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I 


TULIPS. 

t    Tu/i^i  sprengen  2.  Tuli/ia  vMlina.         3.  Tulipa  tUgans.         4.  Darwin  Tulip  The  Sultan.  5.  Tulipa  syhestris. 

6    AParr«T..lio         -    S«d  Case,  cut  10  eit-"'.  =  ■  "         "■    T-r  view  of  Seed  Case.        S.  Tulip  Bulb. 
76 


THE 


ENCYCLOREDIC 
DICTIONARY 


AN  ORIGINAL  WORK  OF  REFERENCE  TO  THE 
WORDS  IN  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE, 
GIVING  A  FULL  ACCOUNT  OF  THEIR  ORIGIN, 
MEANING,  PRONUNCIATION,  AND  USE 
ALSO  A  SUPPLEMENTARY  VOLUME 
CONTAINING  NEW  WORDS 

WITH  76  COLOURED  PLATES,  AND  NUMEROUS 
ILLUSTRATIONS  IN  THE  TEXT 


VOL.   VII. 


CASSELL  AND  COMPANY,  Limited 

LONDON,  PARIS,  NEW  YORK  &  MELBOURNE.     MCMIV 

ALL   RIGHTS    RESERVED 


COLOURED    PLATES, 


Tulips.           ..... 

Fronthpieee 

Towers            ..... 

To  face  p.  144 

Trogonid^      . 

214 

XjMBELLIFER.i;                 .... 

269 

Vases  ...... 

412 

Wedgwood  Ware     .... 

520 

Wind  Instruments  .... 

563 

Windows         ..... 

56."; 

OS^N 


-0  Off^^'^'Q^''-; 


THE 


EncycloezEdic  Dictionary. 


i  tas, .«.     [Fr.]     A  heap,  a  pile. 

•  tasce,  s.    iTAsr^E.] 

tas- CO,  s.  [Etym.  iloubtfiil.]  A  sort  of  clay 
for  milking  iiR'Itinjj-pots. 

tas-e-om-e-ter,  s.  Gr.  rao-is  (tasis),  genit. 
TciiTeuj?  {(asvus)  =  a  stretching,  a  straiuiiitc, 
aiiii  Eiig.  metei:] 

Pha^ics:  An  instrument,  invented  by  Steiiier 
I'f  Vienna,  for  measuring  the  slrjiins  to  wliich 
the  ilirtVreut  parts  of  any  stvuc:ture  may  be 
submitted.  It  depends  upon  the  tone  given 
out  by  a  wire  or  strip  when  stretched,  tlie 
variation  in  length  causing  a  change  iu  the 
tone. 

ta-sim'-e-ter,  5.  [Gr.  rdo-t?  (tasU)  =  stretch- 
ing, tension,  and  Eng.  meter.] 

Physics:  An  instrument,  invented  by  Edi- 
son, for  measuring  very  minute  variations  of 
pressure,  temperature,  moisture,  &c.  It  is 
founded  on  the  discovery  of  the  inventor  that 
•carbon,  when  pressed  in  the  form  of  a  button, 
afl'ects  the  electric  currents  passing  through 
the  same,  and  cftersa  resist-ance  which  dimin- 
ishes with  the  pressure.  So  sensitive  is  the 
<'a,rbon  that,  when  this  pressure  varies  to 
the  amount  of  one-milliontli  part  of  an  inch, 
the  variation  in  tlie  electric  current  passing 
thrnugli  it.  will  cause  a  proiwrtional  <lertectiou 
of  the  galvanometer  needle.  The  tasimeter  is 
an  outgrowth  of  Edison's  experiments  with 
that  form  of  telephone  with  which  he  tried  to 
vary  the  intensity  of  electric  waves  by  means 
*tf  the  luiman  voice  ;  and  its  superiority  to  the 
lliennopile  may  be  thus  exemplitied  :  a  hot 
iron  placed  a  few  inclies  from  a  thermopile 
will  deflect  the  needle  of  an  onliuary  galvano- 
meter about  r  ;  the  human  linger,  held  four 
inches  from  a  tasimeter,  will  deflect  tlie 
needle  of  a  similar  galvanometer  0°.  The 
practical  uses  of  the  instrument  are  said  to 
\)e :  (1)  Warning  vessels  of  the  approach  of 
icebergs,  by  ex]iosure  to  the  air  or  to  the 
water  cooled  by  their  vit-inity  ;  (2)  Indicating 
otherwise  inappreciable  weiglits  ;  (3)  Record- 
nig  pressures  of  air  in  motion,  thus  aflbrding 
a  useful  addition  to  the  anemometer. 

ta^-i-met'-rxc.  a.  [Eng.  tasimeter ;  -ic.  ] 
Teitiiining  to,  or  determined  by  a  tasimeter. 

task,  *  taske«  s.     [O.  Fr.  tasque,  tasdie  (Fr. 
t,\ch'),  trom  Low  Lat.  ((tsca  =  a  tax,  from  Lat. 
tax»=h)  rate,   value,  tax  (n.v.).      Tax  and 
tusk  aie  thus  doublets.] 
*  1.  A  t;ix. 

"  Gr.imittd  to  the  iuhabytauntes  thereof  great 
Ireilorii,  and  quyt  theyiiiof  al  kyngly(a»ft«ur  tribute." 
— Fnbyan  :  Chroni/L-le,  ch.  cc, 

2.  Business  or  work  imposed  by  anotiicr, 
generally  a  delinite  quantity  or  amount  of 
worlv  to  bi;  done;  what  duty  or  necessity 
imposes  ;  duty  or(iuties  collectively. 

"  Tliis  my  -je.ui  task."      Shtihsp. :  Tempesr,  iii.  1. 

3.  Specifically,  a  lesson  to  be  learnt;  a 
portion  of  study  imposed  by  a  teacher. 


■J.  Work  undertaken  ;  an  undertaking. 

■■  Dure  to  1)0  wise  ;  heyin  :  fm-,  oiK-e  hennii. 
Your  task  ia  easy  ;  UaK  the  work,  in  duuc." 

fruncis:  Horace;  Kp.  i.  2. 

5.  Burdensome  employment ;  toil,  labour. 

■'  All  with  weary  task  fonloiie." 

Shakesp, :  Miitiuinmtr  yi-jlit's  Dream,  v,  2. 

^  *  (1)  At  task:  To  be  censured;  blamed; 
taken  to  task.    (!Sluikesp.) 
(2)  To  take  to  task :  [Take,  v.,  ^  52.] 
task-work,  .s-. 

1.  Work  imposed  or  performed  as  a  task. 

2.  Work  done  by  the  job,  as  opposed  to 
day-work  or  time-work. 

task»  v.t.    [Task,  s.] 

1.  To  impose  a  task  upon;  to  assign  a  cer- 
tain quantity  or  amount  of  labour,  work,  or 
business  to. 

"  CLaiua  hioi  aiid  tasks  httn,  and  exacts  his  sweat 
With  stripes. "  Cowper  :  Task,  ii.  23. 

2.  To  oppress  with  excessive  or  severe  labour 
or  exertimi  ;  to  occupy  or  engage  fully,  as 
with  a  task. 

"  Home  thiugs  of  weight 
That  task  our  thuughts."       Shakcsp. :  Senry  I'.,  i.  2. 
*3.  To  charge,  to  tax  with. 
*4.  To  challenge,  to  summon,  to  command 
to  do. 

"  To  thy  strong  bidding. 
Task  Ariel  and  all  his  quality." 

Shakesp. :  Tempest,  i.  I. 
*  5.  To  impose,  to  load. 
"  I  dare  not  ta^k  my  weakness  with  any  more." 

Hhakesp. :  Othnllo,  ii.  8. 

task'-er,  s.     [Eng.  trt.sk,v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  imitoses  a  task  or  tasks  ;  a  task- 
master. 

■'  To  task  the  tasker." 

.^hakexp.  :  Looe's  Labour's  Lost,  ii. 

2.  One  who  performs  a  task  or  piece  of  work 
or  labour  ;  in  ^Scothlnd,  ofteu  a  labourer  who 
receives  Iiis  wages  in  kind. 

"  He  la  a  gooil  daysman,  or  joumeymau,  or  ta4kor" 
—  Ward:  Hennons,  \t.  105. 

task'-mg,  s.     [Eng.  task;  -ing.\     Task-work. 

"  We  have  done  our  taskinff  hravelv. 
With  the  thewa  of  Scottish  men.' 

Ulackic:  Lays  of  llijhtands.  p.  103. 

task'-mas-ter,  s.  [Eng.  task^  s.,  and  vmster.} 
One  who  imposes  a  task  or  tiisks  ;  one  who 
assigns  tasks  to  others  and  superintends  their 
execution. 

"Driven  to  madness  hj-  this  usage,  he  killed  hia 
taskmaster."— Taylor  :  WorilS  *  I'laces  (ISTS),  ch.  Ii. 

*  tas' -let,  5.  [Eng.  fasse  ;  dimin.  sufl".  -let.]  A 
piece  of  armour  for  the  thigh. 

"  Thigh-pieces  of  steel,  then  called  tailetl."— Scott  : 
Legend  of  Montrose,  y.  10. 

TS^-ma'-m-an,  a.  k  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  -Is  (('/j.  .•  Of  01-  pertaining  to  Tasmania 
or  Van  Dienun's  Land. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Tas- 
mania. 

Tasmanian-devil,  s.  [N'atjve-devil, 
Ursine-dasvure.] 


Tasmanian  fern-root,  >.    [Taiu.] 
Tasmanlan  sub-region,  ». 

Ichlh;/.  :  A  sub-K'giuii,  estaMishcd  by  ich- 
tliyologists,  fur  the  study  of  the  distribution 
of  freshwater  lishes.  It  consists  of  Tasmania 
with  a  portion  of  South-eastern  Australia. 

Tasmanian-wolf,  ^^    [Thvlacinus.] 

tSs'-man-itc,  s.      [After   Tasmania,    wliere 
found  ;  sufl'.  -He  (Min.).  ] 
Mill.  :   A  uame  given  by  Church  to  some 

,  small  discs,  occurring  thickly  distributed 
through  a  laminated  shale.  Hardness,  2-0; 
sp.gr.  I'lS;  lustre,  resinous  ;  c<dour,  rechlisli- 
brown.  lusoluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  benzole, 
&c.  Compos.  :  carbon,  7yai  ;  hydrogen, 
10-23  ;  sulphur.  5'28  ;  oxygen,  528=  100. 
The  name  is  more  frequently,  though  erro- 
neously, applied  to  the  shale  itself. 

t&S-man'-ni-a,  s.  [Named  after  Abel  Jans- 
sen  Tasman,  who  set  sail  on  his  great  voyage 
of  discovery  on  Aug.  14th,  1042.  It  is  alter 
him  that  the  island  of  Tasmania  is  called.] 

But. :  A  genus  of  Winterea?.  Shrubs  with 
simple,  evergreen,  entire,  smooth,  leathery, 
dotted  leaves,  with  inconsjiicuous  flowers, 
and  small  indehisceut  fruit  with  shining 
black  seeds.  Tasinaiinia  aronuiti4M,  a  native 
of  Tasmania,  is  a  handsome  bush  with  dull 
purple  branches.  Every  part  is  aromatic  and 
pungent  to  the  taste.  Tlie  fruit  is  occasion- 
ally used  as  pepper. 

tass,  *  tasse  (I),  s.    [Fr.  tasse.]    A  cup. 

'■  Would  you  give  Hob  Campbell  a  toss  of  aqua  viti* 
if  he  lacked  it r—A'co«.-  Jiol>  Hoy,  cli.  Iv. 

t&s'-sar,  s.    [TussER.j 

*  tasse  (2),  ^tas'-set,  5.    [Yv.tas&ette;  dimin. 

from  tussc  =  a  poueii.] 

Old  Ann. :  Armour  for  the  thighs  ;  one  nf  a 
pair  of  appendages  to  the  corselet,  consisting 
of  skii-ts  of  iron  that  covered  the  thighs.  They 
were  fastened  to  the  cuirass  with  hooks. 

"Their  legs  were  armed  with  greaves,  and  their 
thighs  with  tu»ses."—Xorth:  Plutarch,  p.  373. 

t&s'-sel  (I),  'tas'-tle  (tie  as  el),  5.    [O.Fr. 

ia.'isd  —  a.  fastening,  a  chisp  (Fr.  (a.s5e(nt  =  a 
bracket);  Low  Lat.  tasAvilus  ~  a  tassel,  from 
Lat.  taxilluui,  accus.  of  taxillus  =  a  small  die, 
dhiiin.  oi  talxis  =■  a  knuckle  bone,  a  die  ;  Ital. 
tasseJlo  =  a  collar  of  a  cloak,  a  square.  A 
tassel  was  probably  originally  a  sort  of  button 
made  of  a  jiiece  of  squared  bone,  and  after- 
wards of  other  materials.    (JSkeat.)] 

I,  Ordinary  Lunguage : 

1.  A  sort  of  pendent  ornament,  consisting 
generally  of  a  roundish  mould  covered  with 
twisted  threads  of  silk,  wool,  or  the  like, 
which  hang  ilown  in  a  thick  fringe.  They  are 
attached  tti  the  corners  of  cushions,  cuitains, 
walking-sti(^ks.  sword-hilts,  &c. 

"  Holies  (if  fur,  and  belts  yf  wampum,  .  .  . 
Beautiful  with  beads  and  tntscJt." 

Lon-jfi'Kow  :  Hiawatha,  xi. 


boil,  tooy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hm,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    ph  =  t 
-<:ian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun;    tio^*  -sion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  -  shus.    -hie,  -die,  uVc.  —  bel,  del. 


289 


taasel-taater 


3.  Aii>thin::    n-M-mbllnj    i   t.i-xM.  u    llic 
priiUrtit  hr«il  or  lluwrr 

i:^..    ;  .       ,    1.    XI  III. 

X  A  Miuiii  nliUtii  .-r  silk    ..  »!J  t.«  a  KK»k, 

I      I.     I  .J..»i  U-tWc^'II  tlH'  It'BVf^. 

II     1'  \.  :   A  boAnl    bent>«Uk  Uie  mant«>l- 

,.  . , . 

tAAsel  grau,  «. 

I'i.  :  i:-<j>jH.t  maritima, 

'tmasal-Kont.  *  taas«l  gentle. 


tniiiM-l    iii.ll. 
kTriitlr. 

*  llui.  B. 


A 

1  ;  :\  ti'Ttol- 


>iut<>.  Iilat  '—*t.  (or  *  falcunrr*  *d)cv 


tAS    Sfl  0\  $.      [TuRnCUl 

tiUsfldX'.    iTKAiiruI 

UU  s^l  ('»\  «.    ITi«i*LC.l    (At>ffA.) 

UkM   BpU      '-    |T\-Ho.KL(l>,  5.1     Tn  a-i'irn  with 

1    !■.-■     i   . 

t&s  silled.  *  UU  ■flocL     tos  sUed.    > 

iKii^,  fiuw/  (IX  M. ;  -n^l     AJuniftl  \vlthtu.>..M'N. 
"  Kr*  .  .  .  MotlI'd  bum 
MMkM  Om  high  thIckrL'  MUton  :  A  rttulf* 

tAs -ale,  i.  r.\  ilimin.  fW>m  tass  (q.v.Xj  A 
<  ii|>,  A  siiiiiU  VfHtH.*!.    (SaAch.) 

tost  able,  i.  (Enp.  /-Mr(^);  -o?.V.l  Caiwlilc 
.f  U-iiiK  taritt^l ;  navoiiry,  n>lihhii)g. 

"  ThoiT  •IxdIltN]  olli  kDf  fliitJ.  vuUtUe,  Aud  t.utnUr.' 

tokte.  '  taaate,  *  taat.  r.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr. 
r.i.(rr=,to  tiwt*-  iir  !i.sNay.  lo  liaiultr.  t«t  fvv\. 
to  touch:  Vr.tntrr;  Ital.  M.<Mrc  =  to  ta>t»-.  (.' 
Ut'\.  U*  i^m\M;  to  tr>'i  *"  |»r»>l<i'.  Fnun  n  li.v|n'- 
tlii-lii-fll  l>iw  Lat.  titsito,  a  fn-t\uvnt.  rmm  i.(ir. 
((im  =  to  ffcl,  to  liaiidU',  from  tacttig,  pa.  |kii. 
t.f  /nin/n  =  ti>  touch  ;  Dut.  k  Ger.  tusttn  —  Iv 
touch.  f(t-l.) 

•  I.  To  try  hy  the  touch:  to  hamlN-,  to 
fn'l ;  to  tr>'  or  prnvo  by  touching  or  ft't'lin^'. 

"  I  nOr  thv*  Irt  tbtii  lioitil  tiiwu  It  (ftlle 
And  tatt  It  «fI.  uid  atoii  tlioti  nlinlt  It  fllxl 
HIn  ttMt  Ihou  aecat  not  with  thin  ryvii  t.lhi>). 

Lhintcer:  C.  7'.,  ll^.^l-. 

•  2.  To  try,  to  test. 

"  AnJ  lir  now  b«giui 
To  Inttc  tbr  bow,  the  ihArit  abnft  Uxik,  tiiinre<l  linnl. 
Chnpntan  :  llomrr  ;  Otlywn  xx\. 

'  X  To  becoiiif  acqiiaiiite<l  with  by  jictn.il 
trial  or  exi-erience  ;  to  exptTifticc,  to  uikUtp'. 

■"Thrr  l>rn  fiiDime  o(  h«in  tbnt  utoiulen  brrrw 
«bUlM>  K-huien  uot  tau*  iIptUi.  till  tlifl  w-  iimiiiieA 
•u«ir  ouuijuitc  la  hia  kyiii^uui.'— irjjw^r :  ilutt.  xvl. 

•  4.  To  understand  ;  to  become  acquainted 
with. 

with  Ood.  if  thou  wnuIJut  t.,,t.- 
Counter:  Tiuk,  \.  ;7'J, 

5.  Toparticipnto  in  ;  topartakeof.  (Usually 
with  (ui  implied  sense  of  lAcamnx:  or  enjoy- 
ment,) 

"Swt«t«  tiuttti  here,  and  left  iw  M>on  ns  known." 
CotPfwr .-  Tiitk,  I.  ei'l. 

6.  To  try  Tiy  the  tonch  of  the  ton^'ue ;  to 
perceive  the  rr-li^h  or  Havour  of  by  taking  a 
small  4|uantity  int^i  the  month. 

•■  Ttirv  .  .  put  thp  gl.iM  Ut  their  Him.  but  having 
ItMtfti  the  Iiiiuor.  tln?y  rvtiiriir<i  It.  wltli  «trr>iiK  rxiifrt- 
•  luua  ol  dUvuat.*— fori* ;  FirtS  Vojtttijf.  bk.  L,  ch.  HI. 

7.  T"  tr>*  by  eating  ;  to  eat. 

"l  tnUrdn  little  of  thin  \wncy.'—\  Samuel  xiv.  23. 
B.  hitrrtnAitire : 

1.  To  try  fofMl  or  drink  by  the  month ;  to 
eat  or  drink  a  little  by  way  of  trial,  s<*  as  to 
perceive  the  Havonr;  tu  try  or  t*'st  the  flavour 
of  food  or  drink. 

2.  T'l  ejit. 

"  O!  IhLi  tfM  we  may  not  tnte  or  touch." 

J/i/(on  .  /'.  /,..  ix.  6SI. 

•  .1.  To  have  experience,  perception,  or  en* 
j'lyiiient;  to  partaVe, 

"  Bound  In  thine  fulnnuintlne  chnin. 
Tbe  I'Diud  nrv  t«utibt  tit  fiif/r  uf  imln." 

tir-tp:  Uh'""Io  AdrcrtHtj. 

'  i.  To  enjoy  s]>aringly.  (FuHowe<l  by  of.) 
5.  To  have  n  siiiack  or  llavour ;  to  have  ;i 
particular  qnality.  flavour,  relish,  or  savour 
when  applied  to  the  tongue.  iMilate.  or  other 
or^an  of  taste;  to  Hiaack.  (Lsi-d  almoiutily 
K-ron-  an  adjective  :  as,  It  Uftr.'t  bitter,  sweet, 
Ac.  ;  followed  by  o/before  an  object.) 

"  If  yt.iif  l.ntt*r  mttM  of  hnww,  U  L*  yonr  ni<u.ter"« 
fsult.  wim  will  not  itllow  A  nHver  •nin.-«i«iii.'— .Hw.Yt  ■ 
tittirvirt.  to  Strmntt. 


taste.  *  toat.  «.    (Tahti:.  i-.] 
I,  On/ifuin;  Ijtfiguotir : 

1.  The  act  of  tasting  ;  gustation. 

"The  fruit 
Of  thftl  foriild.leii  Irw.  whi»e  luortnl  toMtt 
Urautfbt  dmtb  Into  tb«  wrlJ  aihI  nil  our  woe. 

Milton  :  /'.  /-.  i.  2. 

2.  That  senfie  by  which  we  perceive  the 
characteristic  or  distiiiclive  relish  or  siivonr 
of  anvthtiig  when  bnuight  into  lontai-t  with 
ttpecml  or^'.tmi  sltuatiMl  in  the  mnutli.     ill.) 

"Tl.p  t-ntnii  "'  '"«"  '•  the  tuiiitue  nuil  pftliite."— 
l4^A*     .\iit.  I'hil"$.,  oh.  xl. 

3.  A  imrticular  sensation  excited  by  certain 
Uslics,  which  uiv  called  sjipid.  when  brought 
Into  contact  with  the  tongue,  palate,  ic,  anil 
moistened  with  saliva  ;  flavour,  .savour. 

"  It  ImvIiim  t>i  Ihitle  Uke  newe  wine,  k  to  Ik-  aower 
Hiul  ihiri.  of  (•titn.'—llurkhtut :  I'uyiiyeji,  I.  VT. 

4.  Power  of  appri'ctatiug  or  distingui.shiiig 
between  the  Havmir  of  ditferent  substances. 

"  For  thou  of  love  hn>>t  hot  thy  tntt  I  gcMue, 
Jit  •It-kr  ninu  liAtli  ■•(  sweet  niiil  bltteriiewie." 

Chmicrr:  Aue»%bl(«  t^f  Fowlfl. 

5.  Intellectual  n-lish  (U-  discernment;  ap- 
prei'iation,  liking  and  inclination.  (Formei-ly 
followed  by  of,  now  by /or;  as,  a  taste  for 
music,  a  tast''/iir  chemistry,  &c.) 

6.  Nice  iterceptiou,  nr  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving and  relishing  excellence  in  human  per- 
formances ;  the  p()wer  of  appreciating  the 
(iner  qualities  of  art,  as  exhibited  by  the  jmic- 
tieal  artist,  or  felt  by  the  anuitenr  or  con- 
noi.sseur;  the  faculty  of  discerning  beauty, 
onler,  cougruity,  proiMirtion,  syuiiiietry,  oi 
whatever  constitutes  excellence,  jiaitirularly 
in  the  Ihie  arts  or  literature  ;  lliat  tiicnlty  nt" 
themhid  by  which  we  both  i»erceive;iiiil  eiij^y 
whate\'er  is  beautiful  or  sublime  iu  tin*  works 
nf  nature  and  art.  The  posses.siuii  of  ta.ste 
insures  grace  or  iM'.iuty  iu  the  works  of  nii 
artist,  and  the  avoidance  of  nil  th;it  is  Inw  or 
mean.  It  is  as  olten  the  result  of  an  innate 
seii.se  of  beauty  or  [u-opriety  as  of  art-educa- 
tion, and  no  genius  can  compensate  fur  the 
want  of  it. 

7.  Manner  with  respect  to  what  is  pleasing ; 
the  pervading  air,  choice  of  circumstances,  or 
general  arrangement  iu  any  work  of  ait,  by 
whli;h  tiste  oil  the  part  of  the  artist  or  author 
is  evinced ;  style. 

"  Tiiitf  ia.  iierh.'xps.  lii-'f  ouly  director.  Taste  in 
writing  is  till-  exluhiti.m  •■{  the  yi^tt^'at  <iU.'Uitity  of 
l)e«uty  ftiid  uf  ii>.-  tli.il  1.1,1V  !«  julniitted  into  jiuy 
descrli.tlMii  with..iit .  ainitt^iii.tiiig  eiicli  otlier."— «oW- 
tmith:  Potite  leartuii'j.  uh,  vu. 

8.  Slannerwitli  respect  to  what  is  becoming, 
proper,  refined,  or  iu  accordance  with  the 
laws  of  politeness  and  good  society  :  as,  That 
remark  is  not  in  good  ta^te. 

•  9.  The  act  of  feeling  or  experiencing. 

"  I  hrtve  nliiiost  forgot  the  tntte  of  fenrs." 

Stuikesp. :  Miieberit,  v.  5. 

10.  Trial,  experiment,  essay,  proof,  speci- 
men. 

"  Have  we  uot  had  a  tntte  of  hia  ohedieuce  ?  " 

Hhalcip.  :  Corioltinit»,  iii.  i. 

11.  A  small  portion  given  asa  speeiinni  ur 
sample ;  a  little  piece  or  bit  tasted,  eaten,  or 
drunk. 

IL  Tech  n  icalh/ : 

1.  Ph}jsiol. :  The  specitic  organs  producing 
the  sense  of  taste  are  the  endings  of  tlie  glos- 
so-pharyngeal  and  lingual  nerves  iu  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  the  tongue  and  palate,  the 
tongue  and  lips  acting  as  subsidiary  organs  liy 
bringing  the  sapid  substances  into  contact 
with  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth.  It 
is  not  yet  decided  whether  the  taste-buds 
(q.v.)  are  special  organs  of  taste.  The  tastes 
thus  cognizable  are  broadly  classified  into 
acid,  saline,  bitter,  and  sweet.  It  is  essential 
to  the  development  of  ta.ste  that  the  sub- 
stance brought  iu  contact  with  the  tongue  be 
dissolved,  and  the  edVct  is  greatest  when  its 
t.'iuperature  is  about  40°.  The  relative  posi- 
tion of  the  nostrils  and  the  mouth  ensures 
that  nothing  can  enter  the  latter  without 
sending  int^i  the  fbrnier  siuiie  of  the  od"i- 
ifernus  particles  which  may  exist  in  the  sub- 
stance swallowed,  and  the  impres.sions  received 
through  the  organs  of  taste  and  smell  are  so 
blen<li'd  together  as  to  become  one.  Xo  special 
organ  of  taste  has  Iteen  discovered  iu  inver- 
tebrate animals ;  and  it  seems  probable  that 
among  the  vertebrates  it  rises  with  the  ml- 
vanee  of  organization,  reaching  its  full  de- 
velopment iu  man. 

2.  Psiirhol. :  Tast.es  differ  sn  much  among 
individuals,  nations,  or  in  ditleivnt  ages  and 
conditions  of  civilization,  that  it  is  utterly 
impossible    to    set  up  a  standard    of   taste 


apjilicablc  to  all  men  and  t^>  all  .stages  in  tin* 
evolntiMU  of  society. 

■"  (1)  Tasti',  in  n  material  sense,  is  appli- 
cable to  every  object  that  can  be  applied 
to  the  iirgati  of  tvatf,  and  to  <'very  degrei- 
and  manner  in  which  the  organ  eau  be  at- 
tVcted  ;  some  things  are  tatite!es.-i,  other  things 
have  a  strong  taste,  and  others  a  mixed 
t(t.^te.  The  ^ocrttn- is  the  inedomiiiatiiig  tastr. 
and  cnnsei|Ueiitly  is  applied  to  such  ob- 
jects as  may  hnw  a  dilh*reiit  kiml  or  degree- 
of  tnste ;  an  apple  may  not  only  have  the 
general  taste  of  apjile,  but  alsn  a/((ro?(?*  pecu- 
liar to  itself  :  \hv  Jill  mil  r  is  coiiimonly  .said  <if 
that  which  if^  good,  as  a  linerfiicoKr,  a  deli- 
cious /fa  r(>»r  ,■  but  it  niaj' designate  that  which 
is  not  always  agreeabU',  as  t\\v  Jfufour  of  fish, 
which  is  unpleasant  in  things  that  do  not 
admit  of  such  a  tuste. 

(2)  He  who  derives  particular  pleasure  fron> 
any  art  may  be  said  to  have  a  taste  for  it ; 
lie  who  makes  very  great  proficiency  in  the 
theory  and  practice  of  any  art  may  be  said 
to  have  a  ijeiiius  for  it.  One  may  have  a  kiste 
without  having  {fciiius,  but  it  would  not  be- 
possible  to  have  genius  for  a  thing  witliout 
having  a  tn^tr  fnr  it. 

taste-bud,  s. 

Aunt,  (/v.);  Ovoidal  or  flask-shaped  bodies 
discn\ere'l  by  Lo\en  and  Schwalbe  on  the 
surface  of  the  tongiie.  They  are  believed  to 
be  special  organs  of  taste.  Their  lower  part^; 
are  in  contact  with  the  corinui,  the  upper 
ones  appear  as  pores. 

'*  tast'-ed,  a.  fEng.  tast(p);  -ci/.]  Having  a 
particular  taste  or  relish. 

"Ci'lewiiit^  fire  reimrted  ...  to  lie  better  fasted,  if 
thev  be  Kiiiuetiines  watred  with  snlt-water."— Bucon  r 
^^at.  /liKf..  5  46(1. 

taste'-ful,  a.     [Eng.  tast^:  -faU.] 

1.  Having  a  high  or  strong  taste  or  relish; 
savoury. 

"A  kid'a  well-fatted  eutrails,  tasteful  food." 

Pop^:  Homer;  Odysie.r/  xviii.  51. 

2.  Endowed  with  taste  ;  capable  nf  discern- 
ing and  appreciating  what  is  beautiful,  su- 
blime, noble,  or  the  like;  possessing  good 
taste. 

"  His  tftatefitJ  mind  enjov.!i 
Alike  the  comidicatwt  elmniis,  wliich  slow 
Thru'  the  wide  iandscaije." 

Cooper:  Power  of  Ilarmont/,  li. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  exhibiting  good  taste  : 
produced,  arranged,  constructed,  or  regulateil 
by  tu'  in  accordance  with  good  taste  :  as,  a 
tasteful  pattern. 

taste-ful-ly,  o./f.  [Eug.  tasteful:  -hi.]  hi 
a  tastetiil  iiiaiiiiei- ;  in  or  with  good  taste  :  as, 
a  -ardi'ii  tifMi-fi'lUi  laid  out. 

taste '-ful-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tasteful;  -ness.y 
The  qualiij  or  .state  of  being  tasteful, 

taste -less,  a.     [Eng.  taste;  -less.] 

1.  Having  11"  tnste  ;  exciting  uo  sensatioin 
in  the  organs  of  taste. 

2.  Incapable  (d'  experiencing  the  sense  of 
taste  ;  destitute  or  deprived  of  the  sense  of 
taste. 

3.  Having  no  power  of  giving  pleasure  : 
stale,  flat,  insipid. 

"  A  while  on  trivial  things  we  held  discourse. 
To  uie  aoou  titttelvst." 

Wordsworth  :  Excursion,  bk.  i. 
*"  i.  Not  possessing  taste,  or  the  apprecia- 
tion and  eujoymeut  of  what  is  good,  beautiful, 
excellent,   iiolde,  or  the    like;    destitute   of 
taste  ;  liaving  bad  taste. 

5.  Not  niiginatiug  from  or  in  accordance 
with  good  fa.ste  ;  iu  bad  taste;  characterized 
by  bad  taste, 

taste'-leSS-ly.  aitv.  [^w^.  tnstele.'is  ;  -hj.]  In 
a  tasteless  manner;  without  taste. 

taste' -less-ness,  s.     [Eng.  tasteless;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tasteless,  or 
witliout  flavour ;  insipidity. 

2.  Want  of  taste,  or  the  appreciation  of 
what  IS  good,  beautiful,  excellent,  noble,  or 
tlie  like. 

'■  Veiitinp  niy  vexations  in  censures  of  the  forward- 
ness and  nidiHcretlon  of  girls,  or  the  ijicoiistAUcy. 
tnsti'IrSHness.  and  perfidy  of  iiieii."—/ia»Mer,  No.  liy, 

3.  Absence  of  good  taste. 

tast-er,  .1.     [Eng.  ta^t(e),  v.  ;  -cr.] 

1.  One  who  tastes. 

2.  Specif.,  one  wliose  duty  it  is  to  ascertain 
the  quality.  &c.,  of  food  or  drink  by  U^sting 


ato.  at.  fare,  amidst,  what.  fill,  fcther:   w6.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or.  wore.  woll.  work.  wh6.  soa;  mate.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rile,  full;  try. 


pmo.  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


tastily— tattooing 


it  before  submitting  it  to  liis  mnst^r.  Tnstors 
were  itnp'irtaiit  officials  in  tlie  courts  of  me- 
dieval luini.'es,  their  duty  beinj;  to  take  c-are 
tlut  no  poison  or  other  injurious  matter  was 
introduced  into  their  lords  f<ioii,  for  which 
purpose  they  tasted  all  the  food  or  drink 
theuteelves  before  giving  it  to  him. 

"The  lightaare  disposed  in  order  ftboiit  the  cin>3; 
the  eiiii-beawra,  akiiikere.  and  fatten,  nre  chouged.  '— 
P.  BoUand :  Plutarch,  p.  177, 

3.  One  employed  to  test  the  quality  of  pro- 
visions, &c.,  by  tasting  samples  submitted  to 
him  by  the  vendors  :  as.  a  tea.-taster. 

i.  Anything  by  wliich  or  in  which  anything 
is  tasted,  as  a  cheese-^tw^'r,  a  drani-eup,  or 
the  like. 

tasf-i-lj^,  adv.  [Eng.  fusty;  -hi.]  In  a  tasty 
or  ta-Ntcfiil  manner;  with  good  taste;  taste- 

tidly. 

tast'-ing,  pr.  per.  or  a.     [Taste,  v.] 

tasting-hole,  '^. 

Stn-I-m<tinif>ir. :  A  small  hole  througli  the 
bar-trough  and  the  wall  of  a  cementing-fur- 
nace,  through  which  a  bar  of  iron  may  be 
withdrawn  to  examine  the  couditioa  and 
degree  of  progress. 

tas'-to,  adv.     [Ital.=  touch.] 

Mii.^ie:  A  direction  that  the  passage  to 
wliich  it  is  affixed  is  to  be  played  iu  unison, 
without  accompanying  chords. 

tast'-y,  ('.     [Eng.  tast{e):  -y.] 

1.  Having  a  pleasant  taste  ;  palatable. 

2.  Having  a  good  taste  or  appreciation  of 
what  is  beautiful,  noble,  sublime,  or  the  like. 

3.  Being  in  conformity  with  the  principles 
of  good  taste  ;  tasteful. 

tat  (1),  5.  [Bengali,  &c.l  A  coarse  kind  of 
linen  made  in  India  from  the  fibres  of  Cor- 
rjtvnis  copsularis. 

tat  (2),  s.  [See  def.)  A  colloquial  abbrevia- 
tion t.f  tiUtoo(3)(q.v.). 

ta-ta'  (1).  5.  [Native  nnme.]  In  West  Africa 
the  residence  of  a  territorial  or  village  chief- 
tain. Large  tatas  are  usually  surrounded  by 
a  stockade. 

ta-ta'  (2),  .«.  &  interj.  (A  word  of  no  etym.] 
A  familiar  form  of  salutation  at  parting ;  fare- 
well, good-bye. 

ta'-tar,  ?.    [T.^rtar  (1).] 

•  tat-ar~wagges.  s.  j'K    [Tatter.]    Ragged 

clothes  ;  rags. 

ta-taii'-pa,  .'!.     [Native  name.] 

Oviuth. :  Cryptunis  tntaii}yf  :  a  native  of 
Eastern  Brazil.  It  is  about  ten  inches  long; 
plumage  gray  on  head,  throat,  and  breast, 
back  wings  and  tail-coverts  red-lish-brown, 
rump-feathers  deep  brown  edged  with  white 
and  yellow.  Their  flesh  is  much  esteemed  as 
an  article  of  food. 

*  tatgh.  *  t&t9he.  *  taich,  s.  [Fr.  tache  =  a 
spot,  stain,  or  bleniisli.J    (.Scotch.) 

1.  A  spot,  a  stain,  a  ijlemish. 

"  More  ouer.  to  the  uouryae  shuld  to  appoynted  an 
other  uoniaiiue,  of  approiied  vertiie.  d yscretion,  juid 
eriMiitie.  who  shal  not  sntfre  in  the  childea  presence 
t<»  be  shewed  any  acte  or  tatche  dyhhouuste." — clyot: 
Goveriiuiir,  bk.  i.,  ch.  iii. 

2.  A  trick,  a  contri\ance,  a  plot. 

"  Fawnns  oppon  a  dey,  when  Bervii  cjime  at  eve, 
Vi':w  aet  oppoii  A  piir]HiHe  to  make  his  mme  leve 
All  hia  shrewd  taU-his  wytli  guodiiea  if  lie  inysht." 
Tiili-  of  Beryii. 

tate'.  teat.  5.    [Tait.] 


•  tat  -er. 


[Tattle,  v.]  To  tattle,  to  prate. 


tath,  taith,  $.     [Icel.  Udh  =  dung  ;  tatlia  =  a 
inanuri'd  field.] 

1.  Dung  or  manure  left  on  lanrls  when  live 
stock  is  fed  on  it. 

2.  Strong  grass  growing  round  the  dung  of 
cattle.     (Als(j  spelt  teoHie.) 

Ta'-ti-an-ite  (ti  as  sM),  ?.    (See  def.] 

EccJesioL  d-  Church  Hist.  (PL):  The  followers 
of  Tatian,  an  Assyrian,  who  flourished  about 
A.D.  170.  He  was  a  rhetorician  and  a  disciple 
of  Justin  Martyr.  He  wrote  an  Apology  called 
Orvtio  contra  Gnrcos,  a  Horii\o»y  of  the  Gospels, 
&c.,  and  founded  tlie  sect  called  Encratites 

i'lT.). 

tat-o6',  s.  &  V.     [Tattoo.] 


t&t'-on.  s.     [Native  name.] 

Z'"*!.  :  The  Giant  Armadillo,  Prindn)!  ;/n;ri,j 
(formerly  Dnsypita  f7t(/'f*")i  frcun  Brazil  and 
Surinam,  it  is  the  ii'irge.st  of  the  living  Ar- 
madilliies.  being  abuut  four  feet  long.  The 
Peba  (q.v.)  is  known  as  the  Black  Tatou. 

tftt'-ou-ay,  3.  [Native  name  =  wounded 
armadillo.  So  called  by  the  Indians,  who 
say  that  the  tail,  wliich  is  naked  and  looks 
raw,  has  heen  deprived  of  its  scaly  covering 
by  violence,     (liipley  it  Da}i(i.)'\ 

Zool. :  Xennriis  unicinctus.     [XENfRL.-.] 

tat-ou-hou',  s.    [Native  name.] 

ZiujL  :  TutKsia  peba  or  septemcincta,  the 
Peba  (q.v.). 

[Tattincj.]     To  work  at  or    make 


t&tt.  r. 

tatting. 

t&t'-ta,  s.     [Tattie.] 

tat'-ter,  v.t.  [Tatter,  s.]  To  rend  or  tear 
intc  rags.    (Only  used  now  iu  the  pa.  par.) 

tit'-ter,  *tot-ter,  -^.  [Icel.  totun;  pi.  totrar 
=  r;igs;  Ncrw.  t"tra,  pi.  tatror;  Low  Ger. 
Icdteni  =  rags,  tatters  ;  taltrig  =  tattered.] 

I.  A  rag ;  a  piece  torn  and  hanging.  (Gene- 
rally in  the  pUiial.) 

"This  fable  holds,  from  him  that  sita  ui>on  the 
thnme,  to  the  itoor  devil  that  has  scarce  a  M((fi'.'— 
I.'Kslr'iii'je :  l-'ublfit. 

*  2.  A  tatterdemalion. 
tatter-nrallops,   ^.  pf.     Tatters,    rags. 

(Scotch.) 

t^t-ter-de-ma-li-on,  tat-ter-de-mal - 
li-6n,  .-■■.  [Eng.  tatt'-r;  Fr.  *^  =  of.  from, 
and  O.  Fr.  uwillon  (Fr.  mull  tot)  =  \ous  clothes, 
swaddling  clothes.]    A  ragged  fellow. 

"  Hauff  'em  tatffrdeinalfiotu.  they  are  not  worth 
your  sight."— Z>r#t/eH.  Sea'et  Love,  i\. 

tat'-tered.  n.    [Eng.  tattur;  -«?.] 
1,  Rent  in  tatters  ;  torn,  ragged. 

"  A  tntter'd  apron  hides. 
Worn  as  a  cloak,  and  hai-dly  hides,  a  gown 
More  tntter'il  still."  Cowper  :  Task.  i.  .>40-5l. 

*  2.  Dressed  in  tatters  or  rags  ;  ragged. 

"  Now,  the  treasure  found,  and  matron's  store. 
Sought  other  objects  than  the  tatter'd  poor." 

//.(Iff-.    (Todd.i 

3.  Dilapidated  ;  showing  gaps,  breaks,  or 
rents. 

■■  I   do  not  like    ruined,   tattered    cotti^es." — 3fiu 

Anstfn  :  ."ieiue  &■  .SfiisibilKf/,  ch.  xviii. 

*  tat'-  ter-  ing,  c  [Eng.  tatter ;  -ing.] 
Tatteretl ;  hanging  in  rags. 

"  Wound  our  tattering  colours  clearly  up." 

Shakeip. :  King  John,  v.  5. 

tat' -tie,  s.  [Hind,  tatti  ;  JIahratta  tnti  =a 
mat.  See  def.]  A  screen  made  of  split  bam- 
boo placed  vertically  in  doors  and  windows  in 
India  (the  window  frames  being  temporarily 
taken  out)  while  tlie  dry  hot  wind  is  blow- 
ing during  Ajtril,  May,  and  June.  A  native 
with  a  pail  of  water  stands  outside  drench- 
ing the  mat,  so  that  every  interstice  has 
a  drop  of  water.  As  the  dry  wind  blows 
into  the  house  tlirough  these  drops,  evapora- 
tion takes  place  with  such  speed  as  to  cool 
the  wind,  which  enters  the  house  at  a  tem- 
perature quite  refreshing.  A  single  pane  of 
glass  is  sometimes  placed  in  the  window  tattie 
to  afford  the  iinnates  of  the  room  a  small 
amount  of  light.  When  the  hot  season  is 
succeeded  by  the  rainy  season,  the  tatties  are 
removed,  as  the  wind  is  already  saturated  with 
moisture,  and  the  temperature  does  not  re- 
quire to  be  artificially  reduced.  (A  nglo-Indlan.) 

tatt'-ing,  ,t.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  perhaps  con- 
nected with  tatter.] 

1.  A  kind  of  lace  edging,  consisting  of  a 
set  of  loops  strung  upon  a  thread,  on  wliich 
they  are  afterwards  pulled  up  to  form  a  loop- 
edging. 

2.  The  act  or  operation  of  making  such  lace. 
H  Used  also  adjectively  :  as,  tatting  cotton. 

tilt -tie,  r.i.  [A  frequent,  from  a  base  ta!-.  ex- 
pressive of  the  sound  of  talking  or  rejieating 
the  syllable  (a,  ta,  ta  (IVcdfjirood):  cf.  Dut. 
tatfren  =  to  stammer  ;  Low  Ger.  tatehi  =  to 
tattle:  titctnteln  —  to  tittle-tattle;  tciteler  —  a 
tattler.]    [Tatkr.  Tittle,  Titter.] 

1.  To  prate,  to  chatter,  to  talk  idly  ;  to  use 
many  words  with  little  or  no  meaning. 

"  How  these   youne  things  tattle,  when  they  get  a 
toy  by  the  end." 

lieaum.  X-  Flet.  :  Island  PrincfM.  iii. 


2.  To  tell  tales;  t*»  communicate  «ecreis  ; 
to  hlab. 

"  shwn  a  very  tattfing  vrotunn." —Shaket/i.  :  Mcrrti 
Wifeiof  Windtor.  111.  a. 

fc\t-tle,  .*.  [Tattle,  v.]  Prate,  idle  talk, 
tittle-tattle. 

"  Person*  welt  ikllled  in  those  different  HubloclH 
hear  the  luiifrtinent  tattle  with  a  Just  conteni|it." - 
HafM,   0'\  th-  Mind. 

•  tat  -  tie  -  ment,  .«.  [Eng.  taith;  -ment.S 
Tattle,  idle  talk,  chattering. 

"Her  looUflh.  gl.-ul  t'lttlet'ieni  "—Carlylp :  MUec'l., 
iv.  -ZWi. 

taf-tler,  •  t^t-ler,  s.     [Eng.  tattl(if);  -r,.] 

1.  OnK  Lituq.:  One  who  tattles;  an  idle 
talker  ;  one  who  tells  tales. 

"  T.rtt/ers  will  l)e  Hure  to  hoar 
The  truiuiwt  of  contention." 

Cow/'tr:  Friendthip. 

2.  Ornith.  :  A  popular  American  name  lor 
any  si)ecies  of  the  modern  Totanin,^  (q.v.). 
Tntanus  7H(irulnrin$  is  known  as  the  Spotted 
Tattler,  and  3".  Jiaviiien,  the  YeUow-.slianked 
Sandpiper,  as  the  Tell-tale  Tattler.  The 
popular  name  is  derived  from  their  habit  of 
uttering  a  shrill  whistle  of  four  loud  and 
rapidly  repeated  notes  at  the  least  sign  oJ 
danger,  giving  the  alarm  to  all  the  biixls  in  the 
neighbourhood.    (H>i'ley  6:  Dona.) 

*  tif-tler-y,  5.  [Ens.  totth-:  -nj.]  Idletilk; 
tittle-tiittle. 

t^t'-tlihg.  pr.  j^or.  or  a.    [Taitle,  v.] 

^  tdt-tlihg-ly.  odr.  [Eng.  tattling;  dy.]  In 
a  tattling  manner;  with  idle  talk. 

t&t-too  (1),  *  tip-too ,  •  tap-tow,  s.  [Dut. 
tiiptoc=  tattoo,  frnm  /'';>=  a  tap,  and  toe-= 
put  to,  shut,  closed  ;  hence,  tlie  meaning  is, 
"  The  tap  is  closed  ;"  the  tattoo  was  thu.s  the 
signal  for  closing  the  taps  of  tlie  public-houses 
(.^Icet't) :  cf.  Ger.  ^np/enstreich  =  tattoo,  lit. 
=:  tupst7-oke;  Low  Ger.  tapi^nsla/],  lit.  =  a  tap- 
shutting.]  The  beat  of  the  drum  at  night,  to 
call  soldiers  to  their  quarters  or  t-ents- 

"  All  those  whose  hearts  are  loose  .ind  low, 
Start  If  they  but  hear  the  tattoo." 

prior  •  Attna,  i.  454. 

^  The  devil's  tattoo:  That  beating  or  drum- 
ming with  the  lingers  uj'on  a  table,  &c.,  often 
practised  by  people  when  vacant  or  impatient. 

"  Mr.  Gawtrey  remained  by  the  fire  heating  thr 
deril's  tattoo  upon  the  chimney-]>ie'.'e.  ami  ever  and 
anon  turned  his  glance  towards  Lilburne.  who  i^ieenied 
to  have  forgotten  his  existence."— Aord  I.ytton  : 
Xight  S:  Morning. 

tit-tOO',   *  tat-tOW,  v.t.     [Tnhitian  tntmi  = 

tattoo-marks,  from  ta  =  a  mark,  a  design.] 

To  prick  the  skin  and  stain  the  iiunctured 

spot-swith  some  colouring  substance,  fonning 

lines  or  designs  on  tlie  body.     [Tattooinc:.] 

■'  Perhaps,  however,  the  most  beautiful  of  all  was 

that  of  the  >'ew  Zealander^,  who  were  generally  tattnnpd 

in     curved    or    spiral    \\i\e9."—Labbock:    Origin    vf 

(((■i/tJMriOJiled.  1882*.  p.  SC. 

t&t-tOO'  (2),  s.  [Tattoo,  v.\  That  which  is 
tattooed. 

"  There  w.as  a  variety  of  tattoos  and  ornainentHtloi., 
rendering  them  a  serious  difficulty  tn  atnaugerx." — 

tiiii-hjii :  Abeokuta.  i.  U'+. 

tat-too   (3),   tat-to.  tut-too,   ^.     [Hind. 

'tattn  =  a  pony.] 

Zo^t.  :  The  East  Indian  pony  of  Hamilton 
Smith,  the  Mahtatta  pony  of  Sykes,  the  Hack 
]ioiiy  of  Calcutta  {Hardwich).  It  is  exten- 
sively bred  in  the  Deccan,  where  it  is  much 
used  to  transport  luggage.  It  is  considered 
very  vicious. 

*tat-to6  -age,  v-;.  [Eng.  tattoo,  v.  ;  -age]  A 
design  proikued  by  tJittooing. 

■■  Above  his  tiittoo<igc  of  the  five  crosses,  the  fellow 
had  a  piL-ture  of  twu  hearts  united." — Thackerat/ .' 
Frum  Curnhill  to  Cairo,  ch.  xiii. 

t^t-to6-ee',  s.    [Eng.  tattoo;  -ee.]    One  wlio 

is  tattuoed. 

"  A  couple  of  initials  or  an  anchor  are  about  the 
extent  to  which  the  ainbitiuu  of  the  tattooi-e  runs."— 
standard,  April  13,  1986. 

tat-too' -er,  s.  [Eng.  tattoo;  -er.]  One  who 
tattons. 

'■  The  victims  of  this  strange  form  of  human  vanity 
had  to  submit  to  the  puncture  of  the  raKootfr*  Bhiirii 
iiiatTntneaU.'— Standard,  .April  13.  1886. 

tat-too' -ing,  pr.  jior.,  (7.,  &  .S-.     [Tattoo,  v.] 
A.  &  fi.  As  pr.  2xir.  tC  partidp.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lnvn. :  The  act  of  one  who  titlnos  ; 
the    design    produced    by  a    tattooer.      The 


boil,  boy;  po^t,  j6wl;  cat.  9ell.  chorus.  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ihg* 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -$lon  =  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious.    sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  d^h 


tatty— tautog 


..    XIX.    -^   .I'M    i....Uil.|y 
II  *o.  liaa  llu'  practice  not 
<   iii;  Uiem. 

Ut-ty, 'I.   ITAtT.I   M*ltrJ;  rough  uia  shaggy- 

Wh*  *^  Km  thauffat   tb«ra  hml  bMD  w  muckle 
•tM  lu  bit  UUf  i.->wr~gcutt :  Ao6  Aoy,  cb.  iiilr. 

tAt  tt.  '-    ITattie.) 

ttt  Q,  X.    [TATor.J 

t4t -9-41,  i.    [Native  nsme  (?).! 

Krifrti. .  A  griiiis  uf  VesiiltltP.  Ttitua  nwrUi, 
ft  -M^UI  wMp,  A  imtivo  of  Cnyeimp,  sum»enilH 
tt«  iient  frt«m  tlu  twljj  of  .1  tree,  ami  luukwiaii 
4t<«rturv  Ih  the  ti>lc  uf  the  wall. 

te-tu  fl  A,  ».      [MtNl.  Ijit.,  from  the  uative 
uwiie  of  <Hiiue  of  the  s}ierieii.l 

/"o'  ■  Til'  s  !.•  noiuH  of  Tatnsiime,  with 
tvi  the  loWiT  Ilio  (Jraiide   of 

Tt A  Thin  neniis  (lilfiTS  fWim 

ftll  .  I  ,  .  .,  e^  in  having  a  iliphyodont 

titiititi  'I1.  i>[j<i  nvu  i>octnnil  niiuiiinue,  in  uddi- 
li.«j  t.>  ihi-  pectoral  iittir,  ami  in  iirodiicing 
from  four  t)  leu  a  birth. 

t^-ta-fl-i 'lUe,  i.  pi.     [Mod.  LaL  fatudt(a); 
Lai,  ftiiu  pi.  adj.  aulT.  -i/wB.) 

2'-ot. :  A  Bulnfaniily  of  Dasypodid:e,  with  a 
I  Ui^u  genus,  Tatusiii  (q.v.). 

ULo.  V     [Tlie  Givok  name  of  tlie  letter  t.] 

1.  i'lif-jni. :  Boinhf/x  tan  of  FubriciuR  trans- 
ferrin liy  Latreille  to  the  genus  Attacus. 

2.  Hrr.  :  The  Cross  of  St.  Anthony,  called 
■Ih-)  th.  CroM  Tau.  It  derives  Ms  luiiue  from 
ilw  rts-.-inhlanL-e  to  the  Greek  letter  tau,  and 
U  sixiM'whtit  like  the  cross  potent, 

3.  l-hthu.  :  Crt/r«<-Ait5  tdHOiaitus tau,  Linn.), 
Uu   ruul-riHh  of  Carolina.    IToai>-fi8II.] 

taa-8tait  '■ 

Arrluiid. :  A  staff  with  a  crosfldiead,  or  head 
111  ttie  Hliape  of  the  letter  T. 

toosht  {gh  silent),  a.    [Tait.} 
Situt. :  Taut,  ti^ht. 

taLngltt  (gh  silent),  prtt.  k  7x1.  pttr.    [Teach.] 

tanld,  i-rtt.  &  jn.  par.    [Tell.] 

t&untr  a.     [O.  Pr.  tarU ;  Lat.  tantus  —  so  great.] 
NaMt. :   High  or  tall.      Applied  to   masts 
when  they  are  of  an  unusual  height. 

"  H*T  *i»oriDo««ly  tiitnt  rimd  »«  nuule  very  »)p.v 
rciit.  but  of  roor^c  the  loir- ill ort«nhiK  Ukca  utitlio 
lciM|t)i  i^f  tiall."— /'M4f,  June  I,  IM.. 

Uumt,   'ta^mte,   r.r.      [A   variant  of  Mid. 
EiiK    tfiit,  t€nUn  =  \.o  try;  O.  Fr.  tanUr=\.Q 
ttiiipt,  to  prove,  to  try  ;  Lat.  ttnlo.\ 
•  I.  To  tease. 

"ikim«Uii)e  tnundng  wtthonU  dliplfsure  and  oot 
vlUtoattlUpiir'L. '— JVorc;  irorA«j.  p.  &;. 

2.  To  reproach  with  severe  and  insulting 
wonla ;  to  twit  scornfully;  to  upbiaid  with 
sarcaMin. 

"  B«li)K  Uiunted  by  the  way  that  he  wu  a  paiiUt."— 
WMd:  AthmmOxan..  vol  1.    {John  D'teimi.) 

•3.  To  censure,  blame,  or  condemn  in  a  re- 
proochful,  a^v>mful,  and  in^iulting  manner. 

'*  RaII  thou  to  Palvta's  phnue,  uid  taunt  my  f»ult« 
Willi  tu'rli  full  llMDce." 

.'ihaJUtp. :  Anion]/  A  Clfopatra,  i.  2. 

tatint,  *  tannte*  $.    [Talkt,  v.] 
'  1.  A  teasing  joke. 

■■  Wt.ich  lll>cr«U  taunts  that  mo*t  it^ntvl  enif«niar 
tuke  tii«ogi"xl  inrt.~—£lyot :  Oorrrtiour,  hk.i\..ch.  v. 

2,  Upbraiding  words;  bitter  or  sarcastic 
reproach ;  in.snlting  invective. 

■  Up  hnvnl  their  deflaucf.  the  boju»t.  the  taunf,  nnd 
tbeltuulL"  LonafrllQW :  JliUi  Mandistt,  vlt. 

tatmt'-or,  3.    [Eng.  Umnt,  v.  ;  -cr.J    One  wlio 
tauiils. 

tdont  ing,  pr.  par,  era.    [Taunt,  i'.] 
tdunt  ing-l^,  adv.     [Eng.    tauHtirug ;    -ly.] 


In    a   t 
bitter  <- 


,,  [■;    with  Uunls;    with 
. .  laches. 
s    *t  huiiie  knew  that  a  luUK 


Taun  -t^n,  ».    [See  dcf.) 

tabric:  A  kind  of  broa«l-clotU  niade  at 
Tauutou,  in  Soinerset. 

•  tannt  -  rSsft,   *  taunt  -  resse,  s.     [En^^. 

t-v\nt :  -res*.)    A  W'lmiti  who  taunts. 

■*t  feimnni.  Mtc^rcH.- tlwt.lplkhtMiii  toyes-  " 
I  •tc^tainr  Author*,    loan  VuHc^fatt  Human. 

tau'-ple,  taw-pie,  ^.  llcel.  tupL^a,  fool; 
Dun.  f.mV  =  11  f"oI ;  Sw.  tapUj  =  simi>\e, 
foolish.]  A  foolish,  thoughtless  young  woman. 

'  taure,    s.       [Taurus-I      The    constellation 

Taurus. 
'  tau'- ri- cor -noils,   <i.      (Lat.    tauru3  =  a 

bull,  and  conm  =  a  horn.]    Having  horns  like 

a  bull. 

"TlieirdwcrlptiouB  itiiwt  be  rohitlv^  ortheUturl- 
ci>rn<yuM  pk-tiirw  o(  the  yiio  the  aaiiit  at  the  otlier.  — 
Bnnene:  I'ulg'ir  t'rroun,  bk.  v.,  uli.  ix. 

tau'-ri-de^,  s.  pi.  (Lat.  («u/-(iw);  inasc.  or 
feni.  pi.  a^lj.  suti".  -Ules.] 

Astron. :  Meteors  having  their  radiant  point 
in  the  constellation  Taurus. 

•  tau'-li-dor,  s.  [Sp.  loreatlor.]  A  bull- 
lighter. 

tan'-ri~form,  a.  [Lat.  taurus=&  bull,  and 
yo)-Nia  =  forui.]  Having  the  form  or  shape  of 
a  bull. 

"  A«  a  malimiiuit  deity  the  sun-god  u  taurifonnr— 
Donaldion  :  7Acnfr«  o/the  Oreekt.  p.  15. 

tau'-riue,  «.  &  s.    [Lat.  taurus  =  a  bull.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  bull. 

2.  Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  genus 
Taurus;  espec.  Taurus  urns.     [Urus.J 

*■  The  exiatouce  in  thia  oouiitry  origUially  of  a  very 
!iiri;<-  iTwe  uf  t<turino  oxeii."  —  IKI/iw*.'  I'rdihtorlc 
A  nmilt  <tf  Scotland,  ch.  i. 

B.  As  siihstantivt : 

Chem.  :  C2H7NSO.').  A  neutral  crystalline 
substance,  obtained  by  boiling  purilied  bile 
with  hydrochloric  acid,  tiltering,  evajjorating 
the  acid  Jlltrate,  and  treating  the  residue  with 
live  or  six  times  its  bulk  of  boiling  alcohol. 
On  cooling,  the  taurine  separates  in  large, 
hard,  colourless  prisms,  without  taste  or 
odour.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water, 
very  soluble  .in  hot  water,  insoluble  in  al- 
cohol and  ether. 

tau-rin-ioh'-thj^s.  s.  Lat.  tauHii{us)  — 
taurine,  and  Gr.  i\dui  {ichthiu)=  a  Hsh.] 

i\ihi:oiL(. :  A  genus  of  Labridte,  akin  to 
Odax  (q.v.),  from  the  Miocene  of  France. 

tau'-ris-9ite,  5.  [After  Pagits  Tauriscorumy 
the  Uoman  name  for  the  Canton  Uri,  Switzer- 
land, where  it  occurs  ;  sufT.  -ite.  (jV/in.).] 

Mill. :  A  minend  occurring  in  aeicular 
crystals  of  theortliorhombic  system,  and  stated 
to  have  the  physical  characters  and  chemical 
composition  of  Melanterite  (q.v.),  which  crys- 
tallizes in  the  monoclinic  system. 

tau-ro-,  j-'jv/.  ITaurcs.]  Of  or  belonging  to 
a  bull. 

tau-ro -che -no -ch6r-ic,  0.  [Pref.  Umro- ; 
Gr,  xTJi-'  {dun),  genit.  xii'os  (rMnos)  =  a  goose, 
and  Eng.  dwH.:  (<i.v.).]  (See  def.  of  com- 
pound.) 

taurochenocholic-acid,  $. 

Chem.  :  CagHjuNSOa  (?).  A  sulphuretted 
acid  found  in  goose-bile.  It  has  not  yet  been 
obtained  pure. 

tau-ro-chol'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  tauro-y  and  Eng. 
K-ht'lic  (q.v.).]  Derived  from  or  containing 
taurine  and  l>ile. 

taurocholic-acld,  s.  The  same  as 
BiLiN  (q.v.).  The  name  taurocholic-acid  is 
now  more  generally  used. 

tau'-ro-cdll,  tau-ro-col'-la,  s.  [Gr.  rai'po? 
(tuurvs)  =  a  bull,  and  xdAAa  (kJlla)  —  ^due.]  A 
gluey  sub-stanee  made  from  a  bull's  hide. 

•  tau-ro-ma'-chi-a,  •  tau-rom'-a-chy,  s. 

[Gr.  Tttupos  ((rtHTOft)  =  a  bntl.  and  ji(ix')("'"'^/i<^) 
=  a  battle,  a  light.]    A  public  bull-tight. 

■•  Doing  as  much  uiischief  m  the  most  exigeant 
ToUry  of  tauromachy  could  deeire."  —  St.  Jamei't 
Oaxettc.  .May.  17,  1&87. 


*tau-r6-ina'-clii-aii,   a.  &.  s.     [Tauuoma- 

CHIA.J 

A.  Asiu^i.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  bull-lights 
or  bull-lighting. 

"ill  tauromavhiiin  twchuology  the  Waivoau  'hakn' 
Dilglit  he  ft*:couiit«d  iia  ft  light  (it  the  flrst-cla6».'  — 
Hatis/  Tdearaph,  Jltirch  1,  18ao. 

B.  As  sitbst. :  One  who  engages  in  bull- 
fights ;  a  bull-lighter,  a  tauridor. 

•tau-ro-m&ch'-ic,  «.  [Tauboiiachia.]  Of 
or  ]iertaining  to  buU-lliijhts;  tauromachian. 

•■  Till'   iiiftttulor  Is  (orhlddon  by  the  laws  of  tauro- 
tmichic KUf\\\Ki\GU&tiAC^t\ioh\i\\.''— Daily  Telegraph, 
'     June  I",  1897. 

tau'-rtis,  *■.     [L.at.,  from  Gr.  raupos  {tauros).'] 
1.  Astrononiij: 

(1)  The  Bull.  The  second  of  the  zodiacal 
constellations.  It  is  bounded  on  the  east  by 
Gemini,  on  the  west  by  Aries,  on  the  north  by 
Perseus  and  Auriga,  and  on  the  south  by  Orion 
and  Eridanus.  It  is  comprised  of  many  small 
stars,  but  has  a  large  one  (Aldebarau)  situated 
in  themidstofa  group  called  the  Hyades.  They 
con.stitute  the  Bull's  toreliead  and  eye.  An- 
other group  falling  within  the  hmits  of  Taurus 
is  that  of  the  Pleiades  (q.v.).  It  is  situated 
on  the  shoulder  of  the  Bull.  Taui-us  contains 
also  the  Crab  cluster. 

(2)  The  second  sign  of  the  zodiac  (»).  The 
sun  enters  it  about  the  twenty-second  of  April. 

•  2.  ZooL  :  A  lapsed  genus  of  Bovidse. 

t  Taurus -Poniatowski,  s. 

Astron. :  A  constellation  proposed  hy  the 
Abbe  Poczol)ut.  It  is  between  Aquila  and 
Ophiuchus,  but  not  generally  adopted. 

tau-ryl'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  tavr(ine),  s.  ;  -yl,  -ic] 
Pertaining  tu  or  containing  taurine. 

taurylic-acid,  s. 

Vkeiii. :  CyHgO?.  A  colourless  oil,  obtained, 
together  with  jihenol,  from  human  urine  and 
from  that  of  cows  and  horses.  It  smells  like 
castoreum,  makes  a  white  spot  upon  the 
skin,  and  remains  liquid  at  18°. 

taut,  «.     [A  variant  of  tight  (<i.\'.).~} 

1.  Tight,  stretched  tight,  not  slack.  (Ap- 
plied to  a  rope  or  sail.) 

■•  XelBuii'a  health  had  suffered  greatly  while  he  waa 
iu  the  Againeiiuioii,  "I^Iy  coiiiiil;init.'  heaaid,  *  is  us  if 
agirth  were  buckled  taut  u^er  my  bre.-ist ;  and  luy 
endeavour  iu  the  night  ia  to  get  loose."— Souf/iej/.-  Life 
of  Selson,  ch.  vi. 

2.  Properly  ordered ;  prepared  against  emer- 
gency. 

tau'-taug,  s.     [Tautog.] 

tau-ted.  taw'-ted,  tau'-tie,  a.  [Tait.] 
flatted  together.    ^Spoken  of  hair  or  wool.) 

*  tau-te-gor'-ic-al,  «.  [Gr.  raOrov  (tmiton), 
for  TO  ai'TOi'  (to  autoii)=^t\ie  same,  and  ayopeuw 
((igorcaO)=to  speak.]  Expressing  the  same 
thiny  in  ditterent  words. 

tau'-to-chrone,  s.  [Gr.  rauTo  (lauto),  for  to 
aiJTo  (('J  uiilo)  =  the  same,  and  xpo»'os  {chronos) 
=  time.] 

Math.:  A  curve  such,  that  a  heavy  body 
rolling  down  it,  xmder  the  influence  of  gravity, 
will  always  reach  the  same  point  at  the  same 
time,  from  wliatever  point  it  may  sttirt.  The 
inverted  cycloid,  In  a  vertical  plane,  having 
its  base  horizoutal,  is  a  tautochronous  curve. 
xVlao,  when  any  number  of  curves  are  drawn 
from  a  given  point,  and  another  curve  is  so 
drawn  as  to  cut  off  from  every  one  of  them  an 
arc,  which  is  described  by  a  falling  particle  in 
one  given  time,  that  arc  is  called  a  tauto- 
clirone. 

tau-toch'-ro-noiis,  a.  [Eng.  tautochroii{e) ; 
■oils.]  l^cn'taining  to  a  tautochrone ;  iso- 
chronous. 

t^U'-td-clxn,  s.    [Gr.  TaiiTo  (tauto)  =  the  same, 
and  K\ivta  (klitio)  =  to  incline  ;  Ger.  tautoklin.] 
Min.  :  A  grayish-white  ankerite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining about  15  per  cent,  of   carbonate  of 
iron,  from  near  Freiberg,  Saxony. 

tau'-tog  s.    [North  Amer.  Indian  name.] 

Ichthy.  :  Taiitoga  nigra,  common  on  the 
Atlantic  coasts  of  temperate  North  America. 
It  attains  a  size  of  from  twelve  to  fourteen 
pounds,  and  fetches  a  high  price  in  New 
York  markets  for  the  table.  Called  also  the 
Black-lish.  It  is,  however,  quite  distinct 
from  the  British  tish  of  that  name.  [Black- 
fish. J 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father ;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot. 
•r,  wore,  woli;  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU ;  try.  Syrian.    ».  cb  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tautoga— tax 


tau-to'-ga,  5.  rLatinised  frtmi  taiit»ij  (q.v.).] 
Iditki/.:  A  genus  of  LaVn-ida?,  from  the 
Atlanti*'.  Bmiy  coiupresseil.  oblong,  covereil 
with  small  scales  ;  iluuble  series  of  conical 
teeth  in  .jaws;  ilor.sal  spines,  seventeen  ;  aual 
spines,  tiiree  ;  lateral  line  not  interrupted. 

tau'-to-lite,  s.  [Gr.  truto  (toi/?o)  =  the  same, 
aii.i  Actios-  {Hthos)  =  a  stone  ;  Uer.  tmitnlWi.] 

iMui.  :  A  variety  of  Allanit--  (q.v.).  found  in 
crystals  in  the  trachyte  ul  Lake  Laacli,  Rliint'. 

tau-to-ld§f'-ic,tau-td  Idff-ic-al,  a.  [Eng. 

taittuh'iiii);  -(c,  -ioil.l     InvnlvinL;  tantnlngy  ; 

iei'e:itiiii.'  the  same  tiling;    having  the  same 

signilieation. 

"  Uule*»  we  will  grant,  either  two  aeveral  rapturea 
of  tlie  iiijostle,  ur  .ta  uiuiecesaary  iinil  tnutoloffioil 
roimtitiuu  of  one."— A'/'-  Hall :  H«itelation  Vnrcvealed, 
§  •^-■. 

tau-to-log'-ic-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tautologiml; 
-/i/.]    Ill  a  tautological  manner. 

'  tau-tol'-o-gist,  ,s.  lEng.  tai'folori(j/) ;  -isf.] 
Out!  who  uses  or  is  given  to  tautolngy, 

*  tau-tol-o-gize,  v.i.  [Eng.  tautvh(j(y) : 
■  hc.\  To  u^e  tauinlogy;  to  repeat  the  same 
thing  in  ditlerent  words, 

"That  ill  this  brief  description  tlie  wise  man  should 
tautoloniz'',  is  not  to  be  Bui>poae(l,"— a»ni7ft ;  0«  Old 
A'je.  p,  -Ih. 

*  tau-tol'-o-goiis,  a.  [Eng.  t((utolog(ij) ;  -ou?.] 
Tautological. 

"  I  h:ive  been  purposely  tajttofnijoits,  that  by  my  in- 
different  appiioition  of  tlie  twu  words  of  and  for— 
b")th  to  lier  di'^giiat  atirt  to  lier  love,  the  siunllest  oppo- 
sition between  thesL-  piepositiona  might  lie  done  away." 
—Toofie  :  JJiversioiis  o/  I'urley,  pt.  1.,  ch.  xi. 

tau-t6l'-6*g^,  s.  [Lat.  lautologia,  from  Gr. 
TavTo\oyia  (tau/ologla)  =  a  saying  the  same 
thing  over  again  :  ravro  {tanto),  for  to  auro 
{ti,  ^^(^l)  =  the  same,  and  Aoyos  (?o;jOi.)=  speak- 
ing ;  Fr.  tautolngie.]  A  useless  repetition  of 
the  same  idea  or  meaning  in  different  words  ; 
needless  repetition  of  the  same  thing  in  dif- 
ferent words  or  phrases. 

"A  repetition  of  this  kind,  made  in  different  words, 
U  caUed  a  pleoniisme,  but  when  tii  the  same  words  (as 
it  is  in  tlie  te-it  in  question,  if  there  be  any  repetition 
at  all)  it  is  t\ieniitnittologj/."—tt'arburton:  On  Occa- 
sional /.■••ih-c'iuns,  rem.  9. 


tau-t6-a& -si-an. 


[Tautousiax.] 


*  tau-to-phon'-ic-al,  ".  [Eng.  toutophondi); 

■ical.]     Ut-'pt-ating  lii'e  same  sound. 

*  tau-toph'-o-ny,  s.  (Gr.  TavTOifxut'ia  (tanto- 
pli<'ni<i),  frniii  TaiJTo  (tavto)  =  t\w  same,  and 
<lnutn}  {t'hone)=^  voice.]  Repetition  of  the  same 

souml. 

*  tau-tou'-si-an,   *  tau-toii-si-ous,   «. 

[Gr.  TavTo  (taitto)  =  the  same,  and  ovtrCa 
{oiisla)  =  essence.]  Having  the  same  essence  ; 
of  identically  the  same  nature.    (C^idworth.) 

tav'-ern,  "*  tav-erne,  .';.  [Fr.  taveme,  from 
Lat.  tahi'rna  =  a  hut,  a  booth,  a  tavern.  From 
tlie  same  root  as  table  (l-v.).]  A  house  where 
wines  and  other  exciseable  liquors  are  sold, 
and  where  provision  is  made  for  travellers  or 
parties  ;  a  public-house,  an  inn. 

"  Inciuire  at  Loudon,  'inong  the  taverns  there  : 
For  there  they  say  lie  daily  dotli  frequent."  ' 

Shakfsp. :  Richard  I!.,  ili.  5. 

H  Taverns  existed  in  England  at  least  as 
early  as  the  thirteenth  century.  By  13 
Edward  L,  c.  5,  passed  in  1284,  they  were 
ordered  to  be  shut  at  curfew.  In  the  reign 
of  Edward  HI.  (1326-1377)  only  three  were 
allowed  in  London:  one  in  "Chepe,"  one  in 
"  Walbrok,"  and  one  in  Lombard  Street.  By 
7  Edward  VI.  (1552-3)  forty  were  allowed  iu 
London,  eight  in  York,  six  iu  Bristol,  four 
each  in  Norwich,  Hull,  Exeter,  Glouces- 
ter, Chester,  Canterbury,  Cambridge,  and 
Newcastle  upon  Tyne,  and  three  each  iu 
Westminster,  Lincoln,  Shrewsbury,  Salisbury, 
Hereford,  Worcester,  Southampton,  Ipswich, 
Winchester,  Oxford,  and  Colchester.  Taverns 
were  first  licensed  in  1752. 

'  tavern -bush,  5.  The  bush  formerly 
hung  out  as  a  sign  for  inns.  (Longfdlow: 
Catawba  Wine.) 


'^  tavern -haunter, 

taverns. 


One  who  frequents 


*  tavern-man,  s. 

1.  The  keeper  of  a  tavern  ;  aa  innkeeper. 

2.  A  tippler. 

*  tavem-toUen,  .';.  A  token  issued  by  a 
tavern-keepf'i',  and  cui'reni  only  at  his  house. 
Giffni'd,  hn'A\-'ver,  suggests  {Ik.'i  Jonson  :  Erery 


Man  'hi  his  Hiimoiir,  i.  I!.  Note.)  that  a 
tavern-liiken  was  simply  an  ordinary  token, 
so  called  because  "  most  of  them  would  travel 
to  the  tavern."  The  first  illustration  repre- 
sents a  copper  token  of  the  Ship  tavern  at 


TAVERN- lOKENS. 

Greenwich  ;  the  second  is  a  brass  token  of 
the  oldCoek  (now  demolished)  in  Fleet  Street. 
Both  were  of  the  value  of  one  farthing. 

*  If  1.  To  sivallowa  tavern-token  :  A  euphem- 
ism =  To  be  drunk.  (Used  only  in  the  past 
tenses.) 

"Drunk,  air  I  you  hear  not  me  sayao:  perhaps  he 
gwaltoweU  u  tavern-token  or  some  auch  device." — Ben 
Joiison  :  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  3. 

2.  To  hunt  a  tavern  fox:  To  be  drunk. 
[Foxed,  1.] 

"  Nor  did  he  «ver  hunt  a  tai'ern  /ox." 

J.  Taylor:  Life  of  Old  Parr.    (1635) 

•  t&v  -  em  -  er,  *  tav'  -  em  -  or,   5.     [Eng. 

tawrn  ;  -tr ;  Fr.  t<irernit'r,  frum  hB.t.  taber- 
nariiis.]    One  who  keeps  a  tavern. 

"  But  this  and  sucli  casta  were  derived  by  hucksters, 
vinteiier;*,  and  taoerners.  after  the  wines  were  laid  up 
iu  their  cell  era."—/',  Holland  :  Pfinie,  bk.  xxili.,  ch.  I. 

'  tav'-ern-ing,  s.  [Eng.  tavern;  -ing.]  A 
feasting  or  drinking  at  taverns. 

"  To  grace  the  mis-rule  of  our  tav^rninrrs." 

Bp.  Hall :  Satires,  ii.  I. 

ta'-ver§,  tai'-verf ,  s.  ;)i.   [Seedef.]  Tatters. 

{Scotch.) 

ta'-vert,  tai-vert,  5.  [For  davert,  daivert 
=  stupelied,  senseless.]    (Scotch.) 

1.  Stupid,  senseless,  bewildered. 

2.  Intoxicated. 

tav'-i§-t6ck-ite,  5.  [After  Tavistock,  Devon, 
where  it  was  first  found  ;  sulf.  -ite  (Min.).^ 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  as  small  aciciilar 
crystals,  sometimes  in  stellar  groups,  and 
sometimes  closely  aggregated  aa  a  minutely 
mammillary  crust.  Lustie,  pearly;  colour, 
white ;  fragile.  Phosphoric-acid,  30'36  ;  alu- 
mina, 22-40;  lime,  36-27;  water,  12*00  =  101-03. 
Since  found  at  Stenna  Gwyn,  near  St.  Austell, 
Cornwall. 

taw, '  tawe,  tew,  *  tewe,  v.t.  [A.S.  towion 
=  to  prepare,  to  dress,  tn  get  I'eady,  to  scourge ; 
Dut.  touwe.)'.  =  to  curry  leather.] 

1.  To  dress,  as  skins,  with  mineral  agents, 
as  alum,  instead  of  vegetable  extracts.  The 
leather  produced  is  known  as  Hungarian, 
white,  or  akim  leatlier,  the  latter  from  the  use 
of  alum  as  the  principal  agent. 

•  2.  To  beat,  to  scourge. 

"  He's  to  be  made  more  tractable,  I  doubt  not.— 
Yes,  if  they  taw  him  aa  they  do  wliit  leather." 

Bvaum.  £  Flet. :  Captain. 

'  3.  To  torture,  to  torment. 

taw,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  marble  to  play 
with  ;  a  game  at  marbles. 


*  taw'-dered,  a.     [Tawdry.]     Dressed  in  & 
tawdry  fashion. 

"  Dirty  people  of  quality  tawdered  out."— Lady 
Montagu  :  Letters,  Aug.  ii,  17i6. 

*  taw'-drie,  a.    [Tawdry.] 

ta-w'-dri-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  tawdry;  -ly.]    In  a 
tawdry  manner. 

■'  A  rabble  of  people,  seeing  her  very  oddly  and 
r'natfriO/ dressed,  toiik  her  for  a  foreigner." — Pultency  : 
T<j  Swift,  Dec.  21.  1736. 

taw'-dri-ness,    s.      [Eng.   tav)dry ;   -ncss.\ 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tawdry. 

"There  waa  a  kind  of  tawdi-inetiS  ii\  their  habits. "— 
M-^rat  ^tate  of  Knghind  11670).  p    161. 


taW-dr^,  "taw'-drie,  a.  k  s.    [A  corrupt 

of  St.  Andry,  tliat  is,  .S7.  Ethddrulu  (A.S, 
.V'Jhrh-ydh),  and  originally  applied  to  a  ruaCic 
necklace  bought  at  St.  Audrj's  Fair,  held  in 
the  isle  (if  Kly  and  elsewhere' on  St.  Andry's 
Day,  Oct.  17.  Another  account  is  that  HL 
Audry  died  of  a  swelling  in  tlie  throat,  which 
she  considered  as  a  particular  judgment  for 
having  been  in  her  youth  much  addicteil  t^i 
wearing  this  nccklaeu.  It  did  not  at  Ural  im 
I)ly  mean  or  shablty  splendour.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

"1.  Fine,  showy,  elegant. 

2.  Showy  without  taste  or  elegance  ;  having 
an  excess  of  showy  ornaments  without  gi-ace  ; 
gaudy. 

"  All  that  artihcial  tawdry  (>liro. 
Which  Virtue  scorns,  and  iiono  but  »truni|'<^t«  weftr." 
Churchill  :  Prophecy  of  f-'amine- 

*  B.  As  mhst. :  Tawdry-lace  (q.v.). 

"  Not  the  smallest  beck. 
But  with  white  t)ehl>leH  makes  her  taurdriui  for  hot 
neik"  Drayton. 

*  tawdry-lace,  .s.    A  rustic  necklace. 

"Come,  you  promised  me  a  taicdry-fnce.  .xnd  upair 
of  sweet  gloves.  —Shakesp. :  WirUfr's  Talr.  iv.  :i 


'  tawe, 


[Tow.] 


taw-er,   ■«.      [Eng,  taw,  v. ;    -er.]     One  who 

taws  ;  a  dresser  of  white  leather. 

taw'-er-y,  s.  [Eng.  tan\  v.;  -ery.]  A  place 
where  skins  are  tawed. 

taW-ie,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Tame,  tract- 
able ;  spoken  of  a  horse,  cow.  &c.    (i^vitch). 

"Ye  neer  was  donsie, 
But  hamely,  tawie,  quiet,  an'  caiinie  " 

Burns  :  Anld  Farmer  to  his  Autd  S/ttre- 

taw-ney,  s.    [Tenne.] 

taw-ni-ness,  5.  [Eng.  tawny;  -ness.]  Tlic 
quality  or  state  of  being  tawny. 

taw'-ny,  a.  [Fr.  tanne  —  tanned,  tawny  ; 
prop.  pa.  par.  of  tanner  =  to  tan  (q.v.).  J 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Of  a  yellowish  dark  colotir, 
like  things  tanned,  or  persons  who  are  sun- 
burnt. 

"  Like  a  leopard's  tawnt/  and  spotted  hide.'- 

Lo/igfifllow :  liain  in  Hummer. 

2.  Bot. :  Fulvous,  dull  yellow,  with  a  mix- 
ture of  giay  and  brown. 

tawny-barred  angle,  s. 

Eatom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Mamrin 
Hturata.  The  fore  wings  are  purplish  giay, 
with  three  darker  transverse  lines.  T)je 
larva  feeds  on  tir  in  September. 

*  tawny-coat,  s.  An  ecclesiaslic^al  apjw- 
ritor,  frniii  the  colour  of  the  livery  worn  by 
them.     (Shakesp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  iii.  1.) 

*  tawny-moor,  s.    A  mulatto. 

"A  Mack,  ii  tawny-moor,  and  a  Freu'^timnn.'  — 
Centlivre:  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife.  i.  I. 

tawny-owl,  s. 

Ornith. :  Syrniiim  stridula  (Aluco  fiammca^ 
[Stbix,  2.] 

tawny-plnlon,  ^<. 

Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Xylina  scmi- 

bninnen. 

tawny-Sheers,  s. 

Entom.:  A  Briti.sh  night-moth,  Dianth&.cia 
cari>ophaija.  The  larva  feeds  on  the  bladde/ 
campion  (Silcue  injlatu). 

tawny-wave,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Acid^Ua 
rubricata. 

*  taw'-ny,  v.t.    [Tawnv,  a.]    To  tan. 

"  The  Bunne  so  soone  the  painted  lac©  will  tawnji  ' 
Breton:  Mothtr'i  Blessin:/,  p.  '.'- 

taw-pie,  5.    [Taupie.] 

taws,  tawse,  s.  [A.S.  tawian  =  tn  beat,  I'l 
scourge.]  A  leather  strap,  usually  with  a 
slit  or  fringe-like  end,  used  as  an  instrumejit 
of  punishment  by  sclioolmasters  and  others. 

(Scotch.) 

tax,  *  taxe,  ?,  [Fr.  ta.r:e  =  &  taxation,  from 
/aj;er=to  tax,  to  rate,  to  assess,  from  Lai. 
taxo  ~  to  handle  ...  to  rate,  to  value  ;  Low 
Lat.  (aa-a  =  a  rating,  a  taxation.  Taxo  is  for 
iacto,  from  tactus,  pa.  par.  of  tango  =  to  toncljL 
Tax  and  task  are  doublets;  Sp.  tasa ;  Port 
taxa ;  Ital.  (n^sa.] 

1.  A  contribution  imposed  by  authority 
upon  people  to  meet  the  expenses  of  govern 
ment  or  other  public  services. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-cian,  -tiaa  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion.  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  -  shus.    -hie,    die,  &c.  =  bel,  dei 


tax-taxodium 


.r-'=;T:.m. 


IT    rharnr 


.  Ill 


■  I 


,U    IH 


wh"  it  tx- 
,■  .)r  liiilviuiiiry 
[  at.  : her,  (u  cujilom« 


T^err^ 


■  > '«.  in. 

(*i)  A  r«ti»or«um  mil  viiluAl-* 

f..r  imiiitrtr'         ....  .il    piir- 

Ih.****.  a*  1  ■*  i"T  thf  rf|«in*  of 

MU<l9,  bill,  \Alvs,  ihawhgv-mlvs, 

i.  A  tliiai;rr«ftblf  or  bnnlrnitomf  tiiity  *>t 
cUif^  ;  an  tipprrsMivi*  ilniiaiiil  i>r  rxactioii :  u 
tv'iiiinitiim :  OM.  Tbi*  la  a  heavy  uu  uu  Iiis 
tiiiio  and  strength. 

•  3.  A  t.1^»t ;  !t  !»-**'>n  to  be  learnt. 

•  (    ' 

'I  --f  of  hmrt,  uiJ  without 

•  •■!•  i)iiiiiit«n  U'T  thr  not 

•  u   or  implit-ft  wbat^vtT  is 

i..i;  .  ,  ..  ,  jilt-  I't  the  iiovfniinent,  ac- 
.  iiiK,'  r.-  .1  ccruin  f^timat«■ :  the  cwrfofiw  are 
.1  -i-.i-  .  I'f  tax  nliich  are  li'ss  spccillc  than 
.itUir  ;.u.  V  bfihii  n*nuIatod  by  ciiffmn  ratlitr 
titan  any  tlellnit«  law  ;  tlie  •ru.'toins  apply  par- 
licultrly  to  what  wa.s  <-ii-*toitiari(n  ^pven  by 
iM.r.'li  iiiti  ft.r  thp  goods  which  they  iiniHjrti-U 
*,  ,  ,'  .iI.  The  preduiiiinant  idea  in  con- 
■■■^  tliat  c>f  .-uiutriun  consent,  it  snp- 
;  I    '■  ^r.'-'  of  frefloiu  in  the  rineiit  whicli 

It  ii:c  .:ii!<ttible  with  the  exercipw  of  authorily 
v\]  T-  --.  1  by  Uie  other  teniis  :  liencc  the  term 
ii  uitli  morv  propriety  applied  to  those  cases 
iu  which  men  voluntarily  unite  In  ^nvin^  to- 
wanlH  any  jparticular  object;  as  charitable 
cO'itrihutioii),  tiT  ••<intrih  lit  ions  in  support  of  a 
war  ;  but  it  ntay  \*i:  tJik*'n  in  the  general  sense 
of  a  ft>rced  i«nyiuen1,  asm  si>eaking of  military 
contribitlion. 

tax -cart,  taxed  cart,  $.  A  lii^ht 
tpiiiin-eart  "11  whi  Ii  'iiiy  -^  I-jw  rate  of  tax  is 
liiar^'*'  I. 

tax-fi'Oe,  ".      Exempt  or  free  from  taxa- 
t:.  II, 
taX'gatlierer,  ■<-    A  collector  of  taxes. 

"  Tr-r-    I'lot -niAiit    niiiii«t«r«  were  hAnu*ed  by  the 

tax  payer,  i.    One  wtio  \h  ansessed  to, 

and  i-fiy-*  taxc*. 
t4x.  r.f.    (Tax,  «.) 

I.  Ordinurtj  lAingxtagt : 
1.  To  iTiposc  a  tax  or  taxes  on  ;  to  subject 
tn  the  payment  of  taxes ;   to  levy  taxes  or 
other  contributions  from  for  state  or  local 
ptirposfs. 

■'Tin*  f(Ui»i;  of  liviiiK  mwtum  ty  the  jwill,  pro- 
I-ouii<l«<l  tin\.  lu  E<l»ard  the  tixth  hka  rciiin,  ahe 
wfiulil  Dot  lutrcr  to  be  •)>  much  lu  ouc«  BaiiieO.  — 
Vamtt^n     IHiX.  <if  <iue«n  Klitabtth  {uu.  liV)). 

'1.  To  assess  to  a  tax  ;  to  levy  a  tax  on. 

"Til*  Arabl«  lAUili  «bich  Are  eircn  in  Imic  to 
fAniim  Mv  tiixtti  at  a  t«iith  of  the  rvn^.'—Amith  : 
HtalUk  of  Saltotu,  bk.  v.,  ch.  li. 

3.  To  load  with  a  burden  or  burdens ;  to 
make  demands  on ;  to  put  to  a  certain  strain. 

"  Taxing  Iwrmiiid  to  Aid  h«r  cyn," 

Scoa     UrUtal  of  Trif.nnniii.  li.  4. 

4.  To  cliarge,  to  censurf,  to  accuse.  (K<il- 
lowed  by  /or  or  tcith  (more  generally  the 
latter)  liefore  an  iudirert  object,  and  formerly 
al»u  by  o/:  as.  To  toxa  man  with  falaehoo*!.) 

"Bh«  coQfcMC*  t)if>  truth  of  her  himlMiKrii  iuruiut. 
lion  ;  tint  *h«  Utxei  tbe  wrtwiit  «•  her  Mrducer."— ^p. 
Uortlrg  :  liermiQHi,  vol.  II..  wr.  IC 

n.  //iir:  To  go  through  and  allow  or  dis- 
allow tho  it**ni8  of  charge  in. 

•*  .V  rrtumlnit  officer.  wh.MW  l>ill  of  cO"U  h»f>  brcii 
f.it^l  i,ti  thr  ii(.(.ltc*tloTi  of  tht  cnuilldttt««.'"— Cui7tf 

tilx  a-ba'-i-tj^,  9.  (Eng.  taxahh;  -ity.]  The 
■  lU.ihty  'T  state  of  being  taxable. 

tfix'-a  ble,  n.  (Eng.  Uu;  -<ihh.]  Liable  to 
U'  tixed  ;  capable  of  being  taxed  ;  subject  to 
taxation. 

•■  *^Avr  Amerlr*.  If  ah*  hiu  faxabtf  matter  in  her, 
to  tAX  htreelf."— /(Mr*«.-  A'nericatt  TasaXiOH. 

'  t&x'-a-ble-nSss,  s.  lEng.  tiuable;  -»(*>.«.] 
T!i''  (juality  (.1  state  of  U-ing  taxable;  tax- 
ability. 


•  t4x  ^  blf,  n'lt'-  iKng-  ttuab(le);  -ly.] 
In  A  Uvibie  Jimuner. 

t&x-a'-o6-SB.  i>.    lUt.  tttxitis):  Lat  fern.  pi. 

ttitj.  huh".  Miiro'.J 

Itot. :  Tnxa.ls ;  an  onler  of  Gymnogens. 
Trwf*  or  shrubs  with  continuous  inarticuliited 
branches,  the  wood  with  circular  disks. 
l^-avea  evergreen,  gem-rally  narrow,  rigid, 
enlirr.  veiidess,  alternate  or  distichous,  some- 
times ililat^id  and  lubed.  in  which  case  the  veins 
(ire  forked  and  of  etpuil  thickness.  Flowers 
di.i'cious.  naked,  surrounded  by  imbiicatcil 
bracts.  Males  having  several  stamuns;  llla- 
mcntj*usujillvinouadelphous.  Female  solitary, 
ovules  nake.i.  the  fniamen  at  the  apex,  the 
.mter  hkin  llnally  becoming  hanl.  Pericarp 
irniKfrfect.  usually  cup-nhaped,  succulent; 
eiuliryo,  tlicotyledoiious.  Known  genera  nine, 
^I»ecies  llfty.    {LindUy.) 

t&X'-&d.  5.    (Lat.  tax(tas);  Eng.  sufT.  -nd.] 
Hot.    (PI):    Lindley's    name   for   Taxaceie 
(<|.v.X 

t&X-a'-tion,  '«.     [fr-,    fi-om   Lat.   faxationem, 
Accus.  of  tajatio,  fi'om  taxttttts,  jib.   par.  of 
tajco  =  to  handle  ...  to  tax   (q.v.) ;    Ital. 
tiiisazioiu.] 
L  Ordinary  I.angwige: 

1.  The  act  of  imposing  a  tax  or  taxes  on  tlie 
subjects  of  a  state  or  government,  or  on  the 
members  of  a  corporation  or  company  by  tlic 
projwr  authority,  for  the  niisiwg  of  revenue  to 
meet  tlic  expenses  of  jiublic  services  ;  the 
raising  of  revenue  hy  means  of  taxes ;  the 
.system  by  which  sucli  revenue  is  raised. 

"Thole  rtre  two  different  clrcuii-Btftiices.  which 
reiidri-  th«  iiiteicst  uf  money  n  much  less  pru|)er 
■  uhjrct  of  direct  tnjc-ili'm  thim  the  rent  of  Itind.'  — 
StuUh     Wealth  q/.Witioitt.  hk.  v.,  ch.  li. 

2.  A  tax  or  assessment  imposed  ;  tlie  aggre- 
gate of  i>articnlar  taxes. 

"Tlie  t'ucntian  by  that  w«y  of  HNseament  seemed 
greAter  tbeu  iu  old  iimt."— Camden :  Jlisl.  Elizabeth 

(All.  13001. 

■  3.  Demand,  claim. 

■•  I  bring  no  overture  of  wnr,  uo  fojaff'oH  of  homage  "' 
—Stuikfjp.  :  Twa'fth  .Viffht,  i.  5. 

•  1.  Charge,  censure,  accusation,  scandal. 

"  My  fnther'H  love  is  euough  to  honour  :  tti>eAk  no 
more  o(  hini.  yvull  be  whipt  for  eiimiriaii  one  of  these 
(\nyn.'—Shukc»p.  :  M  low  /-**«  //.  i.  2. 

IL  I.t't'-:  The  act  of  taxing  or  examining  a 
bill  of  cost-s  in  law. 

•  tftx-a-tive-ly,<(Wr.     [Tax.I    As  a  tax. 

"  If  these  oniHiiientA  or  furniture  lind  been  ]mt 
faiatievf//,  aud  bv  way  of  MinitAtion.  miicIi  a  Uiiii^ 
liequ entiled  tin  a  leKHvy  shall  not  l>e  (iMd,  if  it  uHut^ 
uniaicieiitfi  or  furniture.  "—.(i/It/Te  .■  Parcnjvn. 

taxed.  /"(.  i*((/-.  or  if.    [Tax,  c.\ 

taxed-oart,  s.    a  tax-cart  (q.v.). 

t&X'-el,  ■'.    [Late  Lat.  tuxus  =  a  badger.] 

/.Ool.  :  To-iidca  omericmia,  the  Amei'ican 
badger.  Tlie  siioiit  is  .-^lioi  tcr  and  nmie  hairy 
tliau  that  of  tlie  Euro}ican  badger  ;  the  body 
of  a  whitish  colour,  sinuetitiies  shaded  witli 
gray  or  tawny.  Length,  excluding  the  tail, 
about  twenty-four  inches,  tail  six  inches.  I'j 
abounds  on  the  jdains  watered  by  the  Mis- 
souri, but  its  .southern  range  is  not  exactly 
defined.  It  appears  to  be  more  carnivorous 
than  the  English  species. 

t&x-er,  f.    [Eng.  tax,  v.  ;  -er.) 
L  One  who  taxes. 

■•  For  the  first  of  these  I  am  a  little  to  alter  their 
name;  for  instead  of  tikers,  tliey  lieeonie  tuxvrg ; 
iiint«ad  of  takitit;  ]irovit)ioii  for  your  majesty's  service, 
they  tiii;  your  iieople  ud  reillmeiidam  vexatiouem.  "— 
B'lVoit  :  -S'/iefcA  TmichinU  I'urveifon. 

2.  In  Cambridge  University,  one  of  the 
olllcers  I'hosen  yearly  to  re'^ulate  the  assize  of 
liread,  and  sec  the  true  gauge  of  weights  and 
measures  observed  ;  a  taxor. 

tax'-i-arcll,  >■.  [Gr.  ra^tapx-n^  (tnxlarchi-s), 
1  rom  Taf  IS  {huis)  =  a  division  of  an  army,  and 
dpxui  {(ti'hr>)  =  to  rule.] 

fir.  AiUiq.  :  An  Athenian  military  officer 
commanding  a  taxis  or  battalion. 

t&x'-l-oom*  5.  [Taxiporsf^.]  A  beetle  be- 
longing to  the  ttrdcr  Taxicornes  (q.v.). 

t&X-i-COr'-ne;,  ■-■.  i>l  [Gr.  rafis  {taxls)^ 
arranging,  and  LaT.  rontn  =a  horn.] 

Kiitovi. :  The  second  family  of  Latreille's 
Heteromei-a.  They  are  all  winged  ;  the  body 
is  for  the  most  part  .square,  with  the  thorax 
■  nncealing  or  receiving  the  head;  antenn;e 
short.,  more  or  less  perfoliate  or  grained;  the 


legs  adapted  for  walidng.  They  live  in  lungi, 
beneath  the  bark  of  ticcs,  or  on  the  giniiu.l 
under  stones.  Tribes,  Diaperales  and  Cossy 
piiense. 

tix-id'-e-9^  s.  [Late  Lat.  Uixivs)  =  a  badger, 
ami  Gr.  e'i5o«  (eidos) —(tnui  ;  cf.  Lat.  Utun- 
u(/i«^  =  pertaining  ton  badger  (according  t^o 
Smilli,  probably  fioni  the  Celtic  name  of  the 
badger  ;  Ger.  diichs  =  a  badger.] 

Zool :  A  genus  of  Melime,  with  one,  or 
perhaps  two  species.  TiucKlm  nini-rini,i<i 
(t  l(ihnidorim)\!i  the  Common  .\mericaii  Hudgci' 
of  the  United  States.  T.  huiaiuiln-i,  the 
Mexican  liadger.  is  possibly  only  a  local 
variety.    [Taxel.] 

tix  1  dcr'-mic,  a.  [Eng.  uixidenii^n) ;  -ir.] 
Oi '•]■  [icrtitining  to  taxidermy. 

td.X'-i-der-I]list,  s.  [Eng.  taBiderm(n):  -ist.\ 
One  who  is  skilled  in  taxidermy  ;  one  wlm 
prepares,  preserves,  and  stutl"s  the  skins  of 
animals. 

"  A  seveu-iiouiider.  which  at  the  iiresent  moment  in 
1>eing  set  «i>  by.i  Keadiiig  taxiUcrmist."—J''idd,  June  ^, 
1887. 

tS-x'-i-der-m^,  s.  [Gr.  ra^is  (tiutitt)  =  order, 
anangeincnt,  and  htp^a  {dvrmu)-=.  skin.]  The 
art  of  preparing  and  preserving  the  skins  ol' 
animals,  and  also  of  stuffing  and  mnnnting 
tliem,  so  as  to  cause  them  to  resemble  the 
living  forms  as  nearly  as  possible. 

t&x'-in,  ^'.  [Lat.  tiuiits)  =  a  yew-tree  ;  -in.] 
L'lmia.:  A  resinous  substance  extracted  from 
the  leaves  of  the  yew-tree  by  treatment  with 
alcohol  containing  tartaric  acid.  It  is  slightly 
soluble  in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and 
dilute  acids,  ami  precipitated  from  acid  solu- 
tions by  alkalis  in  white  bulky  flocks. 

t^X'in'~e-ce,  s.  pL  [Lat.  tax(us);  fern.  j)!. 
ailj.  '^iitt'.  -iiiecv.] 

But. :  A  tribe  of  Conifora:,  founded  Ijy 
Richard.  Flowers  dicecious  ;  cones  much  re- 
duced ;  scales  small,  tliin,  or  coriaceous,  the 
upper  with  one  ovule.  Seed  hard,  with  a 
fleshy  coat,  or  seated  in  a  fleshy  cup.  Pollen 
globose.    (Sir  J.  Hooker.) 

tax'-ing,  /"'.  P'n-.  ova.    [Tax,  v.\ 

taxing  master,  s. 

Laiu:  An  officer  of  a  court  of  law,  wlio 
examines  bills  of  costs,  aiul  allows  or  dis- 
allows charges. 

t&X'-lS,  s.  [Cir.=  order,  arrangement ;  ToTaw 
{Ui^^o),  fut.  rd$bi  {ta.w)  =  to  set  in  ordci.J 

1.  Ancient  Arck,:  That  disposition  which 
assigns  to  every  part  of  a  building  its  just 
dimensions.  It  is  syn')nynious  with  Ordon- 
naiice  ill  modem  architecture. 

2.  'irtrk  Antiq.  :  A  division  of  troojis  corre- 
sponding lu  some  respects  to  the  modern 
battidion. 

3.  .Sitrf/.  :  An  operation  by  which  tluisc 
parts  which  have  quitted  their  natural  situa- 
tion are  replaced  by  the  hand  without  the 
assistance  of  instruments,  as  in  reducing 
heruia,  &c. 

tax-i'-te^,  s.    |*b-.  Tafos  (6(.io,s)  =  a  yew  tree  ; 

.suir.  -,te.j 

J'aUrohot. :  A  genus  of  plants  akin  to  Taxus 
(q.v.).  Two  species  from  the  Lower  .)ui'as.sic, 
two  from  the  Eocene,  and  one  or  mure  from 
the  <.digocene. 

*  tdjE'less,  a.  [Eng.  tiix:  de^s.]  Free  cr 
exempt  from  taxes  or  taxation. 

■■  More  recently,  when  a  docked-tail  colley  was  rax- 
hitt^: —Field,  Feb.  27.  D-S'i. 

t^-o-cri-ni-dae,  s.  ph  [Mod.  Lat.  taxocri- 
ii{ii^):  hilt.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idte.] 

T'liliroiU.  :  A  family  of  Crinoidea.  Basals 
three,  very  small ;  tive  subradial  or  parabasal 
pieces  supporting  three  to  seven  circles  of 
radial^^ ;  Silurian  to  the  Carboniferous. 

tax-6-cri'-nus,  •*-  [Gr.  rd^o<;  (Uixos)  =  a 
yew,  and  Kpivou  {kriaoii)=.n  lily.] 

I'idirnnt.:  The  typic;il  genus  of  Taxocrinidw. 
Up]ier  Silurian  and  Carboniferous. 

t&x-o-di'-tes,  s.  [M.kI.  Lat.  taxodaum)  ;  sufT. 
■it€s.\  ^ 

Pidajohot.  :  A  genus  of  Cupresscie,  akin  to 
Taxodium. 

tix-o'-di-iim,  s.  [Lat.  tii.ais  =  a  yew,  and 
Gr.  elBos  =  form.] 


ftto,  lat.  fere,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there:   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;   go   pot 
or,  Tvoro,  woll,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  riile.  full;  try,  Syrian,    a),  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


taxodon-tea 


1  /!(.(..•  A  genus  nf  Cui'vrssca?.  T'l-wiliiiM 
,lL<tiilnna,  tile  Deciduous  Cypress,  is  stiiiiu- 
latiiif;  iiud  diuretic. 

2.  ritliiiouut. :  Fi'omtheCrctJiccous and  Great 
Lignite  uf  Nortli  Anieriea  onward. 

tax'-o-don,  s.  (Late  Lnt.  ((u("s)  =  a  badger  ; 
sntr.  -atoii.]    1T.4X1DEA.] 

I'aknjHi.  :  A  genus  of  Mustelida-,  witll 
iillinities  to  the  Badgers  and  the  Otters,  linni 
tlie  Miocene  of  Western  Eiu'ope. 

■  tax-6l-6-gy,  s.     (Or.  Tifis  ((.uis)=  Older, 

:,,ru imiit,    and   Aoyos   (/.i!((is)  =  a   word,    a 

.hse.iiuse.l    Tlie  siime  IIS  Taxoxomv  (ci.v.). 

tax-o-nom'-ic,  a.  |Eng.  haonom{:i);  ■»■.) 
rertaining  to  or  invoiving  taxonomy  or 
systeniatie  cUlssillration. 

tax-on'- 6-my,  s.  (Gr.  Td|i!  =  order,  ar- 
tangenient,  and  »'d^o5  (HO»iOs)  =  law.] 

1.  Tliatdeiiartnient  of  natural  history  which 
treats  of  the  laws  and  principles  of  cUissitiea- 
tion. 

2.  The  laws  and  principles  which  govern 
classilieation. 

"  We  must  learn  something  of  tlie  siniuigenient  iiiitl 
clasaiticatioti  of  living  lieings— i.e..  of  the  science  of 
ttixoiiomur—lit.  Gcorg<:  .Wiwof -■  Thti  Cat,  ch.  1..  S  II. 

tax' -or,  .«.  lEng.  ((U-,  V.  ;  -or.)  The  same  as 
Taxer,  s.  (q.v.). 

tax-OX'-yl-on,  .s.  |Gr,  rifoi  ((O.10S)  =  the 
yew  tree,  ami  {liAoe  (.ni/oii)  =  wood.) 

Vuhrohnt. :  A  genus  of  Conifera- with  woml 
like  that  of  the  Taxus  (q.v.).  Found  with 
Taxites  in  the  Lower  Oligoccne. 

tax'-iis,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  to^os  ((«ao,s)  =  a 
yew  tree.] 

lUit.  :  Yew  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Taxaceie 
orTasineiE.  Fruit  drupaceous,  composed  of 
a  cup-shaped,  fle.shy  rceeidaile,  with  dry 
t-nipty  stales  at  its  base,  surrounding  a  iialieo 
liony  seed.  Only  known  species  Tajias  fmirntti, 
the  Common  Yew.  [Yew.)  Tuxiis  fnsti'iiiila, 
the  Irish  or  Florence  Court  Yew,  is  a  variety 
of  this  sjieeies. 

'  Ta-yg'-e-te,  s.    [Lat.  =  adaugliter  of  Atlas 
and  Pleione,  changed  by  Diana  into  a  stag.] 
^ifroii.  ;  One  of  the  Pleiades. 
Tay'-ldr,  s.     [See  def.  of  compound.] 

Taylor's  theorem,  s. 

Math. :  \  theorem  discovered  by  Dr.  Brook 
Taylor,  and  published  by  him  in  1715.  Its 
oliject  is  to  show  how  to  develop  a  fuiietion 
<if  the  algebraic  sum  of  two  variables  into  a 
series  arranged  according  to  the  ascending 
powers  of  one  of  the  variables,  witli  co- 
etticients  which  are  functions  of  the  other. 
Taylor's  formula  is  as  follows  :— 

In  which  the  first  member  is  any  function  of 
the  sum  of  two  variables,  and  u  is  what  tliat 
function  becomes  when  the  leading  variable 
1/  is  made  equal  to  0.  It  fails  to  develop  a 
function  in  the  particular  case  in  which  »,  or 
any  of  its  successive  diflerential  coefficients, 
becomes  infinite  for  any  particular  value  of 
the  variable  which  enters  them.  It  only  fails 
for  the  particular  value,  holding  good  for  all 
other  vahtes. 

tay'-lor-ite,  s.      [After  J.  W.  Taylor,  who 
analysed  it;  suff.  -lit  (.Ui,i.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  found  in  small  concre- 
tions having  crystalline  structure,  in  the 
guano-beds  of  the  Chincha  Islands.  Hard- 
ness, 2"0 ;  colour,  yellowish-white  ;  taste, 
iningeut  and  bitter.  Compos.  :  sulphuric- 
acid,  4T-S;  potash,  47'0;  ammonia,  j-2  =  100, 
which  is  eqtiivalent  to  the  formula  (JKG-f 
iXH40)S03. 

tay-ra,  .s.    [Native  name.] 

Zoof.  :  Cahm  bttrbani,  a  small  carnivorous 
niammal,  about  the  size  of  a  marten,  from  tro- 
pical .Vmerica.  Its  colour  is  uniform  black, 
slightly  tinged  with  brown,  with  a  white 
jiatrli  on  the  throat  and  upper  part  of  the 
ehest.  In  a  wild  state  it  burrows  in  the 
ground  ;  it  is  easily  tamed,  and  liecomes  a 
lively  and  amusing  pet  in  captivity. 


/ 


ta-zel. 


(Teasel.) 


taz-nite,    v      [Aft/r    Tazna,   Bolivia,  where 
found  ;  sutf.  -i(c(.i;i;i.).] 


Mill.:  Ml  aiuoil'hi'iis  luiiieral  with  si-me- 
wiiat  tilirons  structure,  sometimes  earthy  : 
cohiiir,  yellow.     It  is  uf  apparently  uncertain 

I- piisi'tion,  but  is  regarded  as  an  arseno- 

antimonate  of  bismuth,  analogous  to  bindhei- 
mite  (q.v.),  and  recillires  further  exauiination. 

taz-za(lirst  zas  t),  s.  [It.al.]  Aflatcupwiih 
a  foot  and  handles. 

T' -band-age  (age  as  ig),  s.  [The  letter  T. 
an. I  Kiig.  /»./»(e.(r.| 

.siu.;. ;  A  bandage  shaped  like  the  letter  T, 
consisting  of  a  strip  of  linen  attached  at  right 
angles  to  another  strip.  When  two  such  strips 
are  so  attached  it  is  a  double  T.  Used  in 
supiiorting  dressings  in  diseases  of  the  peri- 
nieuni,  groin,  &c. 

*  T'-beard,  .«.  [The  letter  3',  and  Eng.  beard.] 
A  beanl  cut  in  the  shape  of  a  T. 

tcha -Ian  ((  silent),  ».  [Chinese.]  A  blue  pow- 
chr  .■..iitaining  copper,  used  by  the  Chinese 
loi  prodnciiigblue  colours  on  porcelain. 

t9lier -no-zem  (( silent),  s.    [Russ.j 

l/eul.  :  A  black  soil  of  a  particularly  rich 
ehaiacter,  extending  at  intervals  from  the 
Volga  to  near  the  mouth  of  the  Danube,  and 
even  to  Podolia  and  East  Gallicia.  It  is  ana- 
logons  to  the  regur  of  India.  In  the  opinion 
of  Sir  Roderick  Jlurchison  {Uiissiu,  dr.,  p.  OliV), 
who  brought  it  to  the  notice  of  English  geolo- 
gists, it  is  of  aqueous  origin. 

tjliet-'wer-tak  (l  silent,  w  as  v),  .•!.  [Rus.s.] 
A  Ru.ssiaii  silver  coin  worth  "-J  copecks,  or 
about  i'ad.  sterling. 

tjhlck  ((  silent),  .«.     [See  def.] 

L  A  sound  produced  by  pressing  the  tongue 
against  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  and  withdraw- 
ing it  suddenly  ;  used  to  quicken  a  lazy  horse. 

2.  An  exclamation  of  surprise  or  of  cou- 
tenipt. 

T9hu'-di  ((  silent),  ,s'.  [Russ.]  A  name  given 
by  the  Russians  to  the  Finuic  races  in  the 
north-west  of  Russia.  It  is  now  more  gene- 
rally applied  to  designate  the  group  of  jieoples 
of  which  the  Finns,  the  Esthonians,  the  Livo- 
nians,  and  the  Laplanders  .-ue  members. 

TchU-diC  ((  silent),  a.  (Tchudi.)  Of  or 
|iertaining  to  the  Tchudi ;  specif.,  designating 
that  group  of  Turanian  tongues  spoken  by 
the  F'iiins,  Esthonians,  Livonians,  and  Lap- 
landers. 

T-clotll,  s.  ISee  def.)  A  plain  cotton  cloth 
manufactured  in  this  country  for  the  Indian 
Chinese  market,  and  so  called  from  having  a 
T  stamped  on  it. 

tea,  ■  tee,  •  cha,  *  chau,  s.  [Chinese  ti,  clia, 
lia ;  Fr.  the  ;  Ger.  thee  :  Ital.  cia ;  Malay 
(tTi.  Formerly  pronounced  tuij  ;  Pope  used  it 
to  rhyme  with  ohetj  (AVjie  of  tlie  Loek,  ill.  7), 
oiiYii/  (/!).  i.  02),  and  stay  (Basset  Tabic,  27), 
though  in  the  last-named  poem  (112)  he 
makes  it  rhyme  with  ileeree.] 

1.  Chcm.  <t  Comm.  :  The  prepared  leaves  of 
Thea  sinensis,  an  evergreen  closely  allied  to 
the  Camellia  family.  The  leaves  are  gathered 
four  times  during  the  year,  the  tea  prepared 
from  the  fii-st  or  spring  gathering  being  the 
most  delicate  in  colour  and  flavour.  Formerly 
it  was  supposed  that  black  and  green  teas 
were  prepared  from  the  leaves  of  difierent 
plants,  but  it  is  now  known  that  both  varieties 
are  obtained  from  the  same  plant,  the  difl'er- 
enees  depending  on  the  mode  of  jireparation. 
In  ]iivpariiig  green  teas  the  leaves  are  gently 
heated  in  dryiiig-pans,  to  render  them  soft 
and  flaccid,  then  rolled  by  the  hand  on  a 
wooden  tiible,  this  operation  being  repeated 
several  times  as  quickly  as  possible,  to  pre- 
vent fermentation  and  preserve  the  green 
colour.  The  leaves  intended  for  black  tea  are 
)ilaced  in  heaps  to  undergo  fermentation.  At 
the  end  of  three  or  four  hours  they  are  tossed 
about  and  beaten  by  the  hand  until  they 
become  soft.  They  are  next  heated  in  an  iron 
pan,  and  rolled  into  balls  by  the  hand,  tins 
operation  being  repeated  several  times ;  lastly, 
the  leaves  are  slowly  dried  over  a  charcoal 
tire.  The  two  gi-eat  classes  of  tea,  green  and 
black,  are  each  subdivided  into  a  variety  of 
kinds,  known  in  commerce  by  particular 
names.  Thus,  in  green  teas  there  are  Gun- 
powder, Hyson,  Young  Hyson,  Imperial, 
Twankay,  &c.  ;  and  in  black  teas,  Congou, 


Kai-HW,  Moiling,  Souchong,  .\SNam,  .to.  1  he 
iioist  important  soluble  organic  substances 
rxisting  in  tea  are  nn  alkaloid  theinc(q.v.),  an 
essential  oil  pivsent  in  very  small  quantity, 
and  to  which  the  peculiar  aroma  of  the  tea 
is  said  to  be  due,  and  tannic  acid.  Green  tea 
contains  on  an  average  2ti  per  cent,  of  liinnic 
acid,  black  tea  about  15  i>er  cent. 

Tea  must  not.  Iw  regarded  as  a  nutrient  in 
the  sense  of  supplying  material  to  build  up 
\tast''d  tissue,  or  to  generate  heat,  but  it  is 
iliielly  prized  on  account  of  its  refreshing  anil 
stimulating    projierties,    and    its    power    of 
engendering  activity  of  thought,  and  driving 
away  sleep.    Taken  in  excess  it  is  apt  to  pro- 
duce giddiness  and  nervousness.    At  one  time 
there  was  no  article  so  generally  ttdiilterat.-d 
as  tea,  both  in  China  and  in  England  ;  but 
since  the  great  reductions  of  the  duty  this 
has  almost  entirely  ceased.      It   is  now  of 
rare  occurrenee  that  quartz  or  santl.  foreign 
leaves,  or  exhausted  tea    leaves    are    found 
mixed  with  tea,  or  that  colouring  miitler  is 
discovered  to  have  lieen  used  in  facinj'  green 
tea.    The  only   sophistication  carrieil  on  at 
the   present   time   is    the    mixing   of  cheap 
low-classed  teas  witli  those  of  a  higher  value. 
2.  Hist.:  Tea  was  used  in  China  from  early 
times,  and  is  mentioned  as  a  comiuon  bev- 
eiage  in  that  country  by  Soli-man,  an  Arabian 
merchant,    who    wrote    an    account    of   his 
travels  thither  about   a.u.   KM.      The    first 
mention  of  it  by  a  European  was  by  Bolero 
in  1.'j90.     About  ItilO  the  Dutch  first  brought 
it  to  England,  and  during  the  next  fifty  years 
its  price  varied  from  £.6  to  £10  per  pound. 
In  101)0  a  tax  of  Sd.  per  gallon  of  lea  prepared 
for  sale  was  imposed.      On  Sejit.  25,  Ii'id, 
Pepys   sent  for   a  cup  of  tea,   "a  Chinese 
ilriiik"  which  he  had  never  tasted  beloi.-. 
In  1004  the  East  Indian  Coniimny  purchased 
2  It).  2oz.  of  tea  to  present  to  Charles  II.     By 
1000  the  price  had  fallen  to  60s.  per  pound,    lu 
107S  the  Company  imported  4,713  lbs.  wliieh 
was  the  comniencement  of  their  tea  tiade.    I  n 
1089  a  duty  was  imposed  of  5s.  per  i>ound,  and 
five  per  cent,  on  the  value  of  the  tea-leaf.     In 
172S  black  tea  cost  13s.  to  20s.  iier  [lound,  and 
green  tea  12s.  to  30s.   The  imposition  of  a  duty 
on  tea  imported  into  America  in  1707  led  to 
the  destruction  of  many  boxes  ot  it  in  Boston 
and  New  York,  and  brought  on  the  American 
War  of  Independence.     In  1790  the  duty  on  tea 
at  home  amounted  to  90  and  100  per  cent. 
Various  reductions  were  subsequently  carried 
out,   till   it   fell  to  a   few  pence.      In   1809 
the  licence  for  the  sale  of  tea  and  cotlee  was 
repealed.     In   1834  the   Assamese   tea   plant 
began  to  attract  notice.     Since  then,  Indian 
tea  cultivation  has  greatly  developed,  and  of 
the  tea  imported  into  the  United  Ivingdom  liy 
far  the  larger  quantity  comes  lioni  India  and 
Ceylon. 

X  The  evening  meal,  at  which  tea  is  gene- 
rally served. 

4.  A  decoction  or  infusion  of  the  leaves  of 
the  tea-plant  in  boiling-water,  used  as  a 
tieverage,  generally  mixed  with  inilkor  cneaiu, 
and  sweetened  with  sugar. 

••  Women  sitting  in  the  streeta,  nml  selling  dishes  of 
tea  hot  iilid  reiuiy  niiide  ;  they  CJiU  it  clmu,  ami  even 
the  pooreat  i>eoj)le   sip  it."—/himtiii:r:   I'vi/agea   tan. 

5.  An  infusion  or  decoction  of  vegetables 
for  drinking  :  as,  sage-fed,  cainomile-feu,  kc. 

G.  A  soup  or  extract  of  beef  ;  as,  beef-fe(i. 

•[  raiaguan  lea:  [Pahacl-av  tea]. 

tea-berry,  s. 

y.'iif.  :  liiuilthei-ia  proeumbeiis. 

'  tea-board,  s.  A  traj'-shaped  board  on 
which  tea-things  were  set. 

tea-caddy,  o.  A  small  box  for  holding 
the  tea  used  in  households.  [Caddy,  Tea- 
chest,  2.) 

tea-cake,  '.    A  light  kind  of  cake  eaten 

with  tea. 

tea-canister,  s.  A  canister  or  box  in 
which  tea  is  kept. 

tea-chest,  s. 

1.  A  slightly-formed  box,  usually  covered 
withCliinese  characters  am!  ligiires,  and  lined 
witll  thin  sheet-lead,  in  which  tea  was  sent 
from  China.  It  is  now  imported  in  largerand 
stronger  chests. 

2.  (See  extract). 

"A  laiiyof  juivanced  nxe  tells  me  that  what  is  called 
a  tea-catUly  now  wa.s  formerly  called  a  tm.rhrgt,  and 
that  the  smaller  hoxes  inside  it  were  called  cuddles. 
—  Xiile.iJi-fliiei-icJ',  -\n.  Iti,  1S87.  \i.  nos. 


boil,  bfiy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  ccU,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,      ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.     tion,  -sion  =  shun;    tion.  -§ion  =  zhiin.    -cious.    tious,    sious  =  shus.     ble,    die,  ie    =  bel.  dcL 


tea-Tealby 


tOA-elotli,  *.     A  clutli  UMtl  lu  wnuhlug 

up  tCJ-tliln;:*. 

ttta-oop,   *.     A  itiuU  Clip  to  drink  U'A 

fr..tri. 

«  i  ./  1  in  rt  tmirmp:  A  (["«*  ilUtilll*- 
i  ;•  a  tiirtiii);  iiiBll«r  ;  nmcli  mlu  aUmt 

li,  I  tnfljuivw''   lu  'MoalliMi)   llalfarlA'   will 

t«a  cupful,  t.    As  niuiii  u  a  teacup  will 

toa  doaldr,  «■    Oue  who  deals  iu  ur  sv\U 
tis  ,  .1  !■  .1  iiirirhatit. 
te*  drinker,  «.    One  wlio  drink*!  u-a; 

ally  IT  III  i-n  fi'P'nci"  (o  »»>'  otlliT, 

tea  garden*  -.     A  Runlcti,  atlnched  tn  a 

plac-  .if .  iilrrlaiimu'Ut,  where  t«i  is  stTVcd. 

tea  kettle,  ■.  An  iinlinnry  \twco  otMovv 
furnil'tn'  for  Unlini;  wat»T  for  making  U-a,  Ac. 

Tr.iXrUie  Invth :  IJn'A'l  cnt  in  Htniill  dice 
anti  Mlakl^l  tii  h<'t  water,  to  wlilcli  butter, 
jvi'iKT,  mid  Kalt  an'  addi-d. 

tea  IcUid.  *.  Thin  Hheet-luud  uhcI  to  line 
t»ir  tli.-i>  m  which  tea  is  sent  over  fi*oin 
Chir..i. 

tea  oU,^ 

I.  An  excellent  table  oil  expresMcd  from 
thf  Bccds  of  CamtlHa  oteifira,  growing  in 
China. 

i  TIk-  oil  of  the  tea-plant  ((i.v.). 

tea -plant,  .<. 

Hot.  .r  llort.  :  Thm  siixtnais,  or  rhinm^ds, 
fmm  which  V.  'is«i)-ii>ii  isnot distinct.  IJiithtli 
called  it  C-^mtUi'i  thrlfrra.  It  IS  wild  in  As-^un, 
and  |M>s>il)ly  hu  in  China,  though  the  exuet 
hicility  in;iy  Ik*  unknown,  or  the  Chiiic^ie  cul- 
tivalrtl  plant  uMy  Iiave  come  originally  from 
A.vs;iin.  Formerly  Thea  viridis  anil  Thm 
Dohta  were  belU-vt-<l  to  be  two  distinct  spfuies, 
now  they  are  ivgiirded  as  varieties  only.  T. 
ji>irfr,<M,' var.  rirWia-,  is  a  large  shrub  witli 
.ipnidiiiL'  bmnclie.s,  thin,  nearly  nienibnm- 
oils,  l-nu'ily  lanceolate,  light  green,  wavy 
leave,-.,  with  irregular  sernitures,  ami  large, 
usually  solitary,  flowers.  It  was  iutrodueed 
{nt'>  Knghmd  in  ITtiS.  T.  sii\en$is,  var.  I'.ohca, 
is  a  sHi.'dler  plant,  with  an  ei-cct  stem  ;  ellip- 
ti^-al,  Hat,  coriaceoii.'*,  dark  giccn  leives,  with 
small  ften-atures.  It  is  not  so  hardy  as  the 
former  variety.  T.  iu'H«rwta,  var.  assamica^ 
is  a  shrub  with  thin  gray  bark,  lai*ge  leaves, 
and  one  to  live  flowers  on  a  twig.  It  is  eulti- 
vatfl  in  Awsim,  Darjceling,  Cachar,  CliitUi- 
gong,  the  Nilgiri  hills,  Coylon,  &e.  An  oil  is 
made  in  India  from  the  seeds.  It  is  not  suit- 
able fur  food  ur  for  lights,  but  C^m  be  used  iu 
til'-  niaiiufricture  of  soap, 

tea-pot,  5.  A  vessel  with  a  handle  and 
s[K>ut,  til  whicli  tea  is  infused,  and  from  wliich 
it  is  p^iui-ed  into  tea-cups. 

tea-room,  s.  a  room  where  tea  is  served. 

■  stop  111  the  rfi-room.    T»ke  your  •tjpenn'orth. 


Tra-room  muting: 

lligt. :  A  meeting  of  advanced  I.tlierals  held 
in  the  t-ea-n'i»m  nf  the  House  of  Comiuons  on 
April  8,  18<i7,  at  which  it  was  resr.lved  to 
KU[ii'«>rt  the  Conservative  Government  in  the 
(.'•eond  residing  of  the  Reform  Bill,  which 
granted  houseliold  suffrage  with  jirndential 
ehecks,  but,  if  possible,  to  modify  it  in  Com- 
mittee. 

tea-saucer, .«.    A  small  saucer  in  which 

a  tea-cup  16  set. 

tea-aet.  tea-service,  ».  A  complete 
set  nfutensiU  n-ijuired  for  the  tca-tabic  ;  tea- 
thing>i. 

tea-spoon,  ■«.  A  small  spoon  used  in 
drinking  t<-a  and  other  beverages. 

tea-spoonful,  g.  As  much  as  a  tca- 
.s|i<»iii  will  lioM  ;  specif.,  in  medicine,  about  a 
tluld  (InLcliMi. 

tea-table,  ".  A  table  on  wJiich  tea-things 
are  net,  or  at  which  tea  is  drunk. 

"  Th^  •otnilAl  I'f  A  mtHlern  tva-tabl«  Alffm  widely 
frotii  the  iKHuJxl  of  funutr  iltnM.'—Goldimilh  : 
fcaajr  &. 

tea-taster,  *.  A  person  employed  to  test 
the  'pialiti's  -f  teas  by  tasting  their  infusions. 

tea-things,  \  ;>/.     A  tea-service. 


tea-tray,  *-     A  tray  on   which   to  set  a 

l.a-xTViee. 

tea -tree,  ■*. 

1.  (/»  En'iUtHil,<fr.):  (I)  The  genus  Thea; 
(■_•)  A  common  garden  name  for  Lycium  bar- 
Utruiii.     {IlritUn  A  llollnnd.) 

2.  (InCfifton):  KhxHtfiulron  glanciDii. 

3.  {hi  SficJenry):  Vmuntl",<  „n,.-r..'itnus. 

4.  (/n  i\'f  11' South  li'uUs): 

(1)  MefttleHca  unciiiuUL. 

(2)  Two  spoeies  of  Callistcmou,  C.  jxUlidtiiii 
and  C.  Mtujnum. 

5.  (In  Sew  Zeatatid):  UpUtspermim  am- 
jmrifml, 

tea-um,  .*.  a  vessel  in  the  shape  of  an 
urn  placed  on  the  tea-table,  for  supplying 
hot  water  for  tea. 

tea,('.i.     [Tka.s.]    To  take  tea.    (Colloq.) 

•■Fntlior  diiut  tM  with  U3."  — />icketis :  Jfidiolax 
.VlcXt^bl/.  cli.  It. 

tea9li.  •  teaclio,  *  tech,  '  teohe.  *  tech- 
en  (i':i.  t.  tiMiijht.',  tau'jht  :  pii,  I'ar.  tm'nt't), 
v.t.  Jfi  i.  [A.S.  t'kun.tkea II  =  io  show,  to 
teach ;  pa.  t.  tMte,  pa.  par.  tcfOit,  gcUkht : 
allied  to  tdcen,  /({w?i  =  atoken  ;  Ger.  zeigen  = 
to  show  ;  Gr.  fifijcio/fii  (deifammi)  =  to  show  ; 
hat.  </yay=  to  teach.) 

A.  Tntnsitive: 

1,  To  impart  instruction  to  ;  tn  educate,  to 
instruct;  to  guide  or  conduct  tlirougli  a 
course  of  studies  ;  to  impart  knowledge  or 
skill  lo. 

•■  I  .-im  tyo  .^uilderi  \k>UI  : 
Tu  tC'ich  ft  U'ftchcr  ill  Iteaceiiieth  me." 

d7iaA-<>#p. .-  Lore's  Labour's  Lost,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  impart  the  knowledge  of;  to  give' 
intelligence  or  information  concerning ;  to 
instruct  a  pei-son  in  the  knowledge,  use, 
management,  or  handling  of;  to  cause  or 
enable  a  person  to  learn  or  acquire  skill  in  : 
as,  To  Uach  Latin,  to  tmdt  music.  It  is 
freiiuently  followed  (as  in  Latin,  Greek,  &c.) 
by  two  objectives,  the  one  of  the  person  and 
the  other  of  the  thing  :  as,  To  tmch  a  person 
Latin';  and,  in  the  passive,  one  of  the  objec- 
tives is  retained,  as.  He  was  taught  Latin  ; 
Latin  was  taught  him. 

"  And  gyf  ge  iiolle  Eiigljaslie  men  Gode';*  l.iwe  teche, 
Aud  vortb  tuyd  me  itinotig  hem  Crititeinloin  preche.' 
Jl.  Oloncctter.  )>.  231. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  known  ;  to  show,  lo  tell. 

"  He  teamed  to  sin.  and  tbou  didst  teach  the  wiiy. ' 
Shakosp.  :  Jta/ic  of  Lticrccc.  630. 

4,  To  make  to  know  how ;  to  show  how. 
"Th 

J*  mil, 

B.  Inlrans.  :  To  perform  the  duties  of  a 
teacher;  to  give  instruction. 

"  Fur  though  thei  sjieJike  and  teche  welle. 
Thfi  iloiii;  them  &eUe  thcrol  no  dele. " 

Oowcr:  C.  A.    (Piol.f 

tea9h,  teache,  s.    [Fi-.] 

Sugar:  Tlie  smallest  evaporating- pan  aud 
the  one  nearest  the  furnace  front. 

"  After  an  hour's  repose  the  clarified  liquor  is  re;tdy 
to  l>e  ilruvTU  off  into  the  la-st  iiud  litrgcst  in  the  series 
u(  evnpomtiug  pans.  Iu  the  Britlsii  colonies,  tlie^e 
nre  merely  uwmbere<l  1,  2,  3,  *,  f>.  )fegiuuiiig  iit  the 
BTuallest,  uhich  hnugs  right  ovtrthc  dre.  ntid  is  caUed 
the  teache  ■  because  in  it  the  trial  of  the  «yrup  hy 
touch  la  made."— I're."  Itictionari/  vf  Arts,  ic. 

tea9h'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  teach  ;  -ahk.] 

1.  Callable  of  being  taught. 

2.  Apt  to  learn;  readily  receiving  instruc- 
tion ;  docile. 

"  It  might  very  well  become  them  to  be  modeBt 
and  tta-'hahla  tai  they  do."— Score :  Christian  Life 
l.U  ii,.ch.  ill. 

tea9h'~a~ble-ne3S,  s.  [  Eng.  teachable ;  -ness.} 
Thi-  quality  or  state  of  being  teachable ; 
willingness  to  learn  or  to  be  instructed  ; 
aptness  to  learn  ;  docility. 

"  DodUty.  teachnbl^nes*,  tractahleneas,  is  the 
property  of  wisdom."— Crnnijfr.-  On  L'cclesiattcs.  p.  105. 

tea^h'-er,  ■  tech-er,  s.   [fcng.  teach,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  teaches  or  instructs  ;  one  whose 
business  or  profession  is  to  teach  or  instruct 
others  ;  a  preceptor,  a  tutor,  an  instructor. 

2.  One  who  teaches  other.s  in  religion  ;  a 
preacher;  aministcrtifthegospel  ;  sometimes 
one  who  preaches  without  being  regularly 
ordained. 

"Nor  Is  It  a  amiill  power  it  gives  one  man  over 
nnother.  to  have  the  .inthority  to  he  the  dictator  of 
prlnclphM  nnd  teacher  of  unrpii-stioMiihle  truths  aud 
to  itmkc  a  man  swallow  thatforaninuatepriuciple." 
—Locke:  JIumiiu  Untlerst.,  hk.  i.,  ch.  iv. 

f  Tliere  is  a  National  Union  of  Elementary 


Teachers,  with  a  very  large,  and  a  Teacher.^ 
Association  with  a  more  limited,  niemberehip. 
lloth  hold  annual  coiifercuces. 

*  teaoh'-er-ess,  s.  [Eng.  teacher;  -ess.]  A 
female  teacher.     (H'yclife  :  IVisdom  vil.  4.) 

tea9h'-ing,  pr.par.,  a.,  &  s.    ITeacu,  v.] 

A.  A-  B,  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (Se« 
til.-  ve^rb). 
C.  As  substantive: 

1.  The  act  of  one  whoteaclies  ;  the  busiiress 
or  occupation  of  a  teacher. 

'■  And  uudert-ike  the  tcachin<i  of  the  maid." 

Shakesp. :  Taming  of  the  Hhrcir.  1.  I. 

2.  That  which  is  tiught ;  instmction, 
doctrine. 

*  tea9h'-leS3,  a.  [Eng.  teach;  -less.]  Uii- 
teachable ;  incapable  of  being  taught ;  in- 
docile. 

^  tead,  ■  teade,  '  tede.  s.    [ha.t.  tmla.]    A 

torch. 

"  A  liiishy  ^coc/ a  groom  did  lieht. 
And  snored  lamp  m  secret  chamber  liide." 

tipciiser:  /'.  Q..  1.  xli.  .'17. 

*  teague,  s.  iCf.  Wei.  taiawg  =  ii  rustic]  A 
name  of  contempt  for  an  Irishman.    (Johnson.) 

teak,  s.  [Tamil  tehku,  tek;  Telugu  ieku;  Gond 
teUa;  Canarese  tegga  ;  Cinghalese  tekUa  =  the 
teak-tree.    (See  def.)] 

1.  Bot. :  Tectona  grandis.  .a  large  tree, 
with  leaves  from  one  to  two  feet  long  by  eiglit 
tu  sixteen  inches  broad  ;  wild  in  Central  and 
Southern  India  and  in  Burniah,  and  cultivated 
in  Assam,  Bengal,  and  the  Sub-Himalayas  as^ 
far  north  as  Saharuni>oor.  The  leaves  yield  a 
red  dye,  and  the  wood  an  oil  used  meclicin- 
ally  and,  either  alone  or  mixed  with  resin,  i& 
employed  as  a  varnish  for  woodwork.  A  lesin 
exudes  from  the  bark.  The  ttow  jrs  and  seeds- 
are  dim-etic,  and  the  bark  astringent. 

2.  Comm. :  Its  timber.  The  sapwood  is  white 
and  mealy  ;  tlie  heart-wood,  when  cut  green, 
has  a  pleasant  aud  strong  aromatic  fragrance, 
and  is  of  a  beautiful  dark  golden-yellow  co- 
lour, wliich  on  seasoning  darkens  into  brown, 
mottled  with  darker  stieaks.  It  is  exceed- 
ingly strong,  and  weighs  about  40  lbs.  per 
cubic  foot.  It  does  net  split,  crack,  warp,, 
shrink,  or  alter  its  shape  when  once  seasoned  ; 
coutact  with  iron  does  not  injure  it,  nor  is  it 
attacked  by  white  ants ;  these  qualities  aris- 
ing, perhaps,  from  the  aromatic  oil  which  it 
contains.  It  is  easily  worked,  and  takes  a 
good  polish,  and  is  the  most  valuable  timber 
known  in  India  and  Burmah,  being  used  for 
house  and  shipbuilding,  furniture,  sleepers,. 
&c.,  and  largely  exported  for  shipbuilding 
and  for  the  construction  of  railway  carriages. 
(Calcutta  Exhib.  Hep.) 

teak-tree,  s.    [Teak  (l).l 

teal,  teale,  '  tele,  .*.  (Skeat  considers  it 
English  =(1)  a  brood  ;  (2)  a  teal;  cogu.  with 
Dut.  telg  —  a  plant ;  Low  Ger.  teling  =  pro- 
geny ;  A.S.  telga  =  a  branch.] 

Ornith.:  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Querquedula  (q.v.).  They  are 
the  smallest  of  the  Ducks,  and  widely  dis- 
tributed over  the  world,  generally  frequenting 
rivers  and  lakes,  and  feeding,  principally  at 
night,  on  aquatic  insects,  worms,  small  mol- 
luscs, and  vegetable  matter.  The  Common 
Teal,  Querquedula  crecca,  is  plentiful  in  Britain 
and  iu  most  parts  of  Europe ;  length  about 
fourteen  inches,  head  of  male  brownish-red, 
the  body  transversely  undulated  with  dusky 
lines,  white  line  above  and  another  below  the 
eye,  speculum  black  aud  green.  It  nests  on 
the  margins  of  lakes  or  rivers,  iCoUecting  a 
mass  of  vegetable  matter,  lining  it  with  down, 
aud  laying  eight  or  ten  eggs.  The  liesh  is 
extremely  delicate,  and  the  bird  might  be 
advantageously  introduced  into  the  poultry- 
yard.  Q.  circia  is  the  Garganey  (q.v.),  or 
Summer  Teal ;  Q.  caroHnensis,  the  Gieen- 
winged  Teal,  of  North  America,  closely  re- 
sembles the  Common  Teal,  but  has  a  white 
crescent  in  front  of  the  bend  of  the  wings ; 
Q.  discors,  with  the  same  habitat,  is  the  Blue- 
wiuged  Teal.  Aix  gatericulata,  tlie  Mandarin- 
duck  (q.v.),  is  sometimes  called  the  Chinese 
Teal. 

Teal' -by.  s.    [See  def.] 

deog. :  A  village  on  the  west  of  the  Lincoln- 
shire wolds. 

Tealby-series,  ?.  pi. 

deol.  :  A  scries  of  sauds,  sandstones,  grits, 


15te,  f&t,  fiire,  amidst,  what,  f^  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pme,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore.  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mnte.  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  ^  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


team— teasel 


liincstnncs,  clays,  ami  ironstones  oecuning  in 
the  vicinity  of  Tcnlby  ;  tlioy  arc  llU  feet  thick, 
and  arc  of  Middle  Nencoiiiiaii  age. 

team.  *  teem,  *  teeme,  '  tcm,  *  teme.  s. 

[A.S.  ttdiii  =  o.  family,  oirspring  ;  co<;n.  with 
imt.  loom  =  the  rein  of  a  bridle;  Icel.  tinnnr; 
Low  Ger.  Zoom  =  progeny,  a  team,  a  rein; 
I  in.  lommf.:  Sw.  torn  =  a.  n-iii ;  M.  H.  Ger. 
zoum  ;  Ger.  :auin  =  a  bridle.]     [Tt;i:M  (1),  v.] 

1.  Ordinary  iMngmige  :  \ 
*  1.  Race,  jirogeny. 

"  Tills  cliiUl  is  come  of  gentille  temi'." 

Torrrnt  of  t'ortti-jfif,  p.  81. 

2.  A  flock  or  gi-oup  of  young  animals,  espe- 
cially young  ducks  ;  a  brood,  a  litter. 

"  Rettdy  to  jiress  tlie  trigger  tlip  instftiit  the  firat 
akeiii  of  geese  ur  te  im  of  ducks  uoine^  in  sight," — .Sf. 
Jamet'i  Oasctfc.  Dec.  18,  ISS5. 

3.  A  number  of  animals  moving  together 
or  passing  in  a  line. 

"  Like  fi  long  fcim  of  snowy  Bwniis  on  hlgli. 
Which  cliip  their  wings,  iiurt  clenve  tlie  liqnitl  sky." 
Jfri/dcn:  Virgil;  ^n.  vii.  S65. 

4.  Two  or  more  horses,  oxen,  or  other 
animals  harnessed  together  for  drawin;,',  as 
to  a  coach,  waggon,   sleigh,  plough,  or  the 

like. 

"  Aa  when  two  teams  of  mules  divide  the  green," 
Pope  :  Homer :  llinti  x.  420, 

5.  A  number  of  persons  associated,  as  for 
the  performance  of  a  definite  piece  of  work, 
or  forming  one  of  the  parties  or  aides  in  a 
game,  match,  or  tiie  like. 

•■  The  footbitll  seiw-n  in  the  North  -Mid  Miiilnnd-t  is 
ill  full  swing,  und  it  is  tlierefore  little  mutter  fov 
w..iider  that  the  country  tcam3  bear  iiway  tlie  laurels 
every  ye.ir  iivui  the  metropolia,"— fr'c/io.  SeiJl,  7. 1S85. 

team -boat,  s.  A  ferry-boat,  whose 
padales  are  ^vi.rked  by  horses  on  board. 

team-railway,  ^^  A  railway  on  which 
hor.sts  are  used  as  the  motive  power. 

team-shovel,  s.  An  earth -sera  per.  A 
soonp  diawu  by  horses  or  oxen,  managed  Ity 
nu  ans  of  liandles,  and  used  in  removing  earth. 

team-work,  s.    AVr.vk  done  by  a  team, 

as  opposed  tu  personal  labour. 

*  team,  r.t.  &  i.    [Te.vm,  s.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  join  together  in  a  team. 

'■  By  this  tlie  Nijjht  forth  from  the (hirltsome  bower 
Ui  Erebus  lier  teuimil  ateeOs  gan  call," 

t^pcMser:  Virifil't  Gnat,  31i. 

2.  To  work,  convey,  haul,  or  the  like,  with 
a  team. 

B.  Intnuts. :  To  do  work  with  a  team. 

team'-ing,  s.    [Te.\m.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang.:  A  certain  mode  of  manu- 
facturing work,  wliich  is  given  out  to  a  fore- 
man, who  hires  a  gang  or  team  to  do  it,  and 
is  resjtonsible  to  the  owner  of  the  stock. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Strcl-Mannf. :  The  operation  of  j)ouring 
the  molten  cast-steel  from  the  crucible  into 
the  ingot-mould. 

2.  Civil-Eng. :  The  operation  of  transport- 
ing earth  from  the  cutting  to  the  embank- 
ment. 

team'-ster,  s.  [Eng,  team,  s. ;  sutf.  -ster 
(n-v.).]     One  who  drives  a  team. 

tean-y,  a.    [Tenne.] 

tea-poy',  ^^i.  [Anglo-Iud.  tipai,  a  corrupt,  of 
Pers.  ct^ta=;t  three-legged  table,  a  tripod.] 
A  three-legged  table  witli  a  lifting  top,  in- 
clo.sing  tea-caddies,  or  a  small  stand  for  hold- 
ing tea-cup,  sugar-basin,  cream-jug,  &,q. 

t<sar(l),  *  tere,  *  teer,  ^  terre,  ^=.    a.  8. 

tnir,  t(kr ;  cogu.  with  Icel.  tiir ;  Dan.  faar, 
taare ;  Sw.  tar;  Goth.tagr;  O.  II.  Gvr.  zahur : 
M.  H.  Ger.  mher,  zdr ;  Ger.  ziihre ;  O.  Lat. 
dacn'ma;  Lat.  lacrima,  lacrumu  (Fr.  larmc); 
Gr.  6dKpv,  5a.Kpvoi;  SaKpvfjua  (dakru,  dakruon, 
dakruma) :  Wei.  dagr  ;  Ir.  dvar ;  Gael,  deitr  ; 
Sp.  &  Ital.  lagrima.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1,  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  •2. 

2.  Anything  in  the  form  of  a  transparent 
drop  of  fluid  matter ;  a  solid,  transparent, 
tear-shaped  drop,  as  of  balsam,  resiu,  Lc. 

"  And  he  took  the  fettrs  of  hnlsnui, 
Took  the  resiu  of  the  fir-tree." 

Longfellow:  Hiaivafha.  vii. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  MetoU.  (PI.):  The  vitreous  drops  (rom 
the  melting  of  the  walls  of  a  furnace. 


2.  ThysioL  :  The  nervous  niei-hanism  of  the 
secretion  of  tears,  in  many  lespects  resembles 
that  nf  the  secretion  of  saliva.  A  How  is 
usually  brought  about  in  a  rellex  manner  by 
stimuli  ajiplietl  to  the  conjunctiva,  the  nasal 
mucous  nunnbrane,  the  tongue,  the  optic 
nerve,  &c.,  or  more  directly  by  the  action  of 
mental  emotion. 

%  St.  Lawrence's  Tears:  A  popular  name  f'»r 
meteors  occurring  on  the  night  of  August 
10,  the  date  at  which  St.  Lawrence  suffered 
niaityrdom. 

tear-drop,  •;.    A  tear. 

'■  But  ihi-'b  the  tear-drop  from  tfiine  eye." 

Huron  :  ChUilv  Harold,  i,  13. 

'  tear-fallingt  «.    Shedding  tears  ;  ten- 

dei',  pitil'ul. 

"  I'l-nr-ffilliiii  pity  d^^ell8  not  in  tliia  eye," 

shcikf3p. :  Jiichard  III.,  iv.  C, 

tear-pits,  tear-sacs,  s.  pi. 

Coinpiir.  Anat.  :  Suborbital  pits,  occun-ing 
in  certain  ruminants.  They  constitute  glands 
which  secrete  a  semi-fluid  fetid  matter,  some- 
times so  copious  as  to  slaver  the  whole  face. 
They  are  usually  larger  in  the  male  than  in 
the  female,  and  their  development  is  checked 
by  castration.  Tliey  stand  in  close  relation 
with  the  reproductive  functions.  (Dirrivin  : 
Descifitt  0/ Man,  cd.  2iid,  p.  b2\).) 

tear-shaped,  <i. 

Bol. :  The  same  as  Pear-shaped,  except  that 
the  sides  of  the  inverted  cone  are  not  con- 
tracted.    Example,  the  seeds  of  the  apple. 

tear-stained,  «.  Marked  by  the  traces 
of  falling  tears. 

"  My  tear-stained  eyes  to  see  her  miseries," 

Shakes/'. :  Henry  17..  ii.  4. 

tear  (2),  s.     [Tear,  v.\    A  rent,  a  fissure. 

^  Tear  aiul  wear:  The  same  as  IlVar  and 
tmr(>.{.\.). 

tear,  "  tere  (pa.  t.  *tar,  *  tare,  tore,  pa.  par. 
*  toren,  torn),  r.t.  &,  i.  [A.S.  t^ran  (pa.  t.  ton; 
pa.  par.  toren);  c-ogn.  with  Goth,  gatairan  =  to 
break,  to  destroy  (pa.  t.  gatar) ;  Lith.  dirti  = 
to  flay  ;  Gr.  Sepw  (derd)  =  to  flay  ;  Russ.  drate 
=  to  tear  ;  dira  =  a  rent,  a  hole  ;  Sansc.  dri  = 
to  burst,  to  tear  asunder ;  Icel.  tcera  =  to  con- 
sume ;  Low  Ger.  teren  ;  Ger.  zehren.  Tin-,  v., 
tarry,  v.,  and  darn  are  from  the  same  root.] 

A.  Transitive : 

I.  Literally : 

I.  To  separate  the  parts  of  by  pulling;  to 
pull  forcibly  apart,  especially  to  pull,  draw, 
or  drag  in  pieces  by  breaking  the  texture  nr 
fibres  of;  to  make  a  x'ent  or  rents  in  ;  to  rend. 

"Thej'  fire  always  careful  to  join  the  small  piecea 
lengthwise,  which  ni;ikea  it  imp"ssil>Ie  to  tear  the 
clotli  iu  any  directiuii  but  one."— t'ooA .  Third  Voi/a'je, 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  vii. 

*  2,  To  form  fissures  or  furrows  in  by  vio- 
lence. 

"  As  storma  the  skies,  and  torrents  tear  the  gromid, 

Thus  rag'd  the  prince,  and  scatter'd  death  arouml  " 

I/rydeti:  Virgil;  .Eneid  \.  ^bl . 

3.  To  make  or  cause  by  rending  or  other 
violent  action. 

"  These  vwiu  weak  naila 
May  tear  a  passage  through  the  flinty  ribs." 

Shakesp. :  Richard  II.,  v.  5. 

4.  To  lacerate  ;  to  wound,  as  with  the  teeth, 
or  by  dragging  something  sharp  over  or  along. 

"Neither  ahull  men  tear  themselves  for  them  iu 
mourning,  to  comfort  them  for  the  dead." — Jer.  xvi.  T. 

5.  To  pull  with  violence  ;  to  drag  or  remove 
by  inilling  violently.  (Especially  with  such 
prepositions  as  away,  off,  down,  out,  &c.) 

"  They  will  with  violence  tear  him  from  your  palace. 
And  torture  him  with  grievous  lingering  denth." 
Shakesp.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  iii.  2. 

II.  Figuratively: 

1,  To  divide  by  violent  measures  ;  to  dis- 
turb, agitate,  or  excite  violently  ;  to  distract : 
as,  a  state  torn  by  factious. 

2.  To  wound,  to  lacerate,  to  huit  greatly  : 
as,  a  heart  torn  with  anguish. 

*  3.  To  burst,  to  breal>. 

"  Else  would  I  fear  the  cave  where  Echo  lies 
With  rei>etition  of  my  Komeos  nauie." 

iihakcsp.  ;  Romeo  i:  Juliet,  ii.  2. 

4.  To  remove  by  force  ;  to  pluck  away. 
"  Help  me  to  tear  it  from 
Aua  worship  only  thee." 

Vowper:  Olney  Hymns,  i. 
B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  part,  divide,  or  separate  on 
being  pulled  or  handled  with  more  or  less 
violence  ;  to  rend. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  rant,  to  fume  ;  to  move  or  act 


witli  violence  or  turbulence :  as,  The  hors^ 
tore  along  the  road. 

*  1]  To  tear  Christ's  body:  To  utter  impre- 
cations.   (Cf.  lleb.  vi.  0.) 

"  His  oathea  been  Ko  great  ami  no  dHmiumblo. 
Th;it  it  Utrrlsly  lor  tohleie  him  swere 
Our  I'linful  Lorde'a  body  tiny  to  tere" 

Chiim-rr:  C.  T.,  11.98'J. 

•  tear -throat,  a.  &  s. 

A,  As  adj.:  Vociferous,  ranting. 

"  Cramii.  aitJtrncta,  the  tearcthn-at  cmigli  and  tiitlck." 
T.igt'r  [thf  iVuter-iioetU 

B.  As  subst. :  A  ranter. 

"  Tlie  iiuijeaticall  king  of  flahex  ,  .  .  kppiic*  hin  cottri 
in  all  til  la  hurly-burly,  nut  likea  tyrnnuicnl  tear-lhro-it 
ill  oiieu  nrma,  but  like  wise  Diot^enei*  Iu  a  barrell." — 
Taylor  (the  Water-poet}. 

tear'-er,  s.     [Eng.  tear,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  Lit.  :  One  who  or  that  which  tears  or 
rends  anything. 

2.  Fig. :  One  who  rants  or  fumes  about ;  a 
noisy,  violent  person. 

tear' -fill,  a.     [Eng.  tear  (1).  s. ;  -fulL]    filled 
with  tears;  weeping;  shed<ling  tears. 

"  He  rolls  red  H4»ellliig.  tearful  eyes  around. 
Sore  amitea  his  hrcaat,  Jind  siulta  umn  the  ground." 
lavage:  The  Wanderer,  v. 

tear'-ing,  ^t.  %mr.  &  a.    [Tkar,  v.] 

A,  As  J)}    T}ar. :  (See  the  verb)- 

B.  As  adj. :  Raving,  ranting,  furious,  vio- 
lent :  as,  a  tearing  passion.    (jOolloq.) 

^  Used  also  adverbially :  as,  totrijij  mad. 

tcar'-leSS,  a.  |Kng.  tear  (1),  s.  ;  -less.]  Free 
from  tears  ;  shedding  no  tears  ;  unfeeling. 

*■  To  tcarlcs.1  eyes  and  hearts  at  ease," 

Moore  :  Fire.  Wonhipper.'. 

tearless-victory,  .-•. 

Hist.:  A  victory  gained  by  the  Sjiartaii 
general  Archidamus  over  the  Arcadians  and 
Argives,  B.C.  3G7.  The  commamler  reported 
tliat  iu  gaining  it  he  had  not  lost  a  man. 

*  tear'-mo^tb,  .^.  [Eng.  tear,  v.,  and  mouth.} 
A  ranting  player. 

"You  grow  rich,  you  do,  and  purch-ise,  yon  two- 
I>euny  tcarmoHth/'—Sen  Joneon:  I'oetaster,  iii.  1. 

^  tear'-3?,  o.     [Eng.  tear  (1),  s. ;  -y.] 

1.  Full  of  tears  ;  tearful ;  wet  with  tears. 

2.  Consisting  of  tears  ;  falling  in  drops  like 
tears. 

"  The  atormes  and  the  teary  ahoure 
Of  his  weping." 

Lydgatc:  Story  of  Thebes,  pt.  iii. 

tease,  ^  taise,  ^  tayse,  *  toose,  *  tose, 

♦  tos-yn,  v.t.  &  7.  [A.S,  t(f'san  =  to  pluck, 
to  pull  ;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut,  teesrn  ;  Dut.  teezen 
=  to  jiluek  ;  Dan.  ta-se,  to-ase  =  to  tease  wool ; 
M.  H.  Ger.  zeisen  =.  to  tease ;  zavsen  —  to  pull, 
to  drag.J 

A.  Transitive: 
I.  Literally : 

1,  To  pull  apart  or  separate  the  fibres  of; 
to  pick  into  its  separate  fibres;  to  comb  or 
caitl,  as  wool  or  flax. 

"  To  lily 
The  samjiler,  and  to  tease  the  hii3«ife's  wool  " 

Milton  :  Comus,  "SL 

2.  To  employ  a  teasel  upon;  to  teasel,  for 
the  purpose  of  raising  a  nap. 

II.  Fig. :  To  vex  or  annoy  with  importunity- 
or  impertinence;  to  ainmy,  vex,  or  irritate 
with  petty  requests,  trifling  interference,  or 
by  jests  or  raillery  ;  to  plague. 

"  Thus  always  teasing  others,  always  teased. 
His  only  I'le.isure  ia  to  ho  displeased." 

Cote  per :  Conversation,  345. 

B,  Intrans. :  To  vex  or  annoy  with  impor- 
tunity or  iini»ertineuce. 

tease-tenon,  5. 

Joinery:  A  tenon  on  the  sunnuit  of  a  post, 
to  receive  two  beams  meeting  each  other  at 
right  angles. 

tease,  s.  [Tease,  v.]  One  who  teases ;  a 
plague  ;  as,  You  are  a  great  tease. 

^  To  be  071  tlie  tease :  To  be  uneasj*  or 
fidgetty. 

tea  -^el,  '  tea-sell,  tea'-zel,  '  ta-zel, 
tea'-zle,  'tes-el,^'!.  [A.s.  td^s!,  tiHci,  ivnn 
titsan  —  to  tease  (.q.v.).] 

1.  Botany,  £c. : 

(1)  The  genus  Dipsacus  (q.v.).  Two  are 
British  :  Di2}sacus  sylveslrls,  the  Wild,  and  D. 
pilosus,  the  SmallTeasel.  In  the  first  the 
leaves  are  sessile  and  undivided,  the  upjiei 
ones  connate,  the  involucres  curved  upward. 


b65l,  hSy ;  po^t,  j6^1 ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  911m,  lien^h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  a§  ;  expect,  ^enophon,  e^cist.    ph  =  £, 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -hie,  -die*  &c.  —  hel,  deL 


IJ 


toasel— tccoretin 


,,.l.,l.     Tli-  rt.nii 


i-i 


!• 


Khltl' 


TKAMCU 

Plttavr:  S.    Fnilt:  1   stem 
mm)  l«k\a>:  4.  A  linict 


■   M.-i.  -I.I.- 

.|.tlrXi-«l  L  1 1"? 
'  ii.Ti*  iiiurli  |>n»- 
1  lit  M't  )il;:ll,  oitil 
■.  H,  Itut  iH  nirf.  >ii/- 
14  four  f«ft  lii^li,  til" 
^.1.  lii.  tl  •«*•«  u\a\.  («lf  I'UrpU" 
^h.  It  t*  |>ii»t«bly  only  a  vantiy  o( 
t'l*.  An 
in  Kni:- 
I .  ,  I  .K.|  r.ir»-,  bill 
.  .;',^  '..i  III  til*- 
«.>i  .  f  Kiiirlnii'I. 
It  ^i<<v«-.  lN*itt  til  a 
■,tiH  lutiL  Til- 
-ictl  iJi  Miwn  lu 
April  ill  tlrillt 
from  n   ftHit  lo   It 

r>Mit    nti*i  A  ii.iif 

a|tart,  aiul  tlt> 
|iUittit  fttr  <-ut  Ml 

July  iif  Ihr  M kI 

Vfar,  ju!«t  ift'T  thr 
fall  Mf  III.-  M,... 
jMtiii.  A  lalx'urrr. 
wraritiK  tliirk 
;:l<iVf)(  to  protect 
)il<4  IiaimIh  frutii 
itir  |>rit-klfjt,  ciitji 

flu-  tta.t«-K  with  n  slmrp  kinfe  alxmt  nine 
iiH'Iifs  btlow  tlie  lifwl,  after  which  they 
orv  tiwl  ill  mnall  binnlle«  iiml  Orieil  in  the 
•.iitiHhiiK'.  They  arc  then  sorle.|  aocortliuj;  to 
SUV  into  kiiiRt,  ?tii'Mliiit,'«.  anil  scnilw.  The 
rriMjketl  n\wis  or  chatfi  iin-  tlxtnl  aroiintl  tin' 
nrctiniftTviHre  of  lar^e  limail  wheels  or  cyliii- 
.I.-rs.  ami  the  chuh  is  hehl  against  tlitiii. 
Tliey  raJHe  a  nap  «|niii  it  whirh  is  iifterwiinls 
«tit  h-vel.  A  piece  o|  tliif  hniad  eloth  requires 
l.iOO  ^>  J.tMW  of  thiiii  to  bring  out  the  nap, 
nfliT  which  the  tejisfU  are  broken  and  usfless. 
Stwl  suli-ititntes  for  teast-ls  have  )>eeii  trieil, 
but  inetfertually  ;  they  an;  not  sutllcieiitly 
j.liant.  and  tear  the  line  librefl  of  thu  cluth. 

(•_')  The  burr  of  the  jilant. 

2.  Mfrh.  (t  rioOfinaniif. :  Any  contrivance 
tiMil  a*  a  Fiiit»Htit>itP  for  teasels  in  the  iliess- 
cti;;  <>r  vvooI)<-n  cloth. 

teasel  fk'ame.  -^".  A  fmuie  or  set  of  iron 
Kir-s  iij  winch  t.-.i^-Mieails  are  lixol  for  raising 
a  hap  or  pih-  on  wn.ill.-n  cloth. 

t«&''f«l,tea  zle.  tea  -zel, '-.(.  (Tkasrl,  ^.1 

To  siilijrct  t-i  till-  .irtioii  of  t'-asfls  ;  to  raise  a 
imp  Miwih  by  tin'  a<  tioii  of  teasels. 

tea-fel-er.  teaz-ler.  s.  (Entj.  fm^/;  -rr.] 
One  who  I1.S4-S  or  works  a  teazel  for  raisinj;  a 
nap  oil  cloth. 

teaf'-er  (I).  ".     {KnA-  ''"*•,  v. ;  -rr.] 
1.  One  who  teaser  ;  a  tejise. 

•■  HtonM  I'avo  waiit  «iiiy.  Irt  Ihf!  tfattr  wnlt." 

ytiwkra:  lltrmc*  ImtOttfd. 

•  2.  A  kind  of  dot;  n.se«l  in  hunting  deer. 

■■  The  lofty  fr*ilk  hiickit 
Ttmt  •Liiddrd  fore  ttt«  leiu^rt  like  the  »lud." 

Urreuv :  Friar  Bacon. 

t6af  er(2). «.   (Tkazer.! 

tea^   ing,  a.    ITk.\se,  r.]    VexinR,  worr>'ing, 

iint.itiii>;. 

'>>TiniKiuiit«l  the  r<vij;n7etn|>l»yni«iiU  nf  prttiting 
M>U  i.uUU*hiag.''-'<lol(U'$,ilh  :  I'tititc  Learnin-j.  ch.  X. 

teat(l).  <■  (Etyni.  doubtful ;  cf.  fit.\  A  snmll 
.|tuiiitity.     (.S'vfcA.)     (linrns:  J'rtor  Mailie.) 

teat  (Jt.    teet,  *  tete. '  tette.  *  tit. '  titte, 

lA.S.  fit:  eo^ii.  with  O.  Lint,  title;  (in. 
-i/-v;  Kr.  Uttf:  i*.  Kr.  tctc ;  .Sp.  tfta;  Ital. 
trSia:  leil.  taia;  WeJ.  did,  dUli.  teth ;  Irish 
^Oael.  (/lU) 

I.  Ordinary  Laiigun{^: 

1.  Lit.  :  The  iirojecting  organ  through 
whieli  milk  is  drawn  from  the  breast  or 
ixlder  of  females  of  the  c1us.s  miiminalin  ;  the 
nipple;  the  dug  of  a  beast;  t)ie  ]i;ip  of  a 
woman. 

"The  ilivlne  providence  hnth  fiiniinhtHl  .1  wommi 
with  two  itaU  for  thin  purpoM."— r.  //oiUtnd :  I'lu- 
titrch.  ]\  4. 

2.  J-'ig.  :  A  small  nozzle  resembling  a  teat. 
II.  ^frch. :    A    sniall,    rouwleil,    ]>erforated 

|>rojfction,  ullierwise  called  a  nijiple,  as  that 
of  a  ^nin. 

teat^d,  n.  (Eng.  teat;  -etl.]  Having  teats 
■  <r  protubeninivK  resembling  tlic  teats  of 
animals.    (Used  in  IxiL,  kc.) 


tea^o,  n.  &  c.    ITatii.) 
tc   a  tin,  ■-     IThi;atine.| 
'  teat   Uh.  'I-    llVrhnps  from  teat,  as  a  child 
Iretful  fur  Uie  breast. |    IVevish. 

"  Her  ■h-kuww 
IIaiI  iiiiHle  her  iuiiiiewh<»l  irutith" 

tl€HUm.  J-  Flel.  ■   l%'onuni»  rriit,  V.  1. 

teasOf  --i.    I^f't'  compound.) 

tease-bole,  •*.  [A  corrupt,  of  Fr.  tizard 
=  tlrt'diHir.l 

*,7<i.vc-»i((,it'/. :  The  fuel-opening  in  a  glass- 
furnace. 

teaxe,  v.t.  or  i.    [Tkase,  r  1 
tea  zel,  tea  -zle.  .-•.  &  v.    (Teasel.] 
tea   zel  wort,  ->.     |K»g.  tenzd,  s.,  ami  uwt.] 
ni.  {/■/.) :  The  DipMicaewe.     (/.((kHci/.) 

teaz  er,  .«.  [En?,  tea;.;  s. ;  -'t.)  The  stoker 
r.i  iiieiiiau  who  attends  the  funmres  in  glass- 
works. 

t^b'-'b&d.  s.  [Pers.]  The  scm-cliing  winds 
which  bhiw  over  the  smidy  ])hiiiis  of  Central 
Asia,  i-arrying  willi  them  clouds  of  iiitpal- 
Itfible  sand",  whicli  are  said  to  act  liUe  Hakes 
of  tile  oil  travellers'  skins. 

Te'-bHll.  •■'■  |Heb.  r\yz  (T^-bheth);  Arab,  to- 
hdt;  Old  Ej.'ypl.  Tubi.  Tubi ;  Or.  Tv^i  (Tubi), 
Tv&O'ib):  Suns.  Tiifxis.] 

Calrndar:  The  tenth  month  of  the  Jewish 
sacR-d  year.  It  commeiiLTd  at  the  new  ntnon 
of  December,  and  ended  at  that  ul  Jauuary. 

tec,  ■»■.  [Contracted  from  detectiiv  (q.v.).]  (See 
etyni.)    (Slang.) 

■■  I  went  to  Diirtftml,  in  Kent,  tv  Wliistler.  nn  thnt 
we  p-h-'iiKl  not  b'et  jiicktHl  up  by  the  'tvvs.'  —E>Jto, 
Dec.  <.  ISfw;. 

teche.  v.t.    [Teach.j 

tC9h'-i-ly,  "'Ir.  [Eng.  trrhij ;  -hj.]  In  a 
t.:eliy  manner;  peevishly,  IVetliilly,  irritably. 

te9h'-i-ne8S,  5.  [Eng.  terhii;  -kcas.!  The 
»iunlity  or  state  of  being  teehy  ;  peevishness, 
fret  fulness. 

tech' -PIC,  ".  &  s.     [fi'-  tefhni<inc.'\ 

A,  Ai  adj. :  The  same  as  Tixhnical  (q.v.). 

B.  An  suh.^t.:  The  method  of  perfoniianee 
or  iiinnipiilalioii  in  any  ait;  teclinieal  skill  or 
manipiihilioii ;  artistic  execution. 

tecb'-nic-al,  o.  &  .«.  [Gr.  Texf^o?  (tevhuikos) 
—  Iwlongiifg  to  the  arts  ;  Tt'x*")  ('«'./t'ic)=  art.] 

A.  As  tidj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  mecha- 
niral  arts,  ur  to  any  ])art.icnlar  art,  science, 
)>i'o revision,  handicratt,  business,  or  the  like. 

"All  the  (llBput«  ia  iiimle  to  ttini  upon  logiciU 
nlcetien,  or  iiietniitiyHiciil  subtleties  .-Omut  the  iiiitiire 
at  thiiiKs  o>ii(eaae<lly  iiiytiterioiig.  ur  mther  upon  the 
iiieiiiiiiii!  of  tit-hnicU  teniis  niid  names,  such  as  imli- 
Tiiliiiil,  &<.:'— Waferlrtnit:   Works.  \.  a4G. 

B,  Ai<  :iiibst.  (PL):  Those  tilings  which  per- 
tain to  the  practical  part  of  an  art  or  seieuce  ; 
teehnicalities  ;  technics. 

technical -education,  ^«.  Specific  in- 
struction required  by  every  ])erson  engaged 
iu  a  particular  occupation,  in  addition  to  the 
general  education  needed,  more  or  less,  by  all 
the  citizens  of  a  state.  On  Dec.  25,  1SU8,  a 
niiiMite  of  the  Coinniittce  on  Education  re- 
comiiicndi-(l  the  foundation  of  scholarsliips  to 
enable  arll>;;ins  to  obtain  scieiititic  instruction 
as  In  the  iniueiitU's  on  whicli  the  practi(.e  of 
their  trades  or  handiciJifts  were  founded.  In 
March,  1808,  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Joseph) 
Whilwurth  offered  to  found  thirty  scholar- 
ships, each  of  .tlOO  in  annual  value,  to  enable 
young  men  to  stmiy  mechanics  practically, 
an  oiler  accepted  by  the  Privy  Council.  On 
No\.  .'»,  1S09,  the  Masters  of  the  different  City 
Companies  held  a  conference  on  the  subject 
of  technical  educatiun  ;  and  in  Juue,  1S7S,  the 
jilans  wore  published  for  a  City  and  Guilds 
of  Lniidoii  Institute  for  the  advancement  of 
Technical  Education,  and  the  institute  was 
soon  afterwards  established.  The  increased 
severity  of  competition  with  British  niaim- 
facturcrs  by  those  of  other  nations,  many 
of  whose  workmen  have  had  the  benefit  oV 
technical  eilucation,  forced  the  question  to 
the  front,  and  a  Technical  Instruction  Act 
was  passed  in  18S9,  giving  the  County  Coun- 
cils the  power  to  raise  a  rate  of  one  penny 
ill  the  pound  for  suiiplying  and  maintaining 
technical  instructicm.  The  Local  Taxation 
(Customs  and  Excise)  Act,  1S90,  handed  over 


to  County  Councils  an  annual  conlnbiitinii 
from  ilie  iC-Ncheniiei  lo  be  admiuisLend  in  ai.t 
of  techiiiwil  education. 

tCCh-ni-clU'-i*t^.  s.     (Eng.  tcdiuiatl ;  -i7;/.| 

1.  Tecliuiealness  (q.v.). 

2.  Anything  tecliiiiod  or  peculiar  to  a  par- 
ticular .science,  :u-t.  profession,  inanufactuic. 
or  the  like  ;  a  technical  term  or  expression. 

•■The  trniiiiiipof  the  workshop  ivnd  the  sttiily  i>f  th.- 
Urlniiinliti'-*  iif  the  \Hri'iiis  tmde!*  to  which  art  ku.m  - 
).-ilg«  niiiy  Ih!  hUCceiafiUly  appUod."— /Ja*7//  Teliyraph, 
St'pt  T,  188i. 

tech'-ni-cail-li^,  "'?"•  [Eng.  technical;  -hj.] 
Ill  a  technical  manner  ;  according  to  technics 
or  teidini<!alities. 

■■  But  the  ttrst  pnjfesRed  English  sfttiriHt,  t«  Bpenk 
t'Thnicallu,  is  Bishop  .liwcpll  HftU.  BUcceasively  Bishop 
ij(  Kxvter  and  Norwich."— U'urlOH  Jinulis'i  l^ni;i. 
vul.  iv. 

tech'  ni-cal-ness,  s.   [Eng.  rcc/nii-a; ; -tw.s-;.] 

■J'jjr  liualit'y  or  .state  of  being  technlc-al  or 
]i.L-nli;i:  to  a  jiarticular  art,  science,  luaiiu- 
larture,  &c. 

•^ tech'-ni-9ist,  s.  [Eng.  tcrhmr;  -ist.]  One 
skilled  in  technics  or  in  the  practical  arts. 

*  tech-ni-co-log'-ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  in-hnimi, 
and  Gr.  Abyo?  (logos)  =  a  word.)  Teclniulo- 
gital ;  technical. 

••  Hiul  the  a|H»9tle  uaetl  this  teclniicotoffica/  phraat'  in 
Ally  iliffereiit  sense  (rojii  its  comiuou  jiLuiptiitinii.  h« 
Mvuhl  hiive  toll!  us  of  it'—Hcult:  fhrintiuu  Life,  pt. 
li.,  ch.  vii. 

tech'-nics,  5.  ^ing.  k  pi    [TECHxit:.] 

1.  >'nif].  :  TI:<?  (loctrinc  of  arts  in  gencml  ; 
sncli  branches  of  learning  as  resiiect  the  arts. 

"  111  the  schoola  of  the  nndille  cl;i«>*e3  science  mthcr 
tlmii  tcchnk-s  is  needed,  beeuise.  wlieu  the  seeiU  ><f 
.science  »i-e  wivvn.  nuhiiicii  Jis  its  fniit  will  jii^pear  ;it 
the  appointed  lune: —Haiti/  TcUyrui'h.  Sejit,  10.  18^5. 

2.  I'L  :  Technical  terms  or  objects  ;  tech- 
nicalities. 

tech-nique',  s.    [Fr.]    [Techsic] 

ft  III' A  rt^:  The  mctliod  in  which  an  artist 
uses  his  materials  to  express  his  mental  con- 
ceptions. 

"  The  whole  ix)em  nmy  be  read  with  pleasure,  despite 
11  certiiin  hense  of  clnshiiig  between  the  luytlwuid  its 
interpretJitliiu  mid  .-in  occiisionul  hipse  in  the  tt-chuhtue 
<jf  the  verse.*— y'oH  Mall  Oazcttv.  Aut;.  o,  ISM. 

tech-no-lOg'-ic-al,  o,  [Eng.  technnhgd/) ; 
-iraL]  or  or  pertaining  to  technology;  per- 
taining tu  the  arts  :  as,  ffc/iiioioyu-aMustilutcs. 

tech-nol'-o-gist,  s.  [Eng.  technologiy) ;  -ht.] 
One  skilled  in  technology  ;  one  who  discourses 
or  treats  of  arts  or  of  the  terms  of  ails. 

tech-nol'-O-gy,  s.  [Gr.  tc'xi/t)  (technP)  =  2.Y\  ; 
suit",  -ologii.]  That  branch  of  knowledge  wliicii 
deals  wit^ii  the  various  industrial  arts ;  the 
science  or  systematic  knowledge  of  the  in- 
dustrial arts,  as  of  weaving,  spinning,  metal- 
lurgy, or  the  like. 

'■  There  were  not  any  further  essnya  mnde  iu  techuo- 
Ingif  for  above  fourscore  yeara ;  but  all  Uien  ;»Liiuiesce<l 
in  the  coiiiiiion  grftuniiiir."— rwe//."  Exajiunation  r>J 
Orwimar.     ;PreIiu-e.  p.  17  ) 

te9h'-y,  a.  iTicrcnv.]  Peevish,  fretful,  irrit- 
able. 

te-co'-ma,  5.  [Mexican  tecomaxochitl  =  one 
of  the  sjiecies.] 

r,'it. :  A  genus  of  Bignoniaccfe.  Calyx  cam- 
panuhite,  live-toothed  ;  corolla  with  a  cam- 
]iaimlate  throat  and  a  tive-lobed  bilabiate 
limb ;  stamens  didynamous.  Erect  tte^^s, 
shrubs,  or  scandeiit  plants,  with  unequally 
pinnate  or  simple  digitate  leaves ;  tloweis 
yellow  or  Hesh-coloured,  in  terminal  panicles. 
T'voma  radicnns,  from  the  Southern  States 
of  America,  is  a  favourite  climber  in  Eng- 
lish gaMens.  The  leaves  have  nine  acu- 
minate, serrate  leaves.  The  roots  of  T. 
stons  iim\  T.  speciosa  are  diuretic.  T.  iniptll- 
ginosn  abounds  in  tannin  ;  tlie  bark  is  bitter 
and  mucilaginous,  and  is  used  in  lotions  and 
baths  in  inflannuation  of  the  joints  and  de- 
bility. The  bark  of  T.  Ipc  is  used  in  Brazil  as 
a  gargle  in  ulcers  of  the  mouth.  T.  undtilata, 
an  evergreen  shrub  from  the  north  we.st  of 
India,  produces  gorgeous  orange  -  coloured 
blossoms  in  April ;  its  leaves  are  used  as 
cattle-fodder. 

te- co-ret' -in,  s.  [Gr.  Tijicw  (tiko)  =  to  melt 
(biwi),  and  pTjTivTj  (rJiZtinii)  =  resin ;  Gcr. 
tekoretin.] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Fichtelite  (q.^.),  found 
in  pine-wood  embedded  in  the  marshes  near 
Holtcgard,  Denmark. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wpit  work,  who.  son;  mute.  cub.  cure   unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    re,  ce  ^  e :  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tectibranchiata— teenage 


11 


teo-ti-bran-chi-a'-ta,  s.  /-/.  [Lat.  trrt„s  = 
covered,  iiiul  ^lod.  Lat.  hnnuhMta(i\.v.).} 

Zool. :  Aseoti'in  .-i  <)pistlinbriiiK-liintu(ii.  v.). 
Animal  usually  pivivided  with  a  shell  \wX\\  \n 
thf  larval  ftiiJ  adult  state  ;  branohim  cuvcied 
l.y  the  shell  or  mantle  ;  sexes  united.  There 
.11.'  tiv.^  families  :  TornatellidiT',  Bullidie  (=the 
Tfrtil.ianeliiata  of  Cuvier),  Pleurobmnchidte, 
Aply^iad;"-,  and  Phyllidiadie. 

tec-ti-bran-chi-ate,  «.  k  $.    iTcmcRAN- 

^'RUT^.1 

A,  .I-;  ".dj.:  Of  iir  belonging  to  the  Tecti- 
i'laiicliiata. 

B,  -Iv-:  ii>ihst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Teeti- 

l^iaiuMii.itaOi.V.). 

tec  -ti-cite,  s.  [Oi".  rriK7i.K6^{ti:ktil;Qs)  =  capa- 
M.-  nf  melting  ;  sufl'.  -i7c  (.Ui».).] 

Mill.:  A  mineral  of  uncertain  composition, 
found  at  Umnl  and  Braunsdoif,  Saxony.  Haid- 
iiess,  lo  to  -J  ;  colour,  clove-bi'owu.  Soluble 
in  water.  Compos.  :  probably  a  hydrous  sul- 
pliate  of  the  sesipnoxide  of  iron.  Known 
also  under  tlie  nauK'  of  Graulite. 

*tect'-ly,  *  tect -lie,  ailj.  [Lat.  Uctus  = 
i-overed.]    Secretly,  closely. 

"  He  lad  verie  close  4  tectUe  a  comp.iiiy  o(  his  men 
in  .111  old  liijuse  (iist  by  the  k-astell. '— WoiiiisAct^  .   Jrt:- 

land  VMi.  VoHl 

tec-to-chrys'-ine,  s.    |Lat.  tr.ctns  =  covered, 

hidden,  and  Eng.  chvysini:} 

CIhiii.  :  C10H12O4.  A  crystalline  substance 
f'lund  together  with  chrysine  in  I'oplar  Imds, 
and  st^parated  fn>m  the  latter  by  its  solubility 
HI  lii-nzol.  It  forms  large,  sulphur-yellow 
iri'innclini'-  piisms,  melting  at  130°.  When 
boiled  with  strong  potash  it  is  decotn[iosed, 
yielding  acetic  acid,  phenyl-metbyl  ketone, 
and  benzoic  acid. 

tec-to  -na,  s.  [Said  to  be  from  Malabar  tclln 
—  t>;iU,  but  ]>erhai>s  formed  witli  reference  to 
<_;r.  TCKTOnKij  (^'i^onf/.?)  =  building,  lor  which 
teak  is  well  adapte<l.l 

Hot.  :  Teak  ;  a  genus  of  Viticese.  Calyx 
live  or  six-toothed,  ultimately  becoming  in- 
flated ;  corolla  gamopetalous,  tive  or  six  cleft ; 
stamens  live  or  six  ;  ovary  superior,  four- 
celled  ;  fruit  a  four-celled  nut  or  drupe, 
w<ioily,  spongy,  and  dry  seed,  one  in  each 
lell.  Known  species  two,  Tcctoua  tjiv.iiill:^ 
(Teak J  and  T.  Hamilioniami,  a  deciduous 
tree  with  liglit-brown,  hard,  close-grained 
wood  weighing  64 lbs.  per  culue  foot.  It  is 
found  in  Promt-  and  tu  Upper  Burmah. 

tec-ton-ar-chi  -nae,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  TfcToi-apxo? 
{tfkt-iiuurhiis)  =0.  master-builder;  Lat.  fem. 
y\.  adj.  sutl.  -Iikv.] 

Ornith.  :  Bower-birds  ;  a  sub-family  of 
Paradiseidie  (q.v.).  Devoid  ">f  flowing  iilumes, 
only  one  genus  possessing  any  attempt  at 
extra  adornment  in  the  males.  The  species, 
so  far  as  known,  are  accustomed  to  erect 
liowers  of  reeds  in  which  they  disjtort  them- 
selves. Genera :  Sericulus,  Ptilonorhynchus, 
Lblamydodera,  .iiluriedus,  and  Amblyornis. 

*  tec-ton'-ic,  (t.     [Lat.  tcctonicits ;  Gr.  tcxtoh- 

k6^  (terhtotiikos),  from  t^ktiov  ite}ct(in)=ii  car- 
penter.]   Pertaining  or  relating  to  buibling  or 

construction. 

tec-ton'-ics,  s.  [Tectonic]  A  series  of  arts 
tiy  which  vessels,  implements,  dwellings  and 
places  of  assembly  are  formed :  on  the  one 
iiaiid  agreeably  to  the  end  for  which  they  were 
dfKigned  ;  on  the  other,  in  conformity  with 
■•-tiiLiments  and  artistic  ideas. 

i  tec-tor'-i-al,  c.  [Lat.  tcrtorius  =  pertain- 
ing to  covt'ring  ;  Udo  =  to  cover.]    Covering. 

tectorial-membrane.  -<-. 

An'it.:  A  -  ..mparativ.-ly  thick,  fibrillated, 
and,  to  all  appearance,  highly  elastic  mem- 
brane coveiing  the  organ  of  Corti  in  the  ear. 
(Quain.) 

tec-tbr'-i-um,  s.  [Lat.]  A  species  of  plas- 
tf  r-work  adujited  for  the  decoration  nf  Roman 
houses,  and  consisting  of  a  mixtire  of  lime 
and  sand. 

tec'-tri-fCg,  5.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  tego  = 
to  cover.] 

Ornith.:  Coverts;  the  smaller  feathers  of 
the  wing  or  tail,  especially  nf  the  former,  the 
term  calypteria  being  aj'plied  to  the  latter. 

te'-cum,  5.      [Trcrv.]      The  libmus  produce 


of  a  paltii  leaf.  lescnil'ling  gi'ecn  Won],  ini- 
jioitvl  li'Hii  IJia/d. 

tecum  fibre,  ^■.    The  same  as  Teclm. 

ted,  '  tedde,  '  teede.  i.\t.  [Icel.  tedhin  = 
to  spiead  nianuic;  (<ulli  =  manure ;  tmUui  =■ 
hay  grown  in  a  well-manured  Held;  Norw. 
Uilja  =  to  spread  manure  ;  Utd  =  manure  ;  Sw. 
dial.  tcUlUf  from  tad  =  manure.] 

AgrU:  :  To  spread  new-mown  hay,  so  as  to 
fxi'osp  it  to  the  sun  and  air;  to  turn  (new- 
mown  hay  or  grass)  from  the  swath  and 
scatter  for  drying. 

"  The  smell  uf  tjriiiu,  or  tetldftl  grass,  or  Itiite." 
Mittvtt :  1'.  L.,  Ix.  460. 

ted'-der(l),  s-.  iKng.  ted:  -(/•.]  One  who 
T'd<;  spt-rilically,  a  maebine  for  Stirling  ami 
sprcailing  hay,  to  expedite  its  being  dried  by 
the  sun  and  air. 

"  However  vjiluable  jv  inuwer  innj*  he.  ft  tedder  U 
hardly  les.-s  so." — ."ihaldvii:  Dairy  Farmhvj,  \>.  IT'J. 

ted'der  (2),  5.    [Tether.] 

1.  A  rope,  strap,  cord,  i»r  lariat,  for  fasten- 
ing an  animal  by  the  head  to  a  manger,  post, 
or  stake. 

2.  Anything  by  wliicb  one  is  restrained  ;  a 
t"ther. 

ted'-der,  '•. '.  [TEiHEn,  c]  To  tether,  l.i 
•  Diiline,  to  restiain. 

'  tede,  -■-     [Lat.  Urdu.]    A  tor'-h. 

Te   De'-um,  >\      IFium  the  lirst  wnrds   "  Tc 

Ihniii  Ijnidi.'.init<.] 

1.  The  name  given  to  a  celebrated  Latin 
liymn  "f  juaise,  ascribed  usually  to  .St.Ain- 
bro.se  and  St.  Augustine,  and  well-kno\ni  in 
tliis  i-ountry  fi'om  the  translation  in  the 
Prayer-book,  beginning  '*  We  prai.se  Thee.  O 
God,"  one  of  the  two  canticles  appt^inted  to 
l)e  sung  in  the  morning  service  lietween  the 
two  lessons.  It  is  alsn  sung  I'U  special  occa- 
sions, as  days  of  publi-:  rejoicing. 

^.  A  musical  setting  of  the  liymn  [1.] 

3.  A  choral  thanksgiving  service  in  which 
this  hymn  forms  a  princip.d  part. 

"  The  S)ianiaTd.s  saiig  Te  IKnms.'—Mucanlni/  :  Bist. 
Eng.,  ch.  xxi. 

tedge,  .^.  [Etym.  <lonbtfnl.]  The  ingate  or 
aperture  in  a  mould  through  which  the  molten 
metal  is  jioiireii. 

•ted-ing,  j-.    iTirniN-^.] 

*  teding-penny,  -■.    [Tithing-pesny.] 

*  te-di-6s'-S-ty.  .^.  [Eug.  talious;  -ittj.]  Te- 
diousness. 

te'-di-ous.  *te-dy-ouse,«.    [Lat. /fa^insi/s, 

from  ftrdiuiii=  irksonieness,  tedium;  from 
Ui'dii  —  it  irks.] 

1.  Causing  tedium  ;  wearisome  or  tiresome 
by  rontinuance,  ]uolixity.  repetition,  or  the 
like.    (Said  of  persons  or  things.) 

"  And  ;dl  thnt  to  heiself  she  talk'd, 
Woulfl  surely  be  ii  fcdleus  tale." 

WorUsvorrh  :  Idiot  Buy. 

2.  Slow. 

■  Twice  ten  tedious  years."      Cowper  :  John  O'ditin. 

3.  Annoying;  odious. 

"  ,My  wiwB  are  tedious,  though  my  wordn  are  brief." 
ShaJicsp. .   iiatit  of  Litcrcvc,  1,;)'>0. 

te'-di-OUS-ly,  ndv.  [Eng.  tedious;  -ly.l  In 
a  tHiliuus  or  tiresome  manner,  so  as  to  weiiry 
or  tire  ;  slowly. 

"Night  .  .  .  doth  liujji  HO  rMifOdS?'/ aw.-iy." 

Shnki-s/r.     N--iny  V..  iv. 

te'-di-ous-ness,    ^  te-di-ous-nesse,     . 

[Eng.  ttdioics :  -iicss.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  tedious,  tiiesome,  or  wearisome  from 
■  ontinuance,  prolixity,  repetition,  or  the  like; 
tiresomeness ;  slowness. 

■■  I  have  dwelt  sometime  upon  the  christian  s-icri- 

tice.  perliai"^  even  t*)  a  degree  of  tfUioinitots.  —  fValer- 

laiid:    Workf.  viii    2ST. 

te  -  diou  -  some,  te  -  di  -  siim,  " .  1 E  n ;.'. 
tfdit'H.-^ ;  -some]     Tedious  ;  tiresome.     (Vu.'c/i.) 

te'-di-um,  s.  [L-it.  to'dium,  from  to:dct  =  ii 
irks. )  liksoineness  ;  wearisomeness  ;  tedi- 
uusness. 

"The  tedium  that  the  lajty  rich  endure/' 

Cowpvr ;  Table  Talk.  U2. 

tee  (1),  s.     [Xative  name.] 

1.  An  umbrella. 

2.  The  umbrella-shaped  structure  ust'<l  as  a 
termination  or  linial  iiowning  the  Buddhist 
topes  and  Hindu  pagodas.  It  is  sui^po-^ed  to 
!'•■  a  relic  shrine. 


tee  (2).  S-.  [See  def.]  A  T-shaped  pi|te- 
coupling,  adapli'd  for  a  stem-pipe  and  two 
brancln-s. 

tee  iron,  •*.  A  rod  with  a  <'ros8-l)ar  at 
rh'- end,  lor  withdniwiiig  the  lower  valve-box 
of  a  pump. 

tee  (3),  s.  [Icel.  tyd  — to  i>oint  out,  to  mark, 
to  note.] 

'/o//,  iCc. :  A  mark  set  up  in  playing  at 
(juoits  ;  the  mark  made  in  the  ice  in  the  game 
of  curling,  towards  which  tlie  stones  are 
pushed;  the  nodule  of  earth  from  which  the 
ball  is  struck  off  in  golf.    {Sctdi.) 

"Both  got  well  ftway  from  the  tec  to  the  fourth 
hole.  "— AfW.  .Se])t.  £5,  IbSC. 

tee,  v.t.    [Tee  (3),  s.] 

f'.vlf:  To  place,  as  a  ball,  on  the  tec  pre- 
paratory to  striking  otl'. 

■*  Never  internipt  the  court— all  thnt  i«  nmna5<'J 
fur  ye  like  a  tecU  hall. "— AcoK .  Jtedyauullvl,  h'tl4jr 
xiii. 

teel.  til.  s.    [Mahratta  ted  ;  Hind.  &  Beiig.  td.] 
Hot.  :    Sesaiiiiiiii  niicutule   and   .^'.    indiruui. 

[SESA.ME,  SES.AMfM.J 

^  teem,  'teme,  ^'.   [Team,  s-.]  Race,  progeny. 

"\Vli;ittyuie  inJeruiuileni  was  dede  a  doulity  thyng 
i\V;i-i  iilude  nou  of  his  rftuf,  l>ot  a  iiiayden  yiiifcO." 
Robert  de  Oruiiue,  |t.  HO. 

teem  (1).    *  teme.  v.i.  &  t.      [A.S.  tyaian, 
from  ('am  =  a  team,  a  jn'ogeiiy.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

"  1.  To  bear  young,  as  an  animal ;  to  pioduce 
fruit,  as  a  plant ;  to  be  pregnant ;  to  cmiceive. 

"Lest  it  should  fehle  hys  fle»he  and  let  hyui  from 
);eatniK  ol  children,  ajid  hyndre  hys  h.t.rlot  of  toiuiiiy." 
—Sir  T.  Mor<-  :    Workex,  \t.  644. 

2.  To  be  full,  as  if  ready  "to  bring  forth  ;  to 
bp  stocked  tfj  overflowing  ;  to  be  jjiolitic;  to 
Ix^  charged. 

■■  The    strange    conceits,    vaiu    prujetit**.    und     wild 
dreams. 
With  which  hypocrisy  for  ever  terms." 

(.owper:  Ilo/rc.  742. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  produce  ;  to  bring  luith  ; 
to  give  birth  to. 

'•('oniinon  mother,  thou 
Whose  woQih  iiiiineaHui'itble,  and  intinlte  hreast. 
I'eeiiui,  and  feeds  idL'  Shaketp.  :  Tinioii,  iv.  3. 

teem  (2),  v.t.  [icel.  tii:iita=to  empty;  tomr 
=.  empty ;  Dan.  tiiinrii£=  to  empty,  fiom 
foiii  =  empty ;  Sw.  toninui,  tvoin  torn.] 
[TouM.]     To  pour,  to  empty.    (I'rov.) 

'■  Tee}>i  out  the  remainder  of  the  ale  into  the  tan- 
kard, .-uid  till  the  bIuss  with  small  hteT.'—.'iivift : 
/Jirvctiunt  to  the  ISutler. 

'  teem  (3),  '  teeme,  v.t.  [Ct.  0.  Dut.  tamen  = 
lo  be  cujiv.nit:iit,  tit,  or  litting ;  Dut.  hftaiwii 
=  to  beseem  ;  Ger.  :icmen  —  to  be  fit ;  Ootli. 
ijatiiiuiii  =  to  suit,  agree  with.]    To  think  lit. 

"  I  could  teeme  it  to  rend  thee  iii  \)ieceB."—Giff'*rd : 
Dialogue  of  Witches.    (1C03.) 

teem'-^r,  ■".  [Eng.  tp.nn  (1),  V.  ;  -fr.]  One 
wlio  teems  ;  one  who  brings  forth-young. 

-  teem  -fol,  a.    [Eng.  teem.  (1),  v.  ;  -/(*/(/).] 

1.  Pregnant,  prolific. 

2.  Brimful. 

teem'-ing  (1).  ".  [Telm  (l),  v.]  Pregnant, 
I)rolilic  ;  stocked  to  overtlowing. 

"  To  uall  up  plenty  from  the  tecmiiifj  earth, 
Ur  1.111-^e  the  dt-iert  with  a  tenfold  dfiarth." 

Cowper      Truth,  181. 

teem'-ing  (2),  a.    [Teem  (2),  v.] 

teeming-punch,  s.  A  imncb  for  start- 
ing oi  driving  a  bolt  out  of  a  hole;  a  drift. 

"teem -less,  n.  [Eng.  teem  (I),  v.;  -less.] 
Not  fruitful  or  iirolilic  ;  barren. 

■•  Such  wars,  such  waste,  such  fiery  tracks  »f  dearth 
Their  zeal  has  left,  and  auch  a  tcemles*  earth." 

Iirfidcn  :  Iliud  S:  Paiiflter,  i.  228. 

teen,  '  teene,*  tene, >-.  [A.S.  tcdna  =  accusa- 
tion, injury,  vi'xation  ;  (f.'f>;i=to  accuse; 
Ger.  zeitcn.]    Provocation,  grief,  vexation. 

"  Last  diiy  1  grat,  wi"  Bptte  and  teen." 

Burns:  Bruar  Water. 

teen  (1),  •  tene,  v.t.  [Tees,  s.]  To  vex,  to 
annoy,  to  jirovoke,  to  excite. 

"Why  tvnu't  ye  me  and  tmir  with  soche  ui.-iner 
"lieiiche."— Chaucer :  Testimony  of  Low.  hk.  ii. 

teen  (2),  v.t.  [A.S.  tynon.]  To  inclo.se,  to 
fence  in.    {Proo.) 

teen  (3),  v.t.  [Teend.]  To  light,  as  a  candle. 
{Prov.) 

t6en'-a.ge,  ■".  JTken  (2),  i*.]  Wood  foi'  fences 
or  inclosnres.     (I'rov.) 


l^oil,  boy :  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem :  thin,  this :  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    Huag. 
-elan,  -tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun  ;  -tion,  -^ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  "Jcc.  =  bel,  deL 


teend— teiuoscope 


Uxtit. 


lA.B.  rymlaii,  ImduN  = 
Lhtii.    ttrndt:    Ocr. 
I 
,,..  t.i  ttct   liKlit  to,  to 


Utmnt. :  To  kimllf.  to  take  UbM. 

l^riri  i-r  »i>iimw  :  ftdtrowfiil.  KtBictcd. 
t00M,   t.  Tht  yi'iini  of  otu-'n 

,jfr  liAU  '  "11  •'"■"  *  tliJit  is,  the 

).«r»  tl..i tirrii  liicluAive.   ilurint; 

Mtitcli  a  ix-nkiD  u  mkI  to  be  in  liU  or  lit^r 

-  w)    «•  III*  rMMBM  tii«liu  ms\j  In  Ur  ftvn*-'- 

jMc  .1.     ..  Aof .  r.  tMT,  p.  ti\. 

toon  Vtl),  <i.  iTiNV.)  Vor>" •"'**'. tl*'"'""*'^*^- 
tooa'-j^  (^  1-    (Eng.  I«rii.  t.;   -y.I    Fretful, 

toer  -or.  *.  (Ktym.  douWfUl.l  A  1»o>-  or  girl 
.uipK'Xra  to  »lir  the  slrve  to  calico  priuterii. 

tOOf  da  11  *«  *■  [NaiiieU  nft^r  RoM.  Tet-s- 
.lair,  n  Yt'Tkithirr  ("lUiiiHt.  autlior  of  a 
.Mta'  V  10  t'l  plauli  gruwiUij  arouiul  Cattle 
UMW.inl.l 

/!...:  ;  A  grnua  of  TJilaspidew  or  Tlilaspiila?. 
Till-  \-r\i\\»  nrr  une«iiial :  t)ic  IUiiini>iit^  with 
VmKxX  k>-a\v»:  the  [kkI  oMuiig.  Kiiovvii  sik-cu-s 
tw.'.  fr>'m  Euri'iH*.  Northern  Africa,  anti 
W.  •  ^-  <»•  ■  T'fMUilki  nuilicnulis,  Ihe 
N  .  la,    in    British.      Thr 

ht  ^-rnlly    numerous,  iii-e 

r  in'S    liiKh ;    IliP    leaves 

u,  .  lyr;it"-i''""ati!Mi ;  the 

tl.  II  ill  KuKhiiKl  iti  samly 

>;..._   ,   , L[,:  in  ijcothuiii.  Flowers 

ill  Airii-ii.i  Jui.c.  Tiie  t>lhiT  sj'ecies  is  T. 
If,  [  iiif...  ••r  if'tiii''..i.<,  fnuiiil  in  Spain,  &c. 
^■tli  an  littrd  JiT  it-ckerics  in  giuxlens. 

too  too,  ti-tl,  J.    IXative  name.) 

/.".!. :  The  SiiuiiTcl  Monkey,    (Uinnholdt.) 

toe  -tor,  r.f.  or  i.  [Pmh.  a  variant  of  totter 
(q.v.).]  To  ride  on  the  ends  of  a  kilanced 
jilank,  lie,  an  children  do  for  amusement  ;  to 
seesaw.    (.-Inwr.) 

toeth,  •-  J'.'.    [ToOTB.J 

toetbe,  i-i.    [Teeth.]    To  grow  teeth. 

toeth  -ing;,  -".    ITKin-nE.]    The  operation  or 

thv  i>i"c.  >»  of  the  tlrat  growth  of  teetli,  or  the 
pi  ....^^  l,y  which  they  make  their  way 
tiji.iu.li  the  gums;  dentition.    [Tooth. J 

"  Wi  "!>  tliv  •riiiptoiiu  iif  Irethinff  apptar,  tliCKiiins 
I.  i.h'.  •-.■  be  rrUxnl  lij  >u(teijliig  oiutUieiit.' — 
Art,.t\u.l  ■  On  OM. 

toe  -tick,  s.  [From  the  cry  of  the  bird.]  (Si-t- 
extnict  under  Titlino,  1.) 

tOe-td'-tal«  <T.  [A  retluplicated  form  of  total, 
or,  acc'Tding  t'»  some,  from  a  stuttering  i»ro- 
nuueiation  of  tlie  wonl  totuL] 

1.  Entire,  comiiKle.    (CW/03.) 

*J.  IN-rtauiiiiK  to  teetotallers  or  teetotalism : 
an.  a  ti"tnUtl  iiiL-eling. 

too-to-tal-i^m,  9.  [Eng.  ttftotaJ :  -ism.] 
Til  jiiiii  iplf.siir  practice  of  teetotallers;  total 
;»!  -M'  nee  from  all  iiitoxicutiiig  Ii(|uors. 

IiK-  <<tily  WBj-  tomcup  ttir  •Iniiiknrd  wiu  tlirougli 
•1.^  iii<rtiiiiiriil.ilit)  ol  trrtolal ij:i.  —iMiily  Telegraphy 

tee  to  tal-ler,  tee-to -tal~er,  5.     [Eng. 

.'■•'  '  '■  ;  -rr.\  One  wlm  iirole-^ses  total  ahsti- 
ii'  r.  >  tV->iii  all  spirituous  or  intoxicating' 
I  I'i  -  iiiilef.s  medically  prcftcrihed ;  a  total 
al.--r  ■;'M-|-. 

toe  -  to  -  tal  - 1^,  ni/r.  lEng.  teetotdl ;  -ly.] 
Kiitin-ly,  euiiipTetely,  totally. 

tee'td~t{im«  .'.  [For  T-totum,  trom  T,  the 
m*»'t  imjwirlanl  mark  on  one  of  the  original 
r-.Mr  -I'I--,  fM-nning  T»tkr-ull.\  A  small  P>ur- 
>;  '  ual  toy  used  l>y  children  in  a 

Tiie  four  sides  were  marked 
V.  1-  {I'vt-tlofn}),  N  (^•o|^,i}lf}),   II 

(li'n.  I  ( ;'i/.f-a//),  such  letters  deciding 
whether  the  player  put  into  or  took  out  of 
the  p'xd,  accoi-ding  to  the  letter  apiK-arin)^ 
on  the  to]i  after  the  toy  has  been  spun  round. 

t^'fllis,  ».     [A  word    of   no   sigiii  float  ion. 
ErUom. ;  A  genus  of  typical  Carabidee.    Tef- 


ftiis  mfjftU!.  from  Senegal  and  the  Guinea 
Oast,  \y  two  incheti  long. 

t^$t  tdgg.  -.  (Cf.  Wei.  t€ij  =  clwir,  fair,  Iwau- 
Itlul,  lUie.) 

1.  A  female  fallow-deer ;  a  doe  in  the  second 
year. 

2.  A  young  sheep,  older  than  n  lamb. 

"On  Uec  t>  I  hftJ  *»  t*inlM(callr«l»«ii»n>-^^7iRttor 
New  Vmii  Uity'  Ui  A  ynTil.~—f'ietti,  Vv\>.  16.  1S»C. 

t£^-dn  dr'-I'^  f.  [Formed  from  Lat.  Tfgra ; 
Gr.  Tcy<a  ('/>;;«')  =  u  t')wn  in  Arcadia.l 

/.-J.:  The  l\pieal  genus  of  Tegenariida- 
(ij.v.).  It  contains  the  Hou.se •.spi<Ur,  undei 
which  there  api'car  to  have  been  confounded 
two  species:  Te'jrnaria  donunticn  and  T. 
vii-iti^.  the  former'witli  proportionately  longer 
legs  than  the  latter.  It  is.  besides,  rather 
more  than  Imlf  an  inch  long,  while  the  other 
one  is  rather  less.  They  weave  their  webs  in 
the  cornei-3  of  windows,  of  neglected  rooms,  or 
outliouses.  They  live  about  four  years,  and 
deposit  their  eggs  in  lenticular  cocoons  of 
white  silk,  and  again  in  a  silk  bag  disguised 
by  plaster,  &e. 

t^K-en-a-ri'-i-dfiB,  5.  3>r.  [Mod.  Lat.  tegc- 
}utri(a):'  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idie.) 

Zooi. :  A  family  of  Spidei-s.  tribe  Dipneu- 
mones  and  its  Sedentary  Division.  The  ocelli 
are  in  two  rows,  the  fli-st  pair  of  legs  usually 
the  longer;  the  web  irregular.  Sometimes 
there  are  three  elaws.  It  is  a  large  family, 
in  some  classili  cat  ions  divided  into  the  sub- 
f.tmilies  Drassides,  Dysderides,  Scytodidcs, 
Ciniflnnides,  and  Agelenides. 

t£|^-men  (pi.  teg'-min-a),  s.    [Lat.  tegmcn, 
trgihien,  tegumfn  =a  covering.]    [Teoment.] 
IMany : 

1.  lirongniarfs  name  for  the  secundine  of 
an  ovule. 

2.  Mirbel's  name  for  the  inner  coat  of  a  seed. 

3.  Palisut  de  Beauvois's  name  for  the  ex- 
terior glume  of  a  grass. 

teg'-ment,   teg-u-mentp  s.     [Lat.   tegu- 
moilinii,  fioni  i<iii-=.  to  cover.]    A  cover  or 
covering  ;  specif,  a  natural  covering  as  of  an 
animal  or  plant;  integument:  as— 
I.  0/  the  form  tegment : 

1.  Anat. :  The  njiper  part  of  the  crtim 
cerebri,  consisting  principally  of  the/asciVi(/Hs 
teres  and  the  posterior  |iyrauiid. 

2.  not.  (PI):  The  scales  of  a  bud.  They 
may  be  foliaceous,  or  may  resemble  petioles, 
stipules,  or  flilcni. 

n.  Of  the  form  tegument  : 
Entom.:  The  covering  of  the  wings  of  or- 
thopterous  insects. 

teg-men  -turn  (pi.  teg-men -ta),  s.  [Lat.] 
The  same  as  Teoment  (q.v.). 

te-guex'-in,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  Tejidje  (q.v.),  specif.  Tejiis  terjne.y'm^ 
with  a  wide  geograplneal  range  in  South 
America.  It  is  from  three  to  four  feet  long, 
black  on  upper  surface,  spiinkled  with  yel- 
low, tail  mingled  with  yellow  and  black, 
lower  parts  siniilarly  marked.  These  lizards 
are  found  in  sugar  plantations,  and  among 
scrub  and  brush  ;  they  can  swim  well,  but  do 
not  take  readily  to  the  water.  The  legend 
that  they  utter  a  warning  sound  on  the  ap- 
jiroach  of  wild  beasts  (whence  they  are  some- 
times called  Safeguards)  is  apparently  with- 
out foundation.  They  feed  on  fruit,  insects, 
snakes,  frogs,  birds'  eggs,  and  young  birds.  ^ 

teg-u-la  fpl.  teg'-u-lse). .-.    [L;it.=  a  tile.) 
\.  Jiii'ild. :  A  rooting-tile. 
2.  Kntom.  :  A  eflllosityat  the  origin  of  the 
fore  wings  of  the  Hymenoptera. 

teg-U-lar,  a.    [Tkcila.]    Pertaining  to  a 

till-  ;  rtM-uibliug  :i  tile  ;  consisting  of  tiles. 

teg-U'lar-1^,  adv.  [Eng.  teg7dar;  -hj.]  In 
tlic  manner  of  tiles  on  a  roof. 

teg -U-lat-ed.  n.  [Lat./ff;!(?o  =  atile.]  Com- 
jMised  of  small  plates  overlapping  like  tiles. 
(Said  of  a  imi-tieular  kind  of  aucient  armour.) 

teg-u-ment,  >.    [Tegment.] 

tegu  ment-a-r:y,  a.  [En^.  tegument ; 'ary.] 
Pertaining  to  teguments  ;  consisting  of  tegu- 
ments. 


te-hee't  ?.  &  interj.     [From  the  sound.] 
A-  As  snbst. :  A  laugh,  a  titter. 

"Our  poor  young  prince  KCta  Iiia  ojierft  plaudits 
clinnii:tHl  into  inoukiiig  fcA'Cj;  Hiid  »iiuiut  become 
grrtii(l-4iiliulrnl."— C<(r/j//tr.'  French  lievolution,  \>t.  L, 
bk.  11,,  ch.  V. 

B.  Ai  interj. :  A  word  used  to  denote  a 
laugh. 

te-hee'*  I'.i.  [Tehek,  $.]  To  laugh  con- 
leinptuously ;  to  titter. 

"  Tlmt  Iftugh'd  «iitl  teheed  with  deriaioa, 
To  see  them  tnki-  vour  ilciHisition." 

liHtler:  llitdibrat.  III.  ill.  132. 

toh'-Sil-dar,  s.  [Hind.]  A  native  collector 
*of  a  district  acting  under  a  European  or  a 
zemindar.     {Anglo-Indian.) 

Te'-i-an,  a.  [See  def.l  Of  or  jiertaining  to 
Teos  'in  Ionia. 

te  -i-d80»  s.  vl.    [Tejid^.] 

Te  ig'-i-tur,  vhr,     [Lat.  =Thee,  therefore.] 
Eccks. :  The  first  two  words  of  the  Canon 
of  the  Mass.    Tlie  expression  appears  to  have 
been  also  used  to  denote  a  book  containing  a 

{)ortion  of  the  Liturgy  {McCUntocI:  &  .Strong), 
>ut  it  is  not  mentioned  in  the  list  of  Litur- 
gical Books  given  by  Smith  &  Cheetham  in 
Christian  Antiquities. 

teil,  s.  [Fr.  teily  from  Lat.  tilia  =  a  lime  or 
Ituden-tree.]    The  lime-tree  or  linden, 

teil-tree»  s. 

1.  Hot. :  The  same  as  Teii,  (q.v.) 

2.  Script. :  Tlie  Heb.  T\)ti  (clah)  is  not  the 
lime-tree,  but  is  probably  the  Terebinth,  as 
it  is  rendered  in  the  K.V. 

"  A  teil-tree  and  Jiu  0.1k  have  their  aubstauce  iii 
tliem  nlieu  lliey  cast  tlieir  lejivts." — IsaUth  vi.  IS. 

"  tein,  .-.     [Thane.] 

*  tein-land,  t\    Thane-land. 

teind,  ^''.  [leel.  tinnd  =  a  tenth,  tithe,  from 
(tji=:  ten;  Goth,  taihvndu  =  the  tenth;  Sw. 
tiend€.\  The  name  given  in  Scotland  to 
tithes.  They  originated  at  a  remote  jieriod  ; 
and  at  the  Reformation  John  Knox  contended 
that  after  allotting  some  provision  for  the 
displaced  Roman  Catholic  clergj-,  the  re- 
mainder of  the  teinds  should  be  used  for  the 
support  of  the  Protestant  ministeis,  for  uni- 
versities and  schools,  and  for  the  poor. 
Through  the  opposition  of  the  aristocracy, 
the  arrangement  was  but  partially  carried  out. 
At  tlie  union  between  England  and  Scotland, 
in  170",  the  Lords  of  the  Court  of  Session 
were  appointed  to  be  Commissioners  of 
Teinds,  and  power  was  given  them  to  deter- 
mine "the  transporting  of  kirks,"  as  the 
population  moved  from  one  locality  to  another, 
the  consent  of  three-fourths  of  the  heritors  iu 
point  of  valuation  being  necessary  to  warrant 
the  removal.  In  1S37  and  1S3S  there  were 
laid  before  Parliament  niiie  folio  volumes  of 
reports  by  a  Commission  appointed  to  inquire 
into  church  acconnnodatiou,  &c.,  in  Scotland. 
It  reported  that  the  parsonage  teinds  were 
held  by  the  Crown,  by  universities,  by  pious 
foundations,  by  lay  titulars  (analogous  to  the 
lay  proprietors  in  England),  or  by  tlie  proprie- 
tors of  the  lands  from  which  they  were  due; 
they  were  in  all  cases  eligible  to  pay  the 
stipends  held  or  which  might  be  awarded  by 
the  Court  of  Teinds  to  the  ministers,  but  that 
they  could  not  be  transferred  from  one  parish 
to  another. 

"Aiid  Wednesday,  we  are  to  bo  heard  in  the  great 
teind  case  iu  I'resence."— ScoK.*  Qui/  JSaniierittg,  cL. 
xxxix. 
^  Court  of  Teinds,  Commissioners  of  Teinds: 
A  court  in  Scotland  having  jurisdiction  over 
all  matters  respecting  valuations  and  sales  of 
teinds,  augmentations  of  stipends,  the  dis- 
junction or  annexation  of  parishes,  the  consti- 
tution o{  quoad  sacra  parishes,  he  Itspower.^i 
are  exercised  by  the  judges  of  the  Court  of 
Session,  jls  a  Paili;iiiientary  Commission. 

teind-master,  s.  One  who  is  entitled 
to  teinds.     {Scotch.) 

teine»  s.    [Te^tte.] 

tein' -6 -scope,  s.  [Gr.  tciVw  (teino)  =  to 
stretch,  and  cricojrtw  (s/.opeo)  =  to  see,  to  ob- 
serve.] A  name  given  by  Sir  David  Brewster 
to  an  optical  instrument,  consisting  of  prisms 
so  combined  that  the  chromatic  aberration  of 
the  light  is  corrected,  and  the  linear  dimen- 
sions of  objects  seen  through  them  are  in- 
creased or  diminished.    (Jirandc.) 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  ^  e;  ey  ==  a;  qu  =  kw. 


teint— telelogue 


i:i 


•  teint,  'teint,  s.  [Fr.,  prop-  pa-  I'ar.  oi 
tH  ml  re  (UxH  I II  go)  =  to  dye.]  [Tint.]  Colour, 
tinge,  tint. 

■•Gl;vEed  colours  linve  a,  vivacity  which  can  never  be 
iiiiitiitetl  by  the  niont  hrillimit  colour*,  hecnii!«e  the 
(iilli-reiit  feints  ar«  simply  Uul  ou,  each  iu  Its  place, 
..lut!  after  iiuotliiT. '— />»yii<-»i :  liufrcsnoy. 

*  teint'-ure,   t  teint'-ure,  5.     ITincture.] 

Colour,  tint. 

te'-ji-dsB  (j  as  y),  te'-i-dae.  5.  pi  [Mod. 
U\X.  Uj{ns),  te{ius);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suft. 
-hla\] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Lizanls.  sub-order  Ciono- 
ciaiiin,  with  ten  geneni,  from  tropical  and 
:^ul)-tropioai  America.  Scales  small,  griinnlar, 
sometimes  with  larger  tnberclcs,  those  of  the 
liclly  oblong,  qnadmngulav,  in  cross  bands  ; 
large  synuiietiical  scutes  on  head  ;  tongue 
limg,  st-aly,  and  Ititi'l  at  end  ;  dentition  acro- 
dr>iit  ;  no  fold  of  skin  along  the  sides. 

te  -jus  ( j  as  y),  te'-i-iis,  s.  [Latiuised  from 
native  name.  I 

ZnoL  :  The  type-genus  of  Tejidie.  with  three 
species,    from    Brazil    and    Mendoza.      [Te- 

•JlKXlN-J 

te'-la  (pi.  te'-lae),  >-.  (Lat.  =  any  woven  stuff ; 
a  wcl).] 

1.  Anat.:  A  web-like  membrane. 

2.  Bot. :  The  elementary  tissue, 

tela-choroidea,  >-. 

Aitiit.  :  Till-  (.-litunid  web,  tlie  membrane 
which  eonupcts  the  choroid  plexuses  of  the 
two  sides  of  the  cerebrum.  Called  also  velum 
inttrpositum. 

telacontexta,  .^. 

Hot. :   rarenchynia  in  which   the  cells  are 
arranged  in  thi'eads  which  cin^s  i-ach  ntht-r 
irregularly, 
Found     in    ^ 
Lichens,  Fuu-   "^ 
gi,  and  some    w 
Alg;t.  ™ 

tel'  -  a  -  mon 

(ld._tel-a- 
mo  -nes), 

-■.     [Gr.  =  .1 
Uarer.] 

Arch.  :  A 
male  figure 
serving  as  a 
c  o  1  u  m  n  o  r 
pilaster  to 
support  an  entablature,  in  the  same  way  as 
Caryatides  or  Atlantes. 

-te'-lar-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  (ehaiy);  -ly.)  In 
manner  of  a  web.    (Browne.) 

'  te-la-ry,  «.    [Lat.  tela  =  a  web.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaiiung  to  a  web. 

2.  Spinning  or  forming  webs. 

"The  pictures  of  fc^irv  spiders,  and  their  i>ositioii 
iu  tlie  web.  is  eommouly  made  lateral." — Browne: 
i'lihjdr  Errours,  bk.  v..  cli.  xix. 

tel-as'-py-rine,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful,  but 
pro!),  a  bad  comiioiind  of  Eug.  tellurium  and 
pyrites.] 

Mill.  :  A  variety  of  iron  pyrites,  containing 
tellurium,  occurring  at  Sunshine  Camp;  Col- 
orado, which  is  probably  the  same  as  tellur- 
pyrite  (q.v.).     Named  by  Shepard. 

'  teld,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.     [Tell.] 

tel'-e-du,  s.     [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  MydaiiJiiiieliceps,  the  Stinking  Badger ; 
the  sole  species  of  the  genus  ;  a  small,  noc- 
turnal, burrowing  mammal,  found  only  in 
Java  and  Sumatra,  and  living  at  an  elevatiou 
of  7,000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  about  a  foot 
long,  with  a  pig-like  bead,  stout  body,  very 
short  legs,  and  a  stumpy  tail ;  colour,  dark 
brown,  with  a  white  baud  running  along  the 
back.  Like  the  .skunk,  it  has  the  power  of 
ejecting  an  intensely  fetid  liquid  from  its  anal 
ghimis. 

tel'-e-gram,  s.  [Gr.  -rijAe  {tt;;e)  =  afar  off, 
suff.  -f/yaiii.  Formed  from  telegraph  on  the 
analogy  of  monogram,  chronogram,  logogram, 
&c.  The  word  was  first  used  in  America  in 
1S5'2,  and  was  the  subject  of  a  long  and 
learned  discussion  in  thfi  English  newspapers 
previous  to  its  adoption  in  this  country. 
Several  eminent  pliilologists  proposed  the 
term  telegrapheme  instead.]     A  telegi-aphic 


riXAMONES. 

iFro'u  t?ic  Tfpiilnrinm  tit  (he  Baths 

at  Pompeii.) 


message  or  desiiatch ;  a.  communication  sent 

by  telegraph. 

"  Tlierc  1»,  as  against  the  exact  but  turfeltliit:  tele- 
ci-upbfitie.  our  liiwli-sa  feli'^ram.  to  wliicli  Ih  strictly 
!»I>plioil>lc  tbc  iimxirn  of  thft  civilians,  an  ri>«ai\l8  n 
clJiiidcitiiK'  iiiarnngf.  '  Fieri  nut  dcbtilt,  sed,  liictum, 
viiWW—fitzedwirU  Hall :  Modern  Kwjlith,  \>.  16S. 

•J  To  milk  a  telegram :  SuiTCptitiously  to 
obtain  and  make  use  of  a  telegram  intended 
for  another.    (Slang.) 

'  tel-c-gram'-mic,  «.  [Eng.  telegram;  -ic] 
Oi  or  pertaining  to  a  telegram  ;  having  the 
nature  of  a  telegram  ;  hence,  brief,  concise. 

tel-e-graph,  •■j.  [Gr.  TrjAe  (^7t;)  =  afar  oH", 
and  ypd'f>oj  {grapho)=  to  write.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  word  telegraph 
includes  all  modes  of  communicating  intelli- 
gence to  a  distance.  The  modes  may  be 
classified  as  :  visible  (as  semaphores),  audible, 
or  tangible. 

"His  frlwrnls  estiihlished  a  fele-jrttpJt  by  meaus  of 
which  they  couvei-sed  with  him  across  the  liuea  of 
sentinels."— .l/acrtt(/ui/.-  HUt.  A'iij;.,cb.  xiii. 

2.  Specif. :  [Electric  telegraph]. 

3.  A  message  sent  by  telegraph  ;  a  telegram. 

4.  The  same  as  Trl>:graph-board  ('pv.). 

5.  A  board  used  in  signalling  the  nnmlier 
of  runs  made  in  a  cricket  match,  the  number 
of  wickets  down,  and  the  runs  made  by  the 
last  batsman  out. 

telegraph-board,  s.  Aboard  on  which 
are  hoisted  or  otherwise  marked  the  numbers 
of  horses  about  to  run  iu  a  race,  together  with 
the  names  of  their  jockeys. 

'*  Whni  llie  nice  is  all  over  we  may  look  at  the 
t«}fif<ip''- '•""■>'</  'H  vain  to  find  her  officially-printed 
uui'iiber.  — /Jrif/.v  Chronicle,  Sept.  U.  1885. 

telegraph- clock,  s.  An  an-angement 
by  wliich  tiiiu-  is  signalled  to  a  number  of 
dirtV-nnt  ap;utiiients  inabuildingor to  several 
buildings.  Thismay  be  performed  by  electro- 
magnetic devices,  or  by  mechanical  means. 

telegraph-dial,  s.  .\  circle  on  which 
are  .iinMt;-'ed  tlie  letters  Of  the  alphabet, 
ri^'uri's,   iVc  ,  tlie  hand  or  pointer  being  oper- 

ati^d  by  '.■Icciro-iiiagnctic  action. 

telegraph-instrument,  s.  A  moving 
mechanical  device  use<l  in  tlie  electric  circuit ; 
a  perforator,  transmitter,  receiver,  relay,  re- 
gister, or  what  nut.  Among  the  chief  instru- 
ments for  the  reception  and  transmission  of 
messages  are  :  the  Sounder,  in  which  the  mes- 
sage is  received  by  sound,  the  Wheatst<jne, 
the  Bell,  the  ABC,  and  the  Single-needle. 
In  ISoO,  the  average  immber  of  words  trans- 
mitted per  minute  was  sixteen  ;  now  London 
can  send  a  message  to  Aberdeen  at  the  rate  of 
five  hundred  words  a  minute,  and  three  hun- 
dred is  the  average  rate  between  Edinburgli 
and  Loudon.  These  results  are  eftected  by 
Fast-speed  Repeaters.  On  the  Duplexes,  which 
are  generally  sounders,  the  average  rate  is 
tifteen  messages  in  a  quarter-of-an-hour, 
though  twenty  are  sometimes  sent.  In  con- 
nexion with  the  Jubilee  celebration  of  the 
Electric  Telegiajth,  in  1SS7,  it  was  stated  that 
when  Mr.  Wheatstone,  half-a-ceutury  before, 
"sitting  in  his  small  cupboard  of  an  office 
in  Euston  Square,  received  a  reply  to  a  mes- 
sage sent  to  Mr.  Cooke  at  Camden  Town, 
the  instrument  had  live  needles  on  its  face." 
In  1S40  the  Electric  Telegraph  Company  was 
formed,  but  its  business  was  taken  over  by  the 
Post  Office  in  IStiO.  Since  then  improvement 
has  been  rapid  ;  the  live  needle  instrument 
has  given  place  to  the  double  and  the  single 
needle.  Now  six  messages  can  be  sent  in  one 
direction,  and  live  in  another  on  a  single  wire, 
and  a  message  can  go  round  the  globe  in 
twenty  minutes. 

telegraph-key,  .<'.  The  vibrating-piece 
in  a  traiismitting-instrument,  which  istouched 
by  the  linger  tu  establish  an  electric  circuit. 

telegraph-plant,  .^. 

Bot.  :  Desmodium  gyrans. 

telegraph-post,  s.  A  post  for  keeping 
the  wires  elevated  above  the  ground  and  out 
of  contact  with  all  surrounding  objects,  except- 
iag  the  insulators  on  the  posts. 

telegraph-reel,  s.  a  device  on  which 
the  endless  slip  of  paper  is  wound  on  a  re- 
cording telegraph. 

telegraph -register,  .'.  A  recording- 
devic-  at  tile  rec.-iviir.:  L'ud  of  a  circuit. 

telegraph-wire,  >■•  The  wire  by  which 
the  electric  curreut  passes  from  one  station  to 


another,  the  inetalbc  communication  lietwetMi 
stutiuns,  also  coimecting  instruments,  batterv, 
and  grovuid.  Wire  and  instrument's  form  the 
circuit.  Wires  are  attachotl  by  binding-screws 
or  terminals  to  telegraph  instruments. 

tel'-o-graph,  v.  t.  &  i.    [Teleoraph,  s.] 

A.  i'ntnsitii-e: 

1.  To  transmit,  convey,  or  announce,  as  a 
mes.sage,  speech,  or  intelligence,  by  meami  of 
a  telegraph,  and  especially  by  the  electric 
telegraph. 

"  Teh-!/raphiii{t  further detrtllH  of  thoexcitliiK  balloon 
ftdventunr  at  Dover."— /An7y  Vhi-oiik'h;  .SepL  7.  1885. 

2.  To  signal  in  any  way. 

B.  Intmrn. :  To  .send  a  message  by  tele- 
grai'h. 

"  Lat«!y  tc}''ijrii))hfd  home  for  a  tvw  i'tin|)anie>t  of 
tliese  UHefnl  troops."— /Jrt<7»/  Tclfji-upli,  I't-I).  H.  18BS. 

tel-e-graph'-ic,  a.    [Eng.  telegraph,  s. ;  -ic] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  telegraph  ;  made, 
.sent,  or  communicated  by  a  telegraph. 

■■  Tlie  delJiy  in  the  transinissiou  of  tele-jru/ihic  uows 
from  Madviif."- ft'ii7y  Chroiticfi;  Sept  7.  1SS5. 

2,  Of  the  nature  of  a  telegraph ;  used  for 
telegrai'hing. 

"  Forty  new  .automatic  telegraphic  inxtrunicnts, 
e.'ich  ciO'itblti  of  telvgruphlug  three  hundred  woida  a 
minute,  '—'inecii.  Sciit.  20,  196i. 

telegraphic -keyboard,  >.     The  bank 

of  keys  i.-f  a  iTintiiig-tclcgraph  machine. 

*tel-e-graph'-ic-al,  a.  [Eug.  tet'-graphic ; 
-al.]     The  same  as  f  t:LEGUAPHic  (q.v.). 

tel-e-graph'-ic-al-lj^, 'c/r.  [Eng.  t>:hgraphi- 
rid:  -!>/■]  Ill  a  tilegru[ihic  manner  ;  by  meaus 
uf  the  telegraph. 

"[He]  lias  tclrgraphicatly  iiiBtruct«d  the  Serviau 
representatives  abroHU."—£'v<;m'>ij/«i(iK/f(r(/.  Nov.  H, 
ISSj. 

te-leg'-ra-phist,  s.  [Eng.  telegraph;  -ist.] 
iMic  skilled  in  t-legrapliy  ;  one  who  works  a 
telegrajih;  a  telegraphic  operator. 

"  Tile  b'ood  9er\ice  rendered  by  them  as  ttrleyraph- 
isrs  duiinu  the  hite  cHnii>aign."  —  i^ai/y  Telegraph, 
Oct.  :(,  less. 

te-leg'-ra-phy,  s.  [Eng.  telegraph ; -y.]  The 
art  nr  practice  of  rommunic;iting  intelligence 
by  a  telegrapli  ;  the  science  or  art  of  con- 
structing or  managing  telegraphs. 

"Tlie  practicHl  details  of  telt-jrauhi/  have  little  iu 
terest  for  tbe  nmjonty  of  our  memliers." — Proc.  I'hyi. 
Soc.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  7. 

tel-ei-c6n'-6-graph,  s.  [Eng.  tele(scope)\ 
Gr.  f-LKiiiv  {eikon)  =  an  image,  and  ypa.4>u: 
(grapho)  =  to  draw,  to  write.] 

Optics:  A  combination  of  the  telescope  and 
camera-lucida,  invented  by  51.  Revoil.  The 
principle  involved  is  that  of  allowing  the 
image  transmitted  by  tlie  object-glass  of  a 
telescope  to  puss  through  a  prism  connected 
with  the  eye-piece.  The  rays  of  light  that 
would  in  the  ordinary  use  of  the  telescope  be 
transmitted  direct  to  the  eye  are  refracted  by 
the  prism,  and  thrfiwn  down  upon  a  table 
placed  below  the  eye-piece.  The  distance  be- 
tween the  prism  and  the  table  determines  the 
size  of  the  image  projected  on  the  latter,  and 
it  is  easy  for  the  observer  to  trace  on  a  paper 
placed  on  this  sketching-table  the  actual  out- 
lines indicated  by  the  refracted  light. 

te-lei-do-sau'-rus,  s.  [Gr.  reAeto?  (teleios) 
,=i  perfect ;  elSos  (cidos)  =  form,  and  aaOpo? 
{s(i.uros)=  a  lizard.] 

Pahvant.  :  A  genus  of  Crocodiles,  sub-order 
Mesosuchia.  It  is  akin  to  Tclcosaurus,  and, 
like  it,  is  from  the  Fuller's  Earth.  It  is  not, 
however,  British. 

*  te-le'-i-t^,  i>.  [Gr.  Tc'Aos  (telos)  =  end.]  End, 
completion. 

*■  Tlie  telvityot  the  mixture."— ConffemOH  Instructed, 
p.  427. 

'  te- lei -6 -graph,    *  tel-lo-graph,    s. 

[Telkc.hai'H.)  a  modilication  of  the  scma- 
pliore  (q.v.),  introduced  about  the  close  of 
the  eighteenth  century. 

■•  Mr.  R.  Lovell  EtlKCworth  ahout  the  same  time 
hronglit  before  tlie  pnbtii;  liia  pl.in  of  a  ti-legraph,  or 
as  he  cjUled  it  tvM<i-/r-iph  or  tett-jt-.tpk,  by  wliich  thw 
sii^nals  representtil  numbem.  tlio  meaning  of  which 
Muuld  be  found  in  tbe  dictiuniny  pn-parcd  for  the 
&y^\.e\u-"—li'pU-y  A  Dami :  .l»i«r.  Vi/clop..  xv.  609. 

*  tel'-e-l6gue,  f.  [Gr.  T^Xe  (ff?f)*=afar  off, 
anil  Aoyos  (logos)  —  a,  word.]  A  telegraphic 
message  ;  a  telegram. 

"  To  try  the  exi>eriment  of  i*enny  tcMo-jiu^M  or  mcs- 
sates  from  'jne  part  nt  London  to  luiother."—  Pall 
Mull  O'lzcttfi.  April  i-2.  1684. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  ^ell,  chorns,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thiii,  this;  sin.  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  f, 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -§ion  ^  zhdn.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  ~  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


u 


telemeter— telephone 


t6  Um   6  tor. 

(  V 


■r.  I.    :i>  .4.|..i.r.i    i.i.^ti.  ..r 
1--. 

t41  6  mi  or6  phono.  *.   tForniiHl  fW>iii  rWc- 

(jA    .t/|4l.l  ..;.^ .| 

»  "(it  tlt^rrilietl  at  tlif 


uii.(.<i4»<iiu    |KoU,    All') 

■1(1*   t'll^l    rraUlAltlVitf   tllr 

r  '—.Witurf.  F«U  *.  l^^*l. 

t41-i  mi  or6  phdn-Io,  i.    [Rug.  trimticro- 

;/.     (■)      I     ,     )  •!  ..I  uiougd)^  tou  U'leriiicru- 

[■ll--»l.     VI    v.). 

ti  16n  41  soopo,  s,  tGr.  njAe  (trie)  =urar 
i>tl ;  •yyi't  (<^  :J;/i")  =  iienr,  ami  oxomw  («Ati/»ro) 
=  to  Nrr.l  Alt  iliNtniliit'Iit  COliiMliJllg  tllL- 
{•owrnt  of  th«  tfU'ticuin:'  and  iiiicTosi.-ui>e. 

tai'«-6-d&0  -tj^l-IJi,  ^.  P?.    (Or.  «>«.« 

/^.^^■.>tl/. :  A  ilivirtinn  of  I'liKulata  sii^geste^I 
by  \irh..U.in(/Vilm»(if..  ii.  :U'.t)  fi.r  thi'  Cnrv- 
I<l..Ml,HithIu-,  ill  which  thi-  Uvt  are  ti\v.t«)ed, 


;ii  |M 


lit  I'hic'-il  witii  thf  IVrissufiaclylfS. 


tdl-6^  Id^-IC-Ol,^.  |Kiig./W»-o/r^y);.im/.l 
of  nr  i>cr(.iiiiliig  iu  tfleoh'jp'y  ;  lehitiiit;  to  liiial 

"  Tin-  futility  of  tlir  tft^iil'tficul  arvmri^iit  iiiav  !(»■ 
•Pfii  h(  ttili.  tl..»t  imtll  »r  lmtrill>M'<iv.^rvil  the  lV«  ..( 

BiliirMl'Hi.    until    tllf    (jMtB    filr    OHinlUllltlsl,     tlif    iiH 

••■iiil'll. f  ..  ni.:il  .■nii«-  l.niitf-  w  Ith  it  Uu  illmHiiii- 

tl..ii.  '<h.l  ulirii  thr  U«  lilt-  )m-«>ii  (Il4isiv.-re<l,  th.-  riilili- 
tioii  ••(  tti*-  nit^l  latiM-  l>riiiipi  no  IncrrnA^  of  kiiuw- 
l").-r     -N.  //    Lriret      tliMf    fhilo*   («i.  IBjO).  I.  31S.  316. 

tdl-d-d-ld|r-ic-al-lj^.  (uh:  [Eng.  teleologl- 
(ol :  -/j/.l  III  a  ttU-ol<»>:i(;al  inaiiiier;  accord- 
fug  to  ilie  iiriiu'iples  uf  toW^ilogy. 

t^l-^-ol'^-^^ist.  ^  [En;,'.  MeolodOi):  -ist.] 
Uii.-  \or>f.|  111  Icli-dlogy  ;  (uic  whn  iiivi-stigutts 
til.-  iiiiil  caiiM-  nr  imr[>o.s(>  of  iihi'immeiin,  or 
tlif  niJ  for  whicli  each  lias  Tteeii  prixliicdl. 

t4l-e-8l-d-g^,  .-■.  [Gr.  T<Ao?.  Te'Aeo?  (^c/o*. 
ttiot:*)  —  iUv  vn*l,  ami  Aoyo?  (/oa-'s)  =  a    dis- 

COIIOM^.I 

/*Al7(M(npftj;: 

1.  A  braiirh  of  metjiphysios ;  the  doctrine 
of  tlmil  causes  and  of  tlic  uses  which  every 
pnrl  of  natiitv  was  dfsigned  tct  suhservt" ;  the 
arKiiiiifnt  from  design  in  prnof  of  the  exlst- 
encp  of  God.  The  expression  "hnal  eansps" 
wjw  intro4lnred  i»y  Ari.^totle,  and  the  extensinn 
whii'h  he  gavf  to  thi-  idea  c.f  causation  drew 
hin  fciIlf»werM  away  from  studying  the  proper 
nl.jfct  of  physical  science,  itacon  {t}f  Awi. 
Srifiit..  Ilk.  lii..  ch.  V.)  .said  "U  tlie  .suhject : 
"Can.Harinn  llnalium  imnii.sitio  stcrilis  est,  et. 
tampiaiii  vii-go  Oeo  consecrnta,  nihil  pnrit  ' 
(Inquiry  into  tlnal  cau»e.H  is  fruitless,  and.  like 
a  virgin  dedicnted  to  God,  produces  nothiii-). 
Till-  context  shows  that  his  (dijection  was  not 
tu  the  itivcNtigntion  of  tlnal  causes  in  them- 
wilven,  hilt  to  the  supposition  that  this  stiidv 
wn.i  a  branch  of  physics.  It  was,  he  said,  the 
*'  wrcond  part  of  inetaphy.sics."  His  ol)je(tioM 
to  itH  introduction  into  phvsics  was  not  niendy 
that  it  violateil  Uigical  'onler,  but  that  it 
npemtrd  as  a  powerful  obstncle  to  the  study 
of  physical  causes.  Des  Cartes  objected  to 
the  Htudy  nf  tlnal  causes,  believing  that  tn  do 
8o  .Hiiccessfully  was  beyond  the  fnculties  of 
man ;  and  most  of  the  French  philosophers 
<tf  the  eighteenth  cciitury  for  various  reasons 
Ignr.ml  teleidony.  Mwleni  phvsieal  science 
cniiiines  itstdf  hgorously,  as  its  name  stig- 
gest«.  ti.  the  investigation  of  physical  causes. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  ends  in  moralitv,  pru- 
dence or  policy,  and  lesthetics. 

".  ^'"'7.  •!"  '.»  tli««  «  Jf>li't  n>-u)t  of  ttic  l>tws  of 
nslnrr  <n>rl'wo>l  l»y  ■cieiu.f.  itnd  ft  tlir  tfeiit-ml  otiu 
i-i|.li-«  f.f  Nhiit  lino  U-cli  rnlliil  T'-lfih^m.  ut  the  Oim-. 
Utiir  ..f  Kn.U.  which.  l-TrowhiK  tlir  liuiKimife  «>(  the 
(Jfnimii  rrM-t«i.Iiv.iclnii«.  nmv  ,»U..  Ih<  t«r>ii»-(l  in.i 
in.j.roijrrly.    tho    |.rlii.  i|.|es    ..(    I'nuttcJiI    Iliwoioii.' - 

tel  d-o-phyte.  ■■  (Gr.  Tt\€o<(tfifo^),  TfA«to? 
{67'-K.*)  =  (nnip|ele,  perfect, and  Auto  i'(jift7(fo)i) 
=  a  plant.]  ^'  ' 


Ui-!.:  .\  piriiit  ii>uipor.c-l  of  a  nuiithcr  of 
cctls  arrange<l  in  tis>ue>. 

*'  A  Irr*-  I*  All  ituriiihliitfv  of  ■iiiiiien>nH  lliiltrtl  nhwiU. 
Our  I'f  thww  itTwtt  tfle-'iAwtfi  I*  thus  nn  iMftfrrKut*'  -■( 
M^vrvK^I**  "'  AW^V^t^  "•  *nilta.  whU-li  M-vi-rnll)'  rr- 
M-iiiMe  |ip>tul»liv(r>  111  thrlr  nI<4'b  Mill  atructUTi-i.' — 
tf.  .•'totctr:  I'r].,.  atol.  iifd  IMll.  I.  UfJ. 

t61 -6-6-saar,   ■<.     [TKLKosArnrs.)    A  fossil 

sani  i.iii  of  the  genus  THeitsaurus. 

■Tl..  rr/^.i'i"r«  wt-pp  |tno<^etl  hy  BrlwIoO.*— PAjf. 
t,l»      l.f^>t-'iv  lol     |i4.M,  I.  its. 

t  tfil  fi-6  s»u  -rl-a,  s.  pi    ITkleosairi  >.] 
I'tilm'iit. :    A   gi-oup   of   fossil    Crocodiles, 
usually  merged  in  the  Me.so!,uchiu  of  Huxley, 
or  the  Aniphico-Iiu  of  Owen. 

tdl-£-6  sau  -ri  an, ».   [TKi.ijos.iriciA.l   Any 
ii.di\i>liial  >•{  tii.'rfleoi*auriit  (q.v.). 

■  H,v  lnvt(.-  iTi-liuliryiiifil  vm-iiitlcH  llkr  (i  Telfo- 
mniii-i.  —'jiKii-r.  J.„irii.  Heol.  :fov.,  xxxi.  Ul. 

tdl-e-O-SaU'-rua,  .*.  [Or.  reAeo?  ((('/.•'.>■)  = 
Iterfert.  aii'I  <r<tvpos  (muros)  =  :\  lizard.) 

Vnht'ont.  :  A  genus  of  Mesosuchia.  The 
jawsaiv  veryeloiigat*'d,  and  have  manyconirul 
teeth  like  those  fd"  the  modern  (iavials.  The 
deiniul  scales  are  huge,  strong,  and  solid. 
Ki-oiii  the  Fidler's  Eartli.    Species  niuneious. 

tol-e-dst,  .«.    [Telkostei.J    a  teleostean. 

tdl-e-OS'-td-an.  >^  &  a.     [Tei.kostki.] 

A.  A. ^.-11 1 'si, fit! re: 

/""!. :  Any  member  of  the  order  Teleostei 
(-l-v.). 

B.  AsinlJ.:  OforpertiiiiingtotheTcleostei. 

tel-e-6a-te-i,  ^.pL  [Ov.Tf\eo<;(<'t'len.t).  xeAeio? 
(f*'/t;"tis)=  perfect. and o(rTeoi'(fw^('(j»)  =  a  bone.] 
1.  Icht}i)i. :  In  modem  classifications  a  sub- 
class including  tlie  majority  of  the  existing 
species.  They  correspond  broadly  with  the 
Osseous  Fishes  vf  Cu\iei,  and  the  Ctenoidei 
and  Cycloidei  of  Agassiz.  Heart  with  a  non- 
contractile  arterial  bulli;  intestine  without 
siiinil  valve  ;  optic  nerve  decussating;  skele- 
ton well  ossitied.  with  bieuucave  vertebrae; 
tail  hoinocercal  (thou;,di  in  early  stages  of  its 
devetopiiient  it  lia-^.n  hetemcercai  fonii).  They 
are  usually  ]'rolected  by  thin,  imbricating 
ctenoid  or  cychdd  .scales,  sometimes  by  bony 
plates,  wliilst  in  some  the  skin  is  naketl.  Tlie 
gills  are  free,  with  one  external  opening  pro- 
teited  by  a  gill-cover.  As  arranged  by  Dr. 
Gunther,  the  Teh-nstei  are  dividt-il  intn  six 
orders  :  (1)  Acantlioiit<.-rygii  (sub-divided  into 
Perciformes,  LSeryciloj  nie.s,  Kiirtil'onties.  Puly- 
nemiforines,  Sria-infunnes,  Xiphiiforiiies, 
Tticlinirifioiiip-;,  Cotto-Sconiliriformes,  Gobii- 
loinies,  Bleiniiiloines,  Mugiliforines,  Gastros- 
tciforiiies,  Ceiitiiscifornies,  Gobiesociformes, 
Cliannifornus.  Labyrinthihrancliii,  Lophoti- 
formes,  T;eniifonnes.  and  Not;icaiitliiformes) : 
(•2)  Acantliopterygii  Pharyngognathi  ;  (;^) 
Anacantliini  (sub-divided  into  Gadoidei  and 
Ph'uronectnidei):  (4)  Physost<uiii ;  (5)  Lopho- 
branchii ;  and  (0)  Plectoguatlii.  In  MiiUcr'.-. 
classitication,  tlie  Teleostei  were  also  made  a 
sub-class  with  six  orders :  (1)  Acanthop- 
teri ;  (2)  Anaeanthini  (8ub-br.icliii,  Apodes) ; 
(:;)  Pharyngognatlii  (Acanthopterygii,  Mala- 
copt.-rygii);  (4)  Physostomi  (AUIominales. 
Apode.s);  (0)  Plectoguatlii;  and  (UJ  Lophu- 
braiichii. 

2.  PaJremt. :  Tlie  Teleostei  appear  first  in 
the  Chalk,  but  most  are  of  Tertiary  age. 

iel-e-o-zo'-on  (pi.  tel-e-6-zd'-a),  n.    [Gr. 

Te'Afos    {teleos),    reAtios    (telelns)    ='  complete, 
perfect,  and  ^ifov  (zoon)  =  an  animal.) 

Bio!. :  An  animal  composed  of  a  number  of 
cells  arranged  in  tissues. 

"It  is  among  the  Protozoi  th.it  there  occur  niimer- 
oiisoiaeaof  vital  activity  Uisplajad  liyBpeckaoI  i.roto. 
plaaiit ;  ami  from  the  iiditute  .luiitoiiiy  of  .ill  crentnrea 
above  these  up  to  the  Ttieozoa.  »re  dmwti  the  uuiuer- 
01IS  j.iwofa  that  iioii-celluliir  ti»suea  iinvyariae  by  direct 
Ujei.uriorpho3l8wf  structureless collui.tiil  subs tancu.— 
U.  fiiencer:  j'rin.  Biol.  (ed.  Ise4),  li.  77. 

:e-lep'-a-thy.  s.  [Gr.  -HiAe  (tih)  -  afar  off, 
and  TTaSo';  (yHithos)  ~  in  sympathv  with,  but 
suHeiing.J  The. transference  of  mental  feel- 
ings from  one  person  to  another  at  a  distance 
by  the  exercise  of  will  power.    (iSee  extiact.) 

"  Telepath;/  occurs,  it  :ip|„v.r*.   wh,,,   the  mind  of 

Win«.  Imt  m.t  through  ,un  -f  ti.,,  r.-.H^nnsed  eh,»n  eU 
..f  ^eiise.  If  the  iroiid  i.^  the  i.j.d.i  i.(  thin  iirticl^ 
c.i.M  muse  the  n.iiHl  ,.f  th^  HultHii  Mf  T.irkey  t"  I'e 
violently  ,.iitl  aiit..i„j,tiLMny  jlnpr^H^e.|  with  ;»  viai„„ 
of  the  U:jily>cs.8  «f  yesterdny,  thntwguhl  he  tele- 
fxithy.  —Daily  ,\via*.  NuV.  5.  188G. 

tel  -e-phone,  s.  Gr.  t^Ac  {tck)  =  afar  off,  and 
■iitui-rj  C/»/mj((')  =  a  .sound  ;  voice.] 


® ® 


1 'h  i/sIrA  :  Au  instrunicnt  for  transmitting 
.sounds  or  speetdi  to  distances  where  such 
Would  be  iuauitible  through  aerial  sound- 
waves. This  detinition  excludes  speaking 
tubes,  which  act  simply  by  preserving  and 
concentrating  sound-waves.  Telephonic  ac- 
tion dei>euds  upon  the  fact  that  sound-waves 
in  air  are  capable  of  communicating  vibrations 
to  a  stretched  membrane,  and  if  by  any  means 
such  vibrations  can  be  transmitted  with  true 
resemblance  to  another  membrane  at  any 
distance,  such  receiving  niembmiie  will  re- 
produce the  sound.  This  capacity  of  a  simple 
vibrating  mcmbrnue  to  reproduce  the  most 
complicated  sounds,  us  of  siu'ech,  is  in  reality 
the  greatest  mystery  connected  with  tin- 
matter;  all  el.se  relates  to  the  meeluinism  of 
transmission  only.  The  essential  nature  of 
the  fiperation  i  s 
well  shown  in  the 
common  toy  teU- 
phonc  sold  in  the 

streets,   in    which  toy  telephone. 

the  floors  of  two 

small  tin  cups  consist  of  stretched  membranes, 
or  e\en  of  paper.  The  two  membranes  are  con- 
nected by  a  long  piece  of  twine.  If  now  one 
cup  be  held  to  tlie  mouth  and  spoken  into, 
the  voice  communicates  vibrations  to  the 
membrane.  The  stretched  twine  communicates 
similar  vibrations  to  the  membrane  of  the 
other  cup,  and  if  its  cavity  be  held  to  the  ear 
the  sounds  will  be  heard.  This  is  a  true 
mechanical  telephone.  The  term  is  more  com- 
monly applied  to  the  electrical  telephonic 
apparatus  so  much  used  in  ir.odern  life,  but 
the  principle  is  precisely  similar.  Such  ap- 
paratus generally  belongs  to  one  of  two  main 
classes.  The  true  iin'ciitor  of  the  first  wa.-^ 
undoubtedly  Philip  Reis,  who  showed,  in 
ISOl,  that  variations  in  an  electric  current 
caused  by  a  vibrating  membrane  could  repro- 
duce the  necessary  \  ibrations.  Reis  iu  this- 
way  transmitted  musical  sounds  and  even 
words  ;  but  his  apjiaratus  was  imperfect,  and 
it  was  reserved  for  Mr.  Graham  Bell  to  perfect 
that  which  is  still  commonly  used  and  known 
as  the  Bell  telephone,  though  it  is  the  nearly 
unanimous  opinion  of  electricians  that  BellS 
Intent  has  been  held  l)y  courts  of  law  to  Cover 
far  nmre  ground  than  is  really  due  to  him, 
nuich  to  the  public detiiment  and  to  the  hin- 
drance of  progie.ss.  Bell's  telephone  and  its 
action  nia>  be  understood  on  reference  to  the 


fate.  at.  fare,  amidst,  whit.  fdu.  father:   we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or.  wore,  WQlf.  wcrk.  who.  sSn;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  i4U:  try. 


BELL  S  TELEPHONE. 


(linjjTani,  where  rf  is  a  cylindrical  steel  magnet, 
siitrouiided  at  one  end  by  a  coil  of  wire,  n, 
wli.ise  ends  are  connected'by  tlie  wires  ee  witli 
the  i-iii'uit,  or  line-wire.  It  will  now  l.>e  under- 
stiKid  IJlAiiNETLsM]  that  any  change  in  the 
Innverof  the  magnet  will  cause  currents  in  this 
wire.  Near,  but  not  touching,  the  magnet's  end 
is  stretched  a  very  thin  sheet  of  iron,  h  b,  as  a 
niemlirane,  which  is  sjioken  to  through  the 
mciiithiiieee  r.  Thus  made  to  vibrate,  tin- 
iron  niemlirane  apiiroachestoand  recedes  from 
the  magnet ;  and  as  it  acts  towards  this  a.-, 
an  ainiaturc,  tending  to  close  the  niaiinetic 
circuit,  the  efl'ect  is  to  iirodnce  fluctuating 
degrees  of  free  magnetism,  which  a«ain  pro- 
duce Huctuating  or  undulating  currents  in 
the  line-wire.  But  if  these  fluctuating  cur- 
rents ai  e  i-eceived  in  a  precisely  similar  instru- 
ment, Iheyiu  its  coil  produce  variable  mag- 
netic force  in  the  magnet,  and  this  reproduce.-* 
vibrations  inthesecond  iron  membrane,  which 
reprcKluce  the  sound.  The  second  class  of 
instruments  are  based  upon  the  Microphone 
(q.v.).  If  part  of  a  g.alvauic  current  is  com- 
posed of  two  or  three  pieces  of  matter  (prefer- 
ably charcoal)  in  loose  contact,  variations  in 
the  current  produce  variations  in  the  contact 
pressure  nf  the  loose  pieces,  and  the  converse. 
Hence,  instead  of  a  vibrating  membrane 
causing  undulating  curients  bv  means  of  a 
magnet  is  iu  the  Bell  method^  it  may  abut 
against  such  a  scries  of  mere  contacts,  and 
tlius  cause  an  undulating  or  variable  current 
which  again  is  capable  of  the  converse  action. 
A  microphone  is  thus  capable,  with  more  or 
less  modillcation,  of  being  used  as  a  tele- 
phone, and  the  employment  of  either  method 


:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot. 
Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


telephone— telescopy 


15 


is  a  .]nrslioTi  of  pmoticil  coinlitions.  The 
Bell  ti'li'plium'  is  iinU-i-eiMlciit  of  imy  lat- 
tery, Iwiiij;  self-acting  ;  Imt  its  fceblr  itir- 
reiits  are  inc.ipable  i>f  tiiiiiMiiittiiiL;  speech  to 
II  (iisUime  ;  luiieo  most  »i  the  iinKlilicatinns 
in  iniijilietic  teleplioiies  Ii.ive  liail  the  ih'siiJIl 
of  increasing;  tlie  power,  11..  by  using  both  poles 
of  the  m;ij.'net,  and  ill  <ither  ways.  The  niicro- 
l.lmne.  ow  the  otlu-r  hand,  uses  the  power  of 
a  battery  ill  itsciiciiit,  but  in  some  respects 
appears  less  delicately  sensitive  than  th--  free 
niembraiie.  In  practice  it  is  verygeneial  to 
employ  s.. me  form  of  microphone  as  thetniiis- 
nuttin";^  <pr  speakini;  instrumcTit,  and  Hm-  liell 
teleplione.  or  one  of  its  nioditieatious,  as  the 
reeeivin;^'  or  hearinj;  instrument. 

tel -e-phone,  r.t.  &.  i.    [Telephone,  s.] 

A.  'I'm  11.^. :  To  send,  communicate,  transmit, 
or  reproiiuce  as  sounds,  a  message,  or  the 
like,  by  means  of  a  telephone. 

•■  \  nutitliiitiim  of  tlie  iliuigenms  cluirioti-r  of  tlie 
outl'ienk  WJ18  tflc/>hii>irif  tu  the  lieiiiliiiun-teis.  — /M*^J/ 
Tihyrrif^,  Nov.  lie.  ISS.S. 

B.  Iiifi-a>is.:  To  send,  transmit,  or  repro- 
duce sounds,  a  message,  or  the  like,  by  means 
of  a  telephone. 

tel-e-phon'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  tckplmii^e),  s. ;  -ic] 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  telephone;  communi- 
cated, transmitted,  or  reproduced  by  means 
of  the  telephone. 

"The  Gt-rmnu  pruposiilsrefriirding  thepstaMiBhinent 
of  fill  iiitfi-nntimiiU  sv.steiii  <>t  teli-fhmiH-  luliiiiiuiiicii- 
ti'ti  »ei'e  ;ii|i>i>tfil  \\\XU  ii  iew  iiliiiiiixirtiut  iiiiiclul- 
iiiL-iils.'  -/*.r(///   Trhyniiih.  Sept.  U,  IsS.i. 

te-leph'-6n  ist,  >■-  [Kng.  trjrpJwnie):  -ist.] 
A  person  versed  in  the  telephone  ;  one  who 
oiwrates  a  teleplione. 

"  It  is  pei'hniis  a  ilisinlvaiittfe'e  thiit  U-frphouhm  hiwe 
to  tilk  ftll  tliij  lougr-J'tttl  Mall  Ottzt^tli;  May  :>.  IB84. 

te-leph'-o-njr.  ••■.  [Eng.  telephoii(e) :  -.v.] 
Thi-  art  or  praetiee  Of  transmitting  or  ropro- 
(lucing  sounds,  communications,  &c.,  by 
means  of  the  telephone. 

"  Be  the  renaoiis  whiitthey  m.aj'.  it  is  iuif|iieatioii- 
ithle  th.'it  t.-lcpJiotiv  is  ill  Eut'liiiid  »till  in  its  iiifiuiL-y." 

—Snnul'inl,  Dec.  ;i,  USh. 

t  tel-e-phor'-i-dae,  5.  ?'?.    [Mod.  Lat.  tek- 

phoi{ns);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  ad.j.  sutf.  -iil"-.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Beetles,  now  reduced 
to  the  sub-f;imily  Telephorhiic  (q.v.). 

tel-e-phd-ri'-nae,  s.    pi.      (fttod.   Lat.   trie- 

pln>i\iis):   Lat.  feiii.  pi.  ailj.  sutf.  -imr.] 

Eiitiim. :  A  sub-family  of  Lami'vridie,  more 
elongated  and  narrower  than  the  typical  Lani- 
l)yrin;e.  The  legs  are  also  longer ;  the  head 
is  not  covered  by  the  prothorax.  World-wide 
in  distribution.  One  genus,  which  connects 
the  Telephorinie  with  the  Lampyrime,  is  lu- 
minous. 

tel-e-phbr'-i-um,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  tdi-phoms 

(q.v.).] 

rnlawif.  :  A  genus  of  Coleoptera  akin  to 
Telephorus  (ipv.),  from  the  Purbeck  beds. 

te-leph -6r-us,  s.  [Gr.  tc'Aos  ((c?l>s)  =  end, 
and  4>op6<;  (i'Ikuus)  =z  bearing.] 

Kntum. :  The  typical  genus  of  Telejiliorime 
Ol-v.).  They  are  known  to  children,  from 
their  colours,  as  Soldiers  and  Sailors.  Tliey 
ai'e  seen  in  meadows  on  plants,  but  are  car- 
nivorous. According  to  De  Geer,  the  female 
soiiietiiiies  devours  the  male.  Twenty-four 
spreies  ;iie  liritisli. 

tel-er'-pe-ton,  .^■.  [Gr.  r^Ke  (tck)=:  far  off, 
and  ipTTiTOf  (lu'ipetoii)  =  a  reptile,  a  creeping 
thing;  tpTrw  {lurpo)  =  to  creep,] 

i\iUv<mt.:  A  genus  of  Lacertilla,  foumleil 
by  Mautell  on  renmius  of  a  reptile  which  he 
called  Tclvrpetoii  rliiiiwnsc,  discovered  iu  lS:".i 
liy  Ml.  Patrick  DutI  iu  Spyine,  near  Elgin,  in 
light-coloured  sandstone,  once  referred  by 
some  geologists  to  the  Upper  Devonian,  but 
now  held  to  be  Triassic.  The  dentition 
seems  to  have  been  aci'odont,  and  it  differed 
from  most  existing  lizards  merely  in  having 
ain|ihico-Ious  vertebrte.  (Qiiar.  Joiir.  ih-nl. 
Sue,  viii.  1(J0.) 

tel-e-ryth'-rin,  s.  [Lat.  tdQHs)  =  t\\v  earth, 
and  Eng.  vnjthriii.] 

Clinii.:  A  product  of  the  decomposition  of 
orselliiiic  ether  when  the  ether,  dissolved  in 
hot  water,  is  exposed  to  the  air  for  .several 
months,     (U'utts.) 

tel'-e-scope,  s.  [Gr.  -r^Ae  (^7?)  =  afar  off; 
a-Koireui  {sl.iipca)  =  to  See,  to  observe.] 


Optical  T)istr7imc»ts:  An  instrument  for  mag- 
iiifyiiig  distant  objects  so  as  to  make  them 
look  nearer  the  eye  than  they  a<'tually  are. 
Its  es.sential  iwrts  are  :  an  object  glass  or  a 
concave  mirror  to  render  the  rays  of  light 
convergeni:,  and  form  an  image  of  the  obji'ct, 
and  an  eyepiece  to  magnify  it  after  the  man- 
ner of  a  microscope.  About  a.d.  1000,  Gerliert 
of  Auvergue  viewed  the  stars  through  a  tube 
in  which,  howe^■er,  there  were  no  lenses. 
Hoger  Bacon  seems  to  have  known  that 
lenses  in  tonibination  bad  a  magnifying 
power.  Dr.  Dee,  in  I'oO.  speaks  of  "per- 
specti\e  ghisses.'"  apjiarently  used  in  war  to 
siifM'v  the  enemy's  forces.  Janscn  and  Liji- 
l^ersheini,  Lipi>cishey,  or  Lajirey,  spectacle- 
makers  at  Jliddellturg,  ami  Jacob  Adriansz 
or  Metius,  seem  to  have  lir.st  become  aware 
of  the  power  of  instruments  constructed 
like  the  modern  telescope,  and,  on  Oct.  2, 
liiOS,  Lippershey  ottered  to  the  States-Gene- 
ral three  instruments  "with  which  one  can 
see  to  a  distance."  Galileo,  hearing  of  this, 
divined  how  the  result  was  ett'ected,  and 
constructed  the  Galilean  telescope  which  had 
a  double  concave  eyepiece,  and  made  many 
astroiiiimicul  discoveries  with  it,  including 
tlic  .satellites  of  Jupiter.  His  telescope  is 
still  well  known  in  the  familiar  opera-glass. 
Kepler  tirst  pointed  out  the  advantage  of 
making  telescopes  with  two  convex  lenses, 
and  Scheiner  carried  the  snggestiou  into 
practice  in  1050.  De  Rheita  made  a  tele- 
scope with  three  lenses,  and  another  of  the 
binocular  type.  Hnyghens  made  a  telescope 
of  133  feet  ft)Cal  length,  only  the  object 
glass  of  which  was  in  a  shoit  tube,  and 
his  was  not  the  largest  one  existing.  The 
unwieldy  character  of  these  huge  iustruiuents 
led  to  the  discovery  of  the  reflecting  tele- 
scope, of  which  four  types  arose.  The  Gregor- 
ian telescope  was  invented  by  James  Gregory 
in  liio.t.  the  Cassegrainian  telescope  by  Casse- 
grain  in  lOT'J,  theVewtoninu  telescope  by  Sir 
Isaac  Xewton  in  liHHt.  and  the  Hersc.helian 
telescope  by  Sir  William  Herschel  about  17Ti>. 
Telescopes,  it  will  be  seen,  are  of  two  leading 
kiutls — Refracting  and  Retiecting  telescopes  ; 
in  the  former  the  image  is  formed  by  refrac- 
tion through  an  oliject  glass,  in  the  latter 
by  means  of  a  concave  nurror  or  speculum. 
A  refracting  telescope  iu  the  simplest  form 
consists  of  a  doulde  convex  lens  (the  object 
gla.ss),  and  a  second  and  smaller  lens,  also 
doubly  eunvex  (called  the  eye-piece).  To 
render  a  telescope  achromatic,  the  object 
glass  is  made  double  or  triple,  and  the  eye- 
piece is  generally  composed  of  two  lenses 
adapted  to  each  other.  Not  only  does  a  tele- 
scope magnify  objects,  but  it  collects  and 
eoneeiitrates  upon  the  eye  a  greater  amount 
of  liglit  than  wi'uld  enter  the  organ  if  tnias- 
sisted,  and  the  larger  the  object  glass  the 
greater  in  both  res|iects  is  the  power  of  the 
telescope;  and  a  fiiendly  rivalry  exists  be- 
tween civilized  nations  as  to  which  shall 
piissess  the  most  powerful  telescope.  One 
constructed  by  Mr.  Howard  Grubb  of  Dublin 
for  the  Vienna  Observatory  has  an  idiject 
glass  two  feet  thiee  inches  in  dianietei-,  and 
one  made  by  Mr.  Alvan  Clark  of  Boston, 
Mass.,  for  the  Russian  astronomers,  is  two 
feet  six  inches.  The  obstacle  to  further  pro- 
gress arises  from  the  difficulty  of  forming  a 
large  disc  of  optical  glass  ]iure  enough  and 
iinilorm  enough  to  be  suitable  for  telescoi>es. 
This  is  the  reason  why  reflecting  telescopes 
have  come  into  use.  Lord  Rosse's  great  re- 
flecting telescope  has  a  reflector  of  six  feet  in 
diameter,  and  can  magnify  an  object  407 
times  without  rendering  it  less  briglit  than 
it  ;ipi>ears  to  the  naked  eye.  These  large  tele- 
scopes are  for  astronomical  jmrposes.  [EyUA- 
Toitivr.,  Meridian -ciucLK.j  A  refracting, 
astioiioinical  telescope,  having  the  eye-iiiece 
of  a  single  lens,  or  of  a  jxiir  of  lenses,  does  not 
re\eise  the  image  formed  by  the  object  gl;iss, 
and  therefore  exhibits  objects  inverted,  which 
does  not  much  matter  in  astronomical  obser- 
vation. A  terrestrial  telescope,  for  looking  at 
objects  on  the  earth,  has  an  eye-piece  with 
two  more  lenses  than  an  astronomical  one  ; 
it  therefore  inverts  the  image  and  exhibits 
objects  erect.  All  good  telescopes  are  uow 
Achromatic.     [AoniioMATic-TULEScopi':.] 

tele  scope -carp,  s.    [TELEscoPE-nsit.  ] 

telescope -fish,  telescope-carp,  s. 

L'hthii.:  The  most  highly-prized  of  the 
many  varieties  of  du'riiius  {Oir((:<sliis)  an- 
m/».s  th'-  gold-fish.  The  dorsal  lin  is  absent, 
the  tail  is  much  enlarged,  sub-triangular  or 


tri-lobat<'.  and  the  eyes,  which  are  large  and 
protruding,  are  set  iu  petliceU>, 

telescope-fly,  «. 

luiti.ui. :  The  diiiterous  genus  Diopsis(ii.v.). 
telescope  sbell,  n-. 

/("■I. :  O.ntliiuin  ultSijopiiiin.  [Ceiuthiad.k.1 

tel'-e-sc6pe.  r.t.  &  t.     (Telescope.) 

A,  Tntiu^.  :  Tt)  drive  or  force  the  i>arts  of 
into  each  other,  like  the  sliding  joints  of  a 
jiocket  tclesco|H! ;  said  chu'tl>  of  railwji> 
CJirriages  or  other  vehicles  whuli  come  inli/ 
C'dlisuin.    (Vcllo'i.) 

"StfVeiiil  if  the  witLjdii^  werp  ti-lntrrtju'd.  ninl  imirh 
(htiimge  wiis  thme  tii  the  mlliiit;  »tock."— /AO/,v  Ti-lf- 

•ffl/iti,  JiUI,   10,   ISMO. 

"  B.  hitnin.-<.  :  To  nuive  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  iiiovabte  joints  or  slides  of  a  pocket 
telescoiM'  ;  specifically,  to  run  or  be  driven 
together,  so  tliat  the  one  partially  enters  or 
is  loiccd  into  the  other  ;  as,  The  i-arriagea. 
(rksropil 

tele  scopic,  tel-e-scop'-ic-al,".  [Eng. 

Cksfoii,:)  :    ir;   irul.\ 

I.  Orilinanj  Lancjmvje : 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  telescope;  per- 
formed by  the  aid  of  a  telescope  ;  a-s,  tdcsmpic 
obs'.T\ations. 

'1.  Seen  or  discoverable  only  by  the  help  of 
a  telescope. 

"Tliere  .ire  iiiicro8COi)ical  corpuscles  in  hoilies,  a^ 
thfiv  lire  teh'H-'ifih-iil  stars  iu  the  heaveiia,  iieithwr  ul 
which  iiiii  be  discovered  without  the  liull'  "'  o"*!  "•" 
tli«*  iit.her  tit  these  %\n^es.."—It'ilingbrokf  :  Emu}/  1. 

3.  Seeing  to  a  great  distjmce  ;  far-seeing ; 
far-reacliiug. 

"Tiuii  eastwjinl  now.  and  Fancy  shall  apiily 
IV  your  weak  sight  her  tfle»fopic  eye. ' 

Coioper:  Truth,  9S. 

t.  Having  the  power  of  extension  by  means, 
of  joints  sliiling  one  within  the  other,  like  the 
tiilie  of  a  pocket  telescope. 

II.  Mndi. :  Constructed  or  composed  of 
concentric  tubes.    (See  compound;;.) 

telescopic -boiler,  s. 

Sffunn  :  A  lioiler  formed  of  several  concentric 

cylindrical  portinns. 

telescopic -chimney.  '- 

Xairt.:  A  chimney  which  is  in  section.-^ 
slipiiing  into  each  other,  to  be  lowered  in 
time  of  action,  or,  iu  certain  river-steamers, 
in  passing  beneath  bridges. 

telescopic -jack,  s.  A  screw-jack,  in 
which  the  lilting  head  is  raised  by  the  action 
of  two  screws  having  reversed  threads,  om- 
working  within  the  (dher,  and  both  sinking 
or  telescoping  within  the  base.  By  this. 
dilferential  arrangement  greater  power  is  ob- 
tained. 

telescopic-lens,  s.  A  conipound  len.s 
suite<l  for  the  eye  or  object-glass  of  a  telesco^w. 
Terrestrial  leh-si-oiies.  or  spy-glas.ses,  have 
tw()  lenses  more  than  astrononuc;il  telescopes, 
enabling  an  object  to  be  .seen  in  its  natural 
instead  of  au  inverted  position. 

tel-e-8c6p'-ic-al-ly.  «rfr.  [Eng.  tckscopical ; 

■In-] 

1.  By  means  of  a  telescope. 

2.  In  manner  of  a  telescoite. 

"  As  iiianv  ns  fnurwagoiis  nearly  foletcopiraUt/  stove 
ill    »eiv  lie;"u'eil    "i.    toi.   of  eiurh   utlivr"--Dailn    Tflc- 

Hi-ni'h,  Jan.  le.  iBStJ. 

tel-e-scop'-i-form,  f(.  [Eng.  telescope,  and 
J'<>nH.\  Having  the  form  or  construction  of  a 
telescope. 

te-les'-co-pist,  .>;.  [Eng.  tdesrop{(!) -.  -ut^ 
One    skilled    in  the  use  Of  the  telescope  for 

astronomic.'it  purposes. 

tel-e-sco'-pi-um,  -■■      [Mod.   Lat.  =a  telc- 

SCOl-cl 

Astri'ii.:  A  .southern  constell.-ition.  esta- 
bli.shed  by  Lacaille.  It  is  surroiuHled  by  Ara, 
Pavo.  Sagittarius,  and  Ophinclms.  Us  largest 
stir  is  only  of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

-  Telescopium  Herscheli,  ■-. 

Astnm.:  Herschel's  Telescope  ;  a  constella- 
tion named  after  Sir  Wm.  Herschel.  It  is  in 
the  Northern  Hemisphere  botween  Gemini, 
Lynx,  and  Auriga.  It  is  not  now  generally 
admitted. 

te-les'-cd-py,  s.     [Eng.  tdeacnjie);  -?/.]    Thr- 
art  or  science  of  coniitructiug  or  using  tlm 
1       telescope. 


boil*  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell.  chorus. 
-cian.  -tlan  —  shan.    -tion,  -siou  =  shun 


9lun.  benph ;  go.  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    -mg. 
;  -tion,  -§ion  ~  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^z.  -  bel,  deL 


10 


teiesia— telltale 


Ml  r   "in 


'  Ol  -ifm. 


.  ly  lo  the  I'lin' 

|t;r.  T>A«riiu  (UUni(i)=  an  ili- 

t    ■. ,,   I    .  f    .iimk-t  or    liulijicul 


1-  »N 


lOr. 


c^  mat  ic.    ■  t«6l  6«  mikt-Ioal,  *'. 

I.,  t.  :..■...  .  iliHiiiaiiK'. 

of      |i(*|«Rltloll. 

•  ttt-^f-m&t-iO^  1^,  >ulf.  [Eng.  tries- 
•ftntia'.t :  -ly.]  liy  iiK-aus  of  telCMiiin  or 
UliHTiLinx. 

"Tbei«rt'>(  ?iTtun*  f.iuii.lyHt,  »At  in)«tcrlt)U"ly 
ltu:lud>Hl  Ui  ■ijituv  vt  ITAM,  Mrtmativiill^  i>rr|Mir«<d. 
—iirtftrg  ;  ytttf  0«  Serifdurr,  p.  3& 

t«l-^-spdo'-tr^-8c6pe,  rf.    [Eng.  fWrCwrt/)*), 

and  s|*rfniA-";f.  I 

Oftia:  An  iii!*trviiiieiit  for  nlwoniiig  the 
liglil  fnuri  tlip  jibiK-U  utitl  llxtil  stai-?*.  lor 
A^cllt.^lll!l.,'  [ti.  11  i!iv.>ii-iil  cnmlitiun  ami  the 
c- I  iHiiosi>lien'.s.     It  con- 

M  phicftl  111  tlic  eiul  of 

a  '  niii)*  two  ]irisn)S,  wliile 

tin-  iiuu^i;  v^l  tlii;  a!;ir  is  bmuijlit  to  the  slit 
uf  tlir  «!»■  ctniscoiK*,  whu  h  is  oiiu  thnre-hini- 
Un-«Uh  yarl  ufiiii  inch  in  breadth. 

ttt  6-8t€r-6-6-Bc6p6,  *.  [Or.  -HiXt  (tUle), 
-r-Afw  ■  rf.  :xvA  Eua.  stertoiooi^  (a-v.).]  An 
,11^  lilK^.!  by  Hchiiholtz.  in  1S:»7, 

I  .1  npi^'umiicr  uf  n-Iiffin  the 

.1  UcaiK:  nt  nnnit'i-at*!  distances. 

It  .  :  ^Nt,  I  I  :i  Iraiiif  t»n  wliich  an;  svl  at  a 
.  ■'Uvt^iiifiit  Uislancv— Aiy  -I-i  hn-t- ajKiit  two 
(■Un.-  luirrui-s  at  an  niv^lK  of  4J',  wliich 
r»c<-'ivo  thf  mys  of  li;;ht  from  tin-  ubjccts  ; 
thtst-  urv  rellecti*<l  to  two  central  minors, 
foniiiiig  an  angle  of  -16'  -.vitli  the  lirst, 
m  wliicli  they  are  vit-wi-d  hy  the  eye.  The 
.rffct  pro'Juctd  is  the  same  as  if  the  eyes  of 
the  ubservfr  were  at  the  siitiie  distanec  apnrt 
•Ls  the  two  lar„'t^r  n»rn>rs.  Wlien  objects  at 
a  ^'leat  distance  are  viewed,  tliey  do  nnt 
aplteiir  in  strong  n-lief.  but  nither  as  if  de- 
tuehe<l  from  the  general  landscape. 

'  t^  les'-tic.  •  tS-lfis'-tick,  n.  [Gr.  n'Ao^ 
(UI'm)  =  the  end.)  Pertaining  to  the  dual  end 
or  puqHwe ;  tending  or  serving  to  the  end  or 
linisli. 

"  1  theretore  call  this  tlie  trtntltJc  or  tnrstlc  opem- 
tioii;  which  U  ooiiverMiit  alNiut  the  iititsntlon  uf 
thr  liiclil  oretbcrlal  vehicle."— Cud trorrA  .■  InUll.  !>fftt., 
I .  T»i. 

'  t£-lSs'-tioh,  .^.  [Gr.  T(Ao?  (fc?o^)=  the  end, 
;iiid  (7Ti\o?  {.<iirliiu)=a  row,  a  verse]  A  poem, 
111  wbicli  the  liual  letters  of  each  line  inaku  uj) 
a  name. 

"  Acrmtlcks  nnil  Mftth-h*  ou  Jump  names." 
Hvn  Joiuqh:  .III  £jucrattuii  up'tti  Vulcan. 

t£l  e-tha'-sa,  >>.    [Lat.  =  the  mother  of  Iphis. 
C-cUl:  J/.f.,'ix.  liS-J.)] 
Z'joI.  :  A  synonym  of  Arenicola(q.v.). 

tel-i-thn-^-dsa,  .<. i-L  iMod.Lat.Mc(/iHX"); 

Lat,  fern,  pi,  adj.  sufT.  -Wa'.J 

Zi'ftl. :  An  approximate  .synonym  of  Areni- 
coliita:  (q.v.). 

t£l-fiLlr -i-a,  s.  (Xnmed  after  Mr.  Telfiur, 
tuiMrinteniient  of  the  Koyal  garden  at  Mauri- 
tins.) 

But. :  A  gcniis  of  Nhandirobese.  Known 
spt^eiestwo,  ^«//(^^^uI;w^^?a[.IoLI^•^A],awoo^l- 
l  iimb«;r,  with  a  -ster  '"mm  lifty  to  .i  hundred 
ffct  hmg,  growing  ''inzitwr;  and  T.  oc- 
rUletitalU,  from  West.  Africa,  where  it  is 
cultivated  for  the  seeu^.,  wliicli  are  eaten. 
When  expres-sed  they  yield  a  blnnd  oil. 

tfil-ic,  ".  (Or,  «Ao?  (telof)  =  the  end.]  De- 
ji'iiiiii,'  the  (iual  end  or  purpose.    IKcbatic.J 

Te-Un'-fe'a,  .<.    (Sec  def.  of  compound.] 
TcUngapotato,  s. 

i"ft. :  Amoi-phnplufUus  mmpanulatits,  culti- 
vated in  the  Ttdinga  or  Telngu  country  lor 
it4  edible  roota  or  tubers. 

tS-li'-ni,  8.  [Native  name  (?).]  (See  etym. 
and  compound.) 


tellnl  fly,  '• 

t:ntom.:  Myhbth  ct'horii,  plentiful  it. 
most  iwrts  of  India.  It  ha«  been  stronglv 
recommendeil  ait  a  substitute  for  eantliaridcu. 

tdU,  '  telle,  '  tell-en  (I'a.  t.  *  teltdt,  *  teldt; 

ti-itl,  •  lo'iir,  p.i.  1M11-.  t'>Ut),  v.t.  &  t.  [A.S. 
lethtit  <|«.  t.  hiil'U;  |»a.  lar.  taild)  =■  to  count, 
In  narrate,  frnm  tnlu^a  tale,  a  number; 
cngn.  with  I>ut.  ItUeH,  rronW«/  =  a  txile;  lecl. 
ttljti,  from  tula ;  Dan.  tutU,  fmin  tal ;  Sw. 
m7>i,  from  (ai;  Ger.  zahki},  from  zuhl] 
[Talk.  J 

1.  To  count,  to  enumerate,  to  reckon. 

'■  Au<I  tome  RHiw  rich  i»y  tilling  lies, 
Auil  »onio  hy  toting  money," 

Pntcd :  Chaxtnt  tifthe  Draien  Head. 

2.  To  express  in  words;  to  communicate, 
to  utter,  to  say. 

"  I  will  not  cat  uutll  I  have  toUl  my  errand."— Cfnc^-f 
XXlV.  83. 

3.  T»»  narrate,  to  relate,  to  rehearse. 

"Ill  tetl  you  my  droftui.""- S/jtiAfijj.  ;  Merry  Wives, 
ill.  3. 

4.  To  nmko  known  by  words ;  to  divulfic, 
to  disclose,  to  confess,  to  acknowledge. 

"Trll  It  not  In  GnWi" -i  Hamutl  I.  20. 

"  5.  To  explain,  to  solve. 

"  Whorto  nukcil  her  for  his  wife, 
iib  rl<lille  t<jUl  not.  lust  Ilia  lire." 

.ShakKfp. :  Pcricla,  Frol.  38. 

6.  With  a  personal  object : 

(1)  To  give  information  or  instruction  to. 

"I  roWhiiii  o(  myself." 

6/utkcst:  :  Aiitouif  A  Cleopatra,  ii.  2. 

(2)  To  order,  to  ilirect;  to  give  orders  or 
directions  to  :  as,  lie  told  you  to  stay  here. 

7.  To  discern  so  as  to  be  able  to  say  or 
declare ;  to  distinguish,  to  decide,  to  deter- 
mine, to  answer,  to  indicate  :  as,  I  cannot  tell 
one  from  the  other. 

"  8.  To  publish,  to  proclaim,  to  declare. 

"  Ami  otlicrc  Kcitten,  he  semetli  to  bo  a  teller  of  newe 
feendia,  for  liu  teehlc  to  hem  JhchU  ami  the  agheu- 
ri.tyng."—  iVt/cliJI^'- :  Jfcdh  xvii. 

5.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  give  an  account ;  to  make  or  give  a 
report ;  to  speak. 

"TliAt  I  may.  .  .  tvH  of  Jill  thy  woutlrous  works."— 
Piitlin  xxvi.  T. 

2.  To  play  the  informer ;  to  tell  tales ;  to 
inform,  to  blab :  as,  If  he  does  so,  I'll  tell. 
{Cvlloq.) 

3.  To  take  effect ;  to  produce  a  marked 
cH'ect ;  as,  Every  shot  (oW. 

^  1.  /  vail  fell  you  :  Trust  me  ;  I  can  assure 
you.    {Colloq.) 

"They  are  bvu'i*,  /con  (cU  !/ou."—Shnketp.  :  Troilus 
i  Creamla,  lii.  2. 

2.  To  till  oj: 

(1)  To  declare,  to  proclaim,  to  speak  of,  to 
mention. 

(2)  To  infrn-m  on  or  against ;  to  tell  tales  of. 
iColWi.) 

3.  To  tell  off:  To  count  off;  to  select  or 
detach  for  some  special  duty. 

"Were  told  off  to  [)reserve  a  w.-iy  clear  of  ohatacles 
(or  the  Com iiet Hon.. '■—/}«(/;/  Tetvsraph.  July  3,  18S5, 

4.  To  tell  on:  To  inform  against;  to  tell 
of.    (CoUoq.) 

■'David  sitved  neither  man  uor  woman  alive,  to 
bring  tidiuga  t»  Gath,  saying.  Lest  they  should  tctt  on 
U8.'"— 1  Samuel  xxvii.  11. 

5.  To  tell  one's  beads :  [Bkad]. 

6.  To  tell  up:  To  count  up;  to  tell;  to 
amount  or  increase  so  as  to  produce  a  certain 
effect. 

*  tell,  s.    [Tell,  v.]    That  which  is  told  ;  a 
tale. 

"I  am  at  the  eml  of  mytcll."—}yafpole:  To  Mann, 

*  tell-clock,  s.    An  idler. 

"  la  there  no  mean  between  busy-bodiea  and  tell- 
cloiAs/  '—}\'ard:  Scrmoiit,  p.  131. 

"  tel'-la-We,  a.     [Kng.  tell;  -able]     Capable 
uf  being  told. 

tel'-len.  s.    ITkllina.]    Any  individual  of  the 
family  Telliiiidie.     (tSee  extract.) 

■■Thi^  Ttth-nt  .ire  fmnid  in  all  «e,-\s,  ehiclly  in  the 
littoral  and  lamlimriaii  zmies;  tliey  frt-fiuent  windy 
hottomaor  sjuidy  mud.  burying  beneath  the  aurfaoe; 
a  few  species  inhabit  estuaries  and  rivers.  Their 
valves  are  often  richly  coloured  ami  ornamented  with 
rtiiely  sculptured  lines,  "—iroorfwani;  MoUutca  (ed. 
rate).  i>.  4B0, 

tell'-er,  5.     [Eng.  tdl,  v.;  -er.] 

1.  One  wlio  tells,  narrates,  or  coramuni- 


Gites  the  knowledge  of  something;  an    in. 
former. 

"The  nature  of  bad  n*w'8  infects  the  tetU'r." 

^ihuk-ip.  :  Antmiy  J-  Clcopiifra,  1.  1 

2.  One  wlio  ninnbera  or  counts  ;  one  who 
tells  or  counts  viites ;  speeif.,  one  of  four 
members  of  the  House  of  Cmumons  appointed, 
two  on  eaeli  side,  by  the  Speaker  to  count  or 
tell  the  votes  in  a  division  for  and  against  a 
motion.  One  for  the  ayes  and  one  for  the 
noes  are  associated  to  check  each  other  in  the 
telling. 

'  3,  An  oHicer  of  llie  exchequer,  formerly 
also  colled  a  tillicr.  [Tali.v.]  They  were 
four  ill  number;  their  bu.siness  was  to  receive 
all  moneys  due  to  the  king,  and  j.dve  tiie  clerk 
of  the  pell  a  hill  to  chiirj^c  him  tlierewith ; 
tlioy  also  ]iaid  all  iiersons  any  money  payable 
to  them  by  the  king,  by  w.iri';iiit  from  the 
auditor  of  tlie  receipt ;  and  also  made  books 
of  receipts  and  payments  which  they  delivered 
to  the  lord  treasurer.  The  ollicc  was  abolished 
by  4  &  r,  Will.  IV.,  c.  15,  and  their  duties 
are  now  iicrfornied  by  a  comjitroller-generul 
of  thw  receipt  and  issue  of  the  exchequer. 

4.  An  uHicer  in  a  bank,  whose  duty  is  to 
receive  and  pay  money  over  the  counter. 

tell'-er-ship,  s.  [Eng.  teUer;  -ship.]  The 
ullice  (11-  employment  of  a  teller. 

tel'-li-a,  y.  [Prob.  from  Lat.  tellus  =  the 
enitli.    (tSee  def.)] 

Mithij. :  A  pseudo-genus  of  Cyprinodontidie, 
erected  for  the  reception  of  such  species  of 
the  type-genus  Cypriiiodon  as  have  lost  their 
ventral  tins,  either  from  living  in  limited 
localities  or  from  their  liabit  of  concealing 
themselves  in  the  iiiud.  '(^GUnther:  Study  oj 
Fishes,  p.  015.) 

tel-li'-na,  .■'.  (Gr.  Te.\Aii'»)  {l€iliiu)  =  A  kind 
of  shell-Iish.] 

Zool.  d;  Fid(Cont. :  The  typc-geiuis  of  Telli- 
nida;  (q.v.).  Shell  oviite,  ublong,  rounded  in 
front,  angular  behind ;  valves  smooth  or 
marked  with  radiating  striie.  The  animals 
Iiave  the  power  of  leaping  fiom  the  bottom 
by  moans  of  their  nniscuhir  foot.  The  genua 
is  cosinopolitan,  most  abundant  in  the  trupics ; 
more  tliaii  300  species  have  been  described. 
Fossil  species  170,  from  the  Oolite  onward. 

1[  Tdlintt  baUhica  crag  or  cluy : 

Geol. :  A  clay  at  the  upper  ]iart  of  the 
Norwich  Crag,  character i.scd  by  the  abundance 
of  Tdlhia  b(dthLca.  According  to  some  autho- 
rities, it  forms  the  base  of  tlie  whole  glacial 
series,  and  indicates  the  sctting-iu  uf  the 
great  glacial  subsidence. 

tell'-ing,    'teU-yng,   ^r.   par.,    «.,   &  5. 

[Tkll,  c.\ 

A.  As  pr.  liar. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  .4s  ('i!j. :  Operating  with  great  effect ; 
highly  effective. 

"  Its  authore  . . .  are  stronger  in  the  inveutiou 
of  tall iny  BitllXtioilS."—Obtcrocr,  Jilly2J,  1885. 

C.  Assubst.  :  The  act  of  declaring,  speaking, 
or  uttering  ;  in  tlie  plural,  the  act  of  declaring 
or  divulging  what  ought  not  to  be  told  ;  dis- 
closure of  a  secret  or  what  has  been  com- 
municated in  confidence. 

•[  That's  tellings:  That  would  be  giving 
iufoniiation  which  ouglit  not  to  be  given  ; 
that  is  asking  one  to  blab.    (Culluq.) 

tel-li'-ni-dae,  jj.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tcllin(a)  ;  Lat. 
lem.  ]'l.  adj.  suff.  -ido:,] 

Zool.  iD  Fahmnt. :  A  family  of  Sinu-pallialia, 
with  eleven  species  {Wood tea rd),  to  which 
Tate  adds  three  others.  Shell  equivalve, 
closed,  and  coinpresseil ;  cardinal  teeth  two  ; 
siphons  separate,  long,  and  slender,  siphonal 
fold  large  ;  foot  tonguc-shnpcd.  (See  extract 
under  Tellex.)  The  family  appears  first  in 
the  Coal-measures. 

tel'-lxn-ite.  .^.  [Mod,  Lat.  tdlin{a);  suff. 
■  iU:.\    A  fossil  Tcllina  (q.v.). 

tel' -Id-graph,  s.    [Telelografh.] 

tell'-tale,  ".  ^*i:  5.     [Eng.  tell,  v.,  and  tale.] 

A.  Ai-nilj.:  Telling  tales  ;  given  to  blabbing 
or  telling  tales;  giving  mischievous  informa- 
tion.   (/.(■(.  djig.) 

"  Make  me  not  object  to  the  tetl-Calc  d.ay." 

Sliukctp. :  Rape  0/ LiKrecc,  806. 

B.  As  snhstantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

\.  One  who  tells  tales  ;  one  wlio  officiously 


f&te,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU,  father;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  woic.  wolf,  work.  who.  son;  miite.  cub,  cure,  ^ite.  cur.  rule.  fuU;  try,  Syrian.    «,  oe  -  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =Jtw. 


telltroth— telpher 


17 


divulges  the  private  nfi'airs  of  otlicis;  oiit 
who  tells  what  iinKlfiiue  should  suppress  ; 
a  tale-bearer. 

"  Yuu  atii-nk  to  Citsca  -.  mid  to  8\ii:b  a  iiinu 
Tliat  <H  i\o  tiveriii);  (i-H.tatc.~ 

S/taki!$p. :  Julius  C<B.iar,  i.  U. 

2.  Tliatwhicli  serves  to  iuterjn'et  or  luauifest. 
"  Piviiit  thoNC  tjyts.  so  blue,  su  kiud ; 
Efiger  ti-Utatcs  of  her  luinil." 

.l/off/i^ui  Arnold:  SKiticrtand. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Much.  :  A  name  given  to  a  variety  nf 
Ufvices,  usually  automatic,  for  couutiug,  veri- 
fying, ck'tecting,  or  indicating  :  as, 

(1)  A  turnstile  having  mechanism  which 
inilicates  the  nuniber  of  persons  passing 
ihruugii  it. 

(2)  A  clock  attachment  for  the  purpose  of 
4jausing  a  record  to  be  made  of  tlie  presence 
of  a  watchman  at  certain  intervals.  A  coni- 
ni"u  form  is  provided  with  a  rnta.ting  paper 
dial,  showing  the  hour  and  minute  at  which 
the  Wiitchman  touched  a  i)rojectiug  stu«l 
which  punctures  the  paper  dial. 

(3)  A  device  attached  to  a  station-meter  to 
point  out  any  irregularity  in  the  production 
of  gas. 

2.  Music:  A  movable  piece  attached  to  an 
organ  to  indicate  when  tlie  wind  is  nearly 
♦•xhausted. 

3.  Nautical : 

(1)  The  same  as  Tell-tale  compass  (q.v,). 

(2)  An  index  in  front  of  the  wheel,  or  in 
the  cabin,  to  sliow  the  position  of  the  tiller. 

J.  Onuth.  :  An  American  name  for  J'otaiiiis 
Jlacipes  and  T.  roci/erus.  So  named  because 
their  shrill  whistle  alarms  ducks. 

telltale -compass,  s. 

Naut.  :  A  compass  suspended  overliead  in 
the  cabin,  with  the  face  of  the  card  downward, 
S-)  that  it  is  visible  from  below,  and  enables 
the  captain  to  detect  any  error  or  irregularity 
in  steering. 

*  tell'-troth,   s.      [Eiig.    tell,   s.,   and    troth.] 

(jnt  whu  speaks  the  truth. 

itel-liir'-al,  a.     [Lat.  tellus,  genit.  ti:HurLs  = 
the  eartli.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  earth. 

tel'-lu-rate,  .^.    [Kng.  tdlmiic);  -ate] 
Che  III. :  A  salt  of  telluric  acid. 

tel-liir-e'-thyl,  s.    [Eng.   teUur{ium),  and 

ethyl.] 

Choii. :  Te'XGoHs)^.  Ethyl  telluride  ;  tel- 
luric ethide.  A  heavy,  oily,  yellowish-red 
liquid,  obtained  by  distilling  potassium  tel- 
luride with  potassium  ethyl  sulphate.  It  is 
very  inflammable,  has  a  disagreeable  odour, 
and  acts  as  a  bivalent  radic:il,  uniting  with 
chhnine.  bromine,  i:c.,  to  form  compounds. 

tel-lu-ret'-ted,  a.     [Formed  from  Eng.  tcl- 
liiriuiiL  (4. v.).]     Combined  with  tellurium. 


telluretted  ~  hydrogen, 

HVPltlC-ACII),] 


fTELLUR- 


tel-liir-hy'-drate,  s.  [Eng.  tellur(htm),  aud 
hu-dutc.]    (Telluride.] 

tel-liir-liy'-dric.  a.  (Eng.  tdluriiitm),  ami 
hi/di-ic]     Containing  tellurium  and  hydrogen. 

tellurhydric-acid,  s.    [Hvdrogen-tel- 

Lui'.iiu;.] 

tel-liir'-i-an,  s.  &  a.    [Tellurio.s.j 
A.  As  suhstantive : 

1.  The  same  as  Telluriox  (q.v.). 

2.  An  inliabitant  of  the  earth  ;  a  mortal. 

■'  So  in.r  ahead  of  us  T<jllurinns  in  oi>tical  re- 
sources."—Be  Quiitcei/:  Joint  0/  Arc. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  earth. 

•'  Heiti  the  tctluriuH  luu^s  wheeziug."— />f  Quitici-y  . 
Syntcm  of  the  Heaefiis. 

teHiir'-ic  (1),  a.  [Lat.  tellic,  genit.  tellttris 
=  the  earth.]  Pertaining  to,  or  i)roceeding 
from  the  earth. 

"  Aa  reyaids  its  breadth  thf-'felfttrtviiiovemeutweut 
fiom  tile  Lepuuti.iii  Al|»s  in  the  north  to  the  UuHa  of 
Genua  iiiid  Lyons."— /Jai/^  Tclegrafjh,  March  1,  1887. 

tel-liir'-ic  (2),  a.  [Enfr.  fell  mi  i  am);  -ic]  De- 
rived from  or  containing  telluiiunL 

telluric-acid,  s. 

Chem.:  II.jTe04.  A  crystalline  body  obtained 
by  fusing  equal  parts  of  tellurous  oxide  and 
sodium  carbonate,  dissolving  the  jiroduct  in 
water     precipitating    by    means    of    barium 


chloride,  aud  decomposing  with  sulphiuic 
acid.  It  has  a  metallic  taste,  reddens  litinus- 
'.  paper,  and  is  freely,  although  slowly,  soluble 
in  water.  The  telUirates  of  the  alkali-uietals 
are  sulul'le  in  water,  tlie  others  are  insoluble. 

telluric  bisniuth,  s. 

Mill. :  A  name  given  to  tetradymite,  joseite, 
and  wclnlite.    (See  these  words.) 

telluric -ethide,  j;.    (Tellukethvl.] 

telluric-ochre,  s.    [Tellurite.] 

telluric-oxide,  s. 

Chem.  :  TeO;i.  Obtained  by  strongly  heat- 
ing crystallized  telluric  acid.  It  is  insoluble 
in  water,  and  even  in  a  boiling  alkaline  liquid. 

telluric- silver,  s.     [HEssrrE,  Petzite.J 

tel'-lu-ride,  i-.    {Eng.  telluiiiuin):  -itic] 

Chcin.  :  A  salt  of  tcllurhydric  acid. 

t  Telluride  of  bi.smuth  =  Tetradymite,  Jose- 
ite. and  H'ehriite ;  Telluride  of  lead  =  AUnite  ; 
Telluride  of  silver  and  gold  =  Petzitc;  Telluride 
of  silver  and  \g^i\  —  .•iylvanite ;   Telluride  of 

lUCUcl  =  Mrtoilit'-.. 

tel-liir'-i-on,  *  tel-liir'-i-um,  s-.  (Lat. 
telhis,  genit.  telturis  =  tlie  earth.]  An  api>ar- 
atus  fur  the  ptirjiose  of  illustrating  to  the  eye 
the  real  and  apj'arent  niovements  of  the  earth  ; 
exhibiting  the  elliptieity  of  the  earth's  orbit ; 
the  position  of  the  sun,  represented  by  a  lamp 
in  one  of  the  foci  of  that  ellipse  ;  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  pole  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic, 
and  the  constancy  of  the  pole  during  the  en- 
tire yearly  revolution  ;  the  apparent  move- 
ment through  the  constellations  of  the  zodiac  ; 
the  phenomena  of  eclipses,  day  and  night, 
snnrise  and  sunset,  and  the  seasons ;  the 
varying  declination  of  the  sun  ;  the  equation 
of  time  ;  the  motions  and  phases  of  the  moon  ; 
and  affording  a  model  whereon  to  illustrate 
the  theoiy  tif  the  tides,  lunar  disturbances,  &c. 

tel' -  lu  -  ri§iin,  .?.  [Lat.  tellus,  genit.  telluris 
=  the  earth  ;  Eng.  suff.  -ism.]  A  modiHca- 
tion  of  the  hypothesis  of  animal  magnetism, 
introduced  by  a  German,  Dr.  Kieser,  who 
attributed  the  phenomena  to  a  telluric  spirit 
or  influence. 

tel'-lu-rite,  s.  [Eng.  tellmiium);  suff.  -ite 
(.Uur.).] 

Mill.:  A  miuei-al  found  as  an  earthy  in- 
crustation, or  in  small  spherical  iriasses  with 
i-adiated  structure,  on  the  native  tellurium  vi 
Transylvania.  Compos. :  the  same  as  tellurous 
acid  (q.v.). 

tel-lur'-i-um,  s.    [Tellurion.] 

1.  Chem.:  Symb.  Te,  At.Wt  128.  An  element 
of  rare  occurrence,  found  in  a  few  minerals  m 
association  with  gold,  silver,  and  bismuth. 
It  possesses  many  of  the  characters  of  a 
metal,  but  bears  so  close  a  resemblance  to 
selenium  in  its  chemical  properties  that  it  is 
gencially  idaced  in  the  sulphur  group.  It 
has  the  colour  and  lustre  of  silver,  is  very 
brittle,  a  bad  conductor  of  heat  and  electricity; 
sp.  gr.  G*2ti;  melts  below  a  red  heat,  and 
volatilises  at  a  higher  tempeiature.  Like 
sulphur,  it  forms  both  oxides  and  acids. 

2.  Mln. :  Occurs  iu  six-sided  prisms  with  ba- 
sal edges  replaced  ;  crystallization  hexagonal. 
Has  lately  been  found  in  more  complex  forms  ; 
more  often  massive  and  granular.  Hardness, 
2  to  2"5  ;  sp.  gr.  G'i  to  tj-3;  lustre,  metallic; 
colour,  tin -white;  brittle.  Compos.  :  tellurium 
and  gold,  with  occasionally  some  iron.  Origin- 
ally found  at  the  Maria  Lorett-'  mine,  Tran- 
sylvania, where  it  was  melted  for  the  gold  it 
contained.  Recently  found,  associated  with 
various  tellurides,  in  several  of  the  States  of 
North  America. 

teUuriumglanee,  s.    [Nagvaoite.] 

tel-liir'-oiis,  (t.  [Eng.  telluriium) ;  -ous.]  Per- 
taining to  tellurium. 

tellurous- acid,  s. 

Chem. :  HoTeO^.  A  bulky  precipitate  pre- 
pared by  dissolving  tellurium  in  nitric  acid 
ulsp.  gr,  l"2ri,  and  pouring  the  solution  into 
water.  It  has  a  bitter  metallic  taste,  is 
>^lightly  soluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in 
alkalies  and  acids. 

tellurous- oxide,  ^. 

Chem.  :  TeO^*.  A  semi-crystalliire  powder 
prei>ared  by  heating  tellurous  acid  to  a  lr>w 
red  heat.  It  is  fusible,  volatile,  aud  slightly 
Soluble  in  water. 


tel-m&t-o-les'-te^,  .v.  (Or.  T«A/ia  (telim\ 
genii.  T«A(icaTo«  (tthiuttus)  =  a  puud,  a  ntaruh, 
and  \r}<nTi<i  (/r.s^".-;)  =  a  robber.] 

ro!'>„„t.  :  A  genus  of  Limuotheridu;,  from 
the  Lower  Eocene  of  Wyoming. 

tel  m&t-or'-nis,  s.  (Gr.  TiXtia(telma),  genit 
T<A/jiaT05  {tcbiuttos)  =  a  pond,  a  marsh,  aud 
opci?  (••mis)  =.  a  bird.] 

I'nlmmt. :  A  genus  of  fossil  Graliatores,  akin 
to  the  Hallidffi,  fi-oin  the  Cretaceous  rocks  of 
North  America. 

tel-ody-nfi.m'-ic,  n.  [Gr.  T^Ae  ((€/«)=  afar 
utf.  and  Eng.  dynamic  (q.v.).]  (See  com- 
pound.) 

telodynamic -cable,  s.  a  means  for 
traiisuiitling  powiT,  originated  by  Hirn  of 
Logelbaeh,  in  which  high  speed  is  employed 
to  give  the  effect  of  great  mass. 

tel-O-pe'-a,  s.  (Gr.  T>)Atoirds  (tcldpos)  =  SL-eing 
to  a  distance,  seen  at  a  distance  ;  alluding  to 
the  great  distance  at  which  its  crimson  blos- 
stims  can  be  seen.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Grevillida*.  Leaves  entire 
or  slightly  toothed  ;  flowers  in  terminal 
clusters,  surrounded  byan  involucre.  Tehpea 
sjhrio.^i.-^sima,  the  WaraUih  uf  New  South 
Wales  and  Tasmania,  is  a  splendid  proteaceous 
slirub,  cultivated  in  English  greenhouses. 

tel'-6-type,  5.  (Gr.  r^jA*  (tik)  =  afar  off,  aud 
Eng.  type.]    A  printing  electi'ic  telegrapli. 

tel'-pher,  s.  &  a.    [Telpherage.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

Elect. :  The  plant  and  rolling-stock  of  any 
system  of  teli)hei-age  (q.v.).  The  word  was 
formed  by  the  late  Prof.  F.  Jenkin  ;  but  the 
example  quoted  under  Telpherage  is  the 
S()le  instance  in  which  he  used  it  as  a  sub- 
stantive in  the  paper  be  read  before  the 
Society  of  Arts. 

B.  As  ailj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  telpherage ; 
moved  or  moving  automatically  by  the  aid  of 
electricity. 

"  W"e  are  enabled  to  start  or  stop  any  number  of 
tdpfier  traiUH  without  distiirbitig  the  running  of 
()theis."— /'ro/,  /'.  Jenkin,  in  Journ.  -Vw,  Arts,  xxxii. 
C55. 

telpher-line,  .■*. 

Elect.  :  A  line  on  which  transport  is  auto- 
matically effected  by  the  aid  of  electricity  ; 
an  electric  railway  ;  specif.,  a  line  worked  by 
Prof.  Jenkin's  system  of  telpherage.  The 
tirst  line  was  opened  at  Glynde,  Sussex,  Oct. 
17,  18S5,  for  the  Newhaven  Cement  Companj*. 
It  is  a  double  line,  nearly  a  mile  long,  com- 
posed of  two  sets  of  steel  rails  (a,  a),  suji- 
ported  on  wooden  T-shaped  posts,  about 
eighteen  feet  high.  A  wire  is  supported  on 
each  end  of  the  cross-piece  of  the  T,  which  is 
eight  feet  long.  Tlie  carriers,  <n-  skei)S  (b), 
are  of  iron,  and  liold  about  two  hundred- 
weight each  ;  they  are  furnished  with  handles 


TELPH'='B-LINE. 


by  which  their  cor''  .^  are  tilted  over  by  a 
man  with  a  pole  i'autoniatically  tilted  by 
these  handles  coiliing  successi\(ly  int<»  con- 
tact with  a  wooden  arm  standing  out  from 
the  post  where  it  is  desired  that  tlie  skeps 
should  be  emptied.  Ten  of  these  carrier.s, 
which  are  iu  electrical  connection  with  each 
other,  form  a  train,  and  in  the  middle  of 
the  train  is  an  electric  motor  ((/).  About 
half-a-ndle  from  tlie  starting-point  is  the 
engine-house  containing  the  dynamos,  whence 
the  current  is  led  to  the  line,  and  so  to 
the  motor  in  the  centre  of  the  tiain.  A  speed 
of  four  to  five  miles  an  hour  js  attained, 
aud  the  working  cost  is  about  5<l.  j>er  ton, 
tlie  skei)s  being  empty  ou  the  return  journey. 


boil,  bd^;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  gell,  chorus,  ^hin.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  t 
-ciai*,  -tiau  =  shaa.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -tlon^  -sion  =  zhiin.    -cious,  -tioua.  -sk>us  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  c\;c.  -  bel,  deL 


2U0 


telpherage— temperament 


.-i'vf^U 


.i.!\  iiita.-.    <•(  A  tflphft- 

l.itdlntrlrt 

1'Ih.  rivt-n*, 

■  u^  art'  lint 

^:    -iiui  U^-»  tu  K-  pur- 

■  >    railwiiy»~   Hiiil  tniin> 

viittf  W»J»    •llscttillllUtHl 

■n  u  few  }'faf>. 


t41  pher  ate. 


».    (Or.  TiJAf  (W0=  "ft"-  ' 
•  to  bemr.J 
tract). 


.1    1.     -Irlr. 

vltti  'Ulr 
ml  III  t'lif- 
^r  iriit'tird 

nilgllt    hAtf- 

■  iii-hin;  M- 


t .'.  i;»ir.  ^mi'. ;  Tlif  Ia.Ht  Joint  in  tin;  nM<>- 

nu'ii  of  till'  irriislari-.i.     Ity  in»iiu'  aulliorltii-s 

It  tit  rr^^anliHl  as  a  trnninal   smiiito  withmit 

Ap).-tL.i  t,'..s.  liy  «'thrra.'iaiiazyK"'>*'i*|'P*'n'la;.'i'. 

I '     ■        ii  ni:ty  U'  bnci'I  unci  wpn-ntltiif;,  ns  in 

* '  t'T.  IT  ciihirnnri.  as  in  the  Kinj:  Cnih, 

Uiv  extinct  Kiiryiitcridii  its  form  was 

\  v.iri.il>li-.     Tilt' iiaiiif  is  also  apiilh-cl 

't  .JMiiit  of  .s<-(.rpi«'iis,  wliii'li  li.iM  Ik-l-ii 

II    1.    I  mil'  a  Wfa|K»ii  cf  olft'iice. 

tclt,  prr.  r.  o/ r,    (Tkll.)    TuM.    (.Sw/cA.) 

"N^    RL*n— JKiulr— Jftiiilr  8t«vti»ou— I  Irtt  ye  Iw- 

te  -men,  .^.  [Xativf  name.J  A  grain  measure 
of  TrijMih.  containing  nearly  six  galluns. 

t«m  -«-r^  .<.    [Etyni.  aoubtfni.l 

I'-hthy. :  A  genus  of  Tor^dinidii*  (f^.v.), 
fiiitii  tnipic.-il  autl  .sub-tmpical  sea.s.  The 
teeth  are  i»Utut.  ami  the  dorsal  tins  are  absent. 

tim-S-rar -i-oiis.  ".  lI-^t.  temertiriuSf  from 
rriFi*"-.- =  msjiij- ;   Kr.  trmrmire;   Ital.  &  Sp. 

1.  Hf-dU-.v-i  or  carelf.vs  of  consequences; 
iinn\xsoii:iI>ly  veiitnresunie ;  rash,  reckless, 
iiicn.sideratr,  lieadstront'. 

■"Hi-  tl>rulogic»l  hculty  of  P»rU  have  condeiun'd 
tbfir  <lt>ctriiif  m  Um<mrioiit."—Bp.  Taylor:  A  Dit- 
<»•"■»' "/  Con^rmntion.  f  I, 

2.  C'lreless,  heeilless  ;  done  at  random. 

"Tlir  wit  uf  man  couM  nut  i»enuniU-  tiliii  tlmt  tliia 
wx«  .1.  mr  I'jr  the  trinnrariout  diuhes  uf  an  uneuliltxl 
t*n    —llni:  frmtioti. 

**tiSm-e-rar-i-oJU-lj^,  wiv.  [Eng.  ^fm*-- 
rrfri.L.?;  -^v.]  In  a  temerarious  manner; 
rxsldy.  riikles>ly,  heedlessly. 

"  Uinr  ■■i-hiion  .-(lul  wnteiice  ...  I  do  not  temr. 
rnrloHi/j,  .lertue/ — flurfK-f ,    Keeord*,  vol.  i.,  bk.  ilL, 

"  tSm-e-ra'-tion,  *.  [Lat.  tcmeratuSf  pa.  par. 
of  tfrnt-'o  =  to  pollute.]    Pollution,  contami- 

natioT!. 

"  Tlif  trmeration  of  .  .  .  popaUr  preachern."— 
J«Trr^}f  Tantor:  Smnotti.  ill.  312. 

t£  -  mer -1  -  tj^.  •  te-mer-l-tie»  s.     (Fr. 

trmr--it.-,  from  I^t.  tn.nrilatem.  accus.  of 
tanfrtta.',  front  frmf re  =  rashly,  from  tlie  same 
root  n.^  Sansc.  ?«i»irt.*  =  darkness,  dimness.] 
Heedles,-.iiexsor  reckU-ssness  of  consequences  ; 
extP-nitventuresomeness;  recklessness,  rash- 
ness 

••  Hr  w«jQ  IjecADie.  uiifurtuiwtely  for  liia  coiintrv. 
hulil  ct  tu  t"  t^nrritji.  —JIaeaiifiig  :  tlitt.  Ettg.,  ch.  xv. 


H't'k  :.•-,.  rash. 


(Lat.     tatiere  =  rashly.] 


■   Trv'^r..fii  t.mDtre«»e  Ihjit  detlght«  in  toyes." 
^ '\<rr't„if  Author* :  Afft.  an  Unttedfutt  Wmnaii. 

•  t^m  -er-olis-lj^,  car.  [Eng.  Umermis  ;  -hiA 
Recklessly,  rasbly. 

"Not  th.it  I  r«'Tn*rft..«;./,llfllne  unythinK  to  come  " 
—Bit^     J'n-tyr.  j.t.  n.,  f,j.  (,j_  * 

tem'-in,  -.  fXative  tenn.]  A  money  of 
«cco!int  Hi  Algiers,  equivalent  to  two  caml>c8 
■T  twi-iitj-nuie  a^rKsra,  alwnt  ITs.  sterling. 

Tdm' -minck,  ■^\  [C.  J.  Temminck,  a  Dutch 
natiirahsr,  director  of  the  Academv  of  Arts 
and  Mcientcs  at  Haarlem,  who  froni  1807  t<i 
181.*.  published  works  on  mammals  and  birds  ] 
(Spc  .-'yr!:.  r»n«l  Compounds.) 

Temminck's  bat,  ■'. 

/.<•■•_   .-   .toih-U's  t.niMiiickii,  .ibout  three 
•iig.  varying  considerably  in  colour, 


indite 


griicrall>  dark  olive-brown  aboM-, 
t>r  yellowisli  wliite  Ixdow.  It 
ntnge  in  tlie  I-^asl. 

Temmlnok's  tragopan. 

Ornii/i.  :  VcrivruLi  tcmminchii. 


and  rinldisli 
lia»   a   wide 


iTlUOOPAN.] 

tdm  -nd'ddn,  s.    [Gr.  Titifto(temm)  =  to  cut ; 

stilt'.  -ihIvii,] 

IrhOiv.:  A  genus  of  Carangtdie,  from 
tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas.  Dody  oblong, 
eompn-ssed.  covervd  with  oycUtid  »&des  of 
nuNlerate  size ;  mouth-i-left  wide  ;  strong 
tt'eth  in  jaws,  smaller  on  vomer  and  jialatiiie 
Imiih-s  ;  no  (inlets;  lutei-al  line  not  shielded; 
anal  and  second  tlorsal  covci*ed  with  very 
snudl  .scales.  TemmMlon  mttat(yr,  the  Blue- 
lish,  is  liiglilyi.>iiteemed  as  food. 

t^m-pe'-an,  a.  [Sec  def.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Tempi',  a  ct'Iebniled  and  beautiful  vale  in 
Thessjtiy.  di'serilu'd  by  the  poet-s  as  the  most 
delightful  spot  on  the  earth;  hence,  tig., 
delightful,  enchanting,  lovely. 

tern -per, '  tem-pre, '  tem-pri-en,  r.t.  &i. 

[Fr.  tetii]irrcr=:  to  temjier,  from  Lat.  tcmjiero 
=  to  ajiportion,  to  modemtc,  to  regulate,  t^o 
qualify.  Allied  to  tcmj'us  =  time  ;  tcmperi, 
trmpori  =  seasonably  ;  Sp.  temperaT,  tevipiar  ; 
Port,  tanj^rar :  Ital.  temiicrarc.] 

A.  Trausitivc : 

I,  Ordinary  L(ingua<!c : 

1.  To  moderate,  to  regulate,  to  govern,  to 
control. 

"  with  whicli  the  dniiined  [rlioats  he  govemetb, 
Aud  furies  nilfs,  aiid  Tartare  tcmprretfi." 

S/icuht:  MoVifr  IlubhT<C»  Tale,  1.234. 

2.  To  reduce  tlio  excess,  violence,  harsh- 
ness, or  severity  of;  to  qualify,  to  moderate, 
to  soothe,  to  calm. 

"  O  womiui,  lovely  wuiuiiii!  Kiitiire  made  thee 
To  tem  pertimn:  we  hnd  heeii  biiitea  wLtliuiit  you." 
urtritt/:  ftuiiir  /'rricrrcd,  i.  I. 

3.  To  mingle,  uii\,  or  combine  properly  or 
in  due  proporticui ;  to  blend  ;  to  form  by 
mixture;  to  compound. 

"  Then  iu  ii  IhuvI  hi-  tt-mpcra  ceiierous  wines. 
Around  whose  verne  .i  luimie  ivy  twines." 

Pope:  Bomcr;  (klytsc;/,  xvi.  53, 

4.  To  proportiondulyasregaidsconstituent 
parts  ;  to  unite  or  coiubine  in  due  i>roportion  ; 
to  adju.st. 

"God  hath  tempervtl  the  body  together  .  .  .  that 
there  sliuuUI  W  nu  nehisni  iu  the  body,  but  that  the 
members  should  have  thesnme  care  one  for  another  " 
1  Corinth,  xii.  24,  55. 

5.  To  mix  and  work  up. 

"TheiMter.  U-m)terinri  solt  earth,  fashioneth  even- 
vessel  with  much  labour."— M'(«dom  xv.  7, 

fi.  To  qualify  by  the  intermixture  or  addi- 
tion of  .something  to  reduce  to  due  condition 
by  combining  with  something  else. 

"  I  shall  fe'Ti/ierso 
.Justice  "itli  mercy,  as  may  illustnite  most 
Them  fully  witisfied,  and  taee  aiijie-ise." 

MUton:  P.  /,.,  x.  TT. 

7.  To  form  to  a  jiroper  degree  of  hardness. 

[TEMPKRINf!.] 

"  We  niUBt  dii  i\s  the  smiths  who  temper  yrou.  "—P 
I/olland:  riuttinh,  ii.  Ob. 

*  8.  To  fashion,  to  mould,  to  dispose. 

_,  "Tiashe, 

That  tempert  him  to  this  extremity." 

Shaketp.:  /iicliard  III.,  i.  l. 

9.  To  warm. 

"  What  wax  BO  frozen  but  dissolves  vith  tempering  f" 
•rr    ft,    ,     ■     ,,       i^ftakesp- :  Venus  *  Adonit.  5G5. 

IL  TechmcaUi/: 

1.  Founding ;  To  moisten  and  work  up  to  a 
proper  consi.stency  ;  as,  To  temivr  clay. 

2.  Music:  To  adjust,  as  the  scale  of  tones  or 
sounds  of  a  llxed-toned  instniment,  so  as  to 
enable  it  to  be  played  in  any  key  ;  to  raise  or 
lower  slightly  as  the  various  notes  of  an 
instrument,  so  that  the  intervals  in  each  key 
sliall  be  as  fiir  as  possible  equally  agreeable. 
[Trmpkuament.] 

*  B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  have  or  actiuire  a  proper  or  desired 
statfi  or  quality  ;  to  become  soft  and  pliable. 

"I  have  him  rdrewly  tnnpcrina  between  my  fiiiser 
and  my  thuni)..  and  sh.-rtly  will!  .seal  with  him.^— 
Shakes/,. :  2  //r.ir//  /I'.,  iv.  ;;. 

2.  To  accord ;  to  act  and  think  in  accord 
or  eonforniity. 

■■  Fe*w  men  rightly  frm,,er  with  the  stats." 

Skitkesp. :  3  /leuru  IV..  iv.  o. 

tem'-per,  .•*.    [Te.mper.  r.  ;  cf.  Lat 
=  a  tempering,  right  admixture.] 
I.  Ordinarii  Lcnujuaifc : 

'  1.  Bodily  teinpenMuent;  that  constitu- 
tion of  body  arising  from  the  due  blendin-  or 


.  tcmperies 


mixture    of    the    four    principal    humoursi, 
[Temi'ekamknt  L  :j.I 

"The  exi|ulBiteiiewt  of  his  (the  Siiviour's]  bodily 
t^nnuer  lucroMed  the  ex<|iiislteneHa  of  his  torment."— 
Sillier:  I'it'jtth  ai-jht,  i.  a^5. 

2.  l>ue  iidxture  of  dillcrcnt  qualities;  tli  ■ 
state  of  any  compound  substance  which 
results  from  the  mixture  of  various  ingre- 
dients. 

"  Nothing  better  |iroveth  the  excellency  of  thi-t  sui! 
and  rei«;«T,  than  the  ahnndaut  growing  of  the  italiii 
int-.'—liitlei-jK:  tlisf.  Wurfd. 

'  3.  Middle  course,  state,  or  character ; 
mean,  medium. 

"  If  the  est/ites  of  some  bishops  were  exorbitant 
before  the  reforniatloii,  the  pieseiit  clerey's  wlnhe^ 
reach  no  further  than  that  suiiie  reiisonable  temper 
liml  been  used,  inateud  of  paring;  them  so  quick."— 
Hiei/t :  Uisceltartiei. 

'  4.  Calmness  of  mind  ;  moderation,  self- 
restraint,  temperateness. 

"  Oh  !  blessed  with  teinper,  whose  unclouded  ray 
Oau  make  tu -morrow  cheerful  as  to-day," 

Pope:  Moral  Kttaffi.  ii.  257. 

5.  Disposition  of  mind;  constitution  of  the 
mind,  especially  as  regards  the  j)assions  aud 
affections. 

"  His  temper,  in  spite  of  manifold  vexations  and 
provocatu.us.  was  always  cheerful  iind  serene."— 
Maritutii;/ :  I/i$l.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

6.  Mood,  humour,  disposition. 

"Thus  the  nation  was  iu  Buch  a  temjier  that  the 
amaUest    spark    might    raise   .•»    flame."— JAicait^xv 
Ilist.  Kii'}..  ch.  ii.  " 

7.  Heat  of  mind  or  passion  ;  proneness  or 
(lisjiosition  to  give  way  to  anger,  rage,  or 
passion ;  irritation. 

8.  Habits;  natural  inclinations. 

•'  Such  as  have  a  knowledge  of  the  town  may  easily 
class  themselves  with  fcmprr^  congenial  to  their  own 
—Goldsmith :  Fssaj/s.  i. 

9.  The  State  of  a  metal,  particularly  as  rt - 
gnrds  its  hnrdness. 

"The  hot  pieces  of  iron  he  would  hammer  out 
ami  hardtfu  them  to  a  good  temper  as  tlieie  was  ocea- 
i^um.—fMmpier:  Vo>/age8(Mi.  icSS). 

10.  Quality. 

■' His  courage  was  of  the  truest  temper;  his  under- 
standing strong  hut  narrow."— .V«rai,/([i/ ;  ffist.  Ewj., 

U.  An  alloy  used  by  pewterers,  consisting 
of  two  parts  of  tin  to  one  of  copper. 

11.  Sugar-manvf.  :  Milk  of  lime,  or  it-^ 
equivalent,  added  to  boiling  syrup  to  clarif\ 
it  and  neutralize  the  superabundant  acid. 

^  For  the  difference  between  temper^  di'.s- 
iiosifiou,  and  frame,  see  Disposition. 

temper-screw,  5. 

1.  n'rll-boring:  A  piece  by  which  the  tools 
are  suspended  from  the  walking  beam,  and 
are  loweretl  as  the  drilling  progresses. 

2.  A  set-screw  for  adjustment;  one  whieh 
brings  its  point  against  a  bearing  or  an  object. 

tem'-per-a,  s.    [ital.] 

/V'/»/. ;  Tlie  same  as  Distemper  (2)  Cq.v.). 

' tem'-per-a-ble,  0.  [Eng.  temi^r ;  -oWc] 
Capable  of  being  tempered. 

tem'-perTa-ment,  .t.  [Lat.  temperament tim 
=  a  mean,  moderation,  from  tempero  —  U> 
moderate,  to  temper  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ordinary  Lttnguage : 

'■  1.  A  compromise  or  middle  ground  on 
which  two  contending  parties  can  meet;  a 
medium  between  two  extreme  opinions;  a 
middle  course  or  an  arrangement  reached  by 
mutual  concession,  or  by  tempering  tlie  ex- 
treme claims  on  either  side ;  adjustment  of 
opposing  influences,  or  the  means  by  wliich 
such  an  adjustment  is  effected. 

"  However,  I  forejudge  not  any  probable  expedient 
any  fcm;*rr(inieiif  that  can  Iw  found  in  things  of  thi-^ 
nature,  so  disputable  ou  either  aii.\e."~ Milton  :  /{cadu 
itml  Eniy  Wau  to  Establish  a  Free  Commonwealth. 

2.  State  with  regard  to  the  relative  propor- 
tion of  different  qualities  or  constituent  parts 
constitution  ;  due  mixture  of  opposite  or  dif- 
ferent qualities  ;  a  condition  arising  from  the 
X>roper  blending  of  various  quidities. 

■'  Galen  was  not  a  better  physician  than  an  ill  divine 
while  he  determines  the  soul  to  he  the  cumplexiou  ami 
temper'imrnt  of  the  prime  qualities,  —fl;;.  Null :  Th 
Infinrble  iVorld.  bk.  ix.,  §  1. 

3.  That  individual  peculiarity  of  physical 
organization,  by  which  the  manner  of  actin-. 
feeling,  and  thinking  of  each  person  is  jier- 
manently  affected.  Temperament,  called  by 
the  Greeks  *cpda-i?  (krasi$),  meaning  a  niixturi' 
or  tempering  of  elements,  was  anciently  sup- 
posed, to  arise  from  the  union  of  two  or  more 
of  the  entities,  lieat,  cold,  drought,  or  mois- 
ture, corresponding  to  the  so-called  elements, 
lire,  air,  earth,  and  water.    There  were  four 


fcte.  fat,  are.  amidst,  what,  fall,  father  •  wS    «s*    »,  ,       -  a  

or.  wore.  wpU.  worl.  ^J:J^^'^i::!\^;^r^  '"''•  """'=  ^''''  "'''  '""•  '^^  "^^^ 


rule.  fuU;  try,  Syrian,    se. 


e ;  ey : 


go,  pSt, 
a :  qn  =  kw. 


temperamental— temperature 


19 


temperaments  reoognizeii  by  liippocrntes, 
whifh  he  supposes  to  have  arisen  I'roin  tlie 
niixtnre  nf  fnur  seeondary  or  uompomni  ele- 
ments, blood,  phlejjni  or  pituitn,  yellow  bile, 
and  black  bile.  Hlnod  is  supposed  by  liini 
to  be  a  combination  nf  hot  and  mi'ist,  plilegm 
of  cold  and  moist,  yellow  bile  of  hot  and  diy, 
and  black  bile  of  cold  and  dry.  Whilst  his 
exi'laiiationis  rejected,  his  four  temperaments 
are  still  reco;;nized  under  tlie  names  of  the 
Sanguine  or  Sanguineous,  tlie  Lymphatic  or 
Phlegmatic,  the  Choleric  or  Bilious,  and  the 
Melancholic  or  Atrabilious  temperaments. 
(See  these  words.) 

'^ i.  Condition,  as  to  heat  or  cold;  tem- 
perature. 

"  They  do  not  provide  [refreshments]  in  proportion 
to  the  fertility  of  the  suil,  luul  the  tempfrument  of  the 
L-limate-"— Coot;  Firtt  forage,  bk.  lii..  oh.  xiv. 

II.  Music:  In  its  broadest  sense,  the  divisioii 
of  the  octave  ;  in  a  narrower  sense,  the  modi- 
tieation  of  intervals  from  their  strict  mathe- 
niatical  value  in  order  to  secure  a  recurring 
and  interchangeable  series  in  consecutive  oc- 
taves. The  most  common  form  of  tempera- 
juent  is  that  now  used  on  pianofortes  and 
organs,  known  as  Equ.il  Temperament,  in 
which  the  octave  is  divided  into  twelve  equal 
jiarts  called  mean  scniitones  ;  but  in  order  to 
secure  this,  the  fifths  have  to  be  slightly 
flatter  than  3  :  2,  antt  the  thirds  considerably 
sharper  than  5  : 4.  If  thirds  an<l  fifths  be 
required  in  just  intonation,  tlie  number  of 
keys  on  keyed  instruments  must  be  incon- 
veniently multiplied ;  such  instruments  are 
sometimes  called  eniiarmoiiic.  Systems  of 
Unequal  Temperament  are  such  as  &-ecure 
perfect  correctness  in  certain  common  keys 
at  the  sacrifice  of  the  intonation  uf  tliose 
more  remote. 

%  For  the  diflerence  between  temperament 
and  frame,  see  Frame. 

"  tem-per-a-ment'-al,  c.     lEng.  tempera- 

mrnt :    -nL]     Constitutional ;    pfrtaining   tt.i 

the  temperament. 

"  And  by  it,  'tia  easie  t^  give  an  accouut  of  dreams, 
both  monitory  and  Innperatneiitaf,  onthusiasm^, 
fanatick  extiiies.  and  tlie  like." — OlaitPill,  Ess,  6. 

'  tem-per-a-ment'-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  ie»i- 
peraniental :  -ly.]  In*  temperament ;  as  re- 
gards temperament. 

•■  Not  more  unlike,  pliysically  or  tcmporamentfiffi/, 
were  Br^beuf  and  J^ilemant. "—Scriftner*  ilnyazint; 
May,  laao,  1'.  Sit. 

tern  'Per-an9e,  •  tein'-per-an-93^,  *  tern- 
per~aun'ce,  ■•'.  [Fr.  tcmpirance,  fn^m  LaL 
temperantia  =  nioderation,  temperance,  from 
temperans,  pr.  par.  of  tempera  =  to  temper 
(q.v.);  Sp.  temperancia. :  Port,  temperanga  : 
Ital.  tempera  ma^  tempranza.  Sir  Thomas 
Elyot,  writing  in  1534,  says  that  the  word  was 
not  tlien  in  general  use.] 

1.  Moderation  ;  observance  of  moderation  ; 
tenipfrateness  ;  specilically — 

(1)  Self-restraint;  moderation  of  passion; 
patience,  calmness.    (Milton  :  P.  L.,  xii.  5Sii.) 

(2)  Habitual  moderation  in  regard  to  the 
indulgence  of  the  natural  appetites  and  pas- 
sions ;  abstinence  fioni  all  excess,  improper 
indulgence,  or  the  use  of  anything  injurious 
to  moral  or  physical  well-being  ;  restrained 
or  moderate  indulgence;  in  a  more  limited 
sense,  abstinence  from  or  niodeiation  in  the 
use  of  intoxicating  liquors,  {Milton  :  P,  L., 
xi.  '.31,) 

*  2.  Chastity.  (Shakesp.  :  lia.pc  of  Lucrecc, 
SS4,) 

*  3.  Agreeable  temperature  ;  mild  climate. 

"  It  1  the  iaiand]  must  needs  he  of  subtle,  tender,  and 
delicate  tetnperance." — Sfiakesi). :  Tempest,  ii.  I. 

1[  Temperance  is  frequently  used  adjectively, 
as  a  tan-perancc  society,  a  temperance  meeting, 
&c. 

temperance  hospital,  s. 

Med.:  A  hospital  iu  which  alcohol  is  not 
used  as  a  beverage,  and  is  only  employed  very 
sparingly  and  under  test  conditions  as  a  medi- 
cine. One  was  established  in  London  towards 
the  end  of  1S73.  In  May,  1880,  Dr.  James 
Edmimds,  the  senior  physician,  reported  that 
the  death-rate  had  only  been  4i  per  cent., 
which  he  held  (<»  justify  the  principle  of  treat- 
ing the  patients  without  alcoliol.  Subsequent 
experience  has  bcon  of  a  similar  kind. 

temperance-liotel,  -i.  An  imtel  where 
no  intuxicating  liquors  are  .supplied. 

temperance -movement,  .^. 

iii.-if.:  A  movement  designed  (1)  to  minimise 


or(L*)t"  abolish  the  usi-  of  alcoholic  liquors  as 
beveiages.      In    the    first    sense     the    word 
"teinperaTice"  is  used  strictly,  i.e.,  the  aim 
at    nmderation    in    the    use    of   liquors ;    in 
the  second  sense    it   is   equivalent  to  totul 
abstinence.      The      Jewish     Nazarltcs     and 
Rechabites  acted  on  total  abstinence   prin- 
ciples   (Num.     vi.     1-21,    Jer.     xxxv.     1-ii) 
[Kecuabite  (1)],  as  did  the  Encratites  (q.v.) 
of  the  second  Christian  century.    Most  of  the 
higher  Hindoo  castas  and  all  tiie  Muhamma- 
dans    nominally    abstain    from    intoxicating 
liquor.      The   "earliest    modern    temperance 
(T'ler  was  that  of  St.  Christi>phrr,  founded  in 
Ccrmany  in  1517,  the  meml>crs  uf  which  were 
pledged  not  to  drink  more  tlian  seven  goblets 
of  liiiuor  at  a  meal,  "except  in  cases  where 
tliis  measnie  was  not  suHicient  to   quench 
tliirst."     Ill  1000    the   Landgrave  of   Hesse 
established      another      temperance      order. 
AmiTica    was    earlier    than   Britain    in    the 
modern  tompeniuce  niovement.     In  1651  the 
pri'pli-  ,if  East  Hampton,  Long  Island,  endeav- 
nuiid  to  limit  the  Side  of  intoxicating  drinks. 
In  1760  the  religious  societies  began  to  pro- 
test against  drinking  at  funerals  ;  in  1780  a 
resolution  was  passed  by  farmers  to  abstain 
from    liquor    during    that   season ;    and    in 
1790  medical  men,  led  by  Dr.  Rush,  protested 
against  the  use  of  spirits,  and  four  years  later 
he  recommended  total  abstinence.    The  Hrst 
total    abstinence    pledge    was    drafted     by 
IMicajah  Pendleton,  of  Virginia.     In  1812  the 
Rev.  H.  Humphrey  recommended  total  ab- 
stinence, as   did    Dr.    Lyman   Beecher,   and 
various    temperance    societies   arose.      Not, 
however,  till  1836  was  the  American  Temper- 
ance  Union    formed  on  the  basis    of   total 
abstinence.      From     1845    commenced    the 
various  orders  with  ritual  and  insignia,  which 
have  gradually  been  extended  to  or  imitated 
in  Britain.  As  early  as  1818  a  total  abstinence 
society,  believed  to  have  been  the  fii-st  in 
date  throughout  the  world,  had  been  founded 
at  Skibbereen,    in  Ireland.      On   October   2 
and    5,     1820,    temperance     societies     were 
formed    at  Maryhill,   near    Glasgow,  and  in 
Greenock ;    and    the    Glasgow  and  West    of 
Scotland  Temperance  Society  was  instituted 
on  November  12,  1829.     In  1830  abstinence 
societies  arose  at  Dunfermline  ;  in  January, 
1832,    at    Paisley,    Glasgow,    Greenlaw,    in 
Berwickshire,  &c".     In  England  the  moA'ement 
began  at  Bradford  in  February,  1S30.      The 
British  and  Foreign  Temi)erance  Society  was 
formed  iu  London  early  in  1831.    On  June 
29,   ISyS,  the    English   temperance  societies 
were  said  to  lie  thirty,  and  a  year  later  there 
were  301,  with  a  membership  of  5.S,433.     On 
August    23,    1832.   Joseph   Livesey,   then  a 
member  of  the  Preston  Temperance  Society, 
drew  tip  the  teetotal  pledge,  the  first  signers 
of  which  are  known  as  the  "seven  men  of 
Preston."    This  inaugurated  the  modern  tee- 
total movement.    In  September,  1835,  being 
in  London,  Livesey  formed  the  British  Tee- 
total Temperance  Society.      In  1838  Father 
Theobald  Mathew,  a  Capuchin  friar,  became 
the  apostle  of  teini>eraiice  for  Ireland,  and  by 
the  end  of  1839  obtained  1,800,000  recruits 
to  the  cause.     On   November  23,  1842,  the 
National  Temperance  Society  arose  through 
the  union  of  two  previously  existing  organisa- 
tions.     On  November  5,  1844,  the  Western 
Scottish  Temjierance  Union  was  dissolved  in 
favour  of  the  Scottish  Temperance  League.   In 
October,  1853,  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance, 
"  to  promote  the  total  and  immediate  legisla- 
tive suppression  of  the  traffic  in   all  intoxi- 
cating liquors  as  beverages,"  was  inaugurated 
in  Manchest-er.     The  same  year  the  Forbes 
Mackenzie  Act  came  into  operation  in  Scot- 
laud,  and  a  Royal  Commission  in  1859  reported 
in  its  favour.     The  United   Kingdom   Band 
of  Hope  Union  was  founded  in  May,  1855. 
In    1S68   the    Independent    Order   of    Good 
Templars   was    planted  in  England  by  Mr. 
Joseph    Malins.       In    February,     1873,    the 
Church  of  England  Temjterance  Society  was 
reorganised  on  the  double  basis  of  modera- 
ticm    and    total    abstinence,    receiving    the 
sanction  of  a  large  majority  of  the  bishops, 
and  two  years   later  was  patronised  by  the 
Queen.       About    the    same    date    Cardinal 
Manning  and  Father  Nugent   commenced   a 
vigorous  temperance   movement  airiong  the 
Roman  Catholics.  In  1872  an  Act  with  several 
restrictive  clauses  was  passed  by  the  Glad- 
stone Government;    and  in  the    succeeding 
Parliament  the  only  concession  the  publicans 
could  obtain   was  that  their  houses  should 
remain  open  half  au  hour  longer  than  was 


permitted  by  the  Act  of  1872.  In  May.  1876. 
a  memorial  was  presented  to  the  Archbisho]* 
of  Canterbury  by  13,500  clergymen,  requesting 
him  to  move  in  the  matter  in  the  House  nf 
Lords,  which  he  did  ;  and  in  March,  1871*.  the 
report  of  a  Select  Committee,  appointed  at  his 
iiist-ance,  was  made.  The  feeling  in  favour  of 
temperance  is  steadily  growing,  and  tin'  numer- 
ous societies  with  their  large  nnniliri>|iip  cnn- 
stitute  a  very  potent  st>ci!d  and  iu>titieal  force 

temperance  society,  ':. 

1.  A  society  pledging  its  members  to  tem- 
perance or  moderation  in  the  use  of  intoxi- 
cating liquors.  «^ 

2.  A  total  abstinence  society,  or,  in  some 
cases,  a  society  on  a  double  basis,  so  that  a 
member  may  profess  cither  temperance  [1]  oi- 
total  abstinence.     [Temperance  Moveme.n't.I 

*■  tem'-per-an-9y,  s.    [Temperance.] 

tem-per-ate,  '  tem-por-at.  a.  [Lat. 
temiwratus,  pa.  par.  of  tcmpero  =  to  moderate, 
to  tamper  (q.v.).] 

1.  Not  swayed  by  passion  ;  exercising  self- 
restraint;  cool,  calm,  self- restrained. 

"  In  the  mind  of  a  temperate  person,  all  lieth  I'hiinc 
and  even  on  everie  aide  ;  nothing  there  but  quietueitm- 
and  integrity."—/*.  BoUand:  Plutarch,  p.  51. 

2.  Not  excessive  as  regards  tlie  use  of  lan- 
guage ;  calm,  measured,  moderate,  not  vio- 
lent; as,  temperate  language,  a  temperate 
speaker. 

3.  Moderate  as  regards  the  indulgence  of 
the  natural  appetites  or  passions  ;  abstemious. 

"  In  yonth  his  hahits  had  been  temperate :  and  his 
temperance  had  ita  nroper  reward,  a  sirijfularly  gnjen 
and  vigorous  old  age.  —  J/aca«/(i.v.'  Bi3t.  Eng.,  ch,  xiv. 

4.  Not  violent  or  excessive  in  opinions  or 
views  ;  moderate. 

"He  belonged  to  the  mildest  and  most  temperate 
section  of  the  PuriUn  body."— .l/0(vn(/ay .'  Bist.  Enu., 
ch.  iv. 

5.  Moderate  as  regards  the  amount  of  heat ; 
not  liable  to  excess  of  heat  or  cold  ;  mild. 

"  Sliall  I  compare  thee  to  a  summers  day? 
Thou  art  more  lovely  and  more  temperate." 

Shakesp.  :  Sontict  18. 

*  6.  Chaste  ;  not  hot-blooded. 

"She  is  not  hot,  hut  temperate  as  the  morn." 

Shakesp:  Taming  of  the  !<hretr,  ii. 

*  7.  Proceeding  from  temperance  :  as,  tcm- 
perote  sleep. 

temperate-zones,  .^.  pi. 

Phy.'iiral  Geog. :  The  spaces  on  the  earth 
between  tlie  tropics  and  the  polar  circle, 
where  the  heat  is  less  than  in  the  tropics, 
and  the  cold  less  than  in  the  polar  circles. 
[Zone.] 

*  tem'-per-ate,  v.t.  [Temperate,  a.]  To 
temper,  to  moderate. 

"  In  the  deep  viiae.  that  shone  like  bnrniahed  gold, 
The  boiling  fluid  temperiites  the  cold." 

Pope  :  Bomvr  ;  Odyssey  xix.  453. 

tern  -per-ate-ly,  ^  tem-per-at-ly,    adv. 

[Eng.  teTiiperate ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  temperate,  cool,  or  quiet  manner  ; 
without  heat  or  passion ;  calmly,  quietly. 

"  His  youth 
So  temperately  warm,  so  ch.aately  cool." 

Thompson:  Sickness.  iL 

2.  Without  over-indulgence  in  eating,  drink- 
ing, or  the  like. 

*  3.  Moderately;  not  excessively. 

"  By  winds  that  temj-eratef;/  blow, 
The  bark  aliould  pass  secure  and  slow." 

Addison.    iTodd.i 

tem  -  per  -  ate  -  neas.    *  tern  -  per  -  ate  - 

nesse.  ?■     lEng.  temperate;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  temperate  ; 
moderation ;  absence  of  heat  or  passion  ; 
calmness,  quiet. 

"The  increased  femperateneM  in  the  language  of 
teetotJiUers."— />ai7//  Telegraph.  March  S,  1887. 

2.  Temperance  ;  moderation  or  self-restraint 
as  regards  tlie  indulgence  of  the  natural  appe- 
tites or  desires. 

*  3.  Freedom  from  excessive  heat  or  cold. 

"By  reason  of  this  hayle  the  ayre  was  brought 
into  a  good  temper<ifene»sc."—Beriiers :  /■'rvistarf  ; 
Cron'icle,  vol.  ii..  ch.  cIxxL 

*  tem'-per-a-tive,  a.  [Eng.  temj)erot(v) : 
•ire]  Having  the  power  or  quality  of  tem- 
pering, 

"The  air  drawn  in  and  sent  forth  by  the  breftlh. 
which  is  temjienUivc  of  the  heart's  \ii}nt."—0 ranger  ■ 
On  Eccles.,  p.  15. 

tem'-per-a-ture,  s.  [Fr.,  from  L;it.  tem- 
jvratnra  =^ dae.  measure,  proportion,  temper- 
ature ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  tevqjeratura.] 


boil,  boy;  poiit,  jo^frl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9liin,  ben^h;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  ^enophon,  es^st.    -ing. 
-eian,  -tian  =  shan.     tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tiou,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious»  -tious.  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


to 


tempered— templar 


•  I.  )l.«lrn«M..u  ;  rrrolom  from  IramodiTit*' 

•  .'.  c  •ruiituUoii,    it^te;    Atgnr    at   uny 

.,:,,|.t... 

T.t|»(»D»  ftnd   the 

;  that   wtiich  in 

.i«Lu..  .  »  <  'U.j-'Uiut,  a  CHiiiliiua- 


-  H*..«  |Im  Ant  ol  lh«a*.  «Bil  lh«  l»aod»tloo  nf  all 

.    1  r  .i,r    tr-.t-T.iturr    ,j(    fMF  »ml    luV»  : 

III  \<m  m\mn.tKA  kii 

•  twi.  li.  Mr.  1. 


'^•i;«rarwr«  i>(  *lltTitMl.~ 

•5 

>r  ntnioHptitrric  heat  ; 

-.»t.  •»  •njipr**  All 
f  It  Iwfurv  th«  <li^ 

;  ,,,  ,„    _  ...urnl. "— 't'oodnMrd  ; 

0.  Ill  the  Mmc  wdm  as  II. 

II  ■■<■■■■  iMn-nsity  of  niiliant  hoat.  Tin- 
(,  .my   iHKiy   in   the  txteiit   ti» 

.V  fo'iinivirt   BOnsiMtf  heat  to 

f  '-■'»]'vnilurc  of  a  IrfMiy  may 

t .  •■>  it   or  withilrawiiig 

fi  'of  r.Miiuiit  heat.     A 

c  ,  t.tken  from  a  ItoiU^r  re- 

;aa«  hi^h  a  lempera- 
t  vessel,  hut  tlw  limit<'d 

.1  it  ran  radiite  has  a 

I,  II  nuHiiig  that  of  other  bodies. 

T.i.  if  any  given  bmly  is  detcr- 

I ...         ,   ciIh*hoat(q.v.X  Forwn'high 

t.  iiil>ir.ttiir^  it  i»  measured  by  a  jtyrometer 

(.|.v.).  f.T  nrdinary  temperalnre,  by  a  ther- 

i...».L.  ■- 1   1.  ■.  I     (Vor  the  caiiaes  wliich  regu- 

• -ire  rtf  tiie  several  countries, 

.    iHothennal.)    Tcinperatxirt' 

I-         cniioctinn  with  the  animal 

1-»1>.  Ill  lilt-  w.irm-blooded  animnls,  binls, 
and  m.immals,  the  temperature  of  tlie  body 
remaiHR  constant  at  35^  to  40'  C,  whatever 
1*  the  iHVit  of  the  air.  Tlie  temperature  of 
tii.in  i«  about  ST'tJ'  C.  ((t9-7'  Fahr.) ;  in  the 
wolf  it  i-^  said  to  be  as  low  as  :i6"24-  C,  while 
in  the  swallow  it  is  44'  C.  In  the  cold- 
t.lonileil  anifiiaUit  is  but  slightly  raised  above 
the  surrounding  air.  In  the  frog  it  is  rarely 
more  than  '04"  to  -05*  C.  above  l]iat  of  the 
nti;»i>sphere,  and  in  a  species  of  python  it  is 
VI  C.  whih;  Huber  found  that  in  a  beehive 
It  xmc  at  times  to  40'  C.  Plants  as  a  rule 
do  not  greatly  vary  in  temperature  from 
th^  surrounding  atmosphere,  except  when 
they  flower,  wlien  their  lieat  rises  some 
degree*'.  Tlie  probable  cause  is  the  increased 
absorption  nf  oxygen  and  the  fonnation  of  a 
large  tpiantity  of  carbon  dioxide.  Minerals 
niid  roi-ks  v;iry  in  their  radiant  heat,  paitly  as 
thi-y  arc  exposr^d  to  ext^nial  luat,  partly 
according  to  the  nature  of  cliemical  changes, 
if  any,  which  they  are  undergoing. 

"  How  inuoli  thr  t^mprrature  of  the  .itr  Vftries  here 
ii«llily    fierce ive.'— Coo*  ;    Tiiifd 

temperature-alarm.  *:.  A  mechanical 
coi.tri Vance  which  automatically  makes  a 
signal  when  the  temperature  of  the  place 
where  it  is  locAted  exceeds  or  falls  below  a 
determinate  point. 

tem'-pered,  «.    lEng.  temper,  s. ;  -td.] 

1.  Having  a  certain  temper  or  disposition  ; 
diHi>OH«>d  ;  UHually  in  composition,  as  good- 
ttmiyirctl,  hol-ft  m;<cr«/,  &c. 

"  If  I  h«d  not  Ml  ncellent  tempered  luttlence.  now 
Mhiiiitd  I  tirexk  tlili  fallow'*  h<.iMl."—fieauTn.  <£  Fiet.  : 
OorcmA.  li 

2.  Subjcrted  to  and  improved  by  the  opera- 
tion of  tein[«>riiig  (q.v.);  hardened. 

•'  Thi«  •c*-ptrr.  (urniod  by  U-mj-trtd  Bt<el  to  prove 
An  «nsigii  of  the  (ItlwrtV*  of  .love." 

f'opt :  ffumer;  JUad'i.  314 

tempered- glass,  s.    [Touohened- 

»;r  IK"  I 

tempered  steel,  ,^.    (Steel,  «.,  II.  l.] 

tern  -per-er,  ^.     (Kng.  Umper,  v. ;  .«■.]    One 

who  .»r  T  hat  which  t«;nH*ra ;  specif.,  a  machine 
in  wliich  arti'-les  are  ground  together,  with 
the  adilition  of  a  projier  quantity  of  water,  to 
intimately  conimingU-  them  and  develop  the 
plast'city.  .Sand  and  lime  thus  tempered 
form  mortar  ;  clay  thos  tempered  becomes  lit 
fnr  the  [x'ttei  K  M«e. 

t^m'-per-ingi  ;>'"•  por.,  a.,  it «.    [Temper,  r.] 
JL  tt  "B^  As  pr.  par.  dt  particip.  adj. ;  (See 

the  verb). 


C.  -4*  *f(''.*(iifi/itv  ; 

Mftut-u^'rk. :  The  process  of  producing  in  a 
m.tal,  ].arlieu!arlv  st*?el,  that  peculiar  degree 
uf  hanlneas  and  elasticity  which  udapUs  it  for 
anv  of  the  pnriwses  to  which  it  is  t^i  be  applied. 
The  malleable  nietaU  generally  increase  in 
hanlness  bv  l>eing  hanunered  or  rolled,  and 
haunner-hanU-ning— that  is.  hammering  with- 
out the  applieation  of  heal,  is  freqm  ntly  em- 
plov^-d  for  hai-dening  some  kinds  of  steel 
rtjiriiigs.  St*jel  is  for  most  purposes  hardened 
by  plunging  It  wf^ile  hot  into  water,  oil,  or 
idher  liiiuid,  to  cool  it  suddenly.  Nearly 
every  kind  of  steel  requires  a  particular 
degree  of  heat  to  imijart  t-i  it  the  grcjitest 
hardness  of  which  it  is  susceptible.  If  heated, 
and  suddenly  cooled  below  that  degree,  it 
iK-rontes  as  soft  as  iron  ;  if  heate<i  Wyond 
that  (legree,  it  becomes  very  hard,  though 
brittle  ;  and  its  bnttleiiess  is  an  indication  of 
the  degree  of  its  heat,  when  cooled  off.  By 
tlte  •'OTuiiion  method  tlie  steel  is  over-heated, 
plunged  in  cold  water,  and  then  annealed  or 
tempered  by  being  so  far  re-heated  that  oil 
and  tallow  will  burn  on  its  surface  ;  or  the 
surface  is  ground  and  polished,  and  the  steel 
reheated  until  it  assumes  a  certain  colour. 
Tlie  gradations  of  colour  consecutively  follow : 
a  light  straw. yellow,  violet,  blue,  and  finally 
gray  or  black,  when  the  steel  again  becomes 
as  soft  as  though  it  had  never  been  hardened. 
Bronze  is  temiiered  by  a  process  reverse  to 
that  adopted  with  steel.  Cooling  bronze 
slowly  hardens  it.  The  sudden  cooling  makes 
it  less  frangible,  and  is  adopted  with  gongs. 

•  tSm'-per-less,    *  tem'-per-lesse,   «. 

[Eng.    temper;    -le^s.]      Without   temper    or 
mofferatiou. 

'■  So  temperltue.  t«nuit«i  with  Fortune's  smile." 
Syiwtter:  Panaretut.l.XiA. 

tern' -pest,  s.  [0.  Fr.  tcvipeste  (Fr  Urap^te, 
from  a  Low  Lat.  *  Umpe^ta ;  Lat.  UmpesUts  = 
Season,  weather,  good  or  bad,  a  storm  ;  allied 
to   tempus  =  time  ;  S]).  temjicstad  ;  Ital.  teni- 

I.  Lit, :  A  violent  stonn ;  a  storm  of  extreme 
violence,  a  gale,  a  hunicane  ;  an  extensive 
current  of  wind  rushing  with  great  velocity, 
and  eonimonly  attended  with  heavy  rain,  hail, 
or  snow. 

"  Rifle,  rise  !  ye  wild  tempests,  and  cover  his  flielit  I " 
Cavipbell :  LochieVs  Warning. 

^  In  the  Midlands  the  word  tempest  always 
means  a  thunderstorm.  It  is  generally  used 
without  the  article :  as,  The  sky  threatens 
Unipest, 

II.  Fignralivehj: 

1.  A  violent  tumult,  commotion,  or  agita- 
tion ;  perturbation,  storm,  tumult. 

■■  Even  the  king  stood  aghoat  for  a  moment  at  the 
viuleuce  of  the  ttnnpeM  which  he  had  raised.  "—Jfttc- 
aulay:  ffUl.  J-'mj.,  en.  viil. 

*2.  A  fashionable  assembly.    (See  extract.) 

"  Drum  :  Thia  ia  a  rlotovis  assembly  of  fiiahiunJiWe 
jieople,  of  both  sexee,  at  «  niivnt*  house,  consisthi^  of 
Rome  hundreds ;  irnt  unnptly  styled  a  dniui,  from  the 
noise  and  emptiuess  of  the  eiitertHinioeut.  There  are 
also  dram-iiiajor,  rout,  tempest,  and  hurricane,  differ- 
ing only  ill  degrees  of  multitude  and  niToar.  as  the 
^'ik.'nificaiit  uaiue  of  each  iiecl&res."~SmoUett :  Advice. 
i-Vute  to  line  3<).) 

tempest-beaten,  a.  Beaten  or  shaken 
as  by  a  tempest. 

"  All  its  tempest-beaten  tiiiTeta  shake  " 

Cowper :  Task,  v.  27. 

tempest-god, .«. 

Aathrnp.  ;  A  deity  sv.ppo.sed  to  preside  over 
storms  anti  tempests. 

"  Descending  southward  to  Central  America,  there 
i«  found  mention  of  the  bird  Voc.  the  messenfe'er  of 
Uurakan,  the  Tmnpcgt-gnd  (whose  name  has  bt-en 
-idopted  111  Eur.)i>e.in  laugu.iges  an  ymraeano.  ouragan, 
hitrriciiiic)  of  the  Lightning  and  of  the  Thunder,"— 
Tytor  :  f'ri:ii.  Cult.  led.  1873),  i.  S63. 

tempest-tossed,  a.  Tossed  or  driven 
about  by  storms. 

"  Without  a  sudden  calm,  will  overset 
Thy  temj}ett -tossed  body." 

Stuikvsp.  :  Roijuo  A  Juliet,  iii.  5. 

•  tem'-pest,  v,t.  &  i.    [Tempest,  s.] 

A*  Transitive : 

1.  Lit.  :  To  disturb  by  or  as  by  a  tempest. 

"  Ijet  him  .  .  .  temppst  the  air 
With  volleyed  thunders  and  wild  warring  words." 
JL  Potter :  ,£tch!/ttu ;  Prometheits  Chained. 

2.  Fis. :  To  disturb  greatly,  to  agitate. 

"  His  ample  chest  all  tempested  with  force." 

Ttvmtson:  Liberty. 

B.  Inirans. :  To  pour  out  a  tempest ;  to 
storm. 

"  Thunder  and  tempest  on  those  learned  heads, 
W  horn  Ctesar  with  such  honour  di,itli  advance." 
Ben  Joiuon  :  Poetaster,  v.  l 


'  tem-pes'-tive,  «.  [Lat.  tempcstivus,  from 
tanpc^lti^  —  a  season.]     Seasonable. 

■•  Neilticr  ob"cured  from  the  com fortjible  beams  ot 
the  sun,  nur  covered  from  the  che«'rfiil  and  tempestive 
slMwt^rB  of  heaven."— //cyu-ootf;  Hierarchy  of  Angels, 
\>.  632. 

•  tem-pes'-tive-ljr,  adv.  [Eng.  tempestive; 
•ly.\    Seasonably;  in  proper  season  or  time. 

"Dancing  Is  a  pleasnnt  recreation  of  the  body  and 
mind,  if  t'tH/trslifeti/  used." — Burton  :  Anat.  qf  Melan- 
choly. I'.  41'U. 

'  tem-pes-tiv'-i-tjlr,  s.  [Tempestive.]  Sea- 
sonableness. 

"  The  constitutions  of  countries  admit  not  such 
temptistivUy  of  hiu'vest." — Browne  :  t'ulgar  Errours, 
bk.  vi.  ch.  ilL 

tem-pes'-tu-ous,  a,  [Fr.  temi^esUteux,  from 
Lat.  tcmpestuosus.] 

1.  Verj"  stormy,  rough,  turbulent. 

"  Like  him,  cross'd  cheerfullv  tempestuous  seas, 
ForsHkiug  country,  kJndi'ea,  friends  and  ease." 

Cuwper :  Hope,  69*. 

2.  Turbulent,  violent,  agitated,  stormy. 
"Melville,  ou  whom  the  chief  responsibility  lay, 

sate  on  the  throne  in  iirofound  silence  through  the 
whole  of  this  tempesluous  debate." — JUacaulay  .  Bist. 
Eng.,  ch,  xvi, 

3.  Blowing  with  violence ;  very  rough, 
boisterous. 

*  4.  Subject  to  fits  of  violent  passion ;  pas- 
sionate. 

tem-pes'-tu-ous-ly",  adv.  [Eng.  tempestu- 
ous; -/,(/.]  In  a  tempestuous  manner;  with 
gi'eat  violence  of  wind  ;  with  great  commotion 
or  agitation ;  stormily. 

"  A  touch  of  hers,  his  blood  would  ebb  and  flow. 
And  his  cheek  change  teinpesfuously." 

Byron  :  Dream,  u. 

tem-pes'-tii-ous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tempestu- 
oits ;  -mss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
tempestuous;  storniiness. 

tem'-pla,  5.  j'L  [Lat,  pi.  of  templum  =  a 
temide.] 

Arch.:  Certain  timbers  introduced  in  the 
roofs  of  temples.  They  were  placed  upon  tlie 
canterii,  or  prindpal  rafters,  extentiing  the 
whole  length  of  the  temple  from  one  fastigiuni 
to  the  other,  corresponding  iu  situation  and 
use  with  the  common  purlins. 

tem'-plar, '  tem'-p?.er,  •  tem-plere,  s.  &  a. 

[Low  L.it.  templarius;  fiom  Lnt.  templum  = 
a  temple  (4. v.);  Sp.  &  Port,  ttmplario ;  Fr. 
temphtr.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  member  of  tlie  order  called  Templars, 
Knights  Templars,  Knights  of  the  Temple, 
Soldiery  of  the  Temple,  Brethren  of  the 
Temple  of  Solomon  at  Jerusaleni,  and  S'  ddiers 
of  Christ.  It  was  founded  in  1118  or  1119  by 
nine  Christian  knights,  of  whom  the  chief 
were  Hugues  de  Payens  or  de  Paganes  and 
Geoffroi  de  St.  Omer  or  Adeniar.  These  two 
leaders  had  only  one  horse  between  them, 
lience  the  seal  of  the  or^er  had  two  armed 
knights  one  behind  another  on  the  same 
horse.  Their  sole  support  was  the  alms  of 
the  faithful,  and  they  were  often  called  the 
Pauper  soldiers.  The  original  object  of  their 
association  was  to  maintain  free  passage  for 
tlie  pilgrims  visiting  the  Holy  Land.  Baldwin 
11.,  King  of  Jerusalem,  accommodated  them 
in  part  of  Ids  palace,  while  the  abbot  and 
canons  of  the  chuicli  and  convent  of  the 
Temple  gave  them  a  building  wherein  to  keep 
their  arms,  whence  they  were  called  Templars. 
They  soon  rose  to  great  power  and  wealth. 
In  112s  de  Payens,  with  some  of  his  followers, 
requested  the  Council  of  Troyes  to  frame  a 
rule  for  tlie  order.  One  was  accordingly 
drawn  up,  and  coulinried  the  same  year  by 
Pope  Honorius  IL  In  1140  Eugenius  IJI, 
enjoined  them  to  wear  a  red  cross  on  the'r 
left  breast  and  ou  their  banner.  [Bauseant.1 
Further  privileges  were  conferred  upon  the 
order  by  Pope  Alexander  III.  in  11(52.  The  head 
of  the  Templars  was  called  the  Grand  Master, 
and  was  elected  by  the  chapter  or  general  body 
of  the  knights  ;  under  him  was  a  seneschal  or 
lieutenant.  Eveiy  country  in  which  the  order 
liad  possessions  was  called  a  Province,  ami 
was  ruled  by  a  gi-and  prior,  grand  preceptor, 
or  provincial  master.  Under  these  were 
priors,  bailiffs,  or  masters,  and  subordinate  to 
these,  preceptors,  eacli  ruling  over  a  pi-e- 
ceptory— that  is,  a  house,  or  two  or  more 
adjacent  houses  viewed  as  one  establishment. 
Spiritual  members  called  chaplains  were  also 
admitted,  with  serving  brethren,  some  of 
whom  bore  arms  as  esquires  to  the  kniglit-s. 


ate.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  lather:  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine:  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  Bon:  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  riile.  fuU;  try.  Syrian,    a.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


template— templet 


21 


while  others  practised  handicrafts.  There 
were,  moreover,  alfiUated  nu-inbfrs,  with 
children  dedicated  to  tlie  mxh-r  by  their 
jiarents,  and  guowii-up  persons  pledged  to  its 
defence.  During  tlie  pt-riod  of  tlie  Crusades 
the  valour  of  the  knights  was  of  great  use  to 
the  Christian  armies,  and  would  have  been 
still  more  so  had  there  been  proper  coopera- 
tion between  them  and  the  Knights  Hospital- 
lers, who  had  been  transformed  into  a  second 
military  order.  When  Jerusalem  was  taken 
by  the  Muhamniadans  in  1IS7,  the  Templars 
retired  tirst  to  Antioch,  then  to  Acre,  then  to 
the  Pilgrims'  Castle  near  Cssarea,  and  finally 
to  Limisso  (now  Limasol)  in  Cyprus.  In 
130ti  Philip  the  Pair,  king  of  Prance,  a 
deternuned  enemy  of  the  Church,  lured 
Jacques  de  Molay,  Master  of  the  Temple,  to 
Paris.  On  Sept.  13,  1307,  he  and  all  the 
Templars  in  France  were  simultaneously 
arrested.  In  December  the  English  Templnrs 
who  were  settled  at  tlie  spot  in  London  still 
called  the  Temple  were  also  arrested.  In 
August,  130S,  Pope  Clement  v.,  who  was  in  the 
power  of  the  King  of  France,  and  under  moral 
coercion,  issued  a  bull  calling  upon  all 
Christian  princes  and  prelates  to  assist  him 
in  examining  into  the  guilt  of  the  order.  To 
obtain  evidence  he  issued  a  commission, 
wliich  began  on  Aug.  7,  13Ui),  and  continued 
its  investigations  for  about  two  years.  Tlie 
charges  were  gross  immorality  and  impiety. 
After  a  General  Council,  held  at  Vienne  in 
October,  1311,  had  been  found  uncompliant, 
Clement,  on  JIaroh  22,  1312,  abolished  the 
order,  and  on  March  IS,  1314,  Molay,  the  Graml 
Master  of  the  Templars,  and  Grey,  Grand 
Prior  of  Normandy,  were  burnt  to  death,  A 
mind  possessing  the  judicial  instinct  looks 
with  suspicion  on  charges  brought  lirst  by  two 
ex-Templars  who  had  no  friendly  feeling  to 
the  order  they  had  left.  It  cannot  attach 
weight  to  evidence  obtJiined  solely  by  torture, 
and  when  it  finds  that  the  chief  defendants 
were  burnt  alive  to  silence  them,  and  died 
asserting  their  own  innocence  and  tliat  of 
their  order,  and  that  the  King  of  France,  the 
instigator  of  the  proceedings,  besides  having 
a  quairel  to  avenge,  had  a  heavy  pecuniary 
interest  in  procuring  an  adverse  verdict,  as  it 
would  enable  him  to  seize  the  Templars' 
wealth  amounting  to  some  millions  of  pounds, 
it  has  little  hesitation  in  declaring  that  the 
charges  against  the  order  were  unproveil,  and 
that  the  treatment  they  received  was  a  deep- 
dyed  crime. 

"So  that  the  erie  hadde  no  remedy  buttowithdrawe 
him  assuiie  as  he  might,  into  a  phice  of  the  templets 
closed  with  atone  walles,"— Ber»ie?-» :  FrvUsart ;  Crony- 
trie,  vol  ii.,  ch.  cclxv. 

2.  A  student  of  the  law  ;  a  lawyer,  so  called 
from  having  chambers  in  the  Temple,  in 
Loudon.     [Temple.] 

3.  A  member  of  the  order  of  Good  Templars. 

"  He  had  often  feared  lest  any  of  .  .  .  their  juvenile 
teiu/jlars  shu\ild  be  decojtd  away  ou  their  jouiuey 
to  or  fruui  the  lueetiiigs."— Z>a(/(/  Chronicle,  Sept.  3, 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  temple. 
IT  (1)  Free  Templar:  [Free,  a.]. 
(2)  Good  Templar:  [Good]. 

tem'-plate,  s.  [Templet.]  A  mould  or  pat- 
tern used  by  moulders,  bricklayers,  machin- 
ists, &c.,  in  laying  otf  their  work.  It  fre- 
quently consists  of  a  flat,  thin  board,  whose 
edge  is  dressed  and  shaped  to  the  required 
conformation,  and  it  is  laid  against  the  object 
being  moulded,  built,  or  turned,  so  as  to  test 
the  conformity  of  the  object  thereto. 

"  Template  [isj  au  improper  orthography  for  templet 
...  a  mould  used  In  masonry  for  the  cutting  or 
setting  out  of  the  work." — Qunlt :  Ency.  Artjhitecturi^  ; 
Glossary. 

tern' -pie  (1),  s.  [A.S.  tempi,  tempel,  from  Low 
Lat.  tempi iim  =^  iL  temple,  originally  a  part 
cut  otf  and  set  apart  for  religious  purposes, 
from  the  same  root  as  Gr.  rifivoi  {temno)  =  to 
cut ;  cf.  Gr.  refievos  (tcmenos)  =:  a  sacred  en- 
closure ;  Sp.  &  Port,  templo;  Ital,  templo^ 
tempi  0.] 
I.  Literally : 

1.  An  edifice  erected  and  dedicated  to  the 
service  of  some  deity  or  deities,  and  connected 
with  some  pagan  system  of  worship.  The  term 
is  generally  applied  to  such  structures  among 
the  Greeks,  Romans,  Egyptians,  and  other 
ancient  nations,  as  well  as  to  structures 
serving  the  same  purpose  among  modern 
lieatheu  nations.  Among  all  ancient  nations 
the  usual  ]ilan  of  a  temple  was  lectangular, 
seldom  circular.    Among  tht-  Greeks  rectangu- 


lar temples  wore  classed  in  forms,  according 
to  their  architectural  peculiarities  ;  viz,  : 

(1)  The  temple  iii  antis,  in  which  the  ptero- 
mata,  or  ends  of  the  side  walls,  project  so  as 
to  form  pilaster-like  piers  called  anttP,  be- 
tween which  are  columns,  generally  two  in 
number. 

(2)  The  prostyle,  in  which  the  pronaos,  or 
porch,  is  formed  in  its  entire  breadth  by  a 
disposition  of  colunnis,  generally  four  in 
number,  so  that  the  corner  columns  stiuul  in 
front  of  the  antte,  with  au  intervening  space. 

(3)  The  amphiprostyle,  in  which  both  the 
front  and  back  of  the  temple  have  the  prostyle 
arrangement. 

(4)  The  peristyle  or  peripteral,  surrounded 
by  columns  on  all  sides,  in  which  the  front 
and  back  frequently  have  double  rows  of 
columns,  and  are  btdh  hexastyle. 

(5)  Thejyseudoperipteral,  occurringextremely 
rarely  iu  Grecian  architecture,  in  which  the 
peripteral  is  imitated  by  columns  attached  to 
the  walls. 

(6)  The  dipteral,  surroundeil  by  a  doulde 
colonnade,  with  porticos  of  ft'om  eight  to  ten 
columns  in  front. 

(7)  The  pseudodipteral,  which  rarely  occurs, 
is  a  dipteral  with  the  inner  range  of  columns 
omitted  throughout. 

The  circular  temples  were  of  three  kinds  : — 

(1)  The  most  usual  was  the  peripteral,  which 
had  a  circular  cella,  or  cell,  surrounded  by  a 
colonnade. 

(2)  The  vio^wpteral,  which  was  an  open  circle 
of  columns  supporting  a  roof  or  entablature, 
and  consequently  without  a  cella. 

(3)  The  pseitdoperipteral,  in  which,  as  in  the 
oblong  pseudnperipteral,  the  columns  were 
attached  to  the  walls  of  the  cclla. 

These  circular  temples,  which  are  far  from 
common,  and  in  which  Corinthian  colunnis 
are  usually  employed,  were,  for  the  most 
part,  intended  for  the  worship  of  Vesta.  A 
further  distinction  was  made  in  temples 
according  to  the  number  of  columns  in  front ; 
this  number,  however,  was  always  an  even 
one.  They  are  called  tetrastyle^  hexastyle, 
octastyle,  decastyle,  &c.,  according  as  they  had 
four,  six,  eight,  ten,  &c.,  columns.  Among 
the  Etruscans  the  form  of  the  temples  differed 
from  the  Grecian,  the  ground-plan  more 
nearly  approaching  a  square,  the  sides  being 
in  the  proportion  of  5  to  )5.  The  interior  of 
these  temples  was  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
front  portion  being  an  open  portico  resting 
on  pillars,  whilst  the  back  part  contained  the 
sanctuary  itself,  and  consisted  of  three  cellie 
placed  alongside  one  another.  The  inter- 
columniation  was  considerably  greater  than 
in  Grecian  temples.  Among  the  Romans  a 
temple,  in  the  restricted  sense  of  an  edifice 
set  apart  for  the  worship  of  the  gods,  con- 
sisted essentially  of  two  parts  only :  a  small 
apartment  or  sanctuary,  the  cella,  sometimes 
merely  a  niche  for  receiving  the  image  of  the 
god,  and  an  altar  standing  in  front  of  it,  upon 
which  were  placed  the  offerings  of  the  sup- 
pliant. The  general  form— whether  circular, 
square,  or  oblong ;  whether  covered  with  a 
roof,  or  open  to  the  sky;  whether  plain  and 
destitute  of  ornament,  or  graced  by  stately 
colonnades  with  elaborately  sculptured  friezes 
and  pediments— depended  entirely  upon  the 
taste  of  the  architect  and  the  liberality  uf 
the  founders,  but  iu  no  way  increased  or 
diminished  the  sanctity  of  the  building.  In 
so  far  as  position  was  concerned,  a  temple, 
whenever  circumstances  permitted,  was 
placed  east  and  west,  the  opening  immediately 
opposite  to  tlie  cella  being  on  the  west  side, 
so  that  those  who  stood  before  the  altar  with 
their  eyes  fixed  upon  the  g'ni.  looked  towards 
the  east.  The  most  celebrat'-d  temples  of  the 
ancients  were  those  of  Jupiter  Olympus  in 
Athens,  of  Diana  (or  Artemis)  at  Ephesus,  of 
Apollo  at  Delphi,  and  of  Vesta  at  Tivoli  and 
Rome. 

2.  An  edifice  erected  among  Christians  as  a 
place  of  public  worship  ;  a  church. 

3.  The  name  of  two  semi-monastic  estab- 
lishments of  the  middle  ages— one  in  London, 
the  other  in  Paris— inhabited  by  the  Knights 
Templars.  The  Temple  Church  in  London  is 
the  only  portion  of  either  now  existing.  On 
the  site  of  the  London  estaldishment  have 
been  erected  tlie  two  Inns  of  Courts  known  as 
the  Inner  and  Middle  Temples,  which  are 
occupied  by  barristers,  and  are  the  property 
of  two  societies   called  the   Societies  of  the 


Inner  and  of  the  Middle  Temple,  wlio  luive 
the  right  of  calling  persons  to  the  degree  of 
barrister. 

IL  Fig. :  A  place  in  which  the  divine  pre- 
sence specially  resides. 

"  Know  ye  uot  that  your  body  Is  tht  tenipla  ot  the 
Holy  Uhostr— I  Corhtlh.  vl.  19, 

%  The  Jewish  Temple  : 

Javish  Antitjuitins :  The  building  reared  by 
Solomon  as  a  liabitjitiim  for  Jehovah,  though 
tlie  king  was  aware  that  God  could  not  I'u 
Confined  to  sui  earthly  edihce,  or  oven  to  the 
hcHvcn  of  heavens  (1  Kings  viii.  27).  David 
had  planned  the  Temple,  but  wa.s  divinely 
torbidden  to  erect  it,  as  he  had  shed  so  mneii 
blood  in  his  wars  (1  Chron.  xxii.  8).  He,  how- 
ever, made  great  preparations  for  his  son  and 
successor,  who,  he  learned  from  the  prophet 
Xathan  (2  Sam.  vii.  13),  was  destined  to  achieve 
the  work.  It  was  built  on  Mount  Morirdi 
{2  Chron,  iii.  1),  chiefly  l>y  Tyrian  workmen, 
and  had  massive  foumlations.  Its  dimensions 
were  OU  cubits  (90  feet)  long;  20  cubits  (30  feet) 
wide,  and  30  cubits  (45  feet)  high.  The  stone 
lor  its  erection  was  dressed  before  its  airivul, 
so  that  the  edifice  arose  noiselessly  (1  Kings 
vi.  7) ;  the  floor  was  of  cedar,  boarded  over 
with  planks  of  lir;  the  wainscotting  was  of 
cedar,  covered  with  gold,  as  was  the  whole 
interior.  It  was  modelled  inside  on  the 
tabernacle,  which  was  Jehovah's  ai>propiiate 
dwelling  while  journeyings  were  continually 
taking  place,  as  the  Temple  was  now  that  these 
had  ceasetl.  There  was  therefoie  a  H<ily  and 
a  Most  Holy  Place.  The  temple  was  sur- 
rounded by  an  inner  court  for  the  priests. 
There  was  also  a  Great  or  Outward  Couit 
(2  Chron.  iv.  9  ;  Ezek.  xl.  17),  called  specially 
the  Court  of  the  Lord's  House  (Jer.  xix,  14, 
xxvi.  2).  This  temple  was  destroyed  by  tlie 
Babylonians  during  the  siege  of  Jerusalem 
under  Nebuchadnezzar  (2  Kings  xxv.  9  ;  2 
Chron.  xxxvi.  li»).  On  the  return  from  Baby- 
li'U,  a  temple,  far  inferior  to  Solomon's  was 
commenced  under  Zerubbabel,  b.c.  ■'i34,  and, 
after  a  long  intermission,  was  resumed  b.c, 
520,  and  completeil  B.C.  516,  under  Dariu.s 
Hystaspes  (Ezra  iii.  7,  vi,  15).  The  second 
temple  was  gradually  removed  by  Herod,  as 
he  proceeded  with  the  building  or  rebuilding 
of  a  temple  desigued  to  rival  the  first  rather 
than  the  second.  The  work  was  commenced 
B.C.  21  or  20;  the  temple  itself  was  finished  in 
about  a  year  and  a  half,  the  courts  in  eight 
years,  but  the  subsequent  operations  were 
carried  ou  so  dilatorily  thatthe  Jews  reckoned 
forty-six  years  as  the  whole  time  consumed 
(John  ii.  20).  In  the  courts  of  this  temple 
Jesus  preached  and  healed  the  sick.  It  caught 
fire  dui'ing  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  under 
Titus,  and  notwithstanding  Tiis  efforts  to  save 
it,  was  burnt  to  the  ground.  {Joseplnis: 
Wars  of  the  Jeivs.) 

tern' -pie  (2),  s.  (O.  Fr.  temples  =  the  temples 
(Fr.  (t'mj>e),  from  Lat.  ?€?H;*om  =  the  temples, 
pL  of  tempus  =  a.  temple.]  The  flat  portion 
of  either  side  of  the  head  above  the  cheek- 
bone, or  between  the  forehead  and  ear.  They 
are  distinguished  ~?i  right  and  left  temphs. 
(Generally  used  in  the  plural.) 

•■  I'll  ch:Lfe  her  temples,  yet  therea  nothing  stirs." 
Bvaum,  i  Met. :  Maid't  Troffetly,  v. 

tern  -pie  (3),  s.    [Templet.] 

1.  Weaving :  An  instrument  for  keeping 
cloth  its  proper  breadtli  while  the  reed  lieats 
up  against  it  iu  the  process  of  weaving, 

2.  One  of  the  bars  ou  the  outer  ends  of  thft 
spectacle  bows  by  which  the  spectacles  are 
made  to  clasp  the  head  of  the  wearer. 

'  tern' -pie,  v.t.  [Temple  (1),  s.]  To  build  a 
temple  for;  to  appropriate  a  temple  t« ;  to 
inclose  in  a  temple. 

"  Tlie  heathen  (iu  mn.uy  placea)  templed  and  adorn'd 
thia  drunken  gud."— /V?tA«m  .■  Retolves,  pt.  i.  res.  64. 

*  tem'-ple-less,  a.  [Eng.  t&mpU  (1),  s. ; 
-?fss.]     Devoid  of  a  temple. 

tem'-plet,  .«.  [Cf.  Low  Lat.  template  — 
vaulted;  Fr.  templet  =a  stretcher;  L.'il. 
Umplum  =  a  small  timber.] 

1.  Mach.,  £c.:  A  template  (q.v.). 

2.  Building: 

(1)  A  short  piece  of  timber  or  large  stone 
placed  in  a  wall  to  receive  the  impost  ot  a 
gilder,  brestsummer,  or  beam,  and  distiibut'j 
its  weight ;  a  wall-plate  ;  a  torsal. 

(2)  A  plate  spanning  a  window  or  donr 
space  to  sustain  joists  and  throw  their  weight 
on  the  piers. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  cborus,  ^hin,  ben^b;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  H 
-clan,  -tian  ~  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  sbun ;  -tion,  -sion  —  zbun.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  -  shus.    -ble.  -die,  \:< .  -  bel,  deL 


tempiify— tempore 


3.  .\\tf<hHii.litt(f : 

(DA  iiKxita  uf  «  certain  dgnre  to  test  or 
!,!•    '.  'hv  cuufoniialion  of  »  timber  or  oUuT 

'.-   \  [wrforat**!  piece  or  iitnp  by  vrhii-h  a 
;  n\i-t  hole*  w  iiiarktU  on  a  j>Ut«  tu  bu 
1  ■  ■'■ 

{  }  <  -lit-  of  tlte  wrd)^^  In  a  building-block. 

4.  H'mriH^  .*  Thr  temple  of  the  horsehair 
IfNuu  I*  a  i«lr  of  Jaw*  fur  Mch  Kelvedp'. 
tTr*ii'LK(-XX  s.] 

■tim   pll-f^.  •■.(.      (EnR.   Umpie;    -/y.]     T.» 
it.akt  'T  form  itttu  a  temple. 

"ihir  budk*  w«g*l  ■«M>rf(|Urf.''— ^HffrrwM.  tTorlt, 
It.  Ml. 

tim'  pUn,  «■     (Etyni.  doubtful.]     {Sw  coiu- 

t«mplln  oU,  I. 

r  ■  till    of  |iinecon<-ii.      ObtaiiitNl    liy 

■  li  'I.N,-  tlio  coni'sof  the  Sil\or-tiror  i>f  I'inn^ 
j      i.  It     IS     colourless,     but     becoine« 

j;ifiiisii-\.lIow  on  exposure  t»>  the  air,  hii-s 
an  <xl>>iir  "i  liinons,  sp.  ^r.  0'8G'2  at  ll!*,  mid 
U'lN  WtWivii  IW  and  VOO*,  the  Rreater  pui  t 
di<<tilliii);  over  at>out  17^*.  It  ngrceN  with  nil 
of  luri>eut)ne  iu  its  solubility  and  lefnictiiig 
p"wer. 

t^m   p6,  <.    [Ital.  =  time  ;  Lat.  (rmj>t(5.] 

.l/u«i.-,-  A  wonl  used  t<>  denote  Hie  deerfo 
of  «iuii-kneKS  or  rate  of  movement  at  whit^  a 
jiiet-e  in  to  lie  j-erfornied  :  as,  7'mij»  comodo  = 
oinvvnient,  easy,  mtnlerate  time  ;  (*m/w  onli- 
tMii  10=  ordinary  time;  tempo priaio=  Urst  or 
uriginal  tinie. 

tim~por-al  (1),  'tSm'-por-^lI,  *tem- 

porell,  «'.  &.  i.  [O.  Fr.  temiMiitil,  fiom  Lat. 
!•  i.ij-'rulis  =  temporal,  from  teiiXjms,  jjenit. 
f/fiij«.rij  =  time,  season,  opijortiinity ;  Sp.  Ic 
r-Tl.  Umjxiral ;  Fr.  temjtoi'd ;  Ital.  tfinjxindc.] 

A.  As  luijcctice : 

L  Orduwin/  7^]i£7ua{7f  .* 

1.  Meflfured  or  limited  by  time  or  by  this 
life  or  the  present  stJttc  of  things;  having 
hmited  existence  ;  opposed  to  eternal. 

"Thr  thlnsi  vhtch  hit  i^ii  .•»!*  trmporai.  but  tlie 
thli'c*  ohkli  Arc  uiit  mtu  are  ctctual.  —2  Corinthiaut 
It.  If. 

2.  Pertaining  to  this  life  or  this  world  ; 
secular. 

(1)  Not  spiritual. 

**  n'boae  inliidi  are  clediait« 
To  Datbln;  Um/ioraL' 

Maltsfi. :  iltaturtfor  J/eature,  ij.  2, 

(2)  Not  eccleaiaatical ;  civil  or  political :  as, 
teniftoral  power. 

n.  '-'mm. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  tense. 
'  B.  A."  !(>'.hsi.:  Anything  temporal  or  se- 
cular :  a  lempornlity. 

"  Their  nifnillble  mutsr  lins  n  right  over  kingn.  not 
only  tu  )>|*trltuals  hat  teinporat$.—I}riidtn:  Jicllgio 
Uiri.    (Pref.l 

temporal  angment,  y.    IAucment,  s.) 

temporal  lords,  ..  j'l  The  iwcrs  of  a 
t'.idii  ,is  ■li-.ti(i;:iiislied  from  the  archbislioi»s 
ari'I  lishops,  <:>r  lords  spiritual. 

temporal'power,  s. 

I  hurrh  History: 

1.  Tlte  iwwer  which  the  Poiw  exercised  as 
K..vtreiKn  of  the  Statca  of  the  Church.  ITiaba.  ] 
Pms  VII,  was  partially  deprived  of  his  domi- 
nions by  Naiioleon  1.  in  1707,  and  entirely  in 
1^0!^.  Tlie  Poitc  replied  by  a  bull  uf  excoui- 
municntinn ;  he  was  then  arrested  and  k*'pt 
a  close  prisoner  in  France  till  the  fall  of  Na- 
iioleon i;i  1&14,  when  he  was  reinstated  in  the 
gnvernnu-nt  of  an  undiminislu<l  territory.  The 
teinjtonil  power  was  again  atta^rked  in  1848, 
when  Pius  IX.  was  driven  from  Rome,  and  a 
ri-public  was  established  by  Slazzini  and 
(Garibaldi.  In  1K49  General  Oudinot  was 
wnt  by  Louis  Napoleon,  President  of  the 
French  Republic,  to  Rorne,  and  his  army 
drov  out  the  revolutionist*!  and  brought  the 
Po[>e  hack.  For  ten  years  the  Popes  power 
wai  not  attackeil,  but  Cavour  (isOit-lSOl),  was 
Working  steadily  for  a  ■'  United  Italy,"  and  in 
1S70.  Victor  Emmanuel,  King  of  Italy,  took 
iH.ssession  of  the  Papal  territory,  h-aving  the 
J'oi»e  only  the  Vatican.  An  annu.il  dotation 
of  2.000,000  lire  was  guanintced  to  him  by  the 
Italian  parliament,  but  he  has  never  accepted 
it.  (The  Syllabus,  §  ix.  deals  with  "  Errors 
ennefming  the  Roman  Pontiff's  civil  prince- 
dom.") 

"The  Poptt  haTc  Dot  c«uie<I  to  clecUrr.  on  all  fltttne 
r<«a«iuu».  th»t  the  jireser* atiou  of  thtlr  t««ii>oral  lu- 


tJ«|i«li<lrli<rv  U  lircruMr>-.  m  liuiiinii  niriln  urv  cuii- 
atltutwl.  to  thr  tnr  linil  full  okitvIm  of  ttirlr  MpirltUAl 
kutliorlly.  It  hxa  breii  iurst>*^l  timt  tl)v  roUiiii  d'etre 
•((  the  UmfMnU  fttwtr  tin*  cowiil  III  iikhIviii  tliiifJt. 
1><K«UM'  thf  lay  iHtwer  has  ccnavil  to  W.  Ji»  it  nftrii  wiia 
111  tb«iiilittlt«Mi;««.  arliltmr]'.  corriiiiU  violent,  iiiid  ill- 
liifununl.  but  i>ii  Ihn  O'litTHTy  U  udiullklHtvred  on 
fljif*!  and  e.iiillal>le  pitmrli'l''"  whUh  eiiMire  t-qual 
JiuUoB  tMl  miV  —Addit  *  ArntAd  :  Vnth.  IHct.  p.  774. 

2.  The  i>ower  exorcised  by  the  Popes  in  the 
mitldle  ages  of  excommunnating,  and  att4:>r 
excommuniciition  deiM'sJng  or  [.roniriiig  the 
de|>osition  of  a  sovereign  who  had  fallen  into 
heresy.  Acronling  to  Aildis  A:  Arnold  (C'aC/t. 
/>iW.,  p.  257),  "The  common  opinicm  teaches 
that  the  Poik;  holds  the  powerof  both  swords, 
the  spiritual  and  the  tempoml,  which  juris- 
diction and  power  Christ  himself  committed 
to  Peter  aiitl  his  successors  (Matt.  xvi.  lit).  .  .  . 
The  contrary  ui>inion  is  held  to  savour  of 
heresy."  But  they  add  (p.  20S),  "The  state 
of  Europe  is  so  much  altered  .  .  .  that  there 
is  no  longer  any  (juestiun,  even  at  Rome,  of 
exercising  the  deposing  jKjwcr." 

tdXQ'-pdr-al  (2),   n.     [Lat.   tcmpora  =  the 
temples.] 
Anaf. :    Of  or  belonging  to  the  temples. 

[TE.MPI.K,    ■_».) 

temporal-bone,  s. 

AtHtt.  ;  A  I'oiie  articulating  posterioily  and 
internally  with  the  occipital  bone,  supeiiorly 
with  the  parieUd,  antei  ioriy  with  the  sphenoid, 
the  malar,  and  the  inferior  maxillary  bone. 
It  constitutes  part  of  the  side  and  base  of  the 
skull,  and  contains  in  its  interior  the  organ  of 
hearing.  It  has  a  squamous,  a  mastoid,  and 
a  petrous  portion.     (Qiatiii.) 

temporal  fascia,  s. 

Atutt. :  A  dense,  white,  shining  aponeurotic 
structure  covering  the  temporal  muscle  above 
tlie  zygoma,  and  giving  attachment  to  some 
of  its  Illires. 

temporal- fossa,  s. 

A)i>it.  :  Tlie  upper  jiortinn  of  the  space 
bridged  over  by  tlie  zygnniatic  or  malar  arch. 

tem-p6-rai'-i-tSr,  "  tem-po-ral-i-tle,  s. 

[Low  Lat.  tcm}K>ralitas,  from  Lat.  temporalis.] 
ITemporal,  1.] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  temporary ; 
opposed  to  perpetuity. 

"Thii.i  we  distiiigiiiHli  the  laws  of  ^)eace  from  the 
onlerauf  war  ;  those  are  perjtetual,  tuilistmguish  fiom 
tlie  temiiorality  of  these.'— flw/ici/j  Taylor:  Jiute  oj 
Conscience,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  ii, 

*  2.  The  laity. 

"  Blame  not  oiielye  the  clergie.  but  also  the  temijo- 
raliCii'."—Sir  T.  ilore :   Worker,  p.  232. 

3.  A  secular  possession ;  specif,  in  the 
pluial,  revenues  of  an  ecclesiastic  inoceeding 
from  lands,  tenements,  or  lay  fees,  tithes,  and 
the  like  ;  opposed  to  spiritualities. 

"The  king  yieliletl  up  the  point,  reserving  the  cere- 
mony of  hoiiiH^e  from  the  bi8liiii>s,  in  reajwct  of  tlie 
ti-miioritlities,  to  himself.'"— ^i/iii/rt' ;  I'ttrergoti, 

*tem-p6r-al-ly,  *tem-por-al-llclie, 

u.dv.  lEng.  tnnjxiral  (1);  -hi.]  In  a  temporal 
manner;  with  respect  to  time  or  this  life; 
teiniM)rarily. 

" To d\e temporally."— Bp.TayJor:  Sermom.\ol.  ii., 
ser.  27. 

'  tem'-por-al-ness,  s.  [Eng.  temporal; 
■ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tem- 
poral ;  worldliness. 

*  tem'-p6r-al-ty,      "  tem-por-al-tie. 

■  tem-por-al-tye,  s.     [Eng.  temporal  (I); 

■tif-] 

1.  The  laity  ;  secular  people. 

-'The  autoritie  of  Iwth  the  states,  that  is  to  say, 
both  of  the  BpiritUfllitie  and  t€mporalitie."—Udal: 
Mnrke  xiv. 

2.  A  secular  posses.sion  ;  a  temporality. 

*  tem-pdr-a'-ne-oiis.  o.  iLat.  temporaimis, 
from  (empus,  gcnit.  kmjioris  =  time.]  Tem- 
porary. 

"Those  thingfl  may  cauee  a  temporaneou4 diamiiou  " 
—  lliiUj/aeU:  MtlamprotKBa,  p.  C8. 

tem'-pdr-%r-i-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  temporary; 
-hj.]  In  a  temporary  manner;  for  a  time 
only;  not  j^erpetualiy. 

tem'-por-ar-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  temporary; 
■mss.]  The  (luality  or  state  of  being  tempo- 
lary.  ^ 

tem'-p6r-ar-y.  a.  [Lat.  temporarlus,  from 
t^.mpm,  genit.  tempor is  =turn:;  Fr.  temporaire; 
Sp.  &  Ital.  temporurio.]  Lasting  for  a  time 
only  ;  having  limited  duration  or  existence  ■ 


made  for  a  time  or  for  a  sjiecial  occasion  or 
pnrjtose  ;  not  perpetual,  mil  permanent. 

■■  What  lie  rccommeiideil  wan,  not  n  atandiiic,  but  a 
temfxirnri/  itrmy,  an  ai'niy  of  which  failianjciit  would 
ainiuallv  rix  the  nuiuber."— -Vrinni^itf  .■  JlUt.  Hug., 
ch.  xxlll. 

*i[  Teiiij>n,iirij  characterizes  that  which  is 
inteiuled  to  last  only  for  a  time,  in  distinction 
Ij-om  that  which  is  peiinauent;  offices  de- 
]H'iiding  upon  a  state  of  war  are  teviiinrdry,  in 
distinction  troiii  those  which  are  connected 
with  internal  policy  :  (ivnisiVon/,  that  is,  apt 
to  jtass  away,  cliaiacterize-s  everything  in  the 
world  whicli  is  formed  (tidy  lb  exist  for  a 
time,  and  then  to  pass  away  ;  thus  our  plea- 
sures, and  our  pains,  and  oiir  very  being,  are 
denominated  tramitin'y :  flectiufi,  which  is 
derived  fi-om  the  verb  to^v  and/if/Zf/,  is  Imt 
.1  struijg.'r  term  to  ex]^res^  the  sainc  idea  as 
frt'iisitoiu.      ('  n-hh.) 

temporary-star,  s. 

Astro)!.  :  A  star  appearing  for  a  time,  and 
then  gradually  vanishing  away.  In  November, 
1572,  a  star  bnist  out  in  Cassiopeia  with  a 
brilliancy  greater  than  that  of  any  one  near 
it,  Tyclio  Biahe  being  one  of  those  who  ob- 
served it  at  the  time.  It  ra]>idly  increased  in 
magnitude  till  it  outshone  Siiius  and  Jupiter, 
and  became  visible  even  at  noon.  Then  it 
diminished  in  size,  and  in  March,  1574,  became 
invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  nor  has  it  been 
seen  since.  During  its  brief  life  it  shone  hrst 
white,  then  yellow,  tlien  reddish,  and  finally 
bluish.  La  Place  thought  the  reason  of  its 
temporary  visibility  was  the  bursting  out 
within  it  of  (ire.    [Variablk-stak.] 

*  tem'-por-ist,  .'^.  [Lat.  tmqms,  genit.  tern- 
2}0i-ts  =  time.]    A  temporizer.    (Murston.) 

*  tem-pdr-i-za'-tlon,  s.  [Eng.  temporiz(c); 
-atioii.]    Tlie  act  or  habit  of  temporizing, 

"Charges  of  femporization  and  compliance  had 
somewhat  sullied  his  reputation.'"— ^oftiuon."  Life  of 
Aicham. 

tem'-por-ize*  ''tem'-por-ije,  v.i.     [Fr. 

tcmj'urii^ti;  from  Lat.  iei)i}ms,  ycnit.  temporis 
-  time] 

1.  To  comply  with  the  time  or  occasion  ;  to 
humour  or  yield  to  the  current  of  opinion  or 
to  circumstances  ;  to  suit  one's  actions  or 
conduct  to  the  time  or  cue u instances. 

"Tlie  ways  of  the  world  (they  cryl  are  unt  always 
J     consonant;  .  .  .  but  we  nniiit  now  luid  tbenfcHt/forfjie. 
or  ive  are  nothing."— Wi/juin  ;  UirUs/vr  bcrmoits,  vol. 
iv.,  §  8. 

2.  To  try  to  suit  both  sides  or  parties ;  to 
trim. 

*3.  To  delay;  to  procrastinate. 

"The  E;ul  of  Lincoln,  deceived  cf  the  country's  con- 
course, ill  nhich  case  he  would  have  ternporiznl,  re- 
solved to  tiive  the  king  l>attle."— Bacwii ;  Henry  VII. 

*  i.  To  comply  ;  to  come  to  terms. 

"  The  dannhin  is  too  wilful  opposite. 
And  will  not  temporize  witli  my  entreaties." 

UbiikeBp,:  KiJifj  Joftii,  v.  2, 

tem'-p6r-iz-er,  s.  (Eng.  tcmporlsit);  -er.] 
One  who  temporizes  ;  one  who  suits  his 
actions  or  conduct  to  the  time  or  circum- 
stances ;  a  trimmer. 

"  \  hovering  temporizer,  that 
Canst  with  thine  eyes  ;it  once  see  good  .ind  evil. 
Inclining  to  them  both." 

.Siinkrip. :  IVintert  Talc,  i.  2. 

tem'-p6r-iz-ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [Temporize.] 

A,  As  pi\  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  A^.  uilj.  :  Inclined  or  given  to  leiiiporiz- 
iiig;  coiiii)lying  with  the  time  or  the  prevailing 
humours  and  opinions  of  men  ;  time-serving. 

tem'-pbr-iz-ing-lSr,  cdv.  [Eng.  temporlzinrj ; 
■I I/.]  In  a  temporizing  or  lime-serving  manner. 

tem-p6r-d-,  pre/.      [Lat.  tenqws,  genit.  tcm- 

'jii.iris  —  the  temples.] 

Atuit.  :  Of  or  belonging  h-  the  temples. 

temporo-facial,  a. 

Annt.:  Of  or  belonging  to  the  temples  and 
to  the  face.     There  is  a  tetniwo-fuciiil  nerve. 

temporo-malar,  o. 

Annt.  :  Of  'T  belonging  to  the  temples  near 
the  clii-clis.     There  is  a  temjxiro-malar  nerve. 

temporo-maxillary.  </. 

Aiw-t.  :  of  or  beli^ngiug  to  the  temples  and 
the  jaws.  There  are  a  teiuj^nyo-vutxiUary  nerve 
and  a  vein. 

temporo-parietal,  o. 

Aiuit. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  temples  and 
the  parietal  I>one.  There  is  a  temporo-parietal 
suture. 


'^or"wb;/T;,f-'°*^^  '^''  ^  '^*''^'=  '^'  '^*'  ''"^'  '"^^^'  ''«''  *>»«'«:  Pi"«.  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine;  go.  pot. 
or.  wore,  wplt  worU,  who,  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule.  ffiU;  try.  Syrian     k  ^  =  e-.^y  =  ^■.  qu  =  kw! 


temprure— tenaciously 


•lA 


•temprure,  s.    ITempeb.]    Temper. 

"  Alt  utiier  siiuhe  as  Ariuiie 
Wlii^lie  liiul  iui  luu-jw  u(  suehe  remprunj. 

Uuioir.  V.A     (rrol.l 

*  temps,  s.    [Fr.]    Time. 

■  tempse,  s.    [Tcmse.) 

tampt  ()>  silent),  ii.(.  [0.  Fr.  ta\n>Ut  (Fi-. 
/iii(fi),  from  Lat.  (t"V(o,  ((:uto=  to  liamlle, 
to  touch,  to  try,  to  t«m|it;  freq.  from  (t-iim  = 
to  hold  ;  Si),  it  Port,  (ciitar ;  leel.  fcii((i/T.] 

1.  To  try,  to  jirove ;  to  put  to  tri.il   or 
;.roof. 

■■GimI  Jid  (fiupr  AbrTUmm."— tfeiiesw  -\>ii  1- 

•>.  To  incite  or  solicit  to  ill ;  to  in.;!"'  ir 
,-ntice  to  something  wrong  by  presenting 
some  pleasure  or  advantage  to  the  mind,  a- 
l>y  adducing  plausible  arguments. 

•■Gold  will  tempi  him  to  aliytliiiig." 

^hukfgp.  ■  /tirAitrd  III.,  n.  ::. 

*3.  To  try,  to  venture  on,  to  essay,  *o 
attempt. 

'•  Wlio  sliall  umiit  with  w.Tjiti'riiiij  feet 
The  diuk  uubuttym'd  iiirtiiite  ahyss? 

Milton  :  P.  i.,  II.  4  H. 
*  4.  To  provoke,  to  defy. 

"Ye  shall  uot  tempt  the  Lord  your  Go.l,  — /)cnf. 
vi.  16. 

5.  To  endeavour  to  i>ersuade ;  to  incite,  to 
provoke. 

*6.  To  induce,  to  invite,  to  c;ill  on,  to  lu'o- 
voke. 
■■  While  we  from  interdicted  tields  vetire. 
Nor  tempt  the  wiath  ol  Heav'ii's  aveiiumg  Sue. 

yope  ;  Homer ;  II Hid  v.  44. 

^tempt-a-bD'-i-tj?  (P  silent),  s.  [Eng. 
Iciinilnlile'-ilii.]  Tlie  iiualit.y  or  state  of  being 
tL'iiilitnble.  ' 

tempt -a-ble  (;>  silent),  .1.  lEng.  (fuijrf; 
-iiblc]  Liable  to  be  tempted;  open  or  lialile 
to  temptation. 

'■  He  that  would  know  whether  a  philosojiher  lie 
^-•miif.t6/e  by  it.  or  illiuiueable  into  it,  let  hiiii  read 
the  w  1  itiliga  of  MKrftjjeues."— Ciidwor/h ;  Intel,  ^i/stem, 
V.  2CS. 

temp  ta'-tlon  (p silent),  *  temp-ta-ci-on, 

■  temp-ta-Ci-OUn,  s.  |0.  Fr.  lempt.tlion 
(Kr.  tiutaUon),  from  Lat.  tciUiUioiicni,  aeciis. 
of  (eii(<clio  =  a  trying,  from  ttmpto,  <ni(o  =  to 
try.) 

1.  The  act  of  tempting  or  soliciting  to  ill ; 
enticement  to  evil  by  arguments.  Mattery,  or 
the  otler  of  some  real  or  apparent  pleasure  or 
benefit. 


2.  The  state  of  being  tempted  or  enticed  to 
something  evil. 

"  Lead  us  uot  iuto  temptation." — iiifcc  xi.  4. 

3.  That  which  tempts  or  entices  ;  an  entice- 
ment or  allurement  to  some  act,  whether  good 
or  ill. 

"Let  a  man  be  but  in  e.arnest  in  i)r.ayiug  against  a 
temutation  as  the  temjiter  is  in  pressiug  it,  aud  he 
ueeus  uot  proceed  by  a  surer  measure.  —Iwnth  :  f>er. 
nwnl,  voL  vi.,  aer.  10. 

'  temp-ta'-tion-less  (p  silent),  re.  [Eiig. 
lemi'lu Hull,:  -tes-l  Having  no  temptation  or 
motive. 

"Which  of  our  aeuses  do  they  entertain,  which  of 
our  fiu:ulties  do  they  court,  au  empty,  protltlesa. 
temptationteis  aiu."—H (tminond  r  Sermons,  vol.  vii.. 
ser.  7. 

temp-ta'-tious  <;>  silent),  '  temp-ta-ci- 

OUS,  n.     [Tempt.]    Tempting,  seductive,   al- 
luring. 

"  I  my  liege.  I ;  O.  that  temptaciont  tongue." 

Death  of  Itobert,  Earl  of  Hnntin'Jdon. 

tempt'-er  (is  silent),  •  tcmpt-our,  s.  [Eng. 
tempt;  -er.)  One  who  tempts  ;  one  who  allures 
or  iucit*is  to  something  evil. 

"  Destitute  of  tlie  talents  both  of  a  writer  aud  of  a 
statesman,  he  had  in  a  hijth  degree  the  unenviable 
iiualirtcatioiia  of  a  tempter.'— .Vttcaatd!/:  Hist.  Eng., 
ch.  V. 

•!  The  tempter ;  The  gi'eat  .adversary  of  man- 
kind ;  the  devil, 

tempt'-ing  (p  silent),  pr.  jwr.  &  a.  [Tempt,  j 

A,  -f  ^"  I'l:  }>ar.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  (k/j.  ;  Seductive,  alluring,  enticing, 
attractive. 

"  Those  tempting  words  were  all  to  Sapiiho  used.  " 
Pope  :  liap/jho  to  Pknon.  09. 

tempt'-ing-ly  (p  silent),  adv.  [Eng.  tempt- 
ing:  -/y.J  In  a  tempting  manner;  so  as  to 
tempt,  entice,  or  allure. 

"  These  look  temptingly.  —Herbert :  Travels,  p.  201. 

tempt'-ing-ness  (p  silent),  s.  [Eng.  tempt- 
inq :  -Kf.^s.J  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
temiiting. 


tempt'-ress  (p  silent),  •  tempt-er-esse,  -i. 

[Fr.   tentciesse.)    A    woman  who    tempts    or 
entices. 

"  Day  at  length  came,  .and  the  eemjotrcM  vaiiiflhed." 

—  S-ott :  i;tenfintns.    (Note.l 

temsc,  tempse,  *.  [A.S.  temes;  Dut.  terns 
=  ii  culiinder,  a  sieve.)    A  colander,  a  sieve. 

1(  To  set  the  tcmsc  (or  Thames)  on., lire:  To 
v.iake  a  ligiue  in  the  world.  The  origin  of  the 
expression  is  uncertain.  According  to  Brewer, 
a  hard-working,  active  man  would  not  untVc- 
luently  ply  the  temse  so  quickly  as  to  set 
lire  to  the  wooden  hoop  at  the  bottom  ;  but  a 
lazy  fellow  would  never  set  the  temse  on  lire. 
He  adds  that  the  play  on  the  word  Icmsc  has 
.;iven  rise  to  many  imitations ;  as.  He  will  never 
set  the  Seine  on  tiro  (the  French  .Seine  also  = 
a  drag-net).  *  )ther  authorities  contend  for  the 
:itcral  view.  The  suggestion  that  temse  should 
lie  read  for  Thonies  appeared  in  .Vofcs  i£-  Qntries 
(;!rd  ser.,  vii.  •J:llt);  and,  in  answer  to  a  corre- 
spondent (lith  ser.,  xii.  360),  the  Editor  says: 
■This  idea,  which  is  discussed  4th  sen,  vi. 
;.i,  101,  144,  223  ;  xii.  80,  119,  137,  like  other 
suggestions  of  the  kind,  is  received  with 
littie  favour,  and  the  ordinarily  accepted  siip- 
jiosition  is  that  it  is  eqniv.alent  to  saying  that 
;:n  idle  fellow  will  not  accomplish  a  miracle." 

temsc-bread,  temsed-bread, 
'temse -loaf,   s.     Bread   made  of  Hour 
better  silted  tliaii  common  flour. 
"  Some  iiiixeth  to  miller  the  rhye  with  the  wheat 
T,-jns.l./<i.f.  I'll  liis  talile.  to  have  f.ir  to  eat." 

Tiisircr ,  .'ifptember's  I/usbandrii. 

'  tem'-u-len5e, "  tem  -u-len-gy,  ■!.  1<  >.  Fr. 

tcmidei'ice,' iv>nii    Lat.   temittentiu.]    Intoxica- 
tion, drunkenness. 

"  What  vileiiesses  they  commit  in  their  wine  .  .  . 
they  find  pardon  amongst  wise  judges,  but  for  their 
temiilenei/  a  condemnatiou."— ,/erewitf  I'ni/lor:  Duetor 
Ituhitantiam. 

"  tem'-U-lent,  «.  [Lat.  temulentus,]  Intoxi- 
cated, drunk. 

■  tem'-u-len-tive,  n.  (Eng.  temtilcnt:  -ii-e.] 
Drunken,  intoxicated. 

■■The  drunkard  coniinouly  hath  ...  A  drawling, 
st-ainmering.  temnlentive  U^ugue."— Juntas :  Jffii  .Stin- 
nnitised,  1).  38. 

ten,  a.  &  s.  [A.S.  ten,  tijn;  cogn.  -ivith  Dut. 
(icit;  Icel.  (itt  =  ten;  *i!7r  =  a  decade;  Dan. 
(i;  Sw.  tio;  Goth,  taihuii;  O.  H.  Ger.  zehan : 
Ger.zehn;  Lat.  decem ;  Gr.  SeKa  (ilel.a):  Lith. 
deszimtis:  Russ.  desiate :  Wei.  den:  Irish  & 
Gael,  deich ;  Pei^s.  dah  :  Sansc.  tiafttit ;  Fr. 
dix;  Sp.  diez;  Ital.  dieci.] 

A,  As  adjective : 

1.  Lit, :  Twice  five  ;  one  more  than  nine. 

2.  Fig. :  Used  colloquially  as  an  indefinite 
expression  for  many. 

B,  As  suhstantive : 

1.  The  decimal  number ;  the  number  of 
twice  five  ;  a  figure  or  symbol  denoting  ten 
units,  as  10  or  X. 

2.  A  playing  card  with  ten  spots  or  pips. 

3.  The  hour  of  ten  o'clock. 

■'  Ten  is  the  hour  that  was  aiipoiuted  me." 

Sliakesp. :  2  Henry  VI.,  ii.  4. 

I.  Mining:  A  measure  (local)  containing 
420,  and  in  other  cases  440  bolls,  Winchester 
measure. 

"  ten-bones,   ■'    pi.     The  ten   fingers. 

(,S/»iti'sj>.  .-  ■-;  llenru  VI.,  i.  3.) 

ten  commandments,  s.  pi, 

1.  Lit. :  [Table,  U  (4).] 

2.  Fig  :  The  fingers.    (Slang.) 
"  In  with  you.  and  lie  busy  with  the  fell  eommand. 

ytients  under  tlje  sly."- Longfellow :  Spanish  Student, 
iii.  II. 

Ten  Hours'  Act,  s. 

Law :  A  popular  name  for  the  Act  10  &  11 
Vict.,  c.  29,  which  limited  the  hours  of  labour 
for  women  aud  children  in  factories. 

Ten  Minutes'  Bill,  s. 

Parliament:  A  Reform  Bill,  said  by  Sir 
John  Pakington  to  have  been  introduced  dur- 
ing the  last  ten  minutes  of  a  Cabinet  Council. 
It  was  brou'ght  forward  and  withdrawn  by  the 
Conservative  government  on  Feb.  25,  1867, 
and  proposed^  £0  franchise  for  boroughs  and 
£20  for  counties. 

*  ten-plns,  .■'.  A  game  similar  to  nine 
pins,  but  played  with  an  extra  pin. 

ten-pound,  re.  Consisting  of  or  worth 
£10  :  as,  a  ten-pound  note. 


ten-pounder,  ^^  One  wlm  ■.iniler  the 
Kclorm  Act  of  l.S:12  was  <|ualineil  to  vote  in 
parliamentary  elections,  in  virtue  of  occupy- 
ing or  possessing  projierty  to  the  annual  rcnlal 
value  of  £1".  .\lso  known  as  a  ten-pound 
household.!. 

ten-spined  stickleback,  s. 

lehthy. :  i:asterostcus  pnnijitius.  It  builds 
a  nest  which  has  been  compared  to  that  of  a 
wren.     Culled  also  the  Tinker. 

ten-tables,  .<.  pi    [Twelvi-taui.ih.) 

Ten  Tribes,  s.  pi, 

Itiit,:  The  kingdom  of  Israel  as  distin- 
guished from  the  kingdom  of  Judah  (1  Kingw 
xi.  29-35,  xii.  15-'24).  The  former  consisted 
of  all  the  tribes  except  Judah  .and  Benjamin, 
and  these  ten  tribes  were  carried  into  lap- 
tivity  by  Shalmancscr,  king  of  Assyria  (2 
Kings  xviii.  8-10),  and  from  this  captivity  it 
is  generally  believed  that  there  was  no  return. 
This  dispersion  naturally  gave  rise  to  many 
theories,  one  of  the  latest  of  which  is  Anglo- 
Israilism,  which  endeavours  to  jirove  the 
identity  of  the  English  nation  with  the  lost 
Ten  Tribes,  and  thereby  to  claim  for  England 
the  liiblical  promises  of  favour  of  Israel.  The 
theory  was  first  broached  by  the  late  John 
Wilson,  of  Brighton,  about  1840,  in  a  series 
of  lectures  since  publislied  under  the  title  of 
Our  IsiaelitisU  Vriqin,  The  Anglo-Israelites 
claim  that  they  form  a  body  of  two  millions 
distributed  over  tlie  English-speaking  por- 
tions of  the  world,  and  they  have  a  consider- 
able literature. 

■■  Let  us  take  London,  whose  deriv.ation  is  still 
doubtful ;  as  a  Hetuew  name  we  shall  Hud  it  to  lie 
I.au-han,  'the  dwelling  of  Dan.'  Old  London  was. 
tlicrefore.  inhabited  by  tlie  Danites  (perhaps  a  part 
of  them  went  over  to  Deu-mark,  although  uot  yet 
claimed  by  the  Danesl.  and  the  Guildhall  may  have 
been  the  lepers'  house  connected  with  the  Hebrew 
word  1^3  (■fob  xvi.  15),  .  .  .  rould  not  Sydenham 
mean  ■the  home  of  the  Sidoniaus'?  I  have  many 
more  .arguments  to  tliia  effect,  which  will  appear  as 
au  ainieudix  to  my  forthcoming  medi.-eval  Jewish 
doeumeuta  oli  the  ten  lribet."~J.  .\eubancr,  in  .Votes 
d-  queries,  Jan.  29,  1B87.  p.  ;*€. 

ten-week  stock,  £. 

Bi:l.  (t  Ilvrt. :  (Stock,  II.  2.]. 

ten-a-bil'-i-ty,  s-  (Eng.  tcmtlte :  -ity.)  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tenable  ;  teiiableness. 

ten'-a-ble,  t  te'-na-ble,  re.   [Fr.,  from  (e«ir 

(Lat"  trneiO  =  to  hold.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  held,  retained,  or  main- 
tained against  assault. 

■■  still  the  church  is  tenable. 
Whence  issued  late  the  fat«d  ball." 

Byron  :  .'iieyc  of  Corinth.  28. 

«  2.  Capable  of  being  kept  back  or  not 
uttered,     (.■ihakesp. :  Hamlet,  i.  '.'.) 

3.  Capable  of  being  held,  maintained,  or 
defended  against  argument  or  objections. 

•■They  therefore  took  gr'tund  lower  aud  more 
tenable."— .Vaeaulay :  Hist.  Eng.,  :U   xi.  

ten'-a-ble-ness,  t  te-na-ble-ness,  •.•. 
[Eng'.  tenable:  -ness.]  The.quality  or  state  of 
being  tenable ;  tenability. 

ten'-a9e,  s.    (Fr.) 

I17ii.t( :  The  holding  by  the  last  player  of 
the  best  and  third-best  of  the  suit  led,  so 
that  he  wins  the  last  two  tricks.  Tenace 
minor  is  the  holding  of  the  best  and  fourth- 
best  cards. 

te-na'- clous,  re.  [As  if  fiom  a  L,-.t.  (eiia- 
cio,<iis,  from  tenax,  genit.  rciiacis  =  holding, 
tenacious  ;  (C)ico  =  to  hold  ;  Fr.  tciuice.] 

1  Holding  fast ;  grasping  hard  ;  inclined 
to  hold  fast ;  not  willing  to  let  go  what  is  in 
one's  possession.  (Followed  by  of  before  the 
thing  held.) 

■•  Free  of  hia  money  and  tenacious  vf  a  secret. '■—B/J. 
Taylor :  Discourse  of  Friendship. 

2.  Retentive ;  retaining  long  what  is  com- 
mitted to  it. 

•■The  memory  in  some  is  very  rciiaciou*;  but  yet 
there  seems  to  be  a  constant  decay  of  all  our  ideas, 
even  of  those  which  are  struck  deeliest.  and  in  minds 
the  moat  retentive." — Locke. 

-  3.  Niggardly,  close-fisted,  miserly. 

4.  Apt  to  adhere  to  another  substance; 
adhesive,  viscous.     (Cowpcr;  Task,  i.  215.) 

5.  Having  points  disposed  to  adhere  to  each 
other;  having  great  cohesive  firce  among  its 
particles ;  tough  ;  haviug  the  quality  of  re- 
sisting tension  or  tearing  asunder. 

te-na'-cious-lj^,  adv.    [Eng.  ienadous ;  -hj.  1 
1.  In  a  tenacious  manner ;  with  a  disposi- 


boil,  boy;  pcjlit,  jovt'l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  gbin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  cyist.    -ing. 
-clan,    tian  =  Shan,     tion, -sion  =  shun ;    tion, -9ion  =  zhiin.    -cious, -tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble, -die,  &c  =  bel.  deL 


tenaciousness— tend 


M  na  otoiu 

1.  Ti..    .i.,alil>- 


-•    '*(i!i!  U  |M)tiM«u«sl  by  or 

.  I'ly,  l«  r*|>rur»  It  bltUrljr, 
<  J,  111  n>i««t  It  fiviututly."— 

I-  III ,  Mr.  L 

witli  euhralrc  fore*.      •* 


•■I 

■IIH 
.       III- 

11  lAk«a  (ur  i>i<i«>- 
.<r  Iwl  t>un<OM«.  — 
t .  ill.  vL 

uiilch  oiinbtos 


fy    of  ImmIIi'ji 


'•rittlck  to  othtfDi;  adhcjtivc- 

;v  of  bodies    which  eimblfs 
tciiiioii  or  tearing  aduiidcr; 

t.i..u-.tv  .:  .1,.  .iw  furcc. 

14  oA^ -l~tj^,  '  to-nao-l-tle,  5.    [Fr.  I^rm- 

I  Lat.  ttiuu-itiUfm,  ncciu.  of  tcnacittis, 
X,  gt-riit.  ffiuu-ij  =  tenacious  Oi.v.).J 


I, 


I- 


•>'  of  Itcing  tenacious  ; 
Ahlch  niakt<*j  thent  nil- 
•• ;  KillK'nlvent-ss,  sticki* 


.'  iidprrtl  within  tho  Uko  of  Sodome 

!•  M  It  la  otbfrwli^,  will  (otvgo  All 

•  .     -r  //■//.i<td.-/Vtnitf.l>k.kl\lll..ch.vll. 

:  i'ru|K«rty'>f  nmtvrialbotlicsliy  whu'h 

>l>le  to  rv-sist  a  st-vere  strain  without 

-■  -T  splitliiiL'  ;  thftt  qnality  of  luuttv 

-  by  which  their i^irts  resist  an cltoit 

1  I'ull  llit-ni  usmider;  the  nu-asureof 

-:.inct'uf  bo»iies  to  tearing  or  crushinj,'; 

;   •'.  I'Mttl.'iiess  .ir  rrnt;ility.      Teiiai-ity 

:  "HI  iheattractiun  of  cnhesiiiiu-xistiiig 

•lif  i>ttrticle.Hufbt«iies,  ami  is  ilirectly 

i.-il  to  it.     It  conseijucntly  varies  in 

■   substances,  and  evfii  in  the  same 

iriAi'  rial  under  varying'  conditions  as  regaixis 

tfMi[RTntiire.    The  resistance  offered  to  tearing 

is  i-ailed  absolute  tenacity,    that   offered  to 

cnishiiiK,  retroactive  tenacity.     Tlie processes 

of   forging   and    wire-dniwing    increase    the 

tt-nitcity  of  metals    longitudinally,  and    the 

tenacity  of  mixed  metals  is  genenilly  greater 

th.in  that  of  simple  metals.    The  tenacity  of 

wfKxl  is  greater  in  itj*  longitudinal  direction 

than  iu  a  tmnsverse  direction. 

•;  The  method  of  asccttaining  the  tenacity 
of  particular  bodies  is  to  form  them  into 
eyhndrical  or  prismatic  wires,  and  note  the 
weight  n.Hniii\-d  to  break  them.  It  is  directly 
proiM.rtiuiial  to  the  breaking  weight,  and 
Inversely  proportional  to  the  area  of  a  trans- 
verse Sfctiun  of  the  wire. 

3.  The  quality  of  holding  on  to,  or  of  not 
letting  go  the  hold  on  anything. 

"  Th«  trnacilfi  of  the  English  bulldog  .  .  .  was  a 
iUttJcct  for  lutiotuil  iKiiutlim."— /.^dtw;  SnalanU  in 
IX«  Eighteenth  Ct»tury.\ul.i.,  ch.lv  *"  l""""   "» 

•n.   Fig. 

stinacy. 

••  I  nude,  to  my  griefo.  that  the  raU-umlerstHndhiK 
UnacUte  of  ftooir  zmIuiu  niirlti  hnth  uijulo  It  a  niuir- 
— "     -By.  Bail:  The  lUcoucHcr. 

[Lat  =  a  holder,  ft-om 


Unwillingness   to    forget;  ob- 


rell." 


t£n-&c -n-liiiii« 

tru^-  =  to  hoia.] 

:^\ir-j. :  A  tine  hook,  attached  to  a  handle, 
which  is  thrust  through  a  blood-vessel,  to  draw 
it  out  and  enable  it  to  be  tied. 

tenaculmn-forceps,  s. 

>'-';;. ;  .\n  instniiii._iit  f'»r  grasping  an  artery, 
to  ficihtiiie  tying.  The  instrument  has  a  pair 
of  bifui-cated  claws,  which  close  into  each 
other  upon  the  artery  by  a  spring. 

•  tdn'-a-^j^,  *.  [Low  Lat.  tenacia,  from  Lat. 
r^ji-rj-.  g,:nit.  f«JwciV  =  tenacity  (q.v.).j  Tena- 
city,  tenaciousness. 

■■  Hlghwt  ciccllence  Ia  void  of  nil  cnry.  BcIflshueM 
mid  ten^ct/r-Oarrotc:  Sennom.  vol.  »..  iinxll. 

t£-iiaU'.  td-nalUe',  5.     [Fr.  Unaille, 
Uiur  (Lat.  triuo)  =  to  hold.] 

Fort.  :  A  low  work  located  in  the  ditch  and 
in  front  of  a  ctirtain  to  protect  the  curtain 
and  Hanks  of  the  bastions.  A  lassage  for 
tr^Kjp.  IS  lea  between  each  end  and  the  ad- 
ja<  ent  ttank. 


from 


te-nall-lon  (second  I  as  y\  $. 
tciiuUU  =  lenail  (q.v.).] 


fFr.,  from 


i.  "',-*  *'*"'^"'*'""'^*'»*'*"g"  salientangle  ; 
it  was  formerly  usual  to  pincc  one  on  each 
side  of  a  ravelin  to  increase  its  sti-ength  and 
cover  tlie  shoulders  of  the  bastion. 


tte'-*n-oy,  '  ton-an-ole, j.    [Eng.  ifiwn{t) ; 

•<■!/.] 

I.  .V  holding  or  iMi.s.session  of  laiu'.s  or  tene- 
ments fniin  year  to  year,  or  for  a  term  of 
yeaw,  for  a  life  orlive.><,  oral  will ;  tenure;  the 
temiHimry  itossession  of  wliat  belongs  to 
aiuilhcr. 

"  Tu  thld  RtivclM  iif  triiane]/  iiiico«r4le<I,  though  by 
rvry  bIow  deKnw*.  fAniifn.  |>ru|>erly  *o  cnlled,  who 
cultUktcil  the  Uiid  with  thvir  own  stock,  jiaylui;  a 
rvQt  orrtAlii  to  tliv  Uiullonl."  —  ^irWfA.-  }\eaUh  of 
.Vu//of.j.).k.  Ill..ch,  II. 

2.  The  period  iluring  which  lands  or  tene- 
ments ai-«  held  by  one  person  from  aiiothei". 

'3,  A  house  of  habitation,  or  a  place  to  live 
In,  held  of  another. 
U  Tenancy  in  Common  : 
Law :   The   kind    of  tenure  possessed  by 
tenants  in  common.     [Tknast  (1),  $.,  U.  (S).] 

tSn'-^t  (1),  'ten-aunt,  c  &  s.  [Fr.  tenant, 
pr.  iwr.  of  fcMir  =  to  hold.]    [Tenable.] 

A*  A$  atijective : 

Her, :  The  same  as  Holding  (q.v.). 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Orii.  iMiig. :  One  who  has  possession  of 
or  occupies  any  place ;  a  dweller,  an  occupant. 

"  Sweet  ttnanU  sf  thU  grove. 
Who  Bltiff  without  dcNlifii." 

Covpcr:  Joy  in  Martyrdom. 

IL  Law : 

\.  A  person  who  holds  or  possesses  lands 
or  tenements  by  .any  kind  of  title,  either  in 
fee,  for  life,  for  yeai-s,  or  at  will.  In  ordinary 
language  one  who  ludds  lands  or  houses  under 
another,  to  whom  he  is  bound  to  jiay  rent,  and 
who  is  called  in  relation  to  him  hislandlord. 

"  EatAt*9  for  life,  crcjitfil  l>y  deeii  or  giant,  are  whfie 
a  ItfJise  Is  mmlc  uf  Jnuds  or  teiieuieiits  to  a  man,  to  hold 
fur  tho  tvnii  of  hla  own  life,  or  for  llmt  uf  any  other 
person,  or  for  more  Uvea  thnn  one:  iu  any  of  wliith 
caaea  he  i»  stylwi  rfiiinif  for  life;  only  when  he  holds 
tlie  estflte  hy  the  life  of  anotlier.  he  is  usu-illy  culled 
frimiU  /jur  (inter  vh:"—Blackgloiie:  Comment.,  hk.  ii 
ch.  10. 

2.  A  defendant  in  a  real  action.  [Real  (1), 
A.  IL]  ^    ' 

•[  (1)  Sole  toiant:  One  who  holds  in  his 
own  sole  right,  and  not  with  another. 

(2)  Tenant  at  sufferance:  One  who  having 
been  in  lawful  possession  of  land,  keeps  it 
after  the  title  has  come  to  an  end  by  the 
sufferance  of  the  rightful  owner. 

(3)  Tenant  at  n-ill :  One  in  possession  of 
lands,  4c.,  let  to  liini  to  hold  at  the  will  of 
the  lessor. 

(4)  Tenant  by  coin)  of  court-roll:  One  w]io  is 
admitted  tenant  of  any  lands,  &c.,  within  a 
manor. 

(5)  Tenant  by  courtesy:  One  who  holds 
land.-*,  &c.,  by  the  tenure  of  Courtesy  of  Eng- 
land.     [COURTESV,  «[  (2).] 

(6)  Tenant  by  the  verge  :  [Vergk,  5.]. 

(7)  Tenant  in  capite,  Tenant  in  chief:  [Capite 
Chief,  B.  IL  L]. 

(S)  Tenant  in  common:  One  who  holds  or 
occupies  lands  or  possesses  chattels  in  com- 
mon with  another  or  others.  In  such  a 
case  each  has  an  equal  interest ;  but  in  the 
event  of  the  death  of  either  his  share  does 
not  go  to  the  survivors,  as  in  the  case  of  a 
joint  tenancy,  but  to  his  heirs  or  executors. 
"A.1  to  the  incidenta  attendiue  a  t«uancy  iu  com- 
^J?J'  i  '*■"«"'' /,».'^o"'"»?n.  like  joint-tenants,  are  cni- 
pell  ihle  hy  bill  lu  equity  to  make  mrtition  of  their 
JaiidB  ;  yet  there  ia  uo  Burvivoi-shiii  between  them  ns 
proper  y  they  take  distinct  moieties  of  the  esUit^'"- 
Ittackstone :  Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  in. 

(i*)  Tenant  in  dower:  A  widow  who  pos- 
sesses lands,  &c.,  in  virtue  of  her  dower. 

(10)  Tenant  in  fee  simple  :  [Fee,  5.]. 

(11)  Tenant  in  fee  tail:  [Tail,  (2),  s.]. 
tenant-right,  s. 

L"w  if  Custom:  A  custom  ensuring  to  a 
tenant  a  permanence  of  tenure  without  any 
increase  of  rent,  unless  one  sanctioned  by  the 
general  sentiments  of  the  community  or 
entithng  lum  to  purchase  money  amounting' 
to  so  many  years'  rent  in  case  of  his  holding 
being  transferred  to  another.  It  prevails  in 
Lister  and  was  introduced  in  a  modified  form 
into  the  Irish  Land  Act  of  July  S,  1S70 
O^hartoii.) 


"  ten'-ant  (2), 

tenon '(q.v.). 
ten'-^At  (1),  v.t.  & 
A.  Transitive: 
L  To  hold,  occupy,  or  possess  as  a  tenant. 


(See  def.]    A  corruption  of 
[Tenant  (1),  s.] 


se'rvJii  M?.^''''^?.^'^  ■" /"'*'.;"''''  ^^  Pe»«o»s  who  have 
served  lum  vt  his  t^iiceston."—Aadiimt :  .su^fnfn^ 


'■  spectator. 


2.  To  let  out  to  tenants. 


(All. 

dwell. 


Intrans.:   To  live  as   a  tenant;    to 


*  ten'-ant(2),  v.t.    [Tenant  (2),  s.]    To  fasten 
with,  or  as  with  tentms. 


ten'-ant  a-ble.  a.    [Eng.  temint;  -able.] 
1.  In  a  state  rif  repair  (it  for  occupation  by 
a  tenant ;  lit  for  a  tenant. 

"That  theaoul  may  not  be  too  much  incommoded 
In  lier  house  of  clay,  such  i.ecessariea  ate  secured  to 
the  body  as  may  keep  it  iii  tenatUuttle  repair."— ZJfcatf 
qf  iHety. 

'  2.  Capable  of  being  held  or  retained  ; 
tenable. 

"To  apply  the  diatlnctiou  to  Colchester:  .ill  men 
beheld  it  aa  tenantable,  full  of  faire  houses."— /^nWer  ■ 
Wurthivt:  Kitrx. 

ten'-ant-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tenantahle: 
■?if.s.v.|  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  tenant- 
able. 

ten'-ant-ed  (I),  a.  [Eng.  tenant;  -ed.]  Held 
or  occupied  by  a  tenant. 

ten'-ant-ed  (2),  a.    [Eng.  tenant  (2),  s. ;  -e^.j 
Her.  :    Tallied  or   let  into  another  thing  ; 
having  something  let  iu,  as  a  cross  tenanted— 
i.e.,  having  rings  let  into  its  extremities. 

ten'-ant-less,  a.  [Eng.  tenant  (1),  s. ;  -less.] 
Having  no  tenant  or  occupant ;  unoccupied. 

"  She  letunicd  to  the  tenantlcus  house  of  her  father.  ' 
Longfellow:  Evangeline,  i.  4. 

ten'-ant'-rjr,  .*.     [Eng.  tenant  (l),  s.  ;  -ry.\ 
L  Tlie  body  of  tenants  collectively. 

"The  tenantry,  wliom  nobody  knows,  stirve  and 
rot  on  the  duufhiUs  wheuce  they  origiuated."- A'«oz  ■ 
Essays,  No.  114. 

*  2.  Tenancy. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU.  father; 


ten^li,  s.     [O.  Fr.  tenche;   Fr.  tancU;  Lat. 
tinea  (q.v.).] 

Ichthy.  :  Tinea  tinea  (or  t  vulgaris),  the  sole 
species  of  the  genus,  found  all  over  Europe  iu 
stagnant  waters  with  soft  bottom ;  it  is  not  ■ 
abundant  in  English  rivers,  but  in  old  pits  in 
brick-yaids.  Like  most  other  Carps  of  the 
group  Leuciscina,  it  passes  the  winter  in  a 
torpid  state,  concealed  in  the  mud.  Tencli 
have  been  taken  three  feet  long,  but  one  nf 
half  that  size  is  unusually  large.  They  breed 
in  May  and  June,  depositing  the  spawn  among 
aquatic  plants;  the  ova  are  small,  and  ex- 
ceedingly numerous,  as  many  as  297,000  having 
been  counted  in  a  single  female.  The  flesh  is 
naturally  soft  and  insipid,  but  if  the  tish  are 
fed  on  meal,  it  becomes  delicate  and  well- 
flavoured.  The  colour  is  usually  deep  jel- 
lowish-brown,  and  the  so-called  Golden  Tencli 
is  not  a  distinct  species,  but  a  variety  dis- 
playing incipient  albinism. 

tench-weed,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Potamogeton  (q.v.),  spec. 
P.  notans.  Forby  supposes  the  name  is  given 
because  the  weed  is  very  agreeable  to  thelish, 
but  Prior  because  it  grows  in  ponds  "  where 
tench  have  broken  up  the  puddling  by 
burrowing  in  it." 

tend  (1),    v.t.   &    i.    [A  shortened   form    of 
attend  (q.v.).] 
A.  Transitive : 
L  Ordiiuiry  Language : 

1.  To  accompany  as  assistant,  attendant, 
or  protector ;  to  attend  on ;  to  watch,  to 
guard. 

"  Tend  me  to-iiight." 

STiakesp.  :  AiUouy  £  Cleopatra,  W,  2. 

2.  To  look  after;  to  watch,  to  mind;  to 
take  care  or  charge  of. 

"  There  is  no  flock,  however  watched  and  tended. 
But  oue  dead  Iamb  is  there." 

Longfellow:  Resignation. 

,    3.  To  attend  to;    to  be  attentive  to:    to 
mind. 

"  His  fields  he  tended,  with  successless  care. 
Early  and  late."  J.  Philips:  Cider,  ii. 

*  4.  To  wait  upon,  so  as  to  execute ;  to  be 
prepared  to  perform. 

*  5.  To  accompany. 

"  They  [cares]  tend  the  crowiL  " 

Shakesp. :  Hichard  IT.,  iv. 

IL  Naut. :  To  watch,  as  a  vessel  at  anchor, 
at  the  turn  of  tides,  and  cast  her  by  the  helm, 
and  some  sail  if  necessary,  so  as  to  keep 
turns  out  of  her  cable. 


r.  wore,  w.n;  wor..  w.o.  s6n;  .ate.  ca..  ciJiri^^^'^;;^ ^'l"^ ^^/-^  -f '  ^^'  '"^'^"^'   ''•  ^''' 


ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tend— tenderly 


'l:y 


B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  uttiMul ;  to  wait,  as  a  servant  or  at- 
temlaiit.    (Fullowtnl  by  on.) 

"  From  wheuce  Cliou  ciuueat.  how  tended  oti." 

Shaketp. .-  Alls  »\ll,  ii.  I. 

*  2.  To  he  in  waiting;  to  be  ready  for  ser- 
vice ;  to  attend. 

"  The  assoeifttes  tend,  and  everj'tliing  is  lient 
For  Englfirul. "  SliakvaiJ. :  llaiiUet,  iv.  3. 


*3.  To  be  attentive  ;  to  attend. 
"  Tend  in  themaater's  whistle. " — Shukesp. 


.    *  4.  To  atfend  or  accompany, 
inseparable. 


Tempvst. 

as  sometliing 


"  Threefold  vengeance  tend  upon  y.mr  stens. ' 

Shiikeap. :  2  Benry  17,,  iii.  2. 

tend  (2),  *  tende,  r.t.  k  f.    [Fr.  tendre,  from 
Lat.  fi:i\<lo  =  to  stretch,  to  extend,  to  direct.] 
*  A,  Transitive: 

Old  Law:  To  make  a  tender  of,  to  tender; 
tt.  offer. 

.  siirrendrr."— p.  HoVand: 

B.  hitraiisitive : 

I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  move  in  a  ceitaiu  direction ;  to  be 
directed. 

"  Lo%-e  !     His  affectiona  do  oot  that  waj-  tend  ; 
Nor  what  he  sitake.  thonjih  it  lacked  form  a  little. 
Wji3  not  like  madness."     shaktsp. :  Bamift,  iii.  l, 

2.  To  be  directed  towards  any  end  or  pur- 
pose; to  aim  ;  to  Iiave  intluence  or  exert  ac- 
tivity towards  producing  a  certain  effect ;  to 
contribute. 

"Admiration  seiz'd 
All  beavu.  nhiit  this  might  mean,  and  Mhither  teml." 
Milton  :  P,  L..  iii.  272. 

n.  Naut.  :  To  swing  round  an  anchor,  as  a 
ship. 

"Between  three  and  four  o clock  the  tide  of  elili 
began  to  make,  and  I  sent  the  master  to  sound  to  tlie 
southward  siud  southwestward,  and  in  the  mean  time 
as  the  ship  reiidtd.  I  weighed  auchor.'— CuyA: ;  rinc 
f'lq/irie.  bk.  iii..  th   vii. 

*  tend'-ance,  .^.  [Sliortened  from  attendance 
(q-v.).] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  attending,  tending,  or  waiting 
or. ;  attention  ;  care. 

"  They  at  her  coming  sprung. 
And  touch 'd  by  her  fair  (etidance,  glaillier  grew." 
Jlilton  :  P.  L..  viii.  47. 

2.  The  act  of  waiting  ;  attendance. 

3.  Attendance;  state  of  expectation. 

"  Unlmppie  wicht.  borne  to  desastrous  end, 
ThAt  dyth  his  life  in  so  long  tendance  spend  '.  " 
Spenser:  Mother  Bubberds  Talc. 

4.  Persons  attending  ;  att<;ndants. 

"  Now  torch  and  menial  tenditnce  led 
Chieftain  and  knight  to  bower  and  bed." 

Hcutt :  Lord  of  the  dies,  iii.  7. 

"^  tend'-ant,   a\      [Shortened    ttom.  attendant 

(4.v.).J '  An  attendant. 

•■  Her  tendiintssAw  her  fallen  upon  her  sword." 

Vicars:  Trans,  of  Virgil. 

*  tende,  c.t.    [Tend  (2),  v.] 

*  tend'-en^e,  .';.  [Lat.  tendeiis,  pr.  par.  of 
tendo  =  to  stretch.]    Tendency. 

"  He  freely  moves  and  acts  according  to  his  most 
natural  rejKfcju-e  and  inclination. "—.sVofr;  Christian 
Life.  pt.  i,.  ch.  t. 

tend'>en-9y*  s.  [Eng.  (e7irfe7ic(e) ;  -?/.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  tending  towards  some  end, 
purpose,  or  result ;  direction  towards  anv 
end,  purpose,  or  result;  inclining  or  contri- 
buting influence  ;  inclination  ;  disposition. 

"  But  the  general  tendency  of  schism  is  to  wideu."— 
Maciiu/ay  :  Bill.  Eng.,  th.  xL 

tend'-er  (1),  s.     [Eng.  tend  (1),  v.  ;  -er.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  wlio  tends,  waits  upon,  or  takes 
charge  or  caie  of  anotlier. 

*  2.  Regard  ;  rare  ;  kind  concern.  (In  tliis 
sense  perhaps  from  tender,  a.) 


Hhakesp,:  l  Ecnry  IV.,  v,  4. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Rail. :  The  carnage  which  is  attached  to 
a  locomotive,  and  contains  the  supply  of  fuel 
and  water.    [Tank-engine.] 

2.  Nant. :  A  small  vessel  employed  to  tend 
upon  a  larger  one,  with  supplies  of  provi.sions, 
to  carry  dispatches,  to  assist  in  the  jierform- 
ance  of  shore  duty,  in  reconnoitring,  &c. 

"Capt.  Knight,  with  a  fireship  and  three  tenders. 
■which  last  had  not  a  constant  CTew."~Oa)npier 
Voyig>'S  (an.  1685). 

3.  Domestic:  A  small  reservoir  attached  to 
a  mop,  scrubber,  or  similar  utensil. 


ten'-der  (2),  s.    [Tender  (l),  r.J 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Tlie  act  of  oUVring  for  acceiitanco  ;  an 
offer  for  accept-ance. 

"  A  formal  tend,-r  and  a  formal  acceptance."— 
Macauliiy  :  Uitt.  Eng.,  ch.  .xili. 

2.  An  offer  in  writing  to  do  certain  work,  or 
supply  certain  specified  articles  at  a  certidn 
sum  or  rate. 

3.  That  which  is  tendered,  proffered,  or 
offered. 

"  Von  have  ta'eu  these  tenders  for  true  pay." 

Shakeap, :  Bamlet,  \.  X 

II.  Law  :  An  offer  of  money  or  other  thing 
iu  satisfaction  of  a  debt  or  liability. 

IT  (1)  Legr.d  tender :  Coin  or  paper  money, 
which,  so  far  as  regaids  the  nature  and 
quality  thereof,  a  creditor  may  be  compelled 
to  accept  iu  satisfaction  of  his  debt.  In 
England  gold  coin  is  a  legal  tender  to  any 
amount,  so  far  as  a  debt  admits  of  being  paid 
in  gold;  silver  coin  is  a  legal  tender  in  pay- 
ment of  a  sum  not  exceeding  forty  shillings, 
and  bronze  coin  in  payment  of  a  sum  not  ex- 
ceeding one  shilling.  Bank  of  England  notes 
are  a  legal  tender,  except  at  the  bank  itself. 

"A  royal  edict  declared  these  pieces  to  be  legnl- 
tender  in  all  cases  w hate%er."— J/«ctiM/««  ;  Hist.  Eng., 
ch.  xiL 

(2)  Plea  of  tender  : 

Law:  A  plea  by  a  defendant  that  he  has 
been  always  ready  to  satisfy  the  plaintiffs 
claim,  ami  now  brings  the  sum  demanded  into 
court. 

(3)  Tender  of  amends : 

Law:  An  offer  by  a  person  who  has  been 
guilty  of  any  wrong  or  breach  of  contract  to 
pay  a  sum  of  money  by  way  of  amends. 

ten'-der  (l),r.^  &  i.  [Fr.  taidre,  from  Lat. 
tendo  =  to  stretch,  to  direct,  to  extend.  Tender 
and  tend  (2)  are  thus  doublets.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  offer  in  words,  or  to  exhibit  or  present 
for  acceptance. 

"  I  tender  you  my  service." 

."ihakiiap. :  Ilichard  IT.,  ii.  3. 

2.  To  offer  in  payment  or  satisfaction  of  a 
debt  or  liability. 

"  Here  I  tender  it  [money)  for  him." 

Shakesp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  iv.  I. 

^  3.  To  present,  to  exhibit,  to  show, 

"  You'll  tender  me  a  fool.      Shakesp.  ■  Ildmlet,  i.  s. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  make  a  tender  or  offer  to 
do  certain  work  or  supply  certain  goods  for 
a  specified  sum  or  price. 

ten'-der  (2),  v.t.  [Tender,  a.]  To  treat  or 
regard  witli  kindness  ;  to  hold  dear,  to  regard  ; 
to  have  a  care  or  regard  for  ;  to  cherish. 

■'  Which  name  I  tender  us  dearly  as  my  uwu." 

bhaktsp. :  Jiorneo  £  Juliet,  iii,  l. 

ten -der,  "ten-dre.  a.&s.  [Fr.  (ejirfre (formed 
with  excrescent  d  after  n,  as  in  gender, 
thnnder,  &c. ),  from  Lat.  tenerum,  accus.  of 
(f'7ier  =  tender,  thin,  fine;  allied  to  tenuis  = 
thin,  tine;  Sp.  tie  mo ;  Port,  tei'no ;  Ital. 
tenero.] 
A,  As  adjective : 

1.  Easily  impressed,  broken,  bruised,  or 
the  like  ;  delicate  ;  not  hard  or  firm. 

"  Those  render  limbs  of  thine." 

Shakesp.  :  All's  )Vell,  iii.  2. 

2.  Not  hard  or  tough  :  as,  The  meat  is  tender. 

3.  Delicate,  effeminate  ;  not  hardy ;  not 
able  to  endure  hardship. 

"  The  dark  oppressive  steam  ascends  ; 
And.  used  to  milder  scents,  the  fender  race. 
By  thouaauda,  tumble  from  their  honied  domes." 
Thomson:  .intnmv.  l.lSu. 

i.  Delicate  in  health  ;  weakly.    {Scot eh.) 

5.  Very  sensible  of  impression  or  pain ; 
very  susceptible  of  any  sensation ;  easily 
pained  or  luirt. 

"  Your  soft  and  tender  breeding." 

Shakesp. :  Twelfth  Sight,  v. 

6.  Susceptible  of  the  softer  passions,  as 
love,  compassion,  kindness  ;  easily  affected 
by  the  snflerings  or  distress  of  another ;  com- 
passionate, pitiful,  sympathetic. 

••  But  so  inconsistent  ia  h'unaii  nature  that  there 
are  render  s|iut3  even  iu  seared  consciences. '—J/acttu- 
lay:  Bist.  Eng.,  ch.  vii. 

7.  Expressive  of  the  softer  passions ; 
adapted  or  calculated  to  excite  feeling  or 
sympathy  ;  affecting,  pathetic. 

8.  Gentle,  mild,  kind  ;  unwilling  to  hurt ; 
loving,  fond. 

"  Bid  her  be  all  that  cheers  or  softens  life. 
The  rcTidcT  sister,  daughter,  friend,  and  wife  " 

Pope  :  Epistle  to  Mr.  Jrrvat.  40. 


9.  Using  language  or  having  a  style  cliurac- 
terized  by  a  certain  softness  or  pathos. 
"  10.  Exciting  concern  ;  dear,  precious. 

"  Wbuiio  life's  ns  tender  to  nie  n»  myitciul." 

Shakesp.  ■   Two  Oemtaniifn  of  t'erona.  v.  4. 

11.  direful  to  save  inviolate,  or  not  to 
injure.    (With  .)/.) 

"  Ermhi'd  candour,  tender  of  our  fame." 

Smart :  Boratian  Canonmf  Friendship. 

12.  Not  strong  through  immaturity;  im- 
mature, feeble. 

"  No  tmiu  Is  his  heyoud  a  single  page. 
Of  foreign  i«i>ect  luid  of  tender  Kite." 

Ityron:  Lara,  i.  4. 

13.  Apt  to  give  pain  or  annoy  wlicn  spoken 
of;  delicate,  sore. 

"  In  tliing.t  that  are  tender  and  unpleiiaing.  break 
the  ice  by  aonnj  whose  words  are  of  te&s  welnht."— 
Uacon. 

"  U,  Quick,  sharp,  keen. 

•■  Unapt  for  tentU-r  suiell." 

Shakesp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece.  6'J5. 

'  B.  As  subst. :  A  tenderness,  a  regard,  au 
affection. 

■•  I  had  a  kind  of  a  tender  for  DoUy.'—CetitKvre  ■ 
Mans  Bewitched,  v. 


'  tender-bodied. 

body  ;  very  yming. 

•  tender  -  dying, 

youth. 


Having  a  tendrr 
Dying   in    early 


■  Wlien  death  doth  close  his  tender-di/in'T  eyes.' 
Shakesp.  :  1  Henry  VI..  iu,  :i 


"  tender-feeling, 
delicate. 


Very  sensitive  nr 


"  To  tread  them  with  her  tender-feclin'j  feet." 

Shakesp. :  i  Bcnry  VI.,  ii.  i. 

tender-foot,  s.  A  novice,  a  young  l^e- 
ginner  ;  a  new  comer  iu  the  bush.    {Amer.  X* 

Austral,  slang.) 

"  Before  long  the  tender-foot's  too  fleet  pony  brinifs 
him  abreast  of  the   flyiug    cow.  '-'Daily    Telegraph. 

tender-hearted,  a. 

1.  Having  great  susceptibility  of  the  softer 
passions,  as  love,  pity,  compassion,  kindness, 
&c. 

"  Towards  that  fender-hearted  man  he  turned 
A  serious  eye."       IVordswoi-th  ■  Excursion,  bk.  iii. 

2.  Having  great  sensibility  ;  susceptible  of 
impressions  or  inrtuenee. 

"Rehobiiam    whs 

could  not  withstand 


and   tender-hearted,  and 
—1  Chron.  xtii.  7. 


a.    jyioved  with  tender- 


tender -he  arte  dly,  adv.  In  a  tender- 
hearted manner. 

tender-heartedness,  5.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  tender-hearted  ;  a  tender  or 
compassionate  disposition. 

'■  She  little  thought 
This  tender-heartedness  would  cause  hei  death." 
Southey:  Grandmother »  Tale. 

*  tender-hefted. 

ness  ;  teiider-liearted. 

"  Thy  tender-he/ted  iwture  shall  not  give 
Thee  over  to  liarshness. '         shakesp.  ;  Lear.  ii.  4. 

tender-loin,  5.  A  tender  part  of  flesh 
iu  the  hind  quarter  of  beef  or  pork  ;  the  psoas- 
muscle. 

tender-minded,  ft.    Susceptible  of  soft 

passions  ;  tender-liearted. 

"  To  btf  tender-minded 
Does  not  become  a  sword.  "        Shakesp.  :  Lear.  v.  3. 

tender-mouthed,  a.  Kind  in  speak- 
ing ;  Hot  liarsli. 

tender-porcelain,  s.  A  ware  composed 
of  a  vitreous  flit  rendered  opaque  and  less 
fusible  by  addition  of  calcareous  clay.  Its 
glaze  is  a  glass  of  silica,  alkali,  and  lead. 

*  ten'-der-ling,  s.     [Eng.  temler,  a.  ;  -ling.) 
^  I.  One  wlio  is  made  tender,  deliciite,   or 
effeminate  by  too  nmch  kindness  or  fondling. 
"Our  frnderffn^s  complaine  of  rheumea,  oatarhs. 
.lud     looses."— Bolinshed :    ftetcr.    England,    bk     ii 
ch.  xix. 

2.  One  of  the  first  horns  of  a  deer. 

ten  -  der  -  ly,    *  ten  -  dre  -  ly,  adv.    [  Eng. 
tender,  a.  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  tender  manner  ;  with  tenderness  or 
gentleness  ;  gently,  mildly. 

"  And  half  in  eaniest,  half  in  jest,  would  say. 
Sternly,  though  tenderly.    Art  th.m  (be  King?" 
Longfellow  :  Sicilian'x  Tale. 

2.  With  affection  or  pity;  fondly,  dearly, 

"  For,  after  all  that  has  imsged,  I  cannot  help  loving 
you  tt'n{terly:'—Mucauhi y  :  Bist.  Eng.,  cii.  xxiv. 

3.  Delicately,  elfeminately :  as,  a  child 
tenderly  reared. 

L  With  a  quick  sense  of  pain  ;  keenly. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9eU.  chorus.  9hin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    ph  -  £ 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion.    sion  ^  shun;  -fion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,    sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  deL 


tenderness  — tenerity 


tta  dar-ntea,  *  t«B-dor-neMO, «.   i^ug- 

1.  Tfr-  ;iA!ity  or  nUtc  .»f  U-iiij;  tender, 
■  ..il'*;  wtriiK-AM,  bnltltfiM'm. 

-Ill   lianhu'iu  or  tuUKliiu-sii  : 

4  ^  uf  lUVAt. 

Jw  111*  >(iuiUy  or  hUU'  nf  iM'iiig  racily  hurt  ; 
•ioRnnu,  *lrhait-y  :  an,  trmUrneM  uf  tlio  Hkiii. 

I.  8u«cc|itibillty  of  tin*  Koftvr  jMuutioiiH ; 
>Kn«U'ilit>. 

~  W«  kavv  lM«rl  frv)iu  )'uu  «  vulo* 
Al  •*«(¥  tnuUMUl  k>(t«itcU  III  lU  coufM 

H  unfjvurrA     KtrMriian,  bk.  Iv. 

&.  Ktnd  att^'nlion ;  ktniliirvi;  kiinlly  ftt'litit; 
.>r  •]if>)Hisiti()ii ;  far.' or  aflrctiuii  for  anntlior. 

■  So  i*rt  ..I  bU  cmduct  to  li«r.  "Iik-*  bur  iimrrlftm-. 
I-*J  inakmtcU  t'lMirrtt^it  ou  bla  (aiL  — JVuonx/iijr 
Mu(    Aftf.,  cb    Ik. 

C  ScrupuIotwne.HS,  caution ;  t*xtrciiio  cart- 

■  r  ioiicrni  not  to  tmrt  or  j;ive  ofli'nw. 

"Tb«  ItMjactiic  nuM  of  tbrlr  vmr  iru  «u  over- 
active M«l.  umI  too  WM7  a  fc*uffm«M  lu  nvoldluk; 
xl-kImUI.' —  Aukop  Taftor;  KtiU  ^  Conacitnct,  bk.  1.. 
.b.  uL 

7    ''     •  ir.'  topn'ser\*cor  not  to  injure. 

iij'UtiUO    111  rvrr>-  lUAii  >  imturc  a 

f  :   rviiuUtlou,  lu  be  carclnw  uf  it  i» 

.ik  of  «  it<vrlK-luiu  uiitiii.'—Uortrn- 

8.  Pity,  rarrcy,  mildness. 

"  No  Und€m4U  VM  abown  to  Ifnniius,  !•>  sruiu^,  or 
loMiivtlty.'— JfiioiM/aip.  tli*t.  jLHf..  cb.  xlv. 

9.  Shortness  of  expression  ;  ]mtlio.s. 

"  l*u«»ga  which  «uul(l  bavr  iviutndttl  him  of  Uit 
fi-'wjfrft'u  <if  titwAjr  or  of  ttw  vl|[uur  of  l>r>Otii.'— 
M^i,-'iul,,f     U.it   £Ma..  cti.  xllL 

ten  -din-o&s,  a.   [Fr.  ttiuHnfuj:.]    (Tlndon.] 
1.  or  or  in-rtaining  to  a  tendon  or  t4?udons. 
'.'.  Partaking  or  the  nature  of  a  tendon. 
3.  Full  of  I<.'ndons  ;  sinewy. 

•  ttod-ment,  .'.    (Enp.  teml  (l),  v.;  .j(!i:»(.) 
I  In-  :ivt  "'f  it-niling  ;  attendance,  care. 

-  Wbrthrr  III  trttdmtnt  uf  Troiiirlrftsc  inlue 
I'riKurc  bU  tlealli.  the  urlghboun  ntl  coinplniiie." 
flf>.  Hall:  tuitirt*.  ii.  4. 
ten   do,  ■.     ITvsnos.]    A  tendon. 

tcndo-AchiUls,  >-.    [Achillis-tlndo.] 

ten -ddn,   >■     [Fr.,  from  an  imaginary  Low 
l-'it.  Undo,  from  I-at.  ^ju/o  =  to  stretch.] 

Anat.  {}'}.):  Cords  of  tougli,  whit«,  eliinin}: 
tibroTw  tissue,  connecting  tlie  ligaments  with 
The  Itones. 

tendon-phenomena,  ^«.  lA. 

i'h'hi-d. :  Till-  aition  of  certain  nuiscles,  duo 
.'ipl>;in.-iitlytor<llix  action  produced  hyaflereiit 
impulses  started  in  the  tendon,  but  really  to 

■  iin-ct  stimulation  of  the  muscles  themselves. 
Tim-*,  when  the  leg  is  placed  in  an  easy  posi- 
tion (for  example,  resting  upon  the  other  leg), 
a  ^harp  blow  on  the  [latellar  tendon  will  cause 
;i  sudden  jerk  forward  of  the  leg,  produced 
by  the  contraction  of  the  quadrUxps  /emoris 
muscle. 

tdn'-d^tdme,  *.      [Eng.   t€ndo(n),  and    Gr. 
TOM>i  ((onu)=  a  cutting.] 
Surg.:  A  subcutaneous  knife,  having  a  small 

■  •blanceolaie  blade  on  the  end  of  a  long  stem, 
and  ust-d  for  severing  deep-seated  tendons 
uiThimt  making  a  lar^je  incision  or  dissecting 

■  I'.wn  to  the  spot. 

ten  dr&c,  «.    [Native  name.] 

y.-'l. :  A  small  insectivorous  mammal,  from 
Matiagxscar,  allied  to  the  Tanrec,  but  sepa- 
lateil  on  aecount  of  its  dentition,  and  given 
generic  rank  under 
the  name  Ericnlus. 
It  is  alKiut  two- 
ihinJH  of  the  size 
of  the  Common 
lledgeliog,  which 
it  closely  resemli!'-' 
in  ApiKuiraiice.  It 
general  tint  ) 
rlu.sky,  the  spin.  , 
licing  black,  tipi^ed 
with  white  or  liglit 
ml.  Telfair's Tendrac,  with  th('  sauH-  habit.it, 
'■oiistitiites  another  genus,  Kchinops,  differing 
froin  Eri.ulus  in  dentition.  It  is  about  live 
incht'rt  long,  brownish  al»ove,  dingy  white 
lieneath,  the  npi»er  surface  closely  coverer] 
with  sliarp  spines.    [Rice-tkndiiacJ 

ten'-dril.  *tdn'-drell«  s.  &.  n.     [Shortened 

If'-m  Fr.  Undrillnns  =  tendrils  ;  O.  Kr.  tesiilron 
=  a  tender  fellow,  a  terulril,  from  t4-julrf.  =. 
tender  (q. v.);  cf.  Ital.  ?r»jf rHm«  =  cartilages, 
tendrils,  from  ttnero  =  tender.] 


TFNDRAr. 


A*  Ai  substitntiiy : 

1.  JM.it  Lit.:  A  curling  and  twining  thread- 
like procetw  by  whUh  one  plant  clings  to 
another  ixKly  for  the  purpose  of  support.  It 
may  be  a  modihcation  of  the  midrib,  as  in 
the  pea ;  a  pndoiigation  of  a  leaf,  iis  in  XeiH-n- 
thos ;  or  a  nnKJitlcation  of  the  intloresceiice, 
as  in  the  vine.  They  have  been  divided  into 
stem-t4-ndrits  and  leaf-tendrils.  Called  also 
Cirrhus.  iind  by  the  old  authoi-s  Capreoliis  jnid 
Olavicuia.  Linmeus  included  tendrils  under 
his  fulem.  Tendril-beaiiiig  plants  are  distri- 
buted among  ten  oi\le!-s. 

"A»  the  vine  curli  ber  tendril*." 

.Ulttifu:  P.  A.,  iv,  307. 

•!  Darwin  {Origin  of  Sjxcie^,  eh.  vii.)  points 
out  that  the  gradations  from  leaf-climbers  to 
tendribbearei-s  are  wonderfully  close,  and  that 
in  each  ease  the  change  is  K'nelicial  to  the 
species  in  a  high  degree. 

2.  Fi>j. :  Anything  curling  or  spiral  like  a 
tendril. 

"  The  glouy  teudrih  of  lii»  mveii  hair." 

Stfron:  Lara,  Ii.  'Jl. 

■  B.  As  adj. :  Clasping  or  climbing  like  a 
tendril ;  having  tendrils. 

"  Miuglod  with  IIh-  curling  prowth 
Of  tendril  buiiH,  thiit  Haunt  uiwii  their  iiulea." 

Dyer :  J-'levce,  i. 

ten'-driled,  ten' -drilled,  a.     [Eng.  ten- 
dril; -at.] 
Hot.,  d:c. :  Furnished  with  tendrils. 

"  RouikI  their  tniuks  the   thoxt^iud-teitdrited  vine 
^vuuixl  up."  Huuthci/.:  Thalabtt,  bk,  vi. 

•  tcn'-dron,  *-.    [O.  Fr.]    A  tendril. 

■'  lluds  iiiiil  tvtidmtu  fti>|>eHr  above  grouud. '— /', 
J/,-llnml :  Ploik;  bk.  iiix..  cll.  ViiL 


'  ten'-dry.  ^^   [Eng.  tender  (1),  v. 
oiler. 


■y.]  Tender, 


tend-some,  «.  [Eng.  tend  (1).  v. ;  -snntc.) 
Nee'liijg  much  care  and  attention  :  as,  a  tend- 
some  child.     (^Prov.) 

^tene,^-.  &  v.    [Tees.j 

ten'-e-brae,  s.  pi    [Lat.  =  darkness.] 

/-<  i7«. :  The  otiice  of  Matins  and  Lauds  for 
the  Thursday,  Friday,  and  Saturday  in  Holy 
Week  (q.v.),  sung  on  the  afternoon  or  evening 
of  Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday  i-espect- 
ively.  The  tiloria  Patri,  hymns,  autiphous  of 
the  Blessed  Virgin,  &c.,  are  omitted  in  token 
of  sorrow.  At  the  beginning  of  the  office, 
Jitteeu  lighted  candles  are  placed  on  a  tri- 
iiiigular  stand,  and  at  the  conclusion  of  each 
li.saliri  one  is  put  out,  till  a  .single  candle  is 
left  at  the  top  uf  the  triangle.  While  t)ie 
He nt'd ictus  is  being  sung,  the  lights  on  the 
higli  altar  are  extinguished,  and  then  the 
single  candle  is  hidden  at  the  Epistle  side,  to 
lie  brought  out  at  the  conclusion  of  the  office. 
The  extinction  of  the  lights  (whence  the  name 
tenebra')  is  .said  to  figure  the  growing  dark- 
ness of  the  world  at  the  time  of  the  Cnici- 
lixion,  and  the  last  candle  is  hidden  for  a  time 
to  signify  that  deatli  could  not  really  obtain 
dominion  over  Christ,  though  it  appeared  to 
do  so.  A  noise  is  made  at  the  conclusion  of  the 
office  to  symbolize  the  convulsions  of  nature 
at  the  death  of  Christ  (iMatt.  xxvii.  45,  50- 
5a ;  Mark  xv.  33,  37,  3S  ;  Luke  xxiii.  44,  45). 

'  te-ne'-bri-cose,  a.  [Lat.  tcnehrkosus,  from 
f(/iWj((r'  =  darkness.]  Tenebrous, dark, gloomy. 

'  ten-e-brif'-xc,  a.  [Lat.  ^-ncftj-ce  =  dark- 
ness, and  yi(cio=  to  make.]  Causing  or  pro- 
ducing darkness ;  darkening. 

,        ,.,  ,  .  "Where  liglit 

I-:iy  fltlul  in  !\  teitcbrific  iiiue. " 

lirowitin-/:  Ring  &  Book,  x,  l.TCl. 

ten-e-brif'-ic-ous,   a.      [Tenebkific] 
Causing  or  luuducing  darkness  ;  tenebrihc. 

te-ne'-bri-6,  .s.  [Lat.  =  one  who  shuns  the 
light,  from  /f»t(jr(-c  =  darkness.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tenebrionidfe 
Ol.v.).  7'fnc^Wo?Ho?(7.)r  is  the  Mealworm  (q.v.). 

te-ne-bri-6n'~i-dae.  s.  pJ.  [Mod.  Lat.  tenehrln, 
gi'uit.  tenebrion(U) ;  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ido-.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Heteroiuerous  Beetles, 
tribe  Atrachelia.  Body  usually  oval  or  ob- 
long, depressed;  thorax  square  or  trapezoid, 
the  same  breadth  as  the  extremity  of  the 
alKlomen;  last  joint  of  the  maxillary  palpi 
formed  like  a  reversed  triangle  or  hatchet  ■ 
mentum  but  little  extended,  leavin"  the 
base  of  the  jaws  uncovered.  Black  or^duU- 
coloured  insects,  with  a  peculiar  odour,  slow 
in  their  movements  and  nocturnal  in  their 
habits.     A  few  aberrant  species  are  found  on 


late.  lat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there- 
or.  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  sftn;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rile.  fiiU:  try. 


trees  and  plants.  They  feed  generally  on  de- 
caying animal  and  vegetable  matter.  Most 
of  the  hard  species  are  very  tenaciims  of  life. 
Some  are  mimetic,  resembling  Carabid^e,  Lon- 
gicornes,  &c.  About  6,000  species  are  known. 
The  larger  nuniher  are  f<iund  along  the  mar- 
gins of  deserts  in  the  Old  and  New  World ; 
only  a  few  are  British.  Genera  :  Blajjs,  Tciie- 
brio,  &c. 

'  te-ne'-bri-OUS,  «.  [Lat.  (oiebra- =  dark- 
lu'Ns.]     Dark,  gloomy,  tenebrous;  pertaining 

to  lljgjlt. 
"  Were  ne^on  .iml  stArs  fui  villnios  oiilv  inadH. 
To  gui'U-,  yet  scieeu  thrni,  with  teiworioiis  light*" 
J'ottit^  ■  A'igbt  Thowjhtg,  ix.  9C5. 

'  ten'-e-brose,  «.    [Lat.  Unehrosus.'l    Dark, 

tenebrous. 

Ten-e-bro-si,  >'.  pi.  [Ital.]  [Texebrore.j 
Art :  A  name  applied  to  a  school  of  artists, 
also  called  Caruvaggeschi,  after  its  founder, 
Caravaggio.  The  remarkable  characteristic  ot 
this  class  of  artist  was  their  bold  and  power 
ful  renilcriiig  of  chiaroscuro. 

•  ten-e-bros -i-t3^,  s.     [O.  Fr.  tuiehroMtL] 

The  tiuality  or  state  of  being  tenebrous ;  dark- 
ness, gloom,  gloominess. 

"  Tenebroaitf/  or  dnrkness  is  directly  opposite  to 
li^htiuiiJ  clenniess."— /",  Holland:  Pluttirch,  ji.  8b2. 

*  ten'-e-broiis,  o.  [Lat.  tenehrosus,  from 
t'.'Hcbrw  =  darkness.]    13ark,  gloomy. 

"  The  toweruiii  ;unl  triict>rous  lx)ii^hs  of  the  cyjirese." 
Lviiffffllow :  Souiigetiiti:,  n.  'i. 

■  ten'-e-brous-neSS,  s.  [Eng.  tenebrous; 
■>icfs.]  Tiie  iiuality  or  state  of  being  tene- 
biiins ;  darkness,  gloom. 

ten'-e-ment.  i-.      [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  iene- 
nientnm,  from  Lat.  («n.eo  =  to  liold.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  An  abode,  a  habitation,  a  dwelling,  a 
house.    (Lit.  iCyiy.) 

"  Can  all  sanit,  sage,  or  sophist  ever  writ, 
l'eoi)le  this  lonely  tower,  this  ti:7iemenc  refit  ? " 
Bi/ruii :  ChiUle  Harold,  ii.  6. 

2.  All  apartiiiont,  or  set  of  apartments,  in  a 
building,  used  by  one  family;  an  apartment, 
or  .set  of  apartments,  in  an  inferior  building 
used  by  a  iioor  family. 

II.  Law:  Any  species  of  permanent  pro- 
perty that  may  be  held,  as  lands,  liouses,  an 
advowson,  a  franchise,  a  peerage,  Arc. 

"Tuncnicttt  is  a  word  of  still  greater  extent  (than 
huidl  .lUil  though  in  its  vulgar  acceptation  it  i!t  only 
aiil>lieil  to  houaes  iind  other  huildiugs,  yet  in  its 
Mrigiiial.  proper,  and  legal  sense,  it  siguities  every  thing 
thiit  luay  he  Itolden,  pruvlded  it  he  of  a  ])eritiHneiit 
uatui'tf :  whether  it  l«  of  a  sultstaiitial  and  sen!«ib)e.  or 
of  jiu  un^tibatiiritial  ideiil  k'lwiX, ' —Blackstonc :  Com. 
mcjif.,l)k.  ii..i:h. 'J. 

tenement -house,  .^.  A  bouse  divided 
into  leiRiiienls  oecupied  l>y  separate  families. 
In  teiieiiieiii  lii'uses  the  landlord  does  not  re- 
side un  the  premises.     [Tenement,  I.  2.] 

ten-e-ment'-al,  a.  [Eng.  tenement;  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  a  tenement,  or  tenements  ;  cap- 
able of  being  held  by  a  tenant. 

"The  other,  or  tenemental  lands,  they  diatrilnited 
.luiLing  their  teimiiH/'—Blacksfonc :  Comment.,  bk.  ii.. 
eh,  2 

ten-e-ment'-ar-Sr,  c  [Eng.  tcnanent ;  -arti.] 
Cai)able  of  being  leased ;  designed  for  tenancy ; 
held  by  tenants. 

"  Such  were  the  Ceorls  among  the  Saxons  ;  hut  of 
tW"  sorts,  one  that  hired  tlie  lords  ontlaiid  'H lene- 
tnetttary  land  (called  also  the  KoKhmdJ  like  our 
fanners.  ■■—,V;*c^»<tJt ;  Of  Feuds  A-  Ti:nures.  ch.  vii. 

te-nen'-das,  s.  [Lat.,  acciis.  fem.  pK  of 
ti:ncialns,  ftit.  i)ass.  par.  of  (e/ico  =  to  hold.] 

-SVii^s  Iaiv  :  That  clause  of  a  charter  by 
which  the  particular  tenure  is  expressed, 

te-nen'-dum,  s.  [Lat.,  neut.  sing,  of  tenv.i- 
dvs,  fut.  pass.  par.  of  temo  =  to  hold.] 

Lav:  That  clause  in  a  deed  wherein  the 
tenure  of  the  land  is  created  and  limited.  Its 
office  is  to  limit  and  appoint  the  tenure  of  the 
land  which  is  held,  and  how  and  of  whom  it 
is  to  be  held. 

^  ten'-ent,  s.  [Lat.  ord  pers.  jd.  pr.  indie,  of 
teneo  =  to  liold.]    A  tenet  (q.v.). 

■■  Hie  t€»ent  is  always  as  eingiilar  and  .iloof  from  the 
vulgar  as  he  \^ii."—£urlc:  Microcoimo'jrai.hi/. 

ten-er-iffe',  .s.  [Seedef.]  A  wine  brought  from 
Tenerilfe,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands,  resem- 
bling Madeira,  but  a  little  more  acid  in  taste. 

*  te-ner'-i-ty,  5.  [Lat.  teneritas,  from  tener 
=  tender  (q.v.).j     Tenderness. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tenesmic— tense 


tc-ne^'-mic.  a.    [TtrNESMus.] 

Mfit. :  Pertiiniiig  to,  or  ulmracterized  by 
tciiesnius. 

te-nei^'-inus,  s.  |L;it..  from  Gr.  TfiveaMo? 
(ftinismus)  (sre  dof.)  ;  TttVo)  {tiiuij)  =  to  strain.] 
PathrJ. :  A  desire  to  go  to  stool  without  tlu' 
I>o\ver  of  evacuation  ;  a  straining  at  stool.  It 
generally  arises  from  violent  and  irreguliir 
motion  uf  the  rectum,  as  when  there  are  in 
it  ulcers  or  excrescences,  or  when  there  is 
stone  in  tlie  bladder,  or  after  long-continued 
diarrht£a,  or  in  dysentery,  &c. 

ten'-et,  .n'.  [I-at.  =  he  hold^;,  :lrd  pers.  sing.  pr. 
indi«'.  of  tenev  =  ^i  hc)ld.]  Any  opinion, 
]irinciple,  doctrine,  or  dogma  wliieh  a  person 
Jiolds,  believes,  or  maintains  as  true. 

"  St.1  thiit  men  will  disbelieve  tlieir  o\ni  eyea. 
reiK'iiiice  the  evidence  of  tlieir  senses,  ami  give  tlieir 
I'Wii  ex|jerieiice  tiie  lye  rather  than  udmit  of  any- 
thing  ilisHgreeitig  witn  these  saured  tenets."— Locke : 
fliiiiinn  I'lidersl.,  bk.  iv.,  ch,  xx. 

ten-fold,  a.  or  mh>.  lEng.  ten,  and  fold.] 
Ten  times  as  many  or  as  great;   ten  times 

l^reattT  (ir  more. 

teng'-er-ite,  s.  [After  C.  Tenger,  one  nf  the 
first  who  described  it ;  sutl'.  -itc  (Jl/tJi,.).] 

Mill.  :  A  pulverulent  mineral  occurring  as  a 
thin  crust  on  the  gadolinit^ of  Ytterby,  Sweden. 
Lustre,  dull ;  colour,  white.  Compos,  stated 
to  be  tiiat  of  a  ciirbonate  of  yttria. 

Teng'-malxn,  5.  [Peter  GustavusTengmalm, 
a  Swedish  naturalist,  eontempor;iry  with  Lin- 
n;eus,  and  author  of  Fan  Suecus.] 

Tengmalm's  owl,  s. 

Oritith.:  yi/citthi  teiigiiudm,  the  Common 
Passerine  or  Tengmalm's  Owl,  is  deep  brown, 
witti  a  white  tliroat,  round  brown  spots  on 
The  breast  and  wings,  and  four  white  lines  on 
the  tail.  It  is  scarcely  larger  than  a  black- 
bird, and  is  a  British  visitor. 

te'-ni-wd,  a.    [T,EsioiD.l 

ten'-nant-ite,  5.  [After  the  English  chemist 
S>niit!rson-Tennant ;  sutf.  -ite  (Min.).'} 

Mill.:  An  isometric  mineral,  occurring 
mostly  in  crystals.  Hardness,  3'5  to  4 ;  sp. 
gr.  4*37  to  4  53;  lustre,  metallic,  becoming 
very  dull  on  long  exposure  to  light ;  colour, 
blackish  gi-ay  to  iron-black  ;  streak,  dark  gi-ay. 
Compos.  :  a  sulpharsenite  of  copper  and  iron, 
with  the  formuhi  4(Cu,Fe)S  -f  AS2S3.  The 
finest  crystals  have  hitherto  been  found  in 
the  mines  of  Cornwall. 

ten'-ne,  s.     [Fr.  tanuc.]    [Tawny.] 

Jlcr.  .■  A  colour,  a  kinil  of  chestnut  or 
orange-browu  colour.  It  is  seldom  used  in 
co;it-arniour.  In  engraving  it  is  represented 
by  diagonal  lines,  drawn  from  tlie  sinister 
cliief  point,  and  traversed  by  horizontal  ones. 

ten'-ner,    s.     [Eng.  ten;  -er.]    A  ten-pound 

note.    (^7ti(i^.) 

"No  money?  Not  mnch  :  iwrliaps  a  tenner." — 
Hughes     Tom  Brown  at  Ojefuni,  i-h.  xix. 

ten-nis,  '  ten-eis,  '  ten-nes,  *ten-nys, 
*  ten-ys,  ^ten-yse,  s.  [Etym.  «loahtfui. 
Skeat  iiroposes  O.  Fr.  tciiks,  pi.  of(t'/ae  =  a 
tillet,  headband  (Lat.  tcciiia),  in  allusion  to 
the  string  over  whicli  the  balls  are  played,  or 
to  the  streak  on  the  wall  as  in  rackets.  Others 
]>refeiFr.  ;t'H<j=  take  this,  iind  pers.  pi.  impera- 
tive vf  tenir  =  to  hold.}  A  game  of  ball  played 
in  a  court  by  two  or  four  persons.  The  court 
is  divided  by  a  net,  about  three  feet  high, 
called  the  "line,"  and  the  game  consists  in 
driving  a  ball  against  the  wall,  and  cnusing  it 
to  rebound  beyond  the  line,  by  striking  it 
with  a  small  bat,  known  as  a  racket,  the  ob- 
ject being  to  keep  the  ball  in  motion  as  long 
as  possible,  be  who  first  allows  it  to  fall  to 
the  ground  losing  the  stroke.  Tennis  was  in- 
troduced into  England  in  the  thirteentli  cen- 
tury, and  was  very  popular  down  to  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.  Since  then  it  has  become 
almost  extinct  in  England,  owing  to  the  ex- 
pense of  providing  the  complicat:^d  court, 
and  to  the  intricacies  of  the  minuti^  of  the 
game.  Lawn-tennis  (q.v.),  which  is  a  modi- 
fii'd  fiinn  of  tennis,  was  introduced  into  Eng- 
land in  1S73. 

"  His  &\sy  bow.  his  good  atoriea.  hie  style  of  dancing 
and  playing  tctitiig,  the  sound  of  his  cordial  laugh, 
were  faiuiliar  to  all  London."— J/ucau/a^  ;  BUt,  £ng., 
ch-  xi. 

tennis-ball,  s.  The  ball  used  in  the 
;.;aiiie  of  tennis.    (Shakesp. :  Much  Ado,  iii.  2.) 


tennis-court,  s.  A  court  or  alley  in 
which  tennis  is  iilayed.  (."Shakesp. :  2  Ilenrif 
IV.,  ii.  2.) 

*  ten'-nis,  >:t.  [Tesnis,  s.]  To  drive  lack- 
w;irds  and  forwanls,  as  a  ball  in  the  game  of 
tennis. 

"  'riiMie  fouri;arrU><nais9iiiiig  fintb  uium  th«  eiieiiiv. 
will  ...  iliive  him  fn.ni  <.ik- aide  tu  Jiiiotlier.  and  Utniiit 
lilni  imiiiiiKMt  them,  that  ho  shall  find  no  where  !<nfo  t^i 
keeii  hirt  (ei't  in.  nor  hide  himn^lf. "Si'i-nter :  (in 
/rcUimt. 

ten'-on,  '  ten-oun,  *  ten-non.  *"  ten- 
own,  '  ten-ant,  '  ten-ent,  ^'.  (Fr.  tino», 
Irom  Unir;  Lat.  tcnm  =  to 
hold.] 

Carp. :  The  projecting  end 
of  a  piece  of  timber  flttcii 
for  insertion  into  a  mortise, 
formed  by  cutting  away  a 
portion  on  one  or  more  sides ; 
sometimes  made  cylindrical. 
The  usual  joint  in  putting 
up  wooden  frames,  whether 
of  buildings  or  machine.s. 
Tenons  are  secured  in  their 
mortises  by  pins,  or  by  giv-  tenon. 

ing  tlioni  a  dovetail,  which 
is  driven  into  the  nnderc-ut  mortise  by  means 
of  a  wedge  or  backing-block. 

■■  A  mortice  and  tcnnn.  or  liatl-aiid-socket  joint,  is 
w.inted  at  the  li'ip."—Pale!/ :  A'-it.  Tlieol.,  ch,  \iii. 

tenon-auger,  s.  A  hollow  auger  used 
for  turning  the  ends  of  movable  blind-slats 
down  to  a  round  tenon.  Tlie  end  of  the 
tenon  is  afterwaixls  dressed  by  a  bui'. 

tenon-saw,  .'=.  A  thin  saw  with  a  thicker 
metallic  backing  ;  used  for  line  work,  such  as 
sawing  tenons,  dovetails,  mitres  for  joints,  &c. 

ten'-on,  v.t.    [Tenon,  s.] 
I.  JJtcrallu: 

1.  To  lit  for  insertion  into  a  mortise,  as  the 
end  of  a  piece  of  timber. 

2.  To  joJTi  by  means  of  a  tenon. 

*  II.  Fio-  '  To  fasten  or  join  together  as 
with  a  tenon.    (Amlreives :  Sermons,  ii.  S6.) 

ten'-6n-ing, 2)/-.  per.  ova.    [Tenon,  v.] 

tenoning  -  chisel,  s.  A  double-blade 
chisel  wliicli  makes  two  cuts,  leaving  a  middle 
piece  whirli  fnniis  a  tenon. 

tenoning-machine,  5.  A  machine  for 
cutting  timlier  to  leave  a  tenon. 

ten'-dr,   *  ten'-our,    '  ten~oure,  .^.  &  f. 

[Fr. 'i'»t6»r  =  the  tenor  part  in  music,  tenor, 
substance,  from  Lat.  tenorem,  acens.  of  tamr 
=  a  holding  on,  tenor,  sense  ;  teneo  =  to  hold  ; 
Sp.  tenor;  Ital.  tenore.] 

A.  As  suhstaiitive : 

L  Ordinari/ Language : 

1.  Continued  run  or  course  ;  general  or  pre- 
vailing direction  ;  mode  of  continuance. 

"  So  shall  my  days  in  one  sad  tenor  run." 

Pope:  Homer;  ltUid\\.  h20. 

2.  The  course  or  line  of  thought  wliicli  runs 
or  holils  through  the  whole  of  a  discourse  ; 
genernl  course,  direction,  or  drift  of  thought ; 
general  spirit,  meaning,  or  tendency ;  purport, 
substance. 

"The  wliole  tenor  of  the  gospels  and  epistles  shows, 
that  huuiioi  virtues  are  all  light  in  the  balance."— 
Watcrlaitd:   X'wrtoi.  V.  173. 

*  3.  Stamp,  character,  nature,  kind. 

"  All  of  .a  tenoitr  was  their  after-life." 

Dri/dun  :  Palamon  i-  Arcite,  iii.  1,HS. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Law:  A  transcript  or  copy.  It  implies 
that  a  correct  copy  is  set  out,  and  therefore 
the  instrument  must  be  set  out  correctly, 
even  although  the  pleader  may  not  have  set 
out  more  than  the  substance  "or  purpoit  uf 
the  instrument. 

2.  Music: 

(1)  The  third  of  the  four  kinds  of  voices 
arranged  with  I'egard  to  their  compass.  It  is 
the  highest  of  male  chest  voices,  and  its  ex- 
tent lies  between  tenor  c  and  treble  a.  The 
tenor  voice  is  sometimes  called  by  way  of 
distinction  "  the  human  voice,"  from  an  idea 
that  it  is  the  quality  and  compass  of  voice 
most  common  to  man.  The  Plain  Song  of  the 
Clmrch  was  formerly  given  as  a  tenor  part, 
the  harmonies  being  constructed  above  and 
below  it.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  hold- 
ing or  sustaining  note  which  was  given  for- 
merly to  this  voice.  In  old  music  the  tenor 
voice  was  divided  into  three  classes,  higli, 
mean,  and  low  tenor. 


(2)  Hie  third  of  the  fimr  parts  in  which  ron- 
eeited  or  harmonized  music  for  mixed  voices 
is  nsiially  eomp-ised  ;  the  partabove  the  bus:*. 
Formerly  the  music  f"r  this  pait  was  written 
on  a  staff  marked  with  the  tenor  clef;  but 
now  it  is  generally  written  in  displayed  oi 
full-score  ULUsic  on"  the  statT  marked  with  thi- 
treble  clef,  ami  is  sung  im  octave  lower,  hi 
eompre.ssed  an<!  short-score  music  it  in  written 
on  the  bass  statf  and  its  sui']ilemerit;uy  uppei 
ledger-lines. 

(3)  One  who  possesses  a  ti:nor  voice;  om- 
who  sings  a  tenor  part. 

(4)  An  in.strument  whi'rh  jilays  a  tenor  pari. 
('>)  The  larger  violin  ..f  l.iw  pitch  is  ealle-l 

the  tenor,  alto  viola,  bratschc,  and  sometimes 
alto  violin. 

(t;)  A  tenor  bell  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adjective : 

Mufiic:  Pertaining  U^  the  tenor;  adapte-l 
for  playing  or  singing  the  tenor  ijart :  as,  a 
tnior  viiice,  a  tenor  iustiunient. 

tenor  bell,  s.  The  lu-incipal  bell  in  a 
]ieal  or  set. 

tenor  C,  ^<. 

Music : 

1.  The  lowest  c  in  the  tenor  voice. 

2.  The  lowest  string  of  the  tenor  violin. 

tenor-clef,  s. 

Music:  The  c  clef  placed  \»pou  the  fourth 
line  of  the  stave.  It  is  used  for  the  tenor 
voice,  tenor  trombone,  the  higher  register  of 
the  bassoon  and  violoncello,  &c.  Tlie  treble 
clef  is  sometimes  employed  for  the  tenor 
voice,  but  the  notes  are  then  expressed  an 
octave  above  their  true  sound. 

tenor-trombone,  ^. 

Mnsic:  A  fiombniie  with  a  compass  of  twn 
octaves  and  a  filth. 

ten'-dr,  s.     [a  corruption  of  tenon  (q.v.).  [ 

ten~6r'-e,  s.    [ital.] 

Music : 

1.  A  tenor  voice. 

2.  A  tenor  singer. 

^  Tenore  hnffo,  a  tenor  singer  to  whom  is 
assigned  a  coiiiic  part  in  an  opera  ;  'I'euore 
icggiero,  a  tenor  singer  with  a  voice  of  light, 
small  quality ;  Tenore  rohitsto,  a  t<?nor  singer 
with  a  full,  strong,  sonorous  voice. 

ten-6-ri'-nd,  .«.  [Ital.,  dimin.  of  tenore  = 
tenoi'.]  A  tenor  singer  having  a  voice  of  a 
light,  clear,  thin  quality. 

"■  ten'-dr-ist,  s.     [Eng.  tenor;  -ist.] 

Music:  One  who  sings  the  tenor  pari  or 
plays  tlie  tenor  violin.    (Staincr  (0  Uarrdt.) 

ten'-6r-ite,  s.  [After  the  Neapolitan  savant, 
Tenore;  sufT.  'ite{Min.).'j 

Mill. :  A  variety  of  melaconite  (q.v.),  occur- 
ring in  very  thin  crystalline  scfdesof  a  shining 
black  colour  on  '"olcanie  scoria  at  Vesuvius. 
Lately  shown,  on  optical  grounds,  to  be  tri- 
clinic  in  crystallization. 

ten~6r-o6n',  <.    [Tenor.) 

Millie : 

1.  The  name  of  an  old  tenor  oboe  with  a 
compass  extending  downwards  to  tenor  c. 

2.  A  word  atiixed  to  an  organ  stop  to  denote 
that  it  does  not  proceed  below  tenor  c  :  as, 
tenoroon  hautboy.  A  teuoroon  diapason  is  a 
double  diapason  whieb  does  not  extend  below 
tenor  c. 

ten'-o-tome,  .^.    [Tfni..:.tomi:.] 
ten-6t-6*my.  *  ten-on-tot  -6-my,  >.  L'^'. 

Tci'wr  (tenon),  genit.  reVoi'Tos  (teuvutus)  =■  a 
tenon,  and  Tojuij  (tomi)  =  a  cutting.] 

Surg.  :  The  act  of  dividing  a  tendon  ;  the 
di\'ision  of  a  tendon. 

ten-pen-ny,  r*.  [Eng.  fo(,andpejiJ(y.]  Valued 

;it.  Ml   wortb  tenpi'iu-e. 

tenpenny-nail,  >-.    [Pennv,  "I.) 

ten'-rec,  s.    [T.axrec.] 

tense,  ^f.  [Lat.  tcnsu^,  pa.  par.  of  tendo  =  to 
stretch.]  Stretched  tightly;  stretched  or 
strained  to  stiffness  ;  rigid  ;  not  lax. 

"The  skin  wn5  feriAe.  also  rliiipled  and  blistered.'— 
M'istman :  Stinjeri/. 


b6il,  bo^ ;  pout,  jo^l ;  cat,  9ell,  choms,  9liin,  benph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-oian.  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion.  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die.  '^i-.  -  bel,  del. 


tense— tentaculite 


'  tOnOA,  *.  [O.  Fr.  tens ;  Ft.  temjv  = 
titii--.  ••■>■».. M.  fnmi  Ijit.  temyus  =  tiim',  a 
t.ii«  :   I'.-'    \  Itsl.  temiM,;  S|».  dVmpo.) 

I  till'  fMrtim  wliirli  11  vitIi  Uikt's 
ill  M-«s  liriH'  .-f  (ictiou  itr  of  tlitit 

w  I,  I ;  otir  of  tilt*  )«rticiilar  roriiis 

o(  Mtl  ii  11  -I  [I  vitI>  I».v  which  time  ofactlnii 
i*  .tfr.-^M-.l.  The  primary  Hiiiiiili)  (ciisejt  iirr 
ttinr  :  i«a»t.  pu'st'iit.  aiitl  fiittirf  ;  but  thi'si- 
■•liiiit  u{  tiiany  nxxhrii-JitintiH,  which  ilitVt-r  in 
■  lirfrri'iit  l.iii»;ua};e4.  In  Kri>;lish  tfiiH<-d  an- 
f.inMi'«l :  (l)  I'y  internal  vovvtl  chi)ii({«-,  an  in 
•in)!,  vinu',  rtin^,  llun};,  «^a  ;  ('-*)  Itv  tvriniim- 
tionnl  Inth-rtiuii,  »»  in  Ii>v<',  Iovl-*/,  livi>,  liwil, 
Ac ;  or  (a)  by  thi'  nue  <»f  anxiliary  v«tIm,  as 
lovi?,  (h'll  love,  iciW  love ;  ten,  u*iW  go,  had  gone. 


fte. 


"Th«  tenf  %n  UmU  t»  litark  praMlit,  txiat,  lUiil 
jture  tliiiB.  pitlier  iitdf-niiltfly  Mttlntut  refereiicv  t<j 
III/  tirvliiiinif,  miil'llf.  or  f Ti J :  ur  «I>m»  tUrliiitvIy.  Ii> 
rvfrrtii.  *  Ui  such  dutUictloua."— ifurrij .'  Uvrtn**.  bk. 


I..  ■;h.  w 

tdnse-lj^.  (v/i*.  (En^  trnse,  a.;  -/y.]  In  a 
t' ii-o-  iii.inni-r;  tij^htly;  witli  tc'nsioii. 

t^nse' -ntes,  «.  (Bng.  fcii.'^,  a. ;  -»«m.1  Tlie 
•  luiitity  or  Ntato  of  Wing  tense  ur  sti-etched  to 
BtitTn.'SH  ;  .ttitlin-sH,  tvn.tinn. 

"Sl.x.M  t)ie  liA'll  Mill  triitrn^Unt  th#  |Mrt  COHtlllUt*. 

*  t^n-si-bU'-I-tj^.  ».  lEng.  tetmhU :  -ity.] 
Thf  "luality  or  state  of  being  tensible  or  ten- 
silt*  ;  tensility. 

*  tdn'-8i-ble.  (I.    [Eng.  tfns(e),  a. ;  -ibJe.]    Ca- 

|>at'Ie  of  l)eing  extended  ;  tensile. 

"G-jIU  1*  tli«  clu««9t  auJ  ttieivfitru  the  ht'-tvlest  of 
DivUI*.  AiiJ  la  nkrwlM  tht  tuwat  (trxlbl«  (Ulil  ttruiMe.' 
-  Har<.,t :  Silt.  UiM..  |  3iT. 

t£n  -aile,  a.    [Lat.  f«M«t(5  =  tense  (q.v.).J 

1,  or  or  pertaining  to  tension :  as,  tensile 
streiij^tli. 

2.  (.'apalile  of  being  extended  or  drawn  out 
in  len;:th  or  breiidth. 

-  An  UxUt^  tluctlle  Aiiil  tfniilf.  n»  inetAls  thnt  will 
N'  ilriwii  liiti>  wires,  linve  tlie  Apiwtlte  of  iiut  ilia- 
o.iitiiiiiiiit;."— /irto-Ji.-  .Vat.  llitt..  i  Uti. 

tensile-Strength.  -<.  The  eohesive  power 
by  wliii'li  a  tii;iierial  resists  an  attempt  tu  pull 
it  .'ti>att  in  the  direction  of  its  fibres.  This 
l»enrs  no  relation  to  its  capacity  for  resisting 
e' impression. 

*  ten'-siled,  a.  [Eng.  teusUie) ;  -ed.]  Ren- 
<l-  n-'l  'Mpable  of  tension  ;  made  tensile. 

tdn-sa-i-tj^,  j».  [Eng.  te>ml(e);  -ily.]  The 
"luaiiiy  or  state  of  being  tensile. 

"  Tlif  lilimtiuii  »r  re<;i|>r<>cntioii  of  the  spirits  in  tbe 
t^n$-litfi  ul  tile  iiituclc«  would  Hot  be  to  l)eri>etlnU."— 
il.,rf     /■nni.irt.  of  the  S-mt,  bk.  li,.  ch.  X. 

ton'-slon,  «.   [Fr.,  from  Lat.  ityxsiontm,  accus. 
of  ttHMii^a,  stretching,  from  /edjjKs,  pa.  par. 
of  tnvXo  =  to  stretch  ;  Sp.  itnsion  ;  Ital.  ten- 
sione.  I 
L  Oritinary  langvage: 

1.  Litemllif : 

(1>  The  act  of  stretching  or  straining. 

"  It  aiti  Hav*   iiotbiug  of  vocal  oiaiiiiJ,  voice  being 
raiictl  by  n  stnr  lention  uf  the  larynx."— ^ub/cr. 
(2)  The  state  of  being  stretched  or  strainctl 
to  stiffness ;  the  state  of  being  bent  or  strained. 

"Tlie  "trliiK  which  la  constantly  keitt  in  a  state  of 
t€itsi',n  will  vibrate  on  the  Bllgbtest  iiuuMlae.'—Knox: 
Eu-t^t,  No.  2\. 

2.  Fig. :  Mental  strain,  stretch,  or  applica- 
tion ;  strong  or  sevt-re  intellectual  effort  or 
e.^ertiou  ;  stnjug  exi-itement  of  feeling  ;  gieat 
activity  or  strain  of  the  emotions  or  will. 

n.  Technicdlly: 

1.  Elect. :  Electro-nintlve  force.  It  is  mea- 
sured by  the  electrometer. 

2.  Meek. :  The  strain  or  the  force  by  which 
a  iKir,  rod,  or  string  is  pulled  when  forming 
part  of  a  system  in  equilibrium  or  in  motion. 
Thus,  when  a  cord  supports  a  weight,  the 
tension  at  every  part  of  the  string  is  equal  to 
tliat  weight. 

3.  P Ileum. :  Ttie  expansibility  or  elastic 
force  of  gaseous  bodies,  whence  gases  are 
sometimes  calle<l  elastic  Huids. 

■4,  Snoing-nutch. :  A  pressure  upon  the 
thivad  to  prevent  its  running  too  easily  from 
the  s{)oot. 

tension -bridge.  .*.  A  bridge  constructed 
on  tin-  [-riiiL-iplc  of  tii.-  U>w,  the  aich  support- 
ing the  trark  by  means  of  tension-rods,  and 
the  string  acting  as  a  tie. 

tension-rod,  5.  a  stay  or  tie-rod  in  a 
truss  or  structure,  which  connects  opposite 
]»arts  and  prevents  their  spreading  asunder. 


tension- spring.  •■'.  A  .spring  for  wag- 
i^.m-',  railway-carriages,  ie. 

tdn'-Sioned,  «.  [Eng.  tension:  -ed.]  Sub- 
jeet«*d  to  tension  or  drawinfr  out  ;  in  a  state 
of  tension  ;  tense,  dniwn  out,  extended. 

•  t«ns'-r-tj^,  s.  (Eng.  te,i4e),  a.;  -ity.]  The 
st-'ite  of  being  tense  ;  tension,  tenseness. 

•  t6nS'-Jve,  «.  [Ettg.  teii3(e),&.;-ive.]  Giving 
:i  sensation  of  tension,  stiM'ru'Ss,  or  contraction. 

"  Fn-ni  clioler  l»  a  hut  burnhiK  t'K'ii ;  a  bcatliij;  ]>iiin 
fnmi  tlie  jiiiUe  of  the  .irtery  ;  »  temive  |>aiii  from  ilia, 
teiiolon  of  the  parli  by  tlie  (ulueu  uf  humour.  — 
yiajitr  :  On  Uutnourt, 

tSn'-s6me,  <'.    [Tendsome.] 

ten  son.  •.    (Thnzon-.i 

tSn'-SOr,  ^*.  [I-at.  tensiis,  pa.  par.  of  tendo  = 
to  stretch.) 

Anal.:  Any  muscle  which  stretches  the 
part  on  which  it  specially  operates  :  as,  the 
tensor  ptdati,  the  tenaor  tiirsi,  &c. 

•  tSn'-Sure  (S  as  ah),  s.  [Eng.  teiis(e);  -ure.] 
Tension  ;  the  aet  of  stretching;  the  state  of 
bfing  stietclied, 

"ThlB  motion  ujion  jireMiire,  and  the  reciprocnl 
thereof.  niotli>ri  upon  tctititr,;  we  ciill  nn)tii'n  of 
liberty.  «hl.h  I*,  (vben  Auy  buily  belnu'  foic-.l  to  :i 
pretentiituml  extent  restorcth  Itself  to  the  natural.  " 
—Sacon. 

tent(l),  *tente»  s.  [Fr.  tente,  from  Low  Lat. 
lentil  =  a  tent,  prop.  fem.  sing,  of  tentiis,  pa. 
par.  of  tenth  =  to  stretch  ;  Sp.  tienda ;  Port. 
&  Ital.  tenda ;  Lat.  tentoriwn.] 

1.  A  portable  pavilion  or  lodge,  consisting 
of  some  flexible  material,  such  as  skins,  mat- 
ting, canvas,  or  other  strong  textile  fabric, 
stretched  over  and  supported  on  poles.  Among 
uncivilized  and  wandfring  tribes  tents  have 
been  the  ordinary  dwa-iliiig-places  fiom  the 
earliest  times,  but  among  civilized  nations 
they  are  principally  used  as  temporary  lodg- 
ings for  soldiers  when  engaged  in  tlie  tield, 
for  travellers  on  an  expedition,  or  for  ]>ro- 
viding  accommodation,  refreshment,  &c.,  for 
large  bodies  of  people  collected  together  out 
uf  doors  on  some  special  occasion,  as  at  liorse- 
rai-cs.  fairs,  cricket-matches,  or  the  like. 
Military  tents  are  made  of  canvas,  supported 
by  one  or  more  poles,  and  distended  by  means 
of  ropes  fastened  to  pegs  di'iven  into  the 
ground.  Ten  ts  of  a  large  size,  such  as  are  used 
tor  out-of-door  fetes  are  known  as  marquees. 

"  Now  man  the  next,  recediuff  toward  the  main, 
Wedged  iu  one  body,  at  the  lenli  they  stand." 

Pope:  Homer;  /find  xv.7Bi. 

2.  An  apparatus  used  in  field-photogiapliy  ; 
a  substitute  for  the  usual  dark  room.  It  con- 
sists of  a  box  provided  with  a  yellow  glass 
window  in  front,  and  funiished  with  drapery 
at  tlie  back,  so  as  to  cover  the  operator  and 
prevent  access  of  light  to  the  Interior.  It  is 
usually  provided  with  shelves  and  racks  in- 
side, ileveloping-tray,  and  a  vessel  of  water 
overhead,  having  au  elastic  tube  passing  to 
the  inside,  to  convey  water  for  washing  the 
plate. 

1 3.  A  kind  of  pulpit  of  wood  erected  out-of- 
doors,  in  wliicli  clergymen  used  to  preach 
when  tlie  people  were  too  numerous  to  be 
accommodated  within-doors.  (Still  sometimes 
used.)    (Scotch.) 

4.  A  Rechabite  lodge  (Jer.  xxxv.  7).  [Rech- 
ABiTE,  :i.\ 

"The  sick  funds  in  the  possession  of  the  various 
tentt." —Rechabite  Ma-jazine.  July.  1886,  p.  151. 

tent-lied.  .t.  A  high  post  bedstead,  having 
curtains  in  a  tent  form  above. 

tent -caterpillar,  s.  The  larva  of  a 
motli,  ClisioatmjKi  americaiia,  destructive  to 
the  apple  and  cherry-tree. 

tent-maker,  .^.  One  who  makes  tents,  or 
weaves  tlie  cloth  for  tents.    (Acts  xviii.  3). 

tent-peg,  s.  a  peg  of  wood,  driven  into 
the  grouud,  to  which  the  teut  ropes  are 
fasteneil. 

tent-pegglng.  s.  a  game  or  sport  con- 
sisting in  trying  to  pick  a  tent-peg  out  of  the 
ground  with  a  spear  or  lance  while  riding  at 
full  speed. 

"Coloiiel  -- — .  who  reopened  an  old  wound  while 
engnired  lu  the  giime  .<f  tent-pe<}(jing,  died  last  uiitht  " 
—HtandMrd.  Jan.  I5.  ItiSi!.  ' 

"  tent-Stitch,  .^.  A  kind  of  fancy  stitch 
in  worsted  work. 

"She  does,  core  of  my  heart— ahe  does-and  is  as 
«"**!?_"'."' ,"'"^1'="  ^ "'" '**  tcnC'Stitt:h."—Lara Lyiton : 


My  Xovel,  ch.  xll. 


tent-tree,  s. 

Hot. :  I'diidfuius  Fostcri,  found  iu  Lord 
Howe's  Island. 

tent  (2).  s.  [Contract,  from  attent  or  attention.] 
Attention,  caution,  care,  notice. 

"Cnnny  now.   lad— cnniiy  now— tak    tent  and   tak 
timv." Scot t :  Aiiti'juurs/,c\i.  vii. 

tent  (3),  '  tente,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tento  = 
to  handle,  to  touch,  to  test;  Fr.  tenter  =  to 
tempt,  to  prove,  to  try  ;  Sp.  tienta  =  a  probe  ; 
tieiito  =  a,  touch.) 

Surgical: 

*  1.  A  probe. 

"  Modest  doubt  ts  called 
The  bencon  of  the  wise  ;  the  tent  thn,t  searches 
To  tbe  bottom  of  the  worst." 

.sluikcsiJ. :  Truiht*  *  Cressida,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  roll  of  lint,  sponge,  &c.,  of  cylindrical 
or  conical  shape,  introduced  into  an  ulcer  or 
wound  to  keep  the  external  portion  open  and 
induce  it  to  heal  from  the  bottom.     [Sponce- 

TENT.] 

tent  (4),  s.  [Sp.  (t'fjio)  (m(o  =  deep  red  (wine); 
(i/i(o  =  deep-coloured,  from  Lat.  tinrtns,  pa. 
par.  of  tingo=  to  dye.l  A  kind  of  wine  of  a 
deep  red  cidour,  chiefly  from  Galicia  or  Mahiga 
in  ypain.  It  is  principally  used  for  sacra- 
mentid  purposes. 

*  While  the  tinker  did  dine,  he  had  plenty  of  wiue. 
Rich  canary  with  sherry  and  tent  snpernue." 

Percy :  /ieli/juen,  I.  ii.  IB. 

•*  tent  (I),  v.i.  [Tent  (1),  s.]  To  lodge,  as  in 
a  teut ;  to  tabernacle. 

"  The  smiles  of  knaves 
Tent  in  my  cheeks,  and  schoolboys'  tears  take  up 
The  ijlasses  of  my  aiglit." 

Shakesp.:  CoHolamts.  iii.  2. 

tent  (2),  V.i.  &  t    [Tent  (2),  s.] 

A.  Intram. :  To  attend ;  to  observe  atteu- 
tively.    (Followed  by  to.) 

B,  Trans.  :  To  observe,  to  remark,  to 
notice,  to  regard.    (Scotch.) 

tent  (3),  v.t.    [Tent  (3),  s.] 

1.  To  probe  ;  to  search,  as  with  a  tent. 

"  ril  observe  his  looks  ; 
I'll  tent  him  to  the  iinick,"    Shakesp. :  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

2.  To  keep  open,  as  a  wound,  with  a  teut 
or  pledget. 

ten'-ta-cle,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  tentacu- 
/»m  O'l.v.).] 

Zool.  (PL):  Feelers ;  delicate  organs  of  touch 
or  of  prehension  possessed  by  many  of  the 
lower  animals  ;  as  the  Mednsidje,  the  Polyzo.i, 
the  Cephalopods,  &c. 

ten-tac'-u-la,  ,".  j^?.    [Tentacdlum.j 

ten-tac-u-lar,  a.  [Low  Lat.  tentacid(um) : 
Eng.  atij."  suff.  -«/■.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
tentacle  or  tentacles  ;  iu  the  nature  of  a 
tentacle  or  tentacles. 

ten- tac-u- late,  ten-tS.c'-u-Iat-ed,  a. 

[Low  Lat.  tcntaciil(iim):  Eng.  sutf.  -ale,  -ated.] 
Furnished  with  or  having  tentacles. 

■'  Tentacufate  appendage  laterally  developed."— 
Kent:  Infusoria,  ii.  807, 

ten-t^c-u-lif'-er-a,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  ten- 
tncida.  pi.  of  tent-:tcuhiin  (q.v.),  and/t'ro=to 
bear.] 

Zool.  :  An  order  of  Infusoria,  or  a  class  of 
Protozoa.  Animalcules  bearing  neither  flagel- 
late appendages  nor  cilia  in  their  adult  state, 
but  seizing  their  food  and  effecting  locomo- 
tion, when  unattached,  through  the  mediTim 
of  tentacle-like  processes  developed  from  the 
cuticular  surface  or  iuternal  parencliyma  ; 
these  tentacles  are  simply  adhesive  or  tubu- 
lar, and  piovided  at  their  distal  extremity 
with  a  cup-like  sucking-disc,  an  endoplast, 
and  one  or  more  contractile  vesicles  usually 
conspicuously  developed ;  trichocysts  mrely, 
if  ever,  present ;  increasing  by  longitudinal 
or  transverse  fission,  or  by  external  and  in- 
ternal bud -formation.  Tliey  inhabit  salt  and 
fresh  water;  and  are  divided  into  two  groups  : 
Snctoria.  in  which  the  tentacles  are  wholly 
or  partially  suctorial,  and  Actinaria,  in  which 
they  are  merely  adhesive. 

ten-tac-u-lif' -er-ous,  a.  [Tentaculifera.] 
Bearing  ur  producing  tentacles. 

ten-ta-CU'-ll-form,  a.  [Lat.  tentacnlnm  — 
a  tentacle,  and/or»ta  =  form.]  Shaped  like  a 
tentacle. 

ten-tac'-u-lite,  a    [Tentaculites.] 

PalcKont. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Tentaculites. 


/ate.  mt.  fare,  amidst,  what,  lau,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there- 
or,  wore,  wpli;  work.  wh6,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  milte,  cur.  rikle.  luU:  try,' 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tentaculites— tenure 


29 


tentaculite-beds.  ^.  j'l 
lifol. :    lifils  of  jVlidiile    Devonian  age,   iu 
Nurtli  Devonshire  and  in  Germany. 

ten-tS^-u-li'-te^,  s.   [Mod.  Lat.  tenUiail(um) ; 

suft".  -ites']  ^ 

ralifont.  :  A  genus  of  organisms,  generally 
referred  to  the  Annelida,  but  stated  by  S.  P. 
Woodward,  &r.,  to  be  more  proi)erly  classed 
under  the  Pterojioda,  or  perhaps  with  Ortho- 
ceras  (q.v.).  There  is  a  straight  conical  shelly 
tube,  ainudated  and  sunietinies  striated.  The 
walls  of  the  shell  are  thin,  and  it  is  open  at 
the  thick  end.  Found  in  the  Silurian  and 
Devonian  rocks.  TenhiatUtcs  uninilutiis  is  a 
cliaracteristic  Lower  Silurian  fossil. 

ten-tac'-u-liim  (pi.  ten-t&c-u-la)»   s. 

[Lat.,  from  tento  =  to  feel,  to  try.]  The  same 
as  Tentacle  (q.v.). 

*tent'-age'{age  as  ig),  s.    [Eng.  tent  (l),  s. ; 

-age.]    A  collection  of  tents  ;  au  encamitmeut. 

"Upon  the  mouut  the  king  his  tentujje  fixed," 

Drayton  :  Barons  Wars,  U.  IS. 

*  ten-ta'-tion,   *  ten-ta-ci-on,   5.     [Lat. 

teatatiu,  from  tentatus,  pa.  par.  of  tetito  =  to 
tiy.]    [Temptation.]    Trial,  temptation. 

■■  If  at  any  time  through  the  frailty  of  our  wretched 
nature  aud  the  violence  of  tenlatian,  we  be  ditiwn  into 
a  sinful  acti<jii,  yet  let  us  take  heed  of  beiug  leavened 
with  witkedueaa,"— B^.  Bait:  Hemains. 

ten'-ta-tive,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  tentativits  =  try - 
ing,  tentative,  from  tentatiis,  pa.  par.  of  tento 
=  to  try  ;  Fr.  tentatif;  Sp.  teiitatli'O.] 

A,  Asadj.  :  Based  on  or  consisting  in  ex- 
periment ;  experimental,  empirical. 

"  The  tentative  edict  of  Coustantius  deacrihed  many 
false  hearts."— B/>.  Hall     Itemains,  p.  15. 

t  B.  As  suhst. :  An  essay,  au  experiment,  a 
trial. 

"The  various  tentatives  of  the  early  thinkers  had 
all  ended  iu  a  scepticism  which  n-as  turned  to  dex- 
terous uae  hy  the  Suphiats." — Lewes  :  History  of  Philo- 

$<jl.-hy  (ed.  18S0],  i.  338. 

ten'-ta-tive-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  tentative;  -ly.] 
1  n  a  t'entative  manner ;  by  way  of  experiment 
or  trial. 

tent'-ed,  a.  [Eng.  fc?i((l),  s. ;  -a/.]  Furnished 
or  covered  with  tents. 

"The  palisiule, 
That  closed  the  tenteU  ground." 

Scott :  Jfarmion,  v.  1. 

tent'-er  fl),  s.  [Eng.  tent  (2),  v.  ;  -er.]  A 
person  in  a  manufactory  who  tends  to  or 
looks  after  a  machine,  or  set  of  machines,  so 
that  they  may  be  in  proper  working  order,  as 
a  loom-(t'(i(*;r.  He  may  also  have  the  suiier- 
vision  of  a  certain  number  of  the  hands  cm- 
ployed  on  such  machines. 

tent'-er  (2),  *  teint-er,  ■  tent-ar,  *  tent- 
ure,  "tent-our,  *tent-owre,  ■;.     [Prop. 

kntiire,  from  Fr.  (<: ni u a- =  a.  .stretching,  ex- 
tending ;  Lat.  tentura  =.  a  stretching,  from 
iGntns,  pa.  par.  of  iendo  =  to  stretch.] 

1.  A  frame  used  to  stretch  pieces  of  cloth, 
to  make  them  set  even  and  square. 

2.  A  drying-room. 

3.  A  tenter-hook. 

"Ye  haue  stretgued  it  on  the  tentours,  and  draweu 
it  oil  the  perche.  — Go7ttei(  Boke,  let  5. 

*1I  Oil  the  tenters:  [Tenter-hook,^]. 
tenter-bar,  s.     a  device  for  stretcliing 

rlutli. 

tenter-ground,  s.  Ground  on  which 
flames  for  stretching  cloth  are  erected.  [Ten- 
ter (2),  1.] 

■■  I  could  distinguish  only  a  shadow  of  the  castle  on 
a  hill,  aud  tenter-groumls  spread  far  aud  wide  round 
the  town."— Ciai/;  Letter  to  Dr.  Wharton. 

tenter-hook,  ^^ 

1.  Lit.  :  One  of  a  set  of  hooks  arraugetl  on 
the  inside  margin  of  a  frame  and  used  in 
stretching  cloth,  the  margin  of  which  is  held 
fast  by  the  hooks. 

2.  Fig.  :  Anything  that  painfully  strains, 
racks,  or  tortures. 

Tf  Oritenter-Jiooks,  *  On  the  tenters:  On  the 
stretch  ;  on  the  rack ;  in  a  state  of  suspense 
or  anxiety, 

*  tent'-er,  v.t.  &  i.    [Tenter  (2),  s.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  hang,  stretch,  or  strain  on 
or  as  on  tenters. 

"  When  leather  or  cloth  is  tenfered,  it  spiiugeth 
Kick."— a<( con  :  .Yatural  EUtory.  §  12. 

B,  Intrans. :  To  admit  of  being  stretched 
by  a  tenter. 

■'  Wuollen  cloth  will  tenter."— Bacon :  A'at.  Bitt. 


'  tentes.  s.  pi.   [Etym.  doubtful ;  of.  Fr.  tentea 

=  tents.] 
Bot.  :  The  catkins  oiJugla-ns  rcgia.     {Lytc.) 

tenth,  *  tenthe,  *  teonthe,  a.  &.  s.    [A.S. 

tevdha;  Iccl.  tinndi.] 

A.  As  (tdj. :  Tlif  ordiTial  of  ten  ;  coming 
next  after  the  ninth. 

"It  may  be  thnught  the  less  strange,  if  others  can- 
not  dn  as  much  at  the  tenth  or  twentieth  trial  as  we 
did  lifter  mucli  pnictice."— fiy^/e. 

B.  As  snhstantii'e : 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  tenth  part ;  one  of  ten 
equal  jtartti  into  which  anything  is  or  may  be 
divided  ;  a  tithe. 

"Of  all  the  horses. 
The  treasure  in  the  field  achieved,  and  city, 
We  render  you  the  ti-nth." 

SItakcsp.  :  Coriolanus,  i.  9. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Ecdes.  :  The  tenth  part  of  the  annual 
l^rofit  of  every  living  in  the  kingdom,  formerly 
paid  to  the  pope,  but  by  sta'tute  transferred 
to  the  crown,  and  afterwards  made  a  part  of 
tlie  fund  known  as  Queen  Anue's  Bounty, 

2.  Uuv :  (See  extract). 

"  Tenths  and  tifleeuths  were  temporary  aids  issuing 
out  of  personal  property,  aud  were  formerly  the  rciu 
tenth  or  fifteetitn  part  of  all  the  movables  belonging 
to  the  subject.  Originally  the  amount  was  uncertain, 
but  was  reduced  to  a  certainty  iu  the  eigiith  year  of 
Edward  III,,  when  new  taxations  were  made  of  every 


township,  borough,  and  city  in  the  kingdom,  and 
recorded  in  the  Exchequer.    So  tl:    '     ' 
the  commons  giantea   the  crowi 


J  that  when,  afterwards, 
own  a  fifteenth,  every 
parish  in  Eughuid  immediately  knew  their  propor- 
tion of  it."~Bluckttonc  :  Comment.,  bk.  i.,  ch.  7. 

3.  Miisie: 

(1)  A  compound  interval,  comprising  an 
octave  and  a  third,  nine  conjoint  degrees,  or 
ten  sounds.  Tlie  tenth  is  the  octave  of  tlie 
third,  and  may  be  major  or  minor,  diminished 
or  augmented. 

(2)  An  organ  stop,  tuned  a  tenth  above  tlie 
diapasons,  called  also  double  tierce  or  decima. 

tenth'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tenth;  -ly.]  In  the 
tenth  place. 

ten-thre-din'-i-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  ten- 
(hrcd{o),  geuit.  (cHthrcdln{i^);  Lat.  fcni.  pi. 
adj.  siitt'.  -idii:.] 

Entom.  :  Sawflies;  a  familyof  Hymenoptera, 
tribe  Phytojihaga.  The  ovipositor  is  a  saw- 
like blade  of  two  lateral  pieces  at  the  apical 
end  of  the  abdomen.  Antenns:  generally 
short,  with  three  to  thirty  joints,  sometimes 
pectinated  in  the  males.  Maxillary  palpi  with 
.six  joints  ;  protliorax  produced  at  the  sides 
to  tlie  origin  of  the  four  wings ;  anterior  tibiae 
with  two  spurs  at  the  apex.  The  males  are 
generally  darker  in  colour  tlian  the  females. 
The  female,  by  the  saw  of  the  ovipositor, 
makes  slits  in  the  leaves  or  tender  slioots  of 
plants,  and  then  separating  the  two  pieces, 
deposits  her  eggs  between  them.  The  larva; 
have  eighteen  to  twenty-two  feet ;  they  are 
like  those  of  the  Lepidoptera,  but  want  the 
circles  of  hooked  bristles,  and  have  only  a 
simple  eye  on  each  side  of  tlie  foj-ehead.  Tlie 
cocoon  is  of  the  texture  of  parchment,  or  may 
resemble  lattice,  or  both  characteristics  may 
be  present.  It  is  attached  to  tlie  plant  or  tree 
on  which  the  larvfe  feed  or  is  buried  in  the 
ground.  About  a  thousand  species  are  known, 
many  of  them  from  Europe.  The  larvie  are 
very  destructive  to  croi'S.     [Athalia.] 

ten-thre'-do,  s.  [Gr.  Tei-epjjSoii'  (^tcnthredon) 
—  a  kind  of  wasp  or  fly.] 

Entom. :  Sawfly,  the  typical  genus  of  Ten- 
thiedinidie.  Upper  wings  with  four  sub- 
marginal  cells  ;  antenna?  with  the  third  and 
fourth  joints  of  the  .same  length.  Tenthndo 
(cthiops,  a  small  black  species,  deposits  eggs 
on  cherry  and  other  fi-uit  trees.  The  larvte  are 
black,  and  often  numerous  enough  to  do  the 
trees  great  damage.  Tenthredo  grossiUariai  is 
the  Gooseberry  Sawfly. 

tent'-ie,  «.  [Eng.  ?c»U2),  s. ; -ie  =  -2/.]  Heed- 
ful, cautious.    (Scotch.) 

"  Jean  slips  in  twa  with  tentie  e'e." 

Bums:  Balloteeen. 

*  ten- tig" -in- oil S,  a.  [Lat.  tentigo,  genit. 
tentiginis=a.  stretching,  lasciviousuess.] 

1,  Stiff,  stretclied. 

2.  Lustful,  lecherous. 

"Nothing  affects  the  head  so  much  hb  a  tenfi<tinons 
hTiuKiur.  repelled  and  elated  to  the  upper  region."— 
.Swift :  ilechankal  Operations  of  the  Spirit. 

tent'-less,  a.  [Eng.  tent  (-3),  s. ;  -less.]  Heed- 
less, cureless.    {Scotch.) 

"  I'll  wander  on,  with  tentless  heed." 

Burns:  To  James  Smith. 


ten-tor'-i-um,  s.    [Lat.=  a  tent  (q.v.).] 

Aiuit. :  An  arched  or  vaulted  jrartition, 
stretched  across  the  cerebrum  aud  the  cere- 
bclhmi. 

*  tent' -or- ^,  s.  (Lat.  tentorium  =^  a  tent.] 
The  textile  fabric  of  a  tent. 

"Tlie  women  who  are  Bwtd  to  wtjnve  Imiiglngii  and 
curtaiiiH  for  the  grove,  were  no  other  lln-u  nmken.  of 
ti-ntorics.  to  upread  from  treo  to  Irao."— Evelyn: 
.Sylt'a,  hk.  iv.,  i  a. 

*tent'-ure,  s.  [Fr.]  [Tester,  s.]  Pupcr- 
hangings,  wall-paper. 

tent' -wort,  s.  [First  element  doubtful ; 
liritten  iS;  Hclliind  qimte  a  statement  by 
Thrclkeld  that  the  plant  was  named  becau.*e  it 
was  a  specitic  against  the  "taint"  or  swelling 
of  the  joints  in  rickets.] 
Bot. :  A:iplenium  Ruta  viuraria. 

*  ten'-u-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  tenuaius,  pa.  par.  of 
tenitij'=io  make  thin;  (eH«i«  =  thin.]  To 
make  thin. 

ten'-u-e§,  s.  pL  [Lat.,  pi.  of  ^■»((i's  =  thin.] 
Gram.  :  A  term  ajiplied  to  the  letters  k,  it,  t 
(k,  p,  t)  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  in  relation  to 
their  respective  middle  letters  y,  ^,  6  (j/,  b,  d), 
and  their  aspirates  x,  </>,  6  {ch,  ph,  th).  These 
terms  ;are  also  ai>idied  to  the  corresjionding 
letters  aud  articulate  elements  in  any  lan- 
guage. 

ten-u-i-f6'-li-ous»   o.    [Lat.   (cjiwis  =  thin, 
and /oiiwjit  =  a  leaf.] 
Bot. :  Having  thin  or  narrow  leaves. 

ten'-U-i-oiis,  «.  [Lat.  (e?KUs  =  thin.]  Rare 
or  subtle  ;  teimous.     (opposed  to  dense.) 

"The  umst  tiniiiuus.  pure,  and  liiinple  mutter,'"— 
Glani'iU:  I'revxinivnee  ijf  fiouls,  ch.  \iv. 

t  ten-u-i-ros'-ter,  s.    [Tenuirostres.] 

Z'jol.  :  Any  individual  member  of  the  group 
Tenuirostres  (q.v.). 

t  ten-u-i-ros'-tral,  a.  [Tenuirostrrs.]  Of 
or  pe'rtaining  to  the  Tenuirostres ;  slender- 
beaked. 

"  The  gralliitorial  or  tenuirostral  type  ia  shown  in 
birds,  as  iu  quadrupeds,  by  a  great  slenderness  and 
elongation  of  the  jaws,  muzzle,  or  hHV—Swainton  : 
Birds,  i.  10. 

t  ten-u-i-ros'-tre^,  s.  pi  [Lat.  (eft7n's  =  tlnn, 
sleiidei",  and  rostrum  -=3,  beak.] 

Ornith. :  A  division  of  Inses.sores,  having  a 
long  and  slender  beak  tapering  to  a  point. 
Toes  large  and  slender,  especially  the  hind 
one,  the  outer  usually  more  or  less  united  to 
the  middle  cue  at  the  base.  They  live  on 
juices  of  plants  or  on  insects.  Families  Cer- 
thiada;,  Meiiphagidfe,  Trochilida?,  Promerop- 
ida?,  and  Upupidse. 

ten'-u-is,  s.    [Lat.=  thin.] 

Gram. :  One  of  the  t«nues  (q.v.). 

ten-u'-i-ty,  *  ten-u-i-tie,  s.  [Fi-.  tcnnite, 
from  Lat.  temdlatem,  accus.  of  tenuitas,  from 
tcnids  =  thin.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tenuous  or 
thin ;  thinness,  slenderness ;  smallness  in 
diameter. 

"In  the  iris  of  the  eye,  and  the  drum  of  the  e,ir, 
the  tenuity  of  the  muscles  is  astonishing."— /•a/e^.- 
A'atural  Thfoloffi/,  ch.  ix. 

2.  Rarity,  rareness,  thinness,  as  of  a  fluid  ; 
as,  the  tenuity  of  the  atmosphere. 

*3.  Simplicity,  plainness;  absence  of  gran- 
deur ;  meanness. 
*4.  Poverty. 

"  TTie  tenuitu  nud  contempt  of  clergymen  will  soon 
let  them  see  what  a  poor  carcass  they  »ire,  when  tmrted 
from  the  influence  of  that  supremacy.  "—A't/ti^  CharlfS : 
Eikon  Basilike. 

ten'-U-oiis,  a.     [Lat.  te7mis=thin,  slender.] 

1,  Thin,  small,  slender,  minute. 

2.  Hare,  rareiied  ;  subtle,  not  dense. 

ten'-ure,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  icnura,  from 
Lat.  teneo  =to  hold.] 

1.  The  act,  manner,  or  right  of  holding  pro- 
perty, esi>eeially  real  estate.  Land  may  be 
held  according  to  two  main  princii>lcs,  feudal 
or  allodial  (see  these  words).  The  fuiiner  is 
tlie  principle  universal  in  England.  The 
ancient  English  tenures  are,  to  be  acconnled 
for  upon  feudal  principles,  and  no  i)tluT; 
being  fruits  of,  and  deduced  from,  the  feudal 
policy.  For  there  seem  to  have  subsisted 
among  our  ancestors  fnur  jirincipal  speries  of 
lay    tenures,    to    which   all   others    may    be 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo^l ;  cat,  ^eli,  chorus,  ^hin.  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  f; 
Hiian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -We,  -die,  iic.  =  bel,  deL 


30 


tenuto  —teratology 


n-Miif-'l.  thcKniiHl  criteria  of  uliirli  wfrv  the 
■  .*!-<■.  .if  ttif  Nevrml  siTviCfs  thtit  wi-re  duo 
•  •)!■  lorilM  fnuu  tlifir  teiiniits.  Tht-M'  «er- 
w     ',    u  rf?i[K-ct  of  their  iiiwUty,  were  either 

1 r    l»M4'    servicer*:    in    re*|»eet    of  their 

;  :  >f  'iTv  ftiitl  the  time  of  their  exiictili^  tlielM, 
u..f  .itlier  ei-rluiii  or  tiiie(>rtaiii.  Fn-e  i*er- 
Vloert  tter»'  litlvh  ai»  \ven<  nut  nnbeconiin^'  the 
cliiiracterof  asohlier  or  a  freeman  to  ]>errorm  ; 
as,  to  rt^-rve  nnder  liin  h*nl  in  the  wan*,  to  pay 
a  Hnin  of  ntiiney,  aiitl  the  like.  13n.se  services 
weie  sudi  as  «eiv  lit  only  f»»r  (H-itKAUts  or 
I'viNoiis  of  a  ser\  ih'  ranl<  :  as,  to  iiloUKli  the 
foul's  lan«l,  to  make  liis  hedged,  or  other 
niian  eni|ih)yiin>nt.s.  Anotlier  ttivision  of 
teiinn-s  ^enemtly  vva.s  tlividisl  into  (1)  I,rty 
lehilres,  coniplisin^'  (fi)  Frank  t^Mietnent  or 
Freehold.  ((.)  Villenaue  ;  and  (2)  S|iiritnal  ten- 
urr's,  coniiirislng  (o)  Fntnkahnoigne  or  Alms, 
and  ((.)  Tenuri'  liy  Divine  Service.  Uy  the 
st.itnte  !;>  Charles  1 1.,  c.  IM.  all  tenures,  except 
frankalnioigne,  gniinl  serjeantry,  and  copy 
hold,  were  rednce^l  to  one  free  and  eoininon 
so^a>te.      IHi'itfiAm:,    Ct>pvnoi,D,    Fuaskal- 

MOIoNK,  Soi-AGK,  VlLLENAGE.! 

'■  Til*  ttuurr  tlvKrtlssI  \i\  our.sncieiit  writcra.  under 
the  lutiiir  I'f  iiilvilp][p<l  \  IlIriuiKC  Im  aiicli  iw  liiui  l«i-n 
hrlil  ■•(  tlia  Idiihi  of  KiiKlfUiil  tn>iii  tlie  C,'ii<ille>t  iltiwii- 
MAfiii  ;  iH-liik'  iiM  otlier  tlisii  Mil  cxslttsl  uneclcs  lit 
r»|>jltolil.  ■iilMUtliiK  St  t)ii«  •Iny.  viz..  tlic  leiiur*  lit 
Mivi-iil  i]«iiteniir.  ft  .^i-iilici  t.itli.-*e  lsliilm.r  iiinliunt. 
wtilk'h.  tli"ii^-lt  iiuw  inrTlm].^  i;rsiit«il  uut  tu  I'li^nlv 
•uliJci'tA.  vtfir  sctiislly  111  till'  Imliilsot  tlie  I'ruuii  in 
tlt«  tiii.r  u(  Edwnnl  tlir  f.-iifM^i-r.  ur  WllllHiii  tli.' 
I'uli'Hipror;  nixl  llii-  teiisiit"  tliLTi-iii  iiiive  suiiie  it-iii- 
ll»r  i.ruiieiif.  it..w  ..t  litllc  if  i.f  i\uy  vslu*-.  It  tliim 
npimir*.  tlint  vtlmtevcr  eliiil)p.-»  nntl  nlti<iKtt<iiiH  oiii 
tfnurrt  l.nvr  hi  J'locrss  uf  lime  uiideDfuiie,  friiiii  tlie 
.Saxiiii  rm  to  tlie  Vi  Cnr  II.,  nil  Iny  ri-iiiirc«sri-  iiuw  In 
elTiHt  reducml  t»'  twu  ii|ss-irs  ;  fnre  tenure  in  i-uiiiliiuli 
■*s-jnip.  mill  Uu«  teiiiirr  by  copy  of  court-roll."— //f*iet. 
*roM#     VoKiuu-nl.,  Ilk.  IL,  cli.  4. 

11  In  .Scots  law  the  corresponding  technical 
term  is  Hulpi.nu. 

2.  The  consideration.  Cfiitdition,  or  service, 
which  the  tjccupier  of  land  ^-ives  to  his  lord  or 
.sujierior  for  the  nsc  of  his  land. 

3.  .M.inner  of  holding  in  general ;  the  terms 
or  eon.lilioiis  upon  which  anythiny  is  held  or 
retained. 

"  All  tlint  wciiis  tlilue  own 
Held  bj  the  tenure  of  liU  will  aloue." 

Coiefier :  ExiKnttttatlon,  C7". 

te  nn'-to,  o.    [Ilal.  =  held.) 

Ma!<>c :  A  term  applied  to  a  note  or  series  ni 
Mutes  haviuy  to  lie  held  or  kept  sounding'  the 
lull  time. 

tdn'-zon,  tSn'-son,  .«.  [Fr.  feiison;  Ilal. 
f'wc'iMe;   from  Low   I.al.  lt:<ftio}lf!tn,  ucens.  of 

'■•"■o"  =  a  I tending,  a  eontesl,  from  Ijit. 

f'u-i(,«,  im.  par.  of  Icntlu  —  to  stretch.)  A  eon- 
lenlion  in  verse  hetweeii  rival  trouhadunrs 
l<efope  a  tribunal  of  love  or  gallantry  ;  hence, 
a  suhdivision  of  a  chanson  composed  by  one 
ol  the  contestants  or  competitors. 

te-o-c&r-U,  .«.    (Mex.  =  Gods  house.] 

Aiilifi.:  The  name  given  to  the  temples  of 
the  aborigines  of  .Mexico.  They  were  built  in 
the  form  of  a  four-sided  pyramid,  in  two, 
three,  nr  more  stories,  or  terraces,  on  the 
highest  of  which  the  temple  proper  was 
i>ituate<l.  The  Teocnllis  of  Vucatan  are  not 
built  in  terraces,  but  rise  at  an  angle  of  4it'  to 
the  platforms  on  which  the  temple  is  placed. 
IFVRAMID,  2.) 

"  A  inxwloiu  and  irnriosliiK  l,uildiiig.  erected  on  the 
1?,  ".".o'-"';^™"J  "?<■'.'"■■■  '"  telui.le  of  tbe  .Iztec  god. 
MIxitll.  —itiamt/ert   tiiri/e..  \i.  «6. 

te-o-pSn,  s.  (Mcx.  =  place  of  God.)  The 
.vuiii!  iis  Teocalli  (q.v.). 

te  pal,  K.     [Altered  from   petal,  and  with  a 

lelereliee  to  se[>al.] 
Boltiiiy: 
I.  A  petal. 
?..  One  of  the  portions  of  a  perianth. 

tep-e-f&c'tlon,  -tepi  fie -11011,8.  fLat. 
Iri>rjii,lxu,  i.a.  par.  of  fr/vi/neio  =  to  tepefy 
(q.v.).]  The  actor  oiieration  of  warming  or 
maknig  tejiid  or  nmJerately  warm. 

t&p-i-ty,  'Vep-l-ty,  V.I.  &  t.  [Lat.  tei,e- 
S<vm,  from  tojHo  =  to  be  warm,  and/acio  =  to 
ntake.) 

A.  Vtoii*.  ;  To  make  tepiil  or  inoderatelv 
warm.  -^ 

••Tliey  (i.llcci  lie  clo.ie  to  the  liottoni.  where  the 
Tk"  1  '•,"""'  »»"?■  Mill  «eldol.i  venture  out,  excei.t 
the  d«y  ly  imrtlculAlly  Hiu.,  ,uid  the  .hallow,  "tf,' 
e-lirei  of  the  atrenui  liecoiiic  tei»}ied  hythe  isiwerful 
■■■'"■  ■    Anhntiteil   Xatur,-. 


of   the  .utl."— eofrf«Ho7/i  .- 


K.sai. 

B.  Inlrans.:  Tobecome  tepid  or  moderattlv 
warm.  •' 


t6-p6-JI-16 -to  (J  ash),  .-.    fXative  name  ii. 

Celltwl  Ainellea.) 

/(of.  .■  The  yoniig,  iinexpanded  flower-buds 
of  ft  spei-ies  of  I'hannedoreA  (q.v.);  highly 
esteemed  us  a  vegetilble. 

tipIl'-TIB-dpS,.<.  (Or.  T«*po((r;);mi)=:  .ashes. 
ami  wij(  (6p,<)=  the  face,  the  countenance.] 

li-litlii/. :  A  genus  of  Sparidie,  group  Caii- 
tharina,  from  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  Aus- 
tralian seas. 

■  tepll'-r9-m&n-9J^,  s.  (Gr.  W^po  (lephro)  — 
ashes,  anil  ^aereiu  (ijunifrnr)  =  prophecy,  di- 
vination.) Dit'ination  by  the  inspection  of 
the  ashes  of  a  saciillce. 


toph'-rine,  tcph'-rite, s.  [Gr.  7-«.j>(io(rr/if(.") 

=  cinders,  aslies  ;  sull".  -(in-,  -iff.] 

I'rtrol.:  A  name  originally  given  to  a 'gray, 
ash-like  roek  of  loose  texture,  the  base  of 
which  wa.s  traehylic.  Sub.seiiuent  investiga- 
tion has  shown,  however,  that  it  consists  of 
a  plagiocluse  felspar,  associated  with  either 
liepheline  or  leiicite,und  sometimes  with  I'oth, 
ami  also  several  accessory  minei-als.  This 
name  ha.s  been  until  recently  used  by  French 
geologists :  but  Rosenbuscii  (,l/(7.Tiwt(i;ifV/o' 
J'hysit}gnqtliit'  d,  viassigeii  Geslcinf,  Stuttgait. 
ISTT)  has  adopted  it  as  a  designation  of  a 
*'  family"  of  rocks,  most  of  which  are  eiiniv.t- 
U-nt  to  the  phonolites  (q.v.). 

teph-ri'-tis,  .«.    (Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  re^pa 
(tfj'hni)  =  ashes.) 

Ichtjiji,  :  A  genus  of  Pleuronectidje  (q.\.). 
allied  Ui  Hii>pogI'issus.  The  mouth  is  nearly 
symmetrical,  and  the  dorsal  commences  aliove 
the  eye. 

teph-rod-or'-nis,  .«.    [Gr.  Tei(.pii8.)s  (/f;.;..-:- 

(/is)  =asli-i'iiloureii,  and  opri?(or/(is)  =  a  bird. 
Named  frulii  their  sombre  plumage.) 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Prionopidie  (in  some 
elassiticatioiis,  of  Laniidai,  when  they  are 
lilaced  in  the  siih-lamily  Dicrurina-),  with  four 
species,  from  the  Oriental  region.  The  frontal 
feathers  are  bristly  and  incurved.  They  go 
.about  in  small  tlock.s,  carefully  hunting  for 
the  insects  nn  uliich  they  feed. 

teph-ro  man  9y,  *  teph-ro-maii -ti-a 

(tl  as  Shi),  .^.     (Tkphramancv.) 

teph~rd'-^i-a, .«.   [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  Teijipo? 
{Icpliros]  —  asli-coloured.) 

1.  Hot. :  A  genus  of  Galegece.  Tropical  or 
sub-tropical  trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  usually 
with  unequally  pinnated  leaves,  covered  with 
a  gray  silky  down,  and  lanceolate  or  subulate 
stipules.  Flowers  mostly  in  axillary  racemes, 
white  or  purplish  ;  caly.x  campanulate,  with 
five  nearly  equal  teeth;  stamens  in  one  or 
two  bundles ;  legume  linear,  compressed, 
straifiht,  or  curved,  many-seeded.  The  young 
brandies  of  Ti/^hrosiatoxicaria  and  T.  cinerea. 
West  Indian  plants,  with  the  leaves  pounded 
and  sometimes'  mixed  with  quicklime,  are 
thrown  into  jiools  and  mountain  streams  to 
poison  lish.  The  smaller  fry  die  ;  the  larger 
lishes,  though  temporarily  stupelied,  gener.illv 
recover.  An  infusion  of  the  seeds  of  T.  jmr- 
pnrea,  a  copiously  branched  perennial,  one  or 
two  feet  high,  common  in  India,  is  given  as  a 
cooling  medicine.  A  decoction  of  the  bitter 
root  is  given  in  dyspejisia,  lientery,  tym- 
panitis, &c.  T.  Senna  is  used  as  a  purga- 
tive by  the  inhabitants  of  Popayan.  A  bfiic 
dye  IS  extracted  from  T.  tiiittoria,  an  under- 
shnib  growing  in  Mysore,  &c.  T.  A-pollhtm 
in  Nubia.  and  T.  toxicaria  in  the  Xi-er 
region,  are  also  dye  plants.  ° 

2.  Eiilim.  :  A  genus  of  Geometer  Moths 
family  Boarmidie.     Five  species  are  British. 

tep'-id,  o.  [Lat.  tepidus,  from  tepco  =  tn  be 
warm,  from  same  root  as  Sansc.  tnn  =  to 
burn.)    Moderately  warm  ;  lukewarm. 

n  ,,  '"i'liroughthefeyiifgleioiis 

Deep  musing,  then  he  best  exert,  hi.  aoiig,- 


ThomsoT) :  AitCttirni.  I.:;2|. 

[Lat.,  from  tepidus  = 


tep-i-dar'-i-iim, 

tepid  (q.v.).] 

Romnn  Antiq.:  An  apartment  in  Rom.in 
baths  where  the  tepid  w-ater  was  placed  ■ 
.also  the  boiler  in  which  the  water  was  warmed 
for  the  tepid  bath, 

te-pid-i-ty,  s.  [Fr. (cpirfiVc,  from  Lat  tn.hh,^ 
=  tepid.]  'I'he  quality  or  state  of  being  tepid 
or  lukewarm.    (Lit.  tt  fi/j.)  ' 

„  ".y".."''"'"''  "."J  iiificiell  b«»nesse  of  the  Jewish 
natloiu  -Up.  rasltn-:  Li/e  of  Chriu.  pt.  l!,  J  1 


tep -id-nSss.  .<, 

liikewarniness, 


[Eng.  <epirf  ;  -ties*.)  Tepidity, 


te  por, 

warmth. 


(Lat.)     Gentle  heat,   moderate 


'•  The  aiiinll  ik>x.  mortAl  durfnK  auch  a  se-iaon.  grew- 
liiore  fiivounible  by  the  teitur  uud  uiolnture  in  April  " 
—.trlinlhiiat. 

teq-ez-quite  (q  as  k),  ti.  [A  corrupt,  of 
Tenuoixqiiitl,  the  Mexican  name  for  a  mineral 
substance  found  at  Tcxcoco,  Zninpango.) 

Mill. :  A  mixture  of  variou.s  salts,  consisting 
principally  of  carbonate  of  soda  and  chloride 
of  sodium  (common  salt). 

tcr-a-cryl'-ic,  n.  [Eng.  (c)-(c()ic),  and  acrylic.  ] 
I'eiived  from,  or  containing  terebic  and  acrylic 
acid. 

teracryllc-acid,  s.  [Pvroterebic-acid.] 

ter  -a-phim,  .<.  fl.  [lleb.  C'Bin  (te-ra-plnm), 
perhaps  from  aii  obsolete  verb  fm  {luraph) 
=  to  live  agreeably  or  in  plenty.  {Gcvtiius).] 
Jeici/k  Autiq.  :  Household  gods,  like  the 
Konian  Penates.  The  "  images  "  which  Rachel 
stole  from  her  father  Laban  are  called  in 
Hebrew  teiaphim  (Gen.  xxxi.  19,  34,  3b). 
Perhaps  they  were  the  "strange  gods"  given 
up  by  Jacob's  household,  and  by  him  hid 
under  the  "oak"  at  Shechein  (xxxv.  2,  4). 
Again,  the  "image"  which  Michal  put  in 
Havid's  bed,  and  which  was  intended  to  be 
mistaken  for  him,  is  called  in  Hebrew  teia- 
phim, a  plural  form,  though  apparently  only 
with  a  singular  meaning.  It  was  probably  of 
the  human  form  and  size  (1  Sam.  xix.  13). 
Micali  manufactured  one  or  more  (Judges 
xvii.  0,  xviii.  14,  17,  IS,  20).  Teiaphim  are 
often  mentioned  in  connection  with  epliods 
and  in  Zech.  x.  2,  it  is  stated  that  the  tera- 
phini  (A.  V.  idols)  have  spoken  vanity,  imply- 
ing that  they  were  consulted  as  oracles  by  the 
Jews,  as  ephoils  were  (1  Sam.  xxiii.  !l,  12,  xxx, 
7).  The  Babylonians  used  them  for  a  similar 
purpose  (Ezek.  xxi.  21).  Samuel  denounced 
them  (1  .Sam.  xv.  23),  and  Josiah  put  them 
away,  with  wizards,  idols,  4c.  (2  Kings  xxiii. 
24).  The  English  reader  must  have  recourse 
to  the  R.  V.  to  tind  where  the  word  teraphim 
uceurs  in  the  Old  Testament,  as  in  all  but 
one  iiassnge  (Hosea  iii.  4)  the  A.  V.  translates 
it  by  other  words. 

ter'-a-pin,  s.    [Teerapik.] 

ter'~&S,  s.     [Gr.  Tepas  (teras)  =  a  monster.) 
Eutom. :  A  genus  of  Cynipidse.    The  punc- 
ture by  Teivs  terminalis  of  oak  twigs  produces 
the  gall  called  oak-ajiplc. 

"  te-rit'-ic-al,  n.  [Gr.  Wpas  (tems),  genit. 
TepaTot  (teratos)  =  a  sign,  a  wonder.)  Mar 
vellous,  w-onderful,  miraculous. 

ter-at-ich'-thj^s,  s.    [Pref.  tcmllo)-,  and  Gi-. 

ix9e5(ie/itt«s)=a(tsh.) 

I'ala-oiit.  :  A  genus  of  Gymnodontida'. 
known  British  species  one,  from  the  Lower 
Eocene. 

ter-a-to-,  pre/.  (Teratical.)  Marvellous; 
<.t  or  belonging  to  monsters  or  anything  won- 
derful. 

ter-a-tog'-en-y,  ,'.     [Pref.  tmito-,  and  Gr. 
yevfato  (fjomao)  =  to  produce.) 
Med. :  The  formation  of  monsters. 

ter-at'-6-lite,  s.  [Pref.  terato-,  and  Gr. 
AiSos  (lithof)  =  a  stone ;  Lat.  torn miraculosn  ; 
Ger.  wnndererdc] 

Mill.:  An  impure  variety  of  lithomarge 
(q.v.),  found  at  Planitz,  Saxony. 

ter-a-to-log'-ifc-al,  a.  [Eng.  terotolog(ii); 
-Jail.  ]  Of  or  pertaining  to  teratology  ;  deal- 
ing witli  ur  treating  of  monsters  or  marvels. 


ter-a-tol-o-gist, s.   [En 

1.  I.Mie  given  to  teratoli    _ 
in  marvels  ;  a  marvel-monger. 

2.  One  who  studies  or  is  versed  in  the 
science  of  teratology. 

ter-a-tdr-o-gjr,  s.  (Pref.  terato-,  and  Gr. 
Ao-yos  (Ioijo.h)  =  a  word,  a  discourse.) 

1.  That  branch  of  biological  science'wliieh 
deals  with  monsters,  malformations,  or 
deviations  from  the  normal  types  in  the 
animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms. 

^  2.  Attectation  of  sublimity  in  language  ; 
bombast.     (.Dailey.) 


tercitohfj^y)  ;  -isf. ) 
y  ;  one  who  deals 


"S^^zj^s  :!^^:s:^^!xs::-^t^-:-:^.  -^^^^^^ 


ey  = 


go.  pot, 
a ;  qu  =  kw. 


teratosaurus— terebralia 


31 


ter-a-to-sau'-rus,  .-•.  [Pref.  terato-,  :iu>\  Gv. 
aavpos  (sanroi<)  ~  Si  lizard.) 

Paheont.  :  A  genus  of  Triassii-  Dinosaurs. 

ter-bi-fim.  ■■■.  [From  Ytterby  in  Swodt-n.] 
Clirui, :  A  nK'tal,  supposed  l>y  Mosamler  in 
lS4:i  to  exist,  to.^ether  witli  erbitnn  ami 
ytti'iuin,  in  gadolinite.  Subsec|uent  investiga- 
tions lia\e  thrown  consiili^rable  doubt  on  its 
existeni'i*,  and  it  is  now  believed  to  be  yttria 
rontaniinated  with  the  oxides  uf  the  cerium 
metals. 

ter9e,  '  tyerse,  s.  [Fi'-  niasc.  tiers,  fem. 
firn-'  —  tliird  ;  (iers  =  a  tliird  part,  a  tierce, 
trniji      Lat.      tniiu^,     fem.      /crfia  =  third.] 

[TlKHCE.] 

*  1.  A  third  part,  a  third. 

"  The  iiiiddle  l>t>tweeiie  them  both  is  50  degrees  niul 
.-v  tcrcc  iu  latitude."— //«rft?«.vf  .'   roydjM,  iii.  2Hi. 

*2.  Measures,  <fr.  :  A  cask  whose  contents 
are  forty-two  gallons,  the  third  of  a  pipe  or 
butt. 

"  For  I  aeiirch'il  «very  piece  of  whie ;  yea  sure,  sir, 
Ami  every  little  tt-rci;  thnt  could  but  testifie." 
/ie.ium.  .t  /-'tet.  :  The  I'tlgrhn.  \\.  I. 

*  3.  EaVp.--. :  The  same  as  Tierce,  II.  2. 

"  At  liowre  tyer$e."        ilt/roMr  o/oiir  Lmty.  \y.  \X 

4.  Scft.-^  Law:  A  real  right,  whereby  a  widow 
who  has  not  accepted  any  special  provisitm, 
is  entitled  to  a  life-rent  uf  one-third  of  tlie 
heritage  in  which  her  husl»and  die<l  infeft, 
provided  the  mariiage  has  endured  fitr  a  year 
and  a  day,  or  lias  produceil  a  li\ing  child. 
No  widow  is  entitled  to  her  terce  until  she  is 
regularly  kenned  to  it.     [Ken,  i:,  A.  U.J 

terce-major,  ■^. 

(■'"</-;  A  s.c^uence  of  the  three  best  cards 


ter'-5el, '  ter-cell, "  tassel,  .'j.  &  a.   [O.  Fr. 

lu't-ir/i-t,  so  called  becauM-  he  is  commonly  a 
third  less  th;in  the  female,  from  O.  Fr.  tlcr^. 
tierce  =  ttiiKi  [Terce]  :  of.  O.  Ital  terzolo ;  Itnl. 
ter^uolo,  from  tcr;:o  =  third.] 

A.  As  siihst. :  The  male  of  the  falcon,  espec. 
the  common  or  Peregrine  FaU-uu  {Falco  jierc- 
ijrinus). 

"  The  fjilcoii  as  the  tcrcrl.  for  all  the  ducks  i'  the 
river."— 5Aa/.cs/i.  /  Troilus  Ji  Cressida,  iii.  2. 

*  B,  As  adj. :  Male. 

"  The  tifrr.eH  egle.  .'vs  >e  kuow  full  wele, 
The  fuule  ruyiill,  abuue  j-mu  sll  in  degre." 

Cluiucfr:  AiSfinitl//  c^ Fbiiles. 

^terfe-let,  s.  [O.  Fr.  tierceh-t.]  [Tercel.] 
The  111. lie  hawk  ;  the  male  eagle. 

■■  I'erched  i>n  )jia  WDUted  eyrie  high, 
.Slei?p  HeiileJ  the  tt-ycelft's  we;iried  eye." 

^Voff  .■  Jtokeb]/,  Ti.  2. 

^  ter'-cel-lene,  .-•.    [Tepxi-l.]    a  small  nmle 

liawk  ;  a  tercek-t. 

ter  5en  -ten-a-ry,  t  ter-9en-ten'-a-ry, 
ter-^en-ten'-a-riS^,  a.  &  s.    fLat.  ter  = 
lluice.  and  cnitciiiirin^  —  centenary  (q.v.).] 

A.  .4.^  adj.:  Comprising  three  hundred 
years;  including  or  relating  to  an  interval  of 
three  hunilred  years. 

B.  As  snhst.  :  A  day  celebrated  or  observed 
.'US  a  festival  inconunemoration  of  some  event, 
as  a  great  victory,  &c.,  which  occurred  three 
hundred  years  before. 

"  Their  iiiiV'le  preaideiit  had  accuatoined  himself  tn 
any  'terceiiteeiiary.'  But  all  long  words  that  ended 
lu  'ary,'  '  try,"  '  ory,'  were  .accented  on  the  fourth 
aylliible  frcui  the  end.  or  what  schul.ara  ciilled  tht- 
■  pre.iiitepeiiultiinate.*  (L.iuKhter.)  If  his  lordship's 
attention  were  called  to  tliat  little  law.  he  would 
.adapt  his  pronunci.itiou  to  the  comniou  one,  ami 
would  speaK  of  the  'tcr-ce>}t-ennr>/.'"~Daili/  xVews, 
Sept.  23,  1837. 

ter9'-er,  .^.    [Eng. /€rc(e);  -er.] 

Law:  A  tenant  in  dower  ;  a  duweress. 

ter9'-et,  ?.    [Fr.,  from  tiers  =  third.] 

1.  Music:  A  third. 

2.  Foefri/ :  A  group  of  three  rhyming  lines  ; 
a  triplet. 

ter'-5ine» .'.  tFr.,  from  Lat.  terfius  =  third.] 
Dot. :  Rlirbel's  name  for  what  he  considered 
a  third  coating  of  some  seeds,  internal  to  the 
secundine  and  primine.  It  is  really  only  a 
layer  of  the  primine  or  secundine,  or  the 
.secundine  itself.  Called  by  Mali>ighi  the 
Chorion. 

ttere,  >\    irARE(ix  s.] 

ter-e-bam'-ic,  n.  [Eng.  tereh{ic),  and  a.viir.\ 
L)erived  from  or  containing  terebic  acid  and 
iimmuiiia. 


'tion  from  ( — O^w^ 
;  body.  The  /  -^^J 
ung.    when      ,,.---^-^^- 


terebaxnic  acid,  -^. 

Chem. :  C7UuX03  =  (C;HiO..)"  hn  -     Tere- 

ii        i" 

bamide.  Prepared  by  hentiiig  terebic  acid  in 
ammunia  gas  to  14it-l(HV.  It  is  slightly 
snlul.le  in  edld,  very  soluble  in  hot  water  and 
in  alcohol. 

ter-e-blim'-ide»  .-■.   [Eng.  tercl>(ic),  and  am  idc] 

[Ti:HEBAMI(  -ACU>.] 

ter'-e-bate,  ^.     [Eng.  tereh(ic);  -ate.] 
Chnn.  :  A  salt  of  terebic  acid. 

ter-e-bel'-la,  s'.  [Din^in.  from  Lat.  terebra  =  a. 
boring  instrument.] 

1.  Surg. :  A  trepan  or  trephine. 

2.  Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Terebellida- 
(q.v.).  The  sheath  consists  of  sand,  pieces  of 
shell,  and  other  adventitious  particles,  held 
together  by  a 

glutinous    .se-  _   _  \      ^ 

cretion    frnii 
the 

young.    When    ^,-.'--i^  - 
tirst  they  quit  J^?^ 

the  eggs,  are 
small,  globu- 
lar embryos, 
thickly  co- 
vered \v  i  t  h 
cilia.  Then 
the  body  be- 
comes elon- 
gate and  the 
cilia  collect  in 
a  band  round 
the  middle  ; 
eyes  nppear. 
Next  the  cilia  diminish  in  size  and  disajipi-ar. 
the  animal  becomes  nble  to  creep  along  the 
bottom  of  the  water;  tiuaUy  it  builds  its  tube 
and  moves  about  no  more. 

ter-e-bel'-li-d»,  a  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  terc- 
heU{<i) ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  snlf.  -iilce.] 

Zool, :  A  large  family  of  Tubit-ola?.  Animals 
sometimes  eiglit  or  nine  inches  long,  worm- 
shaped,  thick  in  front  and  narrow  behind, 
cephalic  region  often  witli  a  collar;  tentach-s 
numerous,  tiliform,  in  two  group.s  around  tlie 
moutli ;  no  proboscis;  branched  or  pectinate 
branchiie  on  some  of  the  anteiior  segments. 

ter'-€-bene,  .*.  [Lat.  l!c^e^il^f/^»s)=: turpen- 
tine ;  sutf.  -cne.\ 

Chem.  :  CioHir.  An  optically  inactive 
isomer  of  oil  of  turpentine,  prepared  by  the 
action  of  strong  sulphuric  acid  on  tereben- 
thene.  It  has  tlie  odour  of  thyme-oil,  sp.  gr. 
O-Sf.4,  and  boils  at  1.5(3°. 

ter-e-ben'-ic»  a.    [Terebic] 

ter-e-ben -thene,  s.    [Terebene.] 

Chnn. :  Cmlliri.  Berthelot's  name  for  the 
chief  citnstituent  found  in  French  oil  of  tur- 
jientinc,  and  readily  obtained  by  neutralizing 
the  oil  with  an  alkaline  carbonate,  and  dis- 
tilling first  over  the  water-bath,  and  then  in  a 
vacuum.  It  has  a  sp.  gr.  =  0,8(54,  boils  at 
161°,  and  has  a  specific  rotatory  power  of 
—  42-3. 

ter-e -ben-til' -ic,  o.  [Eng.  terehn)t(he}v)  ; 
■il,  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  tere- 
beiithcne. 


terebella  emmalina. 


terebentillc-acld,  ; 

Chem.  :  C8HioO^>=CfiH, 


(CH.1 


A  mono- 


■■(CO-OH. 

basic  acid  obtained  by  passing  the  vapour  of 
turpentine  over  soda-lime,  heated  to  400',  and 
treating  the  resulting  mass  with  hydrochloric- 
acid.  It  is  heavier  than  wat«r,  melts  at  !'0^, 
boils  at  250^,  is  slightly  soluble  in  boiling 
water,  but  very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Its  vapour  is  acrid,  and  attacks  the  nose 
strongly. 

ter-e -ben' -zic,  ".    [Eng.  teTp(be)ie),  and  hen- 
~{»)lc.]     Deiiveil  from  or  containing  terebene. 

terebenzic-acid,  >-. 

Chen). :  CHH7O4  (?)  Produced  by  the  action 
of  nitric  acid  on  oil  of  turpentine.  It  ciys- 
tallizes  in  small  shining  needles,  insoluble  in 
cold,  soluble  in  boiling  water  and  in  cold 
alcohol,  melts  at  10?°,  and  boils  at  a  much 
higher  temperature. 

te-reb'-ic,  (7.     [Eng.  tcreh(ene);  -ic]    Pertain- 
ing to  or  derived  from  terebene. 


tereblc-acld.  >. 

Chem.  :    CyHioOj  =  (^[Jb<^^)"  } 0,>.      Tcrc- 

benicacid.  Tercbilic  acid.  A  dibasic  acid  pre- 
pared by  heating  oil  of  turpentine  with  tour 
I'arts  of  nitric  acid  of  sp.  gr.  1"25.  It  crystal- 
lizes in  four-sided,  colourless  prisms,  with 
oldique  tenninal  faces,  dissolves  in  about  llio 
parts  of  cold  water,  more  reinUly  in  boiling 
water,  alcohcd.  and  ether;  melts  at  L'OO''  with- 
out loss  of  weight,  but  at  a  higher  tt-mpeni- 
ture  begins  to  decompose.  It  forms  salts 
Cidled  terebat^'s,  of  little  impoiUnce. 

terebic -ethers,  >-.  pf. 

>'h'nii.  :  Arid  ctliers  prepjired  by  the  dire  ; 
action  of  terebic  acid  on  the  scvctbI  .dcidiol^. 
thus,  ethyl -t(;rebic  acid,  CrHi/CHOOi  = 
CVH/)..)  ■    ' 

CjHf,  -O^,  is  an  oil  having  a  burning  tasti*. 

sparingly  soluble  in  water,  and  very  unstable. 

ter-e-bil'-ic,  f.    [Terebic] 

'  ter-e  bin-ta'-9e-aB,  ■  ter-e-bin-tha 
9e-se,  ■■-■.  pi.    [Lat.  terd)inth{iis) ;  fcin.  pi.  ad). 

sufl.  -arco:] 

Jinf.  :  An  nrder  founded  by  Jussieu  in  17S1>, 
and  including  all  the  turpentine-bearing 
I'lants.  These  are  now  distributed  among 
the  orders  Amyriilacea-,  Anacardiacea',  Con- 
nar;ice;e,  Xanthoxylace;e,  4:c. 

ter'-e-binth.  s.  [Lat.  tcrebinthv^ :  Gr. 
Tepe3u'9o?  (terebiuthos)  —  the  terebinth  or 
tinpcntine  tree.] 

1.  Unto  nil : 

(1)  The  terebinth  tree  (q.v.). 
i2)(Pl.):    An    alternative    name    for    th..- 
Anacards.     [Anacarpiace-e.] 

2.  Comm.  etPharm. :  Various  resins,  balsams, 
and  spec.  Conimon  and  Venetian  turpentine. 
and  Canada  balsum. 

terebinth-tree,  s. 

Bol. :  Pistocia  Terebinthus,  the  Ohio  or 
Cyprus  Turpentine  tree.  Leaves  unequally 
pinnate,  generally  three  jtairs  with  a  terminal 
line  ;  Howers  small;  fruit  small,  dark,  purph-, 
rounded,  and  fmrowed.  The  turpentine  ttow.s 
from  incisions  in  the  stem,  and  is  left  to 
harden.  A  gall  produced  upon  the  tree  by 
the  puncture  of  insects  is  used  in  dyeing,  and 
for  tanning  one  kind  of  Morocco  leathei-, 

*  ter-e -bin -thi-na,  s.    [Terebinth.]    An 

oh\  niuiie  for  turiicutinc  (q.v,). 

ter-e-binth'-in-ate,  a.  &  ,'?.  (Lat.  terebinth- 
t»(7(s)  =  of  the  terehinth  tree  ;  Eng.  sutf.  -fl(e.] 

A.  Jsoilj.:  Impregnated  with  the  qualities 
of  turpentine  ;  terebinthine. 

"  During  the  summer  the  tree  sends  out  a  nlea.'thit.' 
terebiitthinate  oduur." — London:  EncycL  of  Plants 
(ed.  I88('f.  p.  SO.';. 

B.  As  snbstantivc : 

Med.  :  A  preparation  of  the  turpentine  of 
firs. 

"Salt  senun  may  be  evacuate<l  by  arine,  by  tere- 
bhitfriitnfc^ ;  ;i3  tops  of  pine  iu  all  our  ale." — Floyer. 

ter-e-bin'-thine,  a.  [Lat.  tercbinthimis, 
from  terebinthns  =  the  terebinth  (q.v).]  Per- 
taining to  turi>entine ;  consisting  of  turpen- 
tine ;  jtartaking  of  the  qualities  of  turpentine. 

'^  ter-e-binth'-U8»  s.    [Terebinth.] 

P-nt. :  A  genus  of  plants  founded  by  Jussieu, 
ni'w  reduced  to  a  synonym  of  Pistacia  (q.v.). 

ter'-e-bra,  s.  [Lat.  =  a  boring  instrument; 
tero  =  to  pierce.] 

Zool.  (£•  Paloeont. :  Auger-shell  ;  a  genus  of 
Buccinidce  (q.v.).  Shell  long,  pointed,  many 
whorled  ;  aperture  small ;  canal  short ;  oper- 
culum pointed,  nucleus  apical.  Animal 
blind,  or  with  eyes  near  the  sununit  of  minute 
tentacles.  All  the  shells  are  smooth,  and 
ornamented  with  variegated  spots,  generally 
red.  brown,  and  orange.  Recent  species  110, 
mostly  tropical.  Fossil  twenty-four,  from  the 
Eocene  of  Britain,  France,  an<i  Chili. 

ter-e-bra'-li-^,  5.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,,  from 
Lat.  terebra  =  a  borer.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-genus  of  Potninidcs.  Shell 
pyramidal,  columella  with  a  prominent  fold 
tnwards  its  apex,  and  a  second  less  distinct 
one  on  the  basal  fronts  of  the  whorls.  From 
India  and  North  Australia.  Terebralia  tele- 
scnpium  is  so  abundant  near  Calcutta  that  the 
shells  are  burnt  for  lime.    (S.  F.  Woinivnni.) 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  }6^l ;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bough ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian.  -tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun:  -tion,  -fion  =  zhiin.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  —  shus.    -bic,    die,  .!vc  =  bel,  del. 


terebrant— terin 


t4l^-^lu^at»  d.  (Tekebrant.]  PoAteSMtlof 
all  uvijMjsltor;  uf  or  bvloDgiug  tu  the  Terv* 
Umutia. 

torcbrant  bymonoptora,  IS.  }>f.   [Ter- 

I  t'l.  *  • 

Mr  «  brOji  tl  9  (U  u^  ahi),  a.  i<.    (Neut. 

el  of  Lat,  UntiiviUf  jir.  ^ittr.  of  Urtbrv  =  to 
urf.l 

1.  itan'Hirii;  atrilie  of  H)niieno|'ti.'ni)mvin),' 
the  oviiiosttor  converted  Intn  a  saw  or  boriT. 
Famlllis,  Tviitlirt'<liiii>lti-  ami  Sirlciihe, 

2.  A  tribe  of  riiyso|><i.la  in  wlmli  tlio  feninlcs 
liave  a  rejiular  oviiNisitor  consistinw  of  niiimte 
vah-e!i  cnnceaUnl  in  n  gnMive  of  tlie  last  two 
ventrml  rk-unients.  Antennae  luuully  nine- 
Jointed.    iTiiKiiM.] 

•  Ur'-i-brate,  !•.(.  |Lat.  Unbmius,  ]>a.  par. 
of  trrihr<i  =  t..  b«ire  :  tenbm  =  a  boring  in- 
strniiicnt.)  To  b-»re,  to  pierce  with  or  as 
with  a  boring  instrnnient. 

■'  EArtliwriiia  b*lii<  litailr  In  the  luo«t  coiupicnt 
louiiirr  i«>unili<  lor  irrrAnillttg  tbe  earth,  anil  trooi)- 
li.rf  -here  Iheir  t«;<**lyUi  lend  tliflu."— VierAu"*  ; 
/>%«*Hx>rk«^kyf.  hk.  tv..  oh.  xii. 

tir-6-bra-til-l9,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.,  diiiiiu. 
frvini  Lat.  frr^/im/dji  =  j^rforated.J 

ZimI.  ,(■  I'aliroiit. :  A  Reims  of  Terebratulidie 
(q.v.),  Willi  twenl.v-tlve  species  distributed 
aiiioiiR  sevenil  siili-geuera.  Shell  smooth  or 
ni.liately  plaited;  dorsal  valve  longitudinallv 
inipre.sscd  ;  liinge-lineapproxiinatelystraight ; 
Ix-ali  with  a  tlattened  area  on  each  side  of 
tlie  deUiilinni,  which  is  iticoiiiplete,  foramen 
large  ;  loiip  attiu-lnil  to  the  septum.  The 
g.-iius  .ipiwars  lirat  in  the  Chalk. 

■  Mr-e-bra'-tlon,  s.  (Lot.  terehmtio.  from 
/erc^nifK,*,  p;i.  par.  of  tere^ro=  to  bore,  to 
H-rforate  ;  Fr.  (cictrntion.]  The  act  of  boring, 
j>crfor.\tiiig,  or  piercing. 

"it  hrtth  \,^\\  touched  before,  thut  Urcbrathn  of 
tree*  doth  luKke  them  [irouper  better  ;  but  it  is  tumid 
•Uo.  tJmt  it  iimketli  tile  Iriiit  Bweeter.  and  bettei-."'— 
Bti^m  :  .Vuf.  //Ml..  )  453. 

t«r-e-br&t-n-l9,  »■  IMod.  Lat.,  dimin. 
from  Lat,  Urtbattui  =  perforated.] 

Zivl.  if  FiiUront. :  The  tvpe-geuiis  of  Tere- 
hratuliilie  (q.v.).  Shell  smooth,  convex ;  beak 
truncated  and  perforated  ;  foramen  circular  ; 
delti.lium  of  two  pieces  frequently  blended ; 
loop  very  short,  simple,  attached  by  its  crura 
to  the  hinge-plate.  Animal  attached  by  a 
P'dicle  :  l-racliial  disc  trilobed,  centre  lobe 
elong.ited  and  spirally  convoluted.  Tcre- 
bratiih-i  proper  has  three  recent  species,  from 
the  Mediterranean,  Vigo  Bay,  and  the  Falk- 
land Islands ;  fossil,  \->D,  from  the  Devonian 
onward.  Subgenera  :  Terebratulina,  Wald- 
lieimia,  Jleganteris,  and  Heiisselieria,  the 
latter  from  tlie  Silurian  to  the  Devonian. 

tJr-o-bra-tu'-U-dSB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tcn- 
briitali,!):  l.at.  fern.  pi.  ailj.  suff.  -hla:] 

Znnl  ,f  Vahmnt.  :  A  family  of  Bracliiopoda 
(•|.v,).  Woodward  enunier.ites  five  genera  to 
winch  Tate  adds  two  others.  Shell  minutelv 
punctate ;  usually  round  or  oval,  smooth  oV 
striated  :  ventral  valve  with  a  prominent  beak 
and  two  curved  hinge-teeth  ;  dorsal  valve  with 
depnssed  unilw,  a  prominent  cardinal  iiro- 
<:ess  Ijetwcen  the  dental  sockets,  and  a  slender 
.shelly  loop.  Animal  attached  by  a  pedicle, 
or  by  the  ventral  valves ;  oral  arras  united 
by  a  membrane,  variously  folded,  sometimes 
spiral  at  their  extremities.  The  family  is 
numerous  and  wi.lely  distributed  in  time  and 
siMce.  The  generic  and  sub-generic  forms  are 
usually  cla-ssiHed  according  to  the  modillca- 
tions  of  the  loop  or  calcined  support  for  the 
ic.spiiatoi-y  and  alimentary  organs  the  sim. 
plest  and  highest  type  of  this  loop  being 
foiin.l  III  Terebratnla  (,,.v.).  The  family  waS 
represented  in  Silurian  seas,  and  reached  its 
iiiaxiiiium  about  the  dawn  of  the  Tertian- 
e|ioch  since  when  many  of  its  representatives 
have  become  extinct. 

ter-e-bra-tU  -U-form,  a.     [Mod.  Lat.  fere- 

shell  of  Terebratnla  (q.v.). 

t«r-g-brit-n-li'-na,  s.    [Mod.  Ut.,  dimin. 
from  ^.Tedradi/a  (q.v.).] 

Zwl.  *  PaUmnt.:  A  sub-genus  of  Tere- 
bratula  (q  v.).  Loop  short,  rendered  annular 
in  the  adult  by  the  union  of  the  oral  processes 
Kccent  species  six,  from  the  United  States' 
^.orway,  Cape,  and  Jaoan  ;  fossil  twenty-two' 
from  the  Oxford  Clay.  "i-j  i.no. 


*  t6r-£-br&t -u-Ute,  ;.  l-Mod.  Lat. /<r.(„u- 
t'd(a);  slitf.  .ii<.J  Any  fossil  species  of  the 
genus  Terebratnla  (q.v.). 

tir-i-o&m  -pbone,  s.    (Eng.  (eri<tieiie),  and 

aii(i;'/lf  m.] 

t'Aew. :  A  solid  crystal lizable  body,  some- 
what resembling  camphor,  produced  by  heat- 
ing to  L'20'  the  solid  liydro-chloriile  prepared 
from  French  turpentine,  with  potassium 
■stearate  or  dry  soap.  It  melts  at  45^  and 
boils  at  1(10'. 

ter-e-obrj^S'-ic,  n.  [Eng.  tcre(bk);  chriis(in), 
and  suit*,  -ic]  Pertaiuiiig  to  or  containing 
terebic  acid  and  chrysin. 

terechrysio-acid,  s. 

I'lt'iii.  :  Cill^Oi-  An  acid,  said  to  be  ob. 
tained,  to;j:etlier  with  oxalic,  teicplithalic,  and 
terebic  acids.  In  the  watery  liquid  obtained  by 
oxidising  oil  of  turpentine  with  nitric  aciii 
diluted  with  an  equal  bulk  of  water.    (ll'iiKs.) 

ter-e-di'-na,  s.    [Lat.  Umlo  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  ,f  I'fxtiKmit.  :  A  sub-genus  of  Teredo. 
The  valves  have  an  accessory  valve  in  front  of 
the  umbones,  the  ajierture  of  the  tube  is 
sometimes  shaped  like  an  hour-glass,  or  six- 
lobed. 

ter'-e-dine,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Mod.  Lat.  ttredina. 
(Larotisse.)]  A  doubtful  word,  usually  delined 
as  =  the  teredo ;  but  possilily  fcnined  erro- 
neously ftom  the  Lat.  tcrediiuss  (pi.  of  teredo), 
which  occurs  in  Adams  : 

"A  itetter  piece  of  timber  hath  the  more  tcreiUnes 
breeding  iu  it."— H'orto,  i.  505. 

ter-e'-do,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  rtptiSiii/  (teredon), 
from  Tepe'w  (tend)  =  to  bore,  to  pierce.] 

1.  Bot.:  Any  disease  in  plants  produced  by 
the  boring  of  insects. 

2.  ifoo/.  <£■  ;'(ii(B0iil. ;  A  genus  of  Pholadidie. 
Worm-like  Molluscs,  having  a  sucker-like 
foot  with  a  foliaceous  border,  and  long,  cord- 
like gills  ;  shell  globular,  open  in  front  and 
behind,  lodged  at  the  inner  extremity  of  a 
burrow,  ill  whole  or  in  pari;  lined  with 
shell  ;  valves  three -lobed,  concentrically 
striated.  Known  sjiecies :  recent,  twenty- 
one,  from  Britain,  Norway,  the  Black  Sea, 
and  the  tropics,  to  119  fathoms  deep.  Teredo 
nuvalU,  the  Ship  worm,  is  a  soft,  cylindrical, 
somewhat  verniiforiu  mollusc,  two  or  two 
and  a  half  feet  long,  with  two  small  shells  at 
Its  anterior  extremity.  It  bores  into  timber, 
and  is  exceedingly  destructive  to  ships.  In 
1 1 31  and  1732  it  created  alarm  in  Holland  by 
boring  into  the  piles  constituting  jiart  of  the 
defence  of  the  country  against  the  inroads  of 
the  sea.  Though  teak  is  not  so  easily  attacked 
as  many  other  kinds  of  timber,  yet  it  does 
not  wholly  escape.  The  best  protection 
against  the  teredo  is  metal  sheathing  and 
broad-headed  iron  nails  hammered  into  the 
wood.  Fossil  species  twenty-four,  from  the 
Lias  onward.  Used  also  of  any  individual  of 
the  genus. 

te-ren-ite,  s.     [Gr.  Ttpi,!-  (tern)  =  friable  ; 

suft.  -ite.]  ' 

Mliicralogif : 

1.  A  mineral  occuning  in  crystals  with  the 
tiirmof.scapolite,  also  massive.  Not  analyzed 
but  stated  to  be  probably  a  variety  of  soapo- 
lite.  Found  in  a  small  vein  iu  limestone  at 
Antwerp,  New  York. 

2.  A  name  given  by  D'Aubisson  to  certain 
triable  clay-slates  or  shales,  notably  those  of 
tiie  carboniferous  formation. 

^^h^^^'^^'^'P^^^'  *■     lEuS-  tere(bic); 
lihtlutl(ic),  mil  amide]  -v      /• 

Cliem  :  CsHgN-jOo  =  X...Hj(C8HjO.,)".  Ter- 
ephthalic  amide.  An  insoluble,  whi'te,  amor- 
phous body,  produced  by  the  action  of  ani- 
niouia  on  terephthalic  chloride. 

t^'-^Pll-tJlfi'^ic,    a.       [Eng.   tere(bic),  and 

'1'ly.lv  ,.""''?rJ  f™'"  or  containing  terebic 
and  phthalic  acids. 

terephthallc-acld,  s. 

,„i  i'""a'  ,.f '"«'^^  .=  C6H4CCOi.H>,.  Insolinic 
acid  A  dibasic  acid  produced  by  the  action 
of  strong  aqueous  potash  at  the  boiling  heat 
on  phenyleiie  cyanide.  It  forms  a  white 
tasteless,  crystalline  powder,  nearly  insoluble 
ill  water,  alcohol,  and  ether,  ami  sublimes 
\Mthout  jirevious  fusion  at  about  300°. 

terephthalic-amide,  s.    [Terephtbal- 

-AMlDh.J 


TERCIANT. 


terepbthallc-cbloride,  s. 

Chm.  :  CaHjiioClo.  Produced  by  the  action 
of  phosiihoric  lientachloride  on  tereplilhalie 
acid.  It  foriiis  beautiful  crvstals,  smells  like 
benzoic  chloride,  and  resembles  it  in  all  its 
reactions. 

ter'-if,  <:.  [Lat.  =  round,  smooth.]  Round, 
cylindrical;  used  substantively  iu  anatomy  as 
a  name  for  certain  muscles  and  ligaments  on 
account  of  their  shape,  as  lens  major,  teres 
minor,  &c. 

Te-re-ji-an,  s.    [See  def.] 

Clniri-h  Hist.:  A  member  of  the  Discaleed 
Carmelites  of  either  sex,  living  under  the  re- 
formed rule  introduced  by  St.  Teresa  iu  the 
latter  half  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

•ter'-et,  «.     [Terete.] 

ter  -ete,  *  ter-e  -tous,  •  ter  -et,  o.    [Lat. 

r.-;is,  gcmit.  tiretis  =  round,  smooth,  from  lero 
to  rub.]  Cylindrical  and  smooth;  long  and 
round  ;  columnar,  as  some  steins  of  plants. 
Opposed  to  angular  (q.v.). 

"To  the  btars  natme  liKtIi  given  uo  such  iuBtru- 
nieute.  but  made  them  round  aud  ttiret  like  a  Klobe  " 
—Fothcrb^ .  Mhe'jmailU,  i>.  m. 

•  ter'-e-ti^m,  s.  [Gr.  Ttpe'TiuMa  (tcreli.'smi)  = 
the  chirping  of  swallows.]  Rough  and  uuine- 
lodious  noise.    (Hall :  Satires,  IV.  i.  3.) 

*  ter'-gal,  a.  [Lat.  terg(um)  =  the  back  ;  Eng. 
adj.  sutf.  -«/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  back  ; 
dorsal. 

ter -gant,  ter-gi-ant, 

a.      [Lat.    tergum  =  the 
back.] 

Her. :  Showingtheback 
part :  as,  an  eagle  tergant 
displayed. 

ter -gem- in -al,  ter- 
gem-in  ate,'.'.  |Tkr- 
i^EMiNois.)  Thrice 
double  ;  specif.,  in  botany,  three-paired  ;  the 
term  used  when  each  of  two  secondary  petioles 
beai-s  towards  its  summit  one  pair  o'f  leaflets, 
and  the  coinniou  petiole  bears  a  third  pair  at 
the  origin  of  the  two  secondary  petioles,  as  in 
Mimosa  tergtmiiui.     (Mirbel.) 

*ter-gem'-in-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  tergemintis,  from 
ter  =  thrice,  and  gemiiius  =  twin,  double.] 
Thrice  double,  three-paired,  tergeiuiuate. 

ter-gif-er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  tergum  =  the  back, 
aud  Jero  =  to  bear.]  Bearing  or  carrying  on 
the  back  :  as  tergi/eroits  plants,  such  as  bear 
their  seeds  on  the  backs  of  their  leaves  as 
terns ;  dorsiferous. 

' ter -giv-er-sate,  r.i.  [Lat.  tergiversatns, 
pa.  par.  of  tergiixrsor  =  to  turn  one's  back, 
to  refuse,  to  shuffle  :  tergum  =  the  back,  and 
versor  =  to  turn  one's  self  about ;  versus,  pa. 
par.  of  i-crto  =  to  turn.]  T'o  shift,  to  shuttle  ■ 
to  practise  evasion,  shifts,  or  subterfuges. 

"  WhotilsoifhewerecouHciouathat  hisassmueiituni 
to  the  Platouick  theology  were  not  so  defeusible  a 
thing,  doth  himself  sometime  as  it  were  lej-v o-era.ire 
and  decline  it  by  equivocating  iu  the  word  Henades  ' 
—CUiivmrth  :  Itttell.  Sj/st.,  p.  &611. 

ter-glv-er-sa'-tion,  s.  [Fr.  terniversalion, 
from  Lat.  tergirersatioaem,  accus.  "of  tcrgiver- 
satio,  from  tcrgioersatvs,  pa.  par.  ottergirersor 
=  to  tergiversate  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  tergiversating  ;  a  shifting  or 
shuffling  ;  a  shift,  an  evasion,  a  subterfuge. 

"But  that  uo  suspicion  of  tcrffivcnafion  may  be 
lastened  upon  me.  I  am  content  to  deal  with  you  a 
litt  e.  at  your  own  weapons."— fAiHinoworlft.-  /tetiv 
f:f  J'rDlcstants,  pt  i..  ch.  v..  §  35. 

2.  The  act  of  changing  or  of  turning  one's 
back  on  one's  ojiinions  ;  the  act  of  turning 
back  on  a  cause  formerly  advocated  ;  the  act 
of  a  turncoat. 

* ter-giv-er-sa-tor,  s.  [Lat]  One  who 
I'lactiscs  tergiversation. 

*  ter -gi-verse,  I'.i.  [Lat.  (en/ifcrsor  =  to 
tergiversate  (q.v.).]     To  turn  one''s  back. 

"  The  Eritou  never  terffiveri'd 
But  was  for  adverse  (Irubbing." 

Suiiit  Georye/or  Eftglatld,  pt.  li. 

ter'-giim,  s.    (Lat.  =  tlie  back.] 

1.  Eiilom. :  The  upper  surface  of  the  abdo- 
men in  insects. 

2.  Zool. :  The  dorsal  arc  of  the  somite  of  an 
artliroj.od,  as  of  a  Crustacean  or  an  Arachnid. 

'*er-in,  s.  [Fr.  («riii.]  A  kind  of  singing 
bird  ;  the  .siskin.    [Tari.x.] 


term— terminal 


33 


term,  tearm,  "tearme.  ■  terme,  s.  [Vr. 
.V;-,,..  =  ji  U-im.  liiiK-,  ur  day,  a  wovd,  fmui 
Lilt,  termiiium,  aeciis.  of  termi ints  =  a  bnuiul- 
sry-liiie,  a  bnaiul,  a  limit  (whence  taDihuil, 
ttniiinate,  tcnninus);  cf.  Gr.  repixa  (tenna)  = 
a  limit;  O.  Lat.  Uniicn;  Sp.  tennino;  Ital. 
tcrmine^  tennino.] 
I.  Ordinary  lAingndgc: 

1.  The  extiviiiity  of  anything;  a  limit,  a 
bdiiiul,  a  buuiuliiry. 

"  Corruption  ia  a  reciiiroctl  to  geiiei-ation  ;  aiuI  tliey 
two  Ai-fe  ns  iiiituiVa  two  r<tr»i«'»i- lioumUries.  niiil  the 
guides  to  life  niid  d<dAth.'—Bacnn  :  .Vattinil  Jlistrtr;/. 

2.  The  time  or  period  duriug  which  anything 
lasts  ;  any  limited  time  ;  a  time  or  period  lixed 
ill  any  way. 

'■  Doomed  for  a  certjiin  term  to  walk  the  night." 
Sfntketi'. :  Samlet,  i.  5. 

3.  In  universities,  colleges,  and  schools,  the 
period  during  which  instruction  is  regularly 
given  to  students.  At  Oxford  there  are  four 
terms,  Michaelnms,  Hilary, Enster,  andTrinity. 
At  Cambridge  there  are  tliree  terms  in  the 
university  year.  Michaelmas(ar  October  term), 
Lent  (or  January  term),  and  Easter  (ur  Mid- 
summer tenn).  At  must  public  schools  the 
year  is  divided  into  three  terms. 

"  They  will  have  soniethiug  to  thiok  aud  talk  about 
diu-iiig  their  next  tcnn  .-it  school."— AVW.  Jiui.  23. 188S. 

4.  The  time  during  wliich  the  law-courts 
ax'e  held  or  are  open  for  the  trial  of  causes. 
Of  these  there  were  in  England  four  terms  in 
«veiy  year,  viz.  :  Hilary  term,  beginning  on 
January  11,  and  ending  January  31;  Easter 
term,  beginning  April  15,  and  ending  May 
8 ;  Trinity  Term,  beginning  May  22,  and 
ending  June  12;  and  Michaelmas  Term,  be- 
ginning Nov.  2.  and  ending  Nov.  25.  The 
other  portions  of  the  vear  are  called  Vaca- 
tion. By  the  Judicature  Act  of  1873,  sect.  26, 
this  division  of  the  year  was  abolished  so  far 
as  related  to  the  administration  of  justice  :  and 
by  the  act  of  lS7o  the  terms  were  superseded 
for  this  purpose  by  the  "sittings"  of  the 
Court  of  Appeal,  and  the  "  sittings,"  in  London 
and  Middlesex,  of  the  High  Oouit  of  Justice. 

■■  Thej'  [lawyers]  sleep  Ijctween  term  .lud  (f-nn." 
shaktsj/. :  At  Voit  Lifce  It.  iii.  2. 

5.  A  wowl  by  wliich  something  lixed  ©r 
dtfinite  is  expressed  or  designated ;  a  word 
having  a  detlnite  and  speciHc  meaning,  and 
naming  or  characterizing  some  particular 
■oersun,  thing,  act,  quality,  or  the  like  ;  es- 
pecially, a  word  having  a  technical  meaning: 
as,  technical  tenns,  scientific  terms,  &c. 

"  Of  your  jugglyng  termc  i)euauuce  I  tau  not affirme." 
—TyyiUaU:  Workcs,  \i.Sii>, 

6.  (i^V.) .-  Language  or  words  generally. 

"  As  you  would  s.iy  in  plaiu  temti." 

STiiikcSi:  :  Mervluint  of  Venice,  ii.  2. 

7.  {PL):  Comlitiorts  ;  .stipulations;  propo- 
sitions stated  an<l  oRcred  for  acceptance. 

"  If  we  0.111  make  our  pence 
Upon  such  large  terms  aud  so  absolute. " 

.•ihakes)>. :  2  Ilcttry  IV..  iv.  1. 

11  Hence  u.sed  for  charge,  rate  of  payment ; 
as,  Wliat  are  your  terms  for  singing  lessons? 
t  8.  {PL):  State  ;  situation  ;  circumstances. 

•■  The  terms  of  our  estate  may  not  endure 
Hazards  so  daugei*oiiu  ' 

Stutkesp.:  Hamlet,  iii.  5, 

9.  {PI.):  Relative  position  ;  relation  ;  foot- 
ing ;  position. 

"  The  Ambassadors  must  therefore  try  to  be  on  good 
terms  with  those  "hu  were  out  as  well  as  witli  tliose 
who  were  \i\."—.MiLe(it(t(ty  :  Uigt.  Eng.,  ch.  xxiil. 

IL  Tfrhnicalln: 

1.  Arch.  :  A  pedesta.1  widening  towards  the 
toji,  where  it  merges  into  a  bust ;  a  termin;d 
figure.     [Tekmints.] 

2.  Ahj. :  A  member  of  a  compound  quantity  ; 
as,  a  in  a  -f  h,  ab  in  ab  +  «Z ;  a  single  expres- 
sion connected  with  any  other  by  the  signs 
plus  or  minus. 

3.  Geom. :  The  extreme  of  any  magnitude,  or 
that  which  limits  or  bounds  its  extent ;  thus, 
the  term.-!  of  a  line  are  jioints  ;  the  terms  of  a 
sujieili'ics,  lines,  &c. 

4.  Lftw : 

(1)  An  estate  or  interest  in  land  to  be  en- 
j         joyed  for  a  fixed  period;   the  period  itself; 

more  fully  called  a  term  of  years,  a  term  for 
years. 

(2)  A  day  on  which  rent  or  interest  is 
piiyable,  coiumonly  called  qHurter-iliiys  (q.v.). 
In  Scotland  liouses  are  let  from  3Iay  2Sth  for 
a  year  or  a  period  of  years. 

(:i)  -SVo/s  Lftw:  A  certain  time  fixed  by 
authority  cf  a  court  within  which  a  party  is 
allowL'd  to  establish  liis'averment  by  evidence. 

5.  Logic:    Tlie   subject   or   predicate  of  a 


proposition;  one  of  the  throe  component 
j'arts  of  a  syUogism,  each  of  wliii-h  is  used 
Iwicc.  Tcniisavo  divided  iiiti>siiiipli-,  singular, 
universal,  conimnn.  iiiiiv<ical,  equixncjil,  an;i- 
Ingous,  al)stiact,  concrete,  vtc.  The  pndicale 
of  the  conclusion  of  a  syllogism  is  called  the 
ina.iiir  term,  because  it  is  tlie  mo.st  general  ; 
the  subject  of  the  conclusion  is  called  the 
minor  tcini.  as  being  less  general.  These  arc 
called  the  extremes,  and  the  thiiil  term  in- 
trodui-ed  as  a  common  measure  between  them 
is  called  the  mean  or  middle  term.     [Svllo- 

UISM.] 

6.  Med.  (PL):  The  monthly  uterine  secre- 
tions of  women. 

7.  Shiphuild. :  The  same  as  Term-piece 
(q.v-). 

^  (1)  Terms  of  an  eqttation. : 

Alg. :  The  .several  pai-ts  of  which  it  is  coni- 
Iiosed  connected  by  the  signs  +  or  - .  Thus, 
.c^  —  i).i^  -i-  11a:  -  0  =  0  is  an  equation  com- 
l)osed  of  four  terms. 

(•2)  Terms  of  a  fraction  : 

Math. :  The  numerator  and  denominator  of 
the  fraction. 

(3)  Terms  of  a  proportion  (or  progression) : 
Math.  :   The  several  separate  quantities  of 

which  the  proportion  (or  progression)  consists. 

(4)  Terms  of  a  ratio  : 

Math. :  The  antecedent  and  consequent 
of  the  ratio. 

(o)  To  be  under  terms: 

Law:  To  be  under  conditions  on  which  in- 
dulgence is  granted  by  the  Court,  as,  to  plead 
issuably.    {Wharton.) 

(G)  To  bring  to  terms:  To  reduce  to  submis- 
sion or  to  conditions. 

(7)  To  coHie  to  terms :  To  agree  ;  to  come  to 
an  agreement. 

(8)  To  make  terms :  To  come  to  an  agreement. 

term-fee,  s. 

Lair:  A  fee  or  certfiin  sum  chaiged  to  a 
suitor  for  each  term  his  cause  is  in  court. 

term-piece,  ^'. 

Ship'hi'ild.  :  A  piece  of  carved  work  planed 
under  each  end  of  the  taffrail  of  a  ship,  at  the 
side  timbers  of  the  stern,  and  extended  down 
as  low  as  the  foot-rail  of  the  balcony. 

term.  ""  tearme,  v.t.  [Term,  s.]  To  name, 
to  call,  to  denominate,  to  express. 

"  As  m-nister  Gersoime  in  the  Latin  tuug  termeth 
it:— Sir  T.  Jf'jrc.    Workes,  p.  1,376. 

*  ter'-ma-gan-c^,  s.  [Eng.  tennagan{t) ;  -cy.] 
The  qu.ility'or  state  of  being  a  termagant; 
turbulence,  violt-nce. 

'■  By  viuKut  tirni'iifinci/  of  temper,  she  may  never 
Fufler  hiiii  tu  lia\e  a  iiioiuents  peace."— Barter. 

ter'-ma-gant,  "  ter~ma-gaunt,  a.  &  .';. 

[Fvoui' Termagant,  the  name  of  one  of  the 
idols  whom  the  Saracens  are  represented  in 
mediseval  romances  as  worshipping.  He  was 
afterwards  introduced  into  the  old  Moralities 
as  a  person  of  violent  temper,  so  that  a  rant- 
ing actoi"  might  appear  to  advantage  in  that 
character  ^'<hakesp. :  Uandet,  iii.  2).  It  is  a 
corrupt,  of  0.  Fr.  Tcrvagant,  Tervagan,  or 
Tarvagan,  used  for  a  Saracen  idol,  from  Ital. 
Trirogante,  Trivigante,  prob.  =  the  moon,  as 
wandering  under  the  three  names  of  Selene 
(or  Luna)  in  heaven,  Artemis  (or  Di;rna)  on 
earth,  and  Persephone  (or  Proserpine)  in  tlie 
lower  world;  from  Lat.  ter  =  thrice,  and 
vagans,  \tr.  par.  of  ragor  =  to  wander.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Violent,  quarrelsome,  boisterous, 
turbulent. 

■'■TwaB  time  to  coimterfeit,  or  that  hot  fi-rma^a}tf 
Scot   h.'ul    paid    me    scut    and    lot   too."  —  {Hiaki-gji 
1  /lenrif  IV.,  t.  i. 

B.  As  substantive: 

*  1.  The  name  given  by  the  writers  of 
mediieval  romances  to  a  fabled  Saracen  idol. 
(See  etym.) 

"  \or  fright  the  reader  with  the  Pagan  vaunt 
Of  mighty  Mahound,  jiud  great  Tcrmitanunt.", 
H,:  Hall :  Satires,  i.  1. 

'  2.  A  turbulent,  brawling,  scohling,  <u- 
abusive  person.  (Originally  applied  to  men 
rather  than  women.) 


'■  Thou  delighteet  to  play  the  tyrant  and  tcrma- 

J   t\        ■■     -  

p.  270. 


gant  among   them,"— ^offers  ,*    Xa 


an  the  Si/rian. 


3.  A  boisterous,  abusive,  scolding,  or  violent 
woman  ;  a  shrew,  a  virago. 

'■  All  imjierious  and  reckless  termagant."— Macau- 
la;/     IHM.  Eii-.f-.  '--h.  XV. 

*  ter'-mg.-gant-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  termagant ; 


■hi.]    In  a  ternmgant  or  abusive  nianiier  ;  like 
a  U'lniH^^aut  ;  cxlravaganlly,  outragcou»ly. 

"  .\    iiM^c  no  t'-riiutganll^   nihlcund."— 7".   Broicn  : 

iVork*.  1.  UK 

•  terme-lesse,  n.    lTKRMi.Efi6.l 

term'-er,   '  tearm-er,   •.     (Eng.  term,  a.; 

''  1.  One  who  travelled  up  to  attend  couit 
terms;  inie  who  resorted  to  London  in  term- 
lime  (Uily  for  the  sake  of  tricks  to  be  practised 
or  intrigues  to  be  carried  on  at  that  period, 
the  law  terms  being  i'oinierly  the  great  times 
of  resort  to  London,  not  only  fur  business 
but  for  ideasure.    {Ntrres.) 

"  Nor  have  my  title  leaf  on  pfYsts  or  wnlls. 
Or  In  cleft  stlckH  advanced  to  make  calli 
For  tcnnvrt,  or  some  clerk-like  servliiu  uian." 

HcnJom»n:  EptfframZ. 

2.  One  who  tenns  or  names. 

3.  The  same  as  Termok  (q.v.). 

ter'-mes  (pi.  ter'-mi-te§)»  -^.  I  Lat.  termes, 
genit.  termitis  =  a  wood-worm.  Of.  also  termer 
=  the  branidi  of  a  tree,  a  bough  cut  from  a 
tree.  ] 

L  Entntn. :  Wliitc  ant,  the  typical  genus  of 
Termitidie  (q.v.).  The  antenna;  arc  as  long  as 
the  head  and  thorax,  inserted  in  front  of  the 
eyes,  and  composed  of  about  eighteen  joints. 
[Termitid^.1 

2.  Pahvont.  :  A  species  occurs  in  the  Pur- 
beck  beds. 

ter'-min-a-ble,  a.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  ter- 
mitinhiUs'Utnw  termino—  to  terminate  (q.v.).] 
Cai>altle  of  being  terminated;  liniitible ;  ter- 
minating after  a  certain  period. 

"The  feniiiii'iUe  piiins  of  a  iiart  of  helV— Taj/lor : 
DissuiUive  from  P'-pery,  pt-  i.,  s  4. 

ter'-min-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  terminable; 
■ness.]  Tliequalityor  state  of  being  terminable. 

ter'-min-al,  «.  &  ^.  [Lat.  terminalis,  from 
terminus  =  a  boundar>-Iine,  a  limit,  a  bound  ; 
Fr.,  Sp.,  &  Port,  terminal;  Ital.  terminalc.] 

At  As  adjective : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  boundary, 
limit,  or  limitation  ;  pertaining  to  or  forming 
a  limit  or  extremity. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  terminus  of  a 
railway  ;  charged  at  a  terminus. 

"They  ohject.  in  the  tirst  iilace,  to  the  legalisation 
of  termiiiitl  charges  for  the  cost  of  providing  stations 
aud  warehouses."— .l/or)ti»ij  Post.  Feb.  5,  1885. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  B"t.:  Proceeding  from  the  end;  ending, 
bounding. 

2.  Geom. :  Forming  an  edge  or  extremity. 
Thus  we  speak  of  the  terminal  edge  of  a 
polyhedron,  and  sometimes  of  the  terminal 
faces  of  a  solid.  Terminal  is  nearly  syn<my- 
nious  with  limiting. 

3.  Logic:  Constituted  by  or  relating  to  a 
term. 

B.  As  suhstantive : 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That  which  terminates  ;  a  bound,  a  limit, 
an  extremity,  an  end. 

2.  A  terminal  charge  ;  a  charge  made  for 
the  use  of  termini  or  stations  on  a  railway. 

'•  On  the  vexed  question  of  temiinah  the  railway 
companies  t.ike  a  very  firm  stand."— J/orjim^  Pdtt, 
Feh.  5.  18S5. 

IL  Electro-magn. :  The  clamping-screw  at 
ench  end  of  a  voltaic  Ijattery,  used  for  con- 
necting it  with  the  wires  wliicli  complete  the 
circuit.  One  terminal  is  at  the  copper  or 
negative  pole,  aud  the  other  at  the  zinc  or 
IK'sitivcpolc.  Their  counection  by  wire  starts 
the  liatterv  into  action. 


terminal- 

Bot.:  A  bud 

terminal 

Tekminls,  II. 

terminal- 
terminal 
terminal 

li'ji.  :  A  stig 
terminal 
Hot.  :  A  .sty 

ovaiy. 
terminal 
Math. :  The 

or  form  given 


bud,  s. 

situated  at  the  end  of  a  branch. 
-  figure,    s.      The     same    as 

-form,   5.      iTERMINAL-VAI-rc] 

-moraine,  s.    [Moraine,] 
stigma,  . 

;ma  placed  at  tlic  end  of  a  style. 
Style,  A 

le  iilaced  at  the  summit  of  the 

value,  terminal-form,  >. 

last  and  most  complete  value 
to  an  expression. 


boil,  l>5y;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9liin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this:  sin,  a§;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  —  t, 
-Cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^c.  =  bel,  deL 


291 


M 


terminaleee— termitidse 


terminal  velooity.  <•  !■■  tl>i'  tlioory  of 
|.i.  ,. ,  nir-,.  tlir  t-Ti-atiiit  vrl.H-ity  which  a 
\.-\\  .-.11  ai'.iuir^-  ]•)■  falliuK  fn't-ly  thnuijih 
tl<.  .1,:,  llu-  limit  U-in^:  urrivetl  at  when  the 
ih.  i.i^'  ft  the  ntmi^aitUtric  n*»utance  he- 
iMii.^  r.iiial  tu  the  iucreasu  of  the  force  of 
^in\it>. 

ter-mln-a  16-10,  -<■■  j^.   [Fnmi  Mod.  Lat.  u-r- 

Mimilm,  '2. 1 

lUtt. :  A  triltr  of  Coiiilin'tnceu".  hiiving  thi* 
(finilla  ^'I'lit-rully  wautiiig  and  the  cotyletloiis 
(-onvohilc. 

tor  mln-a  li-^  s.  j>J.  (I^t.,  neut  i<l.  of 
frihiMi'iJij  -  iH-rtaiiiiiii£  or  rvlatiiig  to  a 
lamiiUary  or  Iiiiiit.|    [Tkkmini's.] 

1.  Itotmn  Auti'i.  :  A  festival  celebrateU 
niiiMially  on  Iho  ■_*;int  of  KelTimry  in  honour 
of  Trrniinii!«.  I>if  p-iKl  of  l>ouii(i;irii'.s.  It  wns 
thi'ii  UHH.il  fttr  in-jisjuls  to  as-Sfinlilf  near  the 
|>niivii«l  liiii'Imiirk.'.  whivh  st'ianiteil  their 
lU-hl!*,  ami.  till-r  they  h;i"l  trowiiftl  them  witli 
Karbii'ls  ami  lli<w(-r>,  to  make  liluttioiis  of 
milk  anil  wine,  nntl  to  >acrilice  a  hinib  or  u 
>onnc  I'iji.  The  jiuMic  ft-stival  was  celebrated 
at  the  sixth  mihstone  on  the  roail  to  Lauren- 
tuin,  iH-i-an^e  iit  one  time  that  wan  the  limit 
uf  Itonian  territory.    ITkiuiims,  IL  l.J 

2.  Wj/.  (As  a  i»seU(io-siiigulai):  The  typical 
p-niiK  of  Ternniiale;e  (q.v.).  Treea  ami  .shrulw 
with  altei  iiate  h-.ives,  uiiually  crowJeil  at  the 
en«l  of  the  bl■Jlnclle^.  Inrtoresccnce  in  mce- 
ntose  ami  |winictf<l  spikes,  generally  her- 
iii.iphnMlite  in  their  lower  p;irt,  and  only 
btaminifemiis  above ;  cjiIjtc  cainpimulate, 
livr-rK-a.  the  lobes  acute;  corolla  wanting; 
Nlameiis  tell ;  ovary  with  two  ovules  ;  drupe 
w  ith  but  one  seed.  From  the  tropics  of  Asia 
atiil  .Viiieric.i.  Tfnninoliti  t'hfbifla  is  a  la?"ge 
and  valuable  tree,  eighty  to  a  hundred  feet 
hi^'h, growing  in  India  and  Uurmah.  The  fruit 
isillipsuid  or  oU»vuid  and  live-ribbed,  from 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a 
(|iiart4-r  iu  length.  The  pounded  rind  gives 
tlie  black  niyroiialan  (q.v.).  The  bark  of  the 
tree  is  used  for  tanning  and  dyeing.  Theie 
are  nfleii  galls  ui>ou  it,  wiiichnrc  also  used  for 
dyeing.  Another  of  the  Myrobalans  is  T. 
Mrrini.  sixty  ov  eighty  feet  high.  It  grows 
ill  India.  Tiie  leavt-s  and  the  fruit  are  used 
for  tanning  and  dyeing.  Other  Indian  species 
said  to  im  n.sed  for  tanning  and  dyeing  are 
T.  ArJuHo,  T.  i'afapix',  T.  citriim,  T.  jxini- 
culnta,  and  7'.  tmncutosd.  The  fruits  of  T. 
Cfitajifti,  sometnnes  called  t!ie  Almond,  are 
eaten ;  so  ai-c  the  kernels  of  3'.  Chebula,  whicli, 
liowever,  if  taken  iu  large  quantities,  pro- 
duce intoxication.  A  gum  like  gum  arabic 
is  exuded  from  its  bark.  7*.  Chebula  was  be- 
lieved by  the  old  Hindoos  to  be  alterative  and 
tonic.  The  frnit.s  of  7".  belerica  are  astringent 
and  laxative  ;  the  other  Indian  species  are  also 
ttRMlicinal.  The  milky  juice  of  7'.  lienzohi 
bt'conies  fragnmt  on  Iteing  dried.  It  is  burnt 
in  churches  in  Maurititis  as  a  kind  of  incense. 
A  drastic  resin  flows  fioui  T.  artimtea,  a 
Brazilian  sih-cics.  The  root  of  T.  hitifulia  is 
given  in  Jamaica  in  diarihu'a.  The  bark  of 
J'.  iiUila  is  astringent  and  antifebrile.  The 
wikmI  nf  T.  tmi\ri*losti,  when  iKdished,  re- 
sendtU's  vviLlnut,  and  has  been  used  iu  India 
for  making  stethoscopes. 

*  ter'-min-ant,  s.  [Lat.  terminnnSf  pr.  par. 
uf  trriniiin  =  \u  terminate  (q.v.).]  Tenuina- 
tifrti,  ending. 

■•Nfltlipr  o(  balli  are  of  like  termlnanW'—Putten- 
Art". ,   Hiiylid,  /'ofiie.  bk.  II.,  di.  ix. 

ter'-inin-ate»  r.^  &  i.  (Lat.  terminatus. 
l-n,  par.  of  /.'nni)io=to  bound,  to  limit,  to 
tciiiiinate;  tcrminus=:&  bound  ...  a  term 
(q.v.);  Fr.  irrminer  :  Sp.  &  Port,  termiuar ; 
Ital.  trrminni'e.) 
A.  Tninsitire: 

1.  To  iKtuiid,  to  limit ;  to  set  a  boundary 
or  linnt  to;  to  form  the  extreme  point  or 
side  of. 

"  BtJ  n(  nit  v.-irlotu  herbs,  for  ever  green, 
III  Wnuteuiiii  nrxler  trrt»hinte  the  w:ene," 

Pope:  Jloiner;  Odt/i»c^\il.  lf.«. 

2.  To  eml  ;  to  put  an  end  to ;  to  linisli,  to 
close. 

"  Okttut  trrminntf.  iw  Pniil  f>twien-C«.  rII  iitrife— 
Suiiif  iiicii  linvcHurely  tlit'ii  n  i>e^ccfiil  lifo!" 

Cotr/irr ;  Vom>i-rutti<tit.  65. 

•  3.  To  oomidete,  to  iwrfect. 

•  4.  To  limit,  to  confine, 

"Therelnndotiblc^roiiseiitto  .1  jirDiKMition.  ,  . ;  Uie 
first  i«  ilin-ctlj  trrmfivned  \\\~..\i  the  bi  uraty  or  dla- 
li..ui-»ty  ui  tbp  object'— //>».  Taylor:  /!ule  qf  Con- 
tti-ltrr.  Ilk.  i..  oh.  It. 


B.  Intninsitive: 

1.  To  Iw  limited  in  space  by  a  point,  line, 
or  surface  ;  to  stop  short,  to  end. 

"Thwe  hill*,  which  were  Imririi.  contiimeil  for 
About  tbre*  iiiUea  unT*.  wul  ibeii  tifrmluattftt  in  a 
Luv*  I'Ulu.' — CiM^ -■  Firtt  Voj/'ige.  bk.  i..  ch.  x. 

2.  To  come  to  an  end  or  conclusion  ;  to  end, 
to  nuielude,  to  llnish. 

•■  Thii«  the  nuJIeiice  terminateii.'—Mac  iul<iu  Bitt. 
E»g..f\i.  x\\\\. 

ter  ~min-9te»  «.  [Lat.  terminatus.]  [Ter- 
MiNATi:.  /■*]  Capable  of  coming  to  an  end; 
terniin.tble,  limited,  biiunded  :  us^  a  terminuti; 
dcfinial.     tI^■l'^■T^:«•''">■■ATK.] 

terminate  number,  $. 

Math. :  An  integer,  a  mixed  number,  or  a 
vulgar  fraction,  cajMible  of  iteing  expressed  as 
a  terminating  decimal. 

ter-min-a'-tlon,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lnt.  termiiia- 
tionciii,  accus.  of  teniii nvtio,  from  tevmhtntvs, 
I>a.    par.    of   terminn  =  to  tenninate    (q.v.); 
S[«.  tennhmcion  ;  Ital.  terminozione.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  ternunatiug,  bounding,  or 
limiting ;  the  act  of  setting  bounds  or  limits  ; 
the  act  of  ending  or  concluding. 

2.  That  which  boumls  or  limits ;  a  bound  ; 
a  limit  in  time  or  space  :  as,  The  termijuitioti 
of  a  line  is  a  point. 

3.  End  in  time  or  existence :  as,  the  termi- 
ludion  of  hajipiness. 

i.  End.  conclusion,  conipletion.  ending. 

*•  A  good  coiuiueiiceiiieiit  bii*  ever  lieen  found  .  .  . 
nuBpicU'Us  to  a  ^ochI  progress  ond  n  b:ii>|jy  termina- 
ti"»,"—Kftox:  iSpriKO*!*.  %'ol.  i.,  Ber.  2C. 

*  o.  Last  purpose  or  design. 

•'  It  is  not  nil  idol  t-itfioiw  tfnnini,  in  re3i)ect  of 
teriiiinution :  for  the  relitjioiis  obseivntiou  thereof  is 
Inferred  niid  aiibservieut  to  the  bouotir  of  God  luid 
Christ"- ll/iKf- 

*  6.  A  word,  a  term. 

"  She  speaks  iKHiiiirda,  and  every  word  atiba :  if  her 
bre.-itb  were  as  terrible  as  her  turtnimttirnit.  there 
weie  no  living  near  her."— Jffidfrw/'. ;  JlucJi  A<lo,  ii.  I. 

n.  'irnHL  :  The  end  or  ending  of  a  word; 
the  part  annexed  to  the  root  or  stem  of  an 
intlected  woid  ;  the  syllable  or  letter  that 
ends  a  words. 

ter-min-a -tion-al,  a.  [Eng.  termination  ; 
-a/.  I  Uf,  pertaining  to,  or  forming  a  termi- 
nation ;  forming  the  end  or  concludiug 
syllable  of  a  word. 

*  ter'-min-a-tive,  o.  [Eng.  terin!nat(c): 
■  iir.]  Tending  or  serving  to  terminate  ; 
delinitive,  absolute;,  not  relative. 

"  I  use  this  instauce  to  take  off  the  trifle  of  worship 
rel.ative,  and  worship  tenniuativv." — Tar/lor:  lUite  <■/ 
C'otisciKttce,  bk,  ii..  ch.  iii. 

'  ter'-min-a-tive-ly,  adv.  (Eng.  termina- 
live;  -///.]  In  a  tenniiiative  manner;  abso- 
lutely ;  not  relatively. 

•■  It  is  terminiitip«ts/  tu  Christ  or  Gotl.  hnt  relativelv 
to  the  image,  that  is,  to  tlie  iiuayefor  Ood'aor  Chiiat'd 
sake,"- Tay/or;  Dissutuiiv/rom  Puperu.  pt.  i..  §  12. 

ter'-min-a-tor, s.    [Kui;.  termi nat(^),\.  :  -or.] 

1,  OnJ.  Lang.:  One  who  or  that  which 
terminates. 

2.  Astron.  :  The  dividing  line  between  the 
etdightened  and  the  unenlightened  part  of  the 
nil  ion. 

*  ter'-min-a-tor-y,  a.  [Eng.  terminat(e): 
-onj.]     Buunding,  limiting,  terminating. 

"  ter'-mine,  'ter-myne,  v.t.  [Lat.  termino 
=  to  terniiiiate  (q.v.);  Fr.  terminer.] 

1.  To  fix.  to  limit. 

2.  To  terminate,  to  limit,  to  confine. 

"  How  .-ibounl    bad  these  guests  Iweii.  if   they  b.ad 
lertnined  the  tbankTi   in   the  servitors."— fljj.   Hall 
Contempt.  ;  yivc  Loaves. 

ter'-min-er,  5.     (Eng.  termiu(_e):  -er.] 

Law:  A  determining:  as  in  Oyer  and  ter- 
miner.     E<.>VER.] 

'ter'-mi-Eine,  s.  (Terminr.)  a  kmit,  a 
boundary. 

■'  All  joiutly  move  uik»m  oho  axletree. 
w  hose  Urminine  la  termed  the  world  s  » ide  pule. " 
Marlowe  :  Itoctor  Faiistut.  ii.  2. 

ter'-min-i»  s.  pL    [Terminus.] 

ter'-min-ism.  5.  [Ger.  and  Mod.  Lat.  trr- 
viinismns,  from  Lat.  terminus  {q.v. ).^ 

1.  Church  Hi-^t. :  Tlie  belief  that  there  is  a 
terminus  in  each  man's  life,  after  which  In-  is 
no  longer  capable  of  receiving  grace  nr  pardmi 
for  hiu  sins.     This  doctrine  occasioned  a  con- 


troversy at  Leipzig- in  the  seventeenth  century, 
tile  chief  nn)vers  in  which  were  Reichcnberg, 
who    upheld    the    doctrine,  and    Ittig,   who 
denied  it. 
t*2.  I'hihs.:  ThesameasNoMix.\LiSMCq  v.). 

ter -min-ist,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.  terministo.] 

1.  One  whti  holds  that  there  is  a  peri<id  in 
every  man's  life,  after  which  he  is  incapabl<- 
of  becoming  the  subject  of  grace.    [Tekmin- 

ISM,  I.]  «' 

2.  A  Nondnalist  (q.v.),  because  the  Nomi- 
nalists held  that  Universals  were  names,  01 
terms,  aiul  not  thin^. 

"  The  Bcjilbits  were  more  poivcrful  than  the  Nomi- 
ualiats,  or  tiie  7'crmhii^lii  .^s  tbey  were  ciiled." — 
.Wosluim  {od.  R«id),  p.  MG. 

ter-min-o-log'-ic-al,   c.     (Eng.  terTnin- 
"'"'/('/);  -i^-al.]     Of  or'iKn-tainiug  to  termin- 

ut,igy. 

ter-min-o-log'-ic-al-ly,  nrf'"-     [Eng.  (??■• 

■)tii)hih)'jical ;  -ly.]  Inatenuiaologicalmanuer ; 
by  way  of  terminology. 

ter-min-ol'-o-gy,   ter-mon-ol'-o-gy,  5 

[Lai.  terminus  =  ii  limit,  a  term  (q.v.).  and 
Gr.  \6yo'i  {lo'jo^)  =  a  word  ;  Fr.  tenninologte.] 

1.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  technical 
terms;  teaching  or  theory  regai-ding  the 
proper  use  of  terms. 

2.  The  terms  collectively  used  in  any  art, 
science,  or  the  like ;  nomenclature  :  as,  the 
tfriuiiiolodif  of  botany. 

ter-min'-thus  (pi.  ter-mm -thi),  s.    [Gi 

Tcp/itrflos  {tcnniuthos}.] 

Pathol. :  A  tumour  in  the  skin,  of  a  blackish 
colour,  inchning  toj^reen,  and  resembling  thr 
fruit  of  the  terebinth.  It  is  painful,  and 
affects  the  arms,  bauds,  and  thighs. 

ter'-min-us  (pi-  ter'-min-i),  s.     [Lat.  =  a 
boundary,  a  limit,  a  t*jm  (q.v.);  Sp.  termiiw  ; 
Ital.  termine,  termino.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  boundary,  a  limit ;  a  stone  or  other 
mark  raised  to  deliue  tlie  boundary  of  a 
property. 

"H  The  termimis  ad  qvem  is  the  terminating 
point,  the  termim(.-i  a  qno  the  starting  point. 
Both  terms  are  occasionally  used  in  law. 

2.  The  station  at  the  end  of  a  railroad, 
or  important  section  of  a  railroad. 

3.  An  end  ;  the  end  of  a  journey  ;  a  goal. 

■■  I  go  straight  to  my  terminus,  wherever  it  is  '  — 
Lfver:  The  Dramleighs  of  Biifwp's  Folly,  tih.  xxiii. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Roman  Antiq.  :  A 
divinity  at  Rome,  who 
was  sapposetl  to  preside 
over  boundaries.  His 
woi'ship  was  lirst  intro- 
duci-d  at  lioiiic  by  Numa. 
His  temple  was  on  the 
Tar[>eian  rock,  and  he 
was  represented  with  a 
human  head,  without 
feet  or  arms,  to  intimate 
that  he  never  moved, 
wherever  he  was. 

2.  Arch.  :  A  bust  or 
figure  of  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  human  body, 
terminating  in  a  downwardly  tapering  block  ; 
emi'loyed  as  a  pillar,  baluster,  <ir  iletached 
ornament  for  a  niche.  Called  also  a  Teiininal- 
liguie. 

ter-mi-tar  i-um,  (pi.  ter-mi-tar -i-a),  >. 

(Lat.  termes,  genit.  ^enjti/is  =  a  wood-worm. J 
The  liillock  or  residence  of  the  white-ant. 
[Termite.] 

ter-  mi  -  tar  -  3^,  5.     [Termitariu.m.]     The 
d<iiiiii;ile  lit   a    coinimiuity    of   Termites ;    a 

teniiilaiium. 

ter'-nute,  s.     [Fr.,  fiom  Lat.  termer  (q-v.).] 
Entomology : 

1.  Any  individual  of  the  family  Teriuitidie. 
and  spec,  of  the  genus  Tcrmes. 

2.  {in.):  The  family  Ternutida- (q.v.). 

ter-mit'-i-dse,  s.  j»/.     (Lat.  tenne.':,  genit. 
/(■;■;«  i/( us) ;  Lat.  Iciii.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idn:] 

Entnm. :  White  Ants;  a  family  of  Pseudo- 
neurnptera,  tribe  Soeialia.  The  mature  males 
and  females  lia\e  the  anteniue  with  thirteen 
to.  twenty  beaded  .joints,  the  cc^Miponnd  eyes 
rouhded ;    ocelli    two  ;    the    bwid    projecting 


TERMixrs. 


fete.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father;   we.  wet.  here,  camol.  her.  there:   pins,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine;   g3.  pot, 
or.  wore,  woli;  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub.  cUre.  unite,  our,  rile,  luU;  try,  Syrian,     se,  <e  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Uw. 


termitidium— terra 


in  fmnt  of  the  iMOtlinr;i?c ;  three  sejinieiits 
of  thf  thciiax  iicaily  eiinal  iu  si/o  ;  ubtlonien 
of  nine  distinct  segiin-rits,  teiniiimting  in 
very  minute,  tuo-juiiited  sjiirnl  styles ;  legs 
simj'le  :  tai'si  four-jointed  ;  wiui^s  uieuibran- 
ous,  fallinjj;  uH"  after  the  iniptiai  flight.  He- 
sides  tlie  mature  inah's  and  females,  two 
other  kinds  of  Termites  exist,  "  soidiei-s  "  and 
"  workers,"  Tlie  soldiers  have  a  large,  scjuare 
lie^ul,  with  ]troje<-ting  mandibles,  and  the 
workers  a  small,  rounded  hea<I,  uith  con- 
cealed uiandibk's.  Both  .nre  destitute  of  eyes, 
and  an-  lunditied  larva-.  The  adult  males  aTul 
fem.des,  when  they  have  just  reached  ma- 
turity, swarm  iuto  the  air,  <leseonding  again 
aftt-r  a  short  flight,  losing  their  wings,  and 
becoming  the  kings  and  queens  of  futuie 
termitaries.  Sexual  congress  takes  place  after 
they  have  returnetl  to  the  earth.  Tlie  ab- 
domen of  the  queen  becomes  of  extraordinary 
magnitude,  so  that  the  head  and  thorax  seem 
like  a  small  excrescence  on  it;  she  is  said  to 
lay  yO.OOO  eggs  a  day  during  her  life,  which 
lasts  for  about  a  year.  Tlie  Teruiitidfe  exist 
cliiefly  in  tropiCiii  and  sub-tropical  countries, 
whure  they  are  very  destructive.  Sparmann 
described  Hve  South  African  species  of  Termes, 
T.  belUcosuSf  T.  tiwnhtx,  T.  atrox,  T.  clestnictor, 
and  T.  aybonim.  T.  bcUicosus  builds  nests 
of  clay  ten  or  twelve  feet  high,  of  conical 
form,  and,  when  covered  with  vegetation, 
strong  enough  to  support  men  and  animals. 
7',  atrox  and  T.  mm-ilnx  construct  nests  of  a 
cylin-lrical  form,  with  a  conical  roof.  T.  ar- 
honim  builds  a  spherical  nest  in  trees  ;  some 
are  smr.Il,  others  the  size  of  a  hogshead.  They 
are  constructed  of  bits  of  wood,  cemented 
with  gums  and  juices  of  trees.  Other  species 
are  commo]i  iu  tlie  East  and  West  Indies. 
Three  small  species  are  now  European,  viz., 
T.  liici/iiqus,  abundant  in  some  jtarts  of 
France,  t.  JhwicolUs,  introduced  into  the 
south  of  Fi-ance  and  Portugal  from  Northern 
Africa,  and  3".  Jiitvipes,  introduced  apparently 
from  South  America.  2'.  lu4:ifHgus  infests  the 
trunks  of  pines  and  oaks,  posts,  piers,  A:c.  It 
lias  been  fouml  very  destructive  at  Rochelle, 
attacking  the  piles  on  wliich  the  town  is 
built 

ter-mi-tld'-i-um,    s.      fLat.   termes,    genit. 
termitis,  and  Gr.  ei5o5  (cu/os)  =  form.] 

P(il(roi2t. :  A  genus  of  Neuroi)tera,  akin  to 
Termes.  Two  British  species  from  the  Pur- 
beck  beds  and  the  Wealdeu. 

*  ter-mi-ti'-nae,  s.  pi.      (Mod.    Lat.    termes, 
genit.  tcrnii((is);  Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -ina:] 

Entom.  :  A  .section  of  Xeuropterous  Insects, 
in  which  Latreille  included Mantispa,Raphidia, 
Termes,  and  Psocus. 

*  term- less,   *  terme - lesse,    a.     (Eng. 

tcnii,  s.  ;  -less.] 

1.  Having  no  term  or  limit  ;  unlimited, 
endless,  boundless.  . 

"  Tlieae  betraying  lights  look  not  up  towards  terni' 
less  joys,  nor  down  tovjards  endless  sorTQVii."—/ialeigh. 

2.  Inexpressiljle,  indescribable. 

"  His  I'hceiiiv  down  began  but  to  .ippe-ir, 
Like  uiishurn  velvet,  on  thi*t  termless  skin." 

.ShaJcerp.  :  Lover's  Complaint,  91. 

*  term'-ly,  a.  &  mlv.     [Eng.  term,  s.  ;  -ly.] 

A,  As  adj.  :  Occurring  or  recuiTing  every 
term. 

"  The  clerks  are  partly  awarded  by  that  mean  also 
[petty  fees]  for  their  entries,  discharges,  .ind  some 
otlier  writines.  l)esides  tiint  fermly  fee  which  they 
areaUowetl."— fl.icuH.'  Office  of  AUenntiom. 

B.  A^  atlv.  :  Term  by  term  ;  every  term. 

"  The  fees,  or  allowances,  that  are  termly  given  to 
these  depiitie-*,  receiver,  .^nd  clerks,  for  recompense  of 
th-:se  their  pains.  I  do  purposely  preterujit ;  because 
they  he  n.it  teUiiin,  but  arbitniry."— Jfico/i;  Office  of 

ter-mon-61 -6-gy,  ?.    [Termixologv.] 
tenn'-or,  .'^.    [Eng.  term,  $.  ;  -or.] 

Jmu-  :  One  who  has  an  estate  for  a  term  of 
years  or  for  life. 

"When  by  the  stitute  21  Feii-  VHI.,  c.  l.i  tlie 
termnr  (tli.at  is.  he  who  is  entitled  to  the  tenn  of 
years)  wjls  protec-ted  against  these  fictitious  recoveries, 
and  his  interest  rendered  secure  ;uid  permanent,  long 
terms  hejaii  to  be  more  frequent  than  ijefore."— 
Blackttoin     Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  9. 

tern,  .«.     [l\in.  tcm^,  ta-nip;  Sw.  tdnm;  Icel. 
terun  =  ;i  tern.]     [Sterna.] 

Omith.  :  The  popnlar  name  of  any  species 
of  the  genus  Sterna  (q.v.).  They  are  slenderly 
built  liirds,  with  long,  narrow,  sharp-pointed 
wings,  and  forked  tail,  from  which,  as  well  as 
from  their  swift  and  circling  manner  of  flight, 
they   are    ofton    chilled    Sea-swallows.      The 


thick,  soft,  close  plumnge  is  coloured  light 
blue,  black,  and  white,  varying  but  little  with 
sex,  age,  or  season  of  the  year.  They  arc 
extensively  distributed,  inhabiting  every  zoue, 
but  prefer  warm  and  temperate  climates  to 
the  colder  regions,  which  they  only  visit  for  a 
short  period  during  the  year.  Al!  arc  exceed- 
ingly active.  an<l  from  sunrise  to  sunset  are 
upon  the  wing,  generally  Hying  very  near  the 
surface  of  the  water,  rising  and  sinking  as 
the  waves  heave  and  fall.  They  walk  badly, 
and  are  not  good  swinuners,  their  small  feet 
rendering  them  but  little  assistance,  so  that 
tliey  nre  tossed  about  like  corks.  They  feed 
on  small  tish  and  marine  animals,  always 
taking  their  prey  on  the  wing.  (For  the 
species  which  are  British  visitors,  see  Sterna.) 

tern,  a.  &  5.  [Lat.  /er)n'=  three  each,  from 
trej<=  three,  ter  =  thrice.] 

A,  As  adj.  :  Threefold;  consisting  of  three. 
(Used  chiefly  in  botany.) 

*B.  Ass^lbst.  :  That  which  consists  of  three 
things  ornund>ers  together  ;  specif,,  a  prize  in 
a  lottery  gained  by  drawing  three  favourable 
numbers  :  the  numbers  themselves. 

tern-flowers,  s.pi. 

Bot. :  Flowers  growing  in  threes. 

tern-leaves,  s.pi. 

Bot. :  Leaves  arranged  three  in  a  whorl. 

tern-peduncles.  s.pJ. 

Bot.:  Pecluneles  growing  three  together 
from  the  siime  axis. 

ter'-na-ry,  a.  &  s.  [l^at.  tei^arhis,  from  terni 
=  three  each  ;  Fr.  (er;)n(/-e.l    [Tern-,  a.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Proceeding  by  three  ;  consisting 
of  three  ;  applied  to  things,  arranged  in  order 
by  threes  :  as  a  flower  is  said  to  haVe  a  tenwri/ 
division  of  its  parts  wlieu  it  has  three  sepals, 
three  petals,  three  stamens,  &c. 

"The  equality  ia  mentioned  as  belonging  to  the 
trrnary  number,  here  considered  as  a  figare  uf  the 
Trinity."— n'o/er/.iKd;  Works,  iv.  93. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  number  three;  a  group 
of  three. 

"  Tlie  teriiari/,  or  triad,  w.is  not  only  accounted 
a  sacred  number  amongst  tlie  Pythagoreans,  but  also 
as  containing  s.^me  mystery  in  nature."— Curfipor/A  ■ 
Intel!.  Sj/stem,  p.  MT. 

ter'-nate,  a.  [Low  I^t.  t^matus,  from  Lat. 
Irrni  =  three  each.]     [Tern,  a.] 

"■  1.  Ord.  Ixinij. :  Arranged  in  threes  ;  haWng 
an  arrangement  of  parts  in  threes. 
2.  Botany : 

(1)  Trifnli.-ite. 

(2)  Ha\'ing  three  things,  as  leaves,  in  a 
whorl ;  ternary. 

ter'-nate-l]^,  nrfr.  [Eng.  temate  ;  -/;/.]  In  a 
temate  manner  ;  by  threes. 

+  ter- n&t'~i- sect,  a.  [Low  Lat.  teniatus, 
and  Lat.  i-ecM.s- =  cut.] 

B"t.  (0/ a  ha/,  £c.):  Cut  into  three  lobes  or 
partial  divisions. 

ter-na-to-,  pre/.  [Terxate.]  Ternary  ;  in 
threes. 

temato -pinnate,  a. 

Bf't.  :  The  term  used  when  the  secondary 
j)etioles,  to  the  sides  of  which  the  leaflets  are 
attached,  proceed  iu  threes  from  the  summit 
of  a  common  petiole. 

teme,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    (See  compound.) 

terne-plate,  s.  A  thin  iron  plate  coated 
with  an  alloy  of  tin  and  lead. 

*ter'-ni-6n,  s.  [Lat.  temio,  from  terni  = 
three  each.]  A  group  of  three;  the  number 
three ;  a  ternary. 

"DianosiiiK  them  Into  terninnt  '■f  three  general 
hierarcnie*.'  —Bp.  /lall :  Invisible  World,  bk.  i.,  5  7. 

tem-Strce'-ml-a,  5.  [Named  after Ternstrom, 
.1  Swedish  naturalist  and  traveller,  who  died 
in  174.''..] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Ternstrcemiacese 
(q.\.).  Evergreen  shruV>s  or  trees,  with  cori- 
aceous, entire  or  serrato-crenate  leaves,  Ave 
sepals,  five  i>etals,  many  stamens,  and  iude- 
liiscent  fruits.  Known  species  about  twenty- 
five,  from  tropical  Asia  and  America. 

tem-strce-nii-a'-9e-£e,  ?.  pL     [Mod.  Lat, 

t'-ritstrrcmiio) :  Lat.  fem.  pi.  ad.],  suff".  -owtp.] 

Hot. :    Theads ;    an    order  of    Hypogynous 

Exogens,  alliance  Gut  tiferales.  Trees  or  shrubs, 


with  altornato,  coriaceous,  usually  nndivlded, 
exstijiulatc  leaves,  occasionally  dolterl.  Pe- 
duncles articulated  at  the  base,  axillary  or 
ternunal ;  flowera  usually  polygamous,  white, 
tn<irc  rarely  pink  or  red  ;  sepaU  five  or  seven, 
coriaceous,  decicluouw,  the  innermost  often 
the  largest  ;  j'etals  five,  six,  or  nine,  often 
combined  at  the  base;  stamens  indefinite; 
filaments  nionailelphous,  polyadelphous,  or 
distirii't ;  styles  three  to  seven;  cai'.sule  two 
to  seven-celled,  <lehiscent  or  indehiscent ; 
seeds  large,  few,  attached  to  the  axis.  From 
Sontli  America,  the  East  In-lies,  China,  North 
Anu-rica,  and  Africa.  Known  genera  thirty- 
three,  species  130.    [Camellia,  TnEA.] 

ter'-pene^,  s.  p/.  [Formed  from  Lat.  tf'relnn- 
thus  —  the  turpentine-tree,  or  from  Ger.  ter- 
j^ntin  =  turjientiue  (q.v.).] 

Cliem.  :  A  term  applied  to  a  series  of  hydro- 
carbons having  the  generic  formula  Cnllan— *. 
Tliey  may  be  all  classed  under  two  be.ids, 
those  produced  by  synthetical  means,  as  valyl- 
ene,  CsHr,  and  carpene,  C9II14  ;  and  these 
found  ready  formed  in  plants,  as  the  turpen- 
tines, C10H16.  With  the  exception  of  the  last, 
the  terpenes  have  been  very  incompletelv  in- 
vestigated. They  are  colourless  or  ycllowi.sli 
liquids,  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in 
alcohol,  ether,  chloiofonn,  benzene,  and  iu 
the  fixed  and  volatile  oils. 

ter'-pi-iene,  5.    [Terrenes.] 

Chem.  :  An  inactive  hydrocjirbon,  produced 
by  the  action  of  weak  reagents  <ui  the  solid 
dihydrochloride,  CioHi6-2HCl.    Ofatts.) 

ter' -pine,  s.     [Eng.  terp(ene);  -ine.] 

Chem. :  CioHaiOoHoO.  A  crystalline  body, 
obtained  by  shaking  for  some  time  a  mixture 
of  eight  parts  oil  of  turpentine,  two  parts 
dilute  nitric  acid,  and  one  part  alcohol.  It 
forms  large  brilliant,  colourless,  short  rhombic 
prisms,  soluble  in  boiling  water,  alcohol,  and 
ether,  melts  at  103°,  and  sublimes  at  a  higlier 
temperature  in  long  needles. 

t  ter-pin'-nate,  0.    [Tripix.vate.] 

ter'-pin-ol, .?.    [Eng.  terpin(e):  -0/.] 

Chem.  :  C20H34O.  A  liquid  of  hyacintli-like 
odour,  produced  by  heating  an  aqueous  .solu- 
tion of  terpiine  with  hydrochloric  and  sul- 
phuric acids.  It  boils  at  168',  and  has  a 
sp.  gr.  '802. 

ter-p6-di-6n,  s.  [Gr.  Tcpn-u (terpi)  =  to  de- 
light, and  tu&^  (ode)  =  a  song,  an  ode.] 

Mnsic:  A  keyed  njflsical  instrument,  in- 
vented by  John  David  Buschmann,  of  Hatn- 
burg,  about  1816,  resembling  a  pianoforte  in 
appearance,  but  producing  imtes  from  blocks 
of  wood  struck  with  hammers.  The  .-sound 
could  be  increased  or  diminished  at  pleasure. 

Terp-sich'-o-re,  s.  [Or.,  from  Tepn-w  (t^erpO), 
fut.  Tip<l,iu  (terpso)  =  to  delight,  and  ,xop« 
=  dancing.] 

1.  Class.  Aatiq. :  One  of  the  Muses,  daughter 
of  Jupiter  and  Mnemosyne.  She  presided 
over  dancing,  of  which  she  was  reckoned  the 
inventress,  and  in  which,  as  her  name  inti- 
mates, she  took  delight.  To  her  was  some- 
times ascribed  the  invention  of  the  cithara, 
rather  than  to  Mercury.  She  is  represented  a.s 
a  young  virgin  crowned  with  Uiurti.  and  hold- 
ing in  her  hand  a  musical  instrument. 

2.  Astron. :  [Astehoid,  81], 

terp-sich-O-re'-an.  a.  &  s.     [Terpsichore.] 
A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relati::g  to  Terp- 
sichore or  dancing. 

"Two  tcrpfichorean  pieces  by  a  French  composer 
were  brouglit  oat."— /)*ti?j!/  Telc;/raph,  Feb.  20,  188(1. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  A  dancer. 

"  Young  men  who  will  carry  all  before  them,  both 
.•la  talkers  and  terpsichoreans." —  Daily  Telegraph, 
Jan.  6,  isse. 

terp-siph'-6-ne,  s.  [Or.  Te'pi/»ts  (teriisis)  = 
delight,  and  ^wtoj  (phone)  =  a  sound.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Muscicapidie,  erecteil 
by  Gluger  for  the  Indian  species  of  Cuvier's 
genus  Musciiieta.  Terp^iphone  poradisi  in  the 
Paradise  Flycatcher,  and  T.  offiiii<f  the  Bur- 
mese Paradise  Flycatcher. 

ter'-ra,  s.  [L.tt.  =the  earth.  Allied  to  Irish 
tJi'=  land,  ^'nnen  =  mainland  ;  tirim  =  dry; 
Gael.  &  W'el.  tir=  land.]    The  earth  ;  earth. 

terra-alba, i^.  [Lit.  =  white  earth.]  Ar- 
menian Ixile  ;  pipe-clay. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jd^l;  cat.  9611,  chorus,  chin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,      ihg. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c   -  bel,  del, 


30 


terrace— terrestrial 


ierrm  oaiiosA, 


Tripoli    or   rollen 


terra  oatoolin.  <■ 

I.    ICAlt.  Ml    ) 

i.  A  tr»*if  unihf  (<tr  Runbir  (qv.X 
tenu-OOtta,  <.    (UaI.  n)((ii  =  baked  :  Lat. 
■  -ta.  frill,  "f  jy».  iwr.  of  ox/uo  =  to  cook  ;  Kr. 

I     ^  [  il  of  |nir<«  cliiy,  (lnc-jrniino«l, 

c,  !  -T  cilciiird  tli'iU,  au.l  I'lil- 

\.,  1-,.  lUMuMeil,  (Irii-J  in  Uic  air, 

iiu.t  'x.k    i  .r,  .i  kiln.     It  iti  ot|K.'cLilly  uscii  f«»r 
ar.  liiUctural  .icconitiori**.  tlgim'R,  vases,  ic. 


J.  A  work  of  iirt  in  t'-ixa-.-ott'i ;  spcrif.  uP- 
vUM  t4>  Minatl  nKun-K  in  ttrra-cotU  found  iu 
funeral  uiouuincnU  in  Aint'rica. 

■  V   (r»    nirli'u*    (rrr.i  r.>fl«.  r*ci.vfre-t  from  tlie 

11.    ii.d-  !..»•■  •    ..■  -'r-l      iiu«rl»"ii«  wltU  r«Ucinj(  the 
.,,,,.■.  r     ..    I         .'   II.  iniitlj  on  JUiclrut  Mexlctui 
■  t  .:,  .       /■■'.•■   r.r  jru.i,  II.  3t 

■  torra  cultural.  <i.     Of  or  pertaining 

t.i  ».  ii.i  *Miliur.' ;  a^rncultural. 

■  torra  oolture,  .■■.     Cultivation  of  the 

c.irth  :  .ijciicullun-. 

torra  dl  Slonna,  s.  A  ferrnginouH. 
•  'Chn  oiiH  earth,  ti-icl  as  a  pigment  in  both  nil 
;io«l  wftter-folnnr  juinting  in  its  raw  state 
iinil  when  burnt.  In  the  l,itt*r  instance  it 
InM-nme-M  ofn  tlei'p  oranKi-  tint,  and  ilrii^'i  more 
rapidty.  It  is  tranKuareut  and  dumble  ; 
nuxed  uilh  various  blues,  it  yields  many 
n^'ful  tint*«  of  green. 

torra  firmo,  5.  IL>at.  =  firm  earth.]  Firm 
j;n>iind,  sniid  ground  or  earth  ;  dry  laml,  ns 
opp'tst'il  to  wal^jr,  bog.  or  the  like  ;  inainlanfl, 
a  continent,  as  opposed  t*>  an  island  ;  hence, 
ttg.,  a  tlrni  or  secure  liasis  or  ground  on  which 
one  can  stand. 

terra -Incognito,  -<-  [I-at.  =  unknown 
earth. I  An  unknown  or  unexplored  region. 
(Air.  tt >.;.). 

torra-Japonica,  s.    [Terba-catechd.] 
torra-nera,  s.    iltal.  =  black  earth. 1    A 
n.itivr.  luictnnus  pigment,  u-sed  by  the  ancient 
artists  in  fresco,  oil,  and  tempera-painting. 

*  terra- nobllis,  s.  [Lat.  =  noble  earth.} 
All  iil'l  ii.tiiir  for  the  diamond. 

torra-orellana,  s. 

lint.  :  liij:"  OrdliuiH. 

terra  ponderosa,    «.      [Lat.  =  heavy 

iMrlli.  I     il.'i]  \  {'■".  nr  li<';ivy-spar  (q.v.). 

terra-siglllata,    terra-Lemnla,    s. 

lLt:\iS\\S    KARTH.J 

terra-verde,  s.  [Ital.  =  green  earth.] 
A  name  given  to  two  kinds  of  native  green 
earth  use<L  as  pigments  in  itainting :  one 
obtained  from  Monte  Baldo,  near  Verona,  the 
other  from  the  island  of  Cyprus.  The  former 
hait  murh  more  body  than  the  latter,  and  is 
Tery  useful  in  landscape  painting  in  oil 
colours.  It  is  a  siliceous  earth  coloured  by 
the  protoxide  of  iron,  of  which  it  contains 
about  twenty  per  cent-  It  is  not  affected  by 
exposure  to  strong  light  or  impure  air. 

ter'-ra9e.  •  tar-ros,  *  ter-ass,  s.    [0.  Fr. 

Urruiti;    Fr.   terrasse  =.  a  tiat,  a  platform,    a 
terrace,  front  Ital.  terraccia^  terniiza  =  a  ter- 
race, from    terra   (Lat.   terra)  =  earth  ;    Sp. 
terram-.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  raised  level  space  or  platform  of  earth, 
supported  on  one  or  more  sides  by  masonry  ; 
a  bank  or  platform  of  turf  or  the  Hke,  such 
as  may  be  seen  in  gardens,  where  they  are 
used  for  ornament,  cultivation,  or  promenade. 

•"In  thoM  (amiuM  .iiid  pleaaaut  walks."— .Vwrrt: 
PtutarcS.  p.  *«. 

2.  A  balcony  or  open  gallery. 

"  The  minner  bclnR  upon  the  terrace  of  tlie  furt."— 
Uiu-kluiit      r.>y(i;7.|.  lil.  3Sa 

3.  The  flat  mof  of  a  house,  as  in  Oriental 
and  Spanish  liouses. 

•■  A«  touchtiift  upon  (rallerie<i  and  ttrracM,  they  were 
•I^vIkmI  hj  the  .Oreek»."— A  Bottand:  Pltnie,  bk. 
XXXV  L  th.  XXV. 

4.  A  street  or  row  of  houses  nmning  along 
the  side  of  a  slope  ;  a  row  of  houses  ;  a  street. 

n.  Phyx.  Cfog.  ,t  Ceol :  A  platform,  often 
of  soft  materi;il,  tlat  aU>ve,  and  more  or  ltj.S3 
steep  un  the  sidt;y. 

'tor'-ra9e, '  ter  ass,  r.(.  [Terrace,  s.]  To 
form  into  a  terrace  or  terraces ;  tofumieh  witli 
a  terrace.     {iVoHon  :  Architecture,  p.  42.) 


t6r  r»  rn-i  fts  (pi.  ter-rflB  fU-M).  ^ 

lliil,  =  M'U  i>f  the  earth  or  soil.] 

1.  A  htmiorous  description  of  a  person  of 
obscure  birth  or  low  origin. 

•2.  A  scholar  at  the  univci-sity  of  Oxford, 
fonnorly  appointed  to  make  satirical  sjweches, 
and  who  often  indulged  in  considerable 
li.ense  in  his  treatment  of  tlje  university 
authorities. 

t6r  ra  ma-ra  (I'l.  ter-ra- ma-re.  t  tor- 
re  ma  re  !>,  *■:.  I  Ital.;  it  fiirm  introduced  by 
Si-oors  .stnibel  and  Pigorini,  instead  of  tlie 
onlinar>-  forms  mirna  and  marniero  =  marl, 
and  with  some  reference  to  nmrese  =  a  fenny 
place.] 

1.  Gtol:  An  ammoniacal  earth,  consisting 
largely  of  animal  remains,  from  the  sites  of 
prehistori<r  settlements,  used  as  manure  in 
various  part*  of  Italy  [2]. 

"Our  cfnintry  r>eopIe  caU  thi* questionable  earth  fcr- 
ramara,  probaulv  a  corrupted  fonn  of  the  expression 
•  U>rraiiiarim."  hut  ixisBilily  niao  tlie  gcimtne  ancient 
name  .  .  .  'terra  dl  mure'  (sea-efirthl.  because  it  was 
imagined,  though  Incorrectly,  to  have  been  a  deposit 
from  the  Bca.'— A'fH<jr .  Lake- DtoelUngi  of  Switzerland 
(Eng.  ed.l.  L  380. 

2.  Anthrop. :  The  name  given  to  certain  jire- 
historic  settlements  in  Northern  and  Central 
Italy. 

"1  asiterted  that  the  tcrntmnrr.  those  prehistoric 
»ettlement«.  were  terreBtrial.  that  in  some  of  them 
man  lived  in  pile  dwellings  on  dry  pround  :  in  others 
he  dwelt  in  tents  and  hnts."— .srro6f^  in  AVW«r'«  lake- 
liVKUingf  of  SuntierlanU  (Eng.  ed.),  »■  397. 

'  ter-ra' -ne-OU8,  a.    [Lat.  terra  =  the  earth.] 

lu<t. :  Growing  on  land. 

ter'-ra-pin,  ter'-ra-pene, '  ter-e-bin,  s. 

[CoiTUpt.  of  Algonkiii  Imnbe  =  a  tort^iise.] 

Zool.:  A  popular  name  for  the  S]>eries  rif 
Eniydidiie,  whieli  are  extensively  used  for  food. 
They  huve  a  depres.sed  liead,  ami  the  neek  can 
\te  wholly  retracted  within  tlie  shell  ;  eyes 
large ;  beak  somewhat  resembling  that  of  a 
bird  of  prey.  They  are  good  swimmers,  and 
live  on  fish  and  small  reptiles,  though  iti  cap- 
tivity they  eat  vegetables  rtadily.  The  most 
important  are  the  Yellow-bellied  Terrapin 
(Emys  srrrata),  the  Red-bellied  Terrapin  {E. 
Tiibriiyntris),  the  Florida  Terrapin  (E.  Jlorida), 
the  Cliicken  Terrapin  {E.  retiadata),  and  the 
Salt  water  Terrajtin  (Makicodemmys  fwiiw^ris 
=  E.  terrapin). 

ter-ra'-qne-ous,     *  ter-ra'-que-an,     n. 

[Lat.  terra  =  earth,  and  aq^ia  =  water.']  Cnn- 
sisting  of  land  and  water,  as  the  globe. 
{li'ordsvwth :  Inscription  upon  a  Stone.) 

'  ter'-rar,  5.    [Terrier  (2),  s.] 

ter'-r^  (1),  s.    [Terrace,  5.] 

Hir.:  The  representation  of  ground  at  tlie 
boU'Hu  of  the  base,  generally  vert. 

ter-rlis'  <2),  s.    [Trass.] 

Majionrji  {PI.):  Hollow  defects  in  marble, 
or  fissures  filled  with  nodules  of  other  sub- 
stances. 

terre,  v.t     IT.\r,  y.]    To  provoke. 

terre,  s.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  terra.]    Earth. 

terre-blue,  s.   A  kind  of  soft,  loose  earth. 

terre-plein,  ^^ 

Fort. :  The  upper  part  of  the  rampart  whicli 
remains  after  constructing  the  j^rapet. 

•  terre-tenant,  "  ter-tenant,  s.  [Fr. 
terre  =  the  earth,  and  tenant,  i.r.  oar.  of  tenir 
=  t«hold.l 

Law :  The  acta;d  occupant  of  land. 

terre-verte,  >-.    Terra-verde  (q.v.). 

'  ter-reen'»  s.  [Fr.  terrine,  from  terre ;  T^t. 
terra  =  earth.]  A  large  dish,  originally  made 
of  earthenware  ;  a  tiu-een  (q.v.). 

•  ter-rd'-l-t3^,  s.  [Lat.  terra  =  the  earth.] 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  earthy ;  earthi- 
uess.    (Ben  Jonson:  Alchemist,  ii.  1.) 

ter'-relU  ter-rel'-la,  s.  [A  dimin.  from  Lat. 
terra  =  earth.] 

Magnetism:  A  magnet  of  a  just  spherical 
figure,  and  so  placed  that  its  poles,  equator, 
*c.,  correspond  exactly  to  those  of  the 
earth. 

'  terre'-mote,  5.     [O.  Fr.  from  Lat.  terras 


earth,  and  mofj/s  =  motion.    A  movement  of 
the  earth  ;  an  earthquake.    (Gower :  C.  A.,  vi.) 

'  terre' ~md-tive,  «.  [Kng.  ferremot(r):  -ive.] 
Of,  or  ]iertaining  to,  characterized  by,  or 
causing  motion  of  tlie  earth's  surface. 

ter-reno'.  a.  &  s.  (Lat.  terrenus,  from,  terra 
=  the  earth.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  earth,  as  opposed 
to  the  .sea.     (Daily  Telegraph.  Dec.  2,  1885.) 

2.  Consisting  of  earth ;  of  the  nature  of 
earth ;  earthy.  (P.  Holland :  Plinie,  bk. 
xxxiv.,  ch.  xviii.) 

3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  this  earth  or  world  ; 
earthy.     (Raleigh.) 

B.  As  substantive: 

'1.  The  surface  of  the  earth. 


2.  A  tureeii  or  terreen.  (Knox:  Winter 
Ercnings,  Even.  57.) 

*  Terrene-sea,  s.  The  MediteiTanean 
sea.    (Marloive :  1  Tamhurlai)ie,  in.  3.) 

"  ter-ren'-i-ty,  s.    [Eng.  rcrren(e); -(Vy-l  The 
quality  i>r  state  nf  being  terrene  ;  worldliness. 

"Being  overcome  declines  tlie  rising  head,  and  de- 
bases all  the  spirits  to  a  dull  aud  low  tcrrenity."— 
Fettham  :  Resoivea.  j).  74. 

•  ter'-ro-oiis,  a.     [Lat.  ieiTeus,  from  tirra  ^ 
earth.]    Consisting  of  earth  ;  earthy. 

"The  temper  of  the  tcrrcotu  parts  at  the  bottom," 
—Brotime :   Vutffar  Erronrs. 

*  ter-res'-i-ty» 

Earthiuess. 


[Lat.    ten'a  =  earth.] 


'  ter-res'-tre  (tre  as  ter).  <'.  [Lat.  tvrrestris, 

from  terra  =  eai  th.]    Terrestrial ;  earthly. 

'■  His  paradie  terrestrc  and  his  diaport." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  9,1S5. 

ter-res -tri  al,  '  ter-es-tri-all,  *  ter- 
es-try-al,  «".  &  .s.  [Lat.  terrestris,  from  terra 
=  earth.] 

A.  ^s  adjective : 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  earth;  existing 
on  the  earth  ;  earthy.    (Opposed  to  celestial). 

"  There  are  also  celestial  bodies  and  bodies  ttrrres- 
trial."—l  Corinth-  xv.  UK 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  earth  or 
land,  as  opposed  to  water. 

"  I  did  not  .confine  these  observations  to  Und.  or 
terrestrial  parts  of  the  globe." — tVoodward. 

3.  Representing  or  consisting  of  the  earth. 

"  But  when,  £rom  under  this  terrcttria!  ball, 
He  fires  the  proud  tops  of  the  eastern  pines  " 

Shakes^. :  liichard  I!.,  iii.  2. 

4.  Consisting  or  composed  of  earth;  earthy; 
solid. 

"  The  terrnstritit  substance  destitute  of  all  Htiuor. 
remaiueth  alone."—/'.  UoUand. :  I'lxUarch,  p.  598. 

5.  Confined  to,  inhabiting,  or  living  on  the 
land  or  ground,  as  opposed  to  aquatic,  and 
sometimes  to  arboreal. 

"  Terrestrial  [brutes]  are  those,  whose  only  place  of 
rest  is  upon  the  earth. "—iocAre.'  Sat.  PhUosuphy,  ch,  x, 

6.  Pertaining  to  the  present  world  ;  sub- 
luihiry ;  mundane. 

"His  kingdume  is  terrestrial!,  but  myne  is  ce- 
lestiall. "—£««? .-  John  xviii. 

B,  As  substantive : 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  An  inhabitant  of  the  earth  ; 
a  mortal,  as  opposed  to  a  celestial. 

"  But  Heaven,  that  knows  what  all  terrestrials  need, 
Repose  to  night,  and  toil  to  day.  decreed," 

Pope:  ffontci-;  Odysset/  \ix.  fi9l. 

•  2.  Zonl.  :  Animals  which  live  on  the  land, 
as  opposed  to  those  which  are  aquatic,  arboreal, 
nr  aerial. 

terrestrial  eye-piece,  s. 

Optica:  An  eye-piece  with  three  or  four 
lenses,  so  arranged  as  to  present  the  image 
viewed  in  an  erect  position  ;  an  erecting  eye- 
piece. 

terrestrial- globe,  s.  A  .spherical  map 
representing  thi;  laml,  sea.s,  &c.,  of  the  world. 
In  contradistinction  to  the  celesfiul  globe,  on 
which  the  con-stellations  are  depicted. 

terrestrial-magnetism,  s.    ^ 

Magnetism  :  Magnetism  as  exhibited  by  the 
earthi  which  is  itself  a  great  natural  magnet. 
[Magnetism.] 

terrestrial-telescope,  s.  A  telescope 
ditTering  from  the  astronomical  refracting  in 
having  two  additional  lenses,  so  as  to  restore 
the  inverted  image  to  an  erect  position. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father:   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine,  piEt,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wplt  work.  wh6.  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fuU;  try.  Syrian.    ».  ce  -  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  Uw, 


terrestrially— terrorist 


ter-res'-tri-al-ly,  udc.      [Eng.   terrestrUil ; 
■ly.]     In  a  lerVestrial  or  uarthly  manner. 
*'  Tliese  iiliigue^  »eem  yet  but  nourished  benmtb, 
Ami  even  witli  mau  terrcstriatti/  to  move." 

Uruyton  ;  Hotet. 

*  ter-res'-tri-al-ness,  ■-  [Eng.  terrestrial : 
■nes.^.]  The  quahty  or  slate  of  being  terrestrial. 

*  ter-res'-tri-f^,  v.t,  [Lat.  terrestris  =  ter- 
rcsthal,  an.l  j'acio  =  to  make.]  To  reduce  to 
earth,  or  to  an  earthly  or  niunilanc  state. 

"  Though  we  should  iiffllrm.  that  heJiven  were  but 
e»nh  coleslltieil.  (itiJ  earth  but  beaveii  trfrrettrifi'M.  — 
ISmieiif :   I'ul-jar  Errourt.  bk.  iv.  ch.  xlU. 

*  ter-res'-tri-ous»  a.   [Lat.  terrestris.]  (Tek- 

BEaTHIAL.J 

1.  Consisting  of  earth  :  earthy. 

"A  vitriolate  or  coppems  quality,  coujolning  with 
;i  lfrrest7'louB  or  iistriiigeut  humidity.  —Browne: 
Vuhjar  Errours,  bk.  %!.,  cli.  xii. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  earth ;  being  or  living 
on  the  earth  ;  terrestrial. 

ter -ret,  ter'-rit,  s.    [Fr.   tourct  =  s^  small 

\\\\w\.\ 

SmhUery:  A  ring  attached  to  the  pad  or 
saddle  and  hanies  of  harness,  through  which 
the  driving-reiDs  pass. 

"  I  have  always  fouud  that,  both  lu  taudem  and  in 
four-iu-lmmi.  equal  uower  «itli  freer  play  U  secured 
by  Using  ferrets  on  the  winkers  vuly,"— Field,  Sept.  4, 

1B86. 

*  ter-rib'-i-lize,  r.i.    [Eng.  Ierribl(e);   -i-f.] 

To  becunie  terrible. 

"  Even  the  face  i<i  cowania  terribilize." 

'"^ylveiier  :  I'ocad'on,  271. 

ter'-rx-ble,  *  ter-ry-We,  a.  [Fr-  terribk, 
from  Lat.  tci^ribilis  —  causing  terror ;  teireo  = 
to  terrify  ;  Sp.  terrible;  Ital.  terribile.\ 

1.  Causing  or  tending  to  cause  ten-or,  fear, 
awe,  or  dread  ;  forniidubie,  terrifying,  fright- 
ful, shocking. 

"  Bhick  it  stood  .la  night. 
Fierce  as  ten  KurJes,  (t-T-r/Weashell.'" 

Milton:  P.L.i  ii.  eTL 

2.  Excessive,  extreme  ;  exceedingly  great 
or  strong.    iColloq.) 

"The  iiuputation  of  novelty  is  a  terrible  charge 
auiougst  tliuse  who  juil^'e  of  men's  htada,  as  they  do  ol 
their  perukes,  by  tii<^  f.iililon  ;  and  can  allow  none  to 
Iw  right,  but  the  reri'ived  doL-trines. '— Locfte ;  On 
Btiman  Cmierst.,  Epist  l>ed, 

^  For  the  diflereuce  between  teirible, 
fearful,    and  formidable,    see    Fearful   and 

FORAIIDAIiLE. 

ter-ri-ble-ness,   ^  ter-ri-blc-nes,   s. 

[Eng.  terribk  ;   -ness,]    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  terrible  ;  dreadfuhiess,  furniidableness. 

"  The  gloriousness  and  mnjeaty.  and  terriblenea  oi 
his  appearance. " — Hharp  :  ^crnwns,  vol.  vL,  ser.  10. 

ter'-ri-blj^.    *  ter  -  ry  -  blye.  odv.     [Eng. 

terrib{h);  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  terrible  or  terrifying  manner ;  so  as 
to  teirify,  atiright,  or  awe. 

"  Tbls  fair  half  round,  this  ampl'i  azure  sky. 
TfrribJy  large,  and  wonderfully  bright." 

Prior:  Solo7ito)>,  L  63'J. 

2.  Exceedingly,  extremely,  ^nolently:  as,  I 
was  terribly  frightened.    {Colloq.) 

ter-ric-d-lae,  s.  pi.    [Lat.  terra  —  the  earth, 

and  >:ulo  =  to  inhabit.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-order  of  Oligochaeta  (q.v.). 
Body  cylindrical,  attenuated  at  both  extremi- 
ties, without  any  distinct  head  or  eyes.  Several 
rows  of  setffi  along  the  body,  which  serve  in- 
stead I  f  legs.  It  contains  the  Lumbricida, 
or  Earth-worms. 

ter-ric'-6-lous.  f.    [TERaicoL^.] 

1.  lujiabitnig  the  earth;  living  on  the  soil 
of  tlie  eaitli. 

"  So  it  appears  to  be  with  ferricoioM  worms."— />a^- 

win  :   I'f'icUiblc  Moulil,  p.  247. 

2.  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
TerricDl;e(ti.v.). 

♦  ter-ric'-u-la-ment,  s.     [Lat.  tenicula- 
mentuui.]    A  terror  ;  a  cause  of  terror. 

'■  Torments  of  opluiona  or  ferriculameiUs  of  ex- 
pressions."—(Vt(t(i;i-*i  :  Tears  of  the  Church,  \\  198, 

ter-rl-er  (1),  '  ter-rere,  •  ter-ry-are»  ?. 

[For  tcn-icr-ilo'j,  i.e.,  a  dog  wliich  jiursues 
rabbits,  &c.,  into  their  burrows,  from  Fr. 
terrier  =  t\nt  liole  or  burrow  of  rabbits,  iSrc, 
from  Low  Lat.  Urrarinw  ~  a  little  hillock,  a 
mound,  a  burrow,  from  Lat,  terra  =  earth.] 

Zuol. :  Two  breeds  of  the  Dog,  the  English 
and  the  Scotch  Terrier.  The  English  Terrier 
has  a  good  forehead,  proniineiit  eyes,  a  pointed 
muzzle,  and  Usually  .shrnt  hair;  the  colour 
varying,  the  most  cumiium   lining  black  and 


tan,  with  a  tan-coloured  spot  over  the  eye.  It 
is  used  fur  unearthing  the  fox,  and  for  killing 
rats,  at  which  latter  occupation  it  is  a  great 
adept.  The  Scotch  Terrier,  which  seems  to 
be  of  an  older  stuck  thau  its  English  name- 
sake, has  a  large  hi-ail,  short,  stout  legs,  and 
long,  rough,  shaggy  hair.  It  is  of  a  black 
and  fawn  colour,  and  is  intelligent,  faithful, 
and  atlVctiouate.  The  Dandle  Diuniunt  and 
the  Skye  Terrier  are  varieties  of  the  Scotch 
Terrier.     [Toy-terbieb.J 

ter -ri-er(2),  ter-rar,  s.  [Fr.  (jmpier)  terriir 
=  the  court-roll,  or  list  uf  the  names  of  a 
lord's  tenants,  from  Low  Lat.  terrarius  {liber) 
=  (a  book)  in  which  landed  property  is 
described  ;  Lat.  terra  =  earth.] 

Lau' : 

"  1.  A  collection  of  acknowledgments  of 
the  vassals  or  tenants  of  a  lordship,  contain- 
ing the  rents  and  services  they  owed  to  the 
lord,  &.C. 

2.  A  book  or  roll  in  which  the  lands  of 
private  persons  or  corporations  are  described 
by  their  site,  boundaries,  number  of  acres,  &c. 

"  We  ordain  that  the  archbishops  and  all  bishops 
within  their  si-venil  dioceses  ahidl  procure  that  a  true 
nute  and  terrier  of  all  the  glebes,  lands,  meadows, 
burdens,  orchards,  houses,  &c..  be  lAkeu."— Canon  the 
Eighty  a^Knth, 

ter'-ri-er  (3),  s.  [O.  Fr.  terriere.]  Au  anger, 
wimble,  or  borer. 

ter-lif -ic,   •  ter-rif -ick,  a.      [Lat.   terri- 
fic m,  from  tcrrco  =  tu  frighten,  and  facio  =  to 
make.]    Causing  terror,  fear,  or  awe  ;  terrible, 
frightful ;  inspiring  dread  ur  awe. 
"  He  hurries  to  the  realms  below, 
Terrific  realms  of  peual  woe," 

Coivfer  .■  Death  of  the  Bishop  of  Ely. 

%  For  the  difference  betweeu  terrific  and 
formidable,  see  Formidable. 


■  ter-rif-ic-al, 

Territic. 


[Eng.    terrific;    -al.] 


ter-rif-ic-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  terrifieal;  -ly.] 
In  a  terrific 'manner  ;  terjibly,  frightfully. 

"  The  peculiiir  toi)ogniphy  produced  by  this  Cerrifi- 
ca^?ii  upheaving  action. '—/'ie/rf.  Feb,  17,  18B7. 

ter'-ri-fly,  r.t.     [Lat.   terrifico,  from  terreo  = 
to  IVi^Uten,  and  facio  =  to  make.] 
*  1.  To  make  terrible.    (Milton.) 
2.  To  frighten    exceedingly  ;    to  alarm  or 
shock. 

■'  His  nigh  forwearied  feeble  feet  did  slide. 
And  Qowne  be  fell,    with    dread  of  ahame    sore 
terrifide."  Sj^nser :  F.  (I,  II.  i.  11. 

^  ter-rig'-en-oiis,  a.  [Lat.  terrigeiia  —  one 
born  uf  the  earth  :  terra  =  earth,  and  gigno 
([■a.  t.  yenui)  =  to  bring  forth.]  Earth-born ; 
produced  by  or  springing  from  the  earth. 

t  terrigenous-metals,  s.  pi.  The  me- 
tallic bases  of  the  earths,  as  aluminium,  ba- 
rium, i&C. 

ter-ri-tor'-i-al,  *  ter-ri-tor-i-all,  a. 

[Eng.  territory  ;  -at] 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  territory  or 
land. 

"  Exchanging  her  territorial  rule  for  a  doubtful 
suzerainty,  —fliii/tf  Chronicle.  Sept.  23,  1885. 

2.  Limited  to  a  certain  district :  as,  terri- 
torial rights. 

3.  Consisting  of  territory. 

"The  territorial  acquiaitions  of  the  East  India 
Compauy."— A'mrtA:  Wealth  •>/  Xationg,  bk.  v..  ch.  iii. 

4.  Possessed  of  territory,  territoried  :  as,  a 
territorial  magnate. 

*  ter-ri-tbr'-i-al-ize,  r.t.  [Eng.  territorial ; 
-ize.] 

1.  To  reduce  to  tlie  state  of  a  territory. 

2.  To  enlarge  or  extend  by  the  addition  of 
territory. 

t  ter-ri-tbr'-l-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  territorial  ; 
-ly.]  In  regard  to  territory  ;  by  means  uf 
territory. 

ter'-rf-tor-ied,  a.  [Eng.  territory;  -erf.] 
Possessed  of  territory. 

ter'-ri-tdr-3^,  *  ter-ri-tor-ye,  s.     [0.  Fr. 

territorie  ;  Fr.  territoire,  from  Lat.  territorium 
=  a  domain,  the  land  round  a  town,  from  terra 
=  eartli,  laud  ;  cf.  Port.  4:  Ital.  territorio.] 

1.  The  extent  or  compass  of  land  within 
the  juiisdiction  or  bounds  of  a  particular 
sovereign  state  or  other  body ;  any  separate 
tract  of  cunntry  as  belonging  to  a  state;  du- 
nilnion.    Sonutimes  applied  to  a  domain  or 


tract  of   laud  belonging   tu  a  private  iudi- 
vidual. 

"TIh'  klngiloui  of  KngUud,  over  which  uur  muni- 
cipal lawn  liivve  JurlNdlcttou.  includuM  iiut.  by  tbn 
common  law.  either  WnleH.  Bcuthtnd,  or  Ireland,  or 
auy  other  |>art  of  the  kiutin  domintuiw,  except  thv 
^erri/ory  of  Kngbtnd  n\<ju^."—aiack4tono :  Vomiii?ut., 
H.    liutrod.) 

2.  Any  large  tract  of  laiul  ;  a  region,  a 
country:  as,  an  unexplored  territory.  ^. 

3.  A  portion  of  the  country  not  included 
within  the  limits  of  any  state,  and  not  yet 
admitted  as  a  state  into  the  Union,  but  or- 
ganizcil  with  a  separate  legislature,  under  a 
territurial  guvernnuiit  and  other  olllcers  n\>- 
pointed  by  tlie  Tre'^ident  and  Senate  of  the 
United  States,    {'hodrivh.) 

%  Both  territory  and  iluminion  respect  a 
portion  of  country  under  a  particular  govern- 
ment; but  the  wofd  territory  brings  to  ol^r 
iniuds  the  land  which  is  included;  doininion 
conveys  to  our  minds  the  power  whicli  is 
exercised  :  the  tei-ritory  speaks  of  that  which 
is  iu  its  nature  boimded  ;  the  do}iiinivus  may 
be  said  of  that  which  is  boundless.  A  petty 
prince  has  his  territory;  the  nmnardi  of  a 
great  empire  has  dominions.  It  is  the  ol'ject 
of  every  ruler  to  guard  his  territory  against 
the  irruptions  of  an  enemy  ;  ambitious  mon- 
archs  are  always  aiming  to  extend  their  do- 
viinio)is. 

^  Territo)'y  of  a  judge : 

iScols  Law:  The  district  over  which  his 
jurisdiction  extends  in  causes  and  in  judicial 
ai;ts  proper  tu  him,  and  beyond  which  he  htis 
no  judicial  authority. 

ter-rd»  pref.  [Lat.  ten-a  =  the  eaith.)  (So-- 
compound.) 

terro-metal,  terro-metallic.  .^.     A 

comiiusitiniiuf  several  clays,  possessing,  when 
bakt'd,  peculiar  hardness,  introduced  by  Mr. 
Peake,  a  potter,  of  Burslein,  EngUrnd.  It  is 
principally  employed  for  making  tile.-*  of  va- 
rious kinds. 

ter'-ror,  *ter-rdur,  s.  [Fr.  terreur,  from 
Lat.  lerrorem,  accus.  of  terror  =  dread,  teri'or  ; 
terreo  =  tu  be  afraid,  to  tremble  ;  ef.  Sansc. 
tras  =  to  tremble,  to  be  afraid  ;  trdsu  = 
terror ;  Sp.  &  Port,  terror ;  Ital.  terrors.] 

1,  Fear  which  agitates  extremely  the  body 
and  mind  ;  extreme  fear,  alarm,  or  dread; 
fright. 

■'  Terror  is  that  species  of  fear,  which  rouses  to  df- 
fend  or  escape :  iiroducing  the  violent  ngitatiuus 
which  liave  been  already  noticed."— Co^tui ;  0*.  the 
Patsions,  ch.  ii.,  §  3. 

2.  That  which  excites  or  may  excite  di'ead  ; 
a  cause  of  fear  or  alarm. 


^  Darwin  {Descent  of  Man,  ch.  iii.)  shows 
that  terror  acts  on  the  lower  animals  in  the 
same  way  as  on  man,  causing  the  muscles  to 
tremble,  the  heart  to  pali>itate,  the  sphincters 
to  be  relaxed,  and  the  hair  to  stand  on  end. 

^{1)  King  of  terrors  :  Death. 

"  His  cunfidence  shall  be  rooted  out  of  his  tabernacle, 
and  it  shall  bring  him  to  the  Kiiiff  of  terrors.' —Job 
xviii.  14. 
(2)  Eeign  of  terror :  [Reign,  s.,  ^]. 

*  terror-breathing,  a.  Inspiring  terror; 
terrifying. 

■'  For  w  hicli  Rome  sends  ber  curses  out  from  far. 
TbvoU'ih  the  stern  thro-it  of  ferror-brtathiuu  war." 
Drayton  :    Mortimer  to  (^tieen  Isnbct. 

"  terror-haunted,  a.  Haunted  with  ter- 
rifying objects  or  appearances. 

"  Till  at  length  the  lays  they  ehftunteil 
Reached  the  chiiiuber  rerror-hanntctl." 

Lon'jfellow :  Gorman  Baron. 

terror-smitten,  a.     struck  or  affected 

with  terror;  tf-rrilied,  terror-struck. 

'  terror-Stirring,  a.  Inspiring  terror  ; 
terrifying. 

"Tbeu  all  the  Greekes  ran  In  to  Iiim, 
To  see  his  person;  ami  ndmir'd   bis  ttrr'-'r.cirriiijj 
Urn.'  Chapman:  Ho7tH-r  :  /ti'iii  \\\i 

terror-stricken,  terror  struck.  ". 

Struck  with  terror  :  terrified. 

ter'-ror-i^m,  s.  [Eng.  terror;  -ism.]  Tlie 
act  of  vue  who  terrorises  ;  tlie  act  of  terroriz- 
ing ;  a  system  of  government  by  terror;  the 
practice  of  using  intimidation  to  coerce  ]icople 
to  a  certain  course  ;  intimidation. 

'■Throughout  Cork,  Kerry  .  .  .  this  terrorism  pre- 

_-    vails."— />((%  Chronicle,  Sept.  23.  1985. 

ter'-ror-ist,  s.  [Eng.  ^fror;  -ist.]  One  who 
terrorizes ;  one  who  rules  by  intimidation  ; 
one  who  advocates,  reconnuends,  or  pmctises 


^toii,  hoy;  pout,  }6^li  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9hin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ei^ist.    ph  -  £ 
-cian.    t:j.n  ^  shan.      tion.    sion  =  shun:    tio»*  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,    tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  A;c.  -  bel.  del. 


terrorize— terutero 


tpmiri«in  ;  HiwrifliJilly.  an  nctnt  tir  nartirmn 
or  (Ii0  n-vnltitluniiry  tribunal  tluriii;;  tli«  ivisit 
ul  irin>r  111  Krmncf. 

■  •    Mild    uublv*.    •iidaJ    bjr   MiHlliiit 
.  ,rU  U>  Uw  KUllluUus^"— Odilir  foJo- 

Ur  -ror  ixo.  t6r  -ror-if©,  f '  lEn?-  terror; 
-irr. -iir.)  1"  itiipr.-^H  Willi  UTfiir  or  fear ;  U* 
-vv-t'v  .T  u,\\>*-l  by  U-m-r;  to  fitrce  by  iiitimi- 
1   ■        •     .A  ctTUiin  coun»«. 

V  .'rr..  «r  ft«!  •urc.  will  neither  b«  rmwl«r<i 
'.    I      .      inl  ii.lo  ufTrr'Lif  Kiiy  luPMure  rITvcUu^  either 

'tir-ror-Usft,  a.     lEng.  (rrror;  -(«*.) 
1.   lUri*  from  Urror. 

*.'.  I'lialanning;  without  tlif  will  or  ability 
fu  iii><pirv  t4Ti»r. 

■  luadar  blui  trrnrUu.'~£.  A.  /Nw  .  AJ/#»ice.  h.  39. 

ter  -rj?,  5.     IFr.  iirtr  =  to  draw.] 

1.  ilxfu-rmking :  An  oi>cn  rwL 

;*,  Fttbric:  A  pile  fabric,  such  as  plush  or 
vtlvf t ;  probably  frum  tl»«  Uniwiiis  out  of  tlie 
win-s  over  which  tlie  warp  is  laid  to  uiakt-  the 
MTifs  of  loops  seen  io  Brussels  carpel  or  un- 
cut Vflvet. 

■■f*ilk  KUiporr  *ith  ttrrg  or  liiMoy  silk."— AiUy 

r*!rjruph,  Oct. «.  lew. 
torry-velvet,  s.    A  silk  plush,  or  ribbed 

terse,  'i.  lUit.  Ur^ux,  prnji.  pa.  par.  of  tergo 
=  to  wipe,  to  rub  oB',  to  polish.] 

'  L  Lit, :  Wiped  or  rubbed  ;  appearing 
wi|»«M  '>r  rubbed;  i>olished,  smooth. 

■•JUiiy  itoiie*  preclom  and  Tul^iir.  although  trrte 
ttiul    BuiiKitb.    b»ve    not    this    i^^wer   attrtctlvc."— 
Uruwie     fulfar  Errouri. 
n.  h'igurutictly : 

'  1.  Kellned,  accomplished,  polished.  (Said 
of  it-rsona.) 

2.  Free  from  superfluities;  neatly  or  cle- 
tsiritly  C'tirise  ;  oeat  and  concise. 

"  IIm  d(3iiMt;hes.  «blch  nrc  still  extAut,  and  which 
.trr  uioileU  nf  official  wrltipg.  tert^r,  perwpicuoii",  ("11 
uf  iiiitortAiit  (act*  aitd  weighty  renAuus.  comi'rt^ssed 
iiiUi  tb?  ■luallcvt  iMMaible  uuiuber  of  wonla."— J/u<-- 
<iu;<i>     Hut  I'ty.,  ch.  xlr. 

terse  -ly,  '  terce-ly,  adv.  (Eng.  Urse;  -hj.] 
In  ii  iTse  manner ;  neatly  and  concisely,  suc- 
cinctly and  elegantly. 

'  I'lidenlniid  him  not.  that  oue  fto  InllnD  with  age, 
or  drcrepid  in  years,  but  that  od«  Ikvini;  iu  ao  igiionuit 
Nud  BUt^erititKiiu  a  ([eneration.  cvuld  write  ao  tvrcc>i/.~ 
~Full<r:  Wurthitt;  LinoolntiUre, 

terse'-ness,  i.    (Eng.  ttrse;  •ntss.'\ 

'  I.  Lit. :  Smcxithness. 

Tlie  <:y)luilrical  6gon  of  the  mole,  aa  welt  m  the 
'-<'ii)|«tctiieM  ol  it«  form.  arUiiig  front  tbe  rrrx^neu  of 
tCn  liuiL*.  i>ruiK>rtit>ually  lee^Qs  ita  Inbour.  '—Paley: 
.\iitural  TMolofff.  ch.  xv. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  terse  ;  neat- 
ness or  conciseness  of  style  ;  brevity  combined 
Avith  elegance. 

"  That  i»  an  American  locution,  bnt  it  la  expressive 
»iUi  ttjientble  ttri^iicu  of  the  general  aspect  of  the 
xWvT  Yarraywra."— /)at/ff  Telegraph,  Sept.  29.  ISSi. 

ter'-tlal  (tl  as  sh),  a.  k  s.     [Lat.  tertius^. 
tiiinl.'from  er«  =  three.] 
Ornithology  : 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  ter- 
tiinicH. 

B.  As  sitbst. :  One  of  the  teitiary  feathers  ; 
a  tfrrtiarj-  (q.v.). 

ter'  -tian  (ti  aB  sh),  '  ter-tiane,  ^  ter- 
cian,  '1.  tk  s.  IFr.  Urtiane  =  a  tertian  agne, 
itM[n  Uit.  tertUtna  =  a  tertian  fever;  prop, 
(till.  sing,  of  tertianus  =  tertian,  belonging  to 
tliuilhird  ;  (trfiua  =  third  ;  frM  =  three.] 

A.  A^  adj.:  Occurring  or  recurring  every 
third  day. 

"  \  Urtian  ague  Is  at  least  yoor  lot,"' 

lirytUn  :  Cock  4  Fox.  1S2. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  fever  or  other  disease  whose  paroxysms 
recur  every  other  day  ;  an  intermittent  fever, 
Arc,  whose  paroxysms  occur  after  intervals  of 
ab.jut  fnrty-eighl  hour*. 

"  2.  A  measure  of  eighty-four  gallons,  the 
thini  part  of  a  tun. 

3.  A  curve  of  the  third  degree. 
tertian-ague,  *.    [Act  e,  ii.  i.] 


ter'  ti-a-rjr  (ti  as  SM),  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  fer. 
/;.'m'im  =  pinji,  rontaining  a  third  part,  now 
coKsidered  as  meaning,  belonging  to  the 
thinl.) 


A.  As  adjectivr: 

1.  Ord.  Lun'j.  :  Of  the  third  order,  rank,  or 
forniatiun ;  thiixl. 

2.  Kccles. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  connected 
with  a  Third  Oriler  (q.v.). 

•■  Thus  anj««  various  c«Dgrr«atlons  of  trrtiary  monks 
and  nuns— Id  LoiuUmly.  Sicily.  Dalmatia.  France. 
H|«lu.  aud  PortugaL'— <lddu  *  .<niu/J  .  Cath.  Otct., 
p.  T». 

B.  As  substantive : 

J.  Ord.  Lang. :  That  which   is  tertiary  or 
thiixl  in  order,  succeiisiun,  or  formation. 
n.  Technically: 

1.  Art:  A  colour,  as  citrine,  russet,  or 
olive,  produced  by  the  mixture  of  two  second- 
nry  colours.  More  correctly  si)eaking,  they 
are  grays,  and  are  eittier  reil-giay,  blue-gray, 
or  yellow-grav,  when  tliese  primaries  are  in 
excess,  or  they  are  violet-gmy,  orange-gray, 
or  green-gray,  when  these  secoudaries  are  in 
excess. 

2.  txclfs.:  Ameniberof  a  TliirdOrder(q.v.), 
whether  living  in  the  world  or  in  coniiiiunity. 

"  Many  Tertiaritt,  in  course  of  time  .  .  .  dcHired  Uj 
take  solemn  \tj*^"^Addu  *  Arnold:  Cafh.  Dtct..  y. 

X  ('fologii: 

(I)  (If  strata  The  third  leading  division  of 
fossilifrrons  sedimentary  rocks.  Called  also 
the  Ciiinozoic  or  Kuinozoic.  The  succession 
and  importance  of  the  Primary  (Palitozoic) 
and  tlie  Secondary  (Mesozoic)  rocks  were 
understood  before  the  nature  and  extent  of 
the  Tertiary  were  recognised,  these  last  strata 
being  confounded  with  the  superhcial  allu- 
viums. [SupRACRETACEOus.]  Tliey  were  ob- 
served to  occur  in  i>atches  (some  of  fresh- 
water and  others  of  marine  origin)  in  small 
areas  or  basins  in  the  Sceondarj'  rocks,  suggest- 
ing the  idea  that  they  had  been  deposited  in 
bays,  lakes,  estuaries,  or  inland  seas,  after  a 
great  part  of  what  is  now  Europe  liad  been 
converted  into  dry  land.  The  tirst  proi»eily 
understood  strata  of  Tertiarj'  age  were  those 
in  the  vicinity  of  Paris,  described  by  Cuvier 
and  Brongniart  in  1810.  Otlier  Tertiary  stmta 
were  shortly  afterwards  discriminated  in  Lon- 
don, in  Hampshire,  in  Suffolk,  in  the  Sub- 
apjienine  hills  in  Italy,  near  Bordeaux  and 
l^x  in  the  South  of  France,  and  elsewhere. 
These  seveml  deposits  were  found  to  be  not 
quite  contemporaneous,  and  there  arose  a 
division,  which  continued  till  1S33,  into  the 
Lower,  Middle,  and  Upper  Tertiary.  But  as 
early  as  1S2S,  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Charles) 
Lyell  had  conceived  the  idea  that  tlie  Tertiary 
strata  might  be  classitied  by  the  percentage 
of  extinct  species  of  shells  which  they  con- 
tained. He  found,  in  lS2ii,  that  De.shayes,  of 
Paris,  had  indei)endently  come  to  tlie  same 
conclusion,  and  the  latter  geologist,  after 
comparing  3,000  fossil  with  5,000  living  shells, 
intimated  that  in  the  Lower  Tertiary  stnita 
about  3^  percent,  of  the  species  were  identical 
with  recent  ones  ;  in  the  Middle  Tertiai-y  about 
17  per  cent.  ;  in  the  Upper  Tertiary,  in  the 
oldest  beds  35  to  50,  and  in  the  more  mo- 
dem ones  90  to  05  per  cent.  To  these  three 
Lyell  gave  the  names  Eocene,  Miocene,  and 
Pliocene  respectively,  words  which  have  since 
gained  universal  cuiTency.  The  foregoing  per- 
centages are  now  known  to  be  only  approxi- 
mately accui-ate.  Next  the  newer  Pliocene 
beds  were  called  by  Lyell  Pleistocene  (q.v.),  a 
name  afterwards  transferred  to  the  Post  Ter- 
tiary, and  Oligocene  (q.v.)  was  proposed  by 
Beyrich  for  beds  intercalated  between  the 
Eocene  and  the  Miocene.  A  gap,  as  yet  only 
l>artially  tilled,  occurs  between  the  Chalk 
and  the  Eocene.  This  gap  has  l>een  utilised 
to  draw  a  natural  line  between  the  Secondary 
and  the  Tertiary  beds.  It  probably  arose 
from  an  upheaval  of  the  sea-bed.  Thus,  with 
tlie  Eocene,  as  the  name  imports,  the  dawn  of 
the  present  system  of  things  began,  and  the 
jtercentage  of  shell-species  shows  that  tlie 
transition  has  gone  on  without  stoppage  or 
hiatus  till  now.  [Quaternary,  Recent.] 
Other  classes  present  evidence  of  the  same 
kind  ;  but,  as  Lyell  was  the  tirst  to  point  out, 
which  he  did  in  1830,  Shell  species  have  a 
longevity  far  exceeding  that  of  the  Mammalia. 
No  recent  mammal  appears  iu  the  Eocene, 
though  in  Eocene  strata  various  mammalian 
families  which  have  well-known  living  repre- 
sentatives appear  for  the  tirst  time.  Among 
animals  the  Tertiary  is  the  age  of  Mammals ; 
among  plants  it  is  the  age  of  Dicotyledons,  tlie 
Cycadsand  Conifers  of  the  Upper  Secondary 
rocks  havinggiven  place  to  plants  belonging  to 
many  orders  and  a  vegetation  only  less  varied 


than  now.  (Fitr  Tertiary  volcanic  rocks,  see 
VuLCAMC.l  Muirluson  says  that  gold  is 
generally  wanting  in  the  Te?ti:iry. 

(2)  0/  time:  The  iwiiod  of  time  during 
which  the  Tertiary  stmta  were  deposited. 
It  cannot  yet  be  measured  even  approximately. 
When  it  commenced,  England,  ji.h  juoved  by 
the  fruits  in  the  London  Clay  at  Shei>pey,  was 
a  tri'picai  or  sub-tropical  country.  Ihe  teiii- 
jierature  fell  till  the  Newer  Pliocene,  by  winch 
time  the  climate  was  semi-arctic.  (Glacial- 
I'ERioD.]  During  the  deposition  of  the  Ter- 
tiary, tliere  was  a  great  increase  of  land  both 
in  Europe  and  America. 

4.  Ornith.  (PL):  The  tertials  ;  wing-feathers 
having  their  oiigin  from  the  humerus.  They 
are  a  jtortion  of  the  quills.  They  are  not 
scapulais,  though  Cuvier  calls  them  by  this 
name  ;  nor  do  they  cover  the  scapulars.  Their 
use  is  to  fill  up  the  interval  between  the  body 
and  the  expanded  wing,  and  to  oppose  a 
broader  surface  of  resistance  to  the  air. 

tertiary-alcohols,  ^.  pi. 

Chi: III.  :  Alcohols  inwhicli  hydioxyl  is  united 
to  a  rarbon  atom,  which  is  united  to  thi"ee 
other  cail)on  atoms. 

tertiary-colours,  <'=.  pf. 

Alt :  Colours  produced  by  the  mixture  of 
two  secondarv  colours,  as  citrine,  russet,  or 
olive.     [Tertiary,  B.  II.  1.1 

tertiary  era,  epoch,  or  period,  s. 

[Ti;P.TIARV,   II.   O.  ] 

tertiary-formation, s.  [Tertiakv,  ii.a.] 
tertiary- syphilis,  5. 

J'athtjl. :  The  name  giA  en  to  symptoms  some- 
times appearing  in  syphilis  after  the  ju  imary 
and  secondary  maladies  have  pjissed  away. 
They  are  rupia,  deep-seated  tubercles  and 
ulcers  on  the  skin,  destructive  ulceration  of 
the  soft  pahite,  the  pharynx,  the  tongue,  &c., 
with  jteriostitis,  nmlosis,  caries,  and  necrosis 
in  the  bones,  and  guiuniata  iu  various  organs. 

ter-ti-ate  (U  as  shi),  v.t.  [Lat.  Urtiafnm, 
sup.  ot  (ertio=  to  do  the  tiiird  day;  (ertiiis  = 
third.) 

'  1.  To  do  for  the  third  time. 

2.  To  examine,  as  the  thlckne^ss  of  the 
metal  at  the  muzzle  of  a  gun  ;  or,  in  general, 
to  examine  the  thickness  of  oixlnance,  in 
order  to  ascertain  its  strength. 

ter'-ti-um  quid  (ti  as  shi),  phr.    []^t.]    A 

third  sonicthing  in  additiou  to  two  othei-s, 
wiiat  tliis  something  is  being  left  iudclinitc. 

*  ter'-ti-um  sitl  (ti  as  shi),  s.  [Lat.  =  third 
salt.] 

Old  Cheiu. :  A  neutral  salt,  af  being  the 
product  of  an  acid  and  an  alkali,  making  a 
third  substance  dillerent  from  eitln-r. 

Ter-tul'-U-an-ist,  s.    [Seedef.] 

ai2inh  llisL:  A  follower  of  Tertullian. 
who«e  full  Latin  name  was  Quintus  Septimus 
Florens  Tejtulliunus.  He  tiourished  in  the 
latter  end  of  the  second  and  the  beginning  of 
the  third  century.  About  the  year  :iO0  he  be- 
came a  Moutanist.  He  was  at  first  a  rhetori- 
cian, but  after  his  conversion  was  ordained  a 
Presbyter.  Whether  he  returned  to  the  Catho- 
lic church  is  uncertain  ;  but  he  was  held  in 
gieat  veneration  till  his  death.  He  composed 
many  works,  and  was  the  earliest  of  the 
Latin  ecclesiastical  writers.  He  was  a  man 
of  high  genius,  but  gloomy  and  fanatical.  A 
sect  calling  themselves  TertuUianists  existed 
at  Carthage  in  the  fifth  century,  but  tlieir 
connexion  with  tlie  Christian  father  Tertullian 
is  veo"  obscure. 

ter -un'- 91 -US,  s.  [Lat.  ^tr  =  thriee,  and 
nncUi  =  an  ounce.] 

Rt'iium  Antiti.:  An  ancient  Roman  coin, 
weighing  three  ounces,  the  fourtli  part  of 
the  as. 

ter-U-te'-ro,  s.  [Native  name  at  Bnenos 
Ayres.  Called  in  Paraguay  teteu.  Both  aie 
from  the  notes  of  the  bird.] 

Oiitith.:  VantllKS  cayanensis ;  the  Cayenne 
Sandpiper  of  Latham,  described  by  Az;ii'a. 
It  is  very  common  in  parts  of  South  America. 
It  approaches  the  European  lapwing  in  its 
size,  its  tuft,  and  iu  the  general  tone  of  its 
colours;  but  it  stands  higher,  and  is  armed 
with  a  spur  at  the  folds  of  the  wing.  Its 
eggs,  which  are  often  deposited  on  the  Ijare 
ground  in  October  or  November,  are  four  or 


ate.  nt.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  ciib.  ctlre.  unite,  cur.  rule,  fnU ;  try,  Syrian.    «e.  ca  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


tery— test 


o'J 


fewer,  of  a  clear  olive  colour  niarbli'd  witli 
black,  ami  are  estfoinetl  a  delicacy,  lilif  tlio.se 
nf  till?  plover  in  England. 

•ter-y,  <i.    [Tkakv.] 

terz  -a  ri'-ma  (z  as  ts),  s.  (It^il.  =  third  or 
triiile  rliyme.i  A  peculiar  and  complicated 
system  of  versification,  borrowed  by  the  early 
Itiilian  i)oets  from  the  troubadours.  It  w;is 
iir.ed  by  Byron  in  his  rrophccy  of  I'nntc. 

terz-et'-to  (z  as  ts),  ^'.    [Ital.] 

Musi': :  A  short  composition,  piece,  or 
movement  for  three  performers. 

tesph-e-macli'-er-ite,  ^^  [After  E.  F. 
iisL'lieiiiacher,  who  lirst  announced  it;  sutl. 

Mia. :  A  native  carbonate  of  ammonia, 
occurring  both  in  crystals  and  massive  in 
i^nano  deposits.  Crystal  system  not  ascer- 
tained. Hardness,  1-5;  sp.  gi*.  1--15  ;  colour, 
yellowish  to  white.  Compos.  :  ammonia, 
iiJ-J) ;  carbonic  acid,  r>5"7  ;  water,  n'4  =  l00, 
yiebliu-  the  formula  (:^NH40  -t-  iHO)COo. 

tesch'-in-ite,  tes^h'-en-ite,  s.     [After 

Tesohin  or  Teschen,  Moravia,  where  lirst 
lunnd;  sutf.  -ite  {Petrol).] 

I'drol.  :  A  rock  consistinj;  of  variable  pro- 
pnrtions  of  a  jilagioclase  felspar,  fresh  nephe- 
line,  augite,  and  hornblende,  with  some 
ilmenite  and  apatite. 

Tesh'-O  La-ma,  s.     [See  def.] 

i'i»ui-nr.  lUiUj.  :  The  abbot  of  the  great 
monastfi-y  at  Krasliis  Luupo;  one  of  the  great 
L;un;is,  the  other  being  the  Dalai  Lama,  ^v ho 
lias  the  politieal  supremacy.  When  either 
dies  it  is  neeessary  for  the  other  to  ascertain 
ill  whose  body  the  celestial  being  whose  out- 
w:ird  form  lias  been  dissolved  has  been  pleased 
again  to  incarnate  hiuiself.  For  tliat  purjiose 
the  names  (tf  all  the  male  children  born  just 
iifterthe  death  of  the  deceased  Grand  Lama 
are  laid  before  Ids  survivor,  who  choses  three 
out  cf  the  whole  number.  Their  names  are 
inscribed  on  tablets  and  put  into  a  casket, 
whence  one  is  selected  by  the  abbots  of  the 
great  niouastenes  to  till  the  place  of  the  dead 
Lama.  The  Tesho  Lama  is  often  c-idled  Paut- 
Nheii  Rinpotshe  (the  Glorious  Teacher), 

"  tes-sar-a-dec'-ad,  5.  [Or.  Tc'cr<rape«  {tc^- 
Sif, rs)  =  four,  and  fiV/ta  (iJeh()=i  ten.]  A  group 
Mf  fourteen  individuals  ;  an  aggregate  of  foui- 
teen. 

"tes-sel-a'-ta,  5.  pi.  [Neut.  pi.  of  Lat.  tcs- 
,.i/iUf(i'S  =  tesselated.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-order  of  Crinoidea,  in  which 
the  radial  plates  of  the  calyx  are  immovably 
juined  togetiier  without  articulation. 

tes'-sel-at-ed,  tes'-sel-lat-ed,  a.    [Tes- 

>t:LLAK.l 

1.  OrtLLaiifj. :  Formed  by  inlaying  difterent- 
ly  coloured  materials  in  little  squares,  triaTigles, 
or  other  geometrical  figures,  or  by  mosaic 
work  ;  especially  applied  to  a  pavement  com- 
posed of  square  dies  or  t^'sseni;  made  of  baked 
elay  or  stone,  generally  of  various  colours, 
and  forming  regular  figures.  It  was  much  em- 
]tloyed  by  the  ancients,  and  Roman  remains 
lurnisli  a  large  nund>er  of  these  specimens  of 
art.  It  is  still  mucl;  iu  vogue  iu  the  East, 
particidarly  at  Damascus. 

"A  cabinet  so  vnriuusly  iiilniti ;  such  ft  piece  nf 
iliversiAetl  moHaick  ;  such  a  tms'-latril  inveiiieiit  with- 
tjiit  ceiiieut." — Burke:  Amertcun  Ta^cntion, 

2.  Bot. :  Having  the  colours  arranged  in 
small  squares,  so  as  to  have  some  reseui- 
lilance  to  a  tessehit«d  pavement;  variegated 
by  squares  ;  cheqiieif  d. 

tesselated-tile,  s.  A  tile  n.ade  of  clay 
id  a  particular  colour,  or  mixed  with  rolour- 
ing  matters  and  fonoeil  into  fiat  cakes  by  eut- 
ting  IT  pressing,  and  used  for  making  a  tes- 
selate«l  pavement. 

tcs-sel-a'-tion*  tes-sel-la'-tion,  s.  [Tes- 
selati;d.] 

1,  Tlie  act,  process,  or  operation  of  malting 
tesselated  woik. 

2.  Tesselated  or  mosaic  work. 

tes'-se-lite,  ■■-'.  (Lit.  tPS3e{ra)  =  a  die.  a  cube, 
and  Gr.  Ki9Q^  {Vdhns)  —  a,  stone;  Ger.  tessvlit.] 
Mill.  :  A  variety  of  apophyllite  (q.v.)  occur- 
ring in  short  square  jirisiris  resembling  cubes, 
and  exliibitiuj;  a  tesselnti'il  stiiieture  with 
polarised  light.     F">und  in  the  Faroe  Islands. 


tes-sel  la,  s.    [Tksskra.] 

tes  -sel-lar,  n.  [I^at.  tc-tsdla  =  n  small,  square 
jjieee  of  stone,  dinnn.  from  tctscra  =  a  stpmred 
piece,  a  die.]  Formed  with  tcssene  or  in 
squares. 

tes'-ser~a  (pi.  tes'-ser-se),  5.    [Lat.]    (Tes- 

1.  A  small  cubical  or  other  geometrical 
ft)rin  of  marble,  earthenware,  ivory,  glass,  fa-., 
used  for  tesselated  pavements,  oriianieiiling 
walls,  &c.  ;  coloured  tiles  or  bricks,  usually 
cubieal,  laid  in  patterns,  as  a  mosaic  pavement. 

*2.  A  small  i)iece  of  wood,  bone,  or  metal, 
used  as  a  ticket  of  adnnssion  to  the  theatres 
in  ancient  Rome,  or  as  a  certificate  given  to 
gladiators,  containing  their  names,  that  of 
the  consul,  and  the  day  on  which  they  had 
won  their  di.stinction  in  the  circus. 

*  tes-ser-a'-ic,  *  tes-ser-a'-ick,  a.  [Tes- 
sera.] Diversified  by  tesserie  or  squares; 
tessellated. 

"Some  of  the  resgem-ifk  work  of  the  Roiimna  hiis 
l/itely  bepii  iluy  up,"— S(i'  Ji.  Atki/iu  :  History  of  (itvu- 
■  exfvr.     (1712.) 

tes'-ser-al,  «.  [Lat.  tessem  =  a  square,  a 
dice,  a  cube.] 

1.  Onl.  Lang. :  Pei"taining  to  or  containing 
tessene ;  tesselated. 

2.  Crystall.  :  Related  to  the  tessernl  or  cubic 
system. 

tesseraX-  system,  s. 

<:i-ij^ti<V. :  Tlie  L'ubie-system  (q.v.). 

'  tes-ser-ar'-i-an,  a.  [Lat.  tessera  — o.  die.] 
(.)f  or  pertaiuiiig  to  gambling:  as,  the  tcsser- 

v.rioii  art. 

tes'-su-lar,  a.    [Tesselar.] 

Ci-ijutalL  :  Relating  to  the  cube  or  having 
equal  axes  like  the  cube  ;  tesseial. 

test  (1).  "  teste,  s.  [O.  Fr.  test  (Fr.  tet)  =  a 
test ;  O.  Fr.  teste  =  a  skull ;  Fr.  tete  =  a  head ; 
Lat.  testa  =  a  piece  of  dried  clay,  a  tile,  a 
brick.] 

1.  Ordiaarn  Language : 
1.  A  potsherd. 

"  Then  was  the  tesfc  or  potsheril,  the  bi-asse,  goUle. 
&  syluer  re<iftote  into  du6te."—Joyv:  iU/fsfcion  cf 
Dntticl,  ch,  ii. 

2.  A  vessel  used  in  refining  gold  and  silver ; 
a  cupel  (q.v.). 

3.  Examination  by  the  cupel;  hence,  any 
criticil  trial  and  examination  ;  trial. 

"  Thou  hast  ati-aogely  stood  the  test." 

Shaketp.  :  Tvinpat,  iv. 

4.  A  means  of  trial :  as,  To  otfer  money  as  a 
test  of  one's  integrity. 

^o.  Testimony,  evidence. 

"  To  vouch  thia  is  no  proof, 
Without  more  wider  and  more  overt  tent." 

Shakei}>. :  Othvllo,  i.  3. 

6.  Tliat  with  which  anything  is  compared 
for  proof  of  genuineness  ;  a  standard. 

"  At  once  the  aource,  and  end,  and  test  of  art." 
Pope  :  Esaaif  on  Critivitm,  73. 

7.  Means  of  discrimination  ;  gi'ound  of  ad- 
mission or  exclusion. 

"  Our  i>en.il  laws  no  aona  of  yours  fulmit, 
Uur  twit  excludes  your  tribe  from  benetit." 

nr/zden:  Iliml  &  Panther,  \\\.  6M. 

^8.  Judgjnent,  iliscrinunation,  distinction. 
■'  Who  could  excel,  when  few  can  make  a  test 
Betwixt  iiiditlereut  writing  and  the  Itest?" 

Ih-ydeii.    {Todd.) 

9.  An  apparatus  for  proving  petroleum 
and  similar  hydrocarbon  oils  by  ascertaiinug 
the  temperature  at  which  they  evolve  exj)lo- 
sive  vapours. 

II.  TechiilcaUy : 

1.  Eot. :  [Testa]. 

2.  Chetii. :  Any  substance  employed  to  bring 
about  a  chemical  change  in  a  compound,  witii 
the  view  of  detecting  one  or  more  of  its  con- 
stituents. Tlie  change  may  be  one  of  colour, 
precipitation,  heat,  evolution  ofgas,  &c.  This 
term  is  also  sometimes  applierl  to  examina- 
tion by  the  jiolariscope  and  blow-pipe,  thus; 
the  ]iolariscoi>e-test,  the  blowpipe-test.     [Re- 

AQENT-l 

3-  Metall. :  A  cupeling-h earth  used  in  a  re- 
fiuing-furnace  where  lead  is  separated  from 
silvei"  on  a  large  scale.  The  test  is  an  oval 
iron  frame  containing  a  basin-shaped  mass  of 
jtowdered  l>one-ash,  which  is  brought  to  a 
eonsist<;noe  by  a  solution  of  pearhish.  The 
test  is  fixed  as  a  cupeling-hearth  in  the  rever- 
beratory  furnace,  and  is  subjected  to  a  bkist 


from  a  tuyere,  which  removes  the  lloating 
tixide  of  silver  and  furnishes  oxygen  for  its 
climinatiou  from  the  alloy  under  treatment. 

4.  Sufjar'nian. :  The  proof  or  condition  of  a 
syi'up.  ' 

5.  Zoology : 

(1)  The  shell  of  any  of  the  Molliisca. 
(•2)  The  calcareous  case  of  Echinodernmta. 
(:i)  The  thiek  leathery  tunic  of  Tunicata. 
(4)  The  shell  immersed  in  the  sarcodc  of  a 
I'ruannuifer. 

Test  Act,  s. 

Kii'iH^h  History: 

L  An  Act  possed  in  l.'jt'.ii  by  which  an  oath 
of  allegiance  to  <jneeu  Fliz-abelli,  ami  of  ab- 
juration of  the  teiupoial  autliority  of  tlie  Pope, 
was  exacted  from  all  holders  of  ofilce,  lay  or 
spiritual,  within  the  realm,  except  peers. 

"  But  the  Tftt  Act  tilaced  the  m.iai«traoy  In  Protest- 
ant  hanilH,  .-viid,  as  Eli;utl>eth  naa-sea  from  liiiUtrereiicu 
tu  8n8])lci<>ii,  and  fmiti  auspiclou  to  termr.  oho  no 
lunger  choMe  U>  restrain  the  bigotry  arounil  her,"— 
tfrcfii ;  muTt  niatnry.  p.  401. 

2.  An  Act,  2  Car.  IL,  c.  2,  passed  in  1073, 
by  which  it  was  enacted  that  all  persons 
holding  any  impoiiant  oftice,  civil  or  nuli- 
tary,  under  the  crown,  or  receiving  money 
therefrom,  should  take  the  oaths  of  allegi- 
ance and  supremacy,  suUscribe  a  declaration 
against  transubstantiatinn,  and  receive  the 
sacrametit  of  tlf  Lord  s  Supper,  according  to 
the  usage  of  the  Establislied  Churcli.  It  was 
repealed  iu  ISiJS,  by  9  Geo.  IV.,  c.  17. 

test-cock,  s. 

Sff-niii.-tng. :  A  small  cock  fitted  to  the  top 
orbottoju  of  acylinder  forcleariiig  itof water. 

test-fUmace,  ^\ 

Metall. :  One  form  of  refining  furnace  for 
treating  argentiferous  alloy,  sucli  as  that  of 
lead  rich  in  silver. 

test-glass,  s.  A  glass  vcsstd  of  conical 
or  cylindricjtl  form,  having  a  foot  and  some- 
times a  beak;  used  for  holding  chemical 
solutions. 

test-lines,  5.  pi 

Microscopy :  The  lines  on  a  test-plate  q.v.^ 
Geneially  Cidled,  from  their  inventor,  Nobeit  s 

test-lines. 

test-mixer,  s.  A  tdl  cylindrical  bottle 
having  a  wide  foot  and  provided  with  a 
stopjter.  It  is  graduated  into  loO  or  moro 
equal  parts,  commencing  at  the  bott^mi,  and 
is  used  iu  preparing  test-alkalit-s,  test-acids, 
and  similar  solutions,  by  diluting  them  down 
to  the  required  strength. 

test-object,  s. 

Microscopy  (PL) :  Microscopic  objects  used 
to  determine  the  value  of  object  glasses  :  that 
is,  to  detennine  their  magnifying,  defining, 
and  penetrating  power,  and  their  corrective 
adaptation. 

test-paper,  t. 

1.  Chcm. :  Unsized  paper  diiqicd  into  an 
alcoholic  solution  of  a  vegetable  i.olouring 
matter,  which  changes  colour  when  exposed 
to  the  action  of  an  acid  or  alkaline  solution. 
[Litmus- PAPER,  Turmeric-paper. 1 

2.  Lair:  An  instrument  admitted  ns  a  st^md- 
ard  of  comparison  for  handwriting.    {Amei'.) 

test- plate,  s. 

1.  CiiLDi. :  A  glass  slip  used  in  stirring  tests. 

2.  Microscopy:  A  finely-ruled  glass  plate 
used  in  testing  the  power  and  defining  quality 
of  microscopes. 

test-pump,  s.  A  force-pump  for  testing 
the  strength  of  boilers,  tubes,  and  other 
lioUow  articles  by  hydraulic  pn'ssuie.  It  is 
jHiivided  with  a  gauge  for  show  ing  the 
pressurein  jiouuds applied  to  the  square  inch. 

test-spooH,  s.  A  small  spoon  used  for 
taking  iq>  small  quantities  of  powilors,  fluxes, 
&c.  Used  in  Mow-pipe  or  ehemieal  experi- 
ments.    The  handle  may  be  used  as  a  spatula. 

test-stirrer,  s.  A  roun<l  glass  rod, 
having  one  end  pointed  for  dropping  test;*, 
and  the  other  end  rounded. 

test-tube.  s. 

1.  Chcm. :  A  narrow  tube  from  three  to  six 
inches  in  letigth,  i-lnsed  at  oiu;  enr|,  made  of 
very  thin  glass,  and  furnished  with  a  smooth 

lip. 

2.  A  chlurometer  (ii-V.). 


b8il,  b6^;  pout.  Jowl;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9hlii,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  eifiat.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -hie,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  d^L 


iO 


test— testiculus 


'  Umt  (2X  *.    |L»*-  ('J'i*  =»  wltiu-aii.I 
1.  A  wltnt^M*. 

\\  ■  ,s.-,  •  r  •!--:■■  r- -vt>-tl«  f#**ci  of  Uuit  dedc.  ■ 
^    ,.         ,  ;•.  voL  11..  ch.  tvi. 

■    1    .,  r .  •.tHK-riiiU'iuionco. 

.'•I  tlir  i^turtuusiivM  ul 
iH>t  |>rUMtr,  Out  (l->Uv 
»iu|>vUiit  iitnoOM."— 
.  hk.  1..  cb.  Iv. 

L  orU.  fMnij. :  T«  put  to  the  test ;  to  try  ; 
t.'  |Tvvp  thi'  Keniiiiieiif**  or  Irutli  of  by  ex- 
l>rrniirnt,  or  by  hoiny  Ilxi'U  piini'iplu  or 
sUii'Unl ;  to  cotui-ftn;  with  a  staiKliini. 

n.    Tf'-hniainy : 

1.  '  firvi.  :  To  examine  by  the  application  of 

'2.  Metitll.  :  To  rclliie  as  ^..1.1  or  silver,  by 
nit'aua  of  If.ul.  tit  a  tc^t,  by  thi-  de>Iruction» 
vitnlii-atiou,  ur  sci.*rillc;iU<.i|i  ufull  vxti-anuuiis 
tuattor. 

tdat  (2),  v.t.  k  t.  [Tat.  le^or  =  to  bear  witiie:^^, 
to  it-stify,  to  attest  ;  tf>tii~ix  witness.] 

A.  Tran.*. :  To  ntttst  antl  dale  :  as,  A  docu- 
ment tfstett  on  such  anJ  such  a  >lay. 

B.  Intratv. :  To  make  a  will  or  testament. 

tis'-ta  (I'l.  tia-Ud\  .<.    [Lat.  =  a  brick,  a 

tilf.  'ishi'll.l 

iM. :  The  iiiteyumenta  of  a  seeil,  or  the 
outer  inU'^ument  a.^  distiuguishc«l  from  the 
inner  one,  or  teamen.  Called  also  the  Priniiae 
tq.v.). 

t^ata-ble.  a.    [Lat.  UstabiUs,  from  t€^tor  = 
to  IcUify.  to  publish  one's  will.] 
Law: 

1,  Capable  of  being  devised  or  given  by  will. 

2.  Capable  of  witnessing  or  of  being  wit- 
nessed, 

t  tSs-ta'-^e-^  (or  9  aa  sh),  *.  p^  [Neut.  pi. 
of  I-'it,  ttjitaceiis=  covered  with  a  shell,  testa- 
ceous, from  U^ta  =a  shell.] 

/oo/. :  A  t*?nu  formerly  used  as  approxi- 
mately equivalent  to  the  more  modern  Con- 
chifera  (q.v.).  Linmeus  made  the  TesUicea  an 
onler  of  his  class  Vermes,  and  Cuvier  tipplied 
the  term  to  a  division  of  his  Accpliala  (q.v.). 

tcs-td'-$S-an  (or  fean  as  shan),  a.  &  s. 

|.Tl-.->TAl.IiA.[ 

A.  As  (ui}. :  Of  or  relating  to  the  Testacea. 

B.  As  snbst. :  Any  individual  belonging  to 
the  Testacea  (q.v.). 

tes-ta-cel'-la,  .':.  [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  fi-om 
(.:.r.,"(q.v.).]  ■ 

/oof.  (£■  I'ahmnt.:  A  genus  of  Limacidie 
(q.v.),  witli  three  recent  species,  from  the 
south  of  Europe,  the  Canary  Isles,  and 
Britain.  Shell  small  and  ear-shaped,  placed 
at  hinder  extremity  of  the  body,  whicli  is 
elougale^l,  broadest  behind,  tapering  towards 
the  he.id.  The  species  are  subleiTanean  in 
hai'it,  feeding  on  earthwonns,  and  visiting  the 
surface  only  at  night.  During  the  winter 
and  in  long  peiiods  of  drought  they  form  a 
sort  of  cocoon  in  the  ground  by  the  exudation 
of  mucus  ;  if  this  be  broken  away  the  animal 
may  be  seen  in  its  thin,  opaque,  white  mantle, 
which  rapidly  contracts  till  it  extends  but  a 
little  way  beyond  the  maigin  of  the  shell. 
Fossil  species  two,  from  Tertiary  strata. 

t68-ta-5S  dg-ra-ph^,  tes-ta-9e'dr- 
ogy,  -><.  [M."L  L:it.  t'\^tami,  and  Gr. 
yfia<J>u>  (gruiihd)  —  to  write,  or  Aoy05  (logos)  = 
a  woni,  a  <iisc>nrbe.l  The  science  of  testaceous 
molluscs ;  conchology. 

teB~ta'-9e-oua   (  i   9eous  as  shiis),    «. 

iTt^TACKA.J 

I,  On/.  Iniig.:  Pertaining  to  shells;  con- 
sisting "f  a  hurd  shell ;  having  a  hard  con- 
tinuous shell. 

"SevemI  xhcUa  were  t(iun<l  ui*ou  theahoreg,  of  the 
cruaUccoiu  :tud  Irttaceotis  V.lud.~— Woodward  '  A'ttt 
BUI. 

n.  Bot.  .f-  EntouK  :  nrownish-yellow,  the 
coluuriif  uiij;lazed  i.ai tlieijware. 

t  testaceous-animals,  s.  pi. 

Zool.:  Aninmls  with  shells  typically  of  a 
strong  kinil.  as  in  the  oyster,  as  distinguished 
ftom  cvustaceous  shells,  which  are  thinner 
and  nrticulated,  as  in  the  lobster.  Spec.,  the 
Testacea  (q.v.). 


'  testaceous -medicines,  testa - 
oeous  powders,  >.  j-f- 

l-fuum.:  Medicines  or  itowdtis  prepared 
from  the  shells  of  teataccous  animals. 

tSst  -a^J^,  a.    lEng.  ttstaitf) ;  -nj.] 

Iaiw:  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
t*'state,  or  of  leaving  a  valid  testament  or 
will  at  death. 

tSst -9-ment, ^^.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  Uskmentum 
=  a  thing  declai-ed.  a  last  will,  from  t€stor  = 
to  be  a  witness  to,  to  testify;  testis  =  ix 
witness;  Sp.,  Port.,  and  Ital.  te^taviento.] 

1.  iMtb:  A  solemn  authentic  instrument  in 
writing,  by  which  a  person  delares  his  will  as 
to  the  disposal  of  his  proi>erty  after  his  death  ; 
a  will  (q.v.).  When  drawn  by  a  solicitor,  it 
commences  with  tlic  formula  :  This  is  the  last 
will  and  testauient  of  .  .  . 

"  Every  iwwuu  bits  full  power  nml  1il>crty  to  iii/ike  ft 
uiU,  tlmt  ia  not  uuJer  swiiie  ai.ecitil  iiroliibitloii  by 
liiw  or  cuBtoiii.  whlcli  iiruliibitloiis  lue  iriiuiiially 
>Htoii  thr<M-ncct>niit«:  forwiiiit  ofBiiflkieiit  (ilaL-rutloi)  ; 
(ur  waut  of  Riiffluleut  lllwrty  iimi  trev  will;  «ii*l  ou 
MCouut  o(  their  irliuiiiftl  cuniiKCL.  Ny  (eafument  is  of 
Ruy  etleut  tUI  nfter  thu  ilentli  "f  tlie  testjtti.r;  :iiui 
beuce  il  (ollows  ih;it  trtlamenta  iimy  be  avoiiU-d  three 
wtiys :  (IJ  ir  iiiRile  by  n  iwnsoii  biboiirliitf  luiiier  luiy  of 
the  iiicftimoitlwi  Ix-frjre  meiitioiietl ;  (J)  by  uiiikiiig 
another  fett<ime7it  of  a  liit«r  (lute;  Will  (31  by  oHiicel. 
Uii«  or  revokliib'  it.  Fur.  tliouj<b  I  make  a  last  will 
iiriiTr.'*('(Wf»r  irrevocable  in  llie  attungest  wonla,  yet 
I  am  at  lilwrty  to  revoke  it :  because  my  own  act  or 
wurjs  cKtiuot  alt«r  tlie  diBpositioii  of  law.  bo  as  to 
make  that  irrevocable  wbtcii  is  iu  ita  own  nature 
rev.ical'le;  H)  marriage  also  is  an  express  re%*oca- 
tloii  of  a  i>rior  \ii\\,"—Black3tonc:  CoHtmcJK.,  bk.  ii., 
ch.  21*. 

2.  Scots  Law :  In  the  strictly  legal  accepta- 
tion, a  deed  in  writing  by  which  the  granter 
appoints  an  executor— that  is,  a  person  to 
administer  his  movable  estate  after  his  death 
for  the  beliuof  of  all  who  may  be  interested  iu 
it.  A  testament  may  thus  consist  merely  of 
the  nomination  of  an  executor,  or  it  may 
contain,  along  with  such  nomination,  clauses 
bequeathing,  In  the  form  of  legacies,  either 
the  whole  or  part  of  the  movable  estate.  In 
its  more  common  meaning,  however,  a  testa- 
ment is  a  declaration  of  what  a  person  wills 
to  be  done  with  his  movable  estate  after  his 
death. 

3.  Biblical  Criticism,  TluoL,  £  Ord.  Lang.: 
The  rendering  of  Gr.  StaOiJKr)  (diiitheke)  =  a 
will ;  a  covenant,  applied  to  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments,  which  in  the  opinion  of  Pro- 
testants togetlier  constitute  the  whole  Bible. 
[Bible,  A.  3.]  Sometimes  the  word  Testa- 
ment is  used  alone,  when  it  means  the  New 
as  distinguished  from  the  Old  Testament. 

test-a-ment'-al,  a.  (Eng.  t&stament;  -ol.] 
Pertaining  or  i-elating  to  a  testament  or  will ; 
testamentary. 

test-a-ment'-a-ry,  a.  [Lat.  testamentarivs  ; 
Fr.  tcstumentuirc  :  Sp.  &  Ital.  (es^Hmenifln'o.l 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  will  or  to  wills. 

"  This  spiritual  JDriadictiou  of  testament uri/  causes 
U  a  peculiiu'cuustftutioQ  of  this  is\&U(\."—llf(ic>isto>ic  : 
CotnmoU.,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  7. 

2.  Bequeathed  by  will  or  testiment. 

"How  mt^uy  festdtnentiiiy/  clinritles  Iiave  been  de- 
feat«il  by  the  iieglijjeuce  or  haiul  of  executors ;  by  the 
supnretsioii  of  a  will  ;  the  auboiuatioi)  of  witnesses, 
or  the  corrupt  sentence  of  n  Judge  '."—Atterbur;/. 

3-  Done,  or  appointed  by,  or  founded  on  a 
last  will  or  testament:  as,  a  testamentary 
guardian— that  is,  a  guardian  appointed  by 
testament  or  will. 

testamentary- causes,  5.  jti. 

Law:  Proceedings  in  the  Probate  Court  re- 
lating to  the  probation  and  validity  of  wills 
and  intestacies  of  personal  property, 

testamentaryguardlan,  .^. 

I."ir:  A  guanlian  ap(M.inted  by  a  father's 
will  over  his  cliild  by  VI  Car.  II.,  c.  24. 

"  test~a-men-ta -tion,  5.  [Testament.] 
The  act  or  jiower  of  gi\'ing  liy  will. 

"By  this  law  the  right  of  tcstamentatian  ia  taken 
away,  which  the  luferiour  tenures  hod  always  eu- 
Joyed."— rraL-ra  o,t  fAc  Popcnj  Laws. 

*  test'-a-ment-ize,  i'.(.  [Eng.  testoment ; 
-ize.]     To  make  a  will. 

"  Welsh  Biahopa  in  that  ;uie  mtglit  not  testament izp 
witliout  Rr-yal  ivsHeiit."— /'n/Jcr ;   iror(A/es,  ii.  asS. 

tes-ta'-mur,  .t.  [Lat.  =  we  testify.]  A  cer- 
titicate  given  to  a  student  of  an  English  uni- 
versity, certifying  that  he  has  successfully 
passed  an  examination.  So  called  from  the 
opening  words. 

tcs-t3'-t3,  s.)il.     [Testatim.] 


•  test'-ate>  a.  k  s.  [Lat.  tcstatiis,  pa.  pai'.  oi 
^  ^lor  =  to  bear  witness,  to  make  a  will.] 

A.  As  «<//.:  Having  dulv  made  and  left  a 
will. 

"  Br  tho  ctiuou  law,  the  bliihoi>  had  the  lawful  dis- 
tribution of  the  guilds  of  persona  dying  lettate  and 
iuti-atiite.'"— Ji//^. 

B.  As  snbst. :  One  who  has  duly  made  and 
left  a  will. 

•  tes-ta'-tlon.  s.  [Lat.  tc^tutio,  fi'om  testafu:^, 
pa.  par.  of  testor  =  to  bear  witness.]  A  wit- 
nessing or  beai'jng  witness. 

"  How  clear  a  testation  h.ive  the  inspired  prophetn 
of  God  given  of  old  to  this  truth."—/*/'.  Uall :  Satan  f 
Fieri,  Ouj-ts  Qitenched. 

tes-ta'-tor.  s.  [Lat. ;  Fr.  testateur.]  One  who 
Inake^  and  leaves  a  will  or  testament. 

■'  He  bringeth  argument.^  from  the  love  or  good-will 
whicli  always  the  testator  bore  him,"— /footer. 

tes-ta-trix,  s.  [Lat.,  fem.  of  testator.]  A 
U'onian  who  makes  and  leaves  a  will  ur  testa- 
ment. 

tes-ta'-tilm  (pi.  tes-ta'-ta),  s.  [Lat.,  neut. 
sing,  of  testatKs,  i>a.  par.  of  testor  =  to  witness. I 
Law:  One  of  the  clauses  of  an  English 
deed,  including  a  statement  of  the  considera- 
tion-money and  of  the  receipt  thereof.  Called 
also  the  witnessing  or  opei-ative  clause. 

tes-te,  s.  [Lat.,  ablat.  sing,  of  testis  =  a.  wit- 
ness.] 

Law:  The  witnessing  clause  of  a  writ  or 
other  precept  which  expresses  the  date  of  its. 
issue.     {Wharton.) 

tes-ter  (1).  *  tes-tar,  *  tes-tere,  '  tees- 
ter,    "  tes  -  tern»    *  tes-  tourn,    •.     [A 

shortened  and  corrupted  lonu  of  tfsf'jn,  fes- 
toon (q.v.) ;  O.  Fr.  testiere  —  a  kind  of  head- 
piece, from  teste  (Fr.  tHe)  =  a  head.] 

I.  Ordinary  Lav gvage  : 

*  1.  A  head-piece,  a  helmet. 


*2.  Originally  the  name  applied  to  the  new 
coins  of  Louis  XII.  of  France,  as  bearing  the 
head  of  that  prince ;  afterwards  applied  to 
the  brass  coins  covered  with  siher  first  struck 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  The  name  v/aa 
also  given  to  shillings  and  sixpences,  whence 
the  modern  slang  tizzy  =  a  sixpence. 

"  Hold,  there's  a  tester  for  thee."— Shukesp. :  2  Henry 

3.  The  square  canopy  over  a  four-post  bed- 
stead. 

"  He  then  au  iron  net  prepared, 
Which  he  to  the  bed  a  tester  rear'd," 

King :  Art  of  Love. 

II.  Arch. :  A  flat  canopy  over  a  pulpit  or 
tomb. 

test-er  (2).  .^.  [Eng.  test,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
or  tliat  which  tests,  tries,  or  proves. 

"'  tes-tere,  s.    [Te-^ier  (i),  5.1 

*  tes'-tern,  '  tes-tourn,  s.    [Tester  (l).] 

^  tes' -tern,  r.^  [Testerk,  s.]  To  present 
with  a  tester  or  sixpence. 

"To  testify  your  bounty,  I  thank  you.  you  have 
tester))  J  me." — Sluikcsp.  :  Two  Ge7itlen\en,  t 

tes'-te§,  s.  p/.    [Lat.  testis.] 
Amtt.  :  The  testicles  (q.v. X 
*  testes-muliebres,  5.  pi. 

Anat.  :  An  old  name  for  the  ovaries  ;  from 
the  old  notion  that  semen  was  secreted  by 
females  as  well  as  by  males.     [Syngenesis.] 

tes'-ti-cle,  s.  [Fr.  testicule,  from  Lat.  testi- 
culum,  accus.  of  testiciUm,  dimin.  froju  testis  = 
a  testicle.] 

Anat. :  One  of  the  two  glands  which  secrete 
the  seminal  fluid  in  males. 

tes'-ti-cond,  a.  [Lat.  testis  =  a  testicle,  and 
condo  =  to  hide.] 

Zool.:  A  term  applied  to  animals  in  which 
the  testicles  are  abdominal,  as  in  the  Cetacea. 
{W  or  aster.) 

tes  tic -u-late,    tes-tic'-u-lat-ed.   tes- 

tic'-U-lar,    a.      [Lat.  t-esticHlatus  =  having 
testicles.) 

Bot. :  Having  the  figure  of  two  oblong 
bodies,  as  the  roots  of  Orchis  masctda. 

"  tes-tic'-u-liis  (pi.  tes-tic  -u-U).  5.  [Lat. 

=  .\  testicle.) 

Bot. :  Vailiant's  name  for  an  anther. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU.  father;   we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;   go.  pot. 
or.  wore,  woli;  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cib,  ciire,  unite,  our,  rule.  fiU;  try,  Syrian.     »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


testiere— testudo 


■u 


•  tes'-ti-ere,  ^^  [O.  Fr.]  A  head-piece,  a 
hehuet.     [Tkster  (1).] 

"  tes'-tif;  u.  [O.  Fr.]  Testy,  self-willeil,  hea.l- 
stronj^. 

tes-tif -i-cate,  s.     [Lat.  testificaUis,  pa.  par. 

of  testijkur  '=  tu  testify  (q.v.).J 

Scots  I.aio:  A  .solemn  written  asseftion,  not 
on  oath,  furmt'ily  used  injudicial  procedure. 

"  tes-ti-f  l-ca'-tion,  -t.  [Lat.  testijicittio,  from 
tf.^lifio'ias.  pa.  i-ai.  of  tejitijicor  =  to  testify 
Ol-v.).]  Tilt;  act  uf  testifying  or  of  giving 
testimony  or  evidence. 

"Suleiuii  lesti/icitthJis  of  our  tbaukfuU  souse,"— 
Barrotc  :  Semiuns,  vol.  i.,  ser.  8, 

*  tes-ti-ft-ca-tor,  s.  (Lat]  One  who  tes- 
tirtes  ;  one  wliu  gives  evidence  or  witness ;  a 
witness. 

tes'-ti-fi-er,  ,•;.  [Eng.  testify;  -er,]  One 
who  testifies  ;  one  who  gives  testimony,  wit- 
ness, or  evidence. 

"The  nutlioritj-  i>f  the  ti-stifier  is  fouuded  upon  his 
ability  Jtiul  iiiteijrity."— /VttraoJi  ;  On  the  Cret-il.  Ait,  i. 

tes'-ti-fly,  ■'  tes-ti-fie,  v.i.  &  t.  [O.Fr.  testi- 
Jlei\  fn'[ii  Lat.  ti'^tijicor  =  to  bear  witness  : 
(es(is  =  a  witness,  and /acio  =  to  make;  Sp. 
testijicar  ;  Ital.  test ificare.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1,  To  make  a  solemn  declaration,  written  or 
verbal,  to  establish  some  fact ;  to  give  testi- 
mony for  tlie  purpose  of  communicating  to 
others  some  fact  not  known  to  them. 

"The  said  couucil  ?efl(*/!i'rf  under  their  hnuds,  that 
they  never  ]>ers\vailed,  but  disapproved  uf,  the  uiider- 
tii\ih\g."—Canitlen:  History  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

2,  To  bear  witness ;  to  bring  forward  a 
charge.    (Followed  by  again:it.) 

"1  testified  a'laiiist  them  in  the  day  wherein  they 
sold  provisions.  "—AWtenti'i/i  xtiL  15. 

IL  Law :  To  make  a  solemn  declaration 
under  oath  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  or 
making  proof  of  some  fact  to  a  coui't ;  to  give 
evidence  ina  cause  depending  before  atribunal. 

"  One  witness  shall  not  tr&tif;/  n^'ninst  any  person 
to  cause  him  to  die."— iVumficfs  xxxv.  3u. 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  To  affirm  or  declare  solemnly ;  to  bear 
witness  of ;  to  give  evidence  couceruing ;  to 
attest. 

"  We  speak  that  we  do  know,  and  testify  thftt  we 
have  seen:  and  ye  receive  not  our  witDess."— J^o'i/t 
iii  U. 

*2.  To  publish  and  declare  freely  and 
openly. 

'■  Testi/t/lna  both  to  the  Jews,  and  also  to  the  Greeks, 
repent.iuce  towards  God,  and  faith  towards  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ" — Acta  xx.  21. 

IL  Laio:  To  affirm  or  declare  upon  oath 
before  a  tribunal  for  the  purpose  of  establish- 
ing or  proving  some  fact. 

test'-i-15?,  adv.  [Eng.  te.^ty ;  -ly.]  In  a  testy 
manner ;  fretfully,  peevishly. 

tea-ti-mo'-ni-al,    ^  tes-ti~mo~nl-all,  a. 

&s.     [O.  Fr.  ^e5'((iuojiiai  =  a  testimonial,  from 
Lat.  testimoiiialis  =  bearing  witness,] 

*  A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Relating  to  or  containing  testimony  ; 
testifying. 

"  A  clerk  does  not  exhibit  to  the  bishop  letters 
missive  or  testiTnoniaF,  testifying  his  good  beliaviyur." 
—Ayliffe:  I'arergon. 

2.  Ofor  belonging  to  a  testimonial ;  intended 
as,  or  taking  the  place  of  atestimonial.  IB.  3.] 

"  The  Lord  Chief  Justice  will  be  offered  i\.  testimonial 
dinner,"— A'tandart/,  Aug.  25,  ISSJi.  p.  5. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  A  testimony ;  evidence,  witness,  proof. 

"Asigne  aud  so\emne  test! moniall  of  the  religious 
observance  which  they  carried  respectively  to  the 
whole  element  of  Are."—/'.  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p.  613. 

2.  A  certificate  or  writing  giving  favourable 
testimony  concerning  the  character  or  good 
conduct  of  some  person  ;  a  certificate  of  one's 
qualiti cations,  or  of  the  worth  or  value  of 
anything. 

3.  A  gift  in  the  ahape  of  money,  plate, 
portrait,  or  the  like,  raised  by  subscription 
and  presented  to  a  person  in  acknowledgment 
of  services  rendered  by  liim,  or  as  a  token  of 
respect  for  his  worth  ;  or,  if  raised  after  his 
deatli,  taking  the  form  of  a  monument,  en- 
dowment, or  the  like. 

testimonial-proof,  .«. 

Civil  Lair  :  Parole  evidence. 


"  tesjti-mo  -ni-al-ize,  '  tes  ti-mo-ni- 
al-i^e,  v.t.  {Ylw^.testimoniiil;  -ise.]  To  pre- 
sent with  a  testimonial. 

■■People  vsKiv  tetti»\oniulitiughiiVt\tt."— Thackeray  : 
SetDcomcs,  eh.  IxiiL 

tes'-ti-mon-y,  s.  [Lat.  teitimoninm,  from 
testis  —  a  witness  ;  O.  Fr.  tesmoing;  Fr.  tenioin; 
tip.  &  Ital.  teitimonio.] 

I.  Ordinary  Langi'uge : 

1.  A  solemn  declaration  or  affirmation, 
written  or  verbul,  made  fur  the  puriiosc  of 
establishing  or  proving  some  fact ;  a  state- 
ment or  statements  made  to  prove  or  com- 
mnnicate  some  fact.  Testimony,  in  judicial 
proceedings,  must  be  under  oatli  or  affirmation. 

•  2.  The  act  of  bearing  witness ;  open  at- 
testation ;  profession.  ■ 

'■  Thou  .  ,  .  for  the  testimony  of  truth  lias  Itorne 
Univeifuil  reproacli."  Milton  :  I'.  L.,  vi.  33. 

3.  A  statement  or  declaration  of  facts  ;  re- 
presentation, declaration,  evidence,  witness. 

"The  difficulty  is.  when  tesfimonies  contr.idiit 
cotuinon  experience."- Aocfto;  Hum.  Understand.,  bk. 
iv,.  ch.  xiv, 

■A.  Proof,  attestation  ;  support  of  a  state- 
ment made. 

5.  Anything  equivalent  to  a  declaration  or 
protest ;  manifestation. 

"  Shake  off  the  dust  under  j'our  feet  for  a  testimony 
against  them." — Mark  vi.  IL 

IL  .'Scripture: 

1.  Tlie  two  tables  of  the  law. 

"  Thou  Shalt  put  into  this  ark  the  testimony  wliich 
I  shall  give  ihtie."— Exodus  xxv.  16. 

2,  Divine  revelation  generally  ;  the  word  of 
God  ;  the  Scriptures. 

"The  testimony  of  the  Lord  is  sure,  Diakiug  wise 
the  simple." — Psalm  xix.  7. 

IF  For  the  difference  between  testimony  s.ud 
evidence,  see  EviDiiNXE. 

^  Perpetuation  of  Testimony:  [Perpltua- 
TION,  %]. 

'  tes'  -  ti  -  mon  -  y,  v.t.  [Testimony,  s.]  To 
witness,  to  attest. 

"  Let  him  be  but  te.itimonied  in  his  own  brtngings 
forth,  aud  he  shall  anpear  to  the  envious  a  scholui,  a 
statesman,  and  a  solaier."— SAufccap.  .■  Measure  fur 
Menstire,  iii,  3, 

test'-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  testy;  -ness.']  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  testy  ;  peevishness, 

fretfulness,  moroseiiess. 

"  My  mother,  having  power  of  hia  testiitess.  shall 
turn  all  into  my  commeudutious. " — Hhiikcs/f.:  Cym- 
belim;  iv.  1. 

test'-ing  (1),  ;>r.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Test(1),  v.] 

A.  ^  B,  As  pr.  par.  d:  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  one  who  tests  or 
proves  ;  the  act  of  applying  a  test ;  proof, 
trial,  assay. 

IL  TechnicaUy : 

1.  Chem. :  [Axalvsis,  II,  2.]. 

2.  MetttU.  :  The  operation  of  refining  large 
quantities  of  gold  or  silver  by  means  of  lead 
in  the  vessel  called  a  test ;  cupellation. 

testing-slab,  s.  A  square  plate  of  white 
glazed  porcelain,  having  cup-shaped  depres- 
sions for  containing  liquids  to  be  examined 
wliieh  give  coloured  precipitates. 

test'-ing  (2),  pr.  jfar.  or  o.    [Test  (2),  v.] 

testing-clause,  s. 

::cats  Laio :  The  clause  in  a  formal  written 
deed  or  instrument  by  which  it  is  authenti- 
cated according  to  the  form  of  law.  It  consists 
essentially  of  the  name  and  designation  of  the 
writer,  the  number  of  pages  of  which  the 
deed  consists,  tlie  names  and  designations  of 
the  witnesses,  the  name  and  designation  of 
the  person  who  penned  the  deed,  and  the 
date  and  place  of  signing. 

*  tes' -ton,  '  tes-toon'  (1).  *  tes-tone'  (1), 
i-.  [O.  Fr.  tcston  =  a  coin  wortii  eighteen- 
pence  sterling  (Cotgrave),  from  tcstt'  (Fr.  trte) 
—  a  head,  from  Lat.  testa  =  an  earthen  pot,  a 
skull,]    A  tester,  a  sixpence. 

"  Deniers,  testonx,  or  crowua."— ffo(tmfterf:  Descript. 
£ng..  bk.  ii..  ch.  xxv. 

*tes-to6n' (2), '  tes-t6ne'(2), .«.  [Ital.  tcsti.nc] 
[Teston.]  An  Itidian  silver  coin,  worth  about 
Is.  4d,  ;  also  a  Portuguese  coin  worth  about 

7d.  sterling.    ■ 

,  *  tes'-tril,  5.  [Tester  (l).]  A  tester,  a  six- 
pence. 

'•  There's  a  t^stril  oi  me  too."— Shakesp.  :  Tteel/th 
Night,  ii.  3. 


tes-tu -din-al,  a.  [Lat.  tvatudo,  genit.  testyt- 
dinis:  Eng.  adj.  suit,  -ah]  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  the  tortoise. 

tes-tu-din-ar'-i-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  ta^tudi- 
n«W((*  =  tortoise-li'kt'.  So  named  from  tin- 
resemblance  which  tlie  great  ruggetl,  cracked 
root  of  the  plant  beai-a  to  the  nhell  of  a 
tortoise.] 

Hot. :  Elei)hant's-foot  or  Hottentot's-breail. 
A  geniis  of  Dioscoreacea*,  akin  to  Dioscorea, 
but  with  the  seeds  winged  only  at  the  tip, 
instead  of  all  round.  IlootsUn-k  above  ground 
sometimes  four  feet  in  diameter.  Stenw 
occasionally  forty  feet  long;  tlowers  small, 
greenish-yellow.  Testtidlnuria  elephantipes  is 
the  Common  Elephant's-foot  or  Hotteiitot's- 
bread.  The  rootstock  is  a  large,  fleshy  ina.ss. 
covered  with  a  thiek  bark,  cracked  deeidy  in 
every  direction.  The  Hottentots  in  time  of 
scarcity  made  use  of  the  Ueshy  inside  of  the 
root  as  a  kind  of  yam. 

tes-tu-din-ar'-i-ous,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.  ^•^■/('- 
dina'ri(a) ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ok.-.]  Resembliu'.; 
a  turtoist'-shelliti  (.nlour;  marked  with  black, 
red,  and  yellow  patches,  like  tortoise-shell. 

t  tes-tu-di-na'-ta,  ?.  3>?.  [Neut.  pi.  of  Lat. 
testudCnatiis  =  a.ri:\\ed,  vaultied,  from  testudu, 
genit.  testudinis  =  a  tortoise.] 

Zool. :  A  synonym  of  Chelonia  (q.v.).  It 
was  introduced  by  Klein  and  adopted  b> 
Agassi  z. 

tes-tu'-din-at-ed,  tes-tu'-din-ate,  a. 

[Testidinata.]    Shaped   like  the  back  "f  ;t 
tortoise  ;  arched,  vaulted. 

tes-tu-din'-e-ous,  a.  [Lat.  testitdinen$.\ 
Resembling  the  shell  of  a  tortoise. 

tes-tU-din'-i-dSB,  s.  pL  [Lat.  testudo,  genit. 
te$tudin(is);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  ad^j.  sutf,  -Ida:] 

L  ZooL:  Land-tortoises;  a  family  of  Che- 
lonia, vciy  widely  distributed  in  both  hemi- 
spheres, but  absent  from  Australia.  Tin- 
carapace  is  very  convex;  claws  blunt;  feet 
club-sliapeil,  adapted  for  progression  on  land 
only ;  neck  retractile.  They  are  vegetable- 
feeders,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  spe'-ie-^ 
belong  to  the  type-genus  Testudo  (q.v.).  [n 
some  classifications  the  family  includes  the 
fresh-water  Tortoises,  now  generally  made  a 
separate  family  of  Emydidte  (q.v.). 

2.  PaUeont. :  The  family  appears  in  thf 
Miocene  of  Europe  and  the  Eocene  of  North 
America.     [Colossochelvs.] 

tes-tu'-do,  s.     [Lat.  =a  tortoise,  a  testudo, 

from  tesla  —  a  shell.] 

1.  lioinun  Aiitiq. :  A  cover  or  screen  used 
in  assaults  upon  fortitied  towns,  iu  eases 
where  the  town  was  of  small  size  and  aeces^i- 
ible  un  every  side,  while  the  force  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  besiegers  was  large.  A  ring  of 
soldiers  was  drawn  round  the  walls,  a  portion 
of  whom  kept  up  a  constant  discharge  of 
missiles  upon  those  who  manned  the  battle- 
ments, while  the  rest,  advancing  on  every 
side  simultaneously,  with  their  shields  joined 
above  their  heads  so  as  to  form  a  cpntiiiuou.^ 
covering  like  the  shell  of  a  tortoise  {tei^tudint 
farfu),  jdanted  scaling-ladders  against  a  num- 
ber uf  difterent  points,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
endeavoured  to  burst  oj>en  the  gates.  Als<v 
applied  to  a  movable  structure,  on  wheels  or 
rollers,  used  to  protect  sappers. 

2.  Mining:  A  shelter  similar  in  shape  and 
design  emjdoyed  as  a  defence  for  miners,  &c., 
when  working  in  ground  or  rock  which  i> 
liable  to  cave  in. 

3.  Med. :  An  encysted  tumour, 
from  a  snpposeil  resemblance  to 
the  shell  of  a  tortoise. 

I.  Music:  A  name  applied  to 
a  species  of  lyre,  because,  ac- 
cording to  the  legend  recounted 
at  full  length  in  the  Homt-ric 
hymn,  tlie  frame  of  the  first  lyre 
was  formed  by  Hermes  out  of 
the  shell  of  a  tortoise. 

5.  Zool. :  Toi-toi.se  (q.v.) ;  the  « 
type-genus  ofTestudinidie(q.Y.)i  tcstldo. 
with  twenty-five  species.  Slost 
abundant  in  tlie  Elhiopian  region,  but  also 
extending  over  the  Oriental  region  into  tli'- 
south  of  Europe  and  the  Eastern  States  uf 
North  America,  Thorax  convex,  ratherglobu- 
lar,  and  solid  ;  breastbone  solid,  with  twel\f 
shields,  those  of  the  throat  separate<l  ;  five 
toes  on  fore  feet,  four  on  the  hinder  iwiir. 


Iboil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  choms,  9liin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  tlun,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon^  e^lst.    ph  =  t 
-ciau,  -tian  =  shan,    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhon.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -hie,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


testy— tetracoccous 


C.  I'nhrttHt.  :  The  ijfiiuii  BpiK-tti-s  Ilntt  til  the 
(:•  t '  II-  •>■  Noitli  AiiitTica. 

tist  $.  ■  test  lo.  'I.     !0.  Ft.  tesiu  (Kr.  trUa) 

.     .-•     1  „■.  uilfui,  ultiitiuiitf,  fnmi  U4te  ^Kr. 
■<•    iK-aJ-l      Ki\:lful,   iie«vi»li,  iivttiMlt, 
j- '  u-ittt,  iiriml'U*. 

'  lK>  >i>u  u^kr  nil  Kfutiiw)  yuu  iiiihAmir,  t>y  your 
aitUvii  mmI  tnig  huumun,  ur  y<>ur  luu-ali.  nuil  XruUI 
IwlMttvurT'— <i<'^M  '  StriiWMt,  vol.  11.,  ier.  M. 

t4  UUl    lo,  «.  &  s.     \Eu^.  tettin(tts):  -i<'-) 

A.  At  lulj. :  rtrrtatitiiig  to,  deiiutiiig,  or 
.  )ini;ii:trn!ttic  of  t«tiimit>. 

B.  At  siibstantivt : 

I'har'H. :  A  iiiwilcine  which  acts  on  the 
II.  rM-s,  and  thmngh  Ihein  nn  iho  iimscles. 
II  liikiii  III  ovor-dtiiM'!*  it  pitnliic^'H  coiivulsi.ni!* 
.ui'l  iltath.  ExuiiipIcH :  t>try»;hiiiiit',  Nux 
\<.iiii'n,  A'C. 

tet  am-oid,  n.    [Rug.  Manius),  ami  Gr.  elSoc 

i'.ui'i  —  turiit,    apiieaniiicv.l       Kvsviiiblin^' 

ti-tUllll>l. 

tbt  -an-fts,  *.  [Uit..  fr^>iii  Or.  Tcracof  {tttanos) 
=  -iilliu--.- tir  »i>ftsmurihc  in't'k.)  [L(XK-jaw.J 

ti    tar-tioe,  -«.      [Gr    Tcrdpr*)   (fe/ar/?)=;a 
fourth;  SUIT.  -iHr  {S!in.);  Ger.  feMrfift.} 
.Vi*. :  The  Kaiia'  as  Alkitr  (q.v.). 

ti  tar-t^-,  /'"/.  IGr.  Tftapin  (tetarti)  =  a 
I'-iiilh  ]»art  ;  rtrrapt^  {tfttures),  TcVtropec  (to- 
-.i  -•)  =  fi.ur.l    Uiviilcd  by  fuui  or  intu  fouvs. 

ti  tarto-he-dral.  a.  [Vrvf.  teUirto-,  and 
(ii .  .»5^Ki  {l,'ilni)  =  'i  Uise,  a  seat.} 

'  *.  ,.^.^tK^  ;  r.iruikiii^'uf  t<lartuhr»hifini(q.v.). 

te  tar-td-he-dral-lj^.  iflc.  [Eng.  utarto- 
hftlioi :  -.(/.J  111  u  t'-'Urtuhcdial  lurm  nr  ai- 
iali(.'t>liit:lit. 

tetar'td-he'-drijaii,  s.  (Pref.  UUirto-,  and 
(ir.  t£pa  (A*(/»(()  =  a  seat,  a  base.] 

'J'-y."**'//.  ■  Thechuractcrufa  crystal  in  wliich 
«'hly  iiin'-«ituiit»T  uf  the  unnilier  of  laces  is 
ilevelopwl  which  would  be  rei|iiired  by  the 
.-omitlet*.'  syiiimeti-y  of  the  crystallugrapliic 
vyst'.Mi  to  which  it  K-longs. 

te  tar  to-pri^-m&t-lc,  (t.     [Pref.  tttarto-, 

.ilnl    KlIJ.'.   /'M.MltU/U   (tl-V.).  j 

'  rjaUUi. :  The  same  a.s  Ttti-jLisic  (q.v.). 

tet-aug,  >■.    ITavtoc] 

■  tet^li,  •  tecclie,  ^.    [Tache.] 

tet9li  i  ness,    .    [Te'Hiness.I 

tet9h  y,  te9h  f,  a.  [Mid.  Eng.  Utchc,  tcahe 
-  i\  biid  hiibit,  a  whim,  a  freak,  a  caprice  ; 
Fi.  u-h€  =  a  Mtiun,  a  mark.]  Fretful,  peevisli, 
l'«t:!hiiit,  touchy.    [TouuHv.] 

"  HiiJ  uot  Ibe  irtchif  race  iireiHTiptive  right 
To  )iet!viHtii»«w}"  Arowiiiny  :  Soitlvllo,  n, 

*tete,  ^■.  [Fr.  =  head,  from  Ijit.f.^/((  =  a  skull.] 
i  a.sc  tiair  ;  a  kind  of  wig  worn  by  ladies, 

■'  put  wiwgrtatly  cliwipin.liit^U  n\nm  seeing  her  wit' 
I  r  irt-  ih«  next  tiiuniin/  thn^wii  cirelotaly  iiiiuii  her 
t'lilpttr.  aimI  h«r  iailVHhip  apiiv^riu^'  nt  lirenKfiu-t  tii 
\rTy  iirt^tit  red  haiT.'—VratKt:  Spiritual  Ouijcote, 
lk...i,.<rh.xi. 

tete-a-tete,  <i.,  n<ie.,  ii$. 

A.  Astul}.:  Head  to  head;  ])rivate,  cojiJi- 
dfiitial ;  with  none  present  but  the  parties 
C'-iiienied  :  as,  a  ttti-u-tcte  i-onverflation. 

B.  As  (uh\  :  Head  to  head,  face  to  face  ;  in 
private  or  close  confabulation. 

"  Lung  t*f<ire  the  »f|uire  nnti  dnine 
Hnvv.  Ute-d'CvU,  relieieil  their  Hune." 

J'rior.  Alma,  ii.  IQA. 

C.  .1^  substantive : 

1.  A  private  interview  wliere  none  are  prc- 
^fiit  but  thoHe  interested ;  a  contiilential, 
cliM*e,  or  friendly  interview  or  conversation. 

2.  A  settee  with  two  seats  Ja<jing  in  of)posite 
-•lirectioris,  the  anus  and  bu<:ks  forming  an 

tete -dn  pont,  .«. 

r<-r:j. :  A  n-il.iii  or  lunette  resting  its  flanks 
"II  life  Uuik  of  a  river  ami  inrlosing  the  end 
"(  :i  bridge  for  tlie  purpose  of  i>rote<aiiig  it 
troiii  an  ass;iult. 

ietb-er,   *ted-der.  *ted-ir,  "ted-yre, 

•-  Hiat'l.  .'t/(W/«(tr  =a  tetln-r  ;  ;«o(/ =  a  haltt-i , 
a  i-haiii,  a  cable;  Wei.  fi(/=a  chain;  Manx 
trad,  tcid=.A  ro|H-;  Icel.  tjutU  ■=■  s,  tether; 
]^>w  Ger.  tidfr,  tier  ;  Xorw.  tjtKlcr ;  8w.  tjuder ; 
MuM.Unr;  New  Fris.  tjyilder.]  A  rope  by 
wtiich  a  grazing  aiiimal  is  tied  to  a  stakt^  sn 


Ofi  to  Ih"  i-reventeil  from  moving  beyond  a 
itrlahi  tliiiit ;  hence,  tlgumlivdy,  hcoim;  al- 
Idwed,  Imuiids  prescrilied  ;  I'ouiiie  or  bounds 
ill  which  one  may  move  \intil  checked. 

"  .\iiil  with  M  Innrvrrw/i  -r  lutiy  be  wnlk, 
TliiUi  limy  Umivelt  you.* 

OhakMiK  :  HitmM,  1.  X 

t6^ -er, '  t6d'-d^»*,  ct.     (Tt-rnER,  s.]    To 

i-i.iilim-.  jis  a  grazing  animal,  with  a  rope  or 
•  haiii,  within  certain  limits ;  to  limit,  to 
el:eck. 

"Thi?  lnmh  wiut  nil  aloiif. 

rJ  Ml 
1 

te  -thj^-a,  s.    [TtTHvs.] 

IwL:  A  genus  of  Siliceous  Sixmges.  Skeleton 
coiuiisting  of  radiating  or  stellate!  sheaves  of 
\*i\\%  siliceous  spicules,  invested  by  a  coitical 
layer. 

•  te'  thj^-dan.  s-.  [I-at.  Tethm  (q.v.);  Gr. 
(\6o%  (<i(/i'.s)  =  fuiiii,  and  Eng.,  suflT.  -an,] 

Zfol.  (I'l.):  An  ohl  tribe  of  Nudibrancliiate 
Molluscs,  type  Tethys. 

Te'-thi^S,  ■■>•.     [Lat.,  from  Gr.  Tj)9v^  (Ttlhusll 

1.  /;*■.  Miithnl. :  The  great^-st  of  the  sea- 
deities,  wile  of  Oceanus,  daughter  of  Uianus 
and  Terra,  and  mother  of  the  ehief  rivers  nf 
the  universe,  Nile,  IViieus,  Simois,  Keaniaiidti, 
ki.:,  and  about  three  thousand  daughters 
called  Oceani<les.  The  name  Tetliys  is  said 
to  signify  nurse. 

2.  Astrfni. :  A  satellite  of  .Saturn.  Its  mean 
distance  from  the  centre  of  Saturn  is  ISS.OOU 
miles;  its  periodic  time,  1  day,  21  lioui^, 
la  minutes,  25""  seconds.    (Btdl.) 

3.  Zoel. :  A  genus  of  Tritoniiuh?,  with  one 
speeies  from  the  Mediterranean.  Animal 
ellii)tical,  depressed  ;  liead  covered  by  a 
broadly  expanded  fringed  disc,  with  two 
ennieal  tentacles;  stomach  simple.  It  attains 
a  foot  in  length,  and  feeds  on  other  molluscs 
and  on  small  erustaeea. 

te-til'-la,  s.  (Sp.,  =  a  little  teat,  dimin.  from 
tfta  =  a  teat.] 

B<it. ;  A  genus  of  Franeoaceie  (q.v.).  Cliilian 
annuals,  with  stalked,  rounded,  palmately 
nerved  leaves,  and  racemes  of  flowers,  the 
calyx  and  the  <'orolla  slightly  irregular. 
Leaves  somewhat  astritigont ;  used  medicin- 
ally in  Chili. 

tet-ra-,  pre/.  [Or  for  Ttrapa  (tfJara),  from 
T€TTap€?  (tettaifs),  reo'crapfs  (fe*S((res)  i  four.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang, :  A  prefix  used  in  (-otuponnds 
derived  from  the  Greek,  and  signifying  four, 
fourfold.    Abbreviated  to  tetr-  before  a  vowel. 

2.  (liem,:  A  prefix  applied  to  compounds 
containing  four  atoms  of  a  chlorous  to  one  atoiri 
of  a  basylous  element,  e.g.,  tetraehloride  of 
tin,  SnCl4.  It  is  also  applied  to  substitution 
compounds,  in  which  four  atoms  of  hydrogen 
are  replacetl  by  a  radicle. 

tet'-ra-brancli,.':.  [Tetrabranchiat.\.]  Any 
individual  of  the  Telrnbranchiata.  {U'ood- 
mird  :  Mollusca  (ed.  Tate),  p.  1S3.) 

tet~ra-bran-clu-a''ta,  5.  pi.  [Pref.  tetra-^ 
ami  Mild.  Lat.  &m/(c/i(a(a  (q.v.).] 

1.  Zool. :  An  order  of  Cephalopoda,  com- 
prising three  families:  Nautilidie,  Ortlio- 
ceratidie,  and  Animonitidae,  though  in  some 
recent  classifications  the  second  family  is 
njcr^rd  in  the  lirst.  Animal  creeping,  pro- 
tt*t+"d  by  an  external  shell ;  head  retractile 
within  the  mantle;  eyes  jwduueulated  ;  man- 
dibles calcareous  ;  arms  very  numerous  ;  body 
attached  to  shell  by  adductor  muscles  and 
by  a  continuous  horny  girdle  ;  bi-anchise  four; 
funnel  formed  by  tlie  union  of  two  Itjbes 
wliich  do  not  constitute  a  distinct  tube.  Shell 
external,  in  the  form  of  an  extremely  elon- 
gated cone,  either  straight  or  variously  folded 
or  coiled,  many-chambered,  sinhuncled;  the 
inner  layers  and  septa  nacreous,  the  outer 
layers  porcellauous. 

2.  Fida-otit. :  They  attained  their  maximum 
in  the  Palieozoic  i>eriod,  decreasing  from  tliat 
time  onward,  and  being  represented  at  the 
Itre.sent  by  the  single  genus  Nautilus  (q.v.)- 
The  Nautilicla;  proper  and  Ortlioceratidie  are 
lire-euiinently  Paluozoic,  while  the  Ammoni- 
tidie  are  almost  exclusively  Mesozoic, 

tet-ra-br^'-chi-atc,  a.    [Tetrabraxchi- 

ATA.j     Having  four  gills. 

te-tra9'-er-a,  s.    [Tetkacebos.] 

L'-t. :  A  gi'iius  of  Delimea;  (q.v.),  owing  its 


srieiitilic  name  to  the  fact  that  its  four  ca]i- 
sules  aiv  recurved  like  Iiorns.  .Shrubs  or  small 
trees,  often  climbing,  with  alternate,  stalked, 
feather-nerved,  n.-iked  leaves,  often  rough 
above,  and  iwnleled  or  mi-miose  inflores- 
cence. A  decoction  of  Tetnicerit  JircyiiUiiui 
and  T.  obloutjata  is  given  In  Erazil  in  swell- 
ing of  the  legs.  T.  Titjarea  is  diapbort-tit , 
diuretic,  and  antisyph:litic, 

te-trii9-er-6s,  *•.    [Or    TCTpaKt-pw?  (Mi-nker<ls) 

=  roui-l.oimd  :    Terpa-  (tctnt-)  =  four,  and 

Ktpa^  {l.trns)  =  a  lioni,] 

Zuol. :  A  genus  of  Bovid;e,  sub-family 
Cephalophime.  with  two  specirs,  from  tho 
hilly  parts  of  India  ;  rare  inrth  of  the  Ganges. 
Horns  four,  straigtit  and  conical ;  In  one 
species  the  anterior  pair  rudlnientnry.  [Chi- 
kakah.] 

tet-ra-che'-ni-um,  .-•.     [Pref.  tftt\<iy,  and 

Mud.  Lat.  achinium  (q.v.).J 

Jkit. :  A  fruit  formed  by  the  adhesion  of 
four  aclieues. 

tet-ra-chl6r-6-va-ler'-ic, ".  [Pref.  tetra- ; 
L-ltlui'"',  and  Eng.  t-u/i/iV.]      [ytAurticiiLOKO- 

VALLKIC] 

tet'-ra-chord,  5.  [Gr.  Tcrpaxopfioi'  {teti-n- 
chonl'iii),  Iroiii  Terpc-  (tetra-),  and  x°P^^ 
{rhoidt)  =  a  string,  a  chonl ;  Fr.  tetmchoixk.] 

Music : 

1.  A  scale-series  of  four  notes.  The  word 
in  its  modern  sense  signifies  a  half  of  the 
octave  scale,  e.g.,  from  c  to  f,  or  from  o 
to  c.  The  position  of  the  tones  ami  semitones 
is  similar  in  both  tetrachords.  A  third  tetra- 
chord  placed  above  these  two  would  lead  into 
the  key  of  c,  and  another  into  the  key  of  c 
The  fundamental  system  in  ancient  music 
was  the  tetrachord,  or  system  of  Jour  sounds, 
of  which  the  extremes  were  at  an  interval  of 
a  fourth. 

*  2.  A  lyre  with  four  strings. 

"TerpaiiatT  .    .   .   substitutftl   the  Heveii-stiiiigetl 

c'ithavii  fur  the  old  t<;tnit;hord."~DuiiahUun  .  TUcati-e 
of  the  (rreeks,  p.  ai. 

^  (1)  CotiJu7ict  tetrachords  :  Tetitichoi-ds 
which  ovei'lap,  as  c  to  f,  and  f  to  b. 

{2)  Disjnnct  t'!tmchord:< :  Tetrachords  which 
have  a  degree  between  tJieni,  as  c  to  f,  and  o 
to  c.  Similar  disjunct  tetrachords  necessarily 
l>ass  through  the  whole  key-series,  and  a 
combination  of  conjunct  and  ili.sjunct  tetra- 
choi'ds  is  reciuired  to  form  a  diatonic  scale  of 
inoie  than  one  octave  in  compass. 

tet-ra- Chord '-al«  a.  [Eng.  tdmchord ;  -«/.] 
of  ii|-  pritaiiiMig  tu  tetrachords;   formed  of 

tetracholds. 

tetrachordalsystexn.  s. 

Jliiis/r.;  Tht't-aily  f"rm  of  the  system  now 
known  as  Tunic  Sol-fa  (q.v.), 

tet-ra-chor  -don,  5.    [Tetrachord.] 

Musk:  An  instrument  similar  in  appear- 
ance to  a  cottage  jiianofoite,  ami  like  it 
played  by  finger-board,  but  the  tone,  instead 
of  being  ]iroduced  by  striking,  is  obtained  by 
means  of  a  eyliuder  of  india-rnbber  charged 
with  I'esin,  kept  in  motion  by  a  jiedal,  variety 
of  tone  being  gained  by  the  depth  of  pressure 
on  the  keys  by  the  tingers.  It  is  called  the 
tetrachordon  from  an  iilea  that  its  sounds  are 
similar  to  those  produced  by  a  string  quartet. 
The  instrumeiit  is  constructed  also  with  self- 
acting  machinery. 

\  Milton  used  the  word  as  the  title  of  one 
of  ills  tieatises  on  marriage,  occasioned  by  liis 
disagreement  with  his  wite,  Mary  Powell.  He 
explained  tlie  woi-d  in  the  sub-title  :  "  Exposi- 
tions up<Mi  the  Four  Chief  Places  of  Scripture 
wliich  treat  of  Marriage." 

tet-ra-chot -o-mous,    a.      [Gr.    reVpaxo* 

itdradius)  =.  lourlold,  and  to^»;  itoiiu)  =  a 
cutting.] 

Science:  Ha\ing  a  divi.sion  by  fours  ;  sepa- 
rated into  four  i^rts  or  series,  or  into  series 
of  li  lurs. 

tet-ra-Cla'-§ite,  £.     [Pref.  telm-;  Gv.  KAao-i? 
{klu^is)  =  a  fiaeture,   and   sutf.   -ite  {Miu.); 
Ger.  tetraUasit.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  Paranthise  (q.v.). 

tet-ra-c6c'-COUS,  ft.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
«6k»cos  {kvklos)  =  a  kernel,  a  berry.] 

Bot. :  Having  four  cells  elastically  dehiscing 
and  separating. 


fat.?. 


TAt,  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU.  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
wore,  wolf,  T^orli.  who.  son ;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  eur.  rule.  fuU ;  try,  Syrian.    £^.  ce  =  6 ;  ey  =  d ;  qu  =  kw. 


tetracolon— tetragrammatoii 


43 


tet-ra-co'-ldn,  s.  [Pi-ef.  tetra-,  and  Eng.  colon 
(q-v.j.J 

Pros. :  A  stanza  or  ilivision  of  lyric  poetry 
consisting  of  fonr  verses. 

tet-ra-co-ril'-laj  s.  _«'  rpref.  w'(m-,  and 
Liit.  roralli.!,  {A.  ol  ajruUuin  =  red  cone.] 

ZouL:  Hitcki^'s  nann*  for  tiie  Rugosa,  be- 
cause the  septii  are  niultiiilt's  of  four. 

tSt-rS«-ti-neI-li-d3e»  -'.  />?.    [Pief.  Mm- ; 

XjQX.  cliinin.  nt  (.Jr.  aftTi?  (aA7t.s),  gi-iiit.  axTii'os 
((i/.dfw.v)  =;a  ray,  and  Lat.  IVni.  yX.  adj.  sutf. 
■it/d'.] 

Z('0?.  .*  A  sub-oi-der  of  Siliceous  Si'onges, 
with  fi'ur-rayecl  spicules.  Families,  Chnris- 
lid.i;-  atid  Lithistida?. 

tet'-riid,  5.  [Lat.  tetra,^,  genit.  tttradis,  from 
Gr.  T€Tpds  (Jetms),  genit.  TcrpdSos  {Utrados); 
Yr.  Mnuie.] 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang.:  The  number  four;  a  col- 
lection of  four  things. 

"  I  fiud  the  igiioriuce  of  posterity  to  have  abused 
the  Tftrtid,  ns  religioufily  as  it  *!i3  admired  l>y  tlte 
kiiuwiiig  Pyf bagurtMiua,  to  be  a  receptacle  of  Hiiper- 
stitioiis  and  useless  toyea." — J/oce ;  Di'/eii<:c  «/  the 
Moral  Cabala,  ch.  iv.,  §  2.    (A|ip.) 

2.  Chem. :  Quadrivalent  element.  A  name 
given  to  those  elements  wliich  can  dirt-ctiy 
unit*  with  or  replace  four  atoms  of  hydrogen, 
clilorine,  or  other  nionatoniic  element. 

tet-ra-d3«'-tyl,  s.  [Pii-f.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
SaKTvXo^  (daktnlus)  =  a  linger,  a  toe.]  An 
animal  ]iavi:ig  tour  digits  on  each  limb. 

tet-ra~dac'-tyl-ou3,  o.  (Tetradactvl.] 
Ha\ing  fi.Kir  digits  on  each  limb. 

te-tra-de'-cane,    s.     [Pref.  ietm-,  and  Eng. 

ikatiie.]      (Ql'ATrORDECANE.J 

1  tet-ra-de-cap'-6-da,  ,*.  i>L  [Pief.  i<.tra- ; 
(ir.  6e*ca  (((f/ixt)  =  ten,  and  ttous  {pons),  genit. 
TToSos  ijKhlos)  =  a  foot.] 

Zi'ol. :  Agassiz's  name  for  the  Edrioph- 
tlialmata  (q.v.),  from  the  fact  tliat  in  the 
tyiiical  adult  there  are  seven  pairs  of  feet. 

tet-ra-dec'-a-tyl,  $.    [Tetradecvl.] 

tet-ra-de-cyl,   s.     [Pref.   ktm-,  and  Eng. 

dcciiL] 

Clitm.  :  C14H211.  Tetradecatyl.  Myristyl. 
The  fourteenth  term  of  the  series  of  alcohol 
radicles,  CriHan  +  i.    (Watts.) 

tet-ra-de-^yl'-ic,  «.  [Eng.  tetradecyl;  -Ic] 
<_>for  belonging  to  tetradecyl  (q.v.). 

tetradecy  lie -alcohol,  s.      [Mvristk- 

ALrOHi.'L.] 

tetradecy  lie -hydride,  s. 

<'luui.  :  (.'nU:io-  <'ne  of  the  constituents  of 
American  petroleum.  It  boils  between  liSS" 
and  ■J4U°,  and  is  converted  by  chlnrine  into 
the  C'lrespondiiig  chloride,  C14H09CI. 

tet-ra-di-a-pa'-son,  s.     [Pref.  /<■()■«-,  and 

Eng.'  diajmsoii  (q.v.).] 

Mn^ic:  Quadruple  diapason  or  oct;ive  ;  a 
musical  chord,  otlierwise  called  a  quadrui)le 
eightli  or  twenty-ninth. 

te-trad'-ic»  c  [Eng.  Utmd ;  -ic]  Of  or 
jicrtaiuing  to  a  tetrad  ;  tetratomie. 

tet'-ra-dite^,  s.  i^f.  [Gr.  TerpaSio-Tai  {ti-tm- 
,lisfiu)  =  young  ]ieople  who  feasted  on  the 
lourtli  day  of  the  month.] 

1.  Gr.  Antiq. :  Persons  who  were  born  on 
the  fourth  day  of  the  month,  which  was  re- 
I'Uted  t-o  be  lucky. 

2.  Church  Histovij  (in  this  sense  proltably 
directly  from  Gr.  jiipa-  (tctru-\  in  comp.  = 
lour) : 

(1)  Heretics  who  fasttid  at  Easter,  as  on 
■W'eilnesday. 

(•2)  Gfrtain  ancient  sects  who  held  the 
number  four  in  special  reverence,  to  the  ex- 
tent of  supposing  the  existence  uf  a  fourth 
person  added  to  tlie  Trinity. 

tet'-ra-drachm  (<:h  silent),  tet-ra- 

drach' -- XUa,  s.  [Gr.  Terpafipuxiuor  {tctra- 
((/•■■rhinon),  fmm  rerpa  {U'tra-)=  fourfold,  and 
6paxp.ri  {diachme)=  a  drachm.] 

fir.  Coin.:  An  ancient  silver  coin,  value 
four  drachmas,  or  about  3s.  3d.  sterling. 

te-tr^d'-Srm-ite,  s.  [Gr.  rcTpaSuMO?  (tctra- 
(^(m....s)=  fourfold, quadruple  ;sutr.-ire(.Ui !(.).] 


Minenilogy : 

1.  A  I'lionibobedral  nnneral  found  some- 
times in  crystals,  but  more  frefpiently 
granular,  massive,  or  fuliatfil,  often  witli 
auriferous  ores.  Haidness,  l"y  to  2;  sji.  gr. 
7*:3  to  7"0 ;  Insti-e,  bright  metallic ;  colour, 
jmle  steel-gray ;  somewhat  sectile,  in  thin 
lamina-,  flexible  ;  soils  paper.  Compos. :  some- 
what variable,  but  consists  principally  of 
bismuth  and  tetlnrium.  Dana  divides  as 
follows :  ((()  Fn-f  fiom  sulphur,  with  formula 
Bi'jTej  ;  (/<)  ^ulphur-ais.  with  fonnula  Bi^KsTe 
-f  ^8)3,  and  {(.')  SelenilVrous. 

2.  The  same  as  Joseite  (q.v.). 

3.  The  same  as  Wehrlite  (q.v.). 

ts-trSd'-ym-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  TtTpdSvfxos  {tftia- 

./»»to.s)=luurruld.] 
Dot. :  Having  four  cells  or  cases. 

tet-ra-dy-na'-mi-a.  5.  pi  [Pref.  tetra-. 
and  Gr.  6ut/a/xis  (dunamls)—  might,  strength, 
referring  to  four  stiimens  being  lunger  than 
tlie  othei-s.] 

Bot. :  The  fifteenth  class  in  Linna!us"s  Arti- 
lii-iul  System.  Plants  with  six  stamens,  fonr 
long  and  two  short.     Orders,  Siliculosa  and 

J^iliqUOSil. 

tet-ra-dy-na'-mi-^Ji,  tet-ra-dy-na- 
mous,  a.    [Tetradvnamia.] 

Botany : 

1.  {0/ stametis) :  Six  in  number,  f'jur  long 
and  two  short. 

2.  (Of  a  plant):  Having  six  stamens,  f<mr 
long  and  two  slinrt ;  of  or  belonging  to  the 
Tetradynaniia  (q.v.). 

tet-ra-e -dral,     tet-ra-e'-dron,    s. 

[Tetrahedhal,  Tetrahedron.] 

te-trag'-na-tha,  s.  [Lat.  tetn'rin(ithius-=n 
kind  of  spider  ;  Gr.  TerpdyfaSo?  (tetra<jnxithos) 
=  having  four  jaws,  spec,  used  of  a  kind  of 
spider.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Epeirid*.  Titrafiuatha 
extensa  is  a  Britisli  spider,  about  half  an  incli 
long,  frequenting  damp  places.  It  has  long, 
tUverging  falces,  and  the  legs  extruded  before 
and  behind,  nearly  in  a  line  with  the  Iwdy. 

tet'-ra-gon,  s.  [Fr.  (e/rai/oitc=  having  four 
angles  or  corners,  from  Lat.  tetragonns ;  Gr. 
Terpdywro?  (tetragonosX  from  Ttrpa-  (Intra-)  ■= 
fourfold,  and  yuvid  (g5nUi)  =  &n  angle,  from 
•yoku  (gonu)  =  a  knee.] 

1.  i.ieoin. :  A  tigure  having  four  angles,  and 
consequently  four  sides,  as  a  square,  a 
rhombus ;  a  quadrangle. 

2.  Astrol. :  An  aspect  of  two  planets  with 
regard  to  the  earth  when  they  are  distant 
from  each  other  9U",  or  the  fourth  of  a  circle. 

te-trag'-on-al,  a.     [Eng.  tetragon;  -al.] 

1.  i-i:uin'.  :  Pertaining  to  a  tetnigon  ;  having 
four  angles  or  sides,  as  a  square,  a  parallel- 
ogi-am,  &.C.  ;  four-sided,  quadrangular. 

2.  Astrol.  :  In  position  of  a  tetragon;  dis- 
tant uy"  from  each  other. 

"  Reckoning'  on  unto  the  seventh  day,  the  moon  will 
be  tu  a  tetragonal  or  quiulrate  i^pect,  that  is,  four 
si^iis  removed  fruia  that  wherein  tlie  disease  be^au." 
— ISroiDiie:   \'ittgnr  Errours,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  xii. 

3.  BoL:  Four-cornered,  angular;  used  of 
si'iiie  ovaries,  the  stems  of  the  Labiativ,  &c. 

4.  Cnjstall.  :  LTetragonal-svstkm]. 

tetragonal-system,  ^4. 

CrjitiUdL :  A  systeni  of  crystallization  in 
which  the  lateral  axes  are  equal,  being  the 
diameters  of  a  square,  while  the  vertical  is 
either  longer  or  shorter  than  the  lat€ral. 
Called  also  the  Dimetric,  Monadimetric,  or 
Pyramidal  System.    (Dana.) 

te'-trag'-on-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tetragonal ; 
■  ly.]    In  a  tetragonal  oi'  four-cornered  manner. 

tet-ra-gd-ne-ae,  s.  pi     [Jiod.  Lat.  tetra- 

guiciia) ;  lAit.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff-ac] 

Lot.:  The  typical  sub-oixler  of  Tetiagoni- 
aceie.    The  fruit  is  woody  and  indehiscent. 

tet-ra-gO'-ni-a,  ?.  [Gr.  rerpayMvia  (tdra- 
tj6nia)=tUe  spiudle-tree  :  Ttrpa-  (ti tra-),  &nd 
ywcia  (gdnia)  =  a  corner,  an  angle.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Tetragoniaceaj 
(q.v.).  Chiefly  littoral  plants  with  alternate, 
stjilked,  tleshy  leaves,  and  apetalous  flowers, 
liaving  four  to  twelve  stamens  and  three  to 
eight  short  styles.  Nearly  all  the  species 
from  the  Southern  Hemisphere.     Tttragonia 


KifuiHsa,  a  native  of  New  Zealand,  is  called 
New  Zealand  spinach,  and  is  cultivated  in 
Europe  as  a  substitut-e  for  spiuacli  itself. 

tet-ra-go-iu-a'-9e-£e,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  IM. 
tt'tnuj,.,ii(<j);  Lat.  frm.  pi.  adj.  sufl'.  -acar.] 

Bi>t.  :  Aizoiijis ;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Ficoidalcs.  Succulcnt-lcaved 
lierbs,  more  rarely  small  shrubs.  Li-aves 
alternate,  often  with  watery  iiustules,  exsti- 
pulate.  Flowers  small,  axillary ;  calyx  tbree- 
lotlve-cleft;  corolla -wanting  ;Ktauiens'dollnite; 
styles  two  to  nine  ;  ovary  with  as  many  cells 
as  there  are  styles  ;  fruit  an  indehtsct'ill  luit, 
or  a  capsule  splitting  all  round.  Found  In 
the  South  Sea  Islands,  the  Cape.  an<l  the 
Mctlitcrrani'an  region.  Tribes,  Jetragoricic 
and  N'suvcic.  Genera,  eleven  ;  sjiecios,  sixty- 
live.     (Liiidlcy.) 

'  te-trag'-on-i^m,  s.  [Gr.  TtTpayuivi^u  (tetra- 
gonizi'i)  — tit  make  square:  TfTpdvwfo?  (tctiU' 
iidu'i-i)=  fuiu'-anglcd,  tctrag-nial ;  Fr.  tctm- 
gonisnie.]    The  attempt  to  square  the  circle. 

tet-ra- go-no-,  vv-  [Tetracomism.]  Having 
four  iingles  or  cni  ncrs. 

tet-ra-go-no-lep'-is,  5.  [Pref,  iHrogono-^ 
and  Gi'.  Aettis  (U-i'is)  =  a  scale.] 

i'ld'iimt. :  A  genus  of  Stylodontidir,  fi'om 
the  Lias.  Each  scale  bears  up(Mi  its  inner 
anterior  margin  a  thick,  snliil,  bony  lib,  ex- 
tending upwards  beyond  the  maigin  of  tlic 
scale,  and  sliced  otl'  obliquely  above  ;ind 
below,  on  opposite  sides,  for  forming  sphcrs 
■with  the  coriesponding  processes  of  adjoining 
scales. 

tet-r5,g-6n-6l'-0-bUS,  s.  [Pref.  tetragono-, 
and  Gr.  Ao^os  (/u//o.s)=  a  lobe.  J 

Bnt.  :  A  genus  of  Trifolicie,  akin  t^  Lotus 
(tl.v.),but  with  quadrangular  winged  legumes. 
Tftragoiiolobus  I'duUs,  or  pjtrpnretis,  is  the 
Svinged  Pea.  It  is  a  native  of  Sicily,  where 
its  leginnes  w<re  formerly  eaten  by  the  pour. 
It  is  cultivated  as  a  burilcr  jtlant. 

tet-ra-gon-op-ter-i'-na,  s.  i-f.  [Mod.  i.at. 
tt'tragonoptfiXtis) ;  Lat.  ncul.  pi.  ailj.  suti'.  -ina.] 
h-hthy.  :  A  gioup  of  Characinida',  with  four 
genei-a  from  South  Africa  and  tropical 
America.  A  short  dorsal  and  adipose  tin 
pn-sent ;  teeth  in  both  jaws  well  develoj)ed  ; 
gill-membranes  free  ;  nasal  openings  close. 

tet-ra- gon-op'-ter-US,  s.  [Pi-ef.  tetragono-, 
ami  Gr.  nrepoc  (j'lrron)  =0.  wing,  a  tin.] 

Irhihg.  :  The  type-genus  of  Tetrngotiopti'rina 
(q.v.),  with  about  hlty  s[>ecies,  from  Cmtial 
America.  Tlit-y  are  all  of  small  size,  raidy 
exceeding  eight  inches  in  length  ;  dorsal  in 
middle  of  the  body,  which  is  oblong  or 
elevated,  covered  with  scales  of  moderate 
size  ;  belly  rounded. 

*  te-trag'-on-oiis,  a.  [Eng.  tetragon;  -ous.] 
The  same  as  Tktraconal  (q.v.). 

tet-ra-go-niir'-us,  s.  [Pief.  tetragon(i')-,  and 
Gr.  oiipa  (:>ura)  =  a  tail.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Atheriniihe,  with  a 
single  species.  Body  sub-elongate,  sciUes 
strongly  keeled  and  striat<;d ;  iirst  dorsal  of 
numeious  feeble  spines,  and  continuous  with 
the  second.  It  is  a  rare  fish,  more  fret|ucntly 
met  with  in  the  Mediterranean  than  in  tho 
Atlantic.  Nothing  is  known  of  its  habits, 
but  as,  when  young,  it  accompanies  tliu 
Medusiie,  it  must  be  regarded  as  a  pelagic  form. 
At  a  later  i>eriod  of  its  existence,  it  probably 
de-scends  to  greater  depths,  coming  to  the 
surface  only  at  night.  U  attains  a  length  of 
about  eighteen  Indies. 

tet'-ra-grSm,  s.  [Gr.  TtVpa-  (tttra-),  and 
yp6.p.p.a  (grotuiiut)  =a  line.] 

1.  A  word  of  four  letters.     tTp-TRAGBAM^ 

5IAT0X.] 

"  A  h<»t  of  fit)ier  vfoitin,  BigiiitlcAnt  of  Dvity,  nm 
IfrraurfiiiiK'—brrw^y:  P/intae  Jt  Futtlv,  s.v.  'J'elra- 
griiminatiiiL 

2.  ikuin. :  A  ligure  formed  by  four  right  lines. 
tet-ra-grim -ma-ton,  s.     tftr.  to  rtTpa- 

ypdp.p.aroi-  (to  Utragraiuinaton)=:  the  word  of 
four  letters  ;  TcTpaypafifiaro^  (tetra gramnwtos) 
=  of  four  letters:  Terpa- ('t'(7-a-),  ami  ypoft/ia 
(gramma),  genit.  ■ypon.ftaTO?  (grammatos)  =  a, 
letter.] 

I,  The  sacred  Hebrew  name  of  the  Deity 
mn*  (V  H  V  ii),  from  the  fact  that  in  the  Ilab- 
binical  writings  it  is  distinguished  by  various 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9liin,  benQb;  go,  gem;  tliin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  e:^ist.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -gion  =  zhuu.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  deL 


it 


tetragraptus— tetraonidse 


rail  x».    "the    uaiiu,  " 

I  L      (til*  hlb-b   |^«at)b»tl 

(„  .  .  itJ   TttrMifntf'tnulun 

_ti  ,  i*b  "— /'iimir;   MaHg 

^>    I,  ;liiT  wuixls  of  four 

h-lTrt..  \i  :.■.->.'..■  ■■f  LVlty. 

t4t-ra  ffrAp -ttkS,  t-  \Vnt.  Utni-,  adiI  Gr. 
wa-rVov   (i/ni^..'t»)  =  writtfii,     iiiarkfd    with 

/    •  j-'-f.  •  A  ^T'nns  of  OniptoUtMte  from  thf 

;     ■-  ,■  frouit»(L4>werSiIurlaii). 

I-.U  of  four  siiuple  imuiu- 

-.  springing  from  a  central 

;i^  ruiuifCtiiiK  process,   which 

•    vacU  cikI.     Tlie  ceUiilifcrous 

■..'•I  fiulxlivulf,  :iinl  tlic  l»asc  may 

I  .  .  ■,,-  .   1  t  1  Ml  a  |>rculi;ir  huriiy  disc. 

t  t6t  ra-g^n.  .*.    [Tetrauvxia.I 

/w.  *  Any  imliviilunl  of  the  Tctragynin. 

tdtr^-i^  -1-9,  *.  il.  (Pref.  tetra-,  ami  Gr. 
yvyij  <;Mrir)  =.  a  uoiuaii,  a  female.] 

fh>t.  :  All  (►riff  of  plants  in  Linna-us's  Arti- 
hcial  SvHt^-m.  It  cunslsteil  uf  plants  having 
f.'iir  plstiU.  The  classes  Telrandria,  Tentan- 
-Irin,  Hevamlria.  Heptandria,  Octaudrla,  and 
Polvaudria.  have  each  an  order  IVtragyiiia. 

t^t-rai^^-I-an,   tfi-trife-Jn-ofis.  <(. 

l-t.  :  Haviti;;  f.tur  carp^-1.-'  or  four  btyles. 
tet-ra-lie -dral,  t6t-ra-6 -dral.  o.    (Ik- 

TmtiKI'IC'N.  I 

•  1.  "   r  /.■"-'/.:  Having  four  sides;  cnm- 

p..-..l  ..I  i.-iir  >i<l'->. 

(I)  Uuviiig  the  form  of  tlie  regular  tetra- 
hedri*ii. 

i'2)  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  tetrahedron, 
•T  the  system  of  forms  to  which  the  tetrahe- 
dron belongs. 

tctrabodral-angle,  s. 

':.  ■».:  A  pi 'lyhLnlr.a  angle  having  fourfiaces. 
tetrahe  dral -garnet,  s. 

.'/..  .;  Tile  sauK-  its  Helvixe  (q.v.). 

tet-ra-he-drite,  >-.  [Eng.  tetva}i€dr(p7t) ; 
sutt.  -iU  (Mill.);  iicr.  fahlen,  tetraedrit.] 

Mill. :  A  name  given  to  a  group  of  minerals 
having  ci*usiderable  diversity  in  coinposilii>ii, 
hut  i.resetiting  the  same  general  formula. 
Named  from  tlie  prevailing  tetraliedral  habit 
of  iU*  crystixls.  Crystallization  isometric, 
friMpuMitly  twinned  ;  hardness.  'S  to  4'.'> ;  sp. 
gr.  4*i  to  5*11;  lustre,  metallic;  colour  and 
.-tnak,  steel-gray  to  iron-black  ;  opaque  ;  frac- 
ture. snl»-C"in<.hoidal,  uneven;  brittle.  Compos, 
essentially  a  sulphantimonite  of  copper,  with 
llie  formula  4CuS  -+-  Hh-^-^  ;  but  ill  conse- 
HUcuce  of  part  of  the  copper  being  frequently 
replaced  by  iron,  zinc,  silver,  mercury,  and 
<>,  casiniially  cobalt,  and  part  of  the  antiiuuny 
l>y  arsenic  ami  sometimes  bismuth,  the  general 
formula  is  usually  written  as  4  (Cu,  Fe,  Zn, 
Ag.  Ilg) -+-(«!>,  As,  Bi>..3j.  Dana  divides  as 
follows :  1.  An  autimonial  series ;  2.  an 
arseiiio-antimoiiial  series ;  3.  A  bismutliic- 
arscnid-aniiiMunial  and  an  ai-senical  series,  in 
whicli  tiie  antimony  is  entirely  replaced  by 
arsf-nic.  LTtrNSASTrrE.]  The  varieties  are  :  (1) 
Oiilinary,  contJiining  little  or  no  silver;  ('J) 
argentiferous  =  freibergite  ;  (3)  mercuiifer- 
nris  =  achwatzite,  spaniolite,  and  hcniiesite  ; 
(4)  platiniferoUs.  Fieldite,  aphthonite,  and 
(»ol)telite  (q.v.)  are  sub-species.  An  abundant 
"re  in  many  parta  of  the  world,  sometimes, 
where  rich  in  silTer,  mined  for  that  metal  only. 

tet-ra-he'-dron,  tet-ra-e'-dron,  s.  [Gr. 
Ttrpo  (^c(mj  =  fourfold,  and  «6pa  (/i€t/rn)=a 
1  -ase.  ] 

liexjitt.  :  A  polylie-  A  dron  bounded  by  four 
triangles.  If  tli..  /\  midrlle  points  of 
the  faces  W    ;  pmly  joined,   two 

;tnd    two,    t  I  i  lies  joining 

them  are  t  i  e-lL'es  of  a  se- 

'■ond    teti-ali'  i.,n.    A  regu- 

lar tetrahe-  ^  ton  is  one 

itMvhieh  the-  ,■  Jfc|Y"  liiccs    are 

t-qual  and  /  ^^^HBSk  'equilateral 
triangles.  jQ^^^^^^KSt^''A  If  the 
middle  JI^HHHHIHIm^  points  of 
the  faces  tctkahedbon.  be  joineil 

two  and  two,  tlie 

lines  joining  them  form  the  edges  of  a  regular 
tAtmht-dron.  Ail  regidar  tetrahedrons  are 
similar  solids. 


tit-r^-hfix-a-h© -dral.  .'-  [rt:iiiAiu.\  v- 
HKUKON.]  Having  the  form  of  a  tctrahexa- 
hedron. 

tdt-ra-hSx-a-he'-drdn.  s.     [Pref.  Mra-, 

and  t'lig.  lu-j^ih^'hrni  (q.v.).]  A  S(did  Lounde<l 
bv  twentv-four  equal  faces,  four  correspond- 
ing to  pach  face  of  the  cube.  Also  called  a 
Tetrakishexahedron. 

t  Wt-rar-kis-liSx-^-lie'-drdn,  •'.   [Gr.  tct- 

p(ix«  (MniAi.^)^  fjur  times,  and  Eng.  >ux"- 
hnlion.]     [Ti;rHAin:.\AHt;DKox.] 

t6"tT&l-6-eft  -*.  (Gr.  T*TpoAoYia  (tetmlogia), 
U"U\  TtTpa-  (tttm-)  =  four,  and  Ad-yos  ilogos)  = 
a  discourse  ;  Fr.  tetmlogie.] 

Greek  Dntvia:  The  name  given  to  a  collec- 
tion of  f<mr  dramatic  compositions— a  tri- 
logy (q.v.)  and  a  satyric  piece — exhibited  to- 
getlier  on  the  Athenian  stage  for  the  prize 
given  at  the  festival  of  Bacchus.  ISatvric,  11.] 
The  expression  tctraology  is  sometimes  ap- 
l»lied  by  modern  authors  to  a  series  of  four 
connected  plays. 

"TIiU  woiiM  give  lis  twenty-seveii  tetralogies  or 
Olio  Imiitlreil  juiil  eight  \>\i\ys: —DonaUUon :  Theatre 
o/th9  Urcekt,  |>.  113. 

tet-ra-loph'-o-don,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-;  Gr. 
Ad'^o?  {l»j>hv.s)  =  a  crest,  and  sulf.  -odon.] 

l\dcfo)it.  :  A  section  of  the  genus  Mastodon 
marked  otf  by  Falconer,  from  the  fact  that 
the  molars  are  four-ridged.  The  section  is 
rei)resented  in  the  Miocene  and  Pliocene  of 
Ktirope,  in  the  Siivalik  strata. 

tet-ra-loph'-o-dont,  a.  [Tetralophodon.I 
Of  o"r  belonging  to  section  Tetralophodou  ; 
possessing  four-ridged  molars. 

"  Tetralopkodimt  types  of  the  genus  ftpijear  to  hnve 
been  repieseuted  in  the  Mioceue  iieriod.  '—yicholmn  : 
Palaontotogy,  iL  aST. 

te-tr^im'-er-a»  s.  pi.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
fte'po?  {mcros)  =  a  part.) 

Zooh  :  In  Latreille's  classification,  a  section 
of  the  Coleopteia  (q.v.).  They  are  distin- 
guished by  the  atrophy  of  the  fourth  tarsal 
joint  in  ail  the  feet,  so  that  they  have  only 
four  freely  articulating  joints.  Tlie  atrophied 
joint  is  generally  extremely  niiimte,  and  con- 
cealed in  the  deep  notch  of  the  third  joint, 
which,  in  the  majority  of  the  species,  is  bi- 
lobed  and  clothed  beneath  with  a  brush  of 
nnnute  hairs.  The  section  includes  more  than 
a  third  of  the  whole  order,  and  all  the  species 
are  vegetable-feeders. 

te-trim'-er-oiis,  «.    [Tetramera.] 

I.  Ord.  Ijnig.  :  Consisting  of  four  parts; 
characterized  by  having  four  parts. 

II.  Technically  : 

1.  Bot. :  Divided  into  four  parts  ;  having 
four  parts  or  pieces.    (Asa  Gray.) 

2.  Etitom.  :  Of  or  pertaiuiug  to  the  Tetra- 
mera (q.v.). 

te-trim'-e-ter,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-,  aud  fieTpov 
{metron)  —  a  measure,  a  metre.] 

.-Inf.  Pros.  :  A  verse  consisting  of  four 
measures,  that  is,  in  iambic,  trochaic,  and 
auapi^istic  verse,  of  eight  feet ;  in  other  kinds 
of  verse  of  four  feet. 

"  The  first  are  couplets  iiiterchaiiget.1  of  sixteen  aii.l 
fyurteeu  feet,  the  aecoud  uf  equal  tetrameters."— Dr^ty. 
ton  :  Poly-Olbion.  s.  4.    (Seldens  must.) 

tet'-ra-me-thyl,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Eng. 
melhiit.]    Containing  four  atoms  of  methyl.  ^ 

tetramethyl-ethylene^  s. 

Chem.  :  A  crystalline  muss  obtained  by 
heating  to  100'  one  volume  of  ethylenic 
bromide  with  two  volumes  of  inethylie  sul- 
phide. It  is  soluble  in  hot  water  and  alcohol, 
insoluble  iu  ether,  and  is  precipitated  by  ether 
from  its  alcoholic  solution,  in  white  prisms. 

tet'-ra-morpll,  ?.  (Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
Ittopcj)^  (inorphe)=  form,  figure.] 

Christ.  Art:  The  union  of  the  four  attri- 
butes of  the  evangelists  iu  one  figure,  winged, 
standing  on  winged,  fiery  wheels,  the  wings 
being  covered  with  eyes.  It  is  the  type  of 
unparalleled  velocity.    {FairhoU.) 

t  te-tr4n'-der.  >-.    [Tetrandria.] 

Bot. :  Any  individual  of  the  Tttrandria  (q.v.). 

te-trin-drf-a,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  tetra-,  an  I  Gr. 
aiijp  {aner),  genit.  avSpos  (amiros)  =  a  male.] 

Bot. :  The  fourth  class  in  Liunwus's  Artifi- 
cial System.     It  consists  of   plants   having 


four  stamens  of  equal  length.    Orders  :  Mono- 
gyiiia,  Digyiiiii,  and  Tctnigyuia. 

te  -  tr&n  -  drous*    tc-tran'-dri-an,    o. 

[Tetuanpria.) 
Bota  ny : 

1.  {Of  the  form  tetrandrous) :  Having  lour 
stamens  ;  s[)ec.,  having  four  stamens  of  equal 
length. 

2.  (Of  the  form  tctrandrian) :  Of  or  belong, 
ing  t<i  the  Tetraiidria  (q.v.). 

tet'-rane,  s.  [Or.  TcVpa-  (tetra-)  in  comp.  = 
four;  sutr.  -niicl    [Hutank.] 

tet'-rant,  s.  [Gr.  T€'Tpa-(/(/ra-)=four.]  One 
of  the  four  equal  parts  into  whicli  the  area  of 
a  circle  is  divided  by  two  diameters  draw  u  at 
riglit  angles  to  each  other.    (H'eak.) 

te-tran'-ther-a,  s.  [Pref.  tctiia)-,  sxnd  Gv. 
a.i'0i]p6s  (antki:ro^'j=  blooming.] 

Bot.  :  \  genus  of  Laumceie  (q.v.).  Tree.'-^ 
mostly  from  the  Ea.st,  witli  feather-veined 
leaves  and  umbels  of  generally  dicecious 
flowers,  surrountled  by  bracts.  The  fruit  of 
Tctranthera  Eoxburghii  yields  a  fatty  exuda- 
tion. The  fruit  of  T.  laiirifolia,  a  moderate- 
sized  Indian  and  Javanese  tree,  yields  an  oil. 
The  seeds  of  T.  vtonopetala,  also  an  Indian 
tree,  furnish  an  oil  used  for  ointment  and  for 
candles.  Tlie  oil  from  the  berries  of  T.  laiiri- 
folia is  used  in  rheumatism,  the  bark  saturated 
in  water  or  nulk  is  applied  to  bruises.  It  is 
gi\-eu  internally  in  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  &c. 
The  tree  has  a  fine  wood.  The  bark  of  T.vwno- 
petala  is  mildly  astringent  aud  has  balsamic 
properties.  It  is  used  mediciually  like  the 
oil  from  the  former  species. 

te-tran'-y-chiis,  5.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
6vv$  (n)iii.L),  genit.  oi-v^os  (onuchon)  =  a  claw.] 
Zoul.  :  A  genus  of  Trombidiidis.  Tetranii- 
chus  telariiis  is  the  Red  Spider  (q.v.).  i\ 
gktber  is  found  under  stones  in  damp  places, 
and  T.  lapidum  under  stones  and  on  plants. 

tet'-ra-6,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  TETpawi-  (tetrnvii) 
=  the  blackcock.] 

1.  Ornith. :  The  type  genus  of  Tctraoninn- 
(q.v.),  with  seven  species,  from  the  uoitherii 
parts  of  Paljearctic  and  Nearctic  regions  ;  but 
in  some  localities  where  they  were  foiinerly 
abundaut,  they  now  exist  in  greatly  reduced 
numbers,  and  in  some  places  have  become 
extinct.  Bill  strong,  upper  mandible  curved, 
head  slightly  crested,  feathers  of  the  chin 
elongated  and  pointed,  tarsi  completely 
covered  with  hair-like  feathers. 

2.  Palwont. :  From  the  Post-pliocene  of 
Italian  ca^■es. 

te-tra'-o-don,  ^.    [Tetrodon.] 

tet-ra-6-gal'-lus,  5.  [Mod.  Lat.  tetrao,  and 
gallns.] 

Ornith. :  Snow-partridge  ;  a  genus  of  Perdi- 
cina,  with  four  species,  ranging  from  the 
Caucasus  and  Himalayas  to  the  Altai  Moun- 
tains. Bill  short,  broad  at  the  base,  with  tii> 
curved  ;  head  plumed  ;  tarsi  naked,  shoi-tei 
than  middle  toe,  iu  tlie  males  armed  with 
strong  spur;  hallux  raiseil,  short;  wings 
with  secoud  and  third  quills  longest ;  tail 
broad,  rounded. 

te-tra-o-nid,  a.  &,  s.    [Tetraonid-e.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Tetra- 
onida-  (q.v.). 

B.  As  sHbst. :  One  of  the  family  of  Tetra- 
onidie. 

tet-ra-6n'-i-dsB,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  tetrao. 
genit.  tetraon{is);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sufl'. 
-ida'.] 

Ornith.  :  A  family  of  Gallinae,  or  Game 
Birds,  with  four  sub-families,  Tetraonina-. 
Perdicinae,  Odontophorin*,  and  Pteroclina- 
(often  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  family).    The 

..  Tetraonidae  include  the  Grouse,  Partridges, 
Quails,  and  allied  forms.  Wallace  (Geog.  List. 
Anim.,  ii.  338)  considers  that  they  are  essen- 
tially denizens  of  the  great  northern  con- 
tinents, and  that  their  entrance  into  South 
America,  Australia,  and  South  Africa  is,  com- 
paratively speaking,  recent.  They  have  de- 
veloped into  forms  equally  suited  to  the  trop- 
iciil  plains  and  the  arctic  regions,  some  of 
them  being  among  the  few  denizens  of  the 
extreme  north  as  well  as  of  tlie  highest  alpine 

_  snows.  He  puts  the  genera  at  twenty-nine 
and  the  species  at  120.    [Tetrad.] 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father:   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go.  pot, 
or.  wore.  W9II,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU;  try,  Syrian.    «.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  d'i  =  kw. 


tetraoninse— tetricous 


tet-ra-o-ni'-nae,  s.  r^.  iMod.  Lat.  trtmu, 
geiiit.  tetmoniis);  Lat.  teni.  pi.  adj.  sutV.  -ino:] 
Ornith. :  The  typical  suh-family  of  the 
Tetraonidie  (q.v.),  chielly  tVoiii  the  northern 
parts  of  the  Pahi-aretic  and  Xeaictic  reginn.s, 
with  the  fallowing  gt-ncra  :  Tctrao,  Bonasa, 
Centrocercus,  Dendragopus,  Caiiaoe,  Falci- 
peniiis,  Pediocactes,  Cupidonia,  and  Lagopvis. 
They  are  rather  large  iu  size,  lieavy  in  body, 
with  small  heads,  the  nasal  lossie  tilled  with 
feathers  concealing  the  nostrils  ;  neck  moder- 
ately long;  wings  short,  rounded,  and  con- 
cave beneath ;  stout  legs  and  feet ;  toes  with 
pectinations  of  scales  along  the  edges,  hind 
toe  elevat-ed  above  the  plane  of  the  rest ; 
Ursi  covered  with  feathers,  in  Bonasa  par- 
tially, in  Lagopus  to  the  rlaws. 

te-tra'-6-nyx,  5.    tTm-RANvc-Hus.] 

Zool.  :  An  Asiatic  genus  of  Eniydai ;  having 
five  toes,  but  one  on  each  foot  witlunit  a  nail. 
Tw'enty-tive  marginal  scales.  Species,  Tetm- 
onyx  lessonii  and  T.  huskn. 

tet-ra-6-pha'-sis,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  tetmo,  and 
Lat.  ;>/«tsis-.]    [Pheasant.] 

Ornith.:  Lophopkorns  ohscurus ;  often  made 
a  separate  genus  of  the  sub-family  Lopho- 
phorime  (q.v.),  connecting  the  Phasianiufe 
with  Tetraogallus,  and  so  with  the  Perdiciiite. 
This  bird  was  discovered  by  Pere  David  in 
Tibet,  and  described  by  him.  General  colour 
brown,  marked  with  darker  shades;  bare  skin 
of  face  red,  tarsi  and  feet  horn-colour.  The 
sexes  are  alike  in  plumage ;  female  destitute 
of  spurs. 

tet-ra-pet'-al-oiis.    a.      [Pref.   tetra-,    and 
Eui;'  i>clahn(s(ii.v.),} 
Lot. :  Having  four  petals. 

■■  AU  the  terra pt'ttiloiii  siliquoHC  plants  are  alkales- 
ceut,' — Arbuthnot. 

tet  -  r  a  -  phar'  -  ma  -  con,  tet  -  ra  -  phar '  - 

xna-CUm,  -'^.     [VvrW  /•ti-"-,  and  Gr.  liiapfiaKoi' 

{ pha  nni'h'ni)  =  i\ih-\.\s.]  A  cnnibinatinn  of  wax, 
ii'siii,  lard,  anil  pitch,  composing  an  oiutuK-nt. 

tet-ra-phe'-nol,  s.     [Pref.  tdra-,  and  Eng. 
j.hcnuL] 

Chenu  :  C4H4O.  A  neutral,  colourless  liquid, 
obtained  by  distilling  the  pyrunmcates  with 
soda-lime.     It  boils  at  32°. 

tet-ra-phyl'-ine,  .■?.    [Pref.  Mm- ;  Gr.  i^uA»j 
(phn'lc)  =  a  stem,  suff.  -inc  (jl/f/?.).] 
Mlii. :  The  same  as  Triphylite  (q.v.). 

te-tr3>ph'-yl-lous»  c    [Pref.  tiira-,  and  Gr. 

4>vA\ov  {,ihn!h>,i)  -u  leaf.] 
l:<'t.  :  llaviui-;  four  leaves. 

tet'-ra-pla,  5.    [Gr.  TCTpuirAdos  (tcti-oploos)  = 

louriold;  Fr,  tctraple.] 

.iwred  Literature :  An  edition  of  the  whole 
nr  a  part  of  the  Scriptures  in  four  iiarallel 
columns ;  specif.,  an  edition  of  the  Greek 
Testament  compiled  by  Origen,  containing 
the  versions  of  Aquila,  Symmachus,  the  Sep- 
tuagint,  and  Theodotion.     [Hexapla.] 

tet-ra-pleu'-ra,  5.    [Pref.  tdra-,  and  Gr. 
n-Aeupoi'  (jWf»m*()'=a  rib.] 
Dot.  :  A  genus  of  Eiunimoseie. 

tet-rap-neu'-mo-nes,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  tctra-, 
and  Gr.  Tn-evfj^oves  (piieitinones)  =  the  lungs.] 

Zool. :  Four-lunged  Sjtiders,  a  tribe  of 
Araneida,  with  a  single  family,  Mygalidie 
(q.v.).  There  ai-e  two  pairs  of  lung-sacs  and 
two  pairs  of  spinnerets,  and  the  claws  of  the 
falces  bend  downwards. 

tet-rap-neu-mo-ni-an,  s.  [Tetrapneu- 
MONES.J  Any  individual  of  tlie  tribe  Tetra- 
pneuniones  (q.v.). 

tet'-ra-pod,  s.  [Gr.  rirpo.-  {tdra-)  =  four,  and 
TTou?  (i"ii'*))  genit.  7ro565  {podos)  =  a  foot.]  A 
four-footed  animal,  especiallyan  insect  having 
only  four  perfect  legs,  as  certain  Lepidoptera. 

t  tet-ra-p6d-ich'-nite,  s.    [Eng.   tetrapod, 

and  ic'luiite  (q.v.).] 

Pala'oat.  :  The  footprint  of  a  four-footed 
animal  left  on  the  rocks. 

'  te-trS.p'*6-dy,  s.  [Tetrapod.]  A  series  of 
four  feet ;  a  measiu'e  or  distance  of  four  feet. 

Tet-ra-pol'-i-tan,  a.  [Gr.  TerpaTroAt?  (tdra- 
pnUs)  =  of  or  ^\'th  i"ur  cities.]  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  four  towns.     (See  coniiiound.) 


Tetrapolitan  Confession,  -. 

Siimbollc  Books :  Tlie  Confession  of  Faith 
presented  to  the  Diet  of  Augsburg  in  lO.sn  by 
the  rei>resentatives  of  the  cities  ol  Constance, 
Lindau,  Menuningen,  and  Strasburg.  It  was 
the  same  as  the  Confession  of  Augsburg, 
except  in  a  minute  verbal  difference  in  the 
part  relating  to  the  Eucharist. 

tet-ra-p6'-ma,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-,  ami  Gr. 
jrw/ia*  (iioma)  =  a.  lid,  a  cover;  so  named 
because  the  ca]isule  is  four-valved.I 

Dot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tetraponiida- 
(q.v.).  Pouch  one-celled,  four-valved  ;  with 
four  rows  of  seeds.  Plants  from  Siberia  and 
Xorth-western  America. 

tet-ra-po-mi-dse,  s.  pL    [Mod.  Lat.  tetra- 

voi,i(,<');    L;it.  feni.  pi.  ad.i.  SUff.  -u/fC] 

Ikit. :  A  family  of  Pk-urorliizeie  (q.v.). 

tet-ra-pri-6-nid'-i-an,  n.  [Pref.  tctra; 
and  diniin.  from  Gr.  npitav  {prion)  =  a.  saw.] 

Zoo}.  :  A  term  applied  to  all  the  forms 
grouped  under  Phyllograptus  (q.v.),  in  whicli 
the  polypary  is  leaf-like  in  shape,  and  con- 
sists of  four  rows  of  cellules  placed  back  to 
back. 

tet-ra-pro'-to-don,  s.  [Pref.  tetra- ;  Gr. 
TrpwTos  (;M'fVn,v)—  tirst, and  o6ous(oc?oi£s), genit. 
ofio^Tos  {iidontos)  —  a  tootlu] 

Fahcont.  :  A  genus  of  Hi]ipopotaniidfe,  or  a 
sub-genus  of  Hippojiotainus.  The  group  is 
distinguished  from  Hexai-rotodon  (q.v.),  by 
having  only  four  lower  incisors.  It  thereftn-e 
includes  the  fossil  species  from  the  Pliocene 
and  Post-Pliocene  of  Europe,  and  tlie  living 
Hippopotamus  ampJiibius. 

te-trap'-ter-an,  s.  [Pref.  tctra  =  four,  and 
Gr.  TrT«p6i'(7'^To»)  =  a  wing.]  An  insect  which 
lias  f(mr  wings,  the  normal  number,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  dipteran  and  an  apteran. 

te-trap'-ter-oiis,  a.  [Tetkapteran.]  Having 
four  wings  or  processes  resembling  wings. 
(Used  chiefly  in  botany.) 

te-trap'-ter-iis,   5.      [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 

Trrepor  (pteron)  =  a  tin.] 

I'ahi'xnt. :  A  genus  of  Xiphiiilfe  (q.v.),  from 
the  Clialk  nf  Lewes  and  Maestricht  and  the 
London  Clay  of  Sheppey. 

tet'-rap-tdte,   s.      [Gr.   reTpaTrrajTos  (tetraptci- 
tns)  ~  with    four  granimaticiU   cases  :   TeVpa- 
{tc(ra-)  =  four,  and  TTTio-is  (ptosis)  =  a  case.] 
Gram.  :  A  noun  which  has  four  cases  only. 

tet -ra,-py- ten -oils,  a.    [Pref.  tetra-,  and 
Gr.  TTvpvji'  {pnrt'ii)=  the  stone  of  stone-fruit.] 
Eot. :  Having  four  stones. 

tetraquetrous  (as  te-tr^k'-we-tr&s),  a. 

[Fret,  fdrti-,  and  Lat,  7i«f(/f'«^(;;  =  square] 
Lot. :  Having  four  angles  or  sides. 

te  -trarch,  "  tet'  -rarch,  ^  tet-rark, 
*  tet^rarck,  ■'•■.  &  a.  [Lat.  tdntrdta,  from 
Gr.  TCTpapxTjs  (tetranhes)=a.  tetrarch,  from 
TeVp-  {tdr-),  for  rcTpa-  (tetra-)  =  four,  and 
apxw  {archo)  =  to  rule  ;  Fr.  tctrarque.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  Roman  governor  of  the 
fourtli  part  of  a  province ;  a  subordinate 
prince  or  governor;  apettyprinceorsnvereign. 

•■  While  kings  iiiid  tctyarclm  proud,  a  ]iurple  train  .  ,  . 
Pussess'd  tlie  rising  gromids  mkI  drier  i/miu." 

Rotoe:  Lucnn  ;  Phursalia  vii. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Four  principal  or  cliief : 
as,  (f^mrc/t  elements.     {Fuller.) 

*  te'-tr arch-ate,  tet'-rarck-ate,  s.  [Eng. 
tdnnxh  ;  -ate.)  The  district  under  a  Roman 
tetrarcli ;  the  jurisdiction  of  a  tetrarch;  a 
tetrarchy. 

*  tet-rar'-chic-gil,  a.  [Gr.  TerpapxiKos  {tetrar- 

diikos),  fri'm  Terpapx^s  {tetrarchcs)  =  a  te- 
trarch.] Of  or  pertaining  to  a  tetrarcli  or 
tetrarchy. 

"The  patriarchs  )iad  a  sort  of  tctrarchicaJ,  or 
ethiinrchical  n\i.t\\oxity. "— BoUngbroke :  Aitthorttn  in 
finlillion,  §  32, 

tet'-rar-chy,  *  tet-rar-chie,  s.  [Fr. 
tHrar'diie,  from  Lat.  tctrardiia ;  Gr.  Terpapxtot 
(tdrardiia).^     A  tetrarchate  (q.v.). 

"  There  is  a  goveruiueiit  or  tetrarvhlc  tiXav.  but  out 
of  theiiuarter  of  LycHoiim.  ou  thnt  site  that  horderetb 
upon  G-alatia. ■■—/■.  Bollund:  Plinic.  bk.  v..  ch.  xxvii. 

tet-ra-rhjf^n'-chus,  s.     [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
pu7X05  {rl(iii)fldins)  =  tlie  snout.] 
Zo"/. ;  A  genusof  Plathelinintha.  Tapeworms 


with  four  proboscis-like  tenLiclcH,  thickly  set 
with  iiookltts  retracted  near  Ihesuckern. 

tet-rgi-sep  -9.-I0US, «.  [Pref.  tdra-,  and  Eng. 

scpidous  (q.v.),] 
Bof.  :  Having  four  sepals. 

*  tet-ra-Sp&S'-tdn,  s.  [Pref.  tdra',  and  Gr. 
ffTTaoj  {.■^jx'i',)=  10  draw,  to  pull.)  A  machine 
iu  which  four  pulleys  all  act  together. 

tet-ra-sperm -oiis,    a.     [Pref.   tctra-,   and 
Gr.  (Tirpefia  (^fpcriiio)  =  a  seed.] 
Bot. :  Having  or  producing  four  seeds. 

tet'-r9>-sp6re,  s.      [Pref.    tctra-,  and    Eng. 

^j.'j/-c(q.V.).J 

Bot.  (PL):  Little  clusters  of  s])ores,  generally 
foiu-.  rarely  eight ;  one  of  two  forms  of  fructi- 
licatum  fnund  in  the  Rhodosperniea*  (q.v.). 

tet'-ra-sp6r-ic,  «-     [Eng.  tdraspor(e);  -ic] 

B'.it.  :  Composed  of  tetrasi>ores. 

'  te-tr^st  ic,  te-trast  ich,  *  te  trast- 
ick,  *'.  [Gr.  TfTpao-Tixos  (I  I' trad  I  ill  11^),  from 
TCTpo-  (t-^tra-)  =  four,  and  cttixos  (:itidLos)  =  a 
row,  a  verse.]  A  .stanza,  poem,  or  epigram, 
consisting  of  four  verses. 

"  The  titrcis(ii:k  obliged  Spenser  to  extend  hU  Bcuse 
to  the  leiieth  of  four  liues,  \^'hiuh  would  have  beeu 
luore  cluBfly  conlined  in  the  couplet."— Py/Jf. 

te-tr^'-tich-oiis.  a.    [Tetrastic] 

Bot. :  Having  a  four-coniered  spike. 

te-trSs'-to-on,  s.  [Gr.  rerpa-  (tdra-)  =  (om, 
and  (TTod  (stoa)  =  a  portico.] 

Ardi.:  A  courtyard  with  porticoes  or  open 
colonnades  on  each  of  its  four  sides.    (Britten.) 

tet'-ra^Style,  a.  ors.     [Pref.  tetra,  and  Eng. 

s;^/c(q.V.).] 

Ardi.:  Having  or  consisting  of  four 
columns;  having  a  portico  consisting  of  four 
columns,  as  the  Temple  of  Fortuna  Virilis  at 
Rome;  a  portico,  &c,,  consisting  of  four 
columns.  A  cavsedium  was  called  t^trastyle 
when  the  beams  of  the  compluvium  were 
supported  by  columns  placed  over  against  the 
four  angles  of  a  court. 

"  A  mrastyU  of  very  beautiful  Gothic  coluiiius."— 
Defic:  Tour  thro'  Great  llrituhi,  1.^73. 

tet-ra-syl-lab' ic,  tet-ra-syl-lab  ic-al, 

a.     [Pref.  (dia-,  and  Eng.  ■■iiill'diic,  ^-nUabiml 
(q.v,).]     Consisting  of  four  syllables. 

tet'-ra-syl-la-ble,  «.    [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat. 

ti.'trtisijllabus,   from    Gr.    TeTputniAAaySos  (tftTa- 
stillabos).  ]    A  word  consisting  of  foUr  syllables. 

tet'-ra-the'-cal,  a.  [Pref.  tdra-,  and  Gr. 
e^Kt)  (thekc)  =  a  box,] 

Bot.  (Of  a  plant) :  Having  four  cells  in  the 
ovary. 

tet-ra-thi-6n'-ic,  n.  [Pref.  tctra-;  Gr.  Belov 
(tlni'un)  =  sulphur,  and  Eng.  suff. -ic]  Con- 
taining I'tiur  atom.s  of  sulphur. 

tetrathlonic-acid,  ^-. 

Chem. :  H.2S4O1;.  A  colourless,  inodorous, 
very  acid  liquid,  produced  by  the  action  of 
iodine  on  liyposulphltes.  On  being  boiled  it 
is  rapidly  decompo,sed  into  sulphuric  acid, 
sulphurous  acid,  and  sulphur.  The  tetra- 
thionates  are  all  soluble  in  water,  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 

tet-ra-tom'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  tetr(a);  and  Eng. 
atomic  Oi.v.).]     The  same  as  Tetradic  (q.v.). 

tet'-rene,  ^''.     [Gr.  re'Tpa-  (tdra-),  iu  compos. 

=  four  ;  suft",  -cue]     [Butene.] 

tgt-re-thyl'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  tetiia)-,  and  Eng. 
dhiilic.]    Containing  four  parts  of  etbyl. 

tetretby  lie  -  silicate,  .«.     [  Eth  ^■  l-si  li  - 

cate.  ] 

"  tet'-ric,  *  tet'-ric - al,  *  tet- ric - oiis, 
*  tet'-rick,  o.  [Lat.  tdrirus,  from  tder  = 
oHensive,  foul  ;  Fr.  tiiriiiue.]  Froward,  per- 
verse, harsh,  sour,  rugged. 

"  It  is  not  good  to  be  too  tcfricat  and  virulent. 
Kinde  words  make  rough  actions  plaiisiUle."— 
FeUhiim  :  /:i:ii,!i't's.  jit.  i.,  res,  8. 

*  tet'-ric-al-ness,  s.  (Eng.  tctrical ;  -iiess.] 
The  quality  .-rotate  of  being  tetrical;  froward- 
uess,  perverseiicss,  harshness. 

*  te-tri^'-i-ty, 5,    [En^.tetric;  -ity.]  Crabbed- 

ness,  perverseness,  tetricalness. 

*  tet'-ric-ous,  a.    [Tetric] 


boil,  bop-;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die.  -tc.  =  bel,  deL 


it 


tetrodon— Teutonic 


Ur  r^  ddn.  U  tra  Vddn. «.  [Vrrf.  tetm-. 

nml  .4oi«  {'<*t  •<',),  i;vnil.  Worrof  (ix/oi4lw«>  =  a 
t>«<tl.  I 

/  nus  ftf  Tftnwlimtiim. 

,,  I,.  t'  tM-|Kir.tU'  till*  lU'iili- 

liuii  III--  i"i;i  <ii>tiiirt  jM>rti(iii!«.     Mun*  tluui 
ftixty  tprcle«  are  kuonn,  fi\>m  tropicjil  aii>l 

»uli-tl-o|<1- 

caliitM*.  Iti 

■  ollltf      tll< 

il  f  r  III  ti  1 


M'lit  alio-,;'- 

IhiT,    niltl  Ti:tlt->I>i>N    UAKCURITAllS. 

Ill .-%  II  y     u  f 

Uiriu  ;in'  hi>;lily  unuiiiieiitt^l  witli  sjH'ts  (tr 
IsikU.  a  ffw  live  in  liir^:!*  rivers  :  a-,  /W*^ - 
Wuii  luittnrus,  fr*nii  llrezil,  T./iihttkii,  fnuii  the 
Nile  au<l  Went  Afneaii  nvorn,  ami  T.  finviu- 
Ulii,  fmui  linickl>h  Wiiters  ami  livei-n  of  the 
Enst  Iiitllf'^.  T.  h'^iKfiihiilus  lins  Wen  taken 
•  ID  the  c<>a->t  <*{  Cornwall  and  Irvl:iiitl,  the 
tarpTHt  r^cnlitl  bein^  tvvenly-oue  inches  h»ng. 

tfit-r6  ddn-ti-na.  5.  ;>^.     (Mod.  Lat.  fWi"- 
W' I.  ^:rmt.  tet,\ttvit{is);    Lat.  neul,  pi.  adj. 

sun.  -III.!. I 

1.  Ichthfi. :  A  widejy-di.strilmtcd  groui*  of 
GynnicMlonteii.  They  are  marine  Ittthcs.  of 
ni«Mlettito  or  small  ?iize,  fntni  tropical  or  sub- 
tropical seas,  with  a  few  fresh-water  species, 
an-nn;;etl  in  eight  geiient,  of  which  th.-  must 
iniiHirtdnt  are  Tetr<>th>n  (including  Xtn"p- 
lerus)aiid  Ui'nlon.  Tlie  body  is  short,  thick, 
and  eylindrical,  with  well-developed  tins. 
and  covered  with  a  thick,  scaleless  skin,  in 
whieli  spini's  of  various  sizes  are  embedded. 
They  ran  inliate  the  bmly  by  tilling  the  dis- 
tensible lesiiphajjtns  with  air,  and  then  they 
assume  a  nmre  or  less  globularform,  tlo.itiiiL: 
U'lly  upwards,  whence  they  are  called  (WhIm  - 
flshe.H  ;  and  from  their  defensive  spiimus 
armour  th.-y  are  often  known  as  Sea-hedge- 
hogs. When  caidured  they  produce  a  sound, 
pruliaUy  by  the  expulsion  of  air  from  the 
u*sMph:igus.  lionie  of  them  are  highl>  pui- 
s-Hious;  but  as  the  poisonous  qualitits  of 
tlieir  llesh  vary  greatly  in  intensity  in  ditl.-i  -iit 
Hi>eciesaudin  dittbrent  localities,  it  is  probable 
tliat  they  acqr.iro  the  deleterious  properties 
from  their  food,  which  consists  of  corals  and 
hnnl-shelleil  molluscs,  for  erushing  which  the 
bpKul  |K)stcrior  surface  of  their  jaws  is  well- 
ailnpled. 

2.  I'uhvont. :  Fi-oni  the  Eocene  of  Monte 
Bul&i  and  Licata. 

tS-trol'-ic,  p.    IGr.  TtTpa  (fffra-)  =  four  ;  suflf. 
'A'  )i  , ;  Having  four  atoms  of  carbon  iu  the 

tetroUc-acid,  s. 

I  Itrm.  :  C4ll4(.».j.  A  nioimbasic  acid  pre- 
pai-ed  by  heating  ehlor  a  crotonic  acid  with 
alcoholic  potnssic  hydrate  on  the  water-batli. 
dei-.nnposing  the  |K>tasHiuiu  salt  formed  with 
snlphmic  acid,  and  extracting  with  ether.  It 
rr>>tallizes  in  rhombic  tables,  soluble  in  alco- 
hol ;ind  ether,  melts  at  7U"6',  and  boils  at 'JU:;. 

tet-ryl.  «.     W.r.  rerpa   (tftro-)  =  four;  snfT. 

-'/,]      IHITVI    1 

te  tr^l  -amine,  ^■.    (Kug.  tetnji,  and  amine.] 

tet  ryl  ene,   .   w:.-.-.  trfr,,' :  -ene.]  [Hviese.] 

tetrylene  diamine,  >. 

Chfvi.:  C4H,..X.,=X.J<CjJ*^8)"a  base  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  nascent  hydrogen 
ni^.ii  ethylene  cyanide.     It  boils*t  140'*. 

Ut  r^l-en'-ic,  a.    (Eng.  Ufri,}en(e);  -tV.J 

'  /""I.  :  ('"iilaiuin','  tetrjlene. 

tetrylenic  acetate.  .^. 

Vhem.  :  Cd"l*04=(^»{{«>',^  J-O,.  A  cnlour- 
le-ss.  oily  linuicl.  prppan-d"  by  distilling  tetrv- 
lenic  bromide  with  argeulie  acetate.  Insoluble 
ni  water,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  boils 
at  ■200^  and  rea<lil\  d'Tompo>.ed  by  alkalis. 

tetrylenic  alcohol,  ?.     [Bltenkolv- 

tetrylenic-bromlde,  <'. 

a>nn.  :  C4H.^lJr^..     An  oily  liquid  obtained 


bv  mixing  t.-trcni-  with  bromine  vapi'ur.  It 
Ih.jU  at  l.'."i  . 

tetrylenlcchlorlde,  ■>. 

Cliem.:  C^UffCU  A  colourless  oil  obtained 
bv  the  direct  uni<m  of  chlorine  with  tetrene 
in  ditlused  daylight.  It  has  a  sweetish  odour, 
a  burning  tust*',  sp.  gr.  ril'.'  at  26",  boils  at 
\-l:i\  is  insoluble  iu  water,  but  soluble  iu  al- 
cohol ami  ether. 

tdt-I^l-In.  f.    (Eng.  Mryl:  -in.] 

ri.rm  :  The  hvpothelic  i-adiail  derived  froni 
Trtryh-ne  (q.v.). 

tetrylln  triamine,  >-. 

Chan.:  C4HiaX:t=N;;{^*^{}["'  "  A  trintomic 

base  produced  by  the  action  of  nascent  hydro- 
gen on  cyanofoiiii,     Ii  boils  at  170'. 

tdt'ter  (I). '  tet  er, '  tet  ere » *  tet  tar,  >. 

[A.  S.  tct€i;  (uob.  cogn.  with  Icel.  /i7/('  =  to 
shiver,  to  twnikle  ;  Oer.  zlftern  =  to  ti'cml'le ; 
zittrnnal  =a  tetter,  ringworm;  O.  II.  Ger. 
cUaroch,  sitnrm-h ;  i'v.  dartre  ;  Sansc.  thtrttitt 
=  a  tetter.] 

1.  A  cutaneous  disease,  spreading  all  over 
the  body,  and  causing  a  tnjublcsome  itching  ; 

herpes  (q.V.).      (rSCALL,  %.] 

2.  A  name  vaguely  applied  to  several  cu- 
taneous diseases. 

"  Suffer  tlie  eniinfes  tniigiiH;;e,  as  it  were  .1  tettnr  or 
riiigworme,  ti>  hiirlHir  U  .sclfe  witliiii  the  i-iwcs  tit 
Eiiylish  i<m<ineTvr&:'—l/oliiishcd:  Dvarriiit.  Irdaiid. 
ill.  i. 

tetter-berry,  .-■. 

Vol.:  Jiriioiiia  dioiat.  So  named  because  it 
cures  tetters.  (I'rior,)  But  in  Hampshiic 
children  think  that  the  juice  applied  to  the 
sUin  will  produce  tetter.    (Britten  d:  IloUaml.) 

•  tef-ter,  v.t.     (Tetter,  s.]    To  affect  with 

letter. 

"  So  shall  my  lunss 
Coin  Honls  till  tlieir  deciiy,  n'^aiust  those  nieazels 
Wlilcli  we  ili^ilniu  should  tftt<-r  us." 

>'haKesji. :  Co7'iolanu$.  iii.  t. 

tet'-ter-tot-ter,  >\    [Tittertotter,  s.  &  v.] 

'  tet'-ter-ous,  o.  [Eng.  Uiicr^  s. ;  -njts.] 
Havini,'  til'-  rliaiacter  or  nature  of  tetter; 
allcctrd  with  tetter. 

tet -ter-w6rt,  .«.    [Eng.  tttter,  and  vorK    So 
naiiicil  liecatise  it  cures  tetters.    (/'/■((>/■.)] 
/■"/.  .*  Chdldomuui  majus. 

tet-ti-gon'-i-a,  s.  [Lat..  from  Gr.  rcTTiyovCa 
(ft-tti>jonia)  =  a*  small  cricket  cr  grasshopper.] 
Entom. :  A  genus  of  Jassidai  (q.v.),  with 
very  numerotts  si>ecies,  chiefly  from  America. 
The  distance  between  the  ocelli  and  the  ocelli 
and  the  eyes  equal.  There  is  one  British 
species,  Tcttiffonia  viridis. 

*  tet-ti-g6-ni'-a-d8B,  s.  j)/.  [Lat.  tetti- 
9"'n('i):  Lat.  fein.  pi.  a<lj.  suff.  -adtc] 

Etitom. :  An  old  family  of  Homoptera,  now 
merged  in  Jassidie. 

'  tet'-tisll,  ".  [Fr.  ^■/(■  =  a  head;  cf.  test}t.] 
Testy,  peevish,  ci-abbed,  tetchy. 

"  Tliis  roeue.  if  he  h«il  heen  sober,  sure  had  beaten 
iiie,  he  IS  the  must  rrrf(>/t  kiia.ve."—Bcatim.  *  Flet  ■ 
ICff  without  Jlonvff,  V. 

"tet-t3?-,  ('.    [Tettish.]    Irritable,  tetchy. 


teuch,  teugh.  (^   [Touoh.]   Tough.  (Scotch.) 

"Unco  thick  ill  the  soles,  ns  ye  mi\y  weel  niiiid.  for 


_..^„  i„,,.n.  Ill  iiic  auirs.  Hs  ye  may  weei  miiui.  lor 
liy  iwiiig  teut-h  111  the  upper  leather,"— .Vcoff  .■  Olil  iloi- 
tnltty,  ch.  xwjii. 


teu'-^rin,s.    [Mod.  Lat.  teuaXium);  -in.] 
Client.  :    C._,,H240ii.     A  glucoside  obtained 
from    Teucriiim  fniticam^.     Nitric   acid   coti- 
Acrts  it  into  a  crystallized  acid  having  the 
composition  CgHgOs. 

teu'-cri-um,  5.      (Lat.    tevcrion,  from  Gr. 
Ttuxpioc  (f'.-i'!., ■;„!()=  a  kind  of  germander.] 

Bot.:  Germander:  a  genus  of  Labiat;e,  tribe 
A.iugeic.  Calyx  tubular,  tive-toothed,  nearly 
equal,  or  twodipped  ;  upi»er  lip  of  the  corolla 
bipartite,  the  lower  one  patent,  three-cleft  ■ 
stnmens,  nnich  exserted.  Known  species 
eighty-six,  from  temperate  and  warm  coun- 
tne-J.  Tliree  are  British  :  Teucriina  Smrodonio 
the  Wood,  T.  t^cordium,  the  Water,  and  T 
l^'^'riis,  the  Cut-leaved  annual  Germander 
The  last  may  be  onlv  a  colonist.  A  fourth 
species,  T.  Chaviixdrys,  the  Wall  Germander 
IS  a  garden  escape. 


teud-op'-sis,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  teittliis,  and  Gr. 
(jilts'  ("i'iis)  =  apiMjarance.] 

I'td'coitt.:  A  genus  of  TeuthiiLv,  or  a  sub- 
genus of  Loligo,  with  live  species,  from  tlie 
Upper  Lias  and  Oolite  of  France  an*!  Wur- 
teiiiberg.  Pen  like  Loligo,  but  dilated  and 
spatnlate  behind. 

teu  -thi  dae,  s  ;>?.  [Mod.  Lat.  tevtk(i^):  Lat. 
ten;,  ]'l.  .idj,  sutl.  •ido:] 

1.  Zool. :  Calamnrics,  Squids  ;  a  family  of 
Dibranchiate  Cephalopods,  section  Octoporla. 
Boily  elongated  ;  fins  short,  broad,  and  mostly 
terminal ;  shell  horny,  consisting  of  a  shaft 
and  two  lateral  expansions  or  wings.  There 
are  eighteen  genera,  very  widely  distributed, 
which  D'Orbigny  divided  into  two  sub-fa- 
milies: Myo]Ksid"fe  (having  the  eyes  covered 
with  skin)  and  Oigopsid;e  (having  the  eyes 
nuked,  lins  terminal  and  united,  formtni;  a 
rhomb). 

2.  I'aUroiit. :  The  family  appears  first  in  the 
Lias. 

teu-thid'-i-dse,  s.  J»/.  [Mod.  Lat.  Uuthls, 
genit.  leuthid{L<)  ;  Lat.  feni.  jd.  .idj.  sutf.  -ida:] 
Ichthy :  A  family  of  Acanlhopterygii  Per- 
ciformes,  with  a  single  genus.  [Teithis.J 
Body  oblong,  strongly  compressed,  covered 
with  small  scales;  lateral  line  continuous; 
one  dorsal,  the  spinous  iwrtiou  being  the 
more  develojied ;  anal  with  seven  spines  : 
ventrals  llioracic,  with  an  outer  and  an  innei 
spine,  with  three  soft  rays  between. 

teu'-this,  ?.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  Tcufli's  (teiithis)  = 
a  stjuiil.] 

Ichfh'i. :  The  sole  genus  of  the  family  Ten- 
thidida-  (q.v.),  with  about  thirty  sjiecies  from 
tlie  ludo-Pacitic.  Tliey  are  small  herbivonms 
fishes,  rather  more  than  a  foot  long. 

teut'-lose,  s.  [Gr.  revrXov  (teutlon)  =  heet  ; 
sutr.  -ose.j 

Chem.  :  A  kind  of  sugar  resembling  glucose, 
said  to  exist,  under  certain  circumstances,  in 
the  juice  of  beet.     (JVatts.) 

Teu'-ton,  s.  [Lat.  Tcidones.]  [Teutoni.  .] 
Originally  one  of  an  ancient  Germai.  tribr, 
conquered  by  the  Romans  under  Marius  in 
B.C.  100  ;  ultimately  applied  to  the  Germanic 
people  of  Europe  generally,  and  now  used  to 
denote  Germans,  Dutch,  Scandinavians,  and 
those  of  Anglo-Saxon  descent,  as  opposed  to 
Celts. 

Teu-ton'-ic,  o.  &  s.  [Lat.  Teutonics,  from 
Teutones,  the  Latinized  forui  of  the  native 
name,  the  original  appearing  in  M.  H.  Ger. 
dxiiiisk  ~  national.]    [Dutch.] 

A,  As  adj.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Teu- 
tons, a  people  of  Germanic  origin  ;  iu  a  wider 
sense  pertaining  to  the  Scandinavians  and 
people  of  Anglo-Saxon  descent,  as  well  as  to 
German  races    proper;    German,    Germanic. 

[TEt'TOSIC-NWTIONS.] 

"  Hence  my  eiiistle— skim  the  deep — fly  o'er 
Yoii  siuuoth  expauae  to  the  Tmronic  shoiv  !  ' 
Cowijey.  Elegj/iv.    (Tniua.) 

B.  As  svhst.  :  The  language  or  language.-, 
collectively  of  the  Teutons.     [Teitonic-lan- 

OUAtJES.] 

Tent  onic -cross, 

//?'•.  .•  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  :i  cross  potent, 
from  its  having  been  the 
original  badge  assigned  Ity 
the  Emperor  Henry  VI.  to 
the  knights  of  the  feutonii  ' 
order  (q.v.). 

Teutonic -lan- 
guages, s.  pi. 

I'liilol. :  A  group  of  allied  languages  belong- 
ing to  the  Aryan,  or  Indo-European  familv. 
The  Teutonic  dialects  may  be  arranged  m 
three  sub-divisions : 

(1)  Loir  German.:  Including  the  Gothic, 
Frisian,  Dutch,  Flemish,  Old  Saxon,  and 
English  tongues. 

(2)  Scandhiavian  :  Including  the  Icelandic. 
Norwegian,  Swedish,  and  Danish  tongues. 

(3;  High  Cennan,  divided  into  three  stages: 
{(()  Old  Hifjh  German,  spoken  in  Upper  or 
South  Germany  from  the  beginning  of  the 
eighth  to  the  ndddle  of  the  eleventh  century  ; 
(6)  Middle  High  German,  spoken  iu  Upper 
Germany  from  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  to 
the  end  of  the  lifteenth  century ;  (c)  Modern 
Hinh  German. 


TEUTONIC-CROSS. 


'^or''  ^;/T<;if  Wu  :^*-  ?"•  '"*''"l  ^'-  ^''-  '•-<'•  --^»-  ">-.  *^-e=  P--e.  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine:  go.  pot. 
or.  wore.  wolf.  worU.  who.  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  oiir.  rule.  ffiU;  try.  Syrian.    ».  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


Teutonicism— texture 


Teutonic -nations.  .>.  pi.    Tlie  diirerent 

llittiiHis  ri'Hip.psiii,;  the  iLMltniiic  r.ico.  Tlu-V 
are  aivia.*a  int.'  tJiit-e  biimciirs  :  (1)  Tho  //(";//( 
(lennan,  iiicliuUii;^  tlu'  'IV-utoiiic  iiili;ibitaiits 
nf  Upper  and  Middle  Oeiiiiaiiy,  Switzerhiud, 
'  iiiid  tlie  yieater  part  of  the  Germans  of 
Hunj^ary  ;  (2)  The  .SaJOKS,  or  Loir  Ikrmans, 
imluiliTi;^  thi-  Frisians,  Low  Germans,  Dutch, 
Fh'iui^h.  and  Kn^lish  ;  i'.i)  The  Scttiuihtiiriai)!i, 
iiitltidjiiu'  I'chuulers,  Norwegians,  Swedes, 
and  LKiiiis. 

Teutonic- order,  s.  A  military  religious 
order  "f  kin;^Iit.s,  established  towards  the 
close  of  the  twelfth  century,  ill  imitation  of 
the  Templars  and  Hospitallers.  It  was  eom- 
iwsed  cliietly  of  Teutonic  crusaders,  and  was 
csfciblished  in  the  Holy  Land  for  charitable 
linr|ioses.  It  gradually  attained  to  high 
power,  but  began  to  decline  in  the  tifteentli 
century,  and  was  tinatly  abulished  by  Na- 
poleon in  18011. 

Teu-ton'-i-^ism,  s.  [Eng.  Teutonic:  -ism.] 
ATeiitoLiic  i'iiiiui  or  espressiou ;  aGennanisni. 

Teu-ton-ism,  s.      [Eng.   Teuton:   -ism.]    A 

Tiutnm.  iMu(q.v.). 

"  A  rtfre-liing absence  of  Teittonhtna  from  Ins  reii- 
deiiiij  uf  tills  famous  corre9i>oiiiIeuce."— Sf.  Ja}nci's 
liau-tn;  Dec.  22,  ISSC. 

Teu'-ton-ize,  vJ.  &  f.     fEng.  Teuton  ;  -i^e.] 

A.  Trans.:  To  make  Teutonic  or  German  ; 
to  make  conformable  to  German  idiom  or 
analogies. 

B.  Intmns. ;  To  coaforin  to  GeTman  cus- 
toms, idioms,  &c. 

tew  (ew  as  u)  (1).  r.t.  ^  i  [A.S.  tav'ian  = 
t'l  taw,  to  work,  tv  beat.) 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  work  :  to  jirepare  by  working;  to  be 
actively  employed  about ;  to  fatigue.    (Proi:) 

*  2.  To  pull  about,  to  tease,  to  tumble  over. 

"  Do  nut  Anger  'era  .  .  . 
Tliey  will  so  tew  you  eUe  '* 

Beaton.  Jc  I-'M.  :  PU-jn'm.  iv.  G. 

3.  To  beat,  work,  or  press,  as  hemp,  leather, 
&e. ;  to  taw. 

*  4.  To  dress,  to  treat. 

"Within  here,  h'lia  m.iile  the  gayest  sport  with  Tom 
the  caichinaa,  8<j  teired  him  \\\i  with  R;ick  that  he  lies 
la^hiiijj  a  butt  of  Malmste  for  his  ianxe%.  —Deaum.  .(■ 
/7c^  -■  IVit  without  Money,  iij. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  labour. 

*  tew  (ew  as  ii)  (2),  r.t.  (Toav.  r.]  To  tow, 
to  drug,  to  pull  along. 

"  The  iji'OLlly  river  Lee  he  wisely  <1i(l  divide. 
By  which   the   Danes  had  then  their  full-fraught 
ua\  ie3  teic'd."  brayton  :  Poly-Olbion.  a.  12. 

tew  (ew  as  u)  (1),  5.  [A.S.  tfnfa  =  instru- 
ments, tuuls.]    .Materials  for  anything. 

tew  (ew  as  u)  (2),  s.  [Taw  (-2),  v.]  An  iron 
chain  :  a  rope  or  ehain  tor  towing  or  dragging 
anything  along,  as  a  vessel,  a  boat,  or  the 
likV-. 

tew  -el  (ew  as  u),  *  tew-ell,     tu-ill,  ?. 

[O.  l-'I.  tiiii'I,  ttieil:  Fr.  tin/aii.] 

1.  A  pipe,  a  chimney,  a  funnel. 

■'  In  the  iKurk  of  the  forge,  against  the  fire-place,  19 
fixed  a  thick  iron  plate,  and  a  taper  pipe  in  it  ahove 
tive  iiiL-hes  lonp,  called  a  fcwel,  or  tt-wel  iron,  which 
comes  through  the  hack  of  the  forge;  iuti,>  this  fejrt/ 
is  pliiceC  the  bellows." — Moxon. 

2.  The  same  as  Tuyere  (q.v.). 

tew  -ins  (ew  as  u),  yr.  jxtr.  or  a.  (Tew  (1),  v.] 

te  wing-bee  tie.  s.  A  spade-shaiH?d  in- 
strnimiil  luv  beating  hemp,  tewing,  touselintr, 
tawiii.',  or  teasing  bi-ing  yet  existing  terms 
for  tin-  wnrking  by  pulling  and  beating. 

tew-taw  (ew  as  u),  r.t.  [A  reduplieation 
of  tiir;  v.,  or  tev  (1),  v.]  To  beat  or  break,  as 
hemp  or  ilax  ;  to  taw. 

'"The  method  and  wv^y  of  watering,  pilling,  hreak- 
iug.  and  tetptniohtij  of  hemp  nud  flax,  is  a  particular 
business.' —J/oi-ri  Hi  er. 

tex'-a-lite,  5.     [After  Texas,  Pennsylvania, 
wlu-fe  found,  and  Gr.  Ai'flos  {}ithos)  —  a  stone  ; 
Ger.  tr.r.ilith.] 
M'ni.  :  The  same  as  Brvcite  (q.v.). 

Tex  -an,  <i.    [See  def.] 

(ko'j. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Texas,  formerly 
l^rt  of  the  Stat*  of  Coaliuila  in  Mexico,  but 
which,  deelaring  its  independence  on  Slarch  2, 
1830,  and  vindicating  it  the  same  year  in  battle, 
I>ecame  in  Dec,  lS4a,  a  State  of  the  American 
Union. 


Texan  shrew-mole.  -. 

Zool.  :  Sralops  latimanus,  from  Mexico  au'l 
Texas.  Hair  black,  long,  thin,  slightly  crisped  ; 
feet  larger  and  broader  than  in  any  other 
species  of  the  genus. 

tex'-a^-ite,  ';.  [After  Texas,  Pennsylvania, 
where  tirst  found  ;  sutf.  -ite  (Min.).~\ 

Min.  :  An  amorphous  mineral  found  in 
crusts,  sometimes  manimillary,  also  massive  ; 
hardness,  3  to  3*2i  ;  sp.  gr.  2"57  to  2"0l> ; 
lustre,  vitreous  ;  colour  and  streak  enit-rald- 
green  ;  biittle.  Compos.  :  carbonic  acitl,  11*7  ; 
protoxide  of  nickel,  J9--t :  water,  2S-'.»  =  100. 
Occurs  mostly  associated  with  chromite. 

text.  "  texte,  .«.  [Fr.  texte  =  a  text,  the 
original  words  or  subject  of  a  liook,  from  Lat. 
(ej^(m=that  whieli  is  woven,  a  fabric,  the 
style  of  an  author,  a  text ;  prop,  neut.  sing. 
of  te.it us,  pa.  par.  of  texo  =  to  weave.] 

1.  Adiscom-se,  composition,  or  subject  upon 
which  a  note  or  commentary  is  written  ;  tlie 
original  words  of  an  author  as  distinguished 
from  a  paraphitise  or  commentary. 

"  For  in  plain  text,  withonteii  nede  of  glose. 
Thuu  hast  translated  the  Roniauut  oi  the  Rose  '" 
Chaucer:  Legmtle  of  Oood  Women.    (Prol.) 

2.  A  verse  or  i>assage  of  Scripture,  especially 
one  selected  as  the  theme  of  a  sermon  or  dis- 
course. 

'■  In  religioD 
\Vh.at  error,  but  some  aoher  hruw 
Will  bless  it.  and  approve  it  with  n  teitf" 

Shakesp. :  Merchant  of  Vcnk^,  iii.  2. 

Tf  It  is  said  that  the  tirst  ecclesiastic  who 
preached  from  a  text  in  England  was  Stephen 
Langton,  Archbishop  of  Canterburv,  who  did 
so  about  1204.  Not  till  after  the  lifteenth 
century  were  texts  universally  in  use  among 
preachers. 

3.  Hence,  any  subject  or  theme  chosen  to 
enlarge  or  comnsent  upon  ;  a  topic. 

"  Pio  ni'.re  :  the  text  is  foolish." 

Sliakvsp.  :  Lear.  iv.  2. 

4.  A  particuhir  kind  of  handwriting  of  a 
large  kind  ;  also  a  i)articular  kind  of  letter  or 
character  :  as,  German  text,  small  text.  [Text- 
hand.  J 

"  Fair  .-vs  a  text  B  in  a  copy  book." 

ahakesji. :  Love's  Lnhoto-'s  Lost,  v.  2. 

0.  The   received  reading  of  any  passage. 

[TeXTL'S-RECE;TUS.] 

text-book,  5. 

1.  A  bunk  containing  a  selection  of  texts  or 
pass;tges  of  Scripture  for  easy  reference. 

2.  A  book  with  wide  s]>ace3  between  the 
lines  of  text  fur  notes  or  comments. 

3.  A  book  used  by  students  as  a  standard 
book  for  a  particular  branch  of  study  ;  a 
manual  of  instruction  ;  a  book  which  forms 
the  basis  of  lectures  or  comments. 

text-hand,  s.  A  large  hand  in  writing. 
So  called  from  the  practice  of  writing  the 
text  of  a  book  in  a  large  hand  and  the  com- 
ments in  a  smaller  hand. 

'^  text-man,  5.    A  man  ready  or  quick  in 

quoting  texts. 

■'  He  [Mede]  afterwards  Iwcame  an  excellent  linguiat, 
ouriuus  matliematician.  exact  tfxt-7nati  ;  happy  in 
ni.akiug  scripture  tuexpound  itself  by  parallel  places. " 
— Fuller:   Worthies;  L'ssex. 

text-pen,  s.  A  kind  of  metallic  pen 
used  in  engrossing. 

'  text-writer,  5.  One  who,  before  the 
iuventinn  of  printing,  copied  books  for  .sale. 

*  text,  "  texte,  r.t.  [Text,  .s.]  To  write  in 
large  characters,  as  in  text-hand. 

"  Nay  texte  it 
Upon  my  forehead,  if  you  hute  me  niother, 
I'ut  me  Ui  such  a  ahame,  pray  you  do." 

iieaum.  A  Flet. :  Thierry  *  Tlieotioret.  ii. 

tex-tile,  n.  &  s.  [Lat.  tezfilis  —  woven,  tex- 
tile, from  textiis,  pa.  par.  of  tcxo  =  to  weave.] 

A,  As  adjective: 

1.  Wnvenorcapableof  being  woven  ;  formed 
by  weaving;  as,  textile  fabrics. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  weaving. 

"In  general  the  other  textile  industries  are  rather 
better  than  they  were  l.ast  week."—  Weekiy  Echn.  Sept. 

5.  1885. 

B,  As  suhAt.  :  That  which  is  made  by 
weavers  ;  a  woven  or  textile  fabric. 

"The  placing  of  the  tangible  parts  in  length  or 
transverse,  as  tn  the  warp  and  woof  of  textiles.'  — 
O'icoii :  Sat.  Itist.,  §  B«. 

*  text-let,  ^^     [Eng.  fej^;dimin.  sufT.  -let.]    A 

little  t4'Xt. 

"One  little  texflet  from  the  gospel  of  Freedom.— 
Ctirlyle:  tSartor  Jiesiiitns,  bk.  i..  ch.  xl. 


tCX'-tor,   -.     [Lat.  —  ;i  weaver.] 

Ornith.:  A  genus  of  Ploci-inn',  with  live 
species,  from  tropical  and  soutli<-ni  Atiica. 
Bill  tliick,  conical ;  wing  abruptly,  and  tail 
slightly  rounded. 

■  tex-tbr'-i-al,  a.     [ijit  textoriu,t.  from  tex- 

tor—  a  weaver. ]    Peiluining  to  weaving. 

"Fii>m  the  cultivatiuii  of  the  trxtoriai  art*  .lUion^ 
the  orientaU  came  Uarins'i.  wonderful  cloth. '- Kiir- 
(011  .■  Uist.  A'ny.  I'oetry.  111.  78. 

'  tex  -trine,  a.  [Lat.  texirintts,  for  ttxtorhiiis. 
fi'om  tcxtor  —  a  weaver.]  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  weaving ;  tcxtorial. 

"The  curious  structure  of  nil  part«  mhilHU'rhig  to 
this  textrine  [mwur." — Verhttin  :  i'hi/siio-Theolvffy.  bk. 
viii.,  ch.  vi. 

*  tex'-tu-al,  ■  tcx-tu-el,  c  [Fr.  tcxtucl  =. 
of  or  in'  a  text,  fi-.'m  tcxic  =  a  text  (q.v.).  j 

1.  Learned  or  vei.sed  in  texts. 

■•  But,  for  I  .im  a  man  not  tfxtncl. 
I  wol  not  tel  of  textes  never  a  del." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  17.135. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  contained  in  the  text. 

"  So  standh  the  case,  uiwn  the  foot  of  the  textual 
reading."— irrtfer/a»6(.-   Works,  vi.  163. 

3.  Serving  for  or  depending  on  texts ;  tex- 
tuary. 

"Speculation  interchanged  with  experience,  poni- 
ti\'e  theoloKv  with  iJoleiniCHl,  textual  with  diseoiira- 
vrie.'— Up.  'Ilall :   Works.    (Dedic.) 

*  tex'-tu-al-ist,  s.     [Eng.  textual ;  -ist.] 

1.  One  who  is  well  read  or  versed  in  the 
Scriptures,  and  so  is  quick  at  quoting  texts. 

2.  One  who  adheres  strictly  to  the  text. 

'  These  that  are  so  great  tcxlnaliit*  are  not  Ijest  at 
the  text.'— iiy'i'/oof:  StiscclUinici,  p.  i:u. 

tex'-tu-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  textual:  -It/.]  In 
a  textual  manner;  in  accordance  wilh  tlu^ 
text  ;  literally,  verbatim ;  placed  in  the  text- 
or  body  of  a  work. 

"After  tixtuafl//  quoting  the  recent  telegram."— 
L'feuiit'j  SCunilar.l,  Nov.  H.  IS8d. 

"  tex'-tn-ar-ist,  s.  [Eng.  textmiiy) ;  -ist.\ 
C)ne  we'll  versed  in  texts  ;  a  textualist. 

'  tex'-tu-ar-y,  a.  &,  s.    [Fr.  textnaire.] 

A.  A^  adjective : 

1,  Contained  in  the  text ;  textual.  I 

"  He  extends  the  exclnsiou  nuto  twenty  daves. 
which  in  the  textuitry  sense  is  fully  accomplisheil  lu 
one." — lirowne :   Vuhjar  fJrrours,  bk.  lii.,  ch.  xvi. 

2.  Serving  as  a  text ;  authoritative. 

"  I  see  no  ground  why  this  re.asoR  should  be  textuarrx 
to  oni-s.  or  that  Ltod  iuteuded  him  an  uuivers;il  head- 
ship."— GliinviJl, 

B,  As  substantive: 

1.  (';■(/.  Lang. :  A  textualist. 

"  He  [Tighe]  was  an  excellent  textuury  .ami  profouin? 
liiigui.st,  the  reason  wliy  he  was  iniployed  by  kint 
James  in  translating  of  the  hWAe."— Fuller :  Worthies; 
Lincolnshire. 

2.  Judaism  (PL):  A  name  sonn'times  npi)lied 
to  the  Karaites  (4. v.),  from  their  adherence  to 
the  text  of  the  Jewish  Scriptures.     {Urandt:) 


*  tex  -tu-el.  ' 


[Textual.] 


*  tex'-tn-ist,  s.  [Eng.  text:  -vist,]  A  tex- 
tualist or  text-man. 

"The  little  our  Saviour  could  prevail  about  tlii;. 
doctrine  of  charity  a^iuat  tlie  cnthbed  textui*!*  uf  hi.* 
time,"— .I/j7/oij  .  Ooctrine  "f  Dirorce.  {To  the  i'arha- 
nient.) 

tex-tn-lar  -i-a, '  tex-ti-lar -i-a,  s.  [Mod. 
Lat.,"diniin.  from  ((,'j^(5=  woven,  jia.  t»ar.  of 
texo  =  to  weave.] 

1.  ZnoK  :  A  genus  of  Globigerinidte.  Test 
generally  conical  or  wedge-sha]ted,  consisting 
of  numerous  chambers  arranged  in  two  alter- 
nate, parallel  series  ;  aperture  lateral,  not 
beaked,  situated  beneath  the  apex. 

2.  Pahront. :  From  the  Carboniferous  on- 
ward. 

tex'-ture,  ?.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tcxtura  =a  web, 
from  iejtii.-i,  pa.  [lar.  of  tfxo=-to  weave.] 
X.  Ordinary  Longuarje : 
•  1.  The  act,  art,  or  process  of  weaving. 

"Skins,  although  a  natural  habit  uuto  all  beforo 
the  invention  of  tcxttire.  were  something  more  unUr 
Ailiun  .'■—  BroiTHir. 

2.  That  which  is  woven;  a  web;  a  fabric 
formed  by  weaving.    (/,i7.  d\/i;/-) 

"  others,  apart  far  in  the  grassy  dale. 
Or  roHglicuiug  waste,  their  humble  texture  weave." 
Thornton  :  ."^pritifj.  C43- 

3.  The  manner  of  weaving,  with  respect 
either  to  form  or  matt^T ;  tiie  disposition, 
arrangement,  oi-  connection  of  thieiuls,  fila- 
ments, or  other  slender  bodies  interwoven. 


"bSiX,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9eU,  chorus.  9hin,  benph;  go,  ^em;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    -mg. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  ^  shun ;  -tion,  -slon  =  zhiin.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.    -hie,  -die,  &<■.  =  hel,  deL 


texture  — thalassophryue 


t.  Til.  'l^i-^Hitltiiinf  the  srvrmt  rU'inciitary 

.tit!*  (if  itity  UhIv  111  C'MiiicclKili 

U'T ;   tliv  iiiatintT  In  wliicli  the 

rT-    if  any  body  niv  (liH|iortt-<t, 

■   i>»itliiu»  riitlrr.   tlip^   liiKf 

<Uie  iiAtiirr  Ajid  Ifxtur*  ii<i«, 

■■ • luiMwd  .if  «jllr»  iwrtklv*  In 

n.    /V.*iii-il/fv: 

1.  .^iiKf.  ;   Tlie  |wrtictil»r   nrniDp'inont  of 

:U>  .■Ii'inriits.-f  tim*urM !ilittitiiigHiiy>>r;<nii. 

It  I-  uHttl  chiftly  ill  iltvsi-riliiii;;  the  *»liil  i«'r- 
II  mi  uf  the  IkvIv,  liiit  l«  Hiinii'tiiiira  rxteluknl 
l-i  the  itjriillsclcs  of  the  lilooil,  Ac. 

2.  /V«rti(. .-  Till'  Hiate  with  nioinl  to  coiimili- 

■  latj.iii  of  the  ■itveml  roek»  (see  extmct),  and 
•he    :iimii;;eiii<  lit  of  their  |article»,  as   the 

•  slaty  texture,"    It  refers  to  the  nrraiiKeineiit 

■  rih-  (uirts  of  n  nuk  on  a  smaller  scale  than 
titv  \v..r.l  strucltm*. 

Tlir  iiiorv  ntminrt,  ttony,  uid  <3T«Ullllir  trjturr 
■  t  tt.c  -.liUr  «*  <smii«n«l  tu  l)i«  uew^mMk*.'— ZvWf: 

/V,.„-.  ./Ii.-J..  Cblll. 

Ms  tare,  r-.(.  [Textire,  ».)  To  form  a 
:-\tiiri-  nf  or  with  ;  to  iiitcnvoave. 

■ti^-ta-Tf,  s.    (TExrrRE,  ».)    Tlie  art  or 
lT'>C"ss  of  Weaving. 

tex  -tfia,  ».    |La(.  =  (1)  lextuiv  ;  (2)  coiistnic- 

'i"ii.  e eitioii.  I'ontext.J    The  text  of  any 

l.«.i..  s|n-.  of  111.'  liil.le. 

textus-reccptus,  «. 

liii'ii'-nt  Liiti-i-im :   A  received   text;    one 
fr.>iii   which,  a^  iH'in;,   the    be.st   accessible, 
ininslators  niiike  their  version  into  the  ver- 
naeiilar.   Tlic  lexlus  tx'Ceiitiisof  the  Old  Tcstii- 
iiienl   is    the    llelilvw   text,   from   which  the 
.\uthori2e<l  Eiiijiish  Version  of  that  poUion 
•  'f  the  Bible  was  made.    The  textns  reeeiitns 
of  the  Xew  Testament  is  the  Greek  text,  from 
whiih  the  Authorized  Eiii-lisli  Version  was 
iiPKluced.    The  term  textns  might  also,  witli- 
"iit  impropriety,  be  used  of  tlie  Hebrew  and 
♦Jn'ek   texts  chosen  by  tlie  reviseis  as  the 
Imsis  of  the  Revised  Vel-sion.     Tlie  textns  i-e- 
ceptHS  of  the  Old  Testament  in  the  .\.  V.  rested 
on  Ihc  Ilebreiv  .Masoretie  Text,  which   has 
come  down  in  maniisrripts  of  no  j^reat  an- 
tiiiuitv,  and  all  of  the  same  family  or  recen- 
sion.  The  oldest  Hebi-ew  manu.so-ipt  of  wliieli 
the  age  is  known,  bears  ilate  a.d.  !)16.    There 
are  not  materials  to  submit  the  Hebrew  text 
to  proper  iritiral  revision,  and  the  revisers 
adhere  to  it  ueaily  to  the  same  extent  as  the 
Irjiislators  of  the  .\uthorized  Vereion.     The 
<.-ase  is  different   with  the  New  Testament. 
The  textns  receptns  on  which  the  A.  V.  was  con- 
structed was  chiefly  that  of  13eai,  pnblished 
in  15S'.i.     It  had  been  based  on  Stephen's  edi- 
tion of  1550,  and  this  ag.nin  on  the  fourth 
edition  of  Eiasnius,  a.d.  1517.    None  of  the 
manusciipts  used  were  of  llrst  rate  authority. 
The  revisers  ha<I  the  advantage  of  Codex  A 
(the  Alexandrian    mnnnscript)   of   the    llftli 
cenlnry;  Codex  B  (the  Vatican  manuscript)  of 
the  fourth  ccntuiy,  or  earlier;  Codex  C  (the 
Kphraim  manuscript)  of  the  lifth  century; 
Codex  li  (the  maiiuseript  of  Beai)  of  the  sixth 
eentury ;  and   Codex  «  (the   .Siuaitic  manu- 
senpt)  of  the  fourth  century.     Xumcrous  im- 
proved readings  have  therefore  been  intro- 
duced.     The    text    which    they   chose    was 
publisheil  seiarately  by  the  Clarendon  Press 
at  Oxford  in  1881. 

teyno,  a.    [Lat.  lamia  =  a  band,  a  llllet  ]     \ 
tliiii  I'late  of  metal. 

thfick,  •  than,  •  tbakke,  s.    [a.s.  ilwc  = 
thateli;    cogn.   with   l)ut.   edit;    leel.   thai:  ■ 
l'i{i;   Sw.   lal;:   Ger.   <l,i.k.]     The  older 


tliainn,  <.    [Tiiiiai.  |    A 

llddle.stlillg.     (.s.olr/i.) 


imall  gut;   catgiit, 


THALAMKI'II 


l)ai         .  ,    ^_ _ 

and  piovincial  form  of  thatch  (fi.'v.). 
thaok  and  rape, .«.  or  ailn.   Thatch  .nml 

rone;  us..il  llgur.itively  for  snug  and  conifoit- 
alile. 

"  "''il'  «■  '»  »>  riBht  niul  tight  na  tlmci  ami  ntiic 

thick,  thicked),  'thak,    thakke,  <  ' 

ITiiA.  K.  ,.]     Totliatch. 

'  th&oke  (2). 

=    lo     St 

thiiiiip.l 


'thakke,  r.t.      (a..S.  Ilumian 
-1"   st^.,k^^■;    Icel.   rA>U(i  =  to  thwack,   to 
ITiiWA.-K.l    T.r  thump,  to  thwack. 
■'  T/iick'd  hire  nbout  the  lemW  wel." 

^'""^r;  C.  r.,  3.302. 

th&ck'-er,  s.     [Eng.  ihack  (i),  v. 
thalcher.    (Prov.) 

thae. 


■cr.]     A 


rron.    tSeedcf.)    These.    (,Smt,h.) 

Itie  of  thacdnmU  dogs  thatcanna  lArk  "— ' 
r-.-/':v.  cli.  nxxvl. 


"  When  I  am  llreO  uf  >em|)lng  Itntirin  or  eiugln^' 
iMllnnUL"— &s>/r  .-  tifitguuittM,  letter  \l. 

thiU-&iii-Sn-9Sph -a-lin,  «.     (Gr.  0aAa^ot 

("m(/ohio*)  =  a  bed-chaml'el',  an<l  ey(((0aAoi' 
iiLKijkfi>luilun'}=.  Ihe  bl*iiin.] 

Kmhrt/ol. ;  .\  cerebi-al  rudiment  correspond- 
ing to  the  tfinhmi  optki  and  the  thiixl  ventricle 
of  the  brain,    (//iixfti/.) 

th&l-a-me  -phir-us,  th&l-a-me  -phor- 
68  (I'l.  tta&I-a-me  -phor-i,  thai-a  me  - 

Phdr-M),  .".  l>lod.  Ul'.  eaKaiitj^fiopoi  (llutl,i- 
mt'j'hiiros):  da^dnri  (thnlttini}  =  an  al'k,  a 
shilne,  and  ^ofio^  (jiltoivs)  —  bearing.] 

i:u!li'li""  -inliii. :  A  kneeling  figure  support- 
ing a  shrine  or  in- 
scribed tablet.  These 
statues  probably  re- 
plx'sent  priests  and 
initiated  women  who 
cjUTied  about  in  pi-o- 
cessions  the  stjitues 
of  the  gods.  It  was 
usual  fiirsucli  pi-oces- 
sions  to  stand  still 
fi-om  time  to  time, 
when  tiic  priests, 
kneeling  pi-obably, 
presented  to  the  Jieo- 
I'le  the  images  of  the 
deities,  either  to  be 
worshipped  or  kissed. 

(Ilcmd,  ii.  48,  49  ;  see  also  MontJUucoii :  Dm: 
JIttl.,  p.  301.) 

■■  statues  of  tltis  elnas  are  now  coiulnonly  called 
1  a-'.tor.li.jri  or  rlmlamei*lior}r—/Mntrti  £iitertaiiiii>ji 
Awjwtudifc;  I-Sftyptiun  Jiitiyttitict,  i.  379. 

thal-a-mi-flor'-ffi,  s.jrf.  [Lat.  (/in(fimiis  =  a 
li.  d-liamber.  and  fios,  genit.  floris  =  a  flower.] 
I!"'. :  \  sub-class  of  Dicotyledonous  iilants 
establislied  by  lie  Candolle.  Petals  many,  dis- 
tinct, inserted  in  the  receptacle  :  stamens  simi- 
larly inscrteil  ;  hence,  liypogyno'-ls.  Twenty- 
three  oi-ders  have  repiesentatives  in  Britain, 
including  Ranmienlacese,  Cruciferse,  Malva- 
eeii.-,  Hypericacete,  &c. 

thai-ai-mi-flor'-al.  o.     [Mod.  Lat.  tltalaml- 
n,u{.r);  Eng.  adj."suff. -a(.] 

Eot.  :  Having  the  petals  and  stamens  in- 
serts in  the  leceptacle  ;  of  or  belonging  to 
tlie  Tlialamiflone  (q.v.). 

tha-la'-mi-um,  s.    [Gr.  floXaMios  (JJiakmiios) 
=  belonging  to  a  bed-chamber.] 
Bokiny : 

1.  A  hollow  case  containing  spores  in  algals. 

2.  The  di.sc  or  lamina  pmlifira  of  lichens. 

3.  A  form  of  the  hymeuiuin  in  fungals. 

thal'-a-miis,   s.      [Lat.,  from  Gr.   eiAaaos 
(llialamos)  =a  hed-ehamber.] 

1.  -4iia(.  ;  The  place  at  which  it  has  been 
thought  a  nerve  originates ;  spec,  the  optic 
thalami  (q.v.).  Called  also  the  Posterior 
cerebral  ganglia. 

2.  Botanij: 

(1)  Tourneforfs  name  for  the  Cliimntliium 

(q.v.). 

(2)  Tlie  receptacle  or  torus  at  the  top  of  the 
peduncle  of  a  Hower. 

(.;)  The  thallusofafung,%l. 
thal-ass-,  -pn-f.    [Thalasso-.] 

^^■T^aX-asB-axt-t&a,     *  thai -arc-tos,    s. 

If  ret.  tlialnsi;  and  Gi'.  ipmos  (ad-tos)  =  a  bear.  ] 

./'"oV  S'"*''*'  """"^  ''<"'  '■"'■''"s  rimritimus, 
the  Polar  Bear,  to  which  lie  gave  generic  dis- 
tinction. 

t>>fl-as-se'-ma,  .«.    [Formed  by  Cuvier  from 

<-'!.  yoAacra-a  (//m/((s.sY()  =  the  sea'.] 
Z'«-jI.  :  A  genus  of  Gepliyrea  (q.v.).    Body 
-ounded,  and  smooth  behind  ;  no 
■•■'  at  end  of  body  ;   proboscis 
id  that  the  species  penetrate 

thg,-las-si-c6l-la,  s.  [Gr.  ei^«,r<ra ((fatiassa) 
=  the  sea,  and  «(iAAii  (l;olla)  =  jelly.] 

,  ^"f-  •■,  Tl'e  type-genus  of  Thalassicollida 
(q.v.).  It  contains  a  nunilier  of  compound 
siliceous  spicules  embedded  in  the  ectosarc. 

th^-ias-si-cor-li-dg,,  S.J,;,     [Mod.  Lat. 
thalassicoll{a):  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sufT.  -ida.] 
Zool. :  A  family  of  Railiolaria.    The  animals 


lyliudrical,  ---,  _ „,.„.. 

tentacles ;  vent  at  end  of  "body  ; 
short.    It  is  said  that  the  soecic! 

limestone. 


consist  of  structureless  cysts,  containing  ci*. 
Uilar  e^ementsan'l  protoplasm,  surrounded  by 
a  layer  of  pi-otoplasm,  giving  olf  pseudopodia, 
which  commonly  stand  out  like  rays,  but 
sometimes  run  into  aiiotliei-,  and  so  form  net- 
works. The  best-known  genera  are  Thalassi- 
eolla,  Sphierozoiim,  and  Collosiihara.  They 
are  all  marine,  being  found  floating  passively 
on  the  surface  of  most  seas,  mid  vary  in  size 
from  an  inch  in  diameter  downwards. 

tha-l&s-si-col-Ii  -na,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
thataisimU(a) ;  Lat.  neut.'  pi.  adj.  sulT.  -ina.] 

Zool. :  An  approximate   synonym   of  Tha- 
lassicollida (q.v.). 

•  thil-Ss-sid'-ro-ma,  s.  [Gr.  9iAauo-a  (tha- 
to.i<i/)=the  se.a,  and'ipofifv!  (dromcus)=  a, 
a  runner.] 

OrtUlh. :    An  old   genus    of   Procellariidic 

(q.v.).      [TUBIXARES.J 


[Lat.   ihalassi lilts  =  sea- 


thal-as-si'-na, 

col.,iired.] 

/.'•cl.  :  The  type-genus  of  Tlialassinidie(q. v.), 
with  one  species,  Thalassiiut  swrpioiiiilcs,  from 
the  coast  of  Chili. 

thaI'S.s-sin'-i-an,  s.     [Thalassixa.]    Any 
individual  of  the  family  Tlialussinid*  (q.v.). 

thal-as-sin'-i-dae.  s.  pi.    [Mad.  Lat.  thalas- 
s'..(.();  Lat.  fein.  pi.  ailj.  suit,  ■idri:.] 

ZmI.  :  A  widely-distributed  family  of  Ma- 
crurous  Decapoda.  Abdomen  long,  not  very 
solid, cai-apace small  and  coiii]nessed  ;  tirst  pair 
of  legs  large  ;  sternal  plate  long  and  narrow. 

tha-las-si-6-,  pref.    [Thalas.so-.] 

tha-las-si  o-phyl-lum,  s.      [Pref.   thalas- 
sio-,  and  Gr.  <l>vMov  (.phullon)  =  a  leaf.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Algals,  akin  to  Laminaria, 
but  having  the  frond  spirally  wound  around 
tlie  stem.  Found  on  the  nort'h-westei-n  shores 
of  .\rctie  America. 

■  tha-las-si-6-phy-ta,  s.  pi.     [Pref.  thalas- 
c(o-.  alui  Gr.  4,v76f  {phulou)  =a  plant.] 

Bnl.  :  Laniouronx's  name  for  .\lga,  because 
most  of  tlieni  are  marine. 

*  tha-las'-si-o-phyte,  s.  [Thalassiophvta.; 
Bot.  :  Any  individual  .if  the  old  order  Tha- 
las.siopliyta  (.(.v.);  an  algal. 

tha  lasso-,    thal-ass-,    tha-las-si-o-, 

j"'''J.  [Gr.  eoAacro-tos  ('/io?('y.v((i.s)  =  marine.] 
Of  ..r  bel.mgmg  to  the  .sea;  iiiliabiting  the 
Sea ;  mariii'.'. 

tha-ias-so-chel'-ys,  s.     [Tref.  thalasso-,  and 
Gr.  xc'Aus  (c)if/((s)  =  a  tortoise.] 

Zonl :  Loggerhead  Turtle  ;  a  genus  of  Che- 
Ioniid;e,  equivalent  to  the  genus  Ca.juana  of 
older  authors,  with  two  or  three  species  from 
tropical  seas.  Plates  uf  the  carapace  not 
imbriciited  ;  fifteen  plates  on  the  disc  ;  jaws 
slightly  curved  towards  each  other  at  their 
exti'emity.  ,  - 

thal-as-sSm-e-ter,  s.    [Pref.  thalasso-,  and 
Eiig,  meter.]     A  tiile-gange. 

tha-ia,s-s6-phry-ne,  s.    [Pref.  thalagso-, 
and  Gr.  .(.(jiinj  (phniiu)  —  a  toad.] 

/cA//ii/. ;  A  genus  of  Batrachidfe,  with  two 
species,  from  the  Atlantic  and  Pacitic  coasts 
of  Central  America.  Tlie  spinous  dorsal  is. 
formed  by  two  spines  only,  each  of  which  is 
hollow,  like  the  opercular  spine,  and  conveys 
tlie  contents  of  a  poison-bag  situated  at  the 


THALASSOPHRVXE      RrTK   TLATA. 
A.  Perforated  opercular  spine. 

base.  The  poison-bags  have  no  external  mus- 
cular layer,  and  are  situated  immediately  be- 
low the  thick,  loose  skin  which  envelopes  tlie 
spines ;  the  ejection  of  the  poison  therefore 
can  only  be  effected  by  the  pressure  to  which 
the  poison-bag  is  subjected  the  moment  the 
spine  enters  another  body.  f " 


i&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what    fnli    r- <.>,„_         -        Z         l'^  . 

or,  w6re,  wpl,  work.  ^^^/s^n^^VJ:;^^^-.^:^::'^^:^'-^^-  -'•  ^^^  ^  -'-=   -  P«*. 


cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU;  try,  Syrian,    se. 


;  e ;  ey  =  a :  qu  =  kw. 


thalattology— thalurania 


49 


thSl-at-tol  O-gy,  5.  [Gr.  ed\arra  (tkaUitta) 
tlie  sea;  sull.  -ology.]  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  sea. 

"  A  sulllcieiit  theory  of  thatatlolQj!i."—Proc.  Phas. 
Sue,  Loiuton,  pt.  ii. 

thale,  s.     [Named  after  Thai  (1542-1583),  who 

included  the  Tliale  Cress  in  \i\s  SyltxL  Hercy- 
iai.     {I'rinr.Yj     (See  couii»ouud.) 

thale-cress,  s. 

Hot. :  A  bouk  name  for  Arabis  Thal'uma. 

tha'-ler  (th  as  t),  s.  [Ger.]  [Dollar.]  A 
German  silver  coin,  worth  about  threi;  shil- 


lings sterling.  Prior  to  1871,  it  was  the  mone- 
tary unit,  but  in  that  year  was  superseded  by 
the  mark,  value  about  one  shilling  sterling. 

*  thal-er-oph'-a-ga,  s.  J)/.  [Gr.  floXepd? 
((/t«i'fro5)  =  hluoming,  fresh,  and  ^aydv  (pha- 
gein)  —  to  eat.] 

EiUom. :  Macleay's  name  for  the  Cetoniadie. 

•  thal-er-oph'-a-gous,  a.  [Thalerophaga.] 

Feeding  on  Huweis. 

"By  the  diapositioit  also  of  the  thnlerophOfjoua 
STO*x^B."—Swixiiii(}n  £  Shuclia.rU  :  Treatite  on  InaevCs, 
p.  231. 

thdl-heim'-lte  (or  th  as  t),  5.     [After  Thai- 
In-ini,    Erzgebirge,    where    found  ;    sutf.    -itc 
(.Ui...).] 
Mbi. :  The  same  as  Danaite  (q.v.). 

Thg,-li-a,  s.    [Or] 

1.  Gr.  A  ufi-{.  : 
Om^  of  the  Must-s, 
generally  regardeil 
as  the  patroness  of 
comedy.  She  was 
supposed  by  some, 
also,  to  preside  over 
liusbandry  and 
planting,  and  is  le- 
presented  leaning 
*m  a  column,  hold- 
ing a  mask  in  her 
right  hand,  by 
which  she  is  dis- 
tinguished from 
ber  sisters,  as  also 
by  a  shepherd's 
crook. 

2.  Bot.:  A  genus  of  Marantacete.  Thalia 
dealbata,  an  elegant  aquatic  plant,  with 
I'aniides  of  purple  flowers,  is  found  iu  South 
Carolina. 

3.  MLfi. :  The  earth  sup]>nsed  tobe  an  oxide 
of  a  new  element  thaliuni  (q.v.). 

4.  Astron. :  [Asteroid,  23]. 

tha-li'-an«  tha'-li-an,  a.  [Thalia.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  Thalia,  the  muse  of 
pastoral  and  comic  poetry  ;  coniie. 

tha-Uc'-trum,  5.    [Lat.] 

Dot. :  Meadow-rue ;  a  genus  of  Ranunt-u- 
lace;e,  tribe  Anemnneie.  Itivolucre  none ; 
sei)als  four  or  Hve,  imbricated  in  a-stivatlon  ; 
corolla  wanting ;  stamens  many ;  styles 
several ;  achenes  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  usually 
acute  at  butli  ends,  awnless.  Known  species 
fifty,  from  the  temperate  and  colder  parts  of 
the  northern  hemisphere.  Three  are  British. 
Thalictruni  alpinum,  tlie  Alpine  ;  T.  minus, 
the  Lesser ;  and  T.  Jlavum,  the  Common 
Meadow  Rue.  The  most  common  is  T.  viinns. 
It  has  three  or  four  pinnate  leaves,  with 
roundish  or  wedge-shaped  leaflets,  tritid  ;ind 
toothed,  and  diffuse  panielcs  of  geneiMlly 
drooping  flowers.  It  is  found  in  stony  jms- 
tures,  es[iecially  in  limestone  or  chalky  dis- 
tricts. There  are  four  sul;-si)ecies.  The  root 
of  T.  foliolofnim,  from  the  temperate  parts  of 
the  Himalayas,  is  given  in  India  as  a  tonic 
and  aperient  in  convalescence  after  fever,  in 
chronic  dyspepsia,  &c. 

tba'-IiLte,  s.     [Eng.  thalium:  suff".  -ite  (Min.).] 
Min. :  A  variety  of  saponite  (q.v.),  occurring 


THALIA. 


in  amygdaloidal  rocks  on  the  north  shore  of 
Lake  Superior. 

tha'-li-um.  s.     [Etym.  iloubtful.] 

Min. :  A  name  givun  to  a  supposed  new 
element,  which  apparently  has  no  e.\istence. 

thal-lei'-O-chin.  s.  [Formeil  from  Gr.  OaWo-; 
(thalliis)  —  a  green  bud,  and  Peruv.  qiUna  = 
bark.] 

Chem.  :  Dalleiochin.  A  green  substance 
produced  by  tlie  action  of  chlorine  and  then 
ammonia  on  a  solution  of  quinine.  In  diUitc 
solutions  it  remains  dissolved  as  a  bright 
emerald  green  colour,  and  forms  a  highly 
delicate  test  for  tlie  presence  of  small 
quantities  of  quinine. 

thal'-lene,  ^.    [Gr.  eaAA(ds);  -ene.] 

Chem.  :  A  solid  hydrocarbon  isomeric  with 
antliraeene  obtained  from  the  last  products 
which  pass  over  in  the  distillation  of  American 
l>etroleuni.  It  is  distinguished  by  a  green 
fluorescence,  and,  when  illuminated  by  violet 
and  ultra-violet  light,  exhibits  a  fluorescent 
spectrum  containing  light-green  bands. 
imuts:  Sup.) 

thai'-lic, ".  [Eng.  t!ian(iitvi):  -ic]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  containing  thallium. 

thallic  -  chloride  s.     [Thallium-chlo- 

UIDh;.] 

thallic-OXlde,  *-.     [Thallium-oxide.] 

thal'-li'OUS«  n.  [Eiii;.  thalliium) ;  -oas.]  Per- 
taining to  tiiiillium. 

thallious  -  chloride,    s.      [Thallrji- 

CHLOItlDfc;.] 

thallious-oxide,  s.     [Thallium-oxide.] 

thal'-lite.  s.      [Gr.  flaAAos  (tkaUo$)  =  a.  twig; 
suff.  -ite  (Min.).} 
Mill.:  The  same  as  Oisanite  (q.v.) 

th^l'-li-iim,  s.     [Latinised  from  Gr.  flaAAd? 

(!lud!'js)  =  a.  green  bud,  from  the  green  line 
it  gives  in  tlie  spectrum,  which  led  to  its 
discovery.] 

C'/i«»i.  ;  Symbol  TI.  At.  wt.  203-64.  A  triad 
metallic  element  discovered  by  Crookes  in 
1801,  and  widely  distributed  as  a  constituent 
in  iron  and  copper  pyrites,  in  blende,  native 
sulphur,  and  in  many  kinds  of  ores.  It  can 
be  distilled  along  with  the  sulphur  by  heating 
pyrites  to  a  bright-red  heat,  then  dissolving 
out  the  excess  of  sulphur  by  boiling  with 
caustic  soda,  collecting  and  washing  the 
sulphide  fif  thallium,  converting  it  into  sul- 
I'hate.  and  precipitating  the  thallium  in  the 
metallic  state  by  the  action  of  pure  metallic 
zinc.  The  spongy  uietjilis  compressed,  dried, 
and  fused  into  a  bright  metallic  button  by 
lieating  under  cyanide  of  potassium.  It  is 
a  perfect  metal,  with  high  lustre,  not  quite 
so  white  as  silver,  but  free  from  the  blue  tinge 
of  lead.  It  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  11-80-11-91,  melts 
at  293",  is  a  very  soft  metal,  with  less  tenacity 
than  lead,  and  almost  devoid  of  elasticity. 
It  conimiinit^ites  an  intense  green  hue  to  a 
colourless  flame,  and  its  spectrum  consists  of 
one  intensely  brilliant  and  sharp  green  line, 
coinciding  with  the  number  144i!-6  on  Kirch- 
hoffs  chart. 

thallluxa  -  alcohol,    s.       [Thallil\m- 

ETHKR.] 

thallium -chloride,  s. 

Cluim.  :  Thallium  forms  four  chlorides  : 

(1)  Dichlorkfe  of  thallium:  TloClj.  A  pale 
yellow  compound  formed  by  carefully  heating 
the  protochloride  in  a  slow  current  of  chlorine. 

(2)  Sesquichloride  of  thallium,  TUClg.  Pro- 
duced by  dissolving  thallium  in  nitromuriatic 
acid.  It  sejiarates  iu  yellow  crystalline  scales, 
and  dissolves  iu  380  times  its  weight  of  water 
at  15■5^ 

(3)  Thallic  chloride,  TICI3.  Formed  by 
dissolving  the  trioxide  in  hydrochloric  acid. 
Tlie  hydrated  chloride  can  be  obtained  in  long 
cidourless  prisms,  which  melt  easily,  and 
decompose  at  a  high  temperature. 

(4)  Thallious  chloriik,  TlCl.  Formed  by 
adding  hydrochloric  acid  to  a  thallious  salt. 
A  white  curdy  precipitate  resembling  chloride 
of  silver  is  produced,  which  dissolves  like 
chloride  of  lead  in  boiling  water.  It  is  in- 
soluble in  alcoliol. 

thallium-ether,  s. 

Chcm.    {PI.):    Compounds   formed    by  the 


action  of  thallium  on  alcohols,  e.j/.,  Thalliurn* 
ethylate  =  CjIIjTlO.  Produced  when  thallium 
ami  ethylic  alcohol  are  ht-ated  in  a  scaled 
tube  to  100".  Being  freed  from  excess  of 
alcfihol,  it  remains  as  an  oil  of  sp.  gr.  3"48  to 
3'Oi,  being  the  heaviest  liquid  known  exci^pt 
miMTury.  It  dissolves  in  Ave  parts  absolute 
alcuhol,  in  pure  ether,  and  chloroform. 

thallium-glass.  .>;.  A  glass  of  great 
density  and  refracting  jiower,  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  which  thallium  is  used  instead  of  lead 
or  potassium. 

thallium-oxide,  s. 

Chcm.  :  Thallium  forms  two  oxides  : 

(1)  Thallious  oxide  (protoxide),  Th>0.  Pre- 
pared by  allr>wing  the  granulated  'metal  to 
oxidize  iu  moist  air,  boiling  in  distilled  water, 
and  rei>eating  the  process  two  or  three  limes. 
The  hydrated  oxide  crystallizes  out  in  yellow 
needles.  The  anhydrous  oxide  forms  a  reddish 
blatk  mass,  and  is  obtained  by  exposing  the 
hydrated  oxiile  in  a  vacuum  over  sulphuric 
acid.  In  water  it  forms  a  strongly  alkaline 
solution,  which  dissolves  the  skin  and  stains 
the  nails  a  deep-brown.  Like  potash,  it  de- 
composes the  salts  of  the  alkaline  earths  and 
metuls. 

(2)  Thallic  oxiiU  (peroxide),  TI2O3.  The 
chief  product  of  burning  the  metal  in  oxygen. 
The  anhydriuis  oxide  is  a  dark-brown  powder, 
neutral  to  test  paper,  insoluble  in  water  and 
alkalies,  but  dissolves  readily  in  acids,  forming 
unslalde  salts. 

thallium-salts,  s.  ;>;. 

Chem. :  Both  oxides  form,  with  acids,  defi- 
nite and  crystallizable  salts,  none  of  which 
is  of  much  importance. 

thallium-triamlne,  s. 

Chem. :  N3TIH6.  Known  in  combination  as 
a  hydrochlorate,  N3TIH63HCI,  a  compound 
formed  by  dissolving  thallic  oxide  iu  sal-am- 
moniac. By  the  action  of  water  it  is  again 
resolved  into  thallic  oxide  and  sal-ammoniac. 

th^l'-lo-chlbre,  s.  [Gv.  ^aAAds  (thallos)  -  a 
green  bud,  and  xAwpos  (chldros)=.  green.] 

Chem.  :  A  name  applied  by  Knop  and 
Schnetlermann  to  the  green  colouring  matter 
of  lichens,  which  tht-y  reganl  as  different 
from  ordinary  chloiophyll.     {li'atts.) 

thai'- Id  -  gen,  s.  [Gr.  floAAos  (thaUos)  =  a. 
young  shoot,  and  yti-fdu*  [ge}inao)  =  to  pro- 
duce.] 

Bot.  (PL) :  A  class  of  plants,  the  lowest  of 
all  in  organization.  They  have  no  wood  pro- 
perly so  called,  but  the  stem  and  leaves  are 
undistinguishable.  There  are  no  stomates  or 
breathing  pores  and  no  trachea.  They  are 
mere  masses  of  cells.  Their  reproduction  is 
by  a  special  disintegration  and  solidiHcation 
of  some  part  of  their  tissue  spontaneously 
eft'ected.  Alliances :  Algales,  Fungales,  and 
Lichenales.     (Lindley.) 

th^l-log'-en-OUS,  a.     [Eng.  thallogen;  -ous.] 
But.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Thallogens. 

thal'-loid,  a.     [Eng.  thaU(us);  -oid.] 

Bot. :  Resembling  a  thallus. 

t  thalloid-hepatlcaB.  s.  ?»?. 

Bot.:  Hepatics  having  a  thallus,  as  dislin- 
guishcd  from  those  wliich  have  leaves.  They 
possess  a  well  marked  epidermis,  having  a  few 
scattered  stomates,  and  putting  out  rhizuids 
from  its  under  side. 

thal'-ld-phyte,  s.    [Gr.  SaAAos  (thallos)  =  a 
young  slyx)t,  and  (^uTof  (phutoji)  —  a  plant.] 
Bat.  :  The  same  as  Thallogen  (q.v.). 

thal'-lus  (pi.  thal'-li),  s.     [Lat.,  from  Gr. 

Oa\K6<;  (thidlos)  —  a  green  bough.] 
Botany  : 

1.  The  fusion  of  root,  stem,  and  specially 
leaves,  into  one  general  mass. 

2.  The  frond  of  Jungermanniaccie  and 
Hepaticse. 

3.  The  lobed  frond  of  Lichens. 
i.  Any  algal. 

5.  The  bed  of  fibres  from  which  niany 
fungals  spring.     Called  also  Thalamus. 

Th3,l'-mud  (Th  as  T),  .s.     [Talmud.] 

th3,l-u-ra'-ni-a,   s.      [Lat.    Thal(ia),   and 
Urania.] 
Or7iith.:   'Wood-nymphs;  a  genus  of  Tro- 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hi2i,  beuQh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion ~ zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  i^c.  =  bel,  del- 


292 


60 


Thammuz— thankfulness 


!.H  cxt'tultDf;  fnim 

'KTtliuanlH  HA  fur 

.     I  l.til  of  intuJirat*' 

si;-.    'Ii'    i.itt' r   f-'r>.''l;    lull   iitiMtcnitf    ami 

•htfiitly  rurvt^l ;  taisi  clulliwl  wit»i  fi-atlu'iT*. 

Th&m  m&z,  T&in-intti,  ».    [HiK  r'snri 

(A.if-f.im';':-)  ;  (-Ir.  6  t^atmovK  (ho  Thummous) 
L>t>ih  -  till'  ruiiriiuz;  VuIk.  Adonis.] 

1,  Till-  tenth  month  uf  tho  Jewish  civil  yoar, 
rouliiiniii^  twt'iity-niiic  iluys,  and  ikhHWutin^ 
to  a  jtart  nf  Juih-  nixl  a  i«rt  nf  July.  The 
UAUif  vvtt.s  itrntiaMy  iKirruwcil  rroni  tht*  Syrian. 

2.  A  won!  (>c<urring  onro  in  the  OM  Testa- 
ment, in  a  iwsjqmc  of  extreme  nl>sctinty(Kzck. 
viii.  14),  eoncvrning  whieh  many  conje.turea 
Imvo  U-en  nia.le.  The  ehlef  are  :  (1)  That  of 
Jerome,  who  reconls  n  tradition  iilentifyinR 
Th;iiiimu2  with  A«lonis.  This  oi-iniun  wiis 
H.ioj.tea  l>y  Cornelins  :V  Lapide,  Osiander, 
SM.n.  Calinet,  Geseniua,  hwahl,  fce. ;  (2) 
1'  .•    ■f  Luther,  who  n-jiiinied  Thiimnmz  as  a 

Mf  HHCrhua ;  and  (:0  That  of  ('iilvin,  wlio 
I-  :  -  \..l  Thamniut  to  Ik-  the  K^'>'pti(in  Osiris. 
Tin-  o|.inion  of  Jerome  is  generally  aceept^id. 

th&m-II&S'-trte-a,  -<.     [Gr.  $anvo^  (tbnmnos) 
=  a  bush,  and  Ijii.  ustroxt  (q.v.).] 

ralcront. :  A  genus  nf  Artinoa>a;  twenty- 
Roven  sjv.  ien  are  in  the  Biitish  Jurassic,  iind 
three  iii  the  Up^icr  Greenland.    (Ktheru{ge,) 

tliftm  -ni-ftn*,  s.     [Gr.  da^fos  {thamnos)  =  a 
busli,  a  »hrub.] 

Hot. :  The  branched  busli-like  thallus  of 
lieheliS. 

th&m-no'-bi-a,  5.    [Gr.  6nftvOi  (thamnos)  = 
u  bnsli,  a  shiuli,  and  ^io5  (hios)—  life.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  .Saxicolinw,  with  ten 
species,  from  the  Ethiopian  region  and  India 
to  tlie  foot  of  the  Himalayas. 

th&m-no-C&l'-a-miiSr  ■«.     [IM.    thamn(um) 
=  ;i  shrub,  and  aiUimus  =  a,  reed.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Bambusidie.  Tbavinocal- 
nmus  sp<ithij1orus  is  a  small  bamboo,  growing 
in  the  Himalayas,  and  yielding  a  fibre. 

th&ni'-no-phile,  .<-    [Thamnophilin.«.] 

Z-.-'!.-.  A  meniWr  of  the  sub-family  Tham- 
nopliilin;t  (-i-v.). 

tb&m  -  no  -  phi  -  li' -  nse,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  i^t. 

thamno}ihil{us) ;  l^t.  fern.  jd.  adj.  suff.  -iiun.] 
Ornith. :  American  Bush-shrikes ;  a  sub- 
family of  Formicariida',  with  ten  genera,  from 
the  forest  districts  of  equatorial  America. 
Bill  long,  keel  arched,  tip  hooked,  base  with 
bristles;  win;:s  moderate;  tail  long;  tarsi 
broadly  scaled  ;  outer  toe  united  to  middle  at 
base. 

th&m-noph'-i-luSr  >.    [Gr.  9afivo^  (thamnos) 
=  a  thicket,  iind  ft>i\iia  (jihileo)  =  to  love.] 

Ornith.  :  The  type-genus  of  ThamnophiliniE 
(q.v.),  with  forty-seven  species,  from  tropical 
America.  Nostrils  at  side  of  base  of  bill, 
rounded  and  exposed  ;  wings  rounded,  fourth 
to  seventh  quills  longest ;  tarsi  with  trans- 
verse scales  before  ami  behind. 

tha'-mj^  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Rucerinis  eUIi,  Eld's  Deer,  so  called 
from  Captain  Eld,  who  discovered  it  in  183S. 
It  abounds  in  the  swamp  hinds  nf  Bunnab, 
and  extends  as  far  east  as  the  island  of 
Hainan.  It  differs  from  the  Swamp  Deer 
(q.v.),  only  in  the  form  of  its  antlers,  the 
royal  being  represcnti-d  by  a  small  snag. 

th^n,  *  thanne,  *  then,  *  thenne, "  ttaon, 

'thonne,  ro})J.  [A.JS.  dkimnc  —  than  ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  '('.nt  =  than,  then;  Guth.  than  = 
then,  when;  Ger.  (/an.«  =  then  ;  ilcnn=.foT, 
then,  than;  l<at.  (i(ni  =  then.  Than  is  the 
same  word  as  thfti,  but  dilferentiateil  in  usage.) 
[Thks.]  a  particle  used  after  certain  adjec- 
tives and  adverbs,  expressing  comparison  or 
diversity,  such  as  vinrc,  better,  tcorsc,  rather, 
e'«,  or  the  like,  for  the  purpose  of  introducing 
the  second  member  of  the  comparison.  Than 
is  usually  followed  by  the  object  compared  in 
the  nominative  case  :  as — 

•■  What  I  nhoiiM  )>f,  nil  Imt  less  th^n  he 
Whutu  ttiuixler  hmh  ii)»<1e  greAt«r.' 

MUlon  :  P.  L..  L  257. 

But  sometimes  the  object  compared  is  put  in 
the  objective  case  :  as— 

"  Which  when  Brelrclmb  perceived— t  A  an  whotn, 
8Atnn  except,  iioue  higher  Mt— with  grave 
Aspect  he  rose.'  Milton  ■'  /'.  I...  li.  209. 

In  such  cases  than  may  be  looked  upon  as  a 


preposition.  The  second  memUr  or  object  of 
eonipnrisfHi  is  frequently  a  clause  introduced 
by  (ft*i/;  as,  I  bad  rather  do  this  than  that 
you  sh.>uld  suffer;  the  that  is  frequently 
omitted  :  as— 

•■  I  h»wl  rather  idih  iu)-Mlf  than  they 
Shoulil  uut  pruilucv  fntr  iMUe." 

MoJtrflp.  -■   tVitiUri  T'lte.  li.  1. 

*than''9g:e*  *.  [Eng.  than(f);  -age..]  The 
land  granted  to  a  tliane  ;  the  district  in  which 
a  tliHue  resided  ;  the  dignity,  olflce,  or  juris- 
diction of  a  thane. 

•■  Because  perchiincc  tho  heira  of  the  Thanea  wlio 
ancldiilly  held  tbo  »*id  Thatuige*."— Charter  granttd 
Ay  Oavid  II. 

th&n' -  9  -  OS,  5.    [Altered  from  Gr.  flamTOs 

(thtinatos)  ~  death.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  HesperidiC.  One 
species,  r/iaHfim  (ii'/i"{  is  common  throughout 
Britain.    The  larva  feeds  on  birds-foot  trefoil. 

t  tha-n&t'-i-^i,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  ffa^oTucos  (Oumati- 
W)  =  deadly.] 

Med. :  The  term  used  by  Dr.  William  Farr, 
in  his  Nosology,  to  indicate  "lesions  from  vio- 
lence tending  to  sudden  death."  These  le- 
sions are  the  direct  results  of  physical  or 
chemical  forces,  acting  either  by  the  will  of 
the  sutferer,  or  of  other  persons,  or  accident- 
ally. 

th^'-a-tOld,  fi.  [Or.  ^di-oTos  (thtnmtos)  = 
death,' an<l  fci^os  {<  ii^w)  =  form,  apjiearance.) 
Resembling  deatli  ;  apparently  dead.    (Dun- 

ylison.) 

than-a-tol'-O-gJ?",  s.  (Gr.  Bdvaro^  (thanatos) 
=  dea*tli,  and  Ao^o?  (logos)  t^  a  word,  a  dis- 
course.) A  treatise  on,  or  the  doctrine  of 
death. 

than-at-o-phid'-i-a,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  ffacaro? 
{thauotos)  =  death,  and  Mod.  Lat.  ophidia 
(q.v.).] 

Zool. :  Poisonous  Colubrine  Snakes  ;  a  sub- 
order of  Ophidia  (q.v.),  with  two  groups, 
Proteroglyphia  and  Solenoglyplua.  (See  these 
words.) 

thane,  '  thajme,  *  thein,  5.  [A.S.  thegen, 
the'jn,  then  ~  a  thane  ;  prop.  =  mature,  grown 
up,  from  thigeii,  pa.  par.  of  thi-han  =  to  grow 
up,  to  be  strong;  cogn.  with  Icel.  thegn; 
Ger.  degen  =  a  warrior,  from  gedigen,  pa.  par. 
of  M.  H.  Ger.  dihen  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  dikan;  Ger. 
ijedei}isn  =  to  grow  up,  to  become  mature.] 
[Teee,  1',]  A  title  of  honour  or  dignity 
among  the  Anglo-Saxons,  lu  England  a  free- 
man not  noble  was  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  a  thane  by  acquiring  a  certain  amount 
nf  land  (five  hides  in  the  case  of  a  lesser 
thane),  by  making  three  sea  voyages,  or  by 
receiving  holy  orders.  The  thanes  liad  tlie 
right  of  voting  in  the  Witenageniot,  not  only 
of  their  own  shires,  but  also  of  the  whole 
kingdom,  on  important  questions.  There  were 
two  orders  of  thanes :  tlie  king's  tlianes,  or 
those  who  attended  at  his  court  and  held 
lands  immediately  from  him,  and  ordinary 
thanes,  or  lords  of  tlie  manor,  and  who  bad 
a  particular  jurisdiction  within  their  limits. 
On  the  cessation  of  his  actual  personal  ser- 
vice about  the  king,  the  thane  received  a 
grant  of  land.  After  the  Norman  conquest, 
thanes  and  barons  were  classed  together,  and 
the  title  fell  into  disuse  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
11.  In  Scotland,  thane  signified  originally  a 
count  or  earl,  one  who  ruled  a  county,  or  even 
in  some  cases  a  province.  Afterwards  the 
title  was  applied  to  a  class  of  non-military 
tenants  of  the  crown,  and  continued  in  use 
till  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

"  Of  Fjfe  Maltduff  tliat  time  the  Thane" 

Hi/iifouit :  Chronicle,  VI.  xix.  2. 

'  thane-lands,  5.  pi.  Lands  granted  to 
thanes. 

*  thane' -  dom.  s.  [Eng.  thane;  -dom.]  The 
district  or  jurisdiction  of  a  thane. 

"  III  the  thanrdom  once  his  own." 

hcott :  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  v.  2. 

*  thane'-hOOd.  s.     [Eng.  thane  ;  -kood.\ 

1.  The  oIRce,  dignity,  or  position  of  a  thane ; 
tlianeship. 

2.  The  collective  body  of  thanes ;  thanes  in 
general. 

*  thane'-ship,  5.  (Eng.  thane;  -ship.^  The 
state,  dignity,  or  position  of  a  tliane  ;  thane- 
hood. 

"The  thmiethip  of  Glamis  was  the  ancient  inherit- 
ance of  Mocbeth's  iM\\Wy"—iSteei'em:  Aote  on  ift</te- 
s/ieari;. 


Th&n'-et,  s.     [See  def.] 

Geog. :  The  Isle  of  Thanet  in  the  north-east 
of  Kent. 
Thanet-sands,  s.  pi. 

<!foL  :  The  lowest  bed  of  the  Lower  Eocene 
of  the  Lon<lon  Hasins  resting  immediately  on 
the  chalk.  It  has  forty-five  genera  and 
seventy-three  species  of  fossils.    (Et)icridge.) 

thSJok  (pa.  t.  thanked,  *  thanked),  v.t.  [A.S. 
//('(Hr/aR,from  thane,  (/ionc  =  thought,  thanks  ; 
Dut.  donken  ;  Icel.  tluikka  ;  Dan.  takke;  Sw. 
tacka ;  Ger.  daJikeii;  Goth,  thaiikjan  =  to 
think.]  [Thank,  s.]  To  express  gratitude  to 
for  a  favour;  to  make  acknowledgment  of 
gratitude  to  for  benefits,  favours,  or  kind- 
nesses. 

"  Thank  him  not  for  that  which  be  di>th  say." 

Shakitr- :  Honnet  "9. 

1[  (1)  It  is  often  used  ironically  : 

•■  Tliftt  Portugal  hath  yet  no  more  tliati  a  suspension 
of  arms,  they  may  thank  themselves,  hecniise  they 
came  so  late  into  the  tre.ity  ;  and,  that  tliey  came  eo 
late,  they  may  thank  the  Whigs,  whi.ise  false  lepre- 
seutationa  they  belie ved."~S«'(r(. 

(2)  /  thank  you  (commonly  shortened  into 
thank  ynu) :  An  expression  of  thanks  for  some 
kindness  or  act  of  politeness.  It  is  also  fre- 
quently used  in  declining  an  offer  or  request, 
whether  seriously  or  ironically. 

"No,  /  thank  you.  forsooth,  heartily."— Sftatejp. .' 
Merri/  Wires,  1.  1. 

(3)  /  will  thank  you  :  A  colloquial  jdirase  of 
politeness  used  in  introducing  a  request,  and 
equivalent  to.  Will  you  oblige  me  by  doing, 
giving,  or  handing  ao-and-so  :  as,  /  will  thank 
yon  to  shut  the  door. 

thank,  s.  [A.S.  thane,  thonc  —  thought,  grace, 
favour,  content,  thanks;  allied  to  think  and 
cogn.  with  Dut.  dank ;  Icel.  thijkk ;  Dan.  tak 
=  thanks,  tanke  =  thought  ;  Sw.  (act  ;  Ger. 
dank;  Goth,  tliagks.] 

I.  An  expression  of  gratitude  for  a  favour  ; 
an  acknowledgment  of  gratitude  for  a  bem-tit. 
favour,  or  kindness.  (Now  used  exclusively 
in  the  plural.) 

"  Thanks  be  to  God  which  giveth  us  the  victory."— 
J  Corinth,  xv.  ST. 

*  2.  Good-will,  gratitude,  thankfulness. 
^  (1)  It  is  often  used  ironically  : 

"  It  is  a  sight  but  rarely  spied. 
Thanks  to  mau'3  wrath  and  woman's  pride." 

Scott :  Jiokeby.  v.  S. 

(2)  Thanks;  a  common  contraction  for  I 
give  (offer,  (cjuier,  &c.)  thanhs,  thanks  be  to  you, 
or  the  like. 

thank-ofTering,  s.  An  offering  made  as 
an  fxpression  of  giatitude  or  thanks;  an 
olfering  for  benelits  received. 

"The  alt-irs  r.iii  with  the  blood  of  victims  killed  as 
tha nK-i'Jfemiffs."~t'lton  .    Origins  of  Eng.  BUt.,  p.  261, 

thank-worthiness,  5.  The  quality  or 
state  ot  being  thankw.ii  thy, 

thank-worthy,  *  thanke-worthy,  a. 

Deserving  or  worthy  of  thanks.  (1 1'eter  ii.  19.) 

thank'ful,  *  thanke-full,  a.    [A.S.  thanc- 

J'ul,  thonc/id.] 

1.  Impressed  with  a  sense  or  feeling  of 
gratitude  for  benefits  or  kindness  received ; 
grateful. 

"  One  act.  that  from  a  thankful  heart  proceeds. 
Excels  ten  thousand  mercenary  dee<l9. " 

C<npptn-:  Truth.  2SS. 

*  2.  Expressive  of  thanks  or  gratitude. 

"  Give  the  pods  a  thtt>0(ful  sacrifice." 

^hakesp.  :  Anthony  &  Cleoputra,  i.  K 

*  3.  Claiming  or  deserving  thanks;  thank- 
worthy, meritorious. 

4.  Springing  from  a  feeling  of  gratitude. 

*'  A  thankful  remembrance  of  his  death." — Common 
Prayer. 

"  5.  Pleasant  grateful. 


thank' -ful-ly,  adi\  [Eng.  thnnk/nl ;  -hj.] 
In  a  thankful  manner  ;  with  gratitude  ;  with 
a  lively  and  grateful  sense  of  kindness  re- 
ceived ;  gratefully. 

"They  .  .  .  received  very  (AatiA/H/?v  such  little  pre- 
seiits  as  we  made  them."— Coo*.-  first  i'oyagc.  bk.  ii.. 
th.  iL 

thank'-ful-ness,  ^  thanke-fulnesse,  s. 

[Eng.  thankful;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  thanklul :  a  feeling  of  gratitude;  a 
lively  and  grateful  sense  of  kindness  received  ; 
giatitude. 

"Expressing  himself  with  great  thankfulness  for 
the  civilitie.>*  lie  and  his  countrymen  had  found  ou 
board.  ■■— .Ijisoti  ;    Voyages,  bk.  ii..  cb.  vi. 


ate.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  wh6,  son;  mute,  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rile,  full;  try,  Syrian.    ».  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


thanking    thatch 


51 


tlx^Lnk  'ing.  *  thank-yne*  pr.   par.  &  a. 

[In  KNK,  1'.] 

A.  As  pr.  ixir.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  ailj. :  An  expression  of  thanks  ; 
gnilituile,  thanksgiving,  thanks. 

iliiiiy  ami  Iie;irty  fh'Htkiiftt  to  y.iu  l>oth." 

Shiik.:'p.  :  Mraaurcfor  Mfusurf,  v.  1. 

thank  -less,    *  thanke-lesse,    *  thank- 

lesse,  (t.     [Kng.  thank;  ■/«■.<,';.] 

1.  Unthankful,  ungrateful;  insensible  of 
kiiiiiness  or  benefits. 

"  How  slmrper  than  a  serpent's  t<>oth  it  is. 
To  have  a  thankleu  chilii."       Shaki-t/i. :  I^ar,  i.  2. 

2.  Not  deserving  thanks  ;  not  likely  to 
gain  thanks. 

'■  Calling  the  inauaging  of  state  matters  and 
coiuiiinii  wenl  a  thankieise  iuter meddling  iu  other 
mens  affairs."-  P.  IloUand  :  Plutarch,  p.  TS. 

thanlc'-les8-ly,  a/Zy.  [Eng.  thajikless :  -ly.] 
In  a  thankless  manner;  without  thanks; 
ungiatefuUy. 

■'  Whose  sacred  influence.  sprea<l  through  earth  and 
We  all  tuu  thank/fs.-il!/  participftte."  |  heaven, 

tt'ordstrorth :  Excursion,  hk.  vij, 

thank '-less-ness,  s.  [Eng.  thankless  ;  ■)i€ss.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  thankless  ;  in- 
gratitniJe ;  insensibility  of  kindness  or  benefits. 

"  Not  f  have  written  then,  seems  little  less 
Than  worst  of  civil  vices.  thaii/cleMne*s." 

Donne:  To  Countess  of  Bedfurd. 

'  thank' -ly*,  adv.  [Eng.  thank;  -ly.'\  Thank- 
fully. 

"  He  iriveth  frankly  what  we  tJun\kly  spend." 
Sylvester :  Du  Bartas;  Third  Day,  First  Week.  809. 

'  thanks -gfive,   v.t.     [Eng.    thanks;    -give.] 
Ill  r(l.lpr;ttf  i>r  distinguish  by  solemn  riti-s  iu 
token  'if  thankfulness  ;  to  give  thanks  for. 
■■  To  th4tn>csiiii'e  or  hlesse  a  thing  in  a  way  ti>  a  sacred 
use  he  took  to  he  an  offering  of  it  to  God." — ifede. 

thanks-giv-er,  s.  [Eng.  thanks,  and  giver.] 
I  )nr  \vlin  _'ivL*s  tlianks  ;  one  wlio acknowledges 
a  kiiidui'^s  iir  V>enefit. 

"The  devout  tlMnksgiver,  David,  continually  de- 
daring  the  great  price  he  set  vt\»M\  the  divine  favours." 
— Barrow:  Sermons,  vol.  i..  sen  8. 

thanks  -giving.  ^  thankes-gyv-yng.  5. 

iEng.  thanks,  and  -jicing.] 

1.  The  act  of  returning  thanks,  or  of  ex- 
pressing gratitude  for  benefits  or  kindness. 

2.  A  public  celebration  or  acknowledgment 
of  divine  goodness  ;  a  day  specially  set  apart 
for  religions  services  as  an  acknowledgment 
of  the  goodness  of  God  as  .shown  either  in  any 
remarkable  deliverance  from  calamity  or  in 
the  ordinary  dispensation  of  His  bounties. 

^  National  thanksgivings  have  several 
times  taken  place  in  England,  the  first  being 
on  Sept.  8,  15SS,  for  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish 
Armadn.  Others  were  on  Nov.  24,  1702,  and 
Sept.  7,  1704,  for  Marlborough's  victories ; 
April  23,  17SE>,  for  the  recovery  of  George 
III.  ;  and  Dec.  19,  1797,  for  Duncan's  and 
other  naval  victories.  In  the  nineteenth 
century  tliere  were  three :  one  for  the  re- 
covery" of  the  then  Prince  of  Wales  (after- 
wards Edward  VII.)  from  sickness,  Feb.  27, 
1872 ;  another  for  Queen  Victoria's  Jubilee, 
June  21,  1SS7  ;  and  the  third  on  June  22,  1S97, 
for  Queen  Victoria's  Diamond  Jubilee.  Two 
have  taken  place  iu  the  present  century:  one 
nn  June  S,  1902,  on  the  conclusion  of  the  Boer 
War;  tlie  other  on  Oct.  2S,  1902,  for  the  re- 
covery of  Edward  VII.  from  illness. 

3.  A  form  of  words  expressive  of  thanks  to 
God,  as  A  grace  or  the  like. 

than'-nah,  s.    [Hind.]    [Tanna.] 

*  thanne,  adv.    [Than.] 

*  than'-U3«  c.     [Low  Lat.]    A  thane  (q.v.). 

thap'-si-a,  s.  (Lat.,  from  Gr.  Ba.yliia  {thajtsia).'] 
Bot.  :  Deadly-carrnt ;  tlie  typical  genus  of 
Thapsidie  (q.v.).  Perennial  herbs  with  doubly 
or  trebly  pinnate  leaves,  and  large  compnund 
umbels  of  yellow  flowers,  without  involucres 
or  involucels.  T.  garganica  is  found  in  the 
South  of  Europe  and  Northern  Africa  ;  T. 
Silphion  is  a  variety.     [Laser.] 

tha.p'-si-dae.   s.   pi.       (Jlod.    Lat.    thaps(ia): 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sufT.  -iiUv.] 
Bot.  :  A  family  of  Apiaceie. 

^thar,  V.  impers.  [For  tharf.  from  A.S.  theai-- 
fan  =  to  have  need.]    It  behoves. 

thar,  s.    [Tahr.] 

fhar'- and  - ite,  s.  [After  Tharand,  near 
Dresden,  where  found  ;  suff.  -tte  (Min.).^ 


Min. :  A  variety  tif  dolomite  (<!.v.).  occur- 
ring in  greenish-yellow  crystals,  which  con- 
tain 4  [K-r  cent,  of  jirotoxido  of  iron. 

*thar' -bo  rough  (gk  silent),  s.  [A  corrupt, 
of  thinili'-roiiiih  (q.v.).]  (Shakesp. :  Love's  Ixi- 
honrs  I.ust,  I.  I.) 

'  tharf.  •  tharffe,  o.    [Tiiebf.] 

tharm.    '  tharme.    '  thearm,   s.     [A.S. 
th'tinii;  led.   thai- III r  ;   Dut.  &  Gcr.  (/«i'm  =  a 
gut.] 
*  1.  An  intestine,  a  gut. 


2.  Guts  or  intestines  twisted  into  a  cord,  as 
for  fiddle-strings,  &c.    (Frov.) 

that,  a.,  pron.,  coiij.,  &  culv.  [A.S.  dha't,  sing. 
neut.  of  demonstrative  pronoun,  frequently 
used  as  neut.  of  the  def.  article.  The  suttix  ( 
i.s  the  mark  of  the  neuter  gender,  as  in  v,ha,t, 
from  who,  i(  (orig.  hit)  from  he,  and  answers 
to  the  Lat.  d,  as  in  istuti.  qnid,  id,  &c.  It 
also  appears  iu  Sanse.  ttU  =  it,  that,  and  in 
the  noiuin.  neut.  and  oldiqne  cases  of  the 
Greek  article.  Cf.  Dut.  de  (niasc.  &  fem.)  = 
the;  (/(((  =  that  (conj.);  Icel.(/m(=the  ;  Dan. 
den  (masc.  <to  fem.),  dct  (neut.)  =  the  ;  Sw. 
den  (masc.  &  fem.),  (let  (neut.)  =  this  ;  Ger. 
ticr(masc.),  (iie(feni.),  d(t5 (neut.)  =  the  ;  doss 
=  tliat  (conj.) ;  Goth,  thata,  neut.  of  def. 
article  ;  Kuss.  tote  (masc),  ta  (fem.),  to  (neut.) 
=  that.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

I.  Used  as  a  definite  adjective  before  a  jiovn : 

1.  Used  to  point  to  a  person  or  thing  before 
mentioned,  or  supposed  to  be  understt)od  ;  or 
used  to  designate  a  specific  person  or  thing 
emphatically,  having  more  force  than  the 
definite  article,  which  may,  however,  in  some 
cases  be  substituted  for  it. 

"The  woman  was  maoa  whole  from  that  hour." — 
Matthew  ix.  22. 

2.  Used  in  opposition  or  contradistinction 
to  this,  and  designating  one  of  two  objects 
already  mentioned,  and  generally  the  one 
more  remote  in  time  or  place.     [II.  2.] 

"  This  clerke  said  ye,  that  other  naie." 

iioietr  :  C.  A.    (Prol  ) 

3.  Used  almost  as  equivalent  to  such,  and 
serving  to  point  not  so  much  to  persons  or 
things  as  to  their  qualities  ;  occasionally  fol- 
lowed by  as  or  that  as  a  correlative. 

"  Whose  love  was  of  th<it  dignity 
J%at  it  went  hand  iu  hand  even  with  the  vow." 

Shakes^.  :  I/amlft,  i.  V. 

II.  Used  absolutely  or  without  a  nan  n : 

1.  Used  to  designate  a  person  or  thing 
already  mentioned,  referred  to,  implied,  or 
otherwise  indicated. 

"The  measure  is  English  heroic  verse  without 
rhiiue.  as  tfuit  of  Homer  in  Greek,  and  of  Virgil  iu 
I.atin.'— .t/tZ^OH.  P.  L.    (The  Verse.) 

2.  Used  in  opposition  to  this,  or  by  way  of 
distinction  ;  as.  This  is  dark,  that  fair.  When 
this  iiid  that  are  used  to  refer  to  persons  or 
tilings  already  mentioned  or  indicated  in  any 
way,  this  designates  the  latter  or  last  men- 
tioned, that  tlie  former  or  first  mentioned,  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  Lat.  hie  and  ilh,  and 
the  Fr.  ceci  and  cela.  When  used  to  denote 
plural  nouns  that  takes  the  plural  form  those. 

"  Those  are  the  very  words." 

ahnkesii. :  Merrh/mt  of  Venice,  iv.  I. 

3.  Used  in  place  of  a  sentence,  or  part  of  a 
sentence,  or  a  series  of  sentences. 

"When  Mosea  heard  that  he  was  content."— ic- 
viticus  X.  20. 

Here  that  refers  to  the  words  of  .\aron  (Lev. 
X.  19).  That  in  this  use  sometimes  precedes 
the  sentence  or  clause  to  which  it  refers. 

"  That  he  far  from  thee,  to  do  after  this  manner,  to 
sliiy  the  righteous  with  the  wicked."— Qcnesia  xviii.  25. 

Here  (hat  refers  to  the  clause  in  it;dics.  Diat 
is  also  frequently  used  as  a  substitute  for  an 
adjective  :  as,  "You  say  he  is  dead  :  that  he 
is  not."  It  is  also  frequently  used  to  explain 
or  add  to  something  said  or  referred  to. 

"  I  heard  a  humming. 
And  that  a  strange  one." 

8hakeip. :  Tempest,  ii.  1. 

Sometimes  it  is  used  as  equivalent  to  the 
modern  colloquial  use  of  so,  as — 

"  '  You  saw  the  ceremony?' 
■  That  I  did.'  "  .shak€si>. :  Benry  VUL.  iv.  1. 

4.  Used  with  a  predicate,  by  way  of  em- 
phatic approbation,  applause,  or  encourage- 
ment. 

"  Why,  that  'a  my  dainty  Ariel  \" 

Shakefp. :  Tempest,  v.  1, 

5.  Especial,  distiiiguishe<h 

"Art  thou  tfiat  my  lord  Elijah?"— l  Kings  xviii.  7. 


6.  By  ontissinn  of  the  following  ndative. 
(1)  Equivalent  to  he  who,  she  who. 

"Who  la  rA^-if  calla  BO  coldly  ?"—^!iAaAM|J. .'  Taminff 
of  t hit  >hrrw,  Iv.  1. 

(li)  Equivalent  to  what,  that  which. 

"  Have  you  that  I  sent  you  for  T  " 

.s'Vi*r*p.-  Conitntj/ n/  Krrors,  Iv.  i. 

B.  As  a  Ttlatirc  pronoun,  that  is  used  fre- 
quently as  eciuivalent  to  who  or  which. 

"So  twing  thjit  ruling  engine  that  liovcrna  the 
world,  it  both  clHiinti  and  fliids  aa  grMt  »  prehenil. 
nt-ncn  above  all  other  kinds  of  luiuwludgi-  "ti  govern- 
ment is  alMive  cunt«iiii>hitiou.'— jfoui/i:  Harmons,  vol. 
i..  ser.  9. 

It  cmnot,  liowever,  be  used  as  a  relative  with 
a  preposition  jireccding  it ;  hut  it  may  be  so 
used  if  the  pnqHtsition  is  pla<-ed  at  the  end  of 
the  clause.  Thus,  wc  can  say  :  The  inau  o/ 
irhom  I  sjioke,  or,  the  man  that  I  spoke  of; 
the  house  in  tohich  I  live,  or.  the  house  that  I 
live  in,  &c.  That  introduces  always  an  ad- 
jective clause,  while  who  or  which  are  not 
always  so  used.  To  the  relative  use  of  that 
may  be  referred  the  cases  in  which  it  is  used 
as  correlative  to  so  and  such. 

"  Whose  state  is  such  that  cimnot  cliODse 
But  lend  and  t'ive  where  she  Is  sure  to  lose." 

.sh'tkesp. :  All's  Well  that  Ends  Well.  I.  8. 

C.  As  conjunction : 

1.  Used  to  introduce  a  clause  which  is, 
logically,  either  the  subject  of  the  principal 
sentence,  or  the  object,  or  a  necessary  com- 
plement of  an  essential  part  of  the  prin- 
cipal sentence. 

"  "Tia  childish  error  that  they  are  afraid." 

ahakesp,:   Veniu  *  Ad-mis,  898. 

2.  Used  to  introduce  a  reason  ;  in  that,  be- 
cause, since. 

"  Do  not  smile  at  me  that  I  boast  her  otf.' 

Shakeip.  :  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

3.  Used  to  denote  a  purpose,  object,  or  end  ; 
equivalent  to  the  phrases  in  order  that,  so 
that,  to  the  end  that. 

4.  Used  to  introduce  a  result  or  conse- 
quence, and  equivalent  to  so  that. 

"  At  this  Adouis  smiles  as  in  disdain. 
That  in  each  cheek  .'ippears  a  prttty  dimple." 

tifiaJcetp.  :   Venus  A  A  donis,  342. 

5.  Denoting  a  fact  supposed  to  be  in  con- 
nection with  what  precedes ;  equivalent  to 
seeing  that,  it  being  the  case  that. 

"There  ia  something  in  the  wind,  that  we  cannot  get 
la."  ^hakenp.:  Comedy  of  Krrors,  Mi.  1, 

6.  Supplying  the  place  of  a  relative  preceded 
by  a  preposition.     [B.] 

"  This  is  the  hour  that  Madam  Silvia 
Entreated  me  to  call." 

fyhakcfp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  iv.  8. 

*  7.  Used  to  supply  the  place  of  another 
conjunction  iu  the  second  part  of  a  clause. 

*'  A»  if  the  world  should  cleave,  and  th»c  slain  men 
Should  solder  iii>  the  rift." 

Shakesp:  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  iii.  4. 

8.  Added  to  other  conjunctions  and  relative 
adverbs  without  modifying  their  sense. 

"After  that  the  holy  rites  are  ended." 

.Shiikuaji.  :  Much  Ado  Ab/^ut  .S'olhing,  V.  4. 

So  also  we  find  lest  that,  when  Uiat,  where  that, 
whilst  that,  kc. 

9.  Used  elliptically  to  introduce  a  sentence 
or  clause  expressive  of  surprise,  indignation, 
or  the  like. 

"  ITtnt  a  brother  should 
Be  so  perfidious  ! "  Shtikc^p.  :  Tempest,  I.  2. 

^  Iu,  that:  For  the  reason  that;  seeing 
that ;  because. 

10.  Used  similarly  ellipticallyas  an  ojitative 
particle,  or  to  introduce  a  phrase  expressing  a 
wish. 

"  0,  that  you  bore 
The  mind  that  1  do."  Shakesp. :  Tempest,  it  1. 

D.  As  adv. :  To  such  a  degree ;  so :  as.  He 
was  that  angry.    (Vulgar.) 

that9h,  s.  [A  weakened  form  of (Aafc[THACK,s.], 
from  A.S.  tha:c  —  th;itch  ;  theccan  =  to  thatch, 
cover;  Dut.  d/tk  =  i\vjitch,  dekken  =  tn  thatch; 
Icel.  (/tHfc=;  thatch,  thekja=tn  thatch  ;  Dan. 
(a(/  =  thatch,  twkke  =  to  thatch;  Sw.  tak  — 
thatch,  tiikke  =  to  thatch  ;  Ger.  darh  =  thatch, 
decken  =  to  thatch.  Fmm  the  same  root  come 
Gr.  Wyo?  (tegns)=.9.  roof,  <jTfyti»  {stcg6)z^to 
cover;  Lat.  teijo=- to  cover;  Irish  teagh  =  & 
luiuse  ;  Gael,  teach,  tlgh  =  a  house  ;  Wrlsh  tig 
=  a  house,  toi  =  to  thatch  ;  Eng.  deck  (1),  s.J 
I.  Ordinary  lAingtuige: 

1.  Lit. :  A  covering  of  straw,  rushes,  reeds, 
or  the  like,  used  for  the  roofs  of  houses,  to 
cover  stacks  of  hay  or  grain,  &c. 

'■  When  from  the  thatrh  drips  fast  a  shower  of  rain  " 
Oat/  :  lamentation  uf  (llumdnlcUtrh. 

2.  Fig. :  A  hat  or  other  covering  for  the 
head.    (Slang.) 


boil,  boy ;  poiit,  jo^l ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  ^hin,  bench :  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -inp- 
-eiau,  -tiaoi  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ^  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  ^  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.    -ble.  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


62 


thatch— theandric 


IL  B(>(. ;    (I)  l\tl^tVHOMa    Smirtsii ;   (2) 
0}l<rK\cui  tectorum, 
thatoh  -  tree.    ••     A  genonil   name  for 

|«ihii>  111  tl.-  W..-,t  lii.li.>. 

thatob  wood  work,  &-. 

//yi/r  -eng. :  A  iin«le  of  facinK  sya-walla 
with  brualiwtHKi.  UimUtIuu.sIi  n("  say  twelve 
or  fourteen  yearn'  growth  is  cut  down,  faguleil 
at  its  full  length,  ami  spread  over  the  face  of 
the  iMuks.  It  is  kept  ilown  hy  strong  stakes, 
which  have  cruds-piii:!  at  their  uiuwr  emls  to 
rest  upon  tlie  hrush.  whieh  breiiks  and  dis- 
I»craes  the  wavea  aud  proLccls  the  earth  be- 
neath. 

tll&t^  r.r.  ITnATt'ii,  s.)  To  cover  with  straw, 
1  u:ih»s,  r\'eds,  or  the  like. 

th&tfhod.  ;^i.  ;Mr.  or  tu    IThatch,  v.] 

'  tbatohed  -  head.  s.  One  who  hus  a 
liead  of  ihirkly-rnatttd  hair.  (Knrinerly  ap- 
plied to  an  Iriiihnian  iu  contempt.) 

th&t^ll'-er,  s.  lEiig.  thatch,  v.;  -cr.J  One 
whitse  oecui>atioii  is  tu  thatdi  houses. 

"All  buucat  fAtifcAtrr  wilt  kuuw  tiuur  tit  hniid  hi« 
stnw  no  wiilt  Iwttvr  after  liU  vlectiuu  Diiin  lii;  did  be- 
ton."—Bv.  Halt:  £ffitcvpacy  by  Mpina  Hight,  pt  lit., 
»«. 

thdt9h   ing,  jw.  -par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Tuatuh,  r.] 
A.  .v  B.  As  jrr.  par.  £  purticip.  adj. :  (Sec 
ihf  \trbj. 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  art  of  covering  with  thatch. 

2.  The  nmterials,  as  straw,  reeds,  &c.,  used 
fur  thatching; ;  thutch. 

tbatchlng-fork,  thatching-spale,  $. 

All  iniplenient  witli  a  forkrd  Idu'lt;  and  a  cross 
handle  at  one  end  fur  tlirusting  home  tlie 
tufts  of  straw  in  thatcliing.  The  blade  is 
usually  formed  of  ash-wood,  but  sometimes  of 
thin  iron. 

•  that-ness,  s.  [Kng.  thut;  -vess.]  The  state 
iir  ci'iniitiou  of  being  tliat  rather  than  this. 
[Thisness.] 

'  thatte,  jTon.,  conjunct.,  &e.    [That.] 

thaught  (gh  silent),  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  thwart.] 
A  bi lull  HI  a  boat  on  which  the  rowers  sit. 

thau-xn&n'-ti-as,  s.  [Gr.  daO^a  {thaiuiui), 
genit,  ^oii^oTos  (thaumitos)  =  &  wonder.] 

y.ool. :  A  genus  of  Medusidse.  Body  hemi- 
spherical, its  circumference  with  tentaculi- 
form  cirriii,  bulbous  at  their  root,  the  under 
part  of  the  animal  much  excavated,  with  a 
stomachal  cavity  tenninating  by  a  buccal  uri- 
tice.  From  the  Eurupeau  aud  Australian 
coasts. 

than -mlis,  «■  \Ctr.6avfia(thaiana)  —  aumTve\.] 

I'liUrout. :  The  name  given  to  some  extinct 

forms  from  the  (Jolile,  closely  allied  tu  liliina 

Sffuatina,  the  Angel-tisli,  and  probably  to  be 

classed  with  the  Uhinidfe. 

tlian'-ma-site,  s.  [Or.  Baviid^ui  (thanmazrl) 
=■  to  be  surprised  ;  suff.  -ite  (A//».).J 

Mill. :  An  amorphous  mineral  oc(Uirring  in 
crevices  in  the  Bjelkemine,  Jemtland,  Sweden. 
When  first  found  it  is  stated  to  be  soft,  hard- 
ening on  exposure.  Hardness,  3  "5;  sji.  gr. 
1"877  ;  lustre,  greasy  to  dull;  colour,  white. 
Compos.  :  a  mean  of  three  very  concoidant 
analyses  ajipears  to  justify  the  formula  sug- 
gested by  Lindstroni,  CaSiOs  -f  CaCO^  + 
CaSOj  +  14  aq.,  which  needs  silica,  9-9S  ;  i-ar- 
bonic  acid,  7-.i8  ;  sulphuric  acid,  l:i-25  ;  lime, 
27'S2;  water,  4172  =  100.  In  view  of  the 
improbable  composition,  it  has  been  at- 
tempted to  show  tliat  the  substance  is  a 
mixture ;  but  by  independent  microseopic 
investigation  its  practically  homogeneous 
structure  has  been  cnunrined.  Still  further 
exaiiiinatioii  is  essential. 

tbaU-mSS'tur'-a,  s.  (Gr.  eavixatrros  (than- 
mastos)  —  wuiideiful, and  ovpa  {oura)  =  a  tail.] 
Oniith.:  Sheartail ;  a  Renus  of  Trochilido'. 
with  two  species,  from  the  humid  districts  of 
Peru.  The  genus  is  distinguished  by  the 
I'eculiarly-shajted  tail,  the  feathers  of  which 
are  pointed,  the  middle  ones  being  greatly 
elongate.  Several  pairs  are  generally  met 
with  together.  The  males  are  extrem^lv 
pugnacious,  4lriving  off  eveiy  other  kinn  of 
humming-bird  which  ventures  to  enter  their 
territory.  The  iilumage  of  the  sexes  is  dif- 
ferent, the  female  being  umcli  tluller  iu  colour. 


*  tliau-ma-tdr-a-trj^, s.  [Or. daOfxaithu a nm), 

geiul.  OiivnuToi  {flmuiiiutos)  — a  Wonder,  and 
Aarpiio  (M/rri<()  =  worship. )  Excessive  ad- 
miration fur  what  is  wonderful ;  admiralicn 
of  what  is  miraculous. 

thau'-ma -trope.  «.    [Gr.  eavfia  (thnuma)  — 

a  wonder,  and  xpoTrjj  (/n>;»")  =  a  turning  ;  Tpeirio 
{tnj-o)  —  to  turn.)  An  optical  toy,  depending 
for  its  ctfccts  upon  the  persistence  of  vision. 
It  consists  of  a  circular  card  having  strings 
fastened  to  it  at  the  extremities  of  a  uiametx;r. 
On  one  side  is  lirawn  some  object,  as  a  liorst;, 
and  on  the  other  his  rider,  so  that  when  tlie 
card  is  twirled  rapidly  round  the  rider  appears 
to  be  seated  on  the  horse. 

"  thau'-tna-turge,  s.  [Tbaumatuugv.]  a 
dealei'  in  iniraeks  ;  a  miracle-monger. 

"  thau  -  ma  -  tur  -gic.  ^  thau  -  ma  -  tur- 
gic-al,  ((.  [Eng.  thuiimaturydi) ;  -ic,  -wal.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  thaumaturgy,  magic,  or 
legeiflcmain. 

"  |To  Bee]8ucli  pleasant  peecea  uf  iwrspectlve,  Iiidmii 
pictures  made  uf  feathers.  Cliiiin  workea.  frAUien. 
rhaumatitrfficntl  iiiutiwus.  exoticke  toyes,  Ac."— 
Burton:  Anat.  of  Stetancholy,  p.  275. 

*  thau-mai-tur'-gics.  s.  pi.  [Thaumatur- 
GK\]     Feats  t)f  magic  or  legerdemain. 

*  thau'-ma-tUT-gist,  s.  [Eng.  thduviatnrgiy) ; 

-i.-</.\  One  wild  deals  in  wouders  or  believes 
in  thein  ;  a  wonder-worker. 

"  OitKlioatro,  thautnaturffist,  prophet,  and  arch- 
quack. — Carlyle  :  Diamond  Jfecklacc,  ch,  xvi. 

thau'-ma-tur-giis,   s.     [Gr.   OaufiaToupyos 

ithaumatourijos),  from  $avna  (thauma)  =  a 
wonder,  and  cpyoi-  (ernon)  =  work.]  A 
miracle-worker ;  a  title  given  by  Uoman 
Catholics  to  some  of  their  saints,  specially 
noted  for  working  miracles  -.  as,  Gregory 
Thammilurgits  (212-270).  St.  Bernard  of 
Clairvaux  (lOOI-llfSS)  is  called  the  Thaumat- 
urgits  of  the  M^est. 

thau'-ma-tur-gy,  S.  [Gr.  OavfiarOvpyCa 
(thaumatovrniii),  from  6avfj.a  (thainna),  genit. 
bavfiaTO^  (f/)a»»ia(os)  =  a  wonder,  and  tpyof 
(eTgon)  =  work.]  The  act  of  performing 
miracles  or  wonders  ;  wonder-working,  magic, 
legerdemain. 

"  That  uiaii,  who,  after  such  thaumaturgy,  could 
go  down  til  Stratford  .lud  live  there  for  years." — 
Lowell:  Among  My  Books,  p.  172. 

thave,  s.    [The AVE.] 

thaw,  *  thOW-en,  v.i.  &  (.  [A..^.  ihawian, 
thawan  :  cogn.  with  Dut.  dooi.jen=.  to  thaw, 
from  dooi  —  thaw  ;  Icel.  theyja  =  to  thaw, 
from  thd  =  a  thaw  ;  Dan.  toe  =  to  thaw,  from 
t6=LB,  thaw;  Sw.  (du.  =  to  tliaw,  from(o  =  a 
thaw  ;  Ger.  thau^n  =  to  thaw.] 

A.  Intransitive: 
I.  Literally: 

1.  To  uielt,  dissolve,  or  become  liquid,  as 
ice  or  snow. 

"  Long  tedious  courtship  may  be  proper  for  cold 
countries,  where  their  frosts  are  lout;  a  thawing ;  but, 
heav'u  be  praised,  we  live  in  a  warm  climate." — 
Dryden:  Alt  Evening's  Love,  i.  2. 

2.  To  become  so  warm  as  to  melt  ice  or 
snow,  (Said  of  the  weather,  and  used  im- 
personally.) 

n.  Fig. :  To  become  less  cold,  reserved,  or 
formal ;  to  become  more  genial. 

B.  Transitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  melt,  to  dissolve,  as  ice  or  snow  ; 
to  free  from  frost,  as  frozen  ground. 

"  Time,  never  wandering  from  his  annual  round, 
Bids  zephyr   breathe  the  spring,   and  thnw  the 
ground."  Cowper  :  Elegy  v.    JTranB.) 

2.  Fig. :  To  render  less  cold,  formal,  or 
reserved  ;  to  make  more  genial. 

thaw.  s.     [Thaw,  v.] 
I.  Literally: 

1.  The  reduction  of  snow  or  ice  to  a  liquid 
state  by  the  increasing  lieat  of  the  sun,  or  by 
the  acciOental  passage  of  wanner  currents 
over  the  frozen  mass.  The  dissolution  of  the 
ice  particles  in  the  atmosphere  creates  a 
humidity,  which  is  perceptibly  felt.  During 
thaw  there  is  a  sensation  of  greater  cold  th;in 
during  the  pre\  ious  frost,  owing  apparently 
to  caloric  being  carried  away  fjom  the  body 
by  the  evaporation  of  the  moisture  on  the  skin. 

2.  Warmth  of  weather,  such  as  liquefies  or 
melts  things  frozen. 

"  They  »oon  after,  with  great  joy,  saw  the  snow  fall 
111  large  flakes  from  the  trees,  a  certain  sign  of  an 
approafliiuK  thaw."— Cook  ;  First  Voi/iv/,-  hk    i     cli   iv      , 


II.  Fig. :  The  state  of  becoming  less  cold, 
formal,  or  reserved. 

"  But  were  a  niiiii  In  a  luuuutain  of  ice,  yet.  if  the 
Suu  uf  Hlghteuusneas  should  arise  uiioii  him,  hla 
frozen  heart  shall  feel  a  thaiff."—Bu>ii/an :  fUgrim't 
J'rogreti,  pt.  ii. 

•thaW-less,  (t.  (Eng.  thaw;  -less.]  Un- 
thawed,  uiithawing. 

"Tlie  pure  air.  even  on  this  lower  ledge  of  a  thousand 
feet  above  Boa,  clieri.'^lies  their  sweetest  (toeiita  and 
liveliest  colours,  and  the  wintergivus  them  rest  under 
thawleis  serenity  of  suow."— yfus&i/i,  in  at.  James's 
Gazette,  Feb.  »,  lyBG. 

*  thaw'-y.    a.      [Eng.    tliavj ;    -y.]     Growing 

li<^uid ;  thawing. 

the,  def.  art.  [A.S.  dfie,  morecommonly  se,  the 
niasc.  noin,  of  the  definite  article ;  se,  sin, 
lUuct  [That];  O.  «ax.  dhe ;  O.  Kris,  the,  thl ; 
DuL.  &  Low  Ger.  de ;  Sw.  &  Dan.  den;  Ger. 
(hr.  The  A.S.  definite  article  was  inflected 
like  an  adjective  for  number,  gender,  and  case. 
The,  before  a  comparative,  is  the  old  instru- 
mental thi:  as,  the  more  =  Lat.  to  magis.] 

1.  Used  before  nouns  with  a  specifying  and 
limiting  force ;  as ;  the  twelve  apostles  ;  The 
sun  is  the  source  of  light  and  heat. 

2.  Used  before  a  noun  in  the  singular  num- 
ber, tu  denote  a  species  by  way  of  distribution 
or  a  single  thing  representing  the  whole  :  as, 
TJie  grasshopper  shall  be  a  burden. 

3.  Used  before  abstract  nouns  ;  seemingly 
used  in  a  general  sense,  but  in  fact  restricted 
by  tlieir  jiarticular  application. 

"  The  gr,%nd  debate. 
The  popular  haraugue,  (lie  titrt  reply. 
The  logic,  and  the  wisdom,  aud  the  wit, 
And  the  loud  lauph— I  long  to  know  them  all  ; 
I  burn  to  bet  th'  imprison'd  wriuiglei-s  free, 
Aud  give.them  voice  aud  utt'raiice  onct^  again." 

Cowper  :  Task,  iv.  30-34. 

4.  Used  befose  proper  names  by  way  of 
emithatic  distinction,  or  before  family  names 
with  something  of  the  force  of  a  title  :  as, 
'iV'^  Macuab,  The  O'Donoghue,  The  O'Connor 
Dun,  &c. 

5.  Prefixed  to  adjectives  used  absolutely, 
giving  them  the  force  and  functions  of  ab- 
stract names  :  as,  the  sublime,  tlie  beautiful, 
the  real,  tJie  ideal,  &c. 

6.  Used  before  atljectivesand  adverbs  in  the 
compaiative  degree,  with  the  force  of  by  that, 
by  so  much,  by  how  much,  on  that  account:  as, 
the  sooner  the  better. 

*the,  v.i.     [Tiiek,  v.\    To  thrive,  to  prosper; 

tu  lia\-e  good  luck. 

'■  ■  tiu  the  ik,'  quod  he."  Chaucer :  C.  T.,  3,662. 

the '-a,  s.    [Chinese  tcha  =  tea.] 

Bot. :  Tea ;  a  genus  of  Ternstroiniaceae. 
Flowers  pendent ;  sepals  five,  persistent, 
with  bracts  at  their  base;  petals  five,  seven, 
or  eight,  the  inner  series  the  larger  one  ;  sta- 
mens in  two  rows,  the  inner  or  fiee  series  as 
many  as  the  petals  ;  styles  three  ;  fruit  three- 
t-elled,  capsular,  spheroidal,  with  each  cell 
usually  one-seeded,  the  capsule  ultimately 
splitting  through  the  cells  into  three  valves, 
each  with  a  partition  down  the  middle. 
Known  species  six,  the  leaves  of  only  one  of 
which  are  made  into  tea.  [Tea-plant.]  Grif- 
fith considered  the  genus  not  to  be  jiroperly 
distinct  from  Camellia,  which,  however,  has 
the  sepals  numerous  and  deciduous,  the  free 
stiimens  twiee  as  many  as  the  petals,  five  as 
the  normal  number  of  styles,  and  flowers 
erect.  Most  modern  botanists  therefore  keep 
the  two  genera  separate. 

*  the-a'-9e-SB,  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.  thc{a);  Lat. 
feni.  pi.  adj.  suff".  -aceir.] 

Hot. :  Mirbel's  name  for  Temstroiniaceae 
(q.v.). 

T'-head,  s.  [Eng.  T,  and  head.]  A  cross-bar 
with  two  piungs  on  tlie  end  of  a  dog-chain, 
watch-chain,  or  elsewhere,  to  engage  iu  a  ring. 

the'-ad,  5.    [Mod.  Lat.  the^a);  Eng.  suff.  -ad.] 
But.  (PL):  The  Ternstromiaceai.    (Lindley.) 

the-an'-dric.  o.  [Gr.  0eai'5pi«o9  (theandri- 
Ao\),  from  eeos  (theos)  =  God,  and  av^p(a)ier), 
genit.  ai'Spos  (a/idros)  =  a  man.]  Relating  to 
or  existing  by  the  union  of  divine  and  human 
operation  in  Jesus  Chri.st,  or  the  joint  agency 
of  the  divine  and  human  nature. 

theandric-operation.  s. 

TheoL :  A  term  introduced  in  the  seventh 
century  to  express  that  unitv  of  operation  in 
the  two  natures  and  the  two  wills  of  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ,  by  which  they  act  as  the  natures 


ate.  at.  fere,  amidst,  what,  faU.  father:  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pme.  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine;  go.  pot. 
or.  wore,  wou;  work.  who.  son;  mute.  ciib.  eiire.  unite,  cur.  riile.  ItiU;  try.  Syrian.    ».  oe  =  e;  cy  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


theanthropic — theca 


53 


»iid  wills  of  one  indivisible  Person,  Gotl  nnd 
Man.     (Jthnit.) 

the-an-throp -ic,    the-an-throp -ic-al. 

(I.  [Gr.  eeos  {llieos)  -  soil,  anil  i^Spu,™? 
(n/i/Ai(/;ii)s)=  a  man.]  Partaking  both  of  the 
divine  and  human  nature. 

the-an'-thro-pi^m,  s.    [Tbeanthbopic] 

1.  A  st.ite  of  lii/inf;  Imth  God  and  man. 

2.  A  conception  of  God  or  of  gods,  as  pos- 
sessini;  qnalities  essentially  the  same  as  those 
of  men,  but  on  a  grander  scale.    (Gladsiom.) 

the-Sn'-thro-pist,  s.  [Theanthkopism.] 
One  who  advot'ates  or  believes  in  Theantliro- 
pisTn. 

*  the-an'-thro-pSr,  s.  [Tdeantbropism.] 
The  same  as  Theanthrojiism. 

*  the-arcll'-io,  n.  [Thearchv.]  Divinely 
sovereign  or  supreme. 

*  the' -  ax  -  chy,  .?.  |Gr.  eed!  ((Aros)  =  god, 
and  apxij  (archr)  =  rule.] 

1.  Government  by  God  ;  theocracy. 

2.  A  body  of  divine  rulers  ;  an  order  or 
system  of  gods  or  deities. 

the'-a-ter,  s.    [Theatre.) 

* the-a-ter'-i-an,  s.  (Eng.  theater;  -wn.] 
An  actor. 

"Players,  I  mean  lhcaleriatis."—J)ef!ker:  Sutir/)- 
mattix. 

The'-a-tme,  t  The'-a-tui,  "Te'-a-tin,  «. 

&  s.     (See  def.  B.)        ' 

A.  As  adj. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  connected 
with  the  congregation  described  under  B. 

"The  Tliefttine  Niina  were  founded  by  tlie  Blessed 
Ursula  Keuiuciisa  .  .  .  she  died  iu  16iS."— Addis  A 
Amtjhl:  Cath.  IHct.,  ix  792. 

B.  As  snhsfantii-e : 

Church  Hist. :  Any  member  of  a  congrega- 
tion of  Regular  Clerks,  which  derived  Its 
name  from  Tlieate  (now  Chieti),  a  fortified 
city  of  the  Abruzzo,  of  which  Jolin  Peter 
Carafla,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Congrega- 
tion, was  Bishop.  Associated  with  Caraffa, 
were  St.  Ca^jetau,  Paul  Consiglieri,  and  Boni- 
face de  Colle ;  the  first  stejis  towards  the 
formation  of  the  new  congregation  were  taken 
in  1624,  and  in  the  following  year  it  was  ap- 
proved by  Pope  Clement  VII.  The  object  of 
the  founders  was  the  promotion  of  spiritual 
life  among  Christians  and  the  removal  of  ir- 
regularities among  the  secular  clergy.  The 
members  took  the  three  vows,  and  practised 
rigid  poverty,  for  they  even  abstained  from 
asking  alms,  In  the  popedom  of  Caraffa,  who 
was  elected  in  1555,  and  took  the  title  of  Paul 
IV.,  the  congregation  spre.ad  over  the  Conti- 
nent, but  is  at  present  con  lined  to  Italy. 

•the'  a  tral,  the  a'-tral,  n.  |Fr.,  from 
Lai.  lluuin:Us.]  Pertaining  or  belonging  to 
a  llieritre  or  theatres  ;  theatrical. 

"  In  theatrnt  aetioUB  he  pei-sonates  Herod  in  his 
majesty. '— Comment,  on  Chaucer  (ed.  1G65),  p.  2a, 

the'-a-tre  (tre  as  ter),  the -ar-ter  (Amrr.), 
"  teatre,  .<.  [Fr.  thhltre,  from  'l,at.  Ihrntritm.  : 
Gr.  etarpav  (theatron)  =  a  place  for  seeing 
shows  ;  fleionoi  {Iheiiomai)  =  to  see  ;  Wa  itiwu) 
=  a  sight;  S|i.,  Port.,  and  Ital.  teatro.] 

I.  Literally : 

1.  A  building  devoted  to  tlie  representa- 
tion of  dramatic  siiectacles ;  a  play-house. 
Amongst  the  Greeks  and  Romans  theatres 
wi-iv  thi'  chief  public  edifices  next  to  the 
tiMMiilis,  and  many  of  them  were  of  enormous 
size.  Tlie  theatre  of  Marcellus  at  Rome,  the 
external  walls  of  which  are  still  in  existence 
contained  seats  for  30,00(1  spectators.  The 
Greek  theatres  were  semicircular ;  that  part 
iu  which  the  chorus  danced  and  sang  was 
called  the  orchestra;  behind  this,  and  facin" 
the  audience,  was  the  stage  for  the  performers 
who  took  part  iu  the  drama  ;  the  back  of  the 
stage  being  Hlled  iu  by  a  permanent  architec- 
turally decorated  scene.  Roman  theatres 
also  formed  semicircles  with  seats  rising  in 
the  form  of  an  amphitheatre  for  the  spe'cta- 
tors,  at  the  chord  of  which  was  the  staw 
(scena),  with  its  permanent  decorations.  The 
orchestra,  which  was  the  space  between  the 
stage  and  the  lowest  tier  of  spectators  was 
employed  by  the  Greeks  for  theatrical  pur- 
poses, whereas  the  Romans  turned  it  into 
seats  for  the  senators.  Tlie  topmost  tier  was 
generally  crowned  with  a  covered  portico. 
The  whole  mass  of  the  rows  of  seats  was  sup-  I 


ported  by  a  solid  substnicturo  of  piers  and 
arches,  which  formed  passages  of  three  storeys 
one  above  another,  letaiuiiig  tlie  circiilar 
form  of  the  bnililiiig;  whilst  externally  lliey 
formed  arcades,  which  were  surroiinili-il  \vilii 
half-columns  or  piers  with  entablatures  over 
them.  The  exterior  of  the  straight  portion 
of  the  building,  which  coiilained  the  stage 
and  some  chambers  connected  with  it,  was 
generally  stirronniled  by  a  portico.  Tlie 
theatres  were  either  open,  or  were  protected 
against  the  sun  and  rain  by  an  awning 
stretched  over  them.  The  scena  consisled  of 
the  sectta  in  a  restricted  sense,  answering  to 
the  modern  scene,  and  the  pulpitiim  or  stage. 


THEATKE   OF   DIONYSOS. 


The  scene  itself,  iu  accordance  with  a  critical 
canon  observed  with  much  solicitude  by  the 
Gn  rian  dramatists,  was  very  rarely  changed 
ilnniig  the  course  of  the  same  play,  although 
the  scena  versatilis,  the  turning  scene,  and 
the  scena  ductals,  the  shifting  scene,  were  not 
altogether  unknown.  The  ptUpitum  again 
was  divided  into  the  proscenium,  or  space  iu 
front  of  the  scene,  where  the  actors  stood 
while  actually  engaged  in  the  business  of  the 
play,  and  the  poslscenium,  or  space  behind  the 
scene,  to  which  they  retired  when  they  made 
their  exits.  Modern  theatres  are  generally 
constructed  on  a  semicircular  or  horse-shoe 
]ilan,  with  galleries  running  round  the  walls. 
The  portion  of  a  modern  theatre  correspond- 
ing to  tile  ancient  orchestra  is  occupied 
mainly  by  spectators  (stalls  and  pit,  or  stalls 
only),  the  orchestra  taking  uji  only  a  small 
part  of  it  next  to  the  stage.  In  some  small 
theatres  the  band  is  under  the  stage. 
"  The  building  was  a  sp.icious  thentrc. 
Half-round  on  two  main  pillars  vaulted  high. 
With  seats  where  all  the  lords  and  eaoh  degree 
Of  sort,  might  sit  in  order  to  behold," 

JlUcoii :  Sniruoii  Aifonistcs,  1.605. 

2.  A  room,  hall,  or  other  jilace,  generally 
with  a  iilatform  at  one  end,  and  ranks  of 
seats,  rising  as  they  recede,  or  otherwise  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  alford  the  spectators  a  full 
and  unobstructed  view  of  the  platform.  Such 
rooms  are  used  for  public  lectures,  anatomical 
demonstrations,  surgical  operations  &c. 

II.  Figuratively : 

1.  A  place  rising  by  steps  or  gradations 
like  the  seats  in  a  theatre. 


"  shade  above  shade,  a  woody  theatre 
of  stateliest  view,"  .uuton  :  p.  L..  iv.  m. 

2.  A  pLace,  scene,  or  sphere  of  action  or  ex- 
hibition ;  a  scene  or  field  of  operations  ;  the 
scene  or  locality  where  a  series  of  events 
takes  place  :  as,  the  theatre  of  war. 

*  H  Patent  theatre:  A  theatre  existing  by 
right  of  letters  patent,  as  distinguished  from 
one  holding  a  licence  from  the  Lord  Chamber- 
lain.    (See  extract, ) 

"Owing  to  their  being  the  two  patent  theatres. 
Urury  Lane  and  Covent  G.nden  have  each  at  their 
dooi-s  a  guard  of  honour  of  six  soldiers,  furnished  hy 
the  household  troops,  ,  .  ,  The  guard,  we  believe,  is 
the  sole  relic  of  the  exclusive  'royal  ])atenf  under 
which  these  two  theatres  so  long  existed,"— (VuVord  ■ 
Old  tt  Xew  London,  iii,  2:17. 

theatre-goer,  s.     A  playgoer ;  one  who 

fivqiieuts  theatres. 

theatre-going,  s.    The  practice  of  fre- 

(lueiiting  theatres. 

"tfp  in  Whven.^  we  have  not  got  reconciled  to 
theatre-goinn  yet,"— .sr,  James's  aazette.  June  2.  1887. 

*  the -a-tre -less  (tre  as  ter),  a.  [Eng. 
thralre;  -kss.J  Without  a  theatre;  without 
going  to  a  theatre. 

"  Nobody  with  a  few  pence  in  his  pocket  need  go 
theatretess  to  bed. "— /Jii i/j^  Telegraph,  Dec,  26.  les.'i. 

the-&t'-ric-al,  •  the-at'-rlc,  a.     [Lat. 

tlwatricu^,  froiii  Gr,  eeoiTpiKds  (»i('«rri/.-os).  J 


1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  theatre  or  to  scenic 
representations ;  resembling  the  liiitnner  of 
dramatic  performers. 

'■  The  people  In  general  fonder  of  theatrical  cnter- 
taliiiiient."— Uo/d»»nJrA  ,■  Polite  Leartiinir.  cli.  xil. 

2.  Calculated  for  display  ;  pompous. 

"  riiit  whichsoever  we  do.  neither  our  langung* 
Blioiild  bo  Hond.  nor  our  manner  theatrical."— .Seeker  ,- 
11  orks.  Vol,  v..  Charge  1. 

3.  Meretricious,  artificial,  false. 

■  the-at-ri-cal'-i-tjr,  s.  [Eng.  theatrical ; 
■ill/.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  theatrical  ; 
an,vtliiiig  that  is  theatncal ;  theatrical  dia- 
pla.v.     (I',  K i n(j.il,-!i :  Alton  iMcke,  eh.  vi.) 

"  the-at'-ri-cal-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  tlmttrical ; 
■i:e.]    To  cast  in  a  dramatic  form. 

"  I  shall  oocasionally  theatricalize  my  dialogues."— 
Mad.  /)  Arhhiy  .■  /linry.l'ja. 

the-at-rio-al-ly,  atlr.   [Eng.  theatrical:  ■ly.'} 

1.  In  a  theatrical  manner;  in  a  manner 
suiting  tlie  stage.  (Farrar :  Early  Days  of 
Christianity,  cli.  iv.) 

2.  With  vain  pomp,  show,  or  ostentation  ; 
with  false  glitter  ;  iinreall.v. 

the-at'-ric-alg,  s.  pi.  [Theathical.]  All 
that  appertains  to  a  dramatic  performance, 
especially  such  a  iierformance  in  a  private 
house  :  as,  private  theatricals. 

theave,  thave,  s.  [Cf.  'Welsh  da/ad  =  a 
sheep,  a  ewe.]    A  ewe  of  the  first  year. 

the-ba'-i-a,  s.    [Thebaine.] 

the'-ba-id,  s.  [See  def.]  A  poem  concerning 
Thebes.  There  were  several  such  ;  but  the 
name  is  given,  by  way  of  pre-eminence,  to  a 
Latin  heroic  poem  in  twelve  books  written  by 
Statius,  born  a.d.  01,  died  a.d.  96. 

the-ba'-ine,  s.  [Named  from  Thebes,  in 
Egypt,  from  the  vicinity  of  which  conies  some 
of  the  opium  of  commerce.) 

f /iciii.  .■  CigHoiNOs.  Thebaia.  One  of  the  less 
important  bases  existing  in  opium.  Obtained 
by  treating  the  extract  of  opium  with  milk 
of  lime,  washing  the  precipitate  with  water, 
and  after  drying,  exhausting  it  with  boiling 
alcohol.  On  evaporation  a  residue  is  obtained, 
from  which  ether  dissolves  out  the  thebaine. 
It  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in  quadratic 
tablets,  having  a  silvery  lustre,  tast«s  acrid, 
and  is  extremely  poisonous.  It  melts  at  12-6°, 
is  insoluble  in  water,  very  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether,  and  is  coloured  deep  red  with  sul- 
phuric acid. 

The'-ban,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Thebes. 

B.  As  sithst.  :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Thebes. 

Theban  -  legion,  s.  [Thunderino-Le- 
Olu.w,  2.] 

Theban-year,  s. 

•Ancient  rhnn.  :  The  Egyptian  year,  which 
consisted  of  Siij  days  (3  hours. 

the-bo-lac'-tic,  a.  [Eng.  theh(,ain);  o  con- 
nect., and  lactic]  Derived  from  or  pertaining 
to  thcbain  and  lactic  acid. 

thebolactic-acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CjHijO:;.  An  acid  isomeric  or 
Identical  with  lactic,  and  found  in  the  mother 
liquors  of  morphine.  It  is  said  that  some  of 
its  salts  diBer  from  those  of  ordinary  lactic 
acid.  Turkey  opium  yields  about  two  per 
cent,  as  lactate  of  calcium. 

the'-oa,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  e^Kr,  (thlkl)  =  n 
case,  a  box,  a  chest.] 

1.  Anat.  :  A  sheath,  specif,  applied  to  the 
sheath  enclosing  the  spinal  cord,  formed  by 
the  dura  niater. 

t2.  Botany: 

(1)  An  anther.     (Grcic.) 

(2)  Used  in  the  plural  of  (n)  the  sporangia, 
capsules,  or  coiiceptacles  of  ferns  ;  (6)  the 
sporangia  or  capsules  of  mosses  ;  (c)  the  spor- 
angia, foUiculi,  or  involucres  of  Equisetacew  ; 
(li)  the  s|iorocarpia,  conceiitacles,  or  capsules' 
of  Lycopodiaceffi  ;  and  («)  the  asci  of  Lichens 
and  Fungals. 

3.  Palaiont.  :  A  genus  of  Hyaleidae.  Shell 
straight,  conical,  tapering  to  a  point,  back 
flattened,  aperture  trigonal.  Possibly  a  sub- 
genus of  Orthoeeras.  Forty  species ;  from 
the  Palieozoic  Rocks. 


boU.  boy;  p6ut,  Jo-^l;  cat,  9eU,  chorus.  9hin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  eyist.    ph  =  t 
-cian, -tian  -  Bhan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ; -tion, -sion  =  zhun.    -cious, -tious. -sious  =  shus.    -ble, -die,  &c.  =  bel,  d^l. 


54 


thecacera— theirs 


4.  Zoo/.:  A  shMth  or  ivccpLicle  ;  speolf., 
thv  wftll  of  ft  Kt'li'nKlcrniii-  ctiruUiiiii.  lit  some 
caxrit  it  In  Ntmi>;tliL<iifJ  by  an  cpitheca. 

the-o&f'-er-a,!.  lGr.»ii«i|  ((*«•/)  =  »alie«th, 

Zoni.  ;  A  K«"i"»!*  "f  DiiritUv  (q.v.).  with  two 
■pecien,  rn>iu  a  4iuart4.>r  U>  lintf  mi  inch  h'liK, 
found  mniiU  tlie  Uriliith  coastji  ut  low  wntt'r. 

the-Of-d&O'-tj^I,  J.    ITllKCADAr-rvLUa.l    Ally 
intli\iiluul  tif  the  t^t-nus  Thecadactylua  (q.v.). 

t  the-oa-d&o  -tj^I-fts,  >.     [Or.  9ii<>i  (lAr/L';) 
=  a  ca.si',  itnd  fiacrvAoc  (d«Uii/o5)  =  it  linger.] 
/iKii. :  Ageiiu^  of  UfCltotidH',  or  u  t«iil>-t;enn8 
of  Geol<o  (t|.  v.).  Tous  half-webbed,  no  femoral 
pores,  tail  uiiiforjnly  granuUr. 


tlie'-«al,  n.    (TiiECA.) 
theear 


Of  or  pertaining  to  I 


the-O&ph'-OT-a,  «.;>!.     ( Lat.  Ihtca,  and  Gr. 
^opof  (jthorvs)  =  hearing.) 
Z'-it. :  The  same  a.s.Si:RTfLAKiDA.  {Itinckg.) 

the -ca-phore,  s.    (TiiECAnioRA.] 

li"t. :  The  stalk  of  an  ovary;  spec,  the 
long  stalk  supiM.rtinj;  the  ovary  in  Passirtora, 
&c.  Calleil  also  Oynuphore,  Dasigyniuin, 
and  Podogyniuin. 

the'-ca-sporo,  s.  (Lat.  theca,  and  Gr.  Tiropo; 
{sjxtnis).  (jrropd  (*;)ora)  =  a  seed.] 

Hot.  (/'/.).•  Spiiivs  in  nsci,  ascospores,  and 
endo.>iMires.  So  nanie<l  to  distinguish  them 
from  Uasidiospores  or  Stylosjwres. 

the'-ca-apor-oiis,  a.  |Eng.  themspor(e): 
■ous.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  fungi  which  liave 
their  sjiores  in  tliecu.*. 


tlie'-fi-a,  s.    [Mod. 
[TnKcin.t.] 


Lat.,  from  theca  (q.v.).] 


tlie'-9i-d8e.  .<.  ;)(.    [Mod.  Lat.  thec(ia):  L.it. 
feni.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ida',] 

Palmnt.  :  A  family  of  Tabulata,  with  a 
single  genus  Tliecia,  cimlined  to  the  Silurian. 
Corallum  compound,  septa  present.  tabuUe 
well  developed.  It.s  precise  allinities  are 
ob-scui-e,  and  it  should  probably  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  Alcyonaria. 

t  Uie-9i-di'-i-dSB,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  tkeci- 
di(um):  Lat.  feln.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -iilic] 

Zool.  (C  PalfBont.  :  A  family  of  Bi-achiopodn, 
now  usually  merged  in  Terebratulidie  (i|.  v.). 

the'-Jld-i-fim,  s.     [Mod,  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Gr.  e^Kt,  (lIukD^a  sheath.] 

L  Bol. :  Mirbel'a  name  for  an  Ach.'enium 
(q.v.). 

2.  Zool.  <S  PttlaoiU. :  A  genus  of  Tere- 
bratulida;,  or  Thecidiida;.  Shell  thickened, 
with  granulated  border;  fixed  to  sea  bottom 
by  the  substance  of  the  beak  of  the  vential 
valve ;  structure  punctated  ;  oral  processes 
united  in  the  form  of  abridge  over  the  viscei-al 
cavity;  curvatcd  arms  folded  ui)on  them- 
selves, and  supported  by  a  calcareous  loop. 
One  recent  species,  Thecidium  radians,  tmm 
the  .Mediterranean  ;  fossil  thirtv-four,  from 
the  Trias  onward. 


martyr   of 


tlieo'-la.   s.     [Lat.  =  a  Christian 
unknown  date.] 

Enlom. :  Hairstreak  ;  a  genus  of  Lycienida; 
Fore  wings  wholly  dark  brown,  or  with  a  lai-ge 
blotch  of  some  other  colour,  or  with  pale 
markings  near  the  hinder  margin  ;  hind  win.rs 
with  a  transverse  pale  line  below,  which  Is 
entire,  interrupted,  or  nearly  obsolete.  Larvie 
feeding  on  tiees,  shrubs,  or  papilionaceous 
plants.  Five  speciesare  British.  Thtda  ruhi 
the  Oreen  Hair-streak,  has  the  under  side  of 
the  wings  green  ;  the  rest  have  not  this  cha- 
racter. T.  betulK,  the  Brown  Hair-streak,  has 
the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings  with  two 
slender  white  streaks.  T.  pnmi,  the  Dark 
llair-strcak,  has  an  orange  band  witli  a  row 
<.f  black  spots  ;  '/•-  album,  the  Black  Hair- 
streak,  a  black  line ;  and  T.  qmrcus,  the 
Purple  Hair-streak,  has  two  small  oraiiL'e 
spots  instead  of  the  band.  The  first  of  the 
live  IS  the  most  common. 

t  the  -co-dont.  a.  &  s.    [Tiiecodontia.] 
A.  A.'  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Theco- 
tlontia  (q.v.) ;  having  the  teeth  fixed  in  dis- 
tinct sockets. 

"Initome  re^i)«ctji  the  Thi-ndnnt  Reptiles  make  an 
Kpproacl,   to  the  l..c,.rtlll»i«.  while  f.,  oth"ra  the? 


appnihiiKtv  to  the  DcliiuMtirIx  V\tni\  tli«  wliult^, 
huwevpr.  thpy  wuiild  »ei>tii  to  Iw  licut  rrimrUvil  m  hii 
HiH'Iffiit  k'rixi)!  u(  Aiuiihtcujllnti  Crucixl i It-A,  tliittiu- 
Kiilolinl  l>>  llirlr  (MiiiiTvnnctl.  trunoltAiit,  Mid  sermtt-d 
U*H\."—.\ichi'tMon  .   Palaont..  11.  213. 

B.  As  sutiU. :  Any  individual  of  tlie  Theco- 
dontiu  (q.v.). 

t  the-oS-ddn'-tl-a  (tl  as  ahi).  s.  pi  [Gr. 
tfi/ifi)  {tltiki)  —  n  casf,  mill  ohovi  (odoun),  gcnit 
u66vTo<;  {'nlontos)  ■=  n  toDtli.] 

PaUvont. :  An  order  of  Reptilia  founded  by 
Owen.  Vertebral  boiiies  biconcave  ;  ribs  of 
trunk  loiijj  and  bent,  the  anterior  ones  with  a 
bifurc;it<j  head  ;  liinbt;  ambulatory,  femur  with 
a  tliird  trochanter;  teeth  with  the  cruwn 
more  »r  less  ct)ni pressed,  pointed,  with  trench- 
ant and  tinely-serrat*  margins,  implanted  in 
distinet  :uK-kets.  Two  genera,  Thecoiionto- 
saurus  and  Palieosaurus,  from  the  Trias,  near 
Bristol.  (See  extniet  under  Thkcodont,  A.) 
Huxley  regards  them  as  Dinosaurian. 

the-cd-don-td-sau'-rus,  s.  (Gr.  e^«ij  (thcki) 

a  can.-;  ^Sov>;  ('.(/o».s),  genit.   i>56i'TO<;  (ndontf>s) 
=  a   tooth,   and   travftos'  (sauros)  =  a   lizard.] 

[TUECODONTIA.l 

tbe-c6~me-du'-sss,  s.  pi  [Gr.  e^Kr]  (theks) 
~  a  case,  and  Mod.  Lat.  medjisai,  pi.  of  inedusa 
(q.v.).j 

Zool :  AUman's  name  for  an  order  of  Hy- 
droida  formed  by  bim  for  the  reception  o(  Ste- 
pkanosqfphiLS  mirabilis,     [Stephano3CVPhus.] 

the-co-smi'-U-a,  s.  [Gr.  9^kti  (theke)=a, 
case,  and  (T/u,iAt)  (smile)  =  a  knife  for  cutting.] 
Pal^ont.:  A  genus  of  Actinozoa.  One 
species  from  the  Rhsetic  or  Lower  Lias; 
twenty-one  from  the  Jurassic  rocks  of  Britain, 
and  others  from  tlie  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary. 

the-c6-s6'-ma-ta»  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat..  from 
Gr.  eiJKr)  {tliekc)  =  a  case,  and  trw^a  [soma)  = 
the  body.] 

Zool :  A  section  of  Pteropoda  (q.v.).  Ani- 
i7ial  with  external  shell ;  head  indistinct ;  foot 
and  tentacles  luJimentary,  combined  with 
the  fins  ;  mouth  .situated  in  a  cavity  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  locomotive  <jrgans ;  re- 
spiratory organ  contained  within  a  nuintle 
cavity.  There  are  two  families ;  Hyaleidte 
and  Limacinid%. 

the  -  CO  -  so-  ma  -toils,  a.  [Thecosomata.  ] 
Of,  belonging  to,  or  resembling  the  Thecoso- 
mata.    (Xicholwii :  Palceonl,  ii.  48.) 

the-co-spon'-dyl-iis.  s.  [Gr.  e^m,  (thcke) 
—  a  case,  and  o-iroi-SuAos  (spondulos),  atftoi'Sv' 
Aos   ispho}idi(los)=  a  vertebra.] 

Pal.eont.  :  A  genus  of  Crocodilia.  One 
species  from  the  Wealden. 

thec'-to-diis.  s.  [Gr.  flij^rds  (thektos)  = 
sharpened,  whetted,  and  iSous  (odous)  =  a 
tooth.] 

Paloiont.  :A  genus  of  Cestraciontidffiran'Hng 
from  tlie  Trias  to  t'le  Chalk. 


**  the-dome,  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  tliee,  v.;  -dom.] 
Prosperity,  success,  fortune. 

"  Evil  theUotnc  on  hia  monkea  anoute." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  9.102. 

thee.  pron.  [Sec  def.]  The  objective  case  of 
Tliou  (q.v.).  It  represents  both  the  accusative 
and  dative  cases:  A.S.  thee,  the  (accus.), 
the  (dat.) 

•  thee.  *  the,  *  theen.  v.i.  [a.S.  theon,  thidn 
=  to  be  strong,  to  thrive;  tkihan  =  to  in- 
erease,  to  tlirive  ;  Goth,  theihau ;  Dut.  gedijen  ; 
O.H.Ger.  dihan;  Ger.  gedeihen.]  To  thrive 
to  prosper.  ' 

"  Well  mat«  ye  thee,  hs  well  can  wish  your  thoiiRht  " 
SpcTuer:  F.  v..  II.  i,  33. 

*thee9h,  v.i.  [See  def.]  A  contraction  of 
Thee  ich,  an  abbreviation  of  So  mote  ich  thee  = 
So  may  I  prosper. 


'  Bvtaiuse  oure  f  uyr  was  nought  y-majid  of  beech 
llmt  IS  the  ciiuat;.  Rud  tither  uuou.  so  theech  " 

Chaucer:  C.  T,  I'SST. 


[Thatch, 


theek,  theik,  v.t.  &,  i. 
thatch.     (Scotch  d:  Prov.) 

theek,  6-.     [Theek,  v.]    Thatch,  thatching, 

theet'-see.  5.    [Thietsie.] 

thee'-zau. 'T.    [Thea.]    (See  compound.) 

theezan-tea,  s. 

Bat. :  lihaiiuuLs  Tlietzans :    a   Chinese  e 
green  shrub.     [Uuckthorn.] 


To 


•  thefe  ly. 

Likra  thj. 


ulv.     [Mid.  Eng 
;  in  the  manne 


thefe  ~tV\et;  -ly,] 
of  a  thief. 


theft.  •  thefte.  s.  (For  thi-fth,  from  A.S. 
thi^Jdhf.  th-ojdhf,  thy/dhc,  from  thedf,  thiof, 
thef=  a  thi.-f ;  theojian  =  to  stHal ;  cogn.  with 
O.  Fris.  thin/the,  from  thiaf—a.  thief;  Icel. 
thyfdh,  thtj/t,  from  thj6/r  =  a.  thief.] 

1.  The  act  of  .stealing  or  thieving.  In  law, 
the  same  as  Larcknv  (q.v.).  In  Scots  Law, 
theft  is  defined  as  "the  intentiuned  and 
clandestine  taking  away  of  the  property  ot 
another  from  its  legitimate  plaee  of  deposit, 
or  other  loctis  tencndi,  with  the  knowLilge 
that  it  is  another's,  and  the  belief  that  lit 
would  not  consent  to  its  absti-aetion,  and 
with  the  intention  of  never  restoring  it  to  the 
owner." 

"Hia  th^t  were  too  open  ;  his  filching  was  like  an 
unskilled  singer,  he  kept  not  inue7'~!ihakeip. : 
Merry  II  tves,  1.  3. 

*  2.  That  which  is  stolen. 

"  If  the  th^t  be  certjiiuly  found  in  hin  hand  aliva 
whether  ox,  ass.  or  sheep,  he  aliall  leature  duuble."— 
Exodut  xxii,  4. 

'^  theft-bote.  s. 

Lau- :  The  receiving  of  a  man's  goods  again 
from  a  thief,  or  a  compensation  for  them  by 
way  of  composition,  and  to  prevent  the 
prosecution  of  the  thief. 

"Of  n  nature  Bomewhat  aimilar  to  the  two  last 
species  of  oHenues,  is  th^ift-botf ;  which  is  where  the 
party  robbed  not  only  knows  the  felon,  but  hUo  tjikes 
his  Boods  agiiiii,  or  other  amends,  upon  ngreement  not 
to  prosecute.  This  is  frequently  called  compounding 
of  ffilony  ;  and  formerly  was  held  to  make  a  man  an 
accessory:  but  is  now  punished  with  fine  and  Im 
prisonment.     To  advertise  a  reward  for  th. 


thiuifs  stolen,  or  loat,  with   no  questions  asked 
words  to  the  same  purport,  subjects  the   adverti 


of 
,  lestions  asked,   or 
,     ,  ^  purport,  subjects  the   advertiser 

and  the  printer  or  publisher  to  a  forfeiture  of  £&o  to 
any  person  who  will  sue  fur  the  same,  who  is  entitled 
also  to  bia  full  costs  of  &mt. " ~ Blackatoue :  Comment.. 


hk  1 


ch.  10. 


'  theft -u-oiis,  a.     Eng.  theft;  -uous.] 

1.  Lit.:   Dishonest;  inclined,  or  inclining 
to  acts  of  theft ;  involving  theft. 

2.  Fig. :  Hidden,  sly,  underhand. 

"  When  you  have  read  the  article  of  greatest  cele- 
brity lu  the  current  number  of  a  periodical,  you 
tiud  that  there  haa  been  no  other  motive  to  it  than  a 
tfi^/tuotii  hope  to  amuse  an  hour  for  you  after  dinner 
by  serving  up  to  you  again  the  phinia  from  some 
buok.  —JJntiort :  Be  Quiiicey  ;  Englith  Mvn  of  Letters 


[See  def.]    A  Scotch  form 


tate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we   wet 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  son;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  ^M^i^: cZTr^le.  tull;  try.  Syrian. 


the  gith'-er,  adv. 

■   of  T,iyi-tlR'l(c|.v.). 

•■  This  Ijed  Iitiiks  as  if  a'  the  colliers  iu  Sanquhar  had 
been  ill  t  thesither."~ScQtt :  Guy  ihtnnerina,  ch.  xIt. 

*  thegn  (!7  Silent),  s.    [Thane.] 

*  ttaegn'-hood  (j  silent),  s.    [Thanehood.] 

the-i-form,  <i.  [Mod.  Lat.  tlim,  and  Eng. 
furm.]    Having  the  form  ot  tea. 

the-i'-na,  s.    [Theixe.] 

the'-ine,  s.    (Mod.  Lat.  the{a):  -iiie.J 

Cliem. :  €81110X400.  An  organic  base,  oc- 
curring in  tea  leaves,  in  Piirafjnay  tea,  guarana, 
and  in  small  quantities  in  cocoa  seeds.  It  is 
also  formed  s.vntlieticallv  from  tljeobromine 
by  union  with  metlijl.  yielding  luethyl-theo- 
bromiiie,  or  theine.  To  prepare  it  from  tea 
the  leaves  are  extracted  with  hot  water,  the 
solution  precipitated  with  lead  acetate,  and 
the  nitrate  freed  from  lead  by  sulphydric 
acid.  On  evaporation  of  the  solution"  and 
allowing  it  to  stand  for  some  time,  the  theine 
crystallizes  out.  Purilied  by  animal  charcoal 
It  hiniis  tufts  of  white  .silky  needles,  slightly 
soluble  in  cold  water  and  alcohol,  melting  at 
225^,  and  subliming  unchanged  at  a  hi"her 
temperature.  Tea  leaves  contain  from  two  to 
four  per  cent,  of  tlieine,  to  which  the  stimu- 
lating etfect  of  tea  is  partly  ascribed. 

thei-6-ther'-min,  s.  [Gr.  ecw  (tkeion)  = 
sulphur;  tftp^d?  {thermos)  =  hea.t,  and  -in 
iChem.).}     [P1.0MB1EE1N.] 

their,  *  thair,  '  thar.  a.  or  pass.  pron. 
[t-irig,  not  a  i)ossessive  pronoun,  but  the  genit. 
plural  of  the  detinite  article ;  from  Icel 
theni-a;  O.  Icel.  (/leira  =  of  them;  A.S. 
dhm-a.  dhara,  genit.  pi.  of  se  or  rfAc  =  tlie- 
Ger.  der,  genit.  plural  of  the  definite  article  ; 
Goth,  thize,  feiii.  thizo,  genit.  pi.  of  sa,  so. 
thala  =  the.  Hir,  hire  or  here  was  formerly 
used  for  their,  from  A.S.  Aira  =  of  them 
penit.  pi.  of  he  =  he.]  (That,  Thev.]  Of  or 
belonging  to  (hem  ;  peitaining  to  them :  as, 
their  house,  their  land,  their  lives,  &c. 

theirf,  a.  or  pron.  [Formed  from  their  on 
analogy  of  ours,  yours:  cf.   Dan.  deres :  Sw. 


here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine:  go.  pot. 

ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  hw. 


theism— then 


fhras  =  theirs.]  Thdr.  Like  outs  and  yours, 
tlieirs  may  be  used  alisdluti-Iy,  and  as  a  nomi- 
native, olijeetive,  ur  simple  inedicate. 

"  Au  eye  more  bright  th»n  theirs." 

Shaketp.:  Sonnet  2\). 

tbe'-qtm,  s.  [Gr.  fled?  {tkeos)  =  &  god;  Fi-. 
tlteisiiu:.] 

1.  The  belief  in  a  God,  as  distinguished 
from  atheism.  I  n  this  sense  Christians.  Jews. 
Muhammadans,  Aii-.,  are  all  tlieists.  Etymo- 
liiilically  viewed,  theism  (from  the  Greek)  and 
deism  (from  the  Latin)  bnth  mean  belief  in  a 
Gnd.  In  the  early  part  uf  the  seventeenth 
century  the  word  Deism  fell  into  some  dis- 
credit, and  after  a  time  the  teini  Theism  was 
used  in  its  stead.     [Deist,  Deism.] 

2.  The  belief  in  a  God  and  in  natural 
religion  combined  with  disbelief  in  revela- 
tion.    [Theistic-chukch.] 

the'-ist,  s.  [Gr.  theism;  Fr.  tUiste.]  A  be- 
liever in  the  existence  of  a  God,  as  opposed  to 
an  atheist. 

'■  The  word  deist,  or  fheUt,  in  ita  original  signiflcn- 
tioD.  iiupllea  uieiely  tlie  belief  of  a  God.  being  opposed 
to  Rtbeist ;  and  ao  there  luiiy  be  deists  of  vaiinua 
kiudB."— Waterla lid :  Chriilianify  Vindicated,  p.  62. 

the-ist'-ic,  the-ist'-ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  theist : 
■  i<\  -iaiL]  Pertaining  to  tlieism  or  theists  ; 
according  to  the  doctrines  of  theists. 

"  From  an  abhoireiice  of  aupersiitlon,  be  appeara  to 
have  adopted  the  uuist  distiuit  extreiiiea  of  the  (heistic 
system."—  Warton  :  Life  of  Thornut  Pope,  p.  2yS. 

Theistic  Church,  s. 

CiDirch  Hist. :  A  Church  founded  in  London 
in  1S71  for  the  juirpose  of  promulgating  the 
theistic  views  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  C.  Voysey, 
*' which  tlie  decision  of  the  Privy  Council 
(1870)  has  delmrred  him  from  preaching  as 
vicar  of  Healaugh."  Among  the  promoters 
were  many  eminent  men,  notiibly  Dr.  Patrick 
Black,  Sir  John  Bowring,  Charles  Darwin, 
Sir  Charles  Lyell.  Andrew  Pritchard,  Juiige 
Stansfeld,  the  Right  Rev.  Samuel  Hinds, 
formerly  Bishop  of  Norwich,  and  many 
others.  Their  meeting-place  was  at  first  in 
St.  George's  Hall,  and  then  in  Langham  Hall, 
afterwards  they  bought  the  Scotcli  Cliurch, 
Swallow-street,  Piccadilly.  Their  leading  prin- 
ciples are  : 

1.  That  it  13  the  right  and  duty  of  every  man  tu 
think  for  himself  in  matters  of  rehgian. 

2.  That  there  is  no  tinallty  in  religious  beliefa  ;  that 
higher  viewa  of  God  aie  alwaya  posaible. 

a.  Th-^t  it  is  our  duty  to  obtain  the  highest  truth. 
and  to  [iroclaim  it  and  to  detect  and  controvert  erronj. 

4.  That  religion  is  bused  on  morality. 

5.  That  Theiam  ia  not  aggressive  agaiuat  persons, 
only  against  erroneous  opiniona. 

Their  belief  may  be  summarized  thus  : 

1.  That  there  is  one  living  and  true  God.  and  there 
la  no  other  God  beside  Him. 

2.  That  He  is  [wrfect  in  power,  wisdom,  and  good- 
ness, and  therefore  every  one  is  safe  iu  His  everlasting 
care. 

:).  Therefore  that  uune  can  ever  perish  or  remain 
eteruaUy  in  aufl'ering  or  In  sin,  but  all  shall  reach  at 
hist  a  home  of  goodness  and  blessedness  in  Him, 

the'-kel,  s.    [Chilian  name.] 

Pharm.  :  The  purgative  diuretic  infusion  of 
the  leaves  of  Chceradodia  chileJisis. 

the-leph'-or-a,  s.  [Gr.  Br)\^  (theU)  =  a  teat, 
a  nipple,  and  ifupo^  (phoros)  =  bearing.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Auricularini,  now  limited 
to  fungals,  whose  hymenium  shows  slight 
traces  of  papillte  or  veins,  and  is  confluent 
with  the  pileus,  which  is  fibrous  and  has  no 
cuticle.  Found  in  the  tropics  of  America,  in 
Britain,  &c. 

Thel-lus-son  (Th  as  T),  s.    [See  def.  of 

compound.] 

Thellusson's  Act,  s. 

Law:  The  Act  39  &  40  George  III.,  c.  98 
occasioned  by  the  will  of  Peter  Thellnsson, 
who  died  in  London  July  21,  17i>S.  He 
possessed  £4,000  a  year  and  £600.000  of 
personal  proi)erty,  and  wished  it  to  accumu- 
late after  his  death  for  so  long  a  time  that  it 
was  calculated  that  it  would  have  amounted 
to  £18,000,000.  The  Act  restricted  such 
accumulations. 

the'-lo-dus,  s.  [Gv.  6i]\iq  (tkele)  =  a  nipple, 
and  uSovq  =  a  tooth.] 

Pala;oiit.:A  provisional  genus  of  Cestra- 
cionts,  founded  on  shagreen  scales  from  the 
Ludlow  bone-bed. 

thel-phu'-sa,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  T€'A(f>oucra 
(Tt'lphuum)  =  a  nymph  who  gave  her  name  to 
a  town  iu  Arcadia.] 


Zoo!. :  ThetypegenusofThelphusidffi(q.v.). 
Caiapace  tlat,  smooth,  liroad,  and  heart- 
shaped  ;  external  antennse  very  short,  placed 
near  footstalks  of  eyes.  Tli d ph iu<a  Jluviati  1  (.■<, 
the  best-known  species,  is  from,  the  south-east 
of  Europe. 

thel-phu'-^i-an,  s.  [Thelphi;sa.1  Any  in- 
dividual of  the  Thelphusidae  (q.v  ). 

thel-phu'-^l-dae,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tkel- 
phii^ia);  Lat.  IViii.  pi.  ailj.  suff.  -itlce.] 

Z»ol. :  A  family  of  Brachyurous  Crustacea;. 
Carapace  more  oi-  less  o\'al ;  eye  footstalks 
short,  fourth  joint  of  jaw  feet  not  inserted 
into  external  angle  of  preceding  jnint.  There 
are  three  or  four  genera,  and  most  of  the 
species  are  tropical  or  sub-tropical,  and  live 
in  the  earth  near  the  banks  of  rivers  or  in 
humid  forests,  bearing  a  strong  analogy  to 
Land-crabs. 

the-lyg'-d-num,  «.  [Lat.  thelygonon ;  Gr. 
dr]KvyovQv  {th':Lngoiwn)'=^a.  plant  supposed  to 
a.ssist  tlie  procreation  of  females ;  ^ijAuyofo? 
(tlu-lugoiLOs)  —  begetting  girls  :  $j}\v<;  {thelus) 
female,  and  yofij  {goiw)  =  offspring.] 

liot.  :  A  genus  of  Chenopodiacete.  Only 
knnwn  species  Thelygoniim  Ci/iiocmmbc,  the 
KvioKpdfj.^r]  (kiinoknunbL)  of  Dioscnrides,  is  a 
somewhat  acrid  plant  abounding  in  at-icular 
saline  crystals,  and  is  slightly  purgative.  It 
is  stunetimes  used  as  a  pntherb.  It  is  a 
native  of  the  countries  bordering  the  Mediter- 


the-l^-mi'-tra,  s.     [Gr.   eTjAujutTpris  (tkeiu- 

mitn's)=.\n  woman's  riothes  :  S^Aus  (thi'lus) 
=  female,  andjLLiTpa{"u(r(!)  =:a  belt  or  girdle.] 
Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Thelymitridie 
(q.v.).  Orchids  with  fascicled  or  tuberous 
roots,  one  solitary  sheathing  leaf,  with  loose 
spikes  of  blue,  white,  pink,  or  yellow  flowers. 
Chiefly  from  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 

the-ly-mi'-tri-dse,  .''.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  thely- 
viitii'i);  Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ulie.] 
But.  :  A  family  of  Neottete. 

the-lyph'-O-nid,  s.    [Thelyphonidea.]   Any 
individual  of  the  Thelyplnjnidea  (q.v.). 

"  Thetyphonids  approach  nearer  than  the  Scorpions 
to  the  atructure  of  the  true  spiders." — Eiicyc.  Brit. 
(ed.  9tb),  ii.  28B. 

t  the-ly-phon'-i-die,   s.  pi.     [Thelypho- 


the-lypho-nid'-e-a,  s.  ph  [Mod.  Lat., 
from  thelyphonus  (q.v.),  and  Gr.  elSos  {eidos) 
=.  form,  appearance.] 

Zool. :  An  order  of  the  Class  Arachnida. 
Cephalothorax  similar  to  that  of  the  Scor- 
pions, bearing  also  visible  traces  of  its  sol- 
dered segments ;  abdomen  segmented,  and 
united  to  cephalothorax  by  a  pedicle,  but 
never  throughout  its  entire  breadth.  There 
are  three  families,  all  tropical. 

the-ly-phon'-i-des,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  thely- 
pkoiiitis);  Lat.  masc.  or  fern.  pi.  ailj.  sull". 
-ides.] 

Zool.  :  The  type-family  of  Thelyphonidea, 
with  one  genus,  Thelyphonus  (q.v.).  The 
abdomen  terminates  with  three  post-abdo- 
rainal  segments,  to  which  is  attached  a  many- 
jointed  setiferotis  tail. 

the-lyph'-o-niis,  s.  [Gr.  6ijKv<i>6i'o<;  (thi-lu- 
7)/to«0i)  =  killing  women:  e^Au?  {tlielus)  = 
female,  and  ■fidfo?  (j)A.oftos)  =  killing  ;  *^eVu» 
(pheiw)  =  to  kill.] 

Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Thelyphonides 
(q.v.),  with  twenty-nine  species,  coidined  to 
the  tropical  regions  of  Asia,  America,  and 
Australasia.  They  are  nocturnal  or  cre- 
puscular, living  by  day  in  dump  places  under 
the  bark  of  old  trees ;  when  disturbed  they 
hold  up  the  palpi,  as  if  for  defence,  and  beat 
a  rax>id  retreat,  with  the  tail  erect. 

them,  pron.  [A,S.  tlidm,  th(sm,  dat.  of  thd  = 
they;  Icel.  (Aeini;  Dan.  andSw.(/«»t.]  [Thev.] 
The  dative  and  objective  case  of  they  ;  those 
persons  or  things  ;  those. 

■'  How  much"  mure  shall  your  Father  which  is  in 
heaven  give  good  things  to  them  that  aak  him."— 
Jlair.  vii.  11. 

the -mat' -ic,  a.  [Gr.  fleVa  (thema),  genit. 
Oefj.aTO';  ilkematos)  -  a.  theme.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to,  or  containing  a  theme  or  themes. 

"  It  must  be  clear  that  the  oratorio  stands  or  falls 
by  tlie  success  or  failure  of  Its  tlutnatU:  method."— 
rield.  April  7,  188*;. 


thematic -catalogue,  s. 

Mnsir:  A  citt;ilo;^'ne  giving  the  oi»ening 
theme  of  eacli  piece  of  music  contained  in  it. 

them'-a-tist,  s.      [Thematic]    A    writer  of 
themes. 

theme,    "teme,   "theam,    'theame,  ^. 

[(.).  Kr.  tanr  (l-'r.  thhne),  from  LU.  thcmt  ;  Gr. 
tiftia{lh€ina)  =  that  wliich  is  laid  down,  the 
subject  of  an  argument ;  Tt0»jjLii  {tithcmi)  =  to 
place;  Sp.,  Port.,  A:  Ital.  tenut.] 
I,  Ordiiutry  Lungiuvje : 

1.  A  subject  or  topic  on  which  a  person 
writes  or  sj)eiiks ;  anything  proposed  us  a 
subject  of  discussion  or  discourse. 

"  Her  favourite  theme  was  the  doctrlnu  of  uou- 
resiBtauce."— iVdcuutajr :  Iliat.  Kifj.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  Discourse  on  a  certain  subject. 

"  It  was  the  subject  of  my  thvme." 

iifiitkeKp.  :  Vomiity  of  Errortt,  v, 

3.  A  short  dissertiition.  composed  by  a  stu- 
dent on  a  given  subject ;  an  essay. 

"  But  this  I  say.  that  the  uiaklnt:  of  ih^mtt.  m  la 
tiHUal  in  Bchoola,  lielps  not  oue  jut  towards  It."— /.m-Ae  .- 
0/1  Education,  \  171. 

*  i.  Subject,  question,  cause,  matter. 

"  Here  he  cornea,  and  I  mn«t  ply  my  thejtv,.' 

.Shakesp. :  Titu»  Androiiirui,  v.  2. 

*  5.  Tl.atby  means  of  which  a  thing  is  done  ; 
an  instrument,  a  means. 

*  6.  A  division  for  the  purpose  of  provincial 
administration  under  the  Byzantine  Empire. 
There  were  twenty-nine  themes,  twelve  in 
Europe  and  .seventeen  in  Asia, 

"  The  Prefect  of  Thrace  waa  the  most  obsequious 
agentof  bia  master's  tyranny.  TlitoUKhout  that(A«rm! 
tlie  mouka  were  forcL-d  to  abandon  their  vowa  of  aoli- 
tude  and  celilwicy  under  pain  of  beiuK  blinded  and 
sent  into  exile."  — J/iiman;  History  ojf  Latin  Chris- 
ti'inity  bk.,  iv.,  ch.  viil. 

IL  Technically: 
1.  Music : 

(1)  One  of  the  division.^i  of  a  subject,  in  the 
development  of  sonata-form. 

(2)  The  cantusjirmus  on  which  counterpart 
is  built. 

(3)  The  subject  of  a  fugue. 

(4)  A  simple  tune  on  which  variations  are 
niade. 

*  2.  Philol. :  A  noun  or  verb  not  moditied 
by  inflections,  as  the  infinitive  mood  in 
English  ;  the  pait  of  a  noun  unchanged  in 
inflection  or  conjugation. 

■'  Let  aclmlara  dally  reduce  the  words  to  their  ori- 
ginal or  t/ieme.  to  their  tlrst  case  of  nouns,  or  flrst 
teuse  of  verbs."—  JKuttn. 

Them-is,  s.    [Gr.] 

1.  r;r.  j\/i///io?. ;  The 
goddess    of   Justice 
ur  Law,  daughter  of 
Heaven  and  Earth, 
and  mother  by  Ju- 
piter of  the  Fates,  the  Sea- 
sons, Peace,  Order,  Justice, 
and  all  deities  beneficial  to 
mankind.     She  is  generally 
represented  in  a  form  resem- 
bling that   of   Athene,    but 
carrying  the  horn  of  plenty 
in  one  hand    and  a  pair  of 
scales  in  the  other. 

2,  Astron.  :  [Asteroid, 
24]. 

The-mis-ti-a-m.  The-         themis. 
mis'-ti-an^f,  s. /'^  [AonoiIta;.] 

them-selves',  refiex.  pron.  [Eng.  tli^m,  and 
s>-lvcs.]  An  emphatic  and  reflexive  form  of  the 
third  plural  personal  pronoun  ;  their  own 
selves ;  their  own  persons.  (Used  as  the  plural 
of  himself,  herself,  and  itself.)    [Himself.] 


then,  *  than,  "  thanne,  *  thenne,  adv.  & 
conj.  [Orig.  the  same  word  as  than  (q.v.),  but 
afterwardsdifferentiated;A.S.<i/i(B/in«,d/m?uif, 
dlwnne;  Goth,  than;  Ger.  da7in  =  then,  at 
that  time.] 
A.  As  adverb : 

1.  At  that  time ;  referring  to  a  time  specified* 
either  past  or  future. 

■■  Then  thou  wast  not  out  three  yejira  oM." 

Shaketp. :  Tempttt,  i.  2, 

2.  Afterward  ;  soon  afterward  or  immedi- 
ately ;  next. 

'■  Life,  says  Seneca,  ia  a  voyage,  in  the  progress  of 
which  we  are  perpetually  changing  our  scenes ;  we 
firat  leave  ohildliood  behind  us,  then  youth,  thi^  the 
years  of  ripeufd  manhood,  then  the  better  and  more 
pleading  part  of  old  age,"— A'ti"i&Jt-i",  No.  102. 


ooU.  hoy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus.  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  af ;  expect.  Xenophon.  e^t.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ^  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -slous  -  shus.    -ble.  -die,  i^c.  =  hel,  deL 


56 


thenal—  theodolite 


3.  At  anothrr  time:  u,  now  and  fA«n  =  at 

one  tliitr  ami  aiiotlivr. 

5  Thru  ia  unetl  v\lii>tica.\]y  for  then  existing. 
thtH  bein4j. 

"Th»  ikrn  )<|ibi)p  of  Umilon.  Pr   Uiuil.  ftttPiiilptl 
<'n    hi*  tit*Jrat)r   tliruu^huut    ttio    wbuls   jwuriivy.*' — 

B.  H<  I'll/  ;  In  tlint  ens** ;  tliorcfon? ;  con* 
stHiuentty  ;  fur  this  rcAKoii ;  (liiK  lH>tiig  so. 


*  l^t  raacuii  tk*n  at  hrr  nwii  ijiMrr>'  fly, 
"   "  ■"     "  fliiiu  firM|i  luniilty  r" 

Or^dtH  :  Hiiul  Jt  Panther.  1.  IM. 


But  how  oui  fliilt*  firM|i  1 


H  I.  But  thtn  :  Hut  on  the  (ttlier  hand; 
but  uotwithttlanJing ;  but  Id  return. 

2.  /'■y  then : 

(1)  Uy  that  time.    (CoUoq.) 
•(2)  By  the  time  when  or  that. 

3.  Tin  then  :  Until  that  time. 

"  Till  lltftt  who  knew 
The  f«rc«  of  thoM  dlra  Ann*  T  " 

Mttton  :  P.  /„.  I.  93. 

thena-days,  <i(fr.  In  those  ilays ;  in 
tiniis  i..i>t ;  I'Tiflative  to  nnw-a-days. 

th5n'-al,  a.    [Thenar.)   The  same  as  Thesak 

tbdn'-ar,  «.  &  n.  [Or.  $ivap  (thenar),  from 
ety*lt'ttiirnein),'2aoT.  iulln.  ol'^eiVw  ((ft(ri»d)  = 
to  strike.) 

A.  .1  *  su}>stn  nt  i  re : 

Anat. :  The  palm  of  the  hand  or  the  sole  of 
the  f..«t 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertninine  to  the  palm  of 
the  Ii;unJ  or  to  the  sole  of  the  foot. 

thenar -eminence,  thenar- promi- 
nence.   . 

Anal. :  The  fleshy  mass  constituting  the  ball 
of  the  thumb.  It  consistji  of  four  nmseles : 
the  aMuctor  yoJlicis,  the  oppomns  polHcis,  the 
Jlfjcvr  Irrevis  fKillicL^,  and  the  atldndor  poHicis. 

Th£n'-ard,  s.  [Thenabditk.]  (See  coni- 
iKPun-l.) 

Tbenard's  blue,  s.    [Cobalt-biak.] 

then'-ard-ite,  s.  fAft^rthe  French  chemist, 
I..  .1.  Thenard  ;  siifl".  -UeiMin.).} 

Min.  :  A  soluble  mineia!,  forming  large 
dep<.isitj*  in  Spain,  Arizona,  U.S..\.,  and  otiier 
plai-es.  Crystallization  orthorhombic,  with  a 
biisal  cleavage.  Hardness,  2  to  3 ;  sp.  gr. 
2-.')5  ;  lustre,  vitreous ;  colour,  white  ;  some- 
times brown.  Compos. :  sotla.  5l!-3 :  sul- 
phuric acid,  43-7  =  100,  which  corresponds  to 
tlh'  formula,  XaO  f^O^. 

thcn9e,  *  thanne,  *  thenne,  *  thanene. 
'thennes,  'thens,  adv.  [a.s.  dhanan, 
dhnnon,  dhonmine,  (//iniw)njie=  thence  ;  cogn. 
with  i).  II.  Ger.  danndn;  Ger.  dannen.] 

1.  From  that  place  or  quarter. 

"  I  thence 
Invoke  thy  rIiI  to  my  adventroua  sohk." 

Milton:  P.  L.,  L  12. 

2.  From  that  time  ;  thenceforth. 


3.  For  that  reason  ;  from  that  source  ;  from 
this ;  out  of  this. 

•'  Not  to  sit  Idle  with  no  (rr«t  a  gift 
Uteleaa,  and  thcnc«  ridiculous  about  him." 

MUion:  ^amton  Agonittrt.  1,500. 

•  4.  Not  there ;  elsewhere ;  absent. 

■■  Who  would   be  thena*  thftt   has    the   benefit   of 
ftccewl  ""—-•**'(*<*;-. ;   Winter'*  Tale.  v.  2, 

^  From    thence :     A    pleonastic   but   well 
authorized  expression. 

•■  I  was  not  Bick  of  auy  fear /mm  rhevrr." 

Shnketp.  :  Sonne!  Wfi. 

th6n9e  -forth,  *  thennes-forth,  'thens- 
forth,  (idr.  [Eiig.  thence,  and/urth,]  Fvom 
that  time  ;  thereafter. 

"  If  the  siilt  hath  lost  Its  savour   .    .    .    It  ia  thence- 
forth  good  for  nothing."— J/««A<jur  v.  13. 

H  'rft*n<?f/oWft  is  frequently  preceded  by/rr»m, 
a  jtleonasm,  but  sanctioned  by  good  usage. 


then9e'-for-ward,  adv.    [Eng.  thence,  and 
forward.]    From  that  time  or  place  onward. 

"When  he  cimc*  to  the  lord's  tJible.  every  <;i.niriiu. 
nicant  i.r..fi-MM  t«i  rdp.iit.  iiml  promises  t*)  leid  a  new 
Hfe  thrnc^orward."^Kettle>ertl. 

thcn^e'-f^om,  (ulv.    [Eng.  thence,  and  froin.] 
Kruiii  that  place. 

*thcnnes,  '  thens,  adv.    [Thence.) 

•thennes  forth,  "dr.     [Thenceforth.] 


v_^'- 


theobroma. 

Branch  of  Cacao-tree,  flower,  1 


the-^,  pTf/.  [tJr.  9e6^  <fAffw)  =  Gn<l.l  The 
tlrat  element  in  many  words  derived  fioin  the 
Gn-t'k  referring  to  the  Divine  Being  or  di- 
vinity. 

the-o-bro-ma,  s.      (Prcf.  (/ieo-  =  god,  and 

Gr.  fipwfia  ibr^inn)  =  food.) 

IM. :  A  genus  of  Byttnereie.  Small  trees, 
with  large  simple  leaves,  and  the  flowers  in 
chist*-rs.  Sepals  live  ;  I'etala  Ave,  hooded, 
ligiil;ite  at  the  apex,  stamens  live,  caeh  with 
liouble  anthers,  and  a  Imm-like  appendage 
between  the  lilamcnts ;  styles  llliform  ;  fruit 
large,  five-celled;  stigma  flve-jiarted;  mure 
or  less  pentagoiuil  fruits,  with  a  thick  tough 
rind,  seeds  emix-dd'-rl  in  pulp  ;  albumen  none  ; 
cotyledons  thick,  oily,  wrinkled.  Theobrome 
Cacao,  the  _ 


Cacao-  tree, 
is  sixteen 
or  eighteen 
feet  high, 
witli  large, 
oblong,  en- 
tire, acunii- 
nate,smooth 
leaves;  i-l lis- 
ters of  tlnw- 
ers,  with  tlie 
calyx  rose- 
col  0  u  r  e  d 
and  the  \>e- 
tals  yellow- 
ish. Fruit 
six  to  ten 
inches  Ion; 
three  to  ti\ 

broad,  with  ten  elevated  longitudinal  ribs. 
The  ripe  fruits  are  yellow.  Each  contains 
between  fifty  and  a  hundred  seeds.  These, 
slightly  fermented,  constitute  the  r-oeoa.  Great 
forests  of  the  Cacao  tree  exist  in  Uemarara.  It 
is  also  cultivated  extensively  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  grows  as  far  north  as  Mexico,  and 
has  been  introduced  into  India  and  Ceylon. 
A  concrete  oil,  obtained  by  expi-essiou  and 
heat  from  the  ground  seetls,  is  used  as  an 
emollient.  It  does  not  become  rancid,  and  on 
that  account  is  largely  used  in  European  phar- 
macy for  the  preparation  of  suppositories  and 
pessaries. 

the-o-bro'-mic,  rt.  [Mod.  Lat  theobroin(a) ; 
■ic]     Derived  frniu  Tlieobrovia  Cacao. 

theobromio-acid,  s. 

Chcvi. :  C(nUy2sO-i.  Obtained  from  caean- 
butter  by  sajionifieation,  and  fractional  dis- 
tillation of  the  product.  It  melts  at  72"2^ 
and  distils  at  a  higher  temperature  without 
decomjjosition. 

the-o-bro'-mine.  5.  [Jlod.  IM.  tkeobroniia); 
-ine.] 

Chem.  :  C7H8N4O.J.  An  alkaloid  present  in 
the  seeds  of  Theobroma  Cacao,  to  the  extent  of 
from  one  to  two  per  cent.  It  can  be  obtained 
by  treating  a  hot-wafer  extract  of  the  giound 
beans  with  acetate  of  lead,  removing  excess 
of  le^d  with  sulphydric  acid,  evaporating  the 
solution,  and  extracting  the  theobromine  with 
alcohol.  It  forms  short  prismatic  crvstals, 
having  a  bitter  taste,  slightly  soluble  in"  water 
and  alcoliol.  It  is  neutral,  but  unites  with 
acids  forming  crystalline  salts.  Heated  to 
100°  with  methyl  iodide  it  is  converted  into 
niethyl-theobromine  or  theine, 

*  the-6-ChriS'-titc,  a.  [Pref.  then-,  and  Or. 
XpiffTos  ('/irisMs)  =  anointed  ;  xptu>  (c/irto)  = 
to  anoint.]    Anointed  by  God. 

the-oc'-ra-9^,  5.  [Gr.  ^cowpaTia  (thcokratia) 
=  the  rule  of  God:  fledy  (?/tfos)=  god,  and 
Kparo?  (kr(ilns)=  strengtli,  government,  power : 
Fr.  theocratic.] 

1.  Government  of  a  state  by  the  immediate 
direction  of  God  ;  a  state  of  civilization  and 
religion  in  which  the  political  power  is  exer- 
cised by  a  sacerdotal  caste  ;  as  in  tlie  rase  of 
the  Ismelites,  with  wlwm  the  theocracy  lasted 
till  the  time  of  Saul. 

"Thm  the  Ahnli,-hty  becoming  their  king,  in  as 
real  a  sense  as  he  was  their  God,  tJie  republic  of  the 
Israehtea  was  iiroi^rly  a  theocrae,/  ;  in  which  the  two 
societies  ciyi  and  religious,  were  of  course  intirely 
incorporated.  —Warburton  :   Divine  Legation,  bk.  v., 

2.  A  State  governed  by  the  immediate  direc- 
tion of  God. 

the-6c'-ra-sy,  5.  [Gr.  B^oKpairia  (theoJcrasia), 
from  0e6(  (fheos)  =  god,  and  itpio-is  (krasis)  = 
a  niixtun-.] 


fite.  at.  fare,  amidst,  what.  ^U.  father:  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  thdre 
or.  wore,  w^lf,  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  riile.  fuU;  try. 


1.  Ord.  Ixing. :  A  mixture  of  the  worship 
of  dilleient  gods. 

2.  Am.  PhHna.  :  The  intimate  union  of  the 
soul  with  God  in  contemplation,  which  was 
considered  attainable  by  the  Neoplatonists. 

the'-6-crS,t,  s.  [Theocracv.]  One  who  live,<; 
umler  a  theocracy  ;  one  who  is  ruled  in  civil 
atlhirs  direclly  by  Goii. 

the-6-crdt' ic,  the  o-crsit'  ic-al,  a.  [Fr. 
tki-ix-rat'uiue.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  tlieocraey  ; 
a<i  ministered  by  the  immediate  direction  of 
God. 

"  But  you  say,  when  the  Jewish  gnverniuent  becamo 
a  mun;tichy,  it  lost  \\a  theocriiliciit  fonn— iu  |iart  It 
did.  "—Oil//in  :  Hints  for  Sennuni.  §  aa. 

•  the-6-di-9a'-a,  s.    [Theodicy.] 

the  d-di-9e-an,  a.  [Eng.  theodicy;  -an.] 
(.>f  or  pertaining  to  theodicy  (q.v.). 

the-6d'-i-9y,  s.  [Gr.  -Oeoi  (thens)  =  God,  and 
StKTj  (dike)  :=  justice.] 

I'hilos. :  A  vindication  of  the  Deity  in  re- 
sjpect  of  the  organization  of  the  world,  and 
the  freedom  of  the  human  will.  The  term  in 
specially  applied  to  a  defence  of  Theism 
against  Atlieisin,  which  Leibnitz  undertook 
by  publishing,  in  1710,  his  Esmi  de  Theodicee, 
respecting  the  goodness  of  God.  the  liberty  of 
man,   and   the  origin  of  the  Bible.     [Optim- 

I.S.M,   1.] 

"Among  the  infinitude  of  poasibllitiea,  God.  beiiig 
gnoti,  must  have  chosen  that  which  islieat.  And  wlmt 
IS  best  ¥  Thitt  which  presents  tlie  most  i>erfect  order 
and  harmony.  The  liaais  of  all  philosophy,  therefore 
(according  to  Leibnitz],  will  be  the  conviction  thut 
whatever  is  is  for  the  best ;  that  every  think!  Is  good, 
harmonious,  and  beautiful.  Philosonhy  is  a  Theodii-y." 
—li.  H.  Lcieea:  Hist.  Pliilos.  (ed.  1880),  li.  271 

the-dd'-6-lite,  5.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  perhaps 
fi'om  Gr.  dfiofxai.  (thcomai),  for  Bfaoy-at  (fheno- 
mai)  T=  to  see  ;  666s  (hodos)  ~  a  way,  and  Aird? 
(^j(os)  =  smontli,  even,  plain.  In  occurs  in 
ISloviit,  ed.  Ifi74.]  A  most  important  instru- 
ment for  measuring  horizontal  and  vertical 
angles,  but  particularly  adapted  for  accurately 
measuring  tlie  former.  Its  principle  is  iden- 
tical with  that  of  the  altitude  and  azimuth 
instrument ;  the  construction  and  purpose 
of  the  two,  however,  differ,  the  latter  being 
emidnyed  for  astronomical  purposes,  while 
the  tlieotlolite  is  used  for  bind  surveying; 
but  the  better  instruments  of  this  class  may 
hv  employed  for  observing  the  altitude  of  ce- 
lestial bodies.  The  vertical  circle  is  not 
generally,  however,  of  sufficient  size,  nor  so 
graduate*!  as  to  be  available  for  very  accurate 
astronomical  obser\a- 
tions.  In  the  cut  which 
shows  the  form  known 
as  a  Y  theodolite,  from 
the  shape  of  tlie  rests 
in  which  the  telescope 
D  is  free  to  rotate,  d  is 
an  ordinary  refracting 
telesc^ope,  having  in 
the  principal  focus  of 
its  object-glass  an  ar- 
rangement of  fibres  of 
nnspun  silk,  called 
cross -wires.  One  of 
these  fibres  is  level 
when  the  instrument 
is  cf)rrectly  set  up,  and 
two  otheis  like  the 
letter  X,  intersect  at 
a  point  in  the  first. 
When  a  point  is  to 
be  viewed  with  the  telescope,  the  tele- 
scope is  moved  so  that  the  image  of  the 
point  coincides  with  the  intersection  of  the 
cross  wires.  The  vertical  limb  e  is  divided 
into  degrees,  and  is  capable  of  being  read  by 
nie.ms  of  the  vernier  and  the  microscope  e, 
to  thirds  of  a  minute.  A  pair  of  plates,  a  and 
B,  constituting  at  their  edge  the  horiztnital 
limb  of  tlie  instrument,  are  free,  when  un- 
damped, to  move  indepemiently  of  each 
other.  The  plate  a  carries  a  magnetic  com- 
pass and  two  spirit  levels,  e  and  c,  at  right 
angles  ttt  each  other,  by  means  of  which  the 
circle  may  be  brought  accurately  into  the 
horizontal  plane  by  raising  or  depressing  it 
by  means  of  the  screws,  bbb.  The  plate  a  is 
furnished  with  two  verniers  a,  a,  diametric- 
ally opposite  to  each  other,  the  degrees 
marked  on  whicli  are  read  otl"  by  the  micro- 
scope d.  c  is  the  vertical  axis,  and  the  whole 
upper  portion  of  tlie  instrument  may  rotate 
about  c,  except  when  c  is  clamped  by  means 
of  the  screw  3;  tlie  screw  h  gives  an  azimuth 


THEODOLITE. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


theodolitic — Theopaschite 


67 


TTiotinTi  after  the  screw  g  has  been  tightened. 
IJy  the  motion  of  the  telescope  p,  on  the 
h'Tizontal  axis  of  tlie  verticjil  linib  e,  alti- 
tiuies  an<l  verticjil  iingles  can  lie  nn-asurt'd, 
while,  liy  its  motion  on  the  vertical  axis  c,  the 
angular  ilistances  between  two  objects  can  l)e 
asi'ci  tained  by  tlie  readings  on  the  horizontal 
circle  a.  Before  using  a  tlieodolite,  it  slionld 
be  properly  juyusted  ;  that  is,  the  didVrent 
paits  should  be  bmnght  to  their  in-oper 
relative  positions.  The  theodolite  is  in  ad- 
jristment  when  the  foMowing  cciTulitions  are 
"fuUilled  :  1.  When  the  intersection  of  the 
crnss  wires  is  in  the  axis  of  the  telesco]>e ; 
tliat  is.  in  the  line  which  remains  fast  when 
the  teh-scope  is  turned  in  the  Y's ;  2.  When 
the  axis  ol  the  attached  level  is  parallel 
to  the  axis  of  the  telescope ;  3.  When  the 
axes  of  the  levels  on  the  horizontal  limb  are 
piT[iendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  horizontal 
linili ;  and  4.  When  the  axis  of  the  vertii-al 
limb  is  jipipendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  hori- 
zontal limb. 

theodolite  -  magnetometer,   s      An 

instrument  employed  as  a  declinometer  to 
nieasuic  variations  in  declination,  and  as  a 
niagnt-lonietcr  in  determinations  of  force. 

*  the-6d-6-lit'-lC,  «.  [Eng.  theodoUt{e) ;  -ic] 
or  nr  iuitai?iiug  to  a  theodolite  ;  made  by 
means  ul  a  theodolite  :  as,  theodolitic  obser- 
vations. 

The-o-do'-si-an,  a.  [See  def.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  the  Emperor  Theodosius  (a.d. 
401-450),  or  to  the  code  of  laws  compiled 
under  his  direction. 

Tli©-6-dd'-ti-an  (ti  as  shi),  s.    [See  def.] 

Eccksiohgy  lD  Church  HUtory  (FL): 

1.  A  sect  named  after  Theodotus,  a  tanner 
of  Byzantium,  who,  apostatizing  during  a 
Roman  persecution  (a.d.  192)  palliated  his  fall 
by  representing  that  Jesus,  notwithstanding 
his  miraculous  conception,  was  only  a  man. 
He  [Theodiitus],  therefore,  had  denied  man, 
and  not  God. 

2.  The  followers  of  a  disciple  of  the  former, 
a  banker,  also  calh-d  Theodotus,  who  organized 
the  sect.  a.d.  iUl.  He  held  that  Jesus, 
though  born  a  man,  became  God  at  his 
baptism.  Some  of  Theodotus's  followers 
thnuuht  that  Jesus  did  so  at  his  resurrection, 
and  snme  nut  at  all.  Called  also  Melchisidi- 
cians  (4. v.). 


*  the  of  the. 


[Treft.] 


•  the-o-gon'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  theogov^y);  -ic] 
Of  or  relating  to  theogony, 

■■  One  .'(pi-ertniiis  to  an  earlier  theogonic  scheme." — 
Olniist'nr     Jui-fi)(us  Mutidi,  cli.  vH. 

•  the-og'-o-nism,  s.    [Eng.  theogon(y);  -ism.] 

The  same  as  Theogony  (q.v.). 

the-og'-o-nist,  s.  [Eng.  theogon(y);  -ist.] 
One  who  is  versed  in  or  writes  on  theogony. 

"Such  thei>ligera  as  these,  who  v/ere  theogonistt."— 
Cudworth:  intell.  .System,  p.  114. 

the-6g'-6-ny,  s.  [Lat.  theognnia,  from  Or. 
Oioyoi-ia.  (r/ieogoni'a)  =  the  origin  of  the  gods 
(the  title  of  a  poem  by  Hesind),  from  fleos 
{theos)  =  god,  and  yovrj  (yo;u^)  =  generation, 
from  same  root  as  yeifos  {genos)  =  race  ;  yiyvo- 
jnot  (g  i  g  noma  i)  — to  become;  Fr.  theogonie  ; 
Sp.  &  Ital.  tfiMf-iiia.]  Originally,  the  name 
given  to  tin-  cltiss  of  poems  which  treated  of 
the  generation  and  descent  of  the  gods  ;  hence, 
that  brancli  of  heathen  theology  which  taught 
of  the  origin  or  generation  of  the  gods. 

"  The  rTwoponies,  or  poems  which  trace  the  descent 
of  the  gods."— Cfti ;  Jntrod.  to  Af!/tholor;y,  y.  35. 

the-ol'-o-gSil,  s.    [Theologus.] 

•  the-Ol'-O-gaS-ter,  s.  [Eng.  theoJog{y); 
sutf.  -a^ti-r,  lused  in  cnntempt,  as  in  poft'fsfrr, 
Arc]  A  kind  of  quack  in  theology  or  divinity ; 
a  pretender  to  a  knowledge  of  theology. 

"  Offered  mito  Ood  hiinselfe,  by  a  compaiiy  of  theo- 
7ii(f<tstern."— Burton  :  Anat.  JJaUin.,  p.  257, 

•the-6l'-6-ger,  5.  [Eng.  theolog(y);  -er.]  A 
theologian. 

"  Xuw  it  19  verj'  true  that  some  Christian  theft1n(jer» 
also  have  tiinde  God  to  be  AH,  acconliug  to  these  latter 
seuaes."— Cudworth;  Intell.  Syttem,  p.  30T. 

the-O-lo'-gi-an,  s.  (Eng.  theology;  -nn.] 
One  who  is  well  versed  in  theology;  a  pro- 
fessor of  theology  or  divinity  ;  a  divine. 

"Some  theoJoffiatis  have  been  employed   to  defile 

filacts  erected  only  for  religion  and  touth.  by  defend- 
ng  ojipiessions  and  factions." — Uaymood :  Life  uf 
Edtcard  VI. 


the  o-log'-ic-al,  "the  o  log  ic,  <t.  [Eng. 
fhfolog{y) ;  -ica/,  -it;.]  Of  or  peitainiiig  to 
theology  or  divinity. 

"  1  ineau  not  to  cioinidcr  the  theo7o.7ieal  opiiiiotiR  of 
Brabiiiu-.  but  bin  Icaiiiiii^'  and  liis  genius."— A'fiojc; 
Efsityn,  No.  1:12. 

theological-virtues,  .'.  j'?.  A  term 
applird  to  the  virtues  id  Faith,  Hope,  and 
Charity,  b>'causc  tln-y  relate  immediately  to 
(ind.  antl  are  founded  on  his  word,  and  uu 
tliat  alone. 

the-o-log'-ic-al-ly,  adv,  [Eng.  theological; 
-III.]  In  a  thenldgicill  manner;  according  to 
the  principles  of  tlieology. 

"Th«  Arcliblsbop  of  Yorlt  reasoned  thfoingically 
oiici-niini;  Ills  diaiibedieuce."— t"umi/<jn.'  Uitt.  '^kccm 
Kiuabrfh  (all.  15H7I. 

*the-6-16g'-ics,  s.  [Theolooic]  The  same 
as  Tf!eoi.oov  (q.v.). 

"Who  thus  excell 
In  thcotiigivi."  young:  Lom  of  Fame.  v. 

*  the-ol'-o-gist,  s.  [Eng.  theologiy);  -isL] 
A  th.'olngian. 

"  He  [riiiyniond]  was  a  person  of  great  gravity,  of 
most  exact  example  in  his  life  and  conversation,  very 
charitable  and  devout,  and  bud  iiothinji  waiitini;  iu 
him  to  compleat  a  theolofjist.'—Wood :  Athena  Ox'in., 

vol.  i. 

the -6-16' -gi-um.,  s.  [THEor.OGV.]  A  small 
njiper  sta<,'e  in  the  ancient  theatre,  upon 
which  the  machinery  for  celestial  appearances 
was  arranged. 

*the-6r-6-gize,  v.t.  &  f,  [Eng.  theolog(y); 
■ize.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  render  theological. 

"It  cannot  he  denied  but  tliat  the  Papans  did  in 
Bome  seuce  or  other  deifie  or  thfnhMjizr  all  the  parts  of 
the  world,  and  things  of  nature."— CutZirorfA.^  Intetl. 
System,  p.  5oa. 

B.  Intratis. :  To  frame  a  system  of  theology  ; 
to  theorize  or  speculate  upon  theological  sub- 
jects. 

*  the-ol'-o-giz-er,  5.  [Eng.  theologiz^e) ; 
-cr.J    One  wlio  theologizes  ;  a  theologian. 

*  the'-6-l6gue,   .^.     [Theology.]     A  theolo- 

gian. 

"  Ye  gentle  theolooues  of  cniiner  kind." 

i'ouiKj:  Sight  Tk-ughtt.  vii. 

the-ol'-o-gus,  the-ol'-o-gal,  s.     [Eircles. 

Lat.  theoliiijtis  =  a  theidni^ian.] 

liomaii  Churrh:  A  canon  theologian  aji- 
pointed  in  eatheilral  and  c<dlegiate  cliurches 
to  didiver  lectures  on  theology  and  Holy 
Scripture.    (Couc.  Trid.,  sess.  v.,de  ref.,  c.  1.) 

the-6l-6-gy,  *  the-ol-o-gie,  s.    [Fr.  thro- 

logie,  frnm  Lat.  tlim'ngin  ;  Gr.  OeuXoyCa  (thi:o- 
logiii)=^a.  sjieaking  about  God  ;  SeoAoyo?  (thco- 
/o^os)=  speaking  about  God:  fleos  (thefs)  — 
God,  and  A670S  (logos)  =  a  word  ;  Aeyto  ikgo) 
=  to  speak.] 

1,  Classic:  A  term  ajiplied  by  the  classic 
authors  to  treatises  on  the  nature  and  worship 
of  the  gods,  such  as  the  Works  &  Days  of 
Hesiod,  and  the  (h  Xatura  Deorum  of  Cicero, 
Augustine  {De  Civitatt)  quotes  Eusebius  and 
Varro  as  dividing  theology  into  three  kinds  ; 
the  fabulous,  that  of  the  poets ;  tlie  natural, 
that  of  the  jihilosophers  ;  and  the  politiciil, 
that  of  the  priests  and  the  common  people. 
The  first  and  second  kinds  could  be  changed 
according  to  the  will  of  the  investigators  ; 
but  the  last  could  not  be  altered  without 
national  consent. 

2.  Christiati :  The  science  which  treats  of 
divine  things,  especially  of  the  relations  of 
man  to  God.  Doctrinal  formulas  are  recog- 
nized in  Scripture,  which  uses  such  expres- 
sions as  "  the  mysteries  of  God  "  (1  Cor.  iv.  1), 
"the  form  of  sound  words*'  (3  Tim.  i.  13), 
"sonn<l  doctrine"  (Titus  i.  0);  Imt  the  term 
theology  does  not  occur,  though  the  elements 
of  which  it  is  compounded  are  found  in  close 
connection,  ri  (ta)  \6yia  (login},  tov  (tou)  0cov 
(r/(fO)()—  the  oracles  of  God  (Rom.  iii.  1' ;  cf. 
also  1  Peter  iv.  11).  Theology  is  j)rim!irily 
divided  into  Natural  and  Supernatural,  or 
Revealed  ;  the  former  deduced  by  reason  from 
a  survey  of  the  universe,  the  latter  founded  tn 
revelation.  Natural  religion  is  recognized  in 
Scripture  (Ps.  xix.  l--t>,  Rom.  i.  19,  20),  and 
is  held  to  establish  the  being,  power,  wisdom, 
and  goodness  of  God,  the  (ddigation  of  his  moral 
law  and  the  folly  and  danger  of  transgiessing 
it,  and  the  immortality  of  the  soul.  Revenled 
religion  is  considered  to  su]>eradd  to  these 
doctrines  those  of  the  Trinity,  the  creation 
and  fall  of  man,  the  penalty  of  sin.  the  mis- 
sion, work,  and  atoning  death  of  Christ,  his 


resurri'ction,  a.«icensinn,  and  second  advent, 
with  many  other  doctrim-s.  Hefcie  a  thci- 
logy  embi-acing  the  teaching  of  the  liibh-  «>n 
thesH  subjects  can  be  construct^-d,  the  follow- 
ing sciences  are  required  :  Biblical  Criticism, 
t->  ascertain  the  exact  text  of  certain  woiks 
claiming  to  lie  inspired,  and,  if  possilile,  tlieir 
time,  ])luce,  ami  liuman  authorship;  Apido- 
gctic.s.  to  e.-itablish  ami  defend  their  claim  to 
inspiration  ;  Ilermencuties,  to  investigate  tlie 
principles  of  interpretiition  ;  Exegesis,  to 
carry  those  principles  into  pmctice  by  actual 
interpretatinn.  hogmatic  Tlie<dogy  folh.w.H; 
its  province  being  to  bring  tttgctlu-r  and 
classify  tlie  doctrines  scattered  thn'Ugh  the 
IJible  ;  Polemic  Theology  defends  these 
iigainst  adversaries;  Practical  Theolngy  rv- 
duces  them  to  practice,  and  Pastoial  Theology 
investigates  the  most  appiovi-d  methods  of 
presenting  them  to  the  people.  Through- 
out Scripture  there  is  a  well-marked  develop- 
ment or  evolution  of  doctrine  from  the  earliest 
period  to  the  close  of  New  TestJiment  times. 
The  New  Testament  Tlieoh>gy  (Huistitutes  the 
chief  bnsis  of  the  theologies  of  all  chundies. 
It  was  followed  by  that  of  the  Apostidic 
Fathers,  ami  then  by  tluit  of  the  Fathers  in 
general.  It  varied  accrirding  to  tlie  idiosyn- 
crasy of  the  several  writ^-rs.  Most  tloctrines 
were  stated  at  tirst  in  general  terms,  they 
were  then  expounded  and  discussed  by  theo- 
Inixians,  and  when  necessity  arcjse,  detnsitms  of 
councils  gave  them  aclear,  and  precise  form.  In 
media'val  times  great  elforts  were  made  to  slate 
theohigical  doetiines  in  langu;igederi\'ed  from 
the  nu'tajdiysics  of  the  age,  and  show  their 
harmony  ;  tiie  result  \\as  the  .Scholastic  Theo- 
logy (q.v.).  The  apiilication  of  the  Command- 
ments of  the  moral  l;iw  to  individual  conduct 
gave  rise  to  Moral  Theology  (q.v.).  The  Pro- 
testant Theiddgy,  which  cnmmeiiced  with  Lu- 
ther and  Zwinglc,  w;is  professedly  founded  on 
Scripture,  interpreted  by  pri\ate  judgment, 
tlic  light  of  exercising  which  was  boldly  as- 
serted ;  that  of  the  Roman  Catholics  was 
liiurided  on  the  consensus  <if  the  Fathers,  the 
decisi'ins  of  councils,  and  of  the  Hi>ly  See,  and 
not  on  the  results  of  individual  investigation. 
Fearless  and  resolute  exercise  of  piivate  judg- 
ment in  Germany,  Holland,  the  Piotestant 
cantons  of  Switzerland,  &c.,  has  resulted  in  la- 
tionalism,  which  has  also  arisen  in  most  con- 
tinental countries  in  xmion  with  Rome,  by  a 
reaction  against  authority.  Two  theologies,  one 
Catholic,  the  other  Calvinist,  have  struggled 
for  mastery  in  the  Anglican  Church  for  the 
last  three  centuries ;  for  the  century  ending 
about  1S40  the  latter  was  dominant ;  since 
then  its  influence  has  been  abridged  by  the 
Tractarian  movement.  Rationalism,  though 
less  visible  in  England  than  on  the  Continent, 
ajipeared  in  ISiiU,  in  Essays  (t  litvieAOs,  ami 
soon  afterwards  in  the  writings  and  sermons 
of  the  Broad  Church  party.  In  the  Presby- 
t^'iian  and  English  dissenting  churches  evan- 
gelical theology  is  generally  accepted,  though 
here  and  there  more  or  less  latent  rationalism 
pievails. 

*  the-om'-a-chist,  s.  [Pref.  theo-,  an<l  Gr. 
fj-dxr]  {machc)  =  a  tight.]  One  wlio  lights 
against  the  gods. 

*  the-6m'-a-ch^,  s.    [THEOMArHisT.] 

1.  A  fighting  against  the  gods,  as  the 
battle  of  the  giants  with  the  gods  in  ancient 
mythology. 

2.  A  strife  or  battle  amongst  the  gods. 

3.  Opposition  to  the  divine  will. 

*  the'-6-man-9y,  5.  [Pref.  theo-,  and  Gr. 
juafTetd  (mantcia)  =  prophecy,  divination.]  A 
kind  of  divinatiim,  drawn  fiom  the  responses 
of  oracles,  or  from  the  predictions  of  sibyls 
and  others  supposed  to  be  inspired  imme- 
diately by  some  divinity. 

the-o-ma'-ni-a,  5.  [Gr.  Beoiiavia  (theomanid) 
=  madness  caused  by  a  god.] 

Mental  Pathol.  :  A  term  introduced  by 
Esquirol  for  a  disorder  in  which  the  sufferer 
imagines  himself  to  be  the  Deity,  or  that  the 
Deity  dwells  in  and  speaks  tiirougli  him  ; 
used  more  widely  to  embrace  religious  exalta- 
tion and  religious  melancholy. 

"All   eve   witness  of  the  Irish  Revirala  apcaks  of 
thrnmama.'—Uucknitl  A  TuKc :  Ptyrhol.  MM-,  p. -jae. 

The-6-piis'-chite,  s.  [Gr.  ffed?  {theos)^ 
God.  and  Traaxw  ( ;j(i.sc/(o)  =  to  suder.] 

Church  Hist.  (PL):  A  name  given  to  the 
Monophysite  followers  of  Peter  the  Fuller, 
Bisliop  of  Antioch,  who  towards  the  close  of 


boil,  bo^;  pout,  j6^1;  cat,  9ell.  choms.  9hizi,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  £ 
cian,  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhon.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.    -ble.  -die,  .tc.  =  bcl,  d^L 


68 


theopathetic—theorize 


the  fifth  ct'ntary,  mldtfd  the  rlaiitu*.  *'  Who 
Kiut  cr.uiiif*!  fur  UH  "  lu  the  TriMin'i"!!  (<iv.). 

"Up  ui.iK'Ul'tnlly  uiAilv  Itil*  Mtliiltluii  w|U)  arc- 
l*(U..  .:^--  ii.'.n.iu.K  I..  .■•taIIi.Ii  iiipu  iimre  nniily 
lit  -  I   i>iit  nuo  itKtun*  tti 

•  '  >>ll>  Ki-liv  ><(  Koine 

•  II.,     AllU     lllMllttAlltrtl 

tl' ■  il   tile   lhir«   I'riwlta 

In  ti  .  •.  .M.r.v!  -.  !.■  ■  riu  1I11-.I  (Ml. I  ()it>rv(urr  aiiL-ti  Ka 
K^pf»\o.|  tlil>  fi>tui  u(  tUv  lt>iiiii  wrrv  CMllvd  Thro- 
$>^»cMil»4.—M'-**tnn  .  Church  UiM.  (m1.  KvIiIF.  p.  XiM. 

•  ttae  6  pa  tbdt    lo,  <i.      [KnrnitsI   fmni  the- 
vi<ith>,.   *>u    tlif    lii\AUy^y  of  .ii/mjKUhetii;   frt'ni 
jviH^-fM'*.]  lU-lutiiigui  |K!^tAtuill^loth(.■())tuthy 
*  tlie-^  p&th  -lo.  a.     (EiiK.  (A«opa/A( v) ;  -ic] 

llip  W.1IIH'  iis  Tiiuh'at:ietic  ('(.v.). 

"  T"  <Ip>Iii>-«  |inu-tlc«l  nilni(»iiovniliig  thf  rAfo/Mi/A/r 
mrT*<-tioiu— Ultli.  fcftr.  KTMlltUilv.  biiiw.  IruHt,  IV-iI^ua- 
U^-u.  l^»  c    ~U,irU<p  .  Oh  Man.  I>1.  li.,  ch.  ill..  }  T. 

•  tlie-dp -a-thj^,  «.      [Pix-r.    thfo;   ait<l    Gr. 

*a0of  (;*i//i'>i)  =^  suffiTiiij;.  I  Kiiiotioii  excitfd 
l»y  tin-  rMiitvnipIutiou  of  Uud ;  piety,  or  it 
hviiHv  «>f  pk'ly. 

•  the-6-pb&n'-iO,  a.  (Fiik.  (ftro;)Aff  7i(i/)  ;  -iV.  ] 
lVrtainni>:  or  rt-Iating  to  tiu'i>i»hjtiiy  ;  making 
an  actual  appcamncu  tti  iiiuii,  us  a  gcd. 

'  tfae-dph'-a-n^,  s.  [Vn-T.  thro-,  and  Gr. 
^ainj  (phaino)  =  to  appi-arj 

1.  The  nianifi'station  of  God  to  ntan  by 
ariiial  ;ii'i»eanince. 

"To  Bwbatitute  droAma  for  dlHtliict.  oblcctlvo.  di- 
vine ii|>|>Aritl<iu«  or  Theoi>hanirt."—Cotittimu.  JU-p.. 
July.  IWT,  p  3a. 

2.  Epiphany  (4. v.). 

'  the^-pliil-&n-tlirdp'~{o.  a.    [Ens.  (/im- 

]-:.>lnnthr",\\/)  :  -i.-.)  IVrljiiiiinj^  or  rt-Iating 
t.<  th.-MpliiLiiithmpistri  or  tht*  tlienpliilantluo- 
l-istjt ;  uniting  luve  to  God  with  that  to  man. 

tbo-^pha-Sn'-tliro-pi^m,  ?.    [En^.  theo- 

pltilnnthniii_u) ;  -ism.]    Thcophilanthropy. 

•  tho-d-phil-in  -thro-pist,  s.  [En?,  theo- 
)'h>lanthroj>{>/f ;  -r\>/.]  (.»ne  who  unites  love  to 
G.-l  with  love  to  luau;  au  adherent  of  Thco- 
philanthropy. 

"Till-  U-mple.  tlie  most  worthy  of  the  dlvlnUy,  in 
the  ryc«  i>(  the  Thtnfihilanthrritiitti.  l<t  thi.-  universe." 
—J(Au  Erani:  :iketch  qf  litfttumination4,  \i.  17. 

*  Uie-6-plin-&n'-thrd-py.  s.     [Gr.    fleo? 

(//(.<.s)  —  G(>ii.and.f>tAai'0pwn-o«  {philanthTopos) 
=  a  lover  of  int-n.] 

Compnr.  Ileli'jioiis :  The  name  given  to  a 
system  of  natural  religion  which  aro.se  in  tin- 
time  of  the  first  l-'rench  RepuMic,  and  whirh 
had  for  its  cardinal  doctrines  the  adoiati-.n  of 
God  and  love  of  man.  In  17l»G  live  hiads  of 
fainiiii's-Cheniin,  Mareau,  Janes,  Hauy,  and 
Mandar— associated  themsehes,  and  in  De- 
cemlxT  held  their  lirst  nieetingata  house  in 
the  Rue  St,  Denis  for  the  purposes  of  divine 
worship  and  moral  instrut^tion,  according  to 
the  dictates  of  natural  religion.  Their  ser- 
viees  consisted  of  moral  discourses,  sin^^iu':, 
an^l  prayer.  One  of  their  adherents  was 
Hevelliere-Lepaux,  a  mem  her  of  the  Dii.-.tui  y, 
who  allowed  them  the  use  of  Hu?  u-n  parish 
churches  of  Paris,  which  they  litted  up  and 
aih>rm>d  with  religious  and  moral  inscriptions, 
an  aneient  altar,  a  hasket  of  Howers  as  an 
offering  to  the  Supreme  Being,  a  pulpit,  and 
allegorical  paintings  ami  banners.  In  lso2 
Napoleon  I.  forbade  them  ti>  hold  their  meet- 
ings in  the  churches,  and  after  this  time  they 
no  longer  appear  as  a  body. 

"T1)1k  religion,  which  conalati  In  worshlnpiiiff  God 
Alid  c lien dh ill t;  our  kind.  It  wlmt  we  express  by  inie 
■lufile  word.  tl.at  «f  Th^ofjhil,i»thropy:—John  Kvaiu  ■ 
HAxteh  I,/  Jtrtionttnatiotia,  p.  19, 

•  the'-i-phile,  s.  [Gr.  fl«d?  (thms)  =  God,  and 
*(Ak  (/'/M7o^)  =  dear.]     On.-  loved  by  Go<l. 

",'^*!!''^''"""„'"^,**'^   pr..rK>rtiou  oi'  the  best  theo- 

•  the-6-phil-6-s6pli'-ic.  n.  [Pi-ef.  theo-, 
and  Eng.  ].l,U'.s..phic  (q.v.).]  Combining,  or 
pei-tainmg  to  the  combination  of,  theism  and 
philosophy. 

theoph'-or-oi,  ^.  pL    [Pi.  of  Gr.  ^eo^dpo? 

(f/,-v,/,/,op.,^)=  possessed  by  a  god,  inspired  ■ 
6to<;  (theos)=a  god,  and  0opos  (phoros)  = 
bearing.) 

Church  Hist.  :  A  mystical  name  assumed 
by  some  of  the  eai-ly  Christians,  signifyin" 
that  they  were  the  temples  of  God  (1  Cor  iii" 
16).  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  term  had 
si>ecial  reference  to  the  presence  of  Christ 
GimI  and  Man.  in  those  who  had  devoutly 
receiv.-d  the  Eucharist.    (Blunt.) 


the-6~phr&S'-t^    ^i.       (Named    after    Theo- 
^  phraatus,  u.v.  a"!  (?)-2S.%  a  philosopher,  author 
tif  Thr  History  of  I'Utnts,  &c.,  and  often  called 
the  Father  of  Uotany.J 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tlieophrastea; 
(r|.v.).  Only  known  species,  Theophntsta  .Jus- 
stent.  It  is  a  small  tree  with  an  unbranchcd 
st<'m,  and  a  tuft  of  long,  evergreen  leaves  at 
the  top,  giving  it  a  stiperticial  resemblance  to 
a  ]>a)m  tree.  Calyx  and  corolla  eanipanulate, 
the  former  cartilaginous,  the  latter  with  a 
short  tulK',  having  a  dilated  throat  with  an 
angularlydobt'd,  Meshy  ring,  and  a  sjueading 
limb;  stann;ns  Ilv*?.  Eriiit,  a  spherical  berry, 
with  the  seeds  half  immersed  in  the  plact  iit^i. 
7'.  Ju^inii  is  a  native  of  Siin  Uonnngo,  and  is 
cultivated  for  its  line  leaves. 

the-O-pliriis'-te-SB,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  tlieo- 
phrmt(n) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -en;.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Myrsinaceje  (q.v.).  Scales 
in  the  throat  of  the  corolla  alternate  witli  its 

loU'S. 


'  thc-dp-neus'-ted, 

I'iviiiely  inspired  ;  the 


o.      [Theopnkusty.] 
)pneustic. 


the-dp-neus'-tl-a,  ••;.  [Theopneustv.]  The 
same  as  TnEopNKr'sTV. 

"  Let  them  bflwaie  of  conjuring  enchftntmeiita  or 
cuutilii^ly  devJHVd  dogniAa  uf  Theojmetiitin,  wlitcti  will 
not  Htwnil  the  t^st  oT  Imiuiry.  Disciirdini;  lUl  these 
weak  d«reni-vH.  K-t  tlieui  see  wliether  the  Bible  is  not 
itself  Thi'opneiiatlc  to  those  who  h.-ive  some  of  the 
reaidue  of  tlie  H|.irlt  by  which  to  taste  and  try  it."— 
lint.  Qiiartvrl!/  A'.rj.M/,  Ivll.  173.     (1873.) 

'  the-dp-neus'-tic»  a.  [Eng.  thenpvp.mtly) ; 
-ir.]  Given  by  inspiration  of  the  Spirit  of 
God. 

'  the'-6p-neus-tS?,  s.  [Gr.  eeom'tuo-To? 
(theopmustos),  from  d€6<;  (tfu:os)  =  god,  ami 
TrWw  (piuO)=  io  breathe.]  Uivine  inspira- 
tion ;  the  supernatural  influence  of  the  Divine 
Spirit  in  qualifying  men  to  receive  and  com- 
municate revealed  truth. 

the-or'-bist,  s.  [Eng.  tkeorb(p);  -itt.]  One 
wJio  plays  on  a  theorbo. 

the-or'-bo,  s.    [Ital.  tiorha;  Fr.  theorbe.] 
i\h(sic:    An    old    stiinged    instrument 


It  had  two 


THEORBO. 


sembling  the  lute  in  form  or  tone, 
necks,  to  the  longest  of  which 
the  bass  strings  were  attached. 
It  was  employed  for  accom- 
jianying  voices,  and  was  in  great 
favour  during  tlie  seventeenth 
century.  It  differed  from  the 
lute  in  the  possession  of  its 
two  necks,  whence  it  is  some- 
times called  Cithara  bijuga. 
The  strings  were  usually  single 
in  the  theorbo,  and  when  dou- 
ble, or  tnneti  in  octaves  or  in 
unison  \vith  the  base  or  treble 
notes,  the  instrument  was  called 
the  Arcli-lute,  or  Chittarone. 

the'-6-rem,  s.  [Lat.  theorema,  from  Gr. 
fl.wpTjHtt  u/ie6remi)  =  a.  spectacle,  hence  a 
subject  for  eontemplation,  a  prineipie,  a 
theorem,  from  Sewpw  Uhcdro)  =  to  look  at'  to 
behold,  to  view  ;  ecwpos  [th€drns)  =  a  spectator ; 
Beaonai,  BeMfiai  (thmomcii,  theomai)  =  to  see 
to  view  ;  Fr.  tUeoreme ;  Sp.  &  Itjd.  teorema.]  ' 
1.  Geom. :  A  proposition  to  be  proved  ;  a 
stitement  of  a  principle  to  be  demonstrated  : 
that  is,  the  truth  of  which  is  required  to  be 
made  evident  by  a  course  of  reasoning,  called 
a  demonstrati.m.  In  the  synthetical  metliod 
of  iTivestigation,  which  is  that  for  the  most 
part  employed  in  geometiy,  it  is  usual  to 
state  the  principle  to  be  proved  before  com- 
mencing the  demonstration,  which  proceeds 
by  a  regular  course  of  argumentation  to  the 
fmal  conclusion,  confirmatory  of  the  princiide 
enunciated.  The  principle  being  proved  it 
may  i)roperly  be  employed  as  a  premiss  in  the 
deduction  of  new  truths.  The  principle  as 
enuneiated  bef<.re  tlie  demonstration  is 'the 
theorem  ;  its  statement  after  demonstration 
constitutes  a  rule  or  formula,  according  as  the 
statement  is  made  in  ordinary  or  in  algebr  lic 
language.  A  theorem  differs"  from  a  problem 
in  this,  that  the  latter  is  a  statement  of  some- 
thing to  be  done,  tlie  former  of  something  to 
be  proved. 

2.  Alg.  d-  Anal. :  Something  used  to  denote 
a  rule,  especially  when  that  rule  is  expressed 
by  symbols  or  formula;:  as,  the  bintmiial 
tiieoreni. 

*3.  A  speculative  truth;   a  position  laid  ; 


down  as  an  acknowledged  truth  ;  that  which 
is  con.sideied  and  established  as  a  principle. 
'■Qn<?Htloitlf«  he-  (Soltjiiiau)  was  hlinitelf  most  cou- 
vorwuit  thi-ruln  (theologyj;  U>r  i,ri,»t  whereof  he  did 
Iijivo  HO  uinuy  excellent  rAcwrewu  and  precepts  of 
dlvmlty  to  us.  —Harrow :  tiermuus,  vol.  Hi.,  ser.  'Zi. 

%  (I)  Neijative  theorem:  A  theorem  which 
expresses  the  impossibility  of  any  assertion. 

(2)  I'articiilar  theorem:  A  theorem  which 
extends  only  to  a  particular  quantity.  " 

(.'0  Universal  theorem :  A  theorem  which 
extends  to  any  quantity  without  restriction. 

*  the  -o-rem,  v.t.    [Theorem,  s.\    To  reduce 
to  or  formulate  into  a  theorem. 

the-o-re-mS-t'-ic,    the~6-re-mat'-ic-al, 

<(.  [(ir.  eeajp>jMaT(*c6s  (thforcuut/ikos.).^  Per- 
taining to  a  theorem  ;  contained  in  a  theorem; 
consisting  of  theoiems. 


'  the  -  o  -  rem'-  a  -  tist. 

One  who  forms  theorems 


[Theorematic] 
one  who  tlieoriees. 


a. 


*  the-o-rem -ic,  *  the-o-rem'-ick, 

[Eng.  theorem;  -ic]     Tlieorematic  (q.v.). 

••riteoremicf:  truth,  or  that  whlcli  lies  in  the  con. 
ceptious  we  have  of  things,  ie  uegative  or  positive  "— 
Hreu). 

the-o-ref-ic,  the-o-ret'-ic-al,  a.    [Gr. 

9€wp.)Ti*c6s  {lliedixtikos)  ;  Fr.  thiort'tiifiie.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  theory  ;  founded  or  de- 
pending on  theory  or  speculation  ;  terminating 
in  theory  or  speculation  ;  not  practical ;  specu- 
lative. 

"Admirably  well  turned,  not  only  for  the  (Aeorclict 
l)ut  also  the  practical  behaviour  of  cuimiug  feUowa  " 
— Intur,  No.  191, 

the-6-ret'-ic-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  theoretical; 
■li/.]  In  a  theoretical  manner;  in  or  by  theory  ; 
aecfu-ding  to  theory  ;  speculatively  :  not  prac- 
tically. 

"Geography  Ib  .  .  .  rAeort-dcaMff  Bpeaking.au  esaen- 
tial  part  of  the  latter  flcieiice."—//aracAeI;  Astronomy. 

the-6-ret'-ics,  s.  [Theoretic]  The  specu- 
lative parts  of  a  science  ;  speeulati<.)n. 

•  theor  ic,  •  the-or-ick.  *  the-or-ike, 

s.  &  a.  [Gr.  6^u,ptKij  (theorlki);  Lat.  theorica 
{ars);  Fr.  thioriijiie.] 

A,  Js  subat. :  Speculation,  theory  (for- 
merly prou.  the'-dr-ic). 

"  The  bookish  theoric. 
vV  herein  the  toged  cousuls  cau  piuijuae 
As  niHsterly  as  he  ;  nieie  prattle,  without  practice, 
I«  all  lua  soldierahip."  Shakcsp.  :  Othello,  i.  1. 

B.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  Theorical  (q.v.). 

"We  are  niure  beholden  to  her  for  all  philosophical 
and  thfvrtck  knowledge."— //otceK;   Lettert.    bk.   u.. 

theoric-fund.  s.  (pron.  the-dr'-u). 

drnrk  Antiq.  :  The  suTplus  of  ordinary  re- 
venue, which,  after  defraying  all  charges  of 
the  peace  establisliment,  was  devoted  to  the 
formation  of  a  fund  for  furnishing  to  all 
citizens  not  absent  from  Attica  the  sum  of 
two  oboli,  being  the  price  of  seats  at  the  great 
dramatic  festivals. 

the-dr'-ic-a,  .<;.  pi.  [Gr.  BedipiKa  (theorila), 
iieut.  jd.  of  Scwpocos  (?/(P'jW/.os)  =  pertaining  to 
a  spectacle  ;  ^ttopos  (theoros)  =  a  spectator.] 

dreek  Aiitiq. :  The  public  moneys  expended 
in  Athens  on  festivals  and  largesses. 

*  theor' ic-al.  *  the-or-ic  alL  a.    [Eng. 

tkeoric;  -aL] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  theory  ;  theoretical. 

"Furiiished  with  arts,  languages,  and  grounds  of 
thcortcall  divinity.- -Z(p.   Halt:    Specialities  qf  hit 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Theorica  (q.v.).  (In 
this  sense  pron.  thc-br' -ic-nl.) 

*  *^e-0""-ic-al-ly.  adv.  [Eng.  theorical;  -Iv.] 
Theoretically,  speculatively. 

■'Ablt;  ti.  diBcourae  theoricaflj,  of  the  dimenaiona 
aitonti..ii  an.  moti^.u,  or  at;il.ility  of  the  whole  ter- 
rcatnal  globo,  —lioylc:   Wurks.  ii.  387. 

^  the'-d~rique  (que  as  k).  s.    [Fr.]    Theory. 


the 

th. 


o-rist»  s.    [Eng.  theor{y);  -ist.]    One  who 
rizus  ;  one  who  forms  theories ;  a  specu- 


latist, 

"  Truthfl  that  the  theorut  could  never  reach, 
And  obaervatiou  tjtught  me.  I  would  teach." 

Cowper :  Progrett  of  Error,  11. 
^^^-^-^-Z^'-tion^  s.   (Eng.  thmrisie)  ;  -nti,m.] 
The  act  of  theorizing  or  speculating  ;  the  for- 
matKjn  of  a  theory  or  theories. 

the'-6-rize,   v.i.      [Eng.    theor^y);   -ize.]     To 
form  a  tlieury  or  theories  ;  to  form  opinions 


^»i."^rjs.  :;-j?^  — i^-—; -^^^^^ 


theorizer— therapeutist 


59 


solely  liy  theory ;  to  indulge  in  theories  ;  to 
speculate. 
the'-6-riz-er,  s.    [^ng.  theor^e) : -er.]    Oue 
wlm  tlieurizes  ;  a  theorist. 

the'-6-ry,  *  the-o-rle, .«.  [Fr.  llihrie,  from 
Lat.  Ihmria;  Gi'.  Stcupia  (//iruriti)  =  a  liehoia- 
ill"  coiiteiniilation,  speculatiou  ;  Stiopo^  ((/w- 
6m.<)  =  a   spectator;    Sp.    &    Ital.    tearia.] 

LTHtlOKEM.l 

I.  Oniiiiary  Language : 

1.  Speculation  ;  supposition  explaiiiins 
something;  a  doctrine  or  soheme  ot  things 
wliich  terminates  in  speculation  or  contem- 
plation, without  a  view  to  practice  ;  hypo- 
thesis.  (Often  taken  in  an  unfavourable 
sense,  as  implying  somelhin;;  visionary.) 

2.  Plan  or  system  ;  scheme. 

3.  An  exposition  of  the  general  principles 
ot  any  science  :  as,  the  theory  of  music— that 
is,  the  speculations  arising  from  a  knowledge 
of  the  principles  of  sound.  The  rules  tor 
composition  and  arrangement  of  music  for 
voices  and  instruments  in  rhythm,  niehxly, 
harmony,  counterpoint,  and  instrumentation. 

4  The  science  distinguished  from  the  art ; 
the' rules  of  an  art,  as  distinguished  from  tlie 
practice  :  as,  the  tlmry  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine. 

II.  Science :  An  explanation  of  phenomena 
■which  accounts  for  them  so  satisfactorily , 
that  there  is  a  liigli  probability  that  the  true 
cause  of  their  occurrence  has  been  pointed 
out.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  science  in  the 
same  sense  as  hypothesis;  and  also  in  the 
law  courts,  when,  for  instance,  in  a  murder 
<;ase  it  is  staled  that  "the  theory  of  the 
prosecution  is,"  that  this  or  this  occurred. 
More  generally  scientiflc  men  use  the  word 
to  siguily  a  hypothesis  whicli  h.as  been  es- 
talilisiied"  as,  apparently,  tlie  true  one.  It  is 
tlius  a  stronger  word  than  hypothesis.  A 
theory  is  founded  on  principles  which  have 
been  established  on  independent  evidence.  A 
hypothesis  merely  assumes  the  operation  of 
a  cause  which  would  account  for  the  pheno- 
mena, but  has  not  evidence  that  such  cause 
was  actually  at  work.  Metaphysically,  a 
tlieory  is  nothing  more  tlian  a  hypothesis 
supported  by  a  largi 
evidence. 

the-o-soph,  s.  [Theosophy.]  One  who  claims 
to  have  a  knowledge  of  God,  or  of  the  laws  ot 
nature,  by  means  of  internal  illumination  ;  a 
mystic,  a  theosophist. 

'■  Withui  the  Chriatian  jieriod  we  may  number 
anions  tlie  Tbcosnphs  the  Neoplatouista,  &c.  —Cham- 
bets'  EncyctupiFiiia,  ix.  400. 

•  the-os'-o-pher,  s.  [Theosophy.]  The  same 
as  Theosophist  (q.v.). 

"Tile  great  Teutonic  (fieoso/jAer,  Jacob  Behmen." — 
7/.  lirooke :  fool  of  qualiti/,  I.  i;:iS. 

theo-soph-ic,  '  the  6  soph'-ick,  tlie- 
o-soph'-ic-al,  n.  [Eng.  theosoph{y);  -ic, 
■  iml.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  theosophis.u 
or  tlie  theosophists  ;  divinely  wise. 

"  The  outer  portal  of  the  theosophic  temple."— Pd^i 
J/(W/  ua^'tto.  .4pril  ill.  18a4. 

Tbeosophical  Society,  s. 

}lisl.  (C-  lielig. :  A  society  founded  at  New 
York  in  1875  by  Col.  Olcott.  Its  objects 
are  :  (1)  To  form  the  nucleus  of  a  Universal 
Brotherhood  of  Humanity,  witliout  distinc- 
tion of  race,  creeil,  or  colour ;  (2)  To  pro- 
mote the  study  of  Aryan  and  otlier  Eastern 
litrrature,  religions,  and  sciences;  0^)  To 
investigate  unexplained  laws  of  Nature  and 
tlic  physical  powers  of  man.  The  society  has 
several  branches  in  Europe  and  in  India.  (See 
Ulcolt  :  Tlieosophy;  Sinnett:  Occult  World.) 

*  the-o-soph'-ic-al-ly,  ailv.  [Eng.  theo- 
su^./iHv//;  -hi.]  In  a  theosophical  manner; 
witli  direct  divine  illumination. 

the-os'-o-phism,  s.  [Gr.  eeis  ((;ieos)  =  God, 
and  <T6'l>i<Tna(Miphisiim);  <ro((i6s(sop/ios)  =  wise,J 
Pretension  to  divine  illumination ;  enthu- 
siasm. 

"Many  traces  of  the  spirit  of  tlteognphistn  may  be 
Somid."—EiiJiefd     Hist.  l'hilosopti!/>  vol.  ii. 

-os'-o-phist,    s.     [Theosophism.]    One 

.,1  cultivates  or  affects  theosophy  ;  one  who 

ofesscs  to  hold  intercourse  with  God  and 

heavenly  spirits  ;  one  who  pretends  to  derive 

his  knowledge  from  divine  revelation. 

"  The  chief  Theolophist  of  the  Loudou  branch  of  the 
true  believers."— /'aii  MiU  Gazette.  April  20.  1884. 


amount    of   probable 


'  theo-so-phist-ic-al,  a.    [Eng.  tluoso- 

phist ;  -knl.]    Theosophical. 

'  the-6s'-6-phize,  v.i.    [Eng.  tlieosoi<li(.)i) : 
-i.-f.l    To  treat  of  or  to  practise  theosophy. 


the- 


1" 


the-6s'-6-phy,  s.  [Gr.  «eoiTO./)ia  (llicosnphii:) 
=  knowledge  of  divine  things  ;  Beoi  =  God, 
and  0-001,.  (so;i/i  in)  =  wisdom  ;  <jo(J)ds  (soji/ios) 
=  wise  ;  Fr.  thcosophie ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  leosojiu.] 

Hist.:  A  term  signifying  literally  "Divine 
Wisdom,"  but  which  has  been  employed  to 
designate  several  systems  differing  widely 
from  each  other,  of  which  the  chief  are  ; 

(1)  The  system  of  the  Fire-pliilosophers  or 
Rosicruciaus  (q.v.),  who  claimed  to  be  able, 
by  a  miraculous  intuition  ot  the  properties  ol 
the  so-called  element  of  tire,  to  [irovide  a 
solution,  not  only  for  every  difhculty  of 
physics,  but  also  for  every  doubtful  problem 
in  the  spiritual  world.  The  leader  of  tins 
movement  was  Paracelsus  (149:1-1541);  it 
gained  many  adherents  on  the  Continent,  iind 
had  a  celebrated  advocate  in  England  iii  the 
lierson  of  Robert  Fludd  (1574-1037).  These 
Tlieosophists  asserted  that  God,  who  is  un- 
changeable, acts  in  the  kingdom  of  grace 
just  as  he  does  in  the  kingdom  of  nature  ;  so 
that  whoever  understands  how  natural  bodies, 
in  particular  the  metals,  are  changed,  under- 
stands also  what  passes  in  the  soul  in  regenera- 
tion, sauctiflcation,  and  renovation. 

(2)  A  form  of  Christian  mysticism,  which, 
excluding  the  dialectic  processes  of  philo- 
sojihy  and  the  claims  of  authority  and  revela- 
tion, professed  to  derive  its  knowledge  of 
God  from  direct  and  immediate  intuition  and 
contemplation,  or  from  the  immediate  coui- 
niunication  of  God  himself.  Traces  of  this 
belief  are  to  be  found  in  the  early  history  of  the 
Cliurch,  but  the  name  Theosophy,  in  this  con- 
nection, is  apiilied  chiefly  to  the  system  de- 
veloped from  the  writings  ot  Jacob  Bohnie,  or 
Bbhmen  (1575-1624),  a  shoemaker  of  Giivlitz, 
sometimes  called  the  "Teutonic  Philosopher.' 
He  studied  the  Scriptures  diligently,  acquired 
some  notions  of  chemistry  and  natural  science, 
saw  visions,  as  he  believed,  and  came  at  last 
to  consider  his  speculations  on  the  Deity  and 
origin  of  things  as  given  to  him  by  internal 
illumination.  According  to  Bohme,  tiiiite 
existences  are  an  efflux  from  the  One  Inhnite 
existence,  and  such  efflux,  inanitesting  itself 
in  lire,  light,  and  spirit,  is  a  necessary  attri- 
bute of  God's  own  being.  Angels  and  men 
owe  their  origin  to  the  divine  tire,  from  which 
light  and  love  are  generated  in  tlieni.  This 
triune  life  is  the  perfection  ot  being,  and  the 
loss  of  it  constituted  the  fall  ot  angels  and 
men.  Christ  restored  to  men  the  germ  of  the 
paradisaical  life,  which  is  possessed  by  all 
through  the  new  birth  and  his  indwelling. 
No  man  can  be  lost  except  by  the  willul 
ilestructiou  ot  the  germ  of  the  divine  lile. 
Bohine's  Theosophy,  however,  was  at  the 
liottom  thoroughly  Christian.  Henry  More 
(1614-87),  to  some  extent,  adopted  Boliine  s 
opinions,  as  did  'Williaiu  Law  (1080-1701),  the 
author  of  A  Serious  Call  to  a  Devoid  Life. 

(3)  Search  after  divine  knowledge  —  the 
term  divine  applying  to  the  divine  nature  of 
the  abstract  principle,  not  to  the  quality  ol 
a  Personal  God.  (Okott :  Theosophy,  ji.  170.) 
Theosophy  is  apparently  allied  to  Spiritual- 
ism, and,  like  it,  is  decidedly  anti-Cliristian, 
s  Moreover  it  has  been  alleged,  with  some  show 
of  truth,  that  the  so-called  occult  phenomena 
produced  by  some  of  the  leading  theosophists 
in  support  of  their  system  are  neither  more 
nor  less  than  conjuring  tricks.  (See  also  St. 
James's  Gazette,  June  22,  1881 ;  Atheiiainm, 
Aug.  27, 18S1 ;  Saturday  Review,  Sept.  3,  1881.) 

*  tUe-o-tech'-nic,  n.  [Eng.  iheolech>i(y) :  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  the  action  or  intervention  of 
the  gods  ;  operated  or  carried  on  by  the  gods. 

"  the'-o-tecll-ny,  s.  [Gr.  eeds  ((/leos)  =  God. 
and  Tex''1  (lechiie)  =  art.)  The  supernatural 
beings'introduced  into  any  piece  ot  literary 
composition. 

"The  peraouagee  of  the  Homeric  theotechny.  under 
which  name  I  iuclude  the  whole  of  the  supeiiiatuial 
beiligB.  of  whatever  rank.  Introduced  iuto  the  ijyems. 
—Gladstone  :  JuveiUia  Mundi.  ch.  vii. 

the-o-the'-ca,  s.  [Pref.  theo-,  and  Or.  e^Kii 
(«,.-(,f )  =  a  case,  a  receptacle.)    The  same  as 

JluNSTRANCE  (q.V.). 

The-6t'-6-k6s,  s.  [Eccles.  Gr.  eeoroKos  (Iheo- 
tokos)  =  bringing  forth  or  giving  birth  to  God  : 
efo-;  itheos)  =  God,  and  tokos  (/o/.o.'i)  =  bring- 
ing forth  ;  ti'ktu)  ((i«o)  =  to  bring  forth.) 


I  hurrh  Hist.  £  Thrat.  :  A  title  of  the  Virgin 
Mary.  The  word  itself  ■Iocs  not  occur  in  the 
New  Teslanieiit,  liut  its  equivalent  ("  the 
mother  of  my  Lord  ")  is  found  (l.iiUc  i.  4:i).  As 
an  ecclesiastical  ti-nu  it  was  adojilcd  al  the 
Councils  of  Ephesus  (*.«.  4:)1)  and  Clialcedon 
(A.  11.  451),  to  assert  the  divinity  of  our  Lord  8 
Person. 

■■  The  title  J'/„.,t..t...,  .u.Kli,'U.n1 1..  the  Blcased  Vlrillil 

hy  ei.iiiioiit  l-'nl <  l«-l..i..  tli,'  \.".l..rUii  c.ji.trover.y 

Leo  llr,.il,l  Ih.i.  I-I,„r.l,,  ,,.  IIUJI.  lOid  by  lire  wlodo 
t'liur.liVvirHiiKelh.  r,.ui..llnlKplLe«ii«.  I«e«ielitlrilly 
a  tril.utc  to  t'lui-t-  |.er.,oiial  iiloiy."— iififioii  ; 
lumpcon  UclareM  led.  llth).  i>.  -JOI.    (NoU)  U.) 

'  theoip,  ■«■     [A.S.I     A  slave. 

■  theow-man,  s.     [A.S.J    A  slave,  a  serf,  a 


'  ther,  ado.    (Theke.) 
"  ther-a~bout  en,  adv 


'  ther-a-galn, 

AL'aiust  that. 


[TllEREAltOUT.) 


adc.     (Eng.  there,  and  again.] 
[TiiEUAPEUTlc.)    Thera- 


ther -a-peu-9y 

peiltics. 

"  And  contrasted  this  with  the  hopeiesa  acei.ticism 
of  tiie  present  day.  as  illustrated  hy  tlio  CLUisiiieuoUB 
ahseiice  of  Therapfucy  from  the  pr..eeedliiK™  of  llie 
late  luteniatioual  Medical  t'ougrcas.  —JJailu  Aowt. 
Oct.  5,  IbSl. 

ther'-a-peut.  s.    [Thebapeut.e.)   One  of  the 
Tlierapeuta'  (q.v.). 

"  Pliitoou  tlie  Easeuea  and  Tlterapt:ut$."—iialurdiiy 
lieview,  Nov.  6.  1881,  p.  585. 

Ther-a-peu'-tse,  .1.  pi.  [Gr.  etpuTre ottjs  (thcra- 

peutes)  —  a  servant  ;  eepan^voi  {therajKUO)  =  to 
serve.] 

Church  Hist. :  A  term  applied  to  a  body  of 
Egyptian  Jews  by  Philo  in  his  Contemplative 
Life.  They  arose  about  the  end  of  the  first 
century,  and  gave  themselves  up  entirely  to 
(■ontemplatiou  of  the  Deity,  performing  none 
of  the  duties  of  active  life,  but  living  in  soli- 
tary cells  like  hermits,  and  meeting  every 
Saturday,  which  they  kept  as  a  great  holiday, 
for  devotion  in  common,  after  which  they 
again  retired  to  their  respective  semaeia  or 
cells,  and  s]ient  their  time  in  their  customary 
speculations.  Eusebius  (Hist.  Eccles.,  lib.  ii., 
ch  xvii.)  claims  them  as  Christian  monks  es- 
tablished by  St.  Mark,  though  without  using 
the  word  Tlierapeutae ;  and  says,  "  Who  can 
doubt  that  Philo  is  speaking  about  the  cus- 
toms of  our  people?"  Others  have  called 
them  Contemplative  Essenes^EssENE] ;  Lange 
thought  they  were  Oriental  philosophers  ot 
melancholy  teinperament  who  had  imbibed 
Jewish  notions;  and  Jablonski  considered 
them  Egyptian  priests  addicted  to  astrology. 

"I  agree  entirely  with  tliose  who  regard  the  Thera- 
ueii^te  as  being  .lews  claiming  to  he  true  diaciplea  of 
5loae.%  and  as  being  neither  Christians  nor  Egyctians. 
In  reality,  they  were  wildioid  melancholy  entnuaiaatJ. 
who  led  a  lite  incongruous  alike  with  the  law  of 
Moaea,  and  of  sober  reason. " — Holhebtt:  Ecctft.  Ihil. 
(ed-  Ueidt.  p.  16. 

ther-a-peu'-tic,  a.  h  s.  [Fr.  tWapevticpte, 
liom'  Lat.  therapeutica  (urs)  =  (the  art)  of 
healing,  from  Gr.  eepaTreuTiKbs  (therapcidikos), 
from    eepaireunis    (therapeutis)  =  a    servant.) 

[THEBAPEUT.E.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to  the  healing  art ; 
curative  ;  conceiued  in  discovering  and  apply- 
ing remedies  for  diseases. 

■•  Therapeatick  or  curative  physick.  we  term  that 
which  reatoreth  the  patient  unto  sanity,  and  taketh 
away  diseases  actually  atiecting."— flrouine.  luiffar 
Enourt.  hk.  iv..  ch.  Klii. 

♦  B.  -•Is  subst. :  One  of  the  Jewish  sect 
called  Tlierapeuta;  (q.v.). 

ther-a-peu'-tic-al,  a.  [Eng.  therapeutic; 
-al.]   'The  same  as  Therapeutic  (q.v.). 

'■  This  remedy,  iu  my  opinion,  should  rather  be  pro. 
phylactical.  for  prevention  of  the  diaeiuse,  than  Ihera- 
penticat.  for  the  cure  of  ii:'—Ferrand :  Love  A  Metau- 
chotu.  P-  IJ^JG. 

ther-a-peu'-tics,  s.    [Therapeutic] 

Med. :  The  science  which  treats  of  the  heal- 
ing ot  diseases.  It  deals  with  the  form,  man- 
ner, and  time  in  which  drugs  should  be 
administered,  if  needful  to  administer  them 
at  all ;  it  instructs  how  to  avoid  incompatiblo 
combinations,  and  classifies  remedial  agents. 
(For  its  history  in  this  sense,  see  SIeoicike. 
II.  3.)  Therai'ditics  also  investigates  the  laws 
of  health,  and  how  it  can  be  preserved.  [IIv- 
tiiESE.l  Another  branch  of  it  is  Dietetics. 
[DiETEric,  Ii.) 

*  ther-a-peu'-tist,  s.  [Tiirrapeutic]  One 
versed  "ill  thci-apeutics. 


Dai.  b6y;  poTit.  jowl:  cat.  9ell,  chorus.  5Wn,  bengh;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect.  ^^°°P^°°-,^?»^*-    '^^ 
-.'       \l—      „  J._       *4™  \i ch,-,„  .  _ti„„    -Kinn  =  zhiin.    -cious.    tious.    sious  =  shus.    -hie.  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -fion 


60 


therapon— therial 


thdr*  a  pdn,  «■    [Or.  9titdww  (thentjidii)  =  nn 

alt'lMUllt.] 

I-fithy.  :  A  pciiiiB  of  Pffcida*,  with  a)KMit 
twenty  !t|wcir.s,  rionie  oX  wtiicti  are  innn'  nr 
Ir.tM  iiiaHrif,  rti>rt>a<l  (ivt>r  (he  liitlo-r»ein>-. 
lUniy  .iitloiiR,  C'Uri|"rf»sr»|,  with  scalfs  of 
iiiitjrnitt'  Alif  :  t«-)-th  vitliforni  ;  brniK-hio- 
Ml<-}^ts  six.  Thi>>'  uro  all  of  niiikII  sizo,  ami 
may  \w  n-Kilily  ivctijiniwil  hy  the  blackish 
iMiigiimliiiiil  bands  with  which  the  buUy  is 
i>riuiim*iit4r<l. 

•th6r'-ft-py,    «.     (Or.  $«paiTtia  (thernptia)  = 

.-■  r\  I'-i'*  nuriitn*. )    ThcrjiiH-utlcs. 

*  Uior  bo-fome,  tt'U:    [TiiKuebEroRE.] 

•thor-by,  adv.      ITilKRERY.l 

fliero. '  thor. "  thOPO,  i'/r.  {A.^.ilhar,dhfr: 
v'iiu.  wUU  Ihit.tliiiir:  Ic<'I./A(ir;  Oaii.  \  Nw. 
ihr:  tJotli.  ituir  :  o.  ILUcr.  (Wr,  (/-tnt;  M.  )I. 
t;.r.  ihr:  lior.  W.i.) 

1.  In  that  iiliu'f  ;  at  that  place ;  as  o|>pospil 
to  AfFY,  thert  guiu'tally  (U'lmti's  tlie  place  iimst 
tlistant,  but  in  Moiru>  cascH  tlie  wonlti  are  ukimI 
UH-rv-ly  in  eontra-iistliiction  without  rufcix-iue 
to  in-arness  ur  distance. 

"  III  cnwtliiif  11  lic.ttti.  itU[)[>oM*  I  nltchc'l  iii)'  f<<>t 
igiiiUist  R  aUiltar,  tiiil  vrrip  iwkcti  Ixiw  tliv  «t<>iio  iMiii-'  l<> 
Iv  thrrf  :  I  iitl^lit  lu-uiiMy  miumct.  tliiit  (or  any  tliiiiL; 
I  kiirw  V*  tlip  ('uiilmry  It  tiiut  l>i>eii  thcr«  fur  vw:.'  — 
^ateif:  .Vatumt  TheoU.gy,  ch.  1. 

2.  In  this  or  that  object,  point,  or  matlfr; 
therein,  tn  that,  in  this,  herein. 

"  Thert  »rt  ttiou  hnp|iy." 

iOutkf*^l. :  fiiimto  A  Juliet.  i\\.  X 

3.  .\t  that  point  or  stanf ;  after  going  sn 
far  :  as,  He  did  ncit  stoj)  thi-re. 

4.  Into  that  place  ;  thitlier. 

"The  mrvot  thnt  e'er  cAiiie  thert. " 

Shiiketp.:  Tempent,  il.  1. 

5.  Used  as  an  exclaTnation  calling  attention 
to  something,  as  to  a  person,  object,  or  state- 
ment. 

"Why,  there  it  eo<:a."—Shiikvtu. :  Titiu  Amlronifus. 
It.  a 

6.  Used  like  that  in  interjectional  phrases. 

■■  T>iere  '■  a  weuch.'Shakesp. :  Taming  of  the  !>-hrew, 
V.  1. 

7.  Frequently  useil  before  the  verb,  when 
there  is  »n  inversion  of  the  subject. 

"  And  there  came  »  voice  from  UeAveii,  saying,  Thiai 
art  my  Ih'IuvihI  Soil"— .l/rtrA  i.  IL 

^  There  in  composition  represents  A.S. 
dhtrre,  dat.  fein.  of  the  delinite  artirle,  and  is 
not   quite    the    same   as    the  adverb    there. 

[TUEEtEFORK.] 

^  (I)  Here  aiul  there :  [Here]. 

'(2)  Hen- bti  there  :  Here  antl  there.  (^Spenser.) 

there-right,  adr. 

1.  .Straightfrirward. 

2.  On  this  very  spot.    (CoUoq.) 

there' -a-boiit,  adv.     [Eng.  there,  and  nhouf.] 

1.  Alxmt  or  near  that  plai-e. 

2,  Near  that  number,  degree,  or  quantify; 
as,  There  were  two  hundred,  or  tJiereahonl. 

"3.  Concerning  that. 

"Much  i>cn<Icxeil  lhercabotU."—Lti)ce  xxiv.  4. 

thore'-a-botits.  a<^/r.  {Thereabout.]  Tliere- 
aljuut ;  near  that  number,  degree,  or  quantity. 

■■  Flvo  or  fit  ttioiisAUil  horae,  or  thercabuu^n.'-- 
Shiikeip.:  Atl't  Well.  Iv.  3. 

there-af'-ter.  adv.     [Kng.  there,  and  after.] 
J.  .\ftertliat;  afterwards. 
2.  According  to  that ;  accordingly. 

'•  Woulil'Mt  tliou  not  eat  ?    Thercnft'-r  as  I  Mke 
The  giver,  nmwcred  Jeaua."     Sluton  ;  /'.  /;..  il.  ;('j]. 

•3.  Of  or  after  that  sort;  of  that  kind, 
qaility.  or  condition. 

"  My  Audience  Is  nut  thereof ler."—latimcr. 

there'-a-nent,  ndv.  [Eng.  there,  and  anent.] 
Cnji.-eriiMi;;  tliat ;  as  regards  or  respects  that 
matter  or  puint.     {Scotch.) 

there'~&t,  'ther-at,  adv.     [Eng.  tliere,  and 

1.  At  that  place;  there. 

"  He  opened  a  secret*?  g»it«  and  ont  thereat 
Onveled  her."       Chaucer  :  Testament  of  Crcneide. 

2.  At  tliat  tiling  or  event ;  on  that  acount. 

"  Every  erroiir  la  iv  atain  to  the  bcrtnty  of  nature; 
fur  wijich  CAiise  It  MuBheth  th«rcat,  and  flwrietU  in 
tin;  ci*utrary."— //w'jter. 

there'-a-way,  ndv.    [Eng.  there,  and  tumy.] 

1.  Away,  in  that  place  or  direction. 

2.  About  there  or  that  ;  thereabouts. 
{Colloq.) 


*^6r6'-b6  fbro»   ' there- be -fom,  adv. 
IKng.  thfrr.  and  hrf<.re.]     liefore  that  time. 

'•  III  itciTf^  iiiriiiy  II  wlnd-r  thi-rbef-rn 
Wi«  writ  tlif  d.'th  ..(  ILvtur.  Ai-lillles.'' 

rfutiieer:  C.  T.,  4.030. 

there-by',  '  there-bl,  adv.    [Kng.  there,  and 

1.  Annexed  orattaclicd  to  that. 

"Well,    thtireby   hniijpi   h    Ink,"— 5Art*(w;i. .'    Merry 

iriwj.  iv.  4. 

2.  By  that ;  by  that  means  ;  inconsequence 
of  that. 

"  A«  If  one  luikiiit;.  wlmt  (i  flhro  w;i«?  I  shmilil 
aiiiwer  )tlm,  thnt  It  mju  n  tbhi);  ni;ule  up  of  vevi-nil 
niirM  :  wuiltd  he  therebv  l>e  I'innl'lud  to  uiiikTstuKl 
wimt  n  fllno  wiwi  but  l«r  than  ho  did  before  Y ""—  l.-ickc  : 
Hum.  Undent.,  l>k.  It.,  vli.  xllt. 

3.  Ity  or  near  that  jdace  ;  near  that  num- 
ber, degree,  or  quantity  ;  tiiereabouts. 

"  Thrreby  a  iTj§tJil  etrwiii  did  gcntiv  play." 

Spenser :  F.  «  ,  I.  i.  3t 

there-for',  ther-for,  adv.    [Eug.  there,  and 
'  for.]    For  that  or  this  ;  for  it. 

"  Therfor  the  Jewht  aiiswerden  and  setden  tn  him, 
what  titkone  "chewist  thuu  to  us  tliat  tliou  dolst  these 
iMi}^\iit"—\Vucliffe:  John  ii. 

there'-fore,  adr.    [A.S.  fore  dhikre  (sace)  =  for 
■  tliat  (cause).]    [There,  f.] 

1.  Fur  that ;  for  that  or  this  reason ;  re- 
ferring to  somctliiiig  previously  stated. 

"  The  Romanists  say,  'tis  beat  for  men,  and  so 
BUitjible  to  the  ifondneaa  of  God  that  thore  Hhuiih)  l<e 
an  inrallihle  Jiidt-e  of  controversies  oii  eartii ;  and 
f/iei-'''or<' there  is  ■iue.'"—/.octe;  Jlutiu  Uiidcrst.,hk.  i., 
ch,  Iv. 

2.  Consequently. 

3.  In  retuin,  exchange,  or  compensation 
for  this  or  that. 

"  What  Mliail  we  have  therefore  t  "—Matt.  xix.  27. 

i.  For  tliat  purpose. 

"  Wo  are  therefore  provided." 

Shakesp. :  2  Henry  V!..  i.  A. 

^  Therefore,  that  is,  for  this  reason,  marks  a 
deduction  ;  consequently,  that  is,  in  consequence, 
marks  a  conseqiteiice :  accordingly,  that  is,  ac- 
cording to  something,  implies  an  agreement 
oradaptation.  Therefore  is  employed  particu- 
laily  in  abstract  reasoning;  consequently  is 
employed  eitlier  in  reading  or  in  the  narrative 
style;  accordingly  is  used  principally  in  the 
narrative  style. 

therefrom',  adv. 
Fnuii  tiiis  ov  that. 


[Eng.   there,   and  from.\ 


"  Be  ye  tiieref.ire  very  courageous  to  do  all  that  is 
written  m  the  liiw,  thiit  ye  turn  not  n.aidti  therefrom, 
to  the  right  hand  or  to  the  \eft.  "—Joshuu  xxiii.  6. 

'  there-henge',  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  hence.] 
Thence. 

"  Thither  doe  I  resolve  to  go  once  more  hy  the  grace 
of  Christ,  and  therehence  to  take  my  pnssage  into 
Chri'.tt^uilome  over  renowned  Greece." — J.  Tut/tor: 
n-orks.    U6-M.) 

therein',  *  thar-in,    •  ther-in,  *  ther- 
ynne.  adv.     [Eng.  there,  and  hi.\ 

1.  In  that  or  this  time,  place,  or  thing. 

"  And  he  entride  into  the  temple :  and  higan  to  cast 
out  men  sillinge  Ifc«j-ei;in«  and  biynge."— irvc/irfe.- 
liike  ix. 

2.  In  that  or  this  particular  point,  matter, 
or  respect. 

"  Therein  thou  wrongest  thy  children." 

S/uikesp.  :  U  Henry  1'/.,  iii.  2. 

there-in-to',    adv.      [Eng.   there,   and    into.] 
Into  that  place  or  matter. 

■■  Let  not  them  that  are  in  the  countries  enter 
lhertinto."—Luke  xxi.  21. 

there-of,  adv.     [Eng.  there,  axuI  of .]    Of  that 
ur  this. 


'  ther-e-6l'-6-gist,  s.  [Eng.  thereologiy)  ; 
•isf.]    One  will)  is  versed  in  thereology. 

*  ther-e-6r-6-gy,  5.  [Gr.  flepi  (therd)~  to 
medieate  ;  suit,  -ology.]  The  art  of  healing  : 
therajjeutics. 


there-6n',  ailv. 
thi.s  ;  on  it. 

"  And  when  he  thought  thereon  he 


[A.S.  dh'kron.]    On  that  or 


^eiA.-~.\fark 


there-oiit',  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  out.] 

1.  Out  of  that  or  this  ;  out  of  it. 

'■  There  came  water  thereout." — Judges  xv.  19. 

2.  Without;  out  of  doors.    {Scotch.) 

'  3.  Therefore  ;  in  consequence  of  that. 

"  And  thereout  h-ive  condemned  them  to  lose  their 
lives.  —Sttlneff:  ArcadUt,  hk.  ili, 

there-td',  adv.     [Eng.  there,  and  to.] 


1.  To  that  or  this. 

•  2.  liesides  ;  over  and  above  ;  to  boot. 

"  If  she  be  black,  and  thereto  have  a  wit." 

Stuikesp. ,    ttthellu.  V.  I. 

'  there -to-fore',  adr.  [Formed  (Vnm  tlif-re, 
oil  analogy  of  heretofore.]  Before  that  time; 
before  that. 


there-un'-der,  adv. 

Umier  that  or  tliis. 

"  Tliose  wlihli  c 


[Eng.  there,  and  under.] 


e  nearer  unto  reason,  find  pai 
nder  the  equinoctial   line,  judging   t 
d  til 


n'id''e  might  be  found  moat  pleasure 
f.Ttlllty."-/;(i/WyA. 


id  mi'a- 

th;it  fh.>r. 

greatest 


there-un-to',  ailv.     [Eng.  there,  and  unto.] 
1.  To  that  or  this  ;  thereto. 

■*  Points  of  ignorance  pertaining  fheretinfo." 

Sh'ik&tp.:  Henry  ill/.,  i,  8. 

*  2.  Besides;  in  addition. 

there-up-on',  adv.     [Eng.  there,  and  upon.] 

1.  Upon  that  or  this  ;  tliereon. 

2.  In  consequence  of  that. 

"  Thereupon  I  drew  my  sword  on  you." 

Shakesp.  :  Comedy  of  Errors,  v.  l. 

3.  Immediately  ;  at  once. 

the-re'-va,  s.    (Gr.  Oepevm  {thereuo)  =  to  hunt 
after,  to  cliase.] 

Entom. :    The  typical  genus  of  Therevidie 

(qv.). 

the-re'-vi-dae»  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  then-v(a); 
Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ida;.] 

Entom.:  A  family  of  Notacautha,  akin  to 
Asilidee,  but  having  the  proboscis  short,  and 
terminated  by  fleshy  lips.  The  larva,  which 
is  long,  lives  in  mould  and  rotten  wood.  The 
perfect  insect  feeds  on  other  Diptera. 

♦  there-While',  *  ther-while,  adv.    [Eng, 
there,  and  ivhite.]     At  tlie  same  time. 

"  Teachyng   V9   therwhiJe. 
possible  towaides  sinners." — 

there-inth',  adv.     [Eng.  there,  and  with.] 
1.  Witli  that  or  this. 

"  1  have  learned  in  whatsoever  state  I  am  therewith 
to  be  content."— r/ii/ip/Jimw  iv.  li. 

■*  2.  Immediately. 

there-with-ai;  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  lotthal.) 

1.  With  that  or  this  ;  therewith. 

2.  At  the  same  time. 

"  Give  her  that  ring,  and  thereioithal 
This  letter."         Shakesp. :  Two  aentlemen,  iv.  4. 

*  3.  Over  and  above. 

"  Therewithal  the  execrable  act 
On  their  late  uiurther'd  king  they  aggravate." 
Dunne. 

therf,  *tharf,   *tharfe.  a.     [A.S.   therf, 
theorf—  unfermented.)     Unleavened. 

"The  ovst  schulde  Vie  of  therf  brede."— /"reetji  .- 
Higden,  v.  a. 


therf-bread, 

leavened  bread. 


'  therf-breed. 


Un- 


"  With  therf-breed  and  lettns  wilde." 

Cursor  Mundi,  6.079. 

*  ther-fore,  ofii'.    [Therefore.] 

*  ther-fro,  adv.     [Mid.  Eng.  iher  =  there,  and 
fro.]    From  that;  therefrom. 

*  ther-gaine,  culv.     [Mid.  Eng.  titer  =  there^ 
and  again.]     Against  that. 

ther'-i-3,c,    s.   &    a.     [Lat.  theriacus;    Gr. 
6r)piaK6^  (theriakos).^     [Treacle.] 

A,  As  subst. :  A  name  formerly  given  to- 
various  compositions  suppo.sed  to  be  efficacious- 
against  poison,  but  afterwards  restricted  to- 
what  is  termed  Theriaca  Andromcwhi,  a  Venice- 
treacle,  which  is  a  compound  of  sixty-four 
drugs,  prepared,  pulverized,  and  reduced  by 
means  of  honey  to  an  electuary. 

"  When  the  disease  was  young,  it  was  mitigated 
with  rob  of  elder;  with  crabs-eyes ;  spirits  of  liarto- 
horn  ;  theriae  and  vinegar."— rfte  student,  ii.  344. 

B.  As  adj.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  theriac  ; 
medicinal. 

the-rl'-a-ca,  s.    [Lat.]    The  same  as  Tueriac 

(q.V.). 

the-ri'-a-cal,  *the-ri-a-call,  a.    [Lat. 

theriacHS.]    The  same  as  Theriac  (q.v.). 

"  TheriacaJl  trochisks,  trosches  made  of  vipere  flesh 

to   enter    into    the    L-omp.jsitiou    theriaca,    that    is. 
treacle.  —/"Ititarch  ;  (Jlossary, 

*  ther'-i-al,  *  ther'-i-all,  a.     [ThrriacJ 
Theriac,  medicinal. 

"  Yet  see  what  accoimt  there  is  made  of  a  composi- 
tion called  iheriall.  devised  onety  for  excesae  and 
supei-fluitie.  ■— />.  Jlolland:  Plinie.  bk.  xxix,.  ch.  i. 


ate.  fat.  faro,  amidst,  what.  faU.  father:   we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit 
or,  wore,  wpli;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  ciib.  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule.  fiiU:  try.  Syrian.     «, 


sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


therianthropic— thermography 


Gl 


tlier  i-in-throp'-ic,  a.  [Gt.  Bi^piov  (therion) 
=.  a  wjiil  lie;ist,  and  av^pwiriwo?  {aiitkropikos)  = 
of  or  btiloiit;!)!^  to  man  ;  liuiuaii.] 

Cfnnpar.  /.V/u?.  ;  A  tonn  applied  by  Tiele 
[see  extract]  to  rine  of  his  divisions  of  Poly- 
tlicisui  ;  tin-  other  and  liigher  stage  he  calls 
Anthruponmrphic.    [Zoolatuy.] 

"Most  iiiiaKes  of  th*^  goila  aw  eilher  hiimnn  htxlics 
with  hentJd  ij  nuiiiiHia  or  tho  budieii  of  nuliuiilH  wit)i 
liuiiiau  lieiiih.  It  la  therefore  w«  chU  tlivlr  rellgiuu 
t/h-riauthropic.'—t'ncuc.  Ortt.  (wl,  9tli),  XX.  308. 

ther-i-di'-i-dsD,  s.pl.  [Mod.Lat.  (Amdi(oiO; 
Lat.  feni.  jil.  adj.  stilf.  -uiir.] 

ZooL  :  A  very  extensive  family  of  Dipneu- 
nioneif.  Small  or  moderate-sized  spiders,  with 
the  abdomen  generally  large,  as  compared 
with  the  eephalothorax,  and  broadly  ovate. 
Fore  legs  usually  the  longest;  eyes  in  two 
transverse  rows.  These  spiders  are  found 
among  foliage,  and  .sometimes  construct  ir- 
rcgtdarwebs.  The  species  are  most  numerous 
in  temperate  climah'S.and  tlie  greater  number 
belong  to  tlie  Eastern  hemisphere. 

the -rid -ion,  s.  [Gr.  er^piSiov  (liur'ulion):^ 
a  small  animal ;  BrjpCoi'  {thefiuii)  —  ii  beast. | 

ZooL:  The  typical  genus  of  Theridiidie 
(q.v.). 

the-rid'-6-mys,  s.  [Gr.  0>}p  (ther)  =  n  wild 
bt-ast ;  ct5o!  {ti'los)  =  foim,  and  /*us  (7)tiiii)  = 
a  mouse.] 

I'ohmnt.  :  A  genus  of  Rodents  of  doubtful 
alfinitiLS,  from  the  Miocene  of  Europe. 

t  thcr'-i-o-dont,  a.  &  5.    tTHERioDoyriA.i 

A,  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  ordei- 
Theriudoiitia  (q.v.). 

B.  As  snbst.  :  Any  individual  of  the  Therio- 
duntia  (q.v.)-     (Q.  J.  G.  .S.,  1876,  p.  352.) 

t  ther-i  6-d6n-ti-a  (ti  as  shi),  s-.  pi  [Gr. 
dfipi-ov  {fhcrioii),  and' 
660VS  {oihnis),  genit. 
6561/T05  (odoutos)  =  a 
tootli.  Named  from 
tiie  ntammalian  ehai- 
acter  of  the  denti- 
tion.] 

Palfvont .  :  An 
order  of  Reptilia 
founded  by  Owen  for 
the  reception  of  a 
number  of  remains 
fi'om  dejiosits  in 
South  Africa  nf  Tri- 
assic  or  Permian  age. 
Tiie  dentition  is  of 
the  carnivorous  type, 
consisting  of  incisors,  canines,  and  molars. 

t  ther  -  i  -  o  -  mor'  -  pha,  s.  pi  [Gr.  e-qpioi- 
{therinii)  —  a  wild  beast,  aud  iiupij}-^  {morphc)  — 
toini.] 

Zool.  :  Owen's  name  for  the  Tailless  Amphi- 
bians (Fi-ogs  and  Toads),  moregemrally  c;dlcd 
Anoiiia,or  Batrachia  Salient  ia.  It  is  a  synonym 
of  Huxley's  Batrachia,  a  name  used  by  Owen 
to  designate  tlie  class  Amphibia. 

ther -i-6- mor' -phic,  a.    [TnERioMORPHA.] 
Cojiipar.  EeHfi. :  Having  the  form  of  one  of 
the  lower  animals.     [Zoolatry.J 

"  The  Egj'ptinii  gods,  thpHnmnrphic  in  their  earliest 
shapes."— iViHttecMf A  Century,  Sept,  188t;,  p.  44u. 

ther-i  o-su'-chiis,  s.  [Gr.  &r]pi.ov  (thi'riov), 
and  (Touxoq  (gouchos)  =  an  Egj'ptiau  name  fur 
the  crocodile.] 

Palteont. :  A  genus  of  Crocodilia,  with  one 
species,  from  the  Purbeck  beds. 

ther-i  of -6-my,  s.  [Gr.  ey]piof(thcnQu)  =  a 
wild  llea^t,  and  70^17  {lomc)  =  a  cutting.]  The 
aiiatouiy  of  animals;  zootomy. 

"*  therm,  s.     (Therma.)    A  hot-bath,  a  batli. 

ther'-mse,  s.  pi.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  0ep/x6s 
(tIurino^)  =  \\ot.\     Hot  springs,  lint  baths. 

ther -mal,  «.  [Gv.efpfj.6'iithermos)  —  hut.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  heat;  warm. 

thermal -alarm,  s. 

Much. :  An  attachment  for  giving  indica- 
tions of  a  hot  bearing. 

thermal- analysis,  5.  The  analysis  of 
a  beam  ut  t,ul;ii-  light,  and  the  ascertainment, 
by  means  of  a  dcliratf  thermopile,  how  the 
temperature  is  atfeeted  by  jiassing  over  tlie 
several  colours  and  the  invisible  spectrum 
beyond.     [Spectrum.] 


eKULi.  t>F  thkhiiUh.) 
c.  Caiiiiie  teeth. 


thermal  capacity,  s. 

Physics  :  The  amount  of  licat  required  to 
raise  the  teniperutnre  of  a  body  one  degree. 

thermal-motor,  s.  A  maclune  in  which 
the  expansion  and  contraction  of  an  object  or 
material,  by  changes  in  the  temperature,  is 
made  a  means  of  motion.  The  tertn  is  usuall> 
applied  to  a  machine  operated  by  uaLuial  thei- 
mometric  changes. 

thermal-springs,  thermal -waters, 

i'.  pd.     Hot  springs. 

thermal-unit,  s.  That  quantity  of  heal 
which  eoiivsptmds  to  an  interval  nf  1"  V.  in 
the  temperuliire  of  1  Ih.  avnirdujKjis  of  water 
at  3!flti  K.  It  is  tt)  the  French  theinial  unit 
{V  C.  in  1  kilogianuneof  water)as  1  ;  3-yiib32. 

ther'-mal-ly,  udr.  [Eng.  thernuU:  -ly.]  In 
a  tliermal  nianinr  ;  witli  reference  to  heat. 

ther-man'-ti-dote,  s.  [Pref.  therm-,  and 
Kng.tiHr/(/u/i-(q.v.).J  An  East  Indianapparatus 
for  piuducing  a  cunent  of  air. 

*'  Tlie  ptiiiknh  wuuhl  lie  a  ruinous  appetid'ige,  w  hilc 
the  thermit ntidiitf  i.s  uut  of  the  qiiMttuii."~/*ui/v 
Telv<jniph,  Aug.  2o,  I88;j. 


■  6  -  graph,  ther  -  met'  ■ 

IThi;h,mo.mi::tograi>h.] 


ro  - 


ther  -  met' 
graph,  ^. 

therm' -ic,  a.  [Gr.  &€pn6<;  (JhcrmoR)—\\o\..] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  heat  ;  thermal. 

Ther'-mi-dor,  s.  [Fr.]  Literally,  the  Hot 
Month,  the  name  given,  iu  t>ct.,  WXA,  by  the 
French  Convention  to  the  eleventh  montli  of 
the  Republican  year.  ItconnuencedonJuIyl'J, 
and  was  ttie  second  snnnuer  niunth. 

Ther-mi-dor'-i-an,  s.    [Thebmidor.] 

French  Hist.  :  One  of  those  who.  in  1704, 
took  i)art  in  the  coup  d'etat  by  wliich  the  fall 
of  Robespierre  was  eftected.  They  were  sd 
called  because  the  Reign  of  Terror  was  brought 
to  an  end  on  the  9th  Theraiidor. 

ther -mo-,  therm-,  pre/.      [Gr.   fiep^i..? 

(titermo:,)  =^  hot.]  A  prefix  used  in  amuiiher 
of  compound  words  referring  to  heat  or  tem- 
perature. 

thermo-barometer.  s.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  altitudes  by  means  nf  deter- 
mining thu  boiling-jioint  of  water.  They  con- 
sist essentially  of  a  small  metallic  vessel  for 
boiling  water,  fitted  with  very  delicate  ther- 
mometers, which  are  only  graduated  from  SO' 
to  100° ;  so  that  each  degree  occui>ying  a  con- 
siderable space  on  tlie  scale,  the  tenths,  and 
even  the  hundredths  of  a  degree  may  be  esti- 
mated, and  thus  it  is  possible  to  (ieteiniine 
the  heiglit  nf  a  jilaec  by  means  of  the  boiling- 
point  to  within  abiiut  tin  feet. 

thermochemistry,  s. 

Chem. :  That  branch  of  the  science  which 
deals  with  the  lu-at  liberated  or  alisorbed 
during  a  chemical  reaction  ;  thus,  2  grains  of 
hydrogen,  in  combining  with  10  grams  f)f 
oxygen  to  form  watei",  liberates  a  certain 
definite  amount  of  heat,  viz.,  G9,000  calories 
(units  of  heat);  whilst  water,  on  being  de- 
composed into  its  elements,  is  found  to  absorb 
the  same  amount  of  lieat. 

thermo- current,  .•;. 

Elect. :  An  electric  current  produced  by  the 
action  uf  lieat. 

thermo-dynamic.  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating tti  the  relations  between  heat  and  ine- 
clianical  work. 

"Hence  by  thermo-dynamic  principles,  the  lieat 
converted  into  nieclianiual  etfect  lu  tlie  cycle  <'f  upeia- 
tioua  19  .  .  "—Everett :  The  C.  U.  S.  System  of  I'liitt. 
ch.  ix.,  p.  54. 

Tfiermo-dynamic  valve:  A  valve  depending 
fur  its  oi>eration  upmi  the  expansion  and  con- 
traction occasioned  by  changes  of  temperature. 

thermo -dynamics,  <;.  pi. 

Physics :  The  science  which  treats  of  the 
relations  subsisting  between  heat  and  wurk. 

thermo-electric,  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  flL-ctnc  curieiits  or  etieets  produced 
by  heat. 

Thermo-electric  alarm :  An  apparatus  de- 
signed to  indicate  the  rise  of  temiierature 
in  bearings  for  sliaftings,  or  in  any  kind  of 
machinery  or  any  branch  of  manufacture 
where  a  lixed  temperature  is  desirable. 

Thermo-electric  battery : 

Elect.  :  A  battery  in  which  an  electi'ic  cur- 
rent is  established  by  applying  lieat  nrcdd. 


Thermo-electric  cttrrent : 

Elect. :  A  current  produced  by  heating  some 
part  of  a  suitable  apjiaratus.  So  name"!  by 
Professor  Seebeck  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
Hydro-electric,  or  ordinary  voltaic  current. 

Thermo-electric  force:  The  electromotive 
force  of  a  thernio-eh-ctric  circuit.  (Eiyrett: 
The  C.  G.  S.  System  of  Units,  ch.  xl.,  p.  "-l.) 

Thenm-ekctric  pile : 

El>'ct.  :  A  number  of  metallic  plates  of  two 
ditfen-nt  metals  coupled  in  series,  so  that  tho 
whole  of  one  set  of  the  alternate  junctions 
are  at  one  side  and  the  other  set  on  the  other. 
Antimony  and  bismuth  are  preferred,  iw  being 
farthest  apart  of  the  metals  langed  in  thermo- 
electric order.  By  heating  one  set  of  the 
iunctions,  electricity  i.s  develoiied.  In  prac- 
tice, the  face  of  the  pile,  which  contains  one 
set  of  .junctions,  is  turned  towards  the  source 
of  heat,  such  as  a  jiolarizcd  beam  from  an 
electric  lantern  ;  then,  a  galvanometer  being 
I'laci.d  in  the  circuit  of  the  pile  and  equili- 
brated, any  increase  or  diminution  of  the 
temperature  in  tlie  beam  is  at  once  shown  by 
movement  of  tlie  galvanometer  needle. 

Thermo-electric  series : 

Elect. :  Metals  arranged  in  the  order  of  tlieii 
capacity  to  generate  a  thermo-electric  current 
when  heated. 

Thermo-electric  vahie : 

Elect. :  The  value  or  capability  of  particular 
metals  for  thermo-electric  purposes.  (Sec 
extract.) 

"  The  lUffereuce  of  the  thermn-cUctric  vaht^ii  of  tw.i 
niet.-ita  at  a  gi^eu  teiupcraturo,  t.  In  tlie  el«ctri>iiiutiv« 
fui'ce  per  degree  of  dillercnce  between  the  teiuprm- 
tuies  of  the  Jniictioii  in  a  couple  fnrnn-il  cif  tliettr 
metals,  when  the  mean  of  the  teiupei'Htnrt-H  of  tho 
jniicttonit  ia  t."—EvereU:  The  C.  G.  S.  m/Sleui  of  l'nil4, 
cU.  xi.,  p.  75. 

thermo-electricity,  s. 

Elect.:  Electrii-ity  excited  by  application  of 
heat  to  any  suitable  apparatus,  usually  the 
junction  between  two  ditlerent  metals.  The 
discovery  that  it  may  be  thus  pi\)duced  was 
maile  by  Professor  Seebeck.  oi"  Berlin,  in  16'2\. 

thermo-electrometer,  s.    An  instru- 
ment for  ascertaining    the    heating  power  of 
an  electric  current,  or  for  determining  the 
I  strength  of  a  current  by  the  lieat  it  produces. 

thermo-element,  £. 

Eli.'ct. :  An  eleiiii'iit  whicli  aids  in  producing 

theiiuo-electricily. 

thermo-magnetism,  s. 

KU:ct. :  Magnetism  produced  by  tho  action 
of  heat. 

tbermo-siphon,  ^'.  A  sijihon  attached 
to  hot-water  heating  apjiaratus,  iuventft*!  by 
Kewley,  of  London,  and  Fowler,  of  Devon- 
shire. 

ther-md-cal'-9lte,  s.  [I'ref.  tkermo',  and 
Lng.  calcitc] 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  by  Cordier  to  non- 
crystalline limest'Uies,  most  of  which  enclose 
fiissil  remains  and  various  sedimentary  sub- 
stances. 

ther-moch-ro-sy,  ther'-mo-crose,  s. 

[Pref.    thermo-,    and   Gr.    ^pwjis    {chrOsis)  =■ 
colouring.] 
Physics :  (See  extract). 

'•Doftiiite  luminous  r.iys  being  diatingnlBhed  by 
their  colmira.  to  tliese  dili'erent  obscure  caloritiv  niya 
MeUoni  give.i  the  name  of  th'-nnocroie  or  beat  coloia- 
tiou.  The  invisible  |iot'tii>n  oi  the  Bpectmni  isaccurd- 
iiigly  mapped  out  liiti>  a  series  uf  n|>aces.  each  puttseHs- 
iny  its  own  peculmr  feature  correspuiKlin^'  to  the 
coloured  spaces  uhich  are  seen  hi  that  jwrtioii  of  Iho 
a|>ectrTiiu  vmihle  to  our  cyea." — (i»not :  I'hj/iici  (cd. 
Atktusou).  5  r2j. 

"  ther'-mo-gen,  s.  [Pref.  thermo-,  and  Gr. 
yefvaLM  ('jeiinud)  =  to  pioducc]  An  old  naiue 
for  caloric  (q.v.). 

ther-mog'^n-oiis,  a.  [Thermooen.]  Pro- 
ducing heat ;  caiiiritic. 

ther'-mo-graph,  s.  [Pref.  thermo-,  and  Gr. 
7p(t(/j(u  (!/r.(/i/iN)  =:  to  write.]  An  instrument 
l.>r  auliiuatieally  recording  variations  of  tem- 
perature. 

"  Bt)Vk.ett'8  new  tlicj-moyraph  ...  Is  an  Irmti-unient 
for  recurdinx  changes  of  temjierature.  which  arc  mea. 
Bured  by  the  action  of  heat  upuu  a  hullow,  circular 
niebillic  riutf  connected  with  a  circular  vejtsel,  the 
wh'de  Iwing  titled  with  ilnid  and  hermetically  seated." 
—xYaturc,  vol.  xxiv.,  p.  470.     (1681.) 

ther-mog'-ra-ph^,  5.  [TnERMooRAPH.i 
A  process  by  which  engravings  are  copied  on 
iue[;tl  plates,  &c.,  by  the  agency  of  heat. 


b6il,  b^ ;  poiit,  jo^l ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as  :  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  -tian  ~  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun  ;  -tion,  -sion  ~  zhun.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  <^c.  =  bel,  deL 


03 


thermology— thesis 


liot  ;    null.   —I-J!i.\    A    iliMciiiinw    un   ur    uti 

Uier  mdm  -d-toT.v-    |I*ref.  (Arrmo-,  and  Gr. 

I'hvsi'-v:  An  iiiHlrumiTil  for  im-asuiinj:  in- 
tf  rmily  "f  hfM,  or  l«*iiii>tTatur«',  liv  iiuaiis  nf 
t^xjinnsioii  of  H  ll<|iiid  or  na.s.  Mfniiry  is 
griH-rally  eiiiplovi-'i,  ami  aii  unlinary  tlicrino- 
iiirter  i-nii.Hi.sts  of  a  tipht-rical  or  cyliiKlrieal 
KtaAs  )>ulb  at  tin-  ciitl  of  a  very  rtiiu  tube,  tliu 
biitb  Uiii::  coinplet4>iy  tilled,  and  t)ie  IiiIk; 
|Mrtly  Illle«l.  with  iiicrciiry,  whilst  the  spact^ 
aUtVf  tlH>  incrt-ury  contains  only  a  small  tiuan- 
tlly  uf  nu-rcury  vajK>ur,  which  offers  no  rt-sist- 
ance  to  the  txitansion  of  thi-  imTcury.  A  rise 
of  toin|H'ratiiru  is  iiidicat^-d  by  a  rise  of  the 
nieftury  in  the  tnlH-,  owind  Ut  v\\nmitUm : 
and,  i-onvcrselv,  a  fall  of  teniiM-raturo  is  inili- 
cntt'd  by  a  fall  of  thf  nu-icury  in  the  tube. 
A  ^mdnaled  Hcalf  Is  attached,  with  two  lixi-d 
IMiintji:  the  lower,  or  freezing  point,  ami  the 
npper,  or  boiling  point,  of  water.  The  dis- 
tance lietwfcn  tho  twt»  (ixcd  point,s  is  then 
divided  Into  a  certain  number  of  eqnal  parts, 
or  degrees,  which  are  cuntinued  above  and 
behiw  the  two  llxeil  points.  On  theCr-iitisrade 
or  Celsius  thermometer  (used  l»y  scientitic 
men  all  over  the  worlii,  and  in  general  use  on 
the  Continent),  the  distjuin*  iM-tween  the  two 
points  is  divided  into  H>0 lii'^nrs,  the  freezing 
IMiint  being  0°,  and  the  bailing  point  100° ;  on 
tlu-  Ki-aumurthermnmtt(T(used  only  in  north- 
Wfstcrn  Kuri'jif).  tin-  distance  is  divitie'l  into 
SO  degrees,  the  freezing  [(oiiit  Wing  0°,  and 
the  boiling  point  SO' ;  on  the  Fahronlicit  thiT- 
niometer(in  general  use  in  England),  the  dis- 
tanee  is  divideil  into  ISO',  but,  since  z<rn  is 
3"J  degrees  below  the  freezing  point,  the  fret'Z- 
irig  point  is  '^'2%  ainl  the  boiling  point  is  212\ 
Degrees  above  0'  nrc  tenneti  +  degrees,  wliilst 
thr)se  below  0°  are  termed  —  degrees. 
C.  -^  5  X  9  +  ;i2  =  F.  I  P.  -  32  -^  9  X  4  =  R. 
R.-^  4  X  »  -f  32  =  F.       C.  H-  5  X  4  =  K. 

F. -32-=-9x    5  =  C.   I    R.  -^4x5  =  0. 

Mercury  can  only  be  used  for  temperatures 
l>etween  —  40°  and  +  675%  since  it  freezes  at 
—  40'  and  boils  at  -f  GTr/.  For  lower  tcinpi  la- 
tnres  alcohol  is  used ;  and  for  high  teitip-Ta- 
turejj  nir  thermometers  are  employed,  in  which 
changes  of  tempei-ature  are  measured  by  the 
expansion  or  contraction  of  a  known  vohime 
of  air.  In  deep  sea  thermometers,  used  for 
ascertaining  the  temperature  of  the  sea,  the 
bulb  is  specially  protected  against  the  pics- 
siue  of  the  water.    (Maximcm-thermomktek, 

MiSIMlM-THEKMOMETER.] 

ther  -  mo  -  met-  ric,      ther  -  mo  -  met- 
rxc-al,  rt.     [Kng.  themwmeter ;  -ic,  -icat.\ 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  thermometer,  or 
the  measurement  of  heat. 

2.  Made,  performed,  or  ascertained  by  a 
thermometer. 

**[Thf  l«iokl  comes  Accompanied  with  pome  pre- 
1iiiui]«ries  kiiu  anapftendix,  whereof  tlie  former  cuii- 
tMiiiA  neu-rAimnoirKf/ricaiexperitiieiitflHUil  thouglits." 
—n-Ji/le:   ti'jrkt.ii.  i^-''-, 

thermometric- alarm,  s.    An  instm- 

nielit  to  release  ;in  filarin  when  a  dangerous 
lieat  is  reached  in  an  apartment ;  a  form  of  lire- 
alarm.  One  form  consists*  of  a  bent  glass  tube 
with  a  bulb  at  each  end,  one  of  which  with  a 
}art  of  the  stem  contains  ether;  tlie  other 
with  a  part  of  the  stem  containing  mercury 
and  open  to  the  external  air.  The  tube  is 
IMtised  on  its  centre  by  gravity.  Should  the 
tempeniture  be  raised  by  the  presence  of  lire, 
tlie  ether  would  be  ex(>anded,  the  mercury 
dri\en  into  tlie  Imlb,  the  instrument  tipped 
over  on  its  axis,  and  th<-  ahirm  sounded. 

thermometric -analysis,  s. 

CAem, ;  Applied  to  certain  approximate 
Tnethods  of  analysis,  depending  on  the  obser- 
vation of  the  temperature  when  a  phenonutnon 
takes  place,  or  of  the  changes  of  temperature 
accompanying  chemital  reactions— e.f?.,  fixed 
oils  evolve  ilifTerent  degrees  of  heat  when 
treated  with  strong  sulphuric  acid,  and  the 
temperatures  thus  produced  are  used  to  deter- 
mine the  proportions  of  two  in  a  mixture,  or 
to  identify  two  oils,  especially  when  one  is  a 
non-dryiug  and  the  other  a  drying-oil.  When 
Vt  grms.  were  treated  with  ""o  grms.  sul- 
phunc  acid  of  90  per  cent.,  the  frdlowing  rise 
ot  lemperatnre  was  observed  in  the  three  oils 
testCil :  olive-'»il  from  12-40°,  raiw-oil  from 
l7-o4",  and  linseed-oil  from  li)-91'. 

thermomctric  steam-gauge,  s.    \ 

steaiii-yauge  whiib  imiicates  the  pressure  in 


a  btiiler  by  the  amount  cf  exjiansion  of  a  fluid 
at  the  leniperaturv  due  to  the  pressure. 

ttaermometrio-ventilator,  •«.  A  chim- 
ney valve  consisting  of  a  eiicular  disk  aecu- 
ntlVly  Uilanced  on  a  spindle.  On  one  side  of 
the  disk  is  an  inverteii  siphon,  open  at  one 
en.i  ami  having  a  bulb  at  the  other.  The 
lower  part  of  the  siphon  lulh;  contains  mer- 
cury, and  the  bulb  is  ^uU  of  air.  Any  increase 
of  tem|HTature  expands  the  air  in  the  bulb, 
ilepresses  the  mercury,  and  opens  the  valve, 
thus  allowing  the  air  to  pjiss. 

ther-mo-met'-ric-al  Ij^,  "dr.  [Kng.  ther- 
iiinmtlrirul:  ■/)/.  1  In  a*llurmometric;d  manner; 
by  means  tif  a  therni'Uiieler. 

t!i©r-m6-met'-rd-grapli«s.  tPref.  tht-rmo- : 
Or.  /if-Tpoi'  (mttron)  =  a  measure,  and  ypdftu 
(ijrapho)  •=  to  write.]    [Thermometeu.] 

ttaer-mo-mul'-ti-pli-er,  s.  [Pref.  thermo-, 
and  Eng.  mitltipUer.]  An  instrument  invented 
by  Nobili  for  measuring  small  variations  of 
temperature  due  to  radiant  lieat.     [Tbermo- 

fl.rtrU- pile] 

ther-mo-na' -trite,  s.  [Pref.  thermo- ;  Eng. 
luUrifin),  and  sutf.  -ite  (Mm.).] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  usually 
occurring  as  an  etHorescence.  Hardness,  1  to 
1'5  ;  sp.  gr.  1-5  to  1'6 ;  lustre,  vitreous.  Com- 
pos.:  carbonic  acid,  35"5;  soda,  50"0;  water, 
14'5  =  100,  which  is  equivalent  to  the  formula 
NaOCOo  +  HO.  Found  in  lakes  and  about 
some  mines  and  volcanoes. 


ther-mo-ni -tnte. 


[Thermoxatrite.] 

t  ther-mo-pe-gol'o-gy,  s.  Pref.  thermo- ; 
Gr.  jnjy^  (ji'"yr)  =  a  spring,  a  well,  and  \6yoq 
(logos)  =  a  discourse.] 

Phys.  Science  :  The  science  of  thei>henomena 
of  hot  springs,  geysers,  &c. 

ther'-mo-phdne,  s.  [Pref.  thenno-,  and  Gr. 
^uii-TJ  (phone)  =  sound. 

Physics:  An  instrument  in  wliich  sonorous 
vibrations  are  produced  by  the  expansion  of 
heated  bodiss  connected  with  an  electro- 
magnet. It  was  first  described  by  Tlieodor 
Wieseudanger  in  isTS. 

ther-md-phyll'-ite.  .'.  [Pref.  thermo-,  and 
Eng.  phylUte.] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occun-ing  in  aggregated 
masses  of  small  micaceous  scales,  whieh  ex- 
foliate before  the  blowpipe.  Hardness,  2"5  ; 
lustre  on  cleavage  faces,  pearly  ;  colour,  yel- 
lowish to  light-brown.  It  is  a  hydrated  sili- 
cate of  magnesia,  which  Dana  includes  in  his 
group  of  serpentines.  It  has  been  regarded 
as  a  crystallized  form  of  the  nnneral  serpen- 
tine.    Found  at  Hopansuo,  Finland. 


[Pref.  thermo-,  and  Eng 


ther -mo -pile, 

pUc] 

Elect. :  A  thei  n;o-electric  pile  (q.v.). 

ther -mo-scope,  s.  [Pref.  thermo-,  and  Gr. 
(TKOTTfiu  (sl:opeo)  =  to  see,  to  observe.]  An  in- 
stiunient  for  indicating  relative  differences  of 
temperature.  The  term  was  applied  by  Count 
Rumfnrd  to  an  instrument  invented  by  hiui, 
and  similar  in  principle  to  the  ditlerential 
thermometer  of  Prof.  Leslie.    [Differential.] 

"A  theTnnoscope  being  canieil  from  the  bottom  to 
the  top  of  the  hill,  the  included  Kir,  iiisteiid  of  shriuk- 
iiig  in  that  collier  region,  ninnifestty  dilated  itself,  jinil 
notably  depressed  the  v,».teT.  "—Boyle:   Works,  i.  •>y\:i. 

ther-mo-sc6p'-ic,  ther-mo-scop'-ic-al, 

(f.  [Eng.  Ihennoscopit') :  -/:<■,  -miL]  Of  *.ir 
peitiiining  to  the  tliermoscope ;  made  by 
means  of  a  thermoscope. 

ther'-mo-stat,  s.  [Pref.  thermo-,  and  Gr. 
oraToe  (slutos)  =  standing.]  A  self-acting 
apparatus  for  regulating  teuiperatures.  The 
name  thermostat  was  first  ajtplied  by  Dr.  Ure 
to  an  instrument  patented  by  him  in  1S31,  in 
which  the  bending  of  a  sj^ring  composed  of 
two  unequally  expansible  metals,  as  steel  and 
brass,  was  made  to  control  a  valve  or  damper. 

ther-mo-Stat'-ic,  a.  (Eng.  thermostat:  -ic] 
<.>f  or  pertaining  to  the  tliermostat. 

thermostatic-alarm,  s.  A  device  to 
give  a  signal  when  a  certain  temperature  is 
attained  ;  used  as  a  fire-alarm  or  as  a  warning 
of  the  heating  of  a  journal,  &e. 

ther-mot-ic,  ther-mot'-ic-al,  a.      [Gr. 

O^Pfio';  (thermos)  =  liot.]  Of  or  relating'  to 
heat ;  resulting  from  or  dej^ending  on  lieat. 


ther- mot -ics,  ;>■.  [Thek.motic.]  The  science 
ol  lieat. 

ther' -mo- type,  s.  [Pref.  thermo-,  and  Eng. 
'.'/iie(q.v.).]  An  impression  (as  of  a  slice  of 
wood)  taken  by  means  of  wetting  with  dilute 
acid,  pressing  on  the  object,  and  subsequently 
heating  the  impiession. 

ther'-mo-typ-y,  ?.  [Thekmotype.]  The 
act  or  process  of  producing  a  thermotype. 

*ther-of,  adv.    [Thereof.] 

ther'-oid,  a.  [Gr.  Qjjp  (thcr)=  an  animal,  and 
el5o?  (cidos)  —  form,  appearance.]  Animal  ; 
having  animal  propensities  or  characteristics, 
Specitically  applied  to  idiots,  who  in  habits 
or  appearance  resemble  any  of  the  lower 
animals.  The  word  is  of  recent  introduction, 
but  the  extraordinaiy  resemblances  presented 
by  some  of  the  weak-minded  to  certain  birds 
and  mammals  have  attracted  attention  for  a 
very  long  period.  Pinel  (quoted  by  Puckniil 
Jl  Tuke:  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  152)  speaks  of 
"a  young  female  idiot  .  .  .  who,  in  the  form 
of  her  head,  lier  tastes,  lier  mode  of  living, 
seemed  to  approach  to  tlie  instincts  of  a 
sheep." 

"  The  animal  mind  of  the  theroid  idiot  is  accnm- 
pnnied  by  appropriiite  aiiimiil  peculiiiritieB  of  body."— 
.VineCcenlh  Century.  Sept.  18S6,  p.  ZbZ. 

ther-6r-6-glSt,  s.  [Eng.  therolori(y) ,-  -ist.] 
One  versed  in  therology ;  a  student  of  ther- 
ology  or  mammalogy, 

"  A  jgentleman  who.  to  iiee  a  uewly-coiued  trans- 
atlantic word,  is  certainly  one  of  the  firat  theralogittt 
of  bis  coiiutry." — Academy.  Aug.  25,  1577. 

ther-ol'-o-gy,  s.  [Gr.  e^jp  (ther),  genit.  ftjpds 
(thrros)  =  a  wild  beast ;  suff.  -ology.]  That 
branchof  zoology  that  treats  of  the  mammalia; 
mammalogy. 

*ther-on,  adv.    [Thereox.] 

ther-op'-o-dg.,  s.pl.  [Gr.  B^p  (ther),  genit. 
Bt)p6s  (thvros)  =  a  beast  of  prey,  and  jroi/s  (Jlo^ls), 
geuit.  no56^(podos)  =  afoot.] 

Palceont.  :  An  order  of  Cope's  sub-class 
Dinosauria,  consisting  of  carnivorous  forms, 
which  are  believed  to  have  preyed  on  the 
weaker  herbivorous  members  of  the  elasa. 
Feet  digitigrade,  digits  with  prehensile  claws  ; 
vertebrae  more  or  less  cavernous;  fore  limbs 
very  small,  limb  bones  hollow.  The  order 
comprises  four  families  (Megalosauridjc,  Zan- 
cloduntida^,  Amphisaurida:-,  and  Labrosau- 
riihc),  and  two  groups  or  sub-orders  (Cceluria 
and  Coiupsognatha). 

*  ther -sit'- ic-al,  a.  [After  Thersites,  a 
foul-mouthed  cfiaracter  in  Homer's  Iliud.\ 
Grossly  abusive. 

"A  pelting  kind  of  thersiticaZ  a&tire."— Sterne  : 
Trittram  Shandy,  vi.  140, 

*ther-tO,  adv.    [Thereto.] 
*ther-with,  adi'.     [Therewith.] 

•  ther-wlth-all,  wU\     [Therewithal.] 

the-ryth'-rin,   s.      [Pref.   th(io)-,   and    Eng. 

crythrin.] 

Chem. :  One  of  the  products  obtained,  ac- 
cording to  Zeise,  by  the  simultaneous  action 
of  ammonia  and  sulphur  upon  acetone. 

the~sau'-rus,  the-sau-rar'-i-iim,  s.  [Lat. 

thesaurus ;     Gr.     6r)a-avp6-;    (thisaiirus).]       A 
treasury ;  a  lexicon. 

thesaurus  verborum,  s.     A  treasury 

of  words  ;  a  lexicun.    Often  siuiply  thesaurus. 

the^e.  ^  thas,  ^  thes,  *  theos,  "^  thos, 
'  thuse,  pron.  or  a.  [A.S.  dheis,  dhms,  pi.  of 
dhes  —  this  (q.v.).]  Tlie  plural  of  this  (q.v.). 
These  and  those  are  used  in  contradistinction  in 
the  same  way  as  this  and  tliat:  these  referring 
to  the  persons  or  objects  which  are  nearest  in 
order  or  place,  or  were  last  mentioned  ;  those 
to  the  persons  or  objects  furthest  in  order,  &c. 

"  Bids  these  iu  elegance  of  form  excel." 

Cuwper :  Retirement,  71)3-4. 

*  the'-Sl-cle,  s.  [A  dimin.  from  tl\esis  (q.v.).J 
A  little  or  subordinate  thesis  ;  a  proposition. 

the'-sis,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  fltVts  (thesis)—  a 
proposition,  a  statement,  something  laid  down  : 
trom  the  root  ot  ridr\nt.  (tithcmi)=  to  place; 
Fr.  these;  Sp.  tesis ;  Ital.  tesi.] 

I.  Ordinary  Jjinguage  : 

1.  A  position  or  proposition  which  a  person 
I'uts  forward  or  adv.nnces,  or  oflers  to  main- 


ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU.  father:  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sxre.  sir.  marine;  go.  p8t, 
cr.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  our.  rule.  fAU:  try.  Syrian,    ae.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


thesium— thevetia 


63 


tain  ;  a  subject  proposed  for  a  school  or  col- 
lege exercise  ;  a  theme,  an  exercise. 

"  Au  tioiiest  hut  A  siiiifile  jwiir 
May  aorve  to  ittniLv  tliia  Ihrtis  olenr." 

Prior :  J'liuto  Purganti. 

•  2.  A  theory. 

"  To  Iwy  down  n  pmctice  of  physigk,  conform«lile 
ti>  his  Wica/jt  o(  the  circulatiou  vi  bUiod. "— ^««rr; 
\V',rt^iie»:  Kent. 

3.  An  essay  or  dissertation  upon  a  specific 
sul'ject  or  tlieine,  as  an  essay  presented  by  a 
canilidnte  for  a  diploma  or  degree. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Logic:  An  alfirniAtion,  in  distinction  from 
a  supposition  or  liypotliesis. 

2.  Music  :  The  downward  wave  of  the  hand 
to  denote  accent.     [Arsis.J 

3.  Pros.:  The  depression  of  the  voice  in 
pninminciiig  the  syllables  of  a  word  ;  the  part 
i>f  a  foot  on  wliicli  the  depression  of  the  voice 
falls.     [Arsis.] 

4.  Rhet. :  The  part  of  a  sentence  preceding 
and  conosponding  to  the  antithesis  (q.v.). 

the'Sl-uxn,  s.  [Lat.  thesion,  thesiuvi  =  the 
basUud  toad-flaw] 

Bot. :  Bastard  Toad-flax;  a  genus  of  Snnta- 
laceie.  Flowers  small,  green  ;  periantli  four 
or  five  cleft,  persistent ;  stamens  with  a  small 
fascicle  of  hair  at  their  base  ;  stigma  simple  ; 
ovary  inferior  ;  ovides  three  ;  drupe  ribbed. 
Clowned  with  the  peisistent  ]teiianth.  Known 
species  about  sixty,  all  from  the  eastern 
hemisphere.  One,  Thesiuvi  liiiophylluni,  the 
Lint-leaved  Toad-flax,  is  British.  It  is  a 
perennial  parasite  on  roots,  with  dirt  use 
stems,  one-nerved  leaves,  minute  flowers, 
green  outside,  white  inside,  with  green  ovoid 
fruit,     r.  humile  is  an  escape  in  Devonshire. 

vhes-mo-phor'-i-a,  s.  (Gr.  e€a-fio4>6po<; 
■jh'  (/(i)j-/(i';i'.s)  =  lawgiving ;  an  epithet  ap- 
pli'd  to  Demi'ter;  decrfj.6t  {thesmos)  =  law, 
au'i  i/>opos  (pharos)  =  bearing.] 

Gr.  Anti'i.  :  A  festival  in  honour  of  Ceres, 
or  Demetei-,  because  she  first  taught  mankind 
the  use  of  laws.  It  was  celebrated  by  many 
cities  of  Greece,  but  with  most  observatiiin 
and  ceremony  by  the  Athenians.  The  wor- 
shippers were  free-born  women  (whose  Ims- 
bands  defrayed  the  expenses  of  the  solenniity), 
assisted  by  a  priest  and  a  band  of  virgins. 
The  women  were  clothed  in  white  garments, 
as  emblematic  of  purity. 

theS'-mO-thete*  S.  [Gr.  OeafjLoBe-nr;  ((hr<:i>in- 
tb'ti's),  fi-Miii  Bea-fAO^  {thtsiiws)=\R\v,  and  (?tT>|? 
(duty's)  —  one  who  places,  from  ridrjiJiL  {titht'iai) 
=  to  place;  Fr.  thesmothet^.] 

Gr.  Antiq.  :  A  lawgiver;  a  legislator;  one 
of  the  six  inferior  archons  at  Athens  wlio 
presided  at  the  election  of  the  lower  n]agis- 
trates,  received  criminal  informations  in  va- 
rious matters,  deei'led  civil  causes  on  arl)itra- 
tion,  took  the  votes  at  elections,  and  performed 
a  variety  of  other  oflices. 

thes-pe'-si-a,  s.  [Gl-.  fletrTreVio?  (thespcsins) 
=  di\  ine,*sa(_red,  from  the  fact  that  Thespesia 
popttlnca  is  planted  around  monasteries  and 
convents,  in  tropical  countries,  for  the  sake 
of  the  shade  which  it  affords,  and  so  has  come 
to  be  regarded  with  a  kind  of  veneration.] 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Hibisceie.  Trees  witli 
large  entire  leaves  ;  involucre  three-leaved, 
deciduous  ;  calyx  truncate  ;  style  simple  ; 
stigmas  tive  ;  fruit  almost  woody;  capsule 
with  five  cells,  each  with  about  four  seeds. 
Thespesia  popiUiiea  is  a  tree  forty  or  fifty  feet 
high,  with  the  foliage  so  dense  at  the  top 
that  it  has  l)een  called  the  Umbrella-tree. 
It  has  roundish,  cordate,  pointed,  five  to 
seven-veined  leaves  ;  the  flowers,  which  are 
large,  are  yellow  with  a  dark-red  centre.  The 
tree  is  very  common  along  the  sea-coast  of 
South  America,  the  West  Indies,  tlie  Pacihc 
Islands,  part  of  Afrira,  India,  and  Burniah. 
It  has  been  planted  along  roadsides  through- 
out India,  and  especially  in  Madras  city.  It 
yields  a  gum,  a  deep-red,  somewhat  thick  oil, 
used  in  cutaneous  atl'ections.  The  capsule 
and  flowers  furnish  a  yellow  dye,  and  the  bark 
a  gnod  filtre,  T.  Z-ompas  is  a  small  bush, 
common  in  the  tropical  jungles  of  India,  with 
a  yood  fibre,  as  has  T.  pfpnlnca, 

Thes'-pi-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  peitaining  to  Thespis,  a 
Greek  dramatic  poet,  born  at  Icaria,  an  Athe- 
nian town,  at  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  cen- 
tury B.C.  ;  hence,  relating  to  the  drama  or 
theatrical  representation. 


B.  As  snhst.  :  An  actor. 

"  Tbe  LonI  ClininbfrlHlii  .  .  .  clnpjted  the  nDofrvntl- 
iiig  Tfu-spinn  In  ihe  tlnt«  Uuudc.  — /)oi'«ji ;  Their 
M'lJ'tl'''''  Servunlt  (viA.  18C4t,  i.  Vil. 

Thespian-art,  s.     The  drama. 

Thcs  sa  Han,  ".  \'  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  itilj.  :  Of  or  pertiiining  to  Tliessaly ; 
liiMice,  nuigic,  Thessaly  in  classic  times  being 
(considered  the  Imino  of  witches.  {Hot:  : 
Carm.,  i.  27,  21  ;  riin.  :  }{.  N.,  xxx.  1.) 


Sc-itt:  .Munnioit.     (Iiitrrtd.) 

B.  .-1.^  sni'st.  :    A  native  or  inhabitant  of 

Thessaly. 

Thes-sa-lo'-ni-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Thessalo- 
niea  (iii>w  Saloiuki),  a  city  in  Macedonia. 

B.  As  suh-,t.  :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Tliessaloiiica. 

%  :St.  Paul's  Epistles  to  the  Thessalonians : 
New  Testament  Canon  : 

1.  The  First  Epistle  of  Paul  the  Apostle  to  the 
Thessalonians.  —  St.  Paul,  on  his  se<-ond 
missionary  journey,  aliout  a.d.  52,  leaving 
Philippi  (PHiLipPtAN,  %],  after  his  unjust 
injpiisoiniient  there  (Acts  xvi.  9-40),  pas.scd 
tliroimh  Aiiijiluiiolis  and  Apollonia,  and  went 
"11  to  TliL'ssalouica,  where,  for  three  successive 
f>abba1hs  in  the  Jewisli  synagogue,  he  con- 
teinled  that  the  Christ,  Messiah,  or  Anointed 
One,  of  Old  Testament  prophecy,  was  destined 
to  sufler  and  to  rise  again,  and  that  Jesus  was 
that  Christ.  His  missionary  efforts  were 
piobably  continued  for  a  considerable  time 
longer  outside  the  synagogue.  A  multitude 
of  devout  Greeks,  not  a  few  of  the  chief 
women,  and  others  believed.  This  success, 
however,  infuiiated  the  unbelieving  Jews, 
wlio  broke  into  riot,  drew  to  them  the  rougher 
part  of  the  lower  classes,  assaulted  the  house 
ot  Jason,  and  dragged  him  and  other  believ- 
ers before  the  uiagistiate,  who  released  them, 
after  taking  security  for  tlieir  future  conduct. 
Ihe  Christians  secretly  conveyed  Paul  fioni 
the  place  by  night,  the  apostle  going  to  Berea, 
whither  the  Thessalonian  Jews  followed  him, 
compelling  him  again  to  leave,  his  new  desti- 
nation being  Athens,  and  thence  to  Corintti. 
It  is  believed  the  first  epistle  was  sent  about 
the  end  of  a. p.  52,  or  early  in  53,  to  the 
Thessalonian  Church.  In  it  Paul  speaks  of 
tlieir  faith,  love,  patience,  and  other  qualities 
(ill.  i.),  and  alludes  to  the  ]'ersecution  which 
they  and  he  hail  undergone  (i.  6,  ii.  1-19).  To 
relieve  his  natural  anxiety  regarding  their 
steadfastness  in  trial,  he  had  sent  Timotliy  to 
visit  them,  and  had  heard  from  him  the  most 
cheering  acccmnts  of  their  state  (ch.  iii.). 
He  concludes  by  giving  them  practical 
exhortations,  one  of  which  is  not  to  sorrow 
unduly  for  deceased  Christian  relatives  or 
friends,  but  to  console  themselves  by  thinking 
of  their  resurrection  at  the  second  advent  of 
Christ  (iv.  1-lS-v.  2S).  The  epistle  was  uni- 
vfisally  accepted  in  ancient  times,  though  no 
undoubted  allusions  to  it  exist  till  towards 
the  close  of  the  second  century.  Its  authen- 
ticity has  been  questioned  by  Baur. 

2.  The  Second  Epistle  of  Po.vl  the  Apostle  to 
tJie  r/ip.<;sa/o»ia7js  seems  to  have  been  written 
from  Corinth  shortly  after  the  first,  whilst 
Silvanus  and  Timothy  were  still  Paul's 
associates.  The  Thessalonians  had  taken  up 
the  idea,  probably  from  the  words  in  1  Tliess. 
iv.  15,  17,  "we  which  are  alive  and  rcni.iin," 
that  the  second  advent  of  Christ  was  very 
near,  and  some  of  them  had  ceased  to  labour, 
and  gone  about  as  idlers  and  busybodies. 
After  an  introduction  (ch.  i.),  Paul  shows 
that,  previous  to  this  consummation,  an  apo- 
stasy would  occur,  and  a  personage,  the 
"Man  of  Sin,"  "the  S(m  of  Perdition,"  or  a 
principle,  "  the  Mystery  of  Iniquity,"  had 
first  to  appear  and  gain  dominant  power  in 
the  "  temple"  (ch,  ii.).  Then  he  counsels  the 
idlers  "to  work,  and  eat  their  own  liread," 
and,  after  other  exhortations,  concludes  with 
the  benediction  (ch.  iii.).  The  evidence  for  the 
epistle  is  similar  to  that  for  the  earlier  one. 

the'-ta.  s.  [Gr.]  A  letter  (&,  9,  S)  of  the 
Greek  alphabet  corresponding  to  th  in  such 
Eii-ilish  words  as  thin;  sometimes  called  the 
uiducky  letter,  as  being  used  by  judges  in 
sentencing  a  prisoner,  it  being  the  first  letter 
of  the  Gr.  Sai'aTos  (thanatos)  =  death. 

•  thet9h,  thatch,  s.    [Vetch.] 

^thet^h,  v.t.     [Thatch.] 


*  thet'-io-al,  n.  [Gr.  fferiKO^  ithetihos).'[ 
(Tut^iis.)  Laid  down  ;  absolute  or  incontro- 
veilible,  as  it  law. 

"So  thitt  this  iiiw  thftt  prohilittwl  Ailftin  tliofntliin 
of  the  fruit,  wiia  mere  thrtical  or  iiosltlve,  not  tmil*- 
|iuii«iiblu  Hiid  iinturul."— Jforo .-  lief,  LttertU  CabUtUi, 
cli.  ii. 

the'-tine, .«.    [Pref.  th(i»);  and  Eng.  Q))ei{a)hie.) 

i'h'un.  (/7.):  Till-  name  given  to  a  scries  of 
sulphur    compounds    unalogims    to    lietaine 
and  its  homolognes,  and  represented  by  the 
CH«-S(CnHsn  +  i>j.  The  methyl  and 
fiU'mula,  I  I 

CO  —  o 
ethyl  (-(impounds  are  the  only  ones  at  pre- 
sent known  :  thus  methyl  llietme,  C-H-SOo  = 
CHo-(SCUa)2 

1  I  ,  obtained  by  mixing  bromacctic 

CO  — o 

acid  with  methyl  sulphide  in  in<)lecular  pro- 
portions. 

Thet-is,  s.    [Gr.] 

1.  Grn'k  Mythol.  :  One  of  the  sea  deities, 
daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris.  She  was 
courted  by  Peleus,  son  of  .l-^cus,  king  of  the 
Myrmidons.  Thetis  became  mother  of  several 
children  by  Peleus  ;  but  these  she  destroyed 
by  fire  in  attempting  to  see  whether  they  were 
immortal  ;  and  Achilles,  her  most  distin- 
guishcil  otfsi)ring,  must  have  shared  the  same 
fate,  if  Peleus  had  not  snatched  liim  from  her 
hand. 

2.  Astron. :  [Asteroid,  17]. 

3.  Zool.  (£■  PalKont.  :  A  genus  of  Myacidai^. 
Sliell  sub-orbicular,  ventricose,  thin,  trans- 
lucent, granulated  on  the  surface,  and  witli  a 
slightly  nacreous  interior.  Hinge-teeth  one 
or  two.  Known  species:  recent  five  from 
Britain,  France,  India,  &c.  ;  fossil  seventeen, 
from  the  Neocouiian  of  Britain,  Belgium, 
!■' ranee,  and  Southern  India  onwai-d. 

thet'-see,  s.    [TinETsit:.] 

*  the-ur-gic,  *the-ur'-gic-al,   n.     [Lat. 

thiiii-giciis,  from  Gr.  BtovpytKOi  (fheourgikos)^. 
from  $t6^  (tlieos)  =  god,  and  epyof  (ergon)  — 
work.]  Of  or  pei-taiinng  to  theurgy,  or  the 
power  of  perfornting  supernatural  things. 

"  All    his    endeavours  to  purge  his  snil   by  these 

rht^ur-jii-k  coiiKecnitiuna    was    (rustrtitc. "— /ytt/d'wid  .- 

J)li:tuiiif/ro>itV't,  \i.  ii\. 

theurgic-hymns,  s.  pi.  Songs  of  iu- 
canlatiou. 

*  the'-ur-gist,  s.  [En^.  tlmirg{y) ;  -ist.]  One 
who  ineteiids  to  or  practises  theurgy. 

"  Mure  refined  Decromaiiceni  or  uiiigiciaiiR  call  tbeni- 
st^lves  theur'iists;  .  .  .  thinking  to  have  to  do  ouly 
with  good  &\<\Tite,."—BaUiweU:  .VeUimprotian,  p.  51. 

*  the'-ur-gy,    s.       [Lat.    thmrgia,    from   Gr. 

QeovpyLo.  {thcourgia)  =  divine  work,'  magic  : 
Beos  {theos)  =  god,  and  epyoi/  (ergon)  =  work  ; 
Fr,  theurgie;  Sp.  &  Ital.  teiirgia.]  The  work- 
ing of  some  divine  or  supernatural  agency  in 
human  aflairs  ;  a  working  or  producing  effects 
by  supernatural  means  ;  etteets  or  phenomena 
brought  about  amongst  men  by  spiritual 
agency ;  specifically — 

(1)  Divine  agency  or  direct  interference  of 
the  gods  in  human  atfairs,  or  the  government 
of  the  world. 

(2)  Tlie  art  or  art  of  invoking  deities  or 
siiirits,  or  by  their  intervention  conjuring  up 
visions,  interpreting  dreams,  receiving  or 
explaiinng  oracles,  <S:c. ;  the  power  of  obtain- 
ing from  the  gods,  by  means  of  certain  ob- 
servances, words,  symbols,  or  tlie  like,  a 
knowledge  of  the  secrets  which  surpass  the 
power  of  reason,  to  lay  open  the  future,  &c. 

(3)  That  species  of  magic  which  more  mo- 
dern professors  of  the  art  allege  to  produce 
its  ert'ects  by  supernatural  agency,  as  contra- 
distinguished from  natural  magii;. 

"Porphyry  and  some  others  did  diBtinguish  these 
two  Burts.  so  as  to  coud^^iiin  indeed  tlie  gruffer,  which 
they  calted  niagick  or  gocty  ;  but  allowed  The  otliT, 
which  they  termed  thi'urgu,  as  laudable  and  ln'nuin- 
able,  and  an  an  art  by  wbic-li  they  reeeived  angels,  and 
had  CMiiiniuuicationtt  with  the  gudrt.  Yet  SL  Auxtin 
assures  us  they  are  both  damnable.'— i/dfliwWf-  .IVc- 
lam/irotusa,  j».  51. 

(4)  A  system  of  supernatural  knowledge  or 
power  believed  by  the  Egyptian  Platonists  to 
liave  been  divinely  communicated  to  a  hier- 
archy, and  by  them  lianded  down  from  gene- 
ration to  generati<m. 

the-ve'-tl-a  (or  ti  as  shi),  s.  [Named  by 
Linna-us  after  its  describer.  Thevet,  a  French 
Franciscan,  of  the  sixteenth  century.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Carisseie  (q.v.).     Inflores- 


boil,  b^ ;  poilt,  jo^l ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this :  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun  ;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -dle^  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


64 


thevetosin— thick 


nil..  .•••hAMIng  «»(  t<Tinliiiit  or  Irtteral  cvnu'Jt. 
I  ..  ,  \c  iMiU-»l,  Willi  iiiuny  t:luinl!*  iiiHuK- At 
I--  t  ,v  ;  e.-rolla  halvfi-slmi-inj,  cIomhI  by 
I  ^..lUf,;    riuiU    »liKli»Ij    Mtshy,   witli   " 

1.  L  .1..I1.-  iiisi.l.-.  TheirtUt  ntrii/nlia  is  ciilti- 
X  ..  ,  .  ir..|.i.nil  Aiiii'rica.  wheiuf  il  has  Wim 
i:  :       r.>   Iii.li.».      TIk-   milky  juice  is 

\  .  tlif  Miter  umi  catlnrtie  burk 

I.  Ainl  an  uil  extrarlc-d  friMii  tin* 

knii.  i--  1".  .  imtic  »n»l  I'lirKutive.  The  twcds 
of  / .  Ahottti  nrv  i»i»iiM>iioiis,  tlu'  Uirk  uikI  wip 
(•iiutic  initl  narcotic  Tlu-  wo«k1  of  Initli  lias 
a  liriivy  iHliHir,  iittU  is  usvJ  for  pulsoiuiig  linh. 

the  v6-t6 -Bin.  s.  [Mod.  I^t  thevetiia); 
iUtXii.  -i-^r,  -in.) 

Chem. :  A  jjUn'osiilc  obtainetl  from  tlie  st'ctls 
of  n  it|M-cit.'((  of  TIu!Vt'tiii,  «n>wiii^  in  Mfxtco, 
It  cr\Hlallizos  in  foiir-«i»le(l  iirij*mK,  is  soluble 
in  alcohol,  ami  whi-n  ht;;ite«l  with  ililulr  sul- 
phurio  aciii  in  n'S"lvc.l  into  glucose  ami  a 
n-siumis  bo.ly.  li  is  suid  to  be  very  iwisonous, 
acting  as  an  emetic. 

thow  (!)  (ew  us  u), '  tbeaw,  s.  [a.s.  thedw 
=1  hiibif,  rustoiii,  U-huvioiir,  in  pi.  manners  ; 
r<%u.  with  O.8.  tfuiu  —  custom,  habit;  O.  11. 
Ger.  fluit,  t/(iH.J 

1.  Muscle,  sinews,  streugtU.  (Generally  in 
the  i>liinil.) 

"Romans  uow 
U«ve  MnM  Uld  liinW  like  to  thekr  nnceittors." 

Ahakeip.  :  Julius  Ca4<ir.  i.  3. 

•'2.  Manners,  mental  qualities,  habits,  lie- 
h.iviour.    (Generally  in  the  plural.) 

"  Tu  All  ntNHl  rA«m-<  iMtru  Wfia  Hh«, 
Ai  Ukc  tti  tttv  ifiHliIeiu.  or  ahu  was  born 
Th«t  o(  tti«  Altcfa  sbe  *li<>uld  be  the  coruc" 

Chaucer:  JJffpermcttre. 

•  thewC!),  s.    [TuEow.] 

thowed  (ew  an  u),   *thewde,  o-     [En-. 

th'-ir  (1),  s.  ;    -til.] 

1.  H;ivini:  tliews,  muscle,  or  .strcnj^th ; 
muscular,  strontj, 

•  2.  Having  manners  ;  mannered,  accus- 
tuuied. 

•'  But  he  wiw  wiM,  aiitl  wary  of  her  will, 
AutI  over  huld  hi»  liitiid  u|>oii  his  hart ; 
Yet  would  nut  iveniu  bo  rud«,  tuid  thewd  HI, 
As  tu  daiiilK  to  curt«oui)  sei-uiin^'  piirt." 

Hficnter:  J-'.  V..  II.  vi.  36. 

tlieW-y  (ew  ns  u).  o.  [Eng.  tlifw  (1);  -y.] 
Muscular,  strong;,  brawny. 

they,  "thai,  •thei,  pron.  [Bee  def.]  The 
plur.il  form  for  all  the  genders  of  the  third 
peisonal  pronoun,  i.e.,  he,  she,  or  it.  It  sujier- 
seded  the  older  hi,  pi.  of  heo,  hit  =  he,  she, 
it.  It  is  Scandinavmn  rather  than  English, 
lieinj;  from  Icel.  their  (nom.)  thd  (aecus.); 
A.S.  thu  (nf^m.),  thdra,  rhiF.ra  (genit.);  thdm, 
thirm  (dut.) ;  thd  (aceus.) ;  cf.  Dan.  &  Sw.  dt 
=■  tlu-y  ;  i/€»/i  =  them. 

"  BDiotde  ye  the  UU&»  of  th«  (eeld  hou  fTt^i  wexeii. 

tJiri  truvcUcn  not  neither  sifyimeu  "—  Wj/cUffc :  Mat- 

fffur  vl. 

1]   It  is  used  indelljiitely  in  the  phrase,  th<^y 

Sfi'j  (Fr.  on  dit),  that  is,  people  say,  it  is  said. 

tbi'-a,  .'.  [Lat.,  from  Or.  ©«ia  (Theia)  =  a 
daughter  of  Earth,  mother  of  the  8uu  and 
Moon.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Oxystomata.  with  one 
species,  Thia  polita,  ten  lines  long.  Found 
on  the  shores  of  Britjiin  and  the  Mediter- 
mnean,  burrowing  in  sand  a  little  distance 
from  the  shore. 

'tlU-9-9et'~ic,  a.  [Pref.  thi(o)-,  and  Eng. 
cu-ftic]  Derived  from  or  coptainiug  sulphur 
and  iicetir  acid. 

thlacetic-acld,  s. 

Chein. :  (CH;i)CtJ.SH.  Sulphynrate  of  acetyl. 
This  acid,  discovered  by  Kekule,  is  funned  by 
the  action  of  pentasulphide  of  phosi)liorus  on 
glacial  acetic  acid.  It  is  a  colourless  lirpiid. 
bc)ili[ig  at  93',  smells  like  acetic  acid  and 
hydrogen  sulphide,  and  is  slightly  soluble  in 
•vvater,  but  mixes  in  all  proportions  with 
a[eiih"»l  and  etlier.  With  solution  of  lend 
aet-tate  it  forms  a  crystiilline  precipitates 
(C-jlIaOS^jPb. 

-thi-ftl'-dme.  s.  [Pref.  «u(o>;  Eng. ald(ehyde), 
and  sutf.  -uu-.j 

Cfum.  :  CgHi^NSa-  Obt;\iued  by  passing  a 
current  of  sulphydric  acid  gas  int<i  aldehyde 
a'limonia.  In  a  few  lnJurs  thiaUline  crystal- 
lizes out.  When  reei-ystallized  from  a  solu- 
tion nf  ether  and  aleohol  it  separates  in  large 
rhombic  tables,  strongly  refracting;,  and  having 
a  density  of  I'lfl.  It  has  an  aromatie  odour, 
melts  at  43^,  volatilizes  at  ordinary  tempera- 


turert,  very  slightly  soluble  in  water,  easily 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  etlier.  It  has  no  aetiun 
on  vegetable  c<dours,  but  dissolves  in  acids, 
forming  solulde  and  crystallizable  salts. 

thi-ak'-mSth'&l''dine,  s.   [Pref.  thi{o)-:  Eng. 

iiiet'h{y!).  ami  «/*/£»»;.] 

Vheni.  :  C^Ui-iCll.i)Si>.2.  Formed  by  satu- 
rating aldehyde' with  nielhylamine,  and  th.n 
l>«ssirig  sulphydric  acid  gas  into  it.  It  sep;i- 
r.iles  as  an  easily  decomposable  oil. 

thi-an-i-s6'-iC,  a.      [Pref.   thi(o);  an.l    Eng. 
unijioU:]     Derived  from  or  containing  suli'hur 
and  anisoic  acid. 
thlanlsolc-acid,  $. 

Ck>:m.:  (.■ioH]4lVSO.i.  A  monobasic  acid 
containing  the  elenients'of  anise-cainphm- and 
sulphurous  acid.  Anethol  is  boiled  with 
nitric  acitl,  and  the  oil  produced  distilled. 
The  distillate  between  215*  and  245^  is  left  in 
contact  with  acid  sodium  sulphite  and  alcohol, 
tliB  sodium  salt  crystallizing  out.  The  acid 
can  be  obtnined  in  crystals  from  its  barium 
salt  by  the  addition  of  suli'huiic  acid.  It  lias 
an  astringent  taste,  is  easily  soluble  in  w;ilir, 
alcohol,  and  ether,  and  furnis  crystiiUizable 
salts. 

thi-an-is-61,    s.      [Pref.    thiiu);    and    Eng. 

uaisoL] 

ai&ni. :  CgHgSO.  A  white  pulveruli-nt  sub- 
stance formed  by  the  action  of  ammunium 
sulphide  on  auishydraniidc.    (iVatts,) 

thi-ljau -di-a  (th  as  t),  .^.  [Named  after 
Thiebaul,  secretary  to  the  Liunxau  Society 
of  Paris.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Vacciniaceae,  chiefly  from 
Peru.  Leaves  leathery,  evergreen  ;  ciilyx  live- 
toothed;  corolla  tubulose,  with  a  tive-toothed 
limb  ;  stamens  ten,  anthei's  two- honied. 
Wine  is  made  from  the  fruit  of  ThUxiudia 
viacrojihylhi,  and  an  aromatic  tincture,  used  as 
a  remedy  for  toothache,  from  2'.  Quercine. 


s.     [See  def.]     A  country 


Thi-Det  (th  as  t), 

in  A.sia. 

Thib -et-an,  Thi-be'-ti-an  (Th  as  T,  ti 

as  Shi),  ti.    [Fai^;.  Thibet ;  -tui, -iau.]   Tibetan. 

thi'-hle,  s.     [A  variant  of  dibble  (q.v.).] 
1.  A  dibble.     (Prov.) 
*  2.  A  skimmer,  a  slice. 
3.  A  porridge-stick  ;  a  stick  used  in  stirring 
broth,  porridge,  &c.     (Prov.) 

"The  thible  rim  round  und  the  .  .  .  liandfuls  ui 
meal  fell  into  tlie  wa.ter."— £.  lirmite:  W ut.iciitvj 
Hiri-jfUs,  ch.  xiii. 

thick,  ""thicke,  *thikke.  a.,  adv.,  &  s. 
(A.S.  thicre :  eogu.  with  U.  Sax.  thikki ;  Dut. 
(/("/: ;  leel.  thijkkr ;  O.  Icel.  thjbkkr,  thjokln- ; 
Dan.  tyk :  Sw.  tjuk,  tjock;  0.  H.  Ger.  dicchl ; 
Ger.  dick.\ 
A.  As  adjective  .* 

1.  Having  more  or  less  extent  measured 
round  the  surface  in  the  direction  of  its 
breadth,  or  from  one  surface  to  its  opposite; 
having  more  or  less  extent  in  circumference 
or  dianieter.  Said  of  solid  bodies  ;  as,  a 
plank  three  inches  thick. 

2.  Having  greater  extent  or  depth  than 
usual  from  one  surface  to  its  opposite  ;  rela- 
tively of  great  circumference,  depth,  or  dia- 
meter ;  having  considerable  extent  when 
measured  all  rouml  in  the  direction  of  its 
breadth.    (Opposed  to  thin,  slender,  or  slim.) 

"  HU  short  thick  neck." 

^hakeip. :  Venut  A  Adonii.  627. 

3.  Dense,  inspissated  ;  having  gieat  con- 
sistence; containing  much  solid  matter  in 
susijen.sion  or  solution  ;  not  thin. 

"The  sen  fog  was  so  thick  that  no  laud  could  be 
sfteii."— .)/acu«/rt^;  UUt.  Eng..  cli.  xvii. 

4.  Not  transparent  or  clear ;  turbid,  dark, 
misty. 

"  A  fouutuiu  triiubled.  muddy  .    .  .  thifk." 

Shakesp. :  Tamiitg  of  the  Shrew,  v.  2. 

5.  Clo.se  set  or  i>lanted  ;  having  things  set 
closely  or  crowded  together  ;  comitact,  dense. 

"  A  niouut  of  rou^ch  Hsceiit  and  thick  with  wuod." 
Jh-yden  :  Siffi-^moiida  *  UuUcardo,  102. 

6.  Dense,  impenetrable. 

"And  the  people  sto.id  afar  off,  and  Moees  drew 
near  unto  the  thick  daikiiess  where  God  wns,"~£x<>d. 
x\.  21. 

7.  Coming  closely  together;  following  each 
other  in  quick  succession. 

"  Na«  doitlit  tli«t  tliey  were  fain  o'  ither. 
An'  uuco  pack  and  thick  thetritlier." 

Hums:  Twa  Dogs. 


8.  Without  proper  intervals  or  Hexibility  of 
articulation  ;  indistinct :  as,  thick  speech. 

9.  Unable  to  articulate  properly;  speaking 
indistinctly. 

"Brllltnnt  orators  and  pInywrl){litH  would  heasliauied 
to  he  nven  thiik  of  Hp>-ecli  and  unitteiuly  of  i^ait."— 
D-iily  TeU-graph,  Feb.  21.  188T. 

*  10.  Dim,  indistinct,  weak,  dc^fective.    ^ 

•'  My  aight  w;is  over  thicK:" 

Khiikfijj.  :  Juliiin  C'annr,  v.  3. 

11.  Mentally  or  morally  dull;  stupid,  gross, 
crass. 

"  HiH  wit's  as  thick  na  Tewkesbury  mustard."— 
Shiikisp.  :  2  Ucury  IV..  iL  4. 

*  12.  Stupid. 

"I  omit  your  (Ai'cft  errour  in  ])uttiii^  no  difference 
betwuvna  )uut;iatrate  and  a  king.'  — Hay  ward :  Anitwer 
tu  /Joh-tnati,  cb.  iv. 

12.  Deep,  heavy,  profound. 

"  7'hivk  aluuiber  hangs  unuii  mine  eyes." 

iil^-lk^•aJ/. :  I'ertclet,  v.  1. 

*  14.  Dull  ;  not  acute,  sharji,  or  sensitive. 
(Applicil  to  the  sense  of  hearing.) 

15.  Intimate,  veryfriendly, familiar.  {Cnlloq.) 
"  Newcouie  and  I  are  not   very  thick   together." — 
Thucki'-fit!/ :  yetoconies.Qh.  xxiv. 

B,  A^  adverb : 

1.  In  close  succession  one  after  the  other ; 
fast  or  close  together  ;  thickly. 

"  The  neighbourinp  plain  witti  nnn  is  cover'd  o'er  ; 
The  vale  an  iron  harvest  aeeuiu  to  yield, 
01  thick  sprung  lances  in  a  wavy  Held." 

Drydfit :  Aurcngz^be,  1.  1. 

2.  Closely  :  as,  ground  set  thick  witli  trees. 

3.  To  a  great  depth  or  to  a  greater  depth 
than  usual  ;  deeply  :  as,  land  covered  thick 
with  manure. 

4.  Without  proper  intervals  ;  indistinctly. 

•'Auilaiieakints^hict,  whiih  nature  madehi»  blemish." 
:ihakeap,:  2  Henry  IV.,  ii.  a. 

C.  .4s  substaMilve : 

1.  The  thickest  part ;  the  time  when  any- 
thing is  thickest. 

"  Acliimetes  having  with  a  mine  suddenly  blown  up 
a  great  part  of  the  wall  of  the  bpaniuh  Btation,  in  the 
thick  of  the  dust  and  amoak  presently  entered  hia 
men." — Knol/es:  Hist,  of  the  7'urkes. 

*  2.  A  thicket ;  a  close  bush. 

"  Dismounting  strait 
From  his  tiill  steed,  he  ruslit  into  the  thick." 

iipenter:  /'.  V-.  H-  i-  39. 

3.  A  thick-headed,  slow,  or  stupid  fellow; 
a  bloekhead,  a  clolt.    {CoUoq.) 

"What  a  thick  I  w;is  to  ci'me'."—IIuffhcB:  Tom 
Brown's  fichooldayt,  pt.  i,  ch.  vU- 

•I  (1)  Thick  and  thin  : 

A.  As  stibst.  :  Whatever  is  in  the  way  :  as, 
To  fuUow  through  thick  and  thin. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Ready  to  go  through  thick  and 
thill ;  thorough. 

■■  We  again  see  that  he  U  one  of  the  most  thick-andr- 
thin  adherents  of  the  neo-Freuch  teuhnitiue." — St. 
James's  Gazette,  May  26.  Is87, 

(2)  Thick-and-thin  block: 
Nant. :  A  block  having  two  sheaves  of  nn- 
ecpial  size  in  the  same  plane  ;  a  fiddle-block. 

*  (3)  Thick  and  threefold:  In  quick  suc- 
cession. 

"  They  came  thick  and  threefold  for  a  time,  till  one 
experienced  stager  diseuvered  the  ploL"— /.'/isfiu'i^rt;- 

*  thick-brained,  a.    Dull,  stupid. 

'■  The  thick-hriiin'd  axidience  lively  to  awake. 
Till  with  shrill  claps  the  theatre  du  shiLlce." 

Drayton :  The  Heart. 

thick-coated,  a.    Having  a  thick,  com- 

|iact,  ur  dense  cuat  or  covering. 

*  thick-coming,  a.  Following  each  other 
iu  quick  succession  ;  crowding. 

"Slie  is  troubled  with  thiik-vming  fancies.' 

Shakcsp.  ;  Macbeth,  v.  3. 

'  thick-eyed,  a.  Having  dim  eyes  ;  de- 
fective in  vision. 

"  Thick-eyed  niushig,  and  cursed  melancholy" 

bhakcxp.  ;  I  j/vnry  IV.,  ii,  3. 

thick-footed  bat,  '^-. 

Z(jt>L  :  I'rsperuiju  jxivhypus,  from  Northern 
India,  Teiiasserim,  tiie  Andaman  ami  Philip- 
pine islands,  Java,  and  Sumatra.  It  is  about 
three  inclies  long,  imduding  the  tail ;  fur 
bright  reddish-brown  above,  paler  beneath. 
The  feet  are  furnished  with  circular  discs, 
probably  organs  of  adliesion,  analogous  to 
those  present  in  the  genus  Thyroptera  (q.v.). 

thick-grown,  a.     Dense. 

"  Under  tlie  thick-jvuwi}  brake  we'll  shroud  ourselves.' 
&h<tk<sp. :  a  Ilaury  VI.,  iit  1. 

thick-head,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  stupid  fellow,  a  block- 
head, a  dolt. 

2.  Ornith. :  [Pachycephala]. 


iite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fiill;  try,  Syrian.    3,  oo  ^  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


thick— thief 


tlilck'headed,  a. 

1,  Dull,  stupid,  crass. 

"  2.  Having  a  tliifk.  dense,  or  bushy  head. 

Thkk-hmileii  Shrikes:  [PACHYCEPHALiP.t:). 

thick-knee,  ■<. 

Oruith.  :  The  jit'inis  (Edicnemus  (q.v.),  and 
especially  (Edicnvmus  crepitans,  [Stone-plo- 
ver.] 

■'Soine  stone  ploverB,  or  fhick-tnieet,  seven  in  nviiii- 
ber.  hiid  a  loiiu  aUrt  "f  the  ftilcou."  — AT  James  s 
Gitzettf.  Mftrch  17.  ISSi*,.  p.  11. 

thick  -  leaved,  a.  Dense;  closely  sot 
with  leaves. 

"  Through    thick-leaved    hraiiches.   from    the    dliigle 
bloke."  Loii!//eUow  :  Sunrise  on  ike  UUls. 

thick-legged  bats,  s.  pL 

Z'lol.  :  Einliallouuri'iii- :  a  family  of  Micro- 
cliirniitera,  generally  distributed  tliroujj;hiiut 
the  tnipic;il  and  sub-tropical  regions  of  both 
heniisiiheres,  rarely  extending  north  or  south 
of  the  thirtieth  parallels  cf  latitude.  The 
muzzle  is  obliquely  truncated,  and  the  tail 
either  perforates  the  interfeinoral  membrane 
oris  iirodueed  far  beyniid  it.  Tlie  family  is 
appr.'ximatily  fiiuivaleiit  to  the  old  family 
N'Metihniij.i;e,  and  rnntains  two  sub-families  : 
EinVialloiiuriniv,  with  ten  «:enera,  arranged  in 
live  groups— Furia-  ("J),  Kiiiltall<>iMir;i'  ("■),  I'i 
cliduri  (1).  Noetiliones  (1),  and  lihinnpnmata 
(1);  and  Midossime  (ti.v.). 

thick-lipped*  a.     Having  thick  lips. 

"  C-oiiie  on.  you  thick-lip/i'd  slave,  I'H  bear  yon  hence." 
Shaketp. :  Titus  A  ndronicug.  iv.  2. 

thick-lips,  .*.     One  having  thiek  lips  ;  a 

*  thick- pleached,  «.  Thickly  or  closely 
interwoven. 

■■  The  prince  and  Count  Claudio.  walking  in  a  thick- 
pleached  Alley  iu  iny  orchard." — Shakesp. :  JJuvhAUo 
About  Nothing,  l.  2. 

thick-ribbed,  o.  Having  strong  ribs  ; 
hence,  not  easily  broken  tlirough. 

■■  in  thriUiJin  reirions  of  thick-ribbed  ice. " 

Shiihcsji.  :  Mctuurc for  Measure,  iii.  1. 

*  thick- sighted,  «.  Short-sighted,  pur- 
blind. 

•'  Thick-sighted,  barren,  lean,  and  lacking  juice.' 

Shiiketp.  :   VenttB  *  Adonix.  13C. 

*  thick-Stuff,  b. 

ShipbiiihL  :  A  name  given  to  all  plank  above 
four  inches  in  thickness. 

thick-tailed  galago,  5. 

Zool.:  Galiigo  crassicniidatiiSy  fi'om  southern 
tropical  Africa.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a 
duuiestic  cat,  with  brown  fur,  and  a  great 
bushy  tjiil,  three  or  four  inches  longer  than 
the  body. 

thick-tailed  opossum,  'i. 

Zool  :  Diiktphys  cntssiatiidatus,  from  Brazil 
and  Paraguay,  ranging  southwards  to  the 
River  Plate.  It  has  no  marsupial  pouch,  but 
vestiges  of  it  remain  in  the  folds  of  skin  with 
wliii.h  the  six  mamuiEe  are  covered. 

*  thick,  v.t.  &  i.     [Thick,  a.] 

A,  Trails. :  To  make  thick;  to  thicken,  to 
inspissate. 

"Thoughts  that  would  rticft  my  blood." 

Shukcsp. :   Winter's  Tale,  i.  2. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  become  thick  or  thicken. 

"  But  see.  the  welkin  thicks  apace." 

Spe liter  :  Shepheards  Calender ;  March. 

thick'-en,  r.i.k  t.    [Icel.  thykktia=.ia  become 
thick  ;*A.S.  thiccian  =  to  make  thick.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  become  thick  or  more 
thick  in  any  of  its  senses,  as— 

(1)  To  be  inspissated,  consolidated,  or  co- 
agulated. 

{'2)  To  become  close  or  more  close  or  nume- 
rous ;  to  press,  to  crowd ;  hence,  to  become 
more  animated. 

"  On  heaps  the  Greeks  ;  ou  heaps  the  Trojaus  bled  ; 
And  tkickening  round  them,  rise  the  hills  of  deiid. ' 
Pope:  Homer  ;  Ilindiisn    -117. 

^  (3)  To  become  dense,  dark,  misty,  or  the 
like. 

"The  weather  still  thiA:kening,  and  preventing  a 
nearer  approach  to  the  Iivud."— Cooi;  Third  Voyage. 
bk.  vi.,  en.  iii. 

*(4)  To  become  dark  or  obscure. 

"Thy  lustre  thickens 
When  he  shines  by." 

Shakesp. :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  ii,  3. 

B,  Trans.  :  To  make  thick  or  thfcker,  in 
any  of  its  senses,  as — 

(1)  To  make  dense ;  to  make  close ;  to  fill 
nj)  the  interstices  of:  as,  To  thicken  cloth. 


(2)  To  inspissate. 

"  Mix  it  with  thickttned  Juice  of  Bodden  wine«i," 
Dryden:    yirgil ;  UeorglcSv.H&T. 

'  (3)  To  make  frequent  or  more  frequent : 
a.s.  To  thicken  blows. 

■  (4)  To  strengthen  or  confirm. 

"  This  may  help  to  thicken  other  proofs.' 

Shakesp. :  Othello,  Hi.  3. 

thick'-cn-ing.  pr,  par.,  a.,  &  .s.     [Thickkn.] 
A,  >Jc  B,  As  pr.  jyar.  £  particip.  aitj.  :  (tSee 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substaiitive : 

1.  The  act  of  making  thick  or  thicker  ;  the 
sUile  of  becouiing  thick  or  thicker. 

2.  Something  put  into  or  applied  to  a  liquid 
mass  or  substance  to  make  it  tliicker. 

"They  let  it  reniaine  within  mortars  in  the  sun. 
and  there  tiike  the  thickening ;  and  so  at  length  reduce 
it  into  certain  trochisolis.  and  reserx'e  them  for  use." 
— /'.  IMtitnd:  Pliny,  bk.  xxiv..  eh.  xli. 

3.  CaUc4)-print.  :  Paste  which  contains  the 
nnirdant  or  dye,  in  some  cases,  and  forming  a 
vehicle  tiierelor. 

thickening-layers,  s.  pL 

Bot. :  Various  layers  deposited  in  the 
primary  cell-wall  of  a  plant  at  an  early  period 
of  its  growth.     (Thoiac.) 

thickening-ring.  s. 

i:ot. :  A  ling  formed  between  the  wood  and 
the  bark  of  trees  characterized  by  the  forma- 
tion of  annual  rings.     (Thomi:.) 

thick'-et,  i!.     [AS.   ihiccet.^    A  wood  or  col- 
lection of  trees  set  closely  together. 

"  The  wilderness  is  theirs,  with  all  its  caves. 
Itjj  hi'Ilow  glens,  its  thicketi,  and  il^  plains, 
Uiivi>:iited  by  man."  Cowper :  Tusk.  vi.  402. 

■  thick'-et-ty,  a.    [Eng.  thicket;  -y.]  Abound- 
ing in  tliiekets. 

thick'-ish.  a.     [Eng.  thick,  a.  ;  -ish.]    Some- 
what thick. 

thick'-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  thick,  a. ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  thick  maimer  ;  to  a  great  depth. 

"  Mending  cracked  receivers,  having  thickly  overlaid 
them  with  diachylon,  we  could  not  percei%'e  leaks."— 
Bof/le. 

2.  Closely,  densely,  compactly. 

"Lofty  hills  all  r/ncW// clothed  with  wood."— Coot; 
First  I'uyage,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  ii. 

3.  In  close  succession  ;  rapidly. 

"  So  that  your  sins  no  leisure  hiui  afford 
To  think  ou  mercy,  they  so  thickly  throng," 

Drayton:  Noah's  Flood. 

thick' -ness,  s.     [A.S.  tldcnes.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang'.  :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
thick  in  any  of  the  senses  of  the  word,  as — 

1.  The  extent  of  a  body  from  side  to  side 
or  from  a  surface  to  its  opposite. 

"  Nor  indeed  can  a  thought  be  conceived,  to  be  of 
such  a  length,  breadth,  and  thickneu.  or  to  be  hewed 
aud  sliced  out.  into  many  pieces,  all  which  laid  to- 
gether, as  so  many  small  chips  thereof,  would  make 
iij)  again  the  entireness  of  that  whole  thought. '—C«d- 
tvorth  :  IntelL  System,  p.  7C0. 

2.  Depth. 

"  Thus  a  foundation  will  be  laid  for  it  [s&ltj  to  accu- 
nmlate  to  any  thickness  by  falls  of  snow,  without  its 
l)eing  at  all  necessary  for  the  sea  water  to  freeze." — 
Conk:  Second  Voyage,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  vii. 

3.  Denseness,  density,  consistence,  spissi- 
tude. 

"Diseases,  imagined  to  come  from  the  thickness  of 
blood,  come  often  from  the  contrary  cause."— .4  r6H(/(- 
not :  On  Alitnent*. 

i.  The  state  of  being  close,  dense,  or  im- 
pervious. 

"  The  banks  of  the  river  and  the  thickness  of  the 
shades  drew  into  them  all  the  birds  of  the  country." — 
Addison. 

5.  Closeness  of  the  parts  ;  the  state  of  being 
crowded,  close,  or  near;  as,  the  thickness  of 
trees  iu  a  wood. 

6.  Fogginess,  mistiness,  or  darkness  of 
weather ;  fog. 

"  Pr.aying  for  the  thickness  to  settle  away  that  some 
blessed  pilot-boat  may  heave  in  ai^ht."—J)aily  Tele- 
graph. Dec.  22,  1885. 

7.  Dulness  of  the  sense  of  seeing  or  hear- 
ing ;  dulness  of  wit ;  want  of  sharpness  or 
acuteness. 

•'  What  you  write  is  printed  in  large  letters  ;  other- 
wise, between  the  we-ikness  of  my  eyes  and  thickness 
of  my  hearing.  I  should  lose  the  greatest  pleasure."— 

,Stcift. 

8.  Want  of  due  distinction  of  syllables  or 
of  good  articulation ;  indistinctness  or  con- 
fusion of  utterance:  as,  (/itcfcness  of  speech. 

II.  Foundry  :  That  application  of  loam  in 
loam-moulding  which  represents  the  metal, 
and  which  is  afterwards  knocked  away  to 
leave  space  for  the  same. 


thick -nessing,  s.     [Eng.  thickness;  •ing.] 
Wiiiiil-imrk. :   Reducing  boards  or  pieces  to 
an  even  thickness  ready  for  dressing  to  shape. 

thick'-sSt,  (I.  &  jt.     [Eng.  thiik,  and  set.] 

A.  -L-i  adjective : 

1.  rianted  or  set  close. 

"  UiH  eyehnlln  glare  with  Ore.  Biiffu«ed  with  blood. 
UU  neckshoot«  up  a  thu-kset  thorny  wooil." 

Dryden  :  .Veleagcr  A  Atalanta 

2.  Ilavinga  short,  thick  body  ;  thick,  st*)ut, 
sIinMi>y. 

B,  As  snbstantii''C : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  close,  thick  hedge. 

2.  Very  thick  or  dense  underwood  ;  scrub- 
bush. 

II.  Fabric:  A  stout,  twilled,  napped,  cotton 
eliitli  ;  ii  kind  of  fustian. 

thick  -skin,  .-<.  &  a.      [Eng.  thick,  and  skin.] 

A.  Assubst.:  A  stolid,  coarse,  gross  jiersun  ; 
one  who  is  not  easily  moved  by  tiiunts,  re- 
Idoaches,  ridicule,  or  the  like ;  a  person  with 
little  or  no  feeling  ;  a  blotrkhead. 

"What  wouldst  thou  have,  hour?  whnt,  thicksktnt 
snejik.  breathe,  discuss;  brief,  short,  quick,  snHii."— 
.shnkesp.  :  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  iv.  6, 

B.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  Thickskinned,  2. 

"  Nor  c.'in  I  bide  to  pen  some  hungry  scene 
For  tlnckskin  ears,  and  undiscentinv  eyne  " 

Bp.  Hall :  Satires,  i. 

thick-skinned,  a.    [Eng.  thick,  and  skinned.] 

1.  Lit. :  Having  a  thick  skin  or  rind  ;  as,  a 
thickskinned  orange. 

2.  Fig. :  Not  easily  moved  or  irritated  by 
taunts,  reproaches,  ridicule,  or  the  like;  dull, 
insensible,  stolid. 

thick'-skull.  .*.     [Eng.  thick,  and  skull]    A 
dull,  stupid  person  ;  a  blockhead. 

thick' -skiilled.  a.     [Eng.  thick,  and  skulled.] 
Dull,  stnpi'I  ;  slow  to  learn  ;  blockish. 

"  Pleas'ii  t")  heir  their  fhickskulted  jiidgcs  cry. 
Well  mov'd.  I"  Dryden :  I'ersius,  i.  IGG. 

*  thick-sprung,  a.   [Eng.  MicA:,  andspi-iuiy.) 

[^p^ung  up  thick  or  close  together. 

*  thick'-y,  n.     [Eng. //tic/c;  -y.]    Thick,  dense. 

"  It  was  a  very  thicky  shade." 

(ireene.  iu  Sluurning  Garment. 

*  thid-er,  adc.    [Thithek.] 

*  thid-er-ward,  adv.    [THiTHEuwAnp.] 

thief,  "theef,  ^thefe, '  theof  (pi.  ■  th^-ives, 
*  thonrs,  *  thfcis,  thitres),  s.  [A.S.  ihcof(pl 
theofas);  cogn.  with  Dut.  die/;  Icel.  thjo/r; 
Dan.  tyv ;  Sw.  totif;  O.  H.  Ger.  diup ;  Ger. 
dieb  ;  Goth,  tkinbs.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  One  who  steals  or  is  guilty  of  theft ;  one 
who  takes  the  goods  or  personal  property  of 
another  without  his  knowledge  or  consent, 
and  without  any  intention  of  returning  it  ; 
one  who  deprives  another  of  property  secretly 
or  without  open  force,  as  opposed  to  a  robbei-, 
who  uses  open  force  or  violence. 

"  I  must  bear  my  testimony,  that  the  neople  of  this 
country  t'Otahcite]  of  all  rantts,  men  ami  women,  are 
the  arrantest  thiews  upon  the  f.ice  of  the  eai-th."- 
Cook  :  First  Voyoije,  hk.  i.,  ch.  x. 

^  In  the  times  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and 
James  I.  no  such  sliarp  distinction  was  made 
as  we  now  diaw  between  a  robber  and  a  thief. 
In  Matt.  xxi.  13,  xxvi,  55 ;  Murk  xiv.  48, 
Luke  X.  30,  &e.,  the  translation  should  have 
been  robber  instead  of  thief,  and  the  penitent 
thief  (cf.  Matt,  xxvii.  38-44,  and  Luke  xxiii. 
39—42  of  the  A.V.)  crucified  with  Jesus  should 
have  been  designated  the  penitent  robber. 

2.  Used  as  a  term  of  reproach,  and  applied 
especially  to  a  person  guilty  of  cunning,  de- 
ceitful, or  secret  actions. 

"  Augelo  is  au  adulterous  (/(('/  " 

Shakesp. :  Measure  for  Measure,  v. 

3.  An  excrescence  or  waster  in  a  candle. 
iC'>l!o<i.) 

"  Their  burning  lamps  the  storm  ensuing  show. 
Tb'  oil  sparkles,  thieoes  about  the  snuff  do  grow." 
M<ty:   Virgil;  <irt,rgic  i, 

II.  Bot.:  Jliibits fruticosus.     {Lrit.  6:  lloU.) 

thief-catcher,  s.  One  who  catches 
thieves  ;  one  whose  business  or  profession  is 
to  bring  thieves  to  justice. 

'  thief-leader,  s.     A  thief- catcher. 

"  A  wolf  pa-wed  by  as  the  fAtV/Zcudci*  Were  dragging 
a  fox  to  e\vvni\<m." ~L' Estrange. 

"  thief-Stolen,  n.    Stolen  by  a  thief  or 

thieves.    {Shakcxp.  :  Cyvibeline,  i.  7.) 


bSil,  ho^ ;  pout,  j6^1 ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  ^hin,  benph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as  :  expect,  :^enophon.  e^st.    ph  =  £ 
Hsian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -i^ion  ~  zhon.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  A:l.  =  bel,  del* 


293 


thiefly— thin 


•  Ullof  taker,  *.    A  Uiitf-catchor. 
thiof  tubo^        A  XuXk  for  witlulrawiiig 
^iii.l.U-s.ii  h-i'ii'l'-  ""III  cnaks,  Sic. ;  n  SiimpHiig- 
tuN-. 
•thief  1^.  'theefe-ly,  tult*.     lEng.  rAi</; 

•iy.l     Likia  tliuf. 

"  Autl  111  tlie  hUht  tuU  tlft/*tw  gwi  l>«  •Ulk*. 
Wbciictery  wL^ht  «&■  tuhUrvate  bruutfnt. 

C'^utvr.'  Lucr^cm  qf  Hume. 

•  thief  -te-oiia,  a.     lEng.    thi^ ;    -Uoug.] 

•  thief -t6  OUSlj^,  m'r.   [Zug.  thii/teous ;  -ly.] 

Thi.vislily. 

•■  r*iin>  i>ti-ftft>u^w  to  tiiMtch  »wiiy  »oino  o(  my 
I*rdi.ii»."— (VVMA.irt     tinMaii.  bk.  II.,  eh.  xiv. 

thi-ers9h'-ite  (-r  th  as  t).  s.  [After  F.  von 
Thii-rsch,  tlit-  iliscovi-riT  ;  kuH.  -itc  (Min.).] 

Mitu  :  A  niincnil  sulwtjincc  m-currin^  as  an 
encrustatiMii  Mil  tlio  niurbk'scf  tin-  Partlu-iioii, 
Atlit'iis.  SlaltHl  U>  he  an  oxiilalc  of  lime  orij^i- 
natiii;;  from  the  oction  of  vegetttliou  on  the 
mar  bit*. 

thi-othJU  dine.    «.      [Prof.   thi(»y ;    Eng. 

ethiul),  nl'l('-)' !''''')'  '""-l  8»""-  •'"«'l 

Chrm.:    C„IIiXC.jIl5)N'f^i'.      Prfpjiro.l   from 
etliybiiiim'  in  tliesium;  WiiyaatliinmcthaUiiR'. 
liii.s  not  bc-LH  obtained  puru. 
thiet  sle  (th  as  t),  ».    [Native  name] 

1.  Hot.:  MelanorrhKa  usitatissima. 

2.  Chan.:  A  resinous  substance  used  as  a 
varnish  by  the  Burmese.  It  exudes  from 
MeUtiwrrhoca  usitutisMiim  in  the  form  of  a 
very  viscid,  liyht-brnwn  liquid.  The  main 
portion  is  scdiible  in  alcohol,  and  is  very 
tenacious.  The  reiuaining  portion  is  insol- 
uble in  alcohol,  but  partly  soluble  in  ether, 
and  changes,  on  exposure  to  the  air,  to  a  deep 
black  aud  nearly  solid  substa?ice. 

thieve,  v.i.  &  (.    [A.S.  getheoJiaH.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  steal ;  ti^  practise  theft. 

•■  Or  i>ni»l  iu  cuurta  u(  law  for  bumau  nrey. 
In  vt'URl  MiiAte  thieve,  or  ruli  on  liro-id  higliway. 
Thuiitsun :  Cattle  of  IndoUmce,  L  13. 

*B.  Tram. :  To  take  by  theft ;  to  steal. 

•■  Could  tliiflHuyiilt 
Who  prayed  thy  presence  witli  bo  tlerre  a  fervour 
Uave  Oiii-vfd  the  scroll."        Litton :  Hichelicti,  v.  ii. 

thleve''les8»  a.  [Scotch  tliieve  =  thcw  (q.v.) ; 
■Uss]  Cold,  dry,  ungracious,  bitter.  (Spoken 
of  a  pei-sun's  demeanour.) 

■■  \Vi'  thitrpelftf  Bneer  to  nee  each  modish  mien 
He,  down  the  water,  gies  him  thudgiiid-enn." 

Sum*:  liriys'jf  Ayr. 

thiev'-er-^,    •  theev-er-y,  •  thev-er-y, 

•s.    [Knt;.  thieve  ;  -nj] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  thieving;  theft. 

"  For  in  hoBuiUility.  iia  in  thievery,  the  tiiielic 
iiiAnitideni  rivalled  the  Bedouiua."— J/uc-au^a^  ;  llis(. 
Eiuj..  ell.  xvlti. 

2.  That  which  is  stolen. 

'■  luJiiriouM  Time  now,  with  a  robber'a  baato, 
L'nuos  bis  rich  thiriM-r//  aii,  he  kiiowa  uot  bow." 
Shakit/J. :  TroUu9  ±  CrcMida,  iv.  4. 

thieve^,  s.  pi.    [Thief.] 

thieves'  Latin,  s.  A  jargon  used  by 
thieves;  the  cant  or  slang  used  entirely,  or 
almost  j'eculiar  to,  thieves. 

■  thieves*  vinegar,  s.  A  kind  of  vinegar 
made  by  digi-sting  rosemary  tops,  sage-leaves, 
Ac,  in  vinegar,  jmcieiitly  believed  to  be  an 
antidote  against  the  jdague.  It  derived  its 
name  and  popularity  from  the  story  that  four 
thieves  who  plundered  the  bodies  of  the  dead 
during  the  plague  ascribed  their  impunity  to 
thid  preparation. 

thlev-ish,   '  theev-lsh,    *  thev-ish,  a. 

(Eiig.  //(((/,•  -(,s7(.| 

1.  Given  to  stealing;  addicted  to  the  prac- 
tice of  theft. 

"The  naineofthe  Ladrones  conimemoratea  the  luwaeB 
of  Ha^Ihaen's  crew  from  the  thievish  pro]it-ti8itk-s  of 
th«niitlve*.'—Taytvr:   Wards ±  Placci{e<i.  1878),ch.ii. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  theft :  as,  a 
thievish  practice, 

•3.  Given  to,  characterised  by,  or  accom- 
panied with  rubliery. 

"  With  a  ba*e  and  holiit'roua  sword  enforce 
A  thi«ci$h  llvintf  on  the  common  road." 

ahaketfj. :  Aa  i'ou  Like  It,  ii.  3. 

4.  Frequented  or  infested  by  thieves  or 
robbers. 

"  Walk  In  thierUh  ways." 

Shakcip.  :  liumro  *  JiiJict.  iv.  l. 

5,  Actingorworking  by  stealth  ;  sly,  secret. 

"Corruption's  thirrith  iirtt. 
And  niHlAu  force,  began  toaapthe  mound'. 
And  mapesty  of  laws."     Th»in*iiii  :  I.ih-rtt/.  ili.  :i'J9. 


thlev  -Jsh-y^,  •  thlcv  -Ish-lye.  adv.    [Eng. 

thirvish  :  -ly.  1     In  a  a  thievish  manner  ;  like  a 
thief;  by  tiieft.     (Cmc]u  r :  7W/:,  v.  07.) 

thlev'-lsh  neS8.  «■  [Eng.  thievish ;  -ness.] 
The  ipialuy  or  state  of  being  thievish. 

thig,  f.'.  -fc  i-  [Ict-'l-  ''"'.">  ""'fW"  =  to  get,  to 
n°-ive,  to  aecept.  to  receive  hospitality  for 
a  night ;  Dan.  /i<;y«  =  to  beg ;  tUj'jT  =  a 
beggar ;  A.S.  Uiicgan,  thigaii  =  to  get,  to 
receive.] 

A.  Trana, :  To  ask,  to  beg,  to  supplicate. 

{Scotrh.) 

B.  Intraiw. :  To  go  about  receiving  supply 
or  aid  from  neighbours,  &c.    (Svotvh.) 

■■  Lariti-leiEBed  Ulelimd  glllieH  that  will  ueitlier 
woi-K  nor  wjint,  and  m.iun  unuii  {hi<j(>ina  and  aouuuiK 
at>f>ut  on  tuclr  aciiuiilutauceH.'  —  Scoit :  liob  hoy, 
ch.  xxvi. 

thig'-ger,  s.  [Eng.  iUg;  -cr.]  One  who 
tmgs;  a  beggar;  especially  one  who  solicits 
a  gia  or  assistance  in  food  or  money,  not  on 
the  footing  of  an  absolute  mendieant  paupei", 
but  as  one  in  a  temporary  striut,  liaviiig 
chiim  on  the  liberality  of  others. 

thigh  {{fh  silent),  'thelgh,  "  thih,  *  thi, 
"the."*thy,  "thye,  ^■.  (A.S.  thcoh,  fked; 
cogn.  with  Out.  dij:  Icel.  (/ij()  =  thigh,  rump; 
O.  H.Ger.  deoh,  theoh ;  M.  U.  Ger.  diech,  die.] 
The  thick,  tleshy  poi-tion  of  the  leg  between  the 
knee  and  the  trunk.   (Used  generally  of  man.) 

"  Onesimua  far'd  worse,  prepar'd  to  fly  ; 
Tlie  f.itjil  fiuiy  drove  deep  within  hia  thiuh.' 

liryden:  Uvid;  iletamwiihi/nca  \iii, 

thigh-bone,  s. 

Aiiat. :  The  femur,  the  largest  bone  in  the 
skeleton,  situated  between  the  os  iniiomi- 
luUitni  and  the  tibia.  In  the  erect  position  of 
the  body  it  inclines  inwards,  and  slightly 
backwards  as  it  descends.  At  its  superior 
extremity  is  its  neck;  its  shaft  terminates 
b'^neatli  in  two  condyles,  united  anteriorly, 
but  .si-parated  posteriorly  by  a  deep  intercon- 
dylar fossa  or  notch.     [Trochantrr.] 

ide  of  the  gardener  has  struck  ui; 
fhi</h-boties  at  a  uhovt  diatance  beneath  the 


akulh 


'■  The  spade  of  the  gardener  has  struck  upon  many 
ulls  and  rhi</h-boties  at  a  short  diatance  beneati 
turf  and  flowers."— J/aoiu/atf  '  uisL  Eng..  ch.  xii. 

*  thigh-borne,  a.  An  epithet  a]>plied  to 
Baecluis  from  his  having  been  eiudosed  in  the 
thigh  of  Zeus,  after  the  death  of  his  mother, 
Seniele. 

The  thiiihbomc  bastard  of  the  thund"riug  love." 
J.  Tui/lvr:  liiuchua  <t  Apollo. 

thigh-mouthed  Crustacea,  s.  pi. 

Znol.  :  Tlie  Merostoiiiata  (q.v.). 

♦thilk,  *thilke,  proH.  or  a,  [A.S.  thylc,  for 
'tln/li:',  from  thp,  instrumental  case  of  se.  serf, 
th(i!t  [That], and  lie  =  like(q.v.).]  That,  that 
same. 

'■  I  love  thUk  lass :  alaa,  why  do  I  love  ? 
She  deigns  not  my  good  will,  hut  doth  reprove." 
.ipciiKer  :  Shepheards  Calender  ;  Jan. 

thill,  "thille,  *thylle,  s.  [A.S.  thUle  =  a. 
slip  of  wood,  a  trencher;  cogn.  with  leel. 
thilja  =  a  plank,  planking  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  dille ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  dilld,  thili;  Ger.  diele=  a  board, 
a  plank;  Icel.  thili  =  &  wainscot,  a  plank; 
O.  H.  Ger,  dil,  dilo  =  a  plank.] 

1.  Vehicles:  A  shaft ;  one  of  the  two  side- 
pieces  by  which  one  horse  is  hitched  to  a 
vehicle.    (Written  also  Jill.) 

"  More  easily  a  waggon  may  be  drawn  iu  rough  ways 
if  the  fore  wheels  were  as  high  as  the  binder  wheels, 
and  if  the  fAilts  were  fixed  under  the  axia."—ifor/»/nc/', 
Btt^bandry. 

2.  Mining  :  The  floor  of  the  mine. 

thill- coupling,  s.    A  device  for  fastening 

the  shafts  to  the  fore-axle. 

thiU-horse,   s.      The  same  as  Thiller 

(([.v.).     (Written  alsn/i/Z-Ziorsc). 

"  Thou  hast  got  more  hair  on  thycbiu  thau  Dobbin, 
my  thilt'horsn,  ha&  on  bia  ta.\\."—/ihukesp. :  Merchant 

of  \'enie.-.  V.  •!. 

thill-jack,  s.  A  tool  for  attaching  the 
tliills  of  a  carriage  to  the  clips  of  the  axle. 

thill-tug,  s.  A  leather  loop  depending 
from  the  harness  saddle  to  hold  the  shaft  of  a 
carriage. 

thill'-er,  s.  [Eng.  thill:  -er.J  The  horse 
which  goes  between  the  thills  oi-  shatts,  and 
supports  them.    (Written  also  Jiller.) 

"  Whole  bridle  and  saddle,  wliitleiitber,  and  nail, 
With  collars  aud  harness,  for  thifter  and  all.' 

Tuner  •   Itusbu  ndri/. 

thim'-ble,  *  thim  -  bell,  •  thim  -  bll, 
*thym-byl,  s.  [A.S.  thfimd  =  a  thumb- 
stall,  fmni  thiiiim  =  a  thumb.] 

1.  Xced/i-iixirk :    A  metallic    cap   or  sheath 


used  to  protect  the  end  of  the  linger  insewimc. 
Seamstresses  use  a  thimble  having  a  rounded 
end  with  numerous  small  pits  or  indentations. 
Those  used  by  tailors  are  open  at  the  end. 

■•  Tlie  fli-st,  a  tiavelllng  t-iilor.  who  by  the  niyatery 
of  his  needle  and  thimhlv  had  aurvey'd  tliu  f^mhlona  of 
th©  French  aud  Engliali."— //trfluin.  A-  Fiet. :  tair  Maid 
of  the  Inn. 

2.  Bot.:  (1)  Digitalis  purjinrea ;  (2)  Silene 
maritima. 

3.  Build.  :  A  sleeve  around  a  stove-pipe 
when  it  passes  througli  a  wall  or  ceiling. 

4.  Machinery : 

(1)  A  sleeve  or  tube  through  which  a  bolt 
passes,  and  whieh  may  act  as  a  stay. 

(2)  A  ferrule  to  expand  a  tube  ;  specilically, 
a  ferrule  for  boiler-tubes. 

5.  Naut.  :  An  iron  ring  having  an  exterior 
groove  worked  into  a  rope  or  sail,  for  the 
purpose  of  receiving  another  rope  ora  lanyard  ; 
a  large  eyelet. 

thimble -berry,  s. 

B«t.:  (1)  A  kind  of  black  raspberry,  Riihiis 
occidi'ntiili:<,    common    in    America ;    (2)    Ii. 

spcctahilis ;  (3)  iu.  nutkatins. 

thimble-case,  -s.     A  case  for  hoUling  a 

thimble  or  thimbles. 

thimble -coupling,  s. 

Mach. :  A  kind  of  permanent  coupling,  oi 
which  the  coupling-bcjx  consists  of  a  plain 
ring  of  metal,  supposed  to  resemble  a  taihir's 
thimble,  bored  to  fit  the  two  connected  ends 
of  the  shafts.  The  connection  is  secured 
by  pins  passed  through  the  ends  of  the 
shafts  and  thimble,  or  by  a  parallel  key  or 
feather  bedded  in  the  boss  ends  of  the  shafts, 
and  let  into  a  corresponding  groove  In  the 
thimble.  Culled  also  puuip-coupling  or  ring- 
coupling. 

thimble -eye,  s. 

Nant.  :  An  eye  in  a  plate  through  which  a 
rojie  is  rovt-  without  a  sheave. 

thimble- joint,  s.  A  sleeve-joint,  with 
an  interifir  packing  to  keep  the  joints  of  pipes 
tight  during  expansion  and  contraction. 

thimble-rig,  s.  A  sleight-nf-hand  trick, 
performed  by  means  of  three  thimbles  and  a 
pea.  The  pea  being  placed  on  a  table  and 
covei'ed  with  one  of  tlie  thimbles,  the  per- 
former proceeds  to  .shift  the  thimbles,  covering 
the  pea  now  with  one,  now  with  another,  and 
oft'ers  to  bet  any  bystander  that  no  one  can 
tell  under  which  thimble  the  pea  is.  The 
person  betting  is  seldom  allowed  to  win,  the 
pea  being  abstracted  by  sleight  of  hand. 

thimble -rig,   v.t.   or   i.      To  cheat   by 

means  of  thimble-rigging. 

thimble -rigger,  s.  One  who  practises 
the  trick  of  thimble-rig  ;  a  trickster. 

"Thimble-riggers  abounded,  and  their  tables  were 
surrounded  by '  boimets.'  "—fiailt/  2'elegraph,  March  16, 

18^7- 

thimble-rigging,  a.  ks. 

A.  As  adj.  :  Practising  the  tricks  of  a  thim- 
ble-rigger, 

B.  Assubst.:  The  acts  or  tricks  of  a  thinible- 
rigger. 

thimble-skein,  ^^. 

Vehicles :  A  sleeve  over  the  arm  of  a  waggon- 
axle  ;  distinguished  from  a  strap-skein,  which 
is  simply  a  flat  iron  strip  let  into  the  wood  ot 
the  axle-arm  to  take  the  wear  from  the  wood. 

thimble-weed,  s. 

But. :  The  genus  Rudbeckia  ;  so  named  from 
the  shape  of  the  receptacle. 

thim'-ble-ful,  s.  [Eng.  thimble,  and  fnlL] 
As  nuieh  as  may  be  contained  in  a  thimble; 
lience,  any  very  small  quantity. 

"  Had  the  credit  of  suggesting  the  addition  of  a 
thimbleful  of  Veuvo  Clicquot.  —Daily  Telegraph, 
Se|>t.  11,  1886. 


'  thime  (th  as  t). 


[Thymk.] 


thin,  ""  thinne,  *^  thunne,  *  thynne,  a.  & 

adv.  [A.S.  thymic ;  cogn.  witli  Dnt.  dun ; 
Icel.  thiiiinr ;  Dan.  tyiid  :  Sw.  tiinn ;  O.  H. 
Ger.  dnnni ;  Ger.  diinn;  Welsh  teneti ;  Gael. 
&  Irish ia7ia;  Lat.  tenuis;  Gr.  racao?  (tanaos): 
Sanse.  tana.  From  the  root  tan-  =  to  stretch, 
seen  in  Lat.  tendo  =  to  stretch  ;  A.S.  dthenian  ; 
Gr,  reivui  (teino) ;  Eng.  tenuity,  atteiiuatef  &c.] 

A.  vis  adjective: 

I.  Literally  : 

1.  Having  little  thickness  or  extent  from 


f^te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wol^  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


thin— think 


67 


OT.C  surface  to  its  opposite;   slim:   as.  thin 
papLT,  II  lltiii  boartl,  &,v. 

2.  Hart! ;  not  dunso.  (Used  uf  the  air  and 
aeriform  Uuids.) 

"Melted  into  air.  thhi  air." 

Sha^efp.  :  Tempest,  Iv.  1. 

3.  Ni't  sufficient  for  a  covering  ;  easily  seen 
tlirim;^'li ;  Himsy. 

■■  I'liis  (li-.tiin(n>ii  is  n  iiietJUiliysiciil  nothing,  uuil  is 
lnouKlit  niily  t'l  niiiuse  iiieu  llmt  linve  not  leisure  to 
I'tinsiilf  I-,  And  lit-  tlmt  snya  one.  saya  tlie  utlier:  or  as 
biui.  uinli'v  a  thin  and  truusiwrent  cover."— fl/>.  7'ayior: 
JH/i3iiitsiri-  frovi  I'lfpvt-y,  bit.  i.,  jit.  il..  5  5, 

4.  I'f  licient  in  such  ingrcdieTit  as  gives  body 
or  substjince  ;  not  inspissated  ;  ma  contain- 
ing nmcli  solid  matter  in  solution  or  suspen- 
sion ;  ilelioient  in  body. 

'■  To  warm  new  milk,  pour  any  alkali ;  tli«  liquor 
will  remain  at  rest,  thou(;h  it  Jijiiiear  somewhat 
tUiinit;r."—ArbuVi»ot. 

5.  Not  close  ;  not  crowded  together  so  as  to 
fill  the  spr.ce;  not  having  the  individuals  of 
wliicli  the  ihiug  is  composed  close,  compact, 
or  dense. 

"  Early  sowinjr  ami  thin  seeding  are  aniony  the  If  st 
muuis  for  aeuiiriny  that  desirable  eud."— /).((7tf  2Wi-- 
graph.  Got.  5.  1885. 

6.  Not  crowded  or  well  filled  ;  uot  full. 

■■  Forrara  is  very  large,  hut  extremely  thin  of 
people.  —Addison  :  On  iUtly. 

7.  Slim,  slender  ;  not  fat  or  stout. 

"  My  face  so  thin"  ShakeSp. :  King  John.  \. 

8.  Not  full  or  full-grown. 

"  Seven  thin  ears  blasted  with  the  east  wind  "— 
Urmsis  xli.  6. 

'  9.  Scanty,  small,  poor. 

"  A  thin  and  slender  pittance." 

.skii/cf»p.  :  Turning  of  the  Shrctc,  iv.  4. 

10.  Faint,  feeble,  slight,  meagre  ;  destitute 
of  volume  or  fulness.     (Said  of  sound.) 

11.  Fig. :    Flimsy,  unsatisfactory :  as,  The 
excuse  was  rather  thin.     Used  also  of  literar 
work  of  a  poor  quality 

B.  As  ativ.  :^'ot  thickly  or  closely;  thinly, 
scatteredly,  scantily.    (See  the  compounds.) 

T[  Thill  is  largely  used  in  compounds,  the 
meanings  being  in  most  cases  sufficiently 
obvious  :  as,  thin-iaced,  (/tin-peopled,  &.c.      " 

thin-clad, 


ry 


'^  thin-gut, 

thin-set,  a. 

et. 


.    Slightly  or  scantily  clad. 
A  starveling. 
Planted  thinly;  not  thick- 

■sct  with  pal 


*  thin-sheeted,  a. 

with  tliin  sheets. 


J.  Philips:  Ccreitlia. 
Wearing  or  covered 


■  All  hail,  M.P. ;  from  whose  infernal  brain 
2hinsh'-iftfd  phantoms  glide,  a  gi-isly  train  " 

lii/ron  :  English  Uards  dt  Scotch  lit-vieivers 


thin-Skinned,  a.    Having 

hence,    fi-.,   uiidiily  .sensitive,  ea 

or  inilutfd. 


.  tliin  skin  ; 
ily  otfeiided 


'  thin-spun,  a.  Spun  to  thinness  or  liue- 
iiess  ;  line-spun,  thin,  delicate. 

-  follies  the  i.hiid  Fury  with  the  abhorred  ehenre. 
And  slits  the  thin-spun  life."    miton:  Lyciiiiu,  TO, 

thin.  v.t.  &  i.    [Thin,  a.] 

A,  Tiu)i.titive : 

1.  To  make  tliin  or  less  thick  ;  to  attenuate  ■ 
to  make  slender  or  lean. 

"  The  serum  of  the  blood  is  neither  acid  nor  alki- 
'",'t;,"'.  "^^i"^'':**  t''i«;keus,  and  oil  of  tartar  thins  it 
a  little.  —Arbalhnot. 

2.  To  make  less  crowded,  close,  or  nunu-r- 
ous  ;  to  diminish  the  number  of;  to  reiluit-  in 
numbers.  (Often  used  without:  as,  To  th,n 
out  a  forest.) 

"If  those  sects  were  to  be  thinned  by  a  hir-e  de- 
sertion. —MacauUif/:  Hist.  Eng..  uh.  xi. 

X  To  attenuate ;  to  rarefy ;  to  niakr  less 
dense  :  as,  To  thin  the  air. 

B.  Intrans. ;  To  diiuinisli  in  thickness ;  to 
become  thin  or  thinner;  to  waste  away, 

ir  Often  with  avay  or  out:  as  geological 
strata  are  said  to  thin  out  when  they  "nidu- 
ally  diminish  in  thickness  till  they  disappear, 

"  Their  checks  with  thin  or  droop." 

My  beautiful  Lad  if. 
thine,  ^  thin,  (olj.  or  jyron.  [A.S.  dhin,  jioss. 
proii.  declined  like  an  adjective;  derived  from 
dhin,  genit.  ease  of  dhu  =  thou  (q.v.).  Co>'ii 
■with  Icel.  thinn,  thin,  thitt,  from  thin,  "uuit 
of  thu;  Dan.  &  Sw.  din;  Ger.  rf(;t7i,°froii'i 
demer,  genit.  of  du  ;  Gotli,  t!ieins,  from  thn„a 
genit.  of  thn.  In  Mid.  Eng.  thin  was  declined," 
genit.  Ihiiu-s.  did.  thine,  noni.  and  accus  iil' 
thine;  by  loss  of  n  came  Mid.  Eng.  t'hi  = 
Eng.  thy.  The  n  was  commonlv  retained  be- 
fore a  vowel  and  when  the  pronoun  followed 


the  substantive.I  Thy;  belonging  to  thee; 
being  the  property  of  thee  ;  relating  to  thee. 
Like  thou,  thine  is  now  sehtoni  useil  exeept  in 
I'OMtry,  solemn  discourses,  or  the  laiigmigc  of 
the  Quakers.  Thine  is  the  form  gennallv 
used  befoi-o  a  vowel,  thij  taking  its  place  be- 
lore  consonantii ;  but  this  use  is  not  strictly 
atlhered  to,  nmny  writers  using  both  forms 
before  vowels,  but  thine  is  always  used  if  it 
follows  the  noun.  Like  hers,  ours,  yours, 
mine,  his,  theirs,  thine  is  used  absolutely  or 
indepeudently— that  is,  without  the  nouii  to 
which  it  belongs— and  serves  either  as  a 
nominative  or  objective  or  predicate :  as 
Thiiic  are  poor,  Give  lue  thine,  That  house  is 
t  hi  tic. 

"  Give  every  man  fAOie  ear  but  few  thy  voice." 

Shukesp. :  Uamlct,  i.  a. 

thing.  •  thyng,  s.  [A.s.  //uaff  =  a  .ausc, 
sake,  office,  reason,  council  ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
'/(■'(:;;  leel.  thing  =  a  thing  ...  a  meeting; 
L)an.  &  Sw.  tiny;  O.  H.  Ger.  dine;  Ger.  diuff. 
From  tlie  same  root  as  A.S.  theo7i  =  to  thrive 
[Thee,  v.]  ;  ihingan  =  to  grow.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Anything  which  can  be  made  the  subject 
ot  consideration  or  discussion;  anything 
separable  or  distinguisliable  as  an  object  of 
thought;  anything  animate  or  iuauimate ; 
whatever  exists,  or  is  conceived  to  exist,  as  a 
separate  entity. 

"  The  luiiversality  of  one  name  to  many  things,  hath 
been  the  cause  that  meu  think  the  things  are  them- 
selves universal ;  and  so  seriously  contend,  that  he- 
sides  Peter  and  John,  and  all  the  vest  of  the  meu  that 
are,  have  been,  or  shall  be  in  the  world,  there  is  yet 
aoiuelhing  else  that  we  call  man.  viz.,  man  in  general 
— deccivnur  themselves,  by  taking  the  universal,  or 
general  appellation,  for  the  thing  it  signifleth."— 
Uolibs:  human  Nature,  ch.  v. 

2.  An  inanimate  object  as  distinguished 
from  a  living  being ;  anv  lifeless  material  or 
object. 

"  Ye  meads  and  groves,  unconscious  things.' 
\  e  know  not  wnttice  my  pleaaui-e  springs." 

Coteper:  SiCJets  of  Divine  Love. 

3.  Applied  to  man  or  animals,  often  in  pity 
or  contempt,  sometimes  with  an  idea  of  fond- 
ness, tenderness,  or  admiration. 

"The  insult  of  being  compared  with  auch  a  thing  as 
Barcre.  —MacauUiy:  Burere. 

4.  An  act,  a  deed,  a  tran.saction,  a  matter, 
an  event,  an  action  ;  anytliiug  which  hapi.ens 
or  falls  out,  or  is  done,  told,  or  proposed. 

"He  by  whose  authority  these  things  h-id  been  done 
*•       '''^ja'cated  the  government."  — .l/ncctu/ai/,-    fjiat. 

'  5.  A  piece  of  composition  :  as,  a  tale  a 
poem,  a  piece  of  music,  or  the  like. 

"  I  have  a  thing  in  prose,  begrun  alx>ut  twenty-eight 
years  ago.  and  almost  finished;  it  will  make  a  four 
shilling  \vUiu\e,— Swift. 

6.  A  portion,  a  part,  an  item,  a  particular. 
In  this  sense  generally  compounded  with  any 
or  no,  and  often  used  adverbially. 

7.  (/v.);  Clothes,  accoutrements,  furniture, 
luggage  ;  what  one  carries  about  with  him : 
as.  Pack  up  my  things.    {CoUoq.) 

8.  A  judicial  or  legislative  assembly  among 
Scandinavian  people,  as  in  Iceland  or  Nor- 
way. The  thingvalUi  in  Iceland  was  a  sjtut  in 
tiie  southern  part  of  the  island,  where  the  id- 
thing,  or  general  parliament,  was  accustomed 
to  meet  in  the  middle  ages.    (Pron.  ting.) 

"  Likewise  the  Swedish  king 
Summoned  in  haate  a  thing. 
Weapons  and  men  to  bring 
In  aid  of  Denmark."  LonafcUow 


II.  La 

s  distint 


;  A  subject  of  dominion  or  property, 
guished  from  a  person. 

"  Thingsreal  are  auch  as  are  permanent,  fix'd,  and 
immoveable,  which  cannot  bo  carried  out  of  their 
place ;  .o  lands  and  tenements :  thijigs  personal  are 
goods,  money,  and  all  other  moveables;  which  may 
attend  the  owners  person  wherever  he  thinks  proper 
to  go.  —Blackstone :  Commentaries,  bk.  ij.  ch.  2. 

^  Q.)  A  thing  of  nothing,  a  thing  of  naught : 
A  phrase  used  to  denote  anything  very  woVtli- 

less. 

"You  must  say.  paragon:  A  paramour  ia.  God  bless 
MS',  AthiTig  of  naught. "Shakespeare :  JUdsummer 
ytght  s  Dream,  iv.  2. 

(•2)  The  thing:  As  it  ought  to  be;  in  the 
normal,  perfect,  or  becoming  condition ;  ap- 
plied colloquially  to  an  ideal  or  typical  condi- 
tion, as  of  health,  dress,  conduct,  complete- 
ness, perfectness,  exactness,  becomiugness.  or 
the  like. 

thing' -um-bob,  s.  [A  ludicrous  formation 
tvnm  thing.]  A  term  used  when  one  is  at  a 
loss  for  a  definite  name  for  some  object ;  a 
what's-its-name,  a  what-do-you-call-it. 

"  You  will  then  see  in  the  middle  of  a  broad  plain  a 
lonely  grey  houae.  with  a  thinqumbob  .-tt  the  t'.n-  a 
."el  vatory  they  call  iX:—Lytton  :  Eu'iaie  Aram,  bk   i 


think,  •  thenke,  •  thynke,  °  thinko  (pa. 

t.  thought.  '  thmiijhte,  pa.  par.  thought),  r.i.  & 
t.  (.\.S,  thinatii,  thtiuean—Ut  think  (pa.  t 
//mj/j/k);  cog.  with  leel.  f/wa-ja;  Dan.  t(i^nke  : 
fSw.  (iuika;  Ger.  denken  (pa.  t.  dachte) ;  Goth. 
th"gl-jan  (pa.  t.  thuhta).  Allied  to  lluink  (q.v.). 
OrigimiUy  distinct  from  the  impersonal  verb 
thinkrn,  but  soon  confused  with  it.]    [Me- 

THI.\K.S,] 

A.  Lntransitive : 

To  occupy  the  mind  on  some  subject ;  to 
ideas  ;  to  revolve  idea«  in  the  mind  ;  to 

f 


hav 


eogitiiti* ;  to  reason  ;  to  exercise  the  pow 
lliooght;  to  have  a  succe.sshm  of  ideas  or 
tillcctual    states;    to    perform    any    im-ntnl 
operation,    whether    of    apprehension,    judg- 
ment, or  illation;  to  muse  ;  to  meditate. 
■•  I  think,  but  dare  not  upcak." 

Shakeap. :  Macbeth,  v.  1. 

2.  To  judge;  to  form  a  conclusion;  to  de- 
termine ;  to  be  of  opinion  ;  to  opiue. 

"  She  thinks  he  could  not  die." 

Shaketp.  :   Venus  <t  Adonis.  I.o«0, 

3.  To  purpose,  to  mean,  to  design,  to  in- 
tend, to  hope. 

"  '^'"*"'J/  to  bar  thee  of  BUcceaaion,  aa 
Thou  i-eft'st  me  of  my  lauds." 

i^'hakeap. ;  Ci/mbelinc,  Hi.  3. 

i.  To  imagine,  to  suppose,  to  fancy. 

"Let  him  that  Ihijiketh  he  Btaudeth.  take  heed  leat 


-1  Corinth,  x.  12. 


to    take 


boil,  bojr;  p5ut,  jowl;  cat.  9ell.  chorus,  9hin.  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this:  sin,  as; 


he  fall. 

5.  To  guess  ;  to  form  an  opinion  or  idea. 

'■'^''«''  '""ocent  ran  In  (for  that  waa  h^r  name) 
7"*  ^""^  I"  ^''"^^  ^^itliln,  Can  you  think  who  is  at  the 
dLKjrr--fiH»jva>..-  Pilgrim'a  Progress,  pt.  ii. 

6.  To  reflect,  to  recollect,  to  call  to  mind. 

WiSl'^ir^l  '*"'*  *^^^  *  "**"  \B."—ShakL-sp. :  .Merry 

t  Followed  by  of,  on,  or  upon. 

••  ThinA:  qfth&t.  a  man  of  my  kidney,  think  ttTtliat." 
—  .'^/iakvsp.  :  Merry  Wives,  lii,  5. 

7.  To    C(msider,    to    deliUemte, 
thought.     {Luke  xii.  17.) 

S.  To  judge ;  to  form  an  opinion  or  estimate. 

"  As  you  hear  of  me,  so  think  of  me." 

S/utkesp.  :  Muvh  Ado,  \v.  1. 
'  9.  To  presume,  to  venture. 

■T/unt  not  to  say  within  yourselves,  We  have 
Abraham  to  our  Father.  "-J/w^Aew  iii.  a. 

•  10.  To  expect. 

~    ,,     .  "Do  you  think 

To  find  a  woman  without  any  fault  ?  " 

C<jlman,:  Comedies  uf  Terence,  p.  323. 

B.  TrtDisitive: 

1.  To  form  or  harbour  in  the  mind  ;  to  con- 
ceive, to  imagine. 

*■  To  think  so  base  a  thought" 

Hhakesp.  :  Merchant  of  renire,  li.  7. 

2.  To  design,  to  meditate. 

"  Charity  thinketh  no  evil."— i  Corinthians  xiii.  5. 

3.  To  hold  in  ojiinion  ;  to  consider,  to  re- 
gard, to  believe,  to  esteem. 

"  May  I  be  bold  to  think  these  sprites?" 

Shakesp.  :  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

*4.  To  contrive,  to  plan. 

*  5.  To  make  an  object  of  thought ;  to  form 
a  conception  of. 

*  C.  Imj>€rsonaUy : 

1.  It  appears  to ;  it  seems  to.    (Only  used 
now  in  methinks.) 

"  2?*""  '^  ''  wisdom,  as  it  thinketh  7ne 
To  maken  vertue  of  neceaaite." 
rt     m  Chaucer:  C.  T.,  3,043. 

2.  To  occur  to. 

"  So  that  Ayni  thinketh  of  a  daie 
A  thousande  yeie  till  he  male  se 
The  visage  of  Fenelope. "        Gower:  C.  A.,  iv. 

t  I.  To  think  of:  To  estimate,  to  e.steem : 
to  have  an  opinion. 

"  Think  o/me  as  you  please." 

Shakeap. ;  Tice/fth  Xight,  v. 

2.  To  think  on  iov  Upon) : 

(1)  To  meditate,  to  reflect,  to  consider. 

(2)  To  light  on  or  discover  by  meditation. 

'■  If  any  order  might  be  thought  on." 

Shakesp.  :  Henry  I'.,  iv.  5. 

(.■i)  To  remember  with  favour ;  to  have  re- 
gard for  ;  to  pay  attention  to  ;  to  i)rovide  for. 

"Think  upon  me,  my  God,  for  good."— A'cAewm/i  v.  19. 

3.  To  think  long : 

(1)  To  long  for;  to  expect  with  longing  or 
miiiatience. 

"  Long  she  thinks  till  he  return  again." 

Shakesp.  :  Rap,:  of  Lucrece,  I.S.'.i. 

(2)  To  think  the  time  long;  to  weary;  to 
snlfer  from  ennui.    {Scotch.) 

"  4,  To  think  much :  To  grudge. 
"  5.  To  think  scorn : 

(I)  To  disdain  to  do  an  act  as  being  beneath 
one  ;  to  scorn.     (Esther  iii.  ti.) 


-Clan,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun 


-tion.  -fion  =  zhiin.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious 


expect.  Xenophon,  exist,      ing. 
:  shus.    -ble.  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  d^L 


68 


think— thiofucusol 


(•J)  To  fwl  deeply  Indlfjnant;  t«  fpel  tbat 
an  uct  duiii-  nr  threatniett  is  calculated  to 
liriiit;  "iif  iiiUi  witui  or  contempt. 

•  think,  >.     ITiiisK,  v.]    A  thought, 

"  Up  ttiluki  uiuty  H  |tihi{  tMnk." 

n^wninff :  Kinif  *  hwtk.  vll.  014. 

think -^-bXe,  (I.  IKng.  fAinJt ; -<iMf.)  Capable 
•  >i  )-iii^  thought  ;  conceivable,  cogitable, 
iin.iginable. 

"Itut  wtL-«t  l<  tl>«  cMiidltloD  utiil«r  which  olonr  u 
rvUtlou  I*  tkinktibttf  It  ia  thlnJtabl«  only  (u  nf  n 
i-vrtAlii  unlvr— ••  tivluiigluir.  or  not  beluDjitik^,  to  oainc 
■  Ku  uf  t>c(ur«-kituwu  raUUoiu."— JfUi;  Syittfm  of 
/."/ir.  III. 

think-er,  >.    (Kng.  fAinJL* ;  -rr.) 

1.  One  who  thinktt ;  especially  one  who 
thinks  tn  a  i^articular  manner,  as  a  close 
thinktr^  a  deep  thinker. 

"  llv  WM  nhlc.  hrrv  luid  there,  to  deludv  n  aunernclKl 
rAdriAvrwIth  U\»  now  t«rti)B  auiI  r«tt«ouliitE":  >>ut  tlio 
hnnltmt  tAak  u(  nil  wm,  tburonghly  to  <lec«lvo  him."— 
Atterburg:  lUinnont.  vol,  iv.,  wir.  4. 

2.  One  who  lunis  his  attention  to,  or  writes 
on,  speculative  subjects. 

think  -ing, '  thenk~ynge»  pr.  ;xir.,  a.,  &  s. 

I  lillNK.) 

A,  -Is  i<r.  ftir.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  A»  oi/j.  :  Having  the  power  or  faculty 
<^>r  thought ;  capable  of  a  regular  train  of 
thnught ;  cogitative :  as,  Man  is  a  thinkUiff 
aiiiiiuil. 

C,  As  snhsi.  :  The  act  or  state  of  one  wlin 
tliinks  ;  cogitation,  thought,  meditation, 
judgment,  opinion,  Idea. 

"  I  Aiii  »mitt  In  (liHinal  thinkingi." 

ifhaketp. :  AUt  WcU,  v.  .1. 

•  think-ing-iy,  flv.     [Eng.  thinking;  -ty.] 

li\  Tliinkiii;;,  by  tliovight. 

thinly,  n(h\     [Eng.  (Aire,  a.  ;  -ly.] 

1,  In  a  thin  maimer;  not  thickly  or  deeply  : 
as,  thinly  elad. 
•  2.  Slightly,  in.siifficiently. 

"  Tliin  mny  liflii  Ui  thii^ken  other  proof* 
Thnt  do  demonstrate  thhitt/-" 

Sfia)xtp. :  Othflto,  iii.  3. 

3.  In  a  thin,  scattered  manner;  not  densely 
or  closely ;  scantily. 

"  A  choico  dhnili,  wlijch  he  who  pasaea  hy 
With  vnoaiit  iniiid,  uot  seldom  may  observe 
:  ill  a  (Ainitf-ueopled  house." 
Wordtworlh:  Jixcuriion,  hk.  vi. 

tlun'-ner,  s.  (Eng.  thin,  v.;  -er.]  One  who 
ur  iti.u  wliich  thins  or  makes  thin. 

tlun'-ness,  s.    [Eng.  thin,  a.  ;  -ncss.] 

1.  The  »inality  or  state  of  being  thin  ;  sniall- 
nes3  of  extent  from  one  surface  to  its  oppo- 
site. 

'•Those  ill  thi-  tret-,  though  generally  coiiBtnicted 
under  ,-oniL*  over-Iumging  branch,  from  tne  mature  ninl 
ihinnesM  <it  thpircriHt  or  wall,  cannot  he  |  proof  a(,'iiiiit<t 
wt-tj."— Cooft  ;  >Vrji(  foi/affe,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  vi. 

2.  Tenuity,  rareness. 

3.  Slininess,  slendcrness,  leanness. 

4.  A  stiite  approiic.hing  to  fluidity,  or  even 
fluidity  ;  the  oppn.site  to  spissitude. 

"Tlie  extremp  lightness  of  her  f.i  birds]  funiltiire 
being  approiiortionnted  to  the  Ifujiuimn  ol  thnt  t^le- 
locnt."— .Vore;  AJitidotc  iiffaiutt  Atheitm.  bk.  ii., 
ch.  xi..  h  13. 

5.  Rareness  ;  the  state  of  being  .'scattered  ; 
paucity. 

"  In  country  village'*  Pope  Leo  the  Seventh  Indulged 
ft  practice,  through  the  thinneitii  of  the  inhnljitiuitn. 
which  ojwned  n  way  for  pluralities,"— yly/t^e.*  Parrr- 

(J.  Exility,  suiallness,  fineness ;  want  nf 
fulness  or  vtdnnie  :  as,  the  thinness  of  a  voice. 

•  thin -ni-CV',  '■•'.  [Eng.  thin;  i  connect.; 
suit,  -/i/.)     i'o  make  thin. 

"The  hexrt  .  .  .  doth  so  thinni/p  the  blo^>d.  ' — 
Crrfuhnrt :  UubfUiU.  hk.  iii.  ch.  iv. 

thin'-ning,  pr.  jvr.,  a.,  &  $.    [Thin,  v.] 

A,  \  B.  4.'?  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
thr  v.Th). 
C.  As  snh!<>antive : 

1.  The  act  or  jmjcess  of  making  tliin  or 
thinner. 

2.  That  which  is  removed  in  the  act  or  pro- 
cess of  making  .'inythiiig  thin. 

■'In  c(.njuncti..n  with  other  checks  and  liniits.  all 
auWrvleiit  to  th^  .H.uiie  purpose,  are  the  thhwingg 
wlilLli  takv  piftw  among  animal*,  by  their  action 
n|*n<.iu'«m.tlifr."— /'*ifcy.-  A'«r  Theoh.  eh.  xxvi, 

thin'-nish,  tt.  [Eng.  thin,  a. ;  -isk.]  Some- 
wli.it  "I'  railier  thin. 

thi-no-,  pyf.  [Gr.  Bi^  {this),  genit.  Bivo^ 
(/;/n,'».v)=  the  beach,  the  shore.]  Inhabiting 
"T  fiiund  on  the  .sliore. 


tlU-ni-06r'-i-daB,  •«.  pi.     [Lat.   thinacoi'iMs) ; 
Li\X.  tem.  pi,  adj.  siilT.  -ida-.] 

nniith.  :  Quail-snipes;  a  family  of  Gralhc, 
with   two  genera,    Attagis   and    Thinocnrus 

(a.v.). 

thi-noo'-dr-iis,    5.      [Pref.   tkino-,   and  Or. 
Xoptuw  (chornio)  —  to  cfance.     (j43(w.st2.)j 

Ornith.:  The  type-genus  of  Thinocorida;. 
with  two  species,  from  La  Plata,  Chili,  and 
Pent. 

thi-n6-hy'-ii8.   s.     (Pref.  thino-,  and  Gr.  1)5 
(huf),  genit.  uos(Ahos)  =  a  swine.] 

J'aln-.ont. :  A  genus  of  Suidse,  abundant  in 
the  Upper  Miocene  of  Oregon.  It  is  allied  to 
Dieotyles  (q.v.),  but  has  an  additional  pre- 
molar tooth  and  a  much  smaller  brain-cuvity. 

thi-no -les'- tea,   s.       [Pref.   thino-,  and  Gr. 
AjloTTJs  (/t".s/c".^)  =  a  robber.] 

Pahmnt.  :  A  genus  of  Linniothcridaj,  from 
the  Lower  Eocene  of  Wyoming. 

thi'-nO'lite,  s.     [Pref.  thino-,  and  Gr.  M6o<;  = 

a  stone.] 

Mill.  :  A  name  given  to  a  large  shore  de- 
posit of  tnfuceous  carbonate  of  lime,  whicli 
C'intains  psi-udoniorphs  of  a  mineral  believed 
to  lia\r  originally  been  gayliissite  (q.v.).  E. 
S.  liana  has  pointed  out  that  tlie  angles  of 
some  of  the  crystals  are  not  found  to  coincide 
witli  those  of  the  latter  mineral,  and  that  the 
original  mineral  remains  still  unknown. 

thi-6-,   prrf.      [Gr.   Belov  (theioii)  =  sulphur.] 
Haviiii:  >ulphnr  in  its  composition. 

thio-alcohols,  s.  pi.    [Mercaptan.] 

thio-ethylic   ether,    s,      [Ethyl -si  l- 

PHir>K,] 

thio-urea,  ^ 


[SULPHUREA.l 


thi-O-ben-zo'-lc,  rr.  [Pref.  thio-.  and  Eng. 
beitznic]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphur 
and  benzoic  acid. 

thiobenzoic-acid,  .';. 

Chem. :  ■  Qngij      An  analogue  of  thiacetic 

acid.  Produced  by  mixing  an  alcoholic  solu- 
tion of  potassium  monosulpliide  with  chloride 
of  benzoyl.  Hydrochloric  acid  added  to  the 
potash  salt  separates  the  acid  as  an  oily  body, 
which  when  left  for  some  time  deposits  the 
acid  in  colourless  crystals.  When  pure,  it 
forms  small  rhombic  tables,  inodorous  and 
tasteless,  melts  at  120°,  is  quite  insoluble  in 
water,  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
and  easily  in  carbonic  disulphide.  It  forms 
delinite  salts  with  bases. 

thi-o-hU-tj^r'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  tUo-,  and  Eng. 
bntiir'n-.  I  Derived  from  or  containing  suli)hur 
and  butyric  acid. 

thiobutyric-acid,  s. 

I'hcin. :  C4H8OS.  An  acid  homologous  with 
thiacetic  acid,  jiroduced  by  the  action  of 
phosphoric  protosulphide  on  butyric  acid. 

thi-6 -cap -rin-al- dine,  s.  [Pref.  tJno- ; 
Eng.  capric,  and  aldinc] 

Clicm. :  A  compound  analogous  to  Ihialdine, 
formed,  according  to  Wagner,  by  the  action 
of  sidphydric  acid  on  the  ammonia  compound 
of  capric  aldehyde,     (ii'atts.) 

thi-d-car'-ba~mide.   5.      [Pref.   thio-,    and 

Eng.  tUfliinitidi'.l      [SULPHUREA.] 

thi-o-car'-ban-il,  s.  [Pref.  thio- ;  Eng. 
'arb(on),  and  a»t/(tne}.] 

Chem. :  CSNCgHs.  Phenylic  nnistard  oil. 
Formed  from  the  cnrbanilide  by  distillation 
witli  pliosphoric  anhydride,  and  by  the  action 
of  phosp-ne  on  aniline.  A  colourless  liquid, 
sinullin-  like  mustard  oil,  and  boiling  at  •2'22^ 

thi-6-carb-an'-il-ide,  5.  [Eng.  thlocarban  a ; 
-i<lf.] 

Chan.:  C'S~  jj^lgegs)     Formed  by  heating 

equivalent  quantities  of  anilii>e  and  potash 
hydrate  in  alcoholic  soUitlou  with  excess  of 
carbon  sulphide.  Dilute  hydrochloric  acid 
is  added,  and.  after  evaporation,  the  mass  is 
crystallized  from  alcohol.  It  yields  colourless 
laminre,  melting  at  144°,  insoluble  in  water, 
very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

thi-o-chron'-ic.  c  [Pref.  thin.;  second  ele- 
ment doubtful.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
Milpluir  and  chloroquinone. 


thiochronic-acid,  .'<. 

Chnn.  :  Cr,Ufi^^On.  Obtaiued  as  a  potas- 
sium salt  when  a  hot  solution  of  perchloro- 
qtiinone  is  mixed  with  concentrated  aqueous 
acid  suli)liite  of  potassium. 

thi-09'-in-n6l.  s.     [Pref.  thio-;  Eng.  ri)ni(y}), 
and  sulf.  -vLl 

Chem.  :  C^IIftS.  A  pulverulent  substance 
formed,  with  sulphide  of  ammonium,  by  the 
action  of  sulphydric  acid  on  livdrficinnamide, 
CsyHo^No  +  4H.jS  =  SCaHgS  4-  (NH4)oS. 


thi-d-cre-s6l. 

cn\sol.] 


[Pref.    thio-,    and    Eng. 

4^ 


Chem.  (PL):   CgHj^^'g;'^    Tolyl  hydrosul 

I)liidcs.  Produced  from  the  three  isomeric 
toluene  snlphonic  acids  by  reducing  the  eoi-- 
responding  chlorides  with  zinc  and  hydro- 
chloric acid.  (1)  Ortho-,  shining  laminx, 
melting  at  15°,  boiling  at  ISs".  (2)  Meta-, 
liquid,  not  solid,  at  —  10°.  (:i)  Para-,  large 
lamina?,  melting  at  43°,  boiling  at  liSS°. 

thi-6-9y-an'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 
vi/iniir.]  Deiived  from  or  containing  sulphur 
and  cyanic  acid. 

thiocyanic-acid,  .^■ 

Chem. :  ClINS.  Obtained  by  decomjiosing 
lead  thiocyanate  in  water,  with  sulphydric 
acid  gas.  Its  solution  is  colourless,  very  acid, 
and  not  poisonoiLS.  Soluble  thiocyanatesgive 
a  blood-Tcd  colour  with  ferric  salts,  thus  af- 
fording a  d-Iiiate  test  for  hydrocyanic  acid, 
if  the  lattc  I  be  lirst  converted  into  thiocyan- 
ate  by  yellow  ammonium  sulphide. 

thiocyanic-ether,  s. 

Chem.  (PL) ;  Normal  ethyl  thiocyanate, 
*^*syfCoH  V  ^^  ^  mobile,  colourless,  strongly- 
refracting  liquid,  with  an  odour  like  that  of 
mercaptan.      Boils    at    146°.     Ethyl    isothio- 

cyanate  =  Nc^^;  jj  .    Differs  in  all  properties 

from  the  normal  eoinponnd.  It  boils  at  134°, 
lias  the  irritating  odour  of  mustard-oil,  and 
unites  directly  with  ammonia.  These  ethers 
exhibit  isomerism  like  those  of  the  alcohol 
cyanates  and  isocyanates,  as  clearly  shown 
in  tlie  case  of  the  ethyl  compounds. 

thi-6-di-a-9et'-ic,  a.     [Pref.  thio-;  di-,  and 

Eng.  arrtir.]      [TlIIODIOLVcOLLir.] 

thi-6- di-gly-c6r-la-mide,  s.   [Pref.  thio.; 

di-,  and  Eng.  qlycoJUimiik.] 

Chem.:  §H^;o>(^'H.J)oS.  Obtained  l)y  the 
action  of  sulphide  of  ammonium  on  clilora- 
cetamide  in  alcoholic  solution.  Kccryst;dlized 
from  water  it  forms  small  white  octahedrons, 
wltich  melt  when  heated. 

thi-6- di-gly- col '-lie,  f.  [Pref  thio-;  di-, 
and  Eng.  (7/;i/fo//ic.]  Derived  from  or  pertain- 
ing to  sulphur  and  glycoUie  acid. 

thiodiglycollic-acid,  s. 

Chem. :  ^;;[j^j]]>S(HO>..  Formed  by  boil- 
ing tliiodiglycollamide  with  baryta-water  as 
long  as  ammonia  is  evolved.  By  decomposing 
the  lead  salt  and  evaporating  the  filtrate  the 
acid  IS  (ditained  in  crystals. 

thi-6 -di-gly-c6l-lim-ide,  s.  [Pref.  thio- ; 
di- ;  Eng.  iilyeul,  and  imiile.i 

Chem. :  q^^Iq'^^'^^-  Formed  by  the  de- 
liydrationot~acid  thiodiglycnilate  of  .ammonia, 
and  deposited  in  thin  inismatJc  needles  or 
laniime  from  a  hot  aqueous  solution.  It  is 
siKiringly  soluble  in  cold  water,  melts  at  12S% 
and  sublimes  at  a  higher  temperature. 

thi-6 -for'-mic,  a.  [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 
formic]  Derived  from  or  eontaining  stilpliur 
and  formic  acid. 

thioformic-acid,  ■''. 

Chem. :  A  compound  formed  in  small 
quantity  by  tlie  action  of  sulphydric  acid  on 
formate  of  lead.  It  yields  small  transparent 
crystals,  having  an  alliaceous  odour,  is  in- 
soluble in  water,  and  melts  at  I'Hy. 

thi-6 -fu'-cus- 61,  s.      [Pref.  thio-,  ami    Eng. 

Jucusol.l 

Chem. :  A  substance  produced  by  treating 
fucusol  in  alcoholic  .solution  with  sulphydric 
acid. 


ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  woi-s.  T70lf,  work,  who,  son:  mute,  cflh  t-iii-t.  nyiito   «■%..  ...-.lo   <An .  *„-,  c.-i-s ^. =  . . 


work,  who,  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU ;  try,  Syrian. 


SB,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  au  =  kw. 


thioftirfol— thirlage 


t9 


thl-6-fUr'-fdl,  ^.       (TllI.iKl'KKIKOL.] 

Client.:  C'^IIjOS.  Tliiniiirrun.l.  A  white 
^■l■,v-^t;llli^l;  |Mi\viirr,  IVhuil-iI  liy  the  action  of 
iiuiiiiiiiiiuin  .suli>hiili'  on  lniluuil,  ov  ol"  siil- 
phyihic  nckl  on  tuil'iiriuiiiilu. 

thi-o-fur'-fu-rdl,  n.  [I'lvf.  thio-,  ami  Kuy;. 
JH  i-J'n  rul.\     itb  loKi  ■  KKUL.  J 

tlii-6-i'-sa-tyde*  i-.     (I'lcl".  thio-,  ami  Ent;. 

Client.  :  C'lfiHioNoS-jO:;.  Formed  by  passing 
hy<liogeii  suli)hide''into'an  alooholic  solntiou 
(iT  isatin.  It  is  a  grayish-yeUow,  pulvuruleiit, 
micrystallizabh'  substfince,  wliich  softens  iu 
liot  water  and  dissolves  iu  aU'ohol. 

thi-o-me-lan-ic,  «.  [Pref.  thlo-,  and  Kn^. 
•nvhniir.  I  l)rri\t_'d  IVoni  or i;oiitiiining  sulphur 
auil  iiii'l.iiiic  acid. 

thiomelanicacid,  d-. 

Chciii. :  A  sulphuretted  acid,  found  iu  the 
blaciv  mass  produued  by  heating;  alcohol  with 
excess  of  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  capable  of 
forming  salts  with  potash  and  other  bases. 

thi-on-,  pre/.     [Tuiu-.] 

tbi-d-nam'-lC,  «.  [Pref.  thion-,  and  Eng. 
tiiiiii:]  Derived  from  or cuiitaiuing sulphurous 
aeid  and  ammonia. 

thionamlc-acid,  ;>-. 

Clu-iii. :  Nlly-rtO^..  Produced  by  the  action 
of  diy  Hniniuiiia  gas  on  sul])hurons  auliydride. 
It  is  a  crystalline  volatile  substance,  very 
soluble  iu  w;iter,  iu  whieh  it  quickly  under- 
goes C'tmpk'te  decomposition. 

thi-on'-a-mide,  i".  [Pref.  thion-,  and  Eug. 
umuh.]' 

CheiH.  :  N.jHjCSO).  Produced  by  tlie  action 
of  sul|iliurous  chloride  on  dry  amiuonia.  It 
is  a  white   pulveruleut,  uou-crystalliue  solid. 

thi-O-niir'-ic,  a,  [Pref.  thion-,  And  Eng.  aric] 
Deri\ed  from  or  containing  sulphurous  and 
uric  acids. 

thionuric-acid,  d. 

Chi:iit. :  €4115X^80^.  Formed  by  tlie  action 
\tf  sulpliurous  acid  and  ammonia  on  uric  acid 
or  alloxan.  On  evaporating  its  solution,  it 
yields  a  crystalline  mass  consisting  of  fine 
needles ;  is  pernuinent  iu  the  air,  has  a  very 
sour  taste,  and  is  very  soluble  in  water.  It  is 
diltasie,  andformsacid  and  neutral  crystalline 
s;ilts  with  bases. 

thi'-on-yl,  5.     [Or.  dilof  (thelon)  =  sulphur; 

■i/'.l 
i'hnn.  :  SO.     The  radical  of  the  sulphurous 

compuunds. 

thi-on-yl-am'-ic,  n.      [Eug.   thionyl,  and 

aniic]      ITllIUNAMrr.] 

thi-on-yr-a-mide,  s.     [Eng.  thionyl,  and 

a  iii.il  li'.\     [TuiuNAMiut:.] 

thi-O'Phe'-nol,  i-.  [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 
IjIwnoL] 

Chetii.  :  C'gHsSH.  F()rmed  by  the  action  of 
pentasulphide  of  plujsphorus  on  plienol.  It 
is  a  colourless,  mobile,  fetid  liquid,  boiling  at 
ll)^^  is  insoluble  in  watei',  but  dissolves  easily 
in  alcohol  and  ether. 

thi-o-phos-pham'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  thio-,  and 
Kng.  /'/Mw///(((;/i(r.]  Dt-rived  from  or  pertaining 
t"  .-lUlpIiur  ;iud  i>lioS[)hamic  acid. 

thiophosphamic-acid,  $. 

Ckfui.  :  P(N'Ho)H..SOo.  Produced  by  the 
action  of  sulphochloride  of  phosphorus  on 
aqueous  ammonia.  It  has  not  been  isolated, 
but  fi>rms  a  series  of  salts  with  bases,  neaily 
:ill  of  whicli  are  uncrystallizable. 

thio-phos-phOHU-am'-ic,  ft.  [Pref.  thio-; 
Eng.  phosphodiami^iile),  aud  aufi'.  -ic]  Derived 
trom  or  pertaining  to  sulphur  and  phosphodi* 
amic  acid. 

thiophosphodiamic-acid,  5. 

Chfiii. :  P(H2N)2USO.  Fornu-il  liy  the  action 
of  ammonia  gas  on  sulphochloiide  of  plios- 
phorus.  It  is  obtained  as  a  white  mass,  easily 
soluble  iu  water,  is  monobasic,  and  forms  a 
series  of  salts  with  bases. 

thi-or'-sau-ite  (au  as  ow),  s.  [After 
Thiorsa,  Iceland,  wliere  found;   it  connect., 

and  sulf.  -ih- {Min.).^ 

Min. :  The  same  as  Anorthite  (q.v.). 


thi-d-sin'-a~nune,  s.  [Pref.  thiu-,  and  Eug. 
aiuamiiie.l ' 

Chem.:  C4H5NS-NH3.  Formed  by  the 
union  of  mustiud  oil  with  ammonia.  It  is 
obtained  in  colourless,  prismatic  erysUds, 
liavitig  a  bitter  taste,  is  soluble  iu  watei', 
;tlcnliol,  and  ether,  melts  when  heated,  but 
eaiHuit  be  sublimeii. 

tlli-o-sin-dli'-il-ine»  *■.  [VUv^.  thiosin{nminv), 
aud  auiline.] 

Chem. :  N2(CS(C3H5XC,iH5)Il^).  Obtaim-d 
by  pouring  oil  of  mustard  into  an  equivalent 
of  aniline  dissolved  in  alcohol.  It  .separates 
in  foliated,  colourless  crystals,  destilutf  of 
tiiste  and  smell,  instduble  iu  wat^-'r,  veiy  snUi- 
ble  in  alcohol  aud  ether,  and  shows  liut  little 
tendency  to  combine  with  acids.  Melts  at  i'j  . 

thi-o-sul-phiir'-ic, a.  [Pref.  thio-,  aud  Eng. 
siilphurir.i  Derived  from  or  containing  sul- 
pliur  and  sulphuric  acid. 

thiosulphuric  -  acid,  d.      [Hvposvl- 

PULKOUS-ACIl>.] 

thi-o-va-ler'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  thio-,  ami  Eng. 
i-aleric]  Derived  from  or  contaiuing  sulphur 
and  valeric  acid. 

thio  valeric- acid,  s. 

Chi-iii. :  The  product  of  the  action  of  phos- 
phoric pentachhiiide  on  valerianic  acid. 

thir,  «.     [Icel.)    These.     (Scotch.) 


third,  "  thirde,  "  thrid,  *  thridde, 
nhyrd,  «.  &  ^■.  [Properly  thriil,  from  A.S. 
thriddu,  from  threu,  f^ri^  three  (q.v.);  cogn. 
with  Dut.  derde;  Icel.  thridki;  Dan.  tredie ; 
Sw.  ti'edje ;  Ger.  dritte  ;  Goth,  thridja ;  Wei. 
tryde,  tnjdedd  ;  Gael.  &  Ir.  trian  ;  Russ.  tretii ; 
LxtAutviczias  ;  haX.  iertins  ;  G\\  rpiTo^  {tritos): 
Sancs.  triiija.  For  the  metathesis  of  r  aud  i 
see  Bird,] 

A,  -4s  adjective: 

1.  The  ordinal  of  three;  coming  next  after 
the  second;  coming  after  two  of  the  same 
class. 

"  He  was  woumled  the  thrid  tyiue." 

Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  8. 

2.  Constituting  or  being  one  of  three  equal 
parts  into  wliich  a  whole  is  or  luay  be  divided. 

"  The  third  part  of  a  minute." 
Shakesp.  :  Midsummer  Wight's  Dream,  ii.  2. 

B,  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordiimry  Language : 

I.  The  third  part  of  anything  ;  one  of  three 
equal  parts. 

*  2.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a  second. 

"Divi<le  the  oiitural  ilay  into  twenty- four  equul 
parts,  aD  hour  into  sixty  minutes,  a  luiuute  iuto  sixty 
seconds,  a  secuud  iuto  sixty  thirdi."—Uulder :  On 
Time. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Law  {PL):  The  third  part  of  the  estate 
of  a  deceased  husband,  which,  by  the  law  of 
some  ccmntries,  the  widow  is  entitled  to  enjoy 
during  her  life  ;  corresponding  to  the  terce  of 
Scots  Law. 

2.  Music : 

(1)  Au  interval  consisting  of  a  major  tone 
and  a  minor  tone,  as  front  c  to  v. :  called  a 
major  third. 

(•2)  An  interval  consisting  of  a  nuijor  or 
minor  tone  and  a  semitone,  as  from  a  to  c  : 
called  a  minor  third. 

(;0  The  upper  of  the  two  notes  including 
sucli  intervals. 

Third  Estate,  s. 

1,  In  Great  Britain  the  Commonalty  or 
Commons,  represented  iu  the  legislature  by 
the  House  of  Commons. 

2.  French  Hist.  :  The  Tiers  Etat  (q.v.). 
Third-order,  s. 

Eccles.  <0  Church  Hist.  :  A  term  which  arose 
from  the  fact  that  when  St.  Francis  had 
founded  the  Friars  Minor  (1209)  for  men, 
aud  St.  Clare  had  founded  the  Poor  Clares 
(1221)  for  women  under  a  rule  presented  by 
hiLu,  he  established  a  congregation  called  the 
Brothers  and  Sisters  of  Penance  as  a  sort  of 
middle  term  between  the  world  aud  the 
cloister,  with  a  separate  rule,  the  members  of 
which,  men  and  women,  married  or  single, 
"should  be  bound  by  rule  to  dress  more 
soberly,  fast  more  strictly,  pray  inoie  regu- 
larly, hear  mass  more  frequently,  and  practise 


works  of  mercy  more  systcmatli-ally  than  or- 
dinary persons  living  in  tlie  world."'  They 
had  to  undergo  a  year's  novitiate  and  to  take 
a  simple  vow  to  observe  the  rule.  Many  of 
these  persons,  iu  course  of  time,  wihln-d  In 
live  in  comnmnity,  ami  so  con({''<'ts'*tions  of 
the  Third  Order  arose  — true  Franciscans  with 
a  rule  of  their  own,  distinct  from  that  of  tlie 
Friars  Minors  and  that  of  the  I'oor  Clares. 
Pope  Benedict  XIII.,  in  the  Bull  ratemu 
sedis,  speaks  of  the  Third  Order  "as  a  true 
ami  proper  order,  mating  in  one  seculars 
scattered  all  over  tlie  world  and  regulart* 
living  in  conununity ;  distingui.shed  from  nil 
conlVaternities  as  having  it^  own  rule,  ap- 
proved by  the  Holy  See,  novitiate,  professi<»ii, 
and  a  habit  of  tleterminate  form  aud  material  " 
(in  the  case  of  per.sons  living  in  the  worhl 
consisting  of  a  brown  scapular  worn  under 
the  ordinary  dress).  The  Dominicans  have  a 
Third  Order,  instituted  by  St.  Dominic  (1170- 
1221),  but  iu  what  year  Is  uncertain  ;  tin- 
Augustinians  established  one  atthe  begiiniing 
of  tlie  fifteenth,  and  Minims  at  the  beginning 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  their  exauii)le 
has  been  followed  by  the  Servitcs,  the  Car- 
melites, and  the  Trappists. 

"  third-penny,  s. 

old  Law :  A  third  part  of  tlicpndits  of  fines 
and  jteualties  imposed  at  the  count^  coiU't, 
which  was  the  perquisite  of  the  earl. 

third-person,  5. 

Uraia. :  The  pers<in  spoken  of. 
third-point,  5.     [Tierce-point.] 
third-sound,  s.    [Third,  .s.,  II.  2.] 
third-stave,  s. 

Music:  A  name  given  to  the  stave  upon 
wliich  pedal  music  is  written  for  the  organ. 

*  third,  s.     [Thread.] 

*  third' -bor-o Ugh  (gh  silent),  s.    [Eng.  tilurd, 

and  boruugh.  ]    An  under-constable. 

"1  know  my  remedy;  I  nuiat  k«  (etch  the  third- 
borough." — Shakeap. :  Taming  <•/ the  Shrew,  i.  I. 

*  third -ing^,  s.  vl.    [Third,  a.] 

Eng.  l.dir:  The  third  part  of  the  coru  or 
grain  growing  on  the  ground  at  the  tenants 
death,  due  to  the  lord  for  a  heriot,  as  in  the 
Manor  of  Turfat,  in  H e re foi-d shire. 

third'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  third,  a. ;  -ly.]  In  the 
tliird  place. 

■'  First,  metals  are  more  durable  than  plauts ; 
aeewiidly,  tliey  are  mare  solid ;  thirdly,  they  are  wholly 
suhterraiiy."— Bdcort. 

third'-rate,  a.     [Eng.  third,  a.,  and  rate.] 

1.  Of  a  very  inferior  class  ;  very  i)oor:  as, 
a  thirdrate  actor. 

2.  In  the  navy  applied  to  a  certain  class  of 
men-of-war.     (Used  also  substantively.) 

third§.  s.  pi.     [Third,  a.,  B.  II.  1.] 

'  third^'-man,  s.  [Eng.  third  and  man.]  An 
umpire,  a  mediator  or  arbitrator. 

■■  There  should  l>e  somebody  to  coine  in  thtrdtmait 
between  Death  ami  my  priiitiijal."— ScoK/  Sf.  Jivnan's 
tVell. 

thirl  (I),  *thirle,  •  thyrl-yn,   v.t.    [A.s. 

thyrtian,  from  thyrd  —  a  Imle.] 

1.  To  bore  through,  to  pier(-e,  to  perforate, 
to  penetrate. 

•'  If  oiiy  thirle  or  malte  au  hole  iu  a  feble  walJe."— 
Gestii  /iomanorum,  p.  10. 

2.  To  thrill,  to  vibrate  :  to  pierce  or  wound, 
as  with  keen  emotion. 

"It  thirtd  the  beart-Mtriii^  thro'  the  hrenst." 

turns:  Letter  to  J.  Lapraik. 

thirl  (2),  v.L  [Icel.  thrall  =11  thrall,  a  serf.] 
[Thrall.]  To  enslave,  to  enthrall  ;  to  astrict 
or  bind  I'y  the  teiius  of  a  lease  or  otherwise  : 
a>^,  lands  thirled  to  a  particular  mill.    (JScotch.) 

[TUIKLAGE.] 

thirl,  s.    [Thirl  (2),  J'.] 

Scots  Law :  A  term  used  to  denote  those 
lands  the  tenants  of  which  were  bound  to 
bring  all  their  grain  to  a  certain  mill.  Called 
also  Suckeii. 

*  thirl'-a-ble,  -  thirle-a^hylle,  k.  [Eng. 
thirl  (V),  v.;  -able.]  Capable  of  being  pene- 
trated or  pierced ;  penetrable. 

thirl'-age.  5.     [Eug.  tUrl  (2),  v.  ;  -age.) 

Scots  Law :  A  species  of  servitude,  formerly 
very  common  in  Scotland,  and  also  i>revalent 


iboil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  fhln,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^^lst.    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  'tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^m.  —  bel,  deL 


70 


thirling— this 


in  Kml-I.mi-I.  by  which  the  pmprielors  and 
i.'i,  ><  nf  Uii'Is  w.-n- Utimil  t^i  carry 

tJi  .-1  mi  thf  hiTi-ls  toil  piirticiitur 

111.  iiiil,   to  which   liiilt  tho  himLs 

Will  >.ii'i  I"  U-  tliirlcl  or  «stri(_'t«*il,  iiihI  also 
to  |«y  a  ivrtain  |'n>]Hirlion  of  tlif  timin,  vary- 
Itii;  ill  'iiiriT.  lit  i-aHt'.H,  as  a  rtMinitieriition  for 
til.  1.1  fur  tln»  cxiH'iiKi'  of  the  »*rt*c- 

ti  niiiice  of  thf  mill.    The  i>rin- 

n;.  _'.rtl»U»  ill  tliirla^e  wns  inulture 

Ol-v.).  Ui-.if  \vtT«  also  smallT  iluties  calh'"! 
»»'qucls,  which  fvU  t*i  the  st'rv.iiit.s  of  tlie  mill, 
aiconliiig  to  the  particular  usajjie  of  each  mill. 

tlurl-Ing.  *.    [Thirl  (U  v.] 

Minin'j:  A  worke«l  space  coimectinff  tho 
n>oms  of  a  mine.  The  nx'ins  are  galifrifs 
ItfCPediiiK  rvjiiularly  (in  conl  mines)  from  tho 
ihiMheiid  or  main-level,  and  tho  imworked 
HjMce  f«>rmrt  a  wiill.  By  cudinngaps  in  this 
wall  at  n-jjular  iiit*'rvnls,  the  wall  becomes  a 
n»w  of  pillars,  the  «ntd  coiiiierting  workings 
an.'  thirhn^s. 

thirst,    *  thurst.    '  thurste,    *  threst, 

'  thriSt,  •  thniSte.  s.  IA.S.  thnnl,  thyrst, 
thtnt ;  cogn-  with  l>iit,  dorst ;  Icel.  thorstt : 
l>;ui.  tnrst;  Sw.  torst ;  Ger.  durst;  Goth. 
thi'tirstfi.]    (Thirst,  r.] 

L  Lit. :  A  t«rin  used  to  denote  the  sen.sa- 
tions  ariKingfrom  the  wantoflUiid  nutriment ; 
the  desire,  uneasiness,  or  sullering  arising 
from  want  of  drink  ;  threat  desire  for  drink. 
"  Th'<u,:h  we  ci>i>l  uur  thint  At  tb«  mouth  of  the 
rlvvr.'—llp.  Taylor:  On  Set  Fvrm*  <tf  Llturyie,  %  ^. 

^  As  perspiration  and  other  discharges 
earry  off  moisture  from  the  boily,  the  sensa- 
tion of  thirst  arises,  and  is  generally  propor- 
tionate t"  the  necessity  for  a  fresh  supply  of 
liquiil.  Of  all  beverages  the  only  part  which 
is  essentially  required  to  slake  thirst  is  the 
wat^T  which  they  contain.  Abnormal  thirst 
exists  in  many  diseases ;  insjitiablc  thirst 
(Polydipsia)  is  a  symptom  of  Diuresis. 

n.  Fi'jnrutivfUj  : 

1.  Dryness,  drought. 

"  The  r»[iiJ  current  .  .  .  through  veins 
Of  iMirous  mrth  with  kiudly  fnirtl  updntwn. 
Ri«e  A  freah  fountoiu."        MUton :  /*.  i.,  Iv.  228. 

2.  A  want  .ind  eager  longing  or  desire  after 
anything.  (Now  foUowed  by  fur  or  a/ter^ 
torinerly  by  of.) 

"  fThou]  h.'ut  allayed 
The  (hirtt  I  liad  q^  knowledge, ' 

Milton:  P.  L.,  vlii.  8. 

thirst.    '  thirste,    *  thurste,    '  tburst, 

'  thriSt,  r.i.  &(.  [A. 8.  thyrstitii;  cogn.  with 
Out.  dnrMni;  Icel.  thyrsta ;  Dan.  torste;  Bw. 
torsta :  Ger.  diirsten ;  Goth,  thairsan  (pa.  t. 
thars)=  to  be  dry,  to  thirst ;  Sansc.  tarslM  = 
to  thirst ;  /ri5/i=to  thirst;  Ir.  f«r(  =  thirst, 
drought;  Gr.  repirofiat  (tersojo/ti)  =  to  become 
dry  ;  Lat.  torreo  =  to  parch  ;  tfura  (for  tersa) 
=  dry  ground.  From  the  same  root  come 
terracf,  ti)fnd,  test,  toast,  tureen.] 

A*  Jjiiransitive: 

I.  Lit.  :  To  feel  thirst ;  to  experience  a 
painful  sensation  for  want  of  drink  ;  to  have 
desire  to  drink  ;  to  l>e  thirsty. 


2.  Fig. :  To  have  a  vehement  desire  or 
longing  for  anything. 

"  And  cruel  and  blood -thirsty  men 
Would  Uiinr  for  lilood  no  more," 

Cowi>^r:  Vhiei/  ff//mn*.  xxxili. 

•  B.  Trans. :  To  have  a  thirst  for ;  to  desire 
to  drink. 

'•  H<  Rcelu  his  keepers  fleah,  and  Ihirtu  liis  blood." 
Prior:  Salotnon,  L  203, 

•  thirst'-er,  s.  [Eng.  thirst,  v.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  tliirst-s. 

thirst'-i-lj^,  oWu.  [Eng.  thirsty;  -hj.]  In  a 
thirsty  manner. 

"  Th'-y  hmre  huiigrlly  and  fhtrttllu.  but  it  is  but  to 
intciin.l\i\ulasei.'—Bp.  /fait:  Thv  Uyp'fcrite. 

thirst'-i-ness,  s.  (Eng.  thirsty;  -ness.)  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  thirsty;  thirst; 
vehement  desire  or  longing  for  anything. 

•'  Thry  who  be  athlmt  in  the  night,  if  they  nleep 
iir>f-ii  ii.  l'«o  their  thirttini-ui;  altliough  they  drink 
never  ^dr.-j..-/-.  lloU'tnd  :  Plutarch,  i>.  6a». 

'  thirst'-less,  n.  lEng.  thirst;  -le^is.]  Ntit 
IiJiviiig  thirst;  not  having  vehement  desire 
for  anything. 

thirsr-Jr,  *thlr8t-ie,  a.     (A.S.    tfiursti(j  : 

col;h.    with    Dut.    dorsti/f ;     Icel.    thrj/stutir ; 

Dan.    &    Sw.    tdrsti(i ;    O.   H.    Ger.   durstac, 

durstff} ;  Ger.  durstirf.] 

I.  Lit. :  Feeling  a  sensation  of  pain  or  un- 


c&8incss  for  want  of  ilrink  ;  sulTering  for  want 
of  drink  ;  liaving  thii-st ;  sullering  from  thirst. 

"  V^afT  to  drink,  down  nisli  thp  thirstij  it.'W.I, 
UAtiK  uer  the  Ixiuka.  and  tr>'iiblt<  all  tlitr  AixkI,  ' 
liovc:  Lucan:  P/uirmlia,  iv. 
n.  Figuratively: 

1.  Dry;  lacking  in  moisture  ;  parched. 

"  The  Oiirgti/  luud  [ithall  become!  "priuifs  of  water." 
— /«(if<iA  XXXV.  ;. 

2.  Having  a  vehement  desire  or  longing  for 
anything. 

"  To  be  thtritg  after  tottering  honour,*' 

Shaktup. :  PcriclcS.  Hi.  2. 

thir'-teen,   •  thret-tene,  a.   &  s.     [A.S. 

Ifrrfot'tu;  threoti/'i',  fr-'iii  /Afo  =  three,  and 
till,  li'/a  =  ten  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  dertien;  Icel. 
thrflidn ;  Dan.  tretten;  Sw.  tretton ;  Ger. 
dreiichn.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Ten  and  three. 

"SiMaklng  at  the  one  end,  T  heard  it  return  the 
voice  thirteen  timeft."— Bacon;  /fat.  Hiit. 

B.  As  suhstaiUive: 

1,  The  numbcp  which  consists  of  three  and 
ten. 

2.  A  symbol  representing  thirteen  units, 
as  i:j  or  xiii. 

thir'-teenth,  a.  &  s.    [A.S.  thredttodha;  Icel. 

thi'ttamli.] 
A^  As  adjective: 

1.  The  ordinal  of  thirteen  ;  the  third  after 
the  tenth. 

"  If  she  could  prove  a  thlrt^nth  task  forliim 
Who  twelve  achlev'd,  the  work  would  me  l»€3ecm." 
Beaumont:  pK>/t:he. 

2.  Constituting  or  being  one  of  thirteen 
equal  parts  into  which  a  whole  is  or  may  be 
divided. 

B,  -4s  substantive : 

I.  Ord.  Lan/f.  :  One  of  thirteen  equal  parts 
into  wliich  a  whole  is  or  may  be  divided. 

XL  Music:  An  interval  forming  tlie  octave 
of  the  sixth,  or  sixth  of  the  octave. 

%  Chord  of  the  thirteenth:  A  chord  called  by 
some  a  suspension ;  by  others  a  secondary 
seventh.  It  ronsists  generally  of  the  third, 
seventh,  and  thirteenth  of  the  dominant,  and 
is  used  both  in  the  major  and  minor  modes. 

thir'-ti-eth,  a.  k  $.    [A.S.  thritigodha.] 

A.  -4s  adjective : 

1.  The  tenth  thrice  told  ;  the  next  in  order 
after  the  twenty-ninth  ;  the  ordinal  of  thirty. 

2.  Constituting  or  being  one  of  thirty  equal 
parts  into  which  a  whole  is  or  may  be  divided. 

B.  .4^  suhst. :  One  of  thirty  equal  parts  into 
which  a  whole  is  or  may  be  divided. 

thir'-ty,  *  thret-ty.  *  thrit-ti,   '  thrit- 

ty,  a.  &  s.  [A.S.  thriti{j,  thrittifj,  from  thri, 
(/ired=  three,  and  sufT.  -tig  =teii;  cogn.  with 
Dtit.  dertig  ;  Icel.  thrjdtiu  ;  Dan.  tredive ;  Sw. 
trettio;  Ger.  dreizig.] 

A.  .4s  adj. :  Thrice  ten ;  ten  three  times 
repeated ;  twenty  and  ten. 

■■  Kyng  Egbrygt.  adde  ybe  kyiig  thre  and  thrifty  yer. 
TlJet  folc  o(  Denem:irch  hyder  com.   as  yt  adde 
y-do  er."  liobert  of  Gloucester,  ji.  259. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  number  which  consists  of  tliree  times 
ten. 

2.  A  symbol  which  represents  thirty  units, 
as  XXX.  or  30. 

t  The  Thirty  Tyrants:  The  thirty  magis- 
trates appointed  by  Sparta  over  Athens  at  the 
termination  of  the  Peloponnesiau  war.  They 
were  overtlirown  in  B.C.  403  after  only  one 
year's  reign. 

thirty-nine  articles.  [Article,  B.  IV.] 

thirty-two,  .^. 

Pririt.  :  A  sheet  of  pipe?-  which  fohls  up 
into  thii-ty-two  leaves  or  sixty-four  pages. 
Usually  wiitt-<.Mi  ;^i;ino. 

Thirty-years'  war,  s. 

Hist. :  The  name  given  to  a  European  war, 
or  rather  a  succession  of  wars,  which  lasted 
for  thirty  years  (1(318-1648),  and  in  which 
Austria,  most  of  the  Catholic  princes  of  Ger- 
many, and  Spain  were  engaged  on  one  side 
thrcmghout,  but  against  ditferent  antagonists. 
The  contest  was  virtually  a  renewal  of  the 
struggles  which  took  place  in  the  days  of 
Charles  V.— Protestantism  asserting  itself, 
and  Papacy  deU-rmined  if  po,ssibIe  to  keep  it 
down.  France  took  an  active  part  on  the 
Protestant  shle  ;  f<>r,  though  Riehelieu  op- 
pressed the  Protestiints  in  France,  he  helped 
those  of  Germany  in  order   to  weaken  that 


Power,  and  so  in^jure  a  dangerous  rival.  There 
were  three  ilistiiu-t  periods  in  the  struggle. 
In  the  tirst  Austria,  under  Wallensti-in,  was 
(■(tmpletely  victorious,  and  threatened  to  sub- 
■  due  all  Geriuany.  In  the  second  the  Pro- 
testants, under  Gustavus  Adolphus,  carried 
all  before  them  ;  and  in  the  third  victory  was 
more  uncertain  and  more  equally  ilividcd. 
Peace  was  established  by  the  Treaty  of  West- 
phalia (104S),  which  guaranteed  leligious 
liberty  to  both  Lutherans  and  Calvinists,  and 
made  extensive  territorial  changes  at  the  ex- 
pense of  Austria  and  Germany.  France 
obtjiined  Alsace  (which  became  German  again 
in  1S71),  and  the  State  of  Biandenberg,  re- 
ceived still  larger  atlditions  ;  these  were  in 
1701  merged  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Prussia, 
afterwards  the  uucleus  of  the  German  Empire 
(1S71). 

this,  thes,  a.  orproii.  [A.S.  dhes  (masc), 
lUuvs  (fem.),  dhis  (neut.) ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
di-ze :  Icel.  thessi  (masc.  &  fern.),  thetta  (neut.) ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  deser ;  M.  H.  Ger.  disir ;  Ger. 
dicker.  The  motlern  plural  form  is  these,  those 
being  used  as  the  pi.  of  that,  but  both  forms 
are  really  plurals  of  thi^,  the  Mid.  Eng.  word 
for  those  being  tJw  or  thoo,  from  A.S.  dhd,  nom. 
pi.  of  the  det'.  article.  This  is  formed  of  the 
two  pronominal  bases,  tlia  (seen  in  that, 
thither,  &c.)  and  sa  =  he.] 

1.  Used  to  denote  something  that  is  present 
or  near  in  place  or  time,  or  that  has  been  Just 
mentioned. 

•■  .And  wliauue  the  tilierissighen  him :  thei  thoughten 
wittiinne  heuiailf  and  aeiden.  thU  ia  the  eir,  sle  wo 
him  that  the  «ritage  be  oure." —  Wycliffe  :  Luke  xx. 

2.  This  is  frequently  used  as  a  substitute 
for  what  has  preceded  :  as — 


Where  this  refers  to  the  words  of  Peter  just 
spoken.  It  also  frequently  represents  a  word, 
a  sentence,  or  a  clause,  and  in  some  cases  it 
refei's  to  something  to  be  immediately  said  or 
done. 

'■  But  know  thig,  that  if  the  goodmau  of  the  bouse 
had  known  in  wliat  wateli  the  thief  would  lonie,  he 
wnuld  h;ive  watclied  and  wuuld  not  liave  suffered  lil» 
house  to  be  broken  up."— .l/nMfteio  xxiv.  43. 

3.  This  is  used  absolutely  to  denote  present 
place,  state,  condition,  or  the  like. 

"  O  Antony,  I  have  followed  thee  to  thU.~ 

S/iafcegp.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  v,  l. 

4.  Used  in  reference  to  time,  this  may  refer 
to; 

(1)  The  presenttime :  as,  this  day,  this  week. 
It  is  also  frequently  used  in  this  sense  abso- 
lutely, as  the  present  time,  hour,  &c. 

"  Between  thiK  and  supper.' 

Shukes/i.  :  Coriotantis.  iv.  3, 

(2)  Time  past ;  the  time  immediately  before 
the  present. 

"  Whereon  this  month  I  have  l>een  hammering." 
Shalc^p.:  Two  Uentlemen.  i.  'i. 

(8)  Time  to  come  ;  futurity. 

"  Thit  night  I'll  waste  in  sorrow." 

Shaketp.:  Venus  A  AdonU,  58X 

^  (1)  This  is  often  used  in  connection  with 
numbers  instead  of  the  plural  these,  the  suiu 
being  considered,  as  it  were,  a  total. 

"  Which  for  thu  nineteen  years  we  have  let  slip." 
Shakesp.  :  Mensure  for  .Measure,  i.  3. 

(2)  Shakespeare  used  the  phrases  this  even,, 
this  night,  in  the  sense  of /as(  even,  last  night. 
"  My  troublous  dream  this  night  doth  make  me  sad." 
Shakesp.  :  2  Henry  VI..  i.  2. 

5.  This,  when  used  asopposed  or  correlative 
to  that,  refers  properly  to  the  nearest  person 
or  object,  //ia(  referring  to  the  more  distant. 
But  the  two  words  are  frequently  used  to  de- 
note reference  indefinitely : 

"Two  ships. 
Of  Corinth  that,  of  Epidaurus  this  " 

.Shakesp.  :  Comedy  of  Errors,  i.  1. 

When  used  in  reference  to  things  spoken  of» 
this  lefei-s  to  that  last  mentioned  ;  that  to  a 
thing  previously  mentioned— 

"  Their  iudcment  in  this  we  may  not.  and  in  that  we 
need  not  follow."' — ffouker. 

Sometimes  it  is  used  in  opposition  to  other : 

"  Consider  the  arguments  which  the  author  had  to 
write  this,  or  to  d»jiign  the  otltvr  before  you  arraign 
hitu.'—Dryden. 

H  (1)  This  is  sometimes  found  as  a  con- 
tniction  for  this  is. 

"  This  a  good  fri.ir,  belike." 

Shakcsp.:  Measure/or  Meature,  v,  l. 

(2)  It  is  used,  not  to  define  or  point  to- 
something,  but  to  designate  things  or  persons 
as  suftlciently  known  in  their  qualities,  some- 
times in  a  good,  oftener  in  a  bad  sense. 

"  Where  is  this  Hector?" 

Shnkesp.  :  Troitits  A  Cretsida.  V.  5. 


&te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  ciib,  cure,  quite,  cur,  rile,  ftU;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


Thisbe— thomaite 


71 


(3)  li}/  this:  By  or  befure  this  time  :  as.  By 
this  tile  Mian  was  {xoiie. 
"  (4)  Useii  for  thus  or  so : 
•'  Wliat  iiiii  I  thftt  tluiu  shouhlst  coiiteiDii  iiie  fhh'f" 
Shiikesp,  :   Venus  tt  Adonis,  :;o5, 

This'-be,   -•;.      [Lnt.  =  a   Babylnnian   maiden 
•  lescnbeil  by  Ovid  (.IM.  iv.  55)  as  cnmniitting 
suicide  because  she  believed  her  lover,  Pyni- 
nms,  to  bo  dead.] 
Astron. :  (Asteroid,  SS.]. 

*this'-ness,  s.     [En^.  this:  -nes^.]     The  state 
or  quality  of  being  this  ;  hascceity.     [Tbat- 

NESS.] 

■■  It  is  evident  that  snineiiecia.  /A(>hc)w.  and  thntness 
beloiigeth  not  to  iiiatter  by  itself. " — Sir  K.  Diyby : 
Ufiserv.  on  lieltffio  .UeUici. 

this'-tle  (tie  as  el),    *tlii8-til,    'thys- 

tylle.  .•■•.  [A.8.  thlstcl;  co^.  with  Dut.  tlis- 
tii :  Icel.  thistill;  Dan.  tiilsel;  Sw.  tistel ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  distil,  distula;  Ger.  distel.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  name  given  to  many 
plants  with  prickly  steins,  leaves,  and  involu- 
cres, or  having  at  least  one  of  these  jiarts 
prickly.  Most  are  composites  of  the  tribe 
Cynarese.  Among  these  are  the  Spear  thistle, 
Cardvus  lanc^oUitus,  the  emblem  of  Scotland  ; 
the  Blessed  thistle,  Carduns  benediclus ;  tlie 
Carline  thistle,  and  many  others.  Britten  & 
Holland  enumerate  forty-six  species  having 
thistle  as  the  last  word  of  their  compound 
name.  Some  other  jdants  are  called  thistles  ; 
thus  the  Mexican  thistle,  Argemone  mexicaiut, 
is  a  poppy  with  prickly  leaves. 

2.  £o(;  (1)  ThegenusCarduus(q.v.).    [Car- 

LINA,  OnOPORDON.] 

1[  Order  of  the  Thistle:  A  Scottish  order  of 
knighthood,   sometimes  called  the  Order  of 


St.  Andrew.  It 
by  James  VII. 
England),  in 
eight  knights 
ted.  It  fell  into 
ing  the  reign 
Mary,  and  was 


was  instituted 
(James  II.  of 
C/  1687,  when 
were  nomina- 
abeyance  diir- 
of  William  and 
r e \'  i  \'^ e d    by 


Queen  Anne  insignia  of  oedeb  in  1703.  As 
at  present  *""  ^'•*-  '[H'^tle.  constituted, 
the    Order    *  ^^"■'Baag?'  consists  of 

the   Sove-  reign  and 

.sixteen  knights.  The  insignia  consist  of  a  col- 
lar, badge,  .jewel,  star,  and  ribbon.  The  collar 
is  composed  of  golden  thistles  and  leaves  con- 
nected by  crossed  sprigs  of  rue,  enamelled. 
The  badge  is  a  golden  eight- 
pointed  star,  whereon  is  an 
enamelled  figure  of  St.  An- 
drew, bearing  in  front  of  him 
his  eross  in  silver  :  it  is  worn 
attached  to  the  collar.  The 
jewel  is  worn  round  the  neck 
with  the  ribbon.  The  star 
is  of  four  points,  with  a  St, 
Andrew's  Cross  embroidered 
in  silver  upon  it.  In  the  cen- 
tre is  a  green  and  gold  thistle 
within  a  circle  of  green,  bear- 
ing the  motto  in  golden  letters.  ""' "  '" 
Ribbon,  dark-green.  Motto :  Xemo  me  impune 
lacessit.  Besides  the  knights  ordinary,  there 
are  extra  knights  (princes),  and  a  dean,  a 
s(>crc't:iry,  the  lyon-king-at-arms,  and  the  gen- 
tleman iisln-r  of  the  greeu  rod. 

thistle -crown,  s.     A  gold  coin  of  James 
VI.  of  f>cnllaiid  (James  I.  of  England),  c-f  the 


THISTLL-CROWN. 


vaU:e  of  4s.      It  bore  on  the  obverse  a  rose, 
and  on  the  reverse  a  thistle,  both  crowned. 


tlliStle- digger,  >'.  A  long  narrow  sparle 
for  cutting  tlic  roots  of  thistles  below  the 
crown  of  the  lo.-t,  and  lifting  them  from  the 
ground.     (Amu). 

tUstle-down,  .*.  The  down  or  winged 
seeds  of  the  thistle. 

"  Asa  aiiuw  flake  M\»  on  snow-Hake, 
As  )i  It'jif  Omps  uii  rt  river. 
As  the  thlxtle-dowii  on  water." 

LouaMtow:  lli<imit>m.  xli. 

thistle-finch,  .>;.     The  goldtinch  (q.v.J. 
thistle -hemp,  >:. 

hot. :  C'inniihi.-i  sdtlva.    (Britten  it  llolUnul.) 

•thistle-warp,  s.  A  bird,  supposed  to 
be  thegnbitiiicli. 

thist'-ly  (St  as  s),  a.     [Eug.  thistl^e);  -y.] 
I.  Ltttralhj  : 

1.  Overgrown  or  abounding  with  thistles. 

"  While  the  quail  clamoui-s  f^ir  his  tuuiiine  nmte. 
Wide  o'er  the  thistly  lawn,  as  swells  the  bieeze." 

Tlwmton :  Summer,  1,G58. 

2.  Resembling  a  thistle  ;  prickly. 

*  II.  Fig.  :  Sharp,  prickling,  pricking. 

"  In  such  a  world,  so  thorny,  and  where  none 
Find  happiness  tinlilighted.  or,  if  foniiil, 
Without  some  thistly  sorrow  at  its  eule, " 

Ccwper:  Tntk.  iv.  ;u,'.. 

thith'-er,    *  thed-er,   *  thid-er,  *  thyd- 

er,     'thid-ir,   adv.      [A.S.   dhidcr,   >lhijd>r  ; 
cogn.   with    Icel.   thadra  =  there  ;   G<.>th.  thn- 
thro  =  thence  ;  Sansc.  tatra  =  there,  thither.] 
1,  To  that  place  ;  opposed  to  hither. 

"  And  thither  came  John  of  Thirlestaiue, 
And  thither  came  William  of  Deloraine." 

Scoft:  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  ii.  33. 

If  The  place  of  thither  has  been  largely 
taken  in  ordinary  language  by  there, 

*2.  To  that  end ;  to  that  point. 

^  Hither  and  thither:  To  this  place  and  to 
that ;  r.ne  way  and  another :  as,  To  run 
hither  and  thither  in  perplexity. 

'  thith'-er-to,  adv.     [Eng.  thither,  and  to.]  To 

that  point ;  so  far. 

thith'-er-ward,  *  thid-er-ward,  *thid- 
ef-warde,  '  thydrewarde,  adv.     [A.S. 
thidcrtrmrd.]      Toward     that    place;  in  that 
direction. 
"  Through  bright  are  the  waters  of  Sing-su-liay, 
Aiid  the  golden  floods  that  thitherward  stray," 

Moore:  Paradise  A  th^  Peri. 

thit-see. 


thlad~i-an'-tha,  s.     [Or.  e\a8ia<;  (thladia^) 
=  a  eunuch,  and  av9o^  (anthos)  =  bloom.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cueurbitaceae.  Tkladian- 
tka  dubia  is  a  pubescent  Indian  climber  with 
oblong,  succulent,  twelve-ribbetl  fruit,  which 
is  eaten  by  natives  of  the  Himalaya  moun- 
tains. 

thlas'-pi,  s.     [Lat.,  from  Gr.  9\a.aTTL  (thlaspi) 
=  a  ci ucifer,  perhaps  shepheid's  purse.] 

Bot.  :  Penny-cress,  the  typical  genus  of 
Thlaspideffi  (q.v.).  Herbs  with  rosulate  radi- 
cal and  hastate  cauline  leaves ;  pod  short-, 
laterally  compressed,  valves  winged  at  the 
back ;  cells  two  to  eight  seeded.  Three  are 
British  :  Thlaspi  arvense,  the  Mithridate  Mus- 
tard, r.  per/oliatum,  the  Perfoliate,  and  T. 
alpestre,  the  Alpine  Penny-cress.  The  second 
and  third  are  rare,  the  first  not  very  common. 
[Pknnv-cress.] 

thlas-pid'-e-se,  thl^'-pi-dsa,  s.  p;.  [Mod. 
Lat.  thlasp{i) ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida:] 

Bot.  :  A  family  of  Pleurorhizese.  Pouch 
compressed,  with  the  dissepiments  very  nar- 
row in  the  narrowest  diameter  ;  valves  keeletl 
or  winged. 

thlip'-sis,  5.     [Gr.  =  pressure,   compression, 
from  Gr.  d^lfito  (thUbo)  =  to  press.] 

Med. :  Compression  ;  especially,  constriction 
of  vessels  by  an  exteinal  cause  ;  oppression. 

thlip-siir'-a,  s.     [Gr.  d\7,i/L<;  (thlijms)  =  pres- 
sure, and  oi/pd  {oura)  =  the  tail.] 

Zoo!. :  A  genus  of  Cytheridse.  Three  species 
from  the  Upper  Silurian. 

'  tho,  pron.     [THIS.J    Those,  the. 

*  tho,  o</i'.     [A,  S.  dkd.]     Then. 

"  Tlio  wrapjiing  up  her  wreathed  steru  arauDd 
Lept  tierce  upon  his  shield. ' 

.•ipenscr:  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  18. 

tho*,  conj.     [See  def.]    A  contraction  of  though 
■  (q.v.). 


[THEETSEt;.] 


*tbd'-an,  a.  (Mod.  Lat.  /M"») .'  ""-I  ^W 
belonging  to,  or  resembling  the  Hectiou  Thoas 
(q.v.), 

"The  TTtoan  group  reprtntent*  In  form  the  wolf  on  a 
ru.liu-fd  ?.CKlv.'—.\'atur<illst't  Library,  tv.  Vi'X 

tfaof,  ''onj.  (See  def,)  A  provincial  form  of 
though,  the  old  guttuml  being  changed  U)/,  as 
in  ri'ugh. 

thole  (1),  thowl,  thowel.  ■  thol,  •  tol, 

*  tholle,  s,  [A.  S.  th'd  :  rogn.  with  Dut. 
./../;  Irel.  thollr  —  a  tree,  a  thole;  Dan.  tid 
—  a  Htop]de,  a  stopper,  a  thole ;  Sw.  tall 
=  a  pine-tree.  Probably  connected  with 
thill  (q.v.).] 
"  1.  A  enrt-i>in.    (Palsgrave.) 

2.  Husband.:  The  nib,  pin,  or  handle  of  a 
scythe-snath. 

3.  Xaut. :  A  pin  inserted  in  the  gunwale  of 
a  l)oat  to  serve  as  a  fulcrum  for  the  oar  in 
rowing.  They  are  arranged  in  pairs,  the  space 
between  forming  one  kind  of  rowlock.  Tholes 
are  shown  on  the  gunwales  of  ancient  Assyrian 
boats. 

■'  The  sound  of  their  oars  on  the  tholei  had  died  tu 
the  disUuice."       Longfellow:  Koangeline,  i\,  Z. 

thole-pin,  s.    The  same  as  Tholg  (3). 

thole  (2),   .s.      [Lat.    tholus,   from    Gr.  floAot 

{llin!os)~a  dome.] 
Arrhitecture : 

1.  The  same  as  Tholus  (q.v.). 

2.  The  scutcheon  or  knot  at  the  centre  of 
a  timber-vault. 

3.  A  place  in  temples  where  votive  offerings 
were  suspended. 

"  Let  altars  smoke  and  tholes  expect  our  Bjwila." 
I'^imut  I'roes. 

thole,    *  thol-en,    *  tho-11-en,    v.t.   &  >. 

[A.  S.  thodati  ^=i  t'l  euiluie,  to  sutfer ;  cf)gn. 
with  Icel.  thol'i ;  Dan.  taale ;  Sw.  t?ila : 
M.  H.  Ger.  dolen,  doln ;  O.  H.  Ger.  dolcn, 
tholoii ;  Goth,  thulaii;  M.  H.  Ger.  duld ;  Ger. 
geduld  =.  patience.  From  the  same  root  as 
Lat.  tollo  =  to  raise,  tolero  =  to  tolerate.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  suffer,  to  endure,  to  bear,  to 
undergo. 

"  A  wel  vayr  compayuye  al  ao  there  com 
Uf  holy  uien,  that  wule  Cholcde  martyrdom, 
Vjipe  vayre  wyte  stedes,  A  m  vayre  armure  also." 
liobcrt  of  Gloucester,  p.  407. 

B,  Intrans.:  To  wait.    (Scotch.) 

tho'-le-ite,  s.  [After  Tholei,.  where  found  ; 
suff.  -(7e(/Wro?.).j 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  by  Steininger  to  a 
rock  which  he  took  lor  a  compound  of  albite 
and  sphene,  A  subsequent  analysis  showed 
that  it  was  but  a  dolerite  (q.v.). 

t  thol-ich'-thys,  .s.  [Gr.  edAos  (tholos)  -  a 
dome,  and  ix^i'5  {i<hthus)r=s,  fish.) 

Ichthy. :  A  pseudo -genus  of  Teleost^an 
Fishes,  founded  on  what  are  probably  im- 
mature individuals  of  the  Cyttida-,  Squami- 
pennes,  &c. 

tholichthys-stage,  s. 

Ichthy. :  A  stage  in  the  development  of 
certain  Teleostean  Fishes,  in  which  the  yonng 
differ  so  widely  from  the  adult  as,  in  many 
cases,  to  have  been  taken  for  types  of  distinct 
genera. 

"  In  the  Tholichthys-stage  of  Pomacauthus  the 
frontal  bone  is  ijrotonged  into  a  straight  lancet -sha|>ed 
process,  nearly  naif  as  long  as  the  body ;  the  supra- 
scapular and  prBeopercular  processes  cover  and  hid*- 
the  d<irsal  ana  ventral  tius.  The  plat«s  attached  \Ay 
the  shoulder  girdle  remain  iwrsUtent  until  the  young 
tisb  has  assumed  the  form  of  the  adult," — Qunthtr : 
Study  of  Fishes,  pp.  IT2,  ITS. 

thol'-o-bate,  s.  [Gr.  d6\o<;  (tholos)  =  &  dome, 
and  pda-i<;  {basis)=:  a  base.] 

Arch.  :  A  cupola  and  a  base;  that  part  of 
a  building  on  which  a  cupola  is  placed. 

tho'-liis,  s,  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  0dAos  (tholos)  =  a 
dome.] 

Arch.:  An  appellation  given  to  buihlings 
of  a  circular  form.  Vitruvins  uses  it  to  signify 
the  roof  of  a  circular  building.  Now  fre- 
quently applied  to  the  lantern  which  sur- 
mounts a  dome.  Specifically  applied  at 
Athens  to  the  round  chamber  or  Rotunda,  in 
which  the  Prytanes  dined. 

tho-ma'-ite  (th  ns  t),  5.  fAfter  Prof. 
Thoinae,  of  Wiesbaden  ;  suff.  -ite  (Mi7i.).'] 

Min.  :  A  donbtful  species,  said  to  be  a  cnr- 
bonate  of  iron,  occurring  in  pyramidal  ci-j'stals 
of  the  orthorhttmbic  system.  Found  at  Bleis- 
baeh  in  the  Siebengebirge. 


boil,  boy ;  poiit,  jowl ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9lun.  bengh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  sh^n.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun;    tlon,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  Ac,  =  bel,  del. 


72 


Thomasite —thorax 


Th6m-^-ite   (Th  m  T),  ».     [From  Julm 

111 A^.  M  1>..  tK>rti  ill  Louduii,  1S1>6,  died  at 

W.-ic^t.  r.  M...vt.,  IsTl.l 

.  ■•  ,     ^  Uiit. :  A  ct'iilruviTsial  imiiii*  Hoine- 
tiin.  -  .ivt-n  iv  the  Chri.HUdfl[»liiuim.  fioiu  the 
lA-    ■!  /    IV   Thi'inas  ui^'aiiiztil  tlifiii  into  a 
LIS    l-.dy.      Tlifj-  belirvu  tliat 
1  the  rt'wurJ  of  tlif  rigliteons, 

I  >  liii  ircfive  the  Inilli  mid  aiv 

Uij't  /  •!.  ui  i  tliat  ullum  will  I't-rifdi  aflir 
Ijuiiishiiit'iil  iir«)|H»rtiom*d  to  thfir  inimU't'iUor 
uttiit  of  faith.  Tlu-y  do  nut  Wliive  in  thi- 
Inmty  or  in  :i  ivrscinal  devil. 

Thd-mo  -^n  (Th  as  T),  s.    [See  def.] 

rhuixh  nut. :  One  of  a  btnly  t>f  CliHstitins 
un  the  Malabar  coast,  said  tu  W  descendants 
of  the  converts  of  St.  Thomas. 

Thdm   ism  (Th  as  T),  s.    [See  def.) 

fVii.r  /'  //lAf.  ;  une  of  the  two  iireat  schools 
of  scholasticism,  the  other  bein;;  Scotisin 
(q.v.).  It  derived  Its  name  from  it«  fonnder, 
St.lhoiniisA(iuinas(l2--»7-74).  the  Great  Donii- 
nicjiii  doctor.  In  tlietdogy  Thoinism  foHowt-ct 
the  ihK:trines  of  Augustine  as  to  free  will  and 
graif.  and  held  that  the  Yii-gin  M^iry  was 
saiictilletl  after  her  body  wns  informed  by  the 
soul ;  its  jihitosophy  was  a  luodenite  Realism. 
As  a  system  it  rests  on  the  .Sruumn  of  St. 
Thomas,  which  is  divided  into  three  i>arls  : 
(1)  Of  HM  in  himself  ami  as  the  Creator; 
(•2)  of  God  IIS  the  end  of  creatures,  ami  of  the 
actions  whieh  lead  us  to,  or  separate  us  from 
Him  ;  and  (3)  of  the  Incarnation,  the  Sacra- 
ments, and  the  l-ast  Things  (i.e..  Death,  Judg- 
ment.  Heaven,  and  Hell).  Tlie  Dominicans 
nalni-ally  ado|>ted  and  defended  Tliomism. 

••The  ..hvioii*  dlfflcuUli-s  of  this  theory  Ictl  Inter 
SciitlaU  tu  iiiu*Ii(>  it  till  it  ntui  xvi^rwly  di!)ttii);ui<tU- 
«ble  (iviu  IhomUrtu'—AdditJt  Arnold :    Culh,  Diet., 

Thdm -ist  (Th  asT),  «.  &  k.  [Eccles.  Lat. 
Tliomi,*!ii  =  a  follower  of  St.  Tliomas  Aquinas.] 
IThomism,] 

A*  As  dtij. :  Of,  Wlonging  to,  or  connected 
with  the  theology  of  St.  Thoniris  Aquinas. 

"The  old  Scotist  and  Thomiit  thi-ologiCT  were  slUl 
luniii tallied.  '—.iddU  *  Arnold  :  Calh.  Diet.,  p.  2T4. 

B.  As  siil^t. :  A  follower  of  St.  Thonia.s 
Aquinas  in  theology  and  I'hilosophy. 

"The  ndverw)  srcts  uf  ThomUtt  ami  .Scutt>tts  tllle'l 
Eurojie  with  their  noisy iiisimt«&."—G.  n.Lvwet:  Ui$t. 
I'hilot.  led.  1*9  'J.  ii.  87. 

tho  mo  -  mj^s  (th  as  t),  s.  [Gr.  tfw/ids  {(ho- 
■iM.v)  —  a  lnap,  and  ^0?  (mifs)  =  a  niouse.J 

Zool.  :  A  genns  of  Geomyina?,  distinguished 
from  the  type-genus  by  having  the  upper  in- 
risors  without  grooves.  There  are  two  species, 
tanging  from  tlie  Upper  .Missouri  and  Uj)per 
Columbia  Kivers  to  Hudson's  Bay. 

thdm- sen -o 'lite  (th  as  t),  s.  [After  Dr. 
.fulins  'ihonisen,  of  Copenhagen;  o  connect., 
and  Gr.  At^os  {lithos)  =  a  stone.] 

Min. :  A  mineral  resulting  from  the  altera- 
tion of  cryolite  (q.v.).  Crystallization  mono- 
clinic,  oceurriiig  in  jmsnis  with  liorizontai 
stria-,  and  also  massive  resembling  chalce- 
dony. Hardness,  2*5  to  4  ;  sp.  gr.  2*74  to 
'J'7t» ;  lustre,  vitreous,  on  some  faces  pearly ; 
eohmr,  white;  transparent  to  translm-ent. 
Combos.  ;  fluorine,  52'2;  aluminium,  15-0  ; 
calcium.  15"4;  sodium,  7'ti;  water,  •»\S  =i  ion, 
which  is  eipiivalent  to  the  hitherto  accepted 
formula,  2(CaNa)F  +  AloF:[+2UO;  but  Brandl 
has  shown  that  the  formula  should  be  written, 
lN,'iCa]F;i-r- AI-jFe  +  H.^O. 

Thdm-so  ni-an  (Th  as  T),  o.  &  g.    [Thom- 

SONIANISM.) 

Jk,  As  adjtctive.: 

Mel.:  Of  or  belonging  to  the  medical  sys- 
tent  called  Thtimsonianism  (q.v.). 
B.  As  subst. :  An  adherent  of  Tliomsonian- 


'  Thdm-so'-ni-an  ism  (Th  as  T),  s.    (Eng. 
Thomsonian  ;  -isni.]    (See  dct.) 

Med. :  A  system  nf  medicine  founded  by  Dr. 
Samuel  Thomson,  of  .Massachusetts.  "  The 
human  body  is  assumeil  to  consist  of  the  four 
s.o-eaIle<l  elements— hie,  air.  earth,  aiicl  water. 
Metals  and  minerals,  1-eing  pondenms  and 
tending:  earthwar«i,aie  .sui)poscd  to  drag  ihiwn 
to  the  earth  tho.se  who  ns<-  them  as  medicines, 
while  ve:;etables,  springing  from  the  ground 
and  tending  upwards,  are  litted  to  make  those 
who  employ  tliem  as  remedies  move  upward 
to  life  .'Uid  liealth. 


thdm'-B6n-itO  (th  as  t),  .>-.      L^\fter  K.  D. 
Thomson;  sulf.  -tr*<.Uin.).j 

J/iH. ;  A  memlMir  of  the  group  of  Zeolites. 
Crvstallization,  orthorhombie,  oceurring  as 
imiividual  crystids  but  more  often  in  radiat^-d 
groups,  also  coniiiact.  Hanliiess,  5  to  (*'■> ; 
sp.  gr.  2-3  to  2-4  ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  pearly  : 
colour  when  pure,  snow-white;  brittle;  i>yro- 
electrie.  Compos.  :  silica.  3S'0;  alumina,  aid  ; 
lime.  12-'.> ;  soda,  4-S  ;  water.  V.iS  =  100,  whir-b 
yields  the  formula  2SiO..Al.jO;((iCaO  +  }Xa(>) 
2UIO.  Dana  dividesas  follows  ;  1.  Ordinary  : 
{\)  in  regular  crystals  :  (2)  in  slender  prisms, 
souietimes  radiated  ;  (:t)  radiated  librous ;  (4) 
spherical  aggregations  of  radiated  fibres  or 
crystals;  (5)  massive;  2.  Me.sole :  including 
scoulerite  :  3.  Chalilite.  Occurs  in  cavities  in 
old  amygdaloidal  lavas,  and  sometimes  in  so- 
called  inctamor|>!iie  rocks. 

thong,  •  thwang. '  thwangue,  '  thwong, 

.<.  [A.S.  tliwann;  cogu.  with  Iccl.  Ihveifjr  ^ 
a  thong,  a  shoe-latchet.  From  the  same  root 
as  TwiNcjE  (q.v.).]  A  leather  strip  or  lash  ; 
a  strap  of  leather  used  for  fastening  anytliing. 

"  At  the  se.intPi,  «hcre  the  different  skius  are  aewed 
togethrr.  they  tire  coinmoiily  orimtneiited  with  t;i.ssels 
i>r  (rinvenof  luirruw  rAojijM,  cut  out  oi  the  »niue  akius." 
—foot      Third  Voyo-ji;  lik.  iv.  ch.  v. 

thong-drill,  'J.  a  drill  to  which  rotatory 
motion  in  alternate  directions  is  communi- 
cated by  means  of  a  cord.  It  is  mentioned  in 
Homer  (Odys.  ix.  384). 

"  Among  the  Aleutt.-(ii  iaUuders  the  thong-drlH.  .-uul 
niHOUK  the  New  Zealauder»  a  uiudfticatluu  of  It.  is 
used  uir  boriug  holes  iuetooe."— ffaJU.'  AncientStone 
Implements,  p.  44. 

t  thong-seal,  s. 

Zool. :  A  name  sometinjes  given  to  Fhoca 
burhata,  from  the  fact  that  the  Greenlanders 
cut  the  hide  circularly  into  a  long  strip,  which 
they  use  for  harpoon  lines. 

'  thong,  v.t.  or  (.     [TuoNG,  s]     To  beat   with 
a  thuTig  ;  to  lash. 

tho'- Old,  ('.  &  5.    [Mod.   Lat.  tho{;H^);   Eng. 
SUIT.  -oi'L] 

A.  As  adj. :  A  term  applied  by  Huxley  to 
a  division  of  Canidie,  containing  the  Lupine 
or  wolf-like  forms,  as  Canis  lupus,  C.  aureus, 
C.  azara;,  &c.  He  applied  the  term  Alopei-oid 
to  the  other  division,  containing  C.orgentatiis. 
C.  tndjies,  &c.  {Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  ISSO,  pp. 
23S-SS.) 

"  I  iim  dis|iosed  ...  to  regard  Otocyon,  ami  the 
Thooid  nud  Alopecoid  series  lesttecttvely,  ;is  geiieri. 
retainiug  for  the  two  latter  the  old  names  ut  Cauis 
and  Vuli»ea."— /"rye.  Zool.  Soc.,  1880.  \t.  280. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Thooid 
series  of  the  family  Canidse. 

"There  is  no  question  that  r/iooW«  and  Aloi>ecoids 
Aimilar  to  those  which  exist  nt  [uesent  inhabited 
EuroiJe  dming  the  Quaternary  epoch."— /'roc.  Zool. 
Soc.  1880.  p.  278. 

thoom,  5.    [Thumb.]    (Scotch.) 

Thor,  5.     [Icei.   Thorr,  contr.   from   Thonor  ; 
A.S.  MMJior  =  thunder.]     [Tuukder,  Thur-s- 

DAV.] 

Scand.  Mythol. :  The  god  of  thunder,  the 
second  principal  god  of  the  ancient  Scandi- 
navians. He  was  the  sou  of  Odin  or  the 
supreme  being,  and  Jorth  =  the  Earth.  He 
is  represented  as  a  powerful  man  in  the  prime 
of  life,  with  a  long  red  beard,  a  crown  on  his 
head,  a  sceptre  in  one  hand,  and  his  hammer 
in  the  other.  Thursday  receives  its  name 
from  him,  and  his  name  also  enters  into 
many  pioper  names,  as  Thorsby  in  Cumber- 
land, Jorthorwald  in  Dumfriesshire,  &e.  His 
wife  was  Sif  (Love),  and  his  palace  Thrud- 
vangr,  where  he  received  the  warriors  who 
liad  fallen  in  battle.  He  was  the  champion  of 
the  gods,  and  was  called  in  to  their  assistance 
whenever  they  were  in  sti-aits.  He  was  also 
the  friend  of  mankind,  and  tlie  ;dayer  of  trolls 
and  evil  spirits.  His  belt,  caviled  Meging.iard, 
had  the  property  of  aoubling  his  strength 
wlienever  he  put  it  on.  His  hammer  or  mace 
was  called  Mjolnir. 

Thor's  hammers.  $■  pi 

Aufhrop.  :  A  j'upular  nan,e  in  the  north  of 
Europe  for  celt-s. 

"  In  Scandiiiavin  and  Northern  Germany  perforated 
axes  and  axe-ham iiiers  are  frequently  known  as  Th-yr'n 
hainmer»."~Emin4 :  Ancient  Stone  Implementf.  p.  164. 

thor'-a,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot. :  Ranuncidns  Thora ;  a  species  from 
the  Alps.  The  roots  are  very  acrid  anil 
poisonous,  and  their  juice  was  formerly  used 
by  the  Swiss  hunters  to  poison  their  arrows. 


th6'r&9'-ic,  *  thd-r&g'-ick,  «.  &  s.    [Lat , 

Ihorux,  genit.  thoracis  —  the  chest.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  thoiu> 
or  chest :  as,  thoracic  arteries, 

B.  .is  substantive : 
AiHtt. :  A  thoracic  artery. 
thoracic -duct,  s. 

Au'it. :  A  long  narrow  vessel  in  front  of  tin- 
vertebne,  and  oj>ening  into  the  veins  cm  the 
left  side  of  the  neek  at  the  angle  of  union  of 
the  subclavian  and  anterior  jugular.  It  is  the 
chief  trunk  of  the  lymphatic  system,  and  the 
principal  canal  througli  which  the  chyle  and 
lymph  are  conveyed  Ut  the  blood. 

thoracic  fins,  ^.  pi. 

Irhthji.  :  A  term  applied  to  the  ventral  (ins, 
when  tiicv  arc  situated  behind  the  pectorals. 

thoracic -myalgia,  >. 

I'nthol.  :  A  liot  wearying  pain  in  the  ten- 
dinous insertions  of  the  Heshy  bodies  of  the 
pectoral  and  sometimes  of  the  intercostal 
muscles,  arising  from  overwork.  Rest,  a 
flannel  bandage  round  the  thoiax,  friction 
witii  anodyne  liniments,  and  attention  to  the 
general  health  are  the  appropriate  remedies. 

thoracic -regions,  s.  pi. 

Aunt.:  Fourteen  regions  into  which  the 
tliurax  in  man  is  divided  by  imaginary 
straight  lines,  longitudinal  and  tiansverse, 
su  that  the  exact  situation  uf  any  spot  may 
be  described.     [Abdominal.] 

tho-raf'-i-ca,  s.  2*/.  [Mod.  Lat..  from  Lat. 
thorajc  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  An  order  of  Cirri  pedia.  Carapace 
either  a  capitulum  or  a  i>edicle,  or  an  oper- 
culated  shell  with  a  basis.  Body  formed  of 
six  thoracic  segments,  generally  furnished 
with  six  pairs  of  limbs ;  al»domen  rudiment- 
ary, but  often  bearing  caudal  appendages. 
Families  :  Balanidae,  Verrucida-,  and  Lepadidie. 

"  th6-ra9'-i-9i»  s.  p/.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
thoraj  {>i.v.).j 

Jchtkji. :  A  Linna?an  group  of  Fishes  (Sys- 
tema,  ed.  12th),  having  the  \'entral  tins  in- 
serted on  the  abdominal  surface  below  the 
pectorals. 

thor-a-^ip'-o-da,  s.  jil.  [hist,  thorax,  genit. 
thoracis,  and  Gr.  nov<;  (poiis),  genit.  rrofio? 
{podos)  -—  a  foot.] 

Zool. :  A  division  of  Crustacea,  having  the 
special  locomotory  organs  belonging  to  the 
thorax.  It  contains  two  legions,  Podophtlial- 
mia  and  Edriophthalmia  (q.v.). 

thor-a-CO-,  pre/.  [Gr.  e^paf  (thorax),  genit, 
t^wpoKos  (thorakos)  =  a  breastplate.]  Of,  or 
belonging  to,  or  in  any  way  connected  with, 
the  thorax. 

th6r-a-c69-er-as,  s.  [Pref.  thoraco-,  and 
Gr.  «epai  {kera»)  =.  a  horn.] 

Pahvant. :  A  genus  of  Orthoceratiilie.  Shell 
straight,  elongated,  conical,  with  a  snniM, 
lateral,  straight  siphuncle.  Known  species 
twenty  ;  from  the  Silurian  to  the  Carbonifer- 
ous of  tlie  United  States  and  Europe. 

thbr-a-co-sau'-rus,  s.  [Pref.  thoraco-,  ami 
Gr.  oavpoq  {siniros)=.a,  lizard.] 

Polivont. :  A  genus  of  Huxley's  Eusuchia, 
peculiar  to  the  Chalk  fif  North  America.  They 
belong  to  the  Procielia  of  Owen. 

"  thor  -ah  (th  as  t),  s.    [Torah.] 

*  thbr'-al,  a.  [Lat.  thorus,  torus  =  a  couch,  a 
bed.] 

1.  Of  or  peitaining  to  a  bed. 

"The  punishuitint  of  adultery  .  .  .  wnB  sometime? 
made  by  a  Ihoriit  separatiou," — Ayliffe:  Purcrtfon. 

2.  Appellative  of  a  line  in  the  hand ;  called 
also  the  Mark  of  Venus. 

thbr'-^.  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  Bt^pa^  (thoixuc)  = 
the  chest,  a  breastidate.J 

1.  A  iiatoniy : 

(1)  Human:  The  breast,  and  speiiially  the 
bones  enclosing  it.  It  Is  somewhat  conical, 
with  convex  walls.  iLs  upper  opening  is  con- 
tracted, and  bounded  by  the  tirst  dor.sal 
\ertebra.  the  first  pair  of  ribs,  and  the  manu- 
brium of  the  sternum.  Its  infeiioi-  margin 
slopes  downwards  on  each  side  to  the  tweUih 
rib ;  its  longitudinal  axis  is  directed  up- 
wards and  somewhat  liackwaids  ;    its  trans- 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;    we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wplt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  ninite.  cur,  rule.  fuU;  try.  Syrian.     »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  :=  Itw. 


thorictldse— thorough 


73 


verse  diameter  :it  the  widest  part  greatly 
exceeds  the  distance  from  the  breast  to  the 
back.  It  coiisist-i  o(  the  dursal  vertebra-,  the 
sternum,  the  ribs,  and  tlie  costal  cartilages, 
and  contains  the  lungs,  the  he;irt,  &c.  The 
muscles  of  the  tluu-ax  an- :  the  inten-ostiils, 
ilie  levatores  coAtuynm,  the  subcostals,  the 
trUuigiilaris  strrni,  with  which  may  be  in- 
Lluded  the  diaphragm. 

(2)  Comixir. :  The  part  of  the  trunk  abov-- 
or  anterior  to  the  diaphrat^ui. 

2.  Entom. :  The  central  division  of  tin- 
bi»dy  of  inserts.  It  is  formed  of  tliree  cm- 
soUdated  si^mites  or  sci^menls  :  the  prothorax, 
the  niesothorax,  an<l  the  metathorax. 

♦  3.  Old  Armmtr:  A  breastplate,  cuirass,  or 
corselet;  more  especially  the  cuirass  or  eorse- 


GBEEK   WARRIOR    WEAKISG    THORAX. 

let  worn  by  the  ancient  Greeks,  correspond- 
in-  to  the  lorica  of  the  Romans.  It  consisted 
ol"  a  breast  and  a  backpiece  fastened  by 
buckles,  and  was  often  richly  ornamented. 

thbr-ic'-ti-dSB,  s.  ?'/■    [Gv.e<oprjKi-n<;(llidrektes) 
=  armed  with  a  breast- plat*.] 

EiUom. :  A  family  of  Necrophaga.  Minute, 
broad,  convex  beetles,  with  the  prothorax 
very  large;  antennse  clavate,  eleven-jointed; 
tarsi  tive-iointed.  Known  species  twenty,  all 
from  the  borders  of  the  Jled  iter  ran  can. 

tho-ri'-na,  s.    [Thofisum.] 

Chem.  :  ThO.  Tliorinuni  oxide  ;  thorinic 
oxide.  Prepared  from  thorite  by  reducing  it 
to  a  tine  powder  and  decomjiosing  with  hydro- 
chloric acid.  After  seiiaration  of  various 
metallic  oxides,  it  is  treated  with  potassic 
sulphate  and  precipitated  as  potassio-thorinic 
sulphate.  From  the  solution  of  the  salt  in 
hot  water,  ammonia  throws  down  thorinic 
hydrate,  which  on  ignition  yields  thorina.  It 
is  a  white  powder  of  a  sp.  gr.  =  9-402.  The 
ignited  oxide  is  insoluble  in  hydrochloric  and 
nitric  acids,  and  only  ditticultly  soluble  in 
sulphuric  acid. 

tho-rin'-iC,  «.     [Eng.  thorin^um) ;  -ic]     Per- 
taining t(i  rliorinum. 
thorlnic-oxide,  s.    [Trorina.] 

tho-ri'-num,  s.  [Latinised  from  Thor  (<i.v.).] 
(7(^(fi,  ;  Thorium.  Atomic  weight  =  115*7  ; 
symbol  Th.  A  divalent  metallic  element 
belonging  to  the  group  of  earth-metals  dis- 
covered by  Berzelius,  in  1S28,  in  thorite.  It 
is  a  very  rare  element,  and  is  obtained  by 
heating  the  anhydrous  chloride  with  potas- 
sium. The  reduced  thorinum  is  a  gray  me- 
tiiUic  powder,  having  a  specitic  gravity  of  7't>5 
to  7*70.  When  lieated,  it  burns  with  a  bright 
flame,  producing  snow-white  thorina  without 
any  trace  of  fusion.  It  is  not  oxitlised  by 
eitlier  hot  or  cold  water,  dissolves  slowly  in 
nitrii-  and  sulphuric  .icids,  more  easily  in 
liyilini'hlniic    acid,   and   is  not  attacked  by 


stl. 


lkali> 


thorinum  oxide.  >.    tTuouisA. ) 
thorinum  sulphide,  ^-. 

Ch'-w.  :  ThS.  Tli'tiinum  burns  in  the  vapour 
of  sulphur,  forming  a  yellow  pulverulent  sul- 
phide, which  acquires  metallie  lustre  by 
])ressure.  It  is  very  slowly  altaeke<l  by  acids, 
and  is  converted  into  thorina  by  roasting. 
thor'-ite,  s.  fEw^.  thoii'tiim) ;  sutf. -i(e(Min.).l 
Mill.  :  An  isometric  mineral  with  a  tetra- 
hedral  habit;  occurring  in  crystjils  and  mas- 
sive in  syenite,  near  Brevig,  Norway.  Also 
found  as  pseudoniorphs  in  the  for'.u  of  zircon 
and  orthoclasc.  Hardness,  4'5  to  0;  sp.  gr., 
4-:}  to  5"4  ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  resinous  ;  colour, 
orange  to  brownish-yellow,  black  ;  streak, 
light  orange  to  dark -brown.  Compos. :  essen- 
tially a  silicate  of  thoria  ;  silica,  17  0 ;  thoria, 
7r>-2  ;  water,  ()'S=100.  which  is  equivalent 
In  the  formula  ThO^SiOo  +  l^llO. 

thor'-i-um,  *'.    [Thorinum.] 

thorn,  *  thome,  s.    [A.S.  thom  ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.    doom ;    Kel.    thorn ;    Dan.    tiorii ;    Sw. 
t'jnie  :  Ger.  tiorii  ;  Goth,  thaurnus.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  LiUrally : 

(1)  Any  sharp-pointed  projection  likely  to 
lacerate  the  hand,  on  the  stem  or  any  otht-r 
part  of  a  shrub,  tree,  or  herb.  Popularly,  it 
includes  both  a  botanical  thorn  and  a  prickle. 

(2)  A  thorny  shrub,  tree,  or  herb ;  often 
used  in  this  sense  in  composition,  as  the 
Black(/(r.ni  the  Haw^/wni,  &c.  When  the 
word  thorn  is  used  alone,  it  generally  signi- 
ties  a  hawthorn.  In  Seripture,  and  specially 
in  the  Old  Testament,  thorn  is  a  generic  word 
including  various  spinous  plants  belonging 
to  ditterent  families.  Precision  in  identifying 
them  all  is  impossible. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  Anything  that  pricks  or  annoys  as  a 
thorn  ;  anything  painful,  irritating, or  trouble- 
some ;  a  source  of  annoyauce  or  trouble  ;  an 
obstacle,  a  trouble,  a  care. 

"  No  tvaveUer  ever  renclied  that  Messed  abode. 
Who  found  not  tliuriLs  aud  briers  in  liia  road." 

Cowper     EpUtle  to  an  Afflicted  Lady. 

(2)  The  same  as  Thorn-letter  (q.v.). 

II.  Bot. :  A  sharp  conical  ]irojection  con- 
stituting the  growing  point  of  a  branch  which 
has  proved  abortive.  That  this  is  its  origin 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  sometimes  trees, 
which  are  thorny  in  their  wild  state,  have 
their  spines  converted  into  branches  when 
long  cultivated  in  a  garden,  as  is  the  case 
with  the  apple  and  the  pear.  A  thorn  ditlers 
from  a  prickle,  which  is  so  suiierliiial  tli;it  it 
comes  away  when  the  bark  is  pealed  <•«',  while 
in  similar  circumstances  a  thorn,  being  deep 
seated,  remains.  Sometimes  thorns  bear 
leaves,  as  in  the  Whitethorn. 

thorn-apple,  s. 

Bot.  :  Datura  Stramonium. 

thorn-hush,  s.  A  shrub  that  bears  thorns. 

■  The  laiittni  in  theniooii ;  I,  the  mini  in  the  moon; 
tU\^flinrii-biish,  my  tliom-b'tsli  :  and  tliis  dujj,  my  dog. " 
Shakes)/.-  JliUsumuier  A'ight's  Dream,  v.  i. 

thorn-but,  s.    A  turbot  (q.v.). 
thorn-devil,  s.    [Moloch,  II.  2.] 
thorn-headed  worms,  s.  pi. 

Zool.  :  The  Acanthocej'hala  (q.v.),  so  named 
because  they  have  a  trunk  or  proboscis  armed 
with  hooks  by  which  they  can  attach  them- 
selves to,  or  penetrate,  the  coats  of  the  in- 
testines of  their  hosts. 

thorn-hedge,  5.  A  hedge  or  fence  com- 
posed of  thorns. 

thorn-letter,  s.  A  name  given  to  thf 
hitter  p  {=  th)  in  Anglo-Saxon,  aud  the  corre- 
sponding character  in  Icelandic. 

thorn-moth,  $. 

Entom. :  More  than  one  species  of  Geometer 
Moths.  The  Purple  Thorn  is  Selenia  ilhts- 
tnitri ;  the  Early  Thorn,  .s".  illumoria;  and  the 
Canary  Shuultlered  Tlmrn,  Eauonios  tiliaria. 

thorn-set.  a.     Set  or  planted  with  thorns. 

thorn-tailed  agama.  <. 

Zoo!.:  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Urumastrix  (q  v.). 

'  thorn,  v.t.     [Thorn,  s.]    To  prick  or  pierce 
with,  or  as  witli  a  thorn. 

"  The  only  rose  of  all  the  stock 
That  never  thoru'd  him." 

Teiun/snn  :  Harold,  i.  I. 


thorinum -chloride.  ^^ 

C/ifm.  :  ThCIo.  Prepared  by  heating  an  in- 
timate mixture  of  thorina  and  charcoal  in  a 
stream  of  dry  chlorine  gas.  It  is  depo.sitetl 
on  the  cool  part  of  the  tube  in  white,  shining 
crystals,  which  are  rectangular,  four-sided 
tables.  They  deliquesce  in  the  air,  and  dis- 
solve in  water  with  rise  t>f  temperature. 

thorinum-hydrate.  5. 

CViem..  ;  Th(HO)o.  Obtained  as  a  gelatinous 
mass  by  the  action  of  causti<!  alkalis  on 
solutions  of  thorinum  salts.  Under  the  air- 
pump  it  dries  up  into  a  white  powder,  re.idily 
sobible  in  all  acids,  excepting  oxalic,  molybdie, 
and  hydrofluoric  acids. 

boil,  hoy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  ^eU.  chorus.  9hin.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £. 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.     tion.    sion  =  shiin ;  -tion,  -?ion  -  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  A:c.  =  bel,  deL 


thom'-b&Ok,  8.  (Eng.  thorn,  }<..aiid  hack.] 
ivluhy. :  lijtjaclavittu,  one  of  thecomninnest 
of  the  British  lljiys.  oceurring  all  round  tin- 
coast.  It  is  dark  brown  in  cohmr,  with 
lighter  spots;  the  whole  upper  snrraee  is 
covered  with  asperities,  and  n  variable  num- 
Ikt  of  large  spines,  like  recurved  nails,  moie 
abundant  in  the  female  than  in  the  nmle,  but 
always  extending  (hiwn  the  tail  in  the  nn.-diau 
line.  It  is  in  the  best  condition  in  November, 
but  is  not  highly  esteemed  an  a  food-hsh. 

*  thorn-less, ».  [Eng. (/iorn,8. ;  ■Uss.)  Free 
from  thorns.    {Lit.  d:Jig.) 

"  Youth's  guy  itrimi;  tnd  (Aorti/ru  imttit." 

Coleridge;  Aviitirr  I**  lioiolr*. 

thom'-tail,  s.     [Eng.  thorn,  s.,  and  tail.) 

(hnitlt.  :  A  popular  name  for  the  species  of 
two  genera  oC  Humming-birds  -Uouldia  (f«>ur 
species)  and  Discura  (one).  The  tail-feiithers 
in  the  tirst  genus  are  much  elongated  and 
sharply  imiuted,  and  the  tarsi  are  covered 
with  a  tuft  of  feathers.  Discura  has  a  racket 
at  the  end  of  the  tail. 

thorn -y,  '  thorn-ie,  a.    [Eng.  thorn,  s. ;  -y.] 

1,  Lit.:  Full  uf  thorns  or  spines;  roagh 
with  thorns  or  prickles. 

"  He  in  the  thick  woven  covert 
PaiiifuUy  tuna,  or  in  the  thorny  brakt 
Torn  and  eniharrasa'd  bleeds." 

Homervile     Chatf,  \. 
IL  Figuratively : 
*  1.  Sharp,  pricking,  pressing. 

"  No  dislike  at^ninst  the  t>eraon 
Of  our  goiKi  um-en.  but  the  sharp  thumii  ^i<iiitt« 
Ot  uiy  alleiieu  reasoUii  drive  tlda  furwArd  ' 

Shaketf).  ,   Ucnry  fill.,  li,  4. 

2.  Troublesome,  vexatious,  perplexing, 
harassing. 

■'  The  thorn!/  point  of  l>are  dialrcM." 

.Shiikeip. :  At  J'ou  like  It,  ii.  7. 

thorny-clams,  s.  j>l. 

Zool.  :  The  laniily  Chamidse. 

thorny -oyster,  s. 

Zool.:  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Spondylus  (cj.v.).  The  h.wi-r 
valve  in  old  specimens  is  ahnost  always  sjiiny. 

thorny-restharrow,  s.  [Ukstuaukow.] 

t  thorny-trefoil,  s. 

Bot.  :  Fagoiiia  triJoUum,  a  Bean-caper. 

thor -6ugh(t/A silent),  ''thor-ow,  ■  thor  u 
■  thor-owe,  *  thor-ugh,  *  thorw, 
*  thuruh,  ('.,  adv.,  prep.,  &  s.     [A  later  form 

ot(/tn.,(/y/i.  (((.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Passing  through. 

"Let  aU  three  sides  h*  a  dynlile  lioiiBe,  wilUout 
thoronilh  li|jUts  on  the  sides."— flucon  ."  Of  Uuildinj. 

2.  Passing  through  or  to  the  end  ;  hence, 
complete,  perfect. 

'■  The  Irish  horseboys,  in  the  thoratigh  reforuiatlou 
of  that  realm,  should  be  cut  off. "— i^cmer .■  State  of 
Ireland. 

3.  Thorough-going. 

"In  ooncluaioii,  he  urged  them  to  l>e  thorough  in 
what  they  undertook."— Wftscrver.  Dec.  20.  I9»j. 

B.  --Is  adverb  : 

1.  Thoroughly. 

"So  waa  I  with  the  SOUK 
rftorow  rauitthed."  Chaurcr :  Ftowtr  A  Leaf. 

2.  Through. 

'■  No !   though  the  aerpenfa  Btiiig  shtmld  jiiercc  ma 
thorowjh."  iiyron  :  Ilcaren  i  lUxrth,  i.  1, 

*  C.  As  preposition: 

1.  Through. 

"  Un  mountains,  thorow  bramhlea.  iiits,  and  fiouda." 
Bcautti.  i  Ftet. :  Phitatter,  iv. 

2.  By  means  of. 
D,  As  substantive : 

1.  Ordinary  Language: 

*  I.  A  passage,  a  thoroughlUre  ;  a  ehatiuel ; 
any  means  of  passage. 

•'The  altenttiou  must  In-  from  the  heiid  hy  mnkiuf: 
other  thorought  and  deviccji.' — //('(.//cirj  .■    Wvrka,   I. 

2.  An  interfuiTOW  between  two  ridges;  a 
channel  for  water.    {Frov.) 

II.  Eng.  Hist.  :  A  word  used  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  hy  Wcntworth,  E^irl  of  Strathnci, 
in  his  conlidential  ennespundcnee,  to  expre>s 
the  scheme  he  mcditate.l  for  subvi-rtiu;,'  thf 
liberties  of  his  counlrymen  and  makiiig 
Charles  an  absolute  monarch. 

"  To  tliiH  scheme,  in  his  couHdrntial  correspiimlenee, 
he  gave  thcexiireiwivcijanieuf  VAorouy/t." — ilacatday : 
Jlisf.  /;<'.,..  ch.  i. 

thorough-bass,  thorough -base.  --. 

[Bass(:1).  .--.,1l.] 


74 


thoroughfare -though  ten 


ttaoroogb  bolt, ». 

shiiJ'uit.i.:  A  IkjU  going  through  from  8ulo 
t..  Hi.lt*. 
thorough  braoe.  <. 

iv;...  v>;  A  str.tiiL;  I'ld'I  ortlinng  ext«ndinji 
fr..m    III-    rt.'Mt    to    tlif   Iiack  C-spriiig  and 

(•■iplM-rtiti;;  the  iHtily. 

tborongh-bred,  a.  &  s. 

A.  .tsiuljfctive: 

I.  Lit. :  Ofimn?  ami  iiiiiuixtMl  broe*!,  slock, 
i<r  rni-c  ;  lired  from  a  aire  niitl  dam  of  tlic 
piirejit  brtHtl. 

n   Fifpimtifeltf : 

1.  IIavill^;  tlic  i|imliMfs  or  cliarai'tcristics  nf 
purv  bn*«'dinK;  liijili-spiriU-d,  nifttlesi'iin' ;  ok'- 
jiinit  i»r  graceful  iii  form,  bearing,  or  the  like. 

2.  Thorough :  na,  a    thorouijh-bred    scamp. 

B.  As  tuKtt. :  An  nniinal.  especially  a  hni-se, 
ttf  I'lin-  lirec'l,  stock,  »ir  nice. 

*  thorough-ft-amlng, .«. 

Otrp. :  All  old  term  for  the  framing  of  doors 
atid  windows. 

thorough-going,  a.  Going  throngli,  or 
lo  the  end  or  bott^mi  ;  going  or  ready  to  go  to 
any  lengths  ;  extreme,  thorough. 

"  Miiltliiltcfttlon  «>(  pro-Tiotoni  ia  not  the  kfiiJ  of 
Tvforiji  wlitrli  diulx  (AVoilr  wlt)i  n  liii-iji!  Bvct[i>u  uI  tlit; 
uiurtt  th'troitgh-ijoiwj  Initil  tofiiriiier-t,"— J.  a'.  Mill: 
'Utirrtnli'int;  Aitrice  to  l.mtd  Ke/onnvrt. 

thorough-lighted,  a.  Lighted  so  tliat 
th.'  lij;ht  pass.s  ii^-Iit  llirongh.  Applied  to  a 
r->om  or  building  thut  liiis  windows  on  oppo- 
site sides,  the  light  not  being  intercepted  by 
partitions. 

*  thorough -paced,  n.  Perfectly  trained 
ti>  ;;■•  tliioii.:h  ;ill  ihc  paces  of  a  well-tiained 
li-Tsr  ;  liiMice,  privet  or  complete  ;  thorough  ; 
lhoroii^'li-<;oin^  ;  going  all  lengths. 

•■  For  hf  Kirrgiiry  of  Huiitf iit'toii  |  wjia  tUoTfiuijh-puced 
in  lhr«»  t'>ii|c<u-!<.  Lntiiie,  (ircvk  |n.t  iti>i<triii'8  by  )iia 
luaity  i»ii)>iieiilti(>n  thu-'k-gntiiiiiiariaiiBj,  iiud  Uebitw." 
—  /■'ii/lrr-    iVortuirt :  lluntiiigtoiishirf. 

thorough-pin,  s.  A  disease  in  horses, 
which  consists  of  enlarged  muoous  capsules 
on  each  side  of  the  Imcks,  giving  somewhat 
t)ie  appearance  as  if  a  pin  had  been  thrust 
through. 

■■  When  tlic  Joint  capnule  becomes  iHstended  with 
fluid.  It  nut  only  prutiiitles  in  fi-i>nt  ui  tliti  hock, 
hlllnK  ui>  the  hoiliiw  wlili-h  la  chimtcteristic  of  thw 
hMittliy  Joint,  but  it  nUuexhiliits  itsflf  in  the  foini  of 
n  (w(t  sweUing  at  the  ninwr  iiiivt  of  the  joint,  in  the 
iithin  tlie  )K>ue  which  h'riii<<  t)ie  point  of  th< 


)i.K:k  und  the  Iwne  of  the  lei;  dirv-tly  in  fmnt  of  it. 
Thm  HWellln^'  H|i|if>ii-H  on  both  sides  of  the  leg,  niid 
ffuui  it«  lionitloii  Id  atlled  n /ftrtroH.flA'/^'i.  Tfmroitgh- 
flint  of  tliu  liuilted  form,  cunaiating  of  snmll  hniml 
tunionn  In  the  atuice  in  front  of  the  Imne  wliich  forms 
the  i)oint  of  the  hock,  qnltv  uncunneeteil  with  the 
i>rinci[ui1  Joint  surfriiro.  itre  of  nu  nioie  couaequence 
tlinn  ordlniiry  windgatls.  Thoroivth-iiina  nre  only 
Kfiiunn  wlii-n  they  mo  a  part  of  the  disease  of  the 
)>riiicipnl  L-<i)<BUt»^.  forming:,  in  fact,  a  purtiou  of  a 
•  Liu. id'  ..r  ■  .>.-g'  'n\r.\\\u:—Fitld,  April  4,  1885. 

*  thorougL  -  sped,    a.       Fully    aceom- 

plislifd  ;  tlioroiigh-p;ioed. 

"Our  thf>r'tugh-»fmlTe\\\\U\ic  of  Whig*,  which  con- 
tftina  the  hulk  of  all  h'i)iei-H,  pretenders,  and  profes- 
»on»,  iirv  must  hlijhly  nselnl  to  1 1 rinc 69. "—Siri//, 

'  thorough-Stitch.  oaIv.  Fully,  com- 
pletfly  ;  going  the  whole  length  of  any  busi- 
ness. 

"Thone  Holid  divines,  that  experimentally  know 
what  Itelon^H  to  the  heaJing  of  a  sliming  soul,  go 
th'irnii^h-Hilch  to  work.  "—/(/'.  HaU  :  Seniion  on  Eph. 
iv.  :i,K 

thorough  ~  wax,  thorow-  wax, 
throw  wax.  .-^. 

Hot.:  liupleunim  rotnndifolnim.  The  stem 
is  branched  ;  the  leaves  ovate,  perfoliate  ;  the 
flowers  greenish-yellow,  with  large  bracts ; 
fruit  witli  striate  interstices.  Tlie  name  was 
given  liy  Turner  because,  as  he  says,  "the 
stalke  waxeth  thro  the  leaves."  (Prior.)  It 
was  formerly  used  as  a  vulnerary.  It  is  a 
narive  of  Kurope  and  Western  Asia ;  rare  in 
Britniti. 

thor  ough-fare  ('jh  silent),  ■  thor-ow~ 
fare,  '  thurgh-fare,  s.  [Eng.  thorough, 
aml/(irf.] 

I.  A  passage  through  from  one  street,  open- 
ing, Ac,  to  another ;  an  unobstructed  way, 
especially  an  unobstructed  road  or  street  for 
public  traffic. 

"Tbe  thoTOuyhfare*  viere  overrun  with  weed." 

Hnnoniug :  Sordello,  iv, 

■  2.  Power  of  passing ;  passage. 

thoroughly  (qk  silent),  *  throughly, 
'  thor-ow-ly,  (u/ 


[Eng.  thorotiffh  ;    -ly.] 


In  a  ihiirrmgh  mantifr  or  degree ;  perfectly, 
eompletf'ly,  lully,  entirely. 

"  Mi.iil  of  thv»f  were  known  t-)  he  rAoro'«aW.v  well 
alTifted  Ui  the  Kovernmeiit."— .Urtcnf^rty ;  Hint.  Stiff., 
vl.    xxl. 

thdr'-dugh-n£ss  (f/A  silent),  s.  [Eng. 
thnruinih  ;  'nr.<s.\  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being 
thoHPiigli ;  i-ompletem-.ss,  perfeetness. 

thdr'-6ugh-wdrt  (gh  silent),  s.  [Eng. 
thoniii'jh,  and  wort.] 

}i"t. :  Kujntorium  perfoUatum.  The  stem  is 
round,  erect,  and  hairy  ;  tlie  leaves  subsessile, 
o])liM.site,  linear-lanceoIat«, acuminate, serrate, 
wrinkled,  jmle  underneath  and  hairy;  the 
iuvoluere  cylindrical  and  imbricatred ;  the 
twelve  to  lil'teeii  Ihnets  tubular.  It  grows  in 
bogs  in  North  America.  The  whole  plant  is 
intensely  bitter.  A  decoction  of  tlie  leaves 
lias  been  given  a.s  a  febrifuge.  In  larger 
quantities  it  is  emetic,  sudorilie,  and  aperient. 
Calleil  also  Boneset  and  Crosswort. 

"thor-ow,  n.,  &c.    [Thorough.] 

thorp,  thorpe,  .«.  [.\.S.  thorp  =  &  village; 
(■'1.1,'M.  with  Out.  <h>rp=  avillage;  Icel.  thorp; 
i);in.  t"rp  ;  t>w.  lorp  =  a  little  I'arm,  acottage  ; 
Goth,  thutirp  ;  Ger.  ihrf.]  A  group  of  houses 
standing  together  in  the  country  ;  a  village,  a 
hamlet.  It  occurs  principally  as  an  element 
in  place  names,  and  in  names  derived  from 
places  ;  as,  AU/ir)r/*,  Copsm!uis//ir)r;?(S  &n. 

"  Wish'd  for,  or  welcome,  wherescw'er  he  came— 
Among  the  tenantry  of  thurfie  and  vill." 

WorUsworth  :  Exeurgion,  bk.  viii. 

thos,  s.    [Thous.] 

tho^ie,  "thos,  "thas,  n.  &  pron.  [This.] 
U.sed  as  tlie  |'lural  <d'  tlml.  these  being  used  as 
the  plural  of  this,  but  etymologically  one  of 
the  forms  of  the  plural  of  this.  When  tliose 
ami  these  are  used  to  express  contradistinc- 
tion, those  refers  to  the  things  first  mentioned, 
or  furthest  oti';  tJiese  to  things  lastmeutioneil, 
or  nearer. 

tho^  (in  the  objective  and  dative  cases  thee, 
pi.  ynii  or  ye),  pron.  [A.S.  dhii;  cogn.  with 
Icel.  thu;  Goth,  thii  ;  Dan.,  Sw.,  &  Ger.  du  ; 
Irish  &  Gael,  tn;  Wei.  ti ;  Russ.  tui ;  Lat. 
tu  :  Gr.  <Tv,  TV  (st(,  ^0  .*  Pers.  tu ;  Sanse. 
tvmn.  The  A.S.  dhu  was  lluis  declined  :  nom. 
dhu,  genit.  dhiii,  dat.  dhe,  acciis.  dhec,  rf/w  ; 
nojii.  id.  ge,  genit.  eower,  dat.  eow,  accus. 
eowic,  eoic.  In  the  seventeentli  century  the 
eiiiidoynient  of  thou  to  any  one  indicated 
familiarity  with  liini,  whether  of  love  or  of 
contempt.  The  use  of  the  plural  you  for  tbe 
singular  thou  was  established  as  early  as  the 
beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century.]  The 
second  personal  pronoun  of  the  singular 
numlier;  used  to  denote  the  person  spoken 
to;  thyself. 

"  When  pain  and  anguish  wring  the  blow, 
A  niinistei'iug  angel  thou." 

Scott:  Martniun,  vi.  30. 

^  (1)  It  was  fjequently  used  emphatically  iu 
phrases  expressive  of  contempt,  reproach, 
scorn,  anger,  or  the  like. 

"All  that  Lord  t'ohham  did  was  at  thy  instigation 
thou  viper,  for  I  thou  thee,  thou  traitor."— Cote:  To 
Sir  IValter  lialeiyh,  at  his  Trial  of  the  latter. 

(2)  The  employment  of  thou  by  the  early 
Quakers  imjdied  that  tliey  regarded  no  man, 
bowe\'er  exalted  bis  rank,  with  special  re- 
verence. With  referenee  to  them  Fuller,  iu 
the  dedication  of  his  Seventh  Book,  explains 
the  usage  of  liis  time  in  a  sentence  useful  for 
lexicographical  jjurposes  : 

"In  opposition  whereunto  we  maintain  that  thou 
from  superiurs  to  inferiors  is  ]jroper  as  a  sign  of  com- 
niand  ;  from  ciiualH  to  equals  is  passable  as  a  note  of 
familiaiity;  but  fiom  inferiors  to  auj)crior8,  if  pro- 
eeeding  from  iKnorance.  hath  a  smack  of  clowuisLuess ; 
if  from  atlectatiou,  a  tone  of  contempt. " 

(y)  Thoic  is  used  now  only  iu  addresses  to 
the  Deity,  and  in  poetry. 

*  thoii,  v.t.  &  i.    [Trou,  jyron.] 

A,  Tnuis. :  To  adilress  with  the  pronoun 
thojt ;  to  treat  with  familiarity. 

"Taunt  him  with  the  licence  of  ink  :  if  thou  thotist 
him  some  thrice,  it  shall  not  be  n.miBB,"—lihukvau  ■ 
Twrl/ih  .Vinht.  iii.  2.  '^  ■ 

B,  lulraiis.  :  To  use  the  words  thou  and 
thee  \n  cnnvei'sation. 

though  (gh  sileiu),  '  thogh,  ■  thoughe. 
*thah, "  thaih,  *  theah.  *  thseh,  ■  thegh, 
'  thagh,  *  thau, '  thauh.  ^  thei, '  theigh, 

ronj.  ^  adr.  [A.^.  dhaih,  dhch  :  ro^n.  with 
Dut.  duch^  yet,  but;  Icel.  tho ;  Dau.  doij  • 
Sw.  dock;  O.  H.  Ger.  doh ;  Ger.  dock;  Goth. 
tluiiih.] 


A,  As  conj. :  Granting,  admitting,  allowing, 
or  assuming  it  to  be  the  fact  that ;  even  were 
it  the  ciLse  that;  even  if;  notwithstanding 
that. 

"  Though  he  slay  me,  yet  will  I  trust  in  him."— 

J<.lt  Kill.  i^. 

B.  --Is  adv.  :  Notwithstanding  this  or  that : 
liowever,  for  all  that. 

"  Let  me  Intreat  you 
To  use  her  namo  as  little  «.h  you  ciiii,  though." 

Dcnti-m.  A  Flet. :  Hea  Voyage,  iv. 

f  (1)  As  though  :  As  if. 

"In  the  vine  were  three  branches,  and  it  wds  at 
thoiii/h  it  bud  lied.  "—(VcHc^fa  xl.  10. 

"  (2)  Though  that :  Though. 

"  Though  that  nature  with  a  heJiuteous  wall 
Uotli'oft  close  ill  )jollutiou." 

ahakfgp.  :  Twelfth  Night,  i.  2. 

•(;i)  What  though:  EHiptically  used  for 
What  care  I  though,  ll'hat  does  it  signify  thought 
&c. 

"  By  chance  but  not  by  truth  :  what  though  f" 

Shakcap.  :  King  John,  i. 

thought  (ough  ns  a),  "thoughte,  pwt.  & 
pi.  jnir.  ,'/  r.     [Think.) 

thought  (ough  ns  a),*  thoght,^^  f.^.S.  thoht, 

grthnht,  ih--ah(,  grth.-aht.  from  getltuht,  thoht, 
pa.  par.  ot  tlii:in:>iii  =  to  think  (q.v.);  Icel. 
thutti,  thottr,  from  thdtti,  pa.  t.  of  thcklcja=  to 
know ;  Ger.  dachte,  yedachty  from  getUicht, 
pa.  pnr.  of  dinikcii  —■  to  think.] 

1.  The  act  of  thinking  ;  the  exercise  of  the 
mind  in  any  way  except  sense  and  i)erception. 

"  Thought  is  free."  Shakesp. :  Tempett,  iit.  2. 

2.  Serious  consideration ;  deliberation,  re- 
flection. 

"  Evil  ia  wrought 
By  want  of  thought 
A3  well  as  want  of  heart."     Uood. :  Lady's  Dream. 

*  3.  Anxious,  brooding  care  ;  deep  concern 
or  solicitude. 

"Tnke  no  tlioiight  for  your  life,  what  ye  shall  eat, 
or  whtit  ye  sliall  drink.  "—J/atfTieui  vL  25. 

4.  The  mental  state  of  one  who  thinks  ; 
silent  coiiteni]>lation  ;  deep  cogitation  ;  medi- 
tatiuii  or  study. 

"She  pined  in  thought." 

Shaketp. :  Twelfth  .Xight,  ii.  4. 

o.  The  power  or  faculty  of  thinking;  the 
mental  faculty  ;  the  mind. 

"It  is  past  the  infinite  of  thought." 

»hakesp. :  Muvh  Ado,  ii.  3. 

G.  Tliat  which  is  thought;  an  idea;  a  con- 
ception of  the  mind  ;  as  : 

(1)  A  judgment,  an  opinion,  a  cmiclusion. 

"  I  speak  my  thoughtt."      ^ihakesp. :  Much  Ailo,  i.  1, 

(2)  That  which  springs  from,  originates  in, 
or  is  produced  by  the  imagination  ;  a  creation 
of  the  mind  having  a  distinct  existence  from 
the  mind  that  created  it;  a  fancy,  a  conceit, 
a  conception. 

"  To  me  the  meanest  flower  that  blows  can  give 
Thoughts  that  do  often  lie  too  deep  for  tears." 

Wordsworth  :  /utitn.  of  hnuiortaUty,  xi. 

*  7.  Ho])e,  expectation. 

"We  have  now  uo  thougtu  in  us  but  France." 

."^hakesp,  :  Uanrg  V.,  i.  2. 

8.  Intention,  design.    . 


^  (1)  .-1  thought:  A  very  small  degree  or 
quantity. 

"  If  tbe  hair  were  a  thought  browner." 

Shakesp.  :  Much  Ado,  iii.  4. 

(2)  Second  thoughts:  Maturer  deliberation  ; 
after  consideration. 

"  la  it  So  true  that  «('fOHf/  thoughts  are  beet?" 

Tennijssn  :  Sea  Dreamt,  65. 

thought-reader,  ^-i.  A  mesmerist  who 
claims  to  be  able  to  discover  what  is  passing 
iu  another  person's  mind;  au  exponent  of 
thought-reading. 

"Ihe  thought-reader  yi\\\  no  o'oubt  find  some  curious 
and  subtle  suggestion  of  some  unknown  force,"— 
Saturday  Review,  June  3,  1882,  p.  fi'JS. 

thought-reading,  s.  A  branch  of  nies- 
nuTi^ni.  Whilst  exhihitiiig  their  powers  its 
exponents  are  blindfoMe<i,  and  claim  that 
without  collusion  or  the  aid  of  confederates 
they  can  tiud  articles  hidden  iu  their  absence, 
give  tlie  numbers  of  bank-notes,  &e.  In 
thought  reading  proper  tlie  tliought-reader 
Imlds  the  hand  and  pulse  of  the  person  to  be 
opiuated  on,  and  professes  to  be  able,  by 
mesmeric  sympathy,  to  discover  what  is 
passing  in  his  mind. 

"  The  self-elected  investigators  of  ttiaught-reading.' 

—S.ifiirday  /.'evit-w.  .Tiuie  3,  ISSS.  p.  036. 

^  thought'-ed  (ough  as  a), «.  [Eng.  thought, 
s.  ;  •(■(/.]  Having  thoughts;  chiefly  in  com- 
position :  us,  ^ad-thoughted. 


"  thought-en,  prct.  of  v.    [Thins.] 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or,  wore,  W9U;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rile,  full;  try. 


;   pme,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
Syrian.     le.  ce  =  e ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


thoughten— thrash 


*  thought  -  en,   a.    [Eng.   thought,   s. ;   -en.] 
Having  a  thought;  thinUiii-i. 

"  Be  >uu  thonihtmti 
Tli.-»t  I  came  With  no  til  intent.* 

Sh'tkcap.:  I'vricles.  Iv.  t. 

thought  -f ul  (ough  as  a),  n.    [Eng.  thought ; 

1.  Full  of  th<»u;;ht  or  reflectioTi ;  contem- 
l»l:itive  ;  engaged  in  or  given  tt»  meditation. 

2.  Attentive,  careful ;  having  the  mind 
directed  to  an  object. 

"  It  refiuires  uhk-Ii  care,  anil  nice  olwervation  to  ^x- 
tract  luiil  He)>ArHt«  the  preciuU!)  ore  from  ao  much  vile 
mixture:  &•>  thHt  the  uiulerAtHiit'ini^  must  he  imtient, 
ant)  wnry.  Riid  ttwughtfiU  in  !»eekiiig  truth."— H/miciif  ; 
Essay  1. 

•  3.  Promoting  meditation  ;  favourable  to 
meditation  or  cnntemplatimi. 

"  War,  liurrid  war,  your  Ihoftghtfnl  walks  invade. 
Aiid  steel  uow  glitters  in  the  muses'  sha<le.' 

Pope:  Clioriu  of  ^thvnianx, 

*4.  Anxious,  solicitous  ;  full  of  anxiety  or 
care. 

"  Around  her  crowd  Distrust,  and  Douht,  and  Feir, 
Aud  thowjht/al  Foresiijht  and  t^^rmentiiig  Oire.' 

Prior:  Pnstmjp  in  Eratm%in  imitated. 

o.  Exhibiting  or  evincing  thought  or  caie  ; 
considerate  :  as,  a  tkouijht/nl  net  or  gift. 

%  Thoughtful,  or  full  of  thinking;  co)isider- 
ate,  or  ready  to  consider ;  antl  deliberate,  reuily 
to  delibeTdte,  rise  upon  each  other  in  their 
signification  :  he  wlio  is  thoughtful  does  not 
forget  his  duty  ;  he  who  is  considerate  pauses, 
;ind  considtirs  properly  what  is  his  duty  ;  he 
who  deliberates  co>isider.<  deliberately.  It  is  a 
reeonnnendation  to  a  subordinate  person  t^i 
be  thought/id  in  doing  what  is  wished  of  him  ; 
it  is  the  recommendation  of  a  confidential 
person  to  be  considerate,  as  he  has  often  to 
judge  according  to  his  own  discretion;  it  is 
the  recommendation  of  a  person  who  is  acting 
frir  himself  in  critical  matters  to  be  deliherate. 
There  is  this  farther  distinction  in  the  word 
ddiberate,  that  it  may  be  used  in  the  bad 
sense  to  mark  a  settled  intention  to  do  evil ; 
young  people  may  sometimes  plead,  in  extenu- 
ation of  their  guilt,  that  their  misdeeds  do  not 
arise  from  deliberate  malice. 

thought'-ful-ly  (ough  as  a),  adv.  [Eng. 
Di'Diijhfpd ;  -ly.]  In  a  thouglitful  or  cim- 
teiiij'iiitive  manner;  witli  tliought  or  eonsi- 
dtTation  ;  with  solicitude  or  anxiety. 

"  The  Planter,  under  his  roof  of  thatch. 
Smoked  thoanht/ttily  and  alow." 

Longfellow:  The  Quadroon  Girl. 

thought'-ful-ness  (ough  as  a),  s.  [Eng. 
tfnf.ihthil ;  -uf^^s.]  The  quidity  or  state  of 
being  tlioughtful ;  deeji  meditation  ;  anxiety, 
carelulness,  serious  attention. 


thoUght'-less(oughasa},  a.    [Eng.  thought, 

s.  ;  -l>'ss.] 

1.  Free  from  thought  or  care  ;  having  no 
thought ;  heedless,  unthinking,  careless, 
negligent. 

"A  rude  and  thoughtlets  schoolboy."  — J/ncuw^ii/: 
Bisr.  Kng.,  eh.  iii. 

2.  Dull,  Stupid. 

"  Juat  aa  a  blockhead  nibs  his  thoughtlets  skull, 
Aud  thanks  his  stars  he  was  not  b-Jiii  a  fool  " 

Pope :  Epilogue  to  Jane  Shore. 

3.  Done  without  thought,  care,  or  heed  .  as, 
a  thoughtless  act  or  remark. 

thought' -less -ly  (ough  as  a),  adv.  [Eng. 
ilcunilitl,:.<s :  -ly.]  In  a  thoni;htless  manner; 
witlu.Mt  thought  ;  Ciireiessly,  unthinkingly, 
negligently. 

"He  who  runs  on  thniighfestl;/  in  the  mad  career  of 
1>leasnre.  can  scarcely  fail  of  losing  his  health."— A' jiox.- 
St^rinons,  Vol.  vi.,  ser,  6. 

thought' -less-ness  (ough  as  a),  s.  [Eng. 
ih'-nglaless:  -iK'ss.]  The  ([uaHty  or  state  of 
being  thoughtless;  want  of  thought;  lieed- 
lessness,  carelessness. 

"  They  lose  the  very  lde.i  of  foresight,  and  contract 

the  f7inM7''^''-»»<'t'M  of  chiUlren."— Cooft;  Third  Voyage, 
bk.  vL,  clj.  i. 

•  thought  -sick    (ough  as  a),  adv.     [Eng. 

thought,  s.,  and  sick.]     Uneasy  with  sad  re- 
flections ;  sad,  sorrowful. 

"  Heav'u's  face  doth  glow 
With  tristful  visage  ;  and,  .is  gainst  the  doom, 
I^  t'i'-ifjhtgick  .it  the  act."      Shakts/'. :  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

*  thought  -some  (ough  as  a),  a.     [Eng. 

thuiujht  :  -som*'..]     Thnu^htful. 

'  thought  -  some  -  ness  (ough  as  a),    '^. 

[Eng.   thonghtsonie  ;    -ness.]  Thoughtfulness  ; 

thought.     \Fairfax:   Bulk  &  Selvedge  of  the 
World.) 


'  tho'-US,  s.  [Or.  Suis  {tlto^),  genit.  Bmo^  (thuos) 
=  a  jackal.) 

Zoul. :  .\ccording  to  Hamilton  Smith,  a  sec- 
tion of  Canidif,  having  tin-  form  of  widves  on 
a  small  scale;  not  nmrc  than  eighteen  inclies 
Idgli  ;  sti-ueture  very  light ;  tail  rather  short, 
forming  a  scanty  brush,  tip  black  ;  fur  close, 
hanl ;  livery  mostly  chequereil,  or  pencilled 
with  black  and  white,  extremities  bull;  ihey 
are  uot  gregarious  and  do  not  burrow.  Kiom 
Africa  and  south-western  Asia.  Some  of  the 
species  are  now  cdasseil  with  Canis  and  others 
with  Vulpes.    [Thooid,  A.) 

thou  -sand.  '  thou  synde,  '  thou  saiit, 

s.X<i.'\.\.S.tlntsnid:  cngii.with  Imt.  d>,i:cud  ; 
leel.  tkiisuiul,  thiUhund.  thiUundnidh  ;  Dan. 
tusind;  aw.tiisen;  Her.  tausetul ;  Goth,  thiui- 
vndi.  The  second  element  is  evidently  A.S. 
and  Icel.  hund  =  a  hundred  ;  the  etymr)l(igy 
of  the  liist  element  of  the  word  is  doubtful.) 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  number  often  hundreds;  ten  tinn-s 
a  hundred  ;  hence  used  indetinitely  for  a  great 
number,  and  in  the  plural  lor  an  indefinite.' 
number. 

"  Some  thoatands  of  these  logs." 

Shakesp.  :  Tempegt,  iii.  1. 

2.  A  symliol  representing  the  number  of 
ten  hundred,  as  1,000,  or  M. 

B.  --Is  adjective  : 

1.  Lit. :  Denoting  tlte  number  of  ten 
hundred. 

"  One  day  is  with  the  Lord  as  a  thoiwtnd  years,  and 
&thou*'indyems  a.s  one  day.  '—2  Peter  iii.  8. 

2.  Fig. :  Used  to  tlenotc  a  great  number  in- 
definitely :  as,  It  is  a  thnumnd  chances  that 
you  fail. 

t  thousand-legs.  ~^. 

Znn!.  :  A  nullepede. 

thoii'-sand-fold,  'thu-senfald,  n.  [Eng. 
thnufi'tud ;  -fuld.]  JNIulti plied  a  thousand 
times. 

■'  Ve  have  repaid  me  back  a  thoiiMantff'Jd." 

Lon'j.feVow  :  dedication. 

thou' - sandth,    a.    &    s.       [Eng.    *housinid  ; 

siiir.  -th.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Next  after  the  nine  hundred  and  ninety- 
ninth  ;  the  ordinal  of  a  thousand. 

"  He  that  will  divide  a  minute  into  a  thousand  parts, 
and  hre^tk  but  a  part  of  a  thousandfh  ifart  in  the  affairs 
of  love,  it  may  l>e  said  of  him  that  Cupid  hath  clapt 
him  o  th'  shouliler.  but  I'll  warrant  him  heart-wliole." 
—Shdieap.  :  As  }'oti  like  It.  iv.  L 

2.  Constituting  or  being  one  of  a  thousand 
equal  parts  into  wliich  anything  is  or  may 
be  divided. 

3.  Hence,  fig.,  occurring  or  being  one  of  a 
very  great  number  :  as,  To  do  a  thing  for  the 
thousandth  time. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  thou.sandth  part  of  any- 
thing ;  one  of  a  thousand  parts  into  which 
anything  is  or  may  be  dividcfl. 

thowe,  s.  &  V.     [Thaw.] 

thowl,  thow-el,  thowle,  5.    [Thole,  s.] 

thow'-less,  a.  [For  th^u-hss=  wanting  thews 
■>r  strength.]    Sluggish,  inactive.     {Scotch.) 

"  Because  I  will  not  wait  upon  tlie/Aow^M*.  thriftless, 
fissenless,  ministry  of  that  carnal  man."— ,Scof(  .■  Old 
Jfortttliti/,  ch.  V. 

*  thow-thys-tylle,  *  sow-thys-tylle,  s. 

[SoWTHlSTLK.l     8<'Wtliistl''.     (I'cumi't.  Varv.) 

thra'-ci-a»  s.  [Fem,  sing,  nf  Lat.  Thracius 
=  Thi-acian.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Anatiiddse.  Shell  oblong, 
nearly  equivalve,  slightly  compressed,  at- 
tenuated, and  gaping  behind  ;  cartilage  pro- 
cesses tliick;  pallial  siinis  shallow.  Animal 
with  the  mantle  close<l ;  foot  linguiform ; 
siphon  rather  long,  with  fringe<I  orifices.  They 
live  in  water  from  four  to  120  fathoms  deej). 
Recent  species  seventeen,  from  Greenland, 
the  United  States,  Britain,  Norway,  the  Medi- 
terranean, the  Canaries,  China,  &c.  ;  fossil 
thirty-si\',  from  the  Lower  Oolite,  if  not  the 
Trias,  onward.     {Woodward.) 

Thra'-cian,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.l 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Thracia, 
or  Thrace,  an  extensive  tract  of  country  having 
the  lower  Danube  for  its  northern  boundary. 

B.  As  subst. :  An  inhabitant  or  native  of 
Thrace. 

thrack»  v.t.     [Etym.  doubtful;  cf.  A.S.  thro---, 


thracu  =  force,  strength,  brunt.1     To  load  or 
burden. 

"  But  certainly  we  rIdiII  one  day  llnd  that  tlio  ■trait 
gata  !■  too  narniw  fur  any  iuhii  to  oim«  )iu*tllnR  lu, 
thrack'it  wliii  urrat  |i>>am»iilonit,  ami  xrciUrr  corrup- 
tion*."'—.VonfA  .  .St-rmoiia.  vol.  li..  Bor.  C. 

thrack  scat,  <. 

Mixing:  .\fci.il  irtnaining  in  the  mine. 

thral'-dom.  *  thrall-dome,  s.  [rod.  thrtrl, 
domr.]  The  state  or  rondilioii  of  being  a 
thrall ;  a  state  of  servituile  ;  bondage,  slavery. 

"  Uo  liail  spirit  enough  to  beat  times  auftry  with 
himself  for  ■ubnilttiiiK  to  aiich  thraldom,  and  titi- 
patieiit  tj>  hrvak  looxe  from  it. "  —  .l/'K-tiu/'tv:  llUt. 
Awj..ch.  Iv. 

thrall,  s.  &  a.  [Icel.  thrn:ll=a  thrall,  a  serf, 
a  slave;  cogn.  with  Dan.  tra-l ;  sw.  Iritl; 
O.  II.  Ger.  drigil,  dregil,  trigil,  trik'd  =  a  slave. 
Original  meaning,  probably  a  runner,  a  mes* 
senger,  hence  u  servant,  from  the  same  root 
as  Goth,  thragjau;  .\.S.  thrtngian  ~  to  run  ; 
A.S.  thrag,  thrah  =  &  running,  a  course.] 

A.  A  s  su  bsta  u  t  i  ve  : 

1.  A  slave,  a  serf,  a  bomlman. 

"  That  we  may  80  suffice  hUvenpoful  ire. 
Or  do  liim  mightier  service  tu  nia  thnt'li 
By  right  of  war."  .Mitton  :  P.  L..  1. 134, 

2.  Slavery,  bondage,  servitude. 

■*  Her  men  took  land, 
And  first  brought  forth  flyaaes.  bed.  and  all 
That  richly  furniahVl  it;  he  hCIU  in  thrall 
Of  all-subduing  stecpe  " 

Chitpmnn  :  Homer;  tfdi/ffp  xi\i. 

3.  A  shelf,  a  stand ;  a  staml  fnr  barrels- 
(Prov.) 

"The  dairy  thraXla.  I  luight  ha'  wrote  my  name  on 
'em.  — e.  Eliot:  Adum  Oede.  ch.  vi, 

B.  As  adj. :  Boml ;  sulyect. 

"  The  Roiuyshe  Babilon  hath  cerLiyoe  hundred  of 
yeres  boUlen  all  Chrlsteudome  cuptuie  anil  thrntt."— 
Cdit  :  LuK:.:     (t'ref.) 

'  thrall- full*  a.    Enslaved. 

.■  UiMf/ir'i//-J^// state." 

>!/lve$ter:  Job  Triumph-tnt,  iv.  CSC. 

thrall-like,  o.  Like  or  characteristic  of 
a  thrall ;  slavish. 

*  thrall,  v.t.     [Tnn.\LL,   s.]    To  bring  into  a 

state  of  bondage  or  slavery  ;  to  enslave,  to 
enthrall. 

"  ThralVd  in  an  Hand  ;  shipwrackt  in  bi«i  tcarcs; 
And  in  the  fancies  that  Calypso  bt-ares, 
E^jund  liom  his  birthrigliL" 

Chapman:  Homer;  Odyue*/,  v. 

*thrall'-er,  .>;.  [Eng.  thrall,  v.;  -er.l  One 
wlio  enshives  or  enthralls. 

*  thrall' -ess, .';.    [Eng.  thrall;  ■e-'^s.]    A  fetnnle 

thrall;  a  female  slave  or  servant,    (fi'ijrliffc: 
Jer.  xxxiv.  (3.) 

thrang,  a.  &  s.    [Throno.1 

A,  As  adj.:  Crowded,  busy,  intimate,  fa- 
miliar.    {Scotch.) 

B.  A.^suh.i;t.:  A  throng. 

thra'-nite,  s.      [Gr.  epavirrt^  (thranilesyi 

Greek  .intiq. :  One  of  the  rowers  on  the  top- 
most bench  in  a  trireme,  who  had  the  longest 
oars  aud  tlie  most  work. 

thrap,  v.t     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Sant. :  To  bind  on  ;  to  fasten  round. 

"The  hull  wag  so  daioagod,  that  it  had  for  some 
time  been  secured  by  cables  whrc'a  were  served  or 
thrapped  rouud  ii."—Southe>/ :  Life  of  JVctson. 


(Thropple.)      The    throat. 


thrap' -pie, 

{.Srnf.-h.) 

"Sorrow  be  in  your  thrapple  then!" — Scott:  Ony 
M>um<rring.  ch.  i. 

thraS-a'-et-US,   .'^.      [Gr.    6pa<rv^   {thrasris)  = 
bold,  daring,  and  aeros  {a€tos)=an  eagle.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Buteoninie,  with  one 
species,  Thnuiaehis  hnrpya,  the  Harpy  Eagle, 
ranging  from  Mexico  to  Brazil  and  Bolivia. 
Bill  like  Aquila,  nostrils  narrow,  ami  set 
somewhat  crosswise  ;  wings  with  fourth,  fifth, 
and  sixth  quills  longest;  tail  hmgand  rounded  ; 
tarsi  short,  sumt,  with  large  scales  in  front 
and  small  ones  at  siile  ;  toes  powerlul. 

thrash,  thresh,  *thrcsch-en,  threshc, 

v.r.  ,t  /.  |_F'M-  thcr.'ieh,  by  im-tutl.-^is  n{  r, 
from  A.S.  thcrscan,  thir.scan  (i>a.  t.  th'rrsc.  ])a. 
par.  thorscen) ;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  dfc^ichen ; 
Diit.  dorschen  :  Icel.  threskja ;  Dan.  ttvrske  ; 
S\v.  truska:  Ger.  dreschen ;  Goth,  thriskan 
(pa.  t.  thrask,  pa.  par.  thruskans).] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  To  beat  out,  or  separate  the  grain  or 


boil,  hoy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  ^hln,  benph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -mg. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  '^^^""     -cioas,  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.    -hie,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  del. 


76 


thrash— thread 


•^cttU  fioii)  Ity  iiKvtns  of  A  llnil  nr  tlimsliiiij^ 
iiiachim",  or  liy  tn-iulinj;  willi  dxoii. 

•  AtMl  III  thu  •nil  >.'iir  lioItSeii  nrnlii  dlii»Uy. 
ADdlAn4A4  It  uut.  Kiul  wliiiiiiiir  It  by  iny.' 

lir^ttrn  :   t'irgil ;  Utvrgic  I.  40i^. 

•  fi)  To  iH-at  with  sticks,  fur  tlio  piir|M>si' 
I'f  knocking  Jowii  fruit,  (DnjiUn:  I'injil, 
Hfory.  i.  4lht.) 

'*.  Fig, :  To  tieat  soundly  with  a  »tick  oi 
whip;  to  fl'ig. 

"  'tMicvuUeiiirit.  y'*re*«t<^'°^-  1  tuvvbc«ufAru«A'(i 
i  UltL.- 

*  Never  «iu  8hn>tr-lu«wij«y  binl  aa  cuAgcW'ii,  griitlc- 
utrii.'  *  Bfiuim,  t  Klft. :  A'icm  i'alour.  111 

B.  IittransWn^  : 

L  Onlinnnj  L'livptagf : 

1.  Lit. :  To  iK'iforiii  Iho  opt-ratlrtii  of  tlimsli- 
inK  com;  to  practise  thrastiiii^;  t^t  lK*Jtt  or 
ttepiinite  grain  from  straw  by  beating  or  ti'cad* 
ing. 

'2.  Fig. :  To  labour,  to  toil,  to  drudge. 

**  I  nttlirr  would  1>«  Hmviu*.  Ikr^ih  fur  rhhiicji 
Like  bU,  thu  scum  uid  sciuiiial  of  the  tliiicA." 

Drgden.     {Todd.) 

n.  .Y«ir((. :  To  move  rapidly  ;  to  make  rapid 
pn>gress. 

"Ck|>tHlii*  have  told  me  thnt  they  linve  WMtchod 
tti«iii  thrathinij  to  wliidwArd  lit  n  atrou^c  breczH  with 
tli«  iniMirr  uf  Alt  ocrMll  lHU«eugrr  iitvAliier."— /Mi'y 
TfUi^r^^^A.  Nov.  W.  llSSi. 

^  Tothnishout:  To  discuss  or  investigate 
thoroughly. 


t  thriish,  t  thrush  (3),  s.    [Etym.  dnubtt'ul.] 
LUA. :  Vai'i'Mis  spt'cit'ji  of  Juncus. 


s.     [Kng.  thnish  ;  -el, 
tlirasli  with  ;  a  Hail. 


thr&sh  -el.  thrash-le, 

/c.l    Am  iiistiuiiient  to 
(/To,-.) 

thr&sh'-Gr,  thresh'-er.  >■-  [Eng.  thrash ;  -er.] 
I.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  thrashes  grain,  &(:. 
U.  Technically: 

I.  Ornith. :  A  popular  American  name  for 
the  ^enus  Harporhyiichus,  uf  tlie  sub-family 
iliiinnit^. 
'2.  Z'X'l.  :  [Alopias,  F'o.v-shakk]. 

thrj&sh'-ing,  thresh' -mg.  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s. 
[TimAsH.) 

A.  &  B.  --!.«  pr.  jxir.  £  jxirttcij).  adj. :  (See 
t)ie  verb). 

C.  As  siibstatttive : 

I.  Lit.:  The  operation  by  which  grain  is 
separated  from  the  straw.  It  is  performed  in 
vari'ms  ways,  by  beating  with  a  flail  or 
threshing-machine,  or  by  trampling  with  the 
feet  nf  oxen,  A:c.  This  last  mode  was  that 
employed  by  the  nations  of  antiquity,  and  is 
the  one  still  practised  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
Persia,  India,  &c.  Oxen  were  generally  em- 
ployed fnr  this  purpose,  and  sometimesdragged 
a  kind  of  roller,  studded  with  iron  knobs,  over 
the  sheaves,  which  were  spread  in  the  form  of 
a<-irclo  on  the  floor,  the  grain  being  placed  to- 
vvanls  the  centre,  thrashing  by  flails  is  still 
practised  in  some  jwrts,  but  the  introduction 
of  thrashing-machines  has  caused  that  system 
to  Ik;  but  little  followed,  on  Jucouiit  of  the 
greater  time  and  labour  involved  in  it.  as 
'•omi>ared  with  the  machines.  Thrashing  in 
Lunilwirdy  is  generally  performed  by  means  of 
a  fluted  roller  drawn  around  in  a  (circular  traek. 

"The  good  red  beaniwl  wheat  Far.  comiiietli  hantly 
out  of  the  huskc.  nnd  aaketh  some  iwiiielull  Ihrath- 
ing.'—P.  Holland:  rti„if.  bk.  xviii..  ch.  xxk. 

'Z.  y't'j. :  A  sound  flogging  or  drubbing. 

thrashing-floor,  s.  a  floor  or  area  on 
which  grain  is  tlinished  or  beaten  out.  In 
eastern  countries,  from  the  earliest  times, 
thrasliing-rioors  were  in  the  open  air.  but  in 
colder  and  nioister  climates,  such  floors  are 
«eccss;irily  under  cover,  as  in  a  barn. 

"OOckI.  wluitwM  i\\<^  thrit»hina-jtnt,r  „t  a  Jebusite 
to  thee,  ab-.vc  nil  other  BoiU!"—//;,.  Halt:  C<mtfmi>  ■ 

thrashing  -  machine,  thrashing  - 
mill,  .<.  A  madiine  for  thrashing  or  beating 
out  grain,  as  wheat,  oats,  barley,  &c.,  from 
the  straw.  The  motive  power  may  be  that 
of  horses,  oxen,  water,  wind,  or  steam.  Men- 
zies  made  a  machine  in  Scotland  in  17:J2, 
and  Stirling  of  Dumblane  another  in  1758* 
but  they  do  not  seem  to  have  been  suc- 
cesses. Meikle,  of  Tyningliam,  East  Lothian, 
invented  a  machine  iu  17S6,  which  is  the 
type  of  modern  thiushers.  Menzies'  had  a 
.series  of  revolving  flails,  and  Stirlings  had 
a  cylinder  with  arms  upon  a  vertical  sliaft 


running  at  high  velocity.  Meikle  invented 
the  drum  with  bealei-s  acting  upon  tiie  grain 
iti  tlie  sheaf,  which  was  IVit  Itetween  rolleis. 
The  English  impnnement  was  tu  make  tin' 
beating  drum  work  in  acimeave  known  as  the 
breasting,  the  grain  and  straw  being  scutched 
and  rubbed  between  the  two  and  carried  to 
the  shaker,  which  removed  the  straw  from 
the  grain  and  chafl",  a  large  amount  of  grain 
also  Htlling  througli  the  bars  of  the  concave. 
The  English  thrashing-machines  are  driven 
liy  engines  of  from  four  to  six  horse-power. 
The  feeding-ndlers  are  three  and  a-half  inches 
in  diameter,  anil  muke  thirty-tive  revolutions 
per  minute.  The  straw-rakes  have  the  same 
diameter,  and  make  thirty  revolutions  per 
minute.  The  drum  has  beaters  formed  by 
stats  on  tlie  enils  cd"  ra«lial  anus,  ditfering  in 
that  respect  from  the  American  thrashing- 
ma(diines,  whicli  usually  have  skeletuii- 
cylinders  armed  with  radial  teeth.  The  sheaf, 
in  America,  after  cutting  the  band,  is  spread 
upon  the  inclined  feed-chute  by  the  person 
wlio  is  feeding,  an<l  passed  gradually  into  the 
tlu-oat  of  the  machine,  head  ends  first.  In 
.some  of  the  Enylisli  machines  the  straw  is  fed 
in  broadside  on,  to  prevent  the  breaking  of 
the  straw  ;  by  tliis  means,  only  a  part  of  each 
beater  acts  upon  the  ears.  In  the  American 
machine  an  inclined  chute  furnishes  the  sheaf, 
heads  foremost,  to  the  action  of  the  radial 
teetli  that  are  attached  to  the  skeleton- 
cylinder,  and  are  opptised  to  the  teeth  iu  the 
C'Jiicave  plates  beneatli.  A  straw-carrier 
elevates  and  discharges  the  straw,  shaking 
out  the  grain,  whicli  falls  into  the  well.  A 
lifting-screw  elevates  and  forwards  the  grain 
a[id  chaff  from  the  well  to  the  vibrating  shoe 
that  carries  the  dividing  screen,  which,  with 
the  aid  of  the  blast  from  the  fan  in  its  rear, 
separates  the  grain  from  its  accompanying 
refuse.  The  clean  grain  then  falls  into  a 
forwarding  screw  that  discharges  through  a 
spout  into  a  measure  or  bag.  An  elevator 
returns  the  tailings  and  untluashed  heads  tu 
the  cylinder  to  be  worked  over.  An  endless 
belt  furnished  with  transveise  slats,  and 
sometimes  covered  with  an  apron,  takes  the 
straw  from  the  machine.  Some  machines  are 
also  provided  witli  a  straw  carrier  that  ele- 
vates and  forwards  tlie  straw,  commonly  dis- 
charging it  on  the  stack. 

Thrask'-ite,  s.    [Traskite.] 

*  thra-son'-ic-al,    a.      [After    Thraso,    the 
name  of  the  braggart  in  the  Latin  comedies.] 

1.  Given  to  bragging  ;  boasting. 

2.  Characterized  by  bragging  or  boasting ; 
boastful. 

"There  was  never  anything  80  sudden  but  the  fi^'ht 
of  two  rums,  and  C-esur's  thraaonicat  hrftg  uf— I  cHiiie, 
saw,  aud  overcaiiie."— .VAnAresp.  .■  As  i'oii.  Like  It,  v.  2. 


'  thra  -  son-  ic  -  gl 

sonical ;    -ly.]     In   a 
manner ;  boastfully. 


■ly,    oilv.      [Eng.    thru- 
thrasonical   or   boastful 


*  thraste,  pret.  of  v.     [Thrust,  r.] 

thrat9h,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  perhaps 
softened  from  A.S.  thrax,  thracu  =  force.]  To 
gasp  convulsively,  as  one  in  tlie  agonies  of 
death.    (Scotch.) 

thrau'-Ute  (au  as  o^),  i^.  [Gr.  epav\o^ 
(thraulos)  =  fragile  ;  sufl'.  -itc  iMin.).] 

Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral  found  at  Bo- 
denmais,  Bavaria.  Analyses  suggest  a  rela- 
tionship to  Gillingite  (q.v.),  to  which  Dana 
refers  it. 

thrave.  threave,  '  threve,  s.  [Icel.  threji 
=  a  Ihrave,  fnmi  thri/a  =  to  gra.sp  ;  Dan. 
(rave  =  a  score  nf  sheaves  ;  Sw.  tra/ve  =  a  pile 
of  wood  ;  Sw.  dial,  trnve  =  a  tliiave.) 

1.  Twenty-four  slieaves  or  two  shocks  of 
corn. 

"A  dainieii-icker  in  a  thntvp 
S  rt  snia'  request." 

nuriu  :  To  a  Mouse. 

2.  The  number  cf  two  dozen ;  hence,  an 
indefinite  number;  a  large  nnmbe.-. 

"  He  sends  forth  thravea  i.f  iMtllaila  to  the  sale." 
„      .     ,  ,        ,  Up-  Hall:  Satires,  iv.  6. 

3.  A  drove,  a  herd. 


:row, 


thraw,  v.t.  &   i.    [A.S.  thrdwan  =  X,o  thrc 
to  twist.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  twist,  to  wrencli,  to  distort, 
to  wrest. 

. "  '^'!*>'  wiuna  bide  thrawinri."—Scatl :  Old  Jfurtaliti/. 


B.  Inlransitice : 

1,  To  cast,  to  warp. 

2.  To  twist  from  agony  ;  to  writhe.  (Scotch.) 

[Thraw,  r.]    A  twist,  a  wrench. 


thraw(i),  s. 

a  ilistiu-tion 


■■Tt<  rill  litter  spul^ie,  dcil  bo  wi'  uie  if  I  do  not  give 
yuur  criiij;  a  lliriiw."—!icolt:   Wauei-tei/.  cli.  xlvill. 

thraw-crook.  >':■  An  impteiuent  with  a 
crooked  head,  used  for  twisting  straw  ropes, 
A:c.    (Scotch.) 

thraw  (2),  s.  [A.S.  thred.]  A  pang,  a  throe 
(q.v.). 

1  (1)  Dead  tkraw :  The  death  throws  ;  the 
last  agonies.  (The  expression,  To  he  in  the 
dead  thraw,  is  also  applied  to  any  object 
neither  dead  nor  alive,  neither  hot  nor  cohi.) 

(2)  Heads  and  thraws :  Lying  side  by  side  ; 
tlie  feet  of  the  one  by  the  head  of  the  other. 

thra'-ward,  thra'-wart,  «.    [Thbaw,  v.] 

Ci"oss-grainei-l,   fro  ward,    peiverse,   backward, 
reluctant.     (Scotch.) 

"  I  have  keiid  the  Liiw  this  mony  a  year,  and  mouy 

ft  thrawart  job  I  hue  had  wi'  her." — .'volt:  Heart  of 

.\fidlothian,  ch.  xiii. 

thraw'-in,  thrawn,  a.  [Thraw,  v.]  Dis. 
turted  ;  having  tlie  appearance  of  ill-humour  ; 
cross-grained,  perverse. 

thread,  "  thred,  *  threde,  *  threed, 
♦thrid,  .-■•  [A. 8.  //r/7»v^  =  1liat  wliicii  is 
twisted,  a  thread,  from  thrdtmit  =  to  twist, 
to  throw  (q.v.) ;  cogn.  with  Dnt.  draad,  from 
draaijen  =  to  twist ;  Icel.  thradhr ;  Dan. 
traad :  Sw.  trad;  Ger.  draht,  drath  =  wwv, 
thread,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  didjau;  Ger.  drehen 
=  to  twist.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  compound  cord  consisting  of  two  or 
more  single  yarns,  doubled  and  twisted.  In 
the  trade  it  is  divided  into  lace,  stocking,  and 
sewing  thread.  The  doubling  and  twisting  of 
thread  is  effected  by  spindles  and  flyers  operat- 
ing in  a  manner  similar  to  the  throstle  (q.v.). 
The  twist  is  usually  in  a  direction  the  reverse 
of  that  given  to  the  individual  yarns.  In  a 
general  sense  tliread  denotes  the  filaments  of 
some  fibrous  substance,  such  as  cotton,  flax, 
silk,  or  wool,  spun  out  to  considerable  length, 
the  common  name  of  such  filaments  being 
yarn.     Thread  is  principally  used  for  sewing. 

(2)  A  yam  measure,  containing  in  cotton 
yarn  fifty-four  inches,  in  linen  yarn  ninety 
inches,  and  in  worsted  yarn  thirty-tive  inches. 
(Sijnmonds.) 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  fine  filament  or  thread-like  body  of 
any  kind,  as  the  filament  of  a  flower,  or  of 
any  fibrous  substance,  as  of  bark  ;  a  fine 
filament  or  line  of  gold  or  silver,  a  filament  nf 
melted  glass,  the  line  spun  by  a  spider,  &c. 

"■  The  smallest  thread 
That  ever  spider  twisted  from  her  womK" 

Shiikesp.  :  Kino  John.  iv.  3, 

(2)  Used  as  an  emblem  of  life,  as  being  spun 
and  cut  by  the  Fates. 

"  Let  uot  Bardolph'3  vital  thread  be  cut." 

Shakesp.  :  Henry  V..  iii.  c. 

(3)  Something  continued  in  a  long  course  or 
ten  our. 

"There  is  here  a  work  of  fiction  x^r-'^ise worthy  as 
such,  and  never  flnggin^  in  the  fhrend  of  ita  excite- 
ment from  beginning  to  eu(i."—Oaili/  Teleyrauh, 
Aug.  29.  1885. 

'*^(4)  Distinguishing  property;  quality,  fine- 
ness. 

"  .A  neat  courtier,  of  .n  most  elegant  thread." 

lien  Joiison. 

(5)  The  central  line  of  a  stream  or  water- 
course.    (Bouvier.) 
II,  Technically: 

1.  Brit. :  A  long  delicate  hair. 

2.  Afach. :  The  spiral  projecting  rib  on  the 
shaft  of  a  screw. 

3.  Mining:  A  slight  vein  of  ore,  smaller 
than  a  bi-anch,  passing  oflfrom  the  main  vein 
into  the  rock. 

■I  (1)  Air  threads :  The  fine  white  filaments 
wliieh  are  seen  floating  in  the  air  in  summer, 
the  production  of  spiders  ;  gossamer. 

*(2)  Thread  and  thrnm :  The  good  and  bad 
together  ;  an  expression  borrowed  from  weav- 
ing, the  thread  being  the  substance  of  the 
warp,  and  the  thrum  the  end  of  the  warp  by 
which  it  is  fastened  to  the  loom. 

"  O  Pates,  come.  come. 
i:ai  thread  and  thrum." 
Shake»p.  :  Jtidsuntmer  yi<fht'$  Jh-cam.  v. 


amidst,  what,  fall,  father; 


fate.  rat.  fare.  «xx..txat.  wnac.  lau.  rather;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine.  pit. 
or.  wore,  woli;  work.  who.  son;  mute,  ciih,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rile.  fiiU;  try.  Syriaji.     se. 


sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


thread— Ihreo 


tbread-carrier.  i 


Knittiufj-mwh.  :  Tlie  Imok  or  eyelet  on  the 
carnage  throu-jli  wliieli  the  yarn  i>asses. 

thread-cells.  ^.  /'/. 

/.,;.}.  :  'I'hiraii-liki-  stiiii;ing  processes  fnuml 
in  til.-  Hv.li.i/,.a. 

thread  finisher,  5.  A  madiine  in  which 
tliMM.i  w  li.;il-''l  to  give  it  a  smooth  and 
jxilishe'l  snrt;i('<'. 

thread  ftame,  y.  The  doubling  and 
luistiiii; mill  I'V  "liich  two  or  more  yarns 
are  conibinnl  to'  form  a  thread.  The  yarns  iis 
they  are  unwound  fnun  the  bobbins  or  cops 
are  passed  beneath  the  surface  of  a  solution 
tif  *;uni  or  starch  in  a  trough  ;  the  wetting 
cnnbles  them  to  be  condensed  into  a  inori- 
solid  thread  ;  tliey  then  pass  between  rollers, 
by  which  thev  are  laid  parallel,  or  nearly  so, 
aiul  arc  them-e  conducted  tn  a  flyer,  by  which 
tlK-y  are  twisted  together,  and  to  tlie  bobbin, 
1.11  which  they  are  wound. 

thread-gauge,  s.  A  gauge  for  detor- 
iiiiniiig  th<'  nnnihcr  of  threads  to  the  incli  on 
screws  and  taps. 

thread-guide.  '^ 

Sewing-mwh. :  A  loop.  eye.  or  other  contriv- 
ance, forming  a  guide  for  the  thread  when  it 
changes  its  direction  at  points  between  the 
reel  and  the  needle-eye. 

thread-lace,  5.  Lace^^f  linen  thread  ; 
sucli  as  Ibinitnii.  and  many  other  kinds. 

thread-moulds,  5.  jjL 

Bot, :  The  Fungi  of  the  group  Hyphoniy- 
cetes. 

thread-needle,  s.  A  game  in  whicli 
children  st,ind  in  a  row  holding  hands,  and 
the  outer  one  still  holding  the  hand  of  the 
next  runs  between  the  others.  Also  called 
Tlirrad-IIie-needle. 

thread-paper,  s.  Thin  strips  of  ]>aper 
for  wrapping  up  skeins  of  thiead. 

thread -plants,  s.  ]d. 

Cninm. :  Plants  wliose  fibres  may  be  manu- 
factured into  thread,  as  flax,  cotton,  &.c. 

thread-waxer,  5.  A  bowl  of  heated 
shoemaker'.s  wax,  through  which  the  thiead 
is  conducted  in  sewing-machines  for  boots, 
shoes,  and  leather. 

thread,  v-t,    [Thruad,  s.] 

1.  J.it.  :  To  pass  a  thread  through  the  eye 
or  aperture  of. 

"  The  largest  crooked  needle,  with  a  ligature  of  tlit 
size  of  thut  I  liave  threuded  it  with,  in  tiikiiig  u^i  the 
biieriDntick  vessels."— .S'/mi-jw:  SurfieTi/. 

2.  Fig. :  To  i)ass  or  pierce  through,  as 
thiough  something  narrow,  interwoven,  or 
intricate. 

"  A  serf  that  rose  hetiines  to  thread  the  wooJ, 
Aud  hew  the  huugii  that  hought  liiacliildreii's  fo'ul." 
Bijroii  :  Liirit,  n.  lM 

thread-bare,  'thred-bare,  'thrid- 
bare,  '(.     L^ng.  thmaii,  s.,  and  bare..] 

1.  JAt. :  "U'orn  so  thatthe  comiionent  threads 
can  be  traced  ;  wtirn  to  the  naked  tlnead  ; 
having  the  nap  worn  off. 

"  A  poor  needy  fellow  iii  a  thrcndb-n-e  cloak."— Cuih- 
den  :  Uiat,  t^uven  Elizttbet'i  (hu.  1515). 

2.  Fig. :  Worn  out ;  trite,  hackneyed  ;  used 
so  long" that  the  novelty  has  worn  otf. 

"  M.iiiy  writers  of  iui>ral  discourses  run  into  st-tle 
topics  ikiid  thrciidbare  i\uotiKtittji3,  not  haiidlmg  their 
subjects  liill.v  and  ch>sely." — Swi/l. 

thread- bare-ness,  s.  [Eng.  threcuihare: 
■ness.]  The  iiuality  or  state  of  being  thrcad- 
baie  ;  triteness  ;  poverty. 

"There  w.aa  much  sieinlcaiice  in  his  look  witJi  re- 
gard  to  the  i-oat ;  it  siKjke  of  the  sleekness  of  folly,  .-uid 
■        ■         ■'  -Mackt^nzie  -  AJuii  of 

*  thread-  en,  ^  thread  -  den,  n.  [Eng. 
thread  ;  -f ».]     Made  of  thread. 

"  Some  in  her  tlire'id.-n  fillet  stiH  did  hide. 
And  true  to  hondiwie  would  not  hrcik  from  thence. " 
Shakesp. :  Complaint  of  a  Lover.  ;ti. 

thread- er,  .'i.  [Eng.  thread,  v.;  -cr.J  One 
wlio^ir  that  which  threads;  specif.,  a  device 
for  guiding  the  thread  into  the  eye  of  a 
needle. 

t  thread' -i-ness,  .'.    [Eng.  thread(y);  -ness.] 

Till-  slalf  .>t   belli.;  thread-like,  or  drawn  out 
int'i  tiuva'Is.     {h'uiMlrich.) 

thread'- like,  a.  [Eng.  thread,  and  lihr.] 
Resembling  a  thread  ;  long  and  line. 


thread -shaped, n.  [Eng.  thretul^auiX shaped.] 

lint. :  Slender,    like   a   thread,    as   the    tila- 

nient-s  of  most  plants  and  the  styles  of  many. 

thread-worm,  .<.  [Eng.  thread,  and  worm.] 
/.••••!.:  A  popular  name  for  any  .si)ecies  of 
the  Neiiiatoidea  (.(i-v.),  from  their  long,  lili- 
forni  body.  By  some  authorities  the  name  is 
restricted  to  Oxiiuriis  vermicularis,  the  Small 
Threadworm,  which  infests  man.     [Oxviuius, 

TmcHOCEPHAH'S.] 

*thread'-y. 'thred-die,  n.  [Ens- threwl : -y.) 
1,  Like   thread  or  lilainent ;    lilanientous, 
fibrous. 

"  Brtinches,   like  the  sniivll  HUd  thri'dd'w  roots  of  n 
tree." — Ontnger  :  Vommnu.  on  Jiccletiattet.  p.  3'i.'>. 

'2.  Containing  or  carrying  thread ;  covered 
with  thread. 

"  From  hand  to  hand 
The  threiul;/  shuttle  glides  alonj?  the  lines." 

Dyer  :  Fleece,  iii. 

threap,  threep.  *  threpe.  v.t.  &  i.    (A.s. 

flindjiian  —  to  thieaji,  to  reprove,  to  atlhct  ; 
Icel.  tlin-Jd  —  to  wrangle,  to  dispute.) 

A,  7'ra)isilive  : 

1.  To  assert  with  pertinacity ;  to  persist  in 
asserting  in  reply  to  denial.    {Scotch.) 

*  2.  To  call. 

"  Sol  gold  is  and  luua  silver  we  threpr.' 

Chauctr:  C.  T.,  16,294. 

B.  hitransitive: 

1.  To  aver  or  assert  with  pertinacity ;  to 
maintain  by  dint  of  assertion.    {Scotch.) 

*  2.  To  contend,  to  quarrel. 

*  3.  To  threaten. 

"  My  foes  they  bray  so  loud,  and  eke  ttirra/ien  so  fast." 
Surrey:  Ptalmlv. 

*  4.  To  cry  out ;  to  comi'lain. 

"Some  crve  upon  God.  souie  other  threpe  that  be 
h.ithe  forguten  tlieym."— Bj'.  Fisher:  Sennutis. 

threap,  s.  [Threap,  v.]  A  vehement  or  per- 
tinacions  alfirmation  ;  an  obstinate  decision 
iir  deterniination.    {Scotch.) 


threas-ure. 


[TREASt.-RE.] 


threat,  *  thret,  ?.  [A.S.  threat  =  (1)  a  crowd, 
crnsli,  or  throng  of  ])eople ;  (2)  a  great  pres- 
sure,  caliuuity,  liouble,  a  threat,  from  fhrmt, 
pa.  t.  of  Ihirotan  =  to  press  extremely,  to 
urge,  to  atflict,  to  vex  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  thrjuta 
(pa.  t.  thrant,  ya..  par.  throtinn)  =  to  fail,  to 
lack  ;  Goth.  iiMhriutan  =  to  trouble,  to  vex  ; 
O.  H.  Ger,  ardrlozan  =  to  tire,  to  vex  ;  M.  H. 
Ger.  erdriesen:  Ger.  verdriesstn.  From  the 
same  root  as  Lat.  trudo  =  t<j  push,  to  shove. J 

1.  Ord.  Jauuj.  :  A  menace;  a  denunciation 
of  ill  to  befall  some  one ;  a  declaration  of  an 
intention  or  determination  to  indict  pnnisli- 
ment,  loss,  or  pain  on  another. 

"There  is  no  terror.  Civssius,  in  your  thrents." 

Shakeap.  :  Julius  Casar,  iv  3. 

2.  Law :  Any  menace  of  such  a  kind  as  to 
nnsettle  the  mind  of  the  person  threatened, 
and  to  take  away  from  liis  acts  that  free 
voluntary  action  which  alone  constitutes 
consent. 

"  Ev  threats  and  menaces  of  bodily  hurt,  through 
f p:u- of  which  a  man's  husiness  is  interrupted.  Here 
Uie  iiarty  iiien«ced  may  eitlier  apply  ti>  a  magistrate 
til  li.ive  tlie  otleiider  bound  over  in  rei-ngiiiwinces  tn 
keep  the  peace  ;  or  he  nuiy  sue  fur  damages  in  a  civil 
Ai:X\on."—BluckxCone:  Cumment..  lik.  iii  .  eh.  h. 

*  threat,  *  threte,  ^  thret-i-en,  v.t.  &  i. 
(A.S.  thn-dtiaii.]    [Threat,  s.] 

A.  Trans.:  To  threaten,  to  menace. 

"  The  demon  Indolence  thrents  overthrow 
To  all  tliat  to  mankind  is  gond  .aihI  de;ir."' 

Tlimiwm  :  Castle  of  /ndoh-iicc.  ii.  ;H. 

B.  Intraits. :  To  thieaten  ;  to  utter  threats. 


threat-en,  *  thret-en,  *  thret-ncn.  r.t. 
&  i.     [Eng.  threat;  -en.] 

A.  Traiiftitive: 

1,  To  use  threats  or  menaces  to ;  to  menace  ; 
to  declare  an  intention  or  determination  of 
inflicting  punishment,  pain,  or  loss  on  ;  to 
terrify  or  attempt  to  terrify  by  menaces ;  to 
denoiince  ill,  loss,  or  mischief  to  Itefall 
another. 

"  Bohemia  stops  his  eara.  and  threatens  them 
With  divers  deaths  in  death." 

tihakvsp. :  Winter's  Tale,  v,  I. 

'  2.  To  charge  or  en.join  with  menace. 

"  Let  us  straitly  threufen  them,  that  tliey  speak 
henceforth  to  no  man  in  this  name."- vlc(*  iv.  IT. 

3,  To  menace  by  action  ;  to  actas  if  intend- 
in;!  to  injure  :  as.  To  threaten  ii  man  with  a 
stick. 


'  4.  To  be  a  .source  of  menace  to. 


5.  To  exhibit  an  appearance  of,  as  of  some- 
thing evil  or  unpleasant. 

"  Tb«  «kte»  ihrriitt^n  present  hlmtem.- 

Shuketp.  :    Winters  Tnte.  ill.  S. 

*  6.  To  announce  (evil)  as  about  ^l  happen. 

"  Tho  nenror  we  itpiiroach  the  thn-atened  iwrriml  of 
decay,  the  more  our  security  iucrv^Mn-'—tlotdsintih 
Polite  /.ear*tinft,  ch.  I. 

^  Krcquently  used  with  an  inlluitive  follow- 
ing. 

"Hath  fhrentened  to  put  nn-  Into  trverla»lin.; 
lit.iTty."— SAuJtM/A  /  iferrt/  »  (.xj  of  WiniUor.  Iti.  a. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  use  threats  or  menaces  ; 
to  have  a  threatening  appearance. 

"Though  the  bcas  threaten,  they  are  merciful  " 
Shakesp. :  Tempest,  w  1. 

threat- en -er,  *  threat -ner,    a.     (Eng. 

tlirv'itcii ;  -tr.  ]    One  who  threatens  or  nicnuce.-". 

"  Vf  jihall  not  "lie  : 
H.iw  should  y<-?  by  tin-  friiitr  it  glvua  you  life 
To  kiiowh-dge;  hy  the  Threati'tfr  l' 

Milton  -■  P.  I..,  IX-  CsT. 

threat  en  ing,  * thret-en-yng,  *tliret 
en~yng,  '  thrct-ninge,  pr.  par.,  s.,  &  «. 

[  rUKKATES".] 

A.  Aspr.  par.  :  (Sec  the  verb). 

B.  As  siibsi. :  The  act  of  one  wlirj  threatens  ; 
a  tlireat. 

"  Breathing  out  threatenings  and  alaughtcr  ngaiiist 
the  disciples  of  the  Lord.'— <4(-Ii  Ix.  i. 

C.  As  adjective : 

1.  Indicating  a  threat  or  menace. 

"  Not  with  such  a  cruel  threatening  look." 

Shakesp.  :  A  Henry  Vl..  i.  a. 

2.  Indicating  something  evil  or  unpleasant 
impending  ;  menacing  :  as,  The  sky  has  a 
threatening  look. 

threatening -letters,  s.  j/. 

Lair:  Letters  containing  threats  of  various- 
kinds: 

(1)  Letteis  threatening  to  publish  a  libel 
upon  any  person,  with  intent  to  extort  money 
or  obtain  some  other  advantage. 

(2)  Letters  demanding  money  or  other  pro- 
perty with  menaces. 

(3)  Letters  threatening  to  accuse  a  person* 
of  a  crime,  with  intent  to  extort  money. 

(4)  Letters  threatening  to  kill  or  murder 
any  person.  The  sender  of  such  loiters  is 
liable  to  penal  servitude  or  imprisonment. 

threat  -en  ing-ly. '  threat  ningly,  »>!>: 

[Eng.    threatening:    -h,.\      In    a     tliivat.  iimg 
manner  ;  with  a  threat  or  menace. 

"  The  honour  that  thus  flames  in  your  fair  eyes. 
Before  I  speak,  ton  llneuii-nin<jhj  reidics.' 

.Shiike.-'p. :  AUs  W-ll  that  Kitds  Well.  ii.  3. 

'  threat  -  fill,  •  threat  -  full,  «.  (Eng. 
threat,  s. ;  -JulL]  Pull  of  tlireats;  threateu- 
iug,  menacirf^'. 

'■  ■  Here  !  turn  here  !"  the  threat/ul  virgin  cry'd  " 
Brooke:  Jerusalem  /Jelivered,  iii. 

*  threat '-ful-ly.  adv.     (Eng.  threat/ul:  -hj.]. 

In  a  threattul  manner;  with  many  threads; 

tlireateningty. 

*  threat'-ihg, "  thret-inge,  s.   [AS.  threat- 

ing.)     A  tlueat ;  a  tliieateumg. 

-  threat-less,  a.  [Eng.  threat,  s.  ;  -lessA 
Witii.nit  threats  ;  not  threatening. 

"  Threatless  their  browrs."' 

a.<//tit«(cr  .   r/w  Captainct,  20L 

threave,  ^•.    [Thrave.] 

*  thred.  >■    [Thread.] 

three.  '  thre,  a.  k  .';.  [A.S.  thrro,  thrin,  thri, 
thry :  cogn.  with  Dut.  dne ;  Icel.  thrir  (IVm. 
thrjar,  neut.  thriu ;  Dan.  tre;  Sw.  tre  :  Gotli, 
threis;  Ger.  drei;  Irisli,  Gael.,  &  Wei.  tri : 
Russ.  tri;  Lat.  tres  (neut.  tria);  Gv.  rpeU 
{treis),  neut.  rpia{triu);  Sansc.  tri;  Fr.  troU;- 
Ital.  tre;  .Sp.  tres.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Two  and  one. 

"  I  offer  thee  three  things,"— 2  Samuel  xxiv.  12. 

II  It  is  frequently  used  witliout  the  nonn. 
to  which  it  refers. 

"[Ahishai]  attained  not  unto  the  flr.it  thrte."  — 
2.sViHt»W  xxiii.  19. 

B.  As  snbstantivc : 

1.  The  number  which  consists  of  two  and 
one. 

"  By  twos  and  threes."     Shakesp. :  Winter's  Tale,  1.  2. 

2.  A  symbol  denoting  three  unitw,  as  3  or  iii. 
U  (1)  Rule  of  Three: 

Arith.  :  (PuoroRTioN,  $.,  II.  2.]. 


boil,  hoy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9hin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  -  t 
-clan, -tian  ==  Shan,    -tion, -sion  -  shun; -tion.    sion  =  zhun.    -cious, -tious, -sious  =  shus.     hie. -die.  A;c.  =  bel,  del. 


78 


three 


(■_')  Tti'r  li'inthrff:  Thn'c  chm-i^  thrirf  iv- 
|H>iileil.    (/niiijiioii;  in  Memonam,  coiif.  IW.) 

•]  Thrtt  \a  lurjifly  uw<|  as  tin-  lirst  i-Iciuctit 
iu  cmimimmiiiiIh,  tU'iiutin^  soim<t)iiii>;  wliicli 
viiiituiiiH  (hnr  iwrts,  iMjrtioiut,  nrKniis,  or  tli« 
likr :     li^.    f/. rr»  nlj^fO,     /Ar«-heaiiu*l,     (/irw- 

*  three  aged,   a.     Living   iluring    thiw 

^:^■|U■r.ill■'II^. 

three  '  boarded    rockllng.  >■     [>!'>- 

Til  LA.) 

three -box  loom.  .•!. 

llViii-.,  ;;  A  loom  liitving  tlim-  shutth- 
lii»^.>t,  Irt'tii  wliiili  hIiumIi-s  i-urryiii)^  yarns  <»f 
«ri  luaiiy  ct'liUirs  an-  (irivt-u  by  tin.-  [iektT, 
;i(-cui(liii;;  l*i  Uie  retiuireiuuiiU  vl  tliu  imlteni. 

three  capsuled,  u. 

Lot.  :  lluviii^'  tlinr  capsules. 

three -celled,  u. 

ImA.  :  lliiMii-  thn-c  celU  ;  trilociilar. 

Three  Chapters,  s.  ;-/.  [Chaitek,  s., 
HO)-. 

three  cleft,  a. 

Ibit. :  Tliree-parti-d  ;  split  into  tliree  jiai  ts 
or  divisions,  ili«|>t-r  tliuu  wlicn  tlirce-lobt-d. 

three  coat  work,  i^. 

1.  I'l'Kt-.in'j:  Applicil  to  work  consisting 
of  tlirci-  cixits  ur  !>ta;^«'s. 

2.  Paint:  Applied  to  house-iiaiiitiiig  wlii-n 
tliree  successivt;  layers  are  required. 

three-cornered,  n. 

1.  Onl.  l.fiiyj. :  Having  tliree  corners  or 
angles  :  as.  n  thrte-coniei'fd  hat. 

2.  Vot.:  Having  three  lojigitudinal  angles  and 
three  plane  faces,  ns  tlie  st«m  of  Vanx  umiUi. 

Three-coruered  comtitiieiicy :  A  parliament- 
ary constitin-nry  created  by  tlie  Heloiin  Ait 
*»f  liiti7.  It  was  entitled  t<>  return  thiee  nit'ni- 
bers,  fur  only  two  of  whom  each  electur  was 
entitled  to  vote,  by  wiiii-h  means  a  large 
minority  was  enabled  to  elect  one  nieiubcr, 
tiie  niajiihly  electing  tlie  other  two.  Ihis 
arrangement  proved  so  unpoj'uhir  that  thrrc- 
cornered  constituencies  were  swept  awjiy  by 
the  Redistribution  of  neaCs  Act,  in  ISS^,  and 
the  boroughs  and  counties  in  wliich  they  had 
exist^'d  were  divided  into  iMirliurnentary  dis- 
tritts,  each  returning  a  single  member. 

three-decker,  5. 

1.  A  vessel  of  war  cairyiug  guns  on  three 
decks. 

"  The  three-deckrr'M  tuikuu  sjiine." 

Tennyian  :  Maud,  II.  il.  4. 

2.  A  slnng  term  applied  to  a  pulpit,  con- 
sisting ol  three  stages,  the  clerk's  place  being 
at  the  bottom,  the  reading-desk  oti  the  second 
stage,  and  the  pulpit  highest  of  all. 

"  Th«  uiudeat  pitipit  uf  mi  I^uglish  cliurch  ia  as  yet 
a  nrity.  for  tlie  coiuiJlicntcd  luid  exteitsive  'tlim-- 
(irckT  '  in  dill   ill   uae    nii    oViT   tlie   cwuutr}'."— iAii/i/ 


three  denominations,  s.  pL 

MINATH-N,  ■,.) 


[Deno- 


three  edged,  a. 

lint. :  Ha\ing  thiee  acute  angles  with  con- 
cave faces,  as  ttie  steins  of  many  plants  ;  tri- 
gonal. 

three  estates,  s.  pi.  The  Loi-ds  Tem- 
porai,  til-'  LmmIs  .spjntual,  and  the  Cumnums. 

Three  F's.  j'/<r. 

Jliit.:  A  term  used  to  express  the  deinanils 
of  the  Irisli  tenantry  as  formulated  by  Micliatl 
Dyvitt,  ih«  founder  of  the  Lanti  League 
(u.v.).  Thrse  were  limited  to  Free  Sale, 
I-ixity  of  Tenure,  and  Fair  Kent.  These 
demands  w.tl-  |.iaitK:;t!ly  conceded  by  Mr. 
Gladsl'int^  Uiii.l  Ai.L  (l.s.^l). 

three  faces  in-ahood,  s. 

But.:   11.-..  tnc-lur.     {Britten  £  nolUnid.) 

*  three-farthings,  s.  Avery thinsiUcr 
coin  of  the  reign  of  Eljziibeth,  bearing  a  proliie 
of  the  sovereign  with  a  roseet  the  back  of  her 
head. 

three  foot,  a. 

1.  .Mr.iMniji^  three  feet :  as,  a(/ir«:./ijo(rule. 
'  2.  Having  three  feet  or  legs. 
'■  When  on  my  three-foot  BtrtuI  I  sit.  and  tell 
Tlic  Murlike  (euta  I  linveiluue." 

:ihtiJie*p.:  CymhfUne.  iii.  H. 

three  girred,  n.    Surrounded  with  three 

hn.-ps.      i>.n!.h.) 


three-headed,  a.     Having  three  heads. 
■■  Ut.i.'P    ilub    kilia    OrbtTUs,   tliiit    Iftreu-fieuilcd 
irtUis."       Sh'ikcip.  :  Loee*  Labotir't  Lo*t.  V,  2. 

rhrf,-}muM  mil :  One  having  three  treads 
united  by  webs,  sot  at  an  angle  of  120°  with 
each  otiier. 

three  high  roll,.-;. 

M,-ia!-tr'uk.  :  A  rolling  apparatus  in  which 
tlin-e  luU'-fs  ate  arranged  in  a  vertical  series, 
so  that  the  meUl  may  be  passed  through 
iMtween  the  middle  and  lower  roll,  and  then 
Iwek  between  tli5  middle  and  upper  one  ; 
rolling  it  at  encli  jiassage  without  changing 
the  tlirection  of  moti«m  of  the  rolls. 

three-horned  chameleon,  s. 

/.•>i>l. :  i.'h(im-rl,:>ii  oiirni,  from  Fernando  Po, 
The  mule  hasahinghoin  over  each  eye,  and 
another  at>  the  end  of  the  muzzle,  whence  the 
po])ular  name. 

Three  Hours'  Agony,  Three  Hours* 
Service,  . 

K''rtt'.<.  A-  Ch'irch  lli^t.  :  A  devotion  jTartised 
(111  Good  Friday,  fioiii  noon  till  three  o'clock, 
in  (roinmenioration  of  the  Passion.  It  was 
introduced  by  Father  Messia,  S.J.,  of  I,ima, 
about  1730,  and  reached  Rome  in  173S.  It 
wasintntduced  into  the  English  Churchaliout 
ISUJ,  and  was  rendered  legal  by  the  Act  of 
Uniformity  Amendment  Act  (IS"-),  which 
permits  additional  services,  consisting  of  any 
I'rayers  from  the  Liturgy  or  Bible,  with 
address  or  sermon,  and  hymns.  Tlie  service 
eonsistii,  in  all  eases,  of  liynins,  collects,  or 
litanies,  and  addresses,  generally  on  "the 
seven  wends  from  the  cross,"  though  this  last 
feature  is  sometimes  varied  by  meditations 
on  otlier  iletails  of  the  Passion.  The  editor 
of  the  iJi^tionary  of  Religion  notes  that  the 
name  of  the  devotion  may  possibly  occasion  a 
mistake  as  to  the  length  of  our  Lord's  suller- 
ings.    (.Sec  Mark  xv.  2j,  ::4.) 

three-humped  moth.  s. 

Enloin.  :Xototloittu  /ri/o;)/(«s,  an  uniber-bfown 
moth  with  various  markings.  It  is  rare  lu 
liritain. 

Three  Kings,  ^4.  pL 

Cltun-li  Hi^t.  d'  I'Jcdes. :  The  name  given  in 
the  Roman  Church  to  the  Magi,  who  came 
from  the  East  to  adore  the  infant  Jesus 
(Matt.  ii.  1-12J.  They  are  probably  called 
kings  from  Psalm  lj:xii.  10,  which  ^■erse  is 
used  as  an  antiphon  in  tlieotlice  forEi'iphany. 
According  to  tradition,  their  names  were 
Uaspar,  Melchior,  and  Balthazar,  and  on  tlieir 
return  to  the  East  they  received  baptism. 
The  Empress  Helena  is  said  to  have  brought 
their  bones  to  Constantinople,  whence  they 
were  removed  to  Milan,  and  afterwards  to 
Cologne.  The  Chapel  of  the  Three  Kings, 
built  by  the  Emperor  Maxiiuiiian  (1459-1519), 
in  Cologne  Cathedral,  is  supposed  to  contain 
tlieir  relics. 

three-leaved  grass,  s. 

lii't.  :  The  genus  Trifolium. 
three -lobed,  a. 

y.'"f.  ;  Having  three  lobes  or  segments,  as 

the  leaf  of  vlnf-'Htoue  lleputica. 

'  three-man.  a.  Applied  to  something 
requiring  three  men  for  its  use  or  performance. 

"  Thrft-viim  sniig-iiieii  all,  and  Very  good  oues." — 
ShttSe-gp.  :  Winter's  Tali;  iv.  2. 

three-nerved,  a. 

Bot.  {pj  a  leaf,  df.) :  Having  three  prominent 
nerves  all  proceeding  from  the  very  base  of 
the  lamina. 

three-nooked,  a.    Having  three  corners. 

three-parted,  a.    [Three-cleft.] 

'  tbree-pence,  s.    A  small  silver  coin  of 

ihe  value  <>t  three  pence. 

•■  "I  is  ati^iiiue,  .1  thirr.fieiice  buwed  would  hire  me," 
—.sh-t/.es/'.     Utiir./  \lli.,  ii. :;. 

three-penny,  a.  Worth  only  threepence  ; 
henci:,  common,  vulgar,  mean  ;  of  little  worth. 

three-per-cents.,  s,  y»/.  Tlie  Stock  of 
tlie  liriti^ii  Government  bearing  iuterest  at 
three  i)ei  cent. 

three-petaled,  a. 

hot.  (Of  a  coroUii):  Tripetalous,  consisting 
of  tluee  petals. 

'  three-pile,  .«.  An  old  name  fur  the 
(ine.st  and  most  <;osMy  kind  of  velvet. 

■■  I.  ill  my  time,  wuro  Ihrfi-pi/e.  but  am  out  of 
Service.  —6liakc^p.  :    ii  intt-rs  Tale,  iv.  a. 


*  three-piled, «. 

1.  !Set  with  a  thick,  rieh  pile;  of  hrat-iate 
quality. 

■■  And  Uiou  the  velvet:  titou  art  good  velvet;  tliou 
nrt  ft  threcpited  )dece.  I  wuiritut  tliee."— AVinAtap. . 
Meatttre/or  Heature.  i.  2. 

2.  Exaggerated,  high-Hown,  piled  up. 

"  Three-pUtid  by|)erl»oleH  ;  spruce  nffectJitiuii." 

ShtiKvifi.  :  Love'»  Labour's  Lost,  v.  2. 

3.  Wearing  three-pile.  (Applied  to  persons 
iif  rank  ur  wealth.) 

three-ply,  «.  Threefold;  consisting  of 
three  strands,  as  cord,  yarn,  &c.  ;  consisting 
of  three  dist'uct  webs  inwrought  together  in 
weaving. 

Three-]iln  car)M't :  A  carpet  made  of  wool, 
worsted,  or  a  c^onibinatiou  of  the  two,  and 
having  three  webs  whose  warps  are  inter- 
changeable, HO  as  to  allow  only  such  to  lie 
brought  to  the  surface  as  may  suit  the 
developinent  of  the  pattern.  Also  known  as 
Triple-iiigraiii  earpet. 

three-quarters,  s.  Anything  three- 
quarters  of  its  normal  size  or  projiortions ; 
specif.,  a  size  of  portrait  measuring  30  inches 
by  25,  or  a  jiortrait  to  tlie  hips  only. 

three-ribbed,  a. 

Jlui.  {Ufa  Inif):  Having  three  ribs  springing 
from  tlie  base. 

three-seeded,  a. 

But.  :  Having  three  seeds. 
three-spined  stickleback,  .s. 

!<-.kthij. :  Gnstrmtciis  actdeatiis,  a  British 
freshwater  species.    [Stickleback.] 

three-square,  a.     Three-cornered,   tri- 

angidar.     [byuARE,  5.,  ^  8.] 

Tkree-square  file:  The  ordinary,  tajiering 
haud-saw  tile  of  triangular  cross  section. 

three-stages,  5.  j'l- 

I'hili's.  :  A  term  introduced  by  Comte  t> 
denote  the  necessary  stages  through  which, 
as  he  asserted,  the  human  mind  must  pass  in 
its  evolution  from  infancy  to  maturity.  These 
stages  are  (1)  the  theological,  (2)  the  meta- 
physical, and  (3)  the  positive.  J.  S.  Mill 
suggested,  as  less  ambiguous,  the  terms  (1)  vo- 
litional, (:i)  abstraetional,  and  (a)  experiential. 

T]  Law  of  the  Three  Stages  : 

J'hilos. :  (See  extract). 

"Two-thirdu  of  the  objections  urged  n^aiiist  this 
Luwo/the  Three  Staycs me  bwaed  ou  a  radical  iiii^ap- 
prebeuaiou  of  it.  .  .  .  The  taw  does  not  nssert  that  nC 
distiuct  historical  periods  men  were  successively  in 
ench  of  the  three  aUigfs,  that  there  w.is  a  time  when  a 
nation,  ur  even  a  tribe,  was  exclusively  theological, 
exclusively  metaphysical,  or  exclusively  jxisitive ;  it 
asserts  that  the  ciiief  conceptions  man  frames  respect- 
ing the  world,  himself,  and  society,  must  jtass  through 
three  stages,  with  varyins;  velocity  luider  various 
social  conditions,  but  in  iiiivarying  order."— 0.  JI. 
Lewes:  IlUt.  PhUoa.  (ed.  163J),  ii,  715.  "16. 

three-stone  mill,  s.  A  mill  with  one 
middle  nmnei-  liaving  two  faces,  which  act 
against  two  lateral  slnnes. 

three-striped  owl-monkey,  ^ 

Zool. :  Kyctipitheais  trivirgatus,  Irom  Kouth 
America.  Body  about  a  foot  long,  tail  rather 
more;  fur  grayish-brown,  face  with  a  whitish 
rurt  ;  forehead  while,  with  three  black  stripes. 

^  three-suited,  a.  A  word  of  doubtful 
meaning,  used  only  by  Shakespeare.  It 
probably  means  poor,  beggarly,  peasant-like. 

•■  A  base,  proud,  shallow  beggarly,  three-suited 
Vixh\e."—S}uikvip. :  Lear,  ii.  "2. 

*  three -threads,  s.  Half  common  ale 
mixed  with  stale  and  double  beer.  [Entire,  s.] 

"  Amurningadraught  -jf  fhree-th reads."—!'.  Druwn: 
Works,  li.  -Jsc. 

three-toed  sloth,  s. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
Sloth  having  digits  oii  the  fore  limbs,  all 
furnished  with  claws.  It  thus  applies  to  the 
genus  Bradypus  and  to  the  Arctopithecus  of 
Gray. 

*  three-trees,  s.    The  gallows. 
three-valved, ". 

Bot.  {Ufa  rapsule):  Opening  by  three  valves 

or  divisions. 

three-way,  a.  Moving  or  directed  in 
three  ways. 

Three-way  rock :  One  having  three  positions, 
directing  the  fluid  in  either  of  three  different 
channels. 

Three-way  valve:  One  which  governs  three 
ojienings. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  f&U,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mite.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  riile.  fiU;  try.  Syrian.    £B.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


threefold— thrill 


79 


three-fold*  ti-  &  «(/r.     [A.S.   thrifeahl,  thric- 

MI.L] 

A.  As  adj. :  Consisting  of  three  in  one,  or 
one  thrice  repeatetl ;  triple. 

"  Tills  thvefolti  perjury." 

Shaketp. :  Two  OcntUnnen,  ii.  f!. 

B,  -4s  adv.:  In  a  threefnUl  nnuiner  or  de- 
gree; trebly;  heuce,  exceedingly;  very 
greatly. 

■■  Tia  OirccJoidtoo  little." 

Shaketp.:  I'VM  Ocntlemen,  i.  1. 

threel'-mg,  >'.     [Ewi^.  three ;  -linij.] 

Cri/stall.  :  A  cunipiiund  ciystal  consisting 
of  three  united  crystals. 

threep,  v.  &.  s.    (Threap.] 

three-score,  <r.  [Eng.  three,  and  score] 
Thrice  twenty  ;  sixty.  (Often  used  without 
tlie  noun  to  whieli  it  refers.) 

"  Threvscore  iiiiil  ten  I  ciin  reiueinVjer  well." 

Shakesp.  :  I  Henry  It'.,  ii.  2. 

*  threisch-fold,  s.    [Threshold.] 

■  threne,  «.  [Lat.  threuus,  from  Gr.  Spijcos 
{Ihrcnos)  =  a  lauientatinn,  from  dpeofiai 
{threomai)  =  Ut  cry  aloud.]  A  cuuiplaiut,  a 
lamentation,  a  threnody. 

"  It  inaile  tiiia  threiw 
To  the  phceiilx  and  tlie  <luve, 
As  c-lujius  to  tlieir  tnigiu  ai'Bue." 

afinkfSf.  :  I'tissioiiitle  Pilgrim. 

*  thre-net' ic,  *  thre-net'-ic-al,  a.    [Lat. 

Ihrenvtirus,  Iroiii    i.''\.  vptivt\ji.KQ'i  {thremtikosW 

Sorrowful,  nmuinful. 

*thren'-6de,  s.  [Threnody.]  A  threne,  u 
tlirenoily,  a  euiuiilaint. 

*  thre-no-di-al,  ".  [Eng.  threnody;  -a/.] 
Ol  nr  pertaining  to  a  threnody  ;  elegiac. 

"This  was  piettj'  well  fur  a  tlircnodial  flight."  — 
HoiUhfy  :  Tlte  Ductor,  cli.  cxxxiiL 

*  thren'-O-dist,  s.  [Eng.  threnod(y)  ;  -1st.] 
A  writer  of  threnodies  ;  a  eonii)Oser  of  dirges. 

thren'-d-dy,  s.  [Gf.  dpvfviDSia (thrcnOd in),  from 
6pffvo<;  (thrcnos)  —  lamentation,  Jind  wSi^  {ode)  = 
a  song.]  A  song  of  lamentation',  a  dirge ; 
especially,  a  poem  couipused  on  the  occasion 
of  the  death  of  some  distinguished  personage. 

"The  most  powerful  eloquence  is  the  threnody  of  a 
brokeu  htarl.'—Farindon  r  l^ennoru,  p.  34.     (10^7.) 

*  thren'-OS,  s.     [Gr.]    A  threne,  a  threnody. 

■■  threpe,  v.t.  &  i.    [Threap.] 

threp-s61'-6-gy,  s.  [Gr.  tfpe^ts  (thn'psis)  = 
noniishment ;  sutt*.  -ology.]  The  doctrine  of, 
or  a  discourse  ou,  the  liutrition  of  organized 
bodies. 

thresh,  v.t.  &  i.    [Thrash.] 

threshes.   [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  rush.  (Scotch.) 

thresh'-er,  s.     [Eng.  thresh,  w ;  -er.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  One  who  threshes  ;  a  thrasher. 

"One  English  cjirter  or  thresher,  who  had  not  j'et 
leuriii^d  how  to  loiid  a  yuu  or  porta  pike." — Macuuluj  : 
Hint.  Eng..  cli.  xiv. 

"  2.  A  member  of  an  Irish  Catholic  organiza- 
tion instituted  in  ISOO.  Its  principal  object 
was  to  resist  the  payment  of  tithes.  Its 
threats  and  warnings  were  signed  "Captitiu 
Thresher." 

II.  Zool.  :  The  s.iuie  as  Thrasher,  II.  2. 

thresh'  -  old,  ^  thresh  -  wold,  *  thres  - 
wold.  "  thresshewold,  ^  therswald,  >. 

[A.M.  Ihersculd,  lh<rsrwald,  \\t.  =  the  pieee  nf 
wimd  which  is  beaten,  i.e.,  by  the  feet  of  those 
who  enter  the  house,  the  thrash-wood,  front 
therscan  =  to  thrash,  and  wald,  weald  —  a 
wood  ;  Ic;el.  thr€:ikjoldr,  from  threskja  =  to 
thrash,  and  voLlr—  wood.]  [Weald,  Wold.] 
I.  Literally : 

1.  The  sill  of  a  doorway  ;  the  plank,  stone, 
or  jiiece  of  timber  which  lies  at  the  bottom  or 
under  a  door,  particularly  of  a  dwelling-house, 
church,  or  the  like.     (Chaucer:  C.  T.,  S,lt>4.) 

2.  Hence,  an  entrance,  agate,  a  doorway. 

"  When  through  the  cottage  threshold  we  had  passed." 
Ii' ordswort/i:  Bxfursion,  bk.  iii. 

II.  Fig. :  Entranee ;  the  place  or  point  of 
entering  or  bcgiiuiiiig  ;  outset,  start. 

"  I  He]  might  have  been  deterred  on  the  very  thri>»hold, 
it  he  hrtdseen  uothiui;  but  the  roughness  of  the  road 
;>ud  the  difficulty  of  the  ascent  to  any  very  distiu- 
(.'uiylied    eniiiieuce."— A'«(*x  ,■    Jiemar/uf  on   Giamniar 

*threste,  v.t.  &  i.    [Thhl-st.] 


*thres-wold,  ^.    [Thheshold.] 

*■  threte.  r.f.    [Thulat,  r.j 

'  thret-teen,  ■  thret-tone,  a.  &  s.    [Tunt- 

'ILKN.J 

■  thret-tie,     thret-ty,  a.  &  s.    [Tuihtv.) 

threw  (ew  as  6),  jnct.  of  v.    [Throw,  v.] 

thrib-ble,  c.  A:  s.    [Treble.]    (/*n.c.) 

thri9e,  '  thries,  '  thrise.  "  thryes, 
"thryse,  udc.  [l-'or  thrU,  contracted  lurm 
of  Mid.  Kng.  thries,  thrycSy  fiuin  thriH,  with 
adverbial  sulf.  -s  (as  in  once,  twice),  from  A.b. 
thriwa  =  tlirice,  from  thri  —  three  (q.v.).j 

1.  Lit. :  Three  tiuies.    (Maltlicw  xxvi.  34.) 

2.  Fig.:  Repeatedly,  emphatically;  very 
much.     {Shakes}).  :  2  Henry  VI. ,  iii.  ii.) 

1[  Thrice  is  frequently  used  ns  the  llrst 
element  of  a  compound  with  an  intensive  ur 
amplifying  force  :  as,  (/irtce- blessed,  thriu- 
favoured,  (/t?"ice-happy,  &c. 

^  Thrice  digltato-piitnate : 

Hot. :  The  term  used  when  the  setfondaiy 
[letioles  of  a  leaf  on  the  sides  of  which  the 
leullets  are  attiiehed  pioceed  in  threes  from 
tlie  summit  of  a  common  petiole. 

thrid,  v.t.     [A  variant  of  thrtvd,  v.  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  pass  through,  as  througli  a  narrow 
passage  or  way. 

"  In  that  enclosure  !  while  the  luouutain  rill. 
That  sparkling  thriiln  tlie  vocks,  attuue.i  his  voicf." 
W oidJtU'orth :  Excursion,  bk.  vL 

2.  To  thread  ;  to  elfect  by  moving. 

"If  it  l>e  true,  as  they  have  said  and  sung  all  day 
to-day,  while  thriddhig  tlieir  way  in  front  of  the  house- 
boats and  launches."— Z)a(/^  Telegraph,  July  a,  lBtt5. 

'  thrid,  s.     [Thread,  s.] 

thrid  -3,96,  thri-da'-ci-uin»  $.  [Gr.  6pi6a^ 
{thridiix)  =-  wild  lettuce.] 

Chein.  :  The  same  as  Lactucarium  (q.v.). 

'  thridde,  c    [Third.] 

*  thrie,  'thries,  odr.    [Thrice.] 

thri -fallow.  '  thry-fal-low,     tri-fal- 

lOW,  v.t.  [Mid.  Eng.  tkrie  =  thrice,  and 
Eng.  /all&tv.]  To  plough  or  fallow  for  the 
third,  time  before  sowing. 

thrift,  s.  [Icel.  thrijt,  from  thrijinn,  pa.  par. 
of  thrifa,  thrij'a^k  —  to  thrive  ;  (/irt/=thriving 
condition,  prosperity.] 

I.  Ordiimry  Language : 

"  1.  A  tliriving  state  or  condition ;  prosperity 
in  any  way  ;  success. 

"  I  have  a  mind  presages  me  such  thrift." 

aiidkesp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  i.  1, 

*  2.  Vigorous  growth,  as  of  a  plant. 

3.  Frugality  ;  good  husbandry  ;  economical 
management  iu  regard  to  property ;  economy. 

"  By  their  iutelligeuce.  diligence,  aud  thrift,  tlie 
devastation  caused  by  two  yeai-s  of  confusiou  and 
robbery  was  soou  in  part  repaired."— J/uciiu/a^  .■  Hist. 
Eng.,  ch.  xvii. 

l"  A  Parliamentary  CommittHe.  appointed 
in  1SS7  to  inquire  into  the  im'im.sals  f.ir  a 
"  National  Scheme  of  Provident  liisuiance 
against  Pauperism,"  foiuul  that  the  inquiry 
practically  narrowed  itself  into  a  scheme  for 
the  compulsory  insurance  of  all  persons  of 
both  sexes,  and  of  eveiy  chiss,  by  the  prepay- 
ment, between  the  ages  of  IS  and  '21,  of  £10 
or  thereabouts  into  a  national  friendly  or  pro- 
vident society,  thereby  securing  to  the  wage- 
earning  class  Ss.  per  week  sick  pay,  and  4s. 
per  week  superannuation  pay  after  the  age 
of  70  years.  The  Committee  repoited  un- 
favourably nf  the  proposal,  considering  that 
to  tax  all  classes,  and  limit  the  benefits  to 
the  wage-earning  class,  created  a  distiiu-tiun 
whicli  would  be  quite  unworkable.  The  rates 
had  not  been  certihed  by  an  actuary  to  be 
sullicient  to  purchase  the  benefits. 

II.  Botany : 

1.  The  genus  Arnieria  (q.v.).  Called  also 
Sea-pink,  spec,  ^mteria  indgaris  or  maritima. 
{Statice  Armeria,  Linn.)  Leaves  densely  fasci- 
cled, linear,  usually  one-nerved,  pubescent  or 
ciliate,  with  impressed  points  both  above  and 
below.  Inflorescence  a  scape,  bearing  a  head 
of  rose-coloured,  pink,  or  white  flowers,  sur- 
rounded by  a  brown,  membranous,  three- 
leaved  involucre,  ancl  intermixed  with  scales. 
Found  on  sea  coasts  and  on  mountains.  It  is 
well  adapted  for  edging  iu  gardens. 

2.  Sedum  rvjlenim. 


thrift-dearwing,  «. 

Entam. :  Sesia  phUnnthiformijt ;  a  Hniall 
hawk-moth,  having  the  foi-e  wings  long,  nar- 
row, and  black,  with  two  transparent  .simi.s; 
the  hind  wings  transparent,  with  u  lihick 
discoidal  spot.  The  larva  feeds  on  Ihrift. 
Found  at  Torquay,  iu  tlie  Isle  of  Man,  Alc 
{Xtaman.) 

thrift'-i-ljr,  adv.  (Eng.  thT-iJtu;  dy.]  In  a 
thrifty  manner  ;  frugally,  carefully,  economi- 
cally, scantily. 

"  Can  lio.  who  llv'd  but  ni  thy  grucloiu  aii<lli<«, 
Who'd  iiluu.  If  chance  tlio»o  Mintim  K  niuulv  hour 
Were  dealt  him  thrifiUy ;  thtlik  can  he  bmr 
The  iiifivmy  of  exile?  '  ilatvn :  Elfridtu 

thrift-i-ness,  *  thrift-i-nes.  '  thrift  l- 

nesse,  .s\  (Kn^.  thrifty;  -ni.ss.\  Tlu- qiiahly 
tir  slate  uf  being  thriliy  ;  frugality,  good  liua- 
bandry,  economy,  thrift. 

■'  AciiuaintitiK  men  with  goo»I  reason,  to  glory  In 
thriftiiu-ut.'  and  frugality,  attaiimt  nujwrlluouii  and 
Biiuiptnous  delicacies."—/'.  Uotland:  Plutarch,  p.  u;7. 

*  thrift' -less,  «.     [Eng.  thri/l;  dois.] 

1.  Having  no  thrift,  frugality,  or  good 
management ;  extravagant. 

"  lie  sIiaII  spend  mine  honour  with  hU  iilLAtiie, 
Aa  thri/tUita  aoiia  thulr  scraping  fathunt'  gold." 

Shtikesp. :  lUcharU  II.,  v.  S. 

2.  Producing  no  gain  or  prolit ;  unprulit- 
able  ;  useless. 

"  What  r/iri/'f^eM  aighH  shall  poor  Olivia  breJlthe?" 
S/iakcap. :  Tml/Vt  Sight.  IL  2. 

*  thrift' -less-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  thriftless;  -ly.] 
In  a  thriftless  manner  ;  extravagantly. 

*  thrift'-less-ness,  *■-  [Eng.  thri/ikag; 
•nes6.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tlirU'tless ; 
extravagance. 

thrift'-y,  •  thrif-tie,'  a.    (Eug.  thrift ;  -y.] 

"  I.  Tlniving,  flourishing,  prospering, 

"  No  grace  halh  mure  abuuduut  promiseti  made 
unti.'  it  ihiiu  this  of  mercy,  a  sowing,  a  reaplug,  ft 
thrifty  yrace.  " — lieyiwldv :  Hemuin  No.  ao. 

*  2.  Well  Imsbandcd. 

'■  I  have  five  hundred  crowua, 
The  thrifty  hire  I  sav'd  uuder  jour  father." 

Shakctp. :  At  i'ou  Like  it,  iL  3. 

3.  Having  thrift;  frugal,  careful,  econo- 
mical ;  using  economy  aud  good  management 
of  jiroperly. 

'■  Every  diligent  and  thrifty  working  m-iu."— J/oc- 
aiUay :  IJiat.  Eng.,  ch.  iii. 

*  i.  Useful,  profltable. 

"  Good  men,  berkeueth  everich  ou, 
This  was  a  thrifty  tale  ior  the  noneB." 

Chancer:  C.  T..  12.Mt. 

thrill,  ^  thirl,  *  thurl-en, "  thyri,  *  thyrl- 
yn,  *  thyrll-yn,  v.t.  &.  i.  [a.s.  ihnriitm, 
thnitaii  —  to  pierce,  to  penetrate,  fur  thy- 
rdian,  from  thyrel  =  (s.)  a  hole,  caused  by 
boring,  (a.)  bored,  pierced;  for  thyrhi-l,  from 
?//(a7i  =  through;  cf.  M.  H.  Ger.  dnrvhcl, 
O.  H.  Ger.  durchil  =  pierced,  from  durch  =■ 
through.  Froiu  the  root  tar-  =  to  pierce  ;  cf. 
Irish  tar  =  through.  Thrill  and  drill  are 
doublets.]     [Nostril.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

*  1.  Lit.:  To  bore,  to  pierce,  to  penetrate. 

"  Scharp  lance  that  tbrUled  Jhesu  side." 

Jiobert  Ue  llrunne,  p.  30. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  To  pierce,  to  penetrate;  to  affect  as  if 
by  something  that  pierces  or  pricks,  or  that 
causes  a  tingling  sensation. 

"  Thi'iltfd  with  remorse." 

6huketp. :  Lear,  Iv.  2. 

{'2)  To  warble ;  to  trill. 

"  The  solemn  harps  melodious  waibliugs  thrill  " 
Mickle :  Lusiad,  ix. 

B.  Lntransitive: 

'  1.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate,  as  something 
sharji. 

'■  The  thrilling  steel  tn\U8i>ierc*d  the  brawny  iwrt." 
Pope  :  Jlomi-r;  Iliad  xi.  3iT. 

2.  To  pierce  or  affect  with  a  sharp  sliiver- 
ing  sensation. 

"  Hark  !  heirs  ho  not  the  sea  iiymiih  spnik 
Her  auger  in  that  thrdling  ahiivk:" 

bcott:  Lordufthc  Itlca,  iit  28. 

3.  To  pass  or  run  through  the  system  with 
tremulous  motion,  so  as  to  cause  a  slight 
shiveiing. 

"  I  have  a  faint  cold  fear  thrUU  througli  my  velna." 
Shahntp. :  Jionuso  .t  JuUH,  iv.  S. 

*  i.  To  have  a  shivering  sensation  running 
through  the  system  ;  to  be  chilled. 

"TofAWHaiid  sh.ike 
Even  at  the  ci-ying  of  your  nation  n  crow.' 

ahuketp.  :  King  John,  V.  2, 

*  h.  To  quiver  or  move  with  a  treniulotis 
motiou. 


boil,  boy ;  pd^t,  jowl ;  cat,  gell,  chorus,  ^hin,  bengh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a§ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -in^f, 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -$ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  A^c.  ^  bel,  d?L 


»0 


thrill— throatiness 


tbrlll, '■      [TllHlLL.   r  ] 

•  1.  A  bole;  a  brt-athiiij;  liolr  ;  a  nostril, 

"  The  l>tll  i>t  t))«  a-xlu  li.-ukit  ftiiJ  ))rii.U  J.iwiiw«r<)«  : 
the  thrUI  t'T  tmnttilii|{  pUcv  laliitb«  iulit»t.~— /Irrfrrrf  . 

*  2.  A  warbling  ;  «  Irill  (q.v.). 
3.  A  tlihllinK  Mt'iiigition. 

"  An  uiiJofliml  kiiU  mitlilvn  IhriU, 
U  bli-li  UuUc««  tbv  liMU-t  M  iLioriirDl  •till." 

B^rvii  :  Siey*  qfi'oriiUh,  x\. 

i,  A  U'al,  as  of  the  luMit  it  pulsi-. 

"  U  It  riioiwhr  i>r  Miutit  I.  MliilcMMrt/; 

Litra  111  )utir  •Aiiiciit  l-oMjiiiK.  I'linitt  VKii  *tlll?" 
Muort :    t'eUfU  /'rufiiut  of  Khuruwtn. 

'thrill -ant,  a.  [Eng.  thrUl,  v.;  -diir.] 
i'ifr.itij:.*Uirilling. 

"  Willi  tbxt.  une  o(  bla  iXriUant  AatU,  \\f  threw, 
Ut«d«J  <K)tb  jrre  kdiI  veiitrvMblw  ilcgilKht- " 

.>//«n(rr;  F.  V-.  II.  iv.  iU 

UurOl   in^r.  yr.pur.  or  «.    ITiibill,  i.] 

thrUl  ing-IJ,  aWr.  (Eng.  MnV/in*;; -/i/.)  In 
;i  tiiiiKiiit;  nciniiiT  ;  with  a  thrilling  sensation. 

*  thrQl -ing'neSS,  s.  (Eng.  thrilling ;  -nes^.] 
rtic  <iiiallty  or  ^tatc  or  being  thrilling. 

thrim-^a,  5.    [Thrvmsa.} 

ttiri  -n&x,  s.  [Gr.  BpXva^  {thrinax)  =  n  trident, 
a  lliret'-i»ronge(l  fork.  Named  from  the  shape 
of  the  liMves.J 

/fci/,  :  Thatch  Palm,  a  genus  of  Sabalida*. 
Calyx  six-cleft,  eorolla  none  ;  stamens  six, 
nine,  or  twelve,  united  at  the  base  ;  ovary 
one-celled,  with  a  single,  erent  ovule  ;  fruit 
round.  Thrinax  arfff:n ten  is  the  Silver  Thatch 
Fahn,  the  leaves  of  whieh  are  used  in  Jamaica 
fur  thatch.    In  Panama  it  is  made  into  brooms. 

tlirin'-9i-a,  s.  [Gr.  9ptyK6<:  (thringkos)  =  the 
topmost  course  of  stones  in  a  wall,  the  coping.] 
Xame<I  from  the  seed-crown  of  the  marginal 
florets.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Scorzonere;e,  now  reduced 
to  a  sub-genus  of  Leontodon.  The  pappus  of 
the  outer  flowers  consists  of  toothed  scales, 
that  of  the  inner  is  formed  of  feathery  hairs. 
The  buds  are  drooping.  Only  British  species. 
leontodon  kirttis,  formerly  Thrincia  hirta.  It 
has  lanceolate,  almost  sinuo-dent^ite  leaves, 
somewhat  hispid,  and  single  flower  scapes  of 
yellow  flowers.  Itgrows  inUritain  ingravelly 
I'asturt'S,  flowering  in  July  and  August. 

'  thHng,  ^thringe,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  tJiringan  : 
Dut.  drimjen  ;  Ger.  dringen.]    [Throng.] 

A,  TniTis. :  To  crowd,  to  press,  to  throng, 

B.  Intrans. :  To  press,  to  push. 

*•  He  gnji  iu 'Ari/iSf«  forth  with  loriles  old." 

Chaucer:  TroUtit  A  CregxiUa.  bk.  iv. 

tbripS,  s.  [I^t,  ft-om  Gr.  tfpi'i/-  {thrips)  =  a 
woodwonu.] 

Entam. :  A  genus  of  Physopoda  Terebrantin. 
Antennic  usually  uine-jointed ;  mouth  with 
mandibles,  maxilla?,  and  palpi ;  wings  witli 
few  or  no  nervnres,  fringed  ;  females  with  a 
regular  ovipositor.  Minute  insects,  which 
leap  by  means  of  the  abdomen.  In  spring 
they  run  in  nutiibers  about  the  pct^ils  of 
plants,  especially  those  of  the  dandelion.  In 
suuuiieraiid  autumn  they  enter  bouses  in  con- 
siderable numbers,  and,  creeping  over  the  face 
ill  hot  weather,  produce  an  irritation,  Thrij'S 
fxrtalium  attacks  the  tender  shoots  and  the 
ears  of  corn. 

tbris'-sa,  thr^^s'-sa,  s.  [Gr.  epi<T<Ta  (fhrissn) 
-  a  li^h,  from  OpC^  (tliri^)  =  hair.] 

hlUhy. :  A  genus  of  Chipeidie,  diflering  from 
th«  anchovies  with  a  denttted  belly  only  in 
the  great  prolongation  of  the  maxiUaries. 
Found  in  the  East  Indies. 

thris-sle,  s.    [Thistle.]    (Scotch.) 

thris-SO-no'-tus,  s.  [Gr.  flpio-do?  (thrissns) 
=  a  tish,  and  vu)to«  (notof)  —  the  back.] 

Vf'lo-fitit. :  A  genus  of  Paheoniscidip,  from 
the  English  Lias. 

thris-s6~pa'-ter,  5.  lOr.  Bpicrtro-;  (thris.^os), 
ami  Lat.  ]'(iter  =  a  father.] 

Palfcont. :  The  oldest  known  genus  of  Clu- 
peid:e,  from  tlie  Gault  of  Folkestone. 

thriS'SOpS,  s.  [Gr.  dpiVo-oc  (thrisso^).  and 
u4i  iuj.s)  —  the  countenance.] 

Piilo'ont.  :  Agenns  of  Leptolepidae,  of  Juras- 
sic age.  The  dorsal  fin  is  placed  far  back- 
wanls,  and  oj.posite  to  the  long  anal. 

'  thrist*  '  tbriste,  s.    [Thirst.] 


*  thrlste,  I'n-t.  <>/ V.    [TuRi'ST,  I'.] 

'  thiia-ty,  u.    [Tinii«TV.] 

tlirivo  (pa.  t.  *  thro/,  *  thro/,  throve,  pa.  (Nir. 
Ihrivrii),  I'.i.  [leel.  thri/a  =  to  clutch,  to 
grasp,  t^i  seize;  thrifit^k=  to  seize  for  one's 
self,  to  eiicceeil,  to  thrive ;  cogn.  with  Dan. 
/rirM=to  thrive;  (rii'c/«e  =  prosperity  ;  Sw. 
trifv<i4  —  to  thrive  ;  trefmid  =  pnjsperity  ; 
Xorw.  trivn  =  to  seize ;  trivitst  =  to  thrive.] 

1.  To  prosper  in  anything  desired  ;  to  suc- 
cee«l  in  any  way  ;  to  be  fortunate. 

"SofAripe  1  Iti  my  enterprise." 

Sh'ikf»ii. :  iUchard  t!l.,  \\.  ^. 

2.  To  be  marked  or  attended  with  juo- 
siK-rity ;  to  have  a  prosperous  course ;  to 
ju'osper,  to  succeed,  to  flourish  ;  to  go  on  or 
turn  out  well. 

••  I  wish  your  ciitcrprine  may  thrive."— ShtUa^}}. : 
Jutlu*  CtBtar,  ill.  1. 

X  To  prosper  by  industry,  economy,  anil 
good  management  of  property  ;  to  increase  in 
goods  and  estate. 

"  Riches  are  mine,  (ortune  ix  in  my  linud  ; 
They  whom  I  favuur  ihrivi  in  wenlth  niiiain." 

Milton  :  P.  I!.,  n.  43). 

4.  To  grow  vigorously  or  luxuriantly;  to 
flourish. 

■ivi-t  better  than  even  on  the  euuuy 
-JtacatUaj/:  Uut.  Eng..  ch.  vi. 

•  thrive'-less,  a.  [Eng.  thrive;  -less.]  Not 
thriving ;  unsuccessful. 

■'They  Bhould  lie  (town 
Content  as  God  has  made  them,  nor  go  m.id 
In  thrioeleti  carea  to  letter  what  is  ill." 

Jirowning :  Paracelsus,  v. 

thriv'-en.  pa.  jmr.  of  v.    [Thrivk.] 

thriv'-er,  s.  [Eng.  thriv(e);  -cr.]  One  who 
thrives  or  prospers;  one  who  makes  profit  or 
gain. 

■'  He  bad  so  well  improved  that  little  stock  hia  father 
left,  as  he  was  like  to  prove  a  tliriver  ia  tlie  end." — 
/laj/uiarU. 

thriv'-ing,  pr.  par,  or  a.     [Thrive.] 

A.  .^5  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Being  prosperous  or  successful  ; 
advancing  or  increasing  in  wealth  ;  flourishing, 
prosperous,  increasing,  gi'owing. 

"  Lean  and  squalid  beggars,  who  had  once  been 
thrifing  {niiucrs  nail  sbopkeepera."— .l/acu«/(i|/ .-  JJisl. 
Eng..  cli.  XI. 

thriv'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  thriving;  -ly.]  In 
a  thriving  manner;  prosjterously,  successfully. 

thriv'-ing-neSS,  s.  [Eng.  thriving;  -ness,] 
Tlie  qu;ility  nr  state  of  being  thriving  ;  pro- 
sperity, success,  growth,  increase. 


A    contraction    of 


thro',   prep.     [See    def.] 
Through  (q.v.). 

*  thro.  s.     [Throe.] 

throat, '  throte,.''.  [A.S.  throte,  throtu,  throta ; 

cogn.   witli  O.    H.   Ger.  drozzd;    M.  H.   Ger. 

drozzc ;   Ger.    drossel ;    Dut.    strot ;    O.    Dut. 

stroot,  strot;  Ital.  strosza ;  Sw.  strupe ;  Dan. 

struhe  ;  Norw.  stnijie.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

"  Full  in  the  boaster's  neck  the  weapon  stood. 
Tnuiistix'd  his  throat,  and  drank  his  vital  blood." 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  v.  817. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  The  voice. 

'■  The  cock,  that  is  the  trumpet  to  the  mom 
Doth  with  hia  lofty  and  shrill-sounding  thront 
Awuke  the  god  of  d.iy."     Shakap. :  Hamlet,  i.  1. 

(2)  An  entrance  ;  a  main  passage  :  as,  the 
throat  of  a  valley,  of  a  tunnel,  or  the  like. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.:  A  popular  name  for  the  region  of 
the  body  extending  from  the  posterior  open- 
ing of  the  mouth  to  about  midway  down  the 
neck.  It  contains  the  pharynx,  tlie  velum  or 
soft  palate,  the  tonsils,  and  tlie  epiglottis. 

%  A  hospital  fortliroatand  ear  diseases  was 
opened  in  London  in  5Iai-ch,  1874. 

2.  Agric. :  The  entrauce-wav  wliere  grain  in 
tlie  straw  passes  from  the  feed-board  to  tlie 
cylinder  of  a  thrashing-machine. 

3.  Architecture : 

(1)  The  narrowest  part  of  a  chimney,  be- 
tween the  gathering  and  the  flue. 

(2)  A  small  groove  on  t.-e  under  side  of  a 
coping  or  projf-cting  moulding;  a  gorge. 

4.  Bot.  :  The  orifice  of  the  tube  of  a  mono- 
petalou.-s  corolla.  It  may  be  bare  or  furnished 
with  hairs,  glands,  or  other  appendages. 


5.  Fort.:  The  narrowed  space  betwei-ii  tin? 
flanks  of  a  Itfistioii  at  their  jumrtion  with  the 
curtain,  or  between  the  rear  ends  of  the  laces 
of  a  redan  ;  a  gorge. 

6.  j\/(ic/i.  .■  The  opening  in  a  plane  stock 
through  which  the  .shavings  pass  upwards. 

7.  Xaiiticnl : 

(1)  The  crotch  of  a  galfwheit?  it  rests  against 
the  mast. 

(2)  The  upper  front  corner  of  a  fore-and-aft 
sail ;  the  nock. 

(3)  The  interior  angle  at  the  junction  of  the 
arm  and  shank  of  an  anchor. 

8.  Puddling  :  The  narrowed  entrance  to  tlie 
neck  of  the  furnace,  where  the  area  of  Hue 
passage  is  regulated. 

9.  Shipwright. :  The  interior  angle  at  the 
bend  of  the  arms  of  a  knee  or  compass  timber. 

10.  Wheelwright.:  Tliat  piution  of  a  spoke 
just  beyond  the  swell  at  the  junction  of  tli»- 
hub,  where  the  spoke  is  thinner  towards  it* 
outer  side. 

H  (1)  jTo  c»(  o««  a»o(/ifr'if(/iroa/s;  To  engage 
in  a  ruinous  competition  iu  which  each  party 
suffers. 

"  Gentlemen  who  supply,  or  try  to  sttpply.  tli^ 
public  with  che.ip  literature  seem  specially  fond  of 
that  curious  auoisemeut  known  as  ctitring  onf 
anotlter't  throat*."— St.  Jamei's  G/iiette.  April  12.  I8&fi. 

(2)  To  cut  one's  own  throat:  To  adopt  a  sui- 
ciilal  policy. 

(8)  To  give  one  tJie  lie  in  his  throat :  Toaccnsi; 
one  of  outrageous  lying  ;  to  throw  hack,  lis  it 
were,  a  lie  into  the  throat  from  whence  it 
proceeded. 

(4)  To  lie  in  "lie's  throat :  To  lie  outrageously. 

throat-band,  ••;.  The  same  as  Throat- 
latch  (<|.v.). 

throat-holt,  b. 

Naut.  :  A  eye-bolt  fixed  in  the  lower  part 
of  tops,  and  the  jaw-end  of  gatfs,  for  hooking 
the  throat  halyards  to. 

throat-brails,  s.  }>!. 

Xauf.:  Brails  wiiich  h-ads  through  blocks 
bcncatli  the  jaws  of  a  gafl'. 

throat -doimhauls,  >.  p!. 

Xnn!.:  Rojics  fur  rousing  down  the  throat 

of  a  gall". 

throat-fuU,  a.  Full  to  the  throat  or 
narrow  part  next  the  mouth. 

"  Next  a  bottle  green 
Throatfufl,  clear  spirits  the  contents." 

Cow/ipr :  On  /Receipt  of  Samper 

throat  halyards,  .^.  pi. 

XoHt.:  A  tackle  for  lifting  the  gafif  at  the 

throat. 

throat-latch,  -^. 

.Saditli;)-)/ :  The  strap  which  passes  under  the 
horse's  throat  and  assists  in  holding  the  bridle 
iu  place;  a  throat-band. 

*  throat-piece,  s. 

Ancient  Ann.:  A  iiiece  to  cover  or  protect 
the  throat. 

"  throat-pipe,  -s 

or  trachea. 


The  windpipe,  weasand. 


*  throat-pit,  s.  A  triangular  depression 
corresponding  to  the  divarication  of  tlie 
bronchi  at  the  base  of  the  windpipe. 

"  The  length  of  the  face  twice  exceedeth  that  of  the 
neck,  and  the  space  between  the  thront. pit  and  the 
navel  is  e'lual  unto  the  circumference  thereof.' — 
Browne     Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  vii,,  ch.  xiv. 

throat-Strap,  s. 

Saddlery:  The  upper  strap  of  a  halter  that 
encircles  tlie  horse's  throat ;  a  jaw-strap. 

throat,  v.t.    [Throat,  s.] 

*  1.  To  utter  in  a  guttural  manner. 

"  So  Hector,  hereto  thronte.d  thi-eats,  to  go  to  sea  iu 
blood."  Cltupmnn  :  ffotner  ;  iliad  xiii 

2.  To  mow,  as  beans,  in  a  direction  against 
their  bending.     (Prov.) 

3.  To  cr.t  with  a  channel  or  groove. 

"The  lower  bed  is  throafed,"~~CasseU's  Technical 
Kdncator,  pt.  xi.,  p.  294. 

"^  throat-bolle,    '  throte-bolle.   .v.    lA.s. 

throthollti.]     Tlie  gullet  or  windpipe. 

throat -i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  throaty;  -ness.] 
Guttural  uitcrance;  tlie  production  of  notes 
IVoiu  the  throat  latber  than  from  the  chest, 

"  Mr.  D is  n  throjily  singer,  but  he  atones  for  his 

throatiness  by  gt!ttiiii:  some  veiy  good  luu&ic  out  of 
his  Italian  I'iiie.'— /ft/free,  Se|)t.  11.  1887. 


ate.  at.  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU.  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there; 
or.  woic.  vjqU,  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rile.  iuU;  try, 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  ce  ^  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


throatwort—throttle 


hi 


throat' -wort,  s.  [Eng.  throat,  aud  wort.  So 
iiitnittl  tVoiii  bciiij?  formerly  supposed,  from  its 
tlir.-at-liku  corolla,  to  be  a  cm-e  for  sore 
tliroat.] 

I'.'tt.  :  (1)  Camjxiiudn  Tnu:hcliu.m,thc  Nt'tlk'- 
leavLMl  liflltlower.  It  is  a  tall,  liispid  plant, 
with  an  angled  stem,  ovate-lauceolate  leaves, 
and  Iduisli-purple  ttuwers  ;  found  in  England, 
the  European  continent,  &c.  (2)  C,  Cerviatr'ui, 
whW.h  has  light-bine  flowers,  and  is  a  native 
of  Uermauy.  (;l)  Digitalis  purpurea.  [Fox- 
clove.]  (4)  Scropkiilaria  nodosa.  {Britteii,  it 
Uollaml.) 

throat'-S^,  a.  lEug.  throat,  s.  ;  -y.]  Guttural ; 
uthTL-d  back  in  the  tLroai, 

"  Tliure  is  A  danger  ofafAraafy  production  reaultiiig 
fmiu  tlie  euiploymeut  of  tiie  bronil  a  or  the  loug  c."— 
AtJiCiKBuni,  Aug.  Sii,  1884,  p.  262. 

throb.  '  throbbe,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful; 
pi'di.  allied  to  Lat.  trefiidiis;  Ens-trepidatioiL 
(M.v.).J 

1.  Tt)  beat,  as  the  heart  or  pulse,  with  more 
than  tlie  usual  force  or  rapidity  ;  to  pal}iitatfi. 

"  But  tlie  hctrt  of  Hiawatbn 
Throbbed  niiJ  sliuuted  ami  exulted. 
Afl  he  bore  the  red  deer  homeward." 

LongfeUow  :  Hiawatha,  \\\.   . 

2.  To  rise  and  fall,  as  with  the  beating  of 
the  heart;  to  beat. 

'■  Krieudsbip.  the  dear  peculiar  bond  of  youth, 
Wheu  every  artless  bosom  throbs  with  truth." 

Byron:  Childish  JlecoUmstions. 

3.  To  quiver,  to  vibrate. 

throb,  '  throbe,  .?.  [Throb,  v.]  A  strong 
pulsation  or  beat,  as  uf  the  heart  or  aiteries ; 
a  palpitation. 

"  But  iu  his  pulse  there  was  uo  throb. 
Nor  oil  his  lips  one  dyiug  sob." 

Byron  :  fiiege  of  Corinth,  xxvii. 

thrdb'-bing,  pr.  [•ar.  or  a.    [Throb,  v.] 
throbbmg-pain,  a. 

MoL :  A  pain  which  is,  or  seems  to  be, 
augmented  by  the  jtulsation  of  the  aiteries. 

*  throb'-less,  (I.  [Eng.  throb,  s. ;  -less.]  Not 
lie;iliiig  or  tluobbing. 

"  Miue  ^xiuiitlirobless.'—JikhartUQH:  Clariisa,  vi67. 

*  throck,  i".  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  piece 
..I  wu'id  on  which  the  blade  of  a  plough  is 

Jixfd.     (ih'Uiwiil.) 

'  throck-needle,  ^''. 

r.nt.  :  SauuVu  Pedc>i{?).  (Britten  d;  Hollaiul.) 

throd'-den,  v.i.     [Prob.  from  the  same  root 

.IS  f/(/(a"  (<i  v.).J    .Tu  thrive,  to  prosper,  to 

throe  (1),  throwe,  s.  [A.S.  thred  (for  thredtc) 
=  a  rebuke,  an  affliction,  a  threat,  a  pain, 
fiuni  thredv\  pa.  t.  of  threoicaii  (pa.  par. 
?/(ro(fe/i)  =  to  afflict  severely;  (/irowiau  =  to 
sutler  pain;  cogn.  with  Icel.  fft ra  =  a  throe, 
a  liard  struggle;  thrd=  to  pant  after;  thrciija 
Ui  endure  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  thruuwa,  drowa,  droa  ; 
^I.  11.  Ger.  drouwe,  drowe,  rfra  =■  a  threat; 
iier.  drohcii  =  to  threaten.]  Extreme  pain; 
violent  pain  or  pang  ;  agony,  anguisli ;  espeo. 
the  pains  uf  childbirtli. 

•  "  My  apirits  shrunk  not  to  sustain 

The  se.irchiug  throis  of  ceaseless  p.^in." 

Byron :  The  Giaour. 

throe  (2),  s.     [A  variant  of /row  (qv.).] 

'  throe,  v.i.  &  t.    [Throe (1),  s.] 

A.  Intrans.:  To  struggle  in  extreiiie  pain; 
to  be  in  aguuy. 

B,  Trans.:  To  put  in  agony;  to  pain,  tu 
agonize. 

"  A  birth,  indeed. 
Which  throes  thee  much  to  yield." 

Shak<:sjj. :  Tempest,  iL  1. 

throm  -bo  -lite.  s.  [Gr.  ^pb/i^os  (thrombos)  = 
a  lump,  aud  M8o<;  (llthos)=a.  stone;  Ger. 
throinhoUth,  t rombulith.] 

Mill.:  An  amorphous  mineral  of  uncertain 
composition,  occuiTing  with  malacliite  on  a 
tine-grained  limestone  at  Rezbauya,  Hungary. 
Hardness,  3-4  ;  sp.  gr.  3*3S  to  3"oT  ;  lustre, 
vitreous;  colour,  shades  of  green;  opaque. 
Compos,  stated  to  be  a  liydrated  phosphate  of 
copper,  but  the  result  of  the  latest  analysis 
by  .sehnuif  points  to  its  analogy  with  stetefeld- 
tite,  part2ite,  &.e.  (q.v.). 

throm-bo'-sis,  s.  [Gr.  flpo/i^oxn?  (throiiibosis) 

=  becoming  curdled.] 

Pathol. :  Local  formation  of  clot,  called  a 
thrombus,  either  in  the  heart  or  a  blood-vessel 
during  life.  Wlien  it  occurs  in  the  systemic 
veins  it  is  called  Phlegmasia  dok7is  (q.v.). 


throm'-b^S.  s.  [Gr.  epofi^os  {thrombos)  =  a 
lump,  a  piece.] 

Pathol. :  A  tumour  fornioil  by  blood  effused 
from  a  vein  aud  coagulated  in  the  adjacent 
tissue;  the  coagulum  or  clot,  usually  tibrlnous 
in  texture,  which  jiartially  or  totally  closes  a 
vi'sslI  iu  tlirombosis. 

throne.  *  trone,  *•.  [O.  Fr.  troitey  thYone, 
frtini  Lat.  thronum,,  accus.  of  ^hronus  =  H 
chair,  a  si.-at ;  Gr.  ^poi^os  (throiios);  Fr.  tiHue  ; 
Sli.  A:  Ital.  troiio;  Port.  thro}io.] 

1.  A  royal  seat ;  a  chair  or  seat  of  stJite 
used  by  a  king,  queen,  emperor,  or  pope.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  the  seat  of  a  bishop  in 
a  cathedral  church,  to  the  oHlcial  chair  of  the 
presiding  official  of  certain  societies,  or  to 
any  similar  scat. 

"  HIrIi  on  a  throne  uf  royal  stAte  .  ,  . 
SiilAU  cxiilteit  sat."  Jfilton  :  P.  L..  IJ-  I. 

2.  i^overeign  jiouer  and  dignity  ;  the  holder 
of  sovereign  power;  a  sovereign.  (Usually 
witli  tki\) 

"He  bad  long  kept  EiiK'nJid  passive  bypromisiuj! 
to  supiwrt  the  throne  a^'amat  the  Parliament."— J/a- 
catUay :  Hint.  Hug.,  ch.  li. 

3.  One  of  an  order  of  angels  who  are  usually 
represented  witli  double  wings,  supporting 
the  throne  of  the  Almighty  in  ethereal  space. 

"The  pviinal  yoti'iead.  the  Trinity  in  Unity,  was 
alone  jibsolute.  inetlHbl«,  inconci-ivable ;  alone  essen- 
tial purity,  liKht,  knowledije,  tnttli,  be;tuty,  goodness. 
Tliese  (jualitiea  were  couiinuulcated  in  larger  measure 
in  proportion  to  tbeir  clouer  approximation  to  itself, 
tu  the  three  deaueudiiiu'  triads  which  formed  the 
celestial  hierai'chy :  i.  The  seraphim,  cherubim,  and 
thr-jnet.  II.  The  dominations,  virtues,  powers,  iii. 
Prinoimlities.  arcluiUfjels.  angels.  This  celestial  bier- 
arcby  formed,  as  it  were,  concentric  circles  around  the 
miitpproHohable  Trinity.  The  nearest,  and  as  nearest 
liai'titking  most  fully  of  tlie  divine  essence,  was  the 
place  of  bom.nr.  Tin?  thronet,  Berapbim,  and  cherubim 
anproximateiJ  most  closely,  with  nothing  iuterme- 
dntte,  and  were  muru  immediately  aud  eternally  con- 
fi'i-iiied  to  the  gotthead." — MUman:  Bttt.  qf  Latin 
C/nt^tianity.  bk.  xiv.,  ch.  ii. 

throne.  (■.(.  &  i.    {Throne,  s.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  set  or  place  on  a  throne  or  royal  seat ; 
to  enthrone. 

"A  fair  veatiil  throned  by  the  west." 
Shakes/j. :  Midsummer  Sight's  Dream,  ii.  L 

2.  To  place  as  on  a  throne ;  to  set  in  an 
exalted  position ;  to  exalt ;  to  place  or  set 
aloft. 

'■  To  watch  again  with  tutelary  love 
O'er  stately  EdiulinrgU  throned  on  crags." 

Wordsworth:  Excursion,  bk.  iv. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  sit  on  a  throne ;  to  sit 
iu  state  as  a  king. 

"  He  wants  nothiui;  of  a  god  but  eternity,  and  a 
heaven  to  throne  iu."—!ihalictp.  :  Coriolantis,  v.  4. 

*  throne- less.  a.  [Eng.  throne,  s.  ;  -less.] 
Without  it  throne  ;  deposed. 

■■  Must  she,  too,  l>end— must  she,  too,  share, 
Thy  late  repentance,  lonjj  despair. 
Thou  throtielesi  Homicide  f  " 

Byron:  Ode  to  Napoleon. 

throng,  *  thrang,  s.  &  a.  [A.S.  gethrang, 
from  thrang,  \>n..  t.  of  thringan  =  to  crowd, 
to  press;  cogn.  with  Dut.  drang=:.a.  crowd, 
from  dringtn  =  to  crowd;  Icel.  throng;  Ger. 
(/(■a/ig  =  a  throng,  from  drang,  pa.  t.  o^dringen 
=  to  crowd,  to  press  ;  Dan.  trang  :  Sw.  trdag 
=  pressed  close,  tight ;  Icel.  (AroJiffr=naiTOw.l 

A,  As  substantive: 

1.  A  nuiltitude  of  persons  or  of  living  beings 
pressing  or  pressed  into  a  close  body  or  assem- 
blage ;  a  crowd. 

■■  And  smote  his  temples,  with  an  arm  so  atrone. 
The  helm  fell  off,  and  ixiUed  amid  the  thron;/. 

Pope:  Jlomer ;  ItittU^UL  73u. 

2.  A  great  number  ;  a  multitude. 

3.  A  number  of  things  crowded  or  close 
together. 

■'  The  throng  of  words  that  come  with  such  more 
than  impudent  sauciuess  from  you," — :Shaktsp.  : 
2  Henry  Ii'.,  ii.  1. 

B.  As  ad]ectivG: 

1.  Thickly  crowded  together ;  thronged, 
crowded. 

2.  Much  occupied  ;  busy. 

"  I  demaud  what  perfection  can  be  in  the  spirits  of 
these  juat  men  to  be  overwhelmed  iu  a  seuaeless sleep : 
or  what  a  disproiHirtionable  and  unsuitable  represen- 
tation it  is  of  this  throng  theatre  in  heaven,  made  up 
of  saiuts  and  angels,  that  so  gre;it  a  piixt  of  them  -is 
the  souls  of  the  noly  men  deceased  should  be  found 
drooping  or  (jutte  drowned  iu  an  uuactive  lethargy '.' " 
— Mure  :  Mystery  of  Oodliness,  p.  28. 

throng.  V.i.  &  (.     [Throng,  s.\ 

A.  Intrans. :  To  crowd  or  press  together ; 
to  come  in  multitudes ;  to  jiress  into  a  close 
body,  as  a  multitude  of  persons. 

"  I  have  seen  the  dumb  men  thronQ  to  see  him." 
Shakesp.  :  Coriohtnus,  iii.  3. 


B.  Traiisitive : 

1.  To  crowd  or  pi-esa  ;  to  annoy  with  a 
throng  or  pres.s  of  people. 

"The    multitude    thnjng  tl 
Luke  vUl  -15. 

2.  To  till  with  a  rrowd  ;  to  crowd. 

"  Throng  our  Iciryu  temples  with  the  sliowa  uf  iteoco." 
Shakrtp.  .  VoriiAtinuM,  111.  3. 

*  3.  To  possess  or  till  entirely. 

"A  man  throngx-d  up  with  cold. 

SJiakeiy. :  /VrfcJei.  IL  L 

*  throng -ful.  a.  [Eng.  thmng.  s.  ;  -/uICO-] 
I-illi^d  with  a  throng;  crowded,  thronged. 

*  thrdng'-lj^^  adv.  (Eng.  thrvng,  s. ;  -iy.]  In 
crowds  or  great  numbers  ;  greatly. 

"  Doe*  very  thronfflff  tric<|Uit.-it«  the  moUit  Mid 
unctuuUH  aire."'— .U«re  .  PhiU>*.  Ca'jbaUt.  ch.  U,,  J  7. 

■  thron'-ize, '  thron-yse,  v.t.  (Eug.  thron^e) ; 
■i:e.]  To  place  or  set  on  a  tliruue ;  to  en- 
throue. 

■■  He  wa.s  .  .  .  thronyifd  in  Miyd  moutlb  of  M»y."— 
Fabyan  :  Chronycle  (i\\\.  13i:)]. 

*  thrope.  s.    [Tuoui'.] 

throp'-ple,  i'.  [A  variant  of  (ft-ror?!*  (i|.v.),  or 
according  to  some,  a  corrupt,  of  Mid.  Eng. 
throteholk;  A.S.  (/iro(toi/a  =  the  gullet.]  The 
windiiipe  ;  the  gullet. 

thrds'-9i-dfiG.  s.  pi.  (Mod.  Lat.  throsci^us); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -itio;.] 

Entum. :  A  family  of  Serricornia,  one  of 
those  intermediate  between  Buprestid«  and 
Elateridit.  Small  beetles  of  tin-  form  of 
Buprestida:  and  with  the  same  interlocking 
apparatus  of  the  fore  and  middle  sterna.  The 
antenna;  in  repose  are  received  into  narrow 
furrows  in  the  sides  of  the  prostenuuu,  and 
the  feet  are  contractile.  Known  species  about 
luu,  cliietly  from  Soutli  America. 

thrds'-CUS,  s.  [Gr.  BpwaKm  {throako)  =  t«  leap 
or  spring.) 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Throscidse 
(q.v.).  Autennse  terminated  by  a  three-jointed 
knob  ;  mandibles  simple  ;  penultimate  joint 
of  each  tarsus  bitid. 

thros'-tle.    'throst'-el   (sc<-^.>iid   r  silmi), 
thi'os  sel.     thruss'hlll.  '  thrustylle* 

s.  [A.8.  thruMc,  thrvslc,  (or  thnmiwl,  a  dimiu. 
of  thrush  (q.v.);  M.  H.  Ger.  trostel,  trosdid, 
droschcl;  Ger.  drossel.] 

1.  The  song-thiush,  Turdus  masicus. 
[Thrush.] 

"  The  thrtistle  with  his  note  so  true." 
Sh'ikvgp. :  Midtummer  A'ight't  Dream,  iii.  1. 

2.  The  drawing- Ira  me  of  the  cotton  manu- 
facture. The  great  invention  which  suc- 
ceeded the  spinning-jenny  of  Uargreaves. 
The  drawing-frame  is  for  attenuating  slivers 
of  fibre  by  passing  them  through  consecutive 
pairs  of  rollers,  each  pair  in  the  succession 
revolving  at  a  higher  speed  than  its  prede- 
cessor. The  specific  diflereuce  between  the 
action  of  the  throstle  and  the  mule  is  that 
the  former  lias  a  continuous  action,  drawing, 
twisting,  and  winding  ;  while  the  mule  has 
an  alternative  action,  drawing  and  twisting, 
aud  then  winding, 

"There  is  a  machine  in  the  cotton  tnule  called  a 
throstle  ;  it  is  a  siiinuing  machine,  and  when  a  tlirand 
breaks  it  has  tu  be  Hxed  upa^aiu.  so  that  the  work 
may  not  be  stop\Ki-\."— Standard,  Oct.  l^J,  1<*6G. 

3.  A  Spindle  for  wool. 

throstle  -  cock.  *  throstel  -  cok. 
*  throstel-kok,  .-;.     The  male  tlnu'^li. 

'"  Till-  rhrus'c!-cok  niaile  eke  hi*  lay." 

Chaucer:  JUme  o/ Sir  Jo/jus. 

throstle -piecer,  s. 

Spin. :  A  name  given  to  young  girls,  aver- 
aging from  thirteen  to  sixteen  years  of  age, 
employed  in  cotton  mills.  Their  duty  is  to 
attend  to  the  throstle  frames,  and  to  piece  up 
the  yarn  as  it  is  made  in  the  frame,  before  it 
is  wnuiid  upon  bobbins  fixed  on  the  si>indles 
to  reCHi\f  it. 

throst'-ling  (second  (  silent),  s.  [Said  to  be 
from  tin.- whistling  sound  emitted  in  breathing, 
resembling  the  singing  of  the  thrush,  or 
throstle.]  A  disease  of  cattle  of  the  ox  kind, 
occasioned  by  a  swelling  under  tlieir  throats, 
which,  unless  checked,  will  choke  them. 

throt'-tle,  5.     [A  dimiu.  of  throat  (q.v.).] 

1.  Tlie  windpipe  or  trachea. 

"  At.  the  upiK-r  extreme  It  hath  no  lariux  or  throttt^ 
to  qualify  the  Boimd." — BrvK-nc:  I'uigur  Errourt,  bk. 
Hi.,  cb.  xxvii. 

2.  The  throat.    {CoUoq.  iS:  humour oasly.) 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hui,  benph:  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  e^lst.    ph  =  C 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  —  shun;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  —  bei,  del 


2^4 


throttle— throw 


3.  Th.-  otw  a-  THKorrLi;-vAL%K(ti.v.). 

"A  iiUilUr  •rrmwwtMCul  c»uir»  tLp  Ikrvltlf  of  thr 
riirliK^U'  «l*l»  ui  ilu«.'— i/.ir/^rr'*  JfujMXJNV.  Juuv. 
IMtt.  |>   i> 

throttle 'lever.  5.     The  Iiamlle  of  tlie 

tlirt>ttle-valTO.  5. 

vr<>i  !<•.;. ;  A  v.ihf  which  rcsulatos  the 
^ni-jlv  of  Mtam  l.«  thi-  cylinder.  In  thi;  Watt 
fiiyme  it  is  a  tllsc  tuniiiiK  im  an  axis  aii<l 
.i-cufyin^  ii»  iU  tntiinxtTse  i-ititinii  Hk-  Iwif 
..f  thf  uiftin  stcam-itijK-.  II  is  frciiu.'iitly  an 
..nlinnn-  coHiivil  valvw  with  a  stom  upcrutc*! 
»iv  a  scWw.  In  Inml  cntiines  it  is  gunenilly 
..•nii.'ctf.l  with  till*  governor, 
thrdt  tie,  i.i.  &  f.  ITmbottle,  j«.] 
•  A.  /'4fm»i.*i7iiY  ; 

1.  Toch.»kf,  titsnlT)>cjite:  tn  have  tli<'  throat 
olwtnicU'a,  *"!  ns  to  endantjer  sultocalion. 

2.  To  breathi'  hnnl,  as  when  nearly  suftV.- 
.■iit.-.I. 

B.  Tnmsititt : 

I.  Tn  choke,  to  suffocate :  t^  stop  thi- 
Vireath  t'f  by  compressing  the  throat ;  to 
stnin^le. 

'*  In  h<*|M  ttie  throttle  rlctloui  fitll : 
DvuD  Bluk  tlK'ir  inaiiifleU  licriUiiiMi  nc«r. 

Sei>ll:  Thi' Chac€,  xxix. 

*2.  To  pronounce  with  n  choking  voice  ;  to 
utter,  as  one  half-suffut-atdl. 

'■  Thr.Ml^  their  i-mctlM^I  iicceut  in  thoir  t<e»n  " 
M/itr/^.  ■  MhUiinuMF  yighti  l/rcam.  v.  1. 

tbrot'-tler.  >•■    [En^'.  Ihmtt!(e),  V.  ;  -er.]    One 
wli.t  ur  lli;it  which  throttles. 

through  ( /'-  sil'  nt).    •  thoru,    '  thor-uh. 

*  thorw.  ■  thurch.    *  thurgh.  ■  thurh. 

•  thur-uh,  •  thurw,  ^'>i>.,  <"'■.,  •*;  "•  (A.^. 
fhiir/i  (prep.  &  ndv.) ;  cogn.  with  Unt.  iionr  : 
O.  H.  tier,  diirh,  iturnh  ;  Ger.  linrch  ;  (jotli. 
thairh.]     [TilOKuiCH,  Thbill.} 

A.  A  if  prejxisi tin  II  : 

1.  Ffoirt  end  to  cud  of,  or  from  side  to  side 
of;  from  one  surf^n-e  or  limit  to  its  opjiosite  : 
as,  a  cannon-hall  passes  thron'jh  thi*  side  of 
a  ship.  It  is  sometimes  doubled  for  sake  of 
emphasis. 

"  Sly  Imcklerout  throiith  niid  through.' —Sliakesf:  : 
l/7frirv/>'..il.4. 

2.  Between  the  sides  or  walls  of. 

*•  111  convey  tlif*  thrtmyh  the  city  s\te" 

SJtaketp. :  TwoOr-tlemrn.  iii.  l. 

3.  Over  the  whole  surface  or  extent  of; 
throughout. 

"Se^k  through  your  camp  to  And  you." 

Hhakivp. :  Henry  I*.,  iv.  1. 

4.  Among  or  in  the  midst  of ;  denoting 
I)assage. 

■■  The  briMuMe^  .  -  .  through  whom  he  riuhea." 
Shnkrifi.  :  Veitut  *  Adotiit,  030, 

5.  Among,  in  the  way  of  experience  :  as, 
To  pass  through  dangers. 

6.  From  lieginning  to  end  of;  to  the  end  or 
Ciinclusimi  of;  throughout.  Said  of  time  :  as, 
through  the  whole  yeiir. 

7.  By  the  instrumentality,  medium,  or 
agency  of;  by  means  of. 

"  My  nukster  throujh  bis  mi  fMreseea  the  danger." 
Shakesp. :  Tempest,  ii.  1. 

8.  On  account  of ;  out  nf ;  because  of. 

"The  subject*'  gtiet  couieB  throuffh  cnmmia-sions." 
Shakrtp. :  Ifcnrj/  VIII.,  i.  — 

B.  As  adverb: 

1.  From  end  to  end,  or  froni  one  side  to  the 
other  :  as.  To  pierce  a  boanl  Onvtigh. 

2.  From  beginning  to  end:  as,  To  read  a 
book  through. 

3.  To  the  end ;  to  a  conclusion ;  to  the 
ultimate  purpose:  as.  To  carry  a  measure 
thnrngh. 

C.  As  adjective : 

1.  Going,  passing,  or  extending  with  little 
or  no  iuterruption  from  one  place  or  centre  in 
another:  as,  a  (/iriii;;''  journey,  a  through 
passenger,  a  through  ticket. 

'2.  Strong,  deep-seat^'d  :  as,  a  throvgh  cold. 

^  (1)  To  drop  through  :  To  fall  to  pieces ; 
to  come  to  ruin  ;  to  fail ;  to  be  unsuccessful  : 
as,  The  project  dropiwd  through. 

(2)  To  fall  through  :  To  be  unsuccessful ;  to 
fail ;  to  drop  through. 

(:j)  To  gn  through  vith  anything:  To  prose- 
cute it  to  the  end. 

through-bolt.  >. 

Maih. :  A  UAt  i^i.s.^ing  entirely  through  and 
fastened  on  opposite  sides  of  the  object  or 
objects  secured  Uy  it. 


•through  bred.  -».    ITiioboiuh-drkd.] 

through -bridge.  .-■.  A  bridge  in  which 
the  tra.k  rtst>  .-n  th.-  lower  stringer,  in  con- 
tnidistineiion  to  a  deck-bridge,  in  which  th.- 
track  occupies  the  np[vr  stringer,  the  top  ot 
the  truss. 

through  carriage.  .".  A  carriage  which 
g.H-.s  tlirniijrh  t(.:Mvrt.iin  -station,  even  though 
rih-  vv^t  olthf  train  does  not. 

through-cold.  >•.  A  deer-seate<l  coUl. 
{Ih.n.ni.i.) 

through-fEire.  ■■'.  A  thoroughfare ;  an 
umthstmctrd  p;iss;igc. 

•■  Th.-  lUnniilaii  driK-rta.  nii»l  the  vasty  « ihls 
Oi  will.- .An.liiii.  «n'fLHr'(r'ii(3A-/rtrM  IU'».     ..   _ 
.\h<iK,tp.  :  Mfrchautof  Vrmcc.  ii.  .- 

through- gang,    s.       A   thorough f.i re. 

through-ganging.  «.    Getting  quickly 

or  siiiaiily  tlnnu^h  wmk  ;  active,  smart. 

through-gaun, ".  A-  s. 

A.  -1-^  «'0-  •  The  same  as  Thuol-oh-gancisc 
(4.V.). 

B.  An  snhst. :  A  severe  repi  iiiiaud  or  scold- 
ing.    {SrntrhA 

*  through-handling,  .^.     Management. 

•■  Ti.  Ie;ive  the  th>-ii';liti-iiiilli}fj  o(  all  to  bia  (jeiillv 

wifv.'-.SiU'i'-!/  ■  .irr<fh>,.  |>    17:. 

*  through-lighted.".  Thorough  lighted. 
-Tliat  the  U-»t  |>ti-n-«  I"-  pliiccd  whereare  the  fewest 

li^'hta:  therefurc  not  only  ii.i.iiia  wiudowed  on  hoth 
emia.  allied  rhron'jhUQhnH.  I.ut  with  two  or  more 
windows  on  the  *»rue  side,  iire  eueiuies  to  his  art.  — 
II'offoH  .-  Architcvriiri: 


'  through -paced, 

lupU-te,  peltVet. 


Tborougli-paced, 


"  He  is  very  dexterooB  in  [.nzzltni;  others,  if  they  I»( 
not  through-paced  sKL-iilators  iu  the  great  thi-ories. 
—  Mum. 

through-rate,  s.  A  rate  or  sum  charged 
for  carrying  passengers  or  goods  to  a  distant 
destination  over  the  i-outes  of  various  carrying 
companies,  as  by  rail,  steam,  coach,  &c.,  and 
generally  tixed  at  a  lower  hgure  than  the  con- 
signor or  passenger  could  obtain  by  separate 
arrangement  with  each  company. 

through- Stone.  -^. 

M->-.n,i.:  A  l.niid-stcne,  extending  acn.ss  the 
thickness  of  the  wall ;  a  perbend  (q.v.). 

through-ticket,  y.  A  railway  or  steam- 
boat tirket  for  the  whole  of  a  journey,  gene- 
rally granted  by  one  company,  and  entitling' 
the  holder  to  tiiivel  on  more  than  one  com- 
]'any's  lines  or  conveyances. 

through-traffic.  .^.  The  traffic  from  end 
to  end  of  a  railway  ^system,  or  between  two 
important  centres  "at  a  wide  distance  from 
each  other. 

through-train,  s.  A  train  which  goes 
the  whole  length  of  a  lailway,  ora  long  route; 
a  train  running  between  two  or  more  im- 
poi'tant  centres  at  wide  distances,  with  few 
or  no  -stopiiages  by  the  way.  A  train  which 
takes  a  passenger  the  journey  without  cliang- 
ing. 

through  (gh  silent  or  guttiual),  •  trogh, 
'  thrughe.  s.  [A.S.  thruh  =  a  gr:i\e,  a 
stone  chest  or  coffin.]    A  coffin. 

"The  thrughe  beside  iMidevie^—ToHmley M>i$teries. 

p.  2'A. 

through'-ly   igh   silent).    *  through-lie, 

o.di\     llMJg.  through  ;  -bj.] 

1.  Completely,  fully,  entirely,  wholly, 
thoroughly. 

"  Our  men  began  to  crie  out  for  want  of  shift,  for  no 
raau  had  place  to  be&towe  :iny  othei-  ;ti>iiarell  then 
that  which  he  w.are  ou  his  backe.  luiu  tliat  was 
throitghln  washt  on  his  lK<ily  for  tlie  must  part  tenue 
times  in  one  day." — Hackluyt :  Voyagi's,  iii.  ii54. 

2.  Without  reserve  ;  sincerely. 

"Tliough  it  be  somewhat  singnlar  for  niou  truly  and 
throughly  to  live  Up  to  the  iiriuciples  t>f  their  reli^'inn. 
yet  sinituhirity  iu  thia  is  a  aiiigiihir  ii'niiiiend:iti'ju.*  — 

through-out  {gh  silent),  "^ through -oute. 

*thurgh-OUt.  prep.  Si.  adv.     lEng.  through, 
j)rep.,  ami  ont.\ 

A.  As  prfp. :  Quite  through  ;  from  one  ex- 
tremity to  tlie  other  ;  in  every  part. 

"  The  fame  anone  fhtirghout  the  toun  is  Iwm. 
UoM  AUa  king  shall  cotue  on  pilgriuiFHje." 

Chaucer:  C\  T..  5.41S. 

B.  As  adv. :  Everywhere ;  iu  every  part ;  at 
every  time. 

•■  Tliat  I  ne  woU  through^utf  (ulfille 
Your  hest^a,  at  your  owue  wille." 

Oower  :  C.  A..  V. 


through  -stone.  *  thrugh-stane.  s.  (En>c 
through,  s.,  and  stone.]  A  Hat  gravestone. 
(Si:otch.)    {Scott:  Antuiuarij,  ch.  xxiii.) 

through'-wort  0/'' silt^nt),  i-.  [Ens.  through^ 
and  ,r..rt.] 

!',"(.:  Bi'plrurumrotundi/olinm.  IThorough- 

WAX.] 

throu  -ther.  throw -ther,  a.  &  ode. 
lEtyni.  doubtful.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Confused  iu  mind  or  manner. 
{Jiiiiiie.<on.) 

B.  As  adv. :  Pell-mell,  confusedly.  {Scotch.) 
{Hums:  Cry  tf  Prayer.    Tostscript.) 

throve,  pr(?^  0/ r,    [Thrive.] 

throw,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  thrdu'an  =  to  twist,  to 
whirl,  to  hurl  (pa.  t.  thredu;  pa.  par.  thrdweu); 
eogn.  with  Ger.  drehen  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  drdjan  = 
to  turn,  to  whirl ;  Dut.  dranijen  =  to  turn,  to 
twist,  to  whirl;  Goth,  threihan  =^io  throng 
■  round,  to  press  upon  ;  Lat.  torqueo  =  to  twist, 
to  wind,  to  whirl.  Throng  is  a  nasalized  form 
frtnu  the  same  root. J 

A,  Transitive : 

I.  Ordinary  Ltaiguage : 

1.  To  fling  or  cast  in  any  way  ;  to  hurl  ;  to 
send  or  project  to  a  distance  by  a  projectile 
force. 

"  A  stone  to  throw  at  this  dog."— SAoit«p.  ;  Mrrru 
WipfS,  i.  4. 

2.  To  make  a  cast  with  ;  to  cast,  as  dice. 

"  Set  less  thau  thou  throwett." 

ahakesp. :  Lear,  i.  4. 

3.  To  cast  or  pour.    (Used  of  fluids.) 

"  They  threw  on  him  great  iwiils  of  puddled  mire.'— 
Sfiakesp.  :  Comedy  of  Errort.  v. 

4.  To  drive,  impel,  or  dash  with  force. 

"What  tempest  threw  this  whale  ashorel"'— 
Shnketp.  :  Merry  Wives,  ii.  1. 

5.  To  cast  or  hurl  dowu  from  an  erect  posi- 
tion ;  to  overthrow;  to  prostrate,  as  in 
wrestling.    {Shah-esp. :  As  You  Like  It,  i.  2.) 

6.  To  CJiuse  to  take  up  a  position  by  a  rapid 
march,  or  by  being  rapidly  transpoited. 

"  Not  .1  regiment  could  l>e  thrown  across  the  frontier." 
—Times.  March  15.  16SC. 

I.  To  lay  or  put  in  haste. 

'■  I  have  seen  her  throw  her  nightgown  upon  her."— 
ShaJci.-sp.  :  Macbeth,  V.  1. 

■  8.  To  divest  one's  self  of;  to  strip  off; 
to  cast  otf. 

■'  Then  the  snake  throws  her  enamelled  sliin.  " 
Shakeap. :  Midsummer -Sight's  Dreatu,  ii.  2. 

9.  To  arrange,  to  place,  to  set. 

"  Throwing  your  disjointed  materials  into  a  more 
neat  and  regular  order." — Watcrlatid  :  H'orks.  iii.  4*>s. 

10.  To  bring  forth;  to  produce,  as  young  ; 
to  bear.    (Of  the  lower  animals.) 

■'  Many  good-shaped  big  mares  were  amongst  thi* 
division,  and  it  struck  me  that  they  should  throtr 
weight-carriers."— F/eW.  August  27,  IBS". 

II.  To  give  utterance  or  expression  to  ;  ta 
hurl,  to  cast. 

"  I  have  throvn 
A  brave  defiance  at  King  Henry's  t^eth." 

Shakesp.  :  I  Benry  I'/.,  v.  2. 

12.  To  direct,  to  turn. 

•■  Lo,  what  befel !  he  threw  his  eye  aside." 

Shakcip.  :  As  I'ou  Like  It,  iv.  3. 

11.  Technically: 

1.  Pottery :  To  fashion  by  turning  ou  a  lathe  ; 
to  turn. 

2.  Weaving:  To  wind  or  twist  two  or  more 
filaments  of,  as  of  silk,  so  as  to  form  a  single 
tliread  ;  to  twist  together  as  singles  in  a  direc- 
tion contrary  to  the  twist  of  the  singles  them- 
selves. Sometimes  applied  in  a  general  sensr 
to  the  whole  series  of  operations  by  which 
silk  is  prepared  for  the  weaver. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  perform  the  act  of  casting,  hurling,  or 
flinging. 

2.  To  cast  dice. 

1*1.  To  throw  aboitt:  To  cast  about ;  to 
try  for  :  as.  To  throw  about  for  a  place. 

2.  To  throv.'  away : 

(1)  To  cast  or  hurl  to  a  distance. 

{2)  To  put  suddenly  out  of  one's  hand,  pos- 
session, or  the  like. 

(3)  To  part  with  or  bestow  without  com- 
pensation ;  to  spend  recklessly ;  to  sacrifice 
needlessly  ;  to  squander ;  to  waste ;  to  lose  by 
negligence  or  folly. 

'■  Throw  aieay  the  blessings  their  hands  are  filled 
with-"— XwJte;  Hum.  Understanding,  bk.  i..  ch.  i. 

(4)  To  reject ;  to  refase :  as,  To  throw  away  a 
good  ofl'er. 


fate,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  riile,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


throw— thrummed 


a;j 


3.  To  throwback: 

(1)  To  reflect,  as  lijjlit,  &c. 

(2)  To  reject,  tn  refuse. 

C-i)  To  cast  nr  liurl  back,  as  a  reply  or  retort, 
(■i)  To  revert  to  some  ancestral  character. 
(iSiiid  otaniiiials  generally.) 

4.  To  throw  by :  To  cast  or  lay  aside  as  use- 
less.   (Lit.  d'Jiij.) 

"  He  thiit  )M*xiii3  to  h>*v«  any  doubt  of  his  tenets, 
received  without  exiuuiiiHtiuii.  ought,  in  reference  ii> 
that  quextiou.  tu  throw  wholly  by  till  bis  furnier  .ic- 
tiona.'  —Lovkc. 

5.  To  throw  dovm  : 

(1)  To  cast  on  or  to  the  ground,  or  to  a 
lower  jtositioii ;  to  overturn;  ti»  bring  front 
an  erect  position. 

"  Then  threw  he  rfnwji  himself." 

Shakesp.  :  2  Uenry  II'.,  iv.  I. 

(2)  To  subvert,  to  destroy, 

"  My  better  parta  are  all  f/irowit  d'fwn." 

Shaktsp. :  As  i'oii  Like  It,  i,  2. 

6.  To  throw  in: 

(1)  To  cast  or  fling  inside ;  to  inject,  as  a 
fluid. 

(J)  To  put,  place,  or  deposit  with  others : 
as,  To  throw  in  one's  lot  witli  another. 

(;t)  To  interpolate  :  as.  He  threw  in  a  word 
ninv  and  tlien. 

(4)  To  add  without  enumeration  or  valne, 
a.s  if  to  ciiinplete  a  sale  or  bargain  ;  to  give  in  : 
as.  I  will  throw  this  in,  if  you  take  the  lot. 

7.  To  throw  off: 

(1)  To  cast  off,  away,  or  aside;  to  divest 
one's  self  of  hurriedly  or  negligently. 

"  Throw  u^this  sheet." 

Shakesp.  :  2  ffenri/  VI.,  ii.  4. 

(2)  To  expel ;  to  cast  ofl",  as  a  disease. 

(3)  To  discard  ;  to  reject. 

*■  Twoul.l  te  better 
Could  you  provoke  bini  to  give  you  th'  occasion, 
And  then  to  throic  him  uff.' 

Dryden  :  Spanish  Friar. 

(i)  To  stm-t  the  hounds  on  the  scent. 

8.  To  throw  on  ov  itpon  : 

(1)  To  put  on  hastily  or  negligently :  as,  To 
throw  on  one's  clothes. 

(2)  To  inflict ;  to  lay  or  impose  on. 

"  Throwing  restraint  upon  us." 

Shakeap. ;  Othello,  iv.  3 

9.  To  throw  one's  self  down:  To  lie  down. 

10.  Til  thjrnv  one's  self  on  (oT  upon) :  To  ti'ust 
or  resign  one's  self  to  the  sustaining  power, 
favour,  benevolence,  or  protection  of;  to  re- 
pose upon  ;  to  contide  or  put  trust  in. 

"  111  time  of  teinytiitiou  be  not  busy  to  diainite,  but 
rely  upon  the  conclusion,  and  throw  ymirsef/  upon 
God.  and  contend  not  with  him  but  iu  pniyer. ' — 
Tat/lor:  Holy  Lioiiig. 

11.  To  throw  open  : 

(1)  To  open  suddenly  or  widely :  as,  The 
doors  were  thrown  open. 

(2)  To  give  free  or  unrestricted  admission 
to;  to  make  open  and  free;  to  remove  all 
barriers  or  restrictions  from ;  as,  The  profes- 
sion is  thrown  open  to  all. 

12.  To  throw  out: 

(1)  To  cast  out,  to  expel,  to  reject,  to  dis- 
card. 

(2)  To  cause  to  project  or  become  promi- 
nent ;  as,  To  throw  out  a  pier,  or  wing  of  a 
building. 

(3)  To  emit:  as,  A  lamp  throws  out  Vi^ht. 

(4)  To  give  utterance  to ;  to  insinuate ;  to 
suggest :  as,  To  throw  out  a  suggestion. 

(5)  To  put  oif  the  right  track  ;  to  confuse  ; 
Ui  perplex :  as,  The  noise  threv}  the  speaker 
out. 

(ij)  To  leave  behind  ;  to  distance  :  as.  The 
horse  was  thrown  out  of  the  race. 

(7)  To  reject ;  to  exclude  :  as,  The  bill  was 
throicn  out  by  a  large  niajority. 

(8)  In  cricket :  To  put  out,  as  a  batsman,  by 
the  ball,  when  thrown  by  a  fielder,  hitting 
the  batsman's  wicket  while  he  is  out  of  his 
ground. 

13.  2'o  throw  oi'er :  To  discard,  to  reject,  to 
abandon,  to  desert. 

"  That  other  person  was  sacrificed  to  her— Vanessa 
VAS  thrown  ot'er,"—Tluickeraii;  Enf/llsh  Biimnnr>srii, 
lect.  i. 

1-1.  To  throw  up : 

(1)  To  erect  or  build  rapidly ;  to  construct 
hastily  :  as,  A  rampart  was  thrown  up. 

(2)  To  eject  or  discharge  from  the  stomach ; 
to  vomit. 

"  Judge  of  the  cause  by  the  aubstanoea  the  patient 
throws  up."—Arbuthn'jf. 


(6)  To  abandon,  tn  resign  ;  to  give  up. 

"  Life  we  must  not  part  witli  fuulialily ;  It  niuat  not 
lie  thrown  up  iu  a  pet,  Uur  sauriAced  to  a  uuKrrtil." — 
Colfh-r. 

throw (1).  '  tlirowe(l),  s.    [Thhow,  r.) 

I.  Ordinary  La  nguttfje : 

1.  The  act  of  hurling,  flinging,  or  casting  ; 
a  cast ;  a  driving  or  propelling  from  the  hand 
or  from  an  engine. 


2.  A  cast  of  the  dice  ;  tlie  manner  in  which 
dice  fall  when  thrown  :  hence,  risk,  venture, 
chance. 

■■  The  greater  throte  may  turn  from  thf  weaker  hand." 
Shakvap. :  Merchunt  of  Vvmice,  ii.  I. 

3.  The  distance  to  wiiich  a  missile  is  or  may 
be  thrown. 

cka  that  stand  aboi .  .   

iddis'in :  On  Italy. 

*  4,  A  stroke,  a  blow,  an  assault. 

"  Neither  mail  could  holil, 
Ne  shield  defend  the  thunder  of  his  throws." 
.Spe/iter:  F.  U-,  H-  viii.  41. 

'  5.  An  effort  ;  a  violent  sally. 

"  Your  youtli  admires 
The  throws  and  swellinj^  of  a  Koman  soul  ; 
fato'a  bold  tligtits.  the  extravagaace  of  virtue." 
Addison:  Cato,  ii. 

*  6.  The  agony  of  travail ;  a  throe. 

7.  A  potter's  wheel.    (Vrov.) 

8.  A  turner's  lathe.    (Proi-.) 
II.  TechnicuUij  ; 

1.  Mining :  The  amount  of  dislocation  in  a 
vertical  direction  produced  by  a  fault  in  tin- 
strata.    Called  also  a  Shift  or  Slip. 

2.  Steam-eng. :  The  radial  reach  of  a  ciauk, 
eccentric,  or  cam. 

throw^-crook»  .«:. 

1.  ]{iis)«inilr!i :  A  tool  like  a  brace,  fur 
twisting  liay  tir  straw  bands. 

2.  Potlvnj  :  A  potter's  wheel  :  a  thrower. 

throw-lathe,  .".  A  small  lathe  whicli  is 
driven  by  one  hand,  while  the  tool  is  managed 
by  the  other. 

throw-Stick,  s. 

Anthrop.:  A  short  curved  stick,  usually 
with  a  carved  serpent's  head,  with  which  the 
ancient  Egyptians  used  to  knock  down  game 
attracted  by  their  call-birds. 

'•  To  knock  down  birds  with  the  curved  throw-stick." 
—  r.ii'jur.  lirit.  led.  Utli).  viii.  Til. 

'  throw  (2),  '  throwe  (2).  s.   [k.^.thrah.]  A 
brief  sjtace  of  time  ;  a  moment,  a  wliile. 

■'  Down  himself  he  layd 
Upon  the  grassy  ground  to  sleep  a  throto," 

Spe liter :  F.  tl..  III.  iv.  53. 

throw- er,   .s\     [Eng.  throw,  v.;  -er.]     One 
wlio  or  that  which  throws  ;  specif., 

(1)  A  person  who  twists  or  winds  silk  ;  a 
throwster. 

(2)  A  potter  who  works  a  throwing  wheel  or 
engine. 

throw'-ing,  pr.  par.,  cu,  &  $.     [Throw,  s] 
A.  A:  B.  As  pr.  j^nr.  tt  2)ar((cfj).  adj.  :  (See 
th.-  verl)). 
C.  As  suhsfontire : 

I.  Ord.  Land.  :  The  act  of  one  who  throws ; 
a  throw,  a  cast. 

II.  Technicidbj : 

1.  Silk:  A  third  process  in  the  spinning 
and  combining  of  silk  thread. 

2.  Potterii:  The  operation  of  forming  a  mass 
of  clay  into  a  vessel  on  the  potter's  wheel. 

throwing-engine.s.  fTHRowiNo.-TABLE.] 

throwing  tahle,  throwing-mlll,  5. 

A  icvrdvihg  liLiiizoMtal  table  on  which  earthen 
vessels  are  shaped  by  the  potter.  Called  also 
Thro  wing-engine. 


thro  wing  -wheel. 


A  potter's  wheel. 


thrown,  p".  pnr.  ur  a.     [THROW,  v.] 

^  In  mining,  when  a  lode  is  intersected  by 
a  sliile,  if  the  undiscovered  portion  of  the 
lode  has  apparently  been  lengthened,  it  is 
s;iid  to  be  thrown  np;  if  the  reverse,  it  is 
thrown  doicn. 

thrown-SillE,  !<■  A  silk  thread  made  of 
tw(j  or  nujre  singles  twisted  together  in  a 
direction  contrary  to  the  twist  of  the  singles 
of  which  it  is  composed. 

thrown- singles,  s.  pi.  Silk  thread,  the 
rrsult  of  three  separate  spinning  operations. 


Silk  tllanients  are  twistc'l  to  form  ninnies. 
Several  of  these  nre  cnmbined  and  twiMted 
together  (doubling),  fornung  dumb  hingk-s. 
A  iiniMlier  of  the  latter  are  associated  and 
twisttil  together,  forming  thrown  singles. 

throw'-Ster,  s.  (Kng.  throu;  v.  ;  -ster.]  One 
who  tlirow.s  or  twists  silk  ;  one  who  preparuN 
silk  for  the  wi-aver. 

\  woman"  clack.  If  I  have  skill. 

jijiindt  i.Fiiii<tliing  like  a  throwster  t  inill,"' 

.Swi/l .  Vomptiilnt  on  hU  /trn/nfit. 

thr<$^'-ther,  ".  A  adr.     [TuRoi-Tiiiiit.l 

thrum,  '  throm,  •  thrunun,  •  thrumh. 

.S-.  A:  If.  [led.  tUn-Dir  (-enit.  tUnnnnr)  —  U\*- 
edge,  verge,  brim  of  a  thing  ;  hence,  the  rough 
edge  of  a  web;  Norw.  tr6)n,  tnim,  Irumni  =. 
edge,  brim  ;  S\v.  dial,  troinm,  tnanm,  tr(m  = 
a  stump,  the  end  of  a  log;  O.  Dul.  draw, 
drom-garen  =  thread  on  the  slmttle  of  a 
weaver;  Ger. /r»»i)ii  =  end,  thrum,  stunii'  (d 
a  tree.  From  the  same  root  as  (Jr.  ripfxa 
{t<rimi);  Lat.  termimis  =  end,  limit.) 

A,  As  subslontive : 

1.  Nautical: 

(1)  Cnai-se  untwisted  rope,  used  for  mops 
and  for  mat-making. 

(2)  A  wad  of  such  yarns  or  a  sail  passed 
overboard  and  hauled  into  the  vicinity  of  a 
leak,  so  as  to  be  drawn  thereinto. 

2.  Weaving:  The  ends  of  the  warp  or  wett, 
threads. 

3.  Anything  resend)ling  a  thnni),  as  a  fila- 
mentous or  fringe-like  appendage. 

"  .\11  moss  hath  here  and  there  little  statkit,  besidcH 
tl.e  luw  rhrnni.'—Bavon  :  ^Vnt.  Hist.,  §  il.-iT. 

B,  A:>  adj.  :  Made  of  coarse  yarn. 

"Tilt-  ends  are  eight  or  niiip  incheH  long,  hanging 
I'lit  oil  the  upper  Mide.  like  tlK- shag  or  f/iruDiA  itiattx, 
wiiicli  we  Hometiiiies  ;«<'f  lying  in  a  luisaage."— Ccwt . 
ii:s(  i'-'i/iije,  bk.  li.,  ch.  ix. 

*  li  Tliread  and  thrum  :  [Thread,  s.]. 

thrum  (1),  v.t.    [Thri'si,  .*.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  furnish  with  thrums  or 
appendages  resembling  tlirums  ;  to  put  tufts, 
fringes,  '.<v  other  thread-hke  appendages  on. 

2.  Kaut. :  To  insert  tufts  of  hemp  or  coir 
in  the  meshes  of  in  making  a  rope-mat. 

thrum  (2),  v.i.  &  t.  [Icel.  thrunw  =  to  rattle, 
to  thunder  ;  Dan.  trnmme  =  a  drum  ;  Sw. 
trnvima  =  to  beat,  to  drum.]    [Drum.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  play  coarsely,  or  unskilfully,  or  pur- 
pos,.'lv>sly  on  a  stringed  instrument ;  to  strum. 

'■  Iiliiii.ler>.n83e3  iilaiited  iu  every  loop-hole,  go  off 
ciiii'^tiuitli  at  ttie8inie»kiiiL'iif  a  liddleiind  the  thrum, 
mtiijiii  a  t^mtHr.'—OrydvH  :  .spaiiin/i  friaf,  i.  2. 

2.  To  make  a  dull,  drunnning,  monotonous 
noise  on  anything,  as  with  the  lingers;  to 
drum. 

B.  Traiisitirc  : 

1.  To  play  rougldy  on  with  the  fingers,  as  a 
piano,  harp,  guitar,  &c. 

IT  Thrum  is  generally  used  of  keyed,  and 
strum  of  stringed  instruments. 

2.  To  play  or  sing  in  a  monotonous  tone. 

"If  men  should  ever  be  thrnmminij  the  drooe  of 
one  plai  n  song,  it  would  Iw  a  dull  u|iiate  to  the  raosc 
wakeful  attention.'"— J/(7?oj(  .■  Animad,  on  /iem.  Df- 
fvnc^. 

3.  To  drum,  to  tap,  to  beat. 

"  Oh  1  how  I  long,  how  ardently  desire, 
To  \  iew  those  rosy  tlngera  Htilke  the  lyre  ! 
For  late,  when  beea  to  cliaiige  their  climet  began. 
How  did  I  see  them  thrttm  the  frying-pan  !  * 

Sheiutonc :  Vulfinlra. 

4.  To  tell  over  in  a  tiresome  manner. 
(Scotch.) 

"  He  wad  thrum  them  ower  and  ower  to  the  like  tf 
me  ayont  the  ingle."— j>"i-««.-  Antiquary,  uh.  xxL 

^thrum'-ble,  v.t.  [Afrequentfromf/frwiH,  v.] 
To  crowd  or  heap  together. 

"  Wicked  and  lend  folk,  who  gather,  thrnmble,  anil 
lieape  \\\i  together  all  sorts  of  giiiue."  — /".  I/otland : 
r/utanh.  I,.  *JIJ. 

thrummed,  a.    [Eng.  thrum  (l),  s. ;  -ed.] 
1.  Mailc  of  thrums  or  coarse  yarn. 
2.  Interwoven,  matted,  covered  thickly. 

"  Which  lieitrs  a  graas  ha  soft  as  ia  the  dainty  sloave. 
And  thra>n)n'd  so  thick  and  deeii," 

Drayton  :  Poly-Olbton.  h.  2S. 

thrummed-mat.  ». 

X<nit.  :  A  mat,  or  [liece  of  canvas,  with 
sluut  strands  of  yarn  stuck  through  it,  in 
order  to  make  a  rough  surface.  It  is  used  in 
a  vessel's  rigging,  about  any  part,  to  prevent 
chafing. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist.      lA^. 
-cian.    tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =^  shun;  -tion,    sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tlous,  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  dvL 


84 


thrummy— Thug 


thrttm'-mj^.  ».  [Kn;;.  thrum,  s. ;  -y  ]  CoiisiBt- 
iiii;  of,  funiishiM  with,  or  rt'suinbUiig  thrutiis. 

-lit    tliC    llllllillv   otAlKl*  A   rulUlllfllK   thick  M<t  with 

iKrtt'Hmg  »(.Uur»r.  *liU-h  nrwuf  tliii  plnilt  belwilir  tu 
Ui«  mAJviu^.-ui  klu<l  '~AifN|'l<T.    >'uy<ij;«4,  vol.  111. 

tbriilll -wort,  »■    IE"i»<  (Aruut,  and  leort.] 

I.  The  (1011118  Actiiiocarims(q.v.). 

*J.  .^maniiiMiLt  ruiKi^t/Ks.  Lnve  Lies  IJk'<'«i- 
iiii^.a  sprcifsof  Amiiraiitli,  ori>;iii;illy  from  the 
hji^t  lintifs.iiuw cultivated  ill  English  gaMieiis. 

thrllsb(l),  'thmsoll.  s.  |Mi<I.  Eng.  thrusch. 
iioiii  A.S.  thrysct ;  cogn.  with  O.  H.  Ger.  drvsca, 
wlienc*'  Ger.  (iroww/.  These  answer  to  a  Tent. 
tvpe,  thmska.  IXxtXMXx.  str>izdas,straz'ia  show 
tiiiit  an  iiiitiiil  s  has  Wt'ii  lost.  The  original 
U*xn\  appears  t^)  liave  been  $tar-da.  Tlie 
original  sense  was  pri>b.  chirper,  or  twitterer  ; 
cf.  Gr.  arpiCtiv  {!ttri:fin\  rpi^uv  (tri:ei7i)-=: 
to  twittor  ;  fjit.  stnx=  the  screech-owl.] 

(h-uith.  :  The  book-name  for  any  of  the 
Tunlithe  (q.v.).  They  ai-e  iinivei-sally  dis- 
Irib'ited  except  in  New  iilealand,  and  are  very 
highly  organised  birds,  and  it  is  for  tliis 
rea-son,  i>urhai>8,  a-s  well  as  on  account  of  their 
oinnivnmiis  diet,  thit  they  have  been  able  to 
est-iblish  themselves  on  a  number  of  remote 
islands.  They  differ  widely  in  their  habits 
and  in  their  habitats;  some  arc  gregarious, 
othei's  live  solitarily  or  in  pairs.  The  type- 
gonus  Turdus(q.v.)  has  several  British  spt?cies, 
but  to  only  three  of  these  is  the  name  Thrush 
applied  :  The  Song  Thrush,  Throstle,  or 
iMavis  (Turdiis  miwicits),  the  Missel  Thrush 
(r.  viscivorus),  and  White's  Thrush  (q.v.) 
It.  varius),  an  occasional  visitor.  The  Song 
Thrush,  generally  spoken  of  without  any 
qu.difying  atljective,  is  not  quite  nine  inches 
long ;  Iwck  and  upper  surface  brown  of 
sli^jhtly  dillVrent  shades,  chin  white,  abdomen 
and  tad  coverts  grayish-white  ;  throat,  breast, 
and  flanks,  together  with  the  sides  of  the 
neck,  yellow,  tliickly  spotted  with  dark- 
brown.  It  is  one  of  the  best-known  British 
Hong  birds,  and  in  captivity  is  easily  taught 
simple  aire.  It  is  fouiid  all  over  Europe,  but 
leaves  some  of  the  northern  parts  in  winter, 
being  thus  practically  a  bird  of  passage.  It 
feeds  on  insects,  worms,  slugs,  snails,  and  in 
the  summer  greetlily  devours  chemes  and 
smaller  fruit.  It  usually  builds  in  the  centre 
of  a  thick  bush  or  shrub,  but  sometimes  in  an 
open  sli'-d,  and  lines  the  interior  of  the  nest 
with  mud,  clay,  or  dung,  so  as  to  form  a  cup. 
The  eggs  are  four  to  six  iu  number,  bright 
bluish-green,  with  brownish  spots.  The  male 
tikes  ]»iirt  in  the  work  of  incubation,  and  is 
very  attentive  in  feeding  his  mate  whilst  she 
is  sitting.  They  usually  produce  two  broods 
in  the  season.     [Missel-turpsh.] 

thrusb-like    birds,    s.  pi     ITurdx- 

thrush-nightingale,  s. 

OruUh. :  (See  extract). 

"  In  the  east  o(  Eiinnie  a  second  species  of  Nightiu- 
pJo  nccurs.  which,  though  long  ku.jwn  to  Gennwi 
hinl  l:>iicler8  as  the  Spioaaer.  waa  first  specifically  dla- 
tiiigiiLihi-d  by  Bt:chdt«iii  k»  Sylvia  phUonmla.  and 
liy  utlif-r  atitliora  is  c-illed  Philomela  turdoidet  or 
;■.  tniijitr.  while  it  Iijw  received  the  British  mime 
ihru*h-iiightinuitli;.  TliiHtiiid.  whose  regular nppella- 
tioij  It  Beeiiis  dioultl  lie  /mufitu  p'lUomela,  exteudaita 
-uriiiiier  rau^e  further  to  the  northward  thau  our  D. 
titKiuia"—yariell:  British  Birdi  (ed.  ■ith),  i.  320. 

thriish  (2),  s.  (Etym.  doubtful;  cf.  Dan. 
trd-ikt  =  the  thrush  on  the  tongue  ;  Sw.  torsk; 
Sw.  dial,  trdsk.  Prob.  allied  to  Dan.  (or; 
Sw.  tors:  Icel.  thurr;  A.H.  thyrr  =  dry  ;  Dan. 
tijrke:  Sw.  torka;  Icel.  fftwr/La  =  drought; 
Mid.  Eng.  (ftn«(  =  thirst] 

1.  I'nthol.  :  White-mouth,  a  variety  of 
stomatitis  depending  on  the  presence  of  a 
parasitic  fungus,  Oulium  nlbicans,  common  in 
phthisis  and  other  chronic  and  wasting 
dise;iseH,  usually  indicating  approaching 
death.  In  the  thrush  of  young  infants,  and 
that  of  acute  disease.-^,  danger  is  not  indicated. 
Uorax  and  honey,  milk  and  lime  water, 
magnesia,  and  gentle  aperients  are  useful ; 
and  in  more  severe  cases  a  solution  of  chlorate 
of  i>otasli. 

2.  l->Jerinary:  An  affection  of  the  inflam- 
matory and  supimrating  kind,  in  the  feet  of 
the  hoiae,  and  some  other  animals.  In  the 
case  of  the  liois*-  it  is  in  the  frog. 

thrnah-ftmgus,  5. 

iSnt.  :  Oufi'iwi  ((/^icujw,  a  microscopic  fungus 
developed  in  and  between  the  epithelial  cells 
of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth  iu 
thrush.     [Thru.sh{2),  1.] 


thrush-llohen,  s. 

Hot.:  ]'>-ltiiUa  aplUhom,  a  lichen,  which 
grows  on  III  pirn-  rocks.  The  Swedes  prescribe 
jt  foraphtliii'. 

thrush  -  paste,  s.  An  astringent  for 
curing  thrush  in  the  feet  of  horses.  It  is 
composed  of  calamine,  verdigris,  white  vitriol, 
alum,  and  tar. 

thriiBh(3).  s.     [Thrash,  s.] 

Jhr^t,  '  threst,  •  thrist,  r.^  &  i.  [Icel. 
Ihr^ihi—  to  thrust,  to  compress,  to  press,  to 
force,  to  compel ;  A.S.  thni-Man  =  to  oppress, 
to  alHict.  From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  trudo 
=  to  thrust,  to  push.} 

A.  TnDisiUfc: 

1.  To  push  or  drive  with  force  ;  to  drive,  to 
force,  t4)  impel.  (Commonly  followed  by  rttway, 
from,  ill,  out,  into,  &c.) 

"  Thuu  wilt  needs  thrutl  thy  neck  into  a  yoke."— 
Shak'-ap. :  Much  AUo  About  Xothiug,  1. 1. 

2.  To  push,  to  sli'^ve. 

"  At  thi!)  soiue  of  tlieiu  laughetl  at  me,  some  called 
me  fool,  mid  some  begiiu  to  thrust  lue  about."  — 
Suni/ait  :  Pilgrlm't  Pro</ress.  pt.  ii. 

3.  To  drive,  to  push,  to  force. 

"  And  into  the  concession  of  this  Bullannine  la 
thriat  by  the  force  of  our  argument." — Bp.  Tai/lor : 
Heal  Pn^ienev,  j  A. 

4.  To  stab,  to  pierce. 

"  Thrust  Talbot  with  a  stiear  into  the  back." 

Shakesp.  ■'  1  Henry  17..  i.  l. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  make  a  thrust  or  push  ;  to  attack 
with  a  pointed  weapon. 

"  These  four  came  alt  afront  and  maiuly  thrust  at 
me."—Sh<iiLctp.  :  1  Henry  /('.,  ii.  i. 

*  2.  To  enter  by  pushing  ;  to  squeeze  iu. 

"  I'll  he  a  Siiart'oi  while  I  live  on  earth  ; 
But.  when  iu  heav'n  I'll  stand  next  to  Hercules, 
.\nd  thrust  between  my  father  and  the  tiod. " 

Drydetu    (Todd.) 

*  3.  To  push  forward  ;  to  come  with  force  ; 
to  press  on  ;  to  intrude. 

"  This  thruits  jitnid  the  thi'oug  with  furious  force  ; 
Down  goes,  at  once,  the  horseman  and  the  hoi-ae." 
Orydeii:  Pulamon  1-  Arcite,  iii.  607. 

*  4.  To  rush  forward  ;  to  rush  at. 

*  ^  1.  To  thrust  on:  To  impel,  to  urge 
forward. 

"We  make  entity  of  our  disasters  the  sun,  the 
moon,  and  stars,  as  if  we  were  villains  on  necessity 
.  .  .  and  nil  that  we  are  evil  iu,  by  a  divine  thrusting 
on."— Shakesp. :  Lear,  i.  2. 

2.  To  thrust  one's  self  in  (or  into) :  To  in- 
trude, to  obtrude. 

"  How  dare  you  tJirust  yourselves 
Into  my  private  meditations!"" 

SItakesj).  :  Henry  VI!l.,  ii   2. 

3.  To  thrust  out : 

(1)  To  drive  out,  to  expel. 

"  They  were  thrust  out  of  Egypt,"'— £x«i(«  xii.  39. 

(2)  To  push  out ;  to  protrude  :  as,  To  thruU 
out  the  tongue. 

4.  To  thrust  through  :  To  pierce. 

"■  Phiueas  thrust  both  of  them  througlt."— Numbers 
XXV,  S 

*  5.  To  thrust  toijetlier :  To  compress. 

"  He  thrust  the  fleece  together,  and  wriuged  the  dew 
cut  .jf  it.'~Judg<s  vi.  as. 

thrust  (I),  s.    [Thrust,  v.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  violent  push  or  drive,  as  with  a 
iminted  weapon,  pushed  in  the  direction  of 
its  length,  or  with  the  hand,  foot,  or  an  in- 
strument. 

"  Xuthing  there,  save  death,  was  mute  ; 
Stroke,  and  thrust,  aud  flash,  and  cry." 

Byron:  Siege  of  Corinth,  xxiv. 

2.  A  stab. 

"■  A  thrust  (quoth  he)  of  a  sword,  which  went  In  at 
his  aide."— /'.  UoUand:  Plutarch,  p.  71. 

3.  An  assault,  an  attack. 

"■  There  is  one  thrust  at  your  pure,  pretended  me- 
chanism.'"—-l/oi-f.-  Divine  Dialogues. 
II,  Technically: 

1.  Mining-engineer.:  The  breaking  down- 
ward of  the  roof  of  a  gallery,  owing  to  the 
weight  of  the  superincumbent  strata.  Op- 
posed to  creep,  which  is  an  upheaval  of  the 
gallery  floor. 

2.  Husb.  :  The  white  whey  which  last  leaves 
tlie  cui'd  in  pressing. 

3.  Mech. :  The  force  exerted  by  any  body  or 
system  of  bodies  against  another  body  or 
system,  such  as  the  force  exerted  by  rafters 
or  beams  against  the  walls  supporting  them. 

%  Thrust  of  an  arch  : 

Build. :  The  force  e.xerted  by  the  arch 
stones  considered  as  a  combination  of  wedges, 


to    Mvcrturn   the  abutments    or    walls  from 
wliicli  llic  arcli  springs. 

thrust'hoe,  s.  A  hoc  wliich  is  worked 
by  pusliiiig  ;  a  Dutch  hue. 

"  thrust  (2),  ■  thurst,  s.    [Thir.-^t,  s.] 

thrust'-er,  s.  [Eng.  thrust,  V. ;  -er.}  One 
who  thrusts  or  stabs  ;  in  hunting  slang,  one 
whti  pushes  or  presses  forward  iu  ftont  of  the 
rest  of  the  field. 

"'By  the  powers,  they  have  found;*  plaintively 
rejoins  his  companion,  who  chances  to  be  .t.  recognized 
thruster  iu  the  fullest  sense  of  the  %eviii."— Field,  Jan. 
2.  18S6. 

thrust' -ing,  pr^  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Thhust,  i-.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  parlUip.  ady  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  -4s  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  pushing  or  driving  with  force. 

2.  The  act  of  squeezing  curd  with  the  hand 
to  expel  tlie  whey. 

3.  (/v.);  The  white  whey  or  that  wliich  is 
pressed  out  of  the  curd  by  the  hand,  and  of 
which  butter  is  sometimes  made.    (^Prov.) 

thrusting- sere w.  s.  The  screw  of  a 
sciew-prt'ss  ;  of  a  chefSL'-press,  for  instance, 

thrus  -tie  (tie  as  el),  s.  [Throstle.]  The 
thrush. 

"  .Vi>  thrnsfles  shrill  the  bramble  bush  forsake  ; 
Nu  chirping  lark  the  welkin  sheeu  invokes,  " 

Oay. 

*  thrust-y,  *  thurst-y,  a.    [Thirsty.] 
thrut9h'-er,  s,     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Mwh. :    An    auxiliary  high-pressure    nou- 

ctniili'usiiig  c-ngiiic. 


thry-fal  low. 


[Thrifallow.] 


~thrym-§a,  "thrim'-^a,  5.  [A.S.]  An 
Anglo-Saxon  silver  coin,  the  value  of  which 
is  doubtful,  being  stated  by  some  as  3s.,  by 
otliers  as  8d.,  and  by  others  again  as  the  tliird 
uf  a  shilling  or  4d. 

~  thryse,  adv.    [Thrick.] 

ThU  -ban,  s.     [Corrupted  Arabic] 

Astron.  :  A  fixed  star,  a  Draconis.  It  was 
formerly  the  brightest  star  in  the  constellation, 
but  is  now  only  between  the  third  and  the 
fourth  magnitude.  Upwards  of  4,600  years 
ago  it  was  situated  very  near  the  celestial 
pole,  from  which  it  is  now  distant  nearly  25°. 

thud,  s.  [Of  imitative  origin,  prob,  connected 
with  A.S.  thodcn  ^  a  whirlwind,  a  violejit 
wind.]  The  sound  produced  by  a  blow  upon 
a  comparatively  soft  substance  ;  a  noise  as 
that  of  a  heavy  stone  striking  the  ground  ;  a 
stroke  or  blow  causing  a  dull,  hollow  sound. 

"The  fliul  makes  a  louder  thud  iu  the  fields  thau 
you  would  imagine."- A'cJ-fi»er's  .Magazine,  Nov.,  18(8, 
p.  44. 

*  If  To  play  thiul :  To  fall. 

'"  For  fejir  of  playing  thud  on  the  ground."— iri?«on  ." 
JVoetes  AnibrasiiUUB  (  H'orks,  L  "3). 

thud,  v.i.  [Thpd,  s.]  To  make  a  loud,  inter- 
mittent noise. 

"  Here.  Doon  poured  down  his  far-fetched  floods: 
There,  well-led  Irwiue  stately  fhiuis." 

Burns :  Tlie  Vision. 

Th&g,  Thag,  5.  [Hind,  thaga  =  to  deceive.] 
1.  Lit.  d-  Hist.  (PL)  :  The  name  given  in  the 
northern  provinces  of  India  to  a  fraternity, 
who  looked  upon  nuirder  as  the  sole  means  of 
staying  the  wrath  of  the  goddess  Kali,  and 
derived  their  luincipal  means  of  support  from 
the  I'lunder  of  their  victims.  In  old  times, 
according  to  Hindoo  mythology,  Kali  made 
war  upon  a  race  of  giants,  from  every  drop  of 
whose  blood  sprang  a  demon.  These  demons 
multiplied,  and  at  last  the  goddess  created  two 
iiieii  to  whom  she  gave  handkerchiefs,  with 
which  they  strangled  the  infernal  beings. 
When  the  men  had  finished  their  task,  the 
goddess  gave  them  the  privilege  of  using  the 
handkerchief  against  their  fellows,  aud  so  tlie 
class  of  Thugs  is  said  to  have  arisen.  Although 
worshipping  a  Hindoo  goddess,  the  majority 
of  the  Thugs  were  Muhannuadans.  They 
usually  travelled  in  gangs,  the  members  of 
which  had  ostensibly  some  honest  calling  in 
their  own  community,  and  in  selecting  their 
victims  ;ilways  endeavoured  to  pitch  uj'on 
pers<ms  of  property  in  order  that  while  jiro- 
pitiating  the  goddess  they  might  enrich  her 
worshippers.  Various  steps  were  taken  to 
suppress  the  Thugs  both  by  the  native  and 
the  English  governments,  and  in  1S29  Lord 


©te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  fether;   we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine;   go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  wiio.  son:  mute.  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU;  try.  Syrian,     je,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Uw- 


Thuggee— thumite 


KS 


acid  altera  whiU\  tlicn  alcohul,  ami  liltrEiii^ 
the  liquid  when  liot.  It  sei-arutes  in  lemon- 
yellow  microscopic  ueerUes,  suluble  in  alculiul 
niui  precipitated  by  water. 

thu'-jet-in.  s.     [Eng.  thuj(in):  -etin.] 

Chem.  :  C-sHo^Oitj-  A  taniiin-aubstance 
obtained  aluiiH  with  a  crystiiUizable  sugar  by 
heatinj^  tliu,iin  with  dilute  acids.  The  liquid 
after  a  time  lieeomes  colourless,  and  deposits 
thujetin  on  evaporation.  It  is  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether,  and  insoluble  in  water. 
Its  alcoholic  solution  assumes  a  splendi*! 
blue-green  colour  with  ammonia,  and  is  turned 
inky-black  with  ferric  chloride. 

thu-jig -cn-iu,  5.    [Thujenin.] 
thu'-jin,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.  thuj(a) ;  -in.] 

Cliem. :  CsoH^-iOio.  A  crystallizable  gluco- 
side  occurring  iu  the  green  parts  of  Thuja 
occidetitalis.  It  forms  lemon-yellow  micro- 
scopic crystals,  has  an  astringent  taste,  is 
sttluble  in  alcohol,  gives  a  yellow  in-ecipitate 
with  acetate  of  lead,  and  is  coloured  dark 
green  with  ferric  cldoride. 

thu'-jone.  thu'-jene,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  thuj{a) ; 
-one,  -cne.] 

Chem.  :  A  volatile  hydro-carbon  obtained 
from  tliuja  oil  by  distilling  it  over  iodine, 
quicklime,  and  potassium,  in  succession.  Thu- 
jone  is  like  turpentine  oil  in  taste  and  odour, 
is  lighter  than  water,  and  boils  at  165-175°. 

Thu'-le,  5.  [Lat.]  The  name  given  by  the 
ancients  to  the  most  northern  country  known 
In  tliem.  It  is  variously  identified  with 
Shetland,  Iceland,  and  Norway. 

"  Wliere  the  Northern  Ocean,  in  vast  whiils, 
Boils  round  the  naked  melancholy  isles 
Of  furthest  Thiile."  Thomson:  Autumn,  3i;;i. 

1[  Ultima  Tlnik:  The  farthest  Thule  ;  the 
end  of  the  world. 

thu'-lite,  s.  [Aftei  Thule,  the  ancient  name 
for  a  country  far  north  ;  suff.  -ite  (3/iti.).] 

Min. :  A  rose-red  variety  of  Zoisite  (q.v.). 
with  sp.gr.  3'1"24,  strongly  dichroic  parallel 
to  the  vertical  axis.  The  original  was  found 
at  Souland,  Tellemarken,  Norway. 

thiimb  (b  silent),  "thomb,  ""thombe,  s. 

[A.S.  thuma,  t/iuvia ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  ihiim; 
Sw.  tumme ;  O.  H.  Ger.  duvio  ;  Ger.  damnen, 
all  =  a  thumb;  Icel.  f/nn/wt/i  =  the  thumb  of 
a  glove.    From  the  same  rootas  tumid  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  short  thick  finger  of  the  bumau 
hand,  or  the  corresponding  member  of  other 
animals  ;  the  first  of  the  fingers,  differing 
from  the  others  in  having  but  two  phalanges. 

'■  To  identify  him  should  have  been  easy :  for  lie  had 
a  wound  in  the  face,  and  had  lost  a  thumb." — Macau- 
la!/  :  Eist.  Ktig.,  ch,  xix. 

2.  The  part  of  a  glove  which  covers  the 
thumb. 

t  (1)  Rule  of  thumb:  [Rule,  s.]. 

(2)  To  hite  the  thimb  at :  [Bite,  r.]. 

(3)  Under  one's  thumb :  Completely  under 
one's  power  or  influence  ;  completely  subser- 
vient to  another. 

"  He  is  untier  the  thumb  of  that  doctor,"— /T. 
Kinffsl-'y:  Geoffry  ffiimli/n.  ch.  ix. 

"  thumb-band,  s.  A  twist  of  anything 
as  thick  as  the  thumb. 

'■  Tie  rhumb-bands  of  hay  round  them."— Mortimer. 

thumb-bit,  s.  A  piece  of  meat  eaten  on 
bread,  so  called  from  the  thumb  being  placed 
on  it.     (Halliu-ell.) 

thumb-blue,  s.  Indigo  in  the  form  of 
small  balls  or  lumps  used  by  laundresses  to 
give  a  clear  or  pure  tint  to  linen,  &c.  So 
called  because  each  lump  is  indented  as  if  by 
thumb-marks. 

thumb-cleat,  .^. 

Xaut.  :  A  small  cleat  forming  a  leader  to 
carry  the  bight  of  a  rope. 

thumb-flint,  s. 

Anthrop. :  A  popular  name  for  a  short  form 
of  scraper,  the  longer  varieties  of  which  are 
sometimes  known  as  '*  finger-flints."  Evans 
(Ancient  Stone  Implements,  p.  262),  thinks  that 
these  names,  "  though  colloquially  conve- 
nient, are  not  sufficiently  definite  to  be  worthy 
of  licing  retained." 

thumb-latch,  s.  A  kind  of  door-latch, 
so  called  from  the  lever  being  pressed  by  the 
tliumli  in  order  to  open  the  latch. 

thumb-mark,    s.     A  mark  left  by  the 


ib-l>'  tt  Were  hIko  utvd.^— Field, 

s.     A  ring  worn   on   the 
1  Henry  W.,  ii.  4.) 


THUMB-SCBEW. 


William  Bentinck  adopted  ^uch  stringent 
measures  that  in  six  years  (lS30-;i5)  2,000  of 
them  were  arrested  ;  of  these  1,500  were  cnii- 
victed  and  sentenced  to  death,  transportation, 
or  imprisonment,  according  to  the  gravity  of 
the  cliaigos  jnovcd  agiiinst  them.  In  lS;t6  .i 
law  was  passed  making  the  fact  of  belonging 
to  a  gang  of  Thugs  punishment  by  imprison- 
ment for  life  with  hard  labour,  and  though 
some  gangs  probably  linger  in  districts  where 
British  antltority  or  the  power  of  the  more 
enlightened  native  princes  cannot  reach,  the 
system  is  now  so  broken  that  it  is  practically 
powerless. 

"  His  t«ij  moat  inemorahle acts  are  the  abolitir.ii  of 
sjiti  (auttce),  and  the  suppression  of  the  Thuns.' — 
Knc'/c.  Bfit.  (ed.9th),  xii.  eoG. 
2.  i-'i'i/. ."  A  rough.  {Amcr.) 
"  Affniys  were  still  common:  the  Know-nothing 
movement  came  on,  ."vud  a  few  Ihuga  terrorized  the 
city  with  enmi»aign  broils,  beating,  stjibbing,  and 
ahootiiib'."— Cf»(i(j-i/  SlagazUie,  June,  1883,  p.  230. 

Thug'-gee,  Tha'-gi,  s.  [Hind.  thagi,\  The 
practices  nfthe  thugs;  Thuggism. 

'■They  [the  Thugs)  were  colonized  at  Jiihbulpore 
into  a  tvaxle  settlemuiit,  where  techuicHl  instruction 
was  afforded  them  and  their  children,  and  the  practice 
of  thutjaee  h.os  become  extinct."— /^(/j/e^  &  Dana: 
Amvr.  Cyclop.,  xv.  730. 

Thug'-gi^m.  -^.  [Eng.  Thug;  -ism.]  The 
system  of  assassination  carried  on  by  the  Thugs 
to  appease  the  goddess  Kali,  and  to  secure 
eternal  happiness  for  themselves. 

•'  Out  of  this  fermenting  mass  of  half-crazy  ideas 
rise  strange  monatrusitiea  aud  horrible  beliefs.  .Such 
a  one  ia  Thuij'jism.'—Brouin :  Peoples  of  ttie  )\'orld, 
iv.  75. 

thu-i'  tes.    t  thu-y'-tes,  thu-yi'-te^,  s. 

[Mud.  Lat.  th'ij!',  tkui/a;  suff.  -ites.] 

PahKont.  :  A  genus  of  Conifers  akin  to  the 
recent  Thuja.  Five  British  species  from  the 
British  Lower  Jurassic  rocks. 

thu'-ja,  thu'-ya,  s.  [Lat.  thya,  thyin.  from 
Gr.  dva  {thiutX  6via  (thuia)  =  a.n  African  tree 
with  sweet-smelling  wood  used  in  making 
costly  furniture ;  probably  the  Arbor  vita: 
(See  def.)] 

Bot. :  Arbor  vitce,  a  genus  of  Cupressea* ; 
natives  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  North  America. 
Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  mona-cious 
flowers,  having  the  male  catkins  ovoid  and 
lateral,  the  female  ones  solitary  and  terminal; 
the  former  has  tlie  pollen  of  each  flower  in- 
cluded in  four  cases  attached  to  the  innerface 
of  the  scale  towards  its  base  ;  ovary  united  to 
the  bractea,  the  two  forming  a  semipeltatc 
receptacle  with  two  ovules  ;  seeds  sometimes 
slightly  winged.  Leaves  scale-like,  closely 
imbricated  or  compressed.  I'hnja  occidentaliti, 
the  Western  or  American  .-Ir&or  vitce,  the 
species  common  in  English  gardens,  has 
obovate  cones,  with  the  interior  scales  trun- 
cate and  gibbous  beneath  the  apex.  It  grows 
best  in  cool  swampy  places.  The  wood  is 
fitted  for  posts  and  rails,  the  branches  for 
brooms,  which  have  a  certain  fi-agrance.  In 
Britain  it  has  attained  a  height  of  thirty-five 
or  forty  feet,  but  is  generally  much  smaller. 
It  is  well  adapted  for  liedges,  bearing  cutting 
well.  T.  orientalis,  the  Oriental  or  Chinese  Ar- 
bor vitoi,  occurring  on  rocky  ridges  in  Siberia, 
China,  and  Japan,  has  the  cones  elliptic,  with 
the  interior  scales  blunt  and  mucronate  below 
the  apex.  T.  jxndula,  a  native  of  Tartary, 
has  globose  cones,  and  filiform  pendulous 
branches.  All  the  species  are  stimulating 
and  diuretic. 

thuja-oil,  s. 

Chem. :  Obtained  by  distilling  the  ends  of 
the  branches  and  leaves  of  Thuja  occidentalis, 
with  water.  It  is  a  mixture  of  several  essen- 
tial nils  boiling  between  190°  and  206°.  It  is 
colourless  when  fresh,  has  the  odour  of  thuja, 
is  lighter  than  water,  slightly  soluble  therein, 
but  easily  soluble  iu  alcohol  and  ether.  By 
oil  of  vitriol  it  is  immediately  resinized. 

thu'-jene,  s.    [Thujone.J 

thu'-jen-in,  5.     [Eng.  thujen(e);  -in.] 

Chem. :  C-^sil-ziOu-  Thtyigenin.  Obtained 
by  heating  for  a  short  time  a  mixture  of 
thujetin  and  liydrochloric  acid.  It  forms 
microscopic  needles  slightly  soluble  in  water, 
but  soluble  injilcohol. 

thu-jet'-ic,  ('.   [Eng.  thtijct{'in);  -ic]    Derived 
fruni  i>v  containing  thujetin. 

thujetic-acid,  s. 

I'licm.  :  C-_:sll-_-M)-i:i.  Prepared  by  boiling 
thnjetin  with  burjta  water,  adding  sulphuric 

boil,  boy ;  pout.  j6^1 ;  cat.  9eU.  chorus,  ghin,  bench ;  go,  gem :  thin,  this ;  sin.  a? ;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-oian,    tian  -  shan.      tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion.  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious.  -tioua,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  ^c.  =  beU  dcL 


impression  of  the  thumb,  as  on  the  pagi  .^  of 
a  book  or  the  like  ;  hence,  any  similar  maik. 

"  Thore  are  niarkN  iif  age, 
»  TluTP  nif  thumb  miirKt  oil  thy  margin, 

M;id.'  hy  ImiidH  that  olasii<-d  tliee  ruduly 

I.uiiafilliiui :  UlU  Damah  Son-/  bouH. 

thumb-nut,  .f.  A  nut  having  wings  by 
which  it  is  turned  by  the  thumb  and  linger 
to  tighten  upon  its  bolt ;  a  butterfly-nut. 

thum1)-pot,  s.  The  sniullcat  size  of 
flower-pdls. 

■Tmy  i>l'uit.>f  in  thur 
Jan.  I.  lH->7. 

*  thumb^  ring. 

thumb.     (Shuke.-^i'.  : 

thumbscrew.  > 

1,  A  screw  with  ; 
flat-sided  liead,  adapt- 
ed to  be  turned  by  the 
finger  and  thumb. 

2.  An  old  instru- 
ment of  torture  to 
break  the  thumb- 
joint  ;  a  thumbkin. 

"  He  had  hrmit;hl  int.. 
uae  a  little  atecl  lliiunh. 
sc^rew  which  jiave  nuch 
exqnisitf  torment  that 
It  had  wrung  cnnfeBsions 
even  out  of  men  on  whom 
liJB  M.'»jesty'3  favuiirite  boot  had  heen  tried  in  vaiu." 
—Macaulitu  :  Hist.  Eng.,  eh.  vi. 

thumb-Stall,  s. 

1.  A  case,  sheath,  or  covering  of  h-ather  or 
other  substance,  to  be  worn  on  the  thumb. 

"Gloves  cut  'ni\.ijthumb-!italU."—Oayton:  Feslivou* 
/fotes,  p.  97. 

2.  A  sailor's  thimble  used  in  .sail-making ; 
it  is  made  of  iron,  horn,  or  leather,  and  has 
tlie  edges  turned  up  to  receive  the  thread.  It 
is  worn  on  the  thumb  to  tighten  the  stitches. 

t  3.  Ordn. :  A  stall  of  buckskin  stuffed  with 
hair,  which  a  gunner  wears  on  his  thumb 
to  cover  the  vent  while  the  piece  is  being 
sponged  and  loaded. 

thumb  (b  silent),  v.t.  &  /.     [Thumb,  s.] 

A.  Traiisitive  : 

1.  To  handle  awkwardly  ;  to  play  with  the 
fingers  :  as,  To  thumb  over  a  tune. 

2.  To  mark,  soil,  or  wear  with  the  thumb 
or  fingers,  or  by  frequent  handling. 

"  Within  a  week  after  it  had  arrived  it  had  heen 
thumbed  by  twenty  familiea."— J/acai*/a.y.  ffist.  Eng., 
cli.  ill. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  play  on  with  the  fingers. 

thiimbed  (h  silent),  a.     [Eng.  thumb,  s. ;  -erf.] 

1.  Ha\ing  thumbs. 

2.  Having  thumVt-marks. 

thumb' -ie-kins,  thumb'-x-km^  ('» silent), 

S.  }>l.      [TeiMBKINS.] 

thumb' -kins  (b  silent),  s.  pi.  [Eng.  thumb,  s. ; 
diniin.  sutfT^'i".]  A  thumbscrew  ;  an  instru- 
ment of  torture  for  compressing  the  thuuit)s, 
much  used  by  the  Inquisition  in  Spain,  ami 
occasionally  in  Britain,  when  it  was  desired 
to  obtain  a  conf-ssion  or  recantation  from 
any  person  by  causing  him  exquisite  pain 
without  endangering  his  life.  Thumbkins 
were  last  used  iu  Britain  in  1081,  nu 
Prof.  Carstairs.  Called  also  thuiubiekirs  and 
thumbikins. 

"I'll  set  those  to  look  after  him  aball  keep  Lim  a« 
fast  aa  if  his  legs  were  in  the  boots,  ur  his  Bngers  in 
the  thujnbikins.Scott :  Old  Uortality,  ch.  ix. 

thumb' -less  (b  silent),  n.  [Eng.  thumb,  p.; 
-/t.ss.]  Having  no  thumb;  hence,  awkward, 
clumsy,  unskilful. 

"The  servants  thtimhlrKte." 

JTerrick :  Jfespcritle^.  p.  335. 

thumbless-monkeys,  s.  pi. 

Zoo!.:  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  tht 
species  of  two  genera,  Colobos  and  Atcles,  be- 
cause the  first  digit  of  their  fore  limbs  is 
functionless.  The  first  genus  is  fmni  the 
western  hemisphere,  the  second  from  the 
eastern. 

*  thu'-mer- Stone  (th  as  t),  s.    (A  tran.<,  'rf 

Ger.  thumer:itein.]    [Thumite.] 

thu'-mite  (thas  t).  s.    [AftcrThum,  Savony, 
where  found  ;  suft.  -ite  (Min.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  Axinite  (q.v.). 

thum'-mim,  s.     [Heb.  D'Cri  (tiim-mlm)  CTpr 

(tlifnu-mim)  —  perfection;  from  DOri  (/.«ti«i?yt} 
=  to  c'implete  ;  to  be  perfect.]     [Urim] 


bo 


tnump— thunder 


tbftaipi.  *.  (Thi'mp,  I.)  Tlie  souiul  iiiiKlc  by 
Tl.v  ^u.|.l^■ll  full  nf  a  hrt»vy  ti«Kly,  un  by  a  blow 
Willi  u  .  liib.  the  list.  All-,  till-  sliokf  of  II  biitii- 
iiur,  or  tlio  hke ;  ft  lituvy  Iiluw  given  with 
wiuiflbtiiK  thick. 

■  Tl.f  (llalutt  fi>r«  •  ■wiiisbiB  ihuino  |»ru(omnl ; 
Oi  >rll,  lu  tiM  d*e|»  W'^-J^  of  Kmrly  butiiia. " 

It'vnIfwi/rrA.  A'rtNft!/  Witlk. 

Uiump,  ••(.  A  '.  (Cr.  Ice),  ilmtipa  =  t-i  tbuinp; 

SW.     <lll(l.     (/I'm/Ml   =   tU      thillllp,     lillDlJHt    =    til 

iiiiikt'  a  iiitisL-.l 

A.  Tniiis. :  To  U'at  or  sliike  with  soine- 
Ihiiii;  thick  nr  hvavy. 

■  lliuiiii*!  Ihrii  •*«  lln.ii  thump  th>  lu.-uttiri  welL  — 

B./ii/ntrw. :  To  sliike  ur  fall  oil  with 
he:i\  y  blows  ;  to  beat. 

"  A  ntnTv^l  iiiu«tcliui  to  Ihumf  mnnotonouftly  ou  a 
Un»  U>u> ' -/AitfiT  TthffrjjJi.  Sc^tt.  10,  ie«6. 

thi^IDp -or,  s,  [Eiig.  r/tHHij>,  v.;  -rr.  Fur 
fit'iiM-  J,  cf.  u7(o;yjtfr.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  thuini-s. 

"  O  let  me  rint;  the  tviv  bell. 
Aiitl  hew  »rv  thumper:' 

/f«uuirt.  t  rtet, :  M<ul  Lonrr,  v. 

2.  Siinc  (lerson  or  tiling  very  great  or  liu^e. 
(to/ for/.) 

"  SiiiaII  kn  vi'ii  « ill.  if  'twiu  a  )miiii>er, 

IViitiiiit  lot  one  uuultl  )>en  Ihumtxr." 

/limit     I  nitL-il  /.i-iimrJU  tipoii  I'nuagrs  in  lloraci: 

thilmp-ing.  'I.  [TiUMP,  f.]  Large,  lieavy, 
liii;;f  ;  vtrry  j;ivat. 

"YouAe  nil)  u|>  »  thumping  liill.  ami  I'll  warmiit 
>imll  iMV  tl  liln-  K  lunJ.""— 0'A>''/e.'  /\»Hf(ii»(f6irii«, 
III   I. 

thfln-berg'-l-a,  s.  t^*a»l^<l  after  Carl  Petter 
liniulHi;;  (174'>-18-'!>),  a  tswfdisli  traveller. 
iHitaiii-si,  nn'i  ]>rofessur  of  natural  history  at 
LpsiiLJ 

Bot.:  A  genus  of  Ganlenidae,  sometimes 
made  a  synonym  of  Ganlenia.  Involucre  two- 
leave<l ;  calyx  about  twelve-toothed  ;  corolla 
lainiwniutate  ;  capsule  beaked,  two -celled. 
Handsome  and  fragrant  climbers,  cultivated 
iit  Enjjlish  gardens  for  the  beauty  of  their 
(lowers.  'J'hunbergia  fiagrans  has  cnrdate, 
aiuminate  leaves  ;  T.  tjramlijiom  angular,  cor- 
date leaves,  larger  flowers  with  no  inner  calyx, 
and  the  anthers  bearded  and  spurred.  Both 
are  natives  ulthe  East  Indies. 

thun-berg -i-e'-ae,  s.  jd.  [Mod.  Lat.  thnn- 
!:•  /'//('!) ;  l.at.  feni.  pi.  adj.  sufT.  -ecr.] 

i'.oi.  :  A  trilx^  of  Ac^inthaceiP.  Seeds  witli  a 
horny  eximnsiou  of  the  jilacenta. 

thun'~dcr, '  thoiL-der,  *thon-er,  'thiin- 

dir*  N.  Il'riip.  thuncr,  from  A.S.  thinior  = 
thunder,  allied  to  fuuniaii  :={!)  to  become 
tlim,  to  be  stretched  out,  (2)  to  rattle,  to 
tluinder;  tjcthun=-d  hiud  noise;  cogu.  with 
l)ut.  thniler ;  Icel.  Tfttlrr  =  Thor,  the  god  of 
thunder ;  Han.  tonhn ;  Sw.  tordoa  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
tltonttr;  Ger  (/(yu?ier  =  thunder ;  Lat.  touo — 
to  thunder,  (oju(ri/s  =  thunder  ;  A.S.  tonian, 
^/u(H.rian  =  to  thunder;  Sansc.  (««  =  to  sound. 
For  the  excrescent  d,  cf.  ffcmUr,  tender,  &c.] 

L  Lit.  <C  PAj/sirs .-  Tlie  violent  report  which 
follows  a  flush  of  lightning.  It  commences  at 
the  same  moment  as  the  flasli ;  but,  as  the 
sound  travels  only  at  the  rate  of  about  l,HiO 
feet  a  seeond,  while  light  docs  so  at  tlie  late 
t4  .tbout  liOO.OOO  miles,  the  flash  of  the 
lightning  is  the  first  to  Iw  i)erceived,and  thus 
a  means  is  atlorded  of  laleulating  the  dis- 
T:ince  of  the  lightning.  The  noise  of  the 
thunder  arises  from  the  disturbance  produced 
in  the  air  by  the  electric  diseiiarge,  but  why 
the  souiui  should  be  so  i>rolonged  lias  been 
diffeiently  explained.  The  (dd  hypothesis 
was  that  the  sound  wns  eelioed  from  every 
pre(  ijiice.  from  every  building,  and  from 
.■vei-y  eloud  in  the  sky.  Another  is  that  the 
liglitning  itself  is  a  series  <jf  discharges,  each 
pruilucing  a  particular  sound  according  to  the 
distance  at  which  it  commences,  and  the  vary- 
ing dfnsities  of  the  portions  of  air  whicli  "it 
tviiverses  before  reaching  the  ear.  Athiiil  con- 
jecture is  that  the  noise  arises  from  the  zigzag 
movement  of  the  electric  fluid,  the  air  at  each 
Kjilient  angle  being  at  its  maximum  com- 
pressiou.    {(hinot.) 

II.  Fi'jjiratircly : 

1.  The  destructive  agent  in  a  thunderstorm  ; 
a  discharge  of  lightning  ;  a  thuuderbolt. 

2.  Any  loud  noise. 

■■  The  Grecinu  train 
With  Annwering  thundfrg  llU'd  the  echoing  plain." 
J'ope;  Homer:  Iliad%i(\.  l.n&o. 

X  An  awful  or  startling  denunciation  or 
threat. 


Uiunderaxe,  «. 

vl.</'.i'7'. ;  .\  popular  name  for  a  celt,  from 
the  idea  tliat  they  were  "thunderbolts. ' 

'■The  cuuiitrv  folk"  "f  the  West  of  Kiiglftiid  atill  lioUI 
thnt  the  lhunil--r<tjfj  tliey  fli..!  full  fr..iii  the  sky.  — 
Tglfr :  ftri^  UM.  Mankind  (td.  l»:e),  \>.  224. 

•  thunder  -  bearer,  .«.    He  in  wl.ose 

liiintls  is  the  thunder. 

"I  ilu  not  li»l  till-  thHndvr.hKtri-rvXitMt." 

Shitkvtp. :  Ltar,  ii.  4. 

•  thun^er-bcat,  v.t.  To  strike  \.itli  a 
thnndeibolt. 

"  lie  tl.<  III  thtiiidcr-bft  whereno  he  went." 

llud»on:  Judith,  v.  CDT. 

thunder-bird,  «. 

Aiithii>]>. :  An  imaginary  bird,  occuning  in 
the  myllioUigy  of  races  of  low  culture,  and 
personifying  thunder  or  its  cause. 

"Aiiioiig  the  C«ril«.  BraziliHiis.  Haivuy  lal.iiiders 
niul  KHreiis,  Bechiiiiii.is  iiii.t  Biisut-N,  we  hiid  li-g.iids 
of   II  ttjtiipllis  wr  fl(i!<hiug   ThHiiUvr.bird.  wliich 

•     -    --      •"    - 'he  thought  of  th 

.  the  u|i|>ei'  regioiw  i'£ 


iiliii|ily  tu  tmuslate  iuUi  myth  the  thought  of  thunder 
mid  ifghtiiliiK  de^ceudliJg  fr<.iu  the  um*!  regioiw  ■  ' 
lh«  iiir.  the  home  of  the  eii^le  imd  the  vulture. 


irghtiiliiR  de^ceudiiig  fro 

lir.  the  home  of  the  eiii 

Tylor:  /Tim.  Vult.  ied.  1873),  1.  3G3. 

*  thunder-blasted,  a.  struck  or  blasted 
by  lightiiii]^, 

*  thunder-burst,  5.  A  burst  or  peal  of 
thundi.j. 

thunder-clap,  «.  A  clap,  peal,  or  burst 
of  tliimder;  the  sudden  report  of  a  discharge 
of  atnuj.spheric  electricity. 

••  Rjiyne,  hayle,  and  suowe  do  pay  thein  sad  i>euance, 
And  dn-ftdfull  Ihumlei-clitp*  (tluit  make  them  quake) 
With    tliLiiies    and    flashiug    lights    thut    thousand 
changes  make." 

Speiiter:  F  Q.  (0/  MtitabUitie),  \l\.  23. 

thunder-cloud,  s. 

MKla.iy.  :  A  cloud  from  which  lightning 
flashes  forth,  or  may  do  so,  with  aecoiiii'aiiy- 
ing  thunder.  It  is  a  modification  ol  thi' 
nimbus,  but,  as  a  rule,  is  darker  than  tlic 
ordinary  type  of  that  eloud.  When  several 
exist  the  space  between  them  is  sometimes  of 
a  peculiar  colour.  They  vary  greatly  in  eleva- 
tion, some  being  very  low— a  good  many  about 
3,000  feet  high,  while  others  have  been  known 
to  reach  ltj,000  feet  in  elevation. 

"The  myth  .  .  .  resolves  itself  into  simple  phraser, 
whicli  hpKKe  of  the  thuntler-cloud  as  looming  over  the 
city  from  day  to  day."— Cox."  Introd.  to  Hytholo'j^, 
1'.  121. 

*  thunder-crack,  ^^.   A  clap  of  thunder. 

"  Ni.r  !■-  lie  nL.ntd  with  all  the  thtiiider.cru<:ks 
Of  tvrints'  tlireats,  or  with  the  surly  hrow 
Oi  r.iwi." 

fiiiiiivl :  To  the  Couiltcxs  of  Cumln-rl'iild, 

thunder- daisy,  <-:. 

Jkit.  :  (_'liri/:<'nithemitui  Leucanthemuni. 

*  thunder-dart,  .<.    A  thunderbolt. 

"  No  worke  it  seem'd  of  earthly  crnftsmaiis  wit. 
But  rather  wrought  by  his  oiviie  industry. 
That  thunder-dartes  for  Jove  his  syre  doth  fit." 

.Speiiser:   Visions  of  /itllity. 

'  thunder  -  darter,  s.  He  who  darts 
the  thunder ;  Jove. 

"O  tliou  great  thunderHlarter  of  OlyiniJU?.  forget 
that  thou  art  .love,  the  king  of  goA&."~&hakenfi. : 
2'roUus  &  CreMida,  ii.  3. 

thunder-dint,  s.  The  noise  of  thunder ; 
a  thundi  ring  noise. 

thunder-dirt,  s.  Tlie  New  Zealand  name 
foi-  ihe  gelatinous  volva  of  Ileodietyon,  for- 
merly eaten  by  the  natives.    {Berkeley.) 

thunder-drop,  s.  One  of  the  large, 
heavy,  thinly-scattered  drops  of  rain  which 
precede  a  tliunder-stonn. 

"As  thitnd*^>-drops  fall  on  a  sleeping  sea." 

Tvniii/iiin:  Dream  of  Fair  H'oiiieii,  122, 

thunder-fish,  ^. 

1.  Malaptcrurusdectricus.  [Malapterurxt.s.] 

2.  Misijnrnus  fnssilis.  (Nature,  March  20, 
ISSO.  p.  497.)    [Weather-fish.] 

thunder-fit,   i'.     A  shock  or  noise  re- 
sembling tlmiider. 

thunder- flower,  s. 

(1)  Sli:llnrin  Holostva.  A  correspondent  of 
Messrs.  Britten  &i  Holland  suggests  that  the 
name  may  liave  arisen  from  the  fact  that  the 
immature  capsule  contains  air,  and,  when 
pressed  between  tlie  finger  and  thuuib,  as  it 
(jften  is  for  amusement  by  children,  it  bursts 
with  a  slight  report. 

(2)  l*apai-er  Jlliaas. 

(3)  Lychnis  re^jicrtina. 
thunder-god.  s. 

Anthrvp.:  A  deity  who,  in  the  mythology 


ut  races  of  luw  culture,  arc  supposed  to  pre- 
side over  or  cause  tliunder. 

-The  plate  of  the  Tlnuidrri/od  in  polythriHtic  re. 
ligioli.  Ih  nlnolar  to  thut  uMlie  i.aiii'^oil.  in  many  ciisrH 
eteii  to  i-iitIO'  coiiR'ideiii'i'  I'.iil  hS  •  li;ii'ai:Iei'i«  ri'.ther 
of  wnitli  Ukiii  .i(  I.etieli.-.iii-,-,  ..  ,  l.iir.KtiT  which  we 
havf  liulf  Inst  lli^  i-iiwiT  t..  uali/f.  Miice  the  ngoiiliiug 
ItiTi.r  of  tliiiiiik'i>t<jrni»  wliiil.  itju.alH  aavage  iiiindH 
h<i»  d\Uii.lle<l  aw;>>  in  our.-,  ii.it>  ihiit  we  I'ehold  in  It 
nut  till-  iiiiinili  ^tiiti>in  «f  di>ine  »rath.  hut  tl-e  re- 
slur:itioii  "f  i-l>'itin;  <^iiuiliitruim."  —  Ttftvr:  I'rhn. 
Cult.  (eil.  lT7:ii.  It.  ■Z'y:. 

thunder-head,  >-    A  pojtular  name  l'-_'i 

the  eloud  eall..-a  Ciiiimlus. 

'  thunder  master,  s.     Piaster  of  the 

thunder. 

"  %'••  iiiiirc,  thuu  thiiiidif  m-isfcr,  shew 
Thy  ^I'lti-  oil  mortal  flies." 

MaAtsy*.  ;  Cf/mliclitie,  v.  4. 

'^^hunder- music,  s.  Music  having  the 
deep  rolling  sound  of  tliunder.  {'J'ennysun  : 
1)1  Mem.,  Ixxxvii.  7.) 

thunder-peal,  s.     A  peal  or  clap  of 

thunder. 

'■  .\iid  w  Im,  mid  triiiiidcr-pvals  can  hear 
Om  sii;iials  i>f  distress." 
Huron  :  Sdiuz-is  Cotiifotcd  during  a  thumlcr-ttorm. 

thunder-pick,  s.  A  popular  uame  for  a 
Belemnite.  {Ii.  Ii.  Woodioard :  Geol.  Enn.  tt" 
Wahs,  II.  201.) 

thunder-plant,  s. 

Hut. :  .Seinjificinnii  Itxtorum. 

thunder  -  proof,    a.      Proof   or  secure 

against  liglitning. 

thunder-rod,  .^.    A  lightning-rod  (q.T.). 

*  thunder- shoot,  v.t.  To  strike  or  de- 
stroy by  a  thiiiiib'ibolt  or  lightning. 

"  Thiiiid'i  shot  iiin\  turned  to  ashes  as  OliUipiiis."— 
Fuller:  lluly  1-  J'lu/iuic  Attitc.  V.  vi.  a. 

thunder-Shower,  5.  A  shower  which 
accompanies  thunder. 

"  And  through  his  tide  the  last  drops,  ehhing  slow 
From  the  red  tiJisli.  fall  heavj',  one  by  one. 
Like  the  first  of  a  lhii}idvi-t>h'iicer." 

Hi/roil  :  Childe  Harold,  iv.  Hil. 

thunder  -  Splintered,  u.  Broken  to 
pieces  by  lightning. 

'■  Shooting  abruptly  from  the  dell 
Its  Ihunder-tpiintervd  pinnacle." 

ticott :  Lad.'/  of  ttie  Cake,  i.  u. 

'  thunder- stone,  ^':.    A  thunderbolt. 

■'  And,  thus  uiihrac'd,  CascH,  as  you  see. 

Have  bared  my  bosom  to  the  fhtiiiiier-ntone." 

.<hiikesp.  :  Julius  Cii'iitr.  i.  3. 

thunder-Strike,  v.t. 

*  I.  Lit.:  To  strike,  bla.st,  or  injure  by  light- 
ning, or  as  by  lightning  ;  to  strike  as  with  a 
thunderbolt. 

"  The  ann.'unents  which  thundcr-*friKe  Ihe  walls 
Of  rock-built  cities,  bidding  nations  i^uake  " 

Byron.   Vhilde  Harold,  iv.  IgT. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  astonish  or  strike  dumb,  as 
with  something  terrible.  (Used  only  in  the 
past  participle.) 

"  She  stood  as  it  were  thit luUr-ttricien  with  Jiuia^e- 
Uieut,"— .Sidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  iii. 

"  thunder-stroke,  s.  A  thunder-clap  ; 
a  stroke  or  blast  of  lightning. 

"  Saul  saw,  and  fell  to  earth,  as  falls  the  oak. 
At  once,  and  blasted  by  the  tliunder-stroke." 

Byron :  t:aul. 

thunder-struck,  a. 

1.  Lit.  :  Struck,  blasted,  or  injured  by 
lightning. 

2.  Fig.  :  .\jnazed  ;  struck  dumb,  as  by  some- 
thing surprising  or  terrible  suddenly  presented 
to  the  mind  or  \'iew. 

*  thunder-thump,  s.    A  thunderbolt. 

"  Thou  that  f  hrowest  the  thunder-thumps." 

Uooyv:  Fijloys.  iv. 

thunder-tube,  s.    A  fulgurite  (q.v,). 

thun'-der,  v.i.  &  t.    [Thvkder,  s.] 
A.  Intnnu^itire : 

I.  Lit.  :  To  make  thunder;  to  produce  the 
noise  of  thunder.  (Often  used  impersonally: 
as,  It  thunderLd  yesterdiiy.) 

"The  Lord  also  thtindered  iu  the  heavf^us,  nnd  the 
Highest  gave  his  voice." — Psahn  xviii.  13. 

II.  Figuratively : 

1.  To  make  a  loud  noise  like  thunder,  par- 
ticularly a  loud,  continued  noise, 

"  Loud  cl.iliiourH  shake  the  shore. 
The  horses  thundfr;  earth  and  oot-an  roar  !  " 

rnp.-      Homer  ;  liiad  xxiv.  40.i. 

2.  To  utter  bmd  denuueiations  or  tlireaten- 
ings  ;  to  cry  out  loudly. 

"The  orators  on  the  other  side  thundered  against 
sinful  associations."— Jtf«cflM/a,i/-   Uist.  Fug.,  ch.  xiii. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woU;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,     se,  tB  ^  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


thunderbolt— Thursday 


B.  Traiisilite  : 

1.  To  L'liiit  as  uitli  tlie  scmiikI  of  thumler  ; 
to  litter  or  issue  by  wny  of  threat  or  deiiunci- 
■ation  :  to  tieiumnce  loudly. 

"  Who  thundeyg  t«  liU  caiitives  blooil  mid  il^atli." 
M'iA«;/,     3  Hettrg  VI.,  ii.  1. 

*  2.  To  lay  on  witli  violeme  or  velienienre. 

*  thiin'~d£r-b61t,    r.t.     [THiNutRBoi-T,   s.] 
Tostrikf  with  thiiu<UT. 

■'  Witli  liiH  ti.iigiie  lirll  th,tml,ib»'t  the  worlil,  ' 
/{efitni/.y.m  funt'usuii.  ii.  2. 

vJlun -der-bolt,  >'•    [Eug.  f/Kni'/cr,  and  holt.] 

I.  (ifliiinnj  Ltuiijmt'je : 

1.  Lit. :  A  p<t]iul.ir  and  erroneous  t*;rni  ini- 
idyinj;  (as  was  am-ienlly  believed)  tluit 
thuiuii-r  soinelirjw  sends  forth  a  destructive 
bolt  <u-  dart.  A  so-ealhd  thunderbolt  is 
really  a  stream  of  lijjhtning  jiassini;  from 
one  jiart  of  the  heavens  to  the  other,  and 
esiiecially  one  which  reaches  the  earth  and 
does  damage.  Liglitning  in  certain  cast-s 
can  leave  behind  it  a  viti'ilied  tuhe,  called  a 
Fulgurite  (q.v.),  which,  ln)wever,  is  not  Hung 
or  darted,  but  is  created  by  vitrifaction  on 
the  spot  wlicre  it  is  found.  Other  bodies  of 
mineral  origin  havebeen  popularly  cre<lited 
^vith  lieing  thunderbolts. 

"  Kings  ami  inonnrcliaasDire  still  liii:lier,  amlwoiiM 
"begoiia;  iiiul  yet  they  rest  not  su,  uiiKsse  tliey  iii;iy 
have  the  power  tu  llaith  liKhtuiiigs  ami  shoot  thimdi-i-- 
bttltx.  .13  well  a*  JuiJiter."— /•.  Holland:  Plutarch, 
p.  125. 

2.  Figiirativehj : 

*  (1)  A  daring  or  irresistible  hero. 

(2)  A  dreadful  threat,  denunciation,  cen- 
sure, or  the  like,  ])roeeeding  from  some  higli 
authority ;  a  fulmination. 

■'  He  severely  tlireateiis  such  with  the  thunderbolt 
of  excouimuuiuatioii."— //iitt-w*//  .■  On  Providence, 

(3)  Something  very  dreadful,  threatening, 
or  astonishing. 

"  A  gre;iter  wreck,  a  il*eiier  fall, 
A  ahiick  t<i  one— a  lhnii<lerbolt  to  flll." 

Byron  :  JItizeppa,  i. 

II.  TtrhnicaUii  : 

1.  Bot.  (PL):  (1)  Ljichiiis  vespertim;  (2) 
Paparer  lilurtis  ;  {:i)  >^ilt:iif  injlata. 

2.  Ihr.  :  The  thunderbolt  is  represented  as 
a.  twisti-d  bar  in  pale,  in- 
tianicd  at  each  end,  sm"- 
niounting  two  jaggetl  darts 
in  saltire,  l>etweeu  two 
wings  ex]»anded,  with 
streams  of  hre  issuing 
from  the  centre. 

3.  Pclavnt. :  [Belem- 
nite]. 

4.  I'itrol.  :  A  name  fre- 
<^uently  given  to  the  no- 
dules of  niaioasite  (q-v.),  which  aie  abundant 
in  the  chalU  fnrmation. 

thunderbolt-Stone,  s.  A  Hint.  (See 
extract.) 

"  It  is  ti»  he  noticeJ  that  these  Sioiix,  aiiioiig  their 
varieil  laucii-s  ahout  thuiider-hirila  ami  the  like,  give 
iiiHisiiaily  well  n  key  tu  the  threat  thujiderlxilt  myth 
\^  lii.il  reoui-s  ill  so  many  laiuls.  Thu-y  cmisider  the 
lii;htiiii  g  entering  the  grouml  t>>  h^ittt'r  tht-re  m  ;ill 
t\ivtvii''iis r /innderiiolt-stoiies.  w\u<:l\  artfliiits.  Ac.  their 
reason  for  tins  notion  Iieini;  tlie  very  natural  one.  that 
these  siliceuna  st*inea  .actually  iirotlwue  .a  flash  when 
struck."— rtf (or .   Prim.  CuU.  {eil   1873),  il.  262. 

thun'-der-er,  s.  [Eng.  thumler,  v.;  -er.] 
<.)ne  who  tliunders  ;  specif.,  an  epithet  apjdied 
by  the  ancients  to  Jupiter,  from  the  faet  that 
lie  alone  Wiis  credited  with  the  power  of  hurl- 
ing thunderbolts. 

"  For  hy  the  hlaok  infeni.al  Styx  I  swear. 
(That  dreadful  oath  which  hinds  the  Thunderer)." 
Pope:  Thebnis.  412. 

^  The  Thunderer:  A  epithet  applied  to  Thi' 
Times  newspaper  originally  on  account  of  a 
series  of  strong  articles  contributed  by  Mr. 
Edward  Sterling  in  the  early  pait  of  the  nine- 
teenth century. 

thiin'-der' ing,  '  thun-dre-yng,  thun- 
dring,  *  thun-dryng,  pr.  /«i/.,  «.,  &,  ,v. 
IThlinper,  c] 

A.  As  pr.  lutr.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  tuljtctu'c : 

L  Lit.:  Emitting  thunder. 
II.  Fi'junttirehf : 

1.  Pi'odncing  or  attende'd  by  a  loud  mtise  or 
rumbling  like  thunder  or  artillery. 

"  Foul  fall  the  liaud  which  heniLs  the  steel 
Around  the  coursers  thundcrinq  heel  " 

.V'.-or.: ;  .S'nrrnan  //orie-fhoe.  i. 

2.  Very  great,  large,  or  extmordinary. 

"  I  w.as  drawinp  a  thundering  Huh  out  of  the  w.iter.' 
— r,  nrown  :   Works,  i.  219. 


THUNDERBOLT. 


C,  As  snhst.  :  The  noise  or  report  of  the 
discharge  of  lightning;  thunder. 

"  And  Ivitia  and  voiL'e-H  and  tltundri/n^it  came  out  of 
the  tixjuc."—  }yi/cliffe .   A/iocaUp*  iv. 

Thundering  Legion,  >•-. 

1.  .\  UMUian  I'-gion  containing  some  Chris- 
tians, which  (a.i>.  174)  fought  und<-r  Marcus 
Antoninus  iiguiiist  the  Murconianni.  Tin- 
Roman  army  was  shut  np  in  a  dclile  and 
ready  to  perish  with  thirst,  when  a  Ihundcr- 
stoini  with  heavy  rain  relie\L'd  thcni  nf  thcii- 
distiess,  and  so  terrififil  the  cuciiix  that  a 
ciimidete  victory  was  gained.  The  Christians 
atti'ihuted  the  deliverance  t.i  (In-  pra>ei-  wlui-li 
they  had  just  befoii;  presented,  und  r.iusideinl 
it  miraculous.  Tin' hcatlieiis  also  consider,-. I 
1  he  interposition  supernatural,  but  ascribed 
il  to  Jupiter,  Mercury,  or  to  the  jiower  of 
ni.agic.  {Di/iii  Cassius:  Komtai  llisL,  Ixxi.  S; 
Euscbius:  IJcdes.  Hist,,  v.  .0.) 

2.  A  legiou  com])osed  of  Christian  soldiers 
raised  in  the  Thebais,  and  led  by  St.  Maurice. 

1[  The  name  existed  long  before  it  was  ap- 
jdied to  either  of  these  two  legions. 

thun'-der-ing-ly,  mh:  [Eng.  thmukriiuj  ; 
-III.]     In  a  lliuiideiiiig  manner;  with  thunder. 

*  thiin  -der-less»  a.  [Eng.  thumler,  s. ;  -less.] 

Unatteiidcil  hy  thunder  or  noise. 

•■  T>:ii,i,h-i-l>'iis  liyhtnint;>  slrikli.i^  under  -^ea." 

re„»!is-»i:    T'Jth'j  liin:eil. 

'  thiin  -der-oiis,  "  thun  drous,  a.    [Eng. 

thnnder,  s. ;  -oii^.] 

1.  Producing,  discharging,  or  emitting 
thunder  ;  thundery. 

"  Notiia.  .and  Afer.  black  with  thn ndvrotu  c}o»6a 
From  iJierni  Liona."  MUton  :  P.  L.,  x.,  "u2. 

2.  Making  agreatnoiselikethunder  ;  giving 
a  loud  and  deep  stnmd  ;  sonorous. 

■■  Whirlwinds  and  thnndrouK  storms  liis  chariot 
iliew."  ISromc:  Paraphruae  of  Job. 

3.  Very  loud  ;  like  thunder. 

"'That  herg  .  .  .  split  in  three  portions  with 
thiindfi  oi'x  soun<\:'—Daili/  TcW-jraph,  Feb.  23,  18S7. 

^  thiin' -der-OUS-ly,  "dr.  [Eng.  thmiderous; 
■Ifl  1  111  :i  tliundeious  manlier;  with  thunder, 
01  a  noise  like  thunder. 

"  A  vfMtahle  liun,  as  large  as  any  at  i)resent  exi^t- 
iiiu',  «li.isi-  niiiliiiuht  mar  to-day  rolls  thnnUeronslf/  in 
tin-  jiincle  of  .\irti:>.'~D.ii{//  Tvt'<jraph.  March  1.  1BS7. 

thun'-der-storm,  s.  [Eng.  thumhr,  s.,  and 
btonn,  s.]  .\  storm  accotnpanied  with  thunder. 
^  Thunderstorms  are  much  more  common  in 
tropical  countries  where  the  heat  is  greater  and 
the  exaporatiou  more  lupid  than  in  teinpei'ate 
climes,  and  various  arctic  navigators  report 
that  they  liecoine  raie  about  70°,  and  are 
wholly  aliscut  above  75°  N,  In  India  they 
are  most  frequent  during  the  months  of  thy 
monsoon.  Everywhere  they  are  more  connnoii 
in  summer  than  in  winter.  As  the  electricity 
of  salt  water  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  atnio- 
sphere,  they  aie  less  cumniou  on  the  sea  than 
on  the  land. 

thiin'-der-y, 'thiin'-dry,".  [Eu};.(ku»dtr, 

«. ;  -.'/.I 

1.  Having  the  diameter  of,  or  resembling 
thundci". 

•■  A  cannons  thnntlry  roaring  l>all." 

St/lvf-tter:  JJn  /tart'tx. 

2.  Accomjjanied  witli  thunder:  aStthumkrn 
weather. 

thiin -ny, s.    [Tiknv.] 

"  thurgh,  prrp.    [Through.] 

*  thurgh  -  fare,  5.  [Mid.  Eng.  thnrgh  = 
through,  aiid^ut'.]     A  thoroughfare. 

•■  This  world  nya  hut  a  thurgh/nre  ful  of  woo. 
And  we  hen  pilgrynis,  passyng  to  and  froo." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  2,849. 

*  thurgh  out,  prep,  ov  adv.     [THROtrGHOUT.J 

thiir'-i-ble,  s.  [Lat.  thnriJudum,  turibuhnn, 
from  thus,  tiis,  genit.  thiiris,  turis  =  tVank- 
jnceuse,  from  Gr.  ^uu*  (//('"■;)=  to  offer  sacri- 
tice,  to  saerilice  ;  Bvo^  {tknos)=.  a  sacritice,  an 
offering.] 

Ecdes. :  A  censer,  a  vessel  for  burning  in- 
cense. Thuribles  of  f?onie  kind  must  be  as 
old  as  nse  of  incense  in  the  services  of  tlie 
Church  ;  but  their  present  form,  according  to 
Martiguy,  dates  only  from  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury. Tlie  modern  thurible  consists  of  a 
metallic  vessel  or  cup,  sometimes  of  gold  or 
siher,  but  moi'e  commonly  of  bniss  or  lateen, 
in  which  burning  charcoal  is  placed,  with  a 
movable   perforated  cover.      Chains  are    at- 


tached, so  that  the  thurible  may  be  waved 
to  and  frri  for  the  readier  dispersion  uf  the 


a  Tliurifer.  with  thurible;  b  Trieat,  lu  cope, 
inceiuing  the  altar. 

smoke  of  the  incense  which  is  thrown  on  the 
live  charcoal.     [Thurifeb.] 

thiir'-i-fer,  s.  [Ec(des.  Lat.  thuriferarltts  = 
a  thurifer;  from  Lat.  thus,  genit  (Aurts  = 
incense,  and /cro  =  to  bear.] 

Ecdes. :  The  attendant  at  high  mass, 
solemn  vespers,  anil  benediction,  who  uses 
the  thurible,  either  by  simply  waving  it  to 
and  fro  [See  cut  a  under  Thurible],  or  foi-  in- 
censing the  clergy,  trhoir,  and  congregation, 
and  at  certain  times  presents  it  to  the  otticiat- 
ing  priest  that  he  may  incense  the  altar  [See 
cut  h  under  Thurible)  or  the  Host.  Strictly 
speaking,  the  oftice  of  thurifer  belongs  to  the 
acolyte,  the  highest  of  the  four  Minor  01x1011*, 
but  all  the  functions  of  the  acolyte  are  now 
freely  performerl  liy  laymen. 

thii-rif '-er-ous,  f'-  [Thurifer.]  Producing 
or  bearing  fianUincense. 

thlir-i-f  1  ca'-tion,  n-.  [Lat.  thus,  genit. 
//(iii-f.s  =  frankincense,  ami  /ucin  =  ii)  make.] 
The  act  <d'  censing  or  fuming  with  incense  ; 
the  act  of  burning  incense. 

"Some  Henihlance  of  an  idolatrous  thuri/ication.' — 
B/j.  Halt :  Cases  •>/  Comviintcc,  tliac.  3,  awe  3. 

*  thiir'-i-fy,  '■./.  &  i.    [Thurification.) 

A.  Traiifi.  :  To  perfume  with  odours  as 
from  a  thuiihle  ;  to  ceiisc. 

"  Sensed  iind  thurified  iu  the  smoake."— jV<(jiAe .- 
I.tntiii  atnjft:. 

B.  Iiitrtnis.  :  To  scatter  incense;  to  cense. 

Thu-rin'-gi-an,  c.  &  $.     [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Tliuringia. 
a  region  of  Central  Germany,  which  com- 
l)rised  parts  of  the  Prussian  province  of 
Saxony  and  the  Saxon  duchies. 

B.  As  siihst. :  A  native  or  inliabitant  of 
Thuringia. 

thu-ring'-ite,  s.  [After  Thuringia,  where 
hist  found  ;  sufi'.  -iVc  (Min.).] 

Mill.  :  A  massive  mineral  stated  to  consist 
of  an  aggi'egate  of  minute  .scales.  Hardness, 
L'"o  ;  sp.  gr.,  as  obtained  by  various  mineralo- 
gists, S-I01to3-197  ;  I'lstre.duU:  colour,  ilark 
jiistachio-green ;  fiacture,  snb-conchoidal. 
Comi>os. :  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alundna', 
sesqiiioxidc  and  protoxiile  of  iron,  witha  little 
mai:tn'sia.  Dana  (ifhnlf  the  water  he  busic), 
ei imputes  frrun  the  anahses  the  fornnila 
h  (in  t,H0)3  -f  ^  (Alo03Fe.j6j)43Si02  +  4H0. 

thurl.  s.    [A.S.  thyrcl  —  a  hole.)    [Thrill.] 
Milling  : 

1.  A  shoit  communication  between  adits. 

2.  A  long  adit  iu  a  coal-pit. 

thiirl,  v.i.    [Thurl,  s.] 

Miniti'j:  To  make  a  breach  into  former 
woikings  or  gate  rouds. 

*  thur'-rock,  '  thnr-rok,  *  thor-rocke, 

A-.     [A.S.  thurmck  =  a  boat.] 

1.  The  hold  of  a  ship. 

"  The  same  haniie  do  snuitinie  the  sinal  drope^  of 
water  that  entcren  thtirKh  ii  finall  crevice  in  the 
t tiurr ok,  aiiil  iu  the  huttoin  of  the  ship.'— Cftauctr.* 
Parsonet  Tale. 

2.  A  receptacle,  a  sink. 

•'  Then  comcth  idelnesse  th.it  is  the  B.ite  of  all 
harms  .  .  .  This  jdelneBse  in  the  lhurr--k  of  all  wicked 
uiid  vilains  th..iii;htes.  "— CA-oocr      Partnnex  Tut'-. 

Thiirs-day,  'Thurs-dei,  *  Thores  day, 

"  Tliors-day.  ^^.  [Thn-idaii,  i.>:.,  the  day  of 
Thor.  the  god  of  thunder  [Thor].  A.S. 
thu nrfs-d I nj  =  the  day  of  thunder:    thunres. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin, 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -$ion  =  zhun.     -«""•=     *i^^->t=  -o^ 


as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cious.  -tiotis,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


8S 


thurst— thylacinus 


^,-uir.    -r  f'l   .tir  =  thun4er,  ainl  (/(ij/ =  •!»>• ; 
!  .  (rvm  thiirs,  Reiiil.  i»f  thorr  = 

1  .    aiiJ    «/n/M=ii    <lny:    Dut, 

:■,   ,/.iii,/,T— thumler;    Sw.   A: 
1  , , .;  ■,,,;.     Tlu'  Runmiis 

JovU  =  the  ilflv 
,.!  ;      r,.         1  -  orrvspniulinn  tf 

tin-  >.-,t!i  1iiuivi:ui  rhor  ;  lunce,  lUl.  'tiovtdi  ; 
Fr.  Jtwii.]    Thu  Ilfth  Jay  of  the  week. 

•  thurst  (1).  *.    (Thiiwt.I 
thurst  (2).  s.    lEtyiii.  doubtful.] 

Mn'i'i't:  Tlie  niins  of  thp  inrumlM?nt  stmta 
.ifl*T  Iho  pillars  aud  stalls  iire  wnni^iht  out. 

thfts,  (utc.  lA.S.  tihits,  iin>l).  an  instrumental 
i-aw  of  (/A<.<=this;  cf.  O.  S.  r/ii«=this; 
thins,  iiistniiueutal  case  of  thest(  —  this  ;  O. 
I-Virt.  f^Mi;  Diui.  (/i(jr.|    IThis.] 

1.  In  tliis  iniiniicr. 

<I)  Pointing  to  sonietliing  present  and  in 
vii-w ;  generally  aceonipanied  with  a  gesture 
explaining  th<-  meaning. 

"  I  «xt«ii«l  my  hniiil  tu  hitn  thii*."—Shake*iK  :  Tuvt/th 
.IVA(,  it  ». 

(J)  Pointing  to  something  which  follows 
tninie«liately. 

■•  R**»ou  that  with  life." 
ShaAeip. :  Mnifurr/or  Mriifure,  iii.  1. 

(;t>  Pointing  to  something  which  has  pie- 
cede<l.  or  has  been  said. 

"Why  hjwt  thuii  thtitiienit  with  ua?"— trike  11.  48. 

2.  Pointing  to  something  following  as  an 
effect  or  result ;  accordingly,  consequently, 
therefore,  so. 

"  Thus  we  nre  ngrMd," 
ShaJbftf.  :  Antony  A  Cteopatra.  ii.  6. 

3.  Denoting  degree  or  quality ;  so ;  to  this 
extent  or  degree. 

1  to  »ul    „ ... 

jlie»i>. :  HicharU  III..  W.  2. 

H  Thus  far  :  So  far  ;  to  this  p()int  or  degiee. 

^  "  Thtitfaryow  ahftll  answei," 

"  Sh'ikffsp. :  Cirmbeline,  I,  4. 

thflS.  ^■.  [Lat.l  Frankincense  (q.v.).  Also 
applied  t"  the  resln  of  the  spmce-tir. 

Thus-nel-da,  s.     [Scandinavian  (?)   female 
n^une.] 
Astron.:  [Asteroip,  210]. 

thus' -sock,,  s.    L1'i^i>socii.l 

thu  ya,  s.    tTurJA.] 

thu-y  tes,  .t.    [Thuites.] 

thwack,  v.t.  [A  variant  from  Mid.  Eng. 
OuiUfii  =t«»  stroke  ;  A.S.f/iaccf«n  =  to  stroke; 
cogn.  witii  leel.  thjokka  =  to  thwack,  to 
thump.)    (Whack.) 

1.  To  strike  with  something  Rat,  blunt,  and 
heavy  ;  tn  bang,  to  thump,  to  beat,  to  thrash. 

"  Here  a  he  that  was  wont  to  thwack  our  general."— 
S/inkrii/i. ;  i'nrhtantui,  Iv.  6, 

•  2.  To  slap,  to  dash. 

"  He  thfvackt  fmirt«eue  scriiittirea  into  the  margent," 
— Rp.  HiiH  :  .\jH/!osrie  uffahui  Droirtiitt*. 

thw^k,  5.  [Thwack,  v.]  A  hea^-y  blow 
with  something  blunt  and  hard  ;  a  thump,  a 
bang. 

"  Aft«r  plenty  of  ludicrvius  distress,  as  well  as  mauy 
K  &eriouii  thiMck.  the  Danes,  who  seemed  repentedly  tu 
iv  oil  th'>  vvv  ut  victory,  were  at  hut  overcoiuc."— 
Kiii-jlit :  rict')ritil  Uiif.  Kng.,  il.  876. 

thW^k'-er.  s.  [Eng.  thimck,  V.  ;  -er.]  One 
wlio    or    that    which     beats    or    tliwaeks. 

ITUWACKING-FRAME.J 

thwack 'ing,  pr.  pfir.  or  a.     [Thwack,  v.] 

thwacking-firame,  s. 

Tiii--mnkin'j :  A  table  with  a  curved  top, 
upon  which  a  Imlf-dried  pantile  is  beaten  to 
form.  The  tool  by  which  the  upper  side  is 
boati-n  has  the  shape  of  the  segiiient  of  a 
( yliiuler,  and  is  called  the  thwacker. 

thwalte,  ^<.  [Icel.  tin-rit,  thveiti=  a  piece  or 
imrcel  of  land,  from  the  same  root  as  A.S. 
thvitan  =  to  chop,  tfl  cut  off.]  [Thwite.]  In 
the  North  of  England  a  parcel  of  ground  re- 
claimed and  ronverto'l  to  tillage.  Thvaite 
occurs  frequently  as  the  setrond  element  in 
pl:ice  names  in  tlie  Lake  district,  as  Cross- 
thvaite,  Applc^/uan'ff,  &c. 

thwaite,  5.    [Twaite(I).] 

thwart,  *thwert,  adr.,  a.,  prep.,  <t  s.  [iceL 
thrtrt,  nent.  of //iier r  =  across,  transverse; 
cogn.  with  Dan.  ivaer  (a.)  =  transverse  ;  tv<xrt 
=  across  ;  Sw.  /rar=:  cross,  unfriendly  ;  tviirt 


=  rudely;  Diit. '?r«irs  =  cross,  crossly;  A.f>. 
tlnrforh'=  perverse,  transverse;  M.  H.  Ger. 
(/icrr.-A,  ticctxh;  Ger.  ricov/t  =  across,  awry, 
obliquely  ;  Gctth.  thu'uirhs=  cross,  angry.] 

A.  Asaih::  Transvereely,  obliquely. across, 
athwart. 

■•Whether  rAimir/ or  fliitly  It  did  lytc."' 

Sp€iu<rr;  f.U-.  ^ '■  vi.  SD. 

*  B.  A$  tifljectivc : 

1.  Tninsverse,  oblique ;  lying  or  being  across 
something  else. 

•*  Thf  ulniil  H^htiiiiig  whose  thwart  flniiie  drlv'n  down 
Kindles  the  u'limiiiy  bark  of  rtr  or  phic' 

Mirtoit  ■  /'.  L..  X.  I.0T5. 

2.  Perverse,  obstinate,  cross-gniined. 

"Hl«  herte  dho  wurdh  thicert." 

Ocnetu  A  Kxodus.  5,090. 

"  C.  As  prep, :  Across,  athwart. 

••  Thwart  her  horse."        Spender:  F.  <i„  III.,  vU.  43. 
D,  As  substantive : 
'I,  Ord.  Lang.:  Opposition,  defiance. 

"  III  thwitrt  of  your  tor  i luli nations. "—J/orf.  IfAr- 
blay:  Cvciiia,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  iit. 

2.  Naul. :  One  of  the  transverse  planks 
which  keep  the  sides  of  a  boat  asunder,  like 
the  beams  of  a  ship,  and  serve  as  seats  for 
the  rowers.  They  are  placed  about  two  feet 
ten  inches  apart,  from  centre  to  centre,  in 
single-lianked  boats,  and  three  feet  in  double- 
bankod  boats. 

"The  riidiHH9  made  lis  exceedingly  comfortahle  hy 
aiTAneiug  htnnketri  on  the  bottom  of  the  boats,  with 
the  thwarts  well  covered  with  vrrapa  for  a  back."— 
Scribner's  Jluffitzinc,  Aug..  187",  y.  493. 

thwart-hawse,  adv. 

Xuiit. :  Across  the  hawse. 

thwart,  'thwert,  v.f.  &  i.    [Thwart,  adv.] 

*  1 .  To  i)lace  or  pass  across  ;  to  cross. 

"  Swift  as  n  Bliootiu^  st-ir 
lu  .-lutumn  thwarti  the  night." 

JIUt(m:  P.  L.,  iv.  557. 

*  2.  To  cross. 


3.  To  cross,  as  a  purpose ;  to  frustrate  or 
defeat ;  to  traverse. 

"  A  grenter  iwwer  than  we  can  contradict 
H.ith  thuarled  our  intents ;  come,  come  nw.iy." 
Hha/ctsp. :  Homeo  *  Juliet,  v.  3. 
'  B.  IntranfiUiv& : 

1.  To  go  or  move  crosswise,  across,  or 
obliquely. 

2.  To  be  iu  opposition  ;  to  be  opposed. 

"  It  ia  easy  to  be  imagined -what  reception  any  nro- 
positiuu  shall  find,  that  shiill  at  all  thteart  with  these 
internal  oracles.' — Lockr. 

3.  To  be  perverse. 

"  Such  shields  tooke  the  n.ime  Clypei,  i.  chased  and 
eniraven,  not  in  the  old  word  in  Latme  Clueie,  which 
9i^ni6eth  to  fight,  or  to  l)ee  well  reputed,  as  our 
thwarting  grauimariaus  would  with  their  subtile  so. 
phistrie  seeme  to  etymologize  aud  derive  \l,"—P. 
BuUund  :  Plinie,  bk.  xxxv,  ch.  iii. 

thwart' -er,  5.    [Eng.  thwart;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  thwarts,  frus- 
trates, or  defeats. 

2.  A  disease  in  .sheep,  indicated  by  shaking, 
trembling,  or  convulsive  motions. 

thwart'-ing,  pr.  par.,  n.,  &  s.    [Thwart,  v.\ 
A.  k  B.  Aspr.  par.  £]mrticip.  adj. :  (See  the 

verb). 
C.  As  siihst. :  The  act  of  one  who  thwarts  ; 

a  frustrating. 

"The  thwartings of  your  di;> positions." 

Shakcsp. :  Coriol«nus,  iii.  2. 

thwart'-ing-ly,  («fi'.  [Eng.  thwarting;  -ly.] 
In  a  thwarting  manner  ;  so  as  to  thwart ;  in 
opposition. 

*thwart'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  thwart;  -ly.]  In  a 
tlnvai't  manner ;  in  opposition  ;  crossly,  per- 
versely. 

'■  Judginge  so  tlnvartly." 
Kefhe.  in  Maitland  :  Jiefonruxtion,  p.  US. 

•  thwart' -ness,  s.  [Eng.  thwart;  -ticss.] 
Tin-  quality  or  state  of  being  thwart;  per- 
verseness,  untowardness. 

thwart'-ship,  a.     [Eng.  thwart,  and  ship.] 
Xaitt.  :  Lying  across  the  vessel. 

thwart'-ships,  adv.    [Thwartship.] 

S'tiif. :  Across  the  vessel. 

thwite,  •  thwitte,  *  thwyte,  v.t.  [A.S. 
thvitan.]  To  cut  or  clip  with,  or  as  with  a 
knife. 

"  A  carfuU  eie  must  be  bad  in  r7iWi//;Hf7&  shftrpning 
the  ^raffe  or  impe, "— /'.  ItoUnnd:  Pliiiie.  bk.  xvii.. 
ch.  XIV. 


"  thwit-el,  >.  (A.S.,  from  thu-itan  —to  cut.] 
A  knife,  a  whittle. 

"  A  Shefield  (hwitet  bare  he  iu  his  hose." 

ChatKer:  C.  T.,  3.932. 

*thwit'ten,  }xi,par.  or  a.    [Thwite.] 

thwif -tie,  r.t.  [A  frequent,  from  thwite  (q.v.).  J 

Tm  wliillU-Oi.v.). 

*  thwong,  .'-■.  [A.S.  thwang.]  A  thong,  a 
stn.p. 

thworl,  thworle,  s.    [Whori..] 

thy,  o.  [A  shorter  form  of  Thine  (q.v.).]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  thee ;  relating  to  thee ;  the 
possessive  pronoun  of  the  second  person 
singular. 

"  Who'll  weep  for  th;/  deficiency?'' 

Tfinti/Sou :  Two  Voice!:. 

thy-a-t'ir'-a,  s.  [Lat.  =an  ancient  city  in 
Mv.s'ia  in  Asia  Minor  (?)  (Acts  xvi.  14 ;  Rev. 
ii.  IS.).] 

Entovi.  :  A  genus  of  Noctuina,  family  Koc- 
tuobombyciiUc.  Antenmc  rather  short,  pu- 
bescent ;  abdomen  long,  rather  slender. 
Larva  not  haiiy.  Two  British  species : 
Thyatira  derusa,  the  BuH-arches,  and  T. 
Batis,  the  Peach -blossom  Moth. 

Thy-es'-te-an,  r/.  [Lat.  thyesteus.  See  def.  1.] 

1.  Lif. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Thyestes,  the 
son  of  Pelops  and  brother  of  Atreus,  who  slew 
his  two  nephews,  Tantalus  and  Pleisthenes, 
and  served  their  Hesh  to  their  father,  who 
partook  of  the  dreadful  meal. 

2.  Fig. :  Cannibal. 

"  Did  uot  popular  rumour  change  them  with  noc 
tunial  orgies  .Tud  Thi/ettenn  feasts?" — Farrar:  Early 
haysuf  Chrixtiunity,  ch,  iv. 

thy'-ine,  a.  [Gr,  Bvivo^  (thninos)  =  of  or 
belonging  to  the  tree  duia.  [Thuja.]  (See 
etym.  &  compound.)] 

thsrine-wood,  s.    A  kind  of  wood  ($<''\oi' 

fluii'Oi')  (xftlon  thiiinon)  mentioned  in  Rev. 
xviii.  12  as  one  of  the  articles  in  which  tlie 
mystic  Babylon  dealt.  It  was  mentioned 
aI^o  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  the  latter 
ealliug  it  Citrus,  It  was  used  for  furniture, 
and  fur  decoiative  purposes,  and  was  probably 
CuUilris  qnadrivulris. 

thy'-la-5ine,  s.    [Thylacinus.] 

Zool. :  Thylacinus  cynocephahis,  from  New 
Zealand,  the  largest predaceous  marsupial  now 
living.  It  is  a  little  smaller  than  a  wolf,  dog- 
like in  form  ;  head  elongated,  muzzle  pointed, 
eai-s  moderate,  erect,  triangular.  Colour  giay- 
ish-brown,  with  a  series  of  transverse  black 
bands  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  back  and  loins  ; 
fur  short  and  closely  applied  to  tlie  skin  ;  tail 


THVLACINE. 


of  moderate  length,  thick  at  the  base  and  ta- 
pering towards  the  apex,  clothed  with  abort 
hair,  "rhese  animals  are  semi-plantigrade,  walk- 
ing partly  on  the  toes  and  partly  on  the  soles 
of  tlie  feet.  They  are  very  destructiA-e  to  sheep, 
and  for  that  reason  the  settlers  have  almost 
exterminated  tlieni  in  the  more  thickly  popu- 
lated parts  of  the  island,  but  they  still  find 
shelter  in  the  rocky  glens  of  the  mountainous 
region.  Called  also  Tiger- Wolf,  Zebra-Wolf, 
and  Tasmanian  Wolf  or  Hycena. 

thy-la-yi'-niis,  s.    (Gr.  ev\aKo<s  (thnlakos)  = 
a  bag,  a  sack,  aud  kuwi-  (kuou)  =  a  dog.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Dasyuridie  (in  classifica- 
tions in  which  that  family  is  sub-divided,  of 
Dasyurinpe),  with  one  living  species,  Thyla- 
ciniis  cynocephalus,  from  Tasmania,  though 
recent  fiagments  of  bones  and  teeth  show 
that  an  allied  species  formerly  inhabited  the 
mainland  of  Australia.  The  marsupial  bones 
are  represented  only  by  small  unossified  fibro- 
cartilages,  and  the  pouch  (traces  of  which  are 
more  obvious  in  the  male  than  in  other  mar- 
supials), unlike  that  of  the  kangaroos,  opens 
backwards.  The  female  produces  four  young 
at  a  birth. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    »,  ce  -^  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


thylacoleo— thymyl 


8U 


thy-la-CO -le-O,  y.  [Gr.  ©liAaKO?  (thuhtlo^) 
=  a  puiuli,  a  Siiuk,  and  K^iav  (Icon)  =  a  Hon.] 

Ptthvont.:  An  extinct  genus  of  Marsupiuls 
from  tlie  post-Tertiary  deposits  of  Austmlia, 
with  one  species,  Tkuhcoleo  carni/ex,  of 
which  nothing  but  the  skull  is  known. 
The  dentition  is  extremely  anomalous,  the 
functional  teeth  heitip  reduced  to  one  pair  of 
large  cuttin;^  incisors  elose  to  the  median  line, 
and  one  great,  trenchant,  compressed  pie- 
molar.  It  was  first  described  as  a  carnivorous 
marsupial,  and  named  in  accordance  with  its 
presumed  habits  *' ns  one  of  the  fellest  and 
innst  destructiveof  predatory  beasts";  but,  as 
its  jittinitii's  are  certitinly  with  the  Phalau- 
gistid;e  and  Macropodidi^,  and  its  dentition 
completely  unlike  that  of  any  known  pre- 
daceous  animal,  this  view  has  been  questioned. 
(Prnf.  Flou'pr,  in  Euctic  Brit.,  xv.  3Sa.) 

"  thy-la-cd-ther  -i-iim,   >.      [Gr.   ev\aKo^ 

{tliitln}:o.<)  =  vi,  pouch,  and  BrjpCof  (flicrio)))=  a 
wild  beast.] 

i'alQ-ont.  :  Owen's  name  for  Aniphitherium 
(q.v.). 

thy-XUal'-lus,  .'^.  [Gr.  dviJ.aKXo<;  {th  nnwUos)  = 
an  unidentitied  fish  mentioned  by  ^lian 
(.V.  A.,  K\v.  22).] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Salmonidfe,  group  Sal- 
velini  (q.v.),  allied  to  Coregonus,  from  which 
it  is  principnlly  distinguished  by  its  rayed 
dorsal  fin.  There  are  five  species,  inhabiting 
clear  streams  of  the  north  of  Europe,  Asia, 
and  North  Ameiica,  of  which  the  best  known 
are  Tfnimafhts  signifer,  the  Poisson  hleu  of  the 
Canadian  voyageurs,  and  T.  vulgaris,  the 
Grayling  (q.v.). 

thyme  (th  as  t),  *  tyine»  -«.     [Fr.  thim ; 
Prov.  thlme;  Ital.  timo;  Lat.  tJnjmus  (q.v.).] 
Botany : 

1.  The  genus  Thymus  (q.v.). 

2.  In  composition,  in  the  word  VTater-thvme 

(q-v.). 

thyme-oil,  ■'=. 

1.  Chein. :  A  volatileoilobtainedbydistilling 
gaiden  thyme  with  water.  It  is  colourless  in 
the  fresh  state,  has  a  ple.isant  pungent  odour 
and  camphorous  taste,  sp.  gr.  ='ST-"!>0,  spar- 
ingly soluble  in  water,  ensily  in  alcohol  and 
ether,  and  turns  the  plane  of  polarization  to 
the  left.  It  contains  at  least  two  Itydrocar- 
bons :  thyniene,  CioHia,  and  cymenerOioHi4, 
and  an  oxygenated  product,  thymol,  C]oHx40. 

2.  Pharm. :  It  is  a  powerful  local  stimulant, 
which  may  be  used  in  toothache  if  applied  by 
lint  or  cotton.  Mixed  with  olive  oil  or  spirit 
and  camphor,  it  is  a  stimulating  liniment  in 
ehroiiic  rheumatism,  sprains,  bruises,  &c. 

thym'-Cid  (th  as  t),  5.  [Eng.  thyme  ;  -id.] 
Cheni.:  C-2i^:uOi.  A  product  of  the  action 
of  sunshine  operating  tor  several  days  on 
thymoil  contained  in  a  sealed  tube.  It  is 
obtained  pure  by  mixing  equal  weights  of 
thymoil  and  thymoloil  in  alcoholic  solution, 
which  then  assumes  a  blood-red  colour,  and 
deposits  crystals  which  have  a  greenish 
metallic  lustre. 

thy'-me-la,  s.  [Gr.  eu^eA^ (thnmele)=a  place 
for  sacrifice  ...  a  platform,  an  orchestra.] 

Greek.  Antiq.  :  An  elevation,  in  the  form  of 
an  altar,  in  the  centre  of  the  orchestra  of  a 
Greek  theatre,  on  which  the  leader  of  the 
chorus  stood. 

thy-me-la'-9e-se,  thy-me'-le-se  (thast), 

s.  pi.      [Mod.   Lat.  thyine}{ii'a);  Lat.  fern.  pi. 
adj.  sulT.  -acea'.] 

Bot.  :  Daphnads ;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Daphnales.  Stem  shrubby, 
rarely  herbaceous,  with  a  tenacious  bark. 
Leaves  exstipulate,  entire.  Flowers  capitate 
or  spiked,  terminal,  or  axillary,  often  en- 
closed in  an  involucre.  Calyx  tubular, 
coloured,  the  limb  four-  or  five-cleft ;  corolla 
wanting,  or  reduced  to  scale-like  petals  on 
the  orifice  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  eight,  four, 
or  two  ;  style  one  ;  stigma  undivided  ;  o^  ary 
one-celled,  with  a  single  pendulous  ovule'; 
fruit  hard,  dry,  nut  like  or  drupaceous. 
Found  in  South  America,  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  and  Australia,  the  cooler  parts  of 
India,  and  in  Eurojie.  The  bark  is  caustic. 
Known  geneia  thirty-eight;  species  300. 
[Hernandie.e.] 

thyme-la  -9e-ous  (or  ceous  as  shiis,  th 

as  t),  ".     [ThymelacEvE.] 


[I't.  :  l!.b«n-ing  or  relating  to,  or  like  the 

ThyiuHlaccie. 

"  thy-me-lae -a  (th  as  t),  c;.    [Thv.mixi:.] 
Bot.:    The    typical    genus  of  Thymelaceie 
(q.v.).  Now  made  a  synonym  of  Daphne  (q.v.). 

thy -mel-e,  s.  [Gr.  Bvfit\i}  (th  u  meli)  =  a 
idaoe  of  sacrifice,  an  altar,  a  temple;  dvut 
{(hno)  —  to  sacrifice.] 

Entnm. :  A  genus  f)f  Hesperidie.  Antenna* 
short,  not  terminating  in  a  hook ;  hinder 
margin  of  the  fore  wings  rounded  ;  wings 
dark,  with  chequered  spots,  fi  iiiges  chequered. 
There  is  one  British  species,  Thymt-lf  alveolus  ; 
blackish,  tinged  with  green,  and  chequered 
with  creamy-white  spots.  Tlie  larva  feeds  on 
the  raspberry.  Found  in  nmlst  places. 
(stni>tto}i.)  Other  si-ecies  are  from  tropical 
America.  &c. 

thy-mel'-ic,  «.  (Eng,  thymel(a);  -ic]  Of  or 
bel-'ugiug  to  a  thymela  (q.v.). 

"  Tlierf  was  auuther  eutmiice  to  the  rhtjmelic  pint- 
form.  "—/J-jhimMhoji  ;  Theatre  o/rhc  Oreeks,  \>.  229. 

thym'-ene  (th  as  t),  .s".     [Mod.  Lat.  thym(Hs) ; 

Chf'iii. :  CioHit;.  A  hydrocarbon  belonging 
to  the  caniphene  group,  constituting  the  most 
volatile  poi'tion  of  oil  of  garden  thyme.  By 
repeated  distillation  it  is  obtained  as  a  colour- 
less oil,  having  an  agreeable  odour  of  thyme, 
sp.  gr.  -SeS  at  20^^,  boiling  at  160-165^,  and 
deflecting  the  plane  of  polarization  to  the  left. 

thy'-mi-a-tech-ny  (th  as  t),  s.  [Gr. 
0viiiaij.a  {thnmiama)  =  incense,  and  tcxi-tj 
{terhne)=  art.] 

Med. :  The  art  of  employing  perfumes  in 
medicine.     {DuiigHson.) 

thym'-ic  {th  as  t),  «.  [Lat.  thyin(us);  Eng. 
sutf.  -iC] 

A)iat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  thymus 
gland:  as,  the  thymic  vein. 

thy-mi9'-ic  (th  as  t),  «.  [Formed  from  Eng. 
thiiinol  (q.v.).]     Derived  Ironi  or  containing 

tl.yiiiol. 

thymicic-acid,  >.    [Thvmotic-acid.] 

thy'-mO'il  (thast),  s.  [Eng.  thymo(J) ;  -il.] 
Chcm.. :  CioHigOo.  Obtained  by  distilling 
thymol  in  presence  of  sulphuric  acid  and 
manganic  peroxide.  It  comes  over  as  a  yellow 
oil,  which  may  be  purified  by  crystallization 
from  ether-alcoliol.  It  forms  reddish-yellow 
four-sided  shining  laminae,  having  an  aromatic 
odour.  It  is  heavier  than  water,  only  spar- 
ingly soluble  in  alcohol,  easily  in  ether,  melts 
at  4S^,  and  boils  at  about  235^. 

thy-mo-U'-a-mide  (th  as  t),  ^■.  [Eng. 
thymoil,  and  amide] 

Chem.  :  Ci2Hi5(NHo)0.  Formed  by  the 
action  of  dry  ammonia  gas  on  fused  thymoil. 
It  is  obtained  as  a  dark  red  uncrystallizable 
mass,  hard  and  brittle,  but  softens  at  100',  so 
that  it  may  be  drawn  into  threads.  Is  soluble 
in  alcohol. 

thy-mo-il'-ic  (th  as  t),  a.  [Eng.  thymo'il : 
-ic]  Contained  in  or  derived  from  thymoil 
(q.v.). 

thymoilic-acid,  s. 

Ckem. :  C^KQ->Oiii.  The  product  of  the 
oxidation  of  thyuiod  by  tlie  action  of  the  air 
in  presence  of  potash.  The  potassium  salt  of 
the  acid  which  is  formed  is  exhausted  with 
alcohol  and  decomposed  with  hydrochloric 
acid.  The  acid  is  then  obtaincl  in  dingy 
yellow  uncrystallizable  flocks  sparingly  so- 
luble in  water. 

thy-m.d'-il-6l(thas  t),  s.  [Eng.  thymoil ;  -oh] 
Chem.  :  Ci'iHi^Oo,  A  sulistance  obtained 
by  exposing  'thymoil  contained  in  a  sealed 
tube  to  tlie  action  of  sunshine  fi-ra  period  of 
several  days.  Recrystallized  from  alcohol,  it 
is  obtained  in  small,  four  sided  jirisms,  which 
are  inotlorous  and  tasteless,  dissolve  spar- 
ingly in  water,  easily  in  alcohol  and  etlier, 
melt  at  140^,  and  distil  without  decomposi- 
tion at  290'^. 

thym'-ol  (th  as  t),  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  thiim(us); 
-uL] 

Chevi.  :  C10H13HO.  Thymylic  hydrate, 
thymylic  alcohol,  thymylic  acid,  thymic  acid. 
Tlie  oxygenated  constituent  of  thyme-oil  and 
a  homologue  of  phenol,  obtained  from  thyme 
oil    by    fractional  distillation,   passing  over 


chiefly  between  22o^  and   2.'t.'j'.     Purified   by 

recryslalli/ntion  from  aleolt(d.  it  is  obtained 
in  tiansparent  rhondtuidal  plates.  It  ha« 
a  nuld  odour  and  aromatic  last*',  a  specific 
gravity  =  r028.'i  in  the  solid  stiit*-,  and  doe.s 
not  act  on  pcdiirized  light,  meU-s  at  44^  and 
boils  at  about  2.'lO\  It  is  almost  insoluble  in 
water,  soluble  in  alcohol,  ethtu",  and  strong 
aceti(^  acid,  and  forms  several  RMV>stitntion  de- 
rivatives by  the  acti(*n  of  bromine  or  chlorino 
in  the  presence  of  siuishine.  Thymol  is  an 
antiseptic  and  disinfectant,  and  is  lai"gely  em- 
ployed in  the  Listehan  systeni. 

thy -mot' -ic  (th  as  t),  a.  [From  Eng.  thymol 
(q.v.).  ]     Derived  from  or  containing  thymoL 

thymotic  acid,  s. 

rhrm.:  ('nlli4t>:j  =  C'ioHhOCOo.  Thymyl- 
rarlmnic  acid.  Prepared  by  heating  thymol 
with  sodium  in  a  flask  through  which  a  stream 
of  earbnnic  anhydride  is  passed,  thymyl  cir- 
bimate  and  tliymotate  of  sodium  being  formed. 
From  the  latter,  hydrochloric  acid  throws 
down  thymotio  acid  in  cobuirlcss  Hocks.  It 
is  puiilied  by  distillation  with  water,  and  is 
obtained  as  a  white,  loosely-coherent,  crystal- 
line juass  with  silky  lustre.  It  is  nearly  in- 
s(duble  in  cold  water,  melts  at  1*20^,  dissolves 
in  ferric  chloride  with  line  blue  colour,  the 
same  colour  being  immediately  produced  in 
its  neutral  solutions. 

thym'-6-tide  (th  as  t),  s.  [Eng.  thiimnt{ic) ; 
■nlc] 

Chem.. :  CnHisOo.  Produced  by  the  action 
of  pentachloride  of  phosphorus  on  thymotio 
acid.  It  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in  white 
microscoi'ic  needles,  wliich  melt  at  187^. 

thy'-m.US  (th  as  t),  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat. 
//i'/"M/s,  thymum;  Gr.  dviio<;,  9vfj,ot' (thnmo.<, 
thiniu'ti)  —  thyme,  from  Bvut  (thvO)  —  to  saci'i- 
tice,  either  from  its  fragitince  or  because  it 
w;is  burnt  on  altars.] 

Bot. :  Thyme  ;  a  genus  of  Origanidae  (q.v.). 
Small,  often  hoary,  nmch-branched,  highly- 
aromatic  shrubs.  Leaves  small,  entire,  often 
with  revolute  margins  ;  flowers  whorled  or 
capitate  ;  cidyx  with  ten  to  thiiteen  ribs,  tubu- 
lar, two-lipped,  the  upper  lip  three-toothed, 
the  lower  one  bifid,  the  throat  hairy  ;  corolla 
with  the  upper  lip  erect,  nearly  plane,  the 
lower  one  patentand  tiifid  ;  stamens  divei'ging, 
anther  cells  at  first  nearly  parallel,  afterwards- 
diverging  ;  the  connective,  sub-triangular, 
small  nuts  nearly  smooth.  Known  species 
forty,  from  the  temperate  parts  of  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere.  British  species  one,  Thymus 
.^erpylhi'u,  the  Wild  thynie.  It  is  prostrate, 
with  oblong  or  ovate,  entire,  obtuse,  petiolate 
leaves,  more  or  less  ciliated  at  the  I'ase  ;  floral 
leaves  similar;  flowers  purple.  The  Lemon 
or  Lemon-scented  thyme  (T.  citriodonis)  is  a 
variety  of  T.  Seiyyllum,  cultivated  in  gardens 
for  its  agreeable  smell.  T.  Chamfvdrys.  formerly 
regarded  as  distinct,  is  now  placed  under  it  as 
a  sub-species.  It  is  u.sed  in  India  in  diseases 
of  the  eyes  and  stomach,  and  on  the  Chenab 
as  a  vermifuge.  T.  imlgaris  is  Garden  Thynie. 
It  is  a  small  much-branched  shrub,  a  native 
of  the  southern  coimtrics  of  Eurojie,  from 
Portugal  to  Greece.  It  is  a  pungent  aromatic, 
mucli  used  in  cookery. 

thymus-gland.  ^-. 

Anat,  :  An  elongated,  glanilular-like  body, 
with  two  lobes  which  tiuich  eai-h  othei-, 
situated  partly  in  the  thorax,  partly  in  the 
lower  region  of  the  neck.  It  reaches  its 
greatest  size  at  about  the  sccon<l  year  of  life, 
then  ceases  to  grow,  and  finally  dwimlles  into 
a  mere  vestige.  It  is  supposed  to  be  in  some 
way  connected  with  the  elabcuation  of  the 
blond  in  iidancy.  Its  name  refers  to  its  re- 
semblance to  the  (lowers  of  thyme. 

thym  -y  (th  as  t),  a.  [Eng.  th7im(r) ;  -y.]  Of 
the  nature  of  or  abounding  with  tiiyme  ; 
hence,  fragrant. 

■■  Thi/my  slope  ami  wiimly  c<)vcrt. 
Wiieie  the  ciiikuo  liyiiiued  thtj  SIny." 
niarkie :  l.^tyt  „f  Niij/il'inUn  <i  lalandi.  p.  T. 

thym'-^l(th  as  t),  s.     (Eng.  thym(al):  -yl.] 
Omu.  :  Ci(,Hi3.     The  radical  of  thynnd  ;ind 
its  derivatives. 

thymyl  sulphuric -acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  C10H14HSO4.  Sulphothymio  acid. 
Formed  by  tlic  action  of  oil  of  vitriol  on 
thym'^l-  its  aqueous  solution  evaporated  in 
a  vacruum  crystalliz<'s  in  translucent  pearly 
tables  or  prisms,  which  are   very  soluble  in 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-<;ian,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


90 


thymylic—tiara 


water.    With  Imses  it  forms  a  aerk'S  of  cr^stal- 
liiK-  C'>iiii>t»utitls. 

thy-myi  -lo  (th  i\it  t).  a.     [EiiK.  thiimyl  ;  -Ic] 

tiHiliiiii'*'l  lit  '>r  »liTi\i-'l  from  thymol  (<i-v.). 


tbymyllo  add,  alcohol.  • 


hydrate. 


thfn  niCh  thj^  s.  (Gr.  0vi't'oKithHnin\s)=. 
A  luiinv  (<i.\.),  kikI  t\6i^  {ichtltus)  =  ti  tisli.) 

I'hthif.  ,1-  i'ltlnoiit.:  A  gtims  of  Cyprinidii*, 
;:ntiip  Cv|>rltiliia,  with  three  spccit-s,  from  thr 
Fani  ImlifK.    ^^t>0i'illll■lls  havu  bi-t-ii  found  in 

tllr  Ml. •.•rut-. 

thyn  ni-dsa.  .<.  i>t.  [Mod.  Lat.  thynn(us),  2 ; 
l-i;.  ffiii.  pi.  iidj.  suif.  •itlii'.] 

Kntoiu. :  An  old  fiimilyuf  Kossorial  Hyiiifn- 
optera,  now  merged  in  ^py^idiu. 

thjhl'~n&S.  -f.  (Lilt.,  fi-om  Gr.  Oi-vt'o^  itltHn- 
u-K\)i=  the  tuiuiy  (q.v.),  from  (*uru>  {(hnno)  = 
tn  rush  fast,  to  dju  t  along.] 

1.  Ichthij.  it l\iI(vont. :  Agenusof  .Scomltiidip, 
with  .several  8i>ccies,  ranging  over  troi)ic;iI 
and  tt-niperate  seas.  First  doi-sal  continuous, 
spines  feeble  ;  from  six  to  nine  Unlets  behind 
tlie  doi'sat  and  anal ;  scales  of  ))ectnnil 
crowded,  (onning  a  eoi-selct;  a  longitudinal 
keel  on  i-ach  side  of  the  tail.  Three  species 
—  Thynnii.i  thiiiutus,  the  Tunny  (q.v.) ;  T. 
/>f/(imr/,*,  the  IJonito  ;  and  7'.  yenno  (or  din- 
(majt').  the  (Jermon— have  been  taken  on  tlie 
Hritish  ctmsts.  Not  nueonnmni  inEoeeneand 
MiDrt'ii'-  f'Miiintions. 
*  2.  Kn'o.u. :  A  genus  of  Tliynnidie  (q.v.)- 

thyr-c-6-  (3rr  as  ir).  pre/.    [Thybo-.J 

thyr-e  dp  tcr-i  -nae  (yr  as  ir),  s.  pi  fPref. 

tlntiro-  :  Gi.  nrfpof  (jit'init)  ~  a  feather,  a 
wing,  and  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sufl".  -inm.\ 

Entoia. :  A  sub-family  of  Truncatipenuie 
(<|.v.).  They  seek  tlieir  prey  ujion  or  under 
I  lie  baik  i»f  trees  where  small  insects  abound. 

thyr-O-,  (yr  as  ir),  pref.  [Gr.  Bvp^os  (thureos) 
-^  a  door-stone,  a  large,  oblnng  shield,  shaped 
like  a  door ;  Bvaa  (thiira)  =  a  door.]  Hhaped 
like  a  door  ;  oblong. 

thyro-hyals,  s.  pi. 

A  ii"t.  :  Tlie  f;reat  coriiua  of  the  hyoid  bone. 
Tli'v  pi-.jict,  backwards  from  its  sides  and 
end  in  luimded  extremities. 

thyro-hyoid,  «. 

Anal. :  Uf  or  belonging  to  the  liyoid  bone 
and  the  thjTeid  axis. 

Thiiro-hnoiil  arch: 

Emh,')ji,l. :  The  third  of  the  branchial  arehes, 
or  pharyngeal  plates.  It  is  related  to  the 
formatinn  of  the  lower  or  great  cornua  and 
the  body  uf  the  hyr)id  hone,  and  cnnesponds 
witli  thf  lirst  tiue  branchial  arch  of  amphibia 
;iiid  tishes. 

thyr'-oid,  thyr -e-6id  (yr  :is  ir),  a.  [Pref. 
Ouji-o-,  tlujiro,  aii.l  Gr.  eT5o5  {ddos)  =  furin.] 

Anut.  :  Of  an  oblong  form  ;  shaped  like  an 
oblong  shield. 

thyroid-body,  5. 

An«(.  :  A  s.jft,  n-ddish  and  highly- vascular 
or^iiii.  c.nsisting  of  two  lateral  lobes  united 
by  th*-ir  lower  ends  by  a  transverse  portimi 
c;ill.d  the  isthmus.  It  forms  a  rounded  pro- 
.it-eti.in  upon  the  trachea  and  the  larynx.  It 
IS  niie  of  the  vascular  glands,  or  glands  with- 
out ducts.     Its  function  is  unknown. 

thyroid- cartilages,  s.  j>l 

Aunt.  :  Two  Mat  lateral  plates,  continuous 
in  m.iit.  formin-  a  iiainiw  angle  like  the  letter 
V.     In  tlie  male  it  is  calle.l  Adam's  apple. 

thyroid-gland,  i-.    [Thvroid-body.] 

thy-roid'-e-al. '(.  {^n^.thmoid;  .eal.]  Per- 
tjHiiri-  i.r  relating  to  the  thyroid  glaud  or 

cartilai,'!.-. 

thy-rop-ter-a,  s.    \Gv.  Bvpa  {thura)  =  n 

d'nir,  ;iiid  TTTtpotf  {pteroii)  =:  a  wing.] 

/'">/.:  A  genus  of  Vespertilimiida-  (n  v  ) 
forming  a  se).arate  group  of  that  fainilv  (Dob- 
son:  Catal.  Cltir.,  p.  553).  Muzzle  elon^ate.l 
slender;  cmwn  cone  considerably  elev-ated 
above  the  forehead  ;  nasal  apertures  circular- 
ears  funnel-shaped  ;  bases  of  the  thumbs  and' 
soles  of  the  feet  with  higlily  si.ceialized 
organs  in  the  shape  of  hollow  suetmial  discs 
There  is  but  one  species,  Thiin>pU-n>  trirolor 
from  Brazil  It  is  a  small  bat,  with  ninde- 
rately  long,  dense  fur,  reddish-brown  above 


and  below,  exi-ejit  breast  and  abdomen,  which 
are  i>ale  yrllowisii  white. 

thyr~sa-cJin'-thu8,  .s.    [Lat.  ihij>\-ius),  and 

.re-.»f/i».(.t.V.).] 

Hot.  :  A  genus  of  Gendarussea'.  Tropical 
American  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  large  leaves 
and  a  long  raceme  of  faseicled  or  cymose 
(lowers. 

'  thyrse.  s.    [Tiiviisi:s.] 
thyrse-flower.  ^. 

j:"f. :  The  ;;i.iiiis  Thyrsacanthus  i<[.v.) 

thyrs'-i-form,  <(.    [Lat.  thijrsiis and  foniui  = 
Inrm.] 
Jht. :  Itesembling  a  thrysus. 

thyr'-si-tef,  s.    [Thvksus.] 

Irhtlnf. :  \  genus  of  Triohiuridie  (<i.v.),  with 
several  species  fioni  tropical  and  sub-tropieal 
seas.  Body  rather  elongate,  for  the  most  part 
naked  ;  first  dorsal  continuous,  the  spines  are 
of  inoclerate  length,  ami  extend  on  to  the 
second  ;  from  two  to  six  Unlets  behind  the 
dorsal  and  anal  ;  several  strong  teeth  in  jaws, 
and  teeth  on  palatine  bones.  The  species 
attain  a  length  of  from  four  to  five  feet,  and 
are  esteemed  as  fund  tishes. 

thyr-soid.  thyr-s«d-al.  a.    [Gr.  evp(70<; 

{(liuisos)  =  a  thyrsus,  and  t'iSo?  {t'ulus)  =  furm, 
appearance.] 

Dot.  :  Having  somowliat  tlie  form  of  a 
thyrsus. 

thyr'-su-la,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.,diMiin.  from  Lat. 
tkyrsns'iii.v.).] 

But.  :  A  kind  of  inflorescence  consisting  of  a 
suiall  cyme  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf.  Occurs  in 
the  Labiates.  ,  . 

<t     b    c     d        ^       P 

thyr'-siis  Cpl.    -^    «.   ^    -^  ' 

t  hy  r'  -  si  ), 
thyrse,  ^. 
[Lat.,  from  Gr. 
flypffos  (/A  t(  rstw)  = 
a  light,  straight 
shaft,  a  stalk.] 

1.  ('lass.  Aiitlq. : 
One  of  the  most 
common  attri- 
butes or  emblems 
of  Bacchus  and 
his  followers.  It 
r'onsisted  often  of 
a  spear  or  stall' 
wi-apped  with  ivy 
and  vine  branches, 
or  of  a  lani-e  hav- 
ing the  iron  jiart 
thrust  into  a 
pine  cone.  In  an- 
cient representa- 
tions it  appeared 
in  various  forms. 
Thyi-si  were  car- 
ried by  the  Bnc- 
ehanals  in  their 
hands,  when  cele- 
biating  the  orgies 
of  Bacchus. 


OROUP  OF  THYRSI. 
I.  Fntiii  n  lins-relief  of  Kgypto- 
Rimmii  work,  time  of  Emiwior 
Hadrian  ;  6.  From  a  fragment 
of  a  sarcophagus,  contaiiiiiii! 
iu  the  centre  a  bas-relief  ot 
Bacchus  with  thyrsus  and  a 
fawn  :  c.  d.  From  ancient  B.ac- 
chanahan  vases;  e.  From  bjis- 
relief  of  Bacchus  receiveO  by 
Icarus  iu  tbe  garden  of  a  villa 
111  Athens  (a  fawn  bears  the 
thyrsus  behind  Bacchus);  / 
From  a  bas-relief  of  the  youth- 
ful Bacchus,  bearing  a  thyrsus, 
and  acconipaiiied  by  a  fawn. 

"  Round  about  him.  fair  Bacchantes. 
Bejinng  cymbals.  Hutes.  and  thyrsex." 

Lfiuj/elloiv :  Drinking  Song. 

2.  Bot. :  A  kind  of  infloveseence  consisting 
nt  a  panicle,  the  principal  diameter  of  which 
IS  111  the  middle  between  the  base  and  the 
apex;  a  compact  iianicle,  the  lower  branches 
of  which  are  shorter  than  those  in  the  middle 
It  IS  at  tirst  centri]iet:il  an.l  afterwards  centri- 
fugal.    Example,  the  Lilac. 

thy-sa'-m-a, 

fringe.) 

KntoHt. :  Part  of  the  old  genus  Noctua  -. 
Erebus  uf  Latreille. 


[Gr.   fluo-ai'os  ((/ii(sa?tos)  = 


the 


Any 
fi-om 

TTTepof 


thy'-sa-nop-ter,  .«.    [Th ysanoptera.  j 
inrlividual  ..fthe  Thysanoptera  (q.v.). 

thy-sa-nop'-ter-a,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat., 
Gr.  dva-ai'oq  {thHsanos)  =  a.  fringe,  and 
(j'tvi-'in)  =  a  wing.] 

Entnm, :  Haliday's  name  for  the  group  more 
generally  known  as  Pliysopoda  (q.v.). 

thy-sa-niir'-a.  s.pl    [Gr.  evaai-o?  (thnso nos) 
=  Iniige,  anil  ovpd  (onra)=  a  tail.] 
1.  K)itomolog!/ : 

T  \  ^^J.  -^^  ^^'*^*^^  ^^  Insecta  founded  by 
Latreil  e,  embracing  Tliysanui'a  Genuina  [(2)1 
and  Coltembola  (q.v.).  ""^  ^-^ 


(2)  According  to  Lubbock,  an  order  of  In- 
sei;ta,  while  other  authors  make  them  a  tribe 
of  a  larger  order  [(1)J.  Antenna  long,  many- 
jointed,  tarsi  from  two  to  four  joints,  man- 
dibles and  maxillffi  more  or  less  exposed  ; 
maxillary  palpi  often  long;  labium  more  or 
less  cleft  in  front ;  prothorax  large  ;  some  <tf 
the  abdominal  segments  bear  pairs  of  append- 
ages, and  there  are  generally  two  or  three 
caudal  bristles.    [Collembola.] 

2.  l\divoiit.  :  Tlieir  remains  are  often  found 
in  amber,  which  is  of  Post-Teitiary  date. 

*  thy-sa-niir'-i-forin,  a.      [Mod.  Lat.  ilnj. 

6a,nn-",  an<l  Lat.  >;  me.  =  form.] 

liiiFoiii.:  Of  or  belonging  tn,  or  resembling 
the  Thysaiiura  (q.v.).  L'sed  by  Swainson  of  a 
certain  type  of  caterpillars,  having  the  head 
armed  with  distinct  spines,  forming  a  crest 
round  its  hinder  jiart,  or  divided  into  two 
hornlike  points;  the  extremity  of  the  body 
also  terminating  in  two  pointed  processes. 
Examples,  the  larvs  of  the  large  Nympbalida; 
of  Tropical  Anserica,  Hipparchite,  &c. 

thy-self .  ^  thi-self.  *  thy-selfe,  pron. 
[Eng.  /////,  and  ^tlf.]  A  relif-xivf  ].j<.iinun  used 
after  thoa  (exj tressed  or  uudeistoud),  to  mark 
tlistinction  with  emjihasis. 


'■  These  are  thy  L'l.iri.ma  works.  Parent  ot  good, 
Almighty,  thiut  this  uuiversal  frame. 
Tlius  wuinlniuhfuir;  thi/scf/huw  wondrous  then  !" 

.yjiitoii:  r.  L..  V.  155. 
[Native  name.) 


ti.  5. 

Botany : 

1.  Cordyline  Tl,  formerly  DracfEna  termi- 
nnlis,  a  small  liliaceous  tree  about  twelve  feet 
high,  a  native  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific.  Its 
great  woody  roots  when  baked  become  sweet 
and  nutritious.  When  boiled  it  furm'shes  a 
syrup  used  as  a  substitute  for  sugar.  Wheu 
the  roots  are  bruised,  mixed  with  water,  and 
fermented,  they  form  an  intoxieating  beverage, 
and  when  distilled,  an  ardent  sjiirit.  Tlie 
stems  are  used  for  fences,  and  the  leaves  as 
thatch  for  houses.  They  are  also  eaten  by 
cattle,  sheep,  and  goats.     [Calodracon.] 

2.  Cordijline  australis  and  C.  indivlsa.  (New 
Zealand.) 

'  ti'-ar,  s.   [Fr. /inre, from  Lat.  riartt.]  Atiiiia. 
'■  Of  beaming  sunny  i-ays,  a  golden  tiar. 
'-'iioled  bis  head."         Milton:  P.  L.,  iii.  025. 

ti-ar'-a,  ti-a'-ra,  s.     [Lat,  from  Gr.  napa, 

Tiapas  (tiara,  tiaras)  =  the  Persian  head-chess 
worn  on  great  oc- 
casions. Skeat 
suggests  a  deriva- 
tion from  Pers. 
tdjirar  =  a  crown, 
a  diadem.]  f 

L  Thehead-eover-      ' 
ing  of  the  ancient  „f, 
Persians;thecrown    A 
of  the  ancient  Per-    i^ 
sian  kings.    These 
alone  had  the  ])ri- 
vilege    of  wearing       | 
the  tiara  erect;  the 
nobility  andpriests 
wore  it  depressed, 
'ir  turned  down  on 
the  fore  side.     Its 
form  is  described 
variously    by    dif- 
ferent authors, 
so    that    it    must 
have  varied  at  dif- 
ferent periods.     Accordin; 


TIARA. 
.  Example  from  Khorsalwid, 
showing  the  Great  King  of 
Assyria  -wearing  the  tiara. 
Over  the  tunic  is  a  cloak  of 
two  pieces,  fringed,  and  cov. 
ered  with  large  rosettes,  i, 
AncientPersiiui  soldier  wear- 
iiit'tbe  tiara. 


,.  to  Xenophon  it 
was  encompassed  with  the  diadem,  at  least 
on  ceremonial  occasions. 

2.  The  triple  crown  worn  by  the  Pope  on 
certain  occasions  as  a  sign  of  liis  temporal 
power,  of  whicli  it  is  a  badge,  as  the  keys  are 


SUCCESSIVE    FORMS    OF   THE    PAPAL  TIARA. 

of  his  spiiitnal  .jurisdiction.  The  whole  his- 
tory of  the  Papal  Tiara  is  uncertain.  Nicho- 
las I.  (S58-(j7)  is  said  to  have  been  the  tirst 
to  unite  the  princely  crown  with  the  nu'tre, 
though  the  Bollandi-sts  think  this  was  done 


mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  fiiU;  try,  Syrian. 


ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


tiaraed— tick 


ui 


ltffi)re  his  liniL'.  Tlie  coiiinion  statement  tliat 
IJniiilacf  VIll.  (about  i:!(iO)  addctl  the  secoii"! 
is  iii(.(irrt'cf.  tor  llcfeh- (i<'*H7r((r/e,  ii,  23tl  sqq.) 
shows  that  Innocent  III.  is  represented  wear- 
ing the  second  crown  in  a  iiaintint;  ohler  than 
tlie  time  of  Boniface.  Urban  V.  (13G2-7U)  is 
supposed  to  have  adiled  the  third  crown.  In 
its  pri'seiit  form  tlie  tiara  consists  of  a  high 
cap  of  clntli  of  pold,  encircled  by  three  corn- 
nets,  and  surnuninted  by  a  irmiind  and  cross  of 
goUl ;  nn  each  side  is  a  pendant,  embntidered 
.ind  fringed  nt  tlie  end,  and  seme  of  crosses 
of  pold.  The  tiaiu  it>  placed  on  the  Pope's 
lie;id  at  his  coronation  by  the  second  cardinal 
«hae..ii  in  the  loggia  i>f  St.  Peter's,  witli  tlte 
wuids  :  "  Receive  tlie  tiara  adnrurd  with  tliree 
crowns,  and  know  that  thou  art  Katlter  uf 
princes  and  kiii^s,  Rnler  of  the  World,  and 
Vicar  of  our  Saviour  Jesus  t'hrist." 

3.  Hence,  tiguratively  used  for  the  pai>al 
<lignity. 

4.  A  crown,  a  diailem. 

"  This  riiynl  mtie.  ami  this  tiara,  wore 
Old  Pi'iiiiii,  atid  tliis  gulden  sceptre  hore. " 

Hr;/ih'ii :  Virgil ;  Jineld  vii.  337. 

ti-ar'-aed,  ti-ar-aed,  a.    [Eng.  tiam  ;  -erf.] 

Adiiriud  with  or  wearing  a  tiara. 

ti-a-rid'-i-um,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.  dimin.,  from 

/<;rm(.i.v.).] 

hot. :  A  genus  of  Heliotropew,  akin  to  Helio- 
ti'opium,  but  having  tlie  tube  of  tlie  corolla 
angular,  and  two-celled,  mitre-shaped  nuls. 
Tiaridinm  indicum  is  an  astringent,  and  is 
used  to  cleanse  ulcers  m-  allay  intlamniatioii. 

ti-ar'-is,  s.     [Gr.  Ti'apis  (tiaris),  another  IVnin 
of  Tidpa  itiaid).]     [Tiara.] 

1.  Ontith.  :  A  genus  of  Friugillidie  with 
one  species,  from  Brazil.  Bill  conii-al,  entire; 
head  crested;  wings  moderate;  tail  even  or 
slightly  rounded  ;  feet  nioilerate. 

2.  ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Agamidie.  with  three 
s^Hfcies,  from  the  islands  of  the  Eastern 
Peninsula,  Scales  of  the  body  keeled,  those 
of  the  back  unequal  ;  eyebrow  and  parotids 
miarmcd. 

'  tib,  5.     [A  contract,  or  corrupt,  of  the  proper 
name  Tabitha.] 

1.  A  low  woman,  a  paramour,  a.  prostitute. 

■'  Every  eoistrel 
Thiit  collies  iiHtuiriiiR  fur  hia  tib." 

iSliukfsp.  :  Periiles.  iv.  0, 

2.  The  ace  of  trumps  in  the  game  of  gleek. 
T  (1)  >^  Tib's  Ere:  An  expression  equivalent 

to   the    "  Greek    Calends  " ;    nevei'.      Brewer 

«iys  that  St.  Tib's  is  a  eon  upted  form  of  St. 

Ubes,  itself  a  corruj)tion  of  Setubal.    There  is 

110  St.  Ubes  in  the  calendar. 
(:2)  Tib  of  the  huttery :  A  goose.   (Gipsy  ca7it.) 
(H)  To  tib  oat :  To  go  out  of  bounds.   (School 

slang.) 

"When  I  was  a  lioy  I  used  wluit  tliey  call  to  tib  out. 
and  run  duwii  to  a  vublichouse  in  Cisterciaii  Lane, 
the  Red  ('o\\,a\r."—Thtnkerny  :  A'cwcomes,  cli.  xli. 

til>-cat,  5.    A  female  cat. 

•  tib'-ert,  '  tyb'-ert,  .^.    [Tib.]    An  old  name 
I^'r  a  eat. 

Ti-bet',  Thi-bet'  (TTi  as  T),  s.    [See  def.] 

Ceog. :  A  region  of  Central  Asia  immediately 

north    of   tlie   Himalaya  Mountains.      It   is 

about  1,400  miles  from  east  to  west,  and  600 

fioiii  iiuith  to  south,  and  is  subject  to  China. 

Tibet-cloth»  5. 

1.  A  camlet  or  fabric  made  of  goat's  hair. 

2.  A  tine  woollen  cloth  used  for  ladies' 
dresses. 

Tibet-dog,  Tibet -mast  iff,  s. 

Zool  :  A  \ariefy  of  O.tnis  jamiliaris,  about 
the  size  of  a  Newfoundland  dog,  but  with  a 
bead  resembling  that  of  the  mastiff,  and 
liaving  the  flews  large  and  pendent.  The 
colour  is  usually  deep  black,  with  a  bright 
brown  sjiot  over  each  eye  ;  the  hair  is  long, 
and  the  tail  bushy  and  well  curled.  This 
variety  is  extremely  savage,  and  has  been 
kriown  from  classic  times,  when  it  was  em- 
ployed ill  the  games  of  the  circus. 

Ti-bet'-an,  Thi-bef-an  (Th  as  T),  «.  &  s. 

[See  def.'j 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Tibet  or 
Tliibet. 

B.  As  snhstantive : 

1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Tibet. 

2.  The  language  of  Tibet. 


Tibetan  sun  boar,  .«. 

/ri.V.  ;    i'rsu.-^  tilnt'tniis.      [SfN-BKAK,    1.] 

Tibetan  water-shrew,  >. 

ZooL  :  Nccfotjnle  eleguus.  It  is  about  eiglit 
inclies  long,  half  of  which  is  occupied  by  tin- 
tail  ;  upper  surface  slate-gray,  lower  parts 
white.  It  has  largely  webbed  feet,  and  is  the 
most  thoroughly  aquatic  of  all  the  Soricidie. 

[NEtTUUALK.] 

tib'-i-a,  s.    [Lat.=  a  pipe,  the  i*hiu*bonc.i 

1.  Annt.:  The  shin-bone,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  femur,  the  longest  Vione  in  tin- 
skeleton.  It  is  tlu-  aiiteiiiu'  and  inner  el 
the  two  bcuies  of  the  leg,  and  alone  com- 
municates the  weight  of  the  tiunk  to  the 
foot.  It  is  slightly  twisted,  and  articu- 
lates with  the  femur,  fibula,  and  astia- 
galus.  Its  superior  extremity  is  thick  and 
expanded,  with  two  condylar  sur- 
faces supporting  the  fenuir,  and 
an  external  ami  an  internal  tuber- 
osity, the  shaft  is  three-sided,  tlie 
inner  surface  convex  and  subcii- 
taneons ;  the  inferior  is  smaller 
than  the  superior  extremity,  an 
forms  a  thick  process  ealU-ti  tlie 
internal  malleolus.  (Qiiain.)  Tire 
tibia  corresponds  with  the  ladius 
of  the  arm. 

2.  Entom. :  The  fourth  joint  of 
the  leg. 

3.  Music:  A  kind  of  pii 
connnon    musical    instni- 
ment  among    the  Greeks 
and  Romans.    It  had  holes 
at    piojier   intervals,    and 
was  furnished  with  a    ri-^TL-rTAYu  «i>H 
mouth-piece,    the    perfor- 
mer ill  blowing  initting  the  end  of  it  to  his 
mouth.      Two  sui-li  pipes  were  often  blown 
simultaneously  by  the  same  performer. 

■'Cruss-flntes  were  known  tu  tlie  Greeks  by  theiinine 
pht'jiiiulfJH  (jrAa-ytauAo?),  and  to  tlie  Rumans  iis  tifiin 
obliijiiit,  liiitli  of  these  terms  leave  no  doubt  aa  to  tlieir 
nature.  By  tlie  Romans  tlie  eross-fliite  was  soine- 
tiuies  called  also  tibia  titsvii.  the  iiieaniii^  of  \tliieh  i» 
very  doubtful.  Altlumgh  the  tibia  represented  flutes 
111  !ill  kinds,  yet  if  a  retil  tibin  or  shin-lKHie  lie  made 
into  a  flute,  it  is  held  crossways.  and  the  player  blows 
into  a  h>le  in  the  side."— .•i((ii(*er  <t  Uarrctt :  Diet, 
.Musical  Teiiitg. 

tib'-i-al,  T.     [Lat.  tibi{a);  Eng.  adj.  sufT.  -of.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  pipe  or  flute  called  a 
tibia. 

2,  Pertaining  to  the  tibia  or  shin-bone  ;  as, 
the  tibial  artery. 

*  ti-bi^'-xn-ate,  r.i.  [Lat.  tibicen,  genit.  tibi- 
ri}Lis=  a  tlute-player.]  To  play  on  a  tibia  or 
pipe. 

tib-i-d-,  3»'f/.  [Tibia.]  Connected  with  the 
tibia. 

tibio-fibular,  a.  Of,  belonging  to,  or 
connecteil  with  the  tibia  and  the  fibula.  Tliere 
ai'c  ti>iio-Jihular  articulations. 

tibio-tarsal,  c 

Aiuit. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  tibia  and  the 
tarsus.     (Diuigl  iso  }i. ) 

tic,  s.     [Fr.  =  a  bad  habit,  a  convulsive  move- 
ment.] 
Pathol. :  Neuralgia. 

tic  douloureux,  s. 

Pathol. :  Brow-ague,  or  prosopalgia,  a  com- 
mon form  of  neuralgia,  involving  tin-  fifth  oi' 
trigeminal  nerve,  usually  in  its  oiihthiilmie 
branch.  A  variety  is  termed  claviis  hjisftrinis, 
fi'oin  the  feeling  as  of  a  nail  being  diiveii  into 
the  parts. 

ti-cal',  -"f.     [Native  name.] 

1.  A  Siamese  coin,  worth  about  2s,  Od. 
.sterling ;  also  a  weight  etjual  to  about  2:fiJ 
grains  Troy. 

2.  A  Chinese  money  of  account  of  the  value 
of  about  6s.  sd.  sterling ;  also  a  weiglit  equal 
to  aliout  4^  ounces. 

*tice,  '  tise,  v.t.  [Acontract.  of  e(((icc(q.v.).] 
To  entice,  to  seduce,  to  allure. 


*  tice'-ment,  s.  [A  contract,  of  enticement 
((|.v.),  I  The  act  of  enticing;  enticement, 
allurement. 

ti-chod'-ro-ma,  .'=.  [Or.  relxoi  (tcichos)  =  a 
wall,  and  Bpofi^-;  (dromcus)  ~  a  runner.] 


Ornith.  :    Wallcreei»er  (q.v.);   a  g«*nuN  of 

Certhiida-,  with  iur-  species,  ranging  fmrn 
South  Kuti'pi*  I,.  Abyssinia,  Xepaul,  Htid  tin- 
north  of  China.  Hill  slightly  curved,  iiostiils 
with  mcmbrunons  scale.  Wiii^s  long  und 
loundeil ;  tail  rounded,  tip  of  feathers  soft. 

ti'-Chd-rbine.  ".  &  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  tichorhinus. 
from  tlr.  Tti;^os  {teichos)  =  a  wall,  and  pi« 
(r/(i*,s),  giMiit.  piy6<  {rhinos)  —  the  iioHe.j 

A,  A^  adj.  :  Having  a  bony  nasal  septum  ; 
used  uf  tlie  Woolly  Rhiuoecros  (q.v.), 

B.  As  substantive  ; 

Pahrntit. :    Hhinoceros    tichoriuKS,    (Owen.) 

[WOOLLV-BHINOCKIIOS.] 

tick  (1),  s.     [A  ecmlract.  of  ticket  (q.v.).] 

1.  Credit,  trust. 

"  I'ln^  on  tiik,  nml  lone  the  IiidteK,  I'll  dlwhiirKe  it 
:iH  to-inurrow."— /;rj/rfcH  .•  Kvoiiwj't  Love,  hi. 

2.  A  score,  an  account. 


tick  (2).  *  teke  (I),  '  tike, '  tique.  *  tyke, 

.•-■.  [U.  Dut.  tele;  Low  Ger.  (e/.'e,  take;  Gci. 
zdckc,  zecke;  Ital.  zecca  :  Dut,  teek.  From  the 
same  root  as  Take  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  jtopular  name  for  any  inilividual  of  the 
f.imily  Ixnilida-  (q.\.).  They  abound  in  almost 
all  i>arls  of  the  world,  but  chiclly  in  warm 
c.iiiiiti  irs.  Many  of  them  live  in  woods,  on 
thr  liiane.hes  of  trees,  but  ready  to  attach 
tln-msilvesto  animals,  which  sometimes  sutler 
greatly  from  their  attacks.  The  quantity  <if 
blood  drawn  from  their  liosts  by  these  little 
jiests  is  by  no  means  so  inconsideiable  as  one 
niiglit  imagine  from  thciroriginal  size,  fortheir 
skill  is  so  dislciisiblc  that  the  gorged  parasite 
iinirases  to  many  times  its  original  bulk.  Al- 
though geneially  conllned  to  some  particular 
spfcies  or  grouji  of  animals,  ticks  occasion- 
ally attack  man.    (See  extract.) 

"Deleporgiie  speaks  of  some  very  mimll,  retldi»h 
ticks  in  Africa,  which  covwr  the  clothes  by  thotisAiids, 
and  pMMluce  distri-iwliip  ilchliiR.  Others  are  found  in 
ditTerent  partH  of  the  ylobc."—  Van  Senctlvn  :  ArtLttnt 
Parasites,  p.  14X 

2.  IM. :  The  same  as  Tick-bean  (q.v,). 

"There  are  several  varieties  of  the  tirk-beatt  in  cul- 
tivation, locally  kiiouii  under  the  folluwniK  iiaineii: 
Harrow  tick,  flat  fie*.  Essex  tick,  and  Freucti  tick." — 
.Morton  :  Ci/clop.  Agriculture. 

tick -bean,  s. 

Hot. :  A  variety  of  the  comnu'n  l)ean,  Fahct 
vulgaris,  smaller  in  size.  It  is  used  for  feed- 
ing horses  and  other  animals. 

tick-eater,  ^^. 

Ornith.:  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Croto- 
phagu(q.v.). 

tick  seed,  >-. 

}}nl. :  A  name  common  to  plants  of  tlic; 
genera  Coieopsis  and  Corispermum. 

tick  (.S),  ^  teke  (2).  ^  ticke,  s.    [Low  i^x. 

techa ;  Lat.  thau  —  a  ease,  from  Gr.  ^jjio] 
(theki')  =  a.  case  to  jtut  anything  into,  from 
same  root  as  Ti6ijfj.i  (tithlmi)  —  to  place  ;  Dut. 
tijk ;  O.  H.  Ger.  zeiche.] 

1.  The  cover  or  case  for  holding  the  filling 
of  mattresses  and  beds. 

2.  Ticking  (q.v.). 

"Like  as,  for  (^uiltB,  ticks,  and  nmttrnsies,  the  flax 
(if  the  C'adurci  in  France  hud  iiu  fellow."— 7*.  UoUand: 
J'linii;  bk.  xix..  ch.  i. 

tick  (4),  s.  [Tick  (2),  v.]  A  small,  distinct 
noise,  such  as  that  of  a  going  wateh  or  clock, 

"The  leisurely  and  constant  tick  uf  the  dcatb- 
watcli."— /tutf .'  /Iftnaiiis,  p.  32*. 

tick- tick,  odv.  &  s. 

A.  As  adv.  :  With  a  sound  resembling  the 
lick  or  beat  of  a  watch  or  clock. 

B.  As  snhst.  :  A  tick ;  a  sound  made  like 
that  by  a  watch  or  clock. 

tick  (5),  "  tek,  s.  [Dut.  tik  —  a  touch,  a  pat, 
a  tick  ;  tikken  =  to  pat,  to  tick  ;  Low  Ger, 
tikk  =  a  light  touch  with  the  tip  of  the  hnger. 
A  weakened  form  from  the  same  root  as  Takk 

(q.v.).] 

*  1.  A  slight  touch  ;  a  lip. 

"  Tek  or  lytylle  towche.     r.tctnlut."— Prompt.  Pars. 

2.  A  small  mark  intended  to  direct  atten- 
tion to  something,  or  to  act  ns  a  check. 

"  To  i>ut  a  tick  nKalnst  the  caiuliUate  lie  prefers."— 
£)ail.v  .W-iM.  ^Sept.  2h.  less. 

3.  A  game  of  boys  ;  also  called  Tip. 

"  Byniooimlilne.  nianyn  nii^ht,  do  kIvc  each  other  chnne. 
At  hood-wink,  barlej -lnvak,  at  fie*,  or  prison  lnwe, 
Drayton  ."  Poly-Olbion,  b.  3a 


b^l,  boy ;  po^t,  j<J^l ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  benph ;  go,  gem  ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing, 
-cian,  -tlan  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.    slous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  \c.  =  bel,  deL 


92 


tick— ticorea 


•Uok(l),  ....    (Tick  (I).  5.1 

1.  To  buy  nil  tick ;  lo  go  nn  trust  or  civiUt ; 
to  niii  II  scurt'. 

*■  1  *hAll  coiilriv*  t.i  h*ve  »  niuirt*r  twfttr^hftiiJ.  aiid 
Dtvrr  Irt  fiuiilly  licJt  inutv  fur  vicIuaIb.  cltmlhi.  ur 
re»t."—Sttrle-   CvrrMfnitdrne*.  II.  *". 

2.  To  givi'  tick,  crv<lit,  >*r  tnist. 

"Tit*  mi'iiey  wen!  to  tho  lAwvrr*;  pouiimiI  won't 
tifk.'—Arbuthnut ;  Ultl.  John  Hull, 

tick  (2).  i\L  i  t.    (Of  imitative  origin.] 
A.  IniTMnsUivt: 

1.  To  iimkra  amal!  dlstiiut  noise  as  a  going 
uQtrli  or  clock  ;  to  givo  out  a  siictfssion  of 
siiiiill  nliarp  noi-ses. 

2.  To  strike  with  a  smiill,  sliar^>  sonint,  or 
gently,  a«  a  bin!  wlien  j'i<kiiig  up  it^i  food. 

••St«niliu't  rlcitifi? Kiid  toyiiiir  at  the  timnclies  imr 
IhiU|i)i*. '— Ji.'iririt^r. 

'  B.  Tmns. :  To  note  or  mark  as  by  the 
ticks  or  vilirations  of  a  watcli  or  clock. 

"  I  <t<>  not  •ii|ipo««  thHt  tlie  RDcieiit  clocks  ticXnl  *iT 
H'iUl-ciI  thr»e«uinla.'— To/W. 

Uok  (3),  I^^  ITicK  (5),  s.\  To  mark  with  or 
as  with  a  tick  ;  to  iiiaik  or  set  a  tick  or  note 
against  ;  t»  clifck  by  making  a  small  mark 
a^uiiist,    (Ueuerally  with  off.) 

tlokod,  a.  [Eng.  tick  (.1),  s. ;  -ed.]  Having 
liiiirs  nf  a  Uiftereiit  colour  from  the  ground, 
but  interspersed  among  the  fur.    [Tickinc,  •2.) 

ticken,  :*.    iTicKiNo.l  . 

tick'  er,  .*.  (Eng.  tkk  (2),  v. ;  -er.]  A  watcli, 
fr<-ni  lliu  noise  it  makes  when  going.    (Slang.) 

■■  1(  yiiu  don't  take  fciyleajunl  rirtrr*  .  .  .  some  other 
cove  will,"— WcJtffu.-  Olifer  TicUt.  ch.  xvlii. 

tick'-dt,  s,  [0.  Fr.  etupiet  =  a.  little  note,  a 
bill  or  ticket,  masc.  of  eti'inette;  O.  Fr.  esti- 
fpiftK  =  a  ticket^  from  Ger.  sticken  =  Xo  stick, 
set.  Ilx.]  [ErniVETTE,  Stick,  v.\  A  small 
piece  of  pai»er,  cardboard,  or  the  like,  having 
something  written  or  printed  on  it,  and  serving 
as  a  notice,  acknowledgment,  token,  &c. :  as, 

(1)  A  bill  posted  up;  a  notice. 

"Hi-  (x<ii!>tiiiitly  rend  his  lectures  twice  ■■»  week  for 
Above  fourty  years,  givliif  iiiitioe  »i  the  time  to  liia 
ftiiditoni  In  a  lickft  on  the  school-dores."— /'(l(((■/■.- 
l^ortA(^■^;  Hurkittghiimshire. 

(2)  A  tradesiuan's  bill  or  account :  hence 
the  old  phr.ise,  To  take  goods  on  ticket  (now 
abbreviated  into  tick);  that  is,  to  take  goods 
lo  be  set  down  in  a  bill,  hence,  on  credit. 

•  (3)  A  visiting-card. 

"A  tirkrt  is  only  a  visiting-card  with  a  unme  upon 
it."— Mad.  hArbtay:  CeciU-t.  bk.  i.,  ch.  ill. 

(4)  A  label  stuck  on  or  attached  to  anything 
to  give  notice  of  something  concerning  it,  as 
to  ileclare  its  quality,  nature,  price,  &e. 

('»)  A  token  of  a  right,  privilege,  or  debt, 
contained,  in  general,  ujion  a  card  or  slip  of 
paper;  as,  a  certilicat*  or  token  of  a  share  in 
a  lottery,  or  other  mode  of  distributing  money, 
goods,  or  the  like  ;  a  marked  card  or  slip  of 
paper  given  as  an  acknowledgment  of  goods 
deposited  or  pledged,  as  a  pnwn-ticket ;  a 
token  or  eertiliciite  of  right  of  entry  to  a 
place  of  amusement,  &c.,  or  to  travel  in  a 
railway  or  other  conveyance. 

"  Weil  dresBed,  well  bred. 
Well  eqnl|MigtKl,  la  ticket  e<»j^  enough. 
Tw  ituM  u»  rejidlly  through  ev'ry  door." 

Cowper  :  rrwt,  ill.  98. 

(6)  In  American  politics,  a  printed  list  of 
candidates  for  use  at  an  election  ;  the  names 
of  a  list  of  candidates  ;  a  set  of  nominations 
for  an  election  ;  hence,  the  candidates  or  side 
of  a  particular  party,  the  policy  of  a  particular 
party. 

"  To  vote  solidly  the  '  Parnell  (icftcf.  '—Daily  Tele- 
gra,h,  Oct.  17.  1885. 

H  (1)  i^rrutched  ticket:  A  ticket  from  which 
the  names  of  one  or  more  candidates  liave 
been  crossed  out. 

(2)  Split  t\d:H:  A  ticket  representing  differ- 
ent divisions  of  a  party  or  containing  candi- 
dates selected  from  two  or  more  parties. 

(:i)  strtt'tiht  ticket:  A  ticket  containing  the 
regular  nominations  of  a  party  without  change. 

(4)  The  tickH:  The  right  or  correct  thing. 
(Stall!,.) 


ticket-clerk,  ^-.    A  booking-clerk. 

ticket-day,  v.  The  day  before  the  settling 
or  paying-day  on  the  Stuck  Exchange,  when 
the  names  i>f  the  actual  purchasers  are  given 
in  by  one  stockbroker  to  another. 

tlcket-night,  .■=.  A  benefit  at  a  theatre 
or  other  place  of  .Tumsement,  the  proceeds  of 


wbii'haredividcd  bet  ween  several  beneficiarits, 
each  of  whom  receives  an  amount  equal  in 
value  to  the  Tiumbcr  of  tickets  disposed  of 
by  him,  less  an  equal  share  of  the  incidental! 
exiK-nscs. 

tlcket-of  leave,  s. 

Law:  A  licence  to  a  prisoner  to  be  at  large 
before  the  expinitlon  of  the  sentence.  The 
system  was  intnnluced  in  IS-Vl;  and  the  cou- 
d'itions  imposed  on  convicts  thus  i-eleased  and 
on  iwr.sons  under  police  supervi.sion  are  : 

1.  Tlmt  thev  reiKiit  themselves  wiicre  directed 
within  fort  y-e  If  lit  honrs  after  Ubenitloii. 

i  Thrtt  tliey  (women  excej'teiil  rejwrt  tliemrclvea 
evrry  month  to  the  i>olice-»Uition  neaiest  their  plucc 
of  nbwilc. 

3.  Tliat  they  aleep  nt  the  address  notified  to  the 
I>ol  ic^. 

i.  That  they  get  their  living  by  honest  means  and 
rrgulav  employment. 

5.  Tl)at  any  clmiige  of  ruUlress  must  be  notified  to 
the  iM)licc  within  forty-eii^ht  hours. 

6.  That  they  nniat  produce  tht-ir  licence  wlieii  called 
on  to  do  80  by  a  i>olicf  olHcer. 

The  penalty  for  neglecting  to  comply  with 
these  conditions    is    the    forfeiture    of   the 
licence  or  twelve  months'  imprisonment  with 
hard  labour. 
li  Often  u.scd  adjectively,  as  in  the  extract : 

"They  have  found  themselves  outlaws,  tieket-of- 
Ifniv  men,  or  whivt  you  will  lu  that  Hue"— /f"ffAf«: 
Tom  Brown's  ."icIi/xJ  Dnya,  pt.  i,,  ch.  ix. 

ticket-porter,  s.  A  licensed  porter  who 
wears  a  ticket  or  badge  by  which  he  may  be 

ii.U-ntilicd. 

ticket  -  writer,  s.  One  who  writes  or 
I^aiiits  shnw-c.ird!-,  &c.,  for  .shop-windows,  &e. 

tick'-et,  i:t.     [Ticket,  s.] 

1.  To  atfix  a  ticket  to;  to  mark  with  a 
ticket :  as,  To  ticket  goods. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  ticket ;  to  book  :  as, 
To  ticket  a  passenger  to  California.    {Amer.) 

tick'-et-ing,  vr-  W'->  «•»  &  s.     [Eng.  ticket ; 

A.  &  B.  As  irr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
tht-  verb.) 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Tlie  act  or  practice  of  affixing  tickets  to. 

2.  A  periodical  sale  of  ore,  especially  of 
copper  and  lead,  in  the  English  mining 
districts.  The  adventurers  and  buyere  meet 
round  a  table,  when  each  of  tlie  latt^er  hands 
in  a  ticket  bearing  an  offer  of  so  much  a  ton, 
ami  the  lots  are  sold  to  the  highest  bidder. 

ticketing  ~  draper,  s.  A  draper  who 
tickets  the  goods  exhibited  in  his  window. 

tick'-ing  (1),  s.     [Eng.  tick  (3),  s.  ;  -ing.] 

Fi'hric :  A  closely-woven  striped  linen  or 
cottun  flnth,  to  hold  feathers,  husks,  or  other 
tillin;,'  for  beds  or  mattresses.  It  is  usually 
twilled. 

"Whether  it  would  not  be  right  if  diax>era  were 
made  in  one  town  or  district— in  others  striped  linen 
or  tickings,  &.c."~Berkele!/ :  Querist.  §  522. 

tick'-ing  (2),  5.  [Eng.  tick(b),  s. ;  -ing.]  The 
marking  produced  by  hairs  of  a  different 
colour  from  the  ground,  but  interspersed 
among  the  fur. 

"  Interspersed  with  a  profusion  of  longer  black 
hairs,  giving  the  appearance  known  as  ticfciyvj.'— 
FielU,  March  20,  1936. 

tic'-kle,  ^tik~el-en,  •  tik-len,  v.t.  &  ;. 

[TicKi-E,  a.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  touch  hghtly,  causing  a  peculiar 
thrilling  sensation,  which  is  generally  accom- 
panied with  laughter,  and  which,  if  continued 
too  long,  results  in  a  state  of  general  spasm. 

•'If  you  tickle  us.  do  we  not  laugh ? "—Sftates/).  .■ 
Merchattt  of  yenice,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  please  by  slight  gratification ;  to 
gratify  and  amuse  ;  to  cajole,  to  flatter. 

"The  old  capt-iin  was  immensely  tickled  with  the 
idea."—Scrib>ier't  Magazine.  Aug.,  1880.  p.  eU. 

*  3.  To  take  or  move  by  touching  lightly. 
"  So,  out  of  the  embers  he  ficWt-rf  his  nuts. " 

Byrom  :  tetter  fu  R.  L..  Esq. 

4.  To  catch,  as  trout,  by  the  process  known 
as  tickling  (q. v.). 

B,  1  ntratisitive : 

*  1.  To  feel  titillation. 

"  He  with  secret  joy  therefore 
Did  ricWc  inwardly  in  every  vein." 

Spenser, 

2.  To  excite  or  produce  the  sensation  of 
titillation. 

"  [The  blood]  nnis  tickling  up  and  down  the  veins." 
Hhakesp, :  Jiing  John,  iii.  3. 


*  3.  To  itch.  (I'dal :  Apopk.  of  Ertismns, 
p.  :itjl.) 

tickle -my-fancy,  ■. 

Jlot.  :   i'ioht  tricolor. 

'  tic'-kle,  *  tik~el,  f.     [Eng.  tick(o),  s.,  and 
so  =  easily  moved  by  a  touch.] 

1.  Ticklish,  unstable,  unsteady,  uncertain, 
insecure;  liable  to  fall  or  to  be  easily  over- 
thrown ;  precarious.   (Sorth:  Plutarch,  p.  S3.) 

2.  Sul'jectto  change  ;  inconstiint,  uncertain. 

"  So  tickle  be  the  terms  of  mortal  state." 

Spenser:  F.  <i..  III.  iv.  28. 

3.  Ticklish  ;  easily  tickled. 

*  tickle-brain,  5.  One  who  or  that  which 
tickles  or  pleases  ;  specif.,  a  sjtecies  of  strong 
drink. 

"  Fence,  goi.d  i)liit-i)ot  ;  peace,  good  tickle-brain." — 
Slmktvp.  :  I  Henry  IV.,  ii.  4, 

'  tickle -footed,  a.  Uncertain,  incon- 
stant, slippery. 

"  You  were  ever  iickle-footed." 

Beaunu  i  Flat. :  Scornful  Lady,  v. 

tick'-len-burgh,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Fabric  :  A  coarse,  mixed  linen  fabric. 

tic'-kle-ness,  s.     [Eng.   tickle,  a.;    -ness.] 
licklishness,  uncertainty. 

"  While  fortune  false  (whom  none  erst  feed 
To  stand  with  stay  and  forsweare  tickteneuMe  :j 
Sowsetli  va  iu  mire  of  durtie  brittleneaae," 

Mirrourfor  Jtagi4tratcs,  p.  429. 

tic'-kler,  s.    [Eng.  tickl(e);  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  tickles. 

2.  Something  which  amuses  or  tickles  the 
fancy. 

3.  Something  which  puzzles  or  perplexes;, 
something  difficult  to  answer. 

4.  A  prong  used  by  coopers  to  extract  bungs 
from  casks. 

5.  A  book  or  case  containing  memoranda  of 
notes  or  debts  arranged  in  order  of  their 
maturity.    (Anier.  slang.) 

tic  -kling,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  5.    [Ticklk,  v.] 
A.  &  B.  j4s  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  tickles. 

2.  The  sensation  produced  by  tickling. 

"  Which  is  as  bad  as  die  with  ticktiiig." 
Shakesp.  :  Much  .ido  about  .Vothinff,  Iii.  1. 

3.  A  method  of  catching  trout.  (See  ex- 
tract.) 

"  Poachers  in  country  places  have  a  rare  time  when 
the  rivers  are  low,  for  they  can  go  out  iu  the  daytime 
and  kill  large  numbei-s  of  trout  by  '  tickling'  or  'crop- 
ing,"  or  'grappling,'  whichever  is  tlie  beat  u.-ime  to 
give  this  procedure.  The  oi>enitor  wades  up  a  shallow 
burn,  with  sleeves  rolled  up,  and  pushiiiK  his  bauds 
and  arms  uuder  all  the  rocks  and  holes  iu  the  sides  of 
the  beck.  A  fish  is  touched,  and,  gently  'tickliny' 
his  tail  underneath,  he  gradually  falls  back  into  your 
hand,  when  he  is  seiiied  by  the  gills  and  held  la 
safety."— ^'i«(d,  July  29,  1887. 

tic'-klish,  a.     [Eng.  tickl{e);  -ish.] 

*  1.  Tottering,  unstable;  standing  so  as  to 
be  liable  to  totter  ur  fall  at  the  slightest 
touch  ;  easily  moved  or  affected  ;  uncertain. 

"  Did  it  stand  upon  so  ticklish  aud  tottering  a  fouu- 
datiou  as  some  men's  fancy  hath  placed  it,  it  would  be 
no  wonder  should  it  freiiuently  vit.Ty."~H'oodward: 
Sat.  Bitt. 

2.  Difficult,  uncertain,  nice,  critical,  pre- 
carious. 

"  W'lieuever  he  had  iu  hand  any  ticJdisTi  business," — 
Daily  Telegraph.  April  1.  ISSS. 

3.  Sensible  to  the  feeling  of  tickling  ;  easily 
tickled. 

■'  The  palm  ...  is  not  ticklish,  because  it  is  accus- 
tomed to  be  tiiuehed."— BucoJi."  JVat.  Hist.,  §  766. 

tic-klish-ly,  culv.     [Eng 
a  ticklish  manner. 


ticklish;  -ly.]     In 


tic'-klish-ness,  s.     [Eng.  ticklish;  -ness.] 
*  1.  'Ihe  quality  or  state  of  being  ticklish, 
uncertain,  or  unstable. 

2.  Criticalness  ;  precarioiisness  of  state  or 
coudition. 

3.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ticklish  or 
easily  tickled. 

*  tick'-tack,  s.      [Fr.    trictrac]      A  game  at 
tables  ;  a  sort  of  backgammon. 

■'  He'll  play  at  fayies  and  tirktack." 
Ben  Jonson  :  Ei-ery  Man  in  Bis  Bumotir,  iii.  2. 

ti-c6r'-e-a,  5.     [The  name  given  iu  Guiana  to 
one  siiecie's,  Ticorea  fa- 1 i da.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cnsparieje.     Calyx  small, 
flve-lobed  ;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  a  long 


&te,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there; 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule.  fiUl ;  try, 


pine.  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine;  go.  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e :  ey  —  a :  qu  =  kw. 


ticpolonga— tide 


93 


tube  and  a  tive-cleft  limb ;  stamens  five  to 
ejglit,  from  two  to  six  of  them  often  sterik- ; 
stigma  five-lobed,  disk  cup-sliaped,  surrouiid- 
,ng  the  ovary.  Ticorea  jasminijlora  is  a  shrub 
seven  or  eight  feet  hij^h,  with  ternate,  stalked 
leaves,  the  leaflets  lanceolate,  corolla  white, 
downy,  both  with  pellucid  dota.  An  infusion 
of  the  leaves  is  drunk  in  Brazil  as  a  remedy 
for  frambiesia.  T.JchriJuga  has  an  arborescent 
stem  and  contracted  panicles,  with  smaller 
flowers  tlian  in  the  last.  Its  very  bitter  bark 
is  given  in  lirazil  in  intermittent  fevers. 

tic-p6-16n'-ga,  s.  [Native  name  =  spotted 
snake.] 

ZooL :  Dahoia  rmsellU,  Russell's  Viper, 
common  in  the  south  of  India,  Ceylon,  and 
Burmah.  Lengtli  about  four  feet,  individuals 
from  the  hill  country  smaller;  grayish-brown, 
witli  three  series  of  large,  black,  white-edged 
lings,  those  of  the  middle  series  ovate,  the 
outer  circular ;  a  yellow  line  on  eadi  side  of 
upper  surface  of  head,  both  conveiging  on 
the  snout  ;  rostral  and  labial  shields  yellow 
with  brown  margins  ;  belly  uniform  yellowish, 
or  marbled  with  brown  (Giintker).  Fayrer 
notes  that  these  snakes  vary  a  good  deal  in 
tlie  form  and  arrangement  of  the  rings  and 
sjtots,  and  of  the  coloured  patches  on  the 
head.  It  is  very  deadly,  nocturnal  in  its 
habits,  living  on  rats,  mice,  and  ftogs. 

ti-cu'-nas, .«.  yf.    (See  def.  of  compound.] 

ticunas-poison,  s.  A  poison  used  for 
smearing  arrows  by  the  Ticunas  and  other 
Indian  tribes  living  near  the  Amazon.  When 
given  to  animals  it  produces  strong  con- 
vulsions lasting  for  hours.  It  probably  con- 
tains picrotoxin,  like  other  poisons  used  lor 
the  same  purjtose,  but  it  has  not  been 
accurately  investigated.  Woodman  and  Tidy 
consider  it  identical  with  Curari  (q.v.). 

tid,  a.  [An  abbrev.  of  A.S.  tidiler,  tedre;  O. 
Fris.  teddre;  Dut.  feeder  z^  tender,  weak.] 
Tender,  soft,  nice.    [Tidbit.] 

tid'-al,  o.  [Eng.  (irf(e),  s. ;  -al.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  the  tides  ;  periodically  rising 
and  falling,  or  flowing  and  ebbing,  as  the 
tides. 

"  The  vflocity  of  the  tid<U  current  .  .  .  i3  from  two 
-iiul  a  half  to  three  miles  per  hoMr."— A  listed :  Chan- 
nel tslaiidi,  pt.  i.,  ell.  i. 

tidal-air,  s. 

Fhi/shl. :  The  fresh  air  introduced  into  the 
upper  part  of  the  lungs  by  inspiration,  as 
distinguished  from  the  stationary  air  already 
in  the  lungs.  The  former  contains  more 
oxygen  and  less  carbon  dioxide  than  the  latter. 
The  tidal  air  is  so  called  because  when  it 
becomes  diffused  it  parts  with  some  of  its 
oxygen,  and  takes  some  carbon  dioxide  from 
the  stationary  air. 

tidal  -  alarm,  s.  An  audible  alarm 
operated  by  the  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide.  It 
is  ]daced  on  a  spit  or  slioal  U)  warn  off  vessels 
during  fogs,  being  on  a  vessel  or  buoy  moored 
to  the  spot,  or  on  a  post  or  pile  driven  into 
tlie  sand  oj  shingle.  It  may  be  a  bell,  whistle, 
or  trumjiet,  rung  or  blown  by  the  impact  of 
the  passing  tidal  current. 

tidal-basin,  s.     A  dbck  filled  only  at 

high  tide. 

tidal-boat,  5.  A  steamer  which  plies 
between  tidal  harbours,  and  whose  arrivals 
and  departures  are,  therefore,  regulated  by 
the  time  of  tlie  tide. 

tidal-harbour,  s.  A  harbour  in  which 
the  tide  ebbs  and  flows,  as  distinguished  from 
a  harbour  which  is  kept  at  high  water  by 
means  of  docks  with  flood-gates. 

tidal-motor,  s.  An  arrangement  by 
which  tlie  ebli  and  flow  of  the  tide  is  utilized 
as  a  source  of  jiower  to  move  machinery,  &c. 

tidal-river,  s.  A  river  whose  waters 
rise  and  fall  up  to  a  certain  point  in  its  course 
under  the  influence  of  the  tide-wave. 

tidal-train,  s.  A  railway  train  ruiming 
in  eoiiiiection  with  a  steamer,  and  wliose  time 
is,  tlieiefo] e,  regulated  by  the  state  of  the  tide. 

tidal-valve,  s.  A  valve  adapted  to 
sluiie-ways,  wliich  opens  to  the  pressure  of 
tlie  land  water  when  the  tide  falls,  and  closes 
as  tlie  tide  rises,  to  prevent  the  flooding  of 
the  land  by  sea-water. 

tidal-wave,  s.    [Tide-wave.] 


tidbit,  .<.    [Eng.  (i<(,  and  bit.]    A  daintv  a 

titbit  (((.v.). 

•'  The  U\k  about  th.;  lu^t  tidbirt.'—.'icribncra  Mn'ia. 
zine.  .\ug..  ISTT,  p.  41*3, 

■  tidde,  rni.  ■'/ 1:    [Tide,  v.] 

■  tid  die,  •  tid-der,  v.t.  &  i.    [Eng.  iid; 

treii.  sutf.  -ie,  -er.] 

A.  Tmiis. :    To  use  or.  treat  with   tender- 
ness ;  to  fondle. 

B.  liilmm. :  To  trifle,  to  potter. 

"Vou    couM    cidtUc    about    them.'"— /?«eA«i-(/*oii  ; 
Cliirigsa,  i.  32:i. 

*  tid'-dSr,  s.  (Etyin.  doubtful.]  The  four  of 
trumps  at  the  game  of  gleek. 

tide,  •  tyde,  s.  [A.S.  till  =  time,  hour  ;  cngn. 
Willi  Hut.  tijd;  Icel.  tidh ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  lid  ; 
u.  H.  Ger.  :U;  Ger.  ;eit ;  Dut.  tij  =  tH\t^.] 

L  Ordinary  Languaijt: 

*  I,  Time,  season,  hour. 

"  He  hath  than  at  all  tide 
Of  loue  aueli  iiiauer  pride."        Qoieer  :  i\  A..  1. 

2.  The  alternate  rise  and  fall  of  the  water 
in  the  ocean,  as  seen  on  sea  beaches,  dirt's, 
estuaries,  &c.     When  the  water  rises  to  the 
highest  point  it  is  capable  of  reaching  on  any 
larticular  day  it  is  called  higli  tide ;  when  it 
sinks  to  the  lowest  possible  elib.  low  tide  is 
reached.   High  tides  follow  each  other  at  inter- 
vals of  twslve  hours  twenty-flve  minutes,  low 
tides  succeed  each  other  at  the  same  interval. 
The  most  potent  cause  in  producing  tlie  tides 
is  the  action  of  the  moon.     It  is  obvious  that 
by  the  laws  of  gravitation  the  moon  must 
attract  the  water  of  the  ocean  on  the  par- 
ticular side  on  which  it  is  itself  at  the  time, 
and  if  the  earth  were  immovably  fixed,  and 
there  were  no  sun,  this  would  be  all.    But  the 
earth  is  not  flxed,  and  in  addition  to  drawing 
the  water  to  it  from  the  earth  on  one  side 
of  the  globe,  the  moon  draws  the  globe  itself 
away  from  the  water  on  the  other  side,  thus 
making  high    water   at  tlie    same    time    on 
opposite  sides  of  tlie  earth.     The  sun  also 
exerts  an  attraction,  but  owing  to  his  enor- 
mous distance  it  is  feebler  than  that  of  the 
moon.     When  the  suu  and  moon  exert  their 
influence  in  one  direction  it  is  the  highest 
tide,  called  a  spring  tide  ;  when  they  counter- 
act   each  otlier's  attraction  it  is  neap  tide. 
Though  to  an  observer  on  the  land  the  water 
seems  simply  to  alternately  rise  and  fall,  yet 
what  really  take  place  on  the  ocean  at  large  is 
that  the  moon  raises  a  wave,  which  follows 
her  movement,  thus  producing  high  water  suc- 
cessively at  different  places  as  the  earth  turns 
upon  its  axis :  if  the  earth  did  not  revolve, 
tides  would  only  occur  every  fourteen  days. 
The  energy  luoduciug  tides  is  thus  mainly 
that  of  the  earth,  not  of  the  moon  ;  the  store 
of  earthly  energy  is  therefore  reduced  by  the 
tides,  which  act  as  a  break  or  drag  upon  the 
revolving  globe,  while  the  energy  of  the  moon 
is  increased  by  them.     The  eflect  is  to  retard 
the  rotation  of  the  earth  and  cause  the  moon 
slowly  to  increase  her  distance  from  the  earth. 
Tides  reaching  the  shore  are  affected  by  its 
conformation.     Thus  in  a  nearly  land-locked 
sea  like  the  Mediterranean  they  are  only  from 
one  to  three  feet.     Far  out  in  the  ocean  they 
have  but  a  small  range  :  thus  at  St.  Helena 
they  are  only  three  feet,  while  in  London  they 
are  eighteen  or  nineteen  feet.     The  most  re- 
markable tides  in  the  British  Islands  are  in 
the  Bristol  Channel.     At  Cardiff'  there  is  a 
rise  and  fall  during  spring  tides  of  thirtv-seven 
or  thirty-eight  feet,  and  during  neap  tides  of 
twenty-eight  or  twenty-nine  feet ;  the  greatest 
tide,  tliat  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  is  flfty  feet. 

3.  A  state  of  being  at  the  height  or  in  su- 
perabundance. 

"  I  h.ave  important  buniuesa 
The  ^I'lfe  whereof  13  now." 

Stiaktep. :  7'roiliuJ:  Creisida,  V.  I. 

**  4.  A  flood,  a  rush,  a  torrent. 
"  The  tide  of  Icnaves." 
Shakesp. :  Timoii  0/ Athens,  lit.  4, 

*5.  A  stream,  a  flow,  a  current:  as,  a  tide 
of  blood. 

6.  Course  or  tendency  of  causes,  influences, 
or  circumstances  ;  regular  course  or  process  ; 
natural  tendency:  course,  current;  sniue- 
tiiiies  a  favourable  conjunction  of  causes  or 
influences. 

'•  There  is  a  tide  in  the  affaire  of  men 
Which,  taken  at  its  flood,  leads  on  to  fortune." 
.•ihaketp. :  Julius  Caaar,  iv.  a. 

*  7.  A  violent  commotion. 

"  The  tidet  of  people  once  u|>.  there  want  not  stiv. 
ring  winds  to  malte  tlieiu  more  rough."— ^tzcon  .■ 
neurit  Vtl. 


IL  Mining :  The  period  of  twelve  hours  ; 
lience,  fo  work  cloubU  tida  =  tM  work  night 
and  day. 

*  tide-COaoh,  s.  a  coach  which  regulates 
the  hoins  of  ius  journeys  to  or  from  a  seainiit 
so  as  to  cutch  Ihe  tide. 

'■  Heto,,;;  hi,  jUaLe  111  the  tlilir^ctttch  from  Roc)ie«t«r.' 
~!iiit'jllelt ,  ti.Mlenek  Itauttum,  ch.  xxtv. 

tide-current,  a.  \  current  in  a  channel 
caused  by  the  alleratioii  of  the  level  of  tlio 
water  during  the  passage  of  the  tide-wave. 

tide-day,  s.  The  interval  between  two 
successive  arrivals  at  the  same  place  of  the 
vertex  of  the  tide-wave. 

tide-dial,  s.  A  dial  for  exhibiting  the 
state  of  till-  tide  at  any  time. 

tide -gate,  ■  tyde -gate,  s. 

L  "rdinnnj  Lainjumje : 

1.  The  lock-gate  of  a  tidal  basin. 

*  2.  The  tide-way,  the  stream. 

"  The  strcaine  or  tyde-gatc  turned  another  way.  '— 
.\aihe:  Lenten  :itnffe. 

IL  iVaiif.  .■  A  place  where  the  tide  runs  with 
great  velocity. 

tide-gauge,  s.  An  instrument  in  har- 
bours to  iiieasui  etherise  and  fall  of  the  tides. 
A  cumnion  form  consists  of  a  graduated  spar, 
twenty-four  feet  long,  and  having  boxes  at 
the  side,  in  which  is  a  float  with  an  elevated 
stem.  The  spar  is  secured  to  a  piei  or  quay,  or  is 
anchored  in  a  frame  and  seeurcil  by  guys.  The 
rod  is  J  inch  in  diameter,  and  is  supported  by 
a  cork  of  three  inches  cube.  The  stem  is  guided 
by  staples  in  the  s[iar. 

tide-harbour,  s.    A  tidal-harbour  (q.v.). 

*  tide-like,  a.  Flowing  or  coming  in  like 
a  tide. 

"  A  tide-like  darkness  overwhelms 
The  fields  that  round  ua  lie." 

LoMff/elloifi :  Birdh  0/ I'utsuge. 

tide-lock,  s.  A  lock  situate  between  the 
tide-water  of  a  harbour  or  river  and  an  en- 
closed basin  when  their  levels  vary.  It  has 
two  jiairs  of  gates. 

tide-meter,  s.    A  tide-gauge  (q.v.). 

tide-mill,  s. 

1.  A  mill  driven  by  a  wheel  set  in  motion 
by  the  tide. 

2.  A  mill  for  clearing  lands  from  tide- 
water. 

tide-rip,  s.  A  rijiple  on  the  surface  of 
the  sea  produced  by  the  passage  of  the  tide 
over  an  uneven  bottom,  or  by  eddies  and  o\>- 
posing  currents.    (.Siii^f/t.) 

tide-rode,  n. 

JS'init.:  Ai>plied  to  the  situation  of  a  vessel 
at  anchor  when  she  swings  by  the  force  of  the 
tide. 

tide-table,  s.  A  table  showing  the  time 
of  high-water  at  any  jilace,  or  at  difl'erent 
idaces,  for  each  day  throughout  the  year. 

tide-iraiter,  s.  A  custom-house  oflicer 
who  watches  the  landing  of  goods  to  secure 
the  payment  of  duties. 

"  From  the  nobleman  who  held  the  white  staff  and 
the  great  seal,  down  to  the  humblest  (irfe-M-^ji^r  and 
ganger,  what  would  now  be  willed  gross  eoiruption  waa 
practised  without  disguise  and  without  reproach."— 
Jlucan/ui/ :  J/inf,  Ung.,  eh.  lii. 

tide-ivater,  .1.    Water  afl'ected  by  the  ebb 

and  How  of  the  tide. 

tide-irave,  tidal-wave,  s. 

rhiiAicaltkof]. :  The  wave  formed  by  the  union 
of  two  waves,  one  produced  by  the  attraction 
of  the  sun,  the  other  by  that  of  the  moon. 
The  ocean  tide-wave  is  called  the  primi- 
tive, and  that  of  bays,  estuaries,  &c.,  the  de- 
rivative tide  wave.  The  tide  wave  which  pro- 
duces high  water  at  the  several  ports  of  Great 
Britain,  conies  from  the  Atlantic.  A  small 
portion  of  it  passes  up  the  English  Channel, 
throiigh  the  Straits  of  Dover,  and  turns  north- 
ward, whilst  the  main  portion,  moving  more 
rajiidly  in  an  open  sea.  washes  the  western 
coast  of  Britain,  and,  passing  the  Orkneys, 
turns  south  between  Scotland  and  Norway, 
sweeping  with  great  velocity  along  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  former  country.     [Boke,  2.,  s.] 

tide-way,  .s.    The  channel  in  which  the 

tide  sets. 

"  fn  ailditioii  to  the  many  chances  from  the  race 
iH'liig  sviuiii  ,11  ,,  tide-ieny:'— Field.  Aug.  27.  1887. 

tide-Wheel,  s.     A  wheel  turned  by  the 


boa,  boy :  pout,  jo^l ;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem :  thin,  this  :  sin,  as  ;  expect,  yenophon,  e^t.   ph  =  t 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  --  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  d^L 


94 


tide— tier 


cDlxiixl  flow  i.f  the  tiile,  nii(i  eiiiployi)!  ts  a 
:*i>>I(>i  f>>r  •Inving  iiiuchiiier>\  kc. 

cftdcft-man,  «■ 

1.  A   iimii   emi'lnyetl  only  durins  certain 

2.  A  li"l«-waitfr  Oi.v.). 

tjde.  •  tyde,  «■..■.  A  /.    lA.S.  j7ffi(/ini.i 

A.  I-truHsitivf : 

'  1.  ttnl.  iMifj. :  To  hai>|>cn,  to  betide. 

'■  Uv  hold*  to  liy»  g»loe.  tp<ie  wnt  in  bylytle." 

2.  S'iKt.:  To  work  in  m-  nut  i>f  a  riv.i  or 
f.arbour  l>y  favour  of  the  tide,  and  aiichoiiui^ 
wheu  it  becomes  adverse. 

B.  rniiui.  :  T<»  drive  with  tht-  .stlt^am  i>v 
tide. 

"  Tlifflr  lini%c»4.  tb»  nWc*  of  the  wn-ck. 
Tuni  (n.ui  the  iwkcU  pmip.  ure  tulnt  Irtck.' 

firgdeit:  i'rriiut,  vl.  CT. 

H  (1)  7'o  fiVrr  on  :  To  last, 

"Tho**  <ni«iti'.iipt  wtnild  certJiiiily  r/«/«  on  till  next 
yMx.'— //uiff  nf  tlu<kinjham :  Cvnrt  nf  WUlUim  />'■, 
ch.  vIL 

(■J)  T"  VuXt  over:  To  suriiinunt  difflriilties 
by  iiicaiis  of  a  succesnioii  of  favourable  iiici- 
di'Utif,  by  prudent  and  skilful  iniinageriuMit, 
or  bv  aid  fi-om  anuther  ;  as,  the  tlirtlculty  was 
tiilnlutrr;  to  helj)  over  a  time  of  ditllmlty 
or  distress. 

■■  Dnxiit  nrtiwiiB.  who  nrt  In  n««l  <.f  help  ^^  tittf 
thvin  on-r  n  i*tIi«I  (it  teiuiWHU-y  Jlatress.  '—/taiti/ 
Ttlrjr'if*:  K«U  21.  ISjM. 

•  tid  ed,  «.  (Eng.  thKs):  -f-M  Affected  by 
th<  ti  li.-;  having  a  tide  ;  tidal. 

'tide~ful,a.    [Eng.fu/e; -/»((/).]  Seasonable. 

■Til  he  rwweyuc  tidf/ut  and  Intcful  fruyt."— 
»>■/./..    Ja»..-jv.  7. 

tide   less,  <'.     [Eng.  tUU;  -less.]     Having,'  no 

tid  led,  ;)a.  pflj'.  or«.    I  Tidy,  r.  I 

'  tld  ife,  .<.  [Etym.doribtfnl;cf.  thly.^.]  An 
uiuaciitilied  biitl  mentioned  by  Chaucer. 

tid-i-lir,  ("iv,  (Eng.  tidy,  a. ;  -bj.]  In  a  tidy 
or  neut  manner;  neatly;  with  neat  simplicity. 

tid'-i-ness,  -"■  [Eng.  tidy,  a. ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tidy ;  neatness ;  neat 
sirnpiicity. 

•  tid  ing,  "  tid-inge,  s.    [Tidings.] 

tid  -ing,  i>r.  p'ir.  or  a.    [Tide,  v.] 

'  tldlng-well,  ■«.  A  well  that  cbl's  ;ind 
flows,  or  is  sui'pused  to  ebb  and  Huw  with 
tliL-  tide. 

"Ttiere  ia  a  tidhifi-wctl 
Thnt  (Iriily  ebba  lOid  tluws.*' 

Urayton  :  Poli/-0!bion,  s  ^«. 

'  tid'-ing-less.f.  [Eng,  tiding;  -less.]  Having 
w>  liiliiij^s. 

tid'-ingS, '  tithennde»  s.  pL  [Icel.  tidhindi 
(neut.  pl.)=  tidinijs,  news,  from  a  verb  tidlia 
(A.S.  /f'/"n)=to  happen,  front  fi(?/i  =  tide, 
time ;  Dan.  tideiulc  =  tidings,  news ;  Dut. 
tijding ;  Ger.  zeitung.]  News,  information, 
intelligence, 

"  And  Joab  onid.  Wherefore  wilt  than  nin.  my  son. 
settiiis  that  tbuu  hast  nu  tidingt  ready!" — 2  Hamuel 
XV  ill.' 22. 

•  tid-6r-6-g3?",  s.  [A  hybrid  word  from  Eng. 
((//*-,  with  <ir.  suff.  -olotjij.]  The  doctrine, 
tlifiTV,  or  scit-nrre  of  the  tides. 

"It  in  thus,  for  exauiiile,  with  the  theorj-  of  tlie 
tide*.  No  our  di>u1)ta  that  tidnloff//  ^Ha  I>r.  wUewetl 
pTv\)'Mea  to  cull  it»  is  r<uilly  a  science.  .  .  .  Tidnl-iqy, 
tbrrefur«.  In  not  yet  nn  exact  science  ;  not  from  any 
liiliirreitt  tiicntiiiulty  of  being  so.  but  from  the  dlfflculty 
uf  iLujrrtJttnhig  with  coniiilete  |>reci»lon  the  real  deri- 
vative uiiifuriiilties."— J/i/f .'  Syilem  of  Lo'jic,  nt,  vi,, 
ch.  lii..  %  1. 

tid'-y.  •  tid-ie,  *  tyd-le.  o.  k  s.  (Eng.  tide 
—  tune  ;  •]/ ;  Dut.  tijdiij  =  timely  ;  Dan.  d: 
bw.  tidig  ;  Gt*r.  Z'duj.\ 

A.  Asadjextive: 

'  1.  Being  in  proper  time  or  season;  season- 
able. 

*•  If  weather  Iwfalre  and  tl-Ui;  thy  grain 
Make  speedilte  carriiii^e,  for  f&ue  tt  a  mine. 

Tiiur^r  ;  lluibaiiura  :  Augtisl. 

2.  Hence,  suitable  for  the  occasion  ;  ar- 
ranged in  good  order  ;  neat,  trim  ;  dressed  or 
kept  in  becoir.ing  oriler  or  neatness. 

"  Whenever  by  ynii  hailey-iiiow  I  \inta. 
Before  my  eyea  will  tri|i  the  tidj/  las'*." 

tlui/:  .she/ih'Mi  fy.rk;  FriUar/.  :.': 

3.  Inclined  fir  disjHiscd  to  keep  one's  dress 
or  surroundings  neat  and  well  arranged. 


4.  Considerable;  pretty  large  or  great. 
(Co//o'/.) 

"There  will  i>rolj«bly  he  a  tidj/  little  Beet,  repr«- 
M-ntntlvvs  of  tliv   .M«r»ey  Canw  Ciub.~—tHeld.  July 

SI.   l!i»T. 

5.  Ingood  health,  spirits,  or  circumstances  ; 
conif«.rtable.  satisfactory:  as,  "  How  are  you, 
t.idny  y"    "  Pretty  tidy."    islang.) 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  more  or  less  ornamental  covering, 
usually  of  knitted  or  crochet  work,  for  tlu- 
back  of  a  chair,  the  arms  of  a  sofa,  or  the  like. 

2.  A  child's  pinafore.    (I'rov.) 

•  tld-y,  '  tyd-y,  s.  (Etym.  doubtful.]  A 
singing-bird,  idcntitied  by  some  with  the 
go  Id  en -crested  wren.    [Tioife.] 

tid-j^,  v.t.  k  i.    [Tidy,  ».) 

A.  Tmus. :  To  make  neat  or  tiily  ;  to  put 
in  good  onler;  ti>armnge  neatly.  (Sometinirs 
ftdlowed  by  up.) 

"  By  that  hi-ur  the  patient's  room  ia  generally  tSditil 
up."—lMtil/i  Telejmtfh.  Sept.  15.  ittSa. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  arrange,  dispose,  or  put 
things,  as  dress,  furniture,  &c.,  in  neat  t'V 
l)roper  order,    {t'ollotj.) 

tie,  tei-en,  -  teigh  en.  'tey-en.  *  tigh 
en.  ■  tye,  '  ty-en,  '■.'.  a^  (.    [Tie,  ,^.l 

A.  Tmn^it'tr  : 

I.  Ordinary  Lftugnage : 

1.  To  fasten  witli  a  cord,  rope,  or  band  and 
knot  ;  to  bind  with  string  or  the  like. 

"The  steed  IjeiiiB  tied  nntua  tree." 

fihiikvtfi.  :    yctiiit  A  Adijiiit,  2i" 

2.  To  knot,  to  knit :  as,  To  tie  a  knot 

3.  To  unite,  so  as  not  to  be  easily  parted  ; 
to  fasten,  to  liold. 

"Tlie  Ijand  that  seems  to  tic  their  frienctahi|)  to- 
gether."— Shnketp.  :  .int'inn  .t  Vleofnitra,  l\.  6, 

4.  To  bind,  tn  unite,  to  conlirm. 

"  prom  England  sent  on  errand  high. 
The  western  leaj^ue  more  Hrm  t*i  tie. 

:iCQtt:  Lord  of  the  lateH.  u.  n. 

5.  To  oblige,  to  restiict,  to  lestrain,  to  con- 
strain ;  to  limit  or  bind  by  authority  or  ntoral 
influence. 

"  Where  you  were  tied  in  duty." 

Skakcip. :   tVinter'a  Ttth;  v.  I. 

*6.  To  connect  together. 

"  This  may  hel]i  us  a  little  to  conceive  of  inteUectunl 
liabitfl,  and  o(  the  t^ing  together  of  ideas,  "—/..'f^y  ; 
Ihimitn  i'lidcrstuiid.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xxxili. 

7.  To  make  the  same  score  as ;  to  equal  in 
a  score  or  contest. 

"The  highest  score  ever  made  in  England,  and 
curiously  enough  exactly  tt/ing  the  highest  m  Aus- 
tralia."—/tat/^  AVeica.  Sept.  20,  18Si. 

II.  Technically : 

1,  Build.:  To  bind  together  two  bodies  by 
means  of  a  piece  of  timber  or  metal. 

2.  Music:  To  unite,  or  bind,  as  notes,  by  a 
tic.    [TtE,  s.] 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  make  a  tie  with  another 
or  others ;  to  be  exactly  equal  in  a  C()ntest. 
[Tie,  5.,  I.  4.] 

"  In  1876  Earl  de  Grey  and  Mr.  A.  Stew.art  Wortley 
lied  with  22  each.' -  field.  July  23,  1397. 

*  1i  1.  To  ride  and  tie:  The  term  used  to 
describe  a  method  of  travelling  formerly  in 
vogue,  ^vhen  two  persons  had  but  one  hor.se 
between  them.  The  first  rode  a  certain  dis- 
tance previously  agreed  on,  dismounted,  tied 
the  horse  to  a  gate,  and  walked  on ;  tlie 
other  man  journeyed  on  foot  till  he  came  to 
the  place  where  the  horse  was  tied  up, 
mounted,  and  rode  on  till  he  overtook  his 
fellow,  and  so  on  to  the  end  of  the  journey. 

2.  Totiedou-n: 

(1)  Lit.:  To  fasten,  so  as  to  prevent  from 
rising. 

(2)  Fig.  :  To  restrain,  to  confine  ;  to  hinder 
from  action. 

3.  To  tie  vp  : 

(1)  To  conline,  to  restrain ;  to  hinder  from 
nmtion  or  action. 

"  Deiith  that  hath  t.i'en  her  hence  to  make  me  wail, 
Ties  t(p  my  tongue,  and  will  iiut  let  me  si>eak." 

:>liake»p. :  /tomco  *  Julittl.  ir.  h. 

(2)  To  annex  such  conditions  to,  as  to  a  gift 
or  bequest,  that  it  caimot  be  sold  or  alienated 
from  the  person  or  purpose  to  which  it  is 
designed. 

"The  man  should,  under  such  circumstances,  hnve 
tlie  power  to  tic  up  what  he  dies  possessed  of  during 
t\ieaoti:ihte.'—Ei-eniTi'jStandiird,  Nyv.  12.  iSdJ. 

tie,  s.  [A.S.  tige  =  a  tie  ;  tedg,  teak  =  n  rope  ; 
Icel.  (c(t/j7^a  tie,  a  string  ;  tygill  =a  string. 
From  the  same  root  as  tow,  v.,  and  tug.\ 


I.  th-dinary  Ijxngxtage  : 

1.  A  fastening,  a  knot ;  espcc,  a  knot  such 
as  is  maile  by  looping  or  binding  with  a  cord, 
ribbon  or  the  like. 

"  A  smart  little  tic  In  his  smart  cravat." 
'  Il'irhii'n  :  In'jotdsby  Lenendt ;  T/w  ICjceciitinn. 

2.  Something  used  to  tie,  fasten,  knot,  or 
bind  things  together  ;  siwcif., 

(1)  A  neck-tic. 

('2)  The  knot  or  bunch  of  hair  at  the  back 
of  uld-fashiondd  wigs  ;  the  string  binding  sudi 
a  knot. 

3.  Souiething  which  binds  or  unites  morally 
or  legally;  a  bond;  an  obligation  legal  or 
moral. 

"The  Patriarchs  hiwl  ii  reli^'iuiis  caie  t>,  recall  tlie 
propiniinity  which  wa.  di^idoi^'  iind  f(fi..iuil  m,-  t..., 
fast;  and  as  it  were.  '■■  I'ln.l  it  i-\  tin'  r,>-s  ■  i  kiom  v.-e, 
and  recall  it  when  It  \va.s  tlving  aw;i).  -«;--  Inylor  : 
/iu/c  uf  Coiiicleiice,  bk.  li..  cli.  ii. 

4.  A  state  of  equality  between  two  or  more 
competitors  or  opposed  ]taities,  as  when  two 
eandidates  secure  an  equal  numljerof  votes, 
rival  marksmen  scoie  an  t'(|ual  mimliir  ol" 
points,  or  the  like;  a  contest  or  coinpetitiou 
in  which  two  or  more  competitors  are  equally 
successful. 

"There  is  n  tie  tor  the  bronze  medal  with  ninety-five 
point*."— A'i'tJoHfj  Staiulurd.  July  l.i.  \i67. 

5.  A  single  match  between  two  players,  in 
a  tournament  or  competition  iu  which  several 
comi)etitors  engage, 

"  Mr.  Dwight  played  well  throughout  the  day,  of 
Course  wiuning  hio  lies."—J-'ield,  July  IC,  IS67. 

II,  Technio.iUy: 

1.  ,-1  rrh. :  A  beain  or  rod  which  secures  parts 
together,  and  is  subjected  to  a  tensile  strain  : 
;is.  a /('f-beam  (q.v.).  It  is  the  opposite  of  a 
strut  or  a  straining-piece,  which  acts  to  keep 
objects  apart,  and  is  subject  tt)  a  compressing 
force.  All  angle  tie  or  brace  is  a  framing  on 
the  inner  side  of  an  angle,  for  the  purpose  of 
tying  the  work  together. 

2.  Mining:  A  support  for  the  roof,  attached 
to  a  rib. 

3.  Music:  A  curved  line  placed  over  two  or 
more  notes  in  the  same  position  on  the  stave. 
The  tie  is  also  called  a  bind,  and  the  curved 
line,  wlien  used  over  notes  representing  dif- 
ferent sounds,  is  called  a  slur.     [Bind.] 

4.  Koutical: 

(1)  A  uiooring-bridle. 
(■2)  A  lashing. 

5.  Rail. -eng.:  A  transverse  sleeper. 
[Sleeper,  4.] 

IT  To  play  (or  shoot)  of  a  tie  :  To  go  through 
a  second  contest,  match,  or  the  like,  to  de- 
cii-le  a  tie. 

"  Each  .  .  .  has  made  twelve  in  shooting  oj  the  tie." 
—£rcnit>g  Standard.  July  15,  1837. 

tie-beam,  s. 

Carp. :  A  horizontal  timber  in  a  fi-ame,  con- 
necting posts,  and  secured  to  them  by  a 
joint,  or  by  mortise,  tenon,  and  pin. 

*  tie-dog,  s.  A  dog  so  fierce  that  he  has 
to  be  tied  up  ;  a  bandog. 

tie-rod,  s.      A  rod  acting  as  a  tie   in  a 

truss  or  other  structure.  ' 

tie-Strap,  5. 

Haddlery :  A  long  strap  having  a  buckle  and 
chape  at  one  end,  used  as  an  extra  strap  to  a 
bridle  for  tying. 

tie-wall,  J^.  A  transverse  wall  in  the 
hollinv  spaudril  of  an  arch,  at  right  angles  to 
the  spiindiil  wall. 

tie-wig,  *  tye-wlg,  s. 

1.  A  wig  having  its  curls  or  tail  tied  with  a 
ribbon. 

2.  A  wig  tied  to  the  head. 

tie  -mann-ite,  5.    [After  the  discoverer,  Mr. 
Tieiiia'mi  ;  sutf.  -ite  (iifuj.).] 

Min. :  A  massive  grauidar  mineral,  first 
found  at  several  localities  in  the  Harz  Moun- 
tains, but  since  at  several  places  in  the 
United  States.  Hardness,  2'5  ;  sp.gr.  71  to 
7"67  ;  lustre,  metallic  ;  colour,  steel  to  lilacki.sli 
lead-gray.  Compos.  :  a  selenide  of  mej'cury. 
Dana  suggests  the  formula  HgSe,  but  point* 
out  that  the  analyses  mostly  correspoml  with 
HgfiSes,  which  requires  selenium,  24'S,  mer- 
cury, 75-2=100. 

tiends,  s.  pi.    [Teixd.s.] 

tier  (1),  *  teer, "  tire,  '  tyre,  s*.    [Fr.  Hre  = 
a  draught,  a  [luIl,  ...  a  reach,  a  course  or 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot. 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  cs  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tier— tiger 


95 


length  and  cnntiiuianre  nf  rourso,  from  tircr 
=  to  draw,  to  dras,  to  stn-tcli .  Fnmi  the  sanio 
root  as  ttai;  v.;  Sp.  &  Port.  iini=A  \oiv^ 
strip  of  clotli  ;  Ital.  tir<'>  =  a  shoot,  a  tier.] 

L  tiril.  Lanij. :  A  row,  a  nuik ;  especially 
one  of  two  or  more  rows  or  ranks  phiced  one 
above  the  other. 

"Tlioy  l)rini;  iioCliine^l^e  hut  jnrs  ot  wine,  niul  ttiey 
stow  one  fiVruu  tin;  to^i  ul*  iiiu>tlt(;i' -to  lU'CiHciAlly,  that 
we  coiilini;;rdly  tlo  tlie  IJkf  withuiH  Ui-wikiuii  tUeiii." 
— Daniftitr :   Voyiin^t  i.Hi.  IGS.i). 

II.  Technimlhj : 

1.  Music:  A  row  or  rank  of  pipes  in  au 
oi^»n. 

2.  Nniitical : 

(1)  A  range  of  fakes  of  a  cable  or  hawser. 
{Cable-tier.] 

(■J)  A  row  or  rank,  as  of  vessels  alongside  a 
whaif.  or  moored  alongside  each  other  iti  a 
stream. 

tier-saw,  s.  A  saw  for  cutting  curved 
fairs  to  bricks  f>>r  arches  and  round  pillars. 

tier-shot.  .^.  Grape-shot  in  regular  tiers 
divided  by  disks. 

ti'-er  {2\  s.    [Eng.  /<('*)»  v. :  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  wliich  ties. 

"  Hviiieti,  tlie  tier  of  lie;irts  alreiuly  tieil." 
/'.  Fletcher  :  An  J/f/i>iit ;  Oit  the  Jtorringe,  ^c. 

2.  A  pinafiU'e  or  tidy.     {Pror.) 

tier9e.  '  tyerse.  s.  [Fr.  tiers  (niasc),  tierce 
(ft-iii.)  =  third  ;  tiers  =  a  tierce,  a  thint  part, 
hum  Lat.  tcrtitis  =  third  ;  trcs  =  tliiee.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

•1.  A  liquid  measure,  equal  to  one-third  of 
a  pipe,  or  42  gallons,  equiViilent  to  ;j.j  im- 
perial gallons;  also  a  cask  contuiuiiig  4J 
gallons ;  a  terce. 

2.  A  cask  of  two  different  sizes,  for  salt 
provisions,  &e.,  the  one  made  to  contain  about 
304  lbs. ,  and  the  other  about  330  lbs. 

II.  Tech  u  icalbj : 

1.  Curds:  A  sequence  of  three  cards  of  the 
same  colour.     Called  also  Tiei'ce-niajor. 

"If  tlie  younger  luiud  has  curfe  bl'incf4f  lie  e:m  score 
seventy-two.  h<>UUng  four  acw,  four  tens,  .vuil  t;iUiu^ 
in  a  fierce  to  :t  ktn^.  — Fiettt,  JiUi,  23,  iSau. 

2.  Eccles.  :  The  third  hour  of  the  Divine 
Office.  It  consists  of  Psalms,  with  versicles 
and  resjjonses,  a  hymn,  the  little  chapter,  and 
a  prayer. 

3.  Feiicinij:  A  position  in  which  the  wrist 
and  nails  are  turned  downwards,  the  weapuu 
of  the  opponent  being  on  the  right  of  the 
fencer.  From  this  ]i')sition  a  guard,  thrust, 
or  parry  can  be  made,  the  thrust  attacking 
the  ujiper  part  of  the  adversary's  body. 

"  With  so  much  judmneiit  pLty'J  his  itart. 
He  hiu.1  hiui  Ijoth  in  tierce  and  qu.-iiT," 

^itmeii'ille:  Fiible2. 

4.  Her.:  A  term  for  the  field  wlien  divided 
into  three  equal  parts  of  different  tinctures". 

5.  Music : 

(1)  A  major  or  minor  third. 

(2)  An  organ-stop  of  the  same  pitch  as  the 
similarly-named  harmonic.  In  modern  orgars 
it  is  generally  incorporated  as  a  rank  of  Ses- 
quialtera  (q.v.),  and  combined  with  other 
harmonics. 

TI  Arch  iif  the  tierce,  or  third,  point:  An 
arch  consisting  of  two  arcs  of  a  circle  inter- 
secting at  tiie  top  ;  a  pointed  arch. 

tierce-major,  s.    [Tierce,  IF.  1.] 

tierce-point,  5.  The  vertex  of  an  equi- 
lateral tfi;uiL:l>-. 

tier-9el,  tierge'-let.  .'.  [Fr.  tiercpJet,  fir>m 
Low  Lat.  tertiolns  =  a  tiercelet,  a  dimiu.  from 
I^t.  tertius  =  third.]  A  male  hawk  or  falcon  ; 
so  called,  according  to  some,  because  every 
third  hawk  in  a  nest  is  a  male  ;  according  to 
others,  because  the  male  is  a  third  less  tliau 
the  female. 

'tier'-9et,  $•    [Tierce.] 

Pocti-ij  :  A  triplet ;  three  lines,  or  three 
lines  rhyming. 

tiers  6tat  (as  terz-e-ta), s.    [Fr] 

Fr.  Hist.  :  The  third  estate ;  that  is,  the 
people  exclusive  of  the  nobility  and  clergy  ; 
the  commonalty.  Previous  to  the  Revolution 
of  1783.  the  nobles  and  clergy  constituted  the 
second  estates. 

tiflEi  5.  [Used  in  several  senses,  all  ultimately 
reducible  to  that  of  a  whiff  or  draught  of 
breath.    (Wed'jv'ood.)] 


1.  A  small  draught  of  liquor  ;  liquor. 

"  But  I,  wlioui  grilling  Penury  uumiunUd,  .  .  . 
With  Hatuty  olt'ala.  anil  nnmlt  nuid  tiff, 
{WnU:hvil  i-etuutt  li  my  inuH^rt;  cor|Mc  sudtiihi.'* 
J.  I*fiilii»  :  .Splenditl  .ShilHnff. 

2.  A  tit  of  peevishness,  a  pet ;  a  slight 
quarrel  or  altercatimi. 

"There  had  been  numerous  tiffi  and  <iuarrela  Iw- 
tweeii  mother  and  diiU(jht«r.~ — Thackeray  :  Slmhby 
lirnteel  Stury.  ch.  i. 

•  tiff  (1).    r.f.  &  i.      [TlFF,  S.] 

A,  Trans.  ;  To  sip,  to  drink. 

"He  tiJTit  his  iiuncti  jinil  went  to  re«t." 

Combe :  fir.  i>i/ntax,  i.  v, 

B.  Intmns. :  To  be  in  a  pet. 

*  tiff  (2),  r.t.  [O.  Fr.  ti/er,  atifer^in  deck, 
tv)  trim,  to  adorn.]     To  deck  out  ;  to  dress. 

"  Her  desire  of  tij/in-j  out  her  mistress  in  a  JtlMing 
attiii>"-.S('irf/i ;  /J;;Ar  of  .V'ltitre.  vol.  I  .  lit.  I  ,  cli.  v. 

tiff  -an-y,   *  tiff-an-ie,   '  tiff-en-ay,    .. 

[Prob.  connected  witli  ti^  (-2),  v.] 
Fabric:  A  kind  of  tlun  silk  gauze. 
"The  inventtuu  of  thi»t  fine  silke.  tiffa>iii\  Rarcenet. 
and  cyiires,  which  inttlead  of  apparell  to  cover  imd 
hide,  anew   women  luiked  tnrou<U  tlieiii.'— /'.    Mul- 
ftmi:  riiiiie.  bk.  xi..  t-h.  xxii. 

tiff-in,  5.  [See  extract.]  A  word  applied  in 
India  t()  a  lunch  or  slight  repast  between 
breakfast  and  dinner. 

"  Tiffin,  now  naturalized  among  Anglo-Indians  in 
the  sense  of  Iimcheun.  ia  tlie  uortU  country  tiffinj 
([iroiierly,  su|>piu^).  eAtiii(;or  drinking  unt  of  se-uon." 
—Orose,  in  M'cdijwi^ijd :  Diet.  Eng.  Etymol. 

"  tiff'-lSh,  <f.  [Eng.  tiff,  s.  ;  -ish.]  Inclined 
to  [leevishness  ;  petulant. 

tift,  s.  [Tiff,  s.]  A  fit  of  peevishness  ;  a  tiff, 
a  pet. 

tig,  s.     [A  variant  of  tick  or  tiig.\ 

1.  A  twitch,  a  tug,  a  pull. 

"  Ower  mony  msiiaters,  aa  the  iiuddock  said  to  the 
harrow,  when  every   tooth  gae    lier  a   tig."  —  SC'tl 
Hfb  Hoy,  ch.  xxvii. 

2.  A  children's  game,  in  which  one  pursues 
and  endeavours  to  touch  another ;  if  hf 
succeeds,  the  one  touched  becomes  in  his 
turn  the  pursuer  till  he  can  tig  ur  touch 
another. 

3.  A  flat  drinkiiig-cup,  of  capacious  size, 
and  generally  witli  four  handles,  formerly  used 
for  passing  round  the  table  at  convivial  meet- 
ings. 

tig.  r.t.  [Teg,  s.]  To  twitch  ;  to  give  a  slight 
stroke  to. 

tige,  5.    [Fr.  =  a  stalk.] 

1.  Arch.  :  The  shaft  of  a  column  from  the 
astragal  to  the  cajiital. 

2.  Ordn.:  A  i>in  at  the  base  of  the  breech 
in  the  Thouvenin  system  of  tirearms,  for  ex- 
panding the  base  of  the  ball  ;  an  anvil  or  sup- 
port for  the  cap  or  primer  in  a  central-lire 
cartridge. 

■  tigel.  '  tegele,  5.    [Tile  (i),  &.] 

ti-gel-la.     ti-gel-lus,     .s.      [Mod.    Lat] 

[TinELLE.] 

ti-gel'-late,  a.     [Mod.    Lat.  tigell(a):  Eng. 

Silff.  --'f-'.l 

Bot. :  Having  a  short  stalk,  as  the  plunuile 
of  a  bean. 

ti-gelle',  .<f.     [Fr.,  ilimin.  from  tige(q.y.).] 
Dot.  :  The  caulicle  or  neck  of  an  ovule, 

ti -ger,  *ti-gre,  *ty-ger,  *ty-gre,  .'. 

I  Fr.  ti'jre,  from  Lat.  tigrem,  a.cc\x-!i.  i\i  tig  rib : 
Gr.  Ti'vpis  {ti'jris)  —  a  tiger,  from  O.  Pers. 
^"y/t  ri  =  an  arrow,  from  fu//trci=  sharp,  pointed, 
whence  Pers.  tir  =  au  arrow,  also  the  river 
Tigris,  from  its  rapidity.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

2.  Figuratively : 

'  (1)  A  pei-son  of  a  fierce,  bloodthii-sty  dis- 
position. 

*  (2)  A  dissolute,  swaggering  dandy ;  a 
ruffling  blade  ;  a  swaggerer,  a  hector,  a  bully, 
a  mohawk.     {Thackeray:  Feadennis,  ch.  six.) 

(3)  A  boy  in  Hvery  whose  special  duty  is  to 
attend  on  his  master  while  driving  out  ;  a 
young  male  servant  or  groom. 

"  Tfj^er  Tim  was  clean  of  limb. 
His  b<iot3  were  polished,  his  jacket  was  trim." 
Barhnm:  I itgoldsb}/  Legends  ;  The  t'jceciilii^n. 

(4)  A  kind  of  growl  or  screech  after  cheer- 
ing ;  as,  three  cheers  and  a  tiger.  (Ainer. 
Volloq.) 


II.  Techniaitly: 

I.  y.oifl.:  Fflis  tigris(*  Tii,ris  regiilb,  Gmy)* 
the  largest  and  most  dangcrourt  of  the  Feliit:*-. 
exceeding  the  Lnm  .slightly  in  size  and  fio- 
surpassing  him  in  dctlrnctlveness.  It  is 
purely  Asiatic  in  it^  habitat,  but  is  not  by 
any  means  conhned  tii  tlie  hot  plaiiiM  of  India, 
though  there  it  reachui^  it«  highest  devd'tp- 
metit  both  of  size  and  ctdoration.  It  is  found 
in  the  Himalayas  at  certain  seasons,  at  a  h:gli 
altitude,  and  in  1BN7  one  was  captured  n»-ur 
\VIadiwost4)ck,  in  SiU'ria,  and  another  In  the 
Caucasus,  near  the  Ulack  Sea.  {Stttiin\Sov.  lu. 
1887.)  It  is  un4  with  to  the  eastward  tlmmgh- 
out  Chinese  Tartary,  as  far  mirth,  it  is  said, 
ns  the  island  of  Saghalieii,  wliere  the  winter 
is  very  severe.  Acconling  to  Fayrer  (/((»(/*(/ 
Tiger  of  Bengal,  p.  30),  the  full-grown  male 
Indian  tiger  is  from  nine  to  twelve,  and  the 
tigress  from  eight  to  ten  feet  from  the  nose  to 
the  tip  of  the  tail,  and  from  thirty-six  to 
forty-two  inches  high  at  the  shoulder.  H  is 
the  only  member  of  the  family  ornamented 
with  cross  stripes  on  the  body— a  scarce  type 
of  coloration  among  mammals.  These  cross 
stripes  help  to  render  the  animal  incon- 
spicuous among  the  reeds  in  which  it  com- 
monly hides  itself,  and  where  it  would  1h? 
seen  with  comparative  ease  if  marked  with 
spots  or  longitudinal  bands.  The  grouinl 
c»dour  of  the  skin  is  rufous  or  tawny  yellow, 
shaded  with  white  on  the  ventral  surface. 
This  is  varied  with  vertical  black  shipes  or 
elongated  ovals  and  brindlings.  On  the  lace 
ami  posterior  surface  of  the  ears  the  white 
mai-kings  are  peculiarly  well  developed.  'I'he 
depth  of  the  ground  colour  and  the  intensity 
of  the  black  markings  vary,  according  to  the 
age  and  condition  of  the  animal.  In  old 
tigers  the  ground  becomes  more  tawny,  of  ;i 
lighter  shade,  and  the  black  markings  better 
delined.  Tlie  ground  C(douring  is  more  dusky 
in  young  animals.  Although  possessed  uf 
immense  strength  and  ferocity,  the  tigei 
rarely  attacksan  armed  man,  unless  provoked, 
though  often  carrying  otf  women  and  children. 
When  pressed  by  hutiger  or  enfeebled  by  age 
ami  incapable  of  dealing  with  larger  prey,  like 
buffaloes,  the  tiger  piowls  round  villages, 
aud,  having  once  tasted  human  tlesh,  becoint^s 
a  confirmed  man-eater  ((i-v.).  In  a  Govern- 
ment report  it  is  stated  that  "one  tigress 
caused  the  desertion  of  thirteen  villages,  and 
2.00  square  nates  of  country  were  thrown  out 
of  cultivation."  The  natives  destroy  tigers 
by  traps,  pitfalls,  spring-guns,  and  poisoned 
arrows,  but  the  orthodox  method  of  keeping 
down  their  numbers  as  pursued  by  Europeans 
is  to  employ  natives  to  beat  the  bush  while 
the  game,  when  started,  is  shot  by  the  sports- 
men seated  on  elephants.  The  sport  is 
exciting,  but  dangerous  ;  for  a  wounded  tiger 
has  been  known  to  spring  upon  an  elephant 
and  to  inflict  serious  wounds  on  the  driver 
and  occupants  of  the  howdah,  before  it  could 
lie  despatched.  When  taken  juung  the  Ti;^er 
is  capable  of  being  tamed.  The  i>air  of  adult 
animals  which  were  presente<l  to  the  Zixjlogi- 
cal  Society  of  London  by  the  Guii-owar  of 
Baroda,  used  to  be  led  about  by  their  attend- 
ants in  the  streets  of  that  city  ;  and  Sir 
James  Oulram  once  possessed  a  male  which 
lived  at  large  in  hisquarters,  and  occasionally 
accompanied  him  in  boat  excursions.  The 
Tiger  Was  known  to  the  ancients  ;  frequent 
mention  of  it  occurs  in  both  Greek  and  Latin 
wiiters,  and  like  the  Lion,  it  was  habitually 
seen  in  the  Games  of  the  Circus.  No  reference 
is  made  to  it,  however,  in  the  Bible.  The 
Jaguar  (Felts  onca)  is  sometimes  cjilled  the 
American  Tiger,  and  Felismacrocelis,  from  the 
Malayan  Peninsula,  the  Clouded  Tiger. 

2.  Sugar:  A  tank  having  a  perforated  bot- 
tom, thrfiugh  which  the  molasses  escape. 

tiger -beetles,  5.  pL 

Eiit-tut. :  'TUv.  fandly  Ciclndelidsc.     [Cicin- 

t.KLA.] 

tiger-bird,  5. 

Ornithology : 

1.  Any  species  of  the  genus  Capito  ;  specif., 
Caiiito  cayamis. 

"On  all  the  ripe  fig-trees  in  the  foreat  yon  ace  the- 
bird  called  the  aiuall   Tiger-bird.  .  .  .  The  thmat  and 

Iiart  of  the  head  are  a  bright  red  ;  the  brervatund  Iwlly 
lave  black  9|>ot<  oU  .1  yeUow  ground  :  the  wuiga  are  li 
dark  tcreeu,  black,  and  white  ;  and  the  rump  and  till 
black  and  greeiL." — Waterton:  Waixderinyi ;  arcoiid 
Joiirnfy,  ch.  iti. 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Tigrisoma 
(q.v.).  {Waterton  :  ll'anderings.  Exidau. 
Index  by  J.  G.  Wood.) 


boU,  bd^;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9ell,  chorus,  9lun,  bengh;  go,  gem;  tMn,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tlon,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  ^>^"".    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  deL 


tigerantic— tikoor 


tiger  blttom.  *. 

-     .'I     tiijri',um.       J*o    Callfd 
(.    ..IV.      1    '.  !    I'iish  tiruwii  coluur,  marked 

«;iti  I.,.  ^.  - '111- v\iiat  like  a  ti^jer. 

tiger-oat,  $. 

/"'.:    A    popular    iinme  for   any  of   the 

Mui.tl!. T  r<'l;[i<'>>,  I"*)''-!-!]!]!)'  when  thuilftipoiiitiuu 
1   'ii      i.ii^-i      •lor.ili'Mi  uf  tbu  :ikiu  resell!- 


tiger-cowry, 


[TlUER-SUELL.] 


.  fine  lily,  having 


tiger-flower,  .f. 

y.'o.'.  .  Thi'  ^.'ciius  Tigrlrlia  (q.v.),  so  called 
l«ecaiise  the  Howers  aic  orange,  yellow,  and 
richly  spotttd. 

*  tiger  -  footed,  n.  Swift  as  a  tiger ; 
iiioviiig  iu  huundb  ;  hastening  to  seize  one's 
l>rey. 

ahaluip. :  CoriQlanui,  111.  1. 

tiger-leap,  5.  A  bound  or  leap  like  that 
of  a  tii;er  uu  il.s  prey. 

"  with  A  tijtr-lrap  hxlf  WAjr 
Now  ahc  me«U  the  txtmiut;  prcr.' 
H\T<U»orlh  :  SUttu  i  Vt«  Falting  LtavM. 

tiger 'lily.  «. 

iM.:  Lilian   ti(jrinum,   „  j 

scarlet  spotted  lljwers,  whemv  it  is  ealU 
also  the  Ti:.;er-sp<:)tted  Lily.  It  is  a  native  of 
China,  but  is  now  cultivated  in  English  gar- 
dens.   The  bulbs  are  eaten  iu  China  and  Jujmn. 

tiger-moth,  «. 

Kntoin. :  Arctia  ctyn,  a  large  line  moth,  the 
mule  with  pectinated  antennse,  the  fore  wings 
in  both  sexes  brown,  with  numerous  irregu- 
larly raiuirying  whitish  streaks  and  spots, 
the  hinder  wings  reddish  orange  with  six  or 
seven  blue-black  spots ;  expansion  of  wings, 
"Ji  lo  '2}  inches.  Larva  black,  with  long  white 
hairs  on  tlic  back,  reddisli-brown  ones  along 
the  sides  and  on  the  anterior  segments ;  the 
head  and  legs  black.  It  feeds  on  chickweed, 
dock-nettle,  and  various  low  plants.  The 
eggs  are  deposited  in  July  and  August;  the 
larva  lives  through  the  winter,  aud  when  full 
grown  is  about  two  inches  long.  It  spins  a 
loose  hairy  web  iu  July,  and  changes  to  a  large 
dark  smooth  chrysalis.  The  Tiger  Moth  is 
eoriimon  in  Britain,  and  is  sometimes  called 
the  Ganlen  Tiger. 

tiger-Shark,  £. 

Ichthy.:  .ilfjostoina  tigrinum,  a  shark  com- 
\n<)i\  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  Young  specimens 
are  genemlly  met  with  close  to  the  sliore  ;  but 
the  full-grown  lish,  from  ten  to  lifteen  feet 
long,  frequent  the  open  sea.  The  colour  is  a 
yellowish  brown,  with  blaek  or  ilark-browu 
ti-,insverse  bands  or  .spots,  when.^e  the  popular 
iMUie.     Ciilkd  alsu  Zcbra-shaik. 

tlgershell,  tiger-cowry,  5. 

/•ol. :  'J>ji'r-ia  ti'jri.-i.  Tiie  dark  nKirkings, 
however,  consist  of  dots,  and  not  of  stripes. 

tiger-wolf,  s.    [Thylacine]. 

tiger -wood,  5.  A  valuable  wood  for 
cabinet-inakiTs,  importe<l  from  British  Guiana. 
It  is  the  heart-wood  of  Macfuerlum  Schoiit- 
bmgkii. 

tiger's  foot,  s. 

r.ot. :  IpoiruM  })es-ti{friilis.  The  stem  and 
leaves  are  hairy  ;  the  llowei-s,  whirh  are  invo- 
liicrnte,  are  small  aud  white,  with  a  tinge  of 
purple.     Common  in  India. 

'  ti-ger-&n'-tic,    a.       lEng.   tiger;     -aiUic] 
Ravi'uous  as  a  tiger. 


'  ti  -ger-ine.  «.    (Eng.  tiger;  -Utt.]    Tigerish. 
ti  -ger  ish,  a.    (Eng.  tiger;  -Ui.}    The  same 

a»  1  IGKISH  Oi-v.). 

•  ti'-ger-i^m,  s.  (Eng.  tiger;  -ism.]  The 
qualities  or  character  of  a  tiger. 

■■  HU  lordflhlp  uow  i>Uiwd  hia  hat  on  his  head, 
aliglttly  on  one  »lde.  It  vew  the  ' tigeriim'  of  a  iwwt 
perlixl,  Mid  which  he  ouuIU  no  more  abiuiilou  th)Ui  he 
couM  gt»e  up  the  jaunty  swagger  o(  hia  walk."— 
Lever:  Bramleiyht  qf  BUhop't  FvUg,  vol.  ii..  ch.  x. 

"  ti'-ger-kin,  «.  fEng.  tiger;  dimin.  suflT. 
■kiH.\  A  little  tiger;  hence,  humorously, 
a  cat. 

■■Onr<lomMticated(4j7rr*t«.-— lyMon;  Ca^om,  bk. 
xiv..  ch.  iL 

tigh  {gh  silent),  s.  (Of.  Gael.  tigh  =  3i  house.] 
A  close  or  inclosure,    (iVoc.) 


'  tight  O/A  silent),  />«(.  of  v.    ITie,  i-.] 

tight  {ah  silent),  *  thyht,  *  thito,  -  tite.  a. 
&  s,  fProp.  thight ;  Icel.  ttu:ttr  =  tight,  water- 
tight^ not  leaking;  "Hw.  Ml  =  close,  tight, 
thick,  hai-d.  cnmiact ;  M(«  =  to  make  liglit ; 
t<Haa=to  become  tight;  Dan.  I^f  =  tight, 
compHL-t,  dense,  water-tight ;  tuctte  =  io  lighten  ; 
Ger.  dicht  =  tight;  Dut.  digt.  Taut  and  tight 
are  doublets.] 

A.  As  ad'tectivt : 

1.  Uaving  the  parts  or  joints  so  closely 
united  as  to  prevent  the  i>assage  of  fluids  ; 
im|H;rvious  or  impermeable  to  air,  gas,  water, 
&c.  (G.-ntTally  in  compositiou  ;  as,  aiv-tight, 
water-tight.) 

2.  Having  the  parts  firmly  held  together, 
so  as  not  lo  be  easily  or  readily  moved  ;  com- 
pactly or  Itrnily  built  or  made ;  in  a  sound 
condition. 

"  The  sblji  Is  liffhl,  and  yare,  and  brai'ely  rigitred." 
Shakri/i. :  Tempirtt,  v. 

3.  Tensely  stretched  or  drawn;  taut;  not 
slack  :  as,  a  tight  rope. 

i.  Firmly  packed  or  inserted  ;  not  loose ; 
nut  easily  moved :  as,  a  stopper  is  tight  in  a 
bottle. 

0.  Fitting  close  to  the  body ;  not  loose. 

"  Tlie  rvnialniii^  ivtrt  of  their  dre«9  cuiuista  of  a  |Air 
of  flf/hl  truwaers.  i*r  lunt'  brcecbeB.  uf  leather,  retichlnt; 
down  tu  the  call  ni  tlie  leg."— Cwt .'  Third  Vouiigc. 
bk.  vL,  ch.  vli. 

6.  Well-built,  sinewy,  strung,  muscular. 
(Said  of  persons.) 

7.  In  good  health  or  condition. 

"  '  Ami  huw  do*-a  niiu  and  madam  do, 
Til.;  little  lH.y  nndallT* 
■All  C  i!//u  Hud  well.  "■ 

C&wper :  Yearly  D'utreu. 

•  8.  Neat,  tidy. 

"  While  they  ait  amuuf  the  English  they  wear  goinl 
clivAths,  and  t:ike  delight  to  gy  iieat  aud  tijht."— 
Jjiiin//U-r:    Voi/aifi^s  {a.u.  1681). 

9.  Parsimonious,  niggardly,  close  -  listed. 
(Culloq.  Amer.) 

10.  Produced  by  or  requiring  great  strength 
or  exertion  ;  severe :  a.s,  a  tight  pull.  (CoUoq.) 

11.  Not  easily  obt;iined  ;  not  to  be  obtained 
on  ordinary  or  easy  terms ;  dear ;  not  cheap. 
(Said  of  money  or  the  money-market.) 

12.  Slightly  intoxicated ;  tipsy,  or  nearly  so. 

"  ■  No,  sir,  not  a  bit  tii»sy,'  8;»id  Harding,  interpret- 
ing his  Klaiice  :  '  ixjt  even  what  Mr.  Cutblll  calls 
(ijh/  .' '  '■ — t'U'er :  Srainleifflu  of  liithop'M  Folly,  vol,  u. 
ch.  lii. 

B.  .^s  $uhst. :  [Tights]. 

tight-rope,  s.  a  tensely  stretclied  rope 
on  winch  an  acrobat  walks,  and  performs 
other  feats,  at  a  greater  or  Ic-ss  height  above 
the  ground. 

*  tight  (y'*  silent),  i'.(.  [Tight,  a.]  To  make 
tight,  to  tighten. 

tight-en  ((//(  silent),  v.t.  &  i.  [Eng.  tight ;  -en.] 

A.  Tram. :  To  make  tight,  to  draw  tighter, 
to  make  more  close  or  stiict. 

"  What  reins  were  tig?tlened  iu  despair, 
When  rose  Beuledi's  ridge  iu  air. 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  i.  e. 

B.  Intram. :  To  become  tight  or  tighter ; 
to  become  deai-er.  (Often  followed  by  up.) 
{Stock  Exchange  slang.) 

"  Lenders  avoiding  this  cl-uss  of  paper  from  a  belief 
tliat  the  luai'ket  will,  as  usual,  ' tii/hten  up'  towtirda 
tlie  end  ol  the  yenT." —Daily  Telegraph.  Nov.  24,  1893. 

tight'-eu-er,    tight'-ner    (gh    silent),    5. 

[Eng.  tighten  ;  -er.] 

1.  A  ribbon  or  string  for  tightening  a 
woman's  dress. 

2.  A  hearty  meal.    {Slang.) 

tight'-en-ing  {gh  silent),  pr.  par.  or  a. 
[Tigh  I  LN.] 

tightening-pulley,  s.  A  pulley  which 
rest.s  against  the  baud  iu  order  to  tighten  it, 
to  increase  its  frictional  adhesion  to  the 
l)uUeys  over  which  it  runs. 

tight'-er  {gh  silent),  s.    [Eng.  tight;  -er.] 
1.  A  ribbon  or  string  used  to  draw  clothes 
tight. 

•  2.  A  caulker. 

•■Juliiu;  a-e-ar  and  Pomiipy  were  boatwrights  aud 
(i^ft/t-rjuf  shijw,  —Crquhart:  /iabelaig,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xxx. 

tight'-ly,  '  tight-li  {gh  silent),  adv.  [Eng. 
tight;  -lif.] 

1.  In  a  tight  manner;  closely;  not  loosely. 

■■  Plnced  8..  fiffhtly.  ns  to  squeeze  myself  iu  half  uiy 

natural     dimenaiona.  '  —  A'^tox  /     Winter    £oeningt. 


•  2.  Neatly,  adroitly,  soundly. 

■'  Ue  will  chipper-claw  t)ie«  tightly.' 

Hhake-ip.  :  Merry  Wieea  of  WmdMor,  ii.  %, 

•  3.  Closely,  sharply. 

"NtHih  ki-i>t  tlii-iii  tightly  to  wyrk."  — Z)*  (iuincey : 
Spanith  .Viitf,  $  I,  |j.  i. 

tight'-ness  {gh  silent),  s.     [Eng.  tight;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tight  ; 
closeness,  iniperviousness,  compactuess. 

2.  Tautness  :  as,  the  tightness  of  a  string. 

3.  Closeness,  tirmness. 

"  The  bonen  are  inflexible  ;  which  arise*  from  the 

?reatuea9  of  thi;  number  of  efir|>UHcle&  tliat  cuini»oM: 
hem,  iuid  the  flnune*.'.  lunl  tijhtneinoi  their  union." 
—  Wo-iduniril :  On  FuitsUi. 

■1.  Tlie  (luality  nr  state  of  being  straightened 
or  stringent;  stringency,  severity,  closeness, 
parsimoniousness. 

5.  The  state  of  being  slightly  intoxicated  ; 
tipsiueas. 

•  G.  CapabiUty,  dexterity,  adioituess,  neat- 
ness. 

tights  {gh  silent),  $.  j)l.    [Tight,  a.] 

1.  Tight- fitting  underclothing  worn  by 
actors,  acrobats,  dancers,  or  the  like. 

"  Frozen  iu  their  tiqhU  or  chilled  tu  the  boue  iu  the 
luidat  of  their  cai'nivale«que  revelry."— /wi/y  Tele- 
graph. March  13,  li:87. 

•  2.  Small  clothes ;  breeches. 

"  His  elevated  position  revealing  those  tight*  ami 
gait«rii,  which,  had  tliey  clothed  an  urdoiaVy  man, 
might  liAve  pa£sed  witliout  obfiervutiou.'"— i^tcittfru  : 
Pickwick,  ch.  i. 

tig'-Uc,  ".  [Mod.  Lat.  {croion)  tigl{ixun) ;  -ic] 
Contained  in  or  derived  from  crotou-oil. 

tiglic-acid,  s. 

Ciicm.:  r5HgO..=  CHs'CH  :  C(CH3)-C0-0H. 
Jlt-tliyl  crotouic  acid.  Found  in  croton-oil, 
aud  prejiared  synthetically  by  the  action  of 
jilio-sphorus  chloride  on  elhylic  eth-ineth-oxa- 
late.  It  crystallizes  in  triclinic  prisms,  melts 
at  03\  and  boils  at  lys". 

tl'-gress.  •  ti-gresse,  .^.  [Eng.  tiger;  -CSS.] 
The  female  of  the  tiger. 

"  The  rti;i-eM«^  commeth  and  finds  herueat  and  den 
emptie.""— i*.  Holland:  Fliiiie,  bk,  viii.  ch.  xviiL 

ti-grid-i-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat..  dimin.  from  Gr. 
Tt'ypis  (tigris)  =  a  tiger  ;  or  Gr.  nvpis  {ttgris)  = 
a  tiger,  and  elios  (eirfos)  =  appearance.  Named 
from  its  spotted  flowers.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Iridacese.  Bulbs  from 
Mexico,  with  very  beautiful  hut  fugitive 
flowers.     [Tiger-flower.] 

*  ti'-grine,  «.  [Eng.  tiger;  -ine]  Like  a 
tiger;  tigrish. 

"  The  yoiiug  of  the  liou  are  marked  with  faint 
strijiea  of  a  ligrinc  character.""— (Footi;  Illut.  Sat. 
Hut.,  i.  163. 

*  ti'-gris,  s.     [Lat]     [Tiger.] 

Zool. :  A  Linnsan  genus  of  Carnivora  Felina. 
It  was  revived  by  Gray,  in  whose  classiticatiou 
the  Tiger  figured  as  Tigris  regalis. 

ti'-griish.  a.     [Eng.  tiger;  'ish.] 

1.  Resembling,  jiertaining  to,  or  character- 
istic of  a  tigei" ;  tierce,  bloodthirsty. 

"  Let  this  thought  thy  tigrith  cuurnge  pass."' 

Sidney :  Astruph.  !•  Stella, 

•  2.  Swaggering,  bullying. 

"Nothiug  could  be  more  vagrant,  devil •me-uariish, 
and.  to  use  the  slang  word,  tigrith,  tbau  bis  whole 
B.lr.'—Lyrton:  My  Auvel.  bk.  vi.,  ch.  xx. 

tx-gri-so'-ma,  5.  [Lat.  tigris  =  a  tiger,  and 
Gr.  a-oifxa  (soma)  =  the  body.  Named  fiom 
the  markings  on  the  plumage.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Ardeidse,  with  four 
species,  fi-oni  tropical  America  and  Western 
Africa.  Bill  as  in  Ardea  (q.v.);  face,  aud 
sometimes  chin,  naked  ;  legs  feathered  almost 
to  the  knees ;  inner  toe  rather  shorter  than 
outer ;  claws  short,  stout,  regularly  curveil ; 
anterior  scales  reticulate  or  hexagonal. 


^  tike  (1), 


[Tick  (2),  s.] 


f&tc,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;   we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try. 


tike  (2),  '  tyke,  s.     [Icel.  tik;  Sw.  tik  =  a 
bitch.] 

1.  A  dog,  a  cur. 

•'  Or  bobtail  tike  or  trundle-tail." 

Shakctf^  ;  Lear,  iii.  & 

2.  A  Yoikshiremau. 

3.  A  vulgar  person,  a  queer  fellow. 

*  tik-el,  «.    [Tickle,  a.] 

ti-ko6r',  tik'-ul,  5.    [Bengalee  name.] 

C'jt. :   f>'<trcinia  pednncidata,  a  tall  tree,  a 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  or  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tiitor— till 


y'i 


nntive  of  RuuKpoor,  Goalpani,  ainl  Syllift  in 
Imlia.  The  iruit  is  litrge,  round,  siiunitli, 
anil,  whi'ii  viyto,  yellnw.  Tlie  tU-sliy  part  is 
of  a  very  sharp,  pleasant  taste,  ami  is  nsc'l  by 
the  natives  fnr  curiit'S,  aiul  for  at-idulatiii^ 
watt-r ;  if  cut  into  slict^s  it  will  ket'p  for  years, 
and  might  be  used,  in  lii-ii  of  limes,  on  board 
ship  on  lt)ng  voyai,'i'S.   (Calcutta  Kxhib.  lieport.) 

tik'-or,  s.     (Native  name.] 

HotanHy  dc. : 

1.  The  tubeiTJof  C»r*-«»Ki  /ei(C«rrA(;a,  wliieh 
srow  in  the  IVji-ests  of  llahar  in  India.  They 
are  yelb)w  inside,  and  often  a  foot  long. 

2.  An  exeellent  kiiid  of  arrowroot  pre]taved 
from  Ihe  tubers. 

ti'-kus,  5.     I  Native  name.] 

Zuol. :  A  small  insei-tivorous  mammal,  from 
Walaeea  anil  Sinnatra,  describeil  by  Sir  titani- 
ford  Rattles  &s  Vieernt  gyinniira,  but  now 
known  as  (iifmnunui  raffic^tii.  Externally  it  is 
in)t  unlike  an  opossum  with  a  len<{tliened 
jiiuzzle  ;  gi-eater  portion  of  the  body,  iii)per 
part  of  leg«,  root  of  tail,  and  stripe  over  the 
■eye  blaek,  the  other  jiarts  white.  It  possesses 
i-lands  which  secrete  a  substance  with  a 
strong  musky  smell. 

mais.  [TtLL(i),  s.] 

til  (2),  S.      [TiLIA.l 

til  (3),  ^■'.     [See.def.] 

Comm. :  The  name  given  in  the  Canary 
Islands  to  the  wood  of  Oreothvphne  exaltota. 
[Oreodai'hne.]    C:dled  also  Tilwood. 

~  til,  J>rt;>.     [Tn.L,  prep.] 

til  -biir-y,  •  til-burgb,  ^\    [Fiom  the  nanif 
of  the  inventor,  a 
i.'jndini  ooach-buil- 
'I'-i.    in  the    early 
l-iart    of  the    nln--- 


teentli  eentury.]    A  gig  or  two-wheeled  car- 
riage without  a  top  or  cover. 

.til'-de,  s.  [Sp.]  The  diacritic  mark  placed 
over  the  letti-r  u  (souietinies  over  I)  in  Spanish 
to  indicate  that  in  pronunciation  the  follow- 
ing vowel  is  to  be  sounded  as  if  a  y  had  been 
affixed  to  it:  as,  mhon,  pronounced  can-yon. 

tile  (1),  '  tyle.  s.  (A  contract,  of  tigcl :  A.S. 
fi[n'l>\  I'rnni  Lat.  ifijuhi^a  tile,  lit.  =  that 
whicli  covers,  from  tego  ~  to  cover.] 

1.  A  kind  of  thin  slab  of  baked  clay,  used 
for  covering  roofs,  paving  floors,  lining 
furnaces  or  ovens,  constructing  drains,  &c. 
Tiles,  both  Mat  and  curved,  were  in  great 
demand  in  Roman  architecture.  Roofs  were 
covered  with  the  flat  and  curved  tiles  alter- 
nating. Tiles  two  feet  square  with  a  foot  at 
each  angle  were  used  to  line  the  thermse,  so 
that  an  air  siutre  between  them  and  the  wall 
should  prevent  the  absorption  of  the  water  by 
the  latter.  Tiles  are  manufactured  by  a 
similar  process  to  bricks.  Roofing  tiles  aie 
of  two  sort-s,  plain  tiles  and  j^antiles ;  tin? 
former  are  flat,  and  are  usually  made  g  inch 
in  thickness,  lOJ  inches  long,  0}  wide.  They 
weigh  fioni  2  to  2i  pounds  each,  and  expose 
about  one-half  to  the  weather  ;  74U  tiles  cover 
100  siiperticial  feet.  They  are  hung  upon  the 
lath  by  two  oak  pins,  inserted  into  lioles  made 
by  the  mouldi-r.  Pantiles,  lirst  used  in  Flan- 
ders, have  a  wavy  surface,  lapping  under  and 
being  overlajiped  by  tlie  adjacent  tiles  of  the 
same  rank.  Tliey  are  made  UJ  x  lOJ;  expose 
ten  inches  to  the  weather  :  weigh  from  5  to  b\ 
pounds  each;  ITo  cover  100  superflcial  feet. 
Crown,  Ridge,  Hip,  aii'l  Valley  tiles  are  semi- 
cylindrical,  or  scgnii-nts  of  cylinders,  used  for 
the  I'uriioses  imlicated.  Siding-tiles  are  used 
as  a  substitute  tof  weather  boanling.  Holes 
are  made  in  them  when  moulding,  and  they 
are  secured  to  the  lath  by  flat-headed  nails. 
The  gauge  or  exposed  face  is  sometimes  in- 
dented, to  represent  courses  of  biick.  Fine 
mortar  is  introduced  between  them  when  they 
rest  upon  each  other.     Siding-tiles  are  some- 


times callcil  Weather- tiles  and  Matheuiatlcjil 

tiles;  these  names  are  derived  from  their  ex- 
posure or  markings.  They  are 'variously 
formed,  having  curved  or  cn^nated  edges,  and 
various  ornaments  either  raised  or  encaustic. 
Dutch  tiles,  for  chimneys,  are  made  of  a 
whitish  earth,  gla/^dand  painted  witli  vari<ms 
ligures.  Drain-tiles  are  usually  made  in  the 
form  of  an  arch,  and  laid  upon  flat  tiles  called 
Soles.  Paving-tiles  are  usually  square  and 
thicker  than  those  used  f<H-  roofing.  |Kn- 
t-AiisTio.]  Ualvani/^Kl  iron  tiles  have  been  in- 
troiluced  in  France.  They  aie  shaped  like 
]>antiles,  so  that  each  laps  upon  its  neighbour 
in  the  course,  and  each  course  laps  ujion  the 
one  beneath  it. 

"  Tlie  1l■>lIst^t  ftro  rejtrcwntcil  iw  cousidernMe,  being 
Imilt  wltli  Httiiie  niit)  timber,  ttiid  cuvered  witli  lilrn, 
»  \cry  uncoiiiinon  fiibric  fur  tlieac  wiirm  clliiintc^  luxl 
snv.iye  couutrivH." — .Imon:  y-tyayi't,  bk.  ill.,  cit.  vi. 

2.  Bruss/oumliiiij :  The  cover  of  a  brass 
furnace.  Now  made  of  imn,  but  formerly  a 
flat  tile. 

3-  Mctnli  :  A  clay  cover  for  a  melting-pot. 

4.  A  tall  stilf  hat ;  a  tall  silk  hat,  or  one  of 
that  shape.     (Siumj.) 

"  Ami  liowii  he  a-it  without  ffirtlicr  biJOiiig,  liaviiig 
previously  (letmsitvil  Itis  old  white  hiitmi  the  Ijuidiiin 
outside  llie  door.  '  Tii'iit  n  werry  kuoJ  'uii  to  look  tit.' 
a.-tiit  S>'iiii,  'but  It'd  an  aatuiiUhiii  'un  to  wwtv.'iuid 
ftfiire  the  brim  went,  it  wiis  a  w«ry  hauibume  tUe.'  — 
Dit^kens:  Pivkwick.  eh.  xii. 

tile -creasing,  >\ 

yjiisiMt.  :  A  row  of  tiles  laid  along  the  top  of 
a  wall,  projecting  beyoml  the  face ;  or  each 
face,  if  lioth  are  exi»osed.  A  row  of  bricks 
laid  header  fashion  is  laid  above,  and  is  called 
a  cope.  A  double  row  laid  so  as  to  break 
Joint  is  double  tile-creasing. 


tile-drain,  ^ 


A  drain  made  of  tiles. 

ear  til 


tile-earth,  ^^      A  strong  clayey 
stitf,  stubborn  land.     {Prov.) 

tile-field,  s.     Ground  on  which  tiles  arc 

m.i.i--. 

tile-kiln,  s.     A  form  uf  kiln  adapted  to 

burning  tiles. 

tile -ore,  ^. 

.V//[.  ;  An  earthy  form  of  cuprite  (q.v.),  of 
a  brick-red  or  reddish-brown  colour  ;  usually 
impure  from  ailmixture  of  earthy  linionite  ur 
turgite,  and  other  substances. 

tile-pin,  s.  A  pin,  usually  of  hard  woo'l, 
li;issing  through  a  hole  in  a  tile  into  a  lath, 
&c.,  to  secure  it  to  the  roof. 

tile-root,  s. 

But. :  Geissorhiza ;  a  genus  of  Iridaceir, 
with  showy  flowers,  chiefly  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hniie.  Seven  species  are  cultivated  in 
British  grei-iiliouses. 

tile -Stone,  5. 

I.  Ortl.  Lang.  :  A  tile. 
IL  Tcckiiically : 

1.  Gcol.  (PI.):  Certain  beds  originally  con- 
sidered by  Murchison  to  be  the  base  of  the 
Old  Red  Sandstone,  but  afterwards  transferred 
by  him  U)  the  highest  part  of  the  Upper 
Silurian.  They  have  been  retained  in  this 
position,  and  are  considered  to  be  the  transi- 
tion lieds  from  the  Upi>cr  Silurian  to  the  Old 
Red  Sandstone.  Salter  jn-oposed  to  call  them 
Ledbury  shales.  They  range  from  Shropshire, 
through  Hereford  and  Radnorshire,  into 
Brecon  and  Cannarlhenshire.  Their  fauna  is 
essentially  that  of  the  Upper  Ludlow  rock. 

2.  Petrol.  :  A  name  by  wliich  certain  slates 
which  cleave  along  planes  of  bedding  are 
known.     They  form  rooflng  slates. 

tile-tea.  s.  A  kind  of  inferior  tea  pre- 
■]taied  by  stewing  refuse  leaves  with  milk, 
butter,  salt,  and  herbs,  and  solidifying  the 
mixture  by  pressing  into  moulds.  It  is  sold 
at  Kiachta  tr)  the  Armenians  for  distribution 
through  Western  Siberia  and  the  Caucasus. 
It  is  an  article  of  food  rather  than  a  beverage. 


A  place  where  tiles  are 


tile-work, 

made ;  a  tilery. 

tile  (2),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  In  Freemason  and 
other  lodges,  thedoor  of  the  lodge.  [Tile('2),  v.] 

tile  (3),  s.     [Teil.] 

tile  (1),  v.t.     [Tile  (1),  s.] 
L  To  cover  with  tiles. 

■■  Oiujr-a,  the  sontie  of  j^griop.i,  devised  tiUng  n.iid 
sl.itiiig  u£  houses  firsi.'—P.  ISuUand:  Plinit;  bk.  vil., 
ch.  Ivi. 

2.  To  cover  as  witli  tiles. 


tile  (2).  ('.(.    [Tile  (J),  ^.I 

1.  [n  Freemasonry,  iVc,,  to  mmrd  a^'Biust 
the  entry  of  tiie  uninitinU'd,  by  placing  the 
tiler  at  the  door:  au,  To  tite  a  lodge. 

2.  Hence,  lip.,  to  bind  to  keep  secret  what 
is  said  or  done. 

Ul  -e-n.  .^.  i^.   (.Moil.  Lat.  til{ia);  Lat  fern,  rO. 

adj.  suir.  -e<e.) 

J'-t.  :  The  typicd  trilN-  of  Tiliacw*  («|  v.). 
Corolla  none,  or  the  i^-tals  euliix.- ;  »nt.hers 
opening  longitudinally,     l-'auiihcs.   Sloanuhe 

and  Grewiilic, 

til'-er  (1),  .*.  jEng.  r,-/(e)(l).  v.: -o.l  A  man 
whose  occupalnni  is  to  tile  houHcit.  &e, 

til'-er  (2),  tyl'-er,  s.  (Kng.  til(t)('2),  v.  ;  er.] 
Iti  Pret'tnasonry,  &e.,tlie  keewr  of  the,  door 
of  a  lodge. 

tir-er-JT,  s.    [Eng.  tile  (l),  s.  ;  -,y.]    A  place 

wheir  tiles  arc  made  ;  tile-works. 

•  tUe-shard,  s.  [Kng.  tih-  (1),  ^.,  an^l  ^hi.U.] 
A  piece  ol  broken  tile. 

"  The  Greekes  after  they  biive  wvU  mmmiO  »  liooro 
vhioli  they  lueitue  t«i  luive,  lay  tlieriiiM.n  »  jHivfiiKut 
nf  riibhi!.b,  or  else  hruiivn, littfthardt"— P.  t/ollantt: 
PlinU;  bk.  xxxvi.,  ch.  xxv. 

tn'-et,  s.    [Teil.] 
Til-gate,  *.    [Sec  dcf.j 

(-Vnfl. :  Tilgate  Forest  in  .Sussex. 

Tilgate-beds,  s.  ?'/. 

'.''■"/.  .■  C.deireiYMis  sandstones,  alttrnatiug 
with  triable  and  conglomerate  grits,  n-sting 
on  blue  clay,  the  wlmle  constituting  jwrt  of 
the  Middle  Wealden  or  Hastings  Sand 
group.    They  are  developed  in  'J"iIgaU'  KoresL 

til'-i-a,  s.    [Lat  =  the  lime  tree.) 

Bot. :  Lime  or  Linden  ti-ee ;  the  ty|)ical 
genus  of  Tiliacea.'  (q.v.).  Sepals  live,  peUls 
live,  often  with  a  scale  at  the  basr,  4lyle 
simple,  stigma  five-toothed,  ovary  five-celled, 
each  cell  with  two  ovules;  frtilt  globose, 
indehiscent,  one-celled,  one  or  two  needed. 
Known  species  eight,  from  the  north  tcni- 
perate  zone.  One,  Tilia  parvi/olia,  is  Hi  itish ; 
Sir  Joseph  Hooker  thinks  it  probjd.ly  the 
English  wild  form  of  the  contineiilJir/Viia 
cnrop(ca.  It  is  a  small  tree,  with  ovate,  cor- 
"late,  acuminate,  finely  serrate  leave*..  T. 
graiuiijlont,  a  tree  seventy  to  ninoty  feet  high, 
and  T,  intermediu,  species  or  sub-spc.cie><  of 
T.  eiiropwa,  grow  in  English  hedges,  4c.,  but 
arc  not  wild. 

til-l-^a-9e-£e,  *■.  pi     [Mod.  Lat.  tUi(a)  («t  v.); 

Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -acti';.] 

Bot.:  Lindenblooms ;  an  order  of  Hyi'ogy- 
nous  Exogcns,  alliance  Malvales.  Trees, 
shrubs,  luiely  herbs.  Leaves  simple,  stipu- 
late, toothed,  alternate.  Flowers  axillary; 
sepals  four  or  live,  distinct  or  unitctl ;  a-stiva- 
tion  valvate ;  petals  four  or  live;  stiniens 
generally  indelinite  in  number;  style  one; 
stigmas  as  many  as  the  caipels,  of  wlii'di  the 
ovary  has  from  two  to  ten  ;  ovules  varying  in 
number;  fruit  dry  or  prickly,  somcliines 
winged,  with  several  cells,  or  with  only  one  ; 
seeds  one  or  many.  Chiefly  from  the  Tropics. 
Tribes  Tileie  and  Eheocarj'ea);  genera  thirty- 
flve,  si>e.-ies  350  (Lindtey) ;  g»;nera  ft^rty, 
si^ecies  3itU  (Hooker). 

til'-ing,  s.    [Tile  (I),  v.] 

1.  The  operation  of  covering  a  roof,  Ac, 

with  tile.s. 

2.  Tiles  on  a  roof;  tries  generally. 

■They  .  .  .  let  him  down  throiigli  tbc  t  Itlng  vii'h 
his  coucii  before  JcsiiH."— iu*<?  v.  i-j. 

tilk'-er-6-dite,  s.  [After  Tilkerode,  Hartz, 
where  lirst  found  ;  sufl".  -ite  (Min.).l 

Mill.  :  A  variety  of  clausthalitc  (q.v.),  differ- 
in  the  propoitiims  of  selenium  and  lead,  and 
containing  over  3  per  cent,  of  cobalt.  Occurs 
with  other  selenium  compounds. 

tm  (I),  ^^     [Tkkl.] 

till  (2),  '  tyll,  s.    [Till  (1),  v.] 
L  A  drawer. 

2.  A  money-box  in  a  shojt,  warehouMe.  ftc; 
a  c.'ish-drawer,  as  in  a  shop,  counter,  «r  the 
like  ;  a  money-drawer  in  a  counter  or  desk. 

■■  No  shiiiikecper's  /(//  or  ittork  cotiM  be  h^Ii  ."  — i/ar- 
aulai/:  J/iat.  J-Jnff.,  ch.  xix. 

till  (3),  s.  [An  abbreviation  of  Until.  (Priori^ 
Bot. :  Ercam  Ixns. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  cliin,  bench;  go,  gem:  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist    ph  =  t 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  sbiin;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  A;c.  -  bel.  del. 


29o 


JH 


tm-tut 


Ull  (I),   it-      l>'teolcli  =  a  ci'M,   uii)>ri.>«liu-tive 
cUy.l 

Ufot.:  TIk-  Lower  IJoitlUcr  clny ;  n  stitl. 
<»toii>,  lltl^tl.'«tllll-4l  cluy  priMluetii  by  iht- 
lHitt4iiii  imtmiiii'  nf  li  j;n-at  ice  slit-t-t.  It  is 
■  Ir\rlii|H-<l  111  .'Sittilanil  fur  iiioif  than  in  Knj;- 
land.  Ill  tif  TornuT  cimnlry  it  «onu*tinu^ 
.  xctf.I-»  a  riumlnHl  fct  lliiik.  It  C(>nt;ijii.s 
layi'n*  i.f  ikmI  mni  tviTt-strial  Vfyftalion. 
iiitiTKlm-iat  1h-<U,  tlir  Inttt-r  with  btHl(•^  i>r  tin- 
iiiainniMtli  .iiul  tlu-  rrlniUrr,  witli  frnKnientsnt 
arctic  an. I  U»n*al  .shflN.  It  pn>vc>  a  Mil.- 
Mui^i-iuv  of  ^>ci>tlaml  tn  VJO  ftvt  bt'luw  it.s 
IHistMit  Ir\i'l.  It  i^  of  rk-i>*t*»cent' a;;*',  ami 
isprtitiiM)  tlieeipiivali'iit  i»f  tlu- U»wer.Shi*Uy 
tl«juIiliT  cl.i>  -if  Ljuic;i>hiif. 

till,  •  tU.  •  tlUe.  '  tyl.  tyll.  •  tyle,  r'vp- 
llerl.  fi/ =  till,  t"',  l»«h.  f.7.  i^\\:t,H.\ 

I.  To.  (Ill  tliih  .>enM-  ^till  connitoiilv  iist-d 
ill  Scotl.tiKl  an.t  |wrt>of  Knjilainl  ami  livlaml.) 

"Tb«i  tlni  uut  uf  U  file*  Kw.ty  fi7/c  IrvlNiul" 

Jiobrrt  tie  Itriiiini;  {>.  "k 

•  2.  To.  uiitu ;  Up  to  ;  as  Tar  as. 

•'Ilrtw  ..(t  ahitll  my  l>n>t)irr  xiii  mpnlunt  nir.  nml  I 
forili«  hiii.T    rW/ncvrii  IlmraT"— J/a«/ii-tr  will.  ■:i. 

3.  To  tli>-  tiiiH'  or;  until. 

HA-ii.fijK  :  JUdtuiumrr yiffhti  lirtatn,  ill.  i 
i.  Uf>f*l    Inrfore    verbs    aiul    sentences,   to 
<k>not«  to  the  time  or  jtoint  exjiressed  in  the 
.M'nt«nce  -t  elauM>  following.    (An  ellipse  fur 
tilt  thf  tihif  i''Afii.) 

••suy  tltert-  till  I  com*!  to  thee." 

Shakft/'.:  Comed>/nf  firrort,  I.  i 

T  '(1)  Til!  into:  Till;  up  to. 

"  I  with  .-Ol  tiooil  poiifclfDf*  hnuc  lyueil  Ijifore  G..il 
•il  i.,ta  tliU  Jai.-- »i,ctifc .-  Dfdii  xxiii. 

(i)  Tt//  p.rtir:  l*p  to  the  present  time. 

(.■■.)  Till  tUrn  :  tp  to  that  time. 

■(4)  7(7  M:  Until. 

"  rt  w.ia  •rt  f'.r  tmjvts?>Dif  I*/  to  the  seetl  coinv.  — 

Ityr/iifc       (••l/(irt(tr)(  ill. 

•  till  (IX  •  tUle.  r.t.  fc  i.  [A.S,  tiillan  (.'); 
iMit.  fillfN  =to  lift  tip;  Low  Ger.  tifhn^Xi, 
lift,  move  from  its  place ;  S\v.  dial,  ttllc] 

A.  7'r<(»i.v,  ;  To  draw. 

"■  The  w»rU!  , 
AiiilfW/M.* 

B.  ItltlVUX 


.  tyl  hyiii  (Irfiwes 

/'rivKf  (./  Cotuvicnw,  1 , 1,^; 

■  To  Uwl. 


■  I'r.in  D..'i.-rp  in  to  Chestrc  ^//irfft  W:itliiig  stifte* 
t.'ybert  o/Uh„uvsl'-,\  \,.  p. 

tiliri).  •til-ie.  'tul-i>en»  *tyU,  rj.  Jt  ;. 

lA.fS.  UUaiijrnlian  =  to  labour,  to  strive  after, 
to  till  land,  from  /i7  =  <.'ood,  excellent,  protit- 
able:  coj;n.  with  Dut.  ttkn^ia  breed,  to  till. 
To  fiiltivate  ;  Ger.  zidca  =  toaimat,  from  :id'; 
<  >.  n.  Ger.  zil  =  an  aim,  a  mark.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  plough  and  prepare  for  .seed,  and  to 
'iies^  the  crops  of;  to  cultivate. 

"Thp  Lout  iUA  wilt  Itim  forth  from  the  gnrden  of 
rxlcii  to  till  the  gTuuiid  from  w  henc«  he  wii-'  taken  "— 
Hf'trtii  in.  2:1, 

•  2.  To  procure,  to  prepare,  to  set. 

*■  H<*  Riiinot  piiK-  uor  sing. 
Nor  iiently  tln-H.'*  n  Hin-juir, 
Norkiio»»a  tm)- iioroiwre  to  till." 

lirotciie:  Sfiepheardt  Pi/x,  Ed.  ii. 

B.  hitmns.  :  To  practise  agriculture  :  to 
tuUivate  the  laud.  * 

"Th.-y  iiiait  purvey  for  their  own  t<^d.  and  either 
'I"  <-r  Uiin-U.- -tip.  t/nfl .    I„riniMc  IVorM,  bk.  i..  5  S. 

t  till -a-ble,  f.    (Enj:. /(7/{2),v.; -oWf.]    Cap- 
able  of  iHriiiii  tilled  ;  tit  for  the  plough  ;  aralde. 

.'.'^;'\?*'''"hV*'"' *>"**■' ''■■■"  •^'*»^'  "I«"»  an  evtn 
•hntri tuition  of  the  l»Hnblc  hiiid.  accordliis  to  the  loca- 
tion of  thf  iK^iuUtion,  hut  the  report  shows  thnt  the 
f./f.iWr  land  u  irerj-  unevenly  distributeU.-tVHfur., 
.Vitff't;)nf.  tunc,  ISW.  (».  314. 

til'-lre-a,  *.     TNamed  after  Tilli,  an   Italian 
botatii.st  (l(w5-IT40).l 

ftot.  :  A  geuu-s  of  Crassnle*.  Calyx  tliree 
or  lour  |)artcd  or  lo\m\ ;  petals  tliree  to  live, 
tietiendly  distinct,  acuminate.  Stvle.s  short, 
..aniels  three  to  live,  ovules  one  or  nu)re, 
lollicle.s  few  or  many  .seeded,  constricted  in 
the  unddle.  Known  .siK-cies  twenty,  di.stri- 
bution  world-wide.  One  is  Britisli.  Tilim 
miisrosrt,  the  Mos.sy  Tilla-a.  It  is  a  siiceiiletit 
Jdant.  letw  than  tftD  inches  high,  with  small 
reddish,  opposite  obloug  h-aves  ;  three  bristle- 
I'ointed  sepals,  ami  very  small  wliite  or  rosi-- 
tip|M_'d  flowers.  It  grows  oti  moist,  barren 
sandy  heaths,  chiefly  in  Norfolk,  Suffolk. 
Hants,  and  Dorst-t. 

till'-age.   *tyll'age, 


[Kng.  tin  (2).  V. ; 
1.  The  operation,  practice,  art,  or  occupa- 


tion of  tilling,  or  preparing  land  for  cro(»s, 
keening  the  ground  free  from  weeds  which 
luight  hinder  the  growth  of  the  crojjs,  and 
dressing  the  cn>ps;  eultivatiiui,  agrii-iilturc, 
culture,  husliautrry.  It  includes  the  iipera- 
tioMs  of  manuring,  ploughing,  harrowing, 
ndliug,  &'c. 

"The  Uiplriinirnt-«  .ind  tool*   for  tillayf  .Mid  hii- 
l«ndr)  .■■—/'.  Holland     riiitnrch.  p.  III. 
2.  A  place  tilled  or  cultivated. 

tQ-l&nd'-^-a,  s  [Named  by  Linna-us  after 
a  prolessoi  al  Abo,  who.  eneotintering  a  storm 
at  sea,  vowed  ne\er  again  to  travel  by  water. 
and  exchanged  his  original  name  for  Tilland.s 
=  iui  or  by  land.] 

lift. :  A  genus  of  Brouifliaceu-.  (.'alyx  per- 
sistetit,  ilivided  into  three  tdilong  .segments, 
lanceolate  at  the  tip;  corolla  tubular,  longer 
than  the  calyx,  also  divided  into  three  seg- 
ments ;  stamens  six,  with  short  filaments : 
ovary  superior  ;  stigma  obtuse,  trilid;  fruit  .i 
capsule,  having  three  cells  with  several  sreds, 
each  supported  by  a  tcmg  stalk  of  aggri-'.,'ate 
fibres,  which  at  last  becomes  a  feathery  ^^iIlg. 
Known  sjTeries  about  thirty.  Tiltaiu'lsui  v.'- 
neoiiifs  hangs  down  from  the  trees  in  Tropical 
America  liki-  huig,  dry  l>eards.  It  is  used  for 
stuffing  binls  and  in  the  preparation  of  an 
ointiuent  used  against  hseniorrhoids.  7'.  utrl- 
('i//«?«,  the  Wild  Pine  of  Jamaica,  is  another 
parasite.  The  stem  is  three  or  four  feet,  and 
the  leaves  three  feet  long,  with  expantled 
ba.ses,  which  retain  any  rain  falling  upon 
them;  the  bases  then  swell  and  form  a  bottle, 
contracted  at  the  neek,  and  ludding  about  a 
quart  rif  water,  of  which  animals  and  travel- 
lers make  use  during  drought.  T.  inonoslacliya, 
the  Single-spiked  'I'illandsia,  also  has  reser- 
voirs of  water. 

tiU'-er  (1).  ■  tU-i-er,  'tyl-i-er,  .•^.  [Eng. 
/(// (-J),  V.  ;  -ir.]  One  who  tills  or  cultivates 
land;  a  husliandman,  a  farmer. 

■■  The  I'lfty  nite.  by  Nature  trained,  to  teinpt, 
A  in  ill  .■!  Hiltleiness  of  rocks  and  tituiie^. 
The  /(//-■-*  hdiid." 

WonlsiPorttt :  Excnrsioyt.  bk.  v. 

tiU-er(2),  >-.    [Kiig.  tiU(l),  v. ;  -cr.] 

I.  Oitilniirii  I.nngnage: 
'  I.  One  who  rlraws. 

"2.  A  till,  a  money-drawer;  a  dr.twer  uf 
any  kind. 

'■  Se-ivth  her  cabuiet.  and  thou  ■■hftlt  find 
Each  IH/vr  there  with  lo*  e  epistles  lin'd." 

Drfideit:  Juvfunl,  iv.  234. 

3.  The  handle  of  a  spade.    {Pror.) 

4.  A  transverse  handle  at  the  upper  end  of 
a  pit  saw. 

5.  The  handle  of  a  cross-bow. 
'  6.  A  cro.sa-bow. 

II.  Nitut.:  The  lever  on  the  head  of  a 
rudder,  by  which  the  latter  is  turned. 

"  Taking  eai;Ii  by  the  hand,  as  if  he  wris  graspin"  a 
Into  the  boat  he  apning."  \tHI>-r. 

l.v'ifffeVow :  Miles  Stnndish.Y. 

tiller-chain,  s-. 

Xii;,/.  .-  One  uf  the  chains  leading  from  the 
tiller-li.-ad  round  the  barrel  (vf  the" wheel,  by 
which  tile  vessel  is  steered. 

tiller-head.  .<. 

yn"t, :  Th.-  extremity  of  the  tiller,  to  which 
ttie  tiller-rope  or  chain  is  attached. 

tiller-rope,  "■. 

Naiit.  :  A  rope  connecting  tite  head  of  the 
tdler  with  the  drum  of  the  steering-wheel. 

tiller-wheel,  .f.  More  proi>erly  termed 
steering-wheel,  as  iv  does  not  always  "act  uimui 
the  ludder  through  the  intervention  of  a  tiller, 
wliich  is  a  bar  or  lever  projecting  from  the 
rudder-head  or  rudder-post.  Sometimes  called 
a  Pilot-wheel. 

tai'-er(3),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  shoot 
of  a  plant  springing  from  the  root  or  bottom 
of  the  original  stalk  ;  iipplied  also  to  a  sanliu" 
or  sucker.  "^ 

•■This  they  usually  make  of  a  cnrved  filler."-. 
t.i'ti;m  :  Si/lva.  bk.  iii..  ch.  i%-..  §  29. 

tiU'-er,  v.i.  [TiLi.rR  (.U  .<=.]  To  put  fortli 
new  .shoots  from  the  root  or  round  the  bottom 
of  the  original  stalk. 

"TTie  wheat  plant  verymuch  dislikes  root  crowdiiic. 
.ind  the  Ob  ect  should  be  to  ensure  luitiunii  till,rin%. 
after  which  thh-k.  heavy.  Bpenr-like  strtlks  usn/iliy 
hen.me  deyel..|>ed  in  the  ensuing  apiingftud  auinmer." 
—n-til;,  Telegraph.  Oct,  li.l^HG 


*ta'-let,   S.      [TlLET.] 
"The  (bin  I 
//'jlla»d:  riin 


The  linden-tree. 

ks  of  the  Liiiiten  or  Tillet  trec."- 
bk.  xiK.,  ch.  ii. 


til-le-tl-^  (tl  as  shJ),  s.  (Named  after, 
'fillet,  a  Frenchman,  wiio  wrote  on  the  diseasth' 
o(  wheat.) 

l:ot.  :  A  genus  of  Coniotnycetous  Fungals. 
Spores  perfectly  globose,  with  ;i  cellular  oiiti  i 
coati.     Tilletia  caries  constitutes  Hunt  (4.\ .). 

till'  ef,  s.     [Tilly.  1 

ta  -ll-d£0, .'.  pi.  IMod.  Lat.  till(u-i):  Lat.  fcnj. 
pi.  adj.  suft.  -idiv.l 

ICiitom. :  A  family  of  Serricornes.  Two  at 
lea^t  of  the  palpi  advanced  and  terminating  in 
a  knob;  anteniue  various;  body  usually  a! 
nn.>.t  cylindrical,  Avith  the  head  ami  thomx. 
narrower  than  the  abdomen.  Chief  geneia 
Tillus  and  Clfrus.    Called  by  Latreille  Clerii. 

til -lie-w^-lie,  N.    [TiM.vFALLv.i 


till  -man, 


and 
biuiclnian. 


.1     Ol 


tyll-man,  . 

Wlio    tills 


,    (Eng. /;?/ (3),  V 

the  eaith  ;  a  hus 


"  t;.HMl  shephenl. gootl  tillmau.  rckmI  Jack  and iiood  G:\\ 
Makes  huaband  and  huswife  their  cott'ers  to  tJlL" 
TnHgfr :  //iitbamtru 

til-lo-don'-ti-a  (ti  as  shi),  n.  pi.  (Gr.  rixj',., 
(tilli.)  =  ti>  pluck,  to  tear,  and  .'.6ovs  (odoa.o 
genit.  o66eTos  (rxfontos)  =  a  tooth.] 

rahvout.  :  A  group  of  fossil  JIammaI--> 
founded  by  Marsh  on  remains  from  theMidill.- 
and  Lower  Eocene  of  North  America.  Tliev 
seem  tt>  combine  the  characters  of  the  Ungu- 
lata,  Rodentia,  and  Carniiora. 


tU-lot, 

bundle. 


;.      [Etym.  doubtful.] 
(Simv}oii(is.) 


A    bale 


tate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  fdll.  father; 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who, 


til-lo-ther'-i-das,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  fifh.- 
thaiinm)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -Ida:] 

VcUvnitt.  :  A  family  of  Tillodontia,  havin- 
molar  teeth  with  distinct  roots. 

til-ld-ther'-i-iim.  s.    [Gr.  tiAAw  (iiUd)=t<> 
pluck,  and  0Y]pioi'  (tluriof,.)  —  a  wild  bea.st.j 

rala-oiit.  :  A  genus  of  Tillodontia  (q.v.). 
The  skull  was  like  that  of  the  Ursidit,  tin- 
molars  were  like  those  of  the  Ungulata,  and 
the  large  incisoi-s  very  similar  to  those  of  th«- 
It-'dentia.  The  skeleton  resembled  that  ol 
the  Carnivora,  but  the  feet  were  plantigrade, 
r;i.h  with  five  digits,  all  armed  with  long, 
pointrd  claws. 

til-low,   r.!.      [TiLLEK,  ?■.] 

til-lus.  .';.     [Gr.  TiAAto  (tUJo)  =  to  pluck.] 

K»foni.  :  Tlie  typical  genus  of  Tillidfc.  An- 
tenuie  gradually  enlarging  towards  the  apex, 
all  the  palpi  terminating  inasecuriform  joint, 
British  si>ecies  three  or  more. 

tnif,  n.  [Eng.  tlU  (4).  s. ;  -y.]  Having  th- 
character  of  till  or  clayey  earth. 

"Tlie  enil  of  the  pnriah  of  HoIy»rtio<l  is  of  four  dif- 
ferent kiiub  ;  one  ot  which  is  a  deep  strung  lo,im,  ni^ 
teispersed  mth  atones,  uiwu  a  tHh/  heti." —Stuvlair  - 
f^ii'tla}id. 

til-ljr,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Dot.  :  The  seed  of  Croton  Pavuna.  It  is 
used  in  India  as  a  purgative. 

tU-lj^-Jal-lj?,  tn-lf-vSl-ly,  inien.    [x 

Hoiil  of  uo  ileruatiou.)  An  iiileijection  oi 
exclamation  used  wlien  aiiytliint;  said  was  ii- 
jfCted  as  trifling  or  inipertinentT 

■■  Ara  not  I  cuusauEnineoua  ?  nm  iii.f  I  of  Her  blond  * 
Ti/h/fuJl'/.  Lndy  : "— &7((iA^r/>,  .   Tire^/ni  M/fJit,  ii.  i;, 

til-ma-tur'-a,  s.  (Gr.  n'Ana  (lilmo),  genit. 
TiAjifTot  ((i7?iM/a?)  =  anything  i)nlled  out  m- 
sliredtled.  and  ot'pa  (onra}=  a  tail.] 

iiniilh.:  Spaikling-tnils ;  a  genus  of  Tro- 
flnlnlie,  with  one  species,  Tilawliira  (liiponii, 
from  Gunteniala.  Wings  ratliei-  sliort  and 
sonieivlint  sickle-shnped  ;  tail  featliers  pointed 
tlie  nnterniost  narrow  t(>ward.s  tlie  tip,  whiclt 
is  curved  inwards. 

tir-miia,  s.  [Gr.  ti\|ui!?  (fili.ios)  =  a  plucking 
or  tianiig,  especially  of  tlie  hair.] 

I'aHml. :  A  picking  „f  the  bedclothes 
through  cerebral  excitement,  towards  the  ccn- 
elusion  of  any  serious  disea,-.e.  It  is  a  very 
unfavourahle  symptom. 

tat  a\  •  teld,  ■  telt,  •  teHe,  •!.     (A.S.  M,/ 

gelelil  =  a  tent :  telcltm  —  to  cover  ;  cngn.  \rilli 

<>.  Diit.  M,lc=ti  t«nt  ;  Icel.  tjalil ;  Dan.  tdl  ■ 

bw.  Idit ;  Ger.  :dl.] 

I.  <>nl.  l.nnq. :  A  tent ;  acoycring  overheaiU 

"  But  the  rain  Inaile  All  .-ua     '   -   '.' 
Uf  tilt  Hitd  caiiviiss." 

Denham :  To  Sir  John  Mgnnit. 


on.  „,- .       -^'^'  '"^''  *'^"'  '^'°^'-  '^"'  **^"=  P'°^-  »"•  Sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p8t. 
on.  mute,  cub,  cure,  miite,  cur.  rule.  ffiU;  try,  Syrian,     se 


e ;  ey  : 


qu  =  kw. 


tilt— timber 


n.  Technicatlii : 

1.  Vehirh's: 

(1)  A  w;ij;i^nn-cnver,  usually  of  canvas  on 
w.totlen  IjDW.s. 

(2)  Tlic  tcinporaiy  cover  for  an  iirtilU'iy- 
cruTiiij^e. 

2.  Natit. :  An  awning  nvor  tlie  stt-rti  sheets  of 
an  open  boat,  supimrttifl  by  staiieliions  on  tlie 
gunwale. 

■•  A  s.iil  .  .  was  taken  dnwii  AtuI  i-oiiverteil  into  nn 
jiwiiiHi^'  iir  ((/r.'— fV'A  -■  i''iric  t'o,'/<vn:  liK.  i,  cli.  vli. 

tUt-boat, '  tUt-bote,  ^■.    a  bn»t  liavin- 

a  covtT  iH'  tilt  of  canvas  or  otlicr  clotli. 
"  For  joyfully  he  left  tlif  shore. 
AiiJ  111  a  tUt-boat  home  retunitl." 

Coof>er :  I'l-r-Vcrt,  iv. 

tilt-bonnet,  .«.  A  bonnet  of  some  cotton 
iii.ttciial,  having;  .somewhat  the  form  of  a  tilt ; 
a  sun-bonnet. 

"Tlie  iiyinnhs  v/env  calico  bonnets,  and  on  their 
heads,  iiisteail  of  garhuida.  h.ivt-  titt-bonnrts  cohered 
with  iiiuikceii."— .irftcMiruiM.  March  4.  1882. 

tUt-roof,  s.  A  rnnml-toppetl  roof,  shajad 
likt'  a  tilt  or  waggon-cover. 

tilt  (2),  s.     ITiLT,  r.l 

1,  Ordinary  Language: 
'  \,  A  tlirtist. 

"  His  iii.-ijesty  seldom  diaini-ssed  the  foreigner  till 
lie  h.-ul  eiit4-rtjiiiie«l  him  with  the  aliiii^hter  of  two  or 
three  of  hi^i  liet;>;  suhjerta.  whom  he  veiv  dexterously 
put  to  de^ith  with  the  tilt  of  his  hiiice."— .Htftd'aoti  .■ 
t'rcehaldvr. 

2.  A  military  exercise  on  horseback,  in 
wliirh  the  combatants  attacked  each  other 
with  lanoes. 

"  The  ^e'''ind  tilt  they  together  rode. 
They  proved  their  ncuihood  best." 

Loi'gfelloto :  The  Elected  Knifjht. 

3.  A  tilt-liammer  (q,v.). 

4,  Inclination  forward:  as,  the  ^7/  of  a 
cask. 

n.  Oeoh  :  An  npheaval  of  the  strata  to  a 
high  angle  of  elevation;  the  strata  thus  up- 
heaved. 

11  Full  tilt :  With  full  force  directly  against 
anything. 

"  The  be;ist  ■''m\e9/ii!/-tifr  at  the  canoe."— /)(nrt;»/er  ; 

rr.y(i<7fS  (.-in,  l.,70|. 

tilt-hammer,  s.  A  large  hammer  worked 
by  steam  or  water-power,  and  used  princi- 
pally in  compacting  the  balls  of  iron  as  they 
come  from  the  piiddling-furnace,  and  tlriving 
out  the  droK.s  with  which  the  iron  is  asso- 
ciated when  in  the  form  of  pig,  and  some  of 
which  is  removed  by  the  reverberating  Hanies 
of  the  furnace.  It  is  also  used  in  heavy 
forging.  The  ordinary  tilt-hammer  has  a 
cast-iron  helve  a,  sui)poi-ted  at  the  end  b  on 
plammer-blocks,  fixed  upon  wooden  beiims  to 
ease  the  jar.    The   head  r,  of  wronght-iron 


',',tt  i'/'"^i^<'^    'i'''' " ' 


TILT-HAlIMKH. 


faced  with  steel,  passes  through  an  eye  in  the 
helve,  and  is  secured  by  a  key.  The  base  of 
the  anvil  is  of  cast-iron,  and  the  pane  (/  of 
wrought-iron,  faced  with  steel.  The  head  is 
liaised  by  a  series  of  cams  upon  a  cast-iron 
collar  r,  called  the  eam-ring  bag,  fixed  on  the 
.shaft  /,  which  is  provided  with  a  heavy  fly- 
wheel. The  hammer  has  usually  a  drop  of  U> 
to  24  inches,  and  strikes  75  to  100  blows  per 
minute.  When  not  in  use  it  is  propped  up  by 
the  supi>ort  tj.  The  power  is  applied  and  re- 
gulated by  the  use  of  a  foot-treadle  running 
around  the  bed  of  the  hammer  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  operator  cnn  stand  in  front 
IT  on  either  side. 

tilt-mill,  y.      A    building    where  a   tilt- 

li;:iumcr  is  used. 


tut-steel. 


Forged  or  hammered  steel. 
A  place  for  tilting;  lists  for 


tut  yard, 

tilling. 

"  Sir  Artigale  into  the  filt-i/ard  caiae. 
Spfiic'-r:  F.  Q.,  V 


tnt.  •  tylte.  r.i.  k  t.  [A.S.  rm//  =  unsteady, 
tntterijig;  f,itUiu  =  Xi>  i.-ttcr  ;  cog.  with  Icel. 
ttilttt  =  til  aiiiliU'  as  a  Imrsf  ;  Hvv.  tulta  =  to 
waddle;  GtT.  k/(  =  an  aml>lliig  pace;  ;f/??r  = 
a  palfrey.] 

A.  Infrunsitivr : 

-  1.  To  totter,  to  fall. 

"  Tliia  ilk  toilti  achul  tylfe  to  grouiidv." 

Jflit.  f'iieins,  aet. 
'  2.  To  toss  about,  to  ride  or  float. 

■■  Tlie  floating  veanel  .  .  . 
Rode  tiltiiig  o"er  the  wnves." 

S/iltou-  P.  /...  xi   74r. 

3.  To  run  tir  riile  and  thrust  with  a  lance  ; 
to  joust,  as  in  a  tonruanniit. 

4.  To  fight ;  to  thrust  in  general. 

"  Swords  out  and  tUting  one  at  other's  hreflnt." 

Shttkcs/i.  :  Othrttv.  ii.  ?.. 

5.  To  lean  or  he  inclined  forward  ;  to  rise 
or  fall  into  a  slanting  position  ;  to  fall  as  on, 

■    one  side.    (Frequently  with  up.) 

"  Aa  the  triiiik  of  the  body  Is  kei't  from  tilting  toT' 
wiinlrt  hy  the  iniisrles  <>t  the  bHck,  »v  front  fiUUii^' 
hiukward  hy  thimc  of  the  belly." — Greip.  t'osiiioluffia. 

B.  Tratuiitivc  : 

*  1.  To  thrust  a  weapon  at. 

■■  HetthoiiIdciVrher' 
Benum.  <(■  FleC. :   iVotuau's  Priv,  iii.  C. 

•  2.  To  point  or  tlirust,  as  a  weapitn. 

•■  Now  horrid  slaughter  reigns  : 
Sons  agaiuat  fathers  tilt  the  (atj*l  lance, 
C-irelCiw  of  duty."  f'hitifja.   { T(nt(l.) 

3.  To  incline  ;  to  raise  one  end  of,  as  of  a 
cask,  for  the  purpose  of  discharging  the 
liquor.    (Frequently  with  vp.) 

4.  To  hammer  or  forge  with  a  tilt  or  tilt- 
hammer  :  as,  To  tilt  steel. 

^  To  tilt  up: 

(I'eol.  :  To  throw  n\^  sudderdy  or  abruptly  at 
a  high  angle  of  iuclination  :  as,  The  strata  were 
tilf-ed  up.  The  upheaval  has  oft^n  led  to  the 
fracture  and  dislocation  of  the  beds  thus 
elevated. 

tilt'-ed,  pci.  piar.  or  o.     [Tilt,  r.] 

tilted-Steel,  s.  Blistered  steel  heated  in 
a  furnace  and  subjected  to  the  action  of  a 
tilt-hammer,  which  strikes  nbout  700  blow.s 
per  niinutf,  and  increases  the  solidity  and 
tenacity  of  the  metiil. 

tat'-er,  s.    [Eng.  tilt,  V.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  tilts  or  jousts. 

'■  Many  a  bold  filter,  who  iiii^sed  the  murk  with  the 
apeanwint,  had  bis  be-nd  diwhed  .against  it  in  hia 
bUiuUeriug  oitetr.'  —Ktnffht :  Pictorial  Hist.  L'/iff.Ai. 
876. 

2.  One  who  tilts  or  inclines  anything. 

3.  One  who  hammers  with  a  tilt  or  tilt- 
hammer. 

tnth,  s.     [A.S.  tildh.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  tilling  or  pre- 
paring the  ground  for  a  crop ;  tillage,  hus- 
bandry. 

"  Herpleuteons  womb 
Expressed  its  full  tilth  and  husbandry." 

Slutkcafi. :  Mcitsure  for  Meature,  i.  4. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  tilled  or 
prepared  ft)r  a  crop. 

'■  The  lands  should  bo  reduced  to  a  fine  tilth."— 
Smithso'i :  Useful  Hook  for  Farmers  \t.  VI. 

'  3.  That  which  is  tilled  ;  tillage  ground. 

"  O'er  the  rough  tilth  be  cast  hia  eyew  anpund. 
And  aooii  the  ploui^'h  of  adaiiiaut  he  found." 

Fawken  ■  ApoUonius  fihodiits  :  Argon.,  iv. 

4.  The  degree  or  depth  of  soil  turned  by  the 
plough  or  spade  ;  that  available  soil  on  the 
earth's  surface  which  the  roots  ol  crops 
strike. 

tnt'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  f7.     [TtLT,  v.] 

tilting-fillet,  >■.    [Arris-fillet.] 

tilting -helmet,  ?.  A  large  helmet  some- 
times wmii  ovi  r  lilt.-  other  at  tournaments. 

tilting-spear;  s.     A  spear  used  in  tour- 

*  nanu'iits. 

*  tH'-ture,  .••■.  [Formed  from  till,  v.,  on  a  su])- 
jKised  analogy  with  culture.]  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  tilling  land  ;  tillage. 

"  Good  tilth  brintts  aeedes, 
Euill  tiltiire  weedes. ' 
Tiitxer :  Iliubttmiri/ :  ifarcli's  Abstract. 

til'-wood.  -'^.     [Til  (3).] 

tim'-a-9ite,  s.  [From  Lat.  Timaaim.  mui».s- 
=  Ganizigrnd.  Servia;  suff.  -ite  (Petrol.).} 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  by  Breithaupt  to  a 
felsitic  rock  enclosing  crystals  of  whitt  fel- 
spar,  &.C.      Now    shown  "to    belong   to    the 


nndcsites  (q.v.),  .somo  ln-ing  quartz-free,  an^l 
othcrN  grouping  with  tin*  Quarl/-anii(sitc> 

ti-ma'-U-a,  s-.    (Ktym.  doubtful.] 

Oniilh. :  The  type-gciius  ofTiuialiiiue  (q.v,), 
with  twelve  .species  fimu  the  Malay  IViiinsnlii, 
f>iiMi;itra,  Bonicn,  and  Java.  Hill  with  sides 
nioch  CMiiipri-ssed  to  tip;  few  short  bristles 
at  base  ;  nostrils  in  smiill  groove,  scniilumir 
opening  with  a  small  scale;  wings  fifth  to 
seventh  quills  longest;  tarsi  with  oiicloug 
scale  in  front. 

tim-a  U -i-dsB. ■->.  p^    [Mod.  Lat.  timai(o): 

Lat.  fem.  adj.  Mill',  -idfr.] 

(iniilli.:  Italtbling  Thrushes;  a  group  nf 
small,  stiong-legged,  active  Pas.serine  buiis. 
mostly  of  dull  colours,  which  are  especially 
charactfuistic  of  the  Oiiental  region,  in  every 
part  of  which  they  abound,  while  they  are 
much  less  plentiful  in  Australia  and  Alrica. 
The  Indo-Chinese  sub-region  is  the  bead- 
quarters  of  the  family,  wlience  it  diminishes 
rapidly  in  all  directions  in  variety  of  both 
generic  and  specilic  forms.  Wallace  puts  the 
genera  at  thirty-five  and  the  species  at  240. 
Other  writers  extend  the  limits  of  the  family, 
which  they  place  under  the  Turdiformes  (q.v.), 
making  the  chief  characteristic  a  rounded  and 
concave  wing,  and  divide  it  into  the  follow- 
ing sub-families :  Troglodytinie,  Brachy- 
podinae,  Tinialiiiue,  CisticoUme,  and  Miinin:p. 

tl-mfil-i-i'-nse,  s.  pi.     (Mod.  Lat.  timaliift) ; 
Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  sutt".  -uia-.] 

Ornith. :  A  sub-family  of  Timaliida*  (q.v.), 
approximately  equivalent  to  the  famdy  Tinia- 
liidie  as  tirst  descrihetl  above.  Hill  moderate, 
keel  curved  ;  nostrils  exposed  ;  wings  short 
and  rounded;  tail  graduated;  tarsi  long  and 
strong ;  toes  long,  strong,  with  large  scales 
above  ;  claws  compressed  and  sharp. 

tim.-ar'-Cha,  s.    [Gr.  Tt/xapx^a  (timarchia)  = 
honour,  respect.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Chrysomelida?,  akin  to 
Chrysomela,  but  without  wings,  and  having 
the  elytra  joined.  Two  British  species.  One. 
Tiiiiiircha  tenebrico.sa,  is  popularly  called  the 
Bh'udy-nose  Beetle. 

ti-ma'-ri-Ot,  s.     [Turk.]    (Sec  extract.) 

"Tho^  who.  hya  kind  of  feudal  tenure.  i)os9en.i 
l.-tnd  on  condition' of  service,  are  called  Ti loa riots  ; 
tliey  serve  as  >>)iahis.  accoidiiiK  to  the  (intent  of  t«Ti 
tory.  And  brin^  a  certain  uuitiher  into  the  Held,  gener 
aUy  cavalry,  "—fl.'/rtm  .  /Sritte  of  Ab;Mos.    (Note  i 

tim'-bal,  .^.    [Tvmdal.] 

tim-ber  (i),  '  tim-bre, '  tym-ber,  s.  &  o. 

[A.S.  (tmbfj- =  stutfor  material  to  build  with  ; 
cogn.  with  But.  timmer=  timber  or  structure  ; 
Icel.  tivibr ;  Dan.  tomvier ;  Sw.  timvier;  Ger. 
zinimer  =  a  room,  timber  ;  Goth,  timrjan  =  to 
build;  (tmr/a  =  a  builder;  Icel.  timbra—ta 
build;  Dau.  tomre;  Ger.  zimmerii ;  A.S.  (ini- 
briaiL—  to  build.  From  the  same  root  as  Gr. 
&€fi.<ii  {demo)  =  to  build  ;  Kng.  dovif,  domicile, 
domestic,  &c.  ;  Lat.  domns=a  house.  The  (i 
is  excrescent,  as  in  nnmber.] 

A.  As  substuntive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Trees  cut  down,  squared,  or  capable  of 
being  squared,  into  beams,  rafters,  boards, 
planks,  &c.,  to  be  employed  in  the  construc- 
tion of  houses,  ships,  &c.,  or  in  carpentry, 
joinery,  &c.  [Batten,  Beam,  Board,  Deal, 
Post,  Rafter,  &c.]  Timber  is  usually  sold 
by  the  load.  A  load  of  rough  or  unhewn 
timber  is  forty  cubic  feet,  and  a  load  of  squared 
timber  fifty  cubic  feet,  estimated  to  weigli 
twenty  cwt.  In  the  case  of  planks,  deals. 
&c.,  the  load  consists  of  so  many  square  feet. 
Thus,  a  load  of  one-inch  plank  is  tiOO  sqnare 
feet,  a  load  of  planks  thicker  than  one  inch 
equals  tiOO  square  feet  divided  by  the  thick- 
ness in  inches.  The  term  is  often  used  for  all 
kinds  of  felled  and  seasoned  wood. 

2.  A  general  term  Utr  growing  trees  yielding 
wiiod  suitable  for  constructive  purposes.  The 
chief  are  fir,  pine,  oak,  ash,  elm,  beech,  syca- 
mf)re,  walnut,  chestnut,  mahogany,  teak,  &c. 

"Okes  there  are  n.:  faire,  straig;ht,  tnlt,  .iiid  fu  good 
timbcrns  any  can  be,  and  also  grcit  »U>Te."—Hackliii/t 
yoyagr*.  lit.  'I'h. 

3.  Sometimes  applied  to  growing  trees; 
trees  generally  ;  woods. 

"The  lack  of  titnbrr  {*  the  moat  serious  drawback  of 
the  whole  region."— Cen^wr^  Magazhir,  Aug..  is8'i.  [i. 
607. 

4.  A  piece  of  wood  for  building,  or  already 
framed  ;  one  of  the  main  beams  of  a  building. 

"  Tiinbert  and  I'lanks  .  .  .  were  all  prepared."— 
Anson  :   youa'jrt.  bk.  iil..  ch.  ili. 


boil.  boS^:  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  cell,  chorus.  9liln.  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -$ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


100 


timber— time 


•  5.  Tti"  materials  for  any  stnictur*'.  (Used 
aliio  llRfiritively.  em  in  thf  example.) 

■■  Huth  .li«i<»*lll.>iM  arp  Ih*  Ypry  •rrur*  of  haiuMi 
«»ti.rr  »i«l  frt  tl.*y  An  til*  rtllwt  f*'»*6*f  to  nwk* 
p.|ni.-h.  ■•(  likr  lo  kHwfcMfcrT-,  tlwt  UfOt»>1  forihli* 
to  1^  t.Mnl.  but  iMt  fur  bouMj  that  thjM  ttAtvl  flrui. 
—  «a."« 

U.  Tli<*  l""lv.  st«m,  nr  trunk  of  a  tree. 
■  W*  Ukr 
rr*si  ev^ry  l«e  lup.  twrk,  uid  pftrt  o"  tJie  firnVr 
SMaJbap.  :  Htnr^  ritl..  i.  2, 

7.  A  l.*g.    (.Vnut.  stung.) 
JL  Trchnicailii  : 

1.  Jtfuii;i(7:  Planka  set  t<>  support  Ih?  rnof 
and  sidfs  of  a  t;.tllery  or  drift.  A  set  of  tim- 
ber* cimsidlH  of  Uio  can  or  hcad-pitjce,  two 
«prif;)it>t.  logs,  or  stanchions,  and  the  sleeper 
•r  Rill 

2.  Shiptmild.  :  One  of  the  cnrved  fmnies 
which  form  the  ribs  of  a  ship.  They  are  built 
mp  of  ji.-v.'nil  pieces.  The  Uoor-timlwrs  are 
between  thf  keel  and  keelson,  ami  the  out- 
■ward  iind  upward  extension-pitM-es  are  fiit- 
tocks,  tlrst,  second,  third,  Ac  Tlie  jxirtions 
ext^mlin};  al^tve  the  deck-level  are  the  top 
ttnibent.    (Usually  in  the  plural.) 

B.  Ail  aitj.  :  Made  or  constrm^ted  of  wood  : 
as,  ii  titnber  house,  timttfr  work. 

^  Timfters  in  the  htiul : 

S^hiptmild. :  Pieces  of  timber  with  one  end 
b^arin;;  on  the  upi>er  cheeks,  and  the  other 
extended  to  the  main  rail  of  the  head. 

tUnber-and-room,  s. 

ShiphuiUt.  :  The  width  of  a  timber  and  a 
■ijaop.  Also  called  roi>iu-and -space,  or  berth- 
aDd-jqwi'-e. 

timber  brick,  s.  A  piece  of  timber,  of 
Ihe  si/.<^  and  sh;ipe  of  a  liriek,  inserted  in 
bri.  kwiitk  to  atUich  the  finishings  to. 

timber-ft'ame,  s.     The  same  a.s  Gano- 

-AW  tfJ.V.). 

timber-bead,  >\ 

ShiyhiiiliL  :  Sfj  much  of  a  fnime-timber  as 
nsrs  aliovt.'  the  deck. 

timber-hitch.  5. 

A'(ii((. .-  The  end  of  a  rope  taken  r(uind  a 
spar,  led  umler  and  over  the  standing  p.irt, 
and  posse.!  two  or  llrree  turns  round  its  own 
part,  makirit:  a  j  imining-eye. 

'  tlmbor-lode.  s. 

Mir;  A  .ser\'ii;e  by  which  tenants  formerly 
were  bound  to  carry  felled  timber  from  the 
wowls  to  the  lord's  house. 

timber- man*  s. 

JlftJi(ii{7 ;  The  man  employed  in  placing 
supports  of  timber  in  the  mine. 

•  timber-mare,  s.  A  sort  of  wooden 
hontt!  "M  wliirh  s:)ldier.s  were  made  to  ride  as 
a  punisliMU'iil. 

timber -meas tire, s.  [Timber,  s.,a.  1. 1.] 

timber  merchant.  .<.    A  dealer  in  tim- 

Vr. 

timber  scribe,  .?.    A  race-knife  (q. v.). 
timber-sow,  s.      A  worm  in  wood;    a 

WOOtl-|..ll>L-. 

■■  Divern  creature*,  tliough  tliey  Iw  luathsotiie  ti 
tftke,  Krr  of  thia  ktnd ;  lu  &Arth-wonus,  tlmbi:r^ow6. 
snxtJa."— Boron, 

timber-toe.  s.  a  ludicrous  term  for  a 
wo'^iden  le;;  or  a  person  with  a  wooden  leg. 
Uscri  also  ill  the  East-end  of  London  for  a 
person  wearing  clogs. 

timber-trade,  ■«.  Commerce  in  timber. 
Uy»  till  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  the  woods 
and  forests  of  England  supplied  the  timber 
whirh  llie  countiy  required.  In  this  reign 
and  that  of  Queen  Elizaltfth  various  measures 
w./re  i)assed  (o  prevent  waste  of  native  wood, 
and  a  timbt-r  trade  from  abroa'l  arose.  It  was 
almost  entirely  with  ih>-  countries  bordering 
on  the  Baltic.  Dilliculties  arising  in  1808  with 
regard  to  tlic  supply  of  timber  from  that  re- 
gion, owing  to  tlie  Euro])ean  war  then  i-agiiig, 
efforts  were  made  to  enrourage  a  Canadian 
timlwr  trade,  in  favour  of  which  difterential 
duties,  ultimately  amounting  to  a  thousand 
per  cent,  arose.  They  were  diminished  in 
lti43and  1861. 

timber-tree,  s.     A  tree  yielding  wood  fit 

for  buiMiiig  purposes. 

timber  wain,  .*.    A  timber- waggon. 

■'  I)owiiwnr>l  tiif  ponderous  tti-brr-wttn  resomiiU." 
WunlMtBorth  ■  Bucniny  WaJk. 


timber -work,  '  timber -worke,  «. 

Work  constrii.rteil  of  wimwI  ;  w.iodwork. 

"ThB  (it'>iie  work  willint«n.l«tli  thr  Her.  and  the 
ti,nb*ri»^rke    tli«    lx»tt«ll    vnxn.'—Uoldhigr :    Catir. 

timber-worm,  s.    Prolwbly  the  larva  of 

a  beetle  which  bon-s  into  and  feeds  on  timber. 

timber-yard,  s.    A  yard  or  place  where 

timlw.T  IS  stored. 

•  tlm'-ber(2),  s.   [Fr.  timbre  ;  Sw.  timher;  I..»w 

Ger.  tiiniiier;  Ger.  rim»wr  =  a  certain  number 
of  skins.  Remote  etym.  doubtful.]  An  old 
mereantile  term,  nse-I  both  in  England  and 
Scotland  t^)  denote  a  rertain  number  of  skins, 
in  the  case  of  tlie  skins  of  martens,  ermine, 
sables,  and  the  like,  40  ;  of  other  skins,  i:iO. 

"'  HavIos  |>iM('ntiMl  tbeiii  with  two  timber  otaablea." 
—Hj/li'i:  ««/(»nnaf ion.  Ii.  202. 

tim'-ber  (3),  s.  iFr.  ((?ftftrc  =  acrest,  ahelmet.] 
IleruUirn: 

1.  A  row  or  rank  of  ermine  in  a  nobleman's 
coat. 

2.  The  helmet,  mitre,  coronet,  &c.,  when 
placed  over  the  arms  in  a  complete  achieve- 
ment. 

tim -ber  (1),  '  tim-bre,  v.t.  &  i.    [Ti>tBKR 

(1),  s.l 

A.  Trans.:  To  furnish  or  construct  with 
timber  ;  to  support  with  timber. 

'"nie  siiles  of  this  roiid.  it  wa.s  Sftltl.  were  not  suffi- 
cieutly  timbered."— DnUs/  Chronicle.  March  16.  198T. 

*  B.  IiUrans. :  To  take  to  a  tree  ;  to  settle 
or  build  on  a  tree. 

"The  one  took  np  in  a  thicket  of  btUBhwood.  and 
U»e  otlier  timbered  upon  a  tree  hard  by/'—L'Sttranyc. 

•  tim'-ber  (2),  v.t.  [Timber  (3),  s.]  To  sur- 
mount, to  decorate,  as  a  crest  does  a  coat  of 
arms. 

"A  purple  plume  tlmbert  his  stately  crest." 

Sytveitcr. 

tim-bered,  *  tim-bred.  a.    [Eng.  timber 
(1),  s.  ;  -eU.] 
I.  Literally  : 

1.  Furnished  or  constructed  with  timbers. 

■•  A  low  timbered  house,  where  the  govemour  abides 
all  the  daytiiue."— iSampier;  rai/apex  i&n.  1688). 

2.  Covered  nr  abounding  with  growing 
timber ;  wooded :  as,  The  country  is  well 
iivibered. 

'  II.  Figuratively : 

1.  Built,  framed,  shaped,  formed. 

"  I  think.  Hector  was  not  bo  clean  timbered." 

Shiikeap.  :  Lovc't  Labour's  Lott,  v.  2. 

2.  Massive;  like  timber. 

"  Hl3  timbered  bones  all  broken  rudely  niTObled  " 
Spenser:  F.  <?.,  V.  ii.  50. 

tim'-ber-er,  .s.  [Eng.  timber  (1),  s.  ;  -er.]  A 
thiib'-r-man. 

timberer's  axe.  .^. 

Mfiiinij:  An  axe  or  hatchet  used  in  chop- 
ping to  length,  and  notching  the  timbers 
which  support  the  roof  and  sides  of  the 
gallery  or  drift. 

tim-ber-ling.  s.  [Eng.  timber  (l),  s. ;  dimin. 
siiff.  -ling.]     A  small  timber-t.i"ee.     (I'rov.) 

"  tim-bes-tere,  *  tym-bes-tere,  s.    [Eng. 

tiiiib{rel):  fem.  suit',  -ster.]  A  woman  who 
played  on  the  timbrel  or  tambourine,  to  the 
music  of  which  she  danced.  They  oft«n  went 
about  in  bands  or  companies. 

"A  troop  of  timbrel-girls  (or  ti/infjeMtereg.  ns  they 
were  popularly  ailledl." — L'/tton  :  L<itt  of  the  Itaroiu. 

i;li.  ii. 

•  tim-bour-ine,  s.     [Tambourine.] 

•  tim-bre  (1),  s.    [Timber  (1),  s.] 

•  tim-bre  (2),  s.    [Fr.]    The  same  as  Timber 

tim'-bre  (bre  as  ber)  (3),  s.    [Fr.] 

ller. :  The  crest  wliidi  in  any  achievement 
stands  on  ttie  top  of  the  helmet. 

tim-bre  (bre  as  ber)  (4).  tym-bre,  s.  [Fr., 
from  Lat.  tympanum  =  a.  drum,]     [Ti-MBUEL.] 
MilkIc  : 
*  1.  A  timbrel  (q.v.). 

"  Where  as  she  passeth  by  the  atreftte, 
There  was  (ul  lu.iny  .-»  tt/'ubre  l)e»it, 
And  mauy  a  maide  c^iruleiide." 

Oower:  C,  -i..  vL 

2.  The  quality  of  tone  distinguishing  voices, 
instruments,  and  stops,  irrespective  of  pitch 
or  intensity.  All  the  notes  of  a  given  stop  of 
an  organ  have  of  necessity  the  same  timbre, 
but  in  pitch  they  range  throughout  the  extent 


of  the  chromatic  scale.  Corresponding  not.-s 
of  stops  ])it'-hed  in  unison,  such  as  the  open 
diapason,  dulciana,  trumpet,  bassoim,crcmonn, 
vox  humana,  have  the  same  pit<!li.  but  each 
diffi'rs  from  the  others  in  timbre  ;  the  quality 
of  the  tone  is  different.  This  difference  is 
attained  in  various  ways.  Some  of  the  pipes 
have  wooden  mouth-pieces,  others  metallic 
mouth-pieces,  reed  pipes,  reeds  of  varying 
qualities,  tubes  of  varying  proitortions  and 
shiipes,  to  imitate  the  peculiar  sounds  of  (he 
various  instruments  after  which  they  are 
named,  as  tlnte,  trumpRt,  bassoon,  oboe,  A:c. 

tim  -brel, '  tim  -brell, '  tym-brel,  ^  tym- 

byre,  "i.  |A  ilimiu."  from  Mid,  Mng.  li^nl'ir, 
from  Fr.  timbre;  O.  Fr.  tymhre^a  timbrel, 
from  Lat.  tympanum —  a  drum,  from  Gr. 
■nifiwavov  (tumiKincn)  :=  a  kettledrum. J    [Tvm- 

I'.VNUM.l 

Music  :  .\n  instrument  of  music  ;  a  kind  of 
drum,  tabor,  or  tiinbourine.  It  has  been  in 
use  fiom  the  earliest  times  (Esod.  xv.  20).  It 
is  now  known  as  a  Uimbnuriue. 

"  Field,  town,  and  city  with  hU  name  do  ring ; 
The  tender  virgins  to  their  litubrcU  sing 
Uittiesof  htm,  ■  /)rai/t»t:  David  &  Goliah. 

'  timbrel-girl,  s.     a  timbestere  (q.v.). 

"  Hhe  saw  ,  ,  .  the  hateful  timbrel-ffirU,  followed  by 
the  rabhle,  and  weaviug  their  atrnni^e  dances  towards 
the  »\>oX."—Lstton  :  L<ui  of  the  Harona.  cli.  iil. 

*tim-brelled,  *tim-breled,   «.     [Eng. 

timbre! :  -eiL\  Sung  to  tlie  ai-cunipaniment  of 
tlie  timbrel, 

"  lu  vain  with  timbreled  anthems  dark 
The  sable-stoled  sorcerers  bear  his  worshipt  ark. 

MUl-m  :  On  (He  NatioUy. 

*  tim-bror-d-gjr,  .■!.     [Fr.  /im6re  =  a  stamp; 

Eng.  sutf.  -ology.]  The  science  or  study  of 
pc)stage-stamps. 

*  tim-broph'-i-ly,  s.     [Fr.  timbre  =  a  stamp, 

and  Gr.  (fnAt^u*  ( ph tied)  =.  to  love.]    The  same 

as  Phil.^telv  (q.v.). 

"  It  is  posaiblya  question  whether  the  scieuae  should 
properly  he  called  philately  or  timln-ofihitt/.  It  is,  we 
belii-ve,  also  styled  lusoine  Knglish  works  timbrology." 
—.ithciiaum.  Uct.  1.  1831.  p.  431. 

•^tim-bu-rine',  a.    [Tambourine.] 

time  (1),  '  tyme,  s.   [A.S.  tima  ~  time ;  cogu. 
with  leel.  limi;   Dan.  tim^ ;  Sw.  timme  =  an 
hour.     From  the  same  root  a.s  tide  (q.v.).J 
I,  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  general  idea  of  successive  existence  ; 
measure  of  duration.  It  is  absolute  or  rela- 
tive. Absolute  time  is  considered  without 
any  relation  to  bodies  or  their  motions.  It 
is  conceived  by  us  as  unbounded,  continuous, 
liomogeneous,  unchangeable  in  the  order  of 
its  parts  and  divisible  without  end.  Relative 
time  is  the  sensible  measure  of  any  portion  of 
duration,  often  marked  by  particular  pbeno- 
inena,  as  the  apparent  revolution  of  the 
celestial  bodies,  tlie  rotation  of  the  e^rtli  on 
its  axis,  &c.  Relative  time  is  divided  into 
years,  months,  weeks,  days,  hours,  minutes, 
seconds,  and  measured  by  instruments  con- 
structed for  the  purposes,  as  clocks,  watches, 
chronometers,  clepsydras,  sun-ilials,  hour- 
glasses, ifcc,  the  first  three  being  those  com- 
monly employed.  Time  is  often  personified 
as  an  old  man,  winged  and  bearing  a  scythe. 

"Our  conception  of  time  orl^iuates  in  that  of 
motion;  and  particularly  in  thuse  regular  and 
euiiable  motions  carried  ou  in  the  heavens,  the  parts 
of  which,  from  their  perfect  similarity  tti'e.'wii  other. 
M'e  correct  nie-asurefi  of  the  continuous  and  ^iuccessive 
quantity  called  Time,  with  which  tliey  are  conceived 
tbco-exJBt.  Time  therefore  may  l>t<deliued.  The  I'er- 
ceived  number  of  succeiisive  movements."— Oi!/iCfl/ 
Aris/otlvK  Ethict :  Analysi*.  ch.  iL 

2.  A  iiarticular  portion  or  part  of  duration, 
whether  past,  present,  or  future,  and  con- 
sidered either  as  a  space  or  as  a  point,  a 
jieriod  as  well  as  a  moment ;  season,  inomeut, 
uccasioii. 

"  At  that  time  I  m:wle  her  weep." 

Sh  ikcsp. :  Tteo  (ienVemcn,  iv.  -L 

3.  X\\  age  ;  a  part  of  duration  distinct  from 
other  parts  ;  the  period  at  which  any  definite 
event  occurred  or  person  lived :  as,  This 
happened  in  the  tiuxe  of  Moses. 

^  The  time:  The  present  age  or  period. 

"  The  ti'ne  is  out  of  joint."     Sltakeip.  :  tftttntet,  i.  5. 

4.  A  proper  occasion  or  season  for  anything; 
hence,  an  opportunity. 

"But  an  adversary  of  no  common  prowess  vnn 
watching  his  time."—ifticattJitii:  Jlixt.  t:»g..  ch.  iv, 

0.  Life  or  dtiration  of  life  regarded  as  em- 
ployed or  destined  to  employment;  the  al- 
lotted period  of  life. 

"I  like  this  plivce. 
And  williiiglj-  would  waat*  my  time  in  it" 

Shaketp. :  As  i'ou  Like  It,  IL  4. 


I 


ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  cameL  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
or,  woi  0,  wolf,  work.  wh6,  son ;  mute,  ciih,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  foU ;  try.  Syrian,    ae,  oe  =•  e :  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


time 


101 


G.  The  present  life ;  existence  or  duration 
(.if  It  lifiiij;  in  lliis  WDiltl. 

7.  All  time,  tlie  future,  eternity. 

"Tu  kwp  your  uaiiit;  living  to  titnr." 

S/uihr»/i. :  Coriutanut,  v.  'X 

8.  The  st;ite  t.f  things  at  a  particular 
niuineiit  or  season  ;  prevailing  state  of  cii- 
cinnstances ;  circnnistanres.  ((inif  rally  in 
the  plural,  ami  ort<m  with  an  aiU^'Ctive,  :us 
good  times,  hard  tijni:<,  &c.) 

"  The  siinriou.1  tiim-i  of  t'i'ent  ElixuDctb. " 

Tennifton  :  Oream  of  /-'air  t\'ofiu-n.  7. 

9.  Performance  or  occurrence  of  an  acticm 
or  event  with  reference  to  repetition  ;  hence, 
simply  used  hy  way  of  nmlLipHuution. 

"  .\y  nif.  she  cries,  and  twenty  times  Woe,  wot-," 
S!iitJif»/K  :    l>iiiM  Jt  Adoitu,  S^G. 

10.  Leisure;  sufficient  time  or  opportunity. 

"  Little  rime  lor  Idle  qiiestioncre." 

Trnnysoii  :  Emtl,  2T2. 

'  11.  Duration  of  a  being  ;  age,  years. 

"  A  youth  of  greater  litne  thiui  I  ahall  sho-v  to  he." 
Sfutkesp.  :  Ttoo  Uenttovit't.  II.  7- 

12.  Hour  of  deatl),  period  of  tmvail  or  the 
like.     (LaAc  i.  57.) 

13.  One  of  the  three  dramatic  unities 
forrnrrly  considered  essential  in  the  classical 
drama.  The  Unity  in  time  consisted  in  keep- 
ing tlie  period  enibraeed  in  the  action  uf  riir 
piece  within  the  limit  of  twenty-fuur  hours. 

[I_NITY.] 

11.  TnhiiicaUy: 

1.  Cmiii.  :  Hie  same  as  Tense,  s.  (q.v.). 

2.  M'lsir: 

(1)  The  n-lative  duration  of  a  sound  (or  rest) 
as  measured  liy  the  rhythmical  proportions  of 
the  diflVrent  notes,  taking  the  semibreve  (o) 
as  the  unit  <>r  standard  :  the  minim  (,,')  being 
half  the  seniihi-eve  ;  the  crotcliet  (J)  half  the 
minim  ;  the  quaver  (J^)  half  the  crotchet,  and 
so  on. 

(•2)  The  division  of  musical  phrases  into 
certain  regulated  portions  lueas tired  with 
regard  to  the  value  of  t-lie  notes  with  respect 
to  tiie  semibieve,  whichi  in  modern  music,  is 
held  to  be  the  standard  uf  time.  There  are 
two  soils  of  time:  duple,  with  two,  four,  or 
eight  heats  in  the  bar  ;  and  triple,  with  three 
beats  in  a  bar.  There  is  also  compound  time, 
or  time  formed  of  the  union  of  triple  with 
duple,  and  triple  with  triple,  earh  having  a 
distinctive  time  signature. 

(;i)  Tlie  absolute  velocity  or  pace  at  which 
a  movement  is  performed,  as  indicated  by  the 
directions,  quick,  .slow,  presto,  grave,  lento, 
allegro,  Arc. 

3.  PhrenoJ.:  One  of  the  perceptive  faculties, 
the  organ  of  which  is  divided  into  two  portions, 
one  placed  above  the  middle  of  each  eyebrow. 
It  i:^  siijipiised  to  enable  one  to  conceive  the 
dinatii'ii  of  events  or  phenomena,  and  their 
sinuiltaneous  or  successive  occurrence. 

1  Time  is  the  generic  term ;  it  is  either 
taken  for  the  whole  or  the  part.  We  speak 
of  ^'jrtc  when  the  simple  idea  of  t liiic  onXy  is 
to  be  exjiressed,  as  the  time  of  the  day,  or  the 
time  of  the  year.  The  date  is  that  period  of 
tivu  which  is  reckoned  from  the  iiute  or  com- 
mencement of  a  thing  to  the  time  that  it  is 
spoken  of;  hence,  we  speak  of  a  thing  as 
being  of  a  long  or  a  short  date.  Era  and 
epoch  botli  refer  to  points  of  time  rendered  re- 
markable by  eventij ;  but  the  foiiner  is  more 
commonly  employed  in  the  literal  sense  for 
jtointsof  computation  in  chronology,  as  the 
Christian  era ;  the  latter  is  indefinitely  em- 
jiloyed  for  any  -period  distinguished  by 
remarkable  events  ;  the  grand  rebellion  is  an 
epoch  in  the  history  of  England.    {iJinbh.) 

T[  1.  Absolute  time:  Time  iirespective  of 
local  standards;  time  everywhere  reckoned 
from  one  standard. 

2.  Appare.ni  timCy  Solar  thiic  Time  as  reck- 
oned by  the  movements  of  the  sun ;  time  as 
shown  by  a  sun-dial. 

3.  Astro noMilad  tivie  :  Mean  solar  time, 
reckoned  by  ctmnting  the  .hours  eontinuously 
from  one  to  tweuty-fi-ur,  instead  of  dividing 
them  into  two  twelves. 

4.  Attim''s:  Atdistantintervals  of  duration. 

"  TheSijiiitof  the  Lord  began  to  move  h'nuutlonct." 
— Judges  xiii.  'ih. 

5.  Civil  time:  Time  as  reckoned  for  the 
purposes  of  civil  or  of  ordinary  life.  In  most 
civilised  countries  the  division  of  civil  time  is 
into  year.s,  nmnths»  weeks,  days,  hours, 
minutes,  and  seconds,  besides  vaguer  desig- 
nations, such  as  morning,  noon,  evening, 
night.  &c. 


G.  Common  tiitu : 

(I)  Mil.  :  The  onlinary  time  taken  in  march- 
ing, being  about  ninety  paces  per  minute,  as 
distinguished  from  quick  time,  in  which  110 
paces  arc  taken. 

(li)   Music:    [COMMON-TIMK]. 

7.  Etiitatitjn  of  time :  [Kquation]. 

8.  (Jreenioich  time:  Time  as  settled  by  the 
passage  of  the  sun's  centre  over  the  meridian 
of  Greenwich. 

J).  In  (jood  time  : 

(1)  At  the  right  moment ;  in  gocnl  season. 

"  Tojuat  iitgond  timi\" 

Shakcfp. :  Comedy  of  Krrorf,  11.  0. 
(•J)  Fortunately,      happily.       (Often     used 
ironically.) 

"  In  good  time  here  comes  the  noble  duke." 

Shuktip.  :  /iichard  lit.,  li.  I. 

10.  In  time: 

(1)  At  the  right  moment ;  before  it  is  too 
late. 

"  Geiitle  iihysic  giveu  in  time  hiul  cured  me." 

.Shaketf).  :  Henry  VIII.,  iv.  2. 

(2)  In  course  of  time ;  in  the  course  of 
things;  by  degrees:  eventually:  as,  He  got 
well  ill  time. 

11.  Load  tivie. :  Time  determined  by  the 
moment  at  whieli  the  sun  comes  to  the 
meridian  at  any  i)articular  place.  As  the  ex- 
tension of  the  railway  system  through  Great 
Britain  has  introduced  railway — i.e.,  Gieen- 
wieh— time  into  e\'ery  part  of  the  country, 
the  reckoning  of  local  time  is  becoming 
obsolete. 

12.  Mean  timr,  Meaii  solar  time :  [Mean- 
time]. 

13.  .ViiA:  of  time:  The  exact  moment  in 
point  of  time  required  by  necessity  or  con- 
venience ;  the  critical  moment. 

14.  Railway  tim^ :  Greenwich  time,  to  which 
all  railway  clocks  are  adjust^ed. 

15.  Sidereal  time :  [SiDEr.E.\L-Ti.ME]. 

16.  Solar  time:  [^  2.]. 

17.  Time  about :  Alternately. 

18.  Time  enough:  In  seasou  ;  soon  enough. 

"  Stanley  at  Bua  worth-tie  Id,  though  be  cime  time 
enoutrh  to  save  his  lif<^.  yet  he  stayed  luug  enough  t<j 
endanger  it  "—Bacon;  Senry  »"//. 

19.  Tim£:  of  day  : 

(1)  A  greeting  or  salutation  appropriate  to 
the  hour  of  the  day,  as  Good  morning,  Good 
evening,  &c. 

"  When  every  oue  will  give  the  time  of  day." 

Shakes/!.  :  2  Henry  VI..  iiL  1. 

(2)  The  latest  aspect  of  affairs ;  a  dodge. 
(Slang.) 

*  20.  Tivie  of  grace:  Time  during  which 
hunting  could  be  lawfully  carried  on. 

21.  Timeoutofmitid,  Time  immemorial : 
Law:  Time  beyond  legal  memory:  that  is, 

the  time   prior  to  the  reign  of  Richard   I., 
.\.D.  1189. 

22.  To  beat  time:  [Beat,  v.,  C.  1G]. 

23.  To  move,  ran,  or  '/"  against  time:  To 
move,  run,  or  go,  as  a  liorse,  a  runner,  &c., 
as  fast  as  possible  so  as  to  ascertain  the 
greatest  speed  attainable,  or  the  greatest 
distance  that  can  be  passed  over  in  a  certain 
time. 

24.  To  kill  time:  To  beguile  time;  to  occupy 
one's  self  so  as  to  cause  the  time  to  pass 
pleasantly  or  without  tediousness. 

25.  To  lose  time ; 

(1)  To  fail  by  delay  to  take  full  advantage 
of  the  opportunity  afforded  by  the  conjimc- 
ture ;  to  delay. 

"  The  eart  tost  no  time,  but  marched  day  and  night" 
—Clarendon, 

(2)  To  go  too  slow :  as,  A  watch  or  clock 
loses  time. 

26.  True  time: 

(1)  Ord.  Lang. :  Mean  time  as  kept  by  a 
g')od  clock. 

(2)  Astron. :  Apparent  time  as  reckoned 
from  the  transit  of  the  sun's  centre  over  the 
meridian. 

•[  Time  is  used  in  many  compounds,  the 
nie;uiings  of  which  are  for  the  most  part  self- 
explanatory  :  as,  tim£-buttereil,  time-endurinij, 
limc-u'oni,  &.C. 

time-ball,  s.  A  ball  on  a  pole,  dropped 
by  electricity  at  a  prescribed  instant  of  time 
(usually  1  P.M.) ;  an  electric  time-ball.  It  is 
useii  especially  in  maritime  cities  to  give  time 
to  the  officers  of  the  ships  in  port. 


time  -  bargain.  ».     An  ensmgement  en 

tered  into  willi  ;i  view  to  twing  closed  Itefon 
or  at  a  given  time.  Tim  sMbjcct  of  the^"- 
bargains  may  be  any  eomniodity  whaleY«r, 
sucli  as  cotton,  iron,  wool,  tobacco,  coru,  &r., 
and  purchases  or  sales  of  these  commodities 
against  time  are  often  made.  But  by  fkr  the 
largest  number  of  time  bargainn  aro  made  in 
Stitck  Exchange  securities  ;  and  are  generally 
mere  gambling  transnciions,  carried  on  fmni 
time  to  time  by  the  mere  myment  of  the  dif- 
ference between  the  .stipulate-l  price  and  the 
actual  price  on  the  settling-day. 

"  Tima-bargniiiM  orlgiuHt^Kl  In  the  )>mcUef  of  clcvliiif 
the  biiuk  fur  six  wpcks  hi  wwh  i|iiiirt«r  fi>r  tlie  pn' 
pariitlon  of  the  tlivldeudM.  A*  nn  trMwfer  could  br 
m.-ule  during  that  i>eriod.  it  hecauie  n  imtctU'v  tu  Inn 
iiiul  sell  fur  the  o|>i>uing.  The  hnhlt.  uiic«  furtD(-<f. 
wiut  extvuded  to  other  Btockii,  niid  aa  neittii^r  atook 
ni>r  cnjiital  wfu  iieceosary  fur  thu  coiichmlDi)  of  bat 
guhiH.  it  opened  the  way  for  a  hoHt  of  n«»ly  adven 
tiii'ei'S.  who  were  nut  olow  to  avail  theuiKclvcs  uf  Un- 
opportunity  of  nitikiiiK  a  gain,  while  they  had  nolbluij 
tiilose.'—Uithcll :  t'onnting-honae  llirt. 

time-beguiling,  n.  Making  time  pji.is 
quickly  and  [(li-jisaiitly  away. 

■■  A  timeb<:'juilh>fi  *\i^iy.  (or  delight 
Of  his  fund  [lartiier.  Hileiit  In  the  neat  " 

W'-riUicorth  :  Hxcunion,  hk.  ri. 

*  time -bettering,    a.        Improving    the 

state  of  things  ;  full  of  innovations. 

"  Some  fresher  stamp  of  the  timelmtttring  days." 
Shakei/K.   Sonnet  A'i. 

'  time -be  wasted,  a.  Consumed  or  used 
uj»  by  time, 

*■  My  oil-dried  lamp,  and  limebeioitted  IlghL" 

Shnkrsp.  :  lUchard  11..  L  3. 

*  time-bill,  ?.     A  time-tiblc. 

time-book,  ^-j.  A  book  in  which  is  kept 
a  record  of  the  time  [K-rsons  have  worke<l. 

*  time-candle,  s.  a  candle  in  which  the 
size  and  quality  of  the  material  and  the  wick 
are  so  regulated  that  a  certain  length  will 
burn  in  a  given  time.  Candles  colouied  or  in- 
dented at  certain  intervals  so  as  to  mark  time 
were  patented  in  England  in  1859. 

time -detector,  s.  An  instrument  for 
rc'cordiii;;  the  time  at  which  a  watchman  may 
be  present  at  different  stations  rm  his  beat. 

time-fuse,  s.  A  fuse  which  can  be  so 
arranged  as  to  explode  a  charge  at  a  certaia 
determinate  interval  after  the  time  of  it.s  igni- 
tion. This  is  usually  effected  either  by  cutting 
out  or  off  a  portion  of  the  fuse  or  by  employ- 
ing compositions  of  which  given  lengths  burn 
at  different  rates. 

time-gun,  s.  A  gun  which  is  fired  by 
eleetricity  at  a  particnlar  time  of  ilay,ason  the 
falling  uf  a  time-ball,  or  as  a  sukstitute  for  it. 

time -hallowed,  a.     Hallowed  or  sancti- 

lied  by  age. 

"The  enercetic  words 
Which  a  timc-halloioed  jiuet  tiath  employ'd." 

tVordstoorfh  ■  Eicttrsion,  bk.  It. 

time-honoured,  a.  Uunonred  for  a 
long  time  ;  venerable  and  worthy  of  honour 
by  reason  of  antiquity  and  long  continuimce  ; 
being  of  a  venerable  age. 

"  Herself  the  solitvry  suion  left 
Of  :i  timc-h'jttuurcd  race."  Byron :  />ream.  i. 

time-keeper,  5. 

1,  A  clock,  watch,  or  chronometer. 

"The  s:viue  wntch,  or  timekeeper,  wliich  I  had 
carried  out  iu  ray  last  voyage,"— Co'jt:  Third  Voyaije. 
hk.  i,  ch.  i- 

2.  A  person  who  keeps,  marks,  regulates, 
or  records  the  timea.  as  of  the  departure  of 
conveyances,  perfoiinanoes  in  races,  &c., 
liouis  worked  by  workmen,  &c. 

time-lock,  ;=.  A  lock  having  clock-work 
attaclied,  which,  when  wound  up  and  locked, 
prevents  the  bolt  being  withdrawn,  even  by 
means  of  the  proper  key,  until  a  certain  inter- 
val of  time  has  elapsed. 

time-piece,  s.  An  instrument  for  re- 
cording time;  especially  a  small  clock  placed 
uii  mantel-piei-es.  side-tables,  &c. 

"  That  warning  tiiTw-piece  never  ceaaed." 

Longfellow :  Old  Clock  on  the  Stain. 

time-pleaser,  s.  One  who  complies 
with  the  prevailing  opinions,  whatever  tbey 

may  be.  ^ 

■■  Timf-pleaser»,  flatterers,  foes  to  nobleness.' 

ShukeSp. .  Coriolanm,  iri.  I. 

time-server,  .';. 

*  I.  One  engaged  in  serving  his  time.  Not 
originally  conveying  tlie  imputation  which  it 
does  imw. 

"  He  Is  a  goo*l  time-»'-rfer  that  improves  the  present 
fur  Gud  a  glory  and  liis  own  solvatlou." — FuUer  :  ItOlg 
^r(I^^  vol.  iii.,  ch,  xix. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9911,  chorus,  9hin.  ben9h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect.  Xenophon,  e:5:ist.    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -^ion,  -sion  =  zhun,    -clous,  ^tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  deL 


10:; 


time— Timothy 


2,  Oin'  wh'i  aols  in  areorvlanfc  uith  cir- 
•  iimsUuiots ;  one  win)  suits  liin  cutidiirt. 
t.i>iiii.in>i,  Jitul  inanntTs  to  tlit-  tiinfs  ;  i»rie  who 
..iKr-imoiisIy  conipli«'s  witli  the  niliiig  power. 

time  serrlns,  n  &  t. 

A.  .^^  II' (j. ;  Complyhii:  with  tlic  tiim's; 
ulKi'<ini.jtisIy  complying;  with  the  ruliii;;  I'owtr. 

"Ill  \niii  tbo  fi"f  N*rrNit<;lil<ih<}iMrKltKnl  ttifliitclvvn 
(III  ttiv  kiiigH  alilr."— Udi-t^Jiifr  ^  Jtiitliiiifer :  tiitroJ. 
1^  t.iij.  /tUt..<:h.  ill. 

B.  -Is  siiiwf. :  An  actinR  cnnforinalily  to 
tiiiie.s  ami  t;casoiH ;  usually  an  ulMt'quiouit 
i-ortipliaiit:e  with  the  Iniiimura  of  those  iu 
|Mivver,  iiii]>lyiii!;  a  suinnuler  of  one's  iude- 
jientlenw,  and  sonietiuius  of  one's  inte};rity. 

"If  luch,  tiy  trluimlnK  *u<l  thne-tirrehiif,  wlilcb  are 
but  too  wiinlaforUiR«juii<f  tiling.  <k)Miiduii  the  Church 
*  ul  Kii^IkiiiI,  till*  will  prvHluce  t-uiifusiuiL'  — A'oiirA. 

tlme-serrlnimess,  -■.  The  quality  nr 
stair  of  lii-nif,'  rinu'-serviiij; ;  a  truckling  line 

of  C.ll.hl.M. 

"  n-rii-  .^»-r.iyi(f*»rjiiliu«lioi)."— .Vor/A;  li/eqf  Lvnl 
t;,„l/ord,  I.  .1 

time -table, »-. 

1.  A  table  or  resisti'r  of  times,  as  of  l.lu; 
iiouM  of  de|>arlnn;  or  arrival  of  trains,  steam- 
boats, &c.,  of  the  houra  to  be  observed  in 
hchuols,  &e. 

2.  A  reeord  of  time  of  employes. 

3.  A  boaid  divided  by  vertical  aud  liori- 
zonUtl  lines  ropresentiup  time  and  tlistnnce  re- 
wpcctively,  and  used  to  denote  speed  of  tiuins. 

4.  A  table  coiitainiup  the  relative  value  of 
t!very  note  in  music. 

time,  i-.'.  &  (".    [Time,  ^^.l 

A-  TiVHMtii-e : 

J.  To  adapt  t/>  the  tiuie,  or  occasion;  to 
bring,  begin,  or  perfonii  at  the  proper  time  or 
reason. 

"Tbe  powndil  iiiiprewlon  bptng  well  timed,  pro- 
flHCtnl  ill  tliviii  ;i  |x.Tu.iuit'iit  reformation."— A';(Ojc  ; 
Winter  Eveninijt.  eveu.  20, 

2.  To  rejijulato  as  to  time. 

*•  Alon«  I  trpnJ  thla  (mth— for  niislit  I  know, 
Ittuinp  my  xte|w  to  tliliie." 
W\)rJiu>orOt :  I'ofnis  on  ihi^  A'eimiuff  qf  l'l<ices.  No.  vi. 

.1.  To  ascertain,  mark,  or  record  the  time, 
duration,  or  rate  of, 

■'It  would  Ite  well  to  know  whetber  the  speeds. 
"UU^'d  Itj  hiivf  bi^eii  nttiUiied  by  the  SScotch  express 
wctf  provni  l>yactuiii  timing  i\'\K\i  a  wittcli,  or  only 
i;iii'H'«4>(l  at,"— Ofotc.  Vin\)t.  'J.  1885. 

■1.  T'l  measure,  as  in  music  or  harmony. 
*B.  Intransilicc: 

1.  To  keep  time  ;  to  liarmonize. 

2.  'Jo  waste  time  ;  to  procrastinate,  to  delay. 

"They  tinxril  it  out  fill  that  spring,  .-lutl  a  gre.it  pmt 
of  the  next  HUuiiarr."— MifiteE :  Hint,  ^i»g.,  p.  bl. 

"  time'-ftil,  f.  !Eng,  time,  and/H;(0.]  Seasoii- 
.iltlf,  timely,  early, 

■  Interrupting  by  his  vigibuitendeavoursaJl  oITlt  of 
rn'hmfui  return  towards  Uud."'—/iafc/j;/(,-  Uin.  tVorlf/ 
Lk-  1.,  L-b.  \i. 

'  time'-ist,  s,  (Eng.  tim'.e):  -ist.]  One  who 
keeps  tiiue  in  music  ;  a  timist.  (Used  with  a 
(lualifying  adjective  :  as,  a  good  tmeint,  a  bad 

■'To  do  h*r  iiiKtice,  she  wns  n  perfect  liinc'ut."— 
ItcatU!:  yevcr  7'm  Late  w  Mend,  ch.  Ixiv, 

time^Uss^  <i.     [Eng,  time,  s.  ;  -less.\ 

1.  Unseasonable  ;  done  at  an  improper  time  ; 
uut  uT  season. 

■  AUn  :  wbu&e  speech  *oo  oft  I  broke. 
Witli  gMinbol  rude  hiiiI  tniithiis  joke  " 

Scott:  Afarmiori,  lii.     (Introa.) 

'2.  L'ntinifly.  jiremature,  unnatural. 

"  Re^nici-  the  bluod  -if  iuui^r-enL'* 
That  GuiKe  hiitb  tilaJu  by  tre;i»'>n  of  his  heart. 
j\n(l  brought  by  murdrr  to  tbeir  ttmi:!fu  ends  " 
Marlouv  :  Edward  il.,  i.  1. 

'  3.  Without  end  ;  intenninable. 

"  TinulfM  night  ftud  ch-ius."  Vomig. 

'  time-less  ly,  «</(■,  [Eng.  tbiielcfs;  -hi.] 
In  a  tiiii-'less  ni;iiiner ;  unseasonably,  prema- 
tun-ly. 

"O  fjtireAtflow'r.  no  RO'.iier  blown  but  blfiated. 
Soft  silken  pHiiiroBe  failing  limr!,'Mly," 

JJdton     Oil  the  lieath  of  tin  Infant,  Ax. 

time'-ll-neSS, -->'.  (Eng.  timelij  ;  -ness.l  The 
qiiahty  or  state. 'f  being  timely  ;  seasonable- 
liL'ss,  'jjfpfjrtunenL'ss, 

"  Tacitus  irt-onounced  his  fiitber-indaw  Aericolii 
hftppy.  not  only  in  the  renown  of  bis  life,  but  iii  the 
ImuJiin-aM  of  bU  <lvnlb:'—Scribitey»  Jlaauzine.  Anril 
iMki.  J..  OiC.  '       ' 

•  time'-ling.i.  [Ens.tiiap,s.;s\ifT.-linf}.\  A 
Innf -server. 

■■Dtvern  nuoibei-H.  which  me  faint-bearfcd  nnd 
Were,  twit  Be-nictb,  but  timrUufft.'—Becon:  Coittvitti 
vf  Matthcw't  'i-.r/teJ  ;  7'Ac  Sitpplication. 


timo'-lj^,  •  time- He,  ".&  atir.      [Eng.  tinn-; 
■t'J.\ 
A*  As  ndjfctitv' : 
1.  Seasonable  ;  I>eing  in  good  time  ;  early, 

"  IlfAvrii'H  brentblii);  inttuence  fidl'd  not  to  be»t<iur 
A  tiintly  pi-oiuiM!  of  uuliwk'd-for  fruit." 

irortf*K»jrfA;   White  Doe. 

*  '2.  Krephig  time  or  measure, 

3.  Eaily  ;  soon  attained  ;  premature. 
"  Uappy  were  I  In  iny  timvly  dcwth.^' 

Shakf-'tp.  :  Comedy  t^f  Errors,  i,  I. 

•  4.  Coming  in  due  time. 

"  And  sing  to  thee  until  tbnt  tlmKlle  death 
By  bejtveu's  dooiuo  doo  eiule  my  enrtbtie  ilAJes." 
Speutvr :  liuinet  ^f  Time. 

B.  .-Is  atlv. :  In  good  time,  early,  soon,  sea- 
sonably, betimes. 

"  You  spurn  the  fjivours  otTet'd  from  his  bund, 
Tbiiik,  fijtu-ti/  think,  what  terrors  are  bebind." 
Uoldsinifh:  An  Oratorio,  Vi. 

"  timely  -  parted,  a.  Having  died  a 
n.iiurjl  di-alli.    {Shukesp. :  2  lieiinj  VI.,  iii.  2.) 

ti-men'-6-guy,  i\    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

y>int. :  A  rope  made  fast  to  an  aiiobor  wlieii 
stowed,  to  k«'ep  rop-'s  from  fouling  on  it. 

•  time'-oiis,  '  tim'-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  lum;  s,  ; 
-ons.]    Timely,  seasonable. 

"  By  a  wJHe  and  timous  intiuiaition,  the  peccant 
humours  and  humourists  may  Ije  discovei-ed,  purged, 
or  nut  oW."— Bacon. 

■  time'-oiis-ly, a.  {Eng,  tivieous;  -ly.]  In  ;i 
tiineous  manner  ;  in  good  time  ;  betinn/s, 

"  llut  I  timeouxfi/  remembered  Beujamiii  West's 
entry  iu  bis  diary."  —Haily  TfUgraph.  Majcb  I,  1880. 

tim'-er,  s.  [Eng,  fon<e),  V,  ;  -er,]  One  wlio 
or  that  which  times;  specif.,  a  watch  which 
has  a  seconds-hand,  revolving  oneo  in  a 
minute,  and  a  counting  hand  which  recoids 
minutes.  It  has  a  projecting  pin  which, 
when  pressed,  causes  the  hand  to  fly  back  to 
zero,  and  remain  there  till  the  pressure  is  re- 
moved. A  form  of  stop-watch,  keeping  nut 
actual  time,  but  the  time  between  events, 
such  as  the  starting  aud  arrival  time  in  a 
race.     [Half-timer,] 

tim'-id,  s.  [Fr.  timitU,  fromLat.  tUmdus  —  full 
of  fear;  thiior  =  fear;  tiineo  =  to  fear;  Sp,, 
Port,  &  Ital.  tiiiiido.]  Fearful;  wantihg 
nerve  or  courage  to  meet  danger  ;  timoious, 

"And  of  rendering  to  him  service-s  from  whiLb 
scrupuloas  or  timid  agents  might  have  shrunk.  '— 
Macantay:  JJist.  Eng.,  ch.  xv. 

ti-mid'-i-t^,  s.  [Fr.  tlmidite,  from  Lat. 
tiiiiiititcUem.,  accus.  of  ttmiditas,  from  tiitiidiis 
=  tinnd  (q.v,).]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
titnid  ;  fearfnlness  ;  want  of  courage  to  meet 
danger;  timorousness. 

"This  proceedeth  from  nothing  else  but  extre-inie 
folly  aud  timidity  of  heart.'— P.  UoHand :  Plnt^trL-h. 
p.  2U*. 

tim'-id-ly,  adv.  [Eng,  tbiiid;  -hj.]  \\\  a 
timid  manner;  without  courage. 

tim'-id-ness.  *■-  [Eng.  timUl ;  -ness.]  Th(j 
(|iiality  or  state  of  being  timid  ;  timidity, 

tim'-id-oiis,  o.  [Ltit,  tlmidus  =  timid 
Oi.v,).]    Timid,  fearful,  timorous. 

"  Fortune  th'  audacious  doth  juvare, 
But  lets  the  timidoua  miscarry." 

Huttrr:  nudibnu.  pt  i..  i-.  iii. 

tim'-ing, /'/■.  ;)ar,,  n.,  &  s.     [Time,  y.J 

A.  &  B.  .4s  lif.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  {See 
t!ie  verb). 
C.  As  substantive: 

MarJi.  :  The  regulation  of  the  parts  of  a 
machine  so  that  all  tlie  motions  shall  t;die 
]»Iace  in  due  order  and  time,  Tliis  may  be 
illustrated  in  the  sewing  machine,  in  which 
the  stroke  of  the  needle,  the  sluittle,  and  the 
feed  take  place  necessarily  in  an  exact  se- 
(pietice. 

timing -apparatus,  .^. 

Huil.  :  An  appai-atus  for  autoiuatically  re- 
cording tlie  rate  of  speed  of  railway-trains, 

'  tim'-lBh,  a.  [Eng.  timie);  -ts7i.]  Fashion- 
able, 

"A  timigJt  gentleman  accoutered  with  sword  lUiU 
I»cruke.'  —Hart.  Jfiscetl.,  i.  6l'i. 

tim'-ist,  s.     [Eng.  tliii(c);  ~ist.] 

1,  One  who  keeps  time  in  music,  (With  a 
qualifying  adjective:  as,  a  good  tlniist,  a  bad 
timist.) 

*  2.  A  time-server. 

"  A((m(«iaanomi  iidjective  of  the  present  tense, 
lie  hath  no  more  "f  a  ounscience  than  fear,  .and  bis 
'■-ligion    1b    not    bis    but   the    priiice'a."— Oocrfturf/  • 


<  haractert,  sign.  E.  T,  b. 


tim'-men,  .^.    [Tam'.ne.] 

I'i'hric:  A  kind  of  woollen  cloth  ;  tauiiue, 

"Amid  the  toils  of  bro/wiclotli  tmil  timmcti.'—Miu 
/■Vrrur:  J nlicritancn,  iii.  vz. 


tim-mer. 


[Timber,]    (Soitch.) 


tl-mdc'-ra-9^f  s.  [Gr,  nuOKparia  (fiiiio- 
l.rnti"):  rifxTj  (tiiiu)  =  honour,  worth,  and 
Kpartw  (/:/'(f('.'o)  =  to  rule.]  A  form  of  govern- 
nieuL  in  wliich  a  certain  amount  of  pro])erty 
is  requisite  ns  a  qualification  for  ottice.  It 
also  signified  a  government  which  formed  a 
sort  of  mean  between  aristocracy  and  oli- 
garchy, when  the  ruling  classes,  composed  of 
the  best  and  noblest  citizens,  struggled  foi 
pre-eminence  between  themselves, 

"  Timocrat'ii[is]  a  term  made  use  of  by  some  Greek 
writers,  espeeially  Aristotle,  to  signify  n  iieculiur  form 
of  CLiiistitutiun  :  but  there  are  two  different  senses  in 
wltich  it  is  thus  used,  corresponding  to  the  dirterent 
meuniugs  of  the  word,  T(/iij,  a  price,  or  bonuiir,  from 
which  it  is  derived.  According  to  the  drat,  it  repre- 
sents ft  state  in  whicti  the  <iuaIificatioii  for  office  is  a 
certain  amount  of  property  ;  in  the  latter,  it  is  a  kiinl 
■  >f  menu  between  arlHtocracy  and  oligarchy,  when  the 
ruting  class,  who  are  still  the  l>63t  auu  noblest  citizens. 


"  ti'-mo-crat-ic,  n  (Timocragy.]  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of  a  timocraey. 

*'  The  timnrratic  democruiies  of  the  Achaeans  rose 
upon  t^ie  ruins  of  those  intellectual  .  .  .  uligaichibE." 
—  (.■,  //.  Lewrs:  I/ist   t'kilosophy  (ed.  1880),  i.  25. 

ti-mon-eer',  s.  [Fr.  tlmonnicr,  from  tiinnii  = 
a  helm  or  tiller,  from  Lat.  icnw^ewt,  aceus.  of 
Iciiio  —  a  pole,] 

Kant.:  A  helmsman  ;  also,  one  on  the  look- 
out wlio  directs  a  helmsman. 

"  While  o'er  the  foam  the  ship  impetuous  flies 
The  helm  tb'  attentive  limonefr  applies." 

Ealconer:  .Shipwrcrr,.  it. 

-  ti'-mon-ist,  .^.  [See  def.]  A  misanthrope  ; 
like  Timoii  of  Athens. 

"  1  dill  it  to  retire  me  from  the  world 
And  trim  my  muse  into  a  Timonist." 

Dekker :  ."iatiroiunf^fix. 

"  ti'-mon-ize,  v.i.  iTmoNMST.]  To  play  the 
misanthrope, 

"  I  should  be  tempted  to  Timonite,  and  clap  a  Satyr 
nn  the  whole  vi^icif^."— Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  M-;. 

tim-o-ro'-so,  adv.    [ital.] 
M"s.  :  With  hesitation, 

tim'-dr-ous.    "  tim'-er-oils,  *  tym  er- 

OUS,  o.     |As  if  from  a  Lat.   tinwio^us,  fiom 
tiiiLor  =  fear,]    [Timid,] 

1.  Fearful    of    danger;    timid;     wauling 
courage  or  nerve, 

■■  .So  with  her  yoting,  amid  the  woodland  sbadcs. 
A  timorous  bind  the  lion'e  court  inviideB." 

Pope:  Homer:  Odyssey  xvij.  m. 

2.  Indicating  fear;   characterized  by  fear; 
fidl  of  scruples. 

"  With  like  riHioJ'OKS  .accent  and  dire  jiM.'* 

.•ihiiKvsp.     Othfll'j,  i.  1. 

tim'-br-oiis-ly,    *  tim'-er-ous-ly,    ."//■. 

[Eiig.  tim.orou^i ;  -hj.]     In  a  timorous  iiiaiiner  ; 
fearfully  ;  timidly  ;  with  fear. 


^usfi/  confess 

I  'file  mnioier  and  th©  purpose  of  bis  treasons." 

,'ihitkenip. :  Uicliard  J//.,  ui.  C. 

tim  -or  eiis-ness,  •  tym-erous-nesse. 

^■.      [Eng.    timorous;   ■lU'^s.]     The    quality  or 
state' of  being  timorous;  fearfulness;  timidity. 

"If  he  finds  in  any  of  them  n  foolish  tiiruirounni-st 
(for  so  he  calls  the  first  appenrance  of  a  tender  eon- 
seiencel.  lie  calls  them  fools  and  blockheads.  — 
liunyitit :  nigrim  s  Proyrcss,  pt.  i. 

tim'-or-some,  «.  [Lat.  (uuor=  fear;  Eng 
SUIT,  -soinr.]  Easily  frightened;  timid,  (."icotcli) 

Tim'-6-thy,  ^^  [Lat.  rimotheus;  Gr.  Tt^ri- 
Sco<;  {Tiinot.heo»)  ~  oue  who  honoui-s  God ;  as 
:idj.  =  honouring  God;    Ttfiiiuo  (tiinau)  =  to 

1 our,  and  Qf6i  (theos)  =  God.] 

Script.  BicMj.  :  One  of  the  companions  of 
.St.  Paul  on  his  missionary  travels.  Timothy 
was  born  either  at  Lystra  or  Derbe;  hisfathe'r 
w;is  a  Greek,  his  mother  a  Jewess  (Acts  xvi, 
l-'J).  Both  his  mother  Eunice  and  his  grand- 
mother IjOis  were  Christians  (2  Tim.  i.  5), 
having  probably  been  converted  by  St.  Paul 
on  his  tirst  missionary  tour  through  Lycaonia 
(Acts  xiv.  C).  Hence  Timotliy  early  knew  the 
IJewish]  scriptures,  probably  with  Cliristian 
Intel  pivtations  (2  Tim.  iii.  16) ;  but  his  actual 
conversirm  seems  to  have  been  effected  through 
the  instrumentality  of  St.  Paul,  if,  indeed, 
this  be  tlie  meaning  of  the  phrase  "my  own 
sou  in  the  faith  "  (1  Tim.  i,  2),  His  cou.stitutiou 
was  feeble,  sensitive,  with  a  certain  tendency 
to  asceticism,  yet  not  free  from  temptation  to 
"youthful  lusts"  (2  Tim,   ii,   '22).     Ilo  was 


late.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  f^U.  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule.  fuU;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine;  go.  pot, 
Syrian.    £e,  ce  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tlmous— tinamidee 


lOa 


slitni;;1y  n;com  in  ended  to  St.  Paul  by  tin- 
(  Jn  isllaiis  at  Lysttuaiul  leojiiuiii.  The  aimstlc 
{lii'rt'r<iii!  eliose  Iiim  ns  niissinimry  collcji;;u'.', 
idul  ti;ul  him  circuiiu^isL'tl  foi'  tlii>  saki'  "f 
facilitatin;^  his  work  ainnii;,'  fhf  Jews  (Acts 
Xvi.  ;0.  11<'  tiui roughly  piiiiid  the  <:oTiliih'iicr 
aiKl  ntlection  of  St.  I'aul,  ami  was  with  liini 
u\  Macedonia  and  Corinth  (A.n.  ."i'i-rty ;  Acts 
xvii.  14,  xviii.  :> ;  1  TIu'ss.  i.  1),  and  at  Kiihesus, 
tioni  whii-h  lie  was  desimtrhed  for  special  duty 
To  Corinth  (a.d.  55-o0  ;  1  Cor.  iv.  17,  xvi.  JO). 
Ketnrniny;,  he  was  with  St.  Paul  when  the 
second  epistle  to  the  Corinthians  and  tlint  to 
The  Honians  were  penned  ('2  Cor.  i.  1  ;  Hum. 
xvi.  21),  as  also  when  lie  jiassed  through  Asia 
Minor  juior  to  his  arrest  (a.d.  .'J7-5S ;  Acts 
XX.  -1),  aud  durin-;  his  imprisonment  at  Rome 
<A.i).  (>l-«:t;  Col.  i.  1;  Phileni.  1;  Plnl.  i.  1). 
I'loUilily  about  a.d.  04  he  was  left  in  chartf'' 
-if  the  Ejihesian  chure.h.  In  Hi-h.  .\iii.  •_':(  his 
"wn  imjnisonnieutand  liheiation  are  lecoitied. 
liadition  makes  him  ultimately  sutler  uiar- 
tyrdtim.  either  iu  a.d.  90  or  in  a.d.  109. 

^  (1)  The  First  Epistk  of  Paul  the  Apostle  (u 
Timothy: 

.Vt'if  Test.  Canon:  An  epistle  addi-es.sed  by 
St.  Paul  to  Timothy.  Some  pensons  in  the 
KphesiiUi  church  had  tauyht,  or  appeared  dis- 
jiDseil  t'»  teach,  a  doctrine  different  from  that 
<'t  the  apostle.  Paul  therefore,  on  deitartiug 
tnr  Macedonia,  left  Timothy  behind  to  restrain 
those  false  teachers  (1  Tim.  i.  3-7),  preten- 
tiuus  men  too  much  given  to  jjrolitless  ''  fables 
and  endless  genealogies "  (verse  4).  Paid 
chargeil  llmothy  to  preach  the  gospel,  de- 
lining  it  as  "a  faithful  saying,  and  worthy  nf 
.(11  acceptation,  that  Christ  Jesus  came  into 
Ihe  world  to  save  sinners"  (i.  5-20).  Paul 
then  commend.s  iuiiyer  (ii.  IS),  defines  the 
■  position  of  womeji  in  the  Cliri,stian  church 
('.(-l-'j),  explains  the  dutiesof  abishop(iii.  1-7), 
and  of  a  deacon  and  his  wife  (iii.  S-13),  and, 
ixjuessing  the  hope  that  he  soon  may  see 
Timothy  (iii.  14),  gives  him  personal  ctmu- 
'%el  (15),  presents  as  lieyond  controversy  the 
mystery  (hidden  thing)  of  godliness  (16), 
)>redicts  by  the  Spirit  perilous  times  (i v.  1-4), 
;idds  fresh  injuuetii:ins  to  his  younger  col- 
league (v.-vj.),  explaining  wliat  his  action 
slicmld  be  towards  elderly  and  younger  men. 
and  elder  and  younger  women  (v.  1-10),  the 
Christian  functionaries  called  elders  (17), 
slaves  (vi.  1-2),  the  rich  (17-10),  and  what 
should  b»J  his  eoiuluet  iu  the  othce  which  he 
lirld  in  trust  (20-21).  Eusebius  summed  up 
Tjje  verdict  of  C"hristian  antiquity  in  placing 
The  liist  ejtistlo  to  Timothy  among  the  Ho- 
i:n>Iogrtnuieua.  Moilern  rationalist ie  critics, 
Imni  Scliiiiiilt  and  Schleierinacher  to  Ilenau, 
iiave  denie<l  its  authentieity,  of  which,  how- 
■■■ver,  there  have  lieen  iwwerful  defenders. 
^'arious  dates  have  been  assignetl  to  it;  one 
■'■if  the  most  x^robable  is  a.d.  oO. 

(2)  The  Second  Kpistle  of  Paul  the  Apostle  to 
Tinwfhy : 

Xeiv  Test.  Cuiion :  An  epistle  written  by  St. 
Paul  after  he  had  become  a  prisoner  (i.  8). 
in  Rome  (17),  in  bonds  (ii.  0),  who  had  l)cen  at 
ieast  once  judicially  examined  and  IweJi  re- 
<iuired  to  make  his  "answer"  (iv.  10),  a  crisis 
which,  however,  ended  in  his  being  *'  delivered 
'lutof  the  moutli  of  the  lion"  [Nero(?)](iv.  17). 
Commencing  by  expressing  his  hive  for  Timothy 
and  his  earnest  desire  to  see  liim  (i.  1-5),  he 
exhorts  him  to  stedfastness  in  the  faith  (0-ls), 
to  hardiness  and  unworldliness  (ii.  1-7),  to 
the  avoidance  of  frivolousand  entangling  ipies- 
tions,  to  purity,  (ii.  S-23),  an-l  to  meeknes;* 
under  provocation  (24-20).  His  euuTisils  are 
all  the  more  fervent  that  many  have  desert^^-d 
him  for  bt-resy  or  the  world  (i.  15,  ii.  17,  is, 
iv.  10);  and  he  foresaw  that  a  general  im- 
patience of  souml  doctrine  was  destined  to 
a.ppeai'  (iii.  1-17,  »v.  1-4).  A  certain  air  of 
sadness  i)ervades  the  epistle,  but  the  writer 
looks  forward  Ui  his  probably  near  martyrdom 
lin  tranquil  trust  in  his  Redeemer  whom  he 
Jiad  served  so  long  and  so  well  (iv.  0-S).  He 
closes  with  .snmlry  greetings  and  with  the 
Ijeiiediction .  The  evidence  foi-  the  authenticity 
•>'if  the  epistle  is  the  same  is  that  for  the  pre- 
■'  vious  letter.  Two  dates  assigned  it  are  a.d.  03 
and  July  or  August  a.d.  05.  It  seems  to  have 
been  the  last  of  St.  Paul's  epistles, 

Timothy-grass,  s. 

livf. :  PhUum  piiitense.  So  called  because 
brought  from  New  York  by  a  Mr.  Timothy 
Hanson,  ami  )ntroduee(l  by  him  into  Carolina 
and  thentie  into  England.  (/Vi'ic.)  I.ouiion 
Ktate.^  tUat   tiie    (.late   was   about    17.S0;    but 


AV.  Ellis,  writing  iu  1750,  calls  it  St.  Timothy- 
grass  and  St.  Tinudhy-seed.  {BiUtcn  £  Uvl- 
Um.l.) 

■  tim  -ous, '(.    [TiMtous.] 

'  tim  ous  ly,  ndi'.  [Eng.  timous;  -Ifi.]  In 
ti!ii'-  ;  tiiiieously,  betimes. 

'  tim-whis-key,  s.  (Etym.  doubtful.]  A 
light  oncdiorse  chaise  without  a  head. 

"It  laiiot  like  the  tliirei-eiire  b-twceii  .  .  .  i*  wliislo-y 
atui  II  thii-fchixkei/,  tluit  is  to  wiy.  no  (litfriviice  nt  all." 
— .Vmfftctf,'  The  Ihictm;  iiitercli.  xiv. 

tin,  >■.  &  <t.  [\M.  tin  :  cogn.  with  Uut.,  leel., 
it  Dan.  tin;  Sw,  tcnii;  Ger.  :inn.  The  Wei. 
ysttun;  Corn,  stenn:  IJret.  stean ;  Ir.  stan, 
and  Fr.  ctaiii  are  from  Lat.  siognnm,  stunnitm 
=  tin.] 

A.  As  suhstantifc : 

I.  Orilinaiif  I.ungnuffc: 

1.  I.itfinUy: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  11.  1. 

(2)  Thin  plates  of  iron  covered  with  tin. 
[TiN-rLATi;.] 

2.  Fitj.  :  A  slang  term  Un-  money. 

■■  Ali.l  I-  thii  .iU  '.   Aii.l  1  li,i\.-  s.'fii  llir  Hli.,le, 
r;,lli.-,lml,  ,ti;(|.ol,  ll.mi.^l\.  :ili<t  Klot-  ■ 
■'J'jss.>;mtlv  w.nth  llier/".  U]..in  lii\   si.iil  '■ 

II.  Txhnlmlhj: 

1.  ('hem.:  Stannum.  A  tetrad  metallic  ele- 
ment, Synd>.  Sn  ;  at.  wt.  US;  .sp.  gr.  7-28 ;■ 
found  in  the  state  of  oxiile  in  tin-stone,  in 
(_'o)'nwaII,  and  also  in  Saxony,  Bohemia,  and 
Malacca,  To  obtain  the  metal,  the  ore  is  first 
crushed  to  a  powder,  washeil  to  free  it  from 
eaiihy  impurities,  and  roasted  in  a  reverljer- 
attny  furnace  to  expel  sulphur  aud  arsenic. 
Jt  is  then  strongly  heated  with  coal  or  char- 
coal, and  the  metal  thus  obtained  cast  into 
blocks.  When  pure  it  is  a  white  metal  with 
a  liigh  metallic  lustre,  is  soft  anil  malleable, 
and  may  be  beaten  into  thin  leaves  (tinfoil). 
At  a  temperature  of  200'  it  becomes  brittle,  at 
228"  it  fuses,  and  when  raised  to  a  wlnte  heat 
it  enters  into  ebullition,  and  burns  with  a 
brilliant  white  light.  When  rubbed,  it  evolves 
a  peculiar  odour,  and  when  bent  backwards 
and  forwards  emits  a  peculiar  crackling  noise. 
It  dissolves  in  Iiydroehloric,  nitric,  and  sul- 
]>liuric  acids.  Tin  forms  two  well-defined 
classes  of  comjiounds,  viz.,  the  stannous,  in 
which  it  is  bivalent,  and  the  stannic,  iu  which 
it  is  quadi'ivaloul.  It  also  foriris  an  inter- 
mediate class  called  stannoso-stannic  com- 
pounds. 

2.  Hid.  <D  Co»i7u. ;  The  tin-nnnes  of  Corn- 
wall have  been  worked  from  a  very  remote 
period.  The  Fhcenicians  probably  ebtainid 
the  metal  from  the  Scilly  I.sles,  the  Romans 
did  so  fi'om  Spain.  In  modern  times  the  mines 
of  Cornwall  and  Devon  have  been  worked 
with  much  .success.  Tin  is  much  used  as  a 
covering  to  other  metals,  as  iron  and  copper. 

IWHITIMRON,  TlNFOIl,.] 

3.  Mill.:  Stated  to  have  l»een  found  in 
Siberia  with  gold,  and  also  in  Bolivia  ;  but  it 
is  still  a  doubtful  native  element. 

4.  Phil  nil.  :  Tin-salts  liave  been  exi>erimen- 
tally  administered,  thongh  rarely,  in  some 
nervous  affectiT^ns,  as  epilepsy  and  chorea. 
By  the  Hindoo  native  doctors  they  are  given 
chiefly  for  urinary  affections. 

B.  As  (ulj. :  Made  of  tin  ;  as,  a  tin,  pot,  a 
tilt  canister,  &c. 

^  Tin-ore  =  Cussiicrite,  Stannine;  tin-oxide 
and  tin-pyrites  =  .S^etHuiiie;  tin-stone  =  t'as- 
aitirite. 

tin-dichloride.  s-. 

i.'hem. :  SnCl^.  Staiuious  chloride.  A  gray 
resimius-looking  substance,  obtained  in  the 
anhydrous  state  by  distilling  a  mixture  of 
calomel  and  jwwdered  tin.  H  is  fusible  l>e- 
low  redness,  aud  volatile  at  a  liigher  teiri- 
perature. 

tin-dioxide,  s. 

1.  h^jH. :  SnO-;.  Stannic  oxide.  A  white 
auiori)hous  powder  prepared  by  heating  tin, 
or  tin  monoxide,  in  contact  with  air.  It  is 
very  insoluble,  not  being  attacked  by  acids 
even  in  the  concentrated  state. 

tin-glass,  '  tinglasse,  <>. 

"*  I,  All  oltl  name  for  pi'wler  ui'soliler. 

2.  I  he  glasfiiiiaUers'  name  for  bismuth. 

tin  -  glaze,  »\ 

Potiir.j:  v\u  opa(|Ue  gla?,e,  or  enamel,  haxing 


oxiile  of  tin  ;is  u  basis,  used  upon  )ni^|n]it^ 
wan-  and  other  fine  ])ott4'ry. 

tin- li(;^UOr.  -■.  A  dyer's  •*..lMtinn  id  tin, 
digestj'd  111  liydi'oehlorii-  ami  nit  lie  aejils, 
with  an  a<l<litiou  of  sjdt. 

tin  monoxide.  ^ 

I'li.i.i.:  Slid.  stannous  oMoe.  A  din^i- 
blaik  pow'Ier  iirepare<l  by  heating  slaiinotiM 
oxalate  out  of  cunlai-t  with  an.  ll  is  perma- 
nent ill  the  air,  but  when  toiicIie«l  with  ii  red- 
hot  wiie  takes  tire  and  burm*  like  tindci'. 

tin  mordant,  ^'.  ThusameasTiN-Liouou 
C'l-v.). 


tin  ore. 


Ihe  ore  of  tin.    |Tin,  s.] 


tin  penny,  .v-.  A  custoniary  diil>  in 
Kn^IaiKl.  formerly  jiaid  to  th.-  liihingmeii  for 
liberty  to  (Jig  iu  Tin  mines. 

tin  pot,  >■.  The  tirst  of  th.-  •»■  T  of  baths  lit 
wliieh  she.t-irou  is  dipped  for  tinning. 

tin  salt,  ^'. 

fh.-m.:  SnCl2,2HoO.  The  hy.li.ile.i  chloii.I.- 
"f  tin  proiivieed  by  dissolving  tin  in  Imt 
hydrochloric  acid.  It  erystallj/.es  in  neei|le'<, 
freely  soluble  in  water,  and  is  ext*Misi\ely 
used  as  a  mordant  in  tlyeing  and  calico-print- 
ing. 

tin -saw,  .s. 

li'.-i'.kkni.  :  A  saw  used  by  bricklayers  for 
cutting  kerfs  iu  bricks  in  oiiler  to  render 
them  more  readily  dressed  by  the  nxe  which 
Ih-ws  them  into  shajie  for  the  skew  or  gauged 
Work,  dome,  or  niche  for  which  ttn-y  aie 
destined. 

tin-scrap,  .'•.  ('biqiings  or  serai)s  nmde 
in  tlie  maiiiifaetiue  of  tin-ware.  It  loiisi-Is 
ol  iron  I'late,  partially  all(»>ed,  and  also 
loateil  with  tin,  the  amount  of  the  latter 
varying  from  three  to  five  jiej-  cent.  In 
inferior  wares  the  tin  is  itself  debased  with 
lead. 

tin-sesquioxide,  >. 

<'hiiii.  :  Sii^();[.  A  slimy  substane-,;  obtained 
by  the  action  of  ferric  oxide  on  stninouH 
chloride.  It  is  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid 
ami  ill  amiuonia. 

tin-smitb,  ^     <)iie  who  makes  articles  of 

tin  or  tin-plate. 

tin-tack.  -.     A  t;ick  dipped  in  melte.l  fhi. 
tin- tetrachloride,  s. 

Chem.:  SnClj.  Stannic  chloride.  A  thin, 
colourless,  mobile  liquid  obtained  by  distil- 
ling n  mixture  of  powdered  tin  and  eoriosi^i; 
sublimate.  It  boils  at  120%  fumes  in  the  air. 
and.  when  mixed  with  water,  solidities  to  a 
soft  mass  railed  butter  of  tin. 

tin -trichloride,  s. 

i.'hcm. :  Sii(;l;:.  Stannoso-st.;innic  chloride. 
Piodueed  by  dissolving  tin  sesijuioxide  iu 
liydiochloric  acid.  It  is  only  known  in  solu- 
tion, and  acts  like  a  mixture  of  dii-hloridi; 
and  tetrachhiride. 

tin-type,  .«.  A  photogi-ajdi  taken  on  a 
tinned  plate  ;  a  stanuotype  or  ferrotype, 

tin-white  cobalt,  s. 

Min. :  Till-  s;ime  as  Smaltinf.  ('i-v.). 

'tin-worm,  .■^.  An  insect;  a  .species  of 
nullijiede.     (Pnilry.) 

tin,  v.f.    [Tin-,  s.] 

1.  To  cover  or  overlay  with  tin. 

"  Tlie  cuver  may  be  tinned  ov*r  only  by  iiiulUiti  of 
Biiiele  till  plat<s  over  it,"— Jftyrtiiner. 

2.  To  ]iut  up  ill  a  tin  case  :  as,  To  tin  meat, 
fisli,  fruit,  vegetables,  &c. 

ti-nam'-i-dse,  ■••■.  jil.     (Mod.  Tat.  tiiuiiii(i's): 
Lat.  fem.  jtl.  adj.  suff.  -itUc] 

Oniith.  :  A  fandly  of  Game  Birds,  witti  nine 
genera  and  thiily-nine  species.  Hill  straight, 
flattened,  with  membrane  at  Iwise,  nostrils 
large  ;  wings  .short  and  concave,  toes  long. 
They  form  a  very  remarkable  family,  with 
the  general  appearance  of  partriilges  or  hemi- 
jtodes,  but  with  the  tail  very  small  or  entiridy 
wanting.  They  dift'er  greatly  in  their  organi- 
sation from  any  of  the  Old  Worhl  Gallime, 
and  approach,  in  some  respects,  the  Ostriehes, 
They  are  very  terrestiial  in  Their  liabit^. 
frei|ueuting  the  forest-t,  open  plains,  and 
UKtuiitains  of  the  Neotropical  region,  fr<nu 
I'at^igonia  and  Chili  to  ^!exi<H).  but.  are  absent 
from  the  Antilles.     Their  colouring  is  very 


boil,  bo^;  pout,  j<5^1;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9liin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this:  sin,  a^;  expect.  Xenophon.  exist,      ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin;  -tion,  -jion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  -  shus.    -ble.    die.  •^<-.      bel.  dcL 


104 


tinamou—  tinfloor 


M4l*^r  And  I'rt'UTiivi-,  &»  \a  Uw  cusv  with  so 
iiiAity  >irauiulbini»,  aixl  tliey  an-  .st-ldttiii 
Ajorui'J    wiUi    ciwitM    IT    uthtir    uriiauu-iitnl 

Itluiuiii.  M>  [inrvjitfiit  ill  tlif  unlci  t      vhicli 

tin   a  mon.  i.     tXativi;  name.) 

iir'-.t!'  :    Any    indlviiiuiil    of   tLc    .aiiiily 

T:....,,.J.-wv-). 
tin    A  muBt    ^-      [Ljitini:»ed     from     N''j^m'>'' 

('f -M/A. ;  Tlif  ty|M*j;i'iius  nf  Tiiiaiiiiil;»\  with 
iM»vrii  .<|K»rii'ji,  ran(fill^  fn>iii  Me\ict>  to  I'aia- 
\iiy.iY  nUl  ratlHT  short,  houkid  ;it  tip.  sidi'-s 
<.oiii[»ic.iaiHl.  iit'hlrilo  towards  \k\sv  ;  winn^ 
with  third  and  fiiiirtli  quills  Imtp'^t.  t^p^ 
.i(iv»h1;  tail  vi'iy  short,  coverts  UMi^tht'iu'd ; 
cl  i>^  ■>  thick  aud  shurt. 

tin  ca.  >.    (Uit,) 

I.  l-hth]).:  Tench  <q.v.);  a  geuiis  of  Cypri- 
III  I.'-,  with  a  sin;:Ie  species,  Tinot  tinea 
(t  '■:! juris),  found  all  over  Eurojic  in  stagnant 
wur^Th  with  s<»fl  bottom.  Scales  sniall. 
•l«"-)ily  eml>edded  in  the  thick  skin  ;  lateral 
111'-'  noiiplcte  ;  dorsal  slioit,  liaving  its  origin 
v{>|)osil(-  the  ventral,  aiml  short,  i-Audal  some- 
wU*'  tnmcalcil  ;  niniiUi  anterior,  with  a 
1m!  \m-\  at  the  angles  ;  gill-rakers  short,  laneeo- 
l.tl'> ;  jtsfudobiTinchiie  iiuliineiitaiy ;  i)h;i- 
ryiim-al  teeth  cuneiform,  slightly  hooked  ut 
till- til 


•  end. 
2.  /'nitron/ 
Oiitiation^. 


From    Tertiary     fiv^hwater 


txn   cal.  >.    [TiNicvL.] 

tin  cAl   c6-nite,  >■.     lEng-  /tHCf(/,and  conite.] 
jWu'.  ;  A  pulverulent  and  etllorescent  variety 
of   Ininix  (q.v.),  Containing  32  i>er  ceut.  of 
v^^ter,  found  iu  California. 

tin  ohlll.  tin'-cliel,  ^<.  [Gael.  Jc  Ir.  t!m- 
.■h\i)-'  =  i-ircuit,  conijas-s.]  A  circle  of  sports- 
iiifii,  who,  by  surrounding  a  great  symce  of 
co<tiitJ"y.  and  gi-adually  closing  in,  brought 
innnense  quantities  of  deer  togetlier  so  as  tu 
c>i'ture  or  kill  them. 

"  Well  QU«I1  the  savHge  UKmiitniuetr, 
A*  tliclr  Tinchel  oows  tiie  gnmv. " 

ficoff  .■  Lad}/  of  (tu-  Lalce,  vi.  17. 

*  tinct,  I'.t.  (Lat.  tinctus,  pa.  par.  of  tingo  = 
t>  lye.l    ITiNGE.] 

1.  To  tinge,  to  stain,  to  dye,  to  sijot,  to  tint. 

"  Mnrcli  tlie  27th  hi  the  sealed  wejitlier-tfhwa.  when 
firnt  put  into  watvr,  thu  Uncled  Bi'irit  I'catrd  At  9^ 
kMtir^-lloitlc:    »ork*.  ill.  H7. 

2.  To  imbue  with  a  t.ast«. 

•■  Wr  liave  ftrtiflciitl  welU  iiiaUe  in  imitiitioii  of  the 
Tt\tur.\t,  n»  lincted  upuu  vitriol,  sulphur,  nutlateel."— 

•tinct,.*.      (TiSCT,  1'.] 

1.  .Stain,  colour,  tint,  dye. 

'■  r..'ii»kiig  H  worlil  of  gayer  tinct  niid  gmce." 

Tliotfuon  .  Cattle  of  IwMenve,  1.  44. 

2.  The  grand  elixir  of  the  alchi-niists ; 
tiitctuic. 

"  Thi»t  fiVRt  ineJ'clue  hnth 
With  hU  tinct  gilded  thee." 

^hakesft. :  All's  nVH.  v. ;;. 

*  tinct,  ('■  [Lat.  tinctus.]  Coloured,  tinctured, 
st.iin.-d. 

■'  The  blew  in  hlHck.the  ureene  in  gi-ny,  iHinct." 
Speutcr :  ^jhepheurii*  Cttleiuler  ;  A'of. 

*  tinc-tbr -i-al,  a.  (Lat.  tinctor  =  a  dyt-r, 
irom  linrtiia.  pa.  par.  of  (in^o  =  to  dye.)  Pur- 
t.iining  tu  eolours  or  dyes  ;  imparting  a  colour 
or  f.ly'-. 

tinc  -turc,  5.     [Lat  Hndura  =  n  dyeing,  from 
t'nclns,  pa.  par.   of  tingo  =  to  dye;  bp.  & 
Ital.  'inlnra;  Fr.  teinture.] 
L  OnUnary  Languagt : 

1.  Lit. :  A  tinge  or  shade  of  colour ;  a 
colour,  a  tint. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  slight  taate  superadded  to  any  sub- 
utance  :  as,  a  tincture  of  orange-peel. 

(2)  A  slight  quality  added  to  anything;  a 
titige. 

"  All  mnnnent  tftke  »  tincture  from  onr  own, 
Or  cuiue  Uiacoluur'd  thrutiKh  our  iMumioua  ubowu.* 
Potte :  Moral  Ksiaj/s.  i.  Si. 
II.  TecUnicalbj: 

1.  Chem. :  The  liner  and  more  volatile  parts 
of  a  sukstance,  separated  by  a  niciistrunm  ;  an 
extract  of  a  part  of  the  substance  of  a  body 
couiuiunicated  to  the  menstruum. 

2.  Her. :  The  name  given  to  the  colours, 
niytJils,  or  tints  used  for  the  field  or  ground  of 
an  cniblazoiied  shield,  including  the  two  metals 


or  and  argent,  or  gold  and  silver,  the  several 
colours,  and  the  fui-s. 

3.  JVuirm. :  A  coloured  solution  of  some 
nnimnl  or  vegetable  principle.  Tinctures  are 
very  numerous.  Garrod  has  a  list  of  nearly 
seventy,  c(»mmen(-iiig  with  the  tincture  of 
aconite  and  the  tincture  of  ahies.  Different 
nn-nstrua  aiv  euiployeil  ;  chiefly  rectified 
sjtirit.  proof  ^[lirit,  c«'nip<tund  spirit  of  aiu- 
moni:i,  and  spirit  of  elher. 

tincture-  press,  ^.  -■Vn  apparatus  for 
thoroughly  exliacting  (he  active  principles  of 
plant's,  &c.,  by  .submitting  them  to  com- 
pression. 

tinc'-ture,  v.t.    (Tinctihi:,  s.] 

1.  Lit.  :  To  rolour,  to  dye,  to  stain  ;  to  im- 
bue or  impregnate  with  a  coh>ur  or  Hut. 

"  A  little  hliick  |).iiiit  will/i>k-rNr(;KUd»tK)il  twouty 
gny  colourc. ' — H'ntfa. 

2.  Fi'j.  :  To  imbue,  t^*  tinge. 

"It  M.  iiH]t.,l.  Lii-iiiDill)  true,  tlutt  the  history  of  ft 
uieL'tiHiiUHl  iirt  HiUn'tU  but  iii»i|<i(l  erit'ertttiiiiueitt  to  n 
miud  whiLh  i»  lim-fn,-cd  mth  Uie  lil>er.tlity  of  wbilo- 
mn.hy  anil  the  elcyanceof  cl.Tsstwil  Utemture."— Atwx." 
I'aayt,  No.  l-iS. 

*  tind, '  tinde,  *  teend,  *  tend,  v.t.  [A.H. 
tituhin  —  iu  kindle;  cogu.  with  Dan.  ttnuie ; 
Sw.  tnnUti ;  Goth,  tatuijan ;  Ger.  ::iinden.'\ 
[TiNDEK.]    To  kiudle  ;  to  .set  on  fire. 

"  And  stryful  Atin  in  their  stubbonie  mind 
Colea  of  coiitt:iitlou  iind  hot  veugtuuice  tind." 

Spenser:  F.  Q.,  IL  viii.  11. 


"  tind,  '  tynde. 


ITXNE(1),S.] 


tin'-dal,  ^■.  [llind.  tandail.]  A  boatswain's 
mate";  the  master  or  coxswain  ;pf  the  large 
pier-boats  which  ply  in  tlie  harbour  of  Bom- 
liay ;  also,  au  attendant  on  an  army.  {Eii^t 
Indies.) 

tin'-der,  -  ton-dre,  '  tun-der,  ,'.     [A.S. 

tyadre,  eogn.  with  tcndtin  =  to  kindle  ;  Icel. 
tundr  =.  tinder;  tetidra  —  to  light  a  fire;  Uimiri 
=  fire ;  Dan.  Ibnda-  =  tinder ;  Sw.  tu^uier ; 
Ger.  ziindcr.]  Any  .substance  eminently  com- 
bustible. It  is  usually  of  dried  rotten  wood 
or  rag,  dipped  in  a  pieparatii.'U  of  sulphur, 
used  to  kindle  a  tire  front  a  si>ark.    [Amadou.] 

"  In  one  of  them  there  m;is  tlie  sti.ne  they  i^trike  fire 
with,  Hud  tinder  ni;itle  of  Kirk,  but  of  wh.it  tree  cuukl 
Hut  be  distinguished."— Cfit'fc.'  Second  Voyage,  bk.  i.. 
cli,  vii, 

tinder-box,  s.  A  box  in  which  tiuder  is 
kept. 

"  Whose  leaves  .ire  fiiir,  but  their  hearts  good  for 
nothing  but  to  be  tinder  for  the  devil's  tiiider-box.  '— 
liunyun  :  Pihjrim'a  Progrets.  iit  ii. 

tinder-like,  «.  Like  tiuder ;  easily  cateh- 

ing  lire. 

"  H.tsty.  and  tindcr-likc,  tipcu  too  trivial  motiou."— 
Shakcifj.      Ct/riolanus,  ii.  1. 

tinder-ore,  ». 

Mill. :  An  impure,  soft  variety  of  Jame.sonite 
(q.v.).  Colour,  a  dark  diity  i-ed.  Formerly 
referred  to  kermesite,  but  now  shown  to  be  a 
mixture  of  janiesonite  with  led  silver  and 
mispickel.  Found  in  the  mines  of  the  Havtz 
mountains. 

*  tin'-der-y,  o.  [Etig.  twder;  -y.]  Like  tin- 
dt-r  ;  jiilhtmmable. 

■'  I  love  ntiltody  for  nothing ;  I  .im  :iot  so  tinder!/."— 
Mad.  D'Arblay  :  Diury,  vi.  A\. 

tine  (1),  '  tind,  •  tynde,  s,  [Prop.  ti)id  (cf. 
woodbine  for  woodbind),  from  AS.  tiiid  :  cogn. 
with  Icel.  tiiulr=^a  spike,  a  tooth  of  a  raUe 
or  harrow  ;  Sw.  (tn)JC  =  the  tooth  of  a  lake. 
Allied  to  tooth  (q.v.).']  A  term  properly  applied 
to  a  prong  which  pierces,  as  in  forks,  whether 
for  culinary  or  table  use,  or  such  as  are  adapted 
for  hay  or  manure.  It  must  not  be  confounded 
with  tooth,  as  in  the  harrow,  or  the  cylinder 
of  a  thrashing  machine,  &c.  ;  the  action  is 
different.  The  stirrers  \>{  other  cultivators 
are  known  as  shovels,  shares,  or  teeth,  accord- 
ing to  form  and  action. 

"In  the  southvm  mrbt  of  Eiigtand.  tliev  deatroy 
nudes  by  traps  tbiit  tall  on  thein,  and  strike  shiirit 
tiJUi  or  teeth  through  Uiein."—3larlivicr :  ffuabundrr/, 

*  tine  (2),  s.     [Teen.]    Trouble,  distress.  - 

"Stood  gaziug.  filled  with  i-ueful  lijie." 

i^/xiiser :  F.  Q.,  IV.  iii.  37., 

tine  (3),  s.     [Tine  (2),  v.] 

Bot. :  A  wild  vetch  or  tare ;  a  plant  that 
encloses  or  tines  other  plants  {Tiisser);  spe- 
cially Ficia  kirsuta,  V.  Craccu,  and  Lathyrus 
tuberosits. 

*  tine  (1)  v.t.    [Tind.]    To  kindle,  to  infiame. 

"Tbeclouda 
JoKtling  or  ptish'd  with  winds,  rude  iu  their  shuck. 
Tinc  the  slant  lightning,"         Milton  :  P.  L..  x,  l,(i73. 


*  tine  (2),   v.t.     [.\.S.  tynan.]     To  shut  in,   to 
iiiclusr. 

*  tine (;J),  tyne,  v.t.  &  i.    [luel.  t^m  =  to  lose.; 

A.  Traiit^.  :  To  lose. 

"  Hotter  ti/nc  life,  since  tiut  is  gnde  fame."— .■*c.'"(f  : 
Ili'ift  nf  Midlothiiin,  vh.  vii. 

B.  lutrnna. :  To  be  lost  ;  to  i>erish  iu  any- 
way.    {Scotch.) 

*  tine  (4),  '^  tyne,  v.i.    [Tine  (2),  s.]    To  feel 

pain  or  disdtss ;  to  smart,  to  rage. 

"  Ne  was)  theiY  anlve.  nv  ua«  tboie  iiiedleine. 
That  mute  recuie  their  notuida;  so  inly  tbey  did 
tinc."  S/ji'/uer  ■'  /'.  '^.,  II.  J.i.  21. 

t^'-e-a,  5.     [Lat.  =  a  gnawing  worm,  a  moth, 
a  book'\\iirm.] 

Entoiii. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tiiieidie(q.v.). 
Head  hairy  ;  antenujc  in  the  mali-  sometimes 
slightly  ciliated  ;  maxillary  palpi  fohh-d,  gene- 
rally five-join t<.'d  ;  labial  palpi  cylindrie,  hairy, 
or  bristly;  fore  wings  oblong,  ovate;  hind 
wings  ovate,  clothed  with  scales.  Known 
British  species  thirty-two.  Some  are  very 
destructive  to  clothes,  specially  I'ineu  hisdU- 
clhi  and  T.  pelUontlla.  The  exi)ansion  of  their 
wings  is  about  half  an  inch.  The  first  has  thc- 
fore  wings  glossy,  pale  ochreous,  with  no 
spots,  the  hind  wings  whitish,  with  paU- 
oehreous  cilia.  It  feeds  largely  on  Iiorseliair, 
and  constructs  silken  galleries  in  the  interior 
of  chairs,  sofas,  mattresses,  &c.,  and  attacks 
carpets.  The  second  species  his  three  indis- 
tinet,  brownish  spots  on  the  fore  wings,  the 
larva  has  a  reddish-brown  head ;  it  attacks 
quills,  featheis,  stockings,  cloth,  &e.,  con- 
structing a  portable  wise  of  the  substance  on 
which  it  feeds.  Both  are  common  in  houses 
throughout  the  year,  but  are  most  abundant 
in  summer.  Another  destruetive  species  is  T. 
t«i)c::ella,  which  has  a  wing-expanse  of  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch ;  the  base  of  the  fore 
wings  is  black,  the  apex  white;  the  huva 
feeds  on  the  linings  of  carriages,  green  baize, 
down,  &c.,  constructing  a.  gallery  partly  of 
the  cloth,  partly  of  its  own  silk.  It  is  foniid 
in  June  and  July  on  jmlings,  in  houses,  &c. 
T.  gnindla  attacks  corn  in  granaries,  and 
T.  ochraceella  lives  iu  ants'  nests. 

2.  Pathol. :  Skin  diseases  produced  by  vege- 
table fungi  in  or  upon  the  epidermis,  the 
chief  being  ringworm  (q.v.).  There  are  many 
species,  Tinea  tonsurans,  T.  l:erion,  T.  favosa^ 
T.  demivaiis,  T.  sycosis,  and  T.  versicahr. 

tined,  o.     [Eng.  tine  (1),  s.  ;  -ed.]    Furnished 
with  tines. 


ti-ne'-i-dse,  6.  rl  [Mod.  Lat.  tin^(a);  Lat. 
feni.  pi.  adj.  suft.  -ida;.] 

Kutom.:  The  typical  family  of  Tineina.  Head 
rough  ;  labial  palpi  short,  thick,  frequently 
bristly ;  maxillary  palpi  often  greatly  deve- 
loped. I-.arva  with  sixteen  legs,  living  in  a 
portable  case,  or  feeding  on  fungi,  decjiye<i 
wood,  &c.  It  contains  the  Clothes  Moths  and 
the  Long-horned  Moths.  Known  British 
species,  sixty-nine. 

tin-e-i'-n^,  5.  j>/.  [Mod.  Lat.  tine(a)  ;  Lat. 
ueut.  pi.  suff.  -iim.^ 

Entom.  :  A  group  of  sniall  Heterocei-a 
(Moths).  AntenuBe  setaceous,  rarely  pecti- 
nated or  ciliated,  hmgerthan  the  body,  which 
is  sleuder  ;  wings  long,  with  long  cilia.  Hhid 
wings  attenuated,  or  of  an  elongate  trape- 
zoidal form.  Larva  with  sixteen,  fourteen,  or 
no  legs.  Known  British  species  UG'.t,  or  more 
than  a  third  of  the  British  Lepidoptera. 
{Staivton.) 

*  tine'-man,  ;>■.  (Prob.  from  titte  (-2),  v.,  and 
man.]  Au  officer  of  the  foiest  who  had  the 
nocturnal  care  of  vert  and  venison,  and  other 
servile  employments.     (Coivell.) 

tin'-et,  .^.  [Tine  (2).  v.]  Brushwood  and 
thorns  for  making  and  repairing  hedges, 
(DnrriU.) 

tine'-wald,  ^■.  [A.S.  &  icel.  thing  —  an 
assembly  ;  Dan.  ting,  and  A.S.  weald  =  a 
wood,  an  open  sfmce  ;  cf.  Icel.  thing-vdllr=  a 
place  where  a  thing  sat,  a  parliament  field.] 
The  ancient  parliament  or  annual  convention 
of  the  people  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

tin'-flobr,  s.     [Eng.  tm,  and  jloor.] 

Tin-7ni)iin(i :  The  name  usually  given  to  a 
small  vein  or  thin  flat  mass  of  tinstone  inter- 
posed between  certain  rocks  and  parallel  to 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  r&le,  fuU ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  ^  e ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tinfoil— tinodes 


105 


their  he>\-i.    The  same  iiaino  is  occasionally 
givi'ii  to  a  liirge,  iricgular  muss  of  tin-cro. 

tin'-foil,  >:.  [En^'.  tin,  v.,  and  /oil  (-J)  (q.v.).  i 
N'omiiKitlv  |.ure  tin  U'aten  out  into  a  thin 
shr-t.     Very  frequently,  however,  it  is  a  inix- 

turt'  I'f  till  and  lead. 

•  tin-foiled,  ".    { Knj;. tin^fnil ;  -ed.]    Cnvi-iv-l 

with  tinfoil  ;  ht-nci',  gUttiTin;^,  Imt  \vor[liK'>s. 

"O  Lu.-i...  fortiui.'-.  Jit 
U  riibtx-(l  quite  offlroiil  iny  slii;lit  tinfn,/,'  I  -Lit.- 
Afarslau:  Aiit<jiiivs  licr>-,i^ic.  i.  Z. 

ting  (1).  s.  [Kroni  the  sound.]  Asharp sound, 
;is  ola  bell ;  a  tinkle  ;  a  tinkling. 

ting  (2\  s.  H'hinese.]  The  room  in  a  Chinese 
tomiile  coutaiuing  the  idol. 

ting.  v.i.  kt.     [Ting  (1),  .-i.l 

A,  Iiitmns.  :  To  sound,  to  ring,  to  tinkk-. 

■'  Uia  helmet  tingling  tiwjs." 

J'haer :  Virtfit ;  .EneiU  \k. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  ring,  to  tinkle. 

"Cui  iite  till  kiiii;  tinjiitg  n  silver  bell." 

Chancer :  Ti-stainent  (ifCrcscidc. 

tinge,  c.f.  [Lat.  f nif/o  =  t«  dye  ;  Gr.  Teyyw 
(teiigijo)  =  to  wet,  to  moisten,  to  stain.) 

I.  7.(7.  ;  To  coUiur,  to  dye,  to  .stain ;  to 
modify  tlu-  cnhmr  or  tinge  of. 

"  Wliere  tlii'  ItiKli  pluiiies  iibuve  tlie  helmet  tliince, 
New  tiiifffU  witli  Tyiiau  dye." 

Pope  :  J/omcr ;  Iliad  xv.  634. 

II.  Figuratively : 

1.  To  qualify  or  modify  the  taste  or  flavour 
of  ;  to  give  a  taste,  fljivour,  or  smack  to. 

2,  To  modify  the  charaeter  or  qualities  of. 

"Sir  Roger  iaaumethiug  of  iui  bUDiouriat:  .-iml  his 
virtuea.  as  weU  ns  imperfect ioua,  are  tiii'je.l  by  n  ler- 
titin  extraviLjjuiice,  which  makes  them  |';irtictil,irly 
liXii.  "—AdUison  :  Upectator,  No.  106. 

tinge,  -«.      [TiNQK,  v.] 

I.  Lit. :  A  slight  degree  of  colour,  shade,  or 
hue  superadded  or  infused  into  another  sub- 
stance or  mixture  ;  a  colour,  a  tint. 

"  It  givea  iKildiieaa  mid  graudeur  to  ptiiiiis  and  feua, 
tinge  liud  ooluuniig  to  clays  and  fallowa."— VW^^  .- 
Jfat.  Thcol.,  cli.  xxvi. 

II.  Figuratii^cly : 

1.  A  superadded  taste  or  flavour  ;  a  smack. 

2.  A  Tiiodificatiou  of  character  or  qualities; 
a  smack  :  .as.  There  is  a  tinge  of  bitterness  in 
his  language. 

*  ting'-ent,  a.  [Lat.  tinge-i^,  pr.  par.  of  tingo 
=:  to  (lye.)     Having  the  power  to  tinge   or 


This  wood,  by  the  tincture  it  afforded,  appeared  to 

■e  its  coluuurd  part  genuiue;  but  as  lor  tne  white 

part,  it  apiieara  much  less  eiuitihed  with  the  ttnjcnt 


have  its  coluuurd  part  genuiue;  but  as  lor 
part,  it  ai^>iiear3  '  -,.... 

^TOi>eity. '  —/lofflt 

tin'-gi,  tin' -guy,  5.    [See  def.] 

/;"'  :  Till'  Biiiziliuu  name  of  Magonia  pnbes- 
ccii^  and  .1/.  tjlabnUa.     (,M.\gonia.]' 

tin'-gi-dae,  5.  id-      [Mod.   Lat.   tingiis)  ;    Lat. 
feiii.  pi.  adj.  sutr.  -iihe.]    [Tinging.] 

tin-gi  -nse,  s.  pf.     [Mod.  Lat.  tiiig(is);  Lat. 

IViii.  pi.  ;iilj.  suff.  -iiut'.] 

Entom. :  A  sub-family  of  Membranacea.  The 
most  typical  forms  are  exceedingly  ilepressed, 
tlie  hemelytra  frequently  closely  reticulated 
and  semi-transparent.  They  are  minute  and 
very  delicate  bugs  found  upon  various  trees 
and  plants,  chiefly  herbaceous,  feeding  ou  their 
juices.  Sometimes  elevated  to  the  rank  of 
a  family  Tingidre. 

tin'-gis,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Kntom. :  The  typicjd  genus  of  Tingin:e(q.v.). 
British  spunles  sixteen  or  more. 

tin'-gle,  '  tin-gil,  r.t.  &  t.     [a  freti.  from 

InN,(q.v.).] 

A.  i II transit Ive : 

*  I.  To  tinkle,  to  ting,  to  ring.  (See  ex- 
ample s.v.  Ting,  r..  A.) 

2.  To  feel  a  kind  fif  thrilling  sensation,  as 
in  hearing  a  sharp,  ringing  sound. 

"Ten  times  nt  least  in  the  Chrotiicles  and  E/ra,  is 
the  same  wurd  dually  used,  for  cyuibjiU;  and  the 
verbe  of  thia  ri.ot.  is  the  sauie.  whereby  God  uuuld 
expre*se  the  O'uff't'i:/ of  the  eares."— BtaAo/*  i/a// :  ihe 
Impresse  of  Goil. 

3.  To  fbel  a  sharj',  thrilling  pain. 

i.  To  have  a  thrilling  sensation,  or  a  sharp, 
slight  penetrating  sensation. 
5.  To  c;iuse  a  thrilling  sensation. 

"  Scaicely  conacious  what  he  heara. 
The  tiuinpeta  tingle  in  his  ears." 

Scott:  llokebtj,  vi.  25. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  cause  to  g'ive  a  sharp  ring- 
ing sound  ;  to  ring,  to  tinkle. 


tin'-glihg,  ^.  [TiNULK.)  .\  Ihi-ilUng,  tieum- 
lou^)  sensation. 

'■  Hi-  fei-U  a  gentle  thiglhin  come 
iJowu  to  hU  linger  aud  hU  tliuiub.' 

Voivpcr:  To  Ladj/ Atitfcn. 

'  tin -glish,  «.  [Eug.  (my/(f); -is/i.J  Sensitive. 

"  The  tetnpi-ra  nciw  aliM-  and  tinglith' 

Itrowniiij:  Old  /'irtiow  m  Floicnet: 

*  tihk,  ■  tinck,  *  tynk.  (■.('.  [Of  Imitative 
origin;  cV.  o.  Out.  fi >i'ii  hin'jen  =  io  tingle; 
Lat.  ti.t.ii-*  =  {•>  luikU-  ;  Ki'.  tinier.]  To  make 
a  .sliarp,  siii'ill  noise  ;  to  tinkle. 

"lain  maiul  .  .  .  asft  cymlml  f^nfci/fi.'/c."— Trj/tV/jftJ  .- 
I  Corinlltiiim  xlil.  1. 


tink. 


['['ink,  )•.]    A  tinkle,  a  tingle. 


tin  -kal,  tin'-cal,  s.     [The  Indian  name  for 
l.or:ix".l 
Min.  :  Tlie  same  a«  Native-borax  (q.v.). 

tin -kal-zite,  s.  [Eng.  tinka! ;  suff.  -o'/f 
(.l/(.).');  G.-r.  tinkahit.] 

Mir.  :  .\  name  given  to  the  Ulexitc  (q.v.)  of 

M'lu-ii. 

Tin-kar,  -■^.    [See  compound.) 

Tinkar's  root,  j. 

Hot.:  Tlie  n>Mt  of  Triostetuii  per/oIiaiuiH, 
giowiuLj;  ill  the  United  States.  It  is  two  to 
tliree  feet  high,  with  large,  oval,  acuminate 
leaves,  lUiIl  purple  tlowers,  anil  orange  eol- 
oiind  berries.  In  small  doses  it  is  a  mild  ca- 
thartic ;  given  in  larger  quantity,  it  produces 
\omiting.  Its  dried  and  roasted  berries  have 
been  used  as  a  substitute  for  coflVe.  It  de- 
rives its  popular  name  from  a  Dr.  Tinkar, 
who  lirst  used  it  medicinally. 

tin -ker,  '  tyn-ker,  5.     [Eng.  tint,  v.;  -er. 
From  his  making  a  tinkling  sound.) 
I,  Onlimiry  Language  : 

1.  One  who  mends  pots,  kettles,  pans,  or 
tlie  like. 

"Or  by  the  sound  t«  Judge  of  gold  and  braaa, 
What  piece  is  lin!{er's  metal,  what  will  jjasa?" 

Dryden  '  Persiux  v.  155. 

2.  The  act  of  tinkering  or  mending  ;  cob- 
bling, patching,  botching. 

3.  A  |)opular  name  for  small  mackerel. 
(iWiy  ICnghnuL) 

'  II.  Onhi. :  A  small  mortar  on  the  eiut  of  a 
stall. 

tinker's  dam,  s.  A  wall  of  dough  raised 
aioimd  ;i  phicc  wliieh  a  plumber  desires  to 
tloud  with  a  coat  of  solder. 

tin'-ker,  v.t.  &  i.    [Tinkek,  s.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  work  at  or  ou,  as  a  tinker  ; 
to  ineiul  in  a  clumsy,  awkward  manner ;  to 
patch,  to  botch.     (Sometimes  followed  by  up.) 

B.  Intrant. :  To  work  at  tinkering ;  to 
wnrk  upon  a  thing  clumsily  or  awkwardly  ; 
to  moldle  S(unewliat  otficiously  ;  to  jtatch  up 
things. 

'■  I  should  oppose  any  mere  tinkfrin<j  of  its  coiistitu- 
tiou  which  would  retain  the  hereditary  principles  as 
its  chief  feature."— Smji ((an/.  Nov.  11,  1835. 

* tin'-ker-ly,  a.  [Eng.  tinker;  -hj.]  Per- 
taining to  or  like  a  tinker  ;  clumsy,  awkward. 

tin'-ker-man,  s.  [Eng.  tinker,  and  num.]  A 
li>lierman  who  destroyed  the  young  fry  in  the 
river  Tljames  by  nets  and  unlawful  apparatus. 

tin-kle,  '  tyn-cle,  v.L  &  t.  [A  freci.  oitink, 
V.  (q.v.).] 

A.  I idransiilve : 

1.  Ti'  make  a  sharp,  quick  sound,  as  by 
striking  ou  metals  ;  to  clink,  to  jingle. 


*  2.  T(»  make  a  jingling  sound,  as  in  rhyme  ; 
to  jingle. 

"  But  now  my  Keiiius  sinks,  aud  liardly  knows 
To  make  a  couplet  tinklu  in  the  close." 

Fenton :  An  Epistle  to  Mr.  tioutttcrii^. 

■•  3.  To  resound  with  a  small  sharp  sound  ; 
to  tingle. 

"  A  audden  horror  seiz'd  his  tiddy  he.ad, 
Aitd  hla  ears  titikleti,  and  the  colour  fled." 

Di-j/dcii :  Thi-odore  i  Uunovta.  01. 

B.  Thins.:  To  cause  to  give  out  a  sliarp, 
ringing  sound  ;  to  clink,  to  ring. 

tin'-kle,    5.     [Tinklk,    v.]      .\  small,  sharp, 
nuick,    ringing   sound,    as   of    a   bell    struck 

gently. 

"  No  longer  labours  merely  t<i  iiroduce 
The  i>omiJ  of  aouad,  or  tinkle  without  use," 

Cowper :  Convertatitti.  892. 

tih-kler,  ^\     [Eng.  tinklie);  -er.] 


1.  A  tinker,  a  tmnip,  u  vagabond. 

■'  For  1  wiui  n  worker  In  woikI  as  wwl  aa  ft  tiHUer.'—   . 
.Sf>«  ■  .iiiii'/inii//.  ch.  Ml. 

2.  A  bell.     i^Shnuj.) 

tin -kling,  pr.  par.,  «.,  i  ?.    [Tiskuk,  r.l 
A.  A:  B.   vis  pr.  jwr.  X  jKdficin.  (n/j.  ;  (Set* 

the  verb). 

"  Mutical  na  the  rhlioc  of  tiiiktina  rlllk." 

Cowptr:  t'rojrf^nif  Krror,  M. 

C.  As  auhstantive : 

\.  Ortl.  Ixing. :  A  sninlt,  quick, ithnrp  sound. 
as  of  a  bell  gently  struck. 

"  The  tinkling  of  a  harp  was  heard." 

.froti :  /lokrb)/.  v.  7. 

2.  Ornith.:  Qni:fculHS  craMirostris,  the  Bai-- 
badoes  Hlackbiixl,  or  Tinkling  Orakle.  It 
rills  cattle  of  parasites,  and  owes  its  popular 
name  to  its  harsh,  unmusical  note. 

"  As  the  Tinkling  ruuxts  in  ttoclety,  no  dori  it  build 
The  nestt,   U>  the  number  of  twenty  or  thirty,  an- 
jilaoed  ill  a  single  tree,  usually  a  hog-ptum.'—uow- 
/lirds  of  Jumaiftt.  p.  'iH. 

tin -man,  ■'<.     [Eng.  //",  and  men.]    A  mnnu 
faeturei-  of  or  dealer  in  tinware. 

tinned,  '/.  [Eng.  tin,  s.  ;  -ed.]  Covered  witli 
tin  ;  packecl  in  tin  cases  or  canisters  ;  canned. 

"Meat  is  cheap,  tinital  foods  are  i)lentiful.  nod  Jnni 
call  be  purchased  lor  n  song."— /VVm,  Oct.  a,  1S85. 

*tin'-nen,  «.  [Eng.  tin,  s. ;  adj.  suff.  -en.i 
Consisting  or  formed  of  tin. 

"  Thy  tinwn  chariot  shotl  with  burning  Imbscs." 
Si/lvcstcr ;  fJu  Sarins,  fourth  day.  first  week- 

*  tin'-ner,  s.     [Eng.  tin,  s.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  works  in  the  tin-miues. 

"I  cannot  take  my  leave  of  these  ?i/in»-i*i(.  uutill  T 
have  observed  a  strange  pnictice  of  tln-m.  that  once  in 
seven  or  einht  years  they  burn  down  (and  that  to  then 
great    i>rotit)     their    own    meltiug-houae8."~fi(//cr 
Worfhici ;  Cornicnll. 

2.  A  tinman  (q.v.). 

* tin'-ni-ent,  a.  [Lat.  tinniens,  pr,  par.  of 
tinnio=-\u  ring.]  Emitting  a  clear  ringing 
or  tinkling  sound. 

'■  It  will  make  every  religious  striitg.  so  to  say.  nion- 
intense  and  tinnicntS'—Effttg  vn  Hif  Avtivn  for  the 
Pulpit,  p.  86.    (17K(,) 

tin'-ning,  ».    [Tix,  r.] 

1.  The  art,  act,  or  process  of  coating  other 
metals  with  tin  for  the  purpose  of  protecting 
them  from  oxidation  or  rust.  Hollow  waie  i> 
tinned  inside,  having  been  tiist  thoroughly 
cleaned  and  heated,  by  pouring  graip  tin  into 
the  vessel  and  turning  and  rolling  it  about  S(* 
as  to  bring  it  in  contact  with  e^ery  part. 
Powdered  rosin  is  used  in  the  bath  to  prevent 
the  formation  of  an  oxide,  aud  the  surface  of 
the  ware  is  rubbed  with  cloth  or  tow  to  aid 
the  process.  In  cold  tinning  au  amalgam  of 
tin  and  mercury  is  applied  to  the  nietial,  Ihi- 
mercury  being  afterwards  driven  otf.  Bridle- 
bits,  stirrups,  and  other  small  articles  are- 
tinned  by  immersion. 

2.  The  coating  or  layer  of  tin  so  laid  on. 

3.  Canning;  packing  meat,  vegetables,  &c., 
in  tins. 

tin-ni'-tiis,  s.  [Lat.,  from  t\nnio~Xx>  ring.) 
(See  compound.) 

tinnltus-aurium,  ^-. 

Pathol.  :  Hinging  in  the  ears.  It  may  arise- 
from  an  unnatural  state  of  the  circulation  in 
the  ear,  from  disease  of  the  optic  nerve,  or- 
from  sympathy  with  the  stomach  when  labour- 
ing under  indigestion. 

t  tin-niin'-cu-lus,  .■'.  [Lat  =  the  kestrel. J 
Ornith:  An  old  genus  of  Fali-oniiiip.  resem- 
bling Falco,  but  with  the  tarsi  long  and 
strong,  with  transverse  hexagonal  scales.  The 
species  are  now  generally  placed  under  Falco 
and  Cerclnieis. 

*tin'-ny,  «.  [Eng,  tin,  s.;  •>/•]  Pertaining: 
to,  consisting  of,  or  containing  tin  ;  abound- 
ing in  or  resembling  tin. 

"  Tho  lode  ih  six  feet  wide,  and  (ui»v  throughout, 
and  wortli  i;7.%  per  fathom."— fif  a  tit^in/.  Oct.  28,  IBttl. 

ti-n69'-er-as,  .•=.  [Gr.  nCvm  (tei no)  =  to- 
streteii,  and  Kfpas  (kera--')  =  a  horn. J 

Pahvont. :  A  genus  of  Marsh's  Uinocerata- 
(q.v.),  said  to  be  synonymous  witli  the  Eoba- 
sileus  and  L.ixoi.hodou  of  Cope. 

ti-no'-des,  s.  [Mod.  Lut.  tin(€u),  and  Or. 
elBoq  (eido!t)=  form,  appearance.) 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Ilydropsychida-.  The 
larviP  make  silken  galleries  on  the  surface  of 
submerged  stones. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  ^hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  ~  C 
-cian.  -tian  =  shaa.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,    slon  ~  ^h""     -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  del. 


108 


tinospora— tip 


ti  n&s'-por-a,  I.  |Cir.T.i«a((f;;iii)=lci  stretch, 
t  '  i\t>'ii>I,  :\ii<l  ffwopa  {•'ji-'itt),  ffirdpot  (*jJ0lX)s) 

li  t.  :  A  •^vnils  nf  Mt'lii.tpcnilaci-a-,  tr»lx> 
llrtt'K'cliiitfji-.  Mulf  Ilovvi'i-s  with  six  free 
^rnriK'iH  ;  itvilles  curvfil  ;  si-fls  |>fttate  ;  cnty- 
II.  lis  s|>r<'a<liii|;.  (.'liiiiliiri^-  liKliaii  mIii-iiIis. 
•  yni  i>ir(/i./»./i(i,  r<irini-i'ly  li-t-rihig  roMi- 
<\  K  the  (ititmicha.  Tlie  riHil^  aii<l  «tems 
;iif  nsttl  as  ail  iiiitiihito  to  thu  liites  of 
jH.ij,.ni..iis  s<Tin'iils  anil  nf  itisfct.'i,  also  as  n 
'"iiic.  ftiiliiieriiHlii*,  ami  iliiiretie.     T.  crUjKt, 

< I  ill  Hylhet,  is  bclicvcU  tu  have  the  same 

I'.ialitiea. 

tin  plate,  <.  \F.nj:.  Ihi.  ii..mi\ /Mr]  Iron- 
i'lalc-  .-..at"!  Willi  till  liv  ilii'iiiii.-  it  into  a 
1I1..1II-1I  Kith  ..rtlic  latter  lia-Uil. 

tinplate  -  worker,  «.    one  who  makes 

:iif  irl.-s  Mt  tiii-uan-  ;  a  tinman. 

'i  Tlie  Tiitpiate  Workei-s 'are  one  of  the 
Lomloii  Comiiaiiies.  They  were  ilicoriwnited 
in  liiTO. 

tin  sel  (1),  'tinsfll,  ■  tin-slU,  s.  &  «. 

ill.  fi.  i.iM,..;;<  ,■  Ki.  ,111,  . ».  =  a  siiark,  from 
l.it.  .,.11/1,7.1.] 

A.  A:i  subitaiitiit ; 

'  I.  Oiixinally  applieil  to  cl.itli  or  stiitl 
■■om|»Me<l  of  silk  and  gold  or  silver  tlireads. 

■■  Evtry  i.Inoe  wan  liHM,ct^l  with  cli.ttl  of  Bol.l.  cloth  of 
•llicr.  fo.Mj.  ftrfiw.  tiln-..tr}".  ali.l  wliftl  Utti."—stttt>i>t:3 : 
1  'tiUitmii  ,\f  AbtiiMt,  IK  K 

■J.  A  shiniiij!  thin  inetallie  plate. 

:>.  .\  cloth  composed  of  silk  and  silv.-i- ;  a 
iiialerlal  with  a  snperlicial  sheen  of  Imt  littli' 
Aallle. 

i.  Cloth  overlaid  with  f..il. 

.">.  ^<omcthing  very  tine  and  ;,itn(lv  ;  sonie- 
(hiiiK  suptrlicially  line  and  .showy  but  really 
-.riittle  value. 

■•  The  chAncter  of  n  innn  of  iiitenrity  aii.l  IwiieTo- 
leii.^  ig  liiT  more  difairnlile  tliiin  tliiit  of  ii  iiihu  of 
l.lrMBiini  or  of  fHnlifoii.  Tlio  one  In  lilie  soHit  golj.  thf 
•  ■thiT  like  r„tict."—Kiiux :  /Two./  «. 
li.  Hene.e  anything  only  superficially  or  an- 
I'areiitiy  gooii  or  raluable. 

••  O  hsj.py  pi'Asjmt :    o  uiihnppy  iKir.) : 
His  the  umre  tirttel,  Uvn  the  i  k-h  reworj." 

Cawpcr :  Truth,  3.13. 

B.  As  ai>j. :  Composed    or   consisting   ..f 
linsel :   heiii-e,  showy,    gaudy,    superficially 
Jiiie  and  ralnable  liiit  in  reality  worthless.     ' 
■■  So  hiive  1  mighty  KvtrsfHctioii  fouii.l. 
To  see  his  tiiitct  rcHson  on  tlie  grouud." 

liriidru  :  Etms  an  Satire. 

tin   sel  (2),  s.    ITixECO,  r.)    Loss  ;  .specif,  in 
Scots  law,  a  term  used  to  signify  forfeitur.'. 

1  (I)  Tiiisd  ofsu)vriorUii:  A  remedy  intro. 
'luceil  by  statute  for  unentered  vassals  whose 
»np.-iioraare  themselves  iininfeft,  ;uid  there- 
l.iie  cannot  eft'cctually  enter  them. 

fj)  Tinsel  0/  the  fell. •  The  loss  or  forfeiture 
of  a  feu-right  by  failure  to  pay  the  feu-duty 
lor  two  years  whole  and  together. 

tin-sel,    i-.f.    ITixsRL  (1),   «.]    To  a.Iorn   .ir 
.■MV.T  viith  tinsel  ;  hence,  to  make  outwanlly 
•T  si>|itrlicially  showy  and  valuable  while  ink 
ivality  worthless  ;  to  make  gaudy ;  to  gloss 

■■The  glare  of  imerih- Oeclniiintioll  th.1t  fouWj  over 
l.c  trite  e»»ys  of  the  otlier."-  irurJiiK,,, .  .l/llo)," 


giiish  bftweeii  .Imwings  made  by  means  of 
tlk-  brush  and  drawings  made  entirely  with 
the  [H'li  or  pi'iicil. 

tint-tool,  <. 

J-^n-j,:  :  A  graver  f.ir  cutting  tao  lines  em- 
ployed in  forming  tints.  They  are  of  various 
sizes,  aecoliling  to  the  chanacter  of  the  work 
and  the  dejith  of  tint  to  be  produced. 

tint,  r.l.    (TiST,  s.l    To  tinge  ;  to  give  a  sliglit 
euluuring  to. 

tint,  iml.  o/ 1:    (Tist:  (3),  r.J    Lost.    (.s'coWi.) 

■■There   wiw    innir   fi'iif  at    SheriJl'-Muir.^'— .Seoff ; 
Waverttu,  ch.  xlvil, 

tin-ta-mar,  ■  tifn-ta-marre,  *.    iFi. 

tinUimiurr,  from  fiitf.r^Iu  ring,  and  nmrri: 
=  a  matlock,  a  pickaxe.)  .\  loud,  hideous, 
anil  confu.sed  noise.  -.• , 


il    viol.iiicrllos. 


.1/..- 


■■  Sinialliiiii     titmtljoys,    false  stoin.i 
bllz/liig  luissooiis  .  .  .  all  in-tiiii.>il. 
Avhii-h  this  ItiuU  of  s.iueiikiiig  au.l  s.  i  i 
hiiiijj  i>r\,diiws.  I  will  not  imiii  m\  ,.- 1 
stronger  ti,  his  reL-ollection."'— .i/.'.m-. 

tin  tin  nab'  u  lant,  •  tin  tin  nab  u- 
lar,     tin  tin-nab  u-lgir-y,     tin-tin- 

nab'-U-IoUS,  o.  ILat.  Iiii/:iumhuhiiu=:i 
bill.)  Vertaiiiing  .jr  relating  to  b.lls  or  their 
sound. 


"  Fmpmiit    and    tintiim'tbtdar 
Smith :  A'.y'ee^erf  Aitdrrttei. 


«]'[)eii.laL'es," 


■//. 


tin  -  tin  -  n&b  -  u   la-  tlon, 

x.\ELi.iM.)    A  tinkling  or  ring 
..fbi-lls. 

'■Tim  tintimiabntiiliuii  that  so  niiii 
From  the 


[TlXTlX- 

sound,  as 


licaMy  wells 
Mis." 

'oi- ..  The  n-n,. 


|Lat.=  a  bell,  from 
=  to  ring.  1 


tin-tin-nab'-u-lum, 

f'lifiiriiu.  fKi'i.'ot  tiii.ii': 

'  1.  A  bell. 

"  &;.atiiigalteruatelj-.  in  nieasui-eil  time. 
ITib  uluckwork  tiufin/Ktbiilttiii  of  rhyiin-.^' 

Coieper:  Tabte  Talk,  S29. 

2.  A  musical  instrument  of  percussion,  con- 
sisting of  a  number  of  bells  susjiended  in  a 
frame. 

3.  A  jingling  toy  made  of  small  bells,  or  of 
little  plates  of  metal. 


tint-less, 

no  tint  or  i 


'.  [Eng.  tint,  .s. 
ol.Hir ;  colourless. 
rtru  floweis."— J/««  BroitU 


V.«.]    Having 


[Eng.  <;jisrt  (1).  s. ;  ■;/.] 
nibliiig   tinsel ;    gaudy  ; 

gaudy  and  superficial 


Un  -sel-lj?,  a.  &  .11?, 

A.  .!«  mlj.:    R... 
sli.iwy  and  superficial. 

B.  As  fuiv. :  In  a 
manner. 

tin'-stuflt;  s,    [Eng.  tin,  and  st„f.]    Tin-ore. 

i,  i  J"  .'.'T'Tt'"  ■["'■f»>«  M*  'i'Muff  now  accuinul.ate.1 
n.lhe  .l-lath..m  \,:vA--J,o,^,il„rtcl  fceieJ.  Aug.  S' 

trnt,s.  [For  (,„rt  (q.v.).]  A  slight  colouring 
-r  tincture  ,l«tiiict  from  the  ground  or  prin- 
■ipal  colour;  a  slight  tinge!  a  superadded 
•■■ilounng,  hue,  or  .tinge ;  iu  painting,  the 
dillcreiit  d.;gree8of  intensity  and  streietliof 
CO  ..ur  in  a  pigment,  which  is  nioililioilin  oil 

",;'aTtiti>s>:  ''■•'''''''"'""  "f^-'"-  "-- 

•■^l;:fli^;;;n:i,ghVi^^,;s^f-;.. 

SoaitrrUlij :  T;  IauI/j  Anne  CoUntr,,. 

tint-drairlng,  ,».  a  method  of  r\i.r..s«- 
iiig  >.an...l  niati-rials  <ar.-liitectural  drawin.) 
aii.l  vaiyiiig  snrfaci-s  and  idam-.s  (pers|K-ctiv,. 
•  hawing)  by  iiii-ans  .if  tones  or  tints  of  wati-r^ 
colours.  It  IS  a  term  applie.l  to  drawings 
neidc  for  pnriwscs  .if  illustration  to  .listiTi- 


tin'-to,  .5.  [Sp.=  tinted,  coloured,  from  Lat. 
tiMtus.]  A  red  Madeira  wine,  wanting  the 
high  aroma  of  the  white  sorts,  and,  wlii-n  old 
resembling  tawny  port.    (Siuuiwiiils.) 


'On;]    .\rticles 


tin'-ware,  s.    [Eng.  (1,1,  and 
made  of  tinned  iron. 

ti'-ny,  a.  [Etyin.  doubtful.  .Skeat  suggests  a 
derivation  from  Jlid.  Eng.  taie,  fecu  =  vexa- 
tion.) Very  little,  very  small,  puny.  (Fre- 
quently joined  with  liUte.) 

■'  When  that  I  w.os  and  a  little  tiny  \m\:- 

Slnilcetp. :  Ticct/fh  Mgiit,  v,  1. 

I  tip  (1),  •  tippe,  typ,  .s.  [A  weakened  f.irm 
ot  top;  loin.  /'.y.  =  tip,  i-iid,  point:  Lowlier 
lipp:  Dan.  lip:  Sw.  /;,) ;  (;..|..  cipjrl:  I^el' 
tiippi  =  a  tip  ;  tiippu  =  to  ti].,  from  tappr  = 

I.  OnHimiif  Lanijiiage : 
1.  A  small  pointed  or  tapering  end  er  ex- 
tremity; the  toji,  especially  if  more  or  less 
rounded  or  pointed. 

■■Mr.  Banks  saw  a  piir  of  horns  which  mea.snred 
froin  r*/^  to  r.A.  three  feet  nine  iiiclieK  iind  i,  half  ■■_ 
I  ook:  FirM  I'ol/affe,  bk.  iii..  ch.  ix, 

■2.  The  top  of  the  stamen  of  a  fl.iwer  •  an 
anther. 

3.  The  nozzle  of  a  gas-burner. 

4.  A  ferrule :  as,  the  tip  of  a  bayonet 
scabbard. 

IL  Technicalhj : 

1.  HUdiiig:  A  tool  made  of  .■amcl's  hair 
and  used  by  the  gilder  in  transferring  gold- 
leaf  from  the  cushion  to  the  sized  sur'faJe  of 
the  work.  The  ends  of  a  number  of  camel's 
iiairs  are  secured  by  their  buts  lietwcen  two 
.■ards,  whicli  are  glue.l  together,  thus  niakiii" 
a  broad,  flat,  and  very  elastic  brush.    Tliis  is 

aid  upon  a  piece  of  gold-leaf,,  which  adheirs 
to  It  slightly,  and  is  thereby  removed 

2.  Hat-iaakiiin :  A  circular  piece  of  scale  or 
IMstc  board  pasted  on  the  inside  of  a  h  it. 
crown  tx)  stilTeli  it, 

ler  in  trini- 


3.  Millinenj:  The  end  of  a  featli 


fate,  at.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  fether- 
oi,  wore,  wolf  work,  who,  son;  mute.  Ah, 


4.  sitoc-iiuiking : 
of  a  boot  or  shoe. 


A  plat.;  ou  the  toe  or  heel 


tip-cat.  .<.       A    boys'   gallic,    in    which   a 
small    pii...  of  wood   tapfring   to  each   i  iid 

(i-alli-.l  a   ciit)  is  ma.Ii-  to  rel.oiin.l   fr the 

ground   by    being 
stick. 

tip  clieese,  -- 
tip  paper,  .». 

liniitg  liat-criiwns. 
tip  staff  (pi.  tip-staves).  .«. 

;  1.  (Diigiiially  l,,,,r,l-fl„J):  A  stalf  tippe.l 
with  metal. 


struck  on    the-   tip  Willi 

The  same  as  Tip-c.\T. 
A  variety  of  .stiff  Jiaper  lor 


'■  One  liniri 

2.  .\ii  officer  bearin 
officer,  a  constable. 

"  \  skirmish  tnok  place  in  VV 

II  «;us  witl     "~     ■■' 

J.artt..l  fhc 


his  hand  a  lip-ataff  of  a  yellow  caue. 
such  a  .stafr;asheriir.. 


,.-,  -    . - lister  tfall ;  and 

lilflcnlty  that  the  .fudges  and  ti,-»l.i«,-i 
Lihatints.'— ,l/,r(.(Oif.(,v.  ///,,/.  I^uji,,  ch.  v. 


tip-tilted,  a.      Having  the   tip  or  top 

tillcl  or  turned  up.    (Special  coinage.) 

'■  Lightly  was  her  slender  nose 
J<;>ttrtr,l]iki!  thepet.l  ..f  a  flowei.^' 

Tennttton.    Uaielh  S:  Li/neite, 
tip   toe,   .«.       [TllTOL.) 

tip  top,  ".    (Tiptop.) 
tip  (2),  s.    [Tip  (i),  v.) 

1.  A  tap,  a  slight  blow. 

2.  Ilubbish  from  a  quarry. 
•  3.  A  fall. 
J.  A  small  present  iu  money.    (Slailr/.) 

ly  »  ho  disi.lay  hefure. 


■■  Otl.eis  declare  that  those  o 


Ti,,,u 


'!:"",'   ",!",  ■^I'l'ms  ■'•/''   catch"'the'l.orti'r'i'  eye 
/I'ltfj,  J-rttyraiih,  Jan.  16.  1»83. 

5.  .\  hint :  siiecif.  in  sporting  slang,  private 
iiilouiiation  in  regard  to  the  condition, 
chances,  &c.,  of  competitors  iu  a  race,  Jiir 
betting  pmposes.  .  (Tipstep..) 

6.  All  animal,  &c.,  considered  or  reported 
to  have  a  good  ch.ance  in  a  race,  &c. 

■■Storm  Light  was  a  great  lip  tm  the  Suailwell 
Strikes,  —field,  Oct.  s.  1885. 

'  7.  A  draught  of  liquor. 
f.oii"ii"  '  '**'"'  '°  "■''  '•f'-^"!-"     ''"I'lc  Coimerti- 

•I   Tip/., r  lap:  [Tit/urlal], 

tip  battery,  s. 

l':i„i,„.Murj„, :  A  battery  in  which  the 
M^M'I  turns  on  a  horizontal  pivot,  so  that  tlie 
pjois  .il  plates  may  be  immcr.seil  in  or  raised 
cl.ar  III  111.;  hquij  in  the  trough  by  tilting. 

tip-cart.  s.  A  cart  which  can  be  tilted 
or  tip|...i|  up.  so  as  to  empty  its  contents 
witli.irii    .iiyoking  the  horses. 

tip-sled.  .1.  .\  dumping-sled.  The  box 
IS  supported  on  trunnionsand  on  a  front  post 
to  which  it  is  connected  by  a  book.  ' 

tip  (1).  r.l.  (Tip  (1).  s.)  To  form  the  tiii  or 
point  ot  :  to  cover  the  tip  or  top  of;  to  put  a 
tip  or  pointed  top  on. 

Bebil*)  the  black  wall  of  the  forest. 
7  Its  summit  with  silver,  arose  the  luoon.^^ 
Lona/eltoie:  Eran^jclii. 

tip  (2),     type,  r.f.  & 
to  tip,  t.i  t.inch  lightly.) 
A.    rnnutilive: 

li.diti  ■^'''  '^''''''^  ''°''"*' '  '"  '■''1'  ■  *"  '°"'^'' 

"  \  thir  1  rogue  r.pa  me  by  the  e\how."—Saift. 
■2.  To  cant  or  tilt  up  (as  a  cart),  so  that  the 
contents  may  be  discharged. 

■■Forming  the  slag,  which  is  removed  by  H,,,,;,,,/ 
the  converter. ■■_«<!;,;,  FeU  13.  I5ST.  '•I'tm'J 

3.  'To  licstow  a  small  money  gift  on  ;  to  "ive 
a  small  present  to.  .  i-   o" 

w.'.i,^,','!'   "■''»'«   ■"»»'er   o'    (iwi"(7    waiter,   .lud    of 
.'anffestafiS;-  VS    '"  ^  "'i'^''-    '»  "    ^"^   n«"ke,l 

:l/:j'S;"Zl7,^',;?,73;'^' '""'■""'''•■■-*'■'■''''''■■• 

4.  To  give,  coinmnnieate,  or  direct  towards 
generally  :  as,  Tip  nic  your  list.  Tip  liim  a 
sovel^eign.    (fHuiiy.) 

5.  To  give  private  iiifurniation  to  as  re'Tinls 
the  chances  of  a  competitor  in  a  lace,  &c 
for  betting  purposes.    [Tipster.)    (.s'temt.)    '' 

B.  Intrans.:    To  fall  to  or 
(With  uff  .ir  ort,^.) 

I,.  ,'■';'.  "*"'"  '''f  ''it'""  ""  ""  »iif  hand,  he  was  rcail 
y,:,''^  '""';  '"'"'  'he  mire  on  the  other.^^-a.o.mo, 
y  ,igrii,t  s  Progress,  pt.  i. 

*\  (1)   To  tip  off  liquor 
vess,.|  till  .all  is  drained. 
(2>  ]'o  tip  over :  To  fall  or  tnrn  over. 
(3)  T;  tip  the  vHnk  :  To  direct  a  wink,  or  to 


.  II.  a. 
(Sw.  lipim  =  to  tap. 


one  side. 


To   turn   uji  the 


we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine.  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine 
cure,  unite,  cur.  nile.  full;  try.  Syrian. 


oe  =  e ;  ey  - 


go.  pot, 
qu  =  kw. 


tipet— tire 


107 


wink  at  aiinther,  as  a  signal  of  caution,  jiri- 
vate  inryniuiliiiii. 
'•  Siidileii,  she  sti.iritis  !  slie  raves  !    You  tiii  tlw  wink, 
But  sjijii'e  yuurc-eustiru  ;  ^sili.-vllo«!>  nut  ilriiik  " 

i'opf.'  Jlorol  f.'tiu'/ii,  ii.  :ii, 

(4)  To  tip  up:  TiJ  raisi-  or  tilt  the  cu'l  of,  S(j 
as  to  (iisrliart;u  the  contents. 

■  tip'-et.  s.     ITiPPET.] 

tip -pen9e,  s.    pi.      [See   tlef.)     Two  ].fiiiiy 


!  "■'*-■*•■ 


t\v<ij)encc.    (Scotdi.) 


tip  pen  y.  tip-pen  ny,  s.      [Twopknnv.) 

AN-  y'.l.i  at  tun,„.u.'r  .1  <iiiai-t.     (So.rrh.) 

"He  just stjn.lthiMlr inking  o'lwo  iihitsu  tippeiut//. 
To  ttll  lit  liuw  iiiy  Ifil.ly  w'jis."'— .ScuK  ;  Huy  Manitvr- 
u,g.  ch.  i. 

tip'-per,  s.  [After  TluHnas  Tipper,  by  whom 
jt  ivas  first  brewed.  J  A  kind  of  ale  having  a 
]iei_'ubiir  flavour. 

■'  If  tliey  draws  the  Brijililou  01.1  Tipper  lieif.  I 
tikes  thiitaleatuiglit."— /)(\*/f«<<;  MnriinClntiztcunt. 
■■li.  x\v. 

tip  -pet,     tep-et,   ^  tipet,  '  typ-pet,  .s. 

(A.S.  tapiKt,  from  Lat.  tajxte  =  clotli,  hang- 
ings.] 
L  Ordiuarn  Laiitjiiage : 

1.  A  fur  <)r  cloth  covming  for  the  necli 
and  shoulders,  worn  over  the  dress. 

"A  child  in  LiiitJon  weiirs  li  littlti  tipprt  of  otter- 
nkiu  which  .i  Cree  Indian  away  oti  the  IVitue  Kiver  gut 
fnr  her.'  —D.iUy  Tthgniph.  Nov.  4,  196J. 

2.  A  length  of  twisted  hair  or  gut  in  a  line. 
:i.  A  handful  of  straw  bound  together  at 

vtiie  end  aud  used  in  thatching. 

II.  EecUs. :  A  round  black  oape,  "so  that 
it  be  not  silfc,"  which,  accordingto  Canon  iS, 
may  be  worn  over  the  shoulder  by  clergymen 
who  are  not  graduates.  Tippets  were  for- 
merly worn  by  all  eleries,  as  tliey  still  are  (of 
Inr)  by  the  judges  ;  aud  tiaces  of  it  may  be  dis- 
Tinguished  under  the  hoods  of  Oxford  doctors, 
;nul  many  other  graduates. 

*  ^  (0  To  tani  tippet :  To  make  a  complete 
change  ;  to  disguise  one's  self. 

"  Ye  stiiiil  now 
As  if  ye  hr\il  worried  sheep:  you  must  turn  (ipj>^(, 
Aud  duddmily,  n.iu\  truly,  aud  discreetly 
Put  "ju  the  sliai)e  aud  urder  of  huuiauity." 

lieuttin.  .t  F(ef. :  Moniitiir  Thomai,  ii.  2. 

(li)  Tiibiirutippt't :  A  halter  round  the  ueck. 

tip  -ping  (1),  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Tip  (I),  v.] 
A,  i^:  B.  As  pr.  imr.  &  partidp.  adj.  :  (See 
tlie  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

Mitsic:  A  peculiar  action  of  the  tongue 
against  tlie  rouf  of  the  mouth  used  by  flute 
]ilayers,  to  ensure  a  brilliant  and  spiiited 
aitieulation  of  staccato  notes.  The  term  is 
M'ltietiinps  applietl  also  to  the  rapid  repetition 
■  il'  iii»t*'s  ill  L-ornet  playing. 

tip'  ping  (2),  J'*-,  par.  or  v.     [Tip  (2),  v.] 

tipping' waggon,  s.  A  waggon  wliieh 
can  bt;  ranted  uj>,  so  as  to  diacliarge  the  load 
without  unyoking  the  horses. 

tip -pie,  i\i.  &  t.  [A  frequent,  from  ^7'  (-).  ^'^  '- 
cf.  Norw.  Jipla  =  to  drink  little  and  often,  to 
tipple.]    [Tipsy.) 

A.  Intratis.:  To  drinl;  strong  or  spirituous 
liiiunrs  frenuentiy  or  habitually  ;  to  indulge 
habitually  in  the  use  of  spirituous  Ii(|Uors  ; 
especially,  to  drink  frequently,  but  not  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  produce  absolute  drunkenness. 

"  I  wiid  not  this  becaujie  he  loves 
Through  the  lung  day  to  swear  and  tipple." 

Wordsworth :  Andrew  Jonex. 
'  B.  Trans. :  To  drink,  as  spirituous  liquors, 
habitually,  and  to  excess. 

■'  Thoughtful  of  driuk.  and  ciger,  in  a  dream, 
Tippies  iuiiii;inary  ixjIb  of  ale."  Philips. 

tip'-ple  (1),  s.  [Tipple,  v.\  Liquor  taken  in 
ilrinking ;  drink. 

"  That  ajiparently  inuociiouB  beverage  which  has 
hitherto  piwsed  it^ielf  off  a-*  the  teetotiller8'  tipple."— 
Daily  TeUgraplt.  Jan.  r.'.  lesc. 

tip'-ple  (2),  '^.  [Adimin.  from  tip  (1).  s.]  A 
bundle  of  hay  collecte'i  from  the  swath  and 
lormed  into  a  eonieal  .shape.  This  is  tied 
near  the  tA)p,  so  as  to  make  it  taper  to  a  point, 
and  set  upon  its  base  to  dry.    {Prov.) 

-  tip'-pled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Tipple,  s.\  Drunk, 
tipsy.    {Drifdeii:  Tyrannic  Lore,  iv.  1.) 

tip'-pler,^.     [Eng.  tipplic),  V.  ;  -er.] 

*  1.  One  who  sells  liquor  ;  the  keeper  of  an 
inn  or  public-house  ;  a  publican. 

■'  They  .-u-e  but  tipplere,  such  as  keep  alehouses."— 
Latinu'r:  Worki,  i,  lit. 


2.  One  who  tipples ;  one  who  indiilgi's 
hal)itually  and  fretpiently  in  the  us-'  of 
spirituous  Ijciuors,  though  not  to  such  an 
rxtont  a-;  to  inoduce  abs.ilute  diunkenm'ss. 

tip  -pling,  pr.  ixir.  or  a.     [Tipple,  r.  ] 

tippling  -  house.  >.  A  contemptuous 
name  for  ,i  t;ivtrn  or  publie-house. 

'■  Siiih  kind  of  men  whn  lurked  in  tippliifj-h'riisfn." 
—  i.aiiultii ,  lliM.  v«itvi  f:ihabt.-ch  |iui.  ii;oij, 

tip'-si-fy,  r.t.  [Kng.  tip^}i;  -/(/.]  To  make 
tipsy  ;  to  intoxicate.    (Slang.) 

"  Tlie  lUiUi  was  hut  tiptlficd-'—Carlj/te :  J/i»cfllniii''i. 
iv.  'jj. 

tip'-si-lj^,  a(ff.  [Eng.  t!p$y;'ly.]  In  a  tijisy 
manner;  like  one  tipsy. 

Up'-si-ness,  .«.  [Kng.  tipsy:  sufl'.  -He,^■.s. ] 
The  statt-  of  being  tipsy. 

tip'-Ster,  .«.  [Eng.  tip  (2),  .s.  ;  -stn:]  One 
wlio  supplies  private  information  in  regard  to 
a  coming  race  or  the  like;  one  who  for  a  fer 
sends  tips  to  his  customers  for  betting  pur- 
poses. 

"  The  late  Mr.  Seyrott.  v.Un  carried  on  the  busine-is 
nf  fipntrr  and  sau^i^^  making,  wa.s  the  last  years 
\\  inner  of  this  plate.  —A'pf»i(/iy  StaitdarU,  Oct.  3,  198o. 

tip'-SJ?',  *  tip  -sey,  «■  [Connected  with  tip 
[)!),  v.,  and  tipple  ;  cf.  Swiss  tips  =  a  fuddling 
with  drink;  tipseln-=  to  fuddle  one's  .self; 
bctipst  =  tijjsy.] 

1.  Overcome  with  strong  drink  ;  intoxicated 
to  a  degree  short  of  absolute  drunkenness; 
fuddled. 

'■  I  heard  a  voice  within,  or  else  I'm  tipsct/— 
Mnia,  Mhei'e  are  you  i  Come,  you  little  gip»ey." 
Chtittertuii  :  Hfeengv,  ii.  2. 

2.  Proceeding  from  intoxication  ;  resembling 
intoxication;  reeling.    (Milton:  Comus,  104.) 

tipsy-cake,  s.  A  springe  or  Savoy  cake 
soaked  in  wine  and  stuck  with  almonds,  and 
served  with  custard. 

-  tipt,  a.     [Tip  (2),  v.]    Tipsy,  intoxicated. 

"Your  tiiHster'a  almost  tipl  already."— J/(ir»iig)( . 
Aiiri./,uiri/.i\. 

tip   toe,  a.  &  .s'.     [Eng.  tip  (1),  s.,  and  toe] 
A.  -Is  adjectiee : 

1.  On  the  tip  or  end  of  the  toe. 

■'  Nighta  caudles  ave  burnt  out,  and  Jocund  day 
Stuuls  r(>(ocnu  the  misty  mountain  top^." 

Shakesp. :  /iamco  4-  Juliit,  iii.  .i. 

^  Hence,  quiet,  stealthy. 

"  With  tiptoe  Bteii  Vice  silently  eucceeda," 

Coiopcr :  Kxptstitlation,  84. 

2.  Highest,  topmost. 

"  Proud  of  your  smiles,  he's  mounted  many  a  etory 
Alwve  the  tiptoe  piiniacle  of  glory." 

liyroni:  EpH.  Ut  llurlqthrnmbo. 

B.  A^  suhst.  :  The  tip  or  end  of  the  toe. 

"  Ten  ruddy  wildiugci  in  the  wood  I  found. 
Aud  stootl  on  (iptocjt,  reaching  from  the  ground." 
Drydcn:   Virgil,  Eel.  iii.  loti. 

^  To  he  ('ir  statnl)  on  tiptoe:  To  be  on  the 
strain  ;  to  be  on  the  alert. 

"  In  every  new  attempt,  expet:tation  ia  on  tiptoe  to 
'        see  whether  there  is  not  imuie  improvement."— Ahoj.- 
H  iiitrr  Eeenings.  even.  1. 

■  tip' -toe,  '". '.  [Tiptoe,  s.]  To  go  or  walk  on 
tiptoe. 

"  M.'ibel  tiptoed  ioh^v lOQia." — Richardiou  .  t:iayi*m, 
\\.  10*. 

'  tip'-toon,  .■'-.  yl.    [Tiptok.] 

tip'-top.  ^^  &  ('.     [Eng.  tip  (1),  s.,  and  top.] 

A.  As  suh^^r.:  Tlie  liighest  point  or  degree  ; 
the  very  best  of  anything. 

B.  A.-i  adj.:  Of  the  very  highest  class  or 
degree  ;  first-rate  ;  the  very  best. 

"  I  jjroniised  to  provide  them  with  tiptop  sliooting 
for  one  svuson."— field,  Jan.  2a,  196r,. 

tip'-top-per,  s.  [Eng.  tiptop:  -^'".1  a  ])erson, 
animal,  «u-  thing  of  the  highest  quality,  class, 
or  degree. 

"Several  other  tip-toppers  being  behiud  the  pair.' 
—Field,  Dec.  20,  1^5. 

tip-u-a'-na,  s.  [From  tipu,  the  native  name 
of  one  species  of  the  genus.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Dalbergieae ;  akin  to 
Macha-rium.  It  contains  three  large  tre-s 
with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  terminal 
]janicles  of  yellow  or  pale  i>urple  flowers, 
Tipiiona  hctrroptrra  furnishes  a  kind  of 
tnnber,  one  of  tlmse  known  at  Rio  Janeiro  as 
angeliin.     (Trws.  of  Bot.) 

tip'-U-la,  .'^.  [Lat.  tippnla=.  an  insect  which 
nins  swiftly  over  water,  a  water-spider,  the 
Hydrometra  (q.v.).] 


l^ntnm.:  Cmne-tly,  the  typical  gcnns  of 
Tipulidif  (q.v.).  'I'he  antenna-  have  all  the 
ariieidatioiis  but  the  secoml  almost  cylin- 
■  liical ;  tin:  second  globular.  About  hfty 
.spiiHs  are  known  ironi  EuroiK',  forty  of  lln-in 
Ibitisli.  J'ipula  vlrrucra  is  tlie  veiy  conmioii 
siMjeies  called  by  childri'U  D.iddy  Long-h'gs. 
It  is  about  an  inch  long,  hoary  brown,  with 
four-brown  streaks  on  the  thorax  ;  the  legs 
brownish-yellow,  the  thighs,  tibia-,  and  tai-si 
I'lackish  towards  their  ends.  It  deposits 
about  oOO  shining  Idack  eggs  in  or  on  tlie 
ground.  The  larva-,  called  Grubs  and  Leather- 
jaek.'ls,  are  dingy  gray,  or  brownish  woriiis 
de.stitute  of  ftet;  they  feed  on  the  loots  of 
gras-st's  and  other  plants,  ami  are  often  very 
destructi\"e.  Wln-n  lull  grown  they  are  an  inch 
or  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  The  change  to 
the  jHijia  state  takes  place  Hiiderground ; 
the  pu]ia  itself  has  respiiuttvry  lubes.  A 
smaller  spe-cies,  7'.  Aor(w/ana,  is  common  in 
gardens.  The  laigest  .species  in  Britain  is 
the  (Jreat  Oane-tly,  T.  gitjantea,  an  inch  aud 
a  quarter  in  length. 

tip'-U-lar-Jr,  a.  [Tipula.]  Of  or  pertaining 
t'>  ii'isei"ts  of  the  genus  Tipula 

ti-pu'-li  dae,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat. /i>(/((t);  I-it. 
feni.  1)1.  adj.  suH*.  -idtc] 

Entoiii.  :  Crane-flies,  a  family  of  Nemocera. 
Antenna'  hmger  than  the  head,  with  thirteen 
or  more  joints,  rarely  pectinated.  Compound 
eyes,  rounded  or  oval ;  ocelli  none.  Front  of 
the  head  beaked,  proboscis  ehorf,  fleshy; 
Ijalpi  four-jointed  ;  abdomen  and  legs  long  ami 
slender  ;  wings  with  numerous  veins,  some  of 
them  cross-veins.  The  larva- of  most  species 
live  in  rotten  woixi ;  a  few  arc  aquatic. 
Distribution  world-wide.  British  genera 
about  forty-seven  ;  species  nearly  600. 

tir,  s.  [Fr.]  A  .shooting-match  or  meeting: 
as,  the  Belgian  Tir  National, 

tirade',  «.  [Fr.  =a  chawing  out,  a  tirade, 
tVoni  hal.  tirata=.a.  drawing  a  pulling,  tr.nti 
firan:  —  to  pull,  to  draw,  to  snatch.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  long,  violent  speech  or  de- 
clamation ;  a  declamatory  harangue,  censure, 
or  reproof. 

"  A  hmR  tinule  a^aiust  everybody  who  dared  to 
render  the  sucred  uiuse  of  women'«  liglita  absurd."— 
Ihtily  Telegraph,  Sept.  10,  1885. 

2.  Music:  The  tilling  up  of  an  inteival 
between  two  notes  with  a  run,  in  vocal  or 
instrumental  music. 

tirailleur  (as  ti-ral-yer'),  s.  [  Fr.  ]  A  name 
originally  applied  in  France  during  the 
Uevolution  of  17i>2  to  light-armed  troops,  who 
were  thrown  out  from  the  main  body  to  bring 
on  an  action,  cover  an  attack,  or  generally  to 
annoy  or  deceive  the  enemy  ;  a  skirmishei",  a 
sharpshooter. 

tire(I),  ^■.     [Fr.]     [TiEP..] 

1.  A  row,  a  rank,  a  tier. 

"  stood  rank'd  ut  seniphim  another  row. 
lu  posture  to  displode  their  second  tin- 
Uf  thunder."  Milton:  P.  t..  vi,  C05 

2,  A  train. 

■•  Such  one  waa  Wrath,  the  Inst  of  this  ungodly  tirt." 
Spenser:  /'.  V.,  I.  iv.  3^. 

tire  (2),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful;  prob.  the  same 
as  TiBE  (3),  ^'.l 

1.  J'ehicks  .'  An  iron  band  around  the  fellies 
of  a  wheel.  The  circular  continuous  tire  is  of 
American  origin.  In  Europe  tires  were,  until 
lately,  genei-ally  ma<le  in  sections  arranged  to 
break  joints  with  the  fellies.  The  rim-tire  is 
expanded  by  heating,  aud  then  shrunk  on  so 
as  to  tightly  compiess  the  wheel,  and  bolted  ; 
in  the  sectional  lire,  bolts  only  are  relied  on 
to  liold  the  parts  together,  fciteel  railway- 
tires  are  always  of  the  former  kind.  Jndia- 
1  uhber  wheel-tires  are  used  for  the  purpose  of 
decreasing  the  jar  on  the  vehicle,  and  as  a 
means  <if  increasing  the  tractive  atlherence. 

2.  P^all.  :  Therimof  a  driving  wlieel,  shrunk 
on  I'l  tlie  other  pi>rtion. 

tire-bender,  ■''.  A  device  for  bending 
tires  To  a  uniform  circular  curve. 

tire-bolt,  •'.  An  ordinary  nut  and  washer 
bolt,  used  for  securing  tires  to  the  fellies  of 
wheels.  The  nut  and  washer  are  api>Iie(l  on 
flie*iiiterior  of  the  felly,  and  tlie  head  counter- 
sunk into  the  tire. 

tire-drill,  s.  A  contrivance  for  drilling 
the  bolt-hok-s  in  tires. 


tire -heater. 


A  furnace   in  which  a 


boil,  boy;  pout,  j6wl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^st.    -ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  =  zhun.    -oious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


108 


tire— tissue 


v     A  iiiaclihit'  U*r  driving  t)ic 
Ktivl  lirv  uu  to  the  rim  ufu 


tin.'  m  vxputnitui  )•>'  licat  no  as  to  lightly 
ciiihruct)  tbi'  t  irvlo  *•(  frllii'M,  <>r  thf  rim  uf  the 
wtit-t'l,  on  whiclk  il  >liiiukA  in  cmiling. 

tlre-meoaurer,  ■.  An  ih»tniuiint  rm- 
iina.suriiik'  tliL  ciriUMifeiviice  uf  wlu-cU  uuU 
ihf  ttiit;tli  olthv  dcvcU'iH-U  tires. 

tiro -press. 

wnitik;lit-iriJti   t-i 
uriviii^-Htit.t']. 

tire  roller, '.  A  form  of  rolling-mill  for 
tii.s  III  which  Ihc  ri»lls  U^twct  n  wliirh  Iht- 
wiirk  is  iMTforhR-il  au*  iiuuk*  t<>  overhang  their 
ItfAiiiigK  and  K'  luiivuhlu  fmm  or  to  vM-h 
'-•tlnT.  (Ml  a!«  to  iilh-w  the  enille.vi  tire  to  lit- 
intro<liu-e<l  bftwcfii  thi-ni  and  ttiu  piirt.s  tht-n 
hntnght  to^etlu-r.  >ti  titiit  the  puns  is  coni- 
pk-tr. 

tire-shrluker,  -.  a  device  for  ^tiorten- 
iiig  tii-f*>  \vh' II  thr\  havr  become  loose  from 
thf  >iiiiiik;t-o  vi  the-  wheel. 

tire  smith,  ^.  <'n<*  who  makes  tires  nnd 
■  itliri  iiuri  uniU  lor  (•t';ieln-!*,  Ac. 

tiire  (;i).   •  tyr,    '  tyre,  .«.    [A  cimtract.  of 

itttin  (n.v.);    cf.    I'n-v.  tifi^i,  tehu^a  row, 

attire  ;  O,  H.  CJer.  :Uiri ;  M.  II.  Ger.  ::ic»: ; 

Gcr.  ;t>r=  ornament ;  zieivii  =  tooninment.J 

"  1.  A  head-dres.>. 

"  On  litr  bc**l  the  wwic  it'yrcof  gylJ." 

Sfjtniey:  F.  Q..  I.  x.  ai 

•  2.  Attire,  generally. 

••  lo  no  sny  lyr."        Afcxamlrr  *  Dindiuuie,  8S3. 

•  3.  Furniture,  apitarattis. 

"  S»iiit  Gvoreie's  wprth 
Kiiklii.n<>«  lik<^.l^s[tf  i>f  hi^h  rxploitn: 
ItiiifimlUtt;  »iri;e.i,  »iiU  Ww  tire  oi  wrt. 
Kuwl  it)  ttijr  UAKi-r  lutuil. '         I'hUipi :  tUcnlieim. 
I.  A  child's  apiun  witlu-ut  slecMs  :  a  pina- 
fcn-,  a  tier. 

•  tire-valiant,     tire-valliant,  >.    A 

kind  of  head-dress. 

"Tlie  tire-vtilfniit  or  luy  tire  uf  Vciietiii 
tHu\.f."—lHtakef/j. :  J/en-i/  IViret,  iii.  !■■ 


iuliiiit- 


•  tire(l),  ■  tyre,  > 

tu  adorn,  t*,t  dress. 

"  she  |«iutMl  ber  Uix  iiuil  tired  her  htad 


ix.  ;>■. 


/.    [Tnti;(:{),  a.l    T..  attire, 

i  Khi'jt 

to  draw,  to  snatch, 


•  tire  (2),  v.i.    [Fr.  t'ue,- 
to  pluck  ;  Eng.  tew.] 

1,  FaUunry :  Tc  seize,  pull,  and  teai-  jiroy. 
The  hawk  was  said  to  tire  on  iier  prey  when 
it  was  throwu  to  her  and  she  began  to  tear 
and  pull  at  it. 


;:  /Icnri/  I'/.,  i.  1. 

UKfii  or  closely 


2.  To  seize  eagerly  ;  to  hi 
engaged  in  or  upun  anything 

"  Upou  th;it  »fre  my  ll.ouKhU  tirin'j." 

afutkcsp.  :  Tiiiioii  v/  Athc'if,  iii.  C. 

tiire  (3).  v.t.  it  (■.  [A.H.  ttorian  =  to  be  tired, 
t"  wt-ary.  lo  tire;  /iW(/fl/(,  =  to  provoke,  to 
vex,  to  irritate.] 

A.  Traii^UiiT: 

I.  To  exhaust  tht-  strungth  of  by  toil  oi' 
labour ;  to  fatigue-,  tu  weary ;  to  wear  out 
physiciilly. 

"I  have  tired  myself."     SbaJiuetp. :  Cymibelint,  iii.  6. 

•_*.  To  exhaust  the  patience  or  attention  of 
by  duhn-ss  or  tedioiismss :  to  make  sick  of 
something  ;  to  cause  n-pugiianee  or  sickness 
in  by  excessive  supply  ur  lontinuanee  ;  to 
wear  out. 

"To  tirt  tlie  iviulei"  with  ii  luii 
want  lii.'f  uufjitii-ueil  ntteiitiou  U>  i\ 
vnilh:  D,terlcd  Villn-j,:     (Pref.) 

B,  Iiitram.  :  To  become  weary,  fatigueil, 
"I  exhausted  ;  to  have  the  strength  or  patience 
fail. 

"  OJ  this  gnd  w.^rk  wheu  each  Itesiu*  to  /*>*•. 
They  sit  thvm  liomi  just  wlu-re  they  were  before  " 
Tfunnfjn  :  Cattle  of /ndoteticc.  i.  6.'.. 

^  To  tire  oiit :  To  weaiy  or  fatigue  to  ex- 
cess ;  to  wear  out ;  to  exhaust  thi)roughly. 

"Hia  coUl  AiKl  imcourteoua  ;>iuiwers  coulil  nut  tire 
"h'     •'i   '"^"^  luilulti'ince."— J/ani«/«(ir.-    //i»t.  £„>,., 

fired,  fit.  i<ar.  or  a.     tTiRE(;i),  v.] 

tired -ness,  s.     [Eng. 
quality  or  state  of  bt-in; 
weariness,  exhaustion. 


;   jireftice.  when   I 
oiig  \>onu."—(;ufu. 


hetl: 

tired 


■ness.]     The 
u-  faticued  ; 


"  It  is  iiot  thruiiuli  the  tirntneu  »{  thu  lu-e  of  tlie 
cftrth.  .lit  thn.ti^l.  ■■iir  ..wu  iieBliKeuoe.  tliai  it  liutli 
nut  n;iti9lied  iw  houutifiilly.  -UutetvUt:  On  ProPi- 
den '.'7. 


t  tire'less,  o.    [Eng 
tiring,  unwearying. 


(ire  (;i),  v. ;  -kss.]    U"- 


•■  The  tirelax  nud  w.iriit- hearted  mi«foUiiry." 
Telej/raph,  >'ov.  IT,  ISj:. 


-Dailu 


•  tire'-ling,  ■  tyre  ling,  ".  [Eng.  tire  (3), 
V.  ;  -/ill;/.)     Tiiid,  rationed. 

"The  former  vlllitiu  which  did  leiid 
lliT/.v*Wi/ii;  Jadu. '      Sptiuvr :  f.  Q..  VI.  vlL  40. 

'  tire-man,  s.  [Eng.  tire  (l),  v.,  and  mnji.] 
A  man  wiio  attends  to  the  dreasiug  of  another; 
a  Valet. 

"  By  nix  your  tltleM,  nud  whole  itvte  at  ouce. 
Of  tirfinnn,  iuotiiiti.-L>nuk.  lilid  justlct-  Joues. 
1  duwiluli-yuu." 

Ben  Jontni :  Expoit.  \cith  Inigo  Jon4t, 

ti-reS'-i&S,  «.  (Lat.,  from  Gr.  Teipcaios 
{Tcircfiins),  the  naiue  of  a  Thcbau  who  by  ac- 
cident saw  .Vtlieue  bathing,  and  was  struck 
bliml  by  her  throwing  water  in  Iiis  face.  Fic- 
penting  of  what  she  hail  dune,  she  gave  him  a 
a  stair  to  walk  witli,  and  made  him  a  sooth- 
sayer.] 

1.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Coufervaceae,  now  a 
synonym  of  CEdogonium.  It  has  a  spiral 
structure  in  tlie  cell  walls. 

2.  Pulieont.  :  A  genus  of  Crustacea.  Known 
Hritish  species  one,  characteristic  of  tlie 
Lower  Sikii'ian. 

tire'-some,  o.     [Eng.  tire  (3).  V.  ;  -some.] 

1.  Exliausting  the  strengtli  ;  wearying, 
fatiguing,  tiling:  as.  a  fi/'esoHi*  journey. 

2.  Exhausting  the  patience ;  wearisome, 
tedious. 

"  Til  19  cireaome  round  of  palling  pl^isureB." 

liyr^n  :  To  a  Ladii. 

tire'-some -15^,  adv.  [Eng.  tiresome ;  -ly.\  In 
a  tiresouie  or  wearisome  manner;  weari- 
soiuelv. 


tiresome;  -neis.] 

being    tiresome, 

weaiisomeuess. 


tire -some -ness,  a.  [Eng. 
Tlio  quality  or  state  of 
fatiguing,  or  exliausting ; 
tediousiiess. 

'  tire-woman,  *  tyre-wom-an,  s.    [Eng. 
lire  (l),  v.,  and  woman.] 

1.  A  woman  wlio  attends  to  the  dressing  or 
toilet  of  another;  a  lady's  maid. 

"The  La»ly  Anne,  at  htr  toilette,  on  the  morniui,' 
after  the  council,  spoke  of  the  investigation  with  such 
scorn  aa  emboldened  the  veiy  firmvoinen  who  were 
dressiui;  her  to  put  in  their  jests.  '—Macaitlan  :  llitl 
Eng.,  cli.  ix. 

2.  A  dresser  in  a  theatre. 


tiring. 


<>vu.     [TiRE(l),  r.i 


tiring-house,   tiring-room,   5.     The 

room  or  place  in  which  players  dress  for  the 
stage. 

'■  This  gieeu  plot  ahall  be  our  stage,  this  hawthorn 
brake  our  tiring  ■  house."— Shaken  v. :  Midsummer 
.Vij/ifs  Dream,  iii.  l. 

tirl,  s.  [A  variant  of  trill  or  thrill.]  A  smart 
tap  or  stroke.     (Scotch.) 

tirl,  v.i.  &  t.     [TiRL,  s.] 

A,  Iiitrans. :  To  make  a  slight  noise,  as  by 
touching  some  loose  or  slack  object,  so  as  to 
produce  a  trenmlous  motion  or  sound. 

B.  Trans.:  To  uncover;  to  strip  of  a 
covering  or  roof.     (Scotvh.) 

"  Whyles  on  the  stroug-nim;ed  tempest  flyin', 
Tirtin  the  kirks." 

Burns:  Atidiess  tu  tlie  Dei!. 

TT  To  tirl  at  the  pin  :  To  twirl  or  rattle  at 
tlie  door-latcli,  as  a  courteous  signal  that  a 
person  wishes  or  intends  to  enter;  an  old 
practice  which  prevailed  before  bells  or 
knockers  were  in  use.    {:Scotch.) 

".\nd  murder  tlrni  at  the  door-pin.  if  he  c.^nna 
Iwu,"— .Vcci«  .■  Antiqimrij.  cli,  xl. 

tir'-Ue-wir-lxe,  0.  &  s.    [Txrl.] 

A,  Aswlj.:  Intricate;  trivially  ornamental. 

■•They  hae  contrived  uueer  tirliewirlie  holes,  that 
gang  out  to  the  open  air.  —^ScoCt:  Antiquary,  ch.  xxl. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  whirligig;  an  ornament 
consisting  of  a  number  of  intervolved  lines. 

*  tir'-d.  s.     [Tyro.] 

tir-o-gin'-i-um,  S-,  [Lat.l  The  first  service 
of  a  soldier  ;  the  tirst  rudiments  of  any  art ; 
a  novitiate ;  hence,  used  by  Cowper  as  a 
title  for  a  poem  on  schools. 

ti-ro'-lite,  .^.    [Tyrolite.] 

T-iron  (iron  as  I'-em),  5.  [See  def.]  A 
kind  of  aii-h-iit.n  liaving  a  flat  flange  and  a 
web  hke  tin-  letter  T,  from  which  it  is  named. 

Ti-rd'-nx-an,  a.  [From  Tiro,  the  freedman, 
pu|.il.and  amanuensis  of  Cicero.]  An  epithet 
a|iphfd  to  notes,  or  to  a  system  of  shorthand 
in  which  thi-y  were  written,  the  production 
of  Tiro. 


tirr,  v.t.  iProb.  connected  with  tear  or  tirl 
v.)  To  tear,  to  uni:over,  to  unroof,  to  strip; 
to  pare  oil'  the  sward  from  with  a  spade, 
(.v,.>.^■/^)  *" 

tir'-ra-lir-ra.  5.  [Sec  def.]  A  word  intended 
to  represent  the  note  of  a  lark,  a  horn,  or  the 
like. 

■■  Till'  l;»rk  that  tirraHrru  chants. 
With  hey  1  with  hey  !  the  thrush  and  tlie  jay." 

Shakt-sp.  :   Winter'i  Tale,  iv.  2.  ; 


•-     (Etym.  doubtful.] 
A  manacle. 

[A  word  of  no  derivation.]   Fright, 


tir'-ret, 

iUr.  : 

*  tir'-rit.  s. 

terror. 

"  lieieV  a  goodly  tumuHl  I'll  forswear  keeping 
house,  before  111  be  iu  tlieae  tirriti  and  friijhts-"— 
.^fi.ikeip.     i  Uenry  /»'..  ii.  <. 

tir-ri-vie?,  s.   pi.      [Cf.   tirr.\     Tantrums; 
burst  of  passion  or  ill-humour.    {Scotch.) 

"i'or  that  matter  when  he  wasna  in  aue  o'  hi* 
tirrivies." Scott :   Waverley,  gh.  Ixix. 


tir'-wit. 

lapwing 


'tig,  r. 

(7  is. 

ti-s^Ji, 
ti 


[From  the  cry  of  the  bird.)  The 
[See  def.]  A  common  contraction  of 
s.     [Ptis.\n.] 


sar,  s.    [Fr.] 

tJlass-maiinf.  :  The  fireplace  at  the  side  of. 
and  heating  the  annealing  arch  of,  the  plate- 
glass  furnace. 

tis-  ic  - 


al. 


[Phtuisic,    Phthi- 


[Eng.  tisic ; -y.]     Consumptive. 


tif  -  ic, 

SICAL.J 

tis  -ick-y,  - 

phtluMcal. 

Tij-ri,  5.     [Heb.  nuin  in$hri\  from  an  ob- 
solete root  signifying  to  begin.] 

Jewish  Calendar:  The  first  month  of  the 
civil,  and  the  seventh  of  the  ecclesiastical  year. 
It  corresponded  to  part  of  our  September  and 
October.  The  Great  Day  of  Atonement  and 
the  Feast  of  Tabernacles  fell  within  its  limits. 
Called  in  1  Kings  viii.  2,  Ethanim  (=  streaming 
rivers),  because  the  rivers,  swelled  by  the 
autumnal  rains,  were  then  iu  flood.  The  name 
tisri  occurs  in  the  Palmyreiie  inscriptions, 
and  was  la-obably  not  confined  to  the  Jews. 

tiss-ue   (SS   as   sh),    s.      [O.    Fr.   tissn  =.a 
ribbon,  lillet,  or   head-band  of  woven  stutT; 
prop.  j.ii.  par.  of  (isf re  (Fr.  tisser)=  to  weave, 
from  Lat.  ttxo.]    [Text.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  Tissue-paper  (q. v.). 

(2)  A  very  tine  tmnsparent  silk  stuff  used 
for  veils  ;  white  or  coloured.  It  was  formerly 
interwoven  with  gold  or  silver  threads  and 
embossed  with  figures. 

(3)  Cloth  interwoven  with  gold. 

"  Tht  taste  for  the  spices,  the  tissues,  and  the  jewels 
of  the  East  became  stronger  d:iy  hy  ilny."~JIueaulit«/  • 
Hist.  Eng.,  ch,  xviii. 

2.  Fig.  :  A  connected  series ;  a  concatena- 
tion ;  as,  The  whole  story  is  a  tissue  of  false- 
hoods. 

II.  Techniaxlly: 

1.  Histology:  A  set  of  cells  nmdified  for 
the  performance  of  a  special  function  ;  the 
fabric  of  which  the  organs  of  plants  ami 
animals  are  composed.  The  structure  of 
tissues,  with  very  few  excejitions,  is  imper- 
ceptible to  the  unassisted  eye,  and  requires 
the  aid  of  the  microscope  for  its  resolution. 
Tissues  which  are  absent  from  plants  occur 
iu  animals ;  these  are  called  Animal  Tissues, 
and  have  a  relation  to  movement  or  to  sensa- 
tion, as  the  muscles  and  nerves.  But  planti^ 
preserve,  protect,  and  sustain  themselves,  and 
the  corresponding  tissues  in  animals  are  spoken 
of  as  the  Vegetable  Tissues  ;  of  this  kind  are 
epithelium  and  bone.  Tissues  always  present 
the  same  general  arrangement  in  the  same 
organism,  but  are  combined  in  dia!"erent  ways 
in  diflerent  organisms.  In  the  lower  forms  of 
life,  whether  animal  or  vegetable,  the  distinc- 
tions between  tissues  become  less  and  less 
obvious,  and  there  are  oiganisms  so  extremely 
simple  that  the  tissue  of  their  bodies  is  of  a 
uniform  cellular  character. 

(1)  Anivial :  The  term  tissue  is  used  in  deal- 
ing with  (a)  the  structure  of  organs,  which  are 
composed  of  various  tissues ;  and  (b)  specially 
of  the  coniiionent  parts  of  organs.     In  the 


ate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  w5,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine    pit    sire 
or,  wore,  wolf,  wori^  who,  son;  mite,  eub,  eUre,  unite,  cur.  rvUe.  full;  tr^.  S^Xn.    i.  »  = 


sir,  marine ;  go.  pdt„ 
e ;  ey  =  a. ;  qu  =  Uw. 


Tissue— titanite 


10»J 


lirstaiHl  wider sensi',  the  atmtoniicnliTulividual 
is  made  up  of  nsscnns  tissue,  nr  bone  ;  mus- 
cular tissue,  or  flesh ;  adipose  tissue,  or  tat ; 
cartilaginous  tissue,  nr  y:iistle ;  pnunectivi! 
tis^^ue,  srrviiiK  ti>  biud  tlie  whole  to;;t!ther  ; 
and  pigniiMitary  tissue,  or  colouriii;^  uiatter. 
In  dralinK  with  animal  tissues  in  the  striet 
sense,  histologicnl  analysis  shows  them  to  be 
iiuu'h  ni"ire  dillerentiated  arul  elaborate  in 
stnietnre  than  those  of  plants.  They  may  be 
divided  into :  (a)  Epithelium,  eousistin?  of 
nucleated  jirotoplasmie  eells,  forming  con- 
tiuiions  masses,  either  arranged  in  a  siiij^le 
iHyer,  or  stiatifieil  and  fnrnuns  several  super- 
imposeil  layers.  Tlie  lining  of  tlie  tidies  and 
alveoli  of  secreting  and  excreting  glands,  and 
the  sensory  or  teiniinal  parts  of  the  organs 
of  sense  eonsist  of  eiiithelium.  (6)  Connective 
Tissue,  a  name  apjdied  to  a  variety  of  tissues 
d'.\rln|ic.l  from  the  same  embryonal  element, 
set  vin„'  more  or  less  as  fiainework  or  connect- 
i[ig  sM  bst.nice  for  nervous,  niuscul.'ir,  glandular, 
and  viisrnlar  tissues.  In  the  embryo  and  in 
Iho  growing  condition  one  may  be  changed 
into  the  otlier,and  in  the  adult  tlieygnidnaliy 
shade  off  one  intti  tlie  other.  These  tissues 
are  divided  intn  tliree  groups,  in  all  of  wliicli 
the  grouufl  snlistance,  matrix,  or  intcrcellnlar 
substaiiec,  is  distinguished  from  the  eells  em- 
beildi'd  therein  :  (i)  Fibrous  cmnectivc  tissue, 
consisting  of  mii-rosnipii',  band-like,  or  cylin- 
drieal  bnndlrs-d rxet'edingly  tine  liomogencous 
hbrils,  sonit'tinii's  aggregated  in  groups,  and 
held  together  by  an  alliuminous,  semi-fluid 
cement  substance  called  globidin.  (ii)  Carti- 
lage, consisting  of  a  tirni  grouud-snbstanoe 
with  cells  embedded  therein.  Cartilage  may 
"be  Hyaline,  having  tlie  ground-substance  tirm 
and  resendding  ground- glass ;  Fibrous,  or 
Pibro-ciu'tilage,  consisting  of  librons  connec- 
tive tissue  arranged  in  bundles,  au<l  these  again 
in  layers  ;  and  Yellow,  Elastic,  or  Retieulai-, 


nM 


A  B 

,  TISSUE. 

A.  -^iiiiiial'     Sti-lnfed  muficiilar  tissue,     b.  Vegetnble. 
I'ellul.ir  tisMie.  cuLiipused  of  protieiicliyiiiatous  i;ells. 

liaving  tlie  giouud-work  pernieateil  by  dense 
networks  ot  elastic  fibrils,  (iii)  Bone  and 
Dentine,  both  developed  from  transformed 
embryonal  connective  tissue,  (e)  Muscular 
tissue  :  (i)  Non-striated,  consisting  of  nucle- 
ated cells,  contractile  in  one  definite  direction, 
becoming  shorter  and  thicker  during  contrac- 
tion, (ii)  Striited,  composed  of  extremely 
long  more  or  less  cylindrical  fibres,  held  to- 
getlier  by  bundles  of  tibrous  coimeetive  tissue 
so  as  to  form  laiger  or  smaller  bundles  ;  tliese 
again  are  aggregated  together  by  stronger 
bands  and  septJi  of  librous  connective  tissue, 
an<i  flii-se  into  the  fascicles  or  divisions  of  an 
anainiiiic'tl  muscle,  {d)  Nervous,  consisting 
'if  bundles  of  nerve-fibres  held  together  by 
fibrous  connective  tissue,  which  carries  the 
"blood-vessels  supplying  the  nerve-trunk,  a 
.plexus  of  lymphatics,  groups  of  fat  cells,  and 
sometimes  nuuieious  i»lasnia  cells. 

(2)  VegeUthle:  Two  forms  of  aggregations  of 
■cells,  called  generally  Cellular  Tissue,  may  be 
distinguished,  according  to  the  form  and  re- 
lative position  of  the  cells  wliich  compose 
them :  ('()  Parenchyma  (Areolar,  Utricular, 
or  Vesicular  Tissue),  in  whicli  thin -walled 
cells,  of  a  diameter  nearly  equal  in  all  direc- 
tions, arc  united  to  one  another  by  brond 
surfaces;  and  (6)  Prosenchyma,  in  which  the 
cells  are  pointeil  at  both  ends,  and  are  much 
longer  than  they  are  broad.  When  the  walls 
of  the  cells  are  much  thickened,  the  tissue 
is  called  selerenchyma :  this  may  be  either 
parenchymatous  or  ])rosencliymatous,  accorrl- 
ing  to  the  form  of  the  cells.  "Wlien  the  trans- 
verse walls  of  a  row  of  super-imposed  cells 
are  absorbed  or  perforated,  so  that  they  coal- 
esce and  form  tubes  or  vessels,  the  tissue  is 
said  to  be  vascular.  When  all  the  cells  have 
ceased  to    divide,  and  ha\e  assumed    their 


definit.*!  Inrm,  the  tissue  is  called  permanent ; 
when,  on  the  contrary,  the  colls  arc  still 
dividing,  it  is  called  generating  tissU''.  When 
several  diU'eront  tissues  occur  in  one  plant, 
as  in  all  the  higher  plants,  they  are  arranged 
into  systems.  Thrt^c  such  systems  of  tissues 
arc  usually  met  witli  :  (1)  The  epidermal, 
which  covers  the  exterioi-  of  the  plant,  and 
usually  consists  of  a  single  layer  of  cells  ;  (\1) 
the  tlbro-vasculur,  which  traverses  the  body 
of  the  plant  in  the  form  of  buncllrs,  and  is 
characterized  by  the  presence  of  tubes  and 
vessels,  and  of  long,  jtoiuted,  prosenchynia- 
tous  cells-the  Wood-hlires ;  (;{)  the  funda- 
mental tissue,  which  lills  up  the  rest  nf  th-' 
space,  and  consists  principally  of  parenchyma. 
2.  EiitoDi. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Sco- 
tosM  (luhitdtii.  The  fore  wings  have  numcious 
trans\i'isc  wavy  lines ;  the  larva  feeds  on 
buckthoi'n. 

tissue-paper,  s.  A  very  thin  gan/.e- 
lil<e  pai)er  made  of  several  sizes,  and  used  for 
the  ,'r.)tc(:tiiin  of  engravings,  and  for  wrapping 
fine  and  delicate  articles. 

tlSS'-ue  (ss  as  sh),  i:f.     [Tissue,  s.l    To  form 
tissui-  ul,  to  iMterwea\e,  to  variegate. 


tiss'-ued  (ss  as  3h)f  pa.  par.  or  a.  [Tissue,  v.] 

1.  Variegated. 

"  Pliiyiiijf  with  thy  vesture's  tiisued  flowers." 

Cowpcr:  On  mj/  Motkcr'a  /'h:lurc. 

2.  Dressed  in  or  adorned  with  tissue. 

tit  (1),  ,v.     [Icel.  tittr  =  a  tit,  a  bird  ;  iitUiuji'  = 
a  sparrow.] 

1.  A  titmouse  (q.v.). 

2.  A  little  horse. 

"  Kay,  should  tlie  (lY*  get  on  for  once, 
Eiiuh  rider  is  so  gntve  a  duuce, 
Tli.'it,  as  I've  heard  pood  Judges  sny. 
"J'is  ten  to  oue  they'd  lose  their  way." 

Ltoyd  :  The  Poetry  /'la/esson. 

3.  A  contemptuous  term  for  a  woman.  (In 
tliis  sense  perhaps  from  teat  (q.  v.). 

"A   vaot  virago  or   au    ugly   tit."— Burton:    Amtt. 
Melancholy,  p.  524. 

4.  A  bit,  a  morsel. 
tit-warbler,  .<. 

Oniith. :  Siilcicula  minuta, 

tit  (2),  s.     [A  corrupt,  of  tip  (2),  s.  (q.v.).]    A 
tap,  a  slight  blow. 

If  Tit-for-tat:  An  equivalent  in  way  of  re- 
venge or  retiiliation. 

Ti'-tan,  .^.  .^  n.     ILat.,  from  Gr.  Ttrdc  (TiUn,) 
=  X\'i:-  Sun-g.)d.] 

A.  --Is  siibatantlvc : 

1.  Grecian  Mythology : 

(1)  According  to  the  more  modern  account, 
the  eldest  son  of  Uranus  and  Gaia,  who  re- 
linquish-'l  the  sovereignty  of  gods  and  men 
to  his  younger  brother  Saturn,  the  latter  un- 
dertaking to  destroy  all  his  cliildren,  so  tliat 
the  monarchy  might  revert  Ui  those  of  Titan. 
He  afterwards  recovered  the  sovereignty  fioni 
Saturn  ;  but  Jupiter,  the  son  of  the  latter, 
vanquished  him,  and  restoreil  it  to  his  father. 

(2)  A  name  applied  to  the  sun,  as  the  oJT- 
spring  of  Ilyi)erion,  one  of  the  Titans. 

(:l)  One  bi  the  children  of  Ccelus  (or  Uranus) 
ami  Terra.  They  were  six  males,  Oceanus. 
Coios,  Crios,  Hyperion,  lapetus,  and  Kronos  ; 
and  six  females,  Theia,  Rheia  (or  Rhea), 
Themis,  Mnemosyne,  Phoebe,  and  Tethys. 
These  children,  according  to  the  commonly- 
received  legend,  were  hateil  by  their  father, 
who,  as  soon  as  they  wert  born,  tlirnst  them 
out  <d'  sight  into  a  cavern  of  Earth,  who, 
grieved  at  his  unnatural  con<inct,  produced 
the  "substance  of  hoary  steel,"  and.  forming 
frnm  it  a  sickle,  roused  her  children,  th.' 
Titans,  to  rebellimi  against  him.  The  wars  of 
the  Tit;uis  against  the  gods  are  often  con- 
founded with  that  nf  the  Giants  ;  but  the  war 
of  the  Titans  was  against  Saturn,  and  that  of 
the  Giants  against  Jupiter. 

2.  Astron. :  The  sixth  of  the  eight  satelliti^s 
of  Saturn.  Its  nienn  distance  from  the  centre 
of  the  planet  is  781,000  miles ;  it**  periodic 
time.  15  days,  22  hours,  41  minutes,  and  20-2 
seconds. 

3.  Chem. :  [Titanium]. 

4.  Mln:  [Titanite]. 

B.  An  ailj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Titans ; 
Titanic. 

Titaxi'llke,  wlv.     After  the  fashion  of  the 


Titans,  who  pilcl  m-Mintidn  on  mount-tin  iu 

order  to  rencli  ho;iven  in  tlndr  war  ngain>t 

Saturn. 

'  "Tliuy  Mi-io  tfiit.iiitiv-  itiiiMl-.  ami  llu'ir  r^tci-ii  aim 
Wjix  niiiH.lil.:  .iiidiirhi^'<1..iil>l'.  t'.  t'llf 
ThiMiitlito  wliloli  hIi.'u).)  ,'j,n  dxwii  lliuiiiJvr,  niid  t)<a 
II-^iiK-. '  tii/ron  :  Lhitde  Harold,  lil.  105. 

ti-tan-ato.  s.     [Eng.  lit'tn(ic);  -aU:] 
Clu'in. :  A  salt  of  titaniC  acid. 
titanate  of  iron,  ■-'. 

Mill. :  The  same  as  Ii.mkniti:. 

•  Ti-tan-css.   .^.      [Eng.    Titan;    -ess.]     A 

fi-malf  I'iUin  ;  a  female  pei-souagc  of  surpass- 
ing powei-. 

•'  Truth  .  .  .  Titanett  auiorig  dvitic^."— r.  Bnmt,- : 
Villftte,  ch.  xxxix. 

ti-ta-ne'-thes,  s.  [Formed  from  Lat.  Titmi 
(q.V.).j 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Oniscidii'.  Titan«th€S 
albusy  from  the  i^lammoth  Ciive  in  Kentucky, 
is  blind. 

Ti-ta'-ni-a,  s.  [Lat.  =:  a  name  of  lAtona,  as 
daught-'r  of  the  Titan  Coins  ;  of  Pynhu,  as  a 
descendant  of  the  Titan  Prometheus;  of 
Diana  as  the  sister,  and  of  Circe  as  the  daugh- 
ter of  Sol,  Shakespeare  {Midsummer  Nig  hi. < 
Dream)  uses  the  name  for  the  wife  of  Oberon.] 
Astroii. :  The  third  of  the  four  featellitcs  uf 
Uranus.  Its  mean  ilistatice  from  the  centre 
of  the  planet  is  272,000  miles,  its  pi-riodic 
time  s-7UiS".t7  days. 

ti~ta-ni-an,  ti-tan  it  -ic,  c.  [Mod.  L;it. 
titaii{ivm');  Eng.  adj.  snfl".  -utc,  -itic  ]  Per- 
taining to  titanium  (q.v.). 

Ti-tan'-ic  (1),  a.  [Eng.  Titc.n  ;  -(-;.]  of.  per- 
taming  to,  or  characteristic  of  the  Titans  : 
Inncf,  gigantic,  superliunian ;  enormous  in 
size  or  stiength. 

"  Rome— Rome  iuuierial.  hows  her  tu  the  styiui, 
lu  tlie  Fauie  dii^t  and  blackness,  itm)  wu  pa^ 
The  akeletuu  of  licr  TUanic  fomi." 

lii/ivn:  Vhi/dr  /farvld.  iv.  40. 

ti-tan' -ic  (2),  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  titan{ii(m)  ;  Eng. 
adj.  suit.  -*■'  ]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 
titanium. 

titanic-acid,  $. 

1.  CliKni. :  IWViO^.  A  white  powder  obtained 
by  adding  ammonia  to  titanic  chloiide.  It  is 
soluble  in  sulphuric,  uitric,  and  liydmehioric 
u<'ids,  and  forms  with  tiie  metids  and  alkaline 
earths  salts  called  titanatcs. 

2.  Min. :  The  same  as  Ri'tilit^Octauedrite, 
and  liuoOKiTK. 

titanlcchloride,  >\ 

Cliem.  :  TiClj.  A  culourlcss,  transparent, 
heavy  liquid,  jn-epared  by  passi  ng  chlorine  over 
an  ignited  mixture  of  titanic  oxide  and  char- 
coal. Sp.  gr.  r7i309  at  0' ;  boils  at  i;'.5',  and 
emits  wliite  fumes  on  exposure  to  the  air. 

titanic-iron,  ^-. 

Mi».  :  The  same  as  MertACcANiTE. 
titanic -oxide,  s. 

Chcm. :  T\0_^.  Occurs  native  in  three  differ- 
ent forms,  viz.,  as  rntile  and  anatase,  in  which 
it  is  dimetiic,  and  as  brookite,  in  which  it  is 
trimetric.  It  is  insoluble  in  water  and  in  all 
acids,  excejit  strong  sulphuric  acid. 

ti-tan-if'-er-ous,   a.    [Eng.   titanium,  and 

Lat.  frro  —  tn  b(':ir,  to  iii-<:iduce.] 
Mil'. :  1*1-1. hieing  nr  containing  titanium. 

tltaniferous  iron-ore.  ';. 

Min.  :  TliL'  saiiii-  as  .M  i  sacc amte  (q.V.). 

titaniferous  iron  sand,  ^. 

Min. :  A  vaiicty  ot  Menaccanitc  (q.v.), 
occurring  in  small  grains,  sometimes  in  ex- 
tt.-nsiv((  deposits,  resulting  from  the  degrada- 
tion of  igneous  rocks. 

ti'-tan-ite,  .-•.  (Eng.  titan(ium) ;  sufT.  -itr 
(Mill.);  Fr.  titane sHiceo-calaiire ;  (3er.  titanit.] 
Mill. ;  A  mineraloccurringmostlyinciystals, 
rarely  massive.  Crystallization,  monocliiiic  ; 
hardness,  5  to  i»'5  ;  sp.  gr.  3"4  t(j  S'5G  ;  lusti'c, 
adamantine  to  resinous ;  colour,  shades  of 
brown,  yellow,  green,  giay,  black ;  streak, 
white  ;  transparent  to  upaque  ;  "brittle.  Com- 
p'>s.  :  a  silico-titanate  of  lime,  with  the  for- 
mula (CaO  -f  TiO:.).SiOo.  iJana  distinguishes 
the  following  varieties:  1.  Ordinary:  (1)  ti- 
tanite. brown  to  black^;  (2)  spheue,  yellow, 
and  of  light  colours,  and  translucent ;  •_'. 
Manganesian,greenovite  ;  3.  Crystallograidiic, 


J)oil,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-cian,  -tian  —  sban.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhun.      cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -blc,  -die,  ic.  -  bel,  dcL 


110 


t  it  anitic— tithe 


«lc|)«'it<liii;:  u|N.ii  tliL-  4iri-  imii  ill  uliirh  the 
crystal  !■•  i-lMii^ut«>4l.  ami  ti<-iiiiin<>rplii(-  furni^. 
Oi-oUPi  III  Btnnito.piu'iss,  inica-scliwt.  syi'nit*-, 
kv.,  aUo  Ml  lifjH  tf  irotctn-,  and  sniui-tiiin's 
in  viilmiiir  riM-kh.  Ktioriii"iis  i*ryslals  uf  llii? 
Itn-wii  Viin.'(vtlf'liTit«')l'«vi-lifer»r-minl  (1S8.'.) 
at  Uritfn'"',  C'aniiiln,  j.oiiH'liinc*  wcigliing  as 
iniicli  Its  72  Wfs. 

ti  tan  U-io.  'i     (Thanmn-.I 

ti  ta  ni  dm,  -.  H»i".  nTorot (^'fnuoj)  =  iinn'. 
i:.\l.Mitit.  ;i  white  i-avlli,  chalk,  mnrhh- 
wniiiiiys.! 

I'httH.:  A  very  nirt'  iiii-taUi).-  ek'iueiit,  dis- 
ci»\c'i\'tl  by  tin*j;or  in  17S0.  SyiiitK>l  Ti ;  iit. 
wt.  .'>0.  It  JH  iH'ver  found  in  the  iiu'tnUic 
Ktati',  but  may  U-  obtained  by  heatui^:  the 
dniible  tltioridi-  of  prttft.ssiuin  an<l  titiiniutii 
with  iK>tnssiuni  ill  :i  covt-rod  crufibie,  or  by 
niixiiii;  titanic  oxide  with  nnosixtli  of  its 
Wfij;htr.f  cImrcoRl  and  rxposinj;  t"  tin*  stroiig- 
Mt  lu'at  of  an  air-ftiinacf.  It  is  a  dark-grei-n. 
lu-avy,  aiiiorplious  po\vrii-r,  having'  under  thr 
microscope  the  coh'Ui-  and  lustrt-  of  iron.  It 
diiuiolvi's  ill  warm  hytliochloric  acid,  with 
evobition  of  hydrO};en,  and,  when  heated  in 
tlic  air,  burns  with  givat  splendour.  Likt- 
tin,  it  forms  two  d:i>ii'*s  of  oompounds— the 
titanic,  in  which  it  is  tiuadrivalent,  and  the 
titnnons,  in  \vhteh  it  is  trivaleut.  Tlicspectrc- 
»co|w  sliows  that  there  istitAiiiuni  in  the  sun. 

*  Titnniuni-oxide  =  .-lun/o.v,  liroolit'',  /?»- 

titanium  green,  -. 

Cftci.i. :  A  pi^nn'iil  pnxlucoi  by  adding'  po- 
tassium feiTt'eyani'lr  to  titanic  chloride.  It 
ib  recommended  as  an  innocui>us  substitute 
for  Schweinfiirt  and  other  arsenical  greens, 
I'Ut  is  inferior  in  coUmu*. 

ti-taa-o- (1),  pre/.  [Gr.  Titoc  (Titan),  geuit. 
TiToi'Os  (Titauoit)—  a  Titan.)  Of  or  pertainin;^ 
to  a  Titan  ;  hence,  huge,  monstrous. 

ti-tan-6- (2),  pref.  [Titanhm.1  Containing, 
ih-fivcd  troni,  or  reM-inbling  the  metallic  ele- 
ment lilaniuni  (i-V.). 

ti-tan-o-ffer  rite,    .    [Pref.  /cW-jn- (-j),  and 

j:-r-rife.l 

yjin.  :  Tlic  .5jnu-a:-  MiiSACC .XSITK  (q.v.). 

ti'tan-o-morph'-xte.  .-■.  [Pref.  titc.no-  ('_>>; 
(irl  ^op^^  {moryhc)  =  form,  and  siitf.  -iff 
(.Wn,.).J 

Min.:  A  white  mineral,  isomorphous  with 
titanite  (q.v.).  Results  from  the  alteration  i)f 
-.  mtilc  and  menaccanite  (q.v.),  the  gmins  or 
<Tysta!s  of  whicli  it  encloses.  An  analysis 
Bhowcd :  titanic  acid,  74':!2  ;  lime,  :i5"2"  ;  luot- 
oxide  of  iron,  a  trace,  which  corresponds  to 
the  formula,  CaTi^O.-,.  Found  in  the  horn- 
blende schists  of 'the  Ilohe  Eulo,  Lami'crs- 
dorf,  Silesia. 

ti-t&n'-o-mj^S.  s.  [Pref.  titcno-  (1),  and  Gr. 
fiCt  (mus)=  a  iimuscl 

I*(tia'ont. :  A  t,'enus  of  Lagomyida-,  from  tin- 
French  Miorpiic,  diffcringchiefly  from  I.agomys 
in  having  one  molar  less  in  the  lower  jaw. 

d-t&n'-d-phis,  .s.  [Pref.  titano-  (1),  and  Gi-. 
o^ts  {'phis)  =  a  snake.] 

I'aln-nv.t.  :  A  synonym  of  Dinophis  (q.v.). 

ti-tan  6-saa'-rus, :-.  (Pref.  tlfo)w-  (i).  and 
(ir.  trai'po'i  (-■-■anrov)  =  a  li/.ard.] 

I'aUvoiit.:  A  synonym  of  Atlantosaurus, 
the  tyiK'-gcnus  of  the  family  Atlantusaurid:e 
of  Marsh's  onler  Sanropodn  (fi.v.).  In  the 
family  the  ischia  are  directed  do«  nwards,  witli 
expanded  extremities  meeting  on  the  median 
line;  anterior  caudal  vertebrie  with  lateral 
cavities.  T\v  species  of  the  type-genus  are 
gigantic  Dinosaurians,  but  the  least  specialized 
forms  of  the  sub-elass,  in  some  respects  ap- 
proaching Mesitz<»ic  Crocodiles.  Atlautosanri's 
vwntana,  from  the  UpjierJurassic  of  Colorado, 
acconiing  to  Marsh,  "is  by  far  the  largest 
land-aitiiual  yd  discovered,  its  dimensiniis 
Iwing  greater  than  was  supposed  possible  in 
an  animal  that  lived  and  mov._-fl  upon  tit-- 
land,  it  was  some  Hfty  <t  sixty  leet  in  length, 
and,  when  erect,  at  le-ast  tliirtvtcct  in  height 
It  doubtIes,sfcd  upon  th.-  folin'^.- cf  tlie  nii>nn- 
tain  forests,  portions  of  which  are  preserved 
with  its  remains." 

ti-tan  o-tber'-i-um,  s.     [Pref.  fifono-  (i), 

;nid  Gr.  9r)pioy  (t!u-rwii)  =  a\v\U\  beast.] 
i'l'laont. :  Om*  of  the  nanu-s  given  to  the 


remains  of  a  group  of  animals  of  gigantic  size 
ln>rn  the  Kocene  and  Jliocene  of  the  New 
World.  The  Hrst  known  fragment  was  named 
Menodus  by  Poniel  in  isilt ;  more  perfect 
ivmains  have  since  been  described  by  Leidy 
as  Titauotherliun  and  Megaecrops,  by  Marsh 
as  Ilrontotherium.  and  by  Cojie  as  Syniboro- 
don.  Prof.  Flower  (Kjic'/c.  Brit.  (ed.  0th),  xv. 
4'_'»)  says  tiiat  some  of  these  appear  to  present 
generic  moil ittcat ions,  but  the  syntmymy  is 
nmch  confused.  The  head  was  large  and 
much  elongated,  as  in  the  Rhinoceros,  but 
they  had  a  pair  of  stout  diverging  osseous 
l>ro'tul>cranecs,  like  horn-eases,  on  tlie  maxil- 
lartes  in  ft-ont  of  the  orbits.  Their  mohir  teeth 
were  of  a  simple  iMdieotheroirl  type,  and  the 
incisors  and  canines  were  very  much  rednced. 
Tlieir  fore  feet  had  four  an<l  their  himl  feet 
three  short,  stout  toes. 

ti -tan-oiis,  "■    [Kng.  tifo,i(luiu);  -ou.-i.]    Per- 

t;iiniii;:  t'>  lilaniiMii. 

titanous  Chloride,  >. 

a.nn.:  TU\,.  I'n.du.-ed  by  the  action  of 
hydrogen  on  titanic  chloride.  It  forms  dark 
violet  scales,  having  a  strong  lustre,  dtdi- 
i|iusei'S  in  the  air  at  ordinary  lemperatiire, 
and  dissid\es  in  water,  Inrming  a  violct-rtul 
solntion. 

tltanous-oxide,  .<. 

(.'hriii.  :  Ti^>u-.  A  black  powder  obtained 
by  heating  titanic  oxide  in  hydrogen.  It  is 
almost  insoluble  in  nitrite  and  hydrochloric 
acids,  but  dissolves  in  sulphuric  acid,  forming 
a  violet-colouved  solution. 

ti'-tan-US,  s.     (Lat,  =  a  Titan. l 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Prionin.T,  with  fili- 
form antenme.  Titaans  giyus,  from  Cayenne 
and  the  Amazons,  is  fretpicntly  eight  inches 
long,  exclusive  of  the  antenme. 

tit-bit,  --!.     [Tidbit.]     A  nice,   delicious,   or 

tender  iiiorsi-1. 

"Johu  patiipercil  e<tr[)ni'e  Smitli  "illi  tlrbitx  tlM  he 
fc'i-ew  wanton.'  —-(rinr/i.iuf  .*  Jlitt.  ./ohn  Hull, 

■  tite,  i-.(.    [Tide,  f.]    For  fWtf//;  =  hap[iens. 

■  tlt-er,  '■./.  [O.  leel.  titra.]  To  tell  tales; 
to  cliatter. 

tit-er-er,      tit-er-ere,   y.     [Titer.]     a 

chatterer. 

"  tit-er-ing.  s.    [Titer.]    Courtship. 

titb,  ('■  [Ti<an.]  Tight,  nimble,  brisk.  (Beamn. 
iCFkt.:   U'ontini's  Prize,  iii.  o.) 

tith'-a-ble,  tithe'-a-ble,  ^  tytb-a-ble.  c 

I'Kng.  tifhe;  -uble.]  'fciubject  or  liable  to  the 
payment  of  tithes, 

"There  were  Inrniera  in  tlie  Vale  of  Clwyd  renting 
rich  piirtnre  Iniid  which  was  i-iily  fithcable' t<j  the  t.v- 
teiituf  6d.  l>er  acre.  "— /)(i(7^  Chronivh;  Sept.  S.  199':. 

titbe,  ■  tetbe, '  tytbe,  s.  &  a.    [a.S.  teodha 

=  tenth  (for  teondha);  t{'iithi)t>j  =  ii  tithing,  a 
tithe,  from  teon  =  ten  (q.\'.).] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  tenth  part  f<fnnytliing; 
a  tenth. 

2.  Specif,  :  A  tenth  of  the  annual  produce 
of  ones  industry,  or  of  wealth  obtained  from 
any  .source,  given  voluntarily  or  exacted  by 
law,  for  the  support  of  divine  worship. 
Under  the  patriarelial  dispensation,  Abraham 
gave  Melchizedek  the  tenth  part  of  tlie  spoil 
taken  in  battle  from  the  Eastern  kings  (Gen. 
xiv.  ^O).  Jacob  at  Bethel  vowed  to  give  tithes 
to  Jehovah  if  he  were  divinely  permitted  to 
return  to  his  father's  tent  in  safety  and  pros- 
perity (xxviii.  20-22).  Tithes  for  the  support 
of  the  Levites  were  an  essential  part  of  the 
Mfisaic  economy  (Lev.  xxvii.  30-33) ;  tliey,  on 
tlieir  part,  were  to  pay  tithes  for  the  support 
nf  tlie  High  Priest  (Num.  xviii.  2K2S).  It  is 
probable  that,  in  the  Christian  Church,  tithes 
were  fir'^t  paid  in  imitation  of  the  arrange- 
ments under  the  Jewish  dispensation.  Such 
tithes  are   lirst  mentioned  in  a  decree  made 

-  in  a  synod  held  a.d.  78t>,  wherein  this  pay- 
ment in  general  is  strongly  enjoined.  The 
next  authentic  mention  of  them"  is  about  the 
year  000,  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  laws,  wliere  this 
payment  is  not  only  enjoined,  but  a  penalty 
added  upon  non-observance;  and  this  law  is 
yeconded  by  the  laws  of  Athelstan,  about  the 
year  030.  Upon  tlieir  first  introduction,  every 
man  might  give  them  to  what  priest  he  pleased, 
or  might  pay  them  into  the  hands  of  the 
bishop,  for  distribution  by  him.     But,  when 


dioceses  were  di\i<led  iido  parishes,  the  titlies 
«d'  ea(di  were  aUotted  tn  its  own  particular 
minister;  llrst  by  coiunion  consent,  or  the 
appointments  id"  lords  of  inanius,  ami  after- 
wards by  the  written  law  of  the  land.  The 
tirst  step  towards  this  result  was  taken  by 
Innocent  III.,  about  1200,  who,  in  an  epistle 
to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  dated  from 
the  palace  of  the  Lateran,  enjoined  the  pay- 
ment of  tithes  to  the  parsons  of  the  respective 
parishes  where  every  man  inhabited.  "This 
epistle,"  says  Sir  Edward  Coke,  "  bound  ncpt 
the  lay  subjecta  of  this  realm ;  but,  being 
reasonable  and  just,  it  was  allowed  of,  and  so 
hecAuw  I r.c  tcrrie."  Tithes  in  England  are  of 
three  sorts,  personal,  pra-dial.  and  mixed.  [Set- 
extract.]  They  are  also  divided  into  great  and 
.small  tithes.  Great  tithes  consist  of  all  species 
of  corn  and  grain,  hay  and  wood.  Small 
tithes  ('onsist  of  pnedial  tithes  of  other 
kinds,  tof^etlier  witli  mixed  and  i)ersonal 
tithes.  Great  tithes  belong  to  the  rect(n-,  and 
are  hence  called  parsonage  tithes  ;  small  tithes 
belong  to  the  vicar,  and  arc  Iicncc  called 
vicarage  tithes.  Tithes  liave  to  a  large  extent 
been'Oommuted  into  rent-charges,  which  are 
payable  half-yearly,  and  are  recoverable  by 
distress  ami  sale,  like  ordinary  rents.  Tithes 
are  due  either  de  jure  or  by  custom  ;  to  the 
latter  class  belong  all  personal  tithes.  Ex- 
emption from  tithes  may  be  by  composition, 
a  modus  dectiiuuidi,  prescription,  or  Act  nt" 
Parliament.  A  modus  decivunidi  (commonly 
called  simply  a  modus)  was  where  there  was 
by  custom  a  particular  manner  of  tithing 
allowed  different  from  the  general  law  ot 
taking  tithes  in  kind,  such  as  a  pecuniary 
compensation,  as  twoi>ence  an  acre,  or  a  com- 
pensation in  work  and  labour,  as  that  tiie 
parson  should  have  only  the  twelfth  cock  of 
hay,  and  not  tlie  tenth,  in  consideration  of 
the  owner's  making  it  for  him.  A  preseription 
de  non  decimaudo  was  a  claim  to  be  entirely 
discharged  of  tithes,  and  to  pay  no  compensa- 
tion in  lieu  of  them,  whence  have  sprung  all 
the  lands  which,  being  in  lay  hands,  do  at 
present  claim  to  be  tithe-free;  for,  if  a  man 
can  show  his  lantUs  to  have  beeniinmemorially 
discharged  of  tithes,  this  is  a  good  preseriptioii 
dc  noii  decimaudo. 

"  Tithfs  .ire  a  second  series  of  fncoriioreal  heretlitn- 
ment.  They  arc  tlefinetl  to  be  the  tenth  p-irt  of  tbc 
iucrease,  yearly  arising  and  renewing  from  the  profits 
of  laiuls,  the  stoek  tipoD  lands,  jind  the  personal  iu- 
duHtry  of  the  inhahitants:  the  fii-at  being  iiaually 
called  predial,  as  of  com.  hops,  and  wood  ;  the  seconil 
mixed.  H3  of  W(>ol,  luilk,  piga,  Ac,  imtm-al  products, 
nurtiued  in  purt  by  the  care  of  in.in  ;  the  third  per- 
sonal. a.t  of  uianiL-i)  occupations,  trades.  flsberieSTanil 
the  like  " — Blackstonc :  Comwrnt.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  2. 

3.  A  very  small  i>art  in  proportion. 
"The  titlip  of  .1  hair  was  neier  lost  iu  my  hoiisL- 
before.  '—fSlutkcxp. :  1  J/oiry  IV.,  iii,  3. 

"  B.  -4s  adj.  :  Tentli. 

"  Every  titln-  soul  'mougat  many  thousand  disines." 
i^hakctp.  :  TroitHs  >t  Cressiila,  ii. :;,   . 

%  Commutdtlou  of  tithes:  The  conversiim  of 
tithes  into  a  rent-charge  payable  in  money 
and  chargeable  on  the  land. 

tltbe-conunissioner,  6'.  One  of  a  board 
of  ciimniissioners  appointe<l  by  Government 
for  arranging  propositions  for  commuting  oi 
compounding  tithes. 

tlthe-ft*ee.  f.     Exempt  from  the  payment 

of  tithes. 

titbe  -  gatherer,   .-j.    One  who  collects 

tithes. 

'  titbe-pzg,  .s*.  One  pig  out  of  ten  giveij 
to  the  priest  as  a  church-rate. 

•'  And  sumetimes  uutnes  she  with  n  tilhe-jii'/n  tail. 
Tickling  a  parson  s  nose  as  a  lien  itsleep." 

Nhnkesp.  :  liomeo  £  Juliet,  i.  4. 

^  titbe-proctor,  ^■.  A  levier  or  collector 
of  tithes  ur  chnreh-rates,  formerly  employed 
by  the  clergy  of  the  Established  Church  in 
Ireland  to  as.ses.s  and  collect  the  titlies  on 
farmers'  and  cottagers'  crops. 

^tltbe,   *  tytbe,    rj.  &    i.     [A.S.   (c6dhl(nK\ 
[Tithe,  5.J 
A.  Tion&itiiv: 

1.  To  exact  tithe.s  from ;  to  levy  a  tenth 
part  on. 


2.  To  pay  tithes  on  ;  to  pay  the  tenth  part  of. 

"  Military  spoil,  and  the  prey  gotten  in  vvar,  is  als.- 
tytbable.  for  Abrahiim  ff/tkcd  it  to  Melchizedek.  "— 
^pclman:  Of  Ti/tlif,  ch.  xvi. 

B.  Iiifrans. ;  To  pay  tithes. 

"  For  lambe.  pig.  and  cidf.-and  for  other  the  like. 
Tiftn-  so  as  tliy  cattle  the  lord  d('  not  strik.-," 

Tttsscr:  Ilimbttiutr^. 


fate.  at.  fare,  amidst,  whit,  fall,  father;    we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there:   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  worlt,  who.  son;  mite.  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  riile,  full:  try,  Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


titheless— title 


111 


•  tithe-less.  n.    (Eii„'.  tillw,  .^. ;  -iV.-.'.]    I'Uv. 
sa'tm-  as  '1  iriiL  ritL't:  (q.v.). 

tith-er,  !>' Oil.    [Sfedft".)   TIr- otlicr.   (Scotch.) 

tith'  er,  v.     [Em-;.  titli{e):    c*.]     Om-  wlm  col- 
iet-ls  titln-s. 

"Tliua  («r  fiihcr*  tlieiiiaelvos  liRv<>  (•.>utrilmt*il  t<> 
their  own  iiiiifiitJttiou. '—.l/t'foN  .-  Lihlittl  Mfuiit  tn 
lii-more  Hirrtiiirft. 

tith'-lng.  "  teth-ing,  s.  &  (•■    [A.S.   kotk- 
'u>,ii.\     ITinir.  s.\ 

A.  .■!.•;  MW>s/»<(/(iv.-      ■ 

*  1.  A  tithu,  a  tenth. 

"  TliLT  f*7A(»i.7  mill  tlier  olTt'iii^  bctlie 

Vhitmvr  [t) :  rioiV"in>,'s  7\th: 

f  2.  The  act  of  taking  or  levying  lithus.. 

•'  When  I  .oiiie  to  the  tithin;}  of  thi-in.  I  will  tithe 
t.hrm  on..'  ^vlth  nunther,  iuul  will  ninkc  in  Iri^huiiin 
the  tithini;  man.'— .s>r»i«iv.  SfnU- of  lri-ta-i<{. 

3.  A  <h'<*cnnary ;  a  number  nr  rumitany  of 
ten  houselioMurs,  who.  (Iwolliny  nr.ir  e;uli 
other,  Wfre  sureties  or  free  pU-tljies  to  tlie 
Uing  for  tlie  gone!  btliaviour  <<(  each  othrr. 
The  institution  has  lung  ceased,  but  the  name 
ami  division  are  still  retaine'i  h\  many  parts 
of  England. 

"The  civil  division  of  the  teiiitory  of  Enslnml  is 
into  counties,  of  those  couiitiet  Into  ItinulitMls.  of 
those  humlreda  into  tifliitiys  or  towns." — fthickstoite : 
Comment.,  hk.  il.,  ch.  3. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  rel^''?ig  to  the 
payment  or  levying  of  tithes. 

■'  In  this  very  year  188C  an  elnhorate  tithUtfj  ayBteni 
prevails  throughout  the  tenilory  of  I'tah."— ftni/y 
Tcltvypfi.  Aug.  27,  18B6. 

ti thing-man,  j. 

'  1.  l-:i'(f.  Law:  The  chief  man  of  a  tithing; 
the  persuii  who  j'resided  over  the  tithing; 
a  lifad-b(  trough. 

"The  tiitiiii'j-mcu  of  the  neighhourin?  parishea  were 
husieij  in  ?;ettiiis;  migilibets  anil  providing  chains."— 
Jiacaitliiy  :  Hist.  l-Ui'j.,  cli,  v. 

•  2.  A  pi-ace-ofiicer  ;  an  tmder-conytable. 

3.  A  parish  officer  in  Neu*  England,  United 
States,  annually  eU-eted  to  jireserve  good 
order  in  the  church  during  divine  service, 
anvl  to  make  complaint  of  any  disorderly 
cnmhiet. 

tithing  house,  '^.  A  house  or  building  in 
which  titlK's  paid  in  kind  are  stored.  (.l»icr.) 
"  The  l:il.ourer  ii  ho  is  unable  to  hnng  the  tentli  part 
of  hi.H  \vni;es  to  the  tiffii'ig  flouts  m  aUoued  to  go  to 
\M>rk  there  and  snw  logs  or  hind  faggot.t  or  shnok  corn 
nntil  liis  diiea  ai-c  nettleil,  "— fliij///  Tf/i-jrufh,  Avig.  27, 

'  tithing -penny.  »-. 

Kng.  Liitr:  A  small  sum  paid  t<'.  the  sherift" 
by  each  tithing,  &c.,  for  the  charge  of  keeping 
courts. 


tithing- time, 

e\,icting  tithes. 


The  time  of  paying  or 


■■  Hut  (ih  !  it  cut*  him  like  .i  sithe.  B 

When  (ithiny-time  conies  near," 

Vowpev:  i't'avly  Dtslrets. 

•  tith-ing,  ^  tyth-ing,  s.   (Tidiso.]  Tidings. 

"'  (U  lnt.'h<ud  i  of  Fliuidre>  hrunht  men  him  tithing. 
How  kjut^  Har.ild  ch.iLtd  his  moder  of  lond." 

Robert  de  Brunni:,  p.  5^. 

'tith'-ly,  mlv.  (Eng.  iiih:  -hj.]  Tightly, 
nimbly,  biiskly. 

ti-tho-ni-a,  s.  [Named  by  Desf-mtaines from 
till-  cnlniii'  of  its  llouc^r,  which  resembles 
Auinra(the  Morning,  Dawn),  whose  linsband 
was  Tithonus.J 

Hot.:  A  genu.H  of  Coreopside;e.  TUhonia 
taactljlorn  is  the  Marigold  Hower,  introduced 
into  English  gardens  from  Vera  Cruz  in  ISiy, 
and  since  cultivated  foi'  its  beauty. 

Ti-tho'-ni-an,  ".    [Tithonia.] 

ijcul. :  A  tfriii  ajtplied  to  an  extensive  series 
of  rocks  in  the  west  of  France,  the  AIjis,  the 
Carpathians,  Northern  Italy,  and  the  .\  pen- 
nines,  filling  the  gap  between  the  Neocomian 
and  the  Oolite.  Prof.  Judd  thinks  that  it 
may  have  been  of  the  same  age  as  part  of  the 
Wealden.  The  geologists  of  France  assign  it 
to  the  lower  part  of  tlie  Cretaceous  system, 
those  of  Austria  to  tlie  L'pper  Jurassic.  It  is 
without  any  marine  i'<iuivalent  in  Britain. 

'  ti~thon'-ic,  fl.  [From  Civ.TiBuiv6^{Tilhn,w») 
the  consort  of  Auiora.|  Pertaining  to  or 
ilc-noting  those  rays  of  light  which  produce 
cliemical  etlects  ;  actinic. 

*  ti-thon-i^'-i-ty,  ?.  [Eng.  nrJiouic:  -Uy.] 
A  term  applied  to  tliat  property  of  light  by 
wliicli  it  proiiuees  ehenueal  ell'ects ;  now 
termed  actinism  (q.v.). 


ti~tho-nom' e-ter.  >.    [Kng.  titknu^h).  ami 

iiifhr.]    All  instrument  for  noting  the  tithonie 
or  chemical  etlVel  of  the  rays  of  light. 

tx-thdn'o-type,  .'^.   lEng.^7/u(/(('V).and  t>n>c.\ 
I'hut'Kj.  :    A    I'rorrss    in    which   a    cast    is 
olitaiiied  from  an  original  photolype-plate. 

tith -y-maill,  ■■'•.     [l.at.  Hlh>ii)ia!ii.<:  Gr.  ti9v- 

juaAos  itifliitiiialvi:),  TiBvuaWo^  (^titltinnalli'.^)  = 
a  spuige.] 
Hot. :  Spurge  ;  the  genus  Fupliorbia  Oi-v.). 

tit'-xl-Iate,  (■./.  &  t.    [Lat.  tiniUtlHs,  pa.  par. 

of  ?(7(7/..  ^to  tickle.] 

A,  Iiitrans. :  To  tickle  ;  to  cause  a  tickling 
sensation. 

"  The  gnomes  direct,  tn  every  atom  jUMt 
The  pungent  grains  of  titilUttui  i  dnnt." 

I'vpe:  Jittpvo/t/n-  li-ck.  v.  84, 

B.  7Vfl  iiMt  i  vc : 

1.  Lit.  :  To  tickle. 

"The  iHndlady,  assisted  by  jv  chnnibvrniaid,  pro- 
ceeded to  vinegar  the  forehead.  In'at  the  liiuidx,  tilillnte 
the  nose,  and  nnlace  the  stavH  of  the  Hpinslur  annt. 
and  to  administer  such  other  restonitivei  as  are 
usually  applied  by  compassionate  females  to  l;idies 
who  are  endeavouring  to  fennent  themselves  into 
hyaterics."— /JicicdS;  J'ivkicivK'.  ch.  x. 

2.  Fig.  .;  To  excite. 

"  It  i«  foolish  ...  to  titillate  in  oui-selves  tlie  fibre 
of  superstition,"— J/a(f /lew  .irnuld:  Lutt  A'Mitf/»,  )>,  7. 

*  tit-il-la'-tion,  ?.  [Fr.,  Irom  l.at.  titilta- 
tiiuunn,  accus.  of  tH  ilia  tin.  from  titHhitii.^, 
pa.  par.  of  litdlo  —  to  tickle.J 

1.  The  act  of  tickling. 

"Tickling  also  cjtnseth  laughter:  the  cause  may  In? 
the  emission  of  the  spirita,  and  so  of  the  breath,  bv  a 
flijjht  from  titUlatiuu."—liiicim  :  Nitt.  Jli.it.,  §  7r.i;. 

2.  The  stite  of  being  tickled;  a  tickling 
sensation. 

"A  nerve  moderately  stretched  yields  a  pleasing 
tilillation,  when  almost  renily  to  break  it  gives  aii- 
gnisli."— .SV<iJ'c/i :  tishl  ••/  Antuyv.  \u\.  ii.,  pt.  ii.. 
ch.  xxiii. 

3.  Any  slight  pleasure  ;  the  state  of  being 
tiidvled  i>r  pleased. 

"Nil  need  fur  that  sort  of  nlimnlus  which  wasttt 
itself  in  mere  tififfdtioii.'—mmkie:  .ie/f-citltitre.  p.  GS. 

*  tit'-il-la-tive,  «.  [Eng.  titiUatic):  -Ivc] 
Tending  or  having  the  power  to  titillate  or 
tiekle. 

"  I  must  not  here  omit  one  publick  tickler  of  gi-eat 
emineiicy,  and  whose  litilfirUrr  fai-ulty  must  he  al- 
loweil  to  be  diugly  conllned  t"  the  ear:  I  mean  the 
great  Rignior  Farinelli,' — t'/nK^ij^rtcW.'  J-'off's  Journal, 
No.  377, 

tit'-i-vate,  tit'-ti-vate,  r.t.  [Etym.  doubt- 
ful.] Tn  make  tidy  ^r  spruce;  to  dress  np  ; 
to  set  ill  order.    (Colluq.) 

tit'-lark,  s.  [Eng.  ^7,  and  hirl:  The  Editor 
of  yan-cWs  r>ritish  Birrl^  (cd.  4th,  i.  ^3:\,  note) 
suggests  that  the  lirst  s\llalile  of  this  word 
and  of  fiVmouse  is  ]'ossiliIy  cognate  with  Gr. 
TIT15  (litis)  =  a  small  chirping  bird.] 

Ornith.:  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Anthus  ;  specif.,  Anthus  2}i:(itensifi, 
the  5Ieadow-pipit,  the  smallest  and  commonest 
species  of  the  genus,  found  in  the  British 
islands  throughout  the  year.  It  is  about  six 
inches  long ;  dark  olive-brown,  with  a  wash 
of  green  on  the  upper  parts  ;  wings  very  dark 
brown,  sprinkled  with  white  ;  tail  brown  ; 
under-surface  brownish-white,  with  pale  rust- 
red  tinge  on  the  breast  of  the  male.  In  the 
autumn  the  olive-green  on  the  back  becomes 
more  e.onspicuous,  and  the  under-surface  is 
tinged  with  yellow.  The  note  is  rather  a 
plaintive  "  cheep"  than  a  true  song.  It  nests 
on  the  ground,  usually  in  u  tuft  of  grass,  and 
lays  four  to  six  dark-brown  eggs,  freely 
speckled  with  reddish  brown. 

ti'-tle,  '  ty-tle,'^'.   (O.  Fr.  title :  Fr.  Utre,  from 
J.;it.  tittihnn,  accus,  of  titiihi.?  =  a  superscrip- 
tion on  a  tomb,  altar,  &c.  ;  a  title  of  honour  ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  titiilu;  lial.  fitolo.] 
I,  Oriiinarii  LuHfiiiage : 

*  1.  An  inscription  or  superscription  set 
over  or  <m  anything. 

"  And  Pilat  wroiit  a  title  and  ."sette  on  the  cross,  atid 
it  waa  writeu  Jesus  of  Nazareth  king  of  .lewia.'  — 
Wycliffc:  John  xix. 

•  2.  An  inscription  put  over  anytliing  as  a 
name  by  which  it  is  known  or  distinguished. 

"  Tell  me  once  more"  what  title  tlmu  |a  casket]  dost 
bear.  ■       ShaJcesp. :  Merchant  of  IVmm-c,  ii.  U. 

3.  An  ai'pellation  ;  a  name. 

*■  The  ranking  I'f  thinifs  into  species,  which  is  no. 
tiling  hut  si'rtiiig  them  under  sevenil  titlis,  is  done  by 
us  nocording  lo  the  itleas  that  we  have  of  them.'  — 
LockK :  Human  L'Tidcrstavding,  bk,  iii.  ch.  vi, 

4.  An  appellation  of  dignity,  distinction,  or 
preeminence   given  to   persons :    as,  title?,  of 


Imnour,  whi(  h  are  wmds  or  phnises  belonging 
to  certain  persons  as  their  right  in  i-onse- 
rpienee  nf  certain  dignities  being  inherent  in 
them  or  conferred  njum  them,  as  Emperor, 
King.  Czar,  Prince,  Arc.  The  live  (frdei-^  of 
nobility  in  England  are  distinguished  by  Un- 
titles (if  Ihikf,  Maniuis,  Karl,  X'iscovnit,  and 
Uaron.  [See  these  words,]  'Ilie  dignity  of 
Baronet  is  distinguished  liy  that  word  jdace-t 
after  tlio  name  and  surname  of  the  holder  ol 
the-Ugnity,  andals..  l.vthe  title  of  Sir  pretlxed 
to  the  name.  This  titl.-,  like  that  of  the  i.eers, 
is  hereditary.  The  dignity  of  knighthood, 
which  is  not  hereditary,  is  distinguished  bv 
the  title  of  Sir  prellxed  to  the  name  and  sur- 
name of  the  hfdder.  Eeclesiastical  dignities 
carry  with  them  the  right  to  certain  titles  of 
lionour.  besides  tlie  phrases  by  which  the 
dignities  tluMiiselves  arc  designated  :  tlius,  an 
archbi.sliop  is  styled  His  Cruce  the  Lord 
Arehbisliop   id"  ;    a    bishop,   The    Right 

Reverend  the  Lord  BLshup  of .     All  per- 

.sons  admitted  to  the  clerical  order  are  entitled 
to  the  title  of  Reverend.  Memln-rs  of  the 
Piivy  Council  are  entitled  to  be  .styled  Right 
Honourable.  Certain  municipal  offlces  have 
also  titles  attached  tp  them,  as  The  Righl 
Honf)urable  the  Lord  Mayor  of  Eondon,  Tln-^ 
Right  Honourable  the  Lord  Provost  of  Edin 
burgh,  kc.  ;  cert:iin  legal  ofllces  also  earrj 
with  them  the  light  to  certain  titles,  and  tin- 
children  of  peers  are  also  entitled  by  conrtes> 
to  certain  terms  of  distinction.  In  America, 
and  Australia  the  menilwr.s  of  a  Legislative 
Council  or  Senate  are  entitled  to  the  prefix  of 
Honourable. 

"  To  me  what  is  titU-f-\.\w  phantom  of  power  : 
To  me  what  is  fashion  ?— 1  seek  but  renown." 

Iturott ;  To  thv  /.Vi-.  J.  T.  livelier. 

"•  5.  A  claim,  a  right. 
"  Make  claim  and  title  to  the  crown  of  France." 

^hnkr»ij.  :  Henrg  I'.,  i.  2. 

*  G.  Property;  possession,  as  founding  a 
right. 

"  To  guard  a  t.t'.e  that  was  rich  before." 

Shakr»i>.  :  Jilnff  John,  iv.  2. 

7.  Tlie  in.scription  in  the  beginniu"  of  a 
bouk,  containing  the  subject  of  the  woHi,  and 
usually  the  names  of  the  author  and  pnblisher, 
date,  A:;:, ;  a  title-jiage. 

8.  A  particular  .section  or  division  of  a  sub- 
ject, as  of  a  law,  a  book,  or  the  like ;  espe- 
cially, a  section  or  chapter  of  a  law-book. 
(Bouficr.) 

II.  TechnicaUn: 

I.  l!:cdesiol.  tC-  Church  IHst. : 

(1)  A  condition  precedent  to,  or  a  claim  in 
fa\our  of,  ordination,  such  as  a  sphere  <tf 
parochial  or  other  spiritual  work,  always  re- 
quired by  a  bishop,  except  in  certain  specified 
cases,  wliich  are  specitied  in  Canon  'S^  of  thr 
Anglican  Church.  In  the  Roman  'Church 
the  title  formerly  required  from  every  ordinaud 
was  that  of  a  benetice  (/i7i(/»i  beiiejlcii) — i.e.., 
he  was  bound  to  show  that  he  liad  been  nomi- 
nated to  a  benefice  whose  revenues  were 
sufheieiit  for  his  decent  maintenance.  Tin- 
Council  of  Trent  (1545-1503)  added  two  other 
titles  (1)  I'f  patrimony  (titutu.^  patrimonti), 
where  the  ordinand  had  suthcient  private  j»ro- 
perty  to  maintain  him  respectably,  and  (2)  of 
pension  (/(7»/»,sjit'j(.-i/o;ii.s),  where  some  solvent 
person  or  jiersons  bound  thentst^lves  to  pro- 
vide for  the  cleric  about  to  be  ordained.  Tin- 
vow  of  evangelical  poverty  (tHiilv.';  jHUijtertatisy 
in  a  religious  order  is  a  valid  title  ;  and  the 
students  of  Propnganda  and  certain  other 
CoUeges,  and  candidates  for  holy  orders  in 
missionary  countries,  have  a  title  from  the 
mission  for  which  they  are  ordained  or  the 
seminary  in  which  they  were  educated  (tituivs 
missiouis  re/  seiiiiiuirii).  The  acceptance  of 
this  last  title  imiioses  on  the  bishop  the 
responsibility  of  providing  for  the  support  of 
the  ordained,  should  he  become  incapable  of 
<lischargiiig  his  functi'ins. 

(2)  A  titular  chuieh  (q.v.),  or  the  district 
or  parish  assigned  to  it. 

"  Fifty  Fonitlinals]  described  as  priestt.  hohlinc;  a 
correHponding  nnmlier  of  Titles  or  pnrishes  iu  Rome." 
—AddiaX-  Arnold:  fath.  />ict.,  p.  ll'J. 
2.    L'lir  : 

(1)  Property  or  right  of  ownership,  or  the 
sources  of  such  right,  or  the  facts  and  events 
which  are  the  means  whereby  property  i^ 
acquired  ;  a  jiarty's  right  to  the  enjoyment  of 
lands  or  goods,  or  the  means  whereby  such 
right  has  accrued,  and  by  which  it  is  evi- 
denced. 

"  No  title  was  considered  as  more  perfect  than  that 
of  the  Rufwellsto  Wobnrn.  given  by  Henry  the  hiiihtU 
to  the  first  Earl  of  Bedford."— i/acrt«/rtj/.   Uift.  Hng.. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  ja?Fl;  cat,  96X1,  chorus,  911121,  ben^h;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -'ng- 
-ciaji,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion.  -§ion  —  ^^h""     -clous,  -tious,    slous  —  shus.    -ble,    die,  Ar.  -  bcl   'lei. 


U2 


title— titupping 


(•j)  T\\'  iii-.tniiinnt  or  iiirttiiiinouts  which 
an-rvUlt'iicr  ..f  II  r^ht. 

(:i)  A  hi-aOiiipor  inJorsomeut :  as,  the  titU 
v(  ttii  A4l  of  I'lirliament. 

^  I.  IbistitnltitU:  [Bastahd,  B.  II.  '2.  (u)]. 

2.  Hat/titU: 

I'rinting: 

(I)  Tlic  -»hort  title  Renerally  occupying  Uic 
loj.  |arl  of  tlif  Iliitt  iwgo  of  text  in  i  lK>i-'k. 

(*_•)  A  l«8tJinl-titlr. 

11  FaMirrtHlr:  (I'assivk]. 

4.  Itunnimj-titU : 

frint.  :  Tin'  title  at  the  head  of  a  pacp,  and 
roiisimin^  of  the  iiaiiicof  the  Iwok  or  the  sub- 
ject of  the  pa^^c. 

title  deed,  ^ 

/xiu'.-  An  iti-ttrummt  evidencing  a  man's 
rigiit  or  title  t.i  |>roi)erty. 

•  title  loaf.  s.    A  title-iwge  (q.v.). 

'•  YfA.  UAf  iiimi'iibrww.  like  U'l^'WeJr'xf. 
h\itTU-ll«  tbflii«Uir«'  (>f  .'I  tniKlc  voluiiii'. 

.Shakitp. :  a  Henry  /y.,  1-  t. 

title-pago,  s.  The  imge  of  a  book  wliii-li 
.-(Mitaiiis  ih<-  iille.     (TiTi-E,  s.,  I.  7.) 

••  Til.'  b.K)k  '.(  nil  tlie  world  Hint  cliariu'il  inc  most 
Wuji, -wull-nday,  thv  /Ule'pii{ir  wim  lust." 

Cotcper :  Hope,  (2S. 

title  role.  -. 

Thtat.:  Tin'  character  or  part  in  a  play 
wbicli  gives  itj*  name  tu  the  play  :  as  that  of 
lliivilttm  Ihf  play  of  that  name. 

■  title-seroU,  s.  A  scroll  showing  titles, 
:i.s  of  a  nobleman  or  gicat  family. 

d  -tie.  i-.t.     ITITLK,  s.\ 

1.  To  entitle,  to  name. 

'■  Til  tl  "uIht  race  of  in*u.  whow  Uvea 
Kcllk*lv"»  tilled  them  tlie  «"»ii»  o!  (J«l." 

AliUan:  l\  L.,  xl.  623. 

•  2.  To  set  down  by  name. 

••  hi-ioiiiucli  llirtt  nHiie  of  the  self  Rime  comiiiiti- 
-loiipp.  fiiuuil  of  thi-ir  own  wlvi-s,  f(«ii(  nmoiib'  tin- 
reat'— .Srr.vi«"     Kcf-I«t.  ilvm.  (i;.:J6). 

ti -tied  fie  as  el),  n.  [En^.  titl{e\  s. ;  -eilA 
Having  Ml  beuiiiig  a  title,  especially  one  ot 
nobility. 

"Thi-  uoiirert  t<?u:iiit  of  the  I.ibyiui  wilJ, 
Wliiwf  life  t«  pure,  whii»«;  tlious'hts  nre  Uliilefil  il, 
In  tifUit  r\iik»  in.iy  tlniin  Um  hi-alilegree. 

fuwkfs     Mcnamlrr;  Fragments. 

ti-tle-less,   "  tl-tel-es,  a.    [Eng.  tith,  s. ; 
WcAs-.l     llaving  no  title  ur  iiainc. 
"  He  wiisn  UiuO  of  iiothiiitf,  titleh-ts. 
Till  Ueliud  fonr*il  liirnRelt  aiiRine  i*  tli"  Are 
Of  buniiiis  Rome."        Shakvsp.  :  Coriolanus,  v.  1. 

tit-ler,  s.  (Etyni.  doubtful.]  A  large  trun- 
cated cone  of  refined  sugar. 

tit-ling,  s.     [Kng.  tit;  dim.  suff.  -ling.] 

1.  Cnniin.  :  A  name  formerly  given  in  the 
cuhlom-bouse  to  stoekHsh.     (.Simmoiuis.) 

2.  oniith. :  Aiithus  jnatensis,  called  also 
the  Meadow-titling  or  Meadow-pipit.      [Trr- 

LAHK.] 

"  Among  the  l-ical  names  of  the  jtrescTit  specU-s. 
TUIinff.  Jd'»«*.4'lieoper.  Lhi):-liii'tl,  Teetiok.  iiiiiy  be 
mt-nUnTiPd.' —  y-trrtlt ;  ftritinh  BirdK  (etl.   1th).  i.  575. 

tit  -moiise  'i»i.  tit'-mi$e),  *  tit- tjr -mouse, 

>-.    I  En;;,  lit,  and  A.S.   mast  =  ;i  titmouse; 
Dut.  metis;  (ier.  Hieia-f.]    (See  extract.) 

Ornith. ;  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
«)f  the  sub-family  Parinse  (q.v.).  They  are  re- 
markable for  the  boMly  delined  colour  of 
their  plumage  and  Iheir  quick,  irreguliir 
movements,  running  rapidly  along  brnnehes 
in  quest  of  insects,  and  often  clinging  thereto 
■Willi  tiieir  Kick  downwards.  Tliey  feed  not, 
only  on  insects,  but  on  grain  and  seeds,  and 
not  unfretiiiontly  kill  young  and  sickly  birds 
with  strokes  of  their  .stout,. strong  bill.  They 
are  very  pugnaeious,  and  the  hens  show  greiit 
courage  in  defenee  of  their  nests.  The  young 
an;  fed  chielly  on  caterpillars,  arid  a  pair  of 
Rbie  Tits  have  been  oliserved  to  carry  a  ealer- 
jiillar  to  thiiir  nest,  on  an  average,  e\cry  two 
minutes,  during  the  gi-eater  ]>art  of  tlie  day, 
so  that  the.se  birds  nnist  be  extremely  service- 
able in  preventing  the  increase  of  noxious 
inset-ts.  Seven  species  are  found  in  Britain  ; 
but  one,  the  Crested  Titmouse  {Varus  oris- 
iaiiis),  is  only  an  accidental  visitor.  Tlie 
Great  Titmouse  {P.  nwjor)  is  about  six  inches 
long;  head  and  throat  black,  cheeks  white; 
i)aek,  breast,  and  sides  yellowish,  wings  ami 
tail  gra>isb.  The  Blue  Titmouse  {P.cfenilnts), 
so  railed  from  the  bluish  tinge  in  its  plumage, 
and  the  Coal  Titnnmse  (P.nt'r\  named  from 
its  I)lnck  h'/aii  and   neck,  are  the  commonest 


.-uriujft  t*i  UHo   Titmoutict.  tlio\i«li 

.    Iinvra    EiiHt    AiiKlinitft  wty    Tit 

nriti»h    ilirtlt  (eil.    Hth),    i.   4W 


British  species;  the  others  are  the  Long- 
tiiiled  Titmouse  {Acmlula  mutiittn,  t  I'(irii:( 
caudatus),  the  Marsh  Titmouse  (/'.  ptihu^lns), 
ami  the  Bearded  '11  tniouse  {Paniirus  (nu  rm  icus), 
or  Uee{|ling(q.v.). 

■■  It  mfty  be  .  .  .  doiibtea  wh.-ther  the  plural  of  Tit- 

fuoute  nhonld  l»e  TitmU-^,  m  ouHtom  Jim  It.  tmt  tlni 

K»ntor  hiwi  iiot  the  "^ "      "" ""' 

lie    belleveJ)    he    In 

mou$''u."—yarrctl . 

(Note.  I 

ti'-trate,  c.t.  [Fr.  (((re  =  stan.lard  of  line- 
ness.) 

Chan. :  To  submit  tfi  the  action  or  process 
of  titration  (q.v.). 

ti-tra'-tlon,  *-.    [Titrate.] 

Chcm.  :  The  process  of  estimating  the 
amount  of  an  element  or  compound  eou- 
tained  in  a  solution,  by  the  adtlitton  U  it  of 
a  known  quant  itv  "f  another  chemieal  eaitable 
of  reacting  upon  it.  The  end  of  the  process  is 
determined  by  the  complete  jirecipitJition  of 
the  eompound,  or  by  the  discharge  and  pro- 
.lucl-ion  of  sonic  delinito  colour  in  the  mixed 

solutions.      [ANALYSIS,  II. 1 

tit-ter,  i'.(.  [Of  imitative  origin.]  To  laugh 
with  restraint;  to  liiiigh  with  the  tongue 
striking  against  the  loof  of  the  mouth. 

■■  Thus  S;il.  with  teai-s  lii  either  eve  ; 
■    ?hy." 

To  a  . 

tit'-ter  (1),  .■'.    [TirrER,  v.]   A  restrained  laugh. 

"  Tlie  Imlf-Bupiircased  titter  of  two  very  young  per; 
ions  ill  II  corner  wjis  lesnoiided  to  by  ii  geuenil  liiugh. " 
—Svribncr*  Mtiaazint;  Miuch.  187li,  i>.  Tia. 

•tlt'-ter  (2),  s.  IProb.  connected  with  (tire,  s.] 
A  noistime  weed  among  corn.    Probably  Vicia 

iiirsnta. 

'■  Frtiiii  wlie.it  go  nutl  rake  out  tho  titters  or  tine  : 
If  cjire  be  not  forth,  ;t  will  rise  njfaln  lUie." 

Timer:  JJugbanUi-y. 

' tit-ter-a'-tion.  ■'■■.    [Eng.  titter,  v.;  -ation.] 

A  lit  ■•ftitteringor  laughing. 

tit'-ter-el,  5.     [For  etyni.  see  extract.] 

Oniith.:  Niimenius  phicopns,  the  Whimbrel 
(q.v.). 

"They  may  always  be  diatingui^hed  from  other 
Rpeciea  by  the  cry.  resembling  in  Bound  the  woid  tit- 
t'-rvl.  the  provincial  name  applied  to  them  m  Sussex." 
—  Wovd:  ilhis.  Sat.  Hint.,  il.  6'j;;. 

tit'-ter-tot-ter,  v.L  [A  redup.  of  toticr 
(<!.v.).J    T<t  see-saw. 

tit'-ter-tot-ter, miy.  [Tittertotter,  v.]  In 
an  unsteady  manner;  with  a  sway. 

tit'-tie,  s.  [See  def]  The  infantine  and  en- 
dearing manner  of  pronouncing  sister.  (Scotch.) 

■Wi'  her  auld-growing  tittle,  amitie  Meg,  iu  the 
Oalloxi-v'^teof  Glasgow."— ."itfo^  ;  Otd  Mortality,  ch.  xiv. 

'  tit'-ti-moiise,  s.  [See  def.]  The  titmouse 
(q.v.). 

"  The  liiifidove.  redbreast,  and  the  tittiniousc." 
T<tylor,  the  Watcrpoct. 

tit-ti-vate,  v.t.     [Titivate.] 

tit  tie,  ■  tit-el,  -  tlt-il.  ^■.  [O.  Fr.  tHh  =  a 
title,  from  Lilt.  tituUs;  Sp.  tilde;  Port,  til:^ 
a  stroke  over  a  letter,  as  an  accent.  Tittle 
and(<(/e  are  thus  doublets.]  A  small  itartiele, 
a  jot,  a  minute  part,  an  iota. 

"  Wlio  themselves  disdaining 
To  approach  tby  tibles,  give  thee  in  command 
W  hat.  to  the  amalleat  little,  thou  shalt  say." 

MUton:  P.  /.'.,!.  «i». 

tit'~tle,  v.\.  [A  variant  of  Xaitlt  (q.v.).]  To 
pratf,  to  chatt.-']-. 

tittle-tattle,  5.  &  a. 

A,  As  ^fibstantive : 

1.  idle  talk  or  chatter ;  trifling  talk  ;  empty 
lirattle. 

'■  For  every  idle  titrio-tatlle  that  went  about,  Jacti 
^v;u)  suspected  for  the  author."— .^riu(/l/lo£  .■  Hint.  John 
Hull. 

2.  An  idle  cliatterer  or  gossip. 

■■  Impertinent  tittletaltlei,  who  have  no  other 
v.nviety  in  their  diseourae  than  that  of  talkiug  slower 
urf-vster."— ya«cr,  No.  15T. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Gossiping,  chattering. 

tittle-tattle,  v.i.    To  tattle,  to  gossip. 

■■  Vou  must  be  tittlc-tattlinffhe.torc  all  our  guests. ' 
aiiakcf:/).  :   Winter'i  Ttil«,  iv,  i. 

tit'-tle-bat,  s.  [See  def.]  A  variant  or  cor- 
ruption of  Stickleback  (q.v.). 

"  There  eat  the  man  who  hadagitn-ted  the  Bcientillc 
wiirld  wltli  his  Theory  of  Ttttlebart.'—Hickem  : 
rickwiclc.  ch.  i. 

' tit'-U-bate,  v.i.  [Lat.  titubatum,  sup.  of 
tiiuho—  to  stumble.] 


1.  To  stumble,  to  trip,  to  stagger. 

"  But  what  became  of  t\ti<i lit nbiUint/,  tbin  t,iwerinn: 
iimuntAin  of  snow*"-  fVat^rhouan :  Apii'tiji/  f'lr  lAiarn- 
tn<j.  V.  5it. 

2.  To  rock  or  roll,  as  a  curved  body  on  a 
I'laue, 

tit-U'ba'-tion,  *.     [Titubate.] 
I.  Urdimiry  Lamjuoge  : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  stumbling. 

2.  The  aet  or  state  of  rolling  or  rocking,  as 
a  curved  body  on  a  plane. 

II.  Pathol. :  I'erpetual  change  of  jiosition 
or  ijdgetiness.  It  is  a  frequ-'ut  symptom  in 
-lisiMses  which  are  characterized  by  nervous 
irritation. 

tit'-U-lar,  0.  &  ,>;.  (Fr.  titulalrp,  fnun  O.  Fr. 
((7/e  =  a  title(q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port,  titular;  Ital. 
titttlare.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Being  such  or  such  by  title  or 
name  only  ;  nominal ;  having  the  title  to  an 
oflice  or"  dignity  without  discharging  the 
duties  of  it ;  having  or  conf'-rring  the  title 
only. 

"  To  convince  us  that  h«  isnot  au>ere  ti/«?rtr  deity." 
—Hcott :  Christian  Life.  pt.  ii.,  eh.  vii. 

B.  A^  snbstantii'e  : 

I.  Ord.  Lang.:  One  who  hohls  the  tit4e  of 
au  otbee  without  the  real  power  or  authority 
iKdoiiging  to  it. 

"Asmall  .-ulvocate  who  has  become  thc/i/u(ar  of  a 
portfolio."- /'«(;/.  JIall  iiazetle.  Dec.  ai,  1885. 

II.  Ecclesiastical  Law: 

1.  Kng.:  One  who  may  lawfully  enjoy  a 
benelice  without  performing  its  duties. 

2.  Raman :  A  patron  saint. 

III.  Scots  Law  : 

Titulars  of  the  tithes  :  The  titulars  or  patrons 
to  wlxose  teinds  or  tenth  part  of  the  produce 
of  land,  formerly  claimed  by  the  clergy,  had 
lieen  gifted  by  the  crown,  into  whose  hands 
till-  same  fell  at  the  Reformation.  They  are 
ealled  in  Scotland  Titulars  or  Lords  of 
Erection. 

titular-bishop,  »'. 

Kcdes.  <t:  Church  lUst. :  (See  extract). 

'■  The  political  comlilion  of  the  eastern  and  southern 
shores  01  the  Mediterranean  has  for  some  time  been 
such  as  to.tllow  of  the  existence  of  flonrisbiiig  Chris- 
tiiui  coniuniiiities  in  many  places  where  formerly 
Mussulman  bigotry  would  haverendercii  it  imponslble. 
These  countries  are  no  lunger  '  partes  Inliilelium.' in 
tho  full  sense  of  the  words.  His  Holiness  Leo  XIII. 
bus  therefore,  by  a  recent  decision,  substituted  the 
phrase  Tit uhtr  Uishop  fox  Bishop  in  I'artibus  lufide- 
\\mi\.'—.iiUiii.f: .Arnold  :  C'uth.  Oicr.,p.':'J7. 

titular-church,  £. 

E:-c!ai.  :  A  name  given  to  the  parish-cburches 
of  Koine,  as  distinct  tiom  the  jiatriarchal 
churches,  which  belongetl  to  tlie  Pope,  and 
from  the  oratories.  Eaeh  titular  church  was 
under  a  cardinal  priest,  had  a  district  as- 
signed to  it,  an<l  a  font  for  baptism  in  case  of 
necessity. 

^tit-u-lar'-i-ty,  5.  [Eng.  titular ;  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  titular. 

"  .luUuH,  Augustus,  .lud  Tiberius,  with  great  hu- 
tiiilily  received  the  name  of  Imperator:  out  their 
successors  retain  the  same  even  iu  its  titularity." — 
Browne  :  Vulgar  Errours,  bk.  vii.,  ch.  xvi. 

*tit'-u-lar-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  titular;  -hj.]  In 
a  titular  manner ;  by  title  only ;  nominally 
only. 

"The  church  representative  isagcneral  counriI;not 
titularly  so,  !is  the  conventicle  of  'J  leut." — Mountagu  ■' 
Appeaie  to  Veesar.  yt.  ii.,  ch.  ii. 

tlt'-u-lar-^.  a.  k  s.    [Titular.] 

A.  As  Mljcctice : 

1.  Consisting  in  a  title:  bearing  a  title; 
titular. 

"The  king  seemed  to  boast  much  of  this  tltidanj 
honour  bestowed  up<in  l)iai  bo  solemnly  by  the  pope 
and  cardinals."— 5(j'tf/>e  :  Ecclea.  JUemoiis ,  Uenyy  VI II. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  proceeding  fi'om  a  title. 

"William  the  Conquernp,  howsoever  he  used  the 
power  of  a  conqueror  to  reward  his  Normans,  yet 
mixed  it  with  a  titulary  pretence,  grounded  U|ioii  the 
/mfessor's  v/iW— Bacon. 

B.  .4,5  suhst. :  A  titular  (q.v.). 

"The  persons  deputed  for  the  celebration  of  thcee 
masses  were  neitlu-r  titularies  nor  perpctua.1  carites," 
—Ayliffe:  Farer'jon. 

*  tif-uled,  a.  [Lat.  titulus=.  a  title.]  Having 
a  title ;  entitled. 

tit'-iip-pihff,  a.  [Etym.  doublfnl.]  Restless, 
lively  ;  full  of  spirit.     (Scotch.) 

"The  'Dear  ines*  rmd  'Oh  laa".s'  of  the  titupi'ing 
nui-ses."— .s'c'JH  :  .ST.  Honan's  Well,  ch.  xiii. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  miite,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tituppy— to 


lu 


tic'-iip-pS^,  (1.  (TiTwiTiNC.)  Unsubstaiilial ; 
loosely  I'lit  togellier;  slmky.    (Prov.) 

■•DiJ  v.'u  f-ver  seo  nut-h  n  little  tiluppy  thiug  in 
your  lifer'— J/i«  .luifC'i .   Xorthauffer  .ibU-y,  cb.  ix. 

1^ -tus,  s.  [Lat.,  ;i  coiiinion  Roman  pnii- 
iioiittii,  the  most  ilistiiii;iiislicrl  of  tliose  vfho 
I'lui;  it  being  the  Emperor  Titus;  Gr.  Tc'to? 

Sn-ipt.  Bioij.:  A  companion  of  St.  Paul, 
^Iinti^li  not  mi-ntioned  in  tlie  Acts  of  Hir 
Apnstles.  Ht'  sci-ms  to  liave  been  coiiv>-rti'il 
('V  tlie  apostle  (Tit.  i.  -l),  probably  at  Anti<Kli 
A.  I'.  00  or  61,  juni  in  the  same  year  accom- 
panied liim  to  .lerusaleui,  and  was  present  at 
ihat  hrst  conneil  which  recognized  Gentile 
■  ■ouverts  as  part  of  the  Oliun-li.  and  exeniptetl 
llieni  from  tlie  bnnb-n  of  the  Mosaic  ritual 
(cf.  Acts  XV.  1-35  witli  Cal.  ii.  1-3).  Paul 
soon  afterwards  practic^iUy  carried  ont  tlie 
liberty  tlins  accuided  by  refusing  to  require 
I'itns."  who  by  birth  was  a  Greek,  to  be 
(urcumcise^l  (Gal.  ii.  3-M-  Tittis  was  sub- 
sequently with  Paul  at  Ephesus  (a.d.  M), 
whence  the  former  was  sent  ou  a  special 
mission  to  the  Corinthians,  perhaps  c^irryiuLi; 
with  him  Paul's  second  ejiistle  to  that  Oliuicli 
i2  Cor.  viii.  t5,  22,  ^3,  xii.  18).  When  Titus 
returned  (a.d.  57)  he  found  tlie  Apostle  in 
Macedonia  (2  Cor.  vii.  6-ti,  13-15).  Sub- 
■^eqneutly  (probably  a.d.  05  or  6l>)  he  was  left 
111  Crete  to  arrange  the  affairs  of  the  Church 
and  "  ordain  elders  in  every  city  "  (Tit.  i.  .'>). 
lieturning  thence  to  Rome  lie  was  dispatched 
by  Paul  (A.D.  0(i  or  07)  to  Dalmatia  ('2  Tim. 
IV.  10).  According  to  tradition  Titus  re- 
turned to  his  work  in  Crete,  and  died  a 
natural  death  at  an  advanced  age. 

^  The  Epistle  of  r<uU  to  'I'itus  : 

-VfUf  Test'iiiieiU  Caiwu :  The  tliird  of  St. 
Paul's  pastoral  epistles.  It  was  written  to 
give  Titus  directions  respecting  the  organiai- 
tion  of  the  Cretan  Church.  After  an  intro- 
duction (i.  1-6),  the  .\]iostle  lays  down  the 
qualihcations  of  a  scriptural  bishop  (6-^), 
gives  a  warning  against  Judaizers  and  other 
false  teachers  (i.  lo-lii),  atlords  directions  as 
to  the  special  duties  of  ag«d  men  and  women, 
young  men  and  women,  servants  (slaves)  (ii. 
l-l"))  and  subjects  (iii.  1),  and  on  social  duties 
<iii.  2),  the  whole  interspersed  with  evan- 
;;elical  doetrine  and  i>recept  (ii.  7-8,  11-16  ; 
iii.  3-9).  He  concludes  by  instructing  Titus 
iioiv  to  deal  with  heretics,  and  asking  liiiu 
to  come  to  Nicopolis  (in  Epirus  ?),  where  he 
(Paul)  hopes  to  winter,  and  sends  saluta- 
tions (10-15).  There  is  a  considerable  re- 
semblance between  some  passages  in  Titus 
and  others  in  the  Epistles  to  Timothy.  The 
'xternal  evidence  in  favour  of  the  Epistle  to 
I'itus  is  somewhat  stronger  than  for  those 
tn  Timothy.  The  three  together  are  called 
tlie  Pastoral  Epistles. 

*  Tit'-yr-e  tU,  s.  [See  def.]  From  the  first 
line  of  the  tiist  Eclogue  of  Virgil : 

'■  Tityre.  tu  imtulx  recubaiia  sub  tegmine  fagi." 

A  slang  term  in  the  time  of  Charles  II., 
♦■(piivaleut  to  Uector,  Mohawk,  and  similar 
ruffians,  whose  practice  was  to  scour  the 
streets  of  London  and  create  disturbances  at 
night. 

"I  knew  the  H-i-cturs,  .ind  l>eforc  them,  the  Muiis. 
ntid  the  T'Uyre  tut  ;  they  were  brave  fellows  indeed  '. 
lu  tho^e  dayeniti^iii  cuiildiiotgofruiii  the  RoseGiodeu 
tn  the  Piazza  ouce  but  he  must  venture  his  life  twice, 
luy  dear  Sir  Willie.'— rS7ia</ue{2 ;  The  Hcourers. 

ti'-ver,  s.  [A.S.  tp-dfor  =  a  reddish  tint  or 
colour.)  A  kind  of  ochre  nsed  in  some  parts 
of  England  for  marking  sheep. 

ti-ver,  v.t.  [TivER.  s.]  To  mark  with  tiver, 
as  sheep,  for  different  purposes. 

tiv'-y,  adv.  [A  contract,  of  tantivy  (q.v.).] 
With  great  speed.    (A  huntsman's  word.) 

"  ill  a  bri)zht  luuuiiatiiiie  while  winds  whistle  loud, 
Tiry,  Civj/,  tivft,  we  uiuuut  aud  we  fly." 

Drydcn  :  Tyrannick  Love,  iv.  1. 

tiZ'-ri,  .*.      [TiSRI.] 

tiz'-zey»  tiz'-zy,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  tester 
(q.v.).J     A  sixpence.     {Slamj.) 

"Will  ebow  y.iu  all  th.tt  is  w.jrth  seeing  .  .  .  for  a 
tizzy."— Lytton  :  The  Caxtoru,  hW.  v.,  ch,  i. 

T'-joiut,  s.  (See  def.)  The  union  of  one  pipe 
or  plate  rectangularly  with  another,  resem- 
bling the  letter  T. 

tme'-sus,  s.  [Gr.,  from  Tt/ii-oj  (^emTio)  =.  to 
cut.) 

(iram. :  A  figure  by  which  a  compound  word 
is  separated  into  two  parts,  and  one  or  more 


fltween  the  parts:  as,  "ur 
whom  Ue  thou  ware  al.so  "  ('2  Tim.  iv.  15),  for 
■M)t'  whom /xiwHirc  thou  also."  It  frequently 
occurs  in  poetry  with  whoswver  and  H'/Mffjoft't/', 
&c. 

■■  We  L'Rii  (.-rejite  and  \\\  totnit  plHci-  no  ■«■'■. 
Thrive  uuder  evil,"  J/i/fun  /  /'.  L,  i.  200. 

tme-si-Ster'-ni,  s.  /)/.  {I-.;it..  from  Gr.  rti.r\<ri<! 
{tiiii^is)  =:i  cutting,  and  Ttipvov  [sternoti)  ^= 
the  breast.) 

I'hitom. :  A  group  of  Australian  Beetles, 
snb-fanuly  I*amiiniv.  They  have  oblique  forc- 
Jicads  like  the  Ccrambycime. 

to,  /*rfp.  &  adv.  lA.S.  to  (prep.);  cogn. 
with  Dut.  toe;  O.  II.  Ger.  :a.  ze,  zt,  zivo ; 
M.  H.  Ger.  zao,  ze;  Gor.  zn  ;  Goth,  du  ;  Russ. 
do.  Cf.  also  O.  Irish  do  =  to  ;  O.  Welsh  di. 
The  .\.S.  to  was  also  used  as  the  sign  of  the 
gerund,  as  distinct  from  tin*  inhnilivc  nmod. 
It  is  now  the  distiin^tive  sign  of  the  inliiiitive. 
mood,  the  gerundial  use  being  lost.  To  and 
too  are  doublets.) 
A.  As  prejiositioii: 

1.  Used  to  denote  motion  towards  a  place, 
I)ersoii,  or  thing  ;  to  indicaU'  direction  towards 
a  place,  person,  thing,  goal,  state,  or  condi- 
tion. It  is  generally  int.ercliangeable  with 
■unto  or  towards,  but  frequently  expresses  more 
than  the  latter,  in  that  it  may  denote  arrival 
at  the  ]>laee  or  end  stated. 

■'  To  her  titraii;ht  nov-  he." 

.S7juA:«ijJ.  .    Veitut  Jt  Aiionil,  2Ci. 

2.  Used  to  denote  motion  towards  a  work 
to  be  done  or  a  question  to  be  treated. 

"  So  I  tu  your  jileaaurea." 

Shtikea^i.  :  As  I'ou  Like  It,  v.  4. 

3.  Used  to  indicate  a  point  or  limit  leached 
in  space,  time,  or  degree ;  as  far  as  ;  no  less 
than  ;  excluding  all  omission  or  exception. 
(Frequently  preceded  by  up.) 

"  Skii)|>ed  from  sixty  yenrs  to  sixty.* 

Shaket^j. :  Cymbeliite,  iv.  2. 

4.  Used  to  indicate  anything  capable  of 
being  regarded  ^s  a  limit  to  movement  or 
.'iction ;  denoting  destination,  aim,  design, 
purpose,  or  emi ;  for. 

"  Wherefore  was  I  fo  this  keen  mockery  Iwrn  ?" 

Shakcsfi.  ;  MiUsuvniKr  Night't  Dream,  ii.  2. 

5.  Used  to  indicate  a  result  or  etfeet  pro- 
duced; denoting  an  end,  result,  or  conse- 
quence. 

"1  shall  laugh  uiyaelf  lu  death."— .^/la^M/^. ."  Tein- 
fest.  ii.  2. 

6.  Used  to  denote  direction,  tendency,  and 
application ;  towards. 

"  My  zeal  to  Valeiktine  it  cold." 
Sliaktisp. :  Two  Uentlemeit  of  Verona,  ii.  4. 

7.  Used  to  denote  addition  ;  accumulation. 

"  Seek  happy  nit;ltts  to  huppy  days." 

shakeip  :  Komeo  A  Juliet,  i.  3. 

8.  Used  to  denote  .junction  or  union. 

"She  bound  him  to  her  breAst." 

ahakcap.  :   I'eiius  A  Adonis,  812. 

9.  Used  to  denote  comparison,  proportion, 
or  measure;  in  comparison  of;  as  compared 
with.  * 

"  I  to  the  world  am  like  a  drop  of  water." 

Sha/u-s)}.  :  Comedy  of  Errors,  i.  2. 

10.  Hence  used  in  expressing  latios  or 
]iroportions  :  as,  Three  is  to  six  as  four  is  to 
eight.    (Expressed  in  .symbols,  3  :  0  :  :  4  :  S.) 

11.  Used  to  denote  opposition  or  contrast 
generally. 

"  Pace  to  face,  and  fiowiiini^  brow  to  hrow." 

Shakeap.  :  Richard  II.,  i.  1. 

^  Here  may  be  classed  such  phrases  as 
To  one's  face.  To  his  teeth  =  in  presence  and 
defiance  of. 

"  Weep'st  thou  for  hlin  fo  mv  fai'r  *  " 

Hhaketp. :  Othello,  v.  2. 

12.  Hence  its  use  in  betting  phrases. 

"My  dukedom  to  a  bej;([arly  denier." 

Hhakiap. :  Jiichard  III.,  \.  2. 

13.  In  proportion  to ;  according  to  ;  up  to. 

"  The  QreekB  are  strong  luid  okilful  to  their  strength." 
Shakesp.  :  TroUxts  *  Cretsida,  i.  1. 

"  14.  Used  to  denote  accord,  adaptation,  or 
agreement ;  in  congi  uity  or  harmony  with. 

"Thin  13  right  to  that  [si'tyin^']  of  Horace."— fleii 
Jonton  -  Eoery  Man  out  of  his  tlutnour.  ii.  1. 

15.  Used  to  denote  coiTesjiondency,  simul- 
taneousness,  or  accompaniment. 

"  She  dances  to  her  lays." 

Shitkeap.:  ferides.  v.     (Frol.) 

16.  In  the  place  of  ;  as  a  substitute  for  ;  in 
the  character,  position,  or  ((uality  of;  as. 

"Tunis  wa«  never  graced  before  with  such  a  paragon 
to  their  queen."— *7ia*e«/»,     Tc'ipcat,  li.  1. 

17.  Used  to  denote  relation  ;  concerning  ; 
as  to. 

"  Few  wcrds,  but,  f«  effect,  more  than  all  yet, ' 

ahakeip.  -  Lear,  iu.  1. 


'  18.  It  ic  HometimcH  used  without  any 
sense  of  motion  for  near  ;  by. 

"  It  would  uitcloij  my  heart 
or  what  heH  heavy  to  It 

Shakeip.  :  Corfolanuf,  W.  2. 

19.  It  is  used  in  a  variety  of  cascH  to  Hupply 
the  place  of  the  dutive  in  other  langUAKes, 
couneeting  trunsitive  verbs  with  their  indirect 
or  distiint  objects,  antl  adjectives,  notitis,  and 
neuter  or  passive  verbs  with  a  following  noun 
which  limit-s  their  action  :  as,  What  is  that  Ut 
me?  To  drink  a  health  to  a  larson. 


20.  Aft<;r  adjectives  it  denotes  the  person 
or  thing  with  respect  to  which,  ur  on  whose 
interest  a  quality  is  shown  lu- perceived. 

"  Inviaible  (o  every  eye  Im*11." 

ahakctp. :  Tempett.  i.  2. 

21.  .\rter  sulistantives  it  denotes  the  state 
of  being  apjiertinent ;  of.  [See  extract  ui|der 
'Throat,  s.,  I.  2.  (1).] 

22.  As  regards,  towards  ;  especially  after 
ad,iectives  expressing  obedience,  disobedieuce, 
or  the  like. 

"  If  thou  dost  find  hhii  traotAble  to  us." 

Shakesp. .  lUchard  IlL,  ill.  1. 

23.  A  common  vulgarism  in  America  for 
at  or  ill  (a  place). 

24.  Used  as  the  sign  of  the  inliiiitive  mood, 
or  governing  the  gerundial  infinitive  or  gerund. 
In  the  English  of  the  First  Period  to  was  only 
used  beloi)'  tlie  dative  or  gerundial  infinitive  ; 
ill  the  beginniii"  of  the  thirteenth  r.entury  it 
began  to  be  uaed  before  the  ordinary  infini- 
tive. The  simple  infinitive  with  to  appears 
in  such  sentences  as,  Tell  him  to  qo.  To  is 
generally  omitted  before  the  infinitive,  after 
the  auxiliary  verbs  do,  can,  iiuiy,  must,  wilt^ 
shall  (with  their  past  tenses),  as  well  as  after 
sueli  verbs  as  bid,  dare,  need,  make,  see,  hear, 
feel,  let,  observe,  behold,  haw:  (as  in,  1  would 
/wu'e  you  know),  and  know.  J-or  (o  was  com- 
monly used  before  the  gerundial  infiidtive  to 
denote  purpose  or  design  :  as,  "  What  went 
ye  out  fur  to  see?"  (Matt.  xi.  9);  but  it  is  now 
only  used  by  the  vulgar.  To  with  the  gerun- 
dial infinitive  often  comes  (1)  aft*'r  an  aiijec- 
tive  :  as,  quick  to  hear,  slow  to  speiik  ;  (2)  aft«r 
the  substiintive  verb  to  denote  futurity  ; 
(3)  after  have,  denoting  necessity  or  duty  :  as, 
I  have  to  go.  To  is  also  employed  with  the 
infinitive  as  a  verbal  noun  in  such  a  sentence 
as :  To  see  is  to  believe  =  Seeing  is  believing. 
To  was  often  omitted  before  the  infinitive 
where  we  should  now  use  it: 

"Uow  long  within  this  wood  intend  yon  dtfty?" 

Shiikegp.  :  Midsummer  Siffhti  Dream,  il.  1. 

(.e.,  to  stay.     It  was  also  inserted  where  we 
should  now  omit  if.. 

"  They  would  not  have  you  to  ntir  forth," 

Shaketp.  :  Juliui  C'*eiar.  il.  2. 

It  is  now  often  used  in  colloquial  languaga 
without  an  infinitive  to  supply  the  place  of 
an  infinitive  already  mentioned  ;  as.  He  bade 
me  go  with  him,  but  I  did  not  wish  (o. 
B,  As  adverb : 
'1.  Forward,  onward,  on. 

"To.  Achilles,  to,  Ajax.  to/" 

Shakcsp :  Troitui  it  CretgiUa,  11.  1. 

2.  Used  to  denote  motion  towards  a  thing 
for  the  purpose  of  laying  hold  of  it  ;  jiarticu- 
larly  ai'plied  to  food. 

"I  will  stand  to  and  feed  " 

Shaketp.  :  Tonpfat.  hi.  3. 

3.  Used  to  denote  junction,  union,  or  the 
closing  of  something  open  or  sei)arated. 

"  Clap  to  the  lioora." Shakesp. :  l  ffenry  IV.,  il.  4, 

*  4.  Used  to  denote  an  aim  proposed  iu 
doing  something. 

5.  In  a  certain  direction  or  place ;  as,  Tu 
heave  to. 

U  For  the  meaning.s  of  such  phrases  as  To 
boot,  to  come  to,  go  to,  Ac,  see  the  main  words. 

II  1.  To  and  again :  To  and  fro, 

2.  To  and  fro: 

(l)  As  adv.:  Forward  and  backward;  up 
and  down. 

'  ('2)  As  substantive  : 

(a)  The  bandying  of  a  question  liackward 
and  forward ;  discussion. 

"There  was  much  to  and  fro."— Hale :  Vociieyon. 

(&)  A  walking  backward  and  forward. 
(3)  As  adj.  :    Backward  and   forward  :    as, 
to  and  fro  motion. 

to-be,  .•-.  The  future  and  what  it  will  bring 

with  it;  futurity. 

"  Through  all  the  secular  tO't-e." 

Tcnnyion  :  In  Jdctnoriam,  \l.  t'i. 


boil,  bo^;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  9ell,  choms,  ghin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eacist.    ph  =  t 
-cian,  -tlan  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion,  -^on  —  zhan.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  i:c.  =  bel,  deL 


296 


U4 


to — toadstool 


t  to  come,  s    TI"'  ftitiiiv  ;  fuhinty. 

"  Anil  nil  till-  rl<rh  fir-omf 
ir--l.  A«  KUv  ifviklrii  Hiituinii  HtKHllniul  ivets  ' 

3V*my»o»i  '  t'riitcftt,  vil,  X-i. 

to  do.  '■  Alio, bustle,  coininotion.  (tW^-/.) 
■  )!.••  ti^vl  Jnythrrewaa  aiiotlitrr  rinlt  to  IKx-tor^' 

t    ,iiii •>.  nii't  n  errmt  to-tto  nlth  nil  KttMttiiB  ontli-r. 

»lt<>    W>iit:    iiip)>rinUHl.  (lerlimHl  nwr-'iriiig  luiytliiiib: 
..lit  pruftin-  •■nth'*."— /»ict-^iiJ  -■  tHckiPick,  ch.  Iv. 

toUdh  > 

•I.  iK-i'liiu',  sottiiij;. 

2.  A  "li""!  "!■  building  aiiitcxeU  to  tlif  wall 
.ifu  lur^cr  one,  tin- ruof  of  which  is  fmnuNl  in 
.1  .siii^h-  .sloiH-  with  tlic  tn|.  rcstiiii;  nyaiiist 
thi*  \v«il  ol  the  imiicip;il  Ituililint,'. 

to  namo,  «.  A  ikuho  ;ulih-fi  to  aiiutli'  1 
ii:nii-'  ;  rt  ii:iiiii-  i:\\vn  in  adilitiijti  tu  the  Chris- 
Tiaii  ami  -<unmnif  of  a  iktsou  tn  ilistin;;uish 
hiirt  Irtmi  (itluTS  of  the  sauu'  nanio ;  a  nirk- 
itaim-  Oi.v.)-  Such  to-nami'S  are  frequent 
when-  t'aniilles  continually  intermarry,  ami 
where,  consequently,  the  same  name  is  eojii- 
iiiMii  to  .several  individuals.  Ttcnames  an- 
coiiunon,  e-speeiaily  ainonji  the  fisher  popnla- 
liiin  oil  the  east  coast  of  Scotland,  and  in 
Wales. 
to-  (I).  V*rr.  [A.S.  to-  (pref.);  cogn.  with  O. 
I-Yie.s.  lo;  te- ;  t>.  If.  Ger.  zai--,  zer-,  ztt-,  ze-,  zi- ; 
fliT.  m*..  ]  A  particle  furnierly  used  in  coni- 
Itosilicn  with  vi-rbs.  jKirtieiph's,  or  adjectives. 
with  the  f'Tce  of  asunder,  in  twain,  to  pieces, 
ur  with  an  aut;nifntntive  force ;  entirely, 
y\\\\W.  nlto-ether.     [Ai.i.-To.] 

*  tO'bete,  v.t.    To  bt-at  severely. 

*  to-break,  *  to-breUe,  r.t.  or  i.    T.. 

bv.Mk  (..  pieces.    (II(/7;(n,(  nf  I'afcmr,  3,230.) 

■  tO-breste,  r.t.  or  i.    To  burst  to  pieces. 
to-hew.  i-.t.     To  hew  or  cut  to  pieces. 

"  tO-pmch.  i:t.     To  pinch  severely. 

■  i\\tr\\ikf  fn-pincli  tin*  Hiictfiiii  kiiiplit." 

ishdlrsi:  :  Merru  U'i'va  i\f  Wimiitof,  iv.  4. 

to-rent,   ".      Rent  asunder.     (Spenser: 
r.  ','..  IV.  \ii.  ^.) 

'  to-tome,  'P.  Tom  to  pieces.  (Spciiser: 
J  .  V.  \-  iv-  1"-) 

■  to-wome.   ".     AVorn    out.      (Spettser: 

I     Q.,  \.  i\.  10.) 

to    (2).  pref.     [A.S.  tf  =  for,  as  in  to'da'rje  = 
\\>v  the  day,  to-day;  (o  «/(or//fu  =  for  the  morn, 
ti'-iiKirrow.l 
to-day,  s.  &  ndv. 

A.  .4*  snhst. :  The  in-oscut  day :  as,  To-tlc'i 
is  Friday. 

B.  As  ("iv.  :  On  this  day  :  as,  Tliev  left  /.- 
ihn:. 

to-morrow,  *  to-morwe,  '  to -mo 
row,  .>^.  &  ndr. 

A,  *4-s-  subst. :  The  day  after  the  present. 

'■  A  iiiHii  he  eeeina  of  clieerful  j-eatcrd/iys 
And  ci^itflileiit  to-inorroirg." 

H'ordttt^rth :  Excursion,  i>k.  vi. 

B,  As  adr. :  On  or  in  the  tlay  after  tiic- 
prost-nt. 

"  Than  lielpe  me,  lord,  to-monpc  in  my  batAllle.'* 
Chaucer:  C.  T.,  2.4«. 

%  To-Ttjoj^'ov  rome  vever :  On  a  day  which 
will  never  arrive  ;  never. 

to-nigbt,  s.  &  adv. 

A-  A^  subst. :  The  present  or  the  cominj; 
night. 
B.  As  adverb: 
1.  On  or  in  the  coming  night. 

■'  For  Seytl,  the  Pncha.  tuakes  a  feast  to-niijhf  r 
A  ienni  tvr  pryiaised  liiumph  yet  to  i-oiue." 

tlyron  :  Corsair,  i.  I. 

**  2.  Last  night.  (Shalccsp.  :  Merchant  of 
Vei-ic,  ii.  .'''.) 

'  to-year,  *  to  -yere,  ndr.    This  year. 

toad,  'tade,  ^  tode.  toode,  .'^.  [A.8. 
induic,  tddir,  n  \vonl  of  unknown  ori^^in.] 
I'lAin'oLr.) 

^'W. :  The  jiopular  name  of  any  species  of 
ihf  family  liufonidpe  (q.v.),  which  is  almost 
iiM\vr.^'illy  distributed,  but  is  rare  in  the 
Aii-^ti-alian  region,  one  siK-cies  being  found  in 
('th-irf-s  and  one  in  Austraha.  Two  species 
are  Itritish  :  the  Connnon  Toad  (Tlfi./Ji  itdgari<;) 
and  the  Natterjack  (q.v.)  (71.  cahnnita)",  and 
another  specie.s  (Ii.  variabUi^)  js  Inund  on  the 
"'ontinent.  Thellrst  is  the  type  of  the  family. 
The  body  is  .swollen  and  heavy-looking, 
covered  with  a  varty  skin,  head  large,  Hat, 


itn.l  toothless,  with  a  rounded,  blunt  niuzzU  . 
There  is  a  swelling  above  tiie  eye.s  co^■lMTd 
with  pores,  and  the  i>aroti<ls  arc  large,  thick, 
and  prominent,  and  .secrete  an  acrid  Hnid, 
which  pi-obably  gave  rist-  t"  the  popular 
.stories  about  the  venom  nf  tlietuad,  ortlu-y 
may  owe  their  origin  to  the  fart  tliat  whi-n 
handled  or  irritated  thesr  animals  can  ejeet  a 
watery  Hnid  from  the  vent.  Hut  neither  tlii' 
s.Tivtiou  It-nm  the  parotids  nor  the  ejectid 
tiniil  is  harmful  to  man,  and  there  is  litth- 
doubt  but  that  its  efhets  on  the  lower  animals 
liave  been  much  exaggerated.  The  to;ul  has 
lour  fingei-s  and  live  partially-webbed  toi-s. 
'I'lie  geni'rai  colour  above  is  a  brownish-gray, 
the  tulM»rcleK  more  or  less  brown  ;  undrr  sur- 
face yellowisli  white,  sometimes  spotted  w  itii 
black.  Toads  are  ten*cstrial,  liidiug  in  damp, 
dark  places  durin*;  tlie  day,  and  crawling  with 
the  head  near  the  ground,  for  their  short 
limbs  are  badly  adapted  for  leaping.  They 
are  extremely  tenacious  of  life,  and  can  exist 
a  long  time  without  food  ;  their  hibernation 
in  mud,  cracks,  and  holes  has  probably  given 
rise  to  the  stories  of  their  being  found  in 
places  where  they  must  have  existed  for 
centuries  without  food  and  air.  These  .stories, 
however,  have  no  foundation  iu  fact,  for  Dr. 
Auckland  proved,  by  direct  experiment,  that 
no  toad  can  live  for  two  years  if  deprivcil  of 
food  and  air.     [Pu'a,  Surinam-toad.) 

IT  Toads,  like  other  Batrachians,  arc  absent 
from  most  oceanic  ishoiids,  the  reason  being 
that  their  spawn  is  immediately  destroyed  by 
immersion  in  salt  water.  (Dorwin  :  Oriff.  of 
.^jtecies.) 

%  Trnid  ia  the  ho!c :  A  dish  composvd  of 
meat  baked  in  batter. 

"The  (liah  they  call  n.  fond  in  a  hclc  .  .  .  puttiiig  n 
nfjble  Hirlwin  of  l>eef  into  iv  iioor,  iialtry  Uftttei-inul- 
A\iii.-~M-ul.  fi'Arbfay:  tHary.  vi.  I.IUL 


toad-bag. 


(Sec  extract.) 


"A  timjiiror  or  '  wliite-wiznnl,*  who  cnreil  afflicted 
pereona  hv  mean!*  of  the  toud-hiifj—a  sinall  i'i«e  ft 
lijien  havlnyia  limb  from  ft  living  tomlsewn  up  iiiMide, 
to  he  woin  round  the  BulferBi'a  neck  mid  next  lii*  nkin, 
the  twitching  inoveinent*  of  wliirh  limb  guve.  *'  it 
was  snJil  ',-1  tuni  ■  to  the  Mow!  of  the  wearer,  nii-l 
etfecteil  a  radical  ch.arnre  in  his  ctmstitntH'ii.  '— 
At/iena-iiui,  Oct.  lii.  I«3i5,  |i.  ^'•2. 

toad-eater,  .''.  A  term  applied  t"  a 
fawning,  obsequious  parasite;  a  mean  .\vc'- 
phant.    (Now  sliortenwl  to  toadii-) 

"A  corrupted  court  forniedof  miscreant  fortrf-enftfrr" 
—Knot :  Spirit  o^  Despotism.  6  £0. 

^  The  original  meaning  is  one  who  is 
willing  to  do  any  dirty  or  di.sgusting  act  to 
please  a  superior,  as  the  sight  of  a  toad  is 
most  disgusting.  The  French  equivah-ut  is 
(n*a/rr  dfn  coideuvi'c-i,  lit.  ■=  to  swallow  adders, 
hence,  to  put  up  with  mortilications. 

toad-eating,  a.  &  s. 

A.  -4s-  ad]. :  Pertaining  to  a  toad-eater  or 
his  practitf.s  ;  .servik-ly  or  nicanly sycophantic. 

B.  As  snhst. :  Servile  or  mean  sycophancy  ; 
toadyism. 

toad-fish,  .'^. 

Irhtlnj.  :  A  I'opular  AnuM-icau  name  for  any 
fish  of  the  genus  Batrachus,  from  the  lai-gi- 
head,  wide  gape,  anrl  generally  repulsive 
appearance  of  the  species.  The  Common 
Toad-fish  (Batrarhnstaii)  is  fiYmt  eight  inches 
to  a  foot  long,  light  brown  marbled  with 
black.  TheGruntiugToad-1ish(7;.  f7r(/i(wr>».^). 
about  the  same  size,  is  brownish  above,  with 
darker  markings,  white  below,  lins  white  with 
brown  bands.  There  are  about  twelve  species 
from  tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas. 

toad-flax.  -. 

Hot.  :  The  g.-nus  Unuria.  Of  the  Briti.sli 
species  the  Ruund-leaved  Toad-flax  is  I.iyiarlt' 
spuria;  tlie  Sharp-iK)intc<l  Toad-flax  or  Flu- 
ellen,  L.  Elatinr  ;  the  YeUow  Toad-flax,  /,. 
ridrfarts :  the  Upright  Purple  Toad-flax,  I.. 
PdissFriava ;  the  Creeping  Pale-blue  Toad- 
flax, /..  repens;  and  the  Least  Toad-flax,  /,. 
rniitor.  The  most  common  is  the  Yellow 
Toad-fJax.  It  is  one  to  two  feet  high,  with  a 
leafy,  almost  glabrous,  stem  ;  linear  or  lanceo- 
Inte  leaves,  often  whoried  ;  and  dense  i-acemes 
nf  flowers.  Another  si)ei!i(!S,  the  Ivy-lcAVed 
Tnaii-flax,  is  not  imeouimon  tm  old  walls,  but 
it  is  not  wild  in  liritain.  [Bastarp  toad- 
FLAx,  Tnt:su'M.] 

"  Ily  toad-finj  which  your  nose  may  t-istc. 
If  you  have  a  mind  to  cnst." 

Drayton  :  Mhscs  Klj/sium,  Nymph,  r., 

U  Prior  thinlvs  that  it  obtained  the  name 
Toad-flax  because  the  Lat.  ?m/w?)(«m(=aplant 
good  for  buboes  and  swellings  in  the  groin), 
u.sed  by  Dodoeus,  in  describing  it,  was  mis- 


taken for  Mod.  Lat.  bvfonuts(=  of  or  belonging 
to  a  toad).    [Bvio.J 

Ttmd-flax  pitg : 

Entnni. :  A  geometer  moth,  ICupHlifTja  Ii- 
unriatu.  It  is  of  variegated  colour.  Tlu- 
hirva  feeils  on  the  Yellow  Tojitt-flax. 

toad'Uzards.  i^.  v'- 

/ool.  :  The  genus  I'lirynosoma  (i|.v.) 
toad-pipe,  toad-pipes,  s'. 

/.■'•',:    F.'P'i-<rf>nii   f-hf'itinii,   !•:.  nrvrtise,  and 

other   sj.ecirs   of   the  .^eiilis.     (BriYf^U   £    Hnl- 
hiud.) 

t  toad-skep,  >. 

lu^t.:  Probably  I'ohjpnrns  (/{gaufens.  (Urittc! 
d-  UoUaud.) 

toad-spit,    ■    The  same  as  Ci;ckoo-sp:t 

Oi.v.). 

'  toad-spotted,  r^.  Tainted  and  polluted 
with  venom,  as  the  toad  was  |K>pularly  sup- 
posed to  be. 

•'  A  most  toail-syiottetl  tialtor." 

^7J<Ifr^•sfl.  -■  Lear,  v.  :i. 

toad-Stone  (l).  ^.  A  popular  name  fer 
Bufonite  (q.v.),  froui  the  fact  that  it  wa.-«. 
formerly  supjiosed  to  be  a  nattn-ai  concretioi; 
found  in  the  head  of  the  Common  Toad.  Ex- 
traordinary virtues  wei-e  attributed  to  it  ;  it 
was  held  to  be  a  protection  against  poison, 
and  was  often  set  in  rings.  That  this  beliet 
was  rife  in  Shakesiware'a  time  is  proved  b> 
the  lines  (.4s  Von  Like  It,  ii.  1) : 

*'  Sweet  are  the  uses  of  ndveraity. 
Which,  like  the  toad,  ugly  .-uid  venomoiiB, 
Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  his  head." 

According  to  .Sir  Thomas  Browne  {Vvlrj.  Err. , 
bk.  ill.,  ch.  xiii.),  there  were  two  kinds  uf  toad 
stones  known  in  his  day  :  the  one  "  a  minera! 
concretion,  not  to  be  found  in  animals,  but 
in  fields;"  the  other  "taken  not  out  of  the. 
toad's  head,  but  out  of  a  fish's  mouth,  being 
handsomely"  eontri\ed  out  of  thp  teeth  of  the 
luin<$  mil  rill 'IS.  a  h.sh  often  taken  in  out 
n<:)rthern  seas,  as  was  publicly  declared  by  an 
eunnent  and  learned  physician"  (Sir  Georgr 
Ent). 

toad-stone  (ii).  >-^.  (From  the  Ger.  tndt- 
.fff/K  =z  (ilead-:^tune)  the  todtlicgenden  of  the 
Germans.) 

PetruL  :  An  igneous  rock  of  Carboniferous 
age,  occurring  in  veins  and  sheets  in  lime 
stone.  The  German  name  was  given  because 
of  its  barrenness  in  metallifei-ous  ores.  The 
rock  is  usually  much  altered  by  chemical 
agencies,  but  it  evidently  belongs  to  the 
group  of  dokiite.--. 

toad's  back  rail,  .<:. 
Arch.  :  A  particular  J^iud  of  hand-rail  f<r 
stairs.     So  named  fi-om  its  shape,     (Oijilitr.) 

toad's  eye,  >.    [Toajj'sevetin.] 
toad's  eye  tin,  f^. 

Mill.  :  A  variety  of  Cassite)"ite  (q.v.).  oc- 
curring in  aggregated  gix>ups^of  exotrdingiy 
small  round  iMxlies  witli  mdiated  btructme, 
suppostnl  by  the  Cornish  nauei^  to  resemblr 
the  eye  of  a  toad. 

toad's  mouth,  -^. 

Hot.:  Aiifirrhintfin  majus.  {li^itten  d  livl- 
hiad.) 

toad -er-jT,  s.   [Eng. /otr/f;  -pn/.]  A  place  set 
apart  for  ux  frequented  by  toads. 

"  fToailsJiiresui'iHj^eil  to  lie  poi.sotmus  :  this  ia  quite 

a  vulvar    error.    ,    .      In    uij-   ci>uiitry    iit>oUe,    I    evei. 

.'itteiiilited  to  make  tht-in  ;i  yAmv  -it  letireiiieiit  :ii.'L 

called  it  n  toaderp.'—tioir/'i nil  Hill :  Jourmtl  7lirovi''i. 

the  .Vorrh  of  Knglmul  (cil.  ir.i-.').  p.  a?.    (Note.) 

*  tdad'-ish,  c  [Eng.  toad ;  -is^i.]  Like  a  toad  ; 
venomous. 

"  A  liiwcklcd,  tottdish.    or   poison    fish.'— fferl'crf 
Travels. 

toad'-let,  s.     [Eug.  fonr? ;  dimin.  suff.  -lct.\ 
A  little  toad.    (Cole rid 'jf.) 

toad-ling,    s.      [Eng.    toad;    dimiu.    sufT, 
■Jinfi.\    A  little  to:wl  ;  a  toadlet.  ■ , 

■■  I    aUvav?    kiie«'     you.   far    ft    toadliiiff."—  Afad. 
TiArhlan     liiam,  i.  187. 

toad  -Stool,  *  tode-stool,  s.  [Eng.  toud. 
and  f/uii/.  So  named  because  toads  and  frog> 
were  supposed  to  sit  upon  them.  (Prior.) 
Berkeley,  liowever,  thinks  the  name  wa->' 
given  because  in  the  opinion  of  the  old  her- 
lialists  they  derived  their  origin  from  tuitds,  a>- 
pufl"-balls  were  supimsed  to  come  from  wolvc^, 
and  deer-kdls  (Elaphoiuyces)  from  deer.] 


nite.  f^t.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :   go,  pot,, 
or,  wore,  wylf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  nnite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.     ».  oe  =  e ;  ey  —  ekX  q,u  =  kw. 


toady— tobacco 


115 


B"t. ;  An  uneatable  Agaricus,  Boletus,  or 

otlier  fungus  of  conspicuous  size,  as  distiii- 

gui.slied  from  a  mushroom  or  eatable  Agaiic. 

•'  Tlic  grislv  todentool.  cruwii  there  iiiuut;1it  I  see. 

And  Ivutiiiiii;  iiiii1ilo(;k»  tuiiliiitc  on  thvaHuie." 

Spt'iisT  :  Shepheiirdt  CaletHltr;  Ilec,  C9. 

toad'-y,  s.   tt  a.    [A  contract,  of  toad-eattr 
(.l.v.).J 
A,  As  stibstanflre: 

1.  A  base,  hervile  rtattcrer ;  a  sycophant, 
a  to.Kl-eater. 

■'  Boys  !ire  not  nil  toadirt  in  tlie  nianiiiig  of  IIiV.' — 
TJinikeriii/  :  Uuuk  o/Sfmbi,  t:li.  v, 

"■  2.  A  coarse,  nistic  woman.    {S<'fytch.) 

•  B.  As  adj. :  Having  tlio  t-baractiT  of  nr 
n-SL-mbling  n  tuad. 

"  \'ice  is  of  such  a  roadt/  complexioti.  tliat  a\f 
cannot  cliooatr  but  teach  the  soul  to  h«le."~/'t'/ffttii"  : 
J.'esolvet,  cent,  i,  13. 

toad -y,  ^'.t.  [Tovnv,  s.]  To  fawn  npon  nr 
llatttT  ;  to  play  tlie  toady  or  sycophant  to. 

"  How  thesf  tftbbies  ]uve to  hv  foatUeii  .'"—O.  Colnutu 
the  Vouiiger     Poor  Uenr  I  em  an,  it.  i. 

toad -y-ism.  '•■.  [Kng.  tombi;  -Ism.]  Thi' 
praitiffs  or  manners  of  a  toady  ;  servile  or 
mean  sycophancy. 

'■  i'hiloitoiihera,  who  ain  l>eli<'M  the  state  of  society, 
viz.,  fuadytttn,  orgiinizetl— li;ide  luiin-Hnd-uiHtuniou 
wurshi|i.  instituted  by  i-uuiui;tiiil  .if  |;»w  ;  siiultbisb- 
iiesa,  in  n  won).  i^^rp^tiL-tted.  :tnd  timrk  the  I'henunit;- 
\imici\\iti\y.— Thackeray  :  Bouk  uf  Sitoba.  ch,  ill. 

toast,  'tost,  *  tost -en.  y.f.  &  i.  [O.  Fr. 
/(is7</-;  Sp.  k  Port.  ^orcr.J    [Tu.wT,  s.] 

A.  7'iansitlre : 

1.  Tu  dry  anil  si'orcb  by  the  lieatofa  lire: 
a.s.  To  toast  bread  or  ciieesc. 

2.  To  warm  thoroughly  :  as,  To  toa^t  the 
fL-et.    (Colloq.) 

;{,  To  name  or  proiio.>e  as  one  whose  health, 
success.  &c.,  is  to  lnj  drunk  ;  to  drink  to  the 
.•success  of  or  in  honour  of. 

■'  Five  iIm'p  he  toasts  the  towering  lasses ; 
Iti'jieata  ymi  verses  wivte  on  Rlaaaea." 

Prior:  Cameh-on. 

B,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  warm  one's  self  thoroughly  at  a  tti-e. 

"  I  will  ein^  what  I  diJ  leL-re.  .  .  . 
Aa  wc  toasted  by  the  tire. ' 

Uroteiic:  sht'pkt^aytls  Pipe,  Eel.  i. 

2.  To  give  or  propose  a  toast  or  health  ;  I" 
drink  a  toast  or  toasts. 

"  Theac  iiiaect  reptileid  while  they  go  on  cihalhng 
.ind  toasting,  only  fill  us  with  disgust."— BiirAe  ." 
I'elitian  of  L'nitarians, 

toast.  •  toost,  *  tost.  .*^.  to.  Fr.  tosUc  =  a 
|nn;>t  nf  bread,  from  l«it.  (os^tn,  feni.  of  tnstns, 
pa.  par.  of  ^)!-*To  =  to  parch;  Sp.  tosUnin ; 
i\>rt.  tvstado.]    (Toukid.) 

1.  Bread  dried  and  scorched  by  the  fire,  or 
such  bread  dipped  iu  melted  butter  or  in 
some  liquor  ;  a  piece  of  toasted  bread  put  into 
a  beverage. 

"  My  soher  evening  let  the  tankard  blesa, 
>Vithrua«f  embiowu'd,  and  fva^ntnt  nut  meg  fraught. " 
Wai-loii  :  J'ltiie'juric  -11  iuford  .I/f. 

2.  A  lady  whose  health  is  diuiik  in  honour 
vv  respect. 

'  It  happened  ou  a  publick  day  a  celebrated  beauty 
ul  those  timee  wa^d  in  tbf  Cross. Bath,  and  one  of  the 
i-iMwd  of  her  admtreis  took  a  jtlaa.-*  of  tlie  water  lu 
which  the  fair  one  stood,  and  di:uik  her  health  in  the 
company.  There  wiia  in  the  place  a  gay  fellow,  half 
fudtlled,  who  offered  to  jump  in,  and  swore,  though  he 
hked  not  the  liquur.  he  would  have  the  tuiBt.  Tlio' 
he  w:ia  op[iu>*ed  iu  his  rezjolution,  this  whim  gave 
fi>undation  to  the  prest-ut  honour  which  is  done  to 
the  lady  we  nientioii  ijk  our  litjUors,  who  has  ever 
■nice  been  called  a  toait."—Tatler,  No.  :;4. 

3.  A  person  who  is  named  in  lionour  in 
drinking,  as  a  public  character  or  a  private 
friend;  anything  honoured  in  a  similar  man- 
olt  ;  anything  the  success  of  which  is  drunk  ; 
a  S'-ntiment  proposed  for  general  acceptance 
in  drinking. 

'"  The  tnajit  oUbe  Emperor,  proi>o?edby  Dr.  Stephan, 
w:ia  received  with  eutbuaiasui,  all  the*  guests  stand- 
ing."—ZJoi/y  Chronivie,  Sept,  7,  IBSi, 

'  1.  A  drinker,  a  toper. 

*  Wheuh-ivinj  half  din'd.  there  conies  in  my  host, 
A  CAtbolic  good  and  a  rare  drunken  totist." 

-  ™  Cotton:  Voyage  to  Ireland,  iii. 

^  To  hare  on  toast :  To  deceive,  to  take  in, 
tu  swindle.    {Slaiif}.)    [Dose,  ^  (1).J 

"  The  judges  in  the  High  Court  are  always  learning 
»oiDe  new  thing.  Yestt-iday  it  was  entered  on  the 
record  that  the  court  took  judicial  cognisince  of  a 
■  lunint  and  pteaeing  modern  phrase.  They  discovert-d 
what  it  was  to  be  'Ittid  on  toast.'"— St.  JainexsUuzvtte, 
Nov.  0,  IStW. 

toast-master,  ■••■.  An  oflieerwho  at  great 
public  dinners  or  entertainments  announces 
till-  toa.sta  and  leads  or  time.s  the  cheering. 
"  Henry  Beller  was  for  m.iny  years  tnnnt-innater  nt 
vanoua  corporation  diniiers.  dnriug  whicli  time  h«- 
dtaukagre^t  de^l  of  foreign  wine.' — />itA;e*w.'  Pirk- 
ickk.  ch.  .vvxiiL 


toast  rack,  >.  A  sinall  rack  of  metal  or 
eartbenwarr,  to  hold  dry  toast. 

toast  water,  .<:.  Water  in  which  tonated 
breatl  has  lu-cii  soakeii,  used  as  beverage  by 
invalids;  toatit  ami  water. 

toast'-er.  .<.    [Eng.  uxist,  v.  ;  -cr.] 

1.  ttne  who  toasts  bread,  &c. 

2.  A  fork  or  cage  to  hold  bread  or  meat 
while  luusting. 

*  3.  One  wlio  drinks  a  toast. 

■■  We  simple  toustfrs  take  delight 
To  see  our  women  d  teeth  look  white." 

Prior  :  Alnta.  ii.  V^Z. 

toast'  ing.  pr.  par.  or  a.     [Toast,  r.l 

toasting-fork.  .';.  A  three-  ()r  four- 
prung.d  fork  to  huld  a  slice  of  bread  while 
tou.stin- 

*  toastlng-glass.  s.  A  drinking-gla-ss 
on  wbieli  \vas  niscnbetl  the  name  of  a 
reigidng  beauty,  <.'ften  accompanied  with 
verses  in  her  honour.  Garth  (ItjT'J-lTl'.O  wrotr 
•several  sets  of  verses  fur  the  toasting-ghisMs 
of  the  Kit-Cat  Clnb. 

*  toasting-iron.  s.  A  toasting-fork.  Ap- 
plied in  derision  to  a  sword. 

"  Put  up  thy  sword  betime  ; 
Or  I'll  so  maul  you  and  your  loaatinff-iron. 
That  you  sliall  think  the  devil  is  come  from  belt  " 
aJiaketp. :  King  John,  i\.  :;. 


toat. 


[Tote.]    The  handle  of  a  bench  plane. 


'  toat'-er,  .".     [Tootkr.]    A  trumpeter. 

"  Hiirk !  hark  t  these  toate.s  tell  us  the  kin^ » 
touiinc;.  ■— Sc(i(///i.  i-  llel. 

to-bac-ca-na'-li-an,  s.  [Formed  from 
lOng.  t-t^Hicvii,  in  imitation  of  barchannUan.] 
One  who  imiulges  in  tobacco  ;  a  smoker. 

"  We  get  very  goo<l  cigare  for  a  hajoccho  and  a  hali 
—that  is.  very  good  for  ua  chejip  tobuccaiuitians.'  — 
Thackerui/ :  XeuKomea,  cb.  xxxv. 

to-bac -Chi-an,  -i.  [Eng.  tobacco;  -(■«)(.] 
t)ne  wb'i  smokes  tobacco  ;  a  smoker. 

"You  may  observe  how  idle  and  foolish  they  are, 
that  cannot  travelt  without  a  tolmcco  pi|^-  nt'their 
mouth;  hut  such  (I  must  tell  you)  are  no  base  fnAur- 
vfiiiins:  for  this  manner  of  taking  the  finne.  they 
sup|.ose  to  bee  generous.'— I'CTiner;  Treatise  of  7'o- 
bocc".  l:  nt 

to-bac'-co,  "  ta-bac'-co,  s.    [Sp.  tahaco  = 

toUtceo,  from   \Vest   Iiidian  ?([?i«en  =  the  tube 
or  pipe  ill  which  Indians  smoked  the  plant.) 
I.  OnUnary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  I. 

2.  The  dried  leaves  of  the  plant  J.escribed 
under  II.  1.,  used  fur  smoking,  cr.pwing,  or  as 
snufl".  Its  use  in  America  is  of  unknown 
antiquity.  Columbus  noticed  that  the  natives 
of  the  West  India  Islands  used  the  leaves  in 
rolls —cigars.  The  Aztecs  had  cigar  tubes, 
and  also  used  nostril  tubes  of  tortoise-shell 
for  inhaling  the  smoke.  The  Mexicans  and 
Nortli  American  Indians  used  pipes.  Oviedo 
speaks  in  1520  of  the  inhaling  of  the  smoke 
through  the  forked  nostril  tube  by  the  Inilians 
of  Hispani<ila.  Lobel,  in  his  History  of  Plants 
(1576),  gives  an  engraving  of  a  rolled  tube  of 
tobacco  (a  cigar)  as  seen  by  Colon  in  the 
mouths  of  the  natives  of  San  Salvador.  He 
describes  it  as  a  funnel  of  palm-leaf  with  a 
filling  of  tobacco  leaves.  Cortez  found  smok- 
ing (by  means  of  a  pipe)  an  established  custom 
iu  Mexico.  Tobacco  was  introduced  into  Europe 
by  Hermandez  de  Toledo,  in  1559,  and  into 
England  by  Sir  John  Hawkins,  in  liJ65. 
Harrison  (Descript.  of  England)  lixes  on  1573 
as  the  date  when  the  smoking  of  tol»acco 
became  general  in  England.  Its  use  was  ex- 
tended by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  Sir  Francis 
Drake  in  1586.  The  practice  was  made  the 
butt  <^'f  the  wits,  the  object  of  denunciation 
by  the  clergy,  and  the  subject  of  a  pampldet, 
the  Cuunterblaate  to  Tobacco,  by  King  James  I. 
Its  use  was  condemned  by  kings,  popes,  and 
sultans,  and  smokers  were  condemned  to 
\-ariou3  cruel  punishinenta.  In  the  canton  uf 
Heme  the  prohibition  of  the  use  of  tobacco 
was  put  among  the  ten  commandments,  after 
the  une  against  adultery.  In  Turkey  smoking 
was  made  a  capital  offence.  Spite  of  all  these 
denunciations  and  prohibitions,  tobacco  is 
the  most  extensively  used  luxury  in  the 
world.  The  method  of  manufacture  dejiends 
upon  the  kind  of  tobacco  and  the  article  re- 
quired. Cigars  are  made  of  the  best,  which  is 
grown  on  soils  peculiarly  adapted  to  proiincc 
the  delicate  tlavour;  a  portion  of  the  north- 
west of  the  island  of  Cuba  is  the  best  of  all. 
The  Connecticut  Valley,  some  parts  of  Virginia, 
a  lew  counties  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  near 


Cincinnati  and  MaysviUe,  respectively,  ap; 
noted  nginns.  Tln-rc  is  no  dettnile  evidem-.; 
that  the  use  of  t4)bacco  in  nuKlcrution  is  in- 
jurious, but  in  excess  its  etlect.s  are  harmful 
both  to  the  mental  and  bodily  functions. 

■•  Kvery  thing  that  in  RUperfluoiis  ut  very  fclvenu*  to 
nature.  And  nothing  more  tluui  tobacco."— I'eniirr . 
Trmtiie  on  Tobacco,  p.  *u'.'. 

II.  TtichnicaHy: 

1.  Hot.:  The  genus  Nicotiana  (n.v.),  the 
species  of  which  are  natives  of  tropimlAmerlc;i 
and  eastern  Asia.  American  tobacco  is  A'lco- 
txana  Tabacum  and  its  varieties.  It  is  called 
more  fully  the  Common  Virginian  or  Swert- 
scent«d  ToImicco.  It  is  a  herbaceous  plant, 
three  to  six  feet  high,  with  large,  oblong 
lanceolate  braves,  some  of  them  decurrenl. 
All  are  covered  with  minnto  hairs,  glandular 
and  viscid  at  the  tip.  The  flowersare  terminal 
in  panicles;  the  funnel-shaped  corolla,  which 
is  roseate  or  pink,  is  more  than  an  inch  long. 
It  is  largely  cultivated  in  Virginia  and  th<- 
Soiitlirrn  States  of  America,  from  which  it  has 
bcfu  introduced  into  Europe,  China,  &c.  '  K. 
ri'c^uida,  a  native  of  Cuba,  has  white  flowers 
with  a  slender  tube,  and  is  used  for  making 
some  of  the  Ix-st  cigars.  Other  American 
species  are  N.  fjuadrimlvU,  which  grows  near 
fhi*  Missouri  river.  N.  multivali'ls,  from  the 
Colombia  river,  N.  vaiia,  from  the  Kocky 
Mountains,  and  N.  viacrophylla  or  latissima. 
which  jields  the  Orinoco  tobacco.  Of  Old 
World  species.  A',  riistica,  Syrian  or  English 
tobacco,  is  a  native  of  all  continents,  though 
Jirst  brought  to  England  from  America.  It 
has  a  square  stem,  with  ovate,  entii-e  leaves  on 
petioles,  and  a  greenish  corolla  with  a  cylin- 
driial  tube.  It  is  cultivated  in  many  coimtries, 
and  furnishes  the  Turkish  tobacco.  The  Persian 
or  Shiiaz  tobacrn,  A',  peraicu,  is  covered  with 
( lammy  down  ;  the  radial  leaves  oblong,  the 
rnulinc  ones  acuminate  ;  the  corolla  salver- 
.sliaped.  It  yields  Persian  tohacco.  In  18S6, 
the  cultivation  of  tobacco,  not  as  a  garden 
plant,  but  in  fields  for  commercial  purposes, 
commenced  exiH?rimentally  iu  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland.  The  crop's  were  good,  though 
the  (luality  of  the  article  produced  was  not 
equal  to  some  of  that  imported  fmni  abroad, 
but  the  heavy  duty  and  tlie  restrictions  im- 
posed by  the  Inland  Revenue  rendered  it  in- 
exi>edient  to  develop  the  industry. 

2.  Chem. :  The  leaves  of  a  plant  of  the  geuus 
Nicotiana,  obtained  chiefiy  for  trade  purposes 
from  two  species,  Nicotiavji  Tabaaim  and 
N.  riistlva.  The  chemical  composition  of  the 
leaves  has  been  investigated  by  Possett  and 
Reiman,  Grandeau,  and  more  recently  by  Dr. 
James  Bell,  Principal  of  the  Lalwratory, 
Somerset  House,  wlio  lias  found  in  the  yellow 
unferniented  leaves  and  in  the  fully  fermented 
leaves  of  Virginia  tobacco  the  following 
percentage  composition  calculated  on  the  dry 
leaves : — 

Uiifermented.  Fermented. 

Kicotine    S'SO    a "86 

Organic  Hcids— 

Malic    4-tr    SW 

Citric iw    U-09 

Oxalic 172     1-68 

Acetic -35    "ati 

Trnmie        ,.       6'32    1'34 

Nitric  acid        'H    '4S 

Tectic  a«id        7'&1     772 

Cellulose    ...     J2"M    10"38 

Starch         173    — 

Saccharine  matteiv      ...     H"S9    — 

AmmoiiiH 'Oa     'OS 

Boluhle  extractive  matter 

contJiinin^nitrogeu...     13*47    W2* 

Insoluble  ainuuiinolda  4"68    U-iS 

Resins  and  chlorophyll        3'41    fi-Jl 

Uilsiiiidf.it*     227     107 

Iiulehnite   iubolubte 

matter     12  41     12'0S 

Mineral  matter      U'M    ll'PS 

Commercially,  the  term  tobacco  applies  to  a 
variety  uf  kinds  of  manufacture  known  under 
the  names  of  Roll,  Cut,  Shag,  Cavendish. 
Cigars,  Flake,  &c.  These  are  all  submitted 
to  more  or  less  secondary  fermentation  after 
the  addition  of  from  5  to  25  per  cent,  of 
water,  and  then  dried  or  stoved  on  a  heated 
open  tray,  or  in  a  closed  oven,  steam  being 
sometimes  injected  into  tlie  chamber  during 
the  process.  It  is  at  this  stage  that  the  par- 
ticular flavour  of  the  tobacco  is  imparted. 
By  the  Act  of  Parliament  50  &  51  Vic,  cap. 
15,  sec.  4,  any  manufacturer  of,  or  dealer  in, 
tobacco,  in  whose  possession  sliall  be  found 
any  tobacco  containing  more  than  35  per  cent. 
of  moisture,  sJiall  be  liable  to  a  i>enalty  of 
too,  together  with  the  forfeiture  of  the  to- 
laeco.  Tobacco  was  formerly  adulterated 
to  a  very  serious  extent,  the  chief  adul- 
terants l>eing  the  leaves  of  rhubarb,  dock, 
burdock,  i^bbage.  &c.,  together  with  lamp- 
black, logwood,  sulphate  of  iron,  sugar,  starch. 


b6l2,  boy ;  pout,  i6wl ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  ^hin*  benQh ;  go,  gem :  thln«  this :  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
Hjian.  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun :  -tion,  -^on  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sions  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic,  =  bel,  deL 


116 


tobacconer— tocherless 


•iiU  gum,  but  now  ttie  det^cUuii  of  uiiy 
ft<liilt«niiit  is  of  nire  (u-currenre.  Ot^casion- 
ftlly  Miuples  of  tobaci-o  are  found  ('oiit.'iin- 
liiK  Mwrt'Wnini;  mutter,  vurli  om  KiiKar,  trvac-le, 
lii(uuricf,  or  glycerine,  but  theru  in  reason 
to  ticlK-v«-  that  Dies?  wure  manufactured 
ahniatl  and  smiukkI***)  int4>  ttiiu  country  by 
sallow.  'Vhe  b-af  as  inijKirt^d  contains  from 
10  to  H  WT  cent,  of  iiioiHturc,  nnd  vant-s 
in  price  from  3d.  to  &,  jht  Ui.  The  duty 
•n  the  tiiinianiifactiirtH)  toliacco  is  3s.  M. 
iier  II'.,  but  in  the  i»n)cess  of  manufacture  th« 
leaf  alworbs  fr<»iii  10  to  25  |ht  cent,  of  wat** r, 
which  euatites  the  miiiiufiicturer  to  sell  it  at 
trvm  'is.  to  48.  tid.  per  lb. 

3.  f'harm. :  Externally  t<ibni'co  is  a  powerful 
irritant.  In  the  form  of  tmutf  it  Ik  sometimes 
prescTiliod  as  an  errhine  in  atrections  of  the 
head,  or  smoked  a.s  a  sedative  and  exiH>ct<^raiit 
in  asthma,  lutenially  it  i^a  powerful  sedative 
tn  the  heart  :  it  sometimes  cures  diuresis  and 
has  l»een  jriveii  in  dropsy,    (nanod.) 

tobacco  -  booking    machine.    ^       A 

machine  wliii-)i  arrant^es  the  smoothed  lejjve.s 
ef  tul»acco  into  syiumetrical  piles. 

tobacco-box.  s.  A  box  for  holding  tu- 
1*0  eco. 

tobaccooutter,  .«. 

1,  A  niaL-hiiie  for  shaving  t.oliaeeo-leaves 
into  .slireds  for  chewing  or  smoking. 

2.  A  knife  for  cutting  plug-tobacco  into 
smaller  pieces. 

tobacco  knife,  s.  A  knife  for  cutting 
jtlug-tuliair.t  into  pieces  convenient  for  the 
pocket.  It  IS  usually  a  sort  of  guillotine 
knife  worked  by  a  lever,  and  rutting  down- 
wards on  to  a  wooden  l>cd.  (Amer.)  A  similar 
iiiJichine  is  in  use  in  England  for  cutting  take 
t<tliacco  for  smoking. 

'  tobacco-man.  s.    a  tobacconist. 

tobacco-paper,  a.  Paper  s])ecially  made 
for  tiivflnpes  fur  rigarettas,  to  avoid  the  fla- 
vour of  burning  cotton  or  linen.  Rice-paper 
is  cxttnsi\ely  used. 

tobacco-pipe.  ».  An  implement  used  in 
smoking  tobacco.  It  consists  essentinlly  of  a 
bowl,  in  which  the  tobacco  is  placed,  ami  a 
stem,  more  or  less  long,  through  which  the 
smoke  is  drawn  into  the  mouth.  In  form  and 
material  pipes  vary  very  much  ;  the  principal 
materiids  employed  are  pipe-clay,  meerschaum, 
porcelain,  and  wood. 

li  King's  tohacro-pijm :  A  jocular  designa- 
tion of  a  peculiarly  shaped  kiln  belonging  to 
the  Custftms,  and  situated  near  the  London 
Docks,  in  which  are  collected  damaged  to- 
bacco and  cigars,  and  contraband  goods,  as 
t<d>acco,  cigitrs,  tea,  &c.,  which  have  been 
sniuggled,  till  a  sufficient  quantity  has  been 
accumulated,  when  the  whole  is  set  fire  to 
and  consumed. 

Tobacco-pipeclay:  [Pipe-clay]. 

Tohacco-pipe fish  ;  ;PirK-FlsH]. 

tobacco-pOQCb,  e.  A  pfjuch  or  bag  for 
hol'iiiig  tobacco. 

tobocoo-root.  s. 

Bot.  :  Tlie  mot  of  Lemisia  rediviva,  one  of 
the  Mcsenibrjaceae.  The  plant  has  succulent 
leaves  and  fugitive,  rose-coloured  flowers,  and 
the  ro'-t  is  eaten  by  the  natives  of  north- 
wpstciji  Ariicrica. 

tobacco  seed  sugar,  s. 

Chem.  :  Cy^ll.»_^Oii.  A  sugar  of  the  nature 
of  cane-sugar,  or  saccharose,  observed  in  the 
!»eeds  of  the  tobacco  plant  by  Mr.  G.  Lewin, 
of  the  Laboratorj*,  Somerset  House.  Its  spe- 
cific rotatory  angle  is  73 -Sj,  and  it  is  inverted 
in  the  same  way  as  cane-sugar  by  the  action 
of  niimral  acids. 

tobacco- stopper,  5.  A  little  plug  for 
pressing  down  the  burning  tobacco  in  the 
bowl  of  the  pipe, 

tobacco-sngar,  *. 

Cfiem.  :  A  nnxture  of  saccharose,  dextrose, 
and  levulose,  disco\ered  by  Dr.  James  Bell 
in  tobacco  leaves,  which  have  been  pre- 
served  from  any  undue  fermentative  action. 
The  three  varieties  of  sugar  exist  in  such 
proportions  as  to  have  no  effect  on  a  ray 
of  polarized  light.  Tlie  sugars,  separate<l  as 
a  lime  compound,  decomposed  with  oxalic- 
acid,  and  purified  by  animal  (.harcoal,  yielded 
results  approximating  to  a  cane-sugar,  dex- 
trose, and  levulose.    The  first-named  differs 


from  oriiinary  cane  -  sugar  by  refusing  to 
crystalli^ie,  and  yiehting  an  inverted  sugar 
with  an  angle  of  nearly  —  ly", 

tobacco -wheel,  s.    A  machine  by  which 
It'iivcs  n(  ioli;icco  are  twisted  into  a  cord. 

'  to-b&C -oon-er,  5.  [Eng.  tobaci^o;  n  con- 
nect., and  suti'.  -cr.]  One  who  uses  tobacco  ;  a 
smokei. 


'  to  -  bdC  -  con  -  ing, 

tobaccu  ;  smoking. 


[Tobacco.]     Using 


bftve  the  c-'*thcilfnl,  uov 
with  luusketi-erH,  waitlug  for  tlie  iimjnr'a  return  ; 
(Irttikluir  1111(1  tobai-coniny  lui  freely,  na  if  it  had 
turutd  iilf-liousi'."— Bp,  Btttl:  Hit  ffurd  A/easure. 

to-bsic  -con  ist.  s.   [Eng.  tobacco;  uconnect., 
and  sutI'.  -^s■^] 

■  1.  One  who  smokes  tobacco  ;  a  smoker. 

"  Ltt  every  col>ler.  with  bla  dirty  flat, 
Take  iiride  to  be  n  bincke  tobacconUt, 
Let  idiot  coxcouilis  sweJire  tia  excellent  geare. 
And  with  n  wliirft!  their  repuTAtiotis  senre." 

J.  Taylor:  Pluto«t  Proclamation. 

2.  A  dealer  in  tobacco  ;  one  who  sells  to- 
bacco, cigars,  t&c. 

"Coloiiinl  merchants,  grocers,  sugftr  btikera,  and 
tobrirconintji,  petitioned  the  House  and  besieged  the 
public  otflcea.  '—Macauia;/  ;  2Iut.  £ng.,  ch.  iv. 

T6-ba'-gd,  s.     (See  def.] 

GeO[}.  :  An  islamJ  in  the  West  Indies. 

Tobago -cane,  s.  The  trade  name  of 
the  slender  trunks  ui  Bactris  minor,  imported 
into  Europe  and  made  into  walking-sticks. 

tO-ber-mor'-ite,  s.  [After  Tobermory, 
Island  of  Mull,  where  found  ;  sutT.  -iteiMin.).] 
Min.  :  A  massive  granular  mineral ;  sp.  gr. 
2-4:23 ;  colour,  pale-pinkish  white ;  translucent. 
According  to  E.  S.  Dana,  the  analyses  I'oint 
to  its  probable  identity  with  gyrolite  (q.v.). 

tO'-bine.  s.     (Ger.  tobin;  Dut.  tabijn.] 

Fabric:  A  stout,  twilled  silk,  much  resem- 
bling Florentine,  used  for  dresses. 

T6'-blt,  s.   [Gr.  TwptT  (Tobit),  Tt^^eiT  (Tobeit).'] 
AjKfcri/pha:    A  book  generally   placed   be- 
tween 2  Esdras  and  Judith,  and  containing 
fourteen  chapters.     A  pious  man,  Tobit  by 
name,  resident  in  Thisbe  in  Naphthali,  was 
taken  captive   by  Enemessar  (Shalmaneser), 
king  of    Assyria,    and    located    in    Nineveh. 
When  his  countrymen  were  jmt  to  death  by 
tlie   king's  order,  their  bodies  were  thrown 
into  tlie  streets.    Tobit  made  a  practice  of 
burying  them,  and  comprondsed  Jiimself  by 
these  acts  of  humanity.     Once,  when  he  had 
buried  a  body,  and,  bemg  in  consequence  cere- 
monially unclean,  was  sleeping  outside  by  the 
wall  of  his  court-yard,  "the  sparrows  muted 
warm  dun""  into  his  eyes  and   made  him 
blind  (i.,  ii.).    In  the  days  of  his  prosperity  he 
had  lent  ten  talents  of  silver  to  a  countryman, 
Gabael,   who  lived  at  Rages  in  Media.     At 
another  Median  city,  Ecbatana,  was  a  relative 
of  his  called   Raguel,  whose  daughter  Sara 
had  been  married  to  seven  husbamis,  all  of 
whom  had  been  killed  by  Asmodeus,  the  evil 
spirit,  on  the  marriage -night  before  they  could 
possess  their  bride.  To  recover  the  lent  money, 
Tobit  despatched  his  son  Tobias,  having  as  his 
companion  a  man-servant.     The  two  set  out 
for  Rages,  taking  Ecbatana  on  the  way.     As 
Tobias  was  batliing  in  tlie  Tigris,  a  fish  leaped 
out  of  the  water,  attempting  to  devour  hini ; 
but  he  caught  his  assailant,  which  was  cooked 
and  eaten  by  the  travellers,  the  heart,  the 
liver,  and  the  gall  beingkept  by  Tobias,  on  the 
advice  of  his  companion,  the  heart  and  the 
liver  to  be  smoked  for  the  expulsion  of  evil 
spirits  from  persons  possessed,  and  the  gall  to 
remove  whiteness  in  the  eye  (iii.-vi.).  Arrived 
at  Ecbatana,  he  married  the  maiden,  smoking 
out  the  evil  spirit  who  would  have  made  away 
with   him.      During  the  marriage  festivities 
the  companion  was  despatched  to  Rages  for 
the  lent  money,  and  obtained  it,  the  two  ulti- 
mately returning  with  the  bride  to  Nineveh  to 
Tobit,  whose  blindness  was  cured  by  the  gall 
of  the  fish  (vii.-xi.).     When  the  time  came  for 
paying  the  seivant,  he  declined  all  compensa- 
tion, and  revealed  himself  to  be  Raphael,  one 
of  seven  angels  of  exalted  rank  and  function 
(xii.).     Sincere  thanksgiving  followed  to  God 
who  had  sent  the  angel  (xiii.).     By  direction 
of  Tobit,  Tcd^ias  removed  from  Nineveh,  the 
destruction  of  which  had  been  prophesied  by 
Jonah  (xiv.  ;  cf.  Jonah  iii.  4,  &c.). 

Viewed  as  a  tale  designed  to  commend  piety 
and  tmst  in  God,  the  book  of  Tobit  evinces 


considerable  genius,  the  plot  being  well  siu: 
tained.and  sonic  of  I  he  scenes,  depicting  domes 
tic  life,  being  beautifully  drawn.  It  resembles 
a  modern  novel  in  making  its  virtuous  hero 
struggle  with  adversity,  in  having  love  scenes 
and  a  marriage,  and  a  personage  apitarently  of 
humble  rank  ultimately  proved  to  be  of  a  very 
high  order,  with  a  general  diffusion  of  happi- 
ness at  the  close.  Whether  or  not  there  is  in 
it  a  nucleus  of  historic  truth  cannot  now  be 
known  ;  the  most  of  it  is  clearly  uiihistoric 
The  exi)ulsion  of  evil  sjiirits  by  the  smoke  of 
the  burning  heart  and  liver  of  a  fish,  and  the 
curing  of  eye-disease  by  its  gall,  are  mentioned 
apparently  not  as  miracles,  but  as  parts  of  the 
ordinary  course  of  nature.  A  fish  large  enough 
to  threaten  the  life  of  Tobias  is  eaten  by  him 
and  the  angel  seemingly  at  a  single  'meal. 
Finally,  as  shown  by  Prof.  Sayce  (The  Wit- 
ness 0/  Ancient  ^fo^mmfllts,  pp.  3S,  39),  it 
was  not  Shalmaneser,  but  Tiglath  Pileser, 
who  carried  the  people  of  Naphthali  captive 
(cf.  Tobit  i.  2,  3,  &  2  Kings  xv.  29.) ;  Sen- 
nacherib's father  was  not  Shalmaneser,  but 
Saigon  (Tobit  i.  15);  it  was  not  fifty-five  days, 
but  twenty  years,  after  the  return  of  Sen- 
nacherib from  Palestine  that  he  was  murdered 
by  liis  sons  (21).  It  is  doubtful  if  either  Rages 
or  Ecbatana  existed  at  the  time  when  Tobit 
IS  said  to  have  lived  (i.  14,  iii.  7).  Those  who 
captured  Nineveh  were  Kyaxares  and  Nabo- 
polassor,  not  Nebuchadnezzar  and  Assuerus 
(Xerxes),  the  latter  of  whom  did  not  live  till 
150  years  after  the  time  when  Nineveh  fell 
(xiv.  15).  It  is  believed  that  Tobit  was  writ- 
ten about  350  B.C.  Opinions  differ  as  to 
whether  or  not  it  was  first  published  in  Greek, 
or  wliether  there  may  have, been  a  Hebrew  or 
an  Aramu-an  original. 

to-bog'-ain,  to-bog'-gan,  *  to-bog'-gin, 

s.  [A  corru]it.  of  Amer.'lndian  odabo^jau  —  a 
sled  ov  sledge.] 

1.  A  kind  of  sled  used  for  sliding  down 
snow-covered  slopes  in  Canada,  It  is  simply 
a  piece  of  birch  or  bass-wood,  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  thick,  from  five  to  eight  feet  long  by 
one  or  two  broad,  bent  up  in  front  like 
the  dash-board  of  ,a  sleigh,  and  braced  by 
several  cross-pieces  of  hard  wood  a  foot 
apart,  and  by  two  round  rods,  one  on 
each  side,  on  top  of  the  cross-pieces,  all 
fastened  by  catgut  to  the  sleigh.  The  bend  at 
the  bow  is  strengthened  by  two  cross-pieces, 
and  kept  in  shape  by  catgut  strings  at  the 
ends  bound  to  the  front  cross-piece  and  rod. 
Grooves  are  cut  on  the  under  side  of  the 
tobogan  to  let  the  knots  sink  below  the  wood. 
(Scribii€T's  Magazine,  Aug.,  1S77,  p.  523.) 

2.  An  imitation  slide  of  wood  introduced 
into  England  at  the  American  Exhibition 
1887. 

3.  A  sledge  to  be  drawn  by  dogs  over  snow. 

to-bog'-an,   to-bog'-gan,  *  to-bog'-gin, 

i:i.  [ToBucAN,  s.]  Tn  slide  down  snow- 
covered  slopes  on  a  tobogan.  A  favourite 
pastime  in  Canada. 

■'  Tlie  love  of  rapid  motion  is  also  at  the  liottom  of 

tob.,ffff,i>unff-mi  exciting  and  at  times  a  Boinettlial 

<l;ingt-iou9  i..%stjme."— /■ffW,  Dec.  25.  1886. 

to-bog'-an-er.  to-^bog'-gan-er.  s.    [Eng. 

tobogan;  -er.]     A  toboganist' 

■•The  cuniiietitora  included  ttll  the  well  known 
tobagyanert."— Field,  March  6,  1886. 

to-bog'-an  ist.  to-bog'-gan-ist.  s.    [Eng. 

tobogan;  -tgt,]    One  who  practise^  toboganing. 
"The  coue  is  covered  with asceuding  aud  deBceudiiiir 
pfuties  of   tubuffaniiU."  —  Hcribners  Magazine.  Aul- 
18(7,  p.  5'26.  '  ' 

*  toc-ca'-ta,  s.  [Ital.,  from  toccare  =  to  touch 
to  jilay  upon,  to  iiieution.] 

Old  Music:  (1)  A  prelude  or  overture;  (2) 
A  cnmpositiou  written  as  an  exercise :  (a)  A 
fantasia  ;  (4)  A  suite. 

tSch'-er  (ch  guttural),  s.  [Gael,  tockradh  ;  Ivisli 
tocnar  =  a.  portion  or  dowry.]  A  marriage 
jiortion  ;  tlie  dowry  brought  by  a  wife  to  her 
husband.    (Scutch.) 

"  But  I  care  uot  a  penny  for  her  tocher— I  have 
enough  of  uiy  ov/n.'—Xcolt :  UriUe  of  Lammtnmor, 

toch'-er  (ch  guttural),  v.t.  [Tocher,  s.]  To 
gne  a  tculier  or  dowry  to,    (Scotch.) 

toch'-er-leSS  (ch  guttural),  a.  [Eng.  tocher  ; 
■les.i.\  Portionless;  without  a  marriage  por- 
tion.   (.Scotch.) 

"  Whilk  now.  as  a  huidlesa  Inird  wi"  a  tocherUft 
daughter,  no  one  can  bUme  me  for  iiei>artjnE  from.'  — 
Ikott :   Waverley.  ch.  Uvii. 


fite.  at,  fare    amidst,  what.  iSU.  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine.  pit.  sire    sir    marine-  eo    pot. 
or.  wore,  wplf.  worU.  who,  son;  mute.  eub.  eure.  ^nite.  cixr.  rile.  fuU;  try.  Syrian     ;.T=  ej^y  ="^au  =  kw 


tockay— toe 


117 


tock'-ay.  s.     [Native  name  (?).] 

/,i>ol.  :  An  uniUentiliod  Iniiian  gecko.  Pro- 
bal-Iy  HemkJactytus  maculatiis,  the  Spotted 
Gecko  or  Spotted  Heiaidactyle. 

toc'-kUS,  s.     [Latinised  froni  tck  (q.\'.).] 

Ornifh. :  A  ^enus  of  Bucerotidie,  with  Iift*'en 
species,  from  tropiciil  and  southern  Africa. 

to' -CO,  >-.     [ICtym.  doubtful.]     Chastisement. 

{Slaiiij.) 
,        "  The  acliooJ-leadprs  come  up  fiirious.  au<l  administer 
toco  to  the  wrptclieti  fogs."— r.  tluyht*:  Tvm  ISroim.i 
Schooldat/s.  pt.  i.,  cli.  v. 

td-c6'-<sa,  >.  [Bi-azilian  name  of  a  species.] 
r.of.  :  X  ^enus  of  Melastomacere,  tlie  k'af- 
stalUs  of  wliich  have  a  bladder,  divided  lonyi- 
tudinally  into  two  parts,  which  the  ants 
ulilise  as  nest.s.  The  flowers  are  pink  or 
wliite.  The  fruit  of  Tococa  gnianensis  is  cat- 
ab!.'.  and  the  juice  is  used  iu  Deinerara  for 
ink. 

t6c-6l'-d-gy,  s-  [Gr.  TOKO?  ((oA»s)=:  parturi- 
tion, jiiul  Aoyos  ('"!/on)  =  a  word,  a  treatise.] 

M('<l. :  Tlie  scieinxi  of  obstetrics  or  niid- 
wifrry  ;  tliat  dt-partineut  of  niedieine  wliich 
treats  of  ]iarturitiou. 

to-com'-al-ite,  a".  [After  Manual  A.  To- 
fornal,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  Chili,  to 
whom  the  original  behniged  ;  suff.  -ite  {Miii.y] 
^fill.  :  A  pale-yellow  amorphous  mineral, 
alt^-ring  by  exposure  to  the  air  to  a  blackish 
colour.  Soft  ;  streak,  yellow.  Analysis 
yielded  :  silver,  33"Sl) ;  mercury,  3'ltO  ;  iodine, 
41-77;  siliceous  residue,  16*65  =  90'12,  hence 
the  probable  formula,  Agl  +  Hgsl.  Occni-s  at 
Cliauarcillo,  Chili. 

toC'Sin,  *  tock-saine,  •^.  [(>.  Fr.  toqiiesin^ 
—  iin  alanu-bell,  from  (.oi/uer=  to  clap,  to 
knock,  to  hit,  and  sing  =  a,  sign,  a  mark,  a 
bidl ;  Lat.  signurii;  Fr.  /oosiit.]  An  alarm- 
btd] ;  a  bell  rung  as  a  signal  or  for  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  an  alarm. 
"Tlie  wildalnruiii  aouudeil  from  the  tocsln'g  throat." 
Lvnj/fUuui :  Belfri/  of  Bru-jcs. 

tO-CUS'-SO,  s.     [Abyssinian.] 

Hot. :  FJeiisine  Tocnsso,  an  Abyssinian  cereal. 

tod,  '  todde,  *■  tode,  ^.  [Icel.  toddi  =  a  tod 
of  woiil,  a  bit,  a  pit-ee  ;  Ger.  zotte,  ro/e  =  a 
tuft  of  hair  hanging  together,  a  lag,  anything 
shaggy.] 

1.  A  bush,  especially  of  thick  ivy  ;  a  thick 
mass  of  growing  foliage. 

"  These  vjiliaut  and  aiiproveil  roeu  of  Britain, 
Like  bonding  owla,  creep  into  totls  of  ivie. 
And  hoot  their  feara  to  one  another  nightly." 

Bcauirt.  i  Flet.:  Bmiducu,  L  1. 

2.  A  bunch,  a  mass. 

"Here,  agnin,  is  tlie  ivy.  with  its  heavy  (odx  oE 
Iterry  already  bronzing. " — Daily   Telegraph.  Sept.    it. 

1335. 

*  3.  An  old  weight  used  in  buying  and  sell- 
ing wool.  It  was  usually  equal  to  twenty-eight 
jiounds,  or  two  stone  ;  but  it  varied  in  difler- 
ent  jtarts. 

•■  Every  (od  yields  pound  and  odd  EhiUing:  fifteen 
hundred  shorn,  what  cornea  the  wool  to  ?  "— .SfcttAt'Sjw,  ; 
WintA^r's  Tale,  iv.  2. 

i.  A  fox,  from  his  bushy  tail. 

"  With  the  most  chiiriuing  country  in  front,  aud 
apparently  the  right  sort  of  tod,  there  appeared  no 
reiijtoii  \\\iv  a  goQd  luu  slioutd  uot  be  In  store.  '—I-'icUl. 
Feb.  Zi..  16^7. 

tod-stove,  s. 

1.  A  box-stove  adapted  for  burning  small 
aud  round  wood,  brush,  limbs,  and  the  like. 
(^Anier.) 

2.  A  six-plate  stove  for  bar-rooms  and 
country  stores.    {Amer.) 

tod's  tail,  5. 

J'".'!.  :  A  popular  name  for  various  species 
of  Lycopodium  or  Club-moss.    (Scutch.) 

*  tod,  v.t.  or  i.  [Tod,  s.]  To  yield  in  weight; 
to  weigh.     [Tot.] 

"  Hay.  corn,  aud  atraw  bills  will  tod  up  to  a  fairish 
sum.'— /"(I'W,  Jan.  28,  1882. 

tod-da'-li-a,  s.  [From  kakatoddali,  the  Mala- 
bar name  of  Toddalia  aculeata.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Xanthoxylacete.  Leaves 
alternate,  trifoliolate,  with  pellucid  dots  ; 
flowers  small,  unisexual,  in  terminal  panicles  ; 
fruit  a  globular  berry.  Natives  of  trojncal 
Asia  and  Africa.  Toddalia  aculeata  is  a  large, 
scandent  priekly  shrub  from  the  Indian 
mountains.  The  people  of  Coromandel  eat 
the  leaves  raw  and  picklu  the  ripe  berries. 
Both  have  a  pungent  taste.     Its  bark  is  used 


in  remittent  fever.  A  tincture  or  infusion  of 
it.  is  an  aromati*^  tonic.  The  root-bark  is  used 
in   Matlras  as  a  live-stulT.     {Calcutta  Ezhih. 

R.-l^^rt.) 

"todde,  s.    [Ton,  .■?.] 

tod'-dle.  A".  [ToDDLB,  v.\  A  little,  toddling 
wallv ;  a  saunter. 

"  Uer  daily  little  toddle  through  the  town,"— Trttf- 
loiK'.     {AnniimUtle.\ 

tod'-dle,  r.l.  [The  same  as  tattle,  a  ft-equent. 
from  totter;  Sw.  tulta=  to  toddle.]  [Totter.) 
To  walk  unsteadily,  as  a  child  ;  to  walk  iu  a 
tottering  way,  like  a  child  or  feeble  person. 

"  And  the  bits  o'  weans  that  come  tod<llinif  to  play 
wi'  me."— Scott :  Aiitii^uari/.  ch.  xliv. 

tod'-dle-kin,  s.  [Eng.  toddle;  dimin.  sufl. 
-kin.\     A  little  child.     {Colloq.) 

"A  few  tdlemble  Coitdlekiiia  in  the  iutermediate 
wibiiis.'"— Vt'tc",  yept.  26,  1885. 

tod'-dler,  s.  [Kng.  tndilh\  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
toddles  ;  a  little  child. 

tod'-dy,  s.  [Hind,  tdri,  tddi  =  the  juice  or 
sap  of  the  palmyra-tree  and  of  the  cocoa-nut, 
from  tdr  —  a  palm-tree.] 

1.  The  nduie  generally  given  by  Europeans 
to  the  sweet,  refreshing  liquors  which  are 
I'rocured  in  the  tropics  by  wounding  the 
spathes  or  stems  of  certain  palms,  on  which 
the  sap  and  juices  exude  from  the  trunks  or 
from  the  fruit-stalks.  In  the  West  Indies 
toddy  is  obtained  from  the  trunk  of  tlie  Attulai 
cohune,  a  native  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 
In  South-eastern  Asia  the  palms  from  whieh 
it  is  collected  are  the  gomuti,  cocoa-nut, 
palmyra,  date,  and  the  kittul,  or  Ca?-yo/rt  wrens. 
When  newly  drawn  from  the  tree  the  liquor 
is  clear  and  in  taste  resembles  malt.  In  a 
very  short  time  it  becomes  turbid,  wliitish, 
and  sub-acid,  quickly  running  into  the  various 
stages  of  fermentation,  acquiiing  an  intoxi- 
cating quality,  still  retaining  the  name  of 
toddy.  It  is  also  distilled  into  arraek,  made 
into  vinegar,  aud  throughout  all  ensteru  coun- 
tries is  employed  as  yeast,  as  it  begins  to 
ferment  iu  a  few  hours  after  it  is  drawn. 

2.  A  mixture  of  spirit  and  water  sweetened  ; 
as,  whiskey  toddy.  Strictly  speaking,  toddy 
differs  from  grog  in  being  always  made  with 
boiling  water,  while  grog  is  made  with  cokl 
water,  but  the  latter  word  is  often  used  iu 
the  same  sense  as  toddy. 

"  First  count  'a  for  that  with  divers  juga. 
To  wit,  twelve  pots,  twelve  cups,  twelve  mugs. 
Of  certain  vulgar  drink,  called  toddy. 
Said  Gull  did  aluice  said  Gudgeon's  body." 

Anstvif  :  Plcadefi  Guide,  lect.  7, 

toddy-bird,  s.     [Toddy -shrike.] 
toddy-cat,  5. 

Zool.  :  rarado.riirustijpus,comm.oa  through- 
out the  greater  jiart  of  India  aud  Ceylon,  ex- 
tending througli  Burmah  and  the  Malayan 
peninsula  to  the  islands.  It  is  about  forty- 
tive  inches  loug,  of  which  the  tail  occupits 
about  twenty ;  colour  brownish -black,  with 
some  dingy  yellowish  stripes  on  each  side. 
(See  extract.) 

"  It  13  very  abundant  iu  the  Carnatic  nnd  Malabar 
coast,  where  it  is  popularly  called  the  Toddy-eat,  in 
col iseij ue lice  of  its  eupposod  fondoess  for  the  juice  of 
the  palm,  a  fact  which  appears  of  general  .icceptatiou 
both  in  India  and  Cej  lou  (where  it  is  called  the  Palm- 
C'lU.  and  which  appeiira  to  have  aome  foundation." — 
Jt-rdiiii  :  Mainmu/!,  ■■/  India  (ed.  1874),  p.  V17. 

toddy-drawer,  s.  A  person  who  draws 
and  sells  toddy,  and  makes  and  sells  other 
spirituous  liquors.     {Balfour:  Cyclop.  India.) 

toddy-slirike,  toddy-bird,  s. 

Ornith  :  Arlamns  fiisciis,  the  Palmyra  Swal- 
low, or  Ashy  Swallow-shrike,  from  India 
antl  Ceylon.  It  ia  about  seven  inelies  long, 
of  dnsky  plumage,  and  is  most  abundant  in 
wooiled  districts,  especially  wliere  palm-trees 
abound,  moie  particularly  the  Palmyra  palm, 
from  whieb  it  takes  several  of  its  popular 
names.    (.Jerdon.) 

to'-de-a,  s.  (Named  after  Henry  Julius  Tode, 
of  Mecklenburgh,  a  mycologist.) 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Osmundea'.  From  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  New  Zealand,  &c. 

td'-di-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  /orf(iw) ;  Lat. 
fem.  pi.  adj.  sufl'.  -idtF.] 

Ornith.  :  Todies  ;  a  genus  of  Picarian  Birds, 
with  a  single  genus  Todus  (q.v.). 

td-di-rham'-plius,  s.  (Mod.  Lat.  todus, 
ami  Gr.  f}dtx<l>o<;  {rim mphos)  ^  the  crooked  beak 
of  birds.] 


TODUS    VIBIUIS. 


Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Alcetiinida',  with  lhn*<- 
species,  confined  tothe  Kaatern  I'acille  lsland.s. 
Bill  straight,  very  nmch  depressed ;  nosli Hm 
basal,  Assure  oblique,  hardly  appai'ent, 
bordered  by  tlw  frontal  feathers;  wings  short. 
rouinle<i ;  tail  long,  feathers  equal,  and  twelv 
ill  number;  tarsi  elongated,  moderate,  awi 
retiimlated. 

to'-dus,  s.    [Latinised  from  the  native  name, 

todij{(\.v.).] 

Ornith.:  Tody,  the  type-genus  of  Todidu* 
(q.v.),  with  five  species,  from  Culia,  Hayti, 
Jamaica,  and  Poi^to  Uico.  Bill  with  edges 
straight  and  finely  notched,  short  brijsties 
ri'und  base  ;  nostrils  in  a  short  groove  ;  wiiigb 
with  fourth  to  sixth  (luills  longest  and  equal ; 
tarsi  with  one  long  scale  in  front ;  outer  toe 
united  to  second 
joint,  inner  toe  to 
first  joint;  claws 
coi[ipressed  and 
curved. 

to'-dj^,  s.     [Na- 
tive name.] 

Ornith.  :  Any 
individual  of  the 
genus  Todus 
(q.v.).  They  are 
delicate,  bright- 
coloured  insec- 
tivorous birds,  of 
small  size,  and 
allied  to  the  Motmots,  though  externally  more 
resembling  the  Flycatchers,  with  which  they 
were  formerly  classed.  One  of  the  best-known 
species  is  Todus  viridia,  the  Green  Tody,  froia 
Jamaica.  The  popular  name,  however,  is  not 
confined  to  the  genus  Todus  ;  tlie  Javan  Tody 
is  Euryla'unvs  jaiKi,niciis,  and  the  Great-billed 
Tody,  Cymbirkynehrts  nuicrorhynchns. ', 

^  tod-ys-hatte,  s.     (Mid.  Eng.  =  toad's  hat.] 
A  toad  stool.     {Prompt  }\fn>.) 

toe,  *too  (pi.  *  tone,  'toon,  toes),  s.    [A.8. 
td   (pi.  tail,   t^tan),  for  (uAc;  eogn.  with  Dut. 
teen;  Icel.  ^d(pl.  (cpj-);Dan.  taa  (pi.  taaer); 
Sw.  tH;  O.  H.Ger.  zehd;  Ger.  zehe.] 
I.  Ordinary  Ixtnguage : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

2.  The  fore-part  of  the  hoof  of  a  horse,  aud 
of  other  hoofed  animals. 

3.  The  member  of  an  animal's  foot,  corre- 
sponding to  the  toe  iu  man. 

■4.  The  fore-part  of  a  boot,  shoe,  or  the  like. 

5,  A  projection  from  the  foot-piece  of  aa 
object,  to  give  it  a  broader  bearing  and  greater 
stability. 

"  Bnutka  of  liin.  timber  were  put  in  across  aiid  be 
neath  the  peroiaueut  way  between  tlie  toes  of  the  foot 
ings.  to  keep  apart  the  walla."  —  liaily  Telegraph, 
L>ec.  Iti,  1885. 

6.  A  barb,  stud,  or  projection,  on  a  locii- 
bolt. 

II.  Technically: 
1.  Anatomy: 

(1)  Human:  One  of  the  five  extremities  in 
which  the  foot  tt.ruiinates  anteriorly,  as  the 
hand  does  in  tive  fingers.  Its  bones  are  called 
phalanges.  Essentially  they  correspond  with 
those  of  the  hand;  but  the  phalanges  of  the 
four  outer  toes  are  much  smaller  than  the 
corresponding  bones  in  the  hand,  while  those 
of  the  great  toe  exceed  those  of  the  thumb  in 
size.  Sometimes  in  adults  the  two  phalanges 
of  the  little  toe  are  connected  by  bone  into  a 
single  piece.  The  great  toe  is  called  the 
hallux.  In  the  embryo  it  is  shorter  thau  the 
others,  and  temporarily  projects  at  right 
angles  to  them,  as  it  does  permanently  iu  the 
monkey. 

(2)  Coinpar. :  In  the  modern  order  Primates 
(q.v.)  the  term  toe  is  restricted  to  the  digits 
of  the  posterior  limbs,  but  is  popularly 
applied  to  all  the  digits  of  four-footed  ani- 
mals. Tlie  normal  number  of  toes  is  five, 
though  a  less  number  may  be  present ;  thus 
cats  and  dogs  have  five  toes  each  on  the  fore 
feet  and  four  on  the  hind  ;  the  rhinoceros 
has  three  toes  on  each  foot,  the  camel  two, 
and  in  the  horse  the  typical  tive  digits  are 
reduced  to  three,  of  which  only  one  (the 
third)  is  functional,  and  enclosed  in  a  hoof, 
the  other  two  (the  second  and  fourth)  being 
reduced  to  sjdintbones.  In  birds  the  toes 
furnish  one  of  the  piimary  charactcis  by  which 
the  class  is  divided  into  orders,  and  may  be 
adapted  for  prehension,  perching,  climbing, 
scraping,  wading,  or  swimming. 


boil,  boy  ;  poiit,  j<f^l :  cat,  9ell.  chorus,  chin,  bench  :  go,  gem  :  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as  ;  expect,  ^enophon.  exist,    ph  =  C 

-cian,    tian      slivT-n.    -tion,    sion  =  shun  ;  -tion,    sion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -blc,    die,  ■.^^r.  -~  bel,  deL 


toe— toil 


'*.  Mttchinery : 

(I)  Tlif  lower  cnil  <<f  u  vrrtical  ^hiift,  us  a 
iiiilldi'iinlU'  which  u»U  in  n  step. 

('>)  An  arm  on  tho  viilvf-liftinfi  rod  of  » 
Ktrani-vn^'ini'.  A  ciun  or  hftvr  slriki'.-*  I  lie  toi' 
unit  "iwraleM  the  valvi- ;  Kuvh  Um*-*  an-  known 
rt*>l*rtiv»rly  as  »U*am-t*n.'a  ami  rxhanst-t«H.'s. 

»  To  turn  up  the  tiX4 :  To  die.     (SUtitg.) 
'•  !!^stn\  mtiMivatritr*  tttrH»dth*ir  tott  tip."— Ktatt* : 
i1»*ttrr  *  Bettrth.  cb.  iiW. 

toe-oalfc.  f.  A  inong  or  tarh  nn  thn  t>Hi 
..f  ft  huis.-H  (*h«3«',  to  pFfvi-nt  (dipping;  on  ice  or 
ti>'<(-ii  ground. 

toe,  r.f.     lTuK,il 

1.  To  hit  or  strike  with  the  toe    {CoUoq.) 
'2.  To  touch  or  n'ach  witti  the  toes  :  as,  To 
ti.i'-  a  line. 

"3.  To  iKirder  on. 

•■  Tb«n  morr  mcAtlowIniul  with  i\  nff^ectr^\  •■n-hrtnl, 
mill  ttiru  ttie  little  ^rty  Kelioul-boUM  lt<u.-l(  toring  Uitr 
hi\lhmty.  —Burruuffki  :  t'r}MctoH,  p.  "f  4. 

•I  To  toe  the  serahh  or  mart::  To  stand 
i-xai-Uy  at  the  Rcratch-lhu'  marking' tin*  start- 
iiij^-point  of  a  race,  or  the  pluee  wlnirc  pu;;i- 
listn  meet  in  the  ring  ;  hriirc,  U}  conm  forward 
fnlly  prepared  for  any  encounter,  strujj^Ie,  or 
trial. 

toed,  a.    lEng.  (<<0 ;  -eJ.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  Having  or  Iwing  supplied 
withtm\-(;  generally  in  composition  :  as  snort- 
fortf,  long-fo<*/,  Ac. 

■■  Their  vfry  feet  wero  toed  with  scorpions."— 
I/awHt :  rartg  qf  IttatU.  p.  TO. 

2.  Carp.:  A  brace,  stmt,  or  stay  is  said  to 
1m?  toed  when  it  is  .seeureil  by  njiils  <lriv»Mi  in 
ohliipiely  and  attaching  it  to  the  beaiii,  sill, 
or  juist. 

to-fti'-na,  s.     (Aql-.v  tofana.J 

toflt  *"■  rf^tyii-  doubtful ;  prob.  a  eoinipt.  of 
/  ujt  (q.v.).]    A  dandy,  a  Ioi>,  a  swell.    (SYuh^.) 

"  Permiiiiii  ■with  any  prvt^nflioii'*  tit  tvsiieotiihilSty 
»cre  vigorously  itttiiokt-*!,  U>r  iiu  i-jnilily  ivji"»'ii  wive 
thai  tLey  were  tqfft.'— Daily  7Wrjr(t;>7i,  I'cb,  v,  ISM. 

tof'-fSr.  tof -fee,  tir-i:^,  >-.  lEtyrn.  donbt- 
lul.]  A  kind  .il  tabl<-t  swcetintrat,  coinpusi.-d 
uf  buik'd  hU^'ar  with  a  ]>roportion  of  buttei". 

to-fiel-di-a,  tdf-fiel-di-a,  s.  [K;uned 
afttr  >Ir.  Toliel'l,  a  Yoikshiro  botanist, ) 

Hot. :  Scottish  Asphodel;  a  genus  of  Vcra- 
Irew.  Perianth  six-partite,  with  a  small 
three-partite  involucre.  Stainen.'j  six,  cajtsuh; 
three-  to  six-eelled,  cells  united  at  the  basf;, 
many-seeded.  Known  species  ten,  from  tin- 
north  temperate  zone.  Tnfiehlia  [KilifMi'i'i  (nv 
borealU),  is  an  alpine  plant,  with  tuflt-d  thii'i  - 
to  live-nerved  leaves,  and  a  seap<.?  ol  di-nsi- 
racemose  flowers  of  a  pale-green  e<d<inr. 
Found  also  in  the  north  of  continental 
Kuropi',  iu  Norlhem  Asia,  and  in  Koi-th 
Amentia. 

*  to-fbre',  adv.  kprqy,     fA.S.  io/vidii.] 

A,  .Is  adv. :  liefore,  formerly,  previously. 

■■  And  so,  Ks  th'iu  hiwte  herde  tofan^. 
The  fal»  tuoftes  were  lom."    Ovtoer:  C.  A.,  ii. 

B.  As  prep. :  Before. 

■'  So  shall  they  deriut  the  manor  with  the  com  njHl 
the  Itacuu  to/ore  btiu  that  hath  woa  it."—StM;i:tu(oi: 

•  to-for-en,   *  to-fom,    '  to-fome,  jinj: 

|A.S.  t'j/omn,]      livinvr. 

"Thui  in  hf  nn  wverfnis  man.  tlmt  Iijvfth  his  trexor 
I'lfnrn  UoU,  aud  (ui  idolaater.'— t7«aui'tfr :  Vcrtunea 
TaU. 

toft,  s.  [Dan.  toft  =  an  inclosed  piece  of 
ground  near  a  house.  The  same  woixl  as  tuft 
('l-v.).j 

1.  Ord.  Long. :  A  grove  or  clump  of  trees. 
(l-rov.) 

2.  Law:  A  messuage,  or  rather  a  i)lnce 
where  a  messuage  has  .stood,  but  is  decayed  ; 
a  house  and  homestead. 

^  It  is  found  frequently  as  the  second 
element  in  place  names;  as,  Wigro/y,  l.ang- 
fo/?,  &c. 

toft'-  man,  ?.  [Eng.  toft,  and  'man.)  The 
cwtirr  or  pusaessor  ofa  house  and  homesU-ad. 
IT-.rr,  -2.] 

toft'-stead,    ■.     [Kng.   toft,  and   .^tcoiL]    A 

Inft. 

"  'Hif  nddsnrc  comnioimhlp  from  the  I2th  of  Aagtitt 
t<)  tht?  rjth  of  NovenilMtr  to  every  hurgess  or  occ«i>ii-r 
of  A  t'ift4tc<id."—A  rcluBoloyia.  xlvl.  415. 

tof'-fis,  >-.    [TornuK.] 


tdg,  F.i.  or  t.    (From  Ijit.  toga;  ct.  togs.]    To 
dress.    {Slang.) 


"  Scniiiiptlouii  yonnk*  (rlrln,  ynti  to^  out 
AdoniuiK  lh.<  thUKriiifB  «o  .ImrmliiK  «ii.I  jtRy. 
ChamherA  Journal.  July,  1H7U,  p. 


ftnoly, 
mill  gny.' 


W-gAf  f-    (I-at.,  from  tfgo  =  to  cover.] 

Human  .-inti'i.  :  The  principal  outer  gar- 
meut  an«l  charactt-ristic  national  dre.ss  of  the 
HoHians,  who  were  hence  designated  a.s 
.■niphatically  the  (iena  Togata,  while  the 
(Jn-ek  imllium  distinguished  foreigners.  The 
ri^ht  of  wearing  it  was  the  exclusive  jirivilege 
of  eitizens,  it«  use  being  forhiddeu  ti>  IV-re- 
grini  and  slaves.  It  was,  moreover,  the  garb 
of  peace,  in  contradistinction  to  the  sagum  "f 
the  soldier.  The  shape  of  the  toga  and  the 
way  in  which  it  was  worn  are  much  disputed. 
In  outline  it  was  pndiably  slightly  curved. 
The  onlinary  nio<le  of  wear- 
ing it  was  tothrow  tlie  whole 
toga  over  the  left  slio'dder, 
leaving  one  extremity  to 
eover  the  left  arm,  and  to 
bring  it  round  the  back  and 
under  the  right  ai-m,  which 
remained  at  liberty,  the  se-  ,  ^- 
cond  end  being  carried  again  !  Jk^ 
over  tlte  left  shoulder.  In  J/Ik  " 
this  way,  the  broadest  part  S,*^ 
of  the  cloth  hung  down  in  ^^^ 
fronts  a  large  bunch  or  mass 
of  plaits,  termed  vmho,  lay 
across  the  breast,  and  the 
second  extremity,  whieli 
was  carried  across,  served 
as  u  soj't  of  belt  to  secure 
the  whole.  It  was  a  loose 
robe,  made  of  wool,  some-  Tor.\. 

times  of  silk.  Boys,  until 
they  attained  to  manhood,  and  girls,  until  they 
were  married,  wore  the  toga  prtvtnta,  a  cloak 
with  a  purple  or  scarlet  border.  When  the 
young  Roman  was  regarded  as  fit  to  enter 
upon  the  business  of  life  (at  what  age  this  was 
i-;  uncertain,  probably  it  depended  on  circum- 
stances), he  threw  off  the  togii  pra-lfxla,  and 
assumed  the  toga  virilis.  The  toga  prmtexfo, 
was  also  the  ollicial  dress  of  the  liiglier  magis- 
trates. The  toga  picta,  tiix  enibi-oidered  robe, 
was  worn  by  a  general  in  his  triuuii)hal  pro- 
cession. Candidates  for  any  ojtice  wore  a  toga 
rniuJiil'j,  that  is  a  toga  which  had  l>een  artiti- 
cially  whitened  by  the  application  of  chalk  or 
other  similar  substance;  so  arrayed  they  were 
styled  cundidati  (whence  our  word  candidate). 
Monrners  wore  a  ttiga.  pulla  of  naturally  black 

Woi.l. 

'  to-gat'-ed,  f.  [Lat.  togatus.]  Uiessed  in 
"1  wearing  ji  toga  or  gown  ;  gowned. 

"  Autl  now  I  Biiiipope  my  atriplin^  formally  diwl 
.■uid  toiiated,  newly  arrived  at  the  university."— ft'ir 
J/,  aandys  :  EtJiiins.  p.  13f.    (16^4). 

toge,  s-.     fl^t.  toga.]    A  toga.     (A  disputed 
icadinij;  in  Shakesp. :  Coriolanns,  ii.  ,1,  122.) 

*^  togcd,  o.  [Eng.  tog(e) ;  -ed.]  Wearing  a 
togn.  (Also  a  (lisimted  reading,  .^hoh'sp.  : 
Oth':'h,  i,  1,  25.) 

to  geth'-er.  to-ged~er,  to-ged-ir, 
*  to-ged-re,       to-ged-ere,     '  to-gld- 

eres,    adv.      [A.S.     togixdere,    tOgo'dre  =  to- 
Ljether,   from  td=U>,   and  ^/of/or  =  together.] 

ICATliKK.l 

1.  la  company. 

•■  My  sister  Emmeline  and  I 

Tvgfithur  chiisied  tlie  l.iitterfly  !  "• 

Wurdsworth  :  Tu  a  P.utterfly. 

2.  In  cnneeit ;  unitedly. 

"  Tliei  twij  tiigider  vpon  thia  cans 
In  couiiceyle  fimndeu  uut  the  weye." 

Ouicii-:  0.  A.,  Aii. 

3.  In  the  .same  place. 

"  Cmbhcd  age  niid  youth 
C:tniiut  live  togetlu-r." 

aiutkegp.:  Com /ltd  hit,  137. 

4.  In  a  .state  of  union  ;  blended  in  one  ;  not 
divided  or  separated. 

"  Milk  and  Mo'kI  mingled  tosji:tKfr." 

Hh>ikfs/>. :   I'e'KfjiC  Adu'ii".  w;. 

ii.  So  a.s  to  be  closely  joined  ;  in  or  into  a 
state  of  union. 

"Those  leaves 
They  (.-atheietl,  l>road  as  Antazoiiiaii  buge. 
Ami  with  whatHkill  they  had  torjet/icr  Mtv/iV 

Milton:  1'.  L..  ix.  l,11-». 

(i.  To  the  same  place;  into  company. 

•■  A  rout  exiled,  a  wreched  iimltitnilf. 
Krom  eL'he-wltere  fluL-kke  toiji-elicr.' 

Surrei/ :   I'injil:  .HueWiv. 

7.  With  each  other ;  mutually ;  one  with  tlie 
other. 

"  When  Just  we  spake  toorthpr." 

Shakeff. :  '/ihhnrd  If.,  ii,  ::. 


8.  In  the  same  time;  so  ds  to  be  cont.«'iM- 
poi'aiietms. 

'■  Whlte'henm!  I  Uvefoffefftcr,  lohftll  not  betlK-n^ht 
the  wiiT>it'\Mei."—DrffdcH.     (7W</.) 

9.  Without  intermission  ;  on  end. 

"  For  ten  year  t-tfjrth^r." 
Nhnketp,  :  Meuaure/or  ifeature,  >..  !. 

%  Together  with:  In  union  or  comblnat.ui, 
with. 

"  Never  weighs  the  Biu,  but  tofjrther  u4lh  it  h. 
weifh"  the  fnrce  «f  the  inducement."— 5outA ;  Ni 
iiioiit,  vul.  ii..  t<er.  2. 

togged,  o.    [Kns.  fng ; -cd.]    Dressed.    (67«/*(7.) 
■■Hi'    wn--*    fot/'d    giiostically  eaoagh."— Scott :    fit. 
I.-'-ii.iii'h  Well,  ch.  iv. 

tog-gel,   ^^      ITOGCLE.] 

tog-ger-j^,  s.  [Humorously  formed  from 
I>;it.  tn,i,i=:a  toga.]  Clothes,  dress,  gar- 
jiicnts.     (,SU(}ig.) 

■'  Hnil  a  gay  eiivalier  thmijiht  fit  i/>  nppear 

In  any  such  fw^'/iT'/— then  'l*:ty  tenneil  gear— 
Hed  have  met  \vith  h  hJuhly  hi^nittinnt  Biicei.  ' 
liarhniii       Jny.tJ.  Lfj.  ;  .Sf.  y(iH«UH>.'<i, 

tog'-glC,  tog'-gel.  N.     [Prob.  a  (.iimin.  from 

I.  Ord.  hnnj.:  A  bultun. 

II.  Tech  ni  rail n: 

1.  Natit. :  A  short  womlen  pin,  or  double 
cone  of  wood,  tiriiily  lixed  in  a  loop  at  the 
cud  ofa  ro]>o.  By  passing  the  toggle  through 
Ihe  eye  or  bight  of  another  roi)e,  a  juncliou 
is  easily  formed  and  c|uickly  disengaged.  U 
is  useful  in  bending  flags  for  signals,  or  it  is' 
attached  to  the  end  of  a  linetoaflurd  a  linn 
hold  for  the  fingers,  as  in  the  gunner's  Ian 
yard.  It  is  also  used  in  flensing  whaie<,  in 
which  a  bole  is  cut  in  the  blubber,  the  tye  of 
a  purehase-strap  being  passed  through' ;iud 
toggled. 

"  The  yjird-rupes  were  fixed  to  th<t  halter  by  a  t"ij<jlt 
in  the  running  ntiose  of  the  hitler."— Jl/m-ri/at;  t-'rai.l, 
MUdmaij.  ih.  \n\. 

2.  Moxh.  :  Two  rods  or  plates,  hinged  to- 
getlier,  and  employed  to  tninsmit  a  vaiyin-^' 
lorce  l>y  lateral  pressure  upon  the  binge, 
which  is  called  the  knuckle  or  knee. 

toggle  bolt,  s.  The  safne  as  Toi;ni.r:,  s. 
(■l.v.). 

toggle-joint,  ^^.  An  elbow-joint;  a. joint 
formed  bv  two  pieces  articulating  endways. 

lTo.J.;LK-l-nKS,-i.] 

toggle-press,  ■-".    A  form  of  press  having 

r>s]"'cial  \:ihie  liir  many  juirposes,  as  tlic 
motion  uf  the  platen  is  more  rapid  at  the 
time  when  the  toggle-bars  are  starting  from 
the  point  of  their  greatest  flexion,  and,  ;<>■ 
they  straighten  out,  the  power  increases  ami 
rate  diminishes  as  the  point  of  ultimate  yvfs- 
sure  on  the  bale  is  approached.  One  of  tin 
most  familiar  forms  is  the  Stanhope  printing-- 
press, in  which  the  platen  is  depressed  by  a 
toggle  and  raised  by  springs.  Tho  movemrnl 
is  variously  known  as  a  knuckle,  knee,  or 
elbow  movement,  and  is  also  used  for  making 
electrotype  moulds  from  type,  and  fur  eom- 
]>ressing  bales  of  cotton,  bay,  &c. 

togs,  5. y.  [Ci.toggcni.]  Clothes, dress.  {SUmg.) 

■Look  at  his  togx,  superHne  iluth  and  llie  hciuj 
.-«t-ll  cut.— />(W.-t««;  Olirvr  TivLtt,  ch.  xvi. 

toil,  ■  t^yle.  v.i.  &  t.  [A  word  of  doubtful 
origin.  .Skeat  refers  it  to  O.  Fr.  toitUkr  —  lo 
mix  filthily  together,  to  begrime,  to  besmear  ; 
others  to  O.  Dut.  tniikn  =  U^  till  or  manure 
lands;  (»(/Z  =  agriculture,  labour,  toil.  ,\.8. 
tHiaiif  tcoli<ni  =to  labour,  to  strive  after,  is 
not  connected.] 

A.  Iiitrans.:  To  exert  strength  witli  luin 
and  fatigue  of  body  or  mind,  but  parlieiilnlv 
of  the  body,  with  efforts  of  some  conlinnaiKe 
orduiatiuu  ;  lo  labour,  to  work,  lo  strug^jle 
"  But  wln'n  he  tnilrd  those  squ.i<l roii.s  to  array. 
Wiiij  fought  like  Britun-s  in  the  bloody  name." 
.scutt:  Don  Jloderii/c.  t'oncl.  xv. 

*  B.  'J'i'diisitive: 

1.  To  lal)oui' ;  to  work  at  or  on  :  as.  To  toil 
lire  gruuud. 

2.  To  weary ;  to  exliau.st  by  toil ;  to  over- 
labour ;  to  wear  out.     (Sometimes  with  out.) 

'■  Weniied,  ^oy//^(/.  and  foiled  with  pninfidl  labuios 
:ind  wants. '^/v  J/utf,tin(:  Plufarvh,  j..  r.i;;. 

3.  To  pull  or  tug. 

"Reuliihe  r-iifh-d  to  and  ii\"—li,'hiitc  lawrt-n 
li'Miyi  .Sour.  -MK 

toil  (1),  'to^le  (1).  .''.  IToif,,  v.]  Labnni 
with  pain  and  fatigue  of  body  or  mind  ; 
fatiguing  labour  and  exertion. 

"  With  these  of  old  to  M.7.<  of  battle  bwd," 

J'opc:  JJoini-r;  ili<tdl  XA. 


l&te.  tat,  fare,  amidst,  wliat,  fall,  father ;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot. 
or,  wore,  well;  work,  who.  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    w,  ce  =  e ;  ey  ^  a ;  qu  ^  kw. 


toil— tolene 


119 


'  toll-created*  «.  l*ro<hH'e<l  or  j;ainc<l 
l.y  t..il. 

■  1  III'  Itrnt,  juifl  swcfteflt  fur,  «vf  foit-ercateti  |;ail^^. ' 

•  toll  drop,  .t.     Sweutcauseil  by  excursive 

•  'Xfl'tlMll. 

'•  With  btntiiiL:  hwirt  lo  tin;  task  lie  went  .  .  . 
Till  the  tvit  tlfipn  fell  frimi  liM  brows  ltk«  ruin  " 
fk-ult :  I.nnnfthe  Out  Minstrel,  ii.  Kl. 

toil-worn,  n.      Worn   out  or  fxliau^ti.ti 

with  tiiil. 

toil  Ci).  -  toyle  (2),  s.  (Kr.  fo(7<:  =  cloth, 
liiieii  ...  a  stjilking-liorsi'  of  cloth  ;  pi.  t'lihs 
=  a  siiaio,  from  Lat.  tcla  =  ii  wel),  a  tliiiiL; 
wuvit,  IVipm  («j«=:to  wt'uve.]  A  m^t  "V 
-iiiarr  ;  a  web,  strin-;,  or  thf  likf  set  to  catch 
jiicy.    (Now  generally  in  the  jilural.) 

"'  Tlii'u  tuils  (or  U-iists.  JvinI  lime  for  liir(l-4  were  fonml." 
Vrifdiit :   Viniit :  Uvurjie  i.  211. 

toil-er,  •  tojU'-er,  5.  {Enn.  toil,  v.;  -t-/.] 
<.)iie  who  toil.s  or  labours  paiiilully. 

"  I  will  not;  pniy  tur  tht«e  guwles  tin  gtltiiii;  .■nul 
Ijw»v'"t?  together  whereof  the  timlert  of  the  Wmld 
tliiuke  theiii»cire3  fortnnattr.)"— t^jul;  Peter,  iih.  i. 

ioil'-et,    *  toyl-et,  ■';.    IFr.  toilette,  diiniii.  of 

tmit=z  cloth.J     iToiL(L'Xs.] 

1.  A  coveripi;  or  cloth  of  linen,  silk,  &c., 
•spread  over  a  table  in  a  bcdiooia  or  drcssing- 
rnuiii. 

*  2.  A  dressing-table. 


3.  A  baj:;  or  case  I'or  uight-rlothes. 

4.  The  actor  p^o^v^^s  of  dressing;  also,  the 
-iM'tile  of  diessin-;  style  or  fashion  of  diess  ; 
■Iress,  attire. 

toilet-cover,  s.     The  same  as  Toili:t,  1. 

toilet -glass,  5.    A  looking-glass  for  the 

-Mil.-t-tal.l.>. 

•  toilet-quilt,  s.    A  toilct-Gover. 

toilet-service,  -i-  The  earthenware  and 
^luss  utensils  collectively  necessary  in  a 
-Iressing-rooni. 

toilet-table,  ^"J.     a  dressing-table. 

tw  lette,  s.    iKr.j 

1.  The  same  as  Toilet,  -1. 

2.  A  <lressing-rooni. 

toil'-ful,  'I.     lEng.  toll  (I),  s. ;  -/"'(O-l    Tiill  of 
Toil;  inv'lving  toil ;  laborious,  fatiguing. 
"  The  fruitfiU  lawns  ooiife»9  his  toilful  oire." 

Mwklc:  Libertff. 

toil-i-nette',  toil-i-net',  s.    [A  diniin.  froiii 
Fr.  f..i;€-=cloth.]     [ToiL(2),  s.] 
Fabric  : 

1.  A  kind  of  German  (luiUing. 

2.  A  fabric  of  silk  and  eotton  w>ir[i  and 
woollen  welt. 


toil' -less.  a.     SEng.  tuil  (1), 
fr.im  t^iil. 


-less.]     Fiee 


toil-some,  '  toy le -some,  «.  [Eng.  toil 
(1),  s.  ;  -SKiHc]  Attended  with  toil ;  involving 
toil;  laborious,  fatiguing,  wearisome. 

"  To  prone  these  growing  i)l:iitts.   .luU  tenii  these 
flowers. 
Wbk-h  were  it  loiUonic,  yet  with  thee  were  sweet." 
Miltt»i:  P.  I.,  iv.  ii± 

toil'-some-ly,  ndo.  [Eng.  foilsome;  -hj.] 
hi  a  tiiilsonte  ui  laborious  manner ;  in  or  with 

toil. 

"Their  life  must  be  ttilsomel//  sjwnt  in  hewing  of 
wood  and  drawing  of  wnter  for  all  Isnttl."— Bp.  J/atl 
Ctintcmpl  ;  Thtt  Uitt€onUt4. 

tSil  some-ness,  ^  tolle-some-nesse,  >. 

[Kiig.  t'AL^oi'W  ;  -/(Ciy.]  The  qu^ility  nr  state 
'if  being  toilsome;  labonousuess,  weaiisi.tuie- 
ness. 

■'  Thf  to'lfomeufsxi'  of  the  paiiie  I  refer  to  priuat 

kii.>wledb'e."—  ftolimhtid:      Chroiiiclet      uf     Jrchiiut; 

St<tiiihursl  tu  ."iiUneiv. 

'  toi^e,  s.  [Ft.)  An  old  French  nioasure  "f 
hMi'ith.  containing  six  French  feet,  oi-  rr'4'.t 
aietreS,  e(iujvalent  to  &'S'Jo  English  feet. 

toi'-sech,  *  tosh'-ach  (e/i  guttural),  >. 
jdael.j  A  eai)tain  or'leader;  specif,  in  the 
■•arly  history  of  Scotland,  an  otticer  <n- 
^iignitaiy  tm mediately  under  the  mormat-r 
(tl-v.).  Tlnrottice  was  herediUry  and  .iltach-d 
to  a  cadet  of  the  family  of  the  nioiniaei'. 

toi'-^on,  s.  [Fr,,  from  Lat.  tonsioncm,  aecu^. 
of  fiDwio  =  n  shearing,  from  to)isus,  jia.  par. 
of  t-md€o  —  to  shear.]    The  tleeco  of  a  sln-ep. 


toxson  d'or.  .n-. 

1.  riie  ti'rm  for  a  golden  fleece  or  the  Ili.ly 

Lamb. 

2,  [tiOLDEN-rt-KKCK,  m. 

tdk,  ■>■.     [From  the  cry  of  the  bird. J 

in  iiilU. :  Wt>(ncho>rro3  (or  IWkiui)  i-nitli"- 
.Inni'liits.  the  liefl-breaHted  Hr)nri)ill,  froiu  tli-- 
Wooded  parts  of  Western,  Central,  and  South- 
mi  Africa.  It  is  about  eighteen  inches  in 
length. 

to  Uay't  i'.  [S<iL'  tief.)  A  rich,  liighly-prizt-d 
wiuc  produced  at  Tokay,  in  Upper  Hungary, 
from  white  giapes.  It  has  an  aiomatic  t-;i8te. 
It  is  not  good  till  it  has  Imm-u  k"'pt  for  about 
Three  years,  and  it  '•(mtmur-s  to  improve  tin- 
loug«n-  it  is  kei)t.  It  is  prociticed  Irom  grai>es 
;^rowu  on  the  side  of  a  low  chain  of  hills, 
iit'ver  more  than  700  feet  aim ve  the  seadevel, 
named  the  Hegyalya.  Inferior  Hungarian 
wines  are  freipiently  sold  unrler  this  name, 
and  many  Fi'ench  and  German  imitations  ate 
also  in  tlie  market. 

to -ken,  *  to-kene,  'tokne,  "to-kyn.    ■ 

lA.S.  td-'-ii,  tw.-ii,  frniii  hu.'c  (l-M-  tah),  pa.  t.  of 
til^Kii.  tLoii-^to  accuse,  nrig.  =  to  indicate, 
lo  pniut  out ;  cogLi.  with  Dut.  teekea  =  a  jign, 
mark,  miracle,  token;  leid.  tukn,teikii;  Dan. 
hijit :  Sw.  tixiceii ;  Goth,  talkus:  Ger.  zeicheii. 
From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  uidico=^  to  point 
out ;  dot:eo=  to  teach  ;  Gr.  fieinru/iit  {deiK- 
itnt)ii)  =  to  show.] 
I.  Ordliiai-y  lAUigtingc: 

1.  Something  representing,  or  intended  nv 
su|»iiosed  to  represent  or  indicate  another 
thing  or  event ;  a  sign,  a  synilfol. 

*•  Thia  token  serveth  for  .1  ttiiy  of  truce, 
Betwixt  ourselves  and  all  our  followers." 

ahakatp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  iii.  1. 

2.  A  mark,  sign,  indication,  symbol,  nr 
symptom;  specif.,  in  pestilential  (iiseases,  a 
livid  spot  upon  the  body,  indicating,  or 
su])itosed  to  indicate,  approaching  death. 

"  C'orrujjted  blood  some  watery  token  abowa." 

Shake»ii.  :  Rape  q/Lucrece,  1. 748. 

3.  A  pledge  or  memorial  of  love  or  friend- 
sliip  ;  a  love-token,  a  keepsake. 

"  It  seeiua  you  loved  uot  lier  to  leave  her  token." 
.Shakesp.  ■■  Tu>o  Uenttemen.  iv.  4. 

4.  A  sign  by  which  one  proves  the  authen- 
ticity, legitimacy,  or  good  faith  of  a  com- 
mission or  demand. 

"  Hay,  by  this  toketh,  I  desire  his  coniimny." 

."^lutkvsp. :  Jleamrc/ur  J/cusurt-,  iv.  3. 

•  5.  A  signal,  a  sign. 

"  He  made  a  toki/n  to  bis  kiiygbt«s.  wberby  tbfv 
k  nnwyiij^e  his  iiiymie  fell  upon  hym  and  slew  byni,  '— 
Fnbijnn:  Chronydc,  ch.  cxxiii. 

6.  Now,  strictly,  a  piece  of  money  cnrrentliy 
svitleranee,  and  not  coined  by  authority. 
Such  tokens  were  largely  current  in  the  last 
century,  l>eing  coined  by  several  of  the 
coijwiations,  as  Bristol,  Oxford,  &c.  In  a 
wiilei'  sense  the  term  ia  applied  to  coins 
ur  substitutes  for  coins  made  of  inferior 
metal,  or  of  a  cjuantity  of  metal  of  less 
value  than  its  name  would  indicate.  Owing 
to  the  scart'ity  of  small  change,  and  the 
great  loss  occasioned  to  the  i>oor  for  want 
of  some  coin  of  less  value  than  the  silver 
]ienny  in  use  down  to  the  time  of  the  Com- 
nionwealth,  halfpenny  and  farthing  tokens 
were  struck  in  brass,  cojijier,  tin,  pewter, 
lead,  and  even  leather,  not  only  by  the 
Government,  but  by  tradespeople,  tavern- 
.  keejters,  ami  others,  for  circulation  in  their 
own  iieighlMinrhood.  When  copper  coinage 
bee^me  suHiciently  abun<lant  to  meet  tlie 
wants  of  the  population  it  was  made  a 
'•I  iminal  <iffence  to  issue  these  private  tokens, 
.lithough  they  continued  to  circulate  in  small 
■  lu.mtities  down  to  quite  recent  times.  Our 
m'»lern  bronze  pennies,  halfpennies,  and 
farthings  are  iire-enunently  a  token  coinage, 
as  they  are  not  wnith  moie  than  about  one- 
fourth  their  nominal  value.  The  silver  coin- 
age consists  also  of  tokens,  but  their  metallic 
value  more  nearly  approaches  their  nominal 
value  than  do  the  bronze  coins.  In  onler  to 
jiiivnt  jnss  to  tra^lei-s  using  these  token 
'■oins,  tlie  law  of  legal  tender  was  passed,  so 
that  no  line  need,  Tinb',.ss  he  choose,  accept 
more  than  forty  silver  hhillings  or  twelve 
l>ennies  in  one  payment.  For  all  sums  abuv-' 
That  value  he  may  demanrl  gold  or  Bank  uf 
EnglaiKl  notes.  The  silver  tivefranc  jiiecc 
in  France  is  not  a  token  eoin  ;  its  metallic 
value  is  etiual  to  that  of  the  gold  tive-franc 
pieC'',  and  these  Imth  (owing  to  the  Double 
Standanl  prevailing  in  France)  are  equal  to 
their  uoiniiial  value.     lTAVi;RN-roKEN.i 


II.  Tfchnl'-aUi/: 

1.  Clttirch  of  Sctitlnnd,  ,[:'•.  :  A  small  diMC  of 
Tiit  tal,  generally  le,'ul  or  tin,  issued  jiriov  to 
the  e(:tebrati<ni  of  tlie  Lonls  Supper  lu  each 
E-^tiiblished  Church,  U)  every  omj  connected 
with  the  congregation  who,  luring  in  full 
communion,  is  entitled  to  be  jiresent  at  the 
NJierament.  Tokens  an;  now  gradually  giving 
place  to  communion  cards.  A  similar  ui- 
rriiigement  prevails  in  most  of  the  non-Kst«- 
blished  Presbyterian  churches. 

2.  Miniiuj :  A  piece  of  leather  with  a  dJ.->- 
tinet  murk  for  ea<'h  hewer,  one  of  which  liu 
^eiids  up  with  each  corf  or  tube. 

•  3.  Print. :  Ten  and  a  half  tjnircs,  or  i'lU 
sheets,  of  pajK-r  printed  oii  both  sides,  lu 
srnue  cases,  tun  cinires  of  paper. 

•f  Hn  tokfii,  Jtif  thi!t  tol.'U,  Bij  the  sun\£  tokeu  : 
riinises  colhupiially  used  in  corroboration  oV 
some  statement  andeipiivalent  to  :  As  a  proof 
ot'  what  I  say;  This  will  jirove  what  I  soy  ; 
js  a  proof,  itc. 

token-money,  >'.    Money  legally  curreut. 

for  more  than  its  real  value. 

"  Always  and  wtTywlu'ie  foken-nionvi/  has  inaUi- 
tiiiKHl  iti  full  relative  v:iliu'  so  lunt;aa  It  ih  not  iaaUed 
in  oxces.-*."— /'.!«  M'llt  U-witi;  April  M.  1884. 

token-sheet,  ^. 

J'riiif. :  The  last  sheet  of  a  token. 

'  to'-ken,  i:t.    [Toki:n,  s.] 

1.  To  make  known  ;  tr»  testify,  to  bctoUcb  ; 
to  be  a  sign  or  memorial  of. 

"  On  your  finger  in  the  nisht,  I'll  put 
Another  rin^',  that  whut  In  time  procee<Is 
May  tokfn  tu  the  future  our  past  deeds." 

S/i-tkexp. :  Alls  n.-ll  tlttt  i-:,itis  WeU,  iv.  H. 

2.  To  give  a  token  or  sign  to ;  to  mark,  as 
with  a  token. 

•■  ■  How  .ipiwars  the  fltjlit*' 
'  4)11  our  side,  like  tlio  t'lkcncU  pestileuce 
Where  death  is  sure."  ■' 

s/iikvati. :  Antony  Jt  Clecpatyn,  iii.  8. 

to'-ken-less,  «.  [Eng.  token,  s.;  -less.]  With- 
out a  token. 

tol,  v.f.     [Lat.  toUo-={»  raise,  to  take  away.} 
Lauj :  To  lake  away  ;  to  toll. 

to'-la,  5.  [Ilind.  tuld  =a  lalance.l  A  weight 
for  g'jld  and  .silver,  c(pial  t-j  alj<jnt  litO  grains 
Troy,  but  ditlering  in  ditlerent  places. 

t6l-5l'-lyl,  a.  lEng.  tvtioatX  and  aliyl]  De- 
rived from  or  cutitaiiiing  tolaiie  and  allyl. 

tolallyl-sulphide,  >:. 

Chnu.:  (C7H5)oS.  A  product  obUxined  by 
the  dry  distillatiini  of  sulphicle  or  disulphide 
of  beiizil.  After  repeated  crystalli/'-ition  from 
alcohol,  it  forms  a  white  crystalline  powder, 
verv  sjiaringly  soluble  in  alcohol,  easily  in 
ether,  and  melting  at  14:r-14a\    (J»'"'(f(s.) 

tol-ane',  5.    [Eng.  (yi(»).*  -"'i^.J 

Cheat.:  C14H1,).  Has  the  c<ius'.:tution  of 
diphenyl  acetylene,  J^i^-*!!^^}  and  is  obtained 

by  boiling  stilbene  bromide  with  alcoholic 
potash.  It  forms  huge  crystals  luelting  at- 
00%  easily  soluble  in  alcohol  and  etli--r. 

tol-bOOtll',  .«.      [TOLLnoOTH.] 

told,  pa-t.  .{.■  pa.  iHti:  of  .•.     [Tell,  c] 
tole,  *toU,    toUe,    tuUe,  .'.t.    (Etym. 

diiubtful.)  To  draw  on  or  attraet  as  by  the 
oiler  of  something  pleasant  or  desiiahle;  t" 
uUure  by  some  bait. 

"  If  they  did  let  them  stand,  they  !.hr.ubl  bnt  M/ 
beitKers  to  the  towne."— tfy/<*(S/ifif .  tt.t'.-ri/jr.  hni/ltind. 
hk.  ii.,  ch.  xiii. 

tO-le'-do,  .".  [See  def.J  A  term  applied  to  a 
sword-blade  of  the  lluest  teiniM^r,  and  so 
named  from  Tolecb)  in  S|M»in,  which,  during 
the  IUt<vnth  ami  sixte«'ntli  eenturies,  wa.s 
f.iinoiis  f«»r  the  (luality  of  the  sword-blades 
maiiufactui-ed  there. 

"Von  fluid  me  i\  rapier  .  .  .  you  told  nir  it  wai*  a 
r^ih-tl--."—Hfn  J-iii»<)u:  J-.ni-rff  .ilittt  in  Hit  lltintoitr,  Ui.  '^ 

toledo  blade,  j^.    The  k.^wu  a»  Tulhixj 

('(-v.). 

tol  ene',  ^■.    {Tolukni-.] 

Clitia.:  CinHifi.  The  oily  portion  of  t*ihv 
balsam,  obtjiined  by  distillation  with  watvr, 
and  further  rectification  of  the  distillate.  It 
is  a  colourless  mobile  liquid  of  pungent  odour, 
sp.  gr.  =  -358  at  10°,  boils  at  ITo',  and.  on  ex- 
jjosurc  to  the  air,  tiuickly  takes  ji>  oxygen 
and  becf^mes  resinized. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jiSi^l ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bengh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    pta  =  T. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shim ;  -tion,  ~§ion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^^e.  -  bcl,  del. 


via 


tolerabiUty— toll 


•tdl  er-^-toU-I-tt.  3.  lEug.  tolerable;  i(y.| 
ilic  tiiialily  or  slato  of  being  tolerable  ;  loler- 
ftliteuiw). 

tdl   er  a  ble.  •  tdi  ler-a-ble,  n.    (Fr. 

I,tiriit>'!-'  fmiii  Ljit.  tvUfifiilit,  fn)m  fo/rro  = 
In  tolcr.ll.-  (>i.v.);  Sp.  toUmliU ;  Ital.  (o^/rro- 
bUr.) 

1.  Capiible  of  boinu  borne  or  endiireil  ;  en- 
(lur«t>le :  Hupportnble,  cither  uicntalty  o: 
plivaioully. 

"  R«utlrr  hpll 
Uorr  rol^mbltr  Mltlon     P.  L..  11.  460. 

2.  Kit  to  be  toloratcil  or  pnt  up  witli ; 
sillU'i-:ibli-. 

"Thry  lu<lf(«l  llieir  error*  to  b«  tolerabtf."—Afott  ; 
Chriittan  lifr,  yt.  t.  ch.  Iv. 

3.  Moiloiately  (iMtxl  «r  iii-n^eable ;  not  coii- 
t«'in)>tible ;  |Ki.s.sablo,  niiiblling ;  not  very  ex- 
o'lU'iit  or  pleasing,  but  such  as  eau  be  put  up 
with  or  rt'ceived  without  positive  itisapprnval 
or  Approval. 

"The  rvaiirr  lunr  !•*■  a«iired  u(  a.  tolembte  tniiisU- 

4.  Ill  pretty  gomi  health ;  pretty  well ; 
fairly  well.    (i'oIUt'i.) 

"WVrt  totrrable.  sir,  I  tiiniik  yo\i."-C.  Bronte: 
Jant  i.'jrrc,  oh.  xkvi. 

tor  er-a  -ble-ness.  .-■.  I  Kng.  tolembte :  ■  uess. ) 
Tin-  <piiility  or  Stat*'  of  U'ing  tolerable,  en- 
tlui%bk',  or  aupiiottablf. 

"With  a  tolerablene4i  ot  usury."— .lrf.fHU.-    M'ofkt, 

li. »;.  « 

t*r  er-a-bl^,  odr.     [Enp.  tokrah(h):  -ly.] 

1.  Ill  a  tuleiabU*  iiiatiiu-r  nr  ili-j^ici' ;  so  as 
to  ln'  tcileratcU,  endured,  or  supi'Ortfd  ;  en- 
dunible. 

2,  Moderately  well  ;  neither  very  well  nor 
very  ill ;  jiassably :  neither  very  much  nor 
very  little  ;  in  a  niodeiate  dej^rce. 

"Of  tbeir  growtli  Imb  iiiKtIilnl  eyv  lin-s  mnde  him 
tot^ral/lg  tMgUiMUl"— Hit  I h/  Ttlvgrapli.  AU({.  ai.  1SB5. 

tdl'-er-on^e,  *  tol  -  ler  -  aunce.  ..  [Fr. 
tolfi-'incf,  fr.'ui  Lat.  tolrniMtin,  Irmii  t^Acrans, 
pr.  par.  of  tokro^ii*  tolerate  (q.\'.);  Sp.  & 
Port,  tolerancia;  Ital.  tolUrataa,] 
L  OrdUiaTy  Language : 
'  1.  The  quality  or  st;ite  of  being  tolerant ; 
jmwer  or  cai«i.city  of  tolerating,  eiuluring,  or 
supporting;  endurance. 

"  Dius;.*iieH  one  fruHty  iiioniiug  citiiie  iutu  the 
iiiitrkct-|iljioeah.Aklii(j:,  to«hiiw  hi.i  folerance." — 'Jacon. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  enduring  or  supporting. 

3.  A  ilis])o.sition  to  be  tolerant,  patient,  or 
indulgeut  towards  others  whose  opinions  or 
practux's  differ  from  or  are  opposed  to  one's 
t'wn,  providetl  .such  opinions  or  jiractices 
bpriiig  from  sincere  and  u))right  motives  or 
convictions  ;  freedom  from  bigotry  or  severity 
in  judging  tiie  opinions  or  conduct  of  others. 

•"Tiie  Chriatifti.  spirit  of  charity  ami  tolerance 
whtcli  lireiitlie.1  throntili  this  work,  .-iikI  iippeHrs  in 
tlieHeiitiiiit-iiUt  which  th«  .■\titlior  avuweil  in  n  foimer 
IiuhUcatioii."— 0;^.  Hartley:  Strrtiioiu,  Vui.  iii..  aer.  4*. 
(Anr.t 

4.  Tlie  act  of  tolerating  ;  toleration. 

II.  M''d. :  The  ability  of  the  constitution  to 
endure  dosfs  of  medicine  during  sickness 
which  would  injure  it  in  lit-allli. 

tdl-er-ant*  '  tol  er-aunt,  n.  &.  s.     [Lat. 

t'll.-miis,  pr.  p;ir.  of  (o/fro  =  to  tolerate  (q.  v.).] 

A.  As(ulJ.:  Inclined  or dispfised  to  tolerate; 

fret-  from  bigotry;  favouring  toleration  ;  foi- 

bearing,  enduring. 

"To  (lecurnt«  with  All  thp  spleiidotir  of  panegyric 
the  ro/«rcit)(  ■I'lrit  of  ii»\uta.riea.~—\yhitt::  Ham/jton 
Lirrturrt,  ner.  3. 

'  B.  As  sxibst. :  A  person  free  from  bigotry  ; 
specif.,  one  who  allows  the  practice  of  reli- 
gions dillering  from  or  opposed  to  his  own 
form  of  helief. 

"Ht^iiry  th*.'  Fourth  waa  a  hero  with  Voltaire,  fur 
;m  hflu-r  reason  than  that  he  wan  the  first  greiit 
MT.mt    -J.  M„rliy  ,    Voltaire,  ch.  lil. 

'  tol-er-ant-ly.  "'?i'.  [Krig.  toh^rant ;  -ly.] 
In  a  tolerant  manner  ;  with  tideration. 

"Other  inhahitantH  uf  tht-tuMn  beiii(,*  m^re  or  leas 
atrnii)fen  within  ilouates  enlirUintiJ  f'lhriintly,  an<l 
llvtnii  ttnTf  iiijijer  soiiif  »ml  ui  niiwiittiii  lt-ttfi3  uf 
iLatunilLftjiU>JU  ■■— /Mi/i(  Tch-'jr'tph,  Aug.  ;J1,  lSb5. 

tdl'-erate,  "  tol-lerate,  v.t.  [Lat.  toier- 
iitiis,  pa.  par.  of  tulero  =  to  endure ;  allied  to 
fo/Zo  =  to  lift,  to  hear;  Saiisc.  tut  — to  lift; 
(ir.  T^ifvai  («c?wii)  =  to  suffer;  A.S.  tholian 
=  to  endure  ;  Fr.  tolcnr  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  tolerar; 
Ital.  tollerare.] 

1.  To  sutler  or  allow  to  be  or  to  be  done 
without  prohibition,  himirance,  or  support ; 
t-o  allow  or  permit  negatively  by  not  prevent^ 


ing  or  forbidiliiig  ;  not  to  restrain  or  forbid  ; 
to  treat  with  patience  and  forbearance. 

"So  that  tn  tolerate  la  not  to  iiroseoutc.  Ami  the 
iiUMtlon  whflhtr  tlt«  nrince  may  totrr.ite  Aiven  iwr- 
■wK«lon«.  is  no  morv  tncN  whether  \w  inny  lawfully 
iHTwciit*  any  man  fur  »■••*,  Sclnu:  of  hi.-*  o|iiiiiou.  Nmv 
lu  ttla  ciuie  ae  is  lost  m  to  tolerate  divenity  of  m>r- 
■wnttioiiH  na  hi-  U  to  t-trrntr  pnhllck  i\t:\.iui\i  "^Bishop 
r-ttl-r  ■   t.ibr-iti/  "1  rroi-l"*'/hi-i.  !»  H'. 

2.  To  put  Up  with  ;  to  endure. 
tSl-er-a'-tlon,  '  tol  ler-a  -Won,  s.     [Ft. 

tolrratiun,  from  Lat.  t"ln-(itionein ,  accus.  of 
toUniti<\  from  tnleralus,  pa.  par.  of  tolero  —  to 
tolerate  (q. v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  toIei-atiiiK  or  ndiiring  ;  allow- 
ance of  something  not  whol!/  approved. 

"There  i.i  niao  ni'iderntiiin  in  toftfrnlioti  uf  fui-tmie 
of  enery  nolle,  whluh*- ul  Tulll  in  -Hlk-d  e.|U»hilitit:."— 
Kls/ot :  Uovprtiuur,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  xx. 

2.  Specillcally,  the  recognition  of  the  right 
of  private  judgment  in  inatteiii  of  faith  and 
worship  ;  the  lilierty  allowed  bya<,'overnniciif: 
Ui  every  individual  to  hold  or  publicly  teach 
his  own  religious  opinions,  and  to  worship 
how.  when,  and  wluuii  he  plea.ses,  provided 
lie  does  not  violate  thereby  the  rights  of 
others  or  infringe  law.s  made  for  the  mainten- 
ance of  decency,  morality,  and  good  order,  or 
for  the  security  of  the  state. 

"  yotfititiiyn  in  of  two  kinds:  the  alhiwing  to  the 
disaeutera  the  unmoleiited  j^rofes^mii  and  exercise  uf 
their  religion,  but  with  ru  exclusion  from  offices  of 
trust  ami  einuluiuent  in  the  »tate.  ivbjih  is  a  partial 
t,.ler,irto>i  :  ami  theadinitllng  tliL-ni.  without  distinc- 
tion, til  all  the  ciwi  [irinleKe^  ami  caiMU'ltles  of  other 
citizfiis,  ^^l.iL■ll  i:^  a  cumi>let*  toleration."— Palej/ : 
Morat  rhihit'ipUij,  bk.  vi..  ch.  x, 

K  There  was  no  toleration  under  the  Jewish 
theocracy  or  the  semi-theocratic  monarchy  ; 
the  individual  who  worshipped  false  gods,  or 
who  induced  others  to  do  so,  was  regarded  as 
a  traitor  against  Jehovah,  and  received  the 
orilinary  punishment  of  a  trait<u' — death. 
(Num.  XXV.  1-11,  Dcut.  xiii.  1-18,  1  Kings 
xviii.  41).)  Tlie  spirit  of  the  New  Testament 
is  distinctly  in  favour  of  toleiation  <cf.  Acts 
X.  34,  ys).  The  old  Roman  empire  was,  ns  ji 
rule,  tolerant.  The  images  worshipped  by  the 
several  nationalities  constituting  it,  or  vvitli 
which  it  was  brought  in  contitct  as  its  con- 
quests extended,  all  received  a  certain  wel- 
come; and  one  of  the  chief  reasons  why 
Christianity  was  persecuted  was  that  it  was  not 
contented  to  be  one  of  a  number  of  acceptet^l 
faiths,  but  claimed  to  be  the  one  only  true  iv 
ligion,  proselytizing  from  all  the  rest.  Hindu- 
ism holds  essentially  the  same  position.  Mu- 
hanimailanism  recognizes  no  proper  religious 
liberty,  and  wlien  it  has  the  power  is  a  most 
intolerant  faith,  though  it  is  sometimes  com- 
pelled to  come  to  tt^rms  of  acconunodation 
with  a  rival  faith,  as  was  the  case  in  India. 
A  church  established  or  dominant  is  apt 
to  regard  those  who  dissent  from  its  doc- 
trines or  ritual  as  committing  a  grave  offence, 
and  to  treat  them  intolerantly  ;  they,  on  the 
ci'iitiary,  contend  for  religious  liberty.  II, 
however,  the  positions  of  the  two  weie 
reversed,  it  would  be  found  that,  in  many 
cases,  a  corresponding  change  of  views  would 
occur.  The  standpoint  of  a  government  is 
different;  its  tendency  is  to  toleration.  If 
the  members  of  the  several  denominations 
are  willing  to  pay  taxes  and  avoid  exciting 
commotion,  the  government  generally  acts  tol- 
erantly to  them,  and  is  the  more  moved  to  du 
sn  if  it  finds  that  it  runs  the  risk  of  crushing 
defeat  when  it  measures  it-s  strength  agalnsi 
that  of  the  human  conscience.  Tlie  philn- 
sophic  view  was  expressed  by  John  Stuart 
aiill  when,  in  answer  to  a  query  put  to  him 
ill  connection  with  a  parliamentary  election, 
he  answered  :  "  Tliere  should  be  no  religious 
disabilities." 

3.  A  disposition  to  tolerate,  or  not  to  jud^-r 
or  deal  harshly  or  rigorously  in  cases  of  dit 
ference  of  opinion  or  conduct ;  freedom  from 
bigotry. 

Toleration  Act,  s. 

Emj.  ilu-^t, :  The  name  given  to  statute  1 
Will,  ii  Mary,  c.  1«,  under  which  freedom 
nf  worshiji  was  granted  to  Protestant  dis 
senters  from  the  Church  of  Enyland,  provided 
they  made  a  declaration  against  trmsubstan- 
tiation,  and  took  the  oaths  of  allegiance  and 
supremacy.  This  act  has  been  so  amended 
and  extended  from  time  to  time  that  now  all 
dissenters,  Roman  Catholics,  Jews,  and  all 
others  sects  alike  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of 
the  constitution, 

tol-er-i'-tion-ist,  s.  [Ung.  talcratinn  ;  4sl..] 
An  advocate  of  toleration.  {lincyc.  Brit.,  ed. 
9th,  xxiv.,  652.) 


tol'-er-a-tor,  s.    [Eng.  tolertit('');  ..„•.]    tma 

who  lolciates. 

'  tdl'-l-bant,  s.     ITuhkan.I     a  turban. 

"The  Till ke  and  Peraian  tu  weait- threat  ^i/iftaufi  of 
ten.  fifteene,  and  twcntie  ellea  of  Ininen  a|>eeee  uimiu 
their  heads."— /'«(fen/mm  .■  Art  of  I'm-sic.  hk.  lii.. 
ch.  XXIV. 

toi-ixit  s.    [Eng.  tol(v);  -in.]    [Toluene.] 

tolld).  "tol.  s.  (A.S.  toU  ;  cogn.  with  Dul. 
/c';  Icel.  tuflr;  Dau.toki;  H\v.  tti/l ;  Gev.:oll. 
Prohiibly  allied  to  (^[c,  in  the  .sense  of  enu- 
meration, number.)  A  tax  jiaid  or  a  duty 
charged  for  some  liberty  or  privilege  or  other 
consideration  :  as— 

(1)  A  charge  made  by  the  authorities  en- 
trusted with  the  maintenance ofroads,  briilge.s. 
&c.,  for  the  passage  of  persons,  cattle,  or 
goods. 

(2)  The  payment  claimed  by  the  authorities 
of  a  port  for  goods  or  iwrsolis  landed  or 
shipped  there. 

(3)  The  sum  charged  by  the  owners  of  a 
market  or  fair  for  goods  brought  to  be  sold 
there,  or  for  liberty  to  break  soil  for  the  pur- 
I'ose  of  erecting  temporary  structures. 

"If  one  Itcnomutly  hiiyeth  stolen  cattel,  and  liatli 
tliem  fairly  vouched  unto  htm.  and  )>uhlickly  iu  an 
(ipeti  fair  payeth  toll  for  them,  he  civnnot  be  dainuiticd 
thtrchy.  ■— />i?/cr.-  Worlliiet :  Otiierar. 

(4)  A  i)ortion  of  grain  taken  by  a  miller  as 

compensation  for  grinding. 

toll-bar,  s.  A  gate  or  bar  placed  across 
a  road  to  stop  animals  and  vehicles  till  toll  be 
paid. 

toll-booth,   S.       [TOLLBOOTH.] 

toll-bridge,  s.  A  bridge  where  toll  is 
charged  lur  passing  over  it. 

toll- collector,  s. 

1.  A  toll-man  ;  a  toll-collector. 
i       2.  A  registering  turnstile  or  gate  to  indi- 
■   cate  the  number  of  persons  passing. 

3.  A  device  attiched  to  the  feed  of  a  grain- 
j   mill  to  subtract  the  t(dl. 

toll-corn,   5.      Corn  taken  at  a   mill   as 

'    payment  for  grinding. 

toll-dish,      toll-hop,  .^.     A  vessel  of 
given  capacity  for  taking  the  toll  or  propor- 
tion of  grain  ground  on  shares. 
"  If  tliou  heest  a  true  man.  then,  quoth  the  miller. 
I  sweare  by  my  tolt-dish,  I'll  lodge  thee  all  night." 
U/(i  BnlUnl,  King  &  3/iller  o/  .Mansfteht. 

toU-gate,  N.  A  turnpike  gate  at  which 
toll  is  collected. 

'  toll-gatherer,    tol-gatherer,  s.    A 

man  who  takes  toll. 

"  Fur  we  hardly  can  abide  publicanea,  customers, 
.ind  tol-gathnms.  but  are  mightily  utTended  with 
them.'— /'.  Holland:  I'Uitarch,  p.  lu. 

"toll-hall,  '  tole-hall,  ^'.     A  prison,  a 

tollbnotll. 

"  Reai'liiiiK  from  the  pilioiie  to  \A\e  tole-hall,  or  to  the 
high  crossv ."—  l/ol ins/ieil :  /Jescript.  of  Ireland,  ch,  iii. 

""  toll-hop,   .-t.      [TOLL-DISH.] 

toll-house,  s.  The  residence  of  the  toll- 
collector  at  a  turnpike  gate  ;  a  house  placed 
l)y  a  road  near  a  toll-gate,  at  the  end  of  a  toll- 
bridge,  ov  the  like,  where  ttie  toU-gatherer  is 
stationed. 

toll-man,  5.    A  toll-gatherer  ;  the  keeper 
of  a  toll-gate. 
"  The  toll.}nen  thinking  as  before 
That  Gil|)in  rode  a  race."        Cawper  :  John  Oilpin. 

*  toll-thorough,  >■.  The  toll  taken  by  a 
town  t'lv  I'crsons.  cattle,  or  goods  going 
thi-'Uigh  it,  or  over  a  bridge  or  ferry  mainUiined 
at  its  ctibt. 

*  toll-traverse,  s.  The  toll  taken  by  a 
person  for  beasts  or  goods  passing  across  his 
ground. 

*toll-tume,  turn-toll,  ^^.  A  toll  paid 
at  tlie  return  of  beasts  Ironi  fair  or  market 
where  they  were  not  sold. 

toll  (2),  s.  [Toll  (2),  v.]  The  sounding  of  a 
bell  with  slow,  measured  strokes. 

"  The  toll  of  a  bell  is  its  being  lifted  np,  which  oausea 
that  sound  we  call  its  toll."~B.  TooKc :  Dia^rtionsqf 
Parley,  ii,  i8o. 

*t611(l).  ^toll-en,  v.L  &■  t.     [Toll  (1),  s.] 
A.  I h transit i re : 
1.  To  pay  toll  or  toUage. 

"  I  will  buy  ue  a  sou-iii-law  in  a  fair,  and  toU  for 
him:  fur  thia,  I'll  none  of  hiiu," - Shakesp.  :  Alt't 
trell,  V.  3. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  wh^t.  fall,  father;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wqU,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  lull;  try,  Syrian.    £e,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


toll— toluosalicylol 


121 


2.  To  take  or  cli:ir};e  toll  ;  t^  mise  a  tax. 
'■  Wcl  CDiiile  lie  Btcleii  cDriip,  niul  tollfii  tliriea. 
Ami  yet  lie  liiul  »  tlioml)  at  goM,  ivmie  ' 

C/tmirer:  C.  T..  Frol.  Sf>t. 

B.  rr«Ti.«.  :  To  raise,  levy,  or  coUfci,  as  a 
toll ;  to  ex;ict  as  a  toll  or  tribute. 

"  Like  the  Iw*.  toUitig  from  every  flower 
The  V  irtinnif  aweeU," 

Shakcsp.  :  C  Hony  /!'.,  iv.  4, 

t6U(2).  "tolX-en.  •toU-yn,  v.t.  i:  i.   [Etyin. 
.imihtful.] 

A.  Tnuisitive  : 

*  1.  To  draw,  to  entice,  to  attract. 

•■Tliia  toUeth  liim  touwaril  thee.'-Ancren  ttiufJi; 
p.  2^0. 

2.  To  cause  (a  bell)  to  sound  with  strokes 
slowly  and  unilormly  repeated,  as  to  suniinon 
public  bodies  or  reliyious  eoiigregations  to 
their  meetings;  to  announce  the  death  of  a 
person,  or  to  give  solemnity  to  a  funeral. 

3.  To  give  out  with  a  slow,  measured  sound. 

■•  Ami  bells  tolli'd  o\it  their  mizhty  peal. 
For  the  JepRrteJ  spirit's  weal." 

Scoft :  Lay  o/tha  Last  Mimtrvl,  vi.  31. 

*  4.  To  indicate  by  tolling  or  sounding. 

5.  To  draw  attention  to,  or  give  notice  of, 
by  slowly-rcjieated  soumls  of  a  bell  ;  to  ring 
for  or  on  account  of. 

"  A  anlleit  hell, 
ReiiiemberM  fo/?*»f;  j\  ileparteil  fiieiid." 

Shakeip.  :  2  Bvnnj  /!'..  i.  I. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  sound  or  ring,  as  a  bell,  with  slowly- 
repeated  strokes. 

■'TheolotksdoroH."        Shakrsp.  ;  ffenr;/  I'.,  iv. 

2.  To  riim  a  bell  with  slowly-repeated 
strokes,  as  for  a  funeral. 

"  T<f/l  for  the  hravel 
The  brave  thnt  are  no  more." 

Vuwper  :  The  Royal  Gcor</t'. 

toll  (3),  V.t.     [Lat.  tollo  -  to  lift,  to  take  away.] 
Law:  To  take  away;  to  vacate,  to  annul. 

"  All  appeal  from  aeiitence  of  excommunication  does 
not  suspeiHl  it.  but  then  devolves  it  to  a  superior 
jmlge.  and  t'-Us  tlie  presumption  in  favour  of  a  seu- 
tence."— -li/ZU'''' 

^  To  foU  un  entry  : 

].aw:  To  deny  and  take  away  the  right  of 
entry. 

'toll-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  toU(l),  V.  ;  -able]  Snb- 
ji.  t  to  tliL'  payment  of  a  toll :  as,  (oZ/uWe  goods. 

*  toU'-age,  s.  [Eng.  toll  (l),  s. ;  -noe.]  Toll ; 
payment  of  a  toll. 

■'  By  Leofric  her  lord,  yet  in  Imse  bondage  held. 
The  people  from  her  mtirts  by  totlngc  who  expell'd." 
t)rayt<jn:  Poly-Olbion,  s.  13, 

toll  booth,    ■  tol-bothe.  s.    [Eng.  foil  (l), 

w.,  and  h,'...th.] 

*  I.  A  iiUice  where  duties  or  tolls  are 
collected, 

■"Those  other  disciples,  whose  calling  i-s  recorded, 
were  from  the  flahei-boat ;  this,  from  the  toUbooth."— 
Bp.  Hall:  Contempl.  ;  Matthew  Called. 

2.  The  old  Scotch  name  for  a  burgh  gaol,  so 
called  because  that  was  the  name  originally 
given  to  a  temporary  hut  of  boaids  erected  in 
iairs  and  markets,  a'nd  wliere  such  as  did  not 
pay,  or  were  chargeable  with  some  breach  of 
the  law  in  buying  or  selling,  were  conhned 
till  reparation  was  made ;  hence,  any  tirison. 
Tlie  town  prison  of  Cambridge  was  formerly 
known  by  this  name. 

"  The  mayor  refused  to  give  them  the  keys  of  the 

ToUhimth  or  to wn -prison. "—/■M?icr  /  Hist.  Cambridge. 

vii,  th. 

•toll-booth,  V.t.  [ToLLBOOTH,  s.\  To  im- 
prison ill  a  tollbooth. 

To  these  what  did  he  give  ?  why  a  hen. 
That  they  might  tollbooth  Oxford  nieu." 

Bixhop  Corbet. 

*  tdll'-er  (1).  s.     [Eng.   toll  (1),  V. ;  -n-.]     One 

whu  collects  tolls  ;  a  toll-gatherer. 

toU'-er  (2),  5.  [Eng.  toll  (2),  v.  ;  -cr.]  One 
who  tolls  a  bell. 

'  toll'-ry.  '  tol-rie,  s.  [Eng.  toll{l).  s. ;  -ry.] 
A  ti'lllniuth,  or,  perhaps,  the  occupation  of 
takin-  t^ILs  ;  toll-taking. 

■■  rctre  went  ngeu  to  fishing,  hut  Mftthew  not  to 
lii^  t^lrir/'^lVycnff-^:  Henuon  184  (Works ii..  Viil. 

tdl'-men,  s.    [Dolmen.] 

To-ld-^a,  s.     [Sp.    (Seedef.).] 

ihoij.:  A  district  of  the  province  of  Gui- 
puscoa.  in  Sj'aiii. 

Tolosa-wood,  ^. 

Hot.  :  I'ittospnntm  birvlor. 

tol'-pis,  .«.     [Meaning  not  known.    {Paj-tnn.)'] 
Lot. :    A    genus    of   Hyoseridece.      Annual 


Conipnsites,  having  the  puppns  of  the  outi-r 
florets  tootlietl  and  that  of  the  inner  ones  with 
two  or  four  awns.  Flowers  yellow,  sometimes 
witli  a  purple  eye.  Natives  of  sou  I  hern 
Eurnpe.  Six  species  are  cultivated  in  British 
gardens  in  flower-bonlei-s. 

•  tdl    ses  tor,  s.      [First  element  toll  (1),  s.  ; 

etym.  of  srcniid  element  d-mbtful.]  A  duty 
jiaid  by  tenants  r)f  sonit*  manors  to  the  lord 
fur  libeity  to  brew  and  sell  ale. 

•  tol'-se^,  s.     [Toll  (1),  t.]    A  tollbooth  ;  also 

a  place  where  merclinnts  usually  as.sembled 
an<l  commercial  courts  were  held.  There  is 
still  a  Tolsey  in  Ghmcester. 

"The  place  under  It  is  their  Tolgey  or  Exchauge,  for 
the  meeting  of  their  mercUMita."—li«foe :  Tour  thru' 
Ureal  Uritain,  ill.  23tt. 

*t61t,  .•!.  [Low  Lat.  tolta,  from  Lat.  toUo=io 
take  away.) 

Law:  A  writ  whereby  a  cause  depending  in  a 
conrt-baron  was  removed  into  a  cimuty-court. 

tO-lu',  ■•'.  [Kamed  from  Saidiago  de  Tolu,  a 
seaport  of  Granada,  from  which  it  is  believed 
that  tolu  was  tirst  brought.) 

1.  Bot.,  &<•.:  A  balsam  deriveil  from  Myrn- 
spervnnn  toluifertan,  the  Toln-tree,  an  elegant 
evergreen,  so  lofty  that  sometimes  the  lirst 
branch  is  forty  to  sixty  feet  from  the  ground. 
The  leaves  are  pinnated  and  marked  with 
transparent  dots  ;  the  leaflets  nieiubranous, 
obovate,  taper-point«d,  the  terminal  one  the 
largest.  It  is  a  native  of  Venezuela  and  New 
Granada.  The  balsam  Hows  from  incisions 
made  in  tlie  stem  of  the  tree,  and  is  at  first  of 
tlie  consistence  of  tur[ieiitiiie,  but  becomes 
more  tenacious  wlien  kept  for  a  time.  It  is 
yellow  or  brown,  and  transparent,  and  is  used 
as  an  ingredient  in  a  syrup  and  in  lozenges. 

2.  Pharm. :  Balsam  of  Tolu  is  a  stinudant 
and  expectorant,  given  in  chronic  bronchitis 
ami  rheuniatism.  It  also  diminishes  excessive 
discharges  in  gleet  and  leucorrJKea.  Exter- 
nally it  is  used  as  a  stinutiaiit  in  ulcers,  bed 
sores,  &c.     (ilarrod.) 

tolu-tree,  s.    [Toll-,  l.] 

tol'-u-ate,  s.    [Eng.  triht(ic);  -ate.] 
Cliem. :  A  salt  of  tolnlo  acid  (q.v.). 

tol'-U-ene,  s.     [Eng.  tolu  ;  -ene.] 

r'bem. :  CyHg  =  CgHsCCHa).  Tolin.  Pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  sodium  (m  a  mixtnre 
of  bromobenzene  and  methyl  iodide,  and  also 
occurs  in  light  coal-tar  oil.  It  is  a  limpid 
liquid  smelling  like  benzene,  and  having  a 
nearly  similar  solvent  power  ;  sp.  gr.  =  "SS'i 
at  0°,  boils  at  IIT.  Passed  through  a  red-hot 
porcelain  tube,  it  yields  various  compounds, 
anuuig  which  liave  been  observed  benzene, 
nnidithalene,  dibenzyl,  and  anthracene. 

toluene -sulphamide,  .^■ 

Chew.:  C7H7  SUij-NHo.  Produced  by  the 
action  of  aqueous  anunonia  on  toluene  sulpho- 
chloride.  U  crystallizes  from  hot  water  in 
needles  or  in  lanlina^ 

toluene  sulpho  chloride,  s. 

Chew.:  C7H7SO0CI.  Obtained  by  triturat- 
ing toluene-sulphate  of  smiium  with  an  equal 
weight  of  phosplioric  j»fiita<-lil<)ride,  and  seve- 
ral times  washing  the  product  with  water.  It 
separates  from  ether  in  rhombic  plates  or 
large  prisms,  melts  at  6S',  and  boils  with  de- 
composition at  250°.  It  is  insoluble  in  water, 
but  dissoUcs  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  benzene. 

toluene  sulphuric  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  €71178031:1.  Formed  by  the  action 
of  fnming  sulphuric-acid  on  toluene  Irom 
tolu-balsam.  [Toi.u,  1.]  It  crystallizes  in 
sn>all,  very  deliquescent  lamina-. 

toluene  sulphurous- acid,  s. 

them. :  C7H7SU2H.  This  acid  is  obtained 
by  treating  toluene  sulpho-chloride,  dissolved 
in  ether  free  from  water  or  alcohol,  with  sodi- 
um amalgam.  It  crystallizes  from  water  in 
rhombic  tables,  having  a  brilliant  satiny  lustre, 
melting  at  Sb°,  and  dissolving  easily  in  boiling 
water,  alcoliol,  ether,  and  benzene.  It  passes 
by  oxirlation  into  toluene  sulphuric-aeid. 

tol'-U-en-yl,  s.     [Eng.  tolueti(e);  -yl]    [Ben- 

ZVI.-TOLVL.I 

t6l-U-gly9'-ic,  n.    [Eng.  (o^k;  gbir(firin),  ai\'\ 
suff.  -ic]      Derived  from  or  containing  toluic 
acid  and  glycerine. 
toluglycic-acid,  s.    [ToLURir-Acio.] 


tdl-u  -Ic.  ".     (Kng.   t'lht :   -u'.l    Contained  in 
or  driived  IVoin  tolu  (q.v,). 

tolulc-add,  s- 

ChemUtry: 

Four  acids  are  known  :  ortlio-,  jiara-,  tneiA-, 
and  alpha-.  The  Ilrst  three  aro  formed  by 
oxMatioii  of  the  correspoiuling  xylenes,  and 
the  last  by  treating  benzyl  cyanide  with  alka- 
lis. Ortho-crystallizes  in  long  slender  needles, 
melting  at  102■&^  and  is  moderately  soluble 
in  hot  water;  para-  crystallizes  in  needles, 
melting  at  ITS" ;  meta-  yields  slender  needles, 
melting  at  lOil',  and  more  soluble  in  water 
than  ortho-  or  para-.  The  alpha  acid  crystal- 
lizes in  broacl  thin  lamina*,  smells  like  horse- 
sweat,  incdts  at  Tii'-'i',  and  boils  at  261'. 

toluic  aldehyde,  s. 

rhnii.:  0^117011  :=  C7H7COH.  Produced 
by  distilling  a  mixture  of  tnluate  and  formati; 
of  calcium.  The  distillate,  treated  with  acid 
sulphite  of  sodium,  forms  a  crystalline  com- 
pound, which,  on  addition  of  carbonate  ()f 
sodium,  yields  the  aldehyde  a-s  an  oil.  It  has 
a  ]'e|'pei'y  odour,  boils  at  ■204\  ami  when  ex- 
p)iscd  to  ih'-  air  Uikes  up  oxygen,  ami  be- 
comes converted  into  tohiic-acid. 

toluic -chloride,  s. 

Chem.  :  C'sHtOCI.  Produced  by  rlistilling 
toluic-acid  with  phosplmiic  pentacldoride.  It 
is  a  strongly  refracting  colourless  liquid ; 
sp.  gr.  =1-175,  boils  at  214^,  and  fumes  in 
moist  air. 

toluic-ether.  .«. 

Chem.  :  C8H7(C...H5)0.j.  Ethylic  toluate. 
Prepared  by  passing  hydrochloric  acid  gas 
into  an  alcoliolic  solution  of  toluic  acid.  By 
the  aijdition  of  water  it  sejiarates  as  a  hea\y 
oil  wliieh,  wlien  washed  with  aininnina  and 
dried  over  chloride  of  calcium,  is  obtained  as 
a  coloiu'less  aromatic  liquid,  having  a  bitter 
taste,  and  boiling  at  228  . 

tol'-U-ide.  s.     [Eng.  tolv  :  -ide.] 

Chem.  (PL):  Compounds,  homologous  with 
the  anilides,  derived  from  tohiidine  salts  of 
organic  acids  by  abstrai^tion  of  water.  They 
may  be  regarded  as  amides  containing  tiie 
radical  tolyl. 

tol-u'-i-dene,  s.    [Eng. /o/i*n/(c).'  -^tkt.I 

Chevi.  :  C7Hfi.  An  aldehyde  radiciil,  the 
bromide  of  which— C7H6Br2— is  obtained  by 
the  action  of  phosphoric  pentabromide  on 
bitter  almond  oil,  CyHgO. 

tdl-u'-i-dine.  s.     [Eng.  tolui(l(e);  -inf.] 

Chem.  :  C7H9N  =  C6H4(NH2)€H3.  Thi» 
base,  metameric  with  benzylamiue,  exhibits 
the  three  modilications  of  ortho-,  mela-,  and 
])ara-,  which  are  obtained  by  the  action  of  re- 
ducing agents  on  the  corresponding  nitro- 
toluenes.  Paratoluidine  forms  large  colourless 
crystals,  sparingly  soluble  in  water,  easily  in 
alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  45°,  boils  at  U>S'. 
and  has  an  aromatic  tast*  and  odour ;  the 
ortho-compound  is  a  colourless  netitral  liquid 
having  the  density  of  water,  and  boiling  at 
miJ-5  ' ;  and  the  meta-  is  a  colourless  liquid  of 
a  sp.  gr.  of  -098  at  10',  and  boiling  at  197'. 
Commercial  toluidine  is  a  mixture  of  the 
jiara-  and  ortho-compound,  and  enters  into 
the  composition  of  tlie  aniline  dyes. 

tol' -11-61,  s,    [Eng.  tolu  ;  -ol.]    [Toluene.] 

tol-uol-ic,  a.    [Eng.  toluol;  -ic]    [ToLuic.l 

tol-u-o-ni'-tril,  s.    [Eng.  toluo(lX  and  nilril.] 

Chem.  :   C8H7N'  =  C,in4(CN)CHa.       Cyano- 

toltiene.     Three  isomeric  modifications  of  this 

comiiound   are   known,    formed    by    treating 

the       respective       tolyl  -  sulpho  -  caibimides, 

N  -'  ~.  TT  /^u     with  finely  divided  copper  to 

(  (.JtUjCHs, 

remove  the  sulphur.  Tlie  ortho-coiniHUind  is 
a  colourless  liquid  boiling  at  20:i^ ;  the  para- 
yields  colourless  needles,  melting  at  28*5'^, 
boiling  at  218^;  the  meta-  has  not  yet  been 
obtained  in  the  pure  state.  ' 

t6l-U-6-Sa,l-i-9yl,  S.      [TUI,U0SAL1CVI.0L.1 

tdl  u-6  sal- i-^y  1-61',  s.     [Eng.  toluoil),  ami 

mlictjloL] 

Chem.:  C7H5(C8H70)02.  Toluoaalicyl.  Pre- 
pared by  heating  together  equal  volumes  of 
sali<yU)l  and  toluylic chloride.  It  crystallizes 
from  alcohol  in"  shining,  colourless,  easily 
fusible  prisms,   insoluble    in    cold,    slightly 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9ell.  chorus.  9hin,  bengh;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  t 
-clan,  -tian^shan.    -tion,  -sion  =shun;  -tion,  -gion  ^  zhun.    -clous,    tious,    sious     shus.      ble,    die.  Vc    --  T3?t  deL 


122 


toluoxyl— tomb 


Moluhlu  III  hot  water,  iiiorv  easily  iu  but  alcoliul 
ami  lit  (tltt-r. 

tdl-n  dx'-yl,  '-    (Kng.fc»(u<M-).aiMl(/i</«/r)oary/.i 
(Arw. :  t'dll:!).     Tin-  liy|H.tIn;Ucal  radical 
of  toluiu  sl-kI  aiHl  its  derivativeji. 


tdi  iir  lo. 

ia.'.ii 


iKii^.  titl{uic)t  aiKl   uric]     Ih- 
iiiitaiiiiug  t4jluicaii«l  uric  ariils. 

tolorlo  oold,  X. 

(Vi;t. :  C'-jn«(>:.<NH.^8n70.  An  arj.l 
liniiinto^oiis  with  lii|ipiihc,  and  obtaiiii-<l  hy 
till'  |«isxa;;e  i)f  tolaio  acid  thrnu};h  tlir  :iiiiiiiiil 
iMHJy.  Tnluic  acid  is  swallowed  in  doses. tf 
several  gniiitiiifs,  and  tliy  uriin;  vuiilid 
*v:iiKirat4!d  to  a  synip  aiid  exluiusttd  ivitli 
iilrutii.l.  Th<"  (wdution  is  mixed  with  oxalic 
;iri.l,  rvai)onit(.Hl,  and  then  exiiausicd  with 
iilcohol  t?tlit;r.  The  acid  obtained  is  jtiiiirinl 
I'v  rccr>''*tanization  of  its  caK-ium  sjlt. 
Toluric  acid  cr>'stallizts  from  ahrohol  )n 
trinietrio  prisms.  It  is  inodorous,  nn*lts  ;it 
l(io',  disfK^vee  easily  in  boiling  water  and 
jiU-ohoI,  and  only  Hjviringly  in  pure  ether.  It 
forms  crystallino  salts  with  the  alkaline 
•  arlhs  and  metals,  most  of  which  are  soluble 
iu  water. 

'  tdla-ta'-tlon,    «.      (Low    Lat.    tulutaris=. 
trotting;  toliftiin  —at  a  trot,  from  Lat.  tollo 
=  to  lift.]    A  pacing  or  ambling  ;  an  amble. 
"  They  vodv,  but  authors  having  not 
I>«t«nulni'<l  whether  jxic*  or  trot 
f  rhnt  l^  lo  a.'iy,  whether  lolutalion. 
.^.t  they  do  trrui  't  or  succussatioii), 
Wf  lw»v«  1(.'       Butter:  I/ndibna.  I,  li.  <5. 

tol-n-yl,  *■•     IKng.  /(>/»;  sum  -y?.] 

Cheiii. :  CgHn.  The  radical  of  tohiylic 
aleohid  and  its  aJlied  compcnmds.    Free  toluy  1 

C'gHn  J  "^*^***^  ^y  *'"=  action  of  sodium  ou 
tohijdio  chloride,  is  a  thick  liquid,  boiling  at 

tol-u  yl  amine, »-.    [Toufdine.] 

tol-u'-^l-ene.  ^.     (En-,',  tolnyl;  -eiip.] 

Cht'ui. :  A  name  sometimes  applied  to 
benzyh'iie  CjHg,  and    stilbeue  -'  ^"^s.     but 


more  properly  belonging 


to  the  hydrocarbon 


tol  u-yl'-ic^  a.     [Eng.  tolutil;  -ic]   Contained 
IU  ov  il'.iived  from  toluyl  (4. v.). 

toluylic-alcohol«  . 

rkan.:  ^-^^Uo^^  ^'■\lh<!,cn^:^o.  Xylyljc 
alcohol.  The  para-''ompound,'the  only  one 
known,  is  obtained  from  the  corresponding 
-ddehyde  by  the  action  of  nascent  hydrogen. 
It  crystallizes  in  needles,  dissolves  s'paringly 
ill  water,  melts  at  69'.  and  boils  at  217*.  Its 
act-tic  ether  b<uls  at  243°.  The  above  alcohol 
lias  also  liecn  inappropriatety  termed  tolyl 
alcohol,  but  the  true  tolyl  alcohol  is  cresol 

t6r-yl.s.    lEDg.  W(K) ,- suft -k;.]    [Cresol.] 

tolyl-cliloride,  <.    IChlobo-toluene.) 

tolyl  -  phenylamlne,  s.  (Tolvlani  - 
i.i\t.\ 

tolyl-thioslnamine,  s. 

i7"-W.  ;  A  crjstalliiiK  mass  nhtaineil  liy 
Iji-ating  to  100'  ^  iriixturc  of  tolukline  and  oil 
of  nmstard.  It  is  inodorous,  insoluble  in 
water,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  and  nielt.s 
at  !oO  . 

to!  jrl  §^-5et■-a-mide,  s.    [Eng.  Myl,  and 
(la'/uwtJt.l 

Clicm. :  CgHjiXO  =C7H|j(C..H30)HnX.  I'ro- 
duced  by  distdling  equivalent  weijxhts  of 
toluidiiie  and  acetic-acid,  and  treating;  tin- 
last  iiortion  of  the  distillate  with  acidulatml 
water.  It  i.s  obtaiueil  by  slow  crjstalli/ation 
in  long,  Ihii-k  nwdles,  tasteless,  inodorous, 
luelting  at  HS",  and  Ixiiling  .at  310".  Is  sjiar- 
nigly  .s.iluble  iu  cold  water,  easily  in  alcohol 
and  ether. 


tol-j^r  a-mine, 

[BENZVLA.MJNf.) 


(Eug.  (o/j//,  and  amine.] 
■     [Eug.  tolijl,  and  am- 


tJl-yian'-i-Une, 

liiu:] 

fUm. :  C6H,(C.H7)NH„.  Tolyl  -  jihcnvla  - 
none.  A  base  isonuTic,  if  not  idelrtieal  with 
Iihenyl-toluidine,  obtained  bv  heating  hydro, 
chlorate  of  toluiduic  and  aniline.     It  is  sepa- 


A  dia- 


rated  from  other  Iklscs  formed  at  the  same 
time  by  fractional  distillation.  Boils  at  about 
3ao . 

tol-j^I-ben'-zai-mide,  s.     I  Eng.  tolyl,  and 
f)fit:<imUh-.] 

ihrin.  :  C7H,i(C-H,.,0)XH....  Prepared  by 
treating  chloride  of  benzoyl  with  toluidine, 
washing  the  resulting  mass  with  acidulated 
watiT.  and  dissolving  in  boiling  alcohol,  it 
crystallizes  therefrom  iu  long,  colourless,  in- 
odorous needles,  insoluble  in  water,  and 
'■asily  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  melts  at 
lou',  and  volatilizes  at  232'. 

tol-yl-oar'-b9-mide,  s.     [Eng.  Mijl,  aud 

cur'^(»it(/f.  ] 

Chriii.  :  CO(C7H7)H3X.j.  Benzyl  urea.  Ob- 
tained on  mixing  a  hot  solution  of  toluidine 
vulphate  wit  li  a  solution  of  l>ot.issiuui  cyanat*.'. 
II  S'jiarates  in  white  needles,  which  have  a 
sweetish  taste,  dis.solves  sparingly  in  cold, 
e.isily  in  hot  water,  in  alcohol,  and  ether. 

tol'-Srl-ene,  .S-.    (Eng.  (o/-/(; -en-.]    [Xvle.ve. 
tolylene-chloride,  s. 

'I„„i.:  (■,;nj(CH^Cl>j.  Xylylic  chloride. 
Obtained  by  the  action  of  chlorine  on  pai-axy- 
lene.  It  crystallizes  in  colourless  laiuinie, 
boils  at  240",  and  melts  at  100'. 

tolylene  diamine,  s. 

•/(';-(..■  ((VIIkJHjN-j.  a  base  ]irepared  by 
distilling  diuitrotoluene  with  ii-oii  tilings  and 
;icetic-acid.  It  forms  needle  crystals,  which 
nieit  at  '.»;)',  and  dissolve  iu  boiling  water,  in 
alcohol,  and  in  ether. 

tolyleneglycol,  s. 

ri„-„   -  !•    H    1 1  -QlIjCHHO  I 

tomic  alcohol  formed  by  tlie  action  of  zinc 
and  hydrochloric  acid  .in  benzaldehvde.  It 
crystallizes  in  large  rhombic  plates, 'melting 
at  132-.'i°,  and  sublimes  with  decomposition. 
It  is  sparingly  soluble  in  water,  easily  in 
alcohol. 

tolyl  sal  i-9Jl-a-imde,  s.     [Eng.  M,ii, 
and  si'lkyhimide.] 

ChcM.:  CnH]3X0(?).  Jaillard's  natne  for 
a  compouml  obtained  by  beating  to  r,u-  a 
mixture  of  t.iluidinc  and  .s,ili.vhd.  It  forms 
yellow,  inodorous  crystals,  insoluble  in  watei-, 
soluble  in  alcoholanil  ether,  and  mcltsat  100  , 
Volatilizing  at  a  higher  temperature. 

t6l-yl-suc-9m  -i-mide,  .s.    (Eng.  Mil,  and 
^furciiiiinklf.] 

LhcM. :  CiiHiiXO..  =  CrHi(C4H40^)'-XH... 
A  c'lmpound  fornied  by  heating  a  nuxtui'e 
of  succinic  acid  and  toluidine,  and  crvstal- 
liziug  the  cooled  mass  from  boiling  water. 
It  is  soluble  in  hot  water,  in  alcohol,  and 
ether,  and  volatilizes  without  deconiiiosition. 

t  tol-y-peu'-tej,  .s.     |Gr.  ToAmrtuu  (tolniKiio) 
=  to  wind  into  ji  lall.] 

Zml. :  .\  genus  of  Armadilloes,  with  one  spe- 
cies, DirsiiiMs  l.ri<-inrtH.-<  (Linn.),  (ywr  (Geolf.), 
to  which  Illigei-gave  generic  distinction. 

torn,  s.    [See  def.] 

1.  A  contraction  of  the  common  Christian 
namcTlionias.   Itisuscd  like  the  naiiie. lack— 

(1)  To  denote  the  male  of  an  animal :  a.s,  a 
f'lia  cat. 

(2)  Generically  to  imply  some  degree  <.f 
slight  or  couteuipt  ;  as,  a  ^oui-fool,  a  f"./i- 
noddy,  &c. 

2.  A  male  cat.  a  tom-cat. 

■■  Tlie  runty  of  a  tortwisesliell  torn  i.s  well  kliowu  *— 
JI-iUU  Tulei/raph,  Oct.  21,  1B35. 

■  3.  The  knave  of  trumps  at  gleek  (q.v.). 

4.  Miaiiiff:  A  wooden  trough  used  by  Cali- 
foniian  miners  to  wash  what  is  known  as 
"  (lay-dirt." 

Tom  Bontrln's  bush,  s. 

r,:!.:   !■„•,, l,„u,„  AHlidc.luUX. 

tom-cat,  ■••.    A  male  cat. 
•  tom  double.  .«.    A  shuffle 


He    iiiAy   \i\iiy   tlie   foiii-double 


iiijer    tl.'—UarL 


tom-noddy,  .<. 

1.  A  sea  bird  ;  the  puffin. 

2.  A  blo.Uhead,  a  dun.-e,  a  dolt 


torn  norry,  .«. 

Ol.v.).]     The  puHin. 


[A  corrupt.  o[  tom-nudtly 
(Slutlaiui.) 


tim'- %  -  bawk,  .<.  [Algonkiu  InJinn  tume- 
h'l'jai:  -Mohegan  t  tniinahtijaii ;  Delaware 
taiiwihfraii  =:  a  war-hatchet.] 

1.  An  Indian  hatchet  or  axe  used  in  war 
and  in  the  chase,  not  only  in  hand-to-hand 
eoiulat.s,  but  also  by  being  thrown  to 
a  considerable  rli.stancc  so  as  to  strike 
the  object  with  the  sharp  edge.  The 
native  tomahawks  have  heads  of  KtijTie 
attached  by  thongs.  &c., 
but  st^el  tomahawks  aie 
supplied  to  the  Indians 
by  the  governments  and 
traders  with  whom  they 
deal,  and  a  pipe  is  usually  attached 
to  the  poll.  .\  hole  is  drilled  through 
the  bottom  of  the  bowl  ami  the  |)oll  of 
the  axe,  to  meet  one  passing  through 
the  length  .)f  the  handle.  The  illustra- 
ti')U  is  from  a  specimen  iu  The  Franks 
collection  in  the  British  Museum. 


"  They  iiiicli 
^yJlslullL■tou  tininOishiiiK 


;ht  as  well    liioe   repri  Htliteil  | 
I'jmaliutak.  a 
lyj  of  Bu■;^l[l^.  ■— .UucioWii 


TOUAOAWK. 


2.  .Viui/. :  A  poleaxe  (q.v.). 

•[  To  bitii/  the  tdiimlmwk :  To 
make  peace ;  it  being  the  custom  of  the 
Indians  to  bury  the  tomahawk  during  tiuje 
of  peace;  so,  llfilig  wji  llti  tomuhutuk^Tn  jjli 
tr>  war,  to  fall  into  dispute. 

tom-a-hawk, «.(.    [ToMAHAWh,  .<.]   Toi.iii, 
cut,  or  strike  with  a  tomahawk. 


to 


mal-ley,    to~mal 

mbtful.l      The   liv.M-  of 
•conies  ^;-;i.n  on  boiling. 


line,   .<.     iKlvMi. 

tlic  jobster,   wiiieli 


to  man ,  to-maun, -.  [Pers.]  APcrsiangoii 
coin,  varying  iu  value  accor.li'jg  to  hii-ality 
atid  the  temporjiry  necessities  of  the  govirii- 
ment,  but  generally  taken  as  ecjual  to  about. 
'.Is.  i;d.  st.-rliug.  It  is  divided  into  lou 
schakis  ,jr  sliakis. 

"Tlie  tiiiiiil.njll  strung  with  totiuing, 
Wioeh  luoveatlie  \eil  a  )  er-iau  wninaii'^.' 

BrowiiniQ  •  rii'jfit  I'/ fhe  IJuclifU. 

to  ma  -to,  to-ma'-to,  ~-,  |Sp.  &  Port,  tn^iwi', 
from  .Mexican  tomiitl  =  a  tomato.) 

/."of.:  J.if-opersicHui  fucukittuut,  the  Loi,.. 
ajiplc  or  Wolf-peacli ;  a  solanaceous  anijual, 
with  a  herljaccous,  liairy  stem,  unequally  j. in- 
nate leaves  with  cut  leaflets,  numerous  flowi-rs, 
ami  red  .u-  yellow  fruit.  It  is  a  native  of  the 
warmer  jjarts  of  America,  but  has  now  been 
introduced  into  southern  Europe,  India,  and 
many  other  countries.  The  fruit,  technically 
a  inioulanium,  is  often  irregiilar  in  foriii". 
owing  to  the  adhesion  of  some  ad.jacent  fruits 
into  one.  ITie  narm^  cherTy-iike,  globose 
fruit  coustitutes  the  variety  ^c rusi/brme ;  llie 
large,  irregular,  pyrifonn  one  the  variety  jitfii- 
Jhniie.  When  unripe,  the  fruit  is  green,  ."ind 
makes  a  capital  pickle  ;  as  it  ripens  it  usually 
turtis  red  or  yellow,  and  beconics tilled  with 

■  an  orange,  somewhat  acid,  pulp.  In  this 
state  it  is  eaten  raw,  or  cooked  in  various 
ways;  or  employed  in  the  preparation  of 
sauces,  &c.  The  tomato  is  very  wliolesmin-, 
and  may  be  eaten  without  danger,  although 
suspicion  sometimes  attaches  10  it  on  account 
of  the  poisonous  proijortics  of  sonic  of  its 
alli-'s. 


[See  def.]    A  corrupt,  of  torn; 


;  a  pit  iu 


'  torn  axe, 

hawk(.,.v.). 

•■  I(  he  carry  ihc  scal]»iiig-kiiife  .^na  tutiiaxe."—lu'i-r 
^".  HO. 

tomb('> silent),  tombe,  tonmbe,  'tnmbe, 

s.  1 1  J.  1-Y.  (,11/i^r,-  Fr.  A.,,,/,.,  li-.oii  Ijt.  (ii«6./ = 
a  toudi ;  Gr.  riif^Pa,  rii^^os  {titiu'ni,  t((?Hj*u.s)  — 
a  tomb.     Pr.Ai.  allied  to  Lat.  tumuiiui.] 

1.  -\  grave  ;  a  vault  for  the  dead  ; 
whieh  a  dead  body  is  deposited. 

"  To  imint  the  gloomy  horrors  of  the  tomb  ; 
The  .a|>[K,Mitea  lilace  of  reiidezvout,.  where  all 
rhese  travellers  meet."  Uluir  :  ilrave. 

2.  A  cliauiber  or  vault  formed  wholly  or  in 
part  in  the  earth,  with  walls  and  a  roof,  for 
the  reception  of  the  dead. 

3.  .\  nionunient  erected  to  enclose  ami  pre- 
seive  thc!  menioi-y  of  the  dead  ;  any  senulchraJ 
structure. 

"  Tlie  marble  tombi  that  rise  on  high 
Wlose  dealt  in  vaulted  arcltjes  lie  .  .  . 
Adorn  the  ricli»-or  praine  the  great." 

Ptiriiell:  A'isht  Piece  on  Death. 

tomb-bat,  .■!. 

Zool.  :  Tdphozous  per/orattis.  It  is  about 
three  inches  long,  exclusive  of  the  tail ;  body 
covered  with  short  dark-brown  fur.  which 
extends  over  the  bases  of  the  wiugs,  and  down 


^It  wL^tr'.r^*^.*'  '^'^''  5^  *^*'^«'-=  '^'  '^'-  »>^'-e,  camel,  ber,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  ,nite.  cur,  rule,  lull ;  try,  S^riaA.    ^  ce 


marine;  go,  pSt, 
ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tomb— tone 


123 


Iln'  intorfi'innml  membrane  as  far  as  the  point 
\Wiir.'  tin-  tail  *'n)er;;;ts  therefrnin.  It  was 
J;sc.iv.T.'<l    by  Geotfroy  in   the   cliimilit'is   of 


tlic  Pyrauiiils,  and  in  otJier  tombs  in  Ei,'yiif, 
anil  is  sai.l  to  inhabit  Beniiaar  and  Sene;,'al. 
It  jias-ses  the  day  in  the  darkest  places  it  can 
tin<l,  fuming  out  at  du«k,  and  feeding  exchi- 
sivcly  on  insects. 

tomb  C'  silent),  V.I.     [Tomb,  s.]    To  bury,  to 
fiitunib. 

"  Dying  sb.all  beseech  the  honour 
To  ))e  UjiitlM-ii  beiiwith  thy  cliiy." 
bluckic  .    Lat/s  .■/  Highluiiiia  &  Jstaiidf,  p.  20. 

tom'-bac,  tom'-b&lt,  .*.    [Fr.  tomhcr,  from 

Malay  Nt;ui>((!/a  —  copjier  ;  Hp.tomfmgc;  Port. 
tiniilxigue.]  An  East  Indian  alloy  lor  clica]) 
jewellery.  Compos.  :  Copper,  10;  tin,  1  ; 
■/\ur,  1.  Red  hMoiiak  :  cr)pper,  11  ;  zinc,  1. 
Arsenic  is  added  to  iiKike  white  t<jmbac. 

tom'-lja-zite,  .^■.    lEnji.  f-oiiiba(c);  z  connect., 
and  suif.  ■i(c(Mia.);  Crer.  iouifKic'd.] 

Min.  :   A  name  given  by  Breithanpt  to  a 
(".t-rsdortlite  (q.  v.)  because  of  its  tombac-bruw  n 

cnlour. 


■  tombestere,  s.     [A..S.  ;ih>ihr.-;tr 
ilaiiciiij;-girl. 


(?).]      A 


t6mb'-less(^  silent).  *tomb-lesse,a.  [En-. 
tomb;  -less.]    Without  a  tomb. 

"And  »ome  long  winter's  uight  h.ith  shed 
Its  frost  o'er  evi-i-y  tamblesi  he.id." 

Byrun  :  Mazepint.  \-l, 

torn  -boy,  s.     [Eng.  tont^  and  hoy.] 
'  1.  A  rude,  rough,  boisterous  boy. 
*  2.  A   worthless   woman  ;  a  strumpet,   a 
pri'stitutc. 

"With  fomboiis  hired  with  that  self  exhihitioii, 
WliiL-h  your  own  coffers  yield!    with  diseased  ven- 
turfS."  .S//<M (■-«/'•  -■  Vi/mbeliiiv.  i.  *>. 

3.  A  wild,  romping  girl ;  a  hoyden.  {Colloq.) 

toxnb-Stone  {h  fiilent),  ■■*■  [Eng.  tomJi,  and 
.-tuiLt:.]  A  stone  erected  over  a  grave  to  piv- 
serve  the  memory  of  the  person  interred  ;  a 
sepulchral  st<me. 

■'  On  the  tombstonMSai  the  truly  gre.it  it  is  certainly 
li'jlit  thiit  nil  inscrifitioii  should  he  written  cousisteiit 
Mith  tUi'ir  dignity.'— A<(OJ.   Ajwatf  93. 

tom'-cod,  >'.    lEng.  torn,  and  cod.} 

[rhthif. :  Gtulits  tomcotlits,  from  six  to  twelve 
inclies  long,  brownisli  above,  with  spots  of 
-larker  hue,  lighter  beneath.  It  is  found 
along  the  American  coast  froin  New  York 
northward  t^>  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bruns- 
wick at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  frequently 
iiscending  rivers.    {Riphy  £  Dana.) 

tome.  ■'-".  [ Fr. ,  from  La t .  torn n vi ,  accu s.  of 
tuiiiiis  =  a  volume,  from  Gr.  to^o?  (fojjfw)  =  a 
section,  hence  a  voUune  ;  tc/xcw  {temtni)^ to 
tint.]  As  many  writings  as  are  contdincd  in 
a  vtilunie,  forming  part  of  a  larger  work  ;  a 
volume,  usually  a  ponderous  volume. 

"  A  volume  nld  aiid  hrnwn, 
A  )\a^<i  toitte,  Iwniid 
In  hruss  and  wilO-boar'a  hide.' 

iMitgfellow :  OuUten  Legend,  ii. 

*tO-medes,  "I'l*.  [Eng.  /o,  and  »ie(7*'  =  ineed.] 
I'nr  uwai'l ;  in  return. 

■  tome' -let,  ^^  [Eng.  fjimc ;  diniin.  suff.  -let.] 
A  little  tome  or  volume. 

td'-ment,  >■.    [Toiu:KTUM.l 

to  -  men- tose,  to-men'-tous,  ".  (To- 
.MLNTL'M.l  Covered  with  hairs  so  close  as 
scarcely  to  be  discernible,  t>r  with  a  whitish 
'lowndike  wool ;  downy,  nappy.  (Used  chiefly 
in  botany,) 

to  -  men' -  turn,    s.      [Lat.  =  a   stnfting   for 
cusiimns,  of  wool,  hair,  Ac] 
lint.,  dc.  :  Dense,  close  hair. 

tomentum-cerebri,  ^'^. 

Am(L  :  The  inner  surface  of  the  pia  mater, 


which  has  a  floecnlent  structure,  produced  by 
nuniei-ons  small  vessels. 

tdm-fo6r,  V.  [Eng.  torn,  and  /W.]  A  ridicn- 
l-ns  l..ol;  a  triller." 

torn -fool -er -3?,    *-.        [Eng.     t»u)fonl  ;    -cn/.I 
I.  Foolish  trilling;    ridiculous  behaviour; 
nonsense. 

■'fluy  Frtwkes'n  Dwy  would  .-enne  Ut  \v  ■>»<?  of  the 
rKi.i]j;iiiti'd  Huiuions  for  (om/oolfri/  in  ICngliind.'*— /Ju((;/ 
Ji-le:tr.itih.  Nov.  8.  Irt82. 

■J.  Silly  trifles  ;  absurd  ornaments  or  knick- 
k'tacks". 

*  tom-fodl'-isb,    ('.      [Eng.    tmufool :  -/W(.i 
Like  a  tomfool ;  apt  to  indulge  in  tomfoolery. 
"  A  man  he  is  hy  nnture  merry 
.Soniewhnt  toiufovliih  and  coinicAl,  very" 

.Sou  the 'I :  yonticgi-rifjf*.  \'\\\. 

tom'-l-CUS,  s.  [^Or.  TOMfcos  (toniikos)  =  of  or 
liir  cutting.    (Used  of  teeth,  A:c.)] 

Eiit'iiii.  :  A  genus  of  Beetles,  sub-tribe 
Xylophagi,  family  Bostrichi<la'.  There  are 
eleven  British  species.  Tomlcu^  typogruphim 
is  called  the  Typograpliic  Beetle,  because  the 
galleries  which  it  mak'-s  in  the  soft  wood  on 
which  it  fee<ls  bear  sonic  faint  resemblance  to 
[irinted  charact<rs. 

to'-min,    -■.     [Ktym.  doubtful.]      A  jeweller's 

wfiglit  ijf  ten  grains. 

t  td-mip'-ar-oiis,  o.     [Or.  to^t  (/omi")  =  a 
cutting,  aiid  Lat.  paiio  —  to  jn'oduce.) 
Bot. :  Producing  spores  by  division. 

tO-mis'-td-ma,  s.  [Gr.  Td)ii09(fomiy.s-)  =  ctU 
tn  pieces,  and  '<n6fx>j.  (sMwut)  =:  the  mouth.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Gavialidse,  with  two 
species,  from  the  forests  of  Borneo  and  some 
of  the  neighbouring  islands.  It  ditters  from 
the  typegt'uus  in  having  a  more  conical  snout, 
Thick  at  the  liack ;  the  side  teeth  are  erct-t, 
ami  the  nostrils  expanded. 

tom'-john,  s".  [Prob.  a  cori-upt.  of  jamiKto^ 
tlic  native  name.]    The  same  as  jAMPAN(q,v.). 

tom'-ling,  s.     [Eng.  tout ;  dimin.  suR".  -IUkj.] 
A  little  tom-cat. 

"  We  .are  pronused  a  bhick  tui)iiii>g."—.Sonflf'/ : 
LcUrrs.  iii.  244. 

tom'-m^,  ^^     [Tom.] 

1.  Oiig.,  a  penny  roll;  lu-nce,  bn-a-l.  pro 
visions  ;  goods  given  to  a  workman  in  li>,ni  of 
wages. 

"  There  'II  be  plenty  o'  tomm»  an"  w.nrk  for  us  a'. 
Whi?u  this  'Meriui  bother  gets  o'er," 

Narland  :  Lnuvushire  Li/rics,  p.  2'JQ. 

2.  A  tommy-shop  (q. v.). 

3.  The  system  of  paying  workmen  in  goods 
insteail  of  money  ;  the  truck  system. 

^  Slang  in  all  its  senses. 
tommy-noddy.  -.    |TAL.r..i.i.-nAKE.] 

tommy-shop,    tommy-store,    s.     A 

shop  or  store  conducted  on  tlie  truck  system  ; 
a  ti'uck-shop.    {^^loii'j.) 

tom'-my,  vj.  [Tommy,  s.]  To  enforce  the 
tommy  or  tiiick  system  ;  to  oppress  or  de- 
fiaud  by  the  tonnny  system.     (SUuuj.) 

tdm'-6-site,  s.     [Gr.  t6juo?  (^l;/io^■)  =  a  cut,  a 
slier;  surt;  -tte(.iri(t.).] 
Mill. ;  The  same  as  Photizite  (q.v.). 

tdm.'-pi-dn,  s.  [Fr.  (rt/»7)w(i  =  a  stopper  or 
j,topple.] 

I.  Ord.  iMiig.:  A  .stopper,  a  plug. 

"The  gigantic  Keuiua  kept  the  oracle  within  him 
muzzled,  nor  condenccuded  once  to  dr: 
Kit  liis  1 1 !«."— O&sfrHtrr,  No.  o. 

II.  Techiiicaltij : 

1.  Ordnante : 

(1)  A  plug  fitted  to  the  borr 
of  a  gun  at  the  muzzle,  to  pro- 
tect  it  from  injury  by  the  wea- 
ther. 

(2)  Tlie  iron  bottom  of  a 
charge  of  grape-shot. 

2.  Lilhog. :  The  inking-pad  of 
the  lithographic  printer. 

3.  -U«^(V:  The  plug  in  a  flute 
or  organ-pipe,  which  is  adjustc  " 
toward  or  from  the  mouth-piece    Tosinow  i>k  \ 
to  modulate  the  tone,  ''^"■'*- 

'  tom'-pip-er,  .^.  [Eng.  torn,  and  pijvr.]  The 
piper  at  the  ancient  morris  dances. 

tom^-po-ker,  '.  [Eng.  tom,  and  pnlit:]  A 
bugbear  to  frighten  children,     (I'foc.) 


tdm'-p6n«  s    [Fr.  ^'»"/>">'  =a  atopper.)    The 
same  as  Tumpios*  II.  \i.  (q.v.). 


'  torn'  rig,  '  torn -rigg, 

'If/.  I     A    wild,    lM.i>1.i..us 
hovd.-n,  a  lombov. 


s.     [Eug.  torn,  an<l 
girl;    u    romp,    .1 


■  In  the  verjnest  canto  iihe  .ipiwara  an  i»rrant  nunp 


and  fvitniiij."' 
1».  IC. 

tom'-tit,  N-. 

mouse  (q.\ .). 

tom-tom, 

TAM.) 

-  ton  (1), 


I>i'inii4:  Oil  I'oiKi  Hitpe  qf  1/k'  Lvtk. 

[Kiig.  toM,  and  tit.]  The  Tit- 
[Krom  the  soun<l  mad^-.]  [Tau- 
IFr.l     [TuNK.]     The    prevailing 


fashinn  ;  high  mode. 

"  If  thinu^H  iif  Mil  their  harndcMi  layx  indlt*^. 
Must  winely  duonicd  to  Hhnu  \hv  puhUt  mijht." 
Hiiron  :  HiKjliah  Hard*  A  .'kvUU  /iKfiruH-rt. 

ton  (2),  tonne.  >'^.  (A.s.  tuitiie^a  banvl ; 
eogn.  with  iJut.  Mj(  =  a  tun;  Icel.  &  Sw. 
tnnva;  Dan.  tondc  =  &  tun,  a  e;isk  ;  Ger. 
tonne—  a  cask,  a  heavy  weight ;  Irish  &  Gael. 
iHiina  ;  Irish  to  una  ;  Wei.  fyinU.  —  n,  tun,  a 
banel  ;  L<jw  Lat.(u;t/«i,  tointa ;  Fr.  tonttcau.] 

1.  A  weight  equal  to  20  "'wt.  or  2,'i401l»s. 
avoirdupois.  In  America  the  usual  ton  i> 
2,000  lbs.  avoirdupois,  20  cwt.  of  100  lbs.  each. 
In  the  Eastern  States  2,240  lbs.— 20  cwt.  id 
112  lbs  each— is  usual  with  coal,  and  .some 
other  things,  and  is  <'alled  the  long  ton.  The 
nnniug  ton  of  Cornwall  is  21  cwl.  of  H2  lbs. 

2.  A  wine  measure  of  capacity  equal  to  two 
jdpes  or  252  gallons.  (In  this  sense  generally 
written  tun.) 

3.  A  certain  weight  or  sjiace — in  the  latter 
case  almut  40  cubic  feet— by  whi(;h  the  burden 
"tf  a  ship  is  reckoned ;  as  a  vessel  of  000  tons. 

[TOXNAOK.] 

4.  A  certain  qtiantity  of  timber,  as  40  feet 
of  lough  or  round  timber,  and  50  feet  of  hewn. 

5.  The  quantity  of  S  .sacks  or  10  barrels  ot 
Ih.ur. 

G.  The  quantity  of  10  bushels  of  potatoes. 

-ton,  .'-■",/r.  [A.S.  f('i(=a  fence,  a  town.l  A 
liequent  sutfix  in  (ilace  names,  as  Boutban.ji- 
/.J*;,  Wolverfa«,  'Slevton,  &c. 

to  nal, 

tone", 

to'  nal-ite,  >:.  [After  Tonale,  south  of  Montw 
Adanielhi,  Southern  Tyrol,  where  lirst  found  ; 
surl".  -itr  il'efruL).] 

i'rfn>L  :  A  variety  of  quartz-diorite  rich  in 
magnesia-mica. 

to-nal'-i-ty",  s.  [Fr.  t-iualitc.]  [Tone,  s.] 
.VitsU-:  (1)  Correctness  of  pitch;  as  when 
a  singer  or  \  iolinist  is  .said  to  exhibit  correct 
or  doubtful  tonality  ;  signifying  the  produc- 
tion of  sounds  in  tune  or  out  of  tune,  (2) 
(Quality  of  t^)nc,  intonation,  as  when  a  singer 
or  violinist  is  said  to  possess  pui-e  tonality, 
that  is.  to  pnjduce  a  i)ure  quality  of  tone. 
(;j)  Key-ielationship ;  as  when  a  melody  or 
liassage  in  harmony  is  said  to  be  of  uncertain 
tonality,  that  is,  to  be  wanting  in  definiteness 
(d"  key  or  scale. 

"On  the  other  hand,  in  some  of   the  settinps  the 
freiineiit  ihauges  »f  niea>ure  and  toimlH 
uneiisy  and  laUiured  eflect." 


[Eng.  fo>i(>);  -id.]    Pertaining  to 


-Atheiuriiml  Dk^.  I'T,  18M. 


ton-di'-no,  >\    [Ital.] 

I  .1/'/,.  ;  The  same  as  Astragal  (q.v.). 

tone,  *  toone,  s.  [Fr.  ton-=  a  sotuid,  a  tune, 
from  I^t.  toiiHiii,  accus.  of  ^liiUN  =  a  sound, 
tiiim  *ii-.  Torot  {toiiof)  =.  a.  thing  stretched,  a 
lope,  sinew,  noti^',  tniu-,  from  the  ^oimd  of  a 
^^lrctched  string;  Ttivui  ((c(Hy)=  to  st.retch ; 
Sp.  tone,  ton;  Port,  tom;  tier.  &  Sw.  tvti ; 
Dan.  tone;  Dut.  tooiii ;  Ital.  iaono,  toii'i.\ 
L  Ordinarii  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sens*?  as  11.  1. 

2.  3Iodulation,  inflection,  or  accent  of  the 
voice,  as  raised  to  express  sentiment,  emotion, 
or  iKission. 

"  He  paused  awhile,  and  then  went  on 
Wito  low  and  contideutia]  four~ 

■Vxtft;  liokcbij,  vi,  7. 

3.  An  affected  or  whining  style  of  intona- 
li(ni  in  speaking  or  reading;  a  moumful  or 
artifieial  mode  of  utterance  ;  a  whine,  a  drawl, 
a  singsong, 

"  Kvery  appeai-ance  of  atngsoni:  and  tone  must  b« 
uirefully  gwirded  against"— fi/uir ;  Jlhetoric.  lecU 
\xxiii. 

(,  Tenor,  character,  spirit,  strain  ;  specifi- 
cally the  geneial  or  prevailing  character  or 
style,  as  of  morals,  manners,  .sentiments,  or 


l>6il,  b6^;  pout,  3<J^1;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  fhin,  benph;  go,  gem;  tliin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  ei^t.    -ing. 
-<;ian,  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin;  -tion.  -jion  ^  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  sbus.    -hie,  -die,  &c.  =  hel,  deL 


124 


tone— tongue 


the  like  :  n*,  The  tnnf  of  society  was  verj'  l"w  : 
tlif  /t»iic  of  his  li'lUT  was  fru'iiiUy. 
5.  DiFii>o8ilioii,  iiiclitiatiun,  temper. 

■■  I  outnot  titny  •uch  a  pircept  !■  wiw; 
But  r»tir«m»nt  *ccor«U  with  tin?  (-m.*  nf  my  iiiiml.' 

C.  StaU'  or  tciiiiK;r  of  mind;  disjx'sition, 
motnl. 

•■  Pnc  the  mliul  ilown.  liy  pen**""'  iiilernipttoiiB. 
froui  n  |.hili«oiihli.-Ml  ton*,  or  l(-nii>er.  to  the  tlrtiilKcry 
ol  |<rlv^t«uiJ  I'Ubllc  l.ualuwa."— Bo/fMi^ftmAv  ■  Lrtter 
to  /^7■<, 

7.  Tlip  sUt^  of  n  Iwdy  in  which  the  aniinal 
fUni-tions  nro  healthy  an<l  performed  with  tine 
vigonr ;  tlie  state  in  wliich  all  the  parts  and 
or^rans  are  well-stnui;;  or  in  due  tensiuir 
stri-njith  and  aetivlty  of  the  organs. 

"  The  tiirlKDchnlic  tttnd  (tliitt  wontdesnalr 
U(  |<hv*lc)  hviicr  the  ni«t-coini>le\i'>ii'U  tii.tn 
runtira.  whu««  IiIwmI  U  dry.  whu«o  filtfrs  pilil 
Tuu  atretch'il  i\  lonr.'        A  rrutrong :  On  Utalth,  \. 

IL    TtrhniraUn  .* 

1.  Music: 

(1)  A  sound  :  as,  hijjh  /oii<r,  low  totif,  tone  of 
ait  nistrninent. 

(■J)  yn.Tlity  of  a  sound  (Fr.  thiihre ;  Ger. 
iln)iii) :  ns,  aweet  totu-.  liarsh  tone.  Any 
ordinary  scminl  is  compound,  beinj^  made  up 
of  a  combination  of  sounds  called  partial- 
tones;  the  sound  which  the  ear  reco;;nizes 
and  names  is  called  the  primary,  or  ti:st 
iMrtlal ;  tliose  combined  with  it,  uitper  p.'ir- 
lials.  It  is  found  by  experiment  tliat  the 
character  or  qu:tlity  of  tone  of  any  jtiveii 
flounrl  is  dependent  on  the  sort  of  partiul-ttnu-s 
which  constitute  it.  It  is  difficult  to  produce 
a  simple  snuml.  i.e.,  a  sound  without  upper 
partiids,  and  its  character  is  poor  and  insipid. 

(3)  A  chant :  as,  a  Gregorian  tone. 

(4)  A  nuide  or  scale :  as  church -/o»<.f,  the 
ancient  ecclesiastical  modes. 

(o)  The  interval  consisting  of  two  mean 
semitones  in  equal  temperament.  But  in  just 
intonation  there  are  two  kinds  of  tone.,  tlir 
major  tone  (y  :  8)  and  the  minor  tone  (10  :  0). 

2.  P'tlnt.  :  The  prevailing  colour  of  a  picture 
or  its  general  eflcct,  denominated  dull  tone, 
bright  tone,  Ac.  It  depends  ttist,  upon  the 
rigid  relation  of  objects  in  shadow  to  the 
principal  light ;  secondly,  upon  the  quality  of 
colour,  by  which  it  is  felt  to  owe  part  of  its 
brightness  from  the  hue  of  the  light  upon  it. 

•^  All  in  a  tone:  Unanimous. 

".*'/ wcrt-  ill  a  fotif," —Hichardton : Sir C.  llrandison, 

ill.  u-i. 

tone-syllable.  >.     An  accented  syllable. 
*  tone.  r.t.    [ToNr,  S.I 

1.  To  utter  in  an  aftected  tone. 

2.  To  tune  Oi.v.). 

H  1.  To  Inne  (I'lwti  : 

(0  IJt.  :  In  painting,  to  soften  or  subdue 
tht'  colour  of,  as  of  a  picture,  so  as  to  produce 
a  subdu.il  harmony  of  tint,  and  avoid  all 
undue  ^lare. 

"Until  time  ami  gns  linve  conveniently  toned  tlotirn 
the  hrillliuicy  of  the  cwluur."— i>a)7i/  Teltigruph,  Sei>t. 

(2)  Fig.  :  To  reduce  or  lower  in  tone  ;  to 
nioilerate  or  ivduce  the  characteristic  expres- 
sion of;  t<j  render  less  pronounced  or  decided  ; 
to  soften. 

"Sir  Dr  Lncy  linving  toned  down  his  oi'igiti,il 
l.h  ruses. "—/•uncA,  Feb.  13,  1858. 

2.  To  tone  vp:  To  give  a  higher  tone  or 
character  to  ;  to  raise  in  tone  ;  to  make  more 
expressive,  pnuiounced,  or  decided  ;  to 
heighten,  to  strengthen. 

"  tone,  J!.  or  pron.  [Eng.  one,  with  the  final  t  uf 
A.S.  dAi_'(  =  tliat,  the  ntut^-r  detinite  article, 
prefixed.)  The  one,  corresponding  to  (other 
(q.v.).  Generally  with  the :  as,  the  tone  =  that 
one. 

"  Tone  doth  tnforce.  the  other  doth  entice." 
,  -  -  „  A'fr  /'.  Sidneii. 

toned,  a.    lEng.  ton(^e),  s. ;  -«/.] 

1.  Having  a  tone  ;  used  in  composition  :  as, 
sweet-foned,  &c. 

2.  Having  a  tone  of  body  or  mind;  in  a 
state  of  due  tension  ;  strung. 

"It  mny  he  doubted  wliethtr  there  ever  existed  a 
huumn  hchig  whoxe  mind  wjw  »iuite  txa  firmly  toned  at 
ett'hfy  TtK  nl  Inrty.  —^acaulau  :  Jlist.  Eng.,  cli.  xiv. 

toned-paper,  .■^.  Paper  having  the  glar- 
ing white  t^iken  otl'  by  a  creamy  tint. 

tone'-less,  a.  [Eng.  toney  s. ;  -less.}  Having 
nn  tone  ;  unniusieal. 

"  Grmidcoiirt's  toneiett  dr:vwl,"— ff.  Eliot  Daniel 
Dtronda,  ch   x\ix. 

•t6ng(l),  *tonge,  s.    [Tongs.] 


tons  (2).  f.     [ToNciK.]    A  tongue;  the  catch 
ol  a  buckle. 
"  Thfir  tiUt«  were  biiniliiho«l  gold,  and  handle  Btrons. 
Uf  luoUier  iMArJ,  mid  bucklod  with  n  goltlon  tonrj. 
Sitentfr.    (Tottd.) 

*t5ng,  v.t.  [To.srt  (1).  S.J  To  seize  or  take 
with  tongs. 

"  Tnnying  clnuu  with  the  hingeil  oyster-tonjis  is  i*U.> 
BOinewhat  pi-netiind.  hut  is  exceedingly  liihorioiui.  mid 
doe«  not  iwy.  nx  h  rtile.'  —Fi  id,  Oct.  Hi,  l^eu. 

ton   ga.  5.     (Tonka.) 

tong'-k&ng,  >-.     [Native  word.] 

Siiut. :  A  Malay  or  Chinese  lioat  or  junk. 

Ton -gri-an,  «.    [See  def.] 

ikoij. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Tongre.s,  in  Hcl- 
gium. 

Tongrian  beds.    - ;»/. 

a*-n!.:  iJc.ls  (■-.iistiliiling  the  Lower  Oligo- 
eene  o)  Belgium,  ilcveloped  around  Tougres. 
They  are  mai-ine,  and  are  contemporaneous 
with  tlie  Headon  series  of  England. 

tdngSt '-^-  T'i  [A.S.  tcmge,  tan(i ;  cogu.  with 
Dut.  t(f>ifi ;  Icei.  tiinft  (tangii')  :  Dan.  tu>i<i : 
•Sw.  tilng  :  Ger.  zange ;  t).  H.  Gei'.  zango.\  An 
implement  or  tool  consisting  of  two  parts 
joined  by  a  jiivot,  and  used  for  grasping 
<dijects,  gem-rally  thn.sc  lliatarc  hot,  as  black- 
sniitlis'  tongs,  rrucilile-^r»f/,';,  and  tiro-/'.';jf7,s. 

tongue. "  tong,  ^tonge, '  tunge,  .^.    [A.s. 

tiingc ;  eogn.  with  Dut.  tong ;  Icel.  &  Sw. 
tinifja  ;  Dan.  tunge ;  Ger.  zvnge :  O.  H.  Ger. 
zidiga ;  Goth,  iiiggo ;  O.  Lat.  dlngua  (Lat. 
Ungna,  whence  Fr.  Iniigue);  Ir.  &  Gael.  ^'«Hf/(( 
=  a  tongue,  a  language.) 
*L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

" Sende  Liznrus  that  he  niaye  dyppe  of  his  finger  in 
water,  and  cole  my  tongc:  for  I  am  tormented  iu  this 
flame."— i [(Ac  xvi.  24.    (1551.) 

2.  Regarded  as  the  instrument  of  speech. 

"Keep  a  good  tongue  in  your  \KnA.."Shaketp. : 
Tempe.^t,  iii.  2. 

3.  A  medium  of  speech,  or  of  expressing 
thoughts. 

"  The  man  to  solitude  aocustom'd  long. 
Perceivea  in  everytliing  that  lives  a  toiiffiti:" 

Cowper:  T/ie  .Veedtess  At'irin. 

4.  Speech,  discourse,  talk;  sometimes  flu- 
ency of  speech. 

"  Much  tongue  and  much  judgment  3eldi>in  ^o  toge- 
tlier  ;  for  taliciug  and  thinking  are  two  quite  different 
faculties."— L'^'s^raH^e. 

5.  Manner  of  speaking. 

(1)  With  respect  to  sound  =  voice. 

"  With  soft  low  tojiffuc." 
SJiakesp.:  Turning  of  the  Shrew,  Induct,  i. 

(2)  With  respect  to  meaning  or  expression. 

"  Mince  not  the  general  tongue" 

Sha/ie'p. .    Anton!/  i-  Cleopatra,  i.  2. 

6.  The  whole  body  of  words  used  by  a 
nation  ;  a  language. 

"  And  whanne  aumme  herden,  that  in  Ebrew  tuiigc 
he  S))ak  to  hem,  thei  gbauen  the  wore  alienee." — 
Wi/efiffe:  Dcdis  xx'n. 

'^7.  A.  nation,  as  distinguished  by  its  pecu- 
liar language. 

"I  will  gather  all  natioua  and  tongues." — Isaiah 
Ixvi.  18. 

8.  Words  or  declaration  only  ;  mere  speech 
or  talk,  as  opposed  to  thoughts  or  actions. 


*  9.  A  vote,  a  suffrage. 

"  Your  sued-foi-  tongues." 

Shtikesp.:  Conolamts.  ii.  3. 

10.  The  clapper  of  a  belK 

"The  midnight  bell. 
Did,  with  his  iron  tongue  nud  br.-izen  mouth, 
bound  un."  shahetp.  :  King  John,  iii.  3. 

11.  Something  more  or  less  resembling  the 
tongue  of  an  animal. 

(1)  The  pin  in  a  buckle  which  pierces  and 
holds  the  strap. 

(2)  Tlie  movable  arm  of  a  bevel,  the  princij'al 
member  l>eing  the  stock,  which  forms  the 
case  when  the  instrument  is  closed.     [Bevel.] 

(3)  The  pointer  of  a  balance. 

(4)  A  tapering  jet  of  flame. 

(5)  A  piece  of  leather  stitched  to  the  front 
of  a  laced  slioe  or  boot. 

(6)  A  point,  or  long  narrow  strip  uf  land 
running  into  a  sea  or  lake  ;  a  long,  low  pro- 
montory. 

II.  Technically : 
1.  Anatomy : 

(1)  Human:  A  muscular  oi-gan  in  the  mouth, 
covered  witli  mucous  membrane,  the  muscular 


structure  rendering  it  of  use  in  inasticati"h. 
dr^^'Iiititiou,  and  the  articulation  of  speech. 
win  If  the  mucous  membrane,  which  is  endowed 
with  conunon  and  tactile  sensibility,  consti- 
tutes it  the  seat  of  the  sense  of  taste.  Tlie 
tongue  occupies  the  concavity  of  the  arch  of 
the  lower  jaw  ;  its  basal  or  hinder  part  is 
connected  with  the  hyoid  bone,  wldle  beneath 
it  is  attiU'hed  by  means  of  the  genio-glossus 
muscle  to  the  lower  jaw.  The  tongue  is 
marked  along  the  middle  for  nearly  its  whole 
length  by  a  slight  furrow  called  the  raphe, 
often  terminating  behind  in  a  depiession  called 
the  foramen  ccccum,  within  wliich  mucous 
glands  open.  The  npjier  surface  of  the  tongue 
in  front  of  the  foramen  is  covered  witli  small 
eminences  called  papilla',  some  circumvallate. 
othei-s  fungiform,  and  the  rest  filiform,  the 
last  being  tlie  most  numerous.  Behind  the.se 
are  numerous  small  I'acemose  glands,  called 
lingual  glands. 

(2)  Compar. :  The  tongue  of  the  lower  mam- 
mals is  essentially  on  the  same  model ;  that  of 
most  birds  issmail.thin,  cartilaginous,  or  cased 
in  horn,  like  the  mandibles,  and  is  an  organ  of 
prehension  rather  than  of  taste,  theie  being, 
however,  some  exceptions,  as  the  Parrots, 
wldcli  have  soft  and  fleshy  tongues,  which  is 
I)erhaps  the  reason  why  they  can  imitate  the 
human  voice.  A  horny  tongue  is  a  prolonga- 
tion of  the  hyoid  bone.  The  tongue  of  the 
snakes  consists  of  two  muscular  cylinders, 
united  at  the  base,  but  free  towards  the  tips. 
Three  tyi^es  of  tongue  exist  among  the  lizards. 
In  most  of  the  order  it  is  long,  protrusible, 
and  forked  ;  in  a  .second  division  it  is  thick, 
fleshy,  and  not  protrusible,  and  in  a  third, 
containing  the  chameleons,  it  is  long,  pro- 
trusible, and  clavate  at  the  tip.  In  tishes  the 
tongue  is  often  co\ered  with  teetli,  and  is  an 
organ  of  prehension  ratlier  than  of  taste. 
There  is  a  distinct  tongue  constituted  by  tlie 
central  part  of  the  ligula  in  bees.  The 
Cephalopods  have  a  muscular  tongue,  in  part 
an  organ  of  taste,  and  in  part  developed  into  a 
lingmU  ribbon  or  odontophore.  The  Gastero- 
poda in  many  cases  have  a  tongue,  a  lingual 
ribbon,  odontophore,  or  radula. 

2.  Carpentry : 

(1)  A  (in  on  the  edge  of  a  plate  or  board, 
adapted  to  tit  into  a  groove  of  an  adjacent 
board.    Also  used  in  slidingparts  of  machinery. 

(2)  The  tapering,  projecting  end  of  a  timber, 
worked  down  to  fay  upon  an  edge,  or  scai'f  to 
another  timber. 

3.  Music:  The  vibrating,  metallic  reed  in 
instruments  like  the  harmonium,  concertina, 
&c. 

4.  Xanticul  : 

(1)  The  upper  main  piece  of  a  built  mast. 

(2)  A  rope  spliced  into  the  upper  part  of  a 
standing  back-stay. 

5.  Pathol. :  The  tongue  is  liable  to  hgemo- 
rrhage,  hypertropliy,  inflamniati(ui,  abscess, 
cancer,  &c. 

6.  Ititilway :  The  sliort  movable  rail  of  a 
switch,  by  which  the  wheels  are  directed  to 
one  or  the  other  lines  of  rail.    [SwrrcH.) 

7.  Vehicles:  The  single  shaft  or  pule  which, 
in  two-horse  vehicles,  is  attaclied  to  the  fore- 
carriage,  and  is  the  means  of  guiding  and 
drawing. 

11  (1)  Voi\fusion  nf  Tongues  : 

Script.  Hist. :  The  penalty  inflicted  on  the 
builders  of  Babel  when  God  so  confounded 
their  language  tlmt  they  could  not  understand 
each  other,  tliougli  up  to  that  time  there  had 
been  among  them  only  one  language.  The 
result  was  that  the  building  of  tlie  tower  was 
abandoned,  and  those  who  liad  been  engaged 
in  its  erection  were  dispersed  over  various 
lands  (Gen.  xi.  1-9). 

(2)  (lift  of  t07igues  : 

Then!,  d:  Church  Hist. :  A  gift  bestowed  in 
ciinnexioii  with  the  Pentecostal  descent  of  the 
Holy  Spirit.  Wlien  the  members  of  the  church 
had  assembled  with  one  accord  on  the  Jewish 
day  of  Pentecost,  suddenly  a  miglity,  rushing 
wind  entering  pervaded  the  building  in  which 
they  had  assi-mbled,  cloven  tongues  as  of  fire 
descended  on  each,  and  those  on  whom  they 
were  bestowed  began  to  speak  with  "other 
tongues,  as  the  Spirit  gave  tliem  utterance," 
—the  Parthians,  Medes,  Elamites,  and  others, 
who  i-epaired  to  the  place  when  news  of  the 
miracle  reached  them,  bearing  testimony  to  its 
reality  (Acts  ii.  1-21).  Three  explanations  of 
tliis  mysterious  gift  have  been  offered :  (1) 
That  on  the  day  of  Pentecost  the  disciples  re- 


late, fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU.  father;   we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine.  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine;   go.  pot. 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fuU;  try,  Svrian.     ».  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tongue-  tonic 


125 


oeivp'I  a  supernatnnil  ktinwlediie  of  all  sui-h 
iaii^'uauc'S  as  wrre  tifciiL-U  fur  tlieir  work  as 
fvaii-r-lists  ;  i'2)  that  the  gift  consisted  in  the 
inipressitui  produceii  on  the  hearers,  and  tliat 
tlK-  wmuIs  uUvred  by  the  disciples  in  Araiuair 
were  lieard  by  those  who  listened  as  in  their 
native  speech;  (3)  that  tlic  "tontines"  con- 
sisted of  ecstatic  bursts  of  praise  which  the 
disciples  iiiiglit  have  heard  uttered  at  pre- 
vious feasts  of  Pentecost  by  foreign  pilgrims. 
In  this  case  there  would  be  a  supernatural 
exaltiition  of  memory,  not  a  miracnhius  know- 
ledge of  words  never  lieard  before ;  and  (4) 
that  they  were  cries  of  ecstatii;  devotion  of 
no  definite  significance  except  to  those  wlio 
uttered  them. 

(3)  To  have  on  (or  at)  the  tip  (or  end)  of 
the  toiifjxie  :  To  be  on  the  ]ioint  of  uttering  or 
telling.    (Ric?utnlso)i :  Pamela,  \.  20b.) 

(4)  To  give  tongue :  To  bark  as  hounds  after 
the  animal  pursued. 

{:»)  To  hold  one's  toiigne:  To  keep  silence. 

•  ((})  To  keep  oJie's  tongue :  To  keep  silence. 

*  (7)  To  icag  one's  tongite:  To  speak  out  of 
sensnn. 

ton  gue- 
and -  groove 
joint.  ^. 

Corp.  :  Amode 
of  joining  wood- 
en stuff  in  which 
along  tin  on  the 
edge  of  one 
board  is  made 
to  tit  into  a 
corresponding 
groove  on  the 
edge  of  the  tongle-anl. 
other  board. 

A  scold.     {Tenny- 


A  flood  of  talk. 
,  404,) 


stiff  mouth,   to 


tongue  -  l>anger,  ^. 

son:  yortheni  i.vbbkr.) 

*  tongue-battery,  s 

{ililti'ii  :  ^a»(,so?i.  Aijonistes 

tongue-bit.  s. 

Mawge :  A  bit  having 
which  is  attached  a  plate  or  shield  so  placed 
as  to  prevent  the  horse  getting  his  tongue  over 
the  niouth-i'iece. 

t  tongue -bleeder,  5. 

liof.  :  i-iiliuin  Apariiie.  So  called  because 
its  stitr  bristles  lacerate  the  tongue  if  drawn 
across  it. 

tongue -chains.  5.  pi.  Tlie  chains  by 
which  the  fore-end  of  the  tongue  is  supported 
from  the  hames  of  the  wheel-horses.  They 
may  be  distended  by  the  spreader-stick. 

tongue -compressor,   s.     A  clamp  for 

h'il,iiii;4  dnwiy  The  Tnngue  during  dental  opera- 
ti'-iis  on  the  h'Wei-  jaw. 

tongue-depressor,  s. 

Surg.  :  An  instrument  which  has  a  socket 
to  gobeneath  the  lower  jaw  and  form  a  ful- 
cruni  for  the  pivoted  spatula  which  rests 
uptin  and  holds  down  the  tongue  during  oral, 
laryngeal,  and  eesophageal  examinations  and 
operations.     A  ton-ue-spatula. 

*  tongue-doughty,  a.  Boasting,  brag- 
ging.    {Milton:  Samson,  Agon istes,  1,180.) 

*  tongue-fence,  *'.  Debate,  discussion, 
arguuieut.    {Ciu-lyk  :  Life  of  Sterling^  vh.  v.) 

tongue -grafting,  g. 

llort.  :  A  mode  of  grafting  by  inserting  tlie 
end  vi  a  scion  in  a  particular  manner. 

*  tongue-man.  s.    A  speaker. 

"  I  am  ii'i  tongue-man.'— Ilitt.  Edward  II.,  p.  56. 

*  tongue-pad.  ;>■.  A  great  talker,  a  chat- 
terer. 

■*  She  wlio  was  .i  celebrated  wit  at  London,  Is.  in  that 
dull  jiart  uf  ttif  wurlJ.  called  a  t<juguv-pad."—'FatUr. 

tongue-shaped,  a. 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  Shaped  like  a  tongue. 

II.  TechnicaUy : 

1.  Anthrop.  :  A  term  introduced  to  denote  a 
class  of  pointed  flint  implements  which  bear 
a  general  resemblanee  in  shape  to  a  tongue. 

"  I  would  rather  follow  the  nomenclature  of  the 
French  quarrynien,  who  have  given  the  name  Uingues 
de  fhoi  to  tliese  imi>Iement6  ;  and  term  them  tongue- 
shaped."— Eeitiis :  Ancient  .SVorw-  Im/iletneiilg.  p.  564, 

2.  Dot. :  Long,  fleshy,  plano-convex,  obtuse, 
as  the  leaf  of  Semperviimm  tectorum  or  of 
some  aloes. 


*  tongue-shot, 


The    reach    of   the 


tongue;  the  distance  to  which  the  sound  of 
wt)rds  uttered  by  tlie  t<mgue  can  reach  ;  ear- 
shot. 


tongue  -  spatula,    s.       The    same   as 

TuNt.rt-L'El'UnssoK  ('IV.). 

tongue-support,  s.  A  device  nu  till' 
tongiie-houulsofa  waggon  to  keeji  the  forward 
fiid  ol  the  tongue  elevated  and  prevent  its 
weight  bearing  on  the  necks  of  the  horses. 

*  tongue- tacked,  a.  Tongue-tied  Oi.v.). 
tongue-test.  ••. 

1.  I-:U'it.  :  A  familiar  test  consisting  in  the 
application  of  a  wire  to  the  t")ngue,  which 
gives  a  sensation,  sharp  or  otherwise,  accord- 
ing to  the  condition  of  the  line. 

2.  Eng. :  A  test  of  pyroligneous  or  nitric 
acid,  used  in  tleterminiug  the  strength  of  an 
etching  solution. 

tongue-tie,  s. 

Pathol.  :  A  common  congenital  defect  in 
children,  in  which  the  anterior  part  of  the 
tongue  is  attached  to  the  floor  of  the  mouth 
by  a  muco-fibrrnis  band  (the/r-FHitm  lingua-). 
It  is  easily  remedied  by  dividing  the  band. 

"A  too-high  |>.-ilate.  tongit^-tie.  &c..  each  tends  to 
cause  its  own  special  articulatory  defect.*'— /^oiwr. 
Fiftil,  A  Rristoice:  Management  of  the  Eye,  Ear,  and 
T'iroiit.  p.  i33. 

'  tongue-tie.  ^Kt.  To  deprive  of  speech  or 
the  powiTofspeech,  or  of  distinct  articulation. 

"That  extreme  modesty  and  hashfulness  which  nr- 
iliiinrily  tongue-ties  iib  all  in  good  company." — Good- 
man  :   fVinler  Evening  Conference,  pt.  i. 

tongue-tied.  *  tongue-tacked,  a. 

1.  Lit.  <fc  Pathol. :  Having  the  anterinr  jiart 
of  the  tongue  attached  to  the  floor  of  the 
moutli  by  the  free nuni  lingutr. 

"  If  an  infant  cannot  suck,  it  must  not  he  forgotten 
that  the  reason  nmy  l>e  that  it  is  tongue-tied."— But- 
lin  :  Diteaset  of  the  Tongue,  p.  22, 

2.  Fig. :  Unable  to  speak  freely  from  any 
cause  ;  silenced.    (Shakesp. :  Sonnet,  OG.) 

*  tongue-valiant,  a.  Valiant  or  bold  in 
speech  vi  w  ords  i.nily  ;  brave  in  words,  not  in 

action, 

tongue-worm,  s. 

Z<x>l. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Penta- 
stoma  (t  Linguatula).  They  are  found  in  the 
frontal  sinuses,  lungs,  and  viscera  of  some 
mammals,  and  ill  the  lungs  of  some  birds  and 
reptiles. 

tongue,  v.t.  &  i.    [Tongue,  s.] 

A.  T rails itivc : 

'  I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  .speak  :  to  utter. 

"Such  stuflf  as  madmen  tongui\" 

atuikesp. :  CymbeUne,  v,  i. 

2.  To  scold,  to  chide. 

3.  To  brand,  to  denounce  publicly. 

"  But  that  her  tenJer  shame 
Will  not  proclaim  againr^t  her  maiden  loss, 
Huw  mitfht  she  tongue  me  t" 

Shaketp. :  Measure  for  Measure,  iv.  i. 

XL  Technically : 

1.  Carp.  ;  To  connect,  as  boards,  by  means 
of  a  tongue  and  groove.  ' 

2.  Music  :  To  modify,  as  tones  or  sounds 
with  the  tongue,  in  playing,  as  in  the  flute 
and  some  other  wind  iustruments. 

B.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  talk,  to  prate. 

"  Let  his  clack  be  set  a-goinp.  .%ijd  he  shall  tongue  it 
as  imvietuoiialy  i\s  the  arraiitest  hero  of  the  play." — 
iPryden  :  Oroiinds  of  Criticism. 

2.  Music  :  To  use  the  tongue  for  the  purpose 
of  modifying  sounds  in  playing  the  flute  and 
some    other    wind    instruments.      [Double- 

TONQUING.] 

tongued,  a.  [Eng. /0)igu<e),  s. ;  -ed.]  Having 
a  tongue.  (Usually  in  composition,  or  (luali- 
lied  by  an  epithet.) 

"Fame  was  a  liar,  too  long  and  loud  tongued." 

Bcaum.  A  Flet. :  Loyal  Subject.  It.  3. 

tongued  -  chisel.  ''.  A  boring-chisel 
which  has  a  b'lig,  downwardly  projecting 
blade,  and  shoulders  which  form  reamers. 

tongue-less.    * tongue-lesse,  a.     [Eng. 

tongiu- ;  -less.] 
1.  Having  no  tongue  ;  destitute  of  a  tongue. 

*  2.  Speechless. 

"  Which  bluofl.  like  sacrificing  Abel's,  tries, 
Even  from  the  tonguel'-ss  caverns  of  the  earth," 
ahakcsfi. :  lUrhard  II..  i.  I. 


•  3.  Unnamed  ;  unspoken  of. 

"  One  (jimhI  tlced   dyliijf  Vrngurlet*. 
SUugbU>nii  thouaaiid,  wmtliig  u|k>ii  that. ' 

aiiaketp, :   Winter  t  Tad;  1. 1 

*  tongue -let,  s.    [Eng.  tongue:  diniin.  suff. 

■tft.)    A  little  tongue  ;  a  little  tongue-shajted 
process. 

*  tongue' -sore.  .•<'.      (Eng.  tongur,    and   sore] 

An  e\  11  tongue  ;  wicked  speech,  ill-speaking. 

"  ImpntiuK  hlH  timguMore,  not  unto  mftllciounneu, 
hut  iiiilo  the  .lerault  of  right  kuowledc*.*'— fUai  : 
Aff-'ph    t:f  Eraamui. 

t tohgue'-Ster,  s.  [Eng.  tongue;  sulf.  -ster.] 
A  talkative  jierson  ;  a  chatterer. 

•"riie  tonguesfi^rt  of  the  court  " 

3enny$t/n:  Last  Tournament. 

*t6hg'-uey,  't6ng'-U3^,  a.  (Eng.  tongue; 
•  y.]  Voluble  or  fliu-iit  in  speech;  loquacious, 
garrulous,    {ll'ydijc:  Ecclws.  viii.  4.) 

tdn'-ic,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  tonicus,  from  Gi'.  Tortico? 
(tonikos)  =  relating  to  stretching  ;  toi-o?  (tonos) 
=  a  thing  stretched;  Fr.  tonique;  Sp.  i:  Ital. 
tiittico.]     [Tone,  s.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  I.  Onlinarii  lAinguage  : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  tones  or  sounds. 

"To  the  iudicions  perfurmancr  upon  this  8ol<:mn  In- 
strument (the  organ]  my  ohservati'-iiB  now  naturally 
recur.  In  pi.int  of  t>niic  power,  1  presume  it  will  l»e 
allowed  preferable  to  all  others."— .1/<iJo»  ,*  On  Church 
Mustek. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  tension  ;  increasing 
tension. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Musk:  Pertaining  to,  or  founded  on  the 
key-note  or  tonic  :  as,  the  tonic  chord  (the 
notes  c,  E,  and  o  sounded  simultaneously). 

2.  Pharm. :  Increasing  the  ti>ne,  health,  and 
stiength  of  the  body  or  of  its  oigans ;  cor- 
roborative, bracing. 

B,  As  substantive : 

1.  Music  : 

(1)  The  key-note  of  any  scale  ;  the  ground- 
tone  or  basis  of  a  scale  or  key. 

(2)  Tlie  key-chord  in  which  a  piece  is 
written  and  with  which  it  concludes. 

2.  I'harm.  (PI.):  Medicines  which  increase 
the  tone  of  any  i)art  of  the  bodily  frame.  Gar- 
rod  enumerates  four  classes  of  them  : 

(U  Elootl  Tonics,  called  also  Analeptic  Tonics  or 
Blood  Reatoratives,  as  various  s&lla  of  iron,  cod-liver 
oil,  \'c. 

(21  Nervine  Tonics,  as  nitrate  of  silver,  oxide  of 
silver,  sulphate  uf  zinc,  salts  of  iron,  strychnia,  &c. 

j3)  Stomachic  Tonics,  as  calumba,  geutiaii,  quawia, 
hups,  sulphate  of  quinine.  &c. 

141  V^ascular  Tonics,  called  also  Vascular  Stimulants, 
as  various  salts  of  amuioDia,  oil  of  turpentine,  cam- 
phor, &c. 

tonic  sol-fa,  s. 

Music:  A  system  of  musical  notation  by 
which  the  staff,  clefs,  key-signatures,  and 
time-signatures  of  music  are  dispensed  with, 
and  the  sounds  are  represented  by  initial 
solfeggio-letters,  placed  between  upright  bars, 
subdi  vided  as  required  for  the  various  rliythms. 
In  modern  music  there  is  but  one  diatonic 
scale,  and  "  key  "  may  be  defined  as  the  posi- 
tion of  a  scale,  and  "modulatiou"  as  tlie 
shitting  of  a  scale  in  pitch.  Many  attempts 
have  been  made  from  time  to  time  since  the 
seventeenth  century  to  provide  singei-s  witli  a 
notation  by  means  of  which  the  diatonic  scale 
could  mauler  one  form  be  iised  for  all  keys. 
Miss  Glover,  of  Norwich,  suggested  the  use  of 
a  movable  doh,  and  the  representation  of  the 
sounds  by  initial  letters.  The  value  of  the 
idea  was  at  once  seen  by  tlie  late  John  Curwen, 
who  devoted  liis  life  to  the  development  and 
jiropagation  of  the  system  and  method  of 
teaching  it.  The  scale  stands  thus  (te  repre- 
senting the  Italian  si) : 

d  r  PI  f  8  1  t  d',  &c. 
By  writing  at  the  head.  Key  c.  Key  cZ, 
Key  Dt),  &c.,  the  singer  finds  a  true  repre- 
sentation of  the  scale  in  any  key.  For  example, 
the  tune  "God  save  the  King  "  may  be  writ- 
ten in  fifteen  different  keys  (each  with  a 
different  signature)  on  the  stiift',  whereas  it 
can  only  be  written  one  way  in  tonic  sol-fa, 
the  direction  for  key  being  simply  written 
above  and  altered  when  required  : 

ddrtidrn  mfpird,&c. 
As  modulations  occur,  one  note  of  the  old 
.scale  is  linked  to  a  note  of  the  new  scale, 
thus  forming  a  "  bridge"— e.g.,  to  modulate 
from  key  c  into  key  c,  the  s  of  the  old  key 
becomes  the  d  of  the  new ;  from  key  c  into 
key  F,  the  f  of  the  old  beeoines  the  d  of  the 


boil,  hoy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  hench;  ; 
-ciau,  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  = 


fo,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  £ 
--  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -hie,  -die,  a:c.  =  bel,  del. 


U6 


tonical— tonsure 


new.  niul  no  on.  Tht'  minor  j*calf  starts  from 
Ihf  note  liih.  TJn'  limi-iiuMtiori  o(  Uk-  tmiii* 
«nl.f»  pM-K  l^ick  aUo  to  lirst  piintiiilrs-f.f?., 
T>v  UiviUin;:  tUv  upriRlil  twrs  by  a  colon 
thus  I  :  I  ,  any  duple  thin-  is  rt'pn'SiiitPti. 
friHii  two  st'inittivvos  in  a  liar  to  two  dfini- 
sciiiiqiiaviTs.  SJiiiiliirly,  (  :  :  |  is  all  that 
It  rri|Uin-<l  r-ir  the  triptf  titiirs,  |  :  t  :  1 
for  the  quailruph'  tinit-K,  ami  j*»»  on.  It  will 
!-•  nt  ouvo  s<'en  that  the  "  up  ami  down  "  of 
pitrh  i*  not  n-prcwnted  to  the  cy*'  a>»  on  the 
Btatl  :  but.  on  the  other  haml,  thr  tonic  sol-fu 
•.ijint  display  tjif  ivlationiijup  of  I'vcry  nott 
to  tht'  %ca\v  frcHii  which  it  in  takrn  ;  tliix  is 
hot  iirccA'tarily  rxprfssfd  on  thi-  slatr.  Tin; 
vftliu-  of  ti'nir  -Hol-lii  as  a  lasi?*  of  musical  t-du- 
ivilutii  I*  ni'W  pnerally  acknowK'di^c*!. 

tonic  SOl-falst,  ^  One  who  tcachps  or 
wito  U-iin-j  music  on  the  t<inic  .sol-fa  .•*y.stoin  : 
nm-  who  advocates  the  tonic  sol-fa  system  of 
ttacliin^  niu^ic. 

tonlc-spaam,  -'. 

/V(f/t.>/. ;  A  rtnivulsi-in  in  which  the  ninscu- 
I  ir  ciiirnrtjons  an-  lartial.  of  considerable 
duration,  and  without  unconsciousm'ss,  the 
atTected  niuseles  thfUiscUcs  being  hard. 

•  ton'-lc-al,  ".     (Kng.  toiiir:  -nl.]     Tonic. 

■One  kiiiil  yf  tHotimi  rfUttitK  unto  th:»t  wliifh 
l>l>\atli4Ui«  ilo  UAiiir  «\t«ii9lt«  or  tuniotf.  —itruwiu  : 
I  ,i/y.rr  /■:rrv»i-s,  Uk.  iii..  ch.  I. 

to-ni9'-i-tj^,  s.    I  En-.  to,i  ir :  -itn. ) 

I'hi/iinl.  :  That  i)roperty  of  the  muscles  by 
wliieh  they  preserve  a  eeVlain  decree  of  Hrni- 
Uf^s  and  slight  cnnti-aution,  best  seen  in  the 
.-fphiucters.  Tonicity  appears  to  be  inider  the 
iulluence  of  the  nervous  system,  since  it  is 
lost  AS  soon  as  the  nerve  distributed  tu  a 
mnself  is  ilivided,  the  muscle  inniiediately 
lecoiiiin'.;  flaccid  and  relaxed. 

ton'-ing.  --■.     [Eni:.  ton(e);  -tug.] 

I'Jtato'j. :  Tlie  treatment  -of  a  p^»sltive 
plinto-^rapliic  print  with  a  weak  solution  of 
pild,  ill  conjunction  with  other  modil'yiui^ 
cliemical  salts,  by  which  the  wholr  or  a 
portion  of  the  deposit  of  metallic  sllvi-r  is  n-- 
plrtced  by  metallic  j:old  in  tine  division.  Tlie 
•■ffect  i.-.  to  give  permanency  to  the  print, 
?tubtluint:  and  modifying;  the  dlsa-.-rt-eable 
i-olour,  .lud  substituting  various  shades  of 
piirplf,  black,  blue,  brown,  and  i;ray. 

'  tdn'-i8li«  •  ton'-niah,  a.    [Kng.  ^"t  (i) ; 
•  (.'A.)    In  the  ton  ;  fashionable. 

"\  pretty.  l:iiiFUi.I.  fonntih  yoati-'  iivaii."— .l/(^.^ 
n.Xrblao:  Dlarn,  i.'liO. 

•  ton' - ish - ness*   >~.     [Em;,    tonisk;    -wi.] 

Kiishion.     (.UcJ.  D'ArhUnj :  Diary,  i.  :J30.) 

ton'-ite,  «.    |Eng.  (;7'f*f-roO'on  :  -i/aI 

Cbnn.  :  An  explosive,  ortLTinally  called 
Cotton-powder  (said  to  have  been  invented  by 
a  Mr.  Alackie),  and  manufactured  at  Faver- 
f.ham  in  the  year  1^7:1.  It  consisted  of  a 
niixtiire  of  guu-eotton  and  barium  nitrate  in 
alwmt  equal  proportions.**  Its  explosive  force 
irt  .somewhat  less  than  that  of  citlicr  gun- 
cnttuu  or  dynamite. 

■  ton'  i-trant,  ".     (I-at.  ionitnn^—  tlumder.l 
Ihiiiidennu.  i.Vlthr.  Ynir Round, x.,^(u.  1S71.) 

ton -i-tro6a,   o.     iLat.  ?0Hi7rif.s:=  thunder.] 
ThmKli-riML-.     (7".  Brown:  Works,  iii.  14-J.) 

•  ton-it -rU-atC,  '■-     (I^ow  Lat.  }u<ntrnQ=  to 

thniKb-r]     To  thuii'lt-r.     {Vent,  hid.) 

ton-ka,  ton-ga,  ton' -go,  tSn'-qnin.  s-. 

[From'  the  Guiaiian  name  of  the  tit-e.}    (^^ee 
L'ompuiind.) 

tonka-bean,  »\ 

/;"'.,  <!■■. ;  Dipteiix  Ofhrata,  called  also  Con- 
vuitouitfi  odorata.  It  is  a  tree  frotn  Guiana, 
luuch  branched  at  the  top,  with  large,  alter- 
iiatr,  pinnate  leaves,  raeeines  of  flowers,  and 
almuiid-like  legumes.  The  kernels  are  very 
fragrant,  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
isnull,  and  are  put  into  chests  to  connnunicatc 
a  pleasant  odour  to  the  clothes  and  to  drive 
away  insects.  They  are  sold  in  Enj^land  under 
the  corrupted  name  of  Tonquin-bcaiis,  as  ii 
they  came  from  Tompiiu. 

Tonka-bean  tcood : 

Bol. :  Alyxia  buxifoUa. 

ton'-nage,  ?.    [Ens-  ton  (2) ;  -nj-s.J 

1.  Tlie  weight  of  goods  carried  in  a  boat  or 
.lop. 

3.  Naut.:  The  carrying  capacity  of  a  vessel. 


It  is  actually  equivalent  to  the  difference 
Wtween  the  wei;;ht  of  the  water  displaced  by 
the  vessel  when  light,  and  that  displaced  by 
her  when  loadeil  to  the  greatest  safe  depth  of 
immersion.  liifTerent  rules  for  calculating 
the  tonnage  have  been  legally  established  it. 
diflVi-eiit  countries,  .some  of  which  have 
fre<pieutly  given  results  varying  widely  froiu 
the  tnu*  ami>uut  which  might  be  safely 
carried.  In  deep,  full-built  ships  the  actual 
capacity  was  always  largely  in  excess  of  the 
governmeiit-rcgisteretl  .tonnage.  The  ton 
mea.sureiiient  upon  which  freight  is  charged 
is  calculated  at  4ft  cubic  feet ;  the  dilferenee 
K'lweeii  that  and  the  ton  of  100  cubic  feet,  or 
that  of  the  register,  represents  the  deail 
weight  or  displacement  of  the  ship  when 
light,  or  00  per  cent,  of  the  whole,  40  per 
cent,  onlv  l)eing  available  rtotative  power  for 
cargo.  By  the  old  law  it  was  provided  that 
from  the  extreme  length  of  the  vesselthere 
should  be  deducted  three-fifths  of  the  breadth  ; 
the  remainder  was  multiplied  by  the  breadth, 
and  the  pro<luct  by  the  depth,  which,  in  the 
ease  of  a  double  decked  vessel,  was  arbiti-arily 
assumed  as  being  equal  to  one-half  the 
breadth  ;  the  latter  product  was  then  divided 
by  {i.b,  ami  the  (piotieiit  was  taken  as  the 
legal  tonnage  on  w  Iiich  tonnage  dues  were  to 
be  paiil.  It  was  thus  made  the  interest  of 
owners  to  build  excessively  deep  ships,  the 
1.1W  in  tills  way  diseriminating  in  favour  of 
clumsy,  -slow,  and  iiiftticieiit  ships,  and  dis- 
couraging attempts  at  improvements  in 
model.  Under  tlie  Merchant  Shipping  Act 
of  1S54  vessels  arc,  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining their  tonnnge,  divided  as  follows  ;  Not 
exceeding  .'iO  ft.  in  length  into  4  parts ; 
I'Juft.  iiiioli  t»aiis;  ISO  ft.  into  S  parts  ;  ti-J5ft. 
into  10  jiarts,  and  over  22o  ft.  into  12  parts. 
In  steam -vessels  the  length,  breadth,  and 
height  of  the  engine-room  are  multiplied 
together,  the  jiroduct  divided  by  ^100,  and  the 
result  deducted  from  the  gross  tonnage.  The 
space  ocenpied  by  a  i)ropener-sliaft  is  con- 
sidered as  a  I'art  of  the  engine-room,  'i'lie 
actual  depths  U'tween  decks  are  measured 
and  taken  as  factors,  and  any  closed-in  space 
on  or  above  the  u]ij>er  deck,  and  capable  of 
receiving  cargo,  Ac,  is  included  in  the 
measurement.  The  dimensions  are  all  taken 
in  feet  and  decimals  of  a  foot,  andthenundier 
ICO  is  used  as  the  final  division  for  ascertain- 
ing the  capacity  of  the  ship  in  tons. 

•I  To'inagc  o,id  I'utmda/jc  :  [Tcxnacc,  "^l. 

tonne,  ■«.  [Fr.,  a  nautical  term  =  a  weight 
of  a  thousand  kilogrammes.]  A  measure  of 
weiglit  or  of  force  on  tlic  C.G.S.  system  of 
unit.s.     IC.  G.  S.) 

f[  In  measuring  work,  a  tonne-metie  is  = 
9'Sl  X  10i«  ergs  nearly.    (Ibid,) 

ton'-ner,  s.  [Eng.  ton  (3)  ;  -cr.]  A  vessel  of 
a  certain  tonnage.    (Used  in  composition.) 

"Tlie  nllowaiice  between  jin  6i)-toniicr  aiitl  .■»  40- 
tonmi:  —Field,  Ajtlil  4.  1835, 

'  ton-nish,  ".    ITomsh.] 

*  ton'-nish-ness,  .--.  (Eng.  tonnisJi ;  -ness.] 
The  quabty  or  s-tate  of  being  in  the  ton  tu- 
prevailing  fashion  ;  fasbionableness. 

to-nom'-e-ter,  .•;,  [Gr.  tocos  (touos)  =  a  tone, 
;iiid  utTpoi- (iiictroH)  =  a  measure.]  Aninstru- 
iin-rit,  invented  in  1S34  by  Scheibler  and  im- 
proved y)y  Konig,  for  determining  the  exact 
number  of  vibrations  per  second  which  pro- 
duce a  given  tone,  and  fur  tuning  musical 
instiuiiiciits. 

to-nom-e-try,  s.  [Eng.  tonomei(er):  -r/i.] 
The  act  ot  mca.snring  vibrations  of  tunes  by 
means  of  a  tonometer. 

*'  3'onomctrsf  wrs  flrat  placed  on  a  scieiitiHo  Iwisis  in 
a  biuUy  \vritt«ii.  but  eJitremely  viilUAlile,  httle  imiu- 
Vtilet  uf  g<i  iint(e»  Hiiii  4  litliuzniphic  ptntea,  ixiblisht-^l 
at  Easeti.  18:M.:iijd  tutitleU  "The  PhysKHlHiid  ."ilu-su^d 
Toiluliietei '(/■oJNiir^';.-*).  which  i>ruVrH*by  thi-  [xinlu 
liitu.  viaihle  lu  the  eye,  the  absolute  \ibritiiJii>  ot 
tones,  :iinl  of  the  |ii-iiicii>Jil  f^euem  o£  coiiibiii:iti(.iiial 
tones,  .11  well  JUi  the  most  tietiuite  exnctiiesa  of  e<iu;ill> 
temiiered  ;»iid  iiiHtheinxticnl  cburds,  iuventeil  iiiiil 
executeil  b\  Heiiirich  SeLeibler.  silk-ware  iii.uiul'rtc- 
turer  iii  I'lefeld."— /!.  J.  t'tlU.  iu  ACttertaurn,  Dee.  -2, 
IS76.  p.  ::;i. 

'^ton'-OUS, '(.  (Eng.  tonie).  s.  ;  -ous.]  Full  of 
tone  or  s.miid  ;  sonorous. 

Ton'-quin  (qu  as  k),  s.    [See  def.  1.] 

1.  'icofi. :  Tlie  most  northerly  id'oviiicc  of 
Anam,  iu  the  Eastern  Peninsula. 

2.  Hot. :  A  corruption  of  Tunka  (q.v.). 

Tonquin-bean,  s.    [Toxk.^-bea>-.| 


'? 


SEfTlOX  OF   MOUTH,    SHOW- 

INC.  TONSILS. 

tj.  Toiiaiie:  r.  t.  Toiiaila;  v  p. 

Velum  iMbtti. 


tdtt'-sil,  ^.  [Fr.  ton^iffr,  from  Lat. /(>a.Ni7/((  = 
a  sharp.pointed  pole  which  was  stuck  in  tln^ 
ground  to  fasten  vessels  to  the  -shore,  and 
(pi.)  tnii-iilln;  =  the  tonsils  of  the  throat ;  adj. 
tnnsili^  =  that  may  Iw  shorn  or  clipped,  from 
tonsiiui,  sup.  of  tondeo  —  to  shear,  to  clip,  to 
shave.]  y„ 

A  not.    (/v.).-  / 

Two  glands,  one 
on  each  side  of 
the  jKilate  1h'- 
tween  its  pil- 
lars. They  con- 
.sist  of  a  niimlMT 
of  deep  nnictiiis 
fidliclesor  cjyp- 
t.'e,  surrounded 
by  and  depo.si- 
ted  in  cellular 
tissue  arranged 
in  a  somewhat 
circular  form. 
They  are  some- 
times cal led 
Amygdaliv.  [Ai- 
MOND.]  The  cliief  diseases  \sliich  affect  the 
tonsils  are  lullammation  (Ti»nsi litis]  and 
hypertrophy  of  their  substance,  or  the  morbiil 
iutlueiiee  m.iy  be  specially  concentrated  on  the 
follicles  alone. 

ton'-sil-ar.ton'-ail-l^r.c.  (Eng.  tonsil ;-ar.] 
Id  (ii  pel  taming  to  the  tuiisil.>) ;  tonsllitic. 

tonsllar-artery,  p. 

Aiiat.  :  A  branch  of  the  facial  artery  ascend- 
ing along  tlie  .side  of  the  ]jharynx,  and  lei  - 
iiiinating  upon  the  tonsil  and  tlic  side  of  the 
tongue  near  its  root. 

ton'-sUe,  f.  [Lat.  ^o««*7is  =  that  may  bf 
.shoiii  or  clippetl.]  [To.'C^siL.]  Capable  or  lit- 
for  being  clipped. 

"  Tlie  toiiiilc  I»w\."  Masou  :  Engtith  Garden,  i. 

ton-s!l-it'~ic,  ton-sil-Iit'-ic,  n.    [Eng. 

tonsil ;  -/'('■.)  ( »t  or  pertniiiin;,'  to  the  tonsils  : 
as,  the  toiisilltic  branches  of  the  glossoi>l.a- 
ryngeal  ner\'e. 

ton-sil'i'-tis,  5.  [Eng.  toiifiil ;  suff.  -*V(>-.] 
Pftthol. :  Inflammation  of  one  or  Ixdh  of  tin- 
tonsils,  generally  extending  also  to  the  i>nlat*? 
and  uvula.  It  brings  with  it  dryness,  pain, 
and  heitt  of  the  throat,  with  llifheulty  of 
swallowing,  and  often  ends  in  abscesses,  ^ino 
at  least  vi  which  suppurates.  It  is  aconniiiJii 
disease  in  moist  variable  weather.     [Qui.xsv.J 

tdn-sil'-d-tdme,  .<^.    [Eng.  fon6t/,andGr.  TOfjnj 
(((nji(")  =  a  cutting.] 
Sin-fj. :  A  knife  fur  operations  on  the  tonsils. 

*t6n'-SOr,  s.  [Lat.]  A  barlier;  one  who 
shaves. 

■•  fJo  with  the  touxar.  P;it.  and  tiy 
Tu  :ud  his  hand  and  guide  liin  vye.~ 

C'uuibe:  l)r,  SffHritx.  ii.  C. 

•  ton-sbr'-i-al,  n.  [Jjii.  tonsori/ns,  from  tonsor 
=  a  barber.]*  Pertaiuiug  to  a  barber  or  his 
art. 

"Tlie  fo»,Mr(,i' cpei-atinii  H  liappily  not  performed 
on  the  y!;ise.'  — '^'fi».  Sept.  liC,  ISSi. 

ton'-snre  (a  as  sh),  5.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  ton- 
siiro  =  a  shearing,  clipping,  or  pruning,  from 
tonsus,  pa.  pnr.  of  toiideo=to  sheai',  to  clip 
to  slia\'e.J 
I.  Oidimirii  L'.ingHdfjc : 

1.  The  act  of  clipping  orBhaviiig. 

r  "  They  were  forhidden  tf  use  a  |K«tieiilar  tnusuye  of 
the  hrur:  Iwcause  n  nei£hlK(ai'iti;j;  nntion  iiaeil  it  in 
liunuur  of  n  dead  prince  whi-m  they  wei-shl^'ped.  -Bft. 
J/onlci/ :  Sermons,  vol,  ii  L,  p<-r. :::;. 

2.  The  state  of  being  clipped  or  sliaved. 
IL  iLcdes.  £  Utnrch  Uist^i-o  : 

1.  The  sliaving  of  the  crown  in  a  circie. 
which  is  a  distinguishing  mark  of  clerics  in 
the  Roman  Church.  Most  of  the  mendicant 
and  cloistered  orders  allow  only  a  naiTow 
strip  of  hair  to  grow  round  the  head,  all  above 
and  below  being  shaved ;  the  tonsure  of 
secular  clerics  is  small.  Tiie  tonsure  is  a 
necessary  preliminary  to  entering  the  clerical 
state,  whether  secular  or  religious;  in  the 
former  case  it  is  conferred  by  the,  bisliojj  of 
the  diocese,  in  the  latter  by  the  head  of  the 
religious  house,  if  a  raitred  ablK>t.  It  invests 
the  receiver  with  all  the  privileges  of  a  cleric, 
and  furnishes  a  means  to  distingtush  the 
higher  from  the  lower  clergy,  as  the  extent  of 
tonsure  increases  with  the  rank  till  the  priest- 
hood i.s  reached.  Writers  of  the  seventh  and 
eighth  centuries  distinguish   three  kinds  of 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  f^,  fother;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine.  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore.  woU;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  ^  kw. 


tonsure -toot 


127 


t.'ii-iure  :  (1)  Tlie  R(>ni;in,  or  SI.  IVti^r's.  in 
wliich  nnly  a  circlr  cf  Jiitir  was  h-ft,  cnimiinii 
ill  FraiK-e  and  Si'iiin  ;  (•_•)  St.  Paul's,  wliicli 
was  eiitirr,  usual  in  tlie  Easti-rn  ClitLich ; 
anil  (3)  the  Ct-'ltic,  cr  St.  John's,  adopl-il  by 
t]u*  liiitisli  and  Irish  Churches,  in  which  the 
held  was  shaved  in  front  uf  a  line  drawn  from 
f.ir  to  ear.  A  vioh'tit  controvt'isy  arose  in  the 
S''\i'nth  reiittny  as  to  the  conipiirativR  nu-rits 
nf  tlie  O-ltie  and  Roman  tonsures,  but  \v;is 
r\rii)u;dly  decided  in  favour  of  the  latter, 
tlioM^h  its  intruiluction  nearly  led  to  a  schism. 
'i.  Tlie  art  iif  admission  to  the  rlerieal  state. 
At  first  it  was  never  };\von  without  some 
Hiinor  oitler  being  I'oufriTpd  at  the  same  time, 
but  this  practice  ceased  ilj^^be  seventh  century. 

"Even  after  tlie  tonaiirr.  \\:\s  introiluceil,  it  w.is 
ii^vi?i-Kiv«iWM'"''»t*'y.  '"'t  alwaj-s  with  the  unltT  uf 
r.:ult:v.'-AifiUt  .1-  Arimld  :  Cattl.  Diet.,  i:  TM. 

ton-sure  (s  as  sli)»  v.f.  &  (.    IToN.sruK,  >.] 

A.  Trims.:  Tk  eonftr  the  tonsure   on;   t'> 
adioitto  the  chriral  stale. 

"  A(hilt9  ^iiiKioua  ti>  1'e  free  from  the  sepiilnr  roint^*, 
A<".,  wt-re  tntisttrfd  uitlioiit  any  ordiliatiyii. " — AtUHs  i 
Arnold:  Ctilh.  Diet.,  y.  Tl'S. 

B.  Iniraiis.  :  To  confer  the  tcnsure  ;    to 
admit  a  person  to  the  clerical  state. 

■■  It  wiisniily  griwliiallv  tli:it  tlie  riplit  to  foudo-cwc* 
limited  tii  bi&bu)«.  alitiuts.  A.-     TiU  llie  teiitli  century 


iv.w  jriveii   l>y  3iiii|>le  iiriesf;,  or  even  ny  layiufi 
e  iuiutlier."— .4rfrfis  A  Arnntd :  Ciil/i.  fUct.,  p.  ;;is, 


to 


ton'-Snred  (S  as  Sh),  c.    [Kng.  to,)sur(r);  -ed.) 
t.  I[;ning  received   the  tonsure;   sliavrn; 

heiice,  ilerical. 

•  2.  Ha\  ing  a  Uild  spot  on  the  head  liUe  a 
ti'ii^uie.     (Teinitisvii :  Urook,  20{).) 

ton  tine'.  ;,  &  c    [Fr.    (See  dcf.)] 

A.  As  subsf.:  A  speeioa  of  annuity  devised 
by  an  It^dian  named  Lorenzo  Tonti.  Tbry 
were  adopted  in  the  lirst  place  by.  govein- 
mentsas  a  means  of  raisin*:  a  loan.  In  return 
for  a  suni  puAd  down  the  government  cngagLtl 
to  fjrant  annuities  to  a  certain  number  of 
persons.  When  one  died,  his  share  was 
divided  amonj:  all  the  survivors,  and  this 
pKiccss  went  on  till  only  one  was  left,  and 
lie  riiji.yed  the  benetit  of  all  the  aniiuitifs 
liiiusi-If,  until  his  death,  when  the  transaction 
ceased.  Assurances  and  other  benefits  liave 
;dNi'  ln-en  arranged  on  the  Tontine  principle, 
but  tliey  lla^e  not  foiuid  much  favour  in 
I'hi;-;Iand,  or  indeetl  in  any  other  country,  being 
b;ised  on  the  principle  of  picifiting  by  the 
ibath  of  another,  an  idea  repugnant  to  mo.st 
pei.ple. 

"  \iiiiuities  for  life  li.ive  occAsiooally  t>ee>i  graiiteii 
.  .  ujioii  luts  of  lt\e-i.  « liich  in  Freucli  are  ealli'il 
t'lntiiif*,  fnjiii  the  name  oi  llieir  inventor.'"— A'wf/'*  ; 
Wi-nlth  o/Aiitions,  bk.  \.,  ill.  iii. 

B.  As  adj.:  Pertaining;  or  relating  to  a 
tontine  ;  built  by  a  subscription  with  the 
benelit  of  survivorship. 

"It  isHBOi-t  of  Tontine  onlmiy— all  for  the  benefit  of 
a'lr^ivoi's.'* — llooV :  Gilbert  uurne//.  vol.  iii,,  ch.  v. 

"  to -ny,  s.     [An  abbrev.  of  /I»(/e'tw.l    A  sim- 
]>l'*t<in. 

■■When  a  iiiau  i>la.v.'«  the  fool  or  the  extr^rapaiit 
jFr^sfiitly  lie'n  afdfjt/.  Whu  drew  tbis  or  thac  iidici- 
I  tM  jnw-e?  louw.  Siicli  or  smh  :i  oii»^  wan  ULMer  well 
tau;;!it :  No,  he  lind  n  fi-xry  To  his  uiaaltT,'  —L  i:-itraii-ie  : 
T'-i>^xiiitio»  o/ linevcdo. 

too,  ■■  to,  odv.     [Tlie  same  word  as  /o(fi.v.).] 

1.  Over;  more  than  enough;  denoting  ex- 
cess. 

•■  Irfat  toe  light  wimuiis  make  the  prize  too  litjlit." 
iihaKfsp. :  Tempest,  i.  -l. 

2.  In  addition,  moreover,  likewise,  further  ; 
o^  er  and  above  ;  at  the  same  time  ;  also. 

"  I  could  curse  thee  too." 
Btatmt.  .{■  >7(■^  ;  Islntiil  Princess,  v. 

^  *  1.  Ar,(l  too:  And  at  the  same  time. 

"  It  shftll  be  merciful  and  too  severe. ' 

Sliiikcgp. :  rcnu3  &  Adonis,  1,155. 

Tiio  tno :  U.sed  to  denote  execs; 


call). 


3  emphati- 


"Oli  th.it  tliisroofo'i  solid  flesh  would  melt." 

.•^fiakcsp. ,  Uamiel,  i.  2. 

to6'~ba.   tu'-ba,   ?.      [Arab.  =  happiness, 
eternal  hai'piness.     (.Sn?p.)] 

1.  /.'(>r  :  (1)  DaJbergm  hetcropliyUa;  (2)  D. 
2"trpurca  ;  (;'.)  Derris  cUiptica.    {Treas.  of  fiot.) 

2.  Mvhammadan  MtjfhoJ.  ;  A  tree  which 
stands  in  jiaradise  in  the  palace  of  Muham- 
mad.    (."iilJp.) 

"  My  feast  is  now  of  the  Tooba  tree. 
Whose  scent  is  the  breath  of  Eternity." 

Moore  :  Varadise  A  the  Peri. 

took,  prct.  ofv.     [Takk,  r.\ 

H  Also  used  formeilyas  the  past  participle. 

"  Most  ol  the  rest  elaus:litere«l.  or  took,  likewise,"' 
bhakeap  :  I  ntnrn  Tl.,  i.  L 


took,  ."^.    iTfcK  (;s),  S.I 

tool,  *  tol, "  tole,  '-  toole.  .-•.    [A.S.  /.;/  :=a 

tot. I  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  tol  —  tools.] 
I.  LitfroUii  : 

I.  An  implement  adapted  to  be  used  by 
one  person,  and  ilepending  for  its  ctTect  upon 
the  strength  and  skill  of  tin'  operator  ;  any 
instrument  of  maniuU  operation,  such  as 
hammers,  i>nnches,  ehisel.<),  pl.mes,  s;iws. 
drills,  tiles,  itc.  It  is,  however,  exceedingly 
difheult  to  dehne  the  line  separating  to.. is 
from  machines,  and  of  late  it  has  bi-eom.- 
usual  to  embrace  in  the  general  term  maehiiie 
tools,  such  machines  as  the  lathe,  planer, 
slotting  machine,  and  others  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  machinery;  specif.,  applied— 
(1)  In  bookbinding,  to  the  stamping  and  letter 
appliances  ^of  the  linisher,  known  a-i  band, 
handdetter,  hdtering,  n.ller,  edge,  lillet.  pallet. 
A:e.,  according  to  purpose,  construction,  m- 
pattern.  (-J)  To  the  smaller  sizes  of  the 
painter's  brushes,  as  sash-tools,  &c. 

"  Carpenter's  art  was  the  invention  of  Uifdulu;.  :\t 
also  the  foolef  thereto  belougtug,  to  wit,  the  niw,  the 
chip,  Hxp.  hatchet,  the  plumhe-Iirie.  the  aucer  ami 
wimble,  the  j^trnn?  glew.  as  also  flsh-glew.  :iiid  stL-ne 
8auilre.  ■— /'.  Moltand  :  PUnie,  bk.  vii..  ch.  Ivi. 

U  The  use  of  tools  is  nearly,  but  not  quite, 
peculiar  to  man.  Monkeys  use  stones  as 
missiles  and  to  break  nuts,  and  elephants 
break  oft"  branches  of  trees  to  drive  away  Hits. 
{DaTwin  :  Descent  of  Man,  pt.  i.,  ch.  ii.) 

"  2.  A  weapon,  a  sword. 

"  Draw  thy  tool."         Shakesp.  .-  Homen  i  Juliet,  i.  1. 

II.  Fhj. :  A  person  used  by  another  as  an 
instrument  to  accomplish  certain  ends.  (.\ 
word  of  reproach.) 

"  Such  still  t-.  ^-iiilt  just  Alia  wndf- 
Sla\es,  tools,  HcccmpliLes — u.i  friends  1" 

Dtirun  :  Bride  of  Abyilos,  ii.  IC. 

^  Fur  the  difference  between  tool  and  /"- 
iitnimeiit,  see  Instriment. 
^  A  p-'or  tool :  A  bad  hand  at  anything. 
tool-car,  s. 

Jhiil.  :  A  car  carrying  an  equipment  f.^r 
repan-ing,  leplacing  on  the  rails,  or  removing 
di'br'S  ill  rase  of  accident,     (.-line?'.) 

tool-chest,  .-'■.  A  chest  or  box  iu  whirli 
tools  are  kept. 

tool -coupling,  s.  A  screw  coupling  by 
which  a  drill,  for  instance,  is  coinieete'l  to 
the  bar,  rod,  haft,  or  whatever  the  handle 
may  be  properly  called  in  a  given  ease. 

tool -extractor,  s.  An  implement  for 
recovering  from  drilled  holes  broken  tools  or 
pr.rtions  of  ro<ls  which  may  have  become  dis- 
connected and  fallen  to  the  liottom. 

tool-holder,  .'^.     A  tool-handle  ;  specif., 

1.  I.ntlic:  A  device  for  holding  lathe-cutters 
and  .similar  tools  tirmly. 

2.  Criit'l. :  A  deviee  for  accurately  facing 
grindstones,  and  for  uniformly  holding  tooN 
while  being  ground. 

tool-post,  tool-stock,  .^. 

l.otli-' :  A  device  oi:  the  upper  part  of  u 
-slide  le^t  by  which  the  cutter  is  held. 

tool -rest,  s. 

I.'ilhc  :  Tlie  portion  of  the  latlie  to  wliieh 
the  tool  is  attached,  and  which  has  usually 
se\  eral  ail  just ments ;  longitudinally  and  trans- 
ver?iely  of  the  shears,  and  vertically. 

tool  Stock,  s.     [Tool-post.] 

tool  stone,  5. 

Antltrop.  :  The  name  given  to  oval  or  egg- 
sliaped  stones,  more  or  less  indenteil  on  one 
or  both  surfaces.  Their  use  is  not  at  pre- 
sent tlion.'Ughly  understood.  Some  anti- 
quaries suppose  that  they  were  hold  between 
the  finger  and  thunrb,  and  used  as  hammers 
or  chipfK-rs.  If.  however,  a  large  series  is  ob- 
tained, it  will  be  fmmd  that  the  depression 
varies  greatly  in  depth,  and  that  .sometitnes 
the  stone  is  completely  perforated,  whirh 
favours  the  view  of  those  who  regard  these 
implements  as  sinkers  for  nets,  or  small 
hammer-lieads.  (^I,nbl)od: :  rrekistorlc  Times, 
ch.  iv.) 

"  .\ii  oval  to'^J.ttone.  with  n  perforated  hole  at  the 
centre,  which  had  been  drilled  from  side  to  side.'  — 
Oieciiivcll :  liritiih  Harrows,  p.  £4S. 

tool,  v.f.     (Tool,  s.) 

1.  To  .shape  or  dress  with  a  tool.  [TooLisn.] 

2.  To  drive,  as  a  mail  coach  or  other 
vcliicle. 

"  Thi-  ci-nck  oojiche^  .  .  .  were  fooled  by  eipert 
■  knights  of  the  bench."— Aij/^  Tcle<t..  Nov.  18.  l&a:.. 


tooled,  /"T.  /""■.  or  a.     lTo<.>i.,  r.j 
tooled  ashlar,  » 

iif'ts'-o.  :  Ashlar  Willi  its  face  chis<d-uieSM.'d 
into  p.ii;dlel  inlgei  and  hoUow.s. 

tool  -ing,  ,>''■  ?»*"*..  a.,  &  s.    (Tooi.,  r.j 

A.  .v  B.  As  pr.  7)rtr.  4;  j-articip.  wlj. :  (.See 
tlie  \,-rb). 

C.  .!-•  iiiihiUuntire : 

1.  Honihiiidiiirj :  Ornamental  gilding  or 


by    heated   tools  upon   the  Icalhei 
of  iKioks. 


1 

bindiii 

2.  Ci'r.unfi:  Elalvwate  carving  by  chisef-* 
and  gouges  in  stotii- «»r  wiw»d  iu  arehitecture, 
Joinery,  cabinet-work,  and  furniture; 

'.i.  Mifso.i.  :  Stone-dressing  in  which  the 
faer  shows  the  jtarallei  marli.s  of  the  tool  m 
s>  mnietrical  order. 

tool-si,  tu'-la-si,  s.    [Hengalee.  Hind..  &c.l 
li'it.  :  Vari(»us   species    of   Itasil ;    specially. 
Ocimina    busilkam   and    ('.   saucfuui,    variety 
rillosuni. 

tool'  ye.   to6r-zie  (z  as  y),     tuil-yie. 

"tuil-ye,  N-.  (O.  Vy.  to,iUli,  ^U,  mix  ..1 
miii-le  hlthily.l  A  br<iil,  a  ipiam-l ;  a  sqn.il- 
ble.  a  djsturbsinec.     (.seofi!,.} 

tool  -ye,  tool'  zie  (z  as  y),    tul  ye,  •:'.  \ 

('.     (TooLvi:,  .s-.l 

A-  Trans.:  To  harass.  (V,arUtiur:  Unic, 
iv.   iry2.) 

B.  hi  trans.  :  To  ([uanxd,  to  squabble. 
(Srotrh.) 

toom,  v.f.    ITooM,  a.]    To  empty. 


I  hae   too-ned    it  .1 
■  AiJiqmtry. 


ijti>  the  slop  Iflisin  " — 


toom.  *  torn, 

Su.  i:  Dan.  (< 


&  s.      [Icel.  toiiir  =  cmpt\  ; 
;  O.  II.  tier,  zomi.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Empty.     (I'ror.  rf  .SVo/c/*.) 

B,  As  suhsf. :  A  pieec  of  waste  ground 
w  here  rubbish  is  shut.     (Sixttdi.) 

toom'-a,  torn' -a,  s.    [Telcgn.l 

r>"f. :  Acaria  o.rablai. 

toond).  s.     [TcWN.]    (S.of,/,.) 

toon  (2).  to6'-na, -s.      (Hind..  Bengalee,  &t\. 
ti'ni,  toon,  ti'ina,  tooiia.] 

P'Ot.  :  Cerlvfla  Titonft.     [Ckdukla.] 

toon-wood,  *.     [Toon  (2).] 
tOOp.  tip,  ^•.     [Ttrr,  .^.]    Aram.    (Sco/cA.) 

•■  O,  ni.iy  tliou  ne  er  forsatlicr  up 
\Vi'  only  blastit  niuorljiud  t^top." 

/iumn:  Death  of  Poor  Mnilir. 

toor,  tur,  s.  (Mahratta,  Ac  toor,  Ihur,  tlnr  ; 
bans,  arlntkn.] 

Hoi. :  Cajanwi  iinlicns.     (Anglo-Imllau.) 

toor'-c^o-man,  s.    ITurko^lan.] 

to6'-ro6,  .->'.    [Native  name.! 

Hot. :  GCnocarpiis  ISatowtt.  a  South  American 
palm.  The  Indians  niako  arrows  for  their 
iilow-pipes  from  the  stifl",  slender  nerves  i>f 
the  base  of  the  decaying  leafstalk. 

*  tOOS,>-.  pi.    [Tor.  .s.] 

'  toot  (1).  '  tot-en,  r.i.  &  t.  [A  variant  of 
r..-/(q.v.).] 

A,  lii/raiisiHtr : 

1.  To  project,  to  stand  out,  to  be  prominent. 

"  His  ton  totedcn  out.  as  he  the  lond  tredeile.' 

J'ieis  Pioirman  n  Credf. 

2.  To  look  out,  to  watcb,  to  peer,  to  si»y. 

■■  The  toot'in^  hill,  or  peHke.  or  high  fienkon  place  or 
watching  toure,  fixjiu  iv hence  to  Bi^n  fcrre  ot.'—Udal: 
I. like  six. 

3.  To  peep,  to  pry, 

"  Xor  durst  Orcaues  view  the  soldan's  face. 
But  etill  \-\Ktii  the  tiooredid  poie  and  tout.' 

faircfax  :  tJodfrejf  qf  Boulogne,  x.  56-    ' 

B.  Trans. :  To  look  or  spy  into ;  to  see,  to 
spy. 

"  Whon  rayght  thou  in  thy  brother's  cighe  a  bare 
mote  lokvii. 
And  111  thyn.owcu  ciirhe  nf>u«ht  a  Ih-ius  toteuf 
/'ier.i  rtoicininit  Cndc.  in. 

toot  (2).  *  tute,  '■.;.  &  t.  [O.  im.  t,nfte),.  ~  to 
sound  a  cormt;  Hw.  tjato  =  tn  howl;  Dan. 
t.ialc=  to  howl,  to  blow  a  honi  ;  Icel.  Ihjofa 
(pa.  t.  tJiaut)  =  to  whistle,  as  wind,  In  blow_a 
horn;  A.S.  thfofan  =  to  bowl,  to  make  "a 
noise;  M.  H,  Ger.  di€J:en  :  O.  H.  (Jei-.  dtozun 
—  to  make  a  loud  noise  ;  OoUi.  tluithanra  =  a 
trumpet.) 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  yhin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-tian,  -tian  =  shaxL    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -$ion  -  g^h""     -cious,  -tious,    slous  =  shus.     ble,  -die,  &o.  -  bel,  del. 


lib 


toot— toothedgo 


A.  liUruna^tm  : 

1.    Tu  rtuuiiii  tt  bnrii. 
■  T"  '-<*   lu  •  It'Tii    ComueiHfrt.'  — Lfft'ii      ilufu- 

*>   'lo  iii«ke  a  uoifto  wilh  an  iDstruiiiviit,  -tr 
.    Willi  llic  luoulh,  similar  t«  tliat  of  a  liorn  or 
I>ilf  ;  t'J  S've  out  sufli  a  souud. 

B.  7Viiitji(iw : 

1.  Tm  sound,  as  a  liorn. 

•J.  To  givo  nut  or  exprviw  by  tooliii,:. 

■■■  Ih.  y..pl.*-*t  »h»l  I  N*y?  I.>rf*.i  the  I.-.-ioutivc. 
Iu*til>     — acrt*M«ri  Majuunt,  Nw.,  ll^;e,  l'.  W. 

■tOOtdX*.    IToor(-i),  r.l    A  blast ;  a  sound  or 
iiutv  blown  on  a  horn  ;  any  similar  sound. 

•'  Th»  tool— tvitt— toot 
U(  tlt->t  vll«  ili>iui-fliiU.' 

/turAum.   /njr.  U-J.:  Setltn  Abbtf. 

toot  11' t.  ;.     IMaoii.I    (See  comiKiund.) 
toot-plont,  ■-^. 

ik-i.  :  i<ii, ifni  rui'i/otia,  a  imisonuus  >\-w 
Zealand  shrub. 

to6t-er,   •  toat-or,  '  tot-er,  *.     !K>'4. 

twt  ('J),  V.  ;  -rr.]     Om*  who  tuut^;  oue  who 
blows  on  a  born  or  pipe. 

■*  Coiiip,  F»thf  r  HtB-iii.  with  yonr  fiiWlt  now. 
,\ud  t«<j  l»ll  lvffr$:  n.niri«li  lo  th«  lunMiue. 

Aex  JuiKwu  :  T'tte  of  a  Tub,  v.  1. 

tooth.  •  toth,  *  tothe  (pi.  •  ttth,  ueth),  s. 

(A.S.  ttkfh  (pi.  Irtih,  twUuti),  for  taiidh;  c{. 
U.S.  iUHti ;  cojjn.  with  Dut.  tuntl :  Icel.  lOiiii, 
t»rig.  (OHtir  (=/(i»M/r),-  Dan.  tatiU ;  Sw.  (u^k/ ; 
n.  II.  Ger.  ruiuf ;  M.  H.  Ger.  ruu;  Grr.  rnA-i; 
Goth.  tuiith\is;  I-at.  c/<iw,  genit.  (/€*iiis  ;  Gr. 
i>&ovi  (odoiu),  i.'enit.  wSdi^os  (wfonfos)  ,■  Sansc. 
ilaitta:  Lithuan.  dttntU;  Welsh  dant;  Corn. 
«tai*r;  Pens.  diniWoH.] 
L  Onlinanj  Language: 

1.  /.if.  :  In  the  same  sense  as  11. 

2.  figuraticely: 

(1)  Taste;  ijaiatf.  (Drydeu:  Pcrsitis,  iii.  229.) 

(2)  Any  pruJL'ftion  resembling  or  corre- 
«lionding'to  the  tooth  of  ;in  animal  in  shape, 
IMjsition.  or  office ;  a  small,  narrow,  project- 
ni;;  piece,  usually  one  of  a  set :  as.  («)  The 
tooth  of  a  comb,  a  saw,  a  tile,  a  caitl,  a  rake  ; 
CO  A  cog  of  a  whi'id  ;  (c)  A  tine  i»r  prong  of  a 
fork.  In  a  mechanical  sense,  a  term  applied 
to  a  projecting  lug,  whose  function  is  to  tear, 
crumble,  cut,  or  mash  the  object  to  which  it 
IS  applied, 

IL  Technkally: 

1.  Anat.  (Fl.):  Bony  developments  of  the 
skin  api'caring  in  the  jaws  of  man  and  most 
other  vertebrates.  They  are  used  for  masti- 
cation. Man  has  two  sets  of  teeth,  the  tem- 
IKjrary,  deciduous,  or  milk  teeth,  and  the 
permanent  teeth.  Tlie  former  are  twenty  in 
:iil.  viz..  t«n  in  each  jaw  ;  and  the  permanent 
nufs  aie  thirty-two,  viz.,  sixteen  in  each 
jaw.  The 
temporary 
teeth  in  each 
jaw  consist 
uf  :-i.  4; 
c.  1  -1 ;  M. 
2  —  2;  the 
permanent 
teeth  of  I.  4; 
«.  1-1;  i-.w. 
2—2;  SI.  y  — 
li.  Of  the 
deciduous 
teeth,  the 
rentral  inci- 
sors appear 
from  the 
-iixth  to  the 
eighth 
nmnth  ;  the 
lateral  inci- 
sors from 
the  seventh 
tothetentb; 
the  fi)*stmo- 
lai  fiotn  tlie 
twelfth  to 
the  fourtecntli,  the  canines  from  the  fifteenth 
to  the  twentieth,  and  the  second  umlar  from 
the  twentieth  to  the  thirtieth.  The  Ijrst  per- 
manent molar  appears  at  the  a^'e  of  six,  the 
eeutral  incisors  at  seven,  the  lateral  incisors 
at  eight,  the  anterior  premolars  at  nine. 
po.sterior  ones  at  ten,  the  eanmes  at  eleven 
tir  twelve,  second  molars  at  twtdve  to  thir- 
tet^n  ;  the  thiitljor  wisdom-teeth,  at  seventeen 
to  twenty-five.  The  roots  of  the  teeth  arc 
impl.-intefl  in  the  alveoli  of  the  jaws,  which 
tliey  lit  accurately.  The  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw 


juiiT^. 


HUMAN    DEXTITIOS-, 

SlioniiiK  tlic  teeth  ui  «  chikl  at  six 
\va.n  old.  All  the  deculuoiL-*  teeth 
nre  oltuuii.  and  the  tlrst  iierniaiintt 
iu"l,*r  iu  eai.li  jinv  (»i  IJ  hue  been 
cut;  theiuciawraO'l.  <3|.  cnniues  (c). 
jireniutars  (pm  I,  pmSl,  .iiid  M4;uiid 
iiiular  l>n  3)  ons  sbuwii  iu  the  ajveoli 
uf  tti9  jaw. 


slightly  overhang  those  of  the  lower.  A  tooth 
lousisu  of  three  imrtioiis,  viz.,  a  crown,  a 
root,  wilh  a  lang  or  langs.  and  a  neck.  On 
making  a  section  of  a  loolh,  the  hard  sub- 
stmce  of  which  it  is  composed  is  hollow 
within.  The  cavity  is  called  the  jmlp-aivity, 
a«  it  is  tilled  by  a  soft,  highly  vascular,  and 
sen>,itive  substance  wdled  the  dental  pulp. 
The  hani  part  of  a  tooth  is  composed  i.f  three 
substances— ivory  or  dentine,  enamel,  and  a 
cement,  or  cri(.<fa  jvtrosa.  A  tooth  is  formed 
ni  the  same  wuv  as  a  hair.  Among  the  lower 
vertebrates  the" teeth  are  so  varied  in  number 
and  character,an<l  these  variations  are  so  corre- 
lated with  other  parts  of  the  structure,  that 
they  are  of  prinmry  value  for  the  purpose  of 
classilication.  For  .letails.  see  the  various 
orders  (as  Carnivora,  Uodeutia.  Ruminantia, 
ac).  Uecent  birds  have  no  teeth  properly 
so-callod  10donto:..-;isJ,  but  the  name  is 
applied  U>  a  notch  in  the  bill  of  the  more 
predatory  species.  Ii  is  large  and  conspicuous 
among  the  birds  of  prey,  and  one  of  the  tribes 
of  Perchers  is  calleil  Dentirostres.  In  Ilep- 
tiliatlie  character  of  the  teeth,  and  especially 
the  fact  whether  or  not  any  of  them  constitute 
IKjison  fangs,  is  of  great  importance.  Among 
the  Amphibia  and  Kishes  the  teeth  greatly 
vary,  but  the  tlitlerences  are  not  so  impoitant 
for" the  purpose  of  classiHcatiou  as  in  the 
mammals.  Anion-  invertebrates,  the  word 
tooth  is  often  employed  for  a  notch  in  some 
organ  or  other ;  Imt  in  this  case  it  is  not 
homologous  to  the  teeth  of  the  vertebrates. 

2.  Hot.  (PI.):  Projections  separated  by  in- 
dentations on  the  margin  of  a  leaf,  and  re- 
st-mbling  serrations,  but  with  concave  instead 
of  straiglil  edges. 

t  (1)  In  spite  (or  despite)  oj  one's  teeth :  In 
oiieu  or  direct  defiance  of;  in  opposition  to 
every  effort. 

•  (2)  In  the  teeth:  In  direct  oiiposition  ;  di- 
rectly in  front. 

"  Dost  thuu  jeer,  and  fl.mt  ine  hi  the  tvelht" 

Hhiiketi). :  Vvmedy  (^f  Errort.  ii.  2. 

(a)  7*0  cast{oT  throv;)  anything  in  ones  teeth: 
To  taunt  or  reproach  one  with  anything;  to 
retort  rei>roach fully. 

'•Tlie  thieves  also,  whk'li  were  cruoified  witli  him, 
cast  the  same  in  his  teeth    —Matt,  xxvii.  41. 

(4)  To  one's  teeth:  To  one's  face;  iu  open 
opposition  ;  openly. 

"  It  \v:iruis  the  very  eiokiie&s  in  my  heart. 
Th.it  1  sh;.ll  Ineaiid  tell  hiiiv  to  hit  teelh. 
Thus  didest  thou."        Ukakesp. :  Bamlct,  iv.  7. 
(o)    Tooth  and    nad   (Lit.  =  by    biting   and 
scratching):    With   all    one's   power;    by   all 
possible  means  uf  attack  and  defence. 

'■  A  de»i>erate  tooth''tiid-naU  eucouiiter  raged  for 
some  luoineuU  before  the  tomb."— Otf*/y  Ttlegruph, 
Nov.  c  1885. 

(0)  To  set  the  teeth  on  edge:  To  cause  a 
tiiigliii:.:  or  grating  sensation  in  the  teeth. 

tooth-back,  s. 

Kntoin. :  A  popular  name  for  the  Xotodont- 
id.i-.     It  is  a  translation  of  the  name  of  the 

type-g.iius  (N'utodouta). 

tooth-bill,  ---. 

ih-nith. :  The  Tooth-billed  Pigeon  (q.v.). 

"The  whole  cuntour  uf  the  Tovthbill  is  remarkable. 
l\\Ml:  Illus.  Sut.  Hist.,  ii.  saa. 

tooth-billed  kites,  »-.  pi. 

Ur,it!i^.:  Tlie  genus  Leptodon. 

tooth-billed  pigeon,  .<'. 

Ornifh. :  Jjiduncultts  strigirostrls,  from  Kavi- 
gator's  Island.  It  is  about  fourteen  inches 
long,  IxHly  rounded,  beak  orange,  nearly  as 
long  as  ihe  head,  greatly  arched  on  the  upper 
ninndibh',  ihe  lower  mandible  deeply  cleft 
into  liiiee  distinct  teeth  near  the  tip.  Head, 
neck,  breast,  and  abdomen  glossy  greenish 
black,  velvety  black  on  shoulders  and  upper 
part  of  back  ;  rest  of  back,  wings,  tail,  and 
under  coveits  deep  chestnut.  Called  also  the 
Little  Dodo.    IDidlnculus.I 

tooth-cement,  £.  Oxide  of  zinc  mixed 
With  a  solutinn  of  chloride  of  zinc,  used  for 
Idling  lectli. 

tooth-coralline,  £. 

/ooi.  :  Sei-ti(l<ii'i_lla  pobjzonias,  a  common 
shore  and  decj-water  species. 

tooth-cress,  tooth-violet,  £. 

Eol. :  Ikntd'-^n  hvlb.j'ni.  Named  from  the 
tooth-like  scales  <if  the  root.     (Prior.) 

*  tooth-drawer,  s.  One  whose  business 
is  to  extract  teeth  w  ith  instruments  ;  a  dentist. 

"Ay,  aud  worn  in  the  tail  ol  a  tooth-drawer." 

l^hakesp.  :  Love's  Labour's  tost,  v.  2. 


AKCH    WITH   TOOTH    ORNA- 
JIEINT. 


tooth  drawing,  s.  The  act  or  practice 
of  <  .\tiui;iiiii;  icctli  ;  deutislry. 

tooth -key,  »■.  An  instrument  f(*r  ex- 
tiactini;  teeth,  so  named  because  it  is  turned 
like  a  key. 

tooth-ornament,  s. 

Arch.:  A  peculiar  decoration,  extensively 
used  in  the  Early  English  style  of  architec- 
ture, forming  a 
marked  feature  by 
which  it  may  be 
generally  known. 
It  may  be  de- 
scribed as  con- 
sisting of  a  series 
of  clo-icly- placed 
small  flowers, 
each  consisting  of 
four  leaves,  whicli 
project  forward  lo 
a  central  point. 
These  are  gener- 
ally i>]aced  in  hol- 
low mouldings, 
and  are  used  iu  gieat  pr<»fvisioii.  The  illustra- 
tion shows  an  arch  in  the  north  transept  of 
York  Minster,  a.d.  1250. 

tooth-pick,  .<.    [Toothpick. 1 

tooth  powder,  ^^  A  powder  used  for 
cleaning  llie  teeth  ;  a  dentifrice. 

tooth-rash,  -s.     [Strophulus.] 

tooth-saw,  ^■^.  A  line  frame-saw  used  by 
dcnlists. 

tooth-shell,  '- 

Zovl. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Dentalinm  (q.v.),  from  the  fact 
th.'it  these  shells  bear  some  lesemblance  to 
the  lanine  teeth  of  small  carnivorous  animals. 

tooth-violet,  s.     [Tooth-cress.] 

*  tooth,  'tothe,  v.t.     [Tooth,  s.] 

1.  'IVi  Iiniiish  with  teeth. 

2.  To  indent,  to  cut  into  teeth  ;  to  jag  :  as, 
To  tooth  a  saw. 

3.  To  lock  into  each  other. 

"  It  13  it'inmon  to  tooth  in  the  streit-hiug  coun*e  two 
inches  w  itli  the  stretcher  uuly.  —iloxon  ;  J/ech.  £jer- 
cises. 

tooth-ache,  -■=.  [Eng.  I'lOth,  and  ache.]  Pain 
in  the  teeth  ;  odontalgia. 

toothache -grass,  ^. 

Bot. :  rU'uiuin  o uterhannni,  a  gi-a-ss  two  to 
four  feet  high,  with  rough,  narrow,  flat  leaves 
and  culms,  each  with  a  single  spike,  having 
the  spikelets  in  two  rows.  The  root  has  a 
very  pinigent  taste, 

toothache-tree,  s. 

Lola  nil : 

1.  The  genus  Xanthoxylon,  and  specially 
X.  fraxineumf  a  tree  about  fourteen  oj-  tifteen 
feet  high,  found  iu  Nt>rth  America  from 
Canada  to  Florida.  So  called  becjuise  its  liark 
and  its  capsular  fruit,  which  have  a  hot,  aciid 
taste,  are  used  as  a  remedy  for  toothache.  A 
tincture  of  the  "bark  has  been  given  in  rheu- 
matism. 

2.  Aralia  spinoiM. 

tooth-brush,  A-.  [Eng.  tooth,  and  bnmh.]  A 
brush,  nsuallyofbristlesjforcleaningthe  teeth. 

toothbrush-tree,  s. 

Lot.  :  So.haJora  persitxt. 

toothed,  a.     [Eng.  tooth,  s.  ;  -ed.] 

1.  Urd.  Lung. :  Having  teeth ;  furnished 
with  teeth. 

2.  Bot.  (Of  a  leaf,  <tc.) :  Having  sharp  teeth 
with  concave  edges  ;  dentate.  If  these  teeth 
are  themselves  toothed  the  leaf  is  said  to  be 
dnplicato-dentate. 

toothed-whales,  ^^.  -pi. 

Zof'l. :  A  jiopular  name  for  the  Odoutoceti 
Ol-v.)- 

toothed- wheels,  s.  pi.  Wheels  made  to 
act  upon  or  drive  on  another  by  having  the 
.-iurfaee  of  each  indented  with  teeth,  which  lit 
into  each  other  ;  eog-wheels. 

tOOth'-edge,  s.  [Eng.  tooth,  s.,  and  edije.] 
Tlie  sensation  excited  by  grating  sounds,  and 
by  the  touch  of  certain  substances;  tingling 
uneasiness,  almost  amounting  to  pain  iu  the 
teeth,  caused  by  stridulous  sounds,  vellica- 
tion,  or  acid  or  acrid  substances. 


^to.  Cat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  f^,  father ;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woU;  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,     ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a :  qu  ~  kw. 


toothful—top 


129 


[Eng.  tv^th, 


tooth  fol. '  tooth  full,  ((.  <t 

s.  ;  -/u!(h.} 

•A.  A.^'vljictur: 

].   KiiU  utttJfctli. 

L'.  Talatal'le,  tootlisoino. 

■'  Soirie  aiipel  liiitli  i««  (ihI  ; 
If  !W  tuofli/ui,  1  «ill  I'e  bauqueteil. ' 

JJ-uxniijvr:   riiyin  JJartirr,  \.  I. 

B.  --I^  sit?«/. :  A  small  draught  of  any  liquor. 

••  A  i>ull  «t  the  milk  ami  sodn  »-at*i-  ...  or  JwMil.Iy 
H  r,»)ihfitl  ..f  Bomethiug  «  little  BtroiiKtr.  —tield. 
Alinl  <'.  i«<j. 

tooth  -ing,  s.     [Eng.  looth,  s.  ;  -ing.] 

1.  ^^>^  .*  A  tooth. 

2.  niiihl. :  Bricks  left  projecting'  at  tin;  eml 
of  a  wall  for  the  purpose  of  builUiug  on  an 
.nUlitioii  thereto. 

toothing-plane,  s.  A  plane  in  which 
th.-  iinii  hu.s  A  .serrateU  edge  and  is  placed  up- 
right. It  is  used  for  scoring  siu'faces  which 
are  to  be  veneered. 

tooth -less,  •  tooth-les,  a.  [Eng.  tooth,  s. ; 
-,'(-s>.)  Ihiviti^'  iHi  teflh  ;  having  lost  the 
totii  ;  dtprived  of  the  teeth. 

"  Teeth  (or  the  toothless,  ringlets  for  the  IjiiM." 
CowpiT  -   Tusk.  IV.  SI. 

tooth-let,  .s.  (Eng.  tooth,  s. ;  diinin.  snlf.  -let.] 
A  lilt!'-  t-M'tli  ;  a  petty,  tooth-like  projection. 

tCOth' -let-ted,  <i.     [Eng.  toothkt;  -eil] 

Hot. :  Furnished  with  small  teeth,  as  the 
leaves  of  Salvia  paniculata.    iljyudon.) 

tooth-pick.  *  tooth'-pick-er,  s.  [Eng. 
tooth.  ».,  and  i'irh\  or  picl.rr.]  An  instninient 
fui  rk-aiing  the  tteth  of  substances  lodged 
between  them. 

"I  will  fetch  yuii  a  foorft/^tfAcr  now  from  the  farthest 
inch  of  Asin.'  — AV'aAe#;i.  .■  J/uch  Ailo,  ii.  L 
•I  Crutch  a}ul   Toothpick   Jiiiijnile:    A   term 
applied,  about  1SS4,  to  the  dandies  who  af- 
fected sticks  with  crutch  handles,  ami  held 
I'lntlipicks  between  their  teeth. 

tooth -some,  «.  [Eng.  tooth;  -some.]  Pala- 
table ;  pleasing  to  the  taste. 

"  My  coiniMitriots .  .  .  are  too  syueaioish  in  their  taste, 
mill  fonder  of  the  tooflisovtc  than  the  whuiesome.  — 
>[Mi  t7(  ,    Liyht  ofXdtuye,  vol.  il..  pt  it  ,  cli.  xxiii. 

to6th'-s6me-ly,  (uiv.  [Eng.  toothsoim;  -ly.] 
hi  ,1  tuuthsome  manner;  pleasingly  to  the 
taste. 

"The  siileiidiil  aadOle  (the  S-|nire3  own  South- 
Oi.wnsl.  which  melted  so  (uothaomeln  in  the  mouth.'  — 
.1/   Cutliiii  ,  mackaiiiHU  .t-  ^L'holar,  cli.  i. 

tooth-  some  -  ness,  s.  [Eng.  Inothsome  ; 
-((.,s,. )  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tooth- 
si.iiif  ;  pleasantness  to  the  taste. 

tOOth'-WOrt,  5.     [Eng.  tooth,  and  woft.] 
Ijutany : 

1.  The  genus  Liithra-a,  and  specially  L. 
sqiiitnuirin.  Named  from  the  tooth-like  scales 
of  tlie  rootstoek  and  the  ba.se  of  the  stem, 
(i'/ior.)  But  Mr.  E.  Lers,  quoted  by  Britten 
il  Holland,  says  that  after  flowering,  when 
the  capsules  are  half  ripe,  they  remarkably  re- 
semble human  teeth,  both  in  form  and  colour. 

2.  Dent(ti-ia  hnlhijern. 

3.  Capsclla  Bursa-jntstoris. 

'  tooth' -^,  a.  [Eng.  tooth,  s.  ;  -y.]  Toothed  ; 
ha\ing  teeth. 

■'  l,ft  tlie  creen  hops  lie  lightly  ;  next  eximud 
The  smoothest  surface  with  the  toothy  rake," 
Ainait :  llofj  Oardtn,  ii. 

tod -tie,  v.i.  [Eng.  toot  (2),  V.  ;  sufT.  -/t.]  To 
tout  gently. 

"A  Liiplive  linnet  dowiiatinrs,  diseiinted  perhaps 
.'it  tUf  f'.'el)le  tootling  of  the  imiwrtineiit  hut  free 
simrn-wa  m  the  Burden,  "—/'it'/d,  April  4,  1885. 

too  -tie,  s.     [Tootle,  v.] 

1.  Lit.:  The  noise  jnoduced  by  tootling; 
the  sounds  produced  by  a  bad  performer  on 
the  tluto. 

:;.  Fig.  :  Any  weak,  immature  literary  pro- 
durtion.     {Univ.  slang.) 

"  Itwill  piodiiie  iihuiidance  of  easy,  loose,  rhetoricnl 
niii.itfur  Liiticism— will  produce  tootle,  aa  it  used  to 
Im  i-ilh-i\.—Vitity  Sewi.  Dec.  1,  1886. 

top,  ■  toppe,  *'.  &  a.  [A.S.  top;  cogn.  with 
Hut.  (op ;  Icel.  toppr  =a  tuft,  crest,  top  ; 
Oan.  fop  =  a  tuft,  crest,  top;  S\v.  topp=a- 
summit;  O.  H.  Ger.  zoph  ;  Ger.  roj5/=  a  tuft 
of  hair,  top  of  a  tree;  Norw.  topp  =  a.  top,  a 
bung  ;  Wei.  top  =  a  top,  a  stopple  ;  Gael. 
tojtach  =  having  a  tuft  or  crest ;  Ger.  topf=  a 
top(t..y).]     ITlTFT.] 


A,  .1^  i.nU!>to,ah\: 

I,  Ondmiry  Laiiijtdigc : 

1.  The  highest  part  or  jioint  of  anything; 
the  most  elevated  or  uppermost  point  ;  the 
summit, 

"  Oil  tliv  top  o(  the  motintHlu." 

Shitktmp. :  Loim't  Labimr't  Loit,  v.  1. 

2.  The  surface,  the  upper  side. 

"  Such  treen  iw  sprtiwl  thuir  root*  near  the  tof)  vt  the 
KTonnii." — fhicvn  :  A'tit.  Hi»t. 

3.  The  crown  of  the  head,  or  the  hair  upon 
it ;  the  forelock. 

"  All  the  ittored  vi-ngeance  of  heaven  fall 
On  licr  unsmteliil  top.'  Sh'ikeip.  :  Letir.  11.  i. 

4.  The  head  or  upper  part  of  a  plant :  as, 
tuinip  tops. 

5.  The  highest  jdace  or  rank;  the  most 
honouiable  position  :  as,  To  be  at  the  toji  of 
ones  class  or  profes.sion. 

6.  The  highest  person;  the  chief,  the  head. 

"  How  would  yon  Iw, 
If  he.  which  is  thero/-- of  jndgiuent,  shonhl 
But  Judge  you  an  you  ai-e." 

■ShitkfSfi. :  Meantire  for  Meatiire,  ii.  2, 

7.  The  utmost  degree ;  the  highest  point ; 
the  acme, 

"  Our  griefB  are  risen  to  the  top." 

ahakcsp. :  Pericles,  ii.  i. 

*  8.  The  eve  or  vergi- ;  the  point. 

•  Hf  w.as  uiKiu  the  lui)  of  his  uiarriaKe  with 
niav'dideine.  the  French  king's  daughter."— A'>toH«: 
Jlmr.  <(/■  rurkes. 

9.  That  portion  of  a  cut  gem  which  is 
between  the  extreme  margin  and  the  flat  face. 

10.  A  child's  toy  shaped  like  an  inverted 
conoid,  which  is  made  to  whirl  by  means  of  a 
string  or  whip. 

■'  Ni't  hiy  enough  to  l»e«r  a  schoolhoy  s  tof}." 

.•^hnkctp. :   il'iuter's  'J'tde,  ii   1. 

11.  (/'?.);  Top-boots  (q. v.). 

"  It  had  long  l>eeu  his  amhition  to  stand  in  a  bar  of 
Ilia  own.  lu  a  ^'reen  coat,  knee  cords,  and  top*.'— 
D'tckeiii-.  Pickwick,  ch.  \\v. 

"  12.  A  method  of  cheating  at  dice  in  vogue 
about  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
Both  dice  appeared  to  be  put  into  the  box, 
but  in  reality  one  was  kept  at  the  top  of  the 
box  lietween  the  fingers  of  the  person  playing. 

II.  Tcchniixilly: 

1,  f\aut. :  A  platform  surmnnding  the  head 
of  the  lower  mast,  formed  >.  -  timbers  called 
cross-trees, 


topmast  shrouds,  and  is  also  a  place  of  rest 
for  the  men  aloft,  Tlie  top.s  are  named  after 
the  respective  masts  to  which  they  belong,  as 
the  main-,  lore-,  and  niizzen-tops. 

2,  Joinery:  The  uppermost  piece  in  the 
back  of  a  chair. 

3.  Rope-vuiking :  A  plug  with  three  grooves 
ust-d  to  regulate  the  twist  of  a  rope  when 
three  strands  are  being  hiitl  up  (twisted). 

i,  Wool-viaiLu/.  :  A  narrow  bundle  of 
slivers  of  long-stapled  wood,  containing  a 
pound  and  a  lialf.  The  slivers  are  made  by  a 
pair  of  combs. 

B.  .4s  adj.  :  Being  on  or  at  the  top  oi' 
summit  ;  highest,  extreme. 

■'.Setting  out   at   top  speed."— ff.  flrooAc ."    Fool   of 
tlualitij,  i.  364. 

t  (1)  Colour-top:  A  form  of  top  modified  by 
the  late  d.  Clerk-Maxwell  for  colour  experi- 
ments. The  top  consists  of  a  thin  spindle 
with  a  point,  jMissing  through  a  heavy,  fiat 
disc,  which  spins  a  long  time  when  set  in 
motion.  Discs  of  coloured  card  are  then  cut 
with  one  radial  slit  ti>  a  hole  in  the  centre, 
which  slips  over  the  spindle  of  the  top  ;  thus 
dillerent  colours  can  be  superposed  so  as  to 
show  seelors  of  each  in  any  jtroportions,  and 
the  peisistt-nce  of  vision  presents  to  the  eye 
the  eflfect  of  the  mixture  when  the  top  is  spun, 

(2)  Toi)niul  hntt : 

Sliii'haild.  :  A  niude  of  working  plank  which 


does  not  tmiintain  its  widtli  from  end  tn  cud. 
Tlie  lop  of  one  I'lank  and  thi-  butt  of  tht- 
other  iire  worked  together  so  that  the  two 
layere  make  a  double  breadth  ')r  even  width, 
'  (S)  Top  and  tvp-galUtitt :  In  full  array  ;  in 
full  lig;  in  full  force. 

"  Top  and  lu/f-ffallatit.  aU  hi  hn^ve  array." 

Peele     Hattte  <(f  Alcatar,  IIL  a. 

(4)  Top  of  the  tree :  The  highettt  T"wition  in 
a  profession  or  the  like, 

(.0)  Tojis-and -bottoms :  Small  rolls  of  doit^h 
baked,  cut  in  halves,  and  then  bi-owned  in  an 
oven,  used  as  food  for  infants. 

(li)  To  the  top  of  one's  fnnt :  To  the  utmost 
that  one's  inclination  or  bias  will  permit. 

top-annual, .«. 

.■^v..^^  /,.(('■;  .\n  annual  rent  from  a  house 
built  ill  Ji  burgh.     (Ogilcie.) 

top  armour,  s, 

Siiiit. :  A  top  railing  with  jtosts  ami  netting 

on  the  tiil'-sideS, 
top-beam,  s.     a  collar-beam  (q.v.). 
top  block,  ^. 

1.  .\ii"(.  :  A  single  iroii-bfiund  hook-block. 
It  hooks  tt)  an  eye-b<dt  in  the  cap.  The  top 
pendants  are  rove  through  the  top-blocks 
when  swaying  up  or  lowering  down  the  toji- 
masts. 

2.  l''chiclfs:  A  projecting  piece  on  which 
the  bows  of  the  carriage-top  rest  wlien  down. 

top-boots,  '•".  pi.  Boots  having  tops  of 
light-i/olonir.l  li-ather,  used  chiefly  for  riding. 


The    same    as     Top- 


top -breadth, 

find''.'  lini  (,'i.v.). 

top'brim,  s. 

^'anl.  :  The  same  as  Tor-niM  (fi.v.). 
top-card,  >.    [Kl.xt,  C.  II.  y.j 
top  chain,  ->. 

..Y((((/.  .'  tjiie  of  the  i-hains  by  which  the 
lower  yard  is  sustained  if  the  slings  be  shot 
away. 

top-cloth,  ■i.  Tarred  canvas  to  cover 
haiiiiui'cks  when  stowed  away  on  the  top  in 
action. 

topcoat,  ■;.     An  upper  or  overcoat, 

top-draining, .'-.  The  act  or  practice  of 
ilraiiiiii;;  the  surface  of  land. 

top-dress,  *■■'■  To  manure  on  the  sur- 
face, ;is  laud. 

'■  In  moist  land,  cutting  can  he  ma<le  to^fi-ow  if  set 
nut  even  late  in  the  sprlll^,  eapecially  if  top^resned 
andmulchcd.*"- .Scri6.i<)-|J/"./.(i:</ie,  April,  1880.  p.  822. 

A  dressing  of  manure 
spring."— amifArod  .■     Csi^ul 

Filled  to  the  top ;  made 


top-dressing,  ^ 

on  the  surface. 


"  A    top-drfHiinif 
Book /or  Fo 


p.  12. 


*  top-filled,  o, 

toj-flll. 

top-flat,   .'^.      [TOP-CARD.J 

top-fuUer,  .s. 

Smith.  :  A  tool  with  a  narrow  round  edge, 
like  the  jieen  of  a  hammer,  and  havii»g  the 

uitlinarj'  hazel-rod  handle, 

topgallant,  u.  &,  s. 

A.  As  adject i IV  : 

1.  ,V((i(/. :  Applied  to  the  mast,  rigging,  and 
sail  next  above  the 
topmast,  as,  main-  ^oaz  mor^x. 
top -gallant  mast, 
forelop-gallaiit 
shrouds,  or  braces ; 
mizzen  Uiji-gallant 
■  sail. 

*  2.  Highest,  ele- 
vated. 

"  I  dare  appeal  to 
the  conscience!*  of 
toirffiiUaiit  sparks.  '— 
/.JCstrnn'ic 

B.  Assnbstantivf-: 
1.    Xaiit.  :    The 

mast,  sail,  and  rig- 
ging next  above  the 
topmast. 

"A  toiHliy  Mhip  wii 

AllU  flag  in  her  tvjt^itllaiit.  1  espii 

^ipenter:    Worli£$  Vanirie.ix. 

*  2.  Tlie  highest    point,   the    sumuMt,   tiie 
pinnacle. 

■■  Which  to  the  high  top-gaUant  of  my  Joy 
MuBt  be  luy  couvny  in  the  -ecrct  night. 
Karewt'ii."  fihaketp. :  /lomco^  Juliet,  il.  4. 


roitc 

TOPGALLANT 

SAIL 


FDRC  TOP  SAIL] 


OUKMASI.    sHOWIXij 
TOr-OALLA.NT. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  j<5wl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  t 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;    tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious.    tious,  -sious  ^  shus.    -ble,    die,  .vc  ^  bel,  deL 


top  'tope 


top  tuiinper,  .<. 

\,'tt:  Til.  iii;t>t.  Kpar>,  nnrl  rit^np  of  a 
\.AM-1,  lv.:.t-  iiilnanl  ami  on  tlii-ir  davits ; 
liuRit'  itrnl  iTuii:  tusks,  anchors,  CJihli-s,  ami 
iMiilwl  or  Im'I:i)**1  miH'i*  »'f  the  niniiiiig  rij;- 
amtz.    NHut'times  iipi>lU>i.l  tn  any  nnni-ct'ssan 

top  heavy,  ". 

I.  /.  *.  •  lluvin;;  tin'  top  or  iipm-r  i«ai( 
Iii*a*irr  tli:m  the  lower,  so  as  to  K-  liaMe  t»' 
luppU'  n\  t-r. 

"  A  n«'f  -ho'iM  not  W  t»o  hrnvy  tior  t'fi  Hgttt :  )<nt 
ir.rfrnit  .    .trrftifrrfiirp.  I"-  **■ 

•*.  F'-j   ■  Iiit"\icatc<l.    (."^'"'i^.) 
top  honour,  f.    A  top.saiL 

■Win.  i...'\  r.-veifii«?llicir/(>/>.Aoii'>«ralo»tr." 
Prior:  Carmen  .Swii/'iw.  47.*. 

top  knot,  t. 

1,  i*rii.  /"  Nf. :  A  crt'Nt  or  knotnf  featlu-i-s 
iilKUi  llic  U>-M  or  top,  as  uf  a  \riv(l ;  also  an 
oniainontal  l;nut  or  Ih'W  worn  on  the  top  of 
ttu-  lioail,  IL-  !'>■  wntni'n. 

"Tlilii  urn^aiicf  niin'iniU  totlir  prMt'of  itii  iix*  hi 
)tl*tni|i|ilii^«;  when 'tin  l>ut  bin  m.-til^Tn  taking  (iwity 
tiintop  kn't  tiimnk«nuiuuiof  biui  ngAin."—t.'Kttraii;n: 

2.  Icfithy.  :  I'htyjjnrtinjnhu.'i  iinimariitntii.'i, 
mnping  from  tin-  Mediteiranean  to  tlie  .shores 
of  Britain.  Hirn-h"s  Topknot  is  i:bonihus  piinr- 
Inlus,  ^  coinpai-ativfly  small  species,  owtn-- 
linj;  in  the  English  Channel  ami  on  the 
northern  coasU  of  Eurcin-.  liimther  (.<h(r/.i/ 
('/  yUhrs,  p.  ri55).  notes  that  these  tish  arc 
often  ronfonnded.  I*y  some  anthoritlcs  the 
popnlnr  names  are  rr^ersed. 

top  lantern.  >-. 

\<'-t'.  :  A  l:iry;e  lantt^ni  or  light  in  the  top 
I.I  a  \csmI  ;  :i  top-light. 

top  light.  >. 

N  f'  :  The  same  :i>  TuP-lanti'RN"  (q.v.). 

top  lining. 

\.'.:tiral  : 

I.  The  lining  on  tlie  afterpnrt  of  the  top- 
sail, to  prevent  the  top-l<riin  from  chaling  tlie 
t<tp-sail. 

•J.  A  platform  of  thin  Imard  nailed  iii»on  the 
npitor  i>;nt  r.f  the  eri«-a-trees  on  a  vessel's  top. 

top-maul.   . 

S'liiL  :  A  ni:iul  kept  in  a  shii>*s  top  for 
driving  tli>'  lid  I'lit  and  in. 

top-minor,  >. 

l^nj<r.miiK-inii :  One  of  the  Imlcs  through 
whifli  the  individtial  stmnds  :uc  drawn  on 
till-  way  !■■  the  twiHting-inaehine. 

'  top-proud,  ".     Troml   in  tlie  liighest 
ilrgVL-e. 
"T\ti3  fnp-jfraud  iellow."    iiliitkefp.:  Ift-nri/  VII!.,  i.  I. 

top-rail,  .';. 

(oi/'.  .'The  nppermost  rail  of  a  p'^^ce  i>f 
franniig  or  wainscoting. 

top  rim,  0. 

S't<it.  :  A  thin  piece  of  Imard  bent  round  a 
VfAsel  n'Ciip,  giving  it  a  iinish,  and  covering 
in  the  ends  <tf  the  cross-trees  and  trestle- trees, 
in  order  to  prevent  the  top-sail  fmm  U-ing 
ehaferl. 

top  rope,  s. 

\<"i>.  :  A  rope  tnsvT.iy  up  a  topmast. 

top  sail,  .'<-. 

^<"^f.:  The  second  sail  above  the  deck  on 
any  mast  (main,  fore,  or  inizzen). 

"  .\iirt  wheu  l)e  WHS  tw  leeivanl,  he  ke|it  (ilx>!!t  to  tlie 
Nliorpw.tnl,  niiJ  left  vs.  hihI  tlieu  ue  imt  <jut  tuir  fojt- 
itilva Huil ijautr tlinn fliiue. '— //(«'A7»^/ ;  t'oi/ttga. u. v). 

Tojh'Snil -schooner : 

AV'iff. :  A  vessel  otherwise  sehoonei-  rigged, 
hut  carrying  a  sipiare  sail  on  the  foremast. 

top  saw,  >.  The  upper  saw  of  a  ]iair  in  a 
eiirutai  saw-null.  In  large  logs,  the  hiwer and 
la  I  :^<-r  SI  w  d.  »■>  nut  penetrate  to  the  upperedge. 

top-sawyer,  s. 

L  /'''.  :  Th.-  sawyer  who  takes  the  upper 
sland  in  a  .sawpit.  and  gets  higher  wages  than 
till-  man  lielow. 

II.  Fig'tratitvJij  : 

1.  One  who  holds  a  higher  position  than 
another  ;  a  chief  over  nthers, 

•' Wiwirt  lie  .-ilwnya  t<>r>.tnu"irr  amoiiK  you  nil?  — 
/>'.-^niji;  tilivi-r  Tteitl,  cli.  xlin. 

2.  A  first -rat*'  man  in  any  lirie;  an  ennnent 
iiiaii  ;  an  aristoci-at. 

"Tliey  hnve  ijot  >i  t(ti,.*.fwiiri-  fiom  LoihIpii  there, ' 
~n.  Ditrarh.  i^.jbH.  bk.  \  i..  ih.  1 1. 


top-Shaped.  ". 

lk>t.  :  Invfi-si-ly  conical,  with  a  CiMitraetion 
t<'wa;>ls  till-  poiid. 

top -shell,  .. 

/■»>!. :  A  popnlar  nanu-  for  any  shell  of  the 
gi-nus  Turhinellti.  from  the  fact  that  the  lypc- 
s|K*cies,  TnrbinvtUt  pyrum,  is  by  uo  inean>  un- 
like a  peg-top. 

top-side,  >-. 

1.  Onl.  I."„'t.  :  The  top  or  upper  side. 

'2.  ^hi}>ii;i,jl,t.  (/•/.).-  The  upper  part  of  the 
ship's  sides. 

Top'siile  line  : 

ShipfniiltL  :  A  sheer  line  drawn  .nboxc  the 
top  timber  at  the  upper  side  of  the  gunwale. 

Top'Sitlf  o/  foiinii  o/hcrj': 

Coolrnj:  The  upper  part  of  the  round  or 
buttock."  It  makes  an  e\cellent  and  eeononu- 
cal  roasting  joint. 

top  soil.  .-.     The  upper  jtart  or  surfare  of 

tll.-.M.il. 

top-soiling.  ■--.  The  act  or  art  of  taking 
nil  thf  to|»-suil  of  land  before  a  canal.  r.iil- 
way,  A:e.,  is  iR'guu. 

top-Stone,  s.  A  sttnic  that  is  I'lacetl  on 
the  tup,  or  that  forms  the  ti'p  of  anything. 

top~tackle,  ■-<■ 

Xout. :  Tackle  used  in  swaying  a  topma.st. 

top-timber.  ^. 

Sliiithnilil.  :  The  limber  next  aliove  the  fut- 
tiu-ks  in  the  ribs  of  n  ship's  side. 

^l  (1)  I.niiff  top'timher:  The  timberabovceaeh 
of  the  (irstfuttoeks. 

(2)  Short  hp-thnhcr:  The  timber  altove  i-ach 
of  tin;  second  futtocks. 

("')  Tnp-tlmbev  line : 

ShiphniM. :  A  line  iu  the  sheer  plan  diuwn 
to  the  sheer  of  the  .ship  fore  and  aft.  at  the 
height  of  the  under  side  of  the  gunwale  amid- 
ships. 

top-tool,  ''■.  A  tool  like  a  top-fuller,  but 
with  a  sharper  point. 

top,  v.l  &.L     [Top,  s.] 
^ A.  liitransilive : 

1.  To  rise  aloft ;  to  be  eminent. 

"  These  loDg  riilges  of  lofty  iiiul  toppinf/  iaonnt:\hii 
which  nmcjtstiiiul  west."  — Dct'lumt:  /'hyan-o-TUcvhi'/j/. 

2.  To  excel ;  to  rise  above  others. 

"  I  have  he.ir«l  say,  he  hiul  not  less  thaii  l.(iW  slftves, 
soiae  of  whom  were  topping  merchnnta,  and  had  nmiiy 
slaves  iiiider  them." — IHimpicr  ;  Voifuges  {i\i\.  XiJSS).' 

3.  To  itredominate. 

■'The  thoughts  of  the  miml  «re  nnintemu't^illy 
eiiiployeil  by  the  *Ieterniinntu>ii  of  the  «ill.  iuniieiiceil 
by  topping  uneasiness  while  it  hists.'  — lAn-kf  Human 
Viuh'Tstand.,  bk,  iL,  ch.  xxL 

4.  To  be  of  a  certain  height  ;  to  measure  in 
lieight. 

B.  I'musiiivc : 

I.  OitUnarjf  Lan'jncO*^  ' 

1.  To  cover  on  the  top ;  to  cap. 

"  tier  |>ile,  far  ofra|i|iearin^'  like  a  mount 
Of  Hlabaster.  topt  \\  ith  goltleu  npires. 

Milton:  I'.  I!.,  iv.  543. 

2.  To  pass  over  the  top  of. 

■■  Mauya  greeu  doy  would  endeavoui-  to  take  auieuse 
instead  of  tnppinif  the  hi-ambles,  thereby  i>oaail»ly 
siilittiiig  a  cUiw."— FieW,  March  If,  1887. 

3.  To  rise  above. 

"A  uouril  planted  by  a  lar^'e  pine,  climhing  by  the 
bouL-ha  twinetl  abuut  them,  tdl  it  ti>fi>cd  and  ou\ered 
the  tree."— L'  Estrange. 
-  4.  To  rise  to  the  top  of. 
"  If  aught  obstruct  thy  course,  yet  ataml  not  still. 
But  Hind  abuiit  till  thuu  liiist  topped  the  hill." 

Dcnlnmi :  Of  friidciice.  IC6. 

5.  To  cut  off  the  top  of ;  to  crop,  to  loji. 

"These,  if  to^iped  and  tailetl,  the  roots  i-educed  to 
]>i)l|>,  uiiil  the  leaves  passed  tlituu^'h  a  chatf-cutter." — 
Field.  Oct.  y.  18S5. 

*  6.  To  outgo,  to  excel,  to  surpass. 

■"  Topping  all  others  in  IxKiating. ' 

ShaJccKp.  :  Cvriotiiiiiis,  ii.  1. 

"*  7.  To  perform  euunently. 

*  8.  To  copulate  with  ;  to  tup,  to  cover. 

"  Cassio  (lid  top  her."  SJinf^esp. :  OtkftJo.  \ .  2, 

II.  Niud. :  To  raise  one  end,  as  of  a  yard  or 
■boom,  so  that  one  end  becomes  higher  than 
the  other. 

"All  .  ,  .  topped  their  booms  for  home  "■— /"*>W. 
Sept,  4,  l»m. 

T  (1)  To  top  off:  To  complete  hv  putting 
over  the  top  or  upiw-rmost  part  of:  r.s,  To  top 
iiff  a  stack  (pf  hay;  hence,  to  liuish.  to  com- 
plete. 


•(•J)  3*0  top  oi'cr  tuit,*  To  /op)N*  imfr'tutih  : 
To  turn  head  over  heels. 

"To  tumble  ouer  and  oner,  to  toppp  once  ta.'jlf.'  — 
Afcluim:  7'oxopUiUtt,  It.  47. 

■  (;i)  To  top  vp  with:  To  finish  with  ;  t-^ 
wiml  up  with. 

"  Four  engage  to  go  half -price  to  the  pUiy  at  nigbt. 
and  top  up  with  oynters.  —tJiekeiu:  Jtlcak  House. 
ch.  xi. 

'  top'-arch,  s.  \\Ai.  foparcha,  from  (ir. 
TOTTopxTj?,  r6iTafk\0';  {top(irchi}s,  fojxtrrho:i),  fnuti 
Toiro?  {tO]ios)  —  a  place,  and  apx<o  ("'(•/(«)  =  li. 
rule.  I  The  principal  man  in  a  place  or 
country  ;  the  governor  of  a  tojiarchy. 

"They  are  not  to  l>e  conceived  |ioteiit  monarrhii,  but 
tii/Htrehg.  or  kinpi  vt  iiiorow  territoiics. ■'—Browytc 
\ir/-mr  ICrroiirx. 

•  top'-ar-Ch^,  •■i.  rt'"-  roiropxia  (Mjvrreftm);! 
ITuPARiH.J  A  little  slnte,  consisting  of  a  fen 
cities  or  towns  ;  a  potty  country  goverm-l  bj 
a  topareh. 

"  For  several  king»  BMnyiug  their  el>ony  sceptres  in 
ericb  topurvhif."— Herbert :  Trtivef». 

to-pau,  ■«.     [Native  name.] 

finiifli.:  The  Rhinoeeros  Itornbill  (>[.\.). 

to  -paz,  ~  to-pas.  *  to-pase.  *  ta-pace> 

.t.       [Fr,   tojxisc,   from    Lat.   to}X!::v>i.   topu^m,. 
t(ip((zion,  from  Gr.  T6Trat,'o«,  Ton-a^tor  (f(i/i(':'> 
toi)az\on);  origin  doubtful.) 

1.  Min.t  A  mineral  crystallizing  in  llu'  or- 
thorhouibicsy.stem,possessingahiglily-perfiet 
basal  cleava;:e,  columnar,  and  occasional! \ 
granular.  Ilaidness,  8*0  ;  .sp.  gr.  ^'4  to  Sti5  ; 
lustre,  vitreous;  colour,  shade-s  of  yellow, 
greenisli,  bluish,  also  colonrless  ;  transparent 
to  sub-titinslucent ;  fi-acture,  snb-conchoidal  ; 
pyruflectric.  Compos. :  silicon,  15'1T  ;  alu- 
uiinium,  20':»8;  oxygen,  34-C7 ;  Huorine,  20'.".s 
=  lUO,  with  the  formula,  Al20^<.\.SiO.>-t-S.SiF.j). 
Oceuis  widely  distributed  iu  gi-anite,  asso- 
ciated with  beryl,  tourmaline,  &c.  The  col- 
lection of  crystals  of  this  uuneral  in  th- 
National  Collection  of  the  Natural  History 
Museum  (South  Kensington)  is  unsurpassed. 

2.  //*»■.;  The  name  given  to  the  metal  i>r. 
Avheii  borne  by  peers. 

topaz  rock.  .'. 

I'lii-cl.:  A  rotk  occurring  at  Schnecken- 
stein,  Saxony,  consisting  of  large  fragments 
of  tourmaline-schist  containing  topaz,  ce- 
mented together  Vty  quartz  and  lithouiarge. 
topaz  also  Iteing  crystallized  on  the  walls  ot* 
cavities.  Forms  a  vein  of  considerable  thick- 
ness iu  the  mica  schist. 

top'^-za,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.]    [Topaz.] 

Oi-Dith.:  Kings.  King  Humming-birds;  a 
genus  of  Trochilidic,  with  two  si>ecies,  having 
two  tail-feathevs  elougate-and  crossed.  Tr- 
■jiifza  pella,  tlie  more  con'imon  species,  is  foundi 
iu  Gtuana  and  Trinidad,  extending  into  Brazil 
and  up  the  Amazon,  being  replaced  on  the  Kit 
Negro  by  T.  pyra. 

t6~paz -d-lite,  .'=.  lEng.  totvtz;  o  connect.. 
and  (ir,   \i0os  (/(//(os)=  a  stone  ;  Ger.  tppazv- 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  garnet,  found  in  small 
crystals  of  a  tojiaz-yellow  colour  at  Ala,  Pied- 
mont. Dana  includes  it  among  the  limeiron- 
garuets  (andi'adite). 

tope  (1), 
trees. 

"  The  fint  nianjro  t'l/irs  in  the  neighbourhooit  of  our 
t:iinp.  —/"«■/(/,  April  4,  ISSS. 

tope  (2).  s.    [Probably  a  Corni.sh  word.l 

Iclithy.:  A  popular  name  for  either  of  th'- 
species  of  the  gemis  Galeus.  The  Comniuu 
Tope,  Gakiis  van  is,  is  widely  distribntetl 
throughout  all  temi>eratc  and  tropical  seas, 
ranging  as  far  as  California  and  Tasmania.  1 1 
is  about  six  feet  long,  dark  asn^;ray  alxive  and 
white  l>elow.  It  is  often  called  the  Miller's 
Dog  and  Penny  Dog,  though,  according  b- 
some  authorities,  the  tirst  name  is  properly 
applicable  oidy  to  young  lisb, 

tope  (3),  s.     [Pali  st'hupo  ;  Sansc.  st'hvpa.] 

Arrho-o}. :  The  popular  name  for  a  particular 
kind  of  Buddhist  monumeut  common  in  Indii 
and  the  south-east  of  Asia.  The  word  tope 
has  reference  to  the  general  form  of  the  monu- 
ment, which  is  a  particular  fo«u  of  or  develop- 
ment from  the  tunuilus  (q.v.),  and  may  be 

(1)  Memorial,   buiit  upon  celebrated   spots ; 

(2)  Dedicatory,  consecrate<l  to'the  Supreme 
Buddha  ;  or  (y.)  Sepulchrnl,  containing  remains 
or   relics,  in    which    case  they    are    jiroperlv 


[Hind.]    A  gro^e  or  clump  of 


f^te,  fat.  f^ire,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father ;  -we,  wet,  here,  camel,  hsr,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wplC  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire,  unite  cur,  rule,  fiill ;  try,  Syrian,    ae.  oe  =  e ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  —  kw. 


tope— topology 


lai 


t*rnu'd  Dnsoba.'*.  antl  are  frfiiueiitly  f"nnrl  in 
to.niples.  Thi!  other  forms  an-  iisiiiilly  imh-- 
]ii.-ni.it.'Ut  structures.  From  Piili  UmitniistJc 
writings  it  uppenrs  thnt  topes  wcic  in  t-xis- 
tt-nce  before  the  time  of  iSakyii,  iiiul  wtri-  <>li- 
,ii'cts  of  revereiicf  to  the  peoj)If.  The  ohU'st 
inpes  are  in  tlit-  shape  of  etiimlas,  generally 
>pli<'ric:tl,  but  M'lin-timrs  cIliptiiMl,  resting  <"» 
.1  i-ytimlrieiil,  (|ii;iilran<;ul;iv.  or  poly;:;oiial  b;ise, 
using  fither  in  a  .>(raiylit  t-ir  in  ;in  iiiclinetl 
lino,  or  in  terraces.  The  top,  .surronn«led  by 
a  balcony  of  pillars,  is 
;,'enernlly  crowned  by  a 
structure,  generally 

•  luadrangnlar,  but  some- 
times haviuj^  the  shape 
of  an  inverted  pyramid, 
:ind  over  this  is  a  roof  in 
the  shape  of  an  inverted 
iMubrella.  Sometimes 
-M-vei-al  umbrellas  are  pre- 
>eiit,  placed  one  over  the 
nther,  as  is  the  case  in  a 
r')ck-eut  tope  in  Ajunta, 
where  they  assume  some- 
what the  character  of  a 
spire.  The  largest  to(>es  toce. 
wej'e     probably    detlica- 

t'try ;  the  vwst  numerous  are  llie  sepul- 
eliral  topes,  built  of  all  sizes,  and  of  all 
kinds  of  material,  according  to  the  rank  (tf 
itie  deceased.  The  cupola  was  intended  to 
lepresent  the  water-bubble,  the  Buddliistic 
.symbol  of  the  hollo wness  of  the  world  ;  and 
the  extendf^d  umbrella  probably  typilied  the 
royal  dignity  jiussessed  by  a  Buddhist  saint. 
The  number  of  terraces  and  stories  had  like- 
wise a  syitibolical  import.  The  illustration  re- 
presents a  tope  at  Manikyala,  in  the  Pmijaub. 

*  tope,   r.i.      (Fr.   foper  =  to  cover  a  stake; 

liol.  (ojKi  —  a  word  used  by  gand)lers,  and  by 
l)''rsons  drinking  =  I'll  pledge  you.)  To  drink 
liard  ;  to  drink  strong  or  spirituous  liquors  to 
excess. 

"  Tlic  jiilly  iiieiiihera  of  ti  tofjhif  cliili." 

HiiHer:  Epinrnni  on  a  Club  of  Sots.  i. 

topee',  to-pi',  «.  (Mahratta,  Hind..  &c.] 
A  cuveiing  Joi-  the  bead  ;  the  eork  or  pith 
l;<'imets  wHjru  by  ^uhliers,     (East  Iiulics.) 

topee -wallah,  topi-wala,  ''.  [Hind. 
=  hat-fellow^  i.r.  =  one  who  weal's  a  hat.) 
A  derogattny  term  eniployeil  by  natives  of 
I  iidia  to  designate  Europeans.    (Cal/onr.) 

top-er,  s.  |Eng.  (oi^f).  v.;  ■€>:]  One  wlio 
■  Irinks  hard  ;  a  sot,  ft  druidvard. 

'■  Sits  niiion^  liii  fellow  toper*  Jit  tl\e  twopeinvy 
\\ih."'-:iearch  :  ftftftt  ff  Xtttiire.  m>\.  i,.  [it.  i..  th.  i. 

tdp'-et,S.      [TOVPET.  I 

•  top'-ful,  '  top'-fuU, u.    [Eng.  1oi\  v. ;  ■/»!!.] 

1.  Full  to  the  to[.  or  bi  im  ;  brimful. 

"  Tis  noiiilerfiU 
What  nmy  1)e  wiBuglit  uut  of  their  dieconteut :  » 
Now  thitt  tli(.'iv  soiiU  nm  tnp/iU  of  titlViicc.' 

Slutkejtp, ;  Kiiiy  Joh-n,  iJi.  A. 

2.  Very  high,  lofty. 

"  The  top  of  rtll  the  topfnJ  heny'n^" 

Vhapman:  ilonifr ;  //idi/ v.  761. 

toph,  toph'-US.  ?.       [hat.  topjnis,  /n/f/.'i=:tufa 

.11  tiitl",  a  species  of  \oleanic  rock  of  an  earthy 
tixlure.l 

1.  Milt.  :  The  same  as  Tuff  (q.v.). 

"  III  the  construction  of  this  v;iult,  thp  )irtiici|>l^  of 
'iHiiiiif  frw'.HtoiiP  for  the  rtli3,  mid  fopfi  Ut  the  i<iuiiiels, 
J'.is  not  been  f^>l\avfeA.''—ArrlnFotoffia.  xvii,  au. 

2.  ^iirg. :  A  soft  t'lnumr  on  a  l»une  ;  also  a 
(■Mncretit)n  in  the  joints.     {!>iiiiii/if<on.) 

to-pha'  9e~ous  (>-v  ceous  as  shiis),  '^■ 

IToi'H.]  Pertaining  to  a  tt>pli  nr  tophus; 
gritty,  sandy. 

"  Aciils  mixed  witli  them  precipiLTte  a  tnphareoii* 

•  hHlky  iii.itttr,  hnf  not  a  clear  Bub3t«iiee/—-1  r&4i/A- 
■I'll  :  Oil  Aiimt:nr.t,  di,  i\ . 

To-phet.  tTo'-pheth,  s.  (Heb.  n?*n  {To- 
j.ht-th).  Various  etymologies  have  been  given. 
It  was  long  supposed  to  have  been  dprived 
from  P]'n  (/<J/)/i)  =  a  drum,  a  timbrel,  a  tam- 
liourHie,  which  was  .said  to  have  l)een  beaten 
to  dnwn  the  cries  of  childaiai  burnt  in  the 
lire  to  Moloch  tq.  v.).  Gesenius  considers  foiifteC 
to  be  =  a  spittle,  tJiat  which  is  vomited,  from 
r|in  {tiijih)  —  an  obsolete  Arauia:-an  verb  =  to 
spit,  and  beheves  the  allusion  to  be  to  the 
disgust  excited  by  the  place.  1 

S'^ript.  :  A  place  in  the  immeiliate  vicinity 
of  Jeru.siilem,  considered  by  Milton  (see  ex- 
tract) to  be  identical  with  the  valley  of  Hin- 
notn,  but  described  in  Scripture  a.s  in  that 
valley  (2  Kings  xxiii.   10;    Jer.  vii.  .'!1).       It 


was  south-east  of  .lerusalem  (.ler.  xix.  2).  nnrl 
bad  been  j'repared  of  old  for  some  king  of 
Israel,  or  for  Moloch  (q.v.)  (Isa.  xxx.  Xi), 
Whatever  its  primary  design,  "high  places" 
were  erected  there,  and  it  became  the  <-hief 
seat  of  the  worship  of  Moloch  in  Palestine 
(■J  Kings  xxiii.  lo  ;  .ler.  vii.  ;il).  Josiah  not 
merely  stopjied  that  cnnd  foim  of  idolatry, 
but  denied  the  place  (J  Kings  xxiii.  10;  Jer. 
xix.  Ki).  apparently  by  making  it  the  recep- 
tacle of  the  tilth  of  the  cajiital.  It  U-eame  a 
burial  gi'ound,  ultimately  overcrowded  with 
Kidies  (Jer.  vii.  31,  32  ;  xix.  U,  U).  L^-Jkhcnna, 
Moloch.] 

"  The  plftis.'jiit  vallev  of  Hhiiiom.  loplft  thence 
And  l.liick  GoheiitiH  cidled,  the  t)  [«  of  hell. ' 

Miltoti  :  J:  I...  I.  404. 

toph  in,  .=.    [ToE'i!.]    A  kind  of  sandstone. 

toph  'US,  s.     iToi'U.J 

topi ,  s.    [TorcE.] 

to'  pi-a,  ■':.  [Lat.]  A  fanciful  style  of  nuiral 
(.U-cnration,  consisting  of  landscapes  t^*'  a 
very  heterogeneous  character,  resembling 
those  of  the  Chuiese.  much  used  in  the  Pom- 
peian  houses. 

"  to-pi-ar-l-an,  ".  [Eng.  tnphiry;  -an.]  Of 
or  pertaining  tu  ur  practising  topiary  work, 

'  to'-pi-ar-y,  a.  [Lat.  fo/>(in-n/y  =  pertTining 
to  ornamental  gar<letiing,Troni  fopm  (opera)  = 
ornanieTital  gardening,  from  tir.  toitos  (topos) 
~a  place;  Vr.  topkihr.]  Shaped  by  cutting 
orclipjiing:  as,  topiort/  work,  which  consists 
in  giving  all  kinds  of  fanciful  forms  to  aibours 
and  thickets,  trees  and  hedges. 

"  No  topitirn  hed(!e  of  quickset 
Wiis  e  er  so  neittlj'  cut  or  thickset," 

Iii'tl€,  :   \\-fakn,yt»  i-  Miwrn  of  3l'tt>. 

top'-ic,  ■  top  ick,  ♦  t6p' icke,  .<'.  &  c  [Fr 
topujiirs=  topicks,  bocks  or  places  of  litgieall 
invention  (fo/{;?-(/ip),  from  Lat.  topicn,  ueut.  pi. 
of  tO}iin(s,  from  Gr.  romKoq  (fopikos)  =  local, 
from  TOTTOs  (topos)  =  a  place  ;  Ital.  topicu.) 

A.  As  s^tbstantive  : 

I.  Onlinari/  Lang  tinge: 

I.  The  subject  C'f  a  discoui-se,  ai-gument, 
literary  comptisition,  or  conversation  ;  the 
subject  of  any  distinct  portion  of  a  disct>urse, 
&c. ;  the  matter  treated  of  ;  theme. 

"  We  ftre  much  to  bhnne.  that  we  luiuiah  relltiious 
toyicka  from  our  discourae.'*— .SVcicc  .■  Sennoui,  \oL 
iv..  set.  16. 

*  2.  An  argument. 

•' CoiituinHcii)U»  iteisnin  wlii.m  HO  topics  cau  vtvtV. 
upon."—  Wilkinx     i  \\\bt.tci\) 

II,  TechnimUy  : 

1.  Wiet. :  A  general  truth  or  statement 
ap[)lica.ble  to  a  great  variety  of  individual  cir- 
cumstances ;  a  general  maxim  or  dictum  re- 
gaided  as  being  of  use  in  argument  or  oratory  ; 
a  general  head  or  department  of  thought  to 
which  any  maxim  belongs  ;  one  of  the  various 
geneial  forms  of  argument  to  he  employed  in 
probiible,  as  distinguished  from  demonstrative 
reasoning. 

"  These  topics  or  loci,  were  no  other  than  geneml 
ide.is  Hpiilicnble  to  n.  ffreitt  aiHiiy  dilTereiit  subject'^, 
whicli  tiie  orator  w.xs  directed  t(>  con»'ult,  in  order  ti> 


2.  Med. :  An  external  remedy  ;  a  remedy  for 
local  application  to  a  particular  part  of  tlie 
btKly  :  as,  a  plaister,  a  poultice,  a  blister,  &c. 

•■  111  the  cure  of  struma;,  tbe  foj'ic/ct  ought  to  be  dis- 
cutieuL"— irise(7ia«.'  burger^. 
B,  Af<  afljedtve : 
*  I.  Orditiat^y  Language  : 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  a  particular 
place  or  locality  ;  local. 

"  All  ye  topic  gods,  that  do  inh.thit  here  " 

nriti/tou  :  I'oiif-Olbioii.  8.  31^. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  topic  or  subject  of  con- 
versation. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  proceeding  from  a  topic 
or  maxim :  hence,  merely  probable,  as  an 
argument. 

4.  Made  up  of  commonplaces. 

"To  finish  his  circuit  in  an  EnfRish  concoi-dance 
iiiid  u  topic  iolio."— Hilton  :  Atfopuijitiai. 

II.  Med. :  Pertaining  or  applied  to  a  par- 
tictdar  part  of  the  body. 

'■  The  places  ought  hefoie  the  niipliciition  of  those 
topickc  medicines,  to  tie  «ell  iireiutreo  with  tbe  rMZuur. 
and  sisinnpiBUie  or  ruhiciiti^e  ui;tde  of  must jird .seed, 
uiitill  the  plate  look  red.'— /■.  J/oflant/ :  Plintr,  bk. 
xxix.,  ch.  » i. 

top'-xc-al,  ".     [Eng.  topic  ;  -el.]    The  same  as 
Topi.-,  ,;.  (q.v.). 

^i  Applii'd  spcciticnlly  to  a  mu,-^ic  hall  song. 


in  which  the  vocali>t  deal.-,  witn  topics  of  tho 
day. 

■'To  the  now  well-knowu  fopieal  rhnnt  which  h*- 
fu\nii.  ill  Hiiiiilet  K'>rb.  Uixvy  (wld«d  ou  npropiM  fitrr- 
Moll  ^<i^e,*— /;»/i-r<c.  yept.  i.  1«SU. 

topical  colooxing.  ^.  A  t^M-m  used  in 
calieu-printing  to  indieale  that  the  colour  or 
mordant  is  applied  to.^pecitic  jiortifuis  of  the 
cloth  formingthe  iKitterii,  in  crmtrudistinctinn 
to  the  api'lication  of  ctdour  to  the  cloth  in  ;i 
dye-biith. 

"  top -ic-al-l]?,  adr.  (Eng.  fnptcal  :  -?i/.]  In  a 
topical  uKinner ;  locally  ;  with  limitation  to 
some  particular  part. 

"  Which  /o/)»c'»//j;f  ap|i|ye<l  beeome  n  Plm>nl|{miiH  or 
rubifyiiiB  medii.iiic.'— /(jF-owHi-.  Vuinnr  lirrourt,  bk. 
ill.,  I'h.  lii. 

top'  it.  ."■■.  [Top.l  The  top.picce  of  a  tvain  of 
iiiiIn  in  u'll-boring. 

top'   less,  rr.     [Eng.   top;  -less.] 

1.  So  high  as  to  have  no  visible  ton  r  very 
h)tty. 

"  Kut  thine,  the  kertitoiie  at  hi*  tofflru  tower 
Ueult.  is  -.ne  with  l.ove«  own  loidUetit  name." 
.1.  C.  Swinburne  :  Tri^rnm  of  LyoncMc.  iii. 

2.  Having  no  HUiK-rior  ;  supieme. 

"  Sometime,  ((reat  Afntiuemnon, 
Thy  foplcAi  deputAliou  lie  put«  on." 

ShiiKcg/j.  :  rroituAi  Crfttila.  \.  2. 

top -man,  '••.     [Eng.  top,  ami  wan.\ 

'  1.  Old.  Loiiif. :  A'top-.sawyer  ((|.v.). 
"The  jiit-ftaw  enter*  the  one  end  of  the  ittuff.  tho 
fopiiKiii  at  tbe   top.  and  tbe  pitman   under  him.'  — 
iloioii  :  ilcchaniciU  JCrrrcinen. 

2.  Ninit. :  A  man  standing  on  the  top;  a 
toiisnian. 

top' -mast,  -?.     (Rng.  top,  and  mas'.) 

Nniif.:  The  mast  al)ove  the  lower  mast; 
the  secdiid  from  the  deck,  and  below  tbe  top- 
gallant mast. 

'■  He  travels,  rind  I  too,     I  tread  hia  deck, 
Ancend  his  lopinnxf.  tbrouifh  bis  j^eeiinu  eyes 
IJiBcover  couutries. "  (uwfier:  Ta*K,  iv.  115. 

top' -most,  a.  (Eng.  ^07),  and  mo.s^]  Highest, 
upl«'riniist. 

"  With  offer'd  vows,  in  Ilion's  fopmnxf  t-iwer  ' 
Pope:  Ilotncr :  Jliait  \\.  \\Z 

td-pigf-ra-pher,  .^■.    I<;r.  TojroYp(i<i>os-  (ro/x'- 

iiraplitis).  from  toito«  (^^//o^)  =  ;l  [tlace,  and 
ypd<i>tii  (ij II' plid)  ^=  tit  write.]  One  who  writes 
deseiiptiuns  of  a  paiticidiir  cotuitry,  town, 
district,  tiaet  of  land,  or  city  ;  one  skilled  in 
topography. 

•' Two  ofllicers  of  the  ITth  Regiment,  one  of  whom 

will  act  as  fopwiraplic-:  —fall  Mitll  tiazctlr,  .Inly  j:., 

1684. 

top  0  irrilph'  !c,  top  d-gr&pti  ic  al.  " 

[Eng.  f"i>"iiriipli(;^) :  -M',  -uvl.\  I'ertaining  or 
relating  to  topograj'hy  ;  descriptive  of  a  place 
w  country. 

"  Firet,  touching  the  tapofirn iJiirnf  \lfMTiiiiiotl  of 
tills  nii^lity  eiii|  iie.' --//■(i-A7i(i/f  .    I'lf/ii^it,  iii.  'M. 


topographical  surveying, 

VKVIMi.l 


[StK- 


tdp-o-gr&ph'-ic-al-ly,  adi:  [Eng.  topn- 
ijraj'lu'-al ;  -ly.]  In  a  topographical  manner; 
alter  the  manner  of  tojiograpliy. 

■■  My  defects  will  be  perfectly  aupplyd  hy  such  who 
aiciU  topoffrnphiciiftf/ trcAtui  this  »ubjt!ct  in  relation 
to  this  county  u lout. "—/>(//(."»■ .'   IVort/iie* ;  Krtit. 

to-pog'-ra-phist,  5.  [Eng.  tojiographdi); 
-i^.]     A  topographer. 

'■  Capbiiii  Yafe  and  a  Kuasian  fnpogrnphi*r  have  jini- 
ceeded  to  the  Murghab  Valley."— 77Tnc5.  March  '29.  IBBb. 

to-pog'-ra-phy,   'to-pog-ra  phie,   «. 

\Vt.  t'<p<»i,  II  pli  ic  ^^  tho  descrijitiMn  i>(  ;i  place  ; 
I^t.  fi'p'iiirnphia,  from  Gr.  Tonuypat}>ia  {tnjinijiii 
phin).]  iTopo<::r.\phek-1  The  de.seriptiun  of 
a  partieular  place,  city,  town,  district,  manoi , 
parish,  tract  of  land  ;  a  detailed  description  of 
a  country  or  region,  including  its  citit*.-^, 
towns,  villages,  castles,  and  natui-al  featm-es. 
Topography  is  thus  more  descriptive  and  niun? 
detailed  than  geography. 

"  In  our  topo^rn/Jiie  we  have  at  large  set  forth  anil 
descrilMMl  the  site  of  tiie  faiiid  of  Ireiaud."— //trfnij/rerf  .- 
Coiii/tieir.  of  Ireland,    tPref.) 

•[  Mititortf  topor}raph}t :  The  nunutedeserip- 
tion  <tf  places  with  special  reference  to  theii 
adaptability  to  military  puriKises. 

•  t6-i>6l'-a-tryt   •''•     (tJr.  TOTro?  (tiypo.^)  =  a 

pbtee,  [\\u\  Sarpfia(ltdr€io)  =  service,  worship.] 
Excessive  reverence  for  or  worshi|>  of  a  place 
or  places  ;  adoration  of  a  place  or  spot. 

•  to-p6l'-6-gy,  s.  [Gr.  TOTToi  (topos)  =  a  place, 
and  Aoyo-;  (/"(/o.s)  =  a  word.]  The  art  or 
nictlind   of  assisting  the  memory  by  associa- 


ooil,  boy ;  pout,  jo^ ;  cat,  9ell«  chorus.  9hin.  henph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ; 
-clan,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -$ion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -- 


expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
shus.    -hie,  -die,  &c.  —  hel,  deL 


132 


toponomy— torchless 


ting  Uie  objet-U  to  be  remonlHred  with  some 
plac*.  tin*  iiart*j  uf  which  art-  woll  kimwu. 

tdp-^-nj^m'-iO-^    a.       (Bng.    toponon^y) ; 

I  .1/.!  *^if  iT  ifrtariiiiigtotoinmomy  or  phui- 

"  TlioHctiera]  ivaulU  U>  bodrrlTwl  from  flnhl-UKiiit' 

uid  topongmtcul  cuIIvcUdiis.*— vinrifuary.  July,  IH^4, 

P-  " 

td-p6n -^-mj^,  s.    (Gr.  Toirot  ((o;x)s)  =  a  pliu-e, 

and  oi^^a  {'•noma)  =  a   tmine.)     The   iilact- 

names  I'f  a  count rj-  or  iliatrii-t ;  a  regialer  of 

snc-h  names. 

t^p   per,  s.     lEug.  tap :  -rr.l 

1.  One  who  tops  or  excels;  anytliing  su- 
I»»'rior.     {Colloq.) 

2.  An  equilateral,  single-out  file,  or  float. 
UMed  by  comb- makers, 

3.  The  stumi'  of  a  smoked  cigar;  the  to- 
Knr.-o  which  is  Irft  ill  the  Itottom  of  a  pipe- 
U.vvl. 

'  tdp  -pi9e,  '  t&p-pi9e,  r.i.  or  (.  [Taimsh.] 
To  cover,  to  hiJe,  to  lie  Iii4. 

'■  I-lkf  .\  mnger 
Hftf  loppic*  where  he  llke«." 

tdp   ping,  ;>r,  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Top,  s.] 

A.  -In  jtr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjfctivt  : 

•  1.  Rising  aloft ;  lofty,  eminent 

"  Hidge*  o(  lolty  lUid  toppinn  moantaiua, "— /JirWium. 

2.  Eminent,  preeminent,  surpassing,  great, 
flourishing. 

"  The  toppingttt  Bhojikeeptrs  iu  the  city.  "— T. 
Brttwn:   ICort*.  1 1.  S68. 

'  3.  Fine,  noble,  gallant. 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Ijxnguage : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  tops  ;  the  act  of  cut- 
ting oil"  the  top. 

2.  A  blanch,  &c.,  of  a  tree  cut  off. 

3.  The  act  of  reducing  to  au  exact  level  the 
points  of  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 

4.  (PI.):  Tliat  which  comes  from  hemp  in 
the  process  of  hatchelling. 

n.  Naiit.  :  Lifting  one  end  of  a  yard  higher 
than  the  other  end. 

^  T(>ppin{i  i&  lopping:  A  term  used  to  ex- 
press the  right  to  cut  the  tops  of  trees  and 
Inp  flie  lowrr  branches,  granted  under  certiiin 
i_-oniliti<ins  iu  snnie  forests. 

topping-llft,  -^. 

Saut.  :  A  tackle  for  raising  the  outer  end 
•f  a  gatf  or  boom. 

%  Damt  topping-liji. 

Naut.  :  A  rojie  made  fast  to  the  outer  end 
of  a  davit,  and  love  through  a  block  made  fast 
to  a  vessel's  mast  aloft,  with  a  tackle  attached. 
It  assists  in  keeitiiig  the  anchor  clear  of  the 
rail  when  bringing  it  on  board  to  be  stowed 
on  deck. 

'  top -ping-ly,  '  top-ping-Xie,  udr.  &.  a. 
[Eng.  t'lpping  :  -ly.] 
A^  As  adverb: 

1,  Splendidly,  nobly. 

■■  I  mean  t«  marry  her  toppingly." — Jarvit :  /ton 
Quixote,  pL  ii.,  bk.  m.,  ch.  xvlii. 

2.  Proudly,  disdainfully. 

B.  Af:  adj. :  Eminent,  great,  gay,  showy. 

"  These  toppirmlic  guests  be  in  number  but  ten." 
TiAMer  :  Iluibaudry  ;  April 

tdp'-ple,  i\i.  &  t.     lEiig.  top  ;  diniin.  sutf.  -le.] 
A.  Intrans.  :   To    fall   over   or  forward,  as 
from   a   height  or  top ;    to   pitch  or  tumble 
^own.    (Usually  followed  by  over.) 

"  Here  they  burrow  and  mine  until  the  tallest 
hnURes  In  the  town  are  liable  at  any  moment  to  topple 
orer  or  tt>  subside."— /Jojfy  Telegraph,  March  5,  1B87. 

•  B.  Trans. :  To  throw  down  or  over ;  to 
overtuni. 

"  He  toppled  crags  from  the  precipice, 
AnO  wijfttaue'er  was  built  by  day 
In  the  night  wiis  eweiit  away." 

Loiig/ellow  :  Golden  Legend.  V. 

top'-pling,  a.  [Eng.  toppl(e);  -ing.]  Falliug 
Jul  ward  ;  ready  t<J  fall. 

"Ami  i'>irpiing  treen  that  twine  their  roots  with  stone 
In  I'crj'ciiiliculHr  pl;icea." 

liyrsn     Heaven  i  Earth,  i.  3. 

•  top'-right  (gh  silent),    a.     (Eng.  top,  and 
rifjht.]    Erect,  tojiinost. 
•■  His  tiipriffht  <.-reBt  from  cru«n  duwne  battred  fallea." 
/'haer:   Virgil;  ^t'ncidix. 

'  top-side-tur'-vy,  adv.  [See  def.]  The 
s;nrif  as  Toi'SYTUKvv  (q.v.).  (.Sferne ;  Tris- 
Iniiii  Shmidy,  iii.  ItlSi.) 


*  tip-ai-turn.  i■.^    [Toi-svil-kw.]    To  up- 

st-t,  to  overtlirow. 

■■  By  hi»  travail  topsfturntrth  them." 

Sgli>e»ter:  The  I'ucation   741. 

tdpS'-man,  «.     lEng.  top,  and  man.] 

1.  A  topiiian  (q.v.). 

2.  A  chief  or  head  cattle-drover. 

■  tdp-S^-tur'-vi-li^,  adv.  [Eng.  tojisytun-y; 
■hi.]  In  an  inverted  or  reversed  state  ;  upside 
down. 

•■  Has  done  «ome  clever  thinffs  fii  his  time,  can  sing 
a  good  flong.  loid  nilBht  wt-ll  1*  employed  for  Fnnat 
viewed  toptyttirpity:— Daily  Telt'grap/i.  teb.  6,  1880. 

top-sy-tur'-vi^,  '  top-sle-tur-vie,  adv. 

\.\  word  variously  explained.  Trench  considers 
if.  ;i  corruption  of  topside  the  other  way,  as 
in  Search:  lAglU  of  Nature,  vol,  ii.,  pt.  ii., 
ch.  xxiii.,  "  His  words  are  to  be  turned  topside 
t'other  way  to  understand  them."*  Fitzedward 
Hall  prefers  U>p  set  turned  ;  and  Skeat  top  sitU 
tur/y^i.e.,  the  top  side  set  on  the  tnrf  or 
ground.  Others  take  it  as  top  siik  turf-wuy, 
wliieii  lia^the  same meainng.l  In  an  inverted 
l>..silinn;  upside  down;  with  the  bottom  up- 
wards and  t'lp  or  head  downwards. 

"It  i^  truth  ^op«,v'"'"i',v,  entirely  logical  and  absurd," 
—Thtickeray  :  Engliih  Humourists,  lect.  i. 

■  tOp-sSr-tiir'-vy,  v.t.  &  i.  [Topsyturvy, 
adc] 

A.  Tram. :  To  turn  upside  down  ;  to  upset, 
to  bewilder. 

•'  My  poor  mind  ia  all  topsyturvied.' —Richardmn  : 
pitmehi.  ii.  40. 

B,  Intrans.  :  To  turn  upside  down  ;  to 
invert  one's  position. 

"Ill  the  topgi'turveying  course  of  time." — Soiithpy : 
Doctor,  ch.  xxx'ix. 

■  tdp-sy-tur'-vjr-ddm,  s,     [Eng.  topsyturvy; 

■dam.]  A  state  of  things  in  which  everything 
is  turned  upside  down  or  reversed. 

"The  view  of  cynical  topsytnrci/dom  which  has  been 
so  long  worked  with  aucce&s  at  length  showa  signs  of 
e\hRa»tiuti."— A Iheiitsum,  March  21.  1885,  p.  384. 

t6p-sy~tur-vy-fi-ca'-tlon.  5.  [Eng. 
tnp$y(un-yfy ;  -ration.]  An  upsetting  ;  a  turn- 
ing topsyturvy. 

"  A  regular  topsyturtiyficalion  of  molality."— r/incAc- 
ray  :  Parin  Sketch-book  :  Miid.  Sand. 

*  top-sy-tur  -vy-?y, "  top  sy-tur  -vi-fy, 

r.t.  [Eng.  topsyturvy:  -fy.]  To  turn  upside 
down. 

"  Viviaection  is  topsyturoyfied  in  a  manner  far  from 
plea.=ing  to  humanity."— /vai/y  Telegraph.  Nov.  26, 
1S8S.  p.  2, 

toque  (que  as  k),  toqnet,  5.     [Fr.=  a  cap  ; 

Sp.  tocn  ;  Ital.  locca  ;  Armor.  t6k  ;  Wei.  toe  ~ 
a  hat  or  bonnet.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  kind  of  bonnet  or  head-dress. 

"The  policemen  on  duty,  protected  so  far  as  their 
heads  were  concerned  by  solar  toques." — Daily  A'cws. 
July  16,  1881. 

2.  A  small  nominal  money  of  account  used 
in  trading  on  some  parts  of  the  west  coast  of 
Africa;  forty  cowries  make  one  toque,  and 
live  toques  one  hen  or  galinha.     {Simvionds.) 

II.  Zool. :  The  genus  Macacus. 

tor,  3.  [Wel.=  a  bulge,  a  hill.]  A  high  pointed 
rock  or  hill ;  an  outcrop  of  rock  left  by  erosion 
or  decay.  Used  spec,  of  such  outcrops  of 
granite  on  Dartmoor.  It  occurs  frequently  in 
place-names  in  the  south-west  of  England, 
ami  especially  in  Devonshire,  as  Glastonbury 
Tor,  'iorhay,  Torquay,  &c. 

tor-^b.  tor'-a,  tbor'-^h  (th  as  t),  s. 
[Heb.  min  (td-rdk)  =■  a  law,  from  TTT  (yam/i) 
=  to  point  out.] 

Hebrew  Literature:  A  law  ;  a  detinite  com- 
mandment laid  down  by  any  recognized  autho- 
rity. When  used  with  the  definite  article, 
the  word  refers  specifically  to  the  written  or 
Mosaic  law,  and  often  to  the  Ten  Command- 
ments. 

tor'-ban-ite,  s.  [After  Torbane  Hill,  near 
Hatligate,  ttcotlaud,  where  found  ;  suff.  -He 
iMin.).] 

Mln.  :  A  name  given  to  a  substance  formerly 
largely  used  as  a  source  of  supply  for  paraffin, 
&c.,  which  it  yielded  by  destructive  distilla- 
tion. Resembles  a  bituminous  shale,  but 
various  analyses  show  that  it  has  a  tolerably 
uniform  composition,  tlie  mean  of  five  analy.se's 
yielding:  carbon,  81-15;  hydrogen,  11'48  ; 
oxygen,  about  6'0  ;  nitrogen,  1-37  =  100.  Ex- 
eluoing  the  nitrogen,  tlie  formula    becomes 


very  nearly  C4i,H^Oo.n5,  which  requires  cai-- 
bon,  8i!*19  ;  hydrogen,  iri34  ;  oxj'gen,  t)"17. 

tpr'-ber-ite,  ■^.    [Torbernite.] 

tor -bem-ite,  .'>'■     TNamed  after  Torl>er  (Lat. 

Torberrms)  Berginaiin,  the  chemist;  sufF.  -itf 

(.Ui,i.).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  Uranite  (q.v.). 
tore,  s.    [See  def.]    Thesame  as  ToRQt.-E(q.v.). 

"  Two  IntereBtiug  papers  "  On  the  Torr  of  tlie  Celts, 
liy  Dr.  Samuel  Bircli,  will  l«r  found  in  the  An-h^olog- 
R'lil  Journal  (ii- 3>;b,  iii,  37)."— 6'farw .  Aiuient  Bronze 
n/  (irvnt  liritain,  p.  375. 

tor^e,  s.     [Torch.] 

Uer. :  The  same  as  Wreatii  (q.v.). 

torch,  *  torche,  s.  [Fv.  torche,  from  Low 
Lat.  tortia,  torti(M=  a  torch,  from  Lat.  t^irtns, 
])a.  par.  of  torqiieo  —  to  twist,  because  made  of 
a  twisted  roll  of  tow  or  tlie  like.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  light  to  he  carried  in  the 
hand,  made  of  some  combustible  substance, 
as  resinous  wood,  twisted  flax,  hemp,  »fec., 
soaked  with  tallow  or  other  inflammable  sub- 
stance ;  a  large  candle  ;  a  flambeau.  Torches 
for  military  purposes  are  made  of  a  number 
of  strands  of  twine,  slightly  twisted,  or  of 
old  rope,  covered  with  a  composition  to  give 
liglit,  consisting  of  tallow,  wax,  and  rosin,  or 
equivalent  ingiedients. 

"  We  then  luid  the  town  open  l>efore  us,  and  pre- 
Hently  saw  lighted  (ortAfs,  or  caudles,  all  the  town 
over  ;  whereas  before  the  gun  was  tired  there  was  but 
one  light"— ^(i»rtp(CT-.-  Voyages  {nit.  1634). 

2.  Iiot.(Pl.):  VerbascumTliapsns.  So  named 
because,  according  to  Parkinson  and  Coles, 
quoted  by  Prior,  the  stalks  were  formerly 
clipped  in  suet  to  burn  at  funerals,  and  else- 
where. According  to  Lyte,  quoted  by  Britten 
&  Holland,  because  the  plant  with  its  yellow 
flowers  resembles  a  wax  taper. 

torch  -  bearer,  s.  One  who  attends 
anotliL'r  witli  a  torch;  one  wlio  cairies  a 
torch. 

"  To  be  to  tliee  this  night  a  tnrch-beare^r. 
And  light  thee  on  thy  way  to  Miuitua." 

ShakeSp.  :  Jt<j*neo  i  Juliet,  iii.  5. 

torch-dance,  s.  A  dance  in  which  each 
licrloi  iiKT  carries  a  torch. 

torch-light,  s.  &  n. 

A.  .4s  snbst. :  The  light  of  a  torch  or  of 
torches. 

"It  is  of  a  mellow  colour,  and  has  gre.it  force  and 
brilliancy:  it  is  illuminated  by  torch-light"— /leg- 
liotds:  A  Journi-y  to  /-"landers  &  //oUand. 

B.  -43  adj. :  Done  or  iierformed  by  the  light 
of  torches  :  as,  a  torch-light  procession. 

torch-race,  s,  A  kind  of  race  among  the 
ancient  Greeks  at  cert;iin  festivals,  in  wliich 
the  runners  carried  lighted  torches,  Avhich 
were  passed  from  one  to  another  in  a  manner 
not  now  well  understood. 

*  torch-staff,  5.  The  staff  of  a  torch,  by 
which  it  is  carried. 

"  The  hortieineii  sit  like  fixed  candlesticks,        , 
With  torch  status  in  their  hand." 

Shakesp. :  /lenry  V.,  iv.  2, 

torch-thistle,  s. 

Bot. :  The  Cactaeean  genus  Cereus.  So 
named  because  tlie  species  are  used  by  the 
Indians  for  torches. 

torch-wood,  ^^ 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Resinous  wood  fit  for  mak- 
ing torches. 

"High  mountain  countries,  windy,  and  covered 
witl^now.  bear  ordinarily  trees  that  yield  torch-toood 
and  pitt'h,  as  pines,  cone-trees,  luid  such  like.  "— /*. 
/ioUaiid:  Plutarch,  p.  &6i 

2.  Hot. :  The  genus  Cereus,  spec.  C.  heptago- 
nvs.    (Torch -THISTLE.  ] 

tor9h,  v.t.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Plasttr. :  To  point  the  insidejointsof  slating 
laid  on  lath  with  hair  and  lime. 

*  tor9h'-er,  s.  [Eng.  torch,  s.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  gives  light. 

"  Ere  tw  ii;e  the  horses  of  the  sun  sh.ill  bring 
Their  tiery  (urchcr  his  diurnal  ring," 

Hhitkcsp. :  Alls  ^YeU,  ii.  l. 

t  tor9h'-fire,  s.  [Eng.  torch,  s..  and  Hre.} 
The  light  of  torches. 

"A  K%lcony  lay  black  benenth,  until 
Out,  amid  a  gush  of  torchfirf,  grey-haired  men 
Oime  uu  it,  JLud  hnrangned  tlie  people, " 

Browning :  tiordello,  iii. 

*tor^h'-less, '/.  [Eng. /t>rcA,  s.  ; -?tss.]  With- 
out a  corch  ;  not  lighted  ;  dark. 

"  It  is  resolved— they  march— cimseiiting  Xii.'ht 
Guides  with  her  stir  their  dim  and  toH-hlcss  flight,' 
Dgrun:  Lara,  iu  12. 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woli,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,     ae,  ce  ^  e;  ey  =  a:  qu  =  kw. 


torcular— torosity 


13:; 


tor  -cu  lar,  >■.     lL;it.,  fiuni  tonineo  =  \.o twist.) 
.<:,,':,.  :  A  tMiini^iurt  (u-v.). 
torcular  Hcrophili,  ^^i. 
Aio't.:    The   coiiiiik'II   point  to  wliicli  tlie 
HiimsL-s  coiitaiiic'l  m  the  si-vt-ral  pmresses  t>r 
fnlds  uf  tlie  (/((j(f  viatrr  converge.     {Quaiii.) 

tor-dy'-li-um,  .<.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  I^t. 
tnnhiliini,  loi'ilt/lon.;  Or.  TopSv\iov  (tonliiUo/i), 
TopSvAoi'  {(onlidoii)  =  hartwort.    (See  def.)J 

Hot.  :  Ilartwoit ;  ;i  jifniis  of  Peucediinii;l;e. 
Umbels  compound;  braets  and  bracteoles 
linear,  or  none;  petals  incurved  at  the  tip; 
carpels  with  three  dorsal  and  two  distant 
mar-iinal  ribs,  all  indif^tinct.  with  one  or  throe 
vitta'  in  their  intiTstics.  Known  speeies 
twelv.-.  from  the  temperate  parts  of  the  Old 
World.  One  is  Hiitish,  Toniyliuiii  vuuimnin. 
It  has  a  hispid  stem,  and  pinnate  leaves,  with 
one  to  three  pairs  of  pinnatilid  leatlets,  and 
small  umbels  of  white  ()r  pink  subsessile 
flowers. 

tore,  I'fft.  '.'fv.     ITkar,  v.\ 

^  it  is  used  rarely  as  a  pa.  par. 

"  Yet  wf«  hia  helmet  hacked  lUid  hew«l. 
Hia  acUfii  pierccil  mid  tor'-" 

Svi'tr .   EiKof  :H.  John. 

tore  (1).  .<.  [Etyni.  doubtfid.)  The  dead  grass 
that  remains  ou  mowing  laud  in  winter  and 
spring. 

"  Proportion  nccordiiig  to  rowen  or  tore  \ipuii  the 
^ruiiiiil.  —Murtimei-:  /fnsbanilry. 

tore  {•2\  s.    [TouL.s.) 

tor-e-a-dor,  tor-re-a-dor',  s,  [Sp.,  from 
toto  (Lat.  tanriii<)  =  n  bull.)  A  bull-lighter, 
especially  one  who  tights  on  horsebaek. 

to-re-ni-a,  ;*.  [Named  after  Olaf  ToreTi,  a 
S\v<;disli  clergyman,  who  discovered  ToreiiM 
msi'itiai  in  China.] 

Hot.  ;  A  genus  of  Linderuieie.  Herbs  with 
opposite  leaves  and  racenn-s  of  personate 
flowers,  purple,  lilac,  pale  blue,  orwhite..  From 
India,  tropical  Australia,  and  South  America. 
The  juice  of  the  leaves  of  'i'orenia  asiatica  is 
considered  on  tiie  Malabar  coast  to  be  a  cure 
fuf  goni'rrlia-a. 

'  to-rette,  to-rete,  s.  [Fr.  fo»rc<  =  a  drill.] 
A  ring,  sueh  as  those  by  which  a  hawk's  lune 
or  leasli  was  fastened  to  t);e  jesses,  or  such  as 
are  aflixed  to  dogs'  collars. 

to-reu-ma-tog-ra-phjr,  .';.     [Gr.  Topeu/ia 

{toiYiiin'i),'  gfuit.  Topkiifxaros  (toreumatos)  = 
work  in  relief,  and  ypatjua  (grapho)  =  to  write.) 
A  description  of  ancient  sculptures  and  basso- 
relievos. 

to-reu-ma-tol'-o-gy,  s.    [Or.   ropev/ua  (to- 

reiuD'i)  griiit.  ropev^J.a^o<i  (tore n mat 0$)  =  work 
in  lelief,  and  K6yu<;  (logos)  =  a  discourse.]  The 
scicuce  or  art  of  sculpture  ;    a  treatise  on 

sculpture. 

to-reu -tic,  I'.     [Or.  Tupeuriicd?  (toreutikob)  = 

pi'i  laming  lu  works  in  relief;  ropevTTj?  (tu- 
/r/(/(  >)  =  une  who  works  in  relief,  an  eni- 
bossi-r  ;  ropdvuj  (turcno)  =  to  work  in  relief,  to 
emlioss.]  Pertaining  to  curved  or  sculptured 
work,  .\pplied  in  its  widest  sense  to  articles 
f(irun'd  in  any  style  or  in  any  material, 
modelled,  carved,  or  c^st,  but  souietimes 
reslriuted  to  metallic  carvings  or  castings  in 
basso-relievo. 

"  No  teclmiciil  develonineiit  hita  been  moie  ex- 
traordiiiiiry  in  Scotliiiid  than  tlmt  of  the  turctitii:  fti  t." 
— .1f'(c»i<rt("i.  Jnly  l''.  I3S4.  p.  83. 

tor-fa  "96 -ous  (or  ceous  as  shus), «.  [Eng. 

turf:  l.at.  sutr.  -aceous.]  0  rowing  in  bogs  or 
mosses.    (Said  of  plants.) 

tor'-gant,  a.    [Tarcsant.] 

tor'-goch  ('-/(  guttural),  5.  [Wei.  =  red  belly : 
tor  =■  bellj',  and  coch  =  red.)    [Char  (1),  s.) 

Ichthu- :  N<'/«(,o  perisU,  a  trout  from  the 
lalvcs  of  North  Wales. 

*  tbr-i-f^'.  1".'-  [Eng.  (ory  ;  -fy.]  To  make  a 
Tory  of;  to  convert  to  Conservatism. 

*■  He  13  Liberalizing  them  Instead  of  their  Torifying 
hiin."— -Sfr  G.  C.  Leicis:  LetteM.  p.  2fi3. 

tor-i-lis,  f-.  [Etyni.  doulitful.  Perhaps  from 
Or.  Topeuw  {torcao)  —  to  emboss;  from  the 
a].pcarance  of  the  fruit,    (!>ir  J.  E.  Smith.)] 

Hot. :  Hedge-parsley.  Formerly  a  genus  of 
Caucalinidie,  now  reduced  to  a  sub-genus  of 
Cauealis  (q.v.).  Tlie  fruit  is  Covered  between 
the  primary  ridges  with  spreading  or'  ad- 
piessed  bristles. 


tor'-ment,  '  tour  ment,  '  tuir-ment,  >-. 

[O.  Fr.  turnwnt  (Kr.  luitniu-nl),  from  Lat. 
taniwntuiii  —  an  instrument  for  hurling  stones, 
an  instrument  of  torture,  torture.  From  the 
same  root  as  torture  (q.v.).  J 

*  1.  An  engine  of  war,  used  to  hurl  stones 
or  dsrts. 

■'  All  tonnr/td  of  wAr.  which  we  call  engines,  wimv 
first  invented  by  kings  or  governouiti  uf  itouti).  "— 
Elyot :  Uvoernoui: 

*  2.  A  tempest. 

"  In  to  the  ae  uf  SjHiyn  wer  dryui-n  In  a  tnrment 
Among  the  Sara/.iuB."  li.  Bniiim-.  {>.  US. 

3.  Extieme  pain  or  anguish  ;  the  utmost  de- 
gree it{  misery  eitlier  of  body  or  miml  ;  torture. 

■■  III  which  hilt  (ormKiit  often  whs  bo  gieiit. 
TliJit,  liJtu  u  lyou.  he  would  cry  imiTrore.  " 

Spvnscr  :  F.  Q  ,  I.  s.  23. 

4.  That  which  causes  pain,  ve.vation.  or 
nnsery. 

"  Tliev  brought  unto  him  all  sick  peraons  that  were 
taken  with  ihvei-3  diseases  and  torments."—.V'ttt.  iv.  :;-l, 

tor-ment', '  tour -ment,  *  tur-ment»  r.t. 
[0.  Fr.  fKniientcr  (Vi:  toiLrniriUer). \ 

1.  To  put  to  extreme  pain  or  anguish;  to 
inrtiet  excruciating  pain  on,  either  of  body  or 
mind  ;  to  torture. 

•■  He  shall  be  tormented  with  five  ftnd  brimstone."— 
AVc.  xiv.  10.  ' 

*  2.  To  pain,  to  afflict.     (.Matt.  viil.  0.) 

3.  To  vex,  to  tease,  to  harass,  to  plague. 
(Colh<i.) 

*'  Perpetually  tormented  with  this  thonKht." 

Jiprom :  The  PuikI. 

'  i.  To  put  into  a  state  of  great  agitation. 

Then  soaring  un  nniUi  wUiz, 


Torm 


)it,'il  !vU  tlieair. 


Jtilton :  P.  I..  vL  244. 


tor-ment -er,  5.  [Eng.  torment,  v.;  -er.] 
One  who  or  that  which  torments  ;  a  torniHiitor. 

*  tor'-ment-ful,  «.  [Eng.  tomunt  ;  -fnl(().] 
L'au.sing  torment ;  tormenting. 

"  Set  us  at  liberty  from  all  other  tor>neiitfnl  fears," 
—  Wilkbu:  Nntural  liedgion.  bk.  i.,  eh.  xv, 

tor'-men-til,  s.    [Tormentilla.] 

Bot. :  Potentilla  I'onmjitiUa,  formerly  Tor- 
mentilla  oJficliialLs.  The  stem  is  slender,  the 
leaves  three-foliolate,  more  rarely  five-folio- 
late  ;  the  petals  usually  four  in  place  of  the 
normal  ftve  of  other  Potentillas.  Abundant  on 
heaths,  copses,  and  dry  pastures,  flowering 
from  June  to  September.  The  rootstock, 
which  is  veiy  astringent,  is  used  for  tanning. 

t  tor' -  men  -  til  -  la,  s.  [Lat.  tormentum  — 
pain,  from  the  sui'posed  efficacy  of  the  tor- 
meutil  in  curing  toothache  and  diseases  of  the 
bowels.) 

n<-it.  :  A  genus  of  Potentillidie,  now  merged 
in  Potentilla.  Torm<.'ntUlaoJ^H)ialisnm\  reptaiis 
are  now  Potentilla  Tortiuntilla  and  reptuns. 

tor -ment '-ing,  pr.  par.  or  «.    [Tor.ment,  v.] 

tor-ment  ihg-ly,  a<h\  [Eng.  tormenting; 
-hj.]  In  a  tcrnn-nting  muuner ;  so  as  to 
ttirment  ;  in  a  manner  tending  to  cause 
anguish  or  torture. 

"  He  boiuist  Hud  bet  bis  bed  tnrmeiitin'iJfi.' 

aiixcot;/iir -■  llaii  B-irlh'->Ioun-wjf  B<t(hi\ 

'  tor-ment-ise,  *  tur-ment-ise,  ^.    [Tou- 

MEST,  r.  j    Torment,  torture. 

"  Rather  than  han  another  tiirinetitlsi:" 

Cliuiifer:  C.  7'..  U.aOO. 

tor-ment'-or,    '  tor-ment-our,     *  tur- 
ment-our,  >.     [Eng.  torment;  -or.] 
I.  Ordinarii  Language : 

I.  One  who  or  that  which  torments :  one 
■ivho  or  that  which  causes  anguish  or  misery. 

"  Peri'i'tual  tor>7ienfor»  of  themsel  ves  with  nn- 
necessttry  fears."— fl^''  Taylor:  Sermons,  vol.  i,,  aer.  9, 

"  2.  One  who  inflicts  penal  tortures  ;  an 
executioner. 

"His  lord  .  .  .  delivered  him  to  the  tormentcrs, 
till  he  should  pay  all."— .!/((« Asm-  xviii.  34- 

3.  A  large  iron  flesh-fork,  used  by  cooks  at 
sea. 

II.  Agric  :  A.  heavy  Iiarrow  with  cutting 
teeth,  used  in  English  hn.sbaudry  for  breaking 
down  stift'  clods,  or  tearing  up  the  surfaee- 
tnrf.  It  resembles  a  harrow,  but  runs  ou 
wlieels,  and  each  tine  is  a  hoe  or  cutting-share. 

*  tor-ment'-ress.    ^  torment  resse,    .^. 

[Ew^.torment ;  -ress.]    A  tfuuile  whn  tiTUients. 
"  'I'lieKcimreeand  /ori»f/ifrft(S(;  of  glorie and  boiioiu." 
— /'.  I/ulluiitl'  Ptiiiit\  bk.  xxviiL.  ch   iv. 

'■  tor'-ment-rf , '  tour-ment-rie,  >.  [Eng. 
toniti-tit :  -n/.l     A  torment,  a  torture. 
•■  Thau  Avvst  tboii.  that  it  is  a  tfmrvietUrn- 
To  surtVe  hire  i-vide.'  C/iaucer  :  C.  T..  O.TC:. 


tor'-min-^, ».pt.    [Lat.) 

riUhol. :  ?*evero  griping  pains  in  the  sto- 
mach, particularly  in  dysonlury  and  kindred 
afleetious. 

•  tor'-min  ous.  ".  [Tormina.]  Suffcriu.; 
fioni  ur  allected  with  tormina;  charncteri/ed 
I.ty  tormina;  griping. 

torn,  i^n.  jKir.  or  a.    (Tear,  p.1 

1.  Unl.  Lang. :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  IM, :  Irregularly  divided  by  deep  in 
cisions, 

*  tor-nade',  s.     [Tousado.]    a  tornado. 

■■  Inured  to  danger's  diro»t  form. 
I'uf'rdicfeaud  eartlniuake,  Hood  and  Htoriu." 

Safft :  Nokehff.  1.  8. 

tor-na'-do,  s.  [Sp.  (oru«(/(i  =  aretmii,  froni 
lornur  =  to  return  ;  Lat.  torno  =  to  tuni 
(q.v.),  with  reference  to  the  rotatoi-y  character 
of  the  storm.] 

Meteor.:  A  whirlwind,  usually  ccnuing  on 
suddenly,  continuing  but  a  brief  period,  and 
covering  only  a  small  area.  It  is  generally 
accompanied  by  rain,  lightning,  and  Ihtmder. 
It  is  of  the  same  type  of  storm  as  a  eyclon>', 
but  more  local,  covering  a  smaller  ar<'a,  and 
generally  less  vi(dent,  though  still  sulticiently 
so  to  be  highly  dangerous.  The  term  toinado 
is  used  specifically  of  rotating  (»r  spiral  stortns 
in  the  South  Indian  Ocean,  and  those  on  the 
coasts  of  Africa  and  North  America. 

tor-na-tel'-la,  s.      [Mod.    Lat.,  dimin.   from 
i-it.  'lornn,'i  =  a  turner's  wheel,  a 
lathe.] 

Zool  (£■  Pula'ont. :  The  type-genus 
of  Toniatellida'(q.v.).  Shell  solid, 
ovate,  with  a  conical,  many  - 
whorled  spire  ;  aperture  long,  nar 
row,  rounded  in  front;  outer  lip 
sharp ;  columella  with  a  strong, 
tortuous  fold  ;  operculum  horny, 
elliptical,  lamellar.  Recent  spe- 
cies sixteen,  widely  distributed  in  tor>-atbi.i.a. 
deep  water.  Fossil,  seventy,  fi'om 
the  Trias  onward.  Used  also  of  any  individual 
of  the  genus. 

tor-na-tel'-li-dSB,  s.  J'/.  [Mnd.  Lat.  tor>>a- 
lcl(laj ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  ad.j.  sutl'.  -ii-Uv.] 

Zool.  <t  Pakeont. :  A  family  of  Tectibran- 
chiata  (q.v.).  Shell  external,  solid,  spiral  or 
convoluted;  sub-cylindrical;  aperture  loiig 
and  narrow  ;  columella  plaited  ;  sometimes 
opereulated.  Animal  with  a  flattened,  disc- 
like head,  and  brojtd,  obtuse  tentacles;  foot 
ample,  with  lateral  and  operculigerous  lobes. 
■  The  shells  of  this  family  are  chiefly  extinct ; 
they  commence  in  the  Coal-mea^^ures  and  at- 
tain their  maxinuim  in  the  Chalk. 

tor-na-tel-li'-na,  s.  [Dimin.  from  Mod. 
Lat.  tor)iatellu(q.v.).] 

Zool.:  A  genus  of  Helicidse,  with  twenty 
si)ecies,  from  Cuba,  South  America,  the 
Paciflc  Islands,  and  New  Zealand.  Shell  im- 
perforate, ovate,  or  elongated,  with  a  semi- 
lunar aperture,  a  twisted  and  truncated  colu- 
mella, and  a  oue-plaited  inner  lip.  (Wood- 
xmrd.) 

tor-na-ti'-na,  s.    [Tofts.\TELLA.] 

Zool.  ,C  Palronf.  .*  A  genus  of  Tomatellida' 
(q.v.).  Shell  cylindrical  or  fusiform,  spire 
conspicuous,  sutuie  channelled,  columella 
plaited.  Animal  with  broa<l  head,  rounded 
in  front,  with  triangular  tentacular  lobes, 
eyes  at  their  base  ;  foot  truncated  in  frtutt. 
Twenty-four  recent  species,  widely  distribnteii 
on  sandy  bottoms,  ranging  to  thirty-five 
fathoms.  Thirteen  fossil  species,  from  the 
Tertiary. 


torne,  v.f. 
'  tor  ne  a-ment. 


[Turn,  v.] 


[Tot'IlNAMENT.) 


t  tor-nog -ra-phy,  s.  [Eng.  &c.,  tomaiio, 
and  Or.  YP«<f>i?  (graplui)  =  a  description,  a 
dLlineatiou.]     A  description  of  tornadoes. 

tor' -ose,  tor' -oils,  a.  [Lat.  toroms,  from 
torus  =  a  round  swelling  place,  a  protuber- 
ance.] 

1.  Anat.  (£■  Zool.:  Swelling  into  knobs,  a^ 
the  veins  and  muscles. 

2.  Bot. :  Uneven,  alternately  elevated  ami 
depressed. 

*  tbr-OS'-i-tJ",  -■*.  [Eng.  toros(e):  'ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  torose  or  torous. 


boll,  boy;  pout,  jo^vl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  ^bin,  bengh;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a§;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  1. 
-cian.  -tian  ^  shan.     tion,    sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  Sec.  =  bel,  doL 


loi 


torpedinidflB— torpify 


tor-pi  din-i  diB,«.  /^  iMimI.  I^it.  tnrjy\h. 
piivt.     r,-ri>tiji:,{i.-.);    |^t.    fciiJ.    pi.    a»lj.    NtltV. 

1.  /i/.fA;/. ;  Kl.'cliir  Rnys  ;  a  famiiy  of 
lljitoiilt'i,  wiUi  fiix  p-iit'ni,  oliiflty  fi-i>in 
tmptfAl  and  subtropical  si-as.  Tlio  trunk  is 
A  bniod,  rtmotith  iIimc  ;  tjiil  with  a  lonKitiKlinnl 
fold  on  rtH'li  sidi' ;  a  rayt-d  d')i*sitl  m'lit'ially, 
nml  a  t-aiidal  (in  always,  pn's^'nt  :  :iiittTi<>i' 
iiii<«l  \alvt^<t  ronfliii'iit  into  a  i^iindraii;;idi(r 
lobe  ;  an  fleclric  oiyan  cnnij*«»!«'d  uf  vi-rlical 
lipxayoiial  piisiDs  |ji;tu'«-*-n  llic  iK-ctonil  11ns 
and  llif  lit^rl. 

2.  I'nti'oiit. :  A  Inisp  fisli  of  the  pMU'i-al  ap- 
P^-araiict' of  a  TorjHHlo  has  K'cn  found  in  ttio 
K'Ti'Mf  of  Monte  Holca  ;  and  Cycloliatis,  from 
ilic  upptT  crftni'i'ouji  linitrstoni-  of  I.-'ltmion, 
I^  pmlwlily  anoiIi.T  i-\linct  ruprcseiitativL'  of 
I  Ins  furmly. 

'  tor  pe  -din-oiiB,  ".  '^tM.  torpedo,  gouit. 
No7-r/(/tia-  =  a  torjM'd.t  (i|.v.).]  Of  or  pertain- 
iiiR  to  Uie  torpMiora  ;  reneniblin;^  a  toipedo  ; 
•'X4Ttin^  a  uuinbing  intlui.Mict>. 


ft-oni  torjtr-o  =  to  bo 


TORPEDO  MARMORATA. 


tor  po'-do,  s.     [|jit„ 
iii)iiil>  oi  torpid  q.v.).] 

1,  hUthijotoiju : 

(1)  'Die  type  genus  nf  TorpcJinida'  (q.v.). 
with  the  cliararters  of  thr  family.  There  aiv 
six  sjM^rios  di!*tnbut*?d  over  the  Atlantic  and 
liidiiiii  i.H:fau3  ;  thn'p  of  these  ot-cur  in  tin- 
Mi'dit*?rnuio-an,  and  two,  Torpedo  mnniiomt-i 
iin<l  T.  hrbetaiu^-.  nrv  sometimes  found  on  the 
Hritish  coast-  Theeleotric  orjJians  consist  of 
juany  perpendicular  prisms,  mostly  hex;ii;onal, 
the  whole  fonning  a  kidni-y-sltaj)ed  mass. 
Kaeh  oolunin  in  the  living  lish  appeai-s  like  a 
clear  tienibling  jelly.  Hunt<T  counted  470  of 
thfse  columns  in  a  specinn^n  of  T.  vwrmorata, 
and  says  that  (lie  partitions  between  them  are 
full  of  arte- 
ries, wiiioh 
brinj:  the 
blood  di- 
ret't  from 
the  gills. 
Ttiewe  or- 
gans con- 
vert n  e  r  - 
vuusenei-gy 
mtoclectri- 
e.ity.  Ea<Ji 
organ  re- 
oeives  our 
branch  ni 
the  trigemi- 
nal and  four 
branrhes  of 
tlie  ^agus, 

the  former  and  the  three  anteiior  hi-.inclies  of 
1  he  latt^er  being  each  as  thick  as  the  spinal  conl. 
The  (tsh  gives  the  elech-i>:  shoek  voluntarily, 
to  stun  or  kill  its  prey  or  in  srlf-<ief'.'nc<; ;  but 
to  receive  the  siiock  the  obj.-t  must  euinpl.-lc 
the  circuit  by  conmiunicjitjiig  \vith  the  lish  at 
two  <listinet  jmint-s,  eitb<T  <iirectly  or  through 
the  medium  of  some  cjjuducting  body.  The 
forre  of  the  discliarge  varies  with  the  size  and 
vigour  of  tlie  tish;  lar^'t;  and  healthy  speci- 
mens can  inflict  hcven-  shocks  sufficient  to 
■  Usable  a  man.  Tlie  electric  currents  gene- 
lateil  in  thes&iJsh  posse.ss  iUl  the  other  known 
power8  of  electricity  :  they  lender  the  needle 
magnetic,  decompose  cliemiciil  compounds, 
and  emit  sparks. 

(2)  The  conmnm  name  of  any  individual  of 
the  genus.  The  Wst  known  British  species  is 
Torpedo  miniujrvta.  (See  illustration.)  It  is 
dark  brown  in  colour,  lighter  round  the  eyes. 
Specimens  have  been  taken  weighing  a  hun- 
dred pounds,  but  tJiey  usually  average  about 
half  that  weight,  with  lh«  disc  about  thirtv 
Inehes  broad.  7",  hljftuiis,  more  rarely  met 
with,  is  liark  chocolate-brown  above,  white 
beneath.  They  are  also  ca,lleii  Cramp-Iish  and 
Nunib-lish. 

■'  TorpriL^  deliver  their  o\r 
Ftupefy  Vftyond  theiiisehtB. 
>.rro«>^,  bk.  iit.,  ch.  vii. 

2.  Ordf\.:  A  vrssei  or  engine  charged  with 
an  explosive  which  is  fimd  by  contact  by  con- 
cusMion,  or  by  electricity.  ToriiedoiLi  are 
divided  iuto — 

(1)  Xauf. :  TJicse  may  be  sub-divided  into 
hve  classes  :  (n)  drifting,  {b)  anchored  (r) 
buom,  ((0  locomotive,  (r)  mano-uvred. 

(o)  The  drifting  pi-eceded  the  boom  and  man- 
ri-nvrod,  and  was  adapted  for  circumstances 
ami  jM.s!tion8  wlitre  it  might  be  allowed  to 
dnlt  with  the  stream  or  tide  (ujainst  a  vessel 
in  a  ri\  er  or  channel  or  lying  at  anchor. 


I  fit  n  ilistTace,  nuj 
-  liroane :      Vulgar 


(h)  The  anchored  t-)riM-do  is,  in  faet,  the  sul>- 
marino  mine,  and  is  a  caisson  charged  with 
guni»ow(ier,  gun-c:ottitn,  or  dynamite,  that  nuiy 
U' exploded  either  by  concussion  or  by  elec- 
tricity Anchored  torpeiioes  are  tlrmly  at- 
tacheil  to  submerged  structures,  or  to  a  c;ible 
or  swaying  boom  which  allows  them  some 
latt-ral  play. 

(e)  The  Ixxim  or  spar  tori>i'do  is  a  mine 
alHxed  to  a  briom  which  projects  from  the 
bows  <if  a  snudi  swift  vessel.  It  is  depressed 
ami  exploded  whiMi  in  rontaet  with  the  vessel 
which  it  is  sought  to  .h'stroy.  II  is  of  sheet- 
eopjKM-  with  brazed  joints,  and  has  a  sensitive 
priuii-r,  with  a  cylindro-conical  head  commu- 
iiieating  with  the  magazine.  The  head  is  in 
contact  with  and  proti'cted  from  the  water  by 
;i  thin  honiispherieal  capof  soft,  well-annealed 
lopp.-i-.  Tlie  I'harge  is  usually  lired  by  con- 
tact, but  sometimes  by  electricity. 

('/)  Tie  locomotive  torpedo  is  arlapted  to  be 
proi>elled  usually  K'neath  the  surface  of  the 
water,  its  course  and  depth  being  deteruiiiied 
and  regulated  by  various  devices  to  bi-ing  it 
iuto  contact  with  the  ship  against  which  it  is 


qJHi]r=P=^ 


A.    Elipltll 


FIG.   2.      SECTION. 
TiiKPi;Du, 
uliambei.    w.  i^'omii^iiwitiiig  watt-i-taiiks. 
t.  Cuiui'iesseil  Hii-(.-l).'tiiibm'. 

directed.  Of  locomotive  torpedoes,  the  White- 
liead,  or  fish  tor\>e(lo,  which  is  impelled  by 
means  of  compressed  aii-,  and  which  carries  a 
eharge  of  gun-cotton  in  its  hea<l,  is  the  best 
example.  It  is  in  use  on  board  all  large  ships 
iind  all  torpedo- Iwats  in  the  Royal  Navy. 

('*)  Manoeuvred  torpedo,  so  CiiUed  because 
its  course  can  be  directed  from  a  ship  or  froni 
the  shore.  The  Brenhan  torpedo  is  tlie  most 
modern  example  of  this  class ;  the  obsolete 
Harvey,  towed  by  a  line  from  a  boom  rigged 
out  athwart  ship,  was  a  manceuvrcd  torpedo, 

^  Several  terms  used  in  practice  are  rather 
broa*lly  than  accurately  technical.     Wiicli  are  : 

Can  torpedo:  A  torpedo  in  a  metallic  cais- 
son. 

Laniiard.  torpedo:  A  torpedo  discharged  by 
jtulling  a  lanyai-d,  &c. 

Magnetic  tor}mlo:  A  torpedo  exploded  by 
electro-magnetism,  by  spjirk  or  wire,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  one  lired  by  clockwoik.  &c. 

Siibmirhie  torpedo:  A  torpedo  place^l  be- 
neath the  surface  of  the  water,  in  a  similar 
manner  to  a  subten-anean  mine.     [(2).] 

(2)  Mil. :  A  subten-anean  mine  or  connter- 
iiiine  to  destroy  a  w.;)rk,  a  storming  column, 
or  a  working  party.  In  this  sense  a  i>etai-d 
may  he  considered  as  a  torpedo.  Tori>edoes 
for  land  defence  are  usually  shells  of  small 
calibre,  six  and  twelve-pounders,  provided 
with  a  percussiou  or  friction  device  which 
causes  an  explosion  when  the  ground 'over 
the  torpedo  is  stepitedon.  Sometimes  several 
are  laid  in  a  row,  and  a  piece  of  iMjard  placed 
over  them  to  increase  the  chances  of  ex- 
plosion. 

torpedo-anchor,  .s\  .\ii  anchor  or  fas- 
teuing  to  hold  a  submarine  mineto  itsselect*id 
l>ed.  A  serviceable  form  is  that  of  a  ship's 
anchor,  to  which  the  mine  is  attached  by  a 
<'hain  with  a  univei-sal  joint. 

torpedo-boat,  .*.  A  vessel  carrying  a 
torpedo,  and  either  exploding  it  against  the 
side  of  another  vessel  beneath  the  water-line, 
or  launching  it  against  the  enemy's  vessel 
from  a  point  wherever  it  may  be  trusted  to 
reach  its  destination  by  the  force  of  the  im- 
pulse, or  by  the  aid  of  a  motor  within  the 
.  body  of  tlic  weapon. 

tcrpedo-boom,  .'^. 

1.  A  si^ar  bearing  a  torpclo  on  its  upper 
end,  the  lower  end  swivelled  and  anchored  to 
the  bottom  of  the  channel.  The  boom  sways 
backwards  and  forwards,  and  is  difficult  to 
cateh  by  any  form  of  drag  oi-  giajiple. 

2.  A  Imom  or  s]>ar,  suppoiling  a  torpedo  in 
front  of  the  bows  of  a  vessel, 

3.  A  sjiar,  of  wood  or  iron,  supporting  a 
steel  crinoline  designed  for  the  protection  of 
a  ship  against  toipedo  attack. 


torpedo  catcher, .-". 

1.  A  f'liUi.l  sp;ir  or  botim  extending  nu'ler 
w.it'-r,  ahead  ol  a  vessel,  to  displace  or  ex- 
pl')de  torpedoes. 

•2.  A  swift  ^■essel,  designed  ti>  aitch  and 
destnty  hostile  torpedo-boats. 

torpedo-drag,  -s-.  A  cable  bearing  grap- 
pling Imnks  tocrttch  torpedoes.  The  ends..f 
the  cable  are  generally  rarried  in  boats,  which 
are  propelled  up  ami  <lown  the  channel  some 
distjince  apart.  Sometimes  the.  drag-ri>pe  is 
thrown  ahi-ad  of  a  vessel  by  a  shell  frnin  n 
small  MiorI;ir,and  isdrawn  inby  the  windhiss. 

torpedo-fuse,  x.  One  adapted  for  tor- 
jiedo  s.rvi'e.  and  classed  as  either  percussion, 
friction,  elMiiiical,  or  electric. 

torpedo-net,  s.  ,\  movable  crinoline  of 
iron  <•!■  slet-l.  designed  for  the  jirotection  of  i. 

.sliip  against  torpcilo  attack. 

torpedo-raft,  s.  A  raft  pushed  ahead 
of  a  MsscI,  with  Jiuoks  or  grapples  nnder- 
neatli,  to  clear  the  channel  of  torpedoes.  The 
latt  somr.'times  cari'ies  its  own  torpedo  in 
front,  to    blow  up  obstructions    or    hostile 

sllip|iiNg, 


A  war-vessel  wliich  is 
and  with  tubes  for  the 


torpedo  ram.  >. 

pii.vid'd  with  a  r^ni 
ilischarge  of  toi  pedoi-s. 

tor-pe-dO  ist,   .s\      [Eng.   torp&Io;   -i.yt.\     \ 
naval  officer  a]ipoiuted  to  t«jrpedo  service. 

'■  Cjiptjtiii  Long  auil  tiie  otliiT  torpedoists."~Gfo'ti}. 
June  II,  1887. 

^  tor' -pent,  «.  &  .«.     [Lat.   torpcns,  pr.  \>a.r.  of 
turpeo  —  to  be  numb.j 

A^Asffdj,:  Having  no  motion  or  activity; 
incapable  of  motion;  numb,  benumbed, 
toi'pid. 

■■  I^t  tlie  eiii'Ui  l)e  still  :uul  stupid  ;—juioii  .in  iini- 
VeiHiil  6i>ul  Hcnv  iiitu  tills  (urpeiit  iitnss."—Jfon:  aoiris, 
rf-i.-.,  Xutcs  (eti.  Hij7).  J),  Wl. 

B.  Assiihsti'Mticc: 

Med.:  A  medicine  that  diminishes  the 
exertion  of  the  irritative  motions, 

"  tor-p5s'-9en9e,   s.     [Torpescpst.]     'i  he 

quality  or  state  of  being  torpescent :  a  \',-- 
coming  torpid,  insensible,  or  beiiumbeil. 

'  tor-pes'-^ent,  «.     [I^it.  torpesceiLs,  pi.  ujv. 

of  torjirsro,  inceptive  from  torpeo  =.  to  be 
numb.]  Becoming  torpid  or  uumb,  cr  in- 
capable of  iiKition  or  feeling. 

"  Of  gohl  teiirtcious.  their  torfn-jfunt  soul 
fleiiL-lies  tiifii-  L-oiii."         .Vienatone  :  j-U:otw-\'j.  i. 


[Lat.  torpidiis,  from  tj-^'en 


;tli- 


1'.'. 


tor'-pid,  ('.  A:  . 

=  to  be  numb.] 

A,  As  fdjeetive : 

1.  Having    lost  motion    or    (he    powr; 
motion  or  feeling  ;  numbed,  benumbed. 

"  Witlioiit  lieat  all  tliiuEn*  would  be  torpiil,  itml  v 
out  UMtufn'—liai/:  On  the  Crvatimt. 

2.  Dull,  stupid,  sluggish,  inactive. 

"Kveu  now  the  stimuUiitn  whicti  he  A|)plieU  t'>hi 
r<>r/>rrfiLnd  feeble  juu-ty  proUturett  some fjiiiitayni].!. .1,1 
oi  retiiniiiiij  iiuiinntiwii.""— if(ic-«i(i<[«  .■  Jjitt.  j  „., 
cli.  xtU. 

3.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  torpid.     (B.  l.j 

"Twi'iitv-siv  torpid  eightB  were  nut  at  Oxford    ■■ 
trajuiiiy  r.)r  Die  laies.'— /'<l?^  Malt  Uiuelfe   i'^b 
18S4. 

B.  As  snbstantire: 

1.  A  second-class  racing-boat  at  Oxfoi  !. 

2.  One  of  the  eiew  of  a  torpid. 

■•  .\ii  uiideryi-adimfe  wlioieoiieof  tlieirbest^OJ-wi/s  " 
—/'.(// J/dV/ Wuitfff^.  Feb.  26,  1884. 

^  Th"  Tnrpidi:   The  races  rowed  bv  the 
torpid  boats. 

tor-pid-i-tSr,  s.     [Eng.  torpid;  -Uy.) 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tojpid  ; 
numbness. 

2.  Dulucss, 
activity, 

"Lnst  ill  obscuri'v.  or  chilled  to  torpidit'i.   in  tl,.- 
,    culd  Htmospliere  yf  extreme  in<i\^eiux.'—Kir>x     /.v- 


stupidity,    sluggishness. 


tor-pid-yr,  (uh-. 

torpid  manner. 


[Eng.    torpid;    Ay.]     la 


tor'-pid-ness,  .'^.  [Eng.  twpid;  -ness.)  The 
quality  or  state  of  bein^  torpid  ;  torpidity. 

"  -^  ""•"  hath  this  advn.iit.i.ge  hy  the  exert-'ise  of  tliJ-< 
fiiculty  about  it.  that  it  kee.\M  it  Jruin  rust  a^ld  tuy>>ft. 
riess.  —f/alf :  Urig.  of  ManKittd,  11.  3. 

•  tor-pi-fSr,  r.^  [Eng.  Vyrpid  ;  suff.  -/./.]  To 
make  Ior]iid,  dull,  insensible,  or  stupid;  to  U-- 
uumb,  tostiijiefy.  {Southey:  Doclor,  ch.  xwi.) 


^ly^tl^J'^f^^^  ''i^*-  ^  ^^*"=  '^'  ""'^^  ''"'''  '^"'^'-  "«•••  "'^'•«:  Pi"«.  P".  sire.  sir.  marine:  go.  pot. 
or.  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule.  fuU;  try,  Syrian.    ^.  a>  ~  k;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Uw! 


torpitude— torsibility 


ij.v 


*  tor'-pi-tude,  .s  [As  it'  fr-Hn  a  Liit.  t<niii- 
fndo,  fioin  tofjiUlns  =  turj.i-l  (<i.v.).]  The 
quality  !'!■  sUito  of  being  torpid;  torpidity, 
toriMU'. 

■■  A  kiinl  uf  rui'ttitiidf  or  «Ieepitig  %tAtt!."—Ik-rJiain  : 
I'tij/sklhThvotvun,  bk.  MJL,  ell.  V. 

tor'-por,  '  tor'-pour,  -■.    [Tat.  /o.-poc.] 

1.  I^>ss  ul  inolioii  ort'ltti''  jiowt'V  of  motion 
'<r  frrliii^;  torpitUty,  mimlun-ss.  iiiat-tivity. 
II.  iiiiiy  aiiHiunt  to  a  total  loss  uf  sensation  or 
'•>iu)iii'ti;  insensibility. 

■'  Mutiiiji  lioth  (llsciWTO  the  forponr  of  solitl  bodies. " 
-fl.idoii :  Adf.  Ui»t.,  §  Tilit. 

2.  Dnlness,  sluggislint'ss,    stupidity,   lazi- 

-  tor-p6r-if'-ic,  n.  |Lat.  /orpo*' =  torpor, 
and  joao—to  nutUcJ  iVndiiii;  to  produce 
lorpor. 

tor-quat -ed,  't.  iLat.  ^'<■'/""^(■s,  from  U^i'tnies 
—  ix  twisti'tl  necli-ehjin.l  Ilavinj^  or  wi;arins 
a  to..in.*(.,.v.). 

tor-qua-tel'-la,  .^'.  [Mod.  Uit.,  from /up/*;.. s.) 
LToHviuii.) 

Aool.  :  TJie  sole  ^jonus  (with  a  sin;;le  species, 
7W(/i(aIt/i(i  ^(/^(itci),  of  the  family  Toninatellida*, 
lomult'cl  on  a  i>|)ecimen  discovered  l>y  Prof. 
Kay  I>ankest-er  at  Naples.  Body  elon;^ate- 
ovate.  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broarl,  rounded 
posl^iiinly ;  thf  anterior  inembi'anous  fritl 
'li-lily  r\]iau.sile.  it.s  front  margin  abrujjtly 
iiuncafe  or  eitiari^inate,  its  surface  obliquely 
plirjitij  ;  ditiiensiuns  unreeoi\led. 

tor-qua-tel'-li-dae,  s.  }>:.   f  Jfod.  Lat.  inrqua- 

U:n(o):  Li\t.  feni.  pi.  adj.  sulC.  -hhi:.] 

Zo(>l. :  A  family  of  Pcritrit-hri  (q.v.).  Ani- 
malcules fr^e  -  swimming,  witlmut.  a  Imi-'a, 
■lion:  or  less  ovate ^;  the  anterior  ciliary  wrfath 
t>'idae''4l  by  anif^nifljanous  extensile  and  con- 
Maetilc  eollav-like  strm^ture,  i)erforated  een- 
tralty  by  tlie  oral  aperture.    (Kent.) 

torque  (que  as  k),  s.  [Lat.  torques  =  a 
twisted  jieek-chain,  from  tornnno  =  to  twist.J 
Airhnol.  :  A  twisted  collar  of  gold,  or  otlier 
metal,  worn  around  the  neck  in  ancient  times 
by  the  people  of  A'^ia  and  the  north  of  Euroj)!*, 
and  apparently  forming  a  great  i)prt  of  the 
wealth  of  the  wearer.  Among  the  ancient 
(ianls  gtild  torque.s  ai>i"'ar  t"  have  been  so 
jbundantthat  about  22H  n.'.'.  Flaminius  Nepus 
■  iLMited  to  Jupiter  a  golden  trophy  made  from 
tlie  torques  of  the  conquered  Gauls.  {Florus^ 
lib.  ii.,  ch.  iv.)  The 
name  of  the  Torquati, 
a  family  of  the  Man- 
lian  Gens,  was  ilc- 
lived  from  their  an- 
<?estor,  T.  Manlius, 
liaving  in  B.C.  3151 
slain  a  gigantic  Gaul 
in  single  c o in ba t , 
whose  tonjue  he  took 
from  the  dead  lH)dy 
and  placed  on  his  own 
neck.  Many  examples 
of  g.ild  torfpies  have 
bf'n  found  in  Britain 
and  Ireland;  the  commonest  form  is  that  known 
as  funicular,  in  which  the  metal  is  twisted, 
with  a  plain,  nearly  cylindrical  portion  at  both 
«'nds,  which  are  turned  back  in  opjwsite  direc- 
tion*;, so  tliat  each  end  te'niinates  in  a  kind 
if  hoiik  by  whicli  the  torque  was  fastencl. 
liroiizf  torques  are,  as  a  rule,  thicker  and 
bulkier  in  their  proportions  than  those  of 
gold,  ajid  the  ends  are  usually  left  straight, 
«ir  but  slightly  hooked  over  .so  as  to  inter- 
lock. 

torqued  (que  as  k), 

't.      \Liit.    toninco  —  to 
twist.) 

//fr.;Wiea(lied,b.'nt. 
(Said  of  a  (hdiihin  bau- 
lient,  twisted  into  a 
form  nearly  resembling 
the  letter  S  reversfd.) 


,   SOMtRSET. 


OR(.jrED. 


tor'-que^  .^■.  [Lato  The 

sam*-  as  ToRi^nn  ("j.v.). 

tor-re-a-dor*,  >.    tToRi;ADOR.) 

tor-re-f&c'-tion,  ^t.    [Fr.l   [TorrefvI 

I,  Old.  Iaiihj,  :  The  act  or  o|>eration  of  tor- 
refying, or  of  drying  or  parching  by  a  tire; 
the  state  of  being  dried  or  ttDrrelied. 

"  If  it  be  suiiiu'd  tm  lone,  it  snffpieth  a  fnrreffu'tion, 
'      and  (leHCfiiileth  aitiiuMi  )i;it  ueluw  it."— -Ucuw/i*;:  Vulgar 
Erronrs,  bk,  ii..  ch.  \  i. 


II,  Ttrhiiu-allij : 

1.  Mdnll.  ;  The  operation  of  roasting  ore.s. 

2,  /'/uirm. : The  drying  orroasting  of  drugs 
on  a  niirtallie  i)late  till  they  become  fiiiible  to 
the  lingers,  or  till  some  other  desired  etfect  is 
produ.-.^d. 

tor-re  fied,  r".  }>•"'■  "'■"•    ITohum-v.) 

torrefied  grain,  >. 

I  htm.:  Cereals  such  as  kuh-y.  mai/e,  rice, 
Ac,  which  have  iK-en  submitted  for  u  short 
time  to  a  relatively  high  tfiupeniture,  by 
wlii.-h  the  natural  moisture  of  the  grain  is 
suddenly  expelled,  and  in  the  act  of  escaping 
distends  facU  corn  to  a  gritater  or  less  extent. 
On  a  large  scale  it  is  prepared  by  l»\iting 
the  cereals  in  a  rotating  cylinder  over  a  gas- 
Jire,  and  is  used  both  for  brewing  purjK)Sfs 
anil  for  feeding  cattle.  Torretied  bailey  is 
sometimes  called  white  malt. 

tor'-re-fy,  v.t.  [Vv.  tonrjiei;  from  Lat.  tonr. 
jtirio,  h-iim  toiteo—  to  dry  by  heat,  and/«e(o 
=  to  make.] 

'  I.  'b-(?.  iMtif}.  :  To  dry,  roast,  scorch,  or 
Ikindi  by  a  tire. 

"  F>ii-  to  brine  it  iuto  ashes,  it  itnist  bee  tom-fitd  in 
.-III  Mveii.  .-iikI  s'i  cuiiti.iue  luitill  tlie  breiul  )>»  bitkvtl 
ami  ifiidiB  to  bee  lU-itwiiii."— /'.  Holland:  Pliny,  bk. 

II.    IWhnkoJhf: 

1.  M'J"{1. :  To  roast  or  scorch,  as  metallic 
ores. 

2.  Pharin. ;  To  ilry  or  parch,  as  drugs,  on  a 
metallic  plate  till  they  l)i'i:otiie  friable  to  the 
hngers  m-  are  reduced  to  any  desired  state. 

tor'- re-lite,  .-J.  [After  Di-.  J.  Torrey  ;  /  con- 
n.-ct.,  anrl  sull.  'itc{Mui.).] 

Mil'..  :  A  name  given  l)y  Thomson  to  the 
Columbite  (q.v.)  found  atMiddletown,  Con- 
necticut. 

tor'-rent,  s.  &  ".  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tonratemy 
aecus.  of  ton-ens  =-(n.}  hot,  boiling,  raging, 
imi>etuons;  (s.)  a  torrent,  a  raging  stream, 
orig.  pr.  j)ar.  of /f),iro  =  to  parch,  dry  up; 
Sp.,  Port..  &  Hal.  tormite.] 
A.  .U  substantive : 

1.  Lit. :  A  violent  stream,  as  of  water,  lava, 
or  the  like;  a  violent  an<l  rapid  stream  or 
current. 

"  Like  forrcitfs  from  !i  iiiouii tain's  somcc." 

Teitiiyfan  :  The  iMtvrt,  3D. 

2.  yUj.  :  A  violent  or  rapid  flow  or  stream  ; 
a  tlood. 

"  With  no  other  force  but  a  torreiif  of  nrgnineiits 
;iii.l  .leiinuistration  uf  tlie  apiiit.  "— A/a  Tuyhr  : 
J.itn-fl'j  i\f  Hmiiliesyiiiij,  §  V\. 

B,  As  adj. :  Rolling,  rushing,  or  flowing 
in  a  rapid  stream. 

■■  Fien-e  PJil«ri;eton. 
Whose  waves  ot  rorrcitl  Hie  iiiHiiiiie  with  laKe." 

Milton:  I'.  /,.,  ii.  581. 

torrent -bow,  ^.  A  bow  often  seen  over 
casrad"'s  ami  waterfalls,  under  conditions 
similar  to  those  that  render  the  rainbow 
(q.v.)  visible.  It  is  caused  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  solar  rays  by  the  spray. 

^' Finn- oiineiits  .  .  .  (Inatiiig  113  they  fell. 
Lit  up  It  toyrrnt-bow." 

Tfttiiffsoii :  Palace  "f  Art.  'M. 

*  tdr-ren'-tial  (ti  as  sh),  c  lEng.  torrent; 
-ii'l.]  Of  the  nature  of  a  torrent ;  flowing  vio- 
lenfiy ;  violent. 

"  Toi-ii'nti<il  rains  have  cavrietl  aw.-\y  alai-geijortion 
•  •i  the  biiihlinjifi  in  cinuse  uf  cuiistniution  .at  Olioi-k, 
Tlie  iliiinage  ilone  being  very  conaiiieiiible."— iifi(j 
r,lfjr-ip/t,  Feb.  13,  1SS5. 

•  tor -ren' -tine,  ".  lEng,  torrent ;  -iiie,]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  a  torrent ;  torrential. 

^  tor-ret,  .-f-    [Turrit.] 

tor'-rey-a,  s.  [Named  after  Dr.  John  Toirey, 
author  of  an  American  Flora.) 

Hot. .-  A  genus  of  Taxaeea'.  Evergreen  gym- 
nosjK'rmous  trees  from  North  America,  China, 
ah'l  .laitan.  Leaves  in  two  ranks,  linear  or 
laiK-.'olale ;  flowers  ditecious,  the  males  soli- 
tary, the  females  in  two  or  threes.  Torreiia 
hu-ijolia  is  calleil  the  Stinking  Ccilar,  from  the 
uni>leasant  smell  when  burnt.  The  kernels 
of  7'.  jt"i:i>m  yiehl  an  oil. 

Tdr-ri-Cel'-li-an,  ".  f^^^e  def.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  Tinricelli,  an  Italian  ])hysirist 
and  mathematician  (liiOS-47),  ami  a  pupil  of 
Galileo  ;  u.sed  in  the  following  coinpound.s. 

Torricellian- experiment,  'i. 

fli'isixs.  :  The  ..■xjicriui'-nt  by  which  Torri- 
celli  (in  UH.i)  ascertixiiif.d  the  exact  measure 


nf  the  wi'ight  of  the  atniosi>lierr.  A  gUisn 
tub'-  (now  known  as  the  Tornc>-lIian  tube), 
about  a  yard  long  and  a  quarter  of  au  inch 
int<^Tual  diamet^-r.  is  sealed  at  om-  end  and 
•illed  with  mer<!ury.  The  aperture  being 
elo.sed  by  the  thumb,  the  tube  i-i  inverted, 
the  oiH-n  end  plactrct  vertieally  in  a  siimM  vt-.s- 
sid  .if  un-icuuy,  and  the  thumli  reuioved.  Tlie 
column  iif  mt-rcury  sinks  till  it  eomcn  to  rest 
at  a  bri;;lit  which,  at  the  h-vel  of  the  .sea,  is 
alumt  '.Hi  inches  above  the  merciry  in  tlu' 
trough,  leaving  a  space  in  the  tube  which  is 
i-alh'd  the  Toriieellian  vacnnni.  The  merenry 
is  raised  in  the  tube  by  the  jire^snre  of  the 
atniosj)here  on  the  mercury  in  the  trough. 
There  is  no  contrary  pressure  on  the  mercury 
in  the  lube,  In-cause  it  is  i-losed.  Hut  if  the 
end  of  the  tube  be  opened,  1h>'  atmos)di>Tu 
will  press  equally  inside  and  uutsuh-  the  tube, 
and  the  mercury  in  the  tube  wdl  •<Mik  to  tlitt 
level  of  that  in  the  trough.  Hy  this  ex]N'n- 
ment  Torricelli  showed  that  Ihe  reasun  why 
watiM' would  rise  in  a  suction-pump  to  a  height 
of  only  about  thirty-two  feet,  was  due  t^i  the 
pressure  of  the  atmospheie  on  llie  iqtcn  sni- 
faee  of  the  fluid. 


Torrlcellian-tube,  <. 

i:xi'j:kimi:ni  .) 

Torricellian-vacuum, 

Li.\N-i.M-i:KiMi;Nr.l 


[T<OiUICKLI.lAN- 


[Toniii' T.i, 


tor'-rid,  ('.  [Fr.  torride,  from  l>at.  torridns, 
from  tijrr.'O  ~  to  parch,  to  d.y  up  ;  Sp.,  Port., 
A  Ital.  tnrrido.] 

1.  Dri.'d  up  with  heat;  par.died.  scorchi-"l. 
"Ami  I  win  hiiig  at  Liberty's  ilear  fei^t. 

In  .AfriL-'a  furrnl  oltnie,  or  Imlia'stieM-cst  heat." 
CoictM^r:  Tabu- Talk, 'i:*'- 

2.  Burning ;  violently  hot ;  scorching, 
paiching. 

•*  This  with  torrid  hent, 
-Vnil  v.iiwius  jia  the  Lihyiut  air  adiiHt, 
Kegj'.n  to  u-irch  that  tt^mi^rate  .hme." 

Milton:  /'.  L.,  xii.  G»l. 

torrid-zone,  ^. 

iV((/.s.  ikixj.  :  That  space  or  "broa^il  l)clt  of 
the  eaitli  included  between  the  Iropiirs,  over 
every  part  of  whicli  the  suu  is  vertical  at 
some  period,  twice  every  year  (being  always 
so  at  the  equator),  and  where  the  heal  js 
always  great. 

tor-rxd'-i-tj?,  ^^  [Eng.  torrid;  -Uij.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  torrid  ;  forridness. 

tor'-rid-ness,  s.  [Eng.  torrid;  -nrss.]  The 
^inality  or  statt;  of  being  torrid  ;  llie  state  uf 
being  very  hot  or  paixhed. 

Tor'-ri-don,  s.    [See  def.] 

(;.();/. ;  All  inlet,  thirteen  miles  lon^  by  three 
broad,  divided  by  peninsulas  into  an  upper 
and  a  lower  jwrt,  on  the  west  coas*  uf  Sroi- 
land,  in  the  county  of  Ross. 

Torridon-sandstone,  -■ 

deal. :  A  series  of  rocks,  jiiubably  of  Lan- 
rentian  age,  well  seen  atToiridon.  They  ate 
about  :{00  feet  thick,  the  lowest  bed  being  a 
conglomerate,  extending  over  a  considerable 
area  on  tlie  North-west  of  Scotland. 

'  tor'-ri-fy. '■.^  [Eng.  forri^O ;  sviff. -/i/.)  To 
scorch,  to  parch,  to  dry  up.     (ToRKbi  v.J 

'  tor'-ril,  ^'.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  worthless 
wnmau  <ii'  liorse. 

tor-rock,  -■.    (Taiirock.! 

tor-ron -te^. -■-  [Sp.]  Alviud-T  ui  n- grape 
grown  in  Sijam. 

tor'-sal,  tor-sel,  s.    [Etym.  donbn  ,'.) 

f 'iti/j.  :  A  short  beam  under  th  •  id  of  a 
gilder,  where  it  rests  on  a  brick  wall. 

"  When  you  lay  any  timlier  on  brickwork,  is  torti-li 
for  niitntle  ti*.'e«  to  lie  on.  or  lint*?!*  "ver  tviiidouH, 
jay  tbeiu  in  lojini."  — i/ttjwi,"  Mt\han4\:al  £'xvriiM'$. 

torse  (1),  •>".     [0.  Fr.,  from  tors,  tor^t  =  twisted, 
from  Lat.  tortns,  pa.  par.  of  fo*-ye';o  =  totwist.] 
Htr.  :  A  wreath  ;  a  twisted  scroll, 

torse  (2),  ^•.     [Ilal.  (ojmj    A  torso  (q.v.). 

"  Tboiitfb  w.intin^f  the  hwuV  iiiui  the  olb-r  rxtreiiii- 
tiet,  if  ihi^'  frotn  a  ruin  theromeliecoiuea  itifotoiiabfL-. ' 
"lioUtsimffi:  PolitK  Learning,  ch.  iv. 

tor'-sel  (1),  ^^    [ToRSAL.l 

tor'-sel  (2).  >■.  [A  diniin.  from  tor^c  ^^\  s.} 
Anytliing  in  a  twisted  form. 

*  tor-si-bil'-i-ty",  s.  [Tor-ston.]  The  ten- 
dency to  untwist  after  being  twisted  ;  as,  the 

(orsibiliti}  of  a  roiw  or  lilire. 


boil,  boy;  pofit,  j6^1;  cat,  9011.  chorus,  9hin,  ben^b;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect, 
-clan,  -tian  =  sh^n.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -jion  ^  zbun.    -cioos,  -tious,  -sious  =  sbus. 


I^enophon,  exist,      ing. 
-ble,  -die,  &o.  =  bel.  a^ 


l^G 


torsion— tortoise 


Mr'  Alon*  i.  (Kr.,  frviiu  lAt.  tonionem,  lunis. 
<if  tt'ttw  =.  A  tvris(iii);,  from  tor^iueo  (^to.  t. 
ffjrrt)  =  to  twist.] 

L  Or,l.  Uuii.:  The  act  of  twisting;  Iho 
twirttJii4{,  wri-achjii^.  hi-  straiiiint;  of  ii  iKnly 
by  Iht'  exrriioii  of  a  lutiMul  foici^  teriiling  t<< 
lurij  uti«  Olid  ur  i^irt  of  it  iiliniit  u  loii^itiutin.il 
Hvu,  wliilo  till-  Kilter  is  lieM  fiut  or  tiVi»tcd  in 
au  iiiiHjMilo  tlii-ectioii. 

IL  T^hnimll't  : 

1.  Mfeh.  :  Till"  force  with  wliicli  a  IkmIv,  as 
a  tliH-ad,  Wirt',  or  slender  roil,  resists  :i  twist , 
or  the  fori-.'  with  which  it  tt-iids  to  return  t-' 
its  ori^tinal  state  uri  being  twisted.  Such 
machines  as  capst^ni!*  nnd  wiiuthisses,  ;il.so 
atU'.H,  which  revulvt*  witli  I  heir  wheels,  aiv, 
when  in  .-iction,  subjfcted  t<.  be  twisted,  or 
undergo  the  strain  of  tomon.  If  a  slender 
rod  i>l  irielal  Ik-  siisiieiided  vertically,  so  as  to 
be  ligidly  tixetl  at  the  point  of  suspension, 
and  then  twisted  through  a  certain  angle,  it 
will,  when  the  twisting  force  ceases  to  act, 
untwist  it.self  or  return  in  the  opposite  direr- 
tiiMi  with  a  greater  or  less  force  or  velocity, 
until  it  coniuii  to  rest  in  its  origin;il  position. 
The  liiiiits  of  torsion  within  wliich  the  body 
will  irturn  to  it-s  original  stale  depend  upoii 
its  ebsticity,  and  the  foree  with  which  it 
tends  to  recover  it^  natural  slate  is  ternied 
tlie  KIn>ticity  of  torsion.  This  force  is 
alw.iys  proportional  to  the  angle  through 
which  the  botly  has  been  twisted.  If  a  body 
is  twisted  so  as  to  exceed  the  limit  of  its 
elasticity,  its  particles  will  either  be  wi-encbed 
asunder,  or  it  will  tiike  a  set,  and  will  not 
relurn  to  its  original  position  ou  the  witli- 
dniwnl  of  the  twisting  force. 

2.  Siinj.:  The  twisting  of  the  cut  end  of  a, 
small-artery  iu  a  wound  or  after  an  operation, 
for  the  purpose  of  checking  hienionli:i;,'r. 
The  bleeding  vessel  is  seized  by  an  instiu- 
incnt  e-allctl  a  torsion-forceps,  drawn  out  for 
alxmt  a  quarter  of  an  inch,  and  then  twisted 
round  several  times,  until  it  cannot  untwist 
it.sclf. 

torsion-balance. -i.  [Balance,  s.,B.  II.] 
•f  Tlli^  I'alancc  is  called  the  Torsion  electro- 
nicter.  gjihaiuuneter,   or  nuiguetonieter,  ac- 
cording as  it  is  adapted  to  measure  electric, 
g.ilvanic.  or  niagnetic  forces. 

[TUBSION,  II.  2.] 

rsiuii ;    -al.\     Of  or 


torsion  forceps.  ^. 


[Eng. 

-■'i'Hi. 


tor  aion  al,  • 

l)eitaiiiMij;  lu  I 

torsional-rlgtdity.  .^.  The  stiffness  of 
a  cylindrical  bar  of  material  to  resist  twist. 
The  rigidity  of  cylinders  of  the  same  sub- 
stance anti  of  eifual  length  varies  as  the 
diameter  in  the  fourth  power. 

tor  -sive,  «.    [Torsion-.] 

!-'<f.  :  Twisted  spirally. 

torsk.  s.  [Swed.  &  Dan.,  =a  codfish,  a  torsk.] 
Irhthit. :  Drvsmius  hro.ime  (or  vulgaris):  a 
valuable  food-lisli  of  the  family  Gadidie, 
abuuilant  in  the  northern  [.arts  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  from  eighteen  inches 
to  two,  rarely  three,  feet  long;  head  dusky, 
back  and  sides  yellow,  ])assing  into  white  on 
the  belly.  It  lives  in  deep  water,  and  ap- 
proaches the  land  early  in  the  year  to  spa>vn 
among  the  seaweed  on  the  coast.  Its  Hesli. 
when  dried  and  salted,  is  generally  considered 
to  furnisli  the  best  stock-fish,  aad  forms  a 
considerable  article  of  trade. 

tor'-SO,  s.     [Ital.,    from    Lat.  thi/rsiu 
of  thymus  =  a  stalk,  a  stem.] 

!>r.>ili>t. :  The  trunk   of    the    hum; 
Tlie    term   is   usually   applied    to    niutilate<l 
stiitues,  from  which  the  liea<l  and  limbs  are 
broken  oU". 

tort»  ».      [Fi..    from    Lat.    (orftu^ 
lonineo  =to  twist.) 

•  1.  Onl.  Lang. :  Mischief,  wronj 
injuiy. 
'•It 


accus. 


body. 


pa.  j)ar.   of 
,  calamity, 


iw  cnmpIaiiK'd  timt  thou  luulst  duue  great  tort 
L  iito  nil  (igtd  wuiiiii,!!,  jHjur  Dliil  Imre  " 

A/«-.MrT;  KQ..  II.  V.  17. 

2.  Iaiw:  Any  wrong  or  injin-y.  Torts  are 
injuries  done  to  the  jnopeity  or  person  of 
another,  as  trcspa-ss,  assault  and  Imttery, 
defamation,  or  the  like. 

"  Fcrsonat  .ictioin  are  such  wheri-by  h  rmui  i-Ijilms  * 
(Ictit  ur  iiernoniil  dutj.  or  ilnimniea  iu  lieu  thereo:  • 
Hiiil,  llkewine.  whcreliy  a  nuni  claims  ;v  aHtl8f«i:tiwii  in 
daiiiaj£«(  tuT  some  injury  iluiiu  I.)  his  i»ersi»n  or 
liroiwrty.  The  fnroier  are  «aid  to  l>e  fuuiuled  on 
wutract*.  the  latter  upon  toru  ur  w  roiiita.'— B/at*- 
ttonc     Comment.,  hk.  Hi.,  i-h.  8. 


late.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU,  father; 


tort-feasor,  n. 

Ltur  :  A  wrong-doer,  a  tres|Misser. 

tort.  fT.  (The  same  w<»rd  as  Utut,  but  altered 
in  the  spelling,  as  if  from  Lat.  tortus,  pa.  par. 
of /(ov^Mfo  =  to  twist.]  Stretched  as  a  rope; 
taut. 

"  III  tori  vibration."        Soutfiey  :  ThaUiba.  vlii. 

tor'-ta,  .*;.  [Sp.]  A  flat  circular  heap  of  slime^s 
of  silVer  ore,  from  which  the  water  l-as  par- 
tially evaporated  till  it  has  become  of  a  pro- 
per consistency  for  tramping. 

tor-teau  (pt.  tor  teaux;  eau,  eaux  as 

O),  0.-.      [o.   Fr.  torlroii,  tort/I,  Cn.m  Lat.  (or- 
tttluji.  dimin.  of  tortus  =  twisted.] 
Jler. :  A  roundel  of  red  colour. 

tor-ti-col'-lis.  •'•■.  [IM.  tortu.^,  pa.  i>nr.  of 
toriiueo=  to  twist,  ami  rollum  =  tlie  net;k.]  A 
rheumatic  affection  of  the  muscles  of  one  side 
III"  rill'  iicik  ;  uiytu'ck. 

torticollis  brace,  ^. 

Sui-'j. :  An  apparatus  for  remedying  distor- 
tion of  the  neck. 

tor-tile,  a.  [Lat.  tortills,  from  tortus,  jw,  jmr. 
of  torqueo  =  to  twist.J 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Twisted,  wreathed,  coiled. 

2.  Bo'.  :  Coiled  like  a  rope  :  as,  a  tortile 
awn. 

^  tor-til'-i-ty,  ^^  [Kng.  tortil(i') :  -itij.]  The 
(juality  ur  state  of  being  tortile  or  wreathed. 

tor-til' -la,  s.  [Sp.]  A  lai-ge,  round,  tliiu 
cake  prejiared  from  a  paste  made  of  the 
soaked  grains  of  maize,  baked  on  a  heated  iron 
plate. 

•  tor'-tion,  s.  [Low  Lat.  tortlo,  from  LaL 
lurtiis,  pa.  i»ar.  of  tunjueo  =  to  twist.] 

1.  Torment,  pain. 

"All  pui-gers  Iiaveaniw  3|iirit  or  winil,  wliit-h  ix  the 
priiiciiwil  cauiie  of  tortiou  in  tlie  utoniai'li  and  belly."— 
Bacon  :  .Vat.  l/isC.   §  U?. 

2.  Tlie  same  as  Tonsius  (q.v.). 

tor'-tious,  *  tor'-cious,  a.    [Tukt,  s.] 
'  I.  Ordinary  Lauftuage  : 

1.  Doing  wrong  ;  injurious. 

"riiMkefe'i 

doinge. 

2.  Done  by  wrong  ;  wrong,  wrongfid. 

"  N'e  ony;ht  he  cared  whom  lit;  eiidjunaged 
By  tortious  «rou|,'."      Spenser:  F.  li.,  II.  ii.  18. 

II.  Luic:  Implying  wrong  or  tort,  for  which 
the  law  gives  damages. 

tor'-tious-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  tortiov^  ;  -hj.] 
Lata:  By  injury  or  tort ;  injuriously. 

*  tor'-txve,  ".  [Lat.  tor'us,  pa.  par.  of  torqucn 
=  to  twist.]  Twisted,  wreathed,  turned 
aside. 

"  Divert  ids  grain 
roHicenud  errant  from  liis  course  of  growth." 
Kli(ike»p.  :  Troilus  Jt  Cressida,  i.  3, 

"  tort'-ness.  s.  [Eng.  tort,  a. ;  -ress.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tort. 

tor  -toise  (i  as  ii),  •  tor  -tu9e,  5.     [O.  Fr. 

tortiie  (Fr.  tortw),  froni  Low  Lat.  (ortuca,  tar- 
tnca  =  a  tortnise  ;  O.  Itiil.  tartuga ;  V-xX.  tar- 
tariiga  ;  Sp.  tortuga  ;  all  from  Lat.  tortus,  pa. 
[tar.  of  torqneo  =  to  twist,  from  the  crooked  or 
twisted  feet  of  the  tortoise.] 

\.  Zool. :  A  name  formerly  taken  to  include 
all  the  Cheloniaus,  but  now,  unless  qualified 
by  an  adjective,  confined  to  the  individuals  of 
the  family  Testudinidfe.  [Terrapin,  Tuktlk.] 
Tortoises,  in  tlie  wider  sense,  are  sluggish 
reptiles,  long-lived,  and  extremely  tenacifuis 
of  life  under  adverse  surroundings,  aud  have 
survived  from  remote  antiquity  while  higher 
animal  types,  formerly  contemporaneous  with 
them,  have  become  extinct,  and  liave  been 
succeeded  by  vei-y  difterent  foiins.  They 
have  an  osseous  exoskeleton,  which  is  com- 
bined with  the  endoskeleton  to  form  a  kiiul  of 
bony  case  or  box  in  which  the  body  of  the 
animal  is  inclosed,  and  which  is  covered  by  a 
coriaceous  skin,  or,  more  usually,  by  horny 
epidermic  plates.  [ToRTOisESHKLt..]  The 
exoskeleton  consists  essentially  of  two  pieces  : 
a  dorsiil  piece,  generallv  convex  (the  cara- 
pace), and  a  vential  piece,  usually  flat  or  con- 
cave (tlie  plastron),  by  some  regarded  a-s  an 
abnormally  developed  sternum,  while  otliers 
consider  the  bones  of  which  it  is  composed  as 
integumentary  ossifications.  In  the  endo- 
skeleton the  dorsal  vertebrae  are  immovably 
joined  together,  and  have  no  transverse  pro- 


uous  and  torcioiia  been  in  miglit  and  m 
ChuHcer:  Testament  of  Ltwe,  ^>\^..  ii. 


cesses,  the  heads  r>f  the  ribs  uniting  directly 
with  tiie  bodies  of  the  vertebra*;  the  scapular 
and  pelvic  arches  are  placed  witliin  the  cara- 
pace, .so  that  the  .scapular  arch  is  thus  inside 
the  ribs,  instead  of  l>eing,  as  it  normally  is. 
outside  them.  All  the  bones  of  the  skull, 
except  the  lower  jaw  and  the  hyold  bone,  are 
auchyloscd.  There  are  no  teeth,  a'  d  the  jaws 
are  cased  in  horn,  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of 
beak.  Tongue  thick,  and  fleshy  ;  heart  tliree- 
chambered,  ventricular  septmu  imperfect. 
The  lungs  are  volnminons,  and  lespiration  is 
ejected  by  swallowing  air.  All  will  pass  pro- 
longed periods  without  food,  and  will  live 
and  move  for  months  after  the  removal  of  the 
entire  brain.  (Testi^iun'idv!-:,  Testudo.)  The 
mo,st  familiar  example  of  True  or  Laud  Tor- 
toises is  the  Grecian  Tortoise  (Tcstudo  grceca), 
which  is  imported  into  England  in  large 
numbers,  and  is  often  exposed  for  sale  on 
coslcrinongeis'  Ijarrows  in  the  streets.  Like 
all  the  inemliers  of  the  family,  it  has  a  buckler 
covering  its  back,  and  another  beneath  the 
abdomeii,  which  together  are  called  the  .shell ; 
they  are  uniteil  ami  solid,  and  have  openings 
in  front  and  heliind  for  tlie  neck,  limbs,  ami 
tail.  The  tortoise  crawls  very  slowly,  with- 
drawing its  head  and  limbs  within  the  shell 
when  alarmed,  and  remaining  passive  till  the 
danger  has  passed.  It  is  found  in  the  countries 
bordering  on  tlie  Mediterranean,  and  is  said 
to  range  as  far  north  as  Switzerland  and  the 
south  of  France.  It  is  about  twelve  inche.-* 
long  ;  the  scales  are  granulated  in  the  centre, 
streaked  on  the  margins,  and  spotted  or 
marbled  with  black  ami  yellow.  It  is  of 
this  species  that  White  has  left  such  an 
interesting  account,  and    subsequent  iuves- 


SKELKTOX   OF  TORTulSE. 
c.  C'Hravace;  pf.  Plastron  removed  to  show  endoskele- 
ton ;  ft.  Humerus;  J'.  Radius;  n.Uhia:  ^A,  Shoulder- 
aich;  ij    Pelvis;  /.  Femur;  t.  Tibia;  A.  FibuLi;  d. 
Doraal  veitel.ne. 

tigations  liave  coufirmed  the  accuracy  of 
his  observations.  He  says  (Selbonie,  lett. 
vii.) :  "It  retires  underground  about  the 
middle  of  November,  and  comes  forth  again 
about  the  middle  of  April.  When  it  first 
appears  in  the  spring  it  discovers  \ery  little 
inclination  towards  food ;  but  in  the  height 
of  summer  grows  voracious;  and  then  as  the 
summer  declines  its  appetite  declines  ;  so  that 
for  the  last  six  weeks  it  hardly  eats  at  all. 
Milky  ]ilants,  such  as  lettuces,  dandelions, 
sowtliistles,  are  its  tav(»urite  disli.  In  a 
neiglibouring  village  one  was  kept  till  by  tra- 
dition it  was  supposed  to  be  a  hundred  "years 
old."  The  succuieut  vegetable  diet  is  com- 
mon to  the  whole  family,  and  all  but  the 
tropical  species  liibernate.  The  Greek  Tor- 
toise is  an  article  of  food  in  the  south  of 
Europe,  and  the  flesh  of  all  the  species 
apiiears  to  be  good,  while  their  eggs  are  re- 
garded as  delicacies.  But  the  most  interest- 
ing forms  are  the  Gigantic  Tortoises  formerlv 
found  in  great  uumbeis  in  the  Mascarene  and 
Galapagos  Islands.  When  discovered  these 
islands  were  uninhabited  by  man  or  anv  largo 
wild  animal;  tlie  Tnrt<.ises  tlieiefore  enjoyed 
jierfect  security,  and  this.  Joined  to  their  extra- 
ordinai'y  longevity,  aceuunt-s  for  theirenormous 
size  aud  tlieir  vast  number.  They  can  be 
readily  recognized  by  the  black  shell,  the 
thinness  of  the  bony  carapace,  and  by  the 
absence  of  the  front  plate,  allowing  the  long 
neck  to  be  raised  up  and  cjtrried  above  the 
level  of  the  body.  Five  sjieeies  of  this  j^roup 
are  known,  and  two  of  tlicni,  Testndo  ele- 
jihantina,  the  Gigantic  Land  Tortoise  of 
Aldabra,  ami  T.  uhingdoni',  the  Abingdon 
Island  Tortoise,  are  in  the  British  Museum. 
South  Kensington.  The  first-named  weighed 
870  lbs.,  and  although  known  to  be  more  tli:tn 


r.y  ,..A^^   ™«i*^  ™     t        ..        -  ^®'  ^^*'  ^^^^*  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  so,  pot, 

or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute.  cub.  ctire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    ^.  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qui  kw. 


tortoiseshell— torture 


137 


eighty   years  nUI,  was   still  growing   al  tlic 
time  of  its  Ueatli. 

•  2  Mil- :  A  niethoil  of  defence,  used  by 
tlie  amieiits.  fornieil  l>y  the  troops  arraiiRiiitf 
llieniselvcs  ill  close  order  and  placing  their 
bucklers  ovci-  their  heads,  make  a  cover  re- 
sembling .1  toitoiseshell  ;  a  testudo  (ii.v.). 

tortoise -beetle,  -■. 

K:itom. :  Any  individual  of  the  Cassidi.Ue  or 
Cassidiadm  (n.v.).  So  named  from  their  form, 
the  body  being  margined  all  round  with  dila- 
tations of  the  thorax  and  the  elytl-a. 


tortoise  encrlnlte,  .^. 


Xoiil.  :  Ihe  genus  Marsnpites  (.(.v.),  from 
presenting  some  resemblance  to  a  tortoise  in 
theii'  appearance. 

tortoise -flower,  s.    (Cuklone,  2.J 

tortoise  plant,  <■ 

lltil  ■  resliidiiuu-iii  eli-i^hinlilies.  [Testith- 
NARlA,  HOTTESTOT-BREAD.J  It  rcsembles  the 
yam  in  its  netteil  leaves  and  its  flowers  ;  but 
while  the  yam  bears  its  thin-skinned  tiibeis 
underground,  the  tortoise-phint  has  its  huge 
rootstoeks  or  rliizomes  above  ground.  1  hey 
•ire  "lobular,  and  sometimes  four  feet  m  dia- 
meter, with  a  soft  corky  bark,  which  aftei-  a 
time  ci-acks,  so  as  to  produce  protuberances  ; 
its  aspect  beiiii!  supposed  to  lesenible  tlie 
back  of  a  tortoise,  whence  its  Latin  and 
Eu'dish  names.  The  stems,  which  are  forty 
feet  high,  rise  from  the  rootstock,  bearing 
entile  leaves,  with  small,  greenish -yellow 
tlovvers  in  their  axils.  It  grows  at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 


tortoise -wood,  .-. 

Ou,nn.:  A  variety  of  Zebra-' 


,-ood  (ii.\.). 


tor -toise  Shell  (1  as  u),  s.  &  o.     [Eng.  loi- 
ln,ir,  and  Jidl.i 
A,  As  subsUiiUi  i-e : 
I.  OrdhMry  Laiujiioge  : 

1.  A  tortoiseshell  biitterlly  (q.v.). 

2.  A  tortoiseshell  cat  Oi-v.). 
II.  TechiiicaUii: 

1  Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  the  partial  or 
entire  outside  covering  of  the  carapace  and 
plastron  present  in  many  of  the  Chelonia.  ft 
13  in  the  form  of  thin  plates,  united  together 
at  their  edges,  and  eorresponding,  to  a  eei  tain 
extent,  with  the  underlying  bones  of  the  shell. 
The  number,  size,  position,  colouring,  and 
ornamentation  of  these  plates  did'er  greatly 
even  in  genera  and  siiecies. 

2.  t'oMM. ;  The  name  given  to  the  horny 
epTdermic  plates  of  Chelonia  Imbriaitu,   the 
Hawks-bill  Turtle  (ipv.).   The  largest  of  these 
plates  are  abmit  eighteen  inches  long  by  six 
broad,  and  rarely  exceed  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
ill  thickness.  Tortoiseshell  issemitransparent, 
aud  mottled  with  various  shades  of  yellow 
and  brownish-red.     Its  value  depends  on  the 
Ini-htness  and  fi>nii  of  the  markings,  and,  if 
taken  from  the  animal  after  death  and  decom- 
position,  the    i-olour   of   the  shell    becomes 
chMided  and  milky.     Hence  the  cruel  expe- 
dient is  resorted  to  of  seizing  the  turtles  as 
they  repair  to  the  shore  to  deposit  their  eggs, 
ami  suspending  them  over  tires  till  the  heat 
makes  the  plates  on  the  dorsal  shields  start 
from  the  bone  of  the  carapace,  after  which 
thev  are   permittcil  to  escape  to  the  water. 
(Te'nMi-id:  Ceylo}i(e<\.  3rd),  i.  190.)  But,  accord- 
ing to  the  JcmriiH/  of  the  Imliaii  Archiiiehigu 
(iii.  ■-'iT).  "dry  heat  is  only  resorted  to  by  the 
unskilful,  who  frequently  destroy  the  tortoise- 
shell  in  the  oiieraticm.     At  Celebes,  whence 
the  linest  tortoiseshell  is  exiiorted  to  China, 
the  natives  kill  the  turtle  by  blows  on  the 
head,  and  iinnieise  the  shell  in  boiling  water 
to  detach  the  plates."    Tortoiseshell  is  used 
for   making  combs,   snuff-boxes,  and    many 
fancy  articles  ;  as  a  material  for  inlaying  orna- 
mental furniture,  as  a  veneer,  and  as  a  ground- 
.    substance  in  which  the  precious  metals  and 
mother-of-pearl  are  inlaid.     It  becomes  soft 
at  a  temperature  of  212',  and  retains  when 
cold  anv  form  given  to  it  when  in  a  plastic 
state.    'Pieces  can  also  be  joined  together  by 
the  pressure  of  hot  irons.     Tortoiseshell  is 
now  successfully  imitated  tiy  stained   horn 
and  by  a  composition  of  gelatine  with  vari<nis 
meUaliic  salts.     The   Indian  islands  furnish 
tlie  largest    supply   for    the    European    and 
Chinese  markets,  the  chief  scats  of  the  trade 
being  Singapore,  Manilla,  and  Batavia,  from 
which  .ire  exported  yearly  about  26,llOU  lbs., 
of  which  .■iiiigapore  sends  about  a  half. 


B.  A<  lulj.:  Made  of,  resembling,  or  of  tin- 
colour  of  toit^iiseshell. 

■'  Ttiev  uiily  flslietl  up  the  cleric's  torM%i-iIirU  i-pcc. 
Uu-lirs."         It<irh<im     Iwj.  Leg. ;  Sir  Lniicrt. 

tortoiseshell  butterfly,  s. 

Entmii.  ■  Til''  name  given  to  two  British 
butteiHies.  The  Sniidl  Tortoiseshell,  Vdnessn 
nrlieif,  one  of  the  eominonest  of  British  biit- 
terllies,  is  of  a  bright  red  brown,  and  has  .m 
its  costal  margin  three  large  black  spots, 
beyond  the  third  of  which  is  a  white  one. 
Tlie  si>ace  between  the  tiist  and  third  spots 
is  yellow.  Larva  with  eleven  spines,  its 
cidour  yellowish  gray,  with  lines  and  stripes 
of  black,  brown,  and  yellow  ;  it  feeds  on  the 
nettle.  The  Large  Tortoiseshell.  the  larva  ot 
which  feeds  on  elm,  is  much  rarer.  It  is  deep 
fulvous,  with  a  broad,  dark  border.  It  has 
11.1  white  spot  on  the  Costa  of  the  fore  wings. 
tortolseshell-cat,  s.  A  variety  of  the 
domestic  c;if,  of  a  i-.dour  resembling  tortoise- 
shell.  Hales  of  this  variety  are  extremely 
rare. 
tor-to-zon,  .<-  [Sp.)  A  large  Spanish  gra|ie. 
tor-tri9 -i-dse,  --■.  p(.  (Mod.  Lat.  toriri,. 
genit.  toilrkUs);  \&i.  feiu.  pi.  adj.  sulT.  -ii/n.) 
\.  Etdom.:  Leaf-rollers;  the  tyineal  family 
of  Tortricina  (q-v.).  Anterior  wings  bioad. 
the  eosta  arched  but  not  folded.  Larv:e  roll- 
ing up  or  uniting  leaves,  and  feeding  within 
the  sheath,  tube,  or  case  thus  formed.  British 
species  thirty-six. 

2.  Xool.  :  A  f.imilv  of  Innocuous  Colulni- 
fori'n  Snakes,  with  three  genera,  one  of  which 
(Cylindropliis)  ranges  from  India  through 
"il-  Malay  Islands,  while  Charina  is  found  in 
t'alifornia,  British  Columbia,  and  Tortrix  in 
Tropical  America.  Body  cylindrical,  scales 
smooth ;  tail  conical,  stumpy,  head  short 
and  indistinct ;  they  have  a  rudimentary  pelvis 
with  horny  spines  projecting  close  to  the  vent, 
and  there  are  vestiges  of  the  hind  limbs. 

tor -tri -91-11%,  s.  III.  lllod.  Lat.  torlnr, 
genit.  tortrbiif):  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  sutf. -iiiii.] 
EntoM.  :  A  tribe  of  Heterocera,  with  nine 
families  aud  299  British  species.  Antenna: 
setaceous,  much  longer  than  the  thorax ;  body 
moderately  thick,  with  the  ajiex  blunt ;  the 
anterior  pair  ot  wings  somewhat  truneate 
behind ;  the  posterior  pair  trapezoidal,  un- 
marked.    Larvs  with  sixteen  legs. 

tor-tric'-6-des,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.  tortru;  genit. 
tortrkiis),  and  Gr.  et6os  (fidos)  =  form.) 

Eiitom.  :  The  sole  genus  of  Toi-tiicodidie 
(q.v.).  Anterior  wings  more  than  twice  as 
long  as  w-ide ;  costa  in  the  male  nearly 
straight,  in  the  female  arched  at  the  base. 
Only"  known  species,  Tortr'iemles  hijemanii. 
a  moth  with  semi-transparent  wings,  grayi.-li 
brown,  with  a  darker  blotch  and  fascia.  It  is 
abundant  in  oak  woods. 

tor-tri-c6'-di-daB,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  torlei- 
co'Ucs):  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suft'.  -ii/o'.] 

Eiitom. :  A  family  of  Mcths  nearly  inter- 
mediate between  the  groups  Tortricina  and 
Tineina.     [Tobtricodes.) 

tor'-trix,  .*.     [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  toitiis  = 
twisted,  pa.  par.  of  torqiteo  =  to  twist.] 

1.  Eiilom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tortricidie 
(q.v.).  Palpilonger  than  the  head,  fore  wings 
aljout  twice  as  long  as  broad,  costa  arched 
abruptly  at  the  base.  British  species  ten.  A 
very  common  and  pretty  species  is  Tortrix 
viridaim,  the  Green  Oak  moth,  the  fore  wings 
of  which  are  pale  green,  the  costal  ridge 
sulphur-yellow,  the  hind  wings  gray.  The 
larva,  which  is  green  with  a  brown  head, 
feeds  on  the  oak  and  hornbeam,  &c.,  in  May 
and  June,  and  the  jierfeet  insect  abounds  on 
the  oak  in  July.  T.  ribeutm  tuvX  T.  cori/laiiu 
are  also  not  uncommon. 

2.  Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Tortricidie  2, 
with  one  species,  Turtrii  scytale,  from  Guiana. 
It  lives  above  ground  in  boggy  places,  piey- 
ing  on  worms,  insects,  and  small  reptiles. 

•  tor-tu,  s.     10.  Fr.  tortuc.]    A  tortoise. 

tor'-tu-la,  s.  (Mod.  Lat.,  from  toi-«u.5  = 
twistid  ^ton/iieo  —  to  twist.  Named  from  the 
manner  in  which  the  teeth  of  the  peristome 
are  twisted  together.) 

Bot. :  A  large  genus  of  Trichostomei  (q-V.). 
Teeth  of  the  peristome  thirty-two,  tilifonu, 
twisted  into  a  common  fascicle.  They  are 
found,  most  of  them  at  all  seasons,  on  rocks, 


TOBTl'OSr.  s-rKM. 
from  flexuons   in   bending 


walls,  banks,  riversides,  housetops,  Ac. 
Tiirtiilii  riinilU  is  often  Seen  on  the  roofs  o( 
thatched  cottages. 

♦  tor-tu -lofie,  n.  (I-at.  for/us  =  twi.ste.l. 
Bulged '.mt  a:  intervals,  like  a  cord  with 
knntsonit.  (U.sed 
ehietlyinilescrib- 
ing  objects  in 
natural  liistory.i 

» tor-tu-ose,   - 

(TORTlI.Cs.l 

i:i>t.{('/aslriii) 
Forming  angles 
alternately  from 
right  to  left,  as  in 
Iltniistevia  iiiitrei- 
eens  (see  illns.) 
and  others  of  the 
Malpighiacea- 
(q.v.).  It  dilVers 
more  angularly. 

tor-tu-os'-i-ty,  -•<.  (F.ng.  (ort«os(e)  ;  .-''.'/.) 
The  cpialitv  or  state  of  being  tortuose,  twisted, 
or  wreathed  ;  wreath,  tlexure. 

■'  Art  for  tlie  liirtttonitij  „t  tlic  buity  .iml  bniliclii-s."  — 
p.  ll„!luitit    I'tiiliiixh,  II.  56-i. 

^  Tiirtiiosiiii  is  the  angle  turned  by  the 
osculating  plane  per  unit  distance  trave  led 
along  the  curve.  If  4  stands  for  length,  then 
it  is  ei|ual  i.  {ErerctI :  C.  0.  S.  System  oj 
L'nits,  ch,  i.,  p.  7.) 

tor'-tu-ous  (1),  •  tor-tu-OB,  «.     (Fr.  tor- 
tueiu'=  fullofciookedness,  from  Lat.  torluosuf, 
from  tortus,  pa.  par.  of  (or.;m'o=  to  twist.) 
I.  OnliiMry  LaHgmnje : 

I.  Lit.:      Twisted,      wreathed,      winding. 

crooked. 

■■Dill  not  fliut  the  liibyriutlis  o(  gmiing  and  gme- 
aume  b„g-ruti(  too  tortiiuiu:'— Field.  April  -1,  18S5. 

2  Ei'J. :  Proceeding  in  a  roundabout  or 
underhaud  manner  ;  not  'pen  and  stniightfor- 
ward. 

II.  Bj(.  .-  Having  an  irregular  bending  and 
turning  direction. 

^  tor  -tu-OUS  (2),  (I.  (Eng.  tori,  s.  ;  -KOiis.) 
The  sanie  as  ToR'riot'S  (»I.v.). 

tor' -tu- Otis -ly,  <idr.  [Eng.  tortuous:  -ly.l 
In  a  tortuous  or  winding  manner. 

tor -tu-oiis-ness,  »■  (Eng.  tortuous:  -mss.i 
The  qiiality  or  state  of  being  toltuous. 


-  tor -tu-ra-ble,  «.  (Eng.  (o)-(iir(i') ;  -able.l 
Capabll-  of'beiiig  tortured. 

tor-ture,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Liit.  (ordiru  =  tor- 
ture,'from  tortus,  pa.  par.  of  torqueo  =  to 
twist  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  (or(/i?-i(.  From  the 
.same  root  come  torment,  torsion,  toi'toise,  con- 
tort, distort,  extort,  &c.] 

1.  Excruciating  pain  ;  extreme  anguish  of 
mind  or  body  ;  agony,  torment. 

■■  Bettei-  be  "itli  the  de.^d. 
Tb.ill  oil  the  tnrlitri-  of  the  iiiiuii  to  lie 
In  restless  ecstjisy."    .-ihnKen/'. :  Jluclrtn.  ill.  - 

2.  Severe  iiain  -nftieted  judicially  either  as 
a  punishment  for  a  crime  or  for  the  purpose 
of  extorting  a  confession  from  an  accused  or 
susi.ected  person.  It  was  intlicted  for  the 
l.ist  time  in  England  in  May,  1040.  It  wius 
declared  illegal  in  Scotland  by  the  Claim  of 
Ri'dit  in  11)89,  and  by  the  statute  7  Aune. 
e.  °xxi.  see.  0.  [Rack,  Scavesoek's  Daugh- 
ter, THI-.MB-SCBEW.) 

■■  111  the  Scottish  Cliiliu  of  Rithl.  the  use  ot  lorliire 

without  eviileme.  or  iu  ..i-.iiu.^ry  ciises.  v».i.i  dcelnreil 

to  be  contrary  to  Uw.  ■-.i;.iaiu/u»  ■  Hut.  E«a..  ch.  ml. 

3    The  act,  operation,  or  process  of  iiiHict- 

ing'excrueiating  physical  or  mental  pain. 

tor-ture,  r.t.  &  ;.    [ToR-rcRE,  s.) 
h.' rnuisitiec : 

1.  To  pain  excruciatingly ;  to  pain  to  ex- 
tremity ;  to  torment  bodily  or  mentally. 

■■  The  (oj-do-ffd  wivrtge  turns  iirouiid.  „ 

Aud  aiugs  jibout  his  foiiiu  iiuiutieut  of  the  wound. 
DrjideH  :  Ovid  :  HetamorphoieK  vin. 

2.  To  punish  with  the  torture;  to  put  to 
the  torture. 

3  To  put  to  a  severe  strain  ;  to  wrest  from 
the'  right  meaning  ;  to  put  a  wrong  construc- 
tion on. 

■•  So  that  it  Is  to  no  purpose  th»t  this  pl'ice  hnd  been 
so  tortured  by  Interpreters."— fl/*.  Tai/ttr:  hiile  uj 
Cou»eiencc,  bk.  ili.,  ch-  ii- 

*  4.  To  keep  on  the  stretch,  as  a  bow. 

"The  liow  tarliircth  the  string  contiuunlly.  and 
tbertliy  lioldeth  it  iu  a  coulluual  trepidation.  — 
Bacon :  Xal.  Hilt..  3  13T. 


boa.  bo-y  ;  poTit:io'^l ;  cat,  ^eUr^eion^^r^hluTbei^^^T^orge^T^hlnrth^T^as  ;  expeet,  :?^en«,phou.  -f^-J^'^' 
^Za,  -tian  =  sb^n.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,    jion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -slous  =  sbus.    -ble,  -die.  .U.  -  bel.  deL 


1C8 


torturer— tossel 


B*  tutmax  :  To  t-iiuiw  I'xcrueiatiti^  \mn ; 
tu  i^iin  t*\tri'i>i*iy. 

-'  Tl>i'  •■(••aliii;  rtrxli  thnt  liiaUitl  I'riwnl  ti  ylovr. 
I'lie  wuituJ  to  tvrt.irr.  <\\\t\  till-  IiI'i-hI  to  flow   ' 

l't*tie  :  Hunter;  /(iViitkl.  VU. 

tor  .^-Per,  5.  lEiin.  foWioV),  v. ;  •»■/■.)  Om; 
\>  liu  i>i-  tliiit  which  toi tiirt'ri  ;  a  luinioiitoi-. 

"  riiod  «rt  Ibe  fwrtinvr  «t(  thf  Itmv*'-" 

.ScuTf ;  Jliirinioti,  111.  13. 

tor  tu  rinK.  /".  iwic  oi-^.    (ToRTfRRi 

tor  tu  ring  1^,  tulr.  [Euk.  tortuviu-j :  -Ifi.] 
Ill  ;k  loiliniii;.'  tnaiiin'r;  no  as  to  turture  it 
toniK-iit, 

"  Tl«  wi-ll,  nil  tiiMt  of  fuili 


II.I 


i>>L  tuw'  l-tltrtl  iiiv  iitoiv  turtnrinuiji' 


tor     tlj     roils,    «.      IKnj;.    (.ir/»r(e);    -.'tuv.] 
r<  I  t.umiiK  t'>  »^'i  iiivulviiit;  tui-tuix'. 

"A  vrry  li'irtli  nixl  foi-rnr'mi  wiiw   In  tlii'  ivittro 

lit  |i*<ivc)>tluii.'— .VufV.'  /•itmvrl.  iff  the  .tuut,  bk.  ii,, 

til.  l\. 

tor   U  la,  .s.     li-af.  =  ;i  tuft  of  hair.l 

ii"i. :  Thn  tynieal  ncmis  i»f  Tunilju^iM  («i.v.). 
.S|H)n>s  lit  Ih-uiuhI  cliuiiis,  siinjilt',  ivmlily  st>- 
lianitin;;,  placi'tl  tin  n  sliort,  poiitiminiis,  or 
Ni'ptJitf  imtUct'l.  Mi<Mos(roi>ie  fiiii;iiils  (.-ausiii;? 
)iioiililini-SH.  ToniUi  rasft  is  ctii'^stMiioiiIil. 
:i:  (ar  S'l'hutouvivfn)  vfirvisttr  in  the  cause  oi" 
fi'iiiirnlutiini  whfn  ywwt  is  bruught.  in  i-oii- 
litrt  with  s;K'nliaiim^  nmttiT.  That,  this  is  .so 
is  pruM-ii  liy  tin-  fact  that  fcitnciitation  is  pre- 
\tnt<?»l  hy  passing;  thi;  yrast  tlirou^^'h  ;i  line 
lilt'T  wliirh  strains  nut  tin-  torula',  nr  l»y  holl- 
iii;i  fithirr  the  yciist-  or  thf  sitccharim-  tlui<l, 
ati'l  thtjii  kwpiii;?  it  fi'uni  all  air,  t'xi^tpt  sueli 
as  hits  Ik'«u  jius.simI  throMi;h  cotton  \vt>oI, 
wliich  nreveiits  tlif  111  it'-entfriiig  it  from  the* 
.'itniosiiluni;  in  which  they  are  bclit'vcd  to  be 
oontinnnlly  tloatin^  aboQt  in  a  dry  stiitt?.  A 
tniula  is  abuut  *000:i  of  an  inch  in  dianit^ter. 
It  cotisist-s  nf  a  cell,  ^LMicrally  cuntjuniiig  a 
vacnoh',  but  uot  a  nuclens.  Sometimes  the 
cells  are  simple,  at  othei-s  they  ai-e  in  heajis  nr 
st'ings,  Thi-ir  aniinary  inofU-  of  reproiluction 
is  by  bmhlinj:.     (Iliirlci).)    [Yi;Asr.J 

tor-u-la'-^e  i,  a.  ?»/.      [Motl.  Lat.  toru>('i): 
I. It,  niJLsc.  ]il.  atlj.  8nfr.  -ftci.] 

l:-it. :  A  sub-nrder  of  Cmiiomycetes.  My- 
cflium  veryslij^htly  d'-'VL'loi)ftl,iiieonsiiicuous; 
>.l)ores  simple  or  .suplate,  iinkoil,  generally 
uiiit»'<l  to^t'thi-r  ill  chains.  In  the  typical 
;i''niK  thi'  spijrcs  aie  of  a  dark  colon j'. 
jTnuii.v.l 

tor  u  lose,  tor'-u-loiis,  0.    [T.at.  tumhis, 
ilimiii.  of  (01  i"i  =  a  protubiTiincL'.) 

y.'rt/. :  Cylinilriail.  with  .several  swvUs  ami 
rontnictions,  knotleil,  hs  the  pod  of  t'holi- 
(ionium.     Nearly  the  same  as  Monilifo)-m. 

tor'  US,   •.     lLat.=  a  roniul  swelling  or  jno- 
tulK'ianee.l 

1.  Aivli.  :  A  semi- 
viii-nlar  projwtinj: 
monhling,  occurring 
111  tlif  liase  of  a.co- 
)umii'Mt'-cei't;Lin  or- 
tliMs.  It  tlill'ers  from 
till'  aslmgul  only  in 
size,  the  astragali  1»;- 
ing  smaller.  AK<j 
<•  illed  a  Tore. 

2.  Hot. :  The  s;im<^ 
n-i  ItK.i'Kcr.xiLK  and  Tonrs 
'Jmai.vmi  s  (<|.V.). 

torus  bead  plane,  s.  a  certain  form 
•  •I  ).lum'  lor  linking  tin-  semicircular  convex 

iri'iiiMiii;^  kuo\Mi  ;is  a  torus. 

torve,   t'.     lUit.    t.orviis=:  .stei'n,    i)ii'rciiig.l 
Siiur.  sh-ni, 

"I  teliic'k  coiiuttti mil eu. "—/•((«'.'*■ 


;  l.liiotliuhir 


'  torvcd. 


[TuKvtkl    stern,  grim,  torvous. 


"  Vi-flt^inliiy  Ills  liivath 
Aw.l  noiue.  .'uid  liln  Innt  lorvt-ii  tiowu  wiw  ilefttli  " 

•tor'~«-ty,  .-i.  lUt..  tori'itas.]  Siiunie'ss. 
sTernnc.vs;  gihiinesa  or  eeverity  of  counte- 
uance. 

'  torv'-oiis,  «.  [I,at,  tf^nms.]  Sour,  stern, 
glim  ;  fif  a  .sevei-e  countenance;. 

■■Thitt '"»'rtOMJ»wur't<»ok  prfjdi»»<Hl  bydiiRpr,  juul  that 
p*y  mill  i.lviwiinc  couiit«iiiUiw  iM-cuiiMmiiylug  lyvt,"'— 
Ih'rhnin:  rhutiw-fhcUiMfg,  bk.  v..  cb.  vlil. 

Tor'-j^,  .«.  h  0.  {U:Uiiridf,>;  tor,  toraujheolr, 
torHi(jhr  —  i\  pursuer;  foiV, /o/-nc?t(i=  pui-suit, 
seari'b  ;  Gael.  loir=  pursuit,  a  i)ursuur.| 


A.  As  suhatiiHtiir  : 

'  1.  All  appellation  originally  given  to  Irish 
moss-troopeis.  who,  during  the  civil  wars  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  plundered  i)ro|ili'  in  thr 
bogs  of  that  island,  btung  in  anus  i.timuially 
for  the  royal  caust-,  but  really  to  atlor.l  a 
r-olmirablcpr.'tfxt  for  their  own  lawless  pro- 
ceedings. About  A.D.  liiSO  those  who  con- 
tended for  the  extreme  jirerogatives  ni  Hi.- 
Cniwu  had  this  contemptuous  termappli<-d 
to  them  by  th.-ir  oppoit.-uts  on  \\n;  p--pulai 
side,  and  thus  the  word  ultiiuately  ai'ipMiLd 
its  present  nuMiiing. 

■•Mujw-ti»i>iJfiT,  n  K.irt  .if  i-flH'I«  in  the  ni>rlbi.'ni  p/irt 
rtf  So.tlHii.l.  Unit  Iiv«  by  loblK-ry  (ui.l  ki>..1I.  Ilko  tbr 
r.iiVslii  livlftii'J.  ortlie  UmntU  in  Itiily.'— /Vi<///;ja.- 
.VfW  IVorlii  <4  Word*  led.  ITuC). 

2.  Originally  applied  as  a  political  term  tu 
those  who  were  supposed  to  be  abettors  of  tin; 
Popish  Plot, and  hericui«|t ended  Uj  those  who 
refused  to  concur  in  excluding  a  Uuiuaii  CalliK- 
lie  from  t lie  throne.  Tlnr  term  was  afterwards 
exteniled  to  members  of  one  of  the  great  poli- 
tical parties  in  the  state,  eousisting  of  those 
who  thiiil;  it  wiser  to  conserve  the  laws  and 
instiliilions  already  existent  in  the  country 
than  to  incur  jieril  by  attempting  to  lemn.lrl 
them  ;  the  party  of  immobility  us  opposed  to 
that  of  movement,  in  modern  times  the  term 
has  been  largely  superseded  by  Conserva'.ive 
(il-v.).    ILiuKRAL,  Wmc] 

".At  this  time  wure  Ursfc  ht'iud  twn  iilukiinmea 
w'liich,  tl)uii(c)i  uriKliiKlly  i^lvcii  in  iiiHtilt,  wure  aiuin 
iiasiiiiied  with  pride,  wbiL-li  are  Ktill  in  dwily  use. 
which  hiive  sprciut  iii  widely  n.s  tin"  Kn^'li^ti  rru  . .  m.', 
which -will  Inst  ;i-t  Xnwv.  as  tlie  KiiRl'-'ii  lit>'i  al  on'  It 
is  ft  curioua  i.-iM.iiiii--t,uii'..'  tlmt  ..m-  nf  IIh'h.-  iii.kii;uiii's 
wiLSuf  8cotL-b.  .'ind  tl»-..riiii  <'f  Irish,  .^ri>;iii.  \V.,KU  in 
Scotland  ntid  iti    Il-LukI.   uii>i:<>\  r'l  iiiueiit  hiul   <jill.->l 

iutoe\i^t.■1ll■,■  b.'illd--  III  d.'-iin.Lt.-  Iiirr,.  v,\v^y    f.-p..ritV 

WHsbi-iKbt.-ii.-ii  1.vri-liiii..iis,-iitiiuM:isiii  111  .s.-., liquid. 
sunie  ;i  tliL-  |>.-r-..>.'»t<'<l  ('..^.^n^nitrr^.  iJin.'ii  iiiiid  l>v 
..ppr<^sdloii.  b:L.i  l.it.lv  riiiii.l,'|.'.i  111,'  pi-iiiiRt.'.  t>;id 
tflkeil  Ill-Ill^  iiu^tiist  IJM-  liMM'iiiiiK'iit,  )i;id  .>1iC:ii]ii-il 
s-mif  ftdviuitj^..".  ;u-.M.i--l  til.'  Vuv^-.  f.in.v.-..  i.iid  li;uJ 
■  Kit  bveii  iniL  linvMi  lill  .M<.iii]i.»ith.  »t  thi-  biad  i>f 
boiiie  tioiiis  fioiu  Kiiijlitud.  \\.<y\  i.>iiti-d  tiK'iii  nt  Itotii- 
well  Bridge.  Thwe  zejilut'*  m-t.-  tim-it  miim-njiii 
;(iiiOiJg  thi.- riiNtics  wf  tbc  wi'hUtii  b.Hl.in.ls.  Mi,.,  miv 
vulgjirly  willed  Whigs.  Tbiic  tbr  ..pi"ll^'t'"n  '<i  Whu^ 
wiisffistfiiL-d  ..M  tlic  Pie>^bvfcrLti3  /i.Uot.s  ..t  Stuthiiid. 
;iiid  Mji.-*  Ii;insf,-rii-d  t..  lii-iM-   Kntrlisli   |"ilil  i.  Kins  whu 

sbowfd  ,■!  -hsiiM-jt ti.  n|>|i,,v,   (|„.  .■,,iiit.  ,uid  ti)  tH-:it 

I'riiti-st-iiit  ii..ii.-.iiiTi.rmi-.l^  »itli  iiiil.ilt,f ik.-.  'I'b.- 
l>»gH.,l  lirliiii.l,  ..t,  fb.'  -xwu-Vum-.  aM.mlr.i  i,  refili;.'  tu 
I'l.J.i'.ll  ..Mth.«,.  1,1...  Il  nv,.|,ll,lini;  thus^-  tsbn  «.-i.- 
i.ftefVllll.h     Kllnull     ;,-:     VVIllUOn.ys,    "    TllL-SC    ni.-|.      «rM- 

Iheu  i-;il)ril  /'..-'->.  'I'ln-  iM.nii-  ..f  Ti-'ry  \\m  tlieivj.,r,. 
h:Jveii  to  Kii^li'liiiif II  mIki  ii^liisr'd  tu  cuiiciir  ni  i-\- 
idudlii^r  II.  Ruiiiiiii  (.'iitliolic  ^irliici;  fi'uiu  the  tbiuiie."— 
Jfacaultifj  :  Hist.  Kitg.,  cb.  ii. 

3,  A  name  given  during  the  American  war 
of  inilependeuee  to  a  member  of  the  Loyalist 
]mrty,  or  any  i)ne  who  favouretl  the  clulnis  of 
tJroat  Uritain  against  the  colonists. 

B.  Asadj,:  Pertaining  to  the  Tories ;  con- 
stituted by  or  originating  from  the  Tories: 
as.  Torn  nu-'asures,  the  Tory  I'urty. 

'tory-rory,  if.    Wild. 

"  Yiiiir  tornror/i  jiidfH. ' 

Jjrydfii :  Kind  Kcrpi-y,  iv.  I. 

Tbr'-y-i^m,  .'•■.  [Eus.  tory ;  -ism.}  The  priu- 
oijiles  or  itraetices  of  the  Tories. 

"\  sh^t  history  of  toryium  and  whitccisiii  from 
their  (.TaUle  tu  tlieir  nifiVf. "— tfw/(»<7iiroJt'e:  iUMierta- 
lion  ui>on  f'urCivs,  let.  '2.  \  ♦ 

tds'-ca,  tos'-ka,  .•■'.  [Sp.  ^o.s-ai.  (rocn)  =  coar.sc 
(["ek). '    (See  etyiii.  and  compound.) 

toscui-rock,  .<. 

in'ol.:  The  name  given  by  the  inhabitants 
•  if  Buenos  Ayres  to  a  hai-d,  cavernous,  marshy, 
arenaceous  rock,  imbedded  in  layers  ami 
nodular  masses  among  the  ai-gillneeous  earth 
or  mud  of  the  Pamj'as.  It  constitutes  part  of 
the  Pampean  formation,  and  is  jirobably  of 
Pleistocene  age.  Tlie  adoption  of  the  lncal 
term  tosca  by  Darwin  has  given  it  general 
currency. 

tose,  r.t.  (Ti^ASK,  TousK.]  To  tease  or  comb 
w<.iil.    (Pror.) 

tosh,  o.  [O.  Fr.  toiisL-  =  shorn,  clipped,  pared 
round,  from  I^at.  tonsiis,  pa.  pur.  uf  toiuleo  = 
to  shear,  to  clip.]    Neat,  trim. 

tdsh'-ach  ('?t  guttural),  s.    (ToisErii.] 

tosh'-er,  .■•■.  [Etym.  doubtful. 1  A  kind  of 
lishing-biiat. 

.  "i^'l'iV'^''  ''"'f*  ^^  ""^  ^  loiiKahor.-  dri^,•r.  tliouRh 
Imtb  nttle  veastl^are  etiiployeU  in  i-ntchiijn  wb;it  they 
ejtn  close  Into  the  laml."—i)aila  Tcli-oiajtii.  Nuv.  -x 
18M. 

toss,  '  tosse»  "  toss-en,  r.t.  k  i.   (Wel.  tosio 
=  to. jerk,  toss  ;  ^^^  -  a  ipiick  jerk,  a  toss.] 
A.  Tniiisitirc: 
I.  Ordiii(*r>/ LaiifjUitxjc : 
1.  To  throw  with  the  hand,  to  fling  ;  par- 


ticularly,  to  throw  with  the  palm  td'  I  he  liand 
U])ward  ;  to  throw  ujiward. 

*2.  To  r<ill  or  tnmble  about;  tu  move  bjick- 
wai  Is  iind  forwards. 

•'  Siif  tmnd.  she  I..m\I  lierwif  in  Iwd, 
On  >UI  Hide^  doiil>l^  ;iii.i  tenuot  met  bci   ' 

fVordawortli .   Jti.-A  ii'g. 

X  To  hurl,  til  e;ist,  to  lling. 

■■  Kvfii  now  dill  tlie  weft 
Tuu  lip  upon  our  ftimn-  thin  cliettt-" 

.\74«A(.-it/(.  ;  ri'ricUs.  iii.  2. 

'  4.  To  hurl  or  throw  tiguratively. 

"  Back  du  I  (vu  thi'se  tieaaumt  ti>  thy  bo.td." 

Shiikrs/..  :  J.,-ii,\  V   ;t, 

.5.  To  lift,  heave,  or  throw  with  a  smhlen 
jerk  ;  to  jerk  :  as.  To  toss  the  head. 
"  (J.  To  wif  Id,  to  bian  iish, 

"  I  have  iK-en  ti'iiin-d  up  in  warllko  Btuiire 
To  tfttteii  !ii>eiu't  and  ehit^iil." 

S}»nifr7  /;<?..  111.  ii.fi. 

7.  To  cause  to  rise  and  fall;  to  ]iitch.  or 
move  fi-om  one  place  Uy  another,  as  with  a 
i|iiiek,  jerkv  motion  ;  to  ttuit  about.  Gene- 
rally used  of  the  sea. 

"  We  IwiiiK  exceedingly  (uu-cd  with  ttiC  tempest-"— 
.<••/»  xxvii.  Itf. 

8.  To  agitate;   to  make  restless;  to  kee]! 
in  .suspense. 

"The  souldiers  Mere  f<i»*i:d  tt>  and  fro  with  lidpc  ainl 
fear."— «re«(/.-;  t^,ti,iiiit  Cnrtiiui,  («.  IJ'J. 

*  9.  T<j  keep  in  iilay  ;  to  keep  repeating. 

"  Siiend  your  yeius  in  tomuu  all  the  rulen  of  ^ram- 
I'l.-ir.tn  commun  schuuls." — .iaahain:  Jichualinaatci: 

*  10.  To  dres.-:  r.vA. 

"  I  renieniber.  a  few  days  .'igo.  to  have  walked  liehirnl 


U,  To  gamble  with  by  spinning  a  coin  ;  as, 
I'll  f'jss  you  for  it. 

II.  Mining:  To  agitati-,  as  ore.  on  a  kieve  ; 
I ' .  toze. 

B.  Ijitraitsltirc: 

1.  To  roll  and  tumble,  to  Hiug;  to  wriUn- 
ill  \iiileut  commotion. 

■■  Turning  and  tossinff  alwut  in  the  heat  auil  niireKt  uf 
liistever."  toii-j/ellow :  Mitea  StmuiiK/i.  \. 

t  2.  To  be  flung  or  dashed  about  :   as,  A 
boat  tossrs  on  the  sea. 
X  To  move  up  and  down. 

■' There  n  placid  lake,  with  Hoflly  tossin-j  rijipies. 
~ llariii'r  s  Matfiiziiir,  May,  1882,  ]».  873. 

J.  Tit  toss  Up  (<1.V.). 

•I  (1)  Toto^^i'ff:  To  swallow  at  a  gulp;  to 
drink  hastily  :  as,  To  (oss  (i// a  glass  of  li.iuuj. 

(■J)  To  toss  the  ours: 

yput. :  To  tlirowthe  oars,  with  their  bhnles 
n]i,  in  a  perpeiidieulur  direction,  as  a  salute. 

(.()  To  foss  I'l',  to  toss  :  To  decide  sninelhing 
by  the  side  of  a  coin  that  is  uiipernmst  after 
being  spun  or  thrown  into  the  air. 

"Tberi;  nwy  have  been  instjiiu-es  wliere  .imJe*i  ti.-ne 
• ''W.ft'i/ /f/i"  ftoinier  tbiiii  remain  to  convim-  in  <jlihti- 
iiate  culleat'ne.  —iUtili/  refi-iir'tph,  Hept.  'iJ.  \'<>io. 

toss,    tosse,  s.    [Toss,  i\] 

1.  A  thrnwiiig  upwards,  oi- with  a  jerk  :  thi- 
act  of  tiissing  ;  tlie  state  of  being  Inssed  nr 
thrown. 

"A  sbii's  e<.iiik.  wln>  uai  a'jnne  innn,  died  nt  via, 
iiml  they  guve  biin  Ibe  sailor's  fw«  u\t'rboai'<l.  — 
/Jail'/  Ti:tvijnt/jh,  .\ik'.  ■.'1'.  li*8T. 

2,  A  throwing  up  or  jerking  of  the  head  ;  a 
j>articular  manner  of  raising  the  liead  with  a 
jerk. 

"There  is  liaidly  a  polite  nentenee,  In  the  fotbiwuiL.' 
dialoguex,  wbieb  dntli  not  nlutulutely  reijiiiie  suini' 
.  .  .  suitable  row  of  the  heml,  with  cvrtjiin  oifli'es 
iisRi^Ened  to  each  hnui\."—Sivi/t:  Jntrod.  J'uUte  fun- 
vermdoit. 

■  :J.  a  state  of  anxiety. 

"Tiiis  put  lis  at  the  Board  iutu  n  Coiut  '  -  rft':;s : 
/)iiti-j/,  .lune  -,  iCC;. 
4.  A  toss-up  (q.V.). 

•I  To  win.  the  toss:  To  have  something  <le- 
eided  in  one's  favour  by  the  tossing  up  of  a 


•■Hasn't  old  Bi'.xike 
Ii.»U|«'nny  ^'-//ey/M-a  ; 


M»    tti«  Ton  with   liiv   Ineky 
Tviit  Brown'u   Hcltind    Huys, 


toss-pot,  *•.    A  toper,  a  drinker,  a  sot,  a 
drunkard. 

•■  Our  histie  tnst)>Qtn  and  swill-bowlsi."— /•.  Jfotlarid  • 
Pliitic,  bk.  xxii).,  ch.  xviii. 

toss-up,  ^^  The  throwing  up  of  a  t-oiu  t.o 
decide  some  itoiiit.  as  a  wager  or  matter  of 
dispute;  heiice,  all  even  Inizaitl,  a  matter 
which  may  turn  out  or  be  deeitled  one  way  nr 
llie  other  with  equal  advantage ;  an  even 
chance. 


tossel. 


ITasskl.I    {Prov.) 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  woic.  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  ^nite,  cur,  rule,  fuU ;  try,  Syrian.    «.  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


tossement— toter 


i39 


*  tosse'-ment.  ^  toss'-mSntp  ■'•-.  (Kn^. 
tns.-: ;  -ii,>'nt.  I    The  ju-l  of  tussiug  ;  tlie  st;ite  of 

■' Sixteoii  >tai'^  tuagrintjtit  u|»on  the  waves  of  tliis 
t II iuble*>iun! world."— J.  A .-  iVorcetter s A poj'Mhegmes, 

l-.  1.1.-. 

t08S'-er,  s.      lEni^.   toss,  V.  ;  -er.]     One  ^^ilO 

.   "  As  citisfnctiuii  til  the  bUisfring  god, 
T •!  at'iul  his  UiMerH  forth." 

n.auni.  *  /*/(■(. ;  Maid  in  the  Mill,  W.  i 

■  tOSS'-i-ly,  '«/f.  I  Kd?.  fa-w*/ ;  -^./.l  In  a  to.;sy 
manner;  with  atlected  iuditlerenee,  L-areloss- 
iifss  or  contempt.    {Prov.) 

"She  answered  toasify  vnov^h.'—C.  fiingsdi/ :  Vr-ist, 
..li.  vii. 

toss  ing,  s.    [Tass,  v.] 

1.  o,,i.  Lanij. :  The  a^'t  ctf  one  \vh'>,  nr  nf 
lliat  which,  tosses  ;  the  .state  of  \tVAUff  tossed  ; 
a  lisitiii  anti  falling  .snddeiily  ;  a  lolliug  and 
tumbling  ahout. 

"Tlie  crawliiigs  nf  an  emmet  or  tossiitf/s  of  a  feather 
ill  a  teiiipeatuoHsaii."— .Si'ttnrA  .  Light  of  Satare,  vol. 
li..  pt  iii.,  ch.  XXV. 

2.  Mining:  Tozinp  ;  the  operation  of  agitat- 
ing  ore  in  a  tub  inwhieh  it  is  rotated  in  water 
■by  a  stirrer  on  a  vertical  axis. 

toss' -y,  a.  [Eng.  toss;  •(/.]  Tossing,  espe- 
ti;Uly  tj.>ssiiig  the  head,  as  in  seorn  nr  con- 
teiniit ;  lience,  atfectedly  inditlerenl,  otfhand, 
coutemjituons.    (Prov.) 

"  Answered  hy  suiuc  foiA^  cominonplace."— C.  Kings- 
Ivy :  I'eust,  ch,  vii, 

"tost,  iyret.  or  jitt.  juu:  o/ r.     [Toss,  v.] 

tot  (1)  ••■.  I  Pan.  M;  loel.  tottr,  applied  to 
ihvailish  jtTsons.J 

1.  Anything  sm:ill  or  insignificant;  used  as 
a  lerm  of  endearment. 

2.  A  small  diinUing-cup,  holding  about  half 
a  pint.     (Prov.) 

3.  A  small  quantity  ;  especially  applied  to 
to  liquor.     (SUnuj.) 

"  Haydu  .  .  .  liked  ooniv^aiiy  ;  but  if  a  guest  stayed 
lieyoiid  a  i-erLiin  jteriiHi,  thegieat  composer  would  sud- 
ileiily  start  ui>,  taii  bis  forehead  and  ttay,  '  Excuse  ine. 
i  h.'ivealof  ;■  by  wliich  henieiuit  that  he  had  u  thought, 
;uid  must  goto  his  study  to  jot  it  down.  A  minute 
.-liter  he  would  return,  looking  all  the  brighter  ;  and 
.-Ls  forgetful  .19  the  Irii^  judge  of  La  Rochefoucauld'^ 
luaxiin— that  you  may  hoodwink  one  peraim.  but  not 
all  the  world.  The  evpression, '  a  tot  of  spirits,'  is  said 
to  iiave  liad  this  res  j  tec  table  origin-' —.S'l.  Jitiness 
tia:ette.  Sept.  l",  18,tu. 

4.  A  fi^olish  jiei'son.     (P/or.) 

tot  (2),  5.  [Tot,  v.]  A  sum  in  simple  or  com- 
IKuind  addition,  set  at  examinations  in  the 
i.'ivil  Ser\icr. 

tot-book,  *'.  A  book  containing  tots  for 
pr.ictiee. 

tdt»  v.t.  [An  abhrev.  of  total  (q.v.).]  To  Fum 
up,  t^  count.    (Generally  with  up.)    (Colloij.) 

"  The  lasttwo  ffif  ((/)  the  hiU."~Tliackereii/ :  Jiound- 
aboiif  I'uptTS,  xix. 

tO-ta'-ig-ite,  s.  [After  Tntaig,  Ro.ss-shire, 
wlieie  Jtiund  ;  suH'.  -ifv  {Min.).} 

Mia. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  small  brown 
ti  ystalline  grains  in  liinesU^ne.  Tiir  analyses 
ludirat*'  that  it  is  probably  an  intermediate 
pioduit  resulting  fi-om  the  hydration  of 
Sahlite  (q.v.). 

to-tal,  ''to '-tall,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  total,  from 
Low  Ijit.  t^jtaiiSy  Uitm*  Lat.  totns  —  wliole, 
from  the  same  root  as  tumid  ;  Sp.  total ;  Ital. 

t'>(nk.\ 

A.  A^  utijectic€  : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  whole  ;  compre- 
hending the  whole ;  complete  in  all  its  jwrts ; 
entire. 

2.  t'omplet/"  in  degree  ;  absolute,  thorough  ; 
«s,  a  total  loss,  a  C^toZ  wreck. 

*3,  Putting  everything  into  a  small  com- 
pass ;  summary,  curt,  ahrupl. 

"To  my  iiuestious  you  eo  tittu!  are." 

Hi/itinfif :  Astrophel.  K. 

*  4.  Complete  in  numlier ;  all. 

"There  lay  tht  tofaZ  keys,  -De  (iuiiirey:  Spanish 
ymt,  5  5.  p.  7. 

B.  --15  siibst. :  The  whole  ;  the  whole  sum  or 
timount ;  aggregate. 

■  Hut  I  fihall  auni  up  these  particulars  in  a  total, 
'   >thu3  expres*<-tl  by  .Saint  '"  -     - 

"  Hpiftupnrif  As-'^Tted,  §  ^&, 


total-reflection,  .n.    (Rkkleltu>n.  ^|  -j,] 

to 'tal,  i-.f.  [ToiAL,  a. J  To  amount  to  the 
total  sum  uf ;  to  rcarh  the  total  of. 

to'-tal  i-sa  tor,  s.  [Fr.  totalisuttur.]  An 
uistruMuiir  ur  appinattis  used  for  j»urposes  tif 
betting  on  horse-ra<res.  It  is  used  on  the 
C(mtinent  of  Europe,  in  Australia,  and  New 
Zealand. 

"  A  tward  is  exhibited  cuntniniiig  the  nriines  of  tho 
horecH  8tartiug.  A  |<erflon  who  wishe.s  to  Iwick  u  horvi- 
]'!\\-9  in  a  |>ound,  or  :ta  many  i)oun<la  ait  lie  likes,  to  the 
nflicer  in  charge  nf  the  totulisalnr.  When  the  iju;e  iw 
over,  at!  the  muiiey  otaked  is  divided  between  the 
backei-s  of  the  winning  horse,  less  10  i>er  cent.,  which 
is  the  prollt  of  the  nianagemeut  Thu  amount  uf 
money  striked  on  eivch  honw  is  indicated  by  figures, 
which  are  altered  every  time  a  fresh  deposit  Is  made, 
so  that  a  biicker  can  at  any  time  sw  with  how  many 
•  rthers  he  is  to  share  in  the  total  Btakes,  should  the 
horse  Belect«d  by  him  win  ;  and  he  can.  if  he  chooses, 
make  Bome  computAtion  aa  to  the  total  amount  of 
stakes  to  be  divided."— Evening  SfandarU,  Oct,  £3, 
1885. 

to-tSl'-i-ty,  s.  [Fr.  totalitt;  from  total  =  total 
(q.v.).J  The  whole  or  c<niiplete  sum;  the 
uliule  quantity  or  amount;  the  quality  or 
.state  of  being  total. 

"Tlie  duration  of  tntaUty  \b  in  some  cases  reckoue<l 
only  hyeecondK."— /J(i/;j/  Telegraph,  Sept.  8,  IBSi. 

to-tal-ize,  v.t.  &  !.     [Eng.  total;  -ize.] 

A.  'I'l-iiis.  :  To  make  total  or  complete;  to 
leduoe  til  comiileteness. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  bet  by  means  of  tlie  totalis- 
a tor  (q.v.). 

"The  fofiilisiiig  system  has  been  flourishing  ever 
siiKv  at  the  Germaji  and  Austrian  r.ice- meetings."— 
fit.  Jaiw-t's  Oazettt;  June  14,  IH87. 

to'-tal-ly,  odi\  [Eng.  total,  a.  ;  -ly.]  In  a 
tiital  manner  or  degree  ;  entirely,  completely, 
wltolly,  fully. 

"There  i.s  no  need  of  being  so  tender  atxjut  the  repu- 
tations of  those  who  are  totally/  abandoned  to  sin. " — 
.VfcA'er.-  Scfinoil.*,  vol  1.,  ser.  2H. 

*  to'-tal-neSS,  ^■.  lEng.  total,  a. ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  total;  totality,  cn- 
tireness,  completeness. 

to'-taxn,  f.    [ToTKBt.) 

to-ta-ni'-nse,  .''.  ?)?.  [Mod.  Lat.  totan{us); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suft'.  -ina-.] 

Ontith. :  A  sub-family  of  Scolapacidse.  Bill 
straight  or  slightly  curved  upwai-ds,^-with 
groove  as  far  as  or  beynnd  middle,  nostrils 
very  narrow  ;  hind  toe  rather  long  and  slendtr, 
bandy  reaching  the  ground  ;  the  toes  in  front 
joined  by  a  membrane. 


which  iwthus  expres*<-tl  by  .Saint  Chrysoetom." — Bp. 


total-abstinenoe,  s.  The  entire  absten- 
tion fniMi  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  as 
tteverages,  or  except  under  niedieal  prescrip- 
tion.    [Tempera  Net.) 

total-eclipse,  ^\     [Eclipse,  IL] 


to-ta'-niis,  -s-.    [Etym 
fiom  <.Hd  Ital.  totaiLo  = 


doubtful :  said  to  be 
I  Kind  of  water-hen.J 

Ornitb. :  A  genus  of  Scolopacidaj,  or,  if  that 
family  is  divided,  of  Totanime  (q.v.),  with 
twelve  species  universally  flistributed.  Bill 
slightly  curved  at  tip,  groove  half  the  length 
of  the  bill;  wings  with  first  quill  longest; 
,.  tarsi  witUvery  narrow  scales  in  front.  Totanus 
hy}X)h:uc/is(i]\t^  Common  Sandpiper  or  Summer 
Snipe),  T.  tiLarularius  (tlie  Spotted ^iandpiper), 
T.  ocJtropns  (the  Green  Sandpiper),  T.  glarej^la 
(the  Wood  Sandpiper),  T.  calidris  (the  Com- 
mon Redshank),  T.  fuscus  (the  Spotted  Red- 
shank), 2'. /arf'/x:*- (the  Yellow-shankeil  Sand- 
Iiil>er),  and  T.  glottis  (tha  Greenshauk)  are 
liritis!i-\isitors. 

t6t-9hee'-Ca,  ^.     [Chinese.]     A  Chinese  ver 
mifngtj  pr-'parcd  from  Quisquaiis  cliinensis. 

-  tote  (1),  '  tot-en,  ''.*'.    [A.S.  totian  =  to  pro- 
ject, to  stick  out,  to  peep  out.]    [Tout,] 
L  To  project  or  stick  out. 
2.  To  pry,  to  peep,  to  look,  to  observe. 

tote  (2),  r.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.  According  to 
Bartlett.  probably  nf  Afrii;an  origin.]  To 
carry,  to  bear.  (."Southern  States  of  America.) 
"  His  report  of  hia  having  induced  the  aristocratic 
Xavaias  to  role  his  luggage  was  received  from  the 
uioutti  of  Oeu'l  Kane  with  a  good-natured  amused  de- 
rifiion,'— 7'/-a»i»,  .itittn-.  PKilos.  Atcirry,  xiii,  211.    (IBTIIJ 

^  To  t^t^jitir  :  To  be  honest  and  ui»right  in 
ones  .i'-alinpi  ;"to  act  fairly. 

tote-load,  ;".    As  much  as  one  i-an  carry. 

'tote  (3),  r.t.    [Toot  (2),  c.J 

tote  (1),  ^-. ,  [Fr.  tout ;  Lat.  totits.]    The  whoU- ; 
tlie  entire  lot  or  body.    (Amcr.  Colloij.) 

tote  (2),  -f.    (Etym.  doubtful.]   A  joiner's  name 
fur  th*-  handle  of  a  plane. 

*  tot-el-er,  i^.      [Icel.  ^aHto  =  to    mutter,   t" 
whisper  ;  Dux.  tuyien.]    A  whisperer. 


tO'-tem,  tO'-tam,  .s.     [Sec  .xtraet.) 

Anfhroj'.:  Some  entity,  usually  an  ;tnim:il 
or  II  plant,  with  which  the  nn-mbers  of  a  tribe 
coniu'4;I  themsi-Ives,  calling  thi'iiiselvt-s  by  its 
iiarm-.  and  d»Mi\ing  a  mytlii*;  iiedigriT  from 
it.  'I'lnis  am<tng  the  Algonquin  Indians  uf 
iNorth  America,  the  name  IJt-iir,  Wolf,  Toi- 
toi.se,  Deer,  or  Rabbit,  sei-ves  to  designate- 
each  of  a  nninlter  of  clans  into  which  the  race 
is  divided,  a  nuui  b*donging  to  such  clan  being 
himself  actually  spoki-n  nf  :w  a  bear,  a  woll, 
iSci'.,  juid  the  ligures  of  these  animaiR  indieat- 
iiig  the  elan  in  the  native  picture-writing. 

"Thejume  or  Hyin)>ol  of  an  Algouquuk  rlaii  uniinit! 
JH  faMetT^diidaini,'  and  this  wunl.  in  its  uiu;d  fi.rlii  of 
t'lt'-iu.  lia»  l)e<nimii  an  accepteil  term  among  etho"- 
loirists  ti-  ilctvrilii-  niniilnr  customary  Humaiiies  over 
the  Hi>rld,       ryl'jr     /'rim.  Otlt.  ted.  1871J.  ii-  -U. 

totem  animal,  .^. 

Aiithrop. :  An  animal  whii-h  gives  its  name 
to  u  trib)'  nr  family,  of  whii.-h  it  is  usually  re- 
garded as  the  ancestor  aiul  prote<;t<u'. 

"Some  -iccoimtM  dexorihing  the  totcin-auimal  iw 
l>eiug  M'ttially  the  sacred  object."— jT^tor  .■  I'rim.  Cult, 
(ed.  IBTII,  M.  ■.:i:i. 

totem  clan,  :. 

Aiilliioji. :  \  elan  liaving  a  totem,  fmm 
wliiidi  it  derives  it.s  name,  and  which  is  je- 
ganled  a.s  au  ancestor  anil  protectoi-. 

■"The  evsteinatic  division  of  a  whole  people  into  n 
luiiiiber  ni  'ufiii,  •huii.'—Tiflvr:  I'rtin.CtilC.  Mil.  UTlf. 

totem  Stage,  s. 

Anthrop. :  A  stage  of  hmiinii  soci<-ly  thton^di 
which  M'Lenuana.ssumed(/'*or^nV//(f/j/  Krcinr, 
lSfi9-70)  .^]l,  or  H'^arly  all,  people'had  i-assed. 

[TOTKMISM.  ] 

to-tem'-ic,  «'.  [Eng.  lotna:-i.i.\  or  or  bi'- 
longing  to  a  totem  oi'  totemism  (q.v.). 

"Tribes  who  are  oi-ganized  on  the  rotvmic  principle,' 
~S:>ioolct  u/t :  Jndiuti  Tribes,  i.  320. 

td'-tem-£^m,  s.     [Eng.  totem  ;  -ism.] 

L  A  h  th  rop. :  The  division  of  a  race  of  people, 
into  chins  and  families,  each  Imving  its  jiarti- 
eular  totem,  ■with  the  ditferences  of  mnk, 
inaniage  customs,  and  other  social  arrange- 
ments ari.sing  therefrom. 

"The  system  of  dividing  tribe.s  in  this  way  being 
called  Toteiiiisiii:  —Ti/lor  :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  lb71J,  p.-Jlu. 
2.  Comptuativt;  Religions : 

(1)  ,\  name  primarily  used  to  denot*-  the 
form  of  religion  widely  i)revalent  among  the 
North  American  Indians,  thoui^'h  by  n<»  me.-ius 
cunlined  to  them.  It  consists  in  tht^  atloi;i- 
linji  <jf  certain  object.'*  and  ajiimals  believed 
to  be  related  to  each  separate  stock  or  blood- 
kindred  of  human  beings. 

(2)  A  stage  in  religious  progress  usually 
succeeding  Fetichism,  the  objects  of  worsliip 
Ijeing  generally  of  a  higher  nature.  In  to- 
temi.sm  as  practised  among  the  Algonquins 
the  totem  is  actually  regarded  as  the  sacnH 

.  t  oUjet't  and  piotector  of  the  fiimily  bearing  its 
name  and  synilxd.'  Among  certain  Australian 
tribes  each  family  lia.s  .some  animal  or  vege- 
table as  its  "kobong,"  its  friend  or  piotectov, 
and  a  mysterious  connexion  subsist.s  between 
a  man  and  his  kobong,  which  lie  is  reluctant 
t^>  kill  if  it  is  an  animal,  or  to  gather  if  it  is 
a  vegetable.  Similar  customs  exist  in  Asia 
and  Africa.  \jOy6  Avebury  and  Spencer  have 
favoured  the  idea  that  totemism  sprang  from 
the  very  general  practice  ol  naming  indivklu.Tl 
men  after  animals,  Bear,  Deer,  Eagle.  &c., 
these  becoming  in  certain  cases  hereditary 
tribe-names.  Commenting  on  their  opinions, 
Tylor  {Prim,  ftdt.^  ed.  1S71,  ii.  210)  remarks 
that  "  while  graitting  such  a  theory  aff-mls  a 
lutiunal  interpretation  of  the  oKscure  tacts  nl 
tott-mlsm,  we  must  treat  it  as  a  theor>'  not 
vouirbed  for  by  sutticient  evidence,  and  within 
our  knowledge  liable  t4>  mislead  if  pushed  to 
extivme.';. 

to'-tem-lSt,  <.     [Eng.  tot^nn;  -hf.) 

Anthrop. :  A  member  of  a  t^item-clan. 
"TtLtt  Ibe^hincwijMduMukerhaA  been  a  totem  mav 
l>e  iJietty  "V^rtidnly  estabHihed  hy  the  evidence  .^f 
I'lut-uth.  The  i*..[ile  cjilled  by  his  nam«(Pii-iuii  «1. 
dined,  lik*-.  '.•/•^^•mi^u  everywhere,  to  eat  tln-ir  Imh 
binl.  in  thi"  .^i-*^  the  woiMli>ecker."— ^,  Larnr  M»ilt. 
ilitwt'.  i  iUU-jv.it.  n,  7L 

to-tem-ist'  ic,  :.  [Eng.  totonl^;  -jV.]  To- 
temic  (q.v.). 

"It  seems  *5iri-elypo6athlc  to  deny  the  early  and  pro- 
longed  exiirteuoe  of  (otvmislic  practices  in  KgyirtiAii 
lellgion."— ,H.  J.ttnff,  in  Mintteciitft  Centuru,  Sioirt., 
lb*-;,  p.  430. 

toT-er,  y.      [Eng.  tot(e)  (3),   v.;   -«r.]     One 
who  toots  or  play*)  a  pipe  or  horn. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9lun,  benpli;  go,  gem;  tbln,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon.  e^^ist.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  :=  shun ;    tion,  -slon  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tlous.  -sions  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^e  -  bel,  del* 


uo 


tother— touch 


t6th    or,  <'.  or  pron.     (Si-i'  dif-l     A  coll.Muial 
LvTura.iiMii  of  that  other,  thiit  Iwlug  tlie  oM   ; 
aiuUT  ortlile.     \ToSK.\ 

••  lluw  hii)i|>y  wnlil  r  Iw  with  fltluT, 
Ware  (UVr  Jrar  oli*riiier  awMV. 

tdt  1  dim  vet^-bto,  vhr.  ILut.I  In  so 
many  w.-r.ls  ;  in  tin*  very  words. 

to    ti  OS  qu6-U  o^  I'hr.      [ImI.]     As  often 

.L-  ■■II.  ,   -.  ..ll.-li   tin-  .HUtT. 

to-ti'p&l  -mate.  «.  &  s.    iToru-ALin^.l 

A-  .1^  '«'';.  •   IVrUiiilug  or  ivUting  to  tlu- 

B.  .U  gnb»t. :  Any  member  of  the  ItiW  Toti- 

IKiliiieit. 

•  to  ti  pM  ma'  ti,  >-  ,-t    [Totipai.mks.] 

to  ti  pil  me«.  to-ti  piU  ma-ti, 
t  to  ti  pU  ma  'tfl9.^.  >'/.  I-M'jvi-  I"it-.  fi-""> 
l,jit.  ritlt(s=  whuli",  ami  tkiima  =  the  sole  of  a 
g'lose's  foot.) 

ojHirA. .'  A  group  of  Swiinining  Birds.  hnvinK 
tin-  bind  toe  t-oiim-L'tfd  wiih  the  other  toi's 
with  :i  weU.  iUv  iMst  form  wiia  used  by 
Cuvivr,  Ibf  s.'Cnnd  hy  Kaup.  [Stkuanopodi^s-I 

•  to -ti-pre8-on9e,  .•>•.  [Lat.  M»s  =  \vhoh-, 
aiKl  /»/u,vHf.u  =  prcscnct-.l  Totid  prescnct- ; 
lireseiicc  everywhere ;  oimiipieseiice. 

"Oiir  own  iiintiiuT  iif  uxisltfiico  in  ii  aplicn-  or  imr- 
tloii  of  siwcu  sutncioiit  U>  ruceivp  tlio  uctioit  of  iiiuiiy 
iT.riiiroHl  iwrtlclea  wi-  iiuty  U-rmRtotipifieHC-tnromU- 
out  tlK-  ciiteiiU  ot  lliat  Hi-hiTf  ,  wt-  iimy  then  on- 
o-in-  Hnullni-  iH»b«Uini-e  tutiyrMcnt  In  the  »\>\n.-iv  <>i 
nn  Inch,  iin  eU.  *  ro«l.  a  mile."— afftircA.  li(thr  o/ 
S.ittirr.  vol.  i!..  lit,  t..  Ch.  Xil. 

'  to'-ti  pre^-entt  o.  [ToTiPRESENct:.]  Tie- 
sent  evt-rywhere ;  onmipresetit. 

to' -to  50e -Id,  ;»''»■■  [L:it.]  IJy  tlie  width  uf 
hr,i\L:i,  wide  us  the  pules  apart. 


*  tot  sane. 


[Tt'TSAS.] 


'  tot- ted.  ".  (See  def.]  Marked  with  the 
wunl  t"t  (I*at.=  so  iiiueh),  said  formerly  of  a 
gMuiI  dtd.t  due  to  the  cniwn,  before  which  the 
oftker  ill  the  pxcheqiier  had  written  the  word 
tot,  as  Jin  abbreviation  of  the  sentence  tvt 
p^ntuhr  reni  de6f/i(i'  =  so  much  m«>ney  is  due 
t..  tin-  kiii^'. 

tOt'-ter.  *  tot-ren,  r.*.  &  t.  [Prop.  toUer,  a 
frer|.  Innu  tilt  (q.v.);  cf.  A.S.  tealtrian—lM 
tt'ttrr,  to  vacillate,  from  /^(/^  =  tottery,  un- 
.stal'le ;  O.  Dut.  toHlcren.  (for  tolUven)—  tu 
tietiible.) 
A.  Intntn.'iitivi^ : 

1,  To  appear  as  if  about  to  fall  when  walk- 
ing; en  standing  ;  tn  hi-  unsteady  ;  to  stigger. 

"Tho  hri'tli  slinkyn^,  the  haniU  trinibling,  the  heil 
haui;iug.  itml  the  tevtv  lii/li-rimff,  &  Anally  nu  [nirt  left 
iu  right  cuurae  ftud  fntiuc.  '—Sir  T.  Jlorc  :  M'wrJtfu. 
i'.  9?. 

2.  To  shake  ;  to  be  on  the  point  of  falling  ; 

to  tl'CJnble. 

'  Thnt  govtrrniuciit  hnd  falleu  :  nnd  wh»tever  hail 
k-'ini'd  luton  the  riiineil  fabric  begHii  to  totter." —Mav- 
a'lht!, :  /1,'r.  A-»fl.,  ch.  xvlil. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  shake  out  of  a  steady 
]K>siti(.n. 

"  Fi-uin  the  cnatle'fi  totttTUd  bftttlementfl." 

Shakenp. :  Hkhard  It.,  iii.  a. 

tot  ter(l).  ?.  [Kng.  tot,  v.;  -cr,]  One  who 
(■■t^  or  catits  up  ;  a  reckoner. 

•  tot-ter  (2),  .--.    llArrKR.] 

tot-ter-er,  .-<.     (Eng.  totter;  -er.)    One  who 

t-.ttelK. 

tot  ter  ihg,  ]■'■.  ix-'r.  or  h.    (Toiteii,  v.] 

tot-ter-ihg-ljr,  lulv.  [Eug.  tottcrinn ;  -ly.] 
Ill  ;i  lotterin;;  uiuniu-r. 

Tot  -tern-hoe.  .••■.    t^ee  def.] 

'i'O'l.  :  A  parisli  in  the  county  (if  Bedford, 
tw'-:nid-a-ludf  nul.  .s  W.S.W.  fnmi  Dunstable. 

Tottemboe-stone,  ^^. 

(Jfol. :  A  gray  chalk,  or  compact  gray  sandy 
limestone,  constituting  a  zone  in  tho  Lower 
Chalk.  Named  by  Whitaker  from  Tottern- 
boe,  where  it  was  lirst  discriminated.  Faniia 
about  eighty  or  ninety  species. 

tot'-tcr-3^.  fi.  iKiig.  totter,  v.;  -y.]  Trem- 
bliti't  or  sliaking,  as  though 


unsti-ady.  shaking. 

'■  Whnt  II  totfrrii  iierforninuce  it  v 
Toiu  /iroip,,  at  Ox/unt.  ch.  vi. 

•  tot -tie,  <(.      [TUTTV.J 


about  to  fall ; 


t6t'-tle,   I'.i.     l^c*^-   def.)     A  variant  of  tynidk 

Oi.v.).    (/Vor.) 
t6t-Ui8h,t6t'-liSll,n.  [Eng.  (of^/(0;-(;.7i.)  Tot- 
tering, tivml'ling,  shaking,  unsteady.   (.Anier,) 
•■Our  Uttlo  lK>iit  w.ts  light  mid  totlUh.'—Uammund : 
Mi/rf  .Vurt/tern  .Sivcrt.  p   ao7. 

tdt'-ty,  tot' 'tie,  c  [For  tnlty,  i.e.,  filti/,  fn.m 
tilt.  V.  ("i-v.)-j     I'nsteady,  dizzy,  t*»ttery. 

"1  w>iM  HomvMhia  tottff  when  I  rt-ci-ivfa  the  good, 
kni«lit'»  blow.'"— Sctf».  loanitue.  cli.  xxxUi. 

to'-tj^,  s-  lEtym.  doubtful.]  A  name  given  in 
soiiie  parts  of  the  Pacillc  to  a  daihu-  ur  iislier- , 
inan.     (Siiumomls.) 

t6^'-oan,  toil' -can.  *•.  [Fr.,  from  Wp.  an<l 
Pi.it.  'ttintnn,  from*  tlic  cry  of  the  bird.] 

Oniilh.:  Tlie  popular  name  of  any  bird  of 
the  genus  Uhaniplia>ti>s.  olt*n  applied  to  the 
whc.h- family  Khaiuphastidie  (q.v.).  They  are 
all  nativfs  of  tropical  America,  and  are  easily 
distini;uislie<l  by  their  enormous  bill,  irregn- 
hirly  tootlied  along  the  margin  of  the  mandi- 
bles. All  the  species  live  in  pairs  in  tlie  shade 
of  the  forests,  occasionally  congregating  in 
small  parties,  but  never  approaching  tlie  hu- 
man habitations.  In  the  true  Toucans  [Uham- 
PHAsTos]  the  ground  colour  of  the  plumage 
is  generally  black  ;  the  tliroat,  breast,  and 
rump  adorned  with  white,  yellow,  and  red ; 
the  body  is  short  and  thick  ;  tail  rounded  or 
even,  varying  in  leugtli  in  the  different  species, 
and  capable  of  being  turned  up  over  the  back 
when  the  bird  goes  to  roost.  Toucans  have 
been  described  as  carnivorous;  iu  captivity 
they  will  readily  devour  small  birds,  but  pro- 
bably in  a  stite  of  nature  their  diet  consists 
almost  exclusively  of  fruit.  They  are  remark- 
able among  birds  for  a  regurgitation  of  food, 
which,  after  being  swallowed,  is  brought  up 
to  undei'go  mastication,  an  operation  some- 
what analogous  to  the  chewing  of  the  cud 
among  ruminants.  Tfaey  are  easily  tanieii, 
and  bear  conlineuient  well,  even  in  cold 
climates. 

tOU-ca'-na,  5.     [Mod.  Lat.  =  ;i  toucan.] 

Astron.:  A  small,  circumpolar  constellation, 
situate<l  on  the  Antarctic  Circle,  nearly  oppo- 
site to  Crux  uustralis,  in  relati<m  to  the  South 
Pole,  the  intervening  space  between  the  two 
constellations  being  nearly  devoid  of  stars. 
It  contains  nine  visible  stars,  the  largest,  a 
Tnucmue,  being  only  of  the  third  magnitude. 

tou'-can-et,  .s-.    [Eng.  toucan;  -e^] 

OniUh. :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Pteroglossus  (q.v.).     [Toucan.] 

'■  There  »re  tlirce  species  of  tuucnus  in  Demernra, 
.■md  three tUuiinutives,  which  may  be  called  tuintinets." 
—  Wiitirt'iii :   WamUrhtgi  in  Soutlt  Aumrha. 

tou-cang',  s.  [Native  name.]  A  kind  of 
lioat  much  used  at  Ululacca  and  Sin;.,'apore, 
propelled  either  liy  oar  i>r  sail,  speedy,  latlii-r 
Hat  ill  the  centre,  but  sharpat  theextrrmitics. 

tOU9h.  towch,  i'.^  &  f.  [Fr.  toucher,  from 
o.  U.  Ger.  ziir.cken  :  Ger.  zucken  =  to  draw 
with  a  tpiick  motion,  to  twitch ;  (->.  Dut. 
totken,  tm-irn  =to  touch;  Sp.  &  Port,  torar 
=  to  touch  ;  Ital.  toccare  ;  cogii.  with  Lat. 
duro  =  to  draw.]    [Ti'cK,  i*.  ;  Tow,  /■.] 

A.  Tmnsitive: 

I.  Onlinury  Lutiiiuage: 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  sense  of  feeling. 

"  All  things  their  fornix  express. 
Which  we  can  (uwo/f.  Uutte.  (eel.  ur  heiiv,  or  see." 
JJavies :  Imiiiort.  of  theA'oiil,  xiii. 

2.  To  come  in  contact  with  in  any  way, 
l)iU  especially  by  means  of  the  hand,  Hngers, 
&c.  :  to  liit  or  strike  gently  against. 

"Touch  hut  iny  lipa  nltli  those  fair  lilis  of  thine." 
^hakcM/f.  :  I'euiu  &  Aclotiis,  il5. 

3.  To  strike  gently  with  an  instiument, 
stick,  or  the  like. 

■•  Theu  with  'sia  aceptre  that  the  deep  coutruls, 
He  loKrAcd.lheci.^efs,  and»tecled  their  manly  bouU." 
Pope  :  Jlmner ;  Iliad  xiiL  88. 

1.  To  meddle  or  interfere  with  ;  to  handle. 

"  No  Hon  of  M.vrs  descend,  for  servile  gains. 
To  touctt  the  booty,  while  a  foe  reiuaiiis." 

I'npv :  Jli/mer;  If  hid  vi,  80. 

5.  To  take  as  food  or  drink  ;  to  t;iste. 

■'  He  dies  that  toufhus  any  of  this  fruit.' 

Skakf^.  :  At  you  Like  It,  li,  7. 

6.  To  strike,  to  hurt,  to  injure. 

■■  I  will  not  toiu:h  thine  eye." 

ShakexiJ. :  Kiii^  John.  iv.  1. 

T[  Hence,  to  injure  or  affect,  as  in  character ; 
to  cause  loss  or  hurt  to. 

"  No  losa  shall  tourh  her  iu  my  company." 

Hhaktsp.  '  Meaiurt' fur  Measure,  iii.  L 


7.  To  come  to;  to  reach,  to  attiin ;  to 
arrive  at. 

■"Tilt-  rapid  rise  of  exchange,  which  on  Wediiesdny 
nioruiiig  hail  touched  »'2  dracuuias  to  the  pouud  ater- 
ViWVi.'—Tiinei.  March  ir>.  IBBC. 

8.  To  land  at ;  to  come  to  shore  at. 

"  Ue  touched  the  porta  desired." 

^hiikeap.  :  Trt>il\is  &  CrvssUla,  11.  2. 

y.  To  come  near  to  ;  to  hit. 

"  Then  you  tmichfd  the  life  of  our  deaign." 

fihaki-a/i.  .-  7'roiluM  <t  Cretuiiaa,  11.  2. 

"  10.  To  affect  ;  to  concern  ;  to  relate  to. 

"  O  C'teear.  read  mine  first ;  for  mine '»  a  suit 
That  touchvB  Ctewir  nearer," 

M(iA'(!8;(,  .-  Julius  Cantr.  iii.  I, 

U.  To  handle,  speak  of,  or  deal  with  gently 
or  slightly  ;  to  treat  of. 

•'Wonders,  whichc  in  the  flrste  hook  e  of  Polycroiij. 
con  are  aulfycyently  touched ."—Fabynn  :  Chrouyvle. 
ch.  i. 

"  P2.  To  try  or  test  as  witli  a  touchstone; 
to  probe,  to  try. 
"  Which,  being  touched  and  tried,  pruves  valueless." 
Shaketp, :  tiimj  John,  iii.  I. 

13.  To  affect,  to  impress,  to  strike. 

*'  If  any  air  of  music  touch  their  ears." 

Shal,f»/i.  :  Men-hunt  of  Venice,  v. 

14.  To  make  an  iinpressi(»n  on  ;  to  move, 
to  affect;  to  stir  menUilly  ;  to  fill  with  jtas- 
sion  ur  other  emotion. 

"  O  at;ony  I  the  utmost  I  can  do 
roKcAcs  liiin  not."  Brouniimj  :  PuraceUus.  v. 

15.  To  make  an  impression  on  ;  to  have  an 
efl'ect  on. 

"  Its  face  must  be  very  flat  ami  smooth,  and  so  hniil. 
that  a  tile  will  not  touch  it.  aa  smiths  any  when  a  tile 
will  not  eat,  or  nice  it. '— J/oj:o»i.-  Mechniiical  Hxcr- 
cises. 

16.  To  infect. 

■'  The  life  of  all  Ills  blood 
Is  touched  corruptibly."     Shakexp. :  Kimj  John,  v   7. 

*  17.  To  inrtuence  by  impulse;  to  impel 
forcibly. 

"  No  decree  of  mine. 
To  touch  with  lightest  moment  of  impulse 
His  free  will. '  Milton  .-  /'.  A.,  x.  45. 

*  18.  T:i  move,  to  stir  up,  to  excite,  to  rouse, 
to  kindle. 

•■  Whith  tottched  the  very  virtue  of  compassion  in  thee. ' 
Shakesp. :  Tempest,  i.  'Z. 

19.  To  render  crazy  or  partially  insane  ;  t'> 
affect  with  a  slight  degree  of  insanity.  (Seldom 
used  except  in  the  pa.  par.) 

*  20.  To  censure  ;  to  animadvert  upon. 

"  Doctor  Parker,  in  his  sermon  before  them,  touched 
them  fur  their  living  so  near,  that  they  went  near  to 
touch  him  for  his  life." — tlanwanl. 

21.  To  lay  the  hand  on  for  the  purpose  of 
curing  of  a  disease.  Said  especially  of  the 
disease  called  the  king's  evil. 

"  Walked  round  tlie  fortifications,  touched  some 
scrofulous  people,  suul  theu  proceeded  iu  one  of  hi» 
yachts  to  Southampton."— J/ ttcaiiiay :  Hist,  It'ii'j.. 
ch,  viii. 

22.  To  handle  in  a  skilful  manner ; 

(1)  To  play  on,  as  a  musician  ;  to  perform, 
as  a  piece  of  music. 

"  He  hatl  not  ceased  to  touch 
The  harp  or  viol  which  himself  had  framed. ' 

Wordstvorth  ;  £:xeur$ion.  bk.  vii. 

(2)  To  discourse  of;  to  write  about;  to 
treat  of. 

(3)  To  paint  or  form  as  an  artist. 

"  Such  heavenly  touches  u'er  touched  cirthly  faces." 
Shakesp-  :  Sonnet  17. 

*  23.  To  mark  or  delineateslightly  or  finely  : 
to  add  a  sliglit  stroke  or  strokes  ti',  as  with  a 
pen,  pencil,  biusli,  ,&c. 

"  The  lines,  though  touch'd  but  faintly,  are  drawn 
right.'  Pope :  Ensay  on  Criticism,  22. 

IL  Oeom. :  To  meet  without  cutting;  to  be 
in  contact  with.  A  straight  line  is  said  to 
touch  a  circle  when  it  meets  the  circle,  and. 
being  produced,  does  not  cut  it.  Two  circles, 
are  said  to  touch  each  other  when  they  meet 
but  do  not  cut  each  other.  A  straight  line 
can  touch  a  circle  or  curve  in  only  one  poiut. 
Two  circles  or  spheres  Gin  touch  each  other 
in  only  one  pidnt,  and  a  sphere  can  touch  a 
plane  in  oulyone  point.     [Contact,  Taxuent.] 

B.  Intransitive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  be  in  contact ;  to  l>e  in  a  state  of 
junction  so  that  there  is  no  intervening  space. 

2.  To  exercise  or  use  the  organs  of  feeling. 

"  Descend,  and  touch,  and  enter." 

Tennyton  :  la  Mcmoriam,  xciti.  IU. 

*  3.  To  fasten  on  ;  to  take  effect. 

L  To  mention  or  treat  of  anything  slightly 
or  briefly.     [Tf  S.  (2).] 
5.  To  come  to  land  ;  to  call  in  at  a  port. 

•■  Thence  Ithey)  ^.tand  over  towards  Cnf^  St.  Fran. 
CISCO,  not  rouchin;/  anywhere  usually  till  they  come 
to  Mauta." — Jiampier:   Voyctget  {tMi.  i6St). 


f3,te.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather ;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;   pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot. 
or.  wore.  woU;  work,  who.  son;  miite,  cub,  ciire.  ijinite.  ciir.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,     se.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  ~  kw^. 


touch 


•  6.  T«  reach,  to  attain. 

-    ■■  Tlie  vols  of  tlie  i>eiile  toucht-d  Ut  the  heveii, 
So  lyude  criedcu  they  with  Iiiery  fttevcii' 

Chaucer  .  C   T.,  iSM. 

II  Navt. :  To  have  the  leech  ol'  a  sail  so 
struck  hy  the  wimi  that  a  tremulous  motion 
is  ciinsed  by  it. 

^  1.  To  touch  at : 

.Vdiit. :  To  call  in  at ;  to  come  or  go  with- 
out stJiyinf;. 

"  The  next  liay  w€  tmichfd  at  Siiina."— Acts  xxvii.  3. 

•2.  T"  touch  and  go: 

Siiut.  :  To  rub  aK.iinst  the  Rrouml  with  the 
kecM,  as  a  vessel  uniler  sail,  without  the  speed 
being  niueli  lessened. 

3.  To  touch  doiCH  : 

Footlmll:  To  place  the  liall  in  toueh. 

4.  Ta  touch  ojf: 

(1)  To  sketch  hastily;  to  finish  liy  touches. 

*  (:l)  To  discharge,  as  a  canon. 

5.  To  touch  ou  : 

♦  (1)  To  Clinic  or  go  to  for  a  short  time  ;  to 
touch  at. 

"  I  limde  ft  little  voynge  roniid  the  Uke,  .lud  tntiehed 
<>(i  the  sevenil  towns  that  lie  on  its  conats.'—Addiaoit : 
On  Hall). 

(•J)  To  iiUiidc  to ;  to  speak  or  discourse  of 
lirierty. 

"  Tttitclied  OH  Mahomet 
With  imu'h  coiiteunit."    Teniii/Hoii :  Princcst.  ii.  ns. 
t).  To  touch  (111  11  proof:  To  make  corroctioiis 
*.iii  the  proof  of  an  illustration  for  the  guid- 
ance of  the  engraver. 

7.  7"('  touch  up: 

(1)  To  lepair  or  improve  by  slight  touches. 
■■  Whnt  he  snw  was  only  her  uataral  comiteiianee 
toui-hcd  itp  with  tiie  usual  iiuproveiueuts  of  »u  aged 
eoiiuette." — tddUon. 

(■2)  To  remind.    (Colloq.) 

8.  To  touch  the  wiitd  : 

Xaut. :  To  keep  the  ship  as  near  the  wiiul 
as  possilile. 

•  9.  Touch  ]mt,  touch  fKuny :  A  jiroverbial 
jihrase,  signilyiiig  No  credit  given. 

tou9h(l), 'touche.'towche,  s.  (Toich,  r.] 

I.  Ontiuorii  Lniijna'l'' : 

1.  The  act  of  tiURliing,  or  the  state  of  being 
touched  ;  contact ;  the  junction  of  two  bodies 
at  the  surface,  so  that  there  is  no  intervening 
space. 

■'  Their  touch  afTiights  uie  as  n  sereeiit's  stiuj;." 
ShukeslJ. :  2  Henri/  17..  Hi.  2. 

2.  The  sense  of  feeling  or  common  sensation, 
one  of  tlie  five  senses. 

•  3.  .^  touchstone  (q.v.). 

♦4.  Hence,  that  by  which  anything  is  tested 
or  examined  ;  a  test,  as  of  gold  by  a  toucli- 
stone  ;  proof,  trial,  assay. 

"  The  fortune  of  ten  thousand  uietl 


Must  hide  ttie 


ich." 


fi/mkea/i.  :  1  Henri/  /I'.,  iv.  i. 

*  5.  Proof;  tried  qualities. 

•■  My  friends  of  Iiohle  roiicft.  when  I  am  forth. 
Eld  me  farewell- '  .sftiitesp. ;  Cori<ilanus.  iv.  1. 

^  6.  Stone  of  the  kind  nsed  as  touchstones. 
A  term  often  applied  to  any  costly  marble, 
but  properly  to  the  liasanites  of  the  Greeks, 
a  very  hard,"  black  granite. 

■'  A  new  nioimii.eiit  of  loitch  and  alabaster."— fwUer. 

7.  Any  single  act  in  the  esei'cise  of  an  art  ; 
as, 

(1)  .\  stroke  of  a  pen,  pencil,  or  the  like. 

■•  Artificial  strife 
Lives  iu  those  touchnu,  livelier  than  life." 

Shakeap.  :  Tirnon  «/  Athens,  i.  1. 

(2)  The  act  of  the  hand  on  a  musical  instru- 
ment. 

"  Thou  liast  indeed  a  rare  (r,ucft  on  thy  harp." 
Miittiicip  Arnold:  Etn/jedocles  on  Etna,  i.  1. 

(;J)  Hence,  a  musical  note. 

"  With  sweetest  tonchet  pierce  your  ini-stress'  ear." 
Shakci/t. :  Jterchitvl  iif  Vcixice,  V. 

8.  The  act  or  power  of  exciting  the  passions 
or  atfections. 

•■  Not  alone 
The  death  of  Fulvia.  with  more  urgent  touches, 
I>o  strongly  si-eak  t'  us." 

Shitkei/i. :  Antony  i  CUopatra.  i.  2. 

9.  Ment4il  feeling  or  sensation  ;  affection, 
emotion. 

"No  beast  so  fierce  hut  knowsafoiicA  of  pity." 
shiikcip, :  Richard  fit.,  i.  2 

10.  Trait,  characteristic. 

■■  One  touch  of  initul-e  makes  the  whole  world  kin." 
.^hakea/i.  *  Troliaei  Cressida,  iii.  3. 

11.  A  small  quantity  or  degree ;  a  clash,  a 
spice,  a  smack. 

■■  A  touch  of  frost."— /"(CW.  J.-ui.  22.  leSil. 


12.  A  .stroke;  a  successful  effort  orattempt. 

■•  One  meet*  sometimes  with  very  nice  tonchet  of 
raillery." — iddiion  :  On  Jtedalx. 

•  13.  The  extent  to  which  a  jievson  is  in- 
teiosted  orall'ected.    (.Siuiiff.) 

■■  ri-lnt  my  preface  in  such  a  form  aa,  in  the  book- 
selleni"  iihrase,  will  make  a  sixjajnuy  foacft."— sw».rr. 

■  It.  A  hint,  a  suggestion  ;  slight  notice  or 
intiiiiation. 

■■  \  all>;ht  roucft  will  iKit  him  in  mind  of  them."— 

//■lOOI. 

•  l.i.  .Animadversion,  censure,  reproof. 

•■  1  never  bare  any  touch  of  conscience  with  greater 
regret."— A'Oiff  Chnrles:  tjikon  lUtititike. 

'  IB.  Particular  application  of  anything  t'l 
a  person  ;  personal  reference  or  application. 
"  Speech  of  touch  towards  others  should  lie  sparingly 
used    —Bucoa  ;  EMayt;  Of  liitcourae. 

•  17.  Euphemistically,  sexual  intercourse. 

"  Fi-ee  from  foiicA  or  soil  with  her." 

.sh'iketp. :  ilcasurefor  ileamrc,  v. 

IS.  -A  lioy's  game  ;  tig. 
II.  Technically : 

1.  Fine  Arts:  The  peculiar  handling  usual 
t.o  an  artist,  and  by  which  his  work  may  !»■ 
known. 

2.  Football:  The  ground  behinil  a  line 
drawn  in  a  line  with  tlie  goal-posts. 

■■  Withers  nearly  scored  by  n  splendid  run  .at  the 
top  side,  but  was  pushed  into  touch." — field,  Dec.  f.. 
1S84. 

3.  Music: 

(1)  The  resistance  made  to  the  fingers  by 
the  keys  of  a  pianoforte  or  org.an. 

(2)  The  peculiar  manner  in  which  a  jilayer 
presses  the  keyboard,  wliether  light,  pearly, 
hea\'y,  clumsy,  firm,  &c. 

4.  Obstetrics:  The  examination  of  the  mouth 
of  ihe  womb  by  actual  contact  of  the  hand  or 
fingers. 

5.  Physiology: 

(1)  Humnn:  The  sense  through  which  man 
takes  cognizance  of  the  jialpable  jiroperties  of 
bodies.  ~lii  a  wide  application,  it  is  soinetiines 
called  the  general  sense,  because  by  it  we  be- 
come conscious  of  all  sensory  impressions 
which  are  not  the  objects  of  s.nell,  sight, 
taste,  or  hearing,  which  are  called  tlie  special 
.senses :  even  these,  however,  are  held  by 
modern  biologists  to  be  highly  specialised 
forms  of  touch,  which  is  often  called  the 
■'  mother  of  all  the  senses."  In  a  more  limited 
application,  touch  is  applied  to  that  modilica- 
tion  of  general  sensibility  which  is  restricted 
to  the  tegumentary  surface  or  to  some  special 
portion  of  it,  and  which  serves  to  convey 
definite  ideas  as  to  the  form,  size,  number, 
weight,  temjwratnre,  hardness,  softness,  &c., 
of  objects  brought  within  its  cognizance. 
These  sensations  are  received  by  the  termina- 
tions of  the  cutaneous  nerves,  and  thence 
conveved  to  the  brain.  The  sense  of  touch  is 
distributed  over  the  surface  of  the  body,  but 
is  much  more  acute  in  some  parts  than  in 
otliers,  i'.;;.,  in  the  hand.  It  is  also  capable 
of  great  improvement  and  development ;  and 
the  blind,  who  have  to  depend  largely  on  the 
sense  of  touch  for  guidance,  acquire  extra- 
ordinarily delicate  and  accurate  powers  of 
perception  with  the  fingers;  diflerenee  of 
form,  size,  consistence,  and  other  characters, 
being  readily  recognised  that  are  quite  inap- 
preciable to  those  who  possess  good  vision, 
without  special  education. 

(2)  Compar. :  Tlie  lower  Anthropidse  have 
both  the  hands  and  feet  thickly  set  with 
tactile  papilla;  (q.v.),  and  the  surface  of  the 
prehensile  tail  which  some  possess  is  furnished 
with  them  in  .ibnndance.  Otlier  organs  of 
touch  exist  in  the  vibrissa?,  or  wliiskers,  <jf  the 
cat,  anil  of  certain  rodents.  In  the  Ungulate, 
the  li]is  and  nostrils  are  probably  the  chief 
seat  of  tactile  sensibility,  and  this  is  espe- 
cially so  with  the  Proboscidea.  In  Birds, 
tactile  papilla;  have  been  discovered  in  the 
feet,  and  they  arc  also  present  in  some  lizards. 
A  papillary  "apparatus  appears  to  be  absent 
from  Serpents,  Chelonians,  and  Fishes,  though 
in  many  of  these  its  want  is'conipensated 
by  tentacles,  having  a  high  degree  of  sensi- 
bility. Descending  still  lower  in  the  scale  of 
aninial  life,  organs  of  touch  are  found  in  the 
tentacles  of  the  Cephalopoda  and  Gasteropoda, 
the  palpi  and  antenuEB  ot  insects,  and  the  palpi 
of  the  Araclinida. 

6.  ShipbuiM. :  The  broadest  part  of  a  ship's 
plank  worked  top  and  but. 

^  1.  A  near  (or  close)  touch :  A  narrow  es- 
caiie  ;  a  close  shave.    (ColUn/.) 

2.  To  be  in  touch  u-ith  otliers:  To  be  in  sym- 


lil 

pathy  with  them,  so  as  to  understand  tlicir 
feelings,  idea.s,  &c. 

3.  To  keep  touch:  [Kkep,  H  (IT)]. 

4.  To  lose  touch  : 

(1)  Mil. :  To  cease  to  maintain  communica- 
tion with. 

(2)  Fig. :  To  lose  knowledge  of  and  syinpatliy 
with. 

5.  To  nmintaiit  touch  : 

•  0)  Ord.  lAmg. :  To  be  sti;ady  or  true  to 
appiiiiitment;  to  fulfil  duly  a  part  or  function. 

(2)  Mil:  To  maintain  communication  with 
each  other ;  to  keej>  t*inch. 

"Thei-e  wore  frequent  halts  to  enable  the  regimeut* 
to  muintain  touch.  —PtiU  .Halt  Oatrtle,  Hept.  U.  1882. 
(J.  Touch  and  go:  A  phrase  nsed  either  as  a 
.substantive  or  adjective,  and  denoting  some- 
thing,  as   an   accident,    which    had    almost 
happened  ;  a  state  of  imminent  explosion  or 
danger  ;  a  close  shave. 
•I  Also  used  adjectivcly,  as  in  the  example. 
"  Hcrr  Ludwig  hail  a  (t»tic/i-an</.ffo  journey  before  he 
caught  the   ■Servia.'"- .Sf.  Jamet't   Ouzctte.   Oct.   25, 
18H7. 

*  7.  True  ns  touch  :  Completely  true.  Pro- 
liably  with  a  reference  to  touchstone  (q.v.). 

touoh-'body,  s.    [TA<-riLE-coRPUseLE.) 

touchdown,  ■^. 

Foot-ball :  The  act  of  forcing  the  ball  behind 
the  line  of,  but  not  tlirongh,  the  goal-posts. 

'■  Scoring  afoiic/i-</o«m  after  some  hard  scrimmages.- 
—Field,  Dec.  0.  19B4. 

toucb-me-not,  s. 

Jlotaiui: 

1.  Iiniiaticns  Soli-tungcre,  or  NoU-nic-tan- 
iicr'e  ,•  a  succulent  annual,  one  to  two  feet  high, 
"with  thickened  nodes,  alternate  iiieiubranous 
and  glabrous  leaves,  oblong,  obtuse,  creiinto- 
s.iiate  ;  peduncles  one  to  three  flowered  ; 
Ifowers  drooping,  pale  yellow,  doited  with 
red.  Wild  in  England.  It  derives  its  jiopular 
name  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  its  seed 
vessels  on  being  touched.  Called  also  the 
Yellow  Balsam. 

2.  Curd«iiiiii«  hirauUi,  wjiich  also  shoots 
out  its  seeds  on  being  touched.  (Bri'((eil  <t 
Jlollanil) 

touch-needle,  s, 

Assoii.  :  A  small  bar  composed  of  an  alloy 
of  gold  and  silver,  gold  and  copper,  or  of 
gold  alloyed  with  a  proportion  of  both  metals, 
employed  in  assaying  by  the  touchstone.  A 
number  are  employed  ;  one  being  of  pure  gold, 
a  second  composed  of  23  gold  and  1  copper, 
a  third  of  22  gold  and  2  copper,  and  so  on  ; 
these  are  rubbed  upon  the  stone,  and  the 
colour  of  the  streak  compared  with  that  made 
by  the  metal  to  be  tested.  A  furtlu'i  means 
of  comparison  is  afforded  by  moistening  the 
streaks  with  nitric  acid,  or  by  heating  the 
stone.  Silver  is  similarly  tested  by  touch- 
needles  composed  of  lead  and  silver, 

*  touch-piece,  s.  Acoin  given  by  the  sove- 
reigns of  England  to  those  whom  they  touched 
for  the  cure  of  scrofula  or  the  king's  evil. 

■•  Before  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  uo  coins  were  struck 
specialy  for  toneh-pieceg.  the  gold  'aiigcl  ha\  lug 
been  used  for  the  purpose  The  (oiic/i.).i.-c.-.  arc  all 
similar  ill  design.  Those  of  the  Prelenilers.  however 
which  were  struck  abroad,  are  of  much  Lettei  w.,rK 
than  those  made  in  England.  .  .  .  The.se  lomh-p,ece4 
(all  of  them  iierforateill  are  curious  relics  of  a  super- 
stition whicl.  had  existed  for  many  couturie..  niid 
was  only  sUmiieil  out  oil  the  accession  of  the  Biuus- 
wick  dynasty.  '—-l'/"-a(Pion.  Oct  2s.  1SS2. 

touch-warden,  .-i.    An  assay-warden  of 

the  goldsmiths. 
touch  (2).  .1.     [A  corrupt,  of  Midi  Eng.  tache, 
tach    tasche,  tasshe,  or  taccht  =  tinder ;  remote 
etyn'i.  doubtful.)    For  def.,  sec  ctym. ;  obso- 
lete except  in  compounds. 

■  touch  -box,  <.  A  box  with.lighted  tinder, 
formerly  used  by  cannoneers  to  light  their 
matches. 

touch  hole,  s.  The  ]iriming-lioIe  orvent 
of  a  gnu. 

touch-pan,  s. 

holds  tlie  priniiiig. 

touch  paper,  - 

a  siiliiti"ii  "f  iiitr.iti 
at  ciiice.  and  bur 

touch  wood,  <. 

into  which  wood  is  cc 
such  fungi  as  I'ohipor 
ignited,  and  conliiur 


The  pan  ot  a  gun  that 

Pajier  saturated  with 
of  potash,  wliieli  if'iles 
without  flaming. 

1.     A  soft  whit 


like  tinder.     C.illed  also  Spunk. 


snbst.'ince 
ted  by  the  actiim  of 
rjniiiriiis.    It  is  easily 
to  burn  lor  a  long  time 


boil,  b6y;  pout,  3<fivl;  cat,  jell,  chorus,  jhin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this:  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    P^-^ 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.    -ble,    die,  &c.  _  bel,  deL 


U-2 


touch— tourmaline 


tougbonod  glXLsa.  ^■.  t-il.i-^--*  n-mli-iva 
ti'U'^h  >>v  ir-^  l.riltlf,  hy  Ikmmj,'  lirst  lit'iUiil, 
aiMl  Ili'h  ]iliiM,'..luit<>.'ilir.(  Uitliof  uli'.'ii^iitniis 
or  alkuliiir  i\'IiiikhuuIh.  The  |.i(.Cf.ss  vv;is 
Ihst  iiiatlr  known  by  M.  I>f  la  Bastic  in  1S7.'<. 
Calleil  alsii  Tfni|>tTe<l  glass. 

tO&gh  -ish  (gh  as  f).  ('.     (Ens.  t,n„jh  ;  -L^h.] 

"I  u  li  ii>a  iiut  n  toiifihiih  vml  of  )*ani." 

Hood :  Sttilor't  Apolo^n- 

toiigh   1^  (gh  as  f),  mlv.     [Eng.  /oif^/i  ;  -ki.] 
In  a  t<>u;;li  luannt-r. 


toii9li  CD.  toti9h    Ing.  v      a  CMimi.t.  nf 

,.    •,;.(>!  \    ;        (>r.   .  l\i.i.  un.l  .  iMjii.oiiiHl.) 

touoh  Ipnf.  touching -leaf.  ^. 

luA. :  //r//-Ti.  <'/ii  AtKitit'fvtmtm.    Welsli  cliil- 
•In-n  eoinnioiily  pnl  tin*  li'avi>  b3twi'i*ii  Ihe 
\<\Z'-r.  of  their  UibW?*. 
totk9h  9'blO."-    (Eu;:. /((iWt.  v. ; -/(Mrl  Cap- 
.1      .HHinittcucluil ;  Ittitgiblo. 

Cottch  -ir,  <.    {Eitj;.  U'^rh,  v.  :  -^'.1    One  who 
tli.it   which    tourhis;    often  ti(»M    in   tht- 

.i  i.'-ar  hki\4-,  a  dost'  shave. 
•   .ts  urtira.*  0  touvhrr:  As  nearly  or  i-xactly 

touch  i-lj,  aitv.     (Ell?,  touciitt:  -/.v. I     1"  i  I 
To.trIi\  oi  irritaMenmnner;  |»cevishly.lftchily. 

todchl-ness,  .*■    (En?,  lowhti:  -«.•.«.)    The 
.pmliiy  <ir  sUitf  <•(  U'hig  touihy  ;    ittovisU-  ' 
ixss.  iirilability. 

■  My  (hi'iitla  iv*tnt».I  it  m  n  tnutinu  not  Ruiilcd 
u  th  -n.-lt  tU>rTrtl(iii  nx  thr  rourA>Mf««  o(  tUiuv  tiui» 
ir.,im<-il."— A*ti.i;C*<tWM.   /i't*w"  tlntilih: 

toil9h  -ing.  v-  yc''-,  "..  &  jw^/*.    [Toicn,  i-.]    , 

A.  Ai pr.  j<i'.  :  (Sf  the  verb).  I 

B.  .U  arij.  :   Aflt'Cliiig,  moving*.   i>.alhclic: 
as.  a  toiichiuij  scent'. 

C.  As  prep.  .'Concorning  ;  asifganls;  with 
re;janl  it  respect  to  ;  as  fur. 

■  He  1mm  -tlirftj-s  Inujiliwl  «t  the  .ilwml  Cockney 
tL*^rj-  fiMiehinyuntiutHl  a»  n  fatteiier. "— Ai.//^  7V/f- 
•/r^ifA.  Aug.  Jl.  IfS?. 

t  tonchlng-lino.  ^. 

'  ,      A  t. indent  (q.V.). 

toiiyh'  Ing -Ij^, "'/(••  [En^-.  tcvcii i .itr :  -';/.]  i'» 
;i  ri.iH'liin;;  manner;  so  ns  tn  toucher  move 
tlir  p;u»>ioiis  ;  feelingly,  ifltlietirally. 

••  ftti-rl>  (yrs'itteii.  :■-*  hv  touchiivjtn  corn|>Uiiie<l. 
hv  th*"*  for  whL*»-  vikc  Iw  hntl  cu>UirMl  mure  Itiiui  llio 
Mt'.crtivw  ■'!  ue<tlL.  —Macaulajf :  tin'.  /."'t.'J..  tli,  x%  i. 

tOU9h' -Stone*  ^".     [Eng.  touch  (l).  ami  stoneA 

1.  f.i/.  r(  iU;-!. :  The  same  as  Basaxiti:  (q.v.). 
[T  >i.ar-NEKDLt.l 

2.  y\g. :  Any  test  or  criterion  V^y  wliich  the 
qualities  nf  a  thing  aiv  tried. 

"  1.1  not  thi«  tln-ir  tuIp  of  mk\\  suffit  iem-y.  tliHt  we 
ilKxiltl  tiNtr  it  Hn  .1  totichntoitf,  to  try  ttu-  uiLlt-iit  vi  ttiu 

toiich'-j^.  •  touch -ie,  a.  "lUsfd  as  if  «lc- 
h\tHi  from  fur-'h.  but  really  a  comiption  of 
'''■li II  in  v.).  I  Irritable,  pee\i»h,  telcliy  ;  apt 
ti-  taki-  f.'ffeiice. 

■■Ill  Sontlt  AiutmliA  lie  i*  exceptionaUy  foifc'','/.  nnd, 
Iri  ptrtictiLir.  ><ju  must  not  iut«rffie  nititjii!*  lilpe."— 
f-ii/'f  rrlrffravh.  Oct.  H.  1*n>.  "• 

tough  (gh  US  f),  •  toughe,  ".  k  >•.    [A.S.  h\h 

--    loiij;h  ;   eiv^ii.    with    l>ut.    /(»■/'    =  flexible, 
pliant,  tougli.  elaminy  ;   h>r>v:  Ger.  tou,  tuge, 
f*ru.  =  tough  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  in/re.   nfch;  >I.  11. 
Ger.  ziihf ;  Ger.  :i'h,  c/c-l 
A.  Af^  odjertitc : 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  flexibility  without 
brittleness;  vieldingtoVnrcewithoulbreakinj;.   '     ^ 

2.  Finn,  fitnmg,  not  easily  broken  ;  able  to  j  tOUr  (1).  .•^.     [Fr.,  foi-  tount,  from  tourncr  =  to 
eiidure  Imnlship. 

"  No  wurtu.  Indeed. 
Thntruk  rut-iut,  ton'jh  Aliie«».' 

Cotrpcr:  TatK.  ill.  405. 

X  Xot  easily  separatwl ;  viscous,  clammy, 
teiuurious  :  a^.  tough  phlegm. 
'  4.  Stiff;  not  easily  flexible ;  as,  a  to7f{fh'[K\\\; 


totigh  -ness  (gh  as  f),      tuff-ness,  ^. 

1.  The  quality  or  stati-  of  being  tongli  ; 
nexibility  without  britlleness  or  liability  to 
fmeturc. 

2.  Viscosity,  tenacity,  clamminoss,  glutiu- 
onsness. 

"The  toiifihufsa  of  the  grniui<l  whieh  eonstaiitly 
broke  the  U(e.««nBer."— OiyA  :  TliirU  Va^ti-jv.  Iik.  vi . 
ch.  V. 

3.  Firmness,  strength,  durability. 

•■J  confess  nie  knit  to  thy  de>'eiving  with  eahli-s  of 
iwrdumblo  toughneu." —HJiakeap.  :  othtrllu,  \.  «. 

4.  Severitj-,  haitlness,  ilifllculty  -.'^as,  the 
touffhiii'fiit  of  a  task.    (Collo'i.) 

•  tought  (ough  :is  a),  a.    [Tai  t.] 

tOU   lou  ron,  .-'.  [Native  aeneyal  name.]   (.See 

CiimpnUUtl) 

toolouron-oil,  ^^ 

Lhem. :  A  brown  train-oil  f)l.t;iiiie'l  from 
J'ltgurus  h'tra,  and  used  by  the  negroes  of 
Senegal  as  a  reni^dy  for  rheumatism.  {Waftf.) 

toum-bek-i.  tum-bek  i,  .*.     (Turk.)     A 

kind  of  t-'biicco  i-xpiivted  truHi  Pereia. 

toun,  toon,  ■^■.     [Tows.]    {Scotch.) 

toup,  .^.     [Native  name.] 

Xant.  :  A  three-masted  Malay  lugger-boat. 
lifty  to  sixty  feet  long  and  ten  to  twelve  feet 
wiiie,  and  about  as 
much  deep.  It  is  a  f 
good  -sailer,  and  car- 
ries a  large  cargo, 

toupee .  tou-pet' 

(et  as  a),  s.  [Fr. 
toiipft,  diniin.  from 
(>.  Fr.  toMpf  =  a 
tuft  of  hair,  from 
Ger.  zopf—  a  tuft.] 
[Top.]  a  kind  of 
fore-top ;  natural 
or    artificial    hair  ToriT.t;. 

dressed  in  a  parti- 
cular "way  on  the  forehead :  a  small  wig  or 
upper  part  of  a  wig. 

■■  luroiipceorcottn."  rope:  Dnndnil.  iv.  8S. 

toupet-tlt.  s. 

nrnith. :  The  Crested  Tit,  rams  b!roh>r. 


tuni  (q.v.);  Prov.  tor.%  ?o/-n6-  =  a  turn.] 
1.  A  turn,  a  revolution. 


5.  Hard,  severe,  difticuU :  as,  a  toufjh  job. 
iOMo^i.) 

6.  Difficult,  .sttibborn,  unmanageable. 

"  OliJuruy  'Akts  v'^ce  ;  catloiu  and  toiiyh, 
Tl»«^  rf|iivUited  mie  yvows  Judgment  er"*>f-" 

Cfieprr:  TaMr-TitH:,  A5S. 

*7.  Severe,    violent,    stormy:    us,  a   tough 
storm.    (Coilo'i.) 
B.  As  «(hs^  :  A  rough,  a  bully.    (Amer.) 

"  A  young  touih  calleil  Mike,  who  w.-iiits  to  niiike  .■» 
i-piilj»ljtiti  fur  1>-tnK  II  tl«i>*T;ite  cli.inu'ter.  — y«/*uu 
H-xittbornr :  A  Trngic  Mnatrn,  rh.  xi, 

'  %,  To  moke  it  tovrjh  :  To  take  pains  ;  also, 
to  make  a  difficulty  about  a  thing,  to  tit-at  it 
as  of  great  importance. 

tongh'-en  (gh  as  f),  r.i.  &  t.    lEng.  tongU  i 

■     ■] 

A.  I'ltrtnis.  :  To  grow  or  become  tough. 

'"  Hops  off  the  kltn  h*y  three  weeks  to  cool.  Rive,  iind 
'   -'nh-rn.  ' ^Mortimer  :  lliitbuiutrg. 

B.  Ti-vvs.  :  To  make  toui;h  or  tougher. 


tough'   ened    (gh    i^    f),  /•(> 


p(ir.    or    ct. 


"•  2.  A  turn,   a  shift:    as,  a  tour  of  duty 

Qimt.). 

3.  A  going  round ;  hence,  a  journey  in  a 
circuit;  a  circuit,  a  roving  journey,  au  ex- 
tended excursion. 

"  The  Commodore  . .  .  endaivoiired  to  luiike  the  fMir 
of  the  isl.-tnd."— -inWH.'  Voya^ea,  bk.  iii..  cb.  v. 

^  Grand  tour:  A  continental  tour  through 
Fi-ance  and  Switzerland  to  Italy,  and  back 
through  Germany.  It  was  taken  in  the  eigh- 
let-nth  and  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury by  most  young  men  of  :iristv»eratic  fami- 
lies as  the  finishing  xiart  of  their  education. 

4.  The  eiretdar  flight,  as  of  a  binl  of  prey, 
in  rising  to  get  above  its  victim. 

"  The  binl  of  .Tove  atoopd  from  his.tjry  ttur. 
Two  birdit  of  gayest  plume  Wfore  him  dru^e.* 

ifUton:  l\  i.^.\\.  IS.-.. 

*  5.  A  course  or  drive  for  horses  or  car- 
riages ;  a  ride  or  drive  in  such  a  course. 

"The  pweetneaa  of  the  Piirk  in  at  eleven,  when  the 
lienu-monde  mnke  their  tour  tht-re,"— ([iif/Mrc." 
liiisiH  TnMf.  i.  2. 

'  6.  Tuni,  cast,  manner,  tenor,  import. 

"The  M-hote  tour  of  the  pissjige  ia  thi'*."— fle/^r/i-.i/ .' 
Of  rreetbinkinii,  «  18. 

"  tour  (2),  S.      [To WEB,  S.] 


•  t^nr.  v.i.  &  ^    [Tora  (I),  .V.) 

A,  Jiitrnii.s. :  To  make  a  tour;  to  go  on  « 

tolU-.      [TOVKIXG.J 

B.  Traiij.  :  To  make  a  tour  oreireuitof; 
to  travel  round. 

"One  or  two  gtH«l  crvwB  will  totir  tlie  whole  ieiand." 
—  Fielil,  Jt«n.  i».  1866. 

tdu-ric'-6,  s.     [Native  nanie.] 

Ornitb. :  The  genn.'j  Corythuix  (q.v.).  Beau- 
tifid  African  birds,  with  a  short,  rather  small, 
high  bill  ;  both  mandibles  notched  and  tinely 
serrated  ;  short,  rounded  wings,  with  the 
three  lirst  quills  graduated  ;  a  long,  i-ounded 
tail,  and  short  strong  feet.  Tliey  have  au 
erectile  erest  on  the  head.  Their  jtrevailing 
colour  is  green»  with  purple  on  the  wings  and 
the  tail.  They  feed  on  fruits,  and  pereii  on 
the  highest  branches  of  trees. 

tOUr-bUl -ion  (i  as  y),  s.  (Fr.  tonrhilhn  = 
a  whirlwind,  tioni  Lat.  tiiriio,  genit.  tnrblnis 
=  a  whirlwind,  a  whirlpool.] 

Pyrotfch. :  A  lirework  consisting  of  a  paper 
ease  tilletl  with  inflammable  composition,  and 

having  lioles  fur 

the  escape  of  the  ffPlf  H 

flame    disposed  W  'i       ^=^  ! 

around  it-  so  as 
to cause  the  case 
to  rise  vertical- 
ly andTotate  tm 
its  axis  at  the 
same  time.  It 
has  wings  to  di- 
rect its  motion. 

tou-relle',  :>■ 

[Fr.  din:in.  of 
tour  =  a  tower.] 
ArrhaoL  :  A 
small  tower  at- 
taclied  to  a  castle  or  mansion,  and  generally 
crmtaining  a  winding  staircase  leading  to  the 
diflerent  stagesof  the  building.  [TrDOR-sT^  le.  J 

tour'-ing,  ^'.  [Eng.  toicr  (1),  s. ;  -wg.]  Travel- 
ling for  pleasure. 

"It  is  one  of  the  x>rim.iry  conditions  of  profitable 
touring  tliat.  as  fiu-  a-s  posiiible.  you  do  not  shoo4 
inerety,  iu  r.iilw.ay  style,  from  one  terminns  to  ano- 
ther. * — Olitck-ie :  Utgn  of  Ilighhtudit  *  Islandt.  p.  x\i. 

■''  tOUr'-l^m*  .'^.  [Eng.  toiir  (1),  .s. ;  -ism.]  The 
going  on  a  tour  ;  touring. 

II  and  nothing  else.' ■—/^rrfilfrvinj'/octf.- 


LetU 

tour' 


.  f.  '-*- 


ist.  s.  [Eng.  tmir  (1).  s.  ;  -iV.]  One 
who  makes  a  tour  ;  one  who  travels  lor  ph-a- 
suie,  stopping  at  dift'ercnt  places  tytxamiiie 
the  scenery,  &c. 

^  Used  also  adjectivcly ;  as,  a  tour'n't  ticket, 
a  tourist  suit. 


tour-isf-ic,  «.    lEng.  tourht ;  -h:] 
relating  to  a  tour  or  tourists. 


Of  or 


"  \  recoi-d  of  tourlHic  journeying  iu  Cr 
^rangfonl  :  letlert,  d-c,  p.  fS. 


^ie."—I.ori9 


tbui^-ma-line,  ■•'.  (From  the  Cingalese  tiirn- 
iiiiiH.  under  which  name  it  was  lii-st  introduced 
into  Europe  in  1T03.J 

Milt. :  A  widely -distributed  mineral,  the 
transparent  coloured  varieties  being  used  as. 
gem-stones.  Crystallization,  rhombohedral. 
hernimorphie,  prisms  often  ti  iangular.  Hard- 
ness, 7  to  7*o;  sp.  gi-.  2*04  to  3*3;  lustre, 
vitreous ;  eolour,  shade.s  of  blaek  the  inoKt 
frequent,  but  also  I4ue,  green,  red,  often  ,,f 
rich  shades,  sometimes  i-cd  internally  and 
shades  of  green  externally,  crystals  sometimes, 
varying  in  colour  towanls  the  extremities, 
occasionally  but  rarely  colourless  ;  markedly 
dichroic ;  transparent  to  opaque;  fracture, 
uneven,  sometimes  sub-conchoidal ;  pyro- 
clectric.  Compos. ;  very  variable,  the  oxygen 
ratio  for  the  pn.Uo-  and  sesquioxides,  anrl 
also  for  the  boric  acid,  varying  considerably, 
Dana  distingui.she.s  the  following  varieties : 
(1)  Rubellite  ;  shades  of  retl,  freipiently  trans- 
Iiarent.  (2)  Indieolite ;  of  an  indigo-blue 
colour.  (3)  Brazilian  sapphire  of  jewellers  ; 
Berlin  blue.  (4)  Brazilian  emei-ald,  Chryso- 
lite (or  Pendot) ;  green  and  transjiarent. 
.  (0)  Peridot*  of  Ceylon  ;  honey-yellow.  (0) 
Achroite  ;  colourless.  (7)  Aphrizite  ;  black. 
(S)  Columnar  and  black,  without  clea\-age  or 
trace  of  tibrous  texture.  A  series  of  analyses 
anrl  sp.  gr.  determinations,  made  by  Kammels- 
berg.  has  sug;;esta!d  the  following  sub- 
di\isions;  (1)  Magnesia  toimnaline,  »p.  gr. 
3  to  3'07 ;  (2)  Irnu-niagnesia  tourmaline, 
mean  sp.  gr.  3"ll  ;  (3)  Iron-tourmaline,  sp.  gr. 
3i:;  to  'd"2\> ;  (4)  lron-niangntn-se-lithia  tour- 


t^te,  fSit,  fare»  amidst,  what.  f^U.  father ;  \pe,  ivet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine.  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine ;  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  i^olf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fall :  try,  Syrian,    ae.  C3  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tourmalinite— toutie 


Mi 


iimliiic,  mean  sp.  gr.  3  OSS;  (5)  Lithin  tourma- 
line, mean  sp.  v'r.  oO-ll.  Tin-  lili.«pii;e 
i-enftioius  varv  with  tlie  cnmposition,  whieli  is 
eisentially  a  boro-silicate  ofpiotu-  .iml  se.squi- 
oxiiies.  Occurs  in  granites,  notably  the 
alliilie  varieties,  schist.s  and  ilol'imite.  Twu 
reiiiarkalilc  and  uniipie  .specimens  of  the 
variety  Knhellite  are  exhibited  in  the  national 
cnlleeiion  in  the  Natural  History  Museum  at 
South  Kensinston.   [rorBM.M.lSE-PL.vTli.l 

tourmaline -granite,  .•■. 

/■'/)■"/    ■  A  t,naiiire  ill  wliieli  tnurmftline(q.v.) 
is  a  proiiiiiieMl  eniistiuieiit.     |LuxvLi.vsrrE.) 
totirmaline  granullte,  ^ 

Vi'lr.J.  :  A  \:uielv  of  ^ranulite  (ci.v.)  in 
whiili  toiuiiiiiliiie  is  a  prominent  constituent. 

tourmaline -plates,  s.  }>' 

Cnisliill.:  Sections  of  crystals  of  tourma- 
line cut  parallel  to  the  axi.s.  Bueli  sections 
have  the  iiroperty  of  polarising  light,  and 
though  now  largely  sn])erseded  l>y  Xicol's 
prisn"is,  are  still  convenient  for  some  purposes, 
111  spite  of  their  ctdour.  owing  to  their  large 
angular  lield  of  visioi;, 

tourmaline  rock,  -. 

fflml.  :  A  rock  consisting  principally  of 
tourmaline  anil  .piartz,  v.uying  much  in 
texture. 

tourmaline  schist,  s.     -"^ 

lYlri'l  ;  A  .sriiisi,  „  variety  of  tourmaline 
io,.lc(.,.v.). 

tojir'  ma-lin-ite, ; .    lEng.  (oin-™«,''/if  .•  suff. 
.,/r  (;w;„/.).  j 
l-rlrol. :  Tonrmaliuc-sranitc  (n.v.). 

tour  ma  lite,  '■    ITovhmalinit-j.I 

•toum,-.    IToird),  .--.I 

1.  /.flic  .■  The  turn  or  circuit  anciently  made 
bv  the  sheritf  twice  every  yearforthe  purpose 
of  holding  in  each  lu\ndred  the  great  court 
leet  of  the  cnnnt\. 

"Thi^  i^  the  i.ri.;iii  of  the  Blieriff-t  rntnit.  wliieli 
<l.Huled  ill  :iU  ;irtui>.  toil  iiml  criiiiiiiiU.  er  wlintevi-r 
iiniKtrUiire.  ami  noli.  «likli  tliefe  li\y  ne  .iiHiiiil  Imt 
ti.  tlie  Wittenaseiiu.tt.'  — fiiirfcc.  AbrittT  'f'f  l.'f.lhsli 
Hixtoni,  lilt,  ii  .cli.  viu 

2.  A  spinning-wheel. 

tour -na-ment,  •  tor  ne  men,  tor-ne 
mi-ei  •  tur-ne-ment,  s.  [<>.  I'r.  to,, mi,'. 
,ii,nt^i\.  tournament,  from  to,<,->K,,c,- =  X,, 
iimst,  from  (onioi.  rooui'  =  a  tourney,  a  .joust ; 
'proii.=  a  turning  about,  from  (onifi-  =  to  turn 
(q.v.);  Ital.  roniffliiiciif",  (ornio7af"^..l 

1.  An  encounter  tietween  armed  knights  on 
horseback  in  time  of  peace,  as  an  exercise  of 
skill  (which  was  rtwanled  by  honorary  dis- 
tinctions), and  usually  an  adjunct  of  sonic 
gn-at  event,  .as  n  royal  marriage.  &c.  The 
tournamcJit  was  one  of  the  most  c(isia.shcd 
institutions  of  the  middle  ages,  furnishing, 
as  it  did,  an  exciting  .show,  and  giring  the 
combatants  an  I'pportunity  of  exhibiting  their 
skill,  courage,  and  prowess  before  their  friends. 
The  regulations  nhicli  governed  these  .lis[ila,vs 
were  propounded  l'>  the  sovereign  and  en- 
forced by  kiugs-atarins  and  heralds.  They 
were  usually  hehl  by  the  invitation  of  some 
Irtince,  which  was  proclaimed  throughout  his 
own  dominions,  and  fiequently  also  at  foreign 
courts,  so  that  partiesfrom  different  countries 
nught  join.  They  differed  from  .jousts,  in 
that  the  Latter  were  merely  trials  of  military 
skill  between  one  hniglit  and  another.  The 
arms  employed  were  usually  lances  without 
heads,  and  with  round  braces  of  wood  at  the 
extremity,  and  swords  without  points  ami 
with  blunted  edges.  Occa-sionally,  however, 
the  ordinary  arms  of  warfare  were  used,  and 
it  not  infrequently  happened  that  angry  pas- 
sions were  aroused,  so  that  the  tournament 
ended  in  a  hostile  encounter.  Certain  qualiti- 
cation.'*  of  birth  were  required  for  admission 
to  the  tournanients.  The  place  of  combat 
was  the  lists,  a  large  o[ien  space  surrounded 
by  a  rope  or  railing,  anil  having  galleries 
erected  around  for  the  spectators,  the  lieralds, 
and  the  .judges.  The  tilting  armour  was  of 
light  fabric,  and  generally  adorned  with  some 
device  of  a  lady's  favour.  The  prizes  were 
delivered  to  tJi'e  successful  knights  by  the 
queen  of  beauty,  whofiad  been  chosen  by  the 
ladies.  On  the  second  day  there  was  often  a 
toiu-nament  for  the  esquires,  and  on  the  third 
a  milfe  of  knights  and  esqoires  in  the  lists. 
•  2.  Encounter  ;  shock  of  battle. 

"With  cruel  to>frj,aiii,;i!  tlie  fiquiulrons  Ji.iu." 
Mittoii :  i'.  /...  xi.  1  ■- 


X  A  competition  or  contest  of  skill,  in 
which  a  number  of  individuals  take  lait. 

"Tlie  Buiiie  of  lawn  tennis  liM  iilii"  |>ro«i>ere»l  tliiTf. 
ftliil  oiilv  livit  year  «ti  open  lonriniiiitritt  .  .  .  proved  ;i 
ywiit  sueces.-.  — /■|e.i(/.  Allt:.  -Jo.  l*s:. 

tour-na-sin,  s.    IFr.l 

r„lleni:  A  knife  for  the  removal  of  super- 
fluous slip  from  the  \iaked  ware  which  lia- 
been  ornamented  by  the  blowing-pot. 

tour-nay',  .-■.    (See  def.] 

FiO'rir :  A  j.rinted  worsted  material  for 
furniture  upholstery,  so  called  from  Ttnirnai 
111  lielginm. 

tour'-ne,  n.    [Fr.l 

Ihr.  :  The  same  as  Costoi'RSe  or  Ui:- 
oAROANT  (q.v.). 

tour-ne-for-te-SB, «.  ?■'.  I  Mod.  I,at.  h,v,iit- 
J'i,rl(ia)  ;  I.at.  feiii.  pi.  adj.  sntf.  -cicj 

/.'lit.-  A  tril»:'  of  Ehrctiacea;,  having  albu- 
minous seeds. 

tour-ne-for-ti-a,  .^•.  (Xmned  after  .Tosepli 
Pittou  de  linu nefort  (liioi;-170S),  a  French 
traveller  and  systematic  botanist,  j 

r,ol. :  The  tvpical  genus  of  Tourneforteiv 
(q.\-.).  Corolla  salver-shaped  or  rotate,  w-jtli 
its  thpoat  nakeil:  stamens  included  within  The 
tube  of  the  corolla ;  stigma  peltate  ;  fruit  a 
ilriipc,  enclosing  two  nuts,  each  two-seeded. 
Known  species  about  fifty,  from  the  warmer 
countries.  Tovrnp/tut in  tunl,e}li't(t  is  used  in 
.Mexico  to  cleanse' ulcers,  to  allay  intlaninKi- 
tion,  ami  as  a  fetirifiige. 

"toum'-er-y,  .<.  [Vr.  tmirnfr  —  U,  turn.) 
Work  turned  on  a  lathe  ;  turnery. 

•  tour-nef,  s.  [A  dimin.  from  Fr.  (■iii/=n 
tower  (q.v.),]     A  turret ;  a  small  tower. 

tour-nctte',  s.    [Fr.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  spinning. 

2.  An  instrument  used  by  potters  in  shaping 
ami  jiainting  delft  and  porcehiin  ware. 

tour-ney,     tour-naye,   '  tur-ney,  .=. 

|(l.  Fr.  (lo'iirii,  foriici,  (iHii'iif'.i/.l  A  t.innia- 
ment  (q.v.). 

■■  I  tell  thee  this,  lest  all  tno  far 
The-e  kiii^llits  iirye  /oio-ney  into  war." 

.•^i-ntt :  UriUal  of  Trii'rniain,  ii.  2o. 

■  tour'-neJT,  '".i.    [t'>.  Fr.  fom-iioicr.]    [Toir- 
siiv,  ,^.|     I'o  tilt  ;  to  engage  in  a  tournament. 
"  But  fii-st  iv.Ts  question  made,  whieli  of  those  kuights 
That  lately  titrtwiid  had  the  wager  wonne." 

.S/)f«s('i-.-  /'.  y,.  IV.  V.  7. 

tour'-ni-quet 

(quask),  s.  [Fr.. 
trom  t<,n,-i>cf  =  to 
turn.] 

.sui-iT.  .-Aninstni- 
ment  for  compress- 
ing an  artery  in 
amputations.  The 
invention  of  fllo- 
relli,  1(574,  modi- 
fied by  otherdistin- 
guished  surgeons. 
Also  used  in  com- 
pressing aneurisms 
and  tumours. 

^  llydravlic  tounuqucl  :  The  same  as 
Barker's  Mill.    [Mill,  s.J 

tour-nols'  (nois  as  nwa),  o.     (Fr.,  so 

called  from  beingcoilied  at  Tiuir.s.l  An  epithet 
used  only  in  the  compound  term /i  re  foiirno;--, 
a  French  money  of  account  under  the  old 
regime,  worth  about  9\d.  sterling. 

*  tour'-niire,  .i.   [Fr..  from  tnum^r  =  to  turn.] 

1.  Turn,  contour,  ligure,  shape. 

2.  A  stitf,  padded  bandage  worn  by  women 
fastened  round  the  loins  to  expand  the  skirt ; 
a  bustle. 

touse,  •  tos-en,  toose,  towze,  r.i.  k  i 
[ci.  Low  Ger.  Iii»'hi  :  Ger.  riiiiwii  =  to  touse.) 

A.  Ti'dusitln  : 

1.  To  pull,  to  drag,  to  tear,  to  rend. 

"  We'll  tniiup  you  joint  by  joint." 

tiliaUetilf. :  Jlcnsure/vr  .l/eo,«irc,  v. 

2.  To  worry. 

"  .\s  a  bear,  whom  Rugry  curs  liave  roirs'-i^" 

Spvnffv:  F.  V..  It.  xi.  '■''■■ 

B.  Iidrans.:  To  pull,  to  tear. 

".she  .  .  .  strilies,  tutus,  fo^"l'•^  spurns  anil  spraiils" 
Driijifun  :  Poly-olbivii,  s,  7. 

touse.  .".  [Toi-sE,  1'.]  A  pulling,  a  pull,  a 
luitil,  a  seizure,  a  disturbance.     (7'ror.) 


toQs  er. 


[Kug.  foii(sO;    -ri'-l     *^'m' 


TOt'RNlQl'K'r. 


T0CS.|.KS.aioI8  STAR!  R. 

AlaeiiJfle<l  200  dianieterd. 


to>^  -ey.  I'.     (Torsi:,  r.\     Rough. 

'■  A   larBi*  tntiwtl  dog.  tliat  COM  kill  ■tligly  a  fol  or 

l.id«er."— /'o-M.  Mareh  'JT.  n«T. 

to&'-Ble,  toU  -zle,  I'.t     f.V  ficq.  from  !"«"■ 
V.  (q-v.).] 

1.  To  pull  or  haul  about  ;  fo  pul  info  dis- 
order ;  to  rumple. 

"She  loot  Tiuii  ri)iii/i-  her  tap  knots. '—S«>f/ ;  nut 
MttrtnHtu,  eh.  xlv. 

2.  To  ransack. 

•■After  thev  had  tnt'clfit  out  many  a  leather  poke- 
full  ..  i.aiH-is,  -sc;tt     .i,ili,tt,nr;i.  cti.  U. 

tous  les  mots  (as  td  la  mwa),  f.    (Fr.  = 
ail  the  months,  every  month. I 

r,ot. :  t'lninir  fi/ii/i.*,  a  |)ere<inial  herb,  al«mt 
three  feet  high,  a  native  of  Peru,  haling  large 
tuberous  roots,  stems  colouriii  at  the  ba-se  ; 
the  corolla,  which  is  red,  with  :i  very  sh-uf 
middle  segment.  If  was  introduced  into 
iintisli  hiif-h.iiises  in  IH'JO. 

tous-les-mols  starch.  <i. 

C/ifiii. :  .^  starch  extracted  from  the  tuliers  of 
Catma  etliilis,  imiMuted  chielly  from  .St  Ivitts. 
and  sometimes 
called  French  ar- 
rowroot. The  gran- 
ules are  large  and 
exhibit  ii  glistening 
appearance,  flat, 
broad,  iind  ovate  in 
form,  and  slightly 
liointeil  at  the  nar- 
row eml.  The  hi- 
Inm.  which  is  small 
and  circular,  is  sit- 
uated near  the  nar- 
row end  of  the 
granule,  and  is  sur- 
I  oiinded  by  a  series 
of  fine,  regular,  and  di.stinctly-inarked  riiiga- 
The  .jelly  yieldeil  by  tlii.s  afarch  is  said  to  be 
more  tenacious  but  less  clear  than  tliid  ot 
arrowroot. 

tout  (1).  r.i.  (TooT(2),  v.]  To  toot;  to  play 
on  the  horn  or  pipe. 

toUt  (i),  r.i.  &  t.  [A.S.  (d<mii  =  to  project. 
to  stick  out,  to  peep  out.  Allied  to  Icel.  f"'" 
=  the  point  of  a  shoe  :  h'tio  =  n  peak,  a  promi- 
nence ;  Sw.  fiif  =  a  point.]    [Toor  (1),  r.] 

A.  Inlicniiilirr  : 

1.  To  .act  as  a  tout;  to  spy  or  watch  after 
the  movements  of  racehorses  at  training. 

"There  liad  been  a  good  deal  of  before-hreakfit-t 
toiitin'i  ou  the  Bury  side  of  the  town."— /'le/if.  Oct.  ;;. 
1885. 

ST.  To  seek  obtrusively  for  custom  ;  to  can- 
vas fiir  custom. 

"BalTistent'  clerks  fMUtD-t  iHnong  prisoners  and 
proseeiitors.'— Znii'  M'ltrfi^int-  /?eriVii'.  May.  isil;:,  p.  iJ. 

B.  '/'ill IIS.  ;  To  watch,  as  a  tout. 

"The  gallops  .  .  .  .are  teas  liaJJe  to  be  t;utf,t  than 
any  other  tialuing-grouuU."— /'ieW.  Hept,  ^.  1S96. 

toit(S),  I'.i.  (Etym.  doubtful;  perhaps  the 
same  as  /oiif  (2),  from  the  pouting  out  of  fin- 
lips.]    To  pout ;  to  tje  ill-teiupeied.    (.Vofcft.). 

toiit   (1),  .f.      (Tort  (1),  I'.]    Tho  S""'"'  of -» 
iKirii. 
toitCi),  .<.    (ToitCJ),  I'.] 

1.  One  who,  for  a  fee.  watches  the  moic- 
luents,  trials,  A'c,  of  horses  in  tiaining  for  .■► 
race,  and  supplies  information  for  lietting 
purjioses. 

"  Evervbisly  wi«  industrimis.  the  professional  Imtts 
lieiug  outuuii'ibered  by  the  auuiteurs."— ^leW,  Oet.  :;. 
1HS5. 

2.  One  who  touts  or  canvasses  obtrusively 
for'cusfnm,  as  for  an  inn,  a  line  of  convey- 
ances, &c..  or  .as  a  guide  to  any  object  of  in- 
terest, or  the  like. 

toiit  (.S>,  s.     [Toi'T  (-2).  r.i    A  liiiff,  a  pet,  a  tit 

of  ill-liuuioiir  or  of  idleness.     (ScotiVi.) 

tout  ensemble  (as  tot  an-sambr).i>.  |Fr. 
lit.  =  all  together.]  The  whole  of  anything 
taken  together ;  anything  regarded  as  a  whole 
without  regard  to  distinction  of  parts  ;  spe- . 
cilically  in  the  tine  arts,  the  general  effect  of 
a  work  of  art  without  #ganl  to  the  execution 
of  details. 


touf-er,  s.    [F.ng 
touts  for  custom ; 


foiif  (2),  v. 
a  font. 


■.]    One  who 


to&'-tie.  (I.    (Eng.  tmt  {?.\  V. ;  -"■  =  -"i-l   I-ia- 
ble  to  touts  ;  peevish,  irascible,  liad-tenipered. 

boil,  b63);  poat.  16^1;  cat,  5eU.  chorus.  9hin.  bcn^h;  go,  gem;  thiiirtlils:  sin.  as:  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,      ing. 
-clan. -tian  =  Shan.    -tion.    sion  =  shun : -tion.  - jion  =  zhiin.    -cious. -tious, -sious  =  shus.    -ble. -die.  &c  _  bel,  del. 


U-l 


touze— tower 


•  to^e.  ■  f.    ITot'SE.J 

ton  zle.    .^    IToislb.) 

to-T^-im  -t^  ■••     [AltonHi  from  the  native 

liniiK-  lotomiU,] 

H»t. ;  A  j^-pniii*  of  C1usio;e.  Flowers  cyiimse  ; 
-I  l-als  two  itr  fmir,  the  outer  ones  tlie  lar;irr  ; 
|M-taK  f'>itr  or  fi^jlit ;  stAinens  indettnite  ;  fruit 
i..Mr-c.Ilr«l.  fiiur-viilvetl,  four-st-ilf*!.  Known 
'.|><-cii'5  ttttrnty-oiie  or  inure.  The  Lark  of 
i  iTumilit  /nrii]>*nduht.  a  Irt-e  ;:r'»\viii;.'  in  the 
Arj.l.s  of  P'-rn.  is  use-l  foi-  dyeing  a  it-dJish- 
l>iiri>le,  and  ul-su  &&  a  UK-iliuiii'.-. 

tow,  '  towe.  •  tow-en,  '  togben.  '•'.  "i  '. 

I  A.J?,  totj,  stem  of  toqrn.  ]«.  yav  of  huhait,  teitii 
—  tn  i>iill,  dniw  ;  O.  >>ifs.  f.j;/«  =  to  pull  ah'Uit ; 
Icel.  toija=tn  draw,  pull;  /«>./=  a  cord,  a 
tow-iop**;  M.  H.  tier,  z-itjtn  =  to  tear,  pull  ; 
*}.  II.  Oer.  zi'iitaii  =  to  draw  ;  <ier.  zUhen  : 
LJit.  tluco.]  Todiag,  as  a  boat  or  ship,tlir«»ugh 
tlie  water  by  means  of  a  nti»e.  Towing  is  per- 
fonned  by  a  tug,  a  boat,  anotln?r  ship,  or  by 
men  on  sliorc,  or  by  lioi"ses,  the  last  being 
generally  employed  on  canals. 

"Tb«'  thini  <l*y  letter,  w«  wtre  rellevwl  Iroiu  tlii* 
iuii1«ty  by  tht  Joyful  niBht  of  the  long-boflt's  sjiiU 
Q|K)ti  tb«  watrr :  on  wlilcli  w«  iient  thv  ciitt«r  tuiuie- 
(lintelT  to  h«r  usistJtiic?,  who  foum^  lier  iilouir^l'lc  in 
a  lew  lioun. "— .1  fiMii      I'oyny^j,  bk.  ti.  cli.  ii. 

tow  (I),  s.     (Tow,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  towing ;  tlie  state  of  being 
towed,    ((icnerally  in  the  phrase,  to  take  in 

"  Elfcht  of  theae  t«m«Ii  ver«  set  on  fire.  Sevenil 
were  tAkvii  iu  fotff."— .l/ucuiWu^ -■  /list.  Kng..  ch.  xviii. 

2.  A  rope  ur  chain,  tised  in  towing  a  vessel ; 
a  t«iw-line. 

■•(The  Plienik]  .  .  .  kept  her  comiMuiy  vntil  the 
iirkt  iituniiii):  tficu  taking  iu  il  siunll  cnblc  fi-uiu  her 
(■■r  a  foicr."— ..'  I  ktuj/t  :    I  of/aget,  iii,  585. 

tow-boat,  .<. 

1.  .\ny  b<'at  emjfloyed  iu  towing  a  ship  or 
vessel ;  a  tug. 

2.  A  boat  that  is  being  towed. 

tow-hook,  s.  An  artilleryman's  liook, 
iist-<l  111  unpacking  ammunition-chests. 

tow-line,  >■.  A  hawser  or  ro])e  used  in 
towing  a  ship  or  canal-boat ;  :t  tow-rope. 

'Tlir  iiirii  I'll  IfOArtl  were  cuilwivoariug  to  ItJiul  in 
tlie  ruw-tin€.'—D'tiin  Sewn,  Aug.  W,  l*tSi. 

tow-path,  s.     A  towing-path  (q.v.). 
"  Botli  l-i;it»  were  now  uiidi^r  the  tow-path."— Field, 

tow-rope,  .-f.  A  rope  used  in  towing  ships 
or  boats  ;  a  tow-line. 

■•  She  ikAAwci  the  towiiig-iiarty.  and  these  let  go  the 
tvto-ropc'—liaily  Xcwt.  Aug.  21,  18S1. 

tow  (2).  *  tawe,  *  towe,  ^".  [A.S.  tow,;  cogn. 
witli  O.  L>ut.  ^i((l(■  =  tow  ;  ^itMre  =  a  weaver's 
instrument  ;  leel.  (6  =  a.  tuft  of  wool ;  Dan. 
^i«c  =  Jibre.  Closely  allied  to  taw  and  ten:] 
Tlie  eatrse  part  of  hemp  or  tlax  separated 
from  the  tiner  by  the  hatehel  or  swingle. 

'"  Now  that  part  thereof  whioh  is  utmost  aiitl  next 
to  the  p«'ll  or  rim],  U  adled  low  or  hurds,  and  it  is  the 
w..nit  of  the  Hue  or  flax."—/*.  BoUand :  Ffinie.  bk. 
\i\..  ch.  i. 

'  tow-beetle,  s.     A  hateliel  or  swingle. 

'"Thpy  are  to  be  beaten  and  punned  .  .  .  with  au 
burden  mallet  or  tow-bccUi-  made  ti^r  the  puri>ose."— 
/'.  JloHand :  I'liniv.  bk.  xix.,  ch.  i. 

tow,   '(.      [TofGH.] 

tow-age  (age  as  ig), .?.    [Eng.  towy  v. ;  -loc] 

1.  Tin-  aet  of  towing. 

■  The  tutiPit(fe  ended  as  fifty  per  cent,  of  such  nnder- 
kikiiipi  iiaa-vlly  do.'— jOai/j/  Jclvi/raph,  Dec,  H,  1SS5, 

2.  The  sum  paid  for  towing. 

'  tow  ail.     tow  aille,  .-.    [Towel.] 

td^-an-ite,  ,'^.     ,  After  W'lieal  Towan,   Corn- 
wall. wlK-re  hue  crystals  were  raised  :  sufl'. 
■Ue(Min.).] 
Mitt. :  The  same  as  (.'iialcopvrite  (<i.v.). 

tow^-ard,  tow  -ard^  (or  as  tbrd,  tords), 

i'l'r-,  '"'''.,  'k  <i.  [A.S.  to>rmr<l  (A.)  =iiiture; 
Unrmrdes  —  towards  (used  as  a  prep.,  with  a 
dative  case,  and  generally  following  its  case), 
from  fd  =  to,  and  it'mrrf  =  becoming,  tending 
to,  from  u^OTthan  (pa.  t.  imardh)  =  to  become. 
Wmrd  oceui-s  as  the  second  element  in  many 
A. 8.  adjectives,  as  afxceard  =.  absent,  I'ltun- 
iceard  =  outward,  iipumird  =  upward,  &c.J 

A.  As  preposition.  (0/  both  forms) : 

1.  In  the  direction  of. 


2.  Often  used  to  express  destination  rather 
ihiui  diivction,  and  almost  as  etiuivalent  tu  to. 

'•  I  nuul  uway  tht«  night  louxird  Padua." 

:>]uiketi>.  :  Men-hunt  ^f  I'vnice,  iv.  !. 

3.  With  direction  io,  iu  a  moral  sense  ;  witli 
respect  to;  regarding. 

"Hl»  eye  Khali  be  evil  toteard  hifl  brother."— fleuf. 
xivlli.  it. 

'  4.  With  a  tendency,  aim,  or  purpose  to  ; 
aiming  at  or  contributing  to. 

"  Doink-  everything  safe  toteard  your  love  and  honour." 
*  Sliaketp.  :  Macbeth,  i.  4. 

•  5.  With  reference  or  respect  to  ;  as  regards. 

••  I  will  l>e  tliy  advcntary  toward  Anne  Page."— 
Shakeifi.:  Merry  iVievt,  ii.  3. 

0.  Nearly,  about. 

"  Towards  three  or  four  o'clock." 

Shakesp. :  l!i,hard  III.,  ili.  5. 

'  1^  It  was  sometimes  divided  by  tmesis. 

■■.Such  trunt  have  we  through  Christ  (0  Godwrij-rf." 
—2  Corinth,  ill.  4. 

•  B.  As  adv.  {0/ both  forms):  In  preparation ; 
near  at  hand. 

*•  We  have  a  trifling,  foolish  banquet  towards." 

S?iake.yi.:  Jlomco  JtJuUeC,  i.  5. 

C.  A.-i  adjective  {Of  the  form  toward,  pron. 
to  -werd) : 

1,  Yielding,  pliable,  docile,  obedient  ;  ready 
to  learn  or  do  ;  not  lYoward. 

"Tbei  l>o  taught  tu  enstructe  and  bringe  vp  siclie 
toiccrde  yoiiKe  men  in  the  knowlege  of  tonguea  and 
worde  of  God." — Joye :  Hxpmicion  ty*  Daniel,  ch.  i. 

•  2.  Forward,  bold. 

•*  That  is  spoken  like  a  toward  prince." 

Shakesp.  :  s  Henry  ('/.,  ii.  2. 

'  3.  Near  at  hand  ;  close. 

'■  What  neetl  I  to  tell  what  a  mischiefe  is  toward, 
when  straw  nin\  drie  wuihI  is  cast  i'lto  the  fire?" — 
/'.  Vices. ■  Instruct.  Christian  n'o»(«'i,  bk.  i..  ch,  v. 

*  to'-ward-li-ness,  s.  [Eng.  toirardly;  -ness.] 
The  (luality  or  state  of  being  towardly  ; 
docility ;  readiness  to  learn  or  do  ;  ajitness. 

■'  ITiere  lacked  no  townrdliiieas.  nor  good  dispoBition 
in  Cato's  sou.  to  frame  himself  vertuo'ia:  for  he  was 
of  BO  gooii  a  nature,  that  he  shewed  himself  willing  to 
follow  whatsoever  his  father  had  tAUght  him." — 
JVorlh  :  Plutarch,  p.  296. 

'■  to-ward-l^t  ".  [Eng.  toward  ;  -ly.]  Ready 
to  learn  or  do  ;  apt,  docile,  obedient ;  com- 
pliant with  duty. 

"A  very  .proper  and  towardly  youg  gentleman,"— 
Backiuyt :   Voyages,  i.  600. 

•  to'  -  ward  -  ness,  '  to  -  ward  -  nesse,  5. 

[Eng.  toa-arO  ;  -/it-^s.]     The  quuiity  or  state  of 
being  towardly  ;  docility,  towardliuess. 

"  Wonderfull  towardnensc  a.\iA  natural  jiiclinncion  to 
vertue. '—  Udai  -  Lake  ii. 

tdw-ard§('ir  as  tdrdf),  prep.  &  adv.     [To- 

\\  .'.KD.J 

tO^'-COCk,  5.     (Chinese  tow-col:.] 

Bot.  :   (1)  Dolichos  slii€}isis;  (2)  Vigna  sin- 


'  t6Tt--el  (1),  s.  [Tewel.]  a  pipe  ;  the  fun- 
dament. 

t6^'-el  (2), "  tow-ail, "  tow-aille,  '^  tow- 
ell,  ■■''.  [Fr.  tomilU  =  a  towel  ;  O.  Fr,  fuailh:. 
toeille ;  Low  Lat.  toactda ;  Up.  toatla;  Ital. 
tovaglia.  All  of  Teutonic  origin,  from  O.  H. 
Ger.  tiuahilla,  dw^ihilla;  M.  H.  Ger.  dwehek ; 
Ger.  rit'cWe  =  a  towel,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  twaJuin  ; 
y\..  H.  Ger.  dwaheii  =  to  wash  ;  loel.  thvd  (i>a. 
par.  tliveginn) ;  Dan.  tof- ;  A.S.  thwedn  (for 
tkwahan);  Goth,  thioaluui  =  to  wash.  Ci. 
Dut.  dwaal  =  a  towel ;  dwell  =  a  clout.] 

I.  Ord.  Ijang.  :  A  cloth  used  for  wiping  the 
hands,  face,  &c.,  especially  after  washing; 
any  cloth  used  as  a  wiper  in  domestic  use. 

"  The  attendants  water  for  their  hands  supply  : 
Aud,  having  wash'd,  with  silken  towels  dry." 

Drydcn  :  Virgil;  ^neki  i.  983. 

II.  Ecclesiastical : 

1.  Tlie  rich  covering  of  silk  and  gold  wliich 
used  to  be  laid  over  the  top  of  the  altar  ex- 
cept duriijg  mass. 

2.  A  linen  altar-cloth. 

'  1[  (1)  .4  lead  towel :  A  bullet.    (Slang.) 

"  Rub  his  iiate  with  a  \K\ir  of  lead  towels." 

Janies  amith, 

(2)  All  oaken  towel:  A  cudgel.    {Slang.) 

"  I  have  a  i?ood  tiaken  towel  at  your  service. "—.Smo?- 
lett :  //iimj>hr>:>/  Clinker,  1.  sa. 

towel-gourd,  s. 

Bot.:  Luffa  a'gitptiaca,  or  pentaiulra,  Momor- 
dica  Luffa  {Linn.),  and  the  Loutf  or  Louffah  of 
the  Aiabs.  [Lcffa.]  Fruit  oblong,  round, 
smooth,  marked  with  longitudinal  lines.  It 
is  from  one  to  three  feet  long,  and  about  three 
inches  in  diameter.     Wheu  cle;uised  from  the 


pulp  it  is  used  by  the  natives  as  a  sponge  or 
flesh-rubber,  and  isalsoeiiiidoyed  in  themanu- 
hicture  of  hats,  baskets,  gun- wadding,  &c. 
LriJuH'ahs  are  now  largely  imjiorted  into  Eng- 
land, and  sold  under  their  Arabic  name  as 
flesh-rubbers. 

towel  -  horse,   s.     A  wooden  frame  or 

stand  nil  wliicii  In  liang  towels. 

towel  rack,  ^-  A  frame  or  rod  on  whieh 
to  bang  towels  to  dry. 

towel  -  roller,  .*.  A  revolving  wooden 
bar  placed  horizontally  for  hanging  a  looped 

tov.'L'l  on. 

ttf%*r'-el,  i:t.  [Frtmi  the  phiase  "  to  rub  down 
with  an  oaken  towel."]  To  beat  with  a  -stick  ; 
to  cudgel.    {Slang.)    [Towel,  s.,  T[  (2).] 

t<5T^r-ell-ing,  s.     [Eng.  towel  (2),  s.  ;  -ing.] 
1.  Coarse  linen  fabric,  such  as  huck-a-back, 
diapei,  &.C. 

*  2.  A  towel.  {Browning:  Flight  of  the 
Duchess.) 

3.  A  thrashing,  a  scolding.     {Slaug.) 

t6^-er,  ^  tour,  *  toure,  -  towre, '  tur,  s. 

[O.  Fr.  tur  {Vi.  tour),  from  Lat.  tnrrcin,  accus. 
of  turris  =  a  tower ;  cogn.  with  Gr.  Tup^is, 
rvppLs  (tursis,  turris)  =■  a.  tower,  a  bastion. 
Cf.  Gael.  torr  =  a.  lull,  a  mountain,  a  tor  (q.v.); 
Irish  for  =  a  castle;  Welsh  (iyr  =  a  tower; 
A.S.  torr  =  a  rock.] 

1.  Arch.:  A  structure  lofty  in  proportion 
to  its  base,  and  circular,  square,  or  polygonal 
in  plan,  frequently  eonsistingof  se\'eral  stories, 
and  either  insulated  or  forming  pait  of  a 
church,  castle,  nr  other  edifice.  Towers  have 
been  erected  from  the  earliest  ages  as  memo- 
rials, aud  for  purposes  of )  eligion  and  defence. 

^  For  the  various  kinds  of  edifices  classed 
under  the  generic  title  of  tower,  see  Caji- 
PANiLE,  Keep,  s.,  Mi.saret,  Pagoda,  Peel,  s., 
Pharos,  Round  Tower,  Spire,  Steeple. 

*  2.  Ancient  War:  A  tall,  movable  wooden 
structure  used  in  storming  a  fortihed  place. 
The  height  of  the  tower  was  sueb  as  to  over- 
top the  walls  and  other  fortifications  of  the 
besieged  place.  Such  towers  were  frequently 
combined  with  a  battering-ram,  and  thus 
served  the  double  purpose  of  breaching  the 
walls  aud  giving  protection  to  the  besiegers. 

*  3.  A  citadel,  a  fortress. 

"Thou  hast  been  a  shelter  for  me,  aud  a  strong 
toieer  from  the  enemy."— /"S'l^.i  Ixi.  3. 

*  4.  Any  buihling  for  defence  and  .shelter. 

"  And  hildide  .i  tour,  aud  hiride  it  to  erthe  tilleris  & 
went*  fer  iu  pilgilinage."- U'j/c^t/ft;."  Afuilheto  xxi. 

*  5.  Costume:  A  high  commode,  or  head- 
dress, worn  by  females  in  the  reign  of 
William  III.  and  Anne.  It  wa.s  composed  of 
pasteboard,  ribbons,  aud  lace,  the  two  latter 
disposed  in  alternate  layers  ;  or  the  ribbons 
were  formed  into  liigh,  stiffened  bows,  covered 
or  not,  according  to  taste,  by  a  lace  scarf  or 
veil  that  streamed  down  on  each  sitEe  of  the 
pinnacle. 

"  Her  greatest  ingenuity  consists  in  curling  im  her 
Towre,  iuid  her  chiefest  cai-e  in  putting  it  Ain.  for  to 
make  it  fit  right  she  so  bedaubs  her  brow  with  gum 
and  powder  that  it  glistena  like  a  Woodstreet  cake,  or 
ice  dreg'd  with  aiiow." — The  A/ie-Gentle-womCtn,  or  the 
Character  of  an  Exchange-wench  UCT5),  p.  1. 

'■  6.  High  flight,  elevation. 

*  tower-capped,  a.  Surmounted  by  a 
tower  or  towers. 

"  Yon  tower-capp'd  Acropolis," 

tiyron  :  ^iiege  (if  Corinth,  1. 

to'wer-clock,  s.     [Turret-clock.] 

tower-court,  s.  A  court  or  yard  in  the 
interior  of  a  fortress. 

"Without  the  toiiier<ourt  is  a  ruined  chapel."— 
Scott :  Eve  of  St.  John. 

tower-cress,  s. 

Bot.:  Arabi.^  Tarrita.  So  named  from  its 
having  been  found  on  the  tower  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford  ;  it  is,  however,  only  natuial- 
ized  iu  Britain.  The  cauline  leaves  are  am- 
plexicaul,  the  pods  flat,  linear,  and  recurved, 
with  thick  margins,  and  coarse,  longitudinal 
venation. 

*  tower  -  crowned,  a.  Tlie  same  as 
Tower-capped  (q.v,). 

"  He  reach  d  the  summit  of  bis  tnwer-crowned  hilL"' 
Byron  :  Cursair,  i.  14. 

tower-mustard,  s. 

Bot.  :  Arabis  pfrfollata  ;  called  also  Turritis 
jlabrci.  So  named  because  the  tapering  growth 
of  the  inflorescence  resembles  the  form  of  a 
Dutch  spire.    {Prior.)     Called  also  Towers- 


fatc,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wol^  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  riile,  fiill;  try,  Syrian.    ».  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


TOWERS. 


69 


tower— township 


U5 


nnistnnl,  Towers-treacle,  ami  ToweuT.  (H't- 
tlnriiui.)  It  is  nil  aiuuuil  or  biennial,  two  lo 
tlirt'c  fivt  hi^Ii,  with  neiirly  j;Iabrnus,  glau- 
rniis,  olmvatf,  sinuate  or  lobetl,  nuUcal  leaves, 
till'  cauline  ones  aniplexiwuil,  entire,  and  an- 
liii.  il ;  tbe  jietals  erect,  pale  yellow.  Locally 
^^iM  in  Hritain.  The  njinie  Tower-nmstanl  is 
alsM  iiiiplifil  tu  the  genus  Turritis.     {Loudon.) 

tower-shell,  s.    (Tuiuiitella.) 

t<$Tir -er, ' tour,  *towre,i-.i.  &(.  ITowku,.':.] 
A.  Iiitninsitice : 
I.  I hiti nary  Language  : 

1.  To  rise  aloft ;  to  rise  to  a  great  height. 

"Tlic  hnis  juid  precii'iees  withiu'  laud  (ouvrvd  up 
CJii^iileiultly  above  the  tops  o(  the  ireen."— Ansa  it : 
l'oifitoe$,  bk.  li.,  L'h.  i. 

2,  To  rise  and  fly  high  ;  to  soar;  to  be  lofty 
or  eminent. 

■•  Hf  Jimy  tiesceud  iuto  profouuduesd,  or  tower  into 
biililiiiiity.  — W/er,  No.  1. 

II.  Fakonry :  To  rise  like  a  falcon  or  hawk 

in  order  to  descend  on  its  prey  ;  hence,  to  be 

oil  the  look  out  for  prey.    [Pride  (1),  s.,  1.  S.) 

"  B.  Trans.:   To  rise  aloft  iuto;   to  soar 

into. 

"Yet  oft  they  quit 
Tlie  (lurk,  HJid  rising  ou  stift"  peuuous,  totvcr 
The  luid-jitrial  sky.*^  Milton:  P.  L.,  vii.  m. 

tow  -ered,  a.  [Eng.  tower^  s. ;  -ed.]  Fur- 
nished, adorned,  or  defended  with  towers. 

"  JIv  tow'red  faue,  and  my  rich  city'd  stRt, 
W^ith    villfuces,    aud    dorps,    to   make   me    most 
cumpleat,"  Drayton:  J'oly-Olbioit,  s.  21. 

ttf\tr'-er-er,  *-.     [Eng.  tower;  -er.]     [Tower- 

MISTARD.] 

'  to^'-er-et,  •  towr-et,  s.  [Eng.  tower,  s. ; 
diniin.  surt".  -et.]    A  small  tower.    [Tol'Relle.] 

■•  It  wjis  doH  ble  walled  with  many  hiRhe  ami  Btruiig 
^owrfts-'—Jui/e:  £xposicion  of  Daniel,  ch.  i. 

to^-er-ing,  ([.     [Eng.  toiver;  -ing.] 

1.  Rising  or  soaring  aloft. 

"  There  hum  the  chase  Jove'stoio'ring  eagle  hears. 
On  golden  wings,  the  Phrygian  to  the  stai-s." 

Pope:  Statins  :  The  Hard,  CIO. 

2.  Rising  to  a  height ;  very  high. 

"  Lewis,  in  spit*  of  highheeled  shoes  and  a  fowerin-j 
wig,  hardly  lenched  the  middle  height."— J/ttcunJuy; 
Jlisl.  Eu^.,  ch.  xiii 

3.  Extreme,  violent,  outrageous,  furious. 
iCoUoq.) 

■■  Russell  went  iuto  a  towering  passion.— J/acflMfa</  .■ 
Hist.  Ettg.,  ch.  xxii. 

1  ttf\^'-er-let,  s.  [Eng.  tower;  dimin.  suff. 
■Ut.]    A  small  tower  ;  a  turret. 

"  Our  guidini;  star 
Now  from  its  towerlet  streameth  t\T.' 

J.  Baillie,  iu  Annandalc. 

tdw'-er-wort,  s.     [Eng.  tower^  and  wort.] 
Dot. :  A  book-name  for  Arabls  per/oUata. 
[Tower-mustard.] 

*  t6\^'-er-^,  «-  [Eng.  tower,  s.  ;  -y.]  Having 
towers  ;  adorned  or  defended  with  towers  ; 
towered.     (Fope:  Homer;  Odyssey,  vii.  103.) 

tow'-ihg,  pr,  par.,  a.,  &  5.    [Tow,  v.] 

A.  it  B.  As  pr.  par.  &,  particip.  adj, :  (See 

tin-  verb). 
C.  As  snhst,  :  A  mode  of  dragging  a  vessel 

tliiough  the  water  by  a  rope  from  another 

vessel,  or  from  the  shore. 

towing-bridle,  5. 

Xaiit.  :  A  chain  with  a  hook  at  each  end 
for  attaching  a  towing-rope  to. 

towing-net,  s.  A  net  to  be  towed  be- 
bind  a  moving  ship  with  the  view  of  collect- 
ing spei.'imens  of  marine  animals  and  plants. 
It  is  generally  made  of  bunting  or  similar 
material  sewed  around  a  wooden  hoop.  The 
cords  intended  to  keep  it  iu  its  place  may  be 
held  in  the  hand,  but  are  more  frequently 
tied  to  some  portion  of  the  stern  of  the  vessel, 
whifli  will  keep  the  net  free  from  the  ship's 
wake. 

towing-path,  .5.  The  track  on  the  berme 
of  a  canal  lV>r  the  draft  animals. 

towing-post,  towing -timber,  s.    A 

stout  post  on  the  deck  of  a  lug-boat  to  fasten 
the  towing-line  to. 

towing-rope,  s.    [Tow-rope.] 
t6^m,  •  toun,  *  towne,  s.  &  a.    [AS.  tun  = 

a  fence,  a  liomestead,  a  village,  a  town,  from 
tfimtn  =  to  enclose  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  (win  =  a 
fence,  a  hedge  ;  Icel.  tun  =  an  enclosure, 
a  homestead,  a  dwelling-house;  O.  H.  Ger. 
:u)i=a,  hedge;    Ger.   zaun;    cf.  also  Ir.  & 


Gael,   dnn  =  a    fortress  ;    Wei.   din  =  a  hill- 
fort  ;  diuits  =  a  town.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Laiujuage : 

1.  A  place  enclosed  or  fenced  in  ;  a  collec- 
tion of  houses  inclosed  withiu  walls,  liedges, 
or  the  like  for  defence ;  a  walled  or  fortilied 
place. 

"Seven  wftlled  t'lfcni  nf  streiik'th." 

/iliitkvs/j.  :  I  neitrn  VI..  ill.  i. 

2.  A  collection  of  houses,  linger  than  a 
village.  (Used  in  a  pciieial  sense,  and  in- 
cluding city  or  borough.  Often  used  in 
oppnsition  to  vonntry,  in  which  case  it  is  pre- 
ceded by  the  definite  article.) 

H  The  term  is  often  used  absidutely,  and 
without  the  proper  name  of  the  paiti'jular 
place,  to  denote  tiie  metropolis,  county-town, 
or  a  jjarticular  city,  in  which,  or  in  the  vicinity 
of  which,  the  speaker  or  writer  is  :  as.  To 
live  in  town,  To  go  to  town,  To  be  iu  town. 
In  this  usage  in  England,  London  is  the  town 
particularly  referred  to  in  most  cases. 

3.  A  numbeV  of  adjuining  or  nearly  adjoin- 
ing houses,  to  which  belongs  a  regular  market, 
and  which  is  not  a  city  or  the  see  of  a  bishop, 

"  Razeth  your  cities  and  suhverts  your  towns." 
Shaketp. :  1  Henry  VI..  ii.  3. 

4.  The  body  of  inhabitants  residing  in  a 
town ;  the  townspeople. 

"The  town  will  rise."         Shaketp.:  Othello,  ii-  3. 

0.  A  townshii) ;  the  whole  territory  within 
certain  limits.    (Amer.) 

6.  A  farm  or  farmstead  ;  a  farmhouse  with 
its  outbuildings.    {Scotch.) 

"  The  door  was  locked,  as  is  usual  in  landward  toicns 
in  this  country."— A'co((  .■  Old  .Uortatity,  ch.  viii. 

II.  Lmo :  A  tithing,  a  vill ;  a  sub-division  of 
a  county,  as  a  parish  is  a  sub-division  of  a 
diocese.     {Blackstoiie :  Comment.,  Int.,  §  5.) 

B.  -45  adj.  ;  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  cliaracter- 
istic  of  a  town  ;  urban  :  as,  town  life,  town 
manners. 

1[  2'own  and  gown :  [Gown,  s.]. 

*  town-adjutant,  &\ 

,1/(7.  :  An  olticer  formerly  on  the  staff  of  a 
garrison,  and  ranking  as  a  lieuteuaut.  His 
duties  were  to  maintain  discipline,  &c. 

*  town-box,  s.  The  money-chest  of  a 
town  or  municipal  corporation ;  common  fund. 

"  upon  the  confiscation  of  them  to  their  town-box  or 
exchtrqiier.'— (VaitWc/j ;  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  11. 

town-clerk,  ^'. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  clerk  to  a  municipal 
corporation.  In  England  his  duties  are  for 
the  most  part  those  of  a  mere  servant  of  the 
corporation  which  elects  him,  and  he  holds  his 
office  during  pleasure.  His  duties  comprise 
the  keeping  the  records  of  the  borough 
and  the  lists  of  burgesses,  and  the  taking 
charge  of  voting-papers  at  municipal  elections, 
&c.  In  Scotland  he  has  a  variety  of  duties 
imposed  upon  him,  in  which  he  acts  inde- 
pendently of  the  council,  and,  in  order  that 
he  may  be  free  in  these  cases  from  the  inter- 
ference of  the  council,  he  cannot  be  removed 
from  office,  except  for  some  serious  fault.  He 
is  the  adviser  of  the  magistrates  and  the  coun- 
cil in  the  discharge  of  their  judicial  and  ad- 
ministrative functions,  attends  their  meetings, 
and  records  their  proceedings.  He  is  the 
custodian  of  the  buigh  records,  from  which 
Ite  is  bound  to  give  extracts  when  reqiured. 

2.  Scripture:  The  translation,  in  Acts  xix. 
35  (A.V.  &  R.  v.),  of  Gr.  6  ypa^l.^laT€v^;  {ho 
granimatcus)=  the  keeper  of  the  city  records. 

town-council,  s.  The  governing  body 
in  a  municipal  corporation  elected  by  the  rate- 
payers. Their  principal  duties  are  to  manage 
the  property  of  the  borough,  impose  rates  for 
public  purposes,  pass  bye-laws  for  the  proper 
government  of  the  town,  for  the  prevention  oi 
nuisances,  &c.  The  members  hold  office  fi'r 
three  years  (one  third  retiiing  each  year),  and 
are  eligible  for  re-election.  They  elect  from 
themselves  a  chairman  or  president  (in  Eng- 
land a  mayor,  in  Scotland  a  provost)  and 
magistrates  (aldermen  in  England,  bailies  in 
Scotland) ;  they  also  appoint  the  paid  func- 
tionaries of  the  borough. 

town-councillor,  s.  A  member  of  a 
town-council,  who  is  nut  an  alderman. 

town-cress,  s. 

Bot.  :  Lcfiidiuin  sativum,  the  Garden  Cress. 

town-crier,  s.  A  public  crier;  one  who 
makes  proclamation  of  public  meetings,  auc- 


ti<  ns,  losses,  i^c,  generally  with  souud  of  a 
bell. 

"  If  yu«  mouth  It,  M  uiAuy  of  your  playeri  do,  I  had 

no  Hef  the    tfwncrUr  spoks  uy  Uuvi^"—Shafc«$p. : 

I/'t'idet.  Ill,  1. 

town-hall,  s.  A  large  liall  or  buihling 
belon^jing  to  a  town  or  borough,  in  which  the 
meetings  of  the  town-council  are  usually  heUl, 
and  which  is  also  fie(|Uently  used  n.s  a  place 
of  I'ublic  assembly  ;  a  town-house. 

"  Tln-'e  cimif  t'iKcthor  iu  the  new  foicii/m//." 

Lonif/ellvw:  i'uet'i  1al«. 

town-house,  s. 

1.  A  towndiall ;  an  h6tel  do  ville. 

"A  tiywH-hoiiie  hulltatone  end  will  [lunttlii'  church 
th;it  standM  at  the  ulhvr."— Addison  .   On  Ilaty. 

2.  A  private  residence  or  nnnision  in  town, 
in  opposition  to  one  in  the  counliy. 

town-land,  5.  Land  near  a  town.  (Tuwn- 

P.\RK.] 

"Two  or  three  caldiis  gathered  together  were  rtutfl- 
cient  tu  con^'titiite  a  town,  and  the  Iivnd  ndJiitniiiK 
thereto  is  L-idlcd  ci  town-land.'  —M its  Kdgcworth : 
Ennui,  ch.  \  iii. 

"  town-major,  s. 

MiL  :  A  garrison  officer,  ranking  with  & 
captain.  His  duties  were  much  the  same  as 
those  of  the  town-adjutant  (q.v.). 

town-park,  .*'.  Land  in  Ireland  near  a 
city  or  town  let  to  or  used  by  an  inhabitant 
of  such  city  or  town  for  the  purposes  of  his 
business,  and  not  as  an  ordinarv  agticuUui.d 
farm.  (DeJin.-d  by  Land  Act  'of  1S7U,  and 
Land  Law  (Ireland)  Acts  of  ISiil  and  ISST  ) 

'  town-rake,  s.  A  man  living  loosely 
about  town  ;  a  I'ake. 

town-talk,  s.  The  common  talk  of  a 
ti'wn,  or  the  subject  of  geneml  conversation. 

"  Was  much  noised  ahroad,  nut  only  in  the  tnwn 
where  he  dwelt,  hut  also  it  hegnu  to  \>v  the  town/u/k 
ill  Slime  otlier  i>ln.>:ea."—Bun!/an  :    PiUjrinis  I'rogveti. 

l>t,  i. 

'  town-top,  parish-top.  ;:.  A  huge 
top,  fiinncrl\  ciimmitii  in  English  vill.iges, 
for  pulilic  exercise.  It  was  whipjted  by  seve- 
ral boys  at  the  same  time. 

town-weed,  s. 

}'>ot. :  Muratrialis  perennis.  From  its  growth 
in  towns  and  town  gardens.  {I'rntt.)  More 
probably  .1/.  annua.    {Britten  &  Holland.) 

totaled,  n.     [Eng.  town;  -ed.]     Furnished 
with  towns. 

"The  continent  is  .  .  .  very  well  peopled  and 
towned.'—Hackluyt :  Voyages,  iii.  251. 

*tlS\i''n'-ish,  «.  [Eng.  town;  -ish.}  Pertain- 
ing to  or  characteristic  of  the  inhabitants  of  a 
town,  or  of  their  mode  of  life,  manners,  cus- 
toms, &c. 

"Would  nedes  ^o  ae  her  towntsh  sisters  house." 

Wyat :  Of  the  Meane  A  Sure  Ettiite. 

*  town'-less,  ".  [En^.town;  -h-ss.]  Having 
no  town  ur  towns  ;  destitute  of  towns. 


•  t6wn'-let,  *  town-lette,  5.    [Eng 

dim.  sutl.  -hit.]     A  small  town. 


town ; 


T6^m'-le^t  s.   [Prop,  name.]  (See  compound.) 

Townley-marbles,  s.  pi.    A  collection 

ofGreek  and  Knman  sculpture,  forminga  por- 
tion of  the  gidlcry  of  antiquities  in  the  liiitish 
]\Iuseum,  and  so  named  aftei' Charles  Towuley, 
Esq. ,  of  Townley,  Lancashire,  by  whom  the 
collection  was  made. 

*  td^Tl'-SCape,  s.  [Formed  from  town,  on 
analogy  uf  landscape  (q.v.).]  A  view  of  a 
town. 

"  It  is  a  land8ca|)e,  or  rathera  toicri$c.ipi:."—Lord  Jt. 
Gowt-r:  Figure  Painters  of  Holland,  p.  G6. 

t^lVu^'-folk  {I  silent),  s.  [Eng.  town,  aud 
f'lk.]  The  people  of  a  town  or  city  ;  towns- 
people. 

tt5^rn'-ship, ''  towne-shyp,  s.   [Eng.  town ; 
•ship.] 
I.  Ordinary  Lang\iage: 

1.  The  corporation  of  a  town  ;  the  district 
01-  territory  of  a  town. 

"  I  am  hut  R  poor  petitioner  of  our  whule  township." 
— .Sftrti«;>.  ;  2  Henry  VI..  L  3. 

2.  A  territorial  district,  subordinate  to  a 
county,  into  which  many  of  the  states  are 
divided,  and  comprising  an  area  of  tive,  six, 
seven,  or  perhaps  ten  miles  square,  tlio  in- 
habitants of  which  ai-e  invested  with  ceitain 
powers  for  regulating  their  own  affairs,  such 


tooil,  b6^;  p6^t,  jdwl;  cat,  9011,  choms,  9hin,  hengh;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-Cian,  -tian  =  shau.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -hie,  -die,  &;c.  =  bel,  deL 


2'JS 


U6 


townsman— toyman 


»  RiairiiiK  rua>ls,  providing  for  tlic  poor,  ic. 
(.^'ll<■r.) 
n.  /jn.-:  A  town  or  vlll,  wlicre  there  are 

Mi, .I.-  tlp..ii  ouoiiia  iKirlsli. 

tSinu  man.  »•    lE"g-  '<"''".  a»>l  '"""l 

I    An  iii'lial.itaiit  of  a  town.    lu  tliis  sense 
clueliy  u,c.l  in  coMlradiatlnctiuu  to  Gowns- 
wan.  1.  Vi-v). 
2.  One  of  the  same  town  witli  another. 

3  V  seleit  man  ;  .in  oHieer  of  a  town  in  Sew 
Ei'ijlanil,  who  assists  in  managini;  the  aflaire 
.ifatoun.  (.truer.) 
tSimB  -people,  s.ji!.  [^ng.  town,  mi  people.] 
Till-  I'lih.il'it.inl*  "fa  town  or  city,  townsfolli  ; 
(•si»',  i;illy  in  ai^tinction  frum  country-folk. 

toita-word.  tifvWi -ward?,  "'i-.  [Eng. 
(,.i-,r.-  -irnnl, -tnirtls.]  Toward  the  town;  m 
tlie  direction  of  tlie  town. 

'■  TlHu  lie  iiwikf.  mid  turn" it  thf  oxeii     __ 
Toirtiminh  ;  «acl  Ihty  »>'iit.  ami  .low 
fl/.ifJtif    /.<!■/<  or  High/tiiidi  i  Itlandl,  p.  Ifi. 


T0X0CERA3  ANMCLAHE. 


•  tSirr-it,  s.    [Toweret.) 

Ttf^^8-er,  s.  (Ens;.  '<>«•■«(<■).  "■•  ■«'■■!  •*  name 
tri'.m.'iitlv  given  tn  a  d..g,  originally  either 
fr..ni  its  rough  coat,  or  from  a  lialiit  of  worry- 
ing. Now  used  wiiliout  any  siiceial  reference 
to'the  meaning  of  the  wonl.    [TousE,  f.) 

t^^-ie, 'I.  lEng.  loireW, ••«  =  -!/•  1  Kough, 
sliai;.:y.    (Smih  >(  Scotch.) 

■•  Hi«  lm'.r»t  WTS  wlilte.  111.  foiw/f  tMiclc 
Wrel  cUil  » 1  LOal  ul  Blowy  "l'"-''.''         „ 

Uitriil:  The  Tipo  D&di. 

tow  -*.  •  tow-le,  n.  [Eng.  (ow  (2),  s. ;  -i/.l 
Consisting  of,  resembling,  or  of  the  nature  ot 
tow. 

■'  Wbeii  tliey  be  sufficieutly  waterwl.  you  shall  know 
l.y  the  alcin  or  riuj  tliei-eot  i(  It  lie  looie  ami  readie  to 
ileiuirt  from  Ilie  foipic  sulistaiice  of  the  stem.  — /  . 
Hollinid;  Plime.  bk.  xix.  ch.  1. 

tox-is-ter,  f.  IGr.  t6|ov  (toon)  =  a  how, 
and  oirnip  (fis(.'r)  =  a  star.) 

I\ihnriit. :  .\  genus  of  Echiuoidea,  charac- 
teristic ut  the  Lower  Seooomian.    (Oieeii.) 

tox'-ic,  tox-ilC-al,  n.  [Gr.  ,oiiKiv  (loxikon) 
=  (piiison;  for  siiiearins  arrows  with,  troiii 
Tofoe  ((oxf.ii)  =  a  liow.l  Of  or  pertaining  to 
puison ;  poisonous. 

"One  reciineiit  affirming  that  it  is  varticul.irly 
Kood  food,  and  auother  that  it  is  a  iwu-ncuiarly  (ojic 
l».>i80ii."— .S(-W6tiei-»  3Iagazine.  Aug..  138,).  p.  58C. 

tox-IC-ant,  '.  [Eng.  folic;  -tiiif.]  A  term 
applied' bv  Dr.  Hii-hardsoii  to  a  poison  of 
a  stiinuLiting,  narcotic,  ansestlietic  nature, 
wliich,  when  liabitually  indulged  in,  seriously 
alt'eets  tlie  healtli. 
tox-i^'-l-ty,  .5.  [Eng.  folic ;  -ity.]  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  toxic. 

'The  Umit  of  lozicity  was  calculated.'— rimes. 
>",!.  1.  li^l. 

tox-i-co-log'-ic-al,  «.  [Eng.  tozko!og(y) ; 
■i.iil.]    or  or  jic'itaining  to  toxicology. 

t6x-i-c6-l6g -ic-al-ly,  adr.  [Eng.  foiico- 
f03£>ni;  -/!/.)  In  :i  tnxicologic.nl  manner ;  ac- 
cording to  the  principles  of  toxicology. 

tox-i-col'-o-gist,  s.  [Eng.  toximlogiy) ;  -is!.] 
One  who  is  skilled  in  toxicology;  one  who 
treats  of  poisons. 

tox-i-col'-o-gj^,  s.  [Gr.  Tolocof  (fo3;i/.'0»)  = 
(pciison)  tor  .smearing  arrows;  Tofoi/ (!omiO  = 
a  how  (in  pi.  rcifo  («oia)  =  bow  and  arrows, 
sniiietimes  arrows  only),  and  Ao-yos  (logos)  —  a 
W..1  1,  a  discourse.]  That  branch  of  medicine 
which  treats  of  poisons  and  their  antidotes,  or 
of  tlie  morbid  and  deleterious  effects  of  exces- 
sive and  inordinate  doses  and  quantities  of 
medicine. 

tox-o-cam'-pa,  s.  [Gr.  rofoi-  (/o.ro)i.)  =  a 
bow,  and  Ka.ij.wri  {kan})e)  —  a  caterpillar.] 

Enlom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Toxocampidte 
(q.v.).  British  species  two,  Toxocamjia  pnsft- 
ntoii  and  T.  crncca;. 

tox-6-cS.m'-pi-dsB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  toxo- 
:rimiiu) :  Lat.  fciii.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida:] 

Eutom.  :  A  family  of  Noctuina.  Moths  of 
moderate  size,  the  thorax  smooth  with  a 
raised  collar ;  abdomen  smooth,  somewhat 
flattened:  the  wings  not  dentate.  Larva 
smooth,  elongate,  attenuated  at  each  end, 
with  sixteen  leg.s. 


tSx-iC  -er-ftS,  •-•.     IGr.  rdfor  (fo.ro>l)=  a  bow, 
and  «epas().wi»)  =  ahorn.l 

Paluoiil. :  A  genus  of  .\mnionitid-.e,  having 
the  shell  simply  arcniite  or  bent  like  a  liorn. 
Twenty  species,  ranging 
from  the  Lower  Oolites 
to  the  Ganlt,  but  the 
genus  is  characteristic- 
ally Cretaceous. 

tJx-oj-er-fis, .«.  [Toxo- 

cl:l(A^.l 

K.ifmii..- AgenusofCol- 
leiiibola,  with  three  species,  two  of  which 
(Tozocerus  jylumbeus  and  T.  iiijtr)  are  I3ritisli. 
(LnMiock.) 

tOX'-O-don.  >:.     \Gr.r6(oHloxon)  =  l\how,!ina  l 
Oioiis  (oifuKs),  geuit.  oSoi'T05(odoiifos)  =  a  tooth.  I  I 
Pahcont. :    A  genus  of  Owen's  Toxodontia  , 
(n  V  )     They  were  about  the  size  ot  a  Hippo-  : 
potamus  ;  the  teeth  consist  of  large  in,'.s<.r,s    , 
very  small  lower  canines,  and  strongly-ciirycd 
molars,  all  with  persistent  roots.    According  , 
to  Cope,  the  tarsal  bones  more  nearly  resemble 
those  of  the  Proboscidea  than  any  other  known 
Ungulates.      The  genus  was  discoveied    by 
Darwin,  and  many  specimens  have  since  been 
found  in    Pleistocene  deposits   near  Buenos 
Ayres,  and   have  been  described  by  Owen, 
Gervais,  and  Bunneister. 

toX'O-don-tl-a  (tl  as  shi),  s.  pi  [Toxocon.] 
Piilnvnl. :   An  order  ot  Mammalia  founded 
by  Owen  for  the  reception  of  the  geuera  Tox- 
odon  and  Nesodon  (q.v.). 

tox-oph-i-lite,  s.  &  a.    [Gr.  rofo..  (toxon)  = 
a  bow,  and  ((>iAto.  (phUei)  =  to  love.] 

A.  As  suhst. :  A  lover  of  archery  ;  one  who 
devotes  much  time  to  exercise  with  tlie  bow 
and  arrow. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  archery. 

"  By  newer  and  fi'esher  toxophilite  data."— /'ieM. 
July  IG.  188T. 

i;  A  Toxopliilite  Society  was  established  in 
London  in  17S1,  .and  still  exists. 

*  tox-oph-i-lit'-ic,  a.     [Eng.    toropliUit(f)  : 
-ic]    Tlie  same  as  Toxophilite  (q.v.). 

•  tox-oph'-i-ly,  s.    [ToxopHiLiTE.]   Arcliery. 

•'  A  very  high  reputation  amongst  the  votjiriea  of 
tozophih/:  —fiehl.  .July  16.  1887. 

toX'-6-te§,  s.     [Gr.  toJ6t>)5  (fozotes)  =  a  bow- 
man.] 

1.  IcMhy. :  Agenus  of  Squ.iinipinnes(q.v.). 
witli  two  species,  from  the  East  Indies.  Body 
short,  compressed,  covered  with  scales  of  a 
moderate  size ;  ^ 

snout  pointed,  „  .  ,:^i«^3S^p^?^^2iiJ '.;4 
with  wide  lat- 
eral mouth  and 
projecting  un- 
der jaw  ;  one 
dorsal, with  five 
strong  spines 
on  posterior 
part  of  the 
back ;  anal  with 
three  spines. 
Toxotes  jaculn- 
tor,  the  more 
common  spe- 
cies, ranges  to 
the  coast  of 
Australia.  It 
owes  its  speci- 
fic name  to  its 
habit  ot  throw- 
ing a  drop   of 

water  at  insects  which  it  perceives  near  the 
surface  in  order  to  make  them  fall  in,  and 
so  bring  them  within  its  reach.  The  Malays 
keep  it  in  a  bowl  in  order  to  witness  this 
liabit,  which  persists  in  captivity. 

2.  Pahcont. :  From  the  Eocene  of  Monte 
Bolca. 

t6$-  (1),  s.  &  a.  (Cut.  «i(i!/=  tools,  utensils, 
implements,  trash  ;  speeltvig  =  playthings, 
toys  ;  Icel.  tygi  =  gear ;  Dan.  tdi  =  stuft, 
things,  gear  ;  legetoi  =  a  plaything,  a  toy,  from 
lege  =  to  play;  Sw.  (.V!7  =  gear,  stuff',  trash; 
Ger.  zeug  =  stuff,  matter,  material,  trash  ; 
spieheiig  =  toys,  from  s;iiri=a  game,  play; 
cf.  Dut.  fooi  =  attire,  ornament;  fooiea=to 
adorn.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

"LA  nick-nack,  an  ornament,  a  bauble. 

"  Any  ailk.  any  thread,  any  loi/s  for  your  head." 
Shtthenp. :  IVhtlers  Tate,  iv.  2. 


TOXOTES  .TACULATOR. 


*  o    A  tiling  for  aniuseiiient.  but  of  no  real. 
vaUie  ;  a  trilte.    (Slmkesp. :  1  Henry  17.,  iv.  1.) 

.3.  A  clidd's  plaything. 

"  Men  deal  wttli  life  aa  children  witli  their  play. 
Wlio  rtret  misuse,  then  cast  their  toy*  away. ' 

Cowper:  ffof/e.  128. 

4.  A  matter  of  no  importance  ;  a  trille. 

"1.1  duty  a  mere  sport,  or  an  employ  ? 
Life  an  intrusted  talent,  or  a  fo.v .'  ' 

Coicper :  Helirenient,  CaO. 

*  5.  Folly  ;  trifling  practice  ;  silly  opinion. 

"Tlie  tilings  whioii  ao  long  experience  of  all  a^.* 
hath  coutlrmed  and  made  profltahle,  let  ns  not  pie- 
sniiie  to  condemn  us  follies  and  fo*8.  —Uwiker :  Ecctes. 
Vutilij. 

'  ().  Amorous  dalliance  ;  play,  sport. 

■■  So  said  he.  and  forbore  not  glance  or  to;i 
ot  amorous  Intent."     Milton  :  P.  L.,  ix.  1.034. 

♦  7.  An  old  story  ;  a  silly  tale. 

"  I  never  may  believe 
These  antic  fables,  uor  these  iairy  fo//,<." 
Sliakesp. :  Midsummer  Siffltt's  Drmm,  v.  3. 

♦  8.  An  idle  fancy ;  an  odd  conceit. 

"  The  very  place  puts  toys  of  desperation.  , 
Without  more  motive,  into  every  Itiaiii, 

blinkcxp. :  liomtet,  I.  i. 

•  9.  A  slight  representation. 

"  Sliail  that  wliicb  hath  always  received  this  cou- 
atniction.  las  now  disguised  with  a  toy  of  novelty.  — 
llookcv :  Eeelet.  Polity. 

*  10.  The  same  as  Toy-mutoh  (q.v.). 

"  Euveloiwd  in  a  toy.  from  under  the  protection  of 
which  some  of  her  grey  tresses  had  escaped.  —Scot4: 
Old  Mortatity,  ch   xxxix. 

n.  A  toy-dog  (q.v.). 

"  lu  the  rovfi  eyual  first  went  to  the  well-known  Wee 
Flower  and  it  very  good  lilack-aud-tivu  called  Little 
Jem.'— ric/if.  Jan.  '23.  1832. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Made  or  used  as  a  toy  or  play- 
thing, not  for  actual  service. 

•'Whose  career  is  not  uiifreqnently  brought  to  .1 
close  by  the  hunting  of  a  toy  caunou.' — fluifj/  2e(e- 
ftriip'i.  Aug.  25,  1885. 

H  To  take  toy ;  To  be  restive  ;  to  start. 

•'  The  hot  hoi'se.  hot  as  fire. 
Took  toy  at  this,"        Two  A'obte  Kinamen,  v.  4. 

toy-dog, .'.    A  toy-terrier  (q.v.). 
toy-mutcll,  s.     A  close  linen  or  woollen 
cap,  withuut  lace,  frill,  or  border,  and  with 
flaps  covering  the  neck  and  part  of  the  shoul- 
ders, worn  by  old  women.    (Scotch.) 

toy-spaniel,  .i.  A  breeder's  name  for 
spaniels  (q.v.)  of  the  King  Charles  and  Blen- 
heim breed.  (!'.  Shaw:  Book  of  the  Dog,.ch. 
xxiii.) 

toy-terrier,  s.  A  pigmy  variety  of  Uie 
BlacU-and-tan  Terrier.    (See  extract.) 

"  In  breeding  is  certain,  if  carried  too  far.  to  stunt 
the  growth  of  any  auim.il.  .and  this  is.  without  any 
doubt  the  means  by  which  the  modern  toy.terriei-  wa.s 
first  originated,  —  r.  Sltaio:  Hook  of  the  nog,  ch,  xxii- 

•  toy,  r.i.  &  (.    [Toy,  s.] 

A.  Intmnsttive : 

L  To  dally  amorously  ;  to  play,  to  sport. 

"  VVliiles  thus  she  talked,  and  whiles  thus  she  loyd." 
^peiiBcr:  F.  U..  II.  vi.  11. 
2.  To  trifle. 

"  They  prophaue  holy  liaptiame  in  foi/iM?  foolishly, 
for  that  tliey  ask  questions  of  an  infant  which  cannot 
answer.  —//ooAcr,  Lcctes.  Polity,  bk.  v.,  §  64.    (Notei) 

B.  7'raiis.  :  To  treat  foolislily. 

to^'-er,  s.    [Eng.  toy ;  -er.l    One  who  toys  ; 
one  who  is  full  of  trifling  tricks  ;  a  trifler. 

"  Wanton  Cupid,  idle  toyer.'  J.  Ifdrrison. 


'  toy'-ful,   ti 

trilling    play 
some. 

"  It  quick'ned  next  a  foK/wf  ape. 

Ooutte :  Progress  of  the  Soul. 

■ish.) 


[Eng.   toy:    -fuKl).]     Full   of 
r   dalliance ;   sportive,  game- 


*  to^'-ish,  o.     [Eng.  toy ; 

1.  Trilling,  wanton. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  a  toy  or  plaything  ;  fit 
for  a  child's  plaything. 

"Away,  ye  toyish  reeds,  that  once  could  please 
Bly  softer  lips,  and  lull  my  cares  to  ease." 

Pomfret :  Dies  A'ovisstma. 

3.  Small ;  like  a  toy  dog. 

"  Richmond  Puzzle,  fourth  prize,  is  at  present  small 
and  toyish."— Field,  Jan.  23,  1836. 

*  toy'-ish-ly,  nrft'.     [Eng.  (oi/is/i  ;  -?!/.]    In  a 
toyish  or  trilling  manner. 

*  t6y'-ish-neS8, .«.    [Eng.  foi/is/i ; -iiess.]    Dis- 

position to  toy  or  trifle  ;  wantonness,  trifling. 

"Your  society    will   diaci-edit   tliat  toyishness  of 

wanton    fancy,   that    plays    tricks  with    vyords.   and 

fvolicks  with  the  caprices  of  frothy  imagination.  — 

Ohimill :  Scepsis  Seientifica. 

t65''-inan,  s.    [Eng.  toy,  and  ■nwn.]    One  who 
deals  in  toys. 

"  Milliners,  toymen,  and  jewellers  came  down  from 
London."— J/aca((f«i/ ;  Bist.  Eny.,  ch.  ilL 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faO,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  manne;   So.vot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU;  try,  Syrian,    sb,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  Kw. 


toyo— ^tracheata 


117 


ttfjK-o,  .<.    [Guiiinan.] 

Hot.  if-  Phoriii.  :  An  unidentiticd  fi-«graiit 
plant  L;inwing  in  British  Guiana.  An  infnsion 
and  syiuj)  of  tlu-  leaves  and  stems  are  em- 
ployed as  a  remetly  iu  chronic  coughs,  {t'n-a^. 
n/  hot.) 

"to^'-oiis,  n.    [Eng.  ^oy;  -oi'.s.]    Tritrmg. 

•'  ,\i;;iiiist  tlit»  hare  in  nil 
Pi.nf  foi/xift."      Warner:  Albiont  Enjhtiul,  v.  2.. 

to^'-shop,  s.  [Eng.  tofj,  and  shop.]  A  shop 
where  toys  are  kept  for  sale. 

"  FiiiiB.  silks,  rllibaiids.  liioes,  ftiul  gews^ws.  lay  so 
tliir-i  t.^Kethti,  tlint  the  heart  wjia  uotliiiiy  etae  but  a 
toi/shii.1  "—AtitHsoH. 

'  t^   some,  «.     [Eng.  ton;  ■f'omc.]    Disposed 

to  toy  or  tiifle  ;  wanton. 

Two  i.rlliree  ttiysome  thtngs  were  saiil  bymj  lord." 
—Ui>:Ua}-dson :  Sir  C  UratidU-jn,  v.  3'J9. 

t6^e»  i-.(.  [Cf.  totter.]  To  totter  with  or  as 
with  Mitl  age.    (Scotch.) 

••  We've  woru  to  cm^y  yenra  thegither  ; 
Well  tO!/te about  wi'  aue  aiiitltfv." 

Biirn$  :  To  hix  Aiitd  Mare  Maggie. 

to^ -wort,  s.     [Enj.  toy,  and  vort,  from  tlie 
iTSi-niMance  of  the  seed-vessel  to  a  toy  purse.] 
/;  >t. :  CapseUu  Bursa-pastoris. 

'  toze,  rj.  [TousE,  TowsE.]  To  puU  by  vio- 
lence. 

"Thinkat  tliou,  for  that  I  inaiimate,  or  tosc  from 
tliee  thy  business,  I  am  tlieiefoie  iia  courtierf  — 
Shakesi:  :   M'inier's  Title,  iv.  a. 

*t6'-Z3^,  rt.  ITowsv.]  Resembling  teased  wool ; 

soft. 

r -plate.  .';.     [The  letter  T,  andjj/tt/e.] 

1.  An  angle-iron  of  T-forin,  having  two 
bran  I- lies. 

2.  A  carriage-iron  for  strengthening  a  Joint, 
sucli  as  at  the  intersection  of  the  tongue  and 
cross-bar ;  the  coupling-pole,  or  reach,  and 
the  hind  axle. 

^  tra'-be-a,  5.    [Lat.l 

Hoiiwn  Antiq.  :  A  robe  of  state  worn  by 
kings,  consuls,  augurs,  &c.,  in  ancient  Rome. 

tra -be-at-ed,  o.     [Lat.  trahs,  genit.  tmhis 
=  a  beam.] 
Arch.  :  Furnished  with  an  entablature. 

tra-be-a'-tion,  .^.    [TnABEATEo.] 

Arch.  :  The  saute  as  Entablature  (q.v.). 

tra-bec-u-la(pl.  tra-bec'-u-lse),  trab- 
e-CUle.  s.  [Lat.,  diinin.  from  trahs,  genit. 
trahi'^  =  a  beam.) 

1.  Anat.  (Pi):  Bars;  spec,  used  of  the 
trabecule  of  the  cranium  ;  longitudinal  carti- 
laginous bars  in  the  embryonic  skull  enclosing 
the  Sella  turcica  (q.v.).  There  are  also  trabe- 
cular of  the  lymphatic  glands,  the  spleen,  &c. 

2.  Bof.  :  A  cross  bar  occurring  in  the  teeth 
of  maii>'  mosses. 

tra-bec'-u-late,  tra-bec'-u-lar, «.    [Tra- 

BECl-LA.] 

Lot. :  Furnished  with  a  trabccula. 

trab'-e-cule,  s.    [Trabeci'la.] 

trace  (i),  s.  [Fr.  =  a  trace,  a  footprint,  a  path, 
a  tract,  from  tracer  —  to  trace,  to  follow,  to  pur- 
sue ;  trasser  =  to  delineate,  to  trace  out,  from 
an  hypothetical  Low  Lat.  tractio,  from  Lat. 
tracing,  pa.  par.  of  traho  =  to  drag,  to  draw  ; 
cf.  Ital.  tracdore  =^  to  trace,  to  devise;  Sp. 
tmzar  —  to  plan,  to  sketch.] 

I.  Ordinnry  Language : 

I.  The  mark  left  by  anything  passing ;  a 
track. 


2.  A  mark,  impression,  or  visible  appear- 
ance of  anything  remaining  when  the  thing 
itself  is  lust  or  no  longer  exists;  a  visible 
evidence  of  soniHthing  having  been  ;  remains, 
token,  vestige,  sign. 

"  There  are  not  tiie  l-^ast  trares  of  it  to  be  met.  the 
gi-eatest  part  of  the  oru:iuieuts  lieiiig  taken  from  Tra- 
jan's arch,  aud  aet  up  to  the  coiuiuevor.'— Addison  : 

On  Italy. 

3.  A  small  or  insignificaut  quantity.  (Lit. 
&Jig.) 

"  But  there  waa  a  trace  of  truth  in  the  wonla  :  they 
were  smart  as  well  as  allly." — Field,  Aug.  27.  1837. 

II.  TechniaiUy: 

1.  Fort. :  The  ground-plan  of  a  work. 

2.  (ieovu  :  The  intersection  of  a.  jilane  with 
one  of  the  jdanes  of  [uoju-ction.     Tlie  trace  on 


the  vertical  plane  is  called  the  vertical  trace, 
that  on  the  horizontal  plane  the  hori/<uital 
trace.  Since  two  lines  of  a  plane  tix  its  posi- 
tion, if  the  traces  of  a  plane  are  known  the 
plane  is  said  to  be  known  ;  that  is,  a  plane  is 
given  by  its  traces. 

tra9e  (2),   •  traloe.   *  trayce,  s.     [O.  Fr. 

tniys,  prob.  a  plural  form  t-quivaleut  to  Fr. 
traits,  pi.  of  trait  =  a  trace.)    [Thait.] 

1.  Saddlery :  A  strap,  chain,  or  i<^i)e  attached 
to  the  hames,  collar,  or  breast-baiui  of  a  set  of 
harness,  and  to  tlie  single-tree  or  other  part  of 
a  veliicle,  and  by  which  the  vehicle  is  drawn. 

2.  Angling  :  A  line. 

"  I  have  fouml  a  very  long  trace  or  auootl  a  source  of 
eiiibaiiiisameut."— /'(((J,  Jau.  9,  183ii. 

trace-buckle,  s. 

Saddlery :  A  long,  heavy  buckle  used  in 
attacliing  a  trace  to  a  tug. 

trace -fastener,  s.  A  hook  or  catch  to 
attach  tlic  bind  end  of  a  trace  to  a  single-treo 
or  splinter-bar. 

trace-hook,  s.    A  hook  on  the  end  of  a 

singlf-trt-f  or  splinter-bar  to  whicli  the  trace 
is  attached. 

tra^e  (1),  v.t.  &.  i.    [Trace  (1),  s.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  follow  the  trace  or  tracks  of;  to 
track. 

"  Tracing  the  Eake  from  its  source  till  it  joiiia  the 
sea  at  Muaselburgh."— Sco«  ;  Gray  Brother.    (Note.) 

2.  To  follow  by  some  mark  or  marks  left  by 
the  thing  followed  ;  to  follow  by  signs  or 
tokens  ;  to  discover  by  signs  or  tokens. 

'■  The  gift,  whose  office  is  the  giver's  praise. 
To  (race  hiiu  in  bia  word,  his  woiks,  his  ways." 
Cowper:  Table  Talk,  751. 

*  3.  To  follow  with  exactness. 

'■  That  servile  path  thou  nobly  dost  decline. 
Of  tracint!  word  by  word,  and  hue  by  line." 

Detiham  :  To  Sir  /iichard  Faiishaiv. 

4.  To  draw  out ;  to  delineate  with  marks. 

"  In  this  chart  I  have  laid  down  no  '.and,  nor  traced 
out  any  shore  but  wliat  I  saw  utyaeU."— Coot  .■  Firtt 
Voyage,  bk.  i,,  ch.  vi, 

5-  To  copy,  as  a  drawing,  engraving,  writing, 
&c.,  by  following  the  lines  and  marking  tlieiii 
on  a  sheet  superimposed,  through  which  they 
are  \isible. 
6.  To  form  in  writing ;  to  write. 

"  The  signature  of  another  plainly  appeared  to  hnve 
been  traced  by  a  hand  shakiug  with  emotion.'*— J/ac- 
aulay :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

'-  7.  To  walk  over ;  to  traverse. 

"  We  do  trace  this  alley  up  and  down." 

Shaketp.  :  MucJi  AtUt  Alwitt  yothing,  iiL  1. 

*  8.  To  ornament  with  traceiy. 

"  Deep-set  wuidowa  stained  and  traced.' 

7'eiiiiyson  :  Palace  of  Art.  49. 

9.  To  follow  step  by  step  :  as,  To  (race  one's 
descent. 

*  B.  Intransitwe : 

1.  To  walk,  to  traverse,  to  travel. 

■■  Tracing  and  traversing,  now  here,  intw  there.' 

Spenser:  F.  U-,  1^"-  ^''-  23. 

2.  To  be  descended. 

"The  Eelvoir  Senator  and  the  Brocklesby  Harbinger 
trnced  directly  to  the  FitzwUliatn."— /"if/rf,   Sept.  4, 

1SS6. 

tra9e  (2),  v.t.     [A  variant  of  trice  (q.v.).] 

^'nnt, :  To  haul  and  make  fast  anything  as  a 
temporary  security.    (Witli  uik) 

tra9e'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  trace  (1),  V.  ;  ■able] 
Capable  of  being  traced. 

"  Here  traceable,  there  hiddeu,  there  again 
To  sight  restored,  and  gUtteiing  in  the  sun," 

Wurdmiurlh  :  Excursion,  bk.  v. 

"  trace'- a-ble-nes3,  y.  [Eng.  traceable ; 
-i(.\s-..]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  trace- 
able. 

'  trace-a-bl^,  odv.  [Eng.  traceable);  -ly.] 
In  a  traceable  manner;  so  as  to  admit  of 
being  traced. 

tra9e'-less,  a.  [Eng.  trace;  -less.]  That  can- 
not be  tracetL 

"  On  traceless  copper  sees  imperial  heads." 

Wolcott  :  I'eter  Pindar,  p.  212. 

tra9-er,  s.     [Eng.  trace  (l),  V. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  traces. 

"A  diligent  tracer  of  the  prints  of  nature's  toot- 
steps."— //at^wi//  .'  On  Providence,  p.  164. 

2.  An  instrument  like  a  stylus  for  tracing 
drawings,  &c.,  on  a  superimposed  sheet  of 
paper,  &c. 

3.  A  simple  kind  of  pantograph  (q.v.). 


tray'-er-j^,  a-.     [Eng.  trace;  -ry.] 

Arch.:  The  species  of  pattern-work  formM 
or  traced  in  the  heaii  of  a  Uutluc  window  by 
the  muHions  being  continued,  but  divorgiuic 
into  arches,  curves,  and  Howing  lines  enriched 
with  foliations,  Tlie  styles  varied  in  diffeirnl 
ages  and  countries,  and  are  known  as  ge'H 
mctrical,  flowing,  Ilaiuboyant,  &c.  Also  th«j 
subdivisions  of  groined  vaults,  or  any  orn*- 
menti*!  design  of  the  .same  character  for  doont, 
pant;lling,  ceilings,  ka. 

"Tlie  traceries  and  couBtructlou  do  not  agree  wlti 
the  ruile  arts  o(  such  a  barbaruua  and  early  |>erl<j(l.'  — 
yVarton  ,   Hi.it.  ,>/  Kiddingtoti,  \<.  IS. 

traoh-,  tra-ch^-,  vref.  [Gr.  Tpa^vt  ((nic/tu*) 
=  rough,  liarsli,  savage. 1  A  i)retlx  used  in 
natural  history  to  denote  roughness  or  hir- 
sute iiess, 

tra  -che-a,  tra  che  -a, ''.  (Mod.  Lat..  from 
Lilt,  trai'hxa;  '(Jr.  T(ia\ila.  (Iracheio)  =  the 
windpii)e.] 

1.  Anatomy: 

(1)  In  the  air-breathing  vertebrates  the 
windpipe,  the  air-passage  common  to  both 
lungs.  It  is  an  open  tube  commencing  above 
the  larynx,  and  dividing  below  into  right  an<l 
left  bronchi,  one  for  eacli  lung.  In  man  it  is 
usually  from  four  to  four  and  a  half  inches 
long  by  three-quarters  to  an  inch  broad.  In 
front  and  at  the  sides  it  is  rendered  cylindri- 
cal, firm,  and  resistent  by  a  series  of  cartilag- 
inous rings,  Tliese,  however,  are  absent  from 
its  posterior  portion,  which  is,  in  consequence, 
flattened  and  wholly  membranous.  The 
trachea  is  nearly  everywhere  connected  by 
loose  areolar  tissue,  abounding  in  elastic 
fibres,  and  readily  moves  on  the  surrounding 
parts.    (Quain.) 

(2)  (PL) :  The  air,  respiratory,  or  breathing 
tubes  ramifying  throughout  the  body  of  In- 
sects, Arachnida,  and  Myriapoda.  They  ai« 
long  and  sub-cylindrical,  broadest  at  their 
origin  from  the  spiracles,  and  consist  of 
two  coats,  with  a  spiral  fibre  between  them. 
Sometimes  there  are  air-sacs  destitute  of  spir;il 
fibre. 

2.  Dot.  (PL):  [Spiral-vessel-s]. 

3.  Entom. :  A  genus  of  Orthosidfe.  British 
species  one.  Trachea  j)i»(j>en?fl.,  the  Pine- 
beauty,  the  larva  of  which,  a  long,  smooth 
caterpillar  of  bright  colour,  feeds  on  lir  trees. 

tracbea-forceps,  ^^. 

Sin-'f. :  A  long,  curved  forceps  for  extracting 
articles  wliich  may  have  accidentally  intruded 
tliciiisclves  into  the  windpipe  or  throat. 

tra'-cbe-al,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  trache(a) ;  Eng. 
adj.  suir.  -'(/.)  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  trachea, 
or  windpipe. 

*  tracheal-animals,  s.  pi. 

Kntnin.  :  oUeiis  name  for  insects. 
tracbeal-artery,  s. 

Aiuit.:  An  artery,  or  rather  a  series  of 
orteries,  branching  ott  from  the  inferior 
tliyroid,  ramifying  over  the  trachea,  and  am- 
stomosing  below  with  the  bronchial  arteries. 

tra-cbe-a'-li-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  LaL 
trachea  =  the  w'indpipe.]     [Tbachitis.] 

*tra-che-ar-i-a,  .'.  2'?-     [Mod.  Lat.,  fruiu 

trachea  (<i.v.).] 

Zool.:  A  sub-division  of  the  class  Arachnida, 
breathing  by  tracheal  tubes.  Tliere  are  two 
orders,  Adelarthrosomata  and  Monomeios-y- 
mata  (q.v.). 

*tra-che-ar'-i-an,  a.  &  s.    iTr.acheabi\.1 
'    A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Trache- 
aria  (q.v.). 

B,  .4s  sub^t.  :  Any  individual  of  the  Tra- 
chcaria  (<i.v.). 

tra'-che-ar-y,  a.  &s.    [Tr.achea.J 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Bot.  :  Designed  as  air-passages. 

2.  Zool. :  Breathing  by  means  of  trache*. 

B.  As  snbst.  :  An  arachnid  belonging  to  tlio 
division  Trailn-aria  (4. v.). 

tracheary-vessels,  :*.  pi.     [Tkacues- 

CHV.MA.] 

t  tra-che-a-ta,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat. 
trackiii  =  the  windpipe.)    (Trachea.) 

Zool.:  A  group  of  Arachnida,  comprising 
those  which  breathe  by  trachea;.  These  are 
sometimes  merged  in  a  larger  group  of  the 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9ell,  chorus,  9liin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  tbin,  tbis;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^enophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  sb^n.    -tion,  -sion  =  sbun;  -tlon,  -jion  =  zbun.    -cious,  -tious,  -slous  =  sbus,    -ble»  -die,  i:c.  =  b?!,  dpL 


MS 


tracheide— trachylobium 


Miih-  name  comprising  Insecta,  Myriapoda, 
ami  ArurtiiiiiU. 
tr&Oll  -4  ide,  ».     [Lat.  tmchea,  and  Gr.  tUov 

^^eu^^■y)  -  r-triii.J 
I'M-t.    ( /'/.) ;    Pittt'd    colls,    Airnished    with 
'     .siiirnI.rvln.'ulatf,nraiiiiulartliickcnuiK  layers. 
1hf\  «>ccur  nliundniitly  in  the  yew,  the  lime, 
Ntid  viltiinmm.    (ThoiiU.) 

tra-cbd-i-tis,  s.    (Trachitis.) 

txa-obo  -U-a,  *.  ji.    ITRAcnELins.l 

Am'-ki,  :  A  gnMin  of  Hcteromcra,  founded 
l.v  \\\stwnod.  Tliey  comprise  all  but  the 
Ti  lu'l'rionidie  (q.v.),  and  are  distinciiihhed  by 
the  hrad  Wing  exsi-rted,  sua  integuments, 
and  vtiried  eoloralion. 

tra-ohd-li'-i-dee,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  I^t.  tra- 

chfli(us);  Lnt.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida:] 

Zf'l :  A  family  of  Holotriclious  Infusoria, 
with  three  genera,  two  entirely  and  one  chiefly 
freshwater  in  habitat.  Animalcules,  free- 
swimming,  ovate  or  elnngatf,  highly-elastic, 
ciliate  thruughont;  oral  cilia  slightly  larger 
than  tli'»*e  of  ihe  general  surface  ;  oral  aper- 
ture at  the  l»ase  of  an  anterior  prolongation. 

tra  Ohel'-i-pod,  s.  [Traohelipoda.I  Any 
liuiividiial  nl  the  order  Tracliclipoda  (q.v.). 

•  tra-ohS-Up'-o-do,  .t.  /'/.  IGr.  TpaxiiAos((r«- 
(fKh>s)=  tlie  neek,  aud  ttoOs  0>ou*-),  geuit.n-oSos 
(jpodos)  =  tlie  foot.] 

Zool. :  An  order  of  MoUusca,  established  by 
Lamarck,  and  divided  into  two  groups:  (1) 
Caniivorous,  (2)  Fe.-iliii;.;  mi  plaTits.  The  order 
was  approximately  eiiuivalent  to  the  Proso- 
branchiata  (q-v.)  cf  Mihie  Kdwards, 

•  tra-che-lip'-d-dou8,  «.  [Eng.  tmchelipod ; 
■■•us.\  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  Trache- 
lij-uda  ;  having  the  foot  united  with  the  neck. 

tra-che -li-nm*  s.  [Gr.  rpaxi^o?  (trachHos) 
=  the  throat.  Fioni  its  supposed  efficacy  in 
diseases  of  the  trachea.] 

Boi. :  Throatwort ;  a  genus  of  CampanulaccEe. 
The  species  are  from  the  Mediterranean  aud 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Two  species,  both 
with  blue  flowers,  are  cultivated  in  British 
;.'ard<Mis  in  borders. 

tra-clie'~li-^t  5.  [Gr.  rpaxji^ia  (tracMlia) 
=  scraps  of  meat  and  gristle  about  the  neek  ; 
otTal.) 

Zvol. :  The  type-genus  of  Tracheliida;  (q.v.), 
with  one  species,  from  bog- water. 

tra-Che-16-,  j>r^.  [Gr.  rpoxijAos  (trachclos) 
=  the  throat  or  neck.] 

Anat. :  A  prefix  used  in  words  of  Greek 
origin,  and  meaning,  of,  belonging,  or  relating 
ti>  the  throat  or  neek. 

trachelo-mastold.  a. 

A  tuU.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  mastoid  pro- 
cess and  to  the  neck.  There  is  a  trachelo- 
mmioid  muscle. 

tra-che-ld-9er'-c^  5.  [Pref.  trachelo-,  and 
Or.  KtpKO<:  {ktrkos)  =  a  tail.] 

ZqoI.  :  The  type-genus  of  Trachelocercidic 
(q.v.),  with  four  species.  Traclielocerca  olor 
(=  Vibrio  proteus,  I'.  oIot,  V.  cygnus.  MUll.)  is 
from  pond-water,  T.  versatilis,  T.  phani- 
coj}t(nfs,  and  T.  tenuicollis  inhabit  salt-water. 

tra-clie-ld-9er'-9i-d8e»  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
trach€loc€rc(o,) ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sufl".  -ida:.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Holotrichous  Infusoria, 
with  six  genera.  Animalcules  free-swiinming, 
flask-shaped  or  elongate,  soft  and  flexible, 
ciliate  throughout ;  oral  aperture  terminal  or 
sulj-terriiinal. 

tra-che-lo-mdn'-&s,  s.  [Pref.  trachelo-,  and 
.^lod.  Lat.  j/if/Kii  (q.v.).] 

Zool :  Agenus  of  Euglenia(or,as  the  family-is 
now  generally  called,  Euglenidie),  with  several 
species,  mostly  from  fresh  water.  Animalcules 
with  one  flagelbim,  plastic,  and  changeable  in 
form,  enclosed  within  a  free-floating  sheath  or 
Ulrica;  endoplasni  grt-en,  usually  with  a  red 
pigment-spot  at  the  anterior  extremity. 

tra-chS-ld-pbyl'-li-dse,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat. 
trachelophylU^uiii) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -itke.] 
Zool. :  A  family  of  Holotrichous  Infusoria, 
with  three  genera.  Flask-shaped,  free-swim- 
ming animalcules;  ciliate  throughout;  oral 
aperture  perforating  tlie  extremity  of  the  an- 
terior region. 


tra-ch6-ld-ph3^1'-lum,  .<.  [Pref.  trachelo-, 
and  tir.  <i>vk\ov  (phiillun)-=  a  leaf.) 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Trachelophyllida?, 
with  two  species,  ftom  pond  and  stagnant 
water. 

tri  Ch6n'-ch^-ma,  s.  [Pref.  trach(eo);  and 
Cir.  t-yxufia  (*  ji^l/ih/*n()  =  iufusiou.] 

Hot. :  Vascular  tissue  consisting  of  simple 
membranous,  uubranchod  tubes,  tapering  to 
each  end,  but  often  ending  abruptly,  either 
having  a  fibre  genemted  si)irally  in  the  inside, 
or  having  their  walls  marked  by  transverse 
bars  arranged  more  or  less  spirally.  It  is 
diviiled  into  three  kinds :  spiral,  annular,  and 
reticulated. 

tra-che-6-.  pre/.  [Trachea.]  Oforpertaiu- 
ing  to  the  tracht-a  ur  trachese. 

tracheo -branchiae,  s.  j}l. 

Biol.:  The  name  giveu  to  processes  in  the 
larvte  of  some  aquatic  insects,  projecting 
laterally  from  the  somites,  and  containing 
tracheie,  which  communicate  with  those  which 
traverse  the  body.  They  are  in  no  sense 
branchiie,  but  simply  take  the  plaee  of  stig- 
mata.    {Huxley:  Anat.  Invert.  Anim.,  p.  S-V.'.) 

tra'-che-o-cele,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  (rac/iea  =  the 
trai^hca,  and  Gr.  KtjAij  (/.('/t")  =  a  tumour.]  An 
enlargement  of  the  thyroid  gland,  brouchocele, 
or  goitre. 

tra'-che-O-tome,  s.     [Tracheotome.] 

Siirtj.  :  A  kind  of  lancet  with  a  blunt  and 
rounded  point,  used  for  making  an  opening  to 
remove  foreign  substances,  or  to  permit  the 
passage  of  air  to  the  lungs. 

tra-che-ot'-d-my',  s.  (Mod.  Lat.  trachea  — 
the  trachea,  and  Gr.  to/ai?  (tomt)  ~  a  cutting.] 
Surg. :  The  operation  of  making  an  opening 
iuto  the  trachea  or  windpipe,  as  in  case  of 
sufl"ocation.  The  operations  of  laryngotomy, 
tracheotomy,  and  bronchotomy  are  essentially 
similar,  the  terms  being  derived  from  the 
name  of  the  part  whose  walls  are  penetrated 
to  remove  foreign  bodies  or  permit  passage  of 
air  to  the  lungs. 

tracheotomy-tube,  «. 

Surg.  :  A  tube  to  be  placed  in  an  opening 
made  through  the  walls  of  the  trachea  to  per- 
mit passage  of  air  to  the  lungs  in  case  of 
stricture  of  the  larynx,  or  the  presence  of 
foreign  bodies  to  the  air-duct. 

trach-ich'-thys,  s.  [Pref.  trach-,  and  Gr. 
ixBvs  {khthus)=. a,  fish.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Berycidffi,  with  four 
species  from  New  Zealand  and  Madeira. 
Snout  very  short  aud  obtuse ;  eye  large  ;  a 
strong  spine  at  the  scapula  and  at  the  angle 
of  the  prffioperculum ;  scales  rather  small; 
abdomen  serrated ;  one  dorsal,  with  from 
three  to  six  spines  ;  ventral  with  six  soft 
rays  ;  caudal  forked. 

tra-chin'-i-dsB,  s.pl.  [Mod,  Lat.  trachin{us) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suft'.  -idai.] 

1.  Ichthy.  :  A  family  of  Acanthopterygii 
Cotto-Scombrifornies.  Body  elongate,  low, 
naked,  or  covered  with  scales ;  one  or  two 
dorsal  fins,  the  spinous  portion  being  always 
shorter  and  much  less  developed  than  the 
soft ;  development  of  anal  like  that  of  soft 
dorsal  ;  ventralswith  one  spine  and  five  rays; 
gill-openings  more  or  less  wide.  The  family 
is  divided  into  five  groups,  widely  distributed : 
Uranoscopina,  Traehinina,  Pinguipedina, 
Pseudochroraides,  aud  Nototheniina. 

2.  Palccont. :  Three  fossil  genera  are  known  : 
Callipteryx,  scaleless,  from  the  Eocene  of 
Monte  Bolea;  Trachinopsis,  from  the  Upper 
Tertiary  of  Lorca,  Spain,  and  Pseudoeleginus, 
from  tlie  Miocene  of  Licata,  Sicily. 

tra-chin-i'-na,  s.pl  [Mod.  Lat.  trachiiiias) ; 
Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff".  -ina.] 

Idithy.  :  A  group  of  Trachinidre,  with  nu- 
merous genera,  one  of  which,  Bathydraco,  is 
the  only  deep-sea  fish  of  the  family.  Eyes 
more  ur  less  lateral  ;  lateral  line  continuous. 

tra'-Chin-dps,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  trachin(ns),  and 
Gr.  ui^  (o;'s)=  the  eye,  the  face.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Plesiopina  (q.v.),  from 
the  coast  of  Australia. 

tra-chin-dp'-sis,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  trachinins), 
and   Gr.  oi^ts  {opsis)  =  appearance.]     [Tba- 

CHIMD.E,  '2.) 


tra'-chin-US,  s.     [Mod,  Lat.,  froniGr.  rpaxus 

{trach'is)  =  rough.] 

I'-hthy. :  Weevers ;  the  type-genus  of  ira- 
chinina.  Mouth-cleft  oblique  ;  eyes  lateral, 
directed  upwards  ;  scales  very  small,  cycloid  ; 
two  dorsals,  the  first  short ;  ventrals  jugular, 
lower  pectoral  rays  simple  ;  villiform  teeth  in 
jaws,  on  vomer,  and  palatine  bones;  pra-or- 
bital  and  pra-operculum  armed.  Several 
species,  common  on  the  European  coasts, 
absent  from  the  Atlantic,  but  re-appearing  on 
the  coast  of  Chili.  Two  are  British  :  Tra- 
chiiius  draco,  the  Greater,  and  T.  vipera,  the 
Lesser  Weever. 

tra-Chi'-tis*  s.  [Eng.  trachea;  suff.  -itis, 
denoting  infianimatiou.] 

I'athol  :  Inflammation  of  the  trachea  or 
windpipe.  Called  also  Tracheitis  and  Trache- 
alia. 

tra-cllle,  trau-chle,  r.i.  or  t.  [Cf.  draggh.] 
To  draggle;  to  exhaust  with  long  exertion; 
to  wear  out  with  fatigue.     {Scotch.) 

tra- oho' -ma,  s.  [Gr.  Tpaxw/i.a(/rac/wHi/()=a 
roughness.] 

Pathol  :  A  roughness  of  the  eyelids,  espe- 
cially on  their  inner  parts,  from  scabs,  arising 
from  an  obstruction  of  the  sebaceous  glands. 
There  is  a  heaviness  in  the  eye,  a  swelling  of 
the  eyelids,  with  a  pain  and  itching  in  their 
corners  and  in  the  conjunctiva,  and  the  flow 
of  a  viscid  humour,  which  sometimes  agglu- 
tinates the  eyelids. 

tra  -  cho  -  me  -  du'  -  sae,  s.  pi    [Gr.  Tpaxvs 

{trachus)  =  rough,  and  Mod.  Lat.  medusa.] 

Znol.  :  An  order  of  Hydrozoa.  sub-cla.ss 
Hydromedus*,  with  the  families :  Petasidae, 
TrachynemidiC,  Aglaurida,  and  Geryonid;e. 
They  are  Medusse  related  to  Hydra,  and  have 
modified  tentacles  as  sense-organs.  No  hydra- 
form  stage  is  known  in  any  member  of  the 
group,  and  in  one  genus  (Geryonia)  there  is 
direct  development  from  the  egg  into  the 
medusa  form. 

t  tra-Cbiir'-iis,  s.      [Gr.  rpaxvs  (trachus)  = 

rough,  and  ovpd  ('niru)  =  ta.il. ] 

Ichthy.  :  An  old  genus  of  Carangidse,  now 
generally  merged  in  Scomber  (the  type-geuus 
of  Scombridte).  Trachurus  trachums  is  the 
Horse-mackerel.  It  is  about  a  foot  long,  or 
about  the  length  of  thecouimon  mackerel,  and 
is  found  in  the  European  seas,  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  ou  the 
coasts  of  New  Zealand  and  Western  America. 
It  appears  off"  tlie  shores  of  Cornwall  and 
Deviui  in  immense  shoals,  which  are  preyed 
on  by  a  large  number  of  marine  birds.  Us 
flesh  is  far  inferior  to  that  of  the  common 
mackerel. 

tra-chy-ba-salt',  s.    [Pref.  trachy-,  and  Eng. 

basalt.] 

Petrol  :  Boricky's  name  for  a  group  of 
basalts  which  he  regards  as  of  the  latest 
origin.  They  are  very  fine-grained  ;  colour, 
shades  of  gray;  aud  contain  zeolitic  sub- 
stances resembling  those  occurring  in  the 
trachytic  phonolites  of  Bohemia. 

ttra-chy-der'-ma,  s.  [Pref.  trachy-,  and 
Gr.  6tp|ua  i.'/ciHa(.)  =  skin.] 

PahEont. :  A  genus  of  Annelida,  proposed 
by  Phillips  for  the  casts  of  membranous 
flexible  tubes  from  the  Silurian.  Tliey  are 
transversely  wrinkled  or  plaited,  and  though 
the  tube  itself  has  disappeared,  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  they  were  made  by  Annelids. 

tra-chy-der-mdch~er-3^s.  s.  [Pref. 
trachy-;  Gr.  fitp^ua  ('^tri/ia)  =.  .skin,  and  x^^^^ 
{chelns)  =  a  tortoise.] 

Paheont. :  A  genus  of  Chelonia,  with  one 
species,  from  the  Upner  Greensand. 

tra-chy-di'-or-ite,  5.    [Eng.  trachy{te),  and 

dioritf.] 
Petrol.  :  A  name  given  to  a  trachyte  (q.v.) 

which  contains  hornblende. 

tra-ch^-do'-ler-ite,   s.     [Eng.    trachyite), 
and  dolerite.] 
Petrol  :  A  name  given  by  Abich  to  a  rock 

resembling  a  trachyte,  but  intermediate  ir 
comiKisitiou  between  trachyte  and  dolerite. 

tra-chy-16'-bi-um,  s.  [Pref.  trachy-,  and 
Gr.  Ao)36s  (hbos)  =  a  lobe.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Ciesalpiniese,  akin  to  Hy- 
meniea  (q.v.).     [Copal,  %  (1).] 


I5te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  woie.  wplf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw, 


trachynema— tract 


14^ 


tra-chy  ne'-ma,  ?.    iPref.  tmdnj-,  ami  Gv. 
rrjfxa  (itLiiuj)  =  yarn.] 
/.nn}. :  Tht  tvpii'sl  genus  of  Trachynemulic 

(n.v.). 

tra-chjr-ne'-mi-dse,  5.  pi     [Mod  Lat.  tra- 
chynem(a);  Lnt.  fein.  pi.  .'ulj.  snff.  -i(?(r.l 
^00?.:  A  family  uf  Trachomedusa;  (q.v  ). 

tra-chy-no'-tus,  s.     [Pref.  trachy-,  and  Gr. 
I'wro?  (iw(oi')  —  the  back.] 

Ichfin/. :  A  genus  of  ALTonnridae,  with  ten 
speciesl  from  the  tropical  Atlaiitie,  and  Indn- 
Paritio.  Botiy  more  or  less  clevut'-d,  covered 
with  very  small  scales;  mouth  rather  sni;iU, 
with  short  convex  snout ;  opercula  entire  ; 
no  tiidets  ;  first  doi-sal  consisting  of  a  few  free 
spines.  To  this  genus  belong  some  of  the 
commonest  marine  fishes  ;  Trachytiotns  ovatus 
ranges  over  the  whole  tropical  zone. 

tra-chy-6p8,  s.     [Pref.  trachy-,  and  Gr.  6^ 
(,.;<.)  =  the  face.] 

/.<•■■>!.  :  A  genus  of  Vampyri  (q.v.),  with  one 
species,  Trachifops  cirrhosus,  from  Pernanibuen. 
Muzzle  shorteV  than  in  Vampyrus,  and  with 
numerous  conical  warts ;  nose-leaf  well  de- 
vtdoped. 

tra-chyp'-O-gon,  s.     [Pref.  trachy-,  and  Gr. 
TTuiywi'  (^pogoii)  =  a  beard.] 
Bot. :  A  synonym  of  Sorghum  (q.v.). 

tra-chyp-ter'-i-dae,  5.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  «m- 
cbfipteiius):  Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idte.] 

Ichthy. :  A  family  of  fishes  constituting 
tlie  division  Tivniiformes  of  the  order  Aran- 
thopterygii.  Body  ribbon-shaped,  with  the 
dorsal  extending  its  whole  length,  anal  absent, 
caudal  fin  rudimentary,  or  not  in  the  longitu- 
dinal axis  of  the  tisli  ;  ventrals  thoracic, 
either  composed  of  several  rays  or  reduced  to 
a  single  long  filament;  coloration  generally 
silvery,  with  rosy  fins. 

tra-chyp'-ter-iis,  .-i.     [Pref.  t-rachy-,  andGr. 
TTTfpoi'  (ptei-oii)  —  a  wing,  a  fin.] 

Ichthii.  :  Tlie  type-^'enus  of  Tracliypteridte 
(q.v.).  Ventrals  consisting  of  several  more  or 
less  branched  rays.  Speciniens  have  been 
taken  in  the  Mediterranean,  the  Atlantic, 
round  the  Mauritius,  and  in  the  Eastern 
Pacific.  Trachifpterys  arcticns,  the  Deal-fish, 
is  often  met  with  in  the  Nortli  Atlantic,  and 
specimens  are  frequently  washed  ashore  on 
the  northern  cnasts  of  Britain  after  the  equi- 
noctial gales. 

tra-Chj^'-SO'-ma,  5.      [Pref.  trachy-,  and  Gr. 
jiofia  (sdi)ut)=  b'niy.] 

PaJa^ont.  :  A  genus  of  Macrurous  Crustacea, 
with  one  species  from  the  London  Clay. 

tra'-chyte,  s.  [Gr.  rpax"?  (trachus)  —  rough.] 
Pt'froJ.  :  A  name  originally  given  by  Haiiy 
to  a  liglit-eoloured  porous  rock,  containing 
glassy-felspar  (sanidine)  crystals,  with  small 
amounts  of  other  mineials ;  a  well-known 
type  being  that  of  the  Dvachenfels,  Bonn, 
Rhine.  Subsequently  other  rocks,  having  a 
similar  mineral  composition,  were  referred  to 
the  original  type,  but  with  subordinate 
names.  These  were  designated  by  terms 
whicli  indicated  the  predominant  mineral 
constituent,  hence  sanidine-trachyte,  oligo- 
clase-trachyto,  &c.  With  the  exception  of 
the  rocks  of  a  few  localities,  this  word  is  now 
used  as  the  name  of  a  group  of  rocks  having 
certain  physical  and  chemical  resemblances 
in  common,  but  difi'ering  considerably  in  their 
mineralogical  composition.  For  their  min- 
eralogical  composition,  structure  and  classifi- 
cation, see  Roseubusch,  Mikroskopische 
Phfisiographie  d.  vuissigeii  Gesteine  (Stutgart, 
1877),  and  other  petrological  works. 

trachyte-porphyry,  s. 

I'itrol.  :  Tlie  same  as  Quartz-felsite  (q.v.). 
trachyte-tuff;  .^. 

Petrol.:  A  tutf  (q.v.),  consisting  of  either 
fragmentary  or  loosely-compacted  earthy,  vol- 
canic materials,  having  the  composition  and 
structure  of  trachyte  (q.v.). 

tra-chy-tel-la,  s.      [Gr.  TpaxuTTjs  ((rac/iu(es) 

=  roughness.     See  def.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Delimea;.  Sepals  four  to 
five,  petals  four  to  five,  stamens  indefinite, 
carpels  one  or  two,  baccate,  many-seeded. 
The  leaves  of  TrachyttUa  Acttea  are  so  rough 
that  they  are  used  in  Canton  for  polishing 
botli  woud  and  metal. 


tra-chyt-ic.(r.  [Eu^^.trachytif): -k.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling  trachyte. 

■■  Hire  and  tlicre.  ft  trachi/tic  aimr  imijecteil  trom 
the  hi\i*.'—Ch(tmbei-s  Journat.  Feb.  27,  18S6. 

tra^'-ing,  ;"■.  jxtr.,  a.,  k  s.    [Trace  (1),  i'.] 
A.  ^'*;  B.   .U  pr.  par.  £  jjarfiei;).  lulj. :   (See 
th-'  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  uf  one  who  traces. 

2.  Course  ;  regular  tract  or  path. 

3.  A  mechanical  copy  of  an  original  design 
or  drawing,  made  by  following  its  lines 
through  a  transparent  medium,  such  as 
tracing-paper  (q.v.). 

tracing-lines,  s.pl 

Nauf.  :  Lines  in  a  ship  passing  through  a 
block  or  thimble,  and  used  to  hoist  a  thing 
liiglier. 

tracing-paper,  s.  A  tissue-paper  of 
even  body  treated  with  oil,  solution  of  resin 
or  varnish,  to  render  it  transparent. 

track,  *  tracke,  s.  [O.  Fr.  trac  =  a  beaten 
way  or  path,  a  trade  or  course,  from  0.  Dut, 
treck  ;  Dut.  trek  =  a  draught,  from  trekkea  =  to 
draw,  to  pull,  to  travel,  to  march  ;  M.  H.  Ger. 
treckeii  ~  to  draw  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  trecheii,  trehhan 
=  to  scrape,  to  shove,  to  draw;  O.  Fries,  trek- 
ka=  to  draw.  Track  and  tract  were  formerly 
confused,  but  are  really  quite  distinct.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  mark  left  by  something  that  has  passed 
along. 

"  Wild  were  tlie  walks  upon  those  lonely  downs. 
Truck  leading  luto  irack." 

Wordsworth  :  Excursion,  ok.  iii. 

2.  The  mark  or  impression  left  by  the  foot, 
either  of  a  hunnm  being  or  of  one  of  the 
lower  animals  ;  a  footprint,  a  trace. 

"  Neither  track  of  beast 
Nor  foot  of  inau ," 

Beaum.  &  Flet.  :  Sea  Voya-je,  iv. 

3.  A  road,  a  beaten  path. 

"  Nay.  friend,  be  ruled,  nnd  bear  thee  back  : 
Behold,  dowu  yonder  hollow  track." 

Scott:  Rokeby.  iv.  2S. 

4.  A  course  foUnwe^il  ;  a  path  in  general. 

"  From  the  Si>RUiah  trade  iu  the  South-aeas  running 
all  iu  one  track  from  north  to  south."— -4/ison  .■ 
Voyagef.  bk.  i..  uh.  ix. 

5.  A  course  or  line  generally. 

"  To  quit  the  beaten  track  of  life,  and  aoar 
Far  as  she  8nda  a  yielding  element." 

Wordsworth  :  Excursion,  bk.  ili, 

6.  The  rails  on  which  the  locomotives, 
carriages,  &c.,  of  a  railway  run;  the  perma- 
nent way  of  a  railway. 

7.  A  course  laid  out  for  foot-races,  bicycle 
races,  and  the  like. 

'■  The  aixhip  grass  track  on  which  the  a^ove  aporta 
were  held.'— /V^d,  Aug.  20,  1887. 

*  8.  A  tract  of  land. 

"As  little  do  we  intend  to  touch  on  those  small 
tracks  of  grounJ.  the  county  of  Poole,  and  the  like."  — 
Fuller:   Worthies;  General. 

IL  Palceont. :  A  collective  term  used  for  a 
number  of  markings  from  the  older  rocks, 
probably  made  by  Annelids.  They  are  often 
grouped  under  the  following  heads  :— 

(1)  BuTrov!s  of  Habitation:  Shafts  or  bur- 
rows made  in  the  sand  or  mud  of  a  bygone 
age  between  tide-marks  or  in  shallow  water, 
and  communicating  witli  the  surface.  Abun- 
dant in  the  Cambrian  and  Silurian. 

(•2)  Wandering  Burrows:  Long,  irregular, 
wrtuous  burrows  beneath  the  surface,  such 
as  are  made  by  the  livhis  Arenicola  piscatorum. 
From  tlie  Palaeozoic  Rocks. 

(3)  Tracks  and  trails  :  Markings  formed  by 
the  animal  dragging  its  soft  body  over  the 
surface  of  wet  sand  or  mud,  between  tide- 
marks  or  in  shallow  water. 

Authorities  are  not  agreed  as  to  the  Anne- 
lidan  character  of  all  these  vermiform  fossils. 
Jlr.  Hancock  advocates  the  view  that  many 
of  them  were  formed  by  Crustacea,  and  Prin- 
cipal Dawson  suggests  that  Algae,  and  also 
land-plants,  drifting  with  tides  and  currents, 
often  make  the  most  remarkable  and  fantastic 
trails,  which  might  easily  be  mistaken  for 
tlie  tracks  of  Annelids. 

1  To  make  tracks:  To  go  away  in  haste  ;  to 
leave,  to  quit,  to  depart,  to  start. 

"  On  joining  my  friend,  we  at  once  tnoile  tracks  for 
the  camp,  ready  for  what  was  to  follow."— fief d.  Feb. 

23,  ias7. 

track-boat,  s.  A  boat  pulled  by  a  tow- 
ing-line, as  on  a  canal. 

"  I  remember  our  glad  embarkation  towjirds  Puisley 
hy  ainiil  track- boat r— Car! yle:  Jleinimsct»ces,  i.  13L 


track-harness.  ^. 

."yivldU-ry:  A  very  light  brcftitt-collar  single 
harness. 

track  layer,  s. 

K-iiL-'-ng.  :  A  fiirrlage  provided  with  appa- 
ratus for  placing  the  raiTs  in  their  proper 
positions  on  the  track  as  the  machine  ad- 
vances over  a  portion  of  the  track  already 
laid  down. 

track-rail.  -;. 

ItaiL-fii'j.  :  A  rail  fnrthr  tread  of  the  wheel, 
in  contradistinction  to  a  guard-rail,  for  in- 
stance. 

track  -  raiser,  s.  A  lifting-jack  for 
raising  rails  which  have  become  sprung  below 
the  proper  level. 

track-road,  s.    A  towing-path. 

track  scale,  5.  A  scale  which  weighs  a 
section  ut"  lailway-track  with  the  load  there- 
upon. 

track-scout,  s.    [Tr.^ckscout.] 

track-way,  5.     A  tramway  (q.v.). 

tr&ck(l),  v.t.    [Track,  s.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  follow,  when  guided  by  a  trace,  or 
by  the  footsteps  or  marks  of  tlie  feet. 

*'  His  tawny  muzzle  tracked  the  ground. 
And  his  reaeye  shot  fire." 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  last  ifinstrel.  iil.  U. 

2.  To  follow  when  guided  by  signs  of  some- 
thing which  has  passed  along  ;  to  trace. 

"  It  was  often  found  Impossible  to  track  the  robbera 
to  their  retreats."— J/ac(iu/aj/.'  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  iil. 

II.  Naut, :  To  tow  or  draw,  as  a  vessel  or 
boat,  by  means  of  a  rope. 

••  The  bodily  training  ohtaioed  hy  rowing,  tracking. 
and  portaging.'*— SfaHrfard,  Nov.  18,  1885. 

*tr&ck  (2),  v.t.  [For  tract,  v.  (q.v.).]  To 
protract,  to  delay. 

"By  delaies  the  matter  was  alwaiea  tracked.  A  put 
over.' —St rype  :  Eccles.  Mem.  Benry  VI!l.  (Orig.t, 
No.  13. 

trS.ck'-age,  s.  [Eng.  ^racfc(l),  v.  ; -a^e.]  The 
drawing  or  towing  of  a  boat ;  towage. 

track' -er,  s.     [Eng.  track  (1),  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  tracks  or  traces; 
one  who  pursues  or  hunts  by  following  the 
tracks  or  traces  of  a  person  or  animal. 

"A  staff  of  first-class  black  trackers  were  imported 
from  Queensland."— £«t3ur«  Hour,  March,  1885.  p.  193. 

2.  Organ-building :  A  thin  strip  of  wood 
used  to  transmit  a  pulling  motion  from  one 
lever  to  another. 

track -less,  a.     [Eng.  track,  s. ;  -less.] 

1.  Having  no  track;  unmarked  by  foot- 
steps or  tracks  ;  untrodden,  untravelled. 

2.  Leaving  no  trace ;  that  cannot  be  tracked. 

"  I  see  my  way,  tut  birds  their  trackless  way." 

Ji.  Browning:  Paracelsus,  i. 

*  trSiCk'-less-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  trackless;  -ly.] 
In  a  trackless  manner  ;  without  a  track. 

"tr&ck'-less-ness,  s.  [Eng.  trackless  ;  -ness.] 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  trackless  or 
without  a  track, 

tr»ick'-maD,  s.  [Eng.  track,  s.,  and  7)tan.] 
A  man  eniployed  to  look  after  the  track  or 
permanent  way  of  a  milway. 

*  trd.ck'-sc6^t,  '  track  -scoiite,  5.  [Dut. 
trekschuit,  iiom  (rc/L/jcu  =  to  draw,  and  schuit 
=  a  boat.]  A  boat  or  vessel  employed  on  the 
canals  in  Holland,  and  usually  drawn  by  a 
horse. 

"  It  would  not  he  amiss  if  he  travelled  over  England 
iu  a  stage-coach,  and  mude  the  tour  of  Uollnnd  in  a 
trackscoute.'—.irbuthnatiPopc:  Atartinus  Scriblerus 

trS-Ck'-way,  s.  [Eng.  track,  s.,  and  way.] 
A  beaten  path  ;  an  open  track  or  road. 

"  Their  anxious  followers  commenced  to  ride  the 
broad  trackways.  —Field.  Jan.  2:!.  1886. 

tr&ct  (1),  *  trackt,  *  tracte,  s.  [Lat. 
tractus  =  a  drawing  out,  the  course  of  a  river, 
a  tract  or  region  ;  prop,  pa.  par.  of  traho  —  to 
draw.  Tract  was  often  confused  both  with 
trace  and  track ;  it  is  really  related  to  the 
former  only.]    [Trait.] 

*  1.  A  protracting  or  extending. 

"  By  tract  of  time  to  wear  out  Hannibal's  force  and 
power,"— iVorlA  .-  Plutarch,  p.  152. 

*  2.  Continued  duration ;  process,  length, 
extent. 

•■  This  in  tracte  of  tyme  made  hym  welthy.' — 
Fabyan  :  Chronycle.  ch.  Ivl. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo^l ;  cat.  9ell.  chorus.  5hiii,  bench ;  go.  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect.  Xenophon.  e^ist.    ph  -  f. 
-clan,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion.    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun,    -cioas,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^*i:c.  -  bel,  deL 


ibv 


tract— tractoration 


■  3.  Omtiiiuity  t»r  exteiiiiiuii  uf  niiytl'tn^- 

'  lit  fr.i.-f  ■•(  •tw^'b  Ailubloii*   Moixl  (ariully  kunwli 

I.  S.iiH'tliiiii;  Jmwii  uut  t»i-  i-xtendt;<l ;  ex- 
'.<  lit,  f\|tfiii^ie. 

VI*  dny  lm<*  ot  U»IL  '  .VUton     P.  L..  i.  21 

b.  A  rt-};ioii  ur  ijiiautily  ufluud  or  waUr  of 
ail  iiiKlt-liritxl  extent. 
'  »>.  Omrw.  way. 

'  Tl)«  rjrr*  iiiiw  runv«rt«cl  ar« 
Fruiu  lil*|tbr  aiiii«i  tutv  rrucf.' 

MdiM/i. .  ^nri«e  7. 

•  7.  CouMi',  ppH'eeiling. 

Would  by  n  kwhI  tli»ci>iinrr  lo«e  ••   ._ 

Hhnkrity.:  tltnrg  \ni..\.  V. 

'  5.  Tnick,  tnicc,  footprints. 

•■  Tb*  'f"«rM  nvt-nw.  k  lying  notice  (r*Vf. 
Auil  l«il  Ui«  •mn.'licr  UM-kwutl  fruiii  tti«  citvr  ' 
Itrmltn  :    i'in/U  :  .t'Htid  yUi.^'. 

*  !*.  Triits,  fcattiri's,  liiieaiiients. 

Thr  »li»c>iv«r>*  "'  1  UiAii »  •elf  by  tlic  Ir«rt  o(  hi* 
t,     iiilcii.'Utc*  U  n  gittnl  WBAkurH.  — ^(icuti. 

•j  (I)  Ol/actorj/  tmct  : 

A  nut. :  A  nerve*likc  pntcesa  extending  from 
tin-  front  of  the  aiitcritir  perforated  spot  on 
the  cerebrnni.  It  is  Iod^e<l  in  a  hollow  in  the 
timh'r  surface  of  tlie  fioiital  lolje,  close  t<i  the 
longitudinal  tlsHure,  and  ends  anteriorly  hi  an 
i-val  swelMn-;  i-alk-d  an  olfactory  bulb. 

(•*)  Ofitictnicts:  [Optic  Tracts]. 

(:'.)/;ciy>mi(ory/rftd  .-[REsriKATORY-CENTRF.]. 

tr&Ct  (2),  s.     [An  abhrev.  of  tractate  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ont.  Lang.  A  written  discourse  ordisser- 
t.-itl'tii,  tisually  of  short  extent;  ft  treatise, 
and  tutiticuliirly  a  short  treatise  on  priictical 
relipuii. 

*'  Shv  iittut  iiceJit  write  K  tract  about  certHin 
iiiii-iM:Iv9>  ttmt  wviv  ur  »ere  uot— (ur  1 11  uot  niiSM-er 
lur  tlthtr— ix;r("ruifii  nyaiuiiut  thjit  for  miiiiy  yoai-a 
ifn.k  iiotuMly  luul  iMlif  any  ntt«uttou  to/'—Lcoer  : 
Ihtlti  famlty  Abrwul,  let.  IxvUi. 

•[  Fre^iuentlv  used  adjectively:  as,  a  Tract 
S'jcicty— that  is,  a  society  established  for  the 
printing  and  <li';tribution  of  tracts;  a  tract 
distributor,  kc. 

2.  Roman  Ritual:  Verses  of  Scripture  siiid, 
instead  of  the  Alleluia,  after  the  Gradual,  iu 
all  ifiiisses  from  Septuagesiiua  to  Holy  S;itur- 
tlay.  I^  Brun  {hlsidic.  de  la  Messe,  i.  205), 
says  that  the  name  meant  something;  sung 
lnvti»i—i.€.,  without  breaks  or  interruption 
of  other  voices,  as  in  responsorles  and  anti- 
jihons— by  thecantoraloue.  (Addis  d;  Arnold.) 

%  For  the  difference  between  tract  and 
fiss<ii/,  sec  Essay,  s. 

•f  (1)  Oxford  Tracts:  [Tractarianism]. 

(:i)  Reli'jioiis  Tract  Society :  A  society,  founded 
in  1701),  for  the  purpose  of  publishing  and 
circulating  religious  tracts  and  books  at  home 
and  abroad.  It  is  conducted  by  a  conniiitt«e 
roniposed  of  an  equal  proportion  of  members 
b.-litin;ing  to  the  Established  Church  aud  to 
the  several  denominations  of  Protestiuit  dis- 
senters, electeil  at  a  public  meeting  of  the 
Society  in  May  in  each  year. 

•  tract  (1).  v.t.    (Tract  (1),  s.] 

1.  To  draw  out,  to  protract,  to  delay. 

"  He  tntettil  time,  niid  guve  them  leisure  to  prepnve 
lo  eiicomiter  his  force."— .Vorift ;  t'lutarcit,  p.  474. 

2.  To  track,  to  trace. 

*■  A%  shepheanles  ciirre.  tlmt  in  iLtrke  eveninges  sbmle 
Hath  traded  forth  some  salvage  Ueastvii  tnide." 

Sfxiiscr:  F.  <i.,  n.  vi,  as. 

3.  To  trace  out. 

"  The  mail  who,  after  Troy  was  sackt, 
iia  Huil  men,  hikI  coultl  ttit'ii'  iiiiliiiil'I's 
truer."  Bi-ii  Jortaon:  Horttce;  Art  of  Poetry. 

^  Perhaps  in  this  extract  the  meauiug  is 
"discourse  on,  tell,  desirribe,"  in  which  case 
it  iKilongs  properly  to  Tract  (2),  v. 

*tr&Ct  (2),  -tralot,  r.i.  [Tract  (2),  s.,  or 
Ijt.  rr«<:fo=to  handle.]  To  treat,  to  dis- 
coui-j-e. 

"They  tra'nA  of  the  rislnqe  ami  goiiige  Uowne  of 
Vlaiiettea,"— £/tfo(:  Ooveiwur,  bk,  i.,  ch.  xv. 

trict-a-bil'-i-ti^,  .^.  (Eng.  tractable;  -i/i/.] 
1  li*-  <iuality  or  state  of  being  tractable  or  du- 
tile  ;  docility,  tractableness. 

■■  wilful  oniiiioii  anil  tractabilitie  niakith  Constance 
a  vertue."— A'/ytfl ;  Oortrnour,  bk,  i,,  cb.  xxi. 

trSct'-a-ble,  «.  [Ijit.  tractabiUs,  from  iracto 
=  to  handle,  frequent,  of  fro/to  =  to  draw  ; 
(>.  Fr.  traictable;  Fr.  traitable ;  lta\.  trattab He ; 
Sj*.  tratable.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  easily  led,  managed,  or 
governed  ;  docile,  manageable,  governable. 

"Tlie  vacant  Be-its  had  generally  been  filled  by  iier- 
"t/Ds  less  tractable."— Mucaulat/ :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  li. 


•2.  ralpiible  ;  such  as  may  be  handled. 

"Tlie  other  lucaann-a  lire  of  coiitiiiuod  (pmntlty 
xUlble.  and  for  thi-  iiiwsl  |mrt  iiaciuMo :  v.\wvkm 
tUiie  l«  always  tmuaieiit,  neither  ^l  Iw  nee"  or  fi-lf  — 
U»l.Ur:  On  Titn'-. 

%  For  tlie  diirerenee  between  tractable  and 
docile,  set)  Docii.e. 

tP&Ct'-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tractabU- ;  -jim?.] 
Thi-  tiuabiy  ■•!  Nlate  of  benig  tractable ;  do- 
cility, tnniabiliiy. 

•'  The  tractablcn€t  of  chtldrtu."— i«ff*« .  0/  Sducn- 
tiuii,  i  6C. 

trhct  a,'hlp,ndv.  [Kw^.  tractah(lt:);  -ly.]  1" 
.1  tiiu'taljl.-  iiiauncr  ;  with  docility. 

Trac-tiir -i-aA*  s.  &  «■  [See  extract  under 
A.l 

A.  As  subst. :  The  name  originally  api)lied 
tit  the  leaders  of  the  High  Chureh  revival 
whiih  conniu-nced  iu  1S33,  and  specially  to 
tlie  authois  of  Tnuls  Jin-  the  Times.  [Tkac- 
TAUiA.s-isM.)  Afterwai-ds  applied  to  tlieir 
adherents  ;  one  who  accepted  the  teaching  of 
the  Ojjord  Tracts ;  a  High  Churehman. 

'■  The  ntmiL'  Truct-trinn  wjw  given  to  the  writers  [of 
the  tJjr/iird  Trinti\  by  Dr.  Chriatoiilior  Benson,  Mitsti-r 
ol  the" Temple,  who  wjih  one  of  tiieir  ntronxett  opi>o- 
ln-liU'— flier,  /leliffi/iii  (ed.  Benham).  p.  1.0J4. 

B.  -Is  lulj. :  of  or  belonging  to  the  High 
Church  revival  ;  High  Church ;  Anglo-Ca- 
tholic. 

Tractarian -movement,  ^^■ 

Chnrck  }Ii>t. :  The  bame  as  Tkactarianism 
(q.v.). 

"  With  Mr.  Newman's  secession,  the  Tractarian 
movement  teimiuAted.'  — Chambers'  Encyc,  ix.  5o5. 

Trac-tar'-i-an-igm,  s.    [Eng.  tractarian  ; 

■isin.] 

Church  Hist.:  The  name  given  to  the  Ca- 
tholic revival  in  the  Church  of  Euglantl  which 
commenced  at  Oxfonl  in  IS'A'.i,  wlience  it  is 
souietinies  called  the  Oxford  Jlovement.  Two 
iuHuences  prei>aied  the  way  for  Tractariau- 
ism,  and  secured  for  it  a  measure  of  success  : 
(1)  the  tendency  to  Rationalistn  brought 
about  by  the  study  of  Geriuan  tlieohigy,  (2) 
Iho  perfunctory  way  in  which  a  large  number 
of  the  clergy  i>erfornicd  their  duties.  From 
the  contemplation  of  these  dangers  sprang 
the  desire  to  revive  the  authority  of  the 
Chuich,  aud  to  make  her  once  again  national 
in  the  widest  and  deepest  sense  of  the  term. 
The  leaders  of  the  movement  were  two  cele- 
brated Fellows  of  Oriel— John  Keble  (1792- 
ISSO)  and  John  Henry  (afterwards  Cardinal) 
Newman  (lSOl-00),  with  whom  were  joined 
Richard  Hurrell  Froude  (1803-30),  Arthur 
Philip  Perceval  (d.  1S53),  Frederick  William 
Fabcr  (1814-03),  William  Palmer  of  Magdalen 
(lSia-7lt)i  and  William  Palmer  of  Worcester 
(c.  1S00-S5),  Edward  Bouverie  Pusey(lS0U-S2), 
and  Isaac  Williams  (1803-60);  and  one  cele- 
brated Cambrid^ie  man,  Hugh  James  Rose 
(1795-lSys).  On  July  14,  1S33,  Keble  preached 
an  Assize  Sermon,  entitled  the  National 
Apostastf,  .it  Oxford,  wliicli  so  moved  New- 
man, that  he  arranged  a  meeting  of  the 
clergy  named  aijove  at  Rose's  rectory  at 
Hadleigh.  FaOer,  Pusey,  and  Williams  wore 
not  present ;  but  Newman  broached  the 
idea  of  Tracts  for  the  Tinies,  which  was 
adopted,  and  urged  that  they  shimld  be 
supported  and  supplemented  byhigli-r  pnlpit 
teaching.  Of  tlie  ninety  Tracts  pnblislicd 
in  the  followuig  eight  years,  Newnjan  wrtite 
twenty-eight,  including  the  famous  Tract  XC. 
(RenuirKs  on  Certain  Passages  in  the  XXXfX. 
Articles),  published  in  1S41.  Pusey  contri- 
buted tracts  on  Fasting  and  Bai>tism,and  H.  E, 
(afterwards  Cardinal}  Manning  wrote  No.  3  of 
the  Catena  Patrurn  {Quod  semper.  Quod  vbique, 
Quod  ab  omnibus  Tradituui  est).  Tract  XC. 
raised  a  tremendous  storm  in  Oxford,  and 
was  censured  by  the  Heads  of  Houses  ;  Dr. 
Bagot,  Bishop  of  Oxford,  wrote  to  Newman 
requesting  that  tlie  series  should  come  to 
an  end,  and  no  more  were  published.  In 
1S43  Newman  resigned  the  incumbency  of  St. 
Mary's,  Oxford,  and  the  chaplaincy  of  Little- 
more,  aud  in  September,  1S45,  was  received 
into  the  Roman  Cliurch,  as  were  othei-s  of  the 
tract-writers  about  the  same  time.  With 
Newmans  secession  Tiactarianisui  came  to 
an  end,  or,  more  properly  speaking,  developed 
into  a  Catholic  section  of  the  Anglican  Estab- 
lishment, with  which  Pusey  and  Keble,  who 
remained  in  the  Cliurch  of  England,  were 
identified.  The  general  teaching  of  the 
Tractarians  included  Apostolic  Successitm, 
Baptismal  Regeneration,  Confession,  the  Real 
Presence,  the  Authority  of  the  Church,  and 


the  value  of  Tradition.  The  ettects  of  the 
movement  were  (1)  a  n*vi\;al  and  strengthening 
of  the  High  Church  section  of  the  Establisli- 
ment ;  (2)  an  increase  of  learning,  jiiety,  aud 
devotedness  among  the  clergy  ;  (."ij  the  estab- 
lishment uf  sisterhoods  and  other  religions  and 
charitable  institutions;  (4)  the  develoinnent 
of  ritual,  as  symbolic  of  Catholic  <b'ctrine  ;  (S) 
the  revival  of  Gothic  architecture ;  and  (0)  a 
lai"ge  secession  of  English  clergy  and  laity  to 
Rome. 

*tr&C'-tate,  s.  [Lat.  trnctatus:=&  handling, 
a  treatise,  a  tract,  from  ^mc/o=  to  handle, 
frequent,  of  (ra/(o  =  to  draw.]  A  treatise,  a 
ti'act. 

"  Having  written  many  tractatct  In  that  faculty."— 
Fnlter  :    Wort/iiea;   W'Utihire. 

' tr&O-ta'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  frrtc/o/jo  =  a  han- 
dling.] [Trac'I'ate.]  Handling  or  treatment 
of  a  subject ;  discussion. 

"In  my  tructation  of  Hn1ii|iiities." — VoHnmed : 
Dcscvii-t.  tiritnim;  cii.  ix. 

*trac-ta'-t6r,  s.  [Lat.]  [Tractate.]  A  writer 
of  tracts ;  spei.-ifically,  a  tractarian,  one  wlio 
favours  tractarianism. 

"Tiilkini;  of  the  irat;tators—Ro  yon  still  like  their 
tone  :  so  do  \."—l\inijsley,  in  Life,  1.  58. 

trac-ta'-trix,  s.    [Lat.] 

i.h'om. :  The  same  asTRACTRix.      [Tractor.] 

trac'-tile,  a.  [Lat.  tractns,  pa.  ]iar.  of  traho 
=  Ut  draw.]  Capable  of  being  ilrawii  out  or 
extended  in  length  ;  ductile. 

"The  ii.iisisteniies  uE  hodies  iiie  verydivers;  fracile. 
ti.niili:  flexible.  iiiflexOile;  ?r(if(;/c.  ur  tu  he  drawn 
lortli  in  leii:.-th,  iiitnictile.  — flucoii :  Ant.  Jlis...  §  sau. 

'  trac-tii-i-ty,  s.  (Eng.  tractil(e);  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  .state  of  being  tractile;  duc- 
tility. 

Silver,  wlioseductility  ami  trtictttity  are  much  in- 
lour  to  those  of  gold,  '—D.:rhani. 


fel 


trac'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tractns,  pa.  par. 
of  fnflio  =  to  di'aw.J 

1.  The  act  of  drawing ;  the  state  of  being 
diawn. 

■■  Tlie  traction  of  the  .Tuiiexed  muscles.  '—Patey  : 
yalitntl  Theology,  eh.  X. 

2.  The  act  of  drawing  a  body  along  a  plane, 
usually  by  the  power  of  men,  animals,  or 
steam,  as  when  a  carriage  is  towed  upon  the 
surface  of  water,  or  a  carriage  upon  a  road  or 
railway.  The  power  exeited  iu  order  to  pro- 
duce the  effect  is  called  the  force  of  traction  ; 
the  line  iu  which  this  force  acts  is  called  tlie 
line  of  traction  ;  and  the  angle  which  this 
line  makes  with  the  plane  along  which  the 
body  is  drawn  by  the  force  of  traction  is  called 
the  angle  of  traction. 

'3.  Attraction;  a  drawing  towards. 

4.  The  adhesive  friction  of  a  wheel  on  the 
rail,  a  rope  on  a  pulley,  &c.  Tlie  tractional 
surface  of  a  driving-wheel  is  the  face  of  its 
perimeter. 

traction-engine,  s.  A  locomotive  en- 
gine for  drawing  heavy  loads  upon  common 
roads,  or  over  arable  hnid,  as  in  agricultural 
operations.  Some  of  the  earliest  locomotive 
engines,  as  Murdock"s,  were  designed  for  this 
very  imrpose.  The  nsc  of  traction-engines 
iipnu  public  roads  is  fuily  perniitte<l  under 
u-^'u  lat  ions  cnlurced  by  Act,  of  Parliauient. 

traction-gearing.  .'■■.  An  arrangement 
f<ir  turning  a  wheel  and  its  shaft  by  means  of 
friction  or  adhesion. 

trS-C'-tion-al,  a.  [Ew^.  traction  ;  -o/.J  Of  or 
pcitaiiiiiii^  til  traction. 

^tracf-ite,  s.  [Eng.  tract  {'I),  s.  ;  -itc]  The 
saiue  as  rjtAcTARiA.v,  A.  (q.v.). 

Hrac-ti'-tiOUS,  a.  [Lat.  tracto=  to  handle.] 
Tieating  of;  handling. 

trac-tive,  a.  [\j\X.  trnct(tts),  pa.  par.  of  traho 
=  to  diaw:  Eng.  suH'.  -a'c.J  Seiving  or  em- 
ployed to  draw  or  drag  along ;  pulling,  draw- 


trac'-tor,  s.     [Lat.  tr:":tns,  pa.  par.  of  fmfto=: 

to  draw.  J 

1.  Ord.   Lang. :    That  which  draws,   or  is 
iised  for  drawing. 

2.  Surg.  :  An  obstetiic  forceps. 

•I  Mvtallic  t'l-aclors  :  [Metallic-tractobs]. 

*  trac-tor-a'-tion,  v«.  [Eng.  tractor:  -ation.] 
The  eniployntent  of  metallic  tractors  (q.v.)  for 
the  cure  of  diseases. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  i;inite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


tractrix— trade 


Jii 


trac  -trix,  trac-tor-y,  «.  [Lat.  lmclonit.i 
InTtaiiiiii;;  U>  drauiiit^ ;  Fi".  Iradoin,  tmctrur, 
IVniii  Lat.  tnictns,  [a.  par.  of  tr<i}io  —  to 
Uraw.] 

Math. :  A  curve  whose  tangent  is  always 
tqu.-il  to  a  givun  line.  It  may  be  iloscribe.l  liy 
a  small  wciglit  attached  to  a  string',  tlie  olliii 
end  nf  which  is  imiveil  iilons  a  given  .■.tmiglit 
line  ov  cnrve.  The  evolute  of  tliis  curve  is 
the  common  i-atenary. 

trade,  •  trcd,  '  trod, .«.  &  a-     [Oii^innlly  a 
|ialli    Iroiltkii,   from  A.S.  /rataa  =  to   tread 
(M.v.).] 
A.  --Is  snhstautive : 
'  1.  A  path,  a  passage,  a  way. 

■'  A  u.isterii  witli  ftMiiiJe  wicket tliere  was. 
A  cymiuou  trtide  to  \Msse  thioagh  Priam  a  house. 
Witrrrtf  .■  Viri/ite ;  .Eiien.  ii.  &W. 

*  2.  A  track,  a  trace,  a  trail.  (See  extract 
under  Tract,  v.  (1),  2.) 

*  3,  "Way,  course,  path. 

•'The  Jewes.  eiiioiia  whom  ftlone  and  no  moe,  Ooil 
hitherto  seined  for  tw  reifnie.  by  re.isou  of  their  km.w. 
k'dk'e  ol  the  law.  and  uf  the  .-mtoritee  «f  beiiij;  ni  the 
rii^fit  rr<i<i<;  of  retiRiuii.  —l'tl<il :  Uikc  xix. 

'  i.  Frequent  resort  and  intercourse  ;  re- 
sort. 

"  Some  way  of  common  trade." 

Shakes}}.:  liichartl  II..  iii.  3. 

*  5.  A  particular  course  of  action  or  effort  ; 
effort  in  a  particular  direction. 

"  Lone  did  I  love  this  lady : 
Lone  my  travail,  long  my  trade  to  win  her." 

Massingcr. 

*  6.  Custom  ;  hahit  ;  practice  of  long 
standing. 

"  Thy  sin'a  not accideii till,  hut  a  trade' 

Shakesp. :  Measure  for  Measure,  iii.  I. 

*  7.  Business  of  any  kind. 

"  Have  yo»  any  further  trade  with  ns?" 

.Sfiakesp  :  Haiidct,  iii.  0. 

8.  The  business  which  a  person  has  learnt, 
find  which  he  carries  nn  for  subsistence  or 
profit;  occujiation;  particularly  employment, 
whether  manual  or  mercantile,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  liberal  arts  or  the  h^arn.'d 
professions  and  agriculture  ;  a  handicialt. 
Thus  we  say  the  inuk  of  a  butcher  or  baker, 
but  the  prn/cssioii  of  a  lawyer  or  doctor. 

"  Wliat  trade  are  you  of  J  " 
Shakesp.  :  Measure  for  Measure,  ii.  1. 

9.  The  act,  occupation,  or  business  of  ex- 
i-hanging  commodities  for  other  commodities 
i>v  for  money ;  the  business  of  buying  and 
selling  ;  dealing  by  way  of  sale  or  exchange  ; 
commerce  ;  traffic.  Trade,  in  the  conniiereial 
sense  of  the  term,  includes  all  those  depart- 
ments of  business  which  relate  to  the  jnoduc- 
tiun  and  exchange  of  commodities  embodied 
in  some  material  or  corporeal  product;  and 
■excludes  those  professions  whose  services  re- 
sult in  the  production  of  incorporeal  wealth. 
U  is  chietly  used  to  denote  the  barter  or  pur- 
chase and  sale  of  goods,  wares,  and  merchan- 
dise, either  by  wholesale  or  retail.  Trade  is 
i-ither  domestic  or  foreign.  Domestic  trade, 
4ilso  called  Home  trade,  is  the  exchange  or 
buying  and  selling  of  commodities  within  a 
<'ountry  ;  foreign  trade  consists  in  the  expor- 
tation and  importation  of  commodities  to  or 
from  foreign  countries.  Wholesale  trade  is 
tlie  dealing  by  the  package  or  in  large 
<liiantities;  retail,  in  small  parcels.  The 
-arrying  trade  is  that  of  transporting  goods 
from  one  place  to  another  by  sea,  &c. 

"  Here  is  no  trade  of  merchandize  vseJ,  for  that  the 
l>ei.ii»le  liane  no  vse  of  uiouey."— jyutWu^f ;   I'ui/ayci,  i. 

10.  The  amount  of  business  done  in  any 
particular  place  or  country,  or  in  any  par- 
ticular branch. 

11.  Persons  engaged  in  a  particular  occupa- 
tion or  business  :  as,  Publishers  and  book- 
sellers speak  of  the  customs  of  the  trade. 

*  12.  A  trade-wind  (q.v.). 

*  13.  Instruments  of  any  occupation. 

"  The  shepherd  beara 
His  bouse .ind  household  pxids,  his  trude  of  war. 
His  iKtw  and  (jniver.  and  his  trusty  cur,'" 

Dryden:  Virgil;  Geocjic  iii.  5:!.n. 

B.  As  adj.:  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic 
ol  trade,  or" of  a  particular  trade. 

"  An  association  of  shiinjwners  tnicht  be  success, 
fully  sued  fov  damages,  if  it  could  be  shown  that  their 
■jhject  was  to  secure  a  trade  monojioly." — Field,  Au^'. 

13,  1887. 

Tf  The  leading  idea  in  trcule  is  that  of 
c.-;rrying  on  business  for  purpose??  of  gain. 
The  trade,  may  be  altogether  domestic,  ancl 
betwixt  neighbours  ;  the  traffic  is  that  which 
goes  forward  betwixt  persons  at  a  distamv  : 
in  tliis  manner  there  may  be  a  great  traffic 
betwixt   two    towns   or    cities,    as    betwixt 


London  and  the  capitjUs  of  the  different  coun- 
tiies.  Hence,  though  these  terms  are  often 
used  inteichangeably,  traffic  has  a  more  ex- 
tended nieanhjg  than  trade. 

1.  Balance  of  Trade:  [Balancb,  B.  0.]. 

2.  Hoard  of  Trade  :  A  permanent  committee 
<if  the  Privy  Council,  presided  over  by  a 
memlK-rof  the  Cabinet,  and  divided  into  seven 
departments,  each  having  its  separate  staff: 
(1)  Tlie  Harbour  Department,  which  exercisoe 
a  supervision  over  lighthouses,  pilotage,  fore- 
sho-.es,  wrecks,  quarantine,  &c.  Included  in 
this  department  are  the  stan<lard  weights 
ami  measures  offices.  (2)  The  Marine  Depart- 
ment, to  which  is  entrusted  the  supervision 
of  the  registration,  condition,  and  discipline 
of  merchant  ships ;  the  superintendence  of 
mercantile  marine  offices,  and  the  prevention 
of  crimping;  the  carrying  out  of  the  regula- 
1  ions  with  regard  to  the  engagement  of  men  and 
apprentices  ;  the  examination  of  officers  ;  the 
iiiv.-stii^ation  into  cases  of  gross  misconduct 
jitnl  wrecks,  and  generally  the  carrying  out  nf 
tlie  business  imposed  on  the  Board  by  the 
vari.)us  Shipping  Acts.  (3)  The  Railway  De- 
liartment,  which  has  the  supervision  of  rail- 
ways and  railway  companies,  and  which  must 
be  supplied  with  notices  of  application  for 
railway  acts,  and  with  jdans,  before  the  rela- 
tive  bill  can  be  brought  before  Parliament, 
li.lore  a  line  is  opened  for  traffic  it  must  be 
iiispt.'i.U'd  and  api>roved  by  an  inspector  of 
this  department,  and  the  consent  of  the 
Bnurd  obtained;  and  notice  of  tlie  occurrence 
of  any  accident  must  be  sent  to  the  depart- 
ment, when,  if  necessary,  an  enquiry  is  held 
into  the  cause  of  the  accident.  This  depart- 
ment has  also  to  keep  a  register  of  joint- 
stock  companies,  of  the  accounts  of  insurance 
eoiiii)anies,  and  to  prepare  provisional  orders 
relating  to  gas,  water,  tramways,  and  electric 
li^Iitiiig.  It  also  deals  with  patents,  designs, 
and  trade-marks,  copyright,  art-unions,  in- 
dustrial exhibitions,  and  the  Explosive  Acts 
(l.S7."j).  (4)  The  Financial  Department,  which 
has  to  keep  the  accounts  of  the  Board,  con- 
tnilling  its  receipts  and  expenditure.  This 
il'.'iiartinent  has  also  to  deal  with  Greenwich 
pi-n-iitms,  seamens'  savings  banks,  the  proper 
disposal  of  tlie  ellects  of  seamen  dying  abroad, 
wreck  and  salvage  accounts,  and  the  accounts 
of  estates  in  bankruptcy.  (5)  The  Commercial 
Department,  whose  duty  it  is  to  advise  the 
Trrasury  and  the  Colonial  and  Foreign  Offices 
•  III  matters  relating  to  tariffs  and  burdens  of 
tiade,  to  superintend  the  carrying  out  of  the 
Acts  relating  to  bankruptcy,  and  bills  of  sale; 
and  to  prepare  the  official  volumes  of  statis- 
tics periodically  issued,  and  also  special  statis- 
tical returns  for  tlic  uiforniation  of  Parliament, 
chambers  of  commerce,  and  private  individu- 
als, (fi)  The  Fislieries  Department,  to  which 
is  entrusted  the  carryuig  out  of  the  various 
Acts  relating  to  salt  and  freshwater  tisheries, 
and  the  pollution  of  rivers.  (7)  The  Establish- 
ment Department,  which  deals  with  establish- 
ment questions,  copying,  postage,  &c.,  and 
has  the  caie  of  the  library  of  the  Board. 

3.  Fair  Trade:  An  expression  used  by  cer- 
tain persons,  who,  professing  to  be  fiec- 
traders,  would  still  tax  goods  imported  from 
any  country  which  refuses  to  accept  the  prin- 
ciples of  free  trade.  Free  traders  consider  this 
view  as  protectionist.  They  hold  that  if  they 
can  import  goods  cheaper  from  a  protectionist 
country  than  elsewhere,  they  should  be  free 
1o  reap  that  advantage  even  if  they  cannot 
export  their  own  goods  to  that  country  free 
of  iliity.  Nor  dii  they  believe  tliat  to  abandon 
flee  trade  in  dealing  with  any  country  is  the 
[iioper  method  of  proving  to  that  country  the 
advantages  of  free  trade.  The  Fair  traders 
began  to  agitate  in  the  decade  beginning 
with  1880,  and  later  formed  a  National  Fair 
Trade  League.  They  had  been  preceded,  dur- 
ing the  previous  decade,  by  those  who  jiro- 
lH)sed  to  revive  trade  by  reciprocity,  if  not 
even  by  protection  ;  and  these  again  had  be- 
fore them  the  advocates  of  Reciprocal  Free 
Tiade. 

"A  not«  in  your  i)ai^r  last  week  asked  for  more 
definite  infonnation  nUvat  fair  trade."— Hi.  James s 
i,;tzctte,  Dec.  7,  1887. 

t  Used  also  adjectively,  as  in  the  example. 

'■  Common  sense  shoulil.  therefore,  prompt  our  own 
fnir  trad'-  ]ei\«\\er»  ...  to  take  wiirnint'  by  the  v-re- 
'oent  condition  of  Aiurnca:— People,  Dec.  U.  186.- 

4.  Tree  Trade:  [Free-tr.^de]. 

trade -allowance,  s.  A  discount  al- 
lowed to  d.alers  in  or  retailers  of  articles  to 
be  sold  again. 


•  trade -fallen.  ".  Fallen  or  brou>;ht 
low  in  ont-'s  ti.ide  'T  Imsiness. 

■'  Vi.iiiiti.r  «"i.«  t'l  y^nnKCr  hr.ithii'*,  rcvoUfd 
I.M'Ktvin.und  <-^l\v\iitrKtdv-faUeu.'—Sl,ukei.i>.  :  1  nentg 

/r..  n.  ■:. 

*  trade-hall,  s.  .\  large  hall  in  a  city  or 
town  wlu-re  manufacturers,  traderK,  Ac, 
meet ;  also  a  hall  ilevoted  to  meetings  of  the 
iiicurporatvd    trades    of    a    town,    city,    or 

dislrirt. 

trade  mark,  s.  An  arbitrary  symbol 
affixed  by  a  manufacturer  "i-  merchant  to 
particular  goods  or  classes  of  goods.  In  all 
iivilized  cftmmuuities  trade-marks  arc  pro- 
tected by  law,  and  nearly  all  nations  hnvo 
treaties  or  conventions  securing  reciprocity 
of  jn-otection.  The  Patents,  Designs,  and 
Trade-marks  Act,  1SS3  (-10  &  47  Vict.,  c.  Ivii.. 
§  .'i4)  enacts  that  a  trade-mark  must  consist 
.  of: 

HI  A  nnine  of  .in  indivhhnd  <ir  tiim  i>riiited,  lin. 
jires-seil,  or  woven  111  soniw  [Hirliculiii  iUiil  iliKtinctUu 
manner;  or  (2)  .\  written  flit;natiivfor<  'ipy  o(a  wrlttni 
hiynature  of  the  individual  or  flrm  aii|>lyini;  for  ri'jdf- 
tKition  thereof  oh  a  tride-imirk  ;  or  i:t)  A  tUstUictnf 
ik-viLv.  niiirk.  brand,  headiUK,  laUl,  lickt-t,  or  fancy 
wi.rd  or  wdhIs  not  in  cominou  ime. 

To  any  one  or  more  of  these  particulars  thei-e 
may  be  added  any  letters,  words,  or  ligures  ; 
but  no  trade-mark  must  be  identical  with  one 
already  registered  for  the  same  class  of  goods. 
An  office  for  the  registration  of  trade-marks 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Patents  was  establislied  on  Janu- 
ary, 1,  lS7i5,  but  placed  under  the  Board  of 
Trade  in  1SS3.  No  proceedings  can  be  taken 
to  prevent  the  infringement  of  a  trade-mark, 
unless  .such  trade-mark  has  been  registered  in 
that  office  in  accordance  with  the  ])rovisimis 
of  the  Act.  Every  application  to  register  a 
trade-mark  is,  upon  payment  of  a  fee,  inserted 
in  the  official  journal  published  under  the 
direction  of  the  Board  of  Trade  {The  Trade- 
Marks  Journal),  with  a  representation  of  the 
t ia<le-mark,  for  two  months;  and  if,  during 
tliat  term,  no  opposition  is  (>l1ered,  the  Comp- 
troller, on  payment  of  the  registration  fee, 
enters  the  name  of  the  applicant  in  the  Regis- 
ter of  Trade  Marks  as  the  registered  jiroprietor 
of  the  trade-mark  in  respect  of  the  j-articular 
goods  or  classes  of  goods  described  in  his  np- 
l)lication,  and  it  becomes  his  property  for  a 
term  of  fourteen  years,  renewable  on  payment 
of  a  second  fee.  The  registration  of  a  person 
as  lirst  proprietor  of  a  trade-mark  is  to  be 
taken  as  prima  facie  evidence  of  his  right  to 
its  exclusive  use,  and  after  live  years  as  con- 
clusive evidence  to  that  effect.  The  earliest 
trade-marks  appear  to  have  been  those  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  paper,  and  now  knowu 
as  watermarks.  The  Merchandise  Marks  Act, 
1SS7,  was  passed,  extended,  and  made  much 
more  stringent  to  protect  the  public  from 
being  defrauded  by  means  of  false  trade  de- 
scriptions or  trade-marks.  Every  per.son 
guilty  of  an  offence  against  this  act  is  liable 
on  conviction  on  indictment  to  imprison- 
ment, witli  or  without  hard  labour,  lor  a  term 
not  exceeding  two  years,  or  to  a  line,  or  to 
both  imprisonment  and  tine.  Also  to  forfeit 
every  chattel,  article,  instrument,  or  thing, 
by  means  of  or  in  relation  to  which  an  offence 
lias  been  committed.     [Watermark.] 

trade-price,  5.  Tlie  price  charged  to 
dealrrs  in  articles  to  be  sold  again. 

trade-sale,  s.  A  sale  or  auction  of  goods 
suited  to  a  jiaiticular  class  of  dealers. 

trade-wind,  s. 

Mdan-.  (i'L):  Certain  ocean  winds  which- 
blowing  constantly  in  one  direction  or  very 
nearly  so,  can  be  calculated  on  beforehand  by 
the  mariner,  and  are  therefore  benehcial  to 
ttade.  They  exist  on  all  ojieu  oceans  to  a 
distance  of  about  30'  north  and  south  of  the 
equator,  blowing  from  about  the  north-cast 
in  the  northern,  and  from  south-east  in  the 
snuthern  hemisphere.  Where  they  meet  they 
neutralise  each  other,  creating  a  region  of 
calm  north,  and  the  same  distance  south  of  the 
equator.  Atmospheric  air  expands  by  heat, 
ami,  expanding,  naturally  ascends,  its  place 
being  supplied  by  a  rush  of  colder,  and  con- 
sequently of  denser  air  beneath.  The  process 
is  continually  in  progress,  to  a  great  extent, 
everywhere  throughout  the  tropics,  but  es- 
jiecially  above  the  land.  If  the  globe  con- 
sisted solely  of  land,  or  solely  of  water,  and 
had  no  rotation,  the  cold  i-nrrent.s  wouhl 
travel  directly  from  the  north  and  south  poles 
tfi  the  equator ;  but  the  lotatiou  of  the 
earth  deflects  them  from  their  course.    The 


bSil.  b6y;  p^t.  jo^l;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9liin,  ben^h:  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.     ing. 
-clan,    tian- Shan,     tion, -sion  -  shun;    tion, -§ion  -  zhun.      cious.    tious,    sious  -  shus.    -hie. -die.  U.      hcl.  dcL 


;52 


trade— tradition 


I  .11'  l:i;;s  W-liiii'I  tin*  ni-'Viti;;  planet, 
.   ,it   the  eiumtnr,  wIkto  the  n>tHt)'>n 

■  I  thousuiui  miles  ;in  liour.  Neither 
the  lir<'  ti-ni  nor  the  arva  <if  (lie  traile-wiiuls 
n-mfluiH  ilxtHl.  Since  tliey  suj>i>ly  the  place 
ormrett'Hl  air,  which  is  ascertiling,  they  must 
follow  the  !novyment  of  the  sun.  bhuvinn  to 
Uie  it'»iiit  of  givatest  rai-efiittiiin,  as  a  coM 
currvnt  r.tuilng  through  a  keyhole  goes  to  the 
lip".  Hence,  Uio  area  of  the  traiU'-win<is  ex- 
tenils  fn-ni  two  to  fonr  degrees  farther 
north  than  usnal  when  the  sun  is  at  the 
Tn»i>ic  "f  Cancer,  an*l  the  jwnie  innnl>er  of 
degrees  Tirther  south  than  usual  when  he 
is  at  til'*  Tropic  of  Capricorn.  In  the 
former  i-ftse  the  south-east  trtide-wind  declines 
fuitlierfr'Uii  the  east  from  its  northern  limit, 
sometimes  jvissing  the  equatnc,  while  the 
nort!i-»'ast  tru«le-win»l  approaches  an  easterly 
direrti<'ii  more  than  at  other  times.  Tlxe 
region  nf  ealnis  also  cbatige.s  its  jiosition.  As 
ttie  diffrfi'nce  nf  pressure  is  not  great,  the 
tnnje-witiii  is  generally  mo<Jerate  in  strength, 
especially  in  the  opposite  hemisphere  from 
that  ID  which  the  sun  is  at  the  time.  The 
trade-winrls  were  not  known  till  Columbus's 
flisl  ^nya^e.  They  are  most  marked  on  the 
Atlaiitie  and  Paeitlc  Oceans,  where  they  occur 
between  '.»'  and  30'  north,  and  between  4'  and 
22'  south,  in  the  former,  and  between  9'  and 
20*,  north  and  between  4'  and  23°  south  in 
the  latter  ")Ceau,  but  become  modified  in  the 
vicinity  "f  land,  so  as  to  lose  their  distinctive 
character.  In  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  in  south- 
eastern Asia  they  becotue  altered  into  mon- 
soons.   (Moxsoos.] 

"  A  cMiintJiut  irnile-teind  will  Beciirely  blow. 
And  K^iitly  Injf  us  on  the  siiicy  sliore." 

Drydtn:  Annut  JlintbiUi.  ccctT. 

trades  people*  .*.  t'^.    rrr.pi.- engaged  in 

v.ni.''.-  :i  .  !>■-. 

trades-union,  trade-union,  ^'. 

//iV.  ;  An  organized  body  of  workmen  in 
any  tiade,  manufacture,  or  industrial  occu- 
pation associated  together  for  the  promotion 
of  their  common  interests.  Specific  aims 
may  vary  in  ditferent  unions  ;  but  the  follow- 
ing extract  from  the  rules  of  tlie  Amalgamated 
Society  of  Engineers,  one  of  the  most  power- 
ftil  trades-unions  in  England,  will  give  a  fair 
idea  of  their  general  objects  : — 

"Tlir  s.'ii,-ty  shall  be  a  trade  society,  andtbe  objects 
lor  whiib  il  fa  estnblisbed  are  :  by  tlie  provision  aud 
diatributiou  of  fuuds,  and  by  tlie  otber  uieaus  here- 
after iiientioued,  on  the  conditions  set  forth  iu  these 
rules.  Ui  rp^iilate  the  couditioua  of  lab-juriii  the  trades 
iucludtxl  iii  the  society,  and  the  relation  of  its  mem- 
bers with  tbeui ;  to  promote  the  geneml  and  mat«rial 
wclf.-tre  'if  its  luembers  ;  to  assist  them  when  out  of 
Work  and  in  distressed  circumstances;  to  supix>rt 
them  in  case  of  sickness,  accident,  superannuation, 
aud  hihuui  tools  by  fire  ;  to  proviile  for  their  burial 
and  the  Imrlat  of  their  wives;  and  to  aid  other  trade 
lujctctle*  li.ivine  for  their  objects,  or  one  of  them,  the 
I>romotiun  of  the  interests  of  workmen." 

Previous  to  1S24,  combinations  of  workmen 
were  illegal  in  England,  as  they  still  are  in 
most  continental  countries.  The  Trade  Union 
Act  (1S71)  provided  for  tlie  rtgistration  of 
trade  soi-ietios,  and  accorded  a  certain  measure 
of  protection  for  their  funds  ;  but  as  this  Act 
was  accompanied  and  practically  nullified  by 
the  Criminal  Law  Amendment  Act,  an  agita- 
tion took  place  which  resulted  in  the  passing 
of  Mr.  Muiidella's  Trade  Union  Act  Amend- 
ment A<  t,  in  187(3.  By  this  Act  every  legal 
grievance  of  which  the  unions  complained  was 
redressoil,  and  now  nearly  every  trade  society 
in  the  kingdom  is  duly  registered,  and  stands 
in  mnrli  the  same  position  as  any  other  trade 
corpor;itinn.  By  such  a  registration  it  was 
thought  that  a  trade  union  was  not  liable  in 
ita  corjmrate  capacity,  but  in  Dec,  1902,  it 
was  decided  in  the  Tatf  Vale  case  that  a  Trade 
Union  can  be  sued  as  a  legal  entity,  and  that 
its  property  therefore  is  liable  for  the  illegal 
acts  of  its  agents  and  otfitrers  acting  under  its 
authority,  (.r  on  its  behalf.  In  the  early  days 
of  trades-union.s,  one  of  their  most  im\>ortant 
functions  was  that  of  organizing  strikes  ;  but 
of  lat«  years  there  has  been  a  reluctance  to 
resort  to  such  extreme  measures.  In  1800  a 
Board  of  Arbitration  was  established  at  the 
requeKt  of  the  lace  workers  in  Nottingham, 
and  since  tlien  similar  boards  have  been 
formed  by  other  trades.  In  pursuance  of 
the  same  policy,  the  Trades  Union  Congress 
in  IS74  passed  a  resolution  to  the  eft'ect  that 
"  in  all  trades  where  disputes  occur,  and 
where  it  is  possible  to  prevent  strikes  by 
starting  co-operative  establishments,  all  trade 
societies  and  trades  councils  V>e  recommended 
to  render  such  assistance  as  lies  in  their 
power,  and  thus,  us  far  as  possible,  prevent 
strikes  and  lock-outs  in  the  future."    There 


is  cnsidenible  dilU' ulty  in  estimating  Mic 
uomber  of  trades-unioiiist.s  in  this  country, 
and  the  Board  of  Trade  has  for  many  years 
endeavoured,  without  success,  to  obtain  com- 
plete inform;ttion  on  the  subject.  Most  trade- 
union  "tficials  consitiur  it  not  to  be  advan- 
tageous to  theircau.se  to  disclose  their  affairs. 
13v  the  report  of  1902  the  total  number  of 
unions  on  the  register  was  615;  their  funds 
anmiinte«l  to  £4,437,358,  their  income  to 
£-',310,8(57,  and  their  total  membership  to 
l,.Vjd,8ii9. 

trades  unionism,  .'-•.  The  practices  or 
principles  i-t  thr  luciiil-ers  of  trades-unions. 

trades -unionist,  s.  A  member  of  a 
trades-union  ;  one  who  favours  the  system  of 
trades-unions. 

"It  In  gratifying  to  observe  that  the  (rad«.(tn<oniiM 
Are  under  no  delusions  as  to  p<)ssible  remedies  for  the 
•xfstlntt  depression-  '—flai/i*  Telegraph.  Sept.  'J,  IS85. 

*  trades-woman,  5.  A  woman  engaged 
or  skilled  in  trade. 

*  trade,  ^ircf.  of  v.    [Tread,  v.] 

trade,  r.i.  &  (.    [Trade,  s.] 

A.  Intrajisitive : 

1.  To  barter  or  to  buy  and  sell,  as  a  busi- 
ness ;  to  deal  in  the  exchange,  purt-liase,  or 
sale  of  good  s,  wares,  merchandise,  or  the  like ; 
to  carry  on  trade  or  commerce  as  a  business  ; 
to  traffic. 

"The  circulating  capital  with  which  he  trades."— 
Smith  :   tVeaUh  of  yatio7is,  bk.  li..  ch.  ii. 

2.  To  baiter,  buy,  or  sell  in  a  single  in- 
stance ;  to  make  an  exchange. 

"  In  the  mean  time  those  who  rtmained  in  the 
canoes  tradi^d  with  our  people  very  fairly."— CooA. 
First  Vos/age.  bk.  ii.,  en.  ii. 

3.  To  engage  in  affairs  generally ;  to  deal  in 
any  way  ;  to  have  to  do. 

"  To  triule  and  traffic  with  Macbeth 
In  riddles  aud  attain)  of  death." 

iihakes)j. :  Macbeth,  iii.  5. 

B.  Transitive : 

1,  To  sell  or  exchange  in  barter  or  com- 
merce ;  to  barter. 

"They  traded  the  persons  of  men  aud  vesst'ls  of 
brass  m  thy  market."— Ase A' lef  xxvii.  13. 

*  2.  To  frequent  for  purposes  of  trade. 
"The  English  merchants  (/-Ht/iHj  those  countieys." 

—Sacklnyt :   Voyages,  i.  458. 

*  3.  To  educate  ;  to  bring  up ;  to  train. 

"  Eueiy  one  of  these  c©negi.'«  haue  in  like  maner 
their  professors  or  readers  of  tlie  tooinca  and  senerall 
scieucei,  as  tbey  call  them,  wliich  dailie  trade  vp  the 
youth  there  abiding  nriuatlie  in  their  ballea."— //o/i'(- 
ihed  :  Descrip.  Eng.,o\L.  ii.,  ch.  iii. 

*  4.  To  pass,  to  spend. 

"Of  tbi^  thyug  we  all  beare  witne.sse.  whom  here  ye 
see  standinge,  whlche  baue  traded  our  lines  familiarly 
with  \\\ii\.'  —  Cdal  :  Actvs  ii. 

*trad-ed,  a.  [Trade,  r.]  Practised,  versed, 
skilled,  experienced. 

"  Bly  will  enkindled  by  mine  eyes  aud  ears, 
Two  traded  pilots  "twixt  the  dangerous  shores 
Of  will  aud  judgment" 

Shakesp:  TroUus  &  Cressida,  ii.  2. 

*  trade'-ful,  a.  [Eng.  trade,  s. ;  -/»/(/).]  Full 
of  tvii'l;  w  business  ;  engaged  iu  trade  ;  busy 
in  tratfic  ;  commercial. 

"Through  the  ti.iked  street. 
Once  haunt  of  trade/ul  merchauts.  3i)rings  the  grass." 
H'ar(oji ;  Pleasures  of  MelanchtAy. 

*  trade'-less,  n.  [Eng.  trcuU,  s. ;  'Uss.\  Des- 
titute of  trade  ;  not  busy  in  trade. 

"  Oer  generous  glebe,  o'er  golden  mines 
Her  beggared,  famished,  tradtU-ss  native  rores." 
I'oiing  :  The  Merrhaitt.  strain  5. 

trad'-er,  s.     [Eng.  trade,  v.  ;  -cr.] 

1.  One  who  is  engaged  in  trade  or  com- 
merce ;  a  merchant,  a  tradesman. 

"  All  the  rich  traders  in  the  world  may  decay  aud 
breal; ;  but  the  poor  man  can  never  fail,  except  God 
himself  turn  bankrupt."— fl«r;-ow.  .sVrjito'w,  vol.  i., 
aer.  31. 

2.  A  vessel  employed  regularly  in  any  par- 
ticular trade,  whether  foreign  or  coasting  ;  as, 
an  East  Indian  trader. 

trad-es-can'-ti-a  (or  ti  as  shi),  s.  [Xamed 
after  tlie  elder  Joh'n  Tradesc4uit,  apparently  a 
Dutchman,  appointed  gardener  to  Charles  I. 
in  1020.  The  younger  Tradescant,  son  of  the 
former,  was  also  a  botanist.] 

Bot.  :  Spiderwort;  an  extensive  genus  of 
Conmielynacese,  from  America  and  India. 
Sepals  three,  petals  three,  filaments  covered 
with  jointed  hairs,  capsule  three-celled.  About 
thirty  species  are  cultivated  iu  British  flower- 
gardens.  Tradcscantia  vii-ginica  is  the  Com- 
mon Spiderwort.  It  is  "an  erect  lily -like 
plant,  about  a  foot  high,  with  lanceolate, 
eloiig.ite  I  smooth  leaves,  and  a  crowdeil  um- 


bel of  liesbile  ami  pubeseent  blue  flowers. 
Ill  Virginia  it  grows  in  shady  woods.  It  has. 
been  given  for  snake  bite,  but  is  apparently 
only  an  emollient.  T.  vudaharica,  boiled  in 
oil,  is  taken  for  itch  and  leprosy.  In  Urazil 
the  rhizomes  of  T.  dhn-etU-a  are  given  iu 
dysury,  strangury,  &c.  Plants  of  this  genus 
have  served  as  material  for  important  obser- 
vations on  the  ph  ysiology  of  plants,  Mr.  Robert 
Brown  having  observed  the  rotation  of  the 
cell-contents  in  the  hairs  of  the  stamens, 
though  they  have  since  been  discovered  in 
many  otlier  plants.  The  stems,  petioles,  &c. 
also  afford  beautifully  visible  spiral,  annular, 
and  reticulated  vessels. 

t  trade^'-folk  (l  silent),  s.  pi  [Eng.  trade, 
s..  and  foil:.]  People  engaged  in  trade  ;  trades- 
people. 

"By  his  advice  victuallers  and  tradeifolk  would 
soon  Ket  all  the  money  of  the  kingdom  iuto  their 
lianda."— .Sioift, 

trades  -man,  5.    [Eng.  tnule,  s.,  and  vian.] 

1.  One  engaged  in  trade  ;  a  trader,  a  shop- 
keeper. 

"A  soldier  may  be  anything,  if  brave, 
So  may  a  tradesman,  if  not  quite  a  knave." 

Cowper :  Hope,  2M). 

2.  One  who  has  a  trade  or  handicraft ;  a 
mechanic.    (Scotch  £  Avier.) 

tra-dille',  s.     [See  def.]     The  same  as  Tre- 

DILLE  ("i-V.) 

■*  How  fi*r  it  I'ombrel  agreed  with,  and  in  what 
points  it  would  be  found  to  differ  from  tradUh:"— 
Lamb:  Mrs.  Bittles  Opinions  on  Whist. 

trad'-iiig,  v-  P("'-  &  ft-    [Trade,  v.] 

A,  -Is  pr.  2xu\  :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  --Is  adjective : 

1.  Engaged  in  trade ;  carrying  on  trade  or 
commerce  :  as,  a  trailing  company. 

2.  Applied  in  a  disparaging  sense  to  a 
person  whose  public  actions  are  regulated 
by  his  interes^ts  rather  than  by  his  principles  ; 
bearing  the  cliaract.er  of  an  adventurer  ; 
venal. 

*  trading-flood,  s.     A  trade-wind  (q.v.). 

'■  Tliey  on  tlif  trmiiiig.flootl 
PIv.  stemming  nightly  toward  the  Pole." 

Miltou  :  P.  L.,  ii.  S4a 

tra-di'-tion«  *  tra-di-ci-oun,  .«.  [Lat. 
traditio  =  a  surrender,  a  dLdi\'ery,  a  tradition, 
from  tradit-ns,  pa.  par.  of  (rado  =  to  deliver, 
to  hand  over;  Fr.  tradition;  Sp.  traxUcion  ; 
Ital.  fradizione.  Tnuiitioyi  and,  treason  are 
doublets.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  The  act  of  handing  over  or  delivering 
something  in  a  formal  or  legal  manner ;  de- 
livery. 

"  A  deed  takes  effect  only  from  this  tradition  or 
delivery.  '^Blackstone:  Comment.,  bk.  ii..  ch.  20. 

2.  The  handing  down  of  events,  opinions, 
doctrines,  practices,  customs,  or  the  like, 
from  father  to  son,  or  from  ancestors  to  pos- 
terity ;  the  transmission  of  any  opinions, 
practices,  customs,  <fcc.,  from  forefathers  to 
descendants,  by  oral  communication,  without 
written  memorial. 

3.  That  which  is  handed  do^^'n  from  father 
to  son,  or  from  ancestor  to  posterity  by  oral 
communication  without  written  memorial  ; 
knowledge  or  belief  transmitted  from  foi-.-- 
fathers  to  descendants  without  the  aid  of 
written  memorials. 

II,  Scripture  £  Church  History  : 

1.  A  doctrine  of  divine  authority,  orally 
delivered.  (See  1  Cor.  xi.  2  ;  2  Thess.  ii.  15  ; 
R.  V.) 

2.  The  oral  law,  said  tn  have  been  given  by 
God  to  Moses  on  Mount  Sinai;  iu  reality 
based  on  Rabbinical  interpretations  of  the 
Mosaic  Law. 

"Slaking  the  Word  of  God  of  none  effect  through 
your  tradition."— Mark  vii.  9. 

3.  A  term  used  in  Article  xxxir.  of  the 
Anglican  Church  to  denote  customs,  rites, 
forms,  and  ceremonies  which  have  been  trans- 
mitted by  oral  communication.  Among  these 
are  the  custom  of  bowing  in  the  Creed  at  the 
name  of  Jesus,  the  postures  custiunary  in 
various  church  offices,  aud  many  other  mat- 
ters of  long  usage,  which,  though  unwritten, 
are  held  to  be  obligatory  as  standing  customs 
of  the  Church. 

4.  In  the  Roman  Church  tradition  is  used 
in  the  same  sense  as  II.  1.  The  Council  of 
Trent(Sess.iv.,  de  Canonicis  Scripturis)tea.cheii 
that  the  truth  of  Christ  is  containe<l  i)artly  in 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore.  wolf.  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule.  /uU ;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  oa  =^  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  ^  kw. 


tradition— traffic 


tht'  sncrail  writintis  .(thi^reaftt'r  piminorateii), 
and  i)artly  in  unwritten  tnulition  receivt-ii 
by  tlte  Apostles  from  Christ  or  from  tlie  Holy 
Ghost,  anil  entrusteil  by  them  to  the  Church, 
anil  that  Scriptvire  ami  Ajiostolio  tradition 
aie  ;ilike  to  be  reverenced. 

5.  Muluiiiiuiii:hitism:  A  recital  containing 
a  senlenre  or  ileclaration  of  Muhammad  re- 
garding some  religiou.s  question,  either  moral, 
ceremonial,  or  theological. 

"To  prevpiit  the  inaimtiicture  of  spurious  Irndttiom, 

ft  number  M  ati  ict  rnlos  were  liild  dowu."— CoiifeiH/). 

Jii-Pieto.  June.  187".  i).  .^5. 

H  Tradition  of  the  Creed  : 

Ei-des.  it  Church  Hist. ;  The  instruction  for- 
merly given  on  certain  days  to  the  catechu- 
mens' upon  the  Creed  at  mass.  The  time  and 
place  varied  in  ditferent  Churches.  In  the 
Mnz.arabic  Missal  it  still  retains  its  place  be- 
fore the  Epistle  on  Palm  Sunday.  At  Rome 
it  tool;  place  on  the  Wednesday  in  Mid-Lent. 

Tradition-Sunday, .«. 

E:-:ies.  d-  Chnreh  Ihil.:  Palm  Sunday,  from 
the  fact  that  on  that  day  the  Creed  was  in 
many  places  formerly  taught  to  candidates  for 
liapt'ism  on  Holy  Saturday. 

•  tra-di'-tion,  i'.(-  (Tradition,  s.]  To  traus- 
nii't  I'r  liaiiii  down  by  way  of  tradition. 

■  riji-  I  'I  iV  ciill  a  eharitalile  curiosity,  if  true  what 
!-  /  ,  .■■''•  .  tliftt  about  the  reign  of  king  Henty 
llu  .  ..  r  t  the  owner  thereof  built  It  in  a  dear  year. 
,,],  |.iu|  -.  t  .  iiiinloy  the  more  poorpeople  thereuiion." 
—fii'U-i-      tViithics:  Somersntmtrf. 

tra-di'-tion-al,  a.    [Eng.  tradition:  -al.] 

1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  handed  down  by 
tradition  ;  derived  from  tradition  ;  communi- 
cated or  ti-ansmitted  from  ancestors  to  pos- 
terity by  oral  communication  only,  without 
written  memorial  ;  foundeil  on  reports  not 
having  the  authenticity  or  value  of  historical 
evidence. 

"The  trttditional  commentary  upon  this  Ijallftil."— 
Scoff.-  77*f»n<is  fAe  fthytiiei:    (Note.) 

2.  Based  or  foundeil  on  tradition  ;  contain- 
ing or  consisting  of  traditions. 

"  We  shall  iiee  its  importance  when  we  deal  with  the 
tradilt'jiKtl  legends  of  drought  and  darlcneis."— Cox : 
Infrod.  to  MifllwJogy,  p.  no. 

*  3.  Observant  of  tradition  ;  attached  to  old 
customs.     (Shiikesp.  :  rddiard  III.,  iii.  1.) 

tra-di-tion-al-ism,  .^.  [Eng.  traditional  ; 
■ism.]     [I'RADirtoN.J 

I.  Orii.  Larirj. :  Adherence  to  tradition. 

"  Has  given  special  strength  to  what  was  previously 
the  weakest  side  of  the  Romanist  position,  its  trndi- 
tionannm.'—Athemvinn.  Dee.  20.  1S31. 

II.  Philns.  (ill  this  sense  from  Mod.  Lat. 
trnditionalismiis):  A  system,  founded  by  De 
Bonald  (175+-1840),  a  French  statesman  and 
philosopher,  wliicli  for  some  time  had  nume- 
rous adherents  in  France  and  Belgium.  So 
far  as  the  human  mind  is  concerned  tradi- 
tionalism reduces  intellectual  c^gnition  to  be- 
lief in  truth  comnuiiiieatetl  by  revelation  from 
God,  and  receiveil  by  traditional  instruction 
through  the  medium  of  language,  which  was 
originallv  itself  a  supernatural  gift.  Accord- 
ing" to  Ueberweg  (Hist.  Philos.,  Eng.  ed.,  ii. 
33!i)  "the  whole  philosophy  of  Bonald  is  con- 
trolled by  the  triailic  formula  :  cause,  means, 
etlect.  In  cosmology  the  cause  is  God  ;  the 
means  is  motion  ;  tiie  eflect  is  corporeal  ex- 
istence. In  politics  these  three  terms  become : 
power,  minister,  subject ;  in  the  family  :  father, 
mother,  child.  De  Bonald  applied  these  for- 
mulas to  theology,  and  deduced  from  them 
the  necessity  of  a  Mediator.  Hence,  the  fol- 
lowing proposition :  God  is  to  the  God-man 
what  the  God-man  is  to  man."  Traditionalism 
was  condemned  by  the  Congregation  of  the 
Index  in  1S55,  and  by  the  Vatican  Council 
(1S70)  in  the  Constitution  Dei  Filius. 

tra-di'-tion-al-ist,  s.  (Eng.  traditional : 
■ht.]  i-)ne  who'  holds  to  tradition  or  tradi- 
tioiialisiii. 

tra-di-tion-al-ist'-ic,  a.  (Eng.  tradition- 
alist ;  -ic]  Of  or  peitaining  to  traditionalism 
(q.v.). 

"  l>e  Bminli)  was  the  chief  of  thi*  so-called  tradi- 
fionatU(i<:  hc\\oij]."—Cebi-rweg :  Hist.  Philos.  {Eng.  td.). 
ii.  ;W9. 

•  tra-di-tion-al'-i-ty',  s.  [Eng.  traditional; 
-it'fj.]  That  wliich  is  handed  down  by  tradi- 
tion ;  tradition. 

"  MKuy  ii  iii;ui  doing  loud  work  iu  the  world  stands 
only  un  some  thin  rr'((((7(OH«?i/y.  couveutiounlity."— 
C'trlyh: 

tra-di'-tion-al-ly,  o'lr.    [Eng.  traditional; 

-hi-] 


1.  In  :i  traililioiial  manm-r  ;  hy  nml  trans- 
mission from  fiither  to  son,  nr  fn'in  a^c  tn  age. 

"  In  (mk' II  If  II  (3  ftuil  pieces  trnditiniiaUfi  preBi-ived  iu 
subaeiiueiit  ftutliora." —//«/«.-  Oritf.  i// Munkttid.  !>.  135. 

2.  According  to  tradition. 

"Tr^iditiou'xUy  relftted  by  Stnibo."— Broiriio;  Vul- 
g<ir  Errimrs.  Iik.  vii..  oli.  xviii. 

•  tra-di'-tion-ar-i-li^,  adv.  [Kng.  tmdl- 
tiomnj;  -/(/.)  In  a  tratlitionary  manner  ;  by 
tradition ;  Iraditii'iially. 

tra-di'-tion-a-rS^,  n.  &  s.  [Enj:;.  tradition,  s. ; 
-ary.] 

A.  As  ailj.  :  The  same  as  Tr.\ditional 
Oi-v.). 

"  That  cmitempt  f-r  traditionnr//  custom  .  .  .  which 
hud  gone  far  to  bring  about  tlie  ruin  of  the  Komau 
empire."  — (i'«J-t/iinfr  X  Mulliiujer:  lutrod.  to  Kn'j. 
/list,,  ch.  Iii. 

B.  As  siibst. :  Among  the  Jews,  one  who 
arknowledges  the  authority  of  traditions  and 
explains  the  Scriptures  by  them. 

tra-di -tion-er,    *  tra-di'-tion-ist,   s. 

[Eng.  imdition,  s.  ;  -tr.]  *  One  who  adheres  to 
or  acknowledges  tradition. 

"To  ascertain  who  the  Masorites  or  trnditionisti 
■were.'—PilKiitgtou  :  Atfm.  on  Scripture,  p.  l.i. 

*  trad'-i-tive»  a.  [Fr.  traditif,  from  Lat.  tru- 
ditus,  pa.  p,ir.  nf  /ra(/o=tohand  dt)wn.]  Of 
or  i^ertaining  to  tradition ;  based  on  tradition  ; 
traditional. 

"A  coustant  catholic  trntUtive  interpretation  of 
scripture  "—fl/'.  'J'-ii/lor  :  Episcotiacy  Asserted,  §  'i. 

trad-i-tor  (pi.  trS-d  i-tbr'-es), .':.  [Lat.  = 
one  who  surrenders.]  One  who  gives  up  or 
surrenders  ;  a  traitor,  a  surrenderer.  Specif., 
ill  churcli  history,  a  term  of  infamy  applied  to 
those  Christians  who,  in  the  early  ages  of  the 
church  during  the  persecutions,  handed  over 
the  copies  of  the  Scriptures  or  the  goods  of 
tlie  church  to  their  persecutors  to  save  their 
lives. 

"  There  were  in  the  church  Itselfe  fraditnrs.  content 
to  deliuer  vp  the  b.>oki-»  of  God  by  cimnjosition.  to 
the  end  their  owne  liuea  might  Ijce  si)art;d. "— //ovAvr  ; 
Kccles.  J'ol.,  I>k.  v..  §63. 

tra-dU9e',  ^.^  [Lat.  traduco  =  to  lead  across, 
to  derive,  to  convict,  to  prove  guilty,  from 
(raji5  =  across,  and  (/»co  =  to  lead;  Fr.  tra- 
didre  ;  Sp.  traducir  ;  Ital.  tradurre.] 

*  1.  To  translate  from  one  language  into 
another. 

■'  Oftentimes  the  auctours  and  writers  are  dis- 
pmised,  not  i>f  tlitm  thiit  can  traduce  and  comjiose 
woiktjs:  butitf  tlieiiii  that  cannot  vnderstnnde  tlieuii." 
—dolden  aoke.    (?rul.) 

*  2.  To  continue  by  deriving  one  from 
another ;  to  propagate  or  reproduce,  as  animals; 
to  distribute  by  propagation. 

'■  From  these  only  the  r.ice  of  perfect  animals  were 
propagated  and  traduced  over  the  earth."— //a?c  .■  Ori'j. 
of  J/anhind. 

*  3.  To  transmit ;  to  hand  on. 

"  It  is  not  in  tlie  power  of  parents  to  traduce  holi- 
nesse  to  tlieir  children.' —fi>).  Bcill:  Coutempl.;  The 
AngeU  i  Zacharic, 

*  4.  To  tlraw  aside  from  duty ;  to  seduce. 

"  I  can  never  forget  the  weakuess  of  the  traduced 
soldiei's."— /fe<(i(n(.  A:  Fletcher. 

*  5.  To  represent,  to  exhibit,  to  display  ;  to 
make  an  example  of. 

"For  means  of  employment  that  which  is  most 
traduced  to  contempt.  "-Bacon."  Advarice.  of  Learn- 
ing, bk.  i. 
6.  To  represent  as  blamable ;  to  slander,  to 
defame,  to  calumniate,  to  vilify;  to  mis- 
represent wilfully. 

■■  I  am  traduced  by  toDKUes,  which  neither  know 
My  faculties,  uor  person. 

Shakesp. :  Senr;/  VJll.,  i.  2. 

t  tra-du9e'-nient,  s.  [Eng.  traduce;  -ment.] 
The  act  of  traducing  ;  misrepresentation  ;  ill- 
founded  censure  ;  defamation,  calumny,  slan- 
der, obloquy. 

"  'Twere  a  concealment 
Wor=e  thau  a  theft,  no  less  than  a  traduceinettt. 
To  hide  your  doings."      Sliakesp, :  Coriolaniis,  i.  P. 

*  tra-du9'-ent,  a.  [Lat.  traducens,  pr.  par. 
of  t,udncn,]  [Traduce.]  Slandering,  slander- 
ous, calumniating. 

tra-dU9'-er,  5.     [Eng.  traduc(e);  -er.] 
*  1.  One  who  derives  or  deduces. 
2.  One  who  tiaduces,  slanders,  or  calum- 
niates ;  a  slanderer. 

•■  He  found  bi>th  spears  and  arrows  in  the"  mouths 
of  Ilia  truducers."—Bp.  Ball :  Balm  of  Oilead. 

t  3.  A  seducer. 

"  The  tradncer  is  taken  back  in  the  good  graces  of 
reliiaon  when  he  is  found  to  have  made  the  mistake 
of  legally  man-yii'g  the  girl  whom  he  thonglit  he  h:id 

only  aeduced."— .I'/ifiMtnoi,  Dec.  ;i.  U>i7.  p.  743. 


t  tra  du  -clan. 


|1'k.\IUH:|ANI3T.) 


tra- du -clan -i^m,    g.     [.Mod.    Lat.    tra- 

ihu:iitnisinu.'<,   IVmii  tnidiix,  gouit.  traducis  =::i 
vine-branch,  a  layer.] 

Onirch  Hist. :  The  doctrine  that  the  huniun 
soul,  as  well  as  the  bmlv,  is  jirodnced  by 
natural  generation.  St,  Augustine  seems  to 
have  inclined  tn  this  btdi<-f.  without  commit- 
ting himself  tn  it  or,  on  the  other  hand,  )tni- 
nouncing  in  favour  of  the  opinion  that  the 
si'ul  was  immediately  created  hy  God  and 
infused  into  the  embryo  wlieii  sullluieiitly  oc- 
gariized. 

"  These  theaeM  eeeiu  to  Involve  .  .  .  the  doctrine  ■>( 
Tntduriittiittn  to  which  AuKU'tliie  wax  tn  fact  In- 
clined »ii  account  of  liU  doctrine  of  original  sin '— 
i'lbn-wej :  Itinf.  PhitM.  (Eng.  ud).  i.  ao. 

tra-du'-cian-ist^  tra-du'-cian,  s.    [Eng. 

tradiiciau{is)n) ;  -isl.] 

Church  Hist. :  One  who  held  that  souls  were 
trnnsniitted  by  parents  to  their  chihlren,  inid 
that  the  stain  of  original  sin  was  trausinitte<l 
at  the  same  time. 

"  The  orthodox  party  were  called  TradiieianUts  by 
the  Pelagians,  in  connection  with  the  doctrine  of  the 
traiismissiun  of  oiigiual  »\ii."— Blunt :  Did.  Scrts, 
p.  41-J. 

*  tra-du9'-i-ble,  a.    [Eng.  tradur(e):  -abh.] 

1.  Oapalilo  of  being  derived,  transmitted, 
or  propagated. 

"  Not  orally  trndnciblc  to  so  great  a  dietauce  of 
ages."— ir'i/e  :  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

2.  Capable  of  being  traduced. 

tra-du9'-ing,  ]"■.  'par.  ova.    [Traduce.] 

"  tra-dU9 -ihg-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  traducin<j; 
-h/.\  111  a  ti.idui-ing  or  slanderous  manner; 
slanderuusiy,  calunmiously. 

*  trdd'-iict,  s.  [Lat.  tradudum,  neut.  sing, 
of  traduco  =  to  translate.]  [Traduce.]  A 
translation. 

"The  traditct  may  exceed  the  oiigiual."— /Axcc?/ .- 
Letters,  bk.  il..  let.  46. 

^tra-diict',  v.t.  [Traduct,  s.]  To  derive, 
to 'deduce,  to  transmit,  to  proiiagate. 

"For  how  this  newly. created  soul  is  infused  hy 
God.  no  man  knowa  ;  nor  how,  if  it  be  tradm-ted  from 
the  parents,  both  their  souls  contribute  to  thw  makiitg 
up  a  new  one."— j/orc ;  Immort.  of  the  -iout.  bk,  Ii., 

ch.  xiii. 

tra-duc'-tion.  s.    [Lat.  tradvctio,  from  tra- 

ditciits,  pa.  p;ir.  of  traduco.]    [Traduce.] 
'  1.  Translation  from  onelangnage  toanother. 
"  I  confesse  to  deserue  no  uierltes  for  my  traduction 
or  any  tniue."—Ooltlen  Boke.    (Prol.) 

*  2.  Tradition ;  transmission  from  one  to 
another. 

"Touching  traditional  comniunicitiitii  n.ud  tradur- 
tiou  of  truths  conuatui-al  mid  eiignivcii,  1  do  not 
duubt  but  many  of  them  Ii;ive  ha.l  the  help  of  that 
derivation."— //<i?c.'  Orig.  of  Mankuul. 

"  3.  Derivation  from  one  of  the  same  kind  ; 
propagation,  reproduction. 

"  If  by  traduction  came  thy  mind, 
Oiir  wouder  is  the  less  to  And, 
A  soul  so  charming  from  a  stock  so  good." 
Dr.ijdcn  :  To  the  Mem.  of  Mrs.  A  mie  KUligrew.  23. 

4.  The  act  of  giving  origin  to  a  soul  by  pro- 
creation.     (Opposed  to  infusion.)     [Traou- 

ClANISM.] 

"There  may  be  perhaps  who  will  say,  that  the  9<iul. 
together  with  life,  sense.  &c..  are  propagat<?iI  hy  tra- 
durtion  from  parents  to  children. '-M  oUaston  :  lU:Uj. 
of  A'atnre,  §  3. 

*  5.  Transition. 

"The  reports  and  fugues  have  an  agreement  with 
the  figin-es  in  rlietorick  of  repetition  and  tntducfton." 
—Bacun.    {Todd.i 

*  6.  Conveyance,  transpoi-tation ;  the  art 
of  transporting  or  transferring. 

"Since  America  is  divided  on  every  side  by  consider- 
able  seiLs.  and  ni>  uassage  known  by  land,  the  traduc- 
tion of  brutes  could  only  be  by  shipitiug."- W«/e :  t)ri(i. 
of  Mankind. 

•  tra  -  due' -  tive,  «■  [Eng.  traduct;  -Mr.] 
Ciip;itjle  uf  being  deduced  ;  derivable. 

"T.-iking  in  any  author  of  his  irailuctivo  powi-r.'  — 
]y„ltaHtun  :  Helig.  "f  Suture.  %  f: 

t  tra-fal'-gar,  s.     [After  Cape  Trafalgar.] 
hrint.  :  A  large  size  of  type  used  for  hand- 
bills or  post-bills. 

tr^f  -fic, '  traf  -fick,  "traf-flcke, '  traf- 

flke,  >.  IFr.  fraji-iw,  a  wonl  id"  dcuiUful 
etymology.  Diez  compares  o.  I'oit.  tms/r'Kir 
=  to  decant,  which  he  derives  from  Lat.  tra- 
(for  trails)  =  across,  and  a  sup])Osed  Low  Lat. 
vico  =  to  excliange,  from  Lat.  rids  =  change  ; 
Ital.  traffico,  trajico;  Sp.  trajico,  tra/ago  = 
traffic,  careful  management ;  Port,  trafivo, 
rrofi'iia.] 


boil,  boy  ;  poiit.  jowl :  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9hin,  ben?h :  go,  gem ;  thin,  this :  sin,  as :  expect,  ^Cenophon.  exUt.    ph  -  f- 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.      tion,    siou  -  shun  ;    tion.    sion  -  zhun.    -cious.  -tlous,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.    die.  \.    -  bel,  del. 


:54 


traflO-c— tragic 


•  1.  ItttKiness  ;   a    matter    of   business  ;    a 
trarisiu'tioii ;  siilijfct. 
"  Th«  fmrful  |NU«n^'(>  I'f  thvir  ilpnth-innrkd  luvo  . 
Is  iiww  tite  trto  lumrn'  Irttjfic  u(  uur  st*Kr." 

Shakrip, :  liomeo  <t  Juliet.    (I'rulJ 

2.  An  intercliange  of  goods,  wares,  nier- 
fliaiidise,  or  i)ropfrty  of  any  kind  U'tweeu 
coDiitrifM.  euniniunitics,  or  individuals  ;  ttnidf, 
conniierct'. 

"  Truth  la  Hut  lucnl,  OmI  ftllk«  i^rvailm 
Autl  UIU  tbo  wurltl  uf  tr'tfflc  Rial  th«  aliftdm." 

Cow/ter:  Urtirtmtitt,  120. 

3.  Dealin-js,  intercourse. 

4.  GiX>ds  or  pfi-sons  i>assing  or  being  con- 
veyed to  and  fro  ui*>iig  a  niilwjiy,  canal,  stejun- 
boat  route,  or  the  like,  viewed  collectively. 

"Thi"  iiicrMBing  truffle  on  the  nwid  .  .  .  Blmwei! 
tlint  thtry  wer«  NkiipriMcltliiK  the  rtiyHt  dwelling.*  — 
i-ttiij/  H.  BuU-er  :  j\e  I*rophrcii.  <' 


uiticles  of  trade  ;  com- 


ConitniKlitics  ; 
modifies  for  market. 

■■  You'll  «.■<?  a  ilnv);i:lt.tl  dAtii!>el  her»-  and  tluTi- 
Fruin  BilluigsgnU  her  tlsby  trtUfick  bf^r." 

Gay  :  Trieia,  i\.  10. 

•f  For  the  differeiine    between  tntjic   and 
tidde,  see  TkadE. 


traffic-manager.  >-.     Tlie  mannger 
lu'  tiullic  oil  a  raihwiy,  canal,  or  the  like. 


traffic-return,  ■■''.  a  periodii:id  state- 
iiieni  vf  the  receipts  fur  goods  and  |iasseugevs 
<'!!  a  iMituay-line,  canal,  tramway,  or  llie  like. 
"  Eiigliith  railways  closed  generally  1  to  4  lower,  the 
wtr«kly  tntjic-reluriit  twliig  illMipputlitlug.  '—Evvning 
^ttitUard.  Aug.  31,  IW7. 

traffic-taker,  s.  A  computer  of  the  re- 
turns ni"  trattic  itn  a  partieular  railway  line, 
canal,  tiaiiiway,  or  tlie  like. 

traf-fic.  'trif-fick,    traf-ficke,  i-.i.  & 

/.  (Fr.  tnijiqiicr  :  cl'.  Ital.  tntift.ure,  trtfjicare; 
Sp.  hitjirure,  Im/ayar ;  Port,  trajlcur,  traji- 
'jmai:]    [Traffic,  s.] 

A.  Intmnsitice: 

1.  To  trade  ;  tn  pass  gotuls  and  cnimnodities 
from  one  to  anotlu'i'foran  equivalent  in  gooils 
»»r  money  ;  to  carry  on  trade  or  commerce  ;  to 
buy  and  sell  goods  ;  to  deal. 

"  As  S'xiii  na  be  came  on  hoard  he  (rave  leave  to  his 
puhjecta  to  iruffick  with  Ms."—Dinnpier:   Voi/aget  (ftu. 

16sT). 

2.  To  have  business  ;  to  deal ;  to  have  to  do. 
ITkadk.) 

B.  Twiisitivc : 

1.  To  exchange  in  traffic;  to  trade,  to 
barter. 


To  bargain,  to  negotiate,  to  arrange. 

—Dnnti. 

*  traf -f ic-a^We,   *  traf-fique-a-ble.  a. 

[Ell-   ^T-^-,  V. ;  -ahh'.]     Capal>le  of  being  dis- 
jtosed  of  lit  traJIie  ;  marketable. 

"  Mfiiii-y  ...  is.  ill  -iome  c:isea,  -i  traffiqueable  com- 
iii..dity.  —Ui'.  Hull :  Cattx  of  Conscience,  Dec.  I.,  case  1. 

traf-fick-er, '  traf-iq-uer,  s.  {Ens.trcjfic, 
V.  ;  -er.]  One  who  traffics,  trades,  or  deais  ; 
one  who  carries  on  trade  or  commerce  ;  a 
trader.     (Often  used  in  a  derogatory  sense.) 

•■  I.est  these  to  Bome  fell  trafficker  iu  8la\  c 
We  8i>ld.'  Olorcr  .  Alhetmid.  bk.  xii\ 

^  traf' -f ic-leSS,  a.  [Eng.  tra_ffic,  s.  ;  -Ic^s.] 
Destitute  of  traffic  or  tiade. 

trag'-a-canth,  s.  [Lat.  tmgncanthvm,  fiom 
tragaaintha;  Gr.  TpayaKdv6a  (tragacttntha\  = 
Astragalus  creticus:  Tpayo?  (trngos)  =  a  goat, 
and  aKavda  (akaiitlui)  —  a  thorn.    (See  def.)] 

1.  Bot.,  &c. :  A  kind  of  gum  obtained  from 
various  species  of  Astragalus.  Fomi^irly 
Astragalus  Tragacanfha  was  considered  the 
chief;  but  it  is  now  known  that  tins  species 
yields  only  a  gummy  .juice  employed  in  con- 
feetionery.  Most  of  the  real  tragacautb 
comes  from  Astragalus  verus,  a  bush  about 
two  or  three  feet  high,  with  pinnate  leaves 
having  six.  seven,  or  eight  pairs  of  pointed 
leafiet.s.  The  midrib  of  tlie  leaves  terminates 
in  a. sharp,  yellowish  point;  the  flowers,  which 
are  yellow,  are  in  axillary  clusters,  with 
cottony  bracts.  It  is  a  native  of  northern 
Persia,  Armenia,  and  Asia  Minor.  The  gum 
exudes  during  summer  in  tortuous  streams, 
which  are  allowed  to  dry  on  the  plant.  Other 
species  that  furnish  it  are  A.  cnticus  and  A. 
nristuttts,  from  Greece,  the  Alps,  and  the 
Pyrenees,  Ac,  ,1.  gummifer,  from  Mount  Le- 
banon and  Kurdistan,  and  A.  strohili/erus, 
from  the  latter  locality.  Senegal  Tragacanth 
is  obtained  from  Steradia  Tragacantha,  called 
also  .?.  piibescois.     It  is  a  tree  about  thirty 


feet  high,  with  deciduous  leaves  and  reddish- 
brown  flowers.  It  is  a  native  of  Sierra  Leone 
and  till'  regions  adjacent.  J t  was  introduced 
into  Britain  in  17!t3  as  a  stove-plant.  Hog 
tragacanth  is  the  produce  of  I'nanis  Amygtta- 
/tw,  and  is  imported  into  Uombay  from  Persia. 

2.  C7if»i.,  Arts,  (Cr.  :  Wlieii  the  true  Traga- 
canth (that  from  the  genus  Astragalus)  reaches 
Kngland,  it  presents  the  appeamnce  of  dull- 
white,  semi-tmnsparent  flakes,  waved  con- 
centrically. It  is  tasteless  and  inodorous, 
sparingly  soluble  in  water,  and  is  diffi<tult  to 
powder  "unless  raised  to  a  te'ni>erature  of 
120-.  It  contains  two  distinct  gum.s,  gum 
arable  and  bassorin.  It  is  used  in  the  arts  as 
a  glue.  Formerly  it  was  much  employed  in 
IJiitJiin  to  stiflen  calico,  and  in  France  to 
stitfen  and  glaze  .silk.  Shoemakers  use  the 
inferior  kinds  to  glaze  the  margins  of  the  soles 
of  boots  and  shoes.  It  was  formerly  called 
Gum-dragon  (q.v.). 

3.  Pharni.,  fCc. ;  Tragacanth  is  used  as  an 
cmoihent  and  demulcent  to  suspend  heavy 
jtowdeis,  the  water  containing  it  being  more 
viscous  than  if  gum  arable  were  employed. 
There  is  a  compound  tragacantli-powder  which 
may  be  given  in  irritation  of  the  mucous 
membranes  of  the  genito-urinary  organs,  pul- 
monary affections  with  tickling  cough,  &c.  A 
tliick  layer  of  tragacanth  placed  over  burns  is 
useful  in  excluding  the  air. 

trag-a-can'- thine,  j-.  [Eng.  tmgacnnih: 
-inf.]'  A  generic  name  sometimes  ajjplied  to 
gums  resembling  Tragacanth  (q.v.).   (Brandt'.) 

*  trag'-al-ism,  s.  [Gr.  rpayos  {tr(igos)  =  a 
he-goat.]  Goatishness  from  high  feeding ; 
salaeiousness.  sensuality. 

tra-ge'-di-an,  s.  [Fr.  tragcdien,  from  Lat. 
trago:dus ;  Gr.  rpaywfids  {tragndos)  =■  lit.,  a 
goat-singer  ;  hence  a"  tragic  poet  and  singer  : 
Tpdyos  {tragos)  =  a  he-goat,  and  w{o?  (odos), 
for  doiSbs  ((toidos)  =a  singer  ;  oJfil^  (ode)  =a. 
song,  an  ode  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  writer  of  tragedy. 

"  The  first  fragpdiuus  found  th.it  nprious  style 
Too  gi-ave  for  their  uncultivated  ajje." 

Jiosfomtnoti :  Horace;  Art  of  Poet  r;/. 

2.  An  nctor  of  tragedy ;  a  tragic  actor. 
(Sometimes  applied  to  an  actor  generally.) 

"  Tut.  I  call  counterfeit  the  deep  tragedinn  ; 
Speak,  aiid  look  back,  and  pry  on  every  side," 

Shakesp.  :  /licharil  III.,  iji.  5. 

tra-ge'-di-enne,  s.  [Fr.]  A  female  actor 
of  tragedy  ;  a  tragic  actress. 

'  tra-ge  -di-oiis,     *  tra-ge-dy-ous,    o. 

[Eng.  tragedy  ;  ■ous.'\    Tragic,  tragical. 

"The  tr-iffedioiis  troubles  of  the  iimst  clinst  and 
iuiioieat  Joseph.'  —  li'ood  :  Athemt  Ozoii..  vol,  i. 

trag'-e-dy,  "trag-e-die,  "  trag-e-dye.  y. 

[Fr.  tragcdie,  from  Lat.  tragaidia ;  Gr.  Tpayw- 
6ta  (tragodia)  =  lit.,  the  song  of  tlie  goat, 
from Tpa-yo^ (tragos)  =  a  lie-goat,  and  (tlS^  (odi), 
9.  song,  an  ode.  Wliy  called  the  song  of  the 
f/octi  is  uncertain,  "wliether  because  a  goat  was 
the  prize  forthe  best  performance  of  tliat  song 
in  which  the  germs  of  the  future  tiagedy  lay, 
or  because  the  first  actors  were  dresseil,  like 
satyrs,  in  goatskins,  is  a  question  which  has 
.stirred  abundant  discussion,  and  will  remain 
unsettled  to  the  end."  (Trench:  Study  of 
Words,  leet.  v.)  "A  third  theory  (yet  more 
probable)  is  that  a  goat  was  sacrificed  at  the 
singing  of  the  song ;  a  goat,  as  being  the 
spoiler  of  vines,  was  a  fitting  sacrifice  at  the 
feast  of  Dionysus.  In  any  case  the  etymology 
is  certain."    (Skeat.)    Sp.  &  Ital.  tragcdia.] 

1.  A  dramatic  poem  representing  an  im- 
poi-tant  event,  or  a  series  of  events,  in  the 
life  of  some  person  or  persons,  in  which  the 
diction  is  elevated,  and  wliich  has  generally  a 
tragic  or  fatal  catastrophe  ;  that  species  of 
drama  which  represents  a  tragi.-al  j>ituation 
or  a  tragical  character.  Tragedy  miginatcd 
among  the  Greeks  in  the  worshiji  of  Dionysus. 
Thespis  first  introduced  dialogue  in  the 
choral  odes,  and  made  one  entire  story  oc- 
cupy the  pauses  in  the  chorus.  His  first 
representation  was  in  b.c.  535.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Phryuichus  and  Choerilus,  and 
is  said  to  have  written  150  pieces,  none  of 
which  has  come  down  to  us.  jEschylus 
(B.C.  525-456),  added  a  second  actor,  dimin- 
i.shed  the  parts  of  the  chorus,  and  made  the 
dialogue  the  principal  part  of  the  action.  He 
also  introduced  scenery,  and  masks  for  the 
actors,  and  is  also  said  to  have  introduced 
the  custom  of  contending  with  trilogies,  or 
three  plays  at  a  time.     In  his  later  years  he 


added  a  third  actor.  Sophocles  (b.c.  495-405), 
further  improved  the  scenery  aitd  costume. 
In  the  liauds  of  Euripides  (b.c.  4S0-405) 
tragedy  deteriorated  in  dignity ;  one  of  his 
peculiarities  was  the  prologue,  or  introductory 
monologue,  in  which  some  god  or  hero  ojiens 
the  play,  telling  who  he  is,  what  has  alie.idy 
happened,  and  what  is  the  present  state  of 
atfair-s.  He  also  invented  tragi-comedy.  The 
first  Roman  tragic  poet  was  Livius  Andronicus, 
a  Greek  by  birth,  who  began  to  exliibit  in 
B.C.  240.  He  was  succeeded  bv  N:evius  (dierl 
B.C.  204).  and  Ennius  (b.c.  23'J-H'.'.>).  The 
only  couiplete  Roman  tragedies  thiit  have 
come  down  to  us  are  the  ten  attrilmted  to 
Seneca  (a.d.  2-6-7.)  The  first  English  tragedy 
is  (Jurboduc,  or  ferrex  d;  Poncx,  acted  in  1502. 
[Drama.) 

2.  Tragedy  personified,  or  the  Muse  of 
Ti-agedy. 

"  Sometiines  let  gorgeous  Traffedy 
111  sceiitretl  iJall  uoiiie  sweepiiia  by." 

Milton:  U  J'ensvroso,  9" 

3.  A  fatal  and  lamentable  e'l'ent ;  any  event 
in  which  human  lives  are  h>st  by  human 
violence,  more  particularly  by  unauthorised 
violence. 

"I  lo'ik  uiKiii  this  now  done  ill  England. nR  another 
act  of  the  srinie  tnigedy  wliicli  wiw  lately  begun  iu 
ScutJ.iud. "— A'ijj;/  Ciiurlcs  :  JUkon  liusilike. 

trag-el*a-plii'-use»  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  trag- 
elaph(ns);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -iiio!.] 

ZooL  :  'Bovine  Antelopes;  a  sub-family  of 
Bovidif,  with  three  genera :  Oreas,  Tracrela- 
plius,  and  Purtax. 

trag-el-a-phiis,  s.  Gi-.  JpayiKa^o-;  (tragela- 
phos)  =  tlie  goat-stag,  a  fabulous  animal  men- 
tioned by  Aristophanes  and  Plato.] 

Zool. :  Tlie  type-genus  of  Tragelaphinse 
(q.v.),  with  eight  species,  ranging  over  Africa, 
from  the  tropics  southward.  The  head  is 
peculiarly  elongated  and  narrow  ;  the  horns, 
which  are  smaller  in  tlie  female  than  in  the 
male,  are  turned  abruptly  backward  at  their 
tips,  after  having  been  directed  forwards  and 
iipw;irds  in  a  lyiate  numner. 

■  traget,  ^  trajet»  *  treget,  s.  [O.  Fr.  tra- 
Jed.]  [Traject,  s.]  A  juggling  tricic  ;  an  im- 
I'osture.    (lioui.  of  tlie  Mose.) 

'tragetour,  *tregetour,  5.     [O.  Fr.  tra- 

jo:ti' hy  —  :i  juggler;  one  wlio  leaps  through 
honi..s,]  LTkaject,  s.]  A  jugglei',  an  impos- 
tor, a  cheat. 

"  My  Sonne  as  gyle  vnder  the  bat 
With  sleightes  of  a  tregefour 
Is  hid/'  Hoiovr  :  C.  A.,  ii. 

'  tragetry,    *  tregetry,    *  tregettrie,  6. 

[Traget.]    Trickery,  cheating. 

■■  I  did  hem  a  tragetr/i  ; 
Tliey  know  not  all  uiy  trcgettHe." 

liomaunt  etfthe  Rose. 

trag'-i-a.  s.  [From  Tragus,  the  Latini.sed 
name  of  an  oltl  German  botanist,  Hieronymus 
Bock.  Ger.  Vodc  and  Gr.  rpayos  (tragos)  both 
=  goat.] 

Bot.:  A  genns  of  Acalypheje.  Herbs  or 
tmdershrubs,  often  climbing,  found  in  the 
sub-tropical  paits  of  both  hemispheres.  Leaves 
.serrate  or  lobed;  male  flowers  numerous,  with 
a  tripartite  calyx  and  three  stamens,  females 
with  a  six-partite  calyx  and  a  three-celled, 
three-seeded  ovary.  Some  species  sting  almost 
like  nettles,  Tragia  invohccmta,  a  shrubby 
twiner,  with  the  flowers  in  leaf -opposed 
racemes,  T.  ca^inabbia,  with  hemp-like  leaves, 
and  7'.  MercnriaUs,  an  annual  erect  plant, 
named  from  its  resemblance  to  the  Dog's 
Mercury  (q.v.),  are  Indian  species,  and,  like 
the  T.  folubilis  of  America,  are  solvent,  dia- 
phoretic, and  diuretic.  The  root  of  T.  invo- 
lucrata  is  used  in  India  as  an  alterative  iu 
venereal  diseases ;  the  fruit,  niade  into  a 
X^aste,  is  aiiplied  to  boils  to  promote  supj'u- 
ration. 

trag'-ic,   *trag'-ick,   *trag-ik»  «.  &  s. 

[Fr.  tyagiipie,  from  Lat.  tragtcns  :  Gr.  TpayiKoq 
(/raj7i7.o.>;)  =  goatish,  tragic;  from  rpayo^  (tra- 
gos) =  a  goat ;  Sp.  &■  Ital.  tragico.] 
A.  vis  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  tragedy  ;  of  the 
nature  or  character  of  tragedy. 

"  There  never  yet,  on  traffic  stage. 
Was  Been  so  weM  auaiiited  r.ipe 
As  Oswald  shov  xL        Scott :  fiokeby,  vi.  9. 

2.  Cliaraeterized  b  ',  or  accompanied  with 
bloodshed  or  loss  of  life ;  mournful,  lament- 
able, sad,  tragical. 

"  Xoble.  valiant,  princes  .  .  .  have  had  r.  miserable 
tragik  elide."— /oj/e."  Expos,  qf  Daniel,  ch.  viiL 


late,  fat.  fare,  .-imldst,  what,  fall,  father:    w§,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son:  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  our.  rile.  fiiU:  try. 


:   pine,  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine ;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,     se.  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tragical— trail 


:hh 


3.  Ex'pii'ssive  of  tra<;eily  or  tlie  lorss  of  life. 
•  B.  As  siihstuiitivc: 

1,  A  wiiii-r  or  cninpospr  of  a  trapeily. 

2.  A  tiiii^fdy  ;  a  traj^'ic  drama. 

*tr3ig'-ic-al,  (t.  [Eng.  tragic ;  -ft/.]  Tito  same 
as  Trauil"(ii.v.). 

"  Very  trmjical  luirtli." 

MidsumituT  Sight't  Drcanu 

trag'-ic-al-ly»  adv.     [Eng.  tragical;  •?,(/.] 

1.  Ill  a  trajiic  or  trngical  manner ;  as  lielits 
tragedy. 

"  Jnveurtrs  genius  wns  slmrp  and  eager  :  and  as  his 
provocations  were  great,  he  liiis  revenged  tlieni 
tragicuHi/:'— liryden :  Juvenal.    ( Dedic, ) 

2.  MLHinifuUy,  sadly,  lamentably. 

"  Prot-eede  to  tlie  rest  of  our  voyage,  which  ended 
tr<t'jiciilli/."—U'ict:iuyt;   Voyai/eS,  in.  lot 

*  trag'-ic-al-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tragical ;  -nestt.] 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  tragical ;  sad- 
ness, inournfulness. 

"  And  we  moralize  the  fable  as  well  in  the  tragicnl- 
iifss  of  the  event,  as  in  the  insoleiioe  uf  the  under- 
t:iking."— />(,caj/  of  rivt)/. 

*  trag'-ic-ly,  *  trag"  ick-lj^,  adv.  [Eng. 
tragic;  -/j/.J    Tragically,  .sadly,  mourufully. 

"  I  shall  aadly  sing,  too  tragkcMy  incliu'd," 

Stirling:  Aurora,  son.  102, 

trag-i-com'-e-d^,  s.  [En^.  tragi-,  tor  tragic, 
.-iii'l  comedif ;  Fr.  traglconifdie.]  A  kind  of 
diuMiatic  poem  in  which  tragic  ancl  comic 
scenes  are  blended  ;  a  composition  ]>art;d;ing 
of  the  nature  butli  of  tragedy  and  comedy. 

"  Sh.ikspeare  had  borrowed  from  Whetstme  tlie 
plot  of  tlienohle  trngrc'imetit/ot  Mtasure/or  Mfusurt." 
^•.\tu--<itilay:  Hist.  Luj.,  ch.  v. 

'trag'i-c6m'-ic,     trag-i-com-ic-al, ". 

[Eng.  tragi-,  for  tragic,  and  comic,  comical ;  Fr. 
tragicomi'iiii'.l  Pertaining  to  tragicomedy  ; 
l»ar{akiiig  of  the  nature  both  of  tragedy  and 
comedy. 

"  The  whole  .irt  of  the  tragicomical  farce  lies  in 
interweaviiii:  the  several  kinds  of  the  drama,  "—y-ftf.' 
What  dye  •.all  It. 

*■  trag-i-c6m'-ic-al-ly,  a.     [Eng.  trngiconil- 

cut:  -ly.]     Ill  a  tragicomical  manner. 

"  Liiws  »iy  Pindarick  ivirents  matter'd  not, 
So  I  was  trayicomicalli/  got,"  Brampton. 

*  tr5,g-i-c6m-i-pas'-t6r-al,   a.     [Eng. 

tn-tiii(c),  com.i(r),  ami  pa.-<to>aL]  Paitaking  i>f 
the  nature  of  tragedy,  comedy,  and  pastoral 

].notry. 

trag-i-ciis,  .<;.    [Tragic] 

Aiiat. :  The  .Muscle  of  the  Tragus.  [Tragus, 
H.] 

trag'69'-er-as,  .f-  [Gr.  rpayo?  (tragos)  =  a 
goat,  and  «epas  {keras)  —  u  linrn.J 

PaU-font.  :  A  genus  of  Antelopes,  with  goat- 
like horns,  from  the  Upper  Miocene  of  Greece. 

trag'-6-pan,  S.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  rpayonai' 
{tragopaii)  =  a  Goat-Pan,  a  fabulous  bud,  said 
to  inhabit  Ethiopia  {Plia.  x.  70.).] 

Oriiith.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
Ceriornis,  a  genus  of  Lophophorinre.  The 
bead  is  crested,  but  naked  on  the  cheeks  and 
round  the  eyes,  a  horn-like  caruncle  project- 
ing backwards  from  behind  each  eye,  and  a 
bjose,  inflatable  wattle  hanging  beneath  the 
l>ill.  Tlie  tarsi  aie  spurred  in  the  males. 
There  are  five  species  from  the  forests  of  tlie 
Himalayas,  from  Cashmere  to  Bhootan  and 
AVestern  China.  They  are  biids  of  beautiful 
plumage,  somewhat  re.'iembling  phea.sants, 
but  more  bulky  in  foini,  ;nul  with  rounded 
tails  of  moderate  length.  It  is  probable  that 
they  might  be  acclimatised,  and,  with  a  little 
care,  domesticated  in  Britain. 

trSg-O-po'-gon,  s.  [Gr,  Tpayo?  (tragos)  —  a 
goat,  and  iTioyiof  { iioiioii)  =  a  beard.  Named 
from  the  I.ieautifully-bearded  fruit.] 

Bot. :  Goat's-beard  ;  agenusofScorzonerere. 
Heads  solitary,  yellow  or  purple.  Involucre 
single,  of  eight  to  ten  connected  scales ; 
)iappus  feathery,  receptacle  naked ;  fruit, 
slender,  nuiricate,  with  a  long  beak.  Known 
s]iecies  about  twenty,  from  Europe,  North 
Africa,  ami  Western  Asia.  One,  Tragojiniinn 
pratensis,  the  Yellow  Goat's-beard,  is  British. 
The  stem  is  one  or  two  feet  high,  the  leaves 
alternate,  the  sheaths  much  dilated,  the  in- 
volucre eight-leaved,  the  flowers  yellow,  closing 
before  noon,  the  fruit-beads  large,  the  achenes 
scabrous  and  scaly,  the  pappus  very  feathery, 
elevated  ona  longstalk.  Found  in  meadows, 
pasiurcs,    and  waste  places  in  Britain.     7'. 


jyyrri/oHns,  the  Purple  Goafsbearil,  or  Salsify, 
is  a  denizen,  rare  and  local,  and  is  aonietimes 
cultivated.     [Salsifv.] 

trag'-ops,  s.  [Gr.  rpdyos  (tragos)  =  a  goat, 
and  6^  t'ij>.s)  z=  the  eye.] 

/,nol. :  A  genus  of  Whip-snakes  (ij-v.),  with 
four  species,  ranging  from  Bengal  to  China, 
the  Philipjiines,  Java,  and  Celebes.  Body  ami 
tail  exceedingly  slender,  slightly  cimipressud  ; 
head  <iepressed,  very  long,  with  the  snout 
long  and  pointed. 

tra-gu'-li-d£e,  s.  ;)?.  [Mod.  Lat.  trag}d{ns); 
Lat.  feiii.  pi.  ai.lj.  sulf.  -ida:.] 

1.  Zool. :  Clievrotains ;  the  sole  family  of 
the  section  Tnigulina,  intermediate  in  struc- 
ture between  the  Cervidje  and  the  Suiihe. 
<.)\ving  to  the  absence  of  horns  ami  the  pro- 
iiiiiieiice  of  their  canine  teeth,  these  animals 
arc  iiften,  wrongly,  called  Pigmy  Musk  Deer, 
Thi'ugh  tliey  have  no  musk-secreting  gland, 
nnv.  except  the  trivial  characters  noted  above, 
any  special  aflinities  with  tin-  «jeni'.s  Moschus 
(q.v.),  with  which  they  were  formerly  grouped 
to  form  the  family  M(>,schidie.  Of  this  classi- 
fication Prof.  Flower  {Encyr.  Jirit.y  ed.  Oth, 
XV.  430)  says:  "There  has  scarcely  been  a 
mm'c  troublesome  and  obstinate  eiror  in  zool- 
ogy than  in  this  association  of  animals  so 
really  distinct."  There  are  two  genei-a,  Tragu- 
lus  (q.v.)  and  Hyomoschus.     [Watkr-Chev- 

ROTAIM.] 

2.  PaliKoat. :  Hyomoschus  crassus,  ditfering 
only  in  size  from  the  modern  sjiecies,  has 
b'.'cn  fouml  in  Miocene  deposits  at  .Sansan, 
G'.is,  France. 

trag-U-li'-na,  s.  pi     [Mod.  Lat.  tragia(iis); 

Lilt.  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 

Zool. :  A  section  of  Selenodont  Artiodac- 
tyles.  Upper  canines  well-developed,  espe- 
cially in  males,  narrow  and  pointed ;  four 
complete  toes  on  eacli  foot;  no  frontal  ap- 
peiuiages.  They  ruminate,  but  the  stomach 
lias  only  three  distinct  compartments,  the 
niauyplies,  or  third  stomach,  of  the  Pecora 
being  absent. 

trag'-u-lua,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  Gr. 
Tpdyos  {fragos)  =  a  he-goat.] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Tragulida?  (q.v.). 
They  ai  e  the  smallest  of  the  recent  Ungulates, 
and  in  o\itward  appearance  resemble  the 
Agoutis  rather  than  the  rest  of  thd  order. 
Tlie  best  known  species  are  Tragulus  javaul- 
rns,  T.  napii,  T.  kanchil,  ami  T.  stanleyaniis, 
ftnm  the  Malay  Peninsula,  or  the  islands  of 
the  Indo-Malayan  Archipelago  ;  and  T.  mem- 
mina,  from  Ceylon  and  Hindustan. 

trag  -US»  s.     [Gr.  Tpayos  (/ra!705)  =  a  he-goat.] 
A  uat. :   A     conical    ]>roniinence,     usually 
covered  with  hairs  in  front  of  the  concha  of 
the  externa!   ear,  and  projecting  backwards 
over  the  vieafus  auditorins. 
^  Muscle  of  the  Tragus: 
Anat:  Aflat  bundle  of  short  fibres,  runniihg 
nearly  vertically,  and  covering  the  outer  sur- 
face of  the  tragus.     Called  also  Tragicus. 

*  traic-tise,  s.     [0.  Fr.]     A  treatise  (q.v.). 

*^  traie,  v.t.  [An  abbrev.  of  betray  (q.v.).] 
To  betray. 

"  Whiin  that  she  saw  that  Deinophon  her  trnied." 
Chaucvr:  Legend  of  Phiil is. 

trailc,  v.i.  [Sw.  (ra'A'n  =  towalk  with  difficulty.] 
To  wander  idly  from  place  to  place;  to 
lounge.     Cicotch.) 

"  Coniintf^rdtiiH'/aft'.Tthein  for  their  destruction," 
—Scott:  Utart  of  Midlothian,  uh.  xxiv. 

traik'-et,  rr.  [Eng.  imi/j;  -et.]  Fatigued  and 
bedraggled.    (Scotch.) 

T'-rail,  s.     [Eng.  letter  T,  and  rail.] 

Kail  way :  A  rail  having  two  flanges  above, 
which  form  a  wide  tread  for  the  wheels  of  the 
rolling  stock.  The  vertical  web  is  gripped  by 
the  chairs,  which  are  spike<l  to  the  ties. 

trail,  ^traile,  *trayl,  *trayle,  'trayl- 

yn,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  trailkr  =:ti>  wind  yarn,  to 
hunt  the  trail  of  a  deer;  from  traail  =  a  reel 
to  wind  yarn  on,  from  Low  Lat.  trahale  =  a 
reel,  a  sledge,  from  Lat.  traho— to  drag,  t<> 
draw;  traha^  tragula  =  a,  sledge;  Low  Lat. 
traga  =a  harrow  ;  traho  =  to  harrow  ;  of.  Fr. 
traill€  =  a  fen-y-boat  dragged  across  a  river 
by  help  of  a  rope  ;  Dut.  treylen  —  to  draw  or 
drag  a  boat  with  a  rope  ;  Sp.  trailla  =  a  drag 


for  levelling  ground;  Port.  tratha  =  a  drag* 
net.] 

A,  Traiisitlrc : 

I.  Ordinary  I.augaagc : 

I.  To  draw  or  drag  behind  and  along  the 
ground. 

"  Tlio  w.i:in<U'd  liitnd 
Trail'd  the  long  lance  that  mark  d  with  lil-md  the 
sand."  I'oitt  ■  l/omi-r  :  lliud  xilj.  :\h. 

'•  2.  To  drag  ah-ng  behind  one. 

llllllM 

lat.  I  iiiu  c-ntfi.t  to  go." 

MUttiU:  buiiiSiju  AgonUleS.  1,402. 

*  3.  To  tread  down,  as  grass,  by  walking  on 
it ;  to  lay  Hat. 

.  '■  Our  little  life  is  but  a  gust. 

That  liends  the  braiiclicii  of  thy  trae. 
And  truth  its  hlosHonis  in  the  ilu«t." 

L'iniifclloto  ■  .Sii»/>(Vm. 

4.  To  hunt  or  follow  by  tlie  track  or  trail ; 
to  track. 

"  A  careful  pointer  will  show  gignn  of  Ranie,  and 
cotnmeitce  tniiting  him,  for  the  ftcent  Is  Btroutf." — 
Hcribner'a  Mtvjnzlue.  Aug.,  1ST7,  p,  421. 

*  5.  To  interweave;  to  adorn. 

"  Trayled  with  nhbaudsdiversly  distmupht  " 

Spcnti-r  :  /•'.  (i-,  V.  V.  2. 

6.  To  quiz,  to  draw  out,  to  play  upon  ;  to 
take  advantage  of  the  ignorance  of.     (Prov.) 

"  \  preseutly  i)erceived  she  was  {what  is  verniicnlnrly 
termed)  trailing  Mrs.  Dent:  that  is,  playiiig  on  her 
ikCMurnnce;  her  trail  niit:ht  W  clever,  hut  it  was 
ileiidcdly  uot  ifooU-iiatuied."— C".  Bronld  :  Jane  Ej/rv, 

cli.  xvii. 

n.  Mil.  :  To  cany,  as  a  rifle,  in  an  oblique, 
forward  position,  the  piece  being  held  in  the 
right  hand  in  front  of  the  breech  :  as,  To  trail 
ar'iis. 

B.  IntransitiiK : 

I.  To  be  trailed  or  dragged  along  the  ground 
behind  anything. 

"  The  chariot  flies  and  Hector  (rail*  tieliind." 

I'ope:  Uomvr  :  llitdxxiv.  24. 

*  2.  To  .saunter,  to  walk  idly  oi'  lazily. 

"  He  trails  along  the  atreeta."— Character  of  a  Towif 
Gallant  {l€lb),  p.  5. 

3.  To  sweep  or  be  drawn  over  a  surface. 

"  And  through  the  luonientary  Kt""i>i 
Of  ahailows  o'er  the  landscape  tmiiini}.' 

Longfellow :  Uvldeu  Legend,  iv. 

4.  To  fall  or  hang  down. 

•'  Rending  her  yelh'W  locks,  liJce  wyric  gold 
About  her  shoulders  carele^lie  duwue  trailing." 
Spenser:  Jiuineg  of  Time. 

5.  To  grow  to  gi'oat  length,  especially  when 
slender  and  creeping  upon  tlie  ground,  as  a 
plant ;  to  grow  with  long  shoots  or  stems,  so 
as  to  need  support. 

*  6.  To  extend,  to  stretch. 

"  Cape  Roxo  is  a  low  Cape  and  froyling  to  the  a^^ 
v/:\rtl."—Uaekluyt:   Voya<jes,  iii.  Cl.S, 

trail  (1),   '  traile  (1),  "  trayl,  '  trayle,  s. 

[Trail,  i\] 

1.  Oidiiiary  Language : 

"LA  vehicle  dragged  or  drawn  along ;  a 
sled,  a  sledge. 

"  They  frank  or  keepe  certaiiie  docs  not  much  vnlike 
woliies,  which  they  yi-ke  togitlier,  as  we  do  oxen  anil 
hoises,  tu  a  sled  or(rni/f.'— //luWiii/f      Vor/ages,  iii.a? 

2.  Anything  drawn  out  to  a  length. 

"  A  suildeu  Star,  it  shot  through  litjuid  air. 
And  drew  hehind  a  radiant  trnil  of  hair,  ' 

t'opn:  fia/jr  oftlic  LorJc,  v    127. 

3.  Anything  drawn  behind  in  long  undu- 
lations; a  train. 

■'  Cliafd  by  the  speed,  it  fir'd  :  aud  aa  it  flew. 
A  trail  of  fallowing  flames  ascendins  drew/ 

Drydcn :  Virgil ;  .£neid  v,  f.M. 

'  4.  A  moving  along  the  ground  ;  a  crawl. 

"  The  serpentes  twine,  with  hasted  traile  they  glide 
To  Pallaa  temple  and  her  lowrea  of  hetghtu.  ' 

Surrey:  Virgilc ;  .£i:eid  ii. 

5.  Mark  or  track  left  by  anything  pursued  ; 
track  or  scent  followed  by  a  huntei'. 

"  This  brain  of  mine 
Hunts  uot  the  trait  of  policy  so  sure 
As  it  hath  used  to  do."  Sfiakvtp. :  Hamlet,  ii,  2. 

6.  An  Indian  footpath  or  road  ;  o  path  made 
by  Indians  travelling. 

7.  The  act  cf  playing  upon  or  taking  advan- 
tage of  one's  ig- 
noran  ce.  (See 
example  under 
Tkail,  v.,  a.  I. 
G.)    (Prov.) 

II.  Tcclmically: 

1.  Arch.:  A  rnn- 
ning  enrichment  trail. 
of  leaves,   flow- 
ers, tendiils,  &c.,  in  the  hollow  mouldings  of 
Gothic  architecture. 

2.  Ordn. :  The  end  of  a  stock  of  a  gun- 
carriage,  which  rests  upon  the  ground  when  a 


b^l,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  gell,  chorus.  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  .^r.  r^  bel,  del. 


150 


trail— trainer 


II 


un  i*  imtiinlN^rcl,  or  in  vositmii  for  firing. 
.hi>Mt<>ck  i-n-iKT  is  iuKertetl  into  a  fnrke<!  li-on 
l»lal<-,  thf  liituKc,  liftvinn  a  loop  wrought  on 
(tJt  i.titir  rxtixinilv.  which  is  iiasst-il  over  the 
i.iiitlf  Ii""k  of  the  Umber  wh«ii  tho  guti  is 
JniWrt-'l  up. 

trail  board,  «. 

>'  ,y  ■  '  I  ;  line  of  the  curx'cd  boanls  on 
f.Til.  >i.ir  "(  tho  stem,  rcnchlng  fh>m  It  to  the 
Ilj;un-lMa<l. 

trail-net,  .*.  A  net  drawn  or  trailed  be- 
hind a  b.Mit ;  or  by  two  persons  on  opposite 
ItAuks  in  sweeping  ft  stream, 

trail(2K  •tralle(2),  s.    (Fr.  (m7;«  =  trellis.] 

A  ^..it  .'f  tr.llis  or  frame  for  rnnning  or  climb- 
ing plants. 

"  Out  tif  tti»  prc-vw-  I  liic  witliilrow  therefore. 
Ami  Mt  me  (i.iwm-  i\\ouv  Ih-IiIiic!  n  tmile. 
Full  wt  iMUM.  t.i  M!*'  ft  WTtf-tt  mcniAlle.  ■ 

Chaufrr :  la  llrllt  thimv  ioiu  Jiercie. 

trail  (3).  *.     [An  abbrev.  of  entmil  (q.v.).] 

('.K>A. :  Intestines  of  certain  birds,  as  the 
sniiH-.  ami  tishrs,  as  the  re<l  mullet,  which  are 
sunt  to  the  table  instead  of  being  extracted  or 
drawn.  The  name  is  sometimes  given  to  tlie 
entrails  of  sheep. 

"The  (liriuh  i»  i»reMiit«tI  with  the  tniil.  hecausc  the 
blnl  trv-U  un  n\ivvit:~StnoileU :  TraPtlx.  let.  xviit. 

•  trail  -b&s-ton.  •  trayl-bas-ton,  t^.    10. 

Kr.  ti'i'i  (=  Lilt.  rni/(. )  =  .U-livcr  up,  take 
uway.  h  'lef.  iirticle,  .and  ha$ton—&  wand  of 
oince.] 

Old  Law :  One  of  a  company  of  persons  who 
bound  themselves  together  by  oath  to  assist 
one  another  against  any  one  who  displeased 
a  memlKT  of  their  body.  They  were  .so  called 
because  they  carried  (ni'  trailerH  sticks,  and 
coiiimittc'I  acts  of  violence.  They  arose  in 
the  rei^'u  of  Edwanl  I.,  and  judges  were  ap- 
]'Mii,tf'l  expressly  to  try  them. 

trail  -er,  *•.    [Eng.  traH,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  t)ne  who  or  that  wliich  trails. 

■■  With  many  <v  (lei'li-hued  Iwll-Iike  flower 
01  trnt^uii  trailert."  Tennyton:  Eieanare. 

2.  S]-*'rif. :  A  self-acting  brake  formerly  used 
nn  iiirlineil  phiues. 

trail" -ing,  pr.  jmr.  or  a.    [Trail,  v.] 

1.  Ortl.  Ling. :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  P'Oi.  :  Of  an  elongated  prostrate  habit  of 
growth. 

tr ailing-axle,  s.  An  axle  behintl  the 
driviii;;-axle  in  British  locomotives. 

trailing' spring,  s.  In  locomotives,  the 
spnii;4-  lixL-M  '>n  thr  axle-boxes  of  the  trailing- 
wlif'ls  of  a  locomotive-engine,  which  bear 
slightly  against  the  side  frames,  so  as  to  lejive 
as  nuu-h  weight  as  possible  upon  the  driving- 
sin  iii^'-^,  .'ind  ti>  assist  in  deadening  any  shock 
wliirh  iii.iy  t.ak'.-  place. 

trailing- wheel,  s.  One  of  the  wheels 
of  a  !«>C"iiiotive  not  cimcerned  in  the  driving. 

train, '  trayne^  v.t.  &  i.  [Q.Vw  tmhiner, 
tnixiur ;  Fr.  trauier  =  to  drag,  to  draw,  to 
trail.  fromO.  Fr.  (ra/ttii.,  (ram  =  a  train  of  men, 
from  Low  Lat.  (rafti)io  =  to  drag;  extended 
from  Lat.  fra/(0=  to  draw  ;  Ital.  tminart\\ 

A.  Transitice: 

I.  OnUimnj  Language : 

*  1.  To  drag  or  draw  along ;  to  trail. 

■"In  hollow  cube 
Training  hia  devilish  enginery." 

.tfilton  :  P.  I..,  vi.  553. 

■2.  To  draw,  to  entire,  to  allure  ;  to  attract 
by  pL-rsiiasiun  promise,  stratagem,  artifice,  or 
the  like. 

"  My  chlefe  comiinnions  whome  I  held  moat  deare 
(Whose  compniiie  hat!  thither  trained  mel." 

ihucoiifite:  Vonivjei  into  tloUaml  (an.  1572). 

3.  To  bring  up,  to  educate,  to  teach  ;  to  rear 
and  instruct. 

"You  ha%'e  trninvd  me  like  a  peasant."— iSAaftcjp.  .* 

At  r<iu  Likt  It.  1. 1. 

4.  To  form  to  nny  practice  by  exercise ;  to 
discipline,  to  drill;  to  practise  and  make 
jierfect  in  any  exercise. 

"  Ahrnm  armed  his  (minnd  servants  born  in  hia 
house,  and  imraued ."— (>p»c<<»  xiv.  14, 

5.  To  break,  tame,  and  render  docile  ;  to 
render  able  to  peiform  certain  feats  :  as,  To 
train  dogs. 

6.  To  render  fit  and  capable  of  undergoing 
some  unusual  feat  of  exertion  by  proper 
regimen  ;ind  exercise  ;  to  increase  the  powers 
of  endurance  of,  especially  as  a  preparative  to 
some  contest. 


IL  Tvchnicalhj: 

1.  Hort.  :  To  lead  or  direct  and  form  to  a 
wall  or  esiwlier;  to  form  toa  proper  shape  by 
growth  and  lopping  or  pruning. 

'•  with  nleiwure  m-ire  than  wn  thfir  frnitB  nfford  :      , 
Which.  »ave  hlmwlf  who  truini  ttiein.  n.nie  can  feel. 
Coif/»-r:   Ta^K.  ill.  411. 

2.  Mining:  To  trace,  as  a  lode  or  vein,  to 
its  iiead. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  travel  by  train,   (Detrain,  Entrain.] 

2.  To  go  into  or  be  in  training  for  some  feat, 
contest,  competition,  or  profession. 

%  To  train  a  gun  : 

Mil.:  To  point  it  at  some  object,  either 
before  or  ahaft  the  benm,  that  is,  not  directly 
transverse  to  a  vessel's  side. 

"TboolectriciHU  proitoses  to  rr(i/n  and  fire  nearly  a 
dozen  jiou  at  once,  if  there  ahould  he  so  many,  and  to 
light  up  the  circumjacent  *vSL"—Oaily  Telcgraji'i, 
Dec.  21.  1985. 

train*  "  trayn,  *  trayne,  "  treine,  s.    [Fr. 

train  =0^  great  uum's  retinue,  the  train  or 
hinder  part  of  a  beast;  /nuif^a  sled,  a 
sledge,  a  drag-net;  O.  Fr.  trahin,  train  =  a 
train  of  men.] 

1.  Ordi}iary  Language : 
M.  A  plot. 

"  So  that  I  fele  in  conclusion. 
With  her  traincs  that  they  woU  me  ahend. 

Chaucer :  The  Floure  "/  Conrlene. 

2.  A  number  or  body  of  attendants  or  fol- 
lowers ;  a  retinue. 

"  My  train  are  men  of  choice  and  rareat  parts." 

^iiakcsi).  -■  Lear,  i.  4. 

3.  A  consecution  or  series  of  persons  or 
things  in  order. 

"  Though  'tis  a  train  of  stars,  that,  rolling  on. 
Rise  in  their  turn,  and  In  the  zodiac  run." 

Dryden :  Eletmora.  149. 

4.  A  consecution  or  succession  of  connected 
things. 

"Some  truths  result  from  any  ideas,  as  soon  aa  the 
mind  puts  them  iutu  propoaitinns ;  other  truths  re- 
quire a  train  of  ideas  placed  in  order." — Locke. 

5.  A  company  in  order ;  a  procession. 

"  Forcd  from  their  homes,  a  melancholy  train. 
To  traverse  climes  beyond  the  westeru  main." 

(joJdgmith :  Traveller. 

6.  A  company. 

"  Which  of  this  princely  (r«iM 
Call  ye  the  wiirlike  Talhot  1 " 

Shakesp.  :  1  Henri/  VI.,  li.  2. 

*  7.  (PI-):  Troops,  army. 

"  Let  our  trains 
March  hy  us."  -Sliakesp. :  2  Henry  IV.,  iv.  2. 

*  8.  Series,  consecution,  order. 

"Piissing  in  train,  one  going  and  another  coming, 
without  intermission." — Locke:  Human  Underst.,  bk. 
il.,  ch.  vii. 

9.  State  of  procedure  ;  regular  method ; 
course,  I'rogress,  process. 

"If  thiuKs  were  once  in  this  train,  if  virtue  were 
estaijlished  as  necessary  to  reputation,  and  vice  not 
only  loaded  nith  infamy,  but  made  the  infallible  ruin 
of  all  meu'a  pretensions,  our  duty  would  take  root  in 
our  nature.'  —Swift. 

10.  That  which  is  drawn  or  dragged  along 
or  after,  as : 

"  (1)  The  hinder  part  of  a  beast.    {Cotgrave.) 
(2)  That  part  of  a  gown,  robe,  or  the  like, 
which  trails  behind  the  wearer. 

"  Trains  are,  it  is  true,  more  worn  than  they  used  to 
be,  but  are  by  uo  means  the  necessary  adjuuct  of  an 
evening  toilette."— flinV;/  Tefeymph,  J-in.  14,  1SS6. 

*(3)  The  tail  of  a  comet,  meteor,  or  the  like. 

"Stars  with  trains  of  fire." 

Hhukesp.:  HanHet,  L  1. 

*(4)  The  tail  of  a  bird. 

"The  train  steers  their  flight,  and  turns  their  bodies 
like  the  rudder  of  a  ship,  '—/(a// :  On  the  Creation. 

*"(5)  Tlie  rear  part  of  an  army. 

"  Followed  couertly  thehyiider(ra,v>ieof  theScuttea, 
who  had  horses  su  charged  with  baggage,  y'  they 
might  scant  gu  any  gret  pace,"— fifr/iers  ,  Froiss'trt ; 
CronycU,  vol.  i,.  ch.  Ixxvi. 

(13)  A  peculiar  kind  of  sleigh  used  in  Canada 
for  the  transportation  of  merchandise,  wood, 
&c.     (Fr.  traineau.) 

11.  A  trap  for  an  animal.    {Prov.) 

"The  practice  begins  of  crafty  men  upon  the  simple 
and  good  ;  these  ensily  follow  and  are  ciught.  while 
the  others  l.iy  trains  and  pursue  a  ^Kme." —Temple. 

12.  Something  tied  to  a  lure  to  entice  a 
hawk.    iProv.) 

13.  A  continuous  line  or  series  of  carriages 

on  a  railway  coiiplud  together  with  the  engine. 

"  Brakes  are  furnished  capable  of  briuginK  the  tram 
to  a  standstill  in  a  distance  of  sixteen  ynviXa."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Sept.  2.  1887. 

14.  A  line  of  combustible  material  to  lead 
fire  to  a  charge  or  mine. 

"Shall  he  who  gives  fire  to  the  train  pretend  to 
wash  hi;  hatida  of  the  hurt  that'i  done  by  ibe  playing 
of  the  mine?"— Z,'i"s(r(oii7e.-  J-'ablus. 


'  1,1.  (See  extract.) 

"The  rrain  or  couutcr-tide  which  frequently  luun 
there  with  great  rapidity. "— C/ia/rti'i"  .  A'.ttr*  *  lie- 
niarki  /:etativc  to  the  Witham  <t  the  Wi-lland  11800), 
p.  as. 

II.  Tcrhnimlly : 

\.  Much.:  A  set  of  wheels,  or  wheels  and 
pinions  in  series,  through  which  motion  is 
transmitted  in  regular  consecution :  as,  the 
train  of  a  watch  ;  the  wheels  intervening  be- 
tween the  barrel  and  the  escapement. 

2.  MdalL  :  Two  or  more  pairs  of  connected 
rolls  in  a  rolling-mill  and  worked  as  one 
system. 

3.  Ordnance: 

(1)  A  certain  number  of  field  or  siege  pieces, 
organized    and    equipped  for  a  given  duty. 

[SlEdE-TRAlN.] 

(i')  The  trail  of  a  gun-carriage. 

train-band,  trained-band,  s.  A  baud 
or  i-uiiipany  of  a  force  partaking  of  the  nature 
both  of  militia  and  volunteers,  instituted  by 
Jaiu.'S  L  and  dissolved  by  Charles  11.  The 
term  was  afterwards  applied  to  the  London 
militia,  from  which  the  3rd  regiment  of  the- 
line  originated.     [Buff  (2),  5.,  3.  (1).] 

"The  train-bands  were  under  arms  all  night," — 
.M'fiiiihiy  :  Hi.it.  I'm/.,  ch.  ii. 

train-bearer,  5. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  holds  up  a  train  ; 
one  who  holds  up  or  supports  the  long  state 
robes  of  a  lady  or  public  officer. 

2.  Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  Hum- 
luiug-bird  of  the  genera  Lesbia  and  Cynantlius. 
The  tail  is  forked,  with  the  outer  feathers  ex- 
cessively elongate  ;  bill  very  short  and  straiglit. 
Fan:  species  have  been  deseribe<i,  from  the 
highlands  of  Colombia,  Ecuador,  and  Peru. 

train-mile,  <:■ 

Unit:  A  unit  of  work  in  railway  accounts, 
one  of  the  total  number  of  miles  run  by  alt 
the  trains  of  a  system. 

train-road,  ■;.  A  construction  railway  ; 
a  >liglit  railway  for  small  loads. 

train-tackle,  s. 

Ordn. :  A  purchase  by  which  a  gun-carriage 
is  secured  to  a  ring-bolt  in  the  deck,  to  pre- 
vent running  out  while  loading. 

train-^vay,  s.  A  hinged  platform  which 
foniis  ;i  bridge  leading  from  a  wharf  to  the 

dcvk  of  a  ferry-boat. 

train(2),  '^traine,  s.  [0.  Dut.  traen=a  tear . . . 
train-oil;  Dut.  traan  =  a  tear  .  .  .  ""train-oil ;. 
cf.  Dan.  &  Sw.  (ran  =  train-oil,  blubber; 
Ger.  thran  —  train-oil ;  tkrdiie  =  a  tear,  a  drop 
exuding  from  a  vine  when  cut ;  Low  Ger. 
traan  =  train-oil;  trane  =  a  tear.  Train-oil 
is  thus  oil  forced  out  by  boiling.]  The  same 
as  Tr.\in-oil  (t^.v.). 

train-oil,  *  traine-oile,  "  trane-oil. 
"  trayn-oil, .«.  Oil  procured  from  the  blub- 
ber or  fat  of  whales. 

"  A  kind  of  cloth  which  they  weaue.  and  sell  to  the 
merchants  of  Norwaie,  togither  with  their  butter. 
fish,  either  salted  or  dried,  and  their  traine-oile."- 
HoUnshed :  Descript.  Brit.,  ch.  x. 

train'-a-ble,  *  trayn-a-ble,  a.  [Eng. 
train,  v. ;  -ahU;.]  Capable  of  being  trained  or 
educated. 

"  Yiiuth  [is]  by  grace  and  good  councell  tj-aynable  to 
vertue. "— 0/(i  Morality  of  Lusty  Juvenilis. 

*  traine,  v.  &  s.    [Train.] 

trained,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [Train,  r.] 

A.  As  pa.  jyar.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  .^5  adjective : 

1.  Educated,  taught ;  formed  by  training ; 
experienced  by  practice  or  exercise. 
*  2.  Having  a  train. 

'■  He  swooping  went 
In  his  train'd  gown  aliout  the  stage." 

Bs»  Joiison  :  H»raie's  Art  of  Poetry. 

'  trained-band,  s.    A  train-band  (q.v.). 

"  j-o  aitfully  managed  the  trained-bands,  that  they 
took  part  with  the  rebels,  and  ciuitting  the  duke, 
joined  \\ yi\i." —State  Trials:  1  Mary  (an.  1554);  Sir  T. 

ll'r/.lf. 

'  train  -el, 

ne-t. 

train'-er,  s.    [Eng.  train,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  trains  up;  au  instructor; 
specif.,  one  who  tiains  or  prepares  men, 
horses,  &c. ,  for  the  performance  of  feats  re- 
quiring physical  qualities,  as  an  oarsman  for  a 


[O.  Fr.]    A  trail-net,  a  drag- 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt;  work,  who,  son :  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fijll :  try,  Syrian.     3e,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


training— tralucency 


IS? 


boat-raco,  a  liovse  for  racing,  a  pugilist  fur  a 
jirize-figlit,  a  greyhound  for  coursing,  &c. 

"11  ttie  horsi'H  liaJ  thtj  Itast  fear  of  thuir  train eir  n. 
stAiiipede  wuuhl  iu  till  jirobability  result '—/'it W, 
Aug.  27,  18J7. 

2.  A  wire  or  wooden  frame  to  wliicU  flowers 
or  shrubs  are  fastened. 

3.  A  Hiilitia-nian  when  called  out  for  train- 
ing 111"  exercise.    (^Avier.) 

train  -xng,  pr.  jwr.,  a.,  &  $.    [Train,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  AsatiJ. :  Educating,  teaching,  or  forming 
3jy  practice  or  exercise. 

C  As  snbstantiiv: 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  training  or  edu- 
cating ;  education. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  preparing  for  some 
unusual  feat  requiring  physical  qualities  by 
increasing  the  powers  of  endurance.  The 
anaiu  requisite  in  atldetie  training  is  to  get 
rid  of  all  superfluous  tlesh,  which  consists 
chiefly  of  the  fatty  tissue  of  tlie  body.  This 
is  chiefly  effected  by  perspiration  induced  by 
violent  exeicise  and  warm  clothing,  or  some- 
times by  the  use  of  the  Turkish  batli.  The 
length  of  time  during  which  the  training 
must  be  continued  depends  of  course  greatly 
on  the  condition  of  the  person  ujidergoing 
the  process. 

3.  The  stat«  of  being  in  a  fit  condition  for 
undertaking  some  feat  requiring  physical  exer- 
tion. 

"  It  is  vuiiiecessavy  to  say  tliat  the  iii.iu  must  lie  iu 
perfect  (raofiny  to  stick  to  bis  mouuV—i'^ield,  Auy. 
i7.  1SS7. 

4.  The  drilling  or  exercising  of  troops  :  as, 
The  militia  were  called  out  fo.  their  annual 
traiHing. 

II,  Hort. :  The  operation  or  art  of  forming 
3  oung  trees  to  a  wall  or  espalier,  or  of  causing 
them  to  grow  iu  a  shape  suitable  to  tliat  end. 

training-bit,  ^-. 

Manege  ;  A  woodi.'n  gag-bit  used  when  train- 
ing vicious  horses. 

training  -  college,    «.      The    same    as 

NOHMAL-SCHOOL  (q.V.). 

training-day,  5.  The  day  on  which  the 
njilitia  aie  calh-d  out  to  be  reviewed.    (Amer.) 

training-halter,  5. 

M".)i'  •!'■ :  A  haltL'r  made  in  the  same  manner 
as  u  riding-bridle,  with  theexception  of  having 
short  instead  of  long  cheeks,  which  are  pro- 
vided with  rings  into  which  bit-straps  may  be 
buckled. 

training -level,  5. 

Ordn. :  An  instrument  for  levelling  or  train- 
ing guns. 

training -pendulum,  s. 

Ordn.:  All  instrument  having  a  pendulum 
and  a  level  member,  with  a  glass  and  bubble, 
used  in  training  guns  to  any  required  eleva- 

tiun. 

training-ship,  .«. 

1.  A  ship  provided  with  instructors,  offi- 
cers, &c.,  to  train  lads  for  the  sea.  The 
first  traiuing-ehip  was  placed  on  the  Thames, 
in  1780,  by  the  Marine  Society,  which  had 
been  founded  thirty  years  before  by  Jonas 
Hanway  for  the  maintenance  and  instruction 
of  boys  for  the  navy. 

2,  Specif. :  A  ship  set  apart  for  training 
homeless  boys  for  the  navy  and  the  mercantile 
marine.  This  movement  was  inaugurated  by 
tlie  late  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  (ISoO-So),  and 
Mr.  W.  Williams,  Dec.  20,  1S(30,  the  Lords  of 
the  Admiralty  granting  the  Chichester  for  the 
purpose.  She  was  stationed  on  the  Thames. 
Since  that  period  several  other  ships  at  dilTer- 
ent  places  have  been  similarly  employed. 

training-Stable,  5.  An  establishment 
wliere  hor.ses  are  trained  for  racing. 

training-wall,  s.  A  wall  built  up  to 
dfterniiue  the  Uuw  uf  water  iu  a  river  or  har- 
bour. 

■t  train'-ist,  s.    [Eng.  train  (1),  s. ;  -ist.]    One 
wlio  travels  by  train. 

"  Iu  comtiiou  with  other  trainiatg,  I  was  uot  there 
to  see."— Field,  Feb.  13.  ISSS. 

*train'-y,  «.    [Eng.  ?r(a/t,(2),  s. ;  -i/.]   Belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  train-oil. 

"Here  steams  asoeud. 
Where  the  huge  hogsbeada  sweat  with  tniim/  oil," 
ftay.-  Trivia,  ii.  247. 


traipse,  v.i.  [Tu.M'ks.]  To  walk  like  a  slut 
vi  >lattei'n  ;  to  walk  carelessly. 

■■  Lo,  next  two  slip-shoil  ttiuses  traipta  nJung, 
Iu  lofty  luiuhiuaet,  iiieiliuitiut;  soiig.' 

I'up,- :  iJiiitaad,  ill.  141. 

* trais, ^•. ;)/.  [Fr.?r(ii/s.]  [Trace (2),  s.]  Traces. 

*  traise,  "  trashe.  v.t.    [O.  Fr.  traissant,  pr. 

par.  I't  tiuLi  ^  In  betray.]    To  betray. 

■'  Macibiig.  the  Seottcs  kyu^'.  that  wild,  thorKli  traltourie, 

Hut  (rttiicd  Eilwiird  the  kyiig.  thnt  iu  the  uorth  wiis 

rife,"  Hubert  de  Untinu;  p.  CI. 

trait  (or  as  tra),  s.  [Fr.  =  a  draught,  line, 
.streak,  or  stroke,  from  trait  (O.  Fr.  traivf), 
I'a.  par.  of  trairc ;  Lat.  traho  —  to  draw.J 
[Trace  (2),  s.J 

1.  A  stroke,  a  touch. 

"  By  this  siugte  trait  Homer  marks  an  esseutiiil 
ilifference  hetween  the  Iliad  aud  Odysaey."— BruofJK;; 
jVofi-s  on  the  Odyisey. 

2.  A  distinguishing  or  peculiar  feature  ;  a 
peculiarity. 

*  trait'-eur  (~long),  s.    [Fr.]    The  keeper  of 

an  fatinL,'-hnuse  ;  a  restaurateur. 

trait  -  or,  '  trait  -  our,  '  trait  -  oure, 
'trat-our,  'trayt-or,  'trayt-our, 
*  trayt-oure,  '  trait-ur,  s.  ^  a.    [0.  Pr. 

triiilor,  tra'iteiir,  from  Lat.  traditorem,  accus. 
uf  traditur=^y}ue  who  betrays;  traditas,  pa. 
par.  of  trudo  =.  to  hand  over,  to  betray  ;  trans 
=  o\'er,  and  (/o  =  to  give;  Fr.  traitre;  Sp. 
iraidor ;  Port,  traditor ;  Ital.  traditore.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  violates  his  allegiance  and  be- 
trays his  country ;  one  who  is  guilty  of 
treason  ;  one  who,  iu  breach  of  trust,  delivers 
his  country  to  its  enemy,  or  any  fort  or  place 
entrusted  to  his  defence,  or  who  surrenders 
an  army  or  body  cf  tr.n.ps  to  the  enemy,  un- 
less when  vanqiuslied  ;  one  who  takes  up  arms 
and  levies  war  against  his  country ;  one  who 
aids  an  enemy  in  conquering  his  country. 
[Treason.] 

'■  Forthwith  that  EdwarJ  l>e  pronounced  a  traitor, 
Aud  all  his  Irtuds  aud  goods  he  coiit^scate." 

Shakesp.  :  a  Henry  17.,  iv,  6. 

2.  One  who  betrays  his  trust ;  one  who  is 
guilty  of  perfidy  or  treachery. 

*  B.  As  cuij.  :  Traitorous,  treacherous. 

"  False  traitour  snuire.  false  squire  of  falsest  knight.* 
.Spenser ;  F.  V-.  IV.  i.  52. 

*  traitor- friend,  s.  One  who,  wh:ie 
pretending  to  be  a  friend,  is  really  au  enemy 
aud  a  traitor. 


■  Far  the  blackest  there,  the  traitor-frietid." 
Dryiien:  Palamon  i  ArcUe, 


567. 


t  traitor-hearted,  a.    Having  the  heart 

of  a  traitor;  false-hearted.  (Tennyson:  Morlc 
d'Artkun:) 

*  trait'-or,  v.t.  [Traitor,  s.]  To  act  the 
traitor  towards;  to  betray. 

"  Traitoreil  by  a  sight 
Must  wofuL"      DrummoiiU :  Dispraixe  of  Beauty. 

*  trait -or-ess,  ^  trat-our -esse,  i-.   [Eng. 

traitor  ;  -ess.]     A  fi:'maU-  traitni- ;  a  traitress. 
"That  fabe  tratotiressv  mitrew.'" 

/turnaunt  of  the  /lose. 

*  trait  -  or  -  ie,  *  trayt  -  er  -  ie,  s.     [Eng. 

traitor,  s.  ;  -y.]    Treachery,  treason. 

"Their  confesaious  in  the  eare,  of  all  trayCerie  the 
fomitayue. "— £ii(f;  Image,  pt.  ii, 

t  traif-or-i^m,  5.  [Eng.  traitor;  -ism.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  traitorous ;  treachery, 
treason. 

"The  same  cause  of  treachery  aud  traitorism  to  the 
interests  uf  universal  humauity,"— .ff,  y^icoll :  Oretit 
Jlowments,  p.  2CS. 

*  trait'- or  -  ly,  *  trayt-er-ly,  a.     [Eng. 

traitor;  -ly.]     Treacherous,  traitorous. 

"But  what   tiik  we  "f  these   traitorly  raacaU?" — 

^hakcsp.  :    Wuifer's  Tnl.j.  iv.  Ii. 

trait'- or-ous,  ^  trayt-er-ous,  o.  [Eng. 
traitor,  s.  ;  -Oits.] 

1.  Acting  tlie  traitor ;  guilty  of  treason  ; 
treacherous,  perfidious. 

"  The  revenges  we  are  bound  to  take  upou  your 
traitorous  iaXher."—fih:tkesp. :  Lear,  iii.T. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  consisting  in  trea- 
son ;  implying  treason  ;  treasonable. 

"  What  means  that  traitorous  combiuatiou  ?" 

Dryden  ;  The  MedaJ,  205 

trait' -or-oiis-ly,  *  trayt-er-ous-ly,  adv. 

[Eng.  traitorous:  -/,'/.]  In  a  traitorous  or 
treacherous  manner ;  like  a  traitor ;  in  vio- 
lation of  allegiance  and  trust ;  treacherously, 
perfidiously. 

"Haruilees  Kichard  was  murdered  tmitorousT}/." 
Shakesp.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  ii.  2. 


"  trait'-or-ous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  truitoroius; 
■ni:ss.]  Tlif  quality  or  state  ttf  being  traitor- 
ous or  treacherous  ;  tivachery,  perfidy. 

tralt'-ress,  s.  [Eng.  traitor ;  -ess.]  A  woman 
whii  betrays  her  country  or  her  trust ;  a  female 
traitcu-. 

"  Traitre4i,  reatore  my  Ijciuty  aud  niy  i-liannit  " 
Jjryden:  AurvntfOfstc,  v.  1. 
1[  Formerly  used  adjectively  with  feminine 
nouns.     [Traitor.  11.] 

"  By  the  dire  fury  of  a  traitrcM  wife." 

I'ope:  Uomer;  UdyMvy\v.\\b, 

"  tra-ject',  v.t.  [Lat.  trajettus,  pa.  i>ar.  of 
trajivio~U)  throw  over  or  across;  trana  = 
acioss,  and  jacio  =  to  throw.]  To  throw  or 
cast  (»ver  or  through. 

"  Trajected  throMgh  n,  glttsB  ■pxiim."— Boyle:   Workt, 

*  traj'-ect,  *-.  [0.  Fr.,  from  Lat.  trajectus  = 
:i  passage  across,  from  trajectu&,  pa.  par.  of 
trajicio.]    [Traject,  v.] 

1.  A  ferry ;  a  passage  or  place  for  crossing 
water  in  a  boat. 

"  Bring  them,  I  pray  thee,  with  imitglned  speed 
Unto  the  trujevt,  to  the  lommuu  ferry 
Which  trades  to  Venice." 

Shakesp.  :  Jlerehant  v/  Venice,  iii.  i. 

2.  A  trajectory. 

"  The  tnrjeet  uf  oometfl,"— Ysttac  Tmjlor.    ( Webster.) 

3.  The  act  of  throwing  across ;  transporta- 
tion,  trausnussion,  transference. 

*  tra-jec'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  trujectio,  from  tra- 
jectiis,  pa.  par.  of  trajicio  =  to  throw  over  or 
across.]    [TRAJEcr,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  trajecting ;  a  casting  or  dait- 
ing  through  or  acro.ss. 

"  The  colours  generated  by  the  trajection  of  light 
through  drops  of  water.  "—Ztoj^/f .'  Worka,  i.  089. 

2.  Transposition. 

"  For  there  seems  to  he  such  ft  trajection  in  the 
•worda,"— Barrow  :  Sermout,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  39, 

tra-jec'-tor-^,  s.  [Fr.  trajectoire  =  casting, 
tiausting,  throwing,  as  if  from  a  Lat.  tra- 
jec^oriws  =  pertaining  to  projection,  from  tra-^ 
Jectiis,  pa.  par.  of  (rcyicio  =  to  throw  across.] 
[Traject,  v.] 

1.  Dynamics:  The  path  described  by  a  body, 
such  as  a  planet,  comet,  projectile,  &c.,  under 
the  action  of  given  forces. 

"They  were  not  likely  to  he  low  iu  comparison  with 
the  triijectories  of  English  8i)...ting  rifles."— /'t«/d, 
Feb.  la,  1S86. 

2.  Geoni. :  A  curve  or  surface  which  cuts 
all  the  curves  or  surfaces  of  a  given  system 
at  a  constant  angle. 


'  tra-jet, 

across. 


[Traject,  s.]    Passage  over  or 


*  tra-jet-our,  s.    [Tracetour.] 
^  tra-jet-ry,  s.    [Tragetrv.] 

*  tra-la'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  tralatio,  transUUlo^ 
from  translatus,  pa.  par.  of  transfero  =  to 
transfer  (q.v.).]  A  change  iu  the  use  of  a 
word,  or  the  use  of  a  word  in  a  less  proper 
but  more  significant  sense. 

"  The  broad  tralation  of  bis  rude  Rhemistfi.' — 
Bishop  Bad  :  Honour  nf  the  Married  Clergy,  p.  80. 

*tral-a-ti'-tion,  s.    [Tralation.]    Achange, 

as  in  the  use  of  words  ;  a  metaphor. 

*tral-a-ti''tiouS,  a.  [Lat.  tralutitiuSytraTiS' 
kttitius.]  [Tralation.]  Metaphorical;  not 
litend. 

"After  showingasaccurately  as  possible  the  primnry 
signilication  uf  a  word,  and  the  tm/a(itioui  one  (if  it 
has  a  tralutitioits  meaning)  I  adduce  Mugle  examples 
uf  the  difieieut  uses.'  — (7irM((c  ;  Efienna  Dolct,  p.  237. 

*tr&l-a-ti'-ti0US-lir,  adv.  [Eng.  tralatitious; 
■Uj.]     Metaphorii:ally  ;  not  iu  a  literal  sense. 

"  Written  language  is  Ira/atitiously  so  called,  because 
it  is  made  to  reiu-eseut  to  the  vye  the  aaiue  words 
whicli  arc  pronouuced,  —i^oWcr  .-  Flemenli  of  Speech, 

*  tra-lin'-e-ate,  v.i.  [Lat.  ?r(nis  =  across, 
and  linea  =  a  line]  To  deviate  from  any 
direction. 

"  If  you  tralineate  from  your  fatlier's  mind. 
What  are  you  else  but  of  a  hiistird  kind  J" 

Dryden:  Wi/o  of  JJath.Soe. 

tra-luye',  v.i.  [Lat.  tralucco  =.  to  shine 
across  or  through.]  [Translucent.]  To  shine 
til  rough. 

"The  traJunng  Hery  i-lement." 
Syh'estcr :  Du  Bartaa,  second  day,  flrat  week,  380. 

*  tra-lu'-5en-9y,  s.  [Bug.  tralncenit);  -ry.] 
Tin-  sanu-  as  Translucekcy  (q.v.). 

"The  primary  and  most  geuiniary  alTectiou  is  ita 
traluceiuT/.'—Broicnc :  Vulgar  Lrrourt,  bk.  ii.,  ch,  i. 


boil,  hoy;  p6^t,  j6wl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  hench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-eian.  -tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;    tion,  -sion  -  zhun,    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus,    -hie,  -die,  .\;c.  =  bel,  d?L 


15tt 


tralucent— trample 


"  tra  lu'-f^nt.  n.     ILaL  tnilurens,  pr.  nar.  iif 
-to   Mhiiit'  tlir\Hij;li  ttr  aerv-ss  :  tmus 
I        -.     tliroiij-Ii,    am!     ^hvo  =  to   sbine.l 
liuii»}>>trt'tit,  tniiitilucciit. 

" Look  thou,  loo.  In  this  rrHifKrvnttclius.'* 

Drajftvii :  liitai ;  To  Thnt. 

trftxn  (1).  ■*.  (Orfg.  uicaniiif:,  a  Xmiin  or  bit  nf 
cut  wixKi.  ln'iic*',  a  shaft  t»f  ;i  slcdKC  or  «art, 
tlK'  »Uh1^  itsflf;  S\v.  •lial.  rmmtii,  trtiinm, 
(ruJHiJi;  V.  Sw.  ?r^m,  (ri(w=:  ti  pU'CO  of  a 
lar^  tree  out  up  into  logs;  I^nv  Ger.  tnunn 
=  a  balk,  a  Uam :  ().  Dut.  (/i-«).»  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
dr>tm,  /niui=a  bean..]  (See  extract  uiuler 
Tkam-roak.) 

1.  The  sliaft  of  a  cart  or  tnick.    (Prov.) 

2.  A  f'mr-wheele»l  truek  fur  carryiii^  a 
corve,  lunch,  or  basket  un  a  pair  <'f  rails  in  a 
mine,  or  in  carrying  the  coal  or  oiv. 

3.  C>np  of  the  rails  of  a  trani-roail. 
■1.  A  tramway. 

5,  A  trani-oar  ur  traniway-cnr. 

"  III  sizo  tlic  cnp«  tre  linnlly  '»«  l;»rg<«  m  thf  ■IiikIp- 
bonoO  rni'iu  <-tiii>luyril  oil  xiiiic  of  tlit- Ivm  iiii|Njrbuit 
l>iinl<iii  ro.vl»-'  —OailM  Telrgraph,  Sept.  S.  18»7. 

tram-car,  .i.    Tlie  same  as  Tramway-car 

(q.V.). 

"  Tlie  ilf«)wtsl  mill  Iier  tlfiiigliter.  ItecomfiiK  nlnrmcil, 
r.'ii  ntriw  X\\t  Iktw*  lipml  nml  were  criiiKlit  iK'lotv  tiie 
(r-ii'i  car* coulJ  Ixf  Btoi»iK?tl.'— /Aii'tf  re.'(Vra;jA. Sept ::, 

iw:. 

tram-line,  .-i.    A  tramway. 

"Tlif  I'L-uMu-  of  Bevi-ml  rows  of  clmlnifor  tlie  nutli- 
ciic,  th'-   frtiriilirit  Jiviilliig  til*  two,"— />at/y  Tl'/f- 

tram-plate,  5.  A  flat  iron  plate,  iise«l 
a«  a  niil. 

tram-road,  s.  A  road  in  which  the  track 
for  thf  \vl].-(ls  is  ninilc  of  timbers,  Hat  stones, 
nr  iron,  wliilf  the  lioi-se-tiack  l>etween  is  left 
.suffieiently  rough  for  the  feet  of  the  horses ; 
a  tramway  (q.v.). 

"  A)>0)it  A.u.  IS'JO  A  Mr.  Bctiinniiii  Outraiii  lunde 
■  oertniii  iiiiiiruvemeiit.'*  in  couiieLtiuii  with  rtil\v»ys 
fur  iMiitiui^ii  vehicle^,  wlikli  yuve  liae  ti»  the  sitly 
lilt  lull  |i'\cr  »:iiL-c  iiiilustrtuiiHly  citL'uliitt(l)  tli'it  fiiiui- 
r-mil  I*  ^fhi'it  for  Outrtim-rmul.  in  igiiuniiK'e  of  the 
fiu:t  Hint  the  Accent  Jiluue  is  siitti.ieiit  to  show  th:it 
Outnuii.  if  >hi>rteiieil  to  one  »>  ll;tlilt^,  must  Ifeanue 
Uiif  ntUi'jr  tlrin  ntni  or  f/diii.'— i'Aca( .'  Ltym.  i)icC,, 
».v,   -Ir.f  ■ 

tram-stafi,  .«. 

Milll'ii':  A  miller's  strai^ht-eUge. 

tram-wheel,  s.  A  wliet-l  used  on  the 
small  cars  f-inplnvL-il  in  mining  and  cxeavat- 
iiig  operation,-.,  and  whieh  run  on  wliat  in 
England  are  known  as  tramways. 

tr^m  (2),  s.  lltal.  tivma,  from  Lat.  tmma=. 
a  weft.] 

Sill::  A  thread  of  silk  formed  of  two  nr 
mu[f  singles  twi>ted  tcgcthcr  in  a  direetinn 
opposite  to  that  ol  tin-  sin^iis;  used  for  the 
shoot  ov  weft  of  soine  description  of  goods. 
Orgaii;;iiie  is  double-twisted  like  a  rojie. 

tra'~ma.  •:.    [Lat.=  a  weft.  ] 

iJot. :  The  substance  wliich  separates  tin' 
two  surfaces  of  the  ^Us  in  an  Agarieus,  or  of 
twocontiguousporcsin  TolypDrus.  Thctrama 
varies  so  gieatly  in  charaeter  in  different 
genera  as  to  atTord  an  excellent  criterion  for 
their  distinction. 

tram'-ble,  i--f.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Miiitii-j:  To  wasli,  as  tin  ore,  with  a  shovel 
in  a  fiami'  fitted  for  the  purpose. 

tr^m  -  mel,  '  tram  -  el.  "  tram  -  ayle, 
^  tram  -  ell,  '  tram  -  mell,  s.    (Fr.  tm- 

vufil,  trcmfiil  =  n  ni'I  for  jiartrulges  ;  traweau 
=  a  diag-net,  from  Low  Lat.  Iramacula,  tramti- 
rjuhi  =  a  tramnuM  ;  cf.  Ital.  travmglio  =  a 
drag-net.  a  Irauuuel;  Sp.  trasvudlo ;  Port. 
tra.tnuilho.  The  ultimate  origin  is  prob.  Lat. 
(res  =  three,  and  mdcuht  =  a  mesh.] 
L  Ortlinary  Langxtarjc : 

1.  Literally: 

'(1)  A  net  for  confining  {-r  binding  up  the 
hair. 

"  Her  gohJeii  lockes  she  roiiinlly  cli.l  iijitye 
In  nrmileil  tranult."      Spenti-r :  f.  (^.,  It.  ii.  is. 

(2)  A  long  sweep-net  for  birds  or  for  fish. 

"The  Bonp  of  the  .  .  .  nmigres  cniises  thvir  own 
Vreseuce  t<.  iw  known,  -ind  euablea  the  tlshernieii  to 
caji^ture    them  lii   their   trammelt.'— Field.  Sept.   3, 

(:J)  A  shackle  to  put  on  a  hoi-se's  leg  to  teach 
him  to  ].ace. 

(4)  A  hook  hung  in  a  chimney  for  support- 
ing pots,  kettles,  &c. 

2.  Fig.  :  Anything  which  hinders  activity, 


freedom  of  nit>liuii,  or  progress;  an  impedi- 
ment ;  a  .shackle. 

"AtthUOothilphiii  ru«©,  wild  Bomethinif  Rljout  the 
tnimmfltot  olHce  mid  his  wi«h  Ut  l»e  rertjjiaed  from 
them.'  — .l/iic(ii(/M,v  .  itiit.  Eng.,  ch.  xvU. 
II.  OtrjK-iitnj  : 

1.  An  ellipsograph  eonsisting  of  a  cross 
witli  two  grooves,  which  form  guides  for  two 
pins  on  a  In-am  com- 
pass. The  pencil  on 
the  beam  isdireered 
in  a  prescribed  el- 
liptical juith  as  tlic 
pins  slide  in  the 
grooves.  Rich  pin 
travels  in  its  own  tuammkl. 
groove,   and  makes 

four  strokes  for  each  revolution  of  the  pencil. 
This  double  reciprocation  has  occasioned  its 
adoption  iu  niacnines  which  require  speedy 
motion. 

'■  Many  mechniiiail  persons  iie/ir  me  iire  ftcqiiaiuted 

\ith  a  uirpeiiter'a  triintnu;(."^Aiyi/ :  Pop.  Avtroiiavii/, 

p.  mi. 

2.  A  beain-coinpass  (q.v.). 
trammel-net.  .^. 

1.  A  kind  of  mt  for  sea -fishery,  anchored 
and  buoyed,  the  back-rnpe  being  supported 
by  cork  ropes,  and  tlie  foot-rope  kept  close 
to  the  bottom  by  weights.  .  Called  also  a 
Tumbling-net. 

2.  A  loose  net  of  small  meshes  between  two 
tighter  nets  of  large  meshes. 

trammel- who  el,  s.  A  wheel  having 
two  slots  crossing  each  otlier  at  right  angles 
and  forming  guides  for  two  sliding-blocks,  to 
which  a  pitman  is  connected.  The  rim  of  the 
wheel  is  not  an  essential  part.  As  the  wheel 
rotates,  the  sliders  keep  in  their  own  grooves, 
crossing  each  other's  tracks,  and  the  pitman 
makes  two  up  and  two  down  strokes  for  each 
revolution  of  the  wheel.  It  is  used  for  opera- 
ting the  needle  of  a  sewing-machine,  or  for 
driving  a  saw  or  gang  of  saws. 

tram'-mel,  r.t.     [Trammel,  s.] 

'  I.  To  wiap  up,  to  envelope,  to  bind. 

"  The  fine  iloth  of  r^in-*  .iiul  velvet,  surely  hoiiiul 
and  tram-iifl\(  v.\x\\  conis  of  9,i\k."—iitr}fpe :  Ecclcs, 
Mem.  hklw.   17.  llri[iht<iU[A.) 

*  2.  To  catch,  to  intercept. 

"  If  th'  nssassimitioii 

Could  trammel  up  the  coiisetiiience,  and  citcli 
With  Ins  surcease,  success." 

Xhtilcsp. :  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

3.  To  confine,  to  hamper,  to  shackle. 

*  4.  To  train  slavishly ;  to  inure  to  con- 
formity or  obedience. 

"  Hdckiieyed  t\nd  trammeUed  in  the  wnya  of  ,h 
COMTt.'  —Pope. 

tram'-melled,  jki.  jifir.  &  a.    [Tisammrl,  v.\ 

A,  A^  pa.  pur. :  (See  the  ^^M■ll). 

B.  As  (tiljcctiie : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Caught,  confined,  shatkleil, 
hindered. 

2.  Manege:  Ha^ing  blazes  or  wliite  maiks 
on  the  fore  and  hind  foot  of  one  side,  as  if 
marked  by  trammels.   (Said  of  a  horse.) 

tra-nxon-ta'-na,  ,>'.  [Ital.i  [Tramo.vtank.] 
A  coMimon  name  given  to  the  north  wind  iu 
the  Mediterranean.  The  name  is  also  applied 
to  a  peculiar  cold  and  blighting  wind,  ^'ery 
liurtfnl  in  the  Archipel.igo. 

'  tram'-on-tane,  n.  &  s.  [Fr.  tmmontain  = 
iiuitliL'ily,  from  Ital.  trawo7itano,  from  Lat. 
truntunoutanits  =  across  or  beyond  the  monn- 
tiiins  ;  trails  =  across,  beyond,  and  vionlainis  — 
pertaining  to  a  mountain  ;  monSy  genit.  montis 
=  a  mountain.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Lying  or  being  beyond  the  mountains  : 
that  is,  the  Alps  (originally  applied  by  the 
Italians);  hence,  foreign,  barbarous.  After- 
wards applied  to  the  Italians  as  being  on  the 
other  side  of  the  mountains  from  France, 
Gennanj-,  &c.     [Ultramontane.] 

"  That  to  suppose  a  scene  where  she  presides, 
la  triivioiitanf,  and  stumbles  all  belief." 

Cowper :  Task,  iv.  533. 

2.  Coming  from  across  or  from  the  other 
side  of  the  mountains. 

"  That  side  of  the  clumli  which  faces  the  frnmoJi- 
faHf  wiiid."— .i(/(f(so)i ;  On  Italy;  Milan. 

B.  As  suhstantive : 

1.  One  living  or  coming  from  beyond  the 
mountains ;  a  stranger,  a  foreigner,  a  bar- 
barian. 

"  A  happiness  those  tramontanes  ne'er  tasted." 
Mastinger :  Grand  Duke  of  Hurence. 


2.  The  north  wind ;  the  tramoutana  (q.v.). 

•  tra-moiin'-taln.  (f.  [IM.  tra,  for  trans  = 
at  iM>s,  htyoiid,  and  Eiig.  mountain.]  The  same 
as  Tkamontane,  A.  (q.v.)- 

"  The  ILaliaiis  account  all  tramountain  doctors  hut 
npotbecaries." — Fuller:  H'orfAici;  Merl/ordiliire. 

tr&mp.  5.      [TUAMI-,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  tramping ;  an  excursion  on 
fuut  ;  a  walk;  a  journey  on  foot. 

"  .\  tramp  tit  some  tweiity-eiyht  miles  to  ArUalg."— 
UlacKic  :  Ln'jg  q/  IJighlatM*  S:  Jilatuls,  p.  35. 

2.  A  distance  walked. 

3.  The  sound  made  by  the  feet  in  coming 
in  contact  with  the  ground  in  walking  or 
marching. 

"  Fresh  aod,  and  old  sepulchral  stmie. 
Return  the  tramp  iu  v;iried  tone." 

Hcvte  :  Jiokvbij.  \'\.  32. 

4.  One  who  tramps  or  wanders  about  on 
foot;  a  tramper;  a  stroller;  a  vagrant;  a 
wandering  beggar ;  a  workman  who  wanders 
about  from  place  to  place  in  search  of  work. 

5.  An  iron  sole-piece  worn  beneath  the 
shoe  to  protect  the  toot  and  tlie  shoe  from  in- 
jury when  digging. 

G.  A  tool  for  ta-imming  hedges . 

tramp-pick,  s.  A  kind  of  lever  of  iron 
abnnt  tuur  feet  long  and  one  inch  in  breadth 
and  thickness,  tapering  away  at  the  lower 
end,  and  having  a  small  degree  of  curvature 
there,  something  like  the  prong  of  a  dung- 
foik,  used  for  turning  up  very  hard  soils.  It 
is  fitted  with  a  foot-step  about  eighteen  inches 
from  the  lower  end,  on  which  the  workman 
presses  with  his  foot,  when  he  is  pushing 
into  the  ground. 

tramp. '  tramp-en,  "  tramp-yn,  v.t.  &  i. 

[Low  Ger.  &  Ger.  tnnnpen,  triihipeln  =  to 
stamp  ;  Dan.  trampe  ;  Sw.  tram2Xi  =  to  tread, 
to  trample  on ;  eorrpsponding  to  Low  Ger. 
trappe}i  =  to  tread  ;  Sw.  tTaj^jten  =  to  tread 
upon,  to  trample  ;  Sw.  irappa  ;  Ger.  trejrpe  = 
a  Hight  of  stairs  ;  Eng.  tri2\] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  tread  under  foot ;  to  trample.  (Prov. 
&  Scotch.) 

2.  To  wander  over  ;  to  scour. 

"The  coujile  had  been  tramping  the  country."— 
Daily  Chronicle,  Nov.  I.i.  1887. 

3.  To  cleanse  or  scour  as  clothes,  by  tread- 
ing on  them  in  water.    (Scotch.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  stamp,  to  walk. 

"  Wliere  the  snow  fell  there  it  lay,  and  the  citizens 
tramped  un  iia  crisp  surface. "—/J«i/i/  Telegraph.  Dec. 

2;',  18t>5. 

2.  To  travel,  to  walk,  to  wander. 

'■  Sh'iulderiiii:  her  basket  of  fish,  tramped  ste.idily 
away  towards  Fairpurt."— i.'co^(;  AiUiejuarg,  ch.  xxvil. 

tramp'-er,  s.  (Eng.  tramjj,  V.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  tramps;  a  tramp,  a  stroller,  a  scamp,  a 
vagrant  oi-  vagaboml. 

*■  Naethiiig  else  to  do  than  to  speak  wi'  ilka  idle 
trampir  thut  comes  alKiut  the  towu."— Aco« ;  Uvart 
of  Mid-Lothian,  ch.  xxvi. 

tram' -pie.  '^  tram-pel,  ^  tram-pel-yn, 

v.t.  &  (".  [A  frequ(_Mit.  from  tra.ii]-,  v.  ((i.v.)  ; 
cf.  Dut.  tro.vipelcn ;  Ger.  tnnnpchi  =  to 
trample.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  Totreadunderfoot;  especially,  to  tread  on 
in  scorn,  contempt,  ortriumpli.    {Matt.  vii.  (i.) 

2.  To  tread  down;  to  prostrate  by  treading; 
to  crush  witli  the  feet. 

"  Far  from  the  cows*  and  goats'  iusnlting:  crew. 
That  trample  down  the  Howei-s.  nntl  hriislt  the  dew." 
JJruden  :  Virnil ;  Veon/ic  iv.  15. 

3.  To  treat  with  pride,  contempt,  or  insult; 
to  crush. 

'■  To  trample  under  foot  the  high  spirit  and  i-ejiuta^ 
ti.iu  of  that  city."— P.  Holland  :  Flutarch,  p.  805. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  stamii  rapidly  with  the  feet. 

"  So  at  list  wh.in  Eeryn  a  littil  wakid  were 
He  Irampelid  fast  with  h  in  fete,  and  al  to  tere  his  ere 
And  Ilia  visage  both,  right  as  a  wodenmu," 

Chaucer  |7).-  Tale  of  Beryn, 

2.  To  tread  in  contempt,  scorn,  or  triumph. 

"  rhrist  after  his  resurrection  sitting  ou  his 
sepulchre,  trampling  .cn  the  symlMil  of  Death."— 
Jieijnolds:  A  Journey  to  Flanders  &  Hullaud. 

3.  To  walk  roughly  ;  to  tramp. 

■■  Gathered  their  ananas  in  the  Indian  gardens. 
trampling  throuKb  them  without  any  discretion.  — 
Backtuyt:   Voyages,  iV\.  Z2<i. 

4.  To  act  insultingly  or  scornfully. 

"  For  religious  enthusiasm  .  .  .  plates  its  chief  glory 
ill  violatini;  and  trampling  ui>on  humau  peace. ' — 
}VarbuTton  :  itennons,  vol.  ix.  ser.  6. 


fete.  fat.  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  woU,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule.  fiiU ;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  €e  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


trample— transandine 


l.VJ 


trim -pie,  .-■.    [TitAMi-rr,  >■.] 

I,  The  sdiiud  luinh'  by  ffet  coming;  in  con- 
tact with  the  jj;rtiuiul  in  walking  ur  nuiichiny; 
a  tnniiii. 

■■  Like  the  fmm;^.- of  feet. " 

Loii'xfeliow  :  Miles  St.tnduh,  i. 

*  2.  Tlie  act  of  treaiiing  under  foot  in  scorn 
ii!'  insnlt. 

"  Thefrrt»»i;.?flRiid8i)nrn  of  ftU  tlie  other  tlMiiiueil.'  — 
Milftiii:  Jivfunnation  in  A'*j.7/'I"('.  Ij^.  it. 

tram  -pier,  ^.    [Enj 
\\h<i  lr,iiuph'>. 


.  triiuipl{p).  V.  ;  -er.]    On( 


"  To  smite 

Tir  iiij'»"l""s  tm»i)Jfr  upon  Nnture'3  Idw. 
Tliat  cl»iuis  furl>eiirniice  even  for  ii  liriite." 

Coip^er;  rn<t.  vi,  465, 

tram  poos ,  tram^pous,  tram -pose.  r.i. 
\'VH\y\\\  r']  Tn  tniiriii,  {•>  wulU,  ti-  luiiiii;.-,  to 
wan.lfi-iilK.iit,     {Auirr.) 

'■  1  Imd  been  ilowii  city  nil  d.ij-  trnmpnosing  every- 
wliere  n'most  t-»  sell  some  stock."— i/'afifrttrton;   TAe 

tram  -way,  >'.    [Ens;,  fmm,  and  itoj/.] 

1.  A  wtmilen  or  irr>n  way  adapted  for  trams, 
that  i!>,  I'oal-waggons  ;  a  tram-road. 

2.  A  railway  laiil  along  a  road  or  the  streets 
of  a  town  or  "city,  on  wliich  cars  for  jiassen- 
^'tMs  or  lionds  are  drawn  l>y  horses,  steam,  or 
otlii:r  nuchjiiiical  means.  [Tr-mi,  Tbam-road.1 

"  Little,  if  iinythiiig,  whs  snid  as  to  the  suitAl)ility 
c-i  t!!«  |iier  fur  tlie  puriioses  of  a.  tramway." — Daily 
Tv.f'jritifh.  Sept.  2,  13S7. 

11  Stone  tramways  were  introduced  into  the 
Commercial  Road,  in  London,  in  1S30,  an<l, 
after  a  time,  into  other  .streets.  Iron  tram- 
ways were  first  constructed  in  the  United 
States,  whence  they  were  introduced  into 
En-land  in  lSi50,  one  being  laid  down  in 
Biikcuhead  in  that  year ;  and  a  secoml,  from 
tlie  Riarblc  Arch  to  Bayswater,  London,  in 
1801.  A  popular  danmur  arising  against  them, 
they  were  taken  up  in  1SG2.  In  1S70,  an  Act 
was  passed  to  facilitate  their  introduction, 
and  they  are  now  common  nearly  ali  over  the 
metropolis  (except  in  the  City),  and  in  other 
cities  and  huge  towns.  In  ISTT  a  Parliament- 
ary Cumtiiittet^  recommendecl  that  permission 
shViuld  lie  granted  to  use  steam  under  certain 
restrictions.  Soon  after  this  date  steam  tram- 
ways were  constructed  in  various  parts  of  tlit* 
kingdom.  A  little  later  t*lectricity  was  em- 
ployed as  a  motive  power,  and  electric 
tramways  are  now  (1904)  rapidly  extending 
throughout  the  kingdom. 

tramway-car,  -'J.     a  car  or  carriage  for 

pa.ssiMigi'i.s  luiuiing  nn  a  tramway,  a  tramcar. 

tramway-man,  s.  A  man  employed 
upon  a  tramway  (qv.). 

'Tlie  strike  oi  trnmicay-men  :it  Boston  (U.S.)  has 
eiuletl,  nil  ioT:ingeiueiit  liAviiii;  l»eeu  c"iiie  to  between 
tlie  men  nml  their  eiiuilojers." — St.  James's  Oazette, 
Jiiii.  U,  1887. 

*  tra-na'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  fmnatitniy  sup.  of 
trdiio  —  to  swim  across:  fio.ns  =  acvoss,  and 
in,  =-  to  .swim.]  The  act  of  swimming  across 
i.>r  over  ;  trau^natation. 

tran9e.  'traunce,  'trauns,  s.  [Fr. 
(lansc  =■  extreme  fear,  dread  ...  a  trance  or 
swoon,  from  O.  Fr.  transi  =  fallen  into  a  trance 
or  swoon,  astonished,  half  dead,  pa.  par.  of 
tmnsir,  from  Lat.  transeo  =  to  go  or  pass 
over  :  trans  =  across,  and  eo  =  to  go;  Ital. 
tmiisirc  =  to  go  forth,  to  pass  over,  to  fall 
into  a  swoon,  to  die.] 
I.  Ordinary  Langiiage : 

1.  A  passage  ;  especially  a  passage  inside  a 
house.    (Scutfh.) 

2.  An  ecstasy;  a  state  in  which  the  soul 
seems  to  have  passed  out  of  the  body  into 
another  state  of  being,  or  to  be  rapt  into 
visions ;  a  state  of  insensibility  to  the  things 
of  this  world. 

"  Iinpntieut  of  restraint,  the  active  mitid  .  .  . 
Lefim  from  her  sent,  as  waken'd  from  ;v  t7-iince." 
C^nirchiU:  Night. 

3.  A  state  of  insensibility,  a  swoon. 

"  While  Hector  rose  recover'd  from  the  trance." 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Iliad  xL  4C2. 

*  4.  A  state  of  perplexity  or  confusion  ;  be- 
wilderment, surprise. 

•'  Both  «tori(l.  like  old  acquaintance  in  a  trance. 
Met  fjU'  from  home,  wondering  n,t  other's  chance." 
iihahesp. :  fiape  of  Lucrete,  1,595. 

n.  FathoJ. :  A  state  of  apparent  death,  with 
ghastly  jiallor,  and  almost  entire  failure  of 
the  circulation  and  respiration.  1-ersons  in 
this  state  have  been  actually  buried  alive,  as 
subseipitnt  exhumations  have  shown. 

*traii9e. " traunce,  r.t    [Trance,  s] 


1.  To  rut  ranee  ;  to  put  into  or  as  intu  a 
trance  ;  to  dt-prive  uf  consciousnesa. 

"  Twii-i-  then  thi-  tninipot  s-niuded. 
And  thiTf  I  left  lum  r»<uiii(."    Shukeip. :  /.i-ar,  v.o. 

*2.  To  atfect  witli  or  as  with  a  train-e ;  t.i 
hoM  or  bind,  as  bv  a  spell  ;  to  charm,  to  en- 
chant. 

•■  Where. ift  Devotion'*  traitcfd  filoV. 
UiUi  siK'li  ■*  ^-Uiii|>»e  of  Hui^ven  bestow." 

.Sc^>tt  ■  .\tarmion.  vi.  * 

"trance,  *traunce(2),  r.t.  k  i.  [Fr.  transir 
=  to  go  over,  l>)  cross  ;  Lat.  tmn^eo.] 
[TKANrE,  ,-■.] 

A.  Trails.  :  To  tramp  ;  to  wander  over;  to 
travel. 

"  Traitre  the  world  over  you  shall  never  purse  ao 
niufh  ^rohl  aa  when  you  were  in  England."— Bt'duincut 
*  rtvtchvr. 

B.  Iiitrans. :  To  stamp. 

"  Th««round  he  a|iui-neth  and  he  traunceth. 
His  large  lioriie:«  lie  aiiaiinceth. 
t^     And  caat  hem  here  and  there  aboute." 

Uoteer:  C.  A.,  iv. 

tran9ed,  po.  imr.  or  a.    [Trance  (l),  v.] 

"  tran9'-ed-ly,  (ulr.  [Eng.  tranced ;  -J)/.]  In 
an  alisurbed  or  trance-like  manner;  like  one 
in  a  trance. 

"  Then  stole  T  nn  and  trancedly 
Gazed  on  the  Persian  girl  alone." 

Tennyson:  Arabian  Niohts. 

"  tr^n'-ect,  5.  (See  def.J  A  word  only  oc- 
curring ill  Shakesp.  :  Mei-rhant  of  Venice,  iii.  4, 
for  which  is  now  generally  read  trajeH  (q.v.). 

tra-neen',  s.    [Irish.] 

Lot. :  Cynosurus  cristatus,   called  also  Tra- 
uecn-grass.    (Britten  ct  HolktHd.) 
If  Xiit  trorth  a  tnineen  :  Not  worth  a  rush. 
traneen-grass,  s.    [Traneen  ] 

*tran-gram,  '  tran-gam,  ^  tran-game, 

s.  [A  word  of  no  ftynmlrgy.]  An  •nh],  in- 
tricate contrivance;  a  nick-nack,  a  pu/.zle,  ;i 
toy,  a  trinket. 

"  Wh.it'fi  the  meaning  of  all  these  tranijrams  and 
gimcnickaS  "—Arbuthnot:  Hist.  John  Hull,  pt.  ii..  ch.  vi. 

trank,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

<;lore-making:  An  oblong  piece  froui  which 
the  shape  of  tlie  glove  is  cut  on  a  knife  ui  a 
press. 

tran'-key,  .^.  [Native  name.]  A  kind  of  boat 
used  in  tlie  Persian  Gulf. 


[Shortened  fi'om   trinknm- 
An  ornatnent  of  dress,  a 


tran'-kum.   f^. 

tranknm  (q.v.).] 
fallal,  a  trinket. 

"  The  shawl  must  he  had  for  Clara,  with  the  otlier 
tranknm.i  of  mnaliu  and  l&ce."  —  Scott :  St.  Honan's 
Weil,  ch.  xviii. 

*  tran-laje',  I'.i".  [Lat.  (r«)i5  =  across,  and 
Eng.  lace.]    To  transpose. 

"The  Biime  letters  being  by  me  tossed  and  tran- 
?i(rviMive  himdred  times.' — Puttenliam, :  Sn^.  Poesie, 

bk.  ii. 

tran-nel,  s.  [Treenail.]  A  trenail,  or  tree- 
nail. 

"With  a  small  trannel  of  iron,  or  a  lai.ie  n.-iil 
ground  to  a  shiirp  point,  they  mark  the  bi'ck.'*— 
Jtiixijii :  Jlechafiicnl  Exercises. 

tran'-quil,  '  trin'-quiU,  ft.  [Fr.  tranquille, 
from  Lat.  trawjuillufi  =  ealm,  still,  quiet ; 
from  trans  =  beyond,  hence,  surpassingly, 
and  the  base  of  quies  =  rest ;  quietus  —  quiet ; 
Sp.  tranquilo ;  lta,\.tranquiUo.]  Calm,  peace- 
ful, quiet,  undisturbed;  not  agitated,  physi- 
cally or  mentally. 

"0  now.  for  ever 
Farewell  the  trunqnit  mind  :  faiewell  cdiiteiit." 

Shakesp. .   Ollullo.  iii.  3. 

tran-quil'-li-ty,  '  tran-quil-li-tee,  s. 
[Fr.  tranquWite,  from  Lat.  tra.iquiliitateni, 
accus.  of  tranquUlitas,  from  tranquillus  = 
tranquil  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  tranquilidad  ;  Ital.  tran- 
quillitd.]  The  quality  or  .state  of  being  tran- 
quil ;  calmness,,  peacefulness,  quiet ;  free- 
dom from  disturbance  or  agitation. 

"The  re-estihlishment  of  Ulyssea  in  full  peace  and 
traii'/itilliti/."—Popc:  Homer;  OdysM-y.     (Notes.) 

traja-qua-li-za'-tlon.  trin-quil-i-za- 
tion,  ■'.  [Kng.  trun(iuiiliz(e)  -ation.]  The  act 
of  tiaufiuillizing  ;  the  state  of  being  tran- 
quillized. 

trah  -quil-lize,  ^  tran-quil-ise,  trau- 
quil-ize.  v.t.  &  i.     (Eng.  IramiuH  ;  -ize.] 

A.  Traus.:  To  make  tranquil,  calm,  or  quiet; 
to  soothe  ;  to  allay  wlien  agit,at«d  :  to  compose, 
to  calm,  to  make  peaceful. 

"  And  tender  Peace,  and  joys  without  a  name, 
That,  while  they  ravish,  (ra«(?ujWue  the  mind." 

Thomson:  Castle  of  Indolence,  ii.  19. 


B.  /»^-(tMs.:  To  grow  tranquil,  to  cool  down. 
■"  111  try.  an  I  ride  In  my  chariot,  to  t  rami  u  ill  in-.'  — 
nuh'\rds'<i     I  t.iriAt'i.  V.  79. 

trflJtt -quU-liz-6r,   s.      [Eng.  tranqui!li:if) : 
-rr.  1    I  111,-  who  or  that  wliich  tramiuilllzcs. 


}ir.    par.    or  a. 


[Than 


triin  quil-liz-ing. 

Ml  il.Lizi:.| 

tr^&h-quil-liZ'ihg-ly,  ndr.  [Eng.  tranquil- 
li:iii'!:  -hi.]     Ill  a  tranquil  manner;  calmly, 

pi'aci'fiilly,  quietly. 

trdJa  -quil-ly,  a<lv.  [Eng.  tranquil ;  dy.]  In 
a  trati>tuil  oi'  undisturheil  manner;  talnilj, 
peaceably,  quietly. 

trIin'-quQ-neSS.  a.  [Eng.  trawpiil  :  -urs-s-.I 
Tlie  ipiality  or  state  of  being  tranquil,  calm, 
or  peaceful ;  tiampiillity,  quiet. 

trains-,  pre/.  [Lat.]  A  Latin  preposition, 
hugely  used  in  composition  in  English  as  a 
pretix,  and  signifying  :  (1)  across,  beyond  :  as. 
[/'mjfsaliiine  =  across  or  beyond  the  Alps; 
(2)  thnmgh  :  as,  ^-anslix ;  (3)  change  :  a--*, 
/rajisform,  fcaj^shgure.  Trans-  sometimes  be 
conies  tra-,  as  in  /rftditiun.  ^reduce,  tnnnoxi 
tane;  and  tran-,  as  in  ^ojiquil,  trauMiX. 
transpire. 

trans-&Ct',  v.t.  &  i.  [Formed  from  the  noun 
transaction  (q.v.).] 

A,  Trans. :  To  do,  to  perform,  to  carry 
through,  to  manage,  to  complete. 

"A  country  fully  »tocked  in  proiiortion  to  all  tin- 
business  it  had  to  IransacC'—timith :  Wealth  uf 
Sittiiuis.  bk.  1.,  ch.  ix. 

'B.  Intrans. :  To  do  business  ;  to  conduct 
matters  ;  to  treat,  to  act,  to  negotiate,  to 
manage. 

"  They  had  appointed  six  persons  of  their  own  body 
to  transact  and  conclude  with  the  lords."— A'fr^/if 
£i:clvs.  Mem  Henry  VIU.  (an.  1540). 

trans-S.C'-tioll,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  transnc- 
tionein,  aecus.  oi  transact io  ^^  conipIeti(m, 
an  agreement,  from  transactus,  pa.  par.  ot 
transicio=.  to  drive  or  thrust  thiough,  ti> 
settle  a  matter,  to  complete  a  business  ;  trau!'- 
=  aci'oss.  through,  and  ago  —  to  drive  ;  Sp. 
transaccion;  Ital.  transazione.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Tlie  act  of  one  who  transacts  ;  the  doing, 
performing,  or  carrying  out  of  anything . 
management  of  any  business  or  affair:  as,  To 
meet  for  the  transaction  of  business. 

2.  That  v/hich  is  transacted,  done,  or  per- 
formed; that  which  takes  place;  an  aftair, 
ail  action,  a  matter  of  business. 

"  This  I  was  sorry  for.  as  I  wa!ited  to  make  her  .i 
present,  in  return  for  the  p-irt  she  had  tjiken  in  ali 
uur  transactions,  private  as  well  aa  public."— CuoA 
Sec'ind  Voyage,  bk.  iii..  ch.  ii. 

3.  (PI.):  The  reports  or  published  volumes, 
containing  the  pajters  or  abstracts  of  papers, 
speeches,  discussions,  &c.,  relating  to  sciences 
or  arts,  which  have  been  read  or  delivered  at 
the  meetings  of  learned  or  scientific  societies, 
and  wnich  have  been  considered  worthy  of 
being  published  at  the  expense  of  such 
societies  :  as,  The  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

II.  Civil  Law:  An  adjustment  of  a  dispute 
between  parties  by  mutual  agreement. 

trans-ic'-tor,  s.  [Lat.]  One  who  transacts  ; 
(Piie'who  manages,  performs,  or  carries  out 
any  business  or  matter. 

"  God  ...  is  the  sovereign  director  and  transactor 
in  matters  that  ao  come  to  ^\aa."—Derha>n :  Christo- 
TUi'ohigy.  p.  21, 

"tran-sake,  v.t.  [See  def.]  A  corruption 
of  ransack  (q.v.). 

"They  transake  the  iKitome  ...  to  seke  out  here 
an  halfe  peny."— Air  T.  More:  Dialogue,  p.  12. 

tr&ns-^'-pine*  «•  ^  ^-  t^^-  trausalplnus, 
from  trans-  =  across,  beyond,  and  alpinns  = 

pertaining  to  the  Alps.] 

A,  As  adj.  :  Lying,  being,  or  situated  be- 
yond or  on  the  other  side  of  the  Alps,  gene- 
rally used  with  regard  to  Rome  ;  being  on  the 
further  side  of  the  Alps  from  Rome  ;  pertain- 
ing to  nations  living  beyond  the  Alits, 

"  In  travellers  that  know  transalpine  garbs" 

Ueaian.  &  Flvt. :  Coxcomb,  i. 

"  B,  As  subst.  :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  a 
country  beyond  the  Alps. 

trdn^-an'-dine,  a.  [Pref.  tran<i- :  Eng. 
A>nl{es).  and  suff.  -ine.]  Lying,  or  pertaining 
to  the  country  beyond  the  Andes. 

'[He]  set  about  hi«7"rfimT»JiHo  explorations."— 


Pall  Mall  Oaiette.  Ai.ril  30.  ! 


b^.  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9liiii,  iMn^li;  go,  gem;  tlun,  this;  sin,  a§;  expect,  Xenophon«  e^t.    -ing. 
-Clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tlon,  -sioa  =  shun ;  -tion.  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  -  bel.  deL 


,M0 


transanimate— transcendently 


'  trAju-&n'-l-mat6,  <■.(.  [Pref. /mjis-,  and 
tiij;.  untHMU  (m.v.).J  To  aiitiimte  by  tliu  coii- 
\  fvaiice  of  a  miuI  to  aDOtliei*  body. 

"  Not  mm;  for  «liiit  Rjnrk  o(  huuinnltyT  iiordoga: 
tut.  by  tlia  atnuiKnt  ^cTc^i/fVXuxTtC  tlitit  wtrr  viw 
feigurti  by  i-ocU.  wry  hioftnmtf<l.  rn-cioniim-irrti 
tttivit*. "— /<ruti    King.     Urnnt/ii  on  the  fifth  of  Sv 

•  ta:&ns-&n-i-ina'-tlon«  s.  [Tkansanimate.] 
Tin-  conveyance  of  the  soul  from  one  body  to 
anutber. 

"  I  furlxMN  to  tpeftke  of  the  erronrounnitiiidiiiMof 
thcM:  JvwUli  uiMtcn  couMruliii;  tlmt  I'ytliiiguriHu 
tr.intKtnitnntiou  or  fULWUtKC  ol  the  imuW  frum  one  l>otly 
ti.  *iiulher/  -i«f'.  IliiU  :  PharUai$m  ±  ChrUliamtif. 

tr&n^-at-l&nt'-IC,  o.  [Pref.  tnins;  and 
EiJij.  .4(/(iii(ic(q.v.).] 

1.  Lying  or  bein^  beyond  or  on  t!ie  otlier 
side  of  tlie  Atlantic  to  tiiat  on  which  the 
speaker  or  writer  is. 

"  ThoM  rramatlaiUic  treimurea  sleep." 

.•Scott :  n<,kcbu.  1.  21. 

2.  Crossing  or  across  the  Atlantic;  as,  a 
TrQumtlantic  cable. 

transatlantic -province,  5. 

Zovi.  <!•  ';<"!;.;  <tiH'  nf  tlic  i-roviuces  esta- 
blislieii  for  tlie  <listiilmtinii  of  marine  mol- 
lusea.  Prof.  Edward  Forbes  divided  it  into 
two  divisions:  the  Virginian,  from  Cape  Cod 
to  Cajie  Hatt*;ras ;  and  the  Carolinian,  fioni 
Cajte  liatteias  to  Florida.  Tlie  southern 
division  comjirises  the  genera  Conus,  Oliva, 
F'asciolaria,  Avicula,  and  Lutraria  ;  the 
northern  one,  Xassa,  CoUunbella,  Ranella, 
Scalaria,  Calyptnia.  IJidla,  Area,  and  Solemya. 
Called  also  the  reuusylvaniiin  Province. 

'  tran^-ca'-len>9^,  .«.     [Eng.  transcaleii{t): 

'^'j.]    The  nualily  ur state  ofbeing  transcalent. 

'  tran^-ca'-lent,  a.  [Lat,  trans  =  through, 
;iiid  •:okn^,  genit.  cahntis,  i)r.  par.  oi caUo  =  to 
grow  warm.]  Pervious  to  heat;  allowing  the 
JfLissage  of  heat, 

tr&n -spend,  v.t  &■  L  [Lat.  transcendo=  to 
elimb  over,  to  surpass:  ?rnjis  =across,  and 
saiiido  =  to  climb,  whence  (isccnd,  descend,  &c. ; 
O.  Fr.  tmnsceiuler ;  tip.  trajisc€)ider,trascender ; 
Ital.  transcenderc] 

A.  Transitive : 

'  1.  To  climb,  pass,  or  go  over. 

"  The  shore  lether  (nttucciiH,  the  promoiit  to  descry. 
Auil  view  nhout  the  iiojut  th'   uiiuuiuher'tl  fowl 
thiit  fly. "  brai/ton :  Poly-Olbion,  s.  l, 

*  2.  To  rise  above  ;  to  surmount. 

*■  MKke  disciiiieitiou  whether  the  unusual  lights  be 
met«oioltijjic.il  iiupresaioiis  not  truimcendinii  the 
upper  regiou,  or  whether  to  be  rimked  amoug  celestial 
bodies." — Uotocl, 

3.  To  pass  over  ;  to  go  beyond. 
"And  bids  the  Christian  hope  sublime 

Trantcend  the  bounds  of  Fate  and  Time." 

Scott :  Rokeiiy,  vi.  i. 

4.  To  surpass,  to  outgo,  to  excel,  to  exceed. 

"  With  woiideruii^  eyes  our  martial  bands 

Behold  uur  deeds  trantcendiiig  uur  comiuands." 

Pope:  ffomcr;  Jliad  xii.  J84, 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  climb,  to  mount. 

"To  conclude,  because  thiogs  do  not  easily  sink 
tbejf  do  not  drown  at  all.  the  fallacy  Is  a  frequent 
a^dditiou  in  human  e\i>resBiou9,  which  often  give 
distinct  accouuta  of  proximity,  ami  transcend  from 
one  unto  another."— /J roiou. 

2.  To  be  transcendent;  to  excel,  to  surpass. 

"  The  consistence  of  grace  and  free-will,  iu  this 
«ense,  is  no  suoh  tratisceiidinti  mystery,  and  I  think 
there  is  no  text  iu  scripture  that  sounds  any  thint; 
towards  making  it  nv.'—ffammond. 

■l  For  the  difference  between  to  transcend 
and  to  excti,  .see  Excel. 

tran  -  S9en  -  den9e,  tran-S9en'-den-9y, 

^■.     [Lat,  transcvndentia,  from  transcendens  =■ 
transcendent  (q.v.).] 
1.  Superior  excellence  ;  supeveminence. 

"Nature  shews  me  the  gastlinesse  of  death  :  faith 
■shews  me  the  lran»cfnd<-iivy  of  heavenly  glory."— Zfy. 
Ifult :  Select  Thoughtt,  5  83. 

*  2.  Exaggeration  ;  elevation  above  truth. 

"It  is  true  greatness  t<i  have  in  one  the  frailty  of  n 
man.  and  the  security  of  a  God  :  this  wuuUl  have  done 
better  in   poeiy,  where  traiu  cmlenciet  are  more  al- 

luwed." — Bitcun  :  E*says. 

tran~S9end'-ent»  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  traiiscendant, 
from  Lat.  troMseendens,  pr.  par.  of  transcendo 
=  to  transcend  (q.v.);  Sp.  &  lul.  tran- 
scendente.] 

A»  As  adjective: 

I.  Ord.  Lantj. :  Very  excellent ;  siiperiv^r  or 
supreme  in  excellence;  surpassing  all  others. 

■■  But  the  glory  of  these  men,  eminent  as  thev  were, 
ia  cist  into  the  shade  by  the  IrumrcmieHt  lustre  of 
one  immortal  u»me."~.I/MC<iu/«y .-  Hist.  Eng.ch  iii 


2.    MiUii'hilsU-S: 

(1)  A  term  ajjplied  by  Duns  8.ntus  and  the 
Schoolmen  to  any  concept  of  wider  signitica- 
tion  than  the  categoriesorAristotle.and  conse- 
iiuently  containing  them  under  it.     [Cate- 

(iUKY.l 

"ThU  concept  [of  Being)  .  .  .  Is  a  rninjcrnd^ne  con- 
cept, for  not  i>nly  the  ouiistiintial  it,  but  also  the  acci- 
dental M  ;  m  like  manner  it  Is  more  general  than  tbi) 
concept^  G'nl  and  the  U'urUl.  lor  b'unff  is  a  predicate 
wf  \Mjih:  —  Cel><-ncej  :  Uiit.  PhUos,  (Bug.  ed.).  1.  455. 

(2)  Applied  by  Kant  to  that  which  goes 
wlioHv  )>evond  experience,  or  deals  with  or 
treats* of  niatters  wholly  beyond  experience. 

"But  another  roml  lends  to  the  same  Irantcendent 
(jnestlons— (rdiMi^.iii/'Oif  because  they  treat  the  forms 
of  human  thought  ni>t  merely  as  logically  antecedent 
to  the  prudxicts  of  exiwrienii-.  but  bectuse  they  apply 
these  forms  in  problems  where  experience  wants 
iXnUi,"— Wallace:  Kant,  p.  180. 

B.  .^3  snhsUintive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  That  which  surpasses  or 
excels  ;  something  supremely  excellent. 

2.  Metapk. :  A  transcendent  concept ;  a 
transcendental  (q.v.). 

tran -S9en- dent'- al,  a.  &  s.     [Eug.  tran- 
scendent ;  -id,] 
A,  As  adjective : 
I.  Ordinary  Langxiage: 

1.  Surpassing  all  others ;  transcendent  ; 
supremely  excellent;  supereniinent. 

"Though  the  deity  perceiveth  not  pleasure  noriiain, 
as  we  do ;  yet  he  must  have  a  perfect  and  ttiiitscen' 
dental  perception  of  these,  and  of  all  other  things." — 
Orew :  Cosinologia. 

2.  Abstrusely  speculative ;  beyond  the  reach 
of  ordinaiy  everyday,  or  common  thought  and 
experience :  hence,  vague,  obscure,  fantastic, 
extravagant. 

IL  TcchnicaUij: 

1.  Math. :  Applied  to  a  quantity  which 
cannot  be  expressed  by  a  finite  number  of 
algebraic  terms— that  is,  by  the  ordinary 
operations  of  algebra — viz,,  addition,  subtrac- 
tion, multiplication,  division,  raising  to 
powers  denoted  by  constant  exponents,  and 
extraction  of  roots  indicated  by  constant  in- 
dices. Transcendental  quantities  are  of  three 
kinds,  logaiithmic,  exponential,  and  trigono- 
metrical. The  first  are  expressed  iu  terms  of 
logarithms,  as  :  log  v^l  — x,  a  log  x,  &c. ;  the 
second  are  expressed  by  means  of  variable 
exponents,  as ;  a^,  e<",  ba^c^,  &c.  ;  the  third 
ai'e  expressed  by  means  of  some  of  trigono- 
metrical  functions,  as :  sin  x,  tan  V  ^—x^, 
ver-sin  (ax  —  b),  &c. 

2.  Metaphysics : 

(1)  A  term  used  by  the  Schoolmen  in  the 
same  sense  as  Transcendent,  A.  '2.  (1)  (q.v.). 

"Being  is  transcendent  at  ...  As  Being  cannot  be 
included  under  any  genus,  hut  transcends  them  all, 
sa  the  properties  ur  atl'ections  of  Being  have  also  been 
called  tranacendcnt."— Fleming :  Vocaoulary  of  Philos. 
(ed.  C'alderwood),  p.  504. 

(•I)  Applied  by  Kant  to  that  which  deals 
with  or  constitutes  a  category  or  categories  of 
thought, 

"A  transcendental  inquiry,  then,  is  an  inquiry 
not  into  things  iu  general,  or  any  pai-ticular  sort  of 
things,  but  into  the  conditions  in  the  mental  consti- 
tution which  make  us  know  or  estimate  things  in  the 
way  we  do."— H'aHrtce  .  Kant,  pp.  15y,  ICU. 

*  B.  As  substantive  : 
Metaphysics : 

1.  The  same  as  Transcendentalist  (q.v.). 

2.  A  concejit  transcending  the  Aristotelian 
categories.     [Category.  ] 

"The  three  properties  of  Being  commonly  en umer- 
ated  are  unum,  verum,  and  bonum.  To  thest?  some  odd 
aliquid  and  res:  and  these,  with  ens.  make  the  six 
transcendental s.  But  res  and  alii/uid  mean  only  the 
same  as  ens.  The  first  three  aie  properly  called  tran- 
tcenUentals.  as  these  only  are  passions  or  all'ections  of 
being,  as  beiue-"— /"(ef/unj/.-  rocabtdarj/  of  Philos.  (ed. 
Calderwood),  p.  604, 

transcendental-anatomy,  s. 

Anat.  :  The  hi-li-v^i  drp;,iiiiient  of  anatomy ; 
that  whicli,  after  details  lia\'e  been  ascer- 
tained, advances  to  the  con. si  deration  of  the 
type  or  plan  of  structure,  the  relations  be- 
tween the  several  parts,  and  the  theoretical 
problems  thus  suggested. 

transcendental-curve,  .s. 

Math.  :  A  curve  such  as  cannot  be  defined 
by  any  algebraic  equation,  or  of  which,  when 
it  is  expressed  by  an  equation,  one  of  the 
terms  is  a  variable  quaiitity. 

transcendental- equation,  s. 

Math. :  An  e[|u;itinn  expressing  a  relation 
between  transcendental  quantities.     [Tr.\n- 

SCENDENTAL,  A.  IL  1.] 


transcendental-function,  ^ 

Math.:  A  functiou  in  which  the  relation 
between  the  function  and  variable  is  expres.sed 
by  means  of  a  transcendental  equation. 

transcendental-line,  s.  A  line  whose 
equation  is  tianscendental. 

transcendental-truths,  «.  pi 

rhil'ts.  :  A  term  priquiscd  by  Stewart  for 
what  the  Scotch  philosophers  call  "jirinciplts 
of  common  sense" — the  moral  law,  human 
liberty,  the  existence  of  God,  and  tlie  immor- 
talitv  of  the  soul.  (Reid :  Works  (ed.  Hamil- 
t(tn),"iiolc  A,  §  5.) 

trdJi-S9en-dent'-al-ism,  .t.  [Eu^.  tran- 
scendental; 'ism.\ 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  quality  or  state  of  beiii;; 
transcendental. 

IL  Technically: 

1,  Philosophy : 

(1)  A  term  applied  to  the  Kantian  j'hiln- 
sophy  from  the  frequent  use  of  tlie  term  tian- 
scendental  by  Kant,  who  gave  it  a  meaning 
quite  distinct  from  that  which  it  till  then 
bore.  The  Transcendentulism  of  Kant  in- 
quires into,  and  then  denies,  the  possibility 
of  Knowledge  respecting  what  lies  beyond 
the  range  of  experience,  Kant  distinguisiied 
knowledge  into  a  priori  (not  originating  in 
experience)  and  a  posteriori  (derived  from  ex- 
perience), thus  giving  to  the  phrase  a  j^i'iuri 
knowledge  a  meaning  diflerent  from  tliat 
which  it  had  borne  in  philosophy  since  the 
days  of  Aristotle  ;  and  he  applied  the  epithet 
transcendental  to  the  knowledge  that  certain 
intuitions  (such  as  Time  and  Space)  and  con- 
ceptions, to  which  he  gave  the  Aristotelian 
name  of  Categories  [Kantian-philosophy], 
were  independent  of  experience.  Necessity 
and  strict  universality  are  for  Kant  the  sure 
signs  of  non-empirical  cogintion.  Transcen- 
dental philosophy  is  a  jdiilosopliy  of  the 
merely  speculative  pure  reason  ;  for  all  moral 
practice,  so  far  as  it  involves  motive,  refers  to 
feeling,  and  feeling  is  always  empirical. 

"Kant's  philosophy  describes  itself  as  7'ransvcu. 
dentalism.  The  word  causes  a  shudder,  and  suggests 
thiuKS  unutterable.  Not  leas  terrible  is  the  term  a 
priori.  But  in  either  case  a  little  cai'e  carries  the  stu- 
dent safely  past  these  tiuns  in  the  way.  Ue  must  lirst  of 
all  dismiss  the  popular  associations  that  cling  to  the 
words."— U'i(/i(tce.*  Kant,  p.  159. 

(2)  Applied  also  to  the  philosophy  of  Schel- 
liug  and  Hegel,  who  assert  the  identity  of  the 
subject  and  object.  Their  transcendentalism 
claims  to  have  a  tine  knowledge  of  all  things, 
material  and  immaterial,  human  and  Ui\"ine, 
so  far  as  the  human  mind  is  cai)able  of  know- 
ing them.     [Identity,  ^  3.] 

(3)  Often  used  in  a  depreciatoiy  sense  of  any 
philosophy  which  the  speaker  considers  vague 
and  illusory. 

2.  Theol. :  The  name  given  to  a  religious 
movement  in  New  England  in  lS3ii,  in  wliich 
Emerson  and  Channing  tookaproniinent  pait. 
It  is  thus  described  in  the  Memoirs  o/  Mar- 
garet Fuller  Ossoli  (ii.  ISl,  1S2): 

"  IramcendetttaUsm  was  an  assertion  of  the  in- 
alienable integrity  of  man ;  of  the  immanence  of 
Divinity  iu  instinct  ...  On  the  soniewli;it  stunted 
stock  of  Uuitarianism,  whose  chavacttristic  dogma 
was  trust  iu  human  re.iaon  as  coirelative  to  Supreme 
Wisdom,  had  been  grafted  German  Idealism,  as  laught 
by  masters  of  most  various  acliools— liy  Kant  and 
Jacobi,  Fichte  and  Novalis,  ^chellmt; '  and  Ue^el, 
Schleiermacber  and  de  Wette  ;  by  Madame  de  Stael. 
,  Coufliu,  Coleridge,  and  Carlyle  :  and  the  result  was  a 
vagutf  yet  exalting  conception  of  the  godlike  nature  "f 
the  human  spirit.     2'raiiscenden'iilisni,  as  viewed  by 


Living  God  in  the  soul.  " 


lals  to  the    temple    of    the 


tr&n-s^en-dent'-al-zst,  s.  i[Eng.  tmn- 
scemtental ;  -isi.]  One  who  believes  in  tran- 
scendentalism (q.v.). 

"  fn  religion  the  typical  transcendentalist  might  be 
a  sublimated  theist:  he  was  not,  in  auy  accepted 
sense,  a  Christian.  He  believed  in  no  devil,  in  no 
hell,  in  no  evil,  in  no  dualism  of  any  kind,  iu  no 
spiritual  authority,  iu  no  Saviour,  in  no  Church.  He 
was  humanitarian  and  optimist.  His  faith  had  no 
backward  look;  its  e^seucy  was  as[>iration.  not  con- 
trition,"—ffcrsoi/ ;  Jielia.  Encudop.  (ed.  Bchafl"),  iii. 
2,382. 

*  tran-s9en-den-tSl'-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  tran- 
scendental; -ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
transcendental. 

tran-s9en-dent'-al-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  tran- 

scendental;  -ly.]     In  a  trausceudentiil  manner 
or  degree  ;  supereminently,  preeminently. 

"The  law  of  Christianity  is  eminently  and  tran- 
scendentalti/  called  the  word  of  truth."— aoi((/i ;  Ser- 
mons. 

tran-  sgen'-  dent  -  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tran- 
^ccndint ;  -ly.]     In  a  transcendent  manner  or 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wpu;  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fall ;  try.  Syrian.     »,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a :  qu  =  kw. 


transcendentness— transfer 


IGl 


vlegrt'c ;    supereminently  ;    liy   way  of  excel- 
lence ;  iireeiiiiiieiitly. 

'"I'lie  iivemce  EugliHhinnii  is  a  lilgbly  litingiuiitive, 
il*-lii.'ately  (iwttietic,  »nl'tly  cittk-til,  iiml  trutisouideiiHi/ 
>i|iilti8uiiliitMl  Wing,"— /Jtxi7.i/  Tvlojritiih,  Jtiii.  2.  ISiSC. 

•  tran-s9en-dent-ness,  s.  (Enj,'.  tran- 
sa  lid  tU  ;  -iicss.]  '  The  quality  or  shite  uf  bein^ 
transcendent;  superior  or  supreme  excellence. 

"If  I  I'rtiniot  oliUiuc  tlio  luwisure  of  your  trnn- 
ice>iilf>ifticMi:"~.it:'iit'iffu  :  Appeate  to  CcEsar.  cli.  vili. 

^  tr^n-S5end'-i  ble,  a.  lEnp.  transcend; 
■  ihh-.\  C.tpable  of  iH-iiig  climbeil,  leaped,  ur 
passed  over. 

'■  It  npiieara  tlint  Romwhia  slew  liia  brother  IwcnitBe 
he  iitteiiijiteU  t«  Iwin  ovei-  ft  aiicreil  nml  itiJici:tr33iljk- 
^  l>l.ice.  ■■iiui  to  rentier  it  tr,ni»cendihle  mul  i)ro(ime."— 

Tr.ui&tatiin  f.f  I'lutarch'a  Morals,  li.  354. 

*  trS,n'S9en'-Sion,  s.  [Lat.  transcensm,  pa. 
par.  nf  transceiuli  =  to  transcend  (q.  v.).]  The 
act  of  passing  ;  passage. 

'■  An  ei-hoiug  valley,  many  a  fieM 
PleHsnut.  nud  wislifull,  itii)  bis  i>as3Age  yield 
Their  safe  tratiscention," 

CTuipiiiun:  Bomer ;  Hymneto  Hermes. 

•*  tr^9'-cd-late,  v.t.  [Lat.  tram  —  through, 
and  (V;/')=  tosti-ain.]  [Colander-I  To  strain, 
to  canst'  to  pass  tlirough  a  sieve  or  colander, 

"  Tlie  Imigs  are.  unless  pervions  like  aaiMiuge. 


to  iml>ibe    anil    tiuimc-jhttc    the   air," 
Consumption. 


'Htirvcy : 


*  tran^-co-la'-tion,  s.    [Tkanscolate,]   The 

act  iif  transctdating  or  straining. 

trans-con-ti-nent-al,   «.      [Pref.    tran^-, 

and  Kng.  cna/i/K-iiAi/C'-i.v.),]     Passing  or  going 
across  a  continent. 

"  No  such  grant  as  one  hundred  million  acres  of 
0116  land  was  ever  made  by  the  iirumoters  even  of  ii 
tr<t>ixrnntini'ntai  rail w.iy  wlthtu   the  coufluea  of  the 

I'liite.i  States/— /J<t(7tf  Teletfraph,  Nov,  11,  1885. 

*■  tran^-cor'-por-ate,  v.i.  [Pref.  trans-, 
and  corpomU  q.v.).]  To  pass  from  one  boily 
to  another. 

"  The  Pythagoriaus  ami  tranicor/joratinif  philo- 
soi'hers.  ■ — Browne  :   Crne  Burial,  ch.  iv. 

'  tran-scrib-bler,  s.  [Pref.  (ra?is-,  and 
Eng  scribbler  (q.v.).]  One  who  transcribes 
liastily  or  carelessly;  heuce,  a  mere  copier; 
a  plagiarist. 

"  Third} y,  he  [Aristotle]  has  sufTered  vaetly  from 
the  trniiMcribah-rs,  as  all  authors  of  great  brevity 
neeessarily  must,"— tfratf ;  To  Dr.  Wharton,  Dec,  17i&. 

tran  -  scribe't  v-f-  [Lat.  transcribo,  from 
;/(i/i5  =  across,  over,  and  scribo=.  to  write; 
Fi-.  tranxrire ;  Sp.  transcriblr.]  To  write 
over  again,  or  in  tlie  same  words  ;  to  copy. 

■'  He  was  the  most  audacious  of  litei-ny  thieves 
ami  traitscrib'-d  without  acknowledgment,  whole 
piigea  from  authors  who  bad  preceded  him," — Alacau- 
lay  -  Hist.  Eng..  ch.  xiiL 

%  For  the  difference  between  to  transcribe 
and  to  coj);/,  see  Copy. 

trS,n-Scrib-er,  s.  [Eng.  transcribii:) ;  -er.] 
on-'  who  transcribes  or  writes  from  a  copy  ; 
a  C'lpier  ;  a  copyist. 

"  The  addition  of  a  single  letter  (aud  that  a  letter 
M-hich  truntcriben  have  beeu  very  apt  to  omit)  to  the 
word  Hiat  uow  occurs  in  the  Hebrew,  will  give  it  that 
l)hir!il  form  which  the  Seventy  have  expressed."— jS/>. 
*ioriley :  Sennons,  vol.  il ,  ser.  26. 

tran'-script,  s.  [Lat.  traiiscrlptumy  neut. 
sing,  of  transcript  us,  pa.  par.  of  traiiscribo  = 
tu  transcribe  (q.v.) ;  Ital.  truscritto.] 

1.  A  writing  made  from  and  according  to 
an  original ;  a  writing  or  composition  con- 
sisting of  the  same  words  as  the  original ;  a 
copy  from  an  original. 

"  Episcopius  replyed,  that  be  had  none  handsomely 
written  ;  ii  the  synod  would  have  mtienee.  he  would 
cause  a  fair  transcript  to  jje  drawn  for  them."— i/n/cs  ■ 
Letter  from  Synod  of  Dor  t,  Dec,  1618. 

*  2.  A  copy  of  any  kind  ;  an  imitation. 

"  Gaze  on  cre.itton's  model  in  thy  breast 
Unveiled,  nor  wonder  at  the  transcript  more  " 
}'oti7ig :  Sight  T't'iuyhts.  ix. 

tran-SCrip'-tion,  5.  (Lat.  transcriptio,  from 
transcripttis,  pa.  par.  of  ira/iscrtbo  =  to  tran- 
scribe ('i-v.) ;  Fr.  transcription;  Ital.  traii- 
scrizione.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  transcribing  or  copying  fiom 
&Q  original. 

"  Exempt  from  the  avocations  of  civil  life,  incapable 
of  literary  exertions  from  the  want  of  hooka  nnd 
u|)portuuities  of  improvement,  they  devoted  the 
frequent  intervals  of  religwius  duty  to  th"  (ninscrip. 
f toil  of  authors  whom  tbey  often  little  unci  rstood.'  — 
Jinox  :   Eistty,  No.  135. 

2.  A  transcript,  a  copy. 

"  3y  their  transcription  they  fell  into  the  h.inds  of 
othei-3.'  —  n'alltjn :  life  of  Hooker. 


IL  Mitsic:  Tlie  aiiangi-nienlor nindilicati.m 
of  a  comjtosition  for  some  instrument  or  voice 
other  than  that  for  which  it  was  originally 
written. 

tran  scrip -tion-al«  a.  [Eng.  transcription; 
■ul  1    oi  lu  piMtainiiig  to  transcription. 

■'  I II.'  1  llouts  at  iranscripdonal  probability."— ^ca(^ 
i-in.i,  April  4,  IdH.  p,  25-1. 

•  tran-scrip'-txvo,  «.  [Eng.  transcript ; 
-iiy.)  Done  as  from  a  copy  ;  having  the 
cliaiacter  of  a  transcriiit,  copy,  or  imitation. 

"  Excellent  and  useful  authors,  yet  Iwing  either 
tranicriptiue.  or  following  (.omnion  relatiuus,  their 
accounts  are  not  to  be  swallowed  at  large  or  enter- 
tained withoutiill  L'lrcumapeclion."— flruwHO  .'  Vulgar 
Erronrs. 

*  tran-scrip'~tive-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tran* 
siriptiix;  ■/(/■]  Iti  a  transcriptive  manner;  in 
manner  of  a  copy. 

"  Not  ft  few  transcriptivisly  suhscribinj;  their  names 
to  other  men's  endeavours,  transcribe  all  they  have 
written."— Brow/U','  Vtihjar  frrours,  bk.  i.,  ch.  vi. 

■  trans -cur',  '  trans  -  curre,  vj.  [Lat. 
tra,isrun-o:  trans  =  across,  ;ind  curro=to 
run,]    T")  run  or  rove  to  and  fro. 

"By  lixing  the  mind  on  one  object,  it  doth  not 
stuitiate  aud  trtinscurre.  ' — lincon  :  A'at.  Hist.,  |  "20. 

'  trans- cur' -ren^e,  s.  [Lat.  transatrrens, 
]n\  par.  o(  tra'nscurro'— to  transcur  (q.v.).] 
A  running  or  roving  hither  and  thither. 

'  trans- cur' -si on,  s.  [Lat.  transciwsio,  from 
transcttrsus,  pa.  par.  of  (ra)isc»rro  =  to 
transcur  (q.v.),]  A  rambling  or  roving;  a 
passage  beyond  certain  limits  ;  a  deviation. 

■•  Which  cohesion  m.iy  cenaiKt  in  .  ,  .  traiiscursifin 
of  secondary  subatiuice  through  this  wliole  sphere  of 
life  which  we  call  a  spirit."— .l/'rc  Imniort.  of  the 
Soul.  bk.  i.,  ch.  vi. 

"  trans-cur'-sive,  «.  [Transcur.]  Ram- 
bling. 

■   III  this   trnnsctir$ive  reportory."— JTaiAe;  Lenten 

■  trans-di'-a-lect,  v.t.  [Pref.  trans-,  and 
Eng.  di'.ilvct  {i\.v.).']  To  translate  or  I'euder 
from  one  dialect  into  another 


til 


'•  But  now  the  fi-agmenta  of  these  poems,  left  us  by 
those  who  did  not  write  in  Doric,  are  in  the  common 
di.deet.  It  is  plain  then  they  have  beeu  trans- 
dialected.'  —  Warbarton:  Divine  Lrjation,  bk.  ii.,  Jiii, 

"  trans-due -tion,  s.    [Lat.  transductus,  pa. 

])ar.  of  transdnco  =  to  lead  across  or  over: 
trans  =  across,  over,  and  duco  —  to  lead.] 
The  act  of  leading  or  carrying  over. 

*  transe,  s.    [Trance.] 

*  trans-earth',  v.t.    [Pref.  trans-,  and  Eng 

earth  (q.v.).]    To  transplant. 

"  Fruits  of  hotter  countries  transearth&l  in  colder 
climates  have  vigour  enough  in  themselves  to  be 
friictuoua    according    to    their    nature."- /'fK/ia»K . 

/iesolves.  19. 

*  trans-el  -e-ment,    *  trans-el  -e-men- 

tate,  v.L  "[Pref.  (raas-,  aTid  En;;,  el  >■  ma  at.) 
To  change  or  transpose  the  elements  of ;  to 
transubstantiate. 

'■  Theophylact  useth  the  same  word  ;  he  that  eateth 
me,  liveth  by  me  ;  while  he  is  in  a  certain  manner 
mingled  with  nie,  and  is  transfleniented  or  changed 
into  me."— ./ercvitf  7\ij/hr:  Jical  Presence,  §  12. 

*  tran^-el-e-men-ta'-tion,  .t.  [Trans- 
ELKMENTATE.)  The  cliauge  of  the  elements  of 
ontf  body  into  those  of  another,  as  of  the 
bread  and  wine  into  the  actual  body  of  Christ ; 
tran  substantiation. 

"  The  name  of  transelenientation,  which  Theophy- 
lact  did  use,  seems  to  appro.icli  nearer  to  signify  the 
propriety  of  this  mystery,  becioae  it  signifies  a 
chJinge  even  of  the  tli-st  elements  ;  yet  that  word  is 
harder,  and  not  sufficiently  accommodate:  for  it  may 
signify  the  resolution  of  one  element  into  another,  or 
the  resolution  of  a  mixed  body  into  the  elements."  — 
Jeremy  Taylor :  Real  Presence,  §  12, 

tr&n-sen'-na,  s.     [Lat.  =a  net,  reticulated 

wnrk.] 

Christ.  Antiq.  t  A  name  given  to  a  kind  of 
carved  lattice -work  or  grating  of  marble, 
silver,  &c.,  used  to  shut  in  the  shrines  of 
martyrs,  allowing  the  sacred  coffer  to  be  seen, 
liut  protecting  it  from  being  handled,  or  for 
similar  protective  puriiosos. 

tran'-sept,  ^  tran-s9ept,  s.  [Lat.  tran. 
for  drafts  =  across,  and  SFptum  —  Q.n  enclosure, 
front  septus,  pa,  par.  of  srpio  =  to  enclose; 
sd'pes  =  a  hedge.] 

Arch.:  Tliat  part  of  a  church  which  is 
placed  between  the  nave  and  the  choir,  ex- 
tending transversely  on  each  side,  so  as  to 
give  to  the  building  the  form  of  a  cross.  The 
transept  was  not  originally  symbolical,  but 


was  derived  fnnii  the  transvcrKe  hall  or  gallery 
in  the  ancient  basilicas,  at  the  upper  end  <  >t  the 
nave,  its  length  being 
equal  to  the  united 
breadth  of  the  nave 
and  aisles.  This  ac- 
cidental approxima- 
tion to  the  form  of  a 
cross  was  perceived 
by  later  arclnteet.s. 
who  accord  i  ugly 
lengthened  tlie  tran- 
sept on  each  side 
so  as  to  make  the 
ground  plan  of  the 
church  completely 
cruciform. 

"  The  pediment  of  the 
Bouthern  Iritnxept  \»i>in' 
imclcd.  not  inoleifAntly. 
with  a  flourished  crosM." 
—  n-art'in:  Hist,  uf  Kid- 
dington,  p.  8. 


OBOl'ND  ri.AN  OK  BT.  PAri-'n 

l-ATHEDRAI.,   lAl.fDOK. 
A.  South  Transept  :b.  North 
TrftnBei>t :    c.    Choir;   ». 
Nave :  K.  Dome. 


(See  extract  under 


*  tr^  sex-ion    (x 

as  ksh),   .S-.      iPn-f. 
trans- ;  kiig,  scj:,  and 
sufT.   -ion.}      Change 
from  one  sex  to  another, 
transfeminate.) 

*  trans-fem'-i-nate,  v.t.  [Lat  trans  — 
acros.s,  over,  and  femina=.a.  woman.]  To 
change,  from  a  male  to  a  female. 

"  It  much  imi>eacheth  the  iterated  imnsexion  of 
hares,  if  that  be  true  which  some  pliysiciims  affirm, 
that  transmutation  of  sexes  was  only  so  In  opinion, 
and  that  those  trantfirminated  persons  were  really 
men  at  6nt.'— Browne:  Vulgar  Errours.  bk.  ili., 
oh.  xvii. 

trans-fer',  v.t.  [Lat.  transfero  =.  in  trans- 
port, to  carry  across  or  over  :  trans  =  across, 
over,  and  fero  —  to  bear,  to  carry ;  Sp.  trans- 
ferb\  trasfcrir ;  Ital.  trans/erire,  tra^erire ; 
Fr.  (ran^crer.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  convey  from  one  place  or  person  to 
another ;  to  transport  or  remove  to  another 
place  or  person  ;  to  jiassor  hanil  over.  (Gene- 
rally with  to,  into,  or  unto,  rarely  with  on.) 

"  Or  here  to  combat,  from  their  city  far. 
Or  back  to  Iliuu's  walls  transfer  tiie  war." 

Pope :  Homer ;  Hind  x.  483. 

2.  To  make  over  the  possession,  right,  or 
coutiol  of;  to  convey,  as  a  right  from  one 
person  to  another;  to  sell,  to  give:  as,  To 
transfer  land.  To  transfer  stocks. 

II.  Lithog. :  To  produce  a  facsimile  of  on  a 
l>repared  stone  by  means  of  prepared  paper 
and  ink.     [Transfer,  s.,  IL  L] 

"  lu  Kuehn's  mode  of  making  pictures  by  tranafer, 
the  different  colours  requisite fora  picture  are  printed 


on   sized    paper   and 
japanned  plate."— &'«. 


inight:  Diet,  jtech.,  s.  v.  Transfer 

trans'-fer.  s.    [Transfer,  v.] 
I.  Ordinary  language : 

1.  The  removal  or  conveyance  of  a  thing 
fi  om  one  person  or  place  to  another ;  trans- 
ference. 

■'  He  would  not,  however,  part  with  it  till  he  had 
the  cloth  in  his  posses-tion,  and  :u  there  could  be  no 
transfer  of  property,  if  with  equal  caution  I  had 
insisted  upon  the  same  condition,  1  ordered  the  clutb 
to  be  handed  down  to  him."— CooA:.'  f*irst  Voynjf. 
bk.  ii..  ch.  ii. 

2.  The  act  of  conveying  right,  title,  or  pro- 
perty, whether  personal  or  real,  frcnn  one 
person  to  another,  by  sale,  deed,  or  otherwi.se. 

"  (.'heiines.  Bills  of  Exchange.  Promissory  Notes,  are 
all  transfers.  !ia  they  all  transfer  a  right  duo  to  one 
jiaity  from  a  second  in  favour  of  a  third.  But  in  the 
miiuey  market  and  Stock  Exchange,  the  term  has  a 
more  strictly  technical  meaning,  and  by  transfer  is 
understood  the  surrender  by  one  party  in  favour  of 
another  of  the  ri^ht  to  dividends,  annuities,  &c., 
derived  from  the  shares  of  public  companies,  (loverii- 
ment  funds,  forei^  stocks,  and  the  like."— tfitftiH-' 
Counting-house  Diet. 

3.  The  deed  or  document  by  which  right, 
title,  <tr  pmpcrty  in  anything  is  conveyed 
from  one  person  to  another. 

"  Amsterdam,  where  industry  had  been  for  so  manv 
years  subsisted  and  circulated  uy  transfers  ou  paper. ' 
—Berkeley  :  (Querist,  j  250. 

i.  That  which  is  transferred. 
II  Technically: 

1.  Lithng.  :  An  impression  taken  on  paper, 
clotli,  &(:,  and  then  laid  upon  an  object  and 
caused  to  adhere  thereto  by  pressure.  In  en- 
graving, a  tracing  may  be  made  in  pencil  and 
transferred  to  the  ground  by  running  through 
the  plate-press. 

2.  Mil. :  A  soldier  transferred  from  one 
troop  or  company  to  another. 

IT  Transfer  of  lAind  Acts  : 

Law  :  Various  enactments  designed  to  regu- 


b^l,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hm,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^i&t.    ph  =  £ 
-clan,  -tian  :=  shaa.    -tion,    sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  bhus.    -ble,  -die,  iic.  =  bel,  d$L 


299 


10'> 


transferability— transformation 


laU-  cliaii^i-.^  ill  till*  owiuTship  "f  Imid.  Tlie 
Act  7  &  s  Vitt.  c.  7i>,  i-ntitUd,  An  Act  t.> 
.Siiiiitlify  the  Tr,ui«r»*r  of  Proiierty,  was  fouiul 
ill  iiuiiiy  n-.-ipfcts  Mbjictiomible,  aiiU  consi.'- 
niitrtitly  had  to  Ik.'  imiviuled.  Thv  Act  25  &  2*j 
VU'l.,  c.  5",  i>a>seU  in  ISU'J.  was  to  facilitate  the 
nrodfuf  titU'  ami  loiivfjant-e  of  real  rstatfs. 
111.*  lirst  i»orti"n  vf  it  established  a  leKistry  for 
«.hetitle>,  indefeasible  or  defeasible,  of  freehohl 
itnipeity  and  leasi'lit)ld  estates  in  ft-ecliolrt 
land ;  the  second  sinii-lilietl  titles  to  judiciiil 
land  ;  the  thiixl  related  to  the  transfer  of  re- 
-iMtennl  laml ;  and  the  fourth  contained yeiieial 
provisions  to  facilitate  ivgistintion.  It  was 
cnllned  t>>  Knglaiidand  Ireland,  and  has  not 
been  ni;t  b'  ust-  of  t..  any  lai-gc  extent. 

transfer  -  book.  .<.  A  register  of  thr 
tr:ui>tiT>  .'f  pnipfrty,  stuck,  or  shares  from 
oTie  iM-i>*i';i  t.i  inutlier. 

transfer 'days,  .■^.  pi.  Days  fixeil  by  the 
B^iiik  of  Kn^^land  for  the  transfer,  free  of 
^har^e,  of  consols  and  other  Uoveriinient 
stoeks.  These  days  are  Monday,  Tuesday, 
Wednesday.  Thui-sday,  and  Friday,  befoie 
three  o'eloi-k.  On  Siituixhiy  transfei-s  miiy 
be  inadf,  but  a  trauj^fer-fee  of  '2s.  (id.  is  then 
charged. 

transfer -paper,  s.  Pi-epared  pai^er  used 
h\  lithoi^i.ij.lnT.-..  or  lov  copying  in  a  press. 

transfer -printing.  .^.  A  name  ai.plied 
ti  anasiatif  printing  (.'i-v.),  and  similar  pro- 


trins-fer-a-bil-l-ty,  ^^  [Eiig.  tran^a-- 
uhh- :  -itii.\  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
tiiiii>ferable. 

transfer  -a-ble,  '  trIins-fer'-ra-We, 
trans   fer    ri   ble,  ".     [Eng.  transfer; 

..-'.',■.1 

1.  Capable  of  b,in^  transferred  or  conveyed 
IiMiii  one  peisttii  or  jHaee  to  another. 

■■  We  h.ive  taken  nutice  iu  tlie  chnpter  on  juilge- 
meat  <if  the  tniiisferfiible  nature  of  iiaseut,  and  Imw 
it  luuuen  from  the  pn-iuiases  to  the  coiicluaiou."— 
A(I<tA  -■  I.iijht  lif  Atttini:  vyl,  i.,  pt.  ii.,  cli.  xviit. 

2.  CaiKible  of  being  legitimately  passed  or 
ci'iiveyed  into  the  possession  of  another,  and 
conveying  to  the  new  owner  all  its  claims, 
rights,  or  privileges;  as,  A  note,  bill  of  ex- 
change, or  other  evidence  of  property,  is 
timis/erable  by  endorsement. 

:     [Ku-. 
a  trans- 


trans -fer-ee'.  trans- fer -ree'. 

tmi'-i/er:  ■to.]     The   persou  tu  wlinii 
fiT  is  made. 

trans-fer -en^e.    t  transfer -ren9e,  ,^. 

[ling,  trans/er ;  -eu-:,:.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  transferring  ;  the 
act  of  mnveying  from  one  person  or  place  to 
another;  transfer. 

"  By  tlie  mere  tranrffrrence  of  the  coiiferna  of  Toii- 
•  |ijiu,  .iloiig  with  tliode  i>f  Madagascar,  fruiu  the  De- 
jiartiiieittof  theCoh'iiieH  t'lthe  Departuieut  of  Foreinu 
Affaii-*."— S(a«dar<(.  Jan.  IS,  18a6. 

2.  Hcots  Law:  That  step  by  which  a  defend- 
ing action  is  transferred  from  a  person  de- 
ceased to  his  representatives. 

trans-fer-en'-tial,  a.  [Eng.  trans/eren(ce) : 
'in!  1  Pertaining  to,  or  involving,  transfer- 
.  tioe.     {Cent.  Dl'i.) 

'  trins-fer-og'-ra-phy,  ?.  [Eng.  transfer; 
<i  connect.,  and  Gi'.  ypd^ta  (g rajiho)  =^  to  write.) 
Tlie  act  or  art  of  copying  inscriptions  from 
ancient  t4>mbs,  tablets,  Arc. 

trans- fer'- rer,  s.    [Eng.  transfer,  v.;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  ti-ansfers;  one  who  executes  a 
tiausfer. 

2.  A  base-plate  for  an  air-pump  receiver, 
wlncli  enables  the  exhausted  receiver  to  be 
i<  iiii'M-d  tr"ni  tlir  ail-pump. 

'  trans -fer-ri-biV-i-ty,  s.  [Transfer- 
.\iuij  rv.] 

'  trans-fer -ri -ble.  a.    [Traksfkrable.] 

trans-fer  -ror,  s.    [Tbansferbeb.] 

/  '('• ;  The  person  who  makes  a  transfer. 

■  trans-fig  -u-rate,  r.t.  [Formed  from  tmns- 
'ufuiation  (ii.\.).l    Tu  trausligure. 

trans  fig-u-ra-tion.  "trars-fig-ur  a- 

Ci-on,  .V  IFr.  traiisjigurnfion.  tiuni  I,;it. 
1 1 ini:ifiiliir(ftnni fill,  acfUs.  of  trmisfiriuratin  —  a 
traiislignring,  from  trniisjigundiis,  pa.  par.  ol 
transjiguro  =  to  transtigute  fq.v.);  Sp.  frans- 
ji'jiiritcioti  ;  Ital.  traii.<^giirazione.] 


•  1.  A  change  of  form. 

"Fur  Huiiif  attribute  iuiiuortniltle  to  the  »otiK-: 
otheniilcvUe  a  i.-*rtaliie  tnintfiffHratiuit  thereof.'—/'. 
ilAlitiid:  t'linic.  bk,  vll..  oil.  Iv. 

2.  Spe,?if.,  the  suiwruatural  change  in  tlir 
IK'rsonaljii>pearancf  of  our  Lord  on  the  Mount. 
(Matt.  xvii.  l-y  ;  Mark  ix.  -J-i".) 

•■  We  are  t«i!J  by  St  Faiil.  that,  hi  the  future  stite, 
our  viU-  lKKlle»  shall  l>e  traiiftformwt  Into  the  Mike 
iie»stif  bin  ij'urloUB  body."  au(l  how  glori.-ux  it  m  ni 
heaven.  »o  luny  gueis  by  what  It  wilh  at  bin  trifiMfi'ju- 
r.ttioit  here  on  eartli.  liiiriug  which  the  (.cripture  le 
lateei.  'that  lib  faic  did  Bbiiie  a-*  tlie  wiiii.  ami  bi^ 
riiineat  wjw  white  .w  tbc  liKht."—flotf/c  .  M  oMji.  ». 
MT, 

3.  A  feast  held  by  certain  branches  of  tlb' 
Christian  Church  on  August  (i,  iu  cominem- 
nr:ition  of  .such  supernatural  change. 

trans  fig  ure.  •  tran-fyg-ure.  r.t.  \Vv. 
trttifsfUjnnr.  from  Lat.  Ira  iisjiynru  =  U)  vhiw^e 
the  ligureof:  ^aas  =  across  (lieiice,  implyni;^ 
change),  and ^ffwm  =  figure,  outward  app':n- 
ance ;  Sp.  transfigurar,  traf!jigurar ;  Ital. 
tru  nsjign  ni  re,  trasfign  rai-e.  \ 

1.  To  transform ;  to  change  the  outward 
appearance  of. 

"  Then  the  birds  agaiu  tramfiijnred. 
Keas^iiiiied  the3ha|>e  of  luortaU." 

Luiiff/e/loip :  Iliawutha,  xii. 

•  2.  To  give  an  elevated  or  glorified  appear- 
ance or  character  to  ;  to  elevate  and  glorify  ; 
to  idealize. 

trans-fix',  r.t.  [Lat.  tran.$_fi.r:us,  pa.  par.  nf 
trantt^ligo  =  to  thrust  through  :  frtnis^ through, 
and  jigo  —  to  fix.] 

1.  To  pierce  through,  as  with  a  ]'oiuted 
weapon. 

"  yiiite  through  transfixed  with  deadly  davt. 
And  iu  her  blood  yet  steeuiius  fresh  euibayil." 
S/jenaer:  F.  y..  III.  -xiL  21. 

2.  To  impale. 

"  The  butcher  bird  transfixes  its  prey  upon  the 
spike  of  a  tboni,  whilst  it  picks  its  bouea."— /'«/e.y  .■ 

.V'tr.  Th'->.>lo[ni.  fli,  \ii. 

trans-fix  -ion  (x  :i*  ksh),  s.    [Transfix.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  tianstixingor  piercing  through. 

2.  The  state  of  being  transfixed. 

"  Sixe  aeverall  times  do  we  find  that  Christ  shed 
blood :  iu  his  circuiucisiou,  iu  Ins  iigoitie,  iu  hi^ 
crowuiug.  iu  his  scouigiug.  iu  his  .ttSxion.  iu  his 
transfixion."— Up.  Halt:  Sermon  on  Gal.  ii,  20. 

trans -flu' -ent.  c  [Lat.  transfiucns,  pr.  pai'. 
,.f  ^Mi,s,'/('^.'=:  to  flow  across:  i.mits  =  across, 
and  rf'fi'  =  to  rtuw.} 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang.:  Flowing  or  running  across 
or  through  :  as,  a  tran^Jluent  stream. 

2.  Her.  :  A  term  used  of  water  represented 
as  running  tliiough  the  arches  of  a  bridge. 

■^  trans-flux',  s.  [Lat.  transfiuxus,  pa.  par. 
of  trui.s^fiuo.]  [Transfluent.]  A  flowing 
through  or  beyond. 

*  trans' -for-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  transforatits,  pa. 
par.  of  tnnisforo  =to  bore  or  pierce  through  ; 
()a/(s=:  through,  and/uro  =  to  bore.]  To  bore 
through,  to  perforate. 

trans-form.    *   trans-forme.    '  trans- 

fourm.  f.t.  &,  i.  [Fr.  tninsfhmivr,  from  Lat. 
trunsformo  =  to  change  the  form  of:  trans  = 
across  (Ixence,  implying  change),  and  furm(t  = 
form  ;  Sp.  transforuuir,  trasfoniuir ;  Ital.  trans- 
fonnare,  trasfo7-mare.] 

A.  Tnnisitive : 

I.  Ord biary  Language : 

1.  To  change  the  form  or  appearance  of;  to 
change  iu  shape  or  appearance  ;  to  metamor- 
phose. 

"  A  stranee  uervous  con^'iilsioii  which  aouietiiues 
transformcil  his  couuteuauce,  duiiug  a  few  luouieuts, 
into  au  ubject  ou  which  it  was  iiu|)0»3ihle  tu  look 
without  ieTCTOT."—3lacauiay  :  Hist.  Eitg.,  ch.  xxiiL 

2.  To  change  into  another  substance  ;  to 
transmute  ;  as,  To  transform  lead  into  gold. 

3.  To  change ;  to  alter  to  something  else  ; 
to  convert. 

"  But  nh  !  by  constant  heed  I  know, 
Uow  oft  the  sadness  that  I  show 
2'ran^orms  thy  smiles  to  looks  of  woe." 

Cuttper:  To  Mnn/. 

•  4.  To  change  in  nature,  disposition, 
chai-acter,  or  the  like. 


*  5.  Amongst  the  mystics,  to  change,  as 
the  contemplative  soul  into  a  divine  sub- 
stance by  which  it  is  lost  or  swallowed  up  iu 
the  divine  nature. 
IL  Math. :  To  change  the  form  of :  as, 
(1)  To  change  the  form  of  a  geometrical 
figure  or  solid  without  altering  its  area  or 
solidity. 


(■J)  To  ihaiige  IJie  form  of  an  algeluair 
equation  without  destroying  the  equality  ol* 
its  meml>ers. 

(:!)  To  change  the  form  of  a  fraction  without 
altering  itM  value. 

*  B.  Intraus.:  To  be  changed  iu  form  or 
aiipearance  ;  to  be  metamorphosed. 

"  His  hidr  tninsfurins  to  down,  hin  Qiigers  meet 
Iu  nkiiiuy  tiluiB,  aail  ahape  his  oary  feet" 

Athliaofi.    [ToU<{.) 

trans-form'-a-blOr  o.     [Eng.   trannform  ;, 
■(ihl'-.\     Capable  of  being  transformed, 

trans- for -ma'-tion.   '  trans-for-ma 

Ci~on,  .'•.  [Fr.  transformntlon,  from  Lat. 
lii'H^Jnnnaliontin,  accus.  of  tranafonnatin, 
IVoin  transfoj'matus,  jia.  par.  of  transforuuir 
to  transform  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  transfornMciuu,  tru.^- 
fonnacivii ;  Ital,  transformazione,  tra^forutU' 
zione.] 
I.  Ordinary  Langiiage : 

1.  The  act  of  changing  the  form  or  appear- 
ance of ;  the  act  or  operation  of  changing  tht- 
external  appearance  of. 

"  Uiii'U  whose  dead  corpse  there  was  snch  lutauae. 
Wui-b  be;istly  sbaiueleiw  f  ratm/umtiit ion . 
By  thuse  Welchtueii  done,  .-is  may  not  be 
\\  ithout  much  sbame,  retold  or  s|>okeu  uf." 

ahaketp. :  I  Henri/  H'.,  i.  i. 

2.  The  state  of  being  changed  iu  form  or 
appearance  ;  a  change  in  form,  ai^fpearanre, 
nature,  disposition,  character,  or  the  like; 
metamorphosis. 

"  What  I'east  eouldst  thou  be.  that  were  uot  subjei-t 
to  a  beiiat?  And  what  a  beast  art  thou  already,  and 
seest  not  tliy  loss  iu  transfomitation  f—Sliakesp. :  Timon 
(^f  Athens,  iv  u. 

3.  The  change  of  one  metal  or  substance 
into  another  ;  as,  the  transfonuation  of  lead 
into  gold  ;  transmutation. 

*  4,  A  conversion  from  sinfulness  to  holy 
obedience. 

"  Thus  it  must  be  in  our  fran^onnation  ouwaidi ; 
the  Spirit  of  God  doth  thus  alter  us  through  gmcv, 
whiles  we  are  yet.  for  essence,  the  3;iine  " — Up.  Hail 
Tlie  tutate  of  a  Chrisfiaii. 

*'  5.  The  change  of  the  soul  into  a  diviut- 
substance,  as  amongst  the  mystics. 

'  6.  The  shape  or  appearance  to  which  one- 
has  been  changed. 

"My  irnusformation  hath  been  washed  aud  cwA- 
gelled.'"— ^A«Ac3p. .  Merrn  Wives,  iv.  .i. 

II.  Tech  n  icalhj : 

1.  Hiol. :  The  series  of  changes  which  everr 
germ  undergoes  in  reaching  tire  embryonir 
condition,  either  in  the  body  of  the  parent  <u 
within  the  egg,  as  distinguisla-d  fi'om  those 
which  species  born  in  an  impfirectly  developed 
state  present  in  the  course  of  their  external- 
life,  and  which  are  more  generally  known  a.-> 
metamorphosis  (q.v.). 

2.  Chcni. :  A  term  applied  to  those  chemi- 
cal changes  whereby  an  entirely  new  set  of 
compounds  is  produced,  as  when  sugar  i^ 
coiufi-ted  by  the  aid  of  a  ferment  into  alco- 
hol and  carbonic  anhydride,  or  where  complex 
compounds  are  resolved  by  the  aid  of  de- 
strnctive  distillation  into  simpler  substances, 
usually  ealled  transformation  products. 

3.  M'lth.  :  The  operation  or  process  of 
changing  iu  form  or  expression  :  as, 

(1)  Tlie  change  of  a  given  geometrical 
figure  into  another  of  equal  nrcii.  but  of  a 
ditfereut  number  of  sides,  or  of  a  given  sobd 
into  another  of  equal  solidity,  but  having  a 
ditfereiit  number  of  faces. 

(2)  The  operation  of  changing  the  form  of 
an  equation  without  destroying  the  equality 
of  its  members.  All  the  o^ierations  performed 
upon  equations,  in  order  to  simplify  them  or 
to  solve  them,  are  transformations. 

(3)  The  operation  of  changing  the  form  of  a 
friction  without  changing  its  value.  The 
operations  of  reducing  to  simplest  terms,  of 
changing  the  fractional  unit,  &c.,  are  trans- 
formations. 

4.  Pathol.  :  The  morbid  change  of  one 
structure  into  ^mother,  as  when  muscle  is 
transformed  into  fat,  or  ossification  of  the 
heart  takes  place. 

5.  I'hij.^iol. :  The  change  which  takes  place 
in  the  blood  in  its  passage  from  the  arterial  to 
the  venous  system.  This  change  is  of  three 
kinds:  (1)  contributing  to  the  growth  of  non- 
vascular tissue  ;  {2)  contributing  to  the  growth 
of  the  organized  substance  of  the  various 
organs;  and  (3)  the  separation  of  mucus, 
urine,  bile,  &c.,  from  the  blood. 

6.  Theatre:  A  transformation-scene  (q.v.). 
transformation-myth,  s-. 

Anthruj'. :  A  mytli  which  reiUTsents  a  human 


f^te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciiro.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.     S3,  oe  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


transformative  -  transient 


103 


Ijeiiii:  ^is  clMiignl  iiit"  a"  auiinal,  a  tive  or 
plant,  or  sniiic  iimnimati!  bi'ing. 

"  The  ethliognu.liii'  studtiit  fliids*  «  c-urioUB  Interest 
in  traiitfvrmtttioH^vtythit  like  Ovids.  keeplIiK  'ip,.iw 
they  do  vestiges  of  pliilusopliy  <if  iircliiuc  tyiie.  — 
Tgttr:  Prhn,  Cult.  (eif.  1873).  li.  £». 

transformation  of  energy,  >■ 

;•;.,. J.-;. s:  (See  i-xtra.-t). 

•■It  lias  l«;en  (■lUlul  liy  »>\periuieiit  tliiit  wlicii  one 
Uiii.l  „i  euerk'y  dis;ipi>ertr?  or  is  exnelided.  eiiergj   "i 
her  kind  Is  iimlnced.  »ud  that,  under  iiroper 


litioii: 


;  di&MMH-iirHUCf  of  tiny  oiie  yf  the  h 
tw  iiiM  ■     " 


uf  euergy  ciu  be  made  tu  give  The  to  a  greijter 
or  Ic^s  riujouut  of  aoyother  kind.  Oue  of  tlie  Mn.plest 
ilhi^trntions  thiit  can  bt-  giveii  of  this  '';''''y<f','';v'|''' 
of>;:T't'i  is  iill'ordea  by  the  osciUjitiona  uf  a  peiiduluiii 
Wh.-n  the  pendulum  1b  at  rest  vi  its  lowest  position 
It  'l.,!-s  n.-t  i>os=,eM  any  energy,  for  it  has  no  power  of 
^■itiiit:  either  itself  or  other  bodies  in  luotiuu  or  ot 
i:v>.JiLriui.'  ill  them  any  kind  of  change.  In  order  to 
ill  the  pendulum  oseiMatiiif.  work  must  be  done  ui'oii 
it  :ind  it  thereafter  p..3sesse3  an  amount  of  energy 
corresponding  to  tbe  work  that  h-%s  '»een  expended. 
Wheu  it  has  reached  either  end  of  ita  path,  the  pen- 
dulum  ia  for  au  instant  at  rest,  but  it  iK>.S3esse3  energy 
bv  \irtue  of  its  position,  .iiid  can  do  an  amount  oi 
work  while  falling  to  ita  lowest  position  which  la 
rei.rfaeiited  bv  the  product  of  its  weight  into  the 
tioil  heiL'lit  through  which  its  centre  of  gmvity 
-"■     I  at  the        '"'  -'  " '•  ♦'"■  '"'"- 


iddle  of  its  path  the  i)eu- 
s  position  of  eauilibriam, 
urk  by  falliug  lower  ;  but 


...   , , When  . 

ilul.iiii  1-  iLUHsing  through  its  position 
;,H.I  l,.isii..|io«-erofdoingwurk  byfalliUE--  .  , 
it  11  ■«  pi i-^e-fsea energy  by  virtue  of  the  velocity  wliim 
it  hoA  gained,  and  this  energy  is  able  to  cF»rr}-  jt  up  on 
the  second  side  of  ita  lowest  position  to  a  height  equal 
to  that  from  which  it  has  descended  on  tho  first  side. 
By  the  time  it  reaches  this  position  the  pendulum 
has  tost  all  its  velocity,  but  it  has  regained  the  powei- 
of  falling :  this,  in  iU  turn,  is  lost  as  the  pendulum 
returns  again  to  its  lowest  position,  but  at  the  same 
time  it  regains  its  previous  velocity.  Inns  itmnng 
every  quarter  of  an  onclllation.  the  energy  of  the  pen- 
dulum changes  from  i>otentiat  energy  of  position  into 
actu:il  eiierjy  or  energy  of  m«tiim.  or  vice  versa.  — 
liaii-t :  Physics  (ed.  Atkinson).  §  65. 

transformation  -  products,     s.   pK 

lTHAN-l"i:M.ATl.-N,   II.  -J.) 

transformation-scene,  ^^■ 

Thrnti-'- :  A  j^or^iM'Us  set-lie  at  tlie  enil  of  the 
oipeiiiiig  "f  a  i>anU>iiiiini',  in  which  the  princi- 
pal tliaracters  were  formerly  suj'posed  to  be 
transformed  into  the  chief  characters  iu  the 
havle<iuinade  which  immediately  fallows.  The 
tianst.'rniation-sceue  still  forms  a  sj.ecial 
feature  of  the,  pantomime,  and  introduees 
the  tliaracters  of  the  harlequinade,  but  there 
is  no  longer  any  change.  [Rallv.]  The  name 
lias  ni'thing  to  do  with  the  gradual  unfolding 
and  dL-velopment  of  the  scene. 

•  trins-for-ma-tive.  a.  [Eng.  transform  ; 
..<f, '-.-.]     Having'  the   puwer  ur  tendency   to 

tiaiisfuriii, 

trans -form'- if m,  .'^.  [Fr.  transformisme.] 
Biol :  The  hyi»uthesis  that  all  existing 
species  are  the  pn>duct  of  the  metamorphosis 
of  other  forms  of  living  beings;  ami  tltat  the 
biological  phenomena  which  they  exliibit  are 
the  results  of  the  interaction,  through  past 
time,  of  two  series  nf  factors:  (1)  a  process 
of  morphological  and  concomitant  physio- 
logical moditlcation  ;  (-2)  a  process  of  change 
in  the  condition  of  the  earth's  surface. 

•'  And  there  are  two  forms  of  the  latter  f evolution] 
hyiwithesis  ;  lor,  it  may  be  assumed,  on  the  one  hand, 
that  L-raytishea  have  come  into  existence  iudei>endently 
of  any  other  form  of  living  matter,  which  ia  the  hypo- 
thesis of  spontaneous  or  cijuivocal  generation,  or  abio- 
genesis  ;  or.  on  the  other  hand,  we  may  suppose  that 
crayfishes  have  resulted  fruiii  the  modification  of  some 
other  foim  of  living  mutter ;  and  this  is  what,  to 
b.3rr..w  a  useful  word  fn^m  the  French  language,  is 
known  as  traiisformism.'—Buxley:  The  Craufish, 
p.  31S. 

'  trans-freight  (freight  as  frat),  r.f.  [See 
del'.]     A  corruption  *.'t"  transfrelt-  (<i.v.). 

"They  arm.  and  (ranifreiQht ;  and  about  the  year 
689  obtain  the  rule  over  us."— H'dferftoiiie:  Apology 
for  Learning,  p.  02.     (16531. 

•  trins-fre-ta'-tion,  5.  [Lat.  trans/retutio, 
from  t rail sfrelat Its,  pa.  par.  of  transfrelo  =  to 
cross  the  sea ;  Sp.  traiK^fretaciou,  trasfretacion.] 
[TBAKstRETE.]  A  pflssing  over  ur  crossing  a 
strait  or  narrow  sea. 

".'^he  bad  a  rough  jtivsaage  in  her  tran^retation  to 
Dover  aistle."— i/uweH  .  Utters,  bk.  i.,  let.  22. 

*tr^S-frete',  v.t.  k  i.  [Fr.  transf refer,  from 
I^t.  (nt)i.s/rt-(o.  from  ?ra»s  =  across,  over,  and 
fretum  =  a.  strait,  the  sea;  Sp.  transfretar, 
tras/retar.] 

A.  Truiis. :  To  cross  or  pass  over,  as  a 
strait  or  narrow  sea. 

"So  tramf retina  tbe  IllyrLan  sea  "         Lorrinp.  i.  1. 

B.  Intra)is.:  To  pass  over  a  strait  ornarrow 
sea. 

"  Being  transfrefcd  and  passed  over  the  Uircanian 
sea." — L'rifiihart :  liabetuU. 

tr&ns'-fuge,  *^  trans-fu'-gi-tive,  s.  ^Lat. 

(m»o/"i'?'(  =  a    deserter,    from    tnnis  =c.^rnssi, 
and  /?/i/(o  =  to  fly.]     A  deserter;    a  soldier 


who  goes  over  to  the  enemy  In  time  of  war  ; 
lience,  a  turncoat,  an  apost^ite. 

•'The  protection  of  desertcnt  au.l  lra>nftig>'s  is  the 
invariable  rule  of  every  service  in  the  w-'ld.  —Lftrd 
.s7.ii./)../'e.    j/ince//..  Second  Serivs,  p.  18.      MV 

'  trains  -  fund',  r.r.  [Lat.  (raTi.f/i(H<4.'=  to 
pour  out  of  one  vessel  into  another,  to  ti.:u3- 
fuse:  (rrtius  =  across,  and /unrfo  =  to  pnur.] 
To  transfuse. 

"  Its  (gratitudel  best  instrument  therefore  ia  speech, 
that  most  natural,  proper,  and  wisie  mt-an  uf  coiiver- 
«itioii.  of  siguifymi;  our  conceptions,  of  conveying, 
and  as  it  were  trnnn funding  our  thoughts  and  our 
pjissiuiis  into  each  other."— aurrow  ;  turrmont.  vol.  i.. 
ser.  '. 

tr&ns-fuse',  v.t.  [Lat.  transfusns,  pa.  par.  of 
tran.<ifu)ido=  to  traiisfund  (q.v.) ;  Fr.  tnnui- 
/user.  ] 

•  I.  Ordtnarij  Language: 

1.  To  pour  out  of  one  vessel  into  another ; 
to  transfer  by  pouring. 

"Where  the  juices  .ire  in  a  morbid  state,  if  onecould 
suppose  all  the  unsi.uiid  juices  taken  away  and  sound 
juu^es  immediately  tnuu/nscd,  tbe  simud  juices  would 
grow  uiOthiiL'—Arbullinut. 

2.  To  cause  to  pass  from  one  into  another  ; 
to  instil ;  to  eause  to  be  imbibed. 

"The  virtue  of  one  generation  was  traniftued.  by 
the  magick  of  example,  into  several :  and  a  spirit  of 
heroism  was  maintainod  through  many  ages  of  that 
commonwealth,  ■—fioli/iffftrote  .  StitJi/  of  Histurt/. 
let.  2. 

II.  Surg.  :  To  transfer  from  the  veins  or 
arteries  of  one  animal  to  those  of  another. 

*  trans-fUS'-i-hle,  a.  [Eng.  transfus{e); 
-nhle.]     Capable  of  being  transfused. 

trins-fu'-sion,  s.  [Lat.  trans/usio,  from 
tri'iis/ui^iis,  pa.  par.  of  tmng/uniio  =  to  trans- 
fuse (q.v.);  t^iu 'transfusion,  trafasion  ;  Ital. 
trausjusione,  trafuswne.] 

1,  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  or  process  of  trans- 
fusing, or  of  pouring,  as  a  liquor,  out  of  one 
vessel  into  another ;  a  causing  to  pass  from  one 
into  another  ;  the  state  of  being  transfused. 

•'  It  is  with  languages  as  'tis  with  liquors,  which  by 
tran^iision  use  to  take  wind  from  one  vessel  to 
another." —ifOTt't!"  .  Letters,  bk.  ii.,  let.  47. 

2.  Surg. :  The  operation  of  transmitting 
blood  from  the  veins  of  one  living  animal  to 
those  of  another,  or  from  those  of  a  man  or 
one  of  the  lower  animals  into  a  man,  with  the 
view  of  restoring  the  vigour  of  exhausted  sub- 
jects. The  idea  of  renewing  vital  power  by 
the  transfusion  of  the  blood  seems  to  have 
beeiffamiliar  to  the  ancients,  and  is  found  in 
the  works  of  the  alchemists  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  who  imagined  that  it  might  V>e  the 
means  of  perpetuating  youth.  The  operation 
is  now  frequently  resorted  to  in  cases  of  ex- 
treme loss  of  blood  by  haemorrhage,  especially 
when  connected  with  labour.  Modern  ex- 
periments, particularly  those  of  Prevost  and 
Dumas,  show  that  the  blood  of  calves  or 
sheep  injected  into  the  veins  of  a  cat  or  rabbit 
is  fatal,  and  mammals  into  whose  veins  the 
blood  of  birds  is  transfused  die.  The  experi- 
ments of  Milne-Edwards  and  Lafond  indicate 
that  this  result  does  not  take  place  when  the 
animals  belong  to  nearly  allied  species  ;  thus 
an  ass,  whose  blood  was  nearly  exhausted, 
recovered  when  the  blood  of  a  horse  was 
transfused  into  its  veins. 

"The  experiment  of  transfusion  proves,  that  the 
blood  of  one  animal  will  serve  for  another."— Po/ey , 
Satural  Theolt-jy.  ch.  xxv. 

*  trans-fU'-jive,  a.  [Eng.  transfus(e);  -ive.] 
Tending  or  having  power  to  transfuse. 

*  trfins-gan-get'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  trans-,  and 
Eng.  (..'(ni'Ktic.]  On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Ganges  ;  pertaining  or  relating  to  countries 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Ganges. 

trans  -  gress',  •  trans-gresse,  v.t.  &  /. 
[Lut.  transgressvs,  pa.  par.  of  lraHsgrefiior  = 
to  step  over,  to  pass  over  :  trana  =  across, 
over,  and  gr«(^or  =  to  step,  to  walk;  Fr. 
traiisgresser  (O.  Fr.  transgredir) ;  Sp.  trans- 
gredir,  trasgredir ;  Ital.  transgredire,  tras- 
gredire.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  I.  Lit. :  To  pass  over  or  beyond  ;  to  over- 
step. 

"  Apt  to  run  riot  and  transgrew  the  goal. 

Ifryden.    [Todd.) 

II.  Fignrativehj : 

1.  To  overpass  or  overstep,  as  some  law  or 
rule  prescribed;  to  break,  to  vmlate,  to  in- 
fringe. 

■•  Humane  laws  oblige  only  that  the>  be  not  despised, 
that  is.  that  they  be  not  fj-nnj!j7r.M/'rf  without  a  reaf-nn- 
able  cause."— fii^.  Taylor  :  Rule  of  Vontcience.  bk.  ill.. 


"  2.  To  offend  against ;  to  thwart,  to  vex, 
to  cross. 

"  Why  pive  you  jM-acf  t.i  thU  Intemperate  beajit 
That  hath  au  l*Dg  trantgresttd  you  T' 

bea urn.  *  Fht.    (  Wfhst^. l 

B.  Intrans.:  To  offend  by  violating  a  law 
or  rule  ;  to  sin. 

■■,A.clian  trantffreued  in  the  thing  accur»ed."— 
1  Chronicles  ll.  7. 

^  For  the  difference  l>etween  to  transgress 
ami  to  infriniji',  see  Infrinuk. 

■  tr&ns- gress -i-ble,  o.    (Eng.  transgress: 

■ibh:]  Capable  of  being  transgressed;  liable 
to  be  transgressed. 

triins  -  gress  -  ion  (ss  as  sh),  *  trans - 

gres  -  sy  -  on,  •>■.  I  ^r.  tra  nsgre-tsion,  from 
L;tt.  trtuis'irrssiunfm.  accus.  of  transgressio, 
from  transyreasus,  pa.  i)ar.  of  transgredivr ; 
•Sp.  transgresion,  trasgresion  ;  Ital.  transgres- 
sione,  trasgressionf.)     [Tbansoress.] 

1.  The  act  of  transgressing  ;  the  act  ot 
breaking  or  violating  any  law  or  rule,  moral 
or  civil,  prescribed,  expresseil,  or  implied. 

"Sin  is  a  tramgrcsniori  of  some  law.  "—Bp.  Taylor: 
Rule  of  Conscience,  hk.  IL.  ch.  i. 

2.  A  breach  or  violation  of  any  law  or  rule  ; 
an  offence,  a  crime,  a  fault,  a  trespass,  a 
misdeed. 

"Forgive  thy  people  all  their  tran$giessioni:'~ 
1  Kings  viii.  b». 

"  trSjis-gress  -ion-al  (ss  as  sh).  a.  LEng. 
trausgressioii  ;  -al.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
transgression  ;  involving  transgression. 

"Forgive  this  iransgresxional  rapture:  receive  my 
thanka  for  your  kind  letter."— flurnrt:  Hist.  tJtan 
Time, 

^  trans -gress'- ive,  a.  (Eng.  transgress; 
■ive.]  Inclined  or  apt  to  transgress;  faulty, 
sinful,  culpable. 

"Adam  perhaps  would  have  sinned  without  the 
suggestion  of  s?ataii.  and  from  the  transgrestive  infir- 
mities of  himself  might  have  erred  alone."— /(rowne .* 
Vulgar  Errours,  bk.  i.,  ch.  x. 

*  trins-gress'-ive-ly,  aJv.  (Eng.  trans- 
aressive  ;  -ly.\  In  a  transgressive  mauuer  ;  by 
transgression. 

trans-gress'-or,  *  trans- gress-our,    s. 

[Fi.  tninsgre^seur,  from  Lat.  (rausgressorein. 
accus.  of  transgressor,  from  transgressus,  pa. 
1^3,1:  of  trunsgredior,]  [TRANSGRf:ss.]  One  who 
transgresses ;  one  who  violates  or  infringes  a 
law,  rule,  or  command  ;  a  sinner,  an  offender. 

"And  albeit  that  this  ryot  was  after  greuously 
sbewyd  agayne  the  commons  of  the  cytie,  yet  it  p;«Myd 
vniK-nysslied.  for  the  great  noumhre  of  the  Irant- 
gressours.'—^iibyan  :  Chronycle  {An.  1160). 

'  tran  -  shape',  v.t.  [Pref.  /ra7is- =  across, 
hence  implying  change,  and  Eng.  shape.]  To 
alter  the  shape  or  form  of;  to  transform. 

"  By  a  gracious  influenced  tmnshaped 
Into  the  olive,  pouiegrauate.  mulberry." 

Webtler.    (1623.) 

[Pref.  trails-,  and  Eng 


v.t.  &  (. 


eh. 


trdn-ship', 

ship.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  convey  or  transfer  from  one 
ship  to  another. 

"Cat^o  (pig  iron)  being  tran'hipped  to  steamer"— 
D"'l>/  yews,  Feb.  1,  1886. 

*  B.  Intram. :  To  pass  or  change  from  one 
ship  to  another. 

••Transhipping  from  steamer  to  steamer. '—/Jai/jr 
Telegraph,  Nov.  18.  1885. 

trin-ship'-ment,  s.  [Pref.  tnfv^-,  and  Eng. 
.■ihii>ment.]  The  act  of  ti-anshipping,  or  of 
transferring  from  one  ship  to  another. 

'trSms-hu'-man,  o.  [Pref.  trans-,  and  Eng. 
hnnuiii  (q.v.).  J  "  Beyond  or  more  than  human  ; 
siiperiiumaii. 

'  trd-n^-hu'-man-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  trans-, 
and  Eng.  humanize  (q.v.).]  To  elevate  or 
transform  to  something  beyond  or  above 
what  is  luiman  ;  to  change  from  a  human 
into  a  higher,  nobler,  oi'  ctdc-stial  nature. 

-  tran  -si-en9e,  *  trin  -si-en-93^  (or  si-en 

as  shen)/'«.     [Eng.  Intnsien{t):  -r*:,  -ry.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  transient; 
transientness. 

"  Here,  from  time  ami  treinsienct^  won, 
Beuuty  has  her  churuis  reaieued." 

llrttokr :  An  Anfheytu 

2.  Something  transient,  or  not  durable  or 
permanent. 

"Poor  sickly  transiencien  that  we  are.  coveting  w» 
know  not  ^hntr—CarUjle:  /Uniinitcevces.  i.  318. 

trSn'-si-ent  (or  si-«nt  as  shent),  a.  i  s. 

[Lat.   (nn.si.' )(,-;,   pr.  fiar.    of  transeo  =  to    go 


Owl,  boy;  po^t.  36^1;  cat,  9ell.  chorus.  9hin,  benph;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,     ing. 
-cian,    tian  -  shan,     tlou.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  -  zhun.    -cious.  -tious.    sious  -  shus.    -ble.  -die,  A:c  -  bet  del. 


164 


transiently— transition 


Acroas,  to  pnu  awny  :  trans  =  across,  and  ec 
=  to  go.  J 
A-  Ai  at^fctitt: 

1.  Onlinnry  lAtnguafff  : 

'  1.  PsMiiiiK  1)11  fntni  one  to  another. 

-  Fur  wr  grow  tli-k  inuijr  tlinca  by  iiicautcluiuly 
rouienlUtf  wlUi  the  tItMMtf :  but  uo  inaji  i,T"w*  well 
t<T  »«wiiii*iiTiiiir  thp  liMtltby  :  thui  ludi'«f  It  t«  witli 
tht  brnltliliir"  "f  ttif  1-^y:  It  hatli  no  ^rrt.wi*-Mj 
fwK*  on  wtbtT".  I'Ut  thr  ■treDgUi  unl  lirtltUinw  ■>I 
the  mlitilp  c&rrie*  with  It  »  grmotous  kimlr  ot  iiiltv- 
tlon:  wid  Oiiiim-.ii  r\i«rh*iK-r  t*-U»  ua.  tluit  luitliiii^ 
I.rvrtt*  e\  11  liifii  iiion?  Uiaii  thr  couil>*u»>-  o(  tht-  Hi.H><l. 

—  BaUt     /ietnuint:  .Sermon  ofi  Aom.  xlv.  1. 

2.  Patwinp  over  or  across  a  space  or  scene 
111  ft  short  iK-ri.-tl  of  tiii:e,  ami  then  disappear- 
iui;;  nut  stutionary  ;  not  lastiug  or  durable  ; 
transitory. 

"  How  MMu  h»lh  Ihy  predlctli»n.  artT  blc»t. 
H«uun»l  thU  traruttnt  wurtd.  the  mcr  of  time. 
Till  Ume  •uuwl  tlxed."  Jtfi;rtii  •  P.  L..  xll.  *H. 

3.  Hasty,  numientary,  jtassing,  brief. 

"ThU  v»l«  h»  iiil|{ht  havp  «reu 
With  frawii««r  ob»erviiUoii.  ■ 

H'lrrdnrorfA     &cur«»on.  bk.  vU. 

4.  Brief,  shoi-t 

'■  Al  iFDStb  hl»  rranWCTi'  reapit*  pnat" 

Viteper :  Castaieay 

11.  .Vti*iV:  Applied  to  a  chord  introduced 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a  more  easy  and 
apre«'atile  transition  Wtween  two  chords 
belonging  to  unrehite<l  keys. 

•  B.  As  sitbst. :  That  which  passes  away  in 
a  short  siwce  of  time  ;  that  which  is  tempt*- 
rary  or  transitorj- ;  anything  not  permanent 
or  durable. 

"  For  bcfor*  it  can  fix  to  th*  obaervatioo  o(  any  one 
it»obl*ct  Is  gone:  wht-reaa.  were  there  any  conaider- 
ablr  tbwart  in  the  motion :  it  would  be  a  kind  of  stop 
or  am-Kt,  by  the  Wneflt  of  which  the  soul  might  have 
aglancwof  the  fugitive  tranMient'—GtanvUl:  f  anity 

tranalent-effect,  5. 

ptnnt.:  A  representation  of  appearances 
in  nature  produced  by  causes  that  are  not 
stationary,  as  the  sliadows  cast  by  a  passing 
cluufl.  Tiie  term  accident  has  often  the  same 
,sij;iiilie;iti<iii. 

transient'inodalation,  s. 

Music :  The  temporary  introduction  of 
vhords  or  progressions  fiom  an  unrelated  key. 

'  trin'-M-«nt-l3?  (or  si-ent  as  shent),  odv. 

(Eng.  tran'sUnt ;  -/y.]  In  a  transient  manner  ; 
m  i»ay.sing ;  for  a  short  time  ;  not  with  con- 
tinuance, permanence,  or  durability. 

"  But  tbc  ereateat  and  the  noblest  objects  of  the 
human  mlud  are  very  trantiently,  at  best,  the  object 
ol  fb4t\n."—Botingbroke:  Ettayi:  Authority  on  Mat- 
leri  tif  lieligion, 

trlui'-si~ent-nes8  (or  si-entas  sbent),  ^«. 

[Lng.  transient;  -mss.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  lieing  transient ;  speedy  passage  ;  shortness 
of  duration  or  continuance. 

"  It  were  to  be  wished  that  aU  words  ol  this  sort.  as. 
they  resemble  the  wind  In  fury  and  impetnouanesa. 
%o  they  mJRht  do  also  In  transientneti  and  sudden 
expiration.'  —Decay  of  Piety. 

'  trin-sil'-i-en9e,  '  trliii-sn'-i-en~9^,  s. 

(Lat.  tmnsili'ens,  pr.  par.  of  tran'silio  —  to 
leap  across:   fr'nu^  =  across,  over,   and   s^dio 

—  to  leap.]  A  leap  or  spring  from  one  thing 
to  another. 

"By  im  unadvised  tratmtiency  leaping  from  the 
effect  to  its  nimotest  cause,  we  observe  not  the  con- 
nection of  more  immediate  causalities.'— Giam-i/r 
aeej»i*,  cb.  xii. 

•  tr&ns  -  in  -  cor  -  por  -  a'  -  tlon,  s.  [Pref. 
trails-,  and  Eng.  incorporation  (q.v.).]  Change 
made  by  the  soul  into  different  bodies  ;  me- 
tempsychosis. 

"CurlouB  information  ...  on  the  tranaincoTTXtra- 
f ion  of  souls."— W.  Taylor  0/ .Vondch  (yiemoii  iL  305). 

trftns-'ir'-e,  s.  [Lat.  =  to  go  through.]  [Tran- 
MKST.]  A  custjim-house  warrant,  giving  free 
passage  for  goods  to  a  place  ;  a  permit. 

tr^n'-sit,  s.  [Lat.  transitus  ~  a  passing  over, 
a  passage,  from  transeo  =  to  pass  over  ;  Ger. 
(comm.)  transit;  Fr.  (comm.)  tra-nsii ;  Ital. 
transitn. )  [Transient.  ] 
I,  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  A  passing  over  or  through  ;  conveyance  ; 
a  passage.  (Used  of  things  more  frequently 
than  of  persons.) 


2.  The  conveyance  of  goods  ;  the  act  or 
process  of  causing  to  pass. 

"  Arrangements  have  been  made  for  trantit  of  Koods 
and  passengers  to  and  from  the  docks  over  all  the 
leading  lines."— Batfy  Tefegraph,  Jan.  31.  1885. 

3.  A  line  of  passage  or  conveyance  through 
a  countrj'.     {Amer.) 


II.  Technically : 
1.  Aftronomy : 

(1)  The  passage  of  a  heavenly  body  over 
the  meridian. 

(2)  The  passage  ofone  of  the  inferior  planetJi, 
Mercury  or  Venus,  over  the  sun's  disc.  Mer- 
lury  K-ing  so  near  the  sun,  and  so  diHicnlt  to 
iibscrve  with  accuracy,  it-s  transits  are  not 
nearly  so  important  to  astronomers  as  those  of 
Venus.  In  17H>  Or.  Halley  published  a  paper 
in  the  Philosopliical  Transactions,  advising  th:it 
the  transits  of  Veniis  over  the  sun's  disc  which 
would  occur  in  a.d.  ITtil  and  IVtiO  should  be 
taken  advantage  of  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining the  sun's  distance  from  the  earth. 
Though  he  was  dead  long  before  these  dates 
arrivctl,  the  government  of  the  day  acted  on 
his  suggestion.  In  1769  the  celebrated  Captain 
Cook  was  sent  to  Otahcite  for  the  purpose  of 
n<iting  the  transit,  another  observer  Iwing 
dcsimtched  to  Lapland.  The  observations  of 
t)ie  latter  being  erroneous  the  distance  of  the 
sun  was  exaggerated  by  about  tliroe  millions 
of  miles.  In  1ST4,  when  the  next  transit  oc- 
curred, all  civilized  nations  sent  forth  scien- 
tific men  to  observe  it.  It  was  known  that  it 
would  be  invisible  at  Greenwich,  but  expedi- 
tions were  sent  out  by  the  British  Government 
to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  to  New  Zealand, 
Egypt,  Rodriguez,  and  Kerguelen  Island. 
Otlier  nations  occupied  other  stations,  and  the 
weather  proved  suitable  at  most  places  for 
accurate  observation.  Transits  of  Venus 
come,  after  long  intervals,  in  pairs,  eight  years 
apart ;  and  another  transit  took  place  on  the 
afternoon  of  Dec.  6,  1SS2.  In  the  British 
Isles  the  weather  was  generally  unfavourable, 
clouds  with  occasional  snowflakes  obscuring 
the  skv  at  Greenwich,  and*hrough  nearly  all 
Great  "Britain,  except  on  the  western  coast. 
At  Dublin,  partial  observations  were  obtain- 
able ;  and  of  various  Britisli  expeditions  sent 
abroad,  complete  success  was  obtained  in  Mada- 
gascar and  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Ob- 
servers from  the  United  States  and  other  coun- 
tries were  also  successful.  The  observation  of 
the  distance  the  planet  moves  to  the  right  and 
left  of  the  sun,  in  describing  its  orbit,  enables 
an  astronomer  to  ascertain  the  relative  dis- 
tance of  the  two  luminaries.  The  relative 
breadth  of  the  sun's  diameter  as  compared  with 
his  distance  from  the  earth,  is  also  easily  ascer- 
tained. If  then  two  observers  on  the  surface 
of  our  sphere  take  their  stations  at  judiciously 
selected  points,  as  widely  apart  as  possible, 
and  note  a  transit  of  Venus,  the  planet  will 
liave  a  Ipsser  line  to  traverse  at  the  one  place 
than  the  other,  and  will  do  it  in  a  shorter 
time.  From  accurate  notation  of  the  differ- 
ence in  time  taken  in  connection  with  the 
diflerence  in  length  it  is  possible  to  calculate, 
tirst  the  breadth  of  the  sun,  and  secondly  his 
distance  from  the  earth.  When  the  materials 
obt^uned  in  connexion  with  the  two  transits 
were  worked  out,  it  was  found,  as  Hansen 
had  suspected,  that  the  sun's  distance  had 
been  over-estimated,  and  it  was  reduced  from 
9.^.300.000  to  92,700,000  miles.  Transits  of 
Mercury  occurred  in  1S91  and  in  1S94;  the 
next  transits  of  Venus  will  be  on  June  7,  2004, 
and  on  June  5,  2012.     [Sun.] 

"  As  the  day  of  observation  now  approached,  I  deter 
mined  in  consequence  of  some  hints  which  had  been 
given  me  by  Lord  Morton,  to  send  out  two  jiarties  to 
observe  the  transit  from  other  aituatiuns."— Coot  ; 
First  Yoyige.  bk.  i.,  oh,  xiii. 

(3)  A  transit-instrument  (q.v.) 

2.  Engin.  :  A  portable  instrument  resembl- 
ing a  theodolite,  designed  for  measuring  both 
horizontal  and  vertical  angles.  It  is  pro- 
vided with  horizontal  and  vertical  graduated 
circles,  one  or  two  levels,  and  a  compass,  and 
is  mounted  upon  a  tripod-stand. 

transit-circle,  s.  An  instrument  for 
ascertaining  at  the  same  observation  the  right 
ascension  and  declination  of  a  heavenly  body 
at  its  transit  over  the  meridian.  It  unites 
the  functions  of  the  mural  circle  and  the 
transit  instrument. 

transit  -  compass,  s.  The  same  as 
Transit,  .^^,  II.  1.  (o)tq.v.). 

transit-duty,  s.    Duty  paid  upon  goods 

in  passing'  throui^li  a  country. 

transit- instrument,  s.  An  instrument 
designed  accurately  to  denote  the  time  when 
a  heavenly  body  passes  the  meridian.  It 
i-oiisists  of  a  telescope  supported  on  a  hori- 
zontal a:tis,  whose  extremities  ternnnate  in 
cylindrical  pivots  resting  in  metallic  supports, 
shaped  like  the  ui'pcr  part  of  the  letter  Y. 


TRANSIT    INSTRUMENT. 


and  hence  termed  the  "  Y's."  and  imbedded 
ill  twi>  stone  jiillars.  In  order  to  relieve  the 
I>ivot.s  from  friction  and  facilitate  the  turning 
of  the  telescope,  counterpoises  are  provided 
operating  through  levers,  cairying  friction- 
rollers,  upon  which  the  axis  turns.  When  the 
instrument  is  in  proper  adjustment,  the  tele- 
scope should  continue  in  the  jdane  of  the 
meridian  when  revolved  entirely  round  upon 
its  axis,  and  for  this  purpose  the  axis  must 
lie  in  a  line  directly  east  and  west.  To  effect 
this  adjustment 
its  ends  are 
provided  with 
screws  by  which 
a  motion,  both 
in  azimuth  and 
altitude,  may  be 
imparted.  The 
telescope  has  a 
series  of  parallel 
wires  crossing 
its  object-glass 
in  a  vertical  di- 
rection. When 
a  star,  designed 
to  be  the  sub-  - 
ject  of  observa- 
tion, is  seen  ap- 
proaching the 
meridian,  the 
observer  looks 
at  the  hour  and  minutes  on  a  clock  placed 
at  hand  for  the  purpose.  He  then  notes 
the  passage  of  the  star  across  such  wire, 
listening  at  the  same  time  to  the  clock  beat- 
ing seconds.  The  exact  time  at  which  the 
star  passes  each  wire  is  then  noted,  and 
the  mean  between  the  time  of  passing  each 
two  wires  equidistant  fiom  the  centre  being 
taken,  gives  a  very  close  approximation  to 
the  truth.  The  transit-instrument  is  the 
most  important  of  what  may  be  called  the 
technical  astronomical  instruments.  The 
smaller  and  portable  kinds  are  used  to  ascer- 
tain the  local  time  by  the  passage  of  the  sun 
or  other  object  over  the  meridian,  while  the 
larger  and  more  perfect  kinds,  in  tirst-class 
observatories,  are  used  for  measuring  the 
positions  of  stars,  for  forming  catalogues  ; 
its  special  duty  being  to  determine  with  the 
gi-eatest  accuracy  the  right  ascension  ol 
heavenly  bodies. 

transit-trade,  s.  Trade  arising  from 
the  passage  of  goods  across  a  country. 

*tran'-sit,  v.t.  [Tr.ansit,  s.]  To  pass  over 
the  disc  of,  as  of  a  heavenly  body  :  as,  Venus 
transits  the  face  of  the  sun. 

tran-^'-tion,  s.  [L.it.  transitio,  from  trait- 
sitinn,  sup.  of  transeo  =  to  pass  over  or  across  ; 
Fr.  transition;  Sp.  transicion  ;  Ital.  transi- 
zione.]    [Transient.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act,  state,  or  operation 
of  passing  from  one  place  or  state  to  another  ; 
passage  from  one  place  or  state  to  another ; 
change. 

"Indeed  this  sudden  transition  from  warm,  mild 
weather,  to  extreme  cold  and  wet,  made  every  man 
ill   the   ship  feel   its  effectB."— Cooi/  Second  Voyage, 
bk.  i.,  ch.  iL 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch, :  The  period  between  one  style  a&-. 
another. 

2.  Music: 

(1)  A  modulation  (q.v.). 

(2)  A  passing-note  (q.v.). 

3.  liket. :  A  passing  from  one  subject  to 
another. 


%  Used  often  adjectively,  as  equivalent  to, 
changing  from  one  state  to  another,  transi- 
tional :  as,  a  transition  state,  a  transition. 
stage,  &c. 

transition-1>eds,  s.  pL 

Geol. :  Certain  beds  constituting  the  passage 
from  the  Upper  Silurian  to  the  Devonian. 
They  are  about  350  feet  thick  near  Downton, 
in  Herefordshire,  and  are  associated  with  the 
Downton  s^andstone  and  Ledbury  shales. 

*  transition  -  rocks,  ^  transition  - 
strata,  .^.  pi. 

Geo}.  :  Au  exploded  geologic  term  intro- 
duced by  Werner,  tie  founder  of  the  Neptu- 
nian school  of  geologists.  Erroneously  sup- 
posing all  rocks  to  have  been  precipitated 
from  water,  he  fancied  that  the  primitive  or 
crystalline  rocks  were  lirst  laid  down.     Thee 


£fcte,  flit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  w^e,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     ae,  ce  —  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw- 


transitional— transliteration 


165 


followed  strata  of  a  mixed  character,  partly 
crystidliiie,  and  yet  here  and  there  exhibiting; 
marks  not  of  a  chemical  but  of  ti  mechaniciil 
origin,  antl  posscs>siny;  besides  some  oiganit- 
remains.  These  rocks  constituting,  accurdin;; 
to  tltis  hypothesis,  the  passage  between  thu 
priniitiveiind  the  secondary  rocks,  were  called 
transition  (in  German  ubergang).  They  con- 
sisted chiefly  of  clay-slate,  graywacke,  and 
certain  calcareous  beds.  {Lyell:  Manual  of 
(Jcoloii'f,  ch.  viii.) 

transition-tint,  ^% 

l','!tni:iitiou  :  A  purplish-gray  tint  c;uised 
by  a  plate  of  quartz  <>f  a  certain  thickness 
when  examined  by  polarized  light,  which,  in 
a  certain  position  of  the  analyser,  gives  the 
tint  between  the  red  of  one  order  of  colours 
and  the  blue  of  the  next.  Hence,  the  least 
variation  converts  the  tint  to  either  reddish 
or  liluish,  making  it  a  sensitive  lest  in  the 
saecharomcter. 

trSji-si -tion-al, '  tran-si -tion-ar-y,  «. 

[Eng.  transition;  al,  -ary.]  Containing,  in- 
volving, or  denoting  transition  or  change  ; 
ch;iM^iiig;  in  j'rocess  of  passing  from  one  state 
or  stiige  to  another. 

"  T)ie  ililRoulty  is  imt  to  conceiveof  tbe  transit ionnl 
fonii.  l.ut  L-f  tlie  transitionid  miud.  .  .  .  The  8Jiv;i«e  is 
in  iiu  tritnairionitl  state  :  the  uieut«l  fAciiltieit  are  dur- 
m;tut.  not  undeveloped."— firifiaA  Uuttrtcrl!/  lU-view. 
Ivii.  544.     (19T3.) 

tran'-si-tive,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  tnuisitirns,  from 
(nutnttum.  sup.  of  (ianico  =  to  pass  over  or 
across;  ^Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  tmiisitivo ;  Fr. 
tnnisiti/,] 

A.  As  mijective : 

'  I.  Onlinury  Language  : 

1.  Having  the  power  or  property  of  passing 
on,  or  «jf  making  transitioQ  ;  passing  on. 

"Cukl  is  active  aud  transitive  iuto  bodiea  adjacent, 
aa  Well  as  heat."— flacoH  '  Sat.  HiSt.,  §  70. 

2.  Effected  by,  or  existing  as,  the  result  of 
transference,  or  extension  of  signification  ; 
derivative,  secondary,  metaphorical. 

3.  Acting  as  a  medium. 

"  An  image  thut  is  understood  to  be  an  image  can 
never  be  made  an  idul ;  or  if  it  tan  it  must  iie  l>y 
having  the  worship  of  God  passed  through  it  to  God  ; 
it  mu^t  be  by  being  tbe  analogical,  the  improper,  the 
tratisitive,  the  relative  (or  what  shall  I  call  iti  ubject 
of  divine  worshiii."— Bp,  Taylor:  Rule  of  Conscitnct; 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  IL 

II.  Gram. :  Taking  an  object  after  it ;  de- 
noting action  which  passes  on  to  an  olyect 
which  is  expressed  :  as  a  transitive  verb.  A 
transitive  verb  denotes  an  action  which 
passes  on  from  the  subieet,  which  does,  to  the 
object  to  wliich  the  action  is  done. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  transitive  verb. 

tran -si-tive-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  transitive  ;  -///.] 
*  1.  In  a  transitive  manner;  not  directly  ; 
indirectly  ;  by  transference. 

"Vasquez.  and  I  think  he  alone  of  all  the  wurld, 
owns  the  worst  that  this  argument  can  infer,  and 
thinks  it  lawful  to  give  divine  worship  relatively  or 
transitively  to  .■»  tnan.'—fip.  Taylor:  Utile  of  ioii- 
sciejice,  bk,  it.,  ch,  li. 

2.  As  a  transitive  verb ;  with  a  transitive 
sense  or  force. 

"  Words  are  often  used  promiscuously,  and  euAo-ytti' 
taken  transitive!  >/  in  this  very  case  by  the  apostle."— 
M'litcrliud  :   ]\'orks.  vii.  36. 

tran-  si  -  tive  -  neSS,  .*.  [Eng.  transitive  ; 
-H«-^.J  The  'piality  ur  state  of  being  transi- 
tive. 

tran'-si-tdr-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  transitory;  ■/)/.] 
Ill  a  transitory  manner;  with  short  con- 
tinuance. 

tran'-si-tor-i-ness,  $.  [Eng.  transitory; 
•  iicss.]  The  quality  or  stat«  of  being  transi- 
tory ;  speedy  evanescence ;  shortness  of 
duration  ;  transientness. 

"Heedful  observation  may  satisfy  a  man  of  the 
vanity  of  the  world,  and  the  tramitorineJiS  ot  external, 
and  especially  sinful,    enjoyments." — boyle:    Works, 


*  tran-si-tor'-i-ous,  *  tran-sy-tor-y- 
onse,  a.  [liat.  tixumltorius.]  The  same  as 
Transitory  (q.v.). 

"  Saynt  Eanswyde,  abbesse  of  Folkstane  in  Kent, 
inspyred  of  the  deuyll.  dyttyned  christen  marryage  to 
be  ojirreu  of  all  vertuee,  to  haue  but  trunsytornouse 
frutes.  and  to  be  a  fylthye  curruptjon  of  vii^iuitie." — 
Bale:  Eng.  Votaries,  pt.  i. 

tran'-si-tor-y,  '  tran-sl-tor-ie,  a.  [Fr. 
(mH5t(oJre,  from  Lat.  (ra?ist7oriH.s  =  liable  to 
pass  away,  passing'  away  ;  Sp..  Poit.,  &  Ital. 
transltorio.]  [Tr.4.nsient.]  Passing  without 
continuance  ;  speedily  vanishing  ;  continuing 


but  a  short  time ;  not  durable  ;  not  perma- 
nent ;  transient ;  unstable  and  fleeting. 

■'  Wbat  is  uiy  life,  my  hoi>e?  hb  said  ; 
.\iit.i  1  a  transitory  shadv." 

Scott :  Rokeby,  I,  29. 

transitory- action,  s. 

Lair:  All  action  whirh  may  be  brought  in 
any  county,  as  actions  for  debt,  ili-tinue, 
slander,  or  tlie  like.  Opposed  to  local  action 
(-l.v.). 

trans-lat -a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  translat{e);  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  translated  or  rendered  into 
auotlier  language. 

*  trans-lat-a-ble-ness,  *  trS^s-late- 

a-ble-ness,  s.  iEng.  tmiL^hitalilf  ;  -HISS.] 
'i'lic  quality  or  state  of  being  translatable  ; 
fitness  or  suitability  for  translation. 


trS.ns-late',  r.t.  &  i.  [0.  Fr.  translater  =  to 
translate,  to  reduce,  to  remove,  from  Low  Lat. 
trajislutu  =  to  translate,  from  Lat.  trauslatus, 
pa.  par.  of  (rrt7is/trro  =  to  transfer  (q.v,);  Sp. 
translatar,  tra-^ladar ;  Ital.  traiisUftare.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  I.  To  bear,  carry,  remove,  or  transfer 
from  one  place  or  person  to  another. 

"  I  will  translate  the  kingdom  from  the  house  of 
Saul,  and  set  up  tbe  throne  of  David."— 2  Samuel  iii. 
10. 

2.  To  remove  from  one  office  or  charge  to 
another;  specif.,  in  episcopal  churches,  to 
transfer,  as  a  bishop,  from  one  see  to  another, 
and  in  the  Scottish  Church,  to  transfer,  as  a 
minister,  from  out  parish  to  another. 

"  Fisher,  bishop  of  Ruehe-Hter,  wtien  the  king  would 
hikve  translated  liiiu  fruni  tliut  pour  bishoprtck  to  a 
better,  he  refused,  >>»>ing.  He  would  not  forsake  his 
poor  little  old  wife,  with  whom  he  had  so  long  lived." 
— Cannien  :  Remains. 

*  3.  To  remove  or  convey  to  heaven  without 
death. 

"  By  ftiith  Enoch  was  translated,  that  he  should  not 
see  deat)i," — Hebrews  \i.  5, 

*  4.  To  cause  to  remove  from  one  part  of 
the  body  to  anothei'  :  as,  To  translate  a 
disease. 

*  5.  To  deprive  of  consciousness  ;  to  en- 
trance. 

'  6.  To  change  into  another  form ;  to  trans- 
form. 

■'  Bottom,  thou  art  traTislated."—S}iakcSj:  :  Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream,  iii.  1. 

*  7.  To  alter  ;  to  change. 

"  Now  no  dout,  yf  the  prie3thi)d  be  tratialated,  then 
of  necesayty  muat  the  law  be  translated  also." — 
ir--brews  vii.  12.     (1551.) 

8.  To  render  into  another  language  ;  to  ex- 
press the  sense  of  in  another  language. 

"That  speech  he  actually  prepared  and  had  it  trans- 
lated.'—Macau/ay  :  Hist.  Emj..  ch.  xxiv. 

*  9.  To  explain  ;  to  interpret. 

"There's  matter  in  these  sighs;  these  profound  heaves 
You  must  translate ;  'tis  fit  we  understand  them," 
Shakttsp. .   Hamlet,  iv.  1. 

10.  To  manufacture,  as  boots  or  shoes,  from 
the  material  of  old  ones.    {Slang.) 

"Great  quautitiex  of  second-hand  boots  and  shoes 
are  sent  to  Ireland  to  be  translated  there." — Atayheic 
London  Labour  dt  Loudon  Pour,  ii.  40. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  engaged  in  or  practise 
traualation. 

trans-la'-tion,  *  trans-la-ci-oun,  s.  [Fr. 
translatio7i,  from  Lat,  tntnslationem,  accus.  of 
translatio  =  a  transferring,  removing,  from 
translatns,  pa.  par.  of  transjero  =  to  transfer  ; 
Sp.  traiislacion,  traslacion;  Ital.  translazione, 
traslazione,  tralazione.]  [Translate.] 
I.  Ordinai-y  Language: 

*  1.  The  act  of  translating,  removing,  or 
transferri  ng  from  one  place  or  person  to 
another;  transfer;  removal. 

*  2.  A  causing  to  remove  from  one  part  of 
the  body  to  another  :  as,  the  translation  of  a 
disease. 

3.  The  removal  or  transference  of  a  person 
frozn  one  office  or  charge  to  another  ;  specif., 
in  episcopal  churches,  the  transfer  of  a  bishop 
from  one  see  to  another,  and  in  the  Scuttisli 
Church,  the  transfer  of  a  minister  from  one 
parish  to  another. 

'■  The  translation  of  the  Archbishop  of  Toledo  to 
the  see  of  Seville  was  announced."— Cai/^  Telegraph, 
Jan.  16,  1886, 

*  4.  The  removal  of  a  person  to  heaven 
without  being  subjected  to  death. 

"  Before  bis  translation  he  bad  this  testimony,  that 
he  pleased  Gud."— Hebrews  xi.  5. 

^  Used  specially  of  Enoch  (Gen.  v.  24)  and 
Elijah  (2  Kings  ii.  l-U). 


5.  The  act  of  turning  into  another  language  ; 
a  rendering  of  words  in  another  language. 

"  It  hitd  been  iliHuineof  the  former  «e>»loni«  deter 
nilnetl  that  theru  nhuuld  Xm  cIiuhuii  nix  divliten  fut  th<- 
lranslati;n  i*f  the  Ulblf.  tbn-t-  ft.r  tht-  Old  Te«Unieut. 
j»ud  tbiiH-  f.T  the  New  with  the  Ap..cry|ih»."— //o/ei  * 
Letter /ram  the  !<ynod  of  bort,  Nov..  IClii. 

6.  That  which  is  produced  by  renclering  in 
another  language ;  a  translated  version.  [Ver- 
sion.] 

"It  is  by  tneanaof  French  translations  andalMtnu-ti 
that  thoy  are  geuemlly  known  lu  Europe."— (jott/- 
smith     I'olile  Learning,  ch.  vlll. 

7.  (Sec  extract).    (Slang.) 

"  *  Translation,  lu  I  understand  It  (mid  Itiy  lufunn- 
ant),  Ih  this— to  Utke  a  wurn,  uhl  [xiir  of  Bhoc«  or  boot*, 
and  b^  repairing  them  make  thiin  unp^ar  m  If  left 
iiir  with  hnrdty  any  wear-nx  if  they  were  only 
Soiled.  "—.l/»iw/i«w,'  London  Labour  *  London  I'ojT, 
ii.  4". 

'  II.  Rh€t.  :  Transference  «>f  the  meaning  of 
a  worJ  or  phrase  ;  metaphor;  trahition. 

51  Motion  •>/  translation :  Motion  of  a  body 
from  one  place  to  another  in  such  a  way  that 
all  its  jjoints  move  in  parallel  straight  lines. 
It  IS  i-pposed  to  a  motion  of  rotation  and  to  a 
nii>tii>it  partly  of  translation  and  partly  of 
rotation. 

*  tr^ns-la-ti'-tious*  a.  [Lat.  tmnslaticlus, 
tralaticiu'-<,  from  translates,  pa.  par.  of  trans- 
fero  =  to  transfer,  to  translate  (q.v.).] 

1.  Metaphorical ;  not  literal  ;  tralatitious. 

"  We  allow  him  the  use  of  these  words  in  a  transla- 
titious,  abusive  sense."  — TraHSfu/ ion  of  Plutarch  s 
Morals. 

2.  Brought  from  auotlier  place  ;  not  native. 
"  I  have  frequently  doubted  whether  it  bo  a  puro 

indigene,  or  translatitious."—  Evelyn  :  Sylva,  bk.  i.,  ch. 
iv,.  5  8. 

*  trans  -  lat' -  ive,  «.  [Lat.  translativns.\ 
[Translate.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  trans- 
ference of  meaning, 

■■  If  our  feet  poeticall  want  those  qualities  It  cannot 
be  sayde  a  fuotc  in  aence  traruhitive  aa  htrt."—Puttcn- 
hant:  English  Poesie,  bk.  IL  ch.  iii. 

trans-lat'-or,  '  trans-lat  our,  5.     [Eng. 

tri(nslat{i) ;  -or.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  One  who  translates  ;  one  who  removes, 
transfers,  or  changes. 

"The  changer  and  translator  of  kyngedoms  and 
tymes."— ^oyct-  ■  Expos,  of  Daniel,  ch.  v. 

2.  One  who  translates  or  renders  into 
another  language ;  one  who  expresses  the 
sense  of  words  in  one  language  by  equivalent 
words  in  another. 

"  To  tbe  great  task  each  bold  translator  came." 
Pitt :  To  JJr.  Pope. 

3.  A  cobbler  of  a  low  class  who  manufac- 
tures boots  and  shoes  from  the  material  of 
old  ones,  selling  them  at  a  low  price  to  second- 
hand dealers.    {Slang.) 

"  The  cobbler  is  affronted  if  you  don't  call  him  Mr. 
Translator."— T.  Brown:   H'orks.lii.  73. 

4.  (PL):  Second-hand  boots  mended  and 
sold  at  a  low  price. 

"To  wear  a  pair  of  second-hand  [boots]  or  translators 
.  .  .  is  felt  as  a  bitter  degradation." — Jfa y hew :  London 
Labour  £  London  Poor. 

II.  Teleg.  :  An  instrument,  such  as  a  relay, 
for  repeating  a  message  upon  a  second  circuit 
when  the  line-circuit  of  the  former  circuit  is 
too  feeble  to  carry  the  signal  to  the  ultimate 
station. 

*  trans-la'-tor-^,  a.  [Eng.  translat(e);  -ory.] 
Transferring  ;  serving  to  translate. 

"The  translatory  isa  iie  that  transfers  the  merits  of 
a  mantj  good  action  to  another  more  deserviug.'—.l/"- 
buthnot. 

*  trans-la'-tress.  5.  [Eng.  translut{e);  -ress.] 
A  female  translator. 

"The  compliment  t<^  the  translatress  is  daintily 
conceived.'"— C.  Lamb  .  Letter  to  Soathey. 

*  trans-la-va'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  trans  =  across, 
over,  and  Uxvotio  =  a  washing.]  [Lave.]  A 
laving  or  lading  from  one  vessel  to  another. 

"  This  tra7isiavation  ought  so  long  to  be  continued 
out  of  one  vessell  iuto  another,  untill  such  time  as  it 
have  di>ne  caating  any  residence  downward  ;  for  the 
sediment  that  rei^teth  in  the  bottom  is  the  best.  — * 
P.  Holland:  Plinie.  bk.  xxxiv.,  ch.  xvIH. 

trans-lit'-er-ate,  r.(.  [Lat.  (raft5  =  across, 
over,  and  litcra=a  letter.]  To  express  cr 
write,  as  words  of  a  language  liaving  peculiar 
alphabetic  characters,  in  the  alphabetic 
characters  of  another  language  ;  to  spell  in 
different  characters  expressing  the  same 
sound  :  as,  To  transliterate  Greek  into 
English  characters. 


tr&n§-Ut-er-a'-tion,  s. 

The  act  of  transliterating 


[Transliterati:.] 
,   the  rendering  of 


boU,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hm,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  ==  f. 
-clan,    tian  —  shan.    -tion.    sion  —  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  —  bel,  deL 


I6G 


translocation— transmitter 


tlif  c?iaractfni  of  one  langtmgf  by  cquivak-iit 
oiii-s  ill  ntiotlit-r. 

■■  Tiir  trttutlilefiHou  ofteii  fdlU  to  coiivey  n  tnii; 
i<lr>  iif  llir  |ir\>iiiiiK-t>itli>ii.'— .4fAfmPHiti,  Uct.  M,  IVKl. 

*  tr&nf  16-oa -tlon.  <.  [iVel".  tntus-,  mu\ 
KiiK.  Itxittion  (t|.v.).  1  Tilt'  rt'iii.ival  uf  tilings 
rrciiinKMlIy  t<>  cacti  otliiT's  iilaci-s;  iiiter- 
flianjif  itf  jtlace ;  siibstilutioii  of  tliin^i  for 
tarli  othtT. 

■■  TliP  iiiuat  tiotjible  of  the**  nftlors  tlint  itiii  I* 
K.*ali;iir(l  to  tliv  Hplrlt  of  iiitttirr.  iiitil  thnt  aultJtlily  tc 
til*  iMiiir,  U  lh«  tntntiocttii'ju  u(  tlie  kouIo  uf  hriutt" 
iiitt>«ui.'li  )iiHtt«r  iw  tx  itiuat  tlttlhp  for  tbcuL'—J/orc; 
Immart.  of  the  Soul.  Iik.  111.,  uh.  xfll. 

•  tr&ns-lu^e'r  vj.  |Ij»t.  tronslnceo^  from 
r,r.,i,^  =  throiij-li,  arross,  ami  luceoz^  to  shiiu'.] 
1"  sliiiK*  tlii>mgli. 

"  Let  Juy  trmithice  tliy  Beatityx  lilniulisliiiiciit." 
ttapiet      Uttlj/  itwxlir,  p.  'Jti. 

tr&na-la'-9^9e,    tr&nf- In- 9011-95^,  s. 

iKiig.  frniw/«(<ii(0  ;  -'',  •'"'/.] 

1.  The  quality  orstate  of  bcingti'niislmMMit ; 
tlif  jH'opcrty,  as  of  a  iiiiiit'i'al,  ground  glass,  or 
oilf*!  jiapcr,  of  allowing  rays  of  light  to  pjiss 
thiongli,  but  not  so  as  to  render  the  form  or 
colour  of  objectson  the  other  side  distingusli- 
able  through  it. 

"  I  Iwve  for  triiil*  w»kc  t<ikeu  IiimpR  of  rock  cryatjil, 
aitil  ht«thig  theii)  rL-il-hut  in  h  unK-ilile,  I  foiinO,  lu- 
<-»nlhi);  to  my  cx|>eotatioii,  that  being  queucheil  in 
(air  WAtor,  r\t>ii  thow.  that  remained  in  sefnilnifly 
mtirv  luiii|M,  fxulinnLTml  tlu-lr  tramlHixtn-y  for  "Ahitt'- 
wvxi.'—IUiyte  :    Work*,  i.  "yi 

■  2.  TransiMirency. 

tr&zi9-lu'-9ent»  c  |r.at.  transluccns,  pr. 
par.     of    tmnslticcu   =    to     shine     through.  1 

ITRANSLn-E.] 

I.  (trilinary  Longfiarje : 

1.  Allowing  rays  of  light  to  pass  through, 
but  not  so  as  to  render  the  form  or  colour  of 
objects  on  the;  other  side  distinguishable. 

2.  Transparent,  elear. 

■'  The  uplifted  frntue,  cumpact  at  e\'ery  joint, 
,\nd  overlaid  with  clear  traiixiitreiU  glass." 

Coto/jcr:  Tmk,  Hi.  4SS. 

II.  yi'iit. :  So  nearly  opaque  that  objects 
ai  f  scarcely  if  at  nil  visible  through  it. 

*  tr&n$-la'-9ent-ly,  «<h:     [Eng.  translucent ; 

-ly.\  In  a  trjiiishiceiit  manner ;  so  a*  to  be 
partially  visible  through. 

"  Amber,  where  fliea  alighting  are  often  times  tram- 
Itirrnthj  imiiriaoued."— /)ra2/fo/i.*  Edward  IV,  to  JJU- 
tn-H  shore. 

*  tr&n9-lu'-9Sd,  n.     [Lat.  translucidus,  from 

trmut  =  across,  through,  and  lucidus^  clear, 
lucid  (q.v.).  J    Transparent,  clear. 

*■  In  aiii^er  the  spirits  iis<-end  and  wax  eager;  whldi 
IS  -tetn  ill  the  eyee,  liewiuse  fliey  are  rramslii':id.'  — 
Hnr>.„  :  ,VaL  Hist.,  f  ili. 

'  tr&n^-lu'-nar,    '  trfiA^-lu -nar-jr,    o. 

(Pref.  trans-,  and  Eng.  Uuiar^  Uinarij.]  Being 
or  situated  beyond  the  moon.  (Opposed  to 
SHhlniw.r\j.) 

"  Next  Marlow,  bathed  in  the  Thespian  Bpriugs, 
Uiwl  in  him  those  brave  trnuslunary  things 
That  the  Hmt  iJoets  had  :  his  raptmea  were 
All  air  and  tire."'  tJniyton:  Of  Voelsi:  Poestf. 

'  trdjl^-ma-rine',  f .  [Lat.  transmarinus, 
Intjii  ?r(i;(i  =  beyond,  across,  and  marhuis  — 
marine  (q.v.).]  Lying  or  being  beyond  or 
on  the  other  side  of  the  sea  ;  found  beyond 
llie  sea. 

■■  Indeed  if  the  case  were  just  thus,  it  was  very  hard 
with  L'nod  people  of  the /ra)(»»i*firi«e  churches  ;  but  I 
hiive  lieie  two  things  to  consider. "—S>*.  Tar/lor  :  i'pisc. 
Afserted.  5  32. 

'  tr^n^'-me-a-ble»  *trans-me-at-a-ble. 

(I.  [Tkassmlat!:,]  Capable  of  being  tran.s- 
Mit-ated  or  traversed.     (Ash.) 

*  trlin^'-me-ate,  v.t.    [Lat.  transmeatus,  pa. 

[lar.  uf  transwen  =  to  go  through  or  across  : 
rra»5  =  across,  through,  and  7(teo  =  to  go,  to 
pass.]    To  pass  over  tir  beyond.    (Coles.) 

'  tr&n^-me-a'-tlon,  .s.  [Transmrate.]  The 
art  nitransmcatingtu-  passing  over  or  through. 

(r.'Uir,,.) 

'  tran^-mew^  (ew  as  u),  *  trans-mewe, 

•  trans-mue.  f.t.  &  l  [Fr.  transmuei;  from 
I.at.  tmnsmiUo  =  t«  transmute  (q.v.).] 

A,  Trans. :  To  change,  to  transform,  to 
transmute. 

"  They  inste»d,  as  if  transmew'd  to  stone. 
Marvell'd  he  could  with  such  sweet  art  unite 
The  lights  and  shades  of  manners." 

Thonuon:  Castle  of  Indolence,  ii,  42. 


B.  Intrans.  :  To  change. 


■•  Therewith  thy  colour  woll  tranimeipr" 

/iomauxt  n/the  Hose. 


'tr&nf- ml -grant,  *  tr&n^  -  mi  -  grant, 

ft.  iV  .*.  I  Lat.  Irnn.-^miijrun.'^,  pi.  pai.  uf  trans- 
ntiijro  =  to  transmigrate  (q.v.).] 

A*  As  ailj.  :  Passing  into  another  state  or 
country  for  residencCj  or  into  another  form  or 
body ;  migrating. 

B*  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  migrates  or  passes  into  another 
country  for  residence  ;  an  emigrant. 

"  Besides  an  nninn  in  sovereignty,  or  a  conjnin'tlon 
in  luictn,  tliiTu  nil)  other  implicit  (.on federation h.  that 
ol  coiunien  ur  tnitigmiffmntt  towiirds  their  niuther 
iiatlou."-~/iucoM  :  Jlotif  War. 

2.  One  wlio  passes  into  another  state  or 
body. 

trfljl^' -mi-grate,  v.L  [Lai.  trananugnttns, 
jia.  par.  of  t ni nsniiijru^^  to  migrate  across  or 
from  one  jdaee  to  another :  fraii*  —  across, 
and  nii'jro=  to  migrate  (q.v.). J 

1.  To  pass  from  one  place,  country,  or  juris- 
diction to  another  for  the  purpose  of  residence ; 
to  emigrate. 

"Tina  iniii|il.-\inri  is  maintained  hy  generation  ;  bo 
that  str.iiiL-f  IX  1 1'litiAL't  it  not,  and  the  natives  whicli 
fniuniiixji'ir.-  iFijiit  it.  not  without  conunixture.'— 
Ilrou'if  ,    Viih/itr  fCrrtiiirs. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  body  into  another. 

"  Plutjirch  himself  there  defends  the  mortality  of 
demons,  but  this  only  as  to  their  corporeal  part,  that 
they  die  to  their  present  bodies,  ajid  transmifimfe 
into  others,  their  souls  iu  the  nieuii  time  remaining 
immortal  and  incorruptible."  —  Cudworth  :  Iittell. 
.Si/stem,  p.  424. 

tran§-mi  gra  -tion,  ^  trans- mi -gra-ci- 
oun,      trans- my -gra-ci-oun,   .s.     (Fr. 

tran.siniyratiiin,  from  Lat.  transmUjrationeni , 
accns.  of  transmiijratio,  from  trmistniiirattis, 
J).!,  par.  of  friinsmigro=  to  transmigrate  (q.v.); 
rsp.  trausmigracion,  trasmigracwii ;  Ital. 
transniigiaz'Hiiie.\ 

*L  Onl.  Lang. :  The  act  of  transmigrating; 
passing  from  one  jdace  or  country  to  another 
for  purposes  of  residence  ;  emigration. 

"  From  David  to  the  tranamigracioun  of  Rahiloyne 
beu  fourtene  geneniciouna,  and  from  the  transmigra- 
ci'/nnof  Babiloyue  to  Crist  ben  fourtene  geueraciouus." 
—  Wycliffe  :  Mnttheto  i.  17. 

XL  CoMpar.  Relig.:  Metempsychosis;  the 
dortrine  of  the  passage  of  the  soul  from  one 
body  into  another.  It  appears  among  many 
savage  races  iu  the  form  of  the  belief  that 
ancestral  souls  return,  imparting  their  own 
likeness  to  their  descendants  and  liindred, 
and  Tylor  (PrnH.  Cult.,  ii.  17)  thinks  that  this 
notion  may  have  been  extended  so  as  to  take 
ill  tlie  idea  of  rebirth  in  bodies  of  animals.  In 
this  form  the  bi-lief  has  no  etliical  value. 
Transmignitinn  liistappears  as  a  factor  in  the 
gradual  piirilicatinii  of  the  spiritual  part  of 
man,  and  its  nturn  to  God,  tlie  source  and 
origin  of  all  things,  in  the  religion  of  the 
ancient  people  of  India,  whence  it  passed  to 
the  Egyptians,  and,  according  to  Herodotus 
(ii.  128),  from  them  to  the  Greeks.  It  was  one 
of  the  characteristic  doctrines  of  Pythagoras, 
and  Pindar  the  Pythagorean  (Otymp.  ii.,  antis. 
4)  lets  tin-  soul  ri'turn  to  bliss  after  passing 
tliree  unblcinislu'il  lives  on  earth.  Plato  in 
tlie  dream  of  Er  (Ilep.  x)  deals  with  the  con- 
dition and  treatment  of  departed  souls ;  and 
(I'Juvdo,  vi.  14)  extends  the  period  of  the  re- 
turn of  souls  to  God  to  ten  thousand  years, 
during  which  time  they  inhabit  the  bodies  of 
men  and  animals.  Ennius  seems  to  liave  in- 
troduced the  doctrine  among  the  Romans 
(Lucretius:  de  Rer.  Nat.^  i.  120-4).  Vii-il  (,-En., 
vl.  713-15),  Persius  (vi.  9),  and  Hniacc  (A>.,  II. 
i.  02),  allude  to  it,  and  Ovid  (Metam.,  xv.  irv:,, 
sqq.)  sets  forth  the  philoso]diy  and  precxist- 
ciices  of  Pythagoras.  Traces  of  it  api-ear  in 
the  Apocrypha  (e.g.  Wisd.  viii.,  20),  and  that 
at  least  sonic  Jews  held  it  in  the  time  of 
Jesus  seems  indicated  in  the  disciple;^'  ques- 
tion (John  ix.  2).  St.  Jerome  (Ep.  ad  Demetr.) 
alludes  to  the  existence  of  a  belief  in  transini- 
grationamongtheGnostics,andOrigenadopted 
this  belief  as  the  only  means  of  explain- 
ing some  Scri[ttural  difficulties,  such  as  the 
struggle  of  Jacob  and  Esau  before  birth  (Gen. 
xxv.  22)  and  the  selection  of  Jeremiah  (Jer.  i. 
■'-).  In  modern  times  Lessing  held  it  and 
taught  it  in  his  essay  (Dass  mehr  f(?s  fihif 
Sinnefiirden  Mensclien  sein  konnen)  ;  it  formed 
part  of  the  system  of  Swedenborg  {True 
Christian  Religion,  13)  and  Charles  Kingsley 
seems  to  have  written  his  Water  Babies  to  put 
on  record  his  belief  in  Transmigration. 
Figuier  deals  with  the  subject  in  his  book,  Le 
Lendevmiii  de  la  Mort,  of  which  there  is  an 
English  edition,  The  Day  after  Death:  Our 
Future  Life,  according  to  Science.  (See  extract.) 

"  One  of  the  most  notable  pointa  about  the  theory 
ot  transmi'jrution  is  its  close  bearing  upon  a  thought 


&tc,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ; 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  ffill :  try. 


villi  h  liet  very  deep  in  the  hixtory  of  philosophy,  the 
.li-\i.-|iiiinient  -  theory  of  organic  life  iu  buccessive 
>Ui:4.-H.     Au  elevation  fi..in  tlit-  Vogeti.ble  t<i  the  lower 

..iiimal    lit..,  ;u[d    tln^i.ti-  nm>:ud   Uii-uuh    tbe  higher 

.» ainf iiii.l-'^u    i|..Ltuo.'.i[  siq.,- u.nu  beiuL's. 

.Ihl'"  ni.Mi.T.- iriiiiiie  (-^.'ii  ,1  Mtt,','.-',Hi,>r.  .It  diMtinct  In- 
.ImdLialK.  liiiL  i»  liiMut;lit  by  tl>.-  ibi-my  ul  inetem- 
P'.vcIiohIh  withtn  tlie  compass  uf  the  snceewilve  vege- 
uMv  and  luiinnil  lives  of  a  aingle  being." —  7"«/or.' 
J'riin.  Cult.  (eU.  1873}.  ii.  IB. 

'  trcLcs'  mi-gra-tor,  .•;.  |  Eng.  transtnigrat(e); 
■ur.]  'one  who  transmigrates. 

"  U  li.iii-vei-  we  rind  a  i>eoplu  liegin  to   revive    hi 

litn:'tiiif.  It  w;i3  .jwiiig  to  one  i.f  these  caiipe?  ;  eitlier 
tn  h..iii.-  l,\uKf;i.,r<it'>r»   fl-.ilii    tliosr  [uirtn  coliiiiii.'  .'lud 

•-ettlijit:  at i«  (liem.  or  else  to  tbeirKi.iiig  thither  fur 

iii^ti  I  ir  til  in."—  f:/lix:    Knoiolfiiifc    uf    liivinc    T/iiii'js 

•  tran^-mi'-gra-tor-y,  «.     [Eng.  transmi- 

<//"'(<);  -unt.]    Passing  fnun  one  jilacc,  state, 

.'I  b<iily  to  another. 

trans-mis-si-1>ir-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  tra.isnn'iiH- 
Ihl,: ;  -itij.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
transmissible. 

■"riieie  it  a  delightful  trausmisgihifilii  uf  lilDod  in 
all  bi'-  hfi-iiei."— Cc»/(o-i/  JUinjazhie.  .lone.  IBS^I,  [i.  2M. 

trans -mis'- si -ble,  <i.    [Vw] 

1.  Capable  of  being  transmitted  oj-  passed 
from  one  to  another. 

2.  (!'ai>able  of  being  transmitted  through 
a  liudy  or  siiljstance. 

trd.ns-miss'-i6n  (ssas  six),  .%-.  [Lat.  trans- 
niisslo^  from  transiiiissns,  i>a.  par.  of  trans- 
uiitti}-=io  transmit  (q.v.);  Fr.  transmission  ; 
tip.triinsniision,  trasmisinn ;  ltal.tr asm issione.] 

1.  The  act  of  transmitting  or  of  sending 
fitjiii  one  person  or  place  to  another ;  trans- 
mittal, transference  ;  a  passing  on  or  over. 

"  III  the  experiment  of  ti-ansmission  of  the  seji- 
■water  into  the  pits,  the  water  risetli ;  but  in  the  ex- 
jieriment  of  truna/tiissMti  of  the  water  through  the 
ve&selM.  it  falleth."— Bacon  .■  A'at.  Hist..  §  2. 

2.  A  passing  through,  as  of  Ijglit  through 
glass  or  other  transparent  body. 

■■I'li.ii    i"Ho\io>i  or  transmission  dctwnils    on  the 

i:i>n-tii  nt.i.jiL  uf  the  air  and  water  behind  the  glass, 
:iiiil  iji.t  }\\f  it  I  ikiiiy  of  the  raya  upon  the  piu-ts  of  the 
t;l;ts-;     -    .■^virfun  :  tJ/iticks. 

3.  The  act  of  passing  down  (jihysical  charac- 
teristics or  peculiarities)  from  a  parent  or 
parents  to  offspring. 

"  Bjual  transmissions  of  ornamental  charietei-s  to 
Jjoth  sexes."— flrtrwi?!  .■  Dcicenc  uf  Alan  (ed.  2nd|.  p.  b42. 

^  tran^-mis'-sive,  o.    [Lat.  transmissus,  pa. 

}-:\r.  oUninMnKto^:  to  transinit(q.v.).]  Trans- 
li'ittf-il  ;  derived  from  one  to  another  ;  sent  oi 
passed  on. 

•■  To  the  Krent  house  thy  favour  shall  be  showu, 
'i'b«  fathei'a  star  traiismissitv  to  the  son." 

Prior :  Carmen  Seculure. 

tran^-mit',  v.t.  [Lat.  Iransmitto  =  tti  send 
over  oi  across,  to  despatch,  to  transmit :  trans 
=  across,  over,  and  rn-Uto—  to  send  ;  Fr.  tran-s- 
tnettre;  Hix  transnilttir,  trasinitir ;  Ital.  tras- 
inettcrc] 

1.  To  cause  to  pass  over  or  througli  ;  to  send 
or  dcsjiatcli  from  one  per.son  or  place  to  an- 
other; to  hand  on;  to  pass  on;  to  hand  or 
pass  down  :  as,  To  transmit  a  letter  through 
the  post.  Liglit  is  transmitted  from  the  sun 
to  tlie  earth  ;  civil  and  religions  liberties  have 
been  transmitted  to  us  by  our  ancestors,  and 
we  ought  t<}  transmit  them  to  our  children. 

2.  To  suffer  to  jtass  through  ;  as.  Glass 
transmits  ligiit. 

tr&n^-mxt'-tal,  5.  {'E.uq.  transmit  ;  -ol.]  The 
act  nf  transmitting;  transmi.ssicm,  transfer. 

■  Besiil.'s  the  (rannmittitl  to  England  of  two-thiids 
.-f  the  ii\ciiites  of  Ireland,  they  make  our  country  are- 
Leiitjulf  fur  thcirsiijiernumer.iiy  pretenders  to  offices. " 

*  tran^  -  mit' -  tan9e,  s.  [Eng.  trar.smit ; 
•ancc]  The  act  of  transmitting  ;  the  state  of 
being  transmitted  ;  transmittal. 

trans-mst'-ter,  s.     [Eng.  transmit;  -cr.] 
I.  Onl.   Lung.:    One  who    or   that   which 

Iraiismils. 

"  ^.^  ''^"1  ^°  '"lild,  not  bonnt.  a  generous  race : 

>o  tenth  tramniUter  o*  jt  foolish  face." 
--     ,„    ,     ,     „  Saoagt::  The  Bastard. 

U,  JcchnicaUtj : 

1.  Tdeg.:  The  sending  or  despatching  in- 
strument, especially  that,  umler  the  automat  ii- 
system,  in  which  a  ])aper  strip  with  jwrfora- 
tions  representing  the  Morse  or  similar  alpha- 
bet is  passed  rapidly  through,  the  contacts 
being  made  by  metallic  points  wherever  a 
perforation  occurs,  and  prevented  where  the 
papf'r  is  unpierced. 

2,  Telephone :  Tlie  funnel  for  receiving  the 


pine,  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go.  pot. 
Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Irw. 


transmittible— transparent 


16/ 


voice  anil  convi^ying  tlie  waves  of  snnml  ui>on 
tlie  tliiii  itnii  (liaplii-agiii.     [TiciKi'uoNr.) 

trans  -  mit-  ti  -  ble,  '  tr^jij-mit  -ta-ble, 

a.     [Eiig.  tritiismit ;  -ahlc.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  ti  an  sin  it  ted  ;  trans- 
missible. 

*  2.  Capable  ui  being  imt,  thrown,  or  pro- 
jected across. 

"A  tritrisiiiittublc  gallery  over  miyditcb  or  lirench 
in  a  Ijwii-wnll.  witti  n.  biiiul  iiml  imniiiet.  wiiiuoii- 
proof."—  W'orccater :  Century  v/  luvcntwiis,  5  "3. 

trans-mog-rx-fi-ca'-tion,  s.  [Eng.  trans- 
■.,.nn-:r>i  :  .'viion.]  Tin-  ;i'-t  of  transmogrify- 
III-  ;  til.'  Stat.-  of  beiij-  tnuisniogriHed 

■■  It  liiis   imikTgoiie  a  frent  fraiis>HO<ji-ijii:iitiiiii."~ 

trans  mog-rify, '  tr&n?  mog  -ra-phy , 

/■.(.  ^iFlrst  flement  trans;  etymology  of  seaind 
eleuH.-nt  dou'.ttfui.]  To  transform  into  some 
'ttluT  person  or  thing;  to  change;  to  meta- 
morphose. 

'■  Augustine  seems  to  have  Imd  asiiiall  doultt  wlictlier 
Apiilfiiis  w"^  renUy  dut ntmogrtt/iltied  into  mi  .hss.'  — 
Jorliii      /."■■'■/«.  //«(..  i.  U54. 

"  trans-move,  v.t.  (Pref.  trans-,  and  move,] 
To  traTislnnii,  to  change. 

'■  Y.(  |..M^  is3iinein.  and  SAtnrulike  seeiie. 
A-  ii^  dul  tor  El  igone  it  iirove. 
Tliiil  tu  .1  tentaure  iliii  himsielfe  tntrntmofr,' 

Spi-nser:  F.  Q  ,  HI.  xi.  40. 

trans -mu-ta-bil'-i-ty,  .«.  [Eng.  trans- 
mntnblf  ;  -iti/.]  The  tinality  or  state  of  being 
tiansmutable ;  susceptibility  of  change  into 
annther  nature  or  substance. 

tran§-mu'-ta-ble,  f.  [Fr.]  Capable  of  Ijeing 
ti;insiiiiiti'd  or  ( liange«l  into  another  nature  or 
substan.-f- ;  susceptible  of  change  into  a  dif- 
ferent nature  or  form. 

"  The  Aiistoteliaiis.  wlio  believe  wat«r  aud  air  to  lie 
reciprueaily  transmulable,  ilo  tliereliy  fancy  <"'  -^ffi'iity 
Ijetwteii  tlieni,  th.it  I  am  not  yet  convinced  of."— 
Bfii,!c  :    Works,  lii.  342. 

trans -mu'-ta-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  trans- 
mutable  :  -/H'.-s.']  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being 
transmutable ;  transmutability. 

"Siinie  learned  nio<leru  natnralist^  have  conjectured 
at  the  easy  tnuistnutableueiS  of  water  by  what  ha|>- 
jjens  in  gardeiia  and  orchards,  where  the  same  showers 
ur  rain,  after  a  lunp  drunglit.  makes  a  Kreiit  number  ui 
ditlt-iiut-  phiiit-s  tu  flourish,  —/(tff/fc.    WovKt,  iii.  C9. 

tran§-niu'-ta-bly,  *"'i'.  [Eng.  transmut- 
(fh{h') ;  -III.]  In  a  transnuitable  manner;  with 
oiipacity  uf  being  changed  into  another  nature 
or  substance. 

trans' -mu-tate,  v.f.  [I-at.  tnuatmutotus, 
p:i.  jiar.  iif  /i((/Kv)«u(/o=  to  transmute  (ii-V.).] 
To  transmute,  to  transform. 

■*  Her  fortvme  her  fair  face   first  ti-ansintitatiHl."— 

tran^-mn-ta'-tion/trans-mu-ta-ci'On. 

s.  [Fr.  (ransiantation,  from  Lat.  trutisnuitn- 
tioiU'iu,  accus.  of  traiisniHtaiio,  from  tnntsinii- 
tatus,  pa.   par.  of  trun$ini(to  =  to  transmute 

(q.v.).] 

I.  Ortlinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  transmuting  or  changing  into 
a  diflTerent  form,  nature,  or  substance. 

"  The  princiiMil  operations  of  nature  are,  nut  the 
absohite  annihilation  and  new  creation  of  what  we 
call  material  sabstauces,  but  the  temporary  extiiiotiuu 
.mil  reproductiou.  or.  rather  in  one  word,  tlie  fruits- 
nitttation  of  forma."— ./ofics.'  Hymn  to  IHiri^n.    |Arg  ) 

2.  The  state  of  being  transmuted  or  changed 
into  a  different  form,  nature,  or  substance. 

"  Am  I  not  old  .'^ly's  hou,  by  birth  a  pedlar,  by  edu- 
cation a  cardmaker,  by  transmutation  a  bear  herd  ?  — 
.'ihokesp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew.    (Induct.  2.) 

'"  3.  Successive  change;  change  of  one  thing 
for  another. 

"  Tlie  name  land  sutfereth  sundry  rr'tnxmnfari"ns  of 
owners  within  one  term.' — Bacon:   Office  of  .lUeiui- 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Alfhcmy:  The  changing  of  base  nietals 
into  gold  or  silver. 

"The  other  is,  when  the  conversion  is  into  a  Ixidy 
meerly  new,  and  which  waa  not  before;  as  if  silver 
should  be  turned  to  gold  ;  or  iron  to  copfwr :  and  this 
couversiun  is  better  caUed  for  distinction  sake  trans- 
miUation."— Bat-on :  Mat.  Hist.,  5  838. 

2.  Bh>l. :  The  change  of  one  species  into 
another. 

"  The  trammutation  of  species  is,  in  the  vulgar 
'philosophy,  pronounced  impossible:  and  certainly  it 
IS  a  thing  of  dilficultie,  and  requiretb  deep  searcli  into 
nature."— £a con  .■  Xat.  Hist.,  §  525. 

3.  Geom. :  The  change  or  reduction  of  one 
figure  or  body  int(>  another  of  the  same  area 
or  soliclity,  but  of  a  different  foini,  as  of  a 
triangle  into  a  square  ;  transformation. 


transmutation-hypothesis,  ». 

/;,.'/.  ;  Tlie  mt>st  generally  received  furin  <>f 
he  iloclrine (if  Evolution  ;  transformisni((i.v.). 

"Tlip  transmiitniioii  hypothesis  cmisidi-rs  that  all 
i-M^tjiig  F^iwcics  are  tlie  result  of  tliu  modi  II  uit  Ion  of 
l>ic  iMstuig  species,  and  those  of  their  prcdecuHsoi-s, 
I  y  ;it;('ncie8  .similar  to  those  which  at  thi-  present  day 
l.iddiiL-f  varieties  and  nioes,  ami  therefore  in  an  alt<>- 
iritlici  natui-al  way  ;  and  it  is  a  probable,  tlmngh  net 
;,  m-^C'uiry  conseiiueiue  ot  this  hypotbe^is,  that  aU 
living:  beiiigs  havi.-  arisen  fi'iiu  a  single  stock.  The 
tr.iusinutation  h-ir"'fi'<"i  ■       ■   i^  |h-i-(.t|1v  .•m.-isteut 

i'^Uk'I     with   thf    I.   I.    .  l!...n    .   t    ..     -I •■■r'U    nf  a 

I.iiiPitliv.'gcrn.,  .  1    ■.:,■■  .        II       .■  .     .   .  I  l.,uing 


transmutation  of  energy. «.  [Trans- 

Kninr  M  Tiix  Of  i;m:Ki;s  .) 

trans-mu-ta'-tion-ist,  s.     [Eng.  transniu- 

tnhnii ;  -(.<!     Hue  wlio  believes  in  the  trans- 
iiirilalioii  t  f  metals  or  species. 

trans-mute',  r.t.  [Lat.  tvansmnto,  from  trans 
=  across,  over,  and  )»«((>=  to  change;  Sp. 
traiifDantar,  trasmntar,  tramwlar ;  Ital.  tras- 
nititarc,  tramntare.] 

1.  T'i  change  from   one  form,   nature,   or 
substance  intti  anotlier  ;  to  transfurm. 
■■  Wliicb  is  tiur  human  natures  highest  dower, 
(fjiitiols  tliem  and  subdues,  traiisintiles,  bereaves 
UJ  tlieii  iMid  influence,  and  their  good  receives." 
IVoniaworth  :  Character  of  the  Happy  Warrior. 

'  2.  To  alter,  to  conunute. 

"Tlieii  the  eiii|»eiouv  hanyng  compassion  of  the  fore- 
iianiyd  B,arnarde,  for  so  moehe  as  he  was  the  sone  of 
repyn,  last  kyiig  of  Italy,  &  his  iiere  kyiineaman, 
tranKnuityd  the  sentence  of  deth  vnto  per|>etuyte  ot 
pryson,  Alosynge  of  his  ay^\i\,."—Fabyan :  Chronycle, 
cb.  clix. 

tran^-mut'-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [Transmute.] 

A.  -l5  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Transformed  or  changed  into 
anotlier  form,  nature,  or  substance. 

2.  //'■/■.  ."ThesanieasCouNTERCHANf^EDCq.v.). 

tr^ns-mut'-er,  s.  [Eng.  transinutO^ ;  -er.] 
One^wln*  or  that  which  transiiuites  or  ti"ans- 

lortiis. 

"  trans  - mu' -  tu"- al,  a.  [Pref.  trans-,  and 
Eng.  luulicd  (4.\".).j     Reciprocal,  eonimutual. 

trans -na-ta'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  transnatatio, 
from  (nutsnatatus,  ya.  ]>ar.  of  O-tui^fta^o  =  to 
swim  across:  (caits  =  across,  and  uato  =  to 
swim.]    The  act  of  swimming  across. 

^  tran^-na'-ture,  v.t.  [Pref.  trans-,  and 
Eng.  nadtre  (q.v.).]  To  transfer  or  transform 
the  iiaturo  of. 

"  For,  as  he  sayth,  we  are  trauseleinented,  or  trana- 
nntnrcd,  and  changed  into  C'hriste,  euen  so,  and  none 
otherwise,  wee  saie.  The  bread  is  trauseleinented,  or 
i.bauged  intoChristesljody." — Jewell:  ileplie  tolM.  Hnr- 
dinge,  p.  238. 

'  trans-nor'-mal,  o-  [Pref.  tran.s-,  and  Eng, 
avroit't  (([.V,).]  *  Not  normal  in  (rharaeter. 
(Applied  to  something  in  excess  of  or  beyond 
the  normal  or  usual  state.) 

tranf -6-9e-an'-ic  (9  as  sh),  c  [Pref.  trans-, 
an<l  Eng.  ocea/n'c  (q.v.).] 

1.  Being  or  lying  beyond  the  ocean  ;  being 
on  the  other  side  of  the  ocean, 

"  The  .id ministration  of  the  transoceanic  possessions 
uf  France,"- 06serii«r,  Jan.  10,  186^;. 

2.  Crossing  or  passing  over  the  ocean. 


t)i 


■'  Tlie  fin.il  statements  of  the  cable  comjianies  upon 


Inction  of  tbe  tariffs  for  (ru: 
Daily  Telegraph,  Hept.  11,  1885. 


messages. 


trS,n -s6m,  *tran- 
some,  '  tran  -  som  - 
mer,  tran-sum- 
mer,     tran-son,  s 

Tiub.  a  cotruiit.  of  Lat 
tranf-lnaii  =  a  transuni 
(Ski-at),  from  trans  = 
aernss.  The  form  Iran- 
.■^'iiniticr  is  due  to  Fr.  soni- 
mii-r  —  a,  piece  of  timber 
called*a  summer  (q.v.)  ] 

[liREST-SUMMER.] 

L  Arch. :  A  term  ap- 
plied to  horizontal  stone 
bars  or  divisions  of  win- 
dows. They  seldom  occur 
previous  to  the  fifteenth 
teiitury,  and  were  .some- 
times embattled,  as  at 
Brasenose  College,  Ox- 
fcird.  At  Bloxliam  Church,  Oxfordshire,  the 
transoms  ef  a  large  Perpendicular  window  are 
deci'iated  with  a  row  of  the  Tudor  flower 
(q.v.).     (Blozum.) 


'VT' 


STERN  OF  SHir,   MKllVISi;    rr.ASM  « 

1.  Upper  deck  transom  :  2.  Helm  (joit 
transom  ;  3.  Wine  iwrt  traiiHom  ;  4. 
Transoms :  5.  Rudder ;  t  Mterii 
)>ost ;   7.   Side  Counter  timlier;   8. 

?uarter   deck  ;    9.     Bertbuig  :    10. 
aHTail. 


2.  JSnibl. :  A  horizontal  pk-ce  fmmed  ni.-ross 
a  doorway  or  a  double-Iiglil  wintlnw.  The 
cross-bar  seinirating  a  door  from  llie  fanlight 
above  it. 

"But  onllo  franke  poata,  raiHin^  iMtanivM.  pricko- 
l>«»stH,  gromidsuls.  summer  |or  ilormnntt)  trantotns, 
and  nuch  i>Tiuci\iain."—HolliuheU:  Deter.  Kng..  bk.  II., 
cti.  \ii. 

3.  Ordn. :  A  horizontal  piece  connecting  the 
cheeks  of  a  gun-carriage. 

4.  Shlpbuild. :  A  beam  b«)Ited  aeroMS  the 
sternpost, 

.s  u  ])  ]» o  rting  ,^'"'^!~  ~~K»"  >     

the  after  end 

of   a    deck 

and  giving 

shape  to  the     ^ 

stern.      The    / 

third,    se-  p 

conci,  and    \ 

first  tran-    ^i 

soms   are, 

referring  to 

Ihein  in  the 

rising  order, 

below  the 

deck  tran- 

s(im.     The 

wing  tran- 
som   is    the 

sill    of    the 

gun  -  room 

ports  ;     tlie 

lielm  tran- 

.som   is  at  the  head  of  the  stern-post,  and 

fiirms  the  head  of  the  ports. 

••  The  long-lwat  at  this  time  moored  nstei »,  w.i^  on 
a  sudden  canted  so  hi^ib,  that  it  broke  the  trauwi  of 
the  commodore's  gallery,  wbuse  cabin  w-.-ut  on  tbe 
i|uarter-deck.  '—Anson  :   Voyaijes,  bk.  lii.,  fb.  li. 

0.  Sun:  :  The  vane  of  a  cross-statl. 

transom-knee»  5. 

shiphnihl.  :  A  knee  bolted  to  a  transom  an<i 

after-timbei'. 

transom-stem,  s. 

.iliijibuHd. :  A  sqii.ire  stern.     |Tk.\n^u.m,  3.] 

transom  Window,  a-. 

Bnildin'j: 

1.  A  window  divided  by  a  transom. 

2.  A  window  over  the  transom  of  a  door. 

"^  trans'-pa-dane.  a.  [Lat,  transjxidaavs, 
frnm  rn((i,t  ^  aeross,  beyond,  and  i'<H?»s  =  the 
Po.]  Beyond  or  lying  beyond,  or  on  the  side 
of  the  river  Po.    [Cispadane.] 

"The  transpndane  republics."— BhcA-c, 

^  A]iplied  to  Lomhardy  and  part  of  the 
Venetian  territories  when  formed  by  Napnieor. 
into  a  republit"  in  May,  IT'.ul  Next  year  he 
merged  it  in  the  Cisalpine  republic, 

'  tr3,ns  -  pare',  v.i.  [Lat.  £m»s  =  thnmgh, 
and  pareo  =  to  appear.] 

1,  To  appear  through. 

"  But  through  the  yce  of  that  viiinst  disdaine 
Yet  still  transparet  ber  picture  and  my  itajiie." 
."itirlinff:  .iitrurti,  xclx. 

2.  To  become  transparent. 

"  Oft  haiie  I  wish't,  whilst  in  this  state  I  was. 
That  tbe  alabaster  bulwai'ke  might  transjMire." 
.Stirling:  Aurora,  Ixxili. 

*  trans- par'- en9e,  s.  [Eng.  transparenit)  ; 
■cc]  Tile  quality  or  state  of  being  tiaus- 
parent ;  traiisiiarency. 

■'  'Mongat  which  clear  amber  jellied  seemeil  to  lie. 
Through  whose  transparence  you  iiii^ht  easily  see 
The  beds  of  pearl  whereon  the  gum  did  sleep  ' 

Drayton  :  Man  in  the  .Moon. 

trans-par'-en-9y,  s.    [Eng.  tYanspauH{t): 

-I','/.] 

L  The  quality  or  stateof  beingtran^i'an  iil. ; 
that  state  or  quality  of  bodies  by  whu-li  tliey 
allow  rays  of  light  to  pass  through  them,  so 
that  the  forms,  hues,  and  distances  of  objects 
can  be  distinguished  through  them  ;  dia- 
phaneity. 

•■  The  man  should  hold  forth  a  pure  taper,  that  his 
wife  iii.'\y,  by  seeing  the  beauties  ami  tranaparcncj/  ol 
tbat  chrystal,  dress  her  mind  and  her  l>ody  by  the 
light  of  so  pure  reflexions." —tfp.  Taylor:  Heri'ions. 
vol.  i..  ser.  18. 

2.  Anything  that  is  transparent ;  specif.,  n. 
jticture  painted  on  transparent  or  semi-tiviiis* 
parent  materials,  such  as  glass  or  thin  can- 
vas, to  be  viewed  by  the  natural  or  artificial 
light  shining  through  it. 

"Father  Ferrj"  and  I  took  trantparew-u-f  i-f  thf 
little  photos  lie  took  of  my  etatioo.  '—Cvrticl  I  t-nns 
at  t}i€  hie  of  Desolation  (1871),  p.  104. 

trans 

tlir 


is-par'-ent,  a.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  frans-: 
uugh,   anil  parens,   pr.   par.  of  j'itrio  =  t 


^6il,  \>6y  :  pout,  jowl ;  cat.  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  hengh ;  go,  gem  ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,      ^g. 
-cian,  -tian  -  chan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  =  zhiln.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =>^  shus.    -ble,  -die.  \c.  -  "bel,  d^L 


168 


transparently— transplendently 


apitear  :   Hp.   t'rinsjtartiiU,   mwjxitYiifc;   lUl. 
tnuii>orvntf.\ 

1.  I!uviii«  the  |-ro[»orty  or  nimlity  of  trans- 
miUiiii:  m>H  of  litcht.  so  that  the  forms, 
ctiluiirs.  aii.l  iliHtiiiiccs  of  olijt'cts  can  w  ais- 
ttnuiiislKM  through;  perviuiui  to  light;  dia- 
phanous, ]K.*lhicUI. 

*-  All  liiuiiiiit-rthlr  .)UAlitltyof  *mM  glulmlur  liurot*. 
kbuut  tilt  »i«'  "(  A  cumiiwii   l»lu'«  hmil.   »iiJ   «iiiltc 

fniiMZ-iri-nf  "— t' K.*  .-  .n*co»h/  t'oji<i'jt.  \ik.  I.,  cli.  i. 

2.  Admitting'  the  passaj^f  of  light ;  having 
iulcrslitv.s  M.  that  things  :ii«'  visihlf  thnnii;h. 

"  Auil  JiMveii  Ji.l  till*  tr^tnttf-imit  veil  |'r.»\  ule. 

IWx'.^tiM'  •li»'  liad  iio  guUly  tlouglit  tw  iiule.  ■ 

i>ry.(«-n     On  'A^  J/.>ii»iMrtir  ./ ii  /".or  J/iiii/rH.i.iJj'. 

•  3.  Uilglit,  sliining.  dear. 

■■  Tlic  KliJi  iuu*  suu  •  /niMi/Mir€nf  Ik-.xih*.' 

MaJtM/'..  a  itrnrn  17.,  Hi  1. 

n.  f""/  •  Easily  seen  through  ;  not  suffi- 
cient to  hl<h'  what  underlits  ;  evident,  plain  : 
as,  i)  (nij/s/Mivjir  niotivo.a  tmiisiKUcnt  excuse. 

transparent-biimet,  >'. 

Kitloni. :  Authrocow  miinw  (Statnton),  Zy- 
yo-iui  unnos  (Newman),  a  hawk-moth,  having 
the  fore  wings  green  with  thrco  crimsuu 
dashe.H.  the  hind  wings  crimson,  the  posterior 
margin  pnr[»lish.  Larva  pale  yellow  or  green- 
ish, with  two  rows  of  black  spots  on  each 
side.  It  feeds  on  birdVfoot  ti-efuil.  kc. 
Abundant  in  Galway.  Found  also  in  Scotland, 
but  not  yet  in  England. 

transparent  -  colours,  s.  p^  Colours 
that  Ii;iii.>iiiit  li^^ht  na.lily.  Such  only  are 
usttl  fur  paiuliiii,'  on  glass,  and  most  water- 
colonrs  are  more  or  less  transparent.  It  is 
somctinioN  neee.ssnry  to  make  such  cohnu-s 
more  or  U-s>  opaque  by  the  .idniixture  ol 
body  colours.  (Opposed  to  ojm'/tif  colours, 
which  only  reflect  light.) 

triins-par'-ent-lS^,  adv.  [Eng.  transparent ; 
-!>].]  In  a  transparent  manner;  so  as  to  be 
soon  through. 

trans-par'-ent-ness,  s.  lEng.  tmiisparent; 
-xe-vt.)  Till- Viuality  or  state  of  being  traus- 
part-iit ;  transparency. 

•  trans  -  pass',  v.t.  &,  i.     [Pref.  tmus-,  and 

A,  7Vi(('>.  :  To  pass  over. 

"Till-'  liver  Hyphaaia,  or,  as  Ptolemy  ciMeth  it, 
Bi|lJlM^  ivin  vMeiLiiiKlei's  mou  uUr»;  wliich  yet  he 
traiiti'UMctl.  .iiid  set  up  n\Um  ou  the  other  side.  — 
Gregory/-  i\'otc*oti  Hcripture,  p.  T5.    il6S4.) 

B,  hitruiis. :  To  pass  by  or  away. 

•■  Tliy  f'irui  ftiiJ  ftitt^red  hue, 
WUich  slinll  m  soou  tratitij-iiu. 
U  (;ir  more  fair  thiui  is  thy  loukiug-giaafl. 

D'lttiel:  A  l>ctcription  of  Beauty. 

•  trans -pass'-a-ble,  o.  [Eng.  transpass; 
-uhh\  \  Capable  of  being  tmnspasseU  or  passed 
o\fr. 

'  trans -pat -ron-ize,  v.(.  [Pref.  trans-, 
and  Eng.  jmhonize  (q.v.).]  To  transfer  the 
patronag'-'  of. 

"  To  tratupatrotiii'-  from  hiiu 
To  you  miup  i^rphiiii  muse. ' 

n  ariicr:  Albiom  Eiiyland.  ix.  43. 

•  tr&n-spe -ci-ate  (ci  as  shi),  i-.t.  [Pref. 
/r«»s-,  and  Lat.  Sjwciudt.^  =  shaped,  formed 
from  sj}ecm  (q-v.).]    To  transform. 

•'  r  do  not  credit  those  traus format ioua  of  reason- 
able ciCAturea  into  Iteasts,  or  tliat  the  devil  hath 
jwwer  to  lran»i>t--iate  ft  man  into  a  horse,'— Arowiie  ; 
Rciia'to  Medici,  pt  L,  §  30. 

•  tran-spic'-U-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  iranspicio  ■= 
to  see  through  :  trans  =  through,  and  sp^cio 
=  to  look,  to  see.)  Tmnspareut ;  pervious 
to  thL-  sight,    {miton:  P.  L.,  viii.  140.) 

•  trans-pier9e',  v.t.  [Pref.  tram-,  and  Eng. 
purer  (q.v.).]  To  pierce  through,  to  pene- 
trate ;  to  pass  through. 

"  Aiitilochus.  aaThoSn  turned  him  round. 
TrampifTK-fU  his  liack  with  a  disbuoest  wound." 
Pope:  Homer:  /fiad  xiii.  631. 

tr&ns-pir'-a-ble,  f .  [Eng.  transpir(fi) ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  transpiring  ;  capable  of  being  tran- 
spired. 

tran^-pir-a-tion,  s.    [Fr.]    [Transpire.] 
1.  Ord.  I.nufj.  :  The  act  or  process  of  tran- 
spiring ;  exhalation  through  the  skiu  ;  evai>o- 
ralion. 

"Tliey  touceive  also,  that  the  individufttion  ;iiid 
Mttiieiiena  uf  lulu's  itenous,  iloo  not  iiecessarllv  depend 
npou  Ihenumfricnl  identity  of  all  thei>art3oi  m.ittei-. 
becMise.wt-  iipver  coutiuue  thus  the  same,  our  h»dies 
alwnvB  Qowini;  like  a  river,  and  imssint;  away  liy  in- 
senxiiile   tranipiration.  '—Cudworth  :    inUH.  Sy$icm, 

p.  ;&s. 


2.  Hot.:  The  emission  of  watt-ry  Huid  fmiu 
the  leaves  uf  plants,  a  process  continually 
going  on.  The  vaponr  from  the  watery  con- 
tents of  the  c»d!s  i«i.sses  from  them  into  the 
intereelluInradJHcent  sjiacesflnd  canals,  thence 
into  the  chambers  beueal  h  the  stomata,  finally 
reaching  the  external  atmosphere  either  by 
them  or  bv  the  invisible  pores  of  the  opi- 
derinis.  Tlie  vapour  is  in  most  c;ises  invisible, 
but  sometimes  the  water  distils  in  drops 
large  enough  to  be  ea.sily  seen.  The  amount 
of  moisture  thus  given  otf  depends  ou  the 
amount  of  moisture  in  the  atmosphere,  the 
teuiperaturc.  any  concussions  to  which  the 
idant  may  be  subjectol.  and  the  age  and  size 
of  the  leaves.  Transpiration  in  plants  is 
analogous  to  perspiration  in  animals. 

•■  If  tr.vit,>ir.,Ho»  U  suddenly  8t«p|>ed  in  branches 
whlL-h  ...dinailly  ti,ui*pi(e  Hroiigly.  the  leaves  fall, 
while  iihuiU  whicli  thrive  In  .-i  moist  atmi-sphort- 
often  piV-cr*  e  their  l«o  ea  for  a  loug  time  m  siiturated 
air. "— /'«eW.  Jan.  1.  1687. 

•;  1,  Pulmonary  transpiration : 

Physiol.  :  The  exhalation  of  watery  vapour 
from  the  lungs.  It  becomes  visible  m  trosty 
weather,  and  condenses  on  the  beard  and 
moustache.  It  varies  in  amount  airording  to 
the  proportion  of  water  in  the  blood  and  of 
aqueous  vapour  in  the  atmosphere. 

2.  Transpiration  of  gasfs :  The  motion  of 
gases  through  a  eapillary  tube.  The  velocity 
of  transpiration  is  indt_' pendent  of  the  rate  of 
difiusion.  tktnot:  PhysiA:s  (ed.  Atkinson), 
§  145,  gives  the  following  laws  on  the  subject : 

(11  For  the  same  g.-w  the  rnte  of  tniiisiiiration  iu- 
cre.-ises,  other  things  Iwinn  f'lual.  directly  as  the 
pressure;  that  is.  etpial  volumes  of  air  of  diltereut 
densities  renuiie  times  inversely  pi-oportioual  to 
their  densities. 

i2)  With  tul>e3  of  e(iual  diametera.  the  volume 
tmuspire<i  in  ti<|Ual  limes  is  iuvei'sely  ah  the  length 
uf  the  tulie. 

(3|  A3  the  temperature  rises  the  triinspiratiou  be- 
comes slower. 

(41  The  rate  of  tranapirAtion  is  iudejieudeut  of  the 
material  of  the  tube. 

3.  Tianspirution  of  lifpiids:  The  passage  of 
liquids  through  small  pores  or  eapillary  tubes. 

*  trans -pir'-a-tor-j^,  «.  [Eng.  transpira- 
tiion) ;  -orij.]  '  Of  or  pertaining  to  transpira- 
tion ;  tiauspiriiig,  exlialing. 

trans-pxre',  ".'.     [Fr.  trunspirer,  from  Lat. 
t.'\iiu<pinj=  to    breathe     through  :      tra)is  — 
through,   aud  spiro=:  to  breathe;   Sp.  (rau- 
spirar,  trasplrar ;  Ital.  traspirare.] 
I.  Literally: 

1.  To  be  emitted  througli  the  excretories  of 
the  sUiu ;  to  be  exhaled ;  to  pass  off  in 
insensible  perspiration. 

"  Blood  and  fleshy  substance  .  .  .  useth  to  trai»spiy>'. 
bre-athe  out,  and  waste  away  thru"  iuviaible  porea.  — 
IJoukU  :  Letters,  bk.  i..  let.  U. 

2.  To  exhale  or  emit  watery  vapour  from 
the  surface. 

■■  Cut  branches  which  transpire  slowly  shed  their 
leaves  even  when  tj  iug  ou  the  grouud."— /"ieirf.  Jan.  1, 
1S37. 

IL  Figurativehj : 

1.  To  escape  from  secrecy ;  to  become 
public  gradually  ;  to  ooze  out ;  to  come  to 
light ;  to  become  known. 

"  This  letter  goes  to  you.  in  that  coufideuce.  which 
I  alwavs  sh.all.  .lud  know  that  I  safely  may,  place  iu 
you ;— aud  you  will  not  therefore  let  outj  word  of  it 
/noMpi re. "—/.ord  Chesterfield:  To  S.  DuyroUei.  Jan.. 

i:is. 
"*  2.  To  be  emitted ;  to  have  vent ;  to  escape. 

"  Pierced  with  a  thousand  wounds,  I  yet  survive ; 
31y  paut;a  .are  keeu.  but  no  complaint  transpires.' 
Coteper :   ficisiititdcs  in  Christian  Life. 

3.  To  occur,  to  take  place,  to  happen,  to 
come  to  pass. 

"What  had  transpired  during  his  absence  he  did 
not  know. "— J/r4.  Beecher  Stowe ;  Ih-ed,  ch.  xii. 

•  trans-pla^e',  i'.(.  [Pref.  trans-^  and  Eng. 
place.'v.  (q.v.).]  To  put  or  remove  into  a  uew 
place. 

"  It -was  transplaced  from  the  leftsideof  the  Vaticau 
unto  a  more  emineut  place,"—  \YUkiiu :  Mat/i,  Majid:, 
ch.  X. 

trans-plant',  v.t.  [Fr.  transplanter,  from 
hoit'  tmnsplanto,  from  frajw  =  across  (hence, 
implying  change),  and  ptoH(o  =  to  plant;  Sp. 
trasplantar ;  Port.  tTa)ispla  Uar ;  Ital.  tras- 
plantare.] 
I,  Ordi)iary  Language : 

1.  To  remove  and  plant  in  another  place. 

"  Limes  thirty  years  old  were  transplanted  from 
iieighbouriuj  woods  to  shade  the  alleys." — Jtacatdui/  : 
Sist.  Eiig..  ch.  xi. 

2.  To  remove  from  one  place  to  another. 

"  Of  light  the  gi-eater  part  he  took 
Transplanted  from  her  cloudy  suriue,  and  pl.ac'd 


3,  To  remove  and  settle  or  establish  for 
residence  in  another  place. 

"  If  any  transpUint  themselves  into  phintntions 
abroail.  who  are  achUmaticks  ur  outlaws,  such  are  not 
tit  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  new  colony."— flwcon , 
Adi'tce  to  iillien. 

II.  ifed. :  To  transfer   from  one    part    or 

person  to  another.     [Traxsi'la.ntation,  II.  2.J 

"The  doc  ooutiunetl  (lickingl  so  long  till  he  .  .  , 

perfectly  cured  the  aore,  but  had  the  awelliug  trans- 

planted  to  himself."— Boy/e  ■   H'orAj.  li.  167. 

trans-plin-ta-tion,  s.  [Fr.]  [Trans- 
plant, ] 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  transplanting  or  of  removing 
aud  planting  iu  another  place. 

%  The  time  to  transplant  shrubs,  trees, 
&c.,  is  when  their  energies  are  in  abeyance 
at  the  fall  of  the  year.  November  is  a 
good  month  for  the  trausplantntion  of  seed- 
ling stocks  aud  suckers  taken  from  the  MOts 
of  the  pear,  plum,  quince,  &c.,  to  prepare 
them  for  receiving  grafts,  and  stocks  of  briars 
to  be  budded  with  garden  species  and  varie- 
ties. To  render  the  removal  of  a  tree  or  bush 
successful,  care  must  be  taken  not  to  dest'-oy 
or  injure  the  spongioles,  these  tender  portions 
of  tlie  root  being  the  channels  through  which 
nutriment  is  taken  from  the  ground.  In 
placing  the  root  iu  the  ground,  the  treni-h  or 
pit  intfuded  to  receive  it  must  be  of  sufficient 
breadth  at  the  bottom  to  allow  it  and  the 
blanching  rootlets  to  occupy  their  natural 
position.  Water  should  be  freely  supplied, 
but  not  to  such  an  extent  as  to  saturate  the 
soil. 

*  2.  A  removal  or  transfer  from  one  place  to 
another. 

"  Its  transplantation  into  the  Greek  tongue."— 
More:  Phtlos.  Cabbala :  App. 

3.  The  removal  or  transfer  of  persons  from 
one  place  to  another  for  purposes  of  residence, 
settlement,  or  the  like. 

"If  that  were  done  it  would  only  met!  the  local 
distress,  unless  you  eni^aged  iu  a  grejit  transplantation 
of  labour  into  the  district  in  which  the  work  waa 
utiderUkeu."— /)a(7tf  Telegraph,  Feb.  24.  18SS. 

II.  Medical : 

1,  The  removal  of  a  part  of  the  human 
body  to  supply  a  part  that  has  been  lost,  as 
iu  the  Taliacotian  operation  (q.v.). 

*  2.  An  old  pretended  method  of  curing 
diseases  by  making  them  pass  from  one 
person  to  another. 

*•  He  told  roe.  that  he  had,  not  very  many  months 
siuce.  seen  a  cure  hj'  transplanta'ion.  performed  on 
tlie  son  of  one.  that  was  wout  to  make  chyuiical 
vessels  for  me." — Boyle :   IPorts,  ii.  167. 

trans -plant'-er,  s.    [Eng.  transplant;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  transplants. 

"  Yet  the  planter  ur  transplanter,  nine  times  in 
ten.  neglects  this  necessity  of  suiting  his  trees  to  the 
swil." — Scott:  Prose  Works,  xxi.  US. 

2.  A  machine  or  truck  for  removing  trees 


Iu  the  Sim's  orb  '" 


MUtoji :  P.  L..  \ 


TRANSPLANTER. 

for  replanting ;  also,   an  implement  for  re- 
moving aud  replanting  flowers,  bulbs,  &c. 

*  tran-splen'-den-9y,  s.  [Eng.  tran- 
sptendfinit) ;  -cy.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  transplendent ;  supereminent  splendour. 

"The  supernatural  and  unimitahle  tr-iiMp/cnrfeMCv 
of   the   Divine   presence. '—-I/ore  .'    Antidote    agaimt 

lilolatrir.  ch.  ii. 

^tran-splen'-dent,  a.  [Lat.  trans  =  through 
(hence,  denoting'  excess),  and  splendois,  pr. 
par.  of  :splendeo  =  to  shine.]  Resplendent  in 
the  highest  degree. 

"  The  bright  transplendent  glasse." 

)yyaCt:  Complaint  of  Absence  of  Bis  Lore. 

*  tran-Splen'-dent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tran- 
splendent; ■ly.\  'In  a  transplendent  manner 
or  degree ;  with  supereminent  splendour. 

"  The  divinity,  with  all  its  adorable  attributes,  is 
hypostaically.  vitallv,  and  transplendently  residiue  in 
this  humanity  of  Christ."— J/07*e.  Antidote  against 
Idolatry,  ch.  ii. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


transpontine— transposition 


Kl'j 


'  trans-pon-tine,  «.  ti^.tt.  fmii^  =  across, 
beyuiul,  :iii'l  iwii.>',  geuit.  pontis^a.  biiilj^e.] 

1.  li.in-  or  lyinii  on  the  other  siiie  of 
tlic  bii.iu"';  specif.,  in  Lon«Ion,  on  the  south 
side  of  tlu'  Thanii^s. 

2.  Appliinl  to  any  inelodnuiia  in  which  the 
characters  are  overdrawn  and  the  situations 
improbably  ruinnntic,  from  the  fact  that  suoli 
pltiys  were  formerly  very  popular  at  the 
Surrey  aud  Vietoria  theati-es  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Tliamts. 

'■  Even  the  thorousbgoiuc  transpojttinc  villain 
seem-i  to  be  guiilf.l  r.ither  by  cliiinee  than  by  Ue- 
sigiL'— :>T  J.ixus'i  Uazctte.  Dec.  T.  1S87. 

tr&ns-port' ,  i-.t.  [Fr.  transporter,  from  Lat. 
tninsjiortn  =  to  carry  across  or  over :  •trans  = 
over,  across,  and  }wko  =  to  carry;  Sp.  trans- 
portnr,  trasportar ;  Ital.  IrunsvorUire,  tras- 
portare.] 

1.  To  carry  or  convey  from  one  place  to 
another. 

"  Our  shatter'il  barks  may  yet  (rnmpnrt  us  o'er. 
Safe  nud  iiiglorluus.  to  our  imtive  shore." 

Pope .   Huiner ;  Iliad  li.  ITO. 

*  2.  To  bear  ;  to  carry. 

"  Her  ashes  .  .  . 
Trannporti'd  s\\n.\\  brf^t  high  feativals 
Beluw  the  kings  ami  queens  of  France.' 

Slmkesi). :  I  Ucnry  I'/.,  l  C. 

*  3.  To  remove  or  transfer  from  this  world 
to  the  next.    (A  euphemism.) 

'■  Out'if  "louht  lie  is  transported."— SttiOcesp. :  Jlid- 
sumtaer  A'i'jht's  Dream,  iv.  2. 

4.  To  carry  or  convey  away  into  banish- 
ment, as  a  criminal.     [Transportatios.] 

"  Anotlier  and  neoossiirily  highly  penal  offence 
against  itiiblic  justice  m  tlie  retmuing  from  traiispor- 
tatiuu.  or  being  at  large  in  Great  Britain,  'jefoie  the 
explmliitn  of  tht  term  for  whicli  the  offender  w;is 
onlereil  tobe  rnonpor^f,;.  or  had  agreed  to  tmnsiiort 
himself,  or  been  sentenced  to  (leual  servitude."— 
Blackstone  :  Comment.,  bk.  iv..  ch.  10. 

5.  To  huiTy  or  carry  away  by  violence  of 
passiiin  ;  to  feel  beside  one's  self. 

'■  Vuu  are  transportrd  by  calamity 
Thither  where  more  attends  you." 

Shtt/cesp. :  Coriolanns.  i.  L 

6.  To  carry  away  or  ravish  with  pleasure  ; 
to  entrance  ;  to  ravish. 

•■  Those  on  whom  Christ  bestowed  miraculous  cures 
were  so  tra7iit""'ted  with  tlieni.  that  their  gratitude 
supplanted  their  obedience."— Oivtiy  of  Piety. 

trans'-port,  s.    [Transport,  v.\ 

1.  The  act  of  transporting ;  transportation; 

carriage.  ^ 

"  The  Romans  neglected  their  maritime  af&irs ;  for 
they  stipulated  with  the  Carthiigiu'-ina  to  furnish 
them  with  ships  for  transport  awX  war."— JritufAnof  : 
On  Voiiis. 

2.  A  ship  or  vessel  employed  by  a  govern- 
ment to  carry  soldiers,  munitions  of  war,  or 
provisions  from  one  place  to  another,  or  to 
carry  convicts  to  their  destination. 

■'  Some  damage  received  by  two  of  the  traruports. 
who.  in  tacking,  run  foul  of  each  other."— vl;(*jrt.- 
Vtij/a^es,  bk.  i.,  cll.  t 

*  3.  A  convict  sentenced  to  tmusportatiou 
or  exile. 

4.  Vehement  emotion  ;  passion  ;  rapture  ; 
ecstasy. 

'■  Now  welcomed  Monmouth  with  tranxporta  of  joy 
and  affection, "-J/.u'iKfui/.-  ffist.  Eny..  ch.  v. 

transport-ship,    transport-vessel, 

s.     A  vessel  employed  in  conveying  soldiers, 
warlike  stores,  or  convicts  ;  a  transpoit 

trans-pbrt-a-bil'-i-ty.  c,.  [Eng.  transport- 
able:  -ity.]  'The  quality  or  slate  of  being 
transportable. 

trans-p6rt'-a-ble,   f.      [Eng.    tram^port : 

■ablr.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  transported  or  conveyed 
from  place  to  place. 

"  The  use  of  the  electric  light  to  permit  nightwork. 
will  be  followed  in  a  transportable  shape  atsu  In  the 
hopfields."- /'i«Zd.  Jan.  16.  1886. 

2.  Implying  or  involving  transportation  ; 
subjecting  to  transportation  :  as,  a  transport- 
ahk  offence. 

*  trans-port' -al,  s.  [Eng.  transit rt ;  -nl.] 
The  act  of  removing  from  one  place  to 
another ;  trans poiUmce. 

*  trans -porf-an^e,  .^.  [Eng.  tratisport; 
-uiLve.]    Conveyance  ;  transportaion. 

"  O,  be  thou  my  Charon. 
And  give  me  swift  transportance  to  those  fields." 
Shakcsp. :  Troihia  A  Cressida,  iiL  2. 

*  trans-port'-ant,  a.  [Fr. ,  pr.  par.  of  trans- 
porters to  transport  (q.v.).J  Transporting; 
ravishing ;  affording  great  joy  or  rapture. 

"Bo  rapturous  a  joy,  and  transportanl  lows."— More : 

Mystery  of  Godliness,  p.  227, 


trans-pbr-ta'-tion»  .t.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tr'im- 
jxuf'itioncni,  accus.  of  transportatio,  frotii 
tntn-'<tmrtuttt.-i,  pa.  par.  of  (miis;)oW()  =  to  trans- 
purl  Ol-v.);  Sp.  truHsportacion,  trasportacion  ; 
Ital.  trasport»zione.] 

'  1.  The  act  of  transporting,  conveying,  or 
carrying  from  one  place  to  ani>ther ;  transport ; 
carriage ;  conveyance. 

■■  If  the  countries  are  near,  the  dlffereuco  will  l>e 
Bmaller.  and  may  sometUnea  he  itcarce  iwrceptible; 
Iwoauae  In  tliis  caae  the  tntnsportutioH  will  bt  ensy.  — 
Smith:  Wealth  vf  Satitm.  bk.  i..  ch.  xi. 

•  2.  Transintesion  ;  transfyrence  from  one 
to  another. 

"  Some  were  not  ao  solicitous  to  i>rovlde  agiiinxt  the 
plague,  as  to  know  whether  we  had  it  from  the  malig- 
nity of  our  owu  air,  or  by  traiisp'/rtation."—Dryden. 
ITodit.) 

3;  The  banishing  or  sending  away  of  a  per- 
son convicted  of  crime  out  of  the  country  to 
a  penal  settlement,  there  to  remain  for  life  or 
for  the  term  to  which  he  has  been  sentenced. 
Transportation  grew  out  of  banishment. 
During  medii^val  times  a  person  who  had 
committed  an  oHence  was  in  certain  circum- 
stances permitted  to  "abjure  the  realm"  [Au- 
jtTRATiON,  I.  1.),  the  country  to  which  he  was 
to  go  not  being  indicated.  The  first  statute 
which  establisiied  transportation  to  assigned 
places  was  apparently  the  Act  30  Eliz.,  cap.  4. 
By  IS  Chas.  II.,  cap.  S,  passed  in  1066,  the 
king  obtained  permission  to  sentence  cri- 
minals to  be  "transported  to  any  of  His 
Majesty's  dominions  in  North  America," 
where  they  were  given  over  to  the  settlers  as 
virtual  slaves.  When  negro  slavery  was 
introduced,  white  criminals  became  much 
less  welcome,  and  complaints  against  their 
being  sent  arose;  but  the  practice  continued 
till  the  commencement  of  the  War  of  Inde- 
pendence in  1775.  Then  Australia  was  util- 
ised, and  by  two  Orders  of  Council,  dated 
December  0,  17S6,  Botany  Bay,  on  its  east- 
ern shores,  with  the  adjacent  islands,  was 
selected,  to  which  the  tirst  batch  of  convicts, 
SOO  in  number,  was  sent  out  in  May,  1786. 
Next  year  the  penal  settlement  was  estab- 
lished, and  became  the  nucleus  of  the  town 
of  Sydney  and  the  colony  of  New  South 
Wales.  Afterwards  Van  Diemen's  Laud, 
Norfolk  Island,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Ber- 
muda, &c.,  became  receptacles  for  convicts. 
In  more  recent  times  the  system  was  chiefly 
regulated  by  the  Act  5  Geo.  IV.,  cap.  S4.  In 
1S49  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  refused  to  receive 
more  convicts,  its  example  being  followed 
the  next  year  by  Australia.  The  practice  of 
transportation  was  abolished  by  the  Act  20  & 
21  Viet.,  cap.  3,  passed  in  1S57,  and  superseded 
by  sentences  of  Penal  Servitude  (q.v.). 

4.  The  state  of  being  transported,  carried, 
or  conveyed  from  one  place  to  another. 

5.  The  state  of  being  transported  or  sent 
into  exile,  under  a  sentence  of  transportation. 

*  6.  Transport ;  ecstasy. 

"  All  pleasure3  that  affect  the  body  must  needs 
weary,  because  they  transport,  and  all  transportation 

is  a  violence."— i'tJtif/i  •'  SermotiS. 

trans  -  port' -  ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.  [Trans- 
port, i'.) 

'  trans-port' -ed-ly,  "'/f.  [Eng.  transported; 
-ly.]  In  a  transported  manner;  in  a  state  ot 
rapture. 

■■  If  we  had  for  God  but  half  as  much  love  as  we 
ought,  or  even  pretend  to  have,  we  could  cot  but  fre- 
iiueiitly  lif  not  tramportedliA  enttrtaln  our  selves 
with  bis  leaves.'-floi/it .    Works,  vol.  ii..  p.  317. 

■  tra,ns-p6rt-ed-ness. s.  {^w^.  transported; 
■)iess.\  Tlie  state  or  condition  of  being  trans- 
ported ;  a  state  of  rapture. 

'■  Without  any  such  taint  or  suspicion  of  tram- 
}^rtednes^."—Bp.  Hall:  Ans.  a^t.  Bishops  sitttng  m 
P.trliament. 

trans-port' -er,  s.  [Eng.  transport,  v. ;  -er.] 
One  uho  transports  or  removes. 

"  The  pilchard  merchant  may  reap  a  ai^eedy  benefit 
by  dispatching,    saving,    and  selling   to  the   trans- 

p'.irfcrs."—Caretc. 

trans-port'-ing,   pr.    par.    &    a.      [Trass- 

PUKT,   I'.) 

A.  As  pr.  T)ar. :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  adj. :  Ravishing,  enchanting,  ecs- 
tatic. 

*  trans-port' -ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  transport- 
iag  :  -iy.]  In  a  transporting  manner;  ravish- 
ingly  ;  enchantingly. 

*  trans-port-ive.  a.  [Eng.  transport ;  -ive.] 
Passionate;  excessive. 

"The  voice  of  transportive  faTy.'—.idums :   Works, 

ii.  315. 


•  trins-port  -ment,   ^■.     [Eng.   transjK>rt : 

•  nu->it.\ 

1.  The  act  of  transporting;  conveyance  by 
ship. 

2.  Rage,  passion,  anger,  fury. 

■■  Ui-  attacked  me 
With  such  tntntportintnf  the  whoir  town  had  rung 
out.  lord  Dhjbj/:  Xlvira.  Iv. 

*  tr^ns-p6s-a-l)le»   a.       (Kng.    tratispos{r) : 

-ah!.-.  I    C;i|'abi.-  ut"  being  transposed  ;  allowing 
(if  transposition. 

trans-po^-al,  5.     [Eng.  transp03(e):  -al.] 

1,  The  act  of  transposing. 

2.  The  state  of  being  transposed. 

tr&ns-po^e't  v.t.     [Fr.  tnnisposer,  from  trans 
=  across,  and  poser  =  to  place.)    [Pose,  v.\ 
I.  Onlin'irn  Langiuige : 
1.  To  change    tlie    place  or   order    of   by 
putting  each  in  the  place  of  the  other  ;  to 
cause  to  change  places. 

"Tlie  lettei-s  of  Eliwihetha  regjna  tramposed  thus. 
An'jlia  Hera,  btusti.  aigiiKy,  0  Englmid'a  aoverelgii ! 
thou  hast  made  us  happy."— Cum df'j :  /lemains. 

"  2.  To  put  out  of  place ;  to  remove. 

■•  That  whicli  you  arc  my  thoughts  cannot  transpose: 
Aniiela  are  bright  btill,  thougti  the  brightest  fell." 
Shakesp.  :  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

n.  Technicaliy : 

1.  Alg.  :  To  bring  a  quantity  from  oik? 
nienibei-  of  an  equation  to  tlie  other.  This  is 
done  by  simply  changing  its  sign.  Thus  if 
we  transpose  the  quantity  b  in  the  equation 
u-\-  b  =  c,  we  have  a  =  c  —  ^. 

2.  Gravi. :  To  change  the  natural  order  of 
words. 

3.  Music:  Tn  change  the  key  of;  to  write 
or  play  in  another  key. 

■'Attempts  have  been  maiie  at  various  time*  to  con- 
struct a  pianoforte  that  would  enable  the  player  t.> 
transpose  the  key  of  the  music  fhat  might,  be  played 
ujjou  it."— Scribner's  Maoatiuf,  May.  19S0,  \>.  153. 

^  trans -po^e',  5.  [Transpose,  v.]  Trans- 
position. 

•'  This  man  was  very  perflt  and  fortunate  in  these 
trnnspoSts-'—Putlenhafn  :  English  Poesie;  bk.  ii. 

trans-po^ed',  j'«-  2«''.  &  «-    [Transpose,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Being  changed  in  place,  one 
being  put  in  the  place  of  the  other. 

2.  Her. :  Reversed  or  turned  contrariwise 
from  the  usual  or  proper  position :  as,  a  pile 
transposed. 

trans-po^'-er,  .«.  [Eng.  transpos(e);  -er.) 
One  who  transposes  ;  specif.,  one  who  trans- 
po.scs  music  from  one  key  to  another. 

trans-p6s-ing»  /"■.  par.&a.  [Transpose,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Having  the  quality  of  changing 
or  transposing  ;  specif,  applied  to  musical  in- 
struments which  do  nut  play  the  actual  notes 
written  down,  but  others,  according  to  the 
iiioditications  in  the  instrument  itself. 

trans-pd-§i'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  trans- 
jwsitioaeni,  accus.  of  transpositio,  from  trans- 
jiositus,  pa.  par.  of  transpono^  to  change  in 
place,  to  transpose,  to  transfer :  (mns=  across- 
{hence,  implying  change),  and  pono  =  to  place ; 
Sp.  transposicion^  trusposicion ;  Ital.  traspo- 
sizione.] 

I,  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  transposing ;  the  act  of  chang- 
ing the  places  of  things,  putting  each  in  the 
place  previously  occui<ied  by  the  other. 

"At  last,  they  formed  a  double  circle,  oa  at  the 
becinulnz.  danced,  .and  repeated  very  quickly,  and 
tiually  closed  with  several  very  dexterous  transpost- 
tions  of  the  two  circles."'— CwA  .  Third  Voyase.  bk.  li.. 
ch.  V. 

2.  The  state  of  being  ti'ausposed  or  recipro- 
cally changed  in  place. 

II.  Ttchnically : 

1.  Alg. :  The  act  or  operation  of  bringing 
over  any  term  of  an  equation  from  the  one 
side  to  the  other.  This  is  done  by  changing 
the  sign  of  the  term  so  ti-ansposed.  The  ob- 
ject of  transposition  is  to  bring  all  the  known 
terms  of  an  equation  to  one  side,  and  all  the 
unknown  to  the  other,  in  order  to  determine 
the  value  of  the  unknown  terms  with  respect 
to  those  that  are  known.  Thus  if  -J  j  +  4  = 
T  +  7  =  by  transposition  of  j,  2  x  -  x  +  4  = 
7,  whence  x  -1-  4  =  7 ;  by  transposition  of  4, 
ic  =  7  -  4,  whence  x  =  3.  The  transposition 
of  terms  is  the  tirst  operation  to  be  performed 
in  the  solution  of  a  shnple  equation. 


boil,  boy;  pd^t.  j^l;  cat,  oeU.  chorus,  ^bin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exUt     ph  -  f. 
-cian,-tian  =  shan.     tion, -sion  =  shun; -tion.    sion  -  zhun.    -cious. -tious, -sious -  shus.    -ble,    die,  i:c.  -  bel.  deL 


171' 


transpositional— transverse 


2.  '."miM.  «f  lihet.  :  A  clinnne  of  tlie  natural 
.'i^ItT  I'f  wwnlH  III  a  (Wiitfiicc  ;  woitts  clninp-iL 
fp-iii  thtir  unlinary  iirnuigtMiii'iit  for  the  sake 

3.  .V«/. :  Tue  saim-  as  McfATiiEsis  (q.v). 

4.  Music : 

U)  A  vimigf  of  key.    ITiiansi-osk,  r.,  II.  3.1 

(2)  An  invention  of  |>aits  in  counterpoint. 

•]   Tntnspositioii  o/the  fisctra: 

I'lttkot. ;  A  tiTHi  sinnftinifM  fiiiployetl  to  in- 
eliulf  iMitli  ninl|N)sititin  ami  iliKt'luc'-nu-nt  of 
tlif  organs  of  t)if  trunk.  Tlic  nbnornml 
cnmiitiun  may  K*  congenitiil,  or  caiiscil  hy 
{!)  stmin,  as  in  the  c.-ise  of  movable  ki'liiL-y 
itml  lii'tnia ;  (-*)  iniiK-rfi'Ct  attat-hiiifnt.  as 
suiiH'times  occurs  in  tin*  ki^lm-ys  and  ititct*- 
liiii's  ;  (;{)  nbnornml  comlitloiis  connected  witli 
ttrlWees  ur  canals  ;  (4)  pifssuro,  as  fl'om  woar- 
iii;;  ti^Iit  stays  or  a  bell;  (.*»)  traction,  as  in 
litTcmi  disnlaiTiiuMitof  tht*  heart;  (o)disi'asc; 
(7)  cxi-essive  at-tion  nf  the  muscular  coat, 
as  ill  prolH|)sc  or  hernia  ;  or  (S)  prolongeil 
standing,  as  in  displaoenieut  of  the  nteius. 

'  tr&ns-pd-fi'tion-al,  o.  [Eng.  rmt(.«- 
,.:-,t">,i :    .((/.J    Ot   oi    pertaining    to   trans- 

J.-.Mtlnli. 

■■  riie  most  dtrlkiiip  niiil  iiii>ft  nflViwive  ermr  iik 
iriiituitci.ttiuii  niiioiiu  the  Li -ud' •iiiri>.  I  cmid-Hs,  lir^  in 
Hn-  tra,>it^,i.ili-<i-il  iipm- of  the  Irttrn.  iciiikI  p.  e\rr  to 
If  liMul  wlirii  tlii-re  In  iiiiy  ixm-ihility  <>(  iiivtTtiin,' 
tl.pi.i.  Thus  they  «iy  »f»l  liiMlivui  of  fft' :  picA-'<i.  t»r 
tcirlnl.'  —J'iVS/«  :  Anenrttotes  tif  the  Aiifflifft  l.niigitagc. 

•  trins-poy'-i-tlve,  n.  IKng.  tmnsiM.^); 
■  itiif.\  FertainitiR  to  tmnspitsitiou  ;  cnisist- 
ing  in  transposition  ;  made  or  etlected  by 
transposing. 

"Tli«  ItAliAU  retAin«  nioitt  i>[  the  ancient  trims- 
pttilii-9  cliaMcter."— /i/m>. 

"  triins-pds'-i'tor,  ■*.  [Eng.  Iianspo^e);  •itor.'\ 
A  traiispMSt-r  Ol-^'-)-     (I-O-whr,  in  Aniuiihlnlf.) 

*  tr&ns-print'.  r.t.  [Pref.  tmns-,  and  Eng. 
i-i-K't,  \.  (().%'.).  1  To  print  in  tlie  winng  place  ; 
I'l  tiTiiisftT  u>  the  wrung  pl.ice  in  printing. 

'  trdns-pro^',  v.t.     [Pref.  tians-,  and  Eng. 

1.  To  transpose  prctse  into  verse  ;  to  cliange 
fioiii  prose  into  verse. 

••  Iiistiuct  he  follows  Htid  no  further  knows, 
Fur  to  writ«  verse  with  him  in  to  tnini/jfote" 
JiiWden  :  Abtal'nn  Jt  Avhiloiihtil,  U.  4«. 

2.  To  change  from  verse  into  prose.  (See 
the  tiuotation  given  under  Transvkuse  (2),  i\) 

'  trans-re'  gion-ate*  «.  [Pref.  /m((s-,  and 
Ijig.  *i"jion  ("[.v.).]  Of  or  belonging  to  a 
j»'gi<iii  uveror  beyoiid  the  sea  ;  foreign. 

'■There  are  some  cockea-eonibes  here  nnil  there  in 
l-'iiut.niil,  leitriiliiK  it  nhroiitl  i\&  nieu  tvmiirtginiiatv." — 
/l..)i.iili-<l     Jht  lipt,  Enolaiul,  hk.  iii.,  ch.  \i. 

'  trains  shape,  v.t.  [Pref.  tram-,  and  Eng. 
-<!'iifi',  V.  ("i.\'.).j  Tit  change  into  another 
sh»fie  ;  to  transform,  to  distort. 

■"TliiwdiJ  ahe  tr-ntuhnpe  thy  pi^rticulKr  Virtue;:.  — 
>yh:Wfii.  :  Mttch  Ado  about  Xothinj,  v.  1, 

trans  ship',  v.t.    [Tranship.) 

trans  ship  -ment,  s.    [Transbipment.] 

trans  tra.  .^■.  y^    [I^it.]    [Trassosi.] 

L'.iifiii  .1  -i7*.  ;  The  iiriiii'ipal  h-irizontal 
tiiiiheis  in  Ilie  roof  nfu  Ijinldiiig.     (i!o:iU.) 

'  tr^  -  suh  ~  Stan'  -  tl  -  ate  (ti  as  shi). 
tran-sub  stan-ci-ate.  r.t.    [Low  Lai. 

ti'ii'SHhf:(tiiitiitfits,  pit,  p;ir.  <tt'  tiuiisahstaiUio  = 
to  chnnge  the  sulistance  of ;  trans  =.  acioss 
(hence,  implying  change),  and  substantia  — 
substance  (q.v.);  Fr.  transubstuntiev ;  Sj'. 
fruitnitbitlaiiciar,  tra^iubstaiiciar ;  Ital.  tran- 
sit.stuiizlare,  trasHstaii:iare.]  To  change  into 
;niother  substance.    [Transub-stantiation.] 

tran-siib-st^-ti-a'-tion (ti as shi),s.  [Fr. , 

iTMiii  LiAv  I.at.  triins'ibsliinti'itiuwin,  accus. 
nl"  tiitn»iih^taiitia(i<<,  from  traiwiiilistnntiatus, 
]':i.  par.  of  tmnstth.'itantio  =  to  transubstanti- 
ate (q.v.);  Sp.  transHstanciacioit,  tnmtatan- 
ti'tcuiii. ;  Ital.  tmnsnsta)izUL:iqne.] 
■  J,  OttL  Jaoi'j.  :  Change. 

•'The smell  of  niitumii  wwotls.  the  colour  of  dying 
feni.  uiiiy  turn  hy  a  mihtle  trunsubttitntiatioii  into 
lilcjwtirea  anil  futea  thiit  will  never  cuuie  iiKain  '  — 
Mailm-k  ■  ,V.f«r  /!,publi<.:  hk-  iii..  th.  ii. 

2.  I'hiirrk  Hist.:  Tlie  Roman  doctrine  of 
the  Eucharist.  The  Couneil  of  Trent  (sess. 
xiii.,c.  iv.) declares  "that  by  tlie  consecration 
i>f  the  bread  and  wine  the  whole  substance  of 
the  bread  is  changed  into  the  substance  of  the 
t)odv  of  Christ  and  the  whole  substance  of 


the  wine  into  the  substance  of  his  bhmd, 
which  change  is  pro]H'rly  and  fitly  called 
Tmiisubst^mtiation  by  the  Holy  Catliolic 
Church."  That  is  to  say,  the  accidents  of 
the  bread  and  wine  which  are  jjei-ceived  by 
the  senses  cont-eal  llie  boily  and  blorwl  of 
Chiist,  and  not  the  substances  of  bread  anil 
wine.  In  canon  4  (tie  sac.  Kiuhar.  Sarram.) 
the  Council  defines  "that  under  each  spi'cies" 
(i.e.,  of  bread  and  wine),  "and  under  earli 
particle  of  each  species,  Christ  is  cont;iincil 
whole  and  entii-c."  Roman  theologians  lound 
their  inoof  of  this  doctrine  on  the  disrouisr 
of  Jesns  after  the  miracle  of  the  loaves  and 
lishi's  (John  vi.  32-71),  on  the  words  of  insti- 
tution (Matt.  xxvi.  20-20,  Mark  xiv.  22-2.''., 
Luke  xxii.  V^,  20),  and  on  the  words  of  St. 
Paul  (1  Cor.  X.  10-21),  and  on  patristic  testi- 
mony, claiming  that  the  doctrine  is  apost^dic, 
though  the  word  itself  only  came  into  use  in 
the  eleventh  century,  in  the  controversy  be- 
tween IJereiigarins  and  Lanfranc,  in  which 
the  former  denied  ami  the  latt«r  asserted  a 
change  of  substance  in  the  Eucharistic  ele- 
ments. Transubstantiation  implies  a  Real 
I'rescnee,  though  belief  in  the  Real  Presence 
(of  Christ  in  the  Eucharist)  thies  not  neces- 
sarily involve  a  belief  in  Transubstantiatiou. 
The  Lutheran  view  of  the  Eucharist  is  culled 
ComiKination,  or  Consubstantiation,  and  ad- 
mits a  Real  Presence  without  a  change  of 
substjuice.  The  Calvinistic  view  is  that  the 
presence  of  Christ  depends  on  the  faith  of 
the  recipient.  Aiticle  xxvui.  u(  the  Anglican 
Church  is  apparently  Calvinistic,  and  con- 
deunis  Transubstantiatiou  as  "repugnant  to 
the  plain  words  of  Scripture  ;  "  but  the  belief 
and  practice  of  a  large  number  of  her  cleigy 
and  laity  is,  to  say  the  least,  nuich  the  same 
as  the  Lutheran.  [Tractarianism.]  Dr.  Pusey 
(Eirenicon,  p.  229)  goes  so  far  as  tn  say  that 
the  dispute  between  Anglicans  and  Roman- 
ists in  this  matter  is  "probably  a  dispute 
about  wolds." 

tran-sub-stan -ti  a-tor  (ti  as  shi),  s. 

IKiig.  tninsiihst<i,itiaHi');  -nr.]  One  who  be- 
lieves in  »)!■  maintains  the  doctrine  of  tran- 
substanti.ition  (q.v.). 

"The  Ronnui  transtibgtautiators  affirm  that  the 
hotly  of  our  Lonl  is  here  m>iin  earth  lit  once  tiresent 
in  many  iihtces  Ontinely,  in  every  ulace,  where  the 
Host  i'f  ke|it,  or  the  Encharist  ia  celebrjiteil). '— Bar- 
roio:  tienit'jiit.  vol  ii..scr.  31. 

tr^n-SU-da'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tramn- 
•  hifu^,  'jKi.  jiai.  of  tnuisudo,  from  traus^ 
across,  througli,  and  sudo  =  to  sweat]  The 
act  or  process  of  transuding  ;  the  process  of 
rtozing  througli  membranes,  or  of  passing  oil 
through  the  pores  of  a  substiince,  as  water  or 
other  Huid. 

"  The  drops  proceeded  not  from  the  transudation 
of  the  liquors  within  the  glass."— fia^ic, 

•  tran-su'-da-t6r-y»  a.  [Eng.  tra}isud(e) ; 
o.tury.]    Passing  by  titinsLidation. 

tran-SUde',  v.i.     [Fr.   tramuder,   from  Lat. 

triutsiido  ;  Ital.  traiisiukire.]  [Transudation,] 
T<i  pass  or  ooze  through  the  pores  or  inter- 
stiees  of  a  membrane  or  other  porous  sub- 
stance, as  water  or  other  iluid. 

"  The  water  which  has  transuded  trom  the  tissues." 
~fihi;ldoii:  Dairy  Ftiriiiini},  p.  vii. 

■  tran-siune'p  r.t.  [Lat.  transnmo,  from 
lians  =  across,  and  snnio  =  to  take.]  To  take 
liijin  one  to  the  other  ;  to  convert. 

■■  With  a  wull-hlest  hread  and  wine 
'Jrtuisinn'tl,  mid  tniight  to  tinn  divine." 

Crashaw:  J/ffinu/or  the  .Sacrament. 

tran-siimpt'  (y>  silent),  s.  [O.  Fr.,  from  Low 
Lat.  tnuLSunLjttuia  =  a  copy,  a  traiisciipt, 
from  Lat.  traiisamptus,  ja.  par.  of  tra]i.'<i(mi> 
=  to  take  from  one  to  another,  in  Low  Lat. 
to  transcribe.]  [Translme.]  A  copy  of  a 
writing  ;  an  exempliheation  of  a  record. 

"  Wherewith,  the  pretended  original  breve  was  nni. 
duced.  and  .-v  tratisumfit  or  copy  thereof  (sieiietl  hy 
three  bishopsj  offered  them,  to  send  to  England.  — 
StiUe  Trials:  Uenry  VJJ/.  (an.  1528);  Die.  qf  y. 
Cufherine. 

%  Action  0/ transumpt : 

Scots  Law:  An  action  competent  t.o  anyone 
having  a  partial  interest  in  a  writing,  or'  im- 
mediate use  foV  it,  directed  against  the  cus- 
todier of  the  writing,  calling  upon  him  to 
exhibit  it,  that  a  copy  or  traasnmpt  of  it  "'ay 
be  made  and  delivered  to  the  pursuei-. 

*  tran-sump'-tion  (p  silent),  .s.  [Lat.  tran- 
sumptio,  from  transumjitus,  pa.  par.  of  trayi- 
smno.]    [Transu.me.] 

1.  Ord.  Latig. :  The  act  of  taking  from  one 
place  to  another. 


2.  /.t'ya ;  A  sylhtgism  by  eonccHsicjii  or 
agreemeiil  used  by  llie  schoolmen,  where  n 
nuesiion  pioposeil  was  transferred  to  aim  the  r 
witli  the  condition,  that  the  proof  of  the  latter 
should  be  admitted  for  a  proof  of  the  former. 

*  trin  sump' tive  (;>  silent),  a.  [Trax- 
stMin"\,  I  '['akiiig  from  one  to  another ; 
tnuislenea  from  one  to  another;  meta- 
phorical. 

"  Hereupou  arc  Intricate  turninss,  by  a  trauKum/i- 
til"-  .iihl  nietonyinlcAl  kind>if  Hi>eecTi,  called  meanders; 
fill  tliii  i)\cr  I^li'ander)  di'l  ho  strangely  |utth  itself, 
that  Uip  foot  scenu'd  U<  touch  the  htwi.'—Drai/loit: 
Aiiitnlatiiiiin  fu  Iiosiiiif/uda  Ejiistle, 

*  trans  va'-sate,  v.t.  [Lat.  ^Ynis=  across, 
and  vi<^-  a  vi'ssel.]  To  transpose  or  iiour 
IVom  .uie  vessel  to  another. 

■'  The  Father  and  Son  rxk  not.  rui  they  flupiKwe. 
tr<utiV'iinti-d  and  )ioured  ont  one  intoanother,  aA  into 
iin  ciujity  \K-^-*<:\."  —  Vudworlh :  JiittV.  Nf/xUitt,  p.  Clu. 

■  trans  va-sa-tion, 5.   ITran.svasate.]  The 

act  Mi'pi.ir.-^^i  uf  transvasating. 

'  trans -vec'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  transvectio,  from 
to<i,<r<'rtiis,  pa.  par.  of /raiisre/(0  =:  to  carry 
ueitiss  ;  fr-'K';  =  aeross,  and  ir/m  =  to  carry.] 
The  aet  oi  uiuiveyiug  or  carrying  over. 

'  tran^-ver'-ber-ate,  v.t.  [Lat. /m*(.v  = 
across,  througli,  and  vtrheratiis,  jia.  par.  of 
verbiiu  =  U)  beat.]    To  l.>eat  or  strike  through. 

tran^-ver  -sal,  ^  trans-ver  sail,  c  ^  ■■<. 

Fr..  IVoui  Lat.  tron^^Lrsus  —  trans\rrse 
(M-V.)-] 

A.  A^  adj. :  Transverse  ;  running  oi'  lying 
across. 

"  Extend  the  other  foot  of  the  comiiriase  to  the  nt\t 
]iart  ol  one  of  thu  truiisi'vrsall  Vmvi  la  khe  orienliLll 
or  oLcident;tl  part. '— //tic«i(</r .-   I'oj/a'jes,  i.fiU. 

B.  As  substantii'e: 

Ceom. :  A  .straight  line  whii-li  cuts  several 
other  straight  lines,  is  said  to  be  a  transversal 
with  respect  to  them. 

'  trans-ver' -sal-1^,  cdr.  [Eng.  transwrstd; 
-lij.]  In  a  tiausveisal  manner  ;  in  a  direction 
crosswise  ;  transversely, 

"  There  are  divers  subtile  eiirinivies  aifcl  demonstra- 
tions, conceniiuy  the  strength  required  to  he  in  the 
string  of  them,  the  several  proportions  id  swiftness 
and  distance  in  an  arrow  «liot  veitically.  or  hori- 
zojit-illy,  or  traiisvertalli/.  '—Wilkins:  Arvliinwdi'ts, 
ch.  xviii. 

trans' -verse,  ((.,  adv.,  &  s.  [Lat.  traasvi-rsus 
—  tuined  aiToss,  athwart,  orig.  pa.  iwtr.  from 
t ransvcrto  =  to  turn  across:  (r«)t5-  =  across, 
and  vcrto=to  turn;  Fr.  transverse;  Sp. 
transvci'so,  trasverso;  Ital.  tnviverso.] 

A.  --Is  adject  ice : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  Lying  or  being  across  or  in  a  cross  direc- 
tion ;  athwart. 

"  How  they  agree  tn  various  ways  to  join 
In  a  ffdJisfeiti',  a  5(1*1111:111.  and  crooked  line." 

JHuckmore:  Creation,  vi, 

*  2.  Not  direct;  collateral. 

"  When  once  it  goes  to  the  trunsuerse  and  Cfllateral 
[liiiel.  thi'y  not  oulv  li:ive  um  title  to  the  inheritMTce, 
l.tit  fvei\  leuiuvf  is  ;i  st^i.  to  the  luBhig  the  cgniilion 
and  i>-I..Ii.jn  to  the  chiel  hou?c.'-a/y.    Tuylur :  JUde 

0/  Cijiis.  i.-.ive,  ))k.  11.,  th.  ill. 

II,  Ttidinicalltj : 

1.  Anat. :  Lying  across  other  parts.  There 
are  transverse  branches  of  the  basilar,  the 
cervical,  the  humeral,  niid  other  arteries; 
tmnsverse  ligaments  of  the  acetabulum,  the 
metacarpals,  the  metatixrsals,  &c.  ;  and  trans- 
verse ]  irocesses  of  the  vertebrw.  [  Tuansverse- 
sisus.] 

2.  Bot. :  Broader  than  long. 

*  B.  -'Is  adv. :  Across ;  in  a  direction  across. 

"  His  volant  touch 
Fled  and  pursa'd  Iransccrtc  the  resonant  fugue." 
Milton:  P.  L.,  xi.  5«1, 

C.  As  suhst. :  That  which  i.s  transverse; 
that  which  crosses  or  lies  in  a  cross  direction  ; 
a  transverse  axis. 

^  U  (1)  By  ti-ansverse :  In  a  confused  manner ; 
reversedly. 

"  All  thiuga  tossed  and  turned  by  tratn'rrtc." 

Simnscr:  t\  U.,  Vll.  vii.  5G. 

(2)  Transverse  axis  or  diameter : 

Conic  Sections :  The  axis  which  passes 
through  the  foci  of  an  ellipse  or  hyperbola. 
When  the  length  of  the  transverse  axis  is 
referred  to,  the  portion  included  between  the 
vertices  is  meant. 

transverse-dehiscence,  t^. 

Hot. :  Deliisceiiee  by  a  transverse  opening. 
as  in  the  fruit  of  Anagallis^  Hyoscyainus,  and 
Alchemilla. 


.fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wove.  TTclf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  ^  kw. 


transverse— trap 


ni 


transverse -partition,  s-. 

But.  (U/u  /riiit) :  A  |iartiUon  ;tt  a  ritilit  aiij^le 
tu  the  valves,  as  in  a  siliqua. 

transverse  planer,  *i. 

1.  U''u.d-ir--i-l.-. :  A  I'laiiiiiii-machine  in  which 
lltp  fiittfis  are  caiisi'tl  to  muve  ai-ross  or  at 
riglit  angles  to  the  niiiterial  being  iilnned. 

2.  McttiU, :  A  shaper  or  planer  with  its  cut 
across  tlie  tiible. 

transverse  sinus,  $. 

A  lift.  :  The  nntt^rior  occipital  sinus  placed 
al  tin-  fi'iv  part  of  the  hasihir  process  of  the 
<.ccipilal  linne.  ami  cunstitutius  a  tiunsverse 
'•nimtL'tKni  between  tlie  two  inferior  petrosal 

^iIlU^l■^;, 

transverse  strain,  s. 

Mtck. :  Tlie.  strain  to  which  a  beam  is  sub- 
jected -wlieii  a  force  acts  on  it  in  a  direction 
at  right  angles  to  its  length,  lending  to  bend 
it  or  l-reak  it  across. 

transverse -tension,  .?. 

JJut. :  Tension  exerted  by  the  bark  on  the 
wood,  and  vice  versa,  in  the  stem  of  a  tree, 
wlien,  after  its  growtli  in  length  has  censed, 
a  permanent  increase  takes  place  in  its  thick- 
ness. 

'  tr^^-verse'  (1).  >:t.  &.  !.    [Transverse,  a.] 

A,  Trans. ;  To  overturn,  to  change,  to 
lliwart. 

"N'Mtliiiig  can  be  believed  to  be  reli^on  by  any 
lit-i>irli-,  hut  whut  tliey  think  to  be  divine;  tnat  is, 
■out  )ii)iiif<liHl^ty  fi'uni  God:  and  they  can  think 
iKtljiiit:  tu  be  i^u,  that  is  in  the  ixjwei'  01  iaa,ii  to  alter 

B.  Iiitmns.:  To  transgress. 

■"  Ac  Irentlie  that  trespasaeile  nevere.  ne  traiiiferxM 
ivpens  the  liLwe,"  Piers  Plowman,  p.  241. 

*  trans-verse'  (2),  v.t.  [Pref.  trans-,  and 
ICiig.  rcr^c  (4.V.).]  To  tui'u  from  prose  into 
verse. 

"  I  take  a  book  in  niy  hand,  either  at  hoTne  or  else- 
where, for  that's  all-  one ;  if  they  be  any  wit  int.  aa 
there  is  no  book  but  h.ts  some.  I  iratisiferse  it;  that  is 
if  it  be  prose  put  it  into  verse  (but  that  takes  up  some 
tinie).  and  if  it  be  verse  put  it  into  prose, —Methinka, 
Mr,  Bayes.  that  putting  verae  into  prose  should  be 
caUM  transprosinp. — By  my  troth,  sir.  'tis  a  very 
good  notion,  and  hereafter  it  shall  be  BO."—2iuke  qf 
Suckiughaiit :  The  Hcheftrtat.  i.  1. 

IranS-Verse'-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  transverse,  a.  ; 
-III.]    In  ati-ansverseor  crossiiirectio]!;  across. 

"  rraiisrersfli/  fixinc  one  end  to  the  firet  thread 
that  wiis  sinin  '—UohtMuUh  ;   The  Uee,  No.  iv. 

transversely-flexuose,  a. 

r.'t. :  Waved  in  a  cross  direction.    {Paxtoii.') 

'  trans-ver'-sion,  ^''.     [Transverse  (2),   y.] 

i  hr  Inrniiig  ov  converting  of  prose  into  verse, 
or  of  vi'ise  into  prose. 

^  trans-vert',  v.t.  [Lat.  transvcrto.}  [Trans- 
vtRst,,  ((.J  To  cause  to  turn  across  ;  to  trans- 
verse. 

"  But  of  nue  thing  I  wold  faine  be  exiwrt. 

Why  mens  laiifaye  wol  procure  and  traiisvert 
The  will  of  women  and  viryines  innocent?" 

Vhaucer :  Craft  of  Loocrt. 

*  tran§-vert'-i-ble,''  t(.      [Eng.    transvert ; 

■nlA>:.\     Capable  uf  being  transverted. 

*  tran^-view"  (iew  as  u),  r.t.  [Pref.  tmns-, 
and  Eng.  viut\  v.  (q.v.).]  To  see  or  look 
through. 

"  Tianu-iew  the  obscure  things  that  do  remain." 
/Mrics:  Jtirum  in  J/oduni.  p.  0. 

*  tran^-vo-la'-tion,  s.  [I^at.  trans  =  across, 
beyond,  and  rolatum,  super,  of  roio  =  tofly.] 
The  act  of  flying  over  or  beyond. 

■'  Such  thinp  as  these  which  are  extraordinary 
egressiuns  juid  trantuiUUions  beyond  the  onliiiaiy 
course  of  an  ejiven  piety,  God  loves  to  reward  with  an 
extraordinary  favour:  and  gives  them  testimony  by 
an  extrareyular  bleesiug."—  Bp.  Taylor :  Seniioiu, 
vol.  ii..  ser.  i. 

*  trSjl§-v6lve'  v.t.  [Lat.  tran^  =  across,  over, 
and  Volvo  =  to  roll.]    To  overturn,  to  break  up. 

"He  who  tratisvolves  empires,"— JToM'aii/  Parly  of 
Beasts,  p.  lia 

trSjlt,  1'./.  [Dut.  traat^ii  =  to  walk  slowly.] 
To  carry  about  wares  for  sale  ;  to  hawk. 

trS,nt'-er,  s.  [Eng.  t rant ;  -er.]  One  who  carries 
alinut  wares  for  sale  ;  a  hawker,  a  pedlar. 

trap  (I),  •  trappe,  s.  [A.S.  treppe  =  a  trap; 
cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  trappe ;  O.  H.  Ger.  tra^X) 
=  a  snare,  a  trap;  Low  Lat.  trappa;  Fr. 
trapjm  ;  Sp.  trampa.  From  the  .same  root  as 
tranvp  (q.v).;  cf.  Dut.  trappen=to  tread; 
/ra;)=a  stair,  step;  Ger.  t reppe  =  &  iMght  of 
stairs  ;  Sw.  trappa=  a  stair.] 


1.  An  instrument  or  device  for  ensnaring 
game  or  other  animals;  a  snare  ;  a  contrivance 
lliat  shuts  suddenly,  and  often  with  a  spring, 
fur  taking  game  and  other  animals. 

"  she  wulde  wei>e  if  that  she  aaw  a  nious 
t'nughte  in  a  tra/ipc,  if  it  wfie  ded  or  bledde." 

Chaucer:  C.  J'..  I'rol.  142. 

2.  Anycontrivanceforcatchingwildaninials. 

"  Thfii  spakfi  ngaine  with  fell  and  spitefutl  liejirt, 
|So  lions  roar  enclos'd  in  traiuL-  or  tm/i.l" 

P,tircf<tx:  (iwifrvu  of  BuiUi-gue,  ii.  8;'. 

^I  Darwin  {Ik'svcnt  of  Man,  pt.  i.,  ch.  iii.) 
remarks  that  animals  "learn  caution  by  see- 
ing their  brethren  caught  or  poisoned." 

3.  ,\n  ambush,  a  strata.gem ;  a  device  or 
contrivance  to  catch  one  unawares. 

"  God  and  your  niaje^'ty 
Protect  mine  innocence,  ^^r  I  iall  into 
?"   1  The  trap  is  laid  for  me." 

Shakesp.;  Henry  Vlll.,  v.  1. 

4.  A  contrivance  applied  to  drains  and  soil- 
pijies  to  prevent  the  escape  uf  effluvia ;  a 
drain-trap. 

5.  A  sheriff's  oflScer;  a  police -constable. 
{Slang.) 

"  Meantime  the  Kellys  had  got  to  hear  that  the 
traps  were  in  search  of  them." — J.vi»urf  Uouv,  March, 
1HB5.  p.  192. 

*  6.  Sagacity,  acuteness,  cuuning,  sharp- 
ness, penetration. 

"  Some  cuuning  person  that  had  found  out  liia 
foible  and  ignonince  of  trap,  first  put  him  iu  great 
fright."— .Vor( A  .■  Kxatnvn,  p.  54y. 

7,  A  familiar  mime  for  a  carriage  on  springs, 
of  any  kind.    (See  extract.) 

*■  The  old-fashioned  gig  had.  under  the  seat,  a  sort  of 
biKit  extending  a  few  inches  beyoud  the  liack  of  the 
Btsat  At  the  beginning  of  the  century  gigs  were 
raised  U|)oii  higher  wheels  than  at  present.  On  this 
raised  vehicle  the  boot  wa.s  lengthened  behind,  holding 
a  bi-ace  of  dogs  for  sporting  purposes.  In  these  'dug- 
carts'  (thus  named  afterwards)  the  dogs  were  at  Dn^t 
placed  III  the  boot  at  the  front,  and  I  dare  say  that  the 
*  noble  sportsmen'  may  occasionally  have  bad  their 
heels  or  their  calves  bitten  by  dogs  with  short  tern- 
j>ers,  and  with  scant  liking  fur  the  confinement  of  the 
t«>ot.  This  led  U>  a  great  iiuprovement,  in  the  shape 
■jf  an  u^n  latticed  box,  which  was  attached  to  the 
liack  ol  the  tjody  of  the  conveyance,  and  proviiled 
with  a  trap-door  behind  for  the  admission  of  tlie 
dogs.  In  piOL-e«8  of  time  the  latticed  box  was  founjl 
very  convenient  for  the  carriage  of  other  things  be- 
sides dogs,  and  as  everything  conveyed  in  the  ciirt 
(chattels,  not  people)  had  to  be  put  iu  through  the 
trap-door  tsoon  curtailed  into  trap:  comi>are  "bus' 
for  omnibus,  '  cab  *  for  cabriolet)  the  conveyance  itself 
was  eventually  termed  trap."— Ill mtrated  Loiidon 
.\l-ws,  Oct.  11,  18S4.  p.  3J9. 

8.  A  game,  and  also  one  of  the  instruments 
used  iu  playing  the  game,  the  others  being  a 
small  bat  and  a  ball.  Tlie  trap  is  of  wood, 
made  like  a  slipper,  with  a  hollow  at  the  heel 
end,  and  a  kind  of  wooden  spoon  working  on 
a  }tivot,  in  which  the  ball  is  placed.  By 
striking  the  handle  or  end  of  the  spoon  the 
ball  is  projected  up  into  the  air,  and  the 
striker  endciivours  to  hit  it  as  far  as  possible 
with  the  bat  before  it  falls  to  the  ground. 
The  opponents  endeavour  to  catch  the  liall, 
or  to  bowl  it  so  as  to  hit  the  trap.  Also 
called  Trap-bat  and  Trap-bat  and  ball. 

U  (1)  Trap-bat  d:  hall:  [Trap  (1),  ,•;.,  8.]. 
(2)  Up  to  tiap.   To  understand  trap:  To  be 
very  knowing  or  wide-awake,    {.'ilang.) 

"  S.iys.  aw.  '  Smash  I  thou  is  tip  to  trap  I ' 
For  he  lets  the  folks  byeth  in  and  out." 

Jiobsou  :  liavils  of  the  Tytte,  p.  275. 

trap-ball,  s.    The  same  as  Tr.\p(1),  s.  S. 

trap-bat,  s.    A  liat  used  in  the  game  of 

tiap(ii.v.). 

trap-cut,  s.  A  mode  of  cutting  gems,  in 
which  the  facets  consist  of  parallel  planes, 
nearly  rectangular,  arranged  round  the  centre 
of  the  stone. 

trap-door,  s.  A  door  in  a  floor  or  roof, 
wliich  when  shut  is  flush  or  nearly  so. 

"  In  Some  houses  there  were  trap-doors  through 
which,  ill  ci>ie  of  d  luger,  he  might  descend.'  — 
Macaulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  cli.  V. 

Trap-door  spider: 

Zool.  :  A  jiopular  name  for  any  species  of 
Mygalidffi  (=  Territelariie,  Latr.)  which  con- 
structs a  tubular  nest  iu  the  earth,  closed  by 
a  more  or  less  jteifect  door  or  doors.  Slog- 
gridge  (Harvesting  Auts  £  Trap-door  SpUhrs, 
p.  143)  enumerates  nearly  forty  species  from 
Europe  and  the  borders  of  the  Mediterranean, 
of  which  only  one,  Atypus  sidzcrii.  is  British. 
He  divides  the  nesta  into  six  separate  types, 
according  to  the  kind  of  door  present,  the 
straightness  or  divarication  of  the  tube,  and 
the  presence  or  absence  of  a  second  door  in 
the  tube  below  the  surface  of  the  earth. 
Atypiis  snlzerii,  nearly  lialf  an  inch  long,  is 
found  in  the  south  of  England,  and  excavates 
a  more  or  less  cylindrical  gallery,  about  half 
an  inch  wide,  iu  moist  ground,  at  hrst  in  a 


horizontal  and  then  in  a  vertical  direction. 
This  gallery  is  lined  with  a  tube  of  silk,  but, 
instead  of  t-losiug  the  aperture  with  a  traji- 
ilooi-,  the  spider  lontinues  the  lining  tube  lie- 
yond  the  mouth  of  the  gallery  for  some  dis- 
tarice  on  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Cteni:a 
Joditns,  common  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
closes  the  entrance  to  it-s  nest  (see  ilUistmtion) 
with  a  trap-diHir  comptLsed  of  eartliy  particles 
thinly  hold  togi.'ther  by  layers  of  silk.     Other 


TRvr-DOOR  SPIDER. 

species  make  more  elaborate  dwellings,  either 
by  constructing  a  second  door  in  tlie  vei-tical 
tube,  or  a  second  tube  branching  otf  from 
the  lirst  and  shutting  ofTcomnuinicatiou  by  a 
second  trap-door.  Wlien  inside  tlioir  dwilling, 
these  spiders  resist  the  opening  of  the  tnip- 
doni-  by  clinging  to  the  lining  of  the  tiilie 
and  to  the  inner  coat  of  silk  composing  the 
tlie  trai'-door. 


trap -hole. 


ITllOUS-DE-LOUr]. 


trap-net.  s.  A  fishiug-uet  in  whirh  a 
funnel-shaped  jiiece  lends  the  (ish  into  a 
I'ouud  from  which  it  is  difficult  to  return. 

trap-stairs,  s.     stairs  with  trap-door  at 

tnp. 

trap-Stick,  .~.  A  stick  used  in  the  game 
of  trap;  something  resembling  such  a  stick; 
something  lung  and  slender. 

*■  A  foolish  sw.Mip  l>etween  a  couple  of  thick  bandy 
legs  iiud  two  long  trap-tlivks  that  hud  uo  calfa." — 
Addison  :  Spectator. 

trap-tree*  «.  An  unidentified  species  of 
Artoc:trpus,  which  furnislies  a  glutinous  gum 
used  as  birdlime  at  Singapore.  (Treas.  nj  Bat.) 
The  sjiecies  of  this  genus  known  to  furnish  a 
kind  of  birdlime  are  A.  irUegrifohin  [^Jack  (3)], 
and  A.  htrsnta. 

trap-valve.  .^.    A  clack-valve  (q.v.). 

trap  (2),  .'■•.  [rSw.  trap}M  =  a  stair;  trapp  ~ 
trap-rock  ;  Dan.  tnippe  =  a  stair;  trtip  = 
trap ;  Dut.  trap  —  a  stair,  a  step ;  Ger.  trepite 
=  a  (light  of  stairs.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  kind  of  movable  Iad<ler  or 
steps  ;  a  kind  of  l.idder  leading  up  to  a  loft. 

2.  Petrol. :  Aname  originally  given  to  certain 
igneous  rocks,  of  great  geological  age,  occur- 
ring iu  Sweden,  which,  partly  from  weather- 
ing and  partly  as  the  result  of  successive  ex- 
trusions, presented  a  stair-like  aspect.  Sub- 
seiiueutly  this  name  was  loosely  applied  tu 
any  ancient,  fine-grained,  igneous  rock  which 
had  uudcrgune  a  ceilain  amount  of  alterati<in. 
Most  of  the  so-called  "traps"  have  since  been 
identified  as  varieties  of  dolerito  or  basalt. 

•I  Trap,  iu  this  general  sense,  is  widely 
diffused,  and,  where  it  occurs,  it  exerts  much 
influence  in  di-termining  the  surface  configu- 
ration of  the  region.  Wlien  it  decays  it  iiro- 
dmes  rich  agiiiultural  soil,  so  that  a  trap 
district  isgt-uei'.illy  i  emarkable  for  its  fertility. 

■  trap-conglomerate.  5-.    [Tu faceous- 

i.ONiiLOMKRAli:.) 

trap-granulite.  '. 

r-ti-ol.  :  A  daik  varit-ly  of  graimbte  (ij.v.), 
o,cun  jng  interlamiiiated  with  the  normal 
>j;iaTiuiites.  It  sometimes  contains  augite  and 
hornblende. 

trap-tuff,  trap-tufa,  <(■ 

ii<-<l.  :  Volcanic-ahh,  volcanic-tuff  (q, v.). 

'  trap  (3).  s.    [Trai-s.] 

•  trap  (4),  s.  (O.  Fr.  trap  (Fr.  </;■'(/>)  =  cloth  ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  irapo  =  a  cloth,  chiut,  rag  ;  Low 
Lat.  trapiis  —  a  cloth.]  Trappings  ;  orna- 
ments of  a  horse. 

"Upi>ii  a  stede  whyte  so  milke 
HiB  trappys  wer  off  tucly  sylke." 

Jiicliard  Citer  de  /.ion.     (1515.) 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  joi^l ;  cat.  9ell,  chorus.  9hin,  beuQh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -mg. 
-cian,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sioua  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  d^ 


172 


trap— Trappist 


tr4p(i),  •  trappoU).  f.r.  4  -.    ITrai*(1).  *.! 
I.  Lit. :  To  i-atch  In  ur  wflli  k  trap ;  to  nnait. 

Tt  '  '     ..r<  .«•  ir^tttmitM  lU  fur  111  tl>«  t«el(tli 
>vr  T«i»l  *— £Uwtft««.   tCartg  J/uH  HI 

.iko  ur  cmtdi  by  straUgvin  ;  to 

f  tli«  «ltli«MM  twiiic  ao  fnMt  aiiJ 

.    rv#rj  Ja)  u|>t»irtuiilt>  "f  wmer»lMK 

,    iiilflit  Im^v  wully  fr.U'>'«ti  ttirlii  til 

Itv.i  i...Li..i.j    -Srirff     I'ArWiun  ti/f.  itU  11,  cti.  VIL 

B,   /   .'.'"t.'. :  To  tako  gaiiiv  or  utliur  utii- 

iin;-  .;i  ti-i>.. 

'<  l<vu  tb«r«  M  l»D|{  cmrrlMl  on,  ttiAt 
1-Ft.iiblf  hjtvv  ct»iu«  Lutti  |iUjr.'  — /far- 
'  -1/  tM.  ^L  1..  cb.  lit 

trAp  Ki).  *  trapp«  (2X  r.'.  (Trap  (4).  >.] 
To  aJorii  :  to  ilrv&d  or  deck  out  with  ortm- 
iiii'iits.    (Ot'iii'mlly  In  tlie  pa.  |>Ar.) 

"  P»ur«  fTMl  buTin  (ullr  tr^ppfi  kuJ  coucreJ  dot 
ImU  ttM  ««)/— i/ii<4/Njrr.-  I'artijM*.  11.  O. 

trftp-^  i.  (An  abbreviation  of  Low  Lat. 
ailitt.'Utt  =  a  i-altmp  ("i-v.).  Xanicd  from 
(tif  -I'liK't  oti  itiL-  rruit.] 

/  '  Water  CitUiaps.  the  sole  genus  of 
Tr,;-  '■  (.(.v.),  Fl«uttin^  plants,  with  the 
!•  ■  -  iiiiiii.l  iu  the  middle,  and  elustvix-il 
L'  tidor  water  cut  into  capillary 

s  .  \;  .superior,  four-parted  ;  petals 

r  -   four;  ovary  two-celled,  each 

c^-U  vviili  one  iMMidulous  ovule.  Fruit  hard, 
(ndehiseent,  tnio-celled,  oue-seeded ;  sftd 
lai-;;'-,  uithout  albunit-n  ;  the  cotyledons  very 
'.  ^1  ;  the  kernel  of  the  fruit  lai-gcly  con- 

-  •  '  pure  starch.  Known  siK'cies,  four. 
I:  .:.-  found  in  lenii>erate  Euri>i>e,  SiWriii, 
Inita,  Cochin  Chiir.n,  Ac.  Tni}xi  udUttis  has 
four  >[Mnes  on  its  fruit,  and  is  lin'ge  and  black. 
It  is  tlh-  Tri)>uUis  of  (he  Romans,  and  the  nuts 
an-  s'lM  in  the  ninrkcts  of  Venice  (where  they 
art-  known  .^s  Jesuit's  nnt.s)and  other  i>arts  of 
Italy  and  in  France.  They  are  made  into 
bn-jd.  7'.  Ki.*i>inos-t  has  only  two  spines  ur 
horns  on  it^  fruit.  It  is  found  in  tanks  and 
potils  thnju^hout  India.  Its  nuts  are  dnrk- 
brown  auil  trkingular.  Their  kernel  is  white 
anil  sweetish,  and  is  eaten,  b<jth  raw  and 
cooke«l,  and  made  into  cakes,  by  the  Hindoos. 
Many  of  these  ['lants  grow  on  the  Wular 
L-ikc.  a  lar^e  sheet  of  water,  about  forty  nnles 
iu  iireuuifervnce,  on  the  Upper  Jlielum,  iu 
Cashmere,  the  old  traveller,  Moorcruft,  de- 
claring; that  the  nuts  from  the  lake  furnish 
almost  the  sole  support  of  30,000  peojilc  for 
live  months  of  the  year.  Moorcroft  aiid  Dr. 
Uoyiti  sjiy  that,  under  the  goveruiuent  of 
Kungeet  Singh,  ;tl-,000  of  revenue  was  raised 
from  the  trupii,  amounting;  to  from  90,000  to 
12-s.ooo  ass-loads,  taken  from  the  lake.  The 
natives  cousid'^r  the  nuts  as  useful  in  bilious 
affect iims  au'l  dianhcea,  besides  applying 
them  externally  as  poultices.  The  plant  is 
calleil  by  the  natives  A'niyftara  =  horne<l,  re- 
ferrin;;  to  the  fruit.  Another  less-known 
East-Indian  si>ecies  is  T.  >jimdrispinosa,  intro- 
duced int«)  Britain  as  a  stove-plant  in  lS2:i. 
r.fci'a'rnij,called  by  the  Chinese  Lin^',  or  Liuko, 
has  the  two  horns  recurved  and  very  obtuse. 
It  Is  cultivated  by  theiu  in  lakes,  ponds,  &,c. 

•  tra-p&n',  r.t.  (Trep.xk,  r.]  To  ensnare,  to 
trap  ;  to  catch  by  stratagem. 

■■  liA»lii,:ii..iii*'i.(  hU  ii^iiitafrdpanneelfttBAldivln." 

—  AtiMiii      t'oif'tjri,  bk.  L,  cU.  ix. 

*  tra-p&n',  5.  {Trapan,  i.J  A  snare,  a  trap, 
a  stratagem. 

"  NitUKlit  )>ut  kIu*  ntid  aiiarea  auil  traptitu  [or  souLi.'' 
South:  ,'i<rm-„a.  vol.  Ul..  ber.  -L 

'  tra-p&n'-uer,  ,1.  (Eng.  trapan; -er.]  One 
who  tiniKins  ;  an  ensnarer. 

'trape,  vj.  [Cf.  Dut.  &  Ger.  (»-«ppm  =  to 
lieid,  to  tramp.)  To  trail  along  in  an  untiily 
tii:innei  ;  to  w;tlk  carelessly  and  sluttishly ; 
to  traipes  (q.v.). 

■•I  Kill  In  Ko  tr.fi.in't  with  Liiily  Kerry  aud  Mrs. 
Pratl  ti.  nev  alKliU  nil  tbla  ilAjr,"— Strtff. 

tr&p'-e-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lac  trap(,a);  Lat.  fciu. 
pi.  a'lj.  sulf.  -OK.] 

Bol. :  A  tribe  of  Halarogacese,  with  a  single 
genus,  Trapa(q.v.). 

tr&p'-^-lfis,  s.  [Gr.  TpaiTfAd?  (tmpelas)  = 
exsily  turned.) 

2ool. :  A  ;renna  of  Agamtdn>,  with  tiv«  8i>e- 
cies.  from  Tartary.  Egypt,  and  Afghanist^ui. 
They  resemble  Agama,  but  the  scales  are 
small  and  spinelc-ts,  and  there  arc  no  pores  on 
the  thighs. 


trapes.  «.    [Thapc] 

1.  A  slattern  ;  an  idle,  sluttish  woman. 

"  Krviii  Ooor  to  door  I'd  •oouer  whlus  »inl  U-if. 
Tluii  luury  auclt  «  rnipra." 

2.  A  going  about ;  a  tramp, 

"  It  ■  •u<-b  ft  bill  Kixl  n  rrfi/M><  ui>  tbcui  two  pnir  ot 
•  tnln.  — Jtfrt.  n'owJ.   rhf  Chttnnini/t,  V.  ill. 

trapes,  r.i.  (Trapes,  *.)  To  gad  or  naunt 
about  in  a  slatternly  manner. 

"  llo  Would  nut  Im  ttmiid  trapenhiy  Hl>out  tbu  oju- 
•tltut^iicy."— /All/*  Vlironiclf,  Oct.  U,  188S 

tr&p'-d-zate.  u.  [Eng.  /nipcr(iitm);  suff. 
■ait.]  Having  the  form  of  a  trapezium;  trape- 
ziform. 

tra-peze',   s.      [Fr.    traptse,   from    Lat.   tra- 
pf:iiiin  =  a  trai*ezium  (q.v.).J 
•  L  A  tmpezium. 

2.  A  sort  of  swing  consisting  of  one  or  more 
civss-bars  suspended  by  two  cords  at  some 
distance  from  the  ground,  on  which  gymnasts 
perform  various  exercises  or  feats. 

tra-pe'-zi-an,  a.    [Trapezium.] 

Cryitallog.  :  Having  the  lateral  planes  com- 
posed of  titipeziums  situated  in  two  ranges 
between  two  bases. 

tra -pez'-i- form,  «.  [Lat.  trapesi(um)  =  A 
tr.ipc/ium,  and  /ocHUt  =  form.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  trapezium.  (Applied  in  Botany  to 
the  leaves  ot  Fopiilits  nigra,  &,c.) 

tra-pe-zi-he'-dron,  a.    [Trapezouedron.] 

tra-pe-zi-um,  ^■.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  TpaTre^ioi- 
(fra^>«toM)  =  a  small  table  or  counter;  a  tra- 
[vezium,  because  four-sided,  like  such  a  table  ; 
dimin.  of  rpd-rre^a  ^tnljie^i)  =  a  Uible  ;  Sp.  tru- 
ptciu  ;  Ital.  trapezio  ;  Fr.  tniphe.] 


TRAPEZ1U.MS. 
a.  Two  sides  e(]ual,  but  iioue  parallel  ;  ft.  Four  sides 
neither  equiil  nor  fHrnllel :  c.  Two  short  sides  equal 
Iu  leuKtli.  Hud  two  long  sides  equal,  but  noue  paral- 
lel ;  d.  Two  aides  equal,  tmt  uone  parallel. 

1.  Gcom.:  A  quadrilateral  figure,  no  two  of 
whose  sides  are  parallel  to  each  other. 

2.  Anatomy : 

(1)  The  outermost  bone  of  the  second  row  in 
the  carpus.  In  its  inferior  or  I'aliuar  aspect 
it  presents  a  rhombic  form,  with  its  most 
prominent  angle  directed  downwards.  It  ar- 
ticulates with  four  other  bones,  the  scaphoid, 
the  trapezoid,  and  the  first  ami  second  meta- 
carpals. 

(2)  A  set  of  transverse  fibres  opposite  the 
lower  portion  of  the  potis  varolii.  Tlie  name 
trapezium  is  given  because,  in  most  of  the 
lower  vertebrates,  they  appear  ou  the  surface 
in  a  four-sided  form. 

'3.  Z'jol.  :  A  synonymuf  Cypricardia{4.v.). 

tra-pe'-zi-ils»  s.    [Trapeziu-m.] 

Amtt. :  A  trapeziforin  muscle  reaching  from 
the  base  of  the  skull  to  the  middle  of  the 
back,  and  connected  with  the  clavicle  and 
scapula  on  eadi  sitle.  It  is  by  means  of  this 
muscle  that  the  scapula  is  moved. 

tra~pe-zd-he'-dral,  c   (Trapezohedron.] 
Cri/sral.  :  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  form 
of  a  tiape/iiliedion. 

tra-pe-zd'he'-dron,  .*.  [Gr.  TpaTre'^'ioc  (tra- 
ptzion)  =a  little  table,  a  trapezium,  and  e&fta 
Ih&lra)  =a  base.] 

CnistalL  :  A  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four 
equal  and  similar  trapezoidal  planes. 

tr^p -e  zoid,  a.  &  s.  [Gr.  TpaTre'^iof  ((rape- 
zi-ni)  —  a  little  table,  a  trapezium,  and  e'fios 
(eidos)  =  form,  appearance-] 

A.  As  a*}j. :  Trapeziform  (q.v.). 

B.  Assuhsf.:  .A,  quadrilateral,  two  of  whose 
sides  only  are  i>arallel  to  each  other. 

trapezoid-bone,  ^-. 

Aiiat. :  A  bone  of  the  wrist,  of  which  the 


superior  surface  articulates  with  the  scai'koid 
l-oue,  the  external  witli  the  trapezium,  the  in- 
ternal with  the  OS  magnum,  and  the  inferior, 
with  the  second  metacarpal  bone.  It  is 
smaller  than  the  tmpezium,  has  its  largest 
diameter  from  befoi-e  backwards,  and  its 
posterior  surface,  which  is  much  larger  tliau 
the  anterior  oue,  pentagtmal.     (^imia.) 

tr&p-6  zoid-al,    a.       [Eng.   trapezoid;  -al.\ 

1.  Old.  Lang.  :  Having  the  form  of  a  trape- 
zoid. 

2,  Min. :  Having  the  surface  composed  of 
twenty-four  trapeziums,  all  equal  aud  similar. 

trapezoidal- wall,  5.  A  retaining  wall, 
vertical  against   the  bank,  and  with  a  sloping 

fare. 

trd.p-pe'-an,  «.  [Eng.  trap  (2),  8.  ;  -ean,] 
Pertaining  tu  or  of  the  nature  of  trap  or  trap- 
10c  k. 

trappean-ash,  s. 

i'etrul. :  A  compact  or  earthy  rock,  consist- 
ing of  the  materials  of  a  trap  (q.v. J. 

trappean- rocks,  ^.  pi. 

I'etrol.  :  A  name  .sometimes  used  to  dis- 
tinguisli  the  older,  and  mostly  much  altered, 
igneous  rocks  from  those  of  later  date. 

tr^p'-per  (1),  s.     [Eng.  trap(l),  V.  ;  -er.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Une  who  traps  animals ;  one  who  sets 
traps  fur  animals,  usually  to  obtain  furs. 

"  Acctjrdiug  to  somewhat  unreliable  reports  handed 
down  from  ttie  early  Uudsuu  Bay  traupert  who  lived 
in  lliU  uww  liupuluua  region,  '—Field,  Fel).  17,  1887. 

2.  A  horse  used  iu  a  trap.     [Trap  (1),  T.] 

"The  object  uf  the  Spriug  Show  is  to  eucounige 
generally  ttie  lii'ceduig  of  sound  and  shapely  balf-bted 
liurse.-*,  punics.  uag^,  Irauftirt,  li;>ck!i.  ulian;eia,  liar- 
uess-hurses,  aud  huuters.  —St.  James's  Gazette,  Feb,  3. 

1987, 

n.  Mining:  A  boy  in  a  coal-mine  who 
opeus  the  air-doors  of  the  galleries  lor  the 
jtassage  of  the  coal-waggous. 

trap'-per  (2),  Hrap-por,  s.    [Trap  (2),  t-.] 

Trapiiinys. 

"Si.  inline  a  tiuise  was  fjiised  by  the  sound  of  beU 
liaiiCMig  at  their  trapfiers  uild  chmeti.  —  Uolitished  : 
Hist.  Kiij ,  bk.;iii.,  eh.  xiii. 

trap'-pi-ness,  s.  [Eng.  trappy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  trappy  or  treacherous. 

"  Once  over  this  there  weie  bi-oad  pastures  and  larye 
batiks   aud  ditcher,    inuuceiit  uf    traiipinets  for  tUt; 

Utost  i>art.  befure  the  liders.  '—Fii'd,  Dec  -6.  18o5. 

trd,p'-pihg,  s.  [Trap  (2),  v.]  A  word  gene- 
rally used  111  the  plural,  to  denote  oruameulal 
accessories  :  as — 

1.  The    ornaiuent.s    put   on  horses ;   orna- 
1   meuts  appendant  to  the  saddle. 

*■  Caparisous  aud  steeds, 
Bases  .lud  tiusel  tr<tfjptng!.,  gon,'euus  kni(;bta 
At  joust  and  lournauicm. '     Jfuton  :  /*.  £.,  ix.  35. 

2.  Extcn'nal  and  superficial  decorations ; 
ornaments  generally ;  finery, 

"  His  virtues  were  Ins  pride;  aud  that  oue  vice 
iMaue  all  his  \  irtues  of  no  price ; 
He  wore  them  as  tine  trappings  for  a  show." 

Vowper:  Truth.  56. 

Tr3.p'-pist,  s.  &.  a.  [Fr.  Traiipiste  (see  def. 
A.).] 

A*  As  substantive : 

Church  ;/i;,7.(P/.):  A  branch  of  the  Cister- 
cian order,  following  the  reformed  rule  of  La 
Trappe,  an  ancient  monastery  in  the  heart  of 
La  Perche,  not  far  from  Seez,  in  France,  founded 
as  a  Cistercian  house  iu  1140  by  Rotron,  Count 
of  Perche.  The  reform  was  due  to  Aj'iiiand 
Jean  le  Bouthillier  de  Ranee  (lii:3tJ-lT00),  who 
had  held  the  abbey,  with  other  preferments, 
in  comynendam  for  many  years  before  liis  ordi- 
nation (A.D.  1651),  by  his  uncle,  tlie  Arch- 
bishop of  Toure,  whose  coadjutor  he  hoped 
one  day  to  become.  For  some  years  after  he 
became  a  priest,  de  Ranee  led  a  worldly  life 
iu  Paris;  but  his  heart  being  touclted  by  a 
series  of  disappointments,  he  sold  liis  patri- 
mony, distributed  the  money  to  the  poor,  and, 
giving  up  all  other  benefices,  retired  to  La 
Trappe,  Here  he  found  the  discipline  greatly 
relax'od,  but  by  bringing  some  monks  from 
a  neighbouring  monastery  he  reestablished 
the  rule  and  restored  regularity.  Still  liis 
ideal  was  not  attained ;  he  sought  to  add  to 
the  purely  couteniplative  life  botlily  mortifi- 
cation and  separation  from  causes  of  distrac- 
tion. Animal  food,  except  iu  cases  of  sick- 
ne.ss,  was  forbidden,  and  manual  labour  was 
strictly  enjoined.  The  monks  rose  at  two 
o'clock,  and  went  to  rest  at  seven  iu  winter 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;   wc,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;   go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  ijnite.  eiir.  rule,  fuU;  try.  Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


Trappistine— travel 


173 


iiiul  iii:lit  111  sunimer.  From  two  till  liall-past 
lour  tliey  sjieat  in  jirayer  and  meditation,  and 
tlien  retired  to  their  cells  till  half-i>ast  live, 
when  they  said  Prime.  At  seven  they  went 
t>' labour,  cither  out  or  indoors;  at  half-past 
nine  Tierce  wiis  said,  followed  by  the  Mass. 
Sext,  and  None ;  then  they  dined  on  vej^e- 
tables  ;  at  one  o'cloek  returned  %o  work  for 
anuther  two  liours,  and  then  retired  to  their 
cells  till  Vespers  at  four  o'clock  ;  this  was 
followed  by  a  collation  of  bread  and  fruit, 
and  spiritual  reading  till  six  o'clock,  when 
Conijiline  was  said  ;  at  seven  tliey  went  to 
rest  and  slept  on  pidlets  of  straw.  Absolute 
silence  was  enjoined  at  all  times,  and  they 
had  to  make  their  wants  known  by  signs.  In 
1700.  when  other  nionast^^ries  were  suppressed 
in  France,  the  Trappists  took  refuge  in  tin' 
monastery  of  Val  Sainte,  in  Freiburg,  under 
Doni  Augustin  (dc  Lestrange);  but  this  was 
<icsfroyed  by  the  French  in  179S,  and  the 
monks  wandered  .about  till  the  Bourbon  resto- 
ration, when  they  recovered  La  Trappe.  (See 
extract  under  B.) 

B.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Trappists  [A.]; 
following  the  reform  of  La  Trappe. 

"  From  this  ceutre  Tr.jppist  filUtioiis  spread  the 
austere  rule  of  tlie  order  into  Spain.  Belgium,  Pieil- 
luout,  England,  aud  Irelatid.  Sl'iiiiitSt.  Bernard,  iu 
Leicestershire,  nnd  tbe  Trappistine  convent  of  Stin>e- 
bill,  iu  Dorset,  are  tlieir  liotises  in  this  cnuntry ;  iu 
Irelaud  they  have  flourishing  mouasteries  at  lUouut 
Mellcmy  Aud  Roscrea.' — Addis  .^  Arnold  :  Cath.  Diet., 
p.  S04, 

Trap-pis  -tine,  s.  &  a.    [Fi-.] 

A.  --is  suhsULHtive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang  :  A  liqueur  made  by  the 
monks  of  La  Trappe. 

2.  Church  Hist.  (PL):  An  order  of  nuns  fol- 
lowing the  reform  of  La  Trappe,  instituted  by 
Doni  Augustin  (t  lSi27).     [Trappist.  A.] 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Trappist- 
ines.    (See  extract  under  Trappist,  B.) 

tr3.pp'-ite.  .*.     [Eng.  trap  (2) ;  sutf.  -itt:] 

I'ctrol. :  Decomposed  varieties  of  basalt 
(q.v.),  resembling  rocks  known  under  the 
name  of  trap. 

trap-pOUS.  a.  [Eng.  trap  {2),  R.  ;  -ous.]  Pei- 
t:iining  to  tlie  rock  known  as  trap  ;  resembling 
trap  or  i»ai  taking  of  its  nature  ;  trappy. 

•trap-pures.  'trap-pours,  s.jtl.     [O.Fi.] 

Trappings  of  a  Imrse. 

■  With  clothe  of  guld,  aud  forrcd  with  ennine 
Were  the  trap/>our$  of  their  stedes  stroug." 

Chaucer :  Floure  &  the  Lea/c. 

trap-py  (1).  a.  [Eng.  trap  (1),  s. ;  -y.]  Of 
the  nature  of  a  trap  ;  treacherous. 

"  The  fences  might  have  increased  in  size,  however, 
without  beiug  made  trappy."  —  Daily  Tcl^raph, 
Nov.  la,  1882. 

trap'-py  (2),  a.  [Eng.  (rap  (2),  s.  ;  -j/.]  Trap- 
pous  (q.v.). 

traps,  s.pl.  [An  abbrev.  of  trapphigs {<\.\.).'] 
Sm.-ill  or  portable  articles  for  dress,  furniture, 
k,c.  ;  goods,  luggage,  things.     (CoUoq.) 

"  As  soon  as  the  affair  was  over,  the  tmps  were 
vai-ked  up  as  quickly  as  possible  and  the  party  drove 
n\iiKy."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  3,  1887. 

trasll,  s.  [Icel.  ^ro^  =  rubbish,  leaves,  and 
twigs  from  a  tree,  picked  up  and  used  for  fuel ; 
tra.'isi  =  a  slovenly  fellow  ;  trassa  =  to  be  slov- 
enly ;  N'orw.  (ro5=  fallen  twigs,  half-rotten 
branches  easily  broken  ;  Sw.  trasa  =  a  rag,  a 
tatter;  Sw.  dial.  trase  =  A  rag;  irds=a.  heap 
of  sticks,  a  worthless  fellow,  old  useless  bit^ 
of  fencing.] 

1,  Loppings  of  trees,  bruised  canes,  &c.  In 
the  West  Indies  the  decayed  leaves  and  stems 
of  canes  are  called  Field-ti*asli  ;  the  bruised  and 
macerated  rind  of  canes  is  called  Cane-trash  ; 
and  both  are  called  Trash. 

2.  Any  waste  or  worthless  matter ;  good- 
for-nothing  stuff;  rubbish,  refuse,  dregs. 

•'  Hence  all  that  interferes,  and  dares  to  clash 
With  indolence  and  luxury,  is  tratfi." 

Cowper  ■  Progress  of  Error,  -128, 

•  3.  A  worthless  person. 

"  I  suspect  this  trash 
To  be  a  party  in  this  injury." 

lihaketp. :  Othello,  v.  l. 

4.  A  collar  or  leash  to  restrain  a  dog  in 
coursing. 

•  5.  Hence,  a  clog  or  incumbrance. 
'6.  Money. 


^  Poor  xvhile  trash :  A  term  applied  by  the 
negroes  in  the  Southern  States  to  the  poorest 
white  persons. 


trasll- house,  s.  A  building  on  a  sugar 
estate  whcie  the  cane-stalks  from  which  the 
juice  has  been  expressed  are  stored  f<'r  fuel. 

trash-ice,  ■?.  Crumbled  ice  mixed  with 
water. 

trash,  v.t.  &  i.     [Trash,  s.] 
A.  J'raiisitive : 

1,  To  free  from  superfluous  twigs  or 
branches  ;  to  lop,  to  crop, 

"  Whom  t'  advance,  and  whom 
To  trash  for  overtoppiub'  " 

Shakeip. :  Tempest,  i.  2, 

2.  T'l  maltreat,  to  abuse,  to  jade:  as,  To 
trash  a  horse.     {Scotch.) 

•3.  To  hold  back  by  a  leash  or  halter,  as  a 
dog  iu  pursuing  game;  hence,  to  retard,  to 
restrain,  to  encumber,  to  hinder. 

"  Which  trashing  the  wheel  of  rotation,  destroys  the 
life  or  uatuml  motion  of  nconimouwealtli."— //(irritij?- 
toii     Pop.  Oovernment,  cb,  xii. 

'  4.  To  crush  or  humiliate  ;  to  wear  out ;  to 
beat  down. 

■  B,  Intrant.:  To  follow  with  violence  and 
trampling. 

"  A  guarded  lack)'  to  run  before  it,  and  pied  Uveriea 
to  come  trashiit'j  after  'V—The  Puritan,  iv.  1. 

*  trash'-er-y,  5.    [Eng.  (ms/i,  s.  ;  -cry.]  Trash, 

rubbish. 

"  Who  comes  in  forei^Ti  trashery 
Of  tinkling  chain  and  spur." 

Scott:  Bridal  of  Triermain,  H.  ii.  28. 

trash -i-ly,  wlv.  [Eug.  trashy;  -ly,]  In  a 
trashy  manner. 

trash'-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tixishy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  trashy. 

trash-trie,  .^.  [Eng.  trash  ;  -trie  =  -try.] 
Tiasb,  rubbish.    (Scotch,) 

"  Wi'  sauce,  ragouts,  and  sic  like  tnishtrie. 
That's  little  sliort  o"  downright  wastrie." 

Sums:  Twa  Dogs. 

trash'-y,  a.  [Eng.  trash,  s.  ;  -y.]  Composed 
of  ni  resembling  trash,  or  rubbish;  lubbishy, 
useless. 

"  Who  riots  on  Scotch  co11i>ps  scorns  imt  any 
Insipid,  fulsome,  trashy  miscellany." 

AniLsfrung:  To  a  }'oiiiig  Critic 

Trask-ite.  Thra.sk'-ite,  .^.    [See  def.] 

Chun-h  Hii^t.  (I'L):  A  name  formerly  given 
to  the  Seventh-day  Bai>tists  (q.v.),  from  John 
Trask  or  Traske,  who  advocated  their  opinions 
in  the  seventeenth  century. 

trass,  s.     [Dut.  tiras=  a  cement.] 

Petrol.:  A  rock  of  volcanic  origin,  resem- 
bling a  tutf  (q.v.),  but  containing  abundant 
fragments  of  pumice,  aud  also  fragments  of 
many  otlier  volcanic  rocks.  It  often  contains 
portions  of  carbonized  stems  and  branches  of 
trees  which  have  been  involved  iu  the  flow  of 
the  mud-stream,  and,  when  pulverised,  forms 
a  useful  cement.     Called  also  Trassoite. 

trass'-6-ite,  s.  [Eng.  trass;  0  connect.,  and 
suti;  -He  (Petrol.).]    [Trass.] 

*  trast,  pret.  of  v.     [Trace,  v.] 
*tra-sy,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  spaniel. 

"  a  trasy  I  do  keep." 

Uerrick  :  Jfcsperides,  p.  264. 

*  trat,  *trate,  *tratte,  5.  [Trot,  s.]  An 
oM  woman,  in  contemiit ;  a  witch. 

*  traul'-l^m,  s.  [Gr.  TpavAnr/ios  (tra^dismos) 
from  rpavXC^ui  (traiili:d)  =to  stutter,  to  stiim- 
mer.]    A  stjuninering  or  stuttering. 

■*  They  are  childish  and  ridiculous  Irauiitmt." — 
DalgaruQ  :  D'lif  &  Dumb  Man's  Tutor,  p.  132. 

*  trau'-mate,  s.     [Traumatic]    The  same  as 

Traumatic,  B.  (q.v.). 

trau-mat'ic,  *trau-xnat'-ick,  a.  &  s. 

[Gr.  TpavfiartKo^  (trannuitikos),  from  rpaG/ia 
(trauma),  genit.  Tpavfiaros  (trauriuttos)  =  a 
wound;  Fr.  tra^nnatique.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  applied  to  a  wound. 

2.  Useful  for  wounds ;  adapted  to  the  cure 
of  wounds ;  vulnerary. 

3.  Produced  by  or  arising  directly  or  in- 
directly from  wounds  :  as,  traumatic  liaemo- 
rrhage,  traunuttic  erysipelas,  tetanus.  &c. 

B.  As  svhst.  :  A  medicine  or  preparation 
useful  in  the  cure  of  wounds. 

trau'-ma-ti^m,  s.     [Traumatic] 

Pathol.  :  The  condition  of  the  system  occa- 
sioned by  a  grave  wound. 

•traunce,  5.    [Tranxe.] 


*  traun^h,  r.t.  [Fr.  (mncftcr  =  to  cut.]  To 
cut  up,  to  carve.    (Specif.  Jiuid  of  a  sturgeon.) 

".sturgeon  vfivt  Uy  trauiich«d."~i:eemiig  StandorU 
Sept.  US.  ISbU.  p.  4. 

traunt,  i*./.  [lUit.  (raHteii=  to  walk  slowly; 
(rant— a  walk.]  To  carry  about  wares  for 
sale  ;  to  hawk. 

*'  [Ufj  had  Some  trauntinp  ohnpmnn  to  hU  BjTe, 
That  trautWued  both  by  water  and  by  tiro." 

itp.  Hall:  .satires,  iv.  2. 

traunt'-er,  s.  [Eng.  trannt  ;  -er.]  One  who 
hawks  about  wares  for  sale  ;  a  hawker,  a 
pedlar. 

traut -win-ite  (au  ns  6^v  s.  [After  J.  c. 
Trautwine;  suU'.  -17*^(^1*1.).] 

Min. :  A  microcrystalline  mineral,  occur- 
ring in  crystals,  the  system  of  which  has  not 
yet  been  determined.  Hardness,  1  to  2 ; 
colour,  green  ;  lustre,  dull ;  streak,  light- 
gray.  Analysis  yielded:  silica,  21*78  ;  sesqui- 
oxide  of  chromium,  3S"3I> ;  sesquioxide  of  iron, 
l:J*29;  alumina,  O'Sl  ;  lime,  IS'.'iS ;  magnesia, 
7'SS  ;  loss  on  ignition,  O'll  =  100S4.  Occurs 
on  chroniite  in  Monterey  Co.,  California. 

tra-va'-do,  trav-at,  ^.  |Sp.]  Aheavysquall, 
with  sudden  gusts' of  wind,  lightning,  and 
rain,  on  the  coast  of  N<u-th  America.  Like 
the  African  tornado,  it  (•eminences  with  a 
black  cloud  in  calm  weather  and  a  clear  sky. 

trav  -  ail,  '  trav  -  ayl,  '  trav  -  ail  -  len, 
"  tra-veU,  '  trav-ell,  v.i.  ^  t.  [Vr.  tra- 
vailhr,  from  travail  —  toil,  labour.)  [Tra- 
vail, s.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

'  I.  To  toil ;  to  labour  with  pain. 


2.  To  sutTer  the  pains  of  childbirth  ;  to  be 
in  labour  or  parturition. 

"She  being  with  child  cried,  travail  tug  in  birth,  and 
pained  to  be  de]iyertd."~Jl€velation  >:ii.  2. 

B,  Tram. :  To  harass,  to  trouble,  to  tire. 

'■  What  travelitt  \discniust,  Bible.  1551 ;  troublett. 
A.V.]  thou  the  mayetir  fertlier?"— IKi/c/ti^;  Mark  v. 
85. 

traV-ail,  "  trav-ayl,  *  trav-el,  •trav- 
el), 5.  [Fr.  travail  — to\\,  labour,  fatigue,  a 
trave  fur  horses,  from  Lat.  trahem,  accus.  of 
trabs,  trabes~a.  beam;  cf.  Ital.  travafjlio;  Sp. 
trabajo ;  Port.  trabaUio  =  (l)  an  obstacle  or 
impediment,  (2)  toil,  labour  ;  O.  Ital.  trauaglio 
=  a  pen  for  cattle  ;  Wei,  tra/ael  =  ti-avail, 
labour,  toil.  Travail  and  travel  are  doublets.] 
1.  Labour  with  ])ain  ;  severe  exertion,  toil. 


2.  Spec. :  The  pains  of  childbirth ;  jiarturi- 
tion. 

"  [She]  locked  her  secret  in  her  breast, 
Aud  died  iu  travail,  uuconfcssed  " 

Scolt :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  iii.  S. 

*  tr3.V'-ail-ler,  s.  [Eng.  travail,  v.;  -er.] 
One  who  toils  or  works  ;  a  toiler,  a  worker. 

"  Eai'uest  travaillers  for  the  people's  behoof  tind 
profile." — Vdal :  Luke  xx. 

*tra- vail' -OUS,  a.  [Eng.  travail;  -ons.] 
Causing  labour  or  travail ;  laborious,  toilsome, 
wearisome. 

trave,  *  trewe,  s.  [O.  Fr.  /ra/=a  beam; 
Fr,  tref,  from  Lat.  trabem,  accus.  of  trabs, 
trabes  =  a  beam  ;  Fr.  entraver  =  to  shackle  or 
fetter  the  legs  ;  eyitraves  =  shackles,  fetters.] 
[Travail,  s.] 

*  1.  A  cross-beam ;  a  beam  or  timber-work 
crossing  a  building. 

"The  ceiling  and  trwct  are.  after  the  Turkish  man- 
ner, richly  painted  and  t;ilded."—Mautidrell :  Travels, 
p.  125. 

2.  A  wooden  frame  or  stocks  to  confine  a 
horse  or  ox  while  shoeing. 

"  She  sprong  as  a  colt  doth  in  the  traee  " 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  3,282. 

trav' -el,   *  trav-ail,  *  trav-eil,  v.i.  &  t. 
[TIiC  same  word  as  travail  (q.v.).] 
A,  I ntransitive : 

*  1.  To  labour,  to  toil,  to  travail. 

"  If  we  labour  to  maintain  truth  and  reason,  let  not 
any  think  that  we  travel  about  a  matter  not  needful." 
—Jfookcr. 

2.  To  pass  or  make  a  journey  from  one  place 
to  another,  either  on  foot  or  horseback,  or  on 
any  conveyance,  as  a  ship,  carriage,  &c.  ;  to  go 
to  or  visit  distant  or  foreign  places;  to  journey. 

"  Like  a  thirsty  train 
That  long  have  travell'd  through  a  desert  plain." 
Drydcit:   Virgil;  (ieorgiciv.  H7. 

3.  Specif.  :  To  go  about  from  place  to  place 
or  to  make  journeys  for  the  jturpose  of  solicit- 


b6il,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  hen^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    ph  =  f, 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun;  -^ion,  -sion  —  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -hie,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


174 


travel— traverse 


n  c>>iiiiut-r\-ittl  lliiii  .  tt»,  Hi' 
k:i<l  Ain-\\  a  llriii. 
I.  lo  |>riHt'»-«l,  iintVf,   \ass,  or  mlvniU'C  in 
fU)  way;  ly  iimk*'  imigrrjw. 

**  Tittt«  f'lifw'Mii  ili%«n  |Mc««  «llb  tllvvn  iicnuUk." 
—>x•um^K    .1*  foH  lUt  It,  III.  :. 
B.  7'iiiioifMv  : 
I.  Tu  Juiiriif >  i»vrr  ;  t*' travewe. 

"Thltlipt  lo  mtU* 
I  »r«#W  IliU  itutfuiid.'         J/./'-in  ■  /'.  L-,  It.  W". 

.  ..    I  .     ....    ..r  fun-p  to  jiiurm-y. 

'     It  llirv  •hxll   ii»t  lir  kluirvnl  wiUi 
.  .lutlliiiit  twrnifv//r<l  furtliul  lUvll- 

•  ,iiMi.lii«>     -.\"^iij*r.  Sl\%tf  fif  I  r*  tit  int. 

I.  Cn/iiKirv /xtn^iKiyr  : 

•  I.  l^lKiiir.  toil,  travail. 

•■  TltB  wliit-  jr  k.n«*t  t...  Iimr.  (iinl  fiwe  ymir  /rai^i 
Ar.<M»i.  *  /7rf.  ■  Thf  Pilffrim.  i. 

"  2.  rnrtiiritlon  ;  tlie  j'Biiis  of  diiliUiirtli. 

■   A  wi'iiiAii  tlist  wilt  >liic  n  «-nlcli  111  licr  Intrrl." 
Hfatim.  *  yifi. :  AttlfftU  «/  Uurnhvj  I'rUU;  li. 

3.  The  mt  -.f  tnivcllinj,'  nr  jtmriii-yiiiy ;  ;i 
Juiiim-yiii^;  t"  ilisliitil  or  ft'ieigii  |ilnci'.s. 

"  rni*W  lit  Uie  yuiiiiKfr  aurt  U  a  |>art  <■(  edticatlun." 
— /&!.-»••     f'Atttift .  f/Trtirel. 

I.  (/•/.) :  An  acci'unt  of  ofCurromTs  ami 
ulistTviitioiis  iiia-le  <iui-iii};  a  jomiiey  ;  a  iK.i.k 

•  li-MM)|>iivi'  *>{  \A:nt'n  bveti  ami  ubstTvatiims 
iim>ti'  \vhilt<  tmvelliiig. 

n.  Tri'huiatHii: 

I.  Slfftui  :  Till'  iliHUtiPe  which  the  sli«lo. 
vnlvc  tnivels  in  om-  tlircetiou  fin*  eaili  stroke 
of  till'  [tisloii. 

'J.  Tlie  U'ii;.th  (tf  stroke  of  any  object.  A\>" 
knoHit  as  llie  i\ciir.sioii. 

*  travel  -  soiled,  n.  Having  the  clothes, 
Ac.,  soiled  witli  tiM\x'lli:iy. 

■  AH  ilni'iin;;  from  tUi*  recent  AikhI. 
I'ni.l...^  ;)iul  truvftsuiteii  lie  »Uhh1." 

Smir:  Lad}/  of  ths  LtOx.  iii.  21. 

travel  -  stained,  a,    Tmvd-.soilcd  (q.  v.). 

"Tlirir  tiMrrl  t'>iine<t  itnriiienU  .ire  nil  1ji1<1  tlown." 
M'iry  t.tilif  :  Ottfherhi'j  Hume. 

*  travel -tainted,  n.  Fatigueil  witii  tmv- 

elliny. 

"I  linte  ftxiiiil'*!^!  nine  j«ci>re  niitl  (mIiI  p(i.'«t«:  nml 
lioff  rr'ipr/  t'ti'itfrl  K.*  1  Kill,  liftvr.  ill  tiiv  pure  mid  iiii- 
iimfulatf  ^nloiir.  t.^kvui*ir  Juliiit'oleville.'*— SAutcj/^.  ; 
5  llenrt,  If..  Iv.  :;. 

triiv'-elled,  i^.  jw*'.  &  (r.    ITravfl,  v.] 

A.  /I ^  /«.  per.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  A^  (nljcitirc: 

1.  Haviii<;  iiui'lu  journeys  or  travels  ;  having 
gained  kiiowU*dj,'e  or  experience  by  travelling, 
,       "A  well  frnottUtf  kiiistit  atitl  well  knowen,"— Ber- 
rtert  ■  Froiuitri ;  Croiiginc,  vul,  li.,  ch.  elxvUL, 

'  2.  Carried  to  distant  i>arts. 

"  Our  Iratvllti  batmen  fniiiilng  sontlieni  clf lues." 
yoiiiKj:  Un  Public  Affairs. 

3.  Experiencetl,  kiiowint,'. 

trdv'  cl-ler, "  triv'-el-er, '  trav-all~ler, 

*  tra'  veil  er,  .-.    [Vr.  truiviltfur.]    [Tba\- 

1.  C>ne  who  travels;  one  who  makes  journeys 
or  who  ii,  oil  his  way  from  place  to 'jilace ;  a 
waj'faRT. 

"TliiBW.-w  A  common  opinion  among  the  Gentiles, 
tlint  the  kwIh  soitietlnieN  nsaunied  humnii  shnpe,  hiii! 
L-untrrwcl  U|»ou  eiirth  with  btiMigvis  mkI  truveHers.'  — 
BfiiUFt/ :  Sernxont, 

2.  A  bona-fide  traveller.     [Bona-fide.] 

3.  One  who  visits  fureigu  countries;  one  who 
explores  places  oriegi' HIS  more  or  less  unknown. 

11  In  iBir.  a  Travellers'  Club  was  instituted 
in  London,  the  riualiHcation  for  niettibeiship 
being  that  the  candidate  nuist  have  travelled 
live  hundred  miles  or  more  iu  a  direet  line 
from  the  British  Isles. 
Ir  is  still  in  existence. 

4.  One  wlio  travels 
from  place  U*  place 
Mnliciting  onler,-.  fur  a 
mercantile  house  ;  a 
commercial  traveller. 

n.  TcchnunUn: 

1.  Kixut. :  An*iron 
thiiuble,  ring,  nrgroni- 
met  adapted  to  slide 
on  a  bar,  .spar,  or  rope. 
A    lai-ge   ring   of    this  traveller. 

kind  is  fitted  on  the 

bowsprit  of  a  cutter,  the  jib  tnck  is  hooke<l 
to  it,  and  it  is  hauled  in  or  out  to  suit  jibs  of 
varicius  sizes. 


2.  3/ii(-A. :  A  tnivellingirane  (q.v.). 

3.  .s';tniiitiiy;  A  small  open  ring  or  metallic 
loup  aUuit  the  race  of  u  ring,  used  in  ring 
spinning-frumes. 

'H  To  tip  the  tnirdJer:   To  hu...bug,  in  re- 
ference lo  the  nnirvcllous  tales  of  travellers. 
"Ah«r  d.»t  thou  tip  me  tht  li-itivUer.  itiy  l>vyl'- 
SmiJItll:  .•m>  /..  Urmret.  cli.  vL 

traveller's  Joy.  .<>-. 

j:»t. :  The  genus  Clematis  (q.v.).  spec.  :— 

(I)  C.  I'irolhn.  llei-ard  seems  to  have  in- 
vented the  poj.uhir  name  to  indicate  the 
adornment  of  tlie  hedges  by  means  of  thoe 
Hiiwers,  and  the  pleasure  thus  atloided  to 
tiavellors.     iHritlen  ,(  W'UamL) 

(■J)  C.  Vionxti,  a  N'urth  American  species, 
climbing,  willi  pinnately-compound  leaves 
and  a  huge,  .'*nlitary.  canipiuiuiate,  nodding 
Howerof  purple  or  violet  cohmr.  It  was  in- 
troduced into  Britain  as  a  garden  plant  in 
17;iO. 

traveller's  tree,  s. 

lint.:  [/miMif  ;*/>m«s((,  called  also  liovenala 
vu'ihiiptminensh,  the  Havcnala  of  Madagascar, 
in  the  forests  of  which  it  grows.  It  is  a  kind 
of  phmtain.  The  large,  fan-shaped  leaves  are 
hoHowed  out  at  their  point  of  insertion  into  a 
spacious  cavity,  in  which  water  is  caught  and 
retaineii,  so  as  to  be  available  to  quench  the 
thirst  of  the  passing  traveller,  whence  the 
f:nglish  name.  A  dye  is  made  from  the  caj'- 
siiles,  and  an  essential  oil  is  expressed  fri>m 
the  aril  of  the  seed. 

triv'-el-Ung,  pr.  pur.,  a.,  Ar  s.     [Tbavei,,  v.] 

A,  As  pr.  jHir.  :  (See  tlie  verb). 

B,  Asdiljecthr: 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  used  in  travel :  as,  a 
tnivcllinfi  suit,  a  trarellliig  bag,  or  tlie  like. 

2.  Incurred  in  travel :  as,  tiavcWuitj  ex- 
penses. 

C,  As  stibst. :  The  act  of  one  who  travels  or 
journeys ;  travel. 

"  TrnveUinsi  in  a  very  ])roiier  part  of  the  educntiou 
of  mir  ^itwth.'—ChesterfieUl:  Comxnon  .Sen^p,  No.  Hit. 

travelling-bag,  s.    A  satchel  or  earpet- 

b;i-. 

travelling-belt  propeller,  .s 

Marine:  A  lui-ni  of  pmiieller  iu  which  a 
belt  traverses  uver  twin  wheels. 

'  travelling -carriage,  ^.  A  large  four- 
wheeled  carriage  used  by  iiersuiis  of  distinc- 
tion fur  travelling  before  tlie  introduction  of 
railways. 

"The  Earl's  heavy  truf-elling-cnrriage  at  leugth 
rolled  cliitleriiig  uii  the  lourtyjutl.' '—ii/«on ;  Godul- 
phin,  ch.  xvi. 

travelling -crane,  s.    A  crab  for  lifting 


TR  AVELLlNG-C'BASi;. 


weight5!,  fixed  on  .t  truck  which  njoves  on 
rails,  i.tii  tup  uf  a  fi'aitie  nr  building. 

travelling-forge,  s.    The  waggon,  with 

its  tools  and  stores,  which  accompanies  a 
battery  of  field-artillery  for  the  purpose  of 
repairs. 

'  trav'-ers,  mlv.  &  *.    [Fr.]    [Traverse,  «.] 

A.  As  iulv. :  Across,  athwart. 

"The  erle  La/ar.-iii  cjiuscd  foypstes  and  hyghe  trees 
t«  W  he"en  downe,  and  Inyde  trauerx  one  uuer 
.■iimthvr.  —tierners :  Frvitsart ;  Croityclf.  vol.  ii., 
ch.  xli. 

B.  As  suhat.:  A  skeleton-frame  which  holds 
the  lii.lil>jns  of  yarn,  which  are  wound  there- 

troMi  nil  til  the  warp-frame. 

trav'-ers-a-ble,  u.    [Eng.  trarerse.  v. ;  -nhli.-.] 

1.  Cajiable  of  being  tra\ersed  or  crossed. 

"  The  rahis  iire  then  over,  the  conntrj-  easily  tnirers. 
able  lot  iioiiies."— Field.  Jan.  10,  1830. 

2.  Capable  of  being  traversed  or  denied. 

"  Bnt  whether  that  pruaentment  be  trawrtnhle.  \  ide 
SUiii ford. ■■—//«/(■  .■  Plena  of  thf  Croum,  <.h.  xxvi, 

trS,V-erse,  '  trav-ers,  c,  adv.,  &  .';.  fFr. 
trcrrr.^  (m.),  tnirrrsr  (f.)  =  across,  crosswise; 
/oMv/sr  =:a  cros^-way,  a  hindrance;  tran-rtn-r 


z=  to  cross  or  pass  ovei',  to  thwart,  from  I^at 
fmnsi-crjiMS  =  laid  across:  fraiis  =  acioss,  ant! 
versus,  i>a.  par.  of  rerto=  to  turn  ;  Sp.  tmn^s- 
vcr.so,  trifsverso  ;  Ital.  triwiversn.] 

A.  As  uflj, :  Lying  or  being  across;  being 
in  a  direction  across  something  else. 

"Oak,  and  tliclilti>  true  heiirty  tlnilier,  heinjf  stroue 
In  all  )iottltioiiti,  may  he  lu-tti-i'  tr\mtfd  in  crusa  aud 
r*'(ii'<'riic  work, "— A"c/*'/»*ir  Uu(  Ionia  me.  it.  IL 

B*  Asdilr.  :  Athwart,  across,  crosswise. 
**  He  thruu«ii  Ihe  iiniied  liU-s 
Darts  Ma  fxifiiemed  eye.  and  ai.t.n  fitiperif 
The  whoie  battalum  vii-w.s  their  uiiler  due," 

Jlidou  .  /'.  /...  i.  5ilS. 

C.  As  substantive: 

"^  I.  Ordinary  Longudfje  : 

1.  Anything  lying  or  being  across  eoiue- 
tliing  el.se  ;  a  cross  or  transverse  piece. 

2.  Something  placed  or  drawn  across,  as  a 
curtain  or  the  like  ;  a  sliding  screen. 

■■  ftleii  ilriiilten  iiiid  the  rriiw;r»  dniwe  anon  : 
The  hilde  is  brought  ii-bt'd  aa  still  as  aton." 

Cliativrr:  C.  T..  fl.fiSt. 

3.  Something  that  ern.sses,  thwarts,  or  ol> 
stiLicts  ;  a  cross,  an  impediment. 

"That  religion  is  l>e3t  which  is  incorporated  with 
the  actiuuB  and  common  ttavera^i  of  oui-  life,  — /f/j. 
Titular  :  nule  of  CoiiBcieitce,  bk.  i.,  ch.  vi. 

4.  A  fetter. 

"After  that  he  (the  Devill)  had  fettered  the  world 
ill  the  trai'vrx  of  bis  tiji]s."—Ftirith-  of  Furious,  p.  ij. 
( Pref .  I 

5.  Tlie  act  of  traversing  or  travelling  over; 
passage. 

"  In  the  first  of  those  trnvprgex  we  were  not  nhle  tn 
peiieiriiti-  su  far  iioith  by  tight  or  ten  leii(;iies.  '—Cook  . 
Tlihil  \o;/<i-f\  bk.  vi.,  cb.  i, 

G.  A  turning,  a  trick. 

"Many  shiftes  aud  subtile  tratKrseii  were  over- 
»rou(;ht  by  this  occnsiou."  —  Procevdingi  nguhisc 
({iirnet  (imifil. 

II.    TrrlnnrnUii: 

1.  Arrh.:  A  transverse  piece  in  ,t  tinjier 
roiif ;  n  gallery  or  loft  of  communication  iu  a 

church    or      

other     liiige 
building. 

2.  Fort. :  A 
short  em- 
bankment 
of  e  a  r  t  h 
t  lirown  up 
to  intercept 
an  enfilail- 
i  n  g  fire 
T  h  e  y  a  r  e 
placed  on 
the  t  err e- 
plein,  be- 
tween the 
guns  on  the 
banquette, 
in  the  cov- 
ered way, lie^ 


-aAtStaUETTEL 


51.0  P_E  <?F:.BAN<1UE  TTfi. 


TEHEPLEIN 


A.  Traverse  constructed  of  earth,  re-- 
vettpd'^with  gabions,  fascines,  iinil 
aand-bags :  B.  Gabion  and  fa>iciue 
revetment;  c.  Embrasure;  d.  Uuu 
platform. 


fore  the  door  of  a  magazine,  or  wherever  there, 
is  room  and  their  protection  is  necessary. 

"Covering  each  gate  is  a  traversf  or  crenellated 
barbican,  of  the  same  coustructiou  as  the  walls." — 
standard.  Nov,  11, 1885. 

3.  Gcoin. :  A  line  lying  across  a  figure  or 
other  lines  ;  a  transversal. 

4.  Lair:  A  denial  of  what  the  opposite 
party  has  advanced  iu  any  stage  of  the  plead- 
ings. When  the  traverse  or  denial  comes  from 
the  defendant  the  issue  is  tendered  in  this 
manner,  "and  of  this  he  puts  himself  on  the 

;  country."     When  the  traverse    lies    on    the 
;  jdaintifT  he  prays  "this  may  be  inquired  of 
by  the  country."    The  technical  words  intro- 
ducing a   traverse  are  absque  hoc  =  without 
this— that  is,  without  this  which  follows. 

"These  traverses  were  grreatly  enlarged  and  regu- 
lated for  the  benefit  of  the  subject."— ///acfta^uiitr; 
Coiiimeiif.,  bk.  iii,.  ch.  IT. 

5.  Kant. :  The  zigzag  line  or  track  described 
by  a  ship  when  compelled  by  contrary  winds 
to  sail  on  different  cnurses. 

C.  Ordii. :   The  horizontal  sweep  of  a  gua 
to  conuiiand  ditlerent  points. 
?i  Traverse  of  an  indictment : 
Jjtir: 

1.  The  denial  of  an  indictment  by  a  plea  of 
not  guilty. 

2.  The  postponement  of  the  trial  of  an 
iiidictTuent  after  a  plea  (if  not  guilty  thereto  ; 
a  CDUi'se  now  prohibited  by  statute. 

traverse-board,  s. 

Niiiif.:  A  ciicular  board  marked  with  the- 
compass -piiiiits,  and  lia\ing  holes  and  pegs 
to  indicate  the  course  by  which  the  ship  lias 
been  .sailing.  It  is  used  for  recording  the 
courses  run  during  a  watch. 


ate,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :   go.  pot. 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  oiire.  nnite,  ciir,  rule,  fuU;  try,  Syrian,     ae.  cs  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


traverse  —trawling 


175 


I  traverse-circle,  . 

1.  Fort. :  A  circular  track  on  which  the 
cliassis  travcrst'-\vhefl>  of  a  liarbt-tte  carriayv, 
iiiomitfd  with  a  uentie  or  rear  I'inUe,  run 
while  the  t;un  is  lieing  pointed;  tlieananp- 
nu'iit  enabling  it  to  be  directed  to  any  pi'iiit 
nf  the  horizon.  In  I'erniauent  fortiticationa  it 
is  of  iron,  and  is  let  into  the  stune-work  ;  iii 
flrlil-works  it  is  frequently  made  up  of  pieci's 
i»f  timber  mitred  together  and  iuibedded  m 
the  earth. 

*>  .V((i//.  :  A  metallic  circle  let  into  the 
\\Y\wY  deik  nf  a  war  vessel  for  the  wlieeU  ot 
a  pivot  ^'iiu  caiii;ij;o  to  traverse  on. 

traverse  drill.  ^«- 

1.  A  drill  fi)r  boring  slots.  Either  the  drill 
or  the  work  has  a  lateral  motion  after  the 
depth  is  attained. 

2.  A  drill  in  which  the  stock  has  a  traverse 
motion  for  adjustnient. 

traverse -sailing,  ?. 

Knot.  :  The  ease  in  plane  sailing  where  a 
sliip  makes  several  courses  in  succession,  the 
track  being  zigzag,  and  the  directions  of  it 
seveial  times  traversing  or  lying  more  or  less 
athwart  each  othei*.  For  all  these  actual 
fourses  and  distances  a  single  equivalent 
imaginary  course  and  distance  may  be  found, 
which  the  ship  would  liave  described  had 
she  sailed  direct  for  the  place  of  destination  ; 
tinding  this  single  course  is  called  working 
or  resolving  a  traverse,  and  is  effected  by 
trigonometrical  computation  or  by  the  aid  of 
the  traverse-table  (q.v.). 

traverse -saw,  5.  A  cross-cutting  saw 
wliicli  iiii'ves  lui  uays  across  the  piece. 

traverse -table,  s. 

1.  Savt.  :  A  talile  by  means  of  which  the 
ditlert-nce  of  latitude' and  departure  corre- 
sponding to  any  given  course  and  distance 
may  be  found  by  inspection.  It  contains  the 
lengths  of  the  two  sides  of  a  right-angled 
triangle,  usually  for  every  quarter  of  a  degree 
of  angle,  and  for  all  lengths  of  the  hypotenuse 
from  1  to  100. 

2.  Rail.  :  A  platform  on  which  cars  arc 
shunted  from  mie  track  to  another  in  a 
station.    (Amei.) 

traverse-warp  machine,  .=.  A  form 
of  bobbin-net  niacliine,  so  called  from  the 
warii  ti  a  versing  instead  uf  the  carriages. 
Trincipally  used'  for  spotted  lace,  blond  edg- 
ings, and  imitation  thread  laces. 

traV-erse,  i\t.  &  i.    [Travkbse,  a.] 
A.  Transitive : 
I.  Ovdbuiry  Language : 

1.  To  cross  ;  to  lay  or  place  in  a  cross 
direction. 

"Myself  aiiil  such 
A9  3lept  within  tlie  sli.-iOi.w  of  yuur  |)i>wer. 
Huve  wnudered  with  oiir  Craiersd  itriiia,  iiud  breathed 
Uur  siiflendiie  Miiiily."  :SliaKfsp.  :  Timon.  v,  4. 

2.  To  wander  tiver  ;  to  travel  over  ;  to  cross 
tir  pass  over  in  travelling. 

"  Copses  tlicy  traverse,  brooks  tltej-  cross, 
Stniiu  \\\i  the  bank  and  o'er  the  moss. " 

Scott:  Lord  v/  the  Isles,  y.  20. 

3.  To  cross  by  way  of  opposition  ;  to  thwart, 
to  iibstruct ;  to  bring  to  nought. 

"Tlie  siiuadroii  fitted  out  by  the  court  of  Spain  to 
alteud  out  inotiona.  and  traverse  our  projects."'— 
A  iison  :  ru.tf«j7cs,  bk,  i.,  ch.  iii. 

*  4.  To  pass  over  and  view  ;  to  survey  care- 
fully ;  to  review. 

"  My  puriKiw  is  to  trnverse  the  nature,  priiiciplei'. 
:iiid  properties  of  this  deteatiible  vice,  iu^ratitude.'  — 

.1.   To  deny  :  as,  To  traverse  a  statement. 
[II.  2.) 
II.  TechnicaUn : 

1.  Carp.  :  To  plane  in  a  direction  acioss 
the  grain  of  the  wood  :  as,  To  traverse  a  board. 

2.  Laif :  To  deny  what  the  opposite  party 
has  alleged.  When  the  jilaintift  or  defendant 
ad\ances  new  matter,  he  avers  it  to  be  true, 
and  traverses  what  the  other  party  has 
affirmed. 

"  It  W.1S  the  duty  of  the  plaintiff  where  the  nie.iiiiug 
wfis  traversed,  fls.  iu  tliis  c;vse,  to  prove  wh;it  tlie 
meuiiiii;^  vas."—f>ail,'/  Telegraph,  March  14,  1887. 

3.  Ordii, :  To  turn  and  point  in  any  direc- 
tion :  as.  To  traverse  a  gun. 

fi.  Intransitive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  turn,  as  on  a  pivot ;  to  move  or  turn 
round  ;  to  swivel :  as,  The  needle  of  a  compass 
tra  verses. 


^  2.  To  walk,  to  pass,  to  move. 

"  They  wntched  the  iiiotiunB  of  aouic  foe, 
Wliu  tnipvrtvil  oil  the  philii  l>elow.' 

tkrotl  :  Jlurntio}!.  vi.  IS. 

II.  TtvhnitvUy: 

■"  1.  Fencing  :  To  use  the  posture  or  motions 
of  opposition  or  counteraetion. 

■'  To  see  thee  fight,  to  see  thee  join,  to  see  tliec 
traPersf."Sha/cesp.  :  Merry  W>ve»,  ii.  '-i. 

2.  Manege;  To  walk  or  move  crosswise,  as 
a  horse  that  throws  his  croup  to  one  side  and 
his  head  to  the  other. 

^{_\)Tu  traverse  an  indietinent:  [Traverse, 

(2)  To  traverse  a  yard : 

yuut.:  To  brace  it  aft. 

(:i)  Traverse  of  an  office  : 

Lair:  Proof  that  an  inquisition  made  of 
lands  or  goods  by  the  escheator  is  defective 
and  untruly  made.    {Wharton.) 

traV-ersed,  fa.  i>ar.  &  a.     [Traverse,  v.] 

A.  --Is  i>a.  i>ar. :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  adjective: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Crossed,  passed  over. 

2.  Her.:  Turned  to  the  sinister  side  of  the 
shield. 

trav-er-sell-ite,  .".     ["After  Traversella, 
Piedmont,  wliere  found  ;  suff.  -itc  (Min.).] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  variety  of  pyroxene  (q.v.),  containing 
little  ur  no  alumina."  occurring  in  long,  trans- 
parent crystals,  with  marked  hmgitndinal 
stri;e.  fiequently  green  and  colourless  at 
opposite  ends. 

2.  A  leek-green  pyroxene  (q.v.),  opatiue, 
with  a  filirous  structure,  frequently  tejiuinat- 
ing  in  asbestiform  threads. 

trav'~ers-er,  .^.     [Eng.  travcrs(e),  v.  ;  -er.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  traverses ;  a 
traveller. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Law :  One  who  traverses  or  denies  a  jilea  ; 
a  prisoner,  or  person  indicted. 

2.  Hall.-fiig. :  A  tra  verse -table  (q.v.). 

trav'-ers-ing,pr.3)0)'.,«.,tS:5.   [Traverse,  r.] 

A.  &  B.  ^s  2)r.  iKtr.  £  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
tlu-  verb). 

C.  As  stibst. :  The  act  of  one  wlio  traverses. 

traversing-bed  planer,  .^. 

U'ood-irorlc.  :  A  planer  in  which  the  bed 
carrying  the  work  is  caused  to  traverse 
beneath  the  revoh  ing  cutters,  instead,  as  is 
usually  tlie  case,  of  the  -work  being  advanced 
over  tiie  stationary  t;dile. 

traversing-jack,  •'■. 

1.  A  jack  used  for  engines  or  carriages  upon 
the  rails. 

2.  A  lifting  apparatus,  the  standard  of 
which  has  a  movement  on  its  bed,  enabling  it 
to  be  applied  to  different  parts  of  an  obj^'ct, 
or  used  for  shifting  objects  hoi-izoutallj 
without  moving  the  betl. 

traversing-plate,  s. 

Ordn. :  A  plate  at  the  hinder  part  of  a  gun- 
carriage  where  the  handspike  is  aiJplied  to 
traversing  the  piece. 

traversing-platform,  ?. 

Fort.:  A  platfoini  [imvided  for  guns  which 
are  pivoted  so  as  tu  sweep  the  horizon,  or  a 
part  of  it. 

traversing  -  pulley,  s.  A  pulley  so 
arranged  as  to  traverse  upon  a  rope  or  rod. 
It  is  used  iu  communicating  by  a  roi)e  between 
a  stranded  ship  and  the  shore  ;  in  conveying 
bricks  or  building  materials  on  to  a  scaffold 
or  building,  and  other  similar  purposes. 

trav'-er-tine,  s.      [A  corrupt,  of  tUmrline, 

the  lapis  tiburtimis  of  Vitruvius  and  Pliny.] 

Min.  £•  Petrol. :  A  cellular  calc-tufa,  de- 
posited by  waters  liolding  nmch  carbonate  of 
lime  in  solution.  Near  Tivoli  it  occurs  of 
extraordinary  thickness. 

-  tra-vest',  v.t.    [Tr^vestv.]    To  make  a  tra- 
vesty on  ;  to  travesty. 

"1  see  poor  Lucan  frrti'ca'fd.  not  appiiielled  in  his 
RoiiiJiit  toga,  but  under  the  cruel  sheers  of  .in  EngHslj 
tailor.'— /(trMf(fy  ;  Phileleutherus  Ltpsieitgit,  5  54. 

trav'-cs-ty,  "  trav-es-tie,  a.   &  s.     [Fr. 

trarcstl,  pa.  par.  nf  s.'  trarestir —  io  di.sguise 
one's  self:    tra-   (I.at.   /)('».•;)=:  across  (lience 


implying  change),  and  vestir  (Lat.  vestio)  —  U- 
clothe.] 

"  A.  As  adj. :  Having  an  unusual  dress : 
disguised  in  dress,  so  a.s  to  be  ridiculous ; 
travestied. 

B.  ^1^  substantive : 

1.  A  literary  term  used  to  denote  a  bur- 
lesque treatment  of  a  subject  which  has  bei  u 
<u-iginally  handled  iu  a  lofty  or  .serious  style. 
It  differs  from  a  parody  in  that  in  travesty 
the  charactens  and  the  subject-matter  remain 
substantially  the  same,  while  the  language 
becomes  grotesque,  fiivnlouN,  and  absuril, 
whereas  iu  a  parody  the  subject -matter  and 
characters  are  changed,  ami  the  language  and 
style  of  the  original  humorously  imitated. 

"  Accusing  him  in  very  high  nnd  itohvr  terms  of 
iiiiif;iiieiies:<  iuid  Immorality  on  .i  nieie  rejwrt  froui 
kthii.  (.'uril,  tliat  he  w.-w  author  of  /t  travextie  on  tin- 
lirat  panliu. "— /*o^tf ;  Dtitidad.  hk.  ii..  Rem.  on  v.  •J6S. 

2.  An  mintentional  burlesque ;  a  misre- 
presentation so  gross  as  to  be  ridiculous. 

trav'-cs-ty,  v.t.  [Travestv,  a.]  To  make  a 
travestvou;  to  treat  so  as  to  render  ridicu- 
lous, as  something  that  has  originally  been 
handled  iu  a  lofty  and  serious  style ;  to  bur- 
lesque ;  to  parody. 

"  It  need  not  be  aftid  that  it  went  immeasuraljlj 
beyond  the  facts,  which  it  absolutely  distorted  ;uid 
trnveatied."— Daily  Tetfjraiih,  Nov.  9.  IflBS. 

triv'-is,  *  trav-eis, .'.    [TRA^■E.] 

1.  The  same  asTKAVE(I). 

2.  The  same  as  Tkave  ('2). 

3.  A  partition  between  two  .stalls  in  a  stable. 

trawl,  r.i.  [O.  Fr.  trauler,  trolkr  =^to  g'> 
hither  and  thither  ;  Fr.  tr6ler=  to  drag  about.} 
To  tish  with  a  trawl-net. 

'■  Tiiere  are  some  good  plaice  uo»  to  be  taken  in  our 
bays  by  trawlhttj:— Field,  Aug.  27,  18B7. 

trawl, .-;.    [Trawl,  v.] 

1.  A  long  line,  sometimes  upwards  of  a. 
mill-  iu  length,  from  which  short  lines  witl^ 
baited  hooks  are  suspended,  used  in  cod^ 
ling,  haddock,  and  mackerel  fishing. 

2.  A  trawl-net  (q.v.). 

trawl -beam,  .'J.  The  wooden  beam  bj^ 
which  the  mouth  of  a  trawl-net  is  kept  ex- 
tended.    It  is  usually  about  forty  feet  long. 

trawl'boat.  -'. 

Kuiif. :  A  boat  used  in  fishing  with  ti'awl-nets. 

trawl-head,  s.  One  of  two  upright  iroin 
frames  at  eitliei'  extremity  of  the  tiawi-beam, 
which  assist    by  their  weight    to   keep  the 

trawl  net  on  tlie  ground. 

trawl-net,  s.  A  net  dragged  along  tln^ 
sea-bottom  to  gather  forms  of  marine  life.  It 
is  a-dredge,  and'^is  made  of  heavy  and  eoarsi- 
materials  for  oystermen,  and  of  various  kind.^ 
ami  sizes  for  naturalists. 

trawl-roUer,  >-.  A  ndler  having  a  ntuu- 
ber  of  grooves  cut  in  its  periphery,  and  at- 
tached to  the  side  of  the  wherry  or  dory,  ami 
over  which  the  trawls  are  drawn  into  the  boat. 

trawl-warp,  s.  A  rope  passing  thi-ougU 
a  block  ami  used  in  dragging  a  trawl-net. 

trawl'-er,  5.     [Eng.  tratvl,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  wlio  trawls ;  one  who  fislies  with  x 
trawl-net. 

2.  A  tishing  vessel  which  uses  a  trawl-net. 

"The  trawters  on  a  few  occasions  have  delivereit 
from  sixty  to  a  huudred  dozen  haite."— Field,  April  4. 

1885, 

•  trawler-man,  s.  A  fisherman  who 
used  unlawful  arts  or  engines  to  catch  fish. 
(Cowell.) 

trawl'-ing,  s,  [Trawl,  r.]  The  act  or  pi'o- 
cess  of  tishing  with  a  trawl-net.  It  is  the 
mode  usually  adopted  for  deep-sea  fishing, 
the  fish  generally  caught  being  cod,  hake, 
whiting,  and  soles.  Trawling  is  only  adapted 
for  a  smooth  bottom,  as  a  rough  bottom  would 
destroy  the  net.  The  term  is  also  aj'plied  in 
Scotland,  to  a  mode  of  catching  herrings  with 
a  seine-net. 

%  Trawling  inshore  or  in  estuaries  or  in 
land-locked  bays  is  generally  oi'posed  by 
fishermen  who  adopt  other  methods  of  openi- 
tion.  They  believe  that  it  destroys  the 
spawn  of  food-lishes.  A  Royal  Commission 
appointed  in  1S62  to  inquire  into  questions 
connected  with  seining  for  herrings  on  the 
roasts  of  Scotland,  and  of  which  Professor 
Iluxlcv  was  a  jirominent  mendier,  came  to 
the  conclusion  that  these  fears  were  ground- 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9011,  chorus.  9hin.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian. -tian  =  Shan,    -tion,    sion  -  shun ; -tion, -sion  =  zhun.    hjIous. -tious, -sious  -  shus.    -ble, -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


176 


tray— tread 


lrm«,  but  the  IU)ifriii<*n  a<lhi*rvil  to  thi'lr 
•  •|iiiiitit).  anil  ««\iMt<-iiii*iil  i>ii  tilt;  (iiilO**^'^  <*iiii* 
tiiiMftl  AiiotJicr  cniiiinliwioti  rt'ixirletl,  in 
l"^',  timt  tlitrc  wiix  miine  t;p>uii<.l  for  llw 
((-•li-rtiivii  ■«    t*<>iii|>U)iitM,   but    till'    matter  li 

rifl  i  lU  Ul  lUiwttU'd  ttato. 

triy  U).  'trey.  *tr«ie.  •  tr«ye.  ».     lA.s. 

//.  ■       ,1  ti.t\  .  ."tin.  with  tn-h  ~  .1  tr"iij;li.) 

I  ItoW   InMlgll  lir  WlMHlt-I)   Vl'!tH<>l, 

I--.I  nut  i>r  A  |iii'cr  of  tiitiU'r 
.»■  '^  ;  »nv*i  for  varinuit  «lninfittl«' 

j'lH  |xm«-(t,  iu  kutfAillng,  mincing,  dec  ;  a  trout;h 

■■  A  ,-.r.l,  1,-r    ..f  1-.    .i!..»r  t...tr 


>   r>iw*  I. 

2.  A  flat  mTiitaclv  for  Iiaiikhiig  ^lasiieH, 
•  liithf*,  autl  wliat  not.  Kudu n  by  nniiipfi  iii- 
thiatiiig  niaU*rial  or  jmriMtsri*,  as  )>apier- 
>iiA*'tie,  Ihi,  Hilv'T,  twa,  bread.  Alsu  known  as 
a  wBitiT,  or  salver. 

'X  (S*'i'  oxlmct.) 

1    ItAtr   l)«u\l   or  rrul   »t   tticv^  '  wickrr  hiirOlra' 
l-viii,-  caIImJ  '(f'ljii.'tmt  I  ilo  Hot  iiiitrrvcvllpc't  ill  wlint 

•  Il.tri    !       I   ■!■'    i...i.ri,-f.    r.iii.iiil— r   till}  i>lirft»*.  ■  till' 

•  )"  <  iiuli  WM  rx|ilnliii.><l 
I  itdlra,  tiilo  wIjIcIi, 
*■                                                              '   iul*  ul  •bt«]i  iin? 

*  tray  trip,  ^     some  kind  of  gnnic  at 

th'-'-.  iii't  ii'iw  uii«len(t«HMl. 

"?«li*ll  1  I'Uy  lujr  frrMloiu  At  tray-trIp,  nnd  Itccoiiif 
til)  ImuJ  klavc T "— iMoAcw^  .-  Tttifih  Siffht,  ii.  &. 

tray  (2).  J.    |Fr.  rww^  tlin-e.]    A  pr«»jection 
i-n  til.'  antliT  nf  a  st^ig. 

"With  lin>w,  l«y,  trtig.  uid  crvckrU  coaiplef«.'— 
I>     Black.     iAttnaHtUle.) 

*  traye. «.    1  A.S.  firj^a  =  vexation,  annoyaDce.] 
Ti'-'iblf,  aniiuyanct;,  angi?r. 

•I  HtU/  111  trayf  a)ul  terre:  Half  in  sorrow, 
lialf  in  anger. 

'  tre,  s.    (Tkee.  S.I 

*  tr6a9h  or,  *  tr6a9h  our.  •  trech  our, 

•trecch-orr.  ■  trych   or,     .      [»>.  Ir. 

inrhfur;  Fr.  tricMur  =z  a  trit-kster,  from  O.  Vr. 
Irirher,  trickier,  trecJier  ==  to  client,  to  cozen, 
from  .M.  U.  Ger.  tra-lten  =  to  draw,  push,  en- 
tice; cf.  Diit.  trek  =  a  draught,  a  tiick.] 
[Thick,  ».]    A  traitor. 

"T.i  thia  by  Ihryin  wm  ftiiswtTvd.  that  they  iny^iht 
iiii-ii,  —Fabgan  :  C'Ar'jni/''/c  t-U.  ccxi. 

trSa^h -er-oJU,  *  trech-er-0U8»  (i.    [Eng. 

'  litacher ;  -oiw.j 

1.  Characterized  by  or  acting  witli  treachery  ; 
violating  allegiance,  traitorous;  betraying" a 
trust,  disloyal. 

2.  Chnnicterizcd  by  or  involving  treachery  ; 
of  the  nature  of  treachery. 

"  The  iirninimtor  _ 

the  treaeMrrou*  bvluivluiir  of  iU  iuhaliltttiita."'— Coo*  ; 


itory.  .  .  1  iiAiiie(lTrftitor>U«uI.  from 
t  bvluivluiir  of  "'-'■'      .    ..     -     . 
Second  l'ogaj/€,  hk.  111.,  ch.  h 

3,  Havinga  good,  fair,  or  sound  appearance, 
but  worthlei*s  or  bad  in  chiiractt-r  or  nature  ; 
deceptive,  illusory  ;  nut  to  be  depcnd.-d  on  : 
as,  trai-hfrous  ice,  a  trenrheroits  menioi-y. 

trea^h'-er-oiis-lj^,  (t'tv.  [Eng,  treacherous  ; 
■'.:'.)  In  a  treacherous  manner;  by  violating 
allegiance  or  faith  pledged  ;  jwrtldiously,  faith- 
Itssly,  traitunnisly. 

■■  Like  U)  a  «|«nifftl  wnytliiif  cnrofully 
l.«»t  ftiiy  sbould  betmy  his  IjMly  tmuctteroiulu." 
.•ijtrtucr:  F.  V-,  V.  vl.  X. 

trcafh'-er-otis-iiess.  s.  [Eng.  trmcherons; 
■lu.^'.]  Till-  quality  or  state  of  being  ti-each.-r- 
'Mis;  l.rracli  <>f  allvji;iaiice  or  faith  ;  faithleHs- 
ij.'s-H :  p»;rlidiousness,  deceptiveness. 

trea9h  -  er- jr.  '  trech  -  er-ie,  '  trecch- 
or-yo,  'trech-er-y,  *  trlch-or-ie.  s. 

[Vr.tricherie,  from /ri(;;icr  =  tn  cheat,  t^)  cozi-ti.) 
(rKKArnBR.)  Violation  of  allegiance,  or  of 
faith  orconlidcnce;  treason,  perlidy,  treacher- 
ous conduct. 

"Ifi    tho    Cibal    tUcU   the   nlgni  of  dlBUiiion  luid 
trf.,^tu-rif  }^^Mi  to  HiipeAr.--— J/uc<iu/air .-   nut.  Eng., 


'  trea^h'-ot-oor,  i 

(Sj^.iMr:  F.  Q.,  n. 


[Tkeacher,]    a  traitor. 
.  M.) 


trea'-Gle,  •  tn'-a-clo.  5.  [Fr.  triadc,  from 
thrri'Ufiie,  from  l^t.  tfierinat,  theriace  =  an 
antidote  against  the  bitenf  seriwntJior  agriinst 
poison,  from  Gr.  9r,piaK6t  (thcriakos)  —  belong- 
ing to  wild  or  venomous  nnimnls ;  dnpiov 
(ihrrion)  =  a  wild  l»east ;  f>»)p.aic^  (tfurinke)  = 
an    antidot*  against  the  bite    of  poisonous 


iiniinals.  Trench  says  it  was  made  of  viper's 
llefth.  and  cjills  attiMition  to  the  fact  that  the 
vijKT  iiieutioiKd  in  Acts  xxviii.  !t  is  called 
ttf}(uov  (f  A^rinit).]     (Til KRl  AC. I 

*1.  An  alleged  antidote  t^i  the  venom  of 
soriN'iits  anil  other  poisonous  aiiiuialB,-inade 
of  vijier's  tlesh. 

•■  Ki'f  K  III  «t  Htniiki;  Irt'U'le  nfiUiut  tlie»o  veiiomou* 
liertair*  wruU|[lit  >iur  Havluiir  iiutiiy  a  iiiArvellitiis 
iiiinu-lr.' — J/ur«.'  MVrAi ;  TrratUe  on  Iht  Fauion, 
|K  I.UT. 

2.  The  ftnuine  of  su^ar  in  sugar-re  11  neries ; 
so  called  from  resembling  the  ancient  com- 
pound in  apiK>aranee  or  supposed  medicinal 
|>ioperlies.  Treacle  is  obtaiii'-d  in  refining 
sugar ;  niolasses  is  the  drainingfl  of  crutle 
su;;ar.  The  terms,  however,  arc  frequently 
uHcl  OS  synonymous. 

3.  A  saccharine  fluid,  consisting  of  the  in- 
spissat'*d  jult-es  or  decoctions  of  certain  vegc- 
tablfs.  as  the  sap  of  the  birch,  sycamore.  &c. 

4.  I'harm.  :  In  doses  of  a  toaspoonful  and 
upwanis  treacle  is  a  slight  laxative.  It  is 
often  given  to  children  in  combination  with 
sulphur. 

•I  Knglisk  treacle : 

litt. :  'I'mrruuii  ScortUuui. 

troacle  mustard,  s. 

Hot.  :  (I)  Clypeula,  a  cruciferous  genus 
(Loudon,  (Co.).  ("2)  Erysimum  cheirantholdes,  a 
British  crucifer,  one  or  two  feet  high,  with 
lanceolat*!  leaves,  yellow  flowers,  and  short, 
nearly  erect  pods.  It  is  found  chiefly  in  the 
South  of  England,  and  is  considered  by  Wat- 
son to  be  Colonist.  Bo  named  because  it  was 
formerly  used  as  an  ingredient  in  Venice 
tivaclf,  a  vermifuge  once  much  in  vogue 
(/>(■-<-).     (:i)  Thlnspi  nrvciise  {lirittcn  £  llol- 

hui-l).       JTHKA'  I.KWORT.} 

treacle  water,  .f.  A  compound  coi-dial, 
distilled  with  a  spirituous  menstruum  from 
any  cordial  and  sudoriflc  drugs  and  herbs, 
with  a  mixture  of  Venice  treacle  or  Iheriac. 

treacle    worm-seed,   ^■.      [Treacle- 

MlSI  AUD  (L')] 

trea  'Cle-wort,  a    [Eng.  timde,  and  wort.] 

}UA. :  TkluspL  iirvense. 

trca -Cly',  «.    {Eng.  trmdie) ; -y.]   Composed  of 
or  resembling  treacle  ;  of  the  nature  of  treacle. 

tread,  'trede  (pa.  l.  "trad,  ''trade,  trod; 
l>;t.  ]p;ir.  ^tredcii,  *  trodeii,  trodden),  v.L  &  t. 
[  A.S.  tn'dii.i  (\m.  t.  tra-d,  ]m.  par.  treden);  cogn. 
with  Ltut.  trtidKii;  Ger.  trdcn  (pa.  t.  trat,  pa. 
]»ar.  getrttcn);  Dan.  trmk;  Sw.  tnula ;  Goth. 
/n([/a«(pa.  t.  tratk);  leal.  trodJui  (i>a.  i.  trculh, 
j)a.  par.  trodhinn).] 
A.  Intnuisitive : 

1.  To  set  the  foot  down  on  the  ground  ;  to 
press  with  the  foot. 

'  Tread  softly."  Shakesp. :  Tompett,  Iv. 

2.  To  be  set  down  on  the  ground ;  to  press. 

"  Every  i>lAce  whereuii  the  soles  of  yyur  feet  8hi\ll 
tread  nhiill  l>e  youra."— /Jeur.  xi,  2^. 

3.  To  walk  or  move  with  a  more  or  less 
measured,  stately,  guarded,  or  cautious  step. 

"LYe  thAt]atnt«Iy  trtad  or  lowly  creep. " 

MiUoH  :  P.  I.,  V.  201. 

4.  To  move,  to  follow,  to  act. 

■•  liiBtviul  of  tr«<idiny  in  their footstepa-'—yfcujioWj. 
/UiamrBit.  vot.  i,,  iliac.  2, 

5.  To  copulate.  (Xow  said  only  of  the  male 
bird.) 

oiiteu  Btrawa 


■'  Wlifii  slifiiherds  pipe  o 
When  turtlea  tread," 


Hhakctp. . 
B.  Transit  life : 


Love's  Labour's  Lost,  v.  2. 


1.  To  step  on.  to  walk  on. 

"  TU  hostile  BTOUiid  you  tread." 

I'oj/c .   J/oiner :  Iliad  xv.  600. 

2.  To  crush  under  the  foot;   to  stamp  or 
trample  on. 

'■  Throiigli  thy  iinme  will  we  tread  them  uuder  that 
rise  uji  ji^iiliiHt  U8  "—Psalm  xliv.  5. 

3.  To  accomplish,  perform,  or  execute  witli 
the  feet ;  to  walk,  to  dunce. 

"  They  have  iiiejiiitired  innnv  a  mile 
To  ticud  a  lucuHuri"  with  you  on  thin  Krasa.' 

.Vtak<.-»p, :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  v.  2. 

4.  To  put  in  action  by  the  feet. 


5.  To  copulate  with  ;   to  cover.     (Said  of 
male  birds.) 

"The  cock  that  frradt  them.' 

.shakvtp. :  Ptmionale  Pilgrim.  3.16. 

■I  1.  To  tread  dovm:  To  crush  or  destroy, 
as  by  walking  or  stamping  on. 

"  Tread  down  the  wicked."— yt>6  j.\.  12. 


2.  To  tr&id  on  {uY  upon) : 

(1)  Lit.:  To  stamp  or  trample  on;  to  set 
the  foot  on,  as  in  contempt. 

"  Trlmiiphaiitly  tr-'od  on  Ihy  couiitry'ii  ruin. 
And  Ijear  tho  pntiii."       tihukvip. :  VurtQlaniu,  v.  3. 

(•2)  Fig. :  To  follow  cltisely. 

3.  To  tread  on  (or  upon)  the  heeh  of:  To 
follow  close  upon. 

"  With  luauy  biludrcdK  tri-tdinff  on  hit  hfi-lx." 

Shakcsp. :  King  John.  iv.  2. 

4.  To  trend  nut : 

(1)  To  press  out  with  the  feet  by  stamping. 

"Thou  «lialt  not  iiniszle  the  ox  when  he  treadvth 
out  the  L-oru."—Vauteronomff  xxv.  i. 

(2)  To  destroy,  extinguish,  or  put  out  by 
stamping  or  treading  on. 

"A  little  fire  is  i|uickly  irodtien  ouf." 

Shah-sp. :  3  Uenru  VI.,  iv.  e, 

5.  To  tread  the  staije  (or  boardji)  :  To  act  as  a 
stage-player ;  to  play  in  a  drama. 

6.  To  tread  wuhr  foot : 

(1)  Lit.  :  To  tread  or  stamp  on. 

(2)  Fif/. ;  To  set  tlie  ftmt  on,  as  in  contempt ; 
to  treat  with  contempt. 

7.  To  tread  water:  In  swimming,  to  move 
the  feet  and  liands  regularly  up  and  down, 
while  keejiing  the  body  in  an  erect  position, 
in  order  to  keep  the  head  above  the  water,  as 
when  a  swimmer  is  tired  or  the  like. 

tread,  5.     [Tread,  v.] 

X.  Ordinary  Uxmjiuuje: 

1.  A  step,  a  stepping,  a  footstep  ;  a  press- 
ing with  the  feet;  walk. 

"  He  could  heiir.  like  a  sc-utiuel's  tread. 
The  watchful  night-wiiid." 

Liing/ellow :  LnndionJCs  Talc- 

2.  Manner  of  stepping  :  as,  That  horse  has 
a  good  tread. 

*  3.  Way,  track,  path,  road. 

"  Cromwell  is  the  king's  Beoretaiy  ;  further, 
Staiid^i  ia  the  gap  and  tread  for  more  iJieferraeiit." 
tiltakesp. :  Uenry  VIII.,  v,  l. 

4.  The  act  of  copulating  in  birds. 

0.  The  cicatrice  or  germinating  point  ou  the 
yolk  of  an  egg. 

6.  That  part  of  the  sole  of  a  boot^or  shoe 
which  touches  the  ground  in  walking. 

7.  The  part  of  a  stilt  upon  which  the  foot 
rests. 

II,  Technically : 

1.  Carp. :  The  flat  part  of  a  step. 

2.  Fort.  :  The  top  of  the  banquette,  ou 
which  tlie  soldiers  stand  to  tire. 

3.  Lathe:  The  upper  surface  of  tlie  bed 
between  the  headstock  and  the  back  centre. 

4.  Railway : 

(1)  The  part  of  a  wlieel  which  bears  upon 
the  rail. 

(2)  The  part  of  a  rail  upon  which  the  wheels 
bear. 

5.  Shipicrlght. :  The  length  of  a  ship's  keel. 

6.  Vehichft:  Thebearingsurfaceof  the  wheels 
of  a  carriage  or  of  tlie  runners  of  a  sled. 

*  tread- behind,  s.  A  doubling  ;  an  en- 
deavour to  t'scaiie  by  doubling. 

■•  His  tricks  and  tracks  and  trcad-behimti." 

y<(ylor  :  Heynard  the  Fox.  p.  20. 

tread'Softly,  5. 

Dot.:  Cnidoscohis  stiinvlans ;  a  euphorbia- 
ceons  plant  growing  in  the  Southern  States 
of  America.  It  has  pahnatelv-lobed  leaves, 
with  spreading  hairs,  which,  when  trodden 
upon  by  the  bare  feet  of  tlie  negroes,  sting 
them  severely;  hence  the  English  name. 

tread -wheel,   s. 

A  wlict-l  liinicd  by  men 
iir  animals,  cither  l)y 
climbing  or  pushing 
with  the  feet.  In  one 
form  employed  for 


TRrAD  WnETL. 


raising  water  a  rope  is  wound  directly  around 
the  axle,  and  has  a  bucket  at  each  cud  ;  these 


fate.  at.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or.  wore.  woll.  work.  wh6.  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  lull;  try. 


pme.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine:   go,  pot, 
Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  ^  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


treader  —  treasurer 


177 


:irc  alternately  raised  and  lowered  liy  re- 
vtTsin;;  the  uiovenient  uf  the  wheel.  A  t'l'iui 
of  tread-wheel  in  which  a  donkey  w.ilks  iiisiide 
of  a  larye  wheel  \s  used  in  puinpinj;  front  the 
deep  well  nf  Carisbinok  Castle ;  turn-spit 
doKS  were  formerly  used  in  turiiinj;  the  spit 
upon  which  meat  was  roasted ;  and  dogs  are 
employed  in  sunie  dairies  to  turn  the  barrel- 
churns  ur  af^itate  the  vertiejil  dashers  of 
plunger-chuiuji.  Like  the  modern  treadmill, 
the  tread-wheel  was  furmerly  used  as  a  means 
of  jtunishmeiit  aud  prison  discipline. 

■■Atoii.-.i(  ilie  piiiviiirliil  i.nfl.iiH.  .U  wliicli  ji  Hiiiii- 
liir  iL^r  i>r  tilt-  tr,:ta-ivh.'J  ":i.s  uiiulf.  tin-  .iiilli.iitii's 
r.-«iitly  .U-.-!iire.l  tlint  tlit^y  o^uKl  Imy  tlnur  .  h.Mptr 
tliHU  lliey  could  yiiU'i  \l.'— Daily  .Wm,  VkXj.  'H.  1S.-*7. 

tread'-er,  i".  [Kng.  tread,  v. ;  -tc.J  One  who 
tiL-ads. 

"The  tread.-ri  sluitl  tie.ld  out  uu'nilttf  in  tln-ir 
liressea  '— /wiuA  xvi,  \\i 

tread  -le  (le  as  el), '  tred'-dle,  ■  tred-yl, 

s.     [A.S.  iret/c/.]"  [Trkad.] 

1.  A  foot-lever  connected  by  a  rod  to  a 
oiauk  to  give  motion  to  a  lathe,  sewiiig- 
macliine,  circular  saw,  or  other  small  mechan- 
ism. A  treadle  is  distinct  from  a  pedal, 
\vho.se  use  is  in  musical  instruments  to  raise 
a  damper,  open  a  valve,  work  a  bellows,  or 
wliat  not,  and  is  not  designed  to  produce  a 
rotary  motion. 

■'  Wbile  witli  her  foot  ou  tlie  treadle  abe  (fiiided  the 
wheel."  Loiijf/uiloto  ;  Miles  bUiiulis/i,  iii. 

2.  The  iiHiumiuous  cords  which  xinite  the 
ynlk  of  the  egj;  to  the  white ;  so  called,  because 
formerly  believed  to  be  the  sperm  of  the  cock. 

tread-mill,  >■.  [Eng.  tread,  and  null.]  A 
wlieel  driven  by  the  wei;^Jit  of  persons  tiead- 
iug  upon  the  steps  of  the  iieriphery.  It  was 
formerly  employed  in  prisons,  where  it  fornied 
part  of  the  '"hard  labour"'  of  persons  con- 
victed. The  usual  form  was  a  wheel  sixteen 
feet  long  and  five  in  diameter,  several  such 
wheels  being  coujjled  together  when  necessary 
for  the  accounuodation  of  the  prisoners.  The 
circHml'erence  of  each  had  twenty-four  equi- 
distant steps.     Each  piisouer  worked   in  a 


TBEAJJMILL. 

separate  compartment,  and  had  the  benelit 
of  a  hand-rail.  The  wheel  made  two  revolu- 
tions per  minute,  whieli  was  equivalent  to  a 
vertical  ascent  uf  thirty-two  feet.  Tiie  power 
was  sometimes  utilized  in  grinding  grain  or 
turning  machinery.  The  treadmill  was  a  fea- 
ture of  English  prison  discipline,  and  in  some 
cases  was  not  revolved  to  any  useful  effect, 
a  brake  being  simply  attached  to  the  axle, 
forming  a  seat  for  the  warder,  who  regulated 
the  work  or  speed  by  moving  toward  orfrom  the 
outer  end  of  tlie  lever.  A  grave  objection  to  its 
use,  as  part  of  the  machinery  of  "hard  labour  " 
in  prisons,  was  tlie  fact  that  the  weak  and  1  la- 
strong  were  by  it  compelled  to  equal  exertion. 

'  treague,  s.  [yp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  tregua  :  Low 
Lat.  treugu,  from  (.).  H.  Ger.  triuwa;  Goth. 
trigtjvu.]    [Tki'le,  Thte.]    A  truce. 

"  She  them  liesmi^ht,  ihtriiit;  their  uuiet  (n-tisui:, 
lutu  her  loiiyiiit's  lo  it|inife  a  wliile." 

.s/.eK»er.-  f,  <^,  II.  ii.  .W. 

treas' on,  *  trais-on, "  trays-on, '  trels- 
on,'  ■  treis-un,  •  tres-on,  *  tres-oun,  s. 

[U.  Fi-.truLSnii  (Fr.  traJiL^on),  froiii  Lat.  tnnii- 
tUmeiit  =  a  handing  over,  surrender,  from 
trad')  =  to  hand  over  ;  O.  Fr.  trail'  (Ki". 
trukir)=to  betray.]  [Thadition,  Traitor.] 
A  betraying,  treachery,  or  breach  of  faith, 
especially  by  a  subject  against  his  sovereigii, 
liege  lord,  or  chief  authority  of  a  state.  Theie 
were  a  nuniber  of  ditleient  species  of  treason 
against  the  sovereign,  according  to  Englisli 
Statute  law  dating  from  the  time  of  Ed- 
ward II L 


1.  Compassing  ur  imagining  the  death  of 
the  king,  of  his  queen,  ur  of  the  eldest  son 
and  heir. 

2.  The  second  species  of  treason  is,  "  if  a 
man  do  violate  the  king's  eompanion,  or  the 
king's  oide.st  daughter  unmarried,  or  tlie  wife 
of  the  king's  eldest  sou  aiul  heir."  Uy  the 
king's  eompanion  is  meant  his  wife  ;  and  by 
violation  is  understood  carnal  knowledge,  as 
well  without  force  as  with  it ;  and  this  is  high 
treason  in  both  parties,  if  both  be  consenting. 
The  plain  intention  of  this  law  is  to  guard  the 
blood  royal  from  any  suspiciou  of  bastardy, 
whereby  the  succession  to  the  crown  might 
be  rendered  dubious. 

3.  The  third  species  of  tieason  is,  "if  a 
man  do  levy  war  against  our  lord  the  king  in 
his  realm."  And  this  may  be  done  by  taking 
arms,  not  only  to  iletluone  the  king,  but 
under  pretence  to  reform  religion,  or  the  laws, 
or  to  remove  evil  counsellors,  or  other  griev- 
ances whether  real  or  pretended. 

4.  "If  a  man  be  adherent  to  the  king'.s 
enemies  in  his  realm,  giving  to  them  aid  and 
comfort  in  the  realm,  or  elsewhere,  he  is  guilty 
of  high  treason."  This  must  likewise  be  pro\cd 
by  some  overt  act,  as  by  giving  them  intelli- 
gence, by  .sending  them  provisi<tns,  by  selling 
them  arms,  by  treacherously  surrendering  a 
fortress  or  the  like. 

5.  "  II' a  man  counterfeit  the  king's  gi'eat  or 
privy  seal,"  this  is  also  high  treason. 

().  Tlie  next  species  of  trea.son  mentioned  in 
the  statute  is, "  if  a  man  counterfeit  the  king's 
money ;  and  if  a  man  bring  false  money  into 
the  realm  counterfeit  to  the  money  of  Eng- 
land, knowing  the  money  to  be  false,  to  mer- 
chandise and  make  i>ayment  withal." 

7.  The  last  species  of  treason  ascertained 
by  this  statute-',  is  "  if  a  man  slay  the  chan- 
cellor, treasurer,  or  the  king's  justices  of  the 
one  bench  or  tlie  other,  justices  in  eyre,  or 
justices  of  assize,  aud  all  otlier  justices 
assigned  to  hear  and  determine,  being  in 
their  places  doing  their  offices." 

Of  these  .'i,  0,  aud  7  are  not  now  regarded  as 
treason.  In  case  the  crown  shall  descend  on 
any  issue  of  the  .Sovereign  while  under  the  age 
of  eighteen,  itersons  aiding  or  abetting  tlie 
marriage  of  the  king  or  queen  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  regent  and  parliament,  and  tlie 
person  married  to  such  king  oi'  queen  whilf 
under  the  age  of  eighteen,  are  by  3  &  4  Vict. 
c.  5l*,  s.  4,  guilty  of  high  treason.  Treason 
was  formerly  punished  by  the  condemned 
I'erson  being  drawn  on  a  hurdle  to  the  place 
of  execution,  there  hanged  and  disembowelled, 
and  afterwards  beheaded  and  tjuartered,  a 
conviction  being  followed  by  attainder  and 
forfeiture  of  lands  and  goods.  By  the  Act 
33  &  34  Vict.,  c  "23,  the  attaindei'  and  for- 
feiture were  abolished,  and  the  punishment 
for  treason  is  now  hanging  only.  In  the 
United  States  treason  is  confined  to  the  actual 
levying  of  war  against  the  United  States,  or 
in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid 
and  comfort. 

"Ou  this  occasion  the  Parliameut  siiiiposeJ  him  to 
Itave  hceu  utility  only  of  a  single  trmisun,  and  eenthiiii 
tu  the  Cii&tle  of  Edinburgh  "—Matnutay :  Hist.  Eti</., 
c'li.  xxi, 

treason-felony,  ^^. 

Law:  Tlie  oHcnce  of  compassing,  imagining, 
or  deviling,  or  intending  to  depose  or  deprive 
the  Sovereign  from  the  throne,  or  to  levy 
war  within  the  realm,  in  order  to  forcibly 
compel  him  to  change  his  measuies,  ur  ti) 
intimidate  either  House  of  Parliament,  or  to 
excite  an  invasion  in  any  of  his  Jlajesty's 
dominions.  Treason-felony  was  defined  by 
the  Crown  and  Government  Security  Act, 
11  Vict.,  c.  12  (1848),  by  which  certain  trea- 
sons, till  then  cjipital  ottences,  were  mitigated 
to  felonies,  punishable  with  penal  servitude 
for  life,  or  for  any  term  not  leas  than  five 
years.  The  Fenians  in  Ireland  were  tried 
under  this  act  in  ISOJ  and  186tj. 

trea^'-6n-a-ble,  «.  [Eng.  treason ;  -able.] 
Pertaining  to  or  involving  the  crime  of 
tieason;  consisting  of  or  2>artaking  of  the 
nature  of  treason. 

"  II  these  dens  were-  manufnctiired  trmaonablc 
woilcB  of  all  claBsea  mul sizes."— Macaulaj/:  Jtiat.  £ng., 
ch.  xvi. 

treas'-on-a-ble-ness,  .-.■.  lEng.  treasonable; 
■iti'-.'s.]    TliK  (piality  or  sUite  of  being  treason- 


treas'-on-a-bly,  adv.      [Eog.    treasonab(h); 
■/y-I     In  a  treasonable  manner  ;  by  treason. 


'  trcas'-on-OUBt    a.      [Eng.   treiison;    •ou*:] 
'I'reasonable. 

"  WtTc  it  II  diiiuirht  fur  Juno  wlien  »hohaiiquvta, 
I  W"iild  nut  Uiile  thy  (rvutvii'iu><>l\i:r" 

MUtuii     Cufiitu,  7ua. 

treas-ure  (s  as  zh),  •  trea-or,  '  tres- 

OUr,  ^".  [Fr.  trcsor,  from  Lat.  tlusiiuniiu, 
accus.  of  thtsannis  =  a  treasure,  ftoni  Gr. 
Bri<ravp6<:  {thvjaaurus)  =  a  treasure,  a  .store,  a 
hoard,  from  the  same  root  as  TiOiim  (t'ttltSini) 
=  to  place,  to  lay  up  ;  Ital.  &  Sp.  tKnoro;  Port. 
tht'.iouro.] 

1.  Wealth  accumulated  or    hoarded  ;  par- 
ticularly, a  stock  or  store  of  money  in  reserve. 

"  An  inventory,  Inuiurtlnii 
Tho  several  parcels  of  his  phite,  Iil8  frtutturf, 
Kichatnffs.''  Shakttp. .   llanry  Vlll..  ill.  2. 

2.  A  great  quantity  of  anything  collected 
for  future  use. 

"  We  hitve  treasuret  in  the  field,  of  wheat,  nud  of 
barley,  luid  of  oil,  and  of  Imiwy ."— Jeremiah  xll.  e. 

3.  Something  very  much  valued  or  prized. 

"  Vti  shall  be  a  peculiar  treature  tu  Uiii."—Kxodu» 
xix.  5. 

**  treasure-city,  s.  A  city  for  stores  and 
magazines. 


treasure-flower,  5. 

ii<.'t. :  Gazauiii,  a  genus  of  Gortcriese. 

treasure-house,  s.  A  store  or  building 
in  wliicli  treasures  are  stored  or  kcjit ;  a  place 
where  treasured  ur  highly  valued  things  arc 
kept. 

"  Honourably  efTaued  by  debts 
Which  her  puor  trcisure-hoiite  is  ouuteiit  tu  owe. " 
\yo)(Uworth  :  HJicuraivii,  hk.  vti. 

treasure-trove,  .s.  (Eng.  tnusxire,  aud 
O.  Fr.  trove  (Fr.  troHve)=  fuund.J 

Law :  Any  money  or  cuin,  gold,  silver, 
]il;ite,  or  bullion,  found  hidden  in.  the  eaitli  <jr 
other  jtrivate  idaee,  the  owner  thereof  being 
unknown.  lu  such  cases  the  treasuie-trove 
belongs  to  the  Crown.  If  thecnvner  is  known, 
or  is  ascertained  after  the  lieasure  is  found, 
the  «wner,  aud  not  the  Crown,  is  entitled  to 
it.  It  is  the  practice  of  the  Crown  to  give  to 
the  tinder  the  full  value  of  the  treasure  found, 
U|ion  its  being  given  vip.  Cunceuling  or  ap- 
pro] niating  treasure-trove  is  an  iniiictiiblo 
ullcncc,  puiiisliable  by  fine  and  imin-isoiimont. 
ir  it  lie  Inuiid  in  the  sea,  or  vpvn  the  enrth  it 
dncs  not.  belong  to  tlie  Crown,  but  to  the 
tinder,  if  no  owner  :tpi)ears. 

treasure-vault,  s.  a  vault,  cellar,  or 
similar  place,, where  treasure,  stores,  JSic,  are 
kept. 

"  To  Rokeby  treature-vaultx  I  " 

bA-olt :  Hvki:by,  vi.  i. 

treas'-ure  (s  as  zh),  i\t.    [Treasure,  s.] 

1.  To  hoard  up  ;  to  lay  up  in  store  ;  to  col- 
lect and  lioard,  as  money  or  other  precious 
things  or  valuables,  either  for  future  use  or 
for  the  sake  of  preserving  them  from  harm  or 
damage  ;  to  accumulate.  (Generally  followed 
by  up.) 

"Yet,  faith  if  I  uiuat  needs  atfurd 
To  spectre  watchiui;  treaturfd  huanl. ' 

Scott:  HuKvby,  iii,  19. 

2.  To  retain  carefully  in  the  mind  or  heart. 

"  That  not  a  draiu,  nor  a.  duse,  uur  a  BcrtU'te  of  thU 
in-ecious  love  of  youi-a  is  lost,  but  ia  sJifely  treatur'il  in 
liiy  hvetibt' — Howell :  Letters,  bk.  i,  let.  17. 

3.  To  regard  as  very  precious ;  to  prize. 

*  4.  To  enrich  ;  to  make  precious. 

"  Treasure  thou  some  place  with  beauty'a  trea^tin-, " 
fihukes/j. .  tioiiiiet  <i. 

treas-ur-er    (s   :<s   zh),    •  tres-er-er. 

*  treas  -  our  -  er,    •  threas  -  ur  -  er, 

*  threas-or-or,      treas-ur-or,  s.    [Fr. 

tii^orit-r  :  Sp.  (csmijro  ;  I'ort.  theaoitrtiro  ;  Ital. 
ti.:<"ritiix.]  On;  who  lias  charge  of  a  treasure 
or  ti'easnry;  an  olticer  wlio  receives  the  public 
money  arising  from  taxes,  duties,  aud  other 
sources  of  revenue,  takes  charge  of  the  same, 
aud  disburses  it  upon  orders  drawn  by  the 
proper  authority  ;  one  who  has  the  charge  of 
collected  funds,  such  a.s  those  belonging  to 
incorporated  companies  or  private  societies. 

"  And  bad  vnto  hiu  Ireasourerg, 
That  thei  his  tre.ijiour  all  abuut 
Dei«irte  amon^'e  the  iioore  rout«." 

(Joioer :  C.  A.,  ii. 

If  "*  1.  Lord  High  Treasurer:  Formerly  the 
third  great  officer  of  the  Crown,  having  under 
his  charge  and  govenimeut  all  the  king's  re- 
venue, which  was  kept  in  the  exchequer  ;  the 
oftice  is  now  abolishe*!,  its  duties  being  per- 
formed  by  commissioners  entitled  Lords  of  1  he 
Treasurj*.     [Treasuuv,  2.] 

*  2.    Lord  High  Trm.snrcr  of  Svotlfuid :    An 


bwi.  boy;  poUt,  jd^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist,    ph  =  C 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan,    -tion,  -sion  ^  shun;  -fion,  -sion  =  zhim.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  ^  shus.    -hie.  -die,  Ac.  ;=  bel,  del. 


3(0 


178 


treaaxirership— treatment 


•«r  tluiy  It  WW  to  rxamiDc  kihI  \imtu* 
•  .(«  ..r  ihn  ktirrttb  aiitl  otltcni  con- 

•'      ^r,,  i.r  tin-  klii^:- 

^    tif   UluU,   nh<l 
<  .•iii|>«»utul,  nixt 

,,L.»   ■■i     i.....I\,    Ar.        Ill    10*k; 

i  naMirvr  was  tlt^lairtl  pn*»i- 
•  .if  KxcIh-iiiut. 

■/;  An  uffli-ial  in 

:.t  i.f  tin-   ru>»l 

.   i\  i.-  lotii,  who  U>«r> 

■  i!;.    lilt   i:uik->  ix-vt  to  tlip  lor\l- 

ih  uh'vM-  ntwnci-   li«   i»  fniiH»wfrv.| 

liirn.     The  Tiiohiirt-r  of  thi*  ll«nisi-- 

i<  .M  I-  ilwa>!tanifU)l)rr  of  the  IVivy  CoiiiicU. 

iixt  hu  tfiiuiv  of  offlcc  Is  (li'iK-nili-nt  en  that 

i»f  Ihr  iniiii'<lr>. 

(.  TrfOfO'tr  *•/ a  i'outitti :  In  Kn«lanil,  an 
oiticial  who  Uki-i»  clmr^f  of  county  fumlb, 
whicJi  art*  fni>»e«l  by  nWa  tlirou;ih  the  ovt-r- 
vir-.  of  every  larlith,  anil  iip]>lif<)  for  tlit- 
ni«inl<'nanc<r  of  tb**  iH.lic<*.  ciuinly  roiuL>«, 
l>iiilt{-it.  Air.  Thr  otilw  i>  gi-nir.tlly  lilKil  hy 
»  if.i'lmu  omnty  lionk«-r. 

treof  -ur-er-sblp  (f  a^  zh).  '  treos  ur- 
or  ship,  J.  [Kti^:.  tmK*urfi  ;  •j./(ij>,]  The 
..111.-.-  or  .lijfi.ity  ..fa  trv:ij«nrvr. 

'  TliomM  ItrtiKHitfhAUi  bUtio|>  vt  Kxtitr  Mi<l  lonl 
J.,,,     -ffofittiAMi     t'krvngrlr:  Kick.  H  (mi.  1>1!. 

•  trdaf  ar-d«s  (f  as  zh).   '  troas-onr- 

ease,  <■     (Hn^.  trt*isHiijtr);   -^M.J     A  feniaU- 
wt.i.  hx->  charvr  of  a  trt-a>nn'. 

"  >  -u.  I.«<lv  Miiw.  «buin  Jovf  tlirntniiaellor 
11.^  •!    -f  >l*iHur)-.  Wltdi'Uid  rrrii4m-r«.'" 

Dttriei  :  Imtnort.  qfrheSoui. 

*  treof  -iir-eiiB,  o.  (Kng.  tretu^uiif);  -ous.] 
W.irthy  to  be  cherished  ami  prizifl ;  of  gix'at 
V  line. 

"  CixMra^  full  of  snct. 

All  t  ff-.lxr'vMj  aiutI  to  nil  Ilic  llilliiltli  r»C^." 

(A.ij"n.i/..    Il'-inrr;   ll^oi,,  to  F'trlh. 

trcas  or-j^  (a  a-^  zh)»  *  treas-urle,  *  tres- 
er-ye,  *  tres  or-le,  '  tres-or-ye, «.   [Fr. 

ftr^.-rn/';  .S]i.  A;  Ital.  tt^jier\'i,\ 

1.  A  plACi*  or  )>inhlin>:  in  which  trea>»ure  is 
.|i-|M(>it*Hl ;  a  store-place  for  wealth ;  par- 
ticularly, r»  place  wlier^  the  public  revenues 
are  ile|*<>siteil  an«i  kept,  and  where  ntnney  is 
ili.iliun>e<l  to  defray  tlie  exi>ensc.s  of  govem- 
nii*nt  :  al.so,  a  place  wliere  tlie  funds  of  an 
iiicori-orated  coniiKtny  or  private  society  are 
d<'|iODite<l  and  disbursed. 

i.  A  department  (»f  govcmnient.  having 
Control  over  the  management,  collectiou,  and 
etjK'nditure  of  the  public  revenue.  The 
dutie.s  of  this  (lc|iartnit-nt  were  formerly  per- 
formed by  the  \a>v\\  \\\'^\\  Treasurer(n.v.),  but 
are  now  entrusted  to  a  board  of  commissioners 
ciititleil  Ii^inls  of  the  Ti-easury.  The  coni- 
iiii'>^ioner.->  are  five  in  number.  The  First 
L..nl  of  the  Treasury  is,  as  a  rule,  the 
rniiie  Minister,  or  head  of  the  government. 
Mf  mu-t  be  a  inemWr  of  one  of  the  Houses  of 
r:ir|j.iiitent.  As  Prime  MinisttT  be  has  an 
eKtcnsive  iKitojnage,  civil,  legal,  and  ecclesi- 
.IiIumI.  apiioinls  the  chief  officers  of  stale, 
and  regulates  the  various  departments  under 
llie  'Tcwn.  The  office  is  fre<iuently  combined 
«Mtli  .mother  in  the  luinistr)* :  thus,  the  First 
lioril  at  times  holds  the  office  of  Secretary  of 
Mt.ite  for  Foreign  Atfairs.  The  virtual  head 
of  the  Treasury  is  the  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
( hdiuer,  with  which  office  that  of  First  Lord 
is  sometimes  united.  He  must  be  a  member 
of  the  IIou.se  of  Commons,  and  exercises 
T'tinplete  control  over  the  expenditure  of  the 
(lirterenl  branches  of  the  service.  He  pre- 
]Mte.s  the  annual  estimate  of  the  state  ex- 
p-nsi'>.  and  of  the  ways  and  means  by  which 
It  u  proiK)»ed  to  meet  them,  and  lays  this 
^Lltl•ment,  commonly  called  the  Budget,  before 
Itii-  House  of  Commims.  Tin- three  remaining 
Ijonls  fif  the  Treasury,  called  the  Junior 
l/mls,  have  little  l»eyond  formal  duties  to 
Icrform.  the  heaviest  executive  duties  falling 
111  a  permaneTit  official  secretary  and  on  the 
two  joint  swretarits  of  the  Treasury,  who 
•ire  members  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
an-  known  as  the  Financial  Seeretary  and 
the  Patronage  Secretary,  the  latter  being 
usually  also  the  "whip"  of  the  govern- 
ment. (Whip,  .«.)  The  iu.sto<ly  of  the  public 
rpv<*ntie  is  vested  in  the  Kxchcquer,  but  the 
function  of  payment  lielongs  to  the  Treasury, 
con.MV(uently  all  sums  withdrawn  from  the 
K\f|ie<iuer  must  b*?  vouched  for  by  a  Treasury 
w.-vrri^nt.  The  Treasury  h-xs  the  api>ointment 
of  all  otticent  engaged  in  the  collection  of  the 
ptitilic  revenue.    Tlie  army,  navy,  and  civil 


»ervi(viiupplie(iare  issued  under  iUs  juitln>rity  ; 
and  all  i-xceptiotml  ca-sen  and  dispute-  re- 
lating to  the  public  revenue  are  referred  to  its 
deci-Hion.  Seventl  iiiiiKirtaiit  government  de- 
Iflrtmenls,  a-s  the  ILmnl  of  tiiliind  Hevenue, 
the  Po^I-oMlce.  WikhIs  and  Forests,  A:e..  are 
under  the  general  autiiurily  or  regulation  of 
the  Treasury. 
X  The  officers  of  the  Treasui^-  department. 

4.  A  repository,  storehouse,  or  other  place 
for  the  reception  of  valuable  objects. 

5.  A  cuUection  of,  or  a  book  containing 
(geiiemlly  in  a  small  compass),  valuable  in- 
formation or  facts  on  any  subject  ;  anything 
from  which  wisdom,  wit,  or  knowledge  may 
l«  abuinlantly  ilerived  :  as,  a  trmsunj  of 
botany,  a  h-msHnj  of  wit. 

'  6.  A  treasure. 

••  Ami  lUAkf  111*  chrnuicle  iw  rich  with  prizf , 
A»  i»  the  M*>iy  lmtU>iii  ul  tlic  WA 
With  suukeii  uivck  niid  dumlriw  trratiirirt. 

Nhakctp. :  ilenrg  1'-.  i.  2. 

7.  The  weeklv  pavmenl  of  actors,  sui'ers, 

Ac.      C'iVi'w/.   .s/h'/.;;.)" 

treasury-bench,  s.  The  front  V>ench  or 
row  of  seals  in  the  House  of  Commons,  on  the 
right  hand  of  the  Speaker,  which  is  appro- 
priated to  the  thief  members  of  the  niiniiitry. 

treasury  ~  board.  ■•'.  The  tive  Lords 
Coninn,s>ii .tiers  or  the  Treasury. 

treasury  warrant,  .t.  A  warrant  or 
voucher  issu.il  by  the  Treasury  for  sums  dis- 

bur>e<l  by  thr  KM-llcqlU  t. 

treat,       trayte,       treate,    *  treat-en, 
*  tretc,  'tret  en,  '  tret-y,  '■'  a  ».  \V\\ 

liiiiUi—  to  treat,  fi-oni  Lat.  (mc'u  ==  to  handle, 
frequent,  from  tniho  (pa.  i>ar.  (r((c/(K<)  =  to 
draw.] 

A.  Tmnsitiiv: 

1.  To  behave  to  or  towai-ds ;  to  conduct 
one's  self  to  or  towards  in  a  particular  manner  ; 
to  act  well  or  ill  towards  ;  to  use  in  any  way. 

"At  iireseut  they  have  but  little  iilei\  of  treati»^ 
othtfiT  aa  themselves  iwwulii  wiflb  to  he  trratetl.  hut 
trfat  them  as  lh«j'  expect  to  be  treated."— tool  : 
Second  Voimoe.  I»k.  il.  ch.  v. 

2.  To  handle  or  develop  in  a  particular 
manner,  in  writing  or  speaking,  or  by  the 
process  of  art. 

"  ZeiixU  ami  Polygnotiis  treated  their  subjects  in 
their  iiiftures,  aa  Homer  did  in  bie  iioctiy."— /''■//rici  : 
hufrtMfiot/, 

3.  To  manage  in  the  application  of  remedies  : 
as,  To  treat  a  disease  or  a  patient. 

4.  Tosuliject  to  the  action  of:  as,  To  tre«t 
a  substance  with  sulphuric  acid. 

•  0.  To  discoui-se  of ;  to  speak  of  or  on ;  to 
discuss. 

"  Anil  thei  camen  to  Cafnruaum  and  whaiine  thei 
wertii  in  the  hoiis  he  nxide  hem  wliat  trettUvn  ye  iii 
the  weye!  "—  tyycliffc :  Mark  ix. 

•  6.  To  negotiate,  to  settle. 

"  To  treate  a  pence  atwene  botb  pryuces."— fi<6i/a»i ; 
Chront/de,  ch.  ccir. 

7.  To  entertain,  without  expense  to  the 
guest ;  to  pay  the  ex])ense  of  an  entertain- 
ment, food,  or  drink  (especially  the  last)  for, 
as  a  conipliTuent,  or  as  a  sign  of  goodwill  or 
friendliness. 

"  Our  generous  eoenes  are  for  pure  love  rej^ateil. 
And  if  you  are  not  pleased  at  leiiat  you're  treufed." 
I'rhr :  I'rol.  tiiohcn  in  Wcttminitttr  School  {\&'ihl 

8.  To  look  Upon  or  consider. 

"  The  Court  of  Rome  treats  it  as  the  Jraniedi.-ite 
HUKgeBtion  of  Uell — o[ieu  to  no  furgi venesa." — iiv 
tfuincey :  MUitar!/  A'loi,  sec,  v.,  p.  11. 

"  9,  To  entreat,  to  beseech,  to  solicit. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  discuss,  to  discourse ;  to  make  dis- 
cussion or  discourse  of.  (Geuerally  followe<l 
by  of.) 

"  Now  wol  I  spekc  of  others  false  and  grele 
A  word  or  twu,  lu  olde  bookes  trcti:" 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  12,49S. 

2.  To  disca.ss  terms  of  accommodation  or 
agreement ;  to  negotiate. 

"  He  y/nA  now  not  only  willing,  but  impntient  to 
treat.'— ^fa^:ull^a!/ ;  Jlitl.  Eng.,  cli,  xvii. 

3.  To  come  to  terms  of  accouunodation  ;  to 
agree. 

"  He  sende,  and  bo  betwene  hem  tweyne 
They  Irenleu  that  the  cit«€  all 
Wns  christiieiL"  (lower:  C.  A.,  ii. 

4.  To  make  gratuitous  entertainment  ;  ti- 
psy for  food,  drink,  or  entertainments  for 
another  or  others.    [Treating,  C.  2.] 

f,  To  treat  ii'ith  :  To  negotiate  with  ;  to  pro- 
pose and  receive  terms  for  adjusting  ditter- 
ences. 


treat,  ".    [Trf.\t,  v.] 

■  L  Parley,  conference,  treaty. 

2,  An  entertainment  giveo  as  a  compliment 
or  expression  of  goodwill. 

"Sbe  Rud  the  girl  wore  attending  with  donkeys  at 
the  juinual  treat  at  a  Coionleaceut  Hui"e  fur  Chil- 
dren."— li'eekli/  Echo,  .Sept.  5. 18^5. 

3.  Something  given  at  an  entertainment  ; 
hence,  something  whicli  affords  pleasure  or  is 
peculiarly  enjoyable  ;  au  unusual  pleasure  or 
gratilication. 

■•  Wc  don't  bave  meat  every  day  .  .  .  and  it  la  a 
tre<tl  to  me  to  get  a  dinner  like  this."— 77iocA:erai/. 
IltxiK  pfSnob$,  ch.  XXXV. 

%  (1)  School  Treat :  A  treat  given  to  Sunday 
or  day  scholars  at  any  period  of  the  year,  but 
esi>eeially  in  summer,  when  it  geueriAly  takes 
the  form  of  an  excursion  for  a  day  to  the 
countrv  or  to  the  sea-side.  It  has  become  a 
standing  institution  of  English  Sunday-school 
life. 

(2)  To  stand  treat :  To  pay  the  expenses  of  an 
entertainment,  &c.,  for  another  or  others  ;  to 
entertain  gratuitously  ;  to  treat. 

"  treat'-a-ble.  **  tret-a-ble,  a.    [Fr.  trait- 

oh!,:] 

1.  Moderate;  not  violent. 

■■  The  beats  or  the  colds  of  seasons  .ire  leas  treatable 
than  with  us.'  — 7<->»ip/e. 

2.  Tractable;  easy  to  manage  or  come  to 
terms  with. 

"  These  lordes  founde  the  kyog  of  Englande  so  treat- 
able."—Benters     t'roissart ;  Vronyi-le.  vol.  i.,  ch,  ccx. 

3.  Capable  of  being  treated,  discussed,  or 
handled. 

treat-a-bly,  ('(''".     [Eng.  tyeatah(Ie) ;   -ly.} 
.Moderately,  tractably. 

"  leisurely  and  trentabfy,  .is  became  a  matter  of  ao 
great  importance." —/"uWcr;   Worthies;  Oeiienil. 

treat'-er,  s.    [Eng.  treat,  v.  ;  -fr.] 

1.  One  who  treats,  handles,  or  discourses 
on  a  subject. 

"  Si>eecbe9  letter  becoming  a  senate  of  Venice,  where 
the  treaters  are  i>eri)etuiil  yviuces."—H'olton:  Sie- 
)(i'(0(«.  p.  4:12. 

2.  One  who  entertains. 

treat' ~ing,  3n.  2X"'-,  *»•!  &  s.    [Treat,  v.\ 

At  k  "B,  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (See 
tlie  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  treats. 

2.  Specifically,  the  act  of  bribing  in  i^rlia 
nientaiy  or  other  elections  with  meat  ordrink. 
Every  candidate  who  corruptly  gi^es,  causes^ 
to  be  given,  or  is  .iccessory  to  giving,  or  pays, 
wholly  or  in  part,  expenses  fur  meat,  drink^ 
entertainment,  or  provision  for  any  person, 
before,  during,  or  after  an  election,  in  ordei 
to  be  elected,  or  for  being  elected,  or  for  coi  - 
rui»tly  influencing  any  i>erson  to  give  ur 
refrain  from  giving  his  vote,  is  guilty  of  treat- 
ing, and  forfeits  £50  to  any  informer,  with 
costs.  Everj-  voter  who  con-uptly  aci-ejitb 
meat,  drink,  or  entertainment,  shall  be  in- 
CJipable  of  voting  at  such  election,  and  his 
vote  shall  be  void. 

*  treating-liouse,  s.    A  restaurant. 

"  His  hrat  jaunt  is  to  a  trcatiiig-hoiise."— Gentleman 
Instructed,  p.  \1'.'. 

treat -ise, '  treat-yse, '  tret-yse,  •tret- 
is,  .-■.  [t-'.  Fr.  traictis,  treitis,  tretis  =  well 
liainUed  or  nicely  made.] 

L  A  written  composition  ou  some  particular 
subject,  in  which  its  principles  are  discussed 
or  explained.  It  nmy  denote  a  composition 
of  any  length,  but  "it  implies  more  form, 
luetliod,  and  fulness  than  an  essay. 

"  Wlien  we  WTite  a  treatigg,  we  consider  the  subject 
tlin.iiiiliuuL  We  strengthen  it  with  arguments— we 
lIco  it  of  objections— we  enter  into  details— and  in 
alii.it,  we  leave  iiothiuK  unsaid  that  projjerly  apper- 
t.iiii.s  tu  the  subject,"— Oi7/>irt  ;  Preface  to  Scrrions,  i. 

'  2.  Discourse,  talk,  tale. 

"  Your  treatise  makes  me  like  you  worse  and  worse." 
Shakcsp. :  Venut  St  Adonit,  774. 

*  treat'-is-er,  '  treat-is-or,  s.  [Eng. 
/i(((/(\s(() ,-  -(•(.]    One  who  writes  a  treatise. 

"  I  titnible  to  speak  it  in  the  language  of  this  blai-k- 
mouthed  treatitvr.'—Featley :   Dippers    Dipt,    v.   &i. 

treat'-ment,  5.    [Fr.  traitement.]    [Treat,  r.J 
1.   The  act  or  manner  of  treating  or  han- 
dling a  subject. 

"ik^rce  an  humour  or  chanwrter  which  they  have 
not  used:  all  comes  wasted  to  ua.  and  were  they  to 
entertain  this  .-»ge,  they  could  not  now  make  such 
plenteous  trva  f  menf.  "—Drj/dei}. 


ate,  lat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son ;  mute  cub.  ciire.  nnite,  cnr,  rdle.  full ;  try,  Syrian.    ».  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


treature— treckschuyt 


17:* 


2.  Management,  manipulation;  manner  of 
mixin;;:  or  coi:il»itnnj:.  of  decomposing,  or  the 
like  :  as,  the  trrntmcHf  of  subjects  in  clieniicul 
oxperinients. 

3.  The  act  or  nranner  r>f  treating  or  ap]'ly- 
in^,' renieiiies  to;  tlie  mode  or  course  pursued 
ri)r  remedial  purpose.-s :  a.s,  the  treaiiiicnt  of  a 
disease. 

4.  Usage ;  manner  of  treating  or  using ; 
behaviour  towards,  whether  good  or  bad. 

"Hii  iia.<)urniicvj<  n(  tlii-irCuture  security  And  hoiiour- 
Jlbl*  (i'eutini-iit."—A  nsitu  :   Voyaget,  bk.  if.,  th.  v, 

•  5.  The  .ict  of  treating  or  entertaining  ;  en- 

r.'it;iM,rueiit. 

'  treat -nre»  «.     [Treat,  c]    Treatment. 

".\11  ei  till)'  kyiifcrs  may  kiiuw  tliat  tlitryr  powers  hf 
^  :xyiie.  nml  tli-M  iioiit^  is  worthy  to  hane  tlie  unnie  of  .t 
kyiige  but  he  th.it  bath  nil  thyiitfe*  stiliiect«  to  his 
lie^'tvs,  rifl  here  io  showeJ,  by  wwrohyiiye  at  liU  trealurc 
I'y  this  rt.iUT.  ■— /'iiAj/<i'i .  ChrQiiycle,  th.  cc\  i. 

treat'-jr,  *tret-ee,  ■■'\  [o.  Fr.  traicfe ;  Fi-. 
^ll(^•=:a  treaty;  prop.  pa.  par.  of  O.  Fi\ 
''iticter;  Fr.  fnwV?'' =  to  treat  (q.v.). j 

1.  The  act  of  treating  or  negotiating;  nego- 
ri;itinu  ;  the  act  of  treating  for  the  adjustment 
■  •r  ditferences,  or  for  forming  an  agreeiiieuti* 
as,  To  try  to  settle  matters  by  treatij. 

*2.  A  proposal  tending  to  an  agreement; 
an  eutieaty. 

"I   IllUlit 

To  the  young  mnn  semi  humble  treaties,  dodge 
Aud  palter  iu  the  depthn  of  luwiiea.'L" 

Shakes/i.  .  Antony  Jt  Cleopatni,  iii.  11. 

3.  An  agreement  upon  terms  between  two 
'•r  moi-e  persons. 

"  Tbeu  she  began  n  trentii  to  prncuie. 
\\\<\  atablish  terms  betwixt  Imtb  tbeir  re^iiiests." 
Sttemer :  >'.  y..  II.  li.  ui. 

4.  Speciticaliy,  an  agi'eement,  contract,  nr 
le;igue  between  two  or  more  nations  or  so- 
vereigns, formally  signed  by  commissioners, 
duly  accredited,  and  solemnly  ratified  by  the 
several  sovereigns  or  supreme  authorities  of 
each  state.  Treaties  include  all  the  various 
transactions  into  which  states  enter  between 
themselves,  sucli  as  treaties  of  peace,  or  of 
alliance,  (pflensive  or  defensive,  truceji,  con- 
ventions, &c.  Treaties  may  be  entered  into 
for  political  or  commercial  purposes,  in  which 
latter  form  they  are  usually  temporary.  The 
power  of  entering  into  and  ratifying  treaties 
is  vested  in  monarchies  in  the  sovereign;  in 
republics  it  is  vested  in  the  chief  magistrate, 
senate,  or  executive  council ;  in  the  United 
.States  it  is  vested  in  the  President,  by  and 
with  the  consent  uf  the  Senate.  Treaties 
may  be  entered  into  and  signed  by  the  duly 
authorized  diidomatic  agents  of  different 
states,  but  such  treaties  are  subject  to  the 
iipptovnl  and  ratification  of  the  supreme  au- 
tli<.>rities. 

•[  The  most  iiupoitant  treaties  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  have  been  :  the  Treaty  of 
Amiens,  between  Great  Britain  on  the  one 
part  and  France,  Spain,  and  Holland  on  the 
other,  signed  March  'Ih-l,  1S02  ;  the  Treaty  of 
Paris,  between  France  on  the  one  pait  and 
Austria,  Russia,  Great  Britiiin,  and  Prussia  on 
the  other,  signed  Jlky  30.  ISU  ;  the  Treaty  of 
Vienna  (which  long  constituted  the  basis  of 
the  public  law  of  Europe),  between  Austria, 
Spain,  France,  Great  Britain,  Portugal,  Prus- 
sia, Russia,  and  Sweden,  signed  June  9,  181o  ; 
the  Treaty  of  Paris,  between  Russia  on  the 
one  hand  and  France,  Great  Britain,  Sardinia, 
;ind  Turkey  on  the  other,  March  30,  1866  ;  the 
Treaty  of  Villafranca,  of  which  the  prelimin- 
aries were  signed  between  France  and  Austria 
on  July  13,  ISVt;  the  Treaty  of  Frankfort, 
l>et\veeu  Germany  and  France,  signed  May  10, 
1871  ;  the  Treaty  of  San  Stefano,  between 
Russia  and  Turkey.  March  3. 1S7S  ;  the  Treaty 
of  Berlin,  again  between  Russia  and  Turkey, 
with  the  assent  of  the  other  Europeau  Puwers, 
Aug.  :j,  187S. 

"By  advantageoiia  treaties  of  commerce,  particular 
privileges  were  pri-curetl  in  eotne  foreign  state  for  the 
kihkIs  Mud  mercb.iut<  ol  the  country.'— i!, >,("(/( .  n'cult/i 
of  Sattotis.  bk    iv..  ch.  L 

''  5.  A  treatise. 

treb'-i-U8,  s.  [The  fictitious  name  of  a  de- 
pendent and  parasite  to  whom  Juvenal  (v.  19) 
offered  advice.J 

Kiitom.:  Agenusof  Caligidff.  Head  buckler- 
sliaped,  with  no  sucking  disks  on  the  large 
frontal  plates  ;  thorax  three-jointed,  fourpairs 
t>f  legs  with  long  plumose  hairs,  the  fourth 
I>air  slender,  two-branched  ;  second  pair  of 
foot-jaws  two-jointed,  not  framed  into  a 
sucking  disk.  Trebins  cauifatus  is  jxirasitic 
on  the  skate.  The  male  is  much  larger  than 
the  female. 


treb  -le  (le  as  el),  •  treb-blo. «.,  a.Jv.,  &  s. 

[(>.  Fr.  trehh;  freiWc  =  trijile,  from  Lat.  tri- 
phim,  aceus.  of  (n>?((.*  =  triple,  from  tres  = 
three.     Treble  and  triple  are  doublets.) 

A*  As  at^ective: 

L  Ord.  Unig. :  Triple,  threefold. 

"  But  to  siteak  theiu  were  a  deadly  sin, 
AtuI  for  l.avliK  but  thought  theiu  my  heart  within. 
A  frcWc  i>eimnce  must  Ite  done  " 

S<-ot{:  lay  o/  the  Latt  Mimlret,  ii.  la. 
II.  Musk: 

1.  Uf  or  pertaining  to  the  highest  vocal  or 
instrumenUil  piirt,  sung  by  boys,  or  played  by 
violins,  obites,  clarinttii,  or  other  instruments 
of  acute  tone. 

"It  ia  evident,  that  the  ixrcnssiou  of  the  creater 
quantity  of  air.  cHuseth  the  Iwser  sound  :  and  the  less 
quantity  the  more  treble  sound,  "—/fatc-on  .-  .Vn(.  Uisl.. 

§i:8. 

2.  Playing  or  singing  the  highest  part  or 
most  acute  tone :  as,  a  treble  voice,  a  treble 
violin,  &c. 

*  B.  As  adv.  :  Triply,  trebly,  threefold. 

•■  ■  Ue  will  double 
What  ever  Hemsklrk  then  hatb  promisd  thee." 
'  -And  111  deserve  it  trebtr.' " 

Beatim.  .*■  FM. :  Beggar's  Bush,  iv,  I, 

C,  As  SMbsiantivr : 

I.  Old.  Lang.  :  Three  times  as  much. 

IL  ihfsic: 

1.  The  highest  vocal  or  instrumental  pai  t, 
sung  by  boys,  or  played  by  violins,  flutes, 
oboes,  clarinets,  or  other  instruments  of 
acute  tone.  The  treble  or  soprano  voice  is 
the  most  flexible  of  all  vocal  registers  ;  its 
ordinary  compass  is  from  middle  C  upwards 
to  the  extent  of  a  twelfth,  its  exceptional 
range  a  lifteenth,  or  even  beyond  this. 

2.  A  soprano  voice,  a  soprano  singer. 

"  Come  ^ood  wonder. 
Let  you  and  I  be  jogginy  :  your  sLirved  trtbbie 
Will  Waken  the  rucie  watih  else." 

Beaum.  &  Flet.  :  The  Chances,  i.  C. 

*  3.  A  musical  instrument. 

"  Their  son  .  .  .  playing  u^»on  his  treble,  ns  he  calls 
it.  with  which  he  earns  part  of  hii>  liviiiii  "—ftii'ut  • 
IHary.  Se\<t  17.  166a 

treble-bar,  s. 

ICiifout. :  .\  British  geouieter  moth,  Anaitls 
pJaghitif.  Fore  wings  pale  gray,  with  three 
tmusverse  black  bars ;  hind  wings  smoky 
gray  with  a  double  transverse  line,  the  inner 
part  darker,  the  outer  lighter  than  the  rest  of 
the  wing.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  flowers 
aud  leaves  of  Hyperictnn  perjdratum. 

treble-barrel  pump,  s.  A  pump  having 
three  bniTels  connected  w  it  li  a  common  suction- 
pipe.  The  pistons  are  operated  by  a  three- 
throw  crank,  the  cranks  being  set  at  angles  of 
120°,  so  that  each  piston  is  always  at  a  ditfer- 
ent  part  of  the  stroke  from  either  of  the 
others,  and  a  continuous  flow  produced. 

trebleblock,  s. 

Xi'iit.  :  A  blo'.k  with  three  sheaves,  ordi- 
narily used  as  a  purchase-block. 

treble-brown  spot,  s. 

Entiiin. :  A  British  geonteter  moth,  AcklalUt 
triijemiiiato.  Wings  very  pale  wainscot  brown, 
almost  yellow,  with  a  dark  gray  band  inter- 
rupted in  the  middle. 

treble  clet  s. 

^fHsir:  The  G  clef  on  the  second  line  of  the 
stave,  used  for  treble  voices  and  instruments 
of  high  ami  medium  pitch,  such  as  flutes, 
oboes,  clarinets,  horns,  violins,  and  trumpets. 
[Clef.) 

treble -cylinder  steam-engine,  ^^ 

Ste'iiit  :  An  engine  having  a  j-air  of  large 
cylinders  for  the  continuation  of  the  exjiau- 
sion,  oue  at  each  side  of  the  small  cylinder. 

'  treble-dated,  a.  Living  thrice  as  long 
as  man. 

"  And  thou,  treble-dtted  crow." 

^Ai(Acj/j. .  Passionate  Pilffrim,  17. 

treble-lines,  .''. 

Extiuii. :  A  British  night  moth,  Graramesia 
trUiiiPft.  Wing-expanse  an  inch  ami  a  half; 
fore  wings  dingy  gray,  with  four  slender  trans- 
verse darker  lines  ;  bind  wings  of  deeper  hue. 
The  caterpillar  feeds  on  Plantago  major. 

treble  -  shovel  plough,  s.    a  plough 

having  three  shares  ;  a  form  of  cultivator. 
treble -tree,  s. 

Vehicles  :  A  whittletree  for  three  horses  ;  an 
equalizer. 

treb'-le  (le  as  el),  v.t.  &  /.    [Treble,  «.] 


A.  Transitive : 
1.  To  make  thrice  as  much  ;  to  multiply  by 

three;  to  nuike  threefohl. 

"A  volume  rewritten,  ffrfi/erf  in  r>izr.  and  covcritii; 
n  tumuli  larKrr  area  than  the  orlgliuil."— /"if/t/,  July  P., 

'2.  To  utter  in  a  treble  voice  or  key;  to 
whine  out. 

"  He  outrageously 
(M  hen  I  nccmteil  liiml  trebled  hin  nsidy.*" 

Chapmatt. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  become  threefold  or  thricR 
as  much. 

"  Wlioever  annually  runs  out.  a«  the  debt  dowldeit 
.nnd  trebles  uiwn  hiin.  so  doth  Ids  InabiUty  t)  t«y  It." 

*  treb'-le-nes8  (le  as  el),  ^  treb-bleness, 

s.     (Eng.  treble,  a.  ;  -Kfs.s.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tieblr  ,.r 
threefold. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  treble  iu 
sound  or  note. 

"The  jua(  and  meaturetl  proi>ortlon  of  the  air  per- 
cussed, (ow.irda  the  l)aseneu  or  trrbbleneU  •/  ttuies.  in 
one  of  the  greatest  setrets  in  the  contemplation  of 
sounds;  for  it  diacovereth  the  true  coincidence  of 
tuiiea  into  diapasons;  which  is  the  leturn  of  the  annii- 
Bound.*"— fliicoji.-  iVat.  Biit.,  §  laa. 


treb-lgt. 


[Triblet.] 


treb-lj^,  («/r.  [Eng.  freK/c),a. ; -/i/.l  luatreble 
manner  ;  in  a  threefold  m;inner,  degree,  or 
quantity  ;  triply. 

treb'-u-ghet,  treb-uc-ket,  .';.     (Fr.  trr- 

hnchet  (O.  Fr.  trebwutet,  Irubuipiet),  from  tre- 
bucher  =  to  stumble,  to  tumble ;  O.  Fr.  tre- 
but]uier=^  to  overbalance,  to  bear  down  by 
weight,  from  Lat.  trans  =  across,  and  O.  Fr. 
buc  =  the  trunk  of  the  body ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
6/(/:=  the  belly.] 

*  1.  Archa-ol. :  A  warlike  engine  formerly 
used  for  hurling  stones.  A  heavy  weight  on 
the  short  end  of  a  le\  er  was  suddenly  released, 


TREBLCHET. 

raising  the  light  end  of  the  longer  arn\  con- 
taining the  nn.ssile,  and  discharging  it  with 
great  rapidity.  It  was  used  by  besiegers  for 
making  a  breach,  or  for  casting  stones  and 
other  missiles  into  the  besieged  town  or  castle. 

"[Aj  trebuchft  [is]  a  warlike  encine  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  nseil  to  throw  atones,  tierv  niaterial.  and  other 
projectiles  employed  in  the  attack  and  defence  of  forti- 
fied places  by  means  of  countertioise.  At  the  long  end 
of  a  lever  Vi\»  fixed  a  sling  to  hold  the  projectile;  at 
the  short  end  a  he^vy  weight,  which  furnished  the 
nece»a.iry  moving  force." — Brande  <t  Cox. 

2.  A  kind  of  balance  or  scales  used  in  weigh- 
ing. 

3.  A  tumbrel  or  ducking-stool. 

4.  A  kind  of  trap. 

tre-9ent'-ist,  5.    [Trecexto.] 
A  rt :  (See  extract). 

"Antonio  t^aari  (died  in  1S28)  w.os  the  chief  of  the 
Trerentisfs.  n  school  which  carried  its  love  of  the 
Italian  authui-s  of  the  fourteenth  century  to  atfecta- 
UtJU.'—/:ip!ey  &  Dana  :  A'lier.  Cj/clop.,  ix.  4«4. 

tre-cen'-to  (c  as  ^h), .«.    [Ital.  =  three  hun- 
dred, but  used  for  thirteen  hundred.] 

Art:  A  term  applied  to  the  style  of  art 
which  prevailed  in  Italy  in  the  fourteenth 
century.  Also  called  sometimes  the  Early 
Style  of  Italian  art. 

tre-chom'-e-ter,  s.    [Or.  Tpe'xw  (frecho)  =  to 

run,  and  nirpov  (?H*'/rou)  =  a  measure.]  A 
kiinl  of  odiiineter  or  contrivance  for  ascertain- 
ing the  distance  lun  by  vehicles. 

*  trech-onr,  s.    [Treacheb.] 

treck'-schuyt  (uy  as  61),  s.     [Dut..  from 

trfr!:p]i,  trelvleu  =■  todi^aw,  and*'/t»iY=:a  boat.) 
A  c()verrd  boat,  drawn  by  liorses  or  rattle, 


boil,  boy;  poit.  jo^l;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon.  e^st.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  ahan.    -tion,    slon  ~  shun;  -tion.  -^ion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,    aious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic  =  bel,  del. 


180 


trecuUa— tree 


arxl  f.Tiiirrly  much  u«r«l  for  couveviutf  i:ooiU 
■1.1   |a»>-i.^.rt  ou  the  Dutch  and   Hfiniah 

ratialx- 

tT4  on   U  a.  *.     iNai.icI  afKr  M.  Trcfjl,  m» 
i-initi.-iil  KrViifh  vi'xrtaMc  mitttommt-I 

/- (  A  K''*""'*  "f  Artocari«acm'.  St;iieKT»l 
trt-i  IiiviiiK'  \  i;IuUwf  fruit  a  f'M»t  or  inorv  in 
.luru.t.r.  full  of  Htiiall  elUi'tical  nutJt,  with 
an  .MUl'lf  viubryo. 

trid -die,  s.    [Thkwuvl] 

I.  Hit' *aiiuiajtTKK*i'LK('i.v.). 

'  2.  A  pnwititutt^,  a  *trumi»et. 

1  (I't):  l»uiia  of  slie^rp  or  ofliares. 

'  trede-fbule,  j.     IMl.l.  Eng.  (rf.i«  =  tread, 

and  A'l/f  -  fowl.)    A  tn?adt'r  oflK'ns  ;  acock. 

•  tre-dlUe'.   •  tra  dUle ,  •  tro  drllle.  s. 

[Fr.    /r..w;     Ut.  Itrr*  -  tliri-c.)      A    t'^nu-    ill 
canl:*  played  by  tlm-f  i^'nutiis. 

•  1  «M  I  Uviii(  »t  clgiit«-ii  IKMK-*  tr*drUre  with  the 

Dach'«ii  ..|   NawoMlU  mi-l  i-wly  Brywii.'— H«(*wf«. 

LHtwr;  ItL  IM. 

tree,  'tre  (pi.  •  (ran,  •  (rrn,  *««),  ».  (A.S. 
ffYo.  rr«»tt'  =  a  tny,  dfad  wood,  or  tiiulier; 
c.i;n.  with  k-el.  rr.^;  Dan.  (ni*,-  Sw.  tra  = 
liiiil^r;  trdtl=fL  tree;  Goth,  triu,  gcuit. 
triu-i^  =  a  tree,  a  piece  of  woo»l ;  Uuss.  drei'o  = 
a  tree  ;  Wei.  dfrir  =  a»  t>ak  ;  Ir.  darag,  danvj 
ail  onk  :  tir.  JbO«  (<fr».t)  =  im  oak,  66pv  (dont) 
=  a  -.jKMr-shafl;  Sansc.  dm  =  wood.] 
I.  o nli nary  Language : 

1.  UteraUy: 

{D  In  the  same  itenitc  as  II.  1. 
'  (•_*)  WoiHl,  timber. 

-  N.<1  uorli  vMaeU  of  goM  Aiiil  of  ■llvor.  but  alM  of 
trw  auJ  erth«.'-  tV^ife.  I  Ttmothg  it  -JO. 

2.  fiV/unidtW^: 

(I)  Something  more  or  less  resembling  a 
tree,  consisting  of  a  stem  and  stalk  or 
linuuhes. 

■'  VidD  ut  their  bo|>«i  who  fancy  to  inherit. 
By  frv«(  of  peillfRc*.  or  fniiie  or  merit" 

Stfpntj/:  Jueenalt  vlll.  10. 

'  (-2)  A  cross. 

■■  Whttiii  •l»o  they  slew,  hftugliig  him  on  a  tree."— 
ArUX-Xt.    (R.  V.) 

(;i)  The  gallows.  In  this  sense  usually  in 
C"mp«isition.  or  with  an  adjective  as,  the 
filial  trer,  the  triple  dee.  [Gallows-tbek, 
Tyburn-tree.) 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Hot.:  Any  woody  plant  rising;  from  the 
[m>nnd,  with  a  trunk,  and  perennial  in  dura- 
tion :  nn  arl>oresrent  plantas  distinguished  from 
a  shrub,  an  undershrub,  and  an  Iierb.  The  clas- 
silleution  of  plautji  which  at  llrst  suggests  itself 
as  the  most  natural  one  is  into  trees,  shrubs, 
and  herbs.  This  is  still  the  popular  elassi- 
ttcation  as  it  was  that  of  the  oldest  observers 
(cf.  I  Kings  iv.  33)  ;  but  ic  violates  all  natural 
abilities,  and  has  long  since  been  abandoned 
by  botanists.  Trees  oceur  in  many  orders, 
llieir  stems  varying  in  structure  according  to 
the  sub-kingdoms  to  whi.-h  tlu-y  I'l-luug.  Ihey 
may  be  exogenous,  or  uf  that  moilitication  of 
the  exngenoiissteni  which  exists  in  gym  nogens, 
I'C  niay  be  endogenous  or  acrogenous.  [AcBO- 
(;EN,  ExooES,  Kndooes,  GvMsooKs.l  Thea^e 
of  certain  liees,  especially  of  Kxogens,  is 
often  great,  and,  when  cut  down,  the  number 
of  years  they  have  existed  can  be  asciTtained 
hy  counting  the  annnal  zones.  Von  Martius 
describes  the  trunks  of  certain  locust-trees 
in  BriLiil  us  being  eighty-four  feet  in  eircum- 
fcrence  and  sixty  feet  where  the  boles  become 
cylindrical.  From  counting  the  annual  rings 
of  one,  he  formed  the  opinion  that  it  was 
(►f  about  the  age  of  Homer  ;  anotJier  estimate 
increased  the  age  to  4,104  years,  but  a  third 
one  nia-le  the  tree  first  grow  up  '2,0^2  yenrs 
from  the  publication  of  Slartius's  bonk  (1820). 
A  tiaobttb-trec  (Adnnsonia  digitata)  in  Senegal 
wa.H  computed  by  Adanson,  a.d.  1794.  to  be 
6,160  years  old  ;  but  he  made  his  calculations 
from  the  nu'asurenifnt  of  only  a  fragment  of 
the  cross  section,  anil,  as  zones  difter  much 
in  breadth,  this  method  of  computation  in- 
volve.-<  con.siderable  risk  of  error.  Sir  Josepli 
Hr)okt-r  rejeets  the  etmelnsion.  Most  trees 
are  deeiduous,  I'.f.,  Iiave  deciduous  leaves, 
a  few  are  evergreen.  To  the  latter  kind 
belong  those  coniferous  trees  which  form 
so  conspicuous  a  feature  in  the  higher  tem- 
penite  latitudes,  \vhil»;  deciduous  trees  pre- 
vail in  lower  latitudes.  Many  of  the  wild 
tr*;e3  in  Gniat  Britain  have  inconspicuous 
flowers,  which  appe.ir  so  early  that  the  uu- 
observant  fail  to  take  note  of  them  at  all ; 


the  fruit-trees  genemlly  have  conspicuous 
Ilowers.  The  planting  of  trees  designed  for 
limlvr  is  now  more  attended  to  tlian  for- 
nieily.  an-l  their  cultivation  in  the  squares 
of  cities  and  along  the  sides  of  wide  streets 
has  I'et'U  recently  recommemled,  and  to  a 
cirlain  extent  commenced. 

2.  -Ureft.  :  A  generic  mime  for  many  wooden 
pieces  in  machines  or  structures,  as 

(1)  yehidrs: 

(a)  Tlie  Iwr  on  which  the  horse  or  horses 
pull,  as  single,  double,  treble,  whiffle,  swingle 
trees. 

(l>)  The  axle.    Also  known  as  axletree. 

(2)  Harness:  The  frame  for  a  saddle;  a 
sadille-tree,  harness-tree,  gig-tree. 

(:()  ShiitbuiUi.:  A  bar  or  beam  in  a  ship,  as 
eliess-tree,  cross-tree,  rough-tree,  trestle-tree, 
waste-tree  (q.v.). 

(4)  Mill. :  The  bar  supporting  a  mill-spindle. 

(i)  A  vertical  pipe  in  some  pumps  and  air- 
engines. 

3.  Ptthpohot. :  Parts  of  trunks  of  trees  are 
often  found  almost  as  they  grew  in  certain 
strata.    [Diht-bed,  Forest,  3.] 

^  1.  At  the  top  of  the  tree:  Preeminent; 
having  attjiined  the  highest  position. 

2.  Boot-tree:  [Boot-tree]. 

3.  Uenealogiad-tree :  [Genealooical-tbee]. 

4.  Tree  of  Chastity : 

Bot.  :  Vitex  Agmis-castus.    [Agnus-casti's.] 

5.  Tree  of  Heaven  : 

Hot. :  The  genus  Ailanthus  (q.v.),  and  spec. 
,1  ilanthus  gliuidtthmi. 

G,  Tree  of  Knowledge  : 

^ript. :  A  tree  in  the  Garden  of  E'len, 
chosen  as  the  test  of  obedience  to  our  hrst 
parents  in  tlieir  state  of  innocence.  Had  they 
abstained  from  eating  it,  they  would  have 
known  only  good  ;  eating  it,  they  for  the  first 
time  knew  evil,  and,  by  contrast,  knew  good 
more  perfectly  the  moment  that  they  lost  it 
for  ever  (Gen,  ii.  0-17,  iii.  1-24).  Tradition 
makes  the  Scripture  Tree  of  Knowledge  a 
species  of  Tabernicmontana,  but  there  is 
not  the  smallest  atom  of  evidence  on  the 
subject. 

7.  Tree  of  Liberty :  A  tree  planted  by  the 
people  of  a  country  to  commemorate  the 
achievement  of  their  liberty,  or  the  obtaining 
of  some  great  accession  to  their  liberties. 
Thus  the  Americans  planted  a  tree  of  liberty 
to  commemorate  the  establishment  of  their 
independence  in  1780,  and  several  were  planted 
in  Paris  after  the  Revolution  in  184S. 

8.  Tree  of  Life: 

(1)  Script. :  (a)  A  tree  in  the  garden  of  Eden, 
eating  of  which  man  would  have  lived  for 
ever  (Gen.  ii.  9,  iii.  22) ;  (6)  a  tree  in  the 
heavenly  Jerusalem  (Rev.  xxii.  2). 

(2)  Dot. :  Tlie  genus  Tliuja  (q.v.). 

9.  Tree  of  Long  Life : 

Bot. :  Glaphyria  nitida.     [GLAPHvniA.] 

10.  Tree  of  Sadiiess : 

Bot. :  Nyctantliesarhor-tristis.  [Nvctanthes.] 

11.  Tree  of  the  Gods: 

Bot. :  The  genus  Ailanthus  (q.v.). 

12.  Tree  of  the  Mogicians  : 

Bot. :  A  Chiliau  name  for  Lycioplesium  pubi- 
fiomm,  a  shrub  of  the  order  Solanaceje,  with 
red  flowers. 

13.  Tree  of  the  Sun: 

Bot. :  A  rendering  of  Hinoki,  a  Japanese 
name  for  Retinospora  obtusa.  So  called  be- 
cause dedicated  by  them  to  tlie  god  of  the 
Sun.  It  is  a  tree  belonging  to  the  Cupressete. 
It  rises  to  the  height  of  ei;^hty  or  ninety  feet, 
with  a  straight  trunk,  liaving  a  diameter  at 
the  base  of  five  feet,  and  yields  a  tiue-gmined 
timber.     Called  also  the  Japanese  Cypress. 

tree-beard,  5. 

Botany : 

(1)  Usnea  (q.v.),  a  genus  of  Lichens.  So 
named  from  growing  on  trunks  of  trees,  and 
fur  tlie  same  reason  sometimes  called  Tree- 
hair  and  Tree-moss. 

(2)  A  South  American  name  for  Tillandsia 
usneoiikii.     [Tillandsia.] 

tree-boa,  s. 

Zool. :  Bpicrates  anguUfer,  from  Cuba  and 
Hayti.     The  muzzle  is  covered  with  scales, 


Ihosi'  of  the  lii)s  i.ittcd,  the  forehead  with 
Hymmrtric  sliietds,  the  crown  scaly.  Called 
iriore  fullv  tlic  rale-headed  Tree  Boa. 


tree -celandine, 


[UOCCOXIA.] 


tree-olimber,  A-. 

{.-hthj/. :  AiudHii  saindens,  the  Climbing 
p.-reh.  Lieut.  Diudorf,  of  the  Danish  East 
India  Companv"s  Service,  told  Sir  Josepli 
Uanks  that  he  had  taken  this  fish  fiwu  a  moist 
ravitv  in  the  stem  of  a  Palmyra  palm  grow- 
ing near  a  lake.  He  siiw  it  when  already  four 
feet  above  the  ground  struggling  to  ascend 
still  higher— suspending  itself  by  its  gill- 
covers,  and  bending  its  tail  to  the  left,  it 
fixed  its  auiil  flu  in  the  cavity  of  the  bark, 
and  sought,  by  extending  its  body,  to  urge  its 
way  upwards,  and  its  march  was  only  arrested 


1  liLL       l.i.U  l.K. 
B,  Head  »(  Tree  (.'limlitv.  with  the  Jiriued  t'lH-tover 
reiiiovetl  to  show  the  aupralimiichfal  ortfjiii.  which, 
by  ret'iniiiig  moisture,  eimbles  tins  fish  to  live  for 
some  time  out  of  water. 

when  seized.  Tennent  (Cei/fo»,  i.  217)  says: 
"The  motive  for  climbing  is  not  apjarent, 
since  water  being  close  at  hand  it  could  not 
have  gone  for  the  sake  of  the  moisture  con- 
ttdned  in  the  fissures  of  the  palm,  nor  could 
it  be  in  search  of  foo>l,  as  it  lives  not  on  fruit 
lint  on  aquatic  insects.  The  descent,  too,  is 
a  question  of  difficulty.  The  position  of  its 
fins  and  the  spines  on  the  gill-coveis  might 
assist  its  journey  upwards,  but  the  same  ap- 
paratus would  prove  anything  but  a  facility 
in  steadying  its  journey  downwards.  The 
probabili'ty  is  that  the  ascent  which  was  wit- 
nessed by'Dindorf  was  merely  accidental,  and 
ought  not  to  be  regarded  as  the  habit  of  the 
animal. 

"  In  tbe  Tamoule  langunge  it  ia  called  Faiieiti,  or 
7Vce-c/i»»6cr."— Il'wod.-  lUut.  jYtit.  Hist,  iii,  295. 

tree-coffin,  s. 

Aathrop.:  A  kind  of  box  hollowed  out  ot 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  and  used  as  a  coffin. 

'■  At  Stowborough,  Dorsetshire,  where  a  Itody  was 
discovered  in  17(37  in  a  tree-coffin,  it  nppeared  to  Imve 
been  wrfti>ped  iu  skins."— G'leeHwe'i."  Brltuh  Buroies, 
V.  32. 

tree- coupling,  i-.  A  piece  uniting  a 
single  to  a  double  tree. 

tree-crab.  s. 

Zoi'I. :  The  genus  Birgus  (q.v.). 

tree-creeper,  s. 

Ornith. :  Certkia  famiUaris,  a  slender  bird, 
scarcely  so  large  as  a  sparrow,  with  a  long, 
curved,  sharp-pointed  bill,  and  stiff  tail- 
feathers  ;  plumage  on  upper  surface  shades  of 
brown,  wings  barred  with  pale  brown  and 
black,  and  nearly  all  wing-feathers  tipped 
with  white  ;  under-surface  silvery  white,  flanks 
and  \>iit  with  a  rufous  tinge.  Found  generally 
in  Britain,  and  in  Ireland  where  old  wood 
prevails.  It  is  an  excellent  climber,  running 
rapidly  by  jerks  in  a  spiral  direction  over  the 
bark  of  trees,  searcliing  for  small  insects 
which  lurk  in  the  crevices,  picking  them  out 
with  its  slender  bill,  occasionally  varying  its 
diet  on  the  seeds  of  the  Scotch  fir. 

tree- crow,  s. 

(irnith.  ;  Any  intlividual  of  the  Corvine  sub- 
family, Dendrocittinte. 

tree-cultus,  s. 

Anthri'p. :  Tree-worship  (q.v.). 

"  Tlie  whole  tree-cuttus  of  the  world  must  by  no 
means  be  tlirowii  indiscriminately  into  the  one  cate- 
gory.'—Ti/lor:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1973),  ii.  22L 


&tc,  fUt,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  fuU;  try,  Syrian,    ss,  03~  e;  ey  =  6;  qu  =  kw. 


tree-deity.  -•!. 

Authmp.  :  A  It-ep  consiMerpd  either  as  a  god 
or  as  tin- abode  of  some  god  or  spirit. 

"  lunctiinl  f'ictnfrflp-rfri'fviacoiisiili'rwUolwlmninii 
enoueh  to  bo  plcxHOil  wltli  dulls  set  up  toHwiiii;  In  the 
iJwnehM."— Ttf^or:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873).  li.  217. 

tree-digger,  x. 

Auric:  A  kiiiri  of  double  plouj;]i  emjiloyed 
in  mirsiTics  for  cutliu;;  oil"  the  roots  of  trees 
which  hiive  been  planted  in  rows.  It  divides 
the  eartli  at  a  certain  deptli  below  the  surface, 
and  at  a  dftenninatc  distance  on  each  side  of 
the  rows,  to  permit  the  tree  to  be  readily 
reMi"ved  from  tlie  soil. 

tree -duck,  s. 

(h-.i!th.:  Swainion's  name  for  tlie  genus 
licndrneygnii  (n-v.). 

tree-dwelling,  ^. 

Anfhn.jK  :  A  i  tidr  kind  of  hut  built  among 
the  biuiiclius  of  triis  by  sonic  races  of  low 
rnlture  as  a  protection  against  wild  beasts. 

"  He  fuiniil  their  (ree-dicclliiign  (Inserted  for  same 
yp.irs  i>ast.  but  the  people  feired  they  miwlit  have  to 
resort  to  them  aeaiii,  from  tlte  iiicrejise  of  tigera  auU 
elei»h.iiit3  ne-ir  their  settlements."— Joiirii.  Autkro/>. 
Inst.,  X.  448. 

tree-fern,  s. 

1.  r->f.  :  A  fern  rising  to  the  elevation,  and, 
to  a  certain  t.'.\tent,  having  the  structnre  of  a 
tree.  The  trunk  is  really  a  rhizome,  consist- 
ing of  a  woody  cylinder,  of  equal  diameter  at 
each  end,  growing  only  at  the  top,  and  com- 
I'osed  internally  of  loose  cellular  substance, 
which  often  disappears.  When  a(.-tual  wood 
is  present,  it  consists  almost  wholly  of  largi* 
scalariforin  or  dotted  ducts  imbedded  in  hard 
plates  of  thick-sided,  elongated  tissue,  usually 
of  an  interrupted  sinuous  aspect,  though 
sometimes  constituting  a  complete  tube.  Ex- 
ternally, the  stem  has  a  hard,  cellular,  fil»rous 
rind,  eonsisting  of  tlie  united  bases  of  leaves, 
and  is  (liicker  below  than  above.  Many  Tree- 
ferns  l»el,,ng  to  tlie  genus  Cyathea(q.v.).  Tree- 
ferns  lii.urish  further  from  the  equator  in  the 
southern  than  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 
They  do  so  in  New  Zealand,  4G  S.  Lat. 
2.  Palavhot. :  [Fern,  -J.]. 
tree-frog,  s. 

ZooL  :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Hvlid;e 
(q.v.).  They  are  of  small  size,  more  elegant 
in  form  than  the  true  frogs,  of  brighter 
colours,  and  more  active  liabits.  They  feed 
on  insects,  which  they  pursue  on  the  branches 
of  slirulis  and  trees.  No  species  occurs  in 
Britain  ;  but  the  European  Tree-frog  (Hyla 
arborea)  is  connnon  in  the  miiidle  and  south 
of  the  Continent,  and  ranges  into  Asia  and 
the  north  of  Africa.  It  becomes  very  noisy 
on  the  approach  of  rain,  and  is  often  kept  in 
conlinenient  as  a  kind  of  barometer.  The 
Common  Tree-frog  of  North  America  is  Hyla 
versicolor,  replaced  in  the  south  by  the  Green 
Tiee-frog,  //,  virixiis. 

tree -germander,  s. 

r<:it. :  Ttntcrium  Scorndnnia.  It  is  a  labiate 
]ilant,  one  or  two  feet  high,  with  downy  and 
much  wrinkled  leaves,  crcnate  on  the  margin, 
and  yellowish-white  flowers.  It  is  frequent 
in  woods  and  dry,  stony  places,  flowering  in 
August  and  September.  It  is  very  bitter,  and 
has  suinetimcs  been  substituted  for  hops. 

tree-goose,  s. 

Oniith. :  The  Beruicle-goose  (q.v.). 

"  It  hns  niso  been  called  frecfooie.  from  the  hetief 

that   it  originated    fioiu    old    ftiul    decayed  trees,"— 
Ilipr:;/ ,i-  Dana:  .-inu-r    Vi/clijp..  viii,  1S7. 

tree -grasshopper,  s. 

Kntom.  :  Mcconeuia  i-ark'., 

tree -hair,  s. 

Botany  : 

(1)  CornicuUirlu  jubata,  a  lichen  hanging  in 
dark,   %yiry  masses  from  trees  in  subalpine 
^voods. 
(-)  [Tkre-beard,  1.] 
tree-hopper,  s. 

Kntom. :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Membi-acis  (q.v.). 

■'  other  hnrvest-flies  of  the  anme  family  .  .  .  are  uot 
Suniished  with  a  luiisiail  apiuimtus.  but  have  the 
^n;Qlty  of  ic.ipiii^'  ;i  di-t.iuce  of  five  or  six  feet ;  they 
art  more  |.ni|.ei]y  ealled  I ree-hoppera."— Ripley  J: 
D'lit.t  :  Aiutr.  Ciiflop.,  viii.  502. 

tree-irons,  s.  pi. 

Vchicks :  The  irons  connecting  single  to 
double  trees,  or  the  latter  to  the  tongue  of 
the  vehicle.  Also  the  hooks  or  clips  by  which 
the  traces  are  attached. 


tree 

tree  jobber,  >-.     A  woodpecker.    {Vrov.) 
tree  kangaroo,  >:. 

/.'•"I.:  Ativ  individual  of  the  genus  Deii- 
drolngiis  (q.v.) 

tree-lichen  beauty,  s. 

Entom.:  A  British  night-moth,  Bnjophiln 
alpii:  Fore  wings  gray-green  at  the  base, 
followed  by  a  transverse  whitish  ^tar,  then 
by  n  brown  baiid,  and  then  again  by  a  pale 
bar  and  n  greenish  fringe  ;  hind  wings  brown 
with  a  discoiclal  spot. 

tree -like,  <(. 

Bnt.  :  Dendroid  ;  divided  at  the  tip  into  a 
number  of  fine  ramihcations,  so  as  to  resemble 
the  head  of  a  tree,  as  Lycopndiuin  dendroideum. 
Generally  used  of  small  plants. 

•  tree-lizards,  ';.  ?*/. 

Zool. :  The  Dendrosanria  (q.v.). 

tree-louse,  ^. 

Entom.  :  A  phtnt-louse.     [Aphis.] 
tree-mallow, .';. 

Jk't.  :  The  genus  Lavatera  (qv.),  and  spec. 
L.  arborco.. 

tree -molasses,  s.  Molasses  made  from 
tho  Sngar-maple-tree.     (Auier.) 

tree -moss,  s. 

Botany  : 

(1)  Usnea  plicata.  So  named  from  its  grow- 
ing on  trees. 

(•2)  The  genus  Usnea.     [Tree-beard.] 

tree-mouse,  s. 

Zuol.  :  A  popular  name  foranv  of  the  Den- 
dromyime,  an  African  sub-family  of  Murida-. 
The  ears  are  clotlied  with  hairs  ;  and  the  feet, 
which  are  live-toed,  are  fitted  for  climbing. 

tree-nymph,  ?. 

Anfhroji.  :  A  dryad.    (See  extract.) 

'•  The  Homeric  Hymn  t<'  Aphrodite  tells  of  the  trc'- 
npmph.  long-lived,  yet  uot  immortal— they  gi-ow  with 
h)gh-top[ied  leafy  pines  and  oaks  uuon  the  mountuhis 
but  wlieu  tiie  lot  of  death  draws  nii^li,  and  the  lovely 
trees  are  sapless.  ,and  the  bark  rots  away,  and  the 
branches  fall,  then  their  spirits  depart  from  tlie  light 
of  thesuu."— ri/^'jr;  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  ii.  219. 

tree-onion,  s. 

Bot.  :  Allium  proUferum,  a  hardy  perennial, 
three  feet  high,  the  native  country  of  which 
is  unknown. 

tree-pie.  s. 

Ornifh. :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Dendrocitta. 

tree-pigeon,  s. 

Oniith.:  A  popular  name  for  any  pigeon  of 
the  genus  Tieron  (q.v.).  The  species  are  shy 
anil  timid,  and  inhabit  the  woods  of  inter- 
tropical Asia  and  Africa.  The  prevailing 
colours  of  the  plumage  are  green  and  yellow 
of  diflerent  shades,  more  or  less  contrasted 
with  rich  purple  and  reddish  brown.  Their 
note  is  very  ditlerent  from  the  mere  cooing 
of  the  ringdove. 

tree  porcupine,  5. 

Zuol:  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
Synetherina  (q.v.).  They  are  of  considerable 
£ize.  measuring  from  sixteen  to  twenty  inches 
without  the  tail,  which  is  about  a  third  the 
length  of  the  head  and  body.  Tliey  are  of 
lighter  build  than  the  Ground-porcupines, 
are  covered  with  short,  close,  many-coloured 
spines,  often  mixed  with  hairs,  and'  their  tail 
is  always  prehensile.  They  are  nocturnal  in 
their  habits,  and  live  on  fruit  and  roots. 

tree -primrose,  s. 

Bot.  :   I  Knot  he  re.   bieiLiiis.      [Evesing-prim- 

ROSE.] 

tree -purslane,  5. 

Bot. :  Portulacaria  a/ra,  an  evergreen  African 
shrub,  about  three  ieet  high ;  with  imrpic 
flowers  in  its  native  country,  but  which  has 
not  flowered  in  British  greenhouses  since  a.d. 
17:^2. 

tree-rat,  s. 

Zool. :  Mus  arborcu.i,  about  seven  or  eight 
inches  long,  from  Bengal.  It  builds  a  nest 
in  cocoa-nut  trees  and  bamboos,  and  lives 
partly  on  grain  aud  partly  on  young  cocoa- 
nuts. 

tree-runner,  5. 

Oniith.  (PL):  Swainson's  name  for  Anabat- 
iiuv,   which    he    ni:ike.s  a   sub-family    of  Cer- 


mi 


thiada-.     Its  type-genus  is  Anabate.s,  founded 
on  Andhatfg  subcri^^tuta.  a  Hraziliau  bird. 

tree  scraper,  .'».  A  t-ol,  u.simlly  a  tri- 
angular  blade,  to  remove  r>ld  liark  and  moss 
fr-tm   trees.      Also  used  in  gathering  tur]»en- 

tree  serpent,  s.    [Trek-snake.] 
tree  snake,  tree-serpent,  s. 

Zool.  :  Any  indiviiUial  of  the  family  Den- 
drophidu-  (q.v.). 


tree  sorrel,  t. 

Bot.:  liiimex  Lmiarui,  an  evergreen  plant, 
about  two  feet  high,  with  greenish  flowers, 
introduced  from  the  Canaries  into  Hritish 
greenhouses  in  a.d.  1600. 

tree -soul,  5. 

Anthrop.:  An  animating  and  indiyiduatiiig 
principle  supposed  by  races  practising  tree- 
worship  to  reside  in  every  tree. 

"  Orthodox  Buddhism  declared  agaiiml  thi"  tn-f 
Bonlt.  and  consequently  ngainst  tht>  HL-nu'it-'  t"  h.-um 
thi-m,  declaring  trees  to  have  no  mind  ii..i  nentieut 
principle,  —Tylor:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  ibTJJ,  i.  IT... 

tree-sowthistle.  s. 

Bot.  :  SonrliKs  arrewiis.  (Britten  d-  Holland.) 
Root  witli  creeping  scions,  stem  simple, 
leaves  dentieulate,  clasping  the  stem,  with 
short,  obtuse  auricles;  involucre  gluiidulose, 
hispid  ;  flowers  very  large,  yellow.  Frequent 
in  cornfields  in  Britain.  Called  also  Coru 
Sowthistle. 

tree-squirrel,  s. 

Zool.  :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Sciunvs 
(q.v.),  as  distinguished  from  the  Flying  Squir- 
rels (Pteiomys)  and  the  Ground  SquirreU 
(Taniias). 

tree-sugar,  ,^.  Sugar  made  fi-om  ih^ 
Maple-tree.     (Ama:) 

tree-swift,  .«. 

(irniih. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Dea- 
droehelidon. 

tree-toad,  s. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  several  of  the 
Hylida-.  Used  without  a  qualifying  ejiithet. 
it  is  equivalent  to  tree-frog  (q.v.).  With  a 
qualifying  epithet  it  is  limited  to  particular 
species.  Hyla  versicolor  is  the  Changeable 
Tn-e-t'iad,  Truckycephalus  lickenatus  is  the 
Liehened,  and  T.  marmoratus,  tlie  Marbled 
Tree-t...ad. 

tree-top,  s.    The  top  or  highest  part  of  a 

tree. 

"  Reflected  in  the  water, 
Every  tree-lu/i  had  its  shadow," 

LongfeUuic:  Uiaaatha.  xxIl 

tree -wasp,  5. 

Entom. :  Any  wasp  that  makes  its  nest  to 
trees,  as  do  two  British  species,  Vespa  kol- 
sotica  and  I',  britannica.     [Ve.spa.] 

tree-wool,  5.    The  same  as  Pine-needlk 

wuolOi.v.). 

tree-worship,  s. 

Comj'ur.  Bdig.  :  A  "form  of  religion  .  .  . 
general  to  most  of  the  great  races  of  mankind 
at  a  certain  stage  of  mental  development,'* 
(Lubbock:  Orig.  Civil.,  ed.  18S2,  p.  294.)  It 
may  have  been  a  particular  kind  of  nature- 
worship,  or  have  arisen  from  the  animistic 
conception  prevailing  among  the  races  of  low- 
culture  at  tlie  present  day,  that  trees  wen; 
the  residences  or  embodiments  of  spirits  or 
deities.  Tree-worship  was  a  peculiarly 
Canaanitish  cult,  as  is  proved  by  the  frequent 
nn-iition  of  it  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  tlie 
stern  denunciations  of  it  show  that  the  Jews, 
from  time  to  time,  lapsed  into  the  nature- 
worship  of  their  neighbours  (Deut.  xii.  3,  xvi. 
21;  Judges  vi.  25;  1  Kings  xiv.  23,  xv.  U, 
xviii.  19  ;  2  Kings  xvii.  10.  xxiii  ;  Isa.  Ivii.  5  ; 
Jer.  xvii.  2  ;  Ezek.  vi.  13,  xx.  28 ;  Hos.  iv.  Vi.f 
It  formed  an  essential  part  of  the  classic 
mythologies,  in  which  are  found  superliumati 
beings  attached  to  individual  trees,  and  sylvan 
deities— dryads,  fauns,  and  satyrs—roaming 
in  the  forest,  the  analogues  of  which  still  Hve 
iufolk-tales  as  elves  and  fairies.  [Grovk,  If./ 
Tree-worship,  in  Southern  Asia,  still  forms  ar. 
important  part  of  Buddhist  jtraiitiee.  though 
it  is  not  recognized  by  liuddliistic  sacjvjl 
literature.  The  fami>us  Bo  tree,  grown  from  a 
branch  of  the  tree  sent  by  Asoka  to  CeyJoa 
in  the  third  century  B.C.,  till  its  destru<-- 
tion  in  October,  18S7,  received  the  worship 
of  pilgrims,  who  came  in  thousands  to  do  iL 


toil,  boy-;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ^  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  deL 


183 


tree— tremandraceee 


■-  ,  :.  Ti  r  Afi.l  .tTT  1  I»><T  Wfoiv  ll.  (Vf.  Athm- 
•  .  .  N.\  IJ.  1>^:,  I'l'.  (i*<y.  MO.)  ^Vrvl1*^"ll 
I        .  ■      .     '    Ittrr-Ai/*,    ;atx>lM)  also   >)|I)WN 

,  .  .-  trie  Honilii))  lifM  in  curly 

|l  r>i«t   It  wait  tln-ii  cli>M>ly  c*iii. 

'  1.1  w<>r<<ln|>.     On  DiiH  KiibJtX'l 

1  -  Uls)  u'liiurkN  : 

1  II  lUH-iiiit  tit  \ui\*.' 

N    :        .     us  CVtT  <lo,  wttlj 

.  .  nj'.iw  iltoii^liU  RiiU  iiU-A.     l>uwn  to  thi* 

i'-  I  ju:-[\l«  ti^tr*  tn-»*-w>irHliip  liiiK''"**!  m 
I  ti.'tit  Kiit<»|M- ;  whil**  naint'H  liki' '  Iti>lyn«kr  ' 
«nil  *  lIolyM«MMl'  n'oorl  tin-  Tact  that  ut  w* 
Miy  rrnint''  |<rri<>d  holy  Int'-H  ainl  k'"*'"< 
•  vt*tf«l  in  llrltain ;  uml  it  in  a  n-niarkuMt-  fact 
thiL  a  MicnsI  liniloii-trp<*  in  llu>  imhsh  or 
ll\ltvar<l,  in  South  Swedfii,  k"*'*'  "  name  to 
Mif  Uiiilly  of  IJnnu-Ufl.  At  the  pn-sf nl  ilny 
tr>-<--t«or«htp  in  i>rvVBtcnt  ■iiioii;;  imlivi'  rni'i'H 

ri  Anicnra.  Am<-n,  AkIii,  aii<l  AnNtmlui.  In 
K(ir<>|M-,  t))oii>;h  tncvn  of  it  fttill  linKir  in 
r>U  talm  an<l  popular  cii>toniH,  it  no  loiigi-r 
'xtitn  KM  a  cull,  t'xeopl  anion);  the  iH'opU'  of 
itiv  rhrrHoiirHf,  wlio,  thon^fli  nominally  tj|-ct'k 
('lin-itiaiiH,  *>Ntill  utlhtTi'  tn  their  Whcfn  in 
it'-'l  jiimI  evil  spiritx,  and  worship  thcin— tho 
K'mmI  npintM  in  foivstM  ami  j;n>vca  wlicw  coni- 
t-roii-*  nrv  niixfl  with  folnterous  tret»,  and 
Uir  evil  MitiritM  in  piirt'ly  coniftroUH  ftircst.s. 
KvtTV  H'mI  in  n*pn'.Hcnt»'d  by  a  special  tn?(.', 
thr  woniliip  of  which  is  provided  for  by  u 
•.•■(■-'iinto  prii'st  choiieii  by  lot"  (Sittitre,  Maicli 

■.'.■'.  isv..  p.  ^'.'(i). 

treo  worshipper.  *. 

.\  tfu-'j:  :  Our  \\]i<  practises  any  form  of 
•j-   w..nilijp(.|.v.). 

'  Titr  tTRnifonued  trxrlirr  rvproveO  t)i«  Irrr-trof 
t'lifP^r  for  tlitu  ihJdmAliiic  liliiiieK  to  n  M-usvte-M 
•bin;  ■-  Tglor:  Prim.  Cult.  icJ.  1973).  il.  218. 

tree,  cf.  &  i.    (Tree,  s.] 

A.  TraHfitive : 
I.  LitemUy: 

1.  To  drive  to  a  tree ;  to  causo  t')  ascend  a 
•  r»  e  or  trees. 

"Ud*  liny  my  dog  trrnt  a  red  aquirr«l.  In  .i  ItU 
\A<.koTy.'—0urroii!/hi:  Prpaetoii,  p.  212, 

2,  To  place  upon  a  tree ;  to  stretcli  on  a 
Irff  :  as.  To  trtt  boots. 

n.  >  i<7-  ■  To  put  in  a  lix ;  to  drive  to  tin- 
fiid  of  oiit's  resources. 

"  Yon  MT  trrtd,  nntl  yoti  can't  help  yourself.  — 
//.  Kinjaltg  .  Qtoffrg  llamlyn,  cb.  v. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  take  refuge  in  a  tree,  as  a  wild 
animal.     {Amer.) 

■  Il4^1Joi  trtting.  the  wild  cat  will  tnkf  advantage 
'A  »otue  hole  In  the  jfn>und."— TAor/'e.   BatrkwootU,  \m. 

■  2.  To  grow  to  tlie  size  of  a  tree. 

^  To  trtt  one's  set/:  To  conceal  one's  self 
l>^iiud  a  tree,  as  in    hunting    or    fighting. 

{Aitirr.) 

'  tree'-ho^d,  s.     [Eng.  tree,  s.  ;  -7ioo(/.l    The 
',^ia!it> ,  state,  or  condition  of  a  tree. 

tree    Iobs,  fr.     IKng.  (w,  s. ; -?cs5.]     Destitute 

'  1   U-vs. 

A  qalet  IretUu  nook,  with  two  green  tlelde." 
Wordsworth:  Kxctirtt'/u,  bk.  ii. 

*  tree  -let,  ».     lEng.  tree,  s. ;  dimln.  suff.  -Ut.] 

A  little  or  young  tree. 

"Kur/aiy*  that  in  Burniah  It  in  Kiiuetitnejin /rreM 
IkfUrii  to  twenty  (eet  \ii^\\.' —  Journal  of  iii.lauii. 
«^l,  X..  No.  231.  p.  140.    (iftelj 

*  treen,  a.     [A.S.    treon-cn,    from    trfow  =  a 
tn-.-.J 

1.  Made  of  wood  or  tree  ;  wooden. 

■■Which  done,  or  In  ili>lnge,  they  praised  and  wor- 
•L.pp<<l  their  owne  Koldeii.  iiyliiery,  cojier.  yeinej-. 
trwrn  and  ■louy  Koddi«/'— ^o^e  ,■  Jijt/Mik-iou  <>/  ilanicl, 

2.  Pertaining,  derived  from,  or  rlrawn  from 
trees. 

'■  Trrrn    lli|nor«.   especially    that   o(    tlie   date  '— 

'  treen,  ■■.  ;-'.    [Thkf:,  ^.] 

tree  nail,    tre'-nail,  tren'-nel,   triin- 

nel,  >•.    iMid.  Eng.  (/■£««=:  woodeii,  and  En-'. 
..,,7.1 

Shiphuild. :  A  cylindrical  pin  of  hard  woo<l, 
from  an  incli  to  an  inch  and  three  quai-ters  in 
iliameter,  used  for  securing  i>laiiking  to  tlie 
frameif.  or  jiarts  to  each  other. 

*  tree'- ship,  .«.    lEng.   tree.  s. ;  -ship.]    The 
'fjite  or  condition  of  being  a  tree  ;  ti-eehood. 

■  While  thus  throagh  aU  the  staiiea  thou  hast  puahed 
Of  (wrt,;>_fln,t  a  •e<NllinK  liid  in  gnuw  ; 
Th.n  twig,  then  •aplinK."     f.-owptr:  Yardlei/  Oak 


tre  f&l  loWt  r.f,    iTiiRirALLow.i 

tre   He,  *■    |TRi:rutL.] 

hurt. :  A  mine  with  three  clianibers  like  a 
'  trefoil. 

trfif-lee.  u.     [Fr.  trijie  =  trefoil  (q.v.).] 

Her. :  An  epithet  applied  to  a  cross,  the 
arins  of  whieli  etui  in 
triple  leaves,  repivseul- 
iiig  livfoils.  IVnds  are 
Kometimcs  borne  trctlee, 
timt  is  with  trefoilH  isKU- 
in;;  from  the  side. 


CftOSS  TREFLKi:. 


Fr.  //. 


trdf     oil.  tre     foil, 
trey-foil.*.  (O.  Kr.  fw- 

Joil,  tifjfif,   from  Lat.  tri- 

Joitnin  =  a  lime  ■  le.tved 
]ilaut,  as  the  cli)Ver,  fiom 
iirrf.  tri-  -  three  (allied 
lo  trfs  =  three),  and  folium  =  a  leaf 

fir :  Sp.  tri/olio;  Ital.  tri/oglio.] 

1.  liotany: 

(1)  The  genus  Ti-ifolium,  spec.  Tri/olium 
minus.     [Cun-Kit.] 

(tJ)  Medicago  lupuUiia. 

(:i)  Sttjlosanthes  procumheiu^,  a  West  Indian 
sjH-'cies'of  Hedysareie,  with  yellow  dimorphic 
tlowere. 

Ii    Great  Trefoil 
is  Mfilii-afio  mtiva. 

jlJtllD'SFOOT  -  THK- 

ytui..  Water -TKE- 

KOIL.) 

2.  Anh. :  An  or- 
ii.'tKienl  used  in 
(lotliir  arcliitec- 
t  urc,  formed  by 
mriuldings  in  the 
heads  of  window- 
lights,  tracery,  trefoii,. 
jiiinellings,  &.C.,  so 

;irian;;ed  as  to  resenible  the  trefoil  or  tlirct.- 
h-aved  clover. 

'A.  Her.  :  A  charge  representing  the  clovcr- 
li'.-tf,  and  always  depicted  as  slijiped,  that  is, 
liniii>*lnd  witli  a  stalk. 

'  treget.  5.    iTrajet.] 

'  tregetour,  v.    ITkaoetoub.] 

■  tregetry,  ■  tregettrie,  ■•'.    [Traoetrv.] 

tre-ha'  la,    n.      [Conupted   from    ti-jxh,    thr 
native  name.] 

Chein.  :  The  substance  from  wliicli  a  pcmi- 
li.tr  sugar  [Trkhai-Ose]  has  been  obtained. 
It  is  the  cocoon  of  a  beetle  fiom  Persia,  and 
not  properly  a  saccharine  exudation.  (Fliu-hi- 
'jer  (t  Ilanbnry  :  Pharmacographia.) 

tre'-lia-ld^e,  s.  [Eng.  trehal(a),  and  ((jhtcyisi.] 
Chtui.  :  CpjH.joOii'iH.jO.  A  saccharine  sub- 
stance extracted  from  trehala  manna  by 
boiling  alcohol.  It  forms  shining  rhombic 
crystalK,  soluble  in  water  and  in  boiliiiL; 
alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether,  and  melts  at  100  : 
Iloileil  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  it  is  con- 
verted into  dextro-glucose;  with  dilute  nitric 
acid,  it  yields  oxalic  acid  ;  in  conUict  witli 
yeast  it  passes  slowly  into  the  alcoholic  fer- 
mentation. An  aqueous  solution  of  trehalose 
has  a  dextro-rotatory  power  [a]  =  -f  \Q*d°. 

*  treil'-lage,  s.  [Fr.,from(r«Zte  =  an  arbour.] 
(Trkij-is.) 

Ilfirt.  :  A  light  frame  of  posts  and  i-ails  In 
support  espaliers;  a  trellis. 

,  ■'C^oiitrivers  of  bowers,  grottos.  treUla-j<%  and  cas- 
kmXk^."— Spectator. 

treiUe.  -t.    iFr.] 

Ihr.:  A  lattice;  it  dif- 
fers from  fretty  in  that 
the  pieces  do  not  inter- 
lace under  and  over,  tmt. 
cioss  athwart  eacih  other, 
and  are  nailed  at  tlie 
joint.  Called  also  trellis. 

trek.  r.i.     [Dut.  frcl:kni  tkv.w.uv.. 

=  to   draw,   to  dmw  a 

waggon  ;  to  journey.]  To  travel  by  waggon  ; 
to  journey  as  in  search  of  a  new  settlement.' 
{Smth  Africa.) 

"It  1«  quite  possible  that  lliey  miRht,  like  the 
Boer*,  trek  oni-c  more  bt-yond  the  reach  »i  American 
liiWB.  —/)ullj/  Tfleijraph,  Oct.  1«,  1883. 

trek,  5,    [Trek,  r.  ]    A  journey  with  a  waggon  ; 
a  march.     (,s'(./(^./[  Afrim.) 


trek  oxen.  ^■.  ;>/.    Oxen  used  for  drawing 
A.tg^'ous.     (/'.  >iiU»iore:  Great  Thin^t  Lund.) 

trek-rope.  .'>.    A  trek-tow  (q.v.). 

led  fioni  the  trek-rope."— Cartihill 


Til 


rat^.  at.  fare    amidst,  what.  faU.  ather;   we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son;  mute.  ciib.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rile.  fftU:  try. 


Mit^iUiiif,  Alitrcli,  \%a.i.  )>.  'JU3. 

trek  tow,  s.  A  Putch  lunne,  in  Soulbern 
Africa,  foi  strips  of  hide  twisted  into  rope- 
traces,  for  oxen  to  draw  waggons  by. 

trcl  lis. '  trel-lice. '  trellize. '  tre  lys, 

,v.  |Fr.  tnitli.s~ii  trellis;  t,>>lle..- ~  h>  -rale 
or  lattice,  to  furnish  to-  supi'orl  with  crossed 
bars  or  latticed  frames,  from  treillc—iiu 
aibour  or  walk  set  with  vines,  &c.,  twining 
about  a  latticed  frame,  from  Lat.  tridiiln, 
triclia,  tridea,  tricla  =  &  bower,  nrbunr,  or 
summer-house.) 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  gate  or  screen  of  open-work  ;  lalli-e- 
work  cither  of  metal  or  wood. 

2.  A  support  for  vines,  creepers,  or  espa- 
liers. Used  especially  for  grajtes,  hoi)s.  and 
ornamental  cliuibing-plants. 

II.  //'■'".  ;  The  same  as  Trrille  (q.v.). 
trelUs-work,  s.    l^tticc-work. 

■"  With  lawnw.  ami  Iwils  ol  flowers,  and  ftUadtiH 
Oi  tieUif'Work  in  long  aicadea/' 

Wiirtlsaxiith:    White  Due  of  Rgtstoue,  iv. 

trel'-lis.  •  trel-lize,  a.    [Treli.is,  s.)    To 
furoisli  with,  or  a.s  witli  trelHsor  lattice-work. 
■■  The  windows  iirelarye.  frtf^i^eti,  and  neatly  carved," 
—Herbert  :  Truvcln.  \>.  iU. 

tre-ma-bd-U'-te§,-'--.  [Gr.  rp^/io  itrima)  —  a 
hole  ;'3oAn  {h^}\l)  =  a  thuiider-bult,  a  wound, 
and  suH".  -itvs.] 

Paltroift :  A  genusof  Meandrospongidy,  with 
one  sjiecies  from  the  Upj'er  Cretaceous  rocks. 

tre-ma-dic'-ty-6n, ".  (Gr.  Tp^^a  (trcma)  = 
a  Inde,  and  Siktvov  (dikt^ion)  =  a  net.] 

I'ahront. :  A  genus  of  Hexactinellid  Sponges, 
from  the  Upper  Jurassic. 

Tre-mad'-6c.  s.     [Wei.     Seedef.] 

'<'e"(j.  :  A  small  town  situated  on  the  north 
side  of  Cardigan  Bay,  in  Carnarvonshire. 

Tremadoc -slates.  5. 

Ceol.  :  Sedgwick's  name  for  the  upper  Iwds 
of  the  Cambrian  formation,  corresponding  to 
partof  Barrande's  Primordial  zone.  They  were 
first  met  with  at  Tremadoc,  and  next  traced 
to  Dolgelly.  Dr.  Hicks  found  and  carefully 
examined  them  at  St.  David's  promontory  and 
Ramsey  Island,  in  South  Wales  ;  and  finally 
Mr.  Callaway  showed  that  the  Shineton  shale 
of  Shropshire  was  of  the  same  age.  They  are 
dark  earthy  flags  and  sandstones,  with  at 
least  eighty-four  fossiUspecies,  those  of  North 
somewhat  aitlcring  from  tliose  of  South  Wales. 
Many  new  genera  of  Trilobites  appear ;  Cri- 
noidea,  Asteroidea,  Lamellibranchiata,  and 
Cephalopoda  are  met  with  for  the  first  tiiiie. 
In  North  Wales  there  are  nine  Pteropods, 
mostly  of  the  genus  Theca,  and  Fhylkip(iil 
Crustacea  have  beeu  found. 

tre-man'-dd.  *;.    [Ital. =  trembling.] 

Music:  One  of  the  harmonic  graces,  which 
consists  in  ageneral  shake  of  the  whole  chortl, 
and  is  thus  distinguished  from  tremolo,  which 
consists  in  a  reiteration  of  a  single  note  of  the 
chord 

tre-m&n'-dra,  s.  [Gr.  rpijfia  (//cma)  =  a 
hole,  a  pore,  and  avrip  (anir),  genit.  ai'fipbs 
(andros)  =  a  man  ;  here  used  for  a  stamen.] 

Bat.:  The  typical  genus  of  Tremandraceie 
(q.v.).  Shrubs,  Avith  stellate  downy,  purple 
flowers  with  a  five-cleft  calyx,  five  j)etals, 
ten  stamens,  and  two-celled  antliens.  Known 
species  two,  from  Western  Australia. 

tre-man-dra'-je-se.  .<.  pi  [Mod.  Lnt.  ^v- 
mandr{a);  Lat.  fem.  ji].  adj.  suff.  -avciv.] 

But.:  Porewort^ ;  an  order  of  Hypogynoos 
Exogens,  alliance  Sapindales.  Slender  heath- 
like  plants,  generally  with  glandular  hairs. 
Leaves  alternate,  or  whoi-led,  exstipulate. 
with  axillary  one-flowered  pedicels  ;  flowers  in 
most  species  large,  .showy;  sepals  deciduous, 
fouror  ftye,  .slightly  adhering  at  the  base,  equal, 
valvate  in  a'stivation ;  jietals  the  same 
number,  large,  deciduous,  involute  in  astiva- 
tion;  stiimens  eight  or  ten;  anthers  two  t.r 
four-celled,  opening  by  a  pore  at  the  ajiex  ; 
styles  one  or  two;  ovary  two-celled,  earli 
eell  with  one  to  three  pendulous  ovules. 
Fruit  capsular,  two-valved,  two-celled  ;  see-ls 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


tremanotus— tremor 


i^;i 


with  u  lionltcrt  apiwmlaf^e  attlieapex.  Natives 
nf  \iistralia.     Gfiiera  three,  s|)ecies  sixteen. 
ilAu'llei/.) 
tre-ma-nd' tus,  ■^.     [Gr.  Tpvua  ((nina)  =  A 

Jink-,  ami  r.oTOS  (»orn,<)  =  1hr  \yiirk.] 

Pnlo'.Ht.:  A -iims  of  Ilaliotuhe,  with  tw.. 
species,  fmiii  the  Upper  r?ilunau  of  Nmlh 
America. 

t  trem-arc'-tOS,  s.    (First  oleinf^nt  rlotihtful ; 
si'L'oiiil.  C>v.  dpKTo^  (aildiis)  =  a  liear.] 

Z.Hi/.  :  A  ^emis  of  Ursitlje,  with  ouv  si>ecies, 
coimni>iilv  known  as  L'lsns  ormUns,  the  Sin_'c- 
tacled  Bear  (q.  v.). 

tre'-ma-tis,  s.    ITrematoox.] 

l-iihroiif. :  Asub-^'enusof  Discina,  withfoiir- 
tri'M  spfiics,  fioiii  the  Silurian  rocUs  ofNortli 
Aiiieiica  ami  Kuropr. 

tre-ma-to-,  /""(/.     [Trkmatoda.]     Hollow ; 
Ii;ivin;>'':i  IiuUow  process  or  processes. 

tre-ma-tO'-da,   5.  pi.     [Gr.    rpritia   (tirmuX 
^onit.  'Tpriij.aTO^\t lematos)  =  A  hole,  a  pore.] 

Zool :  Flukes,  Suctorial  Worms ;  an  ord.  r 
of  the  class  Auneliila,  with  two  groups,  Dis- 
toina  antl  Polyst^nna.  Leaf-like  jjaiasites,  for 
the  most  part  internal,  but  some  external, 
provitled  with  one  or  more  ventral  suckers,  a 
mouth  and  alimentary  canal,  but  no  anus  or 
body-cavity;  integument  of  the  adult  not 
ciliated ;  sexes  generally  united  in  one  incli- 
vidual.  They  are  the  Steivlininth;i  of  nw^Mi, 
and  were  included  by  Cuvi-v  in  liis  P;ir.'ii»'h>- 
jiiatous  Intestinal  Worms.  The  nitestinal  fanal 
is  often  much  branched,  and  possesses  but  one 
external  o|>ening,  usually  at  the  bottom  of  the 
anterior  suctorial  disc,  aii<l  serving  both  as  an 
oral  iuul  anal  aperture.  A  water-vascular  sys- 
tem is  present,  consisting  of  two  lateral  vessels, 
generally  o]tening  on  the  surface  by  a  connnon 
excretory  pore.  The  nervous  system  consists 
of  two  pharyngeal  ganglia.  The  young  may 
l>e  developed  <lirectly  int^>  the  adult,  or  may 
pass  through  a  eompl^ated  metamorphosis, 
-varying  in  different  cases  [Redia]  ;  and  one  of 
the  early  stages  of  their  existence  is  often 
^ssed  in  the  interior  of  freshwater  molluscs, 
whence  they  are  transferred  to  a  vertebrate 
host.  In  their  adult  state  they  oecniiy  tlie 
most  varied  situations.  The  majority  live  in 
the  intestines  or  hepatic  ducts,  the  eyes,  or 
bloodvessels  of  vertebrates ;  a  few  are  ecto- 
parasitic,  and  live  on  the  skin  and  gills  of 
iishes,  crustiieuans,  molluscs,  &c.  The  genus 
Distonia  (q.v.)  maybe  taken  as  the  type  of 
the  order.  The  genus  Gyntecoplinvus,  in  which 
tlie  sexes  .ire  distinct,  occurs  abumlautly  in 
the  bloodvessels  of  man  in  Egypt,  South 
Africa,  and  the  Mauritius,  and  its  presence 
has  also  been  detected  in  monkeys. 

"tre'-ma-tode,  «.  &  s.    [Trematoda.] 

A.  As  luij.  :  Of  or  jwrtaining  to  the  Trema- 
totla  (q.v.). 

B.  Assithst.:  Any  individual  member  of  tliH 
order  Trematoda. 

-tre'-ma-toid,   «.     (Trematoda.]    The    same 

as  TREMATitDE  (q.v.). 

■tre-ma-to-sau'-rus,  ••'.     [Pref.  trcmato-,  and 
Ur.  (raupos  (saarus)—  a  liziU'd.] 

rahf-'int.  :  A  serpentiform  genus  of  Loby- 
riutlindontia,  of  which  littl.-  definite  is  known. 
Two  species  are  generally  n:i-oidrd  by  taxonu- 
mists:  Tieiiuitosaurus  hmitiiil,  and  T.  oi'elhi. 
tioth  from  the  Bunter  ISandstone  of  Berii- 
hurg. 

tre-ma-to-sp'ir'-a,  s.     (Pref.  trcnuilo-,  and 
Gr.  o-TTttpa  (:^fciin)  =  {i  coil.] 

I'tdauiit. :  A  genus  of  Spiriferiilie,  with 
seven  species,  ranging  from  the  UpjHir  Silu- 
rian to  the  Middle  Devonian  of  the  Unittnl 
States.  It  appears  to  be  closely  related  to 
Ret^iiu     IRetzia,  2.] 

trem-be-ldr'-es,  trem-Wor'-es,  s.  i>i 

[Sp.j 

Fhys.  Science :  The  name  given  in  South 
America  to  small  earthquakes,  consisting  of 
a  series  of  rapidly  recnning  vibratr)ry  move- 
ments, not  sufficiently  jiowerfnl  to  create 
damage.    {Milne:  Edrtliq nukes,  p.  10.) 

*  trem'-bla-ble,  c.     [Eng.  tiemblit:);  -ahh:] 
Calculated  "to  cause  fear  or  trembling;  fearful. 

'■  But  wliat  is  tremblabtc  «iiJ  iiioiiatroiis,  there  l)e 
some  who.  wlieu  Uod  smites  tbeiu,  fly  uutva  witcli." 
—6'.  Benson.    iAimattdulc.) 


tr@m'-ble,  v.i.  [I*^'-  trembler,  from  Low  Lat. 
((•t,'Mii(i(>=  to  tremble,  from  Lat.  tremiiliis  = 
trembling,  from  trenio  — to  tremble;  Gr. 
Tpe>ui  ((r<;mo)=  to  tremble.  The  b  is  excres- 
cent, as  in  number.] 

1.  To  shake  involuntarily,  as  with  fear,  rold, 
weakness,  or  the  elfeet  of  ditVeivnt  emotions, 
as  ]>assion,  mge,  grief,  &e.  ;  to  shake,  to 
quiver,  to  shudder.    (Said  of  persons.) 

■•  But  hia  knees  bcneatli  liiiii  trembled." 

Lon>jfvH-w:  Uiawutha.  il. 

2.  To  be  inoveil  or  shaken  with  a  (luivering 
motion:  to  quiver,  to  shake. 

■'  Aii-s,  venial  ftira  .  .  .  attune 
Tlif  fnniMiiij  kiues."  Jtitlvn  :  P.  L..  iv.  2Ctl. 

:i  To  qxiaver,  to  shake,  as  sound :  as,  His 
v.i'-e  frr.ahkil. 

trem'-lile,  s.    (Tkemule,  r.] 

\.  The  iii;t  ov  state  of  trembling;  an  in- 
V"iluutju-y  shaking  tlnough  cold,  &e. 
-  2.  Fear. 

"  The  housekeeper  ...  to  set  ii  pood  e\nnii'Ie.  onlereii 
Iwick  hev  tfetrUtlcs  and  vMneouV—llUickmorc:  C'lnn- 
fowell,  fh.  xli. 

1  .-Ul  n/ a  tri-mhh::  In  a  state  of  shaking 
iinoluntarily,  as  from  fear,  cold,  &e. 

trem'-ble-ment,  s.    (Fr-,  hnm  tr€mbkr  =  to 

tn-robt.-.j 

'  1.  Onl.  Lauii.:  A  tremor,  a  quivering,  a 
tremble. 

"  Thrilla  in  leiify  tt'cmblcmmit." 

H.  H.  Uruwniug:  lost  Dfivrr. 

2.  Music:  A  trill  or  .shake. 
trem'-bler,  s.    (Eng.  tremblie),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  iird.  Lang.  :  One  who  trembles. 

"  Not  one  poor  trembler  ouly  fear  beti«ys.'* 

By  run  :  Au  Vtva»ionat  Prulotjnf. 

2.  Church  Hist.  {PI.):  The  name  given  to  an 
extreme  Protestant  sect  in  the  early  days  of 
the  Reformation  in  England. 

"  As  thus  1  atrold  iilong  the  street, 
S'loh  gangs  .iiiil  [liircela  dul  I  meet 
Of  thtse  quaint  pninitive  ilisseniblei-s 
In  ohl  Queen  Bess's  days  call  d  7'rembli:rs. 
Fur  their  sham  shaking  Juid  their  shivering," 
Ward :  Bttdibrm  JifUieitnis. 

trem'-bUng,  pr.  jxtr.,  a.,  &  s.     (Tremble,  i\] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  vis  (ulj. :  Shaking,  as  with  fear,  cold,  or 
the  like. 

■•  The  aiixioTis  crowd,  with  honor  pale, 
All  tremblinif.  heard  the  wondrous  Wle." 

tiaitt :  Liii/  of  the  Latt  JliuKtrcl.  vi.  28. 

C.  -4s  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  shaking  involuntarily, 
ris  from  fear,  cold,  &e. 

■'   \h  !  then  .and  there  was  luirrying  to  and  fro. 
\nd  gathering  t«ai-3,  and  tremblings  of  distress." 
Byron  :  Childc  Harold,  iii.  24. 

2.  {PL):  An  inflammatory  affection  in  .sheep, 
caused  by  eating  noxious  food. 

trembling-poplar,  s. 

JUif.  :  I'opHliis  toinuJa,  the  Aspen  (q.v.). 

trembling-tree,  :^. 

Hot.:  Populiis  trcpiiia ;  an  American  tree, 
about  forty  feet  high,  akin  to  the  Aspen,  of 
which  some  botanists  consider  it  to  be  only  a 
variety.  It  has  a  sub-orbicul.ite  leaf,  with  an 
.ibrvq'tly  aeuminate  point,  and  two  glands  at 
its  Ijase  ;  young  leaves  silky  on  the  upper  sur- 
fac'-,  old  ones  glabrous. 

trem'-bling-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  trembling;  -h/.] 
Ill  a  trembling  manner;  so  as  to  shake; 
trenmlously. 

■'  We  must  come  tremblingly  before  bim."— fi/).  Hall , 

IhtVyiUtC  .Sold,  S  22. 

trem-blor'^ej,  .•=.  pi.    ITrembelores.] 

*  trem-e-fac'-tion,  s.  iLat.  treme/actus,  pr. 
par.  of  tremr/acio  =  to  cause  to  shake  or 
tremble:  tremo  =  to  tremble,  and /uoio  =  to 
make.]  The  act  or  state  of  trembling  ;  agita- 
tion, tremor. 

tre-mel'-la,  s.  (Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  Lat. 
h-i:in')  =  to 'tremble,  to  shake,  to  quiver  ;  from 
the  quivering  of  the  gelatinous  mass  of  the 
plant.  J  • 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Tremellini  (q.v.). 
It  consists  of  a  tremulous  gelatinous  mass, 
generally  more  or  less  waved  and  sinuated. 
free  from  papillaj  and  tubercles.  They  vary 
greatly  in  form,  being  brain  -  like,  elnb- 
sliaped,  orbicular,  &c.,  and  in  coloiir,  being 
white,  yellow,  orange,  rose-coloured,  purple, 
&e.  A  cominon  species,  Treniella  mesciUerim, 
is  conspieuous  in  winter  in  liedges  from  its 
omnge  tint. 


trem-el-li'-ni,  .^■.  pi.    (Mod.  I-at.  treiiuU{u): 

Ua.  masc.  pi.  adj.  suti".  -int.] 

Hot. :  An  order  or  sub-order  of  Hymeiio- 
mycetfjus  Kungals,  the  species  of  whieh  are  of 
a  gelatinous  texture,  sometimes,  though  rarely, 
with  a  en  taeeous  nueleu.s,  tlieir  hymenium  in 
the  more  typical  genera  covering  the  whole 
surface  without  any  delinite  upper  or  umler 
siile  ;  sporophores  scattered,  often  htbed  ru- 
quadripartite  ;  spores  often  piodncing  second- 
ary spores  or  spermatia.  Tliey  grow  njM)n 
branches  or  stumps  of  trees,  in  crevie.es  of 
the  bark,  r»r  on  the  dead  wo<^»d,  rarely  on  the 
ground.  Found  chietly  in  tenq'eiate  climates, 
though  scuiie  are  tnqneal.  A  wi<le'.y  distributed 
representative  is  the  Jcw's-ear  (([.v.). 

tre-mel'  loid,  «.    [Mod.  Lat.  trcnicll(a) ;  suff. 

-aid.] 

lu>f.,  ,1..  ;  Uesenibling  the  genus  Treniella; 
gelatinous. 

tre-men'-dous,  <'.  (Lat.  tremcndns  ~  that 
ought  to  be  feared,  fut.  pass.  par.  of  treuio  —  to 
tremble.] 

1.  Sutficieut  or  calculated  to  excite  fear  or 
terror  ;  terrible,  dreadful,  awful. 

"  Fictions  in  fonn,  hut  in  their  substance  lr-;thiv— 
Tremendoui  truths ! "  , ,       , 

Wordtworth  :  Kxi^nritoti,  hk.  vl.   . 

2.  Such  as  may  astonish  by  magnitude,  size, 
force,  violence,  or  degree  ;  wonderful.  {CoUo(i.) 

••  But  they  are  numerous  now  as  are  the  v.ive« 
And  the  tremendous  rain. " 

Byron:  llcaticn  &  Karth,  !■  3. 

tre-men'-doiis-ly,  adv.  (Eng.  tranendom; 
-ti/.]  In  a  tremendous  manner  or  degree ;  so 
as  to  terrify  or  asli>iiish  ;  wonderfully. 

"  A  (rem<iiirfo('s/ystrnngindictmentcAU  he  jireferred 
by  civilised  nociety  against  the  mV—Dailff  Tcleyratjk, 
Jlarch  5.  1887. 

tre-men'-dous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  ticmemlons: 
-(to-s'.l  The  (piidity  or  state  of  being  tremen- 
dous, terrible,  or  astonishing. 

trem-en-heer'-ite,  s-.     [After  Mr.  Tremen- 
lieere  ;  sutf.  -ite  (.Vui.).] 
Min.  :  An  impure  variety  of  grapltite  (fi.v.). 

trem-oc'-to-pus,  s.  [Gr.  rp^j^a  ((f«mo)  =  a 
hole,  and  Mod.  Lat.  octopus  (q.v.).] 

Zool :  A  sub-genus  of  Octopus  (q.v.),  with 
three  species,  from  the  Atlantic  and  Mediter- 
ranean. Some  or  all  of  the  arms  are  webKed 
half-way  up,  and  there  arc  two  largo  aquifer- 
ous pores  on  the  back  of  the  head. 

trem-o-lan'-do,  s.    [Ital.] 

Music:  The  same  as  Tremolo  (q.v.). 

trem'-6-lant,  s.    [Tremolo.] 

Music :  An  organ  and  harmonium  stop 
which  causes  the  air  as  it  proceeds  to  the 
j.ipes  or  reeds  to  pass  through  a  valve  having 
a  movable  top,  to  which  a  spring  and  weight 
are  attached.  The  up-and-down  movement  of 
tlie  top  of  the  valve  gives  a  vibratory  move- 
ment to  the  air,  which  similarly  aflocts  the 
sound  produced.  On  American  organs,  a  fan- 
wheel  by  rotating  in  front  of  the  wind-chest 
causes  a  tremolo.     [Tre.molo,  3.] 

trem'-d-lite.  s.  [After  Val  Tiemola.  Italy, 
where  it  was  erroneously  stated  to  liave  been 
found  ;  sutl'.  -ite  {Min.).] 

Mill. :  A  magnesia-lime  of  amphibole  (q.v.), 
eontainiug  little  or  no  alumina,  and  occurring 
iu  bladed  crystals  in  the  -lanular  dolomite  of 
Campo-longi',  St.  Gotthard,  Switzerland,  and 
numerous  other  localities.  Colour,  white, 
gray,  greenish. 

trem'-O-ld,  s.  [Ital.,  fiom  Lat.  1rcmnhis  = 
trembling.] 

Music : 

1.  A  chord  or  note  played  or  bowecl  with 
great  lapidity,  so  as  to  produce  a  quavering 
effect. 

2.  Vibration  of  the  voice  in  singing,  arising 
from  nervousness  or  a  bad  production,  oi-  used 
for  the  purpose  of  producing  a  special  effect. 
[Shake,  s.,  II.  2.] 

3.  A  pulsative  tone  in  an  organ  or  Iiarnio- 
iMum,  produced  by  a  fluttering  valve  which 
ennnnands  the  air-duct,  and  causes  a  varia- 
tion in  the  volume  of  air  admitted  fiinu  the 
bellows.  Also  applied  to  the  contrivance  it- 
self. 

trem'-dr,  *  trem-our,  . .  (Lat.,  from  (temn 
=  to  tremble;  Sp.  &  Fort,  inniui  ;  Ital. 
tremore.] 


bfiil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  gell,  chorus,  9hin,  ben^li;  go,  gem;  tbin.  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  cjfist.     ing. 
-clan,  -tian  ~  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;    tion,  -gion  ^  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious.    sious  ^  shiis.     ble.  -die,  .^<-  ----  bel,  deL 


]M 


tremorless— trend 


1.  Onlinam  Lang*ta<jr  : 

I.  A  slmkluit.  quivering,  or  irvmbling  iiio- 

■  fi      .  ...rr  itrBk*-  Ihrrr  i>inUiiti(*  m  frwiwor  In 
V   rt      tmmarl    nf  tkf  Sm,I.  Iifc.  It.,  cll.  11. 

\.>Iitn(.irv  In'tiiMiii;;  >  H   dtiivehii}: 
.  A  Htati*  of  tn-liiblili^. 


*,   .'., — .ruW  tivmorg  :  [Mebci'riaL'Pausv]. 

H.  /'Aj^i  Seifnce:  An  cartli-tromnr:  a  vibnit- 
ory  molion  vt  llip  earth')*  surface,  Inappn-ii- 
ahir  by  tlif  niiiMb-<l  »»»ii<»'s.  Treninrs  may  bi- 
riUirr'Natiiml  or  Artittcial :  naturiil  tivniors 
an*  ilin'  to  thf  attractivf  uitluence  of  tlio  huh 
itnti  nio"Mi,  or  to  ni-ii^niic  action  ;  artilloii*!  trc- 
mon*  may  W  pnMliicwl  by  various  cau.-te.-*,  as  a 
jw<t.«tti!j;  Iraitt,  tbc  nioviiirnts  of  a  crowil,  Siv. 
y  .    .  I,  liM  »l..i«n  A  tjT'*^'  nrttiinwk'' 

'  '<f  •iiimII   frrninrt,  9UCOrp(lwl   )>>' n 
,     "I   111*  guiuud."— .Vifnf .    t'-irtS- 

•  trim' -or -1688, 1.  {Enf^.  tremor ; -hss.]  Free 
from  any  tr<-iii>>i,  4|uivering,  or  sliaking. 

"Ilr  ■rut  bU  rvM  ruuiiil  ttir  )rt-Itkf  circlff  UiJ  fnutlc) 
tvvry  tip  «(  FAuUiioe  lu  it  lrrmortetA."—/)aUii  Trft- 

•  tr&n  -u-Lant,  *  trem'-n-lent,  n.  4:  s. 

\\m\.  trfi'nuhr-,  from  trfmo  =  to  trembU-.J 
A-  As  luijn-tiif  : 

1.  On/.  I^fng. :  Trembling,  tremulous. 

"  tln[i1t-M  <l«  Brt'-E/'.  il'xmiH  tu  Hiirvive  long  ngc».  In 
nirii*  iiirtiiury,  lu  thin  fniiit  way  witli  tremiilrnt 
»l»lt*  iwi.'— Ctrl  fie:  /VmcA  R'-vol.,  pt,  i..  bk.  v., 
ch.  Ii. 

2.  Music:  Coiigisting of  oremplovingtremu- 
Unts. 

"  ftt«j  thl*  tremuliutt  epidemic  wliich  b  destroyliiK 
lUllAu  vooKtlntlOD.  '—/><■/;  Mall  Gazelu,  July  d,  18»4. 

B.  As  $»l>itantin : 

Music  : 

1.  Tlie  same  as  TaEMOLANT  (q.v.). 

2.  Tin'  -same  as  Tukmolo  (q.v.). 

"  Pxtti  C9UI  dotltU  .  .  .  witli  bnrdiv  a  quivfr  or  n 
frriTO.;.i.if/  -r,ifl  .t/riH  (iazttfe.  July  ».  I98t 

•  trem-n-la -tion,  s.  [TRtsuLor^.]  Tiemu- 
lousiiess. 

"I  wnM  rtnick  with  sucb  a  terrible  tremul'ttion"— 
r.  Orotm  .'   »ork*.  U.  £H. 

trem'-U-loUS,  "■  tl'iit.  tremulus,  from  tremo 
—  Ui  trtiiiblc;  Sp.  treviulo,  tremulosw,  Ital. 
tiriiiolo,  tremido,  treiiioloao.] 

1.  Trembling ;  aflec:ted  with  fear  or  timid- 
ity ;  timid, 

"The  Iftider  tremiiToiit  cbrlntinu  1.*  ea«ily  distrncted 
Mill  miikunI  by  tbeiu.'— /Ar^'riy  of  I'iety 

2.  Sliaking,  quivering,  sliivering.  trembling. 

"  WIicr««t  til*  trtinuloitt  hTAachea  reMlily 
Did  )U1  ut  tbem  bow  duwnwiird  towitrdj  tbnt  side.' 
LonafeHoui:  I'uryatorio,  xx\ i\\. 

3.  Trembling,  a.s  in  uncertainty. 

"  A  sober  talm 
PIrwe«  wrilHiuiided  etbcr;  wh^sc  Ic-vst  wave 
MtAiidx  triem*tlQU».'  Thornton  :  AtUumn,  9.%8. 

i.  Vibratory. 

"Thr  frrmulimt  or  vibratory  ruotiuu  whieb  is  oli- 
wrvetl  in  that  phvnoniruuu." — Cook:  Firgt  yoHwir 
hk.tll..ch.  till. 

trem -U-lOUS  Ij^,  n'/r.  [Eng.  tremvlous;  -bj.] 
lu  a  tivriiul-'iiH  miinner ;  with  trembling, 
qnivL-iing,  or  trepidation  ;  tremblingly. 


Hyron  :  I^tra,  i.  vi. 

trem' -  a  -  lous  -  ness.  s.  [Eng.  tremvlous; 
-ii/'.HS.j  Th-'  qurthty  or  .state  of  being  tremu- 
lou.s  ;  trembling,  quiVfring. 

tren,  n.  &  s.     ITrren.J 

'  A.  ill  cdj. :  Woodeu  ;  made  of  wood. 
B.  As  suhst. :  A  fish -spear. 

trc  -nail.  ,".    (Theexail.] 

trenph,  vj.  &  i.  {O.  Fr.  trenclier  (Fr.  trancher) 
=  to  rut,  to  carve,  to  back,  to  hew;  origin 
doubtful.  Ital.  trincwre  =■  to  cut;  Sp.  trin- 
chnr  =  to  cuve  ;  trinrar  ■=.  to  chop ;  O.  Sp. 
irftdxar  =  t"  part  the  hair  of  the  head.] 
A,  TraiuHive: 

1.  Ordinary  Layignoge : 
'  1.  To  cut,  to  hew. 

"  A  figure 
Trtnchrd  lu  Ice.*    /thake$p. :  Two  Oenllemen.  iil.  2. 

2.  To  cut  or  dig  out,  aa  a  dit<:b,  a  cbaniicl 
for  water,  or  a  long  bullow  in  the  earth  ;  to 
cut  or  dig  channels  or  trenches. 

"  111  trettchirfj  the  black  eartli  on  every  aide, 
A  criTeni  foriu'd,  n  tubit  li.tiKand  wide." 

Pofn:  Homer;  Viij/tvy  xi.  29. 


3.  To  fortify  by  ^-utling  a  trench  or  ditch, 
anil  raiHiii;;  a  iTiniiKirt  ui  breastwork  of  the 
t-arth  Ihrowii  out  of  the  ditch  ;  to  entrench. 

"  AiUniii-'d  upon  tbe  (tebl  therr  ati>Ml  a  niouud 
0(  rartli  cuti^mt«d.  wnli'd.  aud  Ir^neh'U  anmiid." 
I'ttp*  ■  Homer :  llutd  xx.  IT}. 

•  4.  To  enclose,  to  surrouml,  to  cover. 

"  I  sny'il  their  liilum 
'MldbrakMHiiJ  boiigbo  f <«/uA  d  in  tho  licntb  l.fl..w.- 
Mui'tn:  Caractnciit. 

n.  Afiric.  :  To  furrow  deeply  with  the  spadf 
or  plough  ;  to  cut  deeply  by  a  succession  of 
Itaratlel  and  contiguous  trenches  for  certain 
nuriMises  of  tillage  ;  to  break  up  and  i«repnn 
for  crops  by  deep  digging  and  removing  stones, 
&c. 

"Trvnclt  the  ifround.  aud  make  It  ready  fur  the 
vprliti;  "— A'p«/yn  ■  Katendar. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  encroach.  (Followed  by  on  or  upcni): 
as.  To  trench  on  one's  liberty  or  rights. 

•  2.  To  have  direction  ;  to  aim  ;  to  tend. 

•  %  To  trench  at :  To  form  trenches  against 
or  around,  as  against  a  town  in  L>esieging  it. 

"  Like  i>tiwerful  iinuies  trfnchiriQ  ut  a  tnwii. 
By  slow  aud  aileitt,  but  releutle»«  sap. ' 

trench,  "  tronche,  s.  fO.  Fr.  tmichee  =  a 
thing  cut.  a  trench,  from  trencher  ■=.  U>  cut; 
Fr.  tiytnche;  Sp.  trinchea ;  Ital.  trincea.] 
(Trench,  r.] 

L  Ordinary  Ixingnage : 

1.  A  ditch  ;  a  long,  narrow  cut  or  channel 
in  the  earth. 

"  When  yuii  have  got  your  water  up  to  the  hit^hest 
jkirt  of  the  land,  luake  a  small  trench  to  carry  Hnine  of 
the  water  iti.  keeping  it  alwaya  upuu  a  level."— j/or- 
timer  :  lhitb<indr}i. 

'  2.  A  place  cleared  of  trees ;  a  hollow  walk ; 
an  alley. 

"  Aud  in  a  trenche  forth  in  the  park  goth  she." 
Chaucer:  C.  T.,  10,7o2. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Aiiric.  :  A  ditch  or  drain  cut  fur  the  pur- 
pose of  prejiaring  or  improving  the  soil ;  an 
open  ditch  for  drainage. 

2.  Mil. :  An  excavation  to  cover  the  ad- 
vance of  a  besieging  force,  or  to  interrupt  the 
advance  of  an  enemy.  It  generally  proceetls 
in  a  zigzag  form,  connecting  the  parallels  and 
advanced  batteries,  and  is  six  to  ten  feet  wide, 
three  feet  <leep,  the  earth  excavated  forming 
a  parapet  on  the  side  exposed  to  the  lire  of 
llie  fortress.  If  the  ground  be  hard  or  rocky, 
the  trenches  are  formed  by  piling  fascines, 
bags  of  earth,  &c.,  in  a  line  on  it. 

"  Some  help  to  sink  new  trntr-het." 

Drydfn:  Virgil;  ..fnctd  xi.  717. 

H  To  open  the  trenches: 
Mil. :  To  begin  to  dig  or  to  form  the  lines 
of  api'rftich. 

trench-cart,  ^. 

Mil. :  A  call  adapted  to  traverse  t  lu- 
trenches  with  ordnance,  stores,  and  ammuni- 
tion. 

trench-«avalier,  s. 

3/(7. ;  A  high  parapet  made  by  the  besiegers 
upon  the  glacis  to  command  and  enfilade  the 
covered  way  of  the  fortress. 

trench-plough,  5. 

Agric.  :  A  kind  of  plough  for  opening  land 
to  a  greater  depth  than  that  of  the  ordinary 
luriows. 

trench -plough,  v.t: 

A'ji'i':  :  To  plough  with  deep  furrows.  f..r 
the  jMUpose  of  loosening  the  earth  to  a  greater 
depth  than  usual. 

trench-ant,   "  trenQh-gtud.  0.     [0.   Fi. 

trencluuit,    pr.    jiar.    of    tnncher  =  to    cut.] 
[Tkench,  v.\ 

1.  Sharp,  cutting. 

"  The  trrtichaiii  blade,  Toledo  trusty 
For  want  of  tightuig  was  grown  rusty." 

Butler:  Budibrat,  I,  i. 

2.  Sharp,  keen,  unsparing,  severe :  as. 
trenchant  criticism. 

tren9h'-ant-lS^,  adv.  [Eng.  trenchant:  -hi.] 
In  a  trenchant  manner;  sharply,  severely.  " 

"Mr.  Otiidi^tone'ri  action  and  prosition  with  reftnnl 
to  Home  Kule  are  also  uiost  trenchantlt/  d«ilt  with. 
—Morning  I'vtt,  J.iu,  10,  l»66. 

trenph'-er,    '  trench-oor,  5.      [O.    Fr. 

trenchoir :    Fr.    tranrlwir.     In  sense   1,    from 
Eng.  trench,  v. ;  -rr.] 

1.  One  who  trenches  or  cuts. 

2.  A  wooden  plate  or  dish  on  which  meat 


waa  formerly  eaten  at  table,  or  on  which  meat 
might  be  cut  or  carved. 

'■  UoHpitKlity  could  nffer  little  more  than  «  couch  of 
•traw,  a  treneher  of  meat  half  raw  aud  half  burned, 
and  ndniii^'ht  of  sour  im\)\.''—ilacautan  :  Hut.  Eng., 
cb.  x\i. 

*  3.  H'-nce,  the  contents  of  a  trencher; 
food  ;  pleasures  of  the  table. 

"  It  could  be  iio  ordinary  decIeiiHion  of  nature  that 
could  hniiL{  Houie  nieu.  after  an  ingenuona  education, 
tu  place  their  ji(o)i»M(»i  himum  U[)ou  their  trencKert, 
and  their  utiiioDt  felicity  in  wiue,  —South. 

i.  The  same  as  Trencher-cai-  (q.v.), 

"The  coltoae  boys  mised  their  trenchert."—ilr». 
ir-«>./    Thr  rhuiinhi'js.  p.  -n. 

'  trencher -buffoon,  s.  A  wag  or  butt 
;il  :i  'huner  table.  {Ikcics:  Mxscs'  Sacrijice, 
D.-d.c.) 

trencher -cap. .».     A  cap  having  a  flat. 

s-]U;iri'  t"p  like  a  hoard  set  on  it,  woin  at  the 
uiijveisitu's  and  many  .schools. 

*  trencher  -  chaplain,  *  trencher - 
chapperlain.  s.      A  domestic  chaplain. 

'  trencher-fly,  s.  One  who  haunts  the 
t.il'les  of  iilliers  ;  a  parasite. 

"  He  tried  which  of  them  were  friends,  and  which 
only  f crHcAfr./ftcg  and  spungers.  *— i  Ettrange, 

*  trencher-friend,  s.  A  sponger ;  a 
parasite  ;  a  si)ouge. 

"  t'oiirteous  (le.strovfrs,  affable  wolves,  meek  liears. 
Yuu  foi.l.-,  of  fortune.  tfenchrr-fri,:ii<i8.\,\m^ii  flit-.K  " 
.^liukesp. :  Timon  of  Athem,  iii.  •'■ 

'  trencher  ~  knight,  s.  A  serving-m.in 
waiting  at  table  ;  a  waiter.  (Siutkes2>.  -'  Loi^e'.^ 
Labour's  Lost,  v.  2. 

*  trencher-law,  s.  The  regulation  of 
diets ;  dietetics. 

"  When  apleetiisli  morsels  cram  the  gaping  maw, 
Witbouten  diefa  care  or  trencher-taw." 

Btill:  Satire*.  IV.  iv.  221. 

trencher -man,  s. 

1.  A  hearty  eater  or  feeder. 

"  He  is  a  very  valiant  trencher-Tnan ;  lie  hath  an 
excellent  atoniacb." — Shaheep. :  Much  Ado,  i.  i 

*  2.  A  cook. 

'■  PalUdiua  aaaured  him,  that  he  had  already  been 
more  fed  to  bis  liking  than  he  could  be  by  the  akil- 
fullest  tn-ucher-men  of  Media,"— .SiifHCi/. 

*  3.  A  table-coiiipauiou  ;  a  trencher-mate. 

"  A  led-captaiu  and  trencher-jnan  of  Lord  Steync." 
—Thackeray. 

*  trencher-mate,  $.  Atabie-eompanion; 
a  parasite. 

"  Tliese  trencher  mates  frame  to  theinselvcii  a  way 
more  \>\v:Asii\ii"— Hooker :  Eccles.  Polttie. 

*  trenph'-er-ing,  5.    [Eng.  trencher;  -ing.] 
Trenchers. 

trench  -ing,  s.    [Trench,  v.] 

Agric. :  The  act  or  operation  of  preparing 
or  improving  land  by  cutting  trenches,  or  by 
bringing  up  the  subsoil  to  the  surface  b> 
means  of  a  trench-plough. 

•trench-more,  i\i.    [Trenchmorr,  s.]    To 
dance  a  trenchmore. 

"  Marke  he  doth  cuTtsie,  and  salutes  a  block, 
Will  seeiue  to  wonder  at  a  weathercock, 
t        Tretichmor-:  with  Ai>es,  pl.iy  musick  to  .in  Owle," 
JJ'irstoii:  Pyjmilion'i  Imagi^.  iL  145. 

'  treuQh  -  more.    '  trench  -  moore,  s. 

[Etyni.  dotibtliil.) 
Music : 

1.  An  old  English  country  dance  of  a  lively 
character. 

"  For  an  ape  to  friske  frenchmoore  in  a  pair  of 
buskins  aud  a  doublet."— Uoliashed :  Detcrip.  Ireland. 
cb.  ii. 

2.  The  music  for  such  a  dance.  It  was. 
written  in  triple  or  g  time. 

trend  (1),  '  trend-en,  I'.i.  &  (.  [From  the 
same  root  as  A.S.  trentiti=:a  circle,  a  ring; 
cf.  Dan.  trind  =  round;  irindt  —  around; 
trindc.-i  =  to  grow  round ;  Sw.  triiid  =  round  ; 
0.  Fries,  triad,  trnnd.]  [Trendle^  Trundle.] 
A.  Intraiisitii'c : 

*  1.  To  roll  or  turn  about. 


2.  To  extend  or  lie  along  in  a  particular 
direction  ;  to  run  ;  to  stretch. 

"To  the  southward   of  the  cane,  the   land  tren<U 
nviny.'  —Cwjk  :  First  Voyage,  bk.  ii..  ch.  v. 

•  B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  bend  or  turn  ;  to 
turn 

"  Xot  farre  beneath  i'  th'  valley  as  she  trends 
Her  ailver  atreaine." 

Browne:  Britmmias  PastoraJt,  ii. 

trend  (2),  v.t.    [Cf.  But.  &  Ger.  trennen  =  to 
separate.]    To  cleanse,  as  wool.    {I'rov.)  ' 


fato.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule.  fuU;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine;  go.  pot* 
Syrian,    ze,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  ~  kw. 


trend— treroniase 


!:>■> 


trend  (l).s.    [Trf.n-i.(1).  r.] 

I.  Ord.  Imu(i.  :  Inclination  in  a  particular 
direction.    (Lit.  i^fift.) 

"Tlie  whole  tri-)id  of  public  feeling  in  France  ia  nut 
ill  favour  of  smtriitjii'y  occuM'itioiis,  but  ui  oi>cii-tiir 
pursuit-i."  —/lititM  Tulefraph,  JiiU.  10,  1S86. 

II.  Techuicdihi : 

1,  ?'i>rt. :  The  general  line  of  direction  of 
the  side  of  a  work  or  a  line  of  works. 

2.  Xaiilivnl : 

(1)  The  thickening  of  an  anchor  shank  as  it 
approacht's  the  arms.  It  extends  npw.ird 
from  the  thioat  a  distance  equal  to  the  length 
of  tlie  arm. 

(2)  Tlie  angle  formed  by  the  line  of  a  ship's 
keel  and  the  direction  of  the  anchor-cable. 

trend  (2),  -'■•.   [Trend  (2),  v.]  Clean  or  cleansed 

Unnl. 

•  trend  -el,  .'^.    [Trekdle.] 

trend  -er.  s.  [Eng.  trend  (2),  v. ;  -er.]  One 
ulins.-  business  is  to  free  wool  from  its  filth. 
(/V.r.) 

trend  -ing,  s.  (Trksd  (1),  v.]  A  turn.  bend, 
nr  inclination  in  a  particular  direction ;  a 
tienM. 

"  The  coiiats  and  trrndin(is  of  the  crooked  shore, ' 
Itruden:  Virgil;  .Bneid  vii.  200 

'  tren'-dle,  s.  [A.S.  trendel  =  a  ring,  a  circle.] 
[Trexp  (1),  v.]  Anything  round  used  in 
tnrninL;  nj-  railing  ;  a  trundle. 

"  Tlie  shaft  the  wheel,  the  wlieel  the  trendle  turufl." 
Hi/li-csUr. 

Trent,  s.     [See  def.] 

<!*y'>'j. :  A  ri\tr  of  England. 

Trent-sand,  5.  A  fine  variety  of  sand 
fiiiiml  in  ;inil  near  the  river  Trent,  and  used 

for  !uili,-iliing. 

*  trent,  v.i.  [Trend,  v.]  To  trend;  to  bend 
tlie  course, 

"The  vallej'  of  Gehiiiiioii  and  JetiosAplmt  ...  do 
trent  to  the  south," — Sundi/s;  Travels,  ji.  1S8. 

trent' -al»  '.  [O.  Fr.  treutpl,  trentfil  =  a  ti'ental, 
fiom  li-fiilc  =  thirty  ;  Low  Lat.  trentule  =  a 
trcntil,  from  Lat.  triginta  =  thirty,  from  tres  = 
three.] 

1.  lionian  Rihial:  An  office  for  the  dead 
consisting  of  tliirty  masses  rehearsed  for 
thirty  days  snccessivelyafterthe  party'sdeath. 

"  Let  iiiii&s  be  said,  niii\  trentnls  reftil. 
Wlieii  tliou'rt  to  convent  gone." 

Hciitt  ■  liokebt/.  V.  C7. 

*  2.  A  dirge,  an  elegy. 

Trent'-on,  s.    [See  def.] 

Gfog. :  A  township  in  the  state  of  New  York 
twelve  miles  north  of  Utica. 

Trenton-limestone,  ->. 

(nvL  :  A  limestiino  of  Lower  Silurian  age 
from  North  America.  (Miuchisou.)  It  is  di- 
vided into  the  Hudson  River  Group,  the  Utica 
Group,  and  the  Trenton  Group. 

tre-pan'  (1),  'tre-pane,  >■.  \¥r.  trqmn  =  a. 
trejian,  from  Low  Lat.  tifpaiunii  (fur  try- 
j'aniim),  from  Gr.  Tpvnai-oi-  (tntpnnfm):^.  a 
carpenter's  tool,  an  auger,  a  trepan ;  rpuTrw 
{tnipo)  =  to  bore  ;  rpvira,  Tpvn->)  (tnijxi,  tnqr) 
=  a  hole.] 

•  1,  Mil. :  A  war-engine  or  instrument  used 
in  sieges  for  piercing  or  making  holes  in  the 
walls  of  besieged  towns. 

"  The  Iiigiuers  have  the  trefian  dressed." 

T.  UuLls.n:  Jmlith,  iii.  lOT. 

2.  Surg.  :  A  crown  saw  used  principally  in 
renuiving  portions  of  the  skull.  The  trephine 
is  an  improved  form.    [Trephine.] 

■■  I  begjin  to  work  with  the  rn-paii.  which  I  much 
prefer  bcforea  trephine."— It'wemdH  ;  Surgi'rn,  lik  v., 
ch.  ix. 

3.  A  workman's  name  for  the  steel  at  the 
foot  of  a  l)ujiij--ri'd.     Also  spelt  treptatg. 

tre-pan'  (2).  '  tra~pan',  s.  [O,  Fr.  tr(ip2xtn  — 
a  snare,  a  trap  \\n-  auimals,  from  trappe  =  a 
trap  (q.v.).] 
1.  A  snare,  a  trap,  a  trick. 


litttler:  Hiidibras.  Ill   iii. 

2.  A  cheat,  a  deceiver,  a  trickster. 

trepan'  (1),  vA.  &  L  [Fr.  trcpaner,  from 
ti\'pan  —  a  trepan.] 

A.  Transitive : 

.Sif?'^.  :  To  perforate  by  or  with  the  trepan  ; 
to  operate  on  with  a  trepan. 

"  The  liiim   mnter    under  the   trcpann'd  bone   in- 
carud.'  —  ir wcnian  ;  A'iiryi-ry,  bk.  v..  ch,  i\. 


B.  Intnnis. :  To  oi>erate  with  a  trepan  ;  to 
perfurtn  the  operation  of  trejianuing. 

"The  imtivt?  nunfeoux  of  the  South  Sen  lalnuder* 
tnt/Hiit  by  liiyiui;  l«u:k  a  rtup  nf  ilie  ka[\i  niid  scrRidui: 
nwNy  the  eKuM  iititO  lui  Inch  in  diniueter  of  the  iniiii 
ni.iter  i»  t.-x|>0Med.  '—h' night :  Ou-t.  Mechanics.  ».v, 
Tir/ihiiie. 

tre-pan'  (2).  "  tra-pdn',  r.t.  [Trepan  (-2).  s.] 
In  Miare,  tn  trap.' to  ensnare,  to  cheat. 

"A  Willing  wherein  liis  iniiiii  iiitt-uttuus  were  coui- 
ijrUe.l,   S.I    In    tif/mn   liiiii    into    his    destruction.'  — 

{■'.ilirr  ■   W<>r(hi.-s:   VorKshire. 

tre  pang  (I),  s.    [Fr.]    The  same  as  Trep.^n 

(1).  .•^..  ;i. 

tre-pahg'  (2),  .«.     [Native  name] 

Zool.  ((■  i'lmini.  ;  \  popular  name  for  several 
edible  tropical  sjiecies  of  the  Holothuroidea, 
especially  applied  to  flulotlniria  edulis,  ancl  to 
its  dried  flesli.  It  is  a  sing-like  animal,  frimi 
tlie  eastern  seas,  from  six  inches  to  two  feet 
in  length,  living  among  seaweed  or  in  sand  on 
mud,  and  moving  by  the  alternate  extension 
and  contraction  I'f  the  body.  The  trepang 
forms  an  im]>ortant  article  of  food  in  China. 
Abniit  thirty-five  v.nrieties  are  enumerate")  by 
tr.iders,  but  only  five  or  six  have  any  real  «'oiii- 


mercial  value.  To  ])repare  them  for  tlie  mar- 
ket the  viscera  are  removed,  and  the  animals 
boiled  for  about  twenty  minutes,  then  soaked 
in  fresh  water,  and  afterwards  smirked  and 
dried.  Tlie  curing  process  ocrupies  about 
four  days,  during  which  the  trepang  must  be 
kept^ery  dry,  for  it  readily  absorVts  moisture 
from  the  atmosphere.  The  final  product  is  an 
uninviting,  dirty-looking  substance,  which  is 
used  to  prepare  a  sort  of  thick  soup,  a  fa- 
vourite dish  in  China  and  the  Philiiipine 
islands.  Trepang  is  worth  from  eight  to 
ttiirteen  shillings  a  bushel,  according  to  the 
variety  and  the  perfection  with  which  it  is 
cured. 

"  111  the  meantiuie,  unless  hotli  the  trepnny  nnd 
the  peiiri  tmdes  are  not  to  be  overdone,  it  behoves  tlie 
Governments  concerned  tn  put  them  under  some  wliolw- 
soine  reguliitiona  '  —Standard,  Nov.  23,  1B8S. 

*  tre'-pan-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  trei>an  (1);  -ize.] 
To  trepan. 

"  Some  hiive  Iweu  curetl  by  cauterizing  with  fire,  by 
sawinir  ort"  a  ineniher.  by  tra/imtizinfi  tlie  skull,  or 
ilntuing  Imnea  from  it. '— 7''i,'//"r     C-'tttemphitioiis,  4T. 

tre-pan-ner,  *  tra-pan'-ner,  s.  [Eng. 
tnjKiii  (2),  v.;  -cr.]  One  who  treimus ;  a 
cheat,  a  trickster. 

"  Not  long  after  by  the  iiiBinuatioiis  of  tlint  old 
pninlei-  MUd  trapanner  of  souls."— .Sou f A  ;  Scnno:ts,  vol. 


tre-pan' -ning,  s.     [Eng.  trepan  (1).  v. ;  -ing.] 

1.  Surg.  :  Tlie  operation  of  making  an 
opening  in  the  skull  for  relieving  the  brain 
from  compression  or  irritation. 

2.  Brush -making  :  Tlie  operation  or  pro- 
cess of  drawing  the  tufts  or  bristles  into  the 
holes  in  the  stock  by  means  of  wire  inserted 
tlirough  holes  in  the  edge,  which  are  then 
plugged,  concealing  the  mode  of  operation, 

trepanning-elevator,  s. 

Surg.  :  A  Ic\er  for  raising:  the  portion  of 
bone  detached  by  the  trephine. 

*  trepeget,  ,=;.    [Trebl'chet.] 

trephine,  s.    [Fr.] 

Snrg.  :  An  improved  form  of  the  trepan 
(q.v.).  An  instrument  for  taking  a  circular 
piece  out  of  the  cranium.  It  is  a  cylindrical 
saw,  with  a  cross-hamlle  like  a  gimlet  and  a 
centre -pin  (called  the  perforator),  an  Kind 
which  it  revolves  until  the  saw  has  cut  a 
kerf  surticient  to  hold  it.  The  centre-pin 
may  then  be  withdrawn.  The  saw  is  made  to 
cut  through  the  bone,  not  by  a  .series  of 
complete  rotations,  such  as  are  made  by  the 
trepan,  but  by  rapid  half  rotations  alternately 
to  the  rightand  left,  as  in  Ijoring  with  an  a.vl. 
The  trepliine  is  sometimes  worked  by  a  re- 
volving brace  like  that  of  the  carpenter,  and 
has  been  socketed  upon  a  stem  with  three- 
legs,  and  turned  by  one  hind  while  the  sockd 
is  held  by  the  other.  The  trephine  for  the 
antrum  is  a  small  crown-saw  set  in  tlie  end 
of  a  handle.  It  is  used  for  entering  the  antrum 
through  a  tooth-socket.    The  trephine  differs 


from  the  trepan  fn  havhif*  it*  cmw»  fixed 

upon  and  worke-l  by  ii  common  transveiS'- 
handlc,  iiistcjid  of  being  turned  by  a  liaii'lb  , 
like  a  wimlile  or  contre-bit,  as  is  the  i-:\>- 
witli  the  Ircpaii.  The  openttion  of  trepanniii- 
is  lesorted  to  for  the  iinrposc  nf  relieving  tlu- 
braiu  froui  pressure  ;  such  pressure  luiiy  be 
caused  by  ttie  depressinn  of  a  portion  of  the 
cranium,  or  it  may  be  produced  by  nn  extra- 
A-asalion  of  blomi,  ni-  by  the  lodgment  of 
iiiatlcr  betwixt  the  skull  and  the  dura  mater, 
occjisinned  by  a  blow  upon  the  liead,  or  the 
iiifi.iiiiuKitiou  of  the  memliranes  of  the  brain. 

trephine  saw,  s,  Acmwn-.saw  ;  a  cylin- 
drical siw  with  a  serrated  end,  to  make  a 
citcnlar  l;crf  \'y  tlic  rotation  fif  the  saw  on  its 
lougimdinal  axis. 

tre-phine',  r.t.  [Tkephink,  s]  To  j-erforate 
with  a  trephine;  to  operate  tm  with  a  tre- 
phine ;  to  trepan. 

*  trep'-id,  ('.     [Lat.  ti-epidus,  fi-om  an  old  ^erU 

trvpi'  —  to  turn  round  ;  cogn.  with  dr.  Tpen-io 
{Ircpn)  =  to  turn.)    Trembling,  quaking. 

"Look  at  the  iKtor little frcpifUTefttuie.iMintincanil 
hflpless  under  the  great  eyes  '— IVwieJtrray  -■  \'ir- 
r/illi'lJIt,  ch.  Ixx. 

^  Now  surviving  in  its  opposite,  intrepid 
(q  v.). 

*  trep'-I-date,  v.i.     [Lat,  trepitlatus,  pa.  j>ar. 

oi'  trepido.]    [Tuepidation.]    To  trendde.    {Ih: 
Quincey.) 

trop-i-da'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  trepido- 
tionrm,  accu^.  of /rf/Jidafio  =  alarm,  a  trem- 
bling, from  trcpidalns,  pa.  par.  of  trepido  = 
to  tremble,  from  /ccjudus  =  trembling,  trepi<l 
(q.v.):  Sp.  trepiddcioji ;  Itsxl.  trepidiizioiie.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  An  involuntary  trembling;  a  quaking  or 
shiveiing  as  from  fear  or  terror;  hence,  ;h 
state  of  alarm  or  terror. 


2.  A  trembling  of  the  limbs,  as  in  p;\ralytic 
affections. 

*^  3.  A  stat«  of  shaking  or  being  in  \  ilira- 
tion  ;  vibratory  motion. 

"They  can  no  firme  basis  have 
Vpou  the  tri'pidation  of  a  wave.' 

Unbington  :  Caslara,  pt  ii. 

4.  Hurry  ;  confused  haste. 
'  XL  Aiiciaut  Astron.  :  A  Ubratlon  of  the 
eighth  sphere,  or  a  motion  which  the  Ptole- 
maic system  ascrilies  to  the  lirnianieiit,  to 
account  for  the  changes  and  motion  of  tho 
axis  of  the  world. 

"  What  secret  hand  the  trepkltition  weiglis, 
Or  through  the  zodiac  t,'uide8  the  spiral  pace  ?" 
Brooke  :  Cuifersal  Beauty.  I. 

•■  tre-pid'-i-ty,  s.  [Lat.  ^rej)iV/"s  =  trepid 
(q.v). ;     The  quality  or  state  of  being  trepid  ; 

tre|)idation,  timidity. 

trep-o-mo-nad-i-dse,  s.  pi.  [Moil.  Lat. 
trepomoiias,  genit.  trepomonadlis) ;  Lat.  fern, 
pi.  atlj.  sutt",  -i'/a'.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Pantostomatous  Flagel- 
lata,  with  a  single  genus,  Treiiomnnas  (q.v.). 
Animalcules  naked,  free  -  swimming,  asym- 
metrical ;  two  fiagella  separately  inserted  ;  ni> 
distinct  unU  aperUire. 

trep  6-m6n'-as,  s-  [Gr.  rpeVw  (trcpo)  =  tn 
turn,  anil  Mod.  Lat.  7H0(ia.<  (q.v.).] 

ir<io?. ;  The  type-genus  of  Trejiomonadidjt' 
(q.v.),  with  a  single  species,  Trejiomouas ngilii., 
from  marsh  water  with  decaying  vegetable 
substances. 

trer'-6n,  5.  [Gr.  rp^pwi-  (trerdn)  =  fearful, 
shy,  used  as  an  epithet  of  the  dove  ;  hence  ^ 
TpTipuiv  (hejirrou)  in  later  Greek  =  a  dove.] 

Ornith.  :  Tree-pigeons;  a  genus  of  Colum- 
bida:  (the  Viiiago  of  Cuvier),  with  thirty-seven 
sjiecies,  ranging  over  the  whole  Oriental  region, 
and  eastward  to  Celebes,  Amboyiia,and  Flores, 
anil  the  whole  Ethiopian  ngjnu  to  Madagnscai . 
Formerly  made  the  tyj'c-genus  of  the  lapsed 
family  Treronidie. 

*  tre  -  ron' -  i  -  dae,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  treroi  ; 
Lat.  fem.  i<l.  adj.  sutf.  -ida'.] 

Ornitli. :  A  family  of  Colnmbacei,  approxi- 
mately equivalent  to  the  genus  Treron  (q.v.). 
Bill  large,  strong,  comi'ressed  at  sides,  tip 
very  hard,  hooked ;  nostrils  exposed  ;  tarsi 
short,  partly  clothed  with  feathers  below  birsal 
joint ;  the  wliole  foot  formed  for  perching  ani 
grasping ;  claws  strong,  sharp,  and  sciu'- 
circular. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  t 
-clan,  -tian  —  shan.    -tion.  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  —  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die.  &c.  ~  bel,  del. 


186 


tresayle— trevat 


•  trte'-ftyle,  «.  IFr.  truuneul  =  a  great-grent- 
KTmii'lMlicr,  frtMn  I^t.  friJ.  Iru  =  three,  and 

ai-^U'ta,  ttvus  =  ;;mi<iratlit!r.| 

/jit*-;  A  writ  wliieli  lay  for  a  man  rlntmin}; 
ni*  lit*lr  l<t  till  ^'ruii'iruthi-r's  ^jnnuiruttu'r,  t>> 
n^over  laiuU  of  whii-ti  In-  ha-l  Im-ch  ilf  privfl 
\tv  ttti  iilAtL-iiitiiit  lia  PI  •filing  on  the  anct:i!itor'.s 
•  htttli. 

tris-p^Sa,  I'.i.  (O.  Fr.  trtSfMiAstr  =  to  jtans 
over,  fr>>iii  frri/Hts^a  jMts.saj;!'.  a  .tin,  fnim  l^it. 
tniiis  =z  uerikSK,  ami  ;«i.<sm-v  =.  ii  stvp  ;  Sp.  f<'.s* 
jKijo  =  a  cniivey»iMx>  across,  a  tix-sjuuss  ;  Hal. 
tntfttsM  =  a  iiaHsage,  iligresshMi.] 

"  1.  To  go  beyoiu!  a  limit  or  boimdary. 

2.  SiHclf.,  to  iiAM  over  tin*  iKnnuirtiy  of  tlie 
lainl  of  annT]i«-r ;  to  enter  iiiilawluUy  on  Die 
lainl  "f  another,  or  iijioii  that  which  is  the 
I'mperly  or  ri^'ht  nf  miother. 

•  'X  To  ileixirt,  to  go. 

*■  And  thu»  Buuiie  %iltr  thyi.  notilv  Roliert  t\v  Brim-, 
kyiis  of  8«»IIaiiiI.  tr^fntatd  out  nf  tlita  vuirrU)  lir 
••orltlr.'—Brriirra  :  Froitiart :  Cro'tfCi'-,  vol.  1  ,  i-li.  x\ 

4.  To  couiniit  any  orfeuce ;  to  olleiid,  to 
tniMSj;re»s  ;  to  do  wn>ns. 

•■  For  It  1*  iwni.  tiKit  tift  thut  fr*-#*«.itt^A  by  Jil«  frc- 
«0l.  th«t  liy  lilB  tiw  will  h«  coiifra*-  lii*  Irroimt."— 
Vk.ntr\-r     /'rrtuiict  Tut*. 

it.  Ill  a  immtwrr  sense,  to  tninsf;iess  vnlnn- 
Tarily  any  divine  hw  or  coniuiaud  ;  to  violate 
any  known  rule  of  duty  ;  to  sin. 

"  l)<i  tint  ii(  the  iwiif  tu»ry,  for  thou  hA«t  trc»tHt$t<-d." 
— ■;  CkroMir/M  xxvL  IB. 

G.  To  intrude  ;  to  go  too  far  ;  to  encroach, 
to  treneli  (followed  by  on  or  ujion):  us,  'i'o 
trrsjiiisi  on  a  jienon'ri  good  iiatuve. 

tres'-pass.  *  tres-pas,  $■    [Trespass,  v.] 

I.  ih.liiiiinj  l.o.iiij'i"oe  : 

1.  Thf  iiet  of  one  wlio  tresiiasses  or  oflends ; 
an  injury  or  wrong  done  to  another;  an  oti'eni-r 
.'igsinst  ur  violation  of  some  law  or  rule  hiid 
■  l'i«*n. 

•■  Om-*  illJ  I  l.iy  in  ambush  for  your  life, 
A  trtapau  thnt  doth  vex  my  grieved  aoul." 

Shak'tp. :  Jlichard  II..  i.  1. 

2.  Any  voluntary  transgression  of  the  moral 
law  ;  :l  violation  of  a  known  rule  of  duty  ;  sin. 

"  The  •«ii»en;o»t  on  his  heail 
The  j»eoj»li?*«  treipau  Imre.  " 

Cowper:  Olnei/  ffi/imix,  xix. 

3.  Unlawful  entry  on  the  land  or  property 
of  another. 

IL  Law:  (See  extract). 

'Tr^»tnuM,  in  it«  Urgent  and  most  extensive  sense, 
<t|j;iilrtrM  iviiy  tiTviiturnuloii  ur  olTeiicu  iigaiiiH  the  law 
"iiiAture.  of  »>K.'iety,  or  of  the  t-ouiitry  in  which  we 
livr ;  whether  it  reUtcD  to  n  in»n's  v^rsoii,  or  his  (no- 
Iwrty.  Thcrefiii-e  hfHtiiiR  aimther  is  a  treninst:  fur 
which  nil  Jicti.iii  uf  itMvtiilt  iuiil  biittery  will  lie;  tiikiiii; 
■  If  •letJiiiiiiiK  :»  mitii'i*  ii-hhIs  are  rvspectively  (rM^fjrsf*  ; 
tornhii-h  thenL'tii>iir>  ijf  truver  nud  detinue  iiTe  ^tvcu 
l.y  thr  Irw  ;  w  ftlno  nou -perform »iioe  of  iiromiM,-s  ur 
iindertitkiut:H  \i  tei.-hnic!illy  a  ivipau,  u^xni  which  the 
Hiliuii  uf  ikwum|Htit  IS  groiiridetl ;  vid-  i"  tteiienil,  miy 
■iiltfeAnce  or  lu-t  uf  on.-  m.iii  whereby  another  in  iiijn- 
riouaiy  tteAtrtl  Hiid  dnmuilled.  ia  a  trniisi^reHtiion  or 
tre4tfiu  In  It*  larijcnt  strafe.  But  in  the  limitt-il  am) 
.-uiirtiiMl  tenw  it  aijfiiiiies  no  more  than  entiy  on 
anutliT  niiiii  H  t^rouiid  without  a  lawful  HUthurity, 
;uiil  iluliig  Boiiie  diumvee,  however  incuiisiderahle.  to 
liin  reiil  )jr>>|)ei'ty,  which  the  Iaw  entitles  a  trexpaxs  hy 
hrcnkliiK  lii»  cIdm-.  And  a  nnui  ia  answeralilc  f-.r  nut 
..Illy  lii^  own  trrtiMU.  but  that  of  his  cattle  also:  for, 
if  hy  III*  iirvliKent  kee|ting  they  stray  ujiou  the  hmd 
•  if  aiiuthi'r.  wild  uinoh  nmrt-  if  he  permits,  or  drives 
tlieiii  uii,  and  they  there  tre;td  down  his  neighbour's 
herlMk'*'.  and  -^xmiW  hi-t  com  or  his  trees,  this  is  a  tr*»- 
/..(*«.  for  which  the  owner  must  answer  in  damrtges." — 
Hlii'lt4t.,i,e     C'j'iim'-iir..  bk.  lii,,  ch.  8. 

trespass  offering,  s.  An  offering 
.-iiiKMiyst  thf  .I.-ws.  ill  expiation  of  a  trespass. 
iHeb.  Dtt*  i<u^h<im),  fioni  DUpN  (asham)  =  to 
eonnnit  :i  fault.  It  was  closely  akin  to  the 
sin-olfering,  and  consisted  of  a  ewe  lamb  or 
kill,  or  a  ram  witliout  blemish.  After  being 
killed  its  bhwd  was  to  lie  sprinkled,  the  fat 
burned  on  the  altar,  and  the  flesh  eaten  by 
tin;  pri.sts  in  the  holy  place.  The  trespasses 
tor  which  it  made  atjuiement  were  sins  of 
ilishoii.-sty,  falsehood  carrying  hurtful  runse- 
quenee.s  to  othei-s,  and.  combined  witlt  the 
treii[iass-ulfi.-rii)g,  cuinpeiisation  was  to  In* 
made  for  the  wrong  inflicted  (Lev.  v.  14  1;'; 
vi.  1-^;  vii.  1-7,  &U-.) 

•  tres' -pass-ant,  n.  [0.  Fr.,  pr.  par.  of  /r«- 
jHU!<n-  =  u>  trespass  (q-v.).]    Trespassing. 

'•  I  widild  wifth  thi^  ]iarties  trctpoMntil  U>  lie  made 
b-.m!  i.r  pilrtin'Tt  vnt.>  thu.e  that  rec«rined  the  iuiurie  *— 
ll-jliiittifd      Hmrri/i    /■:,!•/..  \<k    li  .  ch.  xi. 

tres'-pass  er.  "  tre3 -pass  our. «.  ilCn" 
//■■V-.  V.  ;  -.,.1 

I.  One  who  trespasses;  one  who  enters  un- 
lawfully on  the  laud,  property,  or  riglit^  of 
another. 

•'  S-inatt<P«  and  tretpattert  were  tolerated  ^.  an  ex- 
tent iiuw  unknown.'— J/ucau/(iy.   llUt.  Eng.,  ch.  ni. 


2.  One  who  cominitsa  trespa.ss  ;  an  otfender ; 
a  Hinner. 

••  For  oircumclBlwuii  profttlth  If  thou  kepe  the  lawK, 
hut  If  thou  he  A  frrtuttifiur  n^hen  the  lawv.  thi  ctr- 
cnmcUlouu  u  uiaiul  iirejiucle.  —  M'jfcf(a''f  •  UvUMiit 
II,  Si. 

trSssd).  'tresse.  1.  [Fr./rf^v,  from  Low  Lat. 
(rural,  tfica  —  a  plait,  from  Gr.  Tpi'xa  ('''''wi) 
=  in  three  [mrts,  from  the  usual  method  of 
plaiting  the  liair  in  three  folds,  from  rpta 
{tf'ui\  neut.  of  TpW«  (fcW,*)  =  three  ;  It;il. 
fiY.N  i<i  =  a  braid,  j'  knot,  a  eurl ;  Sp.  ticnza 
—  VL  braid  of  hajr,  plaited  silk.) 

1.  A  lock  or  rurl  of  hair ;  a  ringlet. 

■■  Niit  all  the  tri-tfi  that  fair  head  can  lioaHt 
Shall  dmw  such  envy  as  the  lock  you  tout." 

y'o/x'.-  Kaptoflhe  Lock,  v.  HI. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  tress. 

••  There  »to*Kl  a  marble  altar,  with  a  trest 
Of  rtowers  budded  newly." 

Kenta:  Kndnmion,  i.  00, 

■  tress  (2),  .<.     [Thacb  (l),  s.]    A  trace. 

•[  Jjiily's-tresses :  [Ladv's-tresses]. 

tressed,  n.    [Eiig.  tress  (1) ;  -crf.j 

1.  Having  tresses. 

2.  Ciulcd  ;  formed  into  ringlets. 

'■  Nor  hath  thij*  yonker  toni  his  frewcrf  locks. 
And  hiukc  his  i>ii>e  which  w;is  of  sunnd  ao  sweef ." 
Dntytvn  :  t'astofals,  eel,  ii. 

tres'-sel.  ■-■.    [Trestle.] 

*  tress -ful,  rt.      fEng.   tress  (1),  s. :  -/»/(/).] 

IIa\  iriu'    "I    abundance    of  tresses ;    having 
luMiiiiuil  liair.    (Sylvestef  :  Magnijicence,  734.) 

■  tres  -son.  s.  [Fr.J  The  net-work  for  the 
liaii  \v..rn  by  ladies  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

•  tres  -sour.  s.  [O.  Fr.]  [Tress  (1), .«.]  An 
iiisttniiieiit  used  for  jilaiting  the  hair;  an 
ornaiiieiit  of  hair  when  tressed. 

tress' -Ure  (SS  :is  Sh),  s.  [Fr.,  from  /ccsS'T  — 
to  tuis't,  to  plait.]    (Tress  (1),  s.] 

Her.  :   The    diminutive    of  the    orle,   and 
generally  reckoned  one-lialf 
of  that  ordinary.    It  piisses 
louiid  the  held,   following 
the  shape  and  form  of  tlie 
escu  tcheon,  whatever  sliape 
it  may  be,  and  is  usually 
Vtorne  double.    When  orna- 
mented with  tleur-de-lis  on 
both  sides,  it  is  termed  a 
tre<:inre    Jtory-rounter-Jlorii, 
the  flowers  being  reveised  tressure  florv. 
alternately.  A  tressurejiory 
is  when  the  flowers  are  on  one  side  only  of  the 
tressure,  with  the  ends  of  them  inwards. 


"  The  arms  f 


.-id'niie 


■ith    flo' 


.  lion  with  a  Imnler,   or  (»-e5Jio-c, 
.n-de-luces."— U'(o-ro».-  Jlisf.   £ii'j. 


tress'-ured  (SS  as  Sh),  (?.  [Eng.  treasmiK) ; 
-'■('.]  Provided  with  a  tressure  ;  arranged  in 
the  foiJti  or  occupying  the  place  of  a  trtssure. 

■■  The  fres-iiired  fleur-de-hice  he  claims 
To  wreathe  his  shield,  since  royal  Jainen." 

.StoM  .  Lai/  of  the  last  Minstrel,  i\:  s. 

'  tres'-sy,  n.  [Eng.  tress  (1),  s.  ;  -;/.]  Per- 
taining to  tresses  ;  having  the  apjiearance  of 
tresses. 

'■  Pendant  houjjlis  of  trcsti/  yew." 

Vdieridge  :  Li'w/i, 

•  trest,  n.    [Tbi'.st.]    Tiusty,  fiuthful. 

"  Faithful,  secret,  treBt.  and  tiew."  .S'/tvesfrr. 

trestle  (tie  as  el),  '  tres  -sel,  *  tres  el, 

tres  -  sell,   *  tres  -  tel,    '  tres  -  tyl, 

'  tres-tylle,  *  trus-sel.  .^.    [O.  Fr.  trestel, 

trestean,  tn'fvnn  (Kr.  trcteim)  =  A  trestle,  a 
kind  of  rack;  <iiigin  doubtful.  Skeat  refers 
it  to  Lat.  traaxtUhim,  dimin.  from  transtnim 
—  a  crossdieam.  Littre  derives  it  from  Bret. 
freustd,  (reiUtrul  =  a  trestle,  dimin.  of  treust 
=  a  beam.  Cf.  Wei.  trestyl  =  a  trestle,  trawst. 
=  a  ti-ansom,  rafter  ;  Dot.  drUstal  =  a  three- 
footed  stool  or  settle  ;  Lowland  Scotch  traisf, 
trnst  —  a  trestle,  from  O.  Fr.  trusts  =.  a  cross- 
beam ;  O.  Ital.  tr(isto  =  &  transom.] 

1.  Carpentry: 

(1)  A  beam  n-r  bar  supported  by  divergent 
legs.  It  is  commonly  used  by  carpenters  to 
sup])oit  a  board  wliile  being  sawed,  or  work 
while  being  jiut  together,  as  a  door  ;  a  horse. 

■'  These  biir):e»ses  sette  downe  the  lytter  on  two 
tresfels  in  the  myddea  of  the  chambre."— fieiviers . 
FrutKKurt ;  CruiiycU;  vol  ii.,  ch.  clvii. 

(2)  The.  frame  of  a  table. 

2.  Ejiff.  :  A  road-bed  or  stringer  supported 
by  posts  or  jiillars  and  framing  in  the 
intervals. 


3.  leather:  The  sloping  bank  on  which 
skins  are  laid  while  being  curried. 

4.  .'^hiphtiihl.  :  The  shores  or  supports  of  a 
ship  while  being  built. 

•■  Then  they  launched  her  from  the  treudi. 
In  the  sliip-ynrd  by  the  sea." 

Loitg/eilow:  Musicians  Tale,  xiii. 

trestle -board,  5.  The  architeet's  ile- 
signirig-bojinl.  (Named  from  the  fact  that  it 
was  fuiiiirrh  Niip|ioite(i  '.'ii  trestles.) 

trestle  bridge,  ^. 

Ekii.:  Oih- in  whirh  tlie  bed  is  suiii»oil.'<l 
upon  framed  sei-tioiis  wliioh  rest  on  the  sujl 
or  river-lx'd.  A  military  expedient,  or  one 
usetl  in  construeting  works  of  a  tempoi'aiy 

I'liaiartei", 

trestle  trees.  *).  fi. 

ynat.  :  Hori/.ontal  fore-ar,d-aft  timbers, 
resting  on  the  hounds  and  seeured  to  a  lowei- 
ni:ist  or  topmast  on  each  side  bt^^low  tlie  head. 
They  serve  to  supp<jrt  tlie  cross-ti'ees  and  tin- 
top,  if  any. 

trestle-work.  s.  A  viaduct  or  .seaM'oM 
supported  on  iiiers,  and  with  braces  and 
i.To.ss-beains ;   tlie  vertieal    posts,  horizontal 


IRE-STEn-WORK   BRIDGE. 

St  I  infers,  oblique  braces,  and  cross-beams 
supporting  a  roadway,  railway,  track,  &c. 
Trestle-work  is  much  used  in    .\meriea  for 

A  iailucts  and  biidges. 

'  trest'-ler  (st  as  s),  s.  [Eng.  tr&5tl{<-)  ;  -rr.] 
A  trestle. 

"  They  took  uji  feet  of  trestlers  and  chairs  which  the 
I>eoi»le  had  overthrown  and  hiokeu,  ruuning  uway.'  — 
S<jrth:  J'hitarch,  p,  C89. 

tret.  s.  [EtyiM.  doubtful;  perhaps  from  Fr. 
fruite  =ii  drauj'ht,  a  transpoi-tation,  impost 
on  goods,  from  Lat.  tractus,  pa.  par.  of  tnihn 
=  to  draw.] 

Onniii.  :  Au  allowance  to  purchasers  of 
g'loils  of  certain  kinds  for  wear,  damage,  or 
iieteriomtion  during  trajisit.  It  eonsists  of  a 
dediietion  of  4  lbs.  forVvery  104  lbs.  of  suttle 
weight,  or  weight  after  the  tare  has  been  lie- 
ducted.  The  practice  of  allowing  tret  is  now 
nearly  iliscontinued. 

'tret-a-ble,  a.    |Treata*ble.] 

'trete,  r.t.  or  L     [Treat,  v.] 

"tret-ee,  s.    [Treatv.] 

tret-en-ter-a'-ta,  s.  pJ.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
(ir.  TpijTog  {tntos)  =  perforated,  and  ei^tpov 
{t^iil'roii)  =  ail  intestine.] 

/."<,]. :  A  primary  group  of  Brachiopoda, 
'■oiisistiiig  of  those  in  which  the  intestine  is 
pro\ided  with  an  anal  aperture.  Under  this 
head  are  ranged  the  families  Lingulidie,  Dis- 
ciiiidie,  Craniada?,  and  Trim erelli die. 

tret-en' -ter -ate,  s.  [Tretenterata.]  Any 
individual  uf  the  Tretenterata  (q.v.). 

"  In  the  otijnion  of  Pruf.  King,  the  absence  of  au 
anal  vent  in  Clisteuteriiti  makes  them  inferior  to  the 
.-oiifeious  Trvlfiit'-ratts.'—tiifyc.  Brit.  (ed.9thf,  iv.  18u. 

^ treth'-ing,  s.  [Low  Lat.  tretJiinrji,  from 
Wei.  treth  =  a  tax  ;  tretheii  =  to  tax.]"  A  tax, 
an  iiitpost. 

'  tret-is,  ^  tret-ys,  s.    [Treatise.] 

^tret-ise.  "tret-ys.  a.  [O.  Fr.  tmu-tis^i 
long  ami  slender,  from  trnict  —  drawn  out, 
pa.  par.  of  traire  {Lat.  *ra/io)  =  to  draw.] 
Slender  and  well  proportioned. 

tre'-to-ster-non,  s.  [Gr.  TpyjTos  {trctos)  = 
boreii.  jiierecd,  and  .arepvov  (stenion)  —  the 
breast-bone.]  **■ 

Palrvont. :  A  genus  of  Emydidie,  from  the 
Wealden  and  Purbeck  beds. 

trev'-at,  s.  [Fr.]  A  weaver's  knife  for  cutting 
the  loops  of  velvet  pile. 


f&te.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fdU,  father;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wplt  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  fiUl;  try. 


pine.  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine ;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


trevet— trial 


187 


treV-et,  .^.    [Trivkt] 

1.  A  three-k'jijied  slnol. 

2.  A  movable  iron  frame  or  •itaii'I  to  supix^rt 
a  kfttlo,  &c.,  OH  a  gnitc  ;  a  trivet. 

*trewe,  n.  &  .*.    [True.J 

A,  As  (ulj. :  Truf. 

"  Acoeiitith  tliAiitie  of  iis  the  frf iPc  entetit, 
Thitt  licvvr  yit  refuBld  vwnre  liest" 

(huiieei-:  C.  T.,  6,003. 

B.  As  siihst. :  A  truce  (q.  v.). 

'  trewe-lufe,  s.     [True-love.] 

trew^-x  a  (ew  as  ii),  s.  (Xanifil  after  C.  J. 
Irew,  of  Ntireiiiberj^,  a  botiniical  author.] 

!:•>'. :  Tlie  typical  genus  of  Trewiaceaj(q.v.). 
Leaves  opposite,  entire,  witliout  stipules ; 
tlitwers  iliu'cious,  males  in  long  racemes,  fe- 
ii;rih  s  axillary,  solitary  ;  males,  sei^als  three  to 
tiiiir.  stamens  many;  females,  calyx  three  to 
four-clflt,  style  four-cleft;  drupe  Iive-celle<l, 
»\ach  cell  with  a  single  seed.  Known  species 
one,  7>cu'mnii(?i/Ior(r,  an  Indian  deciduous  tree, 
growing  in  tlie  sul>-Himalayas,  The  wood  is 
used  for  drums  an<l  agricultural  implements. 

*  trew-i-a'-9e-se  (e\r  as  u)»  s.  pL  [Mod. 
Lat.  trctri(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -acctr.] 

Biii. :  An  obsolete  order  established  by 
Lindley,  now  merged  in  Crotonce. 

trew^  (ew  as  u),  ■'i.  pi.  [Fr.  trousses  =  trunk- 
liosc]  [Tbocsers.]  Trousers,  particularly  the 
tartan  tiousers  worn  by  Highlanders. 

"  But  h.id  yon  seen  the  philitbeKs. 
AiiJ  skyriu  tirUm  (rfiipx,  man." 

Bar-HS  :  Buttle  of  Sheriff  Muir. 

trews'-man  (ew  as  u),  s.  [Eng.  trevs,  and 
'""(.)  A  Highlander,  more  esi>ecially  an 
;-*Iesman  of  the  Hebrides,  so  called  from  his 
dress. 

trey(e  as  a),  'treye,  s.  [O.  Fr.  trei,  treis; 
Fr.  //(>(;;,  from  Lat.  tns  =  three.]  A  three  at 
caids  or  dice  ;  a  card  of  three  spots. 

"  JJay  then,  two  treys,  sa\  if  you  grow  90  nice." 
Shakes^)  .  Lore's  Ltxbowrt  Lost,  v.  2. 

txi-,  pref.  [Fr.  &  Lat,  trl-  —  three  times,  fioni 
L;it.  tria,  neut.  of  ;rfs=.  three  ;  Gr.  rpt  (^f-), 
fiom  Tpi'a  (//"in),  nent.  of  rpeis  {treis)  =  three.  1 

L  Ord.  Lan(j.:  A  prelix  used  with  woids  of 
iiieek  and  Latin  origin,  denoting  three,  three- 
fold, thrice,  or  in  threes. 

2.  Chem.  :  A  prefix  denoting  that  a  com- 
pound contains  three  atoms  or  tiiree  radicals 
..fthe  subsUince  to  which  it  is  pretixed  :  thus 
tiiLliloride  of  bismuth,  BiCl:j ;  trioxide  of 
antimony,  SboOy  ;  triethylamine,  (C2H5>3X. 

tri-a-ble,  a.    .[Eng.  try;  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  tried  ;  tit  or  possible 
til  be  tiied  ;  capable  of  being  subjected  to 
tiial  or  test. 

"For  the  more  easy  unilerataiuling  of  the  ex|jeri- 
:ueut«  triable  by  our  en^iitr,  1  nLuinuHtetl  that  mittou. 
by  which  all  of  them  will  prove  explii'able.— iSu^/Zf. 

*2.  Capable  of  undergoing  ajudicial  examina- 
tion; tit  or  proi>er  to  be  brought  under  the 
cognizance  of  a  court. 

■'  Whosoever  sueth  in  thein  for  nuything  triable  by 
the  common  law,  shall  fall  iutoapremouire." — Bobbs: 
La  ws  0/  L'liglanU. 

tri -a-ble-nesa,  «.  [Eng.  triable;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tnable. 

tri-a-C^-thi'-na,  s.pL  [Mod.  Lat.  tria- 
ouith^H.'i) ;  Lat.  neu*:.  pi.  adj.  sutT.  -ina.] 

1.  Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Sclerodermi,  with 
three  genera,  having  the  range  of  the  family. 
The  skin  is  covered  with  small,  rough,  scale- 
iike  scutes  ;  dorsal,  with  from  four  to  six 
-spiTies  ;  a  pair  of  strong  movable  ventral  spines 
joined  to  the  pelvic  bone. 

2.  Pidivont. :  A  genus  from  the  schists  of 
Claris,  closely  allied  to  Triacantlms. 

tri-a-can'-thO'don,  5.  [Prettri-;  Gr.aKav 
$a  l(ilantlta)=:  a  spine,  and  sulf.  -otion.] 

I'dlirnvt.  :  A  genus  of  Marsupials  with  one 
species  from  tlie  Middle  Purbeck  beds. 

tri-a-can'-thus,  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr. 
a.Kai'da  {uLuiUlut)  =  a  spiiie.] 

Jchthy.  :  A  genus  of  Triacanthina,  with  five 
species  ranging  from  the  Australian  seas  to 
the  north  of  China.  Triacunthns  brerirastris, 
from  the  Indian  Ocean,  is  the  most  common. 

tri-a-chEe'-ni-um,  tri-a-che'-ni  um, 
tri-a-ke -Hi-um,  s.  [Pref.  ?rj-,  and  M<.d. 
Lat.  il<ltiriilui)l  (q.v.).J 


Bot. :  A  fruithaving  three  cells  in  an  ache- 
iiium  ;  a  kind  of  Cretnucarp  (q.v.). 

tli'-a-9is,  s.     [Pref.  trl-,  and  Gr.  iftt's  (ahis) 
=  11  iioint.] 
Irhtky.:  A  genus  of  Carchariidie,  from  the 

Pacitic  and  Indian  Oceans. 

'tri'-a-cle  (1),  s.  [Treacle.]  A  medicine, 
substance,  or  prepamtion  which  serves  us  an 
antidote ;  an  antidote. 

"  Js  there  no  triacle  in  Gilead?' — Wydlffe :  Jer. 

tri-a-Cle  (2),  s.  [Titym.  doubtful.]  A  kind 
of  carnage. 

"  Chililreu's  tthnttereil  cmTiayf^.  n|mvinei]  ulii  brettWs. 
.nrickety 'Wnc'Itf  of  the  PurtHijuesei>eriixl.' — J.  Vapper: 
Fieturei/rom  the  East,  p.  S3. 

tri-a-con-ta-he'-dral,  ".  [Gr.  Tpio»eoi'Ta 
{'t  itiLniitu)  =  thirty,  and  e5po  {kedra)=.ii  seat, 
a  base.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.:  Having  thirty  sides. 

2.  Crystal!. :  Bounded  by  thirty  rhombs. 

tn -a-con-ter,   s.     [Gr.  TpioKoi'T^pij?  (tria- 
koittirHs),  (vfitt^.TpidKOvTa  (triakoiUa)  —  thirty.] 
'/;■.  Antiq. :  A  vessel  of  thirty  oars. 

tri'-ad,  .s.    [Fr.  triadc,  fnnn  Lat.  tritt-^,  genit. 
friiulis ;  Gr.  rpios  itrii.u>)  =  a  triad,  from  rpeis 
(/rets)  =  three.] 
I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  unity  of  three;  three  united. 

"  True  that  t'.ie  triad  of  acientiftc  etntements  have 
veally  iiothiue  to  da  with  the  fearless  '  Dig.' "^/iaili/ 
Telegraph,  Feh.  H,  l&8r. 

n.   Technically: 

1.  Chem. :  A  name  given  to  those  elements 
which  can  directl>  unite  with  or  leplace  three 
atoms  of  hydrogen,  chlorine,  or  other  niona- 
tomic  element.  The  triads  are  boion,  gold, 
indium,  and  thallium. 

2.  Music: 

(1)  A  chord  of  three  notes. 

(2)  A  common  chord  or  harmony,  because 
it  is  finined  of  three  radical  sounds  ;  a  funda- 
mental note  or  bass,  its  tliir<l  and  its  fifth 
triads  are  said  to  be  major,  minor,  augmented 
or  diminished. 

3.  Literafure:  Three  subjects,  nmre  or  less 
connected,  formed  into  one  continuous  poem 
or  subject:  thus  the  Creation,  Reileniption, 
and  Resunection  would  form  a  triad.  The 
conquest  of  England  by  the  Rrinians,  Saxons, 
and  Normans  would  form  a  triad.  Alexander 
the  Great,  Juliu.'?  Cai-sar,  and  Napoleon  Bona- 
l>aite  Would  form  a  triad.  So  would  Law, 
Physic,  and  Divinity.  In  Welsh  literature 
applied  to  a  form  of  composition  whicli  caaiie. 
into  use  in  the  twelfth  century.  Triads  are 
enumerations  or  arrangements  of  events  con- 
nected togetlier  in  sets  of  three  by  some  title 
or  general  observation  under  which  they  weie 
Considered  to  be  included. 

t  Hindoo  Triwl : 

Brahnianisia:  The  three  lea<ling  Hindoo 
gods— Brahma,  Vishnu,  and  Siva.  [Trimlrti.] 
They  characterised  the  second  great  develop- 
ment of  Hindooism,  Brahma  not  figuring  at 
all  in  the  Vedic  hynms,  Vishtni  tliere  being 
only  the  god  of  the  shining  firmament,  wliite 
the  conception  of  Siva  was  evolved  from  that 
of  the  Vedic  liidra,  the  goil  of  raging  storms. 

tri-a-del'-phoiis,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr. 
aSfAcfjo^  (addphos)  =  a.  brother.] 

Bot.  :  Having  the  stamens  in  three  brother- 
hoods, bundles,  combinations,  or  assemblages, 
as  in  Hypericum. 

tri-ad'-ic»  o.    [Eng.  triad  ;  -ic] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  triad. 

"  The  whole  philosophy  of  Bounld  is  controlled  l>y 
the  frinrftc formula:  oiuse.  inejuis, elfect." — Veberwej : 
IlUt.  Philot..  ii.  139. 

2.  Chem.:  Trivalent  (q.v.). 

tri'-ad~XSt»  s.  (Eng.  triad;  -ist.]  A  com- 
poser uf  a  triad  or  triacls. 

tri -Se '-no -don,  s.  [Gr.  rpiaira  (triaina)—  a 
trident  ;  sntt.  -odun.] 

L-htliy.  :  A  g-enns  of  CarcharJida,  from  the 
Indian  Ocean. 

tri-se'-nops.  ^.  [Gr.  rpCaiva  (triaina)  =  iiir[- 
dfiit ,  ;iii.l  6\pi<;  (o;js't.s)=  outward  aiqiearance. 
Named  from  the  shape  of  tlie  nose-leaf.] 

/Cool.  :  A.genus  of  Phyllorhininie,  with  one 
speeies  from  Persia  and  another  from  East 
Africa,     Nose-leaf,  horseshoe-shaped  in  front, 


tridentat«  beliirrt  ;  ears  witlKiut  a  distinct 
antitiTigus,  the  outer  margin  of  the  ear-corn  h 
arising  from  the  ])usteiiors  of  the  eyelids. 


tri  a  ken  i-um,  ^ 


[Tkiach.*;sh.'m.J 


tri-al» '  thri-all, "  try-al,r.  [Eng.  try;  -«/.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

I.  The  act  of  trying  or  testing  in  any  man- 
ner, as — 

(1)  The  act  of  trying  or  testing  the  strength 
for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  its  effect,  or 
what  can  In;  done. 

('2)  The  act  of  testing  the  strength  or  lirin- 
nessof;  probation. 

"  Before  thou  make  a  tri,tl  of  hfr  lovi- '" 

Sh-tketp.  :  l  /Irtiry  17,.  v.  6. 

(:i)  Examination  by  a  test  or  experiments, 
as  in  chemistry,  metallurgy,  or  the  like. 

■'  Now  maketh  he  a  triatl  how  niutli  his  disciples 
hrtue  profyteil  (;lio"tly.  —  f</tt/ ;  Afark  viii, 

(4)  In  the  same  .sense as  II.  2. 
(.'■>)  Experience,  experimental  examination. 
*  2.  A  combat  decisive  of  the  merits  of  a 
cause. 

■'  Ml  answer  thee  in  any  fair  decree 
Of  knightly  triiUr      .Shake>^p.  :  Kirhard  II..  i.  1. 

3.  That  which  tries ;  that  which  harasses 
or  bears  hard  on  a  person,  trying  his  charac- 
ter, pnncii>le,  patience,  or  firmness  ;  a  temp- 
tation ;  a  test  of  virtifr,  tii-nmes.s,  ur  strength 
of  mind. 

•■  When  we  s|>en.k  of  a,  etjite  of  trlnl,  it  nuiBt  he  rr-- 
niemlieied  tluit  ch(*i"JiL-trr!>  aie  not  niily  tried,  xi 
priived,  or  detected,  hut  that  lliey  are  generated  tilwi. 
.•md  foruied.  by  circumstances. '—/'a/ej  .\ataral  The- 
ology, ch.  xxvi, 

4.  A  process  for  testing  c]iiaIiRcntion, 
capacity,  knowledge,  progress,  and  the  like  ; 
an  examination. 

"  Girl  after  girl  was  call'd  to  trinl :  each 
Disclaim'd  all  knowledge  of  us. ' 

TenuifaQn  :  Princeu,  iv.  209. 

5.  Tlie  state  of  being  tried  ;  a  having  to 
sutler  or  experience  something ;  the  state  of 
experiencing  or  undergoing  ;  experience. 


6.  Verification,  proof. 

"They  will  scarcely  believe  this  without  trial.' 
^Shakesp. :  Much  Ado  about  yothhuj.  ii.  2. 

II.  Technically: 

I.  Coursing:  A  single  coui-so  between  two 
greyhounds. 


2.  Law:  The  examination  of  a  cause  in 
cmitrovei-sy  between  i»arties  before  a  proper 
tribunal.  Trials  are  either  ct  nmnal  or  civil. 
In  criminal  ''informations  and  indictments, 
wherever  jn'eferred,  trial  must  take  place 
before  a  judge  or  judges  (or  other  presiding 
magistrate)  and  a  jury.  Minor  otlences  may 
be  tried  ami  disposed  oi  summarily  by 
magistrates  without  a  jury.  The  s])ecies  of 
trials  in  civil  cases  are  six  in  numlier  :  by 
record,  by  inspeetion  or  examination,  by 
certificati*,  by  witnesses,  by  jury,  and  by  the 
court.  Trials  by  nispection,  Ity  certilicat*', 
and  by  witnesses  are  very  unusual,  but  they 
are  still  recognised  modes  of  trial  in  certain 
cases.  Civil  actions  are  now  tried  (1)  before 
a  judge  or  judges;  (2)  before  a  judge,  sitting 
with  assessor.s  ;  (3)  before  a  judge  and  jury  ; 
(4)  before  an  otfirial  or  special  referee,  with 
or  without  asses.sor.s.  The  first  of  these  is 
now  much  more  connnon  than  fminerly.  In 
ancient  times  there  were  also  ti  iuls  by  combat 
and  by  ordeal. 

^  (1)  New  trial :  A  rehearing  of  a  eause 
before  another  jury,  granted  in  cases  where 
the  court,  of  which  the  record  is,  sees  reason 
t<i  be  dissatisfied  with  a  verdict  on  the  ground 
of  misdirection  by  the  judge  to  the  jury,  a 
verdict  against  the  weight  of  evi<lenee,  ex- 
cessive damages,  the  admission  of  imj)roj>er 
evidence,  the  discovery  of  fresh  evidence  after 
the  verdict  was  given,  &c. 

(2)  Trial  and  error  : 

Math.:  A  method  of  mathematical  calcula- 
ti..n  lor  attaining  to  results  not  i)ossible  by  a 
more  direct  process.  An  experiment  is  made 
on  the  assumption  that  a  certain  number  is 
the  correct  one.  Then  it  is  seen  liow  much 
obscureinaccuracy  this  hypothesis  introduces 
into  the  result,  and  thus  materials  are  obtained 
for  a  new  calculation,  which  diiectly  leads  to 
the  truth. 

"Here  we  can  only  go  on  a  method  of  trial  and 
error."— Airy :  Fop.  Aftroii.,  p.  233. 

(3)  Trial  at  bar:  [Bar,  5.,  U  i  I}, 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo^l ;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  fliin,  bengh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  :Xenophon.  exist,      ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  sh^n.    -tion,  -sion  ~  shun;  -tion,  -^ion  =  zhun.    -<;ious.  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  ^  bel,  del. 


las 


triality — triangularly 


(luality  or  state  of  being  three  ; 


(  1  i"V:    inATTLE,  B.  1.1 

,  .■    IJlKVI. 

trial  bit.  <. 

SttilUrij :  A  t.kcIeU»n4>it  used  t"  (lotonniiifl 
th^  fx^iet  wi'ltli  n(  tilt  linrso'H  inoiitli,  kImo  tin- 
brvuiltli  n  uvll  111  the  height  of  the  \)OTi. 

'  trial  day,  <.    The  day  of  triak 

•■  1'..  A-tattfll  our  triftl-tliMjt.' 

Skak*4t>. :  mch.irjj  //..  I.  I. 

'  trial    flrfl.    <.      A    fire    for    tryhig    or 

|'n»viii|:  :  mi  "nU-al-flre. 

"  Witli  irUI  4r*  luuclt  nia  hi*  fliigerciKl.'* 

SltakmtK  :  Mtrrg  Wire*.  V.  .V 

trial  Jar,  t.  A  tall  sla**  vessel  for  con- 
tatioii^  Ii'ini-U  !•>  W  te-stoii  by  the  hydro- 
iretcr.  Thf  tmnith  is  preferably  enlarged,  to 
prevfitt  ciiiilhiry  lulhesion. 

trial  list.  <. 

}.i.       A  li-'  ■  r  ratalogtie  of  causes  for  (ruil. 

trial  sqaaro,  «.    A  tr>'-sq"a<v(q.v.). 

trial -trip,  .«■  An  experimental  trip; 
R]M'rir..  A  I  lip  made  by  a  new  vessel  to  te^t 
htT  sjiiliiit;  qualities,  rate  of  speed,  \vorkin<j; 
of  ma>'liiiier>,  lie. 

•  tri-il'-I-ty.  s.     (Lat.  tfia,   iieut.  of  tres-= 
=  thnN',l    TlKMi 
thn-v  u»ite<I. 

"Tlirrr  iin)*  W  funiiil  rerj'  mniij'  ilIsp(>nMtl»ii!i  of 
triilitiri  ..(  iK-iiencm."— irAftrfini:   On  bnrntt ;  llitt. 

tU/orm..  \\  6ii, 

tri'&l'  lyl,  «.  fPref.  trl;  ami  Eng.  rt/Zy/.] 
A  1-  iiM;-.i:iid  runtairiiiii.'  three  atoms  of  allyl. 

trlallyl  sulplilodide,  <:. 

Chrm,  :  (QeHjVjSI.  Obtained  by  heating' 
ally  lie  sulphide  with  niethyltc  ioilidc.  It 
crystallizes  in  prismatic  crystals,  is  soluble 
hi  water,  and  forms  an  alkaline  liquid  with 
silver  oxide. 

'  tri'~a-logUe,  -".  fOr.  rpel?  (treis),  rpia 
(trill)  =  tlirr.-,  nnd  Xoyoi;  (hgns)  =  a  word,  adis- 
cours*^-.]  A  liiscourse  V>y  three  speakers;  a 
collwpiy  of  tlirt-e  persons, 

"  Tria'tgur  luftween'  T.  Biluey.  Hugh  Latimer,  auil 
W.  Re))i.s.  -  Uood  :  Alhenm  Oxon.,  i.  21. 

tri-im'-yl,  s.  tPref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  amyL] 
A  coiMpi>niid  containing  three  atoms  of  aniyl. 

trlamyl  glycerin,  s. 

'■""'■■  ^''■'''^^•*^  =  (C5HjJ>jfO;!-  Ol'tained 
by  heating  a  mixture  of  acrolein,  amylic  al- 
cohol, antl  acetic  acid  to  110' for  twelve  hours. 
It  is  di'i'njiiposed  by  dis- 
tillation. 

tri -an,  a.      [I^t.    tria, 
neut.'of  (re*  =  three.) 

Her. :  Said  of  an  aspect 
neither  passant  nor  af- 
ronte,  but  midway  be- 
tween thuse  positions. 

f  tri-in -der,  5.   [Triax- 

I'ltfA.]  

/."-'?. ;  Any  individual  of  tlie  Linniean  class 
Triandria  (q.v.). 

tri-£in  -dri-a,  s.  i>L  tPi'of-  tri-,  and  Gr.  arTjp 
(fnii'r),  di'i/xJs  (awiros)  =  a  male.) 

n-'t.  :  The  third  class  of  Liniueus's  Artificial 
Systrni,  consisting  of  plants  with  threi; 
slanu'us.  Orders:  Monogynia,  Digynia,  and 
Trigjnia. 

tri-&n'-dri-an,  tri-^n'-drous,  «.    (Tki- 

ANDIUA.) 

Hot.  :  IVrtainiiig  or  belonging  to  the  Lin- 
niean  riass  Tiiandria;  having  Uirce  distinct 
and  equal  stamens  in  the  same  flower  with  a 
pistil  or  pistils. 

tri  ^-gle,  tri-an'-gle,  *try-an-gle,  *. 

[Fr.  tri<in'ih\  tVoni  hixl.  trianijnlHia,  nt'ut.  of 
tiUnujnlu.i  =  having  three  ang'les  :  Iria  = 
three,  an>l  r'u/!Hlns  =  an  angle;  Sp.  &  Port. 
trian'julo :  Ital.  triau'jolo.\ 

I.  Ortt.  Ijuig  :  A  three- cornered  Ti-'ure 
plot  of  ground,  or  the  like.     [il.  S.J 

IL  Ttcknicalhj : 

1.  Astron.  :  [Triangltlvm]. 

2.  nuilil :  A  gin  fonned  by  three  spai-s  ; 
a  staging  of  three  apars. 

3.  Drauglit-imausbtp  ;  A  three  -  cornered 
straiglit-edge,  used  in  conjunction  with  the 


T-square  ftir  driwing  jiarailel.  pcrpendicuhir. 
nrdiiig<U)al  liin's.  U  has  one  right  angh-,  tin- 
two  otIiiTS  bring  vacii  of  4j',  or  one  of  ;iO"  and 
theother  of  (>U. 

4.  Eo-l^s.  All:  A  symbol  of  the  Holy 
Trinity  ii'presented  by  an  equilateral  triangle. 

(TlUMTY.! 

5.  f.Vftwt. :  A  portion  of  a  surface  bounded  by 
three  lines,  and  consequently  having  three 
angles.  Triangles  are  either  I'lanc,  sidierical, 
or  curvilinear.  A  plane  triangle  is  a  portion 
of  a  plane  bounded  by  three  .straight  lines 
called  sides,  ami  their  points  f)f  iidersection 
arethf  vertieesof  the  triangle.  Plane  triangles 
may  lie  classilled  either  with  reference  to 
their  wides  or  their  angles.  When  chissitied 
with  referent-e  to  their  sides,  there  arc  two 
classes:  (1)  Scah'ne  triangles,  which  have  no 
two  sides  equal  ;  ('2)  Isosceles  triangles,  wliieh 
have  two  sides  equal.  The  isosceles  triangle 
has  a  particular  -jase,  called  the  equilateral 
triangh',  all  of  whose  sides  are  equal.  When 
rlassitled  with  reference  to  their  angles,  there 
are  two  classes:  (1)  right-angleil  triangles, 
which  have  one  right  angle,  and  (2)  oblique- 
angled  triangles,  all  of  wliose  angles  are 
oblique ;  subdivided  into  («)  arnte-angled 
triangles,  wliich  have  all  their  angles  acute  ; 
antl  ('()  obtuse-angled  triangles,  wliich  have 
one  obtuse  angle.  The  sides  and  angles  of  a 
tiittigle  are  r-alled  its  elements;  the  side  on 
whirh  it  is  supposed  to  stand  is  called  the 
base,  anil  the  vertex  of  the  opposite  angle  is 
c-nlled  the  vertex  of  the  triangle  ;  the  distance 
from  tlie  vertex  to  the  base  is  the  altitU'le. 
Any  side  of  a  triangle  may  be  regarded  as  a 
base,  though  in  the  right-angled  triangle  one 
of  the  sides  about  the  right  angle  is  usually 
taken.  The  three  angles  of  a  jilane  triangle 
are  together  equal  to  two  right  angles,  or  ISO'  ; 
its  area  is  equal  to  half  that  of  a  rectangle  or 
Iiarallelograni  having  the  same  base  and 
altitude  ;  in  a  light-angled  plane  triangle  the 
s(iuare  of  the  side  opposite  the  rigid  angle  is 
equal  to  the  sum  of  the  squares  of  the  other 
two  sides. 

6.  Mil.  :  A  sort  of  frame  fonned  of  three 
halberds  to  which  a  person  was  lashed  to 
undergo  military  punishment.  [Halberd,  ^.] 

7.  Music :  A  bar  of  steel  bent  into  the  form 
of  a  triangle,  having  an  opening  at  one  of  the 
lower  angles,  so  that  the  sides  ;ne  of  unequal 
length.  It  is  suspended  by  one  angle  and 
struek  with  a  small  rod,  and  is  sometimes  in- 
troduced in  brilliant  musical  passages. 

8.  Pottery  :  A  small  piece  of  pottery,  placed 
between  pieces  of  biscuit  ware  in  tlie  seggar, 
to  prevent  the  adherence  of  tlie  pieces  when 
tired. 

9.  Snn-e}ii)ig:  Since  every  plane  figure  may 
be  regarded  as  composed  of  a  certain  number 
of  triangles,  and  as  the  area  of  a  triangle  is 
easily  computed,  the  whole  practice  of  land- 
surveying  is  nothing  more  than  the  measvne- 
nient  of  a  series  of  plane  triangles. 

11(1)  Arithnwliail  triangle:  A  name  given 
tn  a  table  of  numbers  arranged  in  a  triangular 
manner,  and  formerly 
employed  in  ai  ithniet-    \     ^ 
ical  computation.     It    i     2      i 
is  equivalent  to  a  mul-    1331 
tiplication  table.    The    1     J    jj    iJ      J     1 
tirst  vertical  column    1     6    u    20     15    «     1 
consisted  of  units  ;  the     akithmetical  tbianole. 
second  of  a  series  of 

natural  numbers;  the  third  of  triangular  num- 
bers ;  the  fourth  of  pyramidal  numbers,  and 

so  on.      [FlGURATK-NUMBERS.J 

(2)  Curvilinear  triangle:  A  triangle  wliose 
sides  are  curved  lines  of  any  kind  whatever : 
as,  a  spheroidal  triangle,  lying  on  the  surface 
of  an  ellipsoid,  &c. 

(3)  Mixtilimar  triangle  :  A  triangle  in  which 
some  of  the  lines  are  straight  and  others 
curved. 

(4)  .s'p/ifWoft?  triangle:  Sphei-ical  triangles 
take  the  names,  right-angled,  obtuse-angled, 
acute-angled,  scalene,  isosceles,  and  equi- 
lateml,  in  the  same  cases  as  plane  triangles. 
A  spherical  triangle  is  bireetangular,  when  it 
has  two  right  angles,  and  trireetangular,  when 
it  has  three  right  angles.  A  trireetangular 
triangle  is  one-eighth  of  the  surface  of  the 
sphere,  and  is  taken  as  the  unit  of  measure 
for  polyhedral  angles.  Two  spherical  triangles 
are  polar,  when  tlie  angles  of  the  one  are  siiji- 
l>leiiients  of  the  sides  of  the  other,  taken  in 
the  same  order.  A  spherical  triangle  is  ([uad- 
lanlal,  when  one  of  its  sides  is  equal  to  90^ 

[Si'HRRTCAL.] 


(■>)  Siipi>h-iiieiitul  triangle:  [^iitlemj:x'iai.1. 

(li)  Triangle  of  forces  : 

Merh. :  A  term  applied  to  ,liat  proposition 
whieli  asserts  that  if  three  fo  'cres,  represcitteil 
ill  iiiau'iiitude  and  direction  by  tlte  sides  of  a 
t.ri;iii-de  taken  in  order,  act  upon  a  point,  they 
will  be  in  equilibrium  ;  and,  conversely,  if 
three  forces  acting  upon  a  point,  and  in  equi- 
librium, be  rei)resenteii  in  direction  by  the 
sides  of  a  triangle  taken  in  order,  they  will 
also  be  represented  in  magnitude  by  the  sides 
of  that  triangle. 

(7)  Triangle  of  Ilcssdbach  : 

Anat. :  A  triangular  interval  at  the  part  of 
the  abdominal  wall  through  which  the  direct 
inguinal  hernia  passes. 

(S)  Triangle  of  Scarpa: 

A)mt.  :  A  triangular  depression  between  the 
muscles  covering  the  outer  side  of  the  femur 
and  the  adductor  muscles  on  the  inner  side. 
It  atlords  a  j'assage  for  the  femoral  artery. 

triangle -moth,  s.  a  British  moth. 
Limacoile-i  aselhis,  found  in  England  only  in 
the  New  Forest.  Male  with  the  fore  wings 
dark  brown,  with  two  black  spots,  the  hind 
wings  black,  unspotted  ;  female  larger  than 
the  male,  the  wings  brown,  unspotted.  Tlio 
caterpillar  is  shaped  like  a  wood  louse,  and 
feeds  on  the  oak. 

tri'-an~gled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Eng.  triangl(e); 
•ed.] 

1.  Having  three  angles  ;  triangular. 

2.  Formed  into  triangles. ' 

tri-an'-gu-lar,  n.  [Fr.  triangnlaire,  from 
Lat.  triangularis,  from  triangulus  =  liaving 
three  angles.]    [Triangle.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang  :  Having  three  angles  ;  having 
the  form  of  a  triangle  ;  pertaining  to  a  tri- 
angle. 

"Tlie  cityitaelfe  iufuvme  renreseuteth a  triangular 
6ii\ne."—Hackluyt :  Voyages,  iii.  118. 

2.  Botany : 

(1)  (Ofaleaf):  Havingthefigureof  atriangle 
of  any  kind  :  as  the  leaf  of  Bcttda  alba. 

(2)  (Of  astern,  d:c.):  Three-edged,  having  three 
acute  angles  with  concave  faces,  trigonal. 

triangular- compasses,  5.   Compasses 

having  tliiee  legs,  two  opening  in  the  usual 
manner,  and  the  third  turning  round  an 
extension  of  the  central  pin  of  the  other  two, 
besides  having  a  motion  on  its  own  central 
joint.  By  this  instrument  three  points  may 
be  taken  off  at  once,  and  it  is  very  useful  in 
constructing  maps  and  charts. 

triangular-crabs,  s.  ]^l. 
Zi.K'L  :    A    I'opular    name    for   the    family 
Maiadie  (q.v,),  from  the  shape  of  the  cai^apace. 

triangular -file,  5.  The  ordinary,  taper- 
ing hand-saw  lile  of  triangular  cross  section. 
Also  known  as  a  three-square  tile. 

triangular-level,  s.  A  light  frame  in 
the  shape  uf  the  letter  A,  and  ha\  ing  a  plumb 
line  wlii(;h  determines  verticality.  It  is  used 
in  levelling  for  drains. 

triangular-numbers,  5.  pi.  [Figurate- 

Nl'MBKIiJ^.J 


triangular- prism, ; 

a  triangular  base. 


A  prism  liaving 


triangular  -  pyramid,  .*.  A  pyramid 
whose  base  is  a  triangle,  its  sides  consisting 
of  three  triangles,  which  meet  in  a  point  at 
the  vertex. 

triangular- scale,  s.  a  scale  used  by 
dranghtsiu'-n  and  engineers  for  laying  down 
measurements  on  paper.  Each  edge  is  differ- 
ently divided,  giving  a  variety  of  scales  to 
select  from.  The  rule  being  laid  flat  on  the 
paper,  the  distances  required  t«  be  laid  down 
can  at  once  be  pricked  otf,  dispensing  with 
the  use  of  di\iders.  They  are  commonly 
made  of  boxwood,  but  sometimes  of  metal 
—silver,  or  nickel  plated,  or  of  steeL 

'  tri-ah-gu-lar-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  triangidar; 
-ity.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  triangular. 

"  We  say,  for  iuatAUce.  not  only  thiit  certiiu  tiLiiire.'^ 
nre  triimtiular.  but  we  discourse  of  triangnlarity."— 
Botiiiijbrokt:     Essa'j  I  ;  On  I/ttmun  Knowledge. 

'  tli-ah'-gu-lar-lj^,  adv.  [Eng.  triangular; 
-ly.]  In  a  triangular  manner;  after  the  form 
or  shape  of  a  triangle. 

"Their  fnvther  ends  ,  .  .  stood  trinngnlart}/."  — 
DtDiipier:    I'oi/ngns  {nu.  1687). 


ate.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  ia,U,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine    go,  pot 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  s6n  :  miite.  ciib,  cure,  unite,  ciir,  rile,  fiiU ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


triangulary  -  tribe 


139 


'  tri-an'-gn-lar-y,  •  tri-an-gu-lar-ie,  ". 

(Kiii:.  ti  ian<jiilar  ;  ■>/.]    'lriaiigui;ir. 

"Till-  two  triitunufuritr  houv:*  ciilleii  siucliiital."— 
Unjuhitrt  ■  llabelats.  bk.  I.,  ill.  xliv, 

tri-ilh'-gU-late,  v.t.  &,  i.  [Lat.  tr'MHgul(us) 
■^  tliroe-aiib'lL'il ;  Eiig.  suff.  hUc] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  Onl.  LuHij. :  To  iiuike  triangular  urthiee- 
coruertjil. 

2.  Sttrv.:  To  divide  into  triangles  ;  to  survey 
by  dividing  into  triangles. 

B.  Intnnis.  :  To  survey  by  tlie  method  of 
trianguliition. 

"  Eiisiuecrs  were  often  comiwUed  to  tri>tn</ulate 
Irou)  tlie  oppoaite  side  to  luitrk  out  the  coui-se  of  tlie 
TvntL'—ticribners  JIa'juzini\  Aug.,  1877.  y.  ■»5&. 

tri-tln-gTi-la'-tion,  i%     [Triangulate.] 

•  1.  Old.  Luntj. :  The  act  of  triangulating; 
tlie  reduction  uf  an  area  to  triangles. 

2.  Sun:  :  The  operation  of  measuring  the 
elements  necessary  to  determine  the  trianglts 
into  which  the  country  to  be  surveyed  is  sup- 
posed to  be  divided.  The  term  is  principally 
used  in  geodesic  surveying.     ITkianulk,  v.] 

*  tri-^n'-gU-l6id»  n.  ILat.  triangul{us)  = 
tlirce-tuMu-i'fd.  and  (!r.  ci6o5  (ci(/o5)  =  form, 
upp'.arance.]  Somewhat  resembling  a  triangle 
in  shape. 

Tri-an-gu-lum,  ■■'■.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat. 
Ii-innijulu6  =  a  triangle.] 

Astw)i. :  The  Triangle;  one  of  the  forty- 
eight  ancient  constellations.  It  is  uf  small 
size,  and  is  situated  south-east  of  Andromeda, 
north  of  Aries,  and  west  of  Perseus,  Tlie 
largest  star,  a  Trianguli,  is  only  of  the  third 
njagnitude. 

Triangulum-australe,  ^-. 

AstroH. :  The  Soutliern  Triangle  ;  a  snuthern 
constellation  of  small  size,  but  having  the 
three  stars  which  define  it  so  prominent  that 
they  are  sometimes  called  the  Triangle  stars. 
The  constellatiou  is  between  Pavo  and  Cen- 
taurus. 

*  Triangulumininus,  ^<. 

Astron.  :  The  Lesser  Triangle  ;  an  obsolete 
constellation  of  small  size  between  Triangulum 
(([.v).  and  Aries.  It  was  established  by 
llevelius. 

tri-a-UO-Sper'-ma,  s.  [Gr.  rpidvuip  (triauOr) 
=  she  that  has  three  husbands,  aud  (nrepfj.a 
(spenmt)  ~  seed.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Cucurbitea;,  akin  to 
Bryonia,  but  having  only  tliree  seeds.  They 
are  climbing  plants,  with  tendrils  and  mo- 
nwcious  flowers.  Stamens  three,  ovary  three- 
relied.  Fruit  globular,  fleshy.  Natives  of 
the  West  Indies  and  Brazil.  Trianosjwrma 
JicifoUu^  called  also  Bryonia  JicifoUa,  is  an 
active  purgative,  and  said  to  be  a  purifler  of 
the  blood.  T.  Tayaya  is  given  in  Brazil  in 
small  doses  as  an  emetic,  aud  iu  large  ones  as 
a  purgative. 

tri-an'-the-ma,  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  olv6o<; 
{(inthos)  —a.  flower.  So  named  because  the 
tiuweis  are  generally  disposed  iu  threes.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Sesuvete.  Sepals  oblong, 
Coloured  on  the  inside  ;  stamens  live  to 
twelve  ;  styles  one  or  twO,  Aliform  ;  capsule 
oblong,  truncate,  circumscissile.  Weeds  from 
the  tropical  parts  of  both  hemispheres  aud 
the  sub-tropics  of  Africa.  Triaiitheiaa crystal- 
liuay  T.  viono(jyrui(T.  o&co7'(/«(ft  of  Roxburgh). 
T.  pentandra,  and  1\  decandi-ia,  are  natives  of 
India.  The  tender  leaves  and  the  tops  of  the 
second  and  third  species  are  eateu  by  the 
natives  ;  the  seeds  of  the  first  also  serve  as 
food  during  famine.  T.  peyitaiuliu  is  used  as 
an  astringent  in  abdominal  diseases,  and  is 
said  to  produce  abortion.  The  roots  of  T. 
decinidni  an<i  T.  moiiogyna,  the  latter  com- 
bined with  ginger,  are  given  as  cathartics. 

tri-ar'-cliee»  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  arch 
('l.v.).j 

Her. :  Formed  of  three  arches  ;  having  three 
arches. 

*  tri'-ar-chy,  s.  [Gr.  rpeU  (treis)  =  three,  and 
o-px'n  {" It-he)  =  rule,  goveruineut.]  Govern- 
ment by  three  persons. 

"Tliere  lye  betweeue  aud  about  these  citties. certain 
triarvliirs,  toiit.'iiuiiig  every  one  of  tbeui  its  much  as 
;iu  wlicile  couutiey.  '— /*.  Holland:  PUnie,  bk.  v., 
cb.  xviii. 

*  tri-ar'-i-an,  «.    [Lat.  triarii  =  the  veteran 

Honian  soldiers,  wlio  were  stitioned  in  the 


third  rank  froni  the  frnnt,  when  the  tmops 
were  drawn  up  in  order  of  battle,  from  tres  =: 
three ;  the  other  two  were  known  as  hastati 
ami /»rtitc(;)M.)  Occupying  the  third  rank  or 
place. 

'■  Lft  the  Imive  second  mid  Triai-itiii  bund 
Firm  iib-iunst  all  iiuitresHlun  sttinil.' 

Vijielty :  Kettoration  uf  Chnrlet  //. 

tri-ar'-thra,  .s-.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  apepov 

{iirtUron)  —  a  joint.] 

\.  ZooL :  A  germs  of  Rotatoria,  family  Hy- 
datinaia,  with  three  or  more  species.  Eyes 
two;  frontal  jaws  two,  each  bidt-ntate ;  fctot 
simply  styliform;  body  with  lateral  append- 
ages ;  mo\einent jerking. 

2.  Pahcont.  :  A  genus  of  ConocephalidiP, 
from  the  Upper  Cambrian  and  Lower  Silurian. 

tri'-^S,  >.     [Gr.  =  the  number  three.] 
litoL  :  The  Triassic  System  (q.v.). 

tri-as'-sio,  «.  [Eng.  trios;  -ic]  Pertaining 
u>,  found  in,  or  characteristic  of  the  Trias. 
[Triassic-svstem.] 

Triassic  period, ":. 

<int>l. :  The  p_'nod  during  winch  the  rocks  of 
the  Triassic  system  were  being  deposited. 

Triassic -system,  ^. 

(kol. :  The  lowest  great  division  of  tlic 
Me>.ozuic  rocks.  The  name  Trias  came  from 
Geriiuiriy,  aud  was  designed  to  imply  that  in 
tlic  south-west  and  north-west  portions  of 
that  country,  where  these  rocks  are  more 
fully  developed  than  they  are  either  in  Eng- 
land or  France,  they  are  naturally  divided 
into  three  series  of  beds  :  the  Keuper  sand- 
stone above,  the  Muschelkalk  (a  marine  lime- 
stone) in  the  middle,  and  the  Hunter  sandstone 
below.  The  Keuper  and  Hunter  are  repre- 
sented in  England,  the  intermediate  Muschel- 
kalk is  wholly  wanting,  unless  the  Doloinitic 
Conglomerate  of  the  British  area,  generally 
jilaced  with  the  Keuper,  occupy  the  same 
stratigraphical  position  as  the  Muschelkalk, 
as  is  doubtfully  suggested  by  Etheridge.  The 
Triassic  Series  in  England  is  tlius  classified 
by  Professor  Hull,  the  newest  strata  being 
placed  first; 

Upper  Irias. 

1.  Rh;etic  or  Peuartli  beds  :  Red,  green,  aud  gray 
luarla.  %vith  white  liiuestoue  at  the  top.  No  foreign 
equivaleut. 

■2.  New  red  marl :  Red  and  gray  shales  and  marls, 
sometimes  micaceous,  with  beds  of  rock  salt  and  gyp- 
sum,  containing  Estheria  and  Foraniiiiifera.  Foreign 
equivaleuta,  the  German  Kfciiper  aud  the  French 
Marues  irlsces. 

3.  Lower  Keuper  saudittoue :  Thinly  laminated  mica- 
ceous saudstonea  and  marls  passing  downwards  iuto 
white,  browD.  or  reddish  sandstone,  with  a  base  of 
cal«ireous  couglomerate  or  breccia.  Foreigu  equiva- 
lent, the  Letten  Kohle  of  Germany  (?). 

Middle  Tsias. 

Wautlng  iu  England  :  Foreigu  equivaleuta,  the  Mus- 
chelkalk of  Germany  aud  the  Calcaire  couquillieit  of 
France. 

Lower  Trias. 

1.  Uptjer  mottled  sandstone :  Soft,  bright  red  aud 
variegated  saudstoue  without  pebbles. 

■2.  Pebble  beds:  Harder,  reddish-brown  saudstoues, 
witli  (luartzoae  i>ebbles,  parsing  iuto  cou^h'merate, 
with  a  Dase  uf  aitcureuus  breccia. 

3.  Lower  mottled  s.indstone:  Soft,  bright  red  aud 
variegated  sandstuue  without  pebbles. 

•■I  The  foreign  equivalents  of  the  Lower  Trias  are 
the  Bunter  sniidstoue  of  Gerinaiiy  mid  the  Gr^s  bi- 
garr^,  or.  iu  part,  the  Grts  dcs  Vosges,  of  France. 

The  Triassic  rocks  constitute  low  plains  in  the 
north-west,  the  north-east,  and  the  central 
parts  of  England.  They  exist  in  Lancashire, 
near  Liverpool  and  Preston,  and  in  Cheshire, 
Shropshire,  Staffordshire,  Worcestershire,  Som- 
erset, Devon,  Nottinghamshire,  &c.  They  thin 
out  to  the  south-east,  being  about  5.200  feet 
thick  in  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  1,00U  in  Staf- 
fordshire, and  950  in  Leicestershire  and  War- 
wickshire. The  Tria-s  exists  also  near  Elgin 
in  Scotland.  In  Great  Britain  the  Triassic 
fossils  are  few :  nine  genera  and  twelve  species 
of  plants  are  known,  including  Ferns,  some  of 
them  arborescent,  Equisetaceie,  Conifers,  and 
Cycadaceje ;  of  animals  there  are,  according 
to  Etheridge,  thirty-five  foraininifera,  eight 
actinozoans,  one  echinoderm,  five  crustaceans, 
of  which  the  most  abundant  is  Estheria  minu- 
ta,  one  bracluopod,  sixty-seven  other  molluscs, 
thirty-five  fishes,  thirty-one  amphibians  and 
reptiles,  aud  four  mammals.  Heds  believed  to 
be  of  Triassic  age  exist  in  India  [Brachvops], 
in  South  Africa,  at  Richmond  in  Virginia,  &c. 
The  sandstones  of  the  Upper  Trias  constitute 
good  building  stones,  those  of  the  J-ower  Trias 
are  inferior  in  quality. 

tri-at'-ic,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  (See  com- 
pound.) 


triatic-Btay,  ^. 

.Y((((^  ;  A  rope  connected  at  its  ends  to  tlie 
heads  nf  the  fore  and  main  mast-,  ami  having 
a  tlumble  sjjlieed  to  its  bight  for  the  attacli- 
nu-nt  of  tlic  stay-tiirkle,  by  which  boats, 
heavy  freight,  and  speck  are  hoisted  aboard. 

tri  -  a  -  torn'  Ic,  «.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
i'tKiinif.\     Ciiiitaiiiing  three  atoms  in  the  mole 

CUle.       JDZoNK.] 

triatomic  alcohol,  '. 

Chtiit.  :  An  alcoli-J  cuntaining  three  atoms 
of  replaceable  hydrogen  in  the  oxatylic  por- 
tion of  the  radical. 

tri'-bail,a.  (Eng.  trib(t);  -al]  Belonging  or 
prrt^iining  to  a  tribe;  characteristic  of  a 
tiibe. 

■'  A    system    of    tribal    food-inobibitloiia.  — r^for.- 
Prim.  Cult.  led.  19711),  IL  2J5. 

tri'-bal-i^m,  s.  [Eng.  tribal;  -ism.]  The 
condition  or  state  of  existing  or  living  in 
separate  tribes  ;  tribal  feeling. 


t  tri  -bal  i3t» 

a  tribe." 


[Eng.  tribal;  -ist.)    One  of 


tri-bas'-ic»  c     [Pref.  (;t-,and  Eng.  buMc] 
Chem.  :  A  term  ai>i)lied  to  an  acid  iu  which 
three  atnms  of  hydrogen  have  been  replaced 
by  a  metal  or  organic  radical. 

trib  -ble»  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Paper-making:  A  large  horizontal  frame  iu 
the  loft  or  drying-room  of  a  paper-mill,  having 
wires  stretched  across  it  for  the  suspension  of 
sheets  of  jjaper  while  drying. 

tribe,  s.     [Fr.  tribu,  from  Lat.  tribus  =  one  of 
the  three  bodies  into  which  the  Romans  were 
originally  divided,  from  tri-.  stem  of  tres  = 
three  ;  Sp.  tribu  ;  Ital.  tribii.] 
I.  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  One  of  the  three  bodies  into  which  the 
Romans  were  divided  Originally  the  united 
people  was  divided  into  three  tribes,  which 
bore  respectively  the  names  :  (1)  Ranines  or 
Hamnenses,  (2)  Titles,  Titienses,  or  Tatieuses, 
(3)  Luceres  or  Lucerenses.  The  nauie  of  the 
first,  according  to  the  belief  of  the  later 
Romans,  was  taken  from  Romulus,  that  of 
the  second  from  Tatius,  and  tliat  of  the  third 
was  connected  with  the  Etruscan  word  Lu- 
cumo  (q.v.).  At  the  head  of  each  tribe  was  a 
captain,  called  Tribiinus,  aud  the  members  of 
the  same  tribe  were  termed,  iu  reference  to 
each  other,  TribiiUs.  By  the  reorganization 
effected  by  Servius  TuUius,  the  whole  Ronmn 
people  were  divided  into  thirty  tribes,  twtnty- 
six  of  these  being  Tribus  Rustica:,  and  four 
7'rlbn6  Urbame.  This  arrangement  was 
strictly  local ;  each  individual  possessed  of 
landed  property  being  enrolled  in  the  Rustic 
Tribe  corresiionding  to  the  region  in  which 
his  property  lay,  and  those  who  were  not 
landowners  being  included  iu  one  or  other  of 
the  City  Tribes. 

"  Have  you  collected  them  by  tribes/' 

ATtdAwp,  .*  Coriolanus,  iii.  3. 

2.  A  division,  class,  or  distinct  portiou  of 
a  people  or  nation,  from  whatever  cause  the 
division  or  distinction  may  have  arisen. 

"  In  ti-ibcs  aud  uatlous  to  divide  thy  tniin," 

Pofjc  :  Bonier  ;  Iliad  ii.  i3L 

3.  A  fannly,  race,  or  body  of  people  having 
a  particular  descent ;  a  family  or  series  of 
generations  descending  from  the  same  pro- 
genitor and  kept  distinct. 

■'  Cursed  be  my  tribe. 
If  I  forgive  him. ' 

:Shiike$p. ;  Merchant  t/  Venice,  1.  3. 

4.  A  sejjarate  body ;  a  number  considered 
collectively. 

5.  A  nation  of  savages,  forming  a  subdivi- 
sion of  a  race  ;  a  body  of  uncivilized  people 
united  under  one  leader  or  government. 

"  The  aboriginal  tribes  were  frieudly.'~J/'acaM?ay . 
Bi*t.  Emj.,  ch.  xxiv. 

6.  A  number  of  persons  of  any  character  or 
profession  ;  a  term  used  in  contempt. 

"  Folly  and  vice  are  easy  to  describe. 
The  couimou  subjects  of  our  scribbling  tribc^ ' 
ICotcommoiu 

II.  Kat.  Science:  A  division  of  a  natural 
order;  a  grade  in  the  classification  of  animals 
and  plants  immediately  below  an  order,  aud 
in  most  cases  immediately  above  a  family, 
unless  the  giade  of  sub-ti  ibe  re<iuirc  to  be  in- 
tercalated. In  Zoology  it  has  various  termina- 
tions ;  as  llentirostres,  Tetramertt,  &c.  In 
Botany  it  often  ends  in  -etc :  as.  Lotfa'.  The 
word  has  not  always  been  ased  in  the  same 


boil,  boy ;  poiit,  j6^l ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  911111,  benph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as  ;  expect,  ^enophon,  exist,    ph  =  C 
-clan,  -tian  =^  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun  ;  -tion,  -§ion  —  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -blc,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  del. 


190 


tribe— tribute 


M>nftr  ns  iittw.  I, iiiitaiu  (>";/*''*  Knt'inr,  iu  A) 
fini«I"Vff  i*  f"  what  wouM  now  »•*■  callcil 
a  ,.;l  Mii'-ntting  tbrvi'  lrit.fs  nf 

^,  _„  -  fvU-iii'uc-..  l>icot\ii'«I..tirj». 

.ji,.l    \  S'liif  otlier  n«tuKlli^t> 

hav  111.*  !■    i  "  II-  .» liiviniitH  of  a  fBiiiily. 

•  tribe,  «•  ^    (Thmr.  .'.l     To  tliviile  nr  distri- 
buU'  iiilc  IriU-s  ;  t"  tlBKsify  by  triUs. 

"O.irfowl.  n>li.  i«uJgu»«ln»I5it«  ■«  wH  l'-»*<*rf  ty 
*    Mr  Witloimlil')  aiiJ   Mr.  R«).  — .Vicw/«>».  Aft?.  «'•'. 
lAtt.  \<  l.> 

tribo^  man,  >.    [Euit.  /'iOe,  and  nfdn.)    A 
Mi<  iiikH-r  «<r  a  triU>  or  i-laii ;  a  dunsman. 

•■Tli«-»^'iU«<»l  tlie  (■uld'.riiiPM  otoM  Init  It-sil.  tln-y 
couia  ii.'t  ivn.tnttu  tli*  *il1  ul  their  lell.'W  fr.ftw- 
,nwH  -OiMnti'ur  t  MuUittg^r  :  Introd.  fo  /..*!/.  //'rf.. 
ch.  II. 

trib  Idt  trib.-6  let,  trib  ou-lfit. ..    [ir. 

I.  yoryhn.j:  A  niamlifl  used  in  fnrgiii;,' 
lulies,  iiuu.  ami  ring-*,  uikI  fnr  oilier  imi  poses. 
The  nut  li:ivin^  Wvu  vwK  from  tin-  Ur.  the 
holfis  imn.hedaii.l  fiilai{:«I  by  tlif  tnbii-t. 
»  hii-b  :il>o  M-rvf-s  a>  a  handle  while  the  nut  is 
Wing  Ilni.sh.-d  -mi  the  anvil.  In  the  case  of  a 
ring,  the  |«irls  having:  U*eii  joined,  the  lin^;  is 
rarihinued  and  sha|«-d  ou  the  triblet. 

"   The  lii.iiidiel  iu  ;i  machine  for  making 

tri  bom  e  tor,   ■.     itii--  rpi&ta  (tfibc)  =  t(( 

ml',  ati'l  >i(rpoi-  {•uriitni)  —  a  measure.]  An 
aii|Kiratus  resenililiii;^  a  sled,  used  in  esti- 
niRliny  the  friction  ol  rubbing  surfaces. 

tri  bo  ni  dpb  -6r-U8,s.  (Or.  Tpl^u>l•(^v7m») 
=.  J  .  l.-ak.  uiid  •t>o(iO's  {i>li<3)os)  =  bearnii;.! 

/•>••!.:  A  u'eniis  of  Limacidw,  with  three 
siH-cie.s,  fn'uT  Austndia.  Mantle  small,  tri- 
(ingul;ir:  biu-k  with  an  almost  imperceptible 
fiiii-u  .  i.'.-th  with  wavy  edges. 

trib  OU  let,  5.    [TitiBLU'.i 

trib-r&Ch.  5.     ll-at.  trihra'-h^i.'',  from  Or.  rpi- 

(Ji)aV»'<    {trlhrftrhiis),   from  Tpi-  (^W-)=  three, 

and  ppaxi";  (htvclms)  =  short ;  Fr.  tribrc'ii'*:] 

I'ros. ;  A  jtoetic  foot  of  three  .short  syllables, 

as  Hi^  I  It  I  uf. 

;ri  bric'-te-ate,  «.     [I*ref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 

I'-'t. :  Having  three  bracts. 

trib   u-al,''.     1  Lat.  tribiis  =  &  tribe,  and  Eng 

siill.  -ii/.)    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  tribe  ;  trikil. 

•■  Ki>r  wliicli  h*  jiroiKiwtt  i»iiJ  defines  a  tribiutl  cha- 

ncivT.'—Garitenert  Vhroiiictc.  No.  403,  p.  3T4.     (1881.) 

■  trib   u-lar,  ".     [Tribk.]     Of  or  peitainin;; 

111  .1  nil'-- :  tribal. 

trib  n-la  tlon.    '  trib  u-la-ci-oun,    -■. 

(Fr.  ' frihiiliitim,,  from  I-at.  tribiildtioiifiii, 
acciis.  of  fn7'!'^(/i'i  =  distress,  attliction,  fi'om 
tiibiilntns,  pa.  par.  of  tiibiilo  =  Uy  press,  t" 
oppre.s-s.  from  trifmhnn  =  a,  thrashiny;-sledi;e 
for  seiwratmg  grain  from  iw.husk.  It  was  iti 
the  fnnii  of  a  wimmIcu  pliitform,  .studded  be- 
neath with  bharp  bit^  of  tlint  or  with  iron 
teeth.) 

1.  That  which  causes  affliction  or  distress; 
a  severe  afllictiou,  troul)le,  or  trial. 

"  Wlipu  trihiihiti'iii  ur  penifoution  ariseth  lictvinse 
of  tli«-  vuTil.  !>>'  'oitl  l>y  he  itorifiiiled."— J/Mff.  \u\.  Jl. 

2.  A  statt-  I'f  severe  alttiction  or  distress. 

tri-bu -le-SB,   .<.  }'l.     (Lai.  tribid{us);   Lat. 

feni.  pi,  adj.  sutf.  •€<>'.] 
/.'"'.  ;    A  section  of  Zygophyllaccpe,  liaving 

the  seeds  without  albumen. 

trib  U-lus,  s.  [I^t..  from  Gr.  rpt^oAos  (tri- 
/«i/o.i)"=a  caltrap  (<i.v.),  various  plants  with 
frnit  likecnltraps  ;  s\ii^c.{l)Tribnlusterrestris, 
(2)  Fttgonia  cretica,  (:i)  Trafxt  natans  (q.v.).] 

rSnt.:  The  typical  ;;enus  of  Tribuleae  (q.v.). 
Calyx  live-parted ;  petals  five,  sprgadiiig ; 
Kt.'inicns  ten;  style  short  or  absent;  stigma 
hve-myed.  Frnit  of  live  capsular,  ]>entag<iiial 
carpels,  spinous  or  tubercular  on  the  baek  ; 
rells  five,  indehiseent ;  seeds  many.  Tropical 
arid  siib-tropic-'d  regions.  Tribuhis  tf.ni-.ftim 
(Linn.),  from  which  T.  lanughinmiif  (Linn.)  is 
not  distinct,  is  a  trailing  annual,  almut  nine 
jnrhes  long,  with  yellow  flowers,  fonnd  in 
many  of  the  warm  countries,  including  India. 
the  south  of  Europe,  and  the  West  Indies. 
In  the  la*tt-named  locality,  where  it  is  eallol 
Turkey  lihissom,  it  is  snnietimcs  culti\:tt<-d 
in  ganlens  for  its  fragrant  flowers.  In  pMs- 
tnres  the  prickly  fruits  wound  the  feet  of  rattl<-. 


Foivis  feed  an<l  become  fat  upon  the  plant,  of 
which  thev  are  verv  f"iid.  In  India  its  fruits 
aiv  ivg.irdcd  as  cooling,  diuretic,  a.stringeiit, 
and  tonic  ;  thev  are  given  in  painful  miitu- 
rition,  calculus,  nriuury  affections,  and  gonor- 
rlnva.  Sonietiines  the  fruit  and  root  are 
boiled  U>  form  a  medicateti  liijuid.  Anoth.r 
Inilian  si>ecies,  T.  alatitis,  has  Minilar  quali- 
ties. The  South  American  '/'.  cistoidvs  is  an 
aiwrient,  T.  terrestris  may  very  possibly  Ix: 
the '*  thistle  "cf  Matt.  vii.  IG,  and  the  "brier 
of  Heb.  vi.  8. 

tri'bu  nal,  •  tri-bu-nall,  .•^.    [Lat  i   [Tki 

lU' SK.) 

1.  The  .seat  nf  a  jurlge  ;  the  bench  on  which 
a  Judge  and  his  associates  sit  for  administer- 
ing justice. 

"Tbls.  B'xldeM.  tliis  to  his  reiiieriihniute  c^ill. 
KuiliiHce  hU  kiieea,  hI  his  tribinial  I«jr 

Pope:  tlomer;  Uiadi.h-'.X. 

2.  Hence,  a  court  of  justice. 

••Tlif  ordiniir)rfr(fc«iia/«werea>)out  to  resume  tli..-ir 
fuuctiuii"."— i/'icuH/.iy:  llitt.  A'»tf..  ih.  xi. 

3.  In  France,  a  gallery  or  eminence  in  a 
ehureh  or  other  place  in  which  the  musical 
performers  are  jdaced. 

%  Tribuml  of  Fenance,  2'rlbuiml  oj  Con- 
fession : 

Uoiiian  Church:  The  internal  court  (fonim 
itit^rrnum),  in  which  the  Church,  through  her 
priests  acting  judicially,  remits  or  retains 
sins  ;  the  sacrament  of  penance. 

"  Ceuaurea  CHU  l>e  iuiiKiaed, accoixHiig  to  tlieoriliiiAry 
,      law.  Ijy  eccleaiaatics  ixjasessiug  juristTiction  ni  tlif  ex- 
ternal courts  (/omm   fxternnm,  as  tUstiiict  fintii  tlie 
internal  court,   or  rribunal  o/  con/etsio)k)." — .tthlis  Ji- 
Arnuld:  Cath.  Diet..  \>.  IMh. 

'  trfb'-u-nar-y,  «.     [Eug.   tribntU/i  ;  -«n/-] 
<_>f  or  'pertaining  to  a  tribune  or  tribunes ; 
tribuiiitial. 
*  trib -U-nate,  s.     [Lat.  Irlbnnatns,  from  tri- 
huiiHA  4  a  tVibune  (q.v.).]     Tribu^icship. 

"Befiire  tlie  succession  of  the  ^Wfrinffi^nHuil  maiii- 
festiy  ill  tlie  ilecei-ivirate.'— ft'nuVA :  C'omiiwnwea/th. 

Cb.  IV. 

trib'-tine,  tri'-bune,  *  tri-bun,  s.     ILat. 

(rUmnv'i  =  a  tribune,  prop.  =  the  chief  of,  or 
elected  by.  a  tribe,  from /ri7*i(s  =  a  tribe  (q.v.); 
Fr.  tribun  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Itid.  trib^ino.\ 

1.  Roman  Antiq. :  Properly,  the  chief  magis- 
trate of  a  tribe.  There  were  several  kinds  of 
officers  in  the  Roman  state  that  bore  the  title. 

(1)  The  idebeian  tribunes,  wlio  were  first  cre- 
ated after  the  secession  of  the  commonalty  to 
the  Mons  Sneer  (a.u.c.  2lX)),as  one  of  the  con- 
ditions of  its  return  to  the  city.  They  were 
especially  the  magistrates  and  protectors  of 
the  commonalty,  and  no  ,patrician  could  be 
elected  to  the  office.  At  their  first  ajipoint- 
ment  the  power  of  the  tribunes  wus  very 
small,  being  confined  to  the  assembling  of  the 
plebeians  and  the  protection  of  any  individual 
from  patrician  aggression ;  but  their  persons 
were  sacred  and  inviolable,  and  this  privilege 
consolidated  tlieir  other  powers,  which,  in  the 
later  ages  of  the  republic,  grew  to  an  emir- 
mous  height,  and  were  finally  incorporated 
with  the  functions  of  the  other  chief  msgis- 
trncies  in  the  person  of  the  eniperor.  The 
numl.>er  of  the  tribunes  varied  from  two  to 
ten,  and  eiich  of  these  might  annul  the  j'ro- 
ceedings  of  the  rest  by  putting  in  his  veto. 

(2)  Military  tribunes  were  first  elected  in  the 
year  .v.r.c.  ."IIO,  in  the  place  of  the  consuls,  in 
consequeiiee  of  the  demands  of  the  com- 
monalty to  be  admitted  to  a  share  of  the 
siqtreine  power.  This  measure  was  not,  how- 
ever, a  complete  concession  of  their  demands, 
but,  in  fact,  evaded  thein  in  a  great  degree  ; 
for  the  tribunate  was  not  invested  witli  the 
full  powers  or  honours  of  the  consulate,  not 
being  a  curule  magistracy,  and,  though  it  was 
open  to  ail  the  people,  patricians  were  almost 
invariably  chosen.  The  number  of  the  mili- 
tary tribunes  was  sometimes  six  and  some- 
times three.  For  above  seventy  years  some- 
times consuls  were  elected  and  sometimes 
military  tribunes  ;  at  last  the  old  order  was 
permanently  restored,  but  the  plebeians  were 
admitted  to  a  sliare  of  it.  (;i)  Legionary  tri- 
bunes, or  tribunes  of  the  soldiers,  were  the 
chief  officers  of  a  legion,  six  in  number,  who 
commanded  under  the  consul,  each  in  his 
turn,  usually  about  a  month  ;  in  battle  eaeli 
led  a  cohort. 

"  These  are  the  tribniies  of  tlie  people, 
The  toiizueu  o'  the  coiiiiiioii  mouth :   I  tlo  despise 
thetii.'  Shnketp.  :  Coriolauiit,  ii,  'i. 

2.  A  bench  or  elevated  place ;  a  raised  seat 
or  stand.     Specif: 

*  (1)  The  throne  of  a  bishop. 


(2)  A  sort  of  pulpit  or  rostrum  where  a 
speaker  stand.s  to  address  an  audience. 

■■  Shtf  had  icaicely  stepped  off  the  trihiutr  when  Mr. 

DelwiiTV  riitried,  and  tin-re  y.A^  -.k  c motion  whuh 

made  In-r  w.^it."— "forj^c  flior      Felix  H^H. 

trib -line  ship,  tri'-bune  ship, .-.    [Eng. 

trihn'iii  :  -shii:]  The  otfice  or  post  of  a  tri- 
bune ;  liie  period  during  which  one  holds  tlie 
office  of  tribune. 

'•  But  to  B*y  a  trutli.  this  tribuiienhip  h.'ivlu?  taken 
orlk'iiially  the  first  Iwaiuuing  fioin  the  loiiuiiuh  wuyXt, 
iu  great  and  iniKhty  in  rejrard  that  it  ifl  poimlar.  - 
/',  /r^i'nnd      riKtnrrh.  11.  :iB. 

'  trib  -  u  -  ni  -  plan,  •  trib-u-ni'-tial 
(ti  as  sh),  *  trib-u-ni -tious,  a.  [Lat. 
tribunictuSy  tribunUius,  from  ?ri7/»j(i(s- =  a  tri- 
bune (q.v.).J  Pertaining  to,,  belitting,  or 
ch:irai'teristic  of  a  tribune  or  tribunes. 

'    O  happy  age-*  of  our  aineBturs  I 

Beneath  the  kiin;-'<anil  IrihinntinT  }towen. 
One  j.iil  dul  all  their  iiimnials  restrain. 

Drfftlen:  Jiipeual,  iii.  490. 

*  trib'-U-tar-i-l3?,  arfi-.  [Eug.  tribuUmj;  -hj.] 
In  a  tributary  manner. 

*  trib'-U-tar-i-neSS,  s.      [Eng.  tributar)/ ; 

-was.]  'i'he  quaUty  or  state  of  being  tributary. 

trib  -u-tar-ir, '  trlb-u-tar-le, «.  &  *-.    [Fr. 

tribnhiir'e,  from  L^t.  triliitt>'riii:<  =  paying  tri- 
bute, troni  (rr6»fJ(M  =  tribute  (q.v.);  Sp., 
Port.,  &  Ital.  tributario.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Paying  tribute  to  anotlier,  whether  under 
Compulsion,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  sub- 
mission or  dependence,  or  voluntarily,  to 
.secure  protection  or  for  the  purpose  of  pur- 
chasing peace. 

"  Viewed  a  Deliverer  with  disdain  and  hnte. 
Who  left  them  still  a  tributary  stete." 

Coteper.  A'j:posttilatio}i,HS. 

*  2.  Subject,  subordinate. 

'■  These  he,  to  trace  his  tributnri/  gods. 
By  course  commits  to  several  governments. '" 

Milton :  Vomits,  24. 

*  3.  Paid  in  or  as  tribute. 

•■  At  tliis  tomb  my  tribiitarif  tears  I  vender." 

Shttkesp. :  Titui  Aiutroiiicua,  i. 

4.  Yielding  supplies  of  anything;  sei\iug 
to  form  or  make  up  a  greater  (.diject  of  the 
same  kind. 

"  Poor  tributary  rivers.  ' 

tshakvsti. :  CymbcJine.  iv.  2. 

B.  As  snbstanth'e  : 

1.  Ore!.  Lavg.:  An  individual  governnienfc 
or  state  which  pays  tribute  or  a  stated  sum  tn 
another,  whether  as  an  acknowledguieiit  nt 
submission  or  dependence,  nr  to  secure  jiin- 
tection,  or  for  the  puriwse  of  purchasing 
l>eace. 

"But  whether  or  no  they  are  fribiitariex  to  the 
Russians,  we  uonld  never  tind  vnt.'—Cuuk:  Third 
yon<fje.  bk.  vi..  ch.  xi. 

2.  (icog. :  A  stream  which  directly  or  in- 
directly contributes  water  to  another ;  an 
atrtuent. 

trib'-Ute,  *  trib-Ut,  s.  [Fr.  li  ibut,  from  Lat. 
/i(/ii(//nii  =  tribute,  prop,  neitt.  sing,  of  trl- 
hutns,  pa.  par.  of  ?r(6»o  =  to  assign,  to  allot, 
to  pay,  from  tribns  =  a  tribe  (q.v.);  Sp.,  Port., 
&  Itai.  tributo.] 
I.  Oidinanj  Langnage : 

1,  All  annual  or  stated  sum  of  money  or 
other  valuable  thing  paid  by  one  prince  or 
liation  to  another,  either  as  an  acknowledgment 
of  submission  and  dependence,  or  to  secure 
protection,  or  to  purchase  peace,  or  by  virtue 
of  some  treaty. 

"  Forbedynse  tributis  to  lie  gonnn  to  the  enipevour 
audseiynt^e  that  himsilf  is  Crist  ;t  kyug.*'— IKjc/t/fe.- 
Ltike  xviii. 

2.  The  state  of  being  under  the  obligation 
to  pay  such  sum  ;  the  cdjligation  of  contri- 
buting :  as.  To  lay  a  country  under  tribute. 

*  3.  Tliat  which  w*as  paid  by  a  subject  to 
the  sovereign  of  a  country  ;  a  tax. 

4.  A  personal  contribution  ;  something  given 
or  contributed  ;  anything  done  or  given  out  of 
devotion  or  as  due  or  deserved ;  as,  a  tribute 
of  atlection  or  of  respect. 

II,  Mining: 

1.  Work  performed  in  the  excavation  of  ore 
in  a  mine,  as  distinguished  from  tut-work, 
which  is  upon  the  uon-inetalliferous  rock,  as 
in  sinking  shafts  and  the  driving  of  adits  and 
drifts. 

"Some  twelve  men  are  now  working  old  dump,  eon- 
centrttm^  uu  tribute." — Money  Jlarkef  Jietiieto,  Au^. 

2.  The  proportion  of  ore  which  the  tributer 
or  workman  receives  for  his  labour. 


l&tc.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot- 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    je,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  —  kw. 


tribute— trichina 


191 


tribute-money,  s.  Money  i>aid  as  tri- 
l.ut.-. 

"Tliey  tli.it  n-.eiv.-il  rrilitiff-moTjf!/."—.Vaft.  xvii.  2. 

tribute-pitch,  >. 

iMiiiiini:  i'hf  hiiutod  portion  of  a  loile 
will,  h  is  set  tuacoiiipaiiy  uf  tributiTs,  bcyuiid 
wlii.-li  thfy  are  iu>t  fur  the  time  being  per- 
mitted tn  work. 

■  trib-Ute.  r.t.     [Tribute,  5.]    Tu  pay  as  tvi- 

htite. 

■•  Tr.biiling  most  pret.;o>i^  moments  t-i  tin-  stviitre  -^f 
:i  fin.  —  Whitlock  :  Jlatitiers  of  Iht-  Knittish, 

trib-ut-er,  s.     [Eng.  trU^i(e):  -n:] 

Miniiu}:  One  who  excJivates  ore  from  a 
mine  ;  one  wlip  works  on  tribute. 

'■The  fi-iftu/t-rs  work  only  ^t  th^  extmction  of  ore. 
Tlu-y  fonii  themselves  iutr.  ivirtit-^  «l„-  ngree  to  wurk 
:i  iKjrtioii  of  a  lodeforatriveu  tiiui-  in  tlii;  l>est  maimer 
they  rail,  receiving  ;i3  tht-ir  reuiiiiui;itiou  a  certJiin 
l>(irtii>ii  of  the  value  of  the  orei  i.»i>ev!.  as  luay  l>e 
jigreeJ  a\iitii."—CaMelt's  Technical  /■.'ilncatur,  iii,  54. 

tri-ca,-'.  [Probably  from  Lat.  tr(ccp(p\.)=i\) 
t lilies,  toys  ;  (2)  vexations,  perplexities,  from 
Trii-a,  an  unimportant  town  in  Apulia.] 

r>ot. :  A  button-like  shield,  the  surface  of 
wliieh  is  covered  with  sinuous  concentric  fur- 
riiws.  It  occurs  in  Gyropluua,  a  genus  of 
Lichens.     Called  also  Gyronia. 

tri-cap-SU-lar,    c      [Pref.   tri-,  and   Eng. 

/.*')/. :  Threr-capsuled  ;  ha\  iiig  three  capsules 
to  each  tlower. 

tri-car-bal-lyl -ic,  a.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 

carbtlllljlir.]      tC'AHB.\LLVLlC-ACID.] 

tri-car'-pel-lar-y,  a,    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 

n.r/.WMr,/(M.v).J 

i:nt.  {'If  o  instil):  Consisting  of  three  car- 
pels. 

tri-car' -pel-lite,  ^-    [Tkicarpellites.] 

t'ltla-ohot.  :  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Tricarpellites. 

tn-car-pel-li'-tej,  ?.  [Pref.  //■(-;  Mod.  Lat. 
ntriiellus  —  a  carpel,  and  sutt".  -ites.] 

l'al(Kohot.  :  A  genus  of  fossil  fruits.  Capsule 
three-celled,  three- valved,  three-seeded,  tle- 
hiscence  septicidal.  Seeds  erect,  compressed 
from  back  to  face  ;  hilum  a  little  above  the 
base  of  the  seed.  Placenta  central,  triangu- 
lar, angles  tunud  near  tlie  base.  Seven  species 
have  been  described  from  the  Lundun  Clay  of 
Sheppey.  {Dowerbtnik:  Fossils  of  the  Lviidoa 
Clay,  pp.  7G-S4.) 

tri9e,  tnse,  v.f.  [Sw.  ^-i^•w/=a  sheave,  a 
pulley,  a  truckle;  triss  =  n  spritsail-braee  ; 
Uan.  trnhe  —  a  pulley;  triihe  =  to  haul  by 
means  of  a  itulley,  to  trice;  Norweg.  tiiss, 
trissel  =  a  pulley,  or  sheave  in  a  block.] 

L  O'-il.  Lai}.!.  :  To  pull,  to  liaul.  to  drag,  to 
tug.     {Vhinta-'r:  C.  T.,  14,44;!.) 

2.  ^aut, :  To  haul  or  tie  up  liy  means  of  a 
small  rope  ;  to  hoist. 

"They  (risen  upe  tliaire  sRillez." 

Mtirte  Arthure.  83-2. 

tri9e,  s.  [Sp.  tris  =  noise  made  by  the  break- 
ing of  glass,  a  trice,  an  instant  ;  reuir  en  v>i 
/(■/.■.=  to  come  in  an  instant;  so  also  Poit. 
^■i *  =  the  sound  of  breaking  glass;  en  huti 
t>iz=ziaa.  trice;  cf.  Scotch  -in  it  ciack.]  A 
very  short  time,  a  moment,  an  instant.  Now 
used  only  in  the  phrase,  in  n  trice ;  formerly, 
on  a  trice,  vith  a  trice. 

"  In  a  trii-p  the  turnpike'  men 
Their  tjates  wide  open  thre"." 

Coif/tcr.  John  Gilpin. 

*  tri-yen-nar-i-ous,  o.  [Lat.  tricennium 
=  a  ^jeriod  of  thirty  yeai-s  :  trio:ni  =  thirty, 
and  amius  =  a  year.]  Pertaining  en- belonging 
to  the  period  of  thirty  years  ;  tricennial. 

'"tri-5en'-ni-al,  c  [Lat.  trice.nwlb,  from 
triccitviinii  —:i  period  of  thirty  yeai-s.]  De- 
noting thirty,  or  wliat  pertains  to  that  num- 
l)er;  pertaining  i)r  belonging  to  the  term  of 
thirty  years;  occurring  once  in  e\ery  thirty 
years. 

tri-9en'-ten-ar-y,  tri^en-ten -ar-y,  >. 

A-  <u     [Lat.  tn'centi  =  three  huudied.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  That  which  consists  of  <'r  compreliends 
tiirce  hundred;  the  space  or  period  of  three 
hundred    years.      [See    extract    under   Ter- 

CE.NTARV.] 

2.  The  comniemoration  of  any  event  which 


occurred  three  hundred  years  beft>re  ;  a  ter- 
centenary :  as,  the  tricentenary  of  Shake- 
speare's birth. 

B.  As  aiij.:  Relating  to  or  cuTisisting  of 
three  hundred  ;  relating  to  three  hundred 
yi-ars  :  as,  a  tricentenary  celebration. 

tri  -9eps,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  =  three-headed  :  tri  = 
three,  and  caput  =  a.  head.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Tlirec-headecL 

B.  As  sabsttintive : 

Anat.  :  A  muscle,  (tne  extremity  of  which 
is  componed  of  three  distinct  fascia-.  The  tri- 
ci'ps  e^Ttensor  cubiti  occupies  the  whole  brachial 
region  ;  the  fascise  unite  into  a  common  mass, 
the  tendon  of  wliich  is  inst-rted  into  the  pos- 
terior and  ujiperpart  of  the  olecranon,  a  bursa, 
liowever,  intervening.  Applied  also  to  the 
triceps  cruris  extensor. 

tri-9er-a'-ti-um  (or  ti  ns  shi).  5.    [Mod. 

Lat.,  from  Gl".  TpixepaTO?  (triheratos)  =  three- 
liorned  ;  pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  Kcpas  {herns),  genit. 
KtpaTOs  {keratos)  =  a  horn.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Diatomaceae.  Frustuk-s 
free,  Aalves  triangular,  areolar,  each  angle 
generally  with  a  minute  tooth  or  short  horn. 
Kiltzing  describes  fourteen  species,  of  which 
Ml".  Smith,  author  of  the  British  Diatomacea-, 
regards  three  as  British,  Triceratium  fiivns, 
T.  atternaus,  marine,  and  T.  striolutum  (?),  from 
brackisli  water. 

trich-,  pre/.    [Tricho-.J 

trich-a-de'-ni-a,  s.  [Pref.  trick-,  and  Gr. 
o6/ji'  {lufvu)  =  a  g]and.] 

Hot.:  A  genus  of  Fangiaceae,  with  a  single 
species.  Trichadoiia  zcylanica,  the  Tettigaha 
or  Tettigass  of  Ceylon.  It  is  diuicious.  with 
alternate  oblong  leaves,  and  panicles  of  pale 
green  tlowers.  The  fruits  are  about  an  inch 
in  diameter,  and  contain  one  to  three  seeds, 
from  which  an  oil  is  obtained  useful  for  burn- 
ing, and  applied  externally  in  the  skin  dis- 
eases of  children.    {Treas.  0/ Dot) 

tri-Chal'-^ite,  s.       [Pref.   tri- ;    Gr.   xaA>co? 

{'■hi'lhv.'.)  =  brass,  copi»er,  and  suff.  -lire  {Min.).] 
Milt. :  A  hydrated  arsenate  of  copper,  occiu - 
ring  in  radiated  groups  on  tetrahedrite  at  the 
Tiu'jinsk  mine,  Beresovsk,  Urals.  Hardness, 
2'j ;  lustre,  silky ;  colour,  verdigris-green. 
Compos.  :  arsenic  acid,  36*73;  phosphoric  aciil, 
O'tJT  ;  protoxide  of  copper,  44-19  ;  water,  U'.-41 
=  100,  yielding  the  formula  3CuOAs05-i- JH»_». 

trich'-as,  .'-■.  [Or.  Tpixci?  (Irichas)  =  a  kind  of 
thnisli  or  hehlfare.] 

Ornlth. :  Yellow-throat ;  a  genus  of  Parinjc, 
vith  two  species.  Bill  somewhat  conic,  com- 
pressed, the  base  a  little  widened,  both  nran- 
dibles  equally  thick  ;  wings  short,  the  first 
and  second  quills  slightly  graduated,  tail 
rounded;  feet  large,  slender;  tarsus  long, 
middle  toe  shoiter  than  the  tarsus,  lateral 
tiies  equal.  Trichas  j'f'sonatvs  is  the  Mary- 
land Ye  How -throat. 

tri-cllech'-i-dfle,s.p^  [Mod.  Lat.  trichech(vs); 
Lat.  fcm.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Pinnipedia,  with  a  single 
genus,  Trichechus  (q-v.).  In  many  respects 
this  family  is  intermediate  between  the 
Otariidfe  and  the  Pliocidje,  but  the  dentition 
is  abnormal.  The  upper  caniTies  are  devc- 
lopeil  into  immense  tusks,  which  descend  a 
long  distance  below  the  under  jaw  ;  the  other 
teeth,  including  the  lower  canines,  are  nmch 
alike,  small,  single,  and  with  one  root;  the 
iiiMkus  with  flat  crowns.     [Trichechodon.] 

trich'-e-chine,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  trichech(ns) : 
Eng.  suff.  -ine.]  Resembling  a  walrus;  of  or 
belonging  to  the  family  Trichechidie.  (See 
extract  under  Otarine.) 

tri-Chech'-O-ddn,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  trichech(u.^) ; 

sulf.  -<xk>n.] 

Fidtrout. :  A  genus  of  Pinnipedia,  from  the 
Pliocene  of  Eurojie,  apparelitly  nearly  allied 
to  Tricheclius  (q.v.). 

trich'-e-cllUS,  s.  [Gr.  rpixes  {triches),  pi.  of 
flpi|  {thrix)  =  hair,  and  txta  {echo)  =  to  have.] 
1,  Zool. :  Walrus  (q.v.)  ;  the  sole  genus  of  the 
family  Trichechidee  (q.v.),  with  one  species, 
Trichechus  rosmnrus,  from  the  tlie  northern 
t'ircumpolar  regions.  Some  zoologists  con- 
sider the  Walrus  of  the  North  Atlantic  to  be 
distinct  sfK'cies  from  that  found  in  the  North 
Facilic,  but  they  are  more  usually  classed  as 


varieties.  Uead  round,  eyes  rather  small, 
muzzle  short  and  broad,  with  very  long,  slitt, 
bristly  whiskers  on  eacli  side  ;  fur  very  slmrt 
and  adpresscd  ;  external  ears  absent ;  tad 
very  rudimentary  ;  t<»es  sub-equal.  On  land 
the  hind  feet  are  turned  forwards  and  u^ed  in 
progression,  though  less  completely  Viian  in 
the  Otariidie. 

2.  l'ida:iint.:  Krom  the  Cromer  Korest-bed, 
anil  the  post-Pliocene  of  North  America. 

trxch-i-,  pref.     [Tbicho-.J 

trich'-i-a,  -i.  (Mod.  Lat.,  from  flpt'^  (fhrij), 
genit.  Tpt^os  (trichos)=  hair.] 

Bot.:  A  genus  of  Myxogastres  or  Gfslcrc- 
myeetous  Fungi,  having  a  stalked  or  .■^•'•ssili', 
simple,  membranous  peridiuin  bursting  at  tin- 
sumunt ;  spiral  threads,  which  carry  with 
them  the  spores.  The  threads  and  spores  are 
oft^n  bright  coloured.  Species  numerous, 
occurring  on  rotten  wood,  fitc.  They  are  well 
represented  in  Britain. 

tri-chi'-a-sis,  ;?.     [Gr.  Tpi;<ia<ns  (trichiasis). 

(See  dcf.)J 

Sitrtj.  di'  I'afhol, :  The  growth  of  one  or  niorc 
of  the  eyelashes  in  a  wrong  dirntion.  ulti- 
mately bringing  it  in  contact  with  tin-  ant'ihM- 
portion  of  the  eyeball.  Sonietinn  s  this  is  tin- 
natural  mode  of  growth,  but  more  frequently 
it  is  produced  by  a  disease  of  the  eyelid,  or  its 
inversion.  The  cure  is  slowly  and  steadily  t" 
remove  each  eyelash  with  a  broad-pointed  and 
wtll-grooved  forceps,  and  then  repeateilly  ap- 
jily  spirits  of  wine  to  the  place  to  destroy  the 
follicles. 

tri-chid'-l-um,  .■'.  [Latinised  dimin.  frono 
Gr.  6pi^  {thri.i),  genit.  Tpixos  (trichvs)  =  ;l 
hair.  J 

Bot. :  A  tender,  simple,  or  sometnnes. 
branched  hair,  aIucIi  bears  the^jwres  of  cer- 
tain fuugals,  as  in  the  genus  Geastruni. 

tri-Chil'-i-a,  .^.  [Gr.  Tpixa(trichci)=  in  three- 
parts,  referring  to  the  ternary  division  of  the 
stigma  and  the  fruit.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Trichilieie  (q.v.X 
Trees  or  shrubs  with  unequally  pinnate,  rarely 
trifoliolate  leaves;  flowers  in  axillary  pani- 
cles; calyx  four  or  live  cleft;  petals  four  or 
live  overlapping  ;  stamens  eight  or  ten,  unitedi 
into  a  tube  ;  fruit  capsular,  three-celled  ;  seeds, 
two  in  each  cell.  Known  species  about 
twenty,  the  majority  fripni  America,  the  re- 
mainder from  Africa.  The  bark  of  TrichiNn- 
ciiietica,  called  by  the  Arabs  Roka  and  Elcaija, 
is  a  violent  purgative  and  emetic.  The  Aial- 
women  mix  the  fruits  with  the  perfumes  used 
for  washing  their  liair ;  the  seeds  are  made 
into  an  ointment  with  sesamum  oil,  and  used 
as  a  remedy  for  the  itch.  '2\  cathartica  is 
also  a  purgative.  T.  moscltata,  a  Jamaica  plant, 
has  an  odour  tif  musk  wood.  7'.  Catifjoa,  now 
Moschoxylon  Cotitjoa,  the  Caatigua  of  Biazil, 
stains  leather  a  bright  yellow. 

tri-chil-i-e'-se,  s.  j)/.  [Mod.  Lat.  trlchiii(>t)  ,- 
Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  suft'.  -ea.^.] 

Bot.:  A  tribe  of  Meliace;e,  having  the  em- 
bryo without  albiunen. 

tri-chi'-na,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  BpL$ 
{thrix),  genit.  Tptxos  {trichus)  =  a  hair.] 

Zoology : 

1.  A  genus  of  Nematoidea,  established  by 
Owen  for  the  reception  of  the  minute  sjui-al 
flesh-worm,  Trichina  spiralis,  discovered  in 
human  muscle  by  Sir  James  Paget,  iti  1S35, 
when  a  student  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hos- 
pital, London. 

-■  "■•■      "    -^^^^^^ss, 


Mr.  Hdton.of 
Guy's,  had 
previously 
noticed  gritty 
particles  in 
human  nuis- 
cle,  and  recog- 
nized them  as 
the  results  of 
jiarasites,  af- 
t  e  r  w  a  r  d  s 
shown  (by 
Owen)  to  be 
young  trichi- 
na;. The  tri- 
chinae met  with  in  human  musr-le  are  nnnute 
inmiature  worms,  spirally  coiled  in  small 
oval  cysts,  scarcely  visible  tn  the  naked  eye, 
measnring  ^l  inch  in  length  and  iJir  inch 
in  breadth.      Sometimes  the  worms   are  not 


TEICHINAi 

vt,  m.  Bands  of  ninscle ;  t.  Wor 
coiled  up  )u  capsule  or  cyut. 


bSil,  bo^ ;  poftt,  joTb-l ;  cat.  ^ell,  chorus,  9liin,  bengh ;  go.  gem ;  tbin.  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian.  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;    tion,  -$ion  =  zhun.    -cioas»  -tious,  -sious  =  shua.    -ble.  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  deL 


IV.' 


trichhial— triehoglossinae 


:.tl■JHIIr^■-/^  lliL-h  III  I.-ii;;lli  iiiitl  ,1  _ 
TIk-  liiatiiiv  uuil  ri'pi'iNlilL'ttv  I' 

.(   lllC  llltrKlili;il  CJlllitl  nf   InUlu- 

-  mull,  Kiitl  livt;  fur  fuur  ur  Itvc 
-;  ttliiiity  U>  ri-ptuiluce  on  tho 
■'■iir  lutniUuttiuii.  Tliu  miilo  is 
.»i  .1  ,',  .iiiii  iliv  feiii.ilr  5  inch  lung.  Tho 
r^---*  ..I.  Iijiti-lit-tl  witltlii  tilt-  rtilnalc,  altil  ii8 
>  ■  :i  .i>  111*-  i-iiil)ryi>!i  are  cxiwlteil  lh«-y  bore 
III.  ■  u.iV  lutu  llle  laUM'le.s,  and  Ulele  in  ulxillt 
(!.:'■■  u  .lii\s  a.ssmiie  the  lurni  known  as  'I'ri- 
■■''  '  ('■'<*.  ufteii  setting  np  triehitilusis 
(.|.>.J.  Thus  the  i.ii))-  way  in  wiii.li  Iriehinie 
•  an  get  into  the  hllinnli  system  is  bv  bein^ 
nwalluweil  ahve  with  pieces  uf  impel fectly- 
.'•lolieU  nins.ie  in  which  they  are  eliiystei'l. 
The  l>ni  is  the  ntvat  smirce  of  infection  to 
man.  as  it  is  (leeulinrly  liable  to  the  piiseiice 
uf  cuc>»teU  trieliiiiie.  Adult  triiliime  ilo,  or 
limy,  infest  tlic  intestinal  canal  of  all  aniinals 
in  the  iiiuseles  of  which  the  larval  forms 
have  lieen  found.  These  aiv,  besides  ninii, 
the  pii5,  tlo^',  cat,  nibbit^  rat,  mouse,  hedge- 
hi>g,  mule,  and  txidger. 

i.  Any  indi\  idiial  of  the  genus  Trichina  [1] : 
atleshworni.  (In  this  sense  there  is  a  plural 
furnj,  /ri-cAi'.au'.) 

tri-Olli  -nal.  a.  IM.hI.  Lat.  Irichiii(tt);  Ellg. 
»uir.  -III.)  Of  or  belonging  to  the  trichina  or 
to  trichinosis, 

■•  Whilit  Vlrchow  «M  tlie  first  to  nair  HUd  recwpiize 
■pxti^Ily  iiirttnrr  iutMtluftl  uicliiuaj  lu  li  dwtf,  It  jct 

*^'" '  '  r  '  :  krrt4,  uj»eii  ui*  a  new  riMK-b  in  tlie 

:■  iluoivcry.  Lj-  .1  coiiii.lele  diiuiioaia 

iw  whii-li   [Jic-tf  |uO)u»itra  iiri;  t:«|>- 

^    lu    the    liiiuiiiu  triiiiic. '— Oiuii/i  ; 

trich-i  ni'-a  sis,  tricta-i-no'-sis,  j.  '  .Mod. 

Lat.,  liolu  tridtinit  ('l.v.).j 

I'alh. :  Fleshwonn  disease  ;  a  morbid  con- 
.liljon  produced  by  the  ingestion  of  fooil  con- 
taining Trirhiiiu  spimiis  in  lai-jie  nuantity. 
The  llrst  reconled  case  occurred  in  tlie  Dresden 
Hospital  ill  1,S60.  but  the  di.seasc  must  have 
.•xist.<i  long  iR.fore,  though  its  cause  and 
nature  were  unknown.  The  lirst  svinptoinsare 
prostrationandgcueral indisposition  ;  giaiuand 
>tillni.ss  of  the  limbs  lollow,  commonly  with 
'.••■ii.-tipatioii,  liut  ill  some  cases  with  severe 
diarrhoa  ;  then  in  favourable  ca-ses  the  gastric 
^ynlptolns  abate  and  the  muscular  pains  di- 
minish. Ill  unfavourable  cases  the  diaiiha-a 
becomes  very  severe,  and  pneumonia  often 
suijerveues.  Death  may  occur  as  early  as  the 
hfth  and  as  late  as  the  forty  second  day  of  the 
disease.  Eiiidemics  have  occurred  in  Ger- 
iiiaiiy;  one  at  Uettitadt  in  166:i  attected  IJS 
liersoiis.  of  whom  twenty-eight  died.  .\  slight 
outbreak  of  trichiuiasis  occurred  at  New  York 
in  l^nyt. 

tri-cbi -nijed,  n.  [Jiod.  Lat.  <ricijii(a); 
tug.  sun.  -ixil.]    Infested  with  trichina-. 

•■  The  liiireatitiu  o(  Ijiuiiy  triohmiied  meat  "~Oiiain 
/'It/.  J/oi.  <«l.  l&*i),  p.  l.tjs:.  *     *'■ 

tri-cbi'  nous.  a.  (.Mod.  Lat.  trkUbUa)  ■ 
bug.  a.l.j.  suir.  -oiM.]  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
nected with  trichiui£, 

trich'-ito,  a  [Gr.  »p.f  ((Arte),  genii,  rpivos 
{u,.luK.}  =  a  hair  ;  suB'.  -itt  {Petrol.).^ 

I'ttrul. :  A  name  applied  to  certain  micro- 
scopic capillary  forms  of  uncertain  nature 
fre<iuently  met  with  in  vitreous  or  semi! 
vitreous  rocks.  They  occur  curved  or  bent 
and  in  aggregated  groups.  ' 


trIoIi-i-ar'~i-dn,  <.  ;.;.  |Mod.  Lat.  Irkhi- 
u»tl^^),•  Lat.  felii.  pi.  adj.  SUIT.  -it/(t.J 

1.  l<:hthy.  :  The  single  recent  family  of  Tri- 
chiilrifornies  (<i.v.),  with  nine  genera,  from 
tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas.  Some  of  them 
are  surface-llslies,  living  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
coast,  whilst  others  descend  to  moderate 
depths,  but  all  are  powerful  and  rapacious. 

2.  I'lilavut,  :  The  family  is  llrst  represented 
in  tho  Chalk  of  Lewes  and  Maestricht.  He- 
mithvrsites  and  Trichiurichthys,  allied  to 
Thyisites  ami  'irichiurus,  but  covered  with 
scaler,  are  from  the  Miocene  of  Licata,  where 
a  s|K.*cies  of  Lepidopus  also  occurs, 

trloh-i-iir-i-for -mes,  s.  pi.  (Mod.  Lat. 
IrUhiunis  (q.v.),  and  Lat.  forma  =  form,  ap- 
pearance.] 

hhlhi/. :  A  division  of  Acantlioptervgian 
Fishes,  with  two  families,  Tricliiuriihe  and 
Paheorhynchidie.  Body  elongate,  compiesse<i, 
rpr  liaiid-like ;  mouth-cleft  wiile,  with  strong 
teeth  ;  spinous  and  soft  poitiuus  of  dorsal  and 
anal  of  nearly  equal  extent,  long,  many-rayed, 
sometinies  tenniualing  iu  Unlets ;  caudal 
forked,  if  present. 

trich-i-Ur'-us,  .*.  [Pref.  (ricAi-,  aud  Gr. 
ovpn  (vara)  =  a  tail.) 

Iduhy. :  Hair-tails ;  the  type-genus  of  Triclii- 
uridie,  with  six  species,  belonging  to  the 
tropical  marine  fauna,  but  occasionally  earned 
by  currents  to  the  northern  temperate  zone. 
Body  band-like,  tapering  to  a  tine  point ; 
dorsal  extending  whole  length  of  the  body, 
ventrals  reilueed"  to  a  pair  of  scales  or  entirely 
ab.sent,  anal  rudimentary;  long  fangs  iujaw.s, 
teeth  on  jiulatiue  bones. 

trich-6-,  trioh  i-,  tricli-,  pre/.  [Gr.  Bpi^ 
\thru),  gcnit.  Tpixds  (Iridws)  -  hair.)  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  hair;  having  processes 
more  or  less  resembling  hair. 

tricll-d-9epb'-a-lus,  s.  (Pref.  (,-ic;io-,  and 
Gr.  «e0aA7j  (kepludii)  —  the  head.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Xeiiiatoidea,  cnmprisiii'-- 
forms  in  which  two-thirds  of  the  body  is  nli- 
form,  terminating  in  a  point.  Triclwceiihalus 
duynr  alTects  man,  and  resides  chietly  in  the 
cecum,  but  rarely  canses  serious  mischief. 
It  vanes  from  au  inch  and  a  half  to  two 
inches  111  length ;  the  male  is  smaller  than 
the  female,  and  has  the  tail  spirally  contorted. 
T.  affiuis,  a  closely  allied  species,  infesting 
some  of  the  lower  animals,  has  been  known  to 
produce  serious  irritation  of  the  intestines. 

trich-O-jy'-clus,  s.  (Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
KvKAoq  {l:uk[v:>)=.  a  circle.) 

Ichtluj. :  A  genus  of  Tetrodontiiia,  liaviu- 
the  sjiiiies  elongated  like  bristles. 

trJch'o-sJst,  6-.  fPref.  tricho-,  and  Eng 
cyst^^,.y.).]  *= 

Biol.  (I'L):  The  iiaine  given  to  microscopic 
vesicular  bodies  in  the  internal  lamina  of  the 
cortical  layer  in  certain  of  the  Infusoria 
They  are  capable  of  emitting  thread-like  lila- 
iiieiits,  probably  for  oflensive  and  defensive 
purposes,  and  in  many  respects  they  closely 
resemble  the  thread-cells  of  the  Creleiiterata 


tri-chi'-tes,  s.    (Gr.  «p.-J  (thrix),  genit.  Tp^o, 
(tnc/oM)  =liair;  sulf.  -lies.] 
I'alcmnt.  :  A  sub-genus  of  Pinna,  with  live 

J™?,"-'"'  Tu  ,'!'^""«"^  "f  Enghiml  ami 
f  ranee.  Shell  thick,  inequivalve,  .somewhat 
irregular,  margins  wavy.  Full-grown  indi- 
vnliiBls  are  supposed  to  have  measured  a  yard 
a.To.ss  ;  fragments  an  inch  or  more  in  thick- 
ncss  arc  coiumon  in  the  Cotteswold  Hills. 
trloh-I-iip-^  3.    (TiticHiuRus.] 

,.^fi"','""V'  '\*';'T  "'  Bombycida;,  the  male 
with  iKctinoted   the  female  with  ciliated  au- 

If  the  male  billd  ;  the  wings  in  both  sexci 
•Icnsely  Clothed  with  scales"  Trkkilr^7r,t 
te!/i  IS  the  Pale  Mk-eggar.  It  is  gray  witli  a 
black  han.1 ;  is  aUnit  an  inch  and  a  quarter 
a<r<«s  the  expanded  wings.  Tlie  larva  feeds 
oii^iawthorn,  aloe,  and  sallow. .  Xot  coinmoi. 

frich-i-iir-ich'-thjfs,  s.     (Mod.  Lat.  tri,lu. 


tri-ch6;-da,  s.  [Gr.  Tp.;(„is,5  {trichodis)  = 
like  hair,  hairy,  hne  as  a  hair.] 

Xoul.  :  A  genus  of  Ophryoglenida?.  An 
ovate  lurrow  leading  to  the  mouth,  with  a 
vibratile  tlap  on  its  inner  wall.  Coinniou  iu 
putrid  infusions. 

tHch-o-dec-tes,  s.  (Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr 
ir,KTrn_(,l,ULs)  =  a  biter;  S«i,i.a,  {ilak,w)=  to 
bile.]  ' 

fintom.  :  A  genus  of  Mallopliaga,  family 
rnuopterida;.  Known  species  ten,  parasitic 
upon  the  dog,  the  fo.x,  the  cat,  the  weasel, 
the  ox  the  sheep,  deer,  and  the  horse! 
J  ricliO[k'ctcs  latus  is  common  on  [luppics. 

trich-6-der-ma,  .«.     (Pref.  tri.ho-,  and  Gr 
oepjia  (./.,,/,..)  =»kin.] 

Hot. :  The  fypi.cal  genus  of  Trichoderniacea! 
(q.v.J.  Peridiuni  roundish,  comiiosed  of  inter- 
woven, ramilicd,  septate  filanients;  spores 
minute  conglobated,  then  heaped  together 
1.  nnrfc  grows  on  fallen  trees. 

■  trich-6-der-ma'-9e-aB,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat. 
lrKlwdm,i(a):  I.at.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -iKece.] 

„„^"';-'  -^  '■■''*  '■'""'"■ly  Pl'iced   in   Gastro- 
ni;cetes,  ii„w  lucrgt.l  in  .Mucorini  (q.v.). 


tricho -de^,  s.    [Trichoda.] 

Kninm. :  A  genus  of  Tillida:.  Trichodes  api- 
<i«iis(=  (C'/enis  apiarius)  is  a  gieat  foe  of 
hive  bees.     It  occiu-s  in  Britain, 

trich-d-des'-ma,  s.    [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
6e(Tfi6i(desinos)  =  a  bond.] 

Hot.  :  A  genus  of  Cyiioglossea".  Ccirolla 
sub-rotate,  with  the  thro.it  naked  ;  antheis 
exsci-tcd,  with  jiointed  awns  made  to  adhere 
together  by  means  of  hairs.  Plants  tioni 
Inrlia,  Egypt,  anil  South  Africa.  An  infusion 
of  the  leaves  of  Triclujdesma  iudicitiu  is  gi\en 
ill  snake-bites,  aud  is  considered  a  diuretic, 
a  blood  purifier,  and  a  cooling  medicine.  This 
and  •/'.  :ei/laniciim  are  used  externally  as 
emollient  poultices.  The  leaves  of  T.  a/ri- 
caiiiim,  which  grows  in  the  I'tiiijaub  aud 
Scinde,  as  well  as  iu  Africa,  are  diuretic. 

trlch-o-des'-mi-uin.  s.     (Pref.  tricho-,  and 
Gr.  5to'/iioi' ((/esiaioaj  —  a  bond.] 

But. :  Sea-dust,  a  genus  of  O,scillatoiida>. 
.Microsco|iic  alg»,  the  short  threads  of  which 
are  collected  in  little  fascicles  which  float  and 
form  a  sciiiii  upon  the  surface  of  tliesea.  Ehreii- 
berg  and  Dupont  found  that  they  jiroduced  the 
red  colour  over  large  tracts  in  the  Red  Se,l. 
Darwiu  and  Hinds  fouud  tliem  in  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  Oceans,  and  they  have  also  been 
observed  111  the  Chinese  Sea.  Ebreiiberg  re- 
cognizes two  species,  Trickodesmiuiii  chren- 
berijii  mil  T.hiiuhii.  Both,  when  young  are 
blood-red,  though  the  lirst  becomes  green 
when  old.  Notwitlistaudiug  this,  they  may 
not  be  siwciHcally  distinct. 

trich-o-di'-na,  s.    [Mod.  Lat,  climin.  from 
Gr.   Spif  ithrijc),  genit.  Tpi;jds   (tricAos)  =  a 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Drceolariidse,  with  live 
species  from  salt  and  fresh  water ;  all  para- 
sitic. Animalcules  free-swiniining,  elastic, 
changeable  in  shape  ;  oral  aperture  teiniinal 
posterior  extremity  discoidal,  but  ciliated; 
contractile  vesicle  spherical,  near  terniinatiou 
of  pharynx. 

*'?,°'^"9^*''^°"*°°'    *■       fPref.    tmho-,   aud 
Mod,  Lat.  dioduii  tq.v.).] 

Ichthij.:  A  genus  of  Tetrodoutiua,  having 
the  erectile  spines  on  the  body  reduced  to 
clehcatc  hairs. 

tri-cho'-di-um,  s.     [Trichoda.] 

Bui.  :  A  sub-genus  of  Agrostis,  having  the 
upper  empty  glume  smaller  than  the  lower 
one,  and  the  palea  minute  or  wanting.  There 
are  two  British  species,  Agrostis  audmi  and 
.4.  sctacca. 

trlch'-d-ddn,  s.  (Pref.  (ricAo-,  and  Gr.  66ods 
{'mIuiis),  genit.  uSovTo^  (odoiitos)  =  ii  tooth.] 

Ichthji. :  A  genus  of  Trachiuina.  with  one 
species  troni  Kamtchatka. 

trich-6-g4s-ter,  s.    (Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 

yaarrip  ljjasttr)=  the  belly.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Labyrinthiei,  from  the 
rivers  of  Beng-al.  It  difters  from  Osphro- 
nieuus  (q.v.)  in  having  the  ventral  lins  re- 
duced to  a  single  lilameut. 

trich-6-gas'-tref,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  «,icAo-,  and 
Gr.  yojrTijp  (gcutlr),  genit.  vacrrpcis  (guslros)  = 
the  belly.] 

Bat. :  A  sub-order  of  Gasteromycetes.  The 
leathery  peridium  breaks  when  mature,  emit- 
ting a  ]iulveruleut  mass  of  spores  aud  fila- 
nients, withouta  central  column.  It  contains 
the  Puff-balls  aud  oue  or  two  species  of  escu- 
lent fungi. 

trich-og'-eil-ous,  a.  (Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
yfii'au,  (i/ciiaau)  =  to  produce.]  Promoting 
the  growth  of  hail'. 

trich-o-glos-si-dse,  s.  })(.  (Mod,  Lat. 
triclmjloss(ux) :  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sufT.  -idle.] 

Oraith.  :  In  Reiehenow's  classilication,  a 
family  ot  Psittaci  (q.v.).  Wallace  also  con- 
siders the  group  to  form  a  family,  and  makes 
It  consLst  of  six  genera,  with  Hfty  siiecies. 
these  birds  are  exclusively  conBued  to  the 
Australian  region. 

trich-o-gl6s-si-nae.  s.  ;./.    (Mod.  Lat. 

tridiu,jhis{us):  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -i,ue.] 

Oriiilh.:  Brush-tongued  Panots;  a  sub- 
family of  Psittacidie  (q.v.).  This  group  differs 
greatly  in  its  extent   in  various    classitica- 

tlons.      [S£BTOBID.E.] 


Sate,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what    fall    fnfho  -       ~ '  


trichoglossus— trichosanthes 


I'jZ 


'iJieir  plumage  is  very  beiiutifuUy  coloured, 
:iii<l  tlK-y  uie  mostly  t'ouiiil  in  Au:«tialiH  anil 
iln-  MuluiT-as,  some  few  species  extending 
thii'ii^h  the  islands  of  Hit-  rucitie. 

tricho-glos'-SUS,  ->-.     IPref.  tridio-,  and  Gr. 

y\u/a<ra  (<//(>.«*')=  the  toilgue.) 

Ontith. :  The  type-genus  of  Triehngh'ssldie 
or  Trichoghissime,  with  twenty-nine  spei-ies, 
i-anging  over  the  whole  of  the  Austro-Malay 
»"ind  Austi-alian  sub-regi'ius,  and  totlie  Society 
Islanils.  Tliey  have  an  .wtensile  brush-tipped 
ti'in,'ut*,  adapted  to  uxtract  tlie  neetur  and 
polii'ii  fruiii  iluwers. 

trich  -6-gyne,  »•.  [Pref.  trkho-,  and  Gr.  yvfi'i 
[ijHin')  :=  a  woman.] 

Hitt. :  A  liair-like  cell,  to  which  the  anthero- 
zotiids  in  the  Rose-spored  Algals  attach  tlieni- 
seh  es  aTid  traiislVr  their  contents. 

trich-d-log'-ic-al,  a,  [Eng.  tridwloiKu)  >' 
■ivul.]  Of  or  pertiiining  to  thchidugy  (q.v.). 
"  There  is.  it  appears,  a  British  rricholoificul  As- 
soointiou.  whose  president  delivered  the  adilreas ; 
and  there  is  going  to  be.  if  it  can  be  gut  np,  a  hospitil 
for  the  treatment  of  hair  diseases,"  —  Itailtf  Sews, 
Oct.  2S,  ISST. 

tri-Chdr-O-giSt,  5.  [Eng.  trichnhfidf);  -ist.] 
One  who  nuikes  a  scientiKc  study  of  hair. 

"  Yesterday  evening,  at  the  St.  James's  Reataunuit. 
the  Trichvlof/i'-te  itiet  for  the  second  time  iu  Council. 
It  is  necessary  to  exiilaiii  that  these  gentlemen  are 
uot  interested  iu  discovering  a  remedy  for  tncbiuosis 
in  I'icra,  but  for  baldness  ui  bumau  kind." — Echo, 
Oct.  JS,  1887. 

tri-Chdl-O-gy,  s.  [Pref.  trkho-,  and  Gr. 
-^0705  (/(>!/'Js)  =  a  discourse.]  The  study  of 
liunian  hair,  with  a  view  to  the  prevention  of 
baldness. 

"  X  lecture  was  delivered  last  night  iu  St.  .lamess 
Hull  on  the  striking:  subject  of  Trichotomy  ami  Bjild- 
uess.  ■  —Daily  .\tw»,  Oct  £S,  1887. 

trich-O-lo'-mg-,  5.  I  Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr.  Aijua 
[lOina)  z=  the  liein,  fjinge,  or  boixler  of  a  rolie.] 
But. ;  A  sub-genus  of  Agaricus.  Spores  wliite  ; 
the  point  of  attachment  of  the  gills  to  the 
stem  siuuated.  Tridioloma  gambosus  (=  Aga- 
i-icus  gambosus)  is  the  St.  Geoi'ge's  Agarie, 
and  one  of  the  best  among  tlie  edible  speeies. 

tri-cho'-ma,  5.    [Trichome.] 

tri'Chdm'-a-ne^,  *■■  [Pref.  tridio-,  and  Gr. 
^aios  =  few,  scanty.] 

Botani/  : 

1.  Bristle-fern  ;  a  genus  of  Hyinenophyl- 
leie.  Sori  marginal,  axile,  or  terminal;  cap- 
sules upon  au  tlongat^d  receptacle  within  a 
cylindrical  or  sub-iuceolate  one-leaved  invo- 
iucre  of  the  same  texture  as  the  frond,  and 
opening  above  ;  veins  forked.  Known  species, 
seventy-eight,  chiefly  from  warm  coujitries. 
One,  Trichomu  lies  radicans,  the  Rooting  Bristle- 
fein,is  British.  The  rootstock  is  creeping ;  the 
frond,  which  is  from  five  to  twelve  inches 
long,  is  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid.  Found  in 
Wales  and  in  Ireland,  near  KiUai'ney  and 
■U'icklow,  but  is  rare. 

2.  A  common  name  for  Asplenium  tricko- 
vuim:s. 

trich-o-man'-i-dae,  ^•.  pi. '  [Mod.  Lat.  tricho- 
in<in{f:s);  Lat.  frill,  pi,  adj.  suff. -u^c] 
But.  :  A  family  of  Jungermanuiaceae. 

trich-o-ma-ni'-te^,  .«.  [Mod.  Lat.  tricho- 
iimit(es);  suff.  -('(es.] 

I'akeobot.  :  A  genus  of  Ferns,  apparently 
akin  t^i  Trichoiuanes.  From  the  Devonian  of 
Britain  and  ^'orth  America. 

tri-chom -a-tose,  a.  [Trichoma.]  Matted 
or  agglutinated  together  ;  affected,  with  tricli- 
oma.     (Said  of  hair.) 

trich'ome,  tri-cho'-ma,  s.    [Gr.  rpix'^fj.a 

\^^^i  ii.hOintt)  =  a  growtli  uf  llair.] 

1.  Botnuy: 

(1)  The  lilameiitous  thallus  of  Algals  like 
C'-nferva. 

(1)  (Pi ) :  Hairs  ou  roots,  underground 
stems,  the  bases  of  leat'-stulks,  iS:l'. 

•2.  F'UhuL:  Plica  PolonicaOi-v.). 

^■rich-d-mdn'-as,  5.    [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Mod. 

Lat.  .H.,.u..Oi.v.).] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Triniastigidte  (q.v.).  En- 
doparasitic  animalcules,  fiee-swiniming,  soft 
and  plastic,  ovate  or  subfusifonu,  bearing  at 
tlie  anterior  extremity  two  long  sub-equal 
Magella,  a  supplementary  flagellum  depending 
from    the    posterior   extremity.      There    are 


three  species  :  Triihomonas  balruvhonnii,  from 
the  intestinal  canal  of  the  common  frog  and 
toad  ;  T.  limaci^,  from  the  intestinal  canal  <>f 
l.iindx  <((;)C.-(i>,  the  Gray  Shig  ;  and  /'.  ni- 
'Ifimli.t,  discovered  by  Dnjardin  iu  huniaii 
vaginal  mucus. 

trioh-d-mj^c'-ter-us,  .••■.    [Pref.  tricho-,  and 
Gr.  fivKTijp  {miiktei)  =  the  nose.] 

Jrhthij.  :  A  genus  uf  Silurida',  sub-family 
Opisthopterw.  They  are  sniall  South  American 
lishes,  and  many  of  the  species  arc  found  at 
altitudes  up  to  14,00U  feet  above  the  sea-level. 

trich- 6 -ne'- ma,  s.    [Pref.   tricho-,  and  Gr. 
i'i)fjia  (lu  ma)  —  tliread,  yarn.] 

1.  Bot.:  A  gcnusiif  Iridacea?.  Leaves radic:il. 
slender;  perianth,  single,  petaloid,  deeply  cleft 
into  six  segments,  the  tube  shorter  than  the 
limb.  Stamens  three,  lilaniciits  hairy  ;  stigmas 
three,  slender,  bipartite;  cai)sidc  mciid,  three- 
lobed  ;  seeds  globose.  KuMwnspiiits.twenty- 
one,  chiefly  from  Southern  Europe.  One,  Tri- 
choncma  Colunuuf,  a  small  bulbous  plant,  with 
a  single-rtuwered  scape  of  pale  bluish-purple 
and  yellow  Howers,  is  a  native  of  Dawlisli, 
Guernsey,  and  Jersey.  Trichoneina  cdnle  is 
eaten  by  the  natives  of  Socotm. 

2.  ZooL  :  The  type-genus  of  Triehonemida:' 
(q.v.).  Aniuialcules  more  or  less  ovate, 
elastic,  and  changeable  in  form  ;  oral  aper- 
ture distinct,  at  the  base  of  the  tlagellum. 
There  is  one  species,  Trichonema  hirsuta,  from 
fresh  water. 

tricli-o-ne'-ini-dse,  s. ;'/.   [Mod.  Lat.  tricho- 
ucmia);  Lat.  feni.  jd.  adj.  sutl".  -ida'.] 

ZooL:  A  faniilyofCilio-FIagellate  Infusoria. 
Animalcules  free-swiinnnng,  with  a  single 
terminal  flagellum,  the  remainder  of  the 
cuticular  surface  more  or  less  completely 
clothed  with  cilia.  There  are  two  genera, 
Trichonema  and  Mitophora. 

trich-o-no'-ti-dae,  i'.  pL     [Mod.  Lat.  tricho- 
Hvt(n:>) ;  Lat.  fcin.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida:] 

I'hthy. :  A  family  of  Aeanthopterygian 
Fishes,  division  Blenniifornies.  They  are 
small  carnivorous  lishes,  of  which  only  two 
species  are  known,  each  constituting  a  genus  ; 
Trichoiiotus  »:tigerus,  from  the  Indian  Ocean, 
having  some  of  the  anterior  dorsal  rays  pro- 
longed into  filaments,  and  Hemerocoites  acan- 
thoihuinhas,  from  New  Zealand,  sometimes 
found  far  out  at  sea  on  the  surface. 

trich-o-no'-tUS,  s.     [Pref.   tricho-,  and  Gr. 
rwTos  {iintus)=  the  baclt.]    [Trichonotid.e.] 

trich-o-nym-plia,   s.      [Pref.  tricho-,  an-l 
Lilt,  nyifijihu  —  a  piipa,  a  chrysalis.] 

ZooL  :  The  type-genus  of  Trichonymphidie 
(q.v.).  Animalcules  exceedingly  flexible  and 
elastic,  often  convolute,  mostly  separable  into 
two  distinct  regions,  consisting  of  a  smaller 
ovate  head-like  portion  and  a  larger  more  or 
less  inflated  body.  There  is  one  species, .Trt- 
chonympha  agilis,  endoparasitic  within  the 
intestines  of  white  ants. 

tricli-6-nyin'-phi-d£e,  5.  pi     [Mod.  Lat. 

(richoityinph{ii);  Lat.  feui.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -itlie.] 
ZooL  :  A  family  of  Holotrichous  Infusoria, 
with  three  genera ;  Trichonympha,  Pyrsonenia, 
and  Dinenympha.  Animalcules  freely  motile, 
but  rarely  swimming,  their  movements  being 
confined  to  twisting  and  writhing  motions ; 
cuticular  surface  ciliate,  accompanied,  a]'pa- 
rently,  iu  some  instances,  by  an  uudulatiiig 
membrane.  Occurring  as  eudoparasites  in  cer- 
tain neuropterous  insects. 

tri-choph'-or-um,  s.     [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
«fiopo5  (v'/tc;  vs)  =  bearing.] 
But.  :  The  stipe  of  certain  fungals. 

trich- 6ph-ry-a,  5.     [Pref.  trich-,  and  Gr. 
6«f.pi>5  {ophnts)—  the  eyebrow.] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Suctorial  Teutaculifera. 
Animalcules  without  a  loiica,  ovate  or 
elongate,  temporarily  affixed  iu  a  sessile 
manner  to  various  objects  without  the 
medium  of  a  pedicle ;  tentacles  suctorial,  va- 
riously distributed.  There  are  two  species  : 
Trichophryn  rpistijlidis,  living  **"  freshwater 
plants,  and  T.  digitata,  parasitic  on  fresh- 
water Entomostraca. 

tri-chop'-ter-a,  s.  jtL    [Pref.  tricho-,  and 
Gr.  TTTtpov  (jitcron)  =  a  wing.) 

Entom,  :  Caddis-flies  ;  a  group  or  sub-order 
of  Neuro]itera,  with  close  affinity  to  the  Lein- 
doptera,  through  some  of  the  lower  forms  of 


that  onler.  They  are  gmuprd  in  two  divi* 
sions;  (1)  Inacpiipulpia,  with  three  families, 
Pliryganeidu*,  Limnn])hili'Iie,  and  SericoslMm- 
idie;  ('J).Equipalpia,  with  four  famiHoH.  Lepto- 
cerid.-e,  Hydriipsyehidu*,  Rbyacoidiilidte,  and 
Uydrnpliilida-.  They  arc  for  the  most  part 
nuith'like  insects,  having  a  snuillish  head, 
with  the  mouth  downwards,  and  usually  three 
ocelli  at  the  Vertex  ;  antenna'  liiistle-slia)»cd, 
generally  long,  the  llrst  jtiint  thicker  than  the 
rest,  and  more  or  less  hbuiis]ihericftl  ;  hind 
wings  wider,  shorter,  and  more  rounded  Ihan 
the  anterior,  neuralioii  comparativel\  simple, 
surface  of  wings  generally  clothed  wilh  bail's, 
which  sometimes  simulate  scales,  in  the  males 
of  a  few  species  the  hiiuler  wings  are  rudi- 
mentary, and  in  one  genus,  Enoicyla,  the 
females  are  almost  destitute  of  win;is.  Coxfo 
lai'ge  and  conical,  meeting  in  the  middle  line 
of  the  body ;  tibiae  spurred  at  the  apex,  and 
generally  also  in  the  middle.  The  JarvH^  have 
well-developed  thonicic  legs  anti  anal  ImokK, 
but  no  pro-legs  ;  they  live  in  tubes  composed 
of  various  materials  by  difl'erent  species  ;  the 
pupa  lies  free  in  the  case,  or  sr>mctinies  in  a 
special  cocoon,  and  is  only  active  just  before 
its  metamorphosis, 

tri-chop'-ter-an,  s.  [TRirnoi'Tt-RA.]  One 
of  the  Triclioptcra  ;  a  caddis-fly. 

tri -chop '-ter- oils,  f.  [TRicHor-rKRA.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Triehoptera  (q.v  ). 

tri-chop-ter-yg -i-dae,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
trichopteryx,  genit.  trichopteryg{is);  Lat.  feni. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -iilK.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Necrojihaga,  with  ten 
genei-a.  Oblong  or  o^al  beetles,  pubescent 
or  polished  ;  antennse  with  eleven  j<>iiits,  the 
last  three  constituting  a  clul> ;  tarsi  three- 
jointed  ;  elytra  sometimes  short  ;  wings  fea- 
ther-shaped, sometimes  rudimentary  orabseiit. 

tri-Chop'-ter-yx,  ;-■.  [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
TTTtpv^  {ptcri(.r)  =  a  wing.] 

Entom.:  The  typical  family  of  Tiiiboptery- 
gida?,  with  twenty -seven  or  uioic  Biilish 
species.  Tlie  minutest  of  all  known  bictUs, 
some  of  them  only  a  tifteenth  of  au  inch  iu 
length.  They  are  found  in  decaying  vcgetiible 
matter,  the  litter  of  old  haystacks,  under 
manure  heaps,  &c. 

trich- 6-pyr'-ite  (yr  as  'ir\  s.    [Pief.  ti  tt/w-, 

and  Eu'^.  j>y rite.] 
Mill. :  The  same  as  MiLLERiTE(q.v.). 

tri'-chord,  s.  &  «.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  chord 

(q.V.).J 

A.  As  substantive : 

Music:  An  instrument  with  three  strings 
or  chords. 

B,  As  adj.  :  Having  av  characterized  by 
three  strings  or  chords. 

trichord-pianoforte,  s.  A  pianofin-te 
having  three  strings  to  each  note  for  the 
greater  part  of  its  compass. 

trich-6-san'-thes,  s.  [Pref,  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
ai^os  (a7i//io5)=  a  blossom,  a  flower.  Named 
from  the  beautifully-fringed  flowers.] 

BoL  :  A  genus  of  Cueurbitea-.  Tiailing  or 
climbing  plants,  with  twice-  or  tlnico-cleft 
tendrils ;  cordate,  entire,  or  three  to  tive- 
lobed  leaves,  and  monoecious  flowers,  the 
males  iu  racemes,  the  females  generally  soli- 
tary. The  fruit  is  either  very  long  or 
roundish.  Trichosanthes  colubriiw,  the  Ser- 
pent Cucumber,  or  the  Viper  Gourd,  from 
Central  America,  has  fruit  six  or  more  feet 
long,  when  half  ripe  streaked  with  green, 
when  fully  ripe  orange  yellow.  T.  anijuiiia, 
a  native  of  India  or  the  Indian  Archipelago, 
resembles  it,  but  the  fruits  are  only  about 
thi-ee  feet  long.  It  is  cultivated  in  the  K.ist 
for  the  fruit,  which  is  cooked  and  eaten  in 
curry;  its  seeds  are  considered  a  cooling 
medicine.  Most  of  the  otlier  species  have 
shoit  fruits.  Those  of  T.  ciicumerina,  wild 
in  India,  are  oblong  and  only  two  or  three 
inches  long  by  one  to  one  and  a  half  in  dia- 
meter. The  unripe  fruit  is  very  bitter,  but 
is  eaten  by  the  Hindoos  in  their  ciuiies.  It 
is  used  medicinally  as  a  laxative,  its  seetls 
as  antifebrile  and  anthelmintic,  and  the  ex- 
pressed juice  of  the  leaves  as  an  emetic.  The 
fruit  of  T.  dioica  is  eaten  in  India.  It  is 
also  used  medicinally.  The  large  tubers  of  T. 
cordata  are  considered  in  India  tonic,  and  the 
root  and  stem  of  7*.  pahiwtaA\e  used  indisea.se3 
of  cattle,  as  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  &c. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t, 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhdn.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble.  -die,  .tc.  =  bel,  deL 


^l 


191 


trichosis— triclinate 


til  CilO-SlA.  *        hir-   Tpi^wtftt  {Jruh0.ns)=li 
m.tkiii>;  or  IxiD^;  Imiry.) 
/Vifi.J.  •    A  nnmo  civen   ty  Sir  Enwimis 

WiN.>!i  !■'  7;iiAi  fotiiuroHJ. 

Uich  ds-td-m^  ».  (Prvf.  (ricAo.,  nml  iiv. 
^Ofiik  {*!*'ma}—  tlu'  iiKMith.] 

I.  >:-!fom. ;  A  Rcnu!*  of  Tn»hi»p(4«ni.  3lHxil- 
l.iiy  iwlpiJthnv-joinU'U  in  the  iiial**,  lln'  tn- 
iiiihi!  jnint  .stout  ami  mon-  <l('Ufi«*ly  vlotlk-'l 
•i  i(  Ii  hair  at  thi'  api-x  tlittii  at  tho  Uxsw 

*J.  '>riMfA. ;  A  Rfims  I'f  Tiiiu'liuiu',  fr<HM  llif 
3l;ii;ty  r<-iiiii-iii]:t  and  Africa. 

trlch-6-st6  -md-i.  •<.  W-    iMwi.  ut.  tridu,- 

.•(iiNttint  ;  L:Lt.  iiiUM'.  pi.  ailj.  tttltl.  -ff-I 

/Irtf. :  A  tiilK'  uf  Moiisfs.  Pi-ristonn-'  with 
tlurty  lUiforni  l»'i*Hi,  ufton  arrangcil  in  i»uii>. 
aii<l  soniPtitiHs  twiHlfd.  Kouud  iu  Kut»ti'i', 
utt.ii  in  WiiU  latituiU'S. 

trich  OS  to  milm,  -*•    iTBiniosToMA.l 

/:'..  A  tvjM.jI  genus  of  Trichosdniifi. 
Ttitli  slmi-lit.  Known  si>erit:*  nine.  They 
grow  (.n  thf  ground  and  on  stones. 

triotl-6-tluU'-a-inttS.  s.     [Pn-T.  tricho-,  luid 

ll-t.  :  A  -M-ction  tif  the  genus  Potenlilln. 
tShrtil>l»y  sjn-ciej..  Petals  tlve,  ttrbicular,  yel- 
low ;  aihenes  many,  hairy,  on  a  very  liispid 
recrptacle.      (Hie    Uritish  (tpecies,  rutcntillu 

trl-cbot  -6-mous,  ".    [Tricuotomv.] 

it<-'.  :  H.uin-'thc  divisions  always  in  threes. 

tri  Chot  -6-iny,  ■■.  [Gr.  Tpi\a((rtV/(n)  =  tliree- 
f.iid.  au.l  TOfin  i,tome)=ii  cutting.)  Division 
iutu  three  iKirtf. 

'■.H..iiirili<tur1»  thf  ortlcrof  imlurv  by  dlcliotrmile*. 
trieh'-t'^tni^'t.  WWII*,  twelves."— H'u«*. 

trich  dt -ro-pis,  s.  (Pref.  tncho-,  and  Gr. 
7poi!<<  {'">]'i<)  =  .1  ship's  keel.) 

Ztxtt-if-  I'ahront.:  A  genusof  Muncid;e.  witli 
fourteen  recent  species,  widely  disliibuted  in 
Arctk'  and  Iwireal  seas.  Shell  thin,  unibili- 
cat^d.  siiirally  furrowed  ;  the  ridges  with 
epidermal  fringes ;  wlnniella  obliquely  trun- 
cated: ojierculum  lamellar;  animal  with  short, 
broad  head,  tentacle.s  distant,  eyes  in  the 
n)iddl(>;  probttscis  long,  retractile.  One  fossil 
specic>>.  from  the  Miocene  of  Britiiin. 

tri'-Chro-ism,  .'>".  [Gr.  rpci?  ((reij»)  =  three, 
and  xp^o-  (•liroc)  =  colour.) 

Cry-it al log. ;  The  property  possessed  by  some 
crystals nf  exhibiting  diffeient  colours  in  t  liiee 
diffei-ent  directions  when  viewed  by  trans- 
mitted light. 

triob'-j^S,  s.  (Pi-ef.  trich;  and  Gr.  u«  {hus)  = 
a  swin-*.] 

Z(Kih :  A  (jentis  of  Hy.stricinpe,  witli  one 
sjweies.  Trichys  lijwra,  from  Borneo.  It  re- 
senibh's  Athenira  externally,  but  difl'ers  in 
many  cinnial  characters. 

trick,  •  tricke,  ••.  &  n.  fl)ut.  /rH-  =  atrick. 
a  pulliru,  ,1  iM.;,  from  the  same  root  as 
/iai./<fiif  (.'|-\.):  cf.  Dut.  streek  =  a.  trick,  a 
prank  :  Ger.  streU-k  =  a  stroke,  a  trick.) 

A.  As  sifbstantive : 

I.  Onlinnr}!  Ln>}f!un{je : 

1.  An  artifice,  a  stnitagem,  an  artf^il  device ; 
es|»fcially  a  fraudulent  contrivance  for  an  evil 
purpose  ;  an  underhand  sehenifc  to  deceive  or 
nniK)se  on  others. 

"  Some  trickt,  some  quillet^  how  to  che.it  the  devil." 
aha^ietp. :  l/>pci  lAibour't  Lott,  iv.  l^ 

2.  A  knack,  an  art ;  a  dexterous  contrivance 
or  artrtiee. 

"  Knows  the  fnV*  to  lOHke  my  lady  bvugh." 

Shak^tp. :  I^vvs  Litbourt  Lost,  v.  2, 

X  A  sleight  of  hand  ;  the  legerdemain  of  a 
juggler.     (Shnkt>!tp. :  Trnihis  £  Cressida,  v.  2.) 

4.  A  particular  habit,  custom,  characteristic 
X»tactice  or  manner. 

"  Her  inCoiit  Iwibe 
H.id  f rooL  ita  mother  canclit  tlie  trick  of  grief. 
Atiil  siithed  :utioii9  ita  iilnythiiiirs." 

fiordiiifiirlh  :  Ezntrtioii,  i. 

5.  A  iK-rsonal  iK-puharity  or  characteristic  ; 
a  tniit  of  character  ;  a  touch,  a  dash, 

"  He  hath  k  (rid:  of  Ca'iir-tle-Iii.irs  face." 

Shiik>-»,,.  :  Kin;/  John.  1.  I, 

6.  Anything  done  nnt  dclib'-rately.  but  out 
of  [Kis.sion  or  caprice  ;  a  vifinus  or  foolish 
action  or  practice. 

"  It  wu  a  mfiil  fimt'uttleAt  frirk  of  him." 

.•Vtativp.:  iteaiure  for  Sleitture.  iii.  2. 


7.  Anything  nuselin-vously  and  roguishly 
done  to  cross  and  disappoint  another. 

■■  I  remruiiNT  the  (rift  you  nervfil  mv.'—iihakrtp.  : 
7«>  Urittlrtiirn.  iv.  4. 

S.  A  pi-ank,  a  frolic,  a  joke.     (Generally  in 
the  plunil.) 
'■  At  Southirnrk.  therefiTe.  iw  hU  frhU  he  ohowi-.!. 
To  ple.iw  out  iiiftktent,  aiitrhli  frti:liilN  llie  i-nmil. 
t'rior:  Mrrry  Auitrvic. 

9.  A  feat  of  skill. 

"Till"  in  like  Merry  Aiidn-w  on  the  hnv  rope.  copy- 
Ins'  lut.lK-ily  tlio  Mine  trick*  wlilL-h  Ioh  iiifwtcr  is  no 
oesteruusly  iK-rformUiK  mi  the  M^u.  —  unjaen . 
firyil:  .Kfiriii.    UK"!.) 

•  10.  A  toy,  a  triHe,  a  plaything. 

■■  A  knitck.  II  tov.  ft  trit'k:' 

^shnketp. :  Taming  of  the  Shren;  iv.  n. 

'11.  A  knick-knack,  a  triHe;  any  little 
ornamental  article. 

■•Butlt«tlr«  iiie  moro  tht»ii  n\\  your  court -curls,  or 
your  spMnales,  ur  your  trickt."— lien  Jonsou :  I'ovtuster. 
lii.  I. 

'  12.  A  .^tain,  a  slur. 

■'  If  ber  eondui't  hiut  put  ft  triek  uiKin  her  virtue."— 
Vitnbntgh:  Provoked  Wi/e.  v. 

II.  TechnkaUii: 

1.  Cards:  The  whtde  number  of  cards  played 
in  one  round,  and  consisting  of  as  many  cards 
as  there  are  jtlayers. 

"If  you  score  liiriU  to- morrow  as  fast  us  you've  lUftde 
trickJi  t*)-niKlit,  lui  thinking  oui  Iwg  will  he  a  pretty 
couaiderable  oue  '.' —Field.  Dec.  2C.  188.S. 

2.  Xunt. :  A  spell,  a  turn  ;  the  time  allotted 
to  a  man  lo  stand  at  the  wheel. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Neat,  trim. 

_  "A  trick  .-nid  bouuy  lass 

Ah  iu  a  suiumer  day  a  man  might  Bee." 

Sidttet;  '  Arcadia,  in. 

(1)  The  v-hoJe  box  of  triiks:  The  whole  ar- 
rangement; the  complete  thing. 

(2)  To  knoic  a  trick  irorth  two  of  that:  To 
know  of  some  better  expedient;  a  phrase 
used  when  one  declines  to  do  what  is  pro- 
posed or  spoken  of. 

'■  Soft ;  I  know  a  trick  worth  two  of  t!int."—Shukcsp.  : 
1  //wr//  /r..  ii.  1. 


trick-madam. 


[Tr.TP-MADAM.] 


trick  track,  trie-track,  s.  A  game 
at  taliU-s  ;  a  game  i>t  backganunon,  played 
bi'th  with  men  and  pegs,  and  more  comidi- 
catfd.     Also  called  Tick-tack. 

trick,  rJ.  &  (.     ITrick,  s.] 

A.  Transitire : 

1.  To  cheat,  to  deceive,  to  impose  on,  to 
defraud. 

2.  To  dress  out ;  to  deck  ;  to  adtun  fantas- 
tically ;  to  set  off.  (Often  followed  by  oJ\  out, 
or  up,) 

"It  is  much  easier  to  oppose  it  as  it  stamls  trirknl 
up  in  that  schulubtic  forui.  thaU'H3  it  stands  in  Si.-ii[)- 
tuie.'—n'aterland:  Works,  v.  53. 

3.  To  draw  in  outline,  as  with  a  pen  ;  to 
delineate  without  colour,  as  heraldic  arms  ; 
to  blazon. 

"They  forget  they  are  in  the  statute,  the  rascals  ; 
they  ure  hlazoned  there  ;  there  they  are  trickrd,  rhey 
and  their  pedigrees." — lien  Joiison  :  Poetaster,  i.  l. 

B,  Intmns.:  To  live  by  trickery,  deception, 
or  fraud. 

trick-er  (1),  5.  [Eug.  tricl;  v.  ;  -er.)  One 
who  tricks  ;  a  cheat,  a  trickster. 

■  trick'-er  (2),  s.    [Trigger.]    A  trigger. 
"  fl")  did  the  knight,  and  with  one  claw 
The  trivker  uf  his  pistol  dniw." 

Diiticr:  Hitdibras,  I.  iii.  52S. 

trick'~er-y,  .'^.  [Eng.  trk-l; :  -cnj.]  The  prac-tice 
oftricks  or  cheating  devices;  imposture,  fiaud, 
cheating. 

"  As  little  trickern  on  the  p.art  of  returning  officers." 
—ilarauUty:  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiiL 

trick'-i-ly,  arfc.  [Eng.  tricky;  -bj.]  In  a 
tricky  manner. 

trick' -i-ness,  s,  [Eng.  tricky;  -ncss.]  The 
quality  or  st-ite  of  being  tricky  ;  trickery. 


"  trick'-ing,  rr.  &  s.    [Trick,  v.] 

A.  .4s  adj.  :  Full  of  tricks ;  deceitful, 
eheating,  tricky. 

"  We  presently  discovered  that  they  were  as  expert 
thievea,  and  as  fyickiny  in  their  exchanges,  as  any 
iieople  we  had  yet  met  with."— C'oofc;  Sccotid  Voyuife, 
i)k.  ii.,  ch.  vii, 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Trickery,  tricks,  deceit. 

2.  Dress,  ornament. 

"  Go.  get  H9  properties. 
And  tricking  for  our  fairies." 

Shnkrsfj.  :    -Merry  Wives,  iv.  4, 


trick'-ish. 'r.  (Enj;.  trick:  -ish.]  Full  of  or 
given  to  tricks;  given  to  deception  or  cheat- 
ing ;  trieky,  knavish. 

■■  All  hi>  says  ib  in  bo  loose  and  allppery  and  triekith  .t 
way  of  rciwoiiiug."— -1'f(v6i(r.v  .■  To  Pope,  Marclt  20.  X'l\. 

trick'-iah-ly.  adr.  (Eng.  triekith;  -k/.]  In 
a  tricki-sh  or  tricky  manner ;  artfullj , 
knavishly. 

trick -ish-ness.  s.  [Eng.  trickish  :  -ness.] 
YUr  ipiality'ir  stnte  of  Iwing  tricky;  tricki- 

lirSS  ;    I(!Kl\  isllUL'SS. 

"  r.i:iii>li'il  tlx'  whole  trilte  with  charges  of  duplicity. 
ni;iii.i^'iiiit  lit,   .irtilice.  and  trickithru-ss,  appruaohiiig 
[iiitnti'ii  of  amiut  knavery,"— A'noa:.-  Winter 


Ar. 


.  Cvi 


tric'-kle,  v.i.  [For  strickle,  a  frequent,  of 
Mid.  Eug.  s(rtA:e  =  to  flow,  from  A.iS.  striciin 
-  to  strike  (q.v.).    (Skcat.)] 

1.  To  flow  iu  a  small  gentle  stream  ;  to  flow 
or  run  down  in  drops. 

"  Here,  however,  we  found  fresh  water,  which 
trickled  down  from  the  tojj  of  the  rocka." — Cook .~ 
First  Voyage,  hk.  iii.,  ch.  i. 

*  2.  To  flow  gently  and  slowly. 

"  How  fiuent  nonsense  f ri't-Wes  f rom  hia  tongue  I" 
Pope:  Danciad,  iii.  201. 

tric'-kle,  s.  [Trickle,  r.]  A  small,  gentle 
.stn-aiii ;  a  streamlet. 

*  trie  -kle-ness,    *  tric-kel-nesse.    s. 

[Eng.  trickle;  -ness.]     A  state  of  trickling  or 
piissnig  aw;iy ;  transitoriness. 

'■  To  mind  thy  flight,  and  this  life'."*  trickefnpsse." 
Dai'ies:   Wittes  Pilgrimage,  p.  45. 

trick-let,  s.  [Eug.  trickXl<^):  diinin.  suff.  -let.} 
A  little  stream  ;  a  streamlet. 

"  For  all  their  losing  themselves  and  hiding,  ami 
intermitting,  their  presence  is  distinctly  felt  on  .«. 
Yorkshire  moor;  one  sees  the  places  they  have  heen 
in  yesterday,  the  wells  where  tlicy  will  flow  after  the- 
next  shower,  and  a  tricklet  here  at  the  l»ttom  of  ;i. 
crag,  or  a  tinkle  there  from  tlit-  top  of  it." — /iiiskiii. 
in  .S7.  ./<in)rss  O'dzette.  Feh.  ;>,  1B86. 

trick' -ment,     s.       [Eug.     trick;      ■men/.} 

Decoration,  especially  an  Jieialdic  decoration. 

"  No  tomh  shall  hold  thee 

But  these  two  arms,  no  trickments  but  my  tejirs 

Over  thy  hearse."      Beuiim.  i- Flct. :  Mad  Lover,  i. 

trick'-si-ness,  s.  [¥.iv^.  tricksy;  -ncss.)  The 
(luality  or  state  of  being  tricksy  or  tricky ; 
trickiness. 


"^  trick'~8ome,  «.    [Eng.  trick ;  -some ,\    Full 
of  tricks ;  trieky. 


trick-Ster,  s.  [Eng.  trick;  -ster.\  One  who- 
practises  or  is  given  to  tricks  or  trickery;  a 
knave,  a  cheat. 

"  Aiiotlier  of  these  tricksters  wrote  and  puhlishei^ 
a  jiiece  entitled  The  Assembly  Wan."— A'o6(hso»  .* 
Trauslntio/i  of  Claude,  ii.  9D. 

"  trick' -Ster,  v.i.  [Trickster,  s.)  To  play 
trieks  witli  or  in  collusion  with. 

"I  like  not  this  lady's  tampering  and /rJctsfeWns- 
with  this  sjiuie  Edtuund  Tressili.an. "—ScoH."  Kenil- 
worth,  fli.  xxxvi. 

trick' -sy,  *  trick-Sie, «.    [Eng.  tricks;  -y.} 

1.  Full  of  tricks  and  devices;  very  artful; 
tricky. 

"  All  this  service  have  I  done  since  I  went. 
My  tricksy  spirit."  Hhukeiip. :  Tempest,  v. 

2.  Dainty,  neat ;  elegantly  quaint. 

"  There  w.os  a  trieksie  girle,  I  wot." 

Warner:  Atbious  England,  bk.  vi.,  ch.  xxxi 

trick' -^,  a.    [Eng.  trick;  -?/.) 

1.  Given  to  tricks ;  practising  tricksv 
trickish,  knavish,  shifty;  not  to  be  depended 
on.     (Said  of  pei-sons.) 

2.  Shifty  ;  not  to  be  depended  on.  (Said  of 
things.) 

"  The  wind  w.^  as  tricky  as  ever,  while  at  one  time 
rain  fell  heavily.'  —Daily  Telegraph.  Sept.  7,  1885. 

3.  Given  to  playing  mischievous  pranks; 
mischievously  playful. 

tn'-Cl&S-ite,  s.  [Pref.  tri- :  Gr.  KAao-is  {klasi.-) 
=  0.  cleavage,  and  sufT.  -ite  (Min.)  ;  Ger.  tri- 

klasit.] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  to  a  fahlunite,  from 
Fahlun.  Sweden,  because  of  its  three  cleavages ; 
but  these  belonged  to  the  dichroite  from 
which  it  was  derived,  and  is  not  therefore  a 
specific  character. 

tri-clin'-ate,    a.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  k\Cv!» 
{kliur,)—'U}  bend.) 
CrystiiU.  :  The  same  as  Triclinic  (q.v.). 


fate,  fat,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  vinite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.     £e,  ce  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tricliniary— tridecyl 


105 


tri-olin'-i-ar-y',  n.  [Lat.  tricUniaris,  from 
fWc/(")it»m(q.v.).]  Pfitaininjr  to  a  triclinium, 
or  to  the  ancient  mode  of  reclining  at  tuble, 

tri-clin'-ic,  i.  [Pref.  Iri-,  ami  Gr.  K\ifui 
{kiiti6)=  to  slope,  to  incline.] 

Crn.='Uiflo(j,  :  X  term  applietl  to  one  of  tlie 
six  systems  of  crystallography,  in  which  tin- 
three  crystalhi^rapliic  axes  are  unequal,  an^l 
inclined  at  anodes  which  are  not  right  an-^di-s, 
so  that  the  forms  are  oblique  in  every  direc- 
tion, and  havfc  no  plane  of  symmetry. 

tri-clin'-i-um,  .'^.  [Lat.,  fi-om  Gr.  TpiK\ivtoy 
{h-iUbiion).  from  rpi-  (tri-)  =  three,  and 
kAu'w(/.7iiio)  =  to  reLdiue.] 

Rom.  Antiii.  :  In  early  times,  the  whole 
family  sat  together  in  the  Atriiun,  or  public 
n-om  ;  but  when  mansions  were  built  ui>on  a 
large  scale,  one  or 
more  spacious  ban- 
tiiieting  halls  com- 
iiiitnly  fi)rmed  part 
of  tlie  plan,  suili 
;ipartments  being 
classed  under  the 
general  title  of  Tri- 
clinia. The  word 
Tricliniuni.  how- 
ever, in  its  strict 
significati<in,  de- 
iiiitesnot  tlieapart- 
iiient,  but  a  set  uf 
low  divans  or 
couches  grouped 
round  a  table  ; 
tliese  couches,  ac- 
cording to  the  usual 
arrangement,  being  three  in  number,  and  ar- 
langed  round  thri:'e  sides  of  the  table,  the 
fotu'th  side  being  left  open  for  the  ingre.ss  and 
egress  of  the  attendants,  to  set  down  and  re- 


\\\i 

A 

PLAN  OF  TKICLIMLM. 
A.  Table ;  b,  c.  d.  Coiiclies.  Of 
these,  B  wivs  ieckoiie<l  tlie 
first,  or  hiitJient;  r.  the  se- 
coud  ;  and  u.  llie  third.  At 
each  couch  the  middle  place 
was  Luiiaidered  the  luoat 
huUQiirable. 


TBICLIN'U  M  (WITH   GUESTS    AT  TABLE). 


move  the  dishes.  E.ich  couch  wns  calculated 
to  hold  three  persons,  although  four  might  Xte 
squeezed  in.  Men  always  reclined  at  table, 
resting  on  the  left  elbow,  their  bodies  slightly 
f  levated  by  cushions,  and  their  limbs  stretched 
nut  at  full  length. 

tri-clin-6-he'-dric,  a.  [Gr.  rpt-  (tri-)  — 
Itnet-;  kAlvio  (kliiw)  =to  incline,  and  tSpa 
(lo'.lni)  =a  base.) 

CnjstalL  :  The  same  as  Tbiclinic  (q.v.). 

*  tri-COC'-^BB,  ^".  p?.  [Pref.  tri-^  and  Gr.  k6kko% 
(A-nao.^)i=aberry.] 

But.  :  The  forty-seventh  ci-der  in  Linnieus's 
Natural  System.  Genera :  Gambogia,  Eu- 
phorbia, Cliftbrtia,  Sterculia,  &c. 

tri-coc'-cous,  a.    [Tricocc.e.] 

Bot.  {Of  a  fndt) :  Consisting  of  three  cocci. 
[Coccus,  2.] 

tri-coc'-cus,  s.    [Tricocc.e.] 

B*:it.  :  A  fruit  consisting  of  three  cocci,  or 
clastically  dehiscing  sliells. 

tri'-c6-l6ur.  tri-c6-ldr,  .''.  &  a.  [Fr.  tri- 
vlore  (for  drapmu  tricolore)  =  the  three- 
coloured  (flag),  ffbm  Lat.  tri.  =  three,  and 
ajlornn,  accus,  of  co/or  =  colour.] 

A,  As  substaniive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  flag  or  banner  having  three 
coloui-s  ;  specif.,  a  flag  having  three  colours 
ananged  iu  equal  stripes  or  masses.  The 
present  European,  tricolour  ensigns  are,  for— 
Belgium,  black,  yellow,  red,  divided  verti- 
cally ;  France,  blue,  white,  red,  divided  ver- 
tically ;  IloUand,  red,  white,  blue,  divided 
hcriziiiitally  ;  Italy,  green,  white,  red,  divided 


vertically.  During  the  revolution  of  1780  in 
France,  tlie  revolutionists  adopted  as  their 
colours  the  three  colours  of  the  city  of  Paris 
for  their  symbol.  The  three  colours  were  tirst 
devised  by  Mary  Stuart,  wife  of  Francis  IL 
Tlie  white  represented  the  royal  house  of 
France;  the  blue,  Scotland;  and  the  red, 
Switzerland,  in  ct^nipliment  to  the  Swiss 
guards,  whose  livery  it  was. 

•'  If  ever  lirei\th  of  British  pale 
Shall  fail  the  triroUmi:' 
Scott :  Song  of  liowil  Edinburgh  Lighi  Oragooni. 

2.  But. :  Amaru  II til  us  tricolor,  a  species 
from  China,  with  bright  foliage,  but  insigni- 
ticant  flowers. 

B.  -I.^  (I'lj. :   Having  three  colours ;    tri- 

colniu-eil. 

tri -co-loured,  n.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
colnun-d  (q.\'.).J     Having  three  colours. 

tri-c6n'-dy-la,  s.     [Gr.  TptKorSuAos  (triion- 

(/(f/(..s)=  with  three  knuckles  or  joints  :  pref. 
//■/-.  and  Gr.  icocfiyAos  {kondulus).']  [Condvlk.] 
Entom..  :  A  genus  of  Cicindelida?,  with  very 
]>r(iiriineiit  eyes.  From  Southern  Asia  and 
the  Malay  Archipelago. 

tri'CO'-no-don,  .*;.  [Pref.  tri- :  Gr.  kwi'os 
{l.uitns)  =  a  cone,  and  sufl'.  -ot'oo.] 

VaUeont.  :  The  name  proposed  for  "a  small 
zoophagous  mammal,  whose  generic  distinc- 
tion is  shown  by  the  shape  of  the  crowns  of 
the  molar  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw,  which  con- 
sist of  three  nearly  equal  cnnes  on  the  same 
longitudinal  row,  the  middle  one  being  very 
little  larger  than  the  front  and  hind  cou''." 
(Ciwen.)  The  animal  was  marsupi;il,  and  the 
remains  are  from  the  Purbcek  dirt-bed. 

tri-cd'-no-dont,  a.  [Triconodon.]  Of,  be- 
longing to,  or  resembling  the  genus  Triconodon 
(q.v.);  having  molar  teeth  with  three  cones. 

"  The  fourth  iiremolar  of  Trifvcanthodoii  approaches 
tlie  tric'iii'Mlont.  or  tme  luoUt  type."  — Qmii*.  Jour. 
Heal.  Soc,  1881,  p.  378. 

'  tri  -com,  a.      [Lat.   Iriconiis,   from  tri-  = 

three,  and  cnrnw  =  a  horn.] 

Anxt.  :  Having  three  horns  or  horn-like 
prominences.  (Said  of  the  lateral  venticles  of 
the  brain.) 

*  tri-COr-nig'-er-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  tricomiger, 
finm  tri-  =  three  ;  cornii  =  a  liorn,  and  yero  = 
to  carry.]    Having  three  horns. 

tri-cor -por-al,  tri-cor  -p6r-atc,(i.  [Lat. 

ti-icorpor,  froni  tri-  =  three,  and  corpus,  genit. 
corporis  —  a  body.] 

•  1.  Ord.  Ijing.  :  H;iv- 
ing  tliree  bodies. 

2.  Her. :  A  term  applied 
when  the  bodies  of  three 
beasts  are  represented  is- 
suing from  the  dexter, 
sinister,  and  base  points 
of  the  escutcheon,  and 
meeting,  ciMijoined  to  one 
head  in  the  centre  point. 

tri-cos'-tate,  a.     (Pref.  tri-,  and  Lat.  costatus 
=  having  ribs  ;  costa  =  a  rib.] 
Bot.  :  Having  three  ribs  ;  three-ribbed. 

tri-crot'-ic,  a,  [Pref.  tri',  and  Gr.  wporos 
(Icrotos)  =  a  sound  produced  by  striking.] 

PkijsioL  (Of  a  pidse):  Forming  in  its  move- 
ments a  figure  having  one  primary  and  two 
secondary  crests,  three  in  all.    (Foster.) 

tri-CUS'-pid,  a.  [Lat.  tricuspis:  pref.  tri-  = 
three,  and  cus^is,  genit.  cnspidis  —  SL  point.] 
Having  three  cusps  or  iwints. 

tricuspid-murmur,  5. 

Physiol,  d-  Pathol. :  A  murmur  sometimes 
heard  in  tricuspid  valvular  disease. 

trlcuspid-valve,  s. 

Anat.  :  The  valve  guarding  the  right  auri- 
culo-ventricular  opening  of  the  right  ventricle 
of  the  heart.  It  consists  of  tliiee  triangular 
segments  nr  tlaps. 

tricuspid  valvular  disoase,  s. 

Pathol. :  A  morbid  st;ite  of  the  tricuspid 
valve  leading  to  regurgitation  of  the  right 
auriculwtventricular  aperture.     It  is  rare. 

tri-cu«' -pi-date,  n.    [TRicuapiD.] 
But.  :  Having  three  points. 

tri'-yy-cle,  s.  [Gr.  rpi-  (tri-)  =  three,  and 
(cukaos  (Iniklos)  =  a  circle,  a  wheel.]    A  three- 


TRICOHI'URAL. 


wheeled  machine  for  travelling  on  the  road. 
It  is  an  improvement  on  the  old  velocipede, 
and  was  introduced  in  its  present  form  about 
1S7S.  The  earliest  patterns  were  rear-steer- 
ing [Stkkrino,  '_*],  but  were  soon  superseded 
by  front-steering  machii^s,  the  latter  being 
steadier,  and  having  better  hill  -  climbing 
qualities.  Tricycles  were  tirst  worked  by 
levers  carrying  pedals,  which  were  connect<rd 
by  chains  to  a  cranked  axle.  This  form 
of  machine  was  very  powerful,  but  tiring  to 
the  knees,  and  siH-edily  gave  way  to  the 
rotary  action,  which  consists  of  a  cranked 
axle,  the  pedals  being  fastened  on  it.  This 
axle  has  also  a  tootlied  wheel,  sometimes 
placed  in  the  centre  and  then  called  central- 
geared,  sometimes  at  the  end,  this  wheel  in 
most  machines  catches  in  each  link  of  a  chain, 
and  the  chain  runs  over  a  corresponding 
toothed  wheel  fixed  on  the  axle  of  the  driving 
wheel.  The  various  types  arc  now  merged 
chietiy  into  one  with  the  steering-wheel  in 
front,  steered  direct  by  its  fork  ;  but  since 
the  advent  of  the  safety  bicycle,  the  tricycle 
has  become  almost  obsolete. 
tri-9y-cle,  v.i.  [Trkvcle,  s.]  To  ride  or 
travel  on  a  tricycle. 

tri'-9y-clist,  .'•■.  [Eng.  tricyclic);  -ist.]  One 
who  rides  on  a  tricycle. 

■■  The  hi£t  pruttgii  of  the  British  Crowu— the  Khe- 
dive Tewhk— is,  we  may  add,  a  trU'i/clut  aUo."— /'uW 
J/'iil  Uuzette.  JikU.  16,  1BS4.  __ 

tri-dac'-na,  5.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  TpiStucca  (tri- 
ilakna),  from  TpiSatro?  (tridulntos)  =^ecitt:n  ai 
tliree  bites,  used  of  large  oysters  ;  pref  tri-, 
and  Gr.  iaKfui  (dakiiO)  =  to  bite.] 

1.  Zool.  :  Giant-clam  ;  the  sole-genus  of  the 
family  Tridacnidfe  (q.v.),  with  seven  specie-s, 
fnun  the  Indian  Ocean,  China  Seas,  and  tlie 
Pacific.  Shell  massive,  extremely  hard, 
calcified  until  almost  every  trace  of  organic 
structure  is  obliterated;  trignnal,  ornamented 
with  radiating  ribs  and  imbricating  foliations. 
mai"gins  deeply  indented  ;  liyssal  sinus  in  each 
valve,  large,  close  to  the  umbo  in  front ;  hinge 
teeth  1-1.  This  genus  attains  a  greater  size 
than  any  other  bivalve.  Tridaciia  gi{jas,  from 
the  Indian  Ocean,  the  shell  of  which  often 
weighs  500  lbs.,  contains  an  animal  weighing 
about  twenty  pounds,  which,  according  Ui 
Captain  Cook,  is  very  good  eating.  Darwin 
(Journal,  p.  4U0)  says  i>f  this  species  :  "  We 
stayed  a  long  time  in  the  lagoon,  examining 
.  .  .  the  gigantic  chun-shells,  into  which  if  a 
man  were  to  put  his  hand,  he  would  not  as 
long  as  the  animal  lived  be  able  to  withdraw 
it."  The  Paphian  Venus,  springing  from  the 
sea,  is  usually  represented  i\^  issuing  from  the 
opening  valves  of  a  Tridacna.  The  natives  of 
tlie  Eastern  Archipelago  often  use  the  valve* 
as  bathing-tubs ;  in  London  they  may  occa- 
sionally be  seen  in  fishmongers'  windows,  and 
two,  measuring  about  two  feet  across,  are. 
used  as  holy-water  stoups  in  the  Church  of 
St.  Sulxuce'in  Paris. 

2.  PalcEont. :  A  few  species  from  the  later 
Tertiaries  of  Poland. 

tri-dac'-ni-dSB,  s.  ^'^  [Mod.  Lat.  tridacn{n); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutt".  -tdt*.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Conchiferous  Molluscs, 
group  Integro-pallialia  (q.v.).  Shell  regular, 
equivalve,  truncated  in  front ;  ligament  ex- 
ternal ;  sometimes  the  animal  is  attached  by  a 
byssus,  at  others  it  is  free.  One  genus  Tri- 
dacna (q.v.)  with  aaub-genns  Hippf)pus  (q.v.). 

tri-dac -tjrl,  tri-dic-tyle,  tri-dic- 
tyl-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  Tpi-  (tri-)  —  three,  and 
bdK7v\os  (daktidos)  =  a  finger,  a  tne.]  Having 
three  toes  or  fingers  ;  three-lingered,  or  cont- 
p<ised  of  three  movable  parts  atlaclied  to  a 
common  base. 

tri-dac'-tyl-us,  ••■.    [Tridactvl.] 

Entoiii.. :  A  genus  of  Gryllidie,  with  no  tnrsi 
on  the  hind  legs,  but  in  place  of  them  two  uv 
more  pointed  movable  appendages. 

tride,  o.  [Ft.  =  lively  (said  of  a  horse's  gait), 
Irum  Lat.  tritns  =  practised,  trite  (q.v.). J 

Hunt.:  Short  and  ready  ;  fleet :  as,  a  tride 
pace. 

tri-de'-9yl.  s-  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eog.  dccijL] 
A  compound  contaiuing  thirteen  atoms  of 
carbon. 

tridecyl-hydride,  s. 

Chrm. :  Ci:jH.js  =  Ci;|H.j:H,  Hydride  of  co- 
cinyl.      A    hydrocarbon    of    the    marsh-gas 


boil,  boy;  po^t,  jowl;  cat,  9911,  chorus,  9hln,  ben^li;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  —  C 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tlon.  -sion  =  shun;  -tion.  -sion  —  zhiin.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die,  <S:c.  =  bel,  del. 


.196 


trident— triffoly 


«rrif*.  miMirriiiK  in  Ainfrii*«n  |»etroleum.  It 
l*i.iU  ft!  2\s  ,  bus  Uie  »Kl«nir  of  turiieutine,  aud 
Uinu  ^kiili  a  Kinoky  tlaIlll^ 

tri    dent,  «.  -t  'i.      [Kr..  from   Ijit.  trUUnUm, 

,  ,  uT  of  rru/c»t»  =  a  trident,  from  tri-  -  IIimm-, 
aii.l  ./fiui,  K'cint.  dentU  -  a  tooth  ;  Sp.  &  Hal. 

A.  A$  sMhitiintivt : 

J  All  insinmuiit  »'f  the  fonn  of  a  f»»rK, 
havint;  thn**-  pn-np*;  s-i  cif.,  a  three-pronpcd 
rtBh-siK-ur. 

•  C-Jiuit  tlit'ii  wUti  flwliii  pl^rw  )am  to  thc/nilvW  i 
Or  In  liU  akull  lliy  Ur.>»d  trUterU  ulick  h  .     .  . 

3.  A  kind  (if  sceptre  or  spear  with  three 
har»»-p<>intcd  prongs,  with  which  Poseidtm 
(Ntrptunc).  the  RtKl  i»f  the  sea,  is  usually  le- 
prisviitfd  ;  n  sceptre. 

■  TlwD  he.  whoM  trUent  bIikKw  the  «rtli.  b«civii  " 
Pope.   Homer;  Iliad  vll.  Saa 

%.  Hence,  power,  sf.vcreigiity,  sway. 

"  N«r  dure  uiurp  tlie  trident  of  llic  ileep." 

Pitt :  Virffil ;  -fc>i«i/  1. 

n.  Itom.  Antiq.:  A  three-pronged  spear 
fnnnerlv  usetl  hy  the  retiariiis  in  the  gladia- 
•orml  loiit.sts. 

•  B.  .!<  lulj.  :  Tridentate, 

trident  pointed,  a. 

/(..f.  .-  Tri.i.-ntate  (q.v.). 

tri-den-tal,  c.  [Eng.  trident:  -al]  Of  "V 
l..rtiiining*  lu  a  trident;  furnished  with  «■]■ 
WiirniK'  a  trident ;  an  epithet  of  Poseidon 
(N.-l.tuni*). 

tri-den  tate,  tri-den-tat-ed,  a.    [Vn-f. 

!ri-,  Jiiid  Eng.  dfiitatr,  dcntntcd.) 

1,  Onl.  lAinij. :  Having  three  teeth  orprongs. 

2,  Bot.  :  Having  a  truncate  point  with  three 
indentations,  as  the  leaf  of  i'oieKUii(((rMiento(((. 

•  tri  -dent-eil,  a.  [Eng.  trident ;  -ed.]  Having 
three  prongs. 

"  yeptuiie 
Held  his  tjideiitud  maco  upon  the  tsuutb." 

Quartet  .■  Uitt.  Jonah,  §  r.. 

'  tri-den-t)tt"-er-OUS,  a.  ILat.  tridentiftr, 
from  triiUnn,  genit.  trideiitis  =  ^  trident,  ami 
ftro=  to  bear.)     Bearing  a  trident. 

Tri -den'- tine,  o.  &  s.  [Lat.  Tridentum  = 
I  rent,  a  city  of  the  Tyrol,  on  the  Adige.] 

A.  As  (ulj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Trent,  or  to 
tJie  i-elehrated  Ecumenical  Council  held  there 
A. p.  1045-1503. 

B.  As  mhst. :  One  who  accepts  the  decrees 
tif  the  Council  of  Trent.     [A.] 

Trldentine-creed,  ^. 

Church  U'u^t.  :  Tin-  profession  of  the  Triden- 
tine  faitli,  publislied  by  Pope  Pius  IV.,  in 
1564.  It  originally  consisted  of  the  Nicene 
.  creed  (q.v.),  with  a  sumn^ary  of  the  Tridcn- 
tine  detinitions,  to  which  is  now  added  a 
profession  of  belief  iu  the  decrees  of  the 
Vatican  Council  (q.v.). 

tri-di-a-pa'-son,  s.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 

diitiHtson  (q.v.).  J 
Music:  A  triple  octave  or  twenty-second. 

tri-di-men'-slon-al,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and 
diriit  ri:<ionuHq.v.).2   Having  three  dimensions. 

*  trid-mg.  s.    [Trithino.] 

tri-do-dec-a-he'-dral,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and 
Eng.  dodecahedral  ((i.v.).] 

CnjiUdhg. :  Presenting  three  ranges  of  faces, 
one  above  another,  each  containing  twelve 
faces. 

*  trid'-U'^n, «.   [Lat.  tridiutnus,  from  triduitni 

=  the  'space  of  three  days ;  tri  =  three,  and 
dies  =  a  day.] 

1.  Lasting  three  days. 

2.  Happening  every  third  day. 

trid'-n-6,  s.  [Ital.,  from  Lat.  triditum(q.v.).'] 
liomnn  Ontrrh :  Prayers  for  the  space  of 
three  diiys,  followed  by  Benediction,  as  a 
preparation  for  keei'ing  a  saint's  day,  or  a 
iiu-ans  of  obtaining  some  favour  from  God  by 
means  of  the  intercession  of  one  of  liis  saints. 

trid'-n-iim,  s.    [Lat.]    (TrnDUAN.) 

Ecchsiolofftj : 

1.  The  last  three  days  of  Lent. 

2.  Any  three  days  kept  in  a  special  manner. 


a.s  during  a  retreat,  or  as  a  preparation  for  a 

fecist. 
trid  j^  ite,  >■.    [Or.  rpifiuMO*  (tridximos)  = 

(n.)  triple,  {s.)  three  individuals  born  at  a 
birth;  suff.  -rfr  (.Win.).] 

Mill. :  A  triclinie  form  of  silica,  presenting 
a  ]iscudo-hexagoual  aspect  tlirough  the  txvin- 
ning  of  three  individuals.  It  occurs  in  small 
hexagonal  tables,  sometimes  in  groups,  in 
cavities  of  trachytic  rocks.  First  found  at 
Ccrro  St.  Cristoval,  near  Pachuca,  Mexico ; 
now  known  as  a  frequent  constituent  of  trach- 
ytes from  many  localities. 

*  trie,  iKt.    [Trv.I 

tiled,  i>(t.  iwir.  &  a.     [Trv,  r.] 

A.  As  ixi.  jmr. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Proved  ;  tested  and  found  faith- 
ful, upright,  or  trustwoi-thy:  as,  a  /rmHriend. 

t  tri-e'-der,  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  Upa  (hedra) 
=  a  seat.] 

Bot. :  A  body  having  three  sides.  {Treiis. 
of  Bot.) 

*  tri'-ed-l3^,  adv.     [Eng.  tried  ;  -ly.]     By  trial, 

proof,  or  experience. 

'■  Thut  thing  out  to  seme  no  uewe  matter  vuto  yon, 
whyche  wente  long  a  go  hefore  in  the  triedly  proutd 
propht'tea.  and  lately  in  Christe."—  Udal :  Peter  iv. 

*  tri'-en,  s.     [Lat.  tres  =  three.] 

Her.  :  A  term  use<l  by  some  heralds  iu  tlie 
phrase  a  trioi  ofJish=  three  tish. 

■  tri-en'-nal,  *  tri-en-nel,  o.  ^  s.  [Fr. 
trienmd,  from  Lat.  tricnmis,  from  (rt  =  three, 
and  annus  — a.  year.] 

A.  Asa<Jj.:  Lasting  three  yer.rs  ;  occurring 
every  three  years  ;  triennial. 

B.  -45  subst. :  An  arrangem^Lt  for  saying 
mass  for  a  departed  soul  dming  a  period  of 
three  years. 

"  Ac  to  trysten  apon  triennels.  triweliche  me  thynketh 
Ys  uat  so  syker  for  the  eaule,  certya  as  ys  Dowel." 
Piers  Plowman,  B.  vii.  179, 

tri-en'-nx-al,  *tri-en'-m-aU,  a.    [Lat. 

triennitim  =.'a  period  of  three  years,  from  tri 
=  three,  and  attnus  =  a  year  ;  Eng.  adj.  suff. 
•uL] 

1.  Lasting  or  continuing  for  the  period  of 
three  years.  (Used  in  this  sense  also  in 
Botany.) 

2.  Happening  every  three  years.  Triennial 
elections  and  parliaments  were  established  iu 
England  in  li5P5,  but  were  superseded  by 
septennial  parliaments  iu  1717.    [Septennial.] 

"  A  hill  .  .  .  was  eeiit  up  to  the  Lords  for  a  triennial 
imrlinment."— Clarendon  :  Civil  fVarx,  i.  209. 

triennial-prescription,  s. 

Scots  Law:  A  limit  of  three  years  within 
which  creditors  can  bring  actions  for  certain 
classes  of  debts,  such  as  merchants'  and 
tradesmen's  accounts,  servants'  wages,  house 
rents  (wlien  under  verbal  lease),  debts  due  to 
lawyeis,  doctors,  &c. 

tri-en'-ni-al-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  triennial;  -ly.] 

<.)nce  in  three  years. 

tri-ens,  s.  [Lat.=  the  third  part  of  an  as,  a 
third  part.] 

*  1.  Ronmii  Antiq.:  A  small  copper  coin, 
equal  to  one-third  of  an  as. 
2.  Law  :  A  third  part ;  dower. 

tri-en-ta'-lis,  5.  [Lat.=  containing  a  third 
part ;  triens,  genit.  trientis  =  a  third  part.] 

Bot. :  Chickweed,  Winter-green,  a  genus  of 
Primulete,  or  PrimnlidEe.  Slender,  low,  smooth 
perennials;  rootstock  slender, creeping.  Leaves 
elliptical,  in  a  single  whorl  of  five  or  six; 
flowers,  solitary,  white;  calyx  five  to  nine 
partite,  the  most  common  division  being  into 
seven  segments ;  corolla  rotate,  with  a  short 
tube  and  as  many  divisions  as  the  calyx ; 
stamens  beardless,  five  to  nine,  often  seven ; 
style  simple,  filiform  ;  stigma  obtuse  ;  fruit  cap- 
sular, globose,  bursting  transversely,  many- 
seeded.  Known  species,  six  or  eight;  from 
Europe,  Northern  Africa,  Temperate  Asia,  and 
South  America.  One,  Trientcdis  eurojxea,  four 
to  six  inches  high,  is  British,  being  abundant 
in  part  of  the  Scottish  Highlands,  and  rare 
in  the  woods  of  the  north  of  England,  but 
absent  from  Ireland.  7'.  amcriamn,  which 
may  be  distinguished  from  the  European 
species  by  possessing  narrow  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate (in  place  of  elliptical)  leaves,  and 
acuminate  petals,  is  found  in  mountainous 
districts  in  Canada,  Virginia,  &c. 


tri'-er,  '  try-er,  s.    [Eng.  try,  v.  ;  -cr.] 

1.  one  who  tries,  examines,  or  tests  in  any 
way  :  as— 

(1)  One  who  makes  experiments;  one  who 
examines  anything  by  a  test. 

"The  Ingenious  triers  of  the  German  exp?rLi;eDi 
found  tliat  their  glnax  vennel  wiis  lighter  when  theBlr 
liiid  been  drawn  out  than  before,  by  an  ounce  and  \  ei7 
near  a  third,  —lloi/le. 

(1)  One  who  tries  judicially;  a  judge  who 
tries  a  person  or  cause. 
(;i)  Specif.,  in  law: 

((()  A  per.son  appointed  to  decide  whether  a 
cliallenge  to  a  juror  is  just ;  a  trior  (q.v.). 

*  (b)  An  ecclesiastical  commissioner  ap- 
pointed by  parliament  under  the  Commou- 
wealtii  to  examine  the  character  and  qualifl- 
cations  of  ministers. 

"  He  estaldislied,  by  his  own  authority,  a  board  of 
cnnimis»ioQei's,  called  triers." — Maeaulay :  flitt.  Eng., 
ch.  iL 

2.  That  which  tries  or  tests  ;  a  test. 

Vnu  were  nsed 
To  say,  extremity  was  the  trier  of  spirits  ; 
That  common  chances  conimun  men  couhl  bear." 
S>i<ike»/i. :  Coriolaiiiis,  iv.  I. 

tri'-er-arch»  5.    [Gr.  Tpiijpapx*?^.  Tpi^pap^o? 

{trierankes,  trierarchos),  from  rpi^pij?  {tricri-!^} 
=  a  trireme  (q.v.),  anvl  dpxt»  (archn)  =  to  rule  ; 
Fr.  tricrarquc  ;  Lat.  triirarchtts.] 

Greek  Anti'i. :  The  captain  or  commander 
of  a  trireme  ;  also  a  commissioner  who  was 
obliged  to  ht  out  and  maintain  at  his  own 
expense  ships  built  by  the  State. 

"The  trierarch  struck  her  on  the  hend  with  a  atick." 
— Farrar :  Sarli/  Days  of  Christianity ,  ch.  iii. 

^  tri'-er-arcll-y,  s.  [Gr.  rpiripapxia  (trier- 
ardiio).} 

1.  The  office,  post,  or  duty  of  a  trierarch. 

2.  Trierarchs  collectively. 

3.  The  system  in  ancient  Athens  of  forming 
a  national  fleet  by  compelling  cerUtin  rich 
citizens  to  fit  out  and  maintain  at  their  own 
expense  ships  built  by  the  State. 

*  tri-e-ter'-ic-al,  a.  [Lat.  trietericus,  from 
Gr.  Tpterrjpoco^"  {trietcrikos),  from  Tpterijpis 
(trieteris)  =  a  triennial  festival:  rpt-  (tri-)  = 
three,  and  eros  (cios)  =  a  year.]  Triennial; 
liappening  or  kept  once  in  three  years. 

"  The  frieterical  sports.  I  ine.an  tht  orgia,  that  is.  the 
mysteries  of  Bacchus. "—Uretf or y  :  iY<jtfs  on  S<rripttire, 
p.  107. 

*  tri-e-ter -ics,    *  trl-e-ter-ickes,   s.  pL 

[Trieterical.]  Festivals  or  games  celebrated 
erery  three  yeai-s. 

"  The  Thi-baii  wives  at  Delphos  solemnize 
Their  trieterickcs."  May :  Lucan ;  Pltursalia,  v. 

tri-e-tliyl-gly9'-er  in»  5.   [Pref.  tri-;  Eng. 
ethyiy  and  glycerin.] 
Chem.:  C9U.2oOs  =  ^S,^^€'  \0:i,  Triethyliu. 

A  liquid  possessing  a  pleasant  ethereal  odour, 
obtained  by  heating  to  100"  a  mixture  of 
acrolein,  alcohol,  and  acetic  acid.  H  is 
miscible  with  watei-,  has  a  sp.  gr.  ■S9&5  at  15°, 
and  boils  at  1S6°. 

tri-e'-thyl-in,  5.  [Pref.  tri- ;  Eng.  ethy},  and 
sutl'.  -in.]    [Triethvlqlvcerin.] 

tri-fa'-cl-al  (ci  as  shi).  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and 
jing.  facial  (q.v.).] 

Anat.:  Of  or  belonging  to  the  face  and  iu 
three  divisions. 

triCaclal-nerves,  s.  pL 

Anat. :  The  fifth  pair  of  nerves,  which  arise 
at  the  junt'tion  of  the  medullary  processes  of 
the  cerebellum  to  enter  the  dura  viatir  near 
the  point  of  the  petrous  processes  of  the  tem- 
poral bones.  There  they  leave  the  skull  in  three 
great  branches  (whence  their  nanie)— the  first, 
highest,  or  ophthalmic  trunk  to  enter  the 
orbit,  the  second  or  upper  maxillary  nerve  to 
the  face  below  the  orbit  ;  and  the  third,  or 
lower  maxillary  nerve,  to  be  distributed  to 
the  external  ear,  the  tongue,  the  lower  teeth, 
and  the  muscles  of  mastication.  Called  also 
Trigemini  or  Trigeminal  nerves. 

tri'-fal-low,  v.t.  [Thrifallow]  To  plough, 
as  land,  a  third  time  before  sowing. 

"The  beginning  of  August  ia  the  time  of  trifallomng, 
or  last  ploughing  before  they  aow  their  wheat."— 
Mortimer. 

*  tri-far'-i-oiis,  a.  [Lat.  (ri/ai'ms  =  three- 
fold :  tri  =  three,  and  suft".  -farius.]  Arranged 
in  three  rows  ;  threefold. 


trif-fo-ly,  s.    [Trifolv.] 


fate,  fat,  f^re.  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;   go.  pot, 
or»  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fill;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tritid— trigastric 


1'j: 


tri'-fid,  ((.      ll'Jtt.   trifi'iu'',   from  ff/-  =  three, 
iiiMijiiulo,  \in.  t.  Jiili  =  to  cleave,  to  ilivulc] 
Bot.  :  Split  lialf-wjiy  down  into  tliree  parts. 

*trx-fis'-tu-lar-y,  n.  [Lut.  (rj%  =  three, 
md_!istula  =  uYil"'.)     Having  three  pipes. 

••Mjvnv  of  tlmt  Pin-^ie*  wliow  trijistularu  liill  or 
cmiiy  we  hiwe  ln-ln-lil.  —lirownf .    VuUjar  FrronT«. 

tii-fle.  'tre  fle,  •tre-felle  "  tro  fle, 
•  tru-fle,  •  truy-fle,  *  try-fle. "  try  fule. 

s.  (f.  Fr.  rnt/Wf,  /;i(^€  =  iiinck.-ry,  railU-iy, 
ainiiii.  IVnm  ij-K/T*"  =  a  jest,  raillery.  Trip- 
and  tnqUe  are  doublets.] 

1.  A  thing  of  no  momeiit'or  value  ;  a  matter 
or  thinii  of  little  or  no  importance;  u  paltry 
toy.  buuble,  orthelike;  a  sillyor  unimpoitant 
action,  remark,  or  the  like. 

"  Trijit^s  iiiiigmfled  into  iu:iwrt.-.n.>?  I»y  a  aqueniiiisli 
conscieiice.'— .l/ii(yiK/'t^ -■  RUt.  AWy..  i  li.  xiii. 

2.  A  dish  or  fancy  confection  made  of 
sponge  cake  or  crisp  pastry  soaked  in  sherry, 
over  which  a  layer  of  custard  and  cream  is 
placed,  the  whole  being  covered  by  a  delicate 
wi.It"  froth,  prepared  by  whisking  up  white 
t>f  ^i:g,  cream,  and  sugar. 

tri-fle  (1), '  tri-fel-yn,  *  tni-flen,  *  try- 
fell,  v.i.  &  (.    ITkifle,  s.l 

A.  Intrans.:  'Ji' act  or  talk  without  senous- 
n<v,.s.  gravity,  \.5:;,'ht,  or  dignity;  to  act  or 
talk  with  levi-.y ;  to  indulge  in  light  amuse- 
nicnt  or  levity.     {Shakesp  :  Hamht,  ii.  1.) 

B*  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  befool ;  to  play  or  trifle  with. 

"  How  (lothe  oiire  hysslion  rrvrf^  and  mocke  ns."— 
Berxers  :  frois^nrt  ;  Vrouycl".  1,  200. 

*  2.  To  make  a  tritte  of;  to  make  trivial  or 
of  no  importance.    (Shakesj*. :  Macbeth,  ii.  4.) 

3.  To  waste  in  tritling  ;  to  waste  to  no  pur- 
pose ;  to  spendin  trifles  ;  to  fritter.  (Followed 
by  ('(my.) 

"  Such  men .  .  .  having  trijied  away  youth,  aie 
reduced  to  th«  necessity  of  trijtiwj  away  age.  ' — 
£o!  i  tiff  broke  :  netirejiient  4^  Sftidi/. 

H  To  irijte  u-ith  :  To  treat  as  a  trifle,  or  as 
of  no  importance,  consideration,  or  moment ; 
to  treat  without  respect  or  consideration  ;  to 
play  the  fool  with  ;  to  mock. 

tri'-fle  (2),  v.t.  [A.S.  trifdian,  from  Lat. 
trihnlo.]     To  pound,  to  bruise.     {Prow) 

tri'-fler,  s.  [Eng,  trifl{e):  -er.]  One  who 
trifles  ;  one  who  acts  with  levity. 


■  Iinni'oTe  the  remnant  of  liis  wasted  spftn. 
And,  having  lived  a  trijter,  die 
Cnwiter : 


&     .*. 


tri  -fling,   *  try-fling, 

[Trifle,  v.] 
A.  As })>:  }Ktr. :  (See  the  verb). 
S.  As  adject it^e  : 

1.  Acting  or  talking  with  levity  or  without 
seriousness  ;  frivolous. 

"  And  still  thy  truiing  heart  is  glad 
To  join  the  vain,  and  court  the  proud." 

fiyron  :  To  a  }'oiitbfiil  FrittJtL 

2.  Being  of  little  or  no  value,  importance, 
or  moment ;  trivial,  insignificant,  petty,  un- 
important, worthless,  fiivnlous. 

"  Blind  waa  he  boni.  and  his  misguided  eyes 
Grown  dim  in  trifiituj  study.  hUud  he  dies." 

Cnwper :  Charitf/.  SoS. 

C.  As  suhst. :  The  act  of  one  who  trifles;  an 
acting  or  talking  without  seriousness. 

"  Ujing  therein  nothiug  but  trfjtinffs  and  delates.  '— 
BoIinMhed .  Chroii.  Ireland  (an.  1579). 

U  Trifling  and  trivial  differ  only  in  degree, 
the  latter  denoting  a  still  lower  degiee  of 
value  than  the  former.  What  is  trifling  or 
trivial  does  not  require  any  consideration, 
and  may  be  easily  passed  over  as  forgotten. 
Trifling  objections  can  never  weigh  against 
solid  reason  ;  tririitl  remarks  only  expose  the 
shallowness  of  the  reniarker.  W'liat  is  frivol- 
ous is  disgrac-efnl  for  any  one  to  consider. 
Dress  is  a  frivolous  occupation  when  it  forms 
the  cliief  business  of  a  rational  being.  A 
frivoliuis  objection  has  no  grounds  whatever. 

tri'-flihg-ly,  a(h\  [Eng.  trifling ;  -hj.]  In  a 
tritling  manner  ;  with  levity;  without  serious- 
ness ;  with  regard  to  trifles. 

"  By  the  lahoiira  nf  coniiiieiitat'ir:!.  when  philnsojthy 
hecniiie  ahstr.ise,  nv  trijtlmilii  luiuutt!.  —Uuldsmith  : 
Polir.-  Learning,  ch    ii. 

tri'-fling-ness,  s.     [Eng.  trifiiy\g ;  -ness.] 

1.  Tite  quality  or  state  of  being  trifling; 
levity  of  manners  ;  frivolity. 

2.  Smallness  of  value;  insignificance,  empti- 
ness, vanity. 

"  The  trijiin^nrss  and  petul.iucy  of  this  scruple  I 
l:,ivi>  repre^eMted  iip<»ri  it.'*  uwii  proper  principles."— 
Hi-    PrtrKi-r      L'pknnrnnl  7'r,ni»firi>s,'H,  ji.  :IL>. 


■tri-flor-al,  *tri  flor-ous,  ".  [Lat.  tri- 
=  three,  and  flos,  gcnit.  floris—n  flower.] 
Having  or  bearing  three  flowers ;  three- 
flowered, 

■  tri-fliic-tu-a'-tion,  s.  [Prcf.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
fl  II  if  nation  X^i.Y.).]  A  concurrence  of  three 
waves.    {lirowne  :  'Vulg.  Err.,  bk.  vii.  eh.  xvii.) 

tri-fo-li-ate,   tri-fo-li  a-ted,   a.     [Lat. 

tri-  =  tliice.  ami  fulintus  =  leaved,  froni/o/niTa 
=  a  leaf.]  Ha^'ing  or  bearing  three  leaves; 
thiec-leaved.     {Harte :  Eulvgins.) 

tri-fo-li-e-se,  s.  ;jZ.  [Mod.  hat  trifoli{vm) ; 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sutt".  -ea:] 

Hut. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Lotea'.  Stamens  dia- 
delphous  ;  legume  orie-celled  ;  leaves  typically 
with  three,  more  rarely  with  live  leaflets ; 
stems  herbaceous,  rarely  shrubby. 

tri-fo'-li-o-late,  «.     [Lat.  ^■/-  =  three,  and 
*fnliolnm,  dii'nin  of /o/n(»i=  a  leaf.] 
Bot.  :  Having  three  leaflets. 

tri-fo'-li-um,  s.  [Lat.  =  trefoil:  i>ref.  tri-, 
Ai\i\folin)ii  =  a  leaf,  Iroui  its  three  leaflets.) 

L  Bot.  :  Trefoil,  Clover;  the  typical  genus  of 
Trifoliete  (q.v.).  Low  herbs,  with  the  leaves, 
as  a  rule,  digitately  trifoliate  ;  flowers  capi- 
tate, spiked,  rarely  solitary,  with  red,  purple, 
white,  or  yellow  flowers  ;  calyx  five-toothed, 
the  teeth  unequal ;  wings  united  by  their 
chiws  to  the  obtuse  keel,  persistent ;  legume 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  one  to  four-seeded, 
indehiscent.  Species  about  150,  chiefly  from 
the  northern  hemisphere.  Eighteen  are  Biit- 
ish  :  'J  ri folium  snbterraneum,  the  Subterranean 
Trefoil;  T.  arveiise,  the  Hare's-foot  Trefoil; 
T.  Bocconi,  Boccone's  Trefoil  ;  T.  incamatum, 
the  Crimson  Clover;  T.  ockrokncinn,  the  Sul- 
phiu'-coloured  Trefoil ;  T.  'pratetisp,,  the  Red 
or  Common  Purple  Clover;  T.  mediuvi,  the 
Zigzag  Trefoil ;  T.  vwritinium,  the  Teazel- 
headed  Trefoil  ;  T.  striatwn,  the  Soft-knotted 
Trefnil  ;  T.  scahrnm,  the  Rough  Rigid  Trefoil ; 
T.  (7/onterf((i£m,the  Snu.otti  Round-headed  Tre- 
foil;  T.  suff'ocatinn,  tlir  .suflncated  Trefoil; 
T.  strictim,  the  Upright  Kouud-headed  Trefoil ; 
T.  repens,  the  White  or  Dutch  Clover  or  Tre- 
foil ;  r.  fragifcrum,  the  Strawberry-headed 
Trefoil ;  7'.  procinnbens,  the  Hop  Trefoil  ;  T. 
v)inn$,  the  Lesser  Yellow,  and  T.fili forme,  the 
Mender  Yellow  Trefoil.  T.  repens,  with  white 
or  rosy  flowei-s,  T.  pratense,  both  wild  and 
cultivated,  T.  minus,  which  has  small  yellow 
flowers,  ultimately  beconnng  brown,  and  T. 
w>-ilium,  which  has  rose-purple  flowers,  are 
all  abundant;  T.  parviflornm,  T.  stellatum, 
and  T.  resupinatum  are  only  casuals.  The 
roots  of  2'.  al%nnum^  an  Italian  species,  are 
said  to  have  properties  like  those  of  liquorice. 
2.  Agric. :  A  local  agricultural  name  for 
Trifo!inmi7icarnatum.  (Britten  it  Holland.)  T. 
prab'us^'  is  largely  sown  for  fodder  ci-ops  ;  the 
.  nltivated  is  larger  than  the  wild  plant,  and 
succeetls  better  on  heavy  than  on  light  soil. 
T.  vmlinm,  called  the  Zigzag  Clover,  from  the 
bends  at  each  joint  of  its  stalk,  has  also  red 
flowers,  but  lias  generally  more  pointed  leaves, 
while  the  white  spot  seen  on  T.  j^rateyise  is,  as 
a  rule,  absent;  its  seeds  are  not  always  ob- 
tainable. J',  incarnatum.  also  wild,  was  cul- 
tivated on  the  continent  before  it  was  sown  in 
Britain.  The  tubes  of  T.  pivtense  tind  T.  in- 
carnatum do  not  differ  very  perceptibly  in 
length  ;  but  Darwin  {Orig.  of  Species,  ch.  iii., 
iv.)  shows  that  the  proboscis  of  the  hive- 
bee  is  too  short  to  sip  the  honey  of  the  former, 
while  it  can  obtain  that  of  the  latter  species, 
and  the  Common  Red  CIo\er  is  therefore  fer- 
tilized by  humble-bees  alone.  Humble-bees 
in  quest  of  honey  are  also  the  great  agents  in 
fertilizing  other  species  of  clover.  The  White 
Clover  (r.  repens)  and  the  Alsike  Clover  (T. 
hTfbridum)  the  latter  introduced  from  the  con- 
tinent, are  excellent  for  pasture  ;  both  have 
white  or  pinkish  flowers.  Two  Yellow  Clovers, 
T.  jn-ontvihens  and  T.flliforme,  are  also  culti- 
vated on  pasture  gi-ounds.  The  growth  of 
clover  is  greatly  promoted  by  a  sprinkling  of 
lime.  The  seeds  of  the  plants  may  be  sown 
broadcast  from  February  to  May  and  from 
August  to  October.  Some  are  used  for  their 
ornamental  character  as  border-plants. 

*  trif '-O-ly,  *  trif -f  6-ly,  s.    [Lat.  trifoUum 

=  trifolium.]     Trefoil. 

"  She  was  crnwned  with  a  chaplet  of  tri/ol//." 

Sen  Jonsoti     Coronation  E    ^rfainment. 

tri'-for-is,  5.    [Triforium.] 

/oo/.  d'-  I'ahront. :  A  sub-genus  of  Cerithinm, 
with  thirty  recent  species,  ranging  troni  Nor- 


wa>'  to  Australia.  Shell  sinistml  ;  ant»*riur 
and  posterior  canals  tubular ;  the  tliird  caual 
accidentidly  present,  terming  imrt  of  a  vanx. 
Kossil  in  the  Eocene  of  Britain  and  Fi^iiue. 

tri-fbr -i-um,  s.  [Lat  (n- =-.  *Iiree,  and 
/.;»■  =  doors.]  # 

Arch. :  A  gidlery  or  arcade  in  tl..*  wall  over 
the  pier  arches  which  separate  the  body  from 
the  aisles  of  ;i  church.  Tlie  ar- 
cade is  not  in  general  carried 
entirely  Ihroiigh  the  wall,  but 
there  is  commonly  a  passage- 
way behind  it  which  is  ofii-u 
continued  in  the  thickness  of 
the  wall  round  the  entire  build- 
ing ;  in  souie  cases,  however,  the 
arcade  is  entirely  open,  as  at 
Lincoln  Cathedral.  Somotinies 
thetriforiuin  isacomplete  upper 
story  over  the  side  aisle,  having 
a  range  of  wimlows  in  the  side 
wall,  as  at  Ely,  Norwich,  Glou- 
cester choir,  Peterborough,  Lin- 
coln choir,  Westminister  Abbey, 
&c.  In  some  continental 
churches  of  Decorated  and  later 
work,  the  aisle  roofs  are  kept 
entirely  below  the  level  of  the  irikmiuiv, 
triforium,  and  the  back  of  it  is 
pierced  with  a  series  of  small  windows,  cor- 
responding with  the  ornamental  work  in  the 
front,  thus  forming  what  is  soinetintes  called 
a  transparent  triforium.  (Parker.)  The  cut 
shows  the  triforium  in  the  Priory  Church  of 
St.  Bartholomew  the  Great,  London. 

*  tri-form',  a.  [Lat.  tri/ormis,  from  tri--= 
tliree,  and  forma  =  form.]  Having  a  triple 
shape  or  form.    (il/i/(0H  ;  P.  L.,  iii.  730.) 

*  tri-form'-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  triform;  -it}/,] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  triform. 

t  tri -form- oiis,  a.  [Eng.  trtform;  -ous.] 
Triform  (q.v.). 

"  The  lujcription  served  .  .  to  show  the  ide*  enter- 
tained oy  the  pMgan  Egy|)tiaiis  of  a  (t-i/()rmut<.Tileity. 
"the father  of  the  world."  whoasBuuied  ditt'erent u«uie» 
according  to  the  triad  uuder  which  he  was  refire- 
sented.  —iVtlkmson :  Mannerg  o/  Che  Egyptutnt  (ed. 
Birch),  li.  514. 

tri-fiir'-cate,  tri-fur'-cat-ed,  a.  [Pref. 
tri-,  and  Eug./Hrcf'^c,/'(r(.v(/e(/(q.v.).]  Having 
three  branches  or  forks  ;  trichotomous. 

tri  furcate  d-hake,  5.    [Tadpole-hake.] 

trig  (1),  v.t.  [Cf.  Dan.  trylke;  Ger.  dri/cken  = 
to  press.]     To  All,  to  stulf. 

"  By  how  much  the  more  a  man's  akin  iafull  trigd 
with  flesh,  blood,  .-^ud  uaturalspirits.  '—More :  S/i/sifrg 
ofdoU/inenx.  p.  105. 

trig  (2),  V.t.  [Trigger.]  To  stop,  as  the  wheel 
of  a  vehicle,  by  putting  something  down  to 
cheek  it ;  to  skid,  as  a  wheel. 

trig,  .-*.  [TRtG  (2),  r.]  A  stone,  wedge  of  wood, 
or  the  like,  placed  under  a  wheel,  barrel,  &c., 
to  check  its  rolling  ;  a  skid. 

trig,  (t.  &   s.      [Sw.   trygg  :    Dan.    /ry^  =  safe, 
secure.] 
A,  -.4s  adjective : 

*  I.  Safe,  secure. 

2.  Neat,  spruce,  tidy.    (Prov.  it  Scotch.) 

"  Flin^  the  earth  into  the  hole,  and  mnk  a  thirty 
triy  ngnin,  — Scott:  Antiquari/,  ch.  xxiv. 

3.  Well  ;  in  good  health  ;  sound.    (Prov.) 
"  B.  -4.1-  svbst.  :  A  coxcomb. 

*  trig'-a-mist,  s.     [Eng.  trigam(y):  -ist.] 

1.  One  who  has  been  married  three  times. 

2.  One  who  has  three  wives  or  three  hus- 
bands at  the  same  time. 

trig'-a-mous,  a.    [Tetgamv.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the 
nature  of  trigamy. 

2,  Bot. :  Having  three  sort.s  of  flowers  (male, 
female,  and  hermaphrodite)  on  the  same  head. 

•trig'-a-my,  5.     [Or.  rpt-  (/ri-)  =  three,  and 

ydfio'i  (gamo^)  =  a  marriage.] 

L  The  act  of  marrying  or  the  state  of  being 
naniecl  three  times. 

2.  Tlie  act  or  state  of  having  three  wives  or 
three  husbands  at  the  same  time.  [Bioa.mv,  II.) 

tri-gSja'-tric,  a.  [Pref.  (ri-,  and  Eng.  gnstric 
(q.v.).] 

Annt.  (Of  certain  mvscles):  Having  three 
bellies  or  protubenuit  jMUtions. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo^l ;  cat.  cell,  chorus,  9hui,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect.  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  -  C 
-<sian,  -tian  =  shari.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  he\  AeL 


ltft» 


trigeminal— tngonia 


tri-^im  In-^  o.  '.  M'mI.  Lat.  troj<minaiis, 
fi.-iii   l*it    titiftiHtntts  0|V.).j    (Scf  elym.  £ 

C«-IU)t>ll)ll|.) 

trigemlniU  norves*  .«.  fi. 

A  ..>l.  :    ri.f  tiir.ici.il  licrv»-s  IM-^-)- 

'tri  gfim  In-oiU,  «.     ITbiokminiI 

1.   li.  .it;„*  i>iH-  .>r  lliite  born  together;  born 

tllti'l-  111   A  tillH'. 

•i.  Tl.n'«-foW. 
tri  gdm  In-iiBiri.  tri  ^6m -in-i), -<.  (Ut. 

--:  till.  I    ut  a  lurtli;  pn-f.  fn-,  ami  ye/uijiuji  = 
a  tv*,n.l 

l.iif.  {I'L):  The  trigtMniiial  nerves  (q. v.). 

tri  gdn  io*  n.  IPri'f-  '/■<■;  (Jr.  yei-wiwCj/rniiau) 
=  I..  |>riMluc<'.  anil  Kn;;  sutl".  -u-.I  Containing 
ui'^itiic  niihydrii.li-,  aUlehyUe,  and  ammonia. 

trigenlo-aold.  .<. 

.  'urn.  ;  CjHrXaO...  =  (CX>jOCjH3(S'Iii)0. 
An  mid  containing  the  elements  of  cyanic 
.-itihydride  and  aldehyde  amnionin,  obtained 
by  imvsiiig  the  vajMiur  of  cyanic  acid  over 
aldtliydf.  It  crystallizes  in  small  prisms, 
slightly  solnble  in  wattT,  insoluble  in  alcoliol. 
When  slightly  heated  it  melts  and  carbonizes, 
giving  f"ir  alkaline  v.ii>our^  having  the  odour 
I't  chiri'diiir. 

trig-ger,  '  trick'-er,  .«.  [I>nt.  tve);l;er  =  ^ 
trigger;  /(YiAcr  =  one  wlio  draws  or  pulls, 
from  trrkktn  =  to  pull,  to  tiraw.J 

1.  Firetirtnf:  A  cateli  which,  being  retrocted, 
liWmtes  tlie  hammer  of  a  gun-locU.    [Haik- 

"  Ijnvr  ttir  cun  tta  niiii.  ami  fimir^ 
Mhie  hi  fldU,  >rl  iic  cr  |ki11  il  trio^er." 

Cotpper  :  A  n  Kpitaph. 

2.  Shipbuihl.  :  Ajiiece  of  wood  placed  under 
:i  dog-^hore  to  hold  it  up  until  the  time  for 
l:niiiching.  The  dog-shore  buts  against  cleats 
I'll  I  he  bilgeway.s,  and  is  knocked  away  wheu 
the  signal  is  given  for  launching. 

3.  i'fhicUst:  A  calch  to  hold  the  whcL-l  of  a 
earringc  in  descending  a  hill. 

trigger -fish,  .«. 

J-J^Hi'j.  :  A  popular  name  for  the  genus 
Hilistt-.  fmm  the  fact  that  when  the  dorsal 
tin   is  erected,  the  lirst  ray,  which  is  very 


thick  and  strong,  liohb;  its  elevated  position 
so  lirnily  that  it  cannot  Iw  pressed  down  by 
any  degree  of  force  ;  but  if  the  second  ray  be 
depressed,  the  first  immediately  falls  down 
like  the  hammer  of  a  gun  wheu  the  trigger  is 
pulli'd. 

•  trigger-line,  .«.    The  line  by  whii-Ii  the 
griu-iork  uf  oixlnance  was  operated. 

'  tri-gin'-tals,  s.  pi  (Lat.  inglnta  =  thirty.  ] 
'1  rentals;  the'number  of  thirty  masses  to  be 
(-aid  for  tlie  dea<l. 

■  TrtntAls  or  triyintnU  were  a  iiiiiiiher  of  u)a^ae<i  t^i 
tti.'  t;iW  ol    thirty.   liiBlituteil   by  Saint  tire«oi-y.— 

trig  -la,  v.  [Mod.  I^t.,  from  Or.  TotyAr)  itilali) 
—  a  mullet,] 

I.  Mitk}!.:  A  genus  of  Cotti.he,  with  about 
forty  siK-cies,  from  tropical  and  temperate 
Z'-nts.  Head  parallelopipL-d,  with  the  upper 
Nuifacf-  and  sides  entirely  bony,  the  enlarged 
nifraoibital  cnveiing  the  cheek;  two  dorsal 
hns;  Ihn-e  free  pectoral  ray.s.  serving  as 
organs  of  locomotion  as  well  as  of  touch  ■ 
teetli  villif..rm.  Dr.  Ounther  refers  the  species 
to  three  groups;  (1)  Trigia,  no  palatal  teeth 
Kcales,  except  those  of  lateral  line,  exceed- 
ingly small ;  (2)  Lepidotrigla,  no  palatal  teeth, 
HCales  of  moderate  size;  (3)  Prionotus,  with 
palatal  teeth.  They  are  generally  used  as 
food,  and  seven  species  occur  on  the  British 
coasts.     rr(^;n>);/ti(Ked  Gurnard),  T.  lineata 


(Streaked  Ciurnaiil),  T.  hiruivlo  (.Sapphirine 
Gurnard).  T.  gurnoiiln.^  (Gray  (iurnard).  T. 
(■<((i(/i(5(Bloch'sGurnaiHl),  T.  /i/nt  (the  I'iper). 
and  T.  vbscinu,  or  Itiainn  (the  Loug-hniieil 
Gurnard).  Some  of  the  species,  by  the  vibia- 
tion  of  the  muscles  of  the  swiiu  bladder,  pin- 
dnce  long-drawn  sounds,  which  mnge  over 
nearly  an  octave.     jPirKU  (1),  'J.] 

2.  I'uhr.ont. :  Two  or  three  si'ecies  are 
known,  from  the  Tertiary. 

tri'-gl&n^,  .">.  [Pref.  tri,  and  ijh an  =  the 
nut-like  fruit  of  forest  trees,  an  acorn.) 

Bot.  :  A  fruit  having  three  nuts  within  an 
invnlm  re,  as  the  Sj^ianish  Chestnut. 

tri-glO-Chin,  •;.  IGr.  TpiyAwKt?  {tritflOvhis), 
geiiit.Tpi7Au>V(i'0«((r(V//ui7t[HOs)=.  three-barbed; 
pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  yAwxi*  (gli'icltis),  geuit.  -yAw- 
xlvo^  {glochinas)  =  a  projecting  i»oint.  Named 
from  the  three  projecting  carpels.] 

Hot. :  Arrow-grass  ;  a  genus  formerly  called 
Juncago,  typical  of  the  order  Juncaginacea*. 
Saline  plants  ;  root  librous,  leaves  very  nar- 
row ;  flowers  in  a  naked,  straight  spike  or  a 
raceme  ;  perianth  of  six  erect,  concave,  de- 
cidnons  leaves  ;  stamens  six,  anthers  nearly 
sessile,  stigmas  three  to  six,  sessile,  plumose  ; 
capsules  three  to  six.  one-seeded,  united  by  a 
longitudinal  receptacle ;  albumen  none.  Kuoivn 
species  about  ten,  from  tlie  temperate  regions, 
Australia  being  a  favourite  habitat.  Two 
species  are  British,  Triglodtin  jxiiustre,  the 
Marsh,  and  T.  marUimnm,  the  Sea-side  Arrow- 
grass.  The  lirst  has  a  three-celled,  nearly 
linear,  the  latter  a  five-celled,  ovate  fruit.  The 
lirst  occurs  in  marshy  meadows,  by  riversides, 
and  in  ditches  ;  the  latter  in  salt  marshes. 


trig^-ly.  "dc. 
sprucely. 


[Eng.   tri'j,   a.  ;  -ly.]    Neatly, 


tri'-glyph,  *  try'-gl^rph,  *-.  [Lat.  triginpints, 
from  Gr.  Tpiy\v<t>oq  {triglitphos)  —  tlirice-cloven 
...  a  tri 
;lyph,    fion 


^t 


'^^^. 


lUiGi.vrti.s. 

ters  or  channels  cut  to  a  right  angle,  called 
glyphs,  and  separated  by  their  interstices, 
called  feiuoi-a,  from  earh  other,  as  well  as 
from  two  other  lialf-channels  that  are  formed 
at  the  sides. 

"The  trifflyphs,  which  I  affirm  cl  to  be  chavgeil  on 
the  Doric  frieze,  is  a  muut  insepHt-nhle  om.imeiit  of  it, 
...  By  their  triaiiKulur  furrows,  or  gutttrs  v;ither. 
tbey  seem  to  me  aa  if  they  were  meant  to  convey  the 
gQtt.'B  or  drops  whitli  hang  a,  litMe  uuiler  them."  — 
Auelyit:  On  Architetrtiiie, 

tri-glyph-ic,  tri-glSrph-ic-al,  a.    [Eng. 

triglyph  ;  -ic, -icat] 

1.  Consisting  of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  triglyph 
or  triglyphs. 

2.  Containing  three   sets  of  eliaracters  or 
sculptures. 

trig'-ness.  5.  [Eng.  /;■;.</,  a.  ;  ■iiess.\  Neat- 
ue.sK,  spruceness. 

tri-gon,  5.  [Fr.  trigone;  I.^tt.  tri^ontim,  from 
Gi.  rpiyuii'ov{trigdnon)  =  a.  triangle,  from  rpt- 
yiuFOs  {trigduos)  =  three-cornereil,  from  jpi- 
((r(-)=i  three,  and  yui-ia  (gonio)  =  au  angle.] 

-  I.  Ord. 
Laug.  :  A  tri- 
angle. 
"To     cut     their 

way.  they  iu  a 

trigon  f\ie.' 
Beau}fuiut :  Bos- 

worth  Field. 

IL  Tcchnic- 
aUy: 

*1.  Antiqui- 
ties : 

(1)  A  kind  of 
triangular 
Ijarp  or  lyre.        > 

(2)  A  game  at  l>all,  played  by  three  persons 
standing  so  as  to  be  at  the  angles  of  a  triangle. 


LOVE,    WITH   TRIGON. 


2.  Astrology: 

(1)  The  junction  of  three  signs,  the  zodiac 
being  di\ided  into  four  trigons,  named  rc- 
.■^pi'i'tivi-ly  after  the  four  elenients— tlie  watery 
tijgnii.  including  Cancer,  Seoi  pi<»,  and  Pisces; 
the  earthly  trigon,  including  Taurus.  Virgo, 
and  Capricornus  ;  the  airy  trigon,  Gemini, 
Libra,  and  Aquarius  ;  and  the  fieiy  trigon, 
Aries,  Leo,  and  Sagittarius. 

■'  The  wjirriug  planet  was  exiwcteU  in  person,  aiul 
the  fit^ry  trigon  seeiiieil  to  give  the  alarm."— 6".  liar- 
vey  :  Pierces  KupercrogatioiL 

(•_*)  Trine  ;  an  aspect  of  two  planets  distant 
12U'  from  each  other. 

tri-go'-na,  *■-    [Trigon.] 

1.  Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Social  Bees.  Small 
Apidic  forming  their  nests  within  hollow 
trees  or  the  cavities  of  rocks  in  America, 
Sumatra,  Java,  &c. 

2.  Zool.  £  Pala-otit.  :  A  genus  of  Veneridu* 
(q.v.),  with  twenty-eight  recent  species,  from 
the  West  Indies,  ^lediterranean,  Senegal, 
Cape,  India,  and  the  west  coast  of  America. 
Shell  trigonal,  wedge-shaped,  snb-cquilateial ; 
ligament  short,  prominent;  hinge-teeth  :-l-4; 
lialli.il  sinus  rounded,  horizontal.  Found 
fossil  in  the  Miocene  of  Bordeaux. 

trig'-on-al.  o.    [Eng.  trigon;  -ftl.] 

"  I.  Ord.  Ixing. :  Triangular  ;  having  three 
angles  or  corners. 

"  A  srar  of  a  yellow  hueehot  iutonumerouHrW>70j((iI 
Iioiiiteil  fllioots  of  v.irious  Biz£s,  found  Kroving  to  one 


II.  Technically: 

1.  Anat. :  A  term  applied  to  a  triangular 
space  on  the  fundus  of  the  bladder. 

2.  Bot.:  Three-cornered. 

tri-go-ne,  5.    [Tricon.] 

Anat.  :  A  sniunth,  triangular  surface  in  the 
bladder,  imiuedialrly  bi-lnnd  the  urethi-al  open- 
ing, at  the  anterior  part  uf  the  fundus. 

trig-o-nel'-la,  .^.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Gr.  Tptyiui'o?  {trigOnos)=  triangular.  So  named 
becau.se  the  standard  is  flat  and  the  spreading 
alffi  give  the  flowers  a  triangular  appearance.] 
Bot.  :  Fenugreek,  a  genus  of  Trifoliefe. 
Leaves  trifoHolate ;  calyx  tive-toothed,  the 
teeth  nearly  equal;  petals  distinct,  keel  ob- 
tuse ;  flowers  in  few  or  many-Howered  lieads, 
or  in  sliort  iBcemes.  Legume  straiglit  or 
slightly  curved,  two-valved,  much  longer 
tlmu  the  calyx.  Known  species  fifty,  all  from 
the  eastern  hemisphere.  One,  Trigonella 
ornithopodioides,  the  Bird's-foot  Fenugreek, 
is  British.  It  has  decumbent  steins,  two  to 
live  inches  long,  obtordate  leaflets,  toothed 
at  the  end,  the  peduncles  l>earing  aliout  three 
flowers  ;  the  legumes  nearly  twice  the  length 
of  tlie  calyx,  and  containing  about  eight  seeds. 
Found  iu  dry,  sandy  pastures,  generally  near 
the  sea.  It  flowers  in  July  and  August.  A 
decoction  of  it  is  used  as  an  emollienf,  and  its 
flowers  are  made  into  poultices  for  veteiiuary 
use.  r.  Faman  grcecum,  the  Fenugreek,  or 
Fenugr^ec,  is  an  erect  annual,  one  or  two  feet 
high,  a  native  of  the  Mediterranean  region 
and  of  the  Punjaub.  It  is  cultivated  in  India 
and  other  warm  countries,  and  occasionally 
in  England,  where,  however,  the  climate  is 
too  variable  to  render  it  a  i)rofltable  crop. 
In  India  the  seeds  are  largely  used  as  a  condi- 
ment and  as  a  substitute  for  coffee  ;  they 
also  yield  a  yellow  dye.  Containing  the  prin- 
ciple coumarin,  which  imparts  the  plea.saut 
sweet  smell  to  hay.  tliey  are  used  to  render 
damaged  hay  palataVde  to  horses,  and  are  an 
ingredient  in  concentrated  cattle  food. 

*  trig-6-nel-li'-te^  s.      [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin. 
from  trigona;  sufl'.  -ites.] 

Pahcout.  :  The  name  given  by  Parkinson  iu 
1811  to  the  opercula  xif  certain  species  of 
ammonites.  These  opercula  are  divided  into 
two  synimetiical  pieces  by  a  straight  median 
suture,  and  were  mistaken  for  bivalve  shells. 

tri-go-ni-a,  .--.     [Mod.  Lat.]    [Trigon.] 

1.  £o^ ;  The  single  genus  of  the  order  Tri- 
goniaccjp.  Tropical  American  trees  with  op- 
posite, stipulate  leaves,  their  inflorescence  in 
panicles,  iiregular  flowers,  and  long,  haivy 
seeds. 

2.  Zool.  (£■  Palfcont. :  The  sole  recent  genus 
of  Trigoniadre  (q.v.),  with  three  species  (or 
varieties)  from  Australia.  Shell  almost  en- 
tirely nacreous,  thick,  tuberculated.  or  orna- 
mented with  radiating  or    concentric    ribs; 


late,  m.  fare,  amidst,  what,  lau.  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine:   g6,  pot. 
or.  wore,  woU  work,  who,  sin;  mite.  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rile.  fiU;  try.  Syrian,     se.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  au  =  kw. 


trigoniacese— trigorhina 


199 


postcri.Jl-  siilc  angular;  lii;ament  small  and 
l.rduiiiipnt ;  hitige-Ueth  'i-M,  iliviTsiiii;.  Am- 
iikU  with  a  long,  ixiinti'il  loot,  Iwnt  shari>l.v, 
lieel  iiromiuent ;  gills  ample,  the  outer  smaller 
than  the  inner,  united  U-hind  the  body  to 
each  other  and  to  the  numtle.  The  speeies 
Me  veiT  aetive ;  one  taken  olive  from  t  le 
dredge  by  Mr.  Stutchbury,  End  placed  on  the 
-unwale  of  his  boat,  leapt  overboard,  cleaniig 
S  ledge  of  four  iuehes.  They  are  probably 
migratory,  as  in  dredging  for  them  it  is  very 
■  ineertaiu  where  they  may  be  obtained,  though 
1  li,-v  abound  in  some  i>arts  of  Sydney  Harb.iui . 
\  Iniiidied  fossil  species  are  liuowu.  wid.'ly 
,'iistributed  in  space,  .and  i-angiiig  ni  tiiiie  lioui 
the  l.ias  to  the  Chalk,  but,  almost  it  not 
rtitirely  absent  from  the  Tertiary.  Tlie  sliell 
is  want'iiig  or  met.araorphic  in  Limestone  strata. 

trigonla-grits,  s.  pi 

ileol  ■  Two  grits,  an  upper  and  a  lower, 
characterized  by  the  presence  ol'  species  ol 
Trioonia.  They  constitute  part  of  the  Upper 
Ea"sUines  of  the  Inferior  Oolit«  at  Leck- 
hampton  Hill  and  Cleeve  Hill,  near  Chelten- 
ham. 
•  tri-go-ni-a'-je-se,  s.  p'-  [Mod.  Lat.  tn- 
goni(n);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  ad.j.  suff.  -acca'.J 

Bol.  .-    Von   Martius's  name  for   an    order 
■which  he  separates  from  Polygalacea- (q.v.), 
on  account  of  its  opposite  leaves,  the  posses- 
sion of  stipules,  &c. 
trig-6-ni'-a-dse,  ttri-gon'-i-dsB,  *.  /'. 

[Mod.    Lat.   iiigoHw;    Lat.  lem.  pi.  adj.  sutl. 

-(i>((V.l 

1  Zool.  :  A  family  of  Conchiferous  Mol- 
luscs, group  Integro-pallialia.  Shell  equivalve, 
'.•lose,  trigonal,  jiiub<.nes  directed  posteriorly  ; 
ligament  external,  interior  nacreous ;  hinge- 
te°eth  few,  diverging:  palliiil  line  simple. 
A.nimal  with  the  mantle  open  ;  foot  long  and 
tient ;  gills  two  on  each  side,  recumbent ; 
palpi  simple.     [TrigonuI 

2.  Pahvoul. :  Five  fossil  genera,  ranging  from 
the  Lower  Silurian  to  the  Trias. 

.  VTl-gon  -i-dae,  e.  pL    ITbigoxiad.e.) 

trig-6n-6-.   >i/i/.      [Tbigox.]     Triangular; 
having  a  triangular  process  or  processes. 

trig-6n-6-car-p6n,  s.    [Pref.  trhjoao-,  and 
Gr.  Kopirds  (karpos)  =  fruit.] 

FaUmhot.:  A  genus  of  fossil  plants  founded 
oil  three-  or  six-angled  nut-like  fruits,  coni- 
luencin"  in  the  Devonian  and  alundant  in 
She  Carboniferous  Rocks.  The  exterior  of 
the  fruit  was  probably  fleshy.  It  was  once 
believed  to  be  a  palm  fruit ;  then  Sir  Joseph 
Hooker  considered  it  the  solitary  fruit  of  the 
recent  Salisburia,  a  taxad,  though  Principal 
Dawson  believes  it  to  have  beenSigillarioid. 
Known  British  Carlxmiferous  species  six,  from 
Lancashire.  Salop.  Somerset,  &c.  Two  species 
occur  in  the  Permian. 
trig-6n-6-s6pl»'-*-l'is,  s-  {VrtL  u-ujono-, 
and  Gr.  iteiJiaAi  (kephaU)  =  the  head.) 

Zoul. :  A  genus  of  Crotalidic,  with  three 
species,  ranging  from  Mexico  t^i  Patagonia. 
Body  elongate,  fusiform,  back  slightly  com- 
pressed ;  head  large  and  distinct  from  neck, 
depressed,  triangular ;  muzzle  prominent,  an- 
gular ;  tail  short,  tapering  to  a  point ;  crown- 
shields  small,  scale-like;  eye  moderate,  pupils 
vertical  ;  scales  keeled. 

trig-o-noc'-er-otts,  n.  [Pref.  Irigono-,  and 
Gr.  ««pas  (Aents)  =  ahorn.)  An  epithet  applied 
to  an  animal  having  horns  with  three  angles, 
as  some  goats  and  sheep. 

trig-6n-D  griip'-tiis, .'.  [Pref.  (rijoiio.,  and 
Gr.  7POIIT05  (j/djifos)  =  painted.] 

FaUfonl.  :  A  genus  of  Graptolitcs,  with 
three  British  species  from  the  Lower  Silurian. 

-trig-o-nom'-e-ter,  s.  ITbiconometry.]  An 
instrument  for  plotting  angles  and  laying 
down  dist;>Dces  upon  paper,  and  for  solving 
problems  in  plane  trigonometry  by  inspection. 
It  consists  of  a  semicircular  protractor,  with 
a  long  ann  carrying  a  T-square  and  graduated 
sliding-scale. 

trig-o-no-mef-ric,  «.  lEng.  trigoiwmctr(ii); 
-ic.)  Pertaining  or  relating  to  trigonometi-y ; 
trigonometrical. 

trig-o-no-mef-rio-al,  a.  [Eng.  ir!gm<n- 
mclriii);  -iml.]     Pertaining  to  trigonometry  ; 


performed  by  or  according  to  the  rules  of 
trigonometry  ;  ascertained  by  or  deduced  from 
trigonometry. 

trigonometrical  -  coordinates,  .<.  )i'. 
Elements  of  icti  reuce,  by  means  ..1  uluch  the 
].osition  of  a  point  on  the  surface  ..t  a  sphere 
may  lie  determined  with  respect  to  two  great 
circles  of  the  sphere.  Called  also  Splieiical- 
coordiiiates. 

trigonometrical  curves,  s.pl.  Curves 
whose  equations  an-  res]iectively  y  —  sin  x, 
1/  =  cos  X,  1/  =  vcr-siii  X,  II  =  tan  JC,  y=  cot  i, 
v  =  secx,  andi/  =  cosj.  If  aciicle be  conceived 
to  roll  upon  a  straight  line,  continuing  in  Uie 
same  plane,  and  at  the  (loint  of  contact  per- 
pendiculars to  be  erected  equ.il  to  the  sine, 
cosine,  versed  sine,  &c.,  of  the  arc  from  the 
origin  of  the  arcs  to  the  point  of  contact, 
the  loci  of  the  extremities  of  these  ordinates 
will  be  the  curves  whose  equations  are  given. 

trigonometrical  -  lines,  »■  pi    Lines 

which  are  cnjlil"ycd  in  solving  the  different 
cases  of  plane  and  spherical  trigonometry, 
as  radius,  sines,  cosines,  tangents,  cotangents, 
secants,  cosecants,  &c.  These  lints,  or  the 
lengths  of  them,  are  called  the  trigi .iiometrical 
functions  of  the  arcs  to  which  they  belong. 
■\Vhen  an  arc  increases  through  all  its  values 
from  0'  to  360°,  the  sines  and  cosecants  are 
positive  in  the  first  and  second  iiuadrants, 
and  negative  in  the  third  ami  fourtli ;  the 
tangents  and  cotangents  are  positive]  in  the 
hrst  and  third  quadiant-s,  and  negative  in  the 
second  and  fourth ;  the  cosines  and  secants 
are  positive  in  the  first  and  fourth  quadrants, 
and  negative  in  the  second  and  third,  and  the 
versed  sines  and  eoversed  sines  are  positive 
throughout.  > 

trigonometric-series,  .'.  pi  Infinite 
series  which  are  of  the  lorm  a  .sin  x  +  6  sin 
•2  X  +  '■  sin  3  >■  +  Ac,  and  a  cos  x  +  !i  cos 
2  X  -f  0  cos  3  x+  i:c. 

trigonometrical-survey,  s.  A  survey 
of  a  country  carried  out  from  a  single  b,ase 
by  the  computation  of  observed  angular  dis- 
tances ;  but  the  term  is  usually  confined  to 
measurements  on  a  large  scale  embracing  a 
eonsideiatble  extent  of  country  and  requiring 
a  combination  of  astronomical  .and  geodetical 
operations.     A  trigonometrical  survey  may  lie 
undertaken  either  to  ascertain  the  exact  situa- 
tion of  the  different  points  of  a  country  rela- 
tively to  each  other  and  to  the  equator  and 
meridians  of  the  terrestrial  globe,   for   the 
purpose  of  constructing  an  accurate  map,  or 
t<>  ileterniine  the  dimensions  and  form  of  the 
earth  by  ascertaining  the  curvature  of  a  given 
])Ortion  of  its  surface,  or  by  measuring  an  arc 
o.f  the  meridian.    The  most  minute  accuracy 
aiid  the  most  perfect  instruments  are  required 
ill  all  the  practical  pai-ts  of  such  operations, 
and  regard  must  be  had  to  the  curvature  of 
the  earth's  sui-faee,  the  elTects  of  temperature, 
refraction,  altitude  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
and  a  multitude  of  other  circumstances  which 
are  not  taken  into  account  in  ordinary  survey- 
ing.    In  a  trigonometrical  survey  the  whole 
area  to  be  sm-veyed  is  divided  into  a  system 
of  triangles,   commencing  from  a    carefully 
measured  base,  which  forms  the  side  of  the 
first  triangle.     These  are  further  intersected 
by  a  network  of  smaller  triangulations,  which 
w'ill  fix  all  the  secondary  points  on  the  sur- 
face, and  finally  the  details  of  the  ground  are 
completed  bv  measurement  and  the  theodolite. 
The  value  of  this  work  of  triangulation  lies  in 
the  exactitude  of  the  base-line  and  the  deter- 
niiiKition  of  the  true  position  of  the  starting- 
iwint  at  one  of  its  extremities.     Extreme  care 
in  measurement  and  a  most  painstaking  repe- 
tition of  observations  are  essential  ;  for  errors 
committed  at  this  period  of  a  survey  are  not 
merely  continued,  but  increased,  as  the  work 
proceeds.     Having  completed  the  determina- 
tion of  the  base-line,  the  more  prominent  or 
most  central  and  convenient  points  are  fixed 
for  the  greater  triangulation.     Powerful  theo- 
dolites are  used  for  this  purpose,  and  care  is 
taken  that  the  triangles  are  as  nearly  equi- 
lateral as  possible,  so  as  to  avoid  the  inaccu- 
racy which  taking  very  .aeute  angles  would 
iiduce.    The  triangulation  proceeds  from  the 
tiasc-line  in  a  series  of  gradually  increasing 
triangles,   and    these   are    repeatedly  taken, 
their  means  carefully  calculated,   and  their 
reduction  to  the  true  surface  completed  by 
mathematical  calculation.     When  the  greater 
triangulation  is  completed,  the  minor  points, 
those  of   less  importance,  are  united  by  a 
series  of  smaller  triangles,  until  the  relative 


positions  of  all  the  prominent  natural  and 
artificial  features  of  the  area  (the  whole  of 
which,  with  the  exception  of  the  \ia.se-hne, 
-  have  been  fixed  by  mathematically  coirecU'd 
Uigommietrical  calciilatiou),  can  <ic  finally 
marked  down  on  the  map.  The  femainder 
of  the  work  is  done  bv  absolute  n.easurcmcnt 
with  a  ihaiii,  a  small  theixlolitc  Ining  still 
used  for  correction  and  to  determine  the  hear- 
ings of  the  points  with  regard  to  those  of  tho 
greater  triangles.     [Ordnanck-siirvev.] 

trig-6-n6-met-ric-al-l3?,  adv.  [Eng.  tri- 
goitiiMelrical;  -ly.j  In  a  trigonometrical 
manner ;  by  means  of  or  according  to  the 
rules  of  trigonometry. 

trig-o-nom -e-try,  »'.     [Piff-  irigoiw-,  and 

(ir.  fitrpoc  {mclrun)  —  a  measure.]  Ill  its 
jirimitive  and  narrower  sense  the  measuring 
of  triangles,  or  the  science  of  determining 
the  sides  and  angles  of  triangles  by  mean" 
of  certain  ))arts  which  arc  given ;  but  in 
the  nioderii  acceptation  of  the  term  it  in- 
cludes all  theorems  and  forniulie  relative 
to  angles  and  circular  arcs,  and  the  lines 
connected  with  them,  these  lines  being  ex- 
pressed by  numbers  or  ratios.  Trigonometry  is 
divided  into  three  branches,  Plane,  Splnrical, 
and  Analytical.  Plane  trigonomctiy  treats 
of  the  relations  existing  between  tlie  subs  and 
angles  of  ])lane  triangles.  The  prim:i^l 
object  of  plane  trigonometry  is  to  show  the 
methods  of  solving  plane  triangles ;  that  is, 
the  method  of  finding  the  remaining  parts  of 
a  jilane  triangle,  when  three  are  given,  one  of 
the  three  being  a  side.  Spherical  trigonometry 
treats  of  the  relations  existing  between  the 
sides  and  angles  of  spherical  triangles.  The 
principal  object  of  this  branch  is  to  show  the 
method  of  solving  spherical  triangles ;  that 
is,  the  method  of  finding  the  remaining  parts 
of  a  sjiherical  triangle,  when  any  three  are 
given.  Analytical  trigonometry  treats  of  the 
general  rehations  and  properties  of  angles,  and 
trigonometrical  functions  of  angles.  In  every 
plane  triangle  there  are  six  parts  or  elements 
—three  angles  and  three  sides.  When  any 
three  parts  of  a  plane  triangle  are  given,  one 
of  which  is  a  side,  the  remaining  p.arts  may  be 
found,  and  the  operation  of  finding  tliem  is 
called  Solving  the  triangle,  the  operation 
being  facilitated  by  tables  of  sines,  tangents, 
secants,  &c.  (See  these  words.)  Tlius,  any 
triangle  A  B  C  may  be  solved  by  the  aid  of  the 
l.illnwing  formuhe,  where  s  denotes  the  sum 
of  the  three  sides,  ov  s  =  a  +  I)  +  e.  The 
capitils  denote  angles,  and  the  sm.ill  letters 
the  sides  opposite  to  the  respective  angles. 

sin  .4  _  sin  E  _  sin  U  ,  ,  . 

It     -"      b     -     i;     ^  ' ' 

a  +  h  _  tan  K^  +  B)  _       cot  \  C  . 

iT^Tt  -  tan  i(vl  -  £)  -  tan  i(^  -  if)  ■  ■  ^  '  • 


sin  i  .4  =  V 


•(js— MCia^TQ. 


cos  \  A  ■■ 


-A 


^\  S    —    It) 


(3). 


If  the  triangle  is  right    angled    at    A,    the 
forniulie  uscil  in  the  solution  are  the  follow- 

i'lg  '■  h  c  b 

siu  £  =  -  ;  cos  B  =  -  ;  tau  £  =  -  .  .  (-1) ; 


I)  =  n  sin  B  =  c  tan  £  =  >/  (ii=  —  c») 

=  y/(a  —  c)  (ri  +7)  .  .  >  .  .  (.^>). 
In  spherical,  as  in  plane  trigonometi  y,  there 
are  six  parts  in  every  triangle— three  sides 
and  tlirec  angles.  When  any  three  are  given, 
the  other  three  may  be  found,  except  ili  tlu^ 
particular  case  of  a  triangle  having  two  right 
angles.  In  that  case,  if  two  right  angles  anil 
a  side  opposite  one  be  given,  each  given  part 
will  be  00',  and  the  solution  is  indeteniiinate. 

tri-go'-non,  .-•.    [Gr.  =  a  triangle.] 

Mufir:  A  small  harp  or  triangular  lyre  useil 
by  the  ancients.     [Trioon.] 

»  trig' -  on  -  OUS,  ".     [Trioon.]    Triangular; 
trigonal. 

«  trig'-on-y,  »'.   [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  ydi-i)  (i)otie) 
=  a  birth.]    Threefold  birth  or  product. 

■'  M.iu  ...  ill  whom  be  three  distinct  boqIs  t)y  way 
of  triiioiiii." — Hviccll. 

trig-o-rld'-na,  ,«.    [Pref.  (riao(no-),  and  Gr. 
pc's  (i'/ii.»),  genit.  piro?  (r;i;iios)=  the  snout.] 

Palaiont. :   A  genus  of   Rajidie,   from   the 
Tertiary  strata  of  Monte  Postale. 


*6U,  l)6y;  pout,  jdwl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9liin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e?ist.    -ing. 
-clan,  -tian  ^  »»="     -«""   -«ion  =  shun :    tior^  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,    tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -We,    die,  ,^c  ^  bel,  del. 


■-  Shan,    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin ;  -tior^.  -§ion  = 


:>ut) 


tngrain— trilobatiou 


'tri'-Srikm,  *-  (IVf.  tn-,  mv\  Ht.  -ypofiMa 
(/nrfiur)  =a  letter.'    TIio  same  as  Tbkjkai'B 

tn  ffram  mM-io,  tri-grftm -mio.  ". 

I  Ktvj    r-T;    I'"  .  -fifir,  .1.-.  1     L">'iiHi!*tiii>;  *>I  thrvc 

tri  graph.  *.  iPref.  tri-,  and  Or.  ypd'tna 
'MP^iyt^*)  titwrit^.J  A  iwme  kIvcii  to  tlin*' 
lvttri>  l.itving  one  HOiiiid  ;  a  triplithniiy,  ;is 
tf\u  in  'mitt. 

♦  tri  k^n,  *     ITriovsia.] 

iu>*..     Any  tii<livi<lii»l  of  the  oi\ler  Trigyiiia. 

tri-^j^  J'*»  ^-  P'-  (Pri'f'  '''•■.  tt"*l  Gr.  yurij 
(i/ijiw)  —  a  woiiiuii.] 

/^•/,  ■   TW  iiiiiDf  of  variouH  orders  in  the 

I.   • >vsti'm  of  cla.s.sitlcjitioii.    Thi'y  have 

"i  -     Thf  classes  DiiUidrin,  Triimilna, 

i  1  i  I.  Hi-xnntlria,  U^-taiMlria.  Kniu'aii- 
•  in, I.  l><-<- iiiilriii,  l»i>decaii(lria,  Ici»snntlrii>.,  luul 
I'l'lyiiii'lri.i  have  cacli  an  onltT  Trigyiiia. 

tri^rt^  -i-an,  tri'-gtn-oils.  «.  (Mod.  Lnt. 

/riT/v'i '(<•);  Vutr.  -iM,  -vns.] 

lua. :  Having  three  pistils  or  styles  ;  having 
thu'-  ciriM-lN 

tri  he   dr^l. ".    [TKiiiEnROK.J   Having  three 

<'-)ii;il  ini.'-. 

trihedral  arsenlate  of  copper.  ^'. 

.Vir  .  .    Til'-  :<\\\\V  ;i.s  Cl.lNOfLAJSt:  ((l-V.). 


(Pref.   tri;   and    Gr.   efipo 
1  base.]     A  llgnre  having 


tri  he  dron,  <■ 

{ft<-i/c.()  —  a  st'at, 

llirf-  r-tpUll    f'UXi-s 

tri  hep-tyl -a-mine,  5.  [Pref.  ^i-;  Eng. 
heiittti,  and  inniii'-.] 

citfm. :  CiiH45N  =fC-Hi5)3X.  Trioenanthyl- 
annnc.  A  litjuid  obtained  by  heating  sulphite 
of  tiMiiUithyl-amnnniinni  with  a  mixture  of 
qiiirklinie  and  slaked  linie.  It  is  pale  yellow 
liy  transmitted,  greenish  yellow  by  reflected 
iig)it.  htrungly  ertlorescejit,  and  turns  brown 

vposure  In  the  air;  insoluble  in  water, 

Imt  -snhilili-  in  ab-oJiol  and  ether.  Its  salts 
are  all  deli.iue,scent  and  form  oily  drops  or 
synipy  masses. 

tri-lu-la'-tsa,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Lat. 
hihtyn  —  ji  little  thing,  a  trifle.] 

y.Vir  ;  The  liltietli  onler  in  Linnteus's  Natural 
ftyst'-in.  Genera  :  Sapindus,  Malpighia,  Be- 
gonia, BerV^eris,  &c. 

tri-hi  -late,  a.    [Trihilat^.] 

luA. :  Having  three  apertures.  Used  of  some 
totillcn  grains,  &c. 

'  tri  bor-al,  a.  [Pref.  (ri-,  and  Eng.  horal 
()|.  V . ).  I    ( I'ecurring  once  in  every  three  houi-s. 

tri'  -jugate,  tri'-ju-gous,  o.    [Gr.  rpt^vyo? 

(Iiiriujos)  -=  thn-i'-yoketl  :  jiref.  tri-,  and  ^u-ybt- 
{zti.j'n,)  -  :i  yoke.) 

Hot. :  A  term  used  when  tlie  jietiole  of  a 
pinnate  leaf  I»ears  three  pairs  of  leaflets. 

t  tri-jnnc  'tion,  «:.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
jinn-fi<nt.\  Tlie  junction  of  three  tilings  at 
oMi'  |if>int 

"Til  hftv)"  the  frii/itnrttrtji  of  Tibet.  India,  and  Biiriii» 
frtcnMCHj  irltlilutbf  fuurconienofama]).'— j4e/'eti«i(r7i, 
.Ii^ij   ?i.  IMJ.  p.  IC4. 

tri  Idbe. .'.    [Etym.  doubtful.J 

Svr<i.  :  An  iustnitneut  used  in  extranting 
foreign  sv:lj.staiices  from  the  blathler.  It  lias 
thi*ee  nngers,  which  are  expandetl  and  con- 
tracted after  the  instrument  is  in  situ. 

tri-l&m'-in-ar.  o.      [Pref.    tri-,  and    Eng. 

yVii/sm?. :  Consisting  or  composed  of  three- 
fold laminae  or  layers  of  cells :  as,  the  tri- 
laniinnr  fitructure  of  the  blastoderm.     [Tri- 

I'l-OIU.ASTIc.I 

t  trl-l&t  -er-al,  t.    [Ijat.  trilatents,  from  tri- 


—  three,  and"  hiti 
Having  three  sides : 
angle. 

t  tri  lit -er-al-l^. 

-/•/,  I      With  thre*-  -side, 


genit.  lat€ri!c=A  side.] 
three-sided,  as   a   tri- 


[Eng.    trilateral; 


*  tn  lat-er-al-neSS,  s.  (Eng.  trUateraJ ; 
-J"  ss  I  Til.-  -inality  nr  state  of  being  trilateral. 

tri  lem'-ma,  5.  (Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  X^^^o 
(IrMmn)  =:  Something  received,  an  assumption. 
IVoni  Aoft^di'u  (lambano)=  to  take.] 


1.  /-o^iV:  A  syllogism  with  three  (onditiiuial 
propositions,  the  major  premises  of  which  are 
di.sjunctively  affirmed  in  the  minor. 

2.  Hence,  generally,  any  choice  lietween 
three  alternatives. 

tri-l6f-td,  s.    tltal.J 

Musi'':  A  short  trill. 

tri-lin'-6-ar,  rt.  [Pref. /n'-,  and  Eng.  liurar 
(.j.v.)-^  Composed  or  consisting  of  three 
lines. 

tri  lln'-gual.  tri-lift-guar  (u  as  w).  a, 

[iMX.  fn-  =  three,  an<t  /ni./mt  =  a  tongn.-.  a 
laiiguagt'.]  Consisting  of  or  written  in  three 
languages. 

"  The  muchnot**!  R"»et(iK  utoiie  .  .  .  l»e«ri*  ni>ou  Ita 
«urftu-e  II  (rtlinguaf  iuBCiiitl iuu.'"—7'atf ^or. 

tri-lit'-er-al,  «.  &  .".  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
/irovt/ Oi.v.).] 

A.  AmtilJ.:  Consisting  of  three  letter-s. 

•'  Tlie  An»l»lck  roots  are  imlverwiUy  irlJftfira7."—Sir 
n".  Joiin:  fourth  A»nit<ermry  l>i»ci>tirs<: 

B.  Af  siihst.:  A  word  cnsisting  of  three 
letters. 

trlllteral- languages,  :>-.  ]>/.  a  term 
applied  t"  the  .Semitic  languages,  because 
every  word  in  them  consists,  in  the  tirst  in- 
stance, of  three  consonants,  which  represent 
the  essential  itlea  expressed  by  the  word, 
while  special  modith-ations  are  produced  by 
Certain  vowels  nr  additional  letters, 

tri  -  lit  -  er  -  al  -  i^m,  tri-lit-er-al  -i-ty. 
tri-lif-er-al-ness,  s.  [Kng.  trititentl ; 
-ism,  -it>/,  -ness.]  The  q^nality  or  state  of  being 
triliteml ;  the  condition  or  character  of  con- 
sisting of  three  letters. 

"But  no Buch  tiling  is  at  present  practicalile  for  the 
Semitic ;  tl>ia  cuntAins  two  cliarftcteriatics— the  tri- 
titeralitu  uf  the  route  and  their  inflection  1i>'  internnl 
chiiuife. '  by  viirhitiou  of  vuwel— which  helong  to  it 
alone."—  Whitneii :  Life.  *  Orototh  of  Langunge,  ch.  xii, 

tri'-llth,  s.     [Fr.  trilithe^ 

ArchyfoK  :  A  trilithon  (q.v.). 
"  Much  greater  mechnnlc.il  skill,  moreover,  was 
leqniried  to  raise  the  superiiicuinheiit  inassea,  and  fit 
tlieiu  iiiti-i  tlieir  exact  poettion,  than  to  rear  the  ruile 
sUtidiiin-stoiie,  iir  upheave  the  capBtone  of  the  crom- 
lech on  to  the  ufiriifht  rriIith."—iVitso}i:  Prehistoric 
Ammlfif  SrotUnul.  ii.  b. 

tri-lith'-ic,  n.  [Eng.  trilith;  -ic]  Of,  be; 
lunging,  ur  relating  to  a  trilitli ;  consisting  ot 
tlirce  stones. 

tri'-lith  -on,  s.  [Gr.  TptAi^os  (trilithos)  =  of 
or  with  three  stojies  ;  to  rpiXtSoi-  (to  trilithon) 
=  a  temple  at  Baalbec,  with  huge  columns 
consisting  of  three  stones  each.] 

Archtvol. :  Amonument,  proliablysepulcliral, 
either  standing  alone  or  forming  part  of  a 
larger  work,  and  consisting  of  three  stones  ; 
two  uprights,  connected  by  a  continuous  im- 
post or  architrave.  The  best-known  examples 
of  trilithons  in  the  United  Kingdom  are  at 


TRILITHONS. 
1.  Stonehenge.  a.  Outer  circle  :  6.  Trilithons  ;  r  Part 
of  inner  oval  of  upright  posts.  1  Tomb  of  Isodoriw 
(AD.  2221  at  Khatiivirvi,  near  Alepvo.  3.  Trilithon  at 
Elkebdate  Roman  ?),  about  forty-five  miles  S.E.  from 
Tripoli. 

Stonehenge,  nn  Salisbury  Plain.  In  the  tri- 
Htlions  still  standing,  er>ch  of  the  uprights  has 
a  tenon  on  its  surface,  and  the  under  sides  of 
the  arcliitrave  or  horizontal  piece  have  each 
two  mortii-es  into  which  the  tenons  lit.  Ac- 
cording to  Olaus  Magnus  {de  Gent.  Sept..  p.  49) 
similar  monuments  were  formerly  erected  in 
Sweden  over  the  graves  of  nobles  and  other 
eminent  persons;  and  Fergussou  (Rvde  Stone 
Monuments,  p.  101),  considers  thatthe  trilithon 
"is  only  an  improved  dolmen,  standing  on 
two  legs  instead  of  three  or  four."  (See 
extract.) 

"  We  must  not,  however,  attribute  too  much  im- 
iwrtance  to  the  similaritj'  existing  between  the  mecji- 
litbic  erectiL-ns  in  various  parts  of  the  world.  Give 
any  child  a  box  of  brick*,  and  it  will  immediatelv 
bulld  dolmens,  cromlechs,  and  trilithnnB,  like  those 
uf  Stonehenge,  so  tliat  the  construction  of  these  re- 
markable monuments  may  he  reganled  as  another 
illustration  of  the  curious  similarity  existing  lietween 
the  child  and  the  sjange."  — /.ifAftocA.'  Prrhisforir 
Tim>-i  (ed.  1878),  p.  133. 


trill.  >.     [ItJih  rW»o  =  a  trill,  a  sliakL.J 
I.  Ordinary  I. angnoge: 

1.  A  warbling,  quavering  sound  ;  a  rapid, 
trembling  series  <n*  .succession  of  sounds. 

"The  blackbird  pipe"*  In  artless  trill.' 

Wnrttiti  ■  I  ntcriptioii  ht  a  Hr^'milnije. 

2.  A  consonant  pronounced  with  a  trilling 
.suiintl,  as  /  or  r. 

II.  MH.^-i^; 

1.  The  same  as  Shark  (q.v.). 

"Ihave  often  .  .  .  attributed  many  ol  his  (riW«  And 
quavei-a  to  the  coldness  uf  the  weather."— ro(/er. 
No.  2'22. 

2.  The  rapid  repetition  of  a  note  in  singing. 
[Vibrato.] 

trill  (1),  v.t.  &  i.  [Ital,  trillare  =  to  trill,  to 
shake,  to  quaver  ;  Dut.  trxUen  ;  Ger.  trdlern.] 

A,  Trans. :  To  utter  or  sing  with  a  quaver- 
ing (»r  tremulousness  of  voice.  (Thomson: 
>'i/jH»it'r,  70(3.) 

B.  I iitransitire : 

1.  To  shake,  to  quaver;  to  sound  with 
tremulous  vibrations. 

'■  To  judge  of  trilling  notes  .ind  tripping  feet." 

Dryilen.     {Tudd.} 

2.  To  sing-  with  quavers  ;  to  pipe. 

trill  (2),  *  trll.  •  tryll.  v.t.  &  i.  [Sw.  trilla 
=:  to  roll;  triUi<=a.  roller;  Dan.  triUe  =  to 
r<dl,  to  trundle.  Tlie  same  word  as  Icel.  thyria 
to  whirl ;  Eng.  thrill,  thirl,  or  drill.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  turn  round  ;  to  twirl. 

"  Bj-  thund'ring  out  the  suudrie  sodaine  sniartei* 
W'hlch  daily  chaunce  as  fortune  trilles  the  hnll." 
tiatcoifftie:  Frvitea  of  Wnrre. 

B,  Intransitive : 

*  1.  To  turn,  to  twirl. 

2.  To  flow  in  a  small  stream  or  in  rapid 
drops ;  to  trickle. 

"  But  through  bis  fingers,  lon^and  slight, 
Fast  trilled  the  drops  of  crystal  bright." 

.Scoff  .■  Lord  of  (Ae  Isles,  iv,  ifi. 

tril-li-a'-^e-se,  s.  pK  [Mod.  Lat.  trilH(um); 
Lat.  fern.. pi.  adj.  suft'.  -acea^.] 

Bot. :  Parids ;  an  order  of  Dictyogens.  Herbs, 
with  tubers  or  rhizomes,  simple  stems,  and  ver- 
ticillate,  membranous,  netted  leaves  ;  flowers 
large,  solitary,  hermaphrodite ;  sepals  three, 
herbaceous  ;  jietals  tliree,  much  lai'ger  than 
the  sepals,  coloured  or  herbaceous ;  stamens, 
six  to  ten  ;  styles  three  to  five,  free  ;  ovary 
three  to  flve-celled,  ovules  in  two  rows,  in- 
definite ;  fruit  succulent.  From  the  north 
temperate  zone.  Known  genera  four,  species 
thirty.    (Lindley.)    [Paris.] 

*trfr-U-bub.  ?.  [Etyin.  doubtful.]  A  cant 
name  fur  anything  trifling  or  worthless. 

trill-ing,  5.    [Three.] 

"  1.  One  of  three  children  borii  at  the  same 
birth. 

2.  A  composite  crystal  composed  of  three 
individuals. 

triU'-ion  (i  as  y),  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  m^d  Eng. 
(tni)lUon.] 

Arith. :  Tlie  product  of  a  million -raised  to 
the  third  power ;  a  million  thrice  multiplied 
by  a  million  ;  a  number  denoted  by  a  unit 
followed  by  eighteen  cyphers.  In  French 
notation  a  number  expressed  by  a  unit  fol- 
lowed by  twelve  ciphers. 

tril'-li-um,  s.  [Lat.  triUx—  woven  with  three 
sets  of  leashes,  triple  ;  pref.  tri-,  and  licinvi  =■ 
the  ends  of  a  weaver's  thread.  So  Cidled  be- 
cause of  the  ternary  arrangement  running 
through  the  calyx,  condla,  styles,  and  leaves.] 
Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Trilliacese.  Sepals 
three,  herbaceous ;  i>etals  three,  coloured ; 
stigmas  three,  sessile ;  berry  superior,  three- 
celled,  many-seeded.  Known  species  seven- 
teen, all  from  North  America.  The  fleshy- 
roots  of  Trillinm  erectum  (=  T.  pendvJumX 
the  Beth-root,  Indian  Balm,  or  Lamb's  Quar- 
ters, is  used  as  a  tonic,  antiseptic,  &c.,  by  the 
Shakers.  It  is  about  a  foot  high,  with  rhom- 
boid leaves,  and  droojung,  fetid,  purple  flowers. 

tril-16,  s.    [Ital.] 

Mu^ic  :  A  trill,  a  shake.  ■ 

tri-lo-bate,  tri-16-bate,  tri -lobed,  a. 

[Pref.  tri-,  an<l  Eng.   lohatc,   lohed.]    Having 
three  lobes. 

tri-16-ba'-tion,  5.  [Eng.  trilobat(e);  -ion.] 
Tlie  state  or  condition  of  being  trilobed. 

"  In  some  cases  .  .  .  this  tril^biUion  is  only  obscurely 
marked."— iVJc/ioIjon  .'  Pat<8ont.,  iu  351. 


fStc.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father:   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit.  siire.  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule.  ffuU;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


trilobita— trim 


•j{)t 


tn -lo-bl-ta,  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr. 
rpeU  (treis)  =  tlirt'C,  ami  Ao^bs  (lohos)  =  a  lobe.] 
Pahvonf. :  An  oixUt  of  Ciiistacoa,  to  wliicli 
different  positions  in  tlie  class  have  been  as- 
signed, but  wliifli  are  now  leganied  as  an 
early  and  more  generalizoil  type  from  which 
the  living  and  more  specialized  Isopoda  have 
arisen.  Body  usnally  more  or  less  distinctly 
trilol)ate  in  a  longitudinal  direction  ;  theie  is 
a  cephalic  shield,  generally  bearing  a  pair  of 
sessile,  componud  eyes  ;  the  thoracic  somites 
are  movable  npoii  one  another,  and  vary 
greatly  in  number;  the  abduminal  segments 
coalesce  to  form  a  eandal  shield  (the  pygitlium); 
and  there  is  a  \vell-deveIo]»ed  upper  lip  (thf 
hypostoni.-),  f.rmed  by  a  doubling  of  the 
li'-ad-shi.-lii.  The  Trilobita  are  exclusively 
Palii'iizuic,  and  range  from  the  Upper  Cam- 
brian (in  which  the  Primordial  Trilobjtes  .d 
Barratulearefoun<l)t«tlie  Lower (.'lubDmtVrMus 
of  Eurojie  and  Ameriea.  attaining  their  niaxi- 
iiinni  ill  the  Siluirni,  More  than  50u  species 
arc  known,  distributed  in  many  genera,  which 
;m-  arranged  in  aViout  twenty  families. 

tri  -lo-bite,  .'^.    [Tuilobita.] 

J'ahvont . :  Any  individual  of  the  order 
Trilobita  (q.v.).  The  body  was  proteeted  by  a 
well-deveh'ped  chitiuous" shell,  divided  later- 
ally into  three  regions  :  (1)  a  cejdialic  shieUl  ; 
(J)  a  variable  number  of  body-rings;  and  (::) 
a  cauilal  shield,  tail,  or  pygidium — commouiy 
found  detached  froni  each  other.  The  cephalic 
shield  (a)  is  usually  more  or  less  semicircular, 
with  an  elevated  portion,  the  glabella  (k), 
usually  giooved,  and  bounded  by  the  lixed 
cheeks  (_/(),  to  which  the  free  cheeks  (/r)  wliich 
bear  the  eye  arc  attached  by  what  is  known  as 
the  facial  suture  (/;,  indications  of  wliich  are 
present    iu 

Limulus.  ^.^         it 

The  poste- 
rior angles 
(usually  Cj- 
called  genal  •* 
angles)  of 
the  free 
cheek  arc 
commonly 
prolonged 
into  longer 
or  shoiter 
spines  (s). 
The  eyes  (r) 
are  sessile, 
compound, 
and  consist 
ofanaggre- 
Lcation  of 
facets,  co- 
vered by  a  thin  cornea.  The  numl^r  varies 
^'reatly,  Barrandu  having  found  as  few  as 
fourteen  and  as  many  as  lifteeu  thousand 
facets  in  each  eye  iu  diffeicnt  types.  Behind 
tlie  cephalic  shield  comes  the  thorax  (b),  com- 
posed of  a  number  of  segments  (fiom  two  to 
t  wenty-six),  capable  of  more  or  less  movement 
on  each  other  ;  iu  several  genera  this  freedom 

<  't'  movement  was  so  great  that  species  could 
roll  themselves  up  into  a  ball,  like  a  hedge- 
hog. The  thorax  is  usually  trilobed,  each 
body-ring  exhibiting  the  same  trilobation, 
being  composed  of  a  ceutrnl,  more  or  less 

<  onvex  portion,  the  axis,  witli  two  accessory 
portions,  the  pleurse  {p).  The  tail  is  also 
composed  of  a  number  of  segments  (from  two 


TRILOBlTfc:. 


TRANSVERSE  SECTION   OF  TRILOBITE. 
a.  Doisiil  ciuat ;    b.   Visceml  cavity ;   c,   c    Legs  fre. 
stored:   d.  d.    EiuiKHiite;   e.  e.  Spiral  gllU.     (Eu 

in  Sao  hlrmta  to  twenty-eight  in  ;the  genus 
Amphion),  anchylosed  of  amalgamated.  The 
extremity  is  sometimes  rounded,  but  may  be 
prolonged  into  a  spine,  and  tlie  ends  of  tlie 
I'h-uru-  of  the  tail -segments  may  also  be  pro- 
diirid  into  spine-like  processes.  With  regard 
to  ilie  under-surface  and  appendages  of  the 
Trilobites  much  remains  to  be  discovered. 
Tlie  hrst  structure  met  with  on  the  lower  sur- 
face   was    the    hypostome,   a    broad,   forked 


jilate,  situated  in  front  of  the  mouth  in  many 
sjiecies,  and  closely  resembling  the  lip-plate  lif 
Apus,  a  recent  Pliyllopod.  Next,  Woodward 
found  the  lemaius  of  a  maxillary  p;dp  in 
Asai>hvs  phtturt-plKihi^ ;  and  in  another  indi- 
vidual  of  the  same  species  Billings  fi»uiic| 
what  he  considered  to  be  the  re'  lains  of  eight 
l>airs  of  legs,  but  Dana  and  Verrill  believed 
them  to  be  the  arches  to  which  tlie  legs  were 
attached.  From  VValcotfs  examinations  of 
sections  of  roUed-uip  sjieciniens,  it  appears 
that  the  thoracic  ai)pendages  were  slender, 
tive-.jointed  legs,  in  which  the  terminal  seg- 
ment formed  a  pointed  claw,  and  the  basal 
segment  carried  a  jointed  appendage,  homolo- 
gous  with  the  epipodite  of  many  recent 
Crustaceans.  On  each  side  of  the  "thoracic 
cavity  was  attached  a  row  of  bifid,  spiral 
branchial  appendages,  and  appendages  serving 
also  as  gills  were  probably  attached  to  the 
l-ases  of  the  thoracic  limbs.  The  mouth  was 
situated  behind  the  hypostome,  and  boundeil 
by  tour  ]»airs  of  jointed  manducatory  apjien- 
dages,  the  basal  joints  of  which  were  partly 
or  entirely  modified  to  act  as  jaws.  Trilobite-s 
\ary  greatly  in  size,  some  being  scarcely  larger 
than  a  pin's  head,  wliile  species  of  Asaplius 
have  been  met  with  two  feet  in  length.  They 
appear  to  have  lived  on  muddy  bottoms  in 
shallow  water,  feeding  on  small  marine  ani- 
mals, and  probably  swam  on  their  backs,  as 
do  the  recent  Apus  and  the  larval  forms  of 
Limulus. 

trilobite -schists.  .^.  pi 

fh-ol.  :  A  name  oiiginally  applied  bv  Mur- 
chison  to  the  Llandeilo  Flags,  from  the  fact 
that  trilobites  were  recorded  from  Llandeilo 
by  Lhwvd  as  earlyas  IOi>S.  (//.  B.  U'oodimnl: 

!.;>■■'!.  I-:n<iland  X  fl'aJe.-.,  p.  70.) 

trilobite -Slates,  £.  pi. 

f/V,,/. ;  A  name  given  b)' the  Rev.  D.  Williams 
to  the  PUtnn  beds,  from  the  fact  that  Phacops 
latifrons  has  been  found  in  them.  (//.  B.  iVood- 
ivard  :  Geol.  England  d:  Wales,  p.  129.) 

tri-16-blt-ic,  ".  [Eng.  trilohitie):  -ic]  t)f. 
I'crtaining  to,  or  resembling  a  trilobite. 

tri-16c'-u-lar,  a.    [Triloculina.] 

Bof.  :  Having  three  cells.    (Used  of  fruits.) 

tri-loc-u-li-na,  s.  [Pref.  tri- ;  Lat.  lo<?ulii.s 
=  -d  little  place,  dimin.  of  lorus  =  a  jdace, 
and  fem.  sing,  adj.^suff.  -ina.     (See  def.)J 

1.  Zool. :  A  genus  of  Foraminifera,  having 
the  test  partly  divided  into  three  chambers. 

2.  Pala'ont. :  One  British  species  from  the 
Middle  Eocene,  and  three  from  the  Pliocene. 

trJil'-O-gy,  s.  [Gr.  rptAoyia  (trilogia),  from  rpi- 
=:  tliite,  and  Aoyos  {logos) ~  a  word,  a  speech.] 
\.  Lit.  &  Dranui :  A  series  of  three  dramas, 
which,  though  complete  each  in  itself,  bear  a 
certain  relation  to  each  other,  and  form  one 
historical  and  poetical  picture.  The  term 
belongs  more  particularly  to  the  Greek  drama. 
In  Athens  it  was  customary  to  exhibit  on  the 
same  occasion  three  serious  dramas,  or  a  tri- 
logj-,  at  first  connected  by  a  sequence  of 
subject,  but  afterwards  unconnected,  and  on 
distinct  subjects,  a  fourth  or  satyrie  drama 
being  also  added,  the  characters  of  which 
were  satyrs.  Shakespeare's  Henry  VI.  may 
be  called  a  trilogy.     [Tetralogy.] 

2.  Fig. :  Any  literary  pi-oduetion  consisting 
of  three  parts  forming  a  connected  whole. 


tn-loph'-d-ddn.  s.  [Pref.  tri-;  Gr.  Ao<^os 
ilophos)  =  A  crest,  and  suff.  -odon.\ 

Pahpont. :  A  sub-genus  or  section  of  Mas- 
todon (q.v.),  in  which  the  molars  have  three 
ridges. 

tri-ldph'-6-ddnt»  a.  [Trilophodon.]  Of 
or  belonging  to  the  sub-geuns  Tiilophodon  ; 
having  molars  with  tliree  ridges. 

'  tri-lu-min-ar,  '  tri- lu-min- oils,  c 

(Lat.  tri  —  three',  and  himpn,  geuit.  hnninis  — 
light.]     Having  three  lights. 

trim,  "trym,  '  trynune,  a.,  adr.,  &  s. 
[Trim,  s.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Neat  and  in  good  order;  having  every- 
thing appropriate  and  in  its  right  place  ;  pro- 
perly adjusted,  snug,  neat,  tidy,  smart. 

"  Where  lies  the  land  to  wliich  vnn  sliip  must  go  ? 
Festively  she  [>uta  forth  in  trim  amy." 

Wordtworth :  SoniieU. 


'  2.  In  good  or  projwr  order  forany  purj  os* 
propt-rly  equipped. 

"Tltlrttft'iie  trim  barkea  tbrouifhlw  furuWied  lai  1 
AjiinjiiitcU  witii  tjiMKlc  iimriiierB  ;uid  men  of  warrr. 
UohniJied:  Ctir<^tiiclD :  Kdw.  III.  (wi.  1.17^). 

"  3.  Nice,  tine.    (Used  ironically.) 

'■  Thcrr  ■  H  trim  vnhhXv  let  tn." 

lilMkt»i>.  :  Htnry  »'/....  v.  «, 

*  B,  -Is  adr.  :  Neatly,  llnely,  well. 

■•  Young  .Adiun  Cupid,  hr  tlwit  shot  wi  trim, 
y>  heu  King  Cojib.-tun  Iwved  the  beggar. maid." 

Shakeafi. ;  /{ornvu  Jt  Juliet,  11.  V. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Dress,  garb,  ornament. 

"  The  ciilender  luuazed  to  nee 
UIb  ueigbhour  iu  cuch  trhn.' 

Vow/tcr :  John  Oitiiln. 

2.  State  of  preparation ;  oMer,  condition, 
disposition. 

■■  He  was  out  of  trhn  altogether,  owing  to  his  hRViiiy 
to  rt>Md  sohard  fur  the  exuiuiuHtton."— AVWi/.  Jatu  i.; 
1887. 

3.  The  state  of  a  ship  or  her  cargo,  ballast, 
masts,  A:c.,  l>y  which  she  is  well  prepared  for 
sailing. 

"  That  doue,  Iwkts  up  toth' prize,  mid  vieWHench  liuil'. 
To  kuuH  her  liy  herriggini;  iiiid  her  trim.' 

Drydcn  ;  ProL  to  i  C'ungaeit  v/  Granada. 

T  Trim  of  the  masts  : 

Katit. :  Their  i>osition  in  regard  to  the  sliii- 
nn'l  to  each  '.>tlier,  as  near  or  distant,  far  foi 
ward  <^'r  much  aft,  erect  or  raking. 

trim,  trjrmme.  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  trymian,  tnjw 
vian  =  to  make  firm,  strengthen,  to  set  ii. 
order,  to  array,  to  prepare,  from  train  =  tirm^ 
strong;  cogn.  with  Low  Ger.  trim.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Langnago : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2.  (1). 

2.  To  make  trim ;  to  put  or  set  iu  due  order 
fur  any  purpose  ;  to  adjust ;  to  make  neat  ami 
I'leasiug  to  the  eye. 

"  Some  bound  in  order,  others  loosely  strow'd, 
Tu  dtesa  thy  bower,  and  trim  thy  new  abode." 

Dryden:  Virgil ;  Eel.  iL  TO. 

3.  To  invest  or  embellish  with  extra  orna- 
nieiits;  to  decorate  or  ornament,  as  with 
ribbons,  lace^  or  the  like. 

"  It  is  mauy  seasons— I  should  say  years— since 
jackets  mudt;  of  velvet.  Jind  handsomely  trimmed. 
were  woiu."— /)  lily  Teleyraph,  Sept.  29.  1887. 

*4.  To  provide  or  furnish  with  iiecessarv 
equipment;  to  equip. 

"  [Sir  Andrewe  Dudley]  being  but  single  mauued. 
had  a  greate  coutlicte  with  three  Scottishe  bhippes. 
beeyng  double  inanuedandfWwrtcd  with  ordiuauuce" 
—Fabuan  :  Chronicle  (an.  1540). 

5.  To  dress  out ;  to  put  in  a  proper  state  as. 
regards  clothes  ;  to  deck,  to  array. 

"  Our  youth  got  me  to  play  the  woman's  part. 
And  I  was  trimm'd  id  Julias  gowu," 

iHiakfsp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  iv.  i. 

*  6.  To  prepare,  to  dress,  to  treat. 

•'  There  haue  dowu  certaine  square  flapjws  comp-icted^ 
of  a  kiiide  i.f  btrawe  which  is  made  rough  and  niinjed 
with  extreme  heat,  and  is  so  trimm-'d,  that  it  g1it- 
tereth  in  the  siirnie  beames.  like  untoaglasse  or  im 
helmet  well  burnished."— ffadt/Hyl;  Voyagei.  i.  us. 

7.  To  bring  to  a  trim,  compact,  or  neat  con- 
dition by  removing  all  superfluous,  loose,  or 
straggling  appendages  or  matter;  heuce,  to 
clip,  pare,  cut,  prune,  or  tlie  like. 


8.  To  adjust  according  to  circumstances. 

"Lord  H.trtiugtou  is  uot  the  sort  of  statesmau  t-- 
trim  his  opinions  according  to  the  exiJediency  of  con- 
ciliating or  not  couciliatiug."— Z»«i7y  Telegraph.  Nov. 

*9.  To  rebuke,  to  reprove  sharj'Iy,  to  beat, 
to  chastise. 

II.  TechnicaUij: 

1.  Caiy. :  To  dress,  as  timber;  to  make 
smooth  ;  to  fit  to  anything. 

"  When  workmen  fit  a  piece  into  other  work.  the> 
say  they  trim  in  a  piece.  —Jloxvn:  Jfechanical  £xfr 
cises. 

2.  Nautical: 

(1)  To  adjust,  as  a  ship  or  boat,  by  arranging 
the  cargo  or  disposing  the  weight  of  persons 
or  goods  so  equally  on  each  side  of  the  centre 
and  at  each  end,  that  she  shall  sit  well  in  the 
water  and  sail  well.  A  vessel  is  said  ti>  be 
trimmed  by  tlie  head  or  by  the  stern  respect- 
ively, when  the  weight  is  so  disposed  as  t" 
make  her  draw  more  water  towards  the  liead 
than  towards  the  stem,  or  the  reverse. 

"  Iu  order  to  trim  the  vessel  the  carts  were  moved 
astern.  —/Jai^y  Chronicle.  Oct.  1.  lesS. 

(2)  To  arrange  in  due  order  for  sailing. 
••  So  they  rose  an<l  tHmmM  their  wherrj'  " 

Blackie :  Lays  of  ffi-jM'tnd*  i  Jtlandt,  p.  e. 

B.  Intrans. :   To  hold   or  adopt  a  middle 


boil,  bo^;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9liin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t. 
-cian.  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  ^  zhun.    -clous,  -tlous.  -slous  ^  shus.    -ble,  -die,  k^.  ^  bel,  deL 


202 


trimacular  -trimurti 


c  Mintr   l^lww-n  jMirtifft.   B't    aa   to  apitear  U* 
btvour  cacti. 

"  Tt)«y   MKuUO    no  ■orli    uiatumts   t>r  trimminit 

^  •!.  To  triM  atniy:  To  lose  or  wast*-  in 
flurttuttti^  bt.'twe«-n  |«rtlM. 

•  2.  To  trim  forth :  To  trick  out,  to  divss 
out,  tM  !trt  off. 

3.  r-frim  up."  To  Orfss  up;  to  miike  trim 
■  >r  neat. 

"  1  found  bcr  trimrniHff  up  Uw  ttUxlvin 
Uu  bcr  dvAil  iiiiitnML 

SAnk*»f. :  Anlomg  1  Cleopatra,  \.  S. 

•tri  m4o  -^-lar,  n.     Il^t.  tri-  —  three,  ami 
t.uuuUt  =  .i  s\io\,]    Markt-tl  with  three  spots. 

tri-m&a-ti[^-i-daB.  .".  W-     IMo.i.  Lat.  rri- 
iit.i>liT,  grtiit.  fripfUkf((y(t^);  I^t.  feiii.  pi.  adj. 

MUO".  -iJif.) 

ZiW. ;  A  family  of  Fla^ellnta  Pant^isto- 
Timta.  with  four  j;entTa.  Aiiiuinlcult's  naked, 
rree-swiniming  or  temiKirarily  odherfnt ; 
rtft;:eUa  three  in  nuinlhT.  equal  or  snb-e<pi;il. 
iii>.Tt»t|  cl'MW  to  each  other;  no  distinct  onil 

tri-m&S -tibc,  .<.      (Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  ndaut 

{Hunftix)=  a  whip.J 

/(Mrf. ;  A  K^nus  of  Trimastigidie  (q.v.),  with 
one  j«i>ecieH,  Trimnstii  murinHy  found  in  suit 
water,  with  decaying  vegetation.  Animalcules 
ovate  or  pyriform  ;  endoplast  with  contractile 
vesiele  oonspicuous. 

tri  mdm -br:^  n.     iPref.   fr(-=  three,  and 

Ki.-.   iH'int^r;  -al.]    Consisting  of  or  having 
tliivt'  niemliers. 

trim -er-^  .<.  pi.    (Mod.   I.^t.,  from  Gr.  rpi- 
/iipij?  {trimerig)  =  trii»artite.] 

KntoiH.  :  One  of  the  sectionjt  into  which 
latr^-ille  divided  the  Coleoptera.  The  tirsi 
have  only  three  true  joints,  the  ji>int  which  is 
apparently  the  analogue  of  the  third  joint  in 
the  Penta'niera  Iwing  rudimentary  at  the  bajie 
f»rthe  elaw-joint.  The  section  comprises  two 
families,  Kndomychida;andCoccinellidpe,  each 
with  a  single  genus.  Forty  sjM'cies  of  Coe- 
einella  «x:cur  in  the  British  Islands  ;  the  most 
familiar  is  CO'Cindla  septenipu aetata,  the  Com- 
mon Lady-bird. 

"trina-e  rel'-la,  s.    (Mod.   Ijat.,  dimiu.  from 
ijr.  TptM'fJ'j'i  (ti  iiiu:ris)=  tripartite. J 

J'aliruiU. :  The  type-genus  of  Trimerellidie, 
(q.v.),  with  twij  sjiecies  from  the  Lower  and 
Upper  Silurian  of  Canada. 

Irim-e-rel'-li'dse.  ■>■.  pL     [Mod.  Lat.  trime- 
rtlli'i):  Ut.  fi'm.  pi.  aiO-  suff.  -idtv.] 

J'tdtroitt. :  A  family  of  Brachiopoda.  Shell 
iiieqiiivalve,  calcareous;  beaks  usually  pm- 
minent,  or  sometimes  obtusely  rounded,  and 
either  massive  or  sidid,  or  divided  by  a  parti- 
tion into  two  chaml>ers.  There  is  a  well- 
-<ievelo|>ed  hinge-area,  and  a  wide  deltidium, 
b<tunded  by  two  ridges,  the  inner  ends  <d' 
wliich  (Serve  as  teeth,  though  tnie  teeth  are 
Dot  present.  Each  valve  is  furnished  with 
inuseubr  platforms.  The  genera  are  charac- 
t/*ristie  of  the  Upper  Silurian,  and  especially 
of  the  Guelph  Formation  uf  North  America. 

ttrim-CT-es'-u-rid,  s.    ITrimeresurcts.] 

Z'K)L  :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Trimer- 
esurus  (q.v.).  They  are  venomous  arboreal 
snakes,  in  colour  resembling  the  foliage  among 
whieh  they  live,  naturally  sluggish  until  dis- 
turbed, when  tliey  l)ec«nie  tierce  and  aggres- 
sive, drawing  back  the  head  and  anterinr  paH 
of  the  body  and  then  dashing  forward  witli 
great  rapidity.  They  are  seldom  more  than 
two  feet  long,  and  their  bite  causes  fever, 
nausea,  and  vomiting ;  but  the  bite  of  larger 
specimens  causes  much  more  serious,  and 
sometimes  fatal  symptoms. 

-trim-ep-es-ur'-ua,  s.  [Gr.  rpi^ep^s  (tri- 
BUT«)  =  tripartite,  and  oupa(oura)  =  thetad.] 
Zool. :  A  genus  of  Cmtalid.-e,  with  sixteen 
species  ranging  over  India.  Formosa,  the 
Piiiiippines,  and  Celebes*  Head  triangular, 
io\._Ted  above  with  small  scales,  exwpt  the 
foremost  part  of  the  snout  and  alx)ve  the 
eyebrows,  iKxIy  with  nuire  or  less  distinctly 
keeled  scales  ;  tail  prehensile. 

•tPim-ep-o-gSph'-a-luH,  s.     (Gr.  rpiMep^s 

(tri nuns)  =  tri[>artiU-,  and  KCf^oAij  (kepholf:)=z 
the  head.) 
Paltrnnt. :  A  sub-genus  of  Pliaops,     [Pha- 

fOPID.t.] 


trim -or-oilB.  ".    i'Ikimera.] 

1.  IM. :  Having  three  parts  ;  having  the 
numlvr  three  running  through  its  several 
organs.  U.sed  when  there  are  three  divisions 
of  the  calyx  or  three  sejals,  three  divisions  of 
the  corolla  or  three  petals,  and  three  stamens. 

2.  Kntum. :  Uf  or  belonging  to  the  Trimera 

(n.v.). 

*  tri-mes'-ter,  s.  [Fr.  trimestre,  from  Lat. 
trimrstris;  from  (n-  =  three,  and  iaensis~i\ 
month.]    A  term  or  period  of  three  months. 

•tri-mes'-tpal,  "tri-mes -trial,  n.  [Tm 

MiisTKii.)  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  trimester; 
oci'uiring  every  three  months  ;  quarterly. 

trim'-e-ter,  «.  &«.  [Lat.  trimctnis,  from  Gr. 
Tpt^tTp05tOim€(ros)  =  consisting  of  three  niea- 
suivs  :  Tpt-  (/rt-)=:  three,  i\i\i\  p.eTfMv  {ittetroa)  = 
a  measure.] 

A.  As  .■iubst. :  A  division  of  verse  consisting 
of  three  measures  of  two  feet  each, 

'*  This  toot  yet.  in  tli«  fitmuiis  trimaUrs 
Uf  l>t;oiuaniii)  Riiiiius.  mre  Hi»peiire9.  ' 

BenJonion:  Horace;  Art  nf  Poetric. 

B.  As  adj. :  Consisting  of  three  poetical 
measures,  forming  an  iambic  line  of  six  feet. 

tri-meth -yL  5.  [Pref.  frj-.and  Eng.  methyl.] 
A    r, impound     containing    three    atoms    of 

nu-thyl. 

trlmethyl -glycerin,  s. 

Ch'iiiL.:  *-^tiIli403=!^|J*^  '  !-03.Triniethylin. 

A  liquid  formed  by  heating  acrolein,  methylic 
alcohol,  and  acetic  acid  for  several  hours  to 
100°.  It  has  an  agieeable  odour,  sp.  gr.  ■9433 
at  0',  is  soluble  in  water,  and  boils  at  14S'. 

tPi-meth'-yi-in,  /i.     [Eng.  tr'ntiethyl;  -in.] 

(Tui.METEIVl.-liLV*  KRIN.] 

tri-met -ric,  a.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  metric 
(4-V.)-] 
Crystall. :  The  same  asORTHORHOMBic(q.v). 

tri-met'-ric-al,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
;/it7/i*'f(/(q.v. ).]   The  same  as  Trimeter((i.v,). 

trim'-lS^,  'trim-lie,  wlv.  [Eng.  trim,n.; 
■III.]  In  a  trim  or  neat  manner  ;  neatly,  nicely; 
in  gooil  order. 

"  Otme  there  a  certain  lord,  neat,  trimiy  dress  d, 
Fresh  ;isa  biidegrooiu. '    shakesp. :  ISenri/  IV.,  i.  3. 

trim'-mer,  s.    [Eng.  trim,  v. ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  One  who  trims,  fits,  arranges,  ornaments, 
or  sets  in  order  :  as,  a  coal-trimmer — that  is, 
a  labouier  who  an-anges  the  cargo  of  coal  in  a 
ship. 

2.  One  who  chastises  or  reprimands;  a 
sharp,  shrewish  i>ersou. 

3.  A  person  or  thing  of  superior  excellence  ; 
S'  imething  specially  good,  great,  or  note- 
worthy. 

"  In  the  last  round  [he]  met  with  a  trimmer  from 
No,  4  trai>.  which,  fetidly  wounded,  died  over  the 
/elite."— M«W,  July  16,  1887. 

4.  A  tool  to  pare  or  trim  :  as,  a  lamp-wick 
trimmer. 

IL  Tecluiicalhj: 

1.  Bricklay. :  Brick-trimmer  :  a  flat  brick 
arch,  turned  from  the  face  of  the  chimney  to 
the  timber-trimmer  to  support  the  slab. 

2.  tkirp. :  A  joist  into  which  others  are 
framed  or  trimmed  ;  as  the  hearth-triranier  of 
chimneys ;  stair-trimmers,  into  which  the 
rough-strings  of  stairs  are  framed ;  the  tail- 
trimmers,  which  receive  the  ends  of  floor- 
joists  on  the  side  of  the  chimney,  when  tliey 
cannot  be  inserted  into  the  wall  on  account  of 
tlues. 

3.  Eiuj.  Hist. :  One  who  fluctuates  between 
parties,  especially  political  parties. 

*(1)  One  who  refuses  to  identify  himself 
with  any  party  of  extreme  views. 
'■  A  trimmer  cried  (thut  heard  me  tetl  this  story) 

Fie.  MiBtrfvt  CViuke  !  f.iith.  y^u  re  too  rank  r  Tory ! 

Wish  not  Whigs  hanged,  but  jiity  their  hn.nl  caaes." 
DryiUn :  Finlogue  to  OufCe  of  Guise. 

(2)  A  time-server  or  turncoat,  who  shifts  his 
political  allegiance  to  advance  his  interests. 

"  He  was  the  chief  of  those  politicians  whom  the 
two  great  parties  coutemiJtuuusly  called  TrimiTUir.s. 
Instead  ofquarvelling  with  this  nickname.  he( Halifax) 
assumed  it  as  a  title  of  honour,  and  vindicated,  with 
peat  vivacity,  the  dignity  of  the  ainiellation.  Erery- 
■*  thing  good,  he  said,  trims  Iwtweeu  extremea  The  , 
temperate  zone  trims  between  the  climate  in  which 
men  are  roasted  and  the  climate  in  which  they  are 
frozen-  The  English  Church  trims  between  JKivi- 
Iwiitist  madness  and  the  f.ipist  lethargj-.  The 
English  constitution  trims  between  Turkish  despotism 


aud   Polinh  anarchy.    Virtue   is   nothing   hut  a  Just 

teini)er    between    proiwnsities  any   one  of  \(hlcb.  if 

J  tmlulgt-d   in   to  excess.   Iwcoiues  vice.     Nay.    the  jier- 

fcctiou  of  the  Supreme  Being  hluiself  com>tsts  in  tlie 

exact  e<|uilibi'iuui  ui  attributes,  none  of  which  could 

jireponuerate  without  disturbing  tho  whole  moral  and 

physical    order  of  the   world.     Thus   Halifax   was  a 

Trimmer  on  principle." — Macatday     lli»t.  Enif.,  gli,  ii. 

4.  Fishing:  A  dead  line  for  pike. 

"  Esiiying  a  trimmer.  I  seized  it  iu  tny  mouth,  and 

ou  relanding  at  a  small  natural  pier,  tol  a  pike. '— 

John  ^^'^lson:  .Vovtes  Arnbrosiana,  i.  1". 

trim'-ming,  /"■.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Trim,  v.] 

A.  i!!^  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
tlie  \  erb). 
C.  As  substantive: 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  trims,  arranges,  or 
ornaments. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  one  wlio  fluctuates 
between  parties  ;  inconstaney. 

3.  Ornamental  appendnges  to  a  garment,  as 
lace,  ribbons,  &c. 

■'  Narrow  bands  of  fur  are  to  be  the  favourite 
trimmiwjt  for  early  as  well  as  deep  wiuter."— fitoVy 
Telegraph,  Sept  2y,  1887. 

4.  {PL):  The  accessories  to  any  dish  or 
article  of  food.    (Colloq.) 

"  A  select  company  of  the  B-ith  footmen  (iresent-s 
their  complimeuti  to  Mr.  Weller,  and  retpiests  the 
pleasure  of  bis  company  this  evening,  to  a  friendly 
sw.'UTy,  consisting  of  a  boiled  legof  mutton  with  the 
usual  trhioniitga. ' — Dickvm :  Pickwick,  ch.  xxxvii. 

5.  The  act  of  reprimanding  or  chastising  ;  a 
beating.    {Colloq.) 

II.  Shiphuikl.  :  The  final  shaping  of  ship- 
timbers,  &c.,  after  the  conversion  or  rough 
shaping  has  been  accomplished. 

trimming  joist,  s. 

i'»trp.  :  A  joist  into  which  a  timber-trimmer 
is  franu/d. 

trimming- machine,  .';. 

1.  Metal- irork. :  A  species  of  lathe  for  trim- 
ming the  edges  of  stamped  holluw-ware,  sucli 
as  sheet-nietals  pans. 

2.  liorif-making :  A  machine  for  trimming 
the  edge  of  uppers. 

trimming-slieaJ',  f.  A  niachine  for 
tniniiiing  wool  borders  on  euir,  sisal,  and 
other  mats, 

trim'-ming-ly,  adi<.  [Eng.  Irimmiim;  -/(/.] 
In  a  tniiuiinig-  manner  ;  finely,  excellently. 

trim'  ness,  ^-p  [Eng.  trim,  a.  ;  -ness,]  The 
qiKLlity  or  state  Df  being  trim ;  neatness, 
lint-ii'-ss,  good  order. 

tri-mor'-pliic,  a.  [Pief.  tri-,  and  Gr.  fiop^>j 
(murphe)  —  form.]  Having  three  distinct 
forms  ;  iif,  or  perUiiiiing  to,  or  characterized 
by  trimorphism(q.v.). 

tri'-morph-ism,  a.  [Pref.  tri-;  Gr.  /lop^.^ 
(morpht')—  a  lorm.  and  suft.  -ism.] 

1.  BioL  :  The  existence  iu  certain  plant, 
and  animals  of  three  distinct  forms,  especially 

j  in  connexion  with  the  regcoductive  organs. 
In  trimorphic  plants  there  are  three  forms, 
differing  in  the  lengths  of  their  pistils  ami 
stamens,  in  the  size  and  colour  of  their  pollen 
grains,  and  in  some  other  respects ;  and,  as 
in  each  of  the  three  forms  there  are  two  sets 
of  stamens,  the  three  forms  possess  altogethes 
six  sets  of  stamens  and  three  kinds  of  i)istnts 
These  organs  are  so  jnop^rtioned  in  length  or 
each  other  that  half  the  stamens  in  two  of 
(he  forms  stand  on  a  level  with  tlie  stigma  of 
the  tliird  form.  To  obtain  full  feitility  with 
these  plants,  it  is  necessary  that  the  stigma 
of  the  one  should  be  fertilized  by  pollen  taken' 
from  the  stamens  of  coiTesp^tnding  height  in 
another  form.  Hence,  six  unions  are  legiti- 
mate, i.e.,  fully  fertile,  and  twelve  are  illegiti- 
mate, or  more  or  less  unfertile.  {Darwin. 
Orig.  of  Species,  ch.  ix.)  Wallace  has  shown 
that  the  females  of  certain  butterflies  from 
the  Malay  Archipelago  appear  in  three  con- 
spicuously ilistinet  forms  without  intermediate 
links. 

2.  Cri/srollo.-j. :  The  occurrence  of  certain 
forms  in  miiu'ials  which  lia\e  the  same  chemical 
composition,  but  are  referable  to  three  systems 
of  crystallization. 

tri-miir  -ti,  *'.  [.Sansc.  tri  =  three,  and  iiiurti 
=  form.] 

Comjxiraiive  Religion : 

1.  The  later  Hindoo  triad— Brahma,  Vishnu, 
and  Siva — considered  as  an  inseparable  unity. 
Tlie  Padma  Purana,  which,  as  a  Purana  of  the 


-late,  fat,  fare. 


amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wdre.  w-K.  work,  wh6.  son ;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rulo.  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


trimyarian— trinity 


20o 


TRT.Miurr. 


Vaisliii.i\as,  assiijiis  to  Vi^liiiu  tlu'  hi;^lii'st 
rank,  thus  d«Jines  the  Triniui-ti :  "  In  tin' 
lif^^iiining  of  creation  the  great  Vishnu,  dfsir- 
ons  tjf  creating  the  worKl,  pio'luced  from  the 
right  side  of  his  body  himself  as  Bruhniii ; 
thLMi,  in  ortier  to  preserve  the  world,  he  juo- 
dueed  from  the  loft  side  nf  his  body  Vishnu  : 
and  in  order  t-idrstruy  the  world  he  proauced 
from  the  niiddh-  r.f  his  body  the  eternal  Siva. 
Some  worship  Urahma,  others  Vishnu,  others 
Siva  ;  but  Vishnu,  one,  yet  threefold,  creates, 
preserves,  and  destroys ;  tlierefore  let  the 
pious  make  no  ditlerence  between  the  three." 
Trimurti,  therefore,  implies  the  unity  of  the 
three  principles  of  creation,  preservation,  and 
destruetion,  and  is  an  expression  of  philo- 
sophical, rather 
than  of  popular 
belief.  The  sym- 
bol of  the  Tri- 
murti is  the  mys- 
tical  syllable 
o  (  =  a  +  i')vi : 
where  a  stamls 
for  Brahma,  u  for 
Vislinu,  and  m  for 
Siva. 

2.  A  representa- 
tiniioftlielliudn,. 
triati.  It  C"U>ists 
of  one  human 
body  with  three  heads  :  that  of  Brahma  in  the 
nnddle,  that  of  Vishnu  at  the  right,  and  that 
of  Si\a  at  tlie  left. 

tri-my-ar'-i-an,  .^.  [Gr.  rpi-  (^-Z-)  =  three, 
and  ^Os  (»ii(-s)  =  a  muscle.]  A  bivalve  which 
presents  three  muscular  impressions. 

tri-na'-crite,  s.  [After  Trinacria,  the  ancient 
name  of  Sicily,  where  it  was  supposed  to 
occur;  sutf.  -ttc  (Miii.).'] 

Mill.:  One  of  the  hypothetical  compounds 
suggested  by  Von  Walitershansen  as  occurj-ing 
in  palagouite  tutf;  but  palagonite  has  now 
been  shown  to  be  only  a  volcanic  glass,  and 
not  a  distinct  species. 

'  trin'-al,  n.  [Lat.  triiius,  from  (res  =  three.] 
Threefold. 

"  That  fai'-lieaining  blaze  of  majesty, 
Whevewith  he  wout  at  heav'n'a  high  council  table 
Tu  sit  the  iiiittst  of  triiutl  uuity. 
He  laiii  iLside."  Milton  :  The  Sntioity. 

Trin-co -ma-lee',  s.    [See  def.] 

'j'iyp(7,  :  A  tiiwn  on  the  east  coast  of  Ceylou. 

Trincomalee-wood,  5. 

Cnmm.  :  The  wood  of  Berryn.  AmmoiiUla, 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  Massoola  boats 
uf  Madras. 

trin'-dle,  cf.  &  ;.     [Trundle.] 

A.  Tnuisitive : 

1.  To  trundle,  to  roll. 

2.  To  allow  to  trickle  or  run  down  in  small 
streams. 

B.  liitiatLsitii'e : 

1.  Tu  trickle  ;  to  run  down  in  small  streams. 

2.  To  roll,  to  .jog. 

"French  euok,    wi     .  _ 

ahint  him."— .St««  ;   Wavtrley,  ch. 

trindle-tail,  s.  A  curled  tail ;  an  animal 
with  a  curled  tail. 

*  trine,  «.  &  s.     [Lat.  trinus  =  threefold.] 
^    A.  As  adj.  :  Tlireefold,  triple,  trinal. 

"  S.  Denis  Bays,  that  the  trine  irameriiiou  signifies 
the  Divine  €».■-*»»;?  and  beatitude  of  God  id  :i  trinity 
of  peraoua.'*— fl;>.  Taylor:  Rtile  of  Conscience,  bk.  iii.. 
cb   iv. 

B.  As  suhstantive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  triad. 

2.  Astrol.:  The  aspect  of  planets  distant 
from  each  other  120'^,  or  the  third  part  of  the 
zodiac.  The  trine  was  supposed  to  be  a 
benign  aspect- 

'■  In  sextile,  siiuare,  and  trine,  and  opposite." 

MUlon:  J'.  I.,  x.  659. 

trine -immersion,  s. 

Ecc-ks.  £  Chau-h  IlL^. :  The  name  given  to 
the  practice  in  the  primitive  church  of  dip- 
ping a  person  wlio  was  being  baptised  three 
times  beneatli  the  surface  of  the  water,  at  the 
naming  of  the  Three  Persons  of  the  Holy 
Trinity.  Wlien  circumstances  rendered  bap- 
tism by  affusion  necessary,  the  atfusion  was 
also  trine,  as  it  is  in  the  present  day. 

^  trine,  i\t.  [Trine,  a.]  To  put  in  a  trine 
asjiect.     (Drydfii:  Palaiiioii  d:  Arctte,  iii,  2S1>.) 


tri-ner-vate,  a.    [I'ref.  (/c,  and  Mud.  Lat. 

Hot. :  Trinervcd  (q.v.). 
'  tri' -nerved,  '  tri'-nerve,  o.    [Pref.  tri-, 

and  Eng.  nerved,  nvri't:] 

Hot.  (Of  (t  letif,  ,(r.).-  Three-ribbed;  having 
three  ribs  si>ringing  from  the  base. 

trin'-gflb,  s.  [Gr.  Tpuyyas  (tnuiggas)  =  i\w 
Green  Sandpiper,  (.trisf. :  H.  A.,  VIIL  iii.  13.) 
Oniith. :  A  genus  of  Scolopacidae  (or,  in 
classitications  in  which  that  family  is  divided, 
of  Totaninae  or  *  Tringina-),  with  twenty  spe- 
cies, universally  distributed.  Beak  rather 
longer  than  heail,  sometimes  decurved,  rather 
Ilexible,  compressed  at  base,  blunt  towards 
the  point,  both  mandibles  grooved  along  the 
sides ;  nostrils  lateral,  in  the  menibrane  of 
the  groove ;  legs  moderately  long,  slender, 
lower  part  of  tibia  naked  ;  three  toes  in  front, 
divided  to  their  origin,  one  behind,  small,  and 
articulated  -to  the  tarsus  ;  wings  moderately 
long,  pointed,  tirst  quill  the  longest. 

■  trin-gi'-nsB,  ■i.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tring{a); 
Lat.  fi*m.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ttiw.] 

nniith.:  A  lapsed  sub-family  of  Gray's 
Seoloiiacidie. 

trin'-gle,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  Uni.  Lang. :  A  curtain-rod  of  a  bedstead. 

2.  Arch.  :  A  little  member  over  the  Doric 
triglyph. 

tnn'-glette,  s.  [Trtngle.!  A  pointed  stick 
used  in  opening  the  cames  of  Iretwoik  and 
diamond-paned  windows. 

trin-go'-i-de^,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  triiig{a),  and 
Gr.  et6os  {eidits)  =i  form,  appearance.] 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Scolopacidai  (or  Tota- 
iiina'),  with  six  species,  universally  distributed. 
Bill  rather  straiglit  above,  curved  at  tip,  groove 
extencling  nearly  whole  length  of  bill ;  tail 
rounded,  broad. 

tri'-ni-a,  .<■.  [Named  after  Dr.  C.  B.  Trinius, 
a  Russian  botanist,  author  of  Species  lira- 
milium.] 

Bot. :  Honewort;  a  genus  of  AmmineEB 
or  Amniinidre.  Dioecious;  calyx  teeth  obso- 
lete ;  petals  of  the  barreu  flowers  lanceolate, 
witli  a  narrow,  involute  poiut,  those  of  the 
fertile  flowers  ovatt,  with  a  short,  inflect.ed 
point ;  fruit  ovate,  carpels  with  five  prominent 
ribs  and  single  vitta  beneath  them.  Known 
species  eight,  from  Southern  Europe  and  Tem- 
perate Asia.  One  is  British,  Triiiia  vulgaris, 
the  Common  Honewort,  a  plant  with  a  fusi- 
form root,  a  deeply-grooved  stem,  three  to 
six  inches  high,  leaves  tripinnate,  with  linear, 
Uliform  leaflets,  and  minute  flowers.  Soutli- 
we-stern  counties  of  England  ;  rare. 

trin-i-tar'-i-an,  «.  &  s.    [Eng.  triiiitiy); 

■luian.] 

A.  As  adject ioe  : 

1.  Ord.  iMiig. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Trinity  or  to  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 

2.  Church  Hi^t.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
order  of  Trinitarians. 

"  At  the  dissulution.  there  were  eleven  Triuitariin 
houAes  in  England,  five  in  i^^otbind,  and  one  in  Ire- 
VAaK\."— Addis  A  Arnold :  Cath.  Vict.,  p.  810. 

B.  As  substantive : 

\.  Ord.  Lang.:  One  who  believes  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity. 

"  If  the  trinitarian  be  stiU  farther  nrged  to  shew  iu 
what  way  thia  divine  ei|uality  exists— how  fax  it  is  an 
equality— or,  if  not.  what  degrees  exist  of  superiority 
VT  infeiiority,  he  answtrrs  with  St.  Paul,  that  God  wjis 
manifest  in  the  flesh  :  but  that  without  controversy, 
great  is  the  mystery  of  godliness." — Gilpin:  Sermons, 
vol.  ii,.  hint  w. 

2.  Church  Hist.  (PL):  An  oi-der  of  monks 
founded  at  Rome  in  1198  by  St.  John  of 
Matha,  a  native  of  Provence,  and  an  old 
Freneli  hermit,  Felix  of  Valois,  to  redeem 
Christian  captives  out  of  the  hands  of  the 
inlidels.  The  order  was  sanctioned  by  Inno- 
cent HI. ;  the  nale  was  that  of  St.  Austin, 
with  jiarticulur  statutes ;  the  diet  was  of 
great  austerity  ;  and  the  habit,  at  least  in 
France,  was  a  soutane  and  scapular  of  white 
serge,  with  a  red  and  blue  cross  on  the  right 
breast.  At  one  time  the  order  possessed  250 
houses,  and  it  was  estimated  in  tlie  seven- 
teenth century  that,  since  Its  foundation,  it 
had  been  instrumental  in  rescuing  more  than 
30,000  Christian  captives  from  what  wxs  prac- 
tically slavery.  A  refonn  took  place  in  1591', 
and  resulted  in  the  election  of  the  congrega- 


tion of  Disralced  Trinitarians  in  Spain,  in 
which  country  the  order  (reformed  and  un- 
refnrmed)  was  suppressed  in  the  reign  of 
Isab.dla  II. 

trin-itar  i  an-ism,  >■.  [Eng.  trinitarinn  ; 
-/>m.|  Til'-  ductrine  uf  Trinitarians.  [Trinity, 
II.  1.1 

tri-ni-trd-9el'-lu-16s€.  *;.  ^ivef.  tri-; 
■nitro-,  and  Eng.  '-dlid-j.-e.l    [Gi'N-forniN.] 

trin-i-ty,  '  trin-1-tee.  ';.    [Fr.  trinite,  from 
Lat.   triuitatcm,  accus.   of   triuitus^=.a.  triad, 
from  CnHitjj  =  threefold  ;  Sp.  triiiidiui ;  Ital. 
trinita.] 
I,  Ordliutnj  Language  : 

1.  A  triad  ;  a  number  nr  set  rif  three. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 
II.  Teclmkally : 

1.  Script.  £  Church  Hist.  :  A  t«rm  used 
to  express  the  doctrine  of  Tliree  Persons  in 
one  Godhead,  which  is  held  alike  by  tlie 
Roman,  Greek,  and  Anglican  Churclics.  and 
by  the  greater  number  uf  Nonconformist  Com- 
munions. It  is  indicated  in  the  Apostles* 
Creed,  stated  more  explicitly  in  the  Nicene 
Creed,  and  set  out  at  length  in  the  Athanasian 
Creed.  The  First  Aiticle  of  the  Church  of 
England  states  the  doctrine  in  terms  that 
\vr)uld  be  accepted  by  sister  churches,  and  by 
orthodox  dissenters  generally  ; — "  There  is  but 
One  Living  and  True  God.  .  .  .  And  in 
Unity  of  this  Godhead  tliere  be  Tliree  Persnns, 
of  one  substance,  power,  and  etenntv  ;  the 
Father,  the  Word,  and  the  Holy  Ghost."'  Pro. 
testant  theologians  deduce  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity  from  texts  in  which  {a)  tlie  Unity  of 
Gitd  is  affirmed  (Deut.  vi.  4:  Isa.  xliv.  tj ; 
Mark  xii.  29-32  ;  Eph.  iv.  6) ;  (h)  the  Divinity 
of  Christ  is  shown  from  the  fulfilment  of 
Jlessianic  prophecies,  or  directly  affirmed 
(1  Pet.  ii.  7,  8,  cf.  Isa.  viii.  13,  14  ;  Jnhn  xii. 
41,  cf.  Isa.  vi.  1 ;  2  Pet.  iii.  IS.cf.  Isa.  xliii.  11  ; 
Rev.  xxii.  VA,  cf.  Isa.  xliv.  0 ;  Matt.  xi.  10, 
cf.  Mai.  iii.  1  ;  1  Cor.  x.  9,  cf.  Ps.  Ixxviii.  18 
and  xcv.  9 ;  John  iii.  29,  cf.  Isa.  liv.  b  ;  Jolin 
i.  1,  xiv.  II,  XX.  28;  Rom.  ix.  5,  2  Cor.  v. 
19,  20  ;  Col.  ii.  8,  9 ;  2  Pet.  i.  2,  1  John  v.  20)  ; 
and  (c)  the  Divinity  of  the  Holy  Ghost  is 
artirnied  (Matt.  ix.  ;^8,  cf.  Acts  xiii.  4  ;  John 
vi.  45,  cf.  1  Cor.  ii.  13;  John  xiv.  17,  cf. 
1  Cor.  xiv.  25  ;  Ezek.  viii.  1-3,  Matt.  xii.  28, 
Acts  V.  9,  1  Cor.  ii.  11,  2  Cor.  i.  3).  The  word 
"Trinity"  is  not  found  in  the  Scriptures,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  first  used  by  Theophihis, 
Bishop  of  Antioch,  in  the  second  century  ;  but 
from  the  texts  quoted  the  early  Church  recog- 
nized that  the  Sacred  writings  taught  (1)  that 
there  is  One  Got! ;  (2)  that  Clnist  was  called 
God ;  and  (3)  that  the  Holy  Ghost  was  also 
called  God  ;  and  from  the  combination  of  these 
truths  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  was  deduced. 
Moreover  it  was  considered  tltat  the  doctrine 
was  clearly  expressed  in  the  words  of  Christ's 
commission'to  his  disciples  (Matt,  xxviii.  19) 
and  in  the  Apostolic  benediction  (2  Cor.  xiii. 
14).  Eaily  heresies  with  respect  to  the  Trinity 
were  Arianii^m,  Tritheism,  Sabellianism,  and 
Patripassianism  (see  these  words).  The  Coun- 
cil of  Nice  (a.d.  325)  by  attirniing  the  divinity 
of  Christ,  and  that  of  Constantinople  (a.d. 
381)  by  affirming  the  divinity  of  the  Holy 
Ghost,  while  insisting  on  the  Unity  of  God, 
declared  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  in  Unity 
to  be  the  doctrine  of  the  Church.  From  that 
time  it  was  never  called  in  question  except  by 
a  few  obscure  sects,  until  the  Refoniiation, 
when  Unitariauism  (q.v.)  became  one  phase 
of  Protestantism.     [Akianism,  Tritheism.] 

2.  Eccles.  Art :  A  symbolical  representation 
of  the  mystery  of  the  Trinity  frequnnt  in 
Christian  art.  The 
symbol  which  has 
endured  the  long- 
est is  the  mystic 
triangle,  which 
may  be  found  on 
the  tombs  of  the 
early  Christians. 
The  union  of 
the  three  persons 
in  one  Godhead 
was  also  symbid- 
ized  by  a  I^atin  in- 
scription, disposed 
in  geometric  lines, 
containing  at  each 
angle  the  names  of 

the  Father,  Sou,  and  Holy  Ghost,  each  connect- 
ing band  being  inscrilted  with  the  words  nou, 
r.st.    In  the  midst  of  tlie  triangle  was  the  holy 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  c^at,  fell,  chorus,  fliin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  ^enophon,  e^st.    -iug. 
-oian,  -tian  ~  slian.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -$ion  ~  zhiin.    -cious,  -tions,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -dl6,  &c.  =  bel,  del* 


•J04 


triniunity— trionychidee 


•  \.  a>:atii  •••riiH'Ct*-*)  Ity  lutiids  with 
TriiiUv.  ••■ell  nf  wliicli  boiv  tin- 

Kf  ttlll<">  1111  Rttfllll't  WHit  Illlltli- 

i.i>-.!^ry  iih-tt-rijiUy  visilile 

■  nc«-  f.«'fs  on  oiu*  iifck.  tlit* 

.  T   t>f  farh  tntllviiliint  faev. 

\u   f<)uiliiteral    trian>;ti>,  or  a 

.r  ttif  trtaiit;lf,  tht'  cirelf,  ami 

I-  tr\'f>'il,  was  ul*o  ui»t\l  fur  tlif 


Trlnlty-boose.  b.  An  iimtitiition  incor- 
p-.nu-.i  U\  Hfiny  VIII.,  uinh-r  tlie  Aill  litl*' 
i>f  tin*  I'oriMtrali'tn  of  llif  EM'T  BiWIirt'ii  "f 
tlif  llnlynml  L'lidivi'lfl  Trinity,  ami  intrintfl 
witli  tlic  n>^iiUti>>n  aii-1  inatiiip-iin-nt  ft  tin- 
li^'IiilM'iisA-.iiind  buMvi*  of  ihf  slinre-saml  rivvis 
of    Kiitilariil.      Tlif 'c-'r|K.r.»tiuii   i>t   now    i-iii- 

t-iwiTf*!  to  Bpt»oiiit  Biid  litt'iisi-  pilots  for  the 
ji^h^h  ctMLtt.  nml 


la^t  a  (;fiuTal  mi-  ■"-r- 
■rrvi^ioti  ovt-r  thi-  )f 
•i>r|-tr;iti"ns  whi<-h        [^ 


ha\''  III-'  iharm-  of 
th>-  li;:litli<>iisfHan<l 
l.U"\s  -'f  Si'i>thiii«l 
antt  ln'htii<l,Hiilij«'>-t 

t"  Btl  n}>l>f  ll   t'>  the 

B.winl  of  Tra.lf,  to 
whote  (^t-iieral  sii- 
pfriulfn-lflire  the 
Trinit  v-hotisc  is 
niso  suhj'Ct  ill  matttTs  relating  to  England. 
Tilt'  corponitiun  wtnsists  of  a  nmst^jr,  deputy- 
nmstrr,  a  certain  iiunil>erof  acting  elder  hrv- 
thrvn,  and  of  hon.irary  flder  brethren,  witli 
an  unliMiitM  niniiher  of  younger  brethren, 
the  ni:iHttr  and  honorary  ehler  brethren  being 
chosen  on  aeeount  of  eminent  sitcial  position, 
and  Ihf  other  inenitwrs  from  otHcers  of  the 
navy  or  the  nier'dtant-sliipping  service,  who 
pos^issreriaitHinulitications.  [Trade,  s.,  II  2.] 

Trinity-Sunday,  s.  The  Sunday  next 
aft.r  Whit-Sunday,  constituted  a  feast  of  tlie 
Trinit  V  fur  the  whoU*  Church  by  Pope  John 
XXII.' in  i:i;i4. 

Trinity-term,  >:. 

l.lMtr:  One  of  the  four  legal  terms.  It  be- 
gins on  May  22,  and  ends  on  June  12. 

2.  t'/iif. :  One  of  the  University  terms  at 
Oxfoni  (June  i2-July  10)  and  Dublin  (April 
U-June  'M). 

•  trin-i-u-ni-tj",  s.  [Lat.  ?riH»s  =  ihree- 
foM,  and  Eug.  unity.]    Triunity,  trinity. 

trink,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  kind  of  fishing- 
n-t  ;  an  old  apparatus  for  catching  (ish. 

trink'-er-ite,  s.  ^  After  J.  Trinker,  of  Lai- 
bach  ;  suir.  -iU  (A/iU.).] 

.Afifi. ;  An  amorphous  mineral,  occurring  in 
large  masses  in  the  lignite  of  Carpano,  Albona, 
Istria,  and  also  in  Styria.  Hardness,  1*6  tu 
2 ;  sp.  gr.  1-025 ;  lustre,  greasy ;  colour, 
Iiyaeintli-red  to  chestnut-brown  ;  transparent 
to  translucent.  Fusesat  108-180';  onlyslightly 
soluble  iu  alcohol  or  ether.  The  mean  of  two 
analyses  yielded,  carbon,  HI  it ;  hydrogen, 
iroj ;  sulphur,  4*4  ;  oxygen,  3'05  =  100,  which 
approaches  very  closely  to  the  composition  of 
tasmnnite  (q.v.). 

trin  -ket  (IX  '  trln-kette,  .«.    (A  word  of 
d-'iibtfiil  origin.     Skeat  considers  it  to  be  the 
same  as  Mid.  Eng.  trenket,  tryH}:et  =  a.  knife, 
a  toy-knife,  from  Fr.  trencher  =  Uj  cut.) 
'  1.  A  knife,  a  tool,  an  implement. 

"  Wh.'it  hu.^)  Atultle  l)iut)andfi.  except  tliev  be  fooles. 
But  lumtl»om  Iiave nturehoiue f'>r Irinkttinitd  tooles." 
Tui*er  :  Hitsb'indrn. 

2.  A  small  ornaiiieiit,  as  a  jeu-el,  a  ring,  or 
the  like. 

"  Unlf  u  mach  u  lie  |iro|>(»ed  to  expend  in  coreriog 
bU  wife  »lth  trinket.'— Macaalay :  Bial.  Eng..  ch.  iv. 

•  3.  A  thing  of  no  great  value ;  any  small 
article  ;  a  trine. 

trin' -ket  (2),  s.  [Fr.,  i)rob.  from  Lat.  ires  — 
three  ;  Sp.  trin»i\mto  ;  Ital.  trinchetti).] 

S'lut.  :  The  royal  or  topgallant  sail;  the 
upper  sail  in  a  ship. 

•■8mld«iily  with  a  grwit  gust  the  IrinJfcrf  and  the 
mlzen  »n?re  rent  tsuudtr. ' ~ B' tckt uvt :  VoyageK,  iii.  411. 

•  trin' -ket.  r.i.  [Prob.  from  tHnket  (l),  s.l 
To  bargain,  to  negotiate  ;  to  hold  secret  coui- 
munication ;  t©  have  private  intercourse;  to 
intrigue. 

•'  In  the  court  of  Herod  by  their  trlok«  nitd  trinket- 
ting  Utwevii  party  And  |Mirty.  and  tlieir  Intrigafiig  it 
with  courtiers  and  conrt  Indies,  they  had  uyou  the 
■natter  set  the  whule  c<inrt  together  by  the  eare."— 
South  :  Sermont.  rtA.  vl..  kt-  S. 


-  trin  kdt  er,  ■^.  [Kng  r/l<^/.t^  v.; -.r.i  one 
who  trinkftn  or  intrigues  ;  one  who  carrie**  on 
seervt  jK-tty  dealing ;  an  intriguer,  a  trafflcker. 

•  triA'-ketrj^.  s.  (Eng,  trinket  (1),  s. ;  -ry.] 
Urn:imentf  of  dress  ;  trinkets  collectively. 

'■  Nu  frinktlr^  im  fru»(.  or  ueck.  or  dresa." 

Svulhvi/:  Curie  ttf  Kthama.  xlit. 

•  trin-kle.  v,i.  [A  freiiuent.  from  trinket,  v. 
(tl.v.).'  To  tamper;  to  treat  secretly  or 
underriand  ;  to  Itinki-t. 

•  tri-noc  -tlal  (tl  as  sh),  n.  (Ut.  tri=: 
three,  and  iwx'.  genit.  nocti3  =  &  night. J  Com- 
|>rising  three  niglits. 

'  tri-no'-da, ».  [Lat.  frf  =  three,  and  nodus 
=  a  kiioi.]"  An  old  land  measure  equal  to 
three  perches. 

'  trinoda-neoessltas,  s.  A  tei-m  sig- 
nifying tilt-  tlnx-f  .M-rvices  due  to  the  king  in 
Aiiglo-?*axon  times  in  resj'ect  of  tenure  of 
lands  in  England,  for  the  repair  of  bridges 
and  highway.s,  the  building  and  repair  of 
fortresM-s,  and  expeditions  against  the  king's 
etieinies. 

tri-no  -dal,  a.    [Trinoda.] 

Bot. :  Having  three  nodes  only.  Used  spec. 
of  a  peduncle  supporting  the  cyme  of  a  mono- 
cotyledon. 

tri-no-mi-al,  a.  &  s.  [Gr.  rpi-  (tri-)  =  three, 
and  iO(x-^  (n'oine)  —  a  division;  vtfito  (nemn)^ 
to  divide,  to  distribute.] 

A.  As  atfjeetive : 

Alg. :  Consisting  of  three  terms,  cnnnecteil 
by  the  signs  +  or  —  :  thus,  a+  b  +  c,  x^  + 
2xy  +  1/2  are  trinomial  expressions. 

B.  A^  fiihst. :  An  algebraic  expression  con- 
sisting of  tliree  terms. 

tli-nom'-in-al,  a.  [Lat.  tri  —  three,  and 
vomeit,  genit. *»owti«is  =  a  name.]  The  same 
as  Trinomial  (q.v.). 

tri-nu-cle'-i-dae,  s.  pJ.  [Mod.  Lat.  trinn- 
c/e("i);  Lat.  fern.  i)l.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

PahruuL  :  A  family  of  Trilobitd  (q.v.),  with 
four  genera,  from  the  Lower  Silurian.  The 
liead-shield  is  enormously  developed,  with  a 
wide  margin,  or  limb,  which  is  usually  per- 
forated by  rounded  jiores ;  glabella  well 
marked,  eyes  generally  wanting,  facial  sutures 
sometimes  absent,  body-rings  reduced  to  five 
or  six  iu  number,  with  grooved  pleurte,  tail 
large  and  sub-triangular. 

tri-nu'-cle-iis*  s.     [Pref,  tri-,  and  IJit.  nu- 

deu.<.] 

I'ttlwont. :  Tlie  type-genus  of  Trinucleida- 
(q.v.).  Body  distinctly  trilobed  ;  margin  of 
head-shield  composed  of  two  lamella-,  and 
]'erforated  by  n  umerous  foramina ;  genal 
angles  prolonged  into  conspicuous  spines, 
usually  single,  but  forked  in  Trinucleits  pan- 
gerardi ;  glaV'ella  prominent  and  pear-shaped, 
with  mere  traces  of  lateral  grooves;  facial 
sutures  rudimentary  ;  cheeks  tumid,  and 
generally  furnished  on  each  side  with  a  small 
tubercle  seemingly  representing  the  eyes ; 
body-rings  six  :  tail  triangular,  with  a  distinct 
axis,  and  having  its  margin  entire  and  striated. 

tri' -6,  tri'-O,  s.    [Ital.,  from  Lat.  fre5=:  three.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  Three  united  ;  a  set  of  three  ; 
a  triad. 

"  I  had  three  flies  on  the  cast — a  light  bumble,  a 
black  ^uat.  and  a  yellow  duu— and  whichever  of  the 
trio  milled  over  a  lisiug  fiah  was  at  unce  grabbed."— 
field,  Sept.  24.  1BS7. 

II.  Music : 

1.  A  composition  for  three  voices  or  three 
instruments. 

2.  A  movement  iu  J  time,  often  forming  a 
part  of  a  minuet  or  movement  in  minuet 
form. 

3.  The  performers  of  a  trio  or  three-part 
composition, 

•  tri-6b'-6-lar,  *  tii-ob'-o-lar-^,  a.    [Lat. 

trioholaris,  from  tri-  =  three,  and  obohis  =an 
obolus.]  Of  the  value  of  three  oboli,  or  three 
half-pence;  hence,  mean,  paltry,  worthless. 

"Any  triobolary  iiaaqniller  .  .  .  any  sterquiUnouB 
rascal,  ia  licensed  to  throw  dirt  iu  the  facea  of  sove- 
reign princes."— J?o(re»  .-  Letters,  bk.  ii..  let.  48. 

tri-oc-ta-lie'-dral,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
octahedral  (q.v.).]  * 

Crystall. :  Presenting  three  ranges  of  faces, 
one  above  another,  each  range  containing 
eight  faces. 


'  tri-6c  -tile,  --.     [Pief.  tri-,  and  Eng.  octlle.] 

Astrol.  :   An    asp'-ct    of   two   jilanets   with 

regard   t^)  the  earth,    when   they  are    threi- 

octants  or  eight  I'arl.s  of  a  circle,  that  is  13,". 

deirrees.  disUtnt  from  each  other. 

tn-oc-to-he'-dral,  a.    [Trioctahlural.] 

tri-6-di-a,  .*.  [Or.  rpiohouq  (Jtrlodous)  ■=■  with 
thrt'i-  IcL-t'h,  i>ref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  66ovs  (odous)  — 
a  tooth.] 

lint.  :  Heath-grass ;  a  genus  of  Avenea-. 
Panicle  racemed ;  spikelets  few,  terete,  with 
two  to  four  fertile  tlorets ;  upper  flower  ini- 
l)erfeet.  Khtwering  glumes  convex,  three- 
toothed,  keeled,  three-nerved  ;  palea  ciliate; 
scales  broad,  flesliy  ;  stigmas  leathery  ;  ovary 
stalked.     Six  species,  from  the  old  world. 

tri'-O-don,  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  hhov^iiidons), 
genit.  oSoi'TO?  {odon(os)^3>  tootli.  Xaim-d 
from  the  fact  that  the  upper  jaw  is  divtdnl  by 
a  suture  in  the  nnddle,  while  tlie  lower  jaw  is 
entire,  the  lish  a]>parently  having  three  large 
white  teeth.] 

Ichtltif.  :  The  sole  genus  of  Triodontina 
(q.v.),  with  a  single  species,  Triodon  hursariusy 
from  the  Indian  Ocean. 

tri-o-don-ti'-na,  s.  jil.  [Mod.  Lat.  triodon, 
genit.  triod'jnt{i:^) :  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  sutt". 
-ina.] 

Ichthy.:  A  group  of  Gymnodontes.  Tail 
rather  long,  with  separate  caudal  tin  ;  abdo- 
men dilatable  into  a  very  large,  compressed, 
l)endent  sac  ;  upper  jaw  divided  by  a  median 
suture,  lower  simide. 

tri-ce'-5i-a»  s.  p?,  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  oIkos 
(fjikos)  =  a  house.] 

Bot. :  Plants  having  the  male  flowers  on  one 
individual,  the  females  on  another,  and  herma- 
phrodites on  a  third. 

tri-oe-cious,  a.    [Tbicecia.] 

Bot.:  Having  the  arrangement  of  flowers 
seen  in  the  Tricecia  (q.v.);  of  or  pertaining 
tu  the  Trioeeia. 

tri-ce'-cious-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  triacious;  -ly.] 

But. :  After  the  manner  of  the  Tricecia  (q.v.). 

trice  ciously-hermaphrodite,  £. 

Bot. :  Trimoipliiv. 

tri-oe-nan-thyr-a-inme,  s.    [Pref.  tri-; 

Eng.    aiianthi/l,    and     umnic]    [Tkiheptvl- 

AMINE.] 

tri'-ole,  s.    [Fr.] 
Music:  A  triplet. 

tri-d-let,  tri-6-let, s.    [Fr.,diniin.  of^io.J 

1.  A  triplet  ;  three  notes  played  iuthe  time 
of  two  uf  tlie  same  name. 

2.  A  poem  of  eight  lines,  on  two  rhyiues, 
the  first  line  being  repeated  as  the  fourth, 
and  the  first  two  as  the  seventh  and  eighth. 

"  It  dues  not  appear  tlint  any  critic  has  noticed  that 
the  triolet  isa  cuudeused  roudel. "— CoJVj/(iW  Magiuine. 
July.  IbT7.  p.  61. 

tri-6'-nes,  s.  jtL  [Lat.  =  the  ploughing-oxeu  ; 
hence,  tlTe  constellation  of  tbe  Wain.] 

Astron.  :  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the 
seven  principal  stars  in  the  constellation  Ursa 
Major,  popularly  called  Charles'  Wain. 

trio-nych-i-dge,  ttri-6-ny9-i-dae, 

t  tri-6-ny9'-i-de5,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  /?•(- 
onyx,  genit.  trionychis;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-idiv,  or  masc.  &  fem.  -ides.] 

1.  Zool.  :  Mud  or  Soft  Tortoises,  Fresh- 
water Turtles ;  a  family  of  Chelonia,  with 
three  genera.  Shell  imich  depressed,  covered 
with  soft  skin,  and  not  with  epidermic  plates  ; 
digits  movable,  strongly  webbed,  each  foot 
with  only  three  sharji  claws,  belonging  to  the 
three  inner  of  the  tive  digits,  as  in  Croeodiles; 
head  retractile  within  the  buckler.  The  jaws 
are  covered  with  flesliy  lii»s,  and  the  snout  is 
produced  in  a  short  tube  bearing  the  nasal 
orifices,  and  enabling  the  animal  to  breathe 
while  the  rest  of  the  head  is  submerged  under 
water.  The  species  are  thoroughly  aquatic 
and  carnivorous,  and  inhabit  rivers,  streams, 
and  arms  of  the  sea,  in  the  hotter  pails  of  Asia, 
Africa,  and  North  America.  They  are  usually 
light-coloured  beneath,  but  the  carapace  is 
generally  mud-coloured. 

2.  Pulceont.  :  A  femur  from  the  Lias  has 
been  refeixed  by  Owen  to  this  family. 


ate.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  woie,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cuh.  ciire.  uniu,  cur,  rile,  fuU;  try.  Syrian,    se.  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


triony  X  — tripetaioid 


tri-on'-yx,  ■'•".     [Pief.  tri-,  and  Gr.  c>wf  (tiKiu), 
^L'liit.  6i't;\os  {onuchos)=a  nail,  a  cliiw.J 

1.  Zonl.:  The  type-genus  of  Trionychiaie, 
with  seventeen  species,  liavin-^  the  ranj;e  of 
the  family.  Aiuong  the  beat  knciwu  arc  Tri- 
oni/x/iTOX,  the  Soft-shelled  Tortoise,  from  the 
United  St;ites  and  Central  America ;  T.Java- 
nii.-iis,  tlie  Javanese,  and  7'.  (jangetiais,  the 
Oan^^etic  Trionyx  ;  and  7'.  niloticu>.  the  Nilotic 
Triunyx,  which  attains  a  length  of  three  feet, 
and  is  of  great  use  in  keeping  down  the  num- 
ber of  crocodiles  by  devouring  their  eggs  and 
young. 

2.  r(do-vnt. :  Several  species  are  known, 
frnni  the  Eocene  onward. 

tri  -o-pa,   6".     [Gr.  Tpton-t?  (triopis)  =  an  i-ar- 
ling  .>!■  brooch  with  three  drops.] 

ZouL :  A  genus  of  Duridte,  with  three 
speries,  from  Norway  an-l  Britain,  ranging 
(Voni  low-water  to  twenty  fathoms. 

tri-or,  5.     [Eng.  try;  -or.] 

Latv :  A  person  appointed  by  a  court  to 
examine  whether  a  challenge  to  a  panel  of 
jurors,  or  to  a  juror,  is  just. 

tri- OS '-te -urn,  -*;.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  bvriov 

(oiitt'iu)  =■  a  bune.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Lonicereie.  Hairy,  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  connate  leaves,  a  tubular 
corolla  swollen  at  the  base,  five  stamens,  and 
drupaceous  fruit,  generally  with  three  cells. 
Trio^^lcum  per/oliatKm,  in  small  doses,  is  a 
mild  cathartic,  in  large  ones  it  produces 
vomiting.  Its  dried  and  roasted  berries  have 
been  used  as  a  substitute  for  coflee. 

tri-ox-a-myl -a-mine,  *.  [Pref.  ^r;'-;  Eng. 

ojX_y<jeii),  and  amijlaminc.] 

Cheni. :  (C3niiO)3N.  A  base  obtained  by 
heating  anhydrous  valeral-amnionia  to  130' 
in  a  sealed  tube  for  eight  hours.  It  is  a 
colourless  viscid  oil,  having,  when  heated,  a 
pungent  odour,  is  slightly  soluble  in  wjiter, 
soluble  in  alcohol  ;  sp.  gr.  -879  at  22°.  It  has 
a  strong  alkaline  reaction,  and  when  distilled 
!•*  partially  decomposed  with  evolution  uf 
ammonia. 

tri-dx'-ide,  s.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  oxide.] 
Chem. :  A  term  applied  to  an  oxide  in  which 
one  atom  of  the  metal  is  combined  with  three 
atoms  of  oxygen,  thus:  Chrominm  trioxide, 

CrO;., 

trioxide  of  tungsten,  .^.     [Tungstic- 

iiXlLiE.) 

tri-6x-y-a-liz -at-rin,  *-.    [Prefs.  tri-,  oxy-^ 

and  Eng.  ntizai-in.]     [PsEVDOPVRFl'RlS.] 

trip,  *trippe,  'tryp,  I'J.  &  t.     [A  lighter 

I'onii  of  th'-  base  tmii,  which  ai>pears  hi  tramp; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  trippeii,  trappeib  =  to  lrea<l 
under  foot;  trippelen  =  to  trip,  to  dance; 
Low  Ger.  trippelii  =  to  trip;  Sw.  trijrpa  ; 
Dan.  irtppe  ~  to  trip;  (ri^=a  short  step; 
O.  Fr.  triper  =  to  tread  or  stamp  on.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  run  or  step  lightly  ;  to  move  with 
short,  light  steps  ;  to  move  the  feet  nimbly, 
as  in  walking,  dancing,  running,  &c. 

"  ilAuy  iij-myhs  c.iine  trippiny  by." 

Sttakesp.  :  SoniteC  151. 

1[  Sometimes  followed  by  it.     [It,  G.] 

"  Come  nni  tiii'  it  as  you  go. 
On  the  light  fautHstiu  toe," 

Milton:  I'AlU-iiro. 

2.  To  move,  progress,  or  advance  lightly  or 
evenly. 

'■  Trip/fin;/ aXon^  the  path  of  seeiuiug  prosiierity  iis 
though  no  biiriJen  vestfd  uiioii  itsshouldei's. '— Z^tu/y 
Tthyrajjli,  iNlarcli  12.  1387. 

3.  To  take  a  journey  or  voyage  ;  to  make  a 
trip  or  excursion. 

4.  To  stumble  ;  to  strike  the  foot  against 
something  so  as  to  lose  the  step  and  nearly 
fall ;  to  make  a  false  step  ;  to  lose  the  footing. 

"Cold  Paach  tripped  twice  iu  the  run  uj)." — Field, 

Dec  c,  1B84. 

0.  To  make  a  false  move ;  to  stumble,  to 
«rr,  to  go  wrong ;  to  offend  against  morality, 
propriety,  or  rule. 

■■  Jenny  hiul  tript  in  her  time."  * 

Tfiiiti/8on :  The  Grandmother. 

^  Sometimes  followed  by  on  or  ujion. 

"He soiuet lines  tripped  upon  his  facts." — Burrouyhi  : 
Pepacton,  p.  120. 

B.  Transitive  : 

1.  Ordinary  Lanijnage: 

1.  To  cause  to  fall  by  striking  the  feet  sud- 
denly   from    under   a    persiai ;    to    cause    to 


stumble,  lose  the  looting,  or  make  a  false 
step,  by  striking  the  feet  or  checking  their 
free  action.    (Frequently  followed  by  up.) 

"  It  Bouietinies  tripprd  uie  itp  with  a  liiriju  root  It 
sent  out  Uk«  u  iooW'—BurrQiKjht :  Pepacton,  p.  M4. 

•2.  To  Ciiuse  to  fail ;  to  put  something  in 
the  way  of  ;  to  obstruct. 

•  To  trip  tite  course  of  law," 

>hafcc»p. :  2  Ucnry  IV.,  v.  2. 

3.  To  catch  in  a  fault,  mistake,  or  offence  ; 
to  detect  in  a  false  step. 

■'  These  her  women  can  trip  nie  if  I  eiT." 

Shahetp. :  C'l/ntbelinc.  v.  6, 

II.  Saut. :  To  loose,  as  an  anchor  from  the 
bottom,  by  its  cable  or  buoy-rope. 

"  We  could  not  trip  the  Ixiwer  anchor  with  iill  the 
purchnse  we  could  uiake."— Ctfoft .'  Firtt  Voyage,  bk.  i.. 
ch.  x\. 

trip  (1),  s.     [Trip,  v.] 

I.  Ordinary  Langiinffc : 

1.  A  light,  short  step;  a  lively  movement 
of  the  feet. 

2.  Hence,  the  sound  of  such  a  step  ;  a  light 
fruitfall. 

3.  A  short  voyage  or  journey  ;  an  excursion. 

"  Trifit  to  Ireland  are  iuexi>ensive  and  by  no  means 
difficult."— /)ai/tf  Chronicle,  May  25,  1865. 

4.  A  sudden  stroke  or  catch  by  which  a 
wrestler  supplants  his  antagonist. 

*■  Or  bv  the  girdles  Krasp'd,  they  practise  with  the  hip, 

The  forward,  )>ackward.  falx,  tne  mar,  the  turn,  the 

trip."  rtraf/ton:  I'olyOlbion.  s.  1. 

5.  A  stumble  by  the  loss  of  foothold ;  a 
striking  of  the  foot  against  an  object. 

6.  A  failure,  a  mistake  ;  a  false  step  or 
move;  a  slight  error  arising  from  haste  or 
want  of  consideration. 

"  They  then,  who  of  e.ieh  trip  th'  advantage  take. 
Find  but  those  faults  which  they  wantwittoiuake." 
Dryden.    (Todd.) 

*  7.  A  moment,  a  twinkling. 

"They'll  whip  it  up  in  the  trip  of  a,  minute."— 
Cibher  :  Provoked  Husband,  p.  59. 

II.  2\aat.  :  A  single  board  or  tack  in  flying 
to  windward. 

trip-hammer,  .-j.  a  hammer  tripped  on 
its  axis  by  the  contact  of  a  Cam,  wiper,  or  tooth 
with  the  tail  nf  the  helve  ;  a  tilt-hammer. 

trip-madam,  trick-madam,  ^. 

But.:  .•^cdnm  r*jlL:iuiii,  a  stunerrup  with  re- 
flexed  leaves,  growing  in  Britain  on  rocks  and 
house  tops,  hut  not  projierly  indigenous. 
There  are  two  varieties,  one  with  bright  and 
the  other  with  jiale  yellow  flowers. 

trip-shaft,  -^. 

Steam-eng. :  A  supplementary  rock-shaft, 
used  iu  starting  an  engine. 

trip  (2),  &'.     [Prob.  allied  to  troop  (q.v.).] 

1,  A  unmher  of  animals  together;  a  flock 
or  herd.     (Prnv.) 

*  2.  A  body  of  men  ;  a  troop. 

tri-pa'-le-6-late,  o.    [Pref.  tri-;  Eng.  jxtfto^a 
(q.v.),  and  sutf.  -ate] 

But.  :  Consisting  of  three  i)ales  or  palese,  as 
the  flower  of  a  bamboo.    {Treus.  of  Bot.) 

tri-pang',  s.    [Trepang.] 

tri-parde',  tri-pa-relle',  >^.    [Fr.j    A  kind 

of  olive. 


tri-part'-ed,  a.    [Pref. 

((■(-,  and  Eng.  jKirted.] 

1.  Bot. :  Parted  into 
three  segment^?. 

2.  Her.  :  Parted  into 
three  pieces.  Applicable 
to  the  rteld  as  well  as  to 
ordinaries  and  charges  : 
as,  trijxtrted  in  pale,  a 
cross  (riparted. 

*  tri- part -i-ble,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
partiliUi  (q.v.).]  Partible  or  divisible  into 
llnee  pieces  or  parts. 

tri  -  par' -  ti  -  ent  (ti  as  shi),  a.  [Lat.  tri 
=  three,  and  jxirticns,  pr.  \nxr.  of  partior  = 
to  divide,]  Dividing  into  three  iiaits.  (Said 
of  a  number  that  divides  another  into  three 
equal  parts,  as  2  with  n'gard  U>  0.) 

tri- part' -ite,  *  try-part-yte,  a.    [Lat.  (ri 

=  three,  and  partitus,  pa.  par.  of  partior  =  to 
divide ;  jwr.s,  genit.  partis  =  a  part ;  Fr.  tri- 
partit.] 

1.  Divided  into  three  parts;  triparted. 
"The  division  then  of  conscien(--e  in  respect  of  its 
object  is  tripartite."— Bp.  Tat/lor :  Utile  of  Coiiseieitee. 
bk.  i.,  l1i.  1. 


CIIU^.^    liili'AlLll.L). 


TRir,\UHTE-LEAF. 


2.  Having    three    corresponding    parts    -.r 

COplt'S. 

"The  L-lrogmpher  U  Vicp  that  hatli  the  writte  of 
ci.ueiuinl  with  thw  concord  bi'ouiflit  viili>  him,  i  hce 
nidkith  iiulciitiivc'  fripartitt;  whereof  two  ale  du- 
luiirL-a  t'l  tlu'  i.atic  I*'r  who*f  v^c  the  tluo  i»  ackuow- 
IvilKid.  .\ii.l  llic  third  part  1*  rcHernod  with  him."— 
;itnith:  '-■■iiiiiionufulth,  ijk.  li.,  ch.  xv. 

3.  JIade  or  concluded  bet  ^vceu  three  parties : 
as,  a  triiKtrtite  treaty. 

tripartite -leai;  .^. 

But.  :  A  bat  di\iiicd 
nearly  Iti  the  buse  into 
three  parts,  as  those  of 
Bidens  tripartita,  or  of 
Bannmidiis  iniuntitif:, 
sub-spf'cics  tri}i('rtitus, 

tri -part- ite  ly,  adv. 
[Kng.  trijHu-titt';  -/(/.] 
hi  a  tripartite  manner; 
bv  a  di\ision  into  three 
parts. 

tri-par-ti'-tion,  s.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  par* 

lil,o,i{(i.x.).j 

1.  A  division  into  three  parts. 

2.  A  division  by  three,  or  the  taking  of  the 
third  pait  of  any  number  or  quantity. 

*  tri- pas'- chal,  o..  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
paschal  (q.v.).j"  Including  three  Passovers. 

tripe,  -^.  [Irish  triopas^  entrails:  Welsh  tripa 
=  the  intestines;  Bret,  strljicn  —  tripe;  Fr. 
tripe;  Sp.  &  Port,  tripa;  Ital.  trippa.] 

1.  The  entrails  generally ;  hence,  in  con- 
tempt, the  belly.  (In  these  senses  generally 
used  in  the  plural.) 

"  I'm  as  marciful  as  any  on  'em— and  I'll  stick  my 
Uniie  in  h\i  tripes  as  sjiys  otherwise." — Hood:  Tyliuy 
H<iU,  ch.  XXXV. 

2.  The  large  stomach  of  ruminating  animals 
when  prepared  for  food. 

"  How  say  you  to  a  fat  trij-e  finely  hroil'd  ?" 

6hakesp.  :  Turning  of  the  Hhrvic,  iv.  3. 

tripe  de  rocbe,  s.     [Lit.  =  rock-tiipe.] 

.\  vegetable  substance  furnished  by  vaiious 
species  of  Gyrophora  and  Umbilicaria  behmg- 
ing  to  the  tribe  of  Lichens.  It  is  extensivelj' 
used  as  an  article  of  food  by  hunters  in  the 
arctic  regions  of  North  America,  and  is  nutri- 
tive, but  bitter  and  purgative. 


tripe-man, 

sells  trijie. 


A  man  wlio  prepares  and 
[Tripe  im  koche.] 


tripe -rock, 

tripe-stone,  s. 

Mill.  :  A  variety  of  anhydrite  (q.v.),  occur- 
ring in  masses  with  a  corrugated  and  contorted 
surface. 

^  tripe -Visaged,  a.  Having  a  face  re* 
sembling  tripe  ;  pale  or  sallow  ;  or,  perhaps, 
flabby  and  expressionless. 

"  Th'ju  .  . .  tripe-piioged  iasci\l."—Shakc»p.  :  2  Benry 
IV-,  V.  A. 

*  tri-pe-dal,  a.  [Lat.  tripedalis,  from  tri  = 
three,  and  i>c.<,  genit.  pedis  =  a  foot.]  Having 
three  feet. 

trip-el,  s.     [Tripoli.] 

*  tri-pen  -nate,  ".    [Tripinnate.] 

*  tri-pen  nat  i-part  -ed,  a.  [.Pref.  tri-, 
and  Eng.  jiennutiparted  (q.v.).} 

Bot.  (Of  a  feather-veined  leaf) :  Divided 
nearly  to  the  base  into  portions  which  are 
thcmsehes  twice  again  similarly  divided. 

tri-pen-nat-i-secf-ed,  a.    [Pref.  tri-,  and 
Eng.  2)cunutisccted  (q.v.). 
Bot.  :  Tri pennati parted  (q.v.). 

*  tri-per'-s6n-al,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
jiarsoind  ('|.v.).j     Consisting  of  three  persons. 


*  tri-per'-s6n-al-ist,  s.  [Eng.  tripersonal; 
-(,s',l  A  term  applied  to  a  believer  in  tlie 
Tiiiiit>' ;  ,1  tiinitariau. 

*  tri-per-s6n-al'-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  tripersonal; 
-ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  existing  in  three 
persons  in  one  godhead. 

"Terms  of  trinity,  trininnity.  co-essentiality,  tri. 
personality  ami  the  like."— .V(/(om  .*  Of  True  Ucliyion, 

*  trip'-er-y,  s.  [Eng.  tripe;  -ry.]  A  place 
where  tiipe  is  ]irepared  or  sold. 

tri  -  pet' -  al  -  Old,  a.      [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 

pvtaloidiq.v.).} 


IboU,  hoy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  hench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-cian,    tian  -  shan,    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -tton,  ^ion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -hie,  -die,  -ic.  ^  hel,  deL 


tripetaloideae— triplex 


i;  ■'. :   A|t|tvarin^  ait  tf  Hiniislie*!  with  tlin-e 

[•■  I  -  (/'■"«'"'*);   cimmstitij;  of  nix  iwrtii,  an 
.lit. I  nn  iiiruT  thnv,  thr  foniiLT  ;;rvL'ii 
j:M  -  u.ill.  ihi'  laitir  >'uluurc«l  like  i<t'Ul«. 

•  tri  pit^-loi'-4i-n,  ».  pi.    IPref.  Iri. :  Gr. 
T.  TjAui  ^|■flt^l<  ii)  -  ;i  K-af :  «ijoc  (fi(i<w)  =  foriii, 

..:.  I    1-it     fi'Ill     pi.  ;iilj.  fcUff.  -rtr.) 

riif  nixtli  onltT  in  Lintta'its's  Xatunil 
^;.  -■  (ieut-ni :    llutoiuus,   AliMiiu,  iSagit- 


(.Pref.  tri;  and  Eiig. 


tri  pdt  ^-oOa. 

iW. :  Having  three  prIaU. 
tri-pluB'-iui.  try-plue-n^,  <i.    (Gr.  r^i.c 

('     ■)    —    tlirifi-.   uli'i   i^aiiw  (;'/l(lill'->)  =  to  ap- 

1-  '^  I 

■I.  ."  YuUuw  UltderHing  (q.v.),  a  genus 
■  N  ••int;e.  Antennae  of  tile  mule  .stiglilly 
1>  —'lit;  aUloMKMi  not  civsto*!,  Hattenei), 
li'iiitiiiuling  in  A  truneate  tuft  of  Imir ;  fore 
wings  elongate,  tliiek ;  hind  wings  well  de- 
MloiK'd.  The  lanii,  wliieh  is  called  the 
t^urftice  grul'.  thiek,  larger  posteriorl.v.  It 
feeds  on  various  low  plants,  and  the  elir.vsalis 
i.s  sulitermnean.     Kliown  Uritisli  speeies,  six. 

tn  phone,  f.  [Gr.  rpt^t^f  ifrijihaws)  — 
a;-!  ■■.tnng  thrice  or  three-fold. | 

;  The  same  as  .Spodcmkxk  (q.v.). 

tri  pban  ite,  f.    [Eng.  triiikix\<(t);  suff.  -Ue 

l.W'    .).J 

-Vtn.  :  A  eoinpact,  rediUsh  mtneml  sub- 
stance, aceoiupan.ving  large  crystals  of  anal- 
cinie  at  the  Kil|>atrick  Hills,  Dnnibartonshire  ; 
siip|>o.sed  to  be  a  variety  of  cluthalite  (q.\.). 
Comity's,  undeteriuinert. 

tn-pha  -si-a,  -«.  IGr.  rpt^aato?  (tripltasios) 
—  Three -fold.  So  UHliied  bccausc  the  calyx 
is  three  toothed,  and  there  are  three  petals. 
(/■.Lrtuii.jj 

It'll, :  A  genus  of  Aurantiaceae.  Staiueus 
81X.  ovary  st.-llked,  style  thick.  Reduced  now 
to  one  sjiecies,  though  three  others  were  for- 
merly incluiled  in  it.  Triphasia  Aumnt'wlo 
(=  l.iitwnia  t^/oliato)  is  a  spiny  shrub,  the 
U^ves  with  three  ovate  leatlets,  has  white, 
sweet-scented  flowers,  and  small  yellow  lier- 
rie-s,  which  have  an  agreeable  orange  taste. 
It  is  a  native  of  southern  China,  but  is  now 
cultivated  in  the  Ea.st  and  West  Indies  and  in 
liritlsh  gardens. 

tripb  -tlidng (■■r  phns p), .?.  (Gr. Tpi- (/,;-)= 

time,  and  *eoyyi,  (iihtlu;„i,j;)  —  a  sound. ]  A 
combination  of  three  vowels  in  a  single 
syllable,  fonning  a  ainiplc  or  compound 
s*nind  ;  a  group  of  three  vowel  characters, 
representing  coni1une<lly  a  single  or  mono- 
syllabic sound,  as  aiu  in  iifoii,  eye,  &c. ;  a 
trigrapli. 

triph  thon  -gal  (or  ph  as  p),  a.  [Eng 
lr^j,l,tlmt„i:  .„;,]  Pert.aining  to.  consisting 
ol,  Mr  of  the  nature  of  a  triphthong. 

triph -y-line,  triph-y-lite, .■;.  [Pref.  tri- .■ 
lir.  ./.UA.J  (p;iii/-')=  family  or  slock,  and  suff. 
■ine,    UeiMin.):  Ger.  Iriphylin.] 

Min. :  A  mincr.al  of  somewhat  limited  dis- 
tribution. Cry.stallization,  orthorhombic  ■ 
hardness,  5-0  :  sp.  gr.  3-54  to  3-8  ;  lustre,  sub- 
resinous  ;  colour,  greenish -gray,  sometimes 
bluish.  Compos.  ;  a  phosphate  of  the  prot- 
oxides of  iron,  manganese,  and  lithium  with 
the  formula  (FeO,MnO,LiO):(P05.  Like  all 
minerals  containing  protoxide  of  manganese 
It  is  liable  to  alteration  by  oxidation  and 
hydration ;  henc'e  the  minerals  heterosite, 
p-eu,|otriplite,  allUiiiulite,  and  melanchlore. 

tri-phJl-lOUS,  a.  [Gr.  TpicJieAAc,!  (triphvUw) 
=  three-leaved;  pref.  (ri-,  and  AiiAAoe  (phiil- 
(oii)  =  a  leaf.l 

1.  Having  three  leaves. 
^,2-  'laving  the  leaves  disposed  in  whorls  of 

tri  -phjrj  itCf.  s.  pL  (Pref.  tri- ,-  Or.  *„V.,; 
(ph.u.tU)  =  nature,  and  Eng.  suff.  -ite.] 

Ch.  )lia.  (PI):  The  name  given  to  those 
prelates  who.  at  the  councils  of  Toledo  (a.i. 
(;*4.  088)  carried  their  oj.positionto  the  Moiio- 
physites  and  Monothelites  to  such  an  extent 
as  to  profess  belief  in  a  third  nature  in  Christ 
residing  from  the  union  of  the  divine  and 
human  natures. 


tri-pin-n%te,  u.     i;Prcf.  tri-,  and  Eng.  pin- 
niite  (q.v.). ; 

Itot.  {!>/  n  blpiiuuite  Itnf):  Having  the  leaf- 
lets themselves  again  pinnate,  as  thodc  of 
Tltalictnihi  minus. 

tri-pta -nato-lj^,  n.(r.  (Eng. /rijii'iiiin^e;  -ly.] 
/; -f.  ;  111  ,1  tri  pinnate  manner. 

tri -pin-nit -i-f  id,  a.  [Pref.  Iri-,  and  Eng. 
j.ii.mi(iyi</(q.v.).j 

liiil. :  Tl'.ree  times  divided  in  a  pinnatitid 
manner. 

tri-pln-n&t'-i-seot,  a.  [Pref.  (/•;-,  ami  Kng. 
/.,..ilii(l>.l{q.v.).J 

l!r>t. :  Parted  to  the  base  tripinnately. 

trip-It'-a-kai,  .«.    (Pali  =  the  triple  basket.l 
liiuhthi^m:    The  three  classes  into   which 
the  Buddhist  sacred  writings  are  divided,  viz., 
the  Sutras,  the  Viuaya,  and  the  Abidharnui. 

trip-lar'-e-n,  .<.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  triplar(is): 

l.al.  lelii,  pi.  ad.i.  suff.  -ffC.[ 
/.'".'. ;  A  tribe  of  Polygonacea?. 

trip-lar'-is, .«.  1 1 Jit.  =  threefold,  triple,  from 
friplus  =  triple  :  so  named  because  the  parts 
of  the  fruetihcation  are  disposed  in  threes.] 

But. :  The  typical  genus  of  Triplarea?  (q.v.). 
Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  short! .v-stalkeil . 
entire  leaves,  with  short  oehrese,  inflorescence 
racemose,  and  a  three  edged  nut  with  winged 
angles.  The  trunk  and  branches  of  Triplaris 
itinericmta,  n  native  of  tropical  America,  are 
chambered,  and  serve  for  the  habitation  of 
nuts. 

•  tri-pla  -Slan  (S  as  Sh),  n.  [Gr.  TpurAcicrio? 
(//v>;asios)  =  thrice  as  many.]  Threefold, 
triple,  treble. 

"Being  rripiiisinn  or  threefold,  according  to  tlieir 
theoloiiy.'—Ciidirorlh  ,  Iiitell.  Sultem,  p.  289. 

trip'-le  ae  as  el),  «.  &  ..!.    (Fr.,  from  Lat. 
/ii|);iis  =  triple,  from   (ri-=  three,  and  j<?w.>, 
related    to    plemts  =  full ;    Sp.   triple ;    Ital 
triplo.] 
A*  As  adjeetive : 

1.  Consisting  of  three  united  :  threefold. 

"  The  triple-dog  had  never  felt  his  chain." 

PofM^ :  Honier  ;  Iliad  viii,  447. 

2.  Three  times  repeated  ;  treble. 

■■  If  then  the  atheist  can  h.ave  no  imagination  of 
more  -senses  than  live,  why  doth  he  supiiose  that  a 
hody  13  c.'»iw.ble  of  more  r  If  we  had  douhle  or  triple 
us  many,  there  mi«ht  Ijc  the  same  ausiiicion  for  a 
greater  numl>er  without  end."— Benr7tv/. 

*  3.  One  of  three  ;  third. 

"  Which  ...  lie  bade  me  store  up  as  a  triple  eye. 
Safer  tlian  mine  own  two.  uion  de.ar  " 

ahakctp.  :  All's  Well  that  Suds  Irell.  ii.  i. 

*  B.  As  siibsl. :  The  treble  part  in  music. 

"  Againe  he  heard  that  wondrous  harmonic. 
Of  songs  and  sweet  complaints  of  loner *s  kitlde 
The  humane  voices  sung  a  triple  hie." 

Fairefax:  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  .wiii.  24. 

Triple  Alliance,  s. 

//i.<(or,(  .■ 

1.  A  treaty  entered  into  by  Great  Britain, 
Sweden,  and  Holland  against  Louis  XIV  in 
liiliS. 

2.  A  treaty  between  Great  Biitain,  France, 
and  Holland  against  Spain,  1717. 

3.  An  alliance  between  Great  Britain,  Rus.sia, 
and  Austria,  against  France,  Sept.  2S,  1738. 

4.  .^n  allianee  between  Germany,  Austria, 
and  Italy,  against  France  and  Russia,  in  1887. 

•■  It  is  imiKisaihle  to  suppose  that  he  cf.n  medibite 
an  .attack  on  Austria  while  the  Triple  oHicince  exists  " 
■8  «  Gawlte,  Dec.  7.  1887. 


triple-connterpolnt. 


s. 


Muxir :  A  eounteriioint  in  three  parts  so 
contrned  that  each  p.irt  will  serve  for  bass 
middle,  nr  npjier  part  as  required. 

triple-crown,   .«.     The  crown  or  tiai-a 

Worn  l.y  the  iiopes.     [Tiara.J 

triple  -  crowned,  a.  Having  three 
rrowiis  :  Wearing  a  triple  crown,  as  the  Pope. 

triple-headed,  a.  Having  three  heads  • 
as  ihe  lriph:l,,„,l,,l  ,1,,^,  Cerberus. 


triple -ingrain  carpet, 

Alil'ET.] 


[Tbree-plv 


triple-nerved,  n. 

But.  :  The  .^aiiie  as  Triple-kibbed  (q.v.). 
triirie-rihbed,  n. 

J!o(.  (Of  a  letif):  Having  three  ribs,  of  which 
the  two  lateral  ones  emerge  from  the  middle 


oim  a  little  above  its  base.  Akin  to  three- 
iibbed,  in  which,  however,  the  three  ribs  are 
all  unconnected  and  proceed  from  the  ba.se, 

triple-salt, .'!. 

'Vi.in. .'  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  salts 
contaiiiiiig  three  different  biuses,  such  as  mi- 
crocosiHie  .salt,  NaCNHJHPUj.     (II'«H.<.) 

triple  spot  pug,  .«. 

Enltmi.  :  .\  British  geomett  moth,  Eiipi~ 
tltfria  trisifjnata,  a  small  oehrey-gray  moth, 
with  three  black  spots,  giving  "origin  to  a.s 
ni.aiiy  black  lines.  The  larva  feeds  on  Awjelica 
sylvestris.    (Xeinnan.) 

triple-spotted  clay,  s. 

Kulom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Noclua  tli- 
tmpezinm.  It  is  of  a  daik,  rosy-brown  coloui', 
and  is  found  in  the  Xew  Foi'cst,  &c. 

triple-Star,  s. 

AitroH. :  A  star  which,  under  a  powerful 
telescope,  is  resolved  into  three,  often  of  dif- 
ferent colours.  Y  Andromedoe  is  a  triple  star. 
Its  principal  constituent  is  of  the  third  magni- 
tude, and  of  an  orange-yellow  colour.  Tin- 
two  others  seem  like  a  single  one  between  the 
fifth  and  sixth  m.ignitude  ;  both  are  bluish. 

triple -time,  s. 

Musi,: :  Time  of  three  beats,  or  three  times 
three  beats  in  a  bar,  indicated  in  the  signature 
of  the  movement,  thus  [I  =  three  minims  (or 
their  equivalent  in  time  value)  in  a  bar ; 
t  =  three  quavers  (or  their  equivalents  in  time) 
in  a  bar;  with  the  less  usual  -J,  J,  and  ,» 
signatures,  which  mark  what  is  usually  called 
Ci  impound  Triple-time. 

-  triple-tree,  s.  Tlie  gallows,  from  tin- 
two  posts  and  crossbeam  of  which  it  was  com- 
posed.     [TvBfRK-TEEE.] 

'•  .\  wry  mouth  on  the  triple-tree  puts  an  end  to  all 
discourse  aijout  us."— r.  B]-owH  -■   H'orks,  ill.  63. 

^  triple-turned, 

less :  thrice  faithless. 
C/a-i<ntrn,  iv.  12.) 

trip  -le  (le  as  el),  r.t.  &  i 

A.  Transilive: 

1.  To  make  treble,  threefold,  or  thrice  as 
mueh,  as  many,  or  as  great ;  to  treble. 

"The  rent«  of  many  highland  estates  have  heen 
tripled  .and  qu-adrupled."— SiH((;i  .■  ireiiZHi  of  Satiom. 
Ilk-  1,.  ch.  11. 

2.  To  be  three  times  as  great  or  as  many. 

"Their  losae  .  .  .  did  (r;;)/c  onrs.  .as  well  in  iiualitv 
.as  111  inmntity."— fl((cJl7i(j/r .-  Voi/ageg.  ii.  140. 

B.  Introns. :  To  increase  threefold. 

trip  -let,  s. 

d-uijle.] 


.     Three  times  faitli- 
{Slml-esp. :   Antnntj  it- 

[Triple,  a.] 


ife  a.    (Frora;(n]*,  as  ilmtUet  from 


A,  As  substantive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Langicafje  : 

1.  A  collection  or  set  of  three  things  of  a 
kind,  or  three  united. 

2.  One  of  three  children  at  a  birth.  (Colloij.) 

3.  (.ri.):  Three  children  at  a  birth. 


II.  l^chnicaUy  : 
1.  Music: 


■  A  group  of  three  notes  performed 
in  the  time  of  two.  The  triplet  is  generally 
indicated  by  a  slur  and  the  figure  o. 


[Lat.=  threefold.]    [Triplicate.] 


2.  Optics:  Any  arrangement  of  three  lenses 
in  combination,  eitheras  eye-piece  or  objective. 

3.  Poetry:  Three  verses  or  lines  rhyming 
together. 

B.  As  adj. :  Triple  ;  consisting  of  three. 

"I  frequently  make  use  of  triplet  rhymes,  and  for 
tlie  Slime  reason  because  they  lionnd  the  sense ;  ami 
therefore.  I  generally  join  theae  two  licenses  together, 
and  make  the  last  verse  of  the  triplet  a  Pindaric."— 
ttrjjdfu  :   I  trgil ;  .fSneid.    (Dedic.) 

trip -lex, 

Music : 

1.  The  name  originally  given  to  a  third  part 
.  when  added  to  two  other  .parts,  one  of  which 

was  a  canto  fermo,  the  other  a  counterpoint. 
This  additional  part  was  generallv  the  upper 
part,  hence  the  word  treble  or  triplex  came 
to  be  applied  to  the  canto  primo. 

2.  A  motet  or  other  composition  in  three 
parts. 

3.  Triple-time. 

.,-  '  Tilf  'V-t^.'^^  '^  **  Sood  tripping  measure.'  —Sliakesp-  .- 
7  lei-lffh  .\igtir,  V, 


^l:-T.l.^J:,r^f^:  Z^^-  r^'  ^^^^-^  -^-  '«»•  ^"«.  <^^^  ^^r.  there; 


or.  wore,  wplt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub, 


puie,  pit,  sire. 


cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se. 


sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


triplicate— tripping 


2oy 


trip  li-cate,  *  trip-11-cat,  ".  ^'  s.  (La(. 
tni-Hratu's,  pa.  par.  of  tripUro  =  to  nuiki^ 
iliiet-foli),  t^  treble,  U-amtriplcr,  genit.  trip! ids 
tlni'i'tnlil,  treble,  from  ^■|  =  three,  ami  plko 
=  {>}  foM,  to  weave.] 
A.  As  aifjcctivf : 

1.  Made  thrice  as  niueh  ;  trebled,  threefoKl. 
■  2.  Three  in  number. 

"  Whii-h  Inouglit  oertviiii  expeditions  ^W/rffrnf  .•  the 
one  niitfi  tlie  i>rutlioiii.Ury  Gniiibom.  th?  uther  iintu 
Uii'gory  »U'  L.iiw.vli9,  niid  the  thiril  unto  me."— ««riitf 
Itrr«iuli.  vol.  i..  bk,  ii..  No.  4. 

*  1.  Something  consisting  or  composeil  nf 
three  pnrt.**  or  divisions. 

"  My  triplicate  of  j)leftaiire  knows  tUiigeroiia  as  well 
as  iK-linlitfiil  (Ortturi-a."— Sci-(/>'UTJ»  Mnpiizino,  Aug., 
1SS7.  p.  oO". 

2.  A  tliird  paper  or  thing  corresponding  to 

tun  -.tli.Ts  of  the  same  kind. 

triplicate-ratio,  s. 

Miilh. :  The  ratio  of  the  cubes  of  two  quan- 
tities :  tlius  t4ie  triplicate  ratio  of  a  to  b  is 

— .     Similar  volumes  are  to  each  other  in  the 

((■* 

ratio  of  their  homologous  lines. 

triplicate-ternate,  n. 

r.ot.  :  Thrue  teniate  :  tribernate. 

trip-li-ca'-tion,  .*.  [Lat.  triplimtio,  from 
(riplicofti.^,  pa.  par.  of  ?///>^'co  =  to  treble.] 

1.  Old.  Lanij,:  The  act  of  trebling  or  making 
threefold,  or  adding  three  together. 

"  Triplication  of  tlie  aime  (li.imeter  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty."— Olaiiritl :  Sceptii, 

2.  Civil  Tmw  :  The  same  as  Suk-rejoinder 
ill  common  law  (q.v.). 

tri-pli^'-i-tj?",  s.  [Fr.  Iriplicitu:,  from  Lat. 
(rii>lr.i;  geuit.  frij)/ici-5  =  triple.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.':  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
triple  or  threefold  ;  trebleness. 

■'  Aflfect  uot  duplicities  nor  tHplicities,  nor  auy  cer- 
tain uuinter  of  parts  in  your  diviaion  of  tbiugs."— 
U'ntts :  Loffic 

2.  Astral. :  The  division  of  the  signs  accord- 
ing to  the  number  of  the  elements,  each  divi- 
sion conaisting  of  three  signs.     [Tiugon.] 

trip -li- CDS' -tate,  trip' -U- nerved,  n. 

[Lat.  triplex,  genit.  triplicis  =  threefold,  and 
Eng.  fos/irte ;  nerved.] 
lint.  :  Triple-ribbed  (q.v.) ;  triply  ribbed. 

trip' -lite,  s.  [Gr.  Tpin-AoOs  (/r)jiZoj(s)  =  three- 
fold ;  aiitl.  -itc  (Mill.) ;  Ger.  etscnpecherz,  triplit; 
Fr.  ma  ngani^  phospliate  ferrifere.] 

Min.  :  An  orthorhonibic  mineral,  occurring 
only  in  imperfect  crystals.  Hardness,  4  to 
5'j  ;  sp.  gr.  3"44  to  3"S ;  lustre,  resinnu.s  to 
adamantine  ;  colour,  shades  of  brown  to  black  ; 
streak,  yellowish-gray  to  b^wn.  Compos.  ; 
I^llo^plloric  acid,  32"7  ;  protoxide  of  iron,  IG'ii; 
protoxide  of  manganese,  32'2 ;  iron,  (i"4 ; 
magnesium,  I'S  ;  calcium.  l'i>;  fluorine,  S"8  = 
loo.  which  corresponds  with  the  typical  for- 
mula .iROPO^  -f  HF. 

trip-lO-blas  -tic,  c.  [Gr.  TpnrKov<;  (triplnus) 
=  tlircel'old,  triple,  and  ^Aatrros  (blastos)=a. 
sprout,  shoot,  or  sucker.] 

Embryol. ;  Of,  Iwlonging,  or  relating  to  the 
triple  division  in  the  blastoderm  outside  the 
yolk  in  the  ovum  of  mamninls,  birds,  &c. 
JPrcvious  to  si-gnieutation  the  blastoderm  is 
single,  thi'ii  a  liilaniinar  arrangement  arises  ; 
finally  it  separates  into  outer,  middle,  and 
inner  blastodermic  membranes  :  the  ectoderm, 
mesoderm,  and  endoderm  ;  called  l»y  Foster 
and  Balfour  the  epiblast.  mesoblast,  and  hy- 
I.oblast.     {fjiiaiu.) 

trip'-lo-clase,  s.     [Gr.  Tpin-Aous  (triphns)  = 
triple,   and  xAdcrt?  (/.7a5(s)  =.  cleavage  ;    Ger. 
triplolhi^i.] 
Mill. :  The  same  as  Thomsosite  (q.v.). 

trip-16-i-<Ute,  s.  [Eng.  tripUte ;  Gr.  elSos- 
(ei(fo'i)  =  form,  and  suff.  -tte  (.I/jh.).] 

Min. :  A  monoclinic  mineral,  occurring  in 
distinct  crystals,  also  fibrous,  divergent,  mass- 
ive ;  crystaLi  with  vertical  striations...  -Hard- 
ness, 4'5  to  .5  ;  sp.  gr.  3"ii07  ;  lustre,  vitreous 
to  [artamantine  ;  colour,  yellowish  to  reddish 
brown,  wine-yellow,  hyacinth-red ;  streak, 
gi-ayisli  white  ;  fracture,  sub-conchoidal.  Com- 
pos. :  phosplioric  acid,  ;U01  ;  protoxide  of 
iron,  Hi'iy  ;  protoxide  of  manganese,  47"Sti ; 
water,  4*0:.  =  100.  Formula, RaP.jOrt  -f  R<OH>>, 
where   U  —  Fe,Mn.      Found  at    Branclitield, 


Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  associated  with 
various  ntln-r  nnnerals  new  to  science,  in  a 
vein  of  albite-granile. 

trip'-ld*P3?,    s.       [Gr.    TptirAoi;?    (triplon.^)  = 
threefold,  and  6J/  (o;w)  =  the  eye.) 

Oftirs  .{■  Viithol.  :  An  aficction  of  the  eye 
which  causes  objects  to  be  seen  trijtle.  It  is 
much  rarer  than  diplnpy  ((pv.).  and  the  third 
image  is  exieedinglj  f;iint.     {(ianuf.) 

-hi.]    In   a 


trip'-ly.  ('<h'.     [Eng.    trii>l(f),  a. 
triple  manner  or  degree  ;  trebly. 


triply-ribbed, 


[Triple-bibbed.] 


a^^ 


TRIPOD. 
.     Cal.In.n     cf     thin 

linmzc.  hti[i|'iisimI  to 
iiiori-;Mf  tl..^  fnice  ..f 
the  prnphftii;  aixiiuls 
wlHcticHniefruiu  the 
e;irth;6.  FIfttsl.ibon 
which  the  priesteas 
But. 


tri-pod,  ■  trl-pode,  s.  &  a.  [Lat.  trijnr-:, 
gemt.  trii'<"li.<,  irom  tJr.  TpiVous  {tripmi.-^}, 
genit.  TptTToSo^  (triiK)dvs)  =  three-footed,  a 
tripod,  from  rpL-  {tri-)  =.  three,  and  rrous  (2"'"s). 
genit.  TToSos  {podos)  =  :.\.  foot;  Sp.  &  Ital.  tri- 
pode.] 

A.  As  stdtstantive : 

I,  Ord i mn'n  Lang uaijc : 

1.  A  three-legged  seat  or  table, 

2.  A  pot  or  caldron  used  for  boiling  meat, 
and  either  raised  ujion  a  three-legged  frame 
or  stand,  or  made  with  three  feet  in  the  same 

,  piece  with  itself. 

3.  A  three-legged  support  for  a  table,  chair, 
surveyor's  compass,  candelabrum,  biazicr,  ur 
otlier  object. 

II.  Clnss.  ArJiq.  :  A 
bronze  altar,  having 
three  legs  or  feet,  and  fre- 
quently also  three  rings 
at  the  top  to  serve  as 
handles.  A  tripod  was 
one  of  the  attributes  of 
Apollo,  and  originated  in 
the  custom  of  seating  the 
pythoness,  or  prophesy- 
ing priestess,  in  a  triple- 
footed  seat,  over  the 
vapour  which  ascendeil 
from  a  mystic  cavern  at 
Delphi,  and  which  was 
believed  to  have  the 
power  of  producing  sa- 
cred inspiration,  and  the 
ability  of  fore  Lei  ling 
future  events.  Highly 
ornamented  tripods  of 
similar  form,  made  of  pre- 
cious metals,  were  given 
as  prizes  at  the  Pythian 
games  and  elsewhere,  and 
were  frequently  placed  as 
votive  offerings  in  the  temples. 

"  Within  the  circle  .irina  and  tripods  lie." 

Dryden  :   Virgil ;  .Emsid  v.  He. 

B,  As  adjective : 

1.  Having  three  legs  or  supports. 

"  These  tripod  .  .  .dolmens  .  .  .  never  had.  or  could 
have  had.  walls,"— /"e-jv/HisoH  .■  Itude  Stone  Jlouiniwiits, 
p.  43. 

2.  Three  feet  long. 


•[  Tripod  0/ life: 

linjsiol. :  Tlie  term  used  by  liii-liat  for  the 
brain,  heart,  and  lungs. 

*  tri-p6'-di-an,  s.     [See  def.] 

Music :  An  ancient  stringed  instrument 
in  form  resembling  the  Delphic  tripod,  wlience 
its  name. 

trip'-6-dy,  ■<!.     [Tripod.] 

i'l  it>\  ;  A  series  of  three  feet. 

*  tri  -  point' -  ed,  o.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
pointed.]     Having  three  points. 

"  Tlie  tripoiuled  wvathfuU  violence  of  the  deiid  d-irt," 
liylvester :  The  £Aiwe,  497. 

trip'o-li,  trip'-o-lite,  s.  [After  Tripoli, 
in  N'ortli  Afrii-a.  wliere  it  occurs  in  consider- 
able amount ;  Ger.  trijicL] 

1.  Min.  <f-  Petrol. :  A  siliceous  deposit,  first 
shown  by  Ehrenl)erg  to  consist  almost  wholly 
of  the  cast-otf  shells  of  Diatoms.  Sometimes 
found  in  deposits  of  considerable  thickness, 
and  extending  over  many  miles  of  coimtry ; 
mostly  earthy,  but  sometimes  very  hard  and 
compact. 

2.  Geol.  £  Pnkront.  :  The  iliatoms  in  a  stra- 
tum of  Tripoli  at  Bilin  in  Bohemia,  where  it 
is  fourteen  feet  thick,  are  mainly  of  the 
genus  Gaillonella  (q.v.). 

3.  Comm. :  Tripoli  was  first  imported  from 
Tripoli  itself,  but  has    since  been  found   in 


many  other  jdaces.  It  is  einplnyed  for  polish- 
ing nirtals,  marblfs.  glass,  and  other  hard 
bodies.     [Tuu'oi.i-i'owDMu.l 

tripoll  -  powder,  .s-.  A  p.dveruh-nt 
suits tanee  imported  from  Geiiiiany  to  bi- 
uscil  as  matt-rial  for  tlu'  polishing  of  steel. 
Like  tripoli,  it  is  composed  mainly  id"  dia- 
toms. 

tripoli  slate,  >. 

I'etml.  :  A  tiipoHti-  ("i.v.)  which,  from  vary- 
ing causes,  has  assunuMl  a  laminated  or  slaty 
texture.    Sometimes  contains  much  clay,  A:c. 

Trip -6  line,  «.    [See  def.) 

1.  of  or  pertiuning  to  Tripoli,  a  .stiite  and 
city  in  Noith  AfricJi. 

2.  Pertaiinng  to  the  luiiieral  tripoli. 

Tri-pol  i  tan, .'.  &  .s    [See  def.] 

A,  As  I'd].:  Relating  or  belonging  ta  the 
town  or  state  of  Tripoli. 

B.  As  snhst.  :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Tripoli. 

trip  -6-ly,  -s.    [Tkipoli.] 

tri  -pos.  >-.     [Tripod.] 
'  L  A  tripod  (q.v.). 

"  And  from  the  tripoli  nished  n  bellowing  sound." 
/tri/den :  Vir<ffi;  .HveidiVx.  Vli. 

2.  In  Cambridge  University,  a  wcu-d  datinj; 
from  the  sixteentli  century,  and  used  succes- 
sively in  a  numlier  of  diflerent  senses.  At 
first  it  was  applied  to  the  stool  on  which  the 
champion  of  the  University  sat  at  the  dispu- 
tations held  at  the  admission  of  Bachelors  of 
Arts  to  their  degree;  then  it  was  ti"ansferre<l 
to  the  Bachelor  himself ;  still  later  to  the 
humorous,  or,  in  some  cases,  scurrilous,  speech 
with  which  "  Mr.  Tripos  "opened  the  proceed- 
ings, and  to  the  verses  of  the  Bachelors  at  thc 
Acts.  The  honours-lists  were  printed  (about 
1747-S)  on  the  backs  of  these  verses,  and  so 
tripos  came  to  mean  an  honour-list,  and,  last 
of  all,  the  examination  itself.  Until  the  year 
1S24  there  was  only  one  tripos,  the  Mathe- 
matical ;  and  up  to  1850  only  those  who  bad 
obtained  honoui-s  in  mathematics  were  ad- 
mitted to  the  Classical  examination.  The 
degree  was  not  given  for  that  examination  till 
a  few  years  later. 

"Such  interest  .IS  13  now  attached  to  them  lielonps- 
rather  to  the  verses  than  ti>  tlie  list  of  the  seveml 
triiioites  (for the  name  has  now  at  last  come  ti>  siKuify 
degi-ee  ex.iminatiotis)  which  have  been  circulated: 
already  aeveinlly," — C'.  Wordsworth:  Hcholcc  At:ade~ 
micip,  i>,  20. 

trip'-pant,  ».  [Trip,  v.] 
Her. :  A  term  applied  to 
beasts  of  chase,  as  passant 
is  to  beasts  of  prey,  &c. 
The  animal  is  represdttted 
with  the  right  foot  lifted 
up,  and  the  otlier  three,  as 
it  were,  upon  the  ground, 
as    if   trotting.      Counter  tbippant. 

trippant  is  when  two  ani- 
mals are  borne  trippant  contrary  ways,  as  if 
passing  each  other  out  of  the  l:eld. 

■  trippe,  .'J.     [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  small  picce^ 
(ul\-hc-ese). 

"  A  goddea  kichel,  or  a  trippe  of  clieese." 

Chancer:  C.  T.,  ;,329l 

trip' -per,  i\     [Eng.  trip,  v.,  -er.] 

1.  One  who  trips  or  walks  nimbly;  one- 
who  trips  or  trips  up  ;  a  dancer. 

"  Begone,  ye  sylvan  trippers  of  the  gi-een 
Fly  after  ni^fht,  and  overt-ake  the  mnou," 

Dryden  :  Kiii'j  Arlhtir.  iv,  1, 

2.  An  excursionist. 

"  The  unprcmisintf  outlook  did  uot  affect  the.  at- 
temiaiice,  which,  ita  regards  ita  day  trippers,  v/oulai 
not  be  stalled  otf  by  wcithei."— fle/crcc,  Oct,  3o,  188", 

Tf  Often  in  the  compound  chcaji-tripper. 
tripper-up,  s.    (See  extract,) 

"Mr.  Wynne  E.  Baxter  has  prubalily.  throuuli  iii» 
vc«-itiun.  ;'i3  lariie  an  acquaintance  with  the  seamy 
side  of  metropolitan  life  as  uuiat  |)eo[ile,  ^et  even  he 
wad  puzzled  when  a  witness  at  the  East  End  inque.it 
yesterday  alluded  to  '  trippi-rs-tip,'  as  though  everyone- 
shiiuld  know  them  as  they  would  bakers,  but^'uerc, 
yiiictji.t,  or  other  tradesmen.  To  the  Coronera  per- 
plexed question,  'What  ia  that?'  Inspector  Reait 
auMwered:  'A  man  who  trips  you  up  and  robs  yon. 
If  yiiu  make  a  noise  they  juiii|»  on  yoxC'^Daili/ 
Chrouivle.  Nov,  18,  1887. 

trip-pet,  s.     [Trip.] 

Mack. :  A  projection  intended  to  strike- 
some  object  at  regularly  recurrent  'Utervals. 
A  cam,  lifter,  toe,  wiper,  foot,  &c.     •r*  - 

trip  -ping,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Trip,  v.]" 
A.  .-Is  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 


l>6il,  boy ;  pout,  jo^l ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9hin,  benph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,     ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan,    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.    sious  -  shus.    -hie,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  deL 


■208 


trippingly— trisection 


'  1.  Onl.  /.uMt;. :  gukk,  nimble,  lively. 
;.S*f  rxtrmct  uiitler  Tiuplex.  a.) 

;;.  llrr.:  Hit' H:iiiieasTRirrANTOi.v.X 
C,  .1'  .-i.'"Miirn-f  ; 
I.  TIk  RCt  "F  sUile  <»f  one  who  liii>ij, 
'  2.  A  liyht  ilnnto. 

"  Here  Iv  without  duck  ur  ttixJ, 
t»lluT  iriupiitft  tu  l»  tpjd." 

JfiHoH.  Oarntd,  Ml. 

tripping  line,  s. 

Smtt.  :  A  i-oiK.'  Uijtxl  in  lilting  ft  siMir  while 
•ti^n^a^ltit;  it  fruin  iU  iiHunl  attarlimunts, 
,  jirt'vtuud  to  acmliDg  it  iluwn. 

trlpplng-valve,  f.  A  valve  moveil  re- 
vurrvntTv  '•>■  ili<-  runUct of  some  otiier  i>uit 
of  till-  nmohiiuTV. 

trip  ping  Ij^,  ■  trip  ping  He.  'uh\   [Eng. 

irii'i'iifj;  -/y.)  In  ii  ttipi-iii^,' iiiaiitit'r ;  witli  a 
li^ht,  niiiililt',  iiinl  *|i)ick  step ;  iiinilily  ;  vvitli 
i-apid  but  clear  enuttciation  ;  tlucntly. 

"  Auil  tlii*  ■lltty.  \ttvr  luc 
Siiit,',  Aiiil  Jmk-«  it  Iri^f'inyljf.' 
Shuttfl*  :  J/itUummtr  .Vij/M'i  Ortttm,  v.  2. 

♦trip  pJst,  s.  [Eng.  trip,  v.;  -(.-/.  1  Oii« 
nli<»  •^<»^  oil  a  trip;  an  excursionist.   (Moikni 

"  WUli  ivtumiug  Ki)|t«tit«  came  the  drsiro  to  the 
miivlvUI  iK-cnii  trippiMU  tosetaail  iigniu  for  tUe  3Ii.ili- 
trrrAiiriui,'— Ji/o«iirr«  Society,  Jan.  IC.  ISSfi.  l».  IIT. 

tripp  kd-ite.  *.  [After  Dr.  Paul  Trippke, 
(lie  iiiuit-ntlfgist ;  sutf.  -iU  (iUix.).] 

A/iti.  :  A  mineral  of  uncertain  clicniioal 
cntii|Htsitiiin,  occurring  in  small,  brilliuiit  cry.s- 
tals  witli  ollveulte,  in  ca\'itic:>  in  cuprite,  at 
0>pl:i|>o,  Chili.  Crystallizatiun,  tetragonal ; 
colour,  bluish  green.  A  qunlitativc  examina- 
f ion  showed  that  it  wus  essentiallyan  arsenite 
^»f  copper,  with  the  -snggestcfl  formuUi  (jiCuO, 
As./);;);  but,  in  the  opinion  of  E.  S.  Dana,  it 
pr-tlwibly  retiuires  a  further  chemical  investi- 
gation. 

trip'-sa-ofim,  s.  IGr.  Tpt(/(«  {tripsU)  =  rub- 
bing, fiiction  ;  rpi'^w  (tribd)  =  to  rub.] 

/-'"/.  ;  A  genus  of  Uottboeileaf,  from  the 
w;irnier  parta  of  North  America.  Spikes  soli- 
tary or  three  together,  the  upper  male,  tlie 
htueifi_-niale  ;  iuale;;lunie  two-Jlowered,  female 
■■  me-tlowereU.  Tripsacuni  dactijloides,  the 
liulfalo-gniss  of  the  United  States  and  tlie 
(Jnuia-gituss  of  Mexico,  is  highly  valued  as 
f."lder. 

trip-sis,  >■.     [Gr.,  from  rpi^w  (triho)  to  rub.) 
•  1.  "j(/.  Laiig. :  The  act  of  reducing  a  .sub- 
stance to  powder  ;  trituration. 
■2.  Mf'l. :  The  process  of  shampooing  (q.  v.). 

trip-ter-ous,(i.  [Tkiiteri-s.]  Tliree-winged. 
t:<aiU  ..fa  leaf.) 

trip  -ter-us,  .'.      [Pref.  tri-,  and  Or.  nrtpov 

(,.^,M,')  =  ii  feather,  a  wing,  anything  wing- 
iikf.J 

i'(tio;o)U.:  A  germs  of  Fishes,  order  Sauro- 
<lipterini,  with  one  British  species,  from  the 
Lower  Devonian  of  Orkney. 

trip-ter-^g-i-um,  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr. 
TiTtpvyioy  {pterngion):=  a  tin.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Blenniids,  with  nume- 
rous species  from  tropi^ral  seas,  the  Jlediter- 
ranean,  Australia,  and  Xew  Zealand.  There 
are  three  distinct  dorsal  fins,  the  two  anterior 
spinous. 

trip  -tich.  .^•.    [Triptych.] 

trip-til  i  on,  .*.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  itti\ov 
(//(i/'.;i)  =  a  feather;  so  named  from  the  three 
divisions  of  the  pappus.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Nassavjeae.  Pretty  annual 
<^ompositts,  sometimes  cultivated  in  English 
gaixlens.  They  are  used  in  South  America, 
on  account  of  their  dryness,  as  everlasting 
Mowers. 

trip-tol-e-mse'-a,  s.  [Named  after  Tpiw- 
ToAejuo?  (Triptokmus),  an  Eleusinlan,  who 
spread  the  worship  of  Denieter,  and  was  said 
to  have  invented  the  plough.] 

Bi't. :  An  old  genus  of  DalbergieiP.  reduced 
hy  Bent  ham  to  a  sub-genus  of  Dalbergla. 
Known  species  three,  all  from  Brazil.  Trees 
or  woody  climbers,  with  uneciually-pinnate 
leave-s.  The  species  were  formerly  believed 
to  yiel'l  the  rosowoofl  of  commerce.  Now  the 
gn-ater  p.irt  of  it  is  known  to  come  from 
ValUrgia  nignu 


'  trip   tote,  ■■      [Lat.    triptottiin,    from    Gr. 

rpiiTTwroi-  {triptutoii),  from  rpi-  (/ri-)  =  three, 

and  iTTwT.i«  (/»/o/y5)=  falling ;  tttuktis  (j)fy*w) 

=  a  giamniatical  CJise  of  a  word.] 

<:ram. :  A  Uoun  h.iving  three  cases  only. 

trip  tj^ch.  •  trip  -tS^^ch  on.  «.  [Gr.  rpin- 
Tuvoi-  {Iriptiu'hoii),  from  rpi-  {tri-)  =  three,  and 
iTTuf  (;»rttr),  geuit.  irruxo?  ip(iichos)=ix  fold,  a 
folding.] 

1.  A  writing  tjtblet  in  thrte  parts,  two  of 
\vhi«-h  might  Iw  folded  over  the  middle  part ; 
hence,  sometimes,  a  book  or  treatise  in  three 
imrts  or  sections. 

2.  A  picture,  carv- 
ing, or  other  repre- 
sentation, generally 
on  panel,  with  two 
hanging  doors  or 
leaves,  by  whudi  it 
e«nild  be  .dosed  in 
front.  Triptyehs 
were  constructed  of 
various  materials 
and  dimensions ; 
ivory  and  enamelled 
t  r  i  p  t  y  c  li  s  w  ere 
adorned  with  sacred 
subjects  and  em- 
blems. They  were  thiptvcii. 
frefiuently  used  for 

altar-pieces.  Tlie  central  tigure  is  usually 
complete  in  itself.  The  subsidiary  designs  on 
either  side  of  it  are  smaller,  and  frequently 
correspond  in  size  and  shape  toone-half  of  the 
principal  picture. 

t  tri-pu'-di-a-ry,  c  [Lat.  tripwHum  = 
measured  stamping,  a  leaping,  a  solemn  re- 
ligious dance.]  Pertaining  to  dancing;  per- 
formed by  dancing. 

■'.^uJ  CUuOius  PiUcher  underwent  the  like  suc- 
L'e^es.   wlien   he  coiiteiuiieil  the  tripudiarif  niigura- 


-liruw 


Vulyar  Errours,  bk.  i,,  cli.  xi. 


t  tri-pu'-di-ate,  i\i.  [Lat.  tripmliatum, 
snji.  uf  tripudio  —  to  leap,  to  dance.]  To 
dance. 

'  tri-pu-di-a'-tion,  *'.  [Tripl-diate.]  The 
act  of  dancing. 

'"Diesuuleuf  lunn  .  .  .  dauue3  to  the  musicall  aires 
o(  the  cii^itatioUB,  which  is  that  frijiudintion  of  tUe 


tiyui])!)] 


-Buci 


■  On  Lcariiiti'j,  bk,  li.,  cb.  xiii. 


tn-pyr'-a-mid,  s.  [Pref.  iri-,  and  Eng. 
jijli-'nald  (q.v.).]  A  kind  of  sj.ar  composed 
of  tliree-sided  I'yramids. 

tri-que-tra  (pi.  tri-q.ue -trae),  s.  [Lat. 
h  iqnctra  =  '&  triangle.] 

1.  Anat.  (fl.):  Small,  irregularly -shaped 
I'ieces  of  bone,  principally  in  the  occipito- 
parietal suture.  First  observed  by  Wormius, 
wdience  they  are  often  called  Wormian  Bones. 

2.  Arch. :  An  interlaced  ornament,  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  on  early  nortlieru  monu- 
ments. 

tri-que'-trous,  ^  tri-que'-tral,  a.    [Lat. 

tii'iiulni^  =  triangular.] 

'  1.  Urd.  long.:  Three-sided,  triangular; 
having  three  plane  or  concave  sides. 

2.  Dot.  :  Having  three  sides  or  angles. 
Tliree-edged  (q.v.). 

tri-ra -di-ate,  tri-ra'-dl-at-ed,  n.  [Pief 
/'(-,  and  Eng.  radiate,  radUiled.]  Having 
three  rays.    {Oitxtt.) 

tri-rect-fi,n'-gu-lar,  n.  [Pref.  tri-,  and 
Eng.  rcctiimjular.]  Applied  to  a  spherical 
triangle,  whose  angles  are  all  right  angles. 

tri'-reme,  --t.  [Lat.  triremis  =  (s.)  a  trireme, 
(.a.)  having  three  banks  of  oars  :  tri  =  three, 
and  raans  =  ai\  oar;  Fr.  trirei)tc;  Sp.  &  Ital. 
trireme.] 

Cktss.  Aiitiq. :  A  galley  or  vessel  having 
three  ranks  or  benches  of  oars  on  each  side, 
a  common  class  of  war-ship  among  the  ancient 
Romans,  Greeks,  Carthaginians,  &c.  Tliey 
were  also  provided  with  large  square  sails, 
which  could  be  luised  during  a  fair  wind,  to 
relieve  the  rowers.  Wlieu  two  ships  engaged, 
if  tolerably  well  matched,  the  great  object 
aimed  at  by  each  was,  either  by  running  \ip 
suddenly  alongside  of  the  enemy,  to  sweep 
away  or  disable  a  large  number  of  his  oars, 
or.  by  bearing  down  at  speed,  io  drive  the 
beak  full  into  his  side  or  quarter,  in  which 
case  the  planks  were  generally  stove  in,  and 
the  ^'essel  went  down.  But  if  one  of  the 
parties  was  so  decidedly  inferior  in  seaman- 


ship as  to  be  unable  to  cope  with  his  an- 
tagonist in  such  mana-uvrcs,  he  endeavoured, 
as  1r-  ai'pr'iiiclied,  to  grapple  with  him,  and 


From  .111  ancient  freijco  uf  tlie  f1ii;lit  uf  Uvieu  aiij 
Puns,  (liacoveie*!  early  in  the  eighteenth  century  n 
the  Faruvse  Gnriieus,  Rome. 

then  the  result  was  decided,  as  upon  land,  1  ? 
the  numbers  and  bravery  of  the  Lombatants. 

"Some  indeed  fancy  a  different  ui'it;in.tl  uf  the  ■ 
names,  as  thfit  in  the  fi  irrtrn'H,  fur  ex.iiiii'k-.  eit  In  i 
that  there  were  three  hjuika  one  afttT  ihf  ntliei  .m  , 
level,  or  three  rowel's  sat  upon  one  hank  ;  .n'  k-Uv  thi>  ■ 
Mien  tni;i;ed  all  together  at  inie  uar:  hut  this  is  cmh- 
trary.  nut  only  to  the  authority  of  the  clfu-sicks.  Imt 
to  the  figures  uf  the  ti-irt-mea  still  appeariiiL;  In  ancient 
nioniiments,  — Ae«Me^ -■  Afttiouitifs  of  limiu;  ut.   ii  . 

hk.  IV. 

tri-rhdm-boid'-^l,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
rhoinboidal.\  Having  tlie  form  of  three 
rhombs. 

*  tri-8ac-ra-men-tar'*-i-aji,  s.  [Pref.  ti-i-, 
and  Eng.  s(tcrmite)iturian.] 

Church  Hist. :  A  controversial  name  given 
to  those  Reformeis  who  nuuutaineil  that  the 
sacraments  of  Baptism,  the  Lord's  Supper, 
and  Penance  were  necessary  to  salvation. 
This  opinion  was  held  by  some  Lutherans  at 
Leipsic.  and  was  advocated  in  England  in  the 
Jiistitutioii  of  a  Christian  Man,  published  in 
1030. 

tris-ag'-i  on,  s.  [Gr.  neut.  of  Tfn<Tdy^os  (tris- 
agios)  —  thrice  holy  :  rpi's  (tris)  =  three,  and 
ijyioi  (hagios)  —  holy.]  One  of  the  doxologies 
of  the  Eastern  Church,  repeate*!  in  tlie  form 
of  versicle  and  responses  by  the  choir  in 
i^ertain  parts  of  the  liturgy,  and  so  called 
from  the  triple  recurrence  in  it  of  the  word 
hogios  =  holy. 

"  Hereto  agrees  the  seraphical  hyni.  called  the  trita- 
gion.  Holy.  holy,  holy,  ic.  that  used  to  he  sung  in  all 
churches  throughout  the  Christiau  world.  "—£/'.  Bail: 
i\'ur\s,  iii.  yos. 

Tri 'S9il'-i-dse,  s.  pi.  [Eccles.  Lat.,  from  Gr 
rpi's  (tris),  and  <rx^^<o  (schi^o)  =■  to  cut.] 

Church  Hist.:  A  sect  of  Sabelliaii  heretics, 
mentioned  by  St.  Augustine  as  maintiiining 
the  opinion  that  the  Divine  nature  is  com- 
posed of  three  parts,  one  of  which  is  named 
the  Father,  the  second  the  Son,  and  the  third 
the  Holy  Ghost ;  and  that  the  union  of  these 
parts  constitutes  the  Trinity.    (Blunt.) 

trise,  v.t.    [Trice.] 

yaitt. :  To  haul  and  tie  up  ;  to  trice. 

"  Did  softly  trite  them  with  long  pulleys  fastened  to 
the  beams.  —A'orth:  Plutarch ;  Eumeitcs. 

tri -sect',  v.  t.  [Lat.  tri  =  three,  and  sectits, 
pa.  par.  of  seco  =  to  cut.]  To  cut  or  divide 
into  three  equal  parts. 

'■  CouUl  I  not  ...  by  adding  water  have  hiaect«d  or 
triiecUd  ^  dr^ili.'—De  tiuincei/ :  Ojjiuvt-eitter,  p.  129. 

tri-sect'-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.     [Trisect.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  But. ;  Trifid;  triparted  (q.v.). 

tri-sec -tion,  s.  [Lat.  tri=  three,  and  sevtio 
=  a  cutting,  a  section.]  The  division  or 
cutting  of  anything  into  three  parts  ;  specif., 
in  geometry,  the  division  of  an  angle  into 
three  equal  parts.  The  trisection  of  aii  angle 
is  a  problem  of  gi'eat  celebrity  amongst  the 
ancient  matliematieians.  It  belongs  to  the 
same  class  of  problems  as  the  duplication  of 
the  cube,  and  the  insertion  of  two  geometrical 
means  l-etween  two  given  lines.  Like  them, 
it  has  hitherto  been  found  beyond  the  range 
of  elementary  geometry ;  but  it  may  be 
etfected  by  means  of  the  conic  sectioms,  and 
some  other  curves,  as  the  conchoid,  quad- 
ratrix,  &c. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fdU.  father:   wd,  wet,  here,  eamel,  her,  there:   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   g6.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule.  fuU;  try,  Syrian.     ».  ce  -  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


trisepalous— trithing 


209 


iri-se'-pal-ouB,  «.    [Prt-f.   tri-,  ;ui<l   KtiL-. 
ic/xnoiw.  1 
hot.  (O/a  Kulyx) :  Cousiatiiii;  of  thvev  seimls. 

vri  ser'-i-fltl»  tri-ser'-i-ate, «.    [Pref.  tri-, 

,UMi  Kn-.  M-m?,  ^eal.^'(.|.v.).J 

iVf. ;  Airauginl  in  tlireo  rows,  which  are 
nut  necessarily  opposite  to  tacU  other ;  tri- 
lurious. 

tri-se  -turn,  «.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Lat.  seta  =  a 
thick,  stirt  huir.] 

Ji»t.  :  A  sub-genus  of  Avena.  Perennial 
-i-asses,  with  the  spikelets  coinpresseil,  the 
lowest  fl<nver  bisexual ;  fruit  ;;lubruu.s,  deeply 
Inn  owed,  free.  British  speciew  one,  Avtmi 
(  rris.lHin)jUn'esceHS,  the  Gnldeu  Oat  or  Yellow 
<);it--rass.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.)  It  is  CDinniou  in 
1  ich  iMstuies,  au'd  is  a  favourite  of  sheep. 

*  tris  hag  -i-on,  s.    [Trisaoion.J 

tris' -  miis,  ^■.      [Gr.   Tpurfxos   (trUmus)  =  the 
mukiiii;  ii  fihi  ill  noise.} 

I'nlhoL  :  Lockjaw,  a  variety  of  tetanus, 
marked  by  spastio-  rigidity  of  the  muscles  nf 
(lie  lower  jaw.  Two  kinds  are  usually  dis- 
lingiiished:  Trismtcs  ?uiscf»(tt(m,  wliieh  often 
attacks  infants  soon  after  birtli,  and  tniii- 
iiailic  trismuif,  which  may  arise  from  a  cold 
or  a  wound,  and  attacks  persons  of  all  ages. 

tris-6c-ta-he-drdn,  s.    [Gr.  rpiy  (tris)  = 
tliiice,  and  Eitg.  ix-takedron  (q.v.).] 

Geom. :  A  .solid  bounded  by  twenty-four 
'■•(Ual  faces,  three  corresponding  to  each  face 
of  an  octahedron. 

tri -spast,  tri-spas -ton,  s.    [Gr.  rpt- (tri) 

=  three,  and  airatu  (sjiuy)  =  to  draw.] 
Mo:h.  :  A  tackle  with  three  blocks. 

tri-sper -mous,  «.     IPref.  tri-;  Gr.  uwiptia 
(-:;>£:n/ui)  =  seed,  and  Eng.  suff,  -otw.] 

Bot.  (Of  t(/i  ovary,  a/ruU,  or  a  cell)  :  Having 
Three  seeds. 

tri-splanch'-nic,  a.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  En^. 

■rlundlHir(,i.v.).] 

Aiuit.:  Of  or  belonging  to  the  synipatheti'.^ 
nerve,  whicli  distributes  its  brandies  ti>  the 
■  iil^ans  in  the  three  great  splanchnic  cavities, 
the  head,  the  chest,  and  the  abdomen. 

tri-sp6r'-ic,   a.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  o-jropos 

(<{>iiros),  ffwopd  (spora)  =  a  seed.) 
livt. :  Having  three  spores. 

'  trist.  a.     [Fr.  triste,  from  Lat.  tristis.]    Sad, 
sorrowful,  gloomy. 

"  ATiiiued.  asbniiit^l  ilisgracetl,  sad,  silent.  trUt, 
Aluiie  lie  wuuld  all  day  iu  diivkiiesse  sit. " 

Fairefax:  Godfrey  of  Biolofjnc,  xiii.  29. 

tris-ta'-ni-a,  »■-     [Named  by  Roljert  Brown 
alter  Sl  Tristan,  a  French  botJinist.] 

Bot. :   A  genus  of  LeptosperniCie.     Leaves 
linear;  flowers  yellow;   petals  five  ;  stamens 
in  tive  parcels.    Australian  shrubs,  sometimes 
ultivated  iu  British  greenhouses. 

"  triste,  s.    [Tryst.] 

'  triste,  c.t.  &  i.    [Trust.] 

tri-Stem'-ma,  s.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  (nifipa 

(••tt-iniiM)  =  a  wreatli,  a  garland.] 

IM.  :  A  gt-nus  of  Mehist^ime^e.  Tropical 
African  shrubs,  with  quadrangular  stems, 
in\oluiTate  heads  of  flowers,  and  a  four  or 
five-celled,  baccate  fruit.  Tlie  berries  of  Tri- 
stevuna  virHsunuiii  are  given  iu  the  Mauritius 
as  a  remedy  for  syphilis. 

■  trist- ful,   n.      [Eng.    Irist:    -/i(I(0.]      Sad, 
sunowtul,  gloomy,  melancholy. 


•  trist- ftll-ly,    adv.      [Eng.    tristful;    -ly.] 
Sadly,  suirowfully. 

tri-stieh'-i-US,  5.     [Pref.  tri-.  and  Gr.  <tt.\o^ 
(sltdios)  =  a  low,  order,  or  line.] 

Paloiont.  :  A  genus  of  fossil  fishes.  Known 
■species  two,  from  the  Coal  Measi^res  near 
Glasgow,  in  Scntlaml,  and  Fermanagh,  in 
Ireland.     (Agassi:.) 

tris-ti-chop'-ter-us,   .«. -IjGr.   Tptanxos 

(tri.^tirh"fi)=hi  three  rows,  and  intp6v(jittroH) 
—  a.  fin. J    [Tristiuiious.) 

Fahrant. :  A  genus  nf  Holoiftychiiila^  (by 
some  authorities  placed  witli  the  Rliizudon- 
tids),  from  the  Old  Red  Sandstone. 


tris'-ticll-OUS.  'I.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  orixos 
(stichos)  =  ii.  row,  order,  line.) 

Bot. :  Arranged  on  the  stem  in  three  veitical 
rows.  I'sed  of  urraugeuient  or  pliyllotaxis  of 
leaves  on  the  stems  of  gCii.sscs.  If  measure- 
ment be  niHile  fioiu  any  h-af  one-third  round 
the  st«'m,  a  second  leaf  is  just  above  the  point 
reached  ;  if  another  thinl  be  measuied,  there 
will  lie  a  third  leaf  above  ;  and,  if  tlie  remain- 
ing third  be  measured,  there  will  be  a  fcnirtli 
leaf  just  above  the  first.  Thus,  when  there 
are  a  suttieient  numlwr  of  leaves  to  show  the 
pliyllotaxis,  they  will  be  fouutl  to  be  inserted, 
as  defined,  in  three  verticid  rows. 

•  tris-ti'-ti-ate  (ti  as  shi),  c.t.    [Lat.  tris- 

titia.  from  trislis  =  sad.)     To  make  sad. 

"Nor  is  there  tuiy  wliom  cKlauiity  iluth  bo  much 
tristidiUe  iu>  thiit  he  never  sees  the  flivsheit  of  Boiiie 
wnruiiu^'  joy."— /V/f/Wm  .  iteiMloes,  pU  i..  res.  41. 

tris'-tO-ma,  s.  [Gr.  Tpio-Tono?  (tridomos)  = 
three-moutlied  :  pref.  ^'t-,  and  Gr.  OTOfia 
(sloiiui)  =  the  inoutli.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tristoniidte 
(li.v.).  Body  consisting  of  a  bro;td  and  flat 
disk,  having  l)chind  its  inferior  face  a  large 
cartilaginous  sucker.  Tristoma  corcinenm,  a 
species  of  an  inch  or  more  in  breadth,  and  of  a 
lively  red  colour,  is  att;iched  to  the  gills  of 
many  fishes  in  the  Mediterranean, 

tris-tdxn'-i-dse,  ■■'■.  ;>/.  [Pref.  tristom(a);  Lat. 
lein.  pi.  a<lj.  sutl.  -ido:.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Treniatoda,  furnished 
with  three  suckers,  two  small  ones  at  the  an- 
terior extreuiity,  with  the  nioutli  between 
them,  and  a  larger  one  at  the  posterior  ex- 
tremity. They  are  chiefly  parasitic  ou  the 
gills  of  flshes. 

Tris'-tram,  5.    [See  def.] 

Miithni.  :  A  (.Ornish  hero,  one  of  tlie  Knights 
ol"  tiif  Round  Table. 


Tristram's  book,  ^ 

iig  or  li;i\vkii)g. 


Any  book  on  hunt- 


Tristram's  knot,  s. 

Bnt.  :  Ontnahis  mttra.     (Britten  d'  HolUmd.) 

*  trist -y,  (!.     [Lat.   tristis.]    Sad,   sorrowful, 
dejecte'l. 

■'  The  king  w;is  tritfff  aud  heavy  of  cheer." 

Ashiit<jlc  :  ThcatrutnVucinicani.,  p.  Z&i. 

tri'-sul,  tri-sii-la,  s.    [Sansc] 

Buddhism  :  An  ornament  very  commonly 
occnnuig  in  old  Buddhist  sculpture,  on  old 
coins,  6iQ-.  Its  meaning  is  not  ascertained. 
According  to  Remii.s.tt,  it  re])resents  the  five 
fleiiieiits  of  the 
inati'iial  universe, 
and  General  Cun- 
ningham conies  tii 
the  same  conclu- 
sion, though  by  .i 
different  jirocess. 
(See  extract.) 

-The  Trisitl  would 
lie  the  eiubleiii  of 
Bu.ldha  himself. 
Juat  .'W  the  LTosa  is 
)iini;ed    uii   the  iiltai' 


of  the  C'hriBtian  Churches. 


_ __  the  pxbles.  -iud  every. 

where  about  the  building,  to  siguiiy  Christ  or  Chris- 
tiiiuity,  so  this  eiubleia  may  have  been  used  to  si^iify 
the  founder  of  the  religion  at  a  time  when  iwrson-il 
lepresentatioua  of  him  were  not  kiiuwu.' — Fenjatson: 
Tree  A:  Serpent  Worship,  p.  115. 

*tri-sulc,  *tri'-sulk,  «.  &  a.  [JM.  tri- 
sii^Cff^,  from  /ri  =  three,  and  5»/e(i,s  =  a  furrow.] 

A.  As  siibst. :  Something  having  three  forks ; 
a  trident. 

"Consider  the  th'jefold  effect  of  Jupiter's  (rUulk, 
to  burn,  discuas,  and  terebrate."— BrwifHc :  Vuti/ar 
Errotirg.  bk.  ii.,  ch.  vi. 

B,  As  adj. :    Three-forked  ;    liaviug    three 
tines  or  teeth. 

"Jupiter  confound  nie  with  his  trisulk  lightning."— 
CrijuharC :  /iabctuU,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xxKii. 

'  tri-Sul'HSate,  ff.  [Trisulc]  Having  three 
forks ;  tri'leiitate. 

■■  Thiit  hulls  the  bolt  tritiileate." 
Percn  :  Rel'ufues;  St.  George  for  England. 

tri-syl-lab*ic.  tri-syl-lab-ic-al,  a. 

[Pivl,  tri-,  and  Eng.  syllahic,  syllabiail.]  Of 
or  ])ertaining  to  a  trisyllable  ;  consisting  of 
three  syllables. 

tri-syl-lito'-ic-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tri^yl- 
lahiad  ;  -ly.}  In  the  manner  of  a  trisyllable  ; 
iu  three  syllables. 

tri-syl'-la-ble,  -■.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
syll'ihle  (mIv.).j  A  word  consisting  of  three 
syllables. 


trite,  (1.  [Lilt,  tritus,  pa.  iwr.  of  tero  =  to  rub, 
to  wear.)  Used  until  it  hius  become  worn  out, 
and  su  lost  its  novelty  and  freshness;  hack- 
neyed, conmioiiplace,  stale. 

"To  many  |K>rlia|M  't  may  neem  vulvar  »iid  trit^ : 
8o  that  diHuounte  Uiureoii.  like  a  xt-iry  uCt«n  tuld,  may 
In-  nauseous  to  their  e^u-s.  —Harrow:  Hermoni,  vol.  IIL, 
ser.  M. 

trit-e-lei'-a,  trit-e-le'-ja  (j  a.s  y),  x. 

[Pri-f.  tri-  =  tliree,  and  T«Atio9  (tflrius)  —  com- 
plete. Named  from  the  completely  ternary 
anangemeDt  of  tlie  parts.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Scillea.  Perianth  salver- 
.shaped,  the  linih  six-parted  ;  stamens  six,  in 
two  rows  ;  stigma  three-lobed  ;  seeds  nuiny. 
American  liliaceous  plants,  with  blue  or  white 
flowers. 

trite'-ly,  ndr.  [Eng.  trile  ;  -ty.]  In  a  trite  or 
coninioiii'lace  manuer ;  stalely. 

"  1  Knuit  it  to  be  it  tritely  vulgar  saying,  but  it  haa 
everything  to  do  with  it\iWi."— Daily  Tetegiaph, 
(.Kt.  u,  ises. 

trite'-neSS,  s.  [Eng.  trite  ;  -iiess.]  The  quality 
or  state  ot  being  trite,  comniomdace,  or  hack- 
neyed ;  staleiiess. 

"Sennoua  which,  while  they  urench  the  gospel  to 
the  jiuor.  disgust  not  the  fimtiuiuus  ear  of  modern 
elcu^ince  by  triteneu  or  vulgarity.  '—Wraiigham:  Scr- 
•H'tm.    (Pref.) 

tH-ter'-nate,  «.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  ter- 
luite  (4.V.).] 

Bot.  (Of  a  leaf):  Having  the  common  petiole 
divided  into  three  .«;ec<)n<iavy  i>etioles,  each  of 
which  is  again  sub-divided  into  three  ternary 
jietioles,  each  bearing  three  leaflets,  as  the 
leaf  of  Epiviedium  alpinum. 

tri-tke-i^m,  5.  [Eccles.  Lat.  tritheismus.] 
Church  Hist.:  The  doctrine  which  teaches 
that  there  are  three  Gods,  instead  of  three 
Persons  in  the  Godhead.  According  to  Cyril 
of  Jerusalem  this  teacliing  was  introduced  by 
the  Gnostics  in  the  second  century.  In  the 
sixtli  century  a  philosophic  doctrine  of  Tri- 
theism  was  formulated  by  Ascusnages,  of  Con- 
st-antiiiojile,  who  was  banished  lor  his  heresy 
by  Justinian,  The  opinions  of  Ascusnages 
were  adopted  by  one  uf  his  pupils,  Philopouus, 
wlio  founded  a  sect  called  after  him.  With 
Philopouus  was  associated  foi-  many  years  a 
bishop  nf  Tarsus,  named  Conon,  who  differed 
fiom  his  friend  on  tlie  subject  of  tlie  ri'surrec- 
tioii,  and  like  him  founded  a  sect,  the  Comm- 
ites.  Tritheism  was  revived  by  Roscellinus, 
in  the  eleventh  century,  who  tiught  that  the 
name  God  was  the  abstract  idea  of  a  genua 
containing  the  three  Persons,  the  Father,  the 
Son,  and  the  Holy  Ghost  He  was  opi)Osed 
by  St.  Anselni  in  his  treatise  ile  Fuh  I'rinl- 
tutis,  and  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Sois- 
soiis  (a.d.  10ti2),  where  ho  recante<l.  In  Ifl'l 
the  heresy  was  again  revived.  Dr.  Sherloik, 
Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  published  A  rituiivAition 
of  tJie  Doctrine  of  the  Holy  and  Kver-bltssrd 
trinity,  in  which  he  niaint-;dned  that  "there 
are  three  infinite  distinct  minds  and  snh- 
stances  in  tlie  Trinity,"  and  that  "the  Three 
Persons  iu  the  Trinity  are  three  distinct 
infinite  minds  or  substancch."  Or.  South 
opposed  the  dean,  and  a  long  controversy 
ensued.  In  ItiOo,  in  a  .-liermon  before  the 
University  of  Oxford,  the  preaciter  maintained 
the  theory  of  Dr.  Sherlock,  whicii  was  con- 
demned by  the-  heads  of  houses  as  '*  false, 
impious,  and  heretical."  A  controversy  fol- 
lowed of  so  serious  a  eharacter  that  it  was 
suppressed  by  an  Oiiier  In  Council,  and 
measures  were  taken  to  st*>i»  the  publication 
of  Antitrinitarian  books,  whi.-h  had  ln'en 
issued  in  great  numhcih  during;  the  contro- 
versy.    [Ultciiinsonians.] 

tri'-the-ist,  s.  (Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  theist.] 
One  wh<i  believes  in  three  distinct  gods;  an 
adliereiit  of  tritheism  (<].v.) 

tri-tbe-ist'-ic,  tri-the-ist'-ic-al,  a. 

[Eng.  tritheist;  -ic,  -ical.\  Fertaiuing  ur  re- 
lating to  tritheism. 

"The  tri(fu;igtical  argument  a^>pe.1^s  then  to  be  as 
ancient  as  the  ditheiHtical."— tfo(i/(j^6ro*e.-  Eaaif  4. 

*  tri'-the-ite,  s.  [Gr.  rpi-  (tri-)=  thiec.  and 
ffeos  ((/(COS)  =  god.]  The  same  as  Thitukist 
(q.V.). 

•tri'-thing.  s.  [A.S.]  One  of  three  divi- 
-sions*  into  which  a  shire  or  county  w;is 
divided;  aridiug,  as  in  Yorkshire.  [Kidinu,  s.] 

"When  11  county  is  divided  into  tLree  of  these 
lnterme<liate  juriMiictiouB.  they  are  cnlled  tri/hiiii/», 
which  were  anciently  governed  by  a  trithlngreeve."— 
DUick»toiie :  Cotnrnent.     (lutrod.) 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  5ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bencb;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  f. 
-cian.    tian  =  sbnw.      *ion.    pion  —  shun:  -tion,    eion  —  zhun.    -clous,    tious.  -sions  —  shus.    -ble.  -die,  ^c.  —  bel,  liei. 


30  i 


cm 


trithionic— triumph 


*  trlthlng  reeve.  '•    a  governor  of  » 

tntliiii;;. 

tri  till  6n -iO. '■  {Vr\'r.tri-:GT.9tiO¥(theioti) 
-  -.iliiUiir.  niitl  Mill,  -itf.l  Coiitaiiiiiij:  Ihivt^ 
jiri>ii->  iif  ftuliiliiir  III  lilt*  octil. 

tritliloiilc  acid,  ■<. 

ihrH.:     lljS.,t»ii       Milpliimltetl   liy|>nsiil- 

liliuno   nci'l.'  '  A  limiml.  iiUKi. irons  lunii-l. 

1...     :  1  MHir  .iii.l  .sonirwhat  Mltir  Uistc.  I'l' 

I  \>y  ^'.utlv  iK-ating  an  otiih-mis  >nluti"ii 

t        !  )-tUL.s.su'  Mil|>ltitc  witli  siilpbur.     It  i-^ 

'..III  til  llir  .liliitoNtatt'.  Imlunalt-'ini'i- 

i'turiitniN-il.  fvpii  in  a  vncuuiii.  it  <If- 

•..'•*.   tmlitliiiptu-i  oxiilt'  lH'in>;  rvolvr*!. 

Ill-    --iltH  iuv  tmt  little  kuowu,  and  are  very 

iiii>l:ihlf. 

•trit   IC-^  .'.    iKng.   tritie);  -icnl]    Trlto, 

Coillinul)|llHC4',  hllllc. 

"  Hi>  H|>|kr«r»  (noil  m  IrillraJ  phlloAoiihy  to  Iwrr 
cnrnr-l  liU  uui-«Mriii<iiii  rmltillty  iiiUi  uur  [Irltlali. 
liotiinii.  Hiti)  lt<»iii>»jiM.nRrcl»wolugy."— ir<iffo»  //»^ 
h>-hh„sft>ttt.     :l*rpl  I 

•  trit  leal  1^.  "■''•.  (En-. /nfiori/ :-///.]  In 
a  rill-  .>r I'liiplHce  manner-^  tritely. 

*  trit -IC  Ol-n^BS.  *.  (Eng.  Mtical:  -»rs>.) 
Thf  .(ualify  m  >law  cf  Iwing  tritieal  or  tritt; ; 
iriUiivss. 

■■  Whfw  tber*"  i*  not ;»  irUimtnett  or  iimlirtcrlty  In 
tic  tl><i'i|ltt.  II  iTiii  iicv^r  l>e  Mtiiik  iiitu  tlic  kviiuIui; 
mid  ivrfiMTt  l.ttli..^.  -fupe:  Jl'irlittiu  Hcrlbtfni: 

t  trit-i-011,  ■=.     [Mo.I.  Lat.  tritiiium);  -in.] 
i'lfin.  :  Tlu"  gluten  of  wheat. 

trit-i-cftm,  s.  |I*at.  =  wheat ;  ncconliiig  to 
Varro,  fnnii  tritvs,  i»a.  jiar.  oftero  =  t<i  bruise,] 
Itnt.:  Wheat,  W'heati-grass ;  a  genus  of  Hordere 
or  IIiinlertce:e.  Spikelets  solitary,  sessile, 
(listichons,  eoni pressed ;  the  sides,  not  the 
Iffli'ks,  of  the  glumes  and  florets,  directed  to 
the  rachis,  inany-fiowered.  Empty  glumes, 
two,  uneiinal.  .shrirtar  than  the  flowering 
glumes,  l-'lowering  glumes  herbaceous,  rigid, 
many-nerved  or  witliout  nerves.  Palea  with 
filt;ite  nerves.  Scales  ovate,  entire,  ciliate  ; 
sligmas  sulwessile ;  ovary  hairy  at  tlie  top; 
fruit  groovinl.  Known  .species  twenty,  fioni 
tem(MT.it*'  n'gions.  Snme  species  are  annual, 
others  pen-nnial.  Many  botanists  limit  the 
genus  Tritieum  to  the  first  section,  calling 
the  seconcl  AgropjTUUi.  The  three  species 
wild  in  Britain  all  lH;iong  t^  the  latter  division. 
They  are  I'riticmn  cnmnmiif  the  Fibrous- 
rfioted  Wheat -gruss;  T.  repens,  the  Creeping 
\Vhe;it-grii-ss  or  Couch-grass  ;  and  T.  junce^lm, 
thf  Kushy  Sea  Wheat-grass.  The  ttrst  has 
thr  root  fibrous,  no  stolons ;  the  empty 
gluiiu-s  three  to  live-ribbed,  and  the  flowering 
glumes  two  to  five-awued.  It  is  one  to  three 
fi-ft  liigh,  is  fiv'pient  in  woods  and  banks, 
and  lloweiTi  in  .Inly.  It  is  widely  distributfil 
abroad.  For  '/'.  r'^^em,  see  Couch-grass.  T. 
juyicntm  lias  large  shining  sjiikclets,  the 
enrpty  glumes  with  ttve  to  eleven  ribs,  the 
flowering  glumes  with  five  to  ten.  It  is  found 
on  Kindy  scji-sliorcs,  flowering  in  July  and 
Augtist.  Sir  J.  Hooker  includes  under  it  two 
.sulHs|M'cies,  T.  anitiim  and  T.  jjhhj/ciu*.  The 
irreeping  roots  of  7".  repetis,  T.  juuceum,  and 
7'.  (jlnnrum  have  l>eeu  nsed  as  a  substitute  for 
.sanNaparilla.     T.  vuhjare  is  Wheat  (q.v.). 

tri-td-cbor'-ite,  s.  [Gr.  TptVo?  ((r(7o.'-)  = 
tliini ;   \ojpfui  ('7ioc«^)=  to  follow,  and  .sufI'. 

Mill.:  A  fibro-columnar  mineral,  having 
its  cleavage  parallel  to  the  direction  of  the 
lilires.  Hardness,  :j-5 ;  .sp.  gr.  6*25 ;  cohiur, 
hla''ki.sh-  to  yellowish-brown.  An  analysis 
yirldeil :  vanadic  aeid,  24'41 ;  arsenic  aciil, 
:i7t>;  protoxide  of  lead,  oS'Ofl ;  protoxide  of 
•'opper,  7-04;  protoxideof  zinc,  irOtJ=  100-17, 
iKivni-;  theapproximateforinula  R:{V.208,  where 
K=Pb,Cn./n.  It  is  related  to  e'usynchite 
and  arKoxene  (<i.v.). 

tri-to'-ma*  ■<.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  T0/H7  (tome) 
=  a  cutting.) 

P'ot. :  A  genus  nf  Henierocallepe.  Fine  aloe- 
liUe  plants,  hot  with  grassy  leaves;  their  in- 
florescence a  spike  of  red  or  orange  flowers, 
nativcji  of  tlie  Cape  of  Good  Ilopt-.  Three  or 
four  are  cultivat.-l  in  Kn-lish  gardens,  where 
they  C'Hitinue  in  flower  till  late  in  autumn. 
In  winter  they  need  the  protection  of  a  frame. 

tri'-to-mitc,  s.  [Gr.  Tptro^oy  (tritomoit)=z 
thnce-cid  ;  suff".  -ite  (Min.).] 

Mill.:  All  isometric  mineral  of  tetrahedral 
lialtit.     Hardnes.s,   5-j  ;    sp.    gr.  :i';»  to  4-l)(i; 


lurttr*',  vitreous  ;  colour,  Iirown  ;  streak,  dirty 
yellowish-gniv.  Compos,  doubtfld.  analyses 
varving  mucli,  one  of  the  most  careful  yield- 
in-*  SIO...  U,-.:s;  SnO...  074;  TaOa.ZrOjO. 
H-0;i;  Ce.^O,,  4-4S;  AI..O3,  lOl ;  Fe-jO^,  -J-l'T  ; 
Mn..<).,,  d-4'.';  CeO,  lUtHJ ;  LaO.DiO.  44  0'.; 
YO,'o'*42;  MuO.  Oiij;  CaO,  6  41 ;  BaO,  010; 
Sit  I.  0-71  ;  NaO,  0-5i;;  KO.  -ilO  ;  HO.  5  0:t  = 
W4'.'.  Found  in  the  island  of  Lainn,  near 
Hnvig,  Norway,  a.>suciat*'d  with  leucophane 
and  mosamirite  in  a  syenite. 

Tri  -tin,  ■».     [Lat.,  from  Gr,  TpiVwr  (rritOit)  = 
a  Triton.) 

1.  V!it.ts.  Muthitl.:  A  powerful  sea-deity,  sou 
of  Poseidon  <Neptune)  by  Amphitrite,  or,  ac- 
cording to  some,  bv  Sileiio  ur  Salacia.  He 
dwelt  with  his  father  in  a  gulden  palace  nn 
tlie  bottom  of  the  sea.  He  could  calm  the 
ocean,  and  abate  storms.  He  was  generally 
I'Cpresented  as  blowing  a  shell,  and  with  a 
boily  above  the  waist  like  that  of  a  man,  and 
below  like  a  dolphin.  Many  of  the  sea-deities 
were  called  Tritons  by  the  poets. 

■'  Tlie  liyitrsp  «Iarin  o(  Triton  t  boiukUub  shell." 
Catrper:  A'atiirc  CiumfHtired  by  Thnt. 

2.  Zoology : 

(1)  A  genus  of  Salamandrinie,  with  sixteen 
species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and 
sub-tropical  regions.  Body  covered  with 
warty  tubercles,  four  toes  on  anterior,  and 
tive  on  posterior  limbs,  all  without  lunls  ;  no 
parotids  ;  gbindular  pores  above  and  behind 
the  eyes,  and  a  series  of  similar  pores  arranged 
longitudinally  on  each  side  of  the  body  ;  male 
with  well-marked  discontinuous  crest  on  lack 
and  tail;  tongue  globular,  partially  free  at 
the  sides,  five  behind,  where  it  is  pointed. 
Triton  oH^tatus  (the  Great  AVater-Xewt),  T. 
hibmnii,  T.  j>nni:t(tt)is  (the  Common  Smm.tli 
Newt  or  Eft),  and  T.  jx.il m  i pes  (the  Palmated 
Smooth  Newt),  are  British.  T.  mannoratiis 
(the  Marbled  Newt)  is  comuioii  in  the  south 
tif  France. 

(2)  A  genns  of  Muricid-Te  (Woodward),  ac- 
cording to  Some  other  authorities,  of  Cassi- 
dida?,  witli  100  recent  species,  from  the  West 
Indies,  Mediterranean,  Afi'ica,  India,  China, 
the  Pacific,  and  Western  Australia,  ranging 
from-hiw  water  to  ten  or  twenty  fatliunis. 
and  ftm-  niivaite  species  has  been  dred^'cd  at 
flfty  fathoms.  Tlie  Great  Triton  (7*.  tritouis) 
is  the  concli  blown  as  a  trani])et  by  tlie  Aus- 
tralian and  Polynesian  nati\fs.  I'dssil  s[)ecies 
forty-five,  from  the  Eocene  uf  Britain,  France, 
and  Chili. 

(3)  Any  individual  of  either  of  the  genera 
described  above.     [(1).  (2).] 

%\  A  Iriton  umong  the  mhinows:  One  greater 
than  his  fellows.  (Cf.  i^yhakesp.  :  Coriohinus, 
iii.  1.) 

tri -tone,  >■.     [Gr.  TptVoi^s  (tritonos)  =  of  three 

tours.]      [Tl»NE,  S.] 

Muaic :  An  augmented  fourth,  containing 
three  whole  tones.  The  use  of  the  tritone 
wasancientlyforbldden  in  havmonyor counter- 
point, as  it  was  regarded  in  the  light  of  what 
is  called  a  false  relation.  It  was  not  per- 
mitted to  be  employed  in  the  tipper  note  of 
one  chord  and  the  lower  note  of  the  following. 
In  each  case  it  was  called  vii  contra  fa  (q.^ .). 

tri-td-ni-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  tritvn  (q.v.).] 

1.  Dot. :  A  genus  of  Iridacete.  About 
twiMity-live  species,  all  from  Southern  Africa, 
are  cultivated  in  British  green  houses ;  tliey 
have  yellow,  orange,  pink,  red,  blue,  or  green- 
ish flowei-s,  anil  arc  handsome  when  in  bloom. 

2.  Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Tritoniad;e 
(q.v.),  with  tliirteen  species,  from  Norway  and 
Britain  ;  found  under  stones  at  low  water  to 
twenty-five  fathoms.  Animal  elongated  ;  ten- 
tacles with  branched  filaments ;  veil  tulier- 
culated  Ml- digitated  ;  gills  in  a  single  series; 
mouth  with  horny  jaws,  stomach  simple. 

tri-to-ni'-a-dse,  *tri-t6n'-i-dsB,  s.  rl 

[Mod.  Lat.  tritonia;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  aLlj.  suff. 
■UUi:.] 

ZooL:  A  genus  of  Tectibranchlata  (n-v.), 
with  nine  genera  (Woodward),  to  which  Tate 
adds  nnotber.  Hero.  Animal  with  laminated, 
plutuose,  or  papillose  gills,  arranged  along 
the  sides  of  the  back  ;  tentacles  retractile 
into  .sheaths,  lingual  membrane  with  one 
central  and  nunieious  lateral  teeth ;  orifices 
on  the  right  side. 

*  tri-ton'-x-dae,  s.  pi.    [Tritomad.e.] 
tri-tor'-i-um,  ^\    [TRiT[RifM.] 


tpi-tox'-idc,  s.  IPi  cf.  ti-i- :  t  connect.,  an.f 
Eng.  ox[i(f.\ 

i'hem.  :  A  term  formerly  used  to  denote  tin- 
thiiil  in  a  series  of  oxides,  the  first  sind  secind. 
teinis  <»f  which  were  called  protoxide  and 
dcutoxide.     (Watts.) 

tri'-tO-zd-O-id,  5.  [Gr.  rpiVo?  (tritos)  =  third. 
and  Eng.  ::ooi(l.] 

lU'il. :  A  zoold  produced  by  fission  frnm  a 
d.-uterozooid  ;  a  zooid  of  the  third  generation. 

[XonlD.l 

*  trif-U-ra-ble,  n.  [Fr.]  [Triti'rate.i 
('apablc  of  being  triturated  or  reduci-il  to  a  fin-- 
piiwdtT  by  pounding,  rubbing,  or  grinding. 

"  Tiilttrithte  mill  reducenhle  into  iK)wilcr."— flJ-ow«c  • 
Viilgitr  ilrrours,  bk.  ii..  tli.  i. 

trit'-u-rate,  r.t.  [Lat.  trituratus,  pa.  par.  of 
trilu'ro  =  to  thrasii,  to  grind  ;  tritiira  =  a 
rubbing,  chaljug;  orig.  feui.  sing,  of  fut.  part, 
of  tcro  =  to  rub.) 

1.  To  rub,  grind,  bruise,  or  thrash. 

2.  To  rub  or  grlLul  down  to  a  very  fine 
powder,  finer  than  that  produced  by  pulveri- 
zation. 

"  Where  tlie  sliore  is  low.  the  soil  ia  commonly 
a.iinh*,  III'  r:»ther  cotn  |R>t-eil  of  tii'iii »"«(('(/  coral." — C'uoA* ." 
Tfitni  i'ou'igf,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  vlii. 

trit-u-ra'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  trititratv.<!. 
pa.  i>ar.  of  tritiiro  =  to  triturate  (q.v.).]  The 
act  of  triturating  or  retlucing  to  a  very  line 
piiwder  by  grinding  ;  the  state  of  being 
triturated. 

'■  In  ixiultry,  the  tritiiratiou  ot  the  gizr-nrd,  ami  Mie 
jf!i''tric  juice,  conspire  in  the  work  of  digestiuu." — 
f'tlfii:  Xfifiintt  Thfoloffi/,  ch.  x. 

*  trit  -U-ra-ture,  s.  [Eng.  triturotic) ;  -ure.l 
A  wi-aiiiig  !>>■  rubbing  or  frictuni. 

*  trif-ure,  ''■.  [Lnt.  tyltinn.]  [Tritc-rate.] 
A  rubbing  or  grinding. 

tri-tiir-i-iini,  tri-tor'-i-um,  s.  [Tri- 
Ti'HATK.]  A  vessel  for  separating  liquors  of 
dillereut  densities. 

trif-yl,   ?.      [Gr.  rpiros  (^■?7o.>;)  =  third;  suflf. 

->lt.\      [PRUPV,L.J 

trit'-yl-ene,  5.     [Eng.   ti-ityl :   -eue.]     [Pro- 

I'VLLNE.] 

tri-ty-lo-don,  >■.  [Prefs.  /r/-,  tiih-,  and  Gr. 
uSoi'«  (fi(/tiii.-.),  geiiit.  oSoi'TOs  {ocloiitos)  =  a 
tooth.] 

Pala-ont. :  A  genus  of  Mammals,  with  one 
species,  Tr'itiiIodo)i  longa'ius,  founded  ou 
remains  transmilted  by  Dr.  Exton  from  bed.-i 
of  Triassic  (?)  ;i;4e  in  Tlutba-chou,  in  Basutu- 
laud,  and  desciibed  by  Sir  Ricliard  Uwi'ii. 
Dentition  :  i.  2-2,  ai.  6—6.  Its  nearest  allies 
are  Microlestes  (q.v.),  and  Stereognathus_ 
(Qiiar.  Jour.  Ckol.  Sue,  xl.  146-101.) 

tri-iim-fet -ta, ;;.  [Named  after  John  Trium- 
fctti,  ;iu  Italian  botanist  and  authur.) 

/.'()/..■  A  genus  of  Grewidie.  Annuals  or  peren- 
nials with  stellate  hairs.  Leaves  entire  or 
piiliiiately  lobed  ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  axillary 
clusters,  yellow;  stamens  ten,  rarely  five; 
fruit  prickly,  two- to  five-celled.  The  fruit  of 
Triumfitta  annvo-  is  called  in  Jamaica  the 
Panakeet  Bur,  because  parrakeets  feed  ou 
tliem.  In  India  they  eat  this  and  T.  pilosa^ 
while  in  times  of  scarcity  T.  rhomboidea,  a 
third  Indian  species,  is  eaten  by  men.  T. 
aiiijnlata  lias  a  soft  and  glossy  fibre. 

tri'-umph,*tri-umphe,'^.  [O.  Fr.  trinmjihr: 
Fr.   tricmi'hi-.  I'mm  L.it.  tri  innplnnn,  aecus.  nf 
tri)niriiliiis~:i  tiiumpli  ;  cogn.  witli  Gr.  Bptdfj.- 
jSo?  (thriaiiihos)  =  a  hymn  to  Bacchus,  sung  in 
festal  processions  in  his  honour  ;  tij).  &  Port. 
tr'nnifit ;   Ital.   trioiifo.     Triumph  and    trump 
are  doublets.] 
I.  Oril hi ar II  Language  : 
1.  Pomp  of  any  kind. 
"  When  thou  didst  ride  in  triumph  through  the 
streets."  Shakesp. :  S  ffenrj/  i'l.,  ii.  4. " 

*  2.  A  public  festivity  or  exhibition  of  any 
kind ;  as  an  exhibition  of  masks,  a  tourna- 
ment, a  i)ageaut. 

"  Our  daughter. 
Ill  honour  of  whose  hirtli  these  (rimnfiJut  are," 
."ihrtkesp.  :  PericU'S,  ii.  2. 

3.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  ReUireir^i^triumphe  wnlketli  she 
With  glltt  cbutliea  ou  hire  ueike  hongiiig." 

Criinncr:  C.  T..  l-t.309- 

4.  The  state  of  being  victorious. 

"  lljiil  to  the  chief,  who  iu  friitmpJi  ndv.uices." 
Scoff :  Laily  o/tho  LuKv,  li,  10. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father :  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :  go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wolf,  work,  who.  son :  mute,  cuh.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fiill ;  try,  Syrian.    ae»  ce  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


triumph    triune 


211 


5.  Victory,  achicvpmpnt,  supcoss,  ronqiicst. 

"Tliiit  niiiiylfil  envy  Hiiii  L-i>T)t«uii>t  with  which  Ihf 
igiionuit  iiHttimllj  rf^nrd  titvfriumiilu  of  kiiuwletlge. ' 
— HacatUay  ;  iliit.  Aug.,  L-h.  xtt. 

6.  Joy  or  exultation  for  success;  great  y;l:ul- 
ness  or  rejoicing. 

_    "  Trit«u  his  troiiiiwt  slirlM  Itefore  them  bluw. 
For  giiudly  Inmnuh  uinl  K''»*'>t  tullyiin-iit.*' 

Sp.n,rt      f.  g..  JV.  xi.  li 

7.  A  tninip-cara.     [Tiu;Me(l).  1.] 

"Let  thert-fore  aiierie  chriatiiiii  iimu  ttiid  woiimn 
plaie  lit  these  cJitiU,  thiit  they  nmy  haiie  mid  ■ihtiiiin" 
the  trium}ih  :  yyil  iniiat  uuirke  hIbu  tlmt  Wie  tritnnpti 
Liuat  iipplie  to  (ctchc  houip  viito  him  fill  the  other 
cardes,  whiit^juuerBUte  they  bfoi." — Latimt^r :  Sfniiuiis 
on  the  Card. 

*  8.  A  game  at  cards  ;  ruflT. 

"The  game  thst  wee  will  phiy  at.  shiill  be  cnlled  the 
tritnnph.  which  If  it  be  well  nliiy wl  nt,  bee  tli.it  dciileth 
»luill  wiuiie ;  the  pUiers  shiill  liketvise  winiitr,  aud  the 
Mt^Liulers  juid  lookers  vpoii,  shnll  iloo  the  sjitiie:  iiiso- 
iiimhe  thHt  there  is  no  ninii.  thnt  is  willing  to  plaie 
nt  this  tnumphf  with  these  eardes,  but  they  shall  bee 
all  Hiiiiier^,  and  no  loosers. '— itirniicr  ;  Sermons  on 
th.-Cuni. 

II.  Roman  Antiq. :  A  grand  procession,  in 
which  a  victorious  general  entered  the  city 
liy  the  Porta  Triuiniihalis,  in  a  chariot  drawn 
by  four  horses,  wearing  a  dress  of  extranidi- 
nary  splendour,  namely,  an  embroidered  rt<\tv, 
an  uncler  garment  flowered  with  palm  leaves, 
and  a  wreath  of  laurel  round  his  brows.  He 
was  preceded  by  the  prisoners  taken  in  the 
war,  the  spoils  of  the  cities  captured,  and 
pictures  of  the  regions  subdued.  He  was 
followed  by  his  troops;  and  after  passing 
along  the  Via  Sacra  and  through  the  Forum, 
ascended  to  the  Capitol,  where  he  ofteitd  a 
bull  in  sacrifice  to  Jove.  A  regular  triumph 
could  not  be  demanded  unless  the  following 
I'unditions  had  been  satisfied  : — 

1.  The  ciniumnt  must  have  lield  the  office  of  dictntor, 
cuiisiil,  or  prietor. 

2.  The  success  uiwn  which  the  claim  w-oa  founded 
□lust  have  been  achieved  by  the  claimant  while  coui- 
niaiider-in-chief  of  the  \  ietonHU-i  army;  or.  in  other 
words,  the  operattoua  must  have  been  performed  under 
Uisaiispicia. 

-■t.  The  cainjiaicn  must  have  been  brought  to  a  ter- 
miuation,  nml  the  country  ri^d^iced  to  such  a  at^te  of 
tramguillity  as  to  admit  of  the  withdrawal  of  the 
tritops,  whoae  presence  at  the  ceremony  was  indis- 
Iieusjible. 

4.  Not  leas  than  5,000  of  the  enemy  must  have  fallen 
in  one  eugageuieut. 

s.  Some  positive  advantage  and  extension  of  do- 
minion must  have  been  gained,  not  merely  a  disjister 
retrieved,  or  an  attack  rei)ul,sed. 

6.  The  contest  must  have  Ix-eu  against  a  foreign  foe. 

Under  the  Empire,  the  prince  being  sole 
conimander-in-cliief  of  the  armies  of  the  state, 
all  other  military  commanders  were  re^ardtcl 
merely  as  his  legati,  and  it  was  held  that  all 
victories  were  gained  under  his  auspicia, 
however  distant  he  might  be  from  the  scene 
of  action  ;  consequently  he  alone  was  entitled 
to  a  triumph. 

A  naval  triumph  diffeied  from  a  military 
one  only  in  being  on  a  smaller  scale,  and  in 
b..-iiig  characterized  by  the  exhibition  of 
nautical  trophies,  such  as  beaks  of  ships.  An 
n\atinii  was  an  honour  inferior  to  a  triumph, 
the  chief  dilferenee  being  that  in  the  former 
the  victorious  general  entered  the  city  on  lunt, 
and  in  later  times  on  horseback.  Tlie  senate 
ctaimc'l  the  exclusive  prerogative  of  granting 
or  refusing  a  triumph. 

"  To  follow  (Jaisar  in  his  triumph." 

Sfiakesp. :  Antont/  <t  Cleopatra,  iii.  13. 

*  H  To  ride  triumph  :  To  be  in  full  career ; 
to  take  the  lead. 

"So  many  jarring  elements  breaking  loose,  and 
viilinij  triutnph  in  every  corner  of  a  gentleman's  huuse.' 
—filcrtii; :  3'rUtram  Hhaiidt/,  iii.  Vol. 

tri'-iimph.  r.i.  &  (.  [Fr.  trhmpher,  from  Lat. 
triinapiio;  Sp.  &,  Port,  tritiiijiir:  Ital.  trioii- 
/■"■>:] 

A,  Intransitirr: 

1,  To  obtain  victory ;  to  be  victorious ;  to 
jirevail. 
"  He  may  triumph  in  love."      Sliakesp.  :  Sonuet  151. 

*  2.  To  exult  upon  an  advantage  gained  or 
sujipused  to  be  gained ;  to  exult  or  boast 
iusulently. 

"  He  woxe  full  blithe,  as  he  had  gone  thereby. 
And  gau  thereat  to  triumph  without  victurie." 
Spenter:  F.  Q.,  IV.  i.  so. 

3.  To  enjoy  a  ti-i^unph,  as  a  victorious 
general ;  to  celebrate  victory  with  pump ; 
hence,  to  rejoice  for  victory. 

"  Weep'st  to  see  me  triumph}" 

Shakesp.  :  Coriotanus.  \\.  1, 

•1.  To  play  a  trump  or  winning  card  on 
another ;  to  trump. 
'  5.  To  shine  forth. 

"  Grace  and  majesty  you  might  helintd 
TriiimphhiiJ  in  their  faces  " 

SiKjkesp.      It'jpr  I'/  Lirrrrrr,  1,;{.*5. 


"B.  Tmimdvc: 

1.  To  vaiiqui.sh,  to  couquer,  to  prevail  over, 
to  .subdue,  to  triumph  over. 

"  Hee  on  Libyan  coasts  arriude  .  .  . 
Triumphed  Jugurth's  spoll'il  dominion." 

J/ai/  :  Lucun  ;  I'hartatia,  ii. 

2.  To  niake  victorious ;  k)  cause  to  triumph 
or  prevail. 


trx-um'-phal,  o.  &  s.  [I-at.  triumphatis,  from 
friiimphus  =  a  triumph;  Fr.  trioiiiphal  ;  Sp. 
trimi/al :  Ital.  triun/ale,  trionfale.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  trimnph  ; 
c<iniiaemorating  or  used  in  celebrating  a 
triumph  or  victory. 

"  They  bore  bim  aloft  in  triumphal  procession." 
Lony/eltow :  Evangeline,  li.  :i. 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  A  token  of  victory ;  in- 
signia of  a  triumph.     (Milton:  P.  R.,  iv.  077.) 

triumphal-arch,  jj. 

Arr/nfi'ctinr: 

1.  An  edifice  erected  by  the  Romans  in 
various  situations,  but  more  especially  at  the 
entrance  to  a  city,  at  first  in  honour  of  vic- 
tnrious  generals,  and,  in  later  times,  of  the 
Kniprrors.  These  structures  were  originally 
(tf  brick,  but  afterwards  of  stone  or  marble  ; 
their  form  was  that  of  a  jtarallelopjiiodon, 
having  one  central  arch,  often  with  a  smaller 
one  on  each  side.  They  were  decorated  «  ith 
columns,  sculptures,  and  otlier  embellish- 
ments, the  whole  being  surmounted  with  a 


TRUIMPIIAL    Alan. 
{Arth  of  Titus.) 

heavy  attic.  Under  the  Emperors  many  tri- 
umphal arches  of  costly  material  were  erected. 
The  oldest  in  Rome  is  that  of  Titus,  erected 
on  the  occ-asion  of  his  triumph  after  the  con- 
quest of  Jerusalem  (a.d.  70).  It  is  remark- 
able as  containing  a  representation  of  the 
golden  candlestick  of  the  Herodian  temple. 
[Bas-relief.]  Of  modern  triumi>hal  arches 
the  finest  are  the  Arc  de  Triomphe  or  Arc 
de  rfitoile,  at  the  western  extremity  of  the 
Champs  Elysees,  Paris,  commenced  by  Napo- 
leon in  180G,  and  tinished  by  Louis  Philipjte 
thirty  vears  later;  the  Bi-andenbnig  Gate  in 
Berlin  (1789-93);  and  the  Arco  della  Pace,  in 
Jlilan. 

2.  A  temporary  arch  set  up  in  token  of 
welcome  to  a  royal  personage  or  successful 
warrior,  &c. 

triumphal- column,  5.  An  insulated 
Column  rr<ctcd  by  the  Romans  in  connnemo- 
ration  of  a  victorious  general  to  whom  triumph 
had  been  decreed. 

triumphal-crown,  .^.  A  laurel  crown 
awarded  by  the  Romans  to  a  victorious  general. 

triumphant,  *  tri-um-phaunt,  "try- 

um- phauhte,  a .  1 1 ,a t .  tri  n mph a ns,  pv. 
par.  uf  tritimi^ho  =  to  triumph;  Fr.  (riom- 
phant ;  Sp.  tniin/ante;  Ital.  trion/ante.] 

*  1.  Used  in,  pertaining  to,  or  commemo- 
rating a  triumj)h  or  victory  ;  triumphal. 

"  Make  tritiniphant  fires. 

iihakesp. :  Coriolanus.  v.  5. 

2.  Victorious  ;  graced  or  crowned  with  vic- 
tory or  success.     (Cowper:  Hope,  106.) 

3.  Rejoicing  or  exulting  for  victory,  or  as 
fur  victory  ;  triumphing  ;  exultant. 

"  Think  vou.  but  that  I  know  our  state  secure. 
I  wuulu  be  so  triumphant  as  I  am  ?  " 

Shakesp. :  /iichard  III.,  iii.  2. 

•  4,  Noble,  notable. 

"  Wherof  kyng  Edwarde  .  .  .  gaue  to  the  sayde 
Scottys  batayll.  i  of  them  had  tryumphaunte  vie- 
ti)rye."—Fab!/a>i  :  Cront/cte  {-au.  ISSl). 

'5.  Glorious;  of  supreme  magnificence  and 
beauty.    (.•<hfih:--p. :  Antony  it  Chopafm,  ii.  •?.) 


tri-um -phant-ly,  '  tri  um-phauntly. 

udr.     (En;,',  (riiimphaiii  ;  -lii.] 

1.  In  a  triumphant  manner  ;  in  tlie  manner 
of  a  victorious  conqueror;  like  a  victor;  aa 
becomes  a  victor  or  triunipli. 

"  ClirUt  a«ct;nded 
Triumphantit/,  from  ntar  to  star." 

I.oi\<j/<'lloH' :  0»ld«n  Legend,  ii. 

2.  With  insolent  triumph  or  exultation. 

"  Or  did  I  bragge  and  boast  triumphauntty. 
As  whoahould  anye  the  tield  weremine  thatdaye?" 
Oaxriiigue :  l/ooket  qf  a  Louor/ortakan. 

3.  Festively  ;  with  rejoicing  or  exultation. 

"  Dance  In  Duke  Theseufl"  house  triumphantly  ' 
Shukesp.  :  Midsummer  .Sight's  ifream,  iv.  l. 

tri'-iimph-er,  .';.     [Eng.  triuviph  ;  -tT.j 

1.  One  who  triumphs  or  rejoices  and  exults 
in  victory  ;  a  victor. 

2.  One  wlio  was  honoured  with  a  tritunpli  • 
one  who  returned  as  a  victorious  general. 

"  And  enters  in  our  ears  like  great  triumphfirs 
In  their  apr'l'uuling  gates." 

Shakesp.:  Timon  of  Athens,  v.  t- 

tri'-umph-ing,  pr.  /wr.  or  a.    [Trilmi-h,  v.i 

'  tri-um-phing-ly,  cdr.  [Eng.  triumph  iiu}; 
-In.]  With  triumph  or  exultation  ;  triumpli 
aiitly.     (Up.  Hall:  0/ Conteiitation,  §  17.) 

tri-iim'-vir,  s.  [Lat.  =  one  of  three  men 
associated  in  an  office,  from  tritim  viroi-um  — 
of  three  men  :  tres  =  three,  and  vir  =  a  man.) 

L  Rom.  Antiq. :  One  of  three  men  united  in 
office.  The  triumvirs  were  either  ordinary 
magistrates  (as  the  Triumviri  Capitales,  wlut 
were  police  commissioners,  having  charge  of 
thi'  gaols,  and  acting  as  magistrates,  the 
Triumviri  Monetales,  who  were  commissioners 
of  the  mint,  and  had  the  charge  of  coining 
money),  or  tliey  were  extraordinary  commis- 
sioners appointed  to  jointly  execute  any  office. 
Specifically  applied  to  the  members  of  the 
two  triumvirates.    [Triu.mviratf,  l.J 

2.  Eng.  Antiq. :  A  trithingman  or  constable 
of  three  hundred.     {Cowel.) 

tri-um- vir -ate,   s.      [Lat.    trjumviratus, 

from  trinnivir  =  a  triumvir  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  coalition  of  three  men  in  office  or 
authority.  Specifically  applied  to  two  great 
coalitions  of  the  three  most  powerful  indi- 
viduals in  the  Roman  empii-e  for  the  time 
being.  The  first  of  these  was  effected  in  the 
year  b.c.  60,  between  Julius  Cffsar,  Pompey, 
and  Crassus,  who  pledged  themselves  to  suji- 
port  each  other  with  all  their  influence.  Tliis 
coalition  was  broken  by  the  fall  of  Crassus  at 
Carrhae  in  Mesopotamia  ;  soon  after  which  the 
civil  war  broke  out,  which  ended  in  the  death 
of  Pompey,  and  establishment  of  Julius  Cvesar 
as  perpetual  dictator.  After  his  murder,  b-c 
44,  the  civil  war  again  broke  out ;  and  after 
the  battle  of  Mutina,B.c.  43,  Antony,  Octavius, 
and  Lepidus  coalesced,  thus  forming  the 
second  triumvirate.  They  divided  the  pro- 
vinces of  the  empire  ;  Octavius  taking  the 
west,  Lepidus  Italy,  and  Antony  the  east. 

'■  And  instituting  a  triumi'irati; 
Do  part  the  laud  in  triple  government,' 

Daniel:  Civil  Wars.  \v. 

*  2.  A  party  or  set  of  three  men  ;  three  men 
in  company. 

"  Smouch  requesting  Mr.  Pickwick,  in  a  surly 
manner,  *  to  be  as  alive  as  he  could,  for  it  w.ia  a  bnny 
time,"  drew  ui)  a  chair  by  the  door,  and  sat  there  till 
he  had  finished  dressing.  Sam  w:is  then  desiiatched 
for  a  hackney  coach,  and  in  it  the  triumvirate  pro- 
ceetled  to  Coleniiui  Street."— />(tto(.<  .■  J'lcKioii-k.  ch.  xl. 

*  3.  A  group  of  three  things  intimately  con- 
nected. 

"Theology,  philo!«>phy,  and  science  constitute  a 
spiritual  triumuirale.'  —ii.  11.  Lewes  :  History  of  I'hi- 
luaophy,  i.  jtvii. 

*  tri-um'-vir-3^,  .''.  [Triumvirati-.J  The 
number  of  three  men. 

"  Thou  makest  the  triumviry  the  comer-cap  of  bo- 
ciety."  Shakesp.:  Loves  Labours  Lost,  iv.  j. 

*  tri'-line,  a.  [Lat.  tri-  =  three,  and  vnns  = 
one.]  Three  in  one;  an  epithet  applied  to 
God,  to  express  the  trinity  in  unity. 

"Power,  wisdom  and  goodness  combined  in  the 
triune  Deity."— Knox:  Christian  Philosophy.    (Nutc.) 

%  In  the  ninth  century  a  controver.4yaru.se 
about  the  application  ofthe  word,  orit.'i  Latin 
equivalent  trinns,  to  the  Deity.  Hinrkmar 
objected  to  the  words  Trinn  Deita.^  in  a  hymn, 
andforlad.' thi'iruse  in  his  diocese.  The  Bene- 
dictine nioiik.s  took  the  oppn.site  vi'-w,  and 
so  did  tioiieschalcus,  who  was  in  cons.-quence 
accused  by  Uiuckmar  of  tritlieism ;  but  the 
words  objected  to  retained  their  place  in  the 
hvinn.— Jlfos/ft'tm  ;  Church  Hist.  (ed.  Reiil). 
p.  yio. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9eU,  chorus,  chin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist, 
-ciaa,  -tian  =  shau.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  -  shus.    -ble. 


mg. 
die,  c^c.  ^  bel.  del. 


312 


triiinity  —  trochanter 


'trin'  nl  tt»  *■  (B"K-  triun{e):  Un.]  The 
quality  (T  NtaU  uf  Iwintc  triune ;  trinity  in 
unity. 

"  Hit  $r,ntilf  at  tb«  OuObnul.'— Jtfur*. 

tri  iir  6  m»  5  pi.    [MoU.  Lat.  (nur(w);  Uit. 
frMi  pi.  tttlj.  sutr.  -cir.) 
iJW. ;  The  typical  tribe  of  Triuriduccec  (q.v.). 

tri'-iir-id,  t.    ITriuhidace.k.] 

Ui.  (fi.):  TheTriuriJ«*wf(q.v.). 

tri-9'ri-da'-f^CB»  «.  p/.  (Mml.  Lat.  frtum, 
grint.  (riurui(M);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  aiU-  ^"ft- 
-ticetr.) 

Bot. :  Tniinda  ;  an  orUt-r  nf  lly«]rales.  Little 
perennial  8uti-hyalinu  pliintH,  with  a  cri-fpin^ 
rhiumie.  St<'ni  HiinpU',  vn-rt,  (.-ellulnr  ;  IfAltet^ 
iiiiiiut«-,aU*Tiiat4>,  dt-stiluteof  norvures;  inllor- 
esc^-nce  in  t4.'riiiiual  ntoeniett,  Itowrrs  niiiiuti', 
(j^rncrally  iiniBexual ;  {KTiuiitli  hyaline,  with  a 
tut>«  and  litiih,  Che  latt'-r  iliviikd  into  three, 
fuur,  six,  or  eight  He^nu-iilsS  ;  slaiiivus  few, 
ahthemqiiadrilncular;  stylt'smneliriiea  lateral, 
Hni»i)th,  vr  feathery  ;  ovaiie«  miinemus,  tair- 
jwls  many,  (liupaceuus.  From  the  hotter  part-s 
of  Stiuth  Ameriea,  Java,  Ceylon,  anO  the 
Fhilippiue  islandfi.  Known  genera  live,  spe- 
cies eight.     (Liiidlry.) 

tri-iir'-ls,  5.  IPref.  (rt-,  and  Gr.  ovpd  (mira) 
=  u  tail.  J 

Hvt. :  The  typical  genus  of  Triuridaoefc 
(q.v.),  with  only  one  known  sjiecies,  a  Bniall 
ilraziiian  herh. 

tziT'-flk-lent,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Lat.  valcTis, 
genit.  vaitnliji=  powerful.) 

i.'han.  :  Kqutvalent  to  three  tmitfi  of  any 
standard,  especially  t<i  three  atoms  of  hydro- 
pn. 
trivalentelement,  .«.    [Triad.] 

tri-V&lve,  -f.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Enp.  vali'c] 
Aiiylliin<;  having  three  valves,  especially  a 
shell  with  three  valves. 

tri'T^'-vn-lar.  a.  [Pi-ef.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
caiiuiar.] '  Three  valved  ;  having  three  valves ; 
opening  by  three  valves,  as  the  fruit  of  the 
tulip. 

*triV-ant,  s.     [Truant.]    A  truant. 

"  TLuu  ATI  An  idiot,  mi  lutte.  a  trifler,  a  trivant,  thou 
ait  aii  idle  UMuve."— Burton  :  Auat.  Mclaii..  p.  10.  (To 
tlir  Utjidt-r.) 


*  triv-ant-ly,  adv.  (Eng.  tricaat; 
u  truant. 


^]    Like 


*  trivet  tablo,  s.  A  table  supported  by 
tliree  t.-.l. 

■'  Tiic  trirrt-tabte  vt  It  foot  wn*  iRmc." 

itrydtin  :  Utid  ;  3iv(a»i»rphotet  vlJl. 

trlv-l-a,  .<.  [Al)brev.  from  trivia  (rirgo)  = 
Lfiuna.'lrum  often  havin>j  her  temples  where 
three  ways  met.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-genus  of  Cypnea.  witli  alwut 
thirty  spocie-s,  from  Greenland,  llritain,  the 
West  Indies,  the  Cape,  Australia,  the  Pacilic, 
and  the  west  roast  of  America.  Small  shells, 
with  stri*  extending  over  the  back.  Trivia 
enrojKm  is  conmmn  on  the  Uritish  coasts. 

triv-i-al,  '  trlv-i-all.  n.  &  s.  [Fv.  trivial, 
from  LaU  frirm/w=  pfrtaining  to  cross-roads, 
enmnion,  trite,  from  trivium=a.  place  where 
cross-roads  intersect  the  public  thoio  ugh  fare, 
frnni  tri  =  three,  and  via  =  a  road,  a  way.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Originally,  trite,  well  worn,  without  its 
being  implied  that  the  saying  so  denominated 
was  of  trifling  imi)urtauce  ;  everyday,  com- 
monplace. 

"Tliese  hrauches((>f  tlie  divine  life]  are  three,  whose 
iinincs,  tliou«h  trivial  mid  vulgar,  yet,  if  rightly  uii- 
dcTstuutl,  they  bear  such  a.  aeuse  with  them,  that 
iiutliiiig  ni'To  Wfiyl'ty  cjtu  ht^  uionounced  by  the 
loni;ue  of  men  or  aeraphiuiH,  (Uiu,  in  brief,  they  are 
these:  charity,  huuillity.  and  ijurity."— //.  More:  The 
(f'tvmd  Mattery  of  Oodiinett,  vol.  ii.,  ch.  xii. 

2.  Trifling,  insigniflcant ;  of  little  value  or 
importance;  inconsiderable,  slight. 

"  A  while  on  trivial  things  we  held  discourse. 
To  me  souii  titatelesa." 

iVordsworth:  Excursion,  bk.  i. 

*  3.  Occupying  one's  self  with  trifles ; 
trifling. 

"As  a  BchoUir  he  was  tririal  mid  incapable  of 
labour.*—^  (Quince!/. 

'4.  Of  or  peilaining  to  the  trivium  ;  hence, 
initiatory,  rudinientaxy,  elementary.      [Tbi- 

VIOM.] 

*  B.  As  subst. :  One  of  the  three  liberal  arts 
which  constitute  the  trivium  (q.v.). 

"ProHtiug  in  trifiaig  to  a  niiiTLcIe,  esiwoially  in 
poetry."— n'oorf.-  Athcuae  Oxou.,  voL  ii. 

^  For  the  difference  between  trivial  and 
trifling,  see  Trifling. 

triTial-name*  s. 

Natural  History : 

1.  Tlie  specific  name  (q.v.)  of  any  animal  or 
plant. 

"  The  index  to  this  volume  [Oldndska  och  Gothh'hulska 
Resa,  1745)  shows  the  hist  eniutuyiiient  of  trivUd 
namet."~Encyc.  Brit,  (ed,  9thf,  xiv.  GTS. 

2,  A  popular  name  for  any  animal  or  plant. 

"  The  tritrial  name  King,  ae  well  as  Tyrant,  has  been 
bestowed  on  this  bird  for  its  extraordinary  behaviour 
and  the  authority  it  assumes  over  all  othei-a  during 
tlie  time  of  breading."— n'ood/  IHiii.  Sat.  Hist.,  ii.35u. 

*triv-i-al  i§in,  s.  [Eng.  trivial;  -ism.]  A 
trivial  mattei  or  mode  of  acting. 

triv-i-al'-i-ty,  s.     [Eng.  trivial;  -ity.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  trivial ; 
ti'ivialness. 

2.  A  trivial  thing  or  matter;  a  trifle  ;  a 
matter  of  little  or  no  value. 

•■  Diiujer  cards,  and  Bquares  of  silk  for  fancy  articles, 
with  other  t7ivial ities,  being  often  in  demand."— 
Barker's  J/affuzinc,  June,  18B2,  p.  115. 

triv'-i-aHy,  adv.     lEng.  trivial;  -ly.] 

■^1.  In  a  trivial  manner  ;  commonly,  vul- 
garly, tritely. 

"  How  tri-*iuily  common  it  is,  that  Luther  was  the 
Sonne  of  an  Incubus,  the  disciple  of  the  divell."— W^. 
JIiiU :  Christian  Moderation,  bk,  Ii.,  S  lo, 

2.  Lightly,  inconsiderably  ;  in  a  trifling 
manner  or  degree. 

"  Art  was  not  an  amusement— it  was  a  serious 
business  of  life,  and  those  who  treated  it  trti'iaUy 
desecrated  their  pursuit  and  did  iujustice  to  them- 
selves.''—06«t'r[wr,  SepL  27.  1885. 

triV-1-al-ness.  s.    [Ew^.  trivial ;  -ness.]    The 
ijuality  or  state  of  being  trivial ;  triviality. 
■■The  pretended  trioialness  of  the   fifth  and  sixth 
days  work.'"— .l/oj-e.-    Hi/eitce  of  the  t'hilui.  Vabbala. 
(A  pp.) 

triv'-i-iixii,  s.  [Lat.  =  a  place  where  three 
roads  met,  or  where  tliey  diverged:  tri- = 
three,  and  rui=a  road,  a  way.]  The  name 
given  in  the  schools  of  the  Middle  Ages  to 
the  first  three  liberal  arts,  grammar,  rhetoric, 
and  logic.    (See  extract.) 

"The  (Wuium  contained  Grammar,  I^ogic.  luid  Rhe- 
toric; the  Quadrivium.  Arithmetic.  Geometry,  Music 
aiid  Astronomy,  as  in  these  two  lines,  framed  U,  assist 
the  memory  :— 


"  Hun  that  by  rejutcm  of  a  voluble  toneiie,  a  strong 
ffoice.  a  pleasing  tone.  )Uid  some  trivantiy  PolyautheAU 
helpea.  st«alca  and  gle-ines  a  few  notes  from  ottier 
men's  harvents. "— £u rlon  :  Anat.  Mclan.,  p.  1^8. 

trive,  vA.  (See  def.]  An  abbreviation  of  Con- 
trive (q.v.). 

tri-ver'-bi-al,  a.  [Lat.  tri-  =  three,  and 
perbiim  =  a  word.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  certain 
days  in  the  Roman  calendar,  which  were 
juridical,  or  days  allowed  to  tlie  prtetor  for 
deciding  cjuses :  so  named  from  the  three 
r.-haracteristic  words  of  his  otlice,  do,  dico, 
addict).     Also  called  dies  fasti. 

tri-ver'-te-bral,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
vertebral.} 

Compar.  AiuU. :  Consisting  of  three  vertebras. 
A  term  applied  by  Huxley(>Ina(.  P'trt.  Anim., 
J'.  341)  to  a  bone  in  Glyptodon  (q.v.),  formed 
by  the  an(;hylosis  of  the  last  (cervical  and  tlrst 
two  dorsal  vertebra-,  aiui  artinilniing  liy  a 
movable  hinge-.jointwitli  tin-  iciiiaimngdiMsal 
vertebne,  whieh  are  likewise  ancliylosid  to 
fonn  a  kind  of  "arched  bridge  of  bone." 

triV-et.  trev-et,  •triv-ette,  >.     [O.  Fr. 

Iripied;  Kr  tr<:pi€d=  a.  tri\ci,  from  hat.  tri- 
yted/m,  accus.  of  triim  =  liaving  three  feet, 
from  tri  =  throe,  and  pes  =  a  foot.  Trivet 
and  tripod  are  doublets.] 

L  A  three-legged  arrangement  for  support- 
ing an  olyect,  as  a  pot  or  kettle  ;  tliis  may  be 
efferted  by  slinging  it  from  a  Ii'>ok  suspended 
from  the  point  of  junction  of  llie  three  legs, 
or  the  legs  nray  be  set  120'  apart,  straddling 
outward  from  and  supporting  a  ring  sufti- 
ciently  large  to  receive  the  bottom  of  the  pot. 

H  Trivtt  is  frequently  used  as  a  i)roverbial 
comparison  indi<-ating  stability,  inasmuih  as 
having  three  legs  to  atand  on  it  is  never  un- 
stable ;  as,  To  suit  one  to  a  trivet,  right  as  a 
trivet,  tSte. 

2.  The  knife  wherewith  the  loops  of  terry 
fabrics  are  cut. 

ate.  fat.  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  son;  mute,  ciib.  ciire.  unite,  ciir.  rule.  fuU;  try,  Syrian,    w,  oe  =  " 


Ballam :   Jntrad.  to  literature  of  Europe,  *f.,  pt  i 
ch.  i.,§a    (Not*.) 


tn'-Tveek-lSr,  a.  &  s.      [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng, 
u-celUy  (q.v.).] 
A-  As  adjective: 

1.  Occurring,  performed,  or  appearing  ome 
in  every  three  weeks. 

2.  Occurring,  perlurmed,  or  ajipearing  three 
times  in  each  week  :  as,  a  triweekly  newspaper. 

B.  As  stdst.  :  A  newspaper  which  is  pub- 
lished three  times  in  each  week. 

trix-a'-gd,  s.  [Lat.  trixago,  trissmjo  =  a 
plant,  Teucrium  Ckama'drys  (Linn.).} 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Euphrasieje,  akin  to 
Bartsia,  but  with  a  fleshy,  oval,  globose  cap- 
sule, and  a  thick  trihd  placenta.  Trij-ago 
visijosa  is  the  same  as  Bartsia  viscoso. 

trix-id'-e-se,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  rr(.i;.s  geuit. 
trixid(is) ;  Lat.  fern.  \>\.  adj.  sutf.  -«»■.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Nassaviacea;. 

trix'-is,  s.     [Lat  =  the  castor-oil  plant.] 

Bot.  :  Tlie  tyjucal  genus  of  Trixideie.  Two 
species  are  cultivated  in  Britain,  one  in  gar- 
dens, the  other  as  a  stove  plant.  Trixis 
brasilieusis  is  given  as  a  remedy  of  excessive 
menstruation. 

troad,  s.    [Trode.] 

troat,  v.i.  [Troat,  s.]  To  cry,  as  a  buck  in 
rutting  time. 

tr6at«  5.  [From  the  sound.]  The  cry  uf  a 
buck  in  rutting  time. 

tro'-car,  tro'-char,  s.  [Fr.  troiscarrc  = 
three-faced,  from  trois  =  three,  and  carre  =  a 
square,  a  face.] 

Surg. :  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  per- 
forator or  stylet  and  a  cannula.  After  the 
puncture  is  made  the  stylet  is  withdrawn, 
and  the  cannula  remains  and  aflbrds  a  meiiiis 
of  evacuating  from  the  cavity.  Used  in  case 
of  dropsy,  hydrocele,  &c. 

"The  handle  of  the  trDcar  is  of  wood,  the  cannula  of 
silver,  and  the  perforator  of  sttiei. "- aAar^ ;  Hurncri/. 

trO'Cha'-ic,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  trochaicus,  from 
trocha:us=  a  trochee  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

Pros. :  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  nf  tro- 
chees :  as,  trochaic  verse.  Tlie  trochaic  verse 
used  by  the  Greek  and  Latin  poets  most  com- 
monly consists  of  a  perfect  dimeter,  followed 
Ity  a  dimeter  wanting  the  last  half  foot. 

B.  As  subbt.  :  A  trochaic  verse  or  measure. 

'■  One  poem  consisteth  only  of  hexameters,  and  an- 
other was  entirely  of  iambics,  a  tliird  of  trochaics.'  — 
Drifdcn  :  Juvenal.    (Dedic) 

*  tro-cha'-ic-al,  n.  [Eng.  trocluiic  ;  -al.]  The 
same  as  Trocbaic  (q.v.). 

troch'-al,  a.  [Gr.  Tpo^os  (irochos)  =  a  run- 
ning, a  wheel.]  Wheel-shaped;  specilically 
ajiplied  to  the  ciliated  disc  of  tlie  Rotifera. 

tro-cham'-mi-na,  5.  [Pref.  troch^o)-;  Gr. 
a/j.;u.a'os  (a;,(HttJ(o.sj"— sandy,  from  o/i/ios  ("»*- 
mos)  =  sand.] 

1.  Zool. :  Wheel-sand ;  a  genus  of  Foraiui- 
nifera.  Shell  simple,  flat,  coiled,  resembling 
smooth  sandy  plaster.  Sometimes,  however, 
it  is  twisted  and  constricted  at  intervals. 
One  species  is  called  Trochammi na  gordialis, 
tlie  Gordian  Knot,  wiiich  it  resembles;  an- 
other imitates  a  RoUilia.     [Rotalia.] 

2.  P(da;ont.  :  From  the  Carboniferous  on- 
ward. 

trd-chan'-ter,  s.     [Gr.  TpoxavT^p  (trochanf^r) 
=  a  runner,  a  runner  round  ;  7poxd^tu(trodio.~o) 
=  to  run  along.] 
Anatomy: 

1.  Human:  Oneof  two  processes  of  the  femur 
(q.v.).  The  trochanter  viajor  is  a  thick  tiun- 
eated  process  prolonged  upwards  in  a  line 
with  the  external  surface  of  the  sliaft  of 
the  lemur;  the  trochaider  minor,  a  conical 
rounded  eminence  projecting  from  the 
posterior  and  inner  aspect  of  the  thigh,  and 
giving  attachment  to  the  tendon  of  the  psoas 
and  iliacus  muscles.  The  troehanters  give 
insertion  to  the  muscles  which  rotate  the 
thigh. 

2.  Compar. :  There  is  only  one  troclKinter 
in  the  femur  of  the  elepliant,  while  there  are 
three  in  that  of  the  Perissddactyla.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  the  })ortion  of  the  leg 
of  an  insect  which  unites  the  long  thigh  or 
femur  to  the  coxa.  The  trochanter  of  insects 
varies  greatly  in  form. 


ey : 


go,  p6t» 
a :  qu  =  kw. 


trochanterian— trochometer 


tro  chan-ter-i-aii,    «.      IKng.  trockunter  ; 

Auut. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  greater  tr»i- 
clKintfi'.     {DitiujlUon.) 

tro-chan'-ter-ic,  «.    [Eng.  trochanter;  -u:] 
Aiutt.,  dc, :  Of  or  belonging  to  a  troclmntt'r 
(q.v.). 
trochanterio-fossa,  ■':■ 

,4  nat. :  A  fossa  at  tlie  kise  and  rather  bt'liiiul 
tilt'  nt-ck  of  the  trochanter  major.  It  gives 
attarhnieut    to    the    obturator   and   genielli 

muscles. 

tro- chin- tin -i-an,  a.      [Eng.    troclunU^ter); 

A  nut.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  lesser  tro- 
ulianter.    (Dunglisoii.) 

trd  -char,  >■-    [Trocar.] 

trdch-a-tel'-la,  5.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin,  from 
L;(t.  tiiirhiis=.  a  hoop.] 

Zoiil.:  A  sxib-genus  of  Helicina,  with  the 
peristome  simple,  expanded,  and  the  shell  not 
(*all<nis  beneath.  Known  species,  twenty 
from  the  W''st  Indie^s  and  one  from  Venezuela. 

troche,  troche,  s.  [Gr.  Tpo^o?  (trochos)  =  a 
running,  a  wIilcI.]  A  form  ot  medicine  in  a 
circular  cake  or  tablet,  or  a  stitf  past*  cut 
int-"*  proper  portions  and  dried.  It  is  made 
by  mixing  the  medicine  with  sugar  and  muci- 
lage, and  is  intended  to  be  gradually  dissolved 
in  the  mouth  and  slowly  swallowed,  as  a 
demulcent. 

tro'-chee,  s.     (Lat.  trochwus,  from  Gr.  rpovato? 

(^■ui7ta(0s)  =  (a.)  running,  (s.)  a  trochee,  from 

Tpo\d?    (trochos)  =  a   running,    from     Tpe'xw 
'    (Jrecho)  =  to  run.] 

Pros. :  A  foot  of  two  syllables,  of  which  the 

first  is  long  and  the  aeconrl  short :  as  inter, 

nation,  &c.  (—  1  \j). 

trqch-e-i'-do -scope, «.  [Pref.  trorh(o)-:  Gr. 
ei6o?  ((*u^«)  =  appearance,  and  crKOTrdm  {skopeC) 
=  to  see.]    A  form  of  colour  top.    [Top.] 

tro-chet'-i-a,  s.  [Named  after  M.  du  Troehet, 
a  French  physiologist.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Dombeyea-.  Leaves  entire  ; 
calyx  five-parted ;  petals  live,  deciduous ; 
stamens  many,  combined  below  into  a  tube  ; 
capsule  flve-valved,  five-celled.  Trochetia 
grandifiora,  a  native  of  Mauritius,  is  a 
splendid  stove  plant  with  snow-white  flowers. 

■"  troch'-i-dse,  s.  v^-  [Mod.  Lat.  troch(Hs);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suft'.  -ida:] 

Zool. :  Afamily  of  Gasteropoda  Holostomata, 
now  merged  in  Turbinidse. 

troch'-i-form,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  trochns,  and 
l^t.  forma  ^foini.]  ReseinblingTrochus(q.v,) 
in  sliape.  {Woodward:  MoHusca  (ed.  Tate), 
p.  ^71.) 

troch'-il.  s.  [Trochilus.]  The  same  as 
Tkochilus  2  (2)  (q.v.). 

"The  crocodile  .  .  .  opens  hiachana  to  let  the  rr'K-fti7 
ill  to  iiifk  Ills  teeth,  which  gives  it  the  usual  feeding." 
— *■(>  T.  Herbert :  Relations,  dc,  p.  364. 

**  tro-chil'-ic,  o.  [Gr.  rpoxiAo?  (^'ocAf/oj:), 
from  Tpoxos  {trochos)  =  a  running;  Tpexititrecho) 
=  to  run.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
rotary  motion  ;  having  power  to  draw  out 
or  turn  round. 

'■  I  am  advert.iaeil  that  there  is  one,  which,  by  art 
triichilick.  will  draw  all  Eiiuilish  suruaines  ot  the  best 
families  out  of  the  pit  of  jjoetry ;  as  Boucher  from 
Eusyrie,  Percy  from  PerseuB,  &c."— Camden  :  i!emain«. 

*  tro-chil'-ics,  s.  [Trochilic]  The  science 
of  rotary  motion. 

"It  is  requisite  that  we  rightly  understand  some 
principles  in  trochilicic-i.  or  the  art  of  wheel  instru- 
nieuta  ;  as  chiefly,  the  relation  betwixt  the  pJirts  of  a 
wheel,  and  those  of  a  balauce." — Wit  kins  :  Dcedahis, 
ch.  xlv. 

tro-chil'-i-dae,  s.pl.  [Moil.  Lat.  trochil(ns); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sulT.  -id^.\ 

Ornith.  :  Humming-birds  (q.v.),  a  family  of 
Fissirostral  Piearian  Birds,  closely  allied  in 
structure  to  the  Swifts,  but  formerly  classed 
with  theTenuirostres.  The  family  contains  1  IS 
genera,  confined  to  the  New  World.  The  bill, 
tliotigh  always  very  slender,  is  very  variable  in 
shape  and  size;  tongue  long,  composed  of  two 
{•ylindrical  united  tubes,  and  bifid  at  the  tip; 
it  is  capable  of  being  protruded  for  some  dis- 
tance, the  tongue-bones  with  their  muscles 
lieing  prolonged  backwards  and  ujiwards  over 
the   back   of  the   skull  ;    the  wings  with    ten 


primaries,  usually  narrow  and  pointed,  and 
set  in  motion  by  enornumsly-developed  nms- 
cles ;  sternum  deeply  keeled ;  tail  of  ten 
feathers,  varied  in  shai)e,  and  in  many  in- 
st.ino's  liigldy  ornamenU'il ;  tarsi  and  feet 
particularly  small  and  feeble,  unfit  lor  j-ro- 
gression  on  tlie  ground.  The  species  conse- 
quently seldom  or  never  alight  on  the  earth, 
but  prefer  to  settle  on  a  Iwre  dead  limb  of 
a  tree  or  some  other  projection.  The  eggs 
are  oval  and  white,  and  always  two  in  number. 
AccordiTig  to  Gould,  restlessness,  irritability, 
ami  pugnacity  are  among  the  principal  char- 
acteristics of  the  Trochilid* ;  they  not  only 
tight  persistently  among  themselves,  but  they 
will  even  venture  to  attack  nuieh  larger  biids. 
It  is  also  stated  that  they  have  a  great  dislike 
to  the  large  Hawkmoths,  which  they  them- 
selves somewhat  resemble  in  their  tlight,  the 
vibration  of  the  wings  producing  in  both  a 
similar  humming  soiuid. 

tro-chil'-i-um,  a*.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Lat.  trochilus  =  a  small  bird,  the  golden- 
crested  wren.] 

Kntom.  :  Clear-wing ;  a  genus  of  iEgeriida-. 
Antennse  simple,  or  in  the  males  (filiated  or 
pectinated,  ternnnating  in  a  slender  tuft  of 
hairs  ;  fore  wings  generally  with  the  basal 
half  transparent ;  hind  wings  wholly  trans- 
parent. Abdomen  slender,  with  an  anal  tuft. 
The  caterpillar  feeds  within  the  stems  of 
currant  bushes,  the  bireh,  the  oak,  the  apple, 
various  willows,  &c.  Known  British  species 
ele\eii.  The  species  present  a  superficial  re- 
semblance to  insects  of  other  orders,  and  one 
is  called  Troch ilium  cynipiforrne  [Cvnips], 
another  T.  tipidiforme  [Tipula],  a  third  T. 
ciilii-i/orine  [Culex],  &c.  The  second  species 
is  that  most  connnon  in  gardens  ;  it  is  the 
currant  hawk-moth.  The  first  occurs  in  num- 
bers on  the  oak  trees  in  Hyde  Park,  London. 
{Stninton,  &e.) 

trdch'-il-U8,  s.  [hat.  trochihts  =  a  small  bird, 
[terliaps  the  golden- crested  wren,  from  Gr. 
TpoxtAos  (trochilos).'}     [Trochilic-I 

1.  Arch.:  The  same  as  Scotia  (q.v.). 

2.  Ornilhology: 

(1)  Tlie  type-genus  of  Trochilidae  (q.v.). 
Tail-feathers  pointed,  wings  short;  plumage 
not  very  bhlliant,  except  on  the  throat.  Two 
species  are  known— rroc/u/»s  colubris,  inhabit- 
ing North  America  during  the  summer,  and 
migrating  in  winter  to  central  America  and 
the  West  India  islands ;  and  T.  alexandri,  from 
California  and  Mexico. 

(2)  Charailrius  melanocephalus,  a  native  of 
Egypt.  It  is  about  ten  inches  long  ;  general 
hue  slate  colour ;  abdomen  and  neck  white, 
head  black,  with  two  white  stripes  running 
from  tlie  bill  and  meeting  at  the  nape  of  the 
neck,  black  mantle  extending  over  the  shoul- 
ders to  the  tail,  wings  black,  with  a  broad 
transverse  black  band. 

"  Herodotus  [ii.  68]  enters  intoa  detail  of  the  habits 
of  the  crocodile,  and  relates  the  frequently- repeated 
story  of  the  trochiUu  entering  the  aniuml's  mouth 
during  its  sleep  ou  the  batiks  of  the  Nile,  and  relieving 
it  of  the  leeches  which  adhere  to  its  throat.  The 
truth  of  this  assertion  is  seriously  impugQed  when  we 
recollect  that  leeches  do  Dot  abound  In  the  Nile :  and 
the  polite  understaudiug  said  to  aubsist  between  the 
crocodile  and  the  bird  becomes  more  Improbable  when 
we  examine  the  manner  in  which  the  throat  of  the 
animal  is  formed  ;  for,  having  no  tongue,  nature  haa 
^iven  it  the  means  of  closing  it  entirely,  except  when 
in  the  act  of  swallowing ;  and  during  sleep  the  throat 
is  coustAntly  shut,  though  the  moutti  is  open."— »')7- 
kinsoit :  ilanuers  of  the  Egnptiana  (ed.  Birch),  ii. 
i;t3,  134. 

*  (3)  In  older  classifications,  trochilus  oc- 
curs as  a  trivial  name ;  thus  MotacilUx  tro- 
chilus (Linn.)  =  the  willow-wren. 

troch'-ing.  s.  [O.Fr.  (rocAe  =a  bundle  ;  Norm. 
Fr.  troche  =  a  branch.]  One  of  the  small 
branches  on  a  stag's  horn. 

""  tro-chis'-cus,  ^tro-chisk,  *tr6-chist, 

,•;.  [Lat.  trochiscu.'i ;  Gr.  tpo\i.<tkos  {tmchiskos); 
Fr.  trochisque.]  A  kind  of  tablet  or  lozenge; 
a  troche.  The  first  form  is  still  used  in 
Pharmacy. 

"  There  should  be  trocfiUks  likewise  made  of  snakes, 
whose  flesh  dried  is  thought  to  have  a  very  oi>eiiing 
and  cordial  virtue."— fiacon  .-  iVat.  But,  %  905. 

*  troch'-ite,    s.      [Gr.   Tpo^os  (trochos);   suff. 
-i7i?.     Named  from  its  wheel-like  appearance.] 
Palirnnt. :    The  Joint    of   the    stalk  of  an 
encrinite. 

troch'-le-a,  s.  [Lat.  =a  pulley,  from  Gr. 
Tpoxo?  (/roc/io5)  =  a  running  ;  rp^xfi  (trecko)  = 
to  run.] 

'  1.  Much. :  A  pulley. 


2.  Aunt.:  Anything  grooved  like  a  pulley. 
Specifically  ; 

(1)  The  trochlea  of  the  humerus  ;  the 
internal  part  of  the  inferior  articular  surXac*"*** 
the  humerus.  It  articulates  with  the  uJn*^ 
and  is  grooved  d<jwn  the  middle. 

(2)  The  trochlea  of  the  orbit,  a  fibro-cartila- 
ginous  ring  attaclied,  to  the  frontal  bone. 

troch'-le-ar,  a.     [Trochlea.] 

1.  "ii/.  !."ii,i.:  Resembling  a  t>ulley  ;  puUey- 
sliaptd.     (Kaic,  except  in  botany.) 

2.  A  imt.  :  oi  or  belonging  to  the  trochlea. 
trochlear-nerve,  s. 

An»t.  :  The  I'athetic  nerve  (q.v.) 

trdch~le-ar -is,  ^-.    [Mod.  Lat]    [Trochlea.) 
A»at.  :  The  superior  oblique  nnmcle  of  the 
orbit. 

tr6ch'-le-a-ry»  «.     [Eng.  trochlear;  -y.] 

A  lud.  :  Of  or  pertiuning  to  the  trochlea  :  a-s, 
the  trochlcary  muscle,  tlie  trochleary  nerve. 

troch'-le-ate,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  trochlealiis,  fron; 
Lat.  trorhlna.] 
Bot.  :  Twisted  so  as  to  resemble  a  pulley. 

troch'-6-»  pref.  [Gr.  rpoxo?  (trochoa)  =  a  wlipel.J 
Circular  ;  liaving  a  circular,  or  nearly  circular 
form. 

troch-O-car'-pa,  s.  [Pref.  trocho-,  and  Or. 
Kapirds  (Icarpos)  =  fruit.  Named  from  the 
radiated  arrangement  of  the  cells  in  the  fiuit.| 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Styphelieae.  Australian 
shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  terminal  oraxillary 
spikes  of  white  or  yellow  flowers.  Trochorarpa 
lauri)ia  is  a  very  handsome  greenhouse  slirub. 

tr6-ch69'-er-as,  s.  [Pref.  trocho-,  and  Gr. 
Ke'pas  (keras)  =  a  horn.] 

Palcpont. :  A  genus  of  NautilidEe,  with  forty- 
four  species,  from  the  Upper  Silurian  of  Bohe- 
mia. Shell  nautiloid,  spiral,  depressed  ;  some 
of  the  species  are  nearly  flat,  and,  having  the 
last  chamber  produced,  resemble  Lituit^j 
(q.v.). 

tr6ch-6-9y-a-tha'-9e-je,  5.  ph    [Mod.  Lat,. 

truchocyath.(\is) ;  Lat.  feuL  pi.  adj.  sutF.  -acen'.\ 
Pakmnt. :  A  sub-family  of  Turbinolida*. 
Corals,  with  more  than  one  row  of  pali,  and 
with  an  abnormally  large  number  of  rows  0/ 
tentacles.  Largely  represented  in  the  Newer 
Secondary  rocks  and  in  the  Tertiary,  and  at 
present  in  the  deep  sea. 

troch-O-cy'-a-thus,  -''.  [Pref.  trocho-,  and 
Lat.  cyathus  =  a  cup.] 

Palasont.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Troehocya- 
thacete  (q.v.),  from  the  Jurassic  onward. 

troch-6-9ys-tl'-tef,  s.  [Pref.  trocho- ;  Gr. 
KvuTii;  {kustis)  =  a  bladder,  and  sufl".  -ites.] 

Palieont. :  A  genus  of  Cystoidea,  from  the 
Primordial  Zone  of  North  America. 

troch'-oid,  a.  &  ?.  [Pref.  trocJto-,  and  Gr.  etSos 
(fiilo.'y)  =  form,  appearance.] 

A.  -4s  adjective : 

1.  Geom. :  The  same  as  TROCHOtDAL(q.v.). 

2.  Zool :  Coniail  with  a  flat  base,  applied 
to  shells  of  certain  Foraminifera  and  Gastero- 
poda. 

B.  As  suhstantiiv : 

1.  Geom. :  The  same  as  Cycloid  (q.v.). 

2.  An/it.  :  A  trochoidal  articulation.    [Tro 

CHOIDAL,  a.) 

tro-choid'-al,  a.     [Eng.  trochoid;  -al.\ 

1.  Oril.  Lang,  d:  Gemn. :  Pertaining  to  a 
trochoid  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  tr<>- 
choid  :  as  the  trochoidal  curves,  such  as  the 
epicycloid,  the  involute  of  the  circle,  the  spiral 
of  Archimedes,  &c. 

2.  A}iat.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  kind  of 
articidation,  in  which  one  bone  is  insert,e*^i  in 
aniitiier  like  an  axle-tree,  so  that  there  can  be 
a  Tuotion  like  that  of  a  wheel.  The  first  and 
second  vertebra-  of  the  neck  are  thus  articu- 
lated. 

ttroch-6-^'-te§,  s      [Pref.    trocho-,  and  Gr. 
At(*os  (lithos)  ==  a  stone. 
Palirnnt. :  A  synonym  of  Lituites  (q.v.). 

trd-Chom'-e-ter,  .«.  [Pref.  trocho-,  and  Eng. 
iiu'ter  (<i.v.).  ]  An  instrument  for  computing 
the  revolutions  of  u  wheel ;  an  oilometer. 


boil,  b^;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9hin,  henph;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  p^lst.    ph  =  1 
-Clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -slon  =  zhmu    -cious,    tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -hie.  -die.  &c.  ~  bel,  dpi. 


trdoh  6  smi  -lI-9«  -*-    [Prvf.  troeAo;  and  Gr. 

,»  ,. ».,  (    ,;,)  =  «  kiiifcl 

*  ;    Tli<    t>iiic*l    genus   of  TrtH'lio- 
t     •   i<|.v.>.    Siitvit^ii  iitnitrroiu,  raiit;ttig 
•      ,   -i,.  Jiira(i»i>- tu  the  Tertiar)'. 

troch  6  ami-U-a-^'iB,  s.  jJ.    IM<hI.  LaI. 

(    ).   Ijil.  ffiii.  I'l.  itilj.  HiifT.  -tuTtr,] 
J  1  f   ';.'  :  A  nuU-fauiily  of  Astntidii*.    Soil- 
Ury  c*>nU*,  cut^ttliupeil,  Mini  wlUi  Uie  iuteriial 
iii<uM-|<iin«iiUt  well  developed. 

trd  eh6t '^mA.  *.    |M<^I.  Lat.  trochus,  and 
i>i.  TOM1  ('<"nr)*=  a  notch.) 
i  ■  ■■   rif.:  A  \:vuu<i  of  IlaliotidfP,  with  t»*n 

■  (-ii'-,  fnnn  tlie  I,la»  t>>  the  Otrtil  R«j:  "f 
liiiTiUti,  Fninie.  ^^f.  Shfll  trrtchiftTiii,  slii;litly 
<-t>iicavi>  bvni-ath;  whorlntlat,  sfiirally  striatfd, 
rounded  at  the  uui«r  angkii ;  lip  with  a  siui,'le 
]tt-rfunktiuii  urar  the  margin. 

tr6oh-fts,  5.    ILat]    [TKot-iio-.] 

1.  /col. :  A  genus  of  Tiirbinidff,  wUh  200 
-;'*l»'?*,  imivpi>ially  distribiit'd,  front  low 
M^itt-r  to  iiHefn  fathomt,  the  smaller  speries 
raii^f  nearly  to  100  fHthoms.  Shell  jtyni- 
iiiidal,  with  a  nearly  It. it  ]«»(■ ;  n'h(»rl8  nninei- 

■  •ii.s,  tlttt,  vftrionsly  striaU'd  ;  ain-rture  oblique, 
rhonibip,  [H-arly  inside  ;  eoluniella  twistvd, 
hli;;hlly  truncated;  ont^r  lip  thin ;  ttper- 
cuUini  hornv,  nniltinpiral.  Wotnlwanl  eiiuiiie- 
rates  ten  sub-genera,  to  which  Tate  add«  some 
others. 

2.  f'nitront. :  Kossil  8|>ecies  :u>l,  frmn  tlie 
Itevoninn  onwnr>l.  Found  in  Euro]>e,  North 
America,  and  Chili. 

trdck,  '  troke,  v.t.  ITrcok,  v.]  To  truck. 
I'  kilter  ;  to  do  business  on  a  small  scale. 
{.<<:»tch.) 

"  fyttUng  Kiid  communing  w'  that  Idfg  Herrilles." — 
^r<>n  .   tiun  JtaHneritm,  cb.xi. 


moling 


Irucos  =  trucks,  a  game  some- 
billiards.    (Setcvtaa  tt  Bar- 


tro  -co, 

w  hat  resenr 
rfTfi.)] 

h'tniifs :  An  old  English  jrame  revived, 
formerly  known  as  "lawn  billiards,"  from 
which  billiards  is  said  lo  have  had  its  ori;^". 
Tn-co  is  played  on  a  lawn  with  wooden  balls 
and  a  cue  ending  in  a  spoon-shaped  iron  pro- 
jecti'in.  In  the  centre  of  the  green  there  is 
an  iion  ring  moving  on  a  pivot,  and  the  object 
is  to  drive  the  ball  through  the  ring.  Points 
ar-.'  also  made  by  cannoning.     ICannon  (2),  5.] 

trod.  pi'€t  it  pa,  par.  of  v.    [Tread,  v.] 

t  trod,  trod'-den,  pa.  par.  <^v.    [Tread.] 

trode,  j'CiV.  ttjm.  par.  of  v.    [Tread,  v.\ 

'  trode,  '  troad,  ?.     [A.S.  trod,  from  trcdan 
-  Im  tfad  («i.v.).  ]     Tread,  footing. 
"  lu  humble  dftlm  18  fixithiK  fast. 
The  trod/r  in  not  no  tickle.' 

Speiitrr .  ^hfphenrdt  Calender :  July. 

tro-e^  -er-ite,  s.    [After  Herr  Troeger :  suff. 

Mill, :  A  mineral  occurring  in  thin,  tabular 
crystals,  with  walpurgite  and  other  minerals, 
at  the  Welsser  Hirsch  mine,  Schnceberg, 
Saxony.  Crystallization,  nionoclinic  ;  colour, 
lemon-yellow.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated  arsenate 
of  uranium  ;  formula  5U2O3,2AsO5-i-20HO. 
troc-l^,  s.     [Troolv.J 

tro-gi  -nsB.  5.  pi    (Mod.  Lat.  trox,  genit.  tra- 
in'^): Uit.  fern.  adj.  SUIT,  -ino;.] 

EuU'„i.:  A  sub-family  of  Scarabeid;p,  re- 
sembling the  Geotmpina;  in  the  form  of  the 
head,  but  the  legs  are  not  adapted  for  bur- 
rowing. They  feed  on  animal  substance  on 
the  surface  of  the  ground  or  on  trees.  Tliose 
which  frequent  the  former  situation  are 
c/^.louix'd  like  the  sandy  soil,  and  often  coated 
with  sand.  The  others  are  frequently  metallic, 
and  can  roll  themselveij  up  like  a  ball. 

trdg^'lo-dyte, '  trog'-lo-ditc,  r.  &  u.   [Fr. 

tti.-'jh-'hjU .  fr')m  (ir.  TpwyAoii/TTj?  (trogloflutfx) 
=  orie  who  creepsi  into  holes,  a  eave-dweller, 
frr.ni  rpJiyXr,  itrdglc)=a.  cave,  and  ivu  idm) 
=  lo  enter,  to  creep  into,] 

A.  As  substantive : 

I.  Literally: 

1.  (PL):  The  name  given  by  the  ancient 
Greeks  to  various  races  nf  low  civilization, 
wlio  either  excavated  dwellings  in  the  earth  or 
used  natural  caverns  as  habitations.  Accord- 
ing to  Strabo,  they  extended  as  far  west  as 
Mauiitania,  and  as  far  east  a.-;  the  Caucasus; 
but  the  best  known  were  those  of  southern 


Kgypt  and  Kihiopia.  They  were  sai<l  not  to 
jMi^M-.ts  the  [Miwer  of  siH-ech— a  rhet«)rical 
mrtlKhl  of  Mtatirig  that  their  language  dilfered 
fn>m  that  of  the  Greeks.  Cormiiunity  of 
wives  e\i^te^l  among  them,  and  their  general 
habitrtweiv  rude  and  ilel»ased.  .\t  the  ]iresent 
time  the  mountainous  n-gions  of  Arabia  arc 
tilled  with  cjiv^'s  whitdi  have  been  converted 
iiilo  permanent  habitations  by  half-savage 
tiihes  of  Bedouins,  and  it  is  proI«ible  that 
the^)' belong  to  the  siunc  race  astheltoghidytic 
lM»pulalion  of  Ploleniy  and  other  geographers. 
It  was  formerly  thought  that  cavc-dweUers 
weiv  i>eculiar  to  Africa ;  but  recent  archieo- 
logicnl  discoveries  show  that  they  occurred 
also  in  Kurojie  an<l  America,  and  tlie  pre- 
liistoric  men  of  Central  Eurojie  and  Britain 
were  to  a  gi-eat  extent  troglody  tie.  An  interest- 
ing article  on  Troglodyte  Itemuins  in  Southern 
Morocco  api>cared  in  the  Tinus,  Sept.  22,  1887. 
"Some  nttthoro  uiitiiitilii  tliKt  thin  custom  [c»niii- 
ImUaiiiL  Mi'l  tliftt  of  liiiiiiiiii  juwrlllif.  were  widely 
ii|>mul  HUi'-ii^'  the  trifjti^lutft  of  the  Stolie  Age."— 
.V,  Jolt/:  M'l'i  fc'/urir  J/ftals.  ji.  aii, 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  Anthropoid  genus 
Troglodyt*;s.     [Trot.lodvtes,  2.] 

*  II.  ^1(1. :  One  who  lives  in  seclusion ;  one 
unacquainted  with  the  aflairs  of  the  world. 

B.  As  ndj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  troglo- 
dytes ;  living  in  caves. 

"The  Jiivertebrnte  nuinifils  did  not  Attract  the 
att«iiti»ii  of  the  troglodyte  artiatd." — .V.  Joly  :  Mixn 
6.'/oc«  Hetiilt,  \\  301. 

tro-glod'-y-tef,  s.    [Troglodyte.] 

1.  Ornith.  :  Wren:  a  genus  of  Troglody tidte 
or  Ti'ogtodytinie,  from  the  Neotropical,  Ne- 
arctic,  and  Palsearctic  regions.  Bill  moderate, 
compressed,  slightly  curved,  without  notch, 
pointed;  nostrils  basal,  oval,  i)artly  covered 
by  a  membrane  ;  wings  very  short,  concave, 
rounded ;  tail  generally  short ;  feet  strong, 
middle  toe  united  at  base  to  oxiter  but  not  to 
middle  toe  ;  tarsus  rather  long ;  claws  long, 
stout,  and  curved.  Troglodytes  jKirvidua  (t  vul- 
garis), the  Wren,  is  British.    [Wres.] 

2.  Zoo/.:  Agenusof  Simiinfe(q.v.).  Head  not 
produced  vertically  ;  arms  not  reaching  more 
tlian  half  down  the  shin  ;  ribs  thirteen  jrnirs  ; 
OS  intfrmediuni  absent  from  the  carpus  ;  no 
ischiatic  callosities;  hair  black,  dun,  or  gray. 
The  genus  is  confined  to  the  West  African 
sub-region,  ranging  from  the  coast  about  12^ 
north  and  south  of  the  equator,  from  tlie 
Gambia  to  Benguela,  and  as  far  inland  aff  the 
great  equatorial  forests  extend.  The  number 
of  species  is  not  accurately  determined  ;  tliree. 
however,  are  well  known,  and  have  been 
carefully  described  :  Troglodytes  gcrilla,  the 
Gorilla  ;  T.  7iiger,  the  Common,  and  T.  mints, 
the  Bald  Chimpanzee.  There  are  probably 
other  species,  since  Livingstone  met  ivitii 
what  he  supposed  to  be  a  new  species  in  the 
forest  region  west  of  the  Nile  [Soko],  and 
another  lias  been  described  by  Gi-atiolet  and 

AliX.      [KOOLAKAMBA.] 

trog-lo-dyt'-ic,  trog-lo-dyt  -ic-al,  0. 

[Eng.  troglod;it(e) ;  -ic,  -iml]  Pertauiiiig  or 
relating  to  the  Troglodytes,  their  maiiners 
or  customs. 

tro-glo-d^rt'-i-dse,  s.  pi  [Mod.  I^t.  truglo- 
di/t{ts);  Lat.  leui.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -Uhe.] 

Ornith. :  Wrens ;  a  family  of  Passerine 
Birds,  with  sevent-een  genera  and  ninety-four 
species.  They  arc  rather  abundant  and  varied 
in  the  Neotropical  region,  with  a  few  species 
scattered  through  the  Nearctic,  Paliearctic, 
and  parts  of  the  Oriental  region.  The  con- 
stitution of  the  family  is  by  uo  means  well 
determined.     (Widlace.) 

tro-glo-dy-ti'-nsB,  s.  pi  [Jlod.  Lat.  trogio- 
d'it{c^);  Lat.  leni.  pi.  adj.  sutl'.  -ina:.] 

Ornith. :  A  sub-family  of  Timaliidfe  (q.v.), 
distinguished  by  the  bill  beinglongand  curved, 
short  in  proportion  to  the  body.    [Troglo- 

DVTES,    1.] 

trdg'-lo-dyt-ism,  s.  [Eng.  irogIodyt(e) ; 
-isin.]  The  .state  or  condition  of  Troglodytes  ; 
the  state  or  custom  of  living  in  caves. 

"  Perhaps  »e  shall  not  be  far  wioiig  if  we  regard 
Trofflodijtigm  as  the  primitive  aUte  of  all  or  the 
greater  part  of  maukiud."— CVuimfter*  Sncyc.  ix.  5&7. 

(trogo) = 


tro'-gon,  s.    [Gr.,  pr.  par.  of  towvi 
to  gnaw.] 

1.  Ornithology: 

(1)  The  type-gentis  of  Trogonidie  (q.v.), 
witli  twenty-four  species,  ranging  from  Para- 
guay to  Mexico,  and  west  of  the  Andes  in 
Ecuador. 


TAILKD    TRUfit 


(2)  Any  iudividiial  of  the  genus  Trogon,  or 
the  family  Trogonidie  (q.v.). 

2.  rala'oid. :  Kemains  have  been  found  in 
the  Miocene  of  France.  At  that  e\ceptioiially 
mild  period  in  the  northern  hcinisphiTc  Ih'se 
bii-ds  may  have  mnged  over  all  Kurrqie  and 
North  Aiiierica  ;  but,  as  the  climate  became 
more  severe  they  were  gmdiially  restricted 
to  tlie  tropieal  regions,  where  alone  a  sntti- 
ciency  of  fruit  and  insect-food  is  found  all  the 
year  round.    {lt'(dlace.) 

tr6-g6n'-l-d8e»  .-■.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  trogon; 
Lat.  feiii.  pi.  adj.  sutt  -/-/-/■.) 

Ornith. :  A  family  of  Picarian  Birds,  with 
seven  genera  and  fiuty-fonr  species.  They 
are  tolerably  al)uiidant  in  the  Neotropical 
and  Oriental  regions  ;  and  are  represented  in 
Africa  by  a  single  genus.  Bill  .short,  strong, 
with  a  wide  gape  ;  tail  generally  long,  in  .some 
species  very 
long;  feet  ^]^^-^^^ 
small,    and       '  "^ 

often  f  e  a  - 
thered  almost 
to  the  toes, 
two  of  which 
are  placed  in 
front  and  two 
behind.  Tliey 
form  a  well- 
marked  family 
of  insectivor- 
ous forest- 
haunt  i  n  g 
birds,  of  small 
size,  whose 
dense  puffy- 
plumage  exhi- 
bits the  mttst 
exquisite  tints 
of  pink,  crim- 
son, orange, 
brown,  or  me- 
tallic  green, 
often  relieved 
by  delicate 
bands  of  pure 
white.  lu  one 
Guatemalan  species,  Pkaromacrus  mocinyw, 
the  Long-tailed  Trogon  or  Quesal  (q.v.),  the 
tail  coverts  are  enormously  lengthened  into 
waving  plumes  of  rich  metallic  green,  as 
graceful  and  marvellous  as  those  of  the  Birds 
of  Paradise.  Trogons  are  unable  to  use  their 
feet  for  climbing,  and  usually  take  their 
station  on  the  branches  of  a  tree,  dashing  upon 
insects  as  they  fly  past  or  upon  some  fruit  at 
a  little  distance  from  them,  and  returning  to 
their  seat  to  eat  wliat  they  have  secured. 

tro-gon-ther'-i-um,  ,^.  (Or.  Tpiitymv^trCgon), 

\'V.  par.  of  Tpa)-yti>  {fr<'rj''')  ~  t^i  guaw,  and  ^Tjpioi- 
{(hcrion)=^si  wild  beast.] 

Pahmnt. :  A  genus  of  Castoiidie,  from  tlie 
Post-tertiary  deposits  of  Europe.  It  scarcely 
appears  to  be  generically  distinct  from  Castor 
(q.v.). 

tro-gdph'-loe-US,  .«.  [Gr.  T,>wf  ((ror),  genit. 
Tpwyo?  {trogos)  =  a  caterjiillar,  and  t^Aoios 
{jjhloics)  — the  bark  of  trees.] 

Entoin. :  A  genus  of  Staph ylinida.',  with 
twelve  British  species. 

tro-gO-si'-ta,  s.  [Gr.  Tpw^  (trox),  genit. 
Tptijyos  (trogos)  =  a  caterpillar,  and  a-tros  (sito^) 
=  wheat,  com.] 

Entoin.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Trogositida^ 
(q.v,).  TrogosHa  mnuritmiica  is  often  found 
in  meal  bins,  feeding  on  their  contents. 

tro-go-si'-ti-dae,  s.pl.    [Mod.  Lat.  trogosit(a); 

Lat.  felii.  pi.  ad),  sutf.  -ida:.] 

Entoni. :  A  family  of  Necrophaga,  or  Clavi- 
cornia,  with  three  British  genera,  each  contain- 
ing one  species.  Lower  jaws  with  only  one 
lobe,  and  the  first  joint  of  the  tarsi  reduced  in 
size.  They  are  long  beetles,  with  the  IwKly 
compressed,  often  of  metallic  colours.  About 
1  jO  are  known,  mostly  feeding  on  wood. 

tro-gO'-SUS,  s.  [Jlod^  I^t.,  from  Gr.  rpiLf 
(tiux),  genit.  Tpuiyo't  (trogos)  =.  a  gnawer.] 

PaltEont. :  A  genus  of  Tillotheridie,  called 
by  Leidy  Anchippodns.  Founded  on  remains 
from  the  Eocene  of  W'yoming. 

trogue,  s.     [A.S.  trog  =  a  trough  (q.v.).] 

Milting:  A  wooden  trough  forming  a  drain. 


Tro'-ic  a.     [Lat.   Tmicns.] 
to  ancient  Troy  or  the  Tioa?^ 


Of  or  peiiaiuing 
;  Trojan. 


late.  fat.  fare    amidst  what,  fall,  father;   we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine;   go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wffli;  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  tun ;  try.  Syrian.     «,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


TROGONID/E. 


Pliarm)tn{)us  vuinnno 


Lnns-tailfd  Trngon  or  Quefal. 
laliiiiiliis,'  li.-oted  TroKon 


rhiuomam-f  minrefs.  Golrton-hcadrd  Quefal. 
,  FenKi  (•  of  Tyn-^on  t(iti}(ntu&. 


3.  Trogon 


70 


troilite— tr  jmbone 


215 


troi'-lite, -^.  [  AltiM-  DiiiiiiiiicoTioiliof  Modena. 
Italy  ;  sutr.  -,7r  (.Ui/i.).  J 

Mi.i.:  An  inm  sulpliide  ocruniiiL;  oiily  in 
iiit'le<H'it4's,  in  (UsstMiiinateil  ikmI'.iIcs.  Haril- 
iiess,  4'0  ;  sp.  ^r.  •i-'ib  to  4"S'J  ;  clour,  tonikic- 
brown,  resembling  that  "f  pyirliotite  ('i-v,); 
streak,  bluck.  Coin|>os. ;  sulplmr,  :iO-ar>;  iron, 
(l.'i-iU  =  liH>,  which  ia  equivalent  to  the  fur- 
niiilu  FeS. 

Tro-jan.  c  &  *-.     il^t.  Tnyttnus,  from   Troja 
=  Troy.  I 

A.  Asiulj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  ancient 
Tioy  :  as,  the  Ti'ojnii.  war. 

B,  .4s  substantiix : 

I.  Lit.:  An  inhabitant  of  ancient  Troy. 

II.  Fiifurutivdy: 

1.  A  person  of  pluck  or  detenniniitimi  ;  one 
\vh<i  tights  with  a  will :  aconraseoiisemUirer : 
as,  He  bore  the  pain  like  a  Trajan. 

■  2.  A  cant  name  for  an  agetl  inferior  or 
equal. 

■'  Sam  the  butler's  true,  tiic  cook  a  revoreml  TroJan." 
Bcnutn.  *  ^(cf.  :  yhjhl  IKaMvj-,  ii.  I. 

*  3.  A  cant  name  for  a  person  of  doubtful 
character. 

"There  are  other  Tr-^'i»s  that  thou  dreauiest  not 
of.  '—.^halceisp. :  I  Uenra  l\'.,n.  1. 

-troke,  v.l.    tTRocK.] 

troke,  s.    [Troke,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  trnckius*,  exchange,  barter, 
dealings,  intercourse,  truck. 

2.  A  trinket ;  a  small  ware. 
-troll  (1).  .'.     [Tboli.,  v.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  going  round  or  moving 
round;  routine,  repetition. 

■'  The  troll  of  their  tihle.'— Biiric  ;  French  Hevol. 

2.  A  song,  the  parts  of  which  are  sung  in 
succession  ;  a  round. 

3.  A  reel  on  a  lishing-rod. 

4.  A  trolly. 

'■  Thia  '  coach '  is  a  low  beach-cart,  used  in  the  coii- 
Teyance  of  the  fish  from  the  seaside ;  it  is  properly 
<rall»l  a  troll,  and  owes  the  origiu  of  iia  coiistriiL-tiou 
In  the  imiiowiiess  uf  the  streeta  aforesaid."— y»iwf. 
Lc'i'luu  Setcs.  Sept  23,  1861,  p.  33a. 

troll-plate,  .^. 

Modi. :  A  rotating  disc  employed  to  effect 
the  simultaneous  convergence  or  ilivergeme 
of  a  number  of  objects  ;  such  as  sciew-dies  in 
a  stock,  nr  tlie  ja\ss  of  a  universal  chuck. 

troll  (2).  trold.  trolld,  trow,  .-.     roid 

Norse   troll ;    8w.    troll ;    Dan.    trold  =  giant, 
monster,  spectre,  iniejirthly  being.    (Grimm  : 
Vent  Miithol.  (ed.  Mtally brass),  ii.  527.)] 
Scandinavian  Mythulogij : 

1.  A  rotnprehensive  term,  embracing  super- 
natural beings  of  widely  different  character. 

"We  voiiie  aoro.is  miiiieroua  appnixlmatioris  and 
overlapijiiigs  l)etwe€n  the  giaiiHe^eiid  and  those  of 
'dwarfs  and  watersprites,  a.s  the  coinnrtfheiisive  uaiue 
troll  ill  Si-Hiidiuaviaii  tra^Utiou  would  of  itself  indi- 
cate."—tfHiinn;  Bent.  Mi/thol.  \ei.l.  Stallyhraaa).  ii,  .j52, 

2.  A  giant  or  giantess  endowed  with  super- 
natural powei's. 

3.  A  witch,  a  sorceress  ;  a  night-riding  liag. 
Sometimes  extended  so  as  to  include  the 
Va  Iky  res. 

"  I  saw  thee  ride  on  the  hunlle.  loose-hairetl.  loose- 
pirt,  in  trull'g  Rarh."— uWhoh  :  J>t:ut.  Mythol.  (ed. 
i5tallyhniss|.  iii.  i,ii&4. 

\.  (See  extract.) 

■■  Lucas  Xicobsoii  Debes,  who  dat«3  his  description 
oi  Ferve  fron,  his  Pathinos  iu  Thorshaveu.  March  VI. 
1670.  dediL-atea  a  long  chapter  to  the  sjiectres  who  dix- 
tnil>ed  his  coiiin'eifation.  and  sometimes  cirried  ofl'hia 
hearers.  The  n4:tur8  iu  these  disturbaiices  he  states  to 
t>e  the  ."^kow  or  Birrfjcn-Trold^ie.,  the  spirits  of  the 
woods  and  mountains,  Honictinie-s  ealled  subterranean 
people,  and  adds,  they  .appeared  in  deep  caverns  and 
»mong  horrid  rocks ;  as  also,  tliat  they  haunted  the 
itlaces  where  murders  or  other  ileeils  of  mortal  ain  had 
been  ai;ted.  They  ap|>ear  to  have  been  the  genuine 
northern  dwarfs,  or  I'rowii,  another  pronunciation  of 
S'rolltln,  and  are  considereil  by  the  reverent  author  .as 
little  lietter  than  lieiida."— .Saift;  Itemonology.  lett.  iv. 

troU-flower,  s. 

y.'.if.  :  TnAHi's  viiropceits. 

troll,  '  troole.  •  troul,  •  troule,  *  trowl, 

trowle,  '-.t.  iV  (.  {<).  Fr.  trailer,  trauh-r  = 
to  run  liither  and  tliithcr,  to  range  or  hunt 
out  of  order  ;  Fr.  troler  =  to  lead,  to  drag 
about,  to  ramble,  to  stroll  about,  froiu  Ger. 
/ro//eJi  =  to  roll,  to  troll;  eogn.  with  ().  Dut. 
iroUeii  =.to  troll;  Low  Ger.  (/ritteu  =  to  roll, 
to  troll;  of.  Wei.  trol=a.  cylinder,  a  roll; 
irolio  =  to  roll,  to  trundle  ;  trnhjn  =  a  roller  ; 
trodli  =to  whirl ;  troell  =  a  whirl,  wheel,  reel, 
pulley,  or  screw  ;  ?/-w(('7  =  turning,  revolving; 
tro  =  a  turn.l 


A.  Traiu^itice  :       •^ 

1.  To  move  in  a  circtdar  direction  ;   to 
turn  or  roll  about. 

••  To  dross,  and  Iroil  the  tongue,  and  roll  the  eye  " 
Mtltvn  :  I'.  L.,  xi.  CiO. 

*  2.  To  circulate  or  pass  round,  as  a  vessel 
of  liquor  at  table. 

"Give  ine  a  man,  that  when  he  goes  hanging  cries 
trowl  the  black  bowl  to  me."— Araum.  *  f''tvt. : 
hni'jhl  of  Huriiiiiff  I'isttc  ii. 

"  3.  To  circuUite  abroad ;  to  si)r<'acl  the 
name  or  fame  of. 

"  All  t<ingues  shall  trmilc  you  in  »acula  laculorum." 

—  lienum.  .t  fict. :  /'A^^M^•r,  v 

4.  To  sing  the  jiarts  of  in  surcession,  tin* 
voices  succeeding  each  other  at  regular  iii- 
tt-rvals  with  the  same  melody  ;  to  sing  in  a 
full,  jovial  voice. 

•■  Will  you  troll  the  catch ?' 

Slutkesp. :  Tem/tctt,  iii.  2. 

*  5.  To  angle  for ;  hence,  to  entice,  to  allure, 
to  draw  on. 

"  He  .  .  .  troah  and  baits  hini  with  a  nobler  prey." 

—  HainmunU  :  .'itirmoiis,  vol.  iv.,  ser.  viii. 

6.  To  angle  in  ;  to  llsh  in. 

"  With  iiatlent  angle  tmlU  the  finny  deep. 
Or  drives  his  vent  loua  ploughshare  to  the  steep," 
iioldstfiilh :  Trfipctlt-r- 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  go  round  ;  to  move  or  turn  round  ; 
to  roll  along. 

"  Where  eildett  chaii-s  and  coaches  throng. 
And  joalle  as  tliey  Iroirl  along." 

AirtTY:  /)a7t  Smedlei/'s  Petition. 

*  2.  To  stroll,  to  ramble. 

*  3.  To  move  quickly  ;  to  wag. 

"  Fill  him  but  a  Iwule.  it  will  make  his  tongue  froM/<\" 
F.  Beaitnioitt:  Exaltafion  of  Ale. 

4.  To  take  part  in  a  catch  or  r^uind,  the 
voices  suiceeding  each  other  at  regulated 
intervals  with  the  same  melody. 

0.  To  angle  with  a  rod  and  line  running  on 
a  reel  (q-v.). 

'■  I  vainly  trolled  for  ^nke."— Field,  Oct.  29,  1S87. 

trol'-le-ite,  s,  [After  H.  G.  Trolle  Waclit- 
lueister,  the  Swedish  chemist  ;  suff.  -itc 
(Mln.).] 

Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral,  with  com- 
pact texture.  Hanlness,  below  0"0  ;  sp.  gr. 
;V10  ;  lustre,  somewhat  vitreous  ;  colour,  pale 
green.  Compos.:  jthosphoric  acid,  47'S  ;  alu- 
mina, 40  2;  water,  (J0=100,  corresponding 
with  the  formula,  AU.)aF0,5  + JiA1^0;|,3H0. 
Found  in  an  iron  mine  at  Westana,  Scania, 
Sweden. 

troll'-er,  5.  [Eng,  troll,  v.  ;  -e-r.]  One  who 
trolls. 

trol'-le^,  trol'-ly,  .^.    [Troll,  v,] 

1.  A  form  of  truck  whicli  ean  be  tilted  over 
by  rennjviiig  ])ins  which  attach  it  to  tlie 
frame. 

"The  train  consists  of  three  cars  coupled  tocether 
and  a  trolle!/  for  luggage  or  goods,  —litiily  Telegriti/h. 
SepL  2.  18ST. 

2.  A  narrow  cart  which  can  be  either  driven 
by  the  hand  or  drawn  by  an  animal. 

tr611'-ing«  i'l.  ixn:,  a.,  &  s.    [Troll,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  -4s  pr.  par.  £  paiiicip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  suhst. :  The  act  of  one  who  trolls; 
specifically  applied  to  a  method  of  fishing  for 
jtike  with  a  rod  and  line  and  with  a  dead  bait, 
such  as  a  gudgeon,  spoon-bait,  &c. 

"  Trollinn  with  a  deatl  bait  or  spoon  may  result  in  a 
heavy  trout,  if  not  a  \nke."— Field,  Jan.  16.  1896, 

trolling'Spoon, .«.  A  baittrailedbehinda 
boat  tnatti  act  and  cjitch  fish.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  frequent  use  of  a  silvered  si)non 
bowl  to  which  the  hook  is  soldered,  and  which 
is  connected  by  a  snood  to  the  line.  Tlie 
spnon  rotates  as  it  is  drawn  through  the 
water,  and  reflects  the  light  in  different  di- 
rections, like  the  silvery  scales  of  a  small  lish 
in  mnti(jn.     [Spoon-b.ait.] 

trol'-U-us,  s.  [Latinised  from  Sw.  troU 
(q.v.).J 

Bot. :  Globe-flower  (q.v.)  ;  a  genus  of  Helle- 
boreie  (q.v.).  Eic<:t  perennial  herbs,  witli 
alternate  palmately-lobed  or  cut  sepals,  five 
to  fifteen,  coh)ured  ;  petals  five  to  fifteen, 
small,  linear,  flat,  with  a  pit  alnive  the  con- 
tracted Itase ;  stamens  numerous,  follicles 
five  or  more.  Known  species  nine,  from  the 
North  Temperate  and  Arctic  zones. 

*  troll'-ol,  v.t.  or  i.  [A  i-edupl.  of  troll,  v. 
(q.\ ,).]  To  troll ;  to  sing  in  jovial,  rollicking 
manner. 


trol-lop,  ."•.     [I'rob.   from   ?/«//,   v.,  and   per- 
haps a  i;ontraction  of  troU-nhunt.]     [Tkull.1 

1.  A   woman   loosely  dressed  ;    a  slattern, 
a  drab,  a  shit,  a  woman  of  lud  character. 

"  Yi-t  the  virtiiiiu^  viivin  rr-olvwt  tt>  run  away  wUh 
him,  Ut  live  .among  banditti,  tii  wait  unon  his  troUap, 
if  nhe  had  no  otlx-r  way  of  enjoying  bin  comixuiy.''— 
ludu  H-   H".  MoiiUiitu:  Leitrr,   Tune  2.1,  i:64. 

2.  A  loose  hanging  rag.    {Scotch.) 

*  trol-lop-ee',  *■.     [Trolli»p.]    A  loose  dress 
for  lemales. 

■'There  inn'-i  Mrs.  RoundalKnit  —  I  n.enn  th«  fat 
lady  in  Ilio  lutestring  (rn/ZopCf."— UoiUjihiWi.^  Th« 
V.t.  N>,.  II. 

trol'lop-ish,  ".     [Eng.  trullop;  -iiih.]     L/ike 
a  ti-i'll"p  or  slattern  ;  slnviuly. 

trol'-lop-y,  a.     [Eng.  trollop;  -y.]   Slatternly, 

sloveidy. 

"  .\  froWopy.looklng  maid-ervaut."— /a*tc  .iliMf<!ii; 
Maiifjield  Park.  ch.  xxvii. 


trol  ly. 


ITUOLLICV.] 


*  trol'-m^-danies,  s.  (Fi-.  trou-nutdii'nvi-=^a. 
pigeon-hi'ie  :  tmn  r=a  hole,  and  ituuUime=-A 
lady.J  Ah  old  English  game;  pigcondioles; 
nine-lioles. 

*•  A  fellow  I  have  known  U>  go  about  with  trolm^. 
d'tme^:  I  knew  him  once  a  nurvant  of  the  prince."— 
Shakenp.  :  iViiiti-r»  J\iU:  iv.  2, 

trom-bid' i  de§.  trom-bi-^'  i-des,  s.pl. 
[Mud.  Lat.  tiKnOiidium ;  l^t,  nia.sc.  i.>r  fem. 
adj.  sulf.  -ides.] 

ZooL  :  Harvest-ndtes ;  an  extensive  family 
of  Acarina.  Body  stout,  round,  or  oval, 
oft«n  somewhat  oblouL*,  tr.-inieiitly  broader 
before  than  behind  ;  soni.tiiri'-sdi-nselyclothed 
with  a  kind  of  pubesr.  nr.  ;  the  two  hinder 
pairs  of  legs  far  removed  froui  the  two  fore 
pairs  ;  eyes  two.  They  are  generally  of  some 
shade  of  red,  often  bright  vermilion,  some- 
times more  or  less  spotted  with  brown  or 
black.  There  are  several  genera,  some  of 
which  feed  on  the  juii-es  of  jdants,  others 
attack  man  and  the  h>wcr  animals. 

trdm-bid'-i-uiii,  s.  [Etym.  d*ubtful ;  Agas- 
siz  gives  Tpo^i^oifi^s  {(iriinf/niii^i)  =  timid.  This 
word  is  not  found  in  Liddell  it  Scott;  it  occurs 
in  Stephanus  (Tlusonin^  Urmii'  Liiigv<r,  edd. 
Hase  &  DindorO,  with  the  remark  lliat  it  is 
probably  a  niiswriting  for  crrpotxfiujBr}<:  {stnnn- 
hodi's)—  like  a  spiral  snail-shell.] 

ZooL  :  The  type-genus  of  Tronibidides  (q.v.), 
with  many  species,  some  of  which  in  their 
larval  stages  are  parasitic.  The  genus  Leptus 
is  founiled  on  the  larvse  of  several  species  of 
Tronibidiuni.     [Scarlet-mite.] 

trom'-bo-lite,  s.    [Thrombolite.] 

trom-bone', .-;.  [Ital.,  augmentative  of  tromha 
—  a  trumpet  (q.v.).J 

1,  Music: 

(1)  .\  large,  deep  andloud-toncil  instrument 
of  the  trumpet  kincl.  tin-  name  being  an 
augmentative  of  tromlm.  It  consists  of  two 
tubes,  so  constructed  that  one 

may  slide  in  and  out  of  the 
other,  and  thus  form  one  tube 
that  can  be  lengthened  at  will 
and  made  of  varying  piti  ]i. 
There  are  three  kinds  of  trom- 
bones, called  after  their  com- 
pass the  alto,  tenor,  and  bu-;s 
trombones.  Soprano  1  lom- 
bones  have  also  been  mad<', 
but  they  arc  rarely  usfil.  Tlu' 
alto  ti'ombone  has  a  com] ia>s 
of  more  than  two  octaves  and 
a  half,  and  is  also  known  as  , 
the  trombone  in  n  5.  It  i*- 
written  in  the  c  clef,  tliii'l 
line.  The  tenor  tromlioijc  is 
also  known  as  the  tniinbone 
in  B  P.  Jt  is  written  on  the  c 
clef,  fourth  line.  The  bass 
trombone  is  the  lowest  of  all 
in  its  range  of  notes,  ami  is 
known  as  the  Ef.  It  is  writ-  tro.mbum:. 
ten  on  the  k  elcf ;  is  an  octave 
lower  than  the  alto,  and  a  fifth  lower  than  the 
tenor.  Some  of  these  inst  rinnents  are  fitted 
with  i)istons,  whence  they  are  called  valve* 
trombones. 

(2)  A  powerful  reei!  stop  in  the  organ,  of 
eight  feet  or  sixteen  feet  scjile  on  the  manuals 
am[  sixteen  feet  or  thirty-two  feet  on  the 
peflals, 

2.  OnJn.  :  A  form  of  bhmdcrbuss  for  boat- 
st-rvioc. 


boU,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9liin,  bengh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  ^enophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ~  shun;  -tion,  -^ion  ~  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  ^e.  =  bel,  deL 


■J  It) 


trommel— trope 


trdm  -m^l,  »■     [Ktym.  iloulitful.] 

MfhUl.  :  A  fnrni  of  btu!(ile  or  maclihit'  fur 
M'lMrutin^  llii'  riclier  itortiuns  of  slinieK  from 
tlir  worthlrtsii. 

trd  mdm  ^'ter,  ■<•  (Gr.  rpo^of  (/ronio.*)  =  ft 
ii.  Mihlir.j:,  itml  ^cTpoi-  (mr/roH)  =  a  int*asuiv.] 
I'hu^i.A:  An  iiistrinneiit  for  inrnsiiiiit^ 
iMflli  triMiiont.  It  iistiftlly  I'oiisist.s  of  a  pt'ii- 
•liiliiii)  or  poniluUiiiiti,  with  nu-ans  for  oImitv- 
itik:  llit<  oMcilliitiotis  nil  n  niicroiimtii.-  Kcalc. 
(  Mihif :  h^trth'fttukfj,  cli.  xix.) 

trdmp  (1).  *  trompe  (1),  .«•    [Fr.l 

MfOtH. :  The  water-blowing  engine,  used 
a-s  A  furiinco-blast  in  Savoy,  Carniola,  niid 
sotMf  paits  of  Ainorii-a.  Water  from  a  rpst^r- 
voir  flows  through  a  pipe,  which  is  contnict<^il 
jn.-it  iH'hiw  thi"  rewt^rvoir  to  divide  the  strejini 
inl'i  a  shower,  and  luus  oblique  peiforHtinnH, 
thnnmh  whicli  air  ent*'rs  and  is  carried  down 
liy  ttie  w.'it<)r,  which  inipiiigeit  upon  a  platv  in 
a  drum,  s^^paratiiiji  the  air  whicli  is  rom- 
pressed  in  the  upptT  jKirt  of  the  drum,  tlow- 
mi;  thruu>;li  a  i>ipe  to  the  bhist-piiies. 

'tr6inp(2),  *  trompe  (2),  *.    [Fr.  troiiii».] 

A  trnnip,  a  tniriij'et. 

"  Wlthoutcii  tioinp  wiu  proL-lainntloti  iitiuU'." 

Tfiotuon:  Cnuleaf  Imloltnce.  1,  28, 

•  trdm-ptl, .-:.  [0.  Fr.  trompille.]  An  apei- 
tmi-  ni  a  troTnp.    (IfV6.s(er.) 

•  tromp  our,  <.    (O.  Fr.]    A  trumpeter. 

*  Vht-  trnmpitltyt  witli  the  loiul  iiiiiiatniUic* 
Chancer:  Fioieer  i  letK/. 

tron, "-.    (Tkonk.) 

1.  A  stevlyard  balance. 

2.  A  wooden  air-shaft  in  a  mine. 

tro   lUt,  s.     (An  AraV'ic  name.] 

Mill. :  A  nionrxilinic  mineral,  mostly  occur- 
ring tibroiis  or  massive.  Hardness,  2*5  to  .1 ; 
sp.  nr.  \i-l\  ;  iudtre,  vitreous;  colour,  grayish 
to  white  ;  translucent;  taste,  alkaline.  Com- 
pos. :  ejirbonic  acid,  40"2  ;  soda,  37*8  ;  water, 
•i*.;*0  =  100.  whiiOi  yields  tlie  formula,  '2N'aO, 
^CAt.,  -f  4IIO;  Pirst  found  and  used  by  the 
Ambs  at  SiiekfiiiKi,  Fezzau,  Africa. 

•  tron'-age  (age  as  ig),  s.  [Eng.  tro'i{e)  {;!); 
■'1(7'-. I  A  tull  III-  duty  paid  for  sveigliing  wool; 
tlif  act  of  weJt<hing  wool, 

•  tron'-a-tdr,  s.  (Low  Lat..  from  0.  Fr.  trone 
=  a  steelyard.]  An  officer  in  London  whose 
duty  wx-t  to  Weigh  wool. 

'  tronch-onn, .?.    [Truncheon.] 

'  tron-COtU.  [Ital.,  for  tronmto,  pa.  par.  of 
trownrr  =  .to  cut  ofT,  Ui  suj'press ;  Lat. 
triniat.\ 

Music:  Cut  ofT.  mm 
short ;  a  term  din-ch 
a  sound  to  he  cut  slm 
or  just  uttered  anrl  tli 
discontinued. 


T^ 


tron  -  con  -  ee  dc 
mem  bre.  a.    [Vr.\ 

Her.  :  Said  of  a  cr.t-^ 
or  (itluir  be^iring  cut  m 
pirces  and  separated, 
tli'iugh  still  reserving 
the  loi  ni  of  the  cross,  or  other  bearing. 

'  trone  (1),  s.    [Throne.] 

trone  (2),  s.    [Ktym.  doubtful.]  A  small  drain. 

*  trone  (3),  '  trones,  s.  [Low  Lat.  trmra;  O. 
Fr.  froiiW,  tronran  =  a  balance,  a  weight,  from 
i/it.  frM/ina=a  l>a!ance.]  A  kiml  of  steel- 
>ard  or  l>eam  formerly  used  for  weighing 
heavy  ronunndities. 

•  trone-welght,  s.  An  ancient  Scottish 
wi'iglit  used  f'lr  many  home  iiroductions,  as 
wool.  eliicM'.  butter,  &c.  In  this  weight  the 
(H)und  dilb-ied  in  various  counties  from 
21  oz.  to  28  oz.  avoirdii|ioi8.  The  later  tron 
stone  or  standard  weif^bt  contained  10  tron 
pounds,  tlie  tron  pound  being  equivalent  to 
l'Mi~  Ills,  avoirdupois. 

tro6'-iy,  .">■.    [Native  name.] 

D-it.  :  .Vftnir/irid  sarri/Ta.     [Mani'AUia.] 

tro6p«  •  trlp»  ■  troope,  *  troupe,  s.    [Fr. 

frnv-pf  (().  Vr.  trnpe),  frnni  lifiw  Lat,  trnpu.% 
prob.  from  Lat.  turbn  ~  a  crowd  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
trnjiti;  ().  Ital.  trojtjxi ;  Ital.  tnipi><i ;  Dut, 
tiiirti;   Dan.  trap:  Sw.  tropp ;  Ger.  tntjip.] 


I.  OrtJinarji  I.a}\guage : 

1.  A  cidlection  of  i)eople ;  a  crowd,  a  com- 
pany, a  numlH'r,  a  multitude. 

••  A*  tlie  kIow  bciu-t,  witli  henvy  atrciiKtl.  enihiwl. 
In  •onif  wide  Held  It)  troopfi  ot  bojs  puiNiifil." 

i'ope  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xi.  iW-'l. 

2.  .\V)ody  of  soldiers.  (Generally  used  in  the 
plural,  anil  signifying  soldiers  in  getienil, 
wliether  few  or  many,  and  iuclutling  infantry, 
chivalry,  and  artillery.) 

■•  Wlictlier  yuiid  troi>t>$  are  frieudti  or  enenij-." 

Shit/ci-sp.  :  Jutiut  Coftar.  v.  \. 

'  3.  A  company  or  assemblage  of  people. 

•■  Ik'(oic  till'  lucrry  tmnp  tht-  minstrels  pKy'd." 

Drydeti :  Flower  *  Uaf.  M2. 

*  4.  A  band  or  company  of  performers ;  a 
troupe. 

II,  Technically : 

1.  Mil. :  In  cavalry,  the  unit  of  formati-on, 
forming  the  command  of  a  captain,  consisting 
usually  of  sixty  troopers,  and  corresponding 
to  a  company  of  infantry. 

2.  Musi'-: 

(1)  A  march  in  quick  time. 

■'  When  the  dniin«  find  fifes  aonndlnK  a  trnop 
Oir  tliey  briskly  set.'  De/oe. 

(2)  The  second  Iteat  of  the  drum  as  the 
signal  for  niarcliing. 

troop-bird,  >'.  The  samp  as  Troopial 
(q.v.). 

*  troop-meal,  odr.  By  troops,  in  troops, 
in  crowds. 

"  Sn  tri}i-/i-iiifiit.  Trov  pursiie'l  awhile,  " 

(■h'lpinaii  ':  Hamer  ;  Jtitul  w  il.  fi34- 

troop-sbip,  ■•.  A  sliip  for  the  conveyance 
of  troops  ;  a  tiansport. 

"  riien  we  steer  close  alongaiile  of  lier  Mjijeaty's 
grejxt  (rno}}-«l>ip  the  Crocodile,  full  of  time-expired 
Riid  iiiviilidsoldlei-s."— «n«.v  Telegraph.  Dec.  4,  1885. 

troop,  (•.(.     [Troop,  s.] 

1.  To  collect  in  crowds;  to  assemble  or 
gather  in  numbers. 

"  Nor.  wliile  tliey  pick  them  iqi  with  linsy  bill, 
The  littU  trooping  birda  unwisely  acMres." 

Tho>n*on  :  Spring,  13C, 

2.  To  march  in  a  body  or  company. 

"  Nor  do  I  i)(i  an  enemy  to  peace. 
Troop  in  the  thrones  of  milltiry  men  " 

Shaketp.     i  Ifenry  JV..  iv.  1. 

*  3.  To  march  in  liaste.  (Generally  followed 
by  off.) 

"  At  whose  approach  ghosts  ,  .  . 
TrtiOp  home  to  chnrcnyania." 

SliiikcKp.  :  Miflsittmner  A'igJtf's  Oream,  iii.  2. 

*  i.  To  associate. 

"  A  snowy  dove  trooping  with  crows." 

Shakc^p. :  liomeo  *  Juliet,  i.  5, 

troop -er,  s.     [Eng.  troop;  -er.] 

1.  A  private  soldier  in  a  body  of  cavalry  ;  a 
liorse-soldier. 

"  Hia  old  troopers,  the  SataUB  and  Beelzebulis  who 
liHil  shiircil  hist  crimes,  and  who  now  nhared  his  i>erilM. 
werp  reitdy  to  l>e  the  companions  of  his  fliglit.  "— J/(»f- 
auhin  ■  J/'i.it.  Kng.,  ch.  xiii. 

2.  A  troop-ship  (q.v.). 

■"The  high,  white  sides  at  the  trooper,  awarmiUK 
with  ]ife:'—Oailg  TcU'graph,  Dec.  4,  1885. 

troo -pi-al,  ■''.     [Fr.  troupink,  from  troupe ^=  a 
tioop,  trom  their  habit  of  assembling  in  large 

tlork.-!.] 

Oi-nith. :  A  popular  name  for  seveial  species 
of  the  genus  Icterus ;  often  extended  to  the 
sub-families  Icterinie  and  Agelainie.  All  the 
troopials  are  American,  and  in  s(uiie  respect.s 
resemble  the  Sterlings  and  in  otliers  the 
Fimdies  of  the  Old  World.  In  the  Icterinae 
the  prevailing  colours  of  the  plnniage  are 
yellow  and  black,  and  the  species  are  also 
known  as  Orioles.  The  CoTumon  Troopial, 
Icterus  vulgaris,  is  about  ten  inches  long  ; 
back  and  abdomen  yellow  ;  head,  neck,  bre^ist. 
and  tail  black  ;  white  band  on  wings.  The 
Orchard  Troopial,  I.  spuHus,  resembles  the 
Baltimore  Oriole  (q.v.)  in  general  appearance, 
but  is  slenderer  in  form. 

troop' -ihg,  /»■.  par.  or  a.     [Taoop,  v.] 

^  'i'ro(ypi)}tj  the  colours  ' 

Mil.  :  A  ceremony  observed  in  garrisons, 
when  the  whole  of  the  guards  are  paraded 
previous  to  marching  to  tlieir  iespecti\e  posts. 
These  bodies  are  formed  in  line,  on  the  Hank 
and  in  front  of  which  the  colour  is  plaeetl, 
prot-ected  by  sentries.  The  baud  face^  it  on 
the  opposite  flank.  After  the  guards  are 
inspected,  &c.,  the  band  ad\'ances  in  slow 
time  to  tlie  colour,  which  is  now  provided 
with  an  escort ;  and,  finally,  the  band,  escort, 
and  colour  pass  between  the  openeil  ranks  of 
tlie  guards  in  a  series  of  single  tiles  until  the 


other  tlauU  of  the  line  is  reached.  The  colours 
are  .saluted  by  presenting  arms,  and  the 
guards  march  past. 

troost'-ite.  «.  [After  Prof.  G.  Troo.st,  of  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee,  U.S.A.  ;  sufT.  -ite^Min.)} 

Mill.  :  A  vai'iety  of  Willemite  (<i.v.),  occur- 
ring in  large  opaque  crystals,  whicli  are 
mostly  impure  from  the  presence  nf  iron  and 
manganese.  Found  with  frankliuite,  &c.,  in 
tlie  State  of  New  Jersey,  U.  S.  A. 

tro-psa-o-la'-^e-je,  .•>•.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tro~ 
j'lV'il^nm):  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  snff.  -aceo'.] 

But..  Indian-cresses;  an  order  of  Ilypogyii- 
ousExogens,  alliance  Malvalcs.  Sinniitli,  twist 
ing  or  twining  herbs  of  tendci-  texture  and 
aerid  tAstc.  Peduncles  axilhny,  uiic-tlowered. 
Sepals  three  to  five,  generally  with  valvate 
{estivation,  the  upper  one  with  a  long  spur; 
petals  normally  five,  yellow,  scarlet,  orange, 
mrely  blue,  sometimes  reduced  to  two  or 
even  one,  convolute  in  festivation  ;  stamens 
six  to  ten  ;  anthers  two-celled ;  style  one  ; 
stigmas  three  to  five ;  ovary  one,  three- 
cornered;  three  or  five  carpels;  ovules  soli- 
tary ;  fruit  indehiscent ;  seeds  lar»e,  without 
alluimeu,  filling  the  cell  in  which  they  are. 
Known  genera  five,  species  forty-three.  (Liiid.- 
Icit.)  All  from  the  temperate  parts  of  America. 
The  order  was  formed  by  the  elevation  of  the 
tribe  Tropteoleas  [1] ;  now  most  botanists  are 
reverting  to  the  old  arrangement. 

tro-pae-o'-le-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tro]xeol(vm) ; 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  atlj.  sulf.  -e<t\] 
Botany : 

1,  A  tribe  of  Geraniaceffi,  the  equivalent  of 
the  order  Tropajolacese  (q.v.).    (Jussieu,  etc.) 

2.  The  typical  tribe  of  TropveoIacea\  having 
irregular  flowers  and  pendulous  ovules. 

tro-pse-dl'-ic,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  trop(rol(itm)  ; 
■i'\\     Liciived  from  tropieolum. 

tropseolic-acid,  «. 

Clic'ii.  :  .\\i  acid  extracted  from  tlie  herb 
and  seed  of  Tyoptvolum  viajiis,  by  heating  with 
alcohol.  It  crystallizes  in  slemler  needles,  in- 
soluble in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  etiier. 

tro-psB'o-lum,  trop-se-o'-lum,  s.  [Gr. 
TpoTTatoi'  (troii'iitni)  =  a  trophy.  So  nainetl 
from  its  peltate  leaves.] 

Bat. :  Indian-cress  or  Nasturtium ;  the 
typical  genus  of  Trop;eolacea*  (q.v.).  Calyx 
five-parted,  the  np|>er  lobe  spurred  ;  petals 
normally  Ii\e,  unequal,  the  three  lowest  small 
or  wanting  ;  staTucns  eight,  free  ;  carpels  three, 
kidney-shaped;  fruit  roundish,  furrowed,  in- 
dehiscent,  the  .seed,  large,  filling  the  cell. 
Climbing  plants  from  South  America.  About 
twenty-seven  are  cultivated  in  British  gar- 
dens. Those  best  known  are  TropoMlum 
majus,  the  great,  and  T.  mimis,  the  small, 
Indiau-cress  or  Nasturtium,  The  leaves  of 
the  first  are  peltate,  nerved,  orbicular,  some- 
wliat  lol»ed,  the  nerves  not  mueronate  ;  pe- 
tals obtu.se.  It  was  brought  at  first  from 
Pern.  The  second  species  is  smaller  than  the> 
last,  with  peltate  nerves,  orbicular  leaves, 
deep  yellow  flowere,  streaked  with  orange  and 
red.  The  berries  of  both  species  are  gathered 
when  green  and  made  into  a  pickle,  and  used 
also  as  a  garnish  for  dishes.  T.  tricnlorum  is 
a  highly  ornamental  species,  having  the  calyx 
wavy,  scarlet,  tijiped  with  black,  and  the 
petals  yellow.  T.  atmiricnse  is  a  cHiuliing 
\ariety  known  as  tlie  Canary  creeper.  Of  late 
years  florists  have  succeeded  in  obtaining  end- 
less varieties  of  colours  of  tropa'olnm. 

tro-par'-i-on,  s.    [Tropekion.] 

trope,  .=;.  [Lat.  tropns  =  a.  figure  of  speech,  a 
trope,  from  Gr.  Tpoxros  (trojws)  =  a  turning,  a. 
turn  or  figure  of  speech,  fiom  tpc'ttw  (treiio)  = 
to  turn;  Fr.  trope;  Sp.  &  Ital.  tropo.] 

1.  Rhet. :  A  figurative  use  of  a  word ;  a  word 
or  expression  used  in  a  diUerent  sense  from. 
that  which  it  properly  possesses,  or  a  word 
changr-d  from  its  original  signification  to 
another  for  the  sake  of  giving  life  or  emphasis 
to  an  idea,  as  wlien  we  call  a  stupid  fellow  an 
ass,  or  a  shi-ewd  man  a  fox.  Tropes  are  chiefly 
of  four  kinds :  metaphor,  metonymy,  synec- 
doche, and  irony  (see  these  words) ;  but  to 
these  may  be  added  allegory,  prosopopoeia^ 
antoiiomasia,  and  perhaps  some  other.s. 

"Figures  of  words  are  coininonly called  trom'S.nivX 
coiiaiat  in  a  word's  being  employed  to  slenify  some- 
thing: thtit  is  clifTeientfrom  its  original  and  primitive ; 
Hu  tlmt  if  von  alter  tlie  word,  you  destroy  the  fiifiue.'  — 
/ihih-     /ihrCuric,  lett,  44. 


i&te,  fiit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot. 
or.  wore,  w^If,  work,  wlio,  son :  mute,  cub,  ciire,  i;mite.  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


troper—tropicons 


217 


*  2.  Romnu  Rtfual:  Tin*  imiiu'  jjivcn  to 
verses  sun^  at  High  Mass,  hefoie  or  aftci-,  iiiiU 
sometiiiu-s  in  the  iniiUlle  of  thi'  liitmii. 
Tropes  wure  iiitvudiu^ed  by  tlio  monks  as  early 
as  A.D.  1000,  but  were  it'iiiovt'd  from  the 
Missal  on  its  revision  muler  Pius  V.  (lOiiO-Ti;). 

trop'-er,  •;.    [Tkockrion.I 

tro  per  i  on,  tro  par'-i-dn,  trop'-er,  s. 

ITHoiu:.] 

lloman  Ritual:  A  book  coiit«imnj;tlie  tropt-s 
[Tkope,  2.),  but  fi-equently  used  also  for  a 
liook  containing  Sequences.  The  word  Tro- 
perion  often  oecurs  in  Church  inventories. 
(A. hi  is  £  Arnold.) 

troph'-i,  .*.  i'l.  (Or.  Tpu<t>6i  (trophos)  =  one 
who  feeds  or  nourishes;  rpe'^w  {tre2^ho)  =  to 
nourish.] 

Kntom. :  The  organs  about  the  inoutb  in 
insects.  These  are  of  two  ty]ws,  the  tnasti- 
catory  and  the  suctorial,  which  are  sometimes 
modified  and  occasionally  combined.  The 
troplii  of  jMasticatory  Insects,  such  as  Beetlns, 
consist  of  (1)  an  upper  lip,  or  labrum  ;  (2)  a 
pair  of  mandibles,  for  biting  ;  (3)  a  pair  of 
maxilUe,  for  chewini; ;  (4)  a  lower  lip,  or 
lal)ium.  In  the  Suctorial  Insects,  such  as  the 
Butterliii's.  the  labrum  and  mandibles  are 
rudimentary ;  the  maxillie  are  greatly  elon- 
gated, and  i'orm  a  spiml  trunk,  or  antlia,  by 
which  the  Juices  of  flowers  are  sucked  up. 

troph'-ic,   '  troph'-ic-al,  o.    [Gr.  Tpo(f)t*cds 

((mphik"!')  —  nursing,  tfuding,  front  rpo^jj 
(fn»j'/u")  =  nourishnirnt.]  Pertaining  or  re- 
latin^'  ti^  the  direct  influence  of  nourishniL-nt 
or  nutrition. 

trophic  nerves,  >.  pi 

rini.<(u!.  :  Any  n<Tv._'s  which  either  actually 
intbieiici'  nutriti'iM,  or  have  been  supposed  to 
do  so  ;  as  the  tifth  or  trigeminal  nerve,  which 
lias  a  certain  influence  on  the  nutrition  of  tlie 
eye.    (Fos^ter :  rhasioL,  ch.  v.,  §5.) 

'  tro  -phied,  "^  tro-phyed,  a.  [Eng.  trophy: 

■nl.]     .\doined  with  truflues. 

"  The  u.iiuc  th:it  wont  the  troj>?ij/\l  Jircli  to  grace." 
Howe:  Ltwan;  Pharaalia,  \nL 

troph'-is,  s.  [Gr.  Tp6(/>ts  (/rop;as)=  well-fed, 
stout,  large.  I 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Artocarpaeeae.  Flower.s 
dioecious,  spike  axillary,  males  with  four 
stamens,  females  with  a  single  ovule.  Fruit 
succulent.  Natives  of  botli  the  East  and  the 
West  Indies.  Trophis  americana,  the  Ramoon 
tree,  is  about  twenty  feet  high,  and  bears 
pleasantly  flavoured  drupes  about  the  size  of 
grapes.  It  is  a  native  of  the  West  Indies, 
where  the  leaves  and  twigs  are  eaten  by  cattle. 
The  milky  juice  of  T.  asper,  a  small  e'veigreen 
Indian  tree,  is  applied  to  cracked  heels  and 
sore  hands.  It  is  astringent  and  septic,  and 
the  bark,  in  decoction,  is  used  as  a  lotion  in 
fevers;  the  ruugli  leaves  are  employed  to 
polish  woorl.  T.  spiuosa  is  another  Indian 
species ;  its  fruit  is  eaten  in  curries. 

troph'-on,  s.  [Gr.  Tpo<l>6f  (trophon)  =  that 
whicli  nourishes;  food.] 

Zool.  it  I'aUvont.  :  A  sub-genus  of  Fusus, 
with  tliiity-eight  recent  species  from  the  Ant- 
arctic and  Northern  Seas,  the  British  coast, 
itf.     Fossil  in  Chili  and  Britain. 

Tro-pho'-ni-an,  a.  [See  def.]  Pertaining  or 
relatiu.L;  to  thy  Grecian  architect  Tniiilionius, 
or  to  his  cave  oi- his  architecture.  Troplionius 
is  said  to  have  built  the  celebrated  temple  of 
Apollo  at  Delphi.  He  had  a  temple  at  Le- 
badeia,  and  was  worshipped  as  Jupiter  Tro- 
plionius. In  this  temple  was  a  celebrated 
cave,  and  those  who  descended  into  it  were 
said  to  speak  oracularly  on  their  return  ;  but 
the  impressions  pnxluced  by  the  descent  were 
thought  to  be  so  saddening  that  the  visitor 
remained  a  victim  to  melancholy  the  rest  of 
his  life.  Hence  arose  the  proverb  apjdied  to  a 
serious  man — that  he  looked  as  if  he  came  out 
of  the  cave  of  Trophonius. 

*  trdph'-o-pol-len,  s.  [Gr.  rpo^os  (trophos) 
=  a  feeder,  and  Lat.  pollen  (q.v.).] 

Bof.  :  Turpin's  name  for  the  septum  of  an 
autluT. 

trdph''6-s6me,  s.  [Gr.  Tpo«^d5  (troplwii)  =  a 
nurse,  and  auifxa  (lioma)  =  the  body.] 

Zoo/.  :  A  terni  proposed  by  Prof.  AUman 
for  the  whole  assemblage  of  nutritive  zodids 
of  a  Ilydrozoou  (q.v.). 


"  tropho -Sperm,    "  troph-o-sper'-mi- 

Um,  «.  l<-'i'-  Tpojjos  (tniiihos)=.  a  fei'ler,  and 
UTrepixa  (sihTimi)  =  a  seed.] 

Hot. :  A  name  used  by  Richard  for  the  pla- 
centa (q.v.). 

tro'-phj^,  *  tro-phce.  -•<.  [Fr.  trnphi:r  =  a 
trophy,  tlie  s]HMl  iif  an  enemy,  from  Lat. 
tropirinn  =  a  si,:,'n  of  virtory,  fnuu  Or.  TpoTraioi- 
(/ro;xfio»)  =  a  nionument  of  an  enemy's  de- 
feat, a  troi)hy.  prr>p,  neut.  sing,  of  rpoiraros- 
(troiinios)—  pertaining  to  a  defeat,  lVr>ni  rpomj 
ltroj}e)  =  a  return,  a  put- 
ting to  flight  of  an  eneniy 
by  causing  them  to  turn, 
from  rpenot  (trtpo)  =  to 
turn  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  tvofeo.] 
I.  OrcUnanj  Languaiji' : 

1,  A  moiHunent  or  me- 
morial in  I'ommnmoratinn 
of  a  victory.  It  consisted 
of  some  of  the  arms  anrl 
other  spoils  of  the  van- 
quished enemy,  hung 
upon  the  trunk  of  a  tree 
or  a  pillar  by  the  victors, 
eitlier  on  the  field  of 
battle  or  in  th.e  capital  of  trophv. 
tlie  conqueretl  naticui.   If 

for  a  na\al  victory,  it  was  erected  on  thr 
nearest  land.  The  trophies  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  were  decked  out  with  the  arms  of  the 
vanquished  for  land  victories,  with  the  beaks 
of  the  enemy's  vessels  for  naval  engagements. 
[Rostral-column.]  In  modern  times  trophie.s 
liave  been  erected  in  churches  and  other  pub- 
lic buildings  to  commemorate  a  victory. 

2.  Anything  taken  and  preserved  as  a  me- 
morial of  victory,  as  flags,  standards,  arms, 
and  the  like. 

"No  hostile  atauilnnl  hns  been  aeen  here  but  us  a 
tropht/. ' — A/aviinliiit :  I/i»f.  Kng..  ch.  iii, 

*  3.  A  memorial,  a  monument. 

"  Worn  as  .1  ineiiionible  tropht/  of  predeceased 
\i\\ouT."—Shakcgp. :  licnry  \'.,  v.  \. 

4.  Anything  that  is  an  evidence  or  memo- 
rial of  victory  or  conquest. 

II.  Arch.:  An  ornament  representing  the 
stem  of  a  tree,  charged  or  encompassed  with 
arms  and  military  weapons,  oftbHSive  and  de- 
fensive. 

trophy- cress,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Tropicolum  (q.v.). 

*  trophy -money,  -•;.  A  duty  formerly 
paid  in  England  annually  by  ht)usekeepcrs 
towards  providing  harness,  drums,  colours, 
&c.,  for  the  nnlitia. 

tro'-phy-wort,  .'.     [Eng.  trophy,  and  wort.} 

Rot. :  The  genus  Tropseoluni  (q.v.). 

trop  ic(I),  *tr6p-ick,  *trop-ik,  .^.  &  a. 
[Fr.  troj'iijiir,  from  Lat.  tropicinR,  accus.  of 
(nipicus  =^  tropical,  fi*om  Gr.  TpoTrt«ds  {tropi- 
Aos)=:  belonging  to  a  turn  ;  6  rpoTriKos  kukAos 
{ho  Iropikos  l-uld'js) —  i\w  troj'ic  circle,  from 
TpoTTos  (tropoS:)  =  a  turn;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital. 
tropico.]     [Trope.] 

A.  As  suhsia7itive: 

I.  Ordinarii  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

2.  (PI-)  :  The  regipns  lying  between  the 
tropics  or  near  them  on  either  side. 

II.  Tecltnically: 

1.  At^trnii.  :■  One  of  the  two  small  circles  of 
the  celestial  sphere,  situated  on  each  side  of 
the  equator,  ata  distance  of  23^28',  and  parallel 
to  it,  which  the  sun  just  reacliesat  its  greatest 
declination  north  or  south,  and  from  whieh  it 
turns  again  towards  the  equator,  the  northern 
circle  being  called  the  Tropic  of  Cancer,  and 
the  southern  the  Tiopic  of  Caiirieorn,  from  the 
names  of  the  two  signs  at  which  they  touch 
the  ecliptic. 

"  Seven  timea  the  auii  baa  either  trojjio  vicw'ii, 
The  wluter  bniiisb'il.  aiiJ  the  Bpriiiy  i-fiiewiL" 

Drffden  :  Virf/il ;  .tJneitt  i.  L0G4. 

2.  Geog.  :  One  of  the  two  parallels  of  ter- 
restrial latitude  corresponding  to  the  celestial 
tropics,  being  at  the  same  distance  from  the 
terrestrial  equator,  as  the  celestial  tropics 
are  from  the  celestial  equator.  The  one  north 
of  the  equator  is  called  the  Tropic  of  Cancel-, 
and  that  south  of  the  equator  the  Tropic  of 
Capricorn,  (.)ver  these  circles  the  sun  is 
vertical  when  his  declination  is  greatest,  and 
they  include  that  portion  of  the  globe  callcl 
the* torrid  zone,  a  zone  about  47^  wide,  having 
the  equator  for  a  centra!  line. 


B.  As  atij. :  Of  or  portnining  to  the  tropics ; 

tropical. 

"  Hurni.  hum  '.    Our  watch  Utknie  \ 
Wv  bull  iiiictf  iiiDiu  the  trviih-  siiu." 

Scott:  /tri.l'il './ 1'rirrinain.  III. '24. 

li  Tlie  stars  arc  brigliter  In  the  Inqiic^  than 
in  the  temperate  zones,  and  astronomical  ob- 
servation is  easier.  Cyclones  arise  within  the 
tropics.  The  characteristic  vegetation  of  tlie 
trr)iiics  consists  of  gigantic  endogetis,  a.'i 
lalms,  some  of  which  rise  to  a  heig^lit  of  from 
lOU  to  200  feet.  More  polypetalous  exogens 
are  arboreseent  tliaii  in  temjterate  climes. 
The  Conifene  exist  chielly  on  ijionntains. 
l-'erns  abound  in  tropical  islands,  and  delta.'* 
where  water  is  plentiful,  so  that  in  some 
loealities  fiom  '2oO  to  300  species  may  Ik- 
gatlier<'d.  The  tnqiical  type  of  vegetation 
was  stqiarated  at  a  remot*;  period  into  twt> 
IM.rtious,  one  in  the  Old  World,  the  other  in 
llir  New.  Shells  are  brighter  than  in  lands 
where  the  sun  is  less  poweifid,  the  birils  more 
numerous  and  of  gayer  plumage,  the  felinr 
tribe  larger  and  in  greater  nmubers.  The 
Anthropida-  have  their  aiqiropriate  seat  in 
tropical  l;in.ls. 

tropic  bird,  -. 

(ini'th.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  ■.;<-iius  Phaetmi  (q.v.).  They  are  tropical 
sea-birds,  in  habits  and  general  appearance 
apiiroa'-Iiing  gulls  and  terns,  and  resembling 
the  latter  in  their  mode  of  flight.  Their 
powers  of  (light  are  great,  and  they  are  usually 
seen  at  considerable  distances  from  the  land, 
as  they  live  almost  entirely  on  the  wing,  and 
wlien  they  do  not  return  to  the  distant  sliore 
to  roost,  rest  ujion  the  surface  of  the  water. 
They  are  about  thirty  inches  long,  of  which 
the  "long  tail-feathers  occupy  about  one-half. 
The  general  hue  of  the  plumage  is  white  ;  ni 
two  species,  from  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean,  rimeton 
uffhrrius  (ui  C(nidUhts)  and  P.  Jfaviro.^tris,  thc- 
tiiil-featlif^is  an-  white  ;  in  the  third  species,  P. 
-]>hnninn-i(.^.  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  they  are 
red,  and  are  lijghly  valued  by  the  natives  of 
the  South  Seas  as  ornaments.  Tropic-birds 
nest  in  holes  in  clifl"s  and  on  rocky  islands, 
the  female  laying  only  one  egg,  and  the  male 
sitting  in  a  hole  by  her  side,  both  with  heads 
inwards. 


('r)t rtii)(ine) ;   -ic]    De- 


trop'-ic  (2),  ".    [Enc 

n\'f,l  iinin  atropine. 

tropic-acid,  s. 

Cheiii.  :  C()HioO;{.  A  monobasic  acid,  ob- 
tained by  digesting  atroidne  and  belladonna 
with  baryta  water.  It  crystallizes  in  needles 
or  plates  slightly  soluble  iu  water,  and  melts 
at  U7\ 

trop-ic-al  (I),  'T.     [Eng.  ?ry/))V(l) ;  -al.] 

1.  ( >f  or  peitaining  to  the  tropics  ;  being  or 
lying  within  the  tropics. 

"Many  reasoiiB  may  be  .issitjiicd  for  this,  beside  the 
accidental  ones  from  the  make  of  the  jiarticular 
countries,  tropical  uiutla,  or  the  like."— Ihmipicr  : 
I'oi/tines  (an.  16Sti|. 

2.  Cliaracteristic  of  the  tropics  :  as  tropical 
heat. 

3.  Incident  to  the  tropics  :  as  tropiad  dis- 
eases. 

tropical-lichen,  $. 
r.ifhnl.  :  Prickly  lieat(<i.v.). 

tropical-year,  ■■•.  The  .same  as  Solar- 
VKAH.     [Yi;  Ai;.] 

trdp-iC-al(2),  a.  [Eng.  trojiie) ;  -ical.]  Figu- 
rative ;  nietaphorical ;  of  the  nature  of  a  trope. 

"This  is  all  which  we  nie.-in  besides  tb«  tropictil  unit 
fldunttive  iii-e»ence, '—///>.  Taylor:  Jical  I*re»cnce,  §  L 

*trdp'-ic-al  l^r,  mir.  [Eng.  ?roptcai(2);  -ly.] 
In  ;i  tropical  or  ligui-ative  manner  ;  figura- 
tively. 

"He  gninta  it  in  plain  terms,  that  Chrisfs  body- 
is  chewed,  U  attrite  or  broken  with  the  teeth,  and 
that  not  IrifjiiatHa  but  proiicrly."— fi^».  Taj/lor:  Heat 
Pn-scmi;  §  ;!. 

trdp-ic-6-pdl'-l-tan,  a,  (Eng.  tropic,  and 
Gr.  no\iTrts  (poHt4i4  =  ^  citizen.]  Belonging 
to  the  tropics  ;  f(mnd  only  in  the  tropics. 

"  Tropicupolitan  Kroui»a."—  Wuliaee, 

trop-ic-or-is,  s.  [Gr.  TptJins  (tropin)  —  a 
ship's  Ueel,  and  «dpt?  (koris)  =  a  bug.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Seutata.  Trojncoris 
yiiji}ifs  is  the  Red-legged  Bug  ;  the  sides  of  the 
prothorax  are  produced  into  broad -jiointed 
processes ;  the  prevailing  colour  is  brown, 
with  many  large  black  punctures,  and  on  the 
tip  of  the  scutellum  a  reddish  spot.  Length, 
twii-thirds  of  an  inch. 


1)^1,  boy;  p4>iit,  jo^l;  cat,  ^ell,  choms,  9liin,  ben^h;  go,  ^em;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  fc 
-<Jian,  -tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  ^  shus.    -hie,  -die,  A^c.  ^  hel,  del. 


218 


tropidine— trouble 


trdp  I-dine,  t.     lEng.  lrvi\in*);  sufl.  -i'l, 

<  /,r,.i.  :  i\Uy,iS.  An  oil  olttainwl  by  heat- 
in;;  tri'pinc  Willi  coin-oiitnit4'<I  liydnKihloric 
aL'itI,  *>r  Willi  ;;lm'ial  iici'tic  acid  tn  ISO*.  It 
ba<i  tilt*  tMtour  uf  cuiiim-,  ainl  boiU  at  lO'J'. 

tr*p-I-d6-,  /"X^.  IlJr.  Tpoiric  itropLt),  latr 
^.  Till.  TpoffiS^f  ((ro/Mi/os)  =  n  keel.)  Having; 
.1  k'.-llikr  |iriH-<.'»8  or  pr»)Cf!W«H. 

trdp  i-d6-l6p''iS»  f.  [Prcf.  tiopiiUf,  and 
Oi.  A«iri<  {Iff  is)  —  »  st'ale.  j 

/<«>/. :  A  Rcnnw  of  I)>iiani(lii-,  with  liflffn 
s|»ccu-H,ran};iin;nvrrt  lie  lin^ttTnail  of  tropica  I 
Ainrrn-a  and  north  to  California.  Back  not 
.nfnt*""!  ;  throat  with  a  fold  on  each  side. 

tr6P'i-d6-ldp'^'-m^  ^^.  |l*ref.  //■ovtii/"-,and 
(ir.  AVvitTfia  (/rjujHMi)  =  that  which  is  ixrcded 

ZiioK  :  A  pMHis  of  ScincidiP,  with  six  speini-s, 
|M>ciilinr  to  AiiHtniliiu  Tail  elonyalc,  round, 
TaptTini;,  arim-d  ;  smies  thrte-  or  live-kceled, 

^hvrhtly  toolht-d  behind. 

tr6p  i  do  lep-tiis,  --     iPref.  tropido-,  and 

l.ir.  Asirrby  (Uptos)  =  thin.] 

I'uUront.  :  A  gonus  of  Orthida:,  sojiaratt'd 
from  Sliophnnieiia  (q.v.),  with  two  specii-s 
Ii.'iii  tlif  Devonian  of  the  United  States. 

trop-i-d^no'-tuB,  J.  IPref.  tropulo-,  and 
4_;r.  WTO?  (notos)  =  llie  back.] 

/ool. :  A  genns  of  Colubrine  Snakes,  sub- 
family Natricina?,  with  numerous  spec^ies.  very 
widely  distribnte<l,  absent  only  from  .South 
America.  Body  stout  to  slender,  tapiTin.i.'  to 
bead  and  tail,  btdly  nMiml ;  head  distiml, 
crown  flat,  occipitii  tract  bruad,  snout  narrow; 
tail  tapiTJng  to  a  jNunt ;  eye  moderately  large, 
jiupil  riHind  ;  teeth  small ;  scales  keeled, 
pointj'd,  trumnte,  or  emarginate.  One  species 
IS  British,  TrofHitonotus  iiatrix  (=  *  Xatrix 
t'Tfiimlv),  the  Common  Snake.     [Snake.] 

trop-x  doph'-or-a,  s.  (I*ref.  tropido-,  and 
»ir.  <Jopo?  {plioros)  =  bearing.] 

ZooL  :  The  name  given  by  Troschel  to  the 
spt-cies  of  Cyclost^jnia  (q.v.)  whieli  liave  the 
whorl  .<ipii-ally  keeled.  They  are  found  in 
Madaga!icar  and  the  adjacent  islands  and  on 
the  euast  of  Africa. 

trop-i-dSpli'-or-us,  ^=.  ITropidoi-hoha.] 
/'•"/.  :  A  genus  of  Scincidie,  with  two  spe- 
ii<  s  Irom  Cochin  China  and  the  Philippines. 
Tail  with  four  spinous  keels  above,  and  its 
sides  smooth.  Pre-aiial  plates  three,  huge  ; 
the  eentml  one  triangular. 

trop  i-do-rhyn'-chus,  s.    [Pref.  tropido-, 

;iii<l  dr.  pUYX°5  {rhui,'ji:hos)  =  the  snoUt.] 

Oi  aith. :  A  genus  of  Melipliagidie,  with 
eighteen  species,  ranging  from  Moluccas  and 
Lonibok  to  Xew  Guinea,  Australia,  Tasmania, 
and  Xew  Caledonia.     [Friar-buid.J 

-trop-i-do-ster -nils,  s.    [Pref.  tropido-,  ami 

Or.  trrtpvoi/  {stcrnon)  =■  the  breast,  the  chest.] 

Kntoin. :   A  large  genus  of  Hydropliilidne, 

from  North  an<l  South  America.     Some  are 

iji'-tallic,  others  with  yellow  sti'ipes. 

trop  -ine,  s.     [Eug.  {n)tropiiLe  (q.v.).] 

<_'lirin.  :  CglljsNO.  An  oi-ganic  base  ob- 
tiiini'd  by  lieating  atropine  with  a  saturated 
solution  of  baryta  water,  and  ])rocipitating 
the  baryta  with  carbonic-acid  gas.  It  has  a 
strong  alkaline  reaction,  is  soluble  in  water, 
alcohol,  and  ether,  melts  at  (i2^,  and  boils  at 
2'2it'.  From  its  ethereal  solution  it  crystal- 
lizes in  eolourles.s  anhydrous  tables. 

*tr6p'-ist.  s.  [Eng.  tro})(i);  -ist.)  One  who 
deals  in  tropes;  one  who  explains  the  Scrij)- 
tures  by  tropes  and.  tigures  of  .speech. 

t  trdp-d-lder-ic,    •  trop-o-log'ic-al,    «. 

jKng.  tr-p'.lo'jiy);  -ir,  -iciiL]  Varied  or  cha- 
lact'-rizfd  by  tr<ti>rs  ;  changed  from  the  ori- 
ginal import  of  the  wttnls  ;  tigurative. 

■' Wlifii  it  In  ntty  tit  these,  nltlioUKli  we  are  imt  t*- 
rer**li-  fmiu  the  Iiteml  ft-use  ;  yet  wo  are  tn  take  tin- 
xwuinl  Bigiiiticatioii.  the  trouotogical  oi  f\^UTnii\e  ' — 
Bfj.  Tnulnr:  S€rmoiit.  vul.  ilL.  (wr.  11. 

+  trop-o-log'-ic-al-ly,  wiv.  [Eng.  tropol<>- 
giad;  dy.}  In  a  tropological  manner;  %u- 
mtively. 

■■Thi«  WM  the  g^neml  oplnioa  concerning  the 
Greekinh  fable*,  that  »oiiie  oi  them  were  phyNicwlly, 
ami  some  tro/xitoi/iciiJl//  nile^otiai\."—Ciiiiwor(h  :  In- 
trU.  Suitein,  i<.  512, 


'  trd-poL-^^o,   '■-^     !i''i'g-    tinitohiiiy) : 

-i.v.J  To  use  in  a  tn.pohtgical  or  tlgunitive 
nmnner;  to  change  to  a  tigurative  sense;  to 
use  as  a  trojte. 

"  ir  AUieiin  iir  .MlnervK hv  trofxAoaited hito i)rudence. 

then  let  tlii'iiH^D-Hhew  whitt  iiu)uitantt»l  eueuue  it 

Imth."— fHdicurrA  .  Iiitetl.  tigtt.,  p.  bi>i. 

•  trd -p6l'-0-^,  A  [Gr.  TpdfTos  (tropos)  =a 
liojH-;  suit',  -ohi!!/.]  A  rhetorical  mode  of 
speech,  inclndingtropes,  or  a  change  of  some 
wonl  from  tlie  original  meaning. 

■' Xutattftlnliig  the  deutcivlt>gy  itmi  scconil  luteii- 
tioiiuf  wordc.  they  omit  their  siipercoiisequetict-B.  i:«i- 
liervucoa.  Htturea,  or  tr»pot'>'ti'-t.  iiml  ftre  imt  iiei-snuwleil 
WytfiKl  their  Ilt«mhtle«.'— /(roW"i':  Vulgar  £rrQiir». 
I>k.  I.,  ch.  ill. 

'trds8'-ers,  >-.  pi.  [Vr.  troitsses.]  Trousers 
(q.v.). 

■■  You  roJo  like  n  kern  of  Irel.-wnl :  your  French  hose 
off.  null  iu  your  atnilt  trott«rt."-~  :ihake3ti. :  Uenru  V., 
111.  7. 

trdt,  'trotte,  r.i*.  &  (.  [Fr.  trotter  (O.  Fr. 
troter),  from  Low  Lat.  tn}ii(<i  =  to  trot;  Lat. 
tottitarius  =  going  at  a  trot,  from  tnlntim  —  nt 
a  trot,  from  tollo  —  to  lift  (the  feet)  ;  O.  Dut. 
trattcn  =  tft  trot;  Welsh  trotio  ;  Ger.  trotteti. 
{skeat.)    Perliaps  <moraatopoetic.] 

A.  I ntransitire : 

1.  To  move  faster  than  in  walking,  as  a 
horse  or  other  (piadruped,  by  lifting  one  fore- 
frmt  and  the  hind-foot  of  the  opposite  side  at 
tin*  siime  time. 

"  Wlten  n  hoi-se  trotg.  his  legs  are  in  this  position, 
two  ill  the  .(ir  and  two  upon  the  grouiitl.  «t  the  same 
time  LTosswise;  that  is  to  aay.  tlie  near-toot  liefore, 
.■ukI  the  off-(oiit  liehiud.  are  off  the  gromul.  ami  the 
other  two  upon  it.  and  so  alteriiivtely  of  the  othei' 
two."— fSerenger :  BUt,  &  Art  of  UortenMiisfiip,  vol. 
ii..ch,  iv. 

2.  To  move  or  walk  fast;  to  run. 

B,  Trans. :  To  cause  to  trot ;  to  ride  at  a 
trot. 

■■  Tlie  whips  trotted  the  i«iok  to  Grjivel-liill."— Z)(n7jy 
Chr-miclc.  Oct  2S.  1S81. 

^  Tfi  trot  out:  To  cause  to  trot,  as  a  horse,  to 
show  his  paces  ;  hence,  to  induce  a  person  to 
exhibit  himself  or  his  hobby  ;  to  draw  out ;  to 
bring  Ibrwarti. 

trot,  s.    [Tkot,  v.] 

1.  The  pace  of  a  horse  or  other  quadruped, 
mole  rapid  than  a  walk,  but  of  various  de- 
i^ict-s  nf  swiftness,  when  lie  lifts  one  fore-foot 
and  the  hind-foot  of  the  opposite  side  at  the 
.same  time. 

'■  All  writers,  both  ancient  and  modem,  have  con- 
alHiitly  .isserteti  the  trot  to  be  the  foumlatiou  of  every 
Ie.4.sun  you  can  teach  a  horse."  —liercuffcr  :  Jliit.  A  A  rt 
I'f  /lorsenutiiihij).  Vol.  ii.,  cli.  iv, 

2.  A  term  of  emlearment  used  to  a  child 
owing  to  its  shoi-t  trotting  gait. 

•  3.  An  old  woman.   (Used  in  contempt.) 

"  Put  cM*e  an  aged  trot  be  somewhat  ttiugh? 
If  L'oyiie  shee  bring  the  vure  will  lie  the  lesae.' 
Turberoile:  Aiuwore/or  Takin'j  n  Wafe. 

i.  (See  extract.) 

"  Bottoiu-Oshine  with  a  single  hook  ami  cronnd 
lead,  and  long-Iiifitig  with  a  trot—K  line  stretchvd 
:dong  the  bottom  v%ith  hooks  at  intervals." — Field, 
Dl-l-.  I'C.  1885, 

tr6t-cd'-§ie,  trot-co'-sy,  *•.  [Prob.  for 
ikroat-C'jsij.]  A  warm  covering  for  the  head, 
neck,  and  breast  when  travelling  in  bad 
weather.     (Scotch.) 

"  He  roaied  to  M™ttie  to  air  his  trotcotei/,  to  have 
his  jackboots  greased. "—/JcoW.-  Hob  Ho;/,  ch,  xxvi. 

troth,  a.     [A  variant  of  truth  (q.v.).] 

1.  Belief,  faith,  fidelity. 

*■  Now,  by  my  life  I— my  sire's  most  aicred  oath— 
To  thee  I  pledge  my  full,  my  lirmest  truth." 

Ityron  ;  2<istu  &  £iiri/ulii«. 

2.  Tmth,  veracity,  verity. 

'*  By  my  troth,  Nerissa.  my  little  body  is  a-weary  of 
this  great  world."— .SA'iti'«/>.  .■  Merchant  of  IV«/cc,  i.  2. 

3.  The  act  of  betrothing ;  betrothal ;  the 
pledging  of  one's  word. 

"  llie  troth  KnA.  the  prayer  ami  the  last  benediction,*' 
Longfellow:  JIile»  Stuitiiijih,  ix. 

'  troth-plight,  '  troth-plyte,  r.t.  To 
Itctiotli  or  alliance. 

■■  Meij-ara  and  Hercules  were  sent  for:  the  king 
iii;ule  tlieiu  tn  Ir-th/tlt/t,-  ejich  other,  with  gi'eat  jvy  of 
iHith  ViiiliKB." —/iiwt  ruction  of  Troy,  bk.  ii„  p.  2o8. 

*  troth-plight,  (t.  &  s. 

A.  A&i\dj,:  Betrothed,  affianced,  espoused. 

"  This,  your  sou-in-law, 
Is  irothpligJit  to  your  d.iughter. " 

.Shaketp.  :    Winter's  Tate,  i,  2. 

B,  As  sid'st. :  Tlie  act  of  betrotliing  or 
plighting  faith. 

"  [My  wife)  deserves  a  iiaine 
As  i-ank  as  any  flax-neiich.  that  puts  to 
Before  '»er  trotfupllflht." 

fihaketp. :  }\'inter's  Tale,  i.  2. 


•  troth- plighted,  (f.  Having  lidelily 
l.I..>l-..'d;  pliglii.'d. 

•  troth-ring,  ^.    A  betrothal  ring. 

"  I  liiul  sooner  citt 
My  hand  off  {though  'twere  ki«<eKl  the  hour  before 
And  promised  a  |>earl  truth- rin^  for  the  next).  " 

/.'.  Ii.  Brownin'j  :  Aurora  i^igh,  ix, 

•  troth-less,    '  troth-lesse,   o,     [Eirg. 

troth;  drss.]     Faithless,  treacherous. 

"  Von  follow  buta  ranh  iitiil  trotlUrt*  guide. 
That  leiulcs  vain  men  auiisHe." 

/Vi('r/ox/  Uuiifrvy  of  Boxtlognf,  xiv.  30. 

trot'-ter,  .■*.    [Eug.  trut,  v. ;  -tw.] 

1.  One  who  trots;  specif.,  a  trotting  horse 
(.|.v.). 

"  Such  a  collection  of  brood  mares,  tstallions,  race- 
hiii-ses  of  all  ages,  troereni,  and  rtdiua  horses  as  could 
not  be  matched,"— /)ai/y  Tetcjruph,  Nov.  17,  1863. 

2.  The  foot  of  an  aiiiLual,  especially  of  a 
sheep  or  pig,  used  for  food ;  also  applied 
ludicromsly  to  the  human  loot. 

"  There  are  the  vendors  of  watercressea  and  flowers, 
there  are  the  boilerrt  of  Irottert.  and  rleiilers  iu  wheliu 
and  winkles."— //«//(/  TeU-jrajjU,  July  13,  1S80. 

trotter-oil,  s.  An  oil  obtained  by  boil- 
ing drju  11  sheeji's  and  calves'  feet. 

trot'-ting,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [Trot,  v.] 

trotting-horse,  <v. 

Zo(jI.  A:  Sport.  :  A  horse  trained  to  trot  at 
high  speed  without  breaking  into  a  gallop. 
Trotting  horses  are  of  two  distinct  races  : 
(1)  the  Russian,  which  is  Arabian  on  a  Flemish 
stork,  attaining  high  .si>eed,  but  with  bad 
knee-action;  (2)  the  Araeriean,  which  is  pro - 
bablv  both  Barb  and  Arabian  on  an  English 
st-'ck. 

'  trotting- pari  tor,  ^■.  An  officer  r)f  the 
ecidesiastical  court  who  carries  out  eitatioiis. 
{ShoLe^p.  :  Love's  Labour  s  Lost,  iii,  1.) 

*  trot'-tlej,  s.    [Etyni.  doubtful,] 

1.  Ord.  Liiiuj. :  Sheep's  dung. 

2.  But.:  Sj/iiiphijtuiiL  fuipcrrimum. 

trot -toir  (oir  as  war),  s.  [Fr.]  The  foot- 
way on  <_-acli  side  of  a  street ;  the  foot-pave- 
ment. 

•■  The  (j-oWoiYs  were  clogged  with  grimy  liummocks 
of  frozen  snow." — Uaili/  Tetegrui^h.  Jan.  13, 1886. 

trou'-ba-dour,  5.  IFi-.,  from  Prov.  irohador, 
trohaire,  inub.  from  a  Low  Lat.  trojHirivs  or 
trojxitor,  from  Lat.  tropiis=  a  trope,  a  kind  of 
singing,  a  song;  Ital.  trovatorc ;  Sp.  trovator ; 
Port,  trovator,  trobador ;  O.  Fr.  trover  (Fi*. 
trouvdr)  ;'Pvov.trohar  ;'ii^.  &  Port,  ^rornj-;  Ital. 
trovarf.=.  to  find  out,  to  devise.]  One  of  a  class 
of  poets  which  appeareil  first  in-Provenre,  in 
the  south  of  France,  at  the  end  of  tlie  eleventli 
centurj'.  They  were  the  inventors  (tf  a 
species  of  lyrical  poetry  almost  entirely  de- 
voted to  romantic  and  amatory  subjects,  and 
generally  very  complieated  in  its  metre  and 
rhymes.  They  flourished  till  ttie  end  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  Tliere  is  reason  for  sup- 
posing that  the  art  of  the  troubadoui-s,  gene- 
rally called  the  gay  science,  was  derived  from 
the  East,  coming  into  Europe  through  the 
Spaniards,  and  the  troubadours  of  Provence 
learning  from  their  neighbours  of  Spain. 
Troubadourjtoetry  was  cultivated  iu  Provence, 
Toulouse,  Daiipliine,  and  other  parts  of 
France  south  of  the  Loire,  as  well  as  in  Cata- 
lania,  AiTagon,  and  Valencia  in  SjKiin,  and  in 
the  north  of  Italy.  Troubadours  frequently 
attached  themselves  to  the  courts  of  kings 
and  nobles,  whom  they  praised  or  censured  in 
their  songs  ;  but  it  was  a  rule  that  some  lady 
was  selected,  and  to  her,  under  some  general 
or  fanciful  title,  love  songs,  complaints,  and 
other  poems  were  addressed.  The  "  love  ser- 
vice" of  the  troubadours  was  often  nothing 
more  than  a  mere  artiticial  gallantry,  but 
theie  are  instances  on  record  where  it  beirame 
something  more  earnest.  The  poems  of  tlie 
troubadours  were  not  always  confined  to  sub- 
jects of  gallantry,  sometimes  they  treated 
of  the  conditions  of  society,  the  evils  of 
the  times,  the  degeneracy  of  the  clergy,  and 
othf-r  subjects.  {Stabler  d;  Barrett :  Dirt,  of 
Mi(.-ii':.) 

"  trOUb'-la-ble,  a.  [Eng.  trouhl{r)  :  -ahlr.] 
Causing  uf  liable  to  cause  trouble  ;   trouhle- 

S'luie. 

■■  And  troubhthJc  ire,  that  araiseth  iu  hem  the  flode 
i.f  troublinses,  tonrmentetU  ou  that  other  side."— 
Chaucer:  liocciua,  bk-  iv, 

troub  -le  (le  as  el),  "  trub-le,  r.t.  &  ?".    [O. 

Fr.  truhln;  ! ruhl'rr  (Fr.   tn-uLtrr),  .is  if  from  a 
Low  Lat.  turhuh',  fr<ini  i^;it.  turbula  :=ii  dis- 


^te,  f^t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  £ather ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  lull;  try,  Syrian,     se.  ce  ^-  e :  ey  =  a;  qu  ^  kw. 


trouble— trout 


2X9 


oitlerly  crowtl,  a  little  crowd,  <liniiii.  of  turtm 
=  ji  cruwd  ;  Ur.  Tvp^ri  (turbc)  =  a  Uiroiig,  dis- 
urdei'. 

A.  Tra)isitive : 

1.  To  put  into  confused  motion  ;  to  jij;itatc, 
tit  ilistui'b,  io  disorder. 

"  All  angel  went  ilowrn  nt  n  certain  season  into  tin- 
\«<vl  mid  tmiiblMl  tlie  wntors.  '~J»hn  v.  i. 

2.  Til  annoy,  to  disturb,  to  molest,  to  inter- 
Tuj't,  to  interfere  with. 

■■  I  Would  Hut,  by  my  will,  have  troubled  yoii." 
Shaknp.  ■  Twelfth  Xighf,  iii.  ;!. 

3.  To  agitate,  to  distress,  to  grieve. 

"Tliou  didst  lilde  thy  face,  and  I  wiw  truublt-d.'  — 
J'i<itm  XXX.  T. 

4.  To  give  occasion  of  labour  to  ;  to  jnit  tr> 
some  exertion,  labour,  or  pains.  (Us>d  iii 
courteous  phraseology:  as,  May  I  trouble  you 
to  post  this  letter?) 

,5.  To  affect,  so  as  to  cause  uneasiness  ur 
anxiety. 

"  He  w:\a  an  iiifltlel,  and  the  head  Df  a  small  school 
of  iiitidels  will)  were  troubled  witti  ft  iiiurbid  desire  tu 
make  noiwevis."—  ilacaulay  :  Hist.  Eitg.,  ch.  xix. 

B.  JntraiLsitive : 

I.  T<i  take  trouble  ;  to  take  pains  ;  tn  exert 
one's  self:  as,  Do  not  troublf.  to  call  again. 

*  2.  To  become  troubled,  disturbed,  or 
tliiek. 

"If  the  liawiue  \>e  fyn  and  of  his  owne  liynde,  the 
watie  SL-halle  iievere  troublv.' — JlautidvciUe  :  TrufvU. 

^  Troiihh'  is  more  general  in  its  application 
than  disturb ;  we  may  be  troubled  by  the  want 
of  a  tiling,  or  troubletl  by  that  wKich  is  unsuit- 
able: we  are  (iisturbed  by  that  which  actively 
tronhles.  Pecuniary  want,s  are  the  greatest 
fy>'ihh-<  in  life  ;  the  perverseness  of  servants, 
Jii'-  imiisposition  or  iU  behaviour  of  cliildren, 
;m(-  dipiiifstic  troubles;  but  tlie  noise  of  cliil- 
dren is  a  disturbance',  and  the  prospect  of 
want  disturbs  the  mind.  Trouble  may  be  per- 
manent; disturhuncc  is  temporary,  aud  refeis 
til  the  peace  wliicli  iw  destroyed. 

troub  -  le  (le  as  el)»  *  trow-ble,  a.  k  s. 

t'lROUBLE,    f.} 

*  A.  -is  (ulj. :  Troubled,  disturbed,  grieved, 
agitated.     (In  tliis  use  pronounced  trrdy-le.) 

"  Than  is  accidie  the  anguish  of  a,  trouble  htrte." — 
CJiiiitcer :  Parson's  I'ule, 
B.  As  substantive  : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  troubled, 
agitated,  perplexed,  annoyed,  or  distressed  ; 
a  state  of  worry,  distress,  perplexity,  or 
annoyance;  vexation. 

"  Is  it  your  dear  frieiid  that  is  thus  in  trouble  f" 
Shiikea/J. :  Merchant  of  Vetiicc,  iii,  2. 

2.  That  wliicli  gives  or  occasions  trouble, 
annoyance,  anxiety,  or  worry ;  a  source  of 
g:i'ief,  anxiety,  agitatioi*,  or  jierplexity. 

"  What  trouble  was  I  then  to  you?" 

mtakesji. :  Tempest,  i.  -2. 

3.  Pains,  labour,  exertion. 

"  Douljle,  double,  toil  and  tronb!'\" 

tihakesfi,:  Jliu:bith,  iv.  1. 

II.  ^fi)lin■g :  A  difficulty  in  a  coal-mine, 
arising  from  the  interposition  of  a  layer  <if 
T^andstone  dividing  the  seam  into  two  por- 
tions; a  fault,  or  the  gi-adual  closing  in  ot  the 
strata  above  and  below,  terminating  the  seam. 
The  latter  is  called  a  Nip. 

^(1)  To  get  into  trouble:  To  get  into  a 
iliffieulty  ;  to  be  detected  and  punished  lor 
some  act.    (Collotj.) 

"He  would  ha%'e  got  into  trouble  if  the  old  i>eoi»le 
hadn't  hel|)ed  him  out  at  it." — Daili/  Teleurui/h, 
Uov.  16,  18S5. 

(2)  To  U-ilce  the  trouble:  To  be  at  the  pains 
of;  to  exert  one's  self;  to  put  one's  self  to 
inconvenience  in  order  to  do  something. 

^  trouble -house,  s.  A  disturlier  of  tlie 
jx'ace  iT  haiiiiuny  of  a  house  or  family. 

'  trouble -mirth,  5.  One  who  mars  or 
distill  lis  enjiiyiiii-nt  or  mirth,  as  a  jiei-soii  of 
nn'iiisi.'  dispiisiti'in  ;  a  spoil-spoit. 

'trouble-rest,  >'.    A  disturber  of  rest  or 

quiet. 

■  trouble-state,  s.    A  disturber  of  the 

coninuiiiity. 

•'  Those  fair  haiti  tliuse  troid,h--st.iti'»  still  use." 

/'.iiih-l:  Cipil  ii'iirs. 

troiib'  -  led    (led   as   eld),  jxt.  jxtr.  &  a. 
[Tkol'bi-e.  v.] 

A,  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  adj. :  Agitated,  disturbed,  perplexed, 
annoyed,  worrie<l. 

"  The  :i5t>ect  of  the  whole  House  was  troubled  iuid 
gloomy    —Alauiitilai/  :  Jiist.  Eiig.,  ch.  xv. 


'  troiib'-led-ly  (led  as  eld),  ^'(^•.    [Kng. 

tnutliUd ;    -bj.]      In    a   tioubled   or   confused 
manner ;  confusedly. 

•  troiib  Ic-ness  (le  as  el),  '  trob  il-nes. 
■  tur-ble-ncs,  .<-  [V.w-a.  tyuhu--,  -„iss.\   iw 

stitr-  .-r  '■.jiidif  lull  \){  being  troubled  ;  Iroublr, 
wui'ry. 
"  In  your  graciouse  dayU  of  hertln  tnihUitt* 
I  had  iievir  kiiowlccfi.'       Vhaac«r :  J'ltlaof  Deri/n, 

troub'-ler,  v.  [Eng.  tronbl(r),  v.;  .(■'-.]  One 
will-  triiublus,  disturbs,  atHicts,  or  molests; 
a  disturber. 

"  The  iiinoceut  troubler  of  tla-ir  qniot  sleeiM 
Ju  what  may  now  be  called  a  [teaceful  grave." 

Wordttrorlh     tCxcttrsioii,  bk.  vii. 

troub'-le-some  (le  ;*.s  el),  c    [Eng.  trouble ; 

1.  Giving orcausing trouble,  worry, anxiety, 
vexation,  inconvenience,  embaiTassment,  or 
sorrow  ;  annoying,  vexatious,  tiresome,  liarass- 
ing,  wearisome,  irksome,  imimrtunate. 

"He  WHS  a  man  that  had  the  i-oot  nf  the  matter  in 
him  ;  but  he  waa  one  uf  the  nioat  tronttletmne  ]iilgi'jiiiM 
that  ever  1  met  with  iu  all  luy  days."— /fHMtfojj .  /'il- 
i/rhn's  Prorjrett.  i»t,  ii. 

■  2.  Full  of  com»iiption  ;  tumultuous. 

"  There  arose  in  the  ship  such  a  troublcsoms  dia- 
UiryKan:v'-Jl.i'Ktii'jt:  y.,i,,i'jrii.  li.  111. 

troub'-le-some-ly  (le  as  el),  talr.  [Eng. 
troublesome;  -ly.]  In  a  troublesome  manner  ; 
so  as  to  cause  trcfuble  ;  vexatiously. 

"Though  nieu  will  not  Iw  so  trouhlesomely  critiuil 
as  to  correct  us  in  the  use  of  words." — Loehe:  Huotan 
CnUent.,  bk.  iii.,  ch,  .\. 

troiib' -le- some -ness  (le  as  el),  ^  trow- 
ble-som-ness,  >.  |  Kul;.  tniuhlLsvme  ;  -ness.] 
ilie  iiu;ilit>'  or  state  of  being  troublesome; 
\t'\atiiiusin_'ss,  irksonieness,  uneasiness,  im- 
poi'tunity. 

"But  JesuR  [wasj  offended  with  this  imiKirtunitie 
and  trunhfemmiies.'—  fd.tl      Matthew  \i\. 

troub-loiis,   "^  troub  -  louse,   c.    [Km; 

(i-nnU\r);   -ons.] 

1.  Full  of  commotion;  disturbed,  agitated, 
troubled. 

"  Where  three  swart  sisters  of  the  weird  Iwiid 
Were  mutt^rin^  cnraet<  to  the  tr'nibUms  wind,  ' 
Cooper :  Tomb  of  Shnkff/'ean'. 

2.  Disturbing,  agitating,  troubling  ;  causing 
anxiety. 

*'  3Iy  truubHong  dream  this  night  doth  make  me  sad." 
Ahakegp. :  2  ffeini/  VI.,  i.  '1, 

3.  Full  of  trouble  or  disorder  ;  tumultuous, 
disorderly. 

"Tiie  street  shall  Ite  built  again,  and  the  wall,  even 
in  troubfoitx  tinier  ' — Daniel  ix.  2o. 

4.  Restless,  agitated. 

"  His  flowini;  tongue  and  tronbloin  siuight." 

Sfemer .   f.  <^..  11.  iii.  i. 

•troub-ly,  'trob-ly,  *  trub-ly,  a.    [Eng. 

?"'"W('').'  -^1    Troubled;  disturbed. 

"  Medle  with  maiiiiis  lawe  that  is  trubly  water." — 
WUiliffe;  Select  Workes.  i.  14. 

trough  (gh  as  f ),  ^  trogh,    troffe,  -•.    [A.s. 

^■M;/,  (mil  —  a  truugli  or  Imlluw  \essel  ;  co-ni. 
with  Dut.  &  leel.  trog  ;  I»au.  tnuj  ;  Sw.  trag  ; 
Gel',  trog;  M.  H.  Ger.  troc] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  vessel  of  wood,  stone,  or  metal,  gene- 
rally ratber  long  and  not  very  deep,  open  at 
tlie  top,  and  used  for  holding  water,  fodder 
for  Ciittle,  or  the  like. 

"The  unthrifty  sone  .  .  .  was  com])elled  to  couie  to 
the  ho;;gi9  trojfe  lor  hunger."— Jo^«; ."  Sxpos.  of  Daniel. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  trough  in  shape, 
as  a  depression  between  two  ridges  or  be- 
tween two  waves;  a  basin-shaped  or  oblong- 
hollow. 

■'  It  now  imports  beneath  what  sign  thy  hoes 
The  deep  trowjh  sink,  aud  ridge  alternate  raise. ' 
Grainyer :  Suyur  Cane,  i. 

*  3.  A  kind  of  boat ;  a  eanoe. 

"Here  come  every  morning  at  the  break  of  day 
tweiitie  or  thirty  canotui  or  troaghet  of  the  Indians."— 
JIaeklufft  :  Vo^ageM,  iii,  ihi. 

n.  Technically : 

1.  Chem. :  The  vat  or  pan  containing  water 
over  which  gas  is  distilled. 

2.  Electricity : 

(1)  The  tray  or  vat  containing  the  metallic 
solution  used  in  electroplating. 

(2)  The  array  of  cells  which  lirld  tlie  solu- 
tions in  wliich  the  elements  are  ]»Iacei|,  if  in 
trough  form.     [Galvanic-battkrv.] 

3.  Mctall. :  A  frame,  vat,  buddlc,  or  rocker 
iu  which  ores  or  slimes  are  washed  and  sorted 
iu  water. 


trough-battery,  s.  A eoiupouiul  voltaic 
batti-iy  iu  which  the  cells  am  connected  in 
one  iroiigli. 

trough  gutter,  '•. 

!\<nU{.:  .\  ;,'iiitrr  ill  the  form  of  a  trough 
l'l;i>*i|  IkI.iw  Ihf  .-iives  of  buildings. 

trough  shells.  >.  ph 

/'■•>!.  :  Thr  fiinnly  MacUidte  (4  v.). 

trOUl,  r.  &.S-.      [Ti;ni.i„l 

trounge,  'trounse,  r.t.  [O.  I*'r.  troncht^ 
a  I'ifi-i-  ,)(  tiiubrr  ;  l-r,  fron'—n  trunk  ;  tron^oii 
=  a  IniiH'heon.]  To  punish  or  beat  severely  ; 
to  thrash,  to  Hog,  to  castigate. 

"We  threatened  to  tronnc  him  roundly  when  he 
got  Bol>er,  —Scribuerx  Maitaiim',  July.  ii*87.  )►.  Sw. 

IT  Now  only  u.sed  colloquially,  but  formerly 
used  by  gooil  writers. 

"  The  Lord  trounaed  ijisam  and  all  his  charette*  "'— 
Jud'jes  IV.  15,     (1551. J 

troupe,  .«.  [Fr.]  A  troop,  a  company;  espe- 
rialh  I  if  players  or  performers  ;  as,  an  operatic 

t,...ui..:. 

trous  de  loup  (.-■  &  p  ^iilent),  s.  pi.    [Fi-.,  lit 
wolt-lioles  :  iron  =  a  iiole,  ami  /oif/*  =  a  wolf.J 
fortif.  :   Rows  of  i)its  in  the  shape  of  in- 
verted cones  with   a   pointed   stake   in  each  ; 
intended  as  a  drffnef  airaiiist  cavalry. 

" troii^e,  •  trooze.  trowse, s.  (Fr.  tronssrs. ] 
[Trolskrs.]     Hreeehes,  trousers. 

"The  leather  nuilt«d  jack  serves  luider  his  shirt  of 
mail,  and  to  cover  his  fronee  on  horHcback."— .s^hsit  ; 
0,t  Ireland. 

*trou^ed,    'trowzed,   a.      [Eng.   trom{f); 
■t:.}.]     Wearing  1  loiiscrs  or  breeches, 
"file  pour  trowz'd  Irish," 

Drayton  :  I'ulif-Olbiun,  s.  22. 

trou -§ered,  a.  [Eng.  (/-oJtscJ^s);  -«■(/.]  Wear- 
ing trousers. 

"A  weird  commencenieut.  with  the  prosjiect  <>(  a 
tniasrred  Jane    Eyre  for  hero.'"— .'ff.  Jaineis   Uazctfe, 


trou'-ser-ing,  •;.  (Eiig.  trou!,er(s) ;  -ing.] 
Ch'tli  for  making  trouseis. 

tr6u'-§er§,  trow'-sers,  s. ;//.  [Ftn-  trousses, 
from  Fr.  (ro».sseji  =  trunk-hose,  breeches,  pi. 
of  (ro((sse  =  a  bundle,  a  case,  a  (iuiver,  from 
tronsser  =  to  truss,  to  pack,  to  tuck  or  girt  in  ; 
Gael,  friubhas ;  Iv.  trudhais,  trins,  trinsaii^ 
trousers.]  [Tri'ss.]  Agai'ment  worn  by  men 
and  boys,  reaching  from  the  waist  to  the 
ankles,  covering  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk 
and  each  leg  separately. 

"  (Jold  waa  his  iwonl^'nnd  w.irlike  trowscn  laceil 
With  thongTi  ui  gold,  his  mauty  legs  embraced. ' 
Micklc:  Liisind.  ii. 
^  Trousers,  iu  their  present  foiiii,  were  in- 
troduced into  Knglaml  about  tlic  end  of  the 
eij^hteenth  century,  but  were  not  recognize<l 
as  "dress"  till  some  years  later.     The  Duke 
of    Wellington     was    refuse<l    admission     Ui 
Almack's  in  1S14  because  he  wore  black  trou- 
sers instead  of  breecln'S  and  silk  stuckings, 
and  Capt.  Gronow  met  with  a  similar  repulst; 
at  tlie  Tuileries  iu   IsliJ.     Acconling  to  the 
frontispiece   to   Gioiiow  s    Last    Hecolkctions, 
trousers  were  a<linitted  at  .Vlmacks  in  1S15. 

^trousse,  s.  [Fr.]  Lopj.iugs  from  -growing 
timber;  ti"asli.  The  word  is  still  used  in  Ihf 
midland  counties  to  denote  the  dead  branches 
worked  into  a  newly-made  hedge. 

•*  Provided  that  they  be  laid  with  .  ,  .  vine-cnttiims 
or  such  troux*i-.  so  that  tliey  be  half  a  foot  thick."—/', 
JIuUand:  PUnu. 

tr6us-seau'  (eau  a>:  6),  .■:.    [Fr.,  dimin.  from 

(/■oK^s-tf  =  a  tiuvs,  a  bundle.]    [Truss,] 
*  1.  A  bumllf.  {fifQiiin'ty:SjxinishN2in,  §  6.) 
2.  The  elotheti  aud  general  outfit  of  a  bride. 

troTit,  ^^  [A.S.  trnht ;  Mid.  Eng.  troutc,  trowte  ; 
cogii.  with  Fr.  truitc,  Lat.  trncia,  aud  (pro- 
bably) Or.  TpciicTTj?  (troktes)  =  a  gnawer,  a  kind 
of  sea-ti.sh.J 

Irhthy.  :  The  jinpnlar  name  for  the  fishes  of 
the  j^ioup  Salni'Uies  as  ilistinguished  from  the 
NUveliui,  or  Charr,  beloii','iiig  to  the  .same 
family.  [Salmonid.e.]  Trout  are  found  in 
almost  all  the  lakes  and  livers  of  the  tern 
jierate  and  coldei;  parts  uf  the  nortliern  henii 
sphere.  Like  S;iliiioii  they  are  excellent  food- 
tishes,  but  cidistaiitly  inhaliit  fresh  water. 
The  Comiiinn  Ki\-ei-  Trout  (Sttlnui  J'urio)  is 
widely  dilfused  in  tltf  easti-rn  henii-^phen*, 
and  abundant  in  the  Ikiti.sh  Islmids  and  rhe 
north  ot  Europe.  .Vspeciiucn  weighing  twenty- 


boil,  bop-;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  — shan.    -tion,  -sion=ishun;  -tion,  -$ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,    slous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  .vr.  _  bel,  del. 


2'i<» 


troutful— truant 


Ave  iH.uiul™  i>  noT'U'l.  hiH  such  a  sixo  is  I'X- 
tivitiirlv  mp'.aiiil  tmut  i'f  u  |Kmml  or  a  iwmiu! 
ami  a  tmlf  in  w«i^)it  nn>  rniisidtTe<l  thic  Ibli. 
Tlie  bt^il  iimi  f>o  ftrf  liirgo ;  K^n^'™*  f'^"" 
•yiiiriiftrKMl.  an«l  coin|Hintlivi'ly  »limt»'r  thuu 
that  nf  llie  salmon  ;  Ijiil  HltKlilty  forkcif,  ex- 
cept in  old  ti^li  wlifu  it  lH>ionirs  aInioNt 
iu|iiarf;  tit-t)i  mniKi-vniH.  :ittx>ii>;,  aii<l  curvi><| ; 
Ittck  ;iimI  upi-er  i>arl  of  the  side  iiiottle-t,  with 
inMixroiiN  .lurk  rtMhlish-brown  spots  on  a  ytl- 
low  {jronnil  :  eleVfii  ortwt-lw  hrltjhtrt'U  s\HtXs 
ran^;*-  alunt;  the  Intcnil  line,  witli  a  ft-w  n»or« 
aUiVf  ami  U-low  ;  lower  i«itj*  of  tin-  si<l»-s 
goMen  ywllnw;  lieUy  inul  nmlcr  surfinT  sil- 
vrry,  or  yfUow[shwhiC<< ;  Itock  iind  tail  line 
hjjlit  brown,  with  liarkcr  l»rown  siwt-n ;  pec- 
toraU,  ventrals,  nntianal  imiforni  iMile  oranKc- 
browii.  The  tint  of  the  tiesli  vaiivs.  U-iny 
pink  in  some  tlsli— the  most  highly  prized— 
and  white  in  others.  Tri>nt  arc  very  vonioions, 
feeding  rt'adily  uu  any  kind  of  iminial  loud. 
They  spawn  in  October,  nnd  the  lower  jaw  then 
beeunies  pnxlut-cd,  bnt  not  to  .■iuch  an  extent 
tn  in  the  Ailnnm  li\.v.).  The  olhor  British 
tront  are  the  Sea  Iron t  or  Snlnmu  Trout  (.S. 
triithi),  a  nii;;nttnry  species  especially  nunie- 
ro.is  in  the  North ;  .S.  Imuhi/j^oma,  from  the 
Forth,  Tweed,  and  Oiise ;  the  Gix^at  Ijike 
Tront  (S.  /er<jx),  eonllneil  to  the  lakes  of  the 
nt^rth  of  Ireland  and  Wales;  if.  ormdensi-^, 
from  Umgh  8tennift,  Orkney  ;  S.  s/omrtWi  tiri;-s 
the  Gillart»o,  from  Ireland  ;  .S.  gaUive}isis,  the 
Oalwuy  Sea-tr*^'Ut;  ^'.  nigripennin,  from  the 
niountJiin  woU  of  Wales ;  the  Loch  Leveu 
Trout  (^'.  lcvene}isi^),  a  species  iwculiar  to 
Loch  Leven ;  and  the  Sewin  (6".  mmbricus), 
(M-eurrint;  in  the  rivers  of  Wales,  the  south  of 
Enghtud,  and  Ireland.  Reg:irding  tlie  so- 
calFed  Hull  Trout  and  Peal,  Dr.  Gimther 
{Iittivd.  tv  .S/«</y  of  FUhe.^,  p.  044)  says  that 
these  names  are  "  not  attributable  to  definite 
sptn-ics.  We  have  examined  specimens  of 
■Sd/mo  iatar,  S.  trtitUi,  S.  cambricits,  and  S. 
/ario,  to  which  the  nume  *  Hull  Tront"  harl 
been  given;  and  that  of  'Peal'  is  given  in- 
discriminately to  Salmon* grilse  and  to  ^.  cam- 
bricn^." 


White,  with  spots 
as,  a  tvout-coloiired 


A  stream  in  which 


troat-coloured,  a. 

of  black,  bay,  or  sorrel: 
horse. 

trout  stream, 

trout   \<Vr.-<'.. 

•  troilt -ful,  K.   [Eiig.  (roi((; -/«;(0.]    Abound- 
ing in  trout. 


trout -ing,   s.     [Eng.  trout;   -itig.]     Fishinij 

i:<r  tnml. 

"Tlir  FrltniAry  trouting  has  iiyt  I>eeii  very  gjiy  or 
yT'}f^U\h\c.'-f,el<t,  Ktrb.  26,  ISST. 

troUt-less,  a.    lEng.  trout ;  -Uas.X    Without 
a  trout  or  trout. 

"IK*  rfMtiniiiml  frootleU.  whilst  I  was  coiistAiitly 
niiiiiiii|C  i\i\\.'—Fnhiiig  Oauttf,  Jan.  2",  I88B. 

trdtkt-let,  -<.    (Eng.  trout;  diniin.  suit'. -/t-r.) 
A  small  (fr  little  trout. 

"0/  foiu-sc  tliew  iiifniit  trotttleti  h.id  never  seen  a 
Hpei-UI  Flail  CuiinuUsiuiier  before.'— 0ui7if  Tflcyntph, 
Svv.  l».  lasy 

tro^t'-ling,  ■'*.    [Eng.  trout;  dimin.  sufl".  -Uu'}.] 
A  little  trout;  a  troutlet. 

"  Ity  ttiv  0'>rk  |K>o1  where  the  troiitlhig 
UUuocA  Iroiu  his  aloiiy  >>«il." 

m.tdiii-:  I.iiy»  "f  ItighUmilt.  p.  99. 

Trou-vere',  'Trou-veur', «.   [Vv.ironvtr=z 

Uj  hud, I  A  name  given  to  the  ancient  poets 
of  Norlliern  France,  and  eorrespotuUng  to  the 
Troubadours  of  the  South.  Their  composi- 
tions are  more  of  an  epic  or  narrative  cha- 
wcter.    [Tboi'Badoi'B.] 

tro'-vor,  s.     [O.  Fr.  f  rowr  (Fr.  /roia-er)  =  to 

lind.]      ITUOL'BADOL'II.J 

Uuc :  ProiKjrly,  the  tluding  of  anything  ; 
hence — 

(1)  The  gaining  possession  of  any  goods, 
whether  by  tlnding  or  by  other  means. 

(3)  (See  extract.) 

•'The  action  of  trov^rr  a\v\  converaioii  w/m  in  its 
oriKiii  Hit  iu:ti«n  f.,rrw:..very  of  i)»iiii>i(eM  iipiiiist  such 
penuii  M  hiKl  (.mii.l  «nwther«  ^.-.kIh.  im.l  rpfiiwtl  to 
deliver  thcni  liii  (leiniiml.  liiit  converted  them  to  bi« 
own  um:;  (r..u.  which  nii.linK  «n.l  converting.  It  U 
c»ned  an  action  u(  irovt^r  Hnd  conversion.  The  Iree- 
doiu  o(  thU  rutii>n  fruni  wiwpr  of  l.-*w.  luul  the  leas 
dei^reeof  o-rtninty  re^iui.-^lte  In  .It-ciU.lnK  the  goodi. 
gMVe  It  l.irnierly  jm.  i-ori»i>lrralile  iin  iMlvntitagi-  over 
the  iM  tiou  uf  detinue,  th/it  Httioiw  .)f  trorer  were  nt 
Icnjclh  iieriiiitteil  to  l>e  l>r>>UKlit  rtt£i\lii)it  niiy  uiiui.  who 
h-iil  III  lii_-  i-ja.-«--.-<|iiii.  by  niiy  nit-niiN  whnLsoever  the 
Kr».jiir\l  K00.1.-.  o(  Hiiothpr.  and  a..M  them  or  u»»nI  Iheiu 


h:i<r  III  hi,  1- 
n»"jiinl  i(oo>l 
thout  the  coutcnt  of  the  ovmer,  or  relusCTl  to  deliver 


them  »hrn  dnnAnditl.  The  Injury  \\v*  In  the  onvcr- 
■Ion  :  for  lUiy  nuui  inny  t,«ke  the  K'h^I"  "'  fUH'ther  Into 
hl»  iK»«-»«iou  II  he  rtniln  them  -.  hut  n-j  tiud.-i  U 
ftUortpdt-.noiinreii  lai-iKil)  th-r-lii.  unl»-x»  thc-.-wner 
beforevpr  »mkm.*n:  nn.l  Ihered.r,-  Uo  iiiu-t  not  con- 
vert  tlieni  to  hlH  own  u*r.  which  the  Uw  i.r.-!*iime9 
hlin  t..  ilo.  i(  he  i-rru»<-»  U*  ri-«t*ir»-  them  to  the  owner  : 
for  whuh  rrjui-'ii  miL-h  re(u»ftl  «loiii-  \»  pr^ma  facie 
■Htnileiit  rvidenie  of  i*  c.>n\erilon.  The  livct  of  the 
tlndhm.urfcoivr  U  therirfoic  now  toUUy  liuiimWrlnl .' 
for  if  the  i.IjUntltr  im.vwi  tliAt  the  gotxU  uro  liia  |iri>- 
i-erty.  Hiid  that  the  defendMlt  h»d  them  In  hl»  jmaes- 
aluii.  It  li  Mifflclent  But  h  o.iivei>i..i.  noi.t  he  fully 
prove.1:  luid  then  In  thi>i  Ritl.m  tl,.-  pl-iii.tiir  «hftll 
recover  dionmcen,  entml  to  till*  Vidu<-  .if  tl 


■  thing 

huijt         -- 
.■-flfric*- 


verletl.  hut  not  thi  thine  Ittelf.  ■*\\wh  ih.thuijt  wljl 
r^-oovcr  hnt  xn  netiou  «f  drttnue  or  rciiU 
Htnte:  VvfntMnt.  :  hk.  Hi .  ch.  9. 

trow  (1),  J!.  [Perhaps  the  same  as  TiiofOH 
(q.v.).  1  A  boat  with  an  open  well  between  the 
bow  aiid  stern  portions,  used  in  spearing  hsh. 

trow  (2),  -f.  [See  def.]  The  same  as  Diiow  (1) 
ami  Troll  (2),  s. 

trS^,  *  trowe,  v.i.  &  ^  [A.S.  treuivUm, 
tniwian,  treOwuii  =  to  have  trust  in,  from 
triouHi,  truwi  =  trust,  from  treoive  =  true 
(q.\'.);  cogn.  with  Dut.  troutceu  — to  marry, 
from  trouw  =(s.)  trust,  (a.)  true  ;  Icel.  tnia  = 
to  trow,  from  tv'xr  =  true ;  Dan.  trot  =  to 
believe,  from  (ro  =  (s.)  truth,  (a.)  true  ;  Sw. 
^■0=  to  trow  ;  Ger.  ^v(»e»  =  to  trust,  to  marry, 
from  ^■e^c  =  fidelity  ;  trm  =  true.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  think  to  be  true  ;  to  believe, 
to  trust ;  to  think  or  suppose. 

"Troto--s[  thou  thiit  eer  I'll  look  upon  the  world?" 
ShakcMp. :  2  Henry  VI..  ii.  4. 

B,  Travis. :  To  believe  to  be  true  ;  to  believe. 

"Thiuk'Bt  thou  he  trow'd  thine  oi.ieu  aught?" 

ScoU  :  Ladu  of  the  Lake,  iv.  10. 

^  I  trow,  or  simply  trow,  was  frequently 
added  to  questions,  and  was  expressive  of 
contempttious  or  indignant  surprise,  or  nearly 
equal  to  /  li'OJuit'r. 

'■  Whiit  menna  the  fool,  trow)' — Shaketp.  :  Miicfi 
A-lo.  ill.  -t. 

' trow-an-dise,    .    [Trlandise.] 
"trowe,  v.i.  &  !.    [Tkow,  v.] 

trowel,    tr^^-ell,     tru-ell,  ■  trulle. 

s.  [Fr.  tnielle,  from  Luw  Lat.  tmdla  —  a 
trowel,  from  Lat.  triilla  =  &  small  ladle,  a 
scoop,  a  trowel,  dimin.  of  tru(i  =  a  stirring- 
spoon,  a  ladle.] 

1.  A  niiisou's  and  plasterer's  flat  triangular 
tool  for  spreading  and  dressing  mortar  and 
plaster,  and  for  cutting  bricks. 

■■  But.  idita.  most  mean  ure  their  monuments,  mnde 
of  pliiister.  wrought  with  ft  I ru well,'  —Fuller :  iVoi- 
thies;  Durha>n. 

2.  A  tool  like  a  small  scoop,  used  by  gar- 
deners in  potting  plants,  A:c. 

3.  Found.  :  A  tool  for  smoothing  the  loam 
in  moulding. 

^  To  lay  on  with  a  trowel :  To  spread  thickly, 
as  mortar  ;  hence,  to  Hatter  grossly. 

"  Well  SHld ;  that  was  laid  on  with  ti  troweL" — 
Shakesp.  :  At  Vou  Lik-i  It.  i.  2. 

trowel:-bayonet,  s.  A  bayonet  resem- 
bling a  mason's  trowel,  used  as  a  weapon,  and 
as  a  light  intrenching-tool,  or  as  a  liatchet 
when  detached  from  the  rifle, 

tro^-el  (1),  v.t.  [Trowel,  s.]  To  dress  or 
form  with  a  trowel. 


tr6^-el  (2), 


[Troll,  v.] 


trebles '- worth  -  ite,  s.  [Named  from 
Trowleswoitliy  Tm-,  in  Devonshire,  at  the 
suuth-western  angle  of  Dartmoor,  on  which, 
as  a  loose  boulder,  it  was  found  by  Mr.  Worth ; 
suff.  -He  (3ftH.).] 

Petrol. :  A  rock  consisting  chiefly  of  reddish 
orthoclase,  purple  floor,  and  black  schorl,  in 
intimate  conneetion  with  quartz.  It  appears 
to  have  been  formed  by  a  iieculiar  alteration 
of  granite,  in  which  black  mica  has  been 
changed  into  tourmaline,  some  of  the  felspar 
lias  been  replaced  by  schorl  and  quartz,  and 
the  original  quartz  constituents  by  fluor  spar. 
{i'rof.  Boiiiiey:  Proc.  (Jeol.  Sac,  No,  44S,  p.  7.) 

trow'-sers,  s.  pi.     [Trousers.] 

trox,  .■-.  [Or.  Tpwf  (trox),  genit.  Tpwyos  (trOfjos) 
=  a  gnawer,  from  rpwyw  {tJ'ogo)  —  to  gnaw,] 

Eutovi.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  sub-family 
Trogiiue  (q.v.).    Three  species  are  British. 

trox-i'-tes,  .<:.  [Mod.  Lat.  trox,  and  suff. 
-itcs  (Pakeout.).] 

PuhKont.  :  A  genus  of  Beetles,  akin  to  the 
recent  Trox,  with  one  sijccies  from  the  Coal- 
measures. 


tr^,  troy -weight  (f/'i  silent),  *  troie-- 
WClght,  ^■.  (Named  after  a  weight  used  at 
the  lair  of  Tvoyes,  a  towi;  in  Fiance,  south- 
east of  Paris.]  A  weight  used  chiefly  in  tlie 
weighing  of  gold,  silver,  and  articles  of  jewel- 
lery, "riie  pound  troy  contains  12  ounces, 
each  ounce  contjiins  20  pennyweight.s,  and 
each  pennyweight  24  gi-ains.  Thus  tlie  pound 
troy  contiiins  5,70U  grains.  As  tlie  i>onnd 
avoirdupois  contains  7,000  grains,  and  the 
ounce  437J  grains,  the  pound  Iroy  is  tt»  the 
pound  avoirdupois  as  144  is  to  17.'},  and  the 
ounce  troy  to  the  ounce  avoirdupois  as  192  is 
to  17J. 

' tru -age (age as ig). *treu-age, s.  [Trle.] 

1.  A  pledge  of  truth  or  truce  given  on  pay- 
ment of  a  tax. 

2.  An  impost  or  tax. 


3.  Au  act  of  homage  or  honour. 

■  tru  -ag-er  (ag  as  ig),  '  treuw-ag-er,  .-. 

[Eng.  trua(i{e);  -er.]  One  who  pays  taxes  or 
impost.     (liobert  ile  Brunm,  p.  45.) 

tru'-an-jy,  s.     [Eng.  /n(a?t(0.'  -c.'/.]    The  act 
of  pl'aying  truant ;  the  state  of  being  a  truant. 

"  He  w,a3  further  addict^^d  to  triuinc!/."—^eribncT't 
Jliifjdzim;  Nov..  ISTB,  p.  36. 

*  trii'-and-ing,   s.    [Truant.]    The  act   of 
begging  under  false  pretences  ;  truandise. 

'■  Thun  may  he  go  a  begging  yerite 
Till  he  some  other  crittt  can  leriie. 
Through  which  without /rii((»n(i»»f;. 
He  may  iu  trouth  have  his  living. ' 

Jiomaunt  of  the  Rote. 

*  tru'-and-ise,  s.     [O.  Fr.]    A  begging  under 

false  pretences.     (Roimiunt  of  the  Rose.) 

tru  -ant,  "  trew-and.  '  tru-and,  a.  &  *. 

[Fr.  (nuuul  =  (s.)  n  beggar,  a  logue,  a  lazy 
rascal,  (a.)  beggarly,  rascally,  from  Wei.  tru, 
(ruaa  ~  wretched  ;  triian  =  a  wretch  ;  Gael. 
tniaghan  =  a  wTCtch ;  Bret.  triuint  =  si  vaga- 
bond, a  beggar.] 

A.  .45  adj. :  Pertaining  to  or  characteristit- 
of  a  truant ;  wilfully  absent  from  a  proper  or 
appointed  place  ;  shirking  duty ;  idle,  loiter- 
ing.    (Lit.  d:Jig.) 

"  Reluctant  to  he  thought  to  move 
At  the  tirst  call  of  Irumit  love," 

Scoft  :  Lord  ofthejsles,  vi.  8. 

B*  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  shirks  or  neglects  duty ;  an 
idler,  a  loiterer  ;  especially  a  child  who  stays 
away  from  school  without  leave. 

"  A  timely  care  to  bring  the  truants  back." 

hryden :  Virgil;  Gvorjiciv.  160. 

'  2.  xV  lazy  vagabond. 

'"All  thyiiijes  at  this  day  faileth  at  Rome,  except 
all  uiiely  these  ydell  trewatide$.  iestours.  tumblers, 
)>laien>.  luglers.  aud  such  other,  of  whom  there  is  iuow 
and  to  luauj-." — Goldeu  Boke,  let.  12. 

T[  To  ploy  truant,  To  i^lay  tlie  truant:  To 
stay  away  from  school  without  leave. 


truant-school,  s. 

Law:  A  certitiei.1  industrial  school  esta- 
Ijlislied  under  the  Industrial  Schoids  Act, 
1800,  but  used  exclusively  for  children  who 
have  been  sent  thereto  by  a  magistrate  under 
sect.  9  of  the  Elementary  Education  Act, 
1S70,  which  provides  that  if  either — 

(t)  The  parent  of  any  child  above  the  age  of  five 
yeai's,  who  is  under  this  Act  pi"ohll>ited  from  t>eing 
taken  into  full  time  employmeiit,  hal^itually  ami 
without  reasonable  excuae  neglects  to  provide  efficient 
elementary  iu^tructiou  for  hia  child  ;  or, 

|2f  Any  child  is  found  habitually  wamleriuK,  or  not 
under  pioj^er  control,  or  in  the  comiiauy  of  rogues, 
vagabonds,  disoi-derly  pei-sona.  or  reputed  criminals  ; 

it  becomes  the  duty  of  the  local  authority, 
after  due  warning,  to  complain  to  a  magis- 
trate, who  may  order  the  child  to  attend 
sonxe  certified  etticient  school  willing  to 
receive  him,  selected  by  the  parent  or  by  the 
court,  and  in  case  of  non-comidiance  to  order 
the  child  to  be  sent  to  a  certitied  day  indus- 
trial school,  or,  if  there  be  no  certihed  day 
industrial  school,  then  to  a  certified  indus- 
trial school.  Truant-schools,  of  which  there 
are  about  a  dozen  in  England,  are  not  recog 
nized  by  law  except  as  certificated  industrial 
schools,  from  which  they  only  differ  in  the 
character  of  their  inmates, 

"On  Saturday  afternoon  the  North  Loudon  Indus- 
triftl  Truant -school  at  Walthamstow  was  publicly 
0|jened  by  the  Earl  of  Al»erdeeii.  The  school  has  beeik 
est;ibllshed  by  the  school  iMwvrds  of  Uoritsey.  Totten- 
ham, and  Edmonton,  for  the  reception  of  iieralstent 
truant  boys  fi'oni  those  lutrishes.  it  is  the  tii'^t  school 
of  it,i  kind  ei-eeted  by  the  district  s<;hool  boards." — 
I'liU  Jta/l  Gazette,  Juue  M,  latH. 


fate.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cub.  ctire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,     ae,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Uw 


truant— truckle 


221 


•  tru-ant,  r.i.  A:  t.    iTruant,  «.] 

A.  I  ntransiUve : 

1.  To  idle  away  time  ;  to  loiter  or  be  absent 
fioiii  oiupb'yinent. 

'■  Tis  duuble  wTuiin:  U>  truant  with  your  lte<l. 
Aud  let  bei-  rem)  it  iu  thy  hmks  u.1  iKwirtL" 

AAaAcjp. ;  C'Qincdji  o/  /Errors,  ili.  2. 

'2.  To  play  the  truant. 

■■  Oi)  tlie  suWject  of  corpond  pniii»hiiieut  for  truant- 
inp  mid  the  subsequent  prosecutiou  of  parents.  — 
fKiil!/  Tetcffraph,  Nov.  13.  1882. 

B.  Trans. :  To  waste  or  idle  away. 

■  I  diirw  nut  be  the  author  of  truanting  the  time.  "— 
Ford. 

"  tru-ant-ly,  wlv.  &  a.     [Eng.  truant;  -?»/.] 

A,  As  iuiv. :  In  a  truaut  maiiner ;  like  a 
truant. 

B.  As  adj. :  Truant. 

"Trifliut'Iike  uutiniitht  boys  at  their  Iwoks.  with  a 
truanlty  %v\viV  —Bp.  Taylor:  Sermottt,  vul.  ii.,ser.  5. 

•  tru- ant  -  ship,  s.  [Eng.  tmant ;  -ship.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  a  truant ;  neglect  of 
duty  or  einidoyment ;  truancy. 

"If  the  child  ,  .  .  liave  used  no  truautthip."— 
Aachaiii  :  Schole master. 

'  triib,  5.     [Lat.  tuber.]    A  truffle  (q.v.). 

•  trub  -tail,  s.     (Etym.  of  tirst  element  doubt- 

tiil.)     A  sliort,  squat  woman. 

tru9e,  *  treowes,  '  trewes,  '  triTves, 
■  truwys.  •  trws,  -..  [rroju-rly  a  plural 
form  IVoui  trcw=SL  pledge  of  trutli  ;  A.S. 
tieowa,  tniwa=a.  compact,  faith,  from  trevwe 
=  true  (q.v.).] 

1.  Mil.  :  The  suspension  of  arms  by  agiee- 
ment  of  the  couimandeis  of  ttie  opposing 
armies  ;  a  temporary  cessation  of  hostilities, 
for  negotiation  or  other  purpose ;  an  armistice. 

"  Loud  came  the  cry,  'Tlie  Bruce,  the  Bruce  : 
So  hope  or  in  defence  oi  truce." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Isles,  v.  31. 

2.  An  intermission  of  action,  pain,  or  eon- 
test  ;  a  temporary  cessation,  alleviation,  or 
quiet. 

"  There  he  may  find 
Truce  to  hia  restless  thoughts,  luid  entertniu 
The  irksome  hours."  Milton:  P.  L.,  ii.  5CC. 

•I  (1)  Flag  of  truce  t 

Mil.  :  A  white  flag  displayed  as  an  invita- 
tion to  the  enemy  to  confer,  and  in  the  mean- 
time asa  notification  that  hostilities  shall  cease, 

(2)  Truce  of  God  :  A  suspension  of  arms 
wliich  occasionally  took  place  in  the  mithlle 
ages.  It  was  introduced  in  a.d.  1040,  when 
the  Church  forbade  the  barons  to  make  any 
attack  on  each  other  between  sunset  on  Wed- 
nesday and  sunrise  on  the  following  Monday , 
111-  upon  any  ecclesiastical  fast  or  feast-day. 
It  also  provided  that  no  man  was  to  molest  a 
labourer  working  in  the  fields,  or  to  lay  liands 
on  any  implement  of  husbandry,  on  pain  of 
txcoiniiiunication.     [Pe.\ce  of  God.] 

truce -breaker,  5.  One  who  violates  a 
Tiuce,  compact,  covenant,  or  engageineut. 

'  truge-less,  t.    [Eng.  truce;  -less.] 

1.  Without  truce  :  as,  a  truceless  war. 

2.  Granting  or  holding  no  truce  ;  uuforbear- 
ing,  relentless. 


uiuds 


1  one.  and  eiuh  :i  truceh-sx  jiiiest. 


*tru9h-xnan,  * truche-ment,  •trudge- 
man,  ^■.     lL)R.\GOMAN.]     An  interpreter. 

■■  MithridJites  the  king  reigned  over  two  jind  tnentie 
natiuns  of  diverse  languages,  aud  in  so  many  tongues 
gave  lawcs  and  minietred  justice  unto  them,  without 
truchinaii."—J'.  Solland :  Plinie,  bk.  v\i.,  ch.  xxiv, 

*  tru-9i-da'-ti0Il,  5.  [liat.  trucidatio,  from 
trucidcUus,  pa.  par.  of  frucido  =  to  kill.]  The 
act  of  killing. 

truck  (1),  •  tmk-ken,  v.>.  &  f.  [Fr.  troquer 
=  U^  truck,  t-o  barter,  to  exchange,  from  Sj>.  & 
Port,  trocar  =Ut  bart+^r,  a  word  of  doubtful 
origin  ;  O.  Fr.  (roiy  =  truck,  barter;  Fr.  troc; 
Sp.  trueco,  truequr  ■=.  barter  ;  Port,  troco  = 
the  change  of  a  piece  of  gold  or  silver ;  troca 
~  barter.} 

A.  Intrans. :  To  exchange  commodities;  to 
larter  ;  to  tiaffic  by  exchange  or  barter. 

*■  Fouuii  eome  Spauiards  who  lived  there  to  truck 
with  the  Indians  for  golii.'— Dumpier :  Voyagei  tau. 
16611, 

B.  Trans. :  To  barter,  to  extdiange,  to  give 
in  exchange. 

"  Having  truck'd  thy  soul,  brought  home  the  fee. 
To  tempt  the  [Jwir  to  eel!  himwelf  to  thee." 

Cotopcr :  Expostulation,  ^'^. 
•^  For  the  difference  between  to  truck  and 

to  tj.dtni'(/f,  see  E.MHANGE. 


triick  (2),  r.t.  [Tkixk  (:;),  .*.]  To  put  into  a 
truck  or  trucks  ;  to  convey  or  send  in  trucks 

■'  The  facllkties  of  tntckina  auioes  by  ruilway  arc 
tiood.  hut  not  liy  st«amcr  '—Field.  Feb.  itf,  iss;. 

•  truck  (3),  •  truk-kyn,  v.t.  [Sw.  trycka; 
i»an.  frykki.-  ■=  to  press,  squeeze  ;  Ger,  driicken.j 
To  fold  or  gather  up  ;  to  tuck.  (Frumpt.  Parr.) 

truck  (1),  '  trucke,  5.    [Truck  U).  v.] 

1.  Exchange  of  connnodities  ;  barter. 

■■  No  ciimmutatlon  or  trucke  to  be  made  by  any  of 
the  petit  tut:vcUti.iii&."—IIacklu!/t :   Voyage*.  1.  '228. 

2.  Commodities  suitable  for  barter  or  small 
trade  ;  heuce,  small  commodities  ;  specif.,  in 
the  United  States,  vegetables  raised  for 
market. 

3.  Traffic  ;  intercourse  ;  dealing  :  as,  I  have 
no  truck  with  him.     [CoUwi.  &  Slawj.) 

4.  The  practice  of  paying  wages  otherwise 
than  in  actmil  coin,  whereby  the  employed  ]iii- 
Mon  was  sometimes  defrauded  of  part  of  tlie 
wage  he  had  contracted  to  receive  ;  or  of  wage- 
paying  at  long  intervals,  the  employer  making 
iuteriuediate  advances  and  charging  very  high 
rates  of  interest.  Truck  is  a  very  ancient 
evil.  It  was  lampant  iu  the  tifteenth  century, 
and  one  of  the  Norman-French  statutes.  4 
Edward  IV.,  c.  1,  s.  5,  states  that  "  l>efore  this 
time,  in  the  occupations  of  cloth-making, 
the  labourers  have  been  driven  to  take  a  great 
part  of  their  wages  in  unpri-'litable  wares," 
and  the  employers  were,  by  that  act,  requiied 
to  pay  in  lawful  money,  under  penalty  of  for- 
feiture to  the  labourer  of  treble  wages.  There 
were  further  enactments  in  the  reigns  of 
Elizabeth,  Anne,  (Jeorge  I.,  Geoi^e  II.,  and 
George  III.;  butthe.se  were  all  i>artial  as  to 
trades,  and  failed  to  check  the  practice.  The 
Act  I  &  2  William  IV.,  c.  37  extended  the  law, 
and  prohibited  "the  jiayment  in  certain  trades 
of  wages  in  goods,  or  otherwise  th;in  in  the 
current  coin  of  the  realm."  The  number  of 
trades  were  largely  extended,  but  many  occu- 
pations were  omitted.  In  1S70  the  evils  of  the 
truck  system  were  forced  on  the  attention  of 
the  Legislature,  and  an  act  was  passed  au- 
thorising an  inquiry  by  commission  into  any 
offence  against  acts  prohibiting  the  truck 
system  which  had  occurred  in  the  two  pre- 
ceding years.  The  commission  apjioiuted 
under  the  Truck  Commission  Act,  1870,  made 
two  reports — one,  in  1S71,  on  England,  Wales, 
and  Scotland,  showing  very  gross  evils  ;  and 
the  other,  in  1872,  on  the  curious  barter  system 
prevalent  in  Shetland  and  other  parts  of 
Scotland  amongst  the  knitters,  fishermen,  and 
kelp-gatherers.  Similar  barter  practices  were 
said  to  prevail  in  party  of  Cornwall  and  Devon 
amongst  knitters.  No  efficient  legislation 
followed  this  commission,  except  as  to  the 
Leicester,  Derby,  and  Nottingham  hosiery 
trade.  Mr.  SheiifF  Thoms,  Vice-Adniiral  of 
Zetland,  persistently  but  unavaiHngly  pressed 
on  Parliament  and  the  public  the  case  of  the 
Scotch  knitters ;  but  no  further  action  was 
taken  until  the  autumn  of  188(5,  when  the 
Chief  Inspector  of  Factories  was  directed  to 
report  upon  the  truck  system  in  Scotland. 
This  report,  made  in  January,  1887,  showed, 
amongst  other  glaring  evils,  that  the  system 
of  advances  and  poundage  was  ruinous  to  the 
men  ;  at  some  collieries  as  much  as  Is.  being 
charged  per  week  on  an  advance  of  10s.,  no 
advance  being  in  any  ease  made  until  the 
wage  had  been  actually  earned.  By  JO  & 
51  Victoria,  c.  4(3,  the  law  against  truck  and 
requiring  payment  of  wage  in  actual  coin  is 
extended  to  all  persons  within  tlie  Employers 
and  Workmen's  Act,  1875.  Wherever  ad- 
vances had  been  made  the  employer  is  for- 
bidden to  withhold  like  advance,  and  pro- 
hibited from  taking  interest  or  discount. 
Orders  given  for  goods  to  a  store  not  kept  by 
the  employer  are  made  as  illegal  as,  under 
the  principal  act,  if  supplied  by  the  employer. 
Any  condition,  director  indirect,  as  to  where 
wage  should  be  spent,  was  prohibited,  and 
dismissal  for  dealing  or  not  dealing  made  un- 
lawful. Where  any  deductions  for  education, 
medicine,  medical  attendance,  or  tools,  work- 
men's auditois  are  to  be  appointed  and  audit 
directed.  Ai-tificers  of  knitted  or  manufac- 
tured articles  under  live  pounds  to  lie  paid  in 
cash,  and  not  by  way  ol  barter.  The  1  &  2 
William  IV.,  e.  37,  now  technically  described 
as  the  principal  art,  is  extended  to  meet  eva- 
sion by  agent,  who  is  made  personally  re- 
sponsible in  certain  cases.  The  penalties  for 
any  breach  are  :  for  tirst  offence  not  le.ss  than 
£6  nor  higher  than  £10,  for  seconrl  offence  not 
less  than  £10  nor  higlier  than  £20.  for  third 
"1-   subsequent  offence   not    exceeding  £100. 


Insitectors  of  factories,  inspcdors  of  min*s, 
and  procurators  llgcal  are  authorised  and  le- 
quired  to  prosecute  otTeudera,  this  enactment 
lieing  necessary  by  the  failure  of  jirosecutions 
at  the  instance  of  the  wwn.  It  is  worth  re- 
calling the  words  of  the  Comniissionei'S  in 
1S71,  "that  truck  is  one  form  of  the  wide 
evils  caused  by  long  pays,  and  that  such  truck 
canutjt  be  effectually  prevented  except  by  the 
abolition  of  long  pays,  while  by  their  abolition 
it  may  be  either  effectually  prevented  or  re- 
reduced  to  insignificance." 

*  truckman,  n.      One  wl»o  barters    or 

trucks. 


t  truck  shop,  s 
truck -system, 


A  tommy-shop  (q.v.). 
ITruck  (!),«.,  4.] 


truck  (2),  .'J.    iLat.  trochus;  Gr.  rpoxos  (trocfios) 
=;  a  runner,  a  wheel,  a  disc  ;  Tpix.to  (/rfcfto)  — 
to  run.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  small  wooden  wheel,  not  bound  with 
iron  ;  a  cylinder. 

2.  A  low  two-wheeled  vehicle  for  conveying 
goods  and  packages.  The  hand-trnek  is  an 
efficient  vehicle  for  removing  single  packages 
of  considerable  weight ;  the  curved  bar  in 
front  being  placed  under  the  box,  fi>r  instance, 
which  is  tlien  tijiped  so  as  to  balance  back 
slightly  against  the  bed,  in  which  position  it 
is  transported  upon  a  pair  of  heavy  wheels  of 
small  diameter.  The  term  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  certain  hand-carts  and  two-wheeled 
baiTows. 

3.  A  waggon  with  a  low  bed,  for  moving 
heavy  packages. 

4.  A  low  platform  on  wheels  for  moving 
buildings,  heavy  stone  blocks,  .safes,  &c. 

5.  (/'/.);  A  kind  of  game.     [Tkucos.] 
II.  Techniailly : 

1.  Mifch. :  A  roller  at  the  foot  of  a  derrick 
or  gin  by  which  the  position  of  the  hoisting- 
apparatus  may  be  shifted. 

'2.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  small  wooden  disc  at  the  extreme 
summit  of  a  mast.  It  may  contain  the  ptiUeys 
for  the  signal  halyards. 

(2)  A  circular  peiforated  block  like  a  wooden 
thimble,  and  acting  as  a  fair-leader. 

3.  Ordn. :  A  small  solid  wheel  on  which  a 
certain  description  of  gun-carriage  is  based. 

4.  Rail. •engineering : 

(1)  An  open  waggon  for  the  conveyance  of 
goods. 

(2)  A  swivelling  carriage  with  four  or  six 
wheels  beneatli  the  forward  part  of  a  locomo- 
tive, or  supporting  one  end  of  a  railway 
carriage. 

^  The  long-car  supported  on  swivelling- 
trucks  is  one  of  the  peculiar  features  of 
American  railway  rolling-stock. 

truck-jack,  s.  A  lifting-jack  suspended 
from  a  triii.k-axle  to  lift  logs  or  other  objects 
.so  that  they  may  be  loaded  on  tr)  a  sled  or 
other  low-bodied  vehicle.  The  calipers  that 
embrace  the  log  are  liooked  to  the  catch  on 
the  end  of  the  ratchet-bar.  Tlie  bar  is  raised 
by  tlie  lever,  and  is  dogged  by  the  attendant 

JKlWl. 

truck-man,  s.  A  driver  of  a  truck ;  a 
carman. 

•  triick-age  (1),  s.  [Eng.  tnu-k  (1).  v. ;  -(w/c.l 
The  jiractice  of  trucking  or  bartering  goods  ; 
truck. 

truck-age  (2).' 5.  [Eng,  truck  (2),  v.  ;  -age.] 
Tin;  cartage  of  goods;  money  paid  for  the 
conveyance  of  goods  or  merchand'se  on  a 
truck ;  freight. 

'  triick'-er,  s.     [Eng.  truck  (I),  v. ;  -er.]    One 

who  tiucks  or  barters  ;  a  barterer,  a  trader, 

"  No  man  hnving  yet  driven  n  saving  Ik-irgalu  with 
thi>i  great  trucker  for  eouls,  bv  exchanging  guilt«.  or 
bartering  one  ain  for  another.  —South .-  Serrnont,  vol. 
vi.,  ser.  9. 

truc'-kle,  s.  [Lat.  trochlea  =3l  little  wheel,  a 
I'Ulley.] 

1.  A  small  wheel  or  castor. 

2.  A  truckle-bed  (q.v.). 

"  He  rouzd  the  stguire.  in  tntckfe  lolIin»." 

Butler:  JIudibras.  II..  ii.  .t9. 

3.  The  saTue  as  Tkuckle-chkese  (q.v.). 

truckle-bed,  *  troccle-bed,  '  trook- 
yll-bed,  >■.     A  Ix-d  running  i.'ii  ca.stors,  and 


boil,  boy ;  poiit,  jowl ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  ^hin,  bench  ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  tbis  :  sin.  as  ;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  =  fl 
-cian,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  —  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =r  shus.    -ble,  -die,  \c.  -  bel,  del. 


Ti'Z 


truckle— truffle 


,  i| -iM  of  Im'Iii^'  plight*!!  utiilrr  unnili<>r  ;  a 
\  I  .H.|.  It  M;t.t  furiiMTly  ^I'lu'ntlly  np- 
|.i  ]i.,-,  <i  til  thi'  tirr\'sDt  i*r  iitti'iidaiit,  tliu 
nuiitu-r  fr  uiiitrfsit  i>ccui>ying  the  princiiKil 
U-J. 

"  Tbrrr'*  hli  chntnl^r.  liN  lirtuir.  liU  cmatlv.  Itia 
atAit.hii^  (--J.    *ud     triirkl<-  ^cxt.'  —  !*kakf^.  ■     Jierrg 

tmoklo  ohoese,  ^.    A  sinnll  flat  cliei'»e. 

(/•.v..) 

triio  kle,  r.i.  &  /.  [Prom  truckle  =  truckle- 
U-.l.  Ui  tiiirUe  iim/^,  linvin;^  ivfcn-iice  to  tlu- 
uUl  tniillr-lftl  which  i'utiM  he  pushfti  umU-r 
aiiotlior  larger  one  :  ari"l  ihc  force  of  the 
phnisf  being  in  the  fuct  thiit  u  pupil  or  siholiir 
»h-pt  iiiulrr  UU  tutor  on  a  truckle-bfiL  (Sktttt.)] 
A.  /H(niii.«. ;  T«t  yield  or  give  wiiy  obse^mi- 
ou^ly  tn  the  will  of  another;  to  eringe ;  tn 
Mibiiiit  :  lo  Jiet  ill  a  servile  manner.  (Sonie- 
tiines  with  undfr.  generally  with  to.) 
"  I  cxunut  truckte  tn  n  fovl  of  »tal«.* 

ChnrtAUl:  It'i^  to  11.  tfottarth 

'  B.  Ttniis.:  To  nmve  ou  rollers;  t" 
triMi'lle. 

**  l-lMir*  wllliuut  iMltoius  wrn>  trtirllrd  from  tliv 
uildtlle  \o  utie  vtiJ  uf  tUc  rtwin.  —Mad.  IfArblaj/. 

(ri^C  -kler,  s.  (Eng.  tnirkl(e),  v.  ;  -rr.)  One 
«li>'  tnirkles  or  yiuUU  oUseiiuionsly  to  the 
wilt  i«f  ;iiiutber, 

trtic -kling,  n.  [Tritkle,  ?■.]  Given  to 
imckl.- ;  eriiijs'ing,  fawning,  slavish,  servile. 

tru -cds,  A.  [Sp.]  A  game  somewhat  resem- 
Mjh„'  Utlliimls.     [Troco.] 

true -u-lenge,  truc'-u-lon-93^,  ■••.     [Lat. 

I,,<.  .ii'r-,<tri,  iiuii,  fni'i'l/ntifs  —  truculent 
('l-v.).j 

1.  The  qnality  or  state  of  being  truculent  ; 
snvagentss  of  maniier  ;  ferocity. 

"He  tiive*  iiul  t>-rmiity :— tlic  triwulmucp  of  the 
Kulijwt.  »liw  tTHiiMK-ti  this,  lie  iiii|truvf«iiiut  —Water' 

A,i..j<-   o„  yoiiirtc't  new),  i'.  is<. 

2.  Fierceness  of  countenance. 

tliic  -u-l$nt,  (I.  IFr.,  from  Lat.  trucuhntus 
—  cMu-l,  iioni  tiiir,  genit.  tntcis  =  lierce,  wild, 
savage.  1 

1.  Jjavagc,  feroeious,  fierce,  barbari>ns. 

"A  l>atl«rouB  Scytlila.  where  tlie  siivjiue  ;uid  truru- 
leiit  niliiiljiUtiiU  tnui^«fi;r  tlieiusclves  from  ii)nce  tu 
plncir  ill  w»in;t>us,  iia  they  cmu  flml  ivatwre.'—Jttiu: 
On  the  Vreatwn. 

2.  Inspiring  terror  ;  feroeious. 

"Tlu-  tri-uil>n>it(  )<oy  his  Ijrettiren'n  Imiuls, 
Their  t rtu-tiU-iil  affects,  iiiiil  wi-\  il«  Imiuis, 
Beheld, ■■  Satuly:  Christ  s  J'iiuion.  p.  H. 

*  3-  Cruel,  (iestnietive. 

■' Pcatiltfiitial  eemiuaries,  nccordhig  to  tlielr  gruoH- 
iie»L"or  «iil)ttlity.  caiLieitiOre  wr  le»8frHcn/c-;iIi>l;igue*," 
—Unrifj     On  the  Plaffne. 

truc-u-lent-ly,  nrfc  (Eng.  trurtihnt ;  -bj.] 
In  a  frncnlent  manner;  fiercely,  ferociously, 
savagely,  destructively. 

trudge,  v.i.  (A'-cording  to  Skeat.  pro^>.  =  to 
walk  in  snow-siit>es,  ln_'nep,  to  move  along 
witJi  a  heavy  step,  from  Sw.  dial,  tntria,  trioga, 
trmljn  ;  Xorw.  tntim,  tnic,  tnjffe,  trjvtj  =  a 
snow-shoe;  tinigja,  tnunga  =.to  provide' with 
snuw-shoe»  ;  Icel.  /Anigc  =  a  snow-shoe.]  To 
tmvel  on  foot  with  more  or  lesw  labour  and 
fatigue ;  to  walk  or  tramp  along  wearily  and 
heavily. 

"Not  one  of  them  was  olwned  to  stop  and  look 
towj^rds  us.  but  they  fnidfjed  jdong.  to  nil  iipiwaramt- 
withoiit  the  Jetwt  emotion,  eitlier  of  curio!>lty  or  nur- 
lirisw,'— Cttf.*,-  Piitt  Voyage,  bk.  lii.,  ch,  ii. 

•  trudge  man.  ^^    ITruchsun.] 

true,  trewe,  ".  &  adv.  [A.S.  trevwe,  tryur 
=  irup  ;  trtov,  ^7/(f=  truth,  preservation  of 
a  cnmpact;  eogn.  with  Dut.  troinv  =  trni-, 
faithful;  /romt- =  fidelity  ;  leel.  tnmtjr,  triir 
=  true;  Dan,  (ro  =  true,  truth;  Sw.  trogen 
=  ti-ue:  rro=  fidelity;  O.  H.  Ger.  triitvi  = 
true:  frjjnm— fidelity ;  Ger.  ^r.M*=trne;  Goth. 
f ri.7/7ir,*  =  true ;  tringira=:a.  covenant;  Iramm 
=  to  trow,  to  trust.) 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  1,0 itguage  : 

1.  Firm  or  steady  in  adhering  to  promises, 
eompitcts,  friends,  one's  superior,  or  the  like  ; 
not  fickle  or  inconstant  ;  faithful,  loval,  con- 
stant. 

"  Througli  the  poor  ciptivc's  Ix^^om  jkiKsed 
The  thotinht,  hut,  tu  hU  puriMwe  fnn-. 
Uewild  uot.  though  he  ftiithfil.  ■  A.lti-ii :" 

Seo«  ;  /.onl  <-/  r/w  /«/«,  V.  25. 

2.  Honest ;  not  fraudulent ;  upright. 

"Rich  pri-y  iitnke^  true  men  thieveii." 

tthakei/,.  ■  Vmiisi^  .Itlunh,  T24. 


3.  Fn-e  from  falsehood  or  deceit ;  speaking 
truly,  nut  falsely  ;  veracious. 

•'  Uc  thfit  M-iit  iiif  l»  true."~John  vii.  24. 

4.  Genuine,  pure,  real;  not  counterfeit, 
false,  or  prel4.'nded. 

"Ill  a  fal«e  'lunrrvl  there  \a  no  true  valour."— 
Shakesfj.  ;  Much  Ado  »b<>nt  .S'othinij.  v.  L 

o.  Ci»nforinabU*  tofact  ;  being  in  accordance 
with  the  actuid  state  of  things ;  not  false  or 
erroneous. 

"AH  UiliiK"  that  .luhu  tii»ake  were  trtie.~—John  \.  4L 

6.  Confin-niable  to  reason  or  to  rules ;  exact, 
just,  accurate,  coiTect,  right. 

"  By  true  cumputation  of  the  time  " 

Shiik>i,>. :  Richard  III.,  iii.  5. 

7.  Conformable  to  law  and  justice;  legi- 
timat<-.  rightful. 

"To  conquer  France,  hU  true  inheritniiL-e." 

lihiikvtp. :  2  Henri/  f'l..  i.  l, 

5.  Conf.'i-niable  to  nature  ;  natural,  correct. 

"  No  sha])e  ho  true,  no  truth  of  such  accouut" 
Shaketp.  :  .Sonnet  62, 

!1.  Exact,  accurate  :  as,  His  aim  was  tnu: 
II.  Science :  Corresponding  to  a  certain 
type  ;  possessing  certain  chaiacteristics  in  a 
niarkcd  ilegree.  Thus,  the  species  of  the  sub- 
family Turdinse  (which  contains  the  type- 
genus,  Tunins)  are  called  True  Tliruslu's. 
while  the  name  Tlirnslies  is  ap|tlied  to  the 
family.  Used  in  an  analogous  sense  in  Patlio- 
logv  :  as,  tnte  leprosy,  &c. 

B.  As  (tdv. :  Truly ;  in  eonformity  with  tlif 
truth. 

"  It  is  not  enough  tn  apeak,  hut  to  speak  true."— 
Sbake»jt.  :  .Mitl>,nmni.-r  Si'jht »  lirvam.  v. 

•[  True  is  oftrn  used  cUiptically  for  It  is 
true 

"  True.  I  Iijive  m:*rried  her." 

ahakctii.  :  Othello,  i.  3. 

'  true -anointed,  «.    Lawfully  anointed. 

■  Kii^l.ii.ls  rni.-n»m„tr.t  lawful  kiuf." 

.shtikeitp.  -  3  Ileury  IV.,  iii,  3. 

true  biU,  ^. 

/.('('■:  A  bill  of  indictment  endorsed  by  a 
grand  jury,  after  evidence,  as  containing  a 
well-founded  accusation.     [Bill   of  Isdict- 

.M  RNT.  ] 

true-blue.  o.  &  5. 

A.  As  >i'l}_ :  An  ejuthet  applied  to  a  person 
of  inflexible  lionesty  and  li<Ielity  ;  said  to  be 
from  tlie  true  or  Coventry  bine,  formerly  cele- 
brated for  its  unchanging  colour;  hence,  un- 
wavering, constant,  stauncli,  loyal.  In  many 
parts  of  England,  true-blue  is  the  Tory  colour. 

B,  Assvhst.:  A  iierson  of  inflexible  honesty 
or  fidelitv  ;  specif.,  a  sbuuicli  Presbyterian  or 
Whig. 

*  true-derived,  c.  Of  lawful  descent ; 
legitimate. 

"  A  liueal  true-der'tpcd  course." 

.Shakes/*. :  liichard  It!.,  iii.  7. 

'  true-devoted,  «.  Full  of  true  devo- 
tion and  lionest  zeal. 

"  A  triie-devotetl  pilgrim." 
Sha!;cii}'-  .    Two  GenHfinen  of  Virrona.  ii.  7. 

*  true- disposing,  ".  Disp<isiiig  or  ar- 
ranging trnl>  ;  making  provision  so  that 
truth  may  jin-vail. 

"0  uiJUKht.  just,  and  true-dhpofinf/  Oo<l." 

Shakesp.  :  JUchard  HI.,  iv.  4. 

"  true  -  divining,  «.  Divining  truly: 
giving  a  ciTieit  forecast. 

"  Tu  prmc  tlirm  Imat  si  tnte-divining  heart." 

shakenp. :  Titus  Andronicn.t.  li.  4, 

"true -fixed,  a.  Steadily,  firmly,  and 
iniiiiovalily  lixed. 

■'  Wliuse  iriiefirpdaw^  restin?  quality." 

Shakesp. :  Juliu*  CcBsitr,  iii.  I. 

true-place,  s. 

Atitroii. :  The  place  which  a  lieavenly  body 
would  oeenpv  if  its  apparent  jdace  were  cor- 
rected for  lefiaction,  parallax,  Ac. 

■  true-telling,  «.    Veracious. 

*  true,  -■.  [Prob.  a  corrupt,  of  Fr.  trovs  = 
I'lgi-.m-lioles;  cf.  Troliinidarnes.]   (Seeetyin.) 

*  true-table,  n.  A  bagatelle  or  billiard- 
t.ible. 

"There  is  also  a  )>ow]iu^.place.  a  tavern,  and  a  rnte. 
table."— Evely 71. •  Diary,  March  23,  Ifrlfi. 

true,  v.t.  [Tri-e,  n.]  To  make  true,  exact, 
or  accurate;  as,  To  true  the  face  of  a  grind- 
stone. 

true'- bom.  o.  [Eng.  twe,  and  horn.]  Of 
genuine  and  legitimate  birth  ;  having  a  right 
by  birth  to  a  title. 

"Though  banished,  yet  a  truehom  Rnglishnian." 
Shakeap. :  liiehard  11. .  i,  3. 


'  true'-bred,  a.     [Eng.  trup,  and  hred.] 

1.  Of  a  genuine  or  right  breeder  descent; 
Ihorunghbred. 

"  ShcH    a    heARt^i    tmebrvd." —^hakexp.  :    TwcJ/th 
Niiiht.  ii.  3. 

2.  Of  genuine  breeding  or  education  :  a-s,  ft 
triif-hred  gentleman. 

'true- fast,  «.  (A.S.  trenve-fest :  cf.  slei'd- 
fast.]    True,  sincere,  faithful,  loyal. 

"0  Irustie  turtle,  frni\fn*tett  of  itM  true" 

Baltudc  in  Com,  of  t/ur  Lndy. 

true'-beart-ed  (ea  as  a),  o.    [Eng.  truf, 

and   lieiirfnl.]     (»f  a  faithful,  honest,  or  htviil 
heart;  triie.  loyal,  staunch,  sincere. 

'"  I  swear  he  iw  Iniehcirteil.' 

.Shakesp.  .   //vnr,u  Vllt..  v.  2. 

true'-heart-ed-ness  (ea  as  a),  s.  [Kng. 
trn€lu:ar(f'd ;  -uess.]  The  quality  oi-  state  of 
l>eing  truehearted ;  fidelity,  honesty,  sincerity, 
loyalty. 

true-love,  "  tru-lufe,  s.  &  <(.    [Eng.  true, 

and  !nvr.\ 

A,  As  substantive : 

I.  ( I rdi nary  Language: 

1.  One  truly  loved  or  loving ;  one  whose 
love  is  pledgeil  to  anollier ;  a  lover,  a  sweet- 
heart. 

2.  A  truelove  knot. 

"  Tiow  It  with  trntu/es  and  tnui&st  hetweiie." 

Antnrs  of  Arther,  xxviii. 

II.  Bot.  :  Heib  Truelove,  iVfCf's  y»(((/ri/o//«. 
[HilKB-paris,  Paris,  1.] 

11  Prior,  who  considers  that,  in  the  botanical 
sense  the  etyin.  is  Dan.  (ro/oi'c(  =  betrothed 
[Trle-love-kxot.  11.  says  tliat  the  plant  is 
so  named  from  its  four  leaves  being  set  to- 
getlier  in  the  tVprni  uf  a  lovers  knot. 

B.  -4.^  adj. :  Affectionate,  sincere. 

truelove-lcnot.  truelover's  knot, .''. 

1.  On!.  Lau.j.  :  A  kind  of  double  kn..t.  inaile 
witli  two  bows  on  eacli  side  interlacing  eacli 
other,  and  with  two  ends;  an  emblem  of  in- 
terwoven aflectimi  or  engagement. 

"  Twenty  odd-conceited  trnetoi<e.knnt».' 

thiikvsp. :  Two  (ienttrnieu,  ii.  7. 

1  According  to  Palmer (Fu/A'  Etymology,  s.v.), 
truelove  in  this  use  is  a  corruption  of  Dan. 
trolove=.t\)  lietroth  or  promise  (/ofc),  fidelity 
{tro);  Icel.  trulqfa. 

2.  Ent07n.  (Of  the  form  true-lovers  Icuot) : 
A  British  Night-moth,  ./lg'ro/is3)077j/ri/j'crt,  about 
an  inch  in  expansion  of  wing.  The  fore  wings 
are  rUiU  dark-red,  with  blackish  lines  and 
streaks  and  whitish  spots  ;  hind  wings  pale 
grayisli  brown.  Not  unconnnonon  heaths,  the 
caterpillar,  winch  is  red'lish  orange,  feeding 
on  Callana  vulgaris. 

true'-ness.  *  treu-nesse,  '  trew  nesse, 
'  true-nesse,  s.  [Eng.  t.-vc ;  -jk.sn.I  Tlie 
fiuabty  VI  state  of  being  true;  faithtuliiess. 
fidelity,  trutli,  sincerity,  staunchiu-.ss,  accu- 
racy, exactness,  correctness. 

"The  tnniesse  Mui  visihilHie  of  the  present  noui.iu 
church.  ~flp.  I/ttlt :  7'he  J!eeonciler, , 

'  true -penny,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Gene- 
rally explaincil  as  an  Iionest  fellow. 

"  Say  st  thou  so?  ait  thou  there,  trtirpenn// 1 
Couie  on."  hhakfsp.  :  J/amtet,  i.  5. 

%  In  Casaubon,  De  Qnatuor  Unguis  Cont- 
mentutio,  pars  prior  (1U50),  p.  362,  Truvpenie 
is  defined  as  "  veterator  vafer,"  that  is,  a  sly, 
cunning  fellow,  an  old  soldier. 

tru'-er,  .'t.  [Eng.  tru{e),  v.  ;  -a:]  A  truins- 
luol(q.v.). 

triifif  (1).  "^truffe,  .s-.  [See  def.]  Turf  (a 
transposed  fnrni  of  tlie  word  still  in  use  in, 
cjcutland  ;  cf.  thii-:^(  and  tkrist.) 

••  No  holy  trujfc  «a.s  left  ti.  hi.le  the  head.' 

J)afies:  Iliimonrs  :  J/ati-cn  un  Sarth,  U.  43. 

truflf  (2),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  youni; 
salmon.     (Pror.) 

" has  forw.iided  me  a  specimen  of  the  'white 

fifth  of  the  Devuushire  Dart  with  reference  to  ex- 
.'Oiiiiiuig  whether  it  is  a  yearUng  iieal  or  young  of  the 
jiea  trout,  as  the  trtiffnre  locally  termed,  or  a  liyhrid." 
—fieUU  March  a.  l&ee. 

truff,  r./.  [Etyin.  doubtful.]   To  steal.    {Scotch.') 

truf  fle.  ttrub,  "  trubbe.  s.  [Fr,  triifie; 
Ital.  tartiiffola,  dindn.  of  tartufo,  from  Lat, 
terrcv  tuber,  Pliny's  name  for  the  truffle.] 

Bnt.,  dc. :  Any  subterranean  fungal  of  tlie 
orders  or  sub-orders  Hypoga-i  and  Tuberacei 
(q.v.),  and  specially  of  the  genus  Tuber  (q.v.). 
The  greater  part  of  the  English  truffles  belong 


«ate.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  -  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  -  kw. 


truffled— trumpet 


233 


to  rlif  spfC'ies  Ti'hn-  a-stiruin,  brtter  kiinwn 
as  7'.  rihuriinii.  It  is  a\>uut  the  size  of  a  l.-irge 
walnut.  Ijlack  ami  warty  fxternally,  and  has 
tlif  Hfsh  varicmsly  luarblcil.  It  occui-s  in 
(iivat  Britain  in  In-'eeh  and  nak  woods  ;  it  is 
ruinid  also  in  the  Kast  Indies  and  Ja|uin, sonic- 
times  ten,  twelve,  or  nuae  inches  below  the 
j^ionnd,  sometimes  nearer  the  snrface,  but 
with  nothing  to  indicate  its  presence.  Hence 
do-js  are  trained  to  find  it  by  its  smell.  It  is 
eaten  boiled  or  stewi-d.  Another  Enjilish 
specie-^.  Tuber  moschatinii,  has  a  musky  otlom . 
The  Fieneh  triitUe.  7".  melaiwsiKtriim,  resembles 
tlic  Kiiu'lisli  species,  but  has  darker  spores. 
The  I'lrdmontese  truOIe,  which  beai-s  a  high 
n-i'iitatioii,  is  suKKith  externally,  while  the 
Hesh  is  white  tinged  with  pink.  Pigs,  in 
place  of  dogs,  an-  used  to  tind  these  species. 
The  African  tnittle.  Ter/ezin  Ivouis,  is  abun- 
dant in  Algiers,  but  as  an  esculent  is  deemed 
inferior  to  the  Eiii;lish  truttle. 

"  H,iii|>y  tlie  grof  ti.  il  heniiit  with  his  imlse. 
H  hu  M.tiiU  iiu  tiiijftes,  rich  >:ti;oiiU— iiur  Hiilae." 
Dr.  Wartott :  FasJiioii. 

truffle-dog,  .'-•.  Any  dog  trained  to  find 
trntlks  by  llieir  smell. 

■'The  tmfflfi-doq  is  nuthitig  more  nor  less  than  n  Iwwl 
.small  si/.td  puidllf.  :mii  is  lit- ver,  or  %  ery  vnrely.  met 
Mitii  uiiiiei-  the  tli-^U'iintioii  triiffte-don.  Its  cultiva- 
th.ii  is  due  to  the  fMstfiice  of  tiiirtle.s  winch  it  is  etii- 
|i|i'>eil  to  disi-iiViT  «hi-ii  tliey  are  Ijiiiu  iu  the  ETOuiit! 
hv  the  liflp  L>i  its  Hmiti;  uosi'."— r.  Slmui :  liuok  of  the 

truffle-womi,  .':. 

Eiitom.  :  (See  extract). 

"The  truffle  is  subject  ti>  the  ntt.tcks  of  many  in- 
sects: n  siiecies  i<f  I.eiwles  «1r|>uaita  itj$  oMi  in  it,  which 
ill  the  tiujiAstiite  feed  upon  the  aubstiui-e  of  the  truffle ; 
ill  this  state  tliey  .ire  c;illnl  tru^e-wonru.' — Eni/. 
i'l/clo/i.,  k.  v.  Tubcracvtr, 

truf'-fled  (le  as  el),  a.  [En.-:.  trv^{e);  -erf.] 
Fiuutsliril,  eiiokerl,  or  stulVed  with  truffles: 
a^.  a  tni^ed  turkey. 

trug,  s.     f  A  variant  of  tmwjJi  Oi.v.).] 

I.  A  hod  for  nuntar.    (fiuHt}i.) 

'  2.  A  measure  of  wheat,  a.s  much  as  ^vas 
carried  in  a  troui^h,  three  trugs  making  two 
bushels. 

3.  A  kind  of  wooden  vessel  f<)r  carrying 
vegetables,  &c.    {Prov.) 

'  4.  A  concubine,  a  trull. 

'  trug  -ging,  a.     [Trh;.]    (See  compound.) 
'  trugging-house,   >\    A  house  of  ill- 

laiiic;  a  brothel.      [TfU...  .^.,  4.] 

tru  -ing,  J"-,  jwir.  r<i-  (f.    [Trii:,  v.] 

truing-tool,  -.    A  device  for  truing  the 

fare  ot  a  grinilsliine,  or  any  other  surface  for 
«  liicli  it  may  be  adapted. 

tru'-ish,  a.  [Eng.  iru(*');  -ish.]  Somewhat 
or  approximattjly  true. 

"  Something;  th.it  seems  tt-iiigli -.niil  newish."— (VdK- 
<lfii  ;  Ttars  of  the  Clnnrh.  \>.  US. 

tru'-i^m,  5.  [Eng.  ^j^O." -'■•"'■]  An  undoubted 
or  self-evident  truth. 

"  It  Una  hecoiiie  ahno^t  a  trnixio.  iiml  ueetis  scarcely 
to  Iw  stHtetl,  certiunly  not  ty  be  luoved.'  — /.7(^«  iJavUU: 
IUbbcrt  Lecturvs  (lijeii.  i-.  U. 

■  tru  is -mat- ic,  p.  [Eng.  tmisu;  -atic] 
lit   nr 'pertainiiiL,'  to  truisms;   consisting  of 


trukke,  *  truU-kyn,  r.f.    [Truck  (.3),  v.] 

'  trull,  •  trul,  >-  [Ger.  trolle,  truJl€  =  n  tndl. 
i  he  Mii;^'iiial  sense  was  a  merry  or  droll  ctmi- 
I'aniiin  ;  O.  Uut.  f/ro/ =  a  je.ster  ;  Dan.  tiotd  ; 
Svv.  cV  Icel.  trult  =a  merry  elf.]     [Urull.] 

1.  A  lass,  a  girl,  a  wench. 

2.  A  low  strumpet  ;  a  drab,  a  troUnp. 

'■  To  make  tlie  vorlil  ilistniguiali  Julia's  sou. 
From  the  vile  i.ffsi'riug  of  a  fnill.  who  sits 
By  the  town  wall, '  Utejnu-y :  Jun-mtl,  viii, 

trull,  r./,  [Acontract.  of /ri/Hd/c]  To  trundle, 
b'  I  oil.    (Prov.) 

*  trul-li-za'-tlon,  s.  [Lat.  truUissatio,  from 
t, •  III li.<:<o  =  to  trowel,  from  trnna  =  a.  trowel 
('|.v.).J  The  laying  of  coats  of  i-luster  with 
a  tiuwel. 

tru-ly,  *  treu-ly,  *  treu-li,  '  trewe-ly, 

>flr.     [En-.  tr„r;  ■!>/.] 

1.  In  a  true  maimer;  sincerely,  faithfully, 
honestly,  loyally. 

"  We  have  always  Tntt;/  served  yon." 

Shaki-»ii.:  U'iiitfr'i  Tufe,  ii.  s. 

2.  In  accordance  with  that  which  is  true  ; 


in  accordance  with  the  true  facts  or  state  »  f 
the  case. 

■■  nut  liow  if  they  w  ill  not  believe  of  me 
That  I  am  (rut,/  tliitie.'' 
liutti/au:  t'il^rim'a  t'n><jrf»s,  pt.  ii.    (Introil.) 

,S.  Exactly,  accurately,  precisely,  correctly, 
justly. 

"  If  Pisanio  have  U)niii>e<l  it  trtif//." 

SAutt'd/i,  .■  Cf/nibtliin;  Iv.  1, 

4.  In  reality,  not  in  appearance  ;  indeed,  in 
truth. 

■'  To  be  trulji  touchtjd  with  love  "' 
^  ."^hakvtp.:  .Vurh  .riZ-i.  iii.  C. 

5.  According  to  law  and  right ;  rightfully, 
legitimately. 

"  His  innocent  halie  tnitt/  begotten." 

afiiikeap.  :  M'inter't  T>iU;  iii.  ■.:. 

6.  According  to  natuie  ;  naturally. 

"A  pageant  truiff  jilayed." 

ahakesp. :  a*  you  Like  It,  iii.  4. 

7.  Used  as  an  affirmation,  like  the  scriptural 
vei'ily. 

"  TreuJi.  treuli.  I  aeye  to  thee  for  we  spekeii  that  we 
witen.  ami  we  witnesseii  that  that  we  ban  seyii  :  ami 
ye  takeu  not  oiire  witue-ismi;.  "— ir.v<'''^''-'  ■/<"'  'i'- 

^  Triilii  is  often  used  ironically  ;  as,  A  line 
deed,  (rnly  .' 

trump  U>.  •trumpe  (1),  ;;.  [A  corrupt,  of 
trimnph  (q.\'.).J 

1.  Any  card  belonging  to  the  .same  suit  as 
the  turn-up.  A  trump  can  take  any  card  of 
any  other  suit. 

*■  LlI  spades  be  trumpg!  she  saitl,  and  trumps  they 
weie."  Pope:  Jiape  of  the  Link.  lii.  40, 

*2.  An  old  game  with  cards,  of  which  the 
niudern  whist  is  an  improvement. 

"  A  ifoetister  for  playing  at  canls.  and  devisiiiL:  tlie 
game  called  (rhtmph,  or  trmup,  is  brought  before 
Apollo." — T)'aii$[titi"ii  of  Soccalini,  ch.  xiii. 

3.  A  good  fellow  ;  one  who  helps  in  time  of 
need.     (Colloq.  or  slang.) 

"You're  right aliout  Lord  Howe!  Lonl  Howes  a 
tramp."      £.  Ii.  /trowninff  :  Aurora  Leii/h,  viii. 

*11  To  put  to  oiie's  trumps:  To  reduce  to 
the  last  expedient,  or  to  the  utmost  exertion 
of  power  ;  to  reduce  to  the  last  extremity. 

"  Some  of  the  nobility  have  delivered  a  ]>etition  to 
him  ;  what  s  iut  I  know  not,  but  it  has  put  bhii  to  his 
frmiips:  he  has  taken  a  niouth's  time  to  answer  it.' 
— lleaum.  A-  Fief.  :  Viipid'n  /li-i'i-inff,  iv. 

trjimp  (2),     trompe,  ^  trumpe  (2),  5.  [Fr. 

//■owfpe  =  a  trump  or  trumpet,  prob.  by  inser- 
tion of  r  and  m,  from  Lat.  tuba  =a  tube,  a 
trumpet ;  cf.  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Prov.  trom}Mt ;  Ital. 
tromba=  a  trumjiet ;  Russ.  trubn~  a  tube,  a 
trumpet ;  Lith.  truUi  =  a  burn.] 

1.  A  trumpet  (q.v.).  (Now  only  used  in 
poetic  or  elevated  language.) 

"  Thy  sacred  song  is  like  the  trump  of  doom. ' 

Longfellow:  Onnte. 

2.  A  Jew's  harp.    (Scotch.) 
^  Tongue  of  the  trump: 

Lit.  :  The  reed  of  a  Jew's  harp  by  which 
the  sound  is  produced;  hence,  fig.,  tlie  i)rin- 
cipal  person  in  any  undertaking ;  that  which 
is  essential  to  the  success  of  anytliing.  (Scotdi.) 

triimp  (1),  r.(.  &  i.    [Trump  (1),  s.] 

A.  Trans.  :  In  card-playing,  to  take  with  a 
trump;  to  play  a  trump  caid  on  in  order  t*)  win, 
or  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  the  gatne. 

"  Z  has  shown  weakness  iu  trumps  by  trtnnphi'f  the 
spade.  ■—/•**• /</.  Jan.  2.  18SC. 

B.  Intraus.:  To  play  a  trump  card  when 
another  suit  has  been  led. 

'  trump  (2),     '  trompe,    '  trumpe,    r. !. 

[Tai'MP  (2),  .^.1  To  play  v.\><m  a  trump  or 
trumpet  ;  to  blow  or  sound  a  trumptt. 

"  And  the  tii-ste  aunicell  triunpide  [clauxit],  and 
hail  w.as  niaad." —  Wyvliffe :  Apocitlips  viii. 

triimp  (3),  vj.  [Fr.  tromjm-  —  to  deceive  : 
urig.,  to  play  on  a  trump  or  trumpet,  whence 
the  phrase  se  tromper  de  qwhpi'uti  =-  to  play 
with  any  one,  to  amuse  one'.s  self  at  another's 
expense  ;  Fr.  trompe  =  a  trump  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  To  trick  or  impose  upon  ;  to  deceive, 
to  cozen,  to  cheat. 

"  Fortune  .  .  . 
^VUeu  she  is  pleiised  to  trick  or  trump  mankind. " 
Ben  Jonsoii :  A'ew  /«»,  i.  1. 

*  2.  To  obtrude  or  impose  unfairly  or  falsely. 

■"  Authors  have  been  trinnpeil  uixm  u».  interpolated 
and  Loirupted."  -Leslie.  Mo»-(  4  i«<.v  Mvthutl  wilb 
the  Ovists. 

1[  To  trump  np :  To  devise  or  make  np 
falsely ;  to  concoct. 

"The  chaises  .  .  .  hatl  been  trumped  up  against 
him  without  the  slightest  foundation."  —  Evening 
fituitdard,  Oct.  23. 1835. 

•trump'-er,  *  tromp-our,  s.  [Eng.  trump 
i'l),  V. ;  -IT.]  Oiu'  will!  playsupon  a  trump  ;  a 
tiumpeier.    {(.'fia'tcer  :  Fioirrr  d-  /.'■"/,  i',i.t7;J.) 


triim'-per-Jr,  ■-<.  &«.  IFr.  trom}ierie=.  at-i-aft, 
wih-,  hand,  from  trinupcr  =.  to  cheat,  to  de- 
ceive.]   ITurMp(y),  r.] 

A.  As  ^uhstantiir  : 

*  1.  Deceit,  fraud,  {llnrriugton:  Orlando 
Furioso.  vii.) 

2.  Something  calculated  to  deceive  by  false 
sh'iw  ;  sitmetliing  externally  splendid  but  in- 
trinsically of  no  value;  worthless  finery. 

•'  The  tnimpi-ni  inniy  bmiw,  jfo  biing  it  hither. 
For  aUd«  to  catch  thtwie  thieves." 

>hnkt»p. :  Temfittt.  iv 

3.  Things  worn  uut  and  of  no  value  ;  useless 
matter ;  rubbish. 

"  What  a  World  of  fopiierjea  thereare,  of  ctuasex,  n( 
lAiidlcs,  of  holy  water,  and  salt,  and  (.eiinniKt!  Away 
witbtliesefrnm/wrie*.' — itp.  Hall  :  Si-mioii  nt  Ejvlvr. 
Aug..  lo-s;. 

B.  .l.s  (fdj. :  Trifling,  worthless,  useless  ;  not 
worth  notice. 

"  Thron;:h  the  gate  on  to  the  road,  over  the  Immperv 
gap  staling  you  full  in  the  face."— ^VWW.  Dec,  26.  189S. 

trum'-pet,  s.     [Fr.  trompettc:  dimin.  of /cfimpe 
—  a   tiump;   Sp.    trumjtfto ;    Ital.   tnimbelln  : 
Dut.    &   Dan.    trovipet ;     Sw.   trmaiict ;   Oer, 
tTompete.]    (Trump  (2),  s.\ 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

*  2.  A  trumpeter. 

"  He  wisely  desired  that  .1  tjtimppt  might  l>e  first 
sent  for  11  p.".s3."— C/iirfiiJ"7i.-  Civil  U'ar. 

3.  One  who  praises  or  publishes  praise,  nr 
is  the  instrument  of  propagating  it.     (Coltoq.). 

"  To  be  the  trumpet  of  bis  own  virtues.' 

.Shifkesp.  :  J/udi  Ado.  v.  2. 

4.  An  ear-trumpet  (q.v.). 

0.  A  speaking-trumpet  (<i.v.). 

II.  Tt\ltniailly : 

1.  Music: 

(I)  A  metal  wind  instrument  of  bright  and 
penetrating  tone,  formed  of  a  single  tube  of 
brass  or  silver,  curved  into  a  convenient 
shape,  with  a  mouthitiece  at  one  end,  the  other 
having  a  bell.  Its  part  is  usually  written  in 
the  key  of  c  with  the  treble  clef,  though  by 
means  of  crooks  or  lengthening  pieces    the 


ORCHF-STRAI.   TRlMPtir. 

sounds  produced  maybe  in  various  keys.  Tin* 
trumpet  required  for  a  piece  is  indicited  ;it 
the  commencement,  as  trumpet  in  b,  c,  p 
flat,  E,  F,  or  G.  The  modern  orchestral  or 
slide  trumpet  consists  of  a  tube  OOJ  inches  in, 
length  and  three-eights  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
It  is  twice  turned  or  curved,  thus  formiuL,' 


VALVK   TRIMPKT. 

three  lengths  ;  the  first  and  third  lying  closo 
together,  and  the  second  about  two  inche.>4. 
ajiart.  The  slide  is  connected  with  the  second 
curve.  It  is  a  double  tube,  Um-  itulics  ni 
length  on  each  side,  by  whicdi  the  length  nf 
tlie  whole  instrument  can  be  extended.  Trnm- 
jiets  with  pistons  or  ^alves  capable  of  j.ro- 
ducing  every  chromatic  soimd  within  then 
couipass  are  sometimes  used,  but  the  tone  is 
by  no  means  to  be  compared  with  the  true 
trumpet  tone. 

(2)  A  stop  of  an  organ  having  reed-pipes 
timed  in  unison  with  the  open  diapason.  The 
octave-trumpet  or  clarion  stop  is  an  octavo 
higher. 

2.  Kail:  The  flaring  mouth  of  a  railway- 
car  draw-head  which  directs  the  entering 
coupling-link.    {Amer.) 

3.  Spinning : 

(1)  The  funnel  which  leads  a  .sliver  to  the 
cylinders  of  a  drawing-machine,  or  which  ail- 
lects  a  number  of  combined  loviugs,  and  leads 
them  to  condensing  cylinders. 

(2)  A  funnel-shajied  conductor  used  in  many 
forms  of  thread-machines  and  stop-motions  iu 
knitting,  spinning,  and  doubling  machines. 

Tf  Feast  of  trumpets : 

Jewish  Antiq.  :  A  fea.«;t  on  the  first  day  of 


bSil,  boy  •  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9lun,  beuQh ;  go,  gem ;  tMn,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
^cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,    sion  =.  shun;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  -  shus.      ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


/■w 


trumpet— truncheon 


th.-  ^-vt-nlh  mniiO.  (TiVi),  wliich  \vjis  tn  !-■ 
kci.l  u«  "11  wiMtttli.a  iiuni.'iial  of  blowiiiij 
..rtrmii|N'l>i,  an  Imly  cmivoaiti'in."  Nn  (tcrvili* 
,^  ,1  i  WH,,  ♦..  1-  tluiu*  in  if.  iMit  an  ..mTMii;  oV 
,  ,,  A  .^t-'l"-  pri'seiit.'«l  to.li-l.uvali(Uv.  xxhi. 
.1  It  invco<|»'.l  l.v  ten  «lii>ri  tliL- «_;rcal 
\iA\  -f  Alon.-nn-nt  {*:).  In  Ninnlx-i-s  (xxix. 
1— "til  tUtails  art'  uiUU'*i  um  to  tlit-  ■ntlt-nnii 
..rnre."  wliu'li  wa«  loincUitlf  ii  burnt  otleiint;, 
a  ni.at  ..IlVrinK'.  mn\  a  sin  oiriring.  Tin-  llrst 
ofTiHii  was  N\w  Yiar\  Day  of  tlic  civil  yoar. 
It  is  sfill  i.l>s4rvetl  as  a  Jiwish  festival. 
trumpOt'OOll,  s.      A  call  by  sound   ot 

■    rri'ii  l.iu.ll>  luxt^i  l\\e  tntin$Kt-^ilt  : 
riiiimU-irtl  tlir  i-niiituli  fruui  tli«  wnll. 

Sfott :  JiarmioM,  \.  31. 

•  trumpet  clangor,  s.  Tlip  sound  ff 
tjruiu)>eti4. 

i"  Tlivrr  Tv«rctl  tlic  m«.  nii>l  frt*fnKr-*-/«ti(/or  iwuinlf." 

trumpet  fish,  *.    ISnipk-kish.J 
trumpet  flourish,  s.    A  truui pet-call. 

■■  Fui  Bhrlll  Uio  /r»4mp*r*>urW»  (ell 
tUwu  ItwcKr.  llk«  |iMu>iiiL-  bell. 

Scxttt :  Oridat  «/  rricnnain,  11.  22. 

trumpet- flowor,  s. 

^^■;  ;  Any  I'laiit  witli  large  tubular  flowers  ; 
^IMTially;  (1)  tiM'  iii-mia  Biguonia  (q.v.);  (-J) 
tliv  -'iiiV  Tt.*coiiia  (q.v.). 

1  trumpet-fly.  s. 

y.iiUioi,  :  ill'-  Uniyly  {CEftTxis  ovis), 
trumpet  honeysuckle,  •=. 

liot.:  Oi/"i/"/i<"'*  nt'-i^-c/Ttctius  iuti'Hluied 
into  Brilisli  ganlcus  fioiu  North  America  in 


trumpet -major,  ^ 


Mil.:  A  li.;iil  tninii>et*;r  in  a  band  or  vc^\- 
nifin. 

trumpet  marine,  ^^ 

yUiMi-:  An  instniiiH'iit  formed  of  a  triaii- 
i;ularclu-st,  iivcr  one  side  of  which  is  stretched 
a  thick  gut  string',  passing  over  a  bridge 
sli;:htly  uneven  on  its  feet,  oue  side  being 
fiwUned  and  the  other  free.  Wlien  the  string' 
is  set  in  vibration  by  means  of  a  bow,  the 
rapid  impact  uf  tlie  loose  foot  of  the  bridge 
<i)i  tlif  belly  slightly  checks 
the  vibration  and  causes 
111*-  s"unii  to  n-seinble  that 

...t  Ih.'  vinlil,. 

trumpet  shaped,  o. 

1.  Oi-L  i."iiy.  :  shaped 
like  a  truini>et. 

2,  liot. :  Hollow  and  di- 
lated at  one  extremity  like 
the  enil  of  a  trumpet,  as 
the  corolla  of  Capri/oliuin 
sc/n^'crrir.'fi.-.'. 

trumpet  shell,  s. 

Zonl. :  Tiitou  varieytitus 
from  llieWest  Indies,  Asia, 
and  the  South  Sea.s.  The 
shell,  which  is  a  foot  or 
more  in  length,  is  white 
inotlletl  in  irregular  spiral 
rows  with  ruddy  biown 
and  yellow,  deepening  into 
chestnut  at  the  point;  inle-  fluwef.. 

rior  white;  lii)with  smooth 
white  ridge  on  a  black  ground.  It  is  em- 
ployed by  the  Australian  natives  ami  the 
South  Sea  Islanders  as  a  trumpet.  T<i  tit  the 
shell  for  this  purpose  a  round  hole  is  bnied 
at  thr  side,  about  une-fourth  the  length  Jroiii 
the  tip,  and  a  hmd  hoarse  sound  is  produced 
by  blowing  across  the  hole,  as  a  performer 
plays  the  tlute.  While  blowing,  the  right  liand 
is  plitccd  in  the  cavity  of  the  shell. 

'  trumpet  -  tongued,  a.     Proclaiming 

ImnUy,  ;iH  willi  tli.:  Vni<:e  of  a  tllimpet. 
"  So  clear  in  liit  KTt-nt  oflifc.  Oint  hi.t  virtiien 
Will  jilejul  likeKiiKclft.  trumiiet-Viniiuetl.  ngain^it 
The  tleep  diUuiiAtiou  uf  Ills  txkiug  utT." 

Shukctp. :  Macbeth,  i.  T. 

trumpet-tree,  trumpet-wood,  ^. 

/;-'(.  ;  iWn'pii'  i'dUtta.      LOK'JRupia.] 

trumpet- weed,  s. 

!i'>tan,i: 

(I)  The  American  name  for  EiqiaiorUim 
jyitrymrcHm,  It  lias  a  puri)le  steni  live  or  six 
feet  high,  leaves  petinlato  by  fours  or  lives, 
and  purple  flowers.  Found  on  low  grounds 
in  the  United  States,  tlowering  in  August  and 
bt-pt^miber. 


rJ)  The  name  given  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
UniM'  t«)  a  large  sea-weed.  Ecklonia  hucriiiah.i. 
the  stems  of  which,  often  twenty  feet  long 
and  holhiw  above,  are  used  by  native  hcids- 
hH-n  as  trumpets  to  collect  the  cattle  toge- 
ther.   They  are  also  employed  as  siphons. 

trumpet  wood,  >.    iTp.rMpKTiRKK.l 

trilm   pet.    .!.  A  '.    ITrvmj'et,  s.] 
A.  Tniusilliy: 

1.  T.«  itublish  by  sound  of  trunijiet  :  henc-. 
t"  bhi/e  or  noise  abroad ;  to  proelaim. 

"  Ue  imut  uvt  Ilvf  to  trumuet  foitli  i»y  >!'('"">■■' 
Shakc^i*.  ■■  /'ericlet.  1.  1. 

2.  To  praine  extravagantly. 

"  And  yet  tlielrorncU*. 
rriiiii/M"' It  iwthey  will,  lalmt  tbewiiiie.     . 
Xlolthcw  Arnold  :  Sminniwhs  oh  h'tut,  i.  - 
B    Jntvdiu, :  To  mnke  a  loml,  ringing  sound 
like  a  trumiiet.    (Used  especially  ot  the  loud 
suuml  made  by  an  elephant.) 

••  From  thuf  t*.  time  .  .  .  .Tunil.o  frHHip.'Tw.i  I-Mullv 
lui.l  ir.mk-  viilu  liiKlN  o(  I'i"  ^Setgl'l  ,'"»'  lttml^'tll 
"iaiUHt  tlio  »ltle«  oi  \iU  cng^.'-Mi/tf  Tclc'jKaph.  hept. 
i;.  I8r<6. 

triim  pet  er,  ■  trum-pet-ter,  •;.     [Kng. 

I.  firdinarif  Languafjc  : 

1.  (^ne  who  sounds  or  blows  a  ti'umi)et. 

-■  HfiitUlH  iuid  truinpetffs  were  sent  to  smnnn'ii  the 
C;i»tte  iuIurm.'—Hac'iulay:  But.  F.inj.,  ch.  xiii. 

2.  One  who  proclaims,  publishes,  or  noises 
anything  abroad  ;  one  who  denounces  ;  often 
now  one  who  publishes  the  pi-aise  of  himself 
or  another. 

'■  Tlie  trnmpelers  of  our  unlawful  intents." 

iShakctp.  :  AUm  WeU,  iv.  3. 

II.  Techniciilbj : 

1.  JvJdhy.:  iMtris  hecateia,  one  of  the  most 
important  food-tishes  of  the  .southern  hemi- 
sphere. It  ranges  from  thirty  to  sixty  pounds 
in  weight,  and  is  considered  by  the  colonists 
the  best  flavoured  of  any  of  the  fishes  of  New 
Zealand,  Tasmania,  and  South  Australia. 
Large  numbers  are  smolced  and  sent  into  the 
interior. 

2.  Ornithology: 

(1)  Any  species  of  the  genus  Psoidiia  (q.v.). 
They  are  South  American  birds,  allied  to  the 
Crane,  inhabiting  the  forests,  frequenting  the 
ground  in  search  of  grain  for  food,  and  often 
betraving  their  presence  by  their  loud  call, 
whence  bulb  their  popular  and  scientihe  names 
are  derived.  The  best  known  sjiecies,  Psophia 
vreintans,  is  very  bcautirul.  The  breast  is 
adorned  with  brilliant  changing  blue  and 
purple  featliers,  with  metallic  lustre  ;  head 
and  neck  like  velvet ;  wiugs  and  back  gray, 
and  belly  black.  They  run  with  swiftness,  and 
are  eapable  of  domestication,  attending  their 
master  in  his  walks  with  as  mucli  apparent 
affection  as  his  dog.  They  have  no  spurs,  but 
Uiey  browbeat  fowls,  and  force  Guinea  birds 
and"  turkeys  to  own  tlieir  superiority. 

(*2)  A  viiriety  of  domestic  pigeons,  so  named 
from  the  peculiarity  of  their  cooing. 

triim  -pet-ihg,  *.    [Trumpet.] 

Mining:  A  small  channel  cut  behind  the 
brickwork  of  the  shaft. 

t  trum'-pet-ry,  s.  [Eng.  tmmjyet ;  -ri/.]  The 
sounding  or  sounds  of  a  trumpet ;  trumiiets 
collectively. 

"  A  vroilit'iuus  H,unu:tl  iiHAjemit,  chariot  progress,  and 
tliiiiiish  uf  trumiiftrii.'  —  Thackertti/ :  Jlouiidabout 
Papers,  v. 

*  trump -like,  a.     [Eng.   tnunji  (2),  s.,  and 
like.]     Resembling  a  trump  or  trumpet. 
"  A  hrert«t  of  brasse,  a  voyce 
Infmct  aud  trumijlike."  Chapman. 

trun'-cal,  n.  [Lat.  truncus  =  the  trunk  ; 
Eng.  a<ij.  sufT.  -al.]  Pertaining  to  the  trunk 
or  body. 

triin-car'-i-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat. 
tntiicns  =  maimed.] 

Zool.  (C  Paheont. :  A  genus  of  Buccinida-, 
with  five  species,  from  sub-trojiii-al  seas. 
Erected  for  species  of  Bnccinuni  with  a  trun- 
cated Columella.     Fossil  in  the  Eocene. 

trfin-cate',  v.t.  [Truncate,  a.]  To  shorten 
by  cutting  abruptly  ;  to  lop  ;  to  cut  shoit. 

triin'-cate,  «.     [Lat.   truiu:atus,   jia.    par.  of 
trmico  —  to  cut  off,  to  reduce  to  a  trunk  ; 
tTuncns=  a  trunk,  a  stock.]    [Trunk.] 
1.  Onl.  Lang. :  Cut  short ;  truncate<l. 

-'  The  centra  i)(  the  luinhare  are  more  truumtc."— 
Trant.  Amer.  Philot.  Society,  xiii.  laS. 


fricmls 


THU.Nf'A'rED    ROOF. 
(.V.  W.  Front  ^  ChcUea  HvSpHal.) 


2.  Bot.:  Terminating  very  abruptly,  as  if  a 
])iece  liad  been  cut 
nfl,   as  the  leaf  ot 
thcTidip-treeOpv.). 


trfih-cat-ed,  pa. 

/-'/■.   A   (t.      "jThun- 

.ATK,    V.\ 

£l.  As  pa.  par. : 
(See  the  verb). 
B.  -■1^  uttjcctive : 

I.  Ui'd.  Lang.  : 
Cut  '"il  short  or  ab- 
ruptly. 

"  Those    who    wear  '^' 

lUiy     thing   on     their 
heiiili..    leneuihleO,    in    this    resi>e 

N-otka:  havinfe'  high  truncitrfi  CiHiic  eans.  iii.wic  ... 
stinw,  iinil  aonietinies  of  wood.  leHeinldinB  ii  real  h 
hcMd  well  i.aiiited.— CooA.--  Third  I'oyay,  hk.  iv , 
oh.  V. 

II.  TechnicaUy : 

1.  .Mill.  {Of  a  crystal):  Having  a  i-lane  sur- 
face where  a  solid  angle  might  tlieorelically 
have  been  exi)ected.  But  the  term  truncated 
suggests  an  erroneous  idea;  the  solid  angle 
lias  not  been  cut  off;  it  uever  existed. 

2.  i^ool :  The  same  as  Decollatbd  (m-^'-)- 

truncated-cone  (or  pyramid),  s.  The 

porli"ii  i>r  ;(  c<)ne  or   jiyranud  iiicliuled   be- 
tween the  base  and  a   plane  obli«iue    to   the 
base  passed  be- 
tween   it    and 
the  veitex. 

truncated 
roof.  >. 

.4rL7(. :  A  roof 
with  a  nearly 
level  top  sur- 
face and  canted 
sides. 

trun-ca-tel- 

la,  s.  [Mod. 
L'at .,  dimin. 
from  tnincatus 
=  truncated 
(q-v.).] 

Zool. :  Looping-snail ;  a  genus  of  Littorinidjp 
{WooiUmrd),  of  Aciculidai  {Tate),  with  lifteen 
species  widely  distributed.  Oiierculum  shelly, 
with  eiect  radiating  lamellte ;  aperture  of 
shell  ovate  ;  last  whorl  separate,  peristome 
continuous,  expanded.  Widely  distributed 
on  shores  and  seaweed  between  tide-marks, 
and  can  survive  many  weeks  out  of  water. 
They  walk  like  the  Geometric  caterpillars,  by 
contracting  the  space  between  their  lip  and 
font.  They  are  found  semi-fossil,  along  with 
Imiiian  skeletons,  in  the  modern  limestone  of 
Gu:idalou])e.     {Woodward.) 

trun-ca'-tlon,  s.     t^r.  troncation,  frnm  Lat. 

^■((ijL'{!rto»eja,  accus.  of  trxuicutio,  from  trun- 

cattis,  i)a.  par.  of  trunco  =  to  truncate  (q.v.).] 

t  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  truncating,  or 

of  cutting  short ;  the  act  of  cutting  off. 

-- Decreeins  judgment  of  death  or  truncation  ol 
ineiuhers.'—Prr/nne:  Huntley's  Breviate.  p.  4e, 

2.  Crystall. :  A  term  used  to  signify  that 
change  in  the  geometrical  form  of  a  crystal 
which  is  produced  by  the  cutting  oft  uf  an 
angle  or  edge,  so  as  to  leave  a  face  more  or 
less  large  in  place  of  the  edge  or  angle.  When 
the  face  thus  produced  does  not  make  equal 
angles  with  all  the  contiguous  faces,  the  trun- 
cation is  said  to  be  oblique. 

*i  Truncation  of  a  volcanic  cone:  [Cone,  s. 
II.  i]. 

trun-ca-ti-pen'-nae,  s.  pL  [Lat.  tnincatus 
=  cut  short,  and  pi.  oi  penna  =  a  feather,  pi. 
—  a  wing.] 

Entoui. :  A  sub-division  of  the  family  Cara- 
bida;,  comprehending  those  which  have  tin- 
wing  cases  truncated  at  their  apex.  It  in- 
cludes many  sub-families,  one  of  the  most 
notable  being  the  Brachiuina.  [Artillery- 
beetle,] 

trunph,  s.  [O.  Fr.  tronclie,  from  ^roiis  =  a 
ti  uiik  ('l.^■.).]    A  stake  or  small  post. 

trun  -cheon,  *  tron-chion,  *  tron-chon, 
tron-choun,  '  trun-chion,  ^.    [o.  Fi. 

ti-'HisKii,    tiiinrhon  =  a   trum-heon,    or    littlf 
trunk;    Fr.   tron^07i,    dimin.    from   tronc  —  a 
trunk,  stock,  or  stem.]    [Trunk.] 
'  L  A  trunk  of  a  tree. 

"  And  the  howis  grewen  out  of  gtockis  or  tri^ndujns. 
nn<l  the  tronrlumx  or  schuftis  grewen  out  of  the  ruote.' 
1  ~Pe<:ovk,  in  IVaterland  :  Works,  ».  246. 


f^te,  fdt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  f^ll,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  -  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  -  Uw. 


truncheon  —trunk 


225 


*  2.  The  shaft  of  a  brokfiii  spear. 

■*  Ami  tlie  siwre  hnike.  ftiid  the  tnnichion  st«ckB 
Btyll  ill  tlle^^^lu^ea  iiecke,  who  wtw  with  tlmt  stroke 
woiiiiileil  to  yWt\\e."—8er Iters:  Froistart;  Cronif:li\ 
wiA.  1..  ch.  circlxxiv. 

*  3.  A  shaft  of  a  spear  ;  a  pole. 

"  A  faiicieil  tnnes-troopcr,  the  lK>y 
Tlif  trunrheiu  of  n  apeiir  bentnulf. ' 

.SMtt  -  Laiif^fthf.  Last  Aflmtrd,  i,  19. 

i.  A  shoi-t.  stiff;  a  club,  a  cmlgcl. 

'■  Thy  h.iiid  iw  l>ut  a  fiiifrt-r  to  my  rtst. 
Thy  Itfk'  ii  stick,  .•oiuiinrc!  with  tliis  fninrheon. 
SI,ak,'Sf}.     ■:  neiiri/  17..  Iv.  U*. 

5.  A  hatnn  ..r  shilf  of  mithority. 

■■  Atteinliiiit 'in  ivkiiig-fttJirms, 
Whosi-  h;tinl  the  i»nii"iial  trmic'iroii  held, 
That  (eiula!  strife  hiui  often  quelled." 

Scoft  :  Marinit^n.  iv.  6. 

6.  A  tree,  the  branches  of  wliif^b  have  been 
lM|.po(l  off  to  produce  rapid  growth. 

trun'-Qheon.  r.^    [Truncheon,  s\]    To  l)e;tt 
witli  a  tnm<;lienn  or  staft';  to  cudgel. 


■•\u  .■.iptiins  were  of  my  niiiirt.  they  wonUI  trniirh'i 
yon  out.  for  Ukiiig  their  niinies  ui»on  yon  liefore  y* 
have  earned  them-  '—Shitkesti.  :  2  Ih'iiry  1 1'.,  ii.  4. 


trtin'-Qheoned,  (I.  [En.g-  /'*i'»Wi.-o»,s. ;  -ed.] 
Fill  iiisln'il  witli  iir  beai'iiig  a  truiK.-heoii. 

*  trixn-gheon-eer',  *  trun'-gheon-er,  s 

[Eng.  trnnrheon;  -eer,  -er.]     One  who  bears  nr 
is  arnii'.d  with  a  trunclieon. 

"  When  I  might  see  from  far  aome  foity  truncheon- 

*.ers  draw  to  ber  auccour."— Shnftcap. ."  Ilenry   VUI., 

V.  3. 

*  truncked,  <i.  [Lat.  intncus  =  (a.)  maimed, 
nmtihitr.L  (s.)  the  trunk  of  a  tree.]  Turn- 
CJited  ;  liiiviiig  the  head  cut  off. 

••■VViv  t rollicked    beJiat    fust    hieediug    did    liiiii    f.-vvly 
.li-ht."  Sj-riixer     F.  V..  "-  ^-  ^- 

trun'-dle,    *  tren-dle,     "  tren-del-yn, 

"  tryn-dell,  v.l.  .it  t.    [Trundle,  s.\ 

A.  Jatnimitive  : 

*  1.  To  roll,  as  "in  little  wlieels  or  castors  : 
as,  A  bed  tntndtea  under  another. 

2.  To  roll  or  bowl  along. 

"  Another  sung  to  a  plate,  which  he  kept  trundling 
<in  the  edges:  notliinywiia  now  lieard  hut  singing."— 
Holdsmith :  ExifttffK,  i. 

*  3.  To  bowl,  How,  or  run  along. 

"In  thef'inr  first  it  is  lieaved  up  hy  several  spondees 
iiitennixtd  with  proper  breathing  places,  and  at  last 
fru»il/(s  down  iu  a  continued  line  of  dactyls, "—-liWi- 
son     .SpivtiHor. 

B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  roll,  as  on  little  wheels  or  castors  :  as, 
To  trundle  a  bed  or  gnn-earriage. 

2.  To  cause  to  roll ;  to  roll  or  bowl  along. 

"For  as  touching  the  cube,  he  subtracteth  and  re- 
niovetli  it  quite  away,  as  they  do  who  play  at  nine 
holes,  aud  wlio  fnindlc  little  round  stones.'— i*.  i/iA- 
tund:  Plutarch,  p.  1.089, 

trun-dle,  'tren  del,  'tren-dyl,  *tren- 
dyll,  ■  trin  del,  '  trin-dle,  -.  &  a.  [A.8. 
ircntli;!.,  tri/iidcl  =  a  circle ;  O,  Fris.  trltid, 
irH7id  =  round  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  tr^..'.  Prob. 
there  were  A.S.  verbs,  trliidan  — to  roii  /la.  t~ 
trandy  pa.  par.  trmideii),  and  trewlan  —  to 
cause  to  roll.]    [Trend,  Tkendle.] 

A,  .-is  suhstnntii'e : 

1.  A  round  body,  a  little  wheel,  a  roller,  a 
castor. 

2.  A  round  or  cylindrical  body. 

"Whether  they  have  not  removed  all  images,  candle- 
sticks, trindtils,  or  rolls  of  wax,"— Cru/iwMjr  ;  Articles 
rif  Visitution. 

3.  A  lantern-wheel  (q.  v.). 

*  4.  A  trundle-bed  (q.v.). 

5.  A  small  carriage  with  low  wheels ;  a 
truck. 

B.  As  adj. :  Shaped  like  a  trundle  or  wheel ; 
«urled. 

"  ('lapping  his  trindul  tail 
Betwixt  his  legs."     Benuin.  &  Flct. :  Loee's  Cure.  iil.  :>. 

•"  trundle-bed,  s.  A  low  bed  on  small 
^vheeIs,  trundled  under  another  in  the  day- 
time, and  at  night  dniwn  out  for  a  servant  ur 
children  to  sleep  on  ;  a  trnc>le-bed. 

"  My  wife  and  1  on  the  high  bed  in  our  chaniber. 
and  Willet  Ithe  maid]  iu  the  truudle-lcd." — I'fpys : 
.liury  (1G6T|. 

trundle-head,  .■•. 

1.  S'"fit.:  The  iit^ad  "f  a  capstan  into  whu^c 
peripheral  sockets  the  capstan-bars  are  in- 
-serted.  'I'lie  trundle-head  is  from  three  to 
Sve  feet  in  diameter,  and  has  a  handspike- 
soi.-ket  for  each  foot  of  its  jieriphery.  Tlie 
length  of  the  bars  is  nearly  three  times  tlie 
■diameter  of  the  trundle-head,  sayyfrom  eight 
to  fiiiuteen  feet.  i 

2-  Oear. :  One  of  the  end  discs  of  a  trundle 
or  lantern  wheel  (q.v.). 


trundle-shot.  '. 

Project. :  A  bar  of  iron,  twelve  or  eighteen 
inches  hmg,  shari>eneti  at  both  ends,  and  a 
ball  of  lead  near  each  enii.       ^ 

trundlc-tail,  .s.  A  curled  t^dl ;  a  dog 
with  a  eurled  lail. 

"  Hound  or  .'Spaniel,  bravlie  or  lyiu, 
Or  bobtiul  tike,  or  trunUlK-ttul." 

."ihakesp. :  Lvar.  lii.  6. 

trundle -wheel,  ,^.  Alantern-wbeelOi.v.). 

trunk,  ■  truncke,  trunke,  j^.  [Fr.  trom 
=  the  tunik,  stuek.  sl.-m,  m-  body  of  a  tree, 
a  trunk,  a  headless  body,  a  poor-man's  box  in 
church,  from  Lat.  truiicitm,  a(!cus.  of  trnncus 
=  a  tiuiik,  stem,  trunk  of  the  body,  from 
/rnncHS  =  maimed,  mutilated  ;  O.  Lat.  troncus; 
Sp..  Port.,  &,  Ital.  (jojico.]    [Truncate,  Trun- 

CHIION.] 

I.  Ordinary  Langtuige  : 

1.  The  woody  stem  of  trees,  as  of  the  oak, 
ash.  elm.  &c. ;  that  part  of  the  plant  whicli, 
springing  immediately  from  the  earth,  rises  in 
a  vertical  direction  above  the  surface  of  the 
soil  and  forms  the  iirjm-iivd  bulk  of  the  indi- 
vidual, sending  out  br;un-hes  wIkisc  structure 
is  similar  to  tiiat  <»f  its-dl";  the  stem  or  holy 
of  a  tree  apart  from  its  roots  and  limbs; 
stock,  stalk. 

2.  The  body  of  .in  aninnd  apart  fiom  the 
limbs,  or  after  tlu'  limbs  have  been  separated 
from  it. 

"  Who  trembled,  trunk  and  limbs,  like  some  huge  oak 
By  a  tierce  tempest  sli.Tkeu," 

Wordxiv'iith  :  Excursion,  bk.  vi. 

3.  The  main  body  of  anytliing  considered 
relatively  to  its  raniifl cations  or  branches  :  as, 
the  trunk  of  an  artery,  the  trunk  of  a  line  of 
railway. 

4.  The  proboscis  or  snout  of  an  elephant  ; 
a  similar  or  analogous  organ  in  other  animals, 
as  the  proboscis  of  an  insect,  by  which  it  sucks 
up  the  blood  of  aninmls  or  the  juice  of  vege- 
tables. 

Leviathan  that  at  his  gills 
Draws  iu,  and  at  lii>  trunk  spoufa  out.  a  sea." 

^f^ltou:  P.  Z...  vii.  410. 

5.  A  tube,  usually  of  wood,  to  convey  air, 
dust,  broken  matter,  grain,  &c.  :  as, 

(1)  An  air-trunk  to  a  mine  or  tunnel. 

(2)  A  dust-trunk  from  a  cotton-cleaner, 
smut-machine,  or  factory  floor. 

(3)  A  broken-material  trunk,  to  convey 
graded  coal  to  awitggon  or  heap,  broken 
quartz  from  a  mill  to  the  stampers,  &c. 

(4)  A  grain-  or  flour-trunk  in  an  elevator  or 
mill,  up  which  the  said  articles  are  conveyed 
by  cups  on  a  travelling-band,  a  spiral  screw, 
or  an  air-blast,  or  down  which  they  pass  by 
gi-avity. 

*  6.  A  speaking-tube. 

*  7.  A  long  tube  through  which  peas,  pellets, 
&c.,  were  driven  by  the  force  of  tlie  breath  ; 
a  pea-.sliooter. 

"He  shot  8ugav-|>lum3  at  them  out  of  a  trunk, 
which  they  were  to  pick  up."— //')weW, 

*  8.  (PL):  Trunk-hose  (q.v.). 

9.  A  box  or  chest,  usually  covered  with 
leather  or  its  substitute,  used  for  containing 
clothes,  &c.  ;  a  box  for  carrying  clothes,  &c., 
about  when  travelling. 

"By  the  foresayde  jilacc  or  shrjnie.  where  the  holy 
martyrs  bodyes  lay.  he  ordeyued  a  chcste,  or  trunke  of 
clenesyluer,  to  then  tent  yet  all  suche  iuellys  and  ryche 
eyftea  as  were  offl-yd  to  the  holy  seyutis.  shuld  tbereiii 
be  kepte  to  tlie  vaeof  the  niyustresof  the  same  iJlace." 
—Fabyan  :  Ckronyclc,  ch.  cxxxt 

10.  A  box  in  wbi(;li  certain  fish,  as  cod, 
plait:c,  turbot,  eels,  &c.,  are  sent  to  market. 
A  trunk  holds  from  seventy  to  eighty  pounds 
of  fish. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Anat.:  The  human  body  with  the  head 
and  limbs  omitted.  Its  axis  of  support  is 
the  vertebral  column,  its  framework  the  ribs, 
and  it«  most  important  organs  the  heart  and 
lungs. 

2.  Bot.  :  In  the  same  sense  as  I.  1. 

3.  Arch.  :  The  shaft  or  body  of  a  column  ; 
the  part  between  the  hasi^  and  capitfil.  (Some- 
times applied  to  tlie  dado  or  body  of  a  pedes- 
tid.) 

4.  Fishim/:  An  iron  hoop  with  a  bag  to 
catch  LTustaceans. 

5.  Ihjdr. :  A  flume  or  penstock  (q.v.). 

6.  Miiiiny : 

(1)  A  flume. 

(2)  An  upcast  or  downcast  air-passage  in  a 
mine. 


(3)  The  box-tulw  in  which  attle  or  rubbish 
is  sent  out  of  the  nunc. 

(4)  A  wooden  spout  for  water  or  the  pijw  nf 
the  drainiug-pump. 

7.  J'ntunmtic^ :  A  boxed  passage  fnr  n\v  to 
or  fnun  .i  blast  apparatus  or  blnwing-engine, 
in  smelting,  or  ventilation  of  mines  and  build- 
ings ;  an  air-shaft. 

S,St&im:  A  tubidar  justrfm-rod  used  to 
enable  the  connecting-rod  tn  be  jointed  di- 
rectly to  the  piston  oi-  to  a  vi-ry  short  piston- 
rod,  so  as  to  sare  room  in  mnrrne  steam- 
engines.  The  widtli  of  thy  trunk  must  be 
sulficient  to  give  romn  for  the  lftt<:ral  motion 
of  the  connecting-rod.  , 

*  Ii  To  sprak  in  or  through  a  trunk  :  To  sj^ak 
through  a  tube. 

"  And  thi"  hdlow  waits  on  hhn  now  throu^-h  n  tu>«!, 
in  tenuis. court  Hocks.  or  sUppent  soled  » itb  wool ;  and 
thev  s/inik  to  cacli  other  in  n  trunk.' — Ufn  Joiuon: 
.Silent  ll'(»fiart,  i.  1. 

1[  Cunningham,  in  a  note  to  the  passage 
cited  above,  quotes  Montaigne  : 

"There  are  a  peoi)lewliere  no  onesfenks  to  the  king 
exoi-pt  his  wife  ami  children,  but  Ihrvuffh  a  trunk." 

trunk -back,  s. 

Ziinl.  :  An  Amerir-an  name  for  any  individual 
of  tlie  genus  aphargis  (q.v.). 

"  Sen-turtles  are  iiumeroUH  off  the  coasts  of  Plorhla. 
I'mnlc-tiacks.  or  Sphargis.  are  the  largest."— Aim(tt,'i 
H'li-'nan  ,    Hefjtilcs  A  liatrachians  of  Sarth  Avierica, 

p.  iv. 

trunk-brace,  s.  The  guard  or  stay  which 
supports  a  lid  ni-  checks  its  backwaid  motion. 

'  trunk-breeches,  s.  pi,    Tlio  same  as 

TfiUNK-Uu^iE  (q.v.). 

trunk  -  engine,  s.  A  fnrm  of  steam- 
eiigme  designed  todbt^un  the  direct  connection 
of  the  piston-rod  with  the  crank  without  the 
intervention  of  a  beam  or  oscillating  the  cylin- 
der. Attached  to  the  piston  is  a  tube,  or 
trunk,  which  is  packed  in  the  cylinder-heads, 
and  lias  suflicient  interior  diameter  to  allow 
the  vibration  of  the  piston-rod  by  the  throw 
of  llie  ciank.  It  is  used  especially  f<^>r  marine 
and  iti-u]icller  engines. 

trunk-fisb,  a-. 

Ichthi/. :  A  po]nilar  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Ostracion,  from  the  fact  that  the 
l)ody  is  clothed  in  an  inflexible  armnur  of 
hard  plates,  the  tail,  fins, 
and  gill  -  openings  pass- 
ing through  holes  in  this 
coat  i.if  mail. 

*  trunk-hose,  s.  pi. 

A  kind  of  short,  wide 
brecclies,  gathered  ill 
abnve  the  knees,  or  im- 
mediately under  them, 
and  distinguished,  ait- 
cording  to  their  jieculiar 
cut,  as  French  (of  whicli 
there  were  two  kinds : 
one  wide,  the  other  close- 
fitting),  Gallic  (reaching 
to  the  knee),  and  Vene- 
tian (coming  below  the 
knee).  They  were  worn 
during  the  reigns  of 
Henry  VIII.,  Elizabeth, 
and  James  1. 

trunk-light,  5.  A  skylight,  s(nnetinies 
at  the  upper  end  uf  an  apertuie  whose  curb 

or  lining  is  a  trunk  or  .square  boxing. 

trunk-line,  s.  The  main  line  of  a  rail- 
way, canal,  or  the  like,  from  which  the  branch 
lilies  diverge. 

"  Rumours  that  the  trimk-lines  had  agreed  to  a  new 
schedule  of  ruivs."— /lail u  Tttcgra/'h,  .\i>ril  8,  I88fi. 

trunk-nall,  .s*.  A  nail  with  a  head  shajied 
like  the  segment  of  a  sphere,  so  as  to  make  a 
rounded  boss  when  driven.  Used  for  orna- 
menting trunks  and  coflins. 

trunk-roller,  s.  A  roller  journalled  in  a 
plale  which  may  be  attached  to  the  bottom  uf 

a  trunk  ..r  the  I'ike. 

'  trunk-sleeve,  s.     A  large,  wide  sleeve. 

trunk -stay,  ■^.     The  same  as  Trunk- 

ERAii:  (q.\'.). 

trunk-turtle,  s. 

/oof.  :  A  sjiecies  of  turtle,  Testudo  arcuata. 

*  trunk -work,  s.  Cuncealed  work;  a 
secret  stratagem     [Trunk,  ^.] 

"This  has  been  some  staii-w..rk.  some  trunk-work, 
some  behiud-door  work."— SItuki'sp.  :    H'itttrr'i  Tale, 


TRUNl 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  vVc  --  bel,  d^L 


3J3 


226 


trunk— trust 


triink,  r.l.     fliil.  frMiicn=  to  trnn(;«t*'(»l-^-)  , 
*  1.  Out.  La»g.:  To  tninento,  ti>  iiiaiu),  to 

I..,.. 

■Th*r  •t»"«.l  xt  trunifH  aod  |>.il«l  tni-m.'—iMtn- 
tlttui     0>'»tm-it  i^r  lrrl<f%4.  rh.  XXXi. 

i  .»finir.;.'  T'»  .-it'iMrate,  ns  the  Rliinos  nf 
oir,  iiit'i  liravitT  or  iiivtallireruOA  nnit  HglitiT 
in  w.-rthle-v.  iMirti"ii!«. 

trJinked,  'i.     (Kn^.  f<  rnrA,  s.  ;  ■<d.\ 

1.  Oiti.  l.<\,ftf.  :  Hitviniia  trunk. 

'Shr    l«   tiiirk   Mt    witb  •trtiliit   lillU    well   tnink'''i 

2.  lift.:  A  term  appIiiNl  ton  trin*  wliicit  is 
iNiirie  ciuipe*!  nf  ;iU  it.s  bmiulirs  aTul  Sf|WiTit'''l 
fntin  its  nmts :  also,  when  Uii'  iiiiiiii  slciu  nl'  a 
(itH-  is  l»oni'' "f  .1  »litlV'it'Ht  tincture  fmni  tin* 
Itnincluvt,  it  i>  .sji'I  l«  Iw  tnuikml  of  sucli  a 
tincture. 

trd.n  -nol  (I).  =.  [A  corrupt,  of /rH?ii//«(q.v.). J 
A  nxini'l,  rutlttig  subHtAitice ;  a  trundle. 

trun  -nel  (2),  ■<.  [A  corrupt,  ottreouul  (q-v.).] 
A  r  n-t'nnil  ;  :i  wouclen  plug  or  pin. 

'■  Thp  cAriwnU-r*  -  .  .  foniid  mniiy  of  the  trunneU  »n 
YrT>  liHMc  mill  lottcii.  ik>  to  Ite  vnxlly  tlnu-ti  out  with 
the  Hiijrrpt,"— r-wt  .    ThiM  Voj/n^C,  bk.  vl.,  ell.  iil. 

tr&n'-nl6ll  (I  ;i>  y),  s.  [Fr.  trotjnnu  =  the 
itl<iol<,  stnnip.  lu  trunk  of  n  hrancliU'Ss  tret* ; 
iliniiii.  Innn  liou  —a  piece  ofanytliin);,  a  trunk, 
astern  ;  8hoit*'ni'«l  IrnnWrnjic  =atnuik((i.v.); 
cf.  lUilian  troumt^r,  from  tro)tro=zn  trunk.] 

t  L  Ord.  Ijdi'j.  :  A  general  term  for  an  axis 
ofsMriilar  clunacter  t«  II.  '2. 

■'  Tlieitiikm  nf  thfT\m;hi>rmertxeclat  nnnimle  of  Si* 
with  thp  atuiiik.  .mi>1.  lieiiiK  imrt  of  the  hentl,  nre  nt 
liberty  to  iiior«*  ttvcly  uii  the  tniHtiion  of  tUe  »IiiuiVl." 
—Field.  Aug.  ar.  HIT. 
II.  2>.V.nttvr//y: 

1.  Orf/n,:  Om:  of  the  cyllndrie.'il  projections 
fn.nn  tlie  sides  oi  a  <-annon  or  mortar,  which 
rest  in  therlieek>  of  the  earriaj^e,  fortuingsup- 
ports  for  the  piece  and  an  axis  on  which  it 
turns  (lui-ing  elevation  ur  depression. 

2.  stfam-enit. :  i}ne  of  the  hollow  axes  on 
whii-h  the  cylindi*r  of  an  oscilljitinj;  steam- 
engine  recipi'oeate.s,  and  through  which  sti.'ani 
is  received  and  exhausted. 

trunnion  plate.  <. 

0/-.i;(. ;  A  pl:it'-  <iii  a  gun-carriage,  which 
C'lver.-.  the  upi«r  part  of  each  side-piece,  and 
goes  under  tlie  tiunuion. 

trunnion -ring, .'.  A  ring  around  a  can- 
ni'ii.  ni'xt  Ijeioi'-  flu-  trunnions. 

trunnion -valve. «.  A  valve  attached  to 
or  included  in  tlie  trunnions  of  an  oscillating- 
cylinder  steam-engine,  so  as  to  be  reciprocated 
by  the  motions  of  the  cylinder. 

trun'-nidned  (i  a.s  y),  a.  [Eng.  tnnnilnn  ; 
■r>l.\  Provided  with  trnniiinus.  as  the  cylin- 
der ot  an  oscillatiug  steam-engine. 

•  tru'  ^on.  5.  (r,at.  tnisu^^,  pa.  i>ar.  of  tnnh 
=  fo  pusli.]    The  act  of  pushing  or  thrusting. 

"Th*  operation  of  nature  is  dltTereiit  from  lu^ch.ui- 
isiu.  it  (loins  not  itti  wurk  by  liiuion  or  nuhi'^n."— 
CiulH.offh:  tntfth-ctiial  Ss/itfin,  \t.  150. 

truss.  •  trusse,  ?.  &  a.     [Fr.  trousse  =  a  pack- 
agr,    a     Imndl*",     in    pi. 
ITntss.  V  j 

A.  Alt  SiihsUmtiit : 

L  Orilinarij  IjxiifjHage : 
■  1.  .\  bundle,  a  package. 

"Osmuinle  .  .  .  tii.nle  n  ifreat  tyuMtr  of  lierhy-t  or 
(CT^ut^Mf.  wherviii  lie  wminwd  tlie  chiUie."  — i^Wftv/oi  ; 
Vhrvtiycf'-,  cli.  ilxwvi, 

2.  A  bundle  of  ]iay  or  straw  tied  together. 
A  truss  of  hay  is  50  lbs.  of  old  or  (iO  lbs.  of 
new  hay,  and  thirty-six  trusses  make  a  hiad. 
A  truss  uf  straw  varies  in  weight  in  different 
places. 

"  He  li.id  not  W-'n  .■\l)Ie  to  get  one  tniM  of  hnj-  fur 
his  ht.n»eH  wlllnjut  g-^lng  five  or  six  iiiiles,"~,l/(u- 
atilatf  :  Hut.  of  Fwj  .  cli.  xll. 

3.  A  tuft  of  (lowers  formed  at  the  top  of 
the  main  stalk  or  stem  of  cei-tain  plants;  an 
nml^l. 

■The  flowers (*re  p'lrp  white,  .-ind  ftrelx>riie  In  (riMf.-» 
without  miy  uudiie  i:ruwdiiiii,"— /'fc/rf.  Oct.  3.  1385. 

II.  Technicull}/ : 

1.  ArcJi.:  An  ornamented  corlwl,  serving 
to  support  ait  eiitablatm-e  or  lialcony,  or  to 
conceal  the  ends  of  the  l>eams  which  really 
support  the  structure  :  in  the  latter  ca.se  it  is 
frequcntl>''niadp  of  galvanized  sheet  iron. 

2.  Carp. :  A  frame  towhich  rigidity  is  gi\en 
bysUying  and  bracing,  so  that  its  tignre  sliall 
be  incapable  of  alti'ration  by  the  turning  of  the 
bars  about  their  joints.     The  simplest  frames 


trousers    (q.v.)] 


an-  of  wood,  and  of  few  parts.  More  imposing 
strnctnres  are  more  conii)licated,  the  parts 
iH'ing  employed  in  resisting  extension  or  com- 
pression, ('omposito  trusses  employ  both 
wood  and  iron  ;  in  fact,  few  of  any  import- 
ance are  destitute  of  btdts  anil  tie-rods.  In 
the  simplest  form  of  a  truss  the  tie-beam  is 
suspended  by  tlie  king-post  from  the  apex  of 
I  he  angle  formed  by  the  meetingof  the  rafters. 
la  the  more  i-omplex  form  the  tie-beam  is  siis- 
jiended  by  the  (iueen-iK>sts  from  two  points. 

3.  Xtnd.:  The  iron  hoop,  stirrup,  and  clasp 
by  which  the  middle  of  a  lower  yard  i:* 
secni-ed  to  the  m.ast.  It  consists  of  a  hoop 
on  tlie  mast,  tightened  by  means  of  screws, 
whose  open  heads  engage  the  eyes  of  a  stirrup, 
which  is  swivelled  to  the  hoop  ou  the  yard. 

4.  Shiiihiiih!.:  A  short  piece  of  carved  work 
litted  under  the  taffrail ;  chietly  used  in  small 
ships. 

5.  .^'((^'7. :  An  instrument  to  keep  hernia  re- 
iluced,  tiiat  is,  to  retain  the  intestines  within 
the  abdominal  cavity.  The  essential  feature  i.i 
a  spring  or  bamlage  resting  mi  a  pad.wliieli  is 
kept  above  tlie  orilice  of  I'lotrusion.  The  ]iad 
is  usually  kei>t  to  its  plaee  by  a  spring  wliidi 
reaches  around  the  body  terminating  opposite 
to  the  ruptured  part.  The  spring  is  cushioned, 
and  sometimes  lias  pads  to  give  it  bearing  on 
special  parts. 

*  B.  .-Is  adj.  :  Round  and  thick. 

•"ITie  tigercHt  ia  nlioiit  the  higiieas  of  a  hull-dog. 
with  shi.rt  tegs  ami  a  tnttn  Ivody.  tih.-iped  much  like  a 
mnst'iff. '—D'tm/irrr  ;  I'oi/tvjft.  an.  iGTt^ 

truss-beam,  .*<. 

Dtiild.:  An  iron  frame  serving  as  a  beam, 
girder,  or  summer.  A  wooden  beam  or  frame 
with  a  tie-rod  to  strengthen  it  against  deflec- 
tion. This  trussing  may  be  done  in  two  way:? : 
(1)  by  inserting  cast-iron  struts,  thus  placing 
the  whole,  or  nearly  the  whole,  of  the  wood- 
work in  a  state  of  tension ;  (-2)  hy  wrought- 
iron  tension-rods,  which  take  the  whole  of 
the  tension,  whilst  the  timber  is  thrown  en- 
tirely into  compression. 

truss-bridge,  s,  A  bridge  which  de- 
pends for  its  stability  upon  the  application  of 
the  principle  of  the  truss.  Short  bridges  of 
this  class  may  be  formed  by  a  single  truss ; 
larger  structures  are  composed  of  a  system  of 
trusses  or  bays  so  connected  that  the  spaces 
between  the  abutments  and  the  piers  may 
each  be  regarded  as  a  single  compound  truss. 

truss-hoop.  6-. 

1,  Cooper.  :  A  hoop  placed  around  a  bariel 
to  strain  the  staves  into  position,  bringing 
them  together  towards  the  idiine,  and  leaving 
the  bulge  at  the  middle  ptirtiou. 

2.  Naut. :  A  hoop  round  a  yard  or  mast  to 
which  an  iron  truss  is  fixed. 

truss-piece,  5. 

Build.  :  A  piece  of  fdling  between  coni[iait- 
ments  of  a  framed  truss. 

triiss,  *  trusse,  r.^     [0.  Fr.  tmsser,  trosser 
(Fr.  ^ro»s«»)=:  to  truss,  to  bind,  from  Lat. 
torh(s,  pa.  par.  o(  torqneo  =.  to  twist  ;  Cf.  Ital. 
torciare  =to  twist,  wrap,  tie  fast.] 
X,  0)'di7iarif  Language: 

1.  To  put  or  makeup  into  a  truss  or  bundle  ; 
to  pack  up.     (Frequently  followed  by  iip.) 

"You  might  have  trtisg'd  him  ami  all  his  .-iiiparel, 
into  an  eel-skiu."— SA^Aesjo.  .•  2  Henry  /!'.,  iil,  2, 

2.  To  seize  and  liold  firndy ;  to  seize  and 
carry  off  or  aloft.  (Said  especially  of  birds  of 
prey.) 

'■  The  vigorous  hawk,  exerting  every  nerve, 
Trusa'd  iu  luhl-iiir  heara  down  her  caiitive  l>rey." 
HoinvrpiHe :  Field  Sports. 

*  3.  To  tie  up. 

"Cleonatra  .  .  .  cast  out  certahi  chftJiis  and  ropeit, 
ill  which  Autouiua  was  trnMeil."—Xort/i :  Pliittirih, 
V.  781. 

4.  To  hang.    (Frequently  with  vp.) 

"  When  for  ,i  sheepe  the  ignorant  .ire  trtmf." 

ly/iirifitin- :  I'rommA  CatMiudra.  ii. 

5.  To  adjust  and  fasten  the  clothes  of ;  to 
draw  tight  and  tie  the  laces  of,  as  dress  ; 
hence,  specif.,  to  skewer,  to  make  fast,  as  the 
wings  of  a  fowl  to  the  body  for  cooking.  By 
extension,  to  truss  =  to  prepare  for  cooking, 
disembowel,  &c. 

n.  Bnud.  :  To  furnish  with  a  truss  or 
trusses;  to  susiwnd  or  support  by  a  truss. 

trussed,  /vr.  ;xir.  &  n?    [Truss,  v.] 

A.  A»  pa.  jmr.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Provided  with  a  truss  or 
trusses. 


trussed-beam,.  »■  A  coniiiound  beam 
composed  of  two  iKjanisarcmed  together  side 
by  side  with  a  trns^  generally  of  iron,  be- 
tween them. 

trussed-roof;  s.  A  roof  in  which  the 
l.riiieipal  rafters  and  tie-U-ain  are  framed  to- 
gether,  so  as  to  form  a  truss. 

trus'-sel,  s.    [Trestle.I 

truss' -ing,  pr.  jxir.,  «.,  &  s.    [Truss,  r.] 

A.  -S:  B.  As  2*>'-  P«r.  <£  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
tlie  \erb). 

C.  -■1.^  srthstantiir : 

liiritd.:  The  timliers,  &c.,  whieh  form  a 
truss. 

^  Diagomtl  trussing  : 

Shiphiiild.  :  A  particular  metliod  of  binding 
a  vessel  internally  by  means  of  a  series  of 
wootlen  or  iron  braces  hod  diagonally  on  the 
framing  from  rtne  end  of  the  sliip  to  the  othei. 

^  truasing-bed.  5.  A  bed,  of  the  Tudm- 
times,  which  ]'acked  into  a  chest  fur  travel- 
ling. 

trussing -machine,  5. 

Cnnjier. :  A  machine  for  drawing  the  truss- 
hoo(is  upon  casks,  so  as  to  bring  tlie  ends  of 
the  sta\'es  togetlier  at  the  chines. 

trust.    *  trest,    *  trist.   '  trost.   '  trysts 
tryste.  ^.   t'c  n.     [Icel.  t ra u st  =^liust,  pro- 
tection,   lirmness,    confidence  ;     Dan.   &   Sw. 
trost  —  comfort,  consolation  ;  Ger.  trost  =  con- 
solation, help,  protection  ;  Goth,  transti  —  x 
covenant.]    [Trvst.] 
A.  As  sxihstantive '. 
L  Ordinarif  jMnguage  : 

1.  A  reliance  or  resting  of  the  mind  on  the- 
integrity,  veracity,  justice,  friendshi]),  power, 
protection,  or  the  like,  of  another  ;  a  firm  re- 
liance or  dependence  on  jiromises,  laws,  or 
principles  ;  confidence,  faith. 

"Wboao  tiuttethhis  trust  in  the  Lord  shall  be  s.ife. ' 
—Proverbs  xxix.  25. 

2.  Confident  opinion  or  expectation ;  as- 
sured anticiiation ;  dependence  upon  some 
thing  future  or  contingent,  as  if  present  or 
aetual ;  faith,  belief,  hope. 

'■  His  trust  was,  with  th'  Eternal  to  lie  deeni'd 
Eiiunl  iu  strength."  MiUon:  I'.  I..,  ii.  16. 

3.  Credit  gi\eu  without  examination. 

"Most  take  things  uj»oii  trust,  and  misemploy  their 
.■\?9ent  liy  hizily  euiidHvtug  their  niinds  to  the  dictate* 
of  others."— Z^Ae, 

4.  One  who  or  that  which  is  the  ground  of 
contideuce  or  reliance  ;  a  person  or  thing  con- 
fided in  or  relied  on. 

5.  The  state  of  being  confided  in  or  relied  oc 

*'  Thou  shalt  h.ave  charge  and  sovereign  trust," 

tihukvti).  :  1  Henry  II'.,  iii.  2. 

6.  The  transfer  of.  goods,  property,  &c.,  ut 
conliilencebf  or  reliance  on  future  payment  ; 
e\eharige  without  immediate  receipt  of  an 
equivalent ;  credit :  as,  To  sell  goods  on  tru^t. 

7.  The  state  of  being  entrusted  oi-  coufideil 
to  the  care  and  guard  of  another. 

■•  Hissenl'd  coinmisatou  left  in  trust  with  me." 
Sfi'ikesp. :  I'ericles,  i.  3. 

*  8.  Care,  management,  charge. 

"That  whicli  is  committed  to  th.v  trutt."—l  Timothy 

vl.  ••:>. 

9.  That  which  is  committed  or  entrusted  t'> 
one  ;  something  committed  to  one's  charge, 
care,  or  faith ;  a  charge  given  or  received  iu 
confidence  ;  something  which  one  is  bound  in 
honour  and  duty  to  keep  inviolate. 

"  To  violate  the  sacred  trust  of  sileuce." 

Milton  :  Samson  Agoniates,  42S. 

10.  Something  committed  to  one's  care,  for 
use  or  safe-keeping,  of  which  an  account  must 
be  rendered. 

•■  Although  the  advantages  one  man  poSBes.sth  nmrc 
thau  another,  may  he  called  his  proiierty  with  resneit 
to  other  men.  yet  with  respect  to  God.  they  are  uuly  a 
trust.'—Swift, 

*  II.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  reliable- 
or  trustworthy. 

"A  mau  he  is  of  honesty  and  trust." 

Shnkeip.  :  Othello,  i.  3. 
H.  La  w  : 

1.  A  confidence  reposed  by  one  pei-son, 
called  the  truster,  or  c^lni  que  trvst,  in  con- 
\eying  or  bequeathing  property  to  another 
(called  the  trustee),  that  the  latter  will  apply 
it  for  the  benefit  of  a  third  party  (called  the 
cestui  que  trust  or  beneficiary),  or  to  some 
specified  purpose  or  purposes.  The  purposes 
of  a  trust  are  generally  indicated  in  the  in- 
strument, whether  dee<l  or  wilt,  by  which  the 
disposition  is  made.     Trusts  are  di^^ded  gene- 


late.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU.  fatber;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wove,  welt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  fiill ;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ee,  oe  -  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


trust— trutinate 


227 


rally  into  siiii|<U!  trusts  and  si>ecial  trusts, 
the  forrespomliii^;  terms  in  Scots  law  bt'itig 
proprietary  tnistsHiidaccessorytrustji.  Simple 
trusts  are  those  in  which  the  trustee  holds 
the  legal  estate  suhjeet  to  the  duties  implied 
by  law.  Special  trusts  are  those  in  which 
the  trustee  has  some  special  puri)0se  to  exe- 
cute or  carry  out.  Trusts  may  he  created  by 
the  voluntary  act  of  a  party,  or  by  the  opera- 
tion of  law.     [UsK,  5.] 

2.  The  benelicial  iirterest  created  by  such  a 
transaction  ;  a  beneficial  interest  in  or  owner- 
ship of  real  or  ))cisoii;»i  properly  utiatten<led 
with  the  legal  or  possessory  ownership  thereof. 

3.  An  organization,  especially  in  Ainerica, 
for  the  control  of  seveml  companies  nr  cor- 
poratirms  under  one  direction,  by  the  trans- 
fcrenie  by  the  stockholders  of  at  least  a 
nuMority  of  the  stock  of  each  company  to  a 
centi-al  conimittoe  or  board  of  trustees,  the 
stockholders  losing  their  voting  powers,  but 
still  retaining  their  rights  to  dividends  or 
to  share  in  the  protits— the  object  being  to 
lighten  expenses,  regulate  production,  and 
defeat  competition. 

B.  As  adjectirc  : 
'1.  Trusty,  faithful,  loyal,  true. 
2.  Held  in  trust :  as,  tr\f<t  money. 
•[    For  the    ditfereuce    between  trnst  and 
helief,  see  Bki.ief. 

trust-deed,  '■ 

Scots  Law ;  A  deeil  or  disposition  which 
conveys  property  not  for  the  belioof  of  the 
disponce,  but  for  other  purposes  pointed  out 
in  the  deed,  as  a  deed  by  a  debtor  conveying 
projierty  to  a  trustee  for  payment  of  his  debts. 

trust  -  estate,  s.  An  estate  under  the 
management  of  a  trustee  or  trustees. 

trust,     treist.  '  trist,  '  triste.  *  troste, 
trust-en,  ■  tryst,  r.t.  &.  i.    [Trust,  .-<.] 

A.  rran.<itii-e : 

1.  To  place  trnst  or  confidence  in;  to  rely 
upon  ;  to  depend  upon  ;  to  confide  in. 

2.  To  believe,  to  credit. 

"  Trust  me.  I  was  going  to  your  house." — Shalesp. : 
Mcrrij  WiP'-SQf  Windsor,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  put  trust  or  confidence  in  with  reganl 
to  the  care  or  chaise  of  sometliing  ;  to  simw 
confidence  in  by  er.trusting  with  something. 
(Followed  by  icith.) 

"1  will  mtlier  trnst  a  Fleming  with  my  butter." — 
Shakesp. :  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  ii.  '1. 

4.  To  commit  or  entrust  to  one's  care  or 
charge  ;  to  entrust. 

5.  To  lea\  e  to  one's  self  or  to  itself  without 
fear  of  consequences  ;  to  allow  to  be  exposed. 

"  FooleJ  ami  beijuiled :  l>y  liiiu  tbou,  I  by  thee. 
To  trust  thee  from  my  aide.  " 

MUtnn:  P.  L..  X.  891. 

6.  To  give  credit  to  ;  to  sell  u]>on  credit  to, 
or  in  confidence  of  future  payment  from  ;  as, 
To  trnst  a  customer  for  goods. 

B.  IntranMtive  : 

1.  To  have  trust  or  confidence;  to  be  in- 
sjiired  with  confidence  or  reliance  ;  to  depend, 
to  rely, 

2.  To  be  credulous  or  trusting;  to  confide 
or  believe  readily. 

3.  To  be  confident ;  to  feel  sure  ;  to  expect 
confidently.    (Followed  by  a  clause.) 

"1  tnut  ere  lone  to  choke  tliee." 

Shiikeap. :  1  llcnru  I'/.,  iii.  2. 

4.  To  practise  giving  credit;  to  sell  goods 
on  credit. 

%  For  the  difference  between  to  trust  and 
to  confidf,  see  Confide. 

1[  (1)  To  trust  in :  To  confide  ;  to  place 
trust  or  confidence  in. 

"  Trust  in  the  Lord,  Hiid  do  good."— Psalm  xxxvii.  3. 

(2)  To  trvst  to :  To  depend  on  ;  to  rely  on. 

"  The  men  of  Israel  , .  .  trusted  to  the  Hers  in  wait.' 
— Judges  XX.  ae. 

tr^'tee',  "J.     [Eng.  tnt^t ;  -fi^.] 

1.  Ord.  Lantj. :  One  who  holds  lands,  tene- 
ments, or  other  property,  u^ton  the  trust  ami 
conlicleme  that  he  will  apply  the  same  for  the 
bcnelit  of  those  who  are  entitled,  according  to 
an  expressed  intention,  eitlier  by  the  parties 
themselves,  <»r  by  the  deed,  will,  settlement, 
or  arrangement  of  another. 

2.  AnuT.  Law:  A  person  in  whose  hands 
the  effects  of  another  are  attached  in  a  trustee 
process — that  is,  a  process  by  which  a  creilitor 
may  attach  gootis,  effects,  and  credits  belong- 
ing to  or  due  to  his  debtor,  when  in  the  hands 


of  a  third  i>erson  ;  equivalent  to  the  process 
known  in  English  law  as  foreign  attachment. 
^  Trustee  of  a  t>ankrupt's  estute :  The  same 
as  Assiiinee  in  iiankrtiptcy. 

triis-tee'  ship,  s.  [Eng.  tnistee ;  -ship.)  The 
otlice,  position,  or  functions  of  a  trustee. 

trust -er,  s.     lEng.  trust,  v.;  -er.J 
I.  Ordinai'y  Language  : 

1.  One  who  trusts  or  gives  credit ;  a  creditor. 

2.  One  who  trusts  in  anything  as  true  ;  a 
believer. 

"  Nur  sliftll  you  do  miue  ear  that  violence, 
Tn  umke  it  tritster  of  your  own  report 
Against  yourself."  SkukcHp. :  Hamlet,  I.  2. 

II.  Scots  Law :  One  who  grants  a  trust-deed ; 
the  coiTelative  of  trustee  (q.v.). 

trust -ful,  a.     [Eng.  ti-ust;  -/u/(0.] 
1.  Full  of  trust;  trusting. 
^  2.  Worthy  of  trust ;  trusty  ;  trustworthy. 

"trust -ful -ly,  ndv.  [Eng.  trustful;  -ly.]  In 
a  trustful  UKinner. 

*  trust'-ful-ness,  s.  [Eng.  trvst/nl ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  <.'r  state  of  being  trustful ;  faith- 
fulness, trustiness. 

"  Hugh,  it  ia  true,  has  shown  himself  wauling  in  A 
generous  trustfulneit."—PaU  Mall  Uatette,  July  3, 
18S4. 

*  triis'-ti-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  trusty;  -ly.]    In  a 

trusty  manner ;  faithfully,  honestly  ;  with 
fidelity. 

trus -ti-ness.   trusti-nesse,  *trus-ty- 

nes,  s.  [Kiig.  trust;/ ;  -ness.]  Tiie  (piality  or 
state  of  l)eing  trusty  or  trustworthy  ;  fidelity, 
faithfulness,  honesty. 

"  I'ertninly  I  saye  vnto  you,  that  the  maister  hauing 
a  triall  of  his  trustiuesse.  will  be  bolde  to  truate  huu 
with  k'rentter  thintires.  and  wyll  make  hym  reweler 
ouei  iill  bis  y;iKtde3.  "— Ccfui.   Matthew  xxiv. 

trust'-ing,  pr.  pfir.  or  a.     [Trust,  r.] 

'  trust'-mg-ly,  adr.  [Eng.  trusting ;  -ly.]  In 
a  trusting  manner;  with  trust  or  implicit 
conlidence. 

"  Hervey  came  hither  for  the  dmiifihts  in  which 
Weakness  tritinin'ihj  nought  Strength."— Z>ni?y  Tele- 
graph, Hert- 1.  i8a.j. 

'  trust-less,  *  trust-lesse,  c,  {'En^.  trust; 
-less.]     Not  worthy  of  trust ;  not  to  be  relied 
or  depended  on  ;  unreliable,  faithless. 
"  The  mouae  which  once  hath  broken  out  of  trappe. 
Is  silduuie  tyaed  with  the  trunttrssv  liayte." 

Guiciiyne  :  To  the  same  (Jeiitleteoman. 

'  trust'-less-ness,  .f.  (Eng.  trustless ;  -iiess.] 
The  quality  or  sta.te  of  being  trustless  ;  un- 
woitliiiiess  of  trust. 

trust -WOr-tlLi-neSS,  .<;.  [Eng.  tmstworthy ; 
-nt's^.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  trust- 
worthy, or  deserving  of  confidence. 

trust'-WOr-tliy,  o.  [Eng.  trust,  and  worthy.] 
Deserving  ot  trust  or  confidence  ;  that  may 
be  trusted  or  lelied  on  ;  trusty. 

trus'-ty,  *  trus-tie,  a.    [Eng.  trust;  -y.] 

1.  That  may  be  safely  trusted  or  relied 
upon  ;  Justly  deserving  of  trust  or  confidence  ; 
trustworthy,  reliable. 

"  Use  careful  watch,  choose  trrisfi/  sentinels." 

.Shakfsp.  :  nhhanl  III.,  v.  a 

2.  Not  liable  to  fall  a  person  in  time  of 
need  ;  strong. 

"  In  which  I  bear  my  trust}/  sword 
Wlieu  I  do  exercise."        Cowper :  Juhn  Gilpin. 

"  3.  Involving  trust  or  resiionsibility. 

"  Some  great  aud  tru*t//  busiuess." 
Shakesp.  ;  Alls  Well  that  Bnda  Well,  iii.  6. 

If  For  the  difference  between  trusty  and 
faithful,  see  Faithful. 

truth,  '  treuth,  *  treuthe,  *  trouth, 

trouthe,  ».  [A.S.  trcou-dhu,  from  treuwv  = 
true  (q.v.);  Icel.  tryggdh.  Truth  aud  troth 
are  doublets.] 

1,  The  quality  or  state  of  being  true ;  true- 
ness  :  as — 

(1)  Conformity  to  facts  or  reality,  as  of 
statements  to  facts,  words  to  thoughts, 
motives  or  actions  to  i^rofessions ;  exact  ac- 
cordance with  what  is,  has  been,  or  shall  be. 

"Those  pnipositiona  are  true,  which  exvress  think-s 
as  they  are  :  ifr.  truth  is  the  conformity  of  those  words 
or  signs,  by  wliich  things  are  expreat.  to  the  things 
thetnaelves."—  WoUaston  :  IleHgion  of  Xaturf,  §  1. 

(2)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  made  or 
constructed  true  or  exact  ;  exact  adherence 
to  a  model  ;  accuracy  of  adjustment ;  exact- 
ness. 


(:i)  In  the  fine  arts,  the  proper  and  correct 
representfition  of  any  object  in  nature,  or  of 
whatever  subject  may  be  under  treatment. 

•'  Truth  U  the  hlghent  quality  In  art.  ■— /'inrAo/?, 

(4)  Habitual  disposition  to  speak  only  what 
is  true  ;  veracity  ;  freedom  from  falsehood. 
(."i)  Honesty,  sincerity,  virtue,  wprightness. 

"  Even  BO  void  Is  your  falav  heart  of  truth." 

Shakfsp.  :  Merchant  qf  Vrniee.  v. 

((i)  Disposition  to  Im;  faithful  to  onus  en- 
gagements;  fidelity;  constancy. 

"  1  will  follow  thee  with  truth  and  loyalty." 

:ihaketp.  :  Ai  i'oti  Like  It,  ii.  3. 
•  (7)   The    state    or  quality   of    not    being 
Counterfeited,  adulterated,  or  spurious  ;  gen- 
uineness, purity. 

"She  having  the  truth  of  honour  In  her. "Shakesp.: 
Measure  fur  Measure,  iii,  l. 

2.  That  which  is  true  :  as — 
(1)  Fact,  reality,  verity;   the  opposite  to 
falsehood. 

"  For  thys  cause  was  I  borne,  and  for  thya  cansi; 
came  I  into  the  worlde,  tliat  I  ahoulde  Iieare  wytuesae 
vnto  tlie  treuthe."— John  xviii.  38.    (1551  ) 

{'!)  That  which  conforms  to  fact  or  reality  ; 
the  real  or  true  stitte  of  things. 

"  Though  truth  and  falsehood  belong,  in  propriety  of 
speech,  only  to  iTopusitiuna  ;  yet  ide»ki  are  oUeutUne.s 
termed  true  or  lalae  (as  what  words  are  there  th.'\t  are 
not  uaed  with  great  latitude,  and  with  some  ileviation 
from  their  strict  and  pi-oiwr  algiiiflcatioiia?t.*'— AocAa." 
Human  Understand.,  bk.  ii..  ch.  xxxi. 

i'X)  A  verified  fact ;  a  true  statement  or  pro- 
position ;  an  established  principle,  fixed  law, 
or  the  like. 

(4)  True    religion;    the    doctrines    of    tlie 

gospel. 

"  The  law  was  given  by  Moses :  but  gnice  ami  truth 
came  by  Jeaua  Christ." — John  i.  17. 

If  (1)  In  truth:  lu  reality,  in  fact,  in  sin- 
ceritv. 


(2)  Of  a  truth.  For  a  truth  :  In  reality;  for 
certain. 

"I  vuderstande  ye  purpose  to  go  to  Hanybout :  sir. 
kuowe /or  rrourft.  the  towneand  tbecastell  ar  of  auche 
strengflh,  that  they  be  nat  eaay  to  vyuiie.'—tlemers  : 
Froianart  ;  C'Tonycle,  vol.  i..  ch.  Ixr. 

•  (3)  To  do  truth :  To  practise  what  God 
commands. 

"  He  that  doeth  truth  cometh  to  the  light,  that  hi* 
deeds  may  be  made  mauifeat,  that  they  are  wrought 
iu  God."— /riAd  iii.  21. 

t  trutb-lover,  s.  One  devoted  to  the 
truth.  (Tennyson:  Ode  on  Death  of  Welling' 
ton,  ISO.) 

t  trutb-teller, .?.  One  who  tells  the  truth. 
(Specif,  with  the  def.  art.  apphed  to  King 
Alfred  the  Great.) 

'•  Here  Alfred  the  Truth-teller 

Suddenly  closed  hia  bonk." 
Lonrjfellow:  IHscoverer  of  the  Sorth  Cape. 


,]    To  affirm  or  declare 


■"  truth,  v.t.    [Truth, 
as  true  ;  to  declare. 


Who  chatted  of  tlie  golden  age,  feigned  trifles. 
Hail  they  dreamt  this,  they  would  have  trutlied  it 
heaven. '  Ford:  Fancies,  iu  2. 

truth'-ful,  a.     [Eng.  truth  :  -/»/(/)."] 

1.  Full  of  truth  ;  loving  and  speaking  the 
trutli  :  as,  a  truthful  man. 

2.  Conformable  to  truth  ;  true,  correct :  as, 
a  truthful  statement. 

truth-ful-ly,  o(/r.  [Eng.  truthful;  -hj.]  Iu 
a  trutlilul  manner;  in  accoitiance  with  the 
truth. 

truth- ful -ness,  s.  [Eng.  truthful:  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  truthful:  as, 
the  truthfiilne^.'i  of  a  statement. 

"  truth-less,  •  trouth-les,  a.  [Eng.  truth ; 
-less] 

1.  Wanting  in  trutli ;  wanting  reality ;  false. 

"  But  what  thyuge  that  is  trouthles. 
It  niiiie  not  well  l>e  shameles. " 

Gower :  C.  A..  viL 

2.  Faithless. 

"Caat  all  your  eyca 
On  this,  what  *h,ill  I  c.-iU  her?  truthlrs.i  \>oniau, ' 
Benuin.  *  Flet. :  Laws  ../  Caiidff.  v. 

*  truth -less-neSS, .';.  [Eng.  truthless  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  truthless. 

^  truth- ness,  5.  [Eng.  truth;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  stateofbeingtrue;  truth.  {Marston.) 

*  truth- j^,  X  [Eng.  tntth;  -y.]  Truthful; 
Veracious. 

'  tru'-ti-aate,  v.t.  [tat.  trutinatus,  pa.  par. 
of  trutinur  =  to  weigh  ;  ti-uti7ui  =  a  balance.] 
To  weigh,  to  balance. 


boil,  boy;  poiit.  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus.  9hin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a^;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -gion  —  zhun.    -eious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    ^ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


S28 


trutination— tryst 


*tru  tin  a  tlon,  s.    iThitinatk.)    The  act 

"  tl«ii  it>*y  lalatako  l(  tlivjrdkatlitgulBti  liut  thraeiiM 
W  levity  ui't'i  (liciiiarUcM.  uiil  In  TfV"r<l  "(  U)'  kchIv 
mr  dtdmUxuvi  truttmtilioi*.~— Brown*:  Vutfftir  Krrvura. 

(rilt-ta'-oeoiis  (oe  ns  ah),  a.     [Low  Lat. 

(ruCl  — (I    tl.'Ul    ("|.^'.).J      *"'    'T    p'TtJiillillg   to 

Ui«  iruiit :  »s.  risti  i<r  a  tntitoi-eous  kind. 

try,  •trie,  •  tryo,  'try-In,  'try-yn.  v.t.  A  i. 

ll-r.  !««•=  t't  pu-k,  t.'  rh'Hisc,  In  cull,  from 
Utw  Ijtt.  (ri(rt=  to  triliiint«',rrom  Ijtt,  tritus, 
pa.  |»r.  of  Uro  =  to  rub,  to  tliresli  corn  ;  Prov. 
triiir  =  tit  choow?  ;  trin  =  choice  ;  Ital.  tritarc 
=  V*  hruiw.  to  piiiil  or  thirsh  com.)    (Tritk, 

TUITIKATK-I 

A.  V'niiuUitv  ; 

•  I.  To  Eio|>arate,  as  (hat  whicli  is  good  from 
what  in  l«a(l ;  to  sift  or  pick  out.  (followed 
by  out.) 

"The  wyldf  come,  belnge  hi  sUai)*  (vikI  in'<'Atii('**e 
tyk«  to  thr  K'Mxl,  if  t))<>y  be  luvtiiileii.  with  grntt  tlitti- 
eultle  «yU  be  tiytdouW—KlifuC:  tiovemour,  bk.  ii., 
db.  xlv. 

2.  To  nurify,  to  assay  ;  to  retliie,  as  metals. 

"  Tht*  flre  •ev«i  tUncs  fW«i  thl«  ; 
8«veii  tluiri  rnVd  tlmt  Judsmvnt  iB." 

Shitkrtp.  :  JUnxhaut  of  Trtiicf.  li.  9. 

3.  To  examine  ;  to  ninke  experiment  on  ;  to 
kMt,  t<J  prove. 

"  Tbon  thiiikoit  me  iw  far  In  tlie  ilcvll  a  book  ns 
thou  aihI  Pnlatiiir  fur  olntiiincy  «iii)  p«nii«t«iicy  :  k-t 
tbe  cUtl  try  the  mail.'— J!iAa*«/>.     ^  Hrnry  IV.,  II.  2. 

4.  To  put  to  a  trial  or  test ;  to  subject  to 
trial. 

"HlH  •ItiMtlon  was  uiie  which  must  have  severely 
tnrd  the  flrintJit  nervw."— Jfucau/ay ."  J?Xir.  £'nff,, 
•k.  xllL 

5.  To  prove  hy  a  test ;  t/>  compare  with  a 
itatiilanl :  as,  To  /ry  weights  and  measures. 

6.  To  act  upon  as  a  test ;  to  prove  by  severe 
trial. 

•■  By  faith  Abmham,  when  he  was  tried,  offereU  up 
Imac  :  and  he  that  rirci-kved  the  iirotnises  ufferett  up 
bia  ealy  l)egotteu  sou." — llebrewt  xi.  IT. 

7.  To  strain  :  as,  To  try  the  eyes  or  muscles. 

8.  To  examine;  to  inquire  into  iu  any 
Banner. 

"  That'e  a  queatlon.  how  shall  we  fr.v  it  ?" 

Siakeap. :  Co-medy  of  Errors,  t. 

9-  Spec.,  t-o  examine  judicially  ;  to  subject 
to  the  examination  and'  decision  or  sentence 
«f  a  judicial  tribunal. 

"Onilticr  tli.-ui  him  they  trif." 

ShaJeetp.:  Meoiurefor  Stature,  ii.  1. 

10.  To  bring  to  a  decision ;  to  settle,  to 
deci<le. 


11.  To  essay,  to  attempt ;  tfi  entice  on  ;  to 
undertake. 

12.  To  use,  as  a  means  or  remedy. 

"  To  eiiBe  her  cares,  the  force  of  sleep  she  trirt ,' 
8tlll  wakeatier  mintl,  though  slumbers  seul  liereye^^." 
awift. 

13.  To  incite  to  wrong  ;  to  temi>t, 

14.  To  experience  ;  to  have  knowledge  of 
by  exi)erience. 

"  Tr>  thee  no  reason,  who  know'at  only  good  ; 
But  evil  Itniit  not  tried,  luid  wilt  object 
Bla  will  who  Iwniid  us."      Milton  :  P.  I.,  iv.  896. 

B.  iTtlransitive : 

1.  To  find,  show,  or  prove  by  experience 
wliat  a  peiTion  or  a  thing  is;  to  prove  by  a 
test. 

2.  To  exert  strength  ;  to  make  an  effort ;  to 
endeavottr,  to  attempt :  us,  I  dct  not  think  I 
can  do  it,  but  I  will  try. 

S  1.  To  try  a  Jail  with:  To  engage  in  a 
wrestling  bout  with  ;  hence,  to  match  one's 
self  against  in  any  contest. 

2.  To  try  hoi-k:  To  go  back  as  in  search  of 
anything,  as  of  a  road  one  has  lost  or  missed  ; 
to  go  hack,  as  in  conveisatiou,  iu  order  to 
recover  sonie  point  one  has  missed. 

3.  To  try  on  : 

(1)  To  put  on,  as  a  dress,  to  see  if  it  fit« 
properly. 

(2)  To  attempt ;  to  endeavour  to  effect :  as, 
Don't  tr>i  it  mi  with  liini.     (CoUoq.) 

try,  •  trie,  '  trye,  a.  &  s.    [Try,  v.] 

•A.  Astulj. :  Picked  out;  choice,  select. 

"With  iugar  that  is  trie.' 

Chaucer:  C.  T„  13.T80, 

B.  Ax  mbstantive : 

L  Ordinarif  Jxintfungr  ; 

1.  An  instrument  for  sifting ;  a  sieve,  a 
BCreen.     (/*roi.'.) 

"They  will  not  p!mw  through  the  holes  of  the  sieve 
niddlc.  or  try,  if  they  be  narrow.'— P.  Uf^UanH:  Plu- 

tftrrh.  \i.  ff: 


2.  Tlie  act  of  trying  ;  hii  attempt,  an  endea- 
vour, a  trial,  an  experiment. 

"ThU  breaking  of  his  ha*  b«n  but  a  try  for  his 
Iriend*,"— M<i*«'*p.  ;  Timon  of  Athetu,  v.  1. 

II.  FootiHill :  A  point  scored  in  the  Kugby 
Union  game,  giving  the  right  to  a  kick  at  goal. 

■'  .\  try  I"  K**'"^'  when  the  rlayor  touches  the  ball 
down   iu  hi*  opponeufa   goal."— ifiw*  of  the   JCugby 

try-cock,  -.    A  gauge-cock. 
try-plane.  -•:.     A  trying-plane  (q.v.J. 

try  sail,  s. 

Nnut.  :  A  storm-sail  of  strong  material  and 
relatively  smaller  area,  A  fore-und-aft  sail 
set  with  a  boom  and  gaff  in  ships.  iSimilar 
to  a  spencer,  spanker,  driver. 

try-square,  s.  An  instrument  used  by 
carpciitcis  and  joiners  lor  laying  off  short 
lierpnndirulars,  6i.v.  It  consists  of  a  thin 
blade  of  steel  about  six  inches  long,  let  into 
a  wooden  piece  of  similar  length  and  securely 
fastened  at  right  angles  thereto,  the  edges  of 
both  being  accurately  straight. 

'  try'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  try  :  -abU.]  Capable 
of  Iteing  tried  ;  lit  or  liable  to  be  tried. 

■■The  party  tryahle.  its  I  am  now,  shall  flud  liJmBelf 
111  niut'h  worse  case,  tbnu  before  those  cruel  laws  stuiKl 
in  force."'— Sf life  TrkaU :  I  Alary  \,a,i\.  lo54j;  Hir  Nicho. 
Throckmorten, 

'  try'-a-cle,  s.    [Triacle.] 

■  trye,  i:  6i  a.    [Try.] 

try -er,  s.    (Trier.] 

try -gon,  s.  [Gr.  Tpvytl}v(trugdn)  =  a  kind  of 
roach  with  a  pricker  in  the  tail.] 

1.  Idithy. :  Sting-ray;  the  type-gemis  of 
Trygonidie  (q.v.).  Tail  very  long,  tjipering, 
armed  with  a  long  arrow-shaped  spine,  ser- 
rated on  both  sides ;  body  smootli  or  with 
tubercles ;  nasal  valves  coalescent  into  a 
(juadiangular  flap ;  t^eth  flattened.  Some 
twenty-tive  species  are  known,  chiefly  from 
the  trojtical  parts  of  the  Indian  and  Atlantic 
Oceans,  though  some  are  from  the  fresh  waters 
of  eastern  tropical  America.  Trygon  pasti- 
luu^a,  the  Common  Sting-ray,  extends  from 
the  south  coast  of  England  and  the  east  coast 
of  North  America  through  the  Atlantic  and 
Indian  Ocean  to  Japan.  It  lives  on  shallow, 
sandy  ground,  rarely  takes  the  bait,  and  is 
commonly  caught  by  accident  in  nets.  The 
flesh  is  red,  and  is  said  to  have  a  rank  flavour. 

2.  PalfFont. :  [TRYOONiD.e,  2J. 

try-gon'-i-dso,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  trygon; 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

1.  Ichthy :  Sting-rays;  a  family  of  Batoidei, 
with  tive  genera,  from  tropical  seas.  Pectoral 
tins  continued  without  inteiTuption  to  the 
snout,  where  they  become  confluent ;  tail 
long  and  slender,  without  lateral  longitudinal 
fohls ;  vertical  tins  absent,  or,  if  present,  im- 
perfectly developed,  often  replaced  by  a  strong 
serrated  spine. 

2.  PalcEont.  :  The  family  is  represented  by 
two  genera,  Trygon  and  Urolophus  in  the 
Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca  and  Monte  Postale. 

try-gon-o-rhi'-na,  s.  [Mod.  hat.  trygmi,, 
and  Gr.  pis  (Wiw),  genit.  pifds  (rfttitos)  =  the 
snout.  ] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Rhinoljatidse,  allied  to 
Rhinobatus,  from  South  Australian  seas. 

try'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Try,  t'.] 

A,  As  pr.  jKtr.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  (ulj.  :  Adapted  or  calculated  to  try, 
or  to  put  to  severe  trial ;  severe,  alflictive, 
diflicult. 

"  They  were  douhtlesa  in  a  most  trying  situation.'— 
ilacaulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

C,  Assuhsi.:  Testing,  proving,  proof. 


trying-plane,  5. 

■I'dn.  :  The  plane  used  after  the  jack-plane, 
which  prepares  the  surface.  The  trying-plane 
is  long,  and  levels  the  surface,  trying  it  for 
straightness. 

trying -square,  s.  The  same  as  Try- 
square  (n.v. ). 

trying-up  machine,  s. 

Wood-worl;.  :  A  machine  for  planing  and 
trying-up  scantling,  with  revolving  cutters, 
driven  at  a  high  velncity. 


try'-ma,  s.     IGr.  Tpvtt.aitrnma)—a  hole.] 

Hot. :  A  comiiouud  fruit,  siipt-rinr  by  abor- 
tion, one-celled,  one-seeded,  with  atwo-valved, 
indehiscent  endocarp,  and  a  coriaceous  or 
fleshy,  valveless  sarcocarp.  Example,  tlie 
fruit  of  the  walnut.  (Liiifiky.)  Tlie  t*riii 
has  bccTi  deemed  superfluous,  and  it  has  Ik-cii 
proposed  to  call  the  frait  of  the  walnut  a 
magma,  01  even  a  drupe. 

■  tryne,  a.     [Lat.  trijius.]    Threefold,  trine. 

•  tryne- compass,  s.  The  threefold  cnm- 
pass  ot  the  woild— iiarth,  sky,  and  air. 

try-pa-nSB-US,  5.  [Gr.  Tpvnavov  (trupanoii) 
=  a  borer,  an  auger.    (See  dcf.).] 

ICiUoni. :  A  genus  of  Histeridw.  SinaH 
beetles,  with  a  triangular  head  and  aniouih 
adapted  for  l>oring.  They  lix  themselves  on 
the  trunk  of  a  tree  denuded  of  its  bark,  and, 
revolving  alter  the  manner  of  a  gimlet,  bi'i-- 
holes  into  the  wood.  All  the  species  ar-' 
foreign. 

+  try-pan-6c'-6-rax,  s.     [Gr.  rpviravov  {tm- 
panou)  =  a  borer,  and  Kopa^  {korajc)  =  a  ciow.  1 
Oritith.  :    A  genus    of   Corvida;    separated 
from  Corvus  by  Kaup. 

"Some  oruithologlsta  have  broken  up  the  genus 
Conua  still  further  than  was  done  when  the  Fifs. 
Jays.  Hud  a  few  other  uatural  groups  were  remuied 
from  it ;  but.  as  legarda  its  Eiiroi>eaii  uieui>>ei-s,  witii 
no  great  success  Thus,  the  Raveu  lielng  left  as  the 
type-species,  the  Crow.  Rook,  and  Daw  have  betii 
placed  in  genera  respectively  called  Conine.  Tri/fum  i- 
corax,  and  CVI.-eus,  all  the  liiventiou  of  Kuup. "— J'ur- 
rell:  Britith  Birda  (ed.  9tU),  IL  304. 

try-pan- 6-s6' -ma,  s.  [Gr.  rpv^avov  (im- 
paiion  =  a  borer,  and  o-w/ia  (.voma)  =  thebndy.] 
[Trvpanosomata.] 

try-pan-6-s6'-ma-ta,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat., 
pi.  ol  tiyjxinosoma  (q.v.). J 

Zool. :  An  order  of  Infusoria  Flagellata. 
Enduparasitic  animalcules,  flattened  or  lamel- 
late, one  or  more  of  the  lateral  boiders  form- 
ing a  frill-like  undulating  membrane,  by  the 
vibrations  of  which  progress  is  ettected  ;  one 
extremity  sometimes  attenuate,  and  somewhat 
resembling  a  flagellum  ;  oral  or  ingestive  aiva 
undefined.  The  order  contains  a  singlegeniis, 
Trypanosoma,  with  two  species:  Trypauosuma 
sanguinis,  found  in  the  blood  of  frogs,  and  T. 
*rbc?-//it,  from  the  intestines  of  domestic  poultry. 
(Kent.) 

tryp'-au-chen,  -'j.  [Gr.  TpOn-o,  {trupu)  =  a 
hole,  and  avxv"  {nuchen)  =  the  neck.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Gobiidse,  with  three 
species,  from  the  coasts  of  the  East  Indies. 
Body  elongate,  covered  with  minute  scales ; 
head  compressed,  with  a  deep  cavity  above 
the  operculum  on  each  side  (whence  the 
generic  name);  one  dors.Tl,  continuous  with 
anal  and  caudal,  ventrals  united. 

try-pe'-ta,  s.  [Gr.  rpum^TTJ?  {trupetm)  =  a 
borer.] 

Entom.  :  A  very  large  genus  of  Muscidje. 
Small  flies,  with  transparent  wings  covered 
with  dark  spots.  They  frequent  the  Com- 
positie  ;  the  larvpe  feed  on  the  subst,ince  of  the 
plant,  often  producing  gall-like  excrescences. 

try-pe-the'-U-daB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  trype- 
Ihel(ium);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sutt'.  -it/cf.] 

r.nt. :  A  family  of  Licheus,  tribe  Gastero- 
tlialameie. 

try-pe-the'-li-um,  s.  [Gr.  ipvnr}  (trape)  — 
a  ii.de,  and  Gr.  tiipKri  (tliele)  =  a  nipple.] 

not.:  The  typical  genus  of  Trypethelid;e 
(q.v.).  The  thallus  produces  a  nuuil>er  "f 
distinct  pustules,  with  uninerved  perithecia 
containing  a  gelatinous  nucleus  producing 
asci  and  sporidia.  Generally  from  tropical 
and  sub-tropical  climates. 

try-phae'-na,  s.    [Triph.ena.] 

tryst,  •  trist, "  tryste,  s.    [A  variant  of  trust 
(q.v.);  cf.    Icel.   treystfi  =  to  confirm,  to  roly 
on,  from  (ra?/5?  =  trust,  protection.] 
*  1.  Trust,  dependence,  reliance. 

"  Lady,  iu  you  is  all  my  tryste." 

Erl  of  Toloui,  6S0. 

2.  An  appointment  to  meet ;  an  appointed 
meeting. 

3.  A  market.    (Scotch.) 

"  My  first  gudeman  was  awa  at  the  Falkirk  tryit."— 
f^tt:  Antiquary,  cb.  xv, 

4.  A  rendezvous. 

^  To  hide  tryst :  To  mee'.  one  with  whom 


ate,  fit,  Cire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or,  wore.  wolX  worX  who.  son ;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule.  fuU ;  try.  Syrian.    »,  oe  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  Uw. 


tryst— tubsBform 


•2Uf* 


an  PiiKagenii'nt  has  he™  inaiic  at  tlii'appoiiitfcl 
time  and  plane;  to  keep  ai'  etigufjeiiiQUt  or 
appuintment. 

tryst,  )'.(.  &  i.    [Tbyst,  s.] 

A.  Traiisitivt : 

1.  Tc»  engage  a  person  to  meet  one  at  a 
certain  time  and  place  ;  to  make  an  appoint- 
ment with  (Mie.    (S'xilch.) 

2.  To  bfs(*eak  ;  t»t  oi"der  or  engage  by  a 
ceitain  time  :  as,  To  trysl  a  pair  of  boots. 
(.<.-„te;,.) 

B,  Intrans. :  To  engage  to  meet  at  a  certain 
tunc  or  place  ;  to  make  an  appointment. 

tryst-er,  .;.  [Eng.  tryst:  -er.]  One  wlio  sets 
or  makes  a  tryst ;  one  who  makes  anappotnt- 
nit^nt  to  meet. 

tryst  -ihg,  pr.  ;»ir.  or  a.    (Tkvst,  v.] 

trysting-day,  s.  An  appointed  day  of 
nieetiiii,'  or  assembling,  as  of  troops,  friends, 
&e. 

trysting-place,  s.  An  arranged  meet- 
in,L,'-pIace  ;  a  plaee  where  a  tryst  or  appoint- 
ment is  to  be  kept.    (Bjfron:  j'arisina,  iv.) 

tsan-tjan,  .r     [Chinese.] 

l'->r.  :  A  seaweed,  Fticus  cartihujiiioitus,  some- 
tiirii's  nsid  in  China  as  a  snbstitnt*  for  edible 
t'lrils'  nests. 

tsar, 

Il-l,,: 

tsar- 

titl.' 


1C2.\R.)    Tlie  title  of  the  Kmperor  of 


-na,  tsar-it'-sai, .«.    (Cz.irina.] 
if  tilt-  Em|ness  of  Russia. 


The 


tsphak-meck' (!  silent),  s.    [Ch.a.meck.] 

tsQheff'-kin-ite,  .<.  [After  the  Russian 
Ckii.tiI  Tsclievkin,  or  Tscheffkin;  sutK  -ite 
(Milt.);  Ger.  Isrlieifkinit.] 

Min. :  A  very  rare  mineral,  onlv  a  few 
.specinu-ns  being  known,  one  of  wliiVh  is  in 
the  mineral  collection  of  the  British  Mnseunj 
(Nat\iral  History).  Amorphous  ;  hardness,  5 
to  :,-a  :  sp.  j;r.  4-dOS  to  4-549  ;  lustre,  vitreous  ; 
colour,  black  ;  streak,  dark-brown  ;  opaque. 
Compos.  :  a  silico-titanate  of  lanthanum, 
didysniuni,  cerium,  sesqui-  and  protoxide  of 
iron,  and  lime.  Found  in  the  Ilmeu  Moun- 
tains, I'rals,  Russia. 

tspher  -mak-ite,  s.  [After  Dr.  G.  Tschermak, 
of  Vienna,  mineralogist  ;  sutT.  -He  (J/in.).] 

jV(».  .-  A  massive  nnnei-al,  sliewing  two 
cleavages  inclined  to  each  other  at  an  angle  of 
!H\  Hardness,  (j-O ;  sp.  gr.  2-64;  colour, 
gr.iyish  U  white  ;  lustre,  vitreous,  phosphor- 
escent. An  analysis  gave :  silica,  tiiJ-ST  ; 
alumina,  16-80;  magnesia,  8-00;  soila,  with  a 
trace  of  potash,  6-80;  water,  2-70=99-87,  which 
gives  the  formula,  .tROSiO.,  -I-  Al.>03,2SiO.,. 
This  has  been  lately  shown'to  be'p'robalilv 
an  analysis  of  impure  material,  and  as  Des 
Cloizeaux  has  determined  the  optical  pro- 
perties to  correspond  with  those  of  albite,  the 
later  analysis  of  Pisani,  which  is  near  that  of 
this  mineral,  suggests  that  the  substance  is 
but  albite. 

tsgher'-mig-ite,  .«.  [.■\fter  Tschermig,  Bo- 
hemia, where  found  ;  sulf.  -ite  (Min.).] 

.Win.  .'  A  member  of  the  group  of  alums,  in 
which  the  potash  is  represented  by  ammonia. 
Crystallization  isometric,  occurring  in  octa- 
hedr.ms,  and  fibrous.  Hardness,  1  to  2;  sp. 
gr.  1-50;  lustre,  vitreous;  colour,  white, 
transparent  to  transluscent.  Compos.  :  sul- 
phate of  ammonia,  U-ii ;  sulphate  of  alumina, 
37-S;  water,  47-G  =  100,  whem-e  the  formula 
NHj0SO34-Al2O;,.3SOs-t-24H0.  Manufactured 
and  extensively  used  in  place  of  potash-alum. 

t8?het  -wert,  tsphef-vert,  s.  [Chetvert.] 

tsfbu  -  di,  s.  tS9ha  -  die,  a.  (Tchudi, 
'I'l'urDir.  1 

Tsech,  Czech  (Ts,  Cz  as  Ch),  s.    [Slavic] 
KllnwI.  (/'/.).-  A  branch  of  the  .Slavic  race, 
inhabiting  .Moiavia  and  Bohemia, 

tse -hong,  .<.  [Chinese.]  A  red  pigment  u.sed 
by  the  Cliirtese  for  painting  on  porcelain.  It 
consists  of  a  mixture  of  alumina,  fei-ric  oxirle, 
and  silica,  with  white  lead.     (Il'mlr.) 

tset'-se,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Kntfnii. :  ninssinn  vuirftitnns,  a  dipterous 
insect,  slightly  larger  than  the  linuse-fly,  from 
.\friea,  ranging  from  18-24=  south  latitude. 
It  is  brown,  with  four  yellow  transveisi'  bars 


on  tlio  abdomen,  beyond  which  the  w-ings 
project  considerably.  According  to  Idving- 
stone — who  in  one  of  his  journeys  lost  fi^rty- 
three  oxen  by  the  attacks  of  this  insect— its 
bite  is  almost  certain  death  to  the  ox,  horse, 
and  dog,  but  innocuous  to  man,  the  ass,  the 
mule,  and  wild  animals  generally.  The  head 
is  armed  with  a  probosi-is  adapteil  for  piercing 
the  skin,  and  the  My  lives  by  sucking  blood, 
-vt  first  no  effect  is  perceived,  but  in  a  few 
days  after  an  ox  has  been  bitten,  the  eves  and 
nose  begin  to  run,  the  coat  stares,  a  swelling 
appeai-s  iiiider  the  jaw,  and  sometimes  at  the 
navel,  emaciation  and  (iaccidity  of  the  muscles 
ensue,  followed  by  purging,  staggering,  in 
stune  ca.ses  madness,  and  finally  death.  On 
dissection  the  cellular  tissue  under  the  skin 
is  found  to  be  injected  with  air,  as  if  a  quantity 
of  soap-bubbles  were  scattered  over  it. 

tslng'-ll-en,  s.  [Chin.)  a  red  colour  used 
for  porcelain  painting  in  China,  consisting 
chiefly  of  stannic  and  plumbic  silicates,  to- 
gether with  small  quantities  of  oxhle  of 
copper,  or  cobalt  and  metallic  gold.    (H'mle.) 

T' -square,  s.     [The  letter  T,  from  the  shape, 
and  s'liitirr.]     A  draughtsman's  ruler.     The 
blade  is  set  at  right  angles  to  the  helve,  and 
the  latter  slips  along  the  edge  of  the  drawing- 
board,   which  forms  a  guide.     The  helve  is 
made  of  two  parallel  pieces,  in  one  of  which 
the  blade  is  mortised.     The  other  portion  of 
the  helve  is  aiijustable  on  the  set-screw  to 
any  an-,de,  so  as  to  rule  parallel  obliijue  lines, 
or  to  form  an  oblique  base  for  the  triangles, 
which  are  the  usual  rulers  in  plotting   and 
projecting.    To  some  T-squares  is  attached  a 
shifting  member  on  one  side  of  its  tongue,  so 
as  to  give  the  latter  any  angle  with  the  base 
line  of  the  drawing.    The  tangent-screw  and 
protractor  admit  accurate  angular  adjustment. 
tu-a-te'-ra,  tu-a-ta'-ra,  s.    [Native  name.] 
Zool.  :  Splicncxloii  pmictatum,  a  large  lizard 
from  New  Zealand.     Olive,  sides  and  limbs 
with  minute  white  specks,  beueath  yellowish; 
the  spines  of  the  nuchal  and  dorsal  crests 
yellow,  of  the  caudal  browu ;   the  scales  of 
the  back,  head,  tail,  and  limbs  small,  granular, 
nearly  uniform ;  with  irregular  folds  in  the 
skin,   which  are  fringed  at  the  top  with  a 
series  of  rather  larger  scales  ;  an  oblique  ridge 
of  larger  scales  on  each  side  of  the  base  of  the 
tail,  and  a  few  shorter  longitudinal  ridges  of 
rather  smaller  ones  on  eacli  side  of  the  up|ier 
part  of  the  tail.     (Dieffenbach :  New  Zealniui, 
ii.  204.)  Many  of  these  animals  have  from  time 
to  time  been  kept  in  the  gardens  of  the  Zoo- 
logical Society,  Regent's  Park.  London,    They 
are  apparently  carnivorous,  and  in  captivity 
were  fed  on   raw  meat,   living  frogs,   small 
lizards,  earthworms,  mealworms,  snails,  young 
birds,  or  mice.     In  the  New  Zealand  court  of 
the  Colonial  Exhibition,  held  in  Loudon  in 
1S8(),  there  was  a  model  of  the  rocks  and  small 
cives  inhabited  by  the  Tuatera.     These  rocks 
and  caves  were  frequented  by  small  sea-birds, 
who  selected  the  same  places  for  breeding, 
and  there  is  little  donbt  that  the  lizards  fed 
on  the  eggs  and  young  of  these  birds.    The 
Tuatera  is  remarkable  as  being  the  only  liv- 
ing representative    of   the    order   Rhynchn- 
sauria  (q.v.),  and  it  was  in  the  Tuatflia  that 
the  parietal   or  unpaired   eye  was  Hrst  ob- 
served.    [Unpaired-eye.] 

tub.  '  tubbe,  s.    [Dut.  tolbe;  Low  Ger.  tuhbe 
Origin  doubtful.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  open  wooden  vessel,  formed  with 
staves,  hoops,  and  heading ;  a  small  cask, 
half-barrel,  or  jiiece  of  cooper-work,  with  one 
bottom  and  open  above  :  as,  a  wasli-/i(?>,  nieal- 
tiib,  m&sh-tuir,  &c. 

"  Ygeteii  us  these  kneding  tubhpg  tlire." 

Vhiiucer :  C.  T..  S.Stlo. 

2.  A  wooden  vessel  in  which  vegetables  are 
planted,  so  as  to  be  portaljle  and  removable 
into  a  house  in  cold  weather. 

3.  Any  wooden  stru(-ture  shaped  like  or  re- 
sembling a  tub  ;   specif.,  a  certain   kind  of 

pulpit.       [TUB-DRUBBER.) 

4.  A  small  cask  or  barrel  for  holding  liquor ; 
specif.,  a  barrel  used  by  smugglers. 

5.  A  bath  :  the  act  of  taking  a  sponge  hatli. 
iCotloi].  or  slang.) 

"A  good  tub  and  a  liearty  breakfast  prepared  ua  for 
tlje  work  of  the  day."— A'ieM.  Feb,  20,  laeo. 

*  6.  Sweating  in  a  heated  tub.  (Formerly 
the  usual  l-nre  of  hteji  venerea.) 

"  she  I-  herself  in  the  rrili."Sh(tkeMp.  -  .Veature/ftr 


^  7.  A  kind  of  rowing-boat.    (See  extract.) 

"  Practu-e  In  ^ig».  or  more  technically  atyled  fii.bt 
(hUiiiU  iHiatA  to  hold  a  pair  of  imraliien.  and  111  tli« 
stern  of  whkh  the  oiaeh  sti-eM  and  advises  Uie 
rowerel."— /Mi/y  Tvlrifraph.  Feh,  V.  IHHt. 

a.  The  ainoiint  which  a  tub  contains, 
reckoncil  as  a  meafuire  of  quantily  i  as,  a  tnh 
of  tea  ((30  lbs.),  a  tnlt  of  camphor,  &c. 

0.  A  term  of  contempt  for  an  old-fashioned, 
slow-sailing  vessel. 

■  ",}  'i^^Shod,  (tif  1  knew  the  0»!mtn~ntx  old  (lift,  hitllt 
in  bast  Boston,  never  made  more  than  tell  kuotj  AB 
hour.  — .ScriAiier's  Miigaeim;  Nov  ,  1878,  p.  81. 

II,  .Mining: 

1.  A  corve  or  bucket  for  raising  coal  or  or**. 
from  the  mine. 

2.  A  casing  of  wood,  or  of  cast-iron  sectious 
bolted  together,  lining  a  shaft. 

3.  One  form  of  chamber  in  which  ore  or 
slimes  are  washed  to  remove  lighter  refu.se. 

U  .4  lute  of  a  lull :  An  idle  or  sillv  fiction ; 
a  cock-and-bull  st<ii-y. 

"  Vou  shall  Bee  in  us  that  we  preached  no  lyes,  iior 
talet  of  tnljs.  but  even  the  true  word  of  God."  — OoMr- 
UtUe  :  An  Kihorration  to  the  Croti.    11554.) 

*  tub  -  dmbber,  s.  A  tuh-thumiier  ;  a 
ranting  preacher.     (Tub-preach kr.] 

"The  famed  tub.drubber  of  Coveiit  Oardea."— 71 
Brotvit .    ll'orjts,  iii.  1118, 

*  tub-faat,  s.  A  process  of  treatment  for 
the  cure  of  venereal  disease  by  sweating  in  a 
heated  tub  for  a  considerable  time,  durinR 
which  the  patient  had  to  observe  strict  absti- 
nence,    {.^fuikesp. :  Timon,  iv.  3.) 


[Sapphirine-ournard.] 


tub  fish,  .' 
tub^man,  -. 

Law:  A  barrister  who  hji.s  a  preaudience  in 
the  Exchequer  Division  of  the  High  Court, 
and  a  particular  place  in  court.     [Postman.) 

*  tub -preacher,  "  tub  thumper,  .«- 

A  term  of  eonti-mpt  tor  a  dissenting  niinisler; 

hence,  a  ranting,  ignorant  preacher  or  speaker. 

"Our  thorou(ihf;ires  are  needed,  of  course,  to  serves 

much  more  useful  class  of  people  tliiui  the  oleagiuous 

tub.thitiiipcra.'—obgenier,  Sept.  27,  1885. 

tub-sa-w-.  s.  A  cylindrical  saw  for  cutting 
staves  from  a  block,  giving  them  their  trans- 
versely rounded  shape. 

tub -Wheel,  .*.  A  form  of  waterwhcel 
whiili  has  a  verliejil  axis  and  radial  spiral 
floats,  which  are  placed  between  two  conical 
cases  attached  to  the  axis.  The  water  is  pre- 
cipitated from  a  chute  upon  the  wheel,  and 
follows  the  spiral  canals  of  the  wheel  until  it 
is  discharged  at  the  bottom.  It  is  a  combina- 
tion of  the  horizontal  and  common  recoil 
wheel.  The  water,  having  exerted  a  certain 
percussive  force,  flows  downward,  and  passes 
out  as  ill  the  dowiiward-dischaige  turbine. 

tiib,  v.t.  &  t.    [Tub,  s.} 
A.  Transitive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  place  or  set  in  a  tub  ;  as.  To  !u» 
plants. 

2.  To  bathe  or  wash  in  a  tub. 

"  In  spite  of  all  the  litboiny,  rubbing.  Bcrubbiiig.* 
/food  .   A  mack  Job. 


3.  To  practise  or  exercise  in  a  tub. 
.,  I.  7.1 


|Tu^ 


"  Alexander  of  Jcbiis.  who  hiis  been  tubbed  a  «ooi1 
deftl.,— ^"lefrf.  March  S.  1687. 

n.  Mining :   To  line,  as  a  shaft,   with  a 
Casing  of  woud. 
B.  httraiisitive  : 

1.  To  bathe  ;  to  make  use  of  a  bath  ;  to 
wash. 

2.  To  practise  ia  a  tub.     [Tub,  s.,  I.  7.] 

"  No  other  work  in  the  eight  was  dooe  during  the 
day.  l.iit  some  nibbing  wu  Indulged  Id  later  in  the 
.ifteniiK,!!.-— /»ai/tf  rrfcffra;**,  Feb.  8.  iwi. 

tU'-ba  (1),  s.     (Lat.  =  a  trumpet.) 

1.  Music : 

(1)  A  brass  wind-inatrument,  the  lowe.st  ;»h 
to  pitch  in  the  orchestra.  It  has  five  cylin- 
ders, and  its  compass  is  four  octaves. 

(2)  A  hig!i  pressure  reed-stop  of  eiglit  ft-ct 
pitcii  on  an  organ.  Called  also  Tuba  mira- 
bilis,  Tuba  major,  Tromba,  or  Ophicleide. 

2.  AtuU. :  (Tube). 
*    *  3.  Bof.  :  A  style. 


tU'-ba   (2).    S.       (TnoBA.) 

tu'-bae-form,   a.      [Lat. 

and  fornm  =  form.l 
Bnf. :  Trumpet-shapp<l. 


tuha  =  a   trumpet, 
Called  also  Tu bate. 


boil,  boy:  poSt.  jo^l;  oat,  9eU.  chorus.  9hiu,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a?;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  =  f 
^lan,    tian  =  shan.    -tion.    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,    slon  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  ^ 


:  shus.    -ble.  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  dcL 


:.:iO 


tub  al— tubercle 


tn  -b^  'I.    (Mod.  Lat.  Iiitnlb,  fl-om  \jiU  tula 
=  a  titiuilK't.t 

Amii..  l\illnJ.,  ic:  or  or  bclouKing  t«  a 
tulx'i.f  till'  boJy. 

tnbal-dropay,  <. 

/•ci(A..(. ;  I)roi«y  of  the  Fallopian  tube  ;  a 

raif  <Ji!M>asi'. 

tubal  nephrite,  «. 

I''\lfi'n.  :  Albuiniriiiria(q.v.). 
tn-bato,  n.     [Mod.  Lat.  lubalits,  from  Lat. 

■    '-'('I'-X]      [TlB.KKUlUI.] 

tab  ber,  ».    ITcb,  r.) 

iliniiiij:  A  sort  of  pickaxe.    Calleil  also  a 

tubbcr-man,  s. 

M'ltrri:  A  man  who  uses  a  tubber.    Called 

,.:>-•  .1  iJ.-ele-man. 

tib  -bing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  k  s.    ITuB,  v.] 

A.  «-•  B.  .4s  pr.  par.  <£•  parlidp.  ailj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substaulire : 
L  Ordinary  I/xug\iage : 

1.  Tlie  act  of  setting  or  placing  in  n  tub  or 
tiilis;  the  act  of  bathing  or  washing  in  a  bath  ; 
n  sponge-bath. 

2.  Tlie  act  or  art  of  making  tubs  ;  material 
fur  tubs. 

3.  The  act  of  practising  in  a  tub.  (Tin,  .•.-., 
1.7.) 

"  A  (rood  denl  ol  tuhbina  ha»  beeii  got  through  in  tlie 
liioriiliitn."— /'ii-W.  Mwrch  h,  ISST. 

n.  Mining:  Lining  n  sliflft  with  casks  or 
cylindrical  caissons,  to  avoid  tlie  caving  in  of 
the  ground.  Especially  used  in  shafting 
throuirh  quicksand  or  porous  stiata  in  which 
there  are  ]iiauy  springs. 

'  tub-bista,  o.    [Eng.  tiib ;  'hh.]    Like  a  tub; 
tubby  ;  round-bellied. 
"  Yoa  IcKtk  for  ineD  whose  he:ula  are  mtber  tiibbish." 
Wolcott :  Peter  Pindar,  p.  136. 

tub-by,  a.    [Eng.  tub;  -y.] 

1,  Tub-shaped  ;  rouml-bellied,  like  a  tub. 

"  We  hnil  se«n  biin  coining  up  to  Coveiit  Riirdeu  iu 
liU  Bieeii  chai»e-avrt  with  the  ()it  tubbi/  little  horae." — 
JHcxeia :  Sfcetchct  by  B'H  ;  Afonmotith  Sireet. 

2.  Having  a  sound  like  that  of  an  empty 
tub  when  struck  ;  wanting  elasticity  of  sound  ; 
sounriing  dull  and  without  resonance.  (.\p- 
)ilied  to  musical  stringed  instruments,  as  the 

\iolin.) 

tube  (1),  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tvitum,  aceus.  of 
tnbii6  =  a  pipe,  tube,  akin  to  tuba  — a  truui- 
j»et;  Sp.  &  Ital,  tubo.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  pipe;  a  canal  or  conduit;  a  hollow 
cylinder  of  wood,  metal,  indiarubber,  glass, 
or  other  material,  used  for  the  conveyance  of 
fluids  and  for  various  other  j'urposes. 

"  T  adjust  the  fnigmnt  chftrge  of  h  short  tube. 
That  fumes  beneath  bi&  nuse." 

Cowper :  T<tik,  v.  55. 

2.  A  telescope,  or  that  part  of  it  into  which 
the  lenses  are  fitted  and  by  means  of  which 
they  are  directed  and  used. 

"  There  land*  the  tientl.  a  »\»)\,  like  which  perhaps 
Astrciiiouier  in  the  sun's  lucent  orb 
Tbiough  hid  glazed  optic  tube  yet  never  saw  " 

Slitton  :  P.  L.,  iii.  530. 
n.  Technimlly : 

1.  Anat.:  A  canal,  as  the  Eustachian  tube 
(q.T.).  Sometimes  it  has  the  Latin  form  Tuba. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  The  narrow,  hollow  portion  of  a  mono- 
petalous  corolla,  or  of  a  monnsejialous  caljTC, 
lomied  by  the  adherence  of  the  edges  of  the 
petals  or  sepals  to  each  other,  so  as  to  consti- 
tute a  ciiannel.  The  surface  of  such  a  tube  is 
called  the  throat.  A  tube  may  be  long  or 
short,  cylindrical  or  angular,  &c. 

(2)  The  staniiniferoua  body  formed  when 
the  stamens  adhere  to  each  other  more  or 
less  completely  by  their  filaments  or  their 
anthers,  or  both. 

3.  Chem. :  [Test-tubeI. 

■1.  Ilydr. :  The  barrel  of  a  chain-pump. 

5.  Ordn. :  A  primer  for  ordnance ;  a  small 
cylinder  placed  in  tlie  vent  of  a  gun,  and 
containing  a  rapidly  burning  coiupoaition, 
whose  ignition  fires  the  powder  of  the  charge. 

6.  Physiol. :  The  narrow,  lengthened  pipes 
or  laterally  enclosed  channels  by  which  the 
fluids  of  animals  or  vegetables  are  transmitted 
from  ••Tif  jiarl  of  the  structure  to  the  other. 


7,  SUnm:  A  pipe  for  wattT  or  fire  in  a 
steam-boiler.  It  would  be  well  to  call  water- 
pipes  tubes  and  lire-pipes  tlues  ;  but  the  piac- 
tice  is  to  call  them  tlues  or  tubes  ai-eordiiig  to 
their  relativelv  large  or  small  diameter  re- 
spectively.    ["IVbular-boilku.I 

8.  Surg.  :  A  pipe  or  probe  introduced  into 
the  larynx  by  the  moulli  or  nostrils  to  aid  in 
restoring  respiitition  in  asphyxia. 

^I  (1)  Lightning  tube:  [FcuiuRiTE]. 

(2>  I'nennmtic  tubfs :  A  name  given  to  a  means 
of  connecting  stops  ami  keys  of  an  organ  with 
distant  soundboanis  and  sliders  by  admitting 
a  sudden  pulVof  compressed  air  into  one  end 
of  a  tube,  to  the  other  end  of  which  a  leather 
di.sc  IS  attached,  which  is  immediately  forced 
upwards,  and  acts  upon  any  necessary  ine- 
chanlstn. 

(3)  Tube  of  safety  :  IS.ifetv-ti'be). 

tube-brush,  .^.    tFnE-BKusH.) 

tube-ca.St,  ^.  A  cast,  generally  micro- 
scupir,  funned  within  some  Gipillary  tube  of 
the  body,  voided  with  the  urine  in  albu- 
minuria.' [Bbkjht's  DISEASE.]  It  may  be 
Moody,  epithelial,  fatty,  fibrinous,  granular, 
or  w;ixy. 

tube-clamp,  ^\  A  grab.  [Gbab(1),  s.,2.] 

tube-cleaner,  s.    [Flce-cleaxer.] 

tube-clip,  >.  A  kind  of  tongs  used  for 
hnl.iiii^'  tt-st  <iv  utlier  heated  tubes  in  chemical 
niaiiipulatiuiis. 

tube-COCU,  s.  An  indiarubber  tube  which 
is  fitted  into  a  pipe  and  compressed  by  a 
screw-valve  when  it  is  desired  to  stop  the 
flow  of  lifiuid. 

tube  -  compass,  s.  A  compass  having 
tubular  legs  cntaining  sliding  extension- 
pieces  adjustable  to  any  required  length  by 
means  of  set-screws.  One  leg  carries  a  re- 
versible needle-point  and  pencil-holder,  and 
the  other  a  reversible  needle-i>oi]it  and  pen. 

tube-condenser,  .''.  A  bent  tube,  pro- 
vided with  a  stopper  at  each  end,  through 
wliich  a  small  tube  is  inserted,  used  in  obtain- 
ing solutions  of  ammonia  and  other  gases 
which  are  absorbable  in  water. 

tube-door,  s. 

.steam :  A  door  in  tl.e  outer  plate  of  a 
sniuke-chamber,  which  may  be  opened  to 
allow  the  tubes  to  be  examined  or  cleaued. 

tube-feet,  s.  pi 

Zool. :  Anibulacral  tubes  ;  a  series  of  con- 
tractile and  retractile  tubes  by  means  of  which 
locomotion  is  effected  by  the  Echinoidea,  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  similar,  but  not  homo- 
logous, organs  in  Star-fishes. 

tube-ferrule,  5. 

.'<teain  :  A  short  sleeve  for  fastening  tubes 
in  tube-slitcts. 

tube-filter,  s. 

U'dls  :  A  perforated  chamber  at  the  end  of 
a  driven  well-tube  or  the  suction-tube  of  a 
pump,  to  prevent  giavel  or  other  foreign 
matters  from  getting  into  and  choking  the 
punip. 

tube-flower,  s. 

iSot.  :  Ckrodendron  Siphonaiithvs,  a  verbena- 
ceous  plant,  having  a  funnel-shaped  white 
corolla  and  a  long  tube.  Introduced  into 
Britain  from  the  East  Indies  in  IT'JO. 

tube-flue,  s. 

Stmiit:  A  furnace-tube  through  uliich  flame 
passes. 

tube-makers,  '^.  2^1 
Zool:  The  Tubicohe  (q.v.). 

tube-packing,  .^. 

Wells :  A  bag  of  flax-seed  or  ring  of  rubber 
to  occupy  the  space  between  the  tube  of  an 
oil-well  and  the  bored  hole,  to  prevent  access 
of  water  to  the  oil-bearing  stratum. 

tube-plate,  ■<.     A  flue-plate  (q.v.). 

tube-plug,  s. 

.steam:  A  tapered  plug  of  iron  or  wood, 
used  for  driving  int<i  the  end  of  a  tube  when 
burst  bv  the  steam. 

tube-pouch,  s.  The  artillery  -man's  leather 
pouch  for  carrying  friction-primers.  It  lias 
two  loops,  1)y  which  it  is  fastened  to  tlie  belt. 
Tlie  priming-wire  and  gunner's  gimlet  are 
caiTied  with  it. 


tube-retort,  .<.    [Hktoiit.  .s..  2.] 

tube-sealer,  s.     A  tlue-cleauer  (q.v.). 

tube-sheet,  .•=.     A  flue-plate  (q.v.). 

tube -well,  s.  An  iron  pipe  of  smalt 
dianiiter,  )n»inlt-d,  and  having  a  number  nf 
lateral  i)erforations  near  tlie  end,  driven  into 
the  earth  by  a  small  pile-driver  hammer  until 
a  water-bearing  stratum  is  reached.  Wlieie 
the  depth  exceeds  fourteen  feet,  two  or  more 
sections  of  pipe  are  screwed  together.  A 
small  pump  is  attached  to  the  top.  The  de- 
vice is  said  to  have  been  originally  used  in 
America  for  obtaining  brine.  By  means  of  it 
water  can  be  obtained  very  ijuickly  fnun 
small  depths. 

t  tube  (2),  s.    [An  abbreviation  of  t.tba-  (q.v.).] 

tube-root,  t  tuber-root,  ^. 

Bot. :  Cokhiciim  aiitnninali:. 

tube,  r.'.    [Tube(1),  s.]   Tofurnish  with  a  tube 
or  tubes. 
"  While  the  tubed  eii^;iiie  feels  the  iiiBpiriiig  lihi.tt." 
Wordsworth:  Thanksgivinif  Odv,  Jan.  Iti,  IblC. 

tube'-form,a.  [Eng.  ^(6e(l), and/orm.]  In  the 
form  of  a  tube;  tubular,  tubiform. 

tu'-ber,  ^■.  [Lat.=  a  swelling,  a  protuberance, 
atuniuur,  from  the  same  root  as  (((»tit/,  titiuom; 
&c.] 

1.  Anat.  :  A  knob,  a  tubercle,  a  knot,  an 
eminence,  a  swelling,  as  tuber  annnUwe  =^t\ni 
pn)is  varolii  of  the  eiicepbaloii ;  tnbcr  calcis, 
the  large  posterior  extremity  of  the  heel. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  A  thickened,  annual,  succulent  under- 
gi-ound  stem,  covered  with  buds,  from  which 
new  plants  or  other  tubers  are  pioduccd.  In 
most  if  not  in  all  tubers  a  great  quantity  of 
amylaceous  matter  is  stored,  rendering  many 
of  them  highly  nutritious  as  food.  Examjile, 
the  Potato. 

(2)  Truffle  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Tuberacew 
(q.v.).  hiternal  parts  composed  of  interlacing 
l)ranched  filaments,  forming  fleshy  convolu- 
tions with  serpentine  cavities  between  them. 
The  branches  of  the  filaments,  free  at  the  sur- 
face of  the  lacunie,  bear  spherical  asci,  or 
sacs,  each  with  four  yellowish-brown  globular 
spores.  Tuber  ciharlnm  or  (>:;itlviuii  is  the 
Common  Truffle.     [Truffle.] 

3.  .S»;v;.  ;  A  Uuot  or  swelling  in  any  i>art. 
tuber-root,  s.    [Tube-root.] 

tu-ber-a'-5e-a3,   tu  -  ber-  a  -  ^e-i,    s.    pi. 

[Mod.    Lat.    tuber;     Lat.     fern.    pi.    adj.    suff. 
•ULf(t',  or  luasc,  -irct'i.] 

Bot. :  An  order  or  sub-oi-der  of  Ascomyeetes, 
growing  under  the  ground  or  upon  its  surface. 
Their  form  is  more  or  less  globular,  their  tex- 
ture solid  and  fleshy,  with  sinuous  cavities 
lined  by  asci,  containing  four  or  eight  finely 
reticulated  or  spinulose  spores.  Ultimately 
the  internal  substance  either  rlries  and  be- 
comes liard,  or  falls  into  a  Hocculent  powder. 
[Truffle.] 

tu-ber-at-ed,  a.  [Lat.  tuberatm,  jia.  par.  of 
tithero  —  to  swell  out,  from  tubrr  =  ii  bump,  a 
swelling.]    [Tuber.] 

Her. :  Gibbous  ;  knotted  or  swelled  out. 

tu'-ber-Cle,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tnbirculum, 
double  dimin.  of  ;»^cr  =  a  swelling.]  [Tuber.] 

1.  Anat.:  A  small  protuberance,  a  blunt 
eminence,  as  the  tubercles  of  the  ribs,  of  the 
tibia,  &c. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  A  very  small  tuber.     (J.indUy.) 

(2)  Any  small  warty  excrescence, 

(3)  [Tuberculu.m  (2).] 

3.  Pathol. :  A  growth,  usually  taking  the 
shape  of  minute  rounded  masses  (whence  the 
name  tubercle  ;  see  etymology),  which  is  apt 
to  spring  up  in  the  lungs,  intestines,  mesen- 
teric glaiids,  larynx,  &c.,  of  persons  of 
scrofulous  constitution.  It  is  found  in  two 
forms  :  gray  (miliary  or  true)  and  yellow 
tubercle.  Tlie  former  consists  of  gray  granu- 
lations about  the  size  of  a  millet  seed.  It 
contains  lymphoid,  epitheloid,  and  giant 
cells,  with  free  nuclei  and  intercellular  sub- 
stance. The  giant  cell  occupies  the  centre, 
audit  is  found  also  in  other  products  than 
tubercle.  The  yellow  is  found  in  larger 
masses  than  the  gray  tubercle  ;  it  is  s<itter 
and  more  friable,  and  presents  an  oixaque 
yellow  appearance.  It  is  dcvelojied  by  osseous 


fate,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =^  a ;  qu  —  kw. 


tubercled— tubing 


2:i\ 


degeneration  fioni  true  tulHii-cIe.  Koch  attii- 
)iutes  the  iiroduetion  of  tulH,Tch'  to  a  bjioillus 
which  he  has  discovered  aud  descrihed. 
{Phthisis.] 

"Evidt'uce  for  the  pros«L-utiou  went  to  slinw  tlint 
the  Imife'H  vf  the  cow  were  tiffecteil  witli  tubervlc  iu  uu 
Jidiaiiceil  stage."— Ficht,  Dec.  ly,  IBSa. 

1  (0  '''ray  Tabeide  of  Kuhindo  : 

Amit. :  A  mass  of  gray  matter  ap|»rnacliiiig 
tlie  surface  of  the  )iiciluUa  oblonijuta  beliiiid 
the  restiform  body  of  the  braiu. 

(2)  I'uhcrde  of  Lower  : 

Anat.  :  A  slight  i>rojection,  better  marked 
in  tlie  qimdrupeds  than  in  man,  between  the 
two  oritioes  of  the  right  auricle  of  the  heait. 
xjuaiii  considers  the  name  somewhat  mis- 
leading. 

tu  -ber-cled  (le  as  el),  a.    {Eng.  tubercIO); 
-of.] 

1.  Old.  JUiuy. :  Having  tubercles;  affecUd 
»vitli  tubercles. 

2.  Bot. :  Covered  with  little  excrescences  "ir 
warts,  as  the  stems  of  t'otykdoa  tidteicithit>.i. 

tu-ber'-cu-la,  5.  pi     [Pi.  of  Lat.  Ut,bcrcttl>i,iL 
(•I.V.).       *     ■ 

Pathol.  :  An  order  of  skin  diseases  in 
Lilian's  classification,  characterized  by  the 
formation  of  small  hard  tunioms  or  tuber- 
cles. 

tU-ber'-CU-lau:,  «.     [Eng.  /»?«roM?(e),-  -ru-.] 

1.  Full  i>f  knobs  or  pimples  ;  tuberculate. 

2.  AtlVeted  with  tubercles  ;  tuberculose  ;  its, 
tiibtn-alar  phthisic. 

tu-ber'-cu-late,  tu-ber'-cu-lat-ed,  n. 

[Eng.  tiikrculie) ;  -ate,  -ated.] 

I.  Old.  Lang. ;  Tubercular,  tuberculose. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Hot.:  The  same  as  TuBERcLED(q.v.). 

2.  Zool.  :  Warty,  covered  with  small 
rounded  knnbs.     (Ourn.) 

tuberculated- leprosy,  s. 

J'l'thol. :  A  form  of  KU-phuntlasis  grarn,  in 
whicli  the  morbid  action  chiefly  affects  the 
cutaneous  and  mucous  sarfaces. 

tii  -ber-cule,  5.  [Lat.  (M6€rcHZ?(?n  =  atubercle 

(M.V.).] 

Bnt.  (I't.):  The  fleshy  lobes  constituting  tlie 
roots  of  some  plants,  as  terrestrial  orchids, 
<luhlias,  &c. 

"  ThcM  are  not  to  be  confounded  either  with  tulwrs 
or  bulhs.  aa  they  have  been  bv  nome  writers,  hut  Jire 
rather  to  l>e  oouaidered  a  special  form  of  the  ri>i't  to 
Mhich  the  iKiuie  of  tuberculcs  wmilti  not  be  iimi>plii.-. 
:\hii^.'— Li iiiltei/ :  Introd.  ro  iiutany,  bk.  i.,  eh.  ii. 

tu-ber-cu-li-za'-tion,  5.  [Lat.  tuUrai}{im); 
Eng.  sufl.  -izatioii.] 

Pathol:  The  act  of  morbidly  aftecting  with 
tubercles  ;  the  act  of  rendering  tubercular. 

"In  tiibfrcuJizntiou  of  the  biL.n.-hial  cliiuds  — 
Ttuiucr:  Pnut.  vf  M,:d.  (od.  vii  i,  y.  7o. 

tu-ber-cu-lose,  tu-ber'-cu-lous,  a.    [Fr. 

tuhcnsHhax,  from  tuhtrdc  =  u'tubercle  (q.v  ). ] 
Tubercular;  aflected  witli  tubercles ;  suHering 
from  tuberculosis. 

'  ^*'f  *l,"^»tion  of  the  risk  incurred  by  the  consump- 
tioii  of  tlie  meat  aud  milk  of  tuberculous  auinmls  in 
by  no  means  satisfactorily  deteruiiued."— AeW.  Dec.  ly, 

tu-ber-cu-16'-sis,  ?.     [Mud.  Lat.,  from  Lat. 

ti(h(:rri(liuil  (q.v.).] 

Pathol.  :  Tubercular  disease,  often  heredit- 
ary, or  else  proiluced  by  any  cause  lowering 
the  vittl  health,  such  as  bad  ventilation, 
impure  air,  over-crowding,  dampness  of  soil 
and  atmosphere,  excessive  sexual  indulgence, 
mental  labour,  depressing  circumstances,  pro- 
longed lactation,  &c.  The  chief  seats  of  the 
disease  are  the  brain,  intestines,  kidney,  liver 
and  lungs.  It  is  akin  to  scrofula  and  the  stru- 
mous diathesis.  Acute  tuberculosis  is  nearly 
always  fatal.  Cod-liver  oil,  iron,  and  tonics 
are  frequently  beneficial,  esjtecially  quinine. 
It  also  atfects  the  lower  animals. 

tu-ber-CU-los'-i-ty,  s.  [En^.  tnhercnlosie); 
■ily.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tubercu- 
lose ;  a  swelling,  a  knob. 

tu-ber'-cu-liim,  s.   [Lat.] 

1.  Science:  A  tubercle  (<i.v.).  Used  in  .ina- 
tomy,  &c.,  as  ttibercidum  sella:  =  the  Olivaiy 
process. 

2.  Bot.:  A  convex  shield  without  an  ele- 
vated rim,  found  in  some  lichens,  as  Venu- 
caria.     Called  also  Cephalodiuni. 


tu-ber-if -er-ous,  «.  [Lat.  (n6fr=:atuber; 
i  connect.,  and  fcro— to  bear.]  Bearing  or 
producing  tubei's. 

tu'-ber-i-form,  «.  [Lat.  ««6(r  =  a  tuber; 
i  connect.,  and  fvnita  =  form.]  Shaped  like  a 
tubei*. 

*  tii'-ber-dn,  s-.     [Sp.  tihuron.]    A  shark. 

■■  A  sliark  or  tubrrou  that  lay  gapiug  for  the  flying. 
lish  li.ud  hy:  —Xaihc. 

tU'-ber-OSe,  a.  &  .s.  [Lat.  tuheroam  =  full  of 
swellings,   from  tuber=a,  swelling,  a  tuber 

(q.v.).J 

A.  As  adj. :  Having  knobs  or  tubers ; 
tuberous. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Jiof. :  Po/ianfhcs  tiiberosa.    [Polianthes.] 

tU-ber-6s'-i-ty,  s.     [Eng.  tubtros(>');  -Ity.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tuberous. 

2.  A  swelling  or  prominence. 
IL  AiUit. :  A  broad  and  rough  eminence  on 

a  bone. 

'■  Presents  au  overlapinni;  articular  face  between  the 
fossae  for  a  eorresiMuduiK  tubttrimitij  of  the  neck  of  the 
astnipUus,"— rruH*.  Amer.  I'hilosaph.  tiovivty,  xiii.  lyy. 

tu'-ber-ous,  a.      [Fr.   tnbereuj-;   from  Lat. 

tnberosHs  —  tuberose  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Having  prominent  knobs  or 
excrescences ;  tuberose. 

"The  thnlaml  optici,  nates,  tenticuli,  and  the  other 
tiibi-tijiui  parts,  are  so  many  distinct  harlwurs,  of  the 
said  spirits,  Diinisteriug  to  the  several  si»ecies  uf  sense 
and  phaucy."— (;r«w:  Vonmo.  .Suvru.  hk,  i.,  cli.  v. 

2.  Bot.  (Of  an  nndiinjrtmiul  stem):  (1)  Much 
swollen,  after  the  manner  of  a  tuber ;  (2)  bear- 
ing tubei.-^. 

tu'-ber-ous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tuberous:  -ncss.] 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  tuberous  ;  tuber- 
osity. 

tub'-ful,  5.  [Eng.  tub,  and  ful(l).']  As  much 
as  a  tub  will  hold;  a  quantity  sutticieut  to  till 
a  tub. 

tu-bi-cau'-lis,  .«.  [Lat.  tubus  =  a  tube,  aud 
au(lis=  a  stalk  or  stem.] 

Pala-nbot. :  A  genus  of  Tree-ferns,  from  the 
Permian. 

"tu-bi^'-in-ate,  r.i.  [Lat  tnbicen,  genit. 
tnbi':inl.s=  a.  trumpetei',  from  tnbu^a  trum- 
pet.]   To  blow  or  sound  a  trumpet. 

tU-biC-i-nel'-la,  .■'.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  fiom 
Lat.  tubicfu,  genit.  iubicinis  =  a  trumjieter  : 
tuba  =  a  trumpet,  and  catw  (perf.  cecini)  =  to 
sing  or  play.] 

Zvol :  A  genus  of  Balanidip,  parasitic  on 
Cetacea.  Comi)artments  six,  of  equal  breadth  ; 
shell  sub-cylindrical,  wider  at  top  than  at 
base,  and  belted  by  several  tr4insvei-se  ridges. 

tu-bic'-d-lse,  s.  lil      [Mod.  Lat.,  froni  Lat. 
tid)a  =  Vi  tube,  and  colo=  to  inhabit.] 
1.  Zuolugy: 

(1)  In  Walcknaer's  classification  a  group  of 
Spiders  enclosing  themselves  or  their  cocoons 
in  silken  tubes.  The  genera  are  included  in 
the  family  Tegenariidai  (q.v.). 

(2)  Sedentary  Annelids,  TubJcolous  Anne- 
lids; a  sub-order  of  Annelida.  Tliey  fabricate 
tubes  either  by  gluing  together  particles  of 
sand  and  shells,  or  by  secreting  a  chitinous  or 
calcified  shelly  substance,  into  which  they 
can  withdraw  themselves  by  means  of  tufts  or 
bristles  in  the  sides  of  the  body.  Some  live 
in  mud  or  in  holes  in  rocks,  and  others  diag 
their  tubes  after  them.  Head  indistinct,  ]»ro- 
boscis  short,  Jaws  not  present ;  branchiiE 
fithej-  absent  or  limited  to  three  segments  be- 
hintl  the  head,  except  in  the  Lug-worm,  where 
they  are  placed  on  the  median  segments.  They 
are  widely  distributed,  aud  are  said  to  feed  on 
vegetable  matter. 

2,  Pala'ont. :  The  Tubicolous  Annelids  [1. 
(2)]  are  known  from  the  Silurian  onwards. 

tu-bic'-6-lar,fl.  [Mod.  L;it.  tubirol{if);  Eng. 
*adj.  sutf.  -ur.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Tu- 
BICOU-E  (q.v.). 

"  TiitiiroUir  Aiiuv\'H\en  are  known  from  the  SLluriau 
rucks- '—.V<'.'Ao(au«.-  J'ntieunt.  (ed.  2ud),  i.  310. 

'  tu'-bi~c61e,  s.  [Tl-eicol^.]  Any  individual 
ol  the  order  Tubicohe. 

'  tu-bi-c6r-i-d»,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat..  from 
Lat.  tuba  =  a  tube,  and  culo  =  to  inhabit.] 


/'>((/.  :  A  family  of  Conchiferous  Molluscs, 
nrected  by  I>jimarck  for  the  genera  Aspergil- 
Inm,  Clavagclla,  Fistulana,  Septaria,  Teredo, 
and  Tcredina.  The  family  lias  now  lapsed  : 
AspergiIlum,Clavagclla,  and  Fistulana(merged 
in  Gastrocluena)are  cla-ssed  with  the  Ciastro- 
cha'nidte;  Septaria  is  merged  in,  and  Teredina 
is  made  a  sub-genus  of,  Teredo,  which  be- 
longs to  the  Pholadidie. 

tu-bic'-d-loiis,  a.  [l.at.  tubus  =  a  t\i\n\  ami 
rubi=  to  inhabit.]  Inhabiting  a  tube;  tn- 
bicolar. 

•'  The  protecting  t«l)e  of  the  Tubh-alout  AuuelldiJ*.' 
—XichtfUoii :  I'alteoiU.  (ed.  2iid),  i.  Jlo. 

tu'-bi'COm,  s.  [Lat.  tubus  —  a  tub.-,  and 
cornu  =  a  horn.] 

Zool. :  A  ruminant  quadruj'ed,  having  horns 
composed  of  a  horny  axis  enclosed  within  a 
sheath  of  the  same  material. 

■  tu-bitf'-er-a,  s.  pi     (Lat.  tubus  =  i\.  tube, 

and^f  *xi  ~  to  bear.] 

Zuol  :  The  fourth  order  of  Polypiaria,  in  the 
chiNsiiicatiou  of  Lamarck.  Now  approxi- 
mately the  same  as  Alcyonidre. 

tu'-bi-fex,  s.  [Lat.  tuba  =  ii  tube,  and  fori,} 
~  to  make] 

Zuol:  The  type-genus  of  Tiibificida- (q.v.), 
formerly  classed  with  the  Naidic. 

tU-bi-fi9'-i-dae.  5.  i)l  [Mod.  Lat.  tubifj:, 
genit.  tnbijic{is):  Lat.  fein.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -idir'\ 
Zool :  A  family  of  Oligocha-ta  Limicola. 
witli  numerous  genera,  living  in  cylindrical 
tubes  of  mud  on  the  bottom  of  streams. 
Mouth  segments  united  and  often  lengthened  ; 
skin  transparent,  appearing  of  a  deeji-red  in 
the  water ;  the  part  within  the  tulMi  of  a  pale 
straw  colour  ;  four  rows  of  recurved  set;e  pre- 
sent, either  simple  or  forked. 

tu'-bi-form,  a.  [Lat.  tubus  =  a  tube,  anrl 
form"  =  iiM-m.]  Having  the  form  of  a  tube; 
tubular,  tubefonn. 

tu-bi-nar-es,  s. pi    [Lat. tuba  =  a  tube, and 

nart-s  z=  the  nostrils.] 

iiniith.:  Petrels;  an  order  of  the  class 
Aves,  named  from  the  cliaracter  ]irevalent 
throughout  the  group,  of  the  external  nares, 
which  are  prolonged  into  a  nune  or  less 
lengthy  cylindrical  tube,  lying  usually  on  the 
dorsal  surface  of  the  beak,  and  opening  by 
one  or  two  apertures.     They  are  holoihinal, 


BEAKS  or  TUBIXAPvES, 
Showing  the  peculiar  nostrils.     The  siiecies  figured 
.-ire:  a.  iVe^ettrt  gndlaria;  b.  (tL-wiuites  ocean icus  ■ 
c.  Procellaria  i>el(iyic» ;  p.  Rarr-.jia  nereis;  t  IVIjv- 
godronia  maiiua  ;  y.  Buhveria  cjlumhlna. 

.scliizogiiathous  birds,  with  a  large,  iir'>a«I.  de- 
pressed, pointed  vomer,  and  tiuncated  ilum- 
<lible  ;  anterior  toes  fully  webbed,  inul  Mic 
hallux  either  very  small  and  reduced  to  one 
phalanx  or  absent;  with  a  tutted  oil-gland, 
ami  large  supra-orbital  glands  furrowing  the 
skull.  They  have  an  enormous  glandular  pro- 
ventriculus,  and  .small  gizzard  of  nnusnal 
shape  and  position.  They  are  divided  into 
two  families,  Oeeanitidie  and  Procellariidic. 

tu-bi-nar-i-al.  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  tubinofi^'s): 
Eng.  adj.  sutf.  -Ud.]  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
Tubinares  (q.v.). 

"One  branch  of  this  stock  has  siiji;e  Iwcouie  cl'eatly 
modiHed  in  the  Tubiuariat  dtrvctioi.."-/.V/.orf  o, 
ChaUtH-jfr  LxfiedUion  ;  Zoolvgy,  iv.  OJ. 

tub'-ing,  .S-.     [Eng.  tubie);  -ing.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  or  providing  with 
tubes. 

2.  A  length  of  tubes ;  a  series  of  tubes ; 
matei  ial  for  tubes  :  as,  indiarubbcr  tubing. 


bo^  boy ;  po^t.  jo^l ;  cat,  9eU.  chorus,  9hm,  bengh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this :  sin,  a§ ;  expect,  Xenophon.  e^ist. 
-«ian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis,    -ble,  -die, 


ug, 
bel,  del. 


■i:ii 


Tubingen— tubulifera 


Tn-blng-^n.  ■*■     (Q^r.  Tuehin{feu,  Tiibin<jen. 
Nv  -l.t-l 

'I'^V-  ■'  -^  filial'  t'lwnon  tlu'  Xfckar,  eiglitecii 
iriilt-H  rr«iiii  Stiillptrt. 

Tabtngen  Soliool,  <. 

'■^fin  A  //i,./,  ;  'llic  name  ^vfii  U>  twfi 
-■■li.i.iU  "f  tlit-Mjuj;)'  wliosf  I'hii'f  n'pi-vML'iiUi- 
tivi^  wi-n-  <-.iiiin'ol<''l  witli  tht-  UiiixmHtly  of 
TilMii^oii,  t-itlitT  iLs  pn>r«>s.siii-s  o|-  .stiult'iit.s. 

I.  7'/i^  "/./  S-Aiwi;  Tliis  was  esM-iitiiilly 
•>rt)i<>.li>T.  lU  riini'lt-r  wits  GottlMli  CliiihtiiHi 
HtMrr(I7li;-I.sa'.).  apiMMiittM  profess..!  of  phi- 
l<M.>pliy  al  Ttibiii^iMi  in  ITT'i  ftiiil  professor  of 
UitNil.i^iy  t«o  y.-iii-s  liittT.  Hi- iiict'ptfd  uiiiv- 
*fivfiily  thf  ilniiH'HUtliority  .<f  theScriptiiU'S, 
uriil  »<>ti:^|it  l.y  ^t-ntiiiiiittiL-al  mid  liistoiiial 
I'jtem-nih  Ui  ItiiiM  up  A  -systeni  of  llu-oloj^y, 
an. I  liiiti  t-sp4>f iai  i'iiipliiiMi.s  on  tlie  fvidt-iitJal 
vjiliif  of  minifies.  He  aime  into  conllirt 
Willi  Kant,  aiitl  critii'izt^U  In's  Jitliiiioii  within 
Ihf  lAmiti  of  I'ltie  Itfit.ion  soiiiewluit  severely. 
St'irr's  (lieol<>Kical  system  ii  cnntaiiied  in  liis 
Ihtctrimr:  CAi-t-lNHhf  }Hiri  thfoMitxi  e  f^f'i'is 
lillrrLi  rrjwtiUi  {\1\)\V).  Auiriiii^'  Ilis  iiimieJiitti! 
followers  wfix-  tlie  Itiotliers  Johami  Krivilrich 
(17.VJ-lS-jn  niKl  Karl  Clirisliaii  Flalt  (177l'- 
164.S).  Krie.|iich  Gottlieb  Susskind  (17117- 
ISiitf).  and  Krnst  (;..ttl.d>  Uengel  (i7()':i-i82ii), 
a  Uniii.lMiii  of  the  great  (Tonimeiit;itor. 

2.  Thf  M-»Urn  School:  The  principles  of 
this  (tehool.  fonnde.l  by  Ferdinand  Christian 
liaiir  (I79L»-liiOO),  also  professor  of  the.dojjy  at 
Tvil-injien,  were  in  dire(.:t  opposition  to  those 
of  Slorr.  In  1835  Uanr  puldished  liis  book 
on  the  Pa-storal  Kpistles,  in  which  he  at- 
tt'm|>t*'d  to  prove  tliat  they  were  the   work  of 

tlie  s» nd  reniuiy ;  and  in  lS4'i  he  deniL<l  tlie 

aTith.-nticiry  of  all  the  Kpistles  .■Utiilinte<l  to 
I'aul,  .'xcept  that  to  the  Gidatians,  1  and  '> 
Cnriiithians.  and  Ri>!nana  (with  the  exception 
of  the  last  two  chapters,  the  gennineness  of 
which  he  adle.i  in  cpiestion).  He  considereil 
that  Petor  and  John  were  Jewish  iu  tlieir 
view«,  only  distinguished  from  their  brethren 
by  their  faith  in  Christ  as  the  pronused 
Messiah.  Paul  maintained  a  doetiine  that 
the  t'nieitixion  made  Christ  the  Saviour  of  the 
wiirM,  and  elaborated  a  theory  of  Justitication 
which  to  them  was  strange,  and  "of  religious 
freeilom  which  to  them  was  abhorrent.  lA.r 
the  sake  of  peace  tliey  were  for  a  wliile  sik'iit, 
but  the  animosity  broke  out  in  the  Aj)oca- 
lypse.  which  ndcrred  to  St.  Paul  and  his 
t4-*achiiii:s  when  denouncing  the  Nicola itain-s. 
In  1S44,  in  the  rhroloffi.'n-he  Jahrhih-hcr  (tlie 
organ  of  the  school),  and  in  a  book  on  the 
Gospels,  in  1S47.  Banr  attempted  to  show 
that  the  fourth  gospel  was  not  genuine.  He 
maintained  that  it  was  written  for  the  purpose 
of  reconciling  .ludaistic  and  Pauline  Christi- 
anity, and  consequently  belonged  to  the 
seconil  century.  Among  the  allies  and  fol- 
lowers f>f  Hanr  were  Zeller,  who  edited  the 
TheoU)gi»hf  Jnhrhiirhrr ;  Schwegler  {PfM- 
ApostoHr.  A^f-),  Hitschl  {Gospel  of  Marciun  a)ul 
r.fispel  of  Luke),  Kbstlin  (DiKtrinal  Sifstem  of 


John),  Hilgenfeld,  and  Holsten.  As  B; 
grew  older  he  moditied  his  views  greatly,  s 
his   Christianity  of  the-  Fir^tt  Three  CV«/hj'(. 


lur 


(UfiS),  is  a  more  conservative  work  than  his 
previous  writings.  He  asserts  tlie  pure 
ninnility  of  CiirLstianity.  while  he  denies  its 
miracles.  Since  the  death  of  Bam-  some  ..f 
the  Tubingen  school  have  a.Imitted  the  possi- 
bility  of  iriiracles  as  a  necessary  derhietinti 
from  Theism,  and  thejudgnient  concerning  the 
fourth  gos]iel  has  been  modiiied,  and  in  sonic 
respects  reversal.  [Pai'linism.]  The  l.ij?  of 
JfAiis  of  Strauss  (l«;i2),  was  the  outcmm-  (.f 
the  teachings  of  the  new  Tttbingen  seh.Tui 
The  object  of  the  book  is  to  show  that  the 
gospel  narmtive  concerning  Jesus  is  a  j.hiln- 
sophic  myth  -the  expression  of  an  idea  in  the 
form  of  an  imaginary  biographv.  But  in  tlic 
Nfm  Life  of  .hivi.t  (auth.  trans'.,  ISU.'i,  p.  2l:i) 
lie  says,  "  I  have,  mainly  in  eonserpicnce  of 
Banr's  hint-s,  allowed  more  room  than  before 
ti>  the  hypothesis  of  conscious  and  intenl  ional 
netion.-  According  to  Prof.  H.  Schmidt,  of 
Breslaw.  the  hist^.rical  an.l  critical  studies  of 
Banr,  tjniugh  they  led  him  to  unsound  con- 
clnsions,  prepared  the  way  for  the  brilliant 
achn^vements  in  the  departments  of  Church 
history  and  doctrine  of  the  present  genera- 
tion, and  must  ever  be  a  starting-point  for 
the  hisUiry  of  early  Cliristianity. 

Tablngen-tbeology,  s. 

Chvrck  Hist. :  The  teachings  of  the  Tiibiu-reu 
School  (q.v.).  It  is  a  term  of  wide  and  vahd 
nicjining,    sometimes    expressing   little    more 


than   Paulinisni  (([.v.),  at  otlieii*  enibracing 
e\livnie  Bittionalism. 

"  A  RtniiiK  rtvictluii  hnn  lon^  bliice  nvt  In  iiirHnixt 
th(««o  lu-Kittlvo  vl('«».  fvoii  \n  TUliiiiKi-ii  ibii*l(.  »o  tliat 
wlint  I.M  mx-utl)  l>tN,-ii  kiiiiwii  ita  tlK>  riHtinnfti  tJfii- 
l<fit  U  likvly  Hudti  U3  \w  H  thlDij  of  tlit'  |>iial."— 
M,rti>Uocki  Stroifj:  Cyd^yp.  Bib.  Lit.,  x.  r.T3. 

tu-bip'-or-a,  s.      [I^t.  tuha  =■  a  tube,  and 
'poms  —  a  passage.  1 

1.  XooL :  Organ-pipe  Coral ;  a  genus  of 
Alcyonidie.  constituting  the  sub-family  Tubi- 
purime  (sonietiuics  elevated  to  family  (d" 
Alcyouaria,  asTubiporid;e).  There  are  several 
species  from  the  Red  8e:i  and  the  Pacitic. 
They  increase  by  the  production  of  a  wall  of 
calcareous  spicules  ami  a  kind  of  ct»ralluui. 

2.  P'tl'tont.:  Ethcridgechroniclesone  species 
from  the  li.'wcr  Jurassic. 

tu'-bi-pore,  <.    [Ti'meoRA.I     Any  lucnibcr  td' 
the  family  Tuliiporidie,  or  Oi'giui-pipe  ctu'al. 

tU-bi-p6r   i-dse,  ■■;.  pi.  [Mod.  Lai.  tublpoiia); 
'l.al.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -Ulni.]    ITubipoua.] 

tu-bip  o  ri-nae, ;:.  pL  [Mod.  L^it. /.i(/n/)or(a),- 

I-at.  felii.  pi.  adj.  .>ul1'.  'inn:.]     (Tubepoka.] 


IMotl.    Lat.    tuliipoiXa) ; 


tu-bip'-o-rite, 

snrt'.  -ite.  1 
Valiront. :  A  fossil  Tubipora. 

tU-bi-te'-lse,  s.  jh.     [hut.  tuba  —  a  tube,  and 
Ilia  =a  weli-l 
Zool. :  A  synonym  of  Tcgenariidie  (q.v.). 

tu'-bx-valve, .s.    [Lat,  tubus  =  a  tube;  Eng. 
voire.]    Any  annelid  of  the  order  Tl:biuolidvE 

(q-v.). 

•  tub'-Ster,  .s-.    [Eng.  tub,  s.,  I.  3.  ;  suit',  -ster.] 
A  tub-pii  Mutier  or  tub-tluimiier. 

■■  He  isiiy.H  the  Inbiter)  tluit  wouUl  1>e  rk-h  .  .  .  must 
\>\i\,y  tlie  thief.'"— 7".  Urown  :   Wcrkt,  iii.  08. 

tUb'-U-lar.  n.      [Lat,  tuhnlus,  dimiu.  of  tubus 
=  a  tube.  ] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  the  form  of  a  tube 
or  pipe  ;  consisting  of  a  tube  oi'  I'ipe. 

2.  Hot.:  Approaching  a  cylindrical  figure 
and  hollow,  as  the  calyx  of  many  Silenes. 

tubular  boiler,  s. 

Staiiu  :  A  iiairic  properly  applicable  to  a 
steam-lioilcr  in  which  the  water  circulates  in 
vertical,  horizimtal,  or  inclined  pipes,  the 
lire  encircling  them. 

tubular -bridge,  ;•-.  A  bridge  formed  by 
a  great  inbt-  or  liullow  beam,  through  the 
centre  of  which  a  roadway  or  railway  passes. 
The  niost  remarkable  ones  ever  constructed 
are  those  across  the  Conway  ami  the  Menai 
Straits,  on  the  Chester  and  Holyhead  line  of 
railway.    The  tubes  of  the  Menai  bridge  are 


I'.Kll'd.:    IN     I'RO 

coN.sTRr(a'iOiS. 


composed  of  wrought-iron  plates,  from  |  to  -J 
of  an  inch  thick,  the  largest  being  about  12 
feet  in  length,  strongly  united  by  rivets,  and 
stiffened  by  angle-irons,  and  vary  iu  exterior 
height,  which  is  30  feet  at  the  centre  of  the 
bridge,  diminishing  to  22  feet  9  inches  at  the 
abiitntents.  Their  exterior  width  is  14  feet  8 
inches,  or  Li  feet  8  inches  in  the  clear,  inside. 
Tlie  first  locomotive  passed  through  it  in 
March,  LSriO. 

tubular -crane, .«.  A  crane  whose  hol- 
low jib  IS  made  of  riveted  boiler-plate. 

tubular  fabric-loom,  ^. 

M'eaving  :  A  machine  for  weaving  hollow 
goods,  such  as  bags,  skirts,  and  other  tubular 
fabrics. 


ate.  at.  fiire    amidst,  what,  faa  ftither;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son:  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule.  fiiU;  try. 


tubular-girder,  s.  A  hollow  girder, 
of  any  sliape  made  of  plates  secured  together. 
The  tubular  bridge  is  but  the  largest  kind  of 
tubular  girder. 

tubular-glands,  <<.  pi. 

Anat. :  One  type  of  glands  found  in  the 
mucous  incinl»raiics.  They  are  minute  tube* 
formed  by  recesses  or  inversions  of  the  base- 
ment memlirane,  and  are  lined  with  epithc- 
liuiu.     They  abound  in  the  stomach. 

tubular  nerve-fibres,  s.  pL 

.-limt.:  One  (d"  two  t.\  [les  of  uerve-fibres, 
characterized  by  being  lubulai-.  They  are 
mure  widely  diffused  and  more  abundant  thau 
those  (tf  the  other  type.  Called  also  White, 
Medullated,  or  Dark-bodied  Nerve-llbres. 

tubular-rail,  s.  A  railway-rail  having  a 
conLiniiiMis  l.mgitudinal  opening  wliiiMi  serves 
as  (1)  a  .luet  for  water,  or  (2)  a  steam-pi|-e  to 
inevent  the  accumulation  of  ice  or  sm)W. 

tu-bu-lar'-i-a,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat. 
tubiUits  =  a  little  tube.J 

Znul. :  The  type-genus  of  Tubulariida^  (q.  v. ) ; 
stems  simple  or  branched,  root"  d  by  a  lili- 
Ibrm  stolon,  tlie  whole  invested  by  a  poly- 
pa  ry  ;  polypites  flask-shaped,  with  hliforni 
tentacles  dispo.sed  in  two  verticils,  the  oral 
short  and  surrounding  a  conical  proboscis, 
the  aboial  long  and  forming  a  circle  near 
tlu-  base  of  the  body;  gonopiiores  borne  on 
peduncles  springing  from  the  body  of  the 
polypite  between  the  two  circles  of  tentacles. 
Containing  lixed  sjnirosaes. 

t  tu-bu-lar-i-se,  ,-;.  j)?.    [Tl-bularia.] 

Zool. :  Agassiz's  name  for  the  Corynida-Gym- 
noblastea,  oj-  Gymnoblustic  Hydroids  of  All- 
nian. 

tu-bu-lar'-i-an,  «.  &,  s.    [TLfBULARiA.] 

A.  -4.S  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Tubu- 
laria  (q.v.). 

B.  As  si'b.'^l. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Tul)ularia. 

ttu-bu-lar-i-da,  s.  pi.    (Mod.  Lat.  (h^k- 

luri{a) ;  Lat.  neut.  \)\.  adj.  sutl".  -itiu.] 
Zwl. :  A  syifonyiu  of  Coiynida  (q.v.). 

tu-bu-la-ri'-i-dae,  .s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tuhn- 
hiri{a):  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sufl".  -ido:.] 

Zool. :  A  widely-distributed  family  of  All- 
man's  Gymnoblastea(=Corynida,  q.v.).  Poly- 
pites Hask-sliaped,  with  two  sets  of  filiform 
tentacles,  one  oral,  the  other  near  the  base 
of  the  body. 

ttu-bu-la-ri-na,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  tubu- 
lai{ia)  ;    Lat.  neuL  jd.  adj.  sutf,  -ma,] 
Zool. :  Ehrenberg's  name  fur  the  Coryuida. 

[TllIJlILARI.^.1 

tu-bu-late,    tu'-bu~lat-ed,    a.     [Lat. 

Iub)ilii.-i,  flimiii.  from  tutius  ==  a  tnlie.] 
L   Made  in  the  form  of  a  small  tube. 
2.  Furnished  with  a  small  tube. 

"The  teeth  «ie    riibnliircd  d.r  the  conveyance  or 
emiBBinii  of  the  imysoii  into   the  wouiid."— OcrAam 
i'lii/gicu-Theijlogn.  bk.  ix.,  ch.  i. 

tubulate d-retort,  s.  A  retort  with  an 
opening  at  tup,  closed  by  a  stuiiper. 

'  tub-u-la'-tion,  s.  [Tubulate.]  The  act 
of  making  li(.lIowasa  tube  ;  the  act  of  making 

a  tul>e.  ^ 

tu'-bu-la-ture,  s.  [Eng.  tnbulat{e);  -nre.] 
The  mouth  or  short  neck  at  the  ujiper  part  uf 
a  tubulated  retort. 

tu'-bule,  5.  [Lat.  tubulus,  dinnn.  of  tubus 
=  a  tube.]  A  small  j.ipe  or  fistutar  body. 
Used  also  iu  Anatomy,  as  Dentinal  tubules. 

"  Theae  stouta  hail  then  incorijorated  with  tliein  tea- 
tftceoufl  tubules,  related  to  the  aii.hnnciili,  or  rather  the 
veriiucuU  \a nr iui. " ~  ly oad wnni  .■  On  Fottils. 

tu-bu-li-brah'-chi-aLn,  s.  [Tubulibkak- 
CHiATA.j  Any  mollusc  of  the  order  Tubu- 
librancliiata  (q.v.). 

•  tu-bu-li-brah-chi-a-ta,  s.  pi.  [Lat. 
tnbul}is  =  :i  little  tube,  and  Mod.  Lat.  bran- 
chinta  (q.v.).J 

Zool. :  An  order  of  Gasteropodous  Molluscs 
in  Cuvier's  system,  now  merged  in  Proso- 
bianchiata  (q.v.).  It  included  three  genera  : 
Vennetns,  .Siliquaria,  and  Magilus. 

tu-bu-lif'-er-a,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  tubuhis  =  ^ 
little  tube,  and /ero=  to  bear.] 

pine,  pit»  sire.  sir.  marine ;  go.  pot^ 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tubuliflorsB  —Tudor 


'ir^ 


Entnin.  :  A  p'oiip  of  rhysi.pMd;!  Oi-V.).  iu 
whiih  the  last  sL<;iiient  of  thf  abilttiiu-ii  lu 
botli  M-xes  forms  a  little  tube.     iTuKii'ti.) 

tu  bu-U-flor'-SB,  s.  pi  [Lat.  tubulus  Oi-v.), 
aiid'/ii;::,  gciiit.  Jloris  =  a  blossom,  a  flower.l 

Hot. :  A  sub-ur-lur  of  Astcrarew.  Herina- 
phvo.lite  llorotH,  tubulai',  with  five  or  rarely 
f.mi-  etjual  teeth.  Tribes:  VernoiiiiUTrt;,  Eu- 
I^toriafea-,  Astei-oideie,  Sfiieuioniativ,  and 
Cyimrcrt;. 

tU'-bu-U-form,  a.  [Lat.  (utit^/.s  <liniiii.  from 
tulnis  =  ;i  lube-.  ai»d  formu  =  fonu.)  llaviug 
thf  furin  uf  ;t  small  tube. 

tu-bu-lip-or-a,  •■j.  [Lat.  tuhuU(s  =  a  little 
tubei  and  porus=&  passage.] 

Zoo/.  X-  Palipont.  :  The  type-genus  of  Tiibii- 
li(ioiidie.  Tubes  free  for  a  great  part  of  their 
length  ;  colniiv  atlached  nn're  or  less  exten- 
sively by  it-s  base,  the  celU  radiating  fmm 
an  eeeentjic  point.  From  the  Ulialk  to  the 
present  d;iy. 

tu-bu-li-p6r  -i-dae,  .<.  /-'.  [Mod.  Lut.  tnbidi- 
/»or(rt);  Lat.  fein.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idit;.] 

Zool.  d-  l\iln.out.  :  A  family  of  Cyclosto- 
matons  Polvzoa,  with  two  genera,  Tubulipora 
and  Aleeto.  the  latter  of  which  appears  to 
have  couimeneed  in  the  L<iwer  Silurian.  The 
tulmlar  i-clls  of  the  polyzuary  :ue  more  or  less 
free  ami  di.scunnected. 

'  tU.-bu-16'-Sa,  s.  pi.  [N'eut.  pi.  of  Mud.  Lat. 
Offjd/JsKA  — tubular,  from  Lat.  tahnliis  {i\.v.).'\ 
Pala;ont.  :  A  provisional  tribe  of  Zuantlmria 
seleroderniata,  established  by  Milne  Edwards 
and  Haine.  Coraltum  simple  or  compound, 
the  thecw  tiuuipet-shaprrt,  tubular,  or  pyri- 
form,  without  tabuhe,  and  liaving  the  sei)ta 
indicated  by  mere  stria;  on  the  inner  surface 
uf  tlie  wall.  Genera  two,  both  ralieozolc. 
{SiclwlsoH.) 

tu-bu-l6se,  (I.  [Lat.  f(i/<((/u.s  =  a  small  tube.) 
li'.sembling  a  tube  or  pipe  ;  listular,  tubulous. 

tU-bu-lOUS,  rt.    [Lat.  tubultis=a.  little  tube.] 

I.  Unf.  LaiKj.  :  Resembling  a  tube  or  pipe; 
longitudinally  hollow  ;  tubular. 

"A  cuiisiderjilde  VHriety  of  com  Is ;  ninougst  which 
aie  two  red  suits  ;  the  one  uirat  elegantly  bnuiclietl. 
the  otiier  (iibulous.'  —Cook:  Third  I'oyiae.  bk.  ii,. 
ch.  viii. 

II.  Botany:  [Tubular]. 
tubulous-boiler,  ••.    The  same  as  Tubc- 

LAK-BUU.HK  {<\.V.). 

tu-bu-liire,  s-  (Lat.^i'i«;(is  =  a  little  tube.] 
A  tubular  o[iening  at  the  top  of  a  retort. 

tu'-bu-lus  (pi.  tu'-bu-li),  s.      [Lat.,  dimin. 

i_^i  finis  =11  tube.) 
*  I.  Onl.  Laii'j.  :  A  little  tube  or  pipe. 
II.  Technknily : 

1.  AiHtt.iPl.):  Small  tubes,  as  Tuhuli  «r^- 
ni/n-i,  tuhuli  of  the  stomach,  &c.    [Tubule.] 

2.  Bnt.  (Pi.);  The  same  as  Tubi.    [Tubus.] 

tu -bur-Jin' -i-a,   s.      [Lat.   tuburcinor  =  to 

eat  greedily.] 

liof. :  A  genus  of  Ustilagiuei,  the  Cfeomacei 
of  Corda.  Naked  spored  moulds  with  the 
spores  or  protospores  globose  or  conehiforni, 
and  made  up  of  minute  cells.  2'uhurrinio 
Scubies  produces  a  scab  (not  the  normal  one) 
ou  potatoes. 

tu'-bus  (pi.  tu'-bi),  ^-i.   [Lat.  =  a  pipe,  a  tube.  ] 

Until  mj : 

(1)  I'!.:  The  pores  of  certain  fungals. 

(2)  (/v.):  The  ringed  tubes  fuuud  on  the 
globule  of  Chara. 

*  Tu  -can-iis,  5.    [Toucana.] 

*  tu'-^et,  >.     [Tucket  (•>).]     A  steak. 

"The  ClaHlpiiie  tiirrrs  or  goljhets  »■(  coudited  bulla 
he&u."—Jert'iuy  Tmilor :  ^icrmont,  p.  212, 

tU9ll,  i-.     [Touch,  s.\    A  kind  of  marble. 

'tuck  (1),  '  tncke  (1),  5.  [Fr.  to7oc  =  the 
stock  of  a  tree  ...  a  rai)ier,  a  thrust,  from 
Ital.  s((x;a»  =a  truncheon,  a  short  sword,  from 
Ger.  5(ocfc  =  a  stump,  a  stuck  (q.v.);  Sp.  es- 
toifue  :  cf.  also  Wei.  twai  =  a  knife  ;  twc  ~  a 
cut,  a  chip  ;  Irish  tuca  =a  lapier.J  A  long, 
narrow  sword  ;  a  rapier. 


tiick  (2).  '  tucke  (2).  s.    [Tuck,  r.l 

1,  <irdiii<iiii  Luiitiutiife : 

'  1,  A  pull,  a  pulling,  a  tug. 

2.  A  fold  in  a  dress;  a  horizontal  fold  or 
plait  in  a  skirt,  wide  or  narrow,  and  .-iuwu 


thr 


;hout  its  length. 
3,  A  sort  of  head-dreSi 

And  vjioii  hU  hettil  n  gmMlly 


;  a  turban. 

^        .   white  fwke.  cuutiihi- 

Itig  iu  it-n^Vh  i>y  catiuitttiou  fiiteciic  yaida."— //<»<.■*'»*(  ; 
I'oyaffea,  li.  lia. 

4.  A  tuck-net  (ii-v.). 

"The  turk  is  imrniwer  meshed,  and  thereliipo  scurce 
lawful  witli  a  lung  bunt  tu  the  midst."— Otreic 

5.  Food,  especially  sweetstulf,  pastry,  or 
the  like.    (Shtng.) 

"The  alojttter  luoks  TMther  fwildeii.  as  if  he  didn't 
ttke  iiiucli  exercixe,  nud  ate  too  much  titck."—T. 
Uutitiet :  Tom  lirowiin  Schuoldayt.  pt.  it,  ch.  v. 

IL  SliiphuiUling : 

1.  The  after  iwrt  of  a  ship,  where  the,  ends 
of  the  bottom  plan  I;  s  are  gathered,  uixler  the 
stem  or  counter.  Its  shape  gives  a  name  to 
the  build,  as  square-tuck  (q.v.). 

2.  The  squaie  stem  of  a  boat. 
tuck-creaser,  .^.    [Cueaser,  5.,  IL  4.] 
tuck-in,  N.     A  hearty  meal.    (Slang.) 

"  TI.eV  s>-t  me  duwii  t.>  :<  jolly  good  tiick-iil  o(  bread 

iijul  luii'it.'  — //.m/;/  Te)v'ji:,)jh.  Jtiu.  1.  18S6. 

tuok-marker«  .^     ('rrcK-cKHA.sKR.1 
tuck-net,  d. 

Fish.:  A  lamling-net ;  one  for  dipping  hsh 
out  id"  a  larger  net. 

tuck-pointing,  s. 

}:>'l!il.:  Marking  the  ji>ints  of  brickwork 
ft'ith  a  narrow  iiarallel  ridge  uf  white  putty. 

tuck-sbop,  s.  A  shop  where  sweetstutls, 
pastry,  &.i\.,  are  sold.     (^Uing.) 

•■S.Uly  HartuweH's;  that's  our  School-house  tuck- 
shop.'— T.  Hit'jhtiit:  Tom  liroim's  Hchoolditas,  pt.  i., 
ch.  vi. 

tuck  (:i),  .f.    [Tucket  (1).  s.]    The  sound  pro- 
dueed  bv  beating  a  drum  ;  the  beat  or  roll  of 

a  diuiii."   (SoAt :  Jivkdnt,  iii.  17.) 

tuck,  •  tuk-ken,  *  tuk-kyn,  v.t.  &  L  [Low 
Ger.  tiikki'H,  tukkcn  =  to  pull  up.  to  draw  up,  to 
tuck  up,  to  entice,  allied  to  tuken  =  to  tuck  np, 
to  lie  in  folds,  as  a  badly-made  garment ;  O. 
Dut.  todi£ii  =  to  entice  ;  Ger.  zuvken  =  to  draw, 
up,  to  shrug.  Tuck  is  a  variant  of  tiig  (q.v.). J 
A,  Transitive: 

1.  To  thrust  or  press  in  together;  to  gather 
into  a  narrow  compass.    (Generally  with  up.) 

'■  Her  Imir  was  iu  ciirl-paijera,  her  sleeves  tucked  uj> 
to  the  elh,iw."--Oail!/  Telegrapti,  Sept  15,  1S85. 

2.  To  thrust  into  a  narrow  or  close  place. 

'■  With  that  lie  tui:kvd  the  hook  under  his  arm.'  — 
<nu<:H's  Satiirdui/  Journal,  Sept.  26,  1835. 

3.  To  inclose  by  jnishing  the  clothes  close 
around.     (With  iii  or  wjj.) 

*■  To  have  his  maid  always  to  lay  all  things  iu  print, 
."uid  tuck  him  «>i  warm,"  —Locke  :  On  Edtu-nfwn. 

*  4.  To  string  up  ;  to  hang.    (With  up.) 

"The  haugm.-m  .  .  .  then  oaliidy  litvked  vp  the 
criminaL"— A'(c/ieird«oii :  I'unu-ia,  i.  HI. 

5.  To  full,  as  cloth.    {Frov.) 

6.  To  pack  ill  barrels.    (Prov.) 

"  185  hogaheada  fof  pilchards)  were  fucked  ou  Sun- 
tl;iy." — Mornimj  Chroincle.  Aug.  28,  ibo", 

*  B.  Intrans.:  To  contract;  to  draw  to- 
gether. 

"  Au  ulcer  diHchargiug  a  uasty  thiu  ichor  -he  edges 
ni-k  in.  and  ktowIui;  sKiuued  aud  hard,  yive  it  tlie 
lauie  of  a  uallous  ulcer,"— M'irp;  Surffe7'i/. 

H  (1)  To  tuck  in:  To  eat  heartily.  (Skau).) 
(■2)  To  tuck  up :  To  put  in  a  fix  or  dithcult> . 

"  They  have  l>een  playing  the  old  game  <.f  akirtiuL;. 
ventuaUy  to   tind   tlieinMulves  fairly   tucked   up    by 

file-fencing. 


ivid,  Feb.  la,  1SB6. 

-a-ho6. 


[North 


for   thy  aa.<iiiilant    14   ()uick.   skilful, 
akaketp. ;  Twelfth  /fight,  iii.  4. 


deadly." 


tuck-;^-hoe,    tuck 

American  Indian.] 

But.  :  A  vegetable  substanee  of  dr>ubtful 
affinity,  dug  up  in  various  parts  of  the  United 
States.  Fries  thought  it  was  a  fungus,  and 
placed  it  in  the  genus  Pachyma.  Berkeley 
ennsiders  that  it  is  more  probably  the  altered 
state  of  the  root  of  some  flowering  plant.  It 
eonsists  almost  entirely  of  peetie  acid,  the 
chemical  substance  whieh,  occurrmg  iu  cur- 
rants and  other  fruits,  renders  it  possible  to 
coagulate  them  into  jelly.  Tuekahoo  is  eaten 
by  the  North  Ameriean  Indians,  who  find  it 
a  nutritious  food. 

tuck'-er,  5.    [Eng.  tuck,  v. ;  -er.) 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  tucks. 

2.  An  ornamental  frilling  of  lace  or  muslin 


round  the  top  of  a  woman's  dress  and  descend- 
ing to  cover  jiart  of  the  bosom. 

"There  In  a  ■.-rtain  female  oruauient  by  sume  otlled 
a  ttuki'r.  and  b>  ..thi-n.  tin-  uwck-lileue.  beiiiK  a  »lil'  "I 
Ihie  lini-n  or  niu>«tu>.  that  lined  to  ruu  In  a  tiiinll  kiml 
vt  rurtU  r..iiml  tlu-  u|n.eimu»t  vetite  ..(  wui..<-ii'»  »U»>> 
and  hy  tliat  nieaiiu  covvivd  a  urtsat  |>Hit  uf  the  ahuul 
dum  aud  Uon'iui.'—Uuaraian,  No.  IW. 

3.  A  fuller.    U'roe.) 

"  Tuck«r»  and  fullera.  weavers  mid  cluth-drewM'ni." 
J/ofWtf  .Uatlert  all  Thiitg*.  p.  *1 

4.  Food.     {Slang.) 

"  Diniterf.  wlio  have  great  dlttlciiUy  in  makiitu  theiv 
tucker  at  digging."— J/or»iinff  Chronictf,  Aug.  Jl,  I81s. 

•  tiick'-et  (1),  s.  [Ital.  toccuta  =  a  prelvule  ; 
toccata  =  a  touch,  from  toicure  =  to  touch 
(q.v.).J    A  flourish  on  a  trumpet ;  a  fanfare. 

"A  turkft  simnda." 
Shiike»i>. :  Othello.  11.  1.     (Stjige  Dlrectiou.J 

•  tuck-et  (2),  s.    [Ital.  tochfito^a  ragout  u( 

tish  Ml-  tle.sh.  from  tocir>  =a  bit  or  moi-sel.]     A 
bteak,  a  collop.     [Tt'cioT.] 

•  tiic'-ket-so-nange,  s'.  [Kng.  tuck>;t  (i), 
and  sonance.]    The*  sound  of  the  tucket. 

"  Let  the  trumpets  sound.  ^ 
The  Ciickctsonance  and  the  nute  U>  niouut." 

Shakeap. :  liertru  I'.,  Iv.  i 

tuck'~ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     lTuck,  r.] 

tu'-cum,  -•'.     [The  Soutli  American  name.] 

1.  Hot. :  .istrocaryuni  vu!yare,n  South  Anieii- 
can  palm  tree  of  medium  height,  having  it^- 
leaves  pinnate  and  ciliate,  with  prickles.  A 
tine  fibre  or  thread,  obtained  in  Brazil  froni 
its  young  leaves,  is  woven  into  Ix^wstring-, 
hammocks,  and  other  articles  requiring  com- 
bined fineness,  lightness,  and  strength. 

2.  Cuiam. :  The  fibre  described  under  1. 

tU'-cii-tU-CU,   S.       [TUKOTUKO.l 

"tud'-nore,  *  tud-noore,  s.    [Etym.  dnubi- 
fid.      I'rior  tnok   the  name  from  LanghamV 
ilardni  of  Hadth,  but  it  may  be  a  misprint.] 
Bot.:  Xc^yeta  i.iledioina.    {Britten  ds  IluUtind.) 

Tu'-ddr,  (I.  &  5.    [Welsh  2'etci/y'-  =  Theodore. l 
A.  As  udjectii'e : 

1.  Vt\  pertaining,  or  relating  to  the  KngU-sli 
royal  line  founded  by  Owen  Tudor  of  Wale^, 
who  married  the  widowed  queen  of  Heni-y  V. 
The  first  of  the  Tudor  line  was  Henry  VIL,  the 
last  Elizabeth. 

2.  Of,  per- 
taining, or  I'e- 
lating  to  tilt! 
style  of  arehi 
tectureknow 
as  Tudor  :  a? 
a  Tiulor  win- 
dow, a  Tudor 
arch.  [TuooB- 

isTVLE.] 

"B^Assubst.: 
One  of  the 
Tudor  line  ur 
lanuly. 

Tudor-arch, 


TUDOR    ARCH. 
IDath  Attboi/.t 


fuurcentied  arch,  comnnm  m 
the  Perpendicular 

Myle. 

Tudorchim 

nied,  "■  Having 
i.iiiamental  i^liiui- 
iiies,  as  in  the  late 
Tudor  style. 

"A  Tiulor-rhim- 
nied  bitik 
Of   mellow  briik- 
wiirk." 
2'emi!/son :  Kdwind 
Morrii.  11, 

Tudor  flower. 


Arrh. 
tli.wer. 


A      M; 

1. 


Etou  College. 


TUDOK-LH IMN 1  i:s. 
Example.*,  oi  the  time  of  Henry  phlCed  Upright  "j, 
VIIL:  a.  Eiwt  Bardham  Manor  its  Stalk,  much 
■,  Ham ptoQ  Court;  c.  ji^ed  in  Peri  en- 
dicular  work,  fs- 
pecially  late  in  the  style,  in  long  .-^uits,  as  a 
crest  or  ornamentsd 
finishing 
nicea,  i&c. 
Arrh.) 

Tudor-Style,  ^ 

,1  rdiitecture  :  '^  ■— 

1.  A  term  applied  ;     ,    >  i    u  i.e. 

to  the  Perpendicular 
style,  from  the  fact  thai  it  attained  itsgreatesi 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell.  chorus,  (jhin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  TCenophon.  c^ist.    ph  -  £ 
-ciau,  -tian  =  shan.     tion,  -sion  =  shun;    tion,    sion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  det 


;;34 


(lt?vtli>piucnt  under  Henry  VII.,  tlic  lirst  of 
till'  Tmlor  line. 

■•  Th*  MH*rb  chJ»r«l  whlcli  Ihnt  monarch  erectwl  st 
W r*M'<iti*lrT  \n  the  l<»t  ■i)«^;lliicii  Itint  1.3m  Iw  luliIuii-J 
(iT  ►.-ntiti:  tlic  rw*drr  h  iirui«i>r  mitl  i-unvct  Itlw*  of  thr 
fr'l-n.l  -T  J'liilor  tlvlr."—u*etU:  £ncyc.  Aixhiiet-ture 
(wl.  ln|>»urtli).  It  11(3. 

2.  .\  t^TiM  applietl  speciticnlly  to  late  Plt- 
I*entiifular  work.     (Chk^s.  of  Arch.) 

?.  Ill  liiniiestic  ai-cl I i lecture  the  term  is 
appIiiHl  to  tlii-ee  pliases  of,  or  develoiujients 
fioiii  the  Pfri«-mliculav: 

(1)  The  t^Jirly  Tiulor.  from  the  ri'if;n  nf 
I-:.lw;ml  IV.  to  that  of  Heiii-y  VII.  inclusive. 
Of  this  s)«>le  there  !Uv  in'  perfect  ljuihliiij;s, 
jiiiil  only  few  traces  rciimiiiing,  as  at  Suilley 
iiiGhiucestorahire  [See  illus.  muier  Turmxi.E] 
ami  Hurstinonceaux  in  Susst-x.  The  riaisaiK-e 
lyenMU  at  Greenwich  in  the  reijjnof  Henry  VI. 
and  conipleteil  by  E^lwanl  IV..  ami  tlic  palace 
*.f  Shene,  built  "by  Ht-iiry  VII.,  have  totally 
•lisappcareil ;  but,  ace  'nlinn  to  the  Survey  of 
li'49,  the  i»alace  at  Sh.-iu-  itbuunded  with  bay 
windows  of  capricious  th-sij^ii,  with  rectan- 
l^uiarand  semi-tircular  pnyt-ctions,  and  was 
adorned  with  many  «>ct;i^;"iial  tovver-s,  -sur- 
inonnted  with  bulbous  cupola.s  of  the  same 
jilan,  having  their  an;^les  turiclied  with 
croi-kris. 

(2)  Tudor,  in  vosue  durinfr  the  rei^u  of 
Henry  Vlil.  The  plan  of  the  Uv^rr  iii;iiisinns 
of  this  jK-ricKl  was  (luadrangular,  connirisiiiL^ 
an  iiuierand  base  court,  ln'twet-n  wliieli  .stooii 
the  ^*at»--ln>usr.  On  the  side  of  the  inner  eourt 
facint:  the  mtrauce  were  the  great  chamber, 
nr  roinii  of  assembly,  the  hall,  the  chapel,  tlie 
j^allcry  for  anuisen'ients,  on  an  upper  story, 


HEAT)  OF  TIDOR   LOORWAY. 
(Tcarri/  D^r,  Atldcrbury  Church,  Oxon.] 

Tunninj:  the  whole  length  of  the  pi-iucipal 
side  uf  the  quadrangle,  and  the  summer  and 
winter  ]tarlonrs.  The  materials  were  either 
lirick  or  stone,  sometimes  both  combined. 
•Moulded  brick-work  and  terra-cotta  were 
.also  employed  for  decorative  purposes. 
Among  the  more  striking  peculiarities  were 
the  gate-houses,  the  numerous  turrets  and 
<)rnamonlal  ehinmeys,  the  large  and  beautiful 
Imy  and  oriel  windows,  lianimer-beam  roofs, 
-and  panelled  wainscoting  round  the  apart- 
ments. 

II  The  term  Tudor  is  used  by  some  autho- 
rities to  include  (1)  and  (2). 

(;j)  I>ate  Tudor,  or   Elizabethan.      IEliza- 

EETHAN-ABCHITKCTLRE.] 

:tue,  .'^.     ;  A  corrupt,  of  tiiijcrc  (q.V.).] 

tueiron,  j;. 

1.  Tlie  same  as  Tuyere  (q.V.). 

2.  (/v.):  A  pair  of  blacksmith's  tongs. 

Tu-e'-di-an,  't.  [See  def.]  Of  or  belonging 
I"  tli.>  region  adjacent  to  the  Tweed. 

Tuedian-beds,  s.  />Z. 

'.'"i/. ;  The  name  given,  in  186.3,  by  Mr. 
<M_-or^t!  Tate,  to  a  series  of  beds  underlying 
the  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Xorthuniber- 
JaTid  and  Durham.  They  consist  of  white,  or 
]t;ile  brown  .nnd  gray  sandstones,  and  greenisli 
gray  shales,  lu^meut  stones,  and  impure  lime- 
stones. Calletl  in  Scotland  the  Calcifennis 
Sandstones.     {Ether  id'jc.) 

tue'-fall,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  to-fall]  A  liuild- 
iii;:  witli  a  sloping  roof  on  one  side  only  ;  a 
pentlnmsi.-,  a  lean-to. 

*  tu'-el,  "  tu'-ill,  s.    [Tewel.] 

1.  The  aims. 

2.  Tlie  straight  gut. 

■'As  iilsn  Iw  Iieli*  tlie  providence  or  lalliiig  Oowue 
liotli  of  riiiil  and  ni;it,iiL-e.  wid  t..  reduce  theui  agaiiie 
iiit-i  tlicir  pliicesv '■—/*.  Holland:  I'linie,  l>k.  xxi.,  cli. 

Tue^ -dajr.  "  Tewes-day,  *  Tewis-day, 

.s.  [A.S.  Tixces  da:g  —  tlie  day  of  Tiw,  tlie 
Scan'linavian  Mar.'*,  or  god  of  war;  Icel.  7',i/,5 
^((fjr^the  day  of  Tyr,  the  goij  uf  war;  Daii. 


tue— tue 

TWs  flag:  Sw.  Ti^'U'U  ;  O  II.  Ger.  Zies  t((C  = 
(he  day  of  'Am,  god  of  war;  M.  H.  Ger. 
/hUig;  Ger.  Dienstiuj.]  The  third  day  of  tlic 
week". 

tU-e'-site,  s.    [  I>at.  Tnesia)  —  the  river  Tweed, 
where  found  ;  sutf.  -ih-  (;Via.).] 

Mill.:  An  indurated  variety  of  litliomarge 
(q.V.);  colour,  milk-white.  It  has  been  use<l 
for  slate  pencils. 

tu'-fa,  s.     Utah  tif/o  =  a  porous  stone.] 

J'ltrol.:  A  name  given  to  a  light,  iinmus. 
calcareous  stone,  sometimes  liaviug  tli--  .i--]"  ri 
of  a  sandstone,  at  others  earthy  and  t-ii'  inMuu 
Ihe  decomposed  remains  of  vegetable  sub- 
stances. Compos.:  a  carbonate  of  lime  ;  de- 
jiosited  by  springs,  rivers,  and  lieated  waters 
which  have  traversed  calcareous  rocks.  Sume- 
times,  though  incorrectly,  spelt  tuH. 

tu-fa'-ceous  (C  as  sh),  a.    [Tufa.]    Pert^in- 
*ing  to  tufa  ;  consisting  uf  or  resembling  tufa 
or  tult. 
tufaceous-limestone,  ^■ 

J'i1i'»l.:  A  liiiicstniie  (n.v.).  which  partiiki-s 
of  the  rliaracters  of  a  tufa  (q.v.). 

tu'-fa-ite,  s.     [Eng.  tiif(a);  sufl'.  -iU-  {PctroL).^ 
I'Hi-'A. :  The  same  as  Tufa  (q.v.). 

tufif(l),  s.    [Fr.tovffe.]    A  tuft.   (Proi\)   [Tuft 

tuflf  (2),  .^.     [Tufa.] 

I'ftroJ. :  An  earthy,  sometimes  fragmentary 
deposit,  of  volcanic  materials  of  the  most 
lieterogeneous  kind.  Sometime.s  the  result  of 
the  dejiosition  of  ashy  volcanic  matter  'l>y 
water  into  wliich  it  has  fallen  ;  at  others  from 
tlie  ejection  of  large  quantities  of  heated 
aqueous  nuid  at  a  certain  phase  in  a  volcanic 
eruption.  In  the  latter  case  it  frequently  en- 
closes twigs  and  fragments  of  charred  wood 
overwhelmed  in  the  course  of  the  stream. 
The  woi-ds  tufa  and  tutt  are  often  incorrectly 
applied  and  confounded  togetlier. 

tuf-foon',  N.     tTvriiuox.] 

tuff  taf -fa  ty,  tuf  taf -fe-ta,  s.     [Eng. 
tt'/t.and  hijirhi.] 

Fahri: :  Tufted  tafleta  ;  a  shaggy  or  villous 
silk  fabric. 

tiift(l),  "toft,  'tufft,  s.     [Prop,  tuff,  from 
Fr.  t'>ii,ff'i'=.i  tuft;  cf.  Ger.  zopJ=ii  weft  of 
hair,  a  tuft,  a  pigtail ;   Welsh  ivff  =  a  tuft. 
Tiift  is  thus  a  derivative  of  to}}  (q.v.).J 
L  Ordimiry  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  cluster,  a  clump. 

"  If  you  will  kuow  my  house, 
"Tis  .it  the  tufi  of  olives,  here  haitl  by." 

/ihakcsj). :  -I*  }'oti  Like  It,  Hi.  5. 

(•2)  A  collection  of  small  flexible  or  soft 
things  in  a  knot  or  bunch. 

'■  The  flowera  are  white,  aiid  staiu)  iu  the  Niine 
miiiuier.  in  siiinll  tif/ts  at  the  top  of  the  branches." — 
Cook  :  First  Voi/ai/c,  bk.  i.,  ch.  v. 

2.  /'"if/.  :  A  young  nobleman,  entered  as  a 
student  at  a  university,  so  called  from  the 
tuft  or  gold  tassel  worn  on  the  cap.  (Caivei- 
sity  slang.) 

"  He  had  rather  a  marked  natural  iiidiffcreuce  to 
tufti."—Carlyle :  Life  of  Sterling,  pt.  li.,  uh.  iii. 
IL  Botany: 

*  1.  A  head  or  eushion-like  mass  of  flowers, 
each  elevated  on  a  ]»artial  stalk,  and  all  col- 
lectively forming  a  dense,  roumlish  mass. 

2.  A  little  bundle  or  collection  of  leaves, 
hairs,  ^S;c.,  or  anything  similar. 

tuft-hunter,  s.  One  who  courts  the 
sitciely  I'f  titled  persons;  one  who  toadies  to 
men  of  title. 

tuft-hunting,  s.  Tlie  practice  of  a  tuft- 
hunter. 

tuft-mockado, .':. 

Fiihri-- :  A  mixed  stuff  of  silk  and  wool,  in 
imitation  of  tufted  tatleta  or  velvet. 

tiift  (2),  "toft,  5.  [Icel.  topt,  tujit,  t»ft,  tufi, 
t'lint  =  a  green  tuft  or  knoll,  from  tomt,  neut. 
of  tuinr  ~  empty:  hence,  a  clearing;  Sw. 
tomt,  neut.  of  toin  =  empty.]  [To(jsi.]  A 
knoll,  a  plantation. 
'■  A  toure  oua  to/r."       piers  Plowman,  E.  XI.  (Prol.) 

'  tiift,  v.t.  &  i.    [Tuft  (1),  s.] 
A*  Transitive: 
1.  To  separate  into  tufts. 


2,  To  a<loin  with  oi  as  with  a  tuft  or  tufts. 

3.  To  form  a  tuft  on  ;  to  top. 

"  8it  beueath  the  shade 
Of  sok-iDU  oakB,  that  rn/t  the  s»eliiii{;  mouuta." 
'J'hoiHtun. 

i.  To  pass  over,  in,  or  among  the  tufts  of. 

•■  With  hia  hounds 
The  Ifthniiriug  hmitor    fn/rt  the    thick    tiiiUirhed 
Where  Imrhour'd  ia  the  hurt."  [KruuiidH 

Ihnulun  :  Poly-Olbiou.  b.  13. 

B,  Jutrans.:  To  grow  in  tufts  ;  to  form  a 
tult  or  tufts. 

tuf- taf -fe-ta,  5.    [Tufftaffatv.] 

tuft'-ed,  I'it.  par.  &  a.    [Tuft,  r.] 

A.  -I.sjxf.  par.:  (See  the  verb). 

B,  .1.^  adjective : 

1.  Adorned  with  a  tuft  or  tufts;  flowering 
iu  tufts.     (Milton:  Ly-idus,  I4;i.) 

2.  Growing  in  tufts  or  clumps. 

"  A  gray  clnu'ch-tnwer. 
Whose  battlements  were  screijii'd  by  tuffrd  trees." 
Wardiwurth:  Jixcursiun,  bk.  v. 

tufted-fabric,  -s.  A  fabric  in  wJiich 
tiilts  aie  set,  as  in  the  old  form  of  Turkisli 
and  IV  r.-^ian  carpets,  in  which  tnlts  arc  set  in 
on  the  warp,  and  then  loekeil  in  by  the  shoot- 
ing of  the  welt  and  tlie  crossing  of  the  wai-jis. 

tufted -quail.  ^. 

Vniith. :  The  geuu^  Liqilmrtyx  (q.v.). 

tufted-umhre,  s.    [I^'jihre.] 

tuft'-er,  s.  [Eng.  tuft,  v.  ;  -c?-.]  A  stag- 
houiul  used  to  drive  the  stag  out  of  cover. 

"  The  tii/ters  are  laid  on  the  line  of  the  second  deer, 
and  the  first  is  left  to  pursue  his  way  uikmoU»teil,"— 
Pitld,  Sept.  24.  les:. 

tiift'-ihg,  5.  [Tuft,  v.]  The  finding  of  a  stig 
in  covert. 

"  Though  a  promising  youngster,  he  was  not  a 
warrantable  deer,  and  once  more  the  tiiftiiii]  jiiucess 
was  jiroceeded  with. "'— /Vc W,  Sei>t,  ih,  I8t0. 

^  tuft'-y,  a.     [Eng.  tufi  (1),  s.  ;  -j/.] 

1.  Abounding  with  tufts. 

■'  In  the  tttfty  frith  and  in  the  mossy  fell." 
'  DrtiytoH  :  foln-Ulbiun,  s.  I". 

2.  Growing  in  tufts.    (Of  the  pineapple.) 

"  Let  uie  strip  thee  of  tliy  tnfiif  coat" 

Thomson:  iumtn«r,  C88. 

tiig,  *  togge,  v,t.  &  i.  [A  doublet  of  touch 
and  lotr ;  ef.  p.  Dut.  togc  =  i\  draught  of  beer; 
Icel.  fo'jfjla  —  to  tug,  toij  =  a  tow-rupe,  from 
Ziifj  =  a  pull,  tug,  draught.] 

A.  I'ransitiiie : 

1.  To  pull  or  draw  with  great  eflbrt  or  with 
a  violent  strain ;  to  haul  or  drag  with  great 
labour  and  force. 

"  Swift  fioni  hia  seat  he  leap'd  uiion  the  ground  ; 
And  tuggd  the  mcjii'ou  fmni  the  t;ttshing  wounil. ' 
Poije:  ilouter;  JlitiUw  Hi 

2.  To  pull,  to  pluck. 

3.  To  drag  by  means  of  a  steam-tug ;  to 
tow  :  as,  To  tug  a  vessel  into  port. 

B,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  pull  with  great  effort. 

"  For  six  years 
T113  at  an  oar  f  tir  ^''illies." 
Bcaum.  S*  Plet.  :  Cuntom  of  the  Coxiutry,  ii.  3. 

2.  To  labour,  to  struggle,  to  strive. 

"Heerevpon  insued  cruell  wnrre,  in  so  much  that 
in  the  end  Venutius  becniue  eiiiiiiic  also  to  the  lio- 
mans.  But  first  tbey  fiiuni-d  tuyitlier  betwixt  theui- 
selues."—JIolinshcd:  J/tsC.  ilnii.,  l»k.  iv.,  ch.  viiL 

tug,  s.     [Tug,  r.] 

I,  Ordinary  Languaije : 

1.  A  pull  with  gieat  effort  or  labour. 

■■  Downward  by  the  feet  he  drew 
The  trembling  ihistard  :  at  the  lag  he  falls." 

Jiri/den:  Vinjil;  .Eneid  ix..  ~i'o%. 

2.  A  supi-eme  effort ;  a  stx-uggle. 


3.  A  kind  of  carriage  used  for  conveying 
timber,  faggots,  kc. 

4.  Raw  hide,  of  whieli  in  old  times  plough- 
traces  were  frequently  made.    (Scotch.) 

"  Thou  was  a  noble  fittie-lan', 
Aa  e'er  iu  (m;;  or  tow  was  dmwn. " 
Huriis:  Auld  Farmer  to  his  Auld  Mare. 
IL  T\:chnicalhj : 

1.  Horness:  A  trace  by  which  the  draft 
animal  jjuUs  the  load. 

2.  yaut.:  A  tug-boat  (q.v.). 

3.  Miniug:  The  iron  hoop  of  a  corve  to 
which  the  tackle  is  attached. 

^  1.  To  hold  one  tug:  To  keep  one  busily 
employed  ;  to  keep  one  at  work.  (Li/c  of  A. 
IVood,  July  18,  1007.) 


^te.  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  miite,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,     se.  ce  -  e ;  ey  -  a;  qu  -  kw. 


tyugger— TuUian 


235 


*  2.  To  hold  tug :  To  stiind  severe  liaud- 
liiig  or  liai'tl  work. 

3,  Tug  of  nxir :  A  ^me  in  wliich  sides  arc 
chosen,  and  both  take  hold  of  a  rope,  ea.h 
ondeavourinji  to  puU  llie  other  over  a  line. 

tug-boat,  s.  A  stronj^ly -built  steanilmat, 
\ist'd  for  tii^'-^iii;;  nr  towing  sailing  or  other 
%essels  ;  a  steam-tug. 

tug  carrier,  .■'.     An  attachment  to  the 

liack  .strap  .if  ua^-'i^on  harness. 

tug-hook,  5.  A  hook  on  the  hanie  for  tlie 
attacliiH.Mit  Mt  the  trace. 

tug-iron,  s.  The  hook  to  which  a  trace 
is  atlarlu-.l. 

tug-slide,  s.  A  metallic  substitut*  for  a 
bnckli",  111  wliich  the  tug  is  adjusted  as  tu 
length. 

tug'.ger^  ,s-  [Eng.  turj,  v.  ;  -ci:]  One  who 
tugs  i>r  ]uills  with  great  ell'ort. 

tiig-ging,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [Tuo,  v.] 

*  tiig -ging-ljr,    (ulv.       [Eng.    tugging:    -ly.] 

With  a  tug  or  tugs  ;  with  laborious  pulling. 

tu  -i,  s.     [Native  name.] 

Ornlth. :    The    Poe-liird 

*  tuille,  '  tuil-lette'  (u 

as  w),  s.     [Fr.  titih;  from 
l^at.  tvgula  =  a  tile.] 

,Vt/.  Antiq. :  One  of  tli_e 
gnard-plates  api)ended  to 
the  tasses,  to  wliich  they 
Were  frequently  fastened 
by  straps.  Tliey  hung 
down,  and  covered  the 
ujiper  part  of  tlie  thigh, 
and  were  lirst  introduced 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  V. 

tuil-zie  (z  as  y),  tuil- 

yie,  i.  [Prub.  triiin  (.).  Fr.  touiller  =  to  mix 
or  mingle  confusedly.]  A  quarrel,  a  broil. 
{Scotch.) 

"  N;t,  if  it  hail  been  for  debt,  or  e'en  for  a  liit  tnHzic 
wi"  the  gauyer,  the  de'il  o*  Nelly  McUaiidliah's  totigtie 
should  ever  hae  wrauged  him."— ScoH ;  Ouy  Muuiifr' 
ing,  L-li.  XXXiL 

tu-i  -tion,  *  tu-i-cy-on.  *tu-i-ty-on,  ^  tu- 
yss-on,  ^^  [Fi'.  ?f(('/(0/i  =  protection,  from 
J,at.  tuilioncm,  accus.  of  tuitio  =  protectitm, 
liniii  iititns,  pa.  par.  of  (i(t;o/'  =  to  watch,  to 
protect.] 

*1.  Defence,  protection,  keeping,  guardiau- 
sliip. 

"  Were  apiiointed,  aa  the  king's  nearest  frieuda,  to 
the  titition  of  hid  uwu  royal  peraou."— J/orc .-  Jiichaid 
HI.,  p.  36. 

*2.  The  particular  watch  and  care  of  a 
tutor  or  guardian  over  his  pupil  or  ward. 

3.  Instruction  ;  the  act  or  business  of  teacli- 
ing  various  subjects. 

"The  recruits  who  survived  his  severe  tiiifinn 
siu-eilily  hecitnie  veteraua." — Macaulan  :  Hist.  Jiiiij., 
oil.  xxi. 

•tu-i'-tion-ar-y,  a.  [Eng.  tiUtloii;  -artj.] 
<  >"t  or  pertaining  to  tuition. 

tu'-ko-tu-ko,  s.     [Native  name.] 

ZooL:  Ctenomns  brnsiliem'ts,  a  small  noc- 
turnal rodent,  about  the  size  of  a  rat,  from 
South  America.  It  is  named  in  inntation  of 
its  cry,  which  s\n-prises  a  stranger  liearing  it 
for  the  lii'st  time,  .since  the  animal  is  con- 
cealed in  its  long  burrow.  Its  food  consists 
chiefly  of  the  roots  of  plants,  in  its  search 
for  which  it  drives  long  galleries,  in  some 
places  completely  tunnelling  the  ground. 

tii'-la  (1),  ■>•.  [Hini].]  A  native  cooking-place 
in  India. 

Tu'-la  (2),  .s'.     [See  def.]    A  town  in  Russia. 

Tula-metal,  s.  An  alloy  of  gold,  silver, 
and  lead;  lorniing  the  base  of  the  celebrated 
Russian  snuff-boxes,  popularly  called  platinuni 
boxes. 

tu'-la-si,  s.    [Tooi^sr.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Basil  [TooLsi] ;  (-2)  Mtchelia  Cham- 

tiU-bagh'-i-a,  5.  [Nameil  after  Tulbagh,  a 
Dutch  governor  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Liliace;v,  allied  to  Antheri- 
cuiit,  with  a  rotate  perianth  and  a  threo-valved 
<-apsule,   with   loculicidal  dehiscence,  and  a 


smell  like  garlic.  Known  species  seven,  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  They  are  boiled  in 
milk  and  given  in  phthisical  complaints. 

tiilch'-^iA,  tulch'-itn  (ch  guttural),  6-.     (Cf. 

Gael,  d  Ir.  fnU(i:h  —  a  heap.] 

1.  Ord.  Lung. :  (See  extract  under  Tulchan- 
nisHOp). 

2.  Church  Hist. :  A  tulchan-bisliop  (q.v.). 

"  Such  hishopa  were  called  titlchans  hy  the  \teople." 
—Mvt  li'ifock  i  fitrviiij :  Cyeh'p    Bib.  Lit.,  X.  5T6. 

tulchan-bishop,  s. 

Church  Hivt.  (Fl.):  The  name  given  by  the 
jieople  to  the  bishop.'^  appointed  in  the  Scotch 
Church  imder  the  Concordat  of  Leith,  a.d. 
lo72,  which  provided  for  the  restoration  of 
the  old  hierarchical  titles  under  the  control 
of  the  General  Assembly.  The  men  who  con- 
sented to  take  the  titles  bound  themselves, 
as  the  price  of  their  elevation,  to  rei^eive  only 
a  small  pai-t  of  the  revenues,  the  larger  por- 
tion going  to  Morton  and  his  colleagues. 

"A  'tulohan'  ie,  or  r.-vther  was,  for  the  thing  is  long 
sinre  obsolete,  a  calfskin  stuHVd  into  the  rude  siniih- 
tude  of  a  calf— similar  enough  to  deceive  the  Imper- 
fect perceptive  organs  of  a  cow.  At  milking  time  tlie 
tulchau.  with  head  duly  bent,  was  set  as  if  to  suck  ; 
the  fond  cow.  lookiug  round,  fancied  that  her  ciUf  was 
bu."»y  and  that  all  was  right,  and  so  ^aye  her  milk 
freely,  which  the  cunninc  maid  was  otraining  in  wliiti^ 
abundance  into  her  pail  all  the  while.  The  Seotih 
milkmaids  in  those  days  cried,  '  Where  is  the  tulchau  r 
is  the  tulchau  ready?"  So  of  the  bishona.  Scotch 
lairds  were  ejiger  enough  to  milk  the  Church  lands 
and  tithes,  to  get  rents  out  of  them  freely,  which  was 
not  always  easy.  They  were  glad  to  construct  a  form 
of  bishops  to  ]>lease  tne  King  and  Church,  and  make 
the  milk  come  without  disturbance.  The  reader  now 
knows  what  a  tulchaii-bisJuifj  was.  A  piece  of  me- 
chanism constructed  not  without  difficulty,  in  Parlia- 
ment and  King's  Council,  among  the  ScoU,  and  torn 
:isuudei'  afterwards  with  dreadful  clamour,  and  scat- 
tered to  the  four  winds,  so  soon  a-s  the  cow  became 
awake  to  it '. " — Varlyle :  CroinwcU,  i.  .36, 

tu'-le,  s.     [See  def.] 

Bot. :  The  name  given  by  the  Mexican 
Spaniards  in  California  to  Scirpiis  lactistri^, 
the  Club-rush  or  Bulrush,  which  grows 
abundantly  in  certain  places  in  the  country  ; 
two  lakes  in  Upper  California  being  called, 
in  consequence,  the  Tule  Lakes.  In  addition 
to  its  uses,  mentioned  in  the  article  Scirpus 
(q.v.),  it  lias  l.)een  employed  as  a  material  for 
l)a  per- ma  king. 

tu'-lip,  *  tu'-li-pan,  s.  [Fr,  tnlipe;  Ital. 
tulipaiio ;  Turk,  till  be  nd^  the  vulgar  pronun- 
ciation oi  dnlbciid  =  a  turban  ;  Pers.  dulbiuid, 
whicli  Skeat  considers  to  be  from  Hindostanec ; 
Sp.  tuUpa  =  a  small  tulip,  tulipaii  —  a  tulip  ; 
Port.  tuUpa.  So  named  because  the  gay 
Colours  and  the  form  of  a  tulip  suggest  tliose 
of  some  turbans.] 

1.  Bot. :  The  genus  Tulipa,  and  spec.  Tnlipn 
CesneriaiUL,  the  Garden  Tulip.  Stem  smooth 
and  one-flowered,  jietals  and  filaments  also 
snmoth  ;  flower  erect,  the  lobes  of  the  stigma 
decurrent  and  deeply  divided,  the  leaves 
ovate,  lanceolate,  glaucous,  and  smooth.  It 
was  brought  in  seed  from  the  Levant  to 
Augsburg  in  1559.  There  the  sauie  year 
Gesuer  saw,  described,  and  figured  it ;  soon 
aft«r  which  it  was  cultivated  throughout  Ger- 
many. When  it  reached  Holland,  the  future 
seat  of  the  Tulipomania  (q.v.),  is  not  known. 
It  was  introduced  into  England  from  Vienna 
about  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century.  Tulips 
flourish  best  in  rich  loam  and  sand.  More 
than  a  thousand  varieties  are  known,  and 
others  are  being  obtained  at  intervals  from 
seed.  The  most  valuable  kinds  should  be 
taken  up  after  they  have  ceased  flowering, 
and  dried  and  kept  till  autumn,  when  they 
should  be  replanted.  They  require  protec- 
tion against  continued  rain  or  hard  frost, 
which  are  apt  to  make  them  rot, 

t  2.  Gunnery:  The  increase  of  thickness  at 
the  muzzle  of  a  gtui.  Only  occasionally  found 
in  modern  breechloaders, 

tulip-ear,  *■.    Au  upright  or  prick-ear  in 

dogs,     (ren.i  Shaic.) 

tulip-tree,  s. 

Botany : 

1.  Liriodetidron  tulipifera.  The  super- 
ficial resemblance  to  a  tulip  is  in  the  flowers, 
though  in  height  there  is  no  comparison  be- 
tween the  two,  the  tulip  tree  being  I4i>  feet 
high  in  America,  and  fifty  to  a  hundred  when 
grown,  as  it  sometimes  is,  in  parks  in  Eng- 
land,    [See  illustration  under  Abrupt.] 

2.  Parltium  datum. 
tulip-wood,  s. 

Bot.  it  Coitihi. :  The  wood  of  I'hysoctdyuima 
fioribunda. 


tu'-lip-a,5.    [Ti-i.ip.i 

lu-'t.  :  Tulip;  the  typical  genus  of  Tulipese. 
liulb  of  few  thick  convolute  scales;  leaves 
radical  and  eauline,  the  lower  ones  sheathing  ; 
flowers  usually  solitary,  rarely  two  on  larh 
stem  ;  periaidti  campanulate,  of  six  segni-Tits, 
without  a  neetai  ir<t<jus  depression;  stamens 
six  ;  anthers  fixed  by  tin-  base,  erect,  mobile, 
linear,  bursting  inwards ;  stigmas  sessile, 
threedobed  ;  ovary  trig">uous  ;  fruit  cajisular, 
seeds  many.  Known  species  twi-nty,  from 
Europe  and  the  North  and  West  of  Asia.  No 
species  is  certainly  wild  in  Uritain,  though 
Tulipa  sylvestris  is  called  the  Wild  Tulip.  It 
occurs  in  cbalk-pits,  t&c,  in  Norfolk,  SuHollc, 
&c.,  and  may  be,  Sir  J.  Ho<»ker  thinks,  in- 
digenous ill  those  counties.  It  i.s  naturalist'<l 
also  iu  Scotland,  and  is  indigenous  in  Southern 
Germany,  Switzerland,  Italy,  and  France.  It 
has  a  one-flowered,  somewhat  droo|)ing  stem ; 
the  leaves  of  the  perianth  ovate,  fragrant, 
acuminate,  bearded  at  the  extremity ;  the 
flowers  yellow  ;  the  stamens  hoary  at  the 
base,  the  stigma  obtuse.  It  increases  by 
throwing  out  a  long,  slim  fibre  from  its  loot, 
at  the  extremity  of  which  a  bulb  and,  in  due 
time,  a  fresh  flower  appears.  T.  <ie.-iiii:riiiit>i 
is  the  Garden  Tulip.  [Tulip.]  T,  Oculii><'S;lls, 
tlie  Ageu  Tulip,  so  called  from  Agen  in  Francr, 
where  it  grows,  has  large  and  bell-shai'id 
flowers  of  a  fine  scarlet  colour,  each  petal 
market!  at  its  base  with  a  broad  black  and 
yellow  spot.  It  is  wild  in  Finance,  Germany, 
Italy,  kc.  T.  suaveolens,  the  Early  Dwarf  or 
Van  Thol  Tulip,  is  a  native  of  Southern 
Europe,  blooming  in  IHarch  and  April.  T. 
Celslaii'i,  the  Small  Yellow,  and  T.  bijlora,  the 
Two-flou.iv,|  V.Uow  Tulip,  the  latter  with 
fragrant  flowers,  are  wild  neir  the  Volga,  ke. 
T.  Clu^iaaa  is  the  Red  and  White  it  diaii 
Tulip.  The  bulbs  of  T.  stdlata,  growing  in 
the  Himalayas,  the  Salt  Range,  &c.,  are  eaten. 

tu-li-pa'-ce-ae,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tnlip{a); 
Lat.  leut.  pi.  adj.  sut!",  -(«.'t-oj.] 

Bi>Lt  "(1)  The  order  Liliaceie  (q.v.);  '  (2) 
the  tribe  Tulipe;e  (q.v.). 

"  tu'-li  pant,  s.    [TuRDAN.j 

tU-lxp'-e-se,  s.  pi.  [Motl,  Lat.  tidip'^it);  Lat. 
'feni.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ea'.] 

Bot.  :  A  tril-e  of  Liliaceie  {Dt>  C'a»rfo//c, 
I.indky,  cCc),  merged  by  Sir  J.  Hooker  in 
Liliea;. 

*  tu'-lip-ist,  s.  [Eng.  tulip;  -ist.]  A  culti- 
vator of  tulips.  {8roir,ff:  Unic  BurinlL  Ep. 
Ped,) 

tu-Up-6-ma'-ni-a,  tu'-lip-ma-ny,  ^. 

[Eng.  tulip;  o  connect.,  and  laauia  {'\.\-).] 
An  extravagant  passion  for  the  possession  of 
tulips  or  tulip-bulbs.  Tulips  were  introdui--il 
into  Holland  late  iu  the  sixteenth  century, 
an<l  the  soil  and  climate  being  favourable,  tlieir 
cultivation  formed  an  iiuport.int  branch  of 
industry,  and  the  plants  became  more  and 
more  in  request  as  they  increased  in  vai-iety 
and  beauty.  The  Dutch  merchants  therefore 
made  the  purchase  and  sale  of  tliesc  Imlbs  a 
jiart  of  their  regular  trade,  and  siippli'  d  other 
Eurojieau  nations  with  their  iLiiportations. 
What  was  at  liist  a  legitimate  trade  aflii- 
wards  developed  into  the  wildest  speculation, 
which  rose  to  its  greatest  height  betwo-n 
11)34  and  1037.  For  a  single  bulb  of  the 
species  Semper  Augustus,  13,000  floiins  were 
unce  paid,  and  for  three,  30,000  florins,  and 
equally  extravagant  sums  for  other  kinds.  Aleu 
then  dealt  in  bulbs  as  they  do  now  in  stocks 
and  shares.  At  length  the  fictitious  trade 
collapsed.  Many  persons  who  had  sufl'ered 
ruinous  losses  broke  their  contracts  ;  confi- 
dence in  the  ultimate  realisation  of  the  money 
wliich  tlie  bulbs  were  supposed  to  represent 
then  vanished,  and  ruin  spread  far  and  wide. 

tu-Up-o-ma'-ni-dc,  s.  [Eng.  tulip;  o 
ci'iint'ct,.  ami  mania':]  One  who  is  afiected 
With  tulipomania  (q,v.). 

tuUe,  s.     [Fr.J 

Fabric:  A  kind  of  thin,  open  silk  net, 
originally  manufactured  at  Tulle  iu  France, 
in  narrow  strijis,  and  nmch  used  for  ladies' 
head-dresses,  collars,  &c, 

^  tulle,  ^tnll,  v.t.  [ToLE.]  To  entice,  to 
allure. 

*  Tul'-li~an,  «.  [See  def.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Jlarciis  Tullius  Cicero,  the  celebrated 
Roman  orator  ;  Ciceroiuan. 


bml,  boy;  potit,  jorirl;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9liin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-claa,  -tiaa  -  shaa.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -^ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  &.c.  =  bel,  deL 


Tolly— tumorous 


'.V.m;.  :    A  t'lwnship  in  the  SUtc  o'  *|ew 

York  Mil  O.M.ii'huTi  Clt'fk. 

ToUy  Umestone,  t. 

Hr-ol. :  A  litiiofltono  of  Middle  Devonian  Ayt^. 
dcvclnpod  atTuIly. 

tn-158'  t^-ma.  .•=.    t<"'r.  tuAo«(/hM  =  «  knot 

or  callus,  ;i)i>r<rT6>ia  (stnma)  ^  the  mouth, 1 

/.'-if.  .■  A  Ki'iins  of  Tiii'lmgnsties.  Piifl'-lmlU, 
with  Ihf  luM'itlitini  iwiper-Uke,  diHtinct  fmm 
thi'  sti'iii,  which  is  tnil.  At  llrst  covered  with 
a  scaly  or  powdery  coat  or  veil  which  sonn 
fHlls  away  ;  then  nn  orifice  pives  egress  to  the 
8IMire.s.  Si»eeies  few.  Only  one,  Tulofttjmn 
mammo-nun,  is  British. 

tn-lu-ou-nln,  ••.    [Mod.  Lat.  /i(/iwi(n(rt).- 

•  in  ((Vicrii.).  j 

Chem.:  CjoHwOi.  A  hitter  substance  ex- 
tracted fi-oni  the  hnrk  of  Carapa  tnlncunn  by 
aleolioj.  A  lipilit  yellow,  airiorphons  i-psiiioiis 
ninss,  sljffhtly  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in 
aleohnl  and  <-ldoroforni,  insoluble  in  ether. 
Turnt"!  blui'  bv  sulphuric  acid,  and  by  oxalic, 
t;»rtai  if.  and  citric  acids  when  heated. 

tm  -war,  .f.    IHind.l    The  East  Indian  sabre. 

"  It  CAiiimt  he  much  more  ditflcult  to  get  out  of  tli^ 
wny  of  nn  Anih'H  Hiivnr.  n  Zulu's  AMosni,  or  h  PatliiiiiH 
tuttcar."^n<iilji  Ttirgraph,  Oct.  9,  1885. 

turn,  s.     [Native  name.] 

Itnt. :  A  kind  of  mastic  obtained  from  Pis- 
t'l'-iii  atlu'itii-a,  an  apetalous  tree  ten  feet  higli 
{irowiii;:  ill  Barbary. 

•  tnmbe.    •  tombe.     r.i.      [AS.     tumhmn.] 
ITi  MiiE.i:.  r.J    To  tumble.     (Trevisa,  iv.  365.) 


tnm  -betel. 


(TOUMBEKI.] 


turn  ble,  "  tomble.  '  tum-bel,  >\L  &  /. 

I A  frf<i,  fmiii  Mid.  Kn*:.  tinnhe,  tomhe,  frotn 
A.S.  Imnhuin  =  to  tumble,  to  turn  heels  over 
head  ;  cogn.  with  lUit.  (i(iiHWfrt.  =  to  tumble  ; 
O.  Dnt.  tumelcn,  tonnnehn  :  Ger.  tanmeln, 
tumm'ln  =  t4j  sti}i;:er,  to  reel;  Dan.  tumle : 
Sw.  tumhi  =  to  tumble.] 

A.  Intrausitive : 

1.  To  roll  about  by  tnrnini;  one  way  and 
the  I'ther  ;  to  toss,  to" roll ;  to  pitch  about. 

"  Hedgehoga  wluL-h 
Lie  tumbtin^  In  my  barefoot  way." 

Shakesf>, :  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

2.  To  lose  footing  or  support,  and  fall  to 
the  ground  ;  to  be  thrown  Jown ;  to  come 
down  >uddenly  and  violently. 

■"  He.  tmnblititj  downe  on  ground, 
BlTAthe<l  out  hJB  ghost. '    Spenser:  f.  Q,.  II.  viii.  65. 

3.  To  pliiy  mountebank  tricks,  by  various 
ninvements  and  contnrtions  of  the  body- 

4.  To  move,  pass,  or  gr>  roughly. 

'*  We  nre  nlso  In  tlie  wny,  that  came  tumbling  over 
thtf  wnU.  "— fiiini/nti.-  PUgnm't  Progres*.  jit.  i, 

5.  To  understand,  to  comprehend.     (Slang.) 

B,  Transitive : 

1.  To  cause  to  fall ;  to  throw  down  ;  to  hurl. 

"  They  I.eynn  to  astnile  hlrii  from  behind.  ttun!iHnif 
dowTi  niid  tlirowiiiK  mighty  stones  upon  bia  he«d  and 
neck."—/*.  Iloltnnd:  Plutarch,  p.  15S. 

2.  To  turn  over ;  to  turn  and  throw  about, 
as  for  ex;imination  or  search. 

■'  Tliev  euftibreil  Mt  their  little  quiven  oer. 
To  chuse  propitious  shafts."  rrhr. 

3.  To  overthrow  ;  to  throw  down  ;  to  cast 
down  ;  to  make  to  totter  and  fall. 

"  He  whose  n>n\ 
Has  tumbled  feebler  de-iwta  froni  their  »w«y." 

/i./r.m     ChUde  ff-trotd,  i.  52. 
i.  To  toss.     (Skakesp.:  i'crides.     Prol.) 
5.  To  thri>w  into  disorder;  to  disturb,  to 
rumple  :  a^,  To  tumble  a  bed. 
'  6.  To  disturb. 

••  Thry  were  greatly  (umft^ed  up  liud  dowu  in  their 
niintlii.  —/tnni/an  :  Pilgrim's  I'rigress.  pt.  ii. 

7.  To  throw  by  chnnce  or  violence. 

H  1.  To  tumble  home:  Said  of  a  ship's 
sides  when  they  incline  in  above  the  extreme 
breadth. 

2.  To  tumbtf  in : 

0)  To  goti  bed.     (Slai>g.) 
(2)  The  same  ;is  To  tumhle  home  (q.v.). 
(;*)  Carp. :  To  fit,  ns  a  piece  ol  timber,  into 
other  work. 

3.  To  tumble  to:  To  understand,    {^hnuj.) 

turn'  ble,  s.    (Tumble,  v.]    a  fall;  a  roUin" 
ovt-r. 

"The  til.iy  was  to  a  great  extent  affected  thereby 
mill  tnn,b!c3  were  frequent.  '—Field.  Dec.  fi.  IS-M. 


tumble-bug,  tumble-dung,  >. 

Kntom.:  A  poptilar  Amcriciin  naiiit-  f<irany 
iR'ctIc  of  the  faiiiily  Scarabieidie,  which,  after 
enveloping  its  eggs  in  tlung,  ndls  the  mass 

thus  for il  loa  hole  in  which  to  cover  it  up; 

spccitic'illy  applied  to  Coprobiua  volvens. 

tumble-down,  a.  In  ii  fulling  state ; 
ruinous,  dilapidated.    (Coltoq.) 

"  They  t-auie  "<i  low  tva  to  live  in  n  fumbte-dowtt  old 
huiweat  PBckhHm.'-/>(ii7.v  Telegrn/ih,  Nov.  1«,  WW. 


tumble -home,  b-. 

^'>lu^.  :  Tlie  i'!irt  of  a  .ship  which  falls  in- 
ward jihuvi^  the  extreme  breadth. 

'  tum-ble-fi-ca-tion.  s.  lEng.  tumble: 
sutr.  -jiaition.]  Tlic  act  of  tumbling,  tossing, 
or  rolling  about. 

"A  heavy  rolliiiir  bnut.  through  which  we  are 
carried  at  tne  mta  of  nearly  three  hundred  iiiilea  in 
twenty-four  li<mr».  ceases  to  be  the  sickening  tumblefi- 
c'ltioii  whlcli  till-  most  Heasoiied  amongst  ue  would  l^iiil 
it  in  a  full-ri^gcit  ship,  with  her  eourxea  hauled  n])."— 
fjitili/  Ti'tearaph,  Dec.  26.  1885. 

tJim'-bler,  »■.     [Eng.  tumbl(e},  V. ;  -er.] 

I.  Oniinary  Langxtage: 

1.  On*'  who  tumbles ;  one  who  performs 
the  tricks  of  a  mountebank,  such  as  turning 
snniersaults.  walking  on  the  hands,  or  the 
like. 

"  An  uncouth  feat  exhibit,  and  are  gone. 
Heels  over  head,  like  tamblers  on  a  BtaKS- ' 

Wordsworth:  Excui-tion.  hk.  viii. 

2.  A  drinking-glass  of  a  cylindrical  form, 
or  of  the  form  of  the  frustum  of  an  inverted 
cone ;  so  called,  because  formerly,  from  its 
base  ending  in  a  point,  it  conld  not  be  set 
down  till  completely  empty  of  liquor. 

"Mr.  Sticgins,  watkiug  softly  across  the  room  to  a 
well-remeuiberpii  ahplf  in  one  corner,  took  down  a 
tumbler.  nnA  with  great  deliberation  put  four  lumps 
of  sugar  iu  ii."— Dickens  :  Pickwick,  ch.  lii. 

3.  The  contents  of  such  a  glass. 

4.  .\  variety  of  pigeon,  so  calleil  from  its 
habit  of  tunthiing  or  turning  over  in  flight. 
It  is  a  .^hort-bodied  pigeon,  of  a  plain  colour, 
black,  blue,  or  white. 

"The  little  fumft^w  flashing  downward  in  the  sun- 
light is  ^•ititethine  to  watch  and  admire,"— Aii/v  Tele, 
grap'i,  Nov.  IT,  IflS.S. 

*  .^.  A  variety  of  dog,  so  called  from  its  habit 
of  tumbling  before  it  attacks  its  prey.  It  was 
forra''rly  employed  for  catching  rabbits. 

"  The  titmblrr  ,'ind  lurcher  ought  to  be  reckoned  by 
theiiiselvea."— .SwrtTi;  Speculum  Mundi,  cb.  ix,,  §  I. 

*  6.  A  tumbrel  (q.v.). 

7.  One  of  the  religious  sect  known  as 
Gm-niau  Baptists  or  Dnnkers  (q.v.) 

"They  are  nlso  called  Tumblers  from  their  mode  nf 
baptism,  which  la  by  putting  the  person  whilst  kneel- 
ing heTid  first  under  water."— ff*;V(*v  *  Daiui:  Amer. 
Cyclop.,  vi.  316. 

8.  An  American  popular  name  for  the  larvre 
of  the  CulicidH;. 

"They  are  .  .  .  called  tumblers  irora  the  m.inner  in 
wliich  they  rull  over  and  over  In  the  water  by  means 
of  the  flu-like  pttddleaat  the  end  of  the  tail,"— ^(>;ev 
*  Dana :  vimer.  Cf/clop.,  viii.  51. 

*  9.  (PL):  A  band  of  roysterers  in  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  who  delighted 
in  offering  insults  to  unprotected  woiuen. 

"  A  third  sort  are  tlie  tumbli^rs.  whose  office  it  is  to 
set  women  ou  their  heads."— STeefe .'  Spectator.  No.  324, 
II.  Technically : 

1.  FowhI.  :  A  vertically  rotating  case  for 
clea,ning  castings  placed  within  it. 

2.  Locksviith. :  A  latch  engaging  within  a 
notch  in  a  lock  bolt,  or  otherwise  opposing 
its  motion  until  it  is  lifted  or  arranged  by  the 
key,  so  as  to  remove  the  obstacle. 

3.  Firearms:  The  piece  in  the  interior  of 
a  gunlcick  by  which  the  mainspring  acts  on 
the  liammer,  causing  it  to  fall  and  explode 
the  cap. 

i.  Nant. :  One  of  the  movable  pins  with 
which  the  cathead-stopper  and  shank-painter 
are  respectively  engaged.  By  the  coincident 
niovementof  the  pins,  the  ends  of  the  anchor, 
whicli  fire  suspended  from  the  cathead  and 
tisb-davit  respectively,  are  simultaneously 
freed. 

tumbler-punch,  s. 

Firearms:  A  small  two-bladed  punch  u.sed 
for  pushing  the  arbour  of  the  tumbler,  the 
band-springs,  &c.,  from  their  seats,  in  taking 
a  gun  apart. 

tiim'-bler-ful,  s.  [Eng.  tumbler;  ■/«/(/).] 
As  much  MS  a  tumbler  will  hold;  a  quantity 
sufficient  to  till  .i  tumbler. 

•  tum'-We-ster, .?.  [Eng.  tumble  ;  suff.  -ater.] 
A  female  tumbler. 


turn'  blihg.  *tom-blinge,  *tum-bel- 

ynge,  /"■.  p"r.  or  a.     (Tu.MBLE,  v.] 
tumbling-bay,  ^. 

Hif'iiiiul.  :  A  wen  nr  fall  in  a  canal. 

tumbling-bob,  v^.  A  counterpoise  weight 
oil  nil  arm  to  eause  it  to  react  by  gravity  when 
the  lilting  lever  is  withdrawn. 

tumbling-box,  s.    The  same  as  Rumble, 

.s.  :..  (M.V.). 

tumbling-home,  a. 

Ship}')iilii.  :  8aiil  of  the  sides  of  a  vessel 
when  Ibey  le;ni  in. 

tumbling-net.  >.    A  trammel-net  (q.v.) 

tumbling -shaft,  s.    a  cam-shaft  (q.v.). 

tiim  -  brel,     turn'  -  bril.     *  turn  -  brell, 

*tun-brell,  s.  [O.  Fr,  tuml'm,  tmnliereU 
tomberel ;  Vv.  (omberwnt,  lit.  =  a  tumble-cart, 
a  two-wheeled  cart  which  could  be  tumbled 
over  or  overturned  to  tieposit  the  niiinure  with 
wliich  it  was  laden,  from  tomber  =  to  fall.l 
I.  Ordiinxry  Language : 

1.  A  ducking-stool  (q.v.). 

2.  A  dung-cart ;  a  sort  of  low  carriage  with 
two  wheels,  used  in  farm-work.  (Dn/deu  ; 
Cock  &  Fox,  251.) 

3.  A  large  willow  cage  or  rack  for  feeding 
sheep  in  the  winter.    {Proi\) 

4.  The  cart  in  which  the  victims  of  the 
guillotine  were  carried  to  execution  in  the 
first  Frencli  Revolution. 

"  Paul  endeavoured  to  prove  his  devotion,  like 
Landry  in  The  Dead  I/fart,  by  taking  another  man's 
place  u|)oii  the  tumbril  al'uut  to  start  for  the  guillo- 
tine, "—/^o/cree.  May  1.  1987. 

II.  Ordn. :  A  covered  cart  for  containing 
amiuunition  and  tools  for  mining  and  sapping. 

tu-me-fac'-tion,  s.  [Low  Lat.  tumefactio, 
from  Lat.  tuvie/actus,  pa.  par.  of  fume/acio  = 
to  make  tumid,  to  swell.]  [Tumefy.]  Tlie 
act  or  jirocess  of  swelling  or  rising  into  a 
tumour;  a  tumour,  a  swelling. 

"The  common  signs  and  effects  of  weak  Shres.  are 
paleness,  a  weak  puUe,  tttmefuciinns  in  the  whole 
hoAy.'—Arbuthnot  :  On  Aliments,  ch.  vi. 

*tu'-me-fy,  vJ.  &  >.  [Fr.  tnmejler,  from  Lat. 
tnmefacio  =  to  make  tumid,  to  eause  to  swell ; 
tumeo  =  to  swell,  and  Jario  —  to  make.] 

A,  Trans.  :  To  swell ;  to  cause  to  swell  or 
become  tumid. 

"I  applied  three  small  cauaticks  triangular  about 
the  tumefied  joint."—  U'l^eriiaii  .'  Surgery. 

B.  Intraiis. :  To  swell ;  to  I'ise  in  a  tumour. 

^tu-mes'-9en9e,  s.  [Lat.  tumescens,  pr.  par. 
of  tumesco,  incept,  from  tumeo  =  to  swell.] 
Tlxe  state  or  process  of  growing  tumid  ;  tume- 
faction. 

tu'-mid,  rt.  [Lat.  tumidns,  from  ^(?fteo  =  to 
swell  ;  from  the  same  root  come  tuber,  'pro- 
tuberant, tttmour,  tumult,  &c.  ;  Fr.  tumidt ; 
Sp.  &  Ital.  tumido.] 

1.  Being  swollen,  enlarged,  or  distended  ; 
swollen. 

'2.  Protuberant;  rising  above  the  level. 

■■  Their  tops  ascend  the  sky 
So  high  as  Ueav'ii  the  tumid  hills." 

A/ilton  :  P.  L,.  vii.  288. 

3.  Swollen  in  sound,  pompous  ;  bombastic, 
turgid. 

"  Shall  gentle  Coleridge  I'ass  unnoticed  here 
Tvi  turgid  ode  and  tumid  stiinza  dear  ?  " 

Byrou  :  EngligJi  Bards  A  Scotch  Revieirers. 

tu-mid'-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  f«mid; -%.]  Thequiil- 
ity  or  state  of  being  tunud  ;  a  swollen  state. 


tu'-mid-ly,  adv.     [Eng 
tumid  manner  or  form. 


tumid;    -ly.]    In  a 


tu'-mid-ness,  s.  [Bug.  tumid;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tumid  or  swollen; 
tumidity. 

tum'-mal^,  .s.  [Perhaps  a  corrupt,  of  Lat. 
tumidus  =  a  heap.] 

Mining:    A  great  quantity,  a  heap,  a.^  of 
waste. 


tu'-mor. 


[Tumour.) 


'  tu  -mor-ous,  '  tu  -mour-ous,  a.    [Eng. 

iumur;  -ons.] 

1.  Swelling,  protuberant,  swollen,  tumid. 

"To  ease  the  anguish  of  her  tumorous  spleen." 

Drat/ton:  Barons  Wars,  iii, 

2.  Vainly  pompous,  bombastic,  tumid. 

•■  These  styles  \-ary ;  for  that  which  is  high  and 
lofty,  declarimt  excellent  matter,  hecomea  vast  aaiJ 
tumoroui."—Ben  Jonsmi. 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU.  father;   we,  wet,  here,  eamel,  her.  there 
or.  wore.  wolC  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  oiire,  unite,  cur,  rule.  fuU;  try. 


;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,     ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


tumour— tun 


237 


tu'-mour,  tU'-xnor,  .v.  [Fr.  tumcnr,  fioiil 
Liii.  f'lmnn-iii,  iicciis.  of  tumor  =  A  swelHli;;, 
liuui  tiiinto  =  i4»  swell  ;  Sp.  tumor;  Ital. 
tiimore.] 

1.  UrdinaTu  lAituTuaiie : 

*  1.  A  swell  or  rise,  as  of  water. 
"  One  ^HWirtMr  ilrowii'd  niiutlirr.  hillnwa  strove 
To  outswcll  iiutbitluu.  wnter  iiir  onWn>ve," 

hen  JoimoH  :  JIitti/u€s  at  Court. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"On  the  rouuil  buucli  tlie  bloody  tumoura  rise." 

/*o/f  ;  Hotnrr :  ItiaU  H. 

'  3.  AfTecie'l  pomp  ;  bombast  in  l;tnj;uat,'e  ; 
tumiil  or  turgid  language  or  exiaessions. 

II.  >■'('■(/. :  Any  niurbiil  parasitic  grnivtli, 
j^fiierally,  tliongh  not  always,  attemieil  by 
swelling.  Tumours  are  primarily  divideii  into 
twM  elasses,  the  lirst  iniioeent,  iiit-Uuling  luui- 
Tualignant,  solid,  benign,  or  sarcomatous,  and 
t!ie  seeoud  malignant  growths.  Tumours  nf 
the  Hrst  type  occur  in  comparatively  lew 
tissues,  and  do  not  alter  the  jtd,jaeent  parts 
unless  the  tununir  produees  pressure  anil  par- 
tial intlanituation  ;  tliey  have  no  tendency  to 
ulcerate  or  slouyli,  and,  if  extirjiated  by  a 
surgical  opeiatitm,  they  do  not  grow  again 
fhey  vary  considerably  in  stru<'tuie,  being 
fatty,  cellular,  librous,  fibroid  (u-  tendinous, 
encysted,  vascular,  caitilaginous,  osseous,  or 
tibro-cartihiginous.  Fatty  and  cartihiginous 
tvniiours  often  reach  a  size  so  large  that  tliey 
weigh  many  pounds.  They  should  be  excised 
while  yet  tliey  are  small.  A  tmuour  of  the 
second  type,  on  the  contrary,  may  arise  in 
almost  any  part  of  the  body,  althougli  some 
parts  are  more  liable  than  others  to  attacks. 
Tliey  tend  to  projiagate  their  morbid  action  to 
theadjacent  parts,  or,  by  means  of  the  blood, 
even  to  spots  remote  from  their  formative 
teat;  they  go  on  to  ulcerate  or  slough,  au<l, 
when  extirpated  l*y  surgical  operation,  grow 
again,  either  at  the  original  or  some  other 
place.  The  cancer  and  tubercle  are  leading 
types  of  malignant  tumours.  A  third  type  of 
tumour,  the  semi-malignant,  is  intermediate 
between  the  first  two,  and  includes  some 
forms  of  sarcnmic  and  of  melanotic  tumour, 
the  painful  subcutaneous  tiunour  or  tubercle, 
im-vi,  ]Kilypi,  &c.  Melanosis  is  comnnuiei-  in 
Imrses  than  in  the  human  subject,  and  cliieHy 
in  white  or  gray  horses.  Various  tumoms  are 
interthoracii;,  attecting  the  heart,  the  lungs, 
&c.  There  are  also  tumours  of  the  brain,  of 
the  hver,  the  rectum,  &c.  ;  and  in  women  the 
uterus  and  the  vagina  are  specially  liable  to 
be  atJected  with  tumour. 

'  tu' -  moured,   *tu'-m6red,   a.     (Eng. 
iiiniuur  ;  -o/.J     Disti-ndeii,  swnllen,  tumid. 
"  Sur.li  an  one  seKIoui  iiabiitUmsbisfiu'wr^i/  breast, 
but  wlieii  lie  liuds  none  to  oppose  the  bigness  oi  his 
looks  mid  tongue.' — Junius:  Hin  StigmatiZL-d,  jj.  &i>. 

"  tu'-mour-ous,  a.    [Tumorous.] 

tump,  s.  [Wtdsh  twmj)  =  a  round  mass,  a 
hilioeli,  akin  t4>  Lat.  tumiiUts  =  a  mmuiil,  a 
Jieap;  Eng.  tomb.]    A  little  hillock.     i^Frov.) 

"  Hu^e  uncut  Btoues  were  .  .  .  covered  over  ■with 
vAtth  or  suiHller  atones  so  as  to  make  a  tu'ttp  or  bar. 
row."— £■,  A.  J-'reeman  :  Old  Eng.  Hitf.,  ch.  i. 

tump  (1),  v.t    [Tump,  s.\ 

Jlort.  :  To  form  a  mass  of  earth  or  a  hillock 
muud,  as  round  a  plant :  as,  Tn  lump  teasel. 

tump  (2),  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.  Pjob.  Indian.] 
lo  draw,  as  a  deer  or  other  animal,  home  alter 
it  has  been  killed,     (ylwier.) 

tump-line,  s.  A  head-sti-ap  by  which  a 
i.nit-r  steadies  a  pack  carried  on  the  shoulders 
an-.l  I  pack. 

tum'-tiim,  s.  [Native  woi-d.]  A  favourite 
dish  in  the  West  Inilies,  made  by  beating  the 
Imiled  plantain  quite  soft  in  a  wooden  mortar. 
It  is  eaten  like  a  potato-pudding,  or  made 
into  round  cakes  and  fried. 

^tu'-mu-lar,  '  tu'-mu-lar-y,  (t.  [Lat. 
luiiiHlns'=ii  licap.)  consisting  in  a  heap; 
formed  or  being  iu  a  heap  or  hillock. 

tu'-mu-late,  i:t.  &.  i.  [Lat.  tuviulatus,  pa. 
par.  oi'tumnlu  —  to  cover  with  a  mound.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  cover  with  a  mounil ;  to 
bury. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  swell. 

■'  His  beaiL  begins  to  ii»e.  Hiid  his  passions  to  rtoitu- 
lat€."—\t'il'.i»a  .    Afiturnl  lUligion,  bk.  i.,  cb.  xvil. 

tn'-mu-l',  s.-pl.     [Tumulus,  5.] 

'  tu-mu-los'-i-ty,  s.  [Tumulou.s.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tumuhnis. 


'  tu'-mu-lous,  "  tu'-mu-lose,  «.     H-at. 

ttiinuio^Hs,  iwww  liimiih's^'n  heap,  a   iiimiiikL] 
Full  of  immnds  ur  hills.     (/J(n/»i/.) 

^tu'-multp  *tu-multe,  -f.  [Fr.  tumtute, 
from  Lat.  tumnlttim,  accus.  of  tumultus  ■=  a. 
restless  swelling,  a  tumult,  from  tumeo  ==  to 
swell ;  Sp.,  Poi't.,  &  Itul.  tuiauUo.]     ITumid.) 

1.  The  commotion,  disturbance,  or  agitation 
of  a  multitude,  geueially  accompanied  with 
t'reat  noise,  uproar,  and  confusion  of  voices : 
an  uproar. 

"  The  delmtes  were  all  rant  and  lumnlf."—  .Wucnulny : 
IliKt.  Hng..  cb.  xii. 

2.  Violent  commotion  or  agitation,  with 
confusion  of  sounds. 

"  What  can  be  nobler  tlian  the  idea  it  gives  us  of 
tlic  Suvrenie  Beint;  tlius  raising  a  tumuH  aiJioiiK  the 
eU'nieiit^.nnd  rco.veriiig  tliemoutof  their  confusion?" 
—.XdUwiH  :  Sfifctator. 

3.  Agitation  ;  stiong  excitement ;  irregular 
or  C'Uifused  motion. 

"The  tuinnli  of  their  minds  bavin);  subsided,  and 
given  way  to  lelteclioii,  they  sighed  often  ;tiid  loud.  ' — 
Conk:  First  Voyage,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  i. 

*tu'-miilt,  v.i.  (Tumult,  s.\  To  make  a 
tumult  or  disturbance  ;  to  be  in  a  great  com- 
nintion. 

"  Why  del  the  Gentiles  ttnnult,  and  the  uations 
Muse  II  vatii  thiut;."  JJiUoii :  i'sahn  ii. 

*  tu-mult-er,  s.  [Eng.  tmudt;  -f/.]  One 
whi>  laiscs  nr  takes  part  in  a  tumult. 

"Thougb  afterwards  he  severely  jiunish'd  the  fu- 
tniilters.  was  fain  at  length  to  seek  a  dismission  from 
his  ch.irge."— J/i7ro(i .  J/ist.  Eng.,  bk.  ii, 

*  tu-mul'-tu-ar-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tumullu- 
un/ ;  -Ifi.]  In  a  tumultuary  or  (.lisoiderly 
manner  ;  ttirbulently. 

■'Arius  behaved  himself  so  seditiously  'Oid  tumut- 
tnnnty.  that  the  Xiceiie  fathei-s  vrocui-ed  a  tenipoi-ai y 
dfi-iee  for  his  relegHtion." — jS/>.  Taylor;  Liberty  o/ 
/'viphvKuing.     (Ep.  Ued.) 

'  tu-mul'-tu-ar  i-ness,  s".  [Eng.  tinuultu- 
ahi;  -»t:s.s-,]*  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
tumultuary ;  disorder,  tumultuousness.  tur- 
bulence. 

"The  turnultiuiriness  of  the  iwople.  or  the  factious- 
ness of  presbyters,  gave  occasion  to  invent  new 
uuidels."— AVfr'i«  BiiKlUkc. 

*  tu-mul'-tu-ar -y,  «.    (Fr.  tumultualre.  ft'om 

Lat.  tuiiiultiiari'us,  from  tu7iLuUus=-a.  tumult.] 
L   Oismderly,  turbulent. 

■■  The  tutnultuar/j  army  which  had  assembled  round 
the  )«isiu  of  Torbay."— J/«c<i«/<(tf:  Hist.  Emj.,  cb.  xvi. 

'1,  Promiscuous,  confused:  as,  atumultuary 
attack. 
3.  Restless,  agitated,  unquiet. 

"I  have  imsa'd  the  boisterous  setx  and  swelling  hil- 
lows  of  thisn(»i»Ki(([rv  life."— //oweH  .'  Letters,  bk.  ii., 

let  7;i. 

'  tu-mul'-tu-ate,  v.L  [Lat.  tumultuatusy 
pa.  par.  t)t' tumiittuor,  from  tuiiiiiltus  :=■  a 
tumult  (q.v.).]     To  make  or  raise  a  tumult. 

"  But  the  injury  being  once  owned  by  a  retribution, 
and  advanced  by  defiance,  like  an  onimsing  toiTeut  it 
lunutlfnutei,  grows  higher  and  higher."— ii&u(A.-  Ser- 
mons, vol.  viii.,  ser.  7. 

*  tu-mul-tu-a '-tion,  s.  (Lat.  tumultuatio.] 
[fuMULTUATj:.]  Connnotion  ;  irregular,  dis- 
orderly, or  turbulent  movement ;  tumult. 

"  Thrkt  in  the  sound  the  contiguous  air  receives 
many  strokes  from  the  pnrttcles  oi  the  liquor,  seems 
ju'obable  by  the  suddeu  and  eiiger  tumultuation  of  its 
jiartfl." — Buyltr. 

tu-mul'-tu-OUS,  ft.  [Fr.  tumultumx,  from 
Lat.  tuinultuosus,  from  tumultns  =  a,  tumult 
(q.v.).] 

L  Full  of  tumult,  disorder,  or  confusion  ; 
disorderly,  turbulent. 

"  A  titmuttuous  council  of  the  chief  inhabitants  was 
called."— J/uc<tK/atf.-  Sist.  Emj..  ch.  xii. 

2.  Conducted  with  tiimultor  disorder;  noisy, 
uproarious,  boisterous, 

"The  debate  was  sharp  and  fujniiltuoits."—.Vitcaii- 
lag:  Hist.  Eng..  ch.  xiiL 

3.  In  disorder  or  confusion. 

"The  Trojaua  rush  tmnultuousto  the  war." 

/'ope:  Homer;  Iliad  \v.  253. 

*4.  Agitated,  disturbed,  as  by  imssion  or 
the  like. 

■'  His  dire  attempt,  which  nigh  the  birth 
Xow  rolling,  boils  in  his  tumultuous  breaat." 

Alitton:  P.  L.,  iv.  16. 

0.  Turbulent,  violent. 

"Furiously  running  iu  ui>on  him  with  tuvinltuout 
sijeeob,  he  violently  cauicht  from  bis  head  his  rich  cap 
of  sables."— A'Ho/f«j.-  Bist.  Turkes. 

'  tumultuous-petitioning,  >:. 

l.an' :  The  ofience  nf  stirrini,' ujt  tumult  or 
]-iot  under  the  jtretence  c.f  petitiiuiing,  as  was 
considered  to  be  done  at  the  opening  of  the 


Pailianicut  i»f  lb4U.  By  Li  Tar.  II.,  \.  .'..  it  it 
rimctnl  iliat  nil  petition  to  the  House  of 
rarliameiit  for  Jiiiy  alteration  in  Church  or 
State  shall  be  signed  by  above  twenty  per- 
sons, unle.ss  the  matter  thereof  be  approved 
by  three  justices  of  the  pcaec,  by  the  ma.jor 
pint  iif  tlu'  grand  jury  (sixteen  men)  in  the 
country,  and  iu  Ltuidon  by  the  I.ont  Mayoi, 
Aldermen,  and  Cfinnnon  Council,  and  that  no 
pitilion  shall  be  iiresente<l  by  more  than  t^'U 
pcrsoii.s  at  a  time.  The  penalty  was  not  to 
fX'-cfd  .£100  tine,  or  three  months'  imprison- 
ment. IJy  1  Will.  A  Mary,  ii.  %  it  was  declared 
that  the  subject  has  a  right  to  petition,  and 
that  Commitments  and  prosecutions  for  such 
petitioning  are  illegal.  Since  then  there  has 
been  iio  harrier  in  the  way  of  sending  to  the 
Legislature  petitions  with  as  many  signatures 
as  can  be  i. blamed. 

tu-mul -tu-oiis-iy,  fwiy.  [Eng.  (uwit/diow*,* 
'■/)/.]  In  it"  tumultuous,  diso)"derly,  nr  turbu- 
lent manner  ;  with  tumult  ami  ilisorder. 

"  (They]  treatl  tumult wnislit  their  mystic  dance." 
Pitt ;  VtUliinuchua  lo  Jupiter. 

tu-mul'-tu-oiis-ness,  x.  [Eng.  tumultuous; 
'-/Ki'js.]  Tli'e  tiuality  or  state  of  being  tumul- 
tuous; tumult,  disorder,  turbulence. 

"  This  is  euough.  I  ho])e,  to  make  yon  krep  down  thin 
boiling  ami  tumultuousne-'s  of  the  soul,  lest  it  make 
vou  citlier  a  pr>'V.  or  els«  oiiupanions  for  devili."— 

'll.nninonU  .    W>jrKs,  iv.  614. 

tu-mu-lus  (jil.  tu'-mu-li),  s.  ll.at.  =  a 
mouni'i,  a  lieai),] 

Aathrop.  :  A  mound  raised  over  a  tomb,  or, 
more  rarely,  as  a  memorial  of  sotne  pei-son  lu' 
e\ent.  Tumuli  are  found  in  large  numbers  iu 
all  parts  of  the  woj-ld.  Many  date  from  jire- 
historic  times,  and  they  are  mentioned  in  the 
earliest  writings  of  the  human  i-ace.  In  the 
Bible  three  instances  of  this  mode  of  burial 
occur  (Josh.  vii.  20.  viii.  29  ;  2  fiam.  xviii.  17)  ; 
a  tumulus  was  raised  over  I'atroclus  (II.  xxiii. 
255),  and  Dercennus,  King  of  Latiiim  (.-En.  xi. 
850)  was  interred  in  a  sin)ilai-  manner,  there 
being  no  authority  iu  the  ]ioem  for  the 
"  marble  tomb  "  in  which  Dryden  makes  him 
lie.  This  method  of  interment  continued  down 
to  historical  periods,  and  is  still  practised 
among  savage  races.  Not  improb;ibly  some 
tiaces  of  it  linger  in  civilized  communities  iii 
the  practice  of  throwing  earth  upon  the  cortiu 
at  a  funeral.  In  size  tumuli  vary  greatly,  the 
larger  probably  marking  the  graves  ofcliiefs 
or  persons  of  distinction.  The  highest  in 
England  is  at  Siibury  Hill,  Wiltshire;  it  is 
170  feet  high,  and  there  is  considerable  doubt 
whether  it  is  really  :i  burial-jilace  ;  itisprobaldy 
a  memorial,  like  the  he^|i  ot  witness  tiected  by 
Laban  and  Jacob  (Gen.  xxxi.  62),  or  the  mound 
thrown  up  by  the  Ten  Thousand  in  their  cele- 
brated retreat,  when  they  obtained  their  lirst 
view  of  the  sea  (Xcn.,  AiuiJi.  IV,  vii,  25).  At 
Upsala,  in  Sweden,  there  are  three  large  and 
high  tumuli  close  together,  popnlaily  sup- 
po.sed  to  be  the  bunal-]>lace8  of  Odin,  Thor, 
and  Freya.  Most  of  the  tumuli  in  Scandi- 
navia, where  they  are  extremely  numerous, 
consist  of  large  mounds,  in  which  there  is  a 
passage  leading  into  a  central  chamber,  round 
the  sides  of  whicli  are  placed  the  bodies  of 
the  dead.  These  tumuli  closely  resemble  the 
dwelling-houses  of  Arctic  people,  such  as  the 
Esquimaux.  In  England  there  is  very  larely 
any  chamber,  the  mound  being  raised  over  a 
simple  stone  vault  or  chest.  Inside  the 
chambers  or  vaults  are  found  the  bones  or 
ashes  of  the  dead,  or,  possibly,  of  the  victims 
of  funeral  sacrifice  (Horn. :  It.  xxiii.  175,  Pans., 
iv.  2,  Herod.,  iv.  71.  Ctes. :  de  Bello  Gal.,  iv.  10), 
together  -with  stone  or  bronze  implement-s, 
pottery,  ornaments,  and  bnnes  of  animals, 
jMol^ably  the  relics  of  burial  feasts.  The  de- 
termination of  the  age  of  tumuli  is  a  very 
tlithcult  problem  ;  as  ageneral  rule,  wjiere  the 
bodies  have  been  buried  iu  a  sitting  or  con- 
tracted position,  the  tumulus  belongs  to  the 
Neolithic  Age  ;  where  the  body  has  been  cre- 
mated, to  the  Bronze  Ane ;  and  where  the  body 
is  in  an  extended  position,  to  the  Iron  Age. 

tun,  *  tonne,  *  tunne,  :<■  [A.S.  tunnc  =  a 
barrel;  Sw.  &  Icel.  tuiiim ;  Uan.  toiuh ;  Ger. 
tonne  — a.  cask;  Low  Lat.  tunnit,  tonmt;  Fi'. 
to7iu€au  ;  Gael,  tunna  ;  Irish  tumm,  to  una ; 
Wei.  tynell.  Ton  aiul  tun  arc  doublets.] 
I.  Ordinary  lAtntjuagr  : 
\.  A  name  originally  applied  ti)  all  large 
easlcs  or  sinnlar  vessels  for  containing  liquids 
or  the  like. 

■•  .\nd  ever  sith  hath  so  the  tipj>e  j-ronne. 
Til  that  almost  all  emjity  i^  the  tonne" 

Ch'iuctr:  C.  T..  3.69L 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9eU,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  L 
-clan,  'tian  =  shan.    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun;  -^ion,  -sion  —  zhun,    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  ic.  —  bcl,  deL 


:!:)S 


tun— Tungusic 


•*.  Hince,  ft  certain  iturflsmv  rr  quantity, 
jiucli  iiA  nitjclit  U-  fi.iitaiiu'<l  in  such  i\  vessel, 
art  the  I'Ul  Kn^ilish  tun  of  wint',  which  con- 
Uiiu-a  four  hoKshi'iiJ*  or  lli'J  gallons.  All 
iiinhcr  nu'asuros  than  the  galhin  nrc  now 
iltesal  in  Britain.  The  Great  Tun  of  Heiilel- 
Ur„'.  coiiHtnuttti  in  1751,  is  caimhle  of  con- 
tiitiinit  800  hogsheads,  or  2S3/J00  bottles,  Imt 
it  has  not  been  useU  since  M&\ 

•  3.  A  ton  weight  of  i','J4o  pounds. 

I.  A  certain  «|uantity  of  timber,  consisting 
of  IVTiy  solid  feet  if  round,  or  llfty-fuur  feet  if 
s<|uare. 

'  3.  A  large  (luantity. 

"  Draw  fMiii  o(  blMxl  out  of  ihy  country'i  lirwML" 
>fi'tlfttt. :  Cortotitnus.  iv.  i. 

G.  The  fermenting  vat  of  a  brewery. 

•  7.  A  drnnkani. 

•  8.  A  line  ;  a  shaft  of  a  chimney. 

-'  My  iifMc  liuiH  vrltli  the  II]  timiiin  of  chlnineya."— 
Aurjr  n-<//«.  p.  30. 

IL  Zool.:  Aitopulornaniesonietimt'sapplied 
to  the  shells  of  the  genus  Dolium,  front  their 
sh;ii)C. 

■  tun  bellied,  a.    Having  a  laige,  pro- 

tu!»r;iut  l>'ll>. 

tun  belly,  .•;.  A  large,  protuberant  l»elly, 
like  a  tun. 

•'  A  (loublccliiu  null  .i  tiiH-bvlt!/„"—T.  Brotrn  :  irorA-(. 
ill.  15i 

•  tun-disb,  s.     A  funnel. 

■■  Fillin?  R  bottle  with  n.  tHii-diih"—Shnkt'*/:  :  .lA-rt- 
lur^/or  Meamre.  iU.  'J. 

tun,  r.^    ITuN,  s.]    To  put  into  a  tun  or  cask. 

•  If  in  the  mwst  or  wort,  wlille  it  workctli.  Wfure 

It  bf  tunned,  X\\v  burnwte  »t(iy  a  time,  mihI  l>e  often 

ctiMiigrd  with   (rcJih.  it  uill  make  a  sovereign  dritik 

fur  iiiehiucholy."— tfaoon. 

tun'-a-ble»  tune-a-ble,  «.    [Eng.  ^m^; 

1.  Ca]>ahle  of  being  put  in  tune  or  made 
harmonious. 

2.  Hannonious,  musical,  cheerful,  mehidious. 

"  The  breej^e.  thfit  murniiim  through  Ton  cunea, 
Euchiintd  the  e.i.r  witli  /n.i«Wr  delight," 

OraiHiier :  .Sxiffar-Citne,  iii. 

*  tun'-a-ble-ness,  ^''.  [Eng.  tunable;  -ness.] 
The  ()U!iHty  or  state  of  being  tunable ;  har- 
mony ;  liarmoniousness ;  melodiousness. 

■  tun'-a-bl^,  (Jdr.    lEng.  tunab(Je);  -lij.]    In  a 

ttinable  niaiiiier;  harnumiously,  melodiously. 

■'  In  HUiiimcT  holmerle  or  blnckhiiil]  «iiii{eth  cleare 

:i]i<l  i\iiutlilii.  in  wint«r  he  atutteth  niid  abiiiiiiieieth." 

— /■    Ih^Haiid  :  Plinfe.  bk.  X.,  ch.  xxix. 

Tun -bridge,  ■-■.     (See  def.)    The  name  of  a 

tnwii  in  Knit.  Knglaiid. 

Tunbridge-ware,  ^^  A  kind  of  small 
rahiint  work,  covered  with  a  peculiar  veneer 
made  by  glueing  together  long  .strips  of  dif- 
ferent coloured  wnods  into  a  solid  mass  longi- 
tuiliu.'illv  frriii  wliicli  slices  are  taken  hori- 
zontally! 

Tonbridge  Wells  sand.  ':. 

Oeol. :  The  up[>ermost  beds  of  the  Hastings 
sand.  They  are  from  IGO  to  :iSO  feet  thick, 
and  may  be  divided  into  an  Upper  and  Lower 
Tunbridge  Wells  sand,  tlie  latter  associated 
with  Cucklield  clay.  They  are  separated  by 
a  clay  called  the  Grinstcad  clay,  which  is  of 
fltivioniarine  origin.     (Etheridge.) 

tund'-ing,  5.  [Lat.  tnnfh  =  to  beat.]  A  word 
usecl  in  Winchester  college  to  describe  a  pun- 
ishment there  administered  by  senior  i)nj'ils 
tTuied  pncfects  <)r  prvepostors,  and  consisting 
of  a  flogging  administereil  between  tlie  shoul- 
ders with  a  gr()und  ash.  When  any  grave 
otfence  had  been  committed  the  punishment 
was  public. 

"The  public  tujtdiiipx  were  .ilmost  nlwnyB  fairly 
conditctetl.  Iwing  geiienilly  ndi>i|UAte  but  not  excea- 
siw.  ' —Srhoitl-l t/c  tit  IVhichrgfer  College. 

tun'-dra,  s.  (Ituss.J  A  term  applied  to  the 
inniH-nse  stretches  of  flat,  boggy  countr>%  ex- 
tending through  the  northern  part  of  Siberia 
and  part  of  Russia,  where  vegetation  takes  an 
arctic  character,  consisting  in  large  measure 
of  moss<rs  and  lichens.  They  are  frozen  tlic 
greater  part  of  the  year. 

tnne,  s.  [Fr.  ion.  =a  tnne  or  sound,  from  Lat. 
tonvm,  accns.  of  /oin(S  =  a  soQnd,  from  Gr. 
TOfo?  (lonos)  =  a  tone  (q.v.).] 

I.  Ordinary  iMnrjuaoe : 

'  1.  A  sound,  a  tone. 

"  Nor  .ire  mine  eara  with  thy  toneiie't  tune  delighted." 
Sluik<^ip. :  Sonnet  1. 


2.  In  the  same  sense  as  IL  1. 

2.  Correct  orjnst  intonation  in  singing  or 
playing:  the  c<m»iitii»n  or  quality  of  producing 
orof  U'inguble  to  produce  ttuies  in  unison, 
harmony,  or  due  relation  with  others;  lln' 
normal  adjustment  of  the  parts  of  a  musical 
instrument,  so  as  to  produce  its  tones  in 
correct  key-relationship,  or  in  harmony  or 
concert  with  other  instruments. 

"  Out  o(  tune,  out  of  tune  on  the  strings." 

S/iaketi>. :  Ttoo  Uentlemen.  iv.  2. 

I.  Hence,  harmony,  concord. 

■■  A  contliiuiU  iwirlliiinent  I  thonglit  would  hut  keep 
th.-  common  weiU  In  titna,  by  j>ieaervlng  hiwo  In  their 
dne  exeeutluii  imd  vigour."— Ai<(;;  Vhurlet. 

3.  Frame  of  mind ;  mood  ;  temper,  for  the 
time  being ;  hence,  to  he  in  tuur  =  to  be  in  the 
rigiit  disposition,  mood,  or  temper. 

•'  It  iB  nut  the  wdlking  merely,  it  ia  keeping  yourself 
in  f»im  for  a  wnlk.'  —Uiirruii'jhn :  I'e/Htclun,  p.  '248. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Music:  A  rliythmieal  melodious  succes- 
sion or  series  of  musical  tones  produced  by 
one  voice  or  instrument,  or  by  several  voices 
or  instruments  in  unison  ;  an  air;  a  melody. 
The  term,  however,  is  sometimes  used  to  in- 
clude both  the  air  and  the  ci^mbined  parts  (as 
alto,  tenor,  bass)  with  which  it  is  harmonized. 

"  Tliat  I  might  sing  it  tft  «  tnne. ' 

Shakeip.:  Two  Oenllvmen,  i.  2, 

2.  PhrenoL  :  An  organ  situated  above  the 
outer  part  of  the  eyebrow.  When  well  de- 
veloped it  enlarges  the  lower  and  lateral  part 
of  the  forehead.  It  is  supposed  to  enable  on<- 
to  appreciate  the  relations  of  sounds  wliidi 
are  heard  by  the  ear.  Called  more  rarely  the 
organ  of  Melody. 

%  To  tlie  tunc  of:  To  the  sum  or  amount  of. 
(Colloq.) 

tune,  v.t.  &  i.    [Ti'NE,  s.] 
A*  Transitive : 

1.  To  put  into  such  a  state  as  to  produce 
the  proper  sounds  ;  to  cause  to  be  in  tune. 

■'  To  tunc  his  lute,  or,  if  he  will'd  it  more, 
Oil  toiuea  of  other  times  luid  tongues  to  pore," 
Byron  :  Lara.  i.  21. 

2.  To  sing  with  melody  or  harmony ;  to 
sing  or  play  harmoniously. 

"  The  little  birds  that  tune  tlieir  moruiiig'B  joy." 
Hhakesp. :  Unite  of  /.twrrve,  l.io". 

3.  To  give  a  special  tone  or  character  to ;  to 
attune.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  VI.  x.  7.) 

*  4.  To  put  into  a  state  projier  for  any  pur- 
pose, or  adapted  to  produce  a  particular 
effect ;  to  accommodate. 

"  Hiul  even  Alined  his  bounty  to  sing  li.ippiness  to 
]iUQ."—Shake»i/.:  All's  iVell.  iv.  3. 
^  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  form  melodious  or  harmoiuous  sounds. 

'■  Whilst  titnin'^  to  the  wdter'a  fall, 
Tlie  smHll  birds  sang  to  hei.' 

Itrayltn  :  Cynlhui. 

2.  To  utter  inarticulate  musical  s<)nnds 
with  the  voice  ;  to  sing  without  using  words  ; 
to  hum  a  tune. 

tune'-a-ble, «.    [Tunable.] 

tuned*  ".     lEng.  t}in(e);  -cd.]     Having  a  tune 
or  tone.    (Usually  with  a  qualifying  adjective.) 
"  Mean-time  the  shrill  fund  bell  .  .  . 
Tiiiklea  far  off."  Watloii :  Aeii  *  Ah-yon. 

tune'-ful,  *  tune' -full,  "-   [Eng.  tnne;  -/nil.] 

Harmonious,  melodious,  musical. 

"  (I]  even  to  myself  never  seemed 
So  tnneftil  a  iJoet  before," 

C-neper :  Cuthnr'inn. 

tune'-ful-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  tnuefvl ;  -bj.]  In  a 
tuneful,  melodious,  or  harmonious  manner; 
melodiously,  musically. 

"The praises  of  God  tnvffnltjf  performed." — Attcr- 
Ifiin/ ■'  Si-rnioiis.  vol.  iv.,  ser.  3. 

tune'-ful-neSS,  >'.  [Eng.  in nefnl : -ness.]  The 
quality  or  stale  of  being  tuneful ;  melodious- 
ness. 

tune'-less,  '  tune-lesse,  a.  [Eng.  tnne; 
.le.^s.] 

1.  Unmusical,  inharmonious.  (Scott:  Itokehi/, 
i.  4.) 

2.  Not  employed  in  making  music;  not 
giving  out  musical  sounds. 

"  111  hand  my  tuneless  harp  I  t.ike.' 

tipenser :  Sonnet  iA. 

3.  Not  expressed  rhythmically  or  music- 
ally; xmexpressed  ;  silent;  without  voice  or 
utterance. 

tun'-er,  s.  [Eng.  /»7i(e),  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
tunes ;  specif.,  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
tune  musical  instruments. 


tung,  --■■     [Native  name.]    (Sec  coinptmnd.) 
tung-oll,  .^. 

Clu-m. :  A  slightly  acrid  oil  expressed  from 
the  nuts  i>f  various  species  of  Eheococca,  a 
native  of  Japan.  In  Japan  it  is  used  as  an 
article  of  food;  in  China  for  iwiinting  boats, 
furniture,  &c.,  and  in  the  Mauritius  for  burn- 
ing. 
*  tun-greve,  s-  [A.S.  tun  =  a  town,  and  greve 
=  a  reeve.]    A  town  reeve,  orbailifl'.    {Cowel.) 

tungs'-tate.  .^.    [Eng.  tungstiir);  -ate.] 
Cht'in.  :  A  salt  of  tungstic  acid. 
•[  Tungstate  of  iron,  tinigstate  of  iron  and 
manganese  =  Wolfram  ;    tungstate  of  lead  = 
Stvlzitr  ;  tungstate  of  lime  =  Scheelite. 

tung'-Sten.  s.     [Sw.  (»nys?t')t  =  heavy  stone; 
Ger.  scliirerstelnJ 

1.  Chcin.:  Wolfram.  A  hoxad  metallic  ele- 
ment, symb.,  W;  at.  wt.,  184;  sp.  gr.  17'4 ; 
found  as  ferrous  tungstate  in  tlie  mineral  wolf- 
ram, and  obtained  as  a  dark-gray  powder  by 
strongly  heating  tungstic  oxide  in  a  stream  of 
hydrogen.  It  is  a  white,  nearly  infusible 
metiil,  very  hard  and  brittle,  unaflected  by 
air  or  by  water  at  the  ordinary  temi>erature, 
insoluble  in  hydrochloric  and  dilute  sulphuric 
acids,  but  oxidized  by  concentrat-''!  suli'lmri.- 
acid,  and  by  nitric-acid.  It  fnnus  two  chissfs 
of  compounds,  in  which  it  is  (iua<lrivalent  and 
sexvalent  respectively. 

2.  Min.  :  The  same  as  Scheelite  (q.v.). 
tungsten-methyl,  s. 

i'hrm.:  W(CH:i)4,  Obtained  by  heating  a 
mixture  of  tungsten  and  methylic  iodide  at 
240°  in  a  sealed  tube  for  several  days.  It 
crystallizes  in  colourless  tables,  melting  at 
110^ 


[Eng.     tungsten;    -t'f.] 


tung  ~  sten  '  ic, 

Tungstic  (q.v.). 

tiing'-Stic,  a.  [Eng.  tungsf{en);  -ic]  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  tungsten  (qv.). 

tungstlc-acid,  s. 

1.  (7f-y/i.  ;  HM>"W(>:{.  Prepared  by  digesting 
native  calciuni  tungstate  in  nitric  or  hydro- 
chloric acid,  and  washing  out  the  soluble 
calcium  salt  with  water.  It  is  of  a  straw- 
yellow  colour,  is  insoluble  in  water  and  acids, 
but  dissolves  readily  in  solutions  of  the  lixed 
alkalis  and  in  ammonia. 

2,  Min.:  [Tungstite]. 
tungstic-chlorlde,  s. 

CItem.  :  WCl^-  Hexchloride  of  tungsten. 
Produced  by  heating  a  mixture  of  tungstic^ 
oxide  and  charcoal  in  a  current  of  chlorine. 
It  forms  dark  violet  scales,  having  a  bluish 
metallic  iridescence.  Its  vapour  has  a  reddish- 
brown  colour. 

tungstlc-dichloride,  j^. 

Cliem. :  WCls-  Obtained  by  heating  tungstic 
chloride  in  hydrogen  gas.  It  is  a  loose,  gray 
powder,  destitute  of  crystalline  structure, 
and  readily  decomposed  by  water. 

tungstic-ochre,  s.    [Tlngstite.] 
tungstic-oxide,  $. 

chein.:  WOj.  Trioxide  of  tungsten.  A 
yellow  powder  obtained  by  dissolving  tungstic 
aci'l  in  ammonia,  evaporating  to  diyness,  anil 
hciting  in  contact  with  air.  It  is  insoluble 
in  most  acids,  but  soluble  in  alkalis. 

tung'-Stite,  s.  [S\v.  t uufjst (en)=h(;ii\'y  stone  ; 
sutr.  -itc^Min.).] 

Mill.  :  A  mineral  occurring  mostly  as  an 
earthy  encrustation,  but  has  been  found  in 
distinct  cubic  crystals  at  St.  Leonard,  near 
Limoges,  France.  Colour,  bright  yellow  or 
yellowish- green.  Compos.  :  oxygen,  20'7  ; 
tungsten,  793  =  100,  with  the  fornuila  WO;t. 
Called  also  Tungstic  acid  and  Tungstic  ochre. 

tiing'-StOUS,  a,  [Eng. /»)if7sf(pH);  -ous.]  Per- 
taining to  tungsten. 

tungstous-oxide.  s. 

Chem. :  WOo.  Dioxide  of  tungsten.  A 
brown  powder  produced  by  exposing  tungstic 
oxide  to  hydrogen  at  a  temperature  imt  ex- 
ceeding dull-redness.  It  is  insoluVde  in  water 
and  acids,  and,  when  heated  in  the  air,  takes 
tire,  being  reconverted  into  tungstic  oxide. 

Tiux-gus'-ic,  a.  [Turanian  native  name.]  A 
term  apjdied  to  a  group  of  Turanian  tongues 
spoken  by  tribes  in  the  north-east  of  Asia. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t» 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    as,  ce  —  e ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tunhoof— tunnel 


2-J9 


Tlie  mn-it  ]»ifniiiiii'iit  rliiilect  is  the  MjuicIiu, 
si»)keTi  liy  the  tiibt^s  wli.i  coiiqmM'od  Chimi  in 
l('i44.  TliL'si'  t(»ii:4iirs  uri'  of  a  very  low  grado 
nt'tlevrlt'iniii'iit.  lia\  iii<:  iii>  verb,  atul  possess- 
ing' 11.'  .lisliiietitiu  ">f  imiubur  -""ul  person  iti 
their  prt-dicativc-  wonN.  * 

tun-hoof,  *  tun-hove,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.] 

7;H^  ;  A%y.r/.(  (,7m  ,'n  ;,//(.     [Alkhoof.J 

tu'-niC,   ^tU'-nick,   .*••.     [Lat.   /iniim=  an 
inMhr-^artiH'iit  «oi!i    by  both  sexes;    Fr.    In- 
iiiiine  ;  A..S.  tuiikr,  tinifcc  ;  Sp.  &  Purt.  tunica  ; 
Itiil.  toiiica,  tnnhn.] 
I.  Orilimn-fi  Lunriiiafje : 

1.  In  the  same  seiise  as  II.  3. 

2.  A  kind  of  hx.se  gaiHient  forHierly  worn 
by  liotli  sexes  of  nil  ages,  now  only  worn  by 
woTiuMi  and  boys.  It  is  iliawn  in  ;it  tlie  waist, 
and  does  not  reach  nineh  below  it. 

3.  A  military  coat. 
II.  Technicalbj: 

1.  Aiuit. :  A  membrane  which  eovers  some 
]iart  or  oisa".  i*^.  the  abdominal  (tniir,  the 
tunics  "pf  the  stoniacli,  the  eye,  &e. 

2.  Hot.  :  A  coat  ;  ;iny  loose  membranous 
skin  not  formed  fintu  irpidermis,  spee  : 

(1)  The  outer  covering  of  one  kind  of  bulb. 

ITl'NICATED    BfLB.) 

(2)  The  outer  and  inner  integuments  of  a 
seed,  the  former  called  the  external  and  the 
latter  the  internal  tunic. 

"Their  fruit  is  lixketl  iiii  all  winter  in  their  gems, 
anil  weUfeni'fil  with  neitiind  close  ?h»'cA«," — Ocrhaiu  : 
Phi/sicoTficolo;/}/-     iT-<lil.) 

3.  Class.  Aiifl'i.  :  A  very  ancient  form  <^'f 
garment  in  constant  use  anM)ng  the  Greeks 
(CiiiTos],  and  ultimately  adopted  by  the 
liouians.  The  Knni:ui  tunic  was  a  sort  oi 
shirt  woi'n  under  the  toga, 
and  biu'kled  louuil  tlie  waist 
by  a  girdle,  It  iv;((-licd  an 
inch  iir  two  brlow  th>'  knees, 
and  the  sleeves  were  so  slmit 
that  tliey  merely  covered  the 
shoulders  ;  for  nUhongU 
tunics  hanging  down  to 
the  ancles  (tuninr  tn- 
lures),  and  with  sleeves 
tending  to  the  wrists  and 
terminating  in  fringes  (tuni- 
catw  maiiicatn:  et  jimfirintfr) 
were  not  unknown  towards 
tlie  close  of  the  republic, 
they  were  always  reganleil 
as  indications  of  effeminate 
foppery.  Senators  alone  had 
the  light  of  wearing  a  tunic 
with  a  broad,  vertical  stripe 
of    purple   (latus    clarufi)    in 

front,  the  garment  being  hence  called  tiniica 
Int'ulavia  wJiile  the  tunic  of  the  Eqnites  was 
distinguished  by  a  narrow  stripe,  and  hence 
called  t)inir(t  aiigusticlavia. 

"  To  liiin  aeveii  tilents  of  pure  ore  I  told 
Twelve  tlo.iks,  twelve  vests,  twelve  fnnirs  stiff  with 
gold."  Pope:  Homer;  Orf^sscy  xxiv,  321. 

4.  ICccks.:  The  same  as  TusicLK,  2(q.v.). 

5.  Mil.  Antiq.  :  A  military  surcoat ;  the 
garment  worn  by  a  knight  over  his  armour. 

6.  ZooJ.  :  Two  integuments,  the  external 
and  the  internal  tunic,  covering  the  Tunicata, 
the  fuinier  is  generally  coriaceous  or  cartila- 
ginous, ;ind  called  also"  the  test;  the  latter  is 
of    muscidar 

libres.  [Trxi- 

CATA.) 

tu'  nic-ar-y, 

S.  \U\\'tinn- 
at  =a  tunic  ; 
ETig.   suit, 

Zool.  :  Any 
indivi<lual  of 
the  Tunicata 
(4- v.). 

tu-ni-ca-ta, 

s.  pi.  [Neut. 
pi.  of  Lat. 
tnnicatiis,  pa. 
par.  of  tuuico 
=  to  clothe 
with  a  tunic 
(q.v.).] 

Zonl. :  Sea-squirts  ;  a  gi-oup  of  animals  now 
usually  made  a  sub-kingdom,  with  one  class, 
Ascidioida,  containing  three  sub-orders,  or 
families,  of  which  Ascidia,  Salpa,  and  Pyro- 
soma  are  the  types.     They  are  all  marine,  and 


A.    LONCltTUDINAL.   B.   Tr.ANS\ 
Shi'liON    OK   A  TlMTATh 

■t  Atriiil  or  Excurrent  chiu 
Branc-liinl  b.ic  ;  'j  i;ill  hHIh 
math  :  C  Test;  r  iSliiaLuh.r 
ni-iJitle.  The  iim^w-t  imht 
direction  of  the  ciuieuts. 


are  protected  by  a  leathery  elastic  integument, 
or  tunic,  which  takes  the  place  uf  a  shell. 
N»nic  attains  a  length  of  more  than  a  fewinelies, 
and  some  are  minute  and  almost  mierosco])ic. 
They  have  no  distinct  head,  and  m>  separate 
organs  of  prehension  or  locomotion.  They 
pnssess  an  alimentary  canal  suspencled  within 
the  integument;  the  mouth  opens  into  a  large 
chandler  which  usually  occupies  the  greater 
part  of  the  cavity  of  the  mantle,  and  which  is 
known  as  the  respiratory  sac,  or  branchial 
sac,  its  walls  are  perforated  by  inuuerous 
apertures.  This  sac  opens  inti*  the  (esoi)hagus, 
which  is  followed  by  the  stomach  and  intes- 
tine coiled  upon  itself,  and  terminating  in  the 
cloaca,  which  opens  near  to  the  month.  The 
heart  consists  of  a  simple  contractile  tube, 
ojien  at  both  ends.  The  nervous  system  con- 
sists of  a  single  ganglion,  situated  at  one  side 
of  the  mouth.  All  the  Tuniaita  are  free  dur- 
ing the  earlier  portion  of  their  existence  ;  at  a 
later  period  most  are  fixed  ;  some  are  simple, 
while  others  present  various  degrees  of  com- 
bination ;  and,  with  few  exceptions,  the  sexes 
are  combined  in  a  single  individual.  They 
forru  a  connecting  link  between  the  Vertebrata 
and  the  Invertebrate,  friuu  the  fact  that  many 
of  them  in  the  larval  state  are  furnished  with 
a  notoehord,  which  atinphies  in  the  adult. 
Kay  Lankester  (/>-;/' i/i'/f(/(0)i,  p.  41)  considers 
them  "degenerate  vertebrata.  standing  in  the 
same  relatiun  to  lislus,  frogs,  and  men,  as  do 
the  barnaehs  tn  sliriuiits,  crabs,  and  lobsters." 

tu'-ni  cate,  .•^.  &  a.    [Ti'nkata.] 

A.  A:<  siihst.  :  Any  individual  of  the  order 
Tuiiieat;i. 

B.  Aii  mlj.  :  The  smne  as  Ttnicateo  (q-v.). 

tu'-ni'Cat-ed,  c    [Ti-nicata.] 

lint.  ti.  Znnl. :  Having  a  tunic  or  coat ; 
covered  with  a  tunic. 

tunicated'bulb.    \  i\ 

r..-f.  :  A  bull)  uf  wliirli 
the  outer  scales  are  Ihin 
and  nLembranous,  and 
cohere  in  the  form  of  a 
distinct  covering,  as  in 
the  hyacinth  aiul  oni(.in. 

tu'-ni -^in,  .■*.  [Lat.  fxnt- 
f(a)  =  an  under  garment ; 
sutf.  -in.] 

Chem.  :  CkHioO.^.  A 
substance  extracted  from 
tlie  mantle  of  the  Ascidia 
by  successive  treatment 
with  watrr,  alcohol,  ether,  acids,  and  alkalis. 
It  is  a  colourless  mass,  and  exhibits  most  of 
the  characteristirs  of  cellulose. 

tun'-l-cle,  .■^.      [<^.   Fr..   from   Lat.    tunlcnkt, 
dimin.  from  tniiim  =a  tunie  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  small  and  delicate  natural  covering ;  a 
tine  integnnieut. 

"The  snid  medicine  likewise  is  good  for  to  extend 
mid  dil.ite  the  tiinirl'-.'i  thiit  iiiiilte  the  Imll  or  apple  of 
the  eye."—/'.  Ilnlhiiul :  I'lhiie.  hk.  xxv.,  ch.  xiil. 

2.  Errle^f.  :  A  close-litting  vestment  formerly 
worn  by  deacons,  now  worn  by  bishops  under 
the  dalmatic,  and  by  .sub-deacons.  It  is  not 
so  long  as  a  dalmatic  and  has  narrower  sleeves. 
Sometimes  called  a  tunic. 

tun-ins,  V-  ?^'"-.  ^-i  ^  ^-    (Tune,  v.] 

A.  lV;  B,  As  jn-.  ^lor.  .f-jinritcfj).  adj. :  (Sec 
tlic  verb). 

C.  As  stihst. :  The  art  or  operation  of  adjust- 
ing a  musical  instrument  so  that  tlie  various 
sounds  nifty  be  all  at  due  intervals,  and  the 
scjile  of  the  instrument  brought  into  as  correct 
a  state  as  possible. 

tuning-fork,  $. 

Music:  An  instrumerit  of  steel,  consisting 
of  two  prongs  branching  from  a  short  handle, 
which,  when  setin  vibration,  gives  a  musical 
not#.  It  was  invented  bv  John  Shore,  Ko^al 
Trumpeter,  in  ISU.  though  the  iiitcb"  of 
forks  varies  slightly  ^vith  changes  cif  tempera- 
ture, or  by  rust,  &e.,  they  are  the  most  accu- 
rate means  of  determining  pitcli.  They  are 
capable  of  being  made  of  any  pitch  within 
certain  limits,  but  those  most  commonly  used 
are  the  notes  A  and  C,  giving  the  sounds  re- 
presented by  the  second  and  thinl  spaces  in 
the  treble  stave.  The  a  ibration-nuuiber  of 
tlie  note  C  varies  from  51S  (French  diapason- 
linniial)  and  .52S  (Scheibler-Inediuni)  In  :.40 
and  .'.44  (I'hilbarmonie). 

tuning-hammer,  tuning  key. 


TrNltATED    niLB 
AND  SECTION. 


MUS: 


An  instrument  consisting 


shanl 


of  metal  with  a  croHs-haiuIU'  of  woimI  or 
metal.  Thccml  r.f  it  is  bolbtwcd  .so  a^  t..  In 
on  the  emls  of  the  tuning-pins  uf  piaiiofoitcs, 
harps,  tS:c.,  and  by  it  these  instruments  arc 
tuned  by  increa.sing  or  decTeasing  the  tension 
of  the  strings.  Called  also  a  wrench  or 
wrest. 

tuning  pin,  >-. 

Miisiv:  A  movable  pin,  around  the  upper 
end  of  which  the  string  of  a  pianoforte,  harp, 
SiC,  is  twisted,  the  other  end  of  the  string 
[Kissing  round  a  tixed  pin.  The  instrument  i* 
tuned  by  turning  the  tuning-pins  with  a 
tuning-hainnier. 

Tu-nis'-i-an,  n.  Ar   .    [Se«  def.] 

A.  .-!>  ixlj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Tunis,  a 
town  and  state  in  North  Africa,  or  its  in- 
habitants. 

B.  As  sabst. :  A  native  or  inliabitant  of 
Tunis. 

tiin'-ker,  .s-.    [Ger.  /m»/,c».  =  to  dip.) 

Chun-li  Hi^l.:  Another  form  »f  the  word 
Dunker.     [  iMxivKUs.] 

tiin'-nage  (agasig),  s.    [Tonsack.] 

^  Tunnnijr  &  [toMnilage  : 

Hist. :  Duties  r)n  every  tun  of  wine  and 
pound  of  goods  either  imported  into  or  ex- 
ported from  England,  They  liegan  about  a.d. 
134S,  and  were  equivalent  to  the  present  cus- 
toms. They  were  granted  for  life  to  several 
kings,  beginning  with  Edward  IV.  It  was  om- 
grave  cause  of  tlie  quarrel  between  Charles  I. 
and  his  sulijects  that  in  1628  he  levied  tunnage 
and  poundage  by  his  own  arbitrary  authority. 
Tliey  were  abolished  by  '27  Geo.  III.  e.  1:J, 
passed  in  ITtiT. 

tun'-nel,  *  tun-nell,  «.    fo.  Fr.  tnnue!  (Fr. 

tonneuu)  ■=  a  tun,  a  cask,  dimin.  from  toiiiif  =■ 
a  tun  (q.v.)  ;  ef.  Fr.  tonndle  =  a  lound-toi'ped 
arbour,  an  alley  with  arched  top.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  A  cask  or  similar  vessel. 
'  2.  A  funnel  (q.v.). 

"  In  the  tnidet  of  complicntioii  and  iiitric.icy,  hi*- 
evident  and  certiun,  :«  la  the  iiii|inrjitii3  of  cocks. 
I'lpe^t.  tutim-lK,  for  trHimrerring  tlie  uider  from  one 
vessel  to  another." — Paley :  A'at.  Theol.,  cIl  xv. 

3.  The  sliatt  of  a  chimney;  a  Hue,  a. 
chimney. 

"  One  great  chiinuey,  whose  long  funnel  tlieuce 
The  suiuak  forth  threw."     tipeiiscr :  F.  (j.,  II.  ix.  29. 

4.  A  tunnel-net  (q.v.). 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Engin. :  A  horizontal  or  slightly  iucliiierl 
gallery  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground  ; 
generally  used  for  an  aqueduct  or  for  the 
passage  of  a  railway,  roadway,  or  canal.  lu 
the  construction  uf  railroads  it  is  frequently 
necessary  to  pierce  the  hills,  so  as  to  preserve 
a  line  of  road  as  nearly  level  as  practicable. 
The  method  of  proceeding  with  tunnelling, 
depends  mainly  upon  the  kind  of  material 
to  be  excavated.  This  having  been  generally 
ascertained  by  borings  and  trial  shafts,  the 
work  is  commenced  by  sinking  the  winking 
shafts,  which  must  bo  sufficiently  capacious 
to  adnnt  readily  of  lowering  men  and  mate- 
rials, raising  the  material  excavated,  tixing 
jtumps,  and  also  for  sUirting  the  heading  of 
the  intended  tunnel  when  the  required  depth 
is  reached.  Besides  the  trial  and  working 
shafts,  air-shafts  are  sunk  for  the  purjiose  ot' 
etfecting  ventilation  in  the  works  below. 
Tunnels  when  not  driven  through  solid  rock 
have  usually  an  arched  roof,  and  are  linetfe 
with  brickwork  or  masonry. 

2.  Mining:  A  level  passage  driven  across^ 
the  measures  or  at  right  angles  to  the  veins 
which  it  is  its  object  to  reach.  Thus  distin- 
guished from  the  drift  or  gangway,  which  is. 
ied  along  the  vein  wheji  reached  V)y  the  tunnel. 

tunnel-borer,  .^. 

Kiufiit. :  A  lam,  operated  by  comprcsscf 
air,  lor  making  exca\ations  through  mck. 

tunnel-head,  >^.  The  cylindrical  chimney 
at  the  top  ;  ur,  as  it  is  often  called,  the  nioutli 
of  the  blast-furnace. 

tunnel-kiln,  f^. 

I.ihif-hurn.  :  A  kiln  in  which  lime  is  burnt 
by  coal ;  n«  contradistinguished  Irom  a  tlaine- 
IcUn.  in  which  wood  is  used. 

tunnel-net,  s. 

F's/i.;  A  net  with  a  wide  mouth  and  nar- 
rowing in  its  length. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
~clan«  -tlan  —  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  ^hfi"     -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  shiis.    -ble,  -die.  .^c.  =  bel,  deU 


210 


tunnel— turbillion 


tunnel  shaft,  tunnel  pit,  <. 

F.iKji'i. :  A  sliiil't  liii,,'  fioiii  II  •iiirfaco  to  incct 
:i  liitiiifl  ut  a  |K)iiit  U-twi't'ii  its  niiitj. 

iftn-n^l,  r.f.  &  i.    [Tunnel,  s.] 

A.  Tmiititife : 

1.  To  form  cut  or  drive  n  tiinnfl  throii^li  or 
umliT. 

2.  To  funn    like  a  tiiniu-l  ;    to  liollow   in 

X  To  cat rl I  In  tuiiuel<m'ts. 
S.  lutntiLt.:  To  funn,  ciil,or<lriv<>a  liiiiiitl : 
as.  To  •Nunet  iiiiUer  (he  Kn^llsli  cliatnul. 

t;^-nj^,  s.     ITiivsNi's.) 

Jihthij.  :  Tlifintiiis  thiiniiu*,  tlip  Itest  known 
.md  most  iiiinoitaiit  spceii'S  of  its  ^(?nns, 
alttiti'laiil  in  tlic  Mi^lrti-rmncaii,  anil  raii^inj; 
to  tilt'  sotitli  coast  of  Kn^'lauil  uii<l  Ta^maiiiii. 
lUu\y  thick,  ihirk  bhiPalMive.  ^ji-jiyish  ln'neath  ; 
hcaii  largo  and  conical,  one-littli  llie  length  of 
the  IkmIj'  ;  pectoral  lln  long,  rearljing  nt-nrly 
to  vuil  of  dorsal,  the  spines  of  which  are 
rather  short;  tail  so  widely  forked  as  to  be 
almost  crescentie.  Specimens  ten  feet  long, 
atid  wei^'hing  1,000  lbs.,  have  been  taken, 
but  tish  of  half  t  hat  size  are  coimidered 
lariie.  The  llesli,  which  is  pink,  is  highly 
I'sttemed,  either  fresh  nr  preserved,  and  the 
tinned  thoH  iiuiriiif  llmts  a  I'eady  sale  in  Kii^- 
l.ind.  where  the  fresh  tish  is  not  obtainable. 
■Silted  tiuiny,  called  sul.S'UiirnUini  was  much 
esteemed  by  the  Romans  (,V<u^,  X.  xlviii.  I*_'). 
Tunny  are  usually  cjiptured  in  the  Mediter- 
niiHvin  in  funnel-like  nets,  the  tish  entering 
The  wide  mouth,  an^l  being  diiven  to  the 
narrow  end,  where  they  are  killed  with  lances 
and  harpoons.  The  Anieincan  Tunny,  T.  .w- 
inndo-thrmlis,  nearly  black  above,  silvei'y 
on  the  sidi-s.  white  beneath,  and  somewhat 
lai-ger  tliau  the  eommoii  sjiecies,  is  found  on 
the  coasts  of  New  York  and  northwards  to 
Nova  Scotia.  It  is  eommercially  important, 
not  only  as  a  fond-tlsh,  but  for  the  oil  it 
yields,  twenty  gallons  being  often  obtained 
Iron)  a  single  lish. 

tiipt  ■■■'.    [Proli.  akin  tofop  ;  cf.  Low  Gcr.  ivpjvn, 
fo/,peii  =  to  push,  to  butt.]    A  ram. 

".\nd  it  miglit  iw  n  (u//ii  heat!,  for  they  were  in 
*eMtm."—Sc>tt:  fiab  fioy,  t-h.  xxtv, 

tnp-raan,  ■>■.  One  who  breeds  or  deals  in 
rams. 

tup,  r.t.  &  i.    [Trp,  s.] 

A.  Tramitive: 

1.  To  butt,  as  a  ram.    (Prov.) 

2.  To  cover,  as  a  ram. 

"All  old  binck  nun 
!«  tupping  your  wliit«  ewe."     Skakesp. :  OthcJlo,  i,  1. 

B.  IntruM.  :  To  butt,  as  a  ram ;  to  cover 

**\ves. 

■■  And  while  thy  rania  iloe  (up.  thy  ewes  do  twyii. 
Doe  tlioii  In  i>v»ccftill  nhiute  (from  im-u'srude  djni) 
Adde  iiiiiyniit  Ui  thy  fume." 

Urutciic:  To  M'lut.r  »'.  Broioir. 

tu'-p%,  s.     (The  unuie  given  by  the  Indians  of 
riiili  to  a  plant  of  the  genus  Tupa.] 

Hot.  :  A  genus  of  Lobelea;.  Tall  lierbs  or 
nndershrubs,  with  irregular  purple,  scarlet, 
yellow,  or  greenisli  flowers.  Tii}hi  Fenilhrl, 
a  Chili  ]»Iant,  yields  a  dangerous  poison.  The 
root  is  chewed  t*)  relieve  toothache. 

tu-pai'-a,  s.  [I^itinised  from  Malay  name.] 
Zi'i.l. :  Grouiid-s(piiiT<d  ;  the  type-genus  of 
TnjKiiidit  (q.v.),  with  suven  species ;  most 
abundant  in  the  Malay  Islands  and  Indo- 
Chinese  countries,  but  »me  species  is  found  in 
the  Kbasia  Mountains  and  one  in  the  ICastern 
<^hauts,  near  Marlias.  The  speci&s  closely 
lesemble  each  father  in  general  appearance, 
'lifl'ering  c-hiefly  in  the  size  and  the  colour  and 
length  of  the  ("nr.  Ne:irlyall  have  long  bushy 
tails  like  sqiiiiTcls. 

tu-pai'-i-dae,  s.  pK     [Mod.    Tjit.   tiipa!(a); 
I-at.  few.  pi.  adj.  siill'.  -UUh:] 

1.  /Cool.  :  A  family  of  Insectlvora,  with  two 
genera,  Tiipaia  and  Ptiloeereus,  to  which 
some  authorities  add  a  third,  Hylomys. 
S^piirreMike  shrews,  with  bushy  tails,  jmr- 
ttally  arboreal,  but  .ilso  fee-iing  oii  the  gronnd 
and  .imong  low  buslies.  P.-ita;;inm  absent; 
limbs  -short. and  robust.  They  are  especially 
^lalayau,  with  outlying  S])eeies  in  northern 
and  continental  India. 

2.  Pnhvfmt.:  Oxygontphus,  from  the  Ter- 
tiary deposits  of  Germany,  is  believed  to  be- 
bmg  to  this  family  ;  as  is  Omomys,  from  the 
Pliiicene  of  the  United  States. 


tn'-p£-16,  -*.     (Native  Indian  name.] 

'  '".i(i»;i.  ;  The  woo«l  of  the  trees  of  the  genus 
Nyssa  (c|.v.)  and  the  trees  themselves.  The 
wo(mI  is  diltknlt  to  split,  it.s  fibres  being  mnch 
interwoven.     It  is  of  little  value. 

tU  quo'-quS,  phr.  |Lat.  =  thon  also.]  An 
answer  or  argiimeul  in  which  the  jierson  as- 
sjiiled  retort.s  with  the  same  or  a  similar 
charge  upon  the  assailant.  Used  also  adjoc- 
tively,  as  a  tu  quoquc  argument. 


tur. 


ITOOR.] 


tU~ra-9me,   «.     [Mod.     Lat.    (Hrav(o);   -ine 

Chem. :  A  red  pigment  found  in  the  wing- 
feathers  of  the  Touracos.  (Corvthaix,  T<h'- 
RACO.J  It  is  extracted  by  means  of  dilute 
alkalis,  from  wliich  it  may  be  precipitated 
by  acids.  It  diflers  from  all  other  natural 
pignient.s  in  containing  copiiei-  to  the  amount 
of.'>*0  per  cent.,  whieh  cannot  be  separated 
without  destroying  the  iiigment.  The  spec- 
tnnn  of  turacine  has  two  Mack  absorjition 
bands. 

tu-ra-ni'-ra,  s.  [Guianan  name.]  (See  com- 
pound.) 

ttiranira-wood,  .^. 

Pot.  ,i-  Comm. :  The  wood  of  the  bastard 
bully-tree  of  Guiana,  PtnneUa  retiisa. 

Tii-ra'-ni-an,  n.     IFrmn  Turan.]    [Aryas.] 

Ph'dnl.:  A  term  applied  to  one' of  the  great 

classes  into  wliich  liunian  speech  has  been 

ilivided.     It  is  also  ealled  Altaic,  Scythian, 

Agglutinate,  .and  Ptilysynthettc. 

"The  teiii,  r,. ,,„;,,„  ,,,ii,t  i„.  .■oiifnicd  to  those 
Ui:ro-Alt;iii  i  i  .  ,  ■  ■  i  i  !,  ■(  seeins  tu  iiie.  have 
lifetii  provi-  I        ~  ■  (.■  lie  relnted  to  one 

iiiiuther  (i-'-tp  ii.iiii-'  11  'III  I  nil. ■ml  '.III  the  one  side  ti> 
i\Mic\\WYV\  un  tljeotliti).  —SdUfr:  Com  pa  rat  ire  I'hilo- 
to<H/.  \K  21. 

tu'-ritt,  s.     [Native  name.] 

/o.,/.  ;  The  Hare  Kangaroo  (.|. v.). 

tur -"ban,  *tol-i-bant,  'tu-li-bant, 
*tu-ii-pant,  tur -band,  tur-bant, 
tur-ban-to,   tur  ri-bant,  'tur-bond. 

<.  IFr.  tinl>"ut,  tarh,ni,  tolopaii,  (>irh„n,  from 
Ital.  ti'ilmntt  =  a  turban,  from  Turk,  tiilhciul, 
vulgar  pr(m.  of  (hilhcnd  =  a.  turban,  from 
Pers.  dulband,  from  Hind.  duU}and=.a  tur- 
baud.]  [Ti^LiK] 
I.  Ordinary  Langttage : 

I.  A  wrapper  worn  round  the  head  by 
Orientals.  Turbans  are  an  extremely  ancient 
fomi  of  head-coveiing,  and  consist  of  long 
pieces— sometimes  several  yards — of  line  linen, 
muslin,  silk,  taffeUi,  or  tine  woollen  material, 
which  is  twisted  and  coiled  round  tlie  liead  in 
a  cushion-like  form.  They  are  worn  by  all 
classes,  both  indoors  and  out  of  doors.  In 
Turkey,  tui'bans  vary  in  size  and  material 
according  to  the  ocenpation,  rank,  nr  country 
of  the  wearer.  Learned  men  affect  a  full, 
white  turban  ;  the  descendants  of  Muhammad 
always  wear  a  dark  green  turban,  and  the 
Chiistians  of  Lebanon  wear  a  gracefully  folded 
white  turban.  8onie  of  the  Eastern  peoples 
adopt  striped,  coloured  silks,  with  fringes, 
jilacing  several  fezzes  one  over  the  other,  mak- 
ing a  cumbersome,  conical  mound,  and  round 
these  they  wrap  silken  scarves.  In  Turkey, 
the  red  fez,  with  a  tassel  of  dai'k-blue  silk, 
has  been  extensively  adopted,  especiallyainong 
the  upper  classes  and  on  the  sea-coasts.  In 
India,  the  use  of  the  turban  is  being  rapidly 
discoutinueil  by  the  higher  classes,  wlio  have 
adopted  in  its  place  a  briniless  cap,  which  is 
frequently  enriched  by  embroidery  of  gold, 
silver,  or  silken  threads  on  coloured  velvet. 

"And  some  hnd  a  piece  of  white  or  leather-coloured 
cloth  wuiiiid  alwut  the  heA<l  like  a  sinaU  turban. 
wliioh  our  peoHe  thought  more  becoming."— Coo*; 
rirst  Voimgc.  hk.  i.,  ch.  xx. 

*  2.  A  kind  of  head-dress  worn  by  ladies. 

II.  /no/. :  The  whole  set  of  whorls  of  a 
shell.     {r.ou,lri':h  ,f-  porter.) 

"■  turban-crowned, ".  Wearing  a  turban. 
turban-shell,  s. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  in  America  for  an 
echinus  deprived  of  its  spines.    {Dana.) 

turban-stone,  ■•.  A  carved  representa- 
tion of  a  turban,  usually  placed  over  tomb- 
stones in  Jlnhammadan  cemeteries. 

"A  headstone  which,  it  it  is  not  the  titrban-stone 
that  IS  iiBimUy  found  in  Turkish  toniba  of  iDodeni 
date,  is  iniiitt  -fingiilaily  like  iV—F^rgitu-m:  Eudc 
Sfnni-  Mo)iu»ic>its,  {I,  4iH. 


turban  top,  <:. 

Hot.:  A  ])o]nilar  name  for  a  fungus  of  the 
genus  Helvella. 

•  tur'-band,  s.    [Ti-rban.] 

tur'-baned»  a.    [Kus.  turb(m  ;  -ed.]    Wearing 
a  turban. 
■'  Where  Phidias  toiled,  the  turbaned  spoiler)*  lirood. ' 
Praed :  AthviiK 

tur -ban-less,  n.    IKng.  tnrhan;  -Uss.]    De- 
stitute of  or  not  wearing  a  turban. 

"Tlifii  we  saw  a  vision  «f  a  brown  turbnnlew  head 
nl  tile  back  of  tlic  verandah."— /'«-W,  Oct,  15,  188". 

tur'-bar-y,    ' tur'-bar-ie,   s.     [Low   Lat. 
Inrharin.]     [Tl'rf,  s.] 

1.  Ord.  iMi'g.:  J  plaoe  where  turf  is  dug. 

"The animal  is  nndnnhtcdly  ffHiiui  in  the  tiirbarh's 
of  Britain."— Mi M>t(iM .-  Karl;/  Man  in  Itritain,  ch.  vili. 

2.  lM\r  :  The  right  of  digging  tuif  on  another 
man's  land. 

"Common  of  turbary  ia  a  li))erty  of  digenig  tmf 
upon  another  man's  gi-oimci.  '—Ulackxtonc :  Commvtit.. 
hk.  ii.,  th.  3. 

tur-bel-lar'-i-a,  s.  pi     [Mod.  Lat.,  from 

t»rho{q.v.).] 

Zool.  :  An  order  of  Platebninthes ;  flat 
worms  of  low  firganization,  ribl»)n-sh;ipeil, 
leaf-shaped,  oval,  broarl,  or  long,  inhabiting 
fresh  or  salt  water,  or  damp  localities  on  land. 
The  smallest  are  not  larger  than  some  of  the 
Infusoria,  which  they  approach  in  ajipearance, 
while  the  largest  are  many  feet  long.  Only 
one  genus,  Alaurina,  is  divided  into  distinct 
segments,  and  the  outer  surface  of  the  body 
is  eveiywhere  beset  with  vibratile  cilia.  The 
aperture  of  the  mouth  is  sometimes  situated 
at  the  anterior  end  of  the  body,  sometimes  in 
the  middle,  or  towards  the  posterior  end  of  its 
ventral  face.  In  many  the  oral  aperture  is 
surronn<led  by  a  flexible  muscular  lip,  which 
sometimes  takes  the  form  of  a  ]trotiusile 
proboscis.  All  have  water-vessels,  opruing 
externally  by  ciliated  pores,  ami  pseud-hieinal 
vessels  ;  most  possess  eyes,  and  some  have 
auditoiy  sacs.  Some  are  monwcious,  and 
others  dioRCions  ;  in  most  the  embryo  passes 
by  insensible  gradations  into  the  form  of  the 
adult,  but  some  undergo  a  rcmarliable  meta- 
morphosis. The  Turbellaria  are  variously 
divided  by  different  authors.  Huxley  diviibs 
them  into  Aproeta  (having  no  anal  apirtnre) 
and  Proctucha  (having  an  anal  aperture).  Tlie 
first  group  contains  the  Rlialidoccela  and 
Dendrocoela  of  other  authors ;  the  second  is 
equivalent  to  the  Ehynchocu^la  or  Neinertea 
(q.v.). 

tur-bel-lar'-i-an,  s.  &  a.     [Turbellaria.] 

A.  .-15  sidist. :  Any  individual  of  the  Turbel- 
laria (q.v.). 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Turbel- 
laria (q.v.). 

turbellarian- worms,  ".  pi. 

Zv,!. :   I'he  Turbellaria  (q.v.). 


tur'-beth, 


[TURPETH.] 


tur' -bid,  *  tur-bide,  a.  [Lat.  tnrhidvs, 
from  turho=to  disturlj  ;  Sji.  turbido;  Ital. 
torbido.] 

1.  Having  the  lees  disturbed;  hence,  muddy, 
discoloured,  thick,  not  clear;  foul  with  ex- 
traneous mat:ter. 

"  Whither,  thou  turbid  wave  ? 
Whither,  with  so  iiiuch  haste?" 

l,oiiff/i-ilow :  The  Il'apc. 

2.  Vexed,  unquiet,  disturbed. 

"I  had  divers  tits  of  melancholy,  and  such  turbid 
intervals  that  use  to  attend  close  prisoners." — Howell  : 
LeCtet-g.  bk.  ii,,  let.  30. 

*  tur-bid'-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  turhid;  -ify.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  turbid  ;  turbidness. 

tur'-bid-ly,  ndv.     [Eng.  turhid;  -hj.^ 
1.   In  a  turbid  manner;  muddily. 
•  2.  Proxidly,  haughtily. 

'"  A  pel-son  of  small  loevit  is  anxiously  jealous  of 
iuiput^itions  on  his  honour,  liecause  he  knows  liis  title 
is  weak ;  one  of  great  merit  turbidhi  resents  them, 
because  he  knows  his  title  is  ati-ong.'— i'ouui?.-  Esti- 
mation of  Unman  Lije. 

tur'-bid-ness,  5.  [Eng.  tnrhxd  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  turbid  ;  muddiness, 
thickness. 

*tur-bil'-lion  (Ii  as  y),  s.  [Fr.  tourbillo)ij 
diuiiu.  from  Lat.  turbo,  genit.  turbinU  =  a 
whirlwind.]    A  voitex,  a  whirl. 

"  Each  of  them  is  a  suu.  moving  «u  its  oym  axis,  in 
the  centre  of  its  own  vertex  or  tHrbillion."~St«flc: 
.Sjiei-raeor,  No,  472. 


rite,  fat,  fbxe,  amidst,  what.  faU.  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  son:  mute.  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cir.  rule,  fuU;  try. 


pine,  pit,  s'ire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e ;  cy  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


turbinaceous— Turcoman 


211 


tur-bin  a  -9e-oilis  (■>!  9eous  as  sliue).  "■ 

[1,1. W   L;\\.   l'(','"(  rj^  tiUl.i      <ll    i-I    l.rlU'-'iiliy  I'l 

j't'ut  or  tui'l';  tuify,  pfuiy.  f 

'■  The  rwU  tui-biiMWout  liavuiir."— ifco"  ."  iX-  Itonaii's 
MVU,  i.  -JiO. 

tur'-bin-ate,  tur'-bin-at-ed,    a.      [l-"t. 
lurli",  ^I'liit.  ff(«7<i/(i.s  =  a  whirlwiml,  a  t>->\>.\ 
I.   (hilimdii  Ltut'Jtioijf  : 

1.  SliJiiRHl  likr;  a  \vliipi>iug-top. 

2.  Whirlini!  in  the  iiianuer  of  a  top. 

■•l,«t  m.-ciiHiii^m  h«re  make  iui  exrerimeiit  of  it* 
iMiWcr  mill  urtHluce  ii  s|ili)il  and  tufbiuatrd  iiiotlMU  of 
tlie  rthule  muv«l  Iniily  without  ;ui  exteiual  diructvr." 
—/{••utte^ :  S'-'i'moii  i. 

II.   IWhiikally : 

1.  y^/. :  Having  the  figure  of  a  tnp.     [Toi-- 

SHAl'ED.] 

2.  Zool. :  Resembling  the  shell  of  Turbo 
i^l.y.) ;  spirally  cuuical,  with  a  roinul  base. 

"All  irreguhiv  contortion  of  a  turbiifiUti  shell, 
which  foiuiuou  eyes  ytiss  uiireKsiitleil,  will  ten  times 
treble  its  price  iu  the  imagination  of  pliilusoithei-*."'— 
JdU-r.  So.  50. 

turbinated-bones,  ^^  pi. 

A  nut.:  Sjiuiigy  bones,  having  many  air 
ovities,  so  as  to  give  them  a  spongy  appear- 
ance. They  are  found  in  the  interior  of  tlie 
nose,  have  an  oblnng  figure,  sharp  at  the 
point,  ami  constitute  tlie  superior  and  in- 
ifi'iov  i>arts  of  the  ethmoid  bone. 

■  tur'-bin-ate,  r.i.     [Turbinate,  a.]    To  re- 
v.lvr  Ukr  a  t-'p  ;  to  spin,  to  whirl. 

•  tur-bin-a  -tion,  ^.     (Turbinate,   v.]    The 
ael  or  stilts  of  spinning  or  whirling  like  a  top. 

■■Tlie>  hatl.^most  pei-fect  acnniescence  iuthut  their 
tiubinufioit.  '^.tllettne :  St'rmons,  \iU  i.,  i'.  124. 

tur'-bine,  s.    [Lat.  ^tcfeo,  geuit  turbuiis  ~a 
wliiihviml,  a  to]).] 

Mirh. :  A  t«rm  foniierly  contin>-d  to  hiniz-ni- 
tal  water-wheels,  the  revolution  of  whiili  is  <]  tit* 
to  the  ]>ressure  derived  from  falling  water,  but 
now  applifd  generally  to  any  wheel  driven  by 
wat'f  .-s.'apiiig  through  small  orilices  subject 
ti'smh  im-ssurt.  The  turbine  was  invented 
by  Fourneyrou  in  1S28,  anil  the  first  one 
was  made  in  IS-JT.  In  the  original  form 
the  water  enters  at  the  centre,  and,  di\erging 
from  it  in  every  direction,  then  enters  all  the 
buckets  simultaneously,  and  passes  off  at  tlie 
external  circumference  of  the  wheel.  The 
pressure  with  which  the  water  acts  on  the 
btickets  of  the  levoiving  wlieel  is  iu  propor- 
tion to  the  vertical  colunui  of  water,  or 
height  of  the  fall,  aud  it  is  conducted  into 
these  bui'kets  by  fixed  curved  girders  secured 
upon  a  jdatform  within  the  circle  of  the  re- 
volving part  of  the  niachiue.    The  efflux  of 


the  water  is  regulated  by  a  hollow  cylindrical 
sluice,  to  which  stops  are  fixed,  wliich  act 
together  between  the  guides,  and  are  raised 
or  lowi'reil  by  serews  tliat  comnuiiiicate  with 
a  gnvenror,  so  that  the  opening  of  the  slni'-e 
and  stojis  may  l>e  enlarged  or  reduced  in  pro- 
portion as  the  velocity  of  the  wheel  requires 
to  be  accelerated  or  retarded.  The  varieties 
of  the  turbine  are  very  numerous.  In  the 
central  dischaige  tmbine  the  buckets  expose 
their  concavities  outward  to  receive  the  im- 
pitct  of  the  water  from  the  suiTounding 
<_'hut^s.  In  tlie  Jonval  turbine  the  water  is 
received  above  and  the  discharge  is  down- 
ward, that  is,  parallel  to  the  axis  of  rotation. 
In  the  other  forujs  the  water  is  introduced  at 
the  outside  aud  takes  a  curved  course,  dis- 
chaiging  downward  ;  or,  being  introduced 
from  the  centre,  is  curved  downward ;  or  a 
turbine  above  delivei's  the  water  into  a  tur- 
bine below,  rotating  in  a  different  direction  ; 
or  several  turbines  on  one  shaft  rer-elve  water 


fiom  a  series  of  chutes,  so  that  one  or  more 
wlieels  may  be  used,  as  expedient.  The  axis 
may  be  horizontal,  or,  the  axis  being  vertical, 
tht-  water  may  be  received  fivm  below.  Tur- 
biii.  s  are  divided  into  high  and  low  pressure, 
the  former  being  relatively  small,  revolving 
at  a  high  rate  and  ilriven  by  elevated  heads  of 
water.  Tlie  low  pressure  turbines  are  rela- 
tively larger,  contain  a  larger  voUinie,  and 
run  at  a  slower  rate.  In  the  Black  Forest, 
turbines  are  running  with  heads  of  seventy- 
two  and  3J4  feet,  aud  having  diameters  of 
twenty  and  tliirteen  inches  respectively. 
Low  i>i*essure  turbines  are  doing  good  duty 
with  large  volumes  of  water  having  only 
nine  inches  head. 

tur-bi-nel'-la,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.,  diinin.  from 

Lilt,  turbo  (q.v.).J 

Zool,  it  Palwont. :  A  genus  of  Muricida', 
witli  seventy  ret;ent  species,  widely  distributed 
in  tropical  and  sub-tropical  regions.  Shell 
thick,  spire  short;  columella  with  several 
transverse  folds  ;  operculum  claw-shaped. 
[Shank-shell.]  Fossil  species,  seventy,  from 
the  Miocene  onward. 

tur-bin'-i-dsa,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  turbo,  genit. 
tarhiniis);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sufl".  -idee.] 

1.  Ziii'l.  :  A  family  of  Ilolostomatous  Gas- 
t.-ropiida,  with  sfVeriU  genera,  feeding  ou  sea- 

w i,    and    widely    distributed,     mostly    in 

troi'ieal  and  subtropical  seas.  Sliell  spiral, 
turbinated,  or  pyramidal;  operculum  calca- 
nous  and  paueispiral,  or  horny  and  niulti- 
si)iral.  Animal  with  a  short  proboscis,  eyes 
at  the  outer  l)ase  of  liui^'and  slender  tentacles, 
liead  and  sides  burdered  by  fringed  lobes  and 
filaments.  The  shells  of  nearly  all  tlie  species 
are  brilliantly  pearly  when  the  epidermis  and 
outer  hiyer  are  removed,  and  in  this  state 
many  are  used  for  ornamental  purposes. 

2.  PulojoiU.  :  The  family  is  of  high  antiquity, 
dating  back  to  the  Lower  Silurian.  [Turbo,  2.] 

'  tur'-bin-ite,  *  tur'-bitc,  ^^  [Lat.  turbo, 
geiiit.  t'iibin(i>i);  sutf.  -itc]    A  fossil  turbo. 

tur-bin-6'-li-a,  s.  [From  Lat.  turbuieus  = 
coiic-sliaped.]  ■ 

Zoi>L  (I-  I'dliijont.  :  A  genus  of  Turbinolidse 
((j.v.).  Corallum  simple  and  conical,  with  a 
styliform  columella,  but  without  pali ;  cost* 
very  prominent,  spaces  between  them  marked 
with  lows  of  dimples,  which  look  like  per- 
forati^ms,  but  do  not  penetrate  to  tlie  visceral 
chamber.  Most  of  tlie  species  are  fossil,  aud 
are  characteristic  of  the  Eocene. 

tur-bin-o'-li-dSB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tur- 
bina[{ia);  Lat.  fem.  pL  adj.  sufl".  -idtv.] 

Zool.  (C  Pahcoiit. :  A  family  of  Aporosa, 
with  numerous  genera.  Corallum  simple  or 
compound,  but  never  possessing  a  CLeueu- 
idiyina  ;  septa  well  developed,  usually  regu- 
larly granulated  on  the  two  sides,  but  their 
free  edges  not  denticulated  ;  iuterseptal  loculL 
open  and  free  from  dissepiments  or  synap- 
ticuUe  ;  costa:  well-maiked  and  straight ;  wall 
imperforate.  The  family  appears  first  in  the 
Lias,  has  numerous  representatives  in  the 
L'lialk,  and  attains  its  maximum  iu  the  Eocene, 
aft-r  which  it  begins  to  decline. 

tur-bin-o-li -nsB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tur- 
bin<>((ia);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -inw.] 

Zool.  ct'  riUtviint.  :  The  typical  sab-family  of 
Tnrbinolidie.  Hard  parts"  consisting  simply 
of  the  cup,  the  wall,  tlie  sept;e,  and  tlie  costie. 
The  recent  species  often  live  on  the  bed  of  the 
deeji  sea. 

tur'-bit  (1),  .*.  [Prob.  a  corrupt*  of  Dut. 
kortliek  =  shnrt-beak.]  A  variety  of  the  pige  ui, 
remarkable  for  its  short  beak.  The  Iiead  is 
flat  and  the  feathers  on  the  breast  spread  both 
ways. 

*  tur'-bit  (2),  i.     [TuRBOT.] 

*  tur' -bite,  ;-•.    [Turbinite.} 

tur'-bitb,  .■;.    [Tubpeth.] 

tur'-bo,  s.  (I>at.  =  any  violent  circular  mo- 
tion, a  whipuing-toi).l 

1.  ZooL:  The  type-genus  of  Turbinida?(q.v.), 
with  numerous  species,  all  natives  of  tropical 
seas.  Shell  with  solid  convex  whorls  tapering 
to  an  apex,  often  with  furrows  or  tubercles, 
aperture  large  and  rounded,  shell  pearly 
within  ;  operculum  shelly  and  solid,  eallous 
outside,  and  smooth,  grooved,  or  varioiisly 
nianimillated,    internally    horny  and    pauei- 


spiral ;  in  some  species  it  remjmbles  tufa  de- 
posited by  a  petrifying  si'ring.  Animal  with 
pectinateii  head  lobes. 

2.  I'ulKont.  :  A  great  number  of  fossil 
species  have  been  describcil,  eomniencing  in 
the  Lower  Silurian,  but  then;  is  eonsidenihle 
doubt  as  to  the  true  itosition  of  many  of  the 
older  forms.     {Nichvhon.) 

tur'-bot,  *  tur  bat, '  tur'  bet, '  tur  bote, 

■  tur'-bfit,  >.  [Fr.  tinh'it.  fioiit  Lat.  turbo — 
a  wliippiiig-top,  a  spindle,  a  n.-el,  froui  its 
rhomboidai  shape.  Cf.  Lat.  rhombus  =  {I)  a. 
circle,  ('2)  a  turbot;  Low  Lat.  turbo  =  a  tur- 
bot  ;  Irish  tnrbit  =  a.  turbot,  a  rhomboid  ; 
Gael,  tiirbard  ;  W'eUli  torba't.] 

Irhfhy.  :  lihouihui  iiuuiiiius,  the  most  highly 
valued  of  the  Fleurimectida^  or  Flat-lislies, 
for  the  table.  The  Turbot  is  a  broad  fish, 
scaleless.  with  numerous  flattened,  conical 
tuliercles  on  the  ujiper  side  ;  the  Unver  eye  is 
a  little  in  front  of  the  upper  eye,  ami  the 
lateral  line  makes  a  semicircular  curve  above 
the  pectoral  fin.  In  colour  it  varies  from 
gray  to  brown,  often  with  spots  of  a  darker 
hue.  Turbot  are  migratory  fish,  travelUiiL'  in 
companies  where  the  bottom  is  sandy,  'lliey 
feed  chiefly  on  small  fish,  crabs,  and  shell- 
fish ;  but  the  bait  used  is  always  some  fish  of 
bright  colour  and  tenacious  of  life,  for,  though 
turbot  are  very  voracious,  the^  will  never 
touch  a  bait  that  is  not  perfectly  fresh.  There 
is  a  large  turbot  fishery  on  the  north-east 
coast  of  England,  where  the  fishing  commences 
in  May,  and  the  fish  migrate  eastward  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Elbe,  where  they  are  taken  till 
the  middle  of  August.  In  the  English  Ohan- 
nel  turbot  are  taken  by  trawling.  The  total 
number  brought  to  Billingsgate  in  a  year  is 
probably  not  less  tnan  li»0,000.  On  the  English 
coasts  turbot  usually  wt-igh  from  five  to  ten 
pounds,  though  large  fish  range  to  twenty-five 
pounds,  and  one  of  double  that  weight  is  on 
record  as  having  been  taken  near  Plymouth. 
The  Turbot  was  known  and  prized  by  the 
Romans,  and  the  frjurth  satire  of  Juvenal  cele- 
brates the  fact  tliat  Domitiau  convoke<l  the 
Senate  to  decide  how  a  monster  turbot  that 
had  been  brought  to  liiin  should  be  cooked 
(ef.  Mart.  xiii.  81). 

tur'-bu-lenge,   tur -bu-len-9y,   s.     [Fr. 

tvrhii fence,  from  Lat.  liirbulcittia,  from  fiiV- 
i<i£;«.«/i(.^  =  turbulent  (q.v.).]  The  quaUty  or 
stiite  of  being  turbulent ;  a  state  of  disorder, 
tumult,  or  agitiitiou ;  tnmultuousuess,  dis- 
order, commotion,  agitation. 

"  Since  the  turbulv/n.-//  of  these  times,  the  suue 
tnodemtiou  shines  iu  yv\l."—IIowett:  Lutters,  l>k.  i,. 
let.  W. 

tur'-bu-lent,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  turbukntus, 
from  'turbo  =  to  disturb;  (Hr6a  =  a  crowd; 
Sp.  &  Port,  lurbiilfiito  ;  Ital.  turbvkiUo.] 

1.  Disturbed,  tunuiltuous,  rough,  wild. 

■■  It  liath  been  a  lnrbiilet»f  .ind  stormy  niglit " 

Shukriff.  :  Pvrivlrt.  iii.  2. 

2.  Restless,  inKjuiet;  disposed  to  insubor- 
dination aud  disorder ;  riotous,  wild,  rougli, 
disorderly. 

"An  ally  of  so  Acritnouionsnnd  turbuletit  a  sii.rit," 
—Slacitidan :  Uitt.  Ettg.,  ch.  »xi. 

*  3.  Producing  commotion,  agitation,  dis- 
order, or  confusion. 

'■  Nor  envied  tbein  the  (n'a|>e. 
Whose  he.uls  tlint  tiirhutint  liiiuor  tills  with  fumes." 
Miif'jii :  aatliSOH  .\guntstcs,  552. 

turbulent-school,  s. 

Lilerature :  A  name  sometimes  g^ven  to 
certain  German  novelists  who  wrote  between 
1780  and  ISOO  in  the  style  of  Mrs.  Radclitfe, 
laying  their  scenes  chiefly  in  the  feudal 
ages.  The  best  kTiown  are  Cramer,  Spiers, 
Schlenkert,  and  Veit  Weber. 

tur'-bu-lent-ly,  ("/c.  [Enp.  turbiUent;  -ly.] 
In  a  tiirlHilmt  manner;  with  violent  agitation; 
tumultnonsly,  refractorily. 

"  In  sorrow's  teni|W3t  tnrbulcntly  toaf 

Stnttrt :  Ode  qh  Ht.  Cecilia't  Da;/. 

Turc'-i^m,  s.  lEng.  Turk;  -isia.]  The  le- 
ligii'U,  manners,  character,  or  the  like,  of  the 
Turks. 

"  Thftt  IrreimrRhle  damage  to  Christianity  l»y  which 
Tttrcijim  and  iijtitl*.-lity  hnve  itotteii  so  much  ground." 
—ClariTitlon:  lieltifion  .t  Pulicj/,  ch.  x. 

Tur'-CO,  s.  [Turk.]  The  name  given  by  the 
Freui'li  to  the  Arab  tirailleurs  or  shai'psUooters 
in  their  army. 

"  tur'-cois,  ?\    [Turquoise.] 

Tur'-c6-m^n,  .«.     [Turkoman.] 


b^l,  boS^ ;  pout,  j6\^l ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hm,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  & 
-cian,  -tian  —  shaa.    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin;  -tion,  -sion  =  '^tifiTi     -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die.  <^e.  -^  beL  del. 


304 


242 


Turcophil  -Turin 


Tur  -o^-phn.  Tur  -kd-phile. 


(Kiv. 


:*ur  -oo-phn.  Tur  -icopmie,  .-.     ir.u^ 

«liM  i>  Oil  Ihf  hi'it  »'f  llii'  Turks  in  tht-ii*  fHnits 
tt»  k*^  |i  the  Sluvunie  Chrbliaiis  umlei-  tUirir 
ttdiiiiiijitiiin. 

'  Tlivrr  iwv  ii<>t  two  gptDluiu  on  the  «ll>Jlect  even 

•nr...ii«    tliF  iu<Mt  vittlitutuUc   Turk-tftMUa,  —TitHts, 

Juui   14.  I'?*^ 

Tur  c6  phn  ifxn,  *■  [Eng-  Tu'vphU;  -ism.] 
Thf  \  M  rts  .'I  fithiiiiK  f»r  a  Tuicoi'liil  (n-v.). 


turd.  *  toord,  ^.     (A-S.  tonl.]     Excrement, 

"  .Mitl  hr  .\M*enuet  mU*-  to  him.  I.i>i\l.  *n(Tn  mI»<> 
tilt*  yM-r:   til   tUr  wlill«   I  •leluv  aWutv,  and  mMkIc 

tur  ^^se,  *.  ;>'.    (Mod.  Lat.  fi(r(/(H>);  Lat. 

ttiii.  |<l    :t>lj.  silt).  -tc/if.J 

f*.  i/'i.  :  ThriLslies  ;  a  family  of  Passeres  or 
nrTurilifoni»'f.,nlmost  miivfrsallydistributeit. 
UillniMuM  stroiijj.. sides sniiu-wliatiuiiipressoU; 
\\un;s  Iitiin  ;  tail  iinNltrali-.  The  f;iiiiily  is  of 
«iiC'Tt;iin  *'xt«iit.  varying  ureatly  i»  tlifterciit 
clriJ^iiincntions.  WallaCf  niakt'S  it  consist  of 
twcnty-oiu'  gfiifra,  ooiitainiii({  205  species, 
while  iitlur  autlioiitles  divide  il  into  two 
snh-fnmilii'3  (Tnrdime  and  Sylviinie),  which 
aie  by  niaiiy  c^»u^i'K•led  to  be  entitled  to  rank 
i\H  fiimihes. 

tor'-di-for-me^  ■«.  p'-    (Mod.  Lat.  (»*(/»* 
('(.v.),  and/orm«  =  foriii.l 

Ornith.  ;  Thrush-like  Bird.s ;  a  sub-order  of 
AiTiniiyodi,  or  Singing  Birds  (Passfrkj^], 
rhiflly  Irom  the  eastern  hemisiihcre.  Their 
distiiiniii.shiug  charaeleristii-  is  the  presenee 
of  ten  primary  ft-athei-s  in  the  win;,',  the  first 
of  ^Yhich  is  markedly  reduced  in  size.  The 
sut>-order  is  divideii  into  two  yidilps,  Collu- 
iiiorphu-  (Crow-like  Passeres)  and  Cii-hh- 
?iinr|>h;t  (Thrn^h-like  Passeres). 

tur-di'-nce.  s,  }>>.  [Mod.  Lut.  tunl^us) ;  Lat. 
feni.  jil.  adj.  suit',  -itiii:] 

(h-nith. :  A  sub-family  of  Turdidse  (q.v.), 
CouUiiiiiug  Trmhis  and  chfstdy  allied  genera. 
The  plumage  is  cotiipletely  moulted  in  the 
lirst  autumn  before  migration,  so  that  tlte 
young  ill  their  lirst  winter  plumage  differ  veiy 
slightly  from  adults.  Bill  as  hmg  as  head  ; 
nostrils  open,  in  small  groove ;  wings  with 
lir^t  nuill.H  very  short ;  tail  long  and  broad  ; 
tar.-ii  hmg,  outer  toe  longer  than  inner,  united 
to  middle  at  base,  hind  toe  lung  and  strong. 

tur  diis.  s.    [Lat.] 

0,n<Oi. :  The  type-genus  of  Turdidte  (q.v.), 
witli  100  specie*,  universally  distributeil. 
They  aUtutid  in  the  Pala^arctic,  Oriental,  and 
Xeotiupical  regiotis,  are  less  plentiful  in  tlie 
Nearctic  and  Ethiopian,  and  very  scarce  in 
the  Australian  region.  Bill  moderate,  straight, 
convex  above  ;  point  of  upper  mandible  com- 
pressed, notched,  and  slightly  decurved  ;  gape 
with  :i  few  hairs  ;  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  ov.il, 
pailly  closed  by  a  membiiiiie  ;  wings  with  the 
tir.st  feather  very  short,  si-coud  shorter  than 
the  third  or  fourth,  which  are  usually  the 
longest ;  tar.sus  longer  than  nnddle  toe,  outer 
toe  c'uinected  with  middle  toe  at  base.  Be- 
sides thfr  speeie.s  i>opularly  known  as  Tlirushes 
(TiiRHriMl,  Tiirdus  merula,  the  Blackbird, 
T.  fnninntv.t,  the  Ring  Ouzel,  T.  iluivus,  the 
R"ilwiiig,  and  T.  jnlaris,  the  Fieldfare,  are 
Brili>li. 

tn  reen',  *  ter-reen',  *  ter~rine'.  s.  [Fr. 
iciiin/'  —-du  earthen  pun,  as  if  from  Lat.  tT- 
itint^  =  earthen, from  tena  =  earth.]  A  large, 
ileep  vessel  for  holding  soup  or  other  liipiid 
foful  at  table. 
■'  At  Hip  top  :i  fried  liver  .'iiid  bitcon  were  seen. 
At  Hie  l>-jtt<.iiii  »tsH  trii>e  in  k  6WiiigiiiK  fnreeii." 

(4ol'hu,itli .   Thir  ir<iimrh  of  yeiiinfin. 

turf,  '  torf,  •  turfe,  "  tyrf  (i»l.  turfs. 
■  turfes,  'turvei),  n.  [A.S.  (»r/(dat.  tiirf) 
=  tMil.  r..gu.  with  Dut.  /»)■/=  ])eat;  Icol. 
U,rf  =  .\.  tin:',  >.i.i,  i»-at;  Daii.  frirc  ;  «w.  U>rf ; 
o.  H.  Oer.  ziirhv:  tier,  torf;  Fr.  tourbc  : 
8anse.  liitrhha  =:a  kind  of  grass.] 

L  The  surface  r.r  sward  of  grass  lands,  con- 
Histiug  of  earth  or  mould  tilled  with  the  roots 
of  gras>  auii  otlier  small  plants,  so  as  to 
adhfue  and  form  a  kind  of  mat ;  a  piece  t'X 
i'artli  covered  with  grass,  or  sueh  u  piece  turn 
ur  dug  from  the  ground  ;  a  sod. 

"Til  prewrve  it  with  tnrff  mul  iiioHse  ngaliiHt  the 
liiiHrir  itf  raiu  .iiid  cold.*—/'.  HoUand:  Vlinh;  bk. 
JLVh..  tli.  xvv. 

'J.  A  kind  of  blackish,  fibrous,  ]ieaty  sub- 


stance, eut  from  the  .surface  of  the  ijround 
anil  used  as  fuel ;  peat  (»i.v.). 

lj(l)  Oti  the  turf:  Making  tmes  living  by 
running  or  letting  on  race-horse,s. 

(2)  The  turf:  The  race-course:  lieuce,  the 
oceuiiatioii  or  profession  of  hoi^jc-i-ajing. 

turf  ant.  s. 

Knt-m. :  Formim  fluvn,  the  Common  YuUow' 
Ant  ol  Britain. 

turf-bulltt  (I.  Formed  or  composed  of 
turf. 

turf  clad,  «.     Ctivered  with  turf. 

■  rill-  t'tvfcUul  hi-J>i»  of  tiii.ul.l  which  t'jvrn  tli*' 
l>....r  iiiiUi  *t;i:»v,  ■  -K-lox:  ti-myt.  Nit,  -Xi. 

turf-cutter,  a-,    a  paring-plough. 

turf-drain,  ->-  A  kind  of  pipe-drain  con- 
structed wdh  turfs  cut  from  the  surface  of 
the  soil. 

turf -hedge,  ■■ 

llmhnndnj  :  A  bank  around  a  lieid.  made  of 
turfs  or  sods. 

turf-hog,  s. 

ZmL :  Sas  piiiustris.  The  English  name  is 
a  translation  of  the  Gernmii  Torfscliweiii  of 
Itutinieyer.  There  apjicar  to  liave  been  tw.i 
races  one  wild  and  one  domestic,  liemains 
are  fvtund  in  the  Swiss  Lake  Uwelliugs. 

"  It  ia.  therefiire.  vevy  pKibiible  thiit  it  |tlie  fomiiiopi 
lidjr]  Wiia  (luiuesticiiUil  iu  the  haiuv  fckkiu  m  the  iio>i 
uiid  the  fitr/'hoi/.'—Daickiits:  £<irly  Mart  in  liriUttn. 
ill.  vm. 

turf-house,  s.     A  hovel  made  of  sods. 

turf- knife,  -s.  An  implement  for  tracing 
nut  the  sidles  of  drains,  tieiiches,  5;c.  It  has  a 
SI  iniitar-like  blade,  with  a  trend  for  the  foot, 
and  a  belli  liaudle. 

turf-moss.  .•^.  A  tract  of  turfj,  mossy, 
or  buggy  laud. 

turf-plough,  s.  A  idougli  ailapted  to 
remove  the  sods  froui  the  surface  of  the 
ground  preparatory  to  deep  ploughing,  or  for 
destroying  grubs,  &:c'. 

turf-sheep.  >■.  A  small  sheep  of  tlie 
Stone  period.     (A'".s,-;^ ,-.) 

turf-spade,  i".  A  spade  for  paring  turfs 
or  ^uds. 

turf,   v.t.    [TiRF,  s.]    To  cover  or  line  with 
turfs  or  sods. 

"  After  you  hare  new  tuffed  th*  bauke."— Scfirc'i  - 
Lijhf  of  Satuiv.  vol.  ii„  pt.  i..  ch.  iv. 

""  turf -en.  «.     [Eng.    turf:   -en.]     Made   of 
turf;  covered  with  turf;  turfy. 

"They  descended  froio  the  woods  to  tlie  margin  of 
the  atrenm.  tiy  (i  flight  yf  tnr/en  Bteim."— ft  HuittcH  . 
Coningsby,  bk,  vii.,  cb.  v. 

turf'-i-ness,   s.    (Eug.   turfi:  -ncssA    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  turfy. 

turf -ing.  yr.  iMir.  or  a.     [Tcrf,  v.\ 

turfing -iron.  .s\     A  spade  for  cutting 

sods. 


turfing -spade. 


A  turf-spade  (q.v.). 


turf'-ite,  J.  lEug.  turf:  -ite.\  A  votary  of 
the  turf;  one  devoted  to  or  making  a  living 
by  horse-racing. 

"The  uioderu  turfite,  to  »se  a  cominoii  but  by  no 
me.ina  elegant  expn^sion.  has  quite  eiiimch  to  dn  to 
keep  himself  |i<>4ted  iu  the  moat  rei'eut  doiiigit  of  the 
homes  of  to-day."— AWrf.  July  Hi.  188T. 

turf -less,  0.  tEug.  turf;  -Ic^s.]  Destitute 
of  turf. 

turf -y,     turf-fle,  n.    [Eng.  turf:  -?/.] 

1.  Abouudiug  ill  or  covere«-l  with  turf  or 
short  grass ;  turfed. 

"Thy  turfy  moiintiiuia,  where  live  nibbliugsl<ee|i  "* 
ahakesp. :  Tetiijiest,  iv.  l 

2.  Haviug  the  qualities,  nature,  or  appear- 
ance of  turf;  turf-like. 

3.  Pertaining  to,  or  connected  with  the 
turf  or  liMr.sL-racing;  characteristic  of  the 
turf  or  lituse-racing. 

tiir-gen'-i-a,  s.  [Lat.  ?»r5feo  =  to  swell,  re- 
ferring to  tlie  fruit.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Umbelliferte,  how  reducetl 
to  a  sub-genus  of  Caucalis.  liaviug  the 
secondary  ridges  with  two  or  three  rows  id 
spreading  spines.  No  wild  British  species 
but  Onicnlts  latifolia  is  a  colonist  or  alien. 

tur' -gent,  ".     [I-at.  fMr^fn.'C.  genit.  turgmfis, 

pi.  [lai!  id  fiir-jr-i  =  to  swell.) 


1.  Swelling,  swollen,  tunnd ;  rising  in  to  a 
tumour  tiv  putfy  stat^'. 

"IVrfection  brontliea 
Whit*  o'er  the  tnrgent  film  the  UvUib  dew." 

2'/rorii«r)»i.   .^iiruiHfi,  £91, 

2.  Tumid,  turgid,  inflated,  bombastic,  pomp- 
ous. 

"After  all,  be  recoinivenBetl  with  turgfiit  tltlen, 
hoiiiiiirod  for  his  yoou  BervJce."—  Ourtou :  A  imt. 
.l/e''i»i.    (Pref.l 

'  tur-gesfe',  v.i.  \\i-At.  turgesco,  incept,  of 
tiir'T.-'t  =  U\  swi'll.]     To    become  turgid;    to 

swt-U,  to  inrtatc, 

ttur-ges-9en9e.  t  tur-ges-5en-9y.  .'. 

[Lat.  turye$cen.-t,  pi',  par.  of  turgt:sy.o.\    [Tiu- 

i;i:sCE.J 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  swelling  ;  the  state  of 
becoming  swollen. 

"The  luBtaut  turgescmce  is  not  to  bi>  tAken  off,  Itut 
by  uiediciues  of  a  liigher  niitiiie.*'— //icwiie;  I'ulirnr 
Srrotiri,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  vlt. 

2.  Empty  poinpousness  ;  bouilja^t,  iiillation. 
turgidity. 

t  tur-ges'-9ent,  a.  [Lat.  turgesreiis,  pr.  par. 
<d  t"rge;<iv.]  Growing  turgid  or  inflated  ; 
swelling. 

tur'-gid.  n.  [Lat.  turgithts,  from  turgeo  =^Xo 
swell.] 

1.  Swelled,  swollen,  Idoated,  inflated,  or 
distended  beyond  its  natural  state  by  some 
internal  agent  or  eK[>ansive  force.  (Often 
applied  to  an  enlarged  pari  of  the  body.)  In 
botany,  slightly  swelling. 

'"Theturijid  fruit 
Aboundn  witli  mellow  liquor."         Philips  :  Cider. 

2.  Tumid,  jxHupous,  inflated,  bombastic. 

"  Tli.it  turii3  to  ridicule  the  turgid  epeecli 
And  stately  toue  of  uioralists." 

Cowpc7- :  Task.  v.  689. 

'  tur-gid'-i-ty.  s.    (Eng.  turgid  ;  -itii.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  turgid  ov 
huitllfu  ;  tumidness. 

"The  forerunners  of  an  aiioplexy  are  dulness,  slow- 
ness of  si*ech,  Aerti^os.  weakness,  W(;arines.s,  and  tur- 
gidity of  the  eyea."—Arbuthuo(  :  On  liiet.  ik.  iii. 

2.  Hollow  magniticeuce  ;  poinpousness,. 
bombast. 

"  fi.  simple,  clear,  harmonious  style;  which,  tftki-i^ 
.■u  :t  mode],  may  l>e  followed  without  le.iding  the  uo\  i 
eiate  either  into  turgidity  or  ubscuritj.' — t'i:)/(6f ' 
taiut:  Memoirs,  ii.  262. 

tur-gid-ly,  cnh:  [Eng.  turgiil :  -bu]  In  ■% 
turgid  manner ;  with  .-swelling  or  empty 
]ionip;  pompously.  bomba.stically. 

tur'-gld-ness,  -■=.     [Eng.  turgUl ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  turgid, 
swollen,  or  distended  beyond  the  natural 
t>tate  by  some  internal  lorcb  (jr  Jigeut  ;  dis- 
tension. 

2.  Hollow  niagnilicence  ;  pompcaisness. 
bombast,  turgidity. 

"The  titri/id}iess  of  a  young  scribbler  might  pleji^*- 
his  nui^'iiiliiient  spirit  always  upon  the  stilts,  "—irixr- 
burf»„:  To  Ilurd.  let.  96. 

•  tur'-gid-oiis,  n.  [Lot.  ^(ri/H?^?  =  turgii^ 
(q.v.).^     Turgid,  swollen. 

tur'-gitC,  s.  [After  the  Turginsk  copper- 
mine,  near  Bogoslovsk,  Urals,  where  first  ob- 
served ;  sufJ.  -ite  (ilhn.).] 

Min. :  A  common  iron  ore  frequently  mis- 
taken for  liniouit*,  to  which  it  bears  a  strong; 
reseiublauee.  Occurs  in  librous  masses,  some- 
times botryoidal  and  stalaetitic,  also  earthy- 
Hardness,  5  to  (i ;  sj).  gr.  varying  according  t'» 
texture,  but  ranging  between  3'56  and  4-681  : 
lustre,  subinetallic  and  satiny  when  seen  at 
right  angles  to  the  fibres,  also  dull  in  tin- 
earthy  varieties ;  colour,  rerMish-black  ti' 
dark-red ;  streak,  red;  opaque.  Compos.: 
sesquioxide  of  iron,  94"T  ;  water,  5'o  =  100, 
which  yields  the  formula  2FeoO3,H0.  Fouml 
frequently  associated  with  limonite,  but  is 
easily  to  be  distinguished  by  the  colour  of  itr. 
streak. 

Tu-rin',  .^.    [Lat.  Toriiio.'\ 

Ceog.  :  A  city  of  northern  Italy,  capital  of 
Pi.'duioiit,  and  the  former  kingdom  of  Sardinia, 
which  developed  into  that  of  Italy. 

Turin-nut.  s. 

GeoL  :  A  familiar  name  for  a  fossil  fruit,  re- 
sembling a  walnut  in  appearance,  found  in 
the  Newer  Tertiary  deposits  near  Turin.  The 
ligneous  envelope  has  perished,  but  the  form  of 
the  surface  and  that  of  the  enclosed  kernel  ma 
jueserved  in  tlie  calc  spar  iu  which  it  occurs. 


i&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  w6v2.  woU;  work,  who,  son :  mute,  cuh,  ciire.  ijnite.  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  ^  kw. 


turio— Turlupins 


243 


tiir-i-o,  s.      lL;it.  =  a   shoot,  a   sprout,    a 

t.-ii'liM.) 

III.  :  A  sliunt  covoiTcI  witli  scales  upon  its 
rn>i  iippramticr,  us  in  tlio  Aspaiajj'us. 

tur  i  o-nif -er-ous,  x.  [Mn<i.  Lat.  tu,i<; 
gi-iMl.  HiriunL^;  I-aU  /fro  =■  to  bear,  and  Eul;. 

Ik't.  :  Producing  turios.     [TcRio.] 

TurU,  ^•.   [Fr.  ■/■lire,  fioui  Pers.  rHr/.-  =  aTark.] 

1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Turkey. 

t  2.  Often    used    by  tlie  early  writers   as 

svnonynious  with  Mnhaniniadan,  though  the 

'i'urks  constitute  but  own  section  of  the  Mus- 

Mihuan  world, 

■■  It  is  no  gi'od  reasou  fur  a  raaiia  religiuu  that  he 
«.is  Imrii  iuiti  brought  n\i  in  it :  for  thtii  ii  Tdr*  would 
li  ivr  :v*  imioh  r«.isoii  tn  I'li  a  Turk  ,13  a  Cliriatian  t^  l-e 
i  <  lin-ti.iii."— t AW/<»i/i<vjjfA  .  /iili'/ioii  0/  J'rotesfitiitx. 
l-f.  1...I,.  li. 

•j  In  this  si'nsc  it  occurs  in  the  Liturgy. 
TIk-  player  fur  all  "Jmvs,  Turks,  Infidels, 
nn  I  Hcifticks,"  in  tlie  third  collect  for  Good 
1  I  j. lay,  is  inteiidi-d  to  embrace  all  who  arc 
iii.t  Christians. 

'.i.    Applied  to  a  troublesome    destructive 
boy.    CJiielly  in  the  expression  :  a  young  tuvL 
*"  '  To  turn  Tiiih:  To  undergo  a  complete 
change  for  the  worse. 

•■  If  the  rest  of  my  fortuues  turn  Turk  with  me." 
:^tiak)ftp. :  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Turk's  cap.  Turk's  cap  lily,  ^^. 

lint.  A-  Hurt.:  (1)  Mcluiu,  tn^  ,:ommini!<i :  (l') 
I.'lhn,)  Mortiumti   [Martagon];  (3)  Aconifmn 

^. >,'•■!/,>.<.        [At'oMTE.l 

Turk's  head,  6-. 

1.  Ikit. :  Mdoatdiis  comminiis. 

2.  Ximf.  :  An  ninaniental  knot,  like  a  tur- 
Ian.  worUtd  on  to  a  rope. 

3.  A  long  briinm  for  sweeping  ceilings,  &c. 

"  He  -•«*■  .1  sr<^at  Tttik'^  head  poked  up  at  bis  owu." 
—  /  ,,tf<„i      ,1/y  Avret,    tik.  X  .  ih.  XX, 

•  Turk's  turban,  s. 

!:■■!  :  A   plant  of  th;;  senns  Ranunculus. 

"  Tur'-keis,  a.  &  s,     [Fr.  turquoise.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Turkish. 

B.  ^s  subst. :  A  turquoise  (q.v.). 

*  turk'-en,  v.t.  [0.  Fr.  twquer  =  to  twst ; 
t'orniotlie  =  \io\e-nt ;  Lat.  /oryHeo  =  to  twist.] 
To  turn  or  twist  about. 

•■  They  nre  iiQt  either  .irticlea  of  his  own  lately 
(leviaed.  ur  the  oiit  newly  turketied.'' — /logcrs:  On 
Thirty-nine  Articles,  p.  2*. 

Turk'-ess,  s.     [Eng.  Turk;  -ess.]    A  female 

TmU. 

"  Give  her  the  crown,  Tnrkess." 

JJarltiii-e:  1  Tamburlaiiu;  iii.  C. 

TiiT    key,  tur' -key,  '  Tur-kie,  "  Tur- 

ky,  -.     L^'"^-   ^'"'yit'  ^  Turkey,  from  I'urc 
=  aTtirk(4.v.).j 

1.  (ieog.  {Of  the  form  Turkey) :  An  empire  in 
thf  south-east  of  Europe  and  south-west  of 
Asia. 

2.  OrnUk.  {Of  the  form  turkey):  Any  species 
of  the  genus  Meleagris  (q.v.).  It  arose  from 
tlii'  misconception  that  these  birds,  which 
were  lirst  introduced  into  England  about 
1'jil,  came  from  Turkey,  instead  of  from 
America,  as  was  really  the  case.  They  are 
the  largest  of  the  Game  Birds,  and  for  that 
reason  have  been  domesticated  for  a  great 
length  of  time.  All  the  species  have  the  head 
naked,  with  wattles  or  folds  of  bright  naked 
skin,  which  becomes  much  more  brilliant 
\y\ivM  tlie  bird  is  excited  or  angry,  and  a 
curious  tuft  of  long  hair  un  the  breast.  The 
plumage  is  always  more  or  less  metallic.  The 
Common Tarkey,  JWoag^ri,!.- pa?/opoi'o,  is  brown- 
ish-yellow on  the  upper  paits  of  the  body, 
and  each  feather  has  a  broad  resplendent 
black  edge,  hinder  portions  of  the  back- 
featiiers  au<l  tail-coverts  dark  reddish-brown, 
strii)ed  with  green  and  black  ;  breast  yellow- 
ish-brown, darkest  at  sides  ;  belly  and  sides 
brownish-gray ;  rump-feathers  pale  black, 
with  a  darker  edge ;  fore  parts  of  head  and 
throat  pale  sky  blue,  warts  on  face  bright 
red.  They  often  weigh  from  twenty  to  sixty 
poiuids,  and  measure  at  least  three  feet  in 
height  ;  but  the  wild  birds  are  much  finer 
than  the  domesticated  race,  whieh,  contrar\' 
to  the  general  rule,  lias  degenerated  under  the 
care  of  man.  They  are  gregarious,  and  inhabit 
the  ea.stern  portion  of  North  America,  feeding 
on  grass.  <:rain.  insects,  fruit,  kv.    Thi-  dt_imes- 


tieated  birds  may  be  seen  in  every  farm-yari.1. 
and  large  ntnnhers  are  bred  aiKl  fattened, 
especially  in  the  eastern  counties  of  England, 
to  supply  tlie  London  markets  at  Christmas. 
The  Oceilated  Turkey,  M.  octilata,  a  very  fnie 
and  brilliantly-coloured  species,  having  eye- 
like  markings  <ui  the  tail-feathers  and  upper 
wing-coverts,  is  found  in  Honduras  and  Yu- 
eatan.  The  other  species,  if.  mexicana,  from 
Central  America,  Mexico,  and  the  table-lands 
of  the  Uocky  Mountains,  closely  resembles 
.U.  iinUufxno.  ntul  is  popularly  known  as  the 
Mfxirau  ']  tiikc\. 

Turkey-berries,  -.  p'. 
Hot. :  Thf  bi'vrirsof  \ariuus  species  of  niiaiu- 
nus,  used  fur  dyeing.     IAviunos-bekry.1 

Turkey-berry  tree,  s. 

Bot. :  Conlia  VoUococca,  a  tree  about  thirty 
feet  high,  with  greeu  flowers,  gi-owing  in 
Jamaica. 

turkey  bird,  >•- 

ihtui//.  :  A  loLvil  name  for  the  Wryneck 
(i|.v.).  jirobably  ficni  its  habil  of  ruffling  its 
feathers  when  dislurhed  or  captured. 

turkey -blossom,  s. 

r.ot. :  The  WL-,st  Indian  name  of  Trihiil"s 
ci^toiUrs,  a  spi-cies  uitli  yellow  flowers. 

turkey-buzzard,  turkey- vulture,  s. 

Oniith.  :  lihiiiOijryj<hus  (t  Ca(horlcs)  aum. 
[RHiNOGKVrHi-s.]  Like  the  other  Vultures, 
they  feed  on  carrion,  but  their  habits  vary 
somewhat  with  locality :  in  the  southern 
United  States  they  act  as  scavengers  in  the 
towns,  in  Guatemala  and  throughout  South 
America  they  are  not  seen  in  flocks,  but  occur 
in  pairs  only  in  the  forests. 

"The  popular  lutme  of  Tnrl:r}i-bu^:zard  Is  given  to 
the  bird  on  uccouut  of  its  re-semblance  to  the  comiuoii 
turkey,  and  uiauy  a  new  coiner  has  found  himself  .in 
object  of  deriairm  because  hf  haa  ahdt  an  Aura  Vul. 
lure,  t^kiii^  it  for  a  turliey." — J.  G.  \\<Kid:  Explan. 
Iiidtjc  To  iVuterton's  Wanderings. 

Turkey- carpet,  ■■«.  A  carpet  formed  of 
a  chain  and  weft  of  strong  linen  yarn  and 
tufts  I'f  Worsted  tied  into  the  fabric  in  the 
course  of  nianufafture. 

turkey-cock,  *turkie-cock, '  turky- 
cocke,  s, 

1.  lit.  &  Oi-n'htk. :  A  male  turkey. 

2.  Fiij'  •'  Used  as  represeutative  of  foolish 
vanity  and  pride. 

"  Here  he  coues,  aweUing  like  a  tiirkeycock." 

ahakesp.  :  lieiu-y  V..  v.  U 

Turkey  Company,  s.  pi  A  company 
instituted  by  ehartt-r  leceived  from  Queen 
Elizabtth   in"   IJT'.t.     Called  also  the  Levant 

Company. 

turkey  -  feather,  turkey  -  feather 
laver,  ^. 

Dot.  :   A  book  name   for  Padinu  ravoaia. 

[P.VDINA.] 

turkey-hen  flower.  ^<f. 

ii-.t.  :   I'litUlnria  ilelnigri^. 
Turkey-hone,  s.     The  same  as  Tlkkkv- 
.STONE  Ol-^'-)- 

Turkey-oak,  s. 

Lot.  :  QuiTCus  Cerris ;  common  in  the  south- 
east of  Europe.  It  has  deciduous,  short- 
stalked  leaves,  oblong,  deeply  and  unequally 
pinnatitid. 

turkey-pod.  .'<. 

Bot.:  Sis'/iiihi-intn  Thallauum.  Named  by 
Withering.  "  {Ilritten  dr  Holland.) 

Turkey-red,  ^. 

Chcm. :  One  of  the  most  beautiful  and  most 
durable  colours  which  has  yet  been  proibic  d 
nn  eotton.  It  is  obtained  from  madder  by  a 
VL-ry  complicated  process,  the  theory  of  which 
is  not  perfectly  understood.  The  four  iuost 
essential  operations  are :  thorough  washin|j; 
of  the  unbleached  calico,  impregnating  it 
with  an  oily  soap,  mordanting  with  alumina, 
and  immersing  in  a  decoction  of  madder  con- 
taining chalk  and  bullock's  blood. 

turkey-slate,  ;;.  The  same  as  TtKKnv- 
sT<isK  tq.\ .). 

Turkey  sponge,  s. 

/••III. :  h.'.--i<oih!U'.  ottichio.Hs.  [Sponge,  -'-\, 
II.  :..| 

Turkey-Stone,  s. 

r.rol  :  Xovaridib'  (q.v.).  Called  alsoWhet- 
stune  slate,  or  Whetshite. 


turkey  vulturo,  ^^  Tim  same  as  TritKEv- 

ni  v.7.\\\\>  {•\.\ .). 

'  Turkey-wheat,  ^'.  Mai/e  or  Indian 
corn, 

"  Wvs)4Wit  t;ri-(it  nt.'iit)  (It-IdH  of  I nd Inn  corn,  whieh 
pnes  by  the  nnuie  of  tar/.i'if-o'heat.'—SninilrK  :  France 
.t  Ititly.  let.  vUl. 

'  tur'-kis,  s.    [TuHQuoisE.l 

^tur-kis,  v.t.  (t>.  Kr.  t(„<iHer-=.io  twist.] 
ITiP.KF.N.]     To  twi>t,  t^i  alter. 

"  He  tAketh  the  i.tme  aentenve  out, of  E^ny  (aAine- 
what  turki»c*l)  for  \\i»  pocale  an  weU  a*  Iho  rraU"— 
Uanpro/l :  SuTn'eu  of  t'rclendcd  Holy  Ditriptinf,  \\  6. 

Turk'-ish,  a.  &  s.     (Eng.  T>n-l  ;  -iWi.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  purtaiuing  to  Turkey  or 
the  Turks. 

B.  A^snhst.:  The  lauguagc  spoken  by  the 
Turks,  the  Osniauli. 

Turkish-bath,  .--.  A  hot  air  batli.  the 
temperature  varying  from  116"t<>  ItiiJ  .  Tlie 
patient  may  remain  in  the  calidariuni  from 
forty  minutes  to  an  hour.  The  bath  must  be 
taken  before  a  meal,  when  the  stouiaeh  is 
empty,  and  should  be  avoided  altogether 
when  fatty  degeneration  of  the  heart  or 
vessels,  or  when  tendeneies  towards  vertigo 
or  syncope  exist.  A  Turkish  bath  clears  thi; 
pores  of  the  skin,  rendering  the  latter  healthy, 
induces  free  perspiration,  eliminates  noxiou;* 
matters  from  the  blood,  increases  the  force 
and  rapidity  of  the  circulation,  and  imparts 
a  sense  of  elasticity  and  vigour  to  the  systeni. 
It  is  useful  in  many  cutaneous  affections,  as . 
gout  and  rheumatism,  in  albununuria,  neur- 
algia, ic.  The  fii-st  Turkish  bath  in  London 
was  opened  in  ISOO. 

Turkish- dog,  j^. 

Zool. :  A  variety  of  Caiiis  famtliaris,  from 
hot  climates,  and  distinguished  by  want  of 
hair  and  diseaiied  teeth,  which  the  animals 
lose  at  an  early  age.  Buffon  imagined  that 
the  race  sprang  from  European  dogs,  which 
had  been  taken  from  a  temperate  climate  t-o 
one  considerably  hotter,  and  there  acquired 
some  cutaneous  disease. 

Turkish-grayhound,  f^. 

Zool :  A  small-sized  doj;,  somewhat  resem- 
bling an  Fliiglish  grayhound  in  shape,  but 
entirely  hairless,  or  with  only  a  few  hairs  on 
the  tail.  It  is  of  no  value  as  a  sporting  dog, 
but  makes  a  faithful  and  atfectionate  pet. 

Tnrkish-hemidactyle,  v^. 

Zool :  Hemidnctyhis  vemu-itlatus,  a  Gecko 
from  the  hotter  districts  near  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea. 

Turkish- saddle.  .-\    [Sl;i,i,\turcica.1 

Turkish- tobacco.   . 

Bot. :  Xkotiana  rtistka. 

•  Turk'-ish-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  Turh-i.^h  :  -ly.) 
In  the  manner  of  the  Turks  ;  like  a  Turk. 

Turk  -ish-ness,    Turk  ish-nes, ".  LEug. 
2'uil,i-»li  :  -JW.S.S.1    The  religion,  iiianiiei"s,  cha- 
racter, or  the  like  of  the  Turks  ;  Turcism. 
•'  C-oDtemnynge  uf  knowledge  .and  learniiige,  settinge 
.■it  nought,  and  having  for  a  fablir.  (}od  and  his  bigtii? 
providence,  will  brinye  us,  1  any,  to  a  uiore  ungmcious 
Turhiahne*.  if  mure  Tnrkishno  can  Ix;  than  thi.s.  than 
if  the  Tui-kes  had  sworue  to  bryugc  all  Turkyu  .i^uut 
xxt.'—.Kschiini :  Toxophihtg,  bk.  i. 

Turk -man,  .?.    [Tl-rkoman.] 

Tur -ko,  s.     [Trnco.] 

tur-kois, .-;.    ITtRc^roisE.] 

Tur'-ko-man,  .•'■.  [A  corruption  of  Turki- 
manis  =  Turks  of  the  true  faith.]  [Turk.] 
One  of  a  nomadic  Tartar  people,  occupying 
a  territory  stretching  between  the  Caspian 
Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Aral,  the  Khanates  of 
Khiva  and  Bokhara,  Afghanistan,  and  Persia. 
They  do  not  form  a  single  nation,  but  are 
divided  into  numenms  tribes  or  clans. 

Tur  ko  phile,  s.    [Turcophil.] 

'  tur-ky,  .-.     tTfuc^i-oisE.] 

Tur  -lu-pin^,  .*;.  pi.  [The  origin  of  the  word 
is  unUnown,  though  it  is  thou?:ht  to  be  con- 
nected with  wolfish  or  inedatorv  habits. 
{Bhint.)] 

Churdi  Hist. :  A  name  applied  in  contempt 
to  the  Brethren  of  the  Free  Spirit.  They 
appear  to  have  had  their  principal  seat  in 
the  Isle  of  France,  where  they  were  exter- 
minated about  A.D.  l;:7i;.     [Brethren,  1;  4.] 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jov^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  chin,  benph;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  —  zhiXn.    -clous,    tious,    sious  —  shus.     ble.    die,  ^tc.  —  bel.  del. 


244 


tiirm— turn 


'  torm.  $.    [TvnMA.]    A  troop  or  company  of 

hone. 


tor -ma.  5.    (Lat.) 

Human  Antiq. :  A  coiiijiauy  of  cavalry,  enn- 
sisliiii;  at  tlrst  of  thirty,  aflerwarUs  of  thirty- 
two  men.  Each  tunnawoii  dividt;U  iuto  three 
decuriie. 

tor  ma  Un,  •;.    iToi-kmaline-J 
*  tur  men  tUle,  «.    IToniiENTiL-l 
tur  ment-lBO,  s.    [Tormentise.] 
tur  mer  ic,  s.      (Fr.  terrc-uurUf ;  Low  Lat. 
Urm-iiieribt  (lit.  =  I'xwlleut  e;irtli) ;  probal)Iy, 
ill  thi'  npiniou  of  s»kca(,  a  eorrwptioii  uf  Arab. 
A«/-Aui/i,  hurkiim  —  salliori.]     [Cubccma.J 

\.  IM.  4b  fonim. :  Cttrcunm  lonijfi,  a  native 
ofCeylnn.  The  swcilic  name  is  given  from 
tlie  iJii^b  of  llie  leaves  :  abont  a  foot.  The 
spike  rises  (n>m  Ihe  midst  of  tbeiu,  iind  pro- 
iluces  i>ale  crvum-c»>li>ured  flowers.  It  is  ex- 
ten.sively  oultivated  over  India,  the  crop  being 
a  Vfi-y  protitabje  one,  yielding,  according  to 
Atkinson,  after  all  expenses  are  paii.1,  about 
tlurtj'-one  ruj)ees  per  acre. 

2.  Conivu  d.'  Pfutnii. :  The  rhizome  of  Cur- 
cuma loii^  [l].  Tlie  best  is  in  small  short 
pieces,  externally  yellow,  mt«mally  deep 
orange.  [Tf  iujkiuc-papeb.J  It  is  used  as  a 
condiment  in  eurry-powder.  It  is  not  em- 
ployed in  British  pharmacy,  but  in  Hindoo 
mei'licine  it  is  administered  internally  in  dis- 
orders of  the  blood,  and  is  applied  externally 
in  jiain  and  bruises  ;  the  juiee  is  said  to  be 
anthelmintic;  the  fumes  of  the  burning  root 
aie  deemed  Useful  in  cor>'2a  ;  in  decoction  they 
are  jtpplicd  to  re]ie\e  catarrh  and  purulent 
ophthalmia.  A  past^  made  of  the  flowers  is 
used  in  ringworm  and  other  parasitic  diseases. 

tnrmeric -paper,  ^. 

Chtnu  :  Unsized  wliite  paper  dipped  into 
an  alcoholic  solution  of  turnierie.  It  is  a 
very  delicate  t^st  for  alkalis  and  their  car- 
bonates, the  yellow  colour  of  llie  turmeric 
being  changed  to  a  brown. 

turmeric-tincture,  s.  A  tincture  con- 
sisting of  biui-sed  turmeric  and  proof  spirit. 

turmeric -tree,  $. 

Bot. :  An  unidentified  species  of  Zieria,  a 
ruewort  from  Australia.  The  inner  bai'k, 
which  is  very  yellow,  yields  a  dye,  an'i  tlie 
yellow  close-grained  wood  is  valuable  for 
ornamental  purposes.     (Treos.  of  Hot.) 

tur'-moU,  "^  tur-moyle,  s.  [Et>Tn.  doubt- 
ful ;  perhaps  tYum  O.  Fr.  treiiuniille,  tirmieul 
tlie  hopper  of  a  mill,  as  l»eing  always  in  mo- 
tion, from  Lat.  (remo  =  to  tremble.  ]  Hujass- 
ing  labour,  confusion,  tumult,  disturbance, 
commotion. 

"  Calmly  she  guzinl  arouui]  iu  the  turmoil  of  men." 
Longfellow :  Children  qf  the  Lord's  Supper. 

'  tor -moil',  v.t.  &  i.    [Turmoil,  s.] 

A.  Truiu. :  To  harass  with  commotion  ;  to 
disturb,  to  agitate,  to  molest. 

"  But  thus  turfTuiild  fruiu  oiie  tfj  other  atoure 
I  wast  my  life,  autl  ili>e  my  ilaies  Uevoure 
III  wi'c:tched  aiiguiahe  and  iiice&sAiit  woe." 

£pe,uer:  F.  (2,.  IV.  \x.  39. 

B.  /fUra/w.  :  To  be  disturbed;  to  be  in 
Ci'inmotion  or  agitation. 

turn,  '  toume.  '  toum-en,  *  tome, 
'  tume.  '  turn-en,  r.t.  a  i.    (Fr.  tuurorr; 

U.  Fr.  toiner,  tunur  =  to  turn,  from  Lat. 
toriw  =  to  turn  in  a  lathe,  to  tuni,  from  tornus 
=  a  latlie,  a  turner's  wheel ;  cogn.  with  Gr. 
Topro?  (tomoe)=a.  carpenter's  tool  to  draw 
circles  with,  compasses  ;  Topvsvm  {(onieuiT)  = 
to  tuin  work  with  a  lathe  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  turnar; 
Ital.  lornare ;  A.S.  f'jrmin;  O.  leel.  tunia; 
O.  H.  Ger.  turrten  ;  Irish  (our  =  a  turn  ;  Wei. 
Cum;  Gael,  fuma  =  a  spinning-wheel.  From 
the  same  root  come  tour,  tounmment,  ajid 
tourniquet] 
A,  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  move  round  on  a  centre  or 
axis,  or  as  on  a  centre  or  axis ;  to  make  to 
move  round  or  revolve  ;  to  cause  to  rotate  or 
revolve. 

"  Turn  th«  giddy  roaud  of  Fortune's  wheel." 

nhaki-tp.  :  Rape  t^  Lucrect,  952. 

2.  To  form  or  fashion  by  revolving  motion 
in  a  lathe  ;  to  shape  or  fashion,  as  wood, 
ntetal,  or  other  substance,  to  any  figure,  by 
means  of  a  latlie. 

"llie   whole    (Atlie    ia   made   strong,    because    the 

maltfT  it  fririii,  l>riii)f  iitetnl,  in  heavier  thau  wood.* 

.VojTO'i  ;  JiechajiiciU  kxcrritrM. 


3.  Hence,  to  form,  f.ishicju,  or  shape  in  any 
way. 

"  Uta  whole  |*craoii  1*  fluely  turtted,  uid  »i>cjdu  him 
■  man  of  quality."— rtK/crr.     {TodtL) 

4.  To  cause  to  go,  move,  aim,  point,  look. 
or  the  like  in  a  ditlerent  direction,  or  towards 
a  ditferent  point ;  to  direct  or  put  into  a  ditler- 
ent or  opposite  way,  course,  road,  path,  or 
channel ;  to  change"  the  direction  or  course 
of;  to  cause  to  leave  a  certain  course  or 
direction. 

"  But  could  they  t>crsiiiule  any  to  be  of  their  upiiiioii  f 
Vc»,  tlicy  turned  aeveral  out  of  the  -way."— Banyan: 
PHi/rim't  Proi/rcu,  pt.  II. 

5.  To  shift  or  change,  witli  respect  to  the 
bottom,  sides,  front,  back,  top,  or  the  like  ; 
to  reverse  ;  to  put  the  upper  side  downward, 
or  the  one  side  in  the  place  of  the  other ;  to 
invert. 

"  31nke  mouths  upon  me  when  I  turn  uiy  back." 
•■^atcesp. :  Jtitltiummer  Xight't  Dream,  iiL  '-. 

6.  To  bring  the  inside  of  outwards. 

■•  A  iwir  uf  old  breeches,  thrice  turtiedS'—i^utketp.  : 
Tinning  qf  the  Shreu;  ill  2. 

7.  To  change  or  alter  from  one  purpose  or 
ertect  to  another ;  to  apply  or  devote  to  a 
dirtereut  purpose  or  object ;  to  divert. 

"  Great  Apollo,  tar7i  all  to  the  best." 

Shaketp. :  Winter's  Tale,  iii.  L 

8.  To  apply,  to  devote,  to  direct. 

"  He  tur7)ed  his  parts  rather  to  books  and  couver&a- 
tion,  thau  to  politics."— /^riar,    (Todd.) 

9.  To  change  to  any  opinion,  side,  or  party  ; 
to  change  with  respect  to  belief,  opinions,  sen- 
timents, or  feelings  ;  to  convert,  to  pervert. 

10.  To  change  or  alter  the  state,  nature,  or 
ajipearance  of  in  any  way  ;  to  tiunsfoi-m,  to 
metamorphose,  to  transmute,  to  change. 

"  JUoQutaiiiB  turned  iiito  clouds." 
Shaketp. :  .Vidsumnier  JVisht's  Dream,  iv.  1. 

11.  To  give  a  difiereut  form  of  expression 
to  ;  to  translate,  t^i  construe,  to  paraphi-ase. 

"To  .  .  .  turn  a  wise  sayiiie  of  some  .oncieut  sage  into 
the  terms  of  a  teree  Euglish  couplet." — BUickie:  ^elf- 
Culture,  p.  18. 

12.  To  pass,  go,  or  move  round. 

"Turning  a  comer  in  Lambeth  on  SatiU'day."— 
Daiii/  Chronicle.  Sept.  7,  1S85. 

13.  To  transfer  ;  to  put  or  place  in  difiereut 
bands  ;  to  hand  over. 


*  14.  To  reverse,  to  repeaL 

"  G'kI  will  turn  thy  captivity,  and  have  compassion 
upon  thee,  and  wiU  retunt  and  gather  thee  from  all 
uatiuiis." — Deuteronomy  xxx.  a. 

15.  To  bend  from  a  perpendicular  edge  ;  to 
blunt. 

"  Quick  wits  are  more  quick  to  enter  speedily,  than 
able  to  pierce  far ;  like  sharp  tools,  whose  edges  be  vei'y 
soiin  turned." — .iseham. 

16.  To  I'evolve,  pondei-,  or  agitate ;  to  re- 
flect or  meditate  ou.  (Often  followed  by  about 
or  over.) 

■■  Turn  these  ideas  about  in  your  mind."— iraKa. 

17.  To  change  from  a  fresh,  sweet,  or 
natural  condition  ;  to  cause  to  ferment,  turn 
sour,  or  the  like:  as,  Hot  v^'eather  will  turn 
milk. 

18.  To  put,  bring,  or  place  in  a  certain  state 
or  condition. 

"  So  truly  turned  over  and  over  in  love." 

.Shakesp. :  Much  Ado  about  .Vothuiff,  v.  2. 

19.  To  make  suitable,  fit,  or  proper ;  to 
adapt.    (Rare,  except  in  the  pa.  par.) 

"  However  improper  he  might  have  been  for  studies 
of  a  hitrber  nature,  he  was  perfectly  well  turned  for 
trTide.  "—A ddtson , 

B*  I)itra)isitii'€  : 

1.  To  have  a  circular  or  revolving  motion  ; 
to  revolve  or  move  round,  as  ou  an  axis, 
centre,  or  the  like. 

"The  world  titms Touud." 
-     Shaketp. :  Taming  of  the  Shivw,  v.  2. 

2.  To  move  the  body,  face,  or  bead  in 
another  direction ;  to  direct  the  £ace  to  a 
ditt'erent  quarter. 

"  From  the  one  aide  to  the  other  turning." 

ahiike^p.  :  Jtichard  II.,  v.  2, 

3.  To  change  the  posture  or  position  of  the 
body,  as  in  bed  ;  to  shift  or  roll  from  one  side 
to  another. 

"  As  a  mau  in  a  fever  turns  often,  although  without 
any  hope  of  ease,  so  men  in  the  extremest  misery  fly 
to  the  Unit  appearHUce  of  relief,  though  never  so  vain." 
—Swift :  Intelligencer. 

4.  To  retrace  one's  steps ;  to  go  or  come 
back  ;  to  return. 

"  Ere  from  this  war  thou  turn  a  conqueror." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  III.,  iv.  4. 

5.  Not  to  fly ;  to  face  or  confront  an  enemy ; 
to  show  fight. 

"  Turn,  ilave.  and  fight." 

Shake-ip.  :  Troilus  A-  Crctsttla,  v,  7. 


6.  To  change  directiim  ;  to  take  an  opposite 
or  a  new  coui-se,  diicction,  ui-  line. 

"  Now  doth  it  turn  and  ebb  back." 

Slutk<-sp. ;  a  Benry  IV.,  v,  J. 

7.  To  take  a  particulur  direction,  course,  or 
line;  to  direct  one's  self;  to  have  recourse: 
as,  I  know  not  where  to  tarn. 

8.  To  be  changed  or  altered  in  appeaiance, 
form.orcondition  ;  to  be  transformed,  changed, 
metamorphosed,  or  converted. 


9.  To  be  altered  or  changed  in  clijuacter, 
nature,  inclination,  sentiments,  dispi>sition, 
opinions,  use,  or  the  like  ;  to  be  converted  or 
perverted;  hence,  to  become,  to  grow. 

"  You  will  turn  good  husiiaud  iiovi,"—ShakeMp.  : 
ileatiirr  for  Metiture,  iii.  2. 

10.  SpeciJliMlly : 

(1)  To  change  from  afresh,  sweet,  or  natural 
condition  ;  to  become  sour  or  spoiled,  as  milk, 
meat,  Ac. 

"  Aasea'  milk  turnet7i  not  so  easily  as  cows'," — Bacon. 

(2)  To  become  inclined  ina  larticular  direc- 
tion. 

"  li  the  scale  do  turn  but  in  the  estimation  of  n  hair." 
S/takes/K  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  iv.  1. 

(3)  To  become  giddy,  dizzy,  or  light  in  the 
heail ;  to  reel  ;  hence,  to  become  infatuated, 
mad,  or  the  like. 

"  I'll  look  uo  Diure 
Lest  my  bnun  turn.'        ffhaktsp.  :  Lenr.  iv.  6. 

(4)  To  cliange  from  ebb  to  flow,  or  from 
flow  to  ebb,  as  the  tide. 

■■  My  uncontrolled  tide 
Turns  not,  but  swells  the  higher  by  this  let." 

tilfikenp. :  liupc  of  Lut-rcce,  6*6. 

(5)  To  become  nauseated,  qualmish,  or  sick, 
as  the  stomach. 

(t'O  To  be  changeable,  fickle,  or  vacillating  ; 
to  vacillate. 

"She  is  turning  and  inconstant." 

Hhtkasp. :  Hrnry  V„  iii.  6. 

11.  To  liave  a  consetjucnce  or  result ;  to 
result,  to  terminate. 

"  Let  their  pride  set  them  ott  work  on  something 
which  may  turn  to  their  advantage." — Locke:  On 
Education. 

12.  To  change  one's  exercise  or  action. 

"Forthwith  from  dance  to  sweet  repose  tl.ey  turn." 
MiUoH  :  I'.  L.,  V.  Wo. 

13.  To  take  fr»rm  on  the  latJie ;  to  uudergo 
the  process  of  tuining  ou  the  lathe  :  as.  Ivory 
turns  well. 

f  To  tiirn  signifies  in  general  to  put  a  thing 
out  of  its  place  in  au  uneven  line  ;  we  turn  a 
thing  by  moving  it  from  one  point  to  another; 
thus  we  turn  the  earth  over:  to  distort  is  to 
turn  or  hend  out  of  the  right  course  ;  thus 
the  face  is  distorted  in  convulsions.  Tlie  .same 
distinction  holds  good  in  the  moial  applica- 
tion :  we  turn  a  person  from  his  design  ;  we 
distort  the  meanings  of  words  so  as  to  give 
them  an  entirely  false  meaning. 

IT  1.  To  turn  about:  To  turn  the  face  iu 
another  direction  ;  to  turn  round. 

2.  To  turn  adrift :  To  expel  or  di'ive  out 
from  some  safe  or  settled  place  or  position ; 
to  cast  off;  to  throw  upon  one's  own  resources. 

3.  To  turn  again :  To  return ;  to  go  or  come 
back. 

"  Tarry  with  him  tiU  I  turn  again." 

iStuikesp.:  Titus  AnUronicu£,  v.  -2. 
i.  To  turn  against : 

(1)  TrnJisitive : 

(a)  To  direct  towards  or  against ;  heuee,  to 
turn  or  use  to  one's  disadvantiige  or  injur}- : 
as,  Hisargunueuts  were  turned  wjainst  himself. 

(6)  To  render  unfavourable,  unfriendly,  hos- 
tile, or  oi>posed  ;  to  set  against :  as,  I  was 
turned  against  him. 

(2)  Intnuis. :  To  become  unfavourable,  \m- 
friendly,  hostile,  or  opposed  :  as,  All  his 
friends  have  turned  against  him. 

5.  To  turn  aside  : 

(1)  Tmns. :  To  ward  oil';  to  avert :  as,  To 
tvm  aside  a  blow. 

(2)  Intriin)>it(ve: 

(«)  To  leave  or  turn  from  a  straight  coui"se  ; 
t<j  go  otr  in  ;t  ditferent  direction. 

(/))  To  wiihdmwfrom  the  notice  or  presence 
of  others  ;  to  go  apart. 

"  Tu4it  aside,  iuid  weep  for  her.* 

Shaketfp. :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  i.  3, 

6.  To  trim  anuy : 
(1)  Transitive  : 

(a)  To  turn  in  au  opposite  dii-ectiou ;  to 
avert. 

"  She  turns  iiwag  the  face." 

Sh'd.txjK  :  Rape  of  Lncrcco.  1,711. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  iw. 


turn 


245 


{h)  To  avert ;  tn  turn  aside. 
"A  tliinl  |inrt  of  prtvcr  ir  deiirecatifn;  thnt  u. 
when  wo  \<Tny  to  fJ«.'«  to  titm  awa^  suiite  evil  froiii 
us,"— />i((^  o/.l/((u. 

((■)  To  dismiss  from  service ;  to  disc-harge, 
t<i  discard. 

■■IiiiustfurMfju-ar/soiiicufmyfonowers.'— ^/WtWA' 
Merry  Wivvi  nf  Hi.jdjor.  L  3. 
(2)  Intransilivt : 

((')  To  turn  the  face  in  an  opposite  or 
aiinthtT  direction  ;  to  avert  one's  looks. 

"  He  turnt  nwn;/.'        ^^h'lKvgp. :  Coriolanxt.  v.  3. 

(h)  To  leave  a  sti'aiglit  or  turiuer  course  ;  to 
turn  aside  ;  to  deviate 

"Wlien  the  ri-'liteoiis  nuui  furneth  away  from  his 
wickeiiui'ss.— /."irAriel  xviii.  Jf. 

7.  To  turn  a  banrl  oryaii^  matigle,  or  the 
like:  To  put  into  work  or  action  ;  to  worU. 

8.  To  turn  a  cold  shonhlir  to  (or  o»)*  To 
treat  with  marked  neglect  or  contempt. 

9.  To  tvrii  a  peintij  (or  flie  penny):  To  keep 
one's  money  in  brisk  cireuhition  ;  to  give  and 
t;ike  money  more  or  less  rapidly  in  business  ; 
to  increase  one's  capital  by  business. 

10.  To  ti(Ti\  a  summefsoulf :  [Somersavlt]. 

11.  To  turn  a  thing  up:  To  give  it  up. 
iSlaitg.) 

12.  To  tuni  an  enemy's  Jlank,  line,  %->ositi(in, 
or  army:  To  manteu^Te  so  as  to  pass  round 
his  forces,  and  attack  him  from  behind,  or  nn 
the  sides  ;  hence,  tig.,  To  turn  one's  Jlank  :  To 
attack  one  ou  a  weak  w  unexpected  point ;  tn 
outwit  one. 

13.  To  turn  beck  : 

(1)  Transitwe : 

('()  To  cause  to  return  or  n-trace  one's  steps ; 
henre,  to  drive  off  or  away. 
*(b)  To  send  back  ;  to  n-turn. 

"  We  tuni  Dut  back  the  silks  iipou  the  merchJint 
When  we  have  sjioilert  them.' 

aiiakesp. :  TrdlttA  <t  Cretsida,  iii.  2. 

(c)  To  fold  back  :  as,  To  turn  a  leaf  hack. 

(2)  Intrans. :  To  go  or  come  back  ;  to  re- 
turn ;  to  retrace  one  s  steps. 

"Gentle,  my  lord,  turv  back." 

S/iakeep.  :  Measure/or  Jfeasure,  ii.  i 

11.  To  turn  down  : 

(1)  To  fold  or  double  down. 

"  Is  not  the  leRf  /«>"»erf  doun  .' " 

Shukesp. :  Julius  Ccenar,  iv.  3. 

(2)  To  lower,  as  with  a  stop-coek  or  the 
like  :  as,  To  turn  down-  the  gas. 

15.  To  turn  forth  :  To  drive  out  or  away. 

"  I  am  the  funietf  forth." 

.Shtikritj'. :  Titus  Anttroniciu,  v.  ". 

*  16.  To  turn  head :  To  stand,  to  meet  an 
enemy  ;  not  to  fly. 

"Turn  head,  and  stop  piUBuit," 

Shiikfsp. :  Bi/nri/  I'.,  ii.  4. 

17.  To  turn  in  : 

(1)  Traiisitive  : 

(a)  To  direct  inwards  or  towards  each  other ; 
as,  To  tarn  the  toes  ('*'. 

(h)  To  fold  or  double  in :  as.  To  turn  in  a 
seam. 

(<•)  To  place  or  put  in  a  particular  place. 

"  To  purchase  and  turn  /n  somtf  hundred  thousands 
of  Iftxge  trout."— A'cW,  Dec.  fl.  1SS5. 

(2)  Intransitive  : 

(a)  To  bend,  double,  or  point  inwards ;  as, 
His  legs  turn  in. 
(/>)  To  enter. 

■•  Turn  in,  I  pray  you,  into  your  aervant's  house.'"— 
Oi'netis  xix.  2. 

(<■)  To  go  to  bed  ;  to  retire  to  rest. 

■"We  were  thinking  of  tu}'n!ng  in  for  the  uight."— 
Scribner's  Magmine,  Aug..  18S7.  p.  492. 

18.  To  turn  off : 
(1)  Transitive: 
((f)  To  deflect,  to  divert  ;  to  turn  aside. 

"The  institution  of  sports  wjis  intended  by  all 
L-overrimeuts  to  tiirtt  off  the  thoughts  of  the  people 
(nun  Imayiiig  themselves  in  matters  of  state."— v(d(/i. 
S"n :  Freeholder. 

(/y)  To  dismiss  or  put  away  with  contempt ; 
to  discharge,  to  discanl. 

"  Have  turned  njfn  first  so  uoble  wife.  " 

Shukft/:  :  .MI't.  Well  that  Endi  WeU,  v.  3. 

(c)  To  give  over  ;  to  resign. 
■'  We  are  not  so  wholly  tnnn-d  off  to  that  reversion, 
as  t-i  have  no  supplies  for  the  preeent." — Decay  of 
Pieti/. 

(li)  To  accomplish,  to  perform,  to  complete, 
to  turn  out ;  as,  Tin-  printers  tvrned  off  1,000 
(•(tpies. 

(e)  To  shut  off,  as  a  fluid,  by  means  of  a 
stiiji-cock,  valve,  Arc,  so  as  to  prevent  the 
working,  iiin-nttimi,   L-fTcL-t,  or  passage  of;  tn 


.stop  or  withdraw  the  efleetive  supply  of  ■  ns. 
To  turn  ojf  gas,  steam,  water,  tfcc. 

"  (/)  To  hang  ;  to  execute,  as  a  criminal. 

*(g)  To  marry.    (Slang.) 

(h)  To  give  a  different  meaning  or  effect  to  : 
as,  To  turn  o/T  a  joke. 

(2)  Intrans. :  To  be  diverted ;  to  deviate 
from  a  straight  course:  as,  The  road  turns  off 
to  the  left. 

19.  To  turn  on  : 

(1)  Trans. :  To  open  a  passage  to,  or  admit, 
as  a  fluid,  by  tmaus  of  a  stop-cock  or  valve, 
so  as  to  hUow  to  do  the  required  work,  or 
have  the  desired  effect :  as.  To  turn  on  water, 
gas,  steam,  or  the  like. 

(2)  Intninsitit^e : 

(a)  To  show  anger,  resentment,  or  hostility 
by  directing  the  look  towards  ;  to  confront  iTi 
a  hostile  manner;  to  become  hostile,  un- 
fi'iendly,  or  opjiosed  to  another. 

"  Turn  on  the  hloody  hounds." 

Shakegp.  :  I  Henri/  }'!.,  iv.  2. 

(h)  To  depend  on  ;  to  hinge  on  :  as,  The 
wliule  point  turns  on  this. 

20.  To  turn  ones  h<ind:  To  apply  or  adapt 
one's  self. 

21.  To  turn  onf's  head  (or  brain) : 

(1)  To  make  one  giddy  or  dizzy. 

(2)  To  make  one  insane,  infatuated,  wild,  or 
the  like  ;  to  deprive  of  reason  or  judgment  ; 
to  infatuate. 

"There  is  not  a  more  melancholy  object  than  a  man 
who  hua  Ilia  head  turned  with  religious  enthusiasm." 
— .iddiaon. 

22.  To  turn  Old: 

(1)  Transitirc: 

(a)  To  drive  out ;  to  expel.  (Used  with  of 
before  an  indirect  object.) 

'■  I"Il  turn  you  Ota  of  my  kingdom."— SAafcesp.  ; 
Tempest,  iv. 

(b)  To  drive  or  put  out  of  office  or  power. 

"[TUeyl  would  have  trooped  into  the  lobby,  and 
supported  them  rather  thuu  let  them  be  turned  out." 
—Daily  Ctironich;  June  26,  1886. 

((•)  Til  put  out  to  pasture :  as,  He  has  turned 
out  his  cattle  and  horses. 

((0  To  produce  as  the  result  of  labour  or 
any  process  of  niauufacture  ;  to  send  out 
tiiiished. 

"Messrs. turn  out  somewhere  about  6,000  tons 

wenWly."— Field,  Feb.  19,  18S7. 

(*•)  To  bring  the  inside  of  to  the  outside  ;  to 
reverse  ;  hence,  to  bring  to  view,  to  show,  to 
expose,  to  produce  :  as,  Turn  your  pockets 
out. 

(.0  The  same  as  To  turn  o/(l)  (e)  (q.v.). 

(2)  Intransitive: 

('()  To  bend,  point,  or  be  directed  out- 
wards :  as.  His  toes  turn  out. 

(h)  To  come  abroad  ;  to  leave  one's  resi- 
dence ;  to  appear  in  public. 

"Of  the  eight  who  turned  out  for  the  Autumn 
Himdicap."— />ii»/j/  ChronieU;  Oct.  14,  19S7. 

(c)  Specif.,  of  workmen,  to  throw  up  work 
and  go  on  strike. 

(<7)  To  get  out  of  bed  ;  to  rise  :  aSjVTe  turned 
out  early.    (CoUotj.) 

(e)  To  prove  in  the  result  or  issue ;  to  issue, 
to  terminate,  to  prove,  to  occur,  to  happen. 

"  Information  that  turns  out  to  be  hardly  correct." — 
Field.  April  4,  1885. 

23.  To  turn  over: 

(1)  Transitive: 

((f)  To  change  the  position  of  tlie  top. 
bottom,  or  sides  of;  to  put  one  side  or  end 
of  in  the  place  of  another  ;  to  overturn  ;  to 
knock  or  throw  down  :  as,  The  seats  were 
turned  over  in  the  struggle. 

(h)  To  transfer;  to  put  into  different  hands; 
to  hand  over :  as,  The  business  was  turned 
over  to  me. 

(f)  To  refer. 

"Tis  well  the  debt  no  payment  does  demand, 
You  turn  me  over  to  another  hand." 

Dry  den:  Aurenffzebe. 

(d)  To  do  business,  sell  goods,  or  draw 
money  to  the  amount  of:  as.  He  turns  over 
£500  a  week.    ITurn-over,  A.  I.  5.] 

(t)  To  open  and  turn  the  leaves  of  for  the 
purptise  of  examining. 

"  We  turned  o'er  many  books  together." 

:<hiikesp. :  Merchant  qf  Venice,  iv.  1. 

•(/)  To  throw  off  the  ladder  for  the  pur- 
pose of  hanging. 

"  tJrimiuals  condemned  to  suffer 
Are  blinded  tirst,  aud  th<-n  turned  ovi^." 


(2)  lutratisitive : 

(a)  To  move,  roll,  or  shift  from  side  to  side, 
or  from  top  to  bottom. 

(h)  To  turn  the  leaf  or  leaves  of  a  book, 
nianuscrii)t,  &c. 

21.  To  turn  over  a  new  leaf:  [Leaf,  s.,  %  (2).] 

25.  To  turn  roniul : 

(1)  To  turn  so  that  the  front  shall  become 
the  back. 

(2)  To  take  an  ojiposite  view,  aide,  or  pai'ty  ; 
to  cliaiige  opinions  or  sides. 

26.  Tn  turn  tail:  To  retreat  ignoruiniuusly  ; 
to  flee  like  a  coward, 

27.  To  turn  tlw  bark  :  To  tuni  away  ;  hence, 
to  leave  a  place  or  company  ;  to  flee. 

"  Turn  thy  bark,  and  nm." 

f>hak4isp.  :  /iomeo  fi  Juliet,  i.  l. 

28.  To  turn  the  hack  on  (or  upon)  :  To  with- 
draw one's  favour,  friendsUiji,  or  assistance 
from  ;  to  treat  with  disfavour,  anger,  resent- 
ment, contempt  or  the  like  ;  to  desert ;  to 
leave  in  the  lurch. 

29.  To  turn  the  corner :  To  have  pu.ssed  the 
worst  part  of ;  to  improve. 

■'  The  doctors  hope  I  have  now  turned  the  comrr. 
which  has  been  a  aharp  one."— Sf.  Jamcus  (lazette. 
Dec.  19,  IB&T. 

*  30,  To  turn  the  die  (or  dice):  To  change 
fortune. 

31.  To  turn  the  edge  of:  [TtTRN,  v.,  A.  15.]. 

32.  To  turn  the  key:  To  lock  or  unlock  a 
door. 

"  Turn  you  th*-  key,  and  know  his  busineas." 

Shukesp. :  3lcniure  for  Measure,  i.  s. 

33.  To  turn  the  scale  (or  balance):  To  make 
one  side  of  the  balance  go  <lown  ;  Iienci-,  tig., 
to  decide  in  one  way  or  another;  to  give 
superiority  or  success. 

"  A  mote  will  turn  the  balance." 
Shiikesp. :  Mitlsummer  .Viffhfs  Dream,  v. 

34.  To  turn  the  stomachof:  To  cause  nausea, 
disgust,  or  loathing  in;  to  make  qualmish, 
sick,  or  the  like. 

35.  To  turn  the  tables:  To  alter  the  supe- 
riority or  advantage  ;  to  give  a  formerly  suc- 
cissful  opponent  the  worst  of  it;  to  over- 
throw or  defeat  a  previous  conqueror  or  rival ; 
to  reverse  positions. 

36.  To  turn  the  trencher,  to  twirl  the  trencher : 
A  game  in  which  the  players  are  seated  in  a 
circle,  each  player  assuming  a  name  or  num- 
ber. One  of  the  party  twirls  a  wooden 
trencher  upon  its  edge,  and,  leaving  it  spin- 
ning, calls  upon  the  name  or  number  of  une 
of  tlie  circle,  wlio,  under  penalty  of  a  forfeit, 
must  prevent  tlie  trencher  from  falling.  It 
then  becomes  his  turn  to  twirl. 

37.  To  turn  to  : 

(1)  To  be  directed  or  move  towards :  as. 
The  needle  turns  to  the  pole. 

(2)  To  apply  or  betake  one's  self  to ;  to 
direct  one's  mind,  attention,  or  energy  to. 

3S.  To  turn  to  a  right : 

Law:  A  term  used  when  a  person's  posses- 
sion of  property  cannot  be  restored  by  entry, 
Itut  can  only  be  lecovered  by  an  action  at  law. 

39.  To  turn  turtle :  To  turn  topsyturvy  ;  to 
turn  completely  over.  (A  metaphor  taken  from 
the  usual  method  of  taking  turtle— turning 
them  over  on  their  biuks  aud  rendering  them 
incapable  of  movitig.) 

"  We  had  not  steamtd  two  milea  from  that  berg 
when  it  snlit  in  three  portions  with  thunderous 
Huunds,  ana  every  portion  turned  turtle."— Daily  Tele- 
graph, Feb.  ^\  18b7. 

40.  To  turn  under:  To  bend,  double,  or 
fold  downiwards  or  under. 

41.  To  turn  up : 

(1)  Traiisitive : 

(a)  To  bring  to  the  surface ;  to  bring  from 
below  to  the  top  :  as.  To  turn  up  the  soil. 

(ft)  To  bring  or  place  with  a  different  sur- 
face or  side  uppermost ;  to  place  with  the  face 
upwards. 

"  The  deal  is  completed,  and  the  trump  card  turned 
up."— Field.  Oct.  17.  1885. 

(c)  To  tilt  up  ;  to  cause  to  point  upwards  : 
as.  To  turn  up  one's  nose. 

(d)  To  refer  to  in  a  book  :  as,  To  turn  up  a 
passage. 

(2)  IntranMtire : 

(ft)  To  point  upwards  :  as,  His  nose  turns  up. 

(b)  To  come  to  the  surface;  hence,  to 
come  to  light;  to  transpire,  to  happen,  to 
occur,  to  appear ;  to  make  one's  appearance. 
(CoUoq.) 


boil,  bo^ ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat.  9ell,  chorns,  9liin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expfM:t.  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
'Clan»  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tlon,  -§ion  —  y>^vi".    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  -=  shus.    -ble,  -die,  .fee.  —  bel,  deL 


i4b 


turn 


4g,   To  turn  uj*>H  : 

{\)  Tram.  :  To  <iiuse  to  operate  on  or 
a;;»miil :  to  e»st.l>ack  ;  to  rvtoii  :  o*,  To  tutn 
Uit*  ininmifuljt  of  *»  uppoiieiit  ii|K>ii  himself. 

{•2)  ititmnj'itit*  : 

(u)  T<*  N-cuine  or  appear  hostile,  oppotieU, 
or  iiiifrKmlly  ;  to  turn  ou. 

('.)  T)  .lci»^inl  OM  ;  to  hinge  on  ;  to  turn  on. 

tarn  again  gentleman,  s. 

J..-:.:  i  ■iui.iiMaitu.f>,t.    {lirittemt  HoUaiui.) 

com.  *  toume,  *  turne.  <.    (Tchn,  rj 

I.   n,,li„iinf  Lan.jna-h  : 

I.  The  act  or  stiil«'  i»f  turnini;;  motion  or 
niovenu-nt  aUmt.  or  as  about  a  cfntic  or 
a\i!i;  r.-vtilutioi),  rotation. 

•2.  Movement  from  a  straijiht  line  ;  niov*^- 
nient  ill  an  opjwsitc  dirvetion  ;  change  of 
(lin-etion  :  as,  Uie  turn  of  the  title. 

i  A  jMiint,  spot,  or  plait*  of  deviation  from 
.1  straight  line,  eoiirse.  or  direction  ;  a  wiml- 
mg,  a  iH-nd.  a  curve,  an  angle. 

■■  Fmr  mlslrd  the  jouii?«l  from  hU  vmy  ; 
But  Nisus  hit  Uir  fi4r(i«."' 

ItrydeN  ,    Viryll :  -KneiJ  Ix.  j22. 

■I.  A  winding  or  ftexuous  course. 

5.  A  walk  in  a  more  or  less  winding  diree- 
linn  ;  a  walk  to  and  fro ;  a  stroll ;  a  short 
walk  or  proiiirnadc. 

•'  Com«,  you  mid  I  must  wiUlt  a  funt  to^etlur  " 
.'iKaketp. :  Henry  »  ///..  v.  l. 

6.  Alteration  of  course  or  direction ;  new 
direction  or  ten«lency  ;  cliaiige  of  onier,  posi- 
t»(Hi,  or  aspect  of  things  ;  hence,  change  gene- 
rally; vicissitude. 

"0  world,  tby  »npi>erj-  turns.'" 

Shahrsp.  :  Coriitianiu.  iv.  4. 

7.  Successive  eoursc  ;  op|>ortunity  enjoyed 
in  allemation  with  another  or  ulhei-s,  or  in 
due  rotation  or  order;  the  time  or  occasion 
which  comes  iu  succession  to  eacli  of  a 
nnnil>er  of  persons,  when  anything  is  to  be 
had  or  done;  due  chance,  time,  opportunity, 
or  order. 

"  Would  Ring  her  song.  And  d.'incc  her  turn." 

ShaJcetp.  :    Whiter'g  Tate,  iv.  4. 

S.  Occasion  ;  incidental  opportunity. 

••An  old  iU«.  IftUen  from  his  spetjd,  waa  loaden  at 
*verv  turn  with  blows  and  reproiuhea."— /-fstroHi/f; 

'  9.  Occurrence,  hap,  chance. 

•■  All  sixvc  the  shciiheard.  who.  for  fell  deepiglit 
of  that  displeaaun:,  broke  his  b>ig-pii>e  tjuight. 
Aii'l  lujule  great  mone  for  Unit  uitluippy  lurni:." 
tipentfr:  >'.  V-.  VI.  x.  18. 

10.  Incidental  or  opportune  act,  deed,  oflice, 
or  service;  an  occasional  act  of  kindness  or 
nialii-e. 

•■  Each  doth  good  turnt  now  onto  the  other." 

!<hakfgp. :  Soitnet  47. 

II.  Convenience,  purpose,  requirement,  use, 
txigenee,  advantage. 

■'If  yoa  have  occasion  to  u*e  me  for  your  own  turn." 
ahtikeip.  :  Jieature/or  Meiwirv,  iv.  2, 

12.  Prevailing  inclination;  tendency,fashion. 

13.  Form,  cast,  mould,  shape,  manner,  cha- 
ra<:ter,  temper. 

"The  very  turn  of  voice,  the  gooA  proDiinciatiou. 
iiiiil  thfi  .illuriug  manner  which  b-jine  t«acbei's  bMVc 
iiltiiluw!,  will  eiig.'ige  the  atteution.'— n'aft*. 

U,  Planner  of  proceeding ;  change  from 
ruiginal  intention  or  dii^ction. 

■While  this  flux  prevails,  the  swents  ai'e  much 
iJiuiiiii»he>) :  wtiile  the  iiintter  thnt  fed  them  takes 
another  titrii."—/Uacknwrc. 

la.  A  piece  of  work  requiring  little  time  or 
execution  ;  a  short  spell ;  a  job.     {CoUon.) 

16.  A  nervous  .shock,  such  as  may  be  caused 
Ity  alarm  or  sudden  excitement.     (Colloq.) 

17.  The  manner  of  ad.justmeut  of  the  words 
iif  ;i  sentence. 

"The  turn  of  words,  in  which  Ovid  excels  all  poeU. 
1"  !>oiii<:tiiiie:^  n  fault  or  sometimcB  a  beauty,  as  they 
atl-  used  properly  or  improiieily."— /A-^dtvt. 

'  18.  A  fall  off  a  gallows  ladder;  a  hanging, 
execution ;  from  tiie  practice  of  making  the 
criminal  stand  on  a  ladder,  w  liich  was  turned 
over  at  a  signal,  leaving  him  suspended. 

"Aud  make  lilni  (ilad  to  read  his  lesoOD, 
Or  take  a  turn  for  t  at  the  s«s»ioii." 

Butler:  Uuilibrat. 

19.  A  single  round  of  a  rope  or  cord. 

IL  TtKhnicaUij: 

1.  Law :  The  same  as  TouBx  (q.v.). 

1.  Med.  {PL):  Monthly  courses;  menses. 

i.  Mining :  A  pit  .sunk  in  a  drift. 

I.  Music:  An  ornament  in  music  formed  by 
i;*king  the  adjoining  notes  above  or  below  the 
principal  note,  according  to  the  position  of 
lliat   note  in  the  diatonic  scale.    Thus  the 


common  turn,  which  takes  a  higher  note  lirst 
ill  the  change  : 


^i 


xhnulil  be  porfornicil  ip^-*-*-**  , 


The  back-turn  taking  a  lower  nott  lirst  in  the 
cliange : 

_f ./^ 

— f— p — d  should  be  iK-iforuied  - 

The  turn  must  be  performed  in  the  time  the 
note  it  altera  would  occupy  without  it. 

*J  1.  Cv  films: 

(1)  One  after  another ;  alU'rnately  ;  in  suc- 
cessi«ni. 

■■  Bs  tanu  put  ou  the  auppliant  and  the  l«>r.l-" 
i'rior:  .'i<t(omon.  li.  -.IIO. 

■(■i)  At  intervals. 

■■  They  feel  bu  ttirnt  the  bitter  cliange 
Of  lleree  extremes  ;  exUemea  by  chiuigo  iiioie  fierce. 
Milton  ■'  !'•  L.,  ii.  S98, 

2.  Dotif:  to  a  turn:  Said  of  meat  cooked  to 
exactness;  hence,  exactly. 

3.  In  turn.  In  turns:  In  due  order  of  suc- 
cession. 

i.  To  serve  one's  turn :  To  serve  one's  pur- 
)iose  ;  to  help  or  suit  one. 

•'1  have  enough  toscrt>e  mineovm  turn/'—Sliakesp.  : 
Midtumm«r  IfigftVs  Dream,  iii.  1. 

a.  To  take  turns :  To  take  each  other's  place 
alternately. 

6.  Txni  and  turn  abo^tt :  Alternately,  by 
turns,  successively. 

7.  Turn  of  life:  The  period  of  lift  in  women, 
lietween  the  ages  of  forty-tive  and  lifty,  when 
tlie  menses  cease  naturally. 

turn-again,  n.  &s. 

A,  As  adj. :  Applied  to  a  lane  clo.sed  at  one 
end  ;  a  cul-de-sac. 

B,  -4s  subst.  :  A  turning  back;  change  of 
couise  backwards. 

"The  manifold  water,  ao  called,  bicauae  of  the 
smidrie  crinckliiig  rilla  that  it  receuieth,  and  turn, 
a-iaines  that  it  selfe  eheweth  before  it  wiine  at  the 
liou.'—Boltnthed  :  Deacript,  o/  liritaun:,  ch.  xv. 

tum-l>encll,  s.  A  small  portable  lathe 
used  upon  a  bench  or  desk  by  watch,  model, 
und  in.-stiuiuent  njiikers. 

turn-bridge,  s.    A  swing-bridge  (q.v.). 

"  turn-broach,   "  turn-broacher,     . 

IFr.  touinpbrodif.]    A  turnspit. 

"A  r((ri(-6rt/flcAf/s  place  in  the  kitchen.' —V/at/, 
MUctlL.  \ii.  so. 

tum-buekle,  $. 

1.  Merh. :  A  form  of  shutter-fastening  having 
a  gravitating  catch. 

'Z,  Urdu. :  An  analogous  device  used  for  se- 
curing the  free  ends  of  the  implement-chains 
iu  a  gun-carriage  aud  the  cover  of  the  auimu- 
nition-eliest. 

3.  Xaut.:  A  link  used  for  setting  up  and 
tightening  the  iron  rods  employed  as  stays 
for  tJie  smoke-stack  of  a  steamer  or  for  similar 
objects. 

turn-cap,  5. 

1.  Bitild.  :  A  turning  chimney-top  oy  cowl, 
always  presenting  its  mouth  to  leeward. 

2.  Hot.:  Liliuin  Marta/fon. 

turn-coat.  ^■.    ITl-rncoat.] 

turn-cock,  s.  The  servant  of  a  water- 
company  who  turns  on  or  otl'  the  water  in  the 
mains,  attends  to  the  lire-plugs,  &c. 

turn-down,  ".  Folded  or  doubled  down, 
wliolly  or  pai-tly. 

"A  hii,'lily-LieveIoi«d  Eyronie  ti-rn-dow/t  collar."— 
KiifjiU-y  :  Ta\i  JVitv*  ,iyo,  ch.  1. 

turn-file,  >?.  a  burnisher  used  in  throw- 
ing up  slight  burs  on  the  edges  of  the  comb- 
maker'.s  files,  the  teeth  of  wliich  are  originally 
made  by  the  file  and  not  by  the  chisel.  U.sed 
by  workers  in  horn,  turtoiseshell,  iron,  and 
l.ioiie. 

turn-out,  s. 

1.  The  act  of  coming  forth  ;  specif.,  u  quit- 
ting of  employment,  as  of  workmen  who  come 
out  on  strike  ;  a  strike. 

2.  A  number  of  persons  who  come  out  on 
.some  special  occasion,  as  to  see  a  spectacle, 
to  witness  a  performance,  to  take  part  in  a 
contest,  meeting,  or  the  like. 

"There  was  a  good  turn-out  of  membei-s."— fieW, 
Oct  :!.  itSJ. 


3.  That  which  is  brought  prominently  loi- 
ward  or  exhibited  ;  hence,  a-sliowy  or  well- 
appointed  *jquipage. 

"  I  rather  piiHied  luy-Sell  on  it\y  tnrn.tiiit.'-~Thfid'jrr 
Hook     Gilbert  iSurncy. 

4.  The  net  quantity  of  produce  yielded  ; 
the  out-turn  (q.v.). 

5.  A  niilway-siding  for  enabling  one  tian. 
to  I'ass  another. 

turnover,  s.  k  a. 

A.  As  substuntivr  : 

I,  Ordinanj  Loiiijuagf: 

1.  The  act  or  result  of  turning-ovei  ;  an 
upset, 

2.  A  kind  of  apple-tart  iu  a  semieiicnlav 
form,  made  by  tuining  n\er  one-half  of  ;i 
circular  crust  iqton  the  other. 

*  3.  A  piece  of  white  lineu  formeily  W'llli 
by  cavalry  soKiios  over  Iheii  stocks. 

4.  An  apprentice  trausferred  from  on. 
nnister  to  another  to  complete  his  apprentice 
ship. 

5.  The  amount  of  business  done  or  nr-in-'N 
turned  over  or  drawu  in  a  business  in  a  -^w  en 
time. 

"The  (urH-or«r.  however,  is  generally  very  ii>:l.t  — 
Daili/  Ch»-QnUit.  March  I'l.  13ST. 

II.  Print.  :  Surticient  copy  to  fill  a  column 
and  a  little  more. 

"Yet  do  the  d.uly  papers,  with  the  regulaiitv  of 
clockwork,  <(n«on(  <(/!»-..  .tt.  the  l^ti-f  Octolwr  apiie  il-, 
consider  it  their  duty  to  their  teadent  to  treat  thei.. 
to  wlmt  is  teclinically  called  ;i/r(r((-orrr—*.e.,  it  column 
aud  a  bittock — uU)th«  twpic  o(.i>liea3ant*RUd  the  Ljit 
tUe.  ■■—/■<■  eW.  Oct.  15.  1SS7. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Admitting  of  being  turned  or 
folded  over;  made  to  be  tuiued  or  folded 
over  :  as,  a  tura-oter  collar. 

I'ltrn-over  boiler  :  A  form  of  boiler  in  wliieb 
the  dues  were  turned  o\er  the  lire-bo\  oi 
furnace.  It  was  one  form  of  the  gi-adual  '.-"n- 
version  of  the  old  Cornish  boiler  into  a  inou 
compact  form. 

Turn-over-gear : 

Saw-mill:  An  application  of  macliinery  foi 
hauling  up  logs  from  the  saw-oMll  to  the  lo-- 
earriage,  or  turning  the  log  on  the  caiiiiigf 
after  slabbing  one  side. 

Tnrn-over-tahle :  A  table  whifse  top  is  so 
fitted  to  the  supporting  l>Iock  or  pedestal 
that  it  can  be  tuvued  up  at  pleasure;  ami 
thus,  when  out  of  use,  it  lan  be  jditced  againsl 
the  wall  of  the  room,  -so  as  to  occupy  IrsN 
space. 

turn-pin,  s.  A  plug  for  .stopping  till 
flow  from  tlie  open  end  of  a  pipe  ;  a  tiiln 
.sti»pper. 

turn-plate,  5.     A  tnrn-t.ihle  (q.v.). 

"turn -poke,    ^.      A    large  game-cock. 

(A,-r!,a:ok:jn.f,  in.  U'J.) 

turn-screw,  5,  A  sereu  -driver  ;  a  sckw  ■ 
wrench. 

*■  turn-serving,  .•;.  The  act  or  practice 
of  serving  ones  turn  01  pruiuoting  private  in- 
terest. 

"And  though  now  since  choice  goeth  better,  both  m 
i_-)nu'ch  :uul  ciiiiiuiunwejiltli  ;  yet  iiiuiiey,  and  tnf- 
si'vi'in'j.  ami  ciniiiing  c:noiise-s,  and  iiuiiortuiiity  I'lt- 
^;iil  tu>.  iiiutii.'— /iacwJi;  Lftten.  p.  IJ. 

turn-table,  a. 

1.  raiUt'-cii-nu'j. :  A  I'latfonn  which  i'otai>s 
iu  a  huri^iontal  plane,  and  is  used  lor  shiltin- 
rcdling-stoek  from  one  line  of  lails  to  anothei . 
Devices  common  to  all  are  the  platform,  which 
has  one  oi"  niore  tracks  of  lails  on  its  upper 
surface  ;  rollers  on  which  it  turns,  gearing  lor 
rot-iting  it,  a  central  pivot  ou  which  it  rotiites, 
a  circular  tra<,'k  on  which  the  rollers  move, 
aud  .solid  foundations  for  tins  track  and  fi  r 
the  central  pivot.  One  comiuon  foiiii  con- 
sists of  a  platform,  centrally  sujiported  on  a 
series  of  fnisto-ctmical  rollers  turning  on 
arms  ladially  piojecting  from  a  collar,  w Inch 
revolves  around  the  axis  of  the  table.  The 
ai>cxes  of  the  cone  would,  if  they  were  com- 
plete, meet  at  a  point  in  their  axis.  They  are 
interposed  l>etweeu  two  annular  castings  er>r- 
respondingly  l>5Vellcd,  the  lower  of  which  is 
lixcd,  and  serves  as  a  track,  aud  the  upper  is 
attached  to  aud  turns  with  the  table.  Flanges 
on  the  inner  ends  of  the  rollers  prevent  theii 
being  ]iiislicd  initwardly  by  the  pressure.  In 
a  mollified  arranireuient,  small  conical  roller?-, 
turning  b''lween  the  laigeroUei-sand  jdates  on 
the  ends  of  the  arms  which  carry  them,  are 
substituted  for  the  tlanges.  Adams'  turn- 
table flijats  in  a  water-taiik. 


i^te.  fat,  fare,  ^midst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  —  kw. 


turnabout— turnip 


24  7 


2.  .V ('".>.  ;  A  lU'vicc  iipnii  «iiii;li  a  sliile  is 
lifM  luiil  ifVnlvL-il  for  st-aliiiKU  nimint  nr  tiar- 
iiiK  the  circiiliir  '■I'liient-cclls  in  which  objects 
arc  pl;ioi.'<l  I'H  exiuiiiiiatinii. 

'  tnm  tippOt,  .4.     A  tiii'iM'oat. 

"  Tlic  inn-'t,'-,  fi-r  tlif  iiiont  jvirt.  were  (loulilf-fni'oil. 
tiiriiltfifts,  niul  HftttcriirB."— CVuHiiiv*' .  Cvii/utultOH 
t/  Ciiteiitt.n  VvriUfS. 

turn-tree,  ^«. 

Mhiinij:  A  part  of  tho  (lrauii)t;;-stowce  or 
windlass. 

turn-up.  >■-. 

1.  An  nnrx]>efte<]  event  or  result,  especially 
of  a  faviiuralile  nature.    XSlantj.) 

"This  (luubtlea.^  cauned  the  fielUeni  to  Utke  .i  tlrrii 
Rtaiiil  oil  tlitf  chillier  ot  a  turn-it^}."—  Daily  Chroiiiric, 
Oct,  III,  IBBJ. 

2.  In  cants,  the  truin]i-card  whicli  is  turned 
face  upwards  on  tlie  taMe. 

"  Yuu  slioiilil  |il«y  the  tiiirnp  next  iu  viilue  tu  t)ii> 
turn-up."— l-'uttl,  Ilt'c.  12,  IBs:,. 

turn-wrest  plough,  5. 

Husbnii'lrii : 

1.  An  Eii^,'ltsh  plouj^li  of  large  size,  and 
^vitlllHlt  a  ninuM-boanl,  adapted  to  be  drawn 
by  fonr  or  more  hnrses. 

2.  A  plough  having  a  reversible  share  and 
coulter,  so  as  to  work  both  bai'kwartl  and  for- 
ward, and  lay  the  furrows  in  the  same  diree- 
tion. 

"turn'-a-bO^t,  .■;.     [Eng.  turn,  and  ahotit.] 

1.  An  innovator. 

"Oiir  luiHleru  tiirnubouts.'—lJackiit:  Lift-  of  W'it- 
Uam.1,  ii.  m:. 

2.  Giddinesg. 

"The  furiutboiit  mid  miirniin  trouble  rMtel. " 

Sffloi-stcr:   TlM.-  Furie*.  lil". 

Turn -bull,  $.     ISec  def.]     The  name  of  the 

discnverei*. 

TurnbuU's  blue, .". 

Clu-in. :  I''errons  ferricyanide  preji.ared  l)y 
precipitating  a  ferrous  salt  with  potassiniii 
ferricyanide.     (U'ct^s.) 

tum'-COat,  s.  [Eng.  tnni,  and  cmt.]  One 
who  deserts  his  jtarty  or  principles  ;  a  rene- 
gade, an  apostate?. 

"The  Chief  Justice  himself  stood  aghast  at  the 
effrontery  <if  this  veiMil  turnvoat." — Jfacualui/ :  Eist. 
Eiig..  c-h.  viii. 

tum'-dun,  s.     (Australian  name.] 

Anfhrop.  :  A  small,  tish-shaped  piecft  of 
thin,  tiat  wood,  tied  to  a  thong,  and  wlnrleil 
in  the  air  to  produce  a  loud  roaring  noise, 
whence  it  is  sometimes  cnllcd  a  bull-roarei . 
Tliis  instrument  is  used  by  the  natives  of 
Australia  to  call  together  the  men,  and  to 
frighten  away  the  women  from  the  religious 
inysteiies.  The  tuumJun  is  emj'loyed  for 
similar  purposes  in  Neiw  Mexico,  South  Africa, 
and  New  Zealand.  In  the  .Myst»Mies  of 
Dionysos  the  ancient  Greeks  useil  a  kind  of 
turndun,  which  they  called  p6/ji^os  {rlii'inhos), 
probably  identical  with  tlie  "  mystica  vannns 
lacchi  "  (ruf;(7  ;  deorg.  i.  106). 

"  ri ;  i-L..ri  drawn  hy  ttie  ethnologist  is  tliat 

'h^      '  I      '  i'    I    l'n-.,din,  hy  th-;  Anstiiilinns,   is  a 

^'  ■         I  '    iii\euti..ii,  I  r.ih.ihly  riiau.nered  .uid 

aiM'li''t  '"  iiliJ.'iiiH  |jurpi>9es  in  varimis  sepai-ate  cen- 
tre-H,  ;inil  ivljiiiifd  Ir'Hn  tlie  nge  of  »;ivageiy  in  the  mys- 
tic rites  of  Gre<:;k9  imd  ])erl)a]is  of  H'nuMxa.'—Cornhilt 
Magaziif!,  J.in.,  1883,  ]i,  D4. 

turned,  i^i.  par.  or«.     [T^RN,  v.] 

%  T"  h^  iurned,  To  hare  turned  of:  To  be  ad- 
vanceil  beyond ;  to  have  passed  or  exceeded. 
(Said  of  age.) 

•'  Wlieu  (Hrned  0/  forty,  they  deteriuiiied  to  retire 
to  the  country,  "—.^(^/^so^^ 

turned  backwards,  o. 

B->!.  :  Tinii.'d  lu  a  direction  opposite  to  that 
'.f  tbp  apex  of  the  br»iy  to  which  the  part 
turn-'d  ajijiertains.     [RETROR,sii:.J 

turned-house,  .<. 

Mining :  A  term  used  when  a  level,  in  foU 
IowIul:  branches  of  ore,  is  turned  out  of  the 

oii^'iria!  dii-'Ction. 

turned  inwards,  «.    [In-trorse.] 
turned  outwards,  c    II':xtiiur.se.i 
*  tur'-nep,  --.     [Tirnit.] 

tum-er  (l).  ^^     |Eng.  turn,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  tnrns ;  specif.,  one  who  turns 
articles  in  a  lathe. 

"  For  wool,  mirner'g  ware,  and  such  other  small 
thiufe'fl."—s/ /■;//>«  ;  Kvcles.  Mem.  (an.  155T}. 

2.  A  variety  of  pigeon. 


Tum-er  (2).  s.  !«.■<■  def.l  The  itam>)  of  the 
pers.Mi  who  hi-st  prei>arud  the  cerate  aud  pig- 
ment. 

Turner's  cerate,  <.  A  cerate  consisting 
of  prejiared  <aliuiiin'',  yelluw  wax,  and  olive 
oil. 

Turner's  yellow,  ■.    [Patent- yellow.] 

tur-ner-a,  s.  I Named  by  Umia-us  after 
Win.  Turner,  PrebeiMlary  of  Yoik,  who  imb- 
lishe'l  a  lYt'iy  Herbal  iu  1001,  and  die'l  iu  IJtW.] 
Hot.:  The  typical  genns  of  Tnrnemccje 
Ol.v.).  Herbs  or  uuderslirnbs.  with  more  or 
less  (ieeply-divided  leaves,  eaeli  with  two 
glands  at  the  base.  Flowers  generally  single 
and  axillary,  rarely  racemose  and  terminal  ; 
calyx  five-parted,  coloured  ;  petals  and  sta- 
mens live;  capsule  one-eelled,  with  three 
l>arietfll  placeutie,  bursting  into  three  pieces. 
From  the  West  Indies  and  South  America. 
The  herbage  of  some  species  is  aromatic. 
Turnera  opi/era  is  astringent,  and  is  given  in 
Brazil  against  dyspepsia.  T.  lUini/oUa  is  con- 
-si'lered  tonic  and  expectorant. 

tur-ner-a -9e-se,  *•.  ;>/.  [;\Iod.  Lat.  tnmeiXa) ; 
L^t.  feni.  1)1.  atlj.  sntf.  -ittcie.] 

But.:  Tnrnerads;  an  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Violales.  Herbs  tending  to 
lieconie  shrubby,  with  simple  or  stellate'  pu- 
bescence. Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate,  gene- 
rally with  two  glamls  on  the  petiole.  Flowers 
usually  axillary,  their  pedicel  someti?nes  eo- 
liering  with  the  iK?tiole  ;  bractlets  two  ;  calyx 
inferior,  often  colouied  ;  petals  hve,  yellowish, 
larely  blue,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the 
calyx  ;  stimens  hve,  similarly  inserted  ;  stylos 
three,  more  or  less  cohering;  ovary  superior, 
one-eelled,  with  three  parietal  placentje ; 
ovules  indefinite  in  number;  fruit  a  capsule, 
three-valved,  one-celled,  opening  down  to  tlie 
middle;  seeds  reticulated.  Fnnn  the  West 
Indies  and  South  America.  Known  genera 
two;  species  sixty.    (L'utdley.) 

tur'-ner-ad,  ^■.  [Mod.  l^t.  tnmrrCa);  Eng. 
siitf.  ■».{  ] 

But.  (/'?.);  The  Turneracefe.    (Lhulloj.) 

tur'-ner  ite,  s.  [After  C.  M.  Turner,  of 
Kooksuest,  Surrey  ;  sutt.  -UciMin.).] 

Mill.:  A  variety  of  Monazite  (q.v.)  occur- 
ring in  small  cryst^ils  associated  with  a<lu- 
laria,  &c.,  in  the  Dep.  de  I'ls^re,  France,  and 
also  in  Switzerland.  Hardness,  above  4o; 
lustre,  adamantine;  colour,  mostly  shades  of 
yel'-ow  ;  transparent  to  translucent. 

Tur'-ner-ite^,  s.  pi.    [Southcottians.] 

tum-er-y,  ^■.     [Fr.  tonnterk.] 

1.  The  act  of  turning  articles  in  a  latlie. 

2.  Articles  made  by  tni'ning  in  a  lathe. 

•'Tuiibridjie  .  .  .  is  faniinis  for  its  excellent  (to'itfi-^ 
vrni^.'—Aifiiii  :  Englanit  Detiiicated. 

3.  A  place  wliere  articles  are  turned  in  a 
lathe. 


■  tur -ney. 


[ToiTRNEY.]    A  tournament.. 


"  And  i(  aiik'ht  else  i^reat  bards  beside 
In  saye  and  .solemn  tnnes  liave  enng. 
Of  ftiru:;'/s,  and  uf  tropliie^  liun^." 

MUtun:  II  Pciiseroao. 

tur-ni^'-i-dse,  s.jil.  [Mod.  Lat.  turmx,  genit. 
tunikih);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -trfie.] 

Ornith.  :  Bush  Quails  ;  a  family  of  Gallin- 
aceous Birds,  ranging  over  the  eastern  hemi- 
sphere, from  SiKiiii,  through  Africa  and  Maila- 
gascar,  and  over  the  whtde  Orientiil  legion  to 
Foiniosa,  tlien  nr)rtb  again  to  Pekin,  and 
south  to  Australia  an'!  Tasuiaiila.  They  are 
sniall  birds,  with  slender  bodies,  moderate- 
sized,  rounded  wings,  with  the  first  tpiill 
longest  or  the  first  three  of  equal  length  ;  Uiil 
of  from  ten  to  twelve  feathers,  almost  con- 
cealed beneath  the  t~ail-coverts  ;  beakmediuni- 
sized,  straighi:,  thin,  Ingh  at  culmen  and 
slightly  arched  at  tip;  no.strils  <:overed  -rith 
a  small  fold  of  skin;  tarsi  long:  toes  three, 
sometimes  four. 


..  '1.,  &.S'.    [Turn,  )-.] 
par.  lO  parlicip.  adj.  :  (Soi 


turning,  pr.  pa, 
A.  &  B.  -I*-  pr. 
the  verb). 

C.  As  S)ihstantive: 

I.  Orditiary  Lanqttage : 

1.  The  act  of  ''rie  who,  or  of  that  wliich 
turns. 

"Tlie  tnrniiifj  of  a  weather  hoard  nr  tin  cap  upon 
the  tup  of  a  chuQney."—/'.»/i'#  .-  .V«f.  That.,  ch.  xx. 

2.  A  bend  or  beiuling  course  ;  a  meander,  a 


flexure,  a  curve;  a  deviation   ur  di\ei;;eiice 
fi'om  a  straight  line  yr  course. 

"  Wi'  dlsoMuerei]  :ti  lehkinJn  lyiii^'  ul  twvrv  llnj  Imul, 
Wint;  HiniUl  and  plrtuant  to  the  vk-u.  hi>(li  nu<)  lixniiiic 
iniMiy  tunthi!/*  KUii  wliidliiKM  ltetw«en«>  r.liciit,  //mk- 
lu'ii :  yaifai/tt.  iii.  300. 

S.  A  place  or  point  where  a  nuul  oi-  street 
rlivei-ges  from  another;  also,  a  rn.i(l,  lane,  or 
street  diverging  from  anothej. 

"Turn  ujion  your  rittht  at  the  nt-jit  tuyniitff."— 
.Stin>:f^ip. :  Jlerchunt  of  ytiuce.  ii.  i' 

i.  The  act  or  operation  of  giving  r-ircidar 
aud  other  ft»rms  to  wood,  metal,  bone,  iron,  or 
other  substiinces,  by  ejiusing  thcin  loir-volve 
in  a  lathe,  aud  applying  cutting  instrnmcnis. 
so  as  to  i»roducc  the  form  required;  or  by 
making  the  cutting  instrument  revolve,  when 
the  substance  t«5  Ym  formed  is  lixed.  [Lathk.| 
In  most  cJtses,  the  substance  to  be  formed  le- 
volves  on  an  axis,  which  is  lixed. 

5.  A  process  for  smoothing  thrown  iJottery, 
cruisisting  in  turning  off  the  exterior  surface 
of  the  partially  dried  vessels,  which  are  in 
what  is  called  the  green  state.  The  moistened 
surface  of  the  vessel  adheres  to  the  top  of  the 
rotating  disk,  while  the  turner  removes  a  long 
ribbon  of  clay  by  means  of  a  cutting  too]. 
This  Ix-ing  completed,  and  the  green  handle 
cemented  on  by  slip,  the  vessel  is  cut  loose 
by  a  wire,  and  sent  to  be  lired. 

6.  (/v.):  The  chips  detached  in  the  proce.ss 
of  turning  wood,  \c. 

II.   TirlDiirally : 

3.  Mil. :  A  maineuvre  by  which  an  enemy 
or  position  is  turned. 
2.  iibstrtrirfi:  [Vhf.sionI. 


A    swing-biidg 


turning  -  bridge, 

(q.v.). 

turning -carrier,  x  rCAHRiicR,  s.,  II. 
:itl).J 

turning -chisel,  s.  a  chisel  used  by 
turners  fur  liiii.slnng  woik  after  lieiug  rmighed 

out  by  thcgoi,^,., 

turning  engine,  >-.    A  latlie. 

turning  gauge,  >■.  An  instrument  to 
assist  in  setting  over  the  tail-slock  of  the 
lathe,  so  that  a  given  taper  in  a  given  length 
of  work  may  be  obtained. 

tuming-in,  .*;.  The  process  of  strapping 
a  dcad-eyc  ;  t!i:tt  is,  bending  a  rope  tightly 

amund  it  iu  the  score. 

turning-lathe,  ^^.    [Lathe] 

turning- machine,  .<.  A  machine  for 
turning  boot-legs  after  the  seams  have  U-en 
sewn  au'l  rolled. 

turning-mill,  .«.  A  form  of  horizontal 
latlie  nr  liiiring-mill.      It  has    a  conipotiml 

slide  rest  and  buhng-bar. 

turning~Off,  -'.  A  term  usetl  in  soap- 
making,  when  the  soap  piled  in  the  ware- 
houses changes  colour  by  exposure  to  the  air. 

tnrning'piece,  s.  A  camiier  top  hoanl 
use'l  as  a  ''cjitriii;^  ti>r  a  ilischaiging  an-h. 

turning-plate,  .^. 

L  A  circular  plate  above  the  front  axle, 
wliere  the  bed  moves  upon  it  us  the  carriage 
turns  from  its  dii  i-ct  course ;  a  liftti  wheel. 

2.  A  turu-tablf  (q.v.). 

turning  point,  $.  The  ixiint  on  or  at 
which  a  thing  turns;  the  point  at  which 
motion  in  cme  diiecti<m  ceases,  and  motion  in 
anoti.er,  either  contrary  or  ditlerent,  begiiis  ; 
hence,  applied  ligumtively  to  the  point  or 
state  at  which  a  deciding  change  takes  )dnce, 
as  froui  bad  t'j  gor)d,  or  from  decrease  to  in- 
crease, or  their  oj^posite. 


/.I'ltjtffltoui  ■  Children  of  the  iMrU'n  Siippi-r. 

turning  saw,  ^■.    A  scroll-saw  (q.v.). 

turning  up,  ^. 

lUu.u.iu.!.:  -YAkuvj.  the  round  out  of  Ih^- 
back,  while  the  r,,]v  edge  is  cut. 

turning-white,  «,    [.^lbehcentJ. 

'  tum-ing-ness,  -•^.  lEng.  lurniiuj;  -nets.] 
TliH  (iuahiy  -.r  ^^ale  of  turning;  tergiversa- 
tion. 

"So  nature  formed  him.  to  nil  titrniuffiifn  of 
&lei^ht-i  -  that  though  no  luaii  had  lesH  co<Mlnt>>it.  no 
iniiii  cuiilil  U'tter  Hnd  the  phu;ei>  svliuii../  arguiueiita 
itiit^lit  gn^w  i)f  goodufiM.'—Sitliui/. 

tur  V  nip,    '  tur'-  nep,    *  tur  -  neppe,    .^. 

[Etym.  diinbtiul.     The  iatter  element  is  evi- 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat.  9ell,  chorus,  ^hin,  hen^h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-clan,    tian  =  shau.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -tion,  -^ion  ==  zhun.    -cious,    tlous,  -sious  -  shus.    -hie,  -die.  *s.  ■.  -  bel,  deL 


LMct 


turnix— turpentine 


itfiitly  A  -  I  nip.  ri*<^i'»  iJit-  ""/>"■< : 

ci.  In^li  t  lmiil|>.    The  former 

rl.iii.^iit  III  Kr.  (our  =  a  whe«l, 

I  (jte,  as  if  it  Itutl  biH'ii 
tot»ni(<i.v.).J 
.  :  Unts.tu'u  lidfitt.  nr 
a.-ilty  inadf  a  ilistiiiet 
i>iit'ret!»ici'(l  ljy  Sir  J. 
1 1  ,  .  X  (if  II.  cfldi/Kj/nX    It  is 

I  :  .  i:ififii.     MiO  root  is  nn  orliiculur 

4.  Hesliy  tuU*r:  tin-  rmlicle  l«avrs 
iw  >■  i.i.^|ii<i.  not  (tl'to^*^'"^ :  *he  lower  strin 
ii-ii\fi  iih_m.-.*mI  ;  tlio  ui'|H<r  conljtU-,  ovate,  aeii- 
iniiiite,  ainpleKicaiil,  sinootli,  more  or  less 
toothe<l  :  the  flowers  yellow;  the  ^-alves  of 
tilt'  [hkI  coiivi\.  In  its  iimieveloped  state  it 
is  fiiiut')  wild  in  c<irnhelds  in  various  ]*arts  of 
Kiigland.  tlowerinp  frinn  April  to  Anijust.  It 
hns  lH*<'n  cultivnte^l  fmni  the  time  of  the 
Greeks  and  llonian?..  and  tlie  j;reat  develop- 
iBMil  has  bi-en  towanis  incifosed  size  and 
fleshiness.  It  is  believed  Xn  have  heen  intro- 
duced into  Hritain  from  Holland  in  l.SaO,  and 
is  now  enltivated  in  fields  anti  kitchen  gar- 
(leriA.  It  has  run  into  several  varieties,  one 
of  the  l>est  IteinK  the  early  Dutch,  it  is  used 
as  Hit  injin^tient  in  soups,  broths,  and  stews, 
and  is  cut  into  tlgures  for  garnishing.  The 
early  shoot.n  may  be  boiled  as  greens,  and 
are  antiscorbutic.  Turnips  intetided  for  feed- 
ing cattle,  from  December  to  Februnrj',  should 
be.sownfniui  the  middle  of  May  to  the  end 
of  June  ;  if  they  are  dcsignetl  to  supply  food 
till  May,  they  are  not  sown  before  the  latter 
part  of  July  or  the  beginning  of  August. 
They  should  l»e  sown  l»y  a  'Irill  machine, 
which  method  not  merely  economises  seed, 
but.  prwluces  heavier  crops.  They  succeed 
Itest  in  light  soil,  consisting  of  a  mixture  of 
sand  and  loam.  The  rntntion  of  crops  pro- 
perly liegins  with  ttirnii»s,  whicli  clear  the 
soil  of  wecils  and  furnish  it  with  manure  for 
other  agricuUnial  plants. 

tamip'CUtter,  .-■-    A  machine  for  slicing 

root,-*  for  :inMii:tI  IVi-il. 

tumip-flea,  turnip-jack,  5. 

Entmii.  :  UitHva  (.i|-  VhiiUoU-Kta)  n^morum. 
It  owes  its  pojmlav  name  to  its  leaping  or 
skipping  powers,  but  is  really  a  very  small 
beetle,  with  long  and  strong  liind  legs  and 
ample  .shining  black  wings,  with  two  yellow- 
ish stripes  down  the  wing  cases,  and  oclire- 
ous  Ugs.  it  commits  great  ravages  in  turnip- 
fields  by  devouring  the  seed-leaves  as  soon  as 
they  appear  above  ground.  The  female  lays 
her  et^is  on  the  under-side  of  the  leaf,  in 
whicJi  the  larva  mines,  and  makes  a  tortuous 
gallery. 

turnip-fly,  s. 

Kiitojn. :  A  popular  name  for  two  insects 
which  are  (luite  distinct,  and  belong  to  differ- 
ent orders,  but  are  both  'lestructive  to 
turnips.  (1)  AfhnlUi  ceitti/oHn,  a  hytnenop- 
terous  insect,  the  larva  of  whicli  is  known  by 
the  popular  name  of  "nigger,"  on  account  of 
its  black  Colour  ;  ('J)  Anthomijki  rtulicum,  a 
two-winged  fly  of  the  family  Mnscid*.  The 
larxa-  li\e  upon  the  roots  of  the  turnip,  often 
doing  great  damage. 

turnip-jack.  s.    (TrRNip-FLEA.) 

turnip -moth,  s. 

E»h^n\.:  A  niglit-moth.  Agrotis  se^etum,  the 
cater|iiUar  of  which  feeds  on  the  interior  <>l 
turnips.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  June  on  or  near 
the  ground.  The  caterpillar,  when  hatched, 
attacks  not  merely  turnips,  but  other  culi- 
nary vegct;»blcs,  such  as  carrots,  cabbage- 
plant.s,  mangel  wurzel,  radishes,  ami  many 
otlier  plant.s.  It  also  eats  garden  tiowers,  as 
the  China  Aster.  The  mature  insect  has  the 
anteniKe  strongly  ciliated  in  the  male,  simple 
in  the  female  ;  the  fore  wings  are  nearly  square, 
in  colour  pale  gray-brown  in  the  male,  darker 
in  tlie  female,  the  hind  wings  with  spots  and 
sharlc.s  (if  br'iwn. 

'    turnip-radish,  ':. 

/;f|^  ;  A  variety  of  iUtphanns  saUvus.  [Rad- 
i.sn,  Hm'Ham  s.] 

turnip  saw-fly,  ». 

Entom.  :  Ath'diasf<iiHtr\nn,a.hQX\\  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  long,  of  a  reddish-yellow  colour. 
The  l;irv:e  feed  on  leaves  of  turnips  and  other 
enu^ifenius  jdants,  lo  which  they  do  great 
damage. 

turnip-Shaped,  u. 

lint.  :  Having  the  Hgure  of  a  depressed 
sphere ;  napifonn. 


turnip-tops,   ■*.  y^       Ihc  young  leaves 

and  buds  of  the  turnip,  which  are  now  used 

in  manv  places  as  greens.  Tliey  were  formerly 

hehl  inslight  esteem.     (See  extnict.) 

"  nn'Miif)!  |iiu)|>ie«.  Htlnkliie  •pnita.  idl  Jrenclied  hi 

Dciml  ivil".  «nil  turnip'tnpt.  eoinc  tiinibUnK  down  the 
fluwl."  .Sw-tflf ;  Iktcript.  of  «  Ctfjf  Shotetv. 

tur'-niz,  s.     [From  Lat.  cotitrnix  (q.v.).] 

liniith.:  Tlie  type-gennsof  Tnrnicid!e(q.v.), 
with  twenty-three  species,  having  the  ch;i- 
mcteristies  and  range  of  the  fumily.  They 
frequent  open  idains,  stotry  tracts  covered 
with  grass,  or  monutain  sides,  and  are  ex- 
ceedinglv  sliv  except  at  the  breeding  season, 
when  they  become  extremely  pugnacious,  the 
hens  being  as  .jeahnis  and  emubutive  as  their 
mate's,  and  sinne  of  the  Asiatic  species  are 
trained,  as  lighting-cocks  were  formerly  in 
England.  Thev  nest  on  the  ground  under  a 
tussock  of  grass,  and  the  female  L-iys  four 
in-ar-shapcd  eggs. 

turn'-key,  s.     [Eng.  turn,  and  Inj.] 

1.  A  person  who  has  the  charge  of  the  keys 
of  a  prison  ;  a  wai'der. 

"The  mere  o»th  cf  ft  mftii  who  was  well  known  to 
the  turiik-wxof  twenty  git'-ls  wiis  not  likely  toinjiue 
iKi\y\ioiiy."~-ifacntUa!/ :  Ui»t.  Eng.,  oli.  xviii. 

*  2.  A  tonth-key  (q.v.). 

3.  A  contrivance  for  drawing  stumps  of 
trees  from  the  ground. 

tum'-pike, •''.  [Eng.  turn,  and  pihe  ;  so  called 
because  it  took  the  place  of  the  old  horizontal 
turnstile,  which  wa.s  made  with  four  lK)ri- 
zontal  pikes  or  arms,  revolving  on  the  t"p  uf 
a  post.    (.S'A'«(t.)] 

1.  OnUnani  Unigvoge : 

■*  1.  A  fi-ame  consisting  of  two  bars  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles,  and  turning  ou  a 
post  or  pin,  placed  on  a  roarl  or  footpath  to 
hinder  the  passage  of  beasts,  but  admitting  a 
person  to  pass  between  the  arms  ;  a  turnstile. 

"  I  move  upon  my  nxle  like  a  turnpike." —Ben  Jon- 
son:  Staple  of  tVetDg,  iii.  1. 

2.  A  gate  set  across  a  road  to  stop  carriages, 
carts,  &c.,  and  sometimes  passengers,  from 
j>assing  till  the  toll  for  the  repair  of  the  road 
is  paid  ;  a  toll-bar  ;  a  toll-gate. 

"By  this  time  they  hiul  reiiched  the  turnpike  .it 
Mile  End."— Dickefis :  I'ichiDick,  ch.  xxii. 

^  By  34  &  35  Vict.,  c.  115,  many  Turnpike 
Acts  were  repealed  and  the  tolls  abolished. 

3.  A  turupike-road  (q.v.). 

" The  road  is  by  this  me:kii3  so  continually  torn  tliit 
it  is  one  of  tlie  worst  turnpikes  round  London.  — 
Defoe  :  Tour  thro'  Orent  Britain. 

4.  A  winding  stair ;  a  turnpike-stair. 

11.  jVi7.  :  A  beam  tilled  with  spikes  to  stop 
pa.ss;ige  ;  a  cheval-de-frise. 

turnpike-man,  .^.    A  man  who  odiects 

the  tuUs  at  a  tiiiiipiUe. 

turnpike-road,  s.  A  road  on  ^vhich 
turnpikes,  or  toll-gates,  were  established  by 
law,  and  which  are  or  were  formerly  made  and 
kept  in  repair  by  the  tolls  ci)llected  from 
carriages,  carts,  waggons,  cattle,  &c.,  which 
travelled  on  them, 

"  In  contemplation  of  .i  turnpike -road." 

Cuwper :  /tetiremeiit,  i-iiH, 

turnpike  -  Stair,  .«.  A  winding  stair, 
constructed  around  a  centrnl  newel  or  po.st. 

'turn-pike,  r.f.  [Turnpike,  s.]  To  fonn, 
as  a  road,  in  the  manner  of  a  turnpike-road  ; 
to  tlirow  into  a  rounded  form,  as  tlie  path  uf 
a  road. 

turn'-sick,  a.  &  5.     [Eng.  turn,  and  sick.] 

*  A,  As  (((//.  .•  Giddy  ;  vertiginous  ;  dizzy. 

"  If  ft  man  see  another  turn  swiftly  and  Ion?  ;  or  if 
he  look  upon  wheels  that  tui'u,  himself  waxeth  turn- 
tick" — Bacfin. 

B.  As  suhst.:  A  disease  of  sheep;  gid  or 
sturdy. 

turn-sole,  turn-sol,  ■  torn-sole,  .<.    (Fi . 

ti'iirnesi.il,  from  toiirnvr  =  tu  turn,  and  siileil  — 
the  sun.     Named  because  the  plant  was  suji- 
posedtoturn  its  H()wers  towards  the  sun.] 
1.  Botany : 

(1)  Euphorbia  Hd ioscojnn.  It  is  an  annual, 
generally  glabrous  plant,  with  obovate  leaves, 
serrate  upwards,  an  umbel  of  five  principal 
branches,  trifid  or  bilid.  and  reticulated  and 
pitted  seeds.  Its  milky  juice  is  used  to 
destroy  warts. 

(2)  Crozopfiora  tinctnria,  nnd  the  purple  dye 
made  of  its  inspissated  juice.     [Ckozophora.  ] 


(3)  The  genus  Heliotropium.    {inuikni,  kc.) 
(t)  The   genus   Hellanthus  (q.v.),   spec.   //. 

annuvs.     [Sl'NFLowkr.] 
2.  Art:  A  blue  pigment  obtained  from  the 

lichen  Roccella  (Hoccdia  tinctoria),  also  called 

Archil. 

turn -spit,  .«.    [Eng.  turn,  and  spit  (l),  s.J 

1,  A  person  who  turns  a  spit. 

"  A  vlftce  he  will  grow  rich  in. 
A  turnspit  in  the  royal  kitchen." 

Stfift :  Miscrttnnii't,   "" 

2.  A  variety  of  dog.  allied  to  the  terrier, 
formerly  employed  to  tuin  the  spit  for  roast- 
ing meat  in  a  kitchen,  for  which  purpose  they 
were  attached  to  or  enclosed  in  a  kind  of 
wheel.  [Tkead-wheki..]  The  breed,  wliich 
is  now  rare,  arose  from  a  cross  of  the  terrier 
with  larger  breeds;  the  body  long  and  heavy, 
■with  disproportionately  short,  and  generally 
crooked  legs. 

turn'-stile,  s.  [Eng.  turn,  and  s?(7f  (2).]  A 
post  sin-nuuinted  with  four  horizontal  arms, 
which  revolve  as  a  person  pushes  by  them. 
Turnstiles  are  usually  placed  on  roads,  bridges, 
or  the  like,  either  to  prevent  the  passage  of 
beasts,  vehicles,  or  the  like,  while  admitting 
the  jiassage  of  persons,  or  to  bar  a  passage 
temporarily  till  toll  is  paid;  they  are  also 
frequently  jdaced  at  the  entrance  to  public 
buildings,  or  places  of  amusement,  where 
entrance  money  is  to  be  collected,  or  where 
it  is  desired  to'ascertain  the  number  of  per- 
sons admitted. 

"  A  tnrnstHe  is  more  certain  C 

Than,  in  events  of  war.  dnme  Fortune."  * 

Butler:  Hudibra»,  i.  3.  " 

turnstile  -  register,  .".  A  device  for 
registering  the  numlicr  of  persons  who  pass 
through  a  turnstile  at  the  entrance  to  a  toll- 
bridge  or  building,  and  sewing  as  a  check  on 
the  collector. 

turn-stone,  s.  [Eng.  turn,  v.,  and  stone,  s.] 
Ornith.:  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
Strepsilatin?e  ;  specifically  applied  toStrepsilas 
interpres,  from  its  habit  of  turning  over  small 
stones  on  the  sea-shore  in  search  of  its  insect 
food.  It  is  very  widely  distributed,  being 
found  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  globe,  ap- 
pearing in  Britain  chiefly  as  a  winter  visitor, 
but  breeding  in  the  Shetland  Islands.  The 
total  length  is  rather  more  than  eight  inches  > 
upper  parts  chestnut-red.  with  black  spots  ; 
lower  parts  white,  part  of  neck  and  breast 
black. 

turn'  -tail,  ;:.  [Eng.  turn,  and  tni/.]  A 
c>>\vard. 

Tu-ro'-m-an,  «.  &  s.  [Fr.  I'ld'onien.  (See 
def.)] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Turones, 
an  ancient  people  of  Celtic  Gaul  ;  of  or  be- 
longing to  Touraine,  the  modern  name  of 
their  country.  Tours,  its  great  city,  or  tlie 
rocks  there  developed.     [B.] 

B,  As  substanth'e  : 

Geol. :  The  French  equivalent  of  part  of  the 
English  Lower  White  Chalk  without  flints. 

tur'-pen-tine,  s.  [O.  Fr.  tm-hentine  =  turpen- 
tine, from  Lat.  terebinthinns=  made  from  the 
terebinth-tree  ;  Gr.  Tepe)3u'6icos  {terebiiithi}ios), 
from  Tepefiu'9os {terebinthos)  =  terebinth  (q.v.) ; 
Dut.  iiirpentijn  ;  Dan.,Sw.,  k  Ger.  terpentin  ; 
Low  Lat.  terbentina.] 

Ord.  hang.  tC'  C/k'j».  ."  The  name  applied  to 
turpentine-oil,  and  to  the  crude  oleo-resinous 
juice  which  exudes  from  incisions  in  the  bark 
of  pines,  firs,  and  other  coniferous  trees.  The 
species  which  chiefly  furnish  common  tur- 
pentine are  Finns  palustris,  P.  T(eda,  and 
P,  Pinaster.  The  oleo- resin  flowing  from 
them  has  the  consistence  of  treacle,  is  of  a 
pale-yellow  colour,  with  a  pungent  odour  and 
taste  peculiar  to  itself.  It  alters  much  with 
heat  and  exposure.  Strasburg  turpentine  is 
from  Abies  pectinata.  [Chian-turpentine, 
Venice-turpentine.] 

turpentine -camphor,  $. 

i-'hcm.  :  A  term  applied,  sometimes  to  the 
solid  monohydrnc.hlorate,  sometimes  to  the 
solid  hydrate  of  turpentine-oil.     (IVatts.) 

turpentine -oil,  s. 

1.  Cliem.  :  CjoHig.  The  volatile  oil  distilled 
from  crude  turpentine,  and  existing  in  the 
wood,  bark,  leaves,  and  other  pai^s  of  conifer- 
ous trees.  These  oils,  according  to  the  soured 
from  which  they  are  obtained,  exhibit  con- 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  £ather ;   we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;   go.  p^U 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,     ae,  oe  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


turpentine-  furre  ted 


24'J 


siiierable  diversities  in  their  pliysical  us  well 
as  in  tlieir  tiptii-al  jirnperties.  i'he  several 
varieties  when  rectified  are  cidDinless  iiu>V)iIe 
litliiicli,',  lirtviiig  3  peeuUar  nronmtie  htit  dis* 
aL,'n-e.iMe  odour.  Tlu-y  are  iiisfduble  in  water, 
sli.:hlly  soluble  in  aqueous  alcohol,  niiscible  in 
all  pro|i.)rtions  with  absolute  alcohol,  ether, 
and  carbon  disulphide.  They  dissolve  iodine 
sulphur,  phosphorus,  also  fixed  oils  and 
resins.  Tlie  tw<i  pruicipal  varieties  are  French 
turpentine  -  oil,  from  Pinivs  iitart/iow,  and 
Knijlisli  tin-pen  tine-oil.  from  the  turj  ten  tine 
rollceti'd  in  the  Southern  States  of  AnuMica. 
The  former  has  a  specific  gravity  of  0'SG4, 
boils  at  1(11*,  and  turns  the  plane  of  polariza- 
tion to  the  left.  English  turpentine-oil  lias 
the  same  speeific  gravity  and  boiling  point, 
but  turns  the  ])lane  of  polai-ization  to  the 
right.  Botli  nils  absorb  oxygen  from  the  air, 
and  acquire  powerful  oxidizing  properties 
from  the  probable  formation  of  an  organic 
peroxide,  t'lolIj^Oj.  Turpentine  absorbs 
chlorine  with  sueh  energy  as  sometimes  to 
set  it  on  fire.  It  belongs  to  a  group  of  vola- 
tile oils  to  which  the  name  of  terpenes 
has  been  given.  They  are  derived  from  jdants 
of  the  coniferous  and  aurantiaceous  orders, 
yielding,  for  example,  turpentine  and  lemon 
oils  respectively.  Turpentine-oil  is  of  gi-eat 
importance  in  the  arts,  and  is  specially  em- 
ployed for  giving  consistency  to  oil  paints  antl 
varnishes,  conferring  on  them  drying  pro- 
perties, 

2.  Pharm. :  In  small  doses  it  is  absorbed 
ami  acts  as  a  stimulant,  antispasmodic,  and 
astringent.  It  produces  diuresis,  and  com- 
municates to  the  urine  passed  a  smell  like 
that  of  violets.  It  can  arrest  liiemorrhage  in 
the  capillary  vessels.  It  is  generally  ad- 
ministered as  an  enema  to  destroy  tsenia, 
asearides,  Ac,  in  the  intestines.  Applied  ex- 
ternally, it  is  a  powerful  rubefacient.  (Gan-oii.) 

turpentine-Shrub,  s. 

Hot.:  Sitphiinii  tcirhhithacenm,  the  Prairie 
Burdock,  a  tall  herbaceous  plant  with  large, 
cordate,  radical  leaves,  and  bright  yellow 
flowers.  It  is  a  native  of  North  America, 
whence  it  was  introduced  into  Great  Britain 
i:i  i:i.i.->. 

turpentine -tree,  ^t. 

Bvtuinj  : 

1.  I'istacia  Tercbinlkus.    [TEREBiyTH-TREE.] 

2.  Bursera  gummi/era.     [Bubsera.] 

3.  Trista-nUi  athicmis.  (London.)  It  is  an 
Australian  shrub  of  the  Myrtle  order. 

turpentine  varnish,  .?. 

Chan. ;  A  sokitioii  of  resin  in  oil  of  turpen- 
tine. ' 

turpentine  vessels,  s.  j^L 

Lot.:  Tuiies  formed  in  the  interstices  of 
tissue  in  the  Conifers,  and  into  which  turpen- 
tine or  othersecretions  naturally  drain  duriu" 
the  growth  of  these  trees.     (Tre(v<.  of  Bot.) 

"  tur' -pen-tine,  v.t.  [Turpentine,  s.]  To 
rub  with  turpentine. 

tur-peth,  s.  [Fr.  turbith,  turhit ;  Sp.  tnrhit : 
P'Ts.  turbeit,  turbifl :  Arab,  ttirbmid ;  Hind. 
larbud;  Beng.  tcrri ;  Sansc.  trivrit,  trlput.] 

Bot.  &  Pharm.  ;  The  root  of  Ipomrea  Tvrpe- 
t b um,  \vh\ch  is  found  wild  throughout  India 
and  Ceylon  to  a  height  of  3,000  feet.  The 
Sanscrit  writers  mention  two  varieties  of  the 
plant,  a  white  and  a  black  one.  The  first  is 
nnirlentified  ;  the  last  is  given  by  the  natives 
of  India  as  a  drastic  purgative  in  rheumatic 
nnd  paralytic  affections.  {Calcutta  Exhib. 
lit'p.) 

turpeth-mineral,  s. 

l.Chc.a.:  II' g.S04-L'Hg...O.  Turbeth-mineral. 
Basic  mercuric  sulphate.  A  lemon-vellow 
powder  obtained  by  boiling  niercurit;  sn'iphate 
with  water,  or  by  adding  a  solution  of  sodic 
sulphate  to  a  hot  dilute  srdiition  of  mercuric 
nitrate.  It  is  very  slightly  soluble  in  cold, 
more  so  in  hot  water,  turns  gi-ay  on  exposure 
to  the  air,  and  when  heated  is  resolved  into 
mercuric  sulphate  and  mercuric  oxide. 

2.  Paint. :  A  pigment  of  a  beautiful  lemon- 
yellow  colour,  but  so  liable  to  change  by  the 
action  of  light  or  impure  air,  that^'notwith- 
standing  it  has  been  sometimes  employed,  it 
cannot  be  used  safely,  and  hardly  deserves 
attention. 

tur  -  peth' -  ic,  «.  [Eng.  tin-peth(in) ;  -ic] 
Contained  in  or  derived  from  turpetliin  (q.v.). 


turp  ethic -acid,  >-. 

Chfiiii.:  C;i4lI,;o(»iti.  An  amorphous  yellow- 
ish mass,  produced  by  the  action  of  h.'iscs  ou 
turpethin.  If  has  .an  acid  reaction  and  bitter 
taste,  is  soluble  in  water,  and  resolved  l>y 
miiu'ral  acids  into  glucose  and  turpetholic- 
acid. 

tur-pe-thin,  -^.  [Mod.  Lai.  (Ipomtxa)  tin-. 
t.fth(H,n):  -nM 

Cltcm.  :  C;MH.-,,iOj,;.  A  juu-gative  resin,  ex- 
tracted fi-om  the  root  ot  Ipma'/i  Tnrprthnm 
by  alcohol.  It  lias  a  brownisli-yellow  colour, 
is  inodorous,  insoluble  in  water  and  ether, 
.sidnble  in  alcohtd,  and  melts  at  183".  In  con- 
(■(•ntrated  snlphuric-acid  it  slowly  dissolves, 
forming  a  red  solution. 

tur-pe-thol'-ic,  n.  [Eng.  furpdb(!n):  suir. 
-"/.  -((.|  lirrivcil  tVnm  or  Cont;iining  turpe- 
thin. 

turpetholic-acid,  ^-. 

t'heiii. :  C'lfiHivjOj.  An  inodorous  substance 
prepared  from  turpethin  by  boiling  with 
mineral  acids.  It  crystallizes  in  slender  micm- 
scopic  needles,  solulile  in  alcohol,  slightly 
scduble  in  ether,  and  melts  at  SS  ,  decom- 
posing at  a  higher  temperature. 

* tiir-pi-fy,  tur-pi-fie,  v.t.  [Lat.  turpis 
—  disgraceful,  and ymio  (pass.  Ao)  =  to  make. J 
To  calumniate. 

"Thus  tnrpijic  the  reputAtiou  of  my  doctrme.'— 
Suliiei/  :    Wnnstend  Play,  p.  CSu. 

tur'-pin  .«.  [A  corrupt,  of  terrapin  (q.v.).j 
A  freshwater  or  land  tortoise. 

tur-pin  -i-a,  s.  tN'nmeJ  after  M.  Turpin,  a 
French  naturalist  and  artist] 

But.  :  A  genus  of  Staphyleacese.  Inflores- 
cence in  terminal  panicles,  calyx  five-parted, 
petals  five,  inserted  on  a  ten-lobed  disk  ; 
sNamens  five  ;  tilaments  awl-shaped  ;  styles 
three  ;  fruit  three-celled,  each  cell  with  two  or 
tliree  seeds.  Trees  or  shrubs  from  the  West 
and  East  Indies.  The  fruits  of  some  species 
are  eaten.  The  leaves  of  Tnrpbiia  pomifera 
are  used  in  India  as  fodder. 

tur'-pis  cau'-sa,  phr.    [Lat.  =a  disgraceful 

cause]  ^' 

Scots  Law:  A  base  or  vile  consideration  on 
which  no  action  can  be  founded.  This  would 
be  called  in  English  a  "consideration  contra 
bonos  mores,"  or  against  public  feeling. 

tur'-px-tiide,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  turpifiido  = 
baseness,  from  iurpis  ^ha&p,  disgraceful.] 
Inherent  baseness  or  vileness  of  principle, 
words,  or  actions  ;  foulness,  depravity. 

"The  turpitude  ot  the  drama  became  such  its  luii^t 
.istoiiish  .ill  who  .ire  not  awnre  thnt  extreme  rela\.i- 
tioii  is  the  natural  eOect  of  extreme  restraint.— 
Mucttuhty :  Hist.  En^..  ch,  iii. 

tur-quoise  (a^  tur  -koise,  mi  tur  -kwa^), 
tur-kois,  *  tur-koise.'  tur-cas.  "  tur- 
kys,  .';.  (.Fr.  turquoise  =  a  turquoise  nr  Turk- 
ish stone  ;  prop.  feni.  of  r»n/HOk^  =  Turkish, 
from  Ital.  Tnrchesa=a  turquoise,  from  Low 
Lat.  turchesia,  from  turchesius=3.  turquoise, 
from  Tnrcus—  a  Turk  (q.v.).j 

1.  Mill. :  An  amorphous  mineral  oecurnng  in 
reniform  nodules  and  incrustations.  Hard- 
ness, G-0 ;  sp.  gr.  2-(J  to  2-83 ;  lustre,  waxy  to 
dull ;  colour,  sky-blue,  bluish-green,  apple- 
gieen  ;  streak,  white  ;  rarely  sub-translucent, 
mostly  opaque.  Compos.  :  phosphoric  acid, 
32-0  ;  alumina,  4(>-!:t ;  water,  20-5  =  100.  whence 
the  formula,  '2AI.2O3PO5  -f-  5H0.  Probablv 
the  Callais,  Callaina,  and  Callaica  of  Pliny. 
A  gem-.stone  much  used  in  ancient  times  in 
Persia,  and  in  prehistoric  times  by  the  ancient 
Mexicans  under  the  name  of  chalohihuitl. 
Originally  found  in  Persia,  where  the  best 
stones  for  jewellery  purposes  are  still  ob- 
tained, althi>ugh  the  locality  of  the  Mexican 
chalchihuitl  has  lately  been  discovered.  One 
of  the  largest  mulular  masses  preserved  is 
exhibited  in  the  Mineml  Collection  of  the 
British  Museum  (Natural  History),  South 
Kensington,  which  was  obtained  from  the 
Emperor  of  China's  Summer  Palace. 

"Out  u|ionher!  it  wna  my  turqtioite :  I  b.icl  it  when 
I  was  a  bachelur.  "— .VmAfu/;. ;  JlerchanC  of  yenicc, 
in.  1. 

2.  Ilort. :  A  kind  of  olive. 
turr(l),  .>-.    (Native  name.] 

AfusLc:  A  Burmese  violin  with  three  st-ings. 
'  turr  (2).  .'.     [Etym.  doubtfid.  ] 

C^^  ;  Ulex  europrpus.     (Brit,  d-  Holland.) 


tur-rsB'-a,  .*.  (Named  after  Tuira-of  Pudua. 
an  Italian  bofimist,  who  died  in  liiOT.J 

Hot. :  A  iiemia  of  Melicie  (q.v.).  Calyx  Ave- 
toothed,  petals  live,  liguhtte ;  stamens  united 
into  a  tube  ;  style  one  ;  ovary  with  live,  ten, 
or  twenty  eell.s.  Ornamental  trees  or  Hhrnby 
from  Siinthern  Africa,  Madagascar,  Mauritius 
and  the  eastern  pai-ts  of  India. 

tiir'-rel,  s.  [Prob.  a  ilimin.  from  Fr.  io»r=  a 
turn.  I    A  tool  used  by  coopers, 

tur -ret  (1),  .>;.  [O.  Fr.  tmrctlf;  Fr.  (0117W  = 
a  small  wheel.] 

Saddlery:  The  same  as  Terret  Oi-v.). 

^"  T''V  '**'*■'''■>■  tin-ret$  of  hln  I  w  me  ml  "—We  Qiiincei/ : 
Ewjluh  Afail  (oitrh.  ^ 

tur -ret  (2).  *  tor  et,  tour-et,  "  tur- 
rette,  .--.  il).  Vv.  tunrrttr,  dimin.  from  tor,  tur 
(Pr.  tour)  —  a  tower  (q>v.).  j 

1.  Arch.:  A  small  tower  attaclftd  to  and 
forming  part  of  another  tower,  or  placed  at 
the  angles  of  a  church  or  public  building,  es- 
pecially in  the  style  of  Tudor  architecture. 
Turrets  are  of  two  kinds— such  as  rise  inune- 
diately  from  tlie  grouml.  as  staircase  turrets, 
and  such  as  are  formed  on  the  upper  part  of  a 
building  by  being  carried  up  higher  than  the 
rest,  as  bartizan  turrets. 

"  Now  like  a  maiden  (lueen  ulie  will  l>ehold. 
From  her  high  turret;  hourly  Huitors  eonie." 

hri/den  :  Annus  J/irahitiii. 

2.  Bot. :  Carex  coiapitosa.  Perliaps  the  same 
as  Toriet  in  While's  Xat.  liUt.  of  Sdhornc 
{Britten  £  Holland.) 

'3.  ^fil.  Antiq.:  A  tnovable  building  of  a 
square  form,  consisting  of  ten,  or  even  twenty 
stories,  ami  sometimes  180  feet  high,  usually 
moved  on  wheels,  and  employed  in  approaches 
to  a  fortified  place  for  carrying  soldiers,  en- 
gines, ladders,  &c. 

■t.  Bail. :  The  elevated  central  portion  of  a 
passenger-car,  whose  tnji  forms  an  upper 
story  of  the  roof,  and  whu.se  sides  are  glazed 
for  light  and  pierced  for  ventilation.    {Ani'tr,) 

5.  Mech, :  A  cylindrical  or  polygonal  block  r)n 
the  bed  of  a  lathe,  with  holes  around  it  for  dies. 

6.  Ordn.  :  A  cylindrical  iron  tower,  rising 
above  the  deck  of  a  man-of-war,  and  made  to 
rotate,  so  that  the  guns  may  be  brought  to  bear 
in  any  required  direction.  The  first  American 
vessel  constructed  with  a  tuiret  was  Ericsson's 
Monitor;  the  first  Engli.sli  were  the  Monarch 
(lSt;ii)  and  the  Caj'tnin  (1*137). 

"la  fact,  the  Captain  is  beat  deacril»ed  as  a  Prince 
Albert,  with  two  tnrn-ts  instead  of  four,  with  the 
masts  and  sails  of  a  fuli-rigged  aliin,  and  with  the 
lower  upper  deck  i.rotected  from  the  t^weep  of  the  sea 
by  a  forecaatie  and  jjofjp  at  eitlier  end,  theae  eiectiuiia 
being  connected  by  means  of  a  narrow  platform  or 
flyuig  deck,  stretoliing  along  above  the  turr^ti.  It  ia 
unnecesaarj-  to  enter  further  into  details  beyond  the 
statement  that  the  Monarch's  aidea  bore  T-inch 
armour,  and  her  turrets  8-inch  and  lo-hith.  wliile  the 
C'ljitnin  had  S-lnch  and  T-inch  aide  armour,  with 
9-liidi  and  li>-inch  turret  armour."— firf/.  Qnarterlu 
/U-vivtv.  Ivii.  114.     (1873.) 

turret-Clock,  s.  A  clock  adapted  for 
an  ele\alL-d   position   in  a  church  or  other 

tower. 

turret-gun,  5.  a  gun  specially  adapted 
for  use  in  revolving  turrets  of  vessels. 

"Mafits  must  be  supported,  and  the  snpporta  ob- 
struct  the  fire  of  the  turret-iuns  to  some  extent  "— 
lirit.  Qnurterlij  lifview,  ivii.  U4.     (1873.) 

turret-head,  s.  The  top  or  summit  of  a 
turret. 

"  Fair  Margaret,  from  the  turret-head. 
Heard,  far  below,  the  coursers'  tread." 

Scott :  Lay  af  the  Last  Jllmtrel,  iii.  2. 

turret-lathe,  s. 

M''h'l->':ork. :  A  screw-cutting  lathe,  having 
a  slide  provided  with  a  polygonal  block  or 
turret,  having  apertures  in  each  face  for  re- 
ceiving dies,  which  are  secui-ed  therein  by 
set-sciews. 

turret-ship,  s.  An  ironclad  ship  of  war, 
with  low  fii<les,  and  having  its  armament 
idaced  in  a  tower  or  turret  which  is  capable 
of  revidution,  so  as  to  bring  the  embiasure 
opposite  to  the  gun,  wliich  is  pointed  in  any 
direction  and  temporarily  umnasked  while 
firing. 

"Not  long  after  Captain  Coles  was  authorized  in 
fonjiniction  with  Meaars.  Laird,  of  Birkenhead  to 
Ue*ii;i.  aiiollict  veaaci,  embodying  bin  views  of  what  a 
flea^gi.niL,-  tin  ,-rf  „/np  should  be,  and  as  the  result  the 
HI  f;il,a  ia,,i,i,„  uaa  ordtreil  to  be  built  just  a  \(;;ir 
aft.i  tbr- .l/.-,„ir,A  h.ul  lK.-eii  he^wu.'— lint,  i^uarterf^ 


licrie,-.  Iv 


(U 


;j-/ 


tur  -ret-ed.  ■  tor'-ret-ted,  a.  [Eng.  turret; 
•Qd.\ 
lo  burnished  with  a  turret  or  turrets. 


"  A  turretfd  manorial  hall." 

Wordswurf/i :  Excuri 


»i,  bk.  V. 


bon,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  feU.  chorus.  9hm,  ben?h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist.    Dh 


-cian.  -tian  =  shaa.      tion,    sion  =  shun 


-tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.    sious  =  shus.    -ble,    die.  ic.  =  bel,  deL 


:>50 


turribant— Tuscan 


'2.  F>>]iMt><l   liku   a  turret  ;    rising  like  u 
low.r. 

"TAk*  It  tnrrHrti  Uiiil>  <•(  tilt.  111  Kht  (oriii  of  i\ 
iHjUATv  .  Ibf  li«itflit  uf  tliv  tiirrvt  iM'liih'  tlirlce  hh  tmuli 
.u  tlir  Iriib-tii  ■•!  tli«   luwrr  part,  wlieivupun  tliP  liiliip 


■  Uitt<Jrtli. 


/(... 


.V.((.  iifl. 


'  tftr  -ri-b&nt.  *.    iTrROAN.) 

ttir  ric   u  l^te.  t&r-rlo'-u-lat-ed.  ". 

I^il.  /(iiM- ((/■!.  ilimin.  fmiii  fK/Tif  — a  t.>\v*i- 
(q.v.).  I  Ui'SfiiiLiling  11  tiinvt ;  Imviii;;  tin- 
I'Tm  of  a  Itirivt :  us,  u  turficHUtUii  slifll. 

tiir  rl  iSp  &a,  f.  [IjxX.  turns  =  a  tnwiT. 
..II. I  M...I.  l^it.  ;r;^is(,|.v.).J 

P'lUrt-nf.  :  A  gfinis  of  l.e)vt(1itlii-.  fimn  tlic 
rp|»*T  Silurian  nu-kf.  TIic  ixniiincli'  was 
liiriiiNhetl  with  inttTsei-hiij;  rows  of  I'liilts, 
whirl),  wlieii  (lotnclitsl,  ait-  not  iiiilik<-  lli<' 
hIu-IIa  of  oTtiiin  Pt''n»|HKta.  HamMi-ic  ic 
;:jinl«-il  the  f.isNil(i.i  wliich  lie  gnvf  tin*  imim' 
riuriiiititt'K)  as  tlif  capitiiltitii  of  a  l.o|>iitl<ii<l, 
III  wliii-ii  Uiu  {HHliiiicIe  id  wanting  nr  iixti- 
incntary. 

tilr -ri-lite,  .«.  {Ti'Rrilites.]  Any  iri'ii- 
M'hial  ut  the  K«'mis  TTirirlites  (q.v.).  (U'omt- 
■  v/(/ ;  MoUiK.-,,,  c.I.  Tato,  \>.  2tj0.) 

tfir-ri  li'  te^.«.  (I^t.  ^irris  =  a  tower,  ami 
lir.  A.t»o«  ('irho<)  =  a  stone.] 

I'nlaont. :  A  geniiK  of  Ainmonitidas  with 
tliirty-soveii  siwcies,  ranging  fnnn  tin.-  timill 
to  the  Chalk  of  Europe.  Shell  siiiistiiil, 
spiral,  wlioria  in  contact;  aperture  ofieti  ii- 
ivgiilar. 

tur-rit-ed.  ".     |Kng.  turret;  -ri}.]    The  snim- 

.1--  T(  ItKIi  I  I.AfK  Oj.v.). 

tur-ri-tel'~l^  .«.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  In.m 
I^l.  ttirris  =■  a  tower.J 

1,  /Coot.:  Tower-shells;  the  type-genus  <iL' 
Turriti'lli>he(«i.v.),  with  sevenly-t'lir.v^  sp-'ri('>-. 
universiilly  (listnl)ut.e«l, 
nin;:ing  from  the  laini- 
iiarian  zone  to  a  deptli 

of  IW  fathoms.       SIk'H  tikrhli.ia  :i;r.KUMiAiA, 

tunt-teil,  maiiy-wliorled, 

an<i  spinilly  striatcil ;  npertiivp  srii;ill  :ui<l 
rou:nh-(l,  pt-iistome  thin  ;  operculum  wiili  a 
llnibriatiMl  margin. 

2.  Pat'iont.:  Fos.sil  species,  172,  frou)  lln- 
Neocomiun  onwanl. 

tUT-ri-tel'-li-die,  .".  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  tnrri- 
tdliti):  U\t.  frrii.  pi.  arlj.  sn(T".  -hia:] 

1.  /if>ol :  A  family  uf  Holostomat-ms  Gas- 
teropoda, with  Hve  jjent-ra.  Shell  tubular  ^r 
spiral;  nj'per  part  partitinued  oil';  apertun- 
.simple ;  opiMcuhnn  horny,  many-whorhd. 
Animal  with  a  short  nuizzle  ;  eyes  iuinn'i-si'd 
at  outi'r  liases  of  the  tentacles  ;  mantlf  mai-^in 
fringed;  foot  very  short;  branchial  phune 
>ingle. 

2.  Pal'vont.:  They  appear  to  have  com- 
meneed  about  the  middle  of  the  Jurassic 
period,  alumndiug  in  the  Tertiaries,  and  at- 
taining their  maximum  in  existing  .seas. 

tiir-H'-tiS,  6-.  [Lat  iurritm  =  fortified  with 
f.)wers;  (»m;*  =  a  tower  ;  because  the  leaves 
iM'Comc  gradually  smaller  upwards,  so  that 
the  plant  assumes  a  pyramidal  form.] 

Itot.  :  Tower-mustjird;  a  genus  of  Anibida- 
0|.v.),  having  the  pod  elongated,  compressed, 
and  two-edged,  the  valves  nerved  or  keeled, 
the  calyx  nearly  equal  at  the  base.  TtirrUi^ 
iilahiu  (=  Anihis  f>er/oliata)  is  a  Cnicifer,  witli 
its  stem  one  to  two-and-a-half  feet  high,  with 
oWong,  lane.. .late,  glaucous  leaves,  the  radieal 
ones  ti)ot  hed  ui  sinuate  at  the  base,  the  cauline 
ones  sagittate;  the  Howers  j-ellowish-white. 
the  po,ls  l.ing  and  erect.  I-'onnd  in  Norfolk, 
SnMoIk.  and  some  other  parts  of  Englauil, 
tlowtrnig  hum  June  to  August. 

tur'-tle  (1),  tur-tur.  s.  (A.S.,  from  Kat. 
turtni=;i  turtle-dove:  a  word  probably  of 
imitative  origin,  fjom  the  coo  of  tlie  pigeon  ; 
Ger.  turtcl-Uiube  =  a  turtle-'dove ;  Ital.  tortom 
tortol".;  Vr.  tourtre.]  The  same  as  TLitri.i;- 
x>ov »:((!.  v.), 

"  d*"^  "'  '"''*  Brit<*iimrt  etiMiiiple  take. 

riuit  w.-w  .w  trew  lu  luve  iw  Untie  io  li«r  iimte,' 

turtle  dove.  s. 

1.  Oiit'ith.:  TnrtiLr  comwiinis,  widely  dis- 
1riltute<I  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Old 
W".u-ld.  It  is  a  beautiful  Itird,  of  s.miewliat 
sh-nder  form,  a  summer  visitiint  to  the  southern 
and  eastern  counties  of  England,  arrivin"  in 
May  and  departing  in  September.    The  male  is 


abi>ut  a  foot  long,  with  the  head  light  bluish- 
gniy,  the  liack  grayish-brown,  the  .scjipulars 
and  small  wing-covi-rts  black,  with  broail  rust- 
r»tl  margins,  the  breast  imle  grayish-i)urple, 
the  neck  with  two  large  black  spots  barred 
with  white.  The  female  is  rather  smaller, 
with  similar  jdnmage,  but  of  duller  tints. 
They  feed  on  grain  and  vegetables,  often  Iie- 
iiuenting  fields  of  beans  and  jwas.  They  maki- 
a  slight,  flat  nest  of  a  few  twigs,  in  which  two 
glossy,  ereamy-white  eggs  are  deposited  abi>nt 
the  middle  of  May,  and  the  jwrent  birds  tiike 
turns  at  incubjition,  sometimes  rearing  two 
broods  in  a  season.  The  mite  is  a  soft,  mourn- 
ful "eoo,"  often  Uttered  when  the  biiil  is  on 
the  grouml.  FYoin  lis  habit  of  pairing  for  life, 
and  its  tidelity  to  its  mate,  the  turtle-dove 
lias  long  b*'en  a  syndiol  of  conjugal  allection. 
2.  Sfript. :  Hell.  1'in  C'^').  !»"  'inoniatopoetie 
name  fiom  the  cooing  of  the  bird,  generally  in 
connectitui  with  n3V  {yO-iuili)  =  dove.]  Pro- 
liably  eittier  'fin-tttr  comiiinnis  or  T.  rison'us. 
'  The  latter  bird  is  about  ten  inches  in  lengi  It  ; 
tail  short;  general  colour  gray,  tinged  with 
i-ed,  npi>er  par'us  greenish  brown,  with  a  I'laek 
collar  on  the  bjiek  of  the  neck. 

tur'-tle  (2),  .•^■.     [A  eorrupt.  of  Port,  tartant-jn  ; 
Sp.  fortnija  ='a  tortoise,  a  turtle.] 

1.  Xonl.:  The  popular  name  for  any  species 
of  the  Cheloniidie.  They  may  be  distinguished. 
by  their  long,  coinpressed,  lin-shaped,  non- 
retratrtilc  feet,  with  the  toes  enclosed  ni  a 
connnon  skin,  fVom  which  only  one  or  two 
elaws  project.  Tin?  carapace  is  broad  ami 
much  depje.sscd,  so  that  when  these  aiumals 
are  on  shore,  and  are  turnecl  over  on  their 
backs,  they  cjiunot  regain  the  natural  posi- 
tion. Large  interspaces  between  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  ribs  and  jiortions  of  the 
sternum  always  remain  cartilaginous,  so  that 
the  carapace  is  far  lighter  than  in  the  Tor- 
toises. The  head  is  large  and  globose,  and 
cannot  be  retracted  within  the  shell :  it  is 
covered  above  with  .symmetrieal  horny  shields, 
and  the  jaws  are  armed  with  sharp,  hoiriy 
.sheaths.  'J'urtles  are  marine  animals  ;  their 
pinnate  feet  and  light  ^hell  render  them  ex- 
cellent swinnncrs.    They  sometimes  live  at  a 


GHEliX  ITRTLK. 

great  distance fiom  land,  to  wliicli  they  penod- 
ieally  return  to  deposit  their  soft.-shelled  eggs 
(from  100  to  2.'j0  in  number)  in  the  sand. 
They  are  found  in  all  the  inter-tropical  seas, 
and  sometimes  travel  into  the  temperate 
zones.  The.  flesh  and  eggs  of  all  the  species 
are  edible,  though  the  Indian  turtles  are  less 
valuable  in  this  respect  than  those  of  the 
Atlantic.  The  most  highly  valued  of  the 
family  is  the  Green  Turtle  {Chelonia  viridis), 
fiom  which  turtle-soup  is  made.  It  attains  a 
large  size,  sometimes  from  six  toseven  feetlony;, 
with  a  weight  of  from  TOO  to  800  poumis.  The 
po])ular  name  has  no  reference  to  the  <olour 
of  the  carapace,  whieli  is  dark  olive,  passing 
into  dingy  white,  but  tothe  green  fat.sohighly 
prized  by  epicures.  Tlie  Edible  Turtle  of  the 
East  Indies  (t\  virgata)  is  also  highly  piized  ; 
but.  accoi-ding  to  Tennent  (Cct/lun,  i.  ISii),  at 
certain  seasons  they  "are  avoided  as  poison- 
ous, and  some  lamentable  instances  are  re- 
corded of  death  which  was  ascribed  to  their 
use."  The  Hawks-bill  Ttntle  (C.  hnbricata), 
whieli  yields  toi-toiseshell  (q.v.),  is  also  ])rized  ; 
but  the  flesh  of  the  Loggerhead  Tuitle(q.v.) 
ami  of  the  Leather-back  is  of  little  value. 
2.  Frequently  used  for  turtle-soup  (q.v.). 

•'  Turtle  and  venison  hU  h\n  tliunglita  enivlny." 
Coioper  :  Frogyi-ta  ijf  J-.'fnir,  2-JO. 

S.  Print :  The  segmentiil  plate  in  which  a 
forme  is  locked  up  iu  a  rotary  machine.  The 
colnmn-rules  are  wider  at  the  top  than  the 
bottom,  to  hold  the  type  lirmly,  ami  are  se- 
cured byscrews.  The  edge  of  the  .side-stick  has 


a  series  of  beveled  projections,  and  is  jtressed 
against  the  forme  by  a  piece  having  similarly 
beveled  projections  and  worked  by  a  scj  ew. 
•[  To  rm-if  tttrik:  ITfRS,  v.,  t  ^*i.]. 

turtle  back,  s.  The  rooting  or  cover  of 
a  ilcek,  curved  so  as  to  re-sernble  the  shell  of  a 
tuitle ;  a  burriciine-deck. 

•'  Kitted  with  pUtforina  on  lior  tuylh-btirks  fitic  uu<l 
.\it:'—l>niry  ycwi.  Feb.  ai.  IHS:. 

turtle  footed,  a.    Slowfooted. 

■  'Jiiifh-fouteU  iwaci'."  f'-ird. 

turtle  head,  .s- 

/'"'. ;  Tlir  giiius  Chelone  (q.v.). 
turtle  shell,  ^^ 

1.  A  licautifiil  species  cd"  Minex.   (Hixntrirh.) 

2.  rort..iseshell. 


turtle  soup,  >■.  A  rich  .soup,  in  which 
Ihc  ctiieiriign-di.'ut  is  (or  should  be)  tlie  flr^h 
of  the  turtle.  It  is  always  served  at  state  and 
civic  banquets.  [MocK-TURTLt:.]  Sir  Henry 
Thompson,  in  a  paper  read  at  cme  of  the  Con- 
ferences connected  with  the  Fisheries  Exhibi- 
tion held  in  London  in  iHHH,  stated  that 
"  conger  eel,  as  few  people  seem  to  be  aware, 
is  the  source  of  all  turtle-soup  wlien  at  its 
best,  the  turtle  furnishing  only  the  garnish 
and  the  name."  This  statement  gave  rise  to 
Miuch  conespondenee  at  the  tinie. - 

turtle  Stone,  .<. 

(■'ci'l,:  A  |'opularnanieforaseptarium(q.v.). 

"  SeiiUirin  Iuivl-  Ijeeii  iJulished  as  niiiible  ...  in  Dm- 
setahire.  wliere  they  hftve  been  lowiliy  ternieil  rurf/r- 
sroiics."—iyoodrtHir<l:  Ovol.  EngtanU  A  WiUvk,  \i.  rtto. 

tur'-tle,  v.i.     [Turtle  (2),  s.]    To  fish  or  hunt 
lor  turtles. 

■   He  ncL-jijionjilly  goes  off  on  a  tnrtUna  exiieilitiou  * 

—riiUi.  Sept.  •J4.  leg-. 

tur-tler,  .<.     [Bug.  turtl{e),  v. ;  -er.]    One  who 
lishes  or  hunts  for  turtles. 

"Tlio  .Tmii.iicii  tnrtlcrs  viait  tlie<e  keys  with  ymd 
.success."— /Ju»»/j(er.-  Dincoursu  "/  ii'imlii^cb.  iv. 

tur'-tling,  s.     fTvRTLE,  v.]    The  act  of  Imnt- 
ing  loi'  ••y  1  alching  tuilles. 

"  tur-tur,  .■^.    [Lat.] 

*  1.  Onl.  Lang. :  A  turtle-dove. 
"A   peyro  of  ricrtiiris  ur  tweie  culver   briddis."— 

2.  Oniith. :  A  genus  of  Columbidse,  with 
twenty-four  speeies,  from  the  Palsearctic, 
Kthiopiaii,  and  Oriental  regions,  and  Austi-o- 
.Abihiy.i.  lijU  rather  slender,  tip  of  upper 
Tiiandible  gently  deflected,  nostrils  at  base 
cn\  iTi-d  \\  itb  two  soft,  tumid,  barcsubstain-cs  ; 
lar.si  latliei- .shorter  tliari  luiddle  loe,  which  is 
longer  than  the  outer;  tail  of  twelve  feathcis, 
rather  long,  and  consitleiably  rounded  or' 
graduated;  wings  rather  lung  and  jJuinUd. 

1  riRTI.I>D()VE.] 


turve§,  A\  pi.    [Turf,  s.] 


[Nativename.]     A  fanning  baik 
India  fi'om  Viusia  UKiLvidata. 


To 


tur  war, 

obtained  i 

Tus'-can,  a.  &  s.     [I^it.  Tuscaiins;  Ital. 
i-i-iia  ;  Fr.  Toscoii.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Tuscany  in 
Italy. 

B,  As  suhstantire : 

1.  >ir({.  Luntj.:  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Tuscany. 

2.  Arch.:  The  Tuseau  order  of  arcllitecture. 
*^  Tii$c(tii  ^tiile  of  Architecture,  Tuscan  onlvr : 

A  style  of  architecture 
wliieh  originated  in  the 
norih  of  Italy,  on  the 
lirst  levival  of  the  arts 
in  the  free  cities,  and 
beyoud  which  it  has 
ne\ er  yet  tiavelled,  ex- 
cept iu  some  examples 
which  were  Introduced 
liV  Inigo  Jones  iu  the 
lirst  church  of  St.  Paul, 
i-neiit  Garden,  and  by 
."^iii'liristopherWren  in 
p'Tiicoes  at  St.  Paul's  TLsL.\.v. 

tatliedial.     It  is  a  sini- 

jiier  variety  of  the  Doric  (q.v.).  \\ith  unfluted 
cnlinnns  and  without  triglyphs. 

Tuscan-shrew.  ,<;. 

/no!.:  t'rocidvra  etrusca,  the  smallest  living 
mammal,  measuring  from  the  snout  to  tlie 
tip  of  the  t;iil  rather  less  than  tlii'ee  inches. 
Fur  asliy  i-ed  above,  light  ash-coloured  be- 
neath, tail  clothed  witli  short  hairs,  with  rings 


fate,  fat,  fare. jmidst,  whdt.  faU,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine;  go.  pot. 
o. .  wore.  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    a,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


of  lon^tT  whit^  liairs;  cars  inoderato.  pin- 
iectiiij;  Irotn  tJu'  fur.  Found  in  the  oxlr<-mf 
south  of  Euro[K'.  from  I-Vance  to  the  JJlark 
Seii,  and  in  the  north  of  Africa. 

tils'  cor,  *'.     iTtsK.J    A  tusk  or  tush  of  n 

hovsr. 

tush,  'twish^liiin'j.  [Kroni  the  sound.]  An 
cxchiiiKiti.-ii  indinitin-,'  rebuke,  coutenii>t,  nr 
impati'Mii-t'  ;  i>sha\v  !  pish! 

•'  ru>h.  siy  tlicy.  how  slioulJ   God  perreire  it  ?  is 
therokiiowU-dBu  hi  the  Most  High  r—rtiW-H  Ixxiii.  11. 

tush,  >-.  A  softrned  form  of  ^is/j  (q.v.).]  A 
Inii;;  pninU'd  tooth;  atusk:  applied  especially 
to  ctrtnin  <if  the  teeth  of  liorses. 

•■  StruuK  ni>  11  wa-twaflt'B  ttttltes.  tiiiJ  as  wliite." 
.*.  V.  >wttiburiic:  Tristram  qf  Ly<iniM*\  i. 


tiished,  < 


[TlsKEP.l 


tusk  ( 1 ).    tosch,    tosche.    tusch.    tux, 

.v.  tA.S.  t\(si\  tux;  cogii.  witli  O.  Fries,  tusk, 
tosch;  prob.  for  (ii'isc=  witli  tlie  notion  of 
double  tooth,  or  very  strony;  tooth,  from  A.S. 
tn-is  =  double.     (5A■tf«^)] 

I.  Ordinary  Langiuuje : 

].  (/'/.):  Two  abnormally  long  teeth,  jno- 
triidiii^  frotn  the  mouth,  and  constituting 
..tl.iisive  weapons.  In  the  elephant,  tin- 
narnlial,  thi:  dugong,  &c.,  these  enlarL:<'d 
teeth  are  incisors,  wliilst  in  the  Uar,  thi- 
walrus,  the  hippoitotamus,  &c.,  thry  aii-  la- 
nines. 

•'  This  )>eiist  (^^hen  iiuuiy  a  chief  his  (t«lsh.iJ  slJiiii) 
»         Grent  Sleleafe-er  atretdnKl  along  the  plaiu." 
I-  a  Pope:  Homer:  Hind  ix.  ilCl.    j 

*  2.  The  sliare  of  a  plough  ;  the  tot.th  .if  a 
hariow  or  the  like. 

II.  Techni'Mllu: 

1.  Carp.:  The  bevelled  shoulder  on  the  laek 
of  a  tenon  of  a  binding  joist,  to  strengthen  it. 

2.  I'lrlsiiiith. :  A  sharp  projecting  point  or 
claw  which  forms  a  means  of  engagement  or 
altaclini'-nt.  Used  iu  the  parts  of  locks  in 
which  l)olts,  tumblers,  &.e.,  are  thus  jtrovid-'d 
so  as  to  he  touched,  dropped,  raised,  &<■..  by 
the  key  directly  or  by  intermediate  devices. 

'tusk   t^),  .^.       [TORKK.] 

■  tiisk,  (•.(■.  iTi'sK  (I),  s.]  To  gnash  the  teetli 
as  a  boar  ;  to  show  the  tusks. 

■'  Sjiy.  now  vou  purt'e,  Titgk;  and  dr.iw  upyonrchiu, 
Twirle  thepoore  chain  ynu  run  a  feasting  in." 

Hen  Jonson  :  Epigram  H'T. 

tus -Isar,  s.  [A  conupt.  of  Icel.  turfsU-"', 
fintii  I'urj  =  turf,  and  »kera  =  to  cut.]  An  iron 
instiumeut  with  a  wooden  handle,  usetl  lui 
cutting  peats.    {Scotch.) 

tusked,  ('.     |Eng.  tusl-  (1),  s. ;  -ftl] 

1.  Cfl.  I.aiift.:  Ftunished  with  tusks. 

'■  TJiir  tiixkrct  lio;ir  out  of  the  wood 
ITjitiiins  it  by  tlie  roots," 

Milton:  Psalm  U\x. 

2.  //"/•.  :  liaving  tusks  of  such  or  such  a 
lincUue.    (Said  of  boars,  elephants,  &c.) 

tUSk'-er,  s.     [Eng.  tusk  (1),  s.  ;  -cr.] 

1.  An  elephant  that  has  its  tusks  developed  ; 
one  of  the  males  of  the  Asiatic  species. 

■■  One  of  the  r'meat  tuskers  any  of  those  present  bad 
fVeL  sKt:u:—Fi,hl,  Dec.  20.  1855. 

2.  A  wild  boarwitli  well-developed  tusks. 

"  A   fiitkfr  \>ho  had,  however,  no  ideu  ui   lunuing 
^iv.iy.  ^i-c/iw,  Nov.  2(1.  1687. 

tusk'-y,  <'.  [Fug.  tusk  (1),  s.  ;  -y.]  Having 
tusUs  ;  lusked. 

"The  3<;:ii'  indented  by  the  tusky  hoar. 
Pope:  Homer  \  "  ' 

tiis'-sac,  ^.    LTl'ssock.] 


tus  seh, 


[TrssER.] 


tus  ser,   tiis  sore,  tus'-seh,  s.     [Native 

liiiliaii  ii.itii.'.]  Til.-  silk  spun  by  the  Tusscr 
Silkworm  (.if. v.).  The  eentrfs  of  the  traffic  arc 
in  Bengal,  tlie  Central  Provinces,  Berar,  and 
tlie  N'izam's  country.  There  are  generally  two 
crops  of  the  insect  during  the  year.  The  co- 
coons are  purchased  in  May  and  June  by 
the  rearers  from  those  who  have  collei-ted 
them  from  the  jungle  ;  the  female  cocoons  are 
the  larger.  They  are  almost  perfectly  .smooth, 
of  a  gray  colour,  with  darker  veins  across 
the  tmter  surface.  When  mature,  the  largest 
are  about  two  inches  long  by  one  and  a-quarter 
Ijroad,  tliosc  of  average  size  about  in  inch  and 
a-half  long.  The  inner  layer  of  the  fibre  is 
quite  loose,  forming  a  soft  cushion  for  tlie 
insect  within.  The  silk,  wJien  obtained,  has  a 
flossy   or   vitreous   look.      It  is   now   niami- 


tuscor— tutionst 

faetured  in  Europe  :us  well  as  in  India,  being 
largely  used  for  cloaks  and  mantles  designed 
fni"  winter,  wear.  No  kind  of  silk  so  closely 
imitates  seal-skin  or  is  80  durable.  It  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  Utrecht  velvet,  an'l 
has  the  rigidity  requisite  to  render  it  a  valua- 
ble   material    for    carpets.      (Cakiitta    li'hib. 

tusser  silkworm,  >. 

Kntoiiu:  Antliertaviylitta,  a.  cmumon  Imlian 
silkworm,  which  yields  a  rather  eoarsedook- 
ing,  but  very  durable  silk.  It  is  wild  tlirongh- 
oiit  the  low  hills  of  the  central  tableland  of 
India,  being  absent  from  the  Himalaya  moun- 
tains and  from  the  alluvial  plains.  It  feeds 
nil  iii:niy  shrubs  and  trees. 

•  tUB  sic'-U-lar,  ft.  (Lat.  tussicuJaris,  from 
/iissi-;  =  a  cough.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cough. 

tus-8i-la-gin'-e-flB»  s-  pi-  [Mod.  Lat.  tus- 
s it f li/o,  i^emt.  tuss Hug iii{is);  L-at.  fern.  pi.  adj. 
sufl'.  -t'tr.] 

lint.  :  A  tribe  of  Tubulitlorse.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, all  radial,  broad ;  outer  flowers  female, 
\eiv  slender,  and  tubular  or  ligulate  ;  florets 
of  the  disk  tubular,  usually  bisexual ;  anther 
celN  not.  tailed  ;  arms  of  the  style  connate. 
piihesecnf,  with  bilid,  conical  tips.  British 
genera,  I'ctasites  and Tussilago.  {Sir  J.  Hooker.) 

tus -si -la' -go,  .'■•.  [Lat.  =  coltsfoot  (see  def.), 
tiom  iu^is  —  a.  cough,  from  the  use  of  the 
plant  as  a  cough  medicine.] 

Hot.  :  Ctdtsfoot ;  the  typical  genus  of  Tussi- 
lagine«  (q.v.).  Heads  yellow,  solitary,  many- 
Howered  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  involucre  of  a 
single  row  of  equal,  linear  scales ;  floretti  of 
the  ray  long,  narrow,  in  many  rows,  female; 
those  of  the  disk  few,  male,  both  yellow ; 
jiappus  ]>ilose  ;  achenes  terete.  Closely  akin 
to  Petasites,  but  differs  by  the  pistillate 
thnvei-s  having  a  (sometimes  minute)  ligule. 
Only  one  known  species,  'I'nssUago  Farfara. 
I  Coltsfoot.] 

tus' -sis,  s.     [I..at.] 

i'aiJioJ.  :  A  cough,  a  catarrh. 

tus'  sle,    tus'-sel,  •  tus-tle,  i.-.  [Tissle,  y.] 

A  struggle  ;  a  coutest ;  a  scutHe. 

■'  Does  lie  we«r  his  head  ? 
Because  the  last  we  saw  here  hjid  a  tussle." 

liyron:   Vistun  of  Judsmeni.  xviii. 

tus  sle,  "tus-tle,  '^tuz'-zle,  v.i.  Sat.    [A 

\;in.ilit  <if  tOiidei<\.\.).] 

A.  h'tnins. :  To  struggle  ;  to  scuffle. 

"  Did  tustle  with  red-ey'd  pole-cat." 

Perey  :  Jicli'juee ;  fit.  Veurge  for  England. 

B.  Trails.  :  To  struggle  with. 

■'  Muzzle  and  11122!':  and  hng  thef:."—Cent!ir^e :  Diwie 
H-i'l'i  (170'J|.  p.  44. 

tus' -sock,  tus' -suck,  tiis'- sac,  s.     [A 

dimiii.  from  Dan.  tusk^.i  tuft,  a  tassel;  Sw. 
dial.  tms.  —a  wisp  of  hay;  ef.  Welsh  tiisn\ 
fiisi'-fi  =  a  wisp,  a  bundle.] 

1.  A  clump,  a  tuft  or  small  IiiUock  of  grow- 
ing gJliSS. 

■■  Both  were  coustiULted  in  thick  tnxtf>rk.t  nf  coarse 
^•nss ui  lUahi:^.'— Ser itiiier's  JlttiJ.iziin;  Dec.  1S7H.  p.  17". 

2.  A  tuft  or  lock,  as  of  hair  or  the  like  ;  a 
tangle<l  knot. 

■■  Such  laying  of  the  hair  in  tusaockx  and  tufts,"— 
Lotim^r. 

3.  'I'lie  same  as  Tussock-grass  (q.v.). 
1.    i  he  same  as  Tussock-moth  (q.v.). 

tussock-grass,  s. 

I'.ot.,  <Cc. :  Vactijlis  vcesjiitosa  (=  Fisttirajlahcl- 
hita)y  a  grass  forming  tufts  live  to  six  feet  high 
in  the  Falkhmd  Islands,  Tierra  del  Fuego,  tlie 
Straits  of  Magellan,  Cape  Horn,  &c.  It  was 
ihst  discovered  by  Ctnnmerson  in  the  Straits 
nf  Magellan  in  1767.  Its  approi>riafe  habitat 
is  the  sea-shoie,  where  it  will  grow  even  on 
sand  dunes.  Either  as  green  fodder  or  as 
bay.  it  is  said  to  be  unrivalled  as  food  for 
cattle,  horses,  &c.  Pigs  and  other  animals 
grub  up  the  sweet  roots,  which  they  cat 
eagerly.  Plants  of  the  Tussock-grass,  six 
!eei  In-h.  which  had  been  grown  in  the  Orkney 
]siaii-ls.  \veie:,li<)un  at  the  Great  Exhibition 
in  ll)<le  Park,  is.^d.     (Loudon,  i:c.) 

tussock-moth,  s. 

Kntuin. :  The  genus  Dasychira,  belonging  to 
the  family  Liparidie.  The  antenme  are  crenu- 
lated  in  the  female;  the  foic  legs  are  very 
hairy.  The  larva  is  very  lieautiful,  with  tufts 
of  coloured  hair  down  the  back.  Two  species 
are  Briti.sh,  the  Dark  Tussock,  Dat-ychira 
fascclliia,  and  the  Pale  Tiisst>ck,  D,  pudiijunda. 


■J.,')l 


'Ihc  Hr.st  has  the  fore  wings  dark  gray  powdered 
with  blackish,  and  two  bhiekish  tra:isv<-rse 
streaks  powdered  with  yellowish,  the  hind 
wings  giay  ;  the  second  has  the  fore  wings 
pale  gray  with  black  streaks,  iHinds,  and 
lines,  the  hind  wings  -whitish  with  a  gray 
central  band.  The  Ilrst  is  found  in  Knpiaml 
on  lu-aths  and  is  somewhat  rare,  the  second 
is  generally  distributed  and  common. 

tiis'-SOCk-^', a.    [Kng.  tussock  ;  -y.]    Abound- 
ing in  or  lesembling  tussocks  or  tufts. 

■■We  viiMTKwl  oil  triictn  i>(  tuttm-kg  ^tw*.  Inter. 
hpi'iFicil  hell.'  nnd  thiTr  111  imrk.like  fiwhiuii  witb 
.  Iiuui.-  u(  trees."— /J«i7y  TnUfiraitli.  Muruli  'J,  l**i. 


tiis'-suok,  -s.    [Tussock.] 
tus-sbre',  .s.    [TcssKit.] 


tut,  inti-fj.  [From  the  sound;  cf.  Fr.  trut  — 
tusli,  ttit.]  An  exclamation  demUing  impa- 
tience, rebuke,  or  contempt  ;  tush  !  pish  ! 

"  7i<(,  this  was  nothinK  btit  (Ui  HrKuniuiit." 

S/iukea//.  :  i  Henry  VI.,  i   U. 

*^  tut,  v.L  [TfV,  inter}.]  To  speak  couteuip- 
tiiously  and  slightingly. 

"  Tutting  OVQF  the  globe  or  the  s\tu."—/.ylCon :  Cnj- 
ton»,  bk.  viii.,  cli.  iil. 

^tiit,  .1.    [Ktym.  doubtful.] 

1.  Au   imperial   crown  of  a  golden  globe, 
with  a  cross  on  it ;  a  mound.    {haUetf.) 
1.  A  ha-ssock. 

•■PHid  UvAltit  fortbiiu  tbnt  dmwea  the  Iwllowc^  of 
th«'  orciiinis  to  mt  xix^ju.'—VhurehwanitnsAct'junts 
of  CheddU;  l.;:i:. 

^tu'-tage  (age  as  ig),  6-.  [Lat.  txitus^ 
safe.)     Tutelage  (q.v.). 

*  tu'-ta-ment,  s.  [Lat.  tutamcntum,  from 
tutus  =  safe.]    Protection,  guardian.ship. 

"  The  holy  cfosae  is  the  true  tutanicnt." 

Daviet:  Holy  ii'iode,  p.  IS). 

tU-ta'-ni-a,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  white 
alloy  for  tableware,  &c.  Germati  :  cop]ier,  1 ; 
tin,  4s ;  antimony,  4.  Spanish:  .steel,  1; 
tin,  L'4  ;  antimony,  2. 

tu'-tel-age,  s.  [Lat.  tutda  =  jn-ot«(!tioTi, 
rrom  fit'ias  -  safe  ;  r((eor  =  to  protect;  sulV. 
-age.] 

1.  Guardianship,  protection.  (Applied  to 
the  person.) 

'■  He  Mibmitted  without  reliictmice  to  the  tutrfnije 
oi  !i  cuiiii.il  of  wiir  nnniiimted  by  the  lord-lieutenant," 
—Maeaultiu :  Hi«r.  Eng.,  ch.  xvii. 

2.  The  state  of  being  under  a  guardian  or 
protector  ;  caieor  protection  enjoyed. 

tu-te-lar.  tu'-te-lar-y,  a.  [Lat.  tut,l«ris, 
from  M'iMrt  :=guardianshiii,  tutelage  (ij.v.); 
Fr.  tutetaire.] 

1.  Guarding,  protecting  ;  having  the  charge, 
CJire.  or  protection  of  a  person  or  thing  ; 
gnanlian. 

'■  Wtiei-e  wast  thoil  then,  sweet  Charity?  where  then 
Thon  tutelary  friend  vi  helpless  men?" 

Coiepcr :  CJiaritf/,  U'i. 

2.  Tending  to  guard  or  protect ;  proti*ctive. 
'  tU'-tele,  s.     [Lat.  tutrla.]    Tutelage. 

"He  w;istuliave  therwri-fc  and  ward  of  his  children." 
—  Hinoell:  Letters,  i.  'J.  1.'. 

tu-ten-ag,  tu-ten-age,  *tu  tan-age.  .s-. 

[Hind.) 

L  A  white  alloy,  of  cnj.per,  50  ;  nickel,  19  ; 
and  zinc,  31,  used  for  table-ware,  &c.  It  re- 
sembles Packfong,  Chinese  white  (-(ipiier, 
albati,  and  German  silver.  The  alloy  has  vari- 
ou->  names  and  priiportions  of  the  ingredients  ; 
a  small  quantity  of  had  or  iron  is  added  in 
some  formula'. 

2.  2ine  or  siK-lter. 

tu'-ti-dr-i§m  (ti  as  shi),  s.  [Eccles.  Lat. 
tutiorismu.-i,  from  tutior,  coinpar.  of  Lat.  tutus 
=  safe.) 

<  hurch  Hist,  rf- Theology :  Mitigated Rigoi ism  ; 
the  doctrine  which,  wiiile  holding  that  <dicdi- 
ence  to  the  l;iw  is  always  tlie  safer  and  I'cttcr 
way,  allows  that  an  opinion  of  the  highest 
intrinsic  jirobability  in  fa\(Mir  of  lilierty  may 
sometimes  be  followed.     [Itn;ouisM.l 

"The  nreunientfl  addticed  bv  its  advoc;ili-B  i-e;illy 
tend  to  rutionsm.'—Addis  A  A  )-tiold :  Cath.  l-iet.,  \t.  f."Z. 

tu'-tl  or-ist  (tl  as  Shi),  c  &  s.    [Eng.  tn- 

tior(i.-^w);  -iM.\ 

A.  Asailj.:  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  guided  by 
the  principles  of  Tutiorism  (q.v.). 

B.  A^  sulMuntire : 

Church  lUst.   d:  Theology:   A  tlicidogian  oi 


boil,  boy ;  poiit,  jowl ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9hiii,  ben^h ; 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sioa  =  shun;    tion,  -sion 


go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as: 
=  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious 


expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-shus.     ble,  -die,  .Vc.  ^  bel,  deL 


tutmouthed— twang 


,  • -.  un4  is  guided  liy  the 

1 

.  iti^nitliilon  of  tlir  Rl^iiffU 

,.,  , ,.  ArnvlJ:  CatK  Met..  |».  tiUi 

tfit-moii^od,  <'.     iMId.  Enp.  UUe,  t'wt ;  A.S. 
f.  •..        ii.  I'KJecf,  mid  Kng.  uihuth(ii.\  Uavtn>: 
I  III;;  uii'U'r  jnw. 
1    rif.'itonrAni.  i[iiir-u».Uii>a."— /.t«/W(H( 

ti&t -nose,  .<.    [Titmoi  thki'.]    A  snult  iimsc. 

(r-..r.) 

to' -tor,  •  tu'-toor,  ■«.  (Fr.  tuteur,  fmin  Lat. 
/Nf.^friii,  iu-ciis.  of  tutor  =  a  guardian,  fi-nrii 
tuluf  =  gjntv,  fur  /iii/itjf,  {IB.  par.  of  luror=:  to 
lo«ik  nfler,  to  giwrd;  Sp.  A:  Poit.  tutor;  Ital. 

L  Oritiiuirff  /.rtJijTimjjp  ; 

'  I.  A  giLunliAii ;  mie  wlm  lias  tht-  care  cr 
clmrxo  nf  (1  pcn4i>ii  or  ttiiiiK. 

2.  One  who  lia?*  the  fliarg^'  of  instnictin^i 
nimlluT  in  viiri.tns  bmiielies  or  in  itny  hrancli 
of  U'anihig  :  a  ti*a»'Iu'r,  an  instiuctnr  ;  ospec, 
a  private?  in.struct"ir. 

•'No  edrim  U  "o  ttpertllt)-  Iwniwl  l>y  the  ni>l>lc-*t 
irftikiix  urltliuiit  n  tutor.' ~»'iilU. 

X  In  Knjilish  Universities,  one  of  a  Unly 
attiK-hrd  ti>  tlie  viirioiis  coUfges  or  halls,  by 
whom,  a.ssisU'd  by  IpctMri-rs,  the  education  ol" 
the  students  is  ehietly  condm-ted.  Tliey  Jiie 
seh-etetl  from  the  fellows,  and  are  also  re- 
Hpousihle  for  the  general  discipline  of  the 
students. 

4.  In  Anieriean  Universities,  a  teacher  sub- 
onlintite  to  a  fellow. 

II.  Srnt.<  fat'-:  The  giiatxlian  of  n  boy  or 
girl  in  pupilarity.  By  common  law  a  f;ith(r 
is  tutor  to  his  childi-eu.  Failinj^  him,  there 
may  be  three  kinds  of  tutors :  a  tutor-nomi- 
nate, a  tutor-at-law,  or  a  tutor-dative.  A 
tutor-nominate  is  one  nominated  in  a  testa- 
ment, &c ,  by  the  father  of  the  child  or 
children  to  !>e "placed  under  guardiansliip,  A 
father  may  nominate  any  number  nf  tutors. 
A  tutor-al-law  is  one  who  acquires  his  right 
by  the  mere  disposition  of  law,  in  cases  where 
there  is  no  tutor-nominate,  or  where  the 
tutor-nominate  is  dead,  or  cannot  act,  or  has 
not  accepted.  -V  tutor-dative  is  one  named 
liy  the  sovereign  on  the  failure  both  of  tutors- 
nominate  and  tutors-at-law. 

tu'-tOP,  r.f.     [Ti-TOB,  s.] 

•  1.  To  have  the  guardianship,  care,  or 
charge  of.  . 

2.  To  instruct,  to  teach. 

"  She  liit^/reil  hoiim  in  Durdaliis's  nrt. 
Ami  proiiilaed  tlivy  ithuuUl  act  lil.t  wild  goone  imrt." 
Cote/icr :  .Uiti-Thdnphthorn. 

3.  To  train,  to  discipline,  to  con-ect. 

"  Give  sorrow  lenvi-  awlille  to  tutor  me 
To  tills  stilmii^i-ioii. "         i<haki-fp. :  Jitchard  11.  iv. 

*tu'-t6r-age  (age  as  ig),  s.    [Eng.  tntu,\ 

s. ;  -(i*j>--\  Til-'  I'ltici',  occuj'ation,  orautliority 
of  a  tutor  or  guardian  ;  tutehige,  gnardiau- 
ship. 

"  Children  care  not  for  the  couiwiuy  of  their  ]>areuts 
or  tuUm,  mid  men  will  care  less  lor  thelro  who  would 
ni»ke  them  children  hy  nsarp'"K  *^  ttttaragt;"—Vovcrn- 
tiii^nl  of  thu  Totiffm: 

'  tu'- tor  -  ess,  ---.  [Eng.  tutor,  s.;  -ess.]  A 
ffiuale  tnt<'r  ;  iin  instructress,  a  governess. 

"  Kidclift  Hh.ill  he  yunr  tutorets."    Moore:  Fouvdliifj. 

tu-tbr'-i-al,  0.  [Lat.  tntorin.%  from  tutor  = 
;i  guardian.)  Pertaining  to  or  exercised  by  a 
tutor  or  iiistruetor. 

'•Tliehontl  hnHHO(ictive(«ftiWf(?0utie8."— raW  M.tll 
Gazrtlf.  July  i:-,  18S4.  p.  3. 

•  tU'-tor-i^m,  .*.  [Eng.  tutor,  s. ;  -ism.]  The 
office,  state,  or  duty  of  a  tutor  or  tutors ; 
tntorship, 

'  tU'-tor-lj^,  n.    [Eng.   tutor,  s. ;  -ly.]    Per- 
taining to,  suiting,  or  like  a  tutor  ;  pedagogic. 
■■The  Enil  .  .  .  wns  not  a  little  tutorly  in  his 
Majiaty'd  mJ.\\n:  —Soi-th  ;  Examen.  p,  453. 

tU'-tor-Ship,  .^.     [Eng.  tutor,  s. ;  -sM-pJ] 

1.  Guardianship,  charge,  care,  tutelage. 

"Me  that  nhi'Uhl  ttrupit  a  t»toriliip.resitr.Km\uu  his 
^rr^iit  t"  n'liiif  "lie  lertjtinc  thinpe  or  cnu»e,  should  due 
tut  iiW\y."—llnokrr :  f.cclex.  I'oJifij,  bk,  v.,  j  80. 

2.  The  office  of  a  tutor  or  private  instructor : 
the  office  of  a  collefie  tutor. 

*  tu'-tor-y,  •  tu-tor-ie,  s.  [Rng.  tutor,  s. ; 
-y.]     Tutcnage,  lustruction,  tutelage. 

"Tbe  j[U(irdtnn»liip  or   tntorie   of   a  king  expired 
ouer  tfijin  of  nuotlioT  prituite  peraou." — jJolinshcd  ■ 
Bitr.  Sfotloatt  (nil.  loSl). 


•  tU'-treSS,  '  tU'  triX,  >•-  [  Eng.  tutor  ;  -fss  : 
Vt.  tuliiif,  from  Lat.  tuft  kein,  accus.  of  tutrix 
=  a  female  guardnm.] 

1.  A  female  gimrdian. 

2.  A  fenuile  instructor ;  a  tutoress  ;  a  gover- 
ness.   (Lit.  iVfip.) 

••  Rinifti.  Oemvn.  iiniJ  Pisa  have  been  tiittvtsrtot  n\\ 
I  know. '■— /;i(jrA/H.  in  St.  Jatnit't  Ifiizeltc.  Feb.  9,  lB8"i. 

tiit'-SQJl,  s.  [Fr.  ton- 
tesnine  =  all  heal, 
from  tout  (l-at.  totus 
=  whole)  and  sain 
(Lat.  «iHi(s)=sound.] 
Botany : 

1.  Park  leaves ; 
IlyjiericiiDi  AmlrosfK- 
vnivi  —  Aiuinmeuinm 
oflicinali'.  The  stem, 
whicli  is  about  two 
feet  higli,  is  shrubby,  tut-san  and  fruit. 
com  pressed  ;   the 

leaves  large,  sessile,  ovate,  the  cymes  terminal 
with  large  flowi;rs,  the  fruit  fleshy,  and  resem- 
bling a  berry,  esjiccially  when  unripe.  Found 
in  hedges  and  shrubby  places,  especially  in 
Ireland  and  the  west  of  Scotland  ;  not  so 
comnmn  in  England. 

2.  (/''.)  .■  TJie  Hypericaceae.    (Lindley.) 

"  Tlie  healing  ttitsaii  tlieii.  mul  idaritane  for  a  sore," 
Drayton  :  Poln-Olbian,  s.  VA. 

tut'-ta,  ('.    [Ital.,  from  Lat.  Mj(s=whule.] 
Music:  All,  the  whole  ;  tutta  J'orza,  the  full 
power  or  force ;  tittto  arco,  the  whole  length 
of  the  bow. 

tut-ti,  5.  &  a.    [Ital.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

Miisic : 

1,  A  direction  that  every  performer  is  to 
take  part  in  the  execution  of  the  passage  or 
movement.     (Opposed  to  solo  or  soli.) 

2.  In  a  concerto,  a  direction  for  the  orchestra 
to  play  while  the  solo  instrument  is  silent. 

B.  As  (ulj :  Apidied  to  a  passage  in  which 
all  the  voices  or  instruments  are  employed  ; 
in  a  concerto,  used  of  a  passage  when  the 
solo  instrument  is  silent. 

Tiit'-tle,  s.  (The  astronomer  who  discovered 
the  (.omet.)     (See  etyni.  and  compound.) 

Tuttle's  comet,  s-. 

Astron. :  A  comet,  the  orbit  nf  which  is 
identical  with  that  of  the  August  meteors. 

tut'-t^»  s.     [Etyni.  doubtful.] 

1.  The  flower  of  Prumis  Cerasns.  (Chiefly 
in  Dorsetshire.) 


^  2.  A  nosegay. 

"She  ciin  wreathes  and  ttitti/es  make." 

./.  Ciimpio]!,  iu  Engluh  Garner,  iii.  2S.3. 

tu-whit'  tu'-whoo',  s.     [From  the  sound.] 
The  cry  of  the  owl. 

"  The  tiiwhits  are  lulled  I  wot. 
'riiy  tinvhous  of  yesterniKht." 

Tvniij/non  :  Thv  Owt,  second  song, 

tut-WOrk«  5.     [Etyni.  of  first  element  doubt- 
fid  ;  serund,  Eng.  work.] 
Miiiiu'j:  Dead-work.     [Dead,  B.  II.] 

tiit'-wdrk-er,  s.    [Eng.  tutworl;  -er.] 
Mining:  (See  extract). 

"  The  labour  underground  is  performed  by  two 
classes  u(  men.  the  tutworhers  and  trihuters.  The 
former  are  those  who  execute  work  by  the  piece,  gene- 
rally calculati-d  by  the  fAthotu."—Cussflf't  3'vchtiuitl 
Educator,  iii.  hi. 

tut'-work-man,  .s.     [Eng.  tutu-ork;  man.] 
Mlni'iii:  A  tuiworker  (q.v.). 

tu-yere'  (or  as  twe'-yare),  .^.    [Fr.,  akin  to 

lu/Hiu—ii    j.ipe  ;    cf.    Out.    tiiit ;'  O.    H.   Ger. 
liidd  :  Dan. /rf./ =  a  pipe.) 

Metall. :  A  name  formerly  given  to  tlie  open- 
ing in  a  blastfurnace  to  admit  the  nozzle  of 
the  blast-pi|ie,  as  well  as  to  the  nozzle  itself, 
but  now  applied  to  the  blast-pipe.  A  tul)e 
having  a  conical  end,  with  its  appurtenances 
for  regulating  and  directing  a  cun-ent  of  air 
upon  the  metal  iu  a  smelting  furnace  or  forge. 
The  tuyeres  of  the  Bessemer  conwi'tor  are 
perforated  blocks  of  fire-brick  set  iu  the  flour 
of  the  retort,  and  affording  passage  for  the  air 
into  the  mass  of  liquid  metal  above.   [Water- 

TUVERE.] 

*tfiz,s.     [Cf.  tvssoclc]    A  lock  or  tuft  of  hair, 
or  the  like.    (Dryden  :  Persius,  iv.  00.) 


'  tiiZ'Zi-Dlfiz'-xi-d,   s.     [Cf.  tnz.]    A  tuz ;  a 
tult. 

'■  Another  coriiTiiHnded  to  remove  the  tutzhmiteim  ■.( 
flo«fr«  fioin  hi"  leeto.  nud  to  lake  tin*  lualifh  ol  litv 
Mut  i'(  his  \inuil."—Trewn':t«eq/the  Chritiinn  i:eVuji<'H, 

•  twa,  twae,  c    [Two.]    (Scotch.) 

■■  If  ye  g;iiik'.  I'll  p.iiig  t"0  ;  for  between  the  tv^a  o'  us.. 
wr'll  hue  warK  uiiough."— .S'co».'  Aitti'iuarji ,  ch,  vil. 

twa-lofted,  a.     Two-storied.    (Scotch.) 

twad'-dle,  '  twat'-tle,  *twa~tle,  v.t.  &  i. 

[A  variant  of  tottk  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans. :  To  chatter  or  speak  unmean- 
ingly. 

"No  gloazing  f.-vble  I  tuatrlr." 

attttij/hurst :  t'injil :  .Eiwid  ii. 

B.  Intrans.  :    To    talk    unmeaningly,    to 
prate,  to  chatter. 

".Viiyiulye  toe  twnttfe." 

."itanff/iumt :  Virgil ;  .Encid  iv. 

twad'-dle,  'twat'-tle,  s.    [Twaddlk,  r.] 

1.  Unmeaning  talk,  silly  chatter,  nonsense. 

"  The  ]>eiiny  cotrkney  bookseller,  pouring  endless 
vuliuue.s  of  sentimental  tuKuUtle." — I'huokeniru  :  Eng- 
liit/i  IlmnoHristi.  lei:t.  v. 

2.  A  twaddler. 


twad'-dler,  v";.  [Eng.  tw(iddl(e),  v.  ;  -cr.]  One 
who  twaddles;  one  who  prates  or  talks  in  a 
weak  or  silly  manner  on  coniiuonplace  sub- 
jects. 

"  A    htuj-li    at    the    style    of    this    ungrammatical 

rw'iil'i!vr:'~l*icUi>s:  /•h/cwitk,  cli.  li. 

twad'-dling,  ^  twaf-tling,  a.  &  s.  [Twad- 
dle, i:] 

A.  As  a<Ij. :  Talking,  or  given  to  talliing.  in 
a  silly  ]iianner  ;  chattering;  pi-ating, 

B.  .-Is  snbst. :  The  act  of  one  who  twaddles  ; 
empty,  silly  talk;  nonsense. 

"Ynu  keep  Mich  a  twattUifi  with  i'i>u  and  vuur 
liottliny. ■'—.>«■///.-  Til  Ih \  .HuTnlnii. 

twain,  '  twaine,  ~  tuasm,  '  t^vei, '  tw^eie, 

'  twei-en,  '  tweighe,  '  tweine,  *  twey, 

twey-en,   'tweyn,  '  tweyne,  a.  &  s. 

[Prop,  masi'uline,  wliile  tvo  is  feminine  and 
neuti-r  ;  but  this  distinction  was  early  dis- 
regarded. A.S.  twcgen,  masc.  nom.  and  aec. ; 
tin-jr",  genit.  ;  twdm,  dat.  ;  cogu.  with  Dan. 
/".  frriide;  Goth,  twuim,  dat.  of  (wai^  two; 
ti'-irii.<,  twos,  tiua,  accus.  ;  Ger.  nceeu  =  two 
(masc.);  O.  H.  Ger.  zuxne.]    [Two,  Twin.] 

A.  As  oaIJ.  :  Two  (now  used  only  in  poetry). 
"  He  wote  well  that  the  gold  is  with  us  tweye." 

Chancer ;  V.  T.,  12.750. 

B.  As  suhst. :  A  pair,  a  couple. 

■■  TtDfi/ne  in  a  bed  the  toon  shall  he  taken  and  the 
totherleft.'— H'ffc^ye;  3latthew  x\iv. 

%    /;)  twain  :  In  two,  asnuder. 

■■  When  old  winter  split  the  rocks  in  twain." 

/Jrf/deit :   Virgil;  (ivorgic  iwiot. 

twain-cloud,  s. 

Mrfi'orol.  :    The    same  as  Cumi'I,o-str.\tu9 
(q-v.). 

twalt,  twaite  (1),  ?.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

hlithy. :    Alosa  Jinta.      [Shad,   :!,   Twaite- 

.SHAI',  'i'WAlTE.] 

twaite  (2).  s.  [Thwaite  (1).  .i.]  Wood  land 
miilibed  up  and  converted  into  arable  land. 

twal,  twall,  ".     [Twelve.]  Twelve.  (Scotch.) 

'■  Yuu  would  give  your  fair  bounds  and  barony  for 
a  square  yard  of  rock  that  would  be  dry  for  twal 
lumTs."—ticott :  Antiquaru.  ch.  vii. 

twal'-pen-nie§,  s.  [Scotch  ?t('n/  =  twelve, 
and  Kn;j;.  i-innics.]  One  penny  sterling,  equiv- 
alent to  twelve  i>ence  of  ancient  Scottish  cur- 
rency.    (Sn.tt:  llatrt  of  MiOlothian,  ch.  iv.)      ■ 

twal'-pen-iiy* '  twal'-pen-nie,  n.  [Twal- 
I'ENNiEs.j  Worth  twehe  pence  of  ancient 
Scotch  currency. 

twalpexmie-^vorth,  s.  a  small  quan- 
tity, a  ]>ennywortli.     (Scotch.) 

"  And  w  biles  twnlpeiinie-ivorth  o'  nappy 
L'iin  niiike  the  bodies  uuco  happy." 

linrus:  Twa  Dogt. 

twang,   'twangue,  v.i.  &  t.     [Of  imitative 
urif^iii ;  cf.  tang  {2),  s.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  sound  with  a  quick,  sharp  noise  ;  to 
make  the  ringing  sound  of  a  tense  string. 

'■  To  show 
An  .irclier's  art,  and  boasts  hia  Uonngnig  bow." 

D}-yd<m  :  Viryil ;  .£neid  v.  698. 

2.  To  be  uttered  with  a  sharp  or  nasal 
sound. 


•  fite.  fat,  l^e,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule.  fuU :  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go.  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  c©  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


twang— twelve 


253 


3.  To  i)l;i,v  on  a  stringfd  instrinucut. 

*'  Wlitnii  tlio  hnrtwr  twani/eth  or  niiit^etii  a  smig,  all 
tlie  ciiitiiMUiift  must  l>e  wXuhX-.'—Boliiuhvii:  Dtitcrip- 
Uon  '^  /relaitU,  ell.  vlli. 

i.  To  y;ive  out  a  clear,  ringiug  sound,  a.s 
tliat  of  a  truiiipi't. 
'■  Hiirk  :  'tis  the  twanffing  hum  o'er  yonder  hrtJge." 
Cuwper:  rusk,  tv.  1. 
B.  Transitire  : 

1.  To  (.-aiise  t"  sound  with  a  sharp,  ringing 
noise,  as  by  pulling  a  tense  stiing  and  sud- 
denly letting  it  go. 

2,  To  utter  with  a  sharp,  shrill,  or  nasal 
tone. 

"  A  tbouBaud  iiames  are  tossed  iiito  tlie  crowd  : 
Sdiiie  whispered  auftly,  aud  miiiie  twnnu  U  aluud. ' 
C'twijer:  Charitu,  hW. 

*1f  To  go  off  tieanging :  To  go  well  or  hap- 
pily. 

•'  Had  he  died. 
11  hnii  gone  off  twanging." 

Maxsiuger :  Jloimtn  Act(jr,  ii.  2, 

twang  (1),  s.  &  interj.     [Twang,  v.] 

A.  As  unbstuiitivc : 

1.  A  sharp,  quick  sound,  as  of  a  string 
diawn  tense,  and  then  suddenly  let  go. 

"  The  aiuew  foi-ged  string 
Did  give  H  mighty  twang." 

Cluipman:  JIo»Mr:  IliuUiv. 

2.  A  sharp  clear  sound  as  of  a  trumpet  or 
liorn. 

"  A  cheer  and  a  twang  of  the  horu."~- Field,  Sept  Cn, 
18S6. 

3.  An  affected  modulatiou  of  the  voice ;  a 
uasal  sound. 

"  His  vuice  wassometliiut^diftereutiromthe  huiuiui, 
Laving  a  little  twang  like  thiit  of  striug-uiusic." — 
ScartJi  :  Light  of  yaturc,  vul,  iL.  pt.  ii.,  oh.  xxiii. 

B.  As  interj. :  With  a  sharjj,  quick  sound, 
as  that  made  by  a  bowstring. 

"  There'a  oue,  the  best  iu  all  iny  quiver. 
Twang!  thro"  his  very  heart  and  liver." 

Prior :  Mercury  Jt  Cupid. 

twang  (2),  s.  [Tano  (1),  s.]  After-taste  ;  a 
dj-sagreeable  llavour  left  in  the  mouth. 

"  Though  the  liquor  was  not  at  all  imiiaii-ed  thereby 
iu  substiLUce  ur  vii'tui:,  it  laij^lit  get  some  tuiang  of 
the  vessel."— ifcurc/*;  Light  of  iVature,  voL  ii.,  pt.  ii., 
ch.  xxiiL 

*  twan'-gle,  v.L  &  t.    [A  frequent,  from  twang, 

\.(M.V.).J 

A.  lutraiis. :  To  twang. 

"  Sometimes  a  thou&aud  twangUng  iustrumeuts 
Will  hum  abuut  uiiue  ears." 

.s/taktvp. :  Tempest,  iil,  2. 

B.  Tmns. :  To  twang. 

"The  yomijs'  Andrea  .  .  .  twangUs  his  guitar."— 
T)uti:keray  :  :i/iabtjg-Oenteet  Story,  ch.  ii. 

twau'-gle,  s.  [TwANGLE,  1'.]  A  twangling 
sound ;  a  twang. 

twan'-glihg,  :'.     [TwANGLE,  v.]    Twanging, 

noisy. 

^twahU,  y.    iTwANK,  i'.]    A  twang. 

'  twank,  v.t.  [A  word  imitative  of  a  sharper 
and  more  abrupt  sound  than  ttuang.]  I'o 
twang ;  to  cause  to  make  a  sharp  twanging 
Mound. 

"  A  freeman  of  London  hns  the  privilege  of  distiii'b- 
iiig  a  wbule  street  with  taankingot  a  brass  kettle."— 
AiLdisou. 

twan'-Uay,  s.     [Chin.  =  lit.  beacon  brook 
A  sort  of  green  tea. 

'twas.     [A  common  contraction  of  it  was.] 

twa   sdnie»  a.  &  s.    [Twosome.]    (Scotch.) 

'  twat-tle  (I).  v.L  &  t.     [Twaddle.] 

A.  Iiilrans.  :  To  talk  much  and  sillily;  to 
prate,  to  twaddle. 

"■  The  apostle  Paul  finds  fault  with  a  certain  sort  of 
wouieu  who  were  iirattlera,  which  would  go  from 
house  to  house,  twattling.  and  babbling  out  frothy 
speech  that  waa  good  fur  nothing." — Whatelcy  :  lit:- 
tlemption  of  Ttinii,  \}.  \b.     (Hia-L) 

B.  TraiLs, :  To  talk  or  utter  idly. 

twat'-tle  (2),  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To  pet, 
to  make  much  of.     (Proi:) 

•twat-tle.  s.  [TwATTLE  (1),  I'.]  Twaddle, 
nonsense. 

^  twat'-Uer,  ?.    [Eng.  ^'■t(»/(f)(I),  v.  ;  ■«*■.]  A 

twaddler. 

*  tway,  <(.  &  s.    [Twain.] 

'  ^  In  tivny:  In  twaiu,  iu  two,  asunder. 

'"  It  clove  hifi  plumed  cieet  in  tway." 

.V.<i.»or.-  /'.  y.,n.  vi.3. 

tway-Wade.  twy-blade,  s. 

JJuL  :  Li^Ura  ocalu,  a  Britisli  orchid,  about 


afoot  high,  ha\'iiig  two  ovate,  elliptic,  <ipposit<' 
leaves,  w  ht.Mu-e  its  popular  iiiinie.  Flowers  dis- 
tant upon  the  spike,  yellowish  green.  Found  in 
the  north  of  Enghuul,  &c.,  in  woods  and  moist 
[lastures.  The  allied  L.  coidata,  with  stems 
three  to  live  inches  high,  and  a  lew  very  small 
spiked  greenisli-brown  llowers,  is  calied  the 
l^esser  Tway-blade.  It  occui-s  on  mountain 
sides  and  on  heatlis  in  Scotland  and  the  iiortli 
of  Kn;,'land. 

tway-coned.  a.      Having  two  cones  or 
j.L-aks, 

'■  I  would  scfile  the  f way-coned  Ben.' 

niinliie:  IlijIUamUi  Itlaniit,  p.  ?6. 

'  tweag,  r.t.    [Tweak.  J 


tweag,  '  tweague. 


[TwEAi.;,   v.]     Dis- 


ti'ess.  pi'i'plexity. 

"This  put  thf  old  fellow  iu  a  rare  (wciiyuc."— .Ir- 
hiillui  -t  :  Hist.  John  Hull,  pt.  ii. 

tweak,  'tweag.  *twicl£.  *  twikke.  v.t. 
|A.S.  tiviccaii,  tanccUiii  {Somncr);  eogn.  witli 
Low  Ger.  twikkea  =  to  tweak  ;  Ger.  zwicken  = 
to  pinch,  to  niii ;  zwick  =  a  pinch.  Twitch,  v. 
is  a  softened  form.]  To  twitch  ;  to  pinch  and 
liull  with  a  sudden  jerk.  (Said  must  IVe- 
quently  of  the  nose.) 

"  Quoth  he. 
Tweaking  hla  uose,  '  you  are,  great  air, 
A  aelf-deiiyiug  conqueror.'"' 

Butter :  Uutiibras,  pt.  i,,  c.  2. 

tweak.  *  tweag,  i;.    [Tweak,  v.] 
1.   A  sharp  pinch  or  pull ;  a  twitch. 
'■  No  passion  so  weak,  but  gives  it  n-ttoenk" 

tiwijt :  iiiddle  '25. 

*  2.  Distress,  trouble,  perplexity. » 
*3.  A  prostitute. 

"  Theu 
Gushed  a  tweak  iu  gesture  fiauutin^." 

JJranken  Baniaby. 

^  i.  A  whoremonger. 

tweed,  s.  &  a.  [Usually  derived  from  the 
name  of  the  river  whicli  falls  into  tlie  sea 
at  Berwick.  It  is  said,  however,  that  some 
cloth  called  on  an  invoice  tweels,  or  tweeled, 
that  is,  woven  diagonally,  having  been  sent 
to  London,  tlie  word,  which  was  blotted  or 
imperfectly  written,  was  misread  Tweed,  and 
as  tlie  clotl)  was  manufactured  in  the  valley 
of  the  Tweed,  and  the  designation  twe&l  was 
consequently  an  appropriate  one,  it  was  al- 
lowed to  stand,  eveu  after  the  error  had  been 
detected.    {Weekly  Times,  Feb.  21,  1876.)] 

A-  As  substantive : 

Fabric :  A  light,  twilled  woollen  fabric  for 
men's  wear,  with  an  uuhnished  surface.  Two 
colours  are  generally  combined  in  the  same 
yarn.  The  best  is  made  of  all  wool,  but  in 
inferior  kinds  shoddy  and  cotton  are  also  in- 
troduced. 

B,  As  adj.  :  Made  of  the  cloth  so  called. 

■^  twee' -die,    v.t.       [Etym.    doubtful  ;    prob. 

allie.l  to  twiddle  or  tww.ldlc  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  handle  lightly ;  to  twiddle,  to  fiddle 
with. 

2.  To  wheedle,  to  cajole. 

'■  A  fiddler  brought  iu  with  liim  a  body  of  lusty 
young  fellows,  whom  he  had  fureeti^cr^  into  the  service.  ' 
—Additon. 

twee'-dle,  ^^      [Etym.   doubtful,]    A  sound, 

sucli  as  is  made  by  a  liddle. 

twee-dle-dee', 

DrM.J 

twee-dle-dum',  s.     [Tweedle,  s.]    A  word 
used  only  in  the  phrase,  the  distinction  between 
tweedlednoi   au'i   tweedledee.       The  suggestion 
is  that  the  only  diflerence  between  the  two  is 
ill  sound — a  distinction  witiumt  a  difference. 
Tlie  expression  arose  in  the  eighteenth  cen 
tury,  when  there  was  a  dispute  between  the 
admirers  of  Bononcini  and  those  of  Handel, 
as  to  the  respective  merits  of  those  musicians. 
Among  the  tirst  were  the  Duke  of  Marlborough 
and  most  of  the  nobility;  among  the  latter 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  Pope,  and  Arbuthnot. 
"  Some  say,  comiKired  to  Bononclui, 
That  Mynheer  Handel's  but  a  uiiuiy 
Others  avertlint  he  to  Hiuulel 
Is  scarcely  fit  to  hold  a  caudle. 
Strange  all  this  difference  should  be 
Twixt  tweedledUTii  aud  tiveedleUce." 

J.  Byrom. 
ttweeg,  s.     [Amer.  hid.     {Cent.  Diet.)] 

Zool.  :  One  of  the  popular  names  used  in 
America  for  the  large  salamander,  Menopoma 
aUt'gaiiiensis.    [Menopo.ma.] 

tweel,  v.t.     [Twii.L.] 

tweeled.  pa.  par.  or«.    [Twilled.] 


[Tweedle,  s,  Tweedle- 


[See  def.]     A  contiaction  of 


'tween,  fvcp. 

Into.',:-... 

tween'-j^,  .<.  IFtn-mnl  from  Vhwji  (q.v.).)  A 
servant  who  assists  two  otliors  (gen.  the  co(jk 
ami  housemaid).  Suie»  »D  Queries,  7tli  ser., 
vi.  4.'i8.) 

twee^e.  *  tweeze,  s.    (Tweezeks.)   A  case 

<»1  iiislrumi'iits. 

"  1  hiivu  HL'Ut  you  .  .  .  the  Kri'iich  leVer  and  tuwese* 
y.iii  wilt  for.'— //o^ffH;  lvftor$,  lik.  i.,  lei.  IT. 

'  tweez'-er.  >.    [Tweezbks.] 

tweezer -case.  .>..  A  case  for  holding  or 
cairymg  tweezers. 

tweez'-er^,  s.  pi.  [The  word  docs  not  now 
oecurin  the  singular.  A  ^rt'c^tr,  or^rctrcr,  was 
an  instrument  contained  in  a  tweese  (q.v.). 
I'weczt^rs  is  thus  for  tweeses,  a  double  plural 
from  tivee,  from  O.  Fr.  e»twy  (Fr.  etui)  =  a  case 
of  instruments,  a  sheath.] 

1.  A  delicate  kind  iif  pincers  with  two 
fingers,  adajited  for  grasping  hairs.  L'sed 
among  almost  all  nations,  especially  among 
those  who  eradicate  the  beard. 

,  "  And    there  bought  me  a  pair  of  tweetert.  cost  me 
1 1»."— /V/j;/j(     lii'trij,  1602. 

2,  A  liurgeon's  case  of  instruments. 

'twei-fold,  ('.  [Mid.  Eug.  twei=  two,  and 
/■jld.]    Tw.dold. 

'  tweine,  *twey,  «.  ors.    [Twain.] 

twelfth,  *twelfte,  a.  &  s.  [A.s.  tweJ/ta.] 
[Twelve.] 

A.  Asadjectlvc : 

1.  The  second  after  the  tenth  ;  the  ordinal 
of  twidve. 

"  He  fouud  Eliaba  plowing  with  twelve  yoke  of 
oxeu.  and  he  with  the  twelfth. '— l  Kingn  xlx.  1'.". 

2.  Being  or  constituting  one  oftwelve  equal 
parts  into  which  anything  is  or  may  be 
divided. 

B.  As  suhstantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  of  twelve  eciual  ])arls, 
into  which  anything  is  or  may  be  divided- 

2.  Music : 

(1)  An  interval  of  twelve  diatonic  degrees, 
the  replicate  of  the  Htth. 

(2)  An  organ-stop  tuned  twelve  notes  above 
the  diapasons. 

+  twelfth-cake,  6'.  A  large  cake  into  which 
a  btaii,  ring,  or  other  article  was  introduced, 
prrparetl  fui'  Twi^lfth-night  festivals.  The 
caki'.  beiug  cut  up,  whoever  got  the  piece 
containing  the  ring  or  bean  was  accepted  as 
king  for  tlie  occasion. 

[  twelfth  day,  twelfth-tide,  s.  Tlie 
twell'th-day  after  Cliiistma.s-day  ;  the  festival 
of  tlie  Kpiph.tiiy  (q.v.). 

t  twelfth -night,  ^^  The  evening  oi 
Twelfth-day  (q.v.).  Many  social  rites  and 
ceremonies  have  long  been  connected  with 
this  night. 

twelfth-tide.  s.    |Twelfth-dav.] 

twelve,  'twelf,  'twolf;rr.  &  s.  [A.S.  twvlf, 
twelj'e ;  cogn.  with  O.Fris.  twekf,  twili/,  twelf, 
tolef;  Dut.  tiraal/;  Icel.  tol/;  Dan.  tolv ;  Sw. 
tolf;  O.  H.  Gel',  zweli/;  Ger.  zwolf;  Goth. 
twalif.  From  tu-o  and  a  root  lif=  lik;  Or. 
3eicu  {deka);  Lat.  decent  =  ten  (q.v.).J 

A.  As  adj. :  The  sum  of  ten  and  two ;  twice 
six  ;  a  dozen. 

B.  As  substaHtive : 

1.  The  number  which  consists  of  two  and 
ten  ;  a  dozen. 

2.  A  symbol  representing  twelve  units,  as 
12  or  xii. 

^  In  twelves: 

Print. :  In  duodecimo. 

"  Little'^  lyrics  shiue  Jii  hot-pressed  twetvet." 

Byron  :  Knglish  Bards  *  Scotch  Haviewern. 

(2)  Thetwclft: 

Script. :  The  twelve  apostles. 

"  He  sat  down  with  the  twoloc."—MaU.  xxvi.  20. 

(S)  TwelvH-daijwrit: 

Law :  A  writ  issued  under  the  la  &  19  Vict., 
c.  »i7.  for  summaiy  procedure  on  bills  of  ex- 
change and  jiromissory  notes.    {Wharton.) 

twelve  mo,  s.    [Ucodecimo]. 

twelve- month.    "  twelf  -  monthe,  s. 

A  I'enod  oftwelve  nmnths  ;  a  year. 

"  Uut  this  our  puri»oHc  Is  a  twlvenuinth  nld." 

Shiikesp.  :  King  Uenry  IV.,  i.  L 


hoil.  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell.  chorus,  ^hin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  f; 
-cian,  -tian  -  ,shan.    -tion.  -slon  -  shun ;  -tjon,  -fion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble.  -die,  ic.  =  bel.  deL 


2S4 


twenge— twilight 


I 


twelve  pence. 


A  hliilliiiK. 


twelve  penny,  a. 

I,  Lit.:  Si"M  fur  a  hhilliiig ;  costing  o- 
wurtli  H  s)iitlii>^. 

-'  I  wutiM  wl'li  ii<ioth«r  rt-vt'titc  troax  tlih  rhyiniu 
Jutlc-  "'  "'•  t»<^t*-ti€HHg  i»l\fTy."—Hritilru. 
"2.  h'i'J':  A|>pUedto  anything  orinsignili 

fillll   Vallli". 

■■  I'nrtrji  nil.t  fMvfr.'pfuny  tuAlUn."— Wrji/iH. 

twelve  score,  o.  Twelve  times  twi-nty; 
t»t.  Iminlivl  ami  fnrty.  Tu<lir-srotf  wn*i  n 
loniniui)  leni;tli  for  ii  shot  in  aiolipiy,  am\ 
hciii'f  n  nHMsure  ufd-ii  alltultMl  to  ;  tlif  wunl 
y;ir.ls.  wliich  irt  iinplifU,  Wing  gtMumlly 
otttilteil. 

••  111  i-rtwur*  till'  («t  n»giie  i»  chnnf-'f  ''X't.  i»i"l  I 
kii'Mt.  Ill*  <l<vit)i   Mill   M  M   uiAivli  ut  lir<^iv-*cvrc."— 

twelve  tables,  .-.;»'.    [Tabi.k,  s.] 
twelve  wired  bird  of  paradise,  >-. 

Oruit'i.:  .v/'ii.<</«  nlUi.  fioit)  New  liiiisiia. 
Its  ^c  n  L-  ral 
pluina;;e  ap- 
|>t;;irs  iit  lli>t 
sight  to  be 
vt'lv.ty  hiack. 
but  oil  cImsit 
cxaiiiiiiation  it 
is  found  that 
every  partnf  ii 
glows  with  till! 
most  exquisiti* 
luetallic  tints 
— rich  bronze, 
intense  violet, 
a  n <) ,  on  the 
wiges  of  the 
bre.ast-fi'Ji  tilers, 
lirilliuiit  green. 
An  inniieuse 
tuft  of  dense  plumes  of  a  fine  oranj^e-bull" 
eolour  springs  frnin  each  side  of  the  body,  and 
six  of  these  on  eaeh  side  terminate  in  a  blaek 
ciul-d  >haft.    (ir<(//afe.) 

'  twenge,  v.t.    (Twinoe,  v.]    To  press  lightly, 
to  tweak. 

"  He  twciii/ctlt  mid  schok  Iiir  by  the  noae." 

life  uf  St.  Oiiiittiui.  hi. 

twen'-ti-etb,   ".    &  s.      [A.S.  trcntUjodhu, 

tir.-at<>{}i>d'ha.\    (Twenty.] 

A.  As  adja'tin: : 

1.  Next  in  older  after  the  nineteenth;  the 
onltlial  of  tweutj'. 

2.  Hfing  iiV'-oiistituting  one  oftwenty  parts 
int.'  ulii<h  aiijtliing   is  <u-niay  be  divided. 

B.  -t:'  !<uh^t.  :  iJnv  of  twenty  enual  parts 
into  which  anything  is  or  may  be  di\  idi-d  ; 
the  quotient  of  one  divided  by  twenty. 

twen'-ty,  *tU-en-ti,  a.  &  .';,  (A.S.  ticentig, 
Urnn  iivfji  n  —  j\\a\i\,  and  ti{i  =  ten;  cogn, 
with  lh\U  fu-iidi-i;  hi.-\.  Cittvo'i :  Golli. /iw/- 
ti(tifii<:  Oer.  ziikiiizig ;  V.  H.  (ifr.  zuiinziic; 
M.  U.  Ger.  zweinzk:] 
Am  As  udjeetivc  : 

1.  Twice  ten  ;  as,  twenlij  men. 

2.  Used  proverbially  for  an  indefinite 
number. 

"  UuJer  ttomtff  locks  kepi  fnat" 

XluiktBp.  ■    Venns  <fr  JdotiU,  ftT-V 

B.  As  substantice: 

1.  The  number  of  twice  ten  ;  a  score. 

2.  A   symbol  representing   the  number  of 

tuiir  (.Ml,  as  JU  nr  XX. 


TWKLVE-WIKKK   lUKU  VI' 
-    PARAPISK. 


I' 
'.'4  1.-: 
rallv 


vrittr 


Twenty  times  as  many. 


In  tlif  trade  it  is  geite- 


twentyfold,  a. 
twenty-fours,  .^. 

A  shfft  adapted  to  be  folded  into 

4S  pn;;.'  '       "  -      -     ■ 

'-liii 


twenty  plume  moth,  s.    • 

Kiitoni. :  Alncda  p'jbjdorlijUi,  a  small  Ih-itish 
moth.  Wing-exiKinse  about  half  an  inch  : 
wings  eleft  into  many  distinct  pinnies.  It 
deposits  its  e^gs  at  the  end  of  May  (m  the 
undeveloi«'d  Hower  buds  of  tlie  honeysuekh*. 
The  eaterpillar  entering  the  buds  feeds  on  the 
stamens  and  pistils  in  June  and  July.  Tiie 
perfect  insect  is  found  in  August  aiid  Sep- 
tember, ami,  then  hibernating,  reappears  in 
spring,  oeaisi<mally  entering  dwelling-houses. 

twi-bill,    'twl-bll,       twy  byl,   'twy- 

bill.   .--.      IA.^S.   tirihillr,  tn-ihill,  fromnei  = 
d'ublc,  and  6///  =  u  bill.] 
1.  A  kind  of  double  axe;  a    mattock,   of 


which  the  blade  has  one  end  liko  an  axe,  tic- 
other  like  an  ad/e. 

•■sill*  Ks'ini'il  the  eliurUiih  nxo   nml  twu'-ift  t(>  in.- 
|iHrf."  ItfaytuH  '  Puly-Utbion.  »   is 

2.  A  nmrtising-tool. 

3.  A  reaping-hook. 

•twi  bUled,  a.  [Kng.  twihill;  •ed.\  Anmd 
with  a  twibiil  or  twibills. 

twice,  'twles,  'twyes,  H</r.  fA.s.  ^'^ys.n 
genitive  fn-iii  ta-i  =  double.]    [THun't:,  Two.  1 

1.  Two  tinies. 

•■  TJif  ImvltiB dune  It  twiee  U »  double  iiK.tlve."— /?;». 
//•irttfff  ■  Sfrtmnu.  vol.  il..  B«r.  "JS. 

2.  Doubly  ;   in  tw.dV.ld  degree  or  quantity. 

"  Tlioti  (irt  f  wiof  Ik'T  l(>v«f." 

shiitirs/t. :  /.ear.  ii,  4. 

twice  told,  1.  Relateil  or  told  twiet- ; 
herici*.  wrll-kiii'wn. 

•'  Li(f  i"  -IS  ttdloiiP  Ks  «  tmief-Uihl  tide." 

/ilntJceap.  :  hiii;/,J<tliii.  iii.  L 

twice  writhen,  ?. 

linf.  :  r<>l>i.ioiinm  Bi'itortii.  [Bistort.]  Tin' 
K::i:li^h  name,  Iir.-*r  used  by  Turner,  was  siinj.ly 
a  Iianslatiou  of  the  speciUe  one,  liistorti'. 
(Ihltrnt  d  IIoHumi.) 

twl9h,  s.  &  V.    [Twitch.] 

twid  die,  'twi  die.  v.t.  Ar  ;.  [Etyin 
dMiihttiil,    pioli.    the   same    word    as    Itnrdli 

A.  Trnus. :  Tn  twirl  in  a  light  way;  tu 
toueh  lightly  or  play  with  ;  to  hddle  with. 

'■  Tividdlhiq  their  tliaiiibB  in  front  of  Louifurtiil.le 
llres."— Ad'///  Tflfjriit.h.  Jiili.  13,  1B80. 

B.  I II  trail. tit  ire  : 

1.  To  play  with  a  tremulous  quivering 
million. 

"  .\U  tlie  biigles  in  her  awful  head-dress  Itegnit  to 
twiiUlte  and  naiver."  —  Thwiicmi/ :  Hook  of  Suobs. 
c'ii.  xxi\'. 

2.  To  be  busy  about  trifles  ;  to  quidiUe. 
{Vrov.) 

"  Wl.:it  mitlu-yftaes  therein  is  tu'y(H!ings*"—Phty 
uf  Wit  A- Science,  p.  18. 

twier,  ^'.    (TuvERK.] 

'  twies,  "  twyes,  adv.    [Twkk.] 

twi'-fal-low,  v.f.  [Mid.  Eng.  fir!-  two- 
fold, ami  Eng.  /<dlou'  (m-v.).]  To  plough  a 
scei'U.l  time,  as  fallow  laud  ;  to  prepare  it  for 
seed. 

■  twi-fold,  a.    [A.S.  twi/eald  =  twofold  (q.v.).] 

T^vulol.l. 

twig,  •  tuyg,  *  twigge.  s.  [A.S.  ti'-i>i ;  eojiii. 
with  Dot.  ticijg;  Ger.  zirciij,  froui  the  A.S. 
base  /ir)- =  double,  because  oiig.  applied  tc 
the  fork  of  a  branch,  or  tlie  place  where  llif 
stems  become  double.) 

1.  A  shjall  shoot  or  branch  of  a  tree  of  no 
detinite  size  or  length  ;  a  branehlet. 

"  They  .  .  .  lo7e  life.  a>id  cling  t*i  it.  hs  he 
That  uverbaugs  » torrent,  to  a  twig." 

Cowpcr :  'J'att:.  i.  484. 

2.  A  divining  rod.  (Usually  with  the  deli- 
nite  article.) 

"  Tlie  litteat  revival  aoioDK  ohi  lieliefs  ia  tli;it  in  the 
divining  rod.  '  Unr  libeml  f>ne]>heril»  give  it  n  Hbortur 
name.'  mid  so  do  our  conservative  jn-iiHiuitt*,  l-iiIIni'.:  the 
'rod  of  Jacob'  the  '  taig.' " —i'ui'itliHf  J/iiynziin;  ,Tn.u. 

im^,  \>.  8 J. 
%  (1)  To  hop  the  twig  :  To  die.    (Slanrj.) 

"  He'd  make  you  fioptlic  twiff  in  .i  guffaw,'—,/,  l\'il- 
lou :  yovtes  AiiitiTia.,  p.  'ii. 

(2)  To  tvurk  the  tu-ig :  To  use  tlie  di\iniiig 
rod. 

"  To  '  wnrk  thr  twirj '  is  rural  English  for  tin-  eraft  i>f 
Dousterswivel  in  the  Antiiiiinry,  and  iierlmi'H  froni 
this  oouies  our  slang  expression  to  'twit,'  or  di\  iiie, 
the  hiddtii  uieaniug  of  .-inother."— Corn  A  i/?  Mii-i<iziiif. 
J.'in.  198:;.  11.  8:1. 

twig-rush,  s. 

Hot. :  Chidium  Marlsciif:.  So  iia?iied  fi'.ni 
its  touf,'h,  twiggy  branching  growth.  (I'rin,.) 
LCladicm.] 

twig-Withy,  s. 

Hot. :  The  Osier,  Salla:  vminaU.^.  (iSrltfr-,  d 
nolkiiul.) 

•^  twig  (1),  '  twyg,  )'./.  [Twitch.]  To  pull, 
to  tug. 

"Not  one  kynge  bath  bene  in  Englimde  si-ns  the 
eoiiqueat,  but  tliey  have  fir.w.^cd  hyni  one  w;iy  or 
other,  and  had  theyr  false  flyngea  at  him."— «n/c-  ■ 
Apolooh;  fol.  H2. 

t-wig  (2),  V.t.  &  !.  [Irish  tiiif}im  =  to  under- 
stand, to  discern  ;  GaeL  /»('/  =  to  undeistand. 
(See  also  extract  under  Twig,  s.,  1|  (•>).)] 


A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  take  note  or  mttice  of;  to  note,  to 
mark,  to  watch. 

"  'Tbt-y 're  ■.vtwiggin'  you,  sir.'whUiiered  3Ir.  VVeller. 
'  T'chiiiinq  iiie.  Kami'  replied  Mr.  I'lckwlcK;  'what 
dn  you  mean  Viy  twhiijitig  met  Mr.  Wi-llt-r  replied  l»v 
pi.inting  uith  bis  tliunib  <>ver  lii»  HhxiiUler:  uitd  .Mr 
I'lckttick,  oil  looktUbt  up.  I'o'Jiiiii'  siL-iinilile  of  Hie 
pleasins  (art,  that  .Ul  tl..-  f.oir  -Icik.-.,  «ith  uuni.t.-- 
]iau(:e&  expi»jsaive  of  the  utiinMt  ;iiiiti'<i'iiieiil,  and  t,..eli' 
heads  thiuat  over  tlie  wooden  sLTeeii.  weie  minutely 
iiuipecting  the  tigure  and  {general  apiidftraiiee  of  the 
supposed  triflerwitb  feii.ale  heaits.  ami  diBturher  ul 
female  Imi.piness  "—Divkmt :  Piclcipick.  cli,  .\x. 

2.  To  understand  the  motives  or  meaning 
o!  ;  to  appM-lielld,  to  cumiitelicnd. 

B,  Intniyis.  :  To  understand,  to  compre- 
hend, to  see. 

"Don't  you  rwijt"—The'Kt''y  Hoof,    (HHtevt Onrney 
vol.  iii.,  ch.  ii. 
^  Si'Ui.j  in  all  its  sense:*. 

twig'-gen,  ((.    [Eng.  tvi'jt  s, ;  -'.i.] 

1.  aiade  of  twigs. 

"  others  take  and  lay  them  within  a  large  basket  or 
tioiffjini  1  aiiifi-.'— /'.  IloUiitiil  ■  /'Hiiii;  bk.  xvii.,  ch.  X, 

2.  Surrounded  or  eiieased  in  twigs. 

'■  1  It  tieat  the  kn.aVe  int«  a  twig'/i-n  Imttle." 

.S/i(ikvif/>. :  Ol/ifllv,  ti.  3. 

twig-ger,  .^.     [Ktym.  doubtful. ] 

1.  A  weueli.T. 

2.  A  .youd  breeder.  (Tns.-ir,  :  Ihishaudnj ; 
Jantwry.) 

twig'-gy,  s.     [Eng.  tiri,j,  s.  ;  .)/.] 

1.  or  or  pertaining  toa  twig  or  twigs  ;  being 
or  reseiublmg  a  twig ;  made  or  consisting  ot 
twigs. 

'*']'o  support  the  bnnks  of  iinpptiii.us  liters  in  Hue 
for  all  Hiuke^  and  twiffffii  works."— Arc/',"  i^iilvii, 
ch.  XIX. 

2.  Having  twigs  ;  full  of  or  abounding  with 
.tuigs.  0 

■•  The  lowest  of  all  the  tw.'i/;/;/  tree%."— /■.'p'/-/7f  ■  .Siy/m. 

'  twight    (gh  silent),  j'rrf.   d-  2>"-  V""'.   of  v. 
[Twi'ice,  r.J 

-  twight  (i//'  sileut),  c.f.    [TuiT.J    T.-opbiaid, 
to  tuit. 

"Evermore  she  did  hiin  fhar|>ely  tiri.ilif." 

S/ieiitn-:  F.  Q..  V.  vi.  12. 

twig'-Some,  n.    [Eng.  ifiij,  s. ;  ■mmv.]    Full 
of  or  abounding  in  twigs. 


twi  -light  (<ih  silent).  •  twye  lyghte,  s.  .t  a. 

[A.S.  ?jf(  =  double  (Icel,  in  :  l>ul.  fm-r-:  (i.-r. 
zwie-),  here  used  in  tlie  seli.se  of  "duiibtful" 
or  "  half,"  and  HqM  ;  cf.  Ger.  zir!,elirl,f  =  twi- 
light ;  O.  Dut.  tweiUvlit.  drylicht.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinartj  Language: 

I.  Literallii: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"As  the  twilight  l.egiuiit-th,  j'ou  shall  haiie  abou'. 
you  two  or  three  lunidred  foxes,  whieh  unike  a  uiar- 
iieilous  wawling  or  howling."— .VarAvrfi)/ :  J'ovi/jfS. 
i.  40n. 

(2)  A  dim,  faint  light  generally ;  slight 
.<ihade  or  gloom. 

"  Aah.  or  lini«.  or  beecli  diatinetly  sliinc. 
Within  the  ticiligkt  of  tUeir  dilleu-nt  shades" 
fiiw/irr :  Task.  i.  'Mi. 

^  2.  Fig. :  A  dubious,  doubtful,  or  uneertiiin 
medium  through  whieh  anything  is  .seen  or 
examined  ;  a  partial  revelation  or  disclosure. 

"Ill  the  gre;itcst  pait  of  oni  eoiKvniniunt  he  has 
iiffordt'd  us  only  the  twilight  of  prolmbilily,  Muititble 
to  our  state  of  mediocrity."— iw/.c, 

II.  Astron. :  The  faint  diftused  lij.dit  which 
appears  a  little  before  sunrise,  and  again  for 
some  time  after  sunset,  the  aniouiit  and 
duration  of  the  light  varying  materially  in 
different  latitudes  and  at  different  seasons. 
Popularly,  the  term  is  only  applied  to  the 
i'\ening  twilight,  the  morning  twilight  being 
called  dawn.  Twilight  is  ]u-oduced  by  the 
ilitfused  reflection  of  li^ht  from  and  amongst 
the  atmosphere  after  tlie  ilirect  rays  of  the 
sun  have  ceased  to  reach  the  earth.  When 
the  sun  descends  below  the  horizon,  its  rays 
pass  through  the  atmospheric  strata,  and 
some  of  them  are  reflected  ti»wards  the  earth 
and  illuminate  its  surfaee.  At  first  the  light, 
falling  on  the  lowest  and  densest  strata,  is 
reflected  in  great  abundance,  but  as  the  sun 
descends  to  a  greater  distance  below  the 
horizon,  the  rays  fall  on  higher,  and  there- 
fore rarer,  atmospheric  strata.  Consequent- 
ly fewer  rays  undergo  reflection,  and  as  the 
number  of  reflected  rays  diminishes  as  the 
sun  descends,  the  strength  f»f  the  twilight 
diminishes   in   the   same    I'ropi.rti.'U,    till   at 


late.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU,  father ;   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine ;   go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


twilit— twine 


2c5 


last  the  soliir  rays  fall  on  strat;i  sa  rart-  as 
to  bi*  incapable  of  relioi'tinj;  lit,'ht,  ami  the 
twilijihtaceordiiij^Iy  disapi'i-ais.  In  thi-  iiu'iii- 
in^  tiiK  chanj^e  from  darkiR-ss  to  light  titkcs 
jdacp  in  a  similar  mannerj  but  in  invcitt-'l 
orrier. 
B.  A^  adjevtlvc : 
I.   Literally  : 

I.  Xot  clearly  or  brightly  illnminateil  ;  ob- 
scure, gloomy,  shadeil. 

*'  When  tliesun  )>ei;iiia  to  flini,* 
Hia  lliiriiih-  iK-anii..  inc.  piiUIu-'<9,  briii.;; 
To  ari'lieU  walks  i>f  iwili-iht  proves." 

Jliltu}!  .-It  Pemnroso.  133. 

*  2.  Seen,  done,  or  appearing  iu  the  twi- 
light. 

"  On  old  Lycfliiis,  or  Cyllene  )io;ir, 
Tiii»  no  uiure  iu  (ici/iylif  mnks."* 

Mittou :  A  rcades.  W. 

"  II.  Fifj.:  Pini,  obscure;  not  clear  or  plain. 

"  I'iiilosoi'liy  niny  yield  some  titiHght  gliiniiieriuu's 
tl.ficiif."— fluj-rwic.-  ticnnom,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  43. 

*  twi  -lit,  n.     [Twilight.]    Dimly  lighted. 

■■  The  c-iviTii  .  .  .  wiia  coinpitct  of  mnny  cliftinbeiT. 
f'filit  tlirijii'.'li  remote  ami  iirttriiw  crevicwa  of  tlie 
*In,.s." — \l.  CoUim:  Tivo  Plinigrs/ora  Pearl,  ch.  v. 

t.Tlll,  I'.f.  [Low  CJer.  tv-'tlh'ii  =  to  make 
'ji'iibh-,  t"  fork  into  two  bram-hes,  as  a  tiee  ; 
/.'■.//,  /ffi/Zf,  l,>','hl  =  Tv  fiirki-.l  branch,  any 
lorketl  thing.  From  tlie  base  tvi-,  as  in  tn.-ia^ 
tv'iui',  twisty  itc.]  To  weave  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  pi'odneo  a  kind  of  diagonal  ribbed  ap- 
peaiancc  iijiou  the  surface  of  the  chith. 

twill  (1),  '  tweal,  "  tweel,  .^.    [Twill,  ?.1 

1.  A  <Iia;_'nnal  appearance  given  to  a  fabric 
b\  causing  the  welt-threads  to  pass  over  one 
^^ar■p  tlireaii,  and  then  nnder  two,  and  so  on  ; 
insti'ad  of  taking  the  warp-threads  in  regular 
succession,  one  down  ami  one  up.  The  next 
weft  thread  takes  a  set  obli'iue  to  the  lornu-r, 
throwing  up  one  of  the  two  deposed  by  the 
preceding.  The  fabrics  thus  woven  are  voy 
nnnierons — satin,  blanket,  merino,  bomba/een, 
Kt-rseyniei'e,  &c.  When  the  threads  crosseacb 
alternately,  in  regular  order,  it  is  called  iilain 
wea\  ing  ;  but  in  twill,  tlie  satne  thread  "f 
weft  is  flushed,  or  separated  from  tlie  wai'p, 
while  i)assing  over  a  uuniber  of  warp-threails, 
and  llii'Ti  passes  nnder  a  warp-thread.  Twills 
a IV  used  for  the  display  of  colour,  for  strength, 
vaiietj ,  thickness,  4)r  durability. 

1.  The  fabric  so  woven. 

twill  (2).  s.  [Cf.  Sw.  dial.  tv!lI  =  to  turn  round 
like  a  spindle,  to  become  entangled  as  thrrad  ; 
N'orw.  ti'illn  =  to  twist  into  knots,  as  a  threat! ; 
/'■)■//(/  =  a  twist  or  knot  in  a  thread.]  A  reed, 
a  quill ;  a  spool  to  wind  yard  on. 

twilled  (1).  a.  [Twn.i..  )■.]  Woven  so  as  to 
[iresi-nt  a  kind  of  diagnnal  ribbed  aitpeaiance 
on  tin.;  surface  :  a.s,  tirillvii  clutli. 

twilled  (2).  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  wnrd 
not  >ct  satisfactorily  explained  ;  acrcordlng  to 
siiUK-  =  hedged,  more  probably  =iCovered  with 
reeds  or  sedges.     [Twill  i'2),  ^.] 

"  Thy  banks  with  pionoil  iviid  twilled  brims. 
Which  3|ioiigy  ^pril  nt  tliy  heat  Iwtriins. ' 

^hitkcup.  :  7'eiiitnnt.  iv.  1, 


[Willow. J    A 


twil  ly,  twil'-ly-dev-il,  . 

inrm  of  cottuii-cleaner. 

twilt.  .s%     [QcuLT.]    (Prov.  <S:  Scotch.) 

twin.  ^  twinne,  n.  &  s.  [A.S.  (fftirinnr  = 
twins;  cogii.  with  Icel.  tviiiifr,  tveiiiir  =  two 
and  two,  twin,  in  pairs;  tvhnia.—iu  twine, 
to  twist  together;  Dvlu.  tviUivg ;  S\v.  tvi[lii)(i 
=  a  twin;  Lith.  t/x^tj??  =  twins  ;  Ger.  zi'-itl- 
iiig  =  :i  twin.      From  the  same  root  as  two 

(q.V.).] 

A.  As  adjcvlhic : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Double. 

"This  twinfic  seoUthe."  Onnuhnn,  3.7*10, 

2.  Applied  to  one  or  two  born  at  a  birth : 
as,  a  twin  brother  or  sister. 

3.  Very  much  resembling  something  else  ; 
stan<ling  in  the  relation  of  a  twin  to  some- 
thing else. 

'■  All  -Tpple  cleft  in  two  is  not  more  twin 
Thitu  tliese  two  cieatuiea." 

bhakcsp. :  Iwclfth  .Ylr/lit.  v. 
II.  'i'echnicalhj : 

1,  Dot. :  Growing  in  pairs  or  dividrd  into 
two  equal  parts,  as  the  fruit  of  Galium. 

2.  CrystaUog. :  A  term  applied  to  certain 
compound  crystals  in  which  two  individuals 
are  so  united  that  one  appears  to  have  under- 
goue  a  rotation  of  ISO^  around  a  common  axis 


which  is  called   the  twinniug-axis  (Ger.  :wil- 
lingsaxc),  and   which   is  ritlier  iK-rpendicuIur 
to  the  same  face,  or  paralhd  to  the  same  edge 
of  the  two  crystals. 
B,  As  substaiitiv''- : 

1.  /.(■/.;  Gill'  I'f  two  young  produced  at  a 
birth  byan  animal  that  usually  only  lieaisone 
at  a  time,  (.\;>plird  to  the  young  of  beasts  as 
well  as  of  human  beings.) 

"  Oft  the  diim 
U'er  her  wwik  twing  with  enijitv  uddi-r  mnnrns," 
D.'/rr:  y/.ri-r.  i. 

2.  Fig.:  A  person  or  thing  very  closely  re- 
sembling another ;  one  of  two  things  generally 
associated  together. 

U  The  Tiriiis:  The  constellation  r  ,d  sign 
Gemini  (q.v.). 

'■  Twiv^  iiiiw  tlte  seiiNoti  when  theglorio'  .»aun 
Hin  iit-:iv  jily  i-niy;i<^ys  tlu-uiigh  iJtf  T.^iim  hud  run."' 
Popi-:  Jitintari/  A  Mttit.  'Ui). 

twin  binary  star,  ^-. 

Astron.  :  A  star  restd\ablc  nnder  a  very 
powerful  tt'lescope  into  two  stars,  each  of 
theiu  double :   t  Lynr  is  oX  this  character. 

twin-boat*  v-^.  A  boat  or  deck  supported 
on  two  parallel  floating  liodies,  which  arc 
placed  at  sinue  distance  asunder.  Tin-  Hoats 
are  usually  long,  pointed  at  each  end,  and 
cireular  iu  cruss-sectioiL 

twin-bom,  a.    Btn-n  at  the  same  birth. 

"  ()  liiii.i  1  innlitiMii !  twill-born  with  creiitness." 
Ahnki*/::  Jh-nrt/  W.  iv.  I. 

twin-brother,  ^^  One  of  two  brotliers 
born  at  the  same  birth,  or  the  boy  when  the 
twins  are  of  ditlereiit  sexes. 

■"  Twin-brother  uf  the  ginlilvsH  born  of  Sxixe." 

Cuwpcr:  Ont/u-  Plntonic^hlca. 
f[   Tlic    Creat    Tirin    V.rctUrcu:    Castor   and 
Pollux. 

'■  These  be  the  Cre-it  Twin  lirfthren 
Ti-  "  Imm  Ahe  i><'iiHiis  |ii;»v." 

Mne-tntnti :  ll'ilth-  ■'/  Lake  /{tfiilhu,  \i 

twin  digit ato -pinnate,  ". 

JSnt. :  Bidigitatu-piiinatc,  bicou jugate- pin- 
nate (q.v.). 

twin-flower,  s. 

I'.nf, :   An    American   name   for    the    genus 

Linna-:i{q.v.). 

twin  graptolites.  >.  ul. 

ZnnL  :  The  genus  Didyinogransus  (q.v.). 
twin-leaf,  n. 

But. :  Ji'/ersotwia  hiiihylhu  The  leaves,  whioli 
are  on  petioles,  arc  binate  (whence  the  specific 
and  piipul.tr  names);  the  scape  one  foot  high ; 
the  Howe;s  solitary,  terminal,  white  ;  the 
eapsulc  large,  coriaceous.  Found  in  fertile 
woiids  in  the  United  States.  (Tonry.)  Called 
als.i  liheumatism-root. 

twin-llKe,  o.    Closely  resembling  ;  being 

Vrl>    like. 

twin  likeness,  5.    Close  resemblance. 

twin -■  screws,  >■.  pL  A  pair  of  screw- 
pni|Hllers  on  separate  shafts,  and  having 
riLilit-handed  and  left-handed  twist's  respect- 
ively. Being  turned  in  contrary  directions  in 
driving  ahead,  each  counteracts  the  tendency 
of  till'  itther  to  protluce  lateral  vibration. 

twin-sister,  ?.  One  of  two  sisters  l.oni 
at  the  same  birth,  or  the  girl  when  the  twiii> 

are  nt  tlillei'ent  sexes. 

twin-Spot  carpet, .«. 

Eiriovi. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  larentia 
didymata.  The  fore  wings  brown,  with  four 
irregular,  transverse  waved  pale  g?ay  bars, 
with  a  double  dark  spot  (whence  the  name) 
between  the  third  and  fourth  bars.  The  cater- 
pillar feeds  oil  A  nthrisrussyfrestris.  (Keicmau.) 

twin-spotted  quaker,  »\ 

Eidoni. :  A  Uiitisli  night-iuoth,  To'iiiocampa 
■muiuld.  The  wings  are  gray,  witli  two  closely 
approximate  and  very  conspicuous  dark  spots 
on  the  disk  of  the  fore  wings.  The  caterpillar 
feeds  on  the  oak. 

twin-spotted  wainscot,  n. 

Kntnm. :  A  British  night-moth,  Notmiirii' 
iinuinipuncta.  The  fore  wings  are  diiig>' 
olj\e-brown,  the  hind  wings  brown.  <>n  the 
former  a  small  double  spot  white,  dark  lirown, 
or  white  surrounded  by  dark  brown.  The 
caterpillar  lives  in  the  hollow  of  the  Coinniou 
rcdl,  Annido  phragmites. 

twin  steam-engine,  k.    Another  name 

fill  ii  duplex  engine  ;  one  in  which  two  engines, 


cnwqiletf  in  their  parts,  are  associated  in  :: 
single  elloit. 

twin  Steamer,  s.    The  .same  as  Twin- 

V.->\\    (q.v    ). 

twin  valve,  ->••.  A  (onn  of  valve  attache." 
to  the  discharge  outlet  of  a  pump.  It  is  used 
for  making  a  dontilc  connection,  one  with  tin- 
steam-boiler,  for  supplying  it  with  water,  and 
the  other  with  a  line  uf  ho.se,  for  use  in  case  if 
lire,  or  for  conducting  water  wherever  desiretJ. 

twin,   'tuynnc,   '  twinne,  v.i.  i-  t. 

rrwis,  f/.] 

A.  I>ttniu.-<itiir: 

1.  To  be  born  at  the  same  birth. 

"  We  were  aa  twinn'd  Inmbs.  thiit  did  (link  i'  th'  sun. 
And  blent  thy  i>iir  nt  Ih'  other," 

Nhakei/K  :   lyiitfer'i  Title,  I.  2. 

2.  To  bring  forth  twins. 

"  lirtfs.  yenvly  hy  twinning,  rich  masterH  do  innke. 
The  Innih  uf  auch  tu  tiuiers.  (or  hrecderM  k»  t»ke : 
Fdf  twinliiit^  Ije  twhijjers.  iiicreiue  fi)r  to  hrlit);, 
Tlmu^U  buiue  fur  tlieii-  twlguiutr.  iieccAVi  may  sing." 
Tuuer:  liuitbuntlrf/ :  Jainiar//. 

2.  To  be  paired ;  to  be  suited  ;  to  be  like 
twins. 

"  Frieiide  now  fiiot  awom, 
Wli<i><e  diinlije  busoni  Bet'inu  tu  nearune  lino't, 
Wli.-^e  )ii)Lil'».  whose  hfd,  whtiNe  meal  and  e<iercls& 
Are  slill  together;  wliu  fiein  (ns  'twere)  iii  hue. 
tiiseiiJiiable."  Sliakvsp. :  Coii-ilitnuii.  iv.  4. 

•[  Used  in  this  sense   of  the  twinning  ol 
cr>stals.     [Twin,  s.,  H.,  2.] 
1.  To  separate,  to  depart,  to  part. 

"  But  lboii|;h  myself  l>e  gilty  in  thnt  sinne, 
Yet  oui  I  mAken  uther  (oik  to  twinite." 

Vhititcer:  C.  T..  rJ.363. 

B,  Tnnisitive: 

1,  To  part,  to  separate,  to  disjoin. 


Chaucer:  Troihis  dCrcsgidtt,  iv. 
2.  To  strip,  to  deprive,  to  rob. 
'■  Twinn  luoiiie  a  poor,  doylt,  drukeit  bush, 
O'  hauf  hks  days."  Uurin:  Svulcli  Prink. 

twine,  v.t.  &  /.  [A.s.  tirht  =  double;  hence, 
a  doubled  thread,  a  twisted  thieail,  twine-. 
cogTi.  with  Dut.  tirijii  ~  twine,  twist ;  to:ijnv 
—  to  twine  ;  Icel.  tri]ini  =  twine,  tviiina  =■  U* 
twine,  /t(»ntr  =  twin  ;  Dan.  tvindt  =  to  twine  ; 
Sw.  tviniia  =.  to  twiue,  trinntrfid  =  twiiie- 
thiead.] 

A.  Tivnsitivc : 

1.  To  twist ;  to  fornt  by  twisting  of  threads 
or  fibres. 

"  Tliou  shnit  make  nu  hanging  of  blue,  and  (ine 
firiinil  linen,  wruiight  witli  iieeulework."— /;.ro*/».i 
xsvi.  M. 

2.  To  wind  round,  to  encircle,  to  cntwiiic„ 
to  surround. 

"  Let  Qie  ttoine  mine  anna  around  that  I'wly." 

Shnkcgp.  :  Curinliiitiu,  iv.  ■'•, 

3.  To  weave  or  form  by  interlacing  or  twist- 
ing- 

"  Who  would  not  tielne  a  wreatli  for  tliee, 
Unworthy  of  his  own." 

Cowper:  T.t  Dr.  Diirwhi. 

'  4.  To  mingle,  to  mix,  to  unite. 

"  Lnm|)3  of  siignr  hiae  theiiiselvea.  .-iiid  twine 
Their  subtle  essence  with  the  (wul  of  wuie." 

(  ynstin  ir. 

'  5.  To  turn  ;  to  direct  to  another  quarter. 

■■  She  flhrik&'i,  and  twines  RWay  her  adaignefull  eyen 
From  his  aweet  (ace." 

J-'itirv/ax :  Oodfrcy  of  Boulogne,  xx.,  1'2H. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  unite  closely  by  twisting  or  winding. 

2.  To  wind  round  ;  to  cling  by  encircling. 

"  Some  twine  about  her  tliit;h," 

s/iiikeMp.  ;  I'cniiK  *  Aito}iis,  89^. 

*  3.  To  make  flexures  ;  to  wind,  tt>  bend,  to 
twist,  to  turn. 

"  As  rivers.  tl)Oiii;h  they  Iwiid  and  Iwiiie, 
Still  tutheaea  tlit-ir  tuuree  incline.    •         Sivi/t. 

^  4.  To  turn  round,  to  whirl,  to  spin. 

"  As  she  some  web  wi-itiight,  or  ber  spindles  twine. 
She  i.-herisht  with  her  song."        Chnpmnn.  {ToUil.^ 

fi.  To  ascend  or  grow  up  in  convolutions 
about  a  supiiort. 

•*  A  twining  mass  of  tul>es." 

Thomson  :  sprint,  SfiC, 

twine,  J--.     [Twine,  v.] 

1.  A  twist,  a  convolution,  a  turn. 

"  Nut  Tyi'lion  hu^e.  ending  in  snaky  twine  " 

Mill'ni :  our  on  the  StitiPi'.'/.  i'H. 

2.  An  embrace  ;  the  act  of  twining  round. 

*'  Kverliuttlnc  bate 
The  viiie  to  ivy  bears,  but  with  am'i-ous  twine 
Cla-ips  the  t.tll  elm."  Philips. 

3.  A  Strong  thread,  consisting  of  two  or 
three  smaller  threads  or  stromls  twisted  to- 
gether, and  used  for  various  purposes,  as  for 
tying  parcels,  sewing  sails,  making  nets,  or 
the  like  ;  a  small  cord  or  string. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jd^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  chin,  bengh;  go,  sem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-ci.T.n,    tian  -  shan.     tion,  -sion  =  shun ;    tion,  -§iou  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


JOD 


twiner— twist 


*  i.  A  tiuniiii;  roimd  with  rapidity. 

twine -cutter*  ■■>■.  A  blade  or  knife  on  a 
t;<lile,  sUuid,  <ir  cuunter,  tu  cut  twine  when 
t\  ill;,'  i';iclia;_'"'s. 

twine-grass,  .-•. 

l:>it. :  I'iCKt  (.  niaxi  or  I*,  hirsuta.    (Britten  £ 

twine-holder,  s*.  A  box  or  case  to  hold 
i\  lall  'il  t\vi:i''  ..II  a  counter. 

twine-machine,  s'.  A  spinning-machine 
fi'i  small  lieinpen  ur  cotton  string. 

twine -reeler.  >■.  A  kind  of  nuile  ur 
spinniug-nuichiae  lor  making  twine  or  twisting 
string. 

twin'-er,  s.     lEug.  tivin(e),  v. ;  -cr.]    A  plant 
■     which  twines  or  which  has  a  twiuing-steni 
(4-V-)- 

"  lu  A(>rin1  rootlets  ar«  fur  support  alone,  as  is  tlie 
cjisv  with  nil  cliiuWrs  tbat  ikre  uot  lwiiiert."—Bur' 
fQU<;lu:  Pvpuciuii,  i>.  2a5. 

twinge,  '  twindge,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fries. 
thiviuija,  twiiiga,  dwtnga—  to  constrain  (pa.  t. 
ticaiiij,  tivong,  pa.  i>ar.  tiuongen);  O.  Sax. 
tnwinyait;  Dan.  tviiige  =  to  t'oi'ce,  to  compel, 
to  constrain  ;  Sw.  ti'inga;  Iceh  thvinga  =  to 
oppress  ;  Dnt.  dwistgeit  =  to  constrain  {pa.  t. 
dwiiig,  pa.  par.  gedtcutigen) ;  Gut.  zwuigen  (\ki. 
t.  zicaagy  pa.  par.  guztv^uageii),  swangeii  =  to 
press  tightly,  to  constrain.] 
A,  Tninsitive  : 
'  1.  To  pain,  to  afflict,  to  harass. 


2.  To  aftrict  with  a  sharp,  sudden  pain;  tu 
torment  with  pricking  or  sliarp  pains. 

"  Twini/'U  with  jjjiiii,  he  ptiiiaive  sits, 
And  nives.  luia  pmya,  iiud  swears,  by  fits." 

Gai/ :  Fables.  31. 

*  3.  To  pinch,  to  tweak,  to  pull. 

"  But  wlieu  II  man  is  juisL  his  sense. 
I'heres  tio  way  to  reduce  hiui  theiice. 
But  twinjiii^  hiiu  by  Ih"  eurs  or  iios<^" 

Butler :  liuUibras,  \>t.  iii,,  c.  1. 

B.  I)Umns.  :  To  have  a  sharp,  sudden,  local 
pain,  like  a  twitch ;  to  sutler  a  sharp,  keen, 
shouting  pain  :  as,  Uue's  side  twinges. 

fwinge,  *■.     [Twinge,  v.] 

1.  .\  sharp,  sudden,  shooting  pain;  a  dart- 
ing local  pain  of  momentary  duration ;  a 
twitch. 

"  He  felt  a  iMiin  across  bis  breast. 
A  sort  of  sudden  twinge,  he  saiJ." 

J/-joro:  The  Trial  of  Surah,  ic. 

2.  A  pinch,  a  tweak. 

"  Bow  can  yo\i  fawn  upon  a  master  that  gives  yoii  so 
tuauy  blows  Aud  twinges  hy  the  ears?"— /.'AXnoy-;. 

3.  A  pang,  as  of  remorse  or  sorrow. 

■■{He]  at  length  i>eri>etrates  without  one  internal 
tictwff  ;w.ta  wliich  woiihi  shock  a  buccaneer."— J/ik;- 
aitlity  :  Hit'.  Eiig.,  ch.  XviiL 

twin  -ing,  }>r.  par.  or  a.     [Twine,  v.] 

twining-stem,  ^-. 

BliL  :  A  st^m  having  the  property  of  as- 
cending by  means  of  spiral  convolutions 
around  a  supporting  body.  Some  twining 
idauts  twist  from  left  to  right  or  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  sun's  course,  as  the  hop ;  some 
from  right  to  left,  or  opposite  to  the  sun's 
course,  as  Convolulus  sepiani.     (Lindiey.) 

'l:win'-mg-ly,  adi\     [Eng.  tunning;  -ly.]    In 
a  twining  manner;  by  twining. 

•twink(l),  •  twink-en,  *t wink-in,  v.  I. 

[A  nasalized  form  of  A.S.  twicain  =  to  twitch 
(q.v.),  the  meaning  thus  being  to  keep  on 
twitching  or  quivering,  hence,  to  twinkle.] 

1.  To  twinkle.    {Prompt.  Farv.) 

2.  To  wink. 

"  Whan  that  I  twinkin  upoa  the 
Luke  for  to  be  gou." 

Coke's  Tale  of  Oanu:lif>t. 


To  blame,  to 


'twink  (2),  vJ.      [Twinge.] 
abuse,  to  lind  fault  with. 

•■  I  have  been  called  away  ten  times,  and  shall  be 
tti'iiik.:d  if  1  do  nut  leave  you."— A7(2  Carter:  Letters, 

i.  ajo. 
twink,  i-.     [Twink,  v.]    A  twinkle,  a  wink. 

"The  cb;-.iJaaw  in  a  lioiiikthe  precious  greenhorn  he 
bad  tu  dcd  w.th.— ^.((7j/  Tulejraph,  Dec.  26.  Is85. 

twink-a'-tion,  s.    [Twjnk,  2,  v.]    A  finding 
fault  ;  blame. 


twin'-kle,  'twin-kel-en,  "  twin-cle,  i 

[A.S.  ticiadiau.]     [TwiNK,   r.] 


1.  To  wink  ;  tu  open  aiul  shut  tlie  eyes 
rapidly. 

"He  twincleth  with  the  egheu."— ir^rfi^c;  Prof. 
vi,  la. 

2.  To  gleam,  to  sparkle.    (Said  of  the  eye.) 

"  Hi»  eyeii  twinkelvd  in  h\»  lied  uriKht. 
.  Aa  (luu  the  aterres  in  a  frosty  ui);Ttt." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.  (Prol.),  250. 

3.  To  sparkle;  to  flash  at  intervals;  to 
shine  with  a  broken,  tremulous  light;  to  sciu- 
tillate. 

"  A  solitary  light  which  twlnktfd  through  the  dark- 
ness guided  fiiui  to  a  siujlII  hovel."— J/u'.'uu^a'/.'  Uitl. 
£nj..  chap.  xiii. 

i.  To  sparkle,  to  gleam. 

"  The  green  blade  that  Iwiiiktes  in  the  *mu." 

Cowijvr  :  Task,  vi.  ijl. 

twin  -kle,  *  twin-cle,  .-.    (Twinkle,  v.] 

1.  X  wink  ;  a  quick  motion  of  the  eye. 

2.  A  gleam  or  sparkle  of  the  eye. 

"  Ue  had  a  roguish  twinkle  in  his  eye." 

Tlionuon :  Castle  nf  tntioleiice,  i.  69. 

3.  The  time  or  duration  of  a  wink ;  a 
twinkling. 

*'H«st  not  sh'pt  to-night?  would  not  (a  naughty 
mail)  let  it  sleep  one  twiakles" — Ur^/Ueu:  Troilus  -i- 
Cressida,  iii.  2. 

4.  A  shoit,  tremulous  light ;  a  scintillation. 

•twin'-kler,  ^^  [Eng.  twhtkHe).  v.;  -er.] 
One  who  or  that  which  twinkles  or  winks; 
an  eye.    (Colloq.). 

"  Following  uie  up  and  down  with  those  twiiiklers 
of  yours." — Marrynt :  Snarlni/ijow.  ch.  vii, 

twih-klihg,  "  twinc-klihg,  pr.  par.,  a., 

in  ■■>.      (I'WINKLE,    i.) 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  d-  pariicip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C,  As  sxthstantice : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  of  that  which 
twinkles  ;  a  wink. 


2.  The  time  taken  up  iu  winking  the  eye  ; 
a  moment,  an  instant. 

"  And  so  in  the  very  twinamjuf  of  an  eye,  both 
ship  and  men  were  all  cast  away.' — Ilackluyt :  Von- 
aijcs,  i.  612. 

H  Either  absolutely,  or  followed,  as  in  the 
example,  by  of  an  eye. 

'  twin'-ling,  5.  [A  dimiu.  from  twin,  a.  (q.v.).] 
A  twin  lamu. 

"  Twiitltiigt  be  twiggers  increase  for  to  bring." 

2'uKcr  :  JJasbundri/  ;  Januari/. 

'^twinne,  c.t.  &  l.     [Twin,  c] 

'twinned,  a.    [Twin,  <(.] 

1.  Produced  at  one  birth  ;  twin. 

2.  Like  as  twins. 

"  The  twinned  stones  upon  the  nuinber'd  beach." 
Shiikesp. :  Cjfinbeliue,  i.  6. 

* t'win'-ner,  .'!.  [Eng.  twin,  v.;  -er.]  One 
wild  produces  twins.  (See  extract  under 
Twin,  v.,  A.  2.) 

"  twin-ning,  7"-.  par.,  or  a.    [Twin,  r.] 

twinning-axis,  s.    [Twin,  II.  2.] 

twinning -machine.  ^\  A  machine  for 
cutting  two  combs  (twins)  from  the  single 
piece. 

twinning -saw,  ^^      A  saw  for  cutting 

the  teeth  ufcombs- 

twin'-ter,  s.  [A.S.  twiicintre.]  A  beast  two 
winters  old.    {Prov.) 

^tWire  (1),  v.i.  [Etyni.  doubtful;  prob.  al- 
lied to  twitter  (q.v.).]  To  chirp,  as  a  bird ;  to 
siiig,  to  twitter. 

"Thilke  birde  .  .  .  twircttte  [silvas  duici  voce  su- 
surratj  desirjig  the  woode  with  her  swete  voise-"— 
C'ftaucer.'  Soeaus,  bk.  iii. 

*twire  (2),  r.£.  [Etym.  doubtful;  cf.  Prov. 
Ger.  zwiercn,  zvnren  =  to  glance  sideways,  to 
take  a  stolen  glance.] 

1.  To  twinkle,  to  glance,  to  gleam. 

"  When  sparkling   stars  twire  not,   thou  gild'st  the 
even."  Shakesp.  :  Sonnet  2B. 

2.  To  look  slily  askance  ;  to  wink,  to  leer, 
to  simper. 

"I  sLivT  the  wench  thRt  twired  and  twinkled  at  thee." 
iicaum.  J.-  flet. :  Womun  Pleated,  iv.  L 

•twire  (3),  v.t.  [A.S.  thweran  =  X.o  agitate, 
to  turn.]    To  twirl,  to  curl. 

"  No  sooner  doth  a  young  man  see  hia  sweetheart 
coming  hut  he  twirethii  '>eAi'd,  &c"— Burton:  Amtt. 
vf  MetanchoHy,  p-  30, 

^  twire,  5.  [Twire  (3),  v.]  A  twisted  thread 
oi-  titameut. 


'  tw'ire'-pipe,  *■.   [Eng.  twin  (l),  v.,  and  pipe.] 
A  vagi-aut  musician. 

"  Ye  are  an  aas.  a  twirepipe." 
Bt-'atint.  4  Piet. :  JUmisieur  rhi.mat.  111.  l. 

twirl,    'turl,    v.t.  &,  i.      [A  frequent,  from 

twire  (3),  V.  ;  ef.  A.S.  tkwirU  =  i]ui  handle  of 
a  churn  ;  Dot.  dwarlen  =to  whirl ;  M.H.Ger. 
divereii;  O.U.Ger.  dweran,  ttoeran^  to  turn 
round  swiftly,  to  wliirl.] 

A.  Tninn. :  To  move  or  turn  round  mpidly  ; 
to  cause  to  rotate  witli  rai>idily,  especially 
with  the  lingers  ;  to  whirl  round. 

"  If  a.  man  in  private  chamlters  twirls  lils  band- 
atrings  or  plays  with  a  rush  to  iilease  hiiuself,  'tis 
well  enough."— JieW.-«  .■  Tattle  Talk ;  Pottra. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  revolve  or  rotate  rapidly;  to  be 
whirl'.'d  round. 

*  2.  To  twist,  to  twine. 

"  Around  the  foe  his  twirliitq  tall  he  flings," 

Addisun  :  Void:  Ji«tainvr/fh»tes  iv. 
twirl,   S.      [TWIBL,  V] 

1.  Ttie  state  of  liejng  twirled  ;-a  rapid,  cir- 
cular motion  ;  quick  lotation. 

2.  A  twist,  a  convolution. 

"  The  twirl  .tn  this  is  diffei-ent  from  that  of  the 
(•them ;  tliis  being  an  beterostruphe.  Iht:  tioirla  turning 
from  the  right  hand  to  the  left." — H'oudward :  On 
PussiU. 


twis-car. 


[TrsK.^R.] 


twist,  'twiste,    '  twyst,    v.t.  &  L     [A.S. 

tii-Ut  =  a  iiq.c  ;  IVuin  (tri  =  tiouble  ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  ttcistan  -=  t;)  (juarrel,  from  tivist  = 
a  quarrel  ;  Dan.  tvistc==-  to  strive  ;  tmst  = 
strife,  a  twist ;  Sw.  tiusta  =  to  strive  ;  teist  = 
strife;  Ger.  ziuist  =  a  twist,  discord  ;  zwlstig 
=  discordant;  leel.  tvisti=  the  two  or  deuce 
in  card-playing.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  form  by  winding  one  thread,  filament, 
strand,  fibre,  or  other  flexible  substance 
ri'uud  another;  to  form  by  convolution,  or 
wiinling  separate  things  round  each  other; 
to  twine. 

"  The  smallest  thread 
That  ever  sniiler  twisted  from  ber  womb 
WiU  !slri(ugle  thee, "  Shakesp.  :  King  John,  iv.  3. 

2.  To  form  into  a  thread  from  many  fii:e 
tilaments  :  as,  To  twist  wool  or  cotton. 

3.  To  contort,  to  writhe,  to  crook  spirally, 
to  couvohe. 

'•  Either  double  it  into  a  pyramidical,  or  tiirist  it 
into  a  serpentine  form."— /*w/>e, 

i.  To  interlace,  to  twine. 

"  And  these  meet  one  with  another  iu  the  space 
between,  and  are  interlaced,  twisted,  luid  tied  to- 
gether."-/*. Jtolfaad :  Plinie,  bk,  i;vii..  ch.  xxiii. 

5.  To  wreathe,  to  wind,  to  encircle,  to  en- 
twine. 

"There  ai-e  piUars  of  smoke  twisted  about  with 
nreattis  of  &mae."— Burnet :  Thcwri/  uf  the  Earth. 

"  6.  To  fabricate,  to  weave,  to  compose,  to 
make  up. 

"  Began 'st  to  twist  so  fine  u  story." 

Shakesti.:  Much  Ado,  i.  L  ' 

*7.  To  wiud  in;  to  enter  by  winding;  to 
insinuate. 

"  When  avarice^WMf*  itself,  not  only  with  the  prac- 
tice of  men,  but  the  doctrines  of  the  church  :  when 
ecclevias ticks  dispute  for  money,  the  mischief  seems 
fatal-"— /J«cii^  qf  Piety. 

8.  To  pervert ;  to  tuni  from  the  right  or 
true  form  or  meaning  :  as.  To  twist  words,  To 
twist  a  passage. 

9.  To  cause  to  turn  from  a  straight  line: 
as,  To  twist  a  ball  in  cricket. 

'  10.  To  harass,  to  annoy,  to  trouble. 

"The  rage 
Which  that  hts  herte  twist,  and  fast  threat." 

Chaucer:  Troilus  ■£  CressiUit,  iv. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  contorted  or  united  by  winding 
round  each  other;  to  be  or  become  twisted. 

"  Too  welt  he  kn^nrs  the  twisting  strings 
Of  ardent  hearts  combined." 

i'uung  :  Resignaiioii. 

2.  To  move  with  a  rotatoiy  motion,  or  in  a 
curved  hue. 

"The  ball  comes  skimming  and  lunsting  along. "-^ 
Jfttglics:  Turn  Brown's  School-days,  pL  iL,  eb.  viii. 

^  To  twist  rounil  one's  finger  :  To  have  com- 
pletely under  one's  influence,  power,  or  con- 
trol ;  to  make  submissive  to  one's  will. 

twist,  s.     [Twist,  v.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  The  act  of  twisting ;  a  convolution,  a 
contortion,  a  flexure,  a  bending. 

"  And  AS  about  a  tree  with  many  a  tteist 
Bitrent  and  writhe  tne  swete  wodebiiide, 
Can  ecfae  of  hem  in  amies  other  winde." 

Chaucer:  Trotliis  *  Crestida,  bk.  iii. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or^  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try. 


;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e :  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


twiste— two 


257 


2.  Manner  of  twisting ;  the  form  given  by 
twisting. 

"Jjick  shrunk  at  flwt  sight  of  it;  he  fomul  fault 
flitli  the  IcUfe'th,  the  thickues*.  aud  the  twii(."—.ir- 
/jttthiiot:  llisl.  John  Bull. 

3.  Tlmt  whiuh  is  formed  by  twisting  :  as— 

(1)  A  tvml,  thrend,  or  tlie  like  formed  by 
Iwisting  ur  winding  separate  things  round 
each  other. 

"  Breiikiug  hia  oath  like  a  twist  of  rotten  silk." 
:>haktsp.  :  Cui-iitlaints,  v.  6. 

(2)  A  kind  of  cotton  yam  of  many  varieties, 
(y)  A  closely-twisted   strong    sewing    silk, 

used  by  saddlers,  tailors,  &c. 

(4)  A  kind  of  manufactured  tobacco,  rolled 
•or  twisted  into  the  form  of  a  thick  cord. 

(5)  A  small  roll  of  twisted  dough  baked. 
4.  A  branch,  a  twig. 

"  Not  tu'itt,  nor  twig  cut  from  that  aacreil  spring." 
Fairfax. 

*  5.  The  fourchure. 

"  A  mnn  of  common  height  might  ensilie  go  vnder 
^ie  twist  without  stooping,"— //oI<)Mhe<^.'  Lescript.  of 
BrUnine,  ch.  v. 

6.  A  drink  made  of  brandy  ami  gin.  {Slang.) 

*  7.  Capacity  for  swallowing  ;  appetite. 

"  What  ft  twist  the  fellow  has  1" — .^(»tJwor(ft ;  Rooh- 

uood. 

3.  A  sharp  pang  ;  a  twinge. 
II.  Technically : 

1.  Arch. :  The  wind  of  the  bed-joint  of  each 
course  of  voussoirs  in  a  skew  arch. 

2.  Cricket:  A  turn  given  by  the  bowler  to 
the  b:dl  in  delivering  it,  causing  it  to  break 
away  from  a  straight  line. 


"The  first  ball  of  the  'iver  Jack  steps  out  and  meets, 
swiping  with  ail  hia  force.  If  he  had  ouly  allowed 
for  the  twist'  but  he  hasn't"— i/«y/ic5  /  Tom,  Bruwn's 


SchiHjl-ditys,  pt.  ii.,  ch.  viii, 

3.  Guns  tC  Onln. :  The  spiral  in  the  bore  of 
a  rifled  gun.  It  is  spoken  of  as  a  ^  twist,  Ac, 
as  it  completes  that  much,  more  or  less,  of  a 
revolution  in  the  length  of  the  barrel. 

i.  SmaU-ariiis :  A  mode  of  construction  of 
:j;un-barrels  in  which  the  iron,  in  the  form  of 
a  ribbon,  is  heated  and  coiled  spirally  around 
A  mandrel. 

5.  U'ettv. :  The  warp-thread  of  the  web. 

*[  Twists  of  the  bowels: 

PatJwL  :  The  accidental  twisting  of  some 
portion  of  the  intestiuea,  generally  the  lower 
part  of  the  ileum. 

twist-drill,  s. 

Mital-inirk.  :  A  drill  having  a  twisted  body 
like  that  of  an  auger. 

■  twiste,  v.t.    [Twist,  v.]    To  t\\itcli ;  to  pull 
hard.     {Chancer.) 

twist'^d,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [Twist,  v.] 

1.  Onl.  Laiuj. :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  Bat.  :  Torsive  ;  spirally  contorted.  The 
same  as  contorted,  except  that  there  is  no 
oliliijuity  in  tlie  form  or  insertion  of  the 
pieces,  as  in  the  petals  of  Oxalis. 

twisted-bit,  «. 

1.  Maiicye:  A  bit  having  a  mouthpiece  made 
^ith  square  sides  and  afterwards  twisted. 

2.  Ctfrp. :  A  wood-boring  tool  adapted  to 
be  use<l  in  a  brace.  It  is  a  form  of  flat  bar 
twisted  into  a  spiral  form  and  provided  at 
Die  ends  with  a  cutter  and  routing-table. 

twisted-mouth,  s.    [Twisted-bit,  1.] 

twisted- stalk,  5. 

l;'jt.  :  The  genus  Streptopus. 

twisted-surface,  s.  [Warped-surface.] 

twist'-er,  s.    [Eng.  twist,  v. ;  -er.] 
I.  u  nil  liar  ij  Language,: 

1.  One  who  twists  ;  specif.,  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  twist  or  join  the  threads  of  one 
wai-p  to  those  of  another  in  weaving. 

2.  A  reel  used  in  twisting  yaras  or  threads. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Carp.  :  A  girder. 

2.  Cricket:  A  ball  delivered  by  a  bowler 
with  a  twist. 

3.  Manege :  The  inner  part  of  the  thigh  ; 
the  proper  place  to  rest  upon  when  on  horse- 

.    back. 

twist -iug,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [Twist,  v.] 

twisting-crook,  5.  An  agricultural  im- 
plement  Used  fur  twisting    straw  ropes;    a 

tlu'uw-cii."iU. 


twisting -machine,  s.  A  machine  f-r 
twisting  and  laying  rnpe  and  cordage. 

twisting-mill,  s.    A  thread-frame  (q.v.). 

twist -ihg-ly,  adv.  (Eng.  twisting;  4y.]  In 
a  T^vl^tlll;^  manner  ;  with  a  twist ;  by  twisting 
or  being  twisted. 

twist'-y,  a.  [Eng.  twist ;  -y.)  Somewhat 
twisted,  curved,  or  crooked  ;  meandering. 

"  The  fox  made  bis  straight  point,  though  by  de- 
Tiouaaiid  twisty  tuuraes."- /"wid,  Nov.  2G,  1887, 

twit,  *  twight,  *  twhyte,  v.t.  [For  atwite, 
fii-m  A.S.  fi:twitan  =  to  twit,  to  reproach, 
fii'iu  ret  =  at,  and  v:itati  =  to  blame,]  To  vex 
or  annoy  by  bringing  to  remembrance  a  fault, 
imperfection,  or  the  like  ;  to  taunt,  to  re- 
proach, to  upbraid. 

"Those  who  litUl  this  language  were  twitted  with 
their  iucoiisisttiKy."— J/(icitH/>ii/  .■  Hist.  Ett-j..  cii.  xix. 

twit9h,  'twicch-en,  "twikk-yn,  'twych- 

yn,   v.t.  &   i.     [A  weakened  form  of  tweak 
(q.v.).] 

A*  Trans. :  To  pull  with  a  sudden  or  sharp 
jerk ;  to  pluck  with  a  short,  sharp  motion ; 
to  snatch. 

"  At  last  he  rose,  and  twitched  his  mantle  blue  : 
To  morrow  to  ficsh  woods,  and  pastures  new.' 

Milton:  Lucidtis,  IC'2. 

B.  Tntrans. :  To  be  .suddenly  contracted,  as 
a  muscle  ;  to  be  atfected  with  a  spiisni. 

twit9h  (1),  s.     [Twitch,  r.] 
I.  Ordinary  Langnage  : 

1.  A  pull  with  a  jerk  ;  a  sharp,  sudden  pull. 

"  So  cnikt  tlieir  backe  bones  wrincht 
With  horrid  twitcJiax." 

Ckiipman:  Homer;  /(md  xjtiii. 

2.  A  short,  spasmodic  contraction  of  the 
fibi'es  or  muscles. 

"I Other  mu.<<cles]  ...  by  their  contractile  twitch 
fetch  back  the  fore  arm  into  a  straight  Vint.'—Paiey  ; 
X'lt.  Tlicol.,  ch.  ix. 

3.  A  noose  attached  to  a  stock  or  handle 
and  twisted  around  the  upper  lip  of  a  hor.se, 
so  as  to  bring  him  under  'command  when 
shoeing. 

II.  Mining:  A  place  wher«  a  vein  becomos 
very  narn.)W. 

twitch-Up,  s.  A  ti-ap  for  birds,  consist- 
ing of  a  string  with  a  slip  noose  at  the  end, 
hanging  from  a  bent  branch  or  twig. 

"[He]  bending  down  a  neighbouring  hickory  sap- 
ling, sets  a  twitch-up.  with  a  sllp-itouse  at  the  end, 
m.ade  of  a  string  pulled  out  of  one  of  his  ca^jacious 
pooketa.  The  tteitch-np  being  well  watched,  is  sure 
to  catch  the  biril  or  drive  it  a.wAy."~Scribuer's  Ataya- 
zine.  Auk..  1887,  p.  420. 

t'wit9h  (2),  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  fpiitch  (q.v.).] 
The  same  as  Twitch-grass  (q.v.), 

"  I  suppose  the  greatest  enemies  of  wheat  are  twitch 
and  bl.ick  grass,  tne  latter  on  heavy  laud  especially." 
—ti,:ld,  Jan.  23,  1666. 

twitch-grass,  ?. 

Botany,  iLc.  ; 

(1)  TrUicum  repens.  [Codch-grass,  Quitch- 
grass,  Triticum.] 

(2)  Agrostis  vulgaris,  a  British  grass,  com- 
mon on  meadows,  pastures,  and  banks.  It  is 
from  six  inches  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  with 
purplish  panicles  of  flowers. 

twit9h-er,  s.    [Eng.  twitch,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  twitches. 

2.  An  instrument  used  for  clinching  hog- 
rings.    {Tusser :  Hnsbandrie,  p.  3S.) 

twit9h'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Twitch,  v.] 
A.  1^  B.  As  pr.  pur.  &  partlcip.  adj. :  (See 
the  veib). 

C.  As  siibst. :  A  apasmodic  contraction  of 
the  fibres  or  muscles  ;  a  twitch. 

"A  troublesome  twitch  inij  in  his  muscles."— ^earcA; 
Li'tht  of  Nature,  vol.  i.,  pt,  ii.,  ch.  xxxiii. 

twite,  s.    [See  extract,! 

Ornith.  :  Linoia  Jlavirostris  (or  montium)  : 
[Mol'NTain-linnet]. 

"  Our  birdcatchers  immedmtely  recognize  its  pres- 
ence among  a  flock  of  its  congeners  l>y  its  shriller 
call-note,  the  sound  uf  which  is  considered  to  reseml>le 
that  of  tiie  vurd  *  twite,'  whence  the  name  by  which  it 
ia  so  tenevally  known."- I'arre/i;  Britii>h  Birds  (eU. 
■ith),  ii.  1S3. 

twit'-ter,  *twit-er,  *twitre,  v.i.  &  (.  [A 
freq.  from  a  base  twit,  and  so  =  to  keep  on 
saying  twit :  twit  is  a  weakened  form  of  twat, 
which  appears  in  twattle,  the  older  form  of 
twaddle  (q.v.);  of.  G^v.  ::witscl\.ern=^ to  twitter; 
Dut.  kwetteren ;  Dan.  quiddre;  Sw.  q*'ittra=^ 
to  chirp,  to  twitt^.] 


A,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  utter  a  succession  of  short,  tremulous, 
intermitted  notes  ;  tn  chirji. 

"  The  swallow  twittariiiff  on  the  sti'ftw.built  >thed." 
uraf/     Hhgt/. 

*  2.  To  have  a  tremulous  motion  of  the 
nerves  ;  to  be  agitated. 

•  3.  To  make  the  sound  of  a  half-suppressed 
laugh  ;  to  titter. 

"How  the  fool  bridles  !    How  alie  twitttrrs  at  him." 
BfiUtm.  A-  Flfir.  .-  /•Ugrun,  Hi.  C 

B.  Trails.  :  To  utter  in  tremulous,  inter- 
mitted notes. 

"The  Uuuet twittered  out  his  parting  song." 

Cowper :  Attti-lhttlyphthora. 

twit'-ter  (1),  s.    [Eng.  twit;  -er.]    One  who 
twits,  taunts,  or  upbraids. 

twit'-ter  (2),  s.    [Twitter,  r.] 

1.  A  small,  intermitted,  tremulous  noise  or 
series  of  chirpings,  as  the  sound  made  by  a 
swallow. 

2.  A  slight  trembling  of  the  nerves  ;  slight 
nervous  excitement  or  agitation  ;  tremulous- 
ness. 

"Cut  whole  giants  into  fritters. 


*  3.  A  titter  ;  a  sound  as  of  half-suppressed 
laughter. 

twitter  -  bit,  s.  The  bottom  of  the 
count-.'r.sink  wljich  receives  the  head  uf  the 
screw,  uniting  the  halves  of  a  pair  of  scissors, 

*  twitter-boned,  a.  Shaking  or  .'^haky 
in  the  hmbs. 

"  His  horse  w,as  either  clapp'd.  or  spraind.  or  gieazed, 
or  he  was  twittcr-boifd  or  broken-winded."- .^(trnfi; 
Tristram  Shandy,  i.  39, 

*  twitter-light,  s.    Twilight  (q.v.). 

"fume  not  till  tivitter-Unht."  Middlcton. 

*twlt-ter-a'-tion,  s.  [Twitter,  s.]  Aquiver, 
a  shaking. 

"  When  they  struck  up  our  blood-atirriii"  national 
air,  it  made  me  feel  all  over  in  a  Iwitlenttion  na  if  I 
was  un  wires  a'moat.  considerable  miUtial.  '— y/ttii- 
ttirton  :  The  Clockmaker,  p.  3Ta. 

twit'-ter-ihg,  5.    [Twitter,  v.] 

1,  The  act  of  one  who  or  i>f  that  which 
twitteis;  a  shai'p,  intermitted,  eliirpingnoise; 
a  chirp. 

'■  To  learn  the  twittering  of  a  meaner  bird." 

Cowper :  Concvvsaliou,  \^, 

*  2.  Slight  nervous  excitement ;  agitation, 
arising  fruiu  suspense,  desire,  or  the  like. 

*■  A  widow,  which  had  a  twHtcriuri  towards  a  second 
Initjhaud,  took  a  gossiping  compauiou  to  manage  the 
j'jl'.'  —L'  Estrange. 

twit-ting,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [Twit.] 

twit'-ting-ly,  adt*.  [Zwg.  twitting ;  -ly.]  In 
a  twitting  manner. 

"He  iwittiu'jlii  upbr.iided  them  therewith."— Cuin- 
deii     Hist,  of  EhznUth  (an.  1569). 

*  twit'-tle-twat-tle,  s.  [A  redupl.  of  twattle 
(q.v.).]    Tattle,  tittle-tattle,  gnssip,  chatter. 

"Insipid  twittletwattlvs,  frothy  jests,  anJ  jiiiinling 
witticisms,  inure  us  to  a  misuudeistaudiug  of  things, 
— L' Estrange. 

'twixt,  prep.  [A  contr.  of  betwixt  (q.v.).] 
Between,  betwixt.  (Used  poetically  and  col- 
loquially.) 

"  I'udemeath  the  skirt  of  jmnnel 
'TwtJt  every  two  there  was  a  cli.inneL" 

Bath'r  ,    U.idibraa.  i.  1. 

two  (tw  as  t),  *  tuo,  ^  twei,  ■  tweie, 
*  twey,  *  twa,  a.  &  5.  [A.S.  /((■(;yt'»  =  twain 
(iiiasc.  nom.  aiidaccus.);  twd  (fern.  noni.  and 
accus.);  twd,  tu  (neut.  nom.  and  accus.) ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  twee ;  Icel.  tveir  (aceu.'i.  tvd, 
tvo ;  Dan.  to;  Sw.  tvd,  tu;  Goth,  twai  (ninsc), 
twos  (feni.),  ttca  (neut.);  Ger.  zwei ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
zwene,  ztca,  zivo,  zn^i;  Irish  da;  Gael,  dti,  do; 
"Wei.  da.v,  dwy :  Russ.  dva ;  Lith.  dwi,  du  ; 
Lat.  duo;  Gr.  &vo  {duo);  Sansc.  diva;  Fr. 
deux;  Ital.  due;  Sp.  dos ;  Port,  doits;  Eng. 
deu^e;  A.S.  twi-  (pref.)  =  double  ;  leel.  tvi- ; 
Dut.  twee-  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  (re- ;  Ger.  zwei- :  Lat. 
&i- :  Gr.  5i-  {di-);  Sausc.  rfri-,  diii-.]    [Twain.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  One  and  one. 

"A  womlere  were,  tuo  watres  therer  togidirgon. 
&  tuo  kyugdames,  with  tno  names,  now  er  oti." 

Robert  de  Grunne,  p.  282. 

2.  Used  indefinitely  for  a  small  uumbei',  in 
such  phrases  as,  a  word  or  two. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  number  consisting  of  one  and  one. 

2.  The  symbol  representing  this  uuinber : 
as  2  or  ii. 


boU,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  choms,  9hin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  :=  f. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin ;    tion,  -§ion  :=  zhiin.    -cious,  -tioas,  -sious  —  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  .^c.  ~  oel,  dei. 


305 


258 


twofold    Tyburn 


\  (I)  hii"^-:  Iiit"  l«o  I'rtiU;  atiUiiiliT:  as. 
T"  cut  anythim;  i  "  '"'". 

•(•-)  Ti>  ftf  '"A  '•'  '**• «'  '•"*^'  T''  In-  at  vnri- 
aiu-f  :  as,  oppoMHl  tn  Tn  bf  our  or  (i/  (>"«'. 

•■  Yoo  KiiU  »hc  arf  tw.  I  be«  "— At^/t .'  l*cJirt  Con 

(3)  Tiro  facti  v  f^fr  the  rail,  two  fi*cts  in  " 

Bot.  :  Vioia  /r,.  <>l(i; .  {Biittf»  ,(■  Hollami.) 
^  Tnxt  is  Inrgrly  uswl  in  oim|Mwitiim  to 
lUiiate  the  haviiip  nr  iniisiKtlnn  of  two  jwirls, 
«li\isioiis,  orgiitif.  (»r  somrtliinn  •Ii-siniu'-l  for 
i.r  I'j  U-  uscti  with  two  oryiuis.  Tlit-  com- 
IKimuN  an-  iisn;ill>  >-If-t'Xi'l.in:a'>ry. 

two-banded  water-llxard.  <. 

/«../.;  Tin-  u.  .'ll;t!  -.i  \Vjit«rlizanl  (n.\.). 
tWO-oapsuled,  o.     Kavlng  two  distinct 
cafMulo ;  Itic-M'""'  ''*'■ 
two  colled.  Il^vins  two  celLs;   M- 

lociil.ir. 
two-cleft,    ■       ltivi<lt'<l  lialf  w:iy  froiri  tin* 

Un'lit  t"  111.'  Im>.>  into  two  sfiimciits  :  l»ili<l. 

'  two-decker,  <.     A  vcsst-l  of  war  carry- 
ing ^;1lIls  oil  i«''  decka. 
two-edged,  o- 

1.  Ord.  Uiu'j  :  Having  two  etlgrs,  or  edges 
on  Vtuth  sides. 

"Two-t^t>jM.  ti^arhint  kiilvea." 

lo'igfeUote:  Milrt  SUimlish.  vii. 

2.  Hot.:  ConiprfHswl  witli  two  slurp  edyes, 
as  the  stfui  ofiin  Iris. 

two  faced,  c 

i.  /.if.  :  U.iMiiu  two  faces,  like  tlie  Roman 
Janus. 

2.  Fig.:  l>ec<'itftil,  iusincere,  treacherous, 
double -faced. 

two-fingered  slotb.  s. 

two-flowered,  ".     Bearing  two  flowers 
at  till-  eiul,  :i-'  a  iHcltnuie. 
two  fold,  '*  &  n'ir.    [Twofold.) 

two-foot.  'I  Meayuring  two  feet  :  as.  a 
l,-.,./,^>f  ml.'. 

two-forked,  "  Uiviileii  into  two  parts, 
si.iiM-\v)iat  :iri'-'  till-  manner  of  a  fork;  iti- 
rli-.tonioii^. 

*  two-band,  <•■     Two-lian;led. 

"Ciiij.i-  wtHi  tUv  tii">hfi'i'l  swortl." 

.ymfcri/'.  .  H  llcury  I'l..  ii.  I. 

two  handed, ". 

1.  Having  Iw'i  liauds. 

•  2.  Large,  wtont.  strong,  iHiwerful,  as  if 
wielded  by  two  bands. 

"  With  liugf  tipnhandfd  Rw.-i>-. 
Braiiili«lied  n\«i{.  theliorrlcl  edge  cnmc  down. 
Wide  irastii.g.  JWtoit :  P.  L..  vi.  'i-M. 

3.  fned  witli  l>otb  bauds;  requiring  two 
bauds  to  grasp  or  wield. 

*•  Tw^'huiut'-t  .iw.inJji  they  wore. 
And  many  wieldwl  luiu-e  uf  weiKht/ 

Sc.tt      .Vilr:4i„i.,  V.  C. 

4.  U.fing  both  bands  with  ciiual  drxlerity 
or  if.idine-ss  ;  hetiee,  able  to  apply  one's  self 
readily  to  anytliirg  ;  dexterous. 

Tiro'hnruirit  $n:-:  A  whip-saw  used  in  get- 
ting out  ship  tiiul'rrs.  It  has  a  baudU;  at 
each  tinl,  one  fni  <'[»r-li  man. 

two-headed.  '•-     Having  two  beads. 

'■  >..«.  lij-  tica-hritdtd  Jnini<). 
Nature  h^th  (raiu«l  Hlmnire  fellowH  hi  lipr  time." 
A7i,Uvi/-.  .    Mcrcli-nit  i>/  IV.wrv.  i,  1. 

two-homed  rhinoceros,  s.     [[{uino- 

TKUO^.    1.   (U('0     , 

two  humped  camel,  '^.    (Camf.i.,  I.  2.] 

two -leaved.  '■.  Having  two  distinct 
lea\es. 

two-line  letters,  $.  pf. 

I'rint.  :  G.tpitii.s  v/ltirh  are  e([ual  to  two 
Irfidies  of  any  ^in-ritir  size  of  type:  as.  two- 
line  jtearl,  ivn-liur  brevier,  &c.  Used  for 
lines  in  titb*-pag<'s.  the  large  letters  at  the 
In-ginning  of  .'idvcrtiseutent.s,  Ac. 

two-lipped.  «. 

1.  Onl.  J.'i'i!.  :  Ha\  ing  two  lips. 

2.  B^f. .'  The  term  used  when  a  tubular 
l»ody,  as  n  calyx  or  a  personat*-ti  corolla,  is 
divided  at  the  oritire  into  an  upper  and  an 
under  lipdikc  portion. 

two-lobed.  f 

ii'it.:    IMviiicil    iiitn   two    I. ben;    partiaiiy 


diviib'd  into  two  segnientx  ;  bilobed,  bilubate. 
EMuniple,  the  leaf  of  Uutdiinia. 

two  masted,  "■ 

.\>nit.  :  HavMiu'  two  masts. 

two  parted,  -•.  Pividcd  from  the  liorder 
{■•  tin-  Im-i-  Mil"  tw..  distinct  part>  :  bipartite. 

two-pence,  ■-■.    (t'sually  prou.  tiip'-i^nrf.) 

1.  Sumimnalics : 

(1)  A  small  silver  coin,  fiTuierly  current  in 
Kngland,  eouivab'ut  to  two-peuee,  or  one- 
sixth  of  a  sliilling.  N<»w  only  coined  auim- 
ally.  til  Ik-  given  t>y  the  sovereign  as  alms- 
money  on  Mauuily-Thursdny. 

"  YmU  nil  ihuw  ltk.r  tfilt  fie;-fr»t^t  to  me." 

.^VtJivji*. .  a  Uenn/  n:.  iv.  s. 
(•J)  Two  pennies. 

2.  /■'"?.  .■    iTwoi-KSSY-tiRASS). 

two  potoled,  n. 

Itot. :  Having  two  perfectly  distinct  petaU  ; 
dipetatons. 

two-ply,  n.  Hiiving  twostiands,  as  cord, 
»i  two  thicknesses,  as  carpets,  ehdli,  &c. 

Tr-"-{J!i  <7i?'^W:  A  carpet  having  a  double 
web.     lkn>i»i:uMiNsri:R.) 

two-ranked,  a. 

Jlot. :  AUeiiKitely  disposed  on  exactly  op- 
posite sides  of  the  stem,  so  as  to  form  two 
ranks.    {Asa  (Iran.) 

two-seeded,  a. 

Hot. :  Haviii;;  tuo  .sceds.  U.sed  of  an  ovary, 
a  fruit,  or  a  crll. 

two -speed-pulley,  ■^.  A  variable  speed 
arrangement,  ci'iisi^ting  of  two  fast  pullers, 
the  shaft  of  one  being  tubular  and  sleeved 
u[»^m  that  of  the  other.  One  connects  by 
large  and  small  wheels  to  the  lower  shaft,  and 
the  other  by  small  and  large  wheels,  the  differ- 
ence in  communicated  speed  being  very  ap- 
parent, and  the  belt  being  shifted  from  the 
loose  piUley  t-j  one  or  the  otlier  of  the  fast 
pulleys  as  may  be  required. 

two-throw  crank,  *.  A  device  for  con- 
verting circular  Into  rectilinear  motion,  or 
rire  versa. 

two-toed  ant-eater,  s. 

Zwl. :  Cii'Inth  urns  liiiioi-tiilits,  one  of  the  two 
species  of  the  genus  Cyclothurus,  formerly 
included  in  Myrmecophaga.  It  is  aUtut  the 
size  of  a  common  squirrel,  arboreal,  and  li\i-^ 
un  insects.  On  the  fore  limb  the  rudiments 
of  the  lirst  and  tiftli  digits  are  hidden  beue;.th 
the  skin,  and  the  second  and  third  digits  are 
I'urnished  with  claws ;  tlie  feet  with  f'  mr  el;i  ws. 
From  the  forests  of  Costa  Rica,  Honduras, 
and  Brazil. 
two-toed  sloth,  s.  [Unau.] 
*  two-tongued,  it.  Double-tongued,  de- 
ceitful. 

"  I  li.itc  the  t ico-tonyued  hyi>ocrite." 

Sariftyi:  I'tiilint,  i>.  35. 

two-toothed,  «.    [Bidi;state.i 

Tii'o-tnotlied  crichulot : 

Zoo}, :  Phfiseter  bidcm,  first  obtained  in  isuO. 
oft  the  coast  of  Elgin,  and  descriVied  by 
Howerby.  Now  made  a  species  of  Mesoplodon 
(q.v.). 

two-valved,  n.  Bivalvular,  as  a  shell, 
pod,  or  gltmie. 

two-way  cock,  s.  a  form  of  cock  by 
which  the  water  may  be  distributed  to  each  of 
two  branches,  to  either  ot  them  .separately,  or 
be  entirely  shut  olt. 

two-fold  (tw  as  t),  "  twi'-fold,  a.  &  ath: 

tA.S.  livi/eaUl,  twiyjeald.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Ord.  Lantj. :  Double,  duplicate;  multi- 
plied by  two. 

"  Where  thuu  art  forc'd  tt  break  a  tipofold  truth. ' 
t<httkr»p.  :  tiontiet  41, 

2.  l^ot. :  Two  and  two  together  growing 
from  the  same  spot :  as,  tirofold  leaves. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  double  degree  ;  doubly, 
twice. 

"  Ye  m.ike  him  two/old  more  the  chihl  of  hell  lli.'iu 
yoursches."— Ji<(".  xxiii.  U. 

-  two  -ness  (tw  as  t),  s.     [Eng.  two  ;  -vrss.] 
Tlic  quality  or  stale  of  being  two  ;  duplicity. 

two  -pen-nj?'  (usually  as  tup'-jten-np),  c.  k  s. 
[ICiJg-  tif;  and  pf'inii.] 
A.  As  adj.:  Of  the  value  of  two-pence; 


liencc,  commou,  mean,  vulgar,  of  little  valtio-, 
insigiutioant. 

■■  He  thiokB  a  wliole  world  of  which  my  thoucht  i* 
Imt  ft  i»MT  ticvpenny  mirror."— tf.  t'llut ,  JJitlUlgniiinh. 
bk.  l..cU.  iti. 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  Beer  sold  at  two-pence  a 
quait. 

"A  chopin  of  twopenttu.  whlt-h  i*  a  thin,  yewtr 
beverage  m.-ide  of  lunlt.' —.imoltett :  Uumiihreg  VUn- 
ker.  ii.  «■.'- 

twopenny-grass,  .■:. 

l:ut.:  Lii:<ii>in.-hi"  Stiminulai-ia.  So  called 
by  Turner  from  its  pairs  of  round  leave>t 
standing  together  on  each  side  of  the  i*talk, 
like  pence.     IMosevvvokt.] 

twopenny-halfpenny,".  Worth  or 
cnstin-  twi.peijre  lullpi-.iny  ;  hence,  paltry, 
itisignitiraiil. 

"Till-  nii"lfrite  twopif^uy-hnifi>e»ny  RediBtrilniti<ti» 
IliUwhiuli  Ml  (lladstwne  iiitemls  to  luti'odvice. "—/*«« 
M,tll  (i'i:<:ttt\  July  17.  1814. 

two  -some  (tw  as  t),  a.  &  s.     (Eng.  tvo,  and 

autl.  -^".nr  :  A.S.  same  -  together.! 

A.  As  adj. :  Applied  to  an  art.  as  a  dance. 
.1  game  at  golf,  or  the  like,  perfiu'med  by  twl^ 
persons. 

■■  The  Mussulman's  eyes  danced  fwoxame  reela." 

Hood:  Mitt  liihnansi'nS- 

B.  -4.S  snhst. :  A  dance,  game,  or  the  like, 
performed  by  two  person.s. 

*  twy'-bUl,  S-      [TWIBILL.] 

•  twy  -blade,  .<•    [Twayblade.] 

twy-cr,  twy-ere,  s.    [Tlvere  1 

twy-f^l,  a.  &  .«.  [A.S.  tv!  =  double,  and  Lat^ 
foliina  =a  leaf.) 

A.  As  adjective : 

IU.\  :  Having  only  two  leaves. 

B.  As  fvhstantive : 

Bot.  :  The  Twayblade  (q.v.). 

twy" -forked,  a.  [A.S.  twi  =  double,  antf 
Eng.  forked.]  Cleft  or  parted  in  two,  like  a 
fork ;  bifurcated. 

"  Her  flaming  head 
Tioiiforked  with  death." 

(ittarles  :  Fmblcms  II.  itiiL  10. 

■  twy' -formed,  n.  [A.S.  twl  =  double,  and 
Eng.  fornied.\  Having  two  forms  ;  charac- 
terized by  a  double  shape,  or  by  a  form  made- 
uii  from"  two  different  creatures  or  things; 
twofdd. 


ty'-all,  s.     [Eng.  tyc  =  tie,  and  aU.\     Some- 
thing that  ties  or  secures. 

Ty'-bum,  s.  [See  extract.!  The  place  of 
execution  for  criminals  convicted  in  the  county 
of  Ikliddlesex  down  to  Nov.  V,  1783,  when  it 
was  transferred  to  Newgate,  at  which  the  first 
execution  took  place  on  Dec  0  in  the  same 
year.  The  name  Tyburnia  was  given,  about 
"the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century,  to  the 
district  lying  between  Edgware  Road  and 
Westbonrne  and  Gloucester  Terraces  and 
Craven  Hill,  and  bounded  on  the  south  by  the 
Bayswater  Road,  but  it  soon  fell  into  disuse. 

"The  name  is  derived  from  a  brook  chUciI  Tj/burn. 
which  flowed  down  from  HaiupBtead  into  tlie  Thames." 
— /.'.  Chuiitberg  :  Book  of  Ikiffs,  iL  53T. 

^  %  (1)  To  fetch  a  Tyburn  stretch:  To  be 
hanged ;  to  come  to  the  gallows. 

"  Or  else  to  fetch  a  Tibournp-stretch 
Among  the  rest."  I'usser:  I/n$bandric,  p.  214. 

(•2)  To I'veach  Ot  Tybnrn  Cross:  Tobe  hanged, 
((n  allusion  to  the  speeches  made  by  con- 
demned criminals  just  before  their  execution.]! 

'■  Tli;it  Bohiioiu-s  sterve  nr  prcchc  a(  Tihorne  Crotxe.- 
Ofiscoigiie  :  Steele  Gl<i».  ji,  &5. 

'  Tyburn -pickadill,  s.    A  baiter. 

"  Till  tliev  I'ut  on  i\  Tf/burnepickodill  " 

Tiiyfor:  Praiev  of  Uempseed. 

'  Tyburn-ticket,  s.  A  ticket  granted 
(under  10  &  11  Will.  III.,  c.  23,  §  2)  to  prose- 
cutors who  bad  secured  a  capital  conviction. 
This  ticket-exempted  the  prosecutor  "from 
all  manner  of  parish  and  ward  otbces  within 
the  parish  wherein  such  f>lony  wascointnitte*!. 
which  certificate  shall  bo  enrolled  with  tin- 
clerk  of  the  peace  of  the  county,  on  payment 
of  Is.  and  no  more."  This  Act  was  repealed 
by  OS  Geo.  III.,  e.  70,  pass.ed  June  3,  181S. 
Tyburn-tiekets  were  transferable,  and  oftm 
•sold  f  >r  a  high  price  (see  extract).  A  Tybiuii 
ticket  and  the  form  of. transfer  was  given  in 
Notes  d-  Queries  (2nd  ser.',  xi.  J95,  437). 

"  IvLit  week.  Kays  the  fitfimfnrd  Mereurij  of  Marcli 

2',  191!*.  ft  Ti/bntiLticJccf  was  'auld  in    Manchester  fur 

-SO^  ■ — yotvs  d-  'Queries.  2nd  ser.,  xi.  3',"3, 


f&te,  f&t.  Cire.  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet.  here,  enamel,  hei'.  there ;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine  :  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woU,  w5rk,  who,  son :  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full :  try.  Syrian,    w,  oe  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


Tychonic— tympanitis 


•269 


•  Tyburn-tiffany,  s\    A  h.ilt*r.    (With 
nlliisiuii  in  Tylimii  as  a  placf  of  execution.) 
■'  Nvver  n-i^'iinliiip  tiiui^uuin's  fwirv, 
Till  Tiiburntiff'iuij  he  we-tre," 

liowlatiils  :  Knitvf  <if  Ilfurts. 

'  Tybum-tippet,  >'.    A  lialter. 

"  Hei-li.iiiia  liftve  )i:ii)  n^Tiburnf -tippet, tk  \v\\ie\^\\\iy 
lialter.  "—/.■(fiMur  .   Annnnx.     {Xare*.) 

Tyburn-tree,  ■'.    The  gallows. 

Ty-chon-ic,  a.  [Seedef.J  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Tycho  Hi'alio  or  to  hissyateniof  astroiiotiiy. 
Tychn  was  a  nobleimm  of  Swedish  descent, 
whose  gmndfather  hail  settled  in  Denmark. 
He  was  born  at  Kunddtliorp  on  Dec.  14,  lo4tJ, 
three  years  after  the  death  of  Copernicns, 
carried  iin  his  chief  observations  first  in  an 
(dfservatory  of  Uiiuiiberg,  built  for  him  nn 
the  Island  of  Hven  or  Hoene  in  the  Baltic, 
and.  im  losing  liis  Danish  appointment,  near 
fragile,  where  he  die<l,  Oct.  l:j,  1601.  The 
leading  points  of  the  system  were:  (1)  that  the 
lixed  stirs  all  move  round  the  earth,  a  view 
existing  in  the  rtoleinaic  system  ;  (li)  that  all 
the  plcnets,  the  earth  only  excepted,  move 
round  the  sun,  an  opinion  beyond  that  of 
Ptolemy,  and  to  a  large  extent,  though  nnt 
fully  adopting,  the  leading  tenet  of  the 
Copernican  system ;  (."i)  the  sun  with  its 
attendant  planets  revolves  round  the  earth ; 
(4)  that  the  orbits  of  the  planets  cannot 
Imve  the  solidity  of  an  imagined  primum 
iiwhile,  since  they  are  intersected  in  various 
directions  by  the  orbits  of  comets. 

ty-Co6n',  s.  [Jap.  taiknn.  (See  def.)]  A 
title  assumed  by  the  Shogun,  or  generalissimo 
of  Japan,  between  1854  and  186S,  in  order  to 
impress  the  ambassadors  of  the  Western 
Powers  with  the  belief  that  he  was  the  real 
ruler  of  the  country. 

"  Priur  to  the  recent  revolution  [in  1368]  the  foreign 
treatiea  were  coiicludcd  with  the  luiDistera  of  tlie 
Whiigun  nt  Yeil.i,  under  the  erroneous  impression  that 
he  »aa  the  Emferor  of  Japan.  The  title  of  tAikuii 
(often  ini.-i3pelt  t^i-<yon)  was  then  for  the  first  time 
used:  it  uieiUiu  litenilly  the  '^reat  ruler,'  and  was  em- 
ployed for  the  oi'caaiou  by  the  Tokujrawa  otlicinls  to 
convey  the  iiiipres:'ion  that  their  chief  was' in  reality 
the  lord  ijaramouiit."— i'*ic^c.  Hiit.  (ed.  9thf,  siii.  bS2. 


'  tyde. 


[Tide,  s.] 


^  ty-dy,  .>•■.    [Tidy,  s.]    Some  unidentified  kind 
of  singing-bird.    (Droyton  :  Pohj-Olbioit,  s.  3.) 

"  tee,  v.t.     [Tie,  v.] 

tye,  s.    ITiE,  s.] 

"  I.  Ord.  jAing. :  A  tie,  a  bond,  a  fastening. 
II,  Technically : 

1.  Mining  :  An  inclined  trough  for  separat- 
ing ore  by  means  of  a  flowing  stream  of  water. 
Tlie  slimes  are  allowed  to  tlow  in  a  thin  wide 
stream  upon  the  upper  part  of  the  trough,  then 
disturbed  by  a  bronni,  and  collected,  accord- 
ing to  relative  weight  and  quality,  at  different 
parts  of  the  length  of  the  trough.  The  sorts 
are  known  as  heads,  middles,  and  tails  ;  the 
first  going  to  pile,  the  second  is  re-tyed,  the 
third  is  refuse. 

2.  ya-ut. :  A  rope  by  which  a  yard  is  hoisted. 
It  passes  through  the  mast;  one  end  is  at- 
tached to  the  middle  of  the  yard,  and  the 
other  end  is  hooked  to  a  purchase  composed 
of  the  tye-block  and  fly-biot-k,  by  which  the 
hoisting  is  etfected. 

tye-block,  s. 

Xaiit.  :  An  iron-bound  swivelled  block, 
bolteil  into  an  eye  in  the  hoop  round  the 
yard  ;  through  it  the  tye  for  hoisting  the  yard 
is  riive. 

*ty'-er,  .^.     [Eng.  tye  =  tie;    -er.]     One  who 
ties  or  unites. 

ty-fo^n',  s.    [Tvph()on.1 

■  ty?.   ''^'     [Etym.   doubtful.]     Borne  kind    of 
drinking  vessel, 

■"Three-hnDdled  ti/a,  a  flrluking  cup  of  the  time,  so 
handled  that  three  dilt'erent  ijcrsoiis,  drinkine  out  of 
it,  and  each  usiii^  a  semtrate  handle,  brought  their 
mouths  to  different  parts  of  the  tim." —Catalogue  of 
Upecimeiii-    {Lairtam.) 

•I  The  name  is  still  applied  in  Ox-ford  tn  an 
oidinary  round  pot  with  three  handles,  much 
nsed  for  cu^ks,  &c. 

ty'-ger,  5.    [Tiger,! 

^  1.  Ord.  Lavg. :  A  tiger  (q.v.), 
2.  Her. :   A  beast  more  resembling  a  lion 
than  a  tiger,  having  a  pointed  nose,  an<l   a 
tufteil  mane-,  legs,  anri  t;til.    It  is  seldom  used, 
and  is  condemned  by  good  heralds. 


'ty-gresse.  s.    [Tigress.] 
*  ty  -grish,  <i.    [Thjrish.] 
tying,  s.    [Tvk,  .<!.] 

Mining:  The  operation  of  washing  tin  or 
coppt-rures.     [Tve.  11.  1.] 

tyke,  s.    [TiKF..] 

1,  A  dog. 

"The  Iiirse  nnml>er  of  (i-ee  und   inilei>ondent  fjytrj 
whn  scorn  luaaterdhip."— /;itt///  yWe</ru/jA.  Dec.  6.  li>H& 
*  2,   A  low  fellow. 
3.  A  Vorksliireinan.     (.S/a»j/  Dl-t.) 

tylC.  .•^.      fTlLK,  s.  (2).] 

tyle -berry,  .«. 

Hot.  :  -htrojtlut  nuiltifida.  An  Ameriran 
slirub  cultivated  in  Indian  gardens,  where 
it  is  known  as  the  Coral  jdaiit,  the  flowers 
having  a  considerable  resemblance  to  coral. 

ty-ler,  s.    [Tiler.] 

ty-lo-,  ■pref.  [Gr.  td'Ao*;  (^//.i,;)  =  a  lamt  or 
callus,  a  knob,  a  inotubernnce.l  Ha\ing  a 
.swelling  or  protuberant  pro'-ess  or  processes. 

ty-lo-di'-na,  ^'.     TMod.  Lat.,  fium  Gr.  tuAo? 

(/(//..>).]     (fvLu-.f 

ZooL  (£■  PiiUeont.  :  A  genus  of  Pleurn- 
brancbiip  with  three  recent  species,  from  the 
Mediterranean  and  Norway,  ijhell  limpet- 
like, depressed,  apex  sub-central,  with  a 
minute  spiral  nucleus.  One  fossil  species, 
from  the  Tertiary. 

ty-lo-don,  s.  [Pref.  tylo-,  and  Gr.  iSous 
(<h/(i».s),  genit.  cfidi'Tos  (pdontos)  =  a  tooth.] 

Palteont. :  A  genus  of  Viverridoe,  from  the 
Eocene  Tertiary  of  Europe.  The  animals 
were  about  the  size  of  a  Glutton. 

ty-loph'-or-a,  .«.  [Pref.  tylo-,  and  Gr.  <^opo? 
(;f/Kiro5)  =  bearing  ;  named  from  the  ventri- 
cose  pollen  masses.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Stapeliese.  Twining  herbs 
or  undershrubs,  with  opjiosite  membranous 
leaves.  Corolla  five-parted  ;  the  corona  five- 
leaved  ;  the  leaflets  simple,  fleshy;  follicles 
smooth,  tapering  towards  the  apex,  com- 
pressed, somewhat  angular  on  one  side.  Ty- 
fophara  aslhwatica  is  an  Indian  twiner,  downy 
when  young,  with  opposite,  petioled,  linear 
leaves,  and  purplish  flowers.  The  roots,  which 
consist  of  fleshy  fibres  from  a  small  head,  are 
acrid,  and  are  used  on  the  Coromandel  coast 
as  a  substitute  for  i]tecacuanha.  Dr.  Rox- 
biu'gh  the  botanist,  Dr.  J.  Anderson,  and 
others,  have  borne  high  testimony  to  its 
utility  in  this  respect.  The  dried  leaves  are 
emetic,  diaphoretic,  and  expectorant.  Dy- 
inock  says  that  T.  fascia ta,  found  in  various 
Indian  hills,  is  used  as  a  poison  for  raty. 

ty-l6p -6-da,  s.  pt.  [Pref.  tylo-,  and  Gr.  n-ovs 
il'OtiK),  genit*  woSos  (;>o(/os)  =  a  foot.] 

Zool.  £■  Potirnnf. :  A  group  of  Selenndont 
Artiodactvles,  equivalent  to  tlie  family  Came- 
lid;e(q.v.). 

ty-lo-sau'-rus,  s.  [Pref.  tylo-.  and  Gr. 
aavpos  i^nnros),  <ravpa  {suiira)  =  a  lizjird.] 

Pa1(ronf. :  A  genus  of  Mososauridffi  from  the 
Cretaceous  rocks. 

ty-lo'-aiS,  ■•=.  [Gr.  TvAwffc?  (tvlosis)  =  a.  mak- 
ing or  becondng  callous.  J 

r,<it.  :  The  filling  up  of  punctated  vessels 
with  cellular  tissue. 

ty-los'-to-ma.  .''.  [Pref.  tylo-,  and  Gr.  trTOfia 
{stoma)  =■  a  mouth.] 

1.  Zool. ;  A  genus  of  Vampyri  (q.v.)  ;  muzzle 
short,  nosedeaf  free  in  front  and  on  sides ; 
ears  large,  separate,  lower  lip  with  a  V-shaped 
space  in  front,  margined  by  warts;  wing- 
membrane  extending  almost  to  the  base  of 
the  toes,  interfenioral  membrane  very  large, 
extending  beyond  the  feet.  There  are  twu 
species  from  Brazil  and  Surinam. 

2.  F'ala-ont. ;  A  genus  of  Tornatellidae  (q.v.). 
with  four  species,  from  the  Lower  Cretaceous 
rocks  of  Portugal.  Shell  ventricose,  smooth 
or  punctate-striate,  spire  moderate,  aperture 
ovate-lunate  ;  outer  lip  periodically  thickened 
inside  and  expanded,  rising  slightly  ;  under 
lip  callous,  spread  over  body-whnil. 

tym'-bal,  s.     [Fr.  timlale,   from  Arab,  thabal 
a  tymbal ;  Ital.  timbalh,  tahallo.] 
Music  :  A  kind  of  kettle-drum. 
"  A  ti/mbiil'f  souud  were  better  than  my  voice," 

Prior :  Chnritt/. 


tymp,  .«.    [TvMrANifM.J 

Mctnll.  :  A  space  in  the  bottom  of  a  blast- 
fuitiai-i',  jtdjuining  the  crucible. 

tymp  plate,  n.  a  plate  in  front  of  the 
h';iilli  ula  lilastfurnace. 

tymp-Stone,  .t.  The  stone  which  forms 
tin-  Iroiit  id  the  hearth  m  a  blast-furnace. 

t]^m-pan.   '  tim'-pan.   *tim-pane,   ;■ 

[Fr.,  Horn  Lat.  tyuij^<tl,^l,n.]     [Tvmi-am  m.] 
1.  Airh. :  A  triangular  space  nr  table  in  tlw 

corners  or  sides  of  an  arch,  usually  hollowed. 

and  enriched  with  branches  of  laurel,  olivf, 

oak,  &c.,  and  sometimes  with  emblcniatica/ 

figures. 
'2.  Music:  A  drum,  a  kettle-drum. 

3.  Print. :  A  rectangular  frame  hinged  hf 
one  c'lge  to  the  carriage  of  a  printing-ptf-ss. 
and  having  stretched  across  it  a  piece  of  clotlt 
<ir  I'archment.  The  blank  .sheets  are  laid 
upt.n  the  tympan,  in  order  to  be  brought 
down  upon  the  forme  to  receive  theimpressi'Ui- 
Thc  blank  sheet  is  fitted  upon  the  tympan- 
sheet,  which  is  of  the  same  sizeas  thv  p:ij>er 
to  be  i>rinted,  and  forms  a  guide  for  plaiiiit; 
it.  The  blank  sheet  is  held  by  the  IriskeL. 
Tlie  inner  tympan  is  a  smaller  frame  coveivd 
with  canvas,  and  the  two  tympans  hold  the 
blanket  between  them. 

4.  A  framework  covered  with  some  twise 
material. 

"  In  my  present  in%'eDtioo  I  make  u§e  of  the  vibra- 
tions ({i^'*^u  to  a  dianbragin  or  tympmi  !>>'  sitKwkiiM; 
into  a  resonant  case.'  -~Timei,  March  2v,  1S»6. 

tympan-sheet,  s. 

Print. :  A  shi-et  of  paper  like  that  to  1« 
printed,  laid  on  the  tyinjan  as  a  guide  for 
position  in  placing  the  sheets  to  be  printed. 

tjhn'-pan-al,  a.  [Eng.  tympan;  all  The 
same  as  Tympanic  (q.v.). 

tym'-pan-i,  ?.  pL    [Tvmpano.] 

tym-pan'-ic,  a.  &  s.    [Eng.  tym}^an(mti):  -tr-l 

A,  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Like  a  drum  or  tynipatmtu  ; 
acting  tike  a  drum-head. 

2.  Amtt. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  coane^'ted 
with  the  tympanum. 

'■  The  ti/mpanic  bone  is  produced  upwards  and  out- 
wards and  forms  a  tube  with  everted  lipa."—l'rvitt. 
Atner.  Pkilos.  SucUty,  xiii.  2u5.    (IBTJ.) 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Aiuit  (PL):  The  l>ones  which  give  attaclt- 
ment  to  the  menibrann  tymj'kini  r»f  the  ear  or 
its  homologue  ;  the  tympanic  ring  and  audi- 
tory process  with  the  post -glenoid  part  of  ?1jc 
temporal  bone. 

tympanic -bones,  ^<.  pi 

Anat.  :  [Tvmfanic,  B;]. 

t3rmpanic-plate,  >*:. 

Anat. :  A  lamina,  the  surface  of  whicli 
forms  tlie  anterior  wall  of  the  external  audi- 
tory meatus  and  the  tympanum,  while  the 
posterior  one  looks  toward  the  glenoid  fossa. 
It  is  developed  from  the  outer  surface  of  the 
tympanic  ring. 

tympanic  ring.  5. 

Aiiat. :  An  imperfect  circle  in  the  foetus, 
open  superiorly,  and  enclosing  the  tymiiaiiic 
membrane. 

tym-pan-i'-te^,  .f.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  Tu/nrat^ 
t'rijc  {tunipaniti-s)  =  the  disease  defined  in  the 
article.] 

Pathol. :  Distension  of  the  parietes  of  the 
abdomen,  remaiinng  unohanged  under  differ- 
ent positions  of  the  body,  not  yielding  reaiHlr 
to  pressure,  and  when  llie  pressure  is  with- 
drawn, elastically  returning  to  its  former  state, 
while,  if  struck,  there  is  a  resonance  like  that 
of  a  drum.  The  distending  ineilium  is  air 
within  or  external  to  the  intestinal  canal. 
The  Greeks  and  Romans  considered  it  a  f»rni 
of  dropsy  ;  afterwards  it  became  distinguished 
as  dry  dropsy.  It  is  sometimes  one  symptom 
of  hysteria. 

t^m-pan-if~ic,  a.  [Eng.  fympanil(€s);  -ic.l 
Pertaifiing  or  relating  to  tympany  or  tympan- 
ites ;  aftected  with  tympany  or  tymiKinite.-i. 

"  Producing  a  tympanitic  Action  in  that  orgJiu."— 
Kiiifftlev  :  /tneenthoe.  ch,  xiL 

tym-pan-i'-ti8,  -'f.  [Gr.  Tvpinavov(tin»paw)n} 
=  a  kettle-drum  ;  suff.  -itis.] 

Pathol.:  Inflainmntion  of  the  lining  nreui- 
brane  of  the  tympanum. 


boU.  boy;  poUt,  jo^l;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9liin.  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,    tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun;  -tion.  -§ion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tioua,  -sious  -  shus.    -bic.  -die.  .Vc.  =  bel,  deL 


260 


tympanize— type 


•  ti^  -pan  ixe,  d.  A  (.    [O.  Fr.  tympaniser: 
lAt.   tyn'ij^inuo;  KjT,  rvfiwavi^ni  {(umjianixd).] 

ITVMrAMM.] 

A.  IntniM. ;  To  act  Iho  i*rt  of  a  drummer. 
(Coia.) 

B.  /"nifk*. ;  To  make  into  a  drum  ;  to  stretch 
Uic  skin  of,  as  i<n  a  dniiii. 

'*l(  tbl»  t>«  nut  to  twMWo  wuntler  m  Eur.  atoued 
M  Jervmy.  iu»Ip  a  ilnim  or  Igmpanitftl.  w  utber 
mtnU  «(  Owl  were .'— <M«y ;  tift  o*  0.  iJwrbtrt.  U.  3.  b. 

tfm-p^n-b  (I'l.  tihn*-pan-i),  'tim- 
pano. •;.     (Ital.)    iTvMi'ANVii.) 

>/'•.  .  A  kettlttlnim  (saiil  especially  of 
tin  krttU'Unnns  of  an  orchestra). 

tj^-pon-O-,  prV.     [TVUPANCM.] 

Aiuit.:  Of,  pertaiuiitg  to,  or  connected 
with  the  tyni|wnnm. 

tympano'tayal,  a.  &  5. 


A.  -Isd./v.  .-  Of  tir  pertaining  to  the  tym 


Used  in  the 


the   hyoid   Iiene. 
term,  rhe  tympano-hyol  bones. 

B.  A'i  mbit.  :  The  styloid  process  of  the 
tfuipoial  bone,  the  stjlo-hyals.    ^Flower.) 

tjhn  -  pUK  -  5pli'  -  or  -  a,  ^^  [Or.  rOfuravov 
{lutufiiuou)  =  a  kettle-drum,  and  <^opdc  (phor- 
(w)  =  bearing.! 

J'iilaobof.  :  A  cenus  of  Fossil  Ferns  from  the 
Lowvr  Oolite  of  Yorkshire.  Known  British 
speciis  two. 

tjhu-pa&-l&Ill,  3.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  ruinravov 
(tumjHt'non)  =  ft  dniiii,  a  roller,  area  of  a  pedi- 
ment, jMinel  of  a  door,  from  rvnavov  (tnpanon) 
=  a  drum,  from  Tvirrui  (tupto)  ~  to  strike.] 

I.  Ortl.  Ixtng.  :  A  drum,  a  framework 
covered  with  some  tense  material. 

II.  Tcchnkxilly : 

1.  Aiutt. :  The  drum,  miildle  ear,  or  middle 
chamber  of  the  ear ;  a  narrow,  irregular 
cavity  in  the  substance  of  the  temporal  bone, 
placed  between  the  inner  end  of  the  external 
auditory  canal  and  the  labyrinth.  Its  roof 
is  funned  by  a  thin  plat«  of  bone  situated  on 
the  upper  surface  of  the  petrous  bone,  its 
floor  is  a  narrow  space,  its  outer  wall  is 
formed  mainly  by  a  thin,  semitransparent 
nienil>raue  —  the  viembrana  tymjmni — which 
closes  the  inner  end  of  the  external  auditory 
meatus  ;  its  inner  wall  is  uneven,  its  anterior 
extremity  is  narrowed  by  the  gradual  descent 
of  till-  rnnf,  and  is  continued  into  the  Eusta- 
chian oritlce,  and  its  posterior  one  has  at  its 
upper  part  a  lar^'e,  and  several  small  openings 
leadnig  into  the  mastoid  cells.  The  tympan- 
um re'-eives  the  atmospheric  air  from  the 
pliarviix  through  the  E'.istauhian  tube,  and 
contains  a  chain  of  small  bones  by  means  of 
whirh  the  vibrations  communicated  from  with- 
out to  the  vietabrarift  tympani  are  In  part  con- 
veyed across  the  cavity  to  the  sentient  part 
of  the  internal  ear.    {Quain.) 

2.  Architecture : 

(1)  The  tvangular  panel  of  the  fastigium 
or  i)ediment  of  any  building,  comprehended  be- 
tween its  corona  and  that  of  the  entablatme. 


TYMPANUM. 
(/VCfWi  Doorway,  Eucndine.) 

(2)  Tlie  space  between  the  top  of  a  door 
and  tlie  an-h  enclosing  it. 

(3)  The  die  of  a  pediment. 

(4)  Tlie  panel  of  a  door. 

3.  Bot. :  The  same  as  Epiphragm  (q.v.). 

4.  Hydraul.  Engin.  t  An  ancient  form  of 
wheel  for  elevating  water.  Its  original  form 
was  like  that  of  a  drum,  whence  its  name.  It 
was  a  cylinder  \vith  railial  partitiunsand  small 
openings  in  the  periph-ry,  wliich  admitted  a 
certain  quantity  of  water  into  the  chambers 
thus  formed  as  those  portions  of  the  peri* 
pheiy  came  in  turn  to  be  submerged.  As  the 
wheel  revolved,  such  portions  of  water  were 


carried  up  and  llowed  along  the  partition 
toward  the  axis  an-und  wliich  the  water  was 
discharged,  being  elevated  toft  height  nearly 
equal  to  the  radius  of  the  wlieel.  The  wheel 
was  driven  by  tloatji  on  the  peripliery  or  side 
of  the  wheel,  or  by  means  of  animal  or  manual 
power,  and  had  several  niodillcations. 

5.  JtfrtcA. :  A  kind  of  hollow  tread-wheel. 
wherein  two  or  more  persons  walk,  in  order 
to  turn  it,  and  thus  give  motion  to  a  machine. 

6.  Music  :  A  hand-drum  or  tambourine,  but 
covered  with  parchment,  back  and  front.  It 
was  used  in  conjunction  with  various  kinds 
of  harps,  lyres,  and  pipes,  cymlials  of  metal, 
the  straight  brass  trumpet  and  curved  brass 
horn,  the  castanets  of  wood  and  metal. 

•'IrelMui  (sHith  one]  ust-N  the  Imrn  and  pipe,  wlileli 
he  caIIii  fympunum."—  hraylon  :  Poty-Olbiun.  b.  fl, 

tym- pan -y,  '  tym- pan -le,  s.    [Fr.  tym- 
;>(( /lie,  "from    Gr.    tvm""«'''«s    [tumpanias)  =  a 
kind  of  dropsy  in  which  the  belly  is  stretched 
tight  like  a  drum.] 
1.  Lit  :  The  same  as  Tympanites  (q.v.). 

"80  that  as  ill  ft  tympany  their  very  (jreatneas  was 
their dl!»eftse."—/'nH<?r;  H'orfAttr*;  Cambridgeshire. 

•  2.  Fig. :  Intlatiou,  conceit,  bombast,  tur- 
gid ity. 

"  111  the  llrst  leaf  ol  my  defence,  I  fore-told  yon  so 
much  :  us  finding  nothiiit;  in  th;it  swollen  bulk,  but  a 
meer  unsound  tumfxtnie.  instead  of  a  truly  aoUii  cou- 
cei>tlvu:'—Bp.  ilall:  .\  Short  Answer.    (Pref.) 

Tjn-dfix'-i-dse,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  =  the  sons  of 
Tyndarus  ;  Gr.  Tui'fidpeos  {Tundareos),  *Tvv- 
6apo^  (Tnndaros).     See  def.] 

1.  Ch'ss.  Mythol.  :  Castor  and  Pollux,  the 
sons  of  Tyndarus,  king  of  Lacedajtnou  and 
husband  of  Leda. 

2.  Meteor:  One  of  the  names  given  to  two 
meteors  or  balls  adhering  to  the  rigging  of  a 
ship  during  certain  states  of  the  weather. 
More  generally  called  Castor  and  Pollux. 

*  tyne,  v.t.    [Tine,  v.] 
"tyne  (I),  s.    [Tine,  5,] 

*  tyne  (2),  s.    [Teen.]    Anxiety,  pain,  sorrow. 
"  ty'-n^,  a.    [Tiny.] 

*  typ'-al,  rt.  [Eog.  typ(e) ;  -ah]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to'  a  type  ;  constituting  or  serving  as  a 
type  ;  typical. 

type,  *  tipe,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  iypuvi,  accus. 
of  fypus  =  a  tigure,  an  image,  a  type,  from  Gr. 
TVTTos  (tupos)  =  a.  blow,  a  mark,  a  figure,  a 
type,  a  character  of  a  disease,  from  tutttw 
(hipto)  =  to  strike,  to  beat ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  Hpo.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Distinguishing  mark,  or  stamp ;  sign, 
emblem,  characteristic. 

"  Thy  father  bears  the  ti/pe  of  king  of  Naplea.'' 
Shaketp.  :  3  Menry  I'/.,  i.  4. 

2.  An  allegorical  or  symbolical  representa- 
tion of  some  object  (called  the  antitype) ;  a 
symbol,  a  sign,  an  emblem.    [II.  6.] 

"  Informing  them  hj-  ti/pes 
And  shadows  of  that  destined  sired  to  bruise 
The  ser|ient.  by  what  means  he  shall  achieve 
Miinkiud'a  deliverance."        Milton  :  P.  L.,  xii.  232. 

3.  An  example  or  specimen  of  any  class 
which  is  considered  as  eminently  possessing 
or  exhibiting  the  properties  or  character  of 
the  class ;  the  ideal  representation  of  a  group 
combining  its  essential  characteristics ;  a 
general  form  or  structure  pervading  a  number 
of  individuals.  (Used  especially  in  natural 
science.) 

i.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  5. 

"  He  who  wishes  to  trace  the  art  in  its  gradual  pro- 
gresa,  from  the  wooden  and  immoveable  letter  to  the 
moveable  aiid  metal  type,  and  to  the  completion  of 
the  whole  contrivance,  will  receive  satisfactory  infor- 
mation from  the  auuals  of  the  elaborate  Muttaire." — 
Knox :  Essay  13a. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Art: 

(1)  The  original  conception  in  art  which 
becomes  the  subject  of  a  copy. 

(2)  The  design  on  the  face  of  a  medal  or 
coin. 

2.  Biology: 

(1)  A  common  plan  to  which  rertain  groups 
of  animals  conform  ;  hence,  often  used  as 
equivalent  to  sub-kingdom,  or  the  first  great 
division  of  a  sub-kingdom.  To  Lamarck  is 
due  the  credit  of  a  great  advance  in  general 
niorphology,  by  pointing  out  that  niannnals, 
Viirds,  reptiles,  and  tishes  possess  one  essen- 
tial in  common — a  spinal  column  interposed 
between  a  cerebro-spinal  and  a  visceral  ea\ity, 


which  is  absent  in  all  other  animals.  Hence, 
he  classed  tlie  foi  nier  as  Vertebrata  and  the 
latter  as  Invertebrata.  The  labours  of  other 
naturalists  soon  established  the  fact  that  the 
Invertebrata  did  not  conform  to  oiu-  common 
plan  or  type  ;  and  in  1795  Cuvier  showed  that 
at  fewest  three  morphological  types,  as  dis- 
tinct from  each  other  as  they  are  from  the 
Vertebrata,  existed  among  the  Invertebrata: 
Mollusca,  Articulata,  and  Radiata.  Von  Baer, 
some  years  later,  came  to  the  same  conclusion 
on  embryological  grounds.     [Zooloov.] 

■■  Even  the  hiatnn  between  the  Vertebrata  and  the 
Invertebrata  la  ji^irtly,  jf  not  wholly,  bridged  over; 
and  though  aiuoiiK  tlie  Invertebrata  there  la  no  diffi- 
culty in  distingiii-Tiiny  tlie  more  cuuiplt-tely  ditferen- 
tiated  representativen  of  such  ?.v/>cs  ur  cuinmuii  plana 
as  those  of  tliP  Authropodii,  the  Annelida,  the  Mi.l- 
luHca.  the  Tujiicata.  tlie  Echiuoderuiata.  the  Cceleii- 
teratn,  ajid  the  Poiifeni..  yet  every  year  brings  forth 
fre«h  evidence  to  tlie  eU'cct  tliat  just  as  the  plan  of 
the  plnut  is  not  absolutely  disthict  from  that  of  the 
(uittual,  so  that  of  the  Vettebrate  has  its  tpoints  of 
community  with  certain  of  the  Invertebrates;  that 
the  Ai-thropod.  the  Mollusk,  and  the  Ecliinoderm 
plans  are  united  by  that  of  the  lower  worms,  and  that 
the  plan  of  the  iVitter  Is  separated  by  no  very  greiit 
differences  from  that  of  the  Ca'lenterate  and  that  of 
the  aponge."— II iLxlei, :  Atiat.  Invert.  Aiiim.,  i>[).  49,  50. 

(2)  A  typical  representative.  (Applied  to 
an  individual,  a  sjiecies,  a  genus,  a  sub- 
family, or  a  family  having  the  characteristics 
of  the  group  under  which  it  is  immediately 
comprised. 

"The  ti/pe  of  a  genus  should  be  the  species  which 
best  exhibits  the  chanicterH  of  the  grouii.  I>ut  it  is  not 
always  easy  to  follow  out  tliis  rule:  and  consequently 
the  first  ou  the  list  is  often  nut  forward  as  the  type." 
^Woodward:  Mollutca  (ed.  Tate),  p.  49. 

3.  Cliem. :  The  type-theory  assigns  the  con- 
stitution of  compounds  to  certain  simple 
bodies  such  as  hydrogen,  water,  ammonia, 
and  marsh  gas,  CH4,  and  i»rooeeds  on  the 
assumption  that  the  hydrogen  of  the  type 
substance  is  replaced  by  the  element  or  coin- 
pound  radical  entering  into  combination  witli 
it.     In  thi-s  view  the  alcohols  may  be  regarded 

as  belonging  to  the  water  type,  j^  -0,  and  to 


be  formed  by  the  substitution  of  H  in 


O 


by  the  alcohol  radical— e.g.,  ethvlic  alcohol  is 

H    ) 
represented  as  C^g^  [  O.     In  like  mauuej*  the 

whole  series  of  amines  and  amides  may  be 
referred  to  tlie  ammonia  type,  in  which  one 
or  more  atoms  of  H  are  replaced  by  radicals. 
Triethyl  amine  may  thus  be  regarded  as  being 
ammonia,  in  which'all  the  hydrogen  is  replaced 

C2H5) 
by  ethyl  =  C0H5  -  N.  Oxamide  agaiu  is  shown 

cr.Hj  j 

with  a  divalent  radical  replacing  two  atoms 
of  hydrogen  in  a  double  molecule  of  ammonia- 


oxamide  =    -, 


C2O2"  ) 


H4    )■ 


No.    The  type-theory  was 


systematized  by  Gerhardt  some  years  ago, 
but  it  is  now  largely  superseded  by  the  use 
of  formulie  representing  a  more  accurate  ac- 
quaintance with  the  internal  constitution  of 
cheniieal  compounds. 

4,  Pathol.  :  The  order  in  which  the  symp- 
toms of  a  disease  succeed  eacli  otlier.  The  type 
may  be  continued,  intermittent,  or  remittent. 

5.  Printing: 

(1)  A  i}arallelo]iipedon  or  square  prism  with 
a  raised  letter  on  the  upper  end,  used  in  priut- 
ing.    [Printing.] 

(2)  Types  collectively;  the  quantity  of 
types  used  in  printing.  Types  must  be  of  a 
uniform  height,  and  i)erfectly  trtie  in  their 
angles,  otherwise  they  could  not  be  locked  up 
in  a  forme  (q.v.).  The  parts  of  a  type  are 
known  as  body,  face,  shoulder,  nick,  groove, 
and  feet.  The  tine  lines  at  the  top  and  bottoni 
of  a  letter  are  called  serifs;  the  parts  of  the 
face  of  some  letters,  such  as  j  and  k,  which 
project  over  the  body,  are  called  kerns.  Type 
is  distinguished  by  names  indicating  the  size 
of  the  body  and  the  consequent  number  which 
will  go  in  a  given  space  ;  by  the  different  sizes 
or  styles  of  face  on  a  given  body ;  by  the  case, 
as  upper  or  lower,  caps  or  small  letter ;  by 
peculiar  style  or  ornamental  characteristic. 

(n)  As  to  size  :  Semi-nonpareil,  brilliant, 
gem,  diamond,  pearl,  ruby,  nonpareil,  emerald, 
minion,  brevier,  bouigcoise,  long  primer,  small 
pica,  pica,  English,  great  primer,  canon,  &c. 
[See  these  words.] 

(b)  As  to  face  :  Full,  heavy  or  fat,  light, 
condensed,  elongated,  compressed. 

(c)  As  to  case  :  Caps  or  upper  case;  small 
letters,  or  lower  case. 

(d)  As  to  style  :  Roman,  Italic,  black  letter, 
script,  German  text.  Gothic,  antique,  sans 
serif,  old  style,  hair  line,  Arc. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;    we,  wet»  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woU;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


type— typhlonus 


201 


A  fount  ><v  font  is  a  complete  ns.s(»rtiiioiit  of 
any  trivtii  kiml  of  type,  llie  nunibor  of  tach 
letU'v  iK'iiig  in  proportion  to  the  fiequence  of 
its  occurrence  in  printed  matter,  thus  : 


.  4,000 
.  6,000 
.  14."H»0 

.    3.i>00 
2.0tW 


C.0OO 

i> 

,  8.000 

U  . 

.  4.600 

9,000 

.  2,4'W 

V   . 

.  1.500 

POO 

600 

w  , 

.  7,000 

X  . 

5.0*) 

M  - 

.  8,0)0 

y  . 

8.000 

t 

.  10, 000 

z  . 

A  complete  fount,  of  type,  including  rouian 
nnd  italic,  with  capitals,  tigures,  points,  and 
signs,  consists  of  -I'lG  dift'erenC  characters. 

6.  Theol. :  An  object,  nifice,  institution,  in- 
dividual, or  action  by  which  Christ,  his  life, 
death,  atoning  saorificc,  was  pretigured.   [Ty- 

POLoiiV.] 

H  Fur  the  difference  between  fj/pc  ^\vX  figure 
sue  Fii.;i'RE. 

IF  hi  type :  Set  up.  ready  for  printing ; 
having  all  the  types  duly  arranj;ed  so  that  an 
impression  can  be  taken  when  desired. 

type-block,  s.  A  block  having  upon  it 
rai.si.'d  Siyiin*-^  icpresentiug  letters  or  numbers. 

type-casting»  ?.     TIi?    same   as  Tvpe- 

type-casting  and  setting  machine, 

s.  One  uhiuU  makes  its  type  from  matrices, 
and  sets  them  in  a  row,  or  iu  galley,  as  the 
letter-kevs  of  the  niaelune  are  manipulated  in 
theonl'-iof  th-coi'V. 

type -composing  machine,  5.    [Tvpe- 

SETI'lNi;    MAi  HINE.] 

type-dressing  machine,  s.  A  machine 

forming  a  >ub»titutt  fur  the  usual  mode, 
which  "is  to  rub  the  tyj'e  by  hand  upon  the 
plane  surface  of  a  stone,  using  as  an  auxiliary 
a  scraper  or  file. 

type-founder,  j^.  One  who  casts  or 
manulactuies  tyi)es. 

type-founding,  ^^  The  act,  art,  or  prac- 
tice of  c:i>.tin>c  or  manufacturing  movable 
metallic  typ'-s  U-v  use  by  printers. 

type-foundry,  type-foundery,  s.    A 

plac-  whrir  typcfe  are  niauufaetured. 

type-gauge,  s.  A  stick  or  rule  having 
ni'i'u  its  >i(Us  or  edges  the  measure  of  the 
variou.s  sizes  oi  type,  so  as  to  readily  indicate 
the  number  of  lines  liy  laying  it  alongside  a 
column  of  matter  or  i)roor,  or  the  ems  in  a 
line  by  placing  it  along  the  line. 

type-high,  a.  Of  the  height  or  length 
of  printed  tvpe  =  \k  of  an  inch. 

type-metal,  s.  a  white  alloy  for  casting 
type,  coiiipi'sed  of  lead,  antimony,  and  tin. 
Large  type  has  the  largest  proportion  of  lead  ; 
small  type  has  more  antimony  to  render  it 
harder  and  enable  it  to  resist  wear.  Type  is 
sometimes  faced  with  copper  or  with  nickel, 
to  render  it  more  d^n■able.  The  nickel  has  the 
additional  advantagi?  uf'not  actiug  on  or  being 
atlectcd  by  the  chemicals  iu  the  ink. 

"Tji/ie-metat  (ia)  the  alloy  of  lead  ^ud  nntimouy  used 
in  cjt-stiiii'  iiriiiter's  types,  the  u»ij.il  iiiupoitious  being 
one  iiiirt  oi  aiitiuioiiy  to  three  of  lead,  nut  a  superior 
and  li.ii'der  kind  of  typi^  is  sometimes  made  by  alloy- 
iiit;  two  ]>Aii8  oi  lead  rtitli  one  of  antiuiouy  and  one  of 
till.  Botli  tliese  alloys  tivke  a  sharp  impression  from 
the  mould  or  mtitiix,  owing  t<i  their  expansion  on 
solidit) cation,  and  they  are  hard  enough  to  stand  the 
work  of  the  press,  witliont  being  brittle  or  liable  to 
fracture."— firdit'itf  4  Cqx. 

type-setter,  s. 

1,  One  wlio  sets  up  type  ;  a  compositor. 

2.  A  tvpo-setting  or  composing  machine 
(q.v.). 

type-setting,  s.  The  act  or  process  of 
setting  up  or  arranging  types  in  the  com- 
posing-stick, ready  to  be  printed  from. 

Type-setting  markiiic  :  A  composing-machiue 
for  type.  There  are  several  varieties  of 
niacJiincs  for  this  purpose.  Ordinarily,  they 
liave  separate  grooves,  receptacles,  or  galleys 
for  each  sort,  and  the  mechanical  arrange- 
ment is  such  that  on  touching  a  key,  ar- 
ranged with  others  like  the  key-board  of  a 
piano,  the  end  type  uf  a  row  is  displaced,  and 
is  conducted  in  a  channel  or  by  a  tape  to  a 
tomposing-stick,  where  the  types  are  arranged 
in  regular  order  in  a  line  of  indefinite  length, 
and  from  whence  they  are  removed  in  succes- 
sive portions  to  a  justifying-stick,  in  which 
they  are  spaced  out  to  the  proper  length  of 
line  requiied. 

Type  sclting  tdegraph  :  A  form  of  telegraph 
in  wliich  the  ineswage  at  the  receiving  end  is 


set  up  in  type.  The  title  is  also  held  to 
mean,  but  does  not  correctly  dellne,  the  in- 
strument in  which  certain  letters  are  made 
to  deliver  an  impression  in  consecution,  and 
so  spell  out  the  message. 

type-wheel,  .s.  a  disk  having  raised 
letters  units  i»eriphery,  employed  for  printing 
or  stamping,  and  in  some  forms  of  telegraph. 

type-writer,  .s\ 

1.  A  mechanical  contrivance  for  super- 
seding the  use  of  the  pen,  and  by  which 
letters  are  produced  by  the  impression  uf 
inked  types.  Type-wi-iters  are  of  various 
kinds,  but  all  are  furnished  with  (1)  a  move- 
ment for  bringing  the  type  to  a  comn.on 
Ijrinting  point  ;  (li)  a  contrivance  for  inking 
the  type  ;  (3)  a  movement  for  impressing  the 
type  on  the  paper ;  and  (4)  a  contrivance  fnr 
spacing  woi'ds  and  linos.  The  type-writeis 
ordinarily  iu  use  are  about  the  size  of  a 
sewing-machine,  and  are  worked  by  means  of 
keys,  each  communicating  with  a  lever  ter 
miiiating  iu  a  sort  iif  transverse  bar  or  crutch 
head  which  carries  a  type  on  each  extremity. 
By  means  of  two  keys  at  opposite  ends  of  the 
board  the  paper  carrier  is  moved  backwards 
ur  forwards,  so  that  in  one  position  it  receives 
a  blow  from  one  end  of  the  transverse  bar, 
and  in  the  other  position  from  the  second  end. 
In  an  older  and  simpler  form  of  type-writer 
each  key  governs  a  lever  furnished  with  a 
single  character,  instead  of  one  at  each  end. 
The  types  are  inked  by  means  of  an  inking- 
ribbon,  placed  directly  over  the  point  where 
all  the  types  strike  the  paper ;  it  is  made  to 
move  a  slight  distauce  every  time  a  key  is 
struck,  so  that  every  type  touches  it  in  a 
fresh  place.  The  work  produced  by  a  type- 
writer is  as  legible  and  nearly  as  uniform  as 
ordinary  printing,  and  the  average  speed  of  a 
good  operator  is  from  fifty  to  seventy  words  a 
minute. 

"  For  the  copj^iag  of  plays,  parts." and  prompt-books, 
the  type-ioriter  is  now  fust  stipei-aediug  the  jrtu  of  the 
old  dramatic  copyist." — Daily  Xews,  Feb.  7,  1387. 

2.  A  person  who  uses  or  operates  a  type- 
writing machine. 

"  Women  seem,  as  a  rule,  she  tells  us,  to  m.%ke  less 
efficient  telegraphei'sand  tyue-aetters  thnn  men;  but 
they  hold  their  own  with  them  as  stenographers, and 
beat  them  altogether  as  type-mr iters  ana  "dry-gooda 
clerks."'— S?.  Jamet's  Gazette,  Dec.  22,  1887. 

type-writing,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  subst.  :  The  act  or  art  of  producing 

letters  and  words  with  a  type-writer;  the 
work  done  with  a  type-writer. 

"  All  kinds  of  documents  copied  in  type-writing- 
Good  (vpe-xoritino  is  easy  to  read." — Xotca  &  Queries, 
Nov.  I'J,  1837.     (Advt.) 

B,  -4s  adj.  :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  produced 
by  means  of  a  type- writer  (q.v.). 

"  Tins  kind  of  work  will  be  especially  cultivated  in 
association  with  other  branches  of  the  type-writing 
art."— Daily  News,  Feb.  7,  1B37. 

type-written,  a.  Produced  or  copied 
by  means  of  a  type-writer  (q.v.). 

'■  statements  of  claim  type-written  in  best  style." 
AtheniBum,  Dec.  3.,  1887.     (Advt.) 

"type,  v.t.     [Type,  s.] 

1.  To  exhibit  or  represent  by  a  type  or 
symbol  beforehand  ;  to  pretSgure. 

"  He  ratified  ceremonialand  positive  laws,  in  resnect 
of  their  s|>iritital  use  and  siimitl cation,  aud  by  f ultiuiug 
all  things  typed  aud  prefigured  by  tbem." —  White. 

2.  Tu  exhibit  an  example  or  copy  of;  to 
represent,  to  typify. 

3-  To  reproduce  by  means  of  a  type-writer 
(q.v.). 

"  M3S.  carefully  typed  by  experienced  coijyists  at 
I5il-  [ler  1,000  woida.— .Voles  £  Queries,  Oct.  3'J,  198ii. 
(AdvtJ. 

t  typh,  s.    [Typhus.]    (See  compound.) 
t  typh-fever,  s. 

Pathol. :  A  term  proposed  by  Dr.  T.  K. 
Chambers  furany  \'ariety  oftyphus-fever(q.v.). 

t  typh-poison,  s.    [Typhine.] 

ty'-pha,  s.     [Lat.  typJia  ;  Gr.  ni^ij  (tuphe)=  a 
cat's  t'ail.     See  def.] 

Bot. :  Reedmace,  Cat's  tail,  'or  Bulrush. 
Spikes  cylindrical,  perianth  consisting  only 
of  hairs,  stamens  monadelphous,  anthers 
somewhat  wedge  -  shaped,  ovaries  stalked, 
fruit  minute,  seed  cylindrical,  testa  striate. 
Known  species  six  or  eight,  from  temperate 
and  tropical  countries.  Two  are  British.  T. 
Jati/olia,  the  Great,  and  T.  angiistifoUa,  the 
Lesser  Reedmace.  The  first  is  tliree  to  six 
feet  high,  with  very  long  leaves,  sometimes 
nearly  an  inch  broad.     The  spikes  are  very 


long:  the  sterile  and  f<-rtiK'  ones  continuous. 
It  is  f'lunil  im  tlie  bordei's  of  ponds  and  lakes, 
tlowering  in  July  autl  August.  The  second  i* 
a  smaller  plant  with  narrower  leaves.  The 
sterile  and  fertile  spikes  are  at  a  little  di.s- 
tanee  from  each  otiier.  Both  species  are  widely 
spread  o\er  the  world.  Iu  India  the  typiias 
are  used  for  mat-making  and  stutllng  chaii-s, 
and  the  tibre  of  7'.  a>tgit.'>ti/'jlM  has  been  tried 
sni-ccs.-ifully  for  mper  -  manufacture.  Ele- 
pliants  are  fond  ot  an  Indian  species,  T.  *»/*•- 
}>lt<tntin<i,  whence  the  name,  and  its  roots  bind 
the  soil.  In  Kuioi>e  the  pollen  of  the  Typhas 
is  .sumctimes  used  like  that  of  Lycopodmm  in 
the  manufacture  of  fireworks.  Mixed  with 
water  it  foiius  a  kind  of  bread  eaten  in  Scinde, 
Western  Australia,  and  Xew  Zealand.  The 
rhiznmes  abnund  in  starch,  and  are  used  in 
Kaslimir  as  food.  They  are  somewhat  astrirj- 
gi'iit  and  diuretic,  and  arc  given  iu  Eastern 
Asia  iu  dysentery,  gouorrhuea,  and  the 
measles.  The  down  of  the  ripe  fruit  lias 
lieen  applit^d  in  India,  like  medicated  cotton- 
wuol,  tu  ulcers  and  wounds. 

ty-pha'-ge-ae,  s.  J)?.  [Mod.  Lat.  typh^a); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -acea'.] 

Bnt, :  Typhads  or  Bulrushes  ;  au  order  of 
Endogens,  alliance  Arales.  Herbaceous  plants 
growing  iu  marshes  or  ditches.  Rootstoek 
creei>iiig,  stem  without  nodes,  leaves  rigid, 
ensiforni,  with  parallel  veins,  spatbe  none. 
Flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes  or  heads,  mono?- 
cious,  the  males  uppermost ;  sepals  reduced 
to  three  or  more  scales,  or  even  to  a  bundle 
of  hairs  ;  corolla  none.  Males  :  stamens  three 
or  six ;  tilaments  long,  sometimes  monadelph- 
ous. Females:  styles  short;  stigmas  simple  ; 
ovary  one-  rarely  two-celled  ;  fruit  dry,  in- 
dehiscent,  one-celled,  one-seeded,  made  an- 
gular by  mutual  pressure.  They  are  found 
chiefly  in  tlie  northern  hemisphere  and  the 
tenipeiati-  jiaits.  Known  genera  two,  Tyjiba 
and  .Spargaiiitim  (q.v.),  si)ecies  thirteen  (lAuil- 
ley),  twelve  (.Sir  ./.  Hooker). 

ty'-phad,  s.    [Lat.  (f/p/(('0 ;  Eng.  suff.  -at/.] 
Bot.  (PL):  The  Typhacea\     (Lindley.) 

typh'-i-a,  s.    [Typhus.] 

Pathol  :  Typhoid  fever  (q.v.). 

typh'-ine,  s.     [Eng.  typh(ns);  -vie.] 

Med. :  Aterm  proposed  liy  Dr.  William  Farr 
for  the  special  zymotic  principle  by  which  he 
considered  tyjdius  fever  was  propagated. 

ty-phin'-i-a,    s.      [Mod.    Lat.,   from    typhus 
(q.v.)]. 
Pathol. :  Relapsing  fever. 

*  typh' -is,  s.  [Gr.  rOifio?  (tuphos)  =  smoke.} 
Zool.  &  Pala-ont. :  A  genus  of  Muricidte,  with_ 
nine  species,  from  the  Mediterranean,  West' 
Africa,  Cape,  India,  and  Western  America,  to 
a  depth  of  fifty  fathoms.  Shell  like  Murex, 
but  with  tubular  spines  between  the  varices, 
of  which  the  last  is  open,  and  occupied  by 
tlie  excurreut  canal.  Fossil  species  eight, 
from  the  Eocene  onward. 

typh-lich'-thys,  s.    [Gr.  ruitAos  (tupMos)  = 

blind,  and  tx&v<;  {khthus)^  a  lish.] 

Irhihy.  :  A  name  given  to  lliuse  individuals 
of  the  genus  Amblyopsis  (q.v.),  in  which  the 
ventral  tins  are  absent. 

typh-li'-na,  5.    [Typhline.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Typlilopid-.t,  with  one 
species,  Typhlma  lincatn,  from  Java,  Sumatra, 
and  Peiiang.  Snout  covered  with  large  shields ; 
lower  jaw  without  teetli. 

typh~li'-ne,  s.  [Gr.  ru^At'to-js  c(<ti?  (tvphlinei 
ophis)  —  a  kind  of  snake,  resembling  the 
blindworm.] 

Zool.:  A  genus  of  Typhlopid*,  with  one 
species,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

typh-li'-tis,  s.  [Gr.  to  tu</»A(oi')  (to  tuphl(o7i) 
=  the  Ciccum  ;  sntf.  -itis.] 

Pathcl. :  Infiammation  of  the  CEPcum,  witn 
l>ain  and  tenderness  iu  tlie  right  iliac  fossa, 
constipation,  sometimes  going  on  to  iierfora- 
tion,  producing  perityphlitis. 

tj^h' -  Id  -  nus,  s.  [Gr.  Tv<i>X6^  (t\iphtos)  = 
blind,  and  oi-os  (07105)=  a  sea-lish  mentioned 
by  Aristotle.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Ophidiidte.  Head  large, 
compressed,  most  of  the  bones  cartilaginous; 
eye  not  visible  externally  ;  scales  thin,  small, 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo\vl;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xonophon.  exist,    ph  =  1 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  —  bel,  del. 


'J.C'1 


typhlophthalmes—typifler 


dfcidu-nH;  villlfunii  t4*«'tli  in  jnws.  on  vomer 
aiitl  jwlatiuf  Umics.  A  iUv|V!ieu  hsli.  of  wliich 
only  lw.>  HpecinuMiH  are  known,  fnun  ii  depth 
of  iiion-  than  2,000  fdthonis  in  the  Weatern 
rucili'*. 
*  typh-16ph-th&l  -me^  «.  pi  (Mod.  I^t., 
fi.'iiiiir.  Tf^Ao<  (P./'Af(w)  =  blind,  ami  o^ffoA- 
*.oi  {i-i>filhiilin'«)=  th.*  t'ye.) 

Zo'>l. :  An  i>M  jimup  of  Scimidie.  with  two 
Itff-nera,  Oilumuit  au<l  Typhliiio  (tj-v.).  They 
JIT  now  niorv  iji-niTally  nmjifd  un-Kr  Tyj'h- 
'.Ml-iilif  t«j.v.). 

t9pli-16p -I-dSB.  •tSh?h-l6ps-I-daD,  >.  /  ^ 
1M<mI.   Lat.  (yj)A/oiu;  Lat.  feiu.  pi.  ailj.  »uri. 

/->!,:  Blind  Bum>wing  Snakes ;  a  fjnnily 
i>f  Innttcuons  .Snakes,  in  some  c lass iti cations 
tU'ViUtfl  to  a  sub-order,  with  two  (,'roups. 
Cato«lontes  (having  t«'eth  only  in  the  lower 
jaw)  and  Ei>anodontes  (with  teeth  only  in 
the  upiHT  jaw).  There  are  four  genera,  with 
seventy  siM-eif-s,  distrihuted  in  tmpical  Jind 
Mil^-tropiral  regions.  Bitdy  long,  cylindrieul, 
vtrmifonn,  and  rigid ;  vestiges  of  liind- 
limlw  present  in  the  shaiK-  of  rod-like  hon<'S  ; 
ryes  present,  but  small,  and  oivered  by  the 
more  or  less  tr.in8|mrent  ocular  and  jire- 
MCUlnrshleUU  ;  scah'S  smooth,  imliric-ated  alike 
ttn  baek  and  belly.  This  family  contains 
forms  which  are  most  remote  from  the  true 
OpJiidian  type,  and  which,  in  older  rlassilica- 
tions,  formed  the  group  TyphlophthaluKs 
(q.v.)L  They  live  under  ground,  their  rigiil 
body  and  short  eurved  tail  Ijeing  iulaj)ted  for 
burrowing.  After  rain  they  occiisioiially  ap- 
]»ear  above  ground,  and  then  they  are  very 
agile  in  their  serpentine  movetiieiits.  The 
vye,  which  is  scarcely  visible  in  many  species, 
can  give  to  them  only  a  vjigue  ami  indistinrt 
l»ereeption  of  light.  They  are  oviparous,  and 
f.td  iin  worms  and  small  insects,  'i'he  tongue 
i-i  forked,  and,  as  in  other  snakes,  frequently 
iXM-rtcd. 

typh'-lops,  >■.  (Gr.  TiN(>Ads  (tuphlos)  =  blind, 
and  6^^  (->;'')  =  the  eye.] 

Z<-foL :  The  typical  genus  of  Typhlopidie 
(q.v.),  with  over  sixty  species,  having  api)roxi- 
mately  the  range  of  the  family.  Body  long. 
^lender,  cylindrical ;  head  depressed,  rounded  ; 
tail  short,  rounded  at  the  extremity,  and 
avim.d  with  a  spine  ;  scales  small. 

typh-lo- 89111' -CUS.  >-.  \Gv.  Tv4,\6%  (tuphlos) 
—  blind,  and  il"d.  Lat.  s*-iHe((»- (q.v.).] 

ZooL:  A  genus  of  Acontiada:,  with  on^ 
jipecies  from  Teniate.  It  is  closely  akin  to 
Ae'>ntiji(q.v.). 

ty -phoid,  ".  [Gr.  Ti'-(f}o^  ((u;i/tos)  =  sni'ike, 
cl  >u.l,  stiipoi".  arising  from  fever ;  c'Sos  {fldos) 
=  resemblance.)  [Typhus.  1  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling  typhus  (q.v,). 

^  Often  used  substantively  =  Typhoid- 
f.-VHr(q.v.). 

typhoid-fever,  s. 

}'<uh"l.  :  A  kind  of  continue*!  fever  which 
"is  known  by  many  names.  It  was  called 
"typhoid"  and  "abdominal  typhus"  from 
its  supiK)sed  resemblance  to  typhus  oi-  gaol 
fever.  It  is  often  known  as  "  low  fever  "  and 
"  slow  fever,"  from  its  duration ;  and  as 
"autumnal"  or  *'  fall"  fever,  from  the  time  nf 
the  year  at  which  it  is  most  prevalent.  The 
term  "enteric  fever"  was  applied  to  it  from 
the  fact  that  the  intestines  are  always  attacked 
in  this  disorder;  but  "gastric  fever"  is  a  mis- 
)ioiner,  for  there  is  never  any  organic  disease 
of  the  stomach.  Typhoid  fever  results  from 
the  introduction  of  a  si)ecitic  poison  into  the 
system,  and  is  said  to  be  due  to  the  develop- 
ment of  a  specific  bacillus.  It  is  not  con- 
tagious, and  the  X'Oison  appears  to  be  com- 
municable only  from  the  discharges.  The 
diffusion  of  the  disease  is  generally  due  to  the 
excrement  of  some  patient  tinding  its  way 
into  the  drains,  and  thence  into  wells,  or 
into  streams  or  rivers,  the  water  of  which 
is  used  for  drinking  purposes.  Hence  it  is  of 
the  highest  ini|)Oitance  that  the  excreta  of 
patients  suffering  from  typhoid  should  be 
thoroughly  disinfected,  and,  if  possible,  buried 
at  some  distance  from  any  dwelling-house; 
but,  as  in  large  towns  this  latter  precaution 
IS  impossible,  disinfectants  must  be  liberally 
used.  In  places  where  the  supply  of  water  is 
fromwells,alldrinking-water  should  be  boiled, 
and  it  is  a  wise  precuition  during  an  epidemic 
to  have  the  milk  scaldeij,  as  the  j>revalence  of 
typhoid  in  London  in  Iii73  was  clearly  traced 


to  the  contamination  of  the  milk  by  the 
excreta  of  a  man  who  had  died  of  lyph.d.l  nn 
a  milk-farm.  Tlie  iH'riod  of  iTicuIuitiou  usually 
extends  over  two  weeks,  being  preceded  by  loss 
of  apiittite,  languor,  headache,  dizziness,  and 
bleeding  from  the  nose  in  many  cases.  From 
the  tenth  to  the  twelfth  day  the  rash  usually 
apivars.  It  is  verv  slight,  ami,  tniless  eare  is 
taken,  may  be  entiivly  overhioked.  The  spots 
are  ruse -coloured,  about  the  size  ofa  pin's  head, 
disapiK'arIng  on  pressure,  but  reappearing  as 
soon  a-s  the  pivssure  is  removed.  The  patient 
suffers  from  debility  and  diarrluea,  and  there 
is  dulness  over  the  ivgion  of  the  spleen,  which 
is  eidarged.  The  stools  are  of  a  pea-soup 
colotu',  and  the  sjiecial  lesion  oljserved  is  en- 
largement of  and  fh'posit  in  Peyer's  glands 
and  tlie  minute  solitary  glands  of  the  smaller, 
and  sometiniea  of  the  large  intestine.  Some- 
times tlie  mental  cimdition  is  irritable,  with 
illusions  and  hallucinatiMiis,  and  patientsspeak 
in  a  hmd  voice  and  g.sticul.-ite  wildly.  In  the 
third  week  the  syi  ti't^ms  emitiime  with  un- 
diminished vigour,  and  somctinu'S  iuerease  in 
intensity,  with  stupor  to  such  a  degi-ee  tliat 
great  difticulty  is  experienced  in  rousing  the 
]iatient.  In  favourable  oases,  in  the  fnurtli 
week  there  is  a  change  for  the  better;  the 
temperature  falls,  the  symptoms  are  alleviated, 
the  sleep  becomes  more  natural,  the  motions 
tirmer  and  'less  frequent,  and  the  appetite 
.slowly  returns.  After  the  thirtieth  day,  in 
the  majority  of  cases,  no  m'>re  spots  appear, 
the  fever  is  at  an  end,  and  the  patient  passes 
slowly  into  a  stage  of  convalescence.  In 
typhoid  fever  relapses  are  common,  and  dan- 
gerous complications,  especially  of  the  lungs, 
may  ensue.  If  the  ulceration  of  the  intes- 
tines proceeds  so  far  that  they  are  perforated, 
death  almost  invariably  follows,  and  in  all 
cases  tlie  mortality  is  high.  The  main  chance 
of  recovery  depends  on  careful  nursing,  under 
the  direction  of  a  skilled  medical  man.  The 
cliief  treatment  consists  in  reducing  the  tem- 
peiature,  usually  by  large  doses  of  quinine. 
The  fever  produces  intense  thirst,  and  plenty 
of  tluid  should  be  given.  From  the  ulcerated 
statd  of  the  bowels,  solid  food  must  be  strictly 
avoided,  beef-tea,  mutton  broth,  arrowroot, 
milk,  and  eggs  being  the  best  forms  of  nourish- 
]nent.  Stimulants  are  rarely  needed  in  the 
early  stiges  of  the  disease,  but  may  be  used 
with  advantage,  under  medical  direction,  if 
the  heuifs  action  is  weak  and  the  pulse  inter- 
nnttent.     [Tvphi'w.) 

ty-pho-ma'-ni-a,  .';.  [Gr.  TU(f)os  (ti>]}ho^)  = 
typhus,  and  ^LavCa  {mania)  =  madness.J 

Pathol. :  The  low  muttering  deliriu;n  wliich 
accompanies  typhoid-lever. 

ty-pho'-ni-iina,  s.  [Gr.  tu</hiui'io?  (tuphvnio^) 
=  of  or  belonging  to  Typhon,  fatuous.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Dracuncnlete,  closely  akin 
to  Arum,  but  with  a  single  erect  ovule  in  the 
ovary,  and  a  more  sharply  pointed  spadix. 
The  very  acrid  roots  of  Tifphnninm  oi-ixi')}se, 
a  native  of  Eastern  Asia,  are  used  in  India  as 
poultices. 

ty-phoon',  •ty'-phon.  5.  [Chin.  tal-f<niff  = 
great  wind.  The  spelling  has  been  influenced 
by  comikirison  with  Gr.  tv^mv  {tiip]idn)=  a 
whirlwind.] 

Meteor. :  The  name  given  to  a  type  of  storm 
common  on  the  coast  of  Tonquiu  and  China 
as  far  north  as  Ningpo  and  the  south-east 
coast  of  Japan.  Typhoons  lesemble  the 
storms  of  Western  Europe  in  their  general 
characteristics,    but   they  are  often  accom- 

fianied  by  a  high  wave,  which,  advancing  iii- 
and,  causes  great  destruction  of  life  and 
properfy.  Typhoons  occur  fmm  Jlay  to  No- 
vember, but  are  most  frequent  in  July,  August, 
and  September.    (See  extract.) 

"The  chief  poiuts  of  difference  between  the  hiiril- 
cities  mill  infthaotts  of  the  tri>pic3  nmi  tbe  eycloiies  of 
higher  latitudes  are  these  :—Tioi)ic.il  cyclones  are  i>l 
BmnUer  ditneiisions,  show  steeper  Kin mietricgrtidieiits 
and  therefore  ntroncer  winds,  and  advance  at  a  >t]i>wci' 
ifite  over  the  earth's  snrface.  Another  jmint  of  .lirtVi- 
eiice  is  that  n  l.^ive  number  of  the  lMitTic:tue.>i  uf  the 
West  Indies  and  the  typhonns  ni  Eitateiii  Asia  firat 
pursue  a  westerly  coni-se.  which  ^i-adually  becomes 
uoith-westerly.  and  on  aiTiving  at  about  lat.  no"  they 
recurve.  Hud  thei-eafteriiursue  a  coui-ae  to  iiurth-ea^t- 
w ards. "— A'/ictfc.  Brit.  (eil.  ath),  xvL  155. 

ty'-phous,  ((.  [TvPHus.]  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  typhus  (q.v.). 

ty'-phiis,  5.   [Gr.  Tu*os(fHp7i(w).]   [T\thoid.J 

Pathol. :  Typhus-fever  ;  a  contagious  fever, 

which  occurs  mainly  in  temperate  and  cold 

climates,  and  often  rages  as  an  epidemic.     It 

is  also  known  as  ''spntted,"  "epidemic,"  or 


"contagious"  fever,  and  was  formerly  called 
"camp  "  or  "gaid  "  fever,  from  its  prevalence 
in  camps  and  prisons.  It  is  most  prevalent 
amongst  females  and  ynung  people,  but  the 
iiigliest  late  of  mortality  from  the  disease 
occurs  amongst  adult  males.  The  contjigion 
is  communicated  thr<mghtheair,  and  probably 
proceeds  from  the  breath,  which  has  a  peculiar 
foul  smell.  It  is  not  communicated  from  the 
clothes  or  excreta,  and  consequently,  Yry  pro- 
jierly  isolating  the  patient,  the  spread  of  the 
fever  may  be  prevented.  The  peiiod  of  incu- 
bation is  supposetl  to  range  from  a  few  lioura 
to  several  days.  The  earliest  symptoms  are 
lieaviness  and  listlessne«s,  with  a  confusicju  of 
ideas,  which  afterwards  develops  int«  de- 
lirium; an  eruption  of  round,  dark,  red  dish - 
brown  spots  then  makes  its  appearance,  the 
temperature  is  high,  the  pulse  very  rapid,  and 
the  patient  suffers  from  extreme  weakness. 
The  condition  of  tlie  bowels  varies  in  different 
patients,  for  there  may  be  either  diarrluea  or 
constipation.  The  duration  of  an  uncompli- 
cated case  of  typhus  varies  from  twelve  to 
twenty-one  days.  The  graitest  ilanger  is 
usually  cUiring  the  secoml  week  of  the  illness, 
death  seldom  ensuing  before  the  seventh  <iay. 
Tlie  treatment  of  tyidius  consists  in  })lacing 
the  patient  under  the  best  possible  hygienic 
conditions,  keeping  up  the  strengtii  with  beef- 
tea,  mutton-broth,  milk,  eggs,  arrowroot,  &c., 
ami  in  alleviating  the  most  prominent  and 
iiistressing  symptoms,  such  as  relieving  thirst, 
by  the  free  administration  cf  cooling  drinks, 
controlling  sleeplessness,  headache,  and  deli- 
rium by  small  doses  of  opium,  keeping  the 
bowels  open  by  mild  laxatives,  &c.  Stinui- 
lants  should  not  be  given  to  children,  and 
many  adults  do  well  without  them,  but 
alcohol  may  be  advantageously  used  in  the 
case  of  old  persons,  or  where  the  patient  has 
been  accustomed  to  the  free  use  of  stimulants. 
When  recovery  takes  place,  it  is  generally 
very  rapid,  a  great  change  in  the  condition  of 
the  patient  olten  occurring  in  twenty-four  or 
forty-eight  hours.  The  only  complication  at 
all  common  is  a  form  of  pneumonia. 

typhus-fever,  --.    [  i'vrni's.i 

*  typbus-lct erodes,  s. 

}-itth-jL  :  yellow-lcvcr(q.v.). 

ttyp'-ic,  *typ'-Ick,a.  [Gv.  TVTnK6q(tupikos) 
=  typical,  trum  tutto?  (/itpos)  =:a  type  (q.v.); 
Lat.  tijpuus;  Sp.  &  lUil.  tipico ;  Fr.  tlpiquc] 

1.  Typical,  figurative. 

"Si>  luudly  and  harmoniously,  tosether  with  Moses's 
typkk  shades.  utt«r  those  woixis-ii  the  naptist's.  Be- 
hold the  Lamb  of  God  tliat  taketh  invay  the  sins  of 
the  w Olid  :  '—Boi/le :   Works,  ii.  27s. 

2.  Embodying  the  characters  ofa  group. 

■■  Heres  Smith  aire. 
Th;it  I'm  the  tyiA, 

£.  U.  Browning:  jiuror-t  Leigh,  ix. 

typic-fever,  s. 

i'afliol. :  A  fever  which  conforms  to  a  i»ar- 
ticular  type;  a  fever  which  is  regular  in  its 
attacks  as  opposed  to  one  which  is  eri'atic  in 
its  course. 

typ-ic  al,  ft.    [Tvpic] 
I.  ihdiiuiry.l.aiigtiage : 

1.  {'!eii.):  Of  or  pertiining  to  a  tyjw  ;  hav- 
ing tlie  nature  of  a  type. 

"  MathematicU  knowledge  was  at  that  time  nut 
merely  the  typical  example  of  deductive  reasoning. " — 
l.fiUe  Stephen:  Engltsh  Thouylu  in  the  t'ighteenth 
Century  (18T6|,  i.  2a. 

2.  Si-*cc.:  Typifying,  figurative,  emblematic, 
prefiguring. 

"Indeed  the  Mosaic  law  w.ifl  intended  for  a  single 
people  only,  who  were  to  be  shut  in.  as  it  were,  from 
the  rest  of  the  world,  by  a  fence  of  legal  rites  and 
tyfiviU  cciemonies."— .■l«e>'6it;-^ ;  ti«nHons,  vul.  i., 
ser.  4. 

II.  -Vnt  Science:  Embodying  the  characters 
of  a  group  :  as,  a  typlatl  family,  genus,  or 
species. 

typ'-lC-al-ly-,  (uh\  (Eng.  tijpiad;  -ly.]  In  a 
typical  manner;  by  way  of  image,  type,  or 
symbol. 

■'[Cluistl  still  is  figured,  there  moi-e  obscurely,  here 
more  cie-arly,  but  yet  still  more  ty/nraJli/,  or  in  Hgure." 
—Bjj.  Taylor:  Diss,  from  Popery,  pt  ii.,  bk.  ii..  §  a. 

typ'-ic-al-ness,  s.  [Eng.  typical;  -ness.\ 
'Ihe  quality  or  state  of  being  typical. 

typ-i-fl-ca-tion,  s.  [Eng.  typify;  -cation.] 
Tlie  act  of  typifying. 

tSoi'-l-fi-er,  s.  [Eng.  typify;  -er.]  One  who 
typifies. 

"A  modem  typ'ifier.  who  deals  only  in  similitudes 
aud  torrespondeuces."—  Warburton  :   IKuz-Aj,  xi,  luS. 


J&te,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  ciir,  rule,  fiiu ;  try,  Syrian.     £e.  oe  -  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  -  Uw. 


typify— tyrant 


2G3^ 


t^'-i-fy,  o.t.     [Eu'^.tyt^;  -fy.] 

1.  Ti)  niprescntbyau  iimiijo,  einblem,'mo(lcl, 
or  resemblance. 

"Our  Saviour,  who  wna  tupifitd  by  tlte  tfont  th»t 
Vila  BliiiH.  ■— firoiT'W.    Vulgar  Ermtn.  bk.  ii.,  cli.  v. 

2.  To  exemplify,  to  tyi>e. 

•'  Thftt  (set  expresses,  preflgiirss.  m-  typ'tjir*  ftiiotlier 
fuel  <i(  i\  liiirherainl  iimre  importaut  uftture.*— H'lifc-r- 
htftd      Works,  i>i.  t. 

ty  po,  c^.  {See  ilef.]  A  contraction  of  typo- 
*>:ralilier  (m-v.);  a  compositor. 

'  fy -p6  co^-my, "  ty-po-cos-mie,  s.  [Gr. 

Tvwos  (ff(/'(M)=  type,  ami  kdctmo?  (//osmas)  = 
rhc  wurlfi.)  A  represpntatiou  or  description 
.>f  the  world. 

"Sumr  luxjks  of  t^pocosi'tf/  n.xe  nothing  bnt  a  iidis.-* 
i>(  wonls  i.f  jtil  iirtn.   to   give   >iien    L-oimteuaiice. '— 

ty  p6g'-ra-pher,  ft-.  ['Eng.  ttjpograjiliiy) ;  •<>:] 
A  I'l'inter.* 

■  Die  re  ia  A  very  aiicieut  eilition  of  this  work 
[,Iii'ntniif.ii''<  Iiistitiitesl  without  il.ite.  i.lin;e.  or  ff//-t, 
rtr.iphtr.'  —  fytirt.iii:  llmt.  EifilUh  I'o-^tru  :  AMiti-ju^. 
J.,  18i<. 

ty  p»-graph'  ic,  typo  graph  ic-al,  ". 

jEiig.  t!ipuijniph{u);  -t.;,  -icaL] 

*  1.  Emblematic,  figurative,  typical. 

i.  Pertaiiung  or  relating  to  typography,  or 

tlif  ait  of  printing. 

"The  oiieration  of  that  providential  ilisoovery,  tlie 
t,^iui'jriiphi:al  Art." — Knux :  W inter EcenitKjs,  even.  3-i. 

typographic-beetle,  j:. 

li'LtoJii.  :  Toulci'-s  tiipofjraphus.     [ToMicus.] 

ty-po-gr&ph'-ic-gl-ly,  i^Vc.  [Eng.  fy/m- 
in<iphfal ;  -ly.] 

'  1.  By  means  of  a  ty^>e  or  emblem;  typi- 
<'a]ly,  ciublomaticiilly. 

2.  I^"  means  of  tyjies  ;  after  the  manner  of 
a  prinlfi-. 

ty-pog'-rai-phy,  s.  {Gw  tvttos  (^»/io.^)=a 
lype,   and    Ypd^w   ((/rajj/io)  =  to  wiite ;    Fr. 

S.jiivfjyaphie.] 

'  1.  Typical,  figurative,  or  emblematical  re- 
lupscntation. 

"Those  dimiiiative  and  pamphlet  treatises  dailv 
published  amongst  us,  nre  pieces  cuntaiuiug  I'atliei' 
tiipogrufhy  than  verity."— flrowxie  :  ViiUjiir  Srrours, 
Ilk.  ii..ch.  V. 

2.  Tlie  art  i.'f  printing;  the  art  or  opei-ation 
of  impressing  letters  and  words  on  paper  by 
means  of  types. 

■'  In  his  ignorant  exultitiou,  he  ordered  these  tracts 
ti-  be  printed  with  theutnmst  ijomp  of  tj/iwyrapfii/." 
—  Mu'xmUii/  :  Hist.  Kng.,  ch.  vi. 

^  ty'-p6-lite,  s.  [Gr.  tuitos  ((cyio.*)  =  a  mark, 
niid  Aiflo?  =  a  stone.]  An  old  name  for  a  stone 
nr  tussil  which  has  on  it  impressions  or  tigures 
u-^entbling  plants  or  animals. 

'  ty-pol'-O-gy,  s.   IGr.  TUTTOs  {tnpo<)  =  a  type  ; 

suft.  -'>UmJ>!.\ 

1,  A  discourse  on  types,  especially  those  of 
^i-ripture. 

2.  Tlie  doctrine  of  types.  A  department  of 
Iheohigy  which  investigates  Scripture  types, 
;ind  the  jninciples  applicable  to  their  inter- 
2)retation.  ]t  starts  from  the  position  that 
"tlie  leading  truths  of  revealed  religion  were 
the  same  under  tlie  Patriarchal,  the  Jewisli, 
jiiid  the  Christian  dispensations.  These  truths 
were,  however,  revealed  to  the  earlier  wor- 
shippers more  or  less  obscurely,  being  ex- 
pressed by  symbols,  instead  of  stated  directly 
in  words.  Each  type  employed  had  a  twofold 
meaning  and  purpose— it  was  a  symbol  of 
some  religious  truth  and  predictive  of  the 
jtntitype,  Christ.    [Sacrifice,  II.  4.] 

t  ty-po-thcr'-i-um,  ?.  [Or.  tuttos  itupos)  =  a 
type,  and  6i](iiov  (th(:rwii)=  a  wild  beast.] 

Ptilaront. :  Another  name  for  the  genus  Mes- 
utheriumOi.v.). 

■  tyr'-an,  i\t.  [Tvran,  s.]  To  act  the  tyrant ; 
to  tyrannize  over. 

"  What,  glorie  or  what  puenlou  hast  tUou  found 
In  feeble  Ituiies  tyraitning  so  sure?" 

Spvnscr:  F,  Q..  IV.  vU.  1. 

*  tyr'-an,  "  tyr'-anne,  s.  k  a.  [O.  Fr.  (ira», 

luaiit\  tyiauy  tyrant  (Fr.  tyrnu),  from  Lat. 
fyrufiftuf/i,  accus.  of  tyrannus  =  a  tyrant,  from 
Gr.  rvpaw<K  (turuuiios)  =  a  lord,  an  absolute 
juouareh,  a  tyrant,  an  usurper :  root  uncer- 
tain ;  Sp.  tiraiio ;  Port,  tyraiio ;  Ital.  tiranno.} 
XTyrant.) 

A.  As  subst. :  A  tyrant. 

"  Lordly  love  is  such  a  fyrimie  fell." 

fipviiter :  .'i/iepUniirds  Calender ;  October. 


B.  Asnilj.:  Tyrannical  Oi.v.) 

•'  Ho  U  the  turatt  plkv.  our  liearts  tbefry." 

I>—iiif  :   rnrm$.  p.  ¥\ 

"tyranqueller,  •  tyranne-queller, 

s.     A  tyrannicide. 

■■Mitriii..dlus  ;iu.i  .\riHt<)Kitoii  Inul  been  tyranne- 
gitcllt:is."—Ctliil:  AfM>/tft.  vf  Knwmu,  p.  I'J'J. 

'  tyr'-an-ess,  ■■■.  [Mid.  Eng.  (ymH  =a  tyrant ; 
'csi.\  *A  teniale  tyrant. 

"  A  terrible  little  tartiiuivss." 

Mtuaittgur  :  lU-negado,  v   ::. 

ty-ran-nic-^  ■  ty-rin -nxc,  ".     [Fr. 

*.(/'«"""/'"',  fl"bl    I.at.   tynriinir/i.'i  :    Ur.  TVpai- 

i-Kto?  (^^rau(^t/v"UJ^)  =  pertaining  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  a  tyrant;  Sp.  (irontco;  Ital.  tinut- 
iiico.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  a  ty- 
rant; suiting  a  tyraut ;  desiiotic,  cruel,  arbi- 
trary. 

"They  blame  Lewes  the  xi,  for  bringinu;  the  ;idnii- 
nistration  royal!  of  Fnuuoe,  from  tht  lawiuU  ;i(nl 
i-e^iilate  migne.  to  the  alwolute  and  funumhal  \<^i\\t^\- 
itiiii  t'nuenimeut."— .'iiiufA/  CommnnwcaUh.  bk.  \..-\>. 
vii. 

2.  Acting  like  a  lyi-ant;  arbitrary,  cruel, 
despotic,  imperious. 

"1  Tymut]  by  the  .intient  Greeks,  wna  applied  to  all 
kings,  as  well  the  in^t  :iiid  merciful,  na  the  cruel,  and 
whom  we  now  call  turannieal."— Putter :  AnthiuUies, 
bk.il..  cli.  xii. 

ty-ran'-nic-al-ly,  adc  [Eng.  tyrannical : 
■fy.]  In  a  tyrunnieal,  despotic,  cruel,  or  arbi- 
trary manner  ;  like  a  tyrant;  with  unjust  or 
arbitrary  exercise  of  power. 

'■  Brutus  being  chosen  Consul  of  Rome  .  .  .  chased 
out  of  the  city  T^rquiuiua  Superbus,  who  reignwl 
ty,:imiii:uUy:—P.  Holland      Plutarch,  p.  7«. 

ty-ran'-nic-al-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tyroutnLol: 
-ne.^s.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tyrannical ; 
tyrannical  disposition  or  i)ractice. 

t  ty-ran-ni^-^i'-dal,  o.  [Eng.  tyianni'idi-) : 
■cL]  reitaining  or  relating  to  tyrannicide,  or 
to  one  who  kills  a  tyrant. 

•■  Its  blossom  sheathed  the  sheer  tyrannicUlal  swoid." 
A.  C.  Sicinburne :  Atlnnit. 

ty-rifcU'-Ili-cide,  ■'*.  [Lat.  tyrannicUHumz^ 
the  killing'of  a  tyrant;  tyraunicida^  t^^]^; 
who  kills  a  tyrant,  from  tyrannus  =  &  tyiani, 
and  i^ntlo  (in  compos,  -cido)  =  to  kill;  I'r. 
tyrannicide.] 

1.  The  act  of  killing  a  tyrant. 

•'  Ti/yiunik-ith;  or  the  iissassi nation  of  usurpers  and 
opprts^ivr-  iniinc^,  wita  highly  extolled  lu  aucient 
times.   ~ II mill' :  Priin-iplvS  of  Morals,  S  -■ 

2.  One  who  kills  a  tyrant. 

'"The  adulatoiy  verses  made  in  commemoration  of 
these  illustrious  tymnnicuiifs."  —  Cumberland :  Ob- 
server, No.  49. 

ty-rin'-ni-dse,  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.  tyrannous); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suit',  -t/ic-.) 

Ornitli. :  Tyrant- birds,  Tyrant  Shrikes ;  a 
family  of  Passerine  Birds,  fnrmerly  made  a 
sub-family  of  Muscicapidic.  Bill  long,  broad 
and  Hat  at  base,  sides  compressed  to  tip, 
which  is  booked ;  nostrils  hidden  by  plumes 
and  bristles  ;  wings  long  and  pointed  ;  tail 
nnxlerate ;  tarsi  broadly  scaled ;  outer  toe 
longer  than  inner,  united  to  ndddle  at  base  ; 
claws  short  and  sliarp.  They  form  an  ex- 
tensive and  ehuracteristic  American  family, 
ranging  over  the  whole  continent,  from  Pata- 
gonia to  the  arctic  regions,  and  are  found  in 
the  chief  American  islands.  Five  sub-families 
are  reckoned :  Conophagina*,  Tieniopterinte, 
Platyrhynchinre,  Ejaineniie,  and  Tyrannime, 
embracing  altogether  seventy-one  genera  and 
more  than  300  species. 

ty-ran-ni'-nw, «.  pi.  (Mod.  Lat.  tyrann(us); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suH".  -Imr.] 

Ornithology : 

■  I.  A  sub-tanuly  of  MuscieajiidiC,  equivalent 
to  tin*  nioiiern  Tyrannidif  (q.v.). 

2.  Tlie  typical  sub-family  of  Tyrannidsv, 
with  seventeen  genei-aand  eighty-nine  species, 
having  the  range  of  the  family. 

"  tyr' -  an  -  lung,  o.  [Mid.  Eng.  tyran  =  n 
tyrant';  -Imj.]    Tyrannizing,  tyrannical. 

•  ty-ran'-ni-ous,  a.    [Tvbaxnous.] 

*ty-ran'-m-OUS-ly,  adi\  [Eng.  tyron- 
nious\  -ly.]    Tyrannic^THy. 

"  Manasses  then  his  wife  ^«>uhl  not  controule 
Tyranniontly."  Uudton:  Judith,  iv.  22J. 

*  tyr'-an-nise,  s.  [Tvraxnize.]  Tyranny, 
oppression. 

"  So  th.it  there  be  no  tyrannise. 
I       Whereof  that  he  his  i>eople  greue." 

tivwer  :  C,  A.,  viii. 


'  tyr'-an-nish, '  tyr-an  nisBho,  o.   [Mid. 

Kng.  tyaa  =.n  tyiaiil  ;  ■.'!.!     Like  a  tyraut; 
tviannieal. 


tyr'-an-nize,  i\i.  &.  '.     [Fr.  tyranniser,  from 

Lilt.' t>in in liUo,  from  (ir.  Tupavvi^w  (dnan/i/jo) 
—  to  Like  the  jMirt  '>f  .i  tyrant,  to  act  as  a 
tyntnt ;  Sp.  tiranizur;  Ilal.  timnnizare.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  act  the  tyrant ;  U)  exercise 
tyrannical,  arbitrary,  oi  despotic  power;  to 
ride  with  unjust  and  opprenMive  aeverity  ;  to 
iicl  arliif lariiy,  dcsi>olicaIly,  imi»eriously,  or 
Willi  nnneeessary  severity. 

"  M>  poor  heart  knows  only  how  to  love. 
And,  tludiiig  this,  you  fyrunuUa  the  more." 

lirytien  :  1  Com/utoe  of  aranuda.  iv. 

*  B.  Tiiins.:  To  oveiTule  by  tyranny;  to 
tyrannize  over  ;  to  oj)press. 

tyr'-an-noiis,  rt.  [Mid. Eng.  (i/r«H  =  a  tyrant; 
■oifs']  Tyrannical,  arbitrary,  severe,  despotic, 
cruel,  oppressive. 

"  Tb'  opprcssiiin  of  a  fyrantwus  control 
l';.n  tiii>l  iii>  wiinant  there."  Cowper:  Tutk.  vl.  <55. 

tyr'-an-nous-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  tyrannous ;  -ly.] 
In  a  tyrannous  manner;  lyrannicaUy,  cruelly, 
oppressively  ;  like  a  tyrant. 

"Trapiie  the  simple  innocenl-i,  ami  shed  their  blode 
fyrannoutly.'—Joye:  Kxpos.  of  Danivl,  ch.  vii. 

ty-rlin'-nus,  s.  [Lat.  =  a  tyrant  (q.v.).J 
Oraifh. :  The  type-genus  of  Tyranniuic,  with 
eleven  species,  ranging  over  all  tropical  sub- 
regions  and  the  United  States  to  Canada. 
Bill  witli  long  bristles  at  base  ;  nostrils  small 
and  rounded ;  wings  sharjdy  pointed ;  Lul 
slightly  forked  ;  tarsi  -lender. 

tyr'-an-ny.*tir-an-nye.  'tyran-nie,  . 

[Ki  .*/'/""""•'.  from   Lat.   innmnia,  from  Gr, 
Tvpavvio.   (ftiia(i(ti«)  =  .suvcrcign   sway,   from 
Tvpavvos    {ttirannoa)  ■=■  a.    I.yrant   (q-v.);    Sp. 
tirania;  Itah  tirannia;  Port,  tyiaunia.] 
"  1.  Absolute  power  *»:■  sovereignty. 

"  He  died  in  the  same  diiy  on  which  Dionysiua 
.-isHUUied  the  tyranny."— DuiuiltUou  :  Theatre  a/  tha 
iirevkt,  p.  135. 

2.  Arbitrary  or  despotic  cxefLlse  of  power; 
cruel,  arbitrary,  or  o]iprcssivc  government  or 
discipline. 

"Every  wanton  and  causeless  restraint  of  the  will 
of  the  subject,  whether  prnctiHed  by  a  monarch,  a 
nobility,  or  a  popular  ii-ssembly,  is  a  degree  of  tyranny.'' 
—tilackttone :  Cotnmvnt.,  hit.  i.,  cli.  I. 

*  3.  Severity,  rig<.'ur,  inclemency, 

"Thefyranityo'  the  ojwu  night's  too  rough 
■      For  uature  to  endure.'"  fPmke-^ii. :  Lear.  iii.  4. 

*  i.  Cruelty,  harshness,  severity. 


auakcsfi. :  Alfa  Welt.  i.  1. 

tyr'-ant,  -  tir-ant,  ■  tir  aunt,  s.    [O.  Fr. 

tlrah,  tiiant,  tyraUt  tijrant  (with  excrescent 
f),  from  Lat.  tyranmun,  accus.  of  tyritiinii.t, 
from  Gr.  rvpai/cos  {tmunaos),  a  word  Ilrst 
used  by  Archilochus,  about  B.C.  700.  For  the 
excrescent  (,  of.  p<:itsant,  phensitut^  &c.j 
[TvR.ANi  s.] 

1,  Ordinary  Langtiay-:: 

"  I.  Orig.,  one  who  usu.pcd  the  chief  power 
without  the  consent  of  the  i>eople,  or  at  the 
expense  of  the  existing  government;  a 
usurper ;  an  absolute  ruler.  Such  a  ruler 
was  not  necessarily  oppressive  or  arbitrary ; 
(For  the  change  in  meaning  cK  despot.) 

"A  tyrant  tbey  name  hjiu.  who  by  force  coinmeth 
t<)  tlie  moii;irchy  ag.iinst  the  will  of  the  |ieO|iIe.'— 
.•ymith:  Coinmnuwcttllh.  bk,  l,,  ch.  vii. 

2.  A  monarch  or  other  rnler,  who  uses  his 
jiower  to  oppress  tliose  under  him ;  an  arbi- 
trary or  despotic  rnler;  vim  who  imposes 
burtlens  and  hardships  on  those  lunler  liis 
enntrol  without  tlie  autliority  of  law  <u-  the 
necessities  of  government  ;  a  cruel  loid  or 
master;  an  pppressor,  a  despot. 

n.  Ornith.:  Any  individual  of  the  family 
Tyrannidse  (q.v.). 

"The  land  birds  comprise  a  dove,  a  tyrant,  and  a 
greenlet. "— .<i/i«/nEUH(,  Nov.  M,  Htb7.  p.  7I7. 
«[   Thirty  Tyrants:  [Thikt-.j. 

tyrant-bird,  tyrant- shrike,  ^. 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  Tyrannidie  (q.v.);  often  restricted  to  the 
genus  Tyrannus  (q.v.X  but,  ^vheii  ustid  with 
the  delinite  article,  conlincd  ti>  Tyiunnui  in* 
trfpidns.  [KiNiiBiKi).]  The  ]u)pular  name  ha.s 
refereuce  to  the  resemblance  of  the  Tyian- 
nidic  to  the  true  Shrikes  in  outward  ap^M-ar- 
anee  and  general  habits,  ami  to  their  licrco 
and  bold  dispositM)n,  especially  during  the 
breeding  season,   when   tlio  males,   in  their 


boU.  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9011,  chorus.  9hin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a§;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.      mg, 
-cian,  -tiaa  =  shou.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shiis.    -ble,    die,  v  < .  -    bel,  CcL 


204 


tyrftnt— uberty 


■r 


in*  f»r  their  iitat^s,  attack  withuut 
M-ii    jiuy    lulruJcr   tlial  vvutui\i«* 

tyrant -shrllM,  >.    [Tyrant-bird.] 
»iit,  [IviuNx  «.J    To  act  or  x»l»y 


_     ,  I  fthelr  Ci  Aiid 

Ml'  *<  t'l  triit  nii'l  tmrttiit  II  111  th«lr  rMp<M.-tiv«  wlij- 
iM<uli«.  —r>t-'Ur.    tforthUii  BueiinffhamiSIr*. 

tyre  (U,  ».  (Nntlve  name.)  A  |>re^»aratiou  of 
ituik  ixiiA  rice  uiieU  by  the  East  Indiaus. 

•tyre  V2\  s.    (Tire  (3),  5.] 

'  tyro.  '-.t.    |TiRi!(l).  v.] 

ty  rod  -ite,  5.  [After  the  Island  of  Tyree 
or  Tvrie,  Scothtiid,  where  found  ;  sufl".  -ite 
<.Vn.'.).] 

A/in.;  A  i»ow»Ur  obtained  from  the  pink 
ninrblo  of  Tyree,  Scotland.  It  was  found  by 
Ilcd.ilo  to  Ik*  c.>mp.>Sfd  of  sesiiuioxide  of 
iron.  3S"-*J  ;  altmiina,  S*23  ;  protoxide  of  iron, 
aiii ;  pi-t>tuxide  of  manganese,  0"30;  ninj^'- 
nesiii,  L'Vi-iM;  lime,  2-21  ;  water,  12'47  ;  i>hos- 
phonc  add,  4-71:  silici,  1 '02  =  100*35.     As 

Iwinted  out  by  £.  S.  Dana,  uo  name  should 
lave  been  given  to  such  a  mixtn.e. 

Tyr  -l-an,  n.  &  $.    (Lat.  Tyruvs.] 

A.  A-<  'I'lj^ctivc : 

1.  rertjiining  or  Iwlonging  to  ancient  Tyre. 

2.  Uelnjf  of  n  purple  colour. 

B,  .•(,*  fuhst. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Tyr.-. 

■  Tyrian-cynosure.  5. 

Aslr-'ii.  :   Lisa  .^llln»l■. 

"  Anil  thou  iltRlt  \>t  uiir  aUr  of  Amdy, 
Or  Twriau  cini-^wre.'  Milton  :  Comtu,  34S. 

Tyrlan- purple,  s.  A  celebrated  pnrplc 
dvc  fiini'Mly  pixj-aied  at  Tyre  from  sliell-lish. 

(MiUKX,    rCHI'lHA.] 

tjn*  -ite,  .<.  [After  the  Norwegian  God  of 
W.ii.  Tyr;  sutf.  -i>(.Ut».)-] 

Mill.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  pyramidal 
cryiitals,  embedded  in  orthoclase,  but  im- 
planted on  black  mica,  at  localities  near  Ham- 
pemyr,  Arendal,  Norway.  Hardness,  0*5 ; 
8p.  (ir.  b'l'i  to  5"jt5.  Compos.  :  esseutiuUy  a 
culumbate  of  yttrium,  cerium,  and  iron.  Is 
ri'ferred  by  most  mineralogists  to  Ferguson- 
ite^'l.V.). 

tyr-6,  s.  [Prop,  tii-o,  from  Lat.  /iro  =  arecruit, 
u  novice,  a  tiro  ;  root  doubtful.]  A  beginner 
in  learning ;  one  who  is  engaged  in  learning, 
or  who  lias  only  mastered  the  rudiments  of 
any  branch  of  knowledge ;  a  novice. 


Where  tyroi  tnkc  llielr  frreOum  out  lu  kill." 
Garth  :  JJitpei 


'.ry. 


*  tyr -0-9111  -i-um,  *  tyr  -o-9in-y,  s.    [Lat, 

/I ,-^,■,^  Mf  =  the  State  of  a  tym,  from  Lat. 
f.i  ^  '  •■■]  The  state  or  Condition  of  being 
1   *.         '.: inner,  or  novice;  novitiate,   ap- 

(u. :,:,    -liip.    [Tirocinium.] 

tyr  -  6  -  glyph  -  fiS,  s.  (Gr.  Tupd?  ituros)  = 
cheese,  and  yAv^u)  (;/?»p?iO)  =  to  hollow.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Acaridae,  separated  from 
the  original  genus  Acarus  (q.v.),  to  include 
tlie  riieese-mites.    [Cheese-mite.] 

Tyr  -O'le^e,  a.  k  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  -li  iidj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Tyrol ;  as,  a  Tyrok^e  air. 

B.  Ai  suhst.  (Si>\g.  or  PI.) :  A  native  of  the 
Tvr<d ;  the  people  of  the  Tyrol. 

Ty-ro-li-enne.  s.    [Fr.) 

Mn<iu  :  A  ^uiig  accompanied  with  dancing ; 
a  ]io|iular  Tyrolese  song  or  melody,  especially 
one  in  which  rapid  alternation"  in  melodic 
progressions  of  the  natural  and  falsetto  voice 
J8  introducetl. 

ty-ro'-llte,  s.  [After  Tyrol,  Austria,  where 
first  found;  suff.  -ite  (Min,) ;  Ger.  tiroUt, 
ktip/erfikaum.] 

Min, :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occuiring 
in  radiatin^r  gnmps  of  thin  plates,  also  mas- 
sive. Hardness,  1-0  to  2"0;  sp.  gr.  8-02  to 
3-09S  ;  lustre  on  cleavage  faces  pearly  ;  colour, 
im}ti  apple-  and  verdiyr  is -green,  sometimes  in- 
clining t.>  blue  ;  translucent  to  sub-translu- 
cent ;  sectile.  Compos.  :  arsenic  aeid,  29"2  ; 
prni.jxide  of  copper,  50-3;  water,  20-5=  100, 
with  Uie  resulting  formula,  5CuOAsO£  -f  '.»H( ) ; 
the  analysis,  however,  showed  13*6.j  per  cent. 


of  carbonate  of  lime,  which  Chureh  ha-J  latrly 
shown  is  prolNibly  pie.ient  as  an  essential  con- 
htituent,  and  not  as  an  impurity.  If  this 
view  bu  sutftained,  the  formula  will  nce«l 
modillcation.  ^ 

•tyr' -one,  «.  [Lat.  tironem,  accua.  of  tiro 
=  a  tyritOt.v.).]    A  tyro. 

•tyr-6n-i^m,  s.    [Eug,  tyroji(€) ; -ism.]    The 

.Stat'*  of  l.rnig  a  tyro, 
tyr-o-sine,  s.     [Gr.  rvpos  ((ui-os)  =  cheese  ; 
■  int  {Chem.).] 

1.  Chein. :  ChHuNOs.  A  crystalline  nitro- 
genous body  discovered  by  Liebig,  obtained 
by  deeomiX)*8ing  albuminous  substances  such 
as  casein.  Jcc,  by  caustic  pot^isb.  It  forms 
stellate  groups  of  long  slender  needles,  having 
a  silky  lustre,  .soluble  in  boiling  water  and  in 
alcohol,  insoluble  in  etlicr. 

2.  ruthol. :  Tyrosine  is  often  fuuud  in  the 
urine  during  acute  atrophy  of  the  liver. 

Ty-s6n,  s.  [Dr.  Edward  Tyson  (1G49-170S), 
F.K.S.,  an  able  comjiarative  anatomist,  dis- 
coverer of  the  glands.]    (See  compound.) 

Tyson's  glands,  s.  pi. 

Aii'ii.:  Numerous  sebaceous  glands  round 
tin-  crrrix  jh'.nis  and  corona  ghindis.  Called 
also  Uhinduliii  odorifcrce.    (Quai)i.) 

ty-sdn-ite,  s.  [After  S.  T.  Tyson  ;  suff.  -ite 
(.l/.n.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  forming  the  central  por- 
tion of  certain  hexagonal  crystals;  the  e.'cterior 
uf  which  consists  almost  entirely  of  bastn.^- 
site  (the  ban  artite  of  Nordeuskiold),  which 
has  been  derived  by  alteration  from  tysonite. 
Hardness.  4-5  to  5 ;  sp.  gr.  ti-12  to  0'14  ;  lustre, 
somewliat  resinous  ;  colour,  pale  wax-yellow  ;* 
streak,  nearly  white.  Analyses  yielded,  ceri- 
um, 40'19  ;  lanthanniu  and  didymium,  30*37 ; 
fluorine,  29'44  =  lUU,  which  corresponds  to 
the  formula,  (Ce,Lfi,L)i)aFg.  Occurs  in  felspar 
at  Pikes  Peak,  Colorado,  U.S.A. 

*  tythe,  s.    [Tithe.] 

"  tyth'-ing,  s.     [Tithing.] 

tzar,  s.     [Czar.] 

tzar-i'-na,  tzar-it' -za,  5.    [Czarina.] 

tzet'-ze,  s.    (Native  name.] 

Music:  An  Abyssinian  instrument  of  the 
guitar  kind,  formed  of  a  long  carved  neck 
attached  to  a  gourd.  It  has  frets  and  one 
string  usually  made  of  the  tough  tibre  of  a 
palm-tree. 


u. 

U,  the  twenty-first  letter  and  the  fifth  vowel 
of  the  English  alphabet.  It  is  one  of  the 
three  primitive  vowels,  fronr  which  the  various 
vowel  sounds  in  the  Aryan  languages  have 
been  developed.  Its  true  i>rimary  sound  was 
that  which  it  still  retains  in  most  of  the 
European  languages— viz.,  that  of  00  in  cool, 
t'Jol^  vjood,  &c.,  corresponding  to  the  French 
o?(,  as  in  cour,  tour,  &c.,  the  sound  being  some- 
times short  (marked  in  this  book  u)  and  some- 
times long  (marked  u).  The  Anglo-Saxon 
long  u  (marked  with  an  accent)  has  commonly 
become  in'  modern  English  the  diphthong 
on  or  OR',  as  A.S.  thu  =  thou,  nu  =  now, 
vu'ith  =  mouth,  &c.  After  r,  and  after  the 
sounds  sh  and  zh,  n  lias  generally  retained 
its  old  long  sound,  as  in  rule,  truth,  &c. 
In  A.S,  rtt/n  =  room,  6nIcaH  =  brook  (v.)  the 
original  long  sound  is  retained,  thougli  the 
form  is  altered.  The  old  short  sound  of  u  is 
still  retained  in  hull,  fall,  pull,  put,  &c.,  but 
as  a  rule  tliis  sound  became  changed  (probably 
al)Out  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century) 
to  the  sound  heard  in  cut,  tun,  fun,  &c. 
(marked  u),  a  .sound  then  new  to  English, 
not  being  mentioned  by  any  writer  before 
lii53.  This  sound,  which  is  very  similar  to 
tliat  of  the  unaccented  French  e,  is  character- 
istic of  English,  and  is  often  given  to  the 
vowels  a,  c,  when  imaccented,  as  in  cavalry, 
camel,  &c.  It  is  also  given  to  the  vowel  0, 
even  when  accented,  as  in  money,  come,  honey, 
among,  &c.  A  modified  form  of  it  often 
oceurs  before  r,  as  in  bur,  cur,  fur,  &c..  and 
sometimes  before  rr,  as  in  knurr,  j^urr,  &c. 


(marked  u).  This  sound  is  sometimes  giveii< 
I  to  ((,  I,  0,  and  y  before  r,  as  auricular, 
her,  ftr,  work,  mai-tyr.  In  the  sixteenth  or 
.seventeenth  century  arose  the  ]'ractice  of 
using  gu  to  represent  a  hard  g  before  an  e, 
as  in  guess,  a  French  practice,  borruwetl  fronv 
qu :  and  to  this,  and  the  wish  to  indicate  a 
i  long  vowel  by  a  final  e,  must  be  attributetl 
pkt'juc,  vague,  fatigue,  rogu^,  &c.  The  final 
•line  docs  not,  however,  always  indicate  a. 
preceding  long  vowel ;  cf.  epilogue,  synagogue, 
tongue,  die.  The  use  of  it  for  u>  in  persuade,. 
&c.,  is  modern,  also  imitated  from  its  use  iu 
qu.  The  long  sound  of  u,  as  in  mute,  diil-e, 
confute,  &c.  (marked  u),  and  modified  by  r, 
as  in  cure,  pure  (marked  ii),  is  not  a  simple 
vowel,  an  i  sound  being  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly introduced  Ijefore  it,  or  fused  with  it. 
The  corresponding  short  sound  is  heard  in 
unit,  unity,  &.C.  (marked  u).  In  some  dialects, 
and  in  America,  this  soiuid  is  also  sometimes 
given  to  u  after  r.  Duke  is  sometimes  vul- 
garly pronounced  with  the  same  sound,  as 
(took.  The  original  sound  of  short  u  is  now 
only  retained  in  bury,  burial,  Inisy,  and  busi- 
ness. The  long  sound  of  u  as  in  mute,  is  also- 
represented  by  other  combinations,  as  by  -ue; 
in  due,  sue,  &c. ;  by  ew,  in  dew,  flew,  &c. ;  and, 
hy  liiin  siii(.  "  Ue  [is]  used  in  later  spelling 
as  a  final  «,  owing  to  a  rule  made  by  no  one 
knows  whom,  no  one  knows  why,  and  no  one- 
knows  when,  that  no  English  word  can  end 
iu  w."  (Ellis:  Early  English  Pronunciation, 
cli.  vh,  $  1,  p.  579.)  In  the  thirteenth  and 
fourteenth  centuries  ue  =  French  eu.  Ui  lias 
several  sounds  :  (1)  =  u,  as  in  siiit,  fruit,  &c. ;. 
(2)  =  I,  as  in  tniild,  guild;  (3)  I,  as  in  guide; 
(4)  i,  as  iu  mosquito;  (f>)  wi,  as  in  anguish, 
languid.  In  buoy,  buy,  buyer,  buying,  &c.,  the 
Ii  is  silent,  as  also  in  plaguy.  (For  qu,  see- 
under  Q.)  In  the  best  iieriod  of  Roman 
literature  the  it  sound  was  expressed  by  the- 
character  v,  a  character  which  did  not  exist 
iu  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet,  its  sound,  when 
it  occurred  between  two  \'owels,  being  repre- 
sented by  /.  or  occasionally  by  ii.  In  later 
times  u  and  r  stood  inditlerently  for  either 
suund,  the  capital  being  genei'ally  written  I'. 
In  this  respect  U  and  I*  stand  to  each  other 
as  /  and  J.  In  almost  all  English  diction- 
aries, up  to  a  comparatively  recent  date, 
words  beginning  with  C'  and  T  were  combined. 
In  printing,  where  the  sheets  are  marked  by 
the  letters  a,  b,  c,  &c.  (standing  for  1,  2, 3,  &c.), 
the  signs  j,  v,  and  w,  are  ignored,  so  that,  for 
this  purpose,  the  letters  of  the  alpliabet  are 
only  twenty-three.  In  respect  to  its  order  in 
the  alphabet,  its  form,  and  its  history  iu 
;  general,  U  corresponds  with  the  Greek  Y  or  v. 
Greek  words  containing  the  diphthong  o», 
when  Latinised,  were  s]ielt  with  a  ■«;  while 
Greek  words  with  v,  when  Latinised,  were 
spelt  with  y. 

I.  U  as  an  initial  is  used  for  United,  as  in. 
U.K. =  the  United  Kingdom;  U.S.  United 
States  ;U.S.A.  United  States  of  America  ;  U.P. 
United  Presbyterian  (Scotch) ;  U.C.  or  A.U.C. 
in  dates  belonging  to  Roman  liistory  is  a  con- 
traction for  Ah  'urbe  condita  =  from  the  build- 
ing of  the  city  (of  Rome),  as  U.C.  400  =  in  the 
year  of  Rome  400. 

IL  U  as  a  symbol  is  used,  in  chemistry,  for 
uranium. 

u-a-ka'-ri,  s.    [South  American  Indian  name 
of  the  animal.] 
Zool. :  The  Scarlet-faced  Saki.     [Saki.] 

*u'-ar-a,n,  u'-ran,  s.  [Arab.  ouamu  =  the 
nioiator  of  the  Nile.] 

Znol :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Varanus 
(q.V.), 

*  u-a-ra'-nus,  s.    [Varanus.] 

tJb'-bo-nite,  s.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  (PL):  The  followers  of  Ubbo 
Phillips,  who  formed  a  moderate  class  among 
the  Anabaptists  of  the  sixteentli  century. 
Tlieir  founder  eventually  entered  the  Reformed 
Church,  and  died  in  that  communion  in  15tjS. 

*  n'-ber-OUS,  a.  [O.  Fr.  iibcreux,  from  Low 
Lat.  ubertus,  iihertosus,  from  Lat.  Tiber  =  fruit- 
ful.] Yielding  largely  or  copiously ;  fruitful, 
prolific,  productive. 

"Siou.  tlie  mother  of  ua  all,  ia  barren,  and  her 
uherous  breasts  are  diy." — Quarles :  Judgment  d-  Mercy 
of  Siou. 

*  u'-ber-ty,  s.  [Lat.  uhertas,  fi'om  vber  = 
fruitful.]    Fruitfulness,  fertility,  prolificness. 

"Tliey  eiij'iy  that  natural  ubi-rfu,  and  fruitfulness." 
—Fl-rio:  Tfaiislatiou  of  Montaigne  il6lS},  p.  li_>i. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;   go,  potr 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  ignite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.     £e,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


ubication  —ugliness 


2G5 


•  u-toi-ca'-tion,  s,     [hat.  ttbi=:  whei-e.]    The 

stjii.'   nf    b.iii-   111  ii  place;    local    relation; 
wlitM'eiiPss. 

■•  Reliitioii^  ubicili>n».  lUiratioD.  the  vulgar  i>hilo. 
Bopliy  ft.liiiitK  t .  hv  si.iiiftbiug :  tuid  yet  to  eii'iun'e  >" 
wli.-it  pliiL-e  tln-y  iue.  w«i«  ^'igss."— OVanriH  .■  Lssays, 

Nij,  5. 

u-bi'-e-ti^,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  «6iern.*,  from  Lat. 
uhi  =  wiiero  1 

Philos. :  The  presence  of  cue  thing  with  re- 
gard to  another ;  the  presence  of  a  thing  in 
plac;e;  the  state  or  cnnditiou  of  being  in  :i 
place.  Acconling  to  the  Schoolmen,  Ubiety 
niigiit  be  : 

(1)  Cin'uni;icriptive,  as  when  all  the  parts 
of  a  bo.lv  are  answeral)le  to  the  part^  i>f  siiace 
in  which  it  is.  and  exclude  any  other  body. 

"Thou  woiiMst  hare  l-d  me  out  of  my  way  if  th:it 
hiul  heeii  I'lusiblv— if  my  n6ie(y  dul  not  »i  nearly  rt^ 
SfTiihle  ulmiuity.  that  in  Aiiywhei-euess  jiud  Eiviy- 
whereuosa  I  know  where  I  tiiu.  and  can  never  cet  lost 
tin  1  get  out  of  Wheivuess  itself  into  Nowhen.-.'  — 
Houth-'i/ :  The  Doctor,  ch;  cxcii. 

(2)  Dellnitive,  as  when  a  human  soul  is 
limited  in  its  presence  to  the  same  place  as  a 
human  body. 

"  Niitwithatiimliug  her  uncertflin  tenure  of  nbiet'i 
...  she  |.;itii'ntly  yieMed  to  hor  XoV—Bodmn:  Li/c 

of  W;trrl'<i.  \\.  UJ. 

(;;)  Uepletive,  as  when  God  is  present  through 
every  t>ortinn   of   space.      This  last  form  is 

s.imaiiin--:>  call'_'d  Ubiquity. 

*  U-Tjl-quar  -i-an,  n.  (Lat.  uhique  =  every- 
where ;  Eng.  siiff.  -aj-mn.]  Existing  every- 
where ;  ubi'.piit'ius,  ubirjuitiry. 

"  Hiive  ye.  ye  sa;*"  iiiteiidants  of  the  whole 
A  (*'->.'/«  iri'.in  iircseiicc  aud  control?" 

Cowpor:  Tbvcinium,  266. 

"  u-bi  -qui-oiis,  ''.  [Lat.  tihviue  =  every-, 
'vhere.  ]    U  hiquitous. 

"Thro"  stretch  vhiqitinun  measureleaa  expanse." 
St^veiiioii  J  Itfjmn  to  the  DHty,  p.  10.    ll"3J.i 

"  6'-bi-quiSt,  s.    [Fr.  uhiquisteJ]    [Ubiquity.] 

Church  ni<toni: 

1.  {PL):  The  same  as  Ubiquitarian.  2. 

"  All  the  Vbi'juiifs.  however,  .ire  not  agreed."— /if c*  .■ 
Cyclop,,  B.  V.  Cbi'jiiist. 

2.  A  term  applied  in  the  University  of  Paris 
to  such  doctors  in  theolo^iy  as  are  not  re- 
atraiuKd  to  ;iny  particular  house,  either  to 
that  of  Navarre  or  borbonne.    (fiew.) 

^  u-bi  -qui-tair,  *  u-bi-qui-taire,  c.  [Fr. 
iiin-iKUairf,  h-iiin  Lat.  itiiiyife  =  everywhere.] 
Ubiquitary,  ubiquitous. 

"  Him  whom  earth,  nor  air. 
Nor  the  vaste  mould 
Oi  Heaven  can  hold 
'Cause  he"s  iibUjuitair." 

Jluwell:  Letters,  bk.  1.,  let.  IS. 

"  u-bJ-qui-tar'-i-an,  5.  &  a.    [Eng.  iibiqui- 

kir.i:  -an.] 

A.  As  suhstantirc : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  exists  everywhere ; 
one  who  is  omnipresent. 

2.  Chvrch  Hist.  (PL):  A  name  apf>lied  to 
those  who,  confusing  the  two  natures,  tau^'ht 
t]iat  Christ,  as  man,  was  omnipresent,  as  did 
tlu-  Apollinarists  and  Eutychians  in  the  early 
Church.  Luther  re-asserted  the  ubiquity  of 
Christ's  body  iu  his  controversy  witli  the 
Zwinglians  as  to  the  reception  of  the  body  of 
Christ  iu  the  sacrament,  and  in  a  sermon  of 
1jJ7  i'Jiioil  I'vrba  Stent),  and  in  the  Confe-'^sio 
Major  of  1526  declared  that  Christ's  body  was 
not  only  in  heaven  and  in  the  Eucharist,  but 
everywhere,  and  this  of  necessity.  The  CaU 
viu'sts,  Zwiiiglians.  and  Melanchtlion  opposed, 
and  the  litlL'r  pointed  out  that  the  doctrine  of 
ubii|uity  led  to  a  denial  of  the  Real  Presence 
wliich  it  was  intended  to  support.  This  tenet. 
however,  was  inserted  in  the  Formula  of  Con- 
cord (a. u.  IJTT),  tliongh  no  mention  was  made 
of  It  iu  the  Augsburg  Confession  (a.d.  1530). 

"It  i''  iiuleed  uhvious  th:it every  Lutheran  who  be- 
lieves the  doctiinea  of  coiuiubstautiation,  whatever  lie 
may  preteiiLl.  must  be  a  i'hiquiturian." — McClintick  £ 
Stronff:  Cyclop.  Bib.  Lit.,  X.  G28. 

B.  .,45  adjective: 

1.  Ord.  i,a?if^ '; 'Omnipresent. 

2.  Church  Hi$L  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
Ubiquitarians.     [A.  2.] 

"Tli^  former  sup|tortiiig  the  Cbiijuitarian  theory," 
—.UcCtuUock  A  Str^uj  .   Cuctop.  Bib.  Lit.,  X.  fi2i 

■  ■U-bi'-qni-tar-i-neSS,  s.  [En^.  uhiquitary; 
-■ness.\  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  ubiqui- 
tary  ;  existence  everywhere ;  omnipresence. 

"  Not  to  spenk  of  the  ubiquitariness  of  aome  bands, 
the  eame  Iwing  alwaya  3)re3ent  at  all  petitioub." — 
Fuller:  Church  Bitt.,  bk.  x.,  p.  24. 


A.  As  adj.  :  Existing  everywhere  or  iu  all 
places  ;  omnipi-esent,  ubiquitous. 

"  She  .  .  .  uiauAttet  her  time  ai  well  that  she  aeeius 
utii-initttry."''Orydvn  :  J/arriajfc  tl-l:i-tnoit«,  i.  L 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  exists  everj'wherc  or  is  omni- 
pix'sent. 

"This  kntifht.  in  relation  to  iny  Ijook.  may  be 
termcil  an  ubi'/nit'iry.  ami  aiinearnmonifst  st-^teiiinen, 
suuldiera,  lawyeva,  wiltei-a."— f'((Wer ;  l\'orthiea:  K^nt. 
l.s,r  r.  Siitm-j/.) 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  sect  called  Ubi- 

qui.sts(q.V.>. 

"  Some  ubiyuitnrici.  while  they  hold  the  posaibtlitie 
of  cm vei-siou  and  aalvation  of  reiirubatea,  overthrow 
tin.-  li.H'tiliie  of   GoilV  etevnnU  deoree,  and  imniuta- 

i-i[ilw:  —llfj.  //nil:   Works.  I.  3Ji. 

U-bi'-qui-ti^m,  ■■;.      [Eng.  uhiquit(y);  -ism.] 
'  The  doctrines  of  the  Ubiquitariaus.      [Ubi- 

yriTARlAS,  2.] 

"Vr.  Horniu^  only  .lilows  Brentlu*  the  honour  of 
beliii:  the  jiropagator  of  Cbi'/uitiiitn."—/tccs:  Cyclop.. 
8   V.  Cbigiiistt. 

"  U-bi'-qui-tist,  s.  [Eng.  iibifjuiKjj) ;  -ist.] 
the  sann-  as  UBit^riTAUiAN  (q.v.). 

U-bi'-qui-tOUS,  «.     [Eng.  iihiiiuitdf) ;  -owj.] 

*  Exi>>tiii,:;  ur  beiuy  everywhere  ;  omnipresent, 

U-bi  -qui-tOUS-ly,  (tdv.  [Eng.  tihiquitous ; 
-l;/.]  Iu  a  ubiqnittuis  manner;  in  a  manner 
involving  real  or  seeming  omnii'resence. 

U-bi'-qui-ty,  s.     (Fr.  ■nbirinitc,  as  if  from  a 

*  Lat.  v.biii"itiili'in,  accus.  of  iibiqnitas,  from 
-jd'x'yio?  =  everywhere  ;  Hal.  vbi'piitd.) 

1.  The  quality  or  st.ate  of  being  ubiquitous  ; 
existence  or  pre.sence  iu  all  place^  at  the  same 
time;  omnipresence. 

"The  reason  yon  do  not  apprehend  ubvjuitfi  to  I>e 
nece^MJirily  cr'nneeted  witli  selfexiateuce,"— C/arA"o  ; 
.1  »««(•»■  to  .•ii-i-oiul  Lvticr. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  the  body  of  Christ  is 
present  everywliere  by  virtue  of  its  union 
with  his  divine  untui'e.  It  was  adojited  in 
157"  as  a  mode  of  explaining  the  Eurharistic 
Presence  by  those  wlio  composed  thy  Formula 
of  Coneonl.  The  term  soon  ceased  to  have  a 
d''tinitf  ni";ining.  some  divines  alfirming  that 
Chiist  ilurin:;  his  mortal  life  was  everywhere 
present,  wliilst  others  dated  his  ubiquity  from 
his  ascension  into  heaven. 

"  No  one  sefjuel  nrjjed  by  the  apostles  against  the 
Galatlans  for  giving  circinnci^ion  with  Christ  but  may 
}>e  as  welt  enforced  against  the  Lutherans  huldiui,' 
ubitjiiity."— Walton  :  Life  of  U^jokcr. 

*  3.  Locality,  neighbourhood. 

"  In  any  street 
In  that  ubtijitity.'  Ben  Jomon.    [Todd.) 

%  VbiqHitij  of  the  king : 
Law:  (See  extract). 

"A  conscpieUL-e  of   this    [irerogative  ia    the   legal 


legal 
i  the 


*  u-bi'-qui-tar-y. 

everywhere.] 


&   s.     [Lat.   vMquc  - 


vbi'iulti/oftha  A-iii,7.  His  Jlajesty,  in  the  eye  of 
law.  i-i  always  present  iu  all  his  courts,  though  he 
cannot  personally  diitribate  ja^itice.  Hia  judges  are 
the  mirrord  by  which  the  kiiitf's  image  i3  reflected. 
It  is  the  regal  office,  and  not  the  royal  pei-sou,  tliat  ii 
always  present  in  court,  always  ready  to  undertake 
prosecutions,  or  pronounce  Judijment.  for  the  benefit 
and  protection  oi  the  subject.  And  from  this  ubiouity 
it  follows  that  the  king  can  never  be  uousuit.  tor  a 
nonsuit  i*  the  de^erti  jn  of  the  suit  or  action  by  the 
lion-aiipearitnce  of  the  plaintiff  in  court.  For  the 
name  re^cnon  rUo  in  the  forms  of  leg.al  proceedings,  the 
kin^'  is  not  saiil  to  appe.ii'  hy  his  attorney,  as  other 
men  do,  for  he  always  appear.'*  iu  cnitempUtion  of  the 
ln,w  in  his  own  proi>er  iters ju."—BUtek4tonc :  Coiii- 
mtfuf..  bk.  i.,  ch.  7. 

■iib'-i  SU'-prg.,  ;>ftr.  [Lat.  =  where  above.]  In 
the  place  or  passage  above  mentioned  ;  noting 
reference  to  some  passage  or  page  previously 
named  or  referred  to. 

J. 

Uc-ke -war -list  (w  as  v),  s.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  {PL):  A  sect  who  derived  theii- 
name  from  Uke  Walles,  a  native  of  Friesland, 
who  published  his  opinions  in  1637.  He  taught 
the  doctrine  of  Universalism,  and  held  that 
the  period  of  time  between  the  birth  of  Christ 
and  the  descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost  was  one  of 
deep  ignorance,  during  which  the  Jews  were 
deprived  of  divine  light,  and  that  therefore 
their  sins  would  not  be  visited  with  severity. 
His  followers  did  not  long  retain  his  name  as 
a  badge  of  separation,  and  became  merged  in 
the  >I'?nuonites  (q.v.),  to  whose  doctrines 
their  founder  strictly  adhered. 

ii'-dal,  a.  [Icel.  rfJai  =  ancestral  possessions, 
allodmm  (q.v.).]  A  term  applied  to  that 
ri^'lit  in  land  which  prevailed  in  northern 
Europe  bef  tre  the  introduction  of  the  feudal 
system.  Udal  tenure  still  prevails  in  Orkney 
and  Shetland.  This  tenure,  which  was  com- 
pleted by  undisturbed  pos.session,  provable  by 
witnesses,  has  been  held  by  the  Court  of 
Session  to  be  the  same  as  allodial  (q.v.).- 


u  -dal-ler,  u  -dal-man,  •-.  [Eng.  mhtl ;  -er. 
-ui"i'.]  Dm-  who  ii.  .Ids  property  by  udal  right; 
a  Ireidiolder  without  teudal  dependencies. 

"The  (■■('!'(»■»■»  are  til"- Hlhwltal  (lomei'sop* of  Zetland, 
who  hold  their  puaiie'tikoDa  uiiiler  the  i>ld  Norwegian 
law.  biitetid  of  tlie  feudal  teuureH  introduced  aiming 
thein  rrum  .Scotland.*  — .Scurr  ■  /'iratt;  ill.  I.     (Note.) 

lid  -der,  •  lid'-dir,  •  ud-dyr»  "  id-dyr, " 

[.\.S.  idler :  cogn.  with  O.  Out.  wier,  v yder ; 
Dut.  nijcr  :  Icel.  ji'ojr  (for  JHt/r)  ;  Sw.  jii/irr, 
jur ;  Dan.  yver ;  O.  H.  Ger.  uter  ;  Ger.  enter; 
Gael.  &  Irish  uttr :  Lat.  K^er  (for  7((//ipi-)  ;  Gr. 
ovBapiouthar),  geiut.  ovdaro':  (outhatos);  Sansc. 
iidhai;  udhan  ;  North.  l*rov.  Kiig.  yure.] 

1.  The  glandular  organ  or  bag  of  cows  and 
otherquadrupeds.in  wliich  themilli  isseerete'l 
and  retained  for  the  nourishment  of  their 
young. 

"  Sweet  milk 
Delicious,  drawn  from  tuiders  never  dry." 

Cowpcr  :  Uomcr:  OdyBscy  iv, 

*  2.  A  teat,  a  dug. 

"  A  lioneaa.  with  adders  all  dmwa  dry. 
Lay  couching  head  on  t^rouud." 

Shakasp. :  Aa  I'ou  Like  It,  Iv.  3. 

ud'-dered,  a.  [Eng.  "f/f/er;  -ed.]  Furnishe*! 
witli  or  having  an  udiler  or  udders. 

"  Marian,  that  *oft  could  stroke  the  udd-n-'d  cow." 
Jay:  Sht-pher.i'«  Week;  Tttesdny,  U. 

ud'-der-les&i  a.  [Eug.  i((Wfr,--/css.]  Destitutr- 
of  an  udder;  hence,  figuratively,  deprived  of 
nourishment  from  a  mother  ;  motherless. 

"  All  ye  gentle  wirls  that  foster  up 

CdJerleaii  lambs."  Beats  :  Endymion.  i. 

ud-de-vM'-lite,  s.  [After  Uddevalla,  -t 
Uddewalla,  Sweden,  where  found  ;  sufl".  -if^ 
{Min.).'\ 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Menaccanite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining about  10  per  cent,  of  titanium  and  70 
per  cent,  of  scsquioxide  of  iron. 

u-doin'-e-ter,  i^.  [Lat.  w(?((s=  moist,  w.^t, 
and  Eiig.  mtfer.]    A  rain-gauge  (q.v.). 

ug-gur,  fig'-ar»  ug'-oor,  iig'-oo-roo,  s. 

[Hind,  ngiir  ;  Sans,  ufjuru.] 

1.  Bot. :  Aqititarla  Agalhcha,  a  large  ever- 
green tree  with  alt<;rnnte,  lanceolate,  stalked 
leaves,  a  top-shaped  leathery  calyx,  downy 
on  the  outside,  the  limb  divided  into  live 
segments,  reflexed  ;  no  petals ;  ten  woolly 
scides  (sterile  stamens) ;  ten  fertile  stamens  ; 
a  two-celled  ovary,  and  each  cell  with  a  single 
suspended  ovule,  winged  on  the  side.  In  the 
interior  of  oM  trees  are  found  irregular  masses 
of  harder  and  darker-coloured  wood,  th« 
Eagle-wood  (q.v.)  of  commerce.  A  native  of 
Eastern  Bengal,  ISurmah,  the  Malay  Peninsula 
and  Archii'elago, 

2.  Comm.  :  An  oil  derived  from  Ko.  1. 
"Wood  chips  are  boiled,  and  the  water  thus 
impregnated  is  distilled  to  produce  the  oil. 
It  is  valued  as  a  perfume.  Orientals  burn  it 
in  their  temples  on  account  of  its  fragrance, 
aud  Napoleon  I.  used  it  for  the  same  reasi>n 
to  illuminate  his  palace.  It  has  been  given 
in  rheumatism. 

Ugh  (gh  guttural),  interj.  [From  the  sound 
made.]  An  exclamation  or  expression  of  liorror, 
disgust,  or  recoil.  (Usually  accompanied  with 
a  shudder.) 

*  iig'-le-some  (le  as  el),  a.      [Eng.  vgly; 

-so)H'\\     Ugly,  liideous. 

"When  I  Iwhold  the  ngleaome  face  of  death,  I  .iiu 
afraid." — Ward:  Sermons.  \>.  47. 

*  iig'-li-fy,  *  Ug-ljr-fy,  v.U  [Eng.  -ngly  ;  -fg.) 
To  make  ugly  or  liideous  ;  to  disfigure. 

"  She  u!)fijica  everything  near  her."— J/ad.  D'Arblay  : 
Diary,  v.  3ia. 

"  iig-llke,  a.    [Ugly,  a.\ 

iig-li-ly,  odr.  (Eng.  ugly;  -ly.]  In  an  ugly 
manner ;  with  deformity. 

"  Fouler  dcatlis  had  ttytily 
Displayed  their  traylin^'  guts.' 

Sidney:  Arcadia,  iii. 

ug'-li-ness,  "^  ug-li-nesse,  *■•    [Eng.  vgly; 

-ncss.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ugly ;  want 
of  beauty  ;  deformity,  hideousness. 

"  A  monstrous  dragon,  full  of  fearfull  ufjUneis<\" 
spotter:  F.  V.,  VI.  vl.  10. 

^  Ugliness  has  been  said  to  consist  in  an 
approach  to  the  lower  animals.  (Darwin: 
Descent  o/Man(ed.  2ud),  p.  584.) 

2.  Moral  repulsiveness. 

'•  vice  in  its  own  pure  native  ti'jlhicts."       Crabbe. 

3.  Ill-nature,  crossness.    (^l;?icr.) 

4.  Unpleasautnes.s, 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hiii,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^st.    ph  =  f, 
-eian,  -tian  -  shan,    -tion.  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die.  ^;c.  =  bel,  deL 


2tiO 


Ugly— ulexite 


t« 


If.ngl 


lie.  '  ng-lllce,  a.  k  a.     [lei-l. 

Kjlxjr  =  rfarfiil,  ilrt-aiMul,  fnmi  nj/f/rr  =  fear, 

ti«l  -.'iV'"  1=  A.?j.  *i')  "  liki',  -ly  ;  cf.  injitii  = 
tti  f«*r  ;  9<jU'jr  —  tt-iriblc  ;  i/yr  =  MtTit-  ;  iiulh. 
<<<;(iH  =  to  fear  ;  n;/>(iti  =.  tn  terrify  ;  ayu  = 
tcmir  ;  Icel.  ni/i;  Eng.  uky.] 

A.  '-Is  u('j«"'i»v : 

I.  I'l'sscssinn  tlie  uniility  contrai-y  antl  o|i|»ii- 
■-itc  to  iM'uuty  ;  rppuUivi'  <ir  itfteiisi-vt-  Id  the 
••i;;h(  :  of  (lisngix't'able  ur  olfeDsivc  aspect  ; 
<k'fi'riiitHi. 

"Tt)«  tiiiiiil(lf«  tlutt  urn  ill  tlimr  |MrtM»ro  tlti'  HtfUe't 
1  rvrr»jt«.' — itaii*,i4rr  :  rwyitjf*-*  (kit.  ttiTiIf. 

J.  Momlly  n'ptilsive  or  on't'iisive  ;  liatffiil. 
H.  IIl-n«tiirp*i,  oross-grained.    {Aiaci.) 

"  111  tn>t  niiawor  lier  Unit  wh^ii  »he'«  nff'y  U>  iik-.  — 
J/iu  Wr.tihrrln:  Tkti  Litntfjiii/hter,  i>    lio. 

i.  riiiik-;Miiiit  to  ttitiik  nf  or  iiiPiitioii. 

■■  TbiTp  u  nil  ii'ilu  rviiiiuiir  nftoAt  tluit  4-«>rtniii  IhhiU- 
■iiAkcr*  who  hful  litlil  henvlty  are  ilirvclly  re^iiiuliiiitite 
I»r  Muli(Uy-auutt»r«Ak."— /'iW</.  Sept.  -H,  11487. 

*  B.  A*  ,t»?«/. :  A  kiii'i  of  sliade  worn  l>y 
laiiifs  ill  fnmt  ttf  their  Imiiiiets to  piott'ft  their 
liiees  from  the  huh. 

•I  (I)  An  ugly  riistonwr :  An  awkward,  iin- 
)>It.'U.saiit,  or  troiiblesoDie  person  to  deal  with. 

(■J)  The  Hijlfi  man:  A  iiniiie  giwn  to  the  one 
of  three  jjarolters  who  actually  eoinmitted 
thi'  eriine,  and  whose  oi>erations  and  es(:ai)e 
Were  eovered  by  his  coinji.inion.s.  known  as 
the  fiont-Htall  and  tlie  back-stall,  i^laii'i.) 
[Stall,  s.  I.  1>.J 


ri-litV. 


[UcLY,  ff.]     To  make  ugly;  to 

■■  Pli"  viit*  all  Kyfy  liiut  over."— Itichantton :   I'u- 

iig'-odr,  fig'  oor-oo,  .s-.    [Ucctii.] 

^-gri-an,  a -gric,  •'.  fAfter  the  name  <»f 
th»'  ri;;iiis.  a  Kinriish  trihe.)  A  tenn  ap- 
pli^-d  lo  u  l-'iiitiic  i^roup  of  I'uratiiaii  pe(»])Ie, 
coni]trisins  the  Finns,  Lap]»s,  Hungarians, 
ami  soiiif  other  tribes  ;  also  to  their  tongues. 

"0(  lliesp  lirniK-lii's  |uf  tlie  Iuil'>- European  fMiiiily  vt 
langtifti!.". I  tluTP  me  three.  The  first,  tlie  Kiiuhj- 
Hiiitfiiritii.  rir  C'/ruin,  is  chiefly  Eiiro|Kiui :  it  iii. 
4'luiJex  the  KiiiiiUh,  »ith  the  iievirly  reUted  EithmiiiLU 
iiiiJ  IJroiitAii.  iLiid  th*"  remiiter  Ltippish  in  the  Sounli- 
lUiviiui  |>eniimiilii :  the  Hunpiriiui,  nn  isolated  (Iinl«i.-t 
in  the  suuth.  wholly  environed  by  Indu-Enroiieiin 
tiinguev,  liiit  vt  which  the  intrusion  into  its  present 
ulxK-e.  l>y  iniinigr.Uitjn  from  near  the  Boutliern  Ural, 
lirtfl  tAkeniilnce  within  the  liistoric period;  thediiilecta 
fruiii  wliicli  the  Hinigiirinn  seiKir.ited  itself,  the  Ostiiik 
«nii  W>.|;ul.  in  and  Itcyond  the  lTr;il  ;  .ind  the  tonk'uea 
•ii  other  related  tntjts  in  E:i3terii  JUiMia,  ;is  the  Zir- 
yjinlniii.  Wotinks.  Moidwius.  &<:."— Whit ney  :  Life  Jt 
Oivwfi  nf  L-tiijiiaijc.  .;h.  \ii. 

"ug'some.  'ug-som,  «.  [Ugly.]  Ugly, 
hideous,  disgusting,  ItMithsoine. 

*■  In  every  jilnce  the  muimc  eights  I  saw," 

.Vfo-r-v/;   Virgil;  .Kiivid  V\. 

*  ug'-some-ness,  *  ug-som-nes*  <.    [Kng. 

ii<j«vii>-  :     -;('„s,-.]        r^ilin.-^s,    reiiulsivi-UL-ss. 
liideiptistiess. 

"  Not  peri-eyiyiige  the  mitomue*  of  syiiue."— /\>At'r  ■ 
><ntn  i'sitlmiui,  P*.  xxxviij.,  pt.  ii. 

nh'-lan,  *u'-laii,  .«.  |Ger.  )(/(^ni  =  a  lancer, 
from  P<d.  idiiii  '=  a  lancer,  from  Turk,  (ujh'ui  = 
a  yuuth.  a  lad.)  One  of  a  variety  of  light 
OTvalry  of  Asiatic  orgin,  introduced  tirst  iiilo 
Poland  by  Tartar  colonists.  They  are  em- 
ployed in  the  Russian,  Austro-Hungarian,  and 
German  arniie.'*,  e.si)eciiilly  in  the  latttr,  for 
skirmishing,  reeonnnitring,  and  s._-nuritig  the 
«:ountry  iu  advance  of  the  main  body  of  the 
armies. 

U'-ig-ite,  «.  [After  Uig,  Isle  of  SUye,  where 
found  ;  sulK  -ite  (Miii.).] 

Mi>u  :  A  name  given  by  Heddle  to  a  mineral 
occurring  with  some  zeolites  in  an  amygda- 
ioidal  rock.  Hardness,  j-o  ;  si>.  gr.  2-2S4  ; 
Itistix',  pearly  ;  colour,  yellowish  -  white.' 
Compos.  :  silica,  40*1>S  ;  alumina,  ■Jrit.'i ;  lime, 
lti-15  ;  soda,  4*70  ;  water,  ll-2.i.  Dana  sug- 
gests tliat  as  its  structure  appears  to  resombie 
that  of  prelinite,  it  needs  further  iuvesLi- 
gation. 

u-in-ta-,  }>!'•/.  [From  Uiiitnh,  a  county  and 
Hiiiall  range  of  mountains  in  that  county, 
Wyuming  territory,  U.S.A.] 

I'uUnutt. :  Found  iu  or  near  the  Uintah 
Muuutains.    [Etyni.] 


IPref. 


lata-,  and  Gr. 


u  in-ta-cri'-nus, 

xp(i'o«  (Li-i,(Os)  =  a  iily.] 

I'aI<ront. :  A  genus  of  Marsupitidie,  allied  to 
Warsujutes,  but  with  ten  arms,  from  the  Clialk 
oi  North  America. 


uiiita-^  and  Gr. 


u-m-t&9'-j^-6n,   '.     [Pref. 
Kvwf  (/,  nt»H)  =  a  dog.] 


I'liUtir.t.:  .\  gftnis  of  Carnivora,  fi-oni  the 
Middle  Eocene  of  Wyoming.  It  was  described 
in  IkT.i  by  f'oite,  who  i.s  of  opinion  that  it 
cjiniiot  Ix'  referivd  to  any  existing  family. 

U-in-ta-ther -i-um,  -^■.  [Pref.  vinta-,  and 
0\.  erj'pioy  (t/iirion)  —  a  wilc[  animal.] 

I'itlfont. :  A  genus  of  Marsh's  Dinocerata, 
frt»m  the  Middle  Eocene  of  North  America. 

U-in-tor'-niSt  •<.  IPref.  uiiUa',  and  Gr.  opft<; 
(.u/i(,v)  =  a  biid.] 

Puloont. :  A  genus  of  Pieariau  Binls,  allied 
to  the  Womljffickei^s,  from  the  Kocene  of 
Wyoming. 

U'-kase,  >■.  (Fr.,  from  Rnss.  yknz'  =  an  ordin- 
ance, an  cilict,  from  ka'atc^ia  sliow.]  An 
edict  or  onlcr,  legislative  or  administrative, 
of  the  Russian  Government.  They  have  the 
force  of  laws  until  annuUed''by  snbscnucnt 
decisions  or  orders.  A  collection  of  the  uka.>es 
issued  at  various  times,  made  by  order  of  Mie 
Emperor  Nicholas  in  1827,  and  "supidementcd 
since,  year  by  year,  constitutes  the  legal  code 
of  the  Russian  emjtire.  An  edic-t  or  onler, 
generally,  issueil  by  some  competent  authority. 

"If  the  French  hookinakers  persist  in  refusing  to 
liet  at  nil  tnitil  the  (lA'fUci^tinst  thtiin  is  withdrawn, 
victory  wilt  not  t>e  long  in  declaring  itaelf  on  their 
side."— Oiti/jp/  Teleui-a/jft,  March  12, 1887. 

Uk-e-wal'-Ust  (w  as  v),  s.    [Uckew.\li.ist.] 

■  u'-lan,  >■.    [TnLw.] 

u-lar'-bu-rong,  s.     [^lalay  name.] 

Ziinl.  :  hii'S'is  (hitdvophila,  a  tree-snake, 
froiii  tin;  .Mahiyan  Artihipelago. 

Ul'-9er,  s.  [Fr.  iih-ire,  from  Lat.  vlcerevi,  accus. 
nf  ulnis  =  an  ulcer  ;  tS)!.  &  Ital.  vlcera  ;  cogn. 
with  Gr.  eAK09  (helkos)=a.  wound,  a  sore, 
an  abscess.] 

1.  7,(7.(0  Med.  •  A  chasm,  a  solution  of  contin- 
uity, produced  in  some  external  ()iint4-ni;il  sur- 
face of  the  body  by  the  process  of  aljsnri)tiitn, 
the  absorbents,  whether  lymphatics  or  veins, 
bntchi<-tly  tlicf'irnier,  btMug  more  actively  con- 
cerned in  tin:  f.iijnutionuf  such  chasm.  This  is 
corroborated  by  the  fact  that  when  old  sores 
In-eak  out  afresh,  the  substance  forming  the 
bond  of  union  (irst  gives  way,  and  even  in 
the  case  of  old  fi^ctures,  the  callus  is  removed, 
and  the  extremities  become  again  disunited, 
a.s  happened  amongst  the  crew  of  the  C'-ntii- 
rion.  In  Lord  Anson's  memorable  voyage. 
This  was  tirst  pointed  out  by  John  Hunter. 
While  the  ulcerative  jjiocess  is  going  on,  the 
secerning  arteries,  which  in  health  bring  and 
deposit  new  materials  to  every  part  of  the 
body  as  the  old  are  removed,  lose  this  power, 
and  are  even  taken  away,  as  well  as  the  rest 
of  the  organisation,  including  the  absorbents 
themselves.  The  cicatrix  formed  by  the  heal- 
ing of  an  ulcer  is  then  a  substitute  for  the  old 
and  original  skin,  but  inferior  to  it  in  vital 
power.  Ulcers  are  of  three  kinds:  lu-altliy, 
unhealthy,  and  specific.  The  lirst  is  the 
simple  sore,  or  simple  purulent  ulcer;  the 
second  comprises  the  indolent,  irritable, 
phagedenic,  and  varicose,  with  others  de- 
jiendent  on  disorder  of  the  digestive  func- 
tions; and  the  third,  such  as  the  scrofulous, 
cancerous,  and  venereal.  The  great  object  in 
the  jnanagement  of  ulcers  is  to  keep  the  sur- 
rounding skin  clean  and  dry,  and  to  produce 
a  ht^lthy  surface  on  the  sore  itself:  the  latter 
object  is  now  frequently  obtained  by  skin- 
giiifting,  with  permanently  favtuirable  results. 
2.  Fii}. :  Anything  which  eats  into  or  festers 
111  any  body  ;  a  moral  sore. 

*ur-9er,  v.t.  [Lat.  ?(?<:cro  =  to  make  sore.] 
[Ulcer,  s.]    To  ulcerate. 

"This.  .  .  uIo;m  mens  hearts  with  nrofaneness."— 
FuUer:  Holy  &  Profane  State,  V.  *i.  a. 


*  ill  -9er  able.  a.    [Eng 
alilc  uf  being  ulcerated. 


ulcer;  -able.]    Cap- 


ur-9er-ate,  v.t.f£  i.  [Lat.  nlccratus,  pa.  par. 
of  uh'cro —to  make  sore,  from  idem,  genit. 
'ula!rls  =  an  ulcer.] 

A.  Trails. :    To  aflect  with  or  as  with  an 
ulcer  or  sores. 

"A  tendency  more  deeply  to  ulcemtr  their  minds." 
—Burke :  Letter  to  .Sir  H.  L.ingrish.  M.P. 

B,  Intrans. :  To  be  formed  into  an  ulcer; 
to  become  ulcerous.     {Lit.  &fig.) 

Ul-9er-a'-tion,  5.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  idcem- 
tionem,  acinis.  of  ulccratio,  from  nkerattis,  pa. 
par.  of  ulcero  =  to  ulcerate  (q.v.).J 
1.  The  process  of  forming  into  an   ulcer: 


the  process  of  becoming  ulcerated  ;  the  state 
or  t'ondition  of  being  ulcerated,  as  ulceration 
of  the  bowels,  the  heart,  the  intestines,  the 
larynx,  A:c. 

"'I'he  part  liath  been  long  afTe-jtcd  with  ulcenitloii." 
—  H'isenuiti :  tSurgerff,  ch.  li. 

'2.  An  ulcer. 
Ul'-9er-a  tive,  a.    [Eng.  nkemtic)  ;  .ire.] 

1.  (Jlor  relating  to  ulcers. 

2.  Causing  or  producing  ulcers. 

"Tlie  <lregs  of  viuegre  nmat  of  McccKHity  be  much 
nmre  ahiirpe,  biting,  iind  ^ilcratirrf  ihun  nine  leea." — 
/'.  /Miami     rihii..  bk   xxiii  ,  ch.  ii. 

ulcerative  Stomatitis,  ^. 

J'uth„l.  :  [NoMAJ. 

iir-9erecl,  c  [Eng.  vker,  s.  '.  -ed.]  Having 
become  an  ulcer;  afTected  with  an  ulcer  or 
ulcers ;  ulcerated,  ulcerous. 

■■  BreathinKs  hard  drawne  their  ulcm'd  iialates  te.ire." 
Jlay  :  Liivati ;  I'hitrs'dia,  Itk.  iv, 

Ul'-9er-OUS,  n.  [Lat.  idcerosus,  from  vlvm^, 
gciiit.  j(/(7'/(s  =  an  ulcer  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  nlccnux; 
Sp.  &  Ital.  iikeroso.] 

1.  Having  the  nature  or  character  of  an 
ulcer  ;  discharging  purulent  or  other  matter. 

*■  The  utvvrous  barky  scurf  uf  leju'isy." 

lirotonins :  J'aructlguit.  iv. 

2.  Atlected  with  an  ulcer  or  ulcers  ;  ulcer- 
ated. 

"  People 
Atl  swollen  iind  ulcerous."    :i/mkesp.-  Marbeth.  iv.  ;i. 

'  ul'-9er-ous-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  uhxrous;  -lij.] 
Ill  ;iii  uli'(.Toiis  manner. 

ul'-9er-ous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  idcerons;  -ncss.] 
Tlie  ipndily  ur  stiite  of  being  ulcerous  or  ul- 

cei'ated. 

*  ul'-cus-9le,  •  iir-cus-cule,  s.     [Lat.  id- 

riisndKin.  dimiu.  from  2dcn!i  =  an  u'.ccr  (4. v.).] 
A  liKle  ulcer. 

u'-le,  .s.     [Mexican.]    The  Ule-tree  Oi.v.). 

ule-tree,  s. 

Hot. :  OistUloa  elastica  and  C.  Murlhaiitimui, 
which  yield  caoutchouc.  They  are  Mexican 
tiees,  having  male  and  female  tlowei-s  alter- 
nating on  the  same  branch,  the  latter  consist- 
ing of  numerous  o\aries  in  a  single  cup. 

U-le'-ma,  s.  [Aiub.  idema,  \)].  of  n?n?i  =  wise, 
'learned,"  from  (di>na  =  to  know.]  The  col- 
lective name  of  the  hierarchical  corpiu-ation 
of  learned  men  in  Turkey,  who  have  the 
adviintages  of  freedom  from  military  service, 
and  who  furnish  judges,  ministers  of  mosques, 
prMfessoi-s,  and  have  charge  of  the  department 
of  the  government  relating  to  sacre<l  matters. 
This  body  is  composed  of  the  Imams,  or 
ministers  of  religion,  the  iMnftis,  or  doctors 
of  law,  and  the  Cadis,  or  administrators  of 
justice. 

u-lex,  s.     [Lat.  =  a  shrub  resembling  rose- 
mary.] 

Bot.:  Furze,  whin,  or  gorse;  a  genus  of 
Cytisc;e.  Very  thorny  shrubs,  with  leaves 
tiifo]ii>Iate  when  young,  simple  when  old. 
Flowirs  yellow  ;  axillary  calyx  two-].artite, 
witli  a  small  scale  or  bractea  on  each  side  of 
the  liase;  the  segments  nearly  entire,  or  the 
upper  one  with  two,  the  lower,  with  three, 
teeth ;  standard  scarcely  longer  than  the 
calyx,  bifid ;  keel  erect,  blunt ;  legume 
seaieely  longer  than  the  calyx,  turgid,  few- 
weeded.  Known  species  twelve,  from  the 
west  and  the  south  of  Europe,  and  northern 
Africa.  Two  are  British,  Ulex  earojxciis,  the 
Common  FMrze,  whin,  or  gorse,  and  f.  nanus, 
the  Dwarf  Ftuze.  The  former  has  the  calvx 
.somewhat  hairy,  the  hairs  slightly  spreading, 
the  teeth  nearly  obsolete,  the  bi-acts  large, 
ovate,  and  lax;  the  lattei\  besides  being 
smaller  iu  all  its  parts,  and  flowering  later  in 
the  year,  lias  the  pubescence  of  the  calyx 
adprcssed,  the  teeth  lanceolate,  the  bracts 
luiiiute  the  wings  about  the  length  of  the 
keel. 

u'-lex-jte.  s.      [After  G.  L.  Ulex,  who  first 
correctly  analyzed  it;  sufl".  -iteiMln.).} 

Mill. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  roundish 
masses  or  nodules,  consisting  of  delicate 
fibres  or  capillary  crystals.  Found  at  various 
localities,  but  notably  in  Peru  and  Tarapaca, 
South  America,  associated  with  various  other 
species,  and  also  in  Nova  Scotia  in  massive 
gypsum.  Hardness,  I'O  ;  sp.  gr.  l't>5;  lustre, 
when  first  broken,  silky ;  colour,  white. 
Compos.:  boric  acid, 45-03  ;  lime,  12'20;  soda. 


late,  lat.  faxe^^midst.  what.  faU.  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit 
or,  wore.  wolf,  work,  who,  sSn;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fill;  try,  Syrian     » 


sire,  sir,  marine:  go,  pot, 
oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


uliginose— ulteriorly 


2G7 


o'Ti);  water,  :i.'j-32  =  100;  whence  the  Ibvmuln, 
(NaOoBO;i+iCa02B03)  +  lSiui.  Is  known  in 
'I'ampacii  inuler  the  name  Tiza. 

*  u-lig'-in-6sc,  c;.  {I-at.  iiliginoms,  fmni 
iiUijti,  i^cnit.  Ill  iij  in  is  =  ooziness  ;  Fv.  uUiji- 
tieitx;  Ital.  aligino^o.] 

1.  Old.  Lang.:  Uliginous,  oozy,  nuuMy. 
slimy. 

2.  Hot.:  Growing  in  swampy  I'laecs. 

■"U,-lig'-ill-6us,  a.  [ULiGiNOSt:.]  MmUly, 
o'lzy,  slimy. 

"  But  tlic  imiuin-  and  uHyinons.  as  that  which  i>r.j- 
oi-edes  from  sUwimteJ  jilacea.  is  of  all  other  the  must 
\  i!f  ;nid  iieatUeiit."— AVf^y/i  -■  Fumi/iigium. 

iil-lage,  s.  [O.  Fr.  euUagc,  oidllage,  o:ilhtgr 
{"  (I'illuye  dc  viil  —  the  tilling  up  of  leaky  wiuu 
\cssels,*"  Cotgmve),(romeu  tiler,  eulllin;  ouilkr, 
i>iller=  to  till  up  a  vessel  that  has  leaked,  to 
imto  the  hung,  prob.  from  mir,  eure,  oir  =  the 
ln>r(ler,  brim  of  a  thing,  from  Lat.  ora  =  tlie 
Lrim.l 

Comni.  :  The  quantity  which  a  t^ask  wants 
of  being  full ;  the  wantage  of  a  cask  of  liquor. 

uU-ma'-m-a,  s.  [Xanied  after  Ullman,  the 
discHX'crer  of  one  species. 1 

l'iiln:ii,>,(, :  A  genus  of  Conifeiie,  apparently 
.T  Taxoitl,  bearing  genuine  cones.  Known 
species  two,  Ulliiutntiia  selaglnoides  ami  r. 
Jiruiriiii.  They  occur  in  the  Magnesian  Lime- 
stone of  Durliam,  the  Middle  Permian  i>f 
Westmoreland,  and  the  KupferscluHlVr  and 
Kntliliegende  (Lower  Permian)  of  Germany. 

ull-mann-ite,  s.  [After  J. C.  UUmann,  who 
.liscovcred  it;  suff.  -iteiMU.);  Ger.  iiickd- 
^liiesghtserz,  nickelspiessglanzerz.antimoimiflel- 
tflan:,  nickelmituiwnglanz,  anti  iiLoti-arsL-nik- 
nickelglaiiz ;  Fr.  anUmoine  sul/ure  nickdijire.] 
Min. :  An  isometric  mineral  rarely  occur- 
ring in  crystals  ;  cleavage,  cubic.  Hardness, 
.'}  to  5-5  ;  sp.  gr.  6-2  to  6-51 ;  lustre,  metallic  ; 
colour,  st<?el-gray  to  silver-white.  Compos.  '■ 
nickel,  27-" ;  antimony,  57-2  ;  sulphur,  1 0'l 
=  100.  The  antimony  is,  however,  sometimes 
paiily  replaced  by  arsenic.  Formula,  NiS2+ 
Ki(SbAs>2.  Found  in  Nassau,  Siegen,  Prussia, 
&c.,  and  lately  in  very  sharp,  bright  cubes  in 
Siirdinia. 

il-lu'-cus,  ^.     [Mklloca.] 

ul-ma'-ge-se,  .•;.  ph  [Mod.  Lat.  ulin(us){q.v.) ; 
Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  sutt".  -acea;.] 

Hot.:  Elmworts;  an  oixler  of  Perigynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Rhamnales.  Trees  or 
shrubs,  with  alternate,  rough,  generally  de- 
<?iduous  leaves,  eacli  having  at  its  base  a  ])air 
■of  deciduous  stipules  ;  tlowers  loosely  clus- 
tered, never  in  perfect  or  polygamous  catkins ; 
calyx  membranous,  inferior,  campanulate,  ir- 
regular; petals  none;  stamens  definite  ;  stig- 
mas two,  distinct;  ovary  two- celled,  each 
with  a  solitjtry  pendulous  ovule  ;  fruit  one-  or 
two-celled,  niembi-anous  or  drupaceous  ;  seed 
solitary.  Natives  of  northern,  and  of  moun- 
tainous pai-ts  in  southern  Asia,  of  Europe,  and 
tif  North  America.  Known  genera  nine, 
sivecies  sixty  {LbulUy);  genera  three  or  four, 
species  about  eighteen  {Sir  J.  Hooker). 

ul- ma- 96 -oils  (or  ceous  as  shus),  c. 

[Ul.MACE.t:.] 

Bot. :  Of  or  pertainingto  the  Ulmacea;(q.v.). 
ul-mar'-ic,  ".     [For  etym.  and  def.  see  com 

J.OUHd.l 

ulmaricacid,  ^\ 

i'h'-hi.  :  Salicylous  acid  obtained  from 
Spiriri',  tdniarla. 

"Ul'-me-se,  s.  /'?■  [Lat.  tdm^us);  Mod.  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suft'.  ■€(£.] 

Hot. :  The  tyjiical  tribe  of  Ulmaceic  (q.v.). 
Ovary  two-oelleil,  ovules  anatiopous. 

iiV-Tnitn,  (I.  [Eiig.  vlm(iii):  -(■'.'.]  Contained 
ai  or  derived  fiom  uhuin  (q.v.). 

ulmic-acid,  s. 

Chem, :  C^^Hj^^g.  A  body  isomeric  with 
nlmin,  obtained  by  neutralizing  the  ani- 
inoniacal  solution  oif  ulinin  with  an  acid.  It 
is  precipitated  in  brown  gelatinous  flocks, 
soluble  in  pure  water,  but  insoluble  in  water 
containing  free  acid. 

ul'-min,    5.      [Lat.    idm{us)  =  an    elm ;    -in 

(a.»..).j 

Chtnt. :    C04H18O9.     A  dark-coloured  sub- 


stance, obtaincii  by  boiling  sugar  for  some 
time  with  dilute  hydrochh)ric,  nitric,  or  sul- 
Iihurio  acid,  and  washing  the  deposit  with 
water.  It  forms  black  or  brown  scales,  in- 
soluble in  water  and  -ilcohol,  iwirtially  soluble 
in  ammonia. 

ul'Xnous,  o.  lEng.  tUmiin):  -oitg.]  Of  or 
perlaining  to  a  substance  containing  uUnin  or 
ulniic  acid. 

ulmous  substances,  s.  pL 

Cktiit.:  liunmus  substances.  Names  given 
to  various  biowu  or  black  substiinces  found 
in  vegetahh;  mould,  peat,  &c.,  resulting  fnnn 
the  jiutrefaction  of  animal  or  vegetable  sub- 
stances in  presence  of  air  and  water. 

Ul'-mus,  ■•■.     [Lat.=  an  elm.] 

1.  not. :  Elm  ;  the  typical  genus  of  I'lnia- 
ceteCq.v.).  Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  iiersisteiit, 
campanulate,  or  conical  at  the  base,  witli  three 
to  eight  divisions;  stamens  tive  ;  lilamonts 
straight  in  asstivation ;  ovary  two-celled  ;  seed- 
vessel  a  samara  winged  all  round.  Kni:»\vn 
species  about  thirteen.  Distribution  that  of 
the  order.  One  species,  Ulmns  montamr  (f'. 
campcfitris,  Linn.),  the  Scoteli  Wych  or  Moun- 
tain Elm,  is  indigenous  in  Great  Britain  ;  the 
other,  U.  cmiiivstris,  the  Common  Elm,  is  ouly 
a  denizen.  The  bark  of  the  latter  is  used  in 
India  as  an  alterative,  tonic,  and  denmlcent  in 
chronic  skin  diseases,  especially  lepra,  psori- 
asis, and  herpes  ;  also  as  a  diaphoretic  and 
diuretic.  The  bark  of  U.  Wallichiana,  a  large 
deciduous  tree  from  the  North  Western  Him- 
alaya, contains  a  strong  fibre  especially  de- 
rived from  the  flower  -  stalk.  An  oil  is 
expressed  from  U.  integri/olla,  anotlier  large 
deciduous  tree,  a  native  of  the  Inilian  and 
Burmese  hills  ;  its  bruised  leaves  are  applied 
to  boils,    [Elm.] 

2.  Chem.,  <£c. ;  Humus ;  decaying  wood. 
{I^ssiter.)    [Ulmackous.] 

3.  Pala'ohot. :  The  genus  occurs  in  the 
Middle  Eocene  of  Bournemouth. 

Ul'-na,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  uiAe'nj  (plene)  =.  thu 
elbow.  1 

I.  Anal.:  A  long  prismatic 
bono,  at  the  inner  side  of  the 
forearm,  parallel  with  the  ra- 
dius, with  which  it  articulates.^ 
It  is  the  larger  and  longer  of 
the  two  bones,  and  consists  of 
a  shaft  and  two  extremities, 
tlie  upper  of  which  forms  a 
large  part  of  the  articulation 
of  the  elbow-joint.  At  the 
upper  extremity  behind  is  a 
large  process,  the  olecranon, 
and  a  smaller  one,  the  coro- 
n(ud  process,  in  fi-ont,  sepa- 
rated by  the  sigmoid  or  semi- 
lunar fossa,  or  olecranoid  cav- 
ity, which  receives  the  arti- 
cular trochlea  of  the  humerus. 
The  ulna  diminishes  in  size 
from  above  downwards,  and 
is  very  small  at  the  lower 
extrenuty,  which  is  separated 
1rom  the  twist  by  an  inter- 
articular  hbro-cartilage. 
*  2.  Old  Law :  An  ell. 

ul'-nad.  ndr.  [Eng.  &c.,  idnia),  and  Lat.  ad 
=  to.  towards.]  In  the  direction  of  the  ulna  ; 
towards  the  ulnar  aspect. 

*  ul'-nage,  s.    [Alnage.] 
"  ul'-na-ger,  .^'.    [Alnager.] 
iil'-nar,  «.     (Lat.  idua^ihe  elbow.] 
Amft. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ulna. 
ulnar-artery,  s. 

Anat.  :  The  larger  of  the  two  branches  into 
wliich  the  brachial  artery  divides.  It  com- 
mences just  below  the  bend  of  the  elbow,  and 
runs  along  tlie  inner  side  of  the  forearm,  in  an 
arched  directi<m  and  at  varying  depth,  to  the 
hand,  where  it  forms  the  superlicial  palmar 
arch.     It  gives  oft' several  branches. 

iilnar-nerve,  5. 

Aitnt.  :  A  branch  of  the  brachial  plexus, 
distributed  to  the  muscles  and  integument  of 
the  forearm  and  hand. 

ulnar-veinfi,  ^-.  pi. 

Anat.:  Two  veins  distributed  to  tbe  fore- 
arm :  (1)  the  posterii>r,  arising  from  the 
basilic  vein ;  (2)  the  anterior,  arising  from 
the  median  basilic. 


K;idius;  c.  Uhi.i; 
rf.  Cnriius  ;  e. 
Meticiirpus  ;  /. 
Phalanges. 


u-lo-den'-drdn,  s.  [Gr.  ovXij  (oidO)  =  a  scar 
from  a  WDinid,  and  &if&pov  (deud roii)  =  a  tree.] 
l\d>rohot. :  A  genus  of  Lepidodendicie. 
Trunk  simple  (?),  covered  witl»  the  rhnni- 
boidal  scars  of  the  leaf-stalks ;  the  branches 
distichous,  with  densely  imbiicated  leaves, 
and  strobiliform  fruit.  Eleven  species  from 
the  carboniferous  rocks  of  Britain. 

u-l6-rrha -gi-^,  ^•.    [OLLonRiiAfiv.J 

1  u-ldt-rich-an,  .-.  [Ui..jtuu;iii.J  Anv  in- 
dividii;il  oi  the  Ulotrichi  Oi-v.). 

U -lot- rich -i,   s'.  pi.    (From    Gr.    ovKoBpt^ 

(oidofhrix),  geiiit.  ouAorpivo?  (otdotridtos)  = 
having  crisp,  curly  hair  like  negroes:  ouAo? 
(otflos)  =  crisp,  CLU'iy,  and  fpi'^  (thrU)  =  hair.] 
EtlDiol. :  One  of  the  two  primary  groups 
into  wliicii  Boiy  St.  Vincent  divided  mati- 
Uind.  They  are  distinguished  by  crisp, 
win'lly,  or  taiffi'd  liair.  The  Ulotrichi  may  l>e 
Iiirttier  subdivided  into  Dolichocephali,  or 
LiiMg-lieaded,  Comprising  tlie  Bushmen,  Ne- 
groes, and  Negritoes  ;  and  Brachycephali,  or 
Wlioi  t-lieaded,  comprising  only  the  Mincoj.ies 
of  the  Andaman  Islands,  prol)ably  the  result 
of  an  intermixture  of  stocks.   [Leiotrichi.] 

U-lot'-rich-OUS,  ».  [Eng.  &c.,  idotrlchii); 
■ons.]     Having  crisp,  curly  hair. 

Ul'-Ster,  .'■■.  &  (f.  [According  to  Chalmei-s  the 
original  Gaelic  name  was  Vlladh  i\yvfm.  lllu), 
and  the  Scandinavians,  who  settled  in  this 
part  of  Ireland,  added  the  termination  -stadr, 
yr  -Atcr,  then  forming  Ulta-sta'  {Ulster).] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  most  northern  of  the  four  provinces 
of  Ireland. 

2.  [UL-STER  KING-AT-ARMS]. 

3.  A  long,  loose  overcoat,  often  with  a  cape 
or  hood,  worn  by  males  and  females,  and 
originally  made  of  frieze  cloth  in  Ulster. 

" iijuduceil   two  cti.nts,  one  of   whii-h  an  ulster, 

he   ttated  was  plotlgpil   hy  lh«  ilefeiulant  ■"— AW/»(»i# 
.yftimlanl,  Nov.  VZ,  1686. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ])io- 
^  ince  of  Ulster. 

Ulster-badge,  s. 

Ha: :  The  badge  of  the 
province  of  Ulster,  a  sinis- 
ter hand,  erect,  open  and 
conped  at  the  wrist  (gules). 
Tliis  "red  hand"  was  as- 
signed by  James  I.  as  a 
badge  to  the  baronets  who 
were  to  ct)lonize  Ulster, 
and  is  now  borne  by  all 
baronets.     [HAKoN-icr.] 

Ulster-custom,  s.   The  same  as  Tlnant- 

IiI<;Hr(>i.v.). 

Ulster  king -at -arms,  s.     The  chief 

heraldic   oHieer  for   Ireland.     The  otTnre  was 
created  by  Edward  VL  in  1j.02. 

ult.,  i-'ontr.     [Ultimo.] 

uV-ten-ite,  s.  [After  Ulfenthal,  Tyrol, 
where  found;  sutV.  -ite(.\[iii.).] 

1.  Mia.  :  A  name  suggested  for  a  bronzite 
(q.v.),  found  associated  with  anthophyllitc  in 
the  Ulten  Valley,  Tyrol, 

2.  Petrol.  :  A  rock  consisting  of  garnet, 
kyanite,  and  mica,  found  in  the  Ultenthal, 
Tyr.jl. 

ul-ter'-i-6r,  a.  &.  s.    [Lat.=  further,  compar. 
of  »/?e/'  =  beyond  ;  Fv.  tdtakar;  Sp.  uUiinor; 
Ital.  idtcriorc.'\    [Ultra.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Being,  situated,  or  lying  beyond  or  on 
the  other  side  of  any  line  or  boundary. 

2.  Not  at  present  in  view,  or  under  cou- 
sideration ;  in  the  future  or  in  the  bacU- 
groumi  ;  nmrc  remote  or  distant. 

"  The  wiffCioj-accoiuijUalmieiit  o{  that  part  of  Scrip- 
ture, which  mice  proiiiiHed  (tud'-^  pt-nple.  thitt  kinim 
sliuiilil  l)e  itrt  iiuraliig  tuihtrs.'—Btji/fe:  ^li/tv  0/  liuly 
!i<jripCurc,  p.  SIL 

♦  B.  As  siihst. :  The  futher  side  ;  the  remote 
part. 

ulterior-Object,  s.  An  sbject  beyond 
that  wliich  at  the  time  is  avowed. 

"  The  Jacul)it«  iiiiiiurity,  whose  iiUerior  objecla  were. 
of  coume,  to  upMet  the  reigning  House.  "—/'uiVi/  C'hrtm- 
icU;  Jiiu.  18,  Uji^t. 

ul-ter'-i-or-lj^,  (('/('.  [Eng.  idterior :  dg.]  In 
an  ulterior  manner;  mote  distantly  or  re- 
motely. , 


ULSTER-BADGE. 


bdil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9liin,  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -$ion  =  ^^'^'j"     -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.      ble,  -die,  ^'^o.  =  bel,  del. 


ultima— ulula 


tl  -ti  ma.  •!•  •!<£ '-    [t^t-  ('^'i'i>  s'ns*  of  ti/(iriii<« 
=  lii-t,  uli)ii)att<(i.v.)  J 
"A.  .)♦«''..  MwHt  remote;  furtliest,  Itwt, 

tiiial.    |l  1  iiMv  Tin  Li:.l 

I. ,■■'■■,:.  :  Tti-  la^t  syUablf  of  a  wortl. 
ultima  ratio,  phr.     Tbo  lattt  roasoo  or 

'finrMHrir-  Tlie  last  fcasoii  of  king» 
1  —  ;  •  Ti  aniiH  or  wnr. 

Ultima  Thule.  ■=.    [THrtE.] 

ill -tl-m^te.  «.  [Lat.  uftimatus,  pa.  par.  of 
itltivf  —  t«  cniiie  tn  nil  v\\*{ ;  tn  be  ar  the  lawt  ; 
fn'iii  ii/fi;Hi(5=  l;wt,  super,  of  iWf*r=  beyoml.] 

IL'LTBV  1 

1.  Fnrthest ;   most   remote    or  distant    in 
place  «r  jMjsitioii. 

2.  Most  remote  in  time ;  la«t,  termiuatiug, 
nnal. 

"  I  vould  W  At  tbo  worst ;  wont  Umy  |»rt. 


3.  Last  in  a  tniin  or  I'rogi-essirm  or  of 
cnii!>e«im>nce!* ;  arrivcl  nt  as  a  tliml  result; 
t>eiii^'  that  to  which  all  th*;  rest  is  directed, 
i>r  which  caniiut  W  j.'one  beyond. 

"This  it  tlie  £Tvnt  end.  and  ult  i  tnat^  d<»\gn  of  nil 
true  rwilKiiiii  '~''l-irW     Uh  th*"  Eotdcncci.  |)rui>.  xlil. 

4.  Incai>ablf  of  further  analysis  or  riisolu- 
tioii;  not  admitting;  of  ."ai-tlier  division  or  sepa- 
ration :  as,  the  ultimott  elements  of  u  body. 

^  For  the  dilTereiice  between  uUiiiutte  and 
/((*/,  see  Last,  a. 
^  Primfan'l  ultim,iU  ratios:  (Ratio,  If  l5.]. 
iiltlmate-anal3r8l9,5.  [Analysis,  ILG.] 

'ul  -tl  mate.  v.t.  i:  i.     [Ultimate,  a.] 

A.  r<.(-<.i-'.iv: 

1.  To  bring  to  an  end ;  to  terminate,  to  end. 

2.  To  bring  into  us-;  or  practice. 

B.  Intraiis.  :  To  come  to  an  end ;  to  ter- 
minate. 

ul'-ti-mate-l^,  a^^-.  [Eng.  ulthimte;  -ly.] 
As  ;iii  ulnmat«^orHn.il  result;  at  last;  finally; 
ill  the  L-nd  or  tinal  result. 

"Iitthnt  our  kuowlnlge  is  founded  aiid  froiu  thnt 
it  tiitiuuUel]/  il«Ti\-<e»  iUeil." -^L'jcke  :  Baman  C'hUc}-- 
ttandiitg.  lik.  ii.,  cli,  1. 

■tiJ-ti-ma'-tion,  ^.  [Ultimate.]  A  last  or 
liiial  oiler  or  coiicensiou  ;  nu  ultiiimtuin. 

•■  Lord  Buliiitrlirokp  w"  UkewiBe  mithorhed  to  kiimv 
tlie  real  iiltimntim  of  Fraiict-  uiKju  the  giMieral  iiliui  of 
pence."— Jiwi Or  ■  Hitl.  Four  La»t  i'euM  (if  (fHecn  Aniic. 

iil-tl-ma'-tflm   (pi.   iil-tl-ma'-tum?,  or 

ul-ti-ma -ta\  «.  [Lat.  neut.  sing,  of  »//('- 
1(1  >tiis,  ]>;t.  |.:ir.  of  xtUi^no  =  to  uoiiie  to  an  end, 
to  be:it  the  last)  A  tlnalproi>o.sal,  statement 
of  c-oiiditions.  or  concession,  especially  in 
diplomatic  negotiations ;  the  final  terms  or 
offer  of  one  party,  the  rejection  of  which  may, 
and  frequently  does,  involve  a  rupture  of 
diploiiintic  relatinn-i  and  a  declaration  of  war. 

!!■  n.  iint'jrs  ail  uttimtitum,  iiii- 

I  .  llietr^tties  ol  Wwtphdlia 

■  i  .if  Straalwiirt'.   witli  it* 
.        :  ■     /fin.  t'wj..  bk.  1..  ch.  V. 

'  iil'-time,  o.  (Lat.  nUimm,  super,  of  utter 
=  bt-yond.]    [Ultra.]    Ultimate,  last,  final. 

'•  Witcreliy  tli?  true  aud  vltimf  oporntions  of  htyit 
are  nut  attaliieil. "— TJnooii  -  Xat.  Hist..  5  99. 

*  ul-tim'-i-t^,  .■!.  [Kng.  liUim^e):  -Uy.]  The 
last  stage  or  consequence. 

"Altr-mti'ia  o(  one  hoilv  lutoniiotlier,  from  crudity 
t«  r>iTfi-ct  cmcocti'iii,  is  ihc  ttlti mil]/  ot  that  iirocess. ' 
—IS'icjit  :  yut.  nut.,  SS3S. 

■^'-ti-mo,  *.  [Lat.  'uUimo\mense)=.\xi  the 
last  (niimth).]  The  month  which  preceded 
the  present ;  last  month  as  distinguished 
from  the  current  and  all  other  months. 
Generally  contracted  into  uU. :  as,  I  wrote  to 
him  on  the  ■_'uth  ult. 

■  ul-ti-md~gen -i-ture.  .«.  [Formed  on 
analogy  of  }'rimoj.'ni}'iye  (q.v.),  from  ultimns 
=  the  last,  aud  'mi/Mis  =  honi.]  A  name 
jiroposed  as  a  collective  Hnn  to  include  all 
forms  of  B4^)rough-EnglJsh  (q.v.). 

•*  Tito   extension?    of    the   cuittoni    are   all    called 
•bor-jujh-Eoglifh    »'r  :\inl->;r  ti  tti- prlucliwl  usage, 
■     '    "     '    r  -(Hiie  iii'iveK'fiienil 
'  ii.U'nc  »i>iir.>pnate 
ri    ■  ulth'i'ijrnitiire' 
the   kcHl   !'rf|)erly 
11.  mill  luch  foiel^ii 
.'iipeiffitvrir.'  which 
li.;ity  ;  so  oil*  must 
:  "I  Juiilur  risht.'— 

■      '■ i'.  15.-.. 


bat  thev  nhould 

name.    It  i 

In- 

w..rd      We 

till-  :t«kwr» 

li  1 

Ojinml'»i  IT 

ftl  -ti-mfts,  ('.  [L»t., super,  of  H/ter=beyond.] 
(Ui.TiMArK,  (i.J    LasC 

ultlmus  lueres,  k 

Ltnr  :  Th.-  last  or  remote  heir.  Tlius,  in 
ea.ses  of  iiit'-stat'-  sufcession,  fulling  relations 
of  every  kind,  the  succession  devolves  upon 
the  crown  as  i(/(i»nu  lueres.. 

'fil'-tlon,  *.  [Lat.  nitio,  genit.  iiltionis,  trom 
nltus,yni.  par.  of  iilrhcvr  =  to  take  vengeance 
on.]  Tlie  act  of  takhig  vengeance  or  retaliat- 
ing ;  revenge,  retaliation. 

"Tofonflve  our  nn-mlwi  ii  a  charming  way  of  re- 
veiigv  ....  ami  to  <t<i  (c>mnI  for  «vH  a  noft  and  uieltiug 
ultiotL'—Brotenv:  C'hriUutn  Ji<jrnlty  tit.  l:i. 

•  iil'-tra^  pr^.,  «.,  &  ».  [Lat.  =  beyond  (adv. 
and  prep.),  orig.  abl.  fem.  of  O.  Lat.  niter  = 
bevond  (ad.i.).  i'Uer  is  a  comparative  from 
0."Lat.  uh,  ouls  =  beyond  ;  Fr.  outre ;  Sp.  ultra  : 
Ital.  oltra.] 

A.  vIs/xr/Lc.'ALatiupi'epnsitionaud adverb, 
signifying  beyond,  and  used  as  a  prefix  in  the 
senses  of — 

(1)  Beyond;  on  the  further  side  ;chieHy  with 
Words  implying  natural  objects,  forming  bar- 
riers, boundaries,  or  laniliiiarks  :  as,  ultra- 
montaue,  ?(/(r-amunilane,  u/trumarine. 

(2)  Kscessively,  exceedingly ;  to  or  in  ex- 
cess; beyond  what  is  reasonable,  rational, 
right,  or  projier;  with  words  admitting  of 
degrees,  and  more  especially  in  iiolitical  and 
polemical  terms  ;  as,  ((/^?-((-eonservative,  w^f?'a- 
liboral,  »/(ra-radical,  and  the  like. 

B.  As  adj.:  Extreme;  going  beyond  due 
limit;  extravagant. 

"The  extreme  or  ultni  pnvty."  —  MUmaii :  Bist. 
Latin  Christianity. 

C.  As  snbsl. :  One  who  advocates  extreme 
views  or  measures  ;  an  ultraist. 

"  The  C7(r(w  would  have  owned  him  for  their  leader, 
and  would  have  admitted  that  he  weut  beyond  them 
ill  uiicoiii|)iouiisiiig  oousiateucy."— 5roufffto"t .', if*a(. 
Sfcct<Aes,  Jc. 

ultra-red,  a. 

Physics :  A  term  applied  to  the  rays  beyond 
the  red,  or  low,  end  of  the  spectrum  (q.v.). 
From  these  rays,  which  are  invisible  on  ac- 
count of  the  slowness  of  their  vibrations,  the 
greatest  heating  ettects  are  obtained. 

ultra-violet,  a. 

Physics:  A  term  applied  to  the  rays  beyond 
the  violet,  or  hi<:h,  end  of  the  spectrum  (q.v.). 
The  vibrations  of  these  lays  are  too  rapid  for 
vision,  but  they  possess  greater  chemical 
activity  than  any  otliers. 

•ul'-trage,  s.    [Ol'teaok,  s.] 

iil'-tra-ism,  s.  [Eng.  nltra;  -ism.]  The 
jiriiiciples  of  ultras,  or  of  those  who  advocate 
extreme  nirasure.^,  as  of  reform,  &c. 

iU'-tra-ist,  s.  [Eng.  ultra  :  -ist.]  One  who 
jiushes  a  principle,  doctrine,  or  measure  to 
extremes ;  one  wlio  advocates  extreme  mea- 
sures ;  ail  ultra. 

iil-tra-ma-rine',  rt-  "Si  s.  [Sr.  nUra)iiari)io  = 
beyond  sea,  foreign  ;  also,  uUratiio,rinc  (s.), 
fnJm  Lat.  iiUra  =  beyond,  and  vuiruiu^  = 
marine ;  more  =  the  sea.] 

*A,  As  ailj. :  Situated,  being,  or  lying 
beyond  the  sea. 

■■  The  loss  of  her  ultramarine  doiuiuion<i  lessens  her 
expenses  nud  eusurcii  her  remittHUces." — Burke  :  d'fu^tt 
o/  the  .Valhii. 

B.  As  substaJitive : 

1.  Ord,  Lang. :  A  beautiful  and  undiaiigeable 
blue  pigment,  resembling  in  purity  the  blue  of 
the  prismatic  spectrum.  It  was  formerly  ob- 
tained by  grinding  the  mineral  known  as  lapis- 
lazuli,  calcining  it,  and  again  grinding  it  in  a 
mill,  or  with  a  porphyry  slab  and  niuUer.  It 
is  much  prized  by  artists  for  its  beauty  and  the 
permanence  of  its  colour,  lioth  for  oil  and  water 
painting.  Lapisdazuli  being  very  rare  this 
pigment  was  the  most  expensive  of  colours. 
Artificial  ultramarine,  which  appears  to  possess 
all  the  valuable  properties  of  the  native  ultra- 
marine, was  first  prepared  by  M.  Guiniet,  by 
fusing  a  mixture  of  kaolin,  glauber  salt,  car- 
bonate of  soda  and  charcoal  in  a  closed  cru- 
cible, roasting  the  green  substance  so  ob- 
tained with  the  addition  of  sulphur,  whereby 
its  colour  is  changed  to  blue,  aud  pulverizing 
and  washing  the  powder.  The  native  ultra- 
marine appears  to  consist  of  silicate  of  alu- 
minium with  sulphide  and  hyposulphite  of 
sodium. 

2.  Min.:  A  name  given  to  the  richer-coloured 
varieties  of  lapisdazuli  (q.v.). 


ultramarine -ashes.  .<.  pi  The  residue 
of  lapis-la/nli,  alter  the  chief  colour  had  been 
extracted,  was  nsed  by  the  ol<l  masters  as  a 
middle  or  neutral  tint  for  flesh,  skies,  or  dra- 
peries ;  it  is  a  purer  and  teudewr  gray  than 
that  produced  by  mixture  of  more  positive 
colours.     {F>'irhoit.) 

iil-tra-mdn'-tane,  «.  &  s.  [Fr.  uUramon- 
tain  '=  beyond  the  nniiint,T.ins  ;  a  term  ajiidied 
by  the  Frencli  to  the  Italians  themselves,  as 
being  beyond  the  mountains,  from  the  French 
side  ;  from  It;d.  oltraniontaiio,  from  Low  Lat. 
ultra}nontanusy  from  Lat.  ultra  =  beyond,  and 
inous,  genit.  motUisr^A  mountain;  Sp.  ultra- 
vio7itano.]    [Tramontane.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Being  or  lying  beyond  the  mountains ; 
transmontane ;  specifically,  lying  or  being  to 
the  south  of  the  Alps  ;  that  is,  beyond  the 
ninuutaius  as  regard  the  countries  north  of 
the  Alps  ;  Italian. 

2.  Lying  or  being  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Alps;  "that  is,  being  ou  the  other  side  of  the 
Alps,  with  reference  to  Italy  ;  tramontane. 

II.  Church  Hist. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Ultra- 
montanism  (q.v.). 

"The  i'ltrnmonlane  tone  of  the  present  day  is  far 
ill  advftnue  of  the  KoumiiUt  writers  of  the  Keformu- 
tion  perMV—Blu7it :  Diet.  Sects,  p.  603. 

B.  As  stihstantive : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  resides  beyond  or 
on  the  other  si(le  of  the  Alps  ;  a  foreigner. 

•     "  To  the  petition  of  the  Eiinnerets  of  Rome  for  a 

Sromotion  of  Cardinals  he  (Poiie  Urban)  avowed  his 
esigii  to  luiikesohu'se.i  tiomiii.itioii  that  the  Itali.iii» 
should  resume  tlieir  aaeendnncy  over  the  Clti-atnoti- 
t lines."— .nil ma7i :  Latin  Christianity,  bk.  xiii.,  ch.  i.. 

2.  Church  Hist. :  A  believer  in  or  supporter 
of  Ultramontanism  (q.v.). 

"  The  Cltramontiinet,  such  as  Bellarniiiie,  Baroniua, 
&c..  maiutain  that  whatever  dogmntic  judgment  or 
(lecistou  ou  a  doctriual  point  the  pope  addressed  to  the 
whole  chuich  is  iiecessjirily  correct." — JlcClintock  tfr 
Stron-j  :  Cyclop.  Bib.  Lit.,  iv.  570. 

ul-tra-mdn'-tan-ism,  s.  [Eng.  uUramon- 
tan{e)  ;  -ism.] 

Church  Hist. :  A  name  improperly  given  by 
some  theologians,  north  of  the  Alps,  before 
the  Vatican  Council  in  1S70,  to  the  generally 
received  opinion  of  the  Churcii  in  all  ages,  , 
that  the  Papal  utterances  ex  cathedrd  on 
matters  of  faith  or  morals  are  irreformable. 
The  word  was  used  In  contradistinction  to 
Gailicanism,  which  attributed  infallibility 
aud  supreme  authority  in  matters  of  faith, 
morals,  and  discipline  to  the  entire  Church, 
personified  in  a  General  Council.  Since  the 
definition  of  the  Vatician  Council  in  ISTO  con- 
cerning the  infallibility  of  llie  Pope,  Gaili- 
canism has  become  a  heresy.  [Vatican- 
council.] 

■'  The  work  th.it  has  done  more  th.iu  any  other  to 
give  a  3cieiitiiic  character  aud  a  lasting  influence  ti> 
Clfraiuontinii^m  is  Mohler's  .Syinbolik,  which  first 
aijpeaied  in  a.d.  1832,  aud  hiia  since  spread  thruughout 
Europe  aud  America  in  rapidly  recuntng  editious." — 
Blunt:  Diet.  Sectt,  p.  601. 

ul-tra-mon'-tan-xst,  s.  [Eng.  ultramon- 
t'in{e);  -ist.]  One  of  the  ultramontane  party; 
one  who  upholds  or  promotes  ultiamontiiuism. 

* iil-tra-mun -dane,  a.      [Pref.  ^^Ura-,  and 
Eng.    miuidint:'   (q.v.).]      Being    beyond    the 
world,  or  beyond  the  limits  of  our  system. 
"We  need  not   fly  to    imagiuru'y    ultramundane 
8p:ices."— Boyle  :   Works,  v,  no. 

iil'-tra  vir'-e^,  phr.  [Lat.]  Beyond  one's 
power;  especially  beyond  the  power  of  a  per- 
son, court,  or  corjtoration,  legally  or  constitu- 
tionally. 

*  ul-tr6'-ne-OUS»  a.  [Lat.  ultroneus,  from 
ultro  =  of  one's  own  accord.]  Voluntary, 
spontaneous. 

"  Human  laws  oblige  to  an  active  obedience,  but  not 
to  a  spontaneous  offer,  and  ultrona)u»  seeking  of 
opportuuittes." — Jeremy  Taylor:  Ductor  Dubitantium. 

"  ul-tro'-ne-ous-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  idtroneous: 
-ly.]  Voiuutarily,  spontaneously,  of  oues 
own  accord. 

^  ul-tro'-ne-ous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uUroMoits  ; 
-ncss.]  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  ultroneous; 
spontaneity  ;  voluntariness, 

'  iil'-u-la,  5.  [Lat.  =the  shrieker,  a  screech- 
owl.] 

Ornith. ;  A  lapsed  genus  of  Strigidfe  (q.v.). 
of  which  the  Linna;an  Strix  flammea  was  the 

type. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot^ 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fiill ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


UMBELLIFER/E 

I.  Dauctis  C3wla:    la.    Root  of  D.  carota .    ib.    Sinele    Flower  o(  D.  carota :    ic    Fruit  of  D.    carota  (front  and  back 
views'.     2.    Smyynium  olusiitriim  :  2a    Single  Flower  of  S.  o/iisd/nim  ;  26.  Fruit  of  S.  o/iisadiTOi. 

71 


ululant— umbilical 


JG9 


'  iil'-U-lant,  a.  [Lat.  iiluUtn.-i,  pr.  par.  of 
idido  =  U>  howl.]    Howling,  ululating. 

*  iil'-u-late,  v.L  [Lat.  ididatnm,  sup.  of 
u!ul6=  tu  howl,  from  the  sound  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
iduhir :  Ital.  ulidnre ;  O.  Vr.  huller;  Fr. 
tiluhr.]    To  howl,  as  a  dog  or  wolf. 

*■  Troops  of  Jivckftlla  .  .  .  iihiUtUng  in  offeusive 
noises,"— ^i I-  7".  Berbci-t:  Trawl,  p.  113. 

*  ul-U-la'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  u/n/nita.]  A  howl- 
ing, *as  ol  a  dog  or  wolf;  a  wailing. 

••The  uhil-ifimi  olvcngenitce  nsremieiX."— DeQnince/j : 
JfurUcr  as  a  f4iie  .lit.    (FuaUvrii't  / 

iil-va,  ,s.  [Lat.=  sedge,  a'nd  various  other 
uqmitic  plants.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Halymcdidte  (Lindley);  the 
typical  genus  of  Ulvace;i^  (Kiitcing,  Berkeley, 
&e.).  Fiond  jilane,  simple  or  lobed,  formed 
(•f  .1  double  layer  of  cells  closely  packed,  pro- 
ducing zoospores.  It  is  distiuguished  from 
Porpliyra  chietly  by  its  green  colour,  while 
Porphyra  is  roseate  or  purple.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  Ulva  bullosa,  nn)st  of  the  species 
are  marine,  and  they  are  widely  distributed 
through  tlie  oi-t-au.  C.  Ldctum  is  Oyster-gieen 
(q.v.).  This  species  and  U.  latissimn  are  some- 
times called  Green  Laver,  and  are  eaten.  In 
>icotland  they  are  oeeasionally  bound  round 
the  temples  to  alleviate  lieadaelie.  U.  therma- 
lis  mows  in  the  hot  springs  r>f  Gasteiu  in  a 
tempeiatiire  uf  abuut  117"  Fahr.  U.  conipnssa 
is  i-att-n  by  the  Sandwich  Islanders. 

ul-'Va'-9e-SD»  s.  pi.  [Lat.  ^dv(a);  fern.  pi.  adj. 
sutl.  -actw.] 

Bot. :  An  order  of  Green-spored  Algals, 
generally  marine,  rarely  freshwater,  or  grow- 
ing in  damp  places.  Fronds  mcnibranous,  ex- 
l^ahded,  saccate,  tubular,  or  sometimes  fili- 
form, composed  of  spherical  or  polygonal  cells 
lirndy  united  into  single  or  double  layers. 
Reproductive  organs  c<msisting  of  roundish 
spoi-es,  formed  from  the  whole  contents  of 
tlie  cells,  or  of  ciliated  zoospores  in  twos, 
fours,  or  a  greater  number.  Widely  distributed. 
British  genera  live. 

ul'-yie,  ul'-zie  (z  as  y),  s.    [Fr.  hidle  =  oil.] 

on.      (Srutrh.) 

■'  Would  yuu  creeMb  his  bonny  brown  hair  in  your 
nasty  ali/U\  '~S>:ijCt :  Antiquari/,  ch.  x. 

U'-ma,  5.    [Hind.] 

Hiiul.  Mijthol. :  Oue  of  the  names  given  to 
the  consort  of  Siviu     [Dooboa.] 

nzn'-bel,  •  iim-'ber-la,  s.  [Lat.  umbella  — 
a  little  sliaduw.diniin.  from  in/tfjm  =  a  shadow.] 
Bc(.  :  A  l<iinl  of  inflort'scence,  in  which  the 
pedicels  all  proceed  from  a  single  point  like 
the  spokes  of  an  -unibrella,  and  are  of  equal 
length  or  coi-ymbose.  When  each  of  tlie 
pedicels  bears  only  a  single  flower,  as'  in 
Eryiigium,  the  umbel  is  said  to  be  simple; 
when  it  divides  and  bears  other  untbels,  as  in 
Hemeleuni,  it  is  said  to  be  coni]Kiund.  In  the 
latter  case  the  assemblage  of  umbels  is  called 
the  universal  umbel,  and  the  secondary  um- 
bels the  partial  umbels ;  <Jr  the  universal  umbel 
is  called  simi)ly  the  umbi-1  and  the  secondary 
ones  the  unibellules.  Tlie  peduncles  support- 
ing the  partial  umbels  are  termed  radii. 

um-bel'-lal,  a.    [Umbellar.] 

um-bel-la-les,  s.  pi.  [Fem.  pL  of  Mod. 
Lat.  ni'ii-t'llidis,  from  Lat.  umbella.]  [Umbel.] 
Bo!. :  The  Unihellal  Alliance  ;  an  alliance 
of  Epi^ynons  Exogens,  having  ilichlamydeons, 
polypetalous  flowers,  solitary  large  seeds,  and 
a  small  embryo  lying  in  a  large  quantity  of 
albumen.  Orders  :  Apiaceie.  Araliaceiie,  Cor- 
nacete,  Hamanielidacete,  ;uid  Bruuiucea. 

um-bel-lar,  um-bel-lal,a.  (Eng.  nmbd; 
■ar,  -(d.]  'i  »f  <ii  pertaining  to  an  umbel ;  Imv- 
ing  the  form  uf  an  umbel. 

*  um-bel-la'-tae,  5.  ;-/.  [Fem.  pi.  of  Mod. 
Lat.  umhellatusy  from  Lat.  iimbcUaii.v.).] 

Bot. :  The  twenty-second  order  in  Linnseus's 
Natural  System,  corresponding  to  the  present 
Umbelliferte  (q.v.). 

um-bel'-late,  iim-bel-la-ted,  a.     [Eng. 

umbel ;  -ale,  -atet/.] 

1.  Bot. :  With  the  inflorescence  in  the  form 
of  an  umbel ;  bearing  umbels ;  pertaining 
to  an  umbel. 

2.  Zool  :  Having  a  number  of  nearly  equal 
radii  proceeding  from  the  same  point. 


UMBELLIFER 
iAiig€lt{:a  arcfutJii/elica.) 


iim'-bel-let,  .*.  [Eng.  umbtl ;  dimin.  sutl. 
■/</.]  A  little  or  partial  umbel;  an  umUd 
furmetl  iit  the  end  ot  one  of  the  rays  of  another 
tnubt.1  ;  an  umbellule. 

UIll-bel'-lic,<i-  lEni;.umbeU(ifero}ie): -u:]  Con- 
tained in  uv  derived' from  umbelliferone(q.v.). 

umbelllc-acld, »-. 

aem. :  C!,Hu,t  '4  =  G6H3(OH).j-C.jH4-CO-OH. 
A  monobasic  aromatic  acid,  obtained  by  the 
action  of  sodium  anmlgam  on  an  alkaline  so- 
lution of  umbcUiferone.  It  crystallizes  in 
colourless  granules,  ditticultly  soluble  in  cold 
water,  and  melts  at  Vlb". 

iim-beV-li-fer,  s.    [Umbellifer.c] 

Bvt.  :  Any  plant  of  the  order  Umbellifei-ae ; 
a  plant  producing  an  umbel. 

um-bel-lif'-er-fiB,  5.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
Lat.  timbdlu,  and/cro  =  to  bear.]    [Umbel.] 

Bot. :  Umbellifers  ;  the  name  given  by  Jus- 
sieu  in  17S0,  and  still  extensively  in  use,  for  a 
large  and  easily  recognised  order  of  plants, 
liaving  their  inflorescence  in  the  form  of  an 
umbel.  Lindley  called  ihem  Apiacese,  fmm 
the  genus  Apiinn,  and  placed  the  order  under 
hisUmbellal  Alliance  of  Epigynous  Exogens. 
The  flowers,  whicli  are  white,  pink,  yellow,  or 
blue,  are  gene- 
rally surround- 
eil  by  an  invo- 
lucre.  They 
have  a  superior 
calyx.either 
entire  or  five- 
toothed;  five 
petals,  five  sta- 
in e  n  s ,  t  w  o 
styles,  and  a 
two  -  celled  in- 
ferior  ovary, 
with  a  solitary 
pendulous 
ovule  in  each 
cell.  Fruit  con- 
sisting of  two 
carpels,  separ- 
able from  a 
common  axis, 
to  which  they 
adhere  by  their  face.  Each  carpel  is  traversed 
by  elevated  ridges,  of  which  five  are  primary 
and  four  secondary.  The  Umbelliferae  abound 
in  temperate  climates  in  tlie  northern  hemi- 
sphere, but  are  rare  in  the  tropics.  The  vege- 
tation of  some — as  hemlock,  fool's,  parsley, 
and  others— is  poisonous,  whilst  that  of  the 
garden  parsley  is  eaten.  Similarly,  the  stem 
of  the  celery  and  the  roots  of  the  carrot  and 
the  parsnip  are  wholesome  articles  of  food. 
Fannlies  seventeen — viz.  : 

Hytlrocotyiiilje,  MuliiiidK.  SanictiHdre.  Ammiiiidie, 
Seseliuidie.  Piicliyiileuiid:B,  Angelicidx.  Feucedanidoe, 
Sileiida;.  (JiituiiiiJ:v,  Th^tpsidje,  D.iui.id»,  EleKoselin- 
id».  L'^tucalinidK,  Sciudicidie,  Suiyniid.-e,  and  Cori&u- 
dridre. 

Genera,  207 ;  species,  1,500.  (LhuUey.)  Genera, 
15-*;  species,  1,300.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.)  Thirty- 
four  genera  are  rt-presented  in  Britain. 

um-bel-lif'-er-6ne,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.   umbel- 
ti/cr(f':) ;  suff.  -une  (ChcJii.).} 
Ckem.:   C9H603=  C6H3(Oe):[^_^^;;:^_      ^ 

neutral  body,  obtained  by  the  dry  distillation 
uf  various  resins,  clnefly  those  derived  from 
umbelliferous  plants.  It  crystallizes  in 
colourless  rhombic  prisms,  is  tasteless,  in- 
odorous, soluble  in  boiling  water  and  in  alco- 
hol, ether,  and  chloroform.  When  heated  it 
emits  an  odour  of  conmarin,  melts  at  240^  to 
a  yellowish  liquid,  and  volatilizes  without 
residue. 

um-bel-lif'-er-oiis,  a.  [Eng.  umhdUfcr; 
-.'US  ]     Furnished  with  an  umbel ;  umbellate, 

uiiibellated. 

um-bel-lu-lar'-i-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin. 
IVi'iii  \^3,X.' niabdla  =  a  sunshade.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Alcyonaria,  sometimes 
separated  from  Pennatula  (q.v.).  Body  elon- 
gate, slender,  with  a  long  osseous  axis. 
Polyps  large,  terminal.  Umbellidaria  groen- 
landica  =  Pennatula  ejicrinus. 

iini'ber-lu-ld.t-ed,  a.    [Umbellule.] 

Bot.  :  Disposed  in  small  umbels. 

um'-bel-lule,  s.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  umheUula, 
a  double  dimin.  from  umbra  =  a  shade  ;  Fr, 
ombellule.]  A  suiall  umbel ;  an  umbellet ;  a 
t-econdarj-  or  partial  umbel. 


um-ber  (1). '  iixn-bre(breaHber)(i),  s.  ^ 

(I.  [Fr.  ombre  (t-.r  In  re  d'uinbff),  from  Ital. 
OHi/m(  (for  ^  iTtt  d'->iub,,i)—  nniU'r;  lit.  =  earth 
of  shadow,  i.e.,  earth  usetl  for  shadowing,  from 
Lat.  umbra  =  a  sliade  ;  cf.  Sp.  sombrn  =  shade, 
umber;  Fr.  owti/rt  =  umbered  or  shadowed; 
Ger.  umber.] 

A.  As  sub.-it(tiUife : 

1,  Ordiiuiry  Language  J 

1.  A  well-known  pigment  of  an  olive-brown 
colour  in  its  raw  stat,*-,  l;:t  much  redder 
when  burnt.  It  consists  of  an  ochreuus  earth 
containing  manganese,  is  durable,  lias  a  good 
body,  and  is  uselul  in  oil  and  water-cnjour 
painting.  It  occuis  either  naturally  in  veins 
or  beds,  or  is  prepared  artiticiallyfroni  various 
admixtures.  That  which  is  brought  from 
Cyprus,  under  the  name  uf  Tuikish  umber,  is 
the  best.  It  is  of  a  brown  citrine  colour, 
semi-opaque,  has  all  the  properties  of  good 
ochre,  is  perfectly  durable  both  in  water  and 
oil,  and  one  of  the  best  di-ying  colours  wu 
possess.  It  injures  no  other  good  pigment 
with  which  it  may  be  mixed. 

1  I'ucir  nn<l  me 

1  ii(  uiu^cr  atii:..„  .„..  

Shakrtp.     Ai  Jwii  Like  It,  i.  3. 

2.  A  variety  of  peat  or  bi-own  coal  occurring 
near  Cologne,  used  as  a  pigment  and  for  the 
adulteration  of  snuff.    (Brandc.) 

IL  Mill. :  A  clay-like  substance  of  varying 
shades  of  a  brown-c(tlour,  consisting  essen- 
tially of  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina  mixed 
with  varying  proportions  of  iron  and  man- 
ganese oxides.     Used  as  a  pigmeut. 

B.  As  adj. :  Olive-bruwn. 
umber-brown,  .^. 

Bot.  :  A  pure  dull  brown.  Nearly  the  same 
as  deep  brown. 

um'-ber  (2),  s.     [Fr.  ombre,  uinbn,  from  Lat. 
umbra  =  sliade.] 
1.  Ichthy.  :  The  grayling. 


•'The  umber  iiiiH  gvftyliiig  differ  fts  the  herring  and 
.tikdier  do :  but  tuuuyti  Ibey  iiuiy  do  »o  bi  other 
iiiitious.  those  in  Eu).'litud  diit'er  Uutuiug  but  iu  tbeU' 


lASmea." — IVultvit  r  Atiylo 

^  2.  Old  Arm. :  The  same  as  Umbriere  (q.v.). 
3.  Oruitk. :  The  same  as  Umbre  (2)  (q.v.). 

•um'-ber,  *um'-bre  (bre  as  ber),  v.t. 
[Umber  (1),  s.]  To  colour  with  or  as  with 
umber  ;  to  shade,  to  daiken. 

"  Tu  dye  your  beaid  and  umber  o'er  your  face." 

Ben  Joiisoii :  Alclicmtst,  v.  3. 

^um'-bered,  a.  [Eng.  uvihr  (1),  s.  ;  -cd.] 
Coloured  with  or  as  with  umber;  embrowned, 
darkened,  dark,  dusky. 

"Thyd;u"k  iloud,  with  um&ererf  lower. 
Th.it  buuf  o'er  elilf,  and  l;ike.  and  tower." 

Acott:  Jiannioui  v.     (Introd.) 

*  tim'-ber-y,  a.  [Eng.  «mVr(l).  s. ;  -y.]  Of 
or  perUiining  to  umber  ;  darU,  dusky. 

um-bil'-ic,  u.  &  s.    [Umbilical.] 

A,  As  adj.  :  The  same  as  Umbilic.\l  (q.v.). 
*B.  As  suh€t.  :  The  navel,  the  centre. 

"Hell  IB  the  umhiticX  of  the  world,  circled  with  a 
thick  walL"— Sir  T.  Ucrhert :  Travels.  1>.  329. 

iim-bil'-ic-al,  *  um-bU -ic-all,  a.  [Lat. 
((m6Uioi(s=*tlie  navel.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  navel ;  formed  in  tlie  middle  like  a  navel; 
navel-shaped,  central. 

"The  cbaiJter-house  is  Urge,  supported  aa  to  its 
arched  roof  by  one  untbiHcal  pillar."— /h/oc  Tour 
Thro'  Great  Britain. 

umbilical  arteries*  5.  pi    [Umbilical- 

veshels.J 
umbilical-cord,  s.    [Fi'niculus,  I.  L] 

umbilical-fissure,  s. 

Anat.  :   The  aiitciiiir  part  of  the  longitu- 
.  dinal  tissure  between  the  lobes  of  the  liver. 

umbilical-bemia,  s. 

Pathol.  :  A  hernia  which  protrudes  throngli 
the  ■umbilical  opening  in  the  middle  line  at 
the  umbilicus.  It  is  most  commonly  met 
with-  in  infants  and  in  women  advanced  in 
life,  especially  in  obese  subjects. 

umbilical-points,  .^.  i>L 

h'eoin.  :  Tlie  siuite  as  Foci.     [Focus.] 
umbilicalregion,  2-. 

Aunt.  :  The  midiUe  region  of  the  abdomen, 
in  which  the  umbilicus  is  placed ;  the  meso- 
gastriuni.     [AbuoMEN.] 

umbilical-ring,  s. 

Anal.  :  A  libruus  ring  which  surrounds  Tne 


boil,  boy;  pout*  jowl;  cat,  9011,  cborus.  gliin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a§;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f, 
-ciau,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tiou,  -§lon  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die*  ^c.  =  bcl,  deL 


270 


umbilicality— umbratious 


ajHTtun'  nf  ttie  tiintiilk-iis,  nnti  tliruugh  wtikli 
iiiiibilii-nl  licritiu  i>Ci-un>  hi  cliililn'ii. 

ambUlcal  vein..".  (I'uuilk-al-xcsski^.) 

umblllcnl  vcsiolo.  -<■    [Vulk-:iac.1 

nznbilioal-veBsels.  s.  ;*/. 

I.  A',<it.  :  A  ci.initrfhensivi*  name  incluilin;: 
C)i<-  t\\"  iii)i)>ili<':il  arterieti  (coiitinuatiuiiH  o( 
the  jtriiiiitivi'  itiiii>»)  and  the  ttnibilical  vein  cd' 
ttu-  liutiinn  fiilns.  Tlie  latter  ariKes  fruin  the 
plur.Mita,  and  conveys  to  the  fa'tiis  the  bh"Kl 
I-         II  >  for  its  nutrition,  the  residuum  Win.; 

'  1  I'tck  to  the  placenta  by  the  unibilica! 
I  ■  ! .'  >.  As  MHMi  as  res^iiration  In-iitins  thi- 
ait.ru-!*  aix'  tratiiifornied  into  libroiiK  cords, 
and  ttio  vein  iH'Conieti  the  round  ligament 
{liijiimmtinn  I'ot u n ti tnn)  nf  Ihv  liver. 

'J.  liftt. :  Tin-  vissels  which  jiass  along  the 
iinibiliciiK  or  riiniile  to  transmit  nourishment 
t«»  the  eotyledoio.. 

•  iim  -1>n  -i-oftl  -i-ty.  s.     lEng.   vmhiliml  ; 
''/ 1      t'li;iniettr  ;i>  determined   bv  an  uni- 

l.lll.-U.s. 

um-bfl-Z-oar-i-a.   s.     [Lat.   vmhUicftrh  = 
iHTtainin^'  to  the  iiiivi-l.] 
/>•()/. ;  A  synonym  I'f  Gyrophora  Ci.v.). 

umbll'-i-oate.  ilm-bn'-l-cat-ed,  ((.  [Lat. 

iihibilinis  =  ;i  ii;)\iL,i 

*  I,  Orti.  Lni"j. :  Navel-shai^etl  ;  depressed 
in  the  niithtle  like  a  navel. 
n.  Ttchiiimllu: 

1.  Bot. :   Hollowed  like  the  navel.     The 

same  as  PtLTATK  (ii.v.). 

2.  yoof.  :  A  term  n]>plied  to  those  univalve 
shells  which  have  the  axis>  around  which  the 
whorls  are  coiU-d.  open  or  Jiollow.  The  jier- 
foration  may  be  a  mere  fissure,  as  iu  the 
lacuna  ;  or  it  may  Iw  filled  tip  l\v  a  shelly 
deposit,  as  in  many  s|>ecies  of  Naticu. 

fim-bQ'-i-CUS,  .>.  [Lat.  =  the  navel ;  allied 
to  Gr.  u/i^oAof  ('"'»i;>/ia/o.s)=  the  navel ;  Lat. 
umbo  =  a  boss  ;  O.  Fr.  umhUic  :  Ital.  iimbiliro, 
ombflicOt  Mlico,  biliro ;  Sp.  omhligo ;  Port, 
limbic,  embigo  :  .Sansc.  ndbhi  =  tlie  navel 
(q.V.).J 

1.  Aimt. :  The  navel  (q.v.). 

'  2.  Auliij.  :  An  f-rnamcntal  or  |iainted  boss 
or  ball  fastened  on  each  end  of  the  sticks  on 
which  maniistripts  were  rolled. 

3.  n-iany: 

(1)  The  saJiie  a.>  Hili'M  (q.v.). 

(2)  A  genus  of  Crassuiea-.  Lea\-es  fleshy, 
racemose,  white  or  yellow  ^ealyx  five-parted  ; 
corolla  camj-anulate :  stamens  ten,  inserted 
in  the  corolla  ;  nectariferous  scales  live  ;  car- 
pels five.  The  species  grow  in  dry  stf»ny  places, 
and  are  sometimes  pltinted  in  rockeries.  ['»i- 
bilicus  pendulivns  is  the  same  as  Cotyledon 
Umbiticns.    [Cotvlei>on,  I.  ].] 

4.  dcom. :  A  term  used  by  the  older  gen- 
meters  as  synonymous  with  focus ;  but.  in 
nuKlern  works,  a  I'oint  on  a  surface  through 
which  nil  lines  of  curvature  pa-ss. 

0.  Zool.  :  The  aperture  of  the  axis  near  the 
mouth  nf  snine  univalve  shells.  [L'mbili- 
rATF:n,  IL  L'.J 

'um-ble*  $.    [L'.\iBLEs.] 

%  To  eat  vmhle-pi€  (commonly  corrupted 
into  to  cat  Jnivible-pie) :  [Humble-pie,  ^]. 

um'-ble^,  'bum'-ble^.  s.  pi  [F(.r  mtmhJes 
(«|.v.).  The  i-ntr.n]>  t.f  a  deer  ;  sometimes 
applKil  lot-ntiaiU  i;.-m-i-al!y. 

umbo  fpi.  um-bo  -nea),  5. 

(Ijit.;  Fr.  nml»'N  .■  It,il.  >niihnnc.] 

1.  Otil  Arm.  :  The  I'r.juted  boss 
or  protuberant  part  of  a  shield. 

"Suchftlx.wl  in  peculiarly  well  a<1aiite.l 
for  the  ximbo  at  the  «lueld.'_.1/(,rr(;v 
Greek  Actil/tturT,  cli.  iii. 

2.  Anal.:  The  deepest  part  of 
the  arched  membrane  of  tlie  drum 
of  the  ear,  c<»rrespondin;i  to  the 
tertnination  of  the  handli-*of  the 
malleus  (q.v.). 

3.  Hot. :  The  boss-like  protuber- 
ance riain;:  upwards  fmni  the  centre  of  the 
I'ilens  in  nn  Agaric,  &c. 

4.  Z'>ol. :  The  crrd)ryoiiic  .shell,  fonniu"  the 
point  fmni  which  the  i,Tt»wtli  of  the  valve  com- 
mences in  the  CVmchitW-a.  The  umbones  are 
ni-ir  thr  hin-ie  iK'cause  that  side  grows  least 
rapidly,  sometimes  they  an-  situated  on  the 


— fi.  F.  Chambers :  Jiesc 

there    is  a   pluml 


margin,  but  they  always  become  wider  ap;irt 
with  age.  They  may  be  straight,  as  in  the 
genus  Fecteti ;  curved,  as  in  Venus,  or  spiral, 
lis  in  Isocardia  and  Diceras. 

iim'-bo-nal,  >'<.    [I^t.  tf?ft'>o,  genit  itmhf>n(is): 

Kng.  ad.j.' suti".  -at.]  Of,  belonging  to,  or 
situated  near  the  umbo  (q.v.). 

umbonol-area,  s. 

Xool.:  Thenartof  the  shell  of  the  Conchi- 
fera  lying  within  the  impression  made  by  the 
margin  of  the  mantle. 

um  bo-nate,  iiizi -bo-nat-ed,  a.     [As  if 

trout  a  l^t.  iimliuimtiif',  from  umbo,  geiut. 
u infjoni'f  ^=  II  boss.) 

•  I.  Ord.  Ijang. :  Bossed;  having  a  boss  r»r 
knob  in  the  centre. 

2.  Hot. :  The  same  as  Dossed  (q.^^ 

um-bdn'-u-late,  a.    [As  if  fi-om  a  Lat.  itm- 
fK>ni>ltt,  diruin*.  of  j(H(^[i=:a  boss.] 

/*'»/. .'  Terminated  bv  a  very  small  boss  or 
nipph". 

um  -bra.  s.     [I-at.  =  a  shadow.] 

"  1.  Cli'ss.  Antlq.:  Among  the  Romans,  a 
person  who  went  to  a  feast  as-a"  companion  of 
one  invited,  whom  lie  thus  followed  as  a 
shadow  ;  a  parasite  whose  duty  it  was  to  laugh 
at  the  jokes  of  his  patron. 

2,  Astron. :  The  name  given  by  Dawes  to 
the  black  central  portion  of  a  sun-spot  (q-v.). 
He  limit.s  the  designation  nucleus  to  patches 
of  deeper  blackness  occasionally  noticed  in 
the  umbrip,  though  tiu-  tenit  is  sometimes 
applied  to  the  wliole  of  the  darker  area.  The 
fringe  of  lighter  shade  surrounding  a  sun-spot 
is  called  the  penumbra. 

"  Cases  of  .-ui  (OMftra   without  a  peiiumbrn,  Hnd  the 
contrary,  are  on  record."     "    " 
Astrouomif,  jx  6. 

If    In  .senses   1   and 
um'-bro:. 

3.  TchtJn/.  :Tlie  sole  genusof  Umbridae  (q.v.), 
with  two  species :  Umlna.  krnmeri,  a  small 
fish  three  or  four  inches  long,  from  stagnant 
writers  in  Austria  and  Hungary  ;  and  I'.  Ihui, 
rather  smaller,  locally  distributeil  iu  the 
United  States,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Dog- 
fish orMud-tish.     [Umbrin.\.] 

umbra-tree,  s. 

Bot. :  I'irniiiid  dioU:a,!in  arborescent  Phyto- 
laccad  from  Buenos  Ayres. 

"^  um'-brapedp  «.    [Vambraceh.] 

*  um'-bra-cle,  s.     [Lat.  nmbractilum,  dimin. 
fr'>m  Hinlini  —  a  shade.]    A  shade  ;"unibrage. 
"  That  Free.  th:it  Soull-refredhinj  umbraclr." 

Jtaviet :  Hutu  Hootlf,  p.  15. 

um-brac-U-lif'-er-OUS,  a.     [Lat.  vmhram- 
/'(m(q.v.);/fro=^  tu  bear,  and  Eng.  sutf. -oiis.] 
Bnt. :  Bearing  an  umbraeulum  (q.v.). 

am-br^C'-U-li-fonn,  a.  [Lat.  nmhraru/uhi 
=  a  littl''  shade,  aiid/'r»i/(  =form, )  Forming 
a  shiide  ;  umbrella-shain-d,  like  a  mnshroimi. 

um-br^'-u-lum  (pi.  um-brac'-u-la),  5. 

[Lat.,  dimiii.  from  umbra  —  a  shade.] ' 

Bot. :  (1)  A  convex  body  terminating  the 
setie  of  Marchantia,  and  bearing  on  its  under 
side  the  reproductive  organs;  (2)  Any  simi- 
lar structure. 

um'-brage,  s.  [O.  Fr.  nmbrage,  vmbrage  (Fr. 
ohibrufje),  from  ombre  (Lat.  uiiibra)  =  a  shade.] 

[U'JBER.] 

*  L  A  .shadow.    (Shakesp. :  Hamlet,  v.  2.) 
'  2.  A  shade  ;  a  shadow  ;  obscurity. 

"  In  the  deep  umbrnijc  of  .1  green  hill's  sluide" 

Byron:  Childe  t/ar.tld.  iv.  ai 

3.  That  wliiL-h  affords  a  shade  ;  specif.,  a 
scrfi-n  of  trees  or  fidiage. 

"  So  deep,  so  d.irk.  so  close  the  mubragc  o'er  ws. 
rii>  leitllet  stirred." 

Coleridge:  The  Sight  .^ci-.ie. 

'^  4.  A  shadow  of  suspicion  cast  upon  a  per- 
son :  slight  appearance  or  show. 

■■  It  ia  also  evident  that  S.  Peter  did  not  carry  him- 
self 80  as  ti)  give  the  least  overture  or  umbra<je  to 
make  any  one  suspect  be  b.-vd  any  aticli  preeminence  ' 
—Bp.  Tnnlor :  niuuttsivt/rom  Poperff,  pt.  i.,  §  3. 

*  5.  Suspicion,  suspiciousness. 

"I  say.  JiiHt  fear,  not  out  of  umbrages,  light 
jealoiisie.s.  apprehensions  afar  otf.  but  of  clear  foresiglit 
01  iiitmiiifnt  dan ^'er."—«fi COM  ■   IHiV  withS/min. 

*  C  A  faint  representation  or  appearance  ;  a 
glim|)3e. 

,.",^'o"™i"'«ii>  falae  lighta.  or  are  delighted  with 
little  u>nbrii<ieM„T  |>eep  of  dny.'—Tautor :  Oervio^i  [j 
t  mi-era/tu  of  OubJin. 


An  adumbration  ; 


"  8<>ni>-  iif  them   lielng  fimbragea 
realitiw,'->'(i//tT.-  Itotj/  War,  lik.  v. 


a  shadowing  forth. 

nither  thaa 


ch.  > 


8.  The  feelinir  of  being  overshadowed  ; 
jcalmtsy  of  anotheras  standing  in  one's  way 
or  light;  suspicion  of  injury;  resentment. 
(Generally  in  the  phrase  To  tahe  vmhrage  =  t«j 

iH-otrelided.) 
■"It  will  nut  be  cunveuient  togtvehlin  anv  nrnfirafte* 
/iri/Ufii  :  I-:viii„>i'/i  Low.  IV. 

iim  bra  geous»  *  om-bra-gious.  •  um- 
bra-glOUS,  ".  [Fr.  oinhruij-nr  =z  shady, 
fiom  "inhre  =  shade.] 

1.  Shady;  forming  a  shade. 

"  Where  the  grove  with  leaves  umttrnpe'iiis  Itends." 
Pope:  J/uiiirr :  Odngaey  vi.  Wi. 

2.  Sliady,  shaded.     (Milton  :  P.  /..,  iv.  l'.'")?.) 
'  3.  Obscure  ;  dark  ;  not  easy  to  be  per- 
ceived. 

"Tlte  present  constitution  of  the  coart.  which  is  very 
nvtbrageoui." — Wotton:  JU-mains,  \>.  A'M. 

•  i.Su.spicious. 

"  At  the  l>ei;inninc  acme  men  were  a  little  ui„lra- 
geoim  and  startling,  —Dotme:  Scrmom.  p.  .SST  (I6iii(. 

'  5.  Apt  or  disposed  to  take  urnl>n)ge  or 
oftcnce;  feeling  umbrage  or  jealousy  ;  takin- 
unibiagr. 

*  um-bra'-geous-ly.a-?;-.  [Eng.  nmhranen>,^  .- 

hi.]  Ill  an  iinibnigeous  niannei,  so  as  to 
furnish  abundant  shade. 

'  um-bra'-geoiis-ness*^  um-bra'-gious- 

ness,  .'^.  [Fug.  umbrafieous ;  -ne.ss.]  Th.- 
quality  or  state  of  being  umbrageous  :  Mmdi- 
ness. 

"  Small  creeks  and  oversbadoweel  hy  the  maleficent 
_     iimbrageuiiKiifss  of  the  mauurove."— /)niVv  Teli-aruvh 
Oct.  H.  18a5. 

iini'-bral,  «.  [Lat.  umbra  (q.v.);  Eng.  adj. 
sutr.  -a/.] 

Geol. :  Shady;  the  term  applie<l  by  Prof. 
H.  D.  Rogere  to  the  fourteenth  series  of  the 
Appalachian  strata,  corresponding  in  period  U* 
the  Carboniferous  limestone  of  Europe.  Maxi- 
mum thickness  in  Penn.sylvania  and  Virginia, 
abfMit  3,000  feet ;  in  the  Western  States,  about 
1,000  feet.  (Prof.  II.  D.  Pogers :  t!eolog>j  of 
Pfunsylruiiia.) 

um-bra'-na,  f.    [Ujibrina.] 

um  brate,  v.t.  [Lat.  nmbrotus,  pa.  p:ir.  of 
iimhio  =  to  ahade,  from  umbra  —  a  shade.]  To 
shade,  to  shadow,  to  foreshadow. 

"The  Law's  tj-pes,  wherein  the  things  pertaining  t.> 
the  jM-i-siin.  office,  and  kingdom  of  the  Messias,  were- 
uinbratfd.'—Vhrintiaif  Hctigiont  Appetd,  lib.  ii  ,  p.  3t. 

'  um-brat'-ed,  o.  [Umbr.\te.1  Shaded  ;  dark, 
in  colour. 

"  Those  eiiaignes  which  are  borne  timbniteiK—Qosse' 
ipclt  :   iroc^*«<>/.trjHonV,  p.  25.     (1572.) 

'  um-br3,t' ic,  "  um-brat'-ick,  '  um- 
bra.t'-ic-al,  a.  [hut.  innhn<tir,i.^.  irum 
ii»ihn>  =ii  ^\v.\dt\] 

1.  Being  in  the  shade. 

2.  Unreal,  unsubstantial. 

3.  Being  in  retirement ;  secluded. 

"  I  can  see  whole  volumes  dispatched  hy  the  iim- 
briifieat   doctors   on    all    sides."— Ben   Jonson:    Dis- 


adumbrating,    fore- 


4.  Typical,   figurative, 
shadowing. 

"By  virtue  of  our  S.iviour'3  most  true  and  perfect 
wuTifice,  those  unbrntiv  representations,  instituted 
of  old  hy  GikI,  did  ohtiin  their  substance,  validity, 
and  effect."— fitirroi":  St^rmons.  vol.  ii.,  scr.  27. 


iixn  bra -tile, 
brat-U-ous,  a. 

bra  =  a  shade.] 


^  um-bra-tU,   ^  um- 

(Lat.  umbratiiis  from  urn- 


Being  in  the  shade. 

Unreal,  unsubstantial. 
"  Sh.'idi.w3have  their  figun 
Aud  thoiiH»i6r(|''/7Hcti..- 
Postitre  aud  mntiou  of  tbt 


mot  ion, 
from  the  real 
Imdy  siict." 


Hen  Jt»i$oii :  A/agnctic  Lady,  iii.  3. 

3.  Typical,  figurative. 

"  This  life  that  we  live  dittjoiued  from  Ood  is  but  .■» 
shadow  aud  iimbrntil  imitation  of  tliat.'— flr.  ff. 
Jlvre .  ifen«j7  0/  the  t^id,  p.  X>7.  (Notes.) 

i.  Secluded,  retired. 

"  Natural  hieroglypliicks  of  o»ir  fugitive  Kmira^iYe. 
anxious,  and  transitory  life-"—Etvluii :  Sglva.  bk. 
IV..  $  13. 

um-bra'-tion,  s.     (Lat.  -umbra  ~  a  shade.] 
Her. :  The  same  as  Adumbration  (q.v.). 

"  um-bra'-tious.  o.    [Lat.  umbra  =a  shade.] 
[Umbraok.]  Suspicious;  apt  to  take  umbrage. 

'  ri'ihriitiiDts   and  appi-eheiisive.'— SO-  //.    H'offo'i  ; 


K<-< 


•  ,s.  p.  10; 


late,  fat,  lare.  amidst,  what,  fall,  father : 


we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pme.  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine  •  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wglt  work,  who.  son :  mite.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  ilill ;  try.  Syrian.    «j.  oe 


ey. 


qu  —  kw. 


umbre— umstroke 


271 


'  um  tore  (bre  ;i->  l>ert(l),  s.   [L'mhi:u  (i),  s.] 

um  -bre  (bre  :is  ber)  (.2),  s.    [Fr.,  fivm  the 
ciiloui-  uf  Ihu  plumagv.J 
Oniithohtjn: 

1.  .s'.rt])i.s  onletta,  a  South  African  binl, 
ralh'il  also  t]ic  Haininer-liead,  ami  Brown 
Stork.  The  b-Klv  is  abtnit  the  sizp  of  that  of 
a  cniw,  i>Unii;it;i'  uuilitT-colourfil,  lighter  br- 
nt-ath  ;  the  nialo  «ith  a  large  crest  on  tin- 
hack  nf  thr  In-iul.  TIk-x-  Itinls  prey  upon  tio^s 
ana  small  tish,  ami  t-nibfllish  their  nests  uilh 
anything;  bright  ami  glittering  they  e-an 
pick  np. 

2.  ({•!.):  The  Sc-opiiiiv  (q.v.). 

*  um-brel.  •  um-brel-lo, -'.    t^'^i^Rf-Lt-A.] 

um-brel'-la,  ^^.  [Itil.  vmMla,  innhieUa, 
rnihnUo^a't'im.  a  canopy,  a  little  shade, 
ilimiu.  i>ffmt-yn  (Lat.  'itmbra)  =  A  shade.  The 
true  classieal  Latin  form  is  vmheUa,  diniin. 
from  nmbm.  Florio  has  "Ombrclla,  a  fan,  a 
canopie,  also  a  testern  or  cloth  of  state  for  a 
prince  ;  also  a  kind  of  round  fan  or  shadowin;i 
that  th' y  vse  to  ride  with  in  summer  in  Italy  ; 
a  little  shade"  {lyorld  of  ironU,  159S).J 

1.  Onlinary  Ltinguage: 

'  1.  A  shade,  a  cover,  a  cloak. 

'•  Untie  Religion  an  rmbrcUa  to  Impiety.*"— Oiftoni  ; 
King  James.  \).  A9\.    (1673.) 

2.  A  liijlit  frame  covered  with  silk,  cotton, 
alpaca,  or  other  fabric,  and  held  above  the 
head  as  a  protection  against  sun  or  rain. 
[P.^KAsoi.,  Sis-sHADE.]  The  use  of  the  um- 
brella came  to  us  from  the  East,  where  it  has 
been  in  use  from  remote  times,  and  where 
it  is  considered  as  a  symbol  of  royalty  or 
dignity.  As  a  defence  against  rain  it  was 
not  generally  used  in  England  till  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century.    (See  extract.) 

■'  As  ap[.ears  by  the  Feinate  Tattler  of  Dec.  12.  ITW. 
the  iintbrella  was  only  liesigiiert  ns  a  protection  be- 
tween the  door  ftnil  tlie  c.irringe.  Jon;is  Hiinwny. 
wIki  died  in  1T86,  has  tlie  credit  of  contemning:  public 
opinion,  and  defying  tlie  ccichmen  and  sed:in-cliair 
men.  who  deemed  it  tlieir  monopoly  to  prutvct  from 
T:mi.'—K>ngfit :  Diet.  .Vechaitics.  a.  v.  t'tnbreUa. 

II.  Technicallii : 

1.  Zoo/.  :  The  bell-shaped  swimming  organ 
of  the  Lucernarida,  akin  to  the  neetocalyx  of 
the  Medusidte,  but  without  a  velum  (q.v.). 

2.  Zool.  d-  Pala'ont. :  Chinese  Umbrella-shell ; 
a  genus  of  Pleurobranehidfe,  with  six  recent, 
species,  from  the  Canaries,  Mediterranean, 
India,  China,  and  the  .Sandwich  Islands.  Shell 
small,  depresseil,  and  limpet-like,  marked  by 
concentric  lines  of  growth ;  inner  surface 
with  a  central  coloured  and  striated  disc, 
surrounded  by  a  continuous  irregular  mus- 
cular impression.  Animal  with  a  very  large 
foot,  dee[dy  notched  in  front,  gill  forming  a 
series  of  plum^.s  Jaeneath  the  shell  in  front 
and  on  the  right  side.  Fo.ssil  species  four, 
from  the  Oolite  onward  of  the  United  States, 
Sicily,  and  Asia. 

1i  Kino  Co/rf",s  JJxthrcUa:  The  .state  umbrella 
of  the  king  of  Asliantee,  taken  at  Coomassie, 
Feb.  4.  1S74,  and  de|>osited  by  Queen  Victoria 
in  South  Kensington  ^luseuin. 

umbrella-bird,  ■-<. 

Ornith.:  C^iihoh'ptcnis  oniof^'S,  from  Peru. 
It  is  about  the  size  of  a  crow,  with  deep  Idack 
plumage ;  the  head  is  adoiued  with  a  large 
spreading 
crest,  which 
arises  from  a 
contractile 
skin,  and  ca-. 
pable  of  i>e- 
ing  erected 
at  will  ;  the 
shafts  of  the 
crest-fea- 
thers  are 
white,  and 
the  plumes 
glossy  blue, 
hair-like,  and 
curved  out- 
wards at  the 
tips.  When  the  crest  is  laid  back  tlie  shafts 
form  a  compact  white  mass,  sloping  up  from 
the  back  of  the  head  ;  when  it  is  erected  the 
shafts  radiate  on  all  .sides  from  the  to]i  of  the 
head,  reaching  »n  fri'nt  Iteyond  and  below  the 
beak,  which  is  thus  completely  concealed  from 
view.  A  long  cylindrical  plume  hangs  down 
from  the  middle  of  the  neck  ;  the  feather.s  of 
the  plume  lap  over  each  other  like  scales,  and 
are  bordered  with  metallic  Idue.  Umbrella- 
birds  associate  in  .-inall  flocks,  and  live  almost 


I'JIBRELLA    BIRD. 


entirely  upon  fruits.  Their  cry,  which  ivscmi- 
blcs  the  lowing  of  a  cow,  is  most  freipiciitly 
heard  Just  before  sunrise  and  after  sunset. 

umbrella-leaf,  >■ 

/;„^  :  Di^ylnjUruf  .■,i„u>stt ,  n  plant  belonging 
to  the  N'andinoe.  ■iiowing  in  Japan  and  the 
Southern  St.itcs  of  North  America. 

uxnbreUa-plant.  >. 

H<,f.  :  Sniijnifi.i  prlt<it'i.     {Tmix.  of  Bot.) 

umbrella  shaped,  c 

Hot. :  Uesenibling  au  expanded  umbrella, 
i.e.,  hemispherical  and  convex,  with  rays  or 
lihiits  proceeding  from  a  common  centre,  as 
the  >ti-ma  ot  l';qiavcr. 

umbrella  tree,  s. 

Kotaiijf : 

(1)  Magnolia  Uvibrella  and  M.  tripetaJa.  In 
the  latter  the  leaves,  which  are  from  twelve 
to  tifteen  inches  long,  and  five  or  six  inches 
wide,  narrowing  to  a  point  at  each  enil,  are 
placed  at  the  end  of  the  branches  in  a  circu- 
lar manner,  whence  its  English  name.  The 
Howers  have  ten,  eleven,  or  twelve  large  ob- 
long white  petals. 

('_•)  ThesppfiajKiimlnea :  [Thespesia]. 

(3)  Hihlscn;iiiuineeJisis  ;  a  tree  ab«tut  twenty 
feet  high,  with  purple  flowers,  growing  in 
Guinea. 

(4)  Pandonnf!  Offorat'ts^inius.     [PaXDanls.! 

'  iim-brer -la-less,  c-    [E"g.  mnhreUa;  -lei^s.] 
Destitute  of  or  without  an  umbrella. 

"  Men  .  .  .  pallid,  uuahaven.  cbiy-piped,  tnnbreUa- 
less."—fMil!/  Telegruph.  Nov. '26,  18»5. 

um-brel' -la-wort,  s.     [Eng.  vmbrella,  and 
irort.] 

Hot. :  Oxybaphus  ;  called  also  Caiymenia  ; 
a  genus  of  Nyctaginacea:-. 

"  um.-brere,  s.    [Umbriere.) 

Um'-bri-^n,  a.  &  s.     [See  def.] 

A.  -i-^  'J'lj- :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Umbria, 
its  inhabit;ints,  or  language. 

'•  I  Uel  led  to  tight  his  Cmbriav  powers." 

Mnvaiiiay :  Uoratius,  xxxvii. 

B.  .■!■=  suhstanCive  : 

1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Umbria,  one 
of  tlie  ancient  principal  divisions  of  Central 
Italy. 

"  The  terror  ol  the  Cmbnan. 

Hucaiday  :  iforatim,  xxli. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Umbrians,  one  of 
the  oldest  of  theXatin  dialects. 

%  Umhrian  School  of  Painting:  The  Roman 
School  i>f  Painting.     [Kv>man-school.] 

um'-bri-dse,  5.  •pL  (Mod.  Lat.  nmbiXa);  Lat. 
fem.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -id(^.] 

hhtky.  :  A  family  of  Physostomons  Fishes, 
with  a  single  geni»s,  Umbra  (q.v.).  Head  and 
biidy  covereil  with  scales ;  no  barbels  or  adi- 
pose hn  ;  stomach  siphonal ;  no  pyloric  ap- 
pendages ;  air-bladder  simple. 

ilm  -bri-el,  ?.    [See  def.  1.] 

1.  Miftliol. :  A  gnome  or  spirit  of  earth  sup- 
plied by  Spleen  with  a  vial  full  of  sorrow  and 
tears,     (/'ojw  ;  Rape  of  the  Lock,  iv.  13.) 

2.  Astron.:  A  satellite  of  Uranus,  the  second 
ill  point  of  distance  from  the  planet.  Its 
mean  distance  from  the  centre  of  the  planet 
is  Uiti.OOO  miles,  its  periodic  time  4,144, i81 
<lays. 

'  iim'-bri-ere,  s.  [O.  Fr,  timhriere,  ombricre, 
finm  Lat.  uiiihra^n  shade. 1  The  visor  of  a 
helmet;  a  projection  like  the  peak  of  a  cap. 
to  whicii  a  face-guard  was  sometimes  attached, 
which  mo^ed  freely  upon  the  helmet,  and 
could  be  lifted  up  like  tlie  beaver;  the  unibril. 

•■  [She]  only  vented  up  her  umbrivre. 
And  so  did  let  her  goodly  visiiije  tii  .ippeare  " 

.s^peiisvr:  F.  ({..  HI.  i.  42. 

**  um-brif' -er-OUS,  n.  (Lat.  vmhra  =  shade, 
and  feru  =  to  bear.]  Casting,  causing,  or 
making  a  shade. 

"  um-brif'-er-ous-ly,  a.  [Eng.  vmhy^'fer- 
ous  ;  -fij.\     So  as  to  make  or  C(*5t  a  shade. 

"  um'-bril,  s.  [Umbkiere.]  The  movable 
part  of  a  helmet ;  the  umbriere,  the  visor. 

um-bri-na,  s.    [The  modern  Roman  name  of 
the  fish.] 
Ichthyology : 
\.  A  genus  of  Scia^nidae,  with  twenty  species. 


from  the  Mediteiraneaii  and  the  AlUiulic 
and  Indian  Oceans.  Snotit  convex,  witn  pn- 
jecting  upper  jaw.  short  barlad  uniler  s>ui- 
phvsis  of  iln*  inuiidilile;  Ibst  doLsal  tin  with 
nine  or  ten  flexible  .npines.  anal  with  one  m- 
two.  i'mbrinu  firrhusit,  llie  uiiilfti  ne  or  omhi-'^r 
of  the  French,  and  the  mrro  of  the  Italians, 
was  well  known  t->tlif  Uomuns  by  the  nam<-- 
<d  umbra.  It  is  common  in  the  Mediterra 
nean,  ranging  to  the  Cape  of  G.H.d  Hope,  and 
sometimes  attains  a  length  of  three  feet. 
2.  Any  individual  of  the  genus.    [1.] 

"The  dnininiini.'"f  Mir  runbrinut  in  tlK-  P.uropenn 
Bujo.  w  wvid  IM  Ik-  .ui.lil.lr  fn.m  ix  depth  »t  twenty 
(:ttln.m-.:  .iiid  tin-  ilMlu-rmi-n  ol  Hi.tlielle  awert  tlwt 
the  niitlrt  .dull,-  lunUr  tlif  iioU.-  dtirln*:  the  n«iwiii«B 
tone,  im.l  Hint  it  N  p.-Ksihle.  by  imitiithiK  them,  t-* 
tiikp  them  withont  huiV—IMriviii:  IteKrnt  of  Man 
(ml.  2nd),  p.  atr. 

*  iim'-brdse,  o.     [Ijxt.  tivibrosn^,  from  vmhra 

^shailc]    Sliaily.  umbrageous. 

"  um-brds'  i  ty",  s.  [Umhrose.]  The  quality 
ot  being  unibiose ;  shadines.s,  uinbrageous- 
uess. 

•■  Oilv  paper  beconieth  more  Ininspftrent.  and  .-idmit*. 
the  visible  mya  with  unicli  less  ttmbrotitji." —tSrowue 
liilgnr  £rrouis.  bk.  ii.,  cli.  i. 

*  um-gong,  5.  (A.S.  yvi,  ymb,  khi  =  roun<l, 
ami  iiimii^A  going.]  A  going  round,  a  cir- 
cuit, a  compass. 

■■  M.ide  we  .ire  reprefe  to  our  neglibor*:  skorninij 
and  hetl.ing  to  alle  that  in  our  uitiyoitg  air.  — 
n'.vc/fjfc     I'xultn  Ixxviii.  4- 

u-mi  ak,  u  my  ^It,  *".    [Oomiak.] 

umlaut  (au  :is  6i*r),  s.  (Ccr..  from  pref. 
um-,  indicating  alteration,  and  laut  =  sound.) 
Philol. :  A  kind  of  assimilation  of  sounds  ; 
the  change  of  the  vowel  in  (Uie  syllable 
through  the  influence  of  one  of  the  vowel* 
(7,  i,  »  in  the  syllable  immediately  following. 
It  is  a  common  feature  in  several  of  the 
Teutonic  tongues.  In  German  vmlaut  is  seen, 
in  the  frequent  change  of  the  vowels  n,  o,  w, 
to  rV,  o,  7/.  In  Anglo-Saxon  it  was  also  com- 
mon. Tiie  change  cause<l  by  a  is  called 
a-niidaut,  and  so  of  tlm  other  vowels. 

*  um'-pir-agC.  's.  [Eng.  vmpi)ie):  -age.y 
The  post  ''r  otttce  of  an  umi>ire  ;  the  act  ot 
one  who  acts  as  umpire;  Ihe  decision  of  an 
unii'iie;  arhitraiiieiit. 

"St.  Aiiyustine'a  nmuiraac  and  fnll  determination 
of  this  whole  iine3tion.'—/Jp.  Morton  J  iJiJit-ucertf,  p.  IM. 

um'  -  pire.  nom  -  pcre,  '  nom  -  peyr. 
«  noum-pere,  *owm-pere,  ^.  [Prop. 
7uiminre,  from  O.  Fr.  »ontj)n(>=  peerless,  odd, 
from  non  (Lat.  noti)  =  not,  and  per  —  a  peer, 
equal ;  Lat.  par  =  equal.  An  umpire  is  thus- 
the  odd  (or  third)  man  called  in  to  decide 
between  two  disputants.] 

1.  Ord.  I.nnq.  :  A  person  to  whose  soltv 
decision  a  controversy  or  question  between 
parties  is  referred  ;  one  agreed  upon  or  ac- 
cepted as  a  judge,  referee,  or  arbiter  in  case- 
of  conflict  of  opinions;  a  person  chosen  t'»- 
see  that  the  rules  of  any  game  (especially 
cricket)  or  contest  are  strictly  and  fairly 
carried  out, 

"And  I  will  pluce  within  them  aa  ft  guide 
My  iimjiire,  Const-ieoce."        Mittun :  P.  /...  iii-  135. 

2.  Law.  A  third  person  called  in  to  dec  id  o- 
a  controversy  or  question  submitted  to  ar\n- 
tration  when  the  arbitrators  cannot  agree. 

um'-pire,  '•■'-  'V  (.    [Umpirt,  s.] 

A,  Transilirc : 

"  1.  To  decide  as  umpire  ;  to  settle,  to  arbi- 
tr.itc.     (South  :  Sertuoits.  V(d.  vi.,  ser.  2.) 
2.  To  act  as  umpire  in  or  for. 

"The  various  competition-*  were  vmpiral  from  the 
lxi«s  of  a  lunnch."— ^VcW.  An?,  i:;.  1H87. 

B.  Intrant.:  To  act  or  stand  as  umpire. 

um'-pire-ship.  *  um-pier-ship,  5.    [Eng. 

umpire,  s. ;  -ship.] 
I.  The  oPfit-e  of  an  umpire. 
'  2.  Arbitration,  decision. 

"  We  refuse  not  the  nrbitrement  and  nmpirrabip  nf 
the  Holy  tlhoyt*."— yewc; ;   Ite/fnce  of  the  AjaAogif, 

p.  c,:;. 

ym-qiihile  (qu  as.w),  a.  &  s.    [Umwhilc.] 

*  um'-Stroke,  s.  (A.S.  i/»i,  ymb,  vm  =  around, 
round  about.)    The  edge  of  a  circle  ;  edge. 

"  Such  towns  as  sliiml,  as  one  may  say.  on  ti]>toe9  f>rt 
the  very  umstroke,  cr  on  .iny  part  vi  the  utmost  Hut: 
of  any  map  (uuretuilved  in' a  in;iniier  to  atay  out  nr 
come  in),  are  not  to  l>e  pit-sumwl  placed  aeconling  t.> 
e\Mrtne«i,  but  only  »i«infy  tlu-re  "r  thereabout*.  — 
fiilter:  /'isiah  .sii'ht,  pt.  i..  bk.  i..  cb.  viv. 


boil,  boy ;  po^t,  jdrfrl ;  cat,  9eU.  chorus,  ^hizi,  benpli ;  go.  gem :  thin,  this :  sin,  as :  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -4ns. 
-cian,  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -gion  =  zhtin.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  ^  shus.    -ble.  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  deL 


umwhile—  unaccountableness 


iixn  -while,  <'  ^■.   i   ''•      [A.S.   hwilum  = 

\Ollluill  ((|.V.).J 

A.  As  ailv. :  Formerly,  cl-dcvant,  late  ;  at 
IK  inniKT  ]«-iiiKl ;  whilom. 

"Sir  Imju-  .Np«>tou,  KiiUltt.  ftnj  umtehUt  muter  o( 
hij  uuti<«t)  ■  uiU.'. '-Sevtt:  tiug  Jtttnntring,  ch.  Ul. 

B.  Ai  •'(/■  ■'  ^YhiIoIu,  ci-ddvuiit,  late,  for- 
merly.    li'(i'(«  A.) 

"Tb«  mUU.  wblob  (l»TolTfJ  ou  ttils  utihftppv  wo- 
iiiAii  !•>  «  •eitl«ui«iit  uf  bcr  umtrhiU  huimuii.'—bC6tt . 
H  axrifry,  ch.  X, 

un-  0).  p/"'/-  1A.S.  o«. ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  on- ; 
U-v\.  u-  or  o-  (for  \o\-);  Dan.  \tt  ;  Sw.  o- ; 
(jittii.  un- ;  Gcr.  um-;  Wtl.  <i«-;  I-jit.  iu-;Gr. 
at--,  a-  {ail-,  (1-);  ZoikI.  <tfi(i-;  Saiiso.  <(/i- ; 
Ptrs.  :ia,  all  preHxes  denoting  negation;  cf. 
L;il.  M-  =  nut ;  Gr.  yri  (iii")."  0"th.  lit-  =  not ; 
Lith.  (1^- =  no  ;  Kiiss.  (ic> ;  Gnel.  hco-,  nega- 
tive i)!X'Ilx*;s  1  A  jirettx  ilent'ting  negation, 
usfd  chielly  K-fore  :nljectives,  jta.st  [larticij'Us 
na-s-sive,  pri-sent  ]»arlieii'U-s  usf<l  adjei-tivi-ly, 
and  when  so  itseil  nu'iuiliig  .simply  nut:  as, 
Ufrfair,  H/iliue,  KiituUl,  unforgiving, i:c.  From 
such  wiirtls  ft'lverlts  and  nouns  are  fonued  :  as, 
utifnirly,  mifauuess,  luitrnly,  luiforgivin^ly, 
uiiforgi\ingnei*s,  &e.  L'n-  is  also  prefixed  to 
some  iK'uns  to  expivss  tlie  opposite  or  absence 
of  what  the  noun  expresses :  as,  untruth,  un- 
rest,  undress,  ice.  Before  many  words  of 
Latin  origin  nn-,  in  the  sense  of  simple  nega- 
tion, beronu's  iJi- (q.v.) :  as,  uncomplete  and 
incomplete.  Negation  is  also  expressed  by 
lion-  or  dis- :  as,  <tOft-elastic,  (^'^re  put  able,  &c. 

un-  (2),  prr/.  [A.S.  un-,  only  used  as  a  prefix 
in  verKs.  ns  in  midon  =  to  undo,  uHbindan  = 
to  iiiibiud,  Jtc.  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  out-,  as  in 
OfiMaden  =  to  unload,  from  laden  —  to  load  ; 
tier,  ffif-,  as  in  «)iMaden  =  to  unload;  O.  H. 
Ger.  «Mf-,as  infniMuhhan  =  to  unlock  ;  Goth. 
ami;  as  in  ni.(M>indan  =  tounbind.  It  is  the 
same  jirefix  as  that  whidi  appears  as  an-  in 
Enir.  «nswer,  and  as  and-  in  A.S.  fl?w/swarian  ; 
and  it  IS  cngnat«  with  Gr.  ovt*  (anti)  =  in  op- 
position to,] 

1.  .\  prefix  used  with  verbs  to  imply  the 
reversal  of  the  meaning  of  the  simi>le  verb 
by  a  (lositive  act  not  a  simple  negation  of 
its  meaning.  Thus  unbind  means  a  positive 
undoing  and  renioval  of  the  binding  which 
the  simple  verb  ainniied  to  be  tixed. 

2.  Pretixetl  to  nouns  it  changes  them  into 
verbs,  implying  privation  of  the  object  ex- 
pressed by  the  noun  or  of  the  qualities  con- 
noted by  it:  as,  «unian,  in(sex  =  to  deprive 
of  the  qualities  of  a  man,  sex,  &c.  In  this 
sense  sometimes  called  un-  privative. 

3.  More  rarely  it  is  almost  su]>erflnous,  or 
at  most  adds  intensity  to  the  meaning  of 
the  simple  verb.  Thus  to  loosen  ami  to  un- 
loosen do  not  differ  mucli  in  meaning,  thougli 
perhaps  unloosen  is,  to  a  slight  exteut,  the 
more  forcible  word. 

4.  it  is  found  in  a  few  verbs,  chiefly  obso- 
lete, with  the  force  uf  retraction  or  revo- 
cation:  as,  «iUiay  =  to  retract  what  has  been 
said,  MHpredict  =  to  retract  or  revoke  a  pi-e- 
diction,  to  KHleam=  to  forget  what  has  been 
learnt,  &c. 

5.  Some  words  with  un-  prefixed  are  hardly 
used  ntdess  qualihed  by  not :  as,  though  we 
sliouhi  nut  sjteak  of  an  wnstriking  view,  we 
should  not  hesitate  to  say  tlie  view  was  iiot 
unstriking. 

6.  In  the  case  of  past  participles  there  is 
an  ambiguity  in  the  pretix  un-,  which  may  be 
either  un-  (1)  or  nn-  (2),  as  in  HiMolled,  wliich 
may  mean  either  not  rolled,  or  unfolded  after 
having  been  rolled  up. 

•[  The  meanings  of  most  of  the  past  par- 
ticiples, a.ijectives,  adverbs,  &c.,  havins  un- 
pretlxed  are  .so  obvious  that  a  large  number  of 
them  are  here  omitted. 

un-Mdebound,  a.    Xnt  hidebound  ;  not 
having  iht:  skin  fitting  closely,  as  is  the  case 
when    aiiiiiials    are   swoln   and    full :    hence, 
hungry  ami  with  empty  stomach. 
"  ^^i"^  ;,■.  ""-"t^b  I'l-^iiUoiw.  nil  too  little  seems 
To  stuff  tills  mavf,  tliia  %iist  un-hidt-boimd  corpse." 
JtUtcn:  i:  I.,  X.  COl. 

tT'-na.  s.    [Lat.,  fern.  sing,  of  unus  =  one ;  ap- 
plied, as  a  proper  name,  to  the  personihcation 
of  Truth  m  the  Fairtj  Qneen.] 
Astron.:  [Asteroid,  100]. 

^  un-a-based;  x     [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
atkisfd.]    Not  abased  or  humbled. 

*■  Th.-y  easily  i.rewrved  :  .  .  tlie  reverence  r.f  reli- 
pion    unabated. '— GaiuUn :     Teara   of  the    Churc't, 


iln  a-b&8hed,  <f.  [Vn-r.  un-  (l),  and  Kng. 
ai'oslied.]  Nut  abashed  ;  feeling  no  shame  ; 
shameless.  ^ 

"  Enrtviu  on  litirh,  ittnoti  unrtt'uh'il  Defoe, 
.\ii(l  Tutvlilii  tlt^crttut  from  the  acuurtfc  t>«Iow." 

Potm:  iJiiuci'iti,  li.  117. 

fln-a-bat'-Sd,  >i.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
ufMiled.)  Not  abated  ;  not  diminished  in 
magnitude,  force,  violence,  or  intensity ;  un- 
diminished. 

"  The  coutUcU  t>etwe«n  the  pntrioiAiu  aiiil  pleWinns 
couliime  with  umitiitted  Itirco.'— iewii.-  Crtit.  JCurlg 
Homitn  Hiit.,  ch.  \i\. 

tin-a-bat'-Ing,  «.  [Pi-ef.  »»■  (i),  and  Eng. 
<'hxhin>j.\  Not  abating,  not  relaxing;  not 
dintinishing  in  magnitude,  force,  or  intensity  ; 
unabated. 

"  The  torrent  thuti(l«r««l  ilowu  th«  dell 
VVltli  titi-itfitiiig  hiiflte.'" 

Wordttcrth :   Waterfall  i  the  Eglantine. 

"  iin-a-bil'-i-t^,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ahili'tn.]  The  absence  of  ability;  want  oi 
ability ;  inability. 

"  Wlmt  cm  l»e  iinpiiteJ  but  their  aloth  or  un- 
iibitity  f'—MUton  :  Areopa-jUica. 

un-a'-ble,  a.  [Pref.  xni-  (l),  and  Eng.  able 
01- v.).  J 

1.  Not  able ;  not  having  sufficient  power  or 
ability  ;  not  equal  to  any  task  ;  incapable. 

"  Lest  to  the  queen  the  swaiii  with  traiiaport  By, 
Unable  to  coiitAiii  th'  unruly  joy. " 

Pope :  Homer  ;  Odi/$scu  xvi.  481. 

*  2.  Weak,  helpless,  impotent,  useless. 

"  Sapless  age  nnil  weak  unable  liiubs 
Should  bring  tby  father  to  his  drooling  chair." 

:ihaki:tp.:  1  Henry  I'/.,  iv.  5. 

*  un-a'-bled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Eng.  unabl(e); 
-id.]     DisabifJ,  incapacitated. 

*  mi-a'-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  u-nahk;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unable  ;  inability. 

"Co»Miderynge  the  itii'tbleneue  of  Hilderich  the 
kyuge-'—Fabi/HH  :  ChronycU  (au.  ISai"!. 

■^  un-a'-ble-te,  s.  [Eng.  ^uuihle ;  -ty.]  In- 
ability. 

"  •  If  for  the  blyiidneese  of  the  preeat,  or  for  other 
uiiabletr,  he  that  is  rrjieutaiint  wole  go  to  another 
]>reest  kuuning  in  this  ghostly  uffii'e,  lie  shal  not  do 
this  withouieu  licence  nxid."  Eccleiice  He^imcn, 
wiitteu.  as  it  seema,  before  1S95."—  Wj/viiffi  '■  Ed.  Pre/., 


*  un-a-bol'-ish-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  abotishahle.]  Not  able  to  be  abolished  ; 
not  capable  of  being  abolished,  annulled,  or 
destroyed. 

"That  law  proved  to  be  moral,  and  unabol iahnbte 
for  luatiy  reasons  anuext  thereto." — Milton:  Doct.  A 
his,  f'f  Uivoice,  bk.  it.,  ch.  i. 

un-a-bol'-ished,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
abolished.]  Nut  abolished  ;  not  repealed  or 
annulled;  remaining  in  force. 

"Th.;  uuniber  of  needless  laws  unabolished,  doth 
weaken  the  force  of  tlieuith.Ht  are  uece!is.iry." — Hooker  : 
Ef-fles.  Polity,  bk.  viii, 

un-a-bridged',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
iihridy^d.]  Not  abridged;  not  curtailed ;  not 
shortened. 

"  With  veruore  pure,  unbroken,  unabridg'd." 

MaSi/ii :  Eiiffliah  Garden,  bk.  i. 

*  iin-ab-sdlv'-a-ble,  ir.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eir^.'  ohsolriihle']  Not  capable  of  being  ab- 
solved ;  not  admitting  of  absolution. 

*  un-ab-sdlved'.  a.  [Pref.  nu-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ahsolvtd.]  Not  absolved ;  not  solved  ;  un- 
solved. 

"  So  that  doubt  remaineth  not  nnabtolved."~Stri/pe  : 
Ecctfs.  .\fcm.  :  Henry  VIII.  |au.  I321f. 

*  un-ab-surd',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
absurd.]  Not  absurd  ;  not  opposed  to  reason 
or  common  sense. 

"  What  less  thiui  infiuite  makes  unabmrd 
Passious,  which  all  nu  earth  but  more  inflames?" 
Vouiig :  .Vi'jht  Thotighfs,  vii.  514. 

"  un-a-biin'-dant,  a.  [Pref.  uh-(1),  and  Eng. 
ahnadani.]  Nut  abundant ;  rare;  not  plenti- 
ful. 

un-aC'9ent'-ed,  «.  [Pref.  ini- (l),  and  Eng. 
at^ccntrd.]  Not  accented  ;  not  having  au  accent 
upon  it ;  having  no  accent. 

"It  being  enough  'xi  make  a  syllable  long  if  it  be 
ivcented;  and  short  if  it  be  unaccented." —Barrit : 
PhiMo-j.  Iii'piiriei. 

iin-3.c-9ept'-a-ble,  «.  (Pref.  im-  (1),  and 
Eng.  acceptable.]  Not  acceptable;  not  wel- 
come ;  not  pleasing, 

"  By  force  impossible,  by  leave  obtAined    - 
Cnacceptablcr  Milton:  P.  t-.  ij.  251. 

*  un-ac-9ept'-a-ble-iiess,  5.    (Pref.  un- 


(1),  and  En^.  acceptablencst^.]  The  quality  or 
slate  of  being  uuacceplable  or  unwelcome; 
uuaceeptJibility. 

"  This  alti^rittion  nriaes  from  the  unncceptalleneu 
of  the  subject  1  am  uihju."— CoWiffC.   On  PrUlv. 

' un-ac-9e8S-i-ble,  «.  [Pi-ef.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  accessible.]    Not  accessible;  inaccessible. 

"It  shall  be  found  unacee$$ible  for  any  fuemie."^ 
Backluyt :  Voyaget.  iii.  eei. 

*  un-ac-9ess'-i-blo-ne8S»  s.  [Pref.  ffH-(l), 
aii'l  EiiL'.  '.'•■•'■--•isiblenesii.]  Tlie  quality  or  state 
i>l  bt'iiig  inaccessible  ;  inaccessibleness. 

"  VtUKxeuibletiett  to  ihtm.'—Uale :  Oria.  of  Stan- 
kind,  p.  U. 

*un-ac-cdm'-in6-dat-ed,  «.  (Pref.  uu- 
(1),  and  Eng.  accoiamodated.] 

1.  Not  accommodated  ;  not  tittcd  or  adapted. 

2.  Not  furnished  or  supplied  with  necessary 
conveniences  lU"  appliances. 

"  Unaacotnitu-dated  man  is  in.  more  tbao  Buch  a 
I'oor,  liire,  forked  animitl  ;i!*  thou  art."— aftuA:«#p.  .- 
Lear,  iii.  4. 

un-aC'Com'-mo-dat-zng,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eng.  aecomnv-Oatinij.]  Not  accommodat- 
ing ;  not  disposed  to  make  the  compromises 
and  concessions  which  courtesy  demands ; 
uncompliant,  unobliging. 

"Hie  hau^'hty  .inil  unncnnmodating  temper  had 
given  so  noicb  di9[:u'*t  th.Ht  he  had  beeu  forced  to 
retire. '—J/(iCii«/'(.v  ;  Jin',  t't'ij..  ch,  iv. 

un-ac-com'-pan-ied,  c    [Picf.  an-  (l),  and 
Eng.  accompanied.] 
I.  Ordiiuiry  Lcmguacje: 

1.  Not  accompanied ;  nnatten<le<l ;  not  with 
persons  in  attendance  ou  one  :  alone. 

"As  I  was  single  and  unaccvm {•anted,  I  waa  not 
permitted  to  euter  the  temjile.  '—Tatler.  Ko.  120. 

2.  Not  attended,  accompanied,  or  followed, 
as  with  a  certain  result  or  consequence. 

"  Many  marks  of  favoitr  which  were  ii  uaccompa  nied 
by  any  iudicittion  of  displeasure."— J/acaiWa^ .  Hift. 
£ng.,  ch.  w. 

n.  Music:  Performed  or  wiitten  without 
an  accompaniment  or  subui-dinate  instru- 
mental parts. 

iin-ac-com'-plished,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  aL'cOiiiidished.] 

1.  Not  accomplished  ;  not  finished;  incom- 
plete. 

thdrew 
npliihcU  triiJic  pui-sue." 
Drydcii :   Homer  ;  Jliad  i. 

*  2.  Not  furnished  or  not  completely  fur- 
nished with  accomplishments. 

"un-ac-com'-plisli-ment,  >.    (Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Em'^.  accoinpliahia:  nt .]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unaccomplished ;  failure  in 
accomj'lishing. 

"  Custom  being  but  a  ineer  face,  a*  echo  is  a  raeer 
voice,  rests  not  iu  her  unac<:omplithinenr."^Miltun: 
To  rftc  Parliatneiit  of  EiigUiiid. 

*un-g,c-cord'-ed,  a.    [Pj-ef.   kh-  (i),  and 

Eng.  accorded.]  Not  accorded  ;  not  granted 
or  agreed  on  ;  not  brought  to  harmony  or 
concord. 

"Leaving  those  parcels  un'tccoedcti  which  are  meet 
to  be  sent  and  coutiueu  to  the  schools."— J?/?.  Hall: 
Peacemaker,  5  5.  - 

iin-ac-count-a-bil'-i-t^»  5.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

ani'l  Eng.  accountabHiti!.] 

1.  The  quality  or  stnte  of  being  irre- 
sponsible lor  one's  actions,  owing  to  extreme 
youth,  the  overthrow  of  reason,  idiocy,  &c. 

*  2.  That  which  is  unaccountaMe  or  in- 
capable of  being  explained.  (Mad.  D'Arblay: 
Diary,  iii.  252.) 

iin-ac-coiUit'-a'ble^  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  accountable.] 

1.  Not  accountable  ;  nr)t  possessed  of 
powers  so  as  to  render  it  just  to  call  one  to 
account  for  deeds  done ;  imt  subject  to 
account  or  control ;  not  responsible. 

2.  Not  to  be  accounted  fur  by  reason,  most 
commonly  applied  to  conduct  not  easily  traced 
to  ordinary  human  motives  ;  not  explicable ; 
not  reducible  to  rule ;  inexplicable ;  hence^ 
strange. 

"Omission  of  some  of  these  particulars  is  pretty 
strauge  ajid  unaccountable:'—  GlanvUl  ■  Etsay  6. 

*  3.  Not  to  be  counted  ;  countless,  innu- 
merable. 

"An  .apprehension  of  their  unaccountable  numbcK.' 
—  WoHaston :  Religion  of  Suture.  §5. 

un-ac-c6i^nt-a-ble-ness,  i.    [Eng.  v.m-> 

countable;  -ness.] 


"  The  gods,  dismayed  at  his  approach,  witl 
Nur  durst  their  unaccQinplithcU  cninc  pi 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute.  ciib.  cUre,  miite,  cur,  rule,  fuU;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unaccountably— unafflicted 


273 


1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unaccount- 
able ;  irresponsibility. 

2,  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unable  to 
be  accoiuitfil  for  ;  iuexplicability. 

un-^C- count' -a-bly*,  adv.  [Eng.  unaccount- 
alj(U) ;  -ly.]  Not  in  .i  way  to  be  accounted 
lor;  inexiilieably,  strangely. 

"  Not  \k  itli  iiit«itt  to  imply  tl);it  God  ev«r  Act«th  tiii- 
accouiitablj/,  ur  without  liiglicst  reueou." — Barrow: 
Hermons,  vol.  iii.,  ser,  23. 

iin  jic  cred'-it-ed,   a.     {Pref.  un-  (i),  ami 

f  :ri;_',  ■'■  I'.iKfil.]  Not  credited  ;  not  furnished 
\\  nil  >ati>l;ictury  credentials,  and  conse- 
<iu-iiii\  not  ifct'ived;  not  authorised. 

un-ac'-cu-rate,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Kng. 
•Kxnittu.]  Not  accuiate ;  iuaccui-ate,  incor- 
rect, inexact. 

"  TltQ  Inttrr  [Origeu]  has  iii<leeil.  in  an  Huaccurafe 

work,  i>i-  j>erhiiii9  corru|tt*'(l.  mentioned  the  diatiiic- 

ti..ii,  '-.ir.ifi-W<iH(i.-   WorKs.  iiL  178. 

■  un-ae'-cu-rate-ness,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
iunl  Kng.  accnhiteness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  inaccurate  ;  the  absence  of  accuracy  ; 
inaccuracy,  incorrectness. 

"Tlieie«re«rmcc(*r<iteHM«cjiintlie  uietwuriugof  cold 
liy  "tftitUiT>'lrtsdes,"— £0.5/^^  ;   Works,  ii.  Wl. 

' un-ac-cursed',  'un-ac-curst, «.  [Pref. 
I'lt-  ,1J,  and  Eng.  ko-ii/ ■>!'(/.  accunt.]  Not 
a.'enist'd ;  not  having  a  curse  denounced 
against  one ;  uncursed. 

'•  CreeOs  liy  obnrtered  priesthoods  unaccumt." 
Catttpbetl  :  On  the  Dennrture  vf  Emigrants. 

un-ac-ciis -tomed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

1.  Not  ;n'ousit'>nied  ;  not  used ;  not  habitu- 
aicd  ur  fa.niliarised. 

'■  So  iiiiacvuttom'd  to  tbe  yoke." 

Courpcr  .'  Olnej/  Ilymtts.  xii, 

2.  Not  according  t-i  custom;  unusual, 
'strange,  extraordinary. 

"  AlMvslied  nt  the  stiiiunge  mid  unaccutAomed  sight 
theivof,  tlii*y  sent  nni lia^sitdor^  t<i  Csesar  for  iieace.  — 
tS  itUiifje :  Va-tar,  iol.  M. 

un-a-ghieved',  *  un-at-chieved,  a.  [Pref. 
'lit'  (I),  and  Eng.  at-hiev^.]  Not  achieved, 
not  accomplished. 

utiafchieved  and    uiiper. 
,  p.  651. 

ni-  (1),  and  Eng. 
living  pain  ;  pain- 


un-ach-iug,  t(.     [Pref. 
ncking.]    Not  aching;  not  ; 
less. 


"Shew  tliem  the  unat:hi)ii7  scnvs.  which  I  should  hide." 
SfutJccgf). :  CQri<^anus,  ii.  2. 

un-ac  know!  -edged  (fc  silent),  a.     [Pref. 

iwi-  (\),  and  Kng.  atknoicledged.] 

1,  Not  acknowledged  ;  not  recognised. 

"  The  fear  of  what  was  to  come  from  an  uiikDown, 
at  itust.  Hit  uiiacknowledgect  successor  to  the  crowu, 
L-Iunded  much  of  that  prosperity." — Clareiidoa  :  Cipil 
Wart,  i,  Ta. 

2.  Not  acknowle'lged,  owned,  or  confessed 
a^  ;i  sin,  fault,  or  failing. 

*  un  -  ac  -  kndwl' -  edg  -  ing  (k  silent),  o. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  aclcuoicledoing.]  Un- 
thankful, ungrateful. 

■■  You  are  a.\mo^taa  u>i<jciiiowledgi»iff  m  youT sister." 
—Mr,.  Lr:,iio,x :  Female  <^aixott,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  viL 

*  un-ac-quaint'-ange, s.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 

Kng.  artjuaintana:.]  The  want  or  absent-e  of 
acquaintance  or  familiarity  [with] ;  used  either 
<.fan  individual  or  of  science,  literature,  the 
Sa.cts  Ufa  case,  &c. 

"  Yiiur  uiinc^itaintaiwe  with  the  oriciual  has  not 
proved  more  fatal  to  me  than  the  imperfect  concen- 
tioiia  of  my  translators. "— i'ope ;  To  /iacine  the 
rounn'T  I1T43). 

un-ac-quaint'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng,  anjuaiuted.] 

1.  Not  acquainted ;  not  possessed  of  ac- 
quaintance with  ;  not  familiarised ;  unac- 
customed. 

"  They  are  so  unaoinainted  with  mau." 

Cowper:  Alexander  Selkirk. 

•2.  Unusual,  unaccust^nned,  strange,  extra- 
ordinary.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  29,) 

""  un-ac-quaint'-ed-ness,  .*.  [Eng.  umic- 
ijuaintrd;  -J^^■,^^s.]  Want  of  acquaintance  or 
familiarity  with. 

•'  The  aaiiiU'  nnncijuaiiifedn-'ts  with  what  is  done 
liere  below."— Sw^tA  .  .S:ri>ioiti.  vol.  xi..  ser.  9. 

*  ^-ac-quir'-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  acnuirablen€s$.]  Impossibility  to  be 
acquired. 

"  As  to  the  tinnrguirablenexs  of  virtue." — Titcker  ■ 
Light  o/.V.tlnre.  tb.  xviii. 


un-ao-quirod',  «.     [Pref.  mi-  (l),  and  Bug. 

tfi-i/iaitt/.l    Not  acquired,  not  gained. 

'■  The  work  of  Ood  is  left  imperfect,  and  our  pcrsous 
■        -       '  '"—Bp.  Taylor  : 

*  un-&Ct'-a-1>le,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
actahk.\  "S'ot  capable  of  being  acted;  until 
for  representation. 

un-^Ct'-ed,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  acted.] 
Not  actctl ;  not  executed  or  caiTied  into  exe- 
cution.   (Slmkt:^p. :  Itapc  o/Lucrcce,  527.) 

*  on-^'-tive,  <i.  [Pref.  wn-  (1).  and  Eng. 
actii-c] 

1.  Not  active  ;  inactive ;  incapable  of  action. 

"A  beinft  utterly  unacttPc'—WoUatton:  Jietiaion 
o/Aatttre.  $  4. 

2.  Idle  ;  not  with  any  employment. 

"  While  other  .luiiii^Ua  a nactivc  mugc" 

J/itton:  J'.  L..iv.62l. 

3.  Not  exercised  ;  not  put  into  action. 

"  Achilles  with  unaelive  fury  glows." 

Pope:  JJoiiier;  Iliad  xi.  G96. 

4.  Not  active  or  energetic  in  business ; 
slothful. 

"  rnactioe  and  jealous  princes.'*— .flurite  ;  AbHdg. 
£»'j.  //iar..  bk.i.,tih.  ill. 

6.  Having  no  elficacy. 

"  lu  the  fruitful  earth 
His  beitms,  uuactioe  elue,  their  vigour  flud." 

Jlilton:  P.  L.,  vlii.  97. 

*  un-&o'-tive,  v.t.  [Una<.tive,  o.]  To  ren- 
der inactive ;  to  incajMicitate  for  action. 

"The  fatness  of  their  aoil  so  stuck  by  their  sides,  it 
nnactived  them  for  foreign  adventures." — fuller: 
Pifjah  ."tight,  bk,  ii,,  §  lO. 

'  un-ac'-tive-ness, s.  [Eng. unactive;  -mss.] 
The  absence  or  want  of  activity ;  inactivity. 

"Teaching  iieace  aud  Huaeticenet8."~Bp.  Taylor: 
linlc  <if  Conscieucc.  bk.  i..  ch,  iv, 

un-ac'-tu-at-ed,  «.     [Pref.  ini-(l),  and  Eng. 
a'tnatvd.]     Not  actuated  ;  not  acted  upon. 
"The  )>eri]katt;tick    matter    is  a   pure    tmactiuited 
i.ower:   and  this   conceited  vacimm  a  mere  recepti- 
bilitj." — iilanviU:   Vanity  of  Dogmatizing,  ch-  xvi. 

*  un-ad-di'-tioned,  a.  {Pref.  »»-(i);  Eng. 
addition;  -ed.]  Without  a  title;  not  titled; 
not  being  mentioned  with  an  addition  or  title. 
(FidUr:  U'ortkies,  i.  4iio.) 

'  un-ad'-jec-tived,  a.  (Pref  ««-(l);  Eng. 
adjcrtin;  and  sutl'.  -cd.]  Kot  qualified  by  an 
adjective. 

"The  noun  adjective  always  signifies  all  thnt  tbe 
('«(!tO>c(i('cd  nouu  aignities."— rooA't; ;  Diversioiu  of 
Purlfij,  ch,  vii. 

iin-ad-just'-ed,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
adjus(^:d.\  Not  adjusted;  not  settled;  not 
regulated. 

■■  W'e  find  the  foUowins points  «»«d/m(erf."—5((rAe ; 
On  the  Sabob  of  Arcot's  Debts,  App,  7. 

iin-ad-nured',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
odiniv^'d.]  Not  admired;  not  regarded  with 
admiiation,  atfeetion,  or  respect. 

"The  story  [Virsril)  was  entertaining,  but  the  dic- 
tion and  the  sentiment,  the  delicacy  and  diguitj-, 
p;i3sed  nnadmired."— Unox  :  Liberal  Education,  5  21. 

un-ad-mit'-ted,  a.  [Pref.  itii-(lX  and  Eng. 
oiliiiittt'd.]     Not  admitted. 

un-ad-mon'-xshed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Kn<r.  adiiioni-ihed.\  Not  admonished;  not 
cautioue-1  or  warned  beforehand. 


'  best  w 
Suri-r 


ilfully  transgressing  he  pretend 
*il,  unad}no>ush'd.  uuforwani'tl." 
Milton  :  p.  L.,  \ 


'  un-a-dopf -able,  n.  [Pref.  i(?i-  (i),  and 
Eng.  oduptahk.]  Notcapablcof  beingadopted 
or  used. 

■■  B;id  prayers  found   inappnipriat*;.   unndnptable. 
were  geuemlly  forgotten."— 6'tir?tf?«.-  Past  &  Present, 


bk.  i 


.  ch.  XV 


Eng 


un-a-dored',  a.     [Pref.   un-  (1),  and 
oAvroL]     Not  adored  ;  not  worshipped. 

■'  Nor  was  his  name  imheajd  or  unador<-d 
In  ancient  Greece."  Milton:  P.  L.,  i.  TCS. 

un-a-domed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
udurm-d.]  Not  adorned;  not  decorated;  with- 
out decoration. 

"  De.'iert  and  bare,  unsightly,  unadorned  " 
^  MUton:  P.  L..  viL  311. 

IT  The  .iphorism  that  "Beauty  when  un- 
adorned is  adorned  the  most,"  is  an  adapta- 
tion from  Thomson : 

"  Loveliness 
Needs  not  the  foreign  aid  of  ornament. 
But  13,  when  unadorned,  adorned  the  most." 

Thornton:  Autumti.  204 — 6. 


un-a-dul' 
at-ed,  ((. 


ter-ate.     iin-a-dul-ter- 

[Pref.   un-   (1);   Eng.   adulterate, 


unaduUerattlK  drawD  from 
-Utlbcrte:  Jo  t'$her.    il6ob.f 


•ed.]    Not  artultcrated ;  genuine,  iiure,  unao- 

pbisticated. 

"  Thine  unndiUttrate  maiinem  &re  leM  iioft 
Aud  plausible  tluui  huiimI  hie  requirts." 

Coivper :  Task,  ▼.  <6&. 

*un-a-dul'-ter-aite>lj^,  ndv.  [Eng.  un- 
adulterate;  -/i/,J  In  an  unadulterated  manner; 
genuinely,  purely. 

"IiidiiftlonN  frwth  i 
thoae  wbai-rvatii. 

*un  ad-vdn-taged,  a.  (Pref  un-  (l).  and 
Eng.  tidvuitiuied.]  Not  favoured  or  iiroUt«d  ; 
deriving  no  advantage. 

"I  have  not  mot  with  a  more  noble  family,  luem- 
auring  ou  the  K-vel  of  Hat  and  uuadvautaged  &dU- 
UMity.— Fill  Ivr  ,    Worthies  ,  HCuJordihirc, 

•un-ad-ven-tu-rous,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Kng.  a<lventuroiis.\  Not  adwiiturous ; 
not  with  constitutional  tendencies  towards 
perilous  enterjirises ;  not  bold  or  venturesome, 

"Irresolute,  uuhardy,  unadi-i-nturout." 

MUton  :  P.  R.,  iij,  M8. 

iin-ad-vi^'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  advisable.]  Not  advisable;  not  to  be 
recommended ;  inadvisable ;  not  expedient 
or  prudent. 

"  Extreme  rigour  would  have  been  tmadoiauhle  in 
the  beginning  of  a  new  rrigu."— ioirtft,-  n/c  of  Wyk- 
ham.  S  5. 

*  iin-ad-vised', 

advised.]     * 

1.  Not  advised  ;  not  having  received  advice. 

2.  Not  prudent ;  not  discreet ;  ill-advised. 

"  Thou  unadvised  acold,  I  cau  produce 
A  will,  that  bars  the  title  of  thy  son." 

Sh<ikeiip. .   King  John,  ii   1. 

3.  Not  such  as  any  one  wh<i  had  taken  good 
advice  would  have  carried  out ;  ill-advised. 

"Now,  in  this  place  ChriBtinn  ha«l  il.iuhle  sorrow, 
because  it  was  thruu^-h  his  nnadiii»-,i  \in*Xv  that  they 
were  brought  into  this  distress  "—//((. if/uo  .  PHnriuis 
Progrets.  pt.  t 

*  un-ad-vi^'-ed-l^,  '  un-ad-vis-ed-lie, 

udc.  [Eng.  unadvised;  -ly.]  Imprudently, 
ra.shly ;  without  due  consideration;  indis-. 
creetly. 

"  A  stniuge  kind  of  speech  unto  (-'hriatian  ears  ;  and 
such  as,  I  bo])e.  they  themselvei    " 


[Pref.   un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


t  do  acknowledge  t 

un-ad-vis-ed- 

-/K.si.J     The  at^t  or 
inipruilcuee,  rash- 


advisedly  uttered." — Hookt 

*  un-ad-vi^'-ed-ness, 
nes,  .-■-    [Eng.  luuidt'isni : 
state  of  acting  unadvisedly 
ness, 

"The  judge  of  the  expedience  or  unadvisedneas  •! 
theui."— Boyle :   Works,  ii.  41'^. 

*  iin-af'-fa-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
aff'Able.]  Nut  a  liable  ;  not  free  or  open  to 
converse;  not  sociable;  reserved,  distant, 
rigorous,  harsh. 

"  Law,  stem  aud  uintffable.' 

JJaniel:  To  iiir  T.  Egerton. 

'  un-af-f  eared',  «.  [Pref  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
affeaml.]  Not  scared  or  frightened;  un- 
daunted. 

"  Plies  his  hand  viudamited,  ttnaffear'd." 

Daniel:  CirH  Wars,  in. 

un-af-fect'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

uf trial. ] 

1.  Not  influenced,  not  altered,  not  moved  : 
as.  The  thermometer  was  inutffected. 

2.  Not  influenced  ;  not  ins^iired  with  emo- 
tion ;  unmoved. 

3.  Not  showing  or  nuu-ked  by  affectation  ; 
not  ai'titicial ;  plain,  real. 

4.  Not  the  result  of  aftertation  ;  not  pie- 
tended  ;  real,  genuine,  sincere ;  not  hypo- 
critical. 

"  Unconscious  of  her  power,  and  turning  quick 
With  tumffccted  hlusbes,  from  hhgaxc. 
Thomson      '    ' 


A  utamn.  228. 

[Eng.  unafftcted  ; 
manner;    without 


t  un-af-fect  -ed-lj^,  adv. 

■ly.]  '  Not    in   an   alfected 
pretence  or  iiflectation. 

"Truth  requires  no  more  than  to  Ijo  fairly,  ojienly 
and  unaffectedly  exhibited."— A'<iox  ;  Ettayt.  No.  2i 

*  un-af'fect'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unnpectni; 
■  ne^f^.]  'I'lie  quality  or  state  of  liein^'  unaf- 
fected ;  freedom  from  pretence  or  atfectatnin. 

un-af-fec'-tion-ate,  a,  (Pref.  un-{\%  and 
Eng.  affectivnat'-.]  Not  affectionate  ;  without 
aHeetion  or  tenderness. 

"A  helpless,  unaf^eetionatt,  aud  suUeu  muss."— J/t^ 
ton  :  Tetrachordon. 

"  un-af-flict  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  an<l  Eng. 
aj^i>:(fd.]    Not  atllicted  ;  free  from  trouble. 

"  J-one  nnafffirfed.  undlsinay'd. 
In  pleasure's  path  secure  1  Btray'il." 

Coicper :  vtuey  J/ymiu,  xsxvl. 


bSa,  boy ;  pout,  j<S^l ;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9hin,  bench  :  go,  gem  ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as  :  expect,  ^enophon,  eylst.    ph  =  fc 
-ciau,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun  ;  -tion,    sion  =  zhim.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  .v  ■.  =  bel,  deL 


306 


■174 


.  unafiVighted— unanimating 


* -^n  of'fHgl&t -dd  (•;'•  silent),  a.  lPn>r.  inc 
(IJ,  :i<:tl  Km;;  up' iu'it'tl.]  Not  jtlViylileil ;  uot 
iMizht*'!!'^! :  iii't  arti-cled  with  Iriglil. 

•  3!»  •till,  mill  tuinfriahtfd.  K-ViTtliil  fiilheiv" 

tfeti  Joiif-i .  .\fjunnt.  V.  XV. 

'UB  a-filed»  ".      [Prcf.   :"t-  (1),  ami  Ku-^. 
■■  ri  *  lii-fti-  "l..il.  M  uun/ilftt."  Oower:  f.  A.,  i. 

•iina-firaid.  c  {Vnt.  " -■  (l),  and  Kivj.. 
'\fui'it.\    Not  iifi-aid  ;  witlitmt  fi-ur. 


■  ^  Jifiui-y  |>l:*.v;  wUtn  trtr.  Ainl  iinnfraiil, 
AihkI    tl-r    llit»»priigt    linikr*    r.vlt    cwyrr   vro: 


r  iTo^iturc 


un-9£'grS8 -sive.  ".  [Vrt-r.  im-  <i),  and 
i;ii;^.*(':r7'c,-.-i  v.l     Niit  a^ivs-iivc. 

"  AtKl  i(  thf  (<-iris')<  lo'luy  ot  tlir  Ruinniu'  lukil  been 
liiiMlrmtr.  niUiUtilc.  .-tiHl  »»(?,'/;/ ivjjtw,  Iho  K'lintr  mid 
■•r»l>lo  ini>:lit  hntemliflwl  ttie  tri-Mty."'— ifiri*  .*  Civtl. 
h**vl*$  i:on.nn  Hhf.  (etl.  I3.>i',  ii.  H-V;. 

un-a-gree'-a-'ble.  f.     IPrcf.  kii-  (i),  .iikI 

1.  N<-t  aj;iitaltleor  pleasing;  disagreeable, 
uiiplca^aiit. 

"A  man  .  .  ,  not  unagreeable  to  nny  of  borli  the 
iwrl--..'— «ry^.-  Eccfct.  Mfi. :  l-tt'PiirU  il.  (iiu.  15471. 

■  2.  N'ot  suited  or  consisU-nt ;  unsuitablu. 

"  PIm^  ji»u.  geiitleinpii. 
The  time  it  ii»<itrrnitilr  ti.  tUif  ijusinet*!*." 

M«iAi-/'. .-  n-ioii  I'/ Athens,  ii. ;;. 

'  un-a-gree'-a-We-ness,  .*.   IPref.  )'»-(i), 

;ti;<l  'y.\i^.  ii'irrt-ftlilrnc^s.]  T)n-  i[Uality  or  stati- 
ol  I.ci]i;i  una<;rteabK*  nr  di;iagree;tlile ;  dis- 
;tgre<?;iblfiu'ss,  unsuitable iii'ss,  iticonsistent-y. 

"A  il.x-tntip  Mli'i'ie  iiiiafjrreithleitctx  to  tlic  UOhi^^I 
^.-.  I  tiinii)  iviiJiU'il  it  j-ii-iiriuu-*.'  —Iiiviii/  of  I'uf'i. 

un  agree  -a  bly,   *  un-a-gre-a  Wye. 

mtv. '  {Fr'L  TTi-  (1).  and  Eng.  vitimthhj.]  Not 
a^rt-cably,  di.sagrLTnblj ,  unsuitabl;-,  incon- 
Mhh-ntly. 

•■  Wlileli  thyiis£li;.th  lieiie  liytlierto  in  all  Enylysli 
ChrouUles.  iluubtfullift.  i-ua^renbljie,  yc.i,  mid  vnti'ulie 
treated."— «((/(•.  £'»ji'(^''  yotarics.  pt.  i.  (I'ret) 

■  un-ald'-a-ble,  n.  fPn-f.  nn-  (I);  Eiig.  aid. 
•Ill'*  Mil!.  ■hi'U\\    Not  capabii-  of  bi-ing  ai<lcd. 

■■  Tii.tl  iii)>i>iirii>g  heiut  chu  iipver  rntisoin  iiiituie 
Fit  111  luT  iiiuiidaltlK  estiitc." 

fhnkcsf.:  All's  WvU.li.  1. 

un-aid-^d,  o.  tPi'^r.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. rriV/<'/.l 
N(.t  ;ii>lid  ;  not  assi^tfd  ;  imt  helped  ;  withuut 
:uit  oiliclp;  unassisted. 

'■  At  one  blow. 
r'i>iiUle<l,  could  linve  fliiwli'd  thee,  ftud  'wheliud 
'll.\  li-ijiou3  uuder  d:»rkiiesri," 

Milton:  P.  L..  iv.  HI. 

un-ail-ing,  n.  (Pref.  wn-(l),  and  Eng.  all- 
iti'i\  Not  ailing;  not  under  the  iiiftuencc  uf 
;iii\  ailnit-nt  ;  tree  from  ili*ease. 

'  un-aim'-ing,  f^.     [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  En-^. 

1,  Not  aiming  at  anytliiiig  in  particular; 
withuut  any  particular  aim,  oliject,  or 
piirpos*.'. 

"  Your  cliurm  iiig  d«u"lit«r.  who  like  Inve,  Ixirn  hi  in<l, 
I'uaimhiri  hit*,  witusureat  nrchery." 

Itri/den:  King  Arthnr,  i,  1. 

2.  Not  aimed  or  directed  at  anything  in 
jiurtioulnr. 

"  Tlie  noisy  ciilveriii,  o'ercharged.  let*  fly, 
Aiul  bimts,  iinaoiihig,  in  the  reiided  etky." 
(iraimll.: 

*  un-aired',  *  un-ayred,  a.    (Pn-f.  ?ni-(i), 

;i;i'l  I;::'-'.  "()V'(/.l    Not  <xiiohfd  to  the  air. 

■  1  .•  hll  V'liii/rcd  t'eiiHt-Qieii  nill  hetmy  you." 

/ifninii.  &  t'let. :  lliiecu  of  Corinth,  ii.  ^. 

U  na  kal'-kai^,  ?.    [Unikalk.w.] 

'  im  ak   ing.  ■'.    [Ln.xchinc] 

un-a-larmed',  c  [Pref.  itn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
.</<()■■ '.''.)  Nut  alarmed,  not  friglitened,  nut 
di.sti.rl'ed  with  tV-ar. 


un  a-larm  -ing,  o.  iPief.  un-  (l),  and  Eui;. 
.(Mr'M  r;/,)  Not  alarmiiig  ;  not  eausing  ur 
tending  tu  cause  alarm. 

"  Bn-nkiiig  the  iiintter  hv  nnalarmin'f  dvjirtes,"— 
//.  a'-oo':c:  Fool  -jt  t^i"i/it;/,  i.  :;;IL 

un-a'-li-en-a-Me.  ((.      [Pref.   un-  (l),  and 

V.uii,  niknabk.]    Not  alienable;  incapai)Ie  ut 
being  alienated ;  inalienable, 

"  .\iiy  ne^o  sU\ve  who  hiiil  hiid  claim  to  that  »»- 
nliei'-jftlc  ugbt.'—Maciiiilfiii :  Uttt.  £ng.,  ch.  xvii. 

un-a-li-en-a-Wy»  «'''■-  [Eng.  nnn7J,',inh(iv); 
-/'/,|  Iiift  way  to  prevent  the  possibility  of 
:anii:itioii ;  iu  a  manner  tliat  admits  of  no 
alienation. 

"  Heaven's  duration 
I'nulienabf'i  seai'd  t.>  tliia  fmil  fnmip." 


*  n'-nal-ist,  •<.  (Kixmu  Lai.  vmts  =.vii'\  in 
iiiiilaiion  v\  jifumliJit.] 

J'Avtrs. :  A  liolder  of  ouly  one  benehcc.  a.s 
oppo.st'd  to  a  pluralist. 

••  I  rto  il«;y  that  in  Ki'utnil  i-liinillsts  have  Kr^atrr 
nuTit  thnli  utMlitfK—KuvJ  ;  .Sfint  o/  iX'S/ffiii"-.  J  ;-. 

■  un-al  layed, ".    (Pa-f.  un-  (i),  ami  Eug. 

all'tyc'l.] 

1.  Uiiulloyed;  not   mixed  with  alloy,  as  a 
metal ;  pnre. 

"  All  tilt;  guiiil  di*|M\dti.iiis.  with  which  our  ftrit 
iKilTUts  wen?  framed.  unaH,i!/eU  wttli  the  hud  inifH, 
whk-h  they  Itavc  tniii>mitt«l  to  ua."-6ecker .  .>r. 
nirms,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  CC. 

2.  Not  dimini.^hcd  in  intensity  ;  not  quieted, 
as  a  storm  or  nian'ft  agilutvd  feelings. 

t  un-al-le'-W-at-ed,  n.  [Prof.  vn-(l),  and 
Eng.'  olkvUitcd.}  Not  alleviated  ;  not  miti- 
gated. 

■•  V iinKevinietl  hy  a  i-rosiwct  of  rceompetiee  after 
death."— .SfcA<v.-  tk-fnioiiH,  voL  v.,  wr.  u, 

'  iin-al-li'-a-We,  u.  [Pief.  vn-  (1);  Eng. 
(i//)/,*and  .suil.  -('(./<]  Not  able  to  be  allied  or 
connected  in  amity. 

"  We  h»<jk  ni)f>n  you  Jis  luider  an  iri-eveiftihlp  out- 
lawry (ittiu  our  coiifttltutloii— as  i>eriJetual  ami  k**- 
alli/iM'-  jtlicns."  — /i»rfcc-;  Letter  to  Hir  Uenm 
La  tigrishe. 

iin-al~lied',  f.  [Pref.  ini-(l),  and  Eng.  n//iV('.] 

1.  Not  allied  ;  having  no  ally  or  relation. 

"  His  uTet£he4liif»',  and  his  resiBt-viice, 
And  his  8jhI  itiiulticd  existence." 

Byron :  Pivrnftheiis. 

2.  Having  no  alli:incc  or  connection  ;  not 
related  or  eonnected. 

"  A  gi'iivity  niiiilli'-d  to  dullness,  n  rtiguity  nncon- 
)iei;ted   ultli  uituleiRt-.'— A'»o.c .'    L'lberaL   Ediicativn. 

(CVii./  } 

un-al"low -a-ble,  ".  [Pief.  v)>-  (i),  and 
Eng. 'f//""'"''^f-l  Nut  allowable;  that  eaiinot 
be  allowed. 

"  But  to  aftect,  or  even  jHinuit,  heyoud  what  siuli 
reasuiis  iwiuire,  either  friendships  or  familiarities 
witli  hahitiial  tiau^i'eii.sors  of  the  laws  of  God,  is  ou 
many  ,iccounts  itmUlowabh:" — Sevker  :  Sermons,  vvl. 
i.,  set".  SS. 

un-al-l6yed',  f-     (Pref.  9(7t- .(Oi  ^"'l-  Kng. 

nUniiiii.]    Not  alloyed  ;  used  : 
(1)  (If  metals. 
(!2)  Of  pleasure,  thought,  &c. 

'■  Mines  of  uaallou'd  iind  stainless  thought." 

liyron:  To  Ucnt-rm. 

*un-al-ter-a-bil'-i[-ty,  ■^.  [Eng.  '-n,>n!t.  ,■• 
ohh  ;    -It'j.]      l'naller;il_'lcuess,  uuchaugcabU- 


un-al'-tcr-a-ble,  o..  iPref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eul'. 
all>:r(ibli:\  *Not  alterable;  not  able  to  br 
changed  ;  not  siiseeptiblo  of  cliange ;  uii- 
cliangeable,  inflexi  ble. 

"  These  em|)ty  accents  mingled  with  the  wind, 
2\or  mov'dgieat  Jove's  unalterable  iniud,  " 

I'oiiii :  Homer;  JtUul  xii.  I'.'i. 

tin-al'-ter-a-blc-ness,  s.     [Eng.  v}i(dt<'r- 

nhlf  :    -iNss.l      The  fpinlity  or  state  of  being 
unalu  rable  ;  unchangealdeness,  iuttexibility. 

■■'Mil-  iiti'iltci'uUiiiets  oi  the  corimsole.'*  which  con- 
stitute and  cuiujio^c  those  hudies."— M*O0(te((rrf. 

un-al'-ter-a-bly,  adt:  (Eug.  7fnaltcwh(i>:) : 
-III.]  In  an  unalterable  manner;  unehauge- 
aiily,  immutably. 

"Hi-^  resr.hitioii.  li«  told  his  friend,  w.os  tinalterabl •/ 
U},<:d."-'Mar<ii'U>!/:  tlift.  En-j.,i:h.  w. 

un-al'-tered,  a.  (Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
attend.]  Notaltei'cd, notchanged,  unchanged. 

"Home  of  the  le^idin^  Whics  consented  to  let  the 
Te.st  Act  reiiiiiin  for  the  r>re.seut  ttiuUtered.'—J/'K- 
aiilini:  Ifiit.  LiKj..  ell.  \l. 

•  un-a-mazed',  o.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eug. 
(')/(«:"/.!    Not  amazed  ;  not  astonished. 

■■  Not  luiamaz'd,  blic  thus  in  answer  aiwike." 

Milton:  P.  L..  is.  5.v:. 

iin-am-big'-u-ous,  o.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  ami 
Eng.  KmhinHoii:^.]  Not  ambiguous  ;  plain, 
clear;  not  of  doubtful  mejining. 

"The  iKtssiouE  lire  comvet«iit  (fuiiles,  and  the  more 
violent  thuy  .are.  the  moie  itnambii/iioits  their  direc- 
tions."—A'h'ix:  £i(s<t;i  No,  £2. 

un-am-bi'-tious,  o.  [Pref.  vn-  (I),  and 
Eng.  (nnhitlnns.\ 

1.  Not  ambitious;  not  eovetous  of  power; 
free  from  leelings  of  ambition. 

"TiU'itM.n  .sto'xl  fljrh.ist :  for  his  nature  w.as  quitt 
:iml  iiii'imljtt'tous."—Mitcanlaii:  Hint.  Emj.,  cli.  \\v . 

2.  Nut  Splendid  ;  humble,  cheap,  uuji-',- 
Icnding.  ^ 

"  Whilst,  alas  (  my  tinioroiis  muse 
L'nainbitious  tmcU  imrsues  " 

OjwU-,,  :  PraiiK-  of  r.udm: 


tlin-im-bi'-tious-ly,  odr.  (Eug.  unMrnhi- 
tir-ti^;  -l<i.\  111  fill  ambitious  manner;  with- 
out ambition  or  show, 

"  And  now  that  monumental  atone  iiresenea 
Hb<  uttme,  itinl  uiiii'iibitiott»t!/  relates  ...  * 

The  sftd  i-iiMition." 

11  urdxtrr.rtl,  ;  Kxatrshii,  bk.  vii, 

'  un  a-mend -able,  n.  (Pref.  vn-  (i).  ami 
t'Aw^' (nneml(dih\\  Not  amendable;  incapable 
of  being  amended. 

"  He  ifl  the  winie  man  ;  so  is  every  one  here  that  yoii 
knovs  :  mankiiul  is  nuaiuendublc.—Pope:  To  Iswifl, 
(III.  i>,  ITU'. 

tun-a-mend    ed,     '  un-a-mend-id. 

«.  (Pref.  nn-  (1).  and  Eng.  umnukd.]  Not 
aiiiendfd,  not  impicved. 

"  S<i  wryte  I  vuto  )ou  nowe  lieyng  ahsent  .  .  .  alno 

ti^  all  Kurh.   a>»  aiv  ..ttt-mlei t.  yi  1   f>nde  thein   hh- 

lun.mhiC  —  Cdol:  ■:<onii.  \iii. 

"  un-a-mi-a-bil'-i-ty,  ^■.  (P;"-f- 1'"-  (i),anit 
Eng.  amial'nltty.\  The  quality  or  .state  of 
being  unamiable  ;  repiilsiveiites. 

"  Dickens  has  f.ivoured  tis  with  numerous  person!- 
finilioits  of  cfist-iioii  tinniniiiliilifif,  euth  OS  Mr.  Murd- 
atoue."— .4C(td('H^,  Oct.  22,  ISru. 

un-a'-mi-a-ble.  a.  [Pief.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
iiunnhli .]  *  Not  amiable  or  lovable  ;  not 
adapted  to  t'onriliate  or  gain  alleetion  ;  re- 
pelling love  or  kiiul  advances  ;  repulsive. 

"  I'iKir  l.iliourinii  men.  dt-eply  imlaied  with  this  ifn- 
ajni'iblt:  i\i\ initi .^—  Maeaitlii ;/ :  Hist.  L'ug..  ch.  iv. 

un-a'-mii-a-bl^,  odi\  [Eng.  vnnmifih(h) ; 
-l;/.]    Not  amiably  ;  repulsively,  unpleasantly. 

"  Their  national  antipathies  were,  indeed,  in  that 
;me.  uiireaMinahly  and  miamittbly  stioUK."— J/iu- 
»,(/.(//.■  //«.'.  i:,>r!.,e\\.  ix. 

un-9.-niuaed',  c  [Pref.  '"(-  (t),  ami  Eiig. 
tiu'iisiii.]  *Noi  amused,  not  entertained;  lud 
oeiupied  or  taken  up  with  amusement. 

"They  fly  to  Miriuus  scenes  of  iiuhlic  resort,  in  the 
midst  oi"  Huiiisi-nients,  a.i'UiiH«vil^'—K>iox:  Chrinrimi 
Pliilosojj!/;/. 

un-a-mu'-§ive»  k.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eug. 
(fiiuisirc]  Notaniusive;  not  exciting  or  fur- 
nishing amusement. 

"  T  have  i^wed  a  very  dull  mid  nmotmsipe  winter." 

—.Sheii.iluHf -■  Iviuu-s.  let.  e:;. 

■  un-an-a-log' -IC-al,  ".  [Pref.  nn-(l),  and 
Eng.  annlofiind.]  Nut  analogical ;  nut  agiee- 
alily  to  analogy. 

•■yhine  is  a  fsuhstantive]  though  not  una^talogicrrJ. 
>et  uDi'raceful  .ind  little  useiL" — Jotiuson,  in  v.  ,s7(f/;c. 

un-an-a-lys-a-ble,un-an-a-lyz'-a-ble, 

('.  [Pref.  i'u-  (1),  and  Eng.  cnaljsubh.]  in- 
capable of  being  analyzed. 

un-an'-a-lyzed,  n.  [Pref.  vn-(l),  and  Eng. 
(nifd!i:cd.]  Not  analyzed  ;  not  resolved  into 
simple  parts. 

"Some  huge  cijslii!^  of  refined  and  nnnmili/Sfil 
iiitie  utiijeai-wl  tu  have  each  of  them  bix  flat  sidrs.  — 

^  iin-an'-chor,  i\t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
iinchor.]    To  loose  from  anchor. 

"  Free  elbow-rooia  for  unnnchoring  her  boat."— 
hi-  fiuiiKny  :  .Spanish  A'nn,  §  a. 

un  a-nealed',  "  iin-a-neled',  c  [Pref. 
ini-  (1),  and  Eng.  anefdcd.]  Not  having  re- 
ceived extreme  unction. 

"  Vtiancl'd  he  ijaeseil  aw.T.y." 

/lf/)-on:  Corinth,  \\\ii. 

^  un-ah  -gu-lar,  '^     [Pref.  -un  (1),  and  Eng. 

aiifiidor.]  Not  aiigidar  ;  destitute  of  angles  ; 
having  no  angles. 

"  Soft,  Rmooth,  and  imanqifhir  bodies."— fl*irAff;  O  j 
the  :Snbliiiie,  g  24. 

*  un-an'-i-mal-ized»  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  inili„(di:id.\  Not  animaUzed ;  not  formed 

into  aiiinud  in:i(tei'. 

u  -  nan' -  i  -  mate,  c  [Lat.  vnanimvs  = 
niianiniuus  (ii.\*.).J    Unanimous  ;  of  one  mind. 

"  un-an'-i-mat-ed,  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 
i'^ng.  ",il,natcd.\ 

1.  Notanimnted;  destitute  of  vitality  :  ni>t 
possessed  of  life  ;  lifeless. 

"IJe  ivhnt  jc  seem.  inHi)>i}nated  cla^r' !" 

Pnpc:  Hofncr:  Ititid  vii.  115. 

2.  Dull ;  wanting  vivacity  ;  spiitless. 

u-nan'-i-mate-ly,  Hcir.  [Eng.  unaniinutc  ; 
-/'/.j     Unanimously. 

"Til  the  water  foules  toianimatet!/  they  recourse." — 

X't.iln-:  /.•■„/<■>'  Srufv. 

un-an'-i-mat-ing,  ".  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  i'>iiiitiittitif.\    Not  animating  or  enliven 

ing;  duU. 


late,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there ; 
or.  wore,  wpif,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try» 


pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
Syrian,    a,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unanimity— unaptness 


275 


u   na-nxm-i-tjr.  "u-na-nim-l-tee, .--. 

[  l-'r.  iinaitiinitr,  IVutri  L:it.  u no nitnila tern. ai:cu:i. 
nt"  'innnimitus,  liDiii  vmiuhn us  =  muiniinous 
(i|.v.).J  The  Ktiite  of  bfinj^  uiaiiiinous  or  of 
nrid  jiiiml ;  a;;reeinent  of  a  imiulKT  uf  ptrsons 
in  cpiiii'iM  or  ih;t*;niii nation. 

"An  hniu'st  pnrty  of  oien  mtiiiif  witli  H»nnhnHi/, 
:tre  m(  iiitiiiit«)y  jnemter  consequfiuv  tliaii  the  siuiif 
l«(rty  aiiiiiiiij  at  tiie  same  eud  by  dttTeieut  views."— 

u-n&n'-i-motis,  n.      [Lat.    vmmimvs,    from 
I'liiia  —  onf,  ami  aiiinvis  =  Uliiul.] 

1.  Being  of  one  mind  ;  agreeing  ia  priufiplc 
I'l  "piiiiun. 

"Tlie  Irish,  with  Tyrconnel  nt  their  head,  weie 
I'liatii'itoii*  :i),'njiist  reti-eatius. "  —  .l/nt-nu/o^;  Hist. 
/:.<:;..  ch.  xlv. 

2.  FoniK'd  by  unanimity  or  geiRM-al  consent. 

■Smh  Hiis  the  lUiiiost  iirtaniiooiis  Opinion  of  the 
lutilii.'  — .l/.(i(N(7(if/.-  I/isr.  t'lt'j..  ih.  .vi\. 

u  nan'-i-mous-ly,  adi\    [Kug.  unouhDO'in: 

-I'l.]  In  a  unanimous  uiunntr ;  with  ont* 
juiikI  or  voice  ;  witJi  entire  agreement. 

■'  lly  the  English  exilty  he  was  joyfully  welcomed. 

:iii<l  H(iii»(inouv(/j/ ;u;kiio«Ieilyed  as  tlieiv  head,"— J/dt-- 

■  "i/iii/:  Hist.  Kng..  th.  V. 

u  nan'-i-mous-ness,  $.  [^w^.unav.Uaons ; 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unanimous 
ur  of  one  mind  ;  unanimity. 

2.  The  tiualjty  of  being  formed  cr  done 
niiHiiiinously. 

un-an-nealed',  a.    iPref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 

Of  Chi^s,  Iron,  &c. :  Nut  annealed ;  not 
having  undergone  tlie  proceed  of  being  first 
Inati'd  and  then  cooled  very  siouiy. 

'■  t'oluurs  iiriKlnced  by  cmiipres'^ed  or  by  iir.anneaJid 
^\.,->-t."—Oniin(  .   I'hffsics  {t^l.  Urd).  p   at::. 

*  un  an-n^ed',  o.    iPref.  i^;*-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1.   Xot  annoyed. 

L'.  I'nhnrt,  uninjurL^d.  L:iiuolested. 

"  The  double  giutrd  preHervcd  him  vnannouett.' 

Coippe*- :  tiomer;  Iliad  \\v. 

un-a-n$)nt'-ed»  a.    (Pref.  7',i.  (l),  and  Eny. 

,uhrn,ted.\ 
1.  Not  anointed. 
'1.  Not  having  received  extreme  unction. 

"  Unhousel'd,  tmanointcd.  im-'tuel'd." 

ttfiake»p.:  hamlet,  i.  j. 

un-an-swer-a-bil'-i-ty  (?(■  silent),  i^.  (Eng. 
I'lntijy.wcivbU' :  -Uy.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
111  nig  unanswerable  ;  unanswerableness. 

"The  precision  nnd  ujiansferabiliti/  with  which 
they  were  given."— £.  A.  foe  :  Marginalia,  cli. 

un-an'-swer-a-ble  (v  silent),  «.  [Pref.  "n- 
(h.  and  Eng.  hnsa^enihh'.]  Sot  au.s\verable  ; 
\\'<t  rapablo  of  being  .sati--factorily  answered 
or  refuted. 

■■  Reasoniiiir  wUch  was  in  truth  as  unansiirrablc  as 
thiit  of  Euclid."— J/ucau/ny.  I/isf.  i''i,q.,  cli.  x\. 

un -an'-swer-a-ble -uess  (w  silent),  y. 
I  Kiv_'.  uuau.-iti.rrublf- ;  -uts^,.]  The  quality  or 
.slair  of  being  unanswfrabU-. 

"  llow  can  we  buthate  tliti^  unkind  ."wid  unjust  toi- 
iiiiit>r,raUeiicfsf"—/ip.  lluli  .  ben-ojn  on  £ph.  iv,  Uii. 

un-an  -swer-a-bly((''silent),  adv.  {Eng.  mi- 
"»<•';■  raf>(.le) ;  -/'/.]  In  a  luauner  not  admitting 
(d  aN:>\ver  or  refutation. 

■"  Wheuce  the  unlawfuhie^.^  oE  resisting  is  7tn<i)i- 
Mif'-rnl'lff  concluded."- ;?p.  Taylor :  lUde  uf  Conscience, 
bk.  lit,  ch.  iii. 

un  an  swered,     "  unaun-swered    ( i" 

.silriil),  a,      jPn-f.(/;F-(l).  :i!..l  Eii-.  ajks'<'r^(v/.J 

1.  Not  answered;  nutopto.^cd  or  met  by  a 
rrply. 

"Thin  pnu.w  'letweeQ 
I'lmniwered  lest  thou  boivst.      JlilCon  :  P.  L.,  \i.  luu. 

2.  Not  refuted. 

"  After  the  unanswered  charge-  of  Junius  Brutus." 

I.'Wii:  Cred.  Earlff  Roman  RiiT,  (ed.  135M,  ii,  102. 

;t.  Not  suitably  returned,  reijaid,  or  re- 
qiiiti'd. 

^  "I  must  die  obliged 

T((  your  nnanswn-fd  bounty." 

H':iniin.  A  Fie'. ,  V»t*e«  of  Corinth,  i.  3. 

un  an-ti5'-i-pat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  w)t-(l),  and 
l'.ii>:.  nnticipakd.]  Not  anticipated  or  ex- 
pLittd  ;  unexpected. 

"He  waa  boadtUig  of  hiM  new  ami  miavticipntrd 
■  ■Wjectiou."— ll'u/tu»-(0H.  Oh-iru-Lijatioii,  bk.v.  (App.) 

'  un-an'-xioiis  (x  as  sh),  o.  [Pref.  vx-  (i), 
and  Eng.  uiuluus.]  Not  ar.xions  ;  free  from 
anxiety. 

■■  In  full  content  we,  sometime?,  nobly  rest, 
I'natixivas  fur  ourselves  ' 

rourij:  Xri/rt  Thowjhts,  i. 


'  iln-^  xlous  ly  (x 

niHtiijivu,-:;  -hi.\     Withi 


as  sh),   mlv. 
lit  .iiixieiy. 


1K„; 


■*  Wc  can  wifely  and  vnnniiou*!!/  cumntit  to  the 
untlriUK  zeial  of  uur  ilevot«d  clergy  the  task  of  nerv- 
hiK  you  to  the  discharge  of  your  iienitentlal  duties." 
— Cat'd.  WiKfnan:  Lrrnten  I'aMQral,  1801. 

*  un-a-pdo'-ry-phal.  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 
Kng.  aixicryi^hul.]  'Not  apocryphal;  true, 
genuine, 

".And  yet  Rod  in  th;it  unapttrr^phnl  vision,  *iid 
withiiut  *xceptiuii,  Kim;.  I'et«r,  killiiud  &\X."~MiU'iii  : 
A  rt^pa^itiiit. 

■  unap  ds-tdl  -ic^ "  iin-^p  os-tol  ic  al, 

".  iPr.-f.  *' II -(1),  and  Eng.  ('/>o.sr„/K-,o/.<..vr<./M-;/.  J 
.Not  ai'fr.rding  U>  apostulic  usage,  liaditions, 

I'l-  .-itithui'ity. 

iin-ap-palled'.  a,  [Pref.  iin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tipjiaUed.]  Not  appalled  ;  not  daunted  ;  un- 
daunted, unfrightened. 

'■  Snme  of  his  tenants,  unappalled 
Hy  ffar  of  death  or  priestly  word." 

Lonfifeitow :  Uoldcn  Leiiend. 

'  un  ap  l>&r'-el,  vJ,  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
c/'yu/t/.]    To  unclothe,  tf>  divest,  to  free. 

"  .And  by  these  meditationa  retlned, 
(.'.'in  uiuippiirel  and  e^nlartfe  my  mind." 

Ikiriiic  :  Obst'ijuie.s  on  Lord  /Iiurinijton. 

"  un-ap-p^r'-elled,  '/.  [Pref.  w-  (l),  and 
ling,  opjiiftrllfii.]     Not  apparelled  ;  not  elad. 

"  In  Peru,  though  they  were  an  unapparelled  people, 
and  had  some  customn  very  barbarous,  yet  tne  cc- 
\ernmetit  of  the  Iucjis  liad  many  parts  of  civility.  — 
Na-'oii ;  ilofif  fVar. 

'  iin-ap-par'-ent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
I'i'i'nient.]    Not   appai-ent ;  not  visible;  ob- 

.SCUIX'. 

'■  Whilo  iwid  on  foreign  ehorea  Ulysses  treads. 
Or  glides  a  ghost  with  nnapparent  shades." 

pQpc  :  Homer;  (Hlyssc!/ \'\.  15'J. 

iin-ap-peal'-a-ble.  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 

Eng.  o piicalabh:,] 

1.  Not  appealable  ;  incapable  of  being  cav- 
lied  to  a  higher  court  or  tribunal  by  appeal. 

2.  Inoapable  of  lieing  appealed  from ;  not 
admitting  an  appeal  from. 

••The  infTillible.  i(»,i^p.-«/<(;.^' Judge  of  all  that  was 
1    the    written    word."— iyiif/i  .■   Scrmuim, 


[Pref.   nil-  (1),  and 


vul.  v.,  scr. 

unap-pea^ -able, 

Eng.  oppfO-t:able.] 

1.  Notcapable  of  being  appeased  or  satisfied, 

2.  Not  capable  of  being  satiated  ;  implacable. 

"Tl)y  auger,  2inappeasabt€,  still  rages." 

Milton  :  Siimisoii  Agonistes,  MJ. 

iin-ap-pea^d',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
'j<ju-<isni.\    Not  appeased;  not  paciticd;  not 


ed. 
'■_Nut  ;^ 


Ktp/'i-ii.^fd  he  enters  PIuto'3  gate.' 

J'ope  :  llomtr  ;  Wrf^asey  xiv.  567. 

iin'ap-per'-9eived,  <i.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  ajiperccivuL]  Not  perceived,  (fioicer: 
C.  J.,  V.) 

'  un-ap-plan^'-ive,  o.  [Pref,  hu- (i),  and 
Ijig.  "jit>/aiisiir.]  Nut  applauding  ;  not 
clieiriiig  or  encouraging,  as  by  apphmsc. 

"The  cold,  shadowy,  uunpplaiisivc  audicuce." — 
fr.  Klivl :  Middlcmarch,  ch.  xx. 

un-ap'-plic-a-ble*  a.  [Pref,  ?(»-  (1).  and 
Eiiu:.  iipiiti:vhk\]  Not  applicable  ;  inap- 
plicable. 

"Some  inconveniences  in  the  contrivance  of  them, 
make  them  iinai>/>ficable  to  some  purposes,  and  less 
liruper  in  othei-s. ' — itoi/lc :   W'urlis,  ii.  -183, 

un-ap-plied',  a.     [Pref.  «»-(l),  and  Eng.  n,.- 

/i/h'/.I  NliI  applied;  not  used  aceording  tn 
the  destination;  not  devoted  to  any  special 
itl'jei.'t  i>r  purpose. 

un-ap-point'-ed.  f.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

iipjiii'n)tnl,\     Not  appointed. 

"An  interested  plebeian,  imappoliifcd.  unaiithur- 
ised,  aud  uuotlVnded,"- A'/iox.*  Awiys,  No.  0. 

un  ap-pre-hend'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (\),  and 

Eng,  tippnhni'ltd.] 

1.  Not  apprehended  ;   not  taken  or  seized  ; 
still  at  large. 

2.  Not  understood,  perceived,  or  conceived. 

"They  of  whom  Goil  is  altogether  unap/'fc/ir'nt^ty/, 
ure  but  few  in  umuber.'*— ZTuoter  /  £t:dea.  Potitie,  hk. 
v..  5  -J. 

■  un-ap~pre-hen'-si-ble,  a.  [Pref.  v>i-  (i), 
and  Eng.  apprfb'usihlf.]  Not  able  to  be  appre- 
liemled.  understood,  or  appreciated  ;  inapjire- 
liensible. 

"Which  a.ssertions,  in  spite  of  all  qiLalificationsof 
them,  le-ive  it  unajiprvhengiMf  w  hat  place  can  reasuu- 
:iMy  1*  left  for  atlUiessiug  exhortations  to  the  will." — 
S'Hith  :  Hi  rmorii/,  vul.  v..  ter.  .'i. 


iin-&p-pre-hen  -Bive,  n.    (Pref.  un-  (n.and 

Eng.   ,';,y„v/lOI.^-,,>.) 

1,  N(.t  tipprelu'ii>ive  ;  not  fearful  or  sns- 
peeling  ;  unsuspiciuus. 

2.  Not  intelligent;  not  quick  of  apprehen- 
sion or  perception, 

"The  name  tcmjter  of  mind  niakeu  m  man  umippr^' 
h^nrr  ;md  liiM-miible  of  any  misery  Buffered  by 
others.  —South  :  Serinunt,  vol.  v.,  ser,  5. 

un  dp-pre  hen  sive  nSss.  >.    [Eng.  nu- 

I'l'l-irhninirr  :  ■ne.'is.\  I'lir  qunbly  or  .slate  o( 
iH-ing  unapprehensive.  (R'tchanlson  :  L'lnriss'j, 
iii.  ■>.) 

iin-ap-prifed',  a.  [Pref.  ini-  (l).  ami  Eug. 
"i>i" '"'!.]  Not  apprised;  not  inforniecL  nf 
beh.uhand. 

"  rhi.H  iiKuiiveuience,  which  thi-  doctor  seemed  t, 
be  iniii/'priscd  of."— Mcifcr/uiK/ ;    tVorks,  ii,  327. 

un  ap-pr6a9h'-9-ble.  a.  [Pref.  vu-  (j). 
and  Eng,  approncfiahle.]  Not  approachable; 
iii't  admitting  of  approach  ;  inaecessible. 

"tiod,  who  i«  said  to  inhabit  an  unupproachabh- 
liaht,  which  huuuui  speculatiuus  cannot  i-cnctr-ite.*  — 
iSoi/ti-:   iVorks.  v.  UU. 

un-ap-proafhed',  a.      [PreT.  nn-  (I),  and 

Eng.  oppiixirlu'il.] 
^    I.  Nut  aiijiroaehed. 

"  C^lestiala,  mantled  in  exceas  of  light, 
(.'an  visit  unappronch'd  by  mortal  siglit." 

Pope:  Homer :  Udijatey  iix.  53. 

*2.  Unapproachable. 

"  And  never  but  in  unnpproached  light 
Dwelt  from  eternity."  S/iUon  :  P.  L..  iii  4. 

•  un-ap-pro'-pri-ate,  o.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 
Eiil;.  iippnipi-iat-\  a.) 

1.  Not  appropriate  or  suitable;  inajipro- 
priato,  unsuitable. 

2.  Not  assigned  or  allotted  to  any  particular 
persnu  (ir  thing. 

_       "Gootla  which  Ood.  at  first,  created  unappi-opriatc" 
-     —Warhitrton :  Sermnnx,  ser,  3). 

^un-ap-pro'-pri-ate,  i:t.  [Pref.  vn.(2i, 
and  Eng.  tipprnpritfte,  v.]  To  render  fc-ee, 
eniiinion,  or  oi)eii  to  all, 

"  I'liappropriatinq  and  unmonopolisiog  the  reward* 
of  leariiing  .ind  industry."- J/rffw/c  Of  Reformation 
in  Kwjlami,  bk.  ii. 

iin-ap-prd'-prf-at-ed.  v.     [Pref.  vn-  (i), 

and  Kiig.  appropriated.] 

1.  Not  appropriated;  having  nu  isirticular 
ai>plication. 

"  Wanilering  iuto  an  endless  vnriety  of  flower>'  and 
unappropriated  similitudes." — Warton  :  t'ssw/  on 
Pope. 

2.  Not  taken  over  or  appropriated  by  any 
person. 

"  Uc  theuce  surveys 
Regions  of  wood  aud  wide  aavaiina,  last 
Expanse  of  unappropriated  twirth," 

W'ordiworth  :  Exruraion,  bk,  iii 

3.  Not  applied,  or  directed  to  !«:•  applied,  to 
any  specific  object,  as  money  or  funds. 

■J.  Not  gi-anted  or  given  tu  any  person,  com- 
pany, or  corporation. 

un-ap-proved;  c    [Pref.  ua-  (l),  and  Eng. 

ap'pr..r,d.\ 

1.  Not  ajiproved  ;  not  having  received  a]>- 

]irobation. 
"  Evil  into  the  mind  of  God  or  man 
May  come  and  go,  so  nnnpproped,  and  leave 
Ko  spot  or  blame  behind. '       Hilton  :  P.  L.,  v.  ll^i. 

*2.  Not  justified  or  confirmed  by  proof; 
not  corioborated  or  proved. 

un-ap-prov'-ing,   n.      [Pref.    un-  (1).  and 

Eng.  apiuuviiif}.]    Not  approving. 

■  iin-apt',  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng.  apt.^ 

1.  Not  apt;  not  ready  or  inclined;  not 
propense. 

"  I  am  a  soldier,  and  unapt  to  weep." 

,Shake»p.  ;  l\ttenrn  IV,.  v,  3. 

2.  Dnll ;  not  quick  or  ready  to  learn, 

3.  Unfit,  unsuitable. 

"  The  scorching  heat  of  the  8un  in  summer  rendei^ 
the  greater  mrt  of  the  day  unapt  either  for  hibour  ••i 
amusemeut.  '—Anson:  Voi/aget,  bk.  ii,,  ch.  v, 

4.  Not  apposite  ;  inappropriate. 

"  Xo  iinnpt  type  of  the  alu^glsh  and  w.averins  uu-v^ 
nirnt  uf  that  iuim\."—.Wacaitla»/ :  Jii.if.  Eny..  ch.  .wij. 

un-apt -ly,  m/c.  [Eng.  unapt:  -hjA  Not  in 
an  apt  manner;  not  aptly;  inappropriately; 
uufitiy. 

"T.i  such  a  tract  the  history  of  our  country  during 
the  thirteenth  century  may  mil  luiapth/  becomtiar^d. 
—Jfnr:t,>ht;/:  Iliaf.  En-j..  oh.  i, 

'  un-4pt'-ness,  '  un-aptnesse,  s.    [Eng, 

unapt ;  •ncss,] 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  cborus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,      ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tioa,  -sion  =  shun ;    tion,  -§iou  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &.v.  -  bel,  del. 


27o 


unaquit— unattached 


1.  Tlif  quiility  or  sUU-  of  being  unapt  or 
unsuitnl>l«  ;  iiiisiiiUiMfin'sn. 

■  ■■•   UK  ,-       s!-*Ht^r     Uj"*ni' to  Bcftutte. 

2.  Wai»t  (if  a|'prelK'n-{i«m  ;  dulnwts. 

3.  Wiint  of  will  or  ability  ;  disinclination. 
"Alt   utfft'ttM.  or  ail  Rvenloii,  to  iinjr  viKorou* 

attempt  t<>rT  alterr—locJu :  Conduct  nf  the  lnd«r' 

■  iin  a-qait',  o.      tPref.   un- (1),  and   En;.*. 
ii./»./.)     i:nr.quit«d. 
•  (■h..ntr.^  trotli  unaqvU.'  Oo»*r:  C.  A..  It. 

•  un  a  raood,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
iir.Kv./.|  Not  torn  up  by  the  roots;  not  torn 
lorvibly  away. 

••  For  tr  thff  tliiiiBwi  th»t  I  li»«e  concludinl  n  lytell 
\frv  iwlonip.  Ik>ii  k^r>t  hole  niid  rniira«d.  [tncon. 
wuJ*i»y  —Chiiwr*r ;  Bttecitu.  bit.  iv. 

fin-ar'-gued.    a.      [Pref.   un-  (1),   and  Eng. 
I.  Nntai^ned;  not  debat^'d. 

'•So  corner  ot  tnith  hath  lyoii  uim-Hrchtsl.  iio  i.lwi 
unaryu<^f-Bp.  II  tit     The  OM  ltfJigionih\>.  Dud.). 

•2.  L'iidis|iut*;d ;  tuiqueationed ;  uot  op- 
posed by  ai-gumt'nt. 

Unarmisd  I  obey ;  ao  OoU  ordnlUN." 

Milton:  P.  L..  iv.  636. 

•  3.  Not  censured. 

••  Not  that  hla  work  livd  in  tlie  hands  of  fyes. 
Vnatvatd  then,  und  yet  bath  dune  from  ttiosa 
Ben  JoTUvn  :  To  Clement  Hdtnonds. 

iin-ark',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (-1),  and  Eng.  ark,  s.] 
To  take,  lead,  or  bring  out  of  or  land  from  an 
ark. 
"  The  Anncuiiin  mount  of  safety.  Joy,  and  rest 
Where  when  thou  «ri  thou  miiist  tliy«elfe  iinark. 
Davia  :  Scourge  <if  Folly,  p.  39. 

*  un-arm;  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
tir«i,  v.) 

A.  TniHsitivc: 

1.  To  deprive  or  strip  of  arms  ;  to  disarm. 

"  Sweet  Helen.  I  must  woo  you, 
To  help  unarm  our  Hector." 

Shatixsp. :  TroUiu  A  Cretsida.  lU-  I. 

2.  To  render  incapable  of  inflicting  injury. 

"  Diao  unarmud  the  jiivcliii  as  it  flew." 

I>rydvn:  Ovid;  Mctaiiujrphotes'v^. 

B,  latmiia.  :  To  put  off  or  lay  down  arms. 

"  Vnarnn,  unarm,  aud  do  not  fight  to-day." 

Shak«tp. :  TroUiu  A  Cressidn.  v.  3, 

un-armed',   a.      [Pref.    un-   (1),    aud    Eng. 

arm€d.\ 

1.  Unprovided  with  amis  or  other  means  of 
defence  ;  not  equipped. 

"  Drop  upon  our  bare  xtnurmtd  heads." 

Shakiisp. ;  2  Benry  IV.,  ii.  4. 

2.  Not  furnished  with  scales,  prickles, 
spines,  or  other  defence,  a.s  animals  and 
plants.    Also  in  botany,  pointless. 

■un-ar'-moured,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
aniu>uied.\    Not  prot<!cted  with  armour. 

"  Tlie  advt>catea  of  unarmoured  ships." — Ur'U. 
qttarurly  Iteeiew,  lvil.M(Hj:u). 

un-ar-ralgned'  ig  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and   Kii^'.   arraign£d.\      Not  arraigned  ;  uot 
brought  to  a  trial. 
'■  As  lawful  lord,  iuid  king  by  just  descent, 
bliuuld  here  be  judg'd.  unheard,  and  unarraign'd." 
Daniel:  CivU  Wars,  ill 

un-ar-rayed',  a.     [Pref.  «ii-  (1),  and  Eng. 

o.rnujfd.] 

1.  Not  arrayed;  not  drawn  up  in  line  of 
battle  ;  uot  disposed  in  order. 

2.  Not  dressed  ;  not  decked  out. 

"  Ab  if  this  iufaut-world.  yet  unarray'd. 
Naked  and  bare,  iu  uatuie's  lap  were  laid." 
Itryden  :  Indian  Emperour,  i.  1. 

*  un-ar-rest'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.'  arrestable'.]  Not  capable  of  being  ar- 
rested, 8taye<l,  or  stopped. 

"  DiBcouteiit,  driveu  from  the  surface,  will  reappear 
in  the  subtle  and  unarrmtable  form  of  secret  so- 
cieties."—A'cfto.  Oct.  15. 1881. 

un-ar-rest'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  wn-(l),  and  Eng. 
arrested.]    Not  arrested,  stayed,  or  stopped. 

"  Escjii-e  u'Utrrcxtfd  more  in  such  manner  wise." 
Chaiucr:  The  Marchaundei ;  Svcond  Tate. 

*  un-ar-xived',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and  Eng. 
arrived.]   Not  arrived;  not  yet  come;  to  come. 

"  Houarchs  of  all  ela|)a'd,  or  unarrivd." 

Foung:  Night  ThoughU,  ix. 

*  un-art-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng.  art; 
-ul  ] 

1.  Not  acquainted  with  any  of  the  arts  ; 
ignorant  of  the  art.s. 

"  God  .  .  .  would  not  have  hin  church  and  people 
letterless  and  unarted."—\Vatcrh<iUie:  Apology  for 
L'-uriUng,  p.  19. 


2.  Not  prepared  witli  much  art ;  simple  ; 
idain. 

"  in.irli-d  meat,  kind  not|{hboiirhood.'— /"oKAam 
AVx<Vw*.  i>t.  1..  Tvt.  'Jit. 

*  jin-art'-ful.  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
art/ul.] 

1.  Not  artful  or  cunning;   not  disposed  to 
pmctise  cunning. 

"  A  cheerful  iiw««tiie«  in  Ills  looks  hf  has. 
And  Inuoccuec  unartful  in  hl»  face. 

CitngrciK:  JuveiialXl. 

2.  Genuine,  open,  frank,  artless. 

"  I'm  sure  unartful  truth  lies  oi>en 
In  her  mind."  f^rydrn :  Tifmpeil.  in. 

3.  Not  having  skill  ;  unskilful. 

•■  How  unartful  wuuld  it  have  htcu  to  have  set  hiui 
lu  a  t-Mriier  when  li«  waa  to  Imve  given  light  and 
warmth  t..  all  the  bodies  ar>-uud  liiiu !"— CAei/ne.' 
I'lidoiKphifitl  Principlet. 

'  iin-art'-ful-l3^,  adv.  [Eng.  unart/uJ ;  -ly.] 
In  an  unaitful  manner;  witliout  art;  art- 
lessly ;  unskilfully. 

"  Tlieir  chiefs  went  to  battle  in  chariots,  uot  unart- 
fullv  contrived.  n.>r  unskilfully  nuvuaged."— flurfcf / 
Abridgment  qf  £ngli»h  History.  \<k.  i..  ch.  ii. 

*  un-ar-ti-fi'-cial  (ci  as  sh)»  a.  (Pref.  nn- 
(1),  and  Eng.  artificial.]  Not  artiticial ;  not 
formed  by  art;  iuartilicial,  genuine,  simple, 
plain. 

"Thecoai-ae,  unartificial  arrangement  of  the  mon- 
archy "—BurAe.  French  lUoulution. 

*  un-ar-ti-f i'-cial-ly  (ci  as  sh),  fw?y.   [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  'ariificialUj.]    Not  in  an  arti- 
ficial manner  ;  not  with  art  or  skill. 

■•  But  the  material  beinp  only  turf,  and  by  the  rude 
multitude  unartiftciatty  built  up  without  better  liirec 
tion.  availed  them  little.'  —jtfi«o)i .   Uist.  Britain,  lu. 

im-ar-tis -tic,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
artistic]  Not  aitistic;  not  according  to  the 
rules  of  art. 

'  un-as-cen'-da-ble,  *  un-as-yen'-di- 
ble.'a.  [Pref.  I'ln- (I),  and  En-  asci-iulahle] 
Not  capable  of  being  ascended. 

"High  and  unascendable  mountains."  — .S'<i*itZ(/%- 
Travets.  p.  171. 

*  un-as-^er-tain'-a-ble,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eng.  ascertainable.] 

1.  Not  capable  of  being  asceitaiued  or  re- 
duced to  a  certainty. 

2.  Not  capable  of  being  certainly  known. 

*  un-as-9er-tained',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 

Eng-  ascertained.] 

1.  Not  ascertained  ;  not  reduced  to  a  cer- 
tainty ;  not  made  certain  and  detinite. 

2.  Not  certainly  known. 

•■  The  only  part  of  the  Russian  empire  th.'it  now 
remains  unascertained."— Cook :  Third  Voyage,  bk.  vi., 
ch.  iv. 

*  un-as-cried'.  *  un-as-kryed,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  aud  Eng.  oscrmL]  Not  descried  or 
seen. 

"That  .  .  .  the  Freuchemen  shoulde  not  come  on 
them  sodainly  vnaskryed."—lIaU :  Chronicle;  Henry 
VIII.  (an.  5). 

*  im-a-served,  a.    [Unserved.]' 

un-asked',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  asked.] 

1.  Not  asked  or  solicited  ;  unsolicited. 

/'AU  unasked  his  birth  aud  name." 

Scott :  Lady  f^  the  Lake,  \.  29- 

2.  Not  sought  by  entreaty  or  care. 

"  He.  as  we  see.  has  followed  us  with  vnatked  kind- 
u^s&."—Buuyan:  Pilgrim's  Progress,  pt.  ii. 

^ un-3.s-pec'-tive,  a.  [Pief.  un-  (i);  Eng. 
aspect,  and  suft".  -ivc]  Not  having  a  view  to ; 
not  regarding  or  looking  to. 

"The  Holy  Ghost  is  not  wholly  unaipective  to  the 
custom  that  wiis  used  among  uieu."—Feltham :  Jtc- 
s-jlvef.  pt.  ii..  res,  7i. 

*  un-as'-pi-rat-ed,   a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.   aspirated.]      Not    aspirated ;    not    pro- 
nounced or  written  with  an  aspirate. 

"  The  jEolic  verb  unaspirated."~Dr.  Parr,  iu  BrltinH 
Critic,  iiL  121. 

*  un-as-p'ir'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
aspiring.]  Nut  aspiring ;  not  ambitious  ; 
modest. 

"To  be  modest  and  unatpiring,  in  honour  jireferriug 
one  another.  "—Woj/frs. 

un-as-sail'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  im*  (i),  and 
Eng.  assiiHahU.] 

1.  Not  as.sailalile  ;  incapable  of  l>eing  as- 
sailed ;  proof  against  assault. 

"  And  eke  the  fjistneaae  of  his  dwelling  place. 
Both  vnasaailaUe,  gaue  him  great  ayde." 

Spenser:  F.  (}..  V,  ix.  5, 


2.  Not  tA^  be  moved  or  .shaken  from  a  pur- 
pose ;  immovable. 

••  Vet  in  the  number  do  I  know  but  one 
That  unassailable  holdt  on  his  rank. ' 

Khakesp. :  Julius  Ccetar.  iii.  1. 

3,  lucontestiible  :  as,  an  wnassailable  argu- 
ment. 

iin-as-sailed',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
assailed.]    Not  assailed  ;  not  attacked. 

"  To  keep  my  life  and  honour  unatsailed." 

Hilton :  Comus,  220. 

*  tin-aS-Sault'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 

Eng.*  assaultabk.]     Not   assaultable ;    unas- 
sailable. 

"The  rocke  is  vjiassauitabtc."—nacklu!/t:  roffatjet. 

ii.  111. 

*  ixn-as-sault'-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eug.' assaulted.]    Nut  assaulted. 

"  Leave  the  place  unastaiilted." — Idler.  No.  20. 

un-as-sayed',  "un-as-saied.  n     [Pref. 

HH-"(1),  and  Eng.  a.^sayrd.] 

1.  Untried,  unatteinpt*'d. 

"  At  this  moment  unassayed  in  song." 

Cowpei-:  Task,  lil  i!<l. 

2.  Not  subjected  to  assay  or  trial. 

"  And  what  is  faith.  love,  virtue,  jmassai/ed 
Alone,  without  exterior  help  sustained?" 

MUtou:  P.  L..  ix.  ass. 

un-as-sim'-il-at-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

En*g.  assimilated.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Not  assimilated  ;  not  made 
similar. 

2.  Physiol.  :  Not  having  undergone  the  pro- 
cess of  assimilation  [Assimilation,  2.];  not 
having  been  assimilated  to  the  substance  or 
textures  of  the  animal  or  plant  into  which 
it  has  been  taken. 

un-as-SiSt'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  aud  Eng. 
ass'isted.]  Not  assisted  ;  not  helped  or  aided  ; 
unaided. 

"  Bore  unassisted  the  whole  charge  of  the  war  by 
sea."— J/acuu^tttf --  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xlx. 

iln-as-sisf-ing,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ass'istimj.]    Not  assisting  ;  giving  no  aid. 

"  Nor  BthenelUB.  with  vnasaiatinii  hands. 
Remained  iinheedful  of  his  lord's  commands." 
Pope  .  Homer ;  Jliad  v.  a95. 

un-as-sum'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
assuming.]  Not  assuming;  not  arrogating  to 
one's  self  more  notice  than  is  due  ;  uot  ex- 
hibiting assumption  or  arrogance;  not  arro- 
gant or  presuming ;  modest. 

"Comfort  have  thou  of  thy  merit, 
Kindly,  unassuming  spirit !" 

iVordswoi-fh :  To  the  Small  Celandine. 

iin-as-siired'  (ss  as  sh),  «.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  assured,] 

*  1.  Not  assured  ;  not  bold  or  confident. 

"The  ensuing  treatise,  with  a  timorous  and  iinas- 
snred  countenance,  adventures  into  your  presence."— 
OlaiivlU. 

*  2,  Not  to  be  trusted. 

"The  fained  friends,  the  rnassurcd  foes," 

&peiiscr :  An  Hj/mne  to  Loue. 

3.  Not  insured  against  loss  :  as,  unassurctl 
property. 

*  lin-as-tdn'-tehcd,  *  un-as-ton'-isht,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Kug.  astonished.]    Not  as- 
tonished. 

"  Unto  the  king  uot  unastonisht  said." 

Hamlf/K  :  Ovid  ;  .Vetatnorphoses  viii. 

'  un-as-tro-nom-ic-al,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  astrononiicaL]  Not  versed  iu  astro- 
nomy. 

'■  Presentiug  to  the  unastrottomical  a  picture  at  all 
comprehensible.'- /'OB--  Work$i\Ui),  ii.  127. 

''  un-at-9hieved',  a.    [Unachievkd.' 

"un-a-ton'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1„  and 
Eng.  atonablc] 

1.  Not  capable  of  being  atoned  for  or  ex- 
piated. 

2.  Not  to  be  reconciled  ;  uot  to  be  brought 
into  concord. 

"It  serves  to  divorce  any  uutimahle  or  unatonable 
matiimouy."— J/*ifo»i  -'  2'cfrackordorL 

iin-a-toned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
atoned.]     Not  atoned  or  expiated. 

"Or  can  you  recollect  the  various  frauds  you  may 
have  been  guilty  of.  yet  unatoned  for  by  a  fair  restitu 
tion?"— (/(//>(«  .*  Sermons,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  7. 

iin-at-tafhed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I).  and  Eng. 
attacked.] 

1.  Not  attached,  fastened,  joined,  or  united. 

"True  philosophy,  unatlached  to  names  of  i-aiti- 
ciilar  lueii.  ■— A'uoj:  .  Spirit  of  Ih-spotism.  §  34. 


GXe,  fat,  f^e,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wou;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unattacked—unbalanced 


2.  Not  belongin-j;  or  attached  to  any  pai- 
tieular  club  or  society. 

'■  Pitliiiiled  their  v"<l*ction3  by  attrncting  to  its 
UK-eta  the  unaUitchftt  cAuueists." — Fieltt,  Sept.  17,  IStjT. 

3.  ."^peciJicaUy  : 

(1)  Law :  Not  stizeil  or  taken  as  on  account 
ofilebt;  not  arrested. 

"  A  (-uti>urse  In  a  tlirotig,  when  he  hnth  committed 
the  tAit.  will  cry  out.  My  iimster*.  t^ke  heed  of  yoiir 
piirsca:  and  he  thut  is  puntnod  will  cry,  Stop  thii-f, 
that  l)y  thia  luejtiii)  he  may  escniw  unattacHeit."— 
Junius  :  Sin  Stiffinntizeti,  p.  'MS. 

(■2)  Mil:  Not  lielongiHb' or  attache*!  to  any 
oiu'  i_'t)iupany  or  regiment,  or  on  lialf-pay. 
(Sail!  I'f  otficei-3.) 

(::)  I'liii::  Nut  helongiiig  "to  any  college  vr 
hall ;  non-collegiate.     (.Said  of  students. ) 

un  at-taoked',  "■  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
utiurka).]    Nut  attacked. 

'■  It  will  not  he  fuifc  for  me  to  leave  it  beliind  mo 
i(n.iffri(Ati,(,"— fli/rAo     Speech  ou  Acts  of  Uui/oiinity. 

un-at-tain'-a-ble,  c    [Pref.  iin-  (l),  and 

KnC'.  attainuh!''.]     Nut  attainable;  not  to  be 
gained  or  obtained. 

'■  0  happiness !  not  to  be  found, 
C'nuttiii'ntblc  tieiiaure,  iidleu  I" 

Cowper  :  On  Peace. 

un-at-tain'-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eug.  v)wttu in- 

iiUU  :     (it'ss.  1     rtif  iiuality  or  state  of  being 
unattainable  or  beyuud  reaeb. 

•■  Deapftir  is  the  thonght  of  the  utiattainablenets  of 

nny  cood."— Z.ocft«.'  Human   I'nderstandiiiff.   bk.    ii., 

cIk  \x. 

iin-at'tained',  c  [Pief.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
utd'-ii^aL]     Ni.lL  attained. 

'•  The  princiiwl  object  which  I  had  in  view  waa.  in 
ft  great  measure,  unattiiined.''—Cook:  Third  Voyaije, 
bk.  li.,  ch.  ii. 

*  iin-at-taint'-ed,   <'.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  and 

Y.\v^'nttuintK~d.\ 

1.  Not  attainted. 

2.  Not  corrupted,  nut  infected  ;  hence,  im- 
partial, unbiassed. 

■■  Go  hither,  and  with  unattaiuted  eye. 
t'ompare  her  face  with  some  that  I  shall  show.' 
Shakivp.  :  Romeo  £  Juliet,  i.  2. 

un-at-tempt'-ed  (p  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un- 

(1 ).'  ;ind  lOn.-.;.  ntt<.liipted.\ 

1.  Nut  atteniptod  ;  not  essayed ;  untried. 

■■  Things  unaltempted  yet  in  prose  or  rhyme." 

J/Uton  :  P.  i.,  i.  15. 

*  2.  Not  tempted ;  not  tried  or  proved,  as 
by  temptation. 

"  For  my  hand,  as  iinattem/jted  yet." 

Shakfsp,:  King  John,  ii.  2, 

un-at-tempt'-ing  {p  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un- 

(l),' and  I'Jiig.  uXUh\ptlng.\    Nut  attempting ; 
unenterprising. 

"  And  many  have  been  too  cautious  and  unattempt- 
i„-j."—Wateriand  :   \Vork%,  vol.  vi.,  p,  18. 

iin -at- tend' -ed,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

oti'<i<kd.\ 

1.  Not  attended  ;  having  no  retinue  or  at- 
tendants. 

■ '  Your  constancy 
Hath  left  you  unattended," 

Shake'ip.  :  Macbeth,  ii,  2. 

•2.  Not  attended  to;  not  dressed:  as,  un- 
utfciided  wounds. 

'  iin-at-tend'-ing,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Kw^.  attend i)ig.]  Nut  attending;  not  atten- 
tive w  listening  ;  inattentive. 

■  Say.  gentle  eliepherd,  ill  is  lost  that  praise 
That  IS  iiddreas'd  to  unattending  ears." 

Milton  :  Comus,  2T2. 

'  iin-at-ten'-tive,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eii^'.  attrntice.]    Not  attentive  ;  inattentive. 

'  Li.>iiL'lv  and  unatti^ntive."         Thomson:  Spring. 

"  iin-at-test'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
atii^hd.]  Not  attested;  having  no  attesta- 
tion, witness,  or  evidence. 


*  un-at-tire',  v.l.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
itttin:.]  To  take  off  the  dress  or  attire;  to 
nu'lrcss. 

"We  both  left  Mr.   Schwelleiiberg  to   unuttire."— 
Mixs  liurnfiy  :  Iiia.T>j,  v.  209, 

un-at'tired',  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
nrtui'l.]    Nut  attired,  not  dressed,  undressed. 

"  Unnitired  in  that  becoming  vffit 
Kelijfion  weaves  for  her." 

Cowper:  Table  Talk,  T22. 

un-at~tract'-ed»  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
atfiuctfd.]    Not  attracted,  nut  drawn  to. 

"The  tide  revertive,  unattmcfcd.  leaves 
A  yellow  wave  uf  idle  aands  behind," 

I'homxon  :  On  Sir  Jsuac  Xewton. 


u'-nau»  ■^•.    [Native  name.] 

y.itol.  :  Choliepus  didaciyhiSf  the  Two-toed 
Slulli.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  the  va- 
rieties nf  this  si)ecies  (whieh  some  naturalists 
raise  to  spccilic  rank).  They  are  about  the 
size  of  largo  muukeys,  ami  range  from  Costa 
Uica  to  Brazil.  They  dilfer  greatly  in  the 
colour  and  length  of  the  hair,  which  varies 
from  a  dark  brown  to  a  whitey-brown  tint, 
and  some  individuals  have  a  kiiui  of  crest  on 
the  liead. 

'un-au'-di'en9ed.  n.     [pref.  ?fu-  (i);  Eng. 

ui<diiHi:(f) ;  -td.]  Notadmitted  to  an  audienee. 

"Crut'l  til  send  l«u:k  to  tuwn.  unamlienceil,  unseen. 

a  man  uf  hi»  tiusine»s  and  tni|iortaucc." — Jiichardton  : 

ClarisBit,  V.  nw. 

'  un-au-spi'-oious,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1).  a"*! 
Kng.  uuspicioHs.]  Not  auspicious  ;  inauspi- 
cious, unfavourable. 


iin~au-then'-tic.  "  iin-au-then'-tic-al, 

un-au-ten -tic-all,  ".   [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Kti:.^.  nufhnt'ir.]     Ndt  autliciitic  ;  not  genuine 

(ir  tnif  ;  apui'vyplial. 

'  Ity    tli<'    aiii'ti)ritie    of    any    aiiche    tiruiutcnticall 


bookt'i 


-Cdtil :  John  x\ii. 


un-au-then'-ti-cat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  lui-  (i), 
and  Kng.  uuthenticat-ed.\  Not  authenticated; 
not  attested  ;  not  shown  to  be  true. 

"The  instances  themselves  are  unituthmiticntcd  by 
testimony. "—/'a/tv/ :  .V(l^  Theology,  ch.  x.viii. 

un  -  au  -  thor  -  ize,   "  un-au-thor-yshe, 

v.t.     (Pref.  THt-  (2),  and  Eng.  authorize.]     To 
disown  ;  to  treat  as  spurious. 

"He  hath  itnnuthoryiihed  his  own  uaturall  king. 
Rilwiuil  the  Svxte.  notynge  hym  an  u3UV|)er."— fiti^c; 
Itril-irntion  <■/  Oc/iuur's  Articles.     (Art.  xix.l 

un-au'-thor-ized,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eiv^.  authorized.]  Not  authorized  ;  not  war- 
ranted by  proper  authority. 

"The  dedication  of  the  second  statue  was  an  u»- 
autliorizcd  act,"— /-cio/'a .-    Cred.   Early  Jioman    Hiat. 

(ed.  1855),  ch.  xii. 

*  iin-au-tor'-i-tied,  a.  [Pref.  7(n-(l);  Eng. 
authority,  and  sutf.  -ed.]  Unauthorized. 
(Milton:  Animad.  on  Revi.  Def.     Pref.) 

un-a-vail'-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  (trailiililL'.  \  Nut  available  ;  not  effectual ; 
vain,  useless,  una\ailing. 

"Their  proofs  are  intaonilalle  to  show  that  Scrip- 
ture Dfibrdeth  no  evidence  for  the  inequality  uf 
pftstoi-s."'— WouArer  .■  Ecclei.  J'oUtie,  bk.  vii.,  §  11. 

un-a-vail'-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tmavail' 
idilr :  -/icss.J  Tliequalily  lU'  state  of  being  un- 
available. 

"  Doubting  the  unai'iiitnbleneaK  of  those  former  in- 
conveniences."— Sandys:  State  of  Religion,  L.  3. 

un-a-vail'-mg,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ufiuliiiii.]  Not  availing,  not  effectual;  not 
having  tlio  desired  effect ;  useless. 


tin-air-vail'-ing-ly.  adv.  [Eng.  mmvaUitig; 
■ly]  In  a  manner  to  be  of  no  avail ;  without 
avail.     (RichardsoJi.) 

tin-a-venged',  *  un-ad-venged*  a.  [Pref. 

un-  (I),  and  Eng.  avengeit.]  Not  avenged,  not 
lauii.slied  ;  not  liaving  obtained  retaliation, 
re\enge,  or  satisfaction  ;  unatoned  for. 

"They  were  cruelly  butchered  ;  yetuot  unnvenyed." 
—  Milton  :  Hist.  Eng.,  bk.  iv. 

*  un-a-vised,  *  un-a-vysed.  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  avised.) 

1.  Unadvised,  unaware. 

"  And  when  they  eouiidcn  by  freeltee  unavisfd 
sodeuly."— (7/iti«cer;  The  I'ersonea  Tale. 

2.  Ill-advised,  rash. 

"  Who  forsothe  is  unavi/sed  to  speken  shal  felen 
euelia."— H'i/c/>^e;  Prov.  xliL.  3. 

""  un-a-vise-ly,  adv.  [Unavised.]  Rashly, 
inconhidi.rately.    {Wydlffe:  \  Tinwthy  v.  I.) 

u'-na  vd'-9e,  phr.  [Lat.]  With  one  voice  ; 
unanimously. 

un-a-v6id'-a-ble,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  nandahlf.] 

1.  Not  avoidable  ;  not  able  to  be  avoided  ; 
inevitiible. 

"  Bringing  themselves  Into  unavoidable  and  unne- 
cessary troubles." — Bunyan  :  Pilgrim's  Progret*,  pt.  i. 

"•  2.   Incapable  of  being  made  null  and  \'uid. 

un-a-v6id'  a  ble-ness,  *  un-a-voyd-a- 

blo-ness,    >.       [Eng.    nnuvuidable ;    ■ne.'>.<.] 


The  iiuality  or  st^ite  of  being  unavoidable; 
inevitableiiess. 

"The  imuurtunity  u(  ixtUi,  Aud  unn9oidabtem.'*t  of 
Kcnsiitlunn.  —lllanviH. 

lin-a-V^d'-a-bl^,  adv.  [Eng.  unavoidalt(U) : 

■ly.]     In  an  unavoidable  manner;  inevitably; 
in  a  manner  precluding  failure  or  escjipe. 

"  Mu»t  n  iiaviidably  torture  the  mludauf  the  violouit.* 
~Scck<-r:  Sorm-mt,  vol.  U.,  *er.  19. 

un-a-void'-ed,  n.     [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
avoided.] 

1.  Not  avoided;  not  escaped  or  shunnctL 

"  WhoBD  umi»»iiU-d  cyo  1«  muideroua  " 

Sbaketp. .   /tichiird  III.,  iv.  1. 

•  2.  Unavoidable,  inevitable. 

"  And  unavoidtd  is  the  danger  now." 

Shakitp.:  Itietmrd  tt„  11.  L 

un-a-V<J^ed',  a.      [Pref.   int.-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ncniir.d.  I  Not  avowed  or  aeknowledged  openly. 

"Tin-   n-)(l.    Imt   iinnvnwid  cjiu.sc,"  —  Z.ciw«.-    Cred. 

kat-ly  h-vmun  Hist.  (od.  18jjf.  li.  H63. 

iin-a-waked ;  iin-a-wak-ened,  «.  [Pret 
un-  (I),  ami  Eng.  awakeil,  awakened.] 

1.  Not  awaked  or  awakened ;  not  roused, 
from  sleep. 

2.  Not  roused  from  spiritual  slumber,  torpor, 
ur  stupiility. 

"  ri'tiidiJt'-iiccf  dream  beneath  the  blaze 
Uf  truth."  Tlioinson  :  On  Sir  I.  yeatoK. 

iin-a-ware',  a.  &  tuiv.     [Pref.  un-  (i),  ami 
Eng.  aware.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Not  aware;  ignorant;  not 
heeding ;  careless,  inattentive.  (Only  used 
predicatively.) 

B.  As  adv. :  Unawares,  suddenly,  ignoraul- 
ly,  undesignedly. 

IK  Ityiu 
(llor  son  by  royal  Zcthus)  atumxire. 


'  DeplnriuK  Itylus,  whom  she  destroy "d 
royal  Zcthus)  aiuumire." 
Cowper:  Uomer  :  Odyssey  xU 


un-a-ware^',  ailv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
air'ure,  with  adverbial  suff.  i(.  as  in  (>e(tni€Jf,  &c.l 

1,  Witliuut  warning  given  ;  suddenly,  uii- 
expectedly. 

"  Take  the  great-grown  traitor  unawarvs." 

Sliakesp. :  '.i  Henry  VI.,  iv.  S. 

2.  Without  intention  ;  undesignedly. 

'■  It  is  my  father's  face. 
Whom  in  this  conHict  I  un'tKirvs  have  killed." 
Shakeap. :  S  Henry  VI.,  its, 

*  %  At  unawares,  At  unavxire:  Unexpected- 
ly, unawares. 

•■  Who  presently  at  unauHirts  seized  uiwn  the  furt.*" 
—Cavuien :  Hist.  Queen  Elizabeth  (an.  1596). 

un~awed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  aiced.} 
Not  awed  ;  unrestiaineil  by  fear  or  awe. 
"  With  finxious  tremors,  yet  unawed  by  feat._ 
riie  faithful  pair  before  the  throne  appear." 

liyron  :  Situs  A  Buryalu*. 

un-backed\  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
backed.] 

1.  Not  backed  ;  not  having  been  taught  t/i 
bear  a  rider  ;  unbroken,  as  a  horse. 

"  Like  unback'd  cults,  they  prick'd  their  ears." 

shaketp.  :  Tempetr,  iv. 

2.  Not  moved  back  vv  backwards. 

3.  Unsupported  ;  left  without  aid,  counte- 
nance, or  encouragement. 

"  Let  the  weight  of  thine  own  infamy 
Fall  un  thee  unauppurteil  and  unback'd." 

Daniel:  Civil  Wars,  iti. 

4.  Not  supported  by  bets. 

iin-baf'-fled  Ue  as  el),  a.  [Pi-ef.  un-  (1% 
and  Eng.  ba_ffkd.]  Not  baffled  or  defeated; 
not  confounded, 

"  Cnbaffied  powera  of  vieion." 

SYordtwjrth :  Excurtion,  hk.  iv, 

"'  un-bag'*  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  ha^.] 
To  allow  to  escape  from  a  bag  :  as,  To  unbag 
a  fox. 

iin-bagged,  pa.  par.  &  a.  [In  sense  1,  from 
utibd'j,  V.  ;  in  sense  2,  from  pref.  ini-  (1),  and 
Eui;.'ba(jyed.] 

1.  Pernntted  to  escaj>e  from  a  bag;  ejected 
from  a  bag. 

2.  Nut  put  into  a  bag. 

*  un-bail'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  it?i-  (1),  and  Eng. 
bailable.]  Not  able  to  \k  bailed;  not  admit- 
ting of  bail. 

un-baked',  ".    [Pref.  un-(\),  and  Eng.  balxd.1 

Nut  Itaked  ;  Iience,  immature. 

"  All  the  unbaked  and  doughy  youth  of  a  uatJen.",,.. 
shak^tli. :  All's  Well,  iv.  b. 

un-bal'-anced,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Ea^ 

balancnl'.] 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  chin,  benph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  C 
-cian.  -tiau  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -fiion,  -sion  =  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


unballast    unbegot 


1.  NhI  bnUiiK-eil,  as  a  i>nir  <if  scales ;  not  in 

Lvft  tiir  un^Uft-nl  iw.df,  itn-nl  N»'iii«^U  :" 

•>.  Nnt  littluiict'*!  ;  ii'il  in  pntiKT  HnlMtrdina- 
T'.-ii  ;  uiisti'aily  ;  easily  swayed  nr  moved. 
riiii»  f^.ml  or  U\il,  to  oil*  extrem*  Iwtmy 
I  Uf  iixfrafo'hini  mtiid.  liiid  citftUh  tli«  iiiiui  KV'O. " 
PofM  .   imitation  <\f  i/orow,  bk.  I..  «!■.  C 

:;.  N..t  lirougtit  to  an  tvinality  of  drhil  iiinl 
:i-tiit :  as,  an  unbttUm'^nl  uct'ount. 
(.  N'.'T  .-.tnal  nr  Uilauci'd  in  power,  autln'. 
t>.  oi  w.  i^lit:  as,  uiibalaHiMi  jmrtirs. 

tm-bU-lASt.  r.f.  (Prof.  «n.  CJ),  and  Knu'- 
Uil!a.<t,  \.\  '  Tm  put  Iwllast  out  Iruin  ;  to  dis- 
cliarKti  Imllast  from. 

■•  It  i«  u*.H'«iiftry  Uuif  ftml  i«Iii«  thiit  !•  j.'lven  t-i  thr 

..  ,.^  xlUiitti'J  of  «  •'hill.  '—Ui-fhtun      Cum.  upon  I  /'tf«r. 

'im  b&l  last.  *  nn-bal-laced,  ".    Wn-f. 
lEM-  0>,  i"»d"  Eng.  UtUast,  s.]     t'lilwllastrd. 
"The  «n6u?ItM(  vc-surl  riilrH 
CWt  tt>  ;unl  fro.  tli*  (iiwrt  of  wlnda  »ml  tuli's." 

JrftfifOH  ;  (/r(J  ;  Jletanwrphc*'.'*  U.  1^7. 

un -bU'-laat-dd,  pa.  par.  &  a,  [In  sense  ]. 
imiii  iiiifi'illiu-^t,  V.  ;  in  sense  -J.  from  pref.  im- 
(H,  and  Kn;^'.  baUa.^tfd.] 

1.  With  til*?  ballast  discharged. 
:;.  Nnt  furnislied  with  ballast ;   not  l;ept 
st<«<ly  by  ballast  or  weight ;  unsteady. 

■■  Whut  woinI*r  1*  it  to  se«  unbail<ut«d  \f*^fU 
-,..  he  ^l4»^l  tu  ami  (ry  uiwii  the  Wttvca?'— **((.«/<  y 
>/nVir"ai  W-rtigo.  p.  "ti. 

•  un-b&nd'-ed,  o.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  En;,'. 
•  niuiUd,)  Nut  banded;  stripped  of  a  Umd  ; 
unfiistened. 

■■  Thru  your  how  Bhoulil  he  ungartf  red.  yoiir  h.>iinpt 
un^fiuded,   jinir  sleevu    unbiittou«L"— .')AaAf*^. ;   A* 

y,-i,  Lilt  It.  iii  2. 

"  un-b&nk',  i:t.  (Pief.  un-  (;i),  and  En;;. '«!»/.■, 
\.]  To  take  a  bank  fnim ;  to  open  by  or  :is  by 
levelling  or  removing  banks. 

"  L'nbutik  the  honni 
T.'that  s.jfi,'>vi-rflo*.'     Taybji- :  Iidwinth4^ Falr.i.:^ 

un  b*ip-tized',  a.  [Pref.  -un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
t-ipti^id.]  Not  baptized ;  not  having  received 
l'.iptism. 

■'  Iiitoites  dyeug  mibajjtUed." — More:  \rorke$.  p.  1,267. 

un-bar',  r.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng.  >xn:  v.] 
To  7-eniove  the  bar  or  bars  fnim  ;  to  nnlast'it, 
t  j  open. 

"I  th^ii  mi&'invyi  thegfttes. 
When  I  rrTiKivoI  their  tiit*:liiry  f!it«a." 

Itri/deii :  <Md :  JUttamorphotfS  \iiK 


■  (1).  and 


*  un  bar -bar  ized,  o.    [Pref. 
Eng.  bnrbariced.]    Civilized. 

'■  Lt'.'uln  life  totally  iinbfirburUcd.'—MiiittDi :  Tran'!g 
OI  t:itgland  leiL  Uzell),  p.  IW. 

un  -  barbed',  o.     [Pref.    "h-  (l),  and  En;r. 

'  1.  (tnlinary  La)ujua^c : 

<1)  Lit. :  Not  shaven  ;  untrimnied. 

"  Muet  I  KG  shew  them  my  unhurtial 
SJiakv^p.  : 

(•2)  Fig. :  Unmown  ;  rough. 

"The  Ltbouring  huiit«rtuft«  the  thick  unbarlnd 
pounds.  *  />rai/ton  :  PolyOlbwn.  &.  i:;. 

2.  i'ot.  <i-  Zcol. :  Not  furnished  with  barbs 
]Baku  (I),  s.,    B.  1.];  not  having  reversed 

|.n:|,tS. 

*  unbar -bered,  u.    [Pref.  in*- (l),  and  En;;. 

tK"h':n»l.\    IJiisliaven,  unk'-nipt. 

"  W*  '(1  .1  liuiiilred  Jew  n  tu  I.irlK>;ird. 
1.'liwiished,  un  chilli  l)eil,  unbartnyrrd" 

Tharkvraii:    Whdt:  S'jiuiU. 

un-bark'  (1),  v.t.  [Pi-cf.  un-  (2).  :J,  and  Eng. 
'":rL  (■_•).  v.]  To  divest  of  bark ;  to  strip  tlie 
^.11  k  oH  or  from  ;  to  bark. 

\  tree  heint;  iin&arit^t^somcsiuicent  the  bott'Huo." 
l>i,'„t.  .Vat.  Ilitt..  5  6j4, 

un-bark'  (2),  *un-barke,  v.t.  [Prcf.  vu- 
{•2).  .-iiid  Eng.  hark  (.1),  s.)  To  disembark,  t.. 
.Lind. 

"Wee  dill  vnbrtrkf  our  selues  ami  went  on  l.-uule."— 
llufAtui/t:  Toj/ai^*.  iii.  44S. 

tln-b&r-ri-oade',  v.t.  [Pref.  nu-  (-2),  and 
Eng.  barricade.]  To  remove  a  barricade  nr 
b;irri.-ades  from  ;  to  oi>en,  U)  unbar. 

"  Fill  up  the  fowt^,  uiifcwrrfcvicthe  ilyvra."— .Sfcrjie  : 
"v-JiC  Journey;  Thr  /'atxpurt. 

•  un-b&r-ri-ca'-d6ed«  a.    [Prcf.  vji-  (l),  and 

Eng.  barricadofd.]  Not  Uirricadoed,  stopped, 
or  blocked  np  ;  oprn,  unobstructed. 

"  The    unbarricndoed    ulrects."— fii(rAr ;    Letter   to 
\\ima:n,  Ettiot,  Ktq. 

•  iin  base',  a.   [Pref.  un-il),  and  Eng.  hase.  a.] 


Not  base,  nil 
di>K  lading. 

"  H<.*  -hnllld  ^ 
ill  h..UPit  I- 


iin»rl> 


111  di^giacetul ;    ind  low 


nw  thy  Hiu)  hiul  tmn  Hocured, 
,  Hiid  in  wity  untfuef' 
iMiitirl      Tu  llrnry  W rioffir»l-> 


*&n-b&8h    ful,  'iin-bished.  ".    IPni 

/'».(l).  and  Kn^.  bitsh/ul,  lMi.dud.\     Not   Uisli- 

Inl  ;  bold,  impudent,  shanudess,  unaljaslird. 

•'  Xnrdld  iiwt  with  unba»h/ul  IvTfhetut  »■"- 

Thr  iiintUfi  uf  WMikiioniiiiddt-hihty." 

S/tttk^^p. :  Ai  t'ou  Like  If,  U.  ;■■■ 

'  iin-bat'-ed,  o.  {Pref.  un-(I),  and  Eng.  hotcJ.] 
J.   Not  diminished  ;  unabated. 

■    Whrre  i;"  theliorsf  tlu*t  duth  uutreAd  titiOn 
Hi"  tiHli.iiin  iiituvturc  with  tin*  untntti'd  Hre 


I" 


*  2.  Kot  provided  with  a  butttm  on    thf 
lint ;  unbhmted. 

"You  may  choose 
.\  pw.jrd  iinbiittid."         Shtikexp.  :  ffiimlet,  iv.  T. 

iin-bathed', ('.  (Pref.  iin-(l),andEng.  bathciL] 
Not  bathed  ;  not  wet. 
-The  hlM\f  returned  unbath^t.  »uid  to  Ibe  hiuidle 
beiif  Urydvn:  Ci/nton  *  Iphi^enia.  .vrj. 

un-b&t'-tered«  o.     [Pff.  nn-  (l).  and  Eng- 
/-ifUnd.]      Not    battei-ed  ;    nut    bniist'd    or 
damaged  by  blows. 
"  Or  else  my  sword,  with  un  uubattered  ti^ge. 
I  sbe^th  Rgaiu  uudeedcd."    ^takf*p. :  JiacOctJi,  v.  7. 

*  iin-bay',  i'.(,     (Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng.  bat/.] 
Tu  s't  free  or  o\)tn  ;  to  free  from  restraint. 
■'  I  ought  now  to  loose  the  reins  of  my  alTeftioii-',  tu 
II  iibuu  tlie  current  of  my  pHjwiou.  and  I<.>ve  mi  w  ithout 
i-jundiuy  or  uie.'vsure,"— .Vop/-'-      "^ — " 


iscella  n 


*  un-be',  v.i.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  hr.\ 
Not  toMte  ;  to  beeome  another. 

■'  How  oft,  with  dfiiiger  of  the  field  beset. 
Or  with  h'liiie  mutinies,  could  he  unbe 
Hiiiiself  I"  Oid  Htiy  iu  Atimtitdah: 

*  un-bear',  v.t.  [Pref.  ?/»-(2),  and  Eng.  heai .} 
To  take  the  bearing-rein  ofl.   (Said  of  a  horse.) 

"  Tnftear  him  half  a  moment  to  freshen  him  up.'  — 
IiUktns:  Bleak  House,  ch.  IvL 

iin-bear'-a-ble,  ft.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
ni,imh}r.]  *Not  able  t')  be  borne  or  endured  ; 
unendurable,  intolerable. 

"The  monotony  of  life  on  the  island  becime  t-o 
iinbnarablc  sometimes  that  change  waa  imi>er!itive." 
St.  JantesB  Gazette,  Jan.  14,  laStt. 

un-bear'-a-bly,  fidv.  [Eng.  viii}€ainb(lr) ; 
-Jii.l  In  ;in'uiil>earable  manner  or  degi-ee  ;  in- 
ti.U'nibly  ;  iiisutferably. 


[Pref.  vn-  (1),  anrt  En- 
no  beard :  lie:ird- 


»"-(!),  and  Eng. 
I»roducing  fruit ; 


iin-beard'-ed, 

h'-nvded.] 

1.  Not  bearded ;  havin; 
less.     (Said  of  iiersons.) 

"Th"  tinbparded  youth,  hiBguardiitn  once  being  gone 
Luves  d'igges  and  lioraes." 

benjonson:  Horace  ;  Art  <if  Poftr;/. 

2.  Not  bearded ;  having  no  beard  or  awn 
(.Said  of  grain.) 

■'  A  Budden  Ktorm  ui  hfiil  and  rain 
Beats  to  the  ground  the  yet  ttnbiardfdgc»a\.~ 

I>ryden:  lirirannia  tWdiniva,  ij'in. 

'  un-bear'-itng,  a.  [Pref. 
hmring.]  Not  bearing  oi 
ban-en,  sterile. 

"With  his  prunlng-liook  liiajoin 

Cnbearirty  branches  from  their  head." 

Dryd<n  :  Horace,  Ep.  ii.  20, 

*un-bea8t',  v.t.  [Pref.  uu-  (2),  and  Eng. 
hm-<f.]  To  di\estot'the  form  or  qualities  of  ;i 
Wast. 

1  "  Let  him  nnbeast  the  I)east  {as  heretofore 

Phoronis")  and  her  wanton  ehH]>e  reat+jr*-." 

.Sandi/a  :  Oi-rd  ;  M('faiii&rj//iosrs  U. 

un-beat'-en,  a.  [Pref.  m*-  (1),  and  Eng. 
f^f:(it''n.] 

1.  Not  beaten  ;  not  flogged ;  not  struck. 

"  And  even  for  conscience  sake,  nnapurr'd,  unbeaten, 
Brought  us  six  nulea."  Corbel :  Iter  tlorvaJc 

2.  Not  rendered  smooth  by  the  feet  of  multi- 
tudes passing  along  it ;  imtrodden.  (Used 
also  liguratively.) 

"Through  paths  unknown,  unbeaten." 

yuung:  Letter  to  Mr.  Tid.iir. 

3.  Not  beaten  or  surpassed. 

*  iin -beau  -te-ouB,  *  iin-beau-ti-ful,". 

iPref.  ioi- (ij.  and  Eng.  btuutfou.^:,  f:tfiiutij''tl.\ 
Not  beauteous;  not  beautiful;  not  possessed 
of  beauty. 

"  A  lady  of  great  virtue,  though  of  .a  very  uubeanti- 
fill  iX:T^u."—rhircndou  ■■  Heiigion  A-  PUicy.  ch.  vi. 

iin-bea'-vered,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
hawt^rcd.)  With  the  beaver  or  hat  oft';  un- 
covered. 

"  Brethren  unhtavfrcd  then  shall  bow  their  hejul. " 
W.fi/.-  Thi-  t-Ui-jiimf. 


•  un-be-cloiid'-fid,  n,  iPref.  »)i- (i),  ah<i 
Eng.  bedondt:d.] 

1.  Not  beclouded,  not  clouded,  not  I'.ini  : 
ax,  an  ntibfdoitfl*:d  day. 

2.  Seeing  clearly. 

•  With  unb«.(Qud<d  eyes."  yVutti :  Hymni. 

un-be-come',  v.i.  ort.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and 
ling,  bfco'ijf.l  To  misbecome;  to  be  the  ic- 
vt-rse  of  b*.'coming. 

"It  neither  i(ii6eo5n»€»  God  nor  men  to  lie  moie.l 
hy  reason."— B(*'i op  jS/*<,t/ocA:. 

un-be-com'-ing,  <■'.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

tiiroinlmj.] 

1.  Not  becoming,  not  suitable  ;  improper, 
indecent,  indecorous. 

"  No  thought  of  flieht. 
None  of  retreat,  no  uubvcotniuu  deed 
Thatitrgut^d  feiir."  Milton  :  I',  t...  vl.  2T.. 

2.  Not  lieeoming  some  i>erson  or  thing. 

un-be-Com'-ing-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  vnhecomin-i ; 
■hi.]  In  an  unbecuming  manner  ;  unsuitably, 
improperly,  indecently  ;  a.s,  He  behaved  hiui- 
self  anbtcoiiiiitfjly. 

un-be-c6m'-ing-nes8»  ■''.  [Eng.  vn bfcnm  i <> -i  .- 
■  ntss.]  llie  quality  or  state  of  being  unb- - 
coming;  uusnltableness;  incongruity  witlionr'.> 
years,  charaeter,  profession,  or  pusition  ;  itn- 
propriety,  indecorousness. 

"If  words  are  soinetimes  to  be  ased.  they  ought  t^ 
Iw^  grave,  kind,  .'ind  6ol>er,  representing  the  ill  or  "••- 
btxomini/nesx  oi  the  fuult." — Locke:  Education,  §  '.'.. 

■  un-bed',  '■-'.      [Pref.  71^-  (2),  and  Eng.  h'<l.\ 

IVj  raise,  rouse,  or  remove  from  a  bed. 

'"  i'>ls  tnihi-il  themttelves,  and  stir  nt  the  vnu--  -f 
thunder, '—MH/fo^i.*  Angler. 

" iin-bed'-ded,  a.     [Pref.  iin-  (l),  and  Eng. 

1.  Raised  or  roused  from  bed  ;  disturbed. 

2.  Applied  to  a  bride  whose  marriage  Im'I 
not  been  consummated. 

■■  We  deemd  it  best  that  this  nnbrddr^  hridr 
Should  vit^it  Chester,  there  to  live  reclnse 

Taylor:  lUt win  the  Fair.  iii.  ■■. 

un-be-dmned',    a.      [Pief.   vn-  (l) ;  Eng. 
b-'.  pref.,  and  dlniuyf.]     Not  made  noisy. 
'  A  princely  music  unbedlnned  with  drums." 

Leigh  Hunt :  /iiminl.i 

'  iin-beened',  c.     jPref.  vn-  (1);  Eng.  ^-z', 
and  -at.]     Without  liaving  been  or  existed. 
"  And  root  of  motion  unliv'd,  uiibce'i'd,  they  lt';i\f 
lu  their  vain  thoughts." 
More  :  Hoiiij  o/  (he  .'<oul,  pt.  ii  ,  tk.  i,.  c.  i.,  at.  l.'i. 

iin -be -f  if -ting,  0.      [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  En-. 

bijittliuj.]  Not  tv^tltting  or  becoming;  nnbr- 
ooHiing,  unsuitable, 

"  Ijove  is  full  of  itn^fjif/inj^  strains." 

Shake&p,  :  Lox'a  Labour  k  Lott.  v,  -j. 

■  un-be-fooi;    V.t.    [Pref.  un-  {'!),  and  Kn-. 

1.  To  restore  cr  chaage  fiom  the  statv  or 
nature  of  a  foul. 

"  He  that  recovers  a  fool  most  fiist  unhefool  him  ti. 
that  degree  as  to  persuade  him  of  his  fully."'— .Voi.r'i 
Si:nnons,  Vol.  vii.,  eer.  B. 

2.  To  Open  the  eyes  of  to  a  state  or  sense  of 
folly. 

3.  To  undeceivp. 

un-be-£k*iend'-ed,  o.  [Prcf.  vn-  (i).  and 
Eng.  bej'rieudfd.]  Not  befriended  ;  not  su]i- 
l>oit*;d  by  fritruds  ;  having  no  friends;  fiiend- 

l'"SS. 

""  Tlie  iMtroiiace  of  the  ]^or  and  unbr/riendeil."— 
/{■(Unffbitvk  :  .bvnnoiiS.  p.  1^7, 

^un-be-ggf,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng 
t''m''.]    To  deprive  of  life. 

■  When  they  ^re  diso1>edient  vubegct  em." 
St:.an»i.  A-  F!et.  :  Humtiuroiin  LieUtemnit,  iv.  2. 

'  un-be-gilt',    a.      [Pref.    vn-  (1),   and    Eng. 

b'ijiJt.  I  LiJgildeil  ;  unrewai'ded  wilh  gold. 
(';■.•';,'"/■ ;  Vinji.t  IJ'/(/o/r,  v.  5.) 

■  un-be-gin'-ning,   n.     [Pref.  vu-  (l),  and 

Eng.  b€.(jinni  i'fi.\  Having  no  iK^giuning.  (.See 
CNti-act  under  SIidlesh.) 

^ lin-be-girtV  «•      [Pief.  vn-  (l),  and   Eng. 

br'i'.rf.]     Not  encireled. 

■  A  linger  nnbi-i/iri  with  gold." 

/ttL-bU'.  m  Itavicg.   .Uivrufomiiot,  v.  Vi. 

un-be  got',  iin-be-got'-ten,  a.    [Pnf.  in>- 

il),  ;tntl  Eng.  b':(}ot,  ^ff(jotU.-n.] 

1.  Not  having dc.nved existence  fromgeneia- 
lit:. :  liaving  existed  from  eternity ;  >elf- 
•  xistent ;  eternal. 

■"Why  efaonld  he  attribnte  the  sniae  liononr  1" 
iit^itter,  which  ii  subject  to  corruption,  an  t"  lli-* 
eternal,  tinb^ff'Atfii,  ami  immutable  Goitl'" — ^il'i":/- 
K-:-:t. 


fite,  f5t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  Cather :  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or.  wore,  wpu;  work,  who,  son :  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full :  try. 


pinci  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot. 
Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


\inbeguile— unbeware 


•Jld 


'2.  Not  yit  I't';;ottrii  or  generated. 

"  Vi.iir  cliiUhcii  yt't  luilxini  iuui  uiitMpct." 

>A<ac»//. .-  /:u-h-tra  it.,  ui.  s. 

■  un-be-suile',  i-.t.  IPref.  uh-(:;),  and  Enp. 
h,ufulh\\    Til  undeceive;  to  five  from  the  in- 

"  Tli;it  lie  might  uubcguUc  auJ  «iii  theui."— H'a;- 
t',n  :  I.,  ft: ...'  ll-'-'kei; 

un-be-gililed',  ".    [Pref.  j(H-(lX«n<l  En^i.  he- 

■'j'tit"!.]  N.iL  li.*;j:uiled  ordewived  ;  untieceived. 

■'  Tm  lir  intent  thou  liuo  unbiT;»ilcd."—tiolUi:n  /l<*kt; 

ch.  \hi, 

un  be  giin.  "un  be-^onne,  "■    (Prcf.  •"(- 
lO.  and  Ku-/.  b.'j>"'-] 
1,  Not  yet  be^un. 
'  2.  Having  had  no  Iwginning. 

•■  Th.'  mighty  Ou.1  which  imbe-joum; 
HU'iilv  ui  himselfe.'"  Houki-  :  C.  A.,  ^  iii. 

un-be-beld',  «.  [Pref.  Jni- (l).  ami  Eng.  ^i-- 
//■■/./,]  Not  beheld  or  seen  ;  not  visible  one's 
self. 

"Theae  theu.  tliuniib  iintieh<l.l  in  defp  ni  ui;.'ht  " 
Mi/f;ii:  /'.  i.,  iv.iiTJ. 

un-be-hov-a-ble,  '  un-be -hove-ly.  -'. 

Il'ivf.   i(».(l),  and   Kiv^.  btbof'hU- :   bi:h.>nhj.\ 
Nut  behovabic  ;  not  litting  ;  not  needful. 
"  Whicht!  uf  his  kymle  la  moist,  aitd  oolde, 
AiiJ  rnbi'hoi/elu  ui.my  fohle." 

liotwr:  C.  A.,  iv. 

'  un-be'-ing,  ".  [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  Eug- 
hi'iiiij.]     Nut  existing, 

"  Bfiiis?,  yet  unb<-i>ig."—BrQtcne. 

"  un-be-known'  (h  silent),  a.  [Pref.  "*(-  (1), 
and  Eng.  Uknown.]  Nut  known;  unknown. 
{I'idijar.)    (Usually  followed  by  to.) 

"  I  wtw  there  mibcknt/icn  to  Mrs.  Baixiell." — niikus: 
Picka-kk,  ch.  xwiv. 

iin-be-lief',   *  un  be-leefe.  .^.    [Pref.  nn- 

(\),  and  Eng.  h''!''j.\ 

1.  The  withholding  of  belief;  disljelief. 

■'  For  the  miiul  duth.  by  every  itegiee  of  JiflTeL-teil  im- 
ftc/((/,  iMiiInct  more  iiiiii  uiorn  •.Oi  iigciierH.1  iiidisimsi 
tiuii  tow.irda  believiiijf." — AtCvrt^ury :  Scrmonit,  vol.  ii.. 
ser,  a. 

2.  Infidelity;  <li3l)4?lief  of  divine  revelation. 

"Their  nnbfrlecfc  iu  th.Tt  cise  we  may  m^t  iiupvite 
viit"!  any  we.ikiiess  or  vji-jiilti>-ii.iicy  in  tho  uriiii-;." 
—Higher:  i:cclu»ius(i-:aU  J'i>fitU;  l>k.  v.,  §  2-i 

3.  Dish.;lief  of  the  truth  of  the  Gospel  ;  dis- 
trust of  tjod's  proniisesj  faithfulness,  &e. 

"  Tiikc  hewl  lest  there  be  in  any  of  you  an  evil  henit 
.if  itiibi-lirf  iu  doi'Hitiiig  from  tho  living  Goil."— 
i/fbreuv  iii.  li. 

■  un -be -lief -fill,  *  un-be  leve-ful,  *un- 

bi-lee-ful.  ".      M'ng.   unhdUj;  -Jii.iL\     Full 
.if  unlwliel  ;  unbelieving. 

"He  til  »t  i:*   intbci-i'-fii}.  to  tlie  sfine,  sebiil  not  se 

ov.T!,i.Htini^«  Iji;  -   lt>^;/*e;  Ju),,i  iii. 

■  un  be-Hef'-ful  ness,    '  un-bi-lieve- 

ful-neSB,  N.     [Eng.  xnb'-'i'-fi'i ;  -iir^s.]     Un- 
belief, want  of  faith. 

"  Antl  ."inon  thefadirof  thechild  ciiyuge  with  teerin 
.setde.  Lord,  I  t»eleve,  help  Ihou  luyn  vuOiUtiOf/Kliiesx." 
—  ly i/rli^'! :  J/Ark  i\.  \:i. 

"  un-be-liev-a-bil' i-tj^,  >;.  [Eng.  m (;/,;. 
lurnfih:;  -it J.]  Thu  <iuality  or  state  of  Ix-ing 
unUliHYablu ;  incredibility. 

"  H>i>'ii'riay  ftiul  iinbctiri-itbi/!f;/."—Cart!/ic:  L/ff  of 
.•ifcrliii'j,  [it,  i.  i-h.  XV, 

iin-be-liev'  able,  '  un-be-lev-a  ble,  '. 

(Pref.  i(«-(l),*aiidEng,  Mkiuhk.]     Nut  tn  |,r 
Ttelieved ;  incredible, 

"It  seemed  to  lx>e  j*  thing  u  nbeli-itibfn  thrtt  «jtb  jno- 
r      mysed," — I'dal:  iMxHs  vii.     i/!U-hardJSOii.i 

■  iin-be-lieve',  i\t.     [Pi-cf.  ini-{i),  and   Eng. 

hrl  ktr.] 

1.  Not  t-i  believe  or  trust;  to  disbelieve  ;  In 
discredit. 

"  .Is  I,  thus  wroiig'd,  heucc  unbeUciicd  go." 

stiakfe/i.  :  Jii'-ivurc/or  Memurf.  v. 

2.  Not  to  tM'lieve  or  think  real  or  true ;  to 
disbelieve  the  reality  or  existence  of. 

"  Throuj^h  aeaa 
Unkuo«ii,  and  unbuUfnil. 

liinum.  ■i:  f'lcl. :  H'onuiu's  Prlz".  ii.  2. 

un  be-liev'-er,  un-be-leev-er,  s.    [Pref. 

un-  (1),  ;ojd  Eng.  bdi':i\-i:\ 

"1.  .\n  incredulous  or  untx-lieving  person  ; 
one  who  will  not  or  doe.s  not  l>elicve. 


2.  Siii-r'ij:  :  An  iTilldel;  one  who  (liscre<lits 
ri'Vt'lation  or  the  teachings  of  the  Gosjiel. 

1[  Moie  widely  extj'nded  to  one  who  does 
not  believe  in  or  hold  a  partii-ular  religion. 

"fXheyl  think  through  u.iM/cwra' blood" 
Lies  their  .Iirwt<.'st  iiath  to  heriveu." 

M'Mirc :  Fiic- IVoifhipfjcrs, 


un  be  Hev'-iug.    *  un  be  leev  ing,    ■•. 

Il'.vf.  u/<.<l),  and  Kiig.  t,.lirri,H,.\ 

1.  N'lit  iK'lieving  or  trusting  ;  incrrdiihius. 

"  O  awjiin  of  Hutk-lifpiii'i  mind  !  ' 

J'o/ic:  Jlonmr :  OiO/mn'i/  xiv.  i'M. 

2.  Tnlidel  ;  discreiliting  divhie  rcvehitif-n 
or  The  mission,  chaiuctA'r,  and  doetrim-s  id 
i-'hrist. 

i^-be-liev'-ing-ljr.  «.  [Eng.  nnMicvinrt: 
-'(/  I  In  ;in  unliidii'ving  manner;  with  unbe- 
Ii- 1  :  incredulously. 

un  be-ldved',  <t.     (Pref.  mi-  (l),  and  Eng.  (*- - 

•  n-.l.\     Nut  beloved. 

"  Wlioe'or  yoii  are.  mrt  iittMj>i<''i  by  henven." 
DrtfiU-n;   Virgil;  ,l>ticiil  i.  bM. 

'  un-belt',  I'.t,  [Pri'f  till-  (2),  and  Eng. 
?'f/£,  v.J  To  unfast**n  or  undo  the  belt  of ;  to 
iingirfl. 

■■  Suntohed  in  startled  haat-e  nithrlu-d  bmiids.' 
Huron :  tiira,  i. 

unbend;  r.t.  &  l.      |Prel'.   un-  {-2),  and  Eng. 

h,-inl.\ 

A.  TransUii'c: 

I.  OrdiiHtri/  LangiKigr : 

1.  To  free  from  flexure  ;  to  make  straight  ; 
to  stiaighten. 

"  Their  strong  bow^  iihejidy  w(>re  iiubi^ut." 

lintitton :  /hiUlc  of  A'jincouri. 

2.  To  relax  ;  to  remit  from  a  strain  or  exer- 
tiuii ;  to  set  at  e;ise  for  a  time. 

"  A  laughing  wlldnesa  twlf  itnbcnf  hia  brow  !" 

U'/ron :  Voisair,\i.  IC. 
II.  ycutiad: 

1.  To  unfasten  from  tlie  yards  and  stays,  as 
sails. 

2.  To  cast  lotjsc,  aa  a  cable  fi'om  the  anchor. 

3.  To  untie,  as  a  rojie. 

B.  In(raii.<itive : 

1.  To  bi-eoTue  relaxed  or  unbent. 

2.  Tu  rid  one's  self  of  restraint ;  to  act  with 
frredoni  ;  to  abandon  stifl'noss  or  austerity  of 
manner. 

■•These  exhibitions  eiideivred  liim  to  the  commnn 
people,  «lio  .itwaya  love  to  see  the  great  unbend.  •— 
J/iva ii/ai/ :  Jiht.  r.nij.,  e^.  iv. 

un-bend'-xng,  a.     tPref.   nn-  (I),  aud  Eng. 

landing.] 

1.  Not  sulTering  flexure  ;  stiff. 
The  short  nnbendUf<i  neck  of  the  eJephant  is  com- 
is.ite^l   tiy   the  len)j[th  und  fle.xil  """      '   '* 

muci f.'—l'arrfi  :  Xat.  Theal.,  eh.  xvi 

2.  Unyirldjng,  resolute,  inflexible.  (Siiid 
■  )f  a  jierson,  or  his  temper,  mood,  &c.) 

"Ahanglify  and  uttfu'itdht/  siiirit." — Lfuiiii:  Crcd. 
Jarly  Jioinan  Ili»f.  leil.  1H5.-.).  ii.  i:.5. 

3.  Unyielding,  intlexible.    (Said  of  tilings.) 

'•  Takiny  counsel  nt  iinb<'.}>diiiy  Truth." 

W ordsioiirth  :  Hing  of  !iuvd-:». 

4.  Oiven  up  temporarily  to  relaxation,  free- 
dom, or  amusement. 

"  I  hope  it  iii.ay  enterta4ii  yuur  lordshii>s  at  au  itu- 
bendiinj  Itonr."— Haw*: 

iin-bend' -ing-1^,  oda.  [Eng.  unlendhig  ; 
-!■!.]      In  -.m  unlxinding  manner;  resolutely, 

liinily,  ol.i.stinalj^ly. 

un-bend -ing-ness,  ■^.  [Eng.  unhcndiiuj: 
-//f'^s.)  Tin-  '|n;dity  or  state  uf  being  unbend- 
ing :  inllrxiliility,  obstinacy. 

un-ben'-e-fi9ed,  «.  (Pr.d'.  't,i-(i),  and  Eng. 
Uiirjh-i-tl]  Not  holding  or  possessed  of  a 
benetice. 

"  The  rest  itiibfurtt^'d  vour  5ecta  maintiiii."" 

Di-ifih-n:  UhfiA-  P,i,itJiA:r,  iii.  16-1. 

un  ben-e-fi  cial(ci».i>jsli),  c  [Pref.  ",i- 
(I),  and  Kng.  /"■,irji>'iof.\     Not  lK,'nericial ;  nut 

adv;uitagi'nus. 

iin-ben-e-fit-ed,  a.  irr.  f.  un-  (i),  an-1 
Ens.  bciirjitaL]  Not  henehted ;  having  iv- 
ceiveti  no  beneltt  or  advantage. 

"  Vnbenifit'-d  by  the  founclaii-m?'  and  undigiiired 
tiv  the  griidu.ttinn  of  Oxford  aud  (.'am bridge. "— A'" w 
L'ibcnU  fdu.:     iAppen<li\.) 

'  un-be-nev'-o-len^e,  ■•'.    [Eug.  vnbciK'vo- 

kn{t);  -n.\     lll-w*ill;  want  of  benevolence. 
"Such  marks  of  iiiibrnft'oh-nrv."— J.  Cottier :   J-'m- 
fhcr  D'-fvnceof  K.-iifiiin,  \,.  7-J. 

"un-be-ncV  6-lent,  c  {V\tit  un-  (l),  and 
Kng,  6e«er'i/''-'/.|  "Not  benevolent. 

"  That  -■■lii-.h  iiaiioHuesa  o(  spirit  which  inf)iiie« 
Men  to  Ik  lieivr  uiibiH^eolcnf  tKihaviour,'"— /I'OfltT*. 

*  un-be -night'- ed  (^th  silent),  o.  [Pref.  ill'- 
(1),  and  Eng.  bcnfff/tfcii.J  Not  I  '^lighted  ;  n-  * 
visited  by  darkik'ss. 


'  un-b€  nign'  (r/  silent),  o.     |Pier.  uu-  (i), 
iiid    Kng  b.uUjn.\     Not  K-nlgii ;   nmlignanfc, 

ii:;ilevulin(. 


unbent',  ;<-(.  por.  or  a.     [Unblnd,) 

un-bc  niimb'i^  >ilent),  *un-be-num',  '-■(. 

jl'iil.  tm-  (■_'),  and  Eng.  licn'iuib.]  Jo  n;heve 
or  free  lium  Dumbuess ;  to  rtsture  sensation 
tf). 

"  i'ntx'nnmi  hia  niricwH  aud  hi"  fle>.b.' 

^jflvettcr:  Haitdio  Vrnftt,  "iiT. 

iin  be-rea'-ven,   a.      [Pref.   an-  (i),  and 

Eng.    ■  b,  ,■•  tu;:a')     Not  bereft. 

"  ArtuB,  «mpty  ol  her  chUd,  -he  lifti. 
V'ith  sjiirit  unbi-reaoen." 

/;.  II.  UrowHinit :  VfiilU'a  Grave  -it  riorewc. 

un  be  r£ft',  a.      [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Kng. 

't'V/'.I  Nut  bereft  or  Ix'rtiaved ;  Dot  tiikeii 
awiiy. 

"Seven,  unbcreft 
By  ?eafl  and  oruoll  nturmea.  alone  are  left." 

Sandys:  V irtfil ;  ^Htwid. 

'  iin-be-seem',  v.t.    [Pref.  tot-  (1),  and  Eng. 

bfs><:m.] 

1.  To  do  anything  unl)i'seeming  to;  to  act 
in  a  nnniner  unbecoming  or  unsuitable  to. 

"  .\h  !  niayeet  thou  ever  bi»  what  now  thou  art, 
>iyr  tinii'SKtin  the  promise  of  thy  ^|lrn^;." 

ItyroH      Tu  iantfu: 

2.  To  be  unbecoming  or  not  worthy  of. 

"  Vneivil,  rudo  Ianma«(i'.  uitbcsccntlnfj  the  utodi-sFy 
of  a  virv'iii  to  pee  or  hejir,"— Wr^pe  :  Jt-'cctva.  Mtm  ,  i/. 
Mara  (an.  I.'.-m;). 

un-be-seem'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  aiid 
Eng.  hi:.<o  Uiiinj,]  Unt«.'Coming,  uusOeuily. 
"These  luste  were  uitbc seeming  even  their  forui-a- 
condition  .vt  Jeww  ;  tint  much  luore  unsidtuhK-  to 
thi-iii.  a^i  ii.jw.  K:\iT'i9Ui\t\a."—LelghtOil  :  Horn.  <*n  I 
J''!cr  iv. 

tin-be-seem'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  uiibescnu- 
iii'j;  -^'/.j  In  an  nnbeeoniing  manner;  niibe- 
eomingly. 

■'  Eiiiiity  doth  exact,  and  gmtitude  JOcjnireth,  and 

■  'A   ri  I  .11    li   tiff'th,  tliiit  we  should  be  <'i>ittciit:   or 

Tt    '     ;i  '.i  II  .  ilm-outfiittHl  we  behave eurwlves  wvy 

.'   I   /  and  uiiv<(iTili\ly."— Barrow  -  Hermvun, 

un-be-seem'-ihg-ness,  ^.  [Eng.  uubvsKiin- 
iii'j ;  -/'t-s-.-:.}  The  .[uahty  or  state  of  being  nn- 
bt,\set!ming ;  unbecomingness. 

"The  mibescami ii^f'sa  tor  her  person  and  state."— 
Up.  l/'ili :  Contempr. :  Jeroboaui'n  Wi/v. 

un-be-sought  (ought  as  at),    '.     (I'lvf. 

/'/;-(!),  and  Eng.  '>soii(//i(. J  Not  In'Mought  or 
ent  reated  ;  not  asked  or  sought  by  ■.  ntr^^a^y. 

"And.  lest  joid 
Or  heat  »<honld  injure  us,  His  timely  care 
Hath,  uttb^'^ght,  provided." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  V.  J.OST- 

'  iin -be-speak',  -.t.  {Pref.  ot-d),  and  Eng. 
?»...s^Kv»?,-,]  Toniake  voiil  or  putott.  a-"  -;ornething 
siM)ken  for  b<M"iireliand  ;  to  annul,  an  an  order 
in-  engagement  for  a  future  time  ;  to  counti^r- 
ntand. 

"To  anb'-/tM-a\  h\^  dining  with  xat  to-bioriow.  "— 
P'PIt'-    Di-iriJ.  A|)ril  IJ,  HWU. 

"  iin-be-spok'-en,  tf.  [Pref.  ;<»-  (1),  and 
ICiig,  /H'h-yjoAt'/j.J  'Not  bespoken  ;  ijot  ordc-re<I 
brinivhand. 

■'S»iit,  i'»('>''<;"iteii  pouips.  thj"  "tej-*  prfi-Iaiir  " 
Iji'uien.  Absalom  .v  Arh'tojihtU,  i.  -lil, 

un-be- stowed',  «'.  [Pref.  ".'t-d),  .iml  Eng. 
b.\^tnii:cd.\  Not  K'stowed,  nut  givf^n  away,  as 
in  marriage, 

"He  had  now  but  cue  son  and  rii>e  drichter  ititbe- 
,/^,„(../.-_/;.,,„„  .-  llenrn  VJL,  p.  ilO, 

*  iin-b€  think',  c.l.  [Picf.  mi-  (l),  and  Eng. 
brthuik.]  "I'o  change  one's  mind  ;  to  do  some- 
thing contrary  to  one'.'j  usual  practice 

"The  Lacedaemonian  foot.  .  .  uiibctfiO"i/M  thctn- 
selve'*todij-per:te."— fwKui*.-  Moti(it'ijnv'6 £s>ui!/»t  i-'h.  ii. 

un-be-tide'.  v.i.    [Pref.  vn-  (1).  and  Eng. 

tH.-fi'b-.\  To  lail  to  l»etide;  to  tail  in  happening. 

"  That  the  prcsoienco  wole  beforu  ne  na-iie  not  pn'-ti- 

fidcii.    Chat   i>*  to   mine,    that  tbei  inoteu  betide    — 

thuiirer:  Ji'jcciiu,  bk.  v. 

un-be-trayed',  <'.  [Pref.  nn-  (l).  and  ho 
tnnjal.]    Nut  betrayed,  not  yet  betrayed. 

iin-be-waUed',  «.  [Pref.  kh-(1).  and  Eng, 
U-icoUoL]    Not  bewailed  ;  unlam*;nvd. 

"  r.uf  i-'t  il^tcrmin'd  thiii>:«  tc  de-lmy 
H..I.I  .'/-ii.*,.i/.4  their  v^ay- 

■•yfi'ikcip.     .intoii'i  A  i.Uoi>titra,  iii.  «. 

■  un-be-ware'.'un-be-ware^',  udc.  [PreC 
nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  heioare.}  Vnaware,  un- 
awares. 

"Fulfyll  not  tint  thou  liast  v.."ed  .lU'warcx.'  — 
r.'ilc :  A/.-<ilo'ju-.  fol.  •!.,. 


tooU,  boy ;  pout,  j<$^l ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go.  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xcnophcn.  e^st.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;    tioa,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  ~  shus.    -ble,  -die,  v<'  -    bei,  del. 


280 


unbewitoh-  unboastful 


Vutfc/i.l       T'l    n.'utnili/c    the    innrn'm*'    nf 

iinv ■:  V,   |,t..  I  iH    ..v.-i  :  lo.lissnlvc  Ji  spell 

..r  ■  ■■  ciithnlliii :  to 

;  11.  or  tU'lusion. 

ni.  I.  A>  ■,■  ■,  In- .    ii  1  k  i'l'v   — v.uf^-  .SrrMiori*.  vul.  tx.. 


•  ttn-bi'-OS.  V  t  [Pref.  iJii-  (2).  and  Eng.  hin.t, 
V.)  To  iVniovt'  a  luas  from  ;  to  set  tree  tt*mt 
bliw  or  iircpofis^'ssion. 

■■  nir  ttiirat  wrvlM  a  private  mnii  iniiy  il'>  liU 
i^utiilry.  In  liy  unbi^tAMin-j  Fua  mhnl.  lu  luiicli  ii»  iku- 
•lltk,  Ik-1»ooii  111*?  rlinl  ihiwiT*.  —Uteifl. 


iin  bi  -aased.  '  onby-assed.  o.  [Vn(. 
it»- (U.'aii'l  KiiR. '>Hi&«^'.l  Xot  biassed  ;  free 
from  ttia-*,  preitotwesniuii,  ur  urejudice ;  ini- 
{tartial. 

■Tilt  linml<li>M)<l  i<itfri<i««Jmiii<Uor  the  llUtenit«." 
—.•*«*«■.■  :ifrmonJ.  vol.  ll..  wr.  lo. 

*6n-bi-48S6d-l^.  o'lv.  [Eng.  nnhitis^d : 
'h/.\  III  :iTi  uiit'iassed  nmim»T ;  without  bias 
or  pr^gudico  ;  with  impartiality. 

"  N4>vrrf&ll  t<>JuJ)(r  IntuMtr.MiU  fudice  unbiatseillif. 
o(  All  Uuil  hr  rmiVM  fmm  otbera.  —Locke:  Conducl 
o/thr  (TnJmiandina,  I  3. 

•  lin-bi'-ASSed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  nnfnassetl ; 
-rw-s5.|  The  <p''lif>  •""  '^tat*'  "f  beiug  un- 
bias.<w>d  ;  al»s.-ii.'f  of  bias,  impartiality. 

"  In  Ui«  cloM  of  lUn  triiL-t  tiU  ittiMiMfdiifM  is  clenrly 
jtrotrtMrd.'—/'rf/acf  to  Up,  ttaH'$  /temaiiii,  sigu.  I),  i 

•  iin-bid'  (1).  a.  (Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  tu? 
(I).  v.|  Nothavijiy  said  jTayers.  {Spenser: 
/'■.  Q..  \.  ix.  54.) 

•  on-bid  (2),  a.  (Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng.  hid 
(J),  v.|    Unbidden. 

■■  Tlioriw  /»l»o  AUi)  tliiiitltrs  it  shall  brio?  thee  forth 
Ifnbi.L'  Jfilton:  /'.  L.,  X.  204, 

tin  bid-den,    a.      [Pref.    »»-  (l).  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  iiaving  been  bidden  or  commanded; 
uiiordtTe<l :  hence,  spontaneous. 

"  UnMddrn  herlw  ;iiul  voluiitnrj-  (lon-erB, 
Thick  uew-lwni  viulot-H  n  si.(t  CJtr|>et  ajireiid." 
Pope  :  Bomvr ;  I{\ad  xlv.  396. 

2.  Not  liaviug  Iteen  invited  ;  uninvited. 

"  Why — .-^y— wbiit  doth  he  her*?— 
1  tliil  not  tMrnil  lor  hioi— he  is  unbidden." 

Ujp-oti :  Matt/red,  iii.  4. 

•  iin-bide',  v.i.  [A.S.  onhklan.]  To  bide;  to 
reni.ini  or  .stay. 

"Ami  the  kiiiUly  steJe  of  ihiti  Misse.  la  In  soch  wil 
iiiMtlcff  t<)  unbide,  niid  uedea  iu  thiit  it  shiUd  hnue  hlH 
kLiitltrly  bi-yiig."— C'Arti'C<'r ;  Testament  of  Lone,  bk.  iii. 

un-big -ot-ed,  un-big  ot-ted,  q.  [Pref. 
'/»-  (1),  and  Eiiy.  biijot*:d.\  Nut  bigoted;  free 
fi"oni  bigotry. 

"An  unbia'}trd  Rouikq  C^thoUck." — Additon  :  f'pec- 
lator^So.  2lX 

unbind',  *  un-bynde,  *  tin-bynd-en,  v.t. 

[Vvft  un-  CJ).  Mild  Kti-.  hiii'I,  v.]  To  unti.- 
what  wa.s  before  fa^ti-ned  ;  tti  undo,  to  loose  ; 
to  cut  free  from  shackles. 

"  Tho»e  coiih  of  love  I  should  unhhid." 

bcott :  Lady  nf  lh«  Lalf,  2S. 

•  fin-bird' -ly,  i.     (Pref.  »»-  (l);   Eng.  bird  ; 

-'v.]     UiiliUe  or  unworthy  of  a  bird. 

'  un-bisb'-dp,  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
hi^liitp  ]  To  deprive  of  the  office  or  dignity  uf 
a  bishop  ;  to  deprive  of  episcopal  orders. 


•  un-bit',  'I.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  hit,  a.] 
The  same  as  Unbitten. 

"  Unbit  by  nige  caniue  of  dyiug  rich."  Touny. 

on-bit',  v.t.    [Pref  1/)!-  (2),  and  Eng.  hit.] 

Naut. :  To  remove   the  turns  of  from  the 
bit.s  :  ;ls,  To  uvhit  a  cable. 

•  iin-bit'-ted.  a.      (Pref.   un-  (l),  and   Eng. 

biiU^.]    Not  re.strained  by  a  bit ;  unbi-idled. 

•  on-blade',  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
hliuie,  s.l  To  take  out  of  the  number  of  blades 
or  roaring  b(ty.s.     (i^pecUd  ioinage.) 

"  I  shnll  tAke  it  as  a  favour  too. 
If,  for  the  wvuie  iirice  ym  made  him  valiant. 
You  wiU  vrtltfaae  hLiii," 

Shirley:  Oamcxter.  v. 

iin-blam'  a-ble,    *  un-blame'-a~ble,  o. 

II*n-(.  }n^'  (1>.  nnd  Eii^'.  hhun'.<hie.\  Not 
biriiiialilr  :  ii(.(  (.-ulpable;  not  chargeable  with 
a  fault ;  innocent ;  blameless. 

"  Some  lead  i»  lite  xtnbtajnable  and  just." 

Coaper:  rmrfl.  233. 


onblom  -a-blo-ness,     '    unblamc  -a- 

blO  n68S,'>.  [Eng.  unblamable:  -nessA  The 
.Hialiiv  -T  >iat.e  of  being  uiiblanii.l>U';  freedinn 
Iroin  fault  or  blame. 

•■  ^■|*W.|^n«l^f*^n■i*  of  life  .  .  .  defer..iB  the  i>ct^on 

and  roullnns  the  ollloo."— Sourt  .■  Sertnon$,  vol.  vlL. 

>er.  i. 

iin-blam'-a-blj^.  •  an-Wame  -ably,"?  ■■ 

[Eng.  unhlamM>{t>') :  -ty.]  Not  lil.tniably  or 
culpably  ;  an  as  not  to  deserve  blame. 

•'  Ve  arc  witiifsw**,  mid  God  also.  Itow  holily.  and 
Justly,  and  utiblamabi!/  we  behaved  ouwolvea.  — 
1  7'A.'M.  11.  l'). 

iin-blamed'.  a.  [Pref.  ?ai-  (l),  and  Eng. 
bbiiu'd.i  Not  blamed;  without  incurring 
blame ;  blameless. 

"  L'liMiiMied.  uninjured,  let  him  Iwar  about 
Thp  i!.H>d  whit-h  the  Iwnib'uaut  law  of  Heaven 
Hru  hini<  iiround  him." 

\i'ord$u>orlh  :  Old  Cumberland  Bc&ff'ir. 

iin-blast'-ed,  t».  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
blasted.]    Not  blasted  ;  not  caused  to  wither. 


lin-blea9hed',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
hh'udw'l.l  Not  bleached;  not  whitened  by 
bleaching  :  as,  unbleached  calico. 

■  un-blea9h'-ing,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  bli(i/-hiii(i.]  Not  whitening  or  becoming 
white  or  pale. 

"  Blood's  unbJ each ht(T  ataiu." 

Oyron:  Childc  l/arold.  i.  8S. 

'  iin-bleed'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
hlrt-di)"j.\  Not  bleeding;  not  suflering  from 
loss  of  blood. 

"  And  mix  xtnbleedimj  with  the  boasted  slaiu." 
Huron:  Childe  Harold,  i.  ai. 

"  un-blem'-ish-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l); 
Eng.  blemish,  and  suff.  -ahlc]  Not  eypable  of 
being  blemished  ;  not  admitting  of  blemish. 

"  That  uiideflour'd  and  tmbfemUJtabtc  simplicity  of 
the  Gospel."— Jfi^rwi  :  Jieason  of  Church  Hovt.,  bk.  ii., 
eh.  iii. 

iin-blem'-ished,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 
blemished.]  Not  blemished  ;  not  stained  ; 
free  front  bleuiish,  stain,  disgrace,  reproaeb, 
or  fault. 

"  With  aJl  the  authority  which  belongs  to  unblem- 
ished integrity." — ifnrauta;/ :  Hist.  Eng.,  eh.  xix. 

%  For  the  difference  between   unblemithed 
and  blavieless,  see  Bl-^mele-ss. 

*  iin-blem'-ish-ing,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng..  blemishing.]  Without  receiving  blemish 
or  stain. 

"  If  at  most  they  leave  a  mote  behind,  it  is  but  dead, 
and  with  the  next  fair  wiud  unblemisliinff  bloues 
away." — Feltham,:  Sennon  on  Luke  xiv.  '20, 

*"  un-blenched',  «.     [Pref.  i(»-(l),  and  Eng. 

blenched.] '    Not    daunted    or    disconcerted. 
(Aecording  to  some,  not  disgi-aced.) 

"  She  miiy  pass  on  with  unblench'd  majesty," 
Milton:  Comas,  WO. 

iin-blend'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
blended.]  Not  blended ;  not  mixed  or  nungled ; 
pure. 

"  It  dwells  no  where  in  unblended  proportions  on 
this  side  the  euipyieum."— C/anri/?;  Sccp$u,  ch.  vii, 

*  on-bless',  v.t.  [Pref.  iin-  (2),  and  Eng. 
bless.]     To  make  unhappy. 

*'  Thou  dost  beguile  the  world,  unbless  some  mother." 
Shakes/J. :  Sonnet  3. 

iin-blessed',  on-blesf,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eiig.  blessed;  blest.] 

1.  Not  blessed  ;  not  having  received  the 
blessing  of. 

"  The  Iwtter  pai-t  of  man  unbteas'd 
With  life  that  cannot  die," 

Coteper:  Bill  •■/  Mortality  (a.D.  1793). 

2.  Not  blessed  ;  profane;  cursed. 


3.  Wretched,  unhappy. 
'■  The  god  vindictive  doomed  them  never  more 
( .\h  !  men  unbless'd  I)  to  touch  th-at  natal  shore." 
rope:  Homer  ;  Odyigeu  i.  13. 

iin-bless'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unblessed; 
■  ncss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
blessed ;  exemption  or  exclusion  from  bliss. 

"  An  euerlastiutr  supper  of  al  hittenies  &  vnMcssed- 
nes  wherof  they  maye  &ite."~Cdal :  John  xx, 

*  iin-blest'-ful.  «.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
bb-st;  -fuL]     S'ot  liappy. 
■■  The  inifjJestful  shore."         Sylvester:  Schisme.  417. 

iin-blight'-ed  (gh  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I). 
and  Eng.  bUnhted.]    Not  blighted  or  blasted. 

"  In  such  a  world,  so  thorny,  and  where  none 
Find*  bappiuess  linMiffhtrd." 

Cawper  :  Task,  iv.  .1S4.    ■ 


'  iin-blind',  i:t.  [Pref.  u)i-  (■_•).  and  Eng. 
bliiul,  v.]  To  free  Irom  bliruluehs  ;  to  give  or 
restore  sight  to ;  to  open  the  eyes  of. 


■  on-blind',  *  on-blind-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1).  and  Eng.  blind  ;  blinded.]  Not  blinded; 
unchmded  ;  clear  ;  free  from  blindness. 

"  His  inward  sitiht  iitiblind." 

Kent*:  Jlirthplaeo  of  Burnt. 

*  iin-blind'-fold,  ^.^  [Pi-ef.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  blind/old,  v.]  To  free  or  release  fi'oni  a 
bandage  or  cover  which  obstructs  the  sight. 

"  He  bade  his  eyes  to  be  unblind/old  both." 

Sftcnser:  /'.  V.,  IV.  vii,  .%t. 

*  iin-bliss'-fol,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 

bH^sfid.]     Unhappy. 

"A  clear  nndertone 
Thrilkd  thn-nch  mine  ears  in  tliat  miblUs/ul  clime." 
Ti-nni/ton:  J >r earn  of  Fair  Women,  TULi. 

■  iin-blodd'-ed.  «.  [Pref.  ««-  (1);  Eng.  bloody 
and  sulf.  -et!.]  Not  marked  or  distinguished  by 
improved  blood  :  as,  an  unblooded  horse. 

*  iin-blood'-ied,  *  on-blood-ied,  a.  [Pref. 

un-  ([).  au'i  Eng.  bloodied.]     Not  marked  or 
stained  with  Idood  ;  unbloody. 

"  ,\nd  forced  the  blunt,  and  yet  unbloodii'd  steel 
To  a  keen  edge."  Cowper  :  Task,  v.  215. 

*  iin-blood  -y,  *  on-bloud-y,  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  bloody.] 

1.  Not  bloody  ;  not  stained  or  marked  with 
blood. 

2.  Not  given  to  shedding  blood  ;  not  blood- 
thirsty. 

3.  Not  accompanied  with  bloodshed. 

"  Many  IjatUiils,  and  some  of  those  uot  unbloodie.'  — 
Jfilton  :  Uist.  Eng..  bk.  ii. 

onbloody- sacrifice,  s. 

1.  Aiilhrop.i    Au\    saerifice  not  involving 
tlie  nuicUition  of  a  victim.    [Sacrifice,  II.  \.] 

2.  Rojnnn  Church :  The  saeiifice  of  the  Mass. 
[Mass,  (2),  s.  l.) 

^  iin-bloss'-6m-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  blossoming.]  Not  blossoming;  not  pro- 
ducing blossoms. 

"  Pinchiuc  off  unblouoming  branches,"— i,>£-/,vn  : 
Kalcndar :  JJay. 

un-blot'-ted,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
blotted.] 

1.  Not  blotted  ;  not  marked  with  blots  or 
stains. 

2.  Not  blotted  out  or  erased  ;  ncd  deleted. 

iin-blown',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), and  Eng.  blovn.} 

1.  Not  sounded   by  means  of  wind,  as  a 
trumpet. 

"The  lances  unlifted.  the  trumpets  unbloirn." 
Byron  :  Destruction  (•/Sennacherib. 

2,  Not  blossomed,  as  a  bud  or  flower ;  not 
having  the  bUd  expanded. 

"  Boys  are,  at  best,  but  luetty  buds  unbloipn." 

Coieper  :  Tirocinimn,  4i6. 

*  3.  Not  inflated  or  inflamed  with  wind. 

"A  fire  ujibloion  [sliall]  devour  his  race.' 

Sii  ndys .-  Job  xv.  30. 

*  4.  Not  extinguished.    (Followed  by  out.) 

"  Prodigious  lamps  by  night  miwet. 
And  unblown  out." 

More :  Life  of  the  Soul.  iL  118. 

^  5.  Not  fully  grown ;  not  grown  to  perfec- 
tion, 

"  My  nie.au3  are  equal 
My  yrmth  aa  much  unblown." 

lieutijii.  tt  Flet.  :  Lover's  Pilftritnage,  iii.  2. 

on-blont'-ed,  a.     [Pref,  un-  (1),   and   Eng. 
blunted.]  Not  blunted ;  not  made  obtuse  or  dull, 
"  A  sworil,  whose  weight  without  a  blow  uiight  slay. 
Able,  tiiibtunted,  to  cut  hosts  away." 

Cowtcjf:  Dat^leis.  iii. 

nn-blosh'-ing,  «.  [Pief.  mm-  (i),  and  Eng. 
blashinij.]  Not  blushing  ;  destitute  of  shame  ; 
shameless,  barefaced,  impudent. 

"The  most  dishonest  and  unlAushin'j  timeservers 
that  the  World  h;is  ever  seen."— J/ac««/ntf."  Siit.  Eng., 
ch.  xiiL 

un-blosb'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unblushing; 
■hf.]  In  an  nnblnshing  manner  ;  without  any 
manifestation  of  shame  ;  barefacedly,  impu- 
dently. 

"They  .  .  .  end  with  baukniptcy  as  naturally,  aa 
lUireluctJintly,  and  as  unblushinffly  as  if  it  had  been 
the  honour.tble  object  of  their  mercantile  pm-suit."— 
Knox :  Essay  8. 

'  iin-bdast'-ful.  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
boastful.]  Not  boiistfid;  free  from  boasting 
or  assumption  ;  unassuming,  modest. 

"  Oft  in  humble  station  dwells 
rnboastfut  worth,  above  f.ostidious  pomp." 

Thomson  ;  Summer.  69*. 


©te,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wgU,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  oe  =  e ;  ey  ^  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unboastfuUy— unbrained 


2ftl 


*  un-bdast'-fiil*ly,  'vlr.    [Kng.  i/nhoa.^ff>i} : 

.fii]     111    ;»»    unboastful    m:uiner ;    without 
bo;istiti-: ;  rnoilestly. 

iir-bod'-ied,  'un  bod-yed,  a.  [Pitt,  mi- 
(1).  ana  En-   U*<i:<d.] 

1.  Not  possessed  of  a  material  botly :  in- 
corporeal, immaterial. 

"  LOte  »  shade  to  weene 
rnhi\lied,  uusourd.  unheard.  iiu«wne. 

Speiiter:  F.  Q.,  \  II.  vu.  «. 

2.  Freed  from  the  body. 

"All  thiDi^aare  but  (ilt<r*-tl.  nothin^ilic*: 
Aiul  hire  and  there  the  urtl>odi>fd  sinrit  fli.'^ 

Drj/den:  Pyihagorftn  Phitos-^fhy. 

\  on-bod'-iniT*  «■  {P^^-  ""-  (0.  »"<!  Eng. 
boding.\    Xut  anticipating  or  expecting. 

'■  Cithndinij  critic-pen," 

Tennyson:  WiU  Waterproof,  vi. 

*  iin  -  bod'- kined,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l);  Eng. 
?Kici/.irt  ;  -ti/.J     Not  fastened  with  a  bodkin. 

"iin-bod-y.  '  un-bod'-ie,  r.i.  &  f.  [Pref. 
iijf-  (!').  a"d  Eng.  ^0(/i/.l 

A.  /»^ra»5. :  To  quit  or  leave  the  body. 

"  The  Mte  would  his  aoule  should  i(>76'j(/('- 
Aud  shftpen  hud  a  ine.'me  it  out  to  drive." 

Chitucer:   Troi/vS  £  Cresstda ,  bk.  v. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  cause  to  leave  the  body. 

■■  Herev|>oii  followed  a  feiier  through  iuereasiug  of  a 
l!ei;niiitike  humor  bred  by  lung  rest,  thiit  iift-r  II 
iiioueths  spnce  vnbotlied  his  ghoat."— .ffo/iHsftfrf.*  Uisf. 
.Vu^/iiHci ;  Comtall. 

iin-bSiled',  *un-boyled,  «.  [Pref.  int-(i). 
and  Eng.  ftotfe?.]  Not  boiled  ;  uot  raised  to 
the  boiling  point. 

■■  Oatinen!  in  a  qu.irfer  of  »  pint  unbayJed,  will  arise 
to  a  pint  l..-ylcd."— tfdcon ;  .Vat.  Hist..  §  S57. 

•un-bok-el,  ^.^    [Unbuckle.] 

'  un-bold;  l^  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bohl.] 
Cowanily. 

■'  Ebrew.  t(i(fto?rf«,  ethir  coward  is.  "—A'ofe  in  H'y- 
c/*:/ff'<  liiMe,  Judgi-t  ix.  4. 

iill-bolt'.  v.t.  k,  I.    [Pref.  ini-  (-2),  and  Eng.  holt.] 
A.  Trans.  :  To  remove  a  bolt  from  ;  to  pull 
out  a  bolt  with  the  view  of  opening  it,  as  a 
door  or  gate  ;  to  undo  tlie  bolts  of. 

"  I'll  call  my  uncle  down. 
He  shall  unbolt  the  gates." 

Shakesp. :  Troitus  £  Cresgidn,  iv.  2, 

*B.  Introns.:  To  explain,  to  unfold.  {Fig.) 

'■  I'll  uiiboU  to  you."— SJiakegp. :  Ttmon,  i.  1. 

iin-bolt-ed  (1),  a.  [Pref.  iin-  (2),  and  Eng. 
holt  { I ),  \-.]  Having  the  bolt  removed  from  its 
sltralh  ;  frred  from  fastening  by  bolts  :  as,  an 

unhnKnl  d'.yov. 

im-bolt-ed  (2),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
holt  (-2),  v.] 

1.  Lit. :  Xot  bolted  or  sifted ;  not  having 
the  bran  or  ccarse  part  removed  by  a  sifter  : 
as,  untjoUid  meal. 

*  2.  Fiij.  :  Gross,  coarse,  unrefined. 

"  If  vou  will  give  me  leave,  I  will  tread  this  iinbolfed 
villain  into  M\<tTtAx"—Hhakesp.  :  Lear,  ii,  2. 

"iin-bdne',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
bone,  v.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  its  bones,  as  butcher's 
meat. 

2.  To  fling  or  twist  about,  as  if  boneless. 

"Writhing  and  tmbonin^f  their  clergy  limbs." — 
Mitton :  Apol.for  Sniectymn-Hta. 

un-bon-net,  vX  &  (.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  bonnet.] 

A,  Iiitrans. :  To  remove  or  take  off  the 
brmnet,  as  a  mark  of  respect ;  to  uncover. 
(Scotch.) 

"Tliey  hastened  to  beapeak  favour  by  hastily  iin- 
bonneting." —Scott :  Eenilwvrth,  ch.  vii. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  remove  the  bonnet  from  ;  to 
uncover:  as,  All  heads  were  at  onde  unhon- 
net&l. 

un-bon'-net-ed,   un-bon'-net-ted,   a. 

[Pref.  HJi-(l),  and  Eng.  bonneted.] 

1.  Having  removetl  the  bonnet  or  cap; 
with  uncovered  head. 

"  Cnboniieted  &ud  by  the  wave 
Sate  dowu  his  brow  and  hands  to  lava" 

Scott  :  Liidy  of  the  Lttki;  v.  17. 

*  2,  Without  taking  the  bonnet  or  cap  off. 

*  un-book'-ish,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 
bookish.] 

1,  Not  enamourerl  of  books ;  not  addicted 
to  books  or  reading. 

"  It  ia  to  be  wouder'd  how  museless  and  iiri&oot'uA 
they  (the  SpartansJ  were." — Stilton:  Of  CtiJiceixsed 
Pritttitij. 


2.  Igimrant,  unskilled. 

"  Uii«  iitiboakijih  Jealnuoy  niuitt  oon»tmo 
Pour  C'asxlo'n  smiles,  gostiirc-,  and  li(tht  behaviom-H 
Quito  in  the  wrong."  Shukt^tp. :  OttutUo.  iv.  t. 

*  tiii-book'-learn - ed,   a.     [Pref.  ««-  (i); 

Eng.  final. li->irnfd.\    Illiterate,  lt;norant.    {Ful- 
ler: t'Uuii-h  His!.,  vu.  i.  32.) 

•  un-bo6t',  v.t.  [Pref.  ?(»-(2).  anil  Eng.  hont,  v.) 
T.i  dt'piive  of  boots;  to  take  oil  the  boots 
fii>m. 

un-bOOt'-ed  (1),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (2).  aiul  Kni:. 
finnt'd.]  Deprived  of  boots  ;  stripped  of  the 
boots. 

un-bo6t'-ed  (2).  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  an«l  Eng. 
booted.]    Not  liaving  boots  on  ;  witiiout  bouts. 

•  ixn-bbre',  ".  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Mid.  Eng. 
bore  =  born.)     Unborn. 

"  Of  thinge  whiche  then  was  tmborf." 

Goaer:  C.  A.,  vi. 

unborn',  '  un-borne,  ".  [Pref.  itn-  (1). 
and  Eng.  hnr».\ 

1.  iVot  yet  born  ;  not  yet  brought  into  life : 
not  existing. 

"Yet  suub  his  acts,  as  Ctreece  utiborn  almll  tell. 
And  curse  the  battle  where  their  fntlicrs  fell." 
Pope:  Jfomvr;  Iliad  X.  61. 

2.  Future  ;  to  come, 

"  Neither  present  time,  nor  years  unborn, 
LVmId  to  my  siyht  that  heavenly  face  restore." 

W  ordstcorth  :  Homtets. 

un-bor' -rowed,  n-  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
borrowed.]  Sot  borrowed  ;  genuine,  original, 
native. 

"  Any  interest 
I'liborrowd  from  the  eye." 
\Vo}<Uicoirh  :  On  llefi.*iriH<j  the  Bankt^  the  H'j/e. 

'  un-bos-om,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
bo.^om.] 

1.  To  disclose  or  reveal  in  confidence,  as 
one's  opinions  or  intentions;  to  display  gen- 
erally. 

"  The  gentle  neighbourhood  of  grove  and  spring 
Would  soon  unbotom  all  their  echoes  mild." 

Milton  :  The  PaSfion. 

2.  It  is  sometimes  used  reflexively. 

"  And  aiu  resolved  to  nnbotom  myaelf   to  you.'— 
Steele:  S/h:  tutor,  ^0.  528. 

'  un-b9§'-6m-er,  s.  [Eng.  vnbosom;  -er.] 
One  who  unbosoms,  discloses,  or  reveals. 

"  An  unboaomer  of  atcitts."— Thackeray  iu  Annan- 
dale. 

*  un-bot'-tomed,  a.     [Pref.  wi-  (l) ;  Eng. 

bottom ;  -rd.\ 

1.  Lit. :  Not  having  a  bottom  ;  of  limitless 
depth ;  bottomless. 

"  The  dark,  unbottomeO,  infinite  abyss." 

3liilon  :  P.  L.,  ii.  40.i. 

2,  Fig.  :  Having  no  solid  foundation ;  having 
no  reliance. 

"To  be  thus  nnhotfomed  of  oiireelves.  and  fastened 

UlM'll  O'Hi.'— //'MMrtWHrf, 

iin-bought'  (ought  as  at),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  bought.] 

1.  Not  bought;  given  freely;  obtained  with- 
out money. 

"  And  unboiight  daintiea  of  the  x>oor.'" 

Vrj/den  :  Horace.  Epod.  2. 

2.  Not  bought  over ;  not  gained  over  by 
bribes. 

"  Uubribed,  unbougftf,  our  swords  we  draw." 
Scott :  H'ar  Song  of  the  Edinburgh  Light  Dragoons. 

*  3.  Not  bought;  which  have  not  found  a 
purchaser ;  unsold. 

"The  merchant  will  le/ive  our  native  commodities 
iinboiight  upon  the  hands  of  the  farmer.  "—iocAc 

iin-boi^nd',  pret.  of  v.  &  a.    [Unbind.] 

A.  ^isiircr.  of  verb:  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Not  bound;  not  fastened  with  a  cord, 
chain,  or  the  like. 

"  Unbound  well  lead  him,  fear  it  uof 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Isles,  v.  22. 

2.  Not  bound;  wanting  binding  or  a  cover, 
as  a  book. 

"  A  bookseller  who  had  volumes  that  h»y  unbound." 
—Locke. 

3.  Not  under  moral  bonds ;  uot  bound  by 
obligation  or  covenant ;  free. 

'  un-bound'-a-bly,  fdc.  [Eng.  xinhound : 
■abl'i.]     Without  bounds  or  limits  ;  intinitet)-. 

iin-boiind'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  an^  Eng. 
ix^undcd.] 

1.  Not  bounded;  without  limits  ;  limitless; 
having  no  bound  or  limit. 

"  Meantime.  light  shadowing  all.  a  sober  calm 

Fleeces  unhimtidcd  ether,"      Thoinnon:  Autumn.  357, 


2.  Unrt'stniiiied  ;  not  s\ibject  to  any  check 
or  control. 

"Several  yeariKif  mifiortml"/ frwdom.  "— J/Mcm/ny  ." 
/iitt.  Kng..  uh.  xlx. 

II  For  the  ditfircnce  between    unbounded 
ami  6i'iiHd/f.<*,  see  liouNDLtss. 

lin-boiind'-Sd'l}^,  n^lv.  [Eng.  vnh(U(nded; 
•l>l.]  In  an  nnboundt'd  manner  or  degree; 
witiiout  bounds  or  bmits  ;  iiiliiiitely. 

"The  frU'iul  untfmmfnUn  Kciierou*,  but  HtUl 
estecmW."— /ii(ron  .■  vtiUde  Jl-iroJj.  iv.    (XoUs  2T.) 

'  un-bO^nd'-ed-neSS,  t-  [Eng.  unbounded ; 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  U'ing  without 
bounds  ;  freedom  from  bounrls,  limiti<,  cheek, 
or  control. 

"  Fhiitude,  applied  to  created  thingD,  imports  the 
proiH>rtii>n»  of  the  Keveral  iiii»iK'rtlfr«  of  these  things 
tij  one  anulher.  luliiiituile,  th»  nnboniidrdnrat  of 
these  degiees  of  pr^in  riies."— fVieyiic  ;    Philot.   Prin- 

cil'lri. 

^  iin-bo^nd'-en,  *  un-bound-un,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bounden.]  Unbound,  freed, 
set  loose. 

•'  But  now  we  bcu  unbonndan  fro  the  lawe  of  deetli." 

—  Wycliffe  :  iimntins  vii.  tf. 

*  tin-boiin'-te-ous,  n.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  honnt'-ons.]  Not  bounteous  ;  not  liberal ; 
grudging.  .      - 

"Nay.  such  an  unhounteous  giver  we  should  make 
him,  as  iu  the  Fables  Jupiter  was  to  Ixion.'— J/i«on  .' 
Tetrachordon. 

*Ull-b6i^,  V.t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  how^ 
v.]    To  unbend. 

"Looking  Ijack  would  uubnw  his  resolution,"— 
FiUlcr:  Holy  War.  p,  116. 

*  un-b<J^-a-ble.  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and  Eng. 
boxvnble.]     Incapable  of  being  bent  or  inclined. 

un-bd^ed',  rt.    (Pi"ef.  \n\-  (1),  and  Eng.  bowed.] 

1.  Not  bent,  arched,  or  bowed. 

"  Ami  paHseth  by  with  utiff  unboteed  knee, 
iii^dainuig  duty  that  to  ua  belongs." 

Sliitkwp.:  2  Uenry  VI.,  iii.  1. 

2.  Not  subjugated  or  subdued ;  nncon- 
quered,  uncrushed. 

"He  stood  unbutocd  beneath  the  ills  upon  him  piled." 
Byron:  Childe  Harold,  iiL  :i9. 

*  un-bo\tr'-el»  '  vn-bow-ell,  v.t.  [Pref.  nn- 
(2),  and  E"ng.  howd.]  To  deprive  of  the 
bowels  ;  to  eviscerate,  to  disembowel ;  hence, 
fig.,  to  expose  the  inner  or  most  secret  parts. 

"  It  shall  not  bee  amisse  in  this  chapter  to  imbotcell 
the  state  of  the  question,  touching  the  world's  decay." 

—  Htiketoill:  Apologte,  bk.  i,  ch.  ill. 

*  un-box',  V.t.  [Pref.  Mft-  (2),  and  Eng.  box.] 
To  take  out  of  a  box. 

*un-b^,  v.t,  [Pref.  wi-  (2),  and  Eng.  boy.] 
To  fiee  from  boyish  thoughts  or  habits ;  to 
raise  above  boyhood. 

"  He  [Charles  1. 1  begriu  to  say.  It  w.ns  time  to  unboy 
the  Prince  [Cbiu'ies  II.J  by  putting  him  into  9<ime 
action  and  acquatittance  with  buainess  apart  from 
hiuiself."— C/«rcii(foii ;    Hist,   pf   Great    Rebellion,   Ii 

539. 

*  un-bra^e',  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
brace.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  remove  the  braces  of ;  to  free  fronj 
tension  ;  to  loose,  to  relax. 

"  The  zone  nnbraceil,  her  bosom  she  displayed." 
Pope:  Homer;  Hind  xxii.  Hi. 

2.  To  relax. 

"  Laughter,  while  it  litHts,  slackens  aud  unbraces  the 
iuu>ii."~Addiaon :  Spectator,  No.  249. 

B.  Ijitraus. :  To  grow  flaccid  ;  to  relax  ;  to 
hang  loose. 

un-bra^ed',".  [Pref.  tin- (l),  and  Eng.  bracct^) 
1.  Loosened,  ungirt,  unbuttoned. 

"  With  his  doublet  all  unbraced." 

Shakcitji.  :  Hamlet,  ii.  I- 

•  2.  Freed  from  constraint ;  unconstrained. 

"  Unbraced  with  him  all  light  ajMirts  they  shared." 
Ben  Jonaon  :  Poetaster,  v.  I. 

"  iin-braid',  v.t.  [Pref.  w»-  (2),  and  Eng.  braitl, 
v.]  To  separate  the  sti-ands  of;  to  unweave, 
to  unwieathe. 

iin-braid'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
braided.]  Not  braided  or  plaited  ;  not  knitted 
or  wreatlied  ;  disentangled,  loose. 

'■  Her  unbraided  hair  escaping  from  under  her  mid- 
night coif."— ^icoff.'  Kenilworth,  ch.  viL 

*  iin-brained',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng, 
broi,ti'l.\  N"t  deprived  of  the  brains;  not 
Imiinnl.      |Bi:.KlN,  i'.] 

"  Hast  thou  ever  hope 
To  come  i"  the  same  roome  where  lovers  arc. 
Aud  soape  unbrainctl  with  one  of  their  velvet  alii'ixTs. 
Beaum.  4  /7f(.  .■   Wit  at  setvral  Weapons,  iv. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  ^ell.  chorus.  9hin,  bench ;  go.  gem ;  thin,  this :  sin.  a§ ;  expect.  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  -  C 
cian.  -tian  =  shan,    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.    -ble.  -die.  ^c.  ^  bel,  deL 


unbranching— unoabled 


•i<./m<w.I   N-'t  tii-niK-hinK  :  nut  tlivMiiig  into 

*  Jm  br&nd   dd.  ".     [Frt'f.  i"i-  (l),  nnd  Ell;;. 

•  i. /-(■/. t/.  1      Nnt    ltn»mle«l  ;    not    iiiarki-<l    or 

"  L>Mt  hit  c(tii\rrwt  fail  utittftihiblUil.  or  iiHbr<t»uifl. 
uiiKht  linMlhc  It  |>r«llli<iitlHl  tuurntiii  Into  tlw  i>tliri- 

-lit^Ji.'^-l/'Vf'ni       .llfJKItlrA  ll/>^i  KrtiluHtl.  iklfvW.W. 

iin-breast',  •■■(.    [Pivf.  (mi-  (l'),  i\\\*\  Yav^. 
t^.  I     l"li-«i.'l<'SL'or  lay  upfii  ;  to  uiilKisnni, 
;..  n\r-al. 

"  To  whnM»  open  ey« 
Tltv  liimrtJi  III  u  lokeal  iitcii  ■ixbrvMtf'^f  lie  ~ 


iPref.    H*i-  (1),  aiKl    Km-. 


iin  breatlied, 

J.  X».t  I'leatlti-d  :  as,  nir  jnihrmthal. 
'  2.  l'nexf'rcis«»<l,  nnpractisoi!. 

'"'ThpyJii.iwhAvc  M\h.I  thi-ir  vnbr*<,ttft^t  Uftn'ur'm 
\\  itii  llil«  ••Mtiit-  ]>lnv.  Atralurt  yuiir  iiU[>tiiil.' 

'•/.•it.-i;--      J/Kfcnriinwr  .V*>;Ar"ji  /tr.niit,  \.  1. 

un  breath' -ing,  a.   iPa-r.  inj-(]),ana  Kng. 
■  ■•■'irAi/ii;.}    Not  br\-athinn. 

■•  KTora  lliw  thut  iiinvrd  nut,  fitui  tinbrfathin'/  fiMim-. 
Ltko  c»\vmcd  w  uiUc.  the  liollow  uccciitt  cium-." 

Iti/roii:  .Si"/. 

un  bred;  a.    IPivf.  *'»•  (1).  inid  Kn^-.  i-mi.] 

1.  In  begot  ton,  unboi-n 

"  H«»r  tbis.  thou  ntn-  utibrrj, 
Kre  you  were  Owm  wrw  Iwjiuty'ji  Aumiiicr  <len<I." 

.sjiitketp. :  Sunnft  \*H. 

2.  Not  well  bred;  Ui-'stitute  of  breeding; 
tHi\e,  oriarsr. 

"  Cnbrfit  or  debaucheJ  servants"— ioctor.  0/  rdti- 

:t.  Not  tauj^lit,  untanght. 

"Aw.inior.bnif. 
l',i',r.d  \>i  spinnin™.  In  the  Ut-tm  iiiukill'd." 

Orr/Jr-n  :   fiiyjil  ;  .t.'iwiit  vli.  !.iX>5. 

un-broeob',  r.^      IPd'f.  nn-  (-J),  uud  Kiig. 

'n.rrf..\ 

1.  To  rt'ii»ovo  the  bivcclios  of;  t<i  strip  "f 
iiri'eclies. 

2,  To  nnnovc  th»'  breoch  of,  as  of  a  '•atiimn, 
tVoiii  its  fastenings*  or  coverings. 

"  Li-t  the  wnrat  come. 
I  ■■  IN  viihrrefh  n  cjtnnon.*' 

/ir.tiim.  A-  FM. :  Double  ifarrtanc  ii. 

iin  breeched,  a.  \VtcX.  tn>-  (l),  and  Eng. 
luTfched.]    Not  weaiJug  trousers  or  breeolies. 

"  At  oiirccreniftnl^il  vi'*it  t^i  the^overiior.  our  cinip. 
•iprgeiuit,  who  i*  11  jjiis'r  in  the  Wnd  HlghliuulerA.  ii).- 
ix-iin^l  III  nil  fhv  M>li'ntlourul  .iu  uiibreevfunl  HvtAt.  — 
ri>He».  Miiulij'-th,  1^:^. 

un-brewed'  (6W  as  o),  a.  IPrt-f.  nn-  (l),  an-I 
Kiig.  bixt'^d.)  Not  bu'wtjd  or  mixed;  imn-, 
^cnuiiip. 

"  ThPV  drink  thi!  stream 
i--i'^)V(('\f  nndincTftill.' 

i'vi'tij  :  Xi-jhr  Thoi'-.ihts.  \V\. 


un-brib  -a-ble,  *  tin -bribe- a  ble, 

),  and  Bng.  hiUAthk.]  'No 
,  incapable  of  being  bribt-d, 


Pi.:f.   an-  (f),  and  Bng.  hiUAthk.]  'Not  a'iile 
r.fbe  buJ..'d  ; 

"  And  thi>ugh  it  be  cry*d  uj)  for  iiiipHrtiiil  .uud  un 
'■>  iheahle,  yet  I  iVi  not  hW  hut  ill  inauy  'tis  erroneous." 
~-f':Uham  :  /:--^ .In-t,  jjU  ii.,  res.  tW. 

un-bribed',  <^'.  tPiof.7/;(-(lXandEngJjr(^p/.l 
N"t  briN'd  ;  not  influenced  by  money,  "ifts 
'.rthelikr. 

"  Paul"  lf.\.'  uf  t'hrUtand  .stOAdincss  mihrib'iL" 

Vowpvr  :  U'ijm;  0*  i. 

un-bridgcd',  o.  [Pref.  vn-  (1).  and  Kn-. 
i-rid>ji'L]  Not  bridged;  not  bridged  o\.t; 
not  spanned  by  n  bridge. 

"  Ri'ery  wntcrcourse 
And  tivhridgt.fi  utienxn." 

H'ordtwortli :  The  Urothi-n. 

un  bri-dle,  rj.  (Pref.  uu-  (2),  and  En/. 
'»'id!i.\  To  rt'niove  tlie  bridle  from;  to  s*;\. 
loose. 

"  ViibridlirM  theepjirksnf  n.iture." 

.srnihi-M/i.  :  Lear,  iii.  7.  )Q\i:irtLi|. 

un  bri  died  (le  as  el),      unbrideled, 

■  .     [Pi-'f.  /(((-  (1),  and  E'ng.  h,i<ll.,l.\ 

1.  Freed  from  the  restraint  of  tlie  bri-llc  ; 
loose. 

"They  fell  oii  running  like  imbridh-a  horses.  - 
IfacMuut:  \v'jageif,  ill,  31  j, 

2.  Free  from  restraint,  check,  or  control ; 
'Uirestrained,  unruly,  li'-eiilious,  violent. 

'•  Tldt  in  not  weU.  raJth  and  unbrldlfd  boy 
10  ny  the  f.ivoiirx  of  mi  k-hhI  a  kinir  " 

f9uikf'>ji. :  Alf»,\yeU  tt,.,r  Hiiiln  WeU,  ill.  1. 

'  un-bn'-dled-nes8  (le  n-;  el),  s\     [En". 

nnhrl'Uol:  -nv^s.]  Tlif  iiuaniy  or  state  uf 
Vin;;  unbridli'd  ;  fi.-.'d«ini  lioni  emitiol  or  re- 
str.nint  ;  licpni-e,  violence. 

"The  prcsuniptinn  tu>A  tinbridr<:ilnc»s  of  ymitli  '- 
/.•■•Uhtoii  :  C'jm.  on  1  I'ctrr  v. 


tin  briz  ed,  un  brlz  zed.  ".  [Pref.  hh- 
(I).  mid  Eng.  bri:al.\     Unbroken,  unbntised. 

•  Tlif  iLllimt  )i:iil  comt-  i>ir  ul' iot6r/i:<'rf  l«iiie«."— 

iin  broached'.  ".     iPref.  (ni-(l),  and  Eng. 
hoxi'.hid.l     Not  bri)uehed  ;  unopened. 
"  \  cjiak 
Ciibroarh'il  liy  Jnut  imthorltv." 

)■..»,!;/  :  .\i:tbt  rhotijhri.  viii. 

un  brok  en,  tun-broke',  «.     {Pref.  un- 

U).  iiiid  Elig.  hmkf,  hiok'ii.] 

1.  Not  broken;   not  smashed;  whole  and 

^OMnd. 

"  I.oug,  hiiiK  iittiTM  HnN.  In  an  onk, 
I  found  Ihv  arrow,  wtiil  unbrokr." 

/.oii!f/rllt>iff  :  The  Arroie  .t  rbc  S(jiij. 

2.  Not  thrown  into  disorder ;  regular. 
"The  Allied iirniyrBturnoiI  to  Ijinibefiue  unpursued 

m\iy  in  It II bro/njtt  order."— .tfrtc«7((/<i;/.//*>f. /.'h^.,  cli.xlx. 

3.  Not  broken  ;  not  violate;  inviolate. 

•■  OrpUln  tTHdltioii  that  this  all  begim, 
Convey  d  unbrvKen  fiiitli  from  sire  to  son." 

J'tifi-     f-:*Jiiii/  •III  Man,  ill.  2'23. 

J.  Not  broken ;  uninterrupted. 

"  All  gHJted  at  length  iu  silence  drear. 

Uiibroke,"  Urntt :  .Vitrmioit,  ili.  C. 

.J.  Not  weakened ;  not  crujilicd ;  not  sub- 
dued. 

"  \  hody  of  dragooiifl  whn  h;ul  not  heen  in  the  hattle 
iind  whoac  spirit  was  therefore  unbraken." — MaeauUiy  : 
Hint.  Eng..  ch.  xiii. 

G.  Not  broken  in  ;  not  tamed  and  rendered 
tractable ;   not   accustomed    tu    the    saddle, 
liarness,  or  yoke. 
"  A  heifer  that  shuns  niibroken  the  yoke*.s  unaccus- 
tunied  weight."  Orant  Allen  :  Atift. 

7.  Uninterrupted,  open,  not  intersected. 

"Ofeathhue 
Of  earth  Uou^-hl  left  but  tlie  unhfiki^n  blue." 

Huruii  :  Ui-noen  Jb  JC<irth,  i.  X 

8.  Not  opened  up  by  the  plough:  as,  vii- 
hrokoi  ground. 

un-broth -cr-ly,     un-broth-er-like.  f. 

[rivf.  )//;-(l),  und  Vavj..  In-ih  rhi.  fuuih  rlii, .] 
Not  like  a  brotlier;  not  sis  .1  brother  might  Wt 
expected  to  act ;  not  becoming  a.  lirotlier. 

"Victor's  II iibrotherlikf  hent  towards  the  eastern 
ehurehes.  fomented  that  diti'erence  altont  Easter  inti> 
;i  achi  SI  1 1."— />'■'■!(. V  v/  J'ief.'/. 

iin-bruised',  ".     [Pref.   kh-  (i).  and   Eng. 

bfu.iscd.]    Not  bruised;  not  hurt  nrdamageil. 
"  Thou  art  tiM^full 
Of  the  w'lir'rt  surfeit*,  titjjtuuve  with  one 
That's  >  rX  uiibriiix'tl.  '     i^hakcxp. :  furivlunits,  iv.  1. 

un-buc'-kle,  unbok-el,  '•./.  fPref.  nn- 
(2),  and  Eng.  InirkJr,  v.]  To  unfasten  a  buckle 
and  disengage  an  article  of  dress,  or  aiiy- 
tliing  else  which  it  has  conlined  to  its  place  ; 
to  untiist«n. 

'■  He  th.tt  unbucklei  this,  tlU  we  d'»  please 
To  d(ili"'t  for  our  repose,  sliall  hear  a  storm" 

Shakitp.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  iv.  A. 

~  un-buck'-ramed,  a.    [Pref.  uu*(i);  Eng. 

hiirkniui,  and  sutl".  -t-:d.]  Not  staiched  oi'  stitl  ; 
not  precise  or  formal. 

"  Moral,  hut  nnbiifkram'd  gentlemen." 

Colman:  Vatjaries  Vindicitcd. 

im-bud'-ded,  "..  fPref.  un-(l);  Eng.  hnd, 
and  sutf.  -(■'/.[  Not  having  put  forth  a  bud  ; 
unblown. 

"  The  hid  ecent  iu  au  iinbtuliled  rose." 

Keats:  Lamia,  ii. 

'un-build',  ^■.^  [Prof.  i'H-(2),  andEng.  ^»/M.) 
To  throw  down  what  has  already  been  built  ; 
to  demolish,  to  raze. 


"  To  unbuUd  the  city  and  tn  lay  all  flat." 
Sl'iakenp. :  Coriolanus,  i 


.  ). 


iin-built',  a.  fPn-f.  idi-  (1),  and  Eng.  built,] 
Nnt  yet  built,  not  erected. 

■'  From  unbuilt  Babel  brought 
His  peoiile  to  thitt  place. " 

llrnyran:  Pol/f-Olbloit,  B-  4 

'  un-bun'-dle,  '•./.  (Pref.  ■««- (-2),  and  Eng. 
i'iiiidl'\]     To  open  uji,  to  disclose,  to  reveal. 

"  rnhinuh 
Q-ilxor.:  pt. 

iin-buoyed'.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fn'oiml.]  Not  bill lyed  ;  not  supported  by  a 
buoy;  not  borne  up  or  sustained. 


[Pref. 


un-bur'-den.   iin-bur'-then,  v.t. 

•  f'-(2),  and  Eng.  f'lnrkn,  hiir'thcn.] 

1.  To  remove  a  burden  fr-iin,  to  disburden  ; 
to  tree  from  a  load  or  burden. 

2.  To  throw  otf,  as  a  load  or  burden. 

■■  Sharp  Buekinghaiii  tiiiburfhenn  with  hifl  toiii;iK 
The  envious  load  that  lieji  u]vin  bin  heart." 

Rhnk'-sif.  :  a  Hrnri/  VI.,  iii,  ]. 

3.  To  remo\e  a  load,  as  from  the  mind  or 


heart;  to  relieve  the  mind    ^r  tieart  of,  as  by 
disclosing  what  lies  heavy  on  it. 

"To  -ihift  the  fault,  t'  nnbnrthfn  hit  ohareed  heart. ' 
/kintel;  VtvH  Wuri,,  iii. 

*  i.  To  disclose,  to  reveal. 

"To  unburden  all  uiy  pl"t^  and  |tur[K)»cii." 

.ShaAi-sp..   Jlenhaiit  of  VeHive,  i.  I, 

iin-bur'-den-some,  a.    [Pref,  un-  (i).  and 

Eng,  hurdt  I'^ODu:]    Not  burdensome. 

*  un-bur' i-a-ble  (u  as  e),  c.   I  Pi-ef.  n  ?'  •  { I ) : 

Eng.  burif^  -able.]     Nut  tit  to  l«j  buried. 

"  A  yet-";irin  enrpse  and  vtt  nnbnriitbtv.." 

fenn;/!,  u,      O.irefh  A  Liju.-t',-. 

un  bur'-xed,  *  un-bur'yed  (u  as  e),  jr. 

[I'lef.  HAK-  (1),  and  Eng.  bnr{tiU\    Not  buried  ; 
in  it  interi-ed. 

"The  L-oriwe  was  flung  out  and  left  roiftunVd  to  the 

fuxey  and  cin>\s,"— .l/a.■,(^y^I//.   UiH.  Lwj,,vX\.  xi\. 

unbumed,  un-burnt,  '^     [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eng.  banted,  barnt.] 

1.  Not  burnt ;  not  consumed  by  fire. 

"  Cnbnrn'd,  unhiir>''d,  on  a  lieup  they  lie." 

Jtryden  :  J'lilainuil  X:  Arcite,  l.  %h. 

2.  Not  injured  by  lire  ;  not  scoi'chcd. 

3.  Not  heated  with  fire  ;  not  subjected  to 
the  action  of  tire  or  heats 

"  Burnt  wine  ia  more  hard  and  aKtrinuctit  than  wine 
unburnt:'—Ba':ou:  A'at.  Jli»(.,  6  tiOB. 

i.  Nnt  baked,  ns  brick. 

un-burn'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (i),  and  i':ng. 
hui-iiiiKj.]  Not  in  process  of  being  con.sunied 
by  lire. 

"\Vhat  we  h.'ive  said  of  the  hiibuniin-j  lire  called 
light,  streaming  from  the  flame  uf  it  candle,  umy 
.-asily  lie  applied  to  nl!  other  Ii^'ht  deprived  •>{  sen- 
sible hea.V—JJijbj/  :  0/  Bodies,  ch.  vii. 

t  un-bur'-nxshed,  ".  [Pref.  nn-  (i).  and 
En:^.buiiLUh':d.]  Nut  burnished  or  brightened  ; 

uniH.Jished. 

"  Their  budiJeru  lay 
i'nbtirnitJied  and  detiletl." 

."ioutftei/ :  Joano/ Arr,  \ii. 

"  un-bur'-row,  v.t  [Pref.  int-(2),  and  Eng. 
bnrrair.^  To  take  or  drive  from  a  burrow  ;  to 
unearth. 

■'  He  exn  bring  down  sparrow*  and  inibnrri'ir  itil)- 
liit-.  —Ifa'kenn  :  Cncominercittt  J'raoeUer,  \. 

un-bur'-then,  v.t.    [Ukeurpen.] 

un-bur -y  (U  as  e),  c.t.     [Pref.  an-  (■:).  and 

Eng.  h'n-fi.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  disinter,  to  exhume. 

"  I'nbiiriilifj  tiir  bones,  and  burying  our  reputa- 
tions.'—^KrirMi  .■  lion  (fuiiote,  y^t-'u.,  bk.  iii..  ch.  \. 

2.  Fi\f. :  To  bring  to  light,  to  disclose. 
"  Since  you  hare  one  secret,  keep  the  other. 

Xeverioi&eov  either."         Lj/ttati;  liichcUeu.  i.  I. 

'  iiix-bu^'-xed  (U  as  x),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and 
J^tig.  bi'f'i^d.]    Not  busied;  not  employed. 

"  riiese  nii'-KJiied  persons  i.-in  <-"nttnue  in  thi-  pl.iy- 
iiigHUelifs?   '~8p.  Kaiutow:  S'H  nMns  (n;j5),  p   ::■', 

unbusinesslike  (as  un-bxz'-zness-lxke, ". 

[Pref.  av-  (\),  and  Eng.  busiut'^liki.l  Not 
businesslike. 

'iilX-bU^'-y  (U  as  i),  c.  [Pref.  uii-  (1).  and 
Eng.  b<i.'<!i.'\     Unoccupied,  at  leisure,  idle, 

"  ViMi  nnbiifi/  saau."—/;i:'har(isoii :  Cfariasa,  ii.  .'■. 

un-biit'-tdn,  ■.^  &  i.  [Pref.  :iii^  (2),  and  Eu". 
button,  v.] 

A.  Tioji?. :  To  unfasten  the  tnttonfi  of;  to 
disengage,  as  anything  fasttMied  by  buttons, 
by  detaching  them  from  theij-  holes. 

"Thou  art  fat-witted  with  dmiking  old  Kvck,  and 
kiiibiitt.oniiiy  thee  after  supi>ei . '— ,S'fe(i*oj/*. .-  I //eur;/ 

B.  liifrans. :  To  undo  oni->\  buttons. 

un-bux  -oxn,  •  vn-box-ome,  *  un-bux- 
OXne,  a.  [Pref.  'uit-  (1),  and  Eng.  btu.viii.\ 
JJi.solK'dient. 

"  For  if  that  tl.'iu  rnbuxone  bee 
To  hiue.  1  not  in  what  degree 
Thou  slialte  thy  good  worde  a«heuc." 

Oower  :  C.  .<.,  i. 

'  un-bux'-oin-ly,  adi:    [Eng.  nnbuxom;  -hj.] 
[>Jsobediently. 
"  Euer  unbujiomly  thei  pleine,  '  Gowcr :  C.  A.,  i. 

'  un-bux'-dnx-ness,  ^^  [Eng.  nnhuiom  ; 
-iii-i.<.'\     Disobedience. 

"  I  me  confesse 
Of  that  ye  clei>e  unbuxomnfus."       Oowcr .-  C.  A.,  i. 

'ixn-ca'-bled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  cabloL]  No^ 'fastened  or  secured  h\ 
a  cable. 

■  Within  it  ships  .  .  .  wncafi^'-d  ride  secure,  " 

Cowper :  Homer;  Udyisei/ xin. 


/ate,  fit,  fiire.  amidst,  what,  faU,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  well,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rile.  fuU;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


uncadenced— uncelestial 


•  tin  ca-den9ed.  ".    iPivi".  i'»-(i),  anrl  Enj;. 

,h!,  ,..-/  1    N'. it  n'^^HluU-d  by  musical  nieasun*. 

un  cage',  r.t.     (Pivf.  n»-  (•_').  imd  En;.'.  C'((ff, 
\.]     To  si't  fteo  Iroiii  coiilinemeut  or  llie  le- 


'  un-cal'-9iiied,  (^  [Pi-or.  int-(i),  ami  Enji. 
•  t'.  I  lit. I.  \     N«i1.  r-ilciiie»l. 

'  \  <4liut>  <tu)<sUticc,  !«u)it.l^r  ttmn  wil  iinimoiiiack. 
..irr.ril  ii|t  Mill)  it  uiiealciiied  gwKl  in  t»ie  (oriii  vt 
-  it-tilt- f^bJiliitiuii.-t.'— flojic. 

uncalled',  «t.  (Pref.  i((i-(l),a»d  E"S-  cnjh'l.] 
Not  iMlleil,  suinindiifd,  or  JDVoked. 

"  Tliw  Spirit  led  ttieo  ;  lliine  invinciM*-  ^<treii(rtli  did 
ni't  Hiiimiite  tln<e  into  tlii^  i-uuibat,  ttmit/lviL'  —li/: 
Jlatl     Contonp/.  :  thrift  I'cw/'t'-J. 

uncalled-for,  c  Not  netxlod,  not  r-'- 
qiiiivd  ;  iiniini('LTly  brought  forward  :  as,  an 
t(Hot!kil-Jhr  remark. 

■•  jiw-ftftlm'  a  silent),  r.t.  (Prof,  vn-  (U),  aii.l 
Kn^'.  (Xi^w,  v.]    To  distnrb. 

"  Whutstrmi^e  diaiiniet  has  unccihnr^  ynnrbrenat, 
Jiihuiiitui  £nir,  to  rub  the  dead  of  rest?" 

Dry<teiu    Vrodd.) 

*  un-climp',  v.t.  [Pref. ;/".-(-).  and  En^.  cviiii>.] 
Tt>  disliMl;;e  or  drive  from  a  c;ini|i. 

"If  tht'yooiild  but  now  lujcam/*  their  enemies,"— 
M.tton     Hist,  tug.,  bk.  ii. 

iin-can'- celled,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eii^c. 
,;iiuriU'd.\  Not  cancelled ;  not  erased;  nut 
abr'^'a^'d  or  annulled. 

"riii'ir  aocuaation  is  ^eat.  and  their  bills  viioin- 
•■•'OeU.'—litt.  J'liylor:  Sermons,  vol.  i.,  ser.  ?. 

un-can'-did,  «.    [Pref.   "»-  (l),  and  En.L;. 

i(iiuU>i.]    Not  Cixndid  ;   nnt  frank,   open,   or 
iiincere ;  not  impartial. 

"Tlie  temper,  not  of  judtjes.  bnt  of  angry  nv.d  itit- 
r<iiidiJ  iwtvo^^iites.  ■— J/ac(Z((/«^;  HUt.  i-'/iy.,  cli.  i. 

un-cdn'-njr,  ^-    (Pref.  ((»-(l),andEnt;.f(ijwii/-] 

1.  Dangerous  ;  not  safe. 

"  Now  this  would  he  an  unc^nni/  nigbt  to  lueet  liim 
in."— Scott  r  Antiquary,  cli.  xxv, 

2.  Eerie,  mysterious  ;  not  of  this  wovbl ; 
hence,  applied  to  one  supposed  to  possess 
supernatural  powers. 

•' What  dop-s  that  .  .  .  «»rffWH*/tuiTi  of  coimteii.'iuce 
iiieiinV ■■—('.  Hn/iiUi:  Jane  Bare,  ch.  xxiv. 

3.  .S'ot  j<entle  or  careful  in  hamlUng  ;  in- 
fantlons,  ra.sh. 

4.  Severe.  (Apr^''-*1  ^'^ -t  blow,  fall,  or  tlio 
like.) 

•I  >V\>?L-7t  in  all  its  senses. 

un-ca-ndn'-io-al,  c.  [Pref.  »»■  (0.  and 
Eu-;'  riiuoiiiail.\  Not  canonical;  not  agree- 
able to  or  in  accordance  with  the  canons. 

"That  bishniw  iiloiie  ware  punished-  if  ordiiKitioiis 
■wfTv  mitUKC/"' 'H/. '— /?/'.  Tii/lur:  li/iifi-'f/Hir  /  Asx'.-rf'-d, 

t  -A-:. 
nncanonical-hours,  ^'.  pf. 

I-Axles. :  Hours  in  which  it  is  not  aII<Av*^il  to 
celebrate  niatriiuony.  These  are,  in  England, 
before  H  A.M.  and  aft^r  3  p.m.,  exc-pt  in  tlu', 
case  where  a  special  licence  has  been  ^lantoii. 
(.Mariu.m-.e-lkekce,  1.) 

un-c&'non'-ic-^-ness,  s.  [Eng.  iuicanoni- 
'■ill  ;  -//t.<.s.]  Thr  tiiiality  or  state  of  being  un- 
canunieal. 

"  Ht;re    was  another    tiiK'ntimilraJneaf,   which    wa? 
l>artiftilnrly  io    (Tiad's  .)rdi>iaUoii." — /lishop  Lloyd 
Church  Uovernment  hi  tlritttin,  bk.  i.,  §  4. 

*  un-cin'-on-ize,   *•.^    [Pitf.  ii>t-  (-j),  and 

Eng.  (tiii'iiilz''.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  lAnimical  authority. 

2.  To  reduce  fi-o>n  the  i"ank  of  a  canonized 

saint. 

un-C^'-on   ized,   c     [Pref.   im-  (l),   and 

Eng.  ru:u>itUid.]   Not  canonized ;  not  enrolled 
ainnng  tlic  saints. 

■'Mighty  signaaiid  wonders  wrouglit  by  soiiu-  canon- 

ized.  and  some  uni:iLnuniz'.d,"—Ateerbitr!/:  .St-nnQux, 

vol.  iii.,  ser.  I. 

"•un- can'- 6 -pied,  c     [PreH  v»-  (l),  and 

Eng.  n'tinph-'Ll     Nut  covei-ed  or  surmounted 
by  a  i"inopy, 

"  (M.idly  I  to"ih  the  i>lace  thft  ftheepe  h-ii]  ^iven, 
L'u'M'iQpyid  <it  iiiiy  thLuK  hut  heaven." 


Grown 


Itiitanttui 


/'tintorah.  i 


'  ^-cap'-a-ble,  o.     [Pref.  -j/h-  (l),  and  Eng. 

' '■('j«'fil-\]    Nut  capable  ;  iiK-apible. 

"  Fbiloeophy  wn4  thoui,'ht  uufit,  or  iirimfiihl'-  to  lie 
hrongiit  mtu  *cll-tired  ouiupaDy.' — Locke:  Jliiniaii 
f  iid,rf('inUin'j.    (Ep.  Ded.l 

un-cape',  v.(.  (Pref.  c ''-  (-2),  and  En;;',  cnjje,  v.) 


ilau-hiiig  :  To  prepare  for  Hying  at  game  by 
taking  off  the'i'ape  or  hood. 

51  Of  the  Word  as  use<l  by  Shakespeare 
(.Uffcri/  irico-,  iii.  3),  different  evplunatioiis 
are  given  : 

■'  I  warrant  we'll  nnkeniivl  the  fox. 
I*ft  me  nWp  this  way  first,    .-^o  now  i<»i.'.i/ir, " 
To  dig  out  tlie  (ox  when  earthed  (li'nrburton) ; 
to  turn  tlie  fox  out  of  tlie  bag  (Strn-tn-i) ;  to 
throw  i)tj'  the  d<igs  to  begin  the  hunt  iSftns); 
to  uncouple  tlie  hounds  (Schmidt). 


(Pref.   un-    (1),  ami    Eng. 
the  head 


un-capped',  c  irrei.  u.,  y.,, 
•  iijiiifiL]  Having  no  cap  on  ;  huvii 
uiiciivered. 

■  un-C&p'-tioas,  a.  [Pref.  nii-  (1),  and  Eng. 
r<ti<fi')ns.]  Ni)t  captious  ;  not  quiek  or  ready 
to  take  objection  or  offence. 

".\moiig  uni-aptiottt  ami  candid  natures,  plainness 
and  freedom  are  the  preaervea  of  amity."— /WCwini : 
/ivsotves,  pt,  ii.,  res.  4n.    [JUcJiartlson.) 

iin-car'-din  aL    v.t.     (Pref.  nn-  (-J),  and 

Eng.  rnrdinni,] '  To  divest  of  ur  reduce  from 
the  rank  of  cardinal. 

"Borgia.  .  ,  gota  dispensation  to  r/d'^nn/iiM' him- 
self."—/'u/f^ir;  ChurvU  Hist.,  V.  iii.  -J. 

iin-cared',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and  Kng.  mcc/.] 
Nul,  r.irrd  for;  not  regarded;  not  heetled. 
(With /or.) 

■' Their  kin^.  .  ,  left  their  owne.  and  their  peopl.'* 
^.■hostly  ct-ndition  uucarcd  /ur"  —  II<fokcr  :  /■.'•.rhs. 
I'olitU:  bk   v..  §  I. 

iin-care'-ful,   o.    (Pref.   un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

nfn-juL] 

1.  Having  no  care  ;  free  from  care  ;  careless. 

"  The  Bill  [Triennial  .-Vctl  passed  in  a  time  very  un. 
'•ixr^td  for  tlie  dignity  o(  the  crown  or  the  sectinty  ■>( 
the  people  "—C'A<tW»m  II.  to  the  I'arlicni^nf,  JiarcU. 

2.  Produ'-ing  no  care  or  anxiety. 
'.i.  farel<.',ss  ;  not  careful  in  acting, 

un-Cax'-i-a,  •■■■.    [Lat.  uiicus  =  a  hook,  a  barb  ; 
sit  named  becaiiBe  the  old  petioles  are  con- 
vert^^d  into  hooked  spines.] 
Botanxf : 

1.  A  genus  of  CinehonidiP,  now  generally 
reduced  to  a  sub-genus  of  Nauclea.  Climbing 
plants,  having  the  old  or  barren  tlower-stiilks 
converted  into  hard  woody  spines,  curveil 
downwards,  so  as  to  form  biirbs.  Uncario 
or  y(inrli>ii  liainhlr  or  (jambier,  is  an  exten- 
sive scjintlent  bush  fouTid  in  Oylon,  Sumatra, 
.lava,  and  the  Mahty  Archi)ielago,  and  largely 
culti  vatful  at  8ingapore.  It  furnishes  ganibir  or 
gainbier,  jale  catechu,  and  term.jaiionica.  The 
Ciiicutta  Exhihitioti  Report  states  that  the  ex- 
tract is  obtained  by  boiling  the  leaves  and 
young  shoots.  It  is  much  valued  for  tanning 
purposes,   imparting  a  softness    to    leatlier. 

[CATBCHiJj 

2.  A  genus  of  Peilalese  contiining  only  ou'' 
known  species,  I' ncaria  proi.'umb€ns,ca.]l^  ia 
S<mtli  Africa  the  Grapple-plant  (q.v.).  It  is  a 
prostrate  herb,  with  opposite  palmate  b^ves 
and  purple  axillary  Howers. 

*  un-oar'-nate,  n,  [Pref.  h»-  (l),  and  Lat. 
r4irnf'tii.s~  made  of  Hesh.]  [Incarnatk.]  Not 
of  Hesli  ;  not  tleshly  ;  not  incjirnate. 

"  yi>r  need  we  be  afraid  to  ascribe  that  to  the  in- 
carnate Son,  whlcli  ia  attributed  uutw  the  uiicu/'Jfar'- 
F^ithvT.'—Broicnc :   Vulgar  Hrrours. 

'  un-car'-nate,  c.t.  (Uncarxate,  o.]  To 
divest  of  tlrsh  or  tleshliness. 

un-car'-pet-ed,  a.  [Pref.  '("-(1),  and  Eng. 
'■iirpiU:d.\  Not  carpeted;  not  covered  or  laid 
with  a  carpet. 

"The  fliMtrs  oi  the  diiiing-rooma  were  itncarjictcd."— 
JJacau-iai/  .   //w^  A'"y.,  ch.  iii, 

un-cart',  i^^   [Pref.  un-  (-2),  and  Eng.  cat-f,  v.] 

1,  To  unload  or  discharge  from  a  cart.  ('r. 
ICliot :  Amos  B'lrton,  <;h.  ii.) 

2.  To  allow  an  animal  to  escape  from  a 
covered  cart  (in  which  it  has  l>een  taken  into 
the  open  country)  for  the  purpose  of  being 
hunted. 

"  Re)u;hin?   the   tlxtiir«    before    the    stag  w.-w   un- 

riru-u:—ntid,  Nov,  ae.  iss;. 
iin-case',  <■.^  &  i.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 

A,  TraiisUltY ; 

1.  To  take  out  of  a  case  m  covering. 

"  with  UHmit'ff  bow  and  arrow  -m  the  string. " 

C-'fper  ■  HomvT :  OdiiMey  xL 

2.  To  unfurl  and  disjilay,  as  the  colours  of 
a  rt-giment. 


■■  3.  To  "titp,  to  t!ny,  to  case. 

•'  Karttv  l-y  hi*  miIiv.  and  partly  hy  hi«  tJiiw,  the  iws 
wiu<dlM.->>iernd  ;iutdi-i<U>.is|uentJy  uic-  i)i"t/  iVfUlitughed 
at.  aud  tiell  \:Uil^v\\*-\\.'  —  I.' Kttratijlc  .   t-'alfira. 

'  -1.  Tu  ivvf-al,  to  tliscloMC. 

"HvuiK-ait^  thu  eriM)kt<d  fuiiiUtionn  which  ho  h.-«l 
I'l'iirrtllo  ontvfnlvil.'—tMiiiihKd:  IlitK  Hug.,  bk,  \.. 

ch.  i. 

■  B.  liilran.<,  :  To  undress,  in  strip. 

"l>u  Jvju  ii.jt-Hf,  Pom|>ey  l"  i*Kr.i*;(i;/f..rthri.i.iiib«t  r  ' 
.'Ouikif/j. :  /.uM-'«  Libt/ur's  LtMH,  v.  '£. 

Utt-eaSt.  n.     [Pref.  iin-  (1),  and   Eng.  ant.] 

Not  cast  ur  thrown. 

"  No  dtone  uotfarown.  nor  yet  no  djift  utiraMf." 

^iitrrey:  Virj/do;  .fwt«  U. 

'  un  cas'  tie  (tie  as  el),  vj.    jPif-f.  «»-CJ). 

and  Kng.  ro.-H,:.]     'In  ilrpnve  of  u  castle. 

■■  lIcf'K.  '/if/.rfHutrcrul  :NOJ!'bur)."-/'<.//(r  thur-:h 
l/'Uf..  III.  U,    !!.. 

'  iin    cas -tied  (tied  as  eld),  '  un-oas 

telled,  ".  [Pref.  'ill-  (1),  and  Eng  .if^flal.l 
Not  having  the  distingnialiing  marks  or  ap- 
pearancf  of  a  tyislle. 

"  The  ripHt  <if  tbew  |  Kirbie'a  cnstlel  i^-  •«>  unmilK'ttil. 
~h'ii!lfr .    H-ivthUu;  l.tindon. 

un'-cate,  ".  [Lat.  ■Mncatns—  bent  inwar<l, 
hook.'d.i 

A>/. ;  Th<'  same  as  Uni-iform  and  Uncinatk 
(«l.v.). 

•  un-od.t  -^  chised.  «.     [Piff.    ?»-  (l).  and 

Eng.  •<^t.-h,<,d.Y'Sx<{  eaterhised  ;  not  taughl  ; 
untaughL 

"Sii  unre.'ul  or  so  nuenfrrhiu'd  in  sinry.'  —Jtilton  : 
SjiT'-rh/or  I'lilicciu'd  I'rinting, 

*  un-o4t'-e- eluded -ness,  «.  [Eng.  uncatr- 
<h',«-il ;  -/<-^-.|  'I'll.-  <iM;ility  or  s^Jite  of  being 
uin-atfchisi-d  or  untangbt. 

"  What  tneiui"  the"H'^»r*'(7'/cerf(irw!  .  .  prevailing?" 
—  llaiidrn  :   Trar»  vf  the  Church,  p.  61','. 

un  caught' (-;// silent),  «.  [Pref.  '(((-(l),  aicl 
Kng,  '.uuflf'.]     Not  caught. 

"  N<T  (u  tttiH  liuid  shnll  he  remiun  u ii':aufrht." 

.'ilmkcfi/. :  Lear,  ii.  1. 

'  un-c^u'-pon-a-ted,  n.    (Pief.  ua-  (1),  and 

Eng.  i"r'ji'ii'ah-d.\     L'u;nlultei-al»:il. 

"'  I>r.iiik  valour  from  unruu/ion'iff'l  lieer." 

UnuLrf :  Jluii  tianicn. 

■  un-caused',  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ca/ts"/.]  Not,  caused;  having  no  anl^^-cedent 
iir  prior  agent  or  active  powf.r  producing  or 
(.'ffcoTing  it ;  existing  without  an  auttu)r. 


'  un-cau'-t€l-oiis,   ".      [Pref.  im-  (l),  and 
Kng.  litudhiiu---.]     Incautiou.s. 


*  un-cau'-tiOUS,  ^.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Kng. 
r<tnri'iiw.\  Not  c^iulious; -incautious,  careless, 
heedle-sd,  unwary, 

•'  Rverj'  otoourw  ur  nnrnutioui  expres^^mii  '  —  Watrr- 
lund.    Works,  iii,  lit"., 

*  un-can'-tious-ly,  "dv.  [Eng.  nnamtioiL' : 
-Iff.]  N'lt  cauti"'ii^ly  ;  incautiously,  carelc-ssly, 
lieeillessly. 

"It  is  very  Miicn»?(oi»(r/j!/ and  unacourately  Kjiid," — 
WatK'rtand  :   Works,  ii.  aia, 

*  un9e  (!),  N'.     [Lat.  iiiiria,]    An  ounce. 

•'  Of  this  quikstlver  an  unti-.' 

Chaurcr:  C.  T..  1,:mM. 

*  un^e  (2),  .■'.     [Lai.  i(?jci/s  =  a  hook,]    Aclan, 

u  tjLlon. 

■■  Hoi-HlI  .rest,  blew  nkale.^  and  antvs  black." 

Nej/utooU. 

'  un-9ease'-a-ble,  c  [Pref.  «;)-(l);Eng. 
rew>f ;  -able.]  L'liceahiug ;  that  CJtnnot  be 
stopi>ed. 

"Zealous  pmyurs  and  uticcasalle  wishes."    Oekker. 

un~9eas'-ing,  o.  jPref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
i-ai-'iing.\  Not  i-t-jising,  not  intermitting;  in- 
cess;int^  coutintial. 

"  Let  our  ii)ic«Mn/"ff.  eariieat  prayer 
Be,  to-*,  for  lijilit— fur  ntrem;tb  tu  'w.-ir," 

Lounfellou>:  ih.bfft  of  Li/.: 

un-9eas-ing-ly, 'rdc.     [Eng.  Hucmsiitg;  -(it.] 

Without  crtLsing  ;  incessantly,  continual. 

iin-jel -e-brat-ed.  ".  [Pief.  «».-  (l),  and 
ELig.  ctUbriUfd.]  Not  celebrated  ;  not  sol- 
L-mnized. 

'■  Xor  piwt  itnitlt^firated  nor  on^uiig," 

Milton:  I'.  I..,\\\.  2M. 

*un-9e-le8'-ti-al.    a.      (Pref.    vn-  (j),  and 

fjtg.  i'U->.tHtl.]     Si't  ri'lestial,  not  heavenly. 

'•  .K\l  that  '<i(cW«i/ni/ discord  there." 

Jwnnf/  ,   Sight  Thou'jhfs,  ix. 


2)6il,  boy;  poi^t,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin.  ben^h; 
-elan,  -tian  -  shan.     tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -$lon  - 


go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -mg. 
-  ^^""       clous,    tious,  -sious  ~  shus.      ble,    die,  iVr.  -  bcl,  del. 


•JS4 


uncensured— unchastened 


i\u<\  Kir,'.  fHMif't.]    Not  ri'iisurtU  orblamyd ; 

rxrliipl   If-  111  Cl■Il^UrO  uf  MlUlK'. 

-  I ,  t '  I  '..■.u-ti  >'f  ttic  Uw  fur  n  time  |aiMe«l  uiH-rn- 
J,.  .  .  mh/i*  ;  //;«.  /.'fj.,  cb.  vl. 

•  iia  ^en  -tro(tr6  aa  tor),  f.r.  tPrcf.  iMt-(*i). 
itiul  Kn::.  .r(i/rr.)    To  throw  oil"  the  cfiitro. 

*'  U(  tli»  hmrt  1«>  i*fi<-«nrrnl  fruiu  Christ,  It  Ij> 
.Irrt-I  ■-.IJn'w:  IKor*!.  II.  JJ.*;. 

im  96r  e  mo'-ni  oils.  <i.     [Vnt.    tm-  (i), 

hihI    Kn.'.   .vr«v(i<.Mi(»((.N-.l       Nut   cerenioiHoiis  ; 
ri  if  ii>iti::  ct'iuiuoiiy  or  form  ;  raiiiilinr. 

"  li>'  t-\  the  uHctmnonlou*  Icnwofnn  uUt  frlviid." 
-Vl.  ■>•:,_/:  ItUt   Kifj..  cli.  x. 

ftn-9©r-e-md'-ni-ou8-l^,  n'fi\  lEnj;.  »»- 
■  ri-finon'fit.-' .  -'^.I  Ilk  uii  uiK'oniirinnidUJ*  inaii- 
nor  ;  « illn'nt  rort'inuiiy  or  .show  of  re.six'ct. 

"Tlia  i«(«ert  wbich  tliev  ltn<l  nmiit  iIo«li  woiwery 
HNC.-r»>ii<.;t(WH*fjr  reluriiwl."— .tfilrtir«/iiy  .•    ///**.  f'nff., 

linger  -tain.  *  an  oor-tayne,  •  un-cer- 

teyn,  •'-     ll'ivl.  in*-  ^l),  ami  Kng.  iYititiu.] 
I.  Ordliuiry  IxinffHage : 

1.  Not  certain  or  cortituily  known  ;  doubt- 
fu). 

"  Kubczt«5  tueu  tbci  slowe.  the  iiimilu'o  laircrftit/n." 
/{obcrl  do  lintnnp,  p.  311. 

2.  Ainl'is'ioiiin,  doulitfiil,  equivocal ;  not  tu 
be  known  witli  certainty. 

3.  Not  to  be  relied  on  with  certainty  ;  un- 
nrliablc. 

'  oil.  liow  thiA  spring  of  love  reaeniblrtfc 
■    <\oTy  of  Bii  April  day." 

hitkop.:  Ttoo  (ifi»Hf)nfit.  \.  ."!, 

4.  Doubtful ;  not  having  certain  knowledge ; 
not  sure. 

"These  •erv.-»uiile«  twrrtiiae  they  be  unct-rtftijne  of 
their  Iwnles  r«tuniliig  homv."—C'd4tl:  JIarke  xiiU 

0.  Not  sure  as  to  aim  or  elTect  desired. 

"  A!<caiitus  youii^'.  aud  engcr  of  his  gaino. 
SooD  l>eut  his  bow,  Hiicrrtiiin  In  his  iilin.'* 

Drydfii:   Virgil;  ^Envitt,  lii.  092. 

6.  Undecided,  wavering  ;  not  having  the 
mind  made  up  ;  not  knowing  what  to  think 
or  do. 

"  The  people  will  reiimiu  uncertain  whilst 
"Tffixt  you  there  s  difference." 

Shaketp.:  Coriolanut,  v.  S. 

7.  Not  fixed  or  certain  ;  not  steady. 

"  Aa  till-  furin  uf  our  pulilick  service  is  not  vuliin- 
tary.  eo  neither  are  the  iiarts  theretjf  mxvertain." — 
Uuoker. 

8.  Liable  to  change  ;  lickle,  inconstant,  ca- 
pricious. 

"  Oh.  wouinn  I  in  our  liuurs  of  eiuie 
Uncertain,  coy,  and  hard  to  plejme." 

Scott:  Manninn,  vi.  ao. 

II.  Bot.  :  Having  no  particular  direction. 
1]  I'l-r  the  ditterence  between  nncei'tain  and 
(ioubtjitl,  si-e  Doubtful. 

uncertain-moth,  s. 

Entom. :  A  Biitish  Night-moth,  Caradr'nui 
aisines.  The  fore  wings  brown,  with  a  slightly 
reddish  tinge  ;  the  hind  wings  whitish,  ocliru- 
ous.  The  larva,  whic:li  is  gi-ayish  with  lateral 
streaks,  feeds  on  dock,  chickweed,  plautaiu, 
&c. 

•  tin-9er'-tain,  v.t.  [Pref.  lui-  (2),  and  Eng. 
certain.]    To  make  uncerttun. 

"  The  diversity  uf  seOHona  are  not  so  ttncertaineil  bv 
the  Hiiu  and  iJioiiii  aluiie,  who  always  keep  one  and  tlie 
s&ine  coiii-^'i'  but  that  tlic  stars  have  also  their  work- 
ing therein.  —/la^'iffA  .  Hist.  World,  bk.  i..  ch.  i. 

un-^er  -tain-ly,  "  un~cer-talne-ly.  a-h: 

[Eiig.  uw-rtain  ;  -hj.] 

1.  In  an  uncertain  manner;  not  certainly, 
not  surely. 

2.  Nut  distinctly  :  not  so  as  to  convey  cer- 
tain knowledge  ;  ambiguously,  equivocally. 

"  Here  ahe  folds  up  the  tenour  of  her  woe, 
Her  certain  8orn)W  writ  uncvrtainrif." 

aiiakvtp. :  /iu/ie  o/  Lucrece,  1,311. 

3.  Not  Confidently. 

"The  priest*  .  .  ,  innate  ueedcs  wander  vnccr- 
tameltf.  —Jewel:  Defence  of  the  A  polngio,  \>.  \h2. 

un-yer'-tain-ty,  s.    [Eng.  uncertabi;  -ty.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  uncertain  ; 
the  state  of  not  being  certiinly  known  ;  ab- 
sence of  ceitain  knowledge;  doubtfulness  :  as, 
the  unca-talatnof  a  result,  the  uncertauity  of 
the  duration  of  life. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  in  doubt ;  a 
state  in  which  one  does  not  know  certainly 
what  to  do  or  think  ;  a  state  of  doubt  or 
hesitation  ;  dubiety. 

"Our  IndJaus  were  gre.itly  agltited  In  this  state  of 
uucertai'iti/."~-Cook  :  First  Voj/oge.  l>k.  11..  ch.  ii. 

3.  Sometliing    not    certiiinly   and   exactly 


known  ;  sometliing  not  *iiti-rmincd,  scltUd, 
or  esUblishciI ;  a  contingency. 

"Ifnltl  1  know  thl.i«ure  uncrrtainfK 
I'll  enterUIn  the  uirerud  fallacy. " 

Shnkfip. :  Cometiy  of  KrroYS,  11.  2. 

%  I'oid/or  unceftitiiittf : 

!miv:  a  phrase  used  when  the  words  of  a 
deed  are  so  vague  that  they  cannot  be  acted 
upon,  as  whcinme  bequeaths  all  his  jtersonal 
property  to  one  <'f  his  sons  without  indicating 
which. 

lin-90r-tif'-i-cat-fid,«.  [Pref.  nn-(\),  and 
Kng.  vertifiatteil.]  Ni»t  having  obUiined  a 
certificate:  as,  an  uncertijlcuted  bankrupt  or 
teacher. 

•  un-jer'-ti-fied,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
rcrtifii'i.]  Not  cert  Hied;  having  no  eertiUeate; 
uncertificated. 

■•  The  nieruy  of  the  legishiture  In  favonr  of  ex-iusol- 
vcut  dehtoi's  is  never  extended  to  uncertifieil  Ijank- 
ri.pt5  tiikcn  in  execution."  —  Anin^/eK;  L.  (irfiipe*. 
ch,  x\. 

'  un-9ess'-ant,  '  un-cess-aunte,  a.  [Pref. 
■Kf(-(1),  ami  En^.  cessant.]  Not  ceasing;  in- 
cessant ;  unceasing. 

"  Hi3  iiiicefs'titt  praying  extempore."— Cam (/f»  .' 
Hist.  Q.  flizuberli. 

'  un-5ess'-ant-ly.  '  un-cess-aunte-lye, 

(tilv.  LEng.*  uncrsmnt :  -hj,]  Witliout  cessa- 
tion ;  without  ceasing ;  incessantly. 

"Our  third  rule  nniat  he  to  redouble  uur  strokes 
)nic<:s.iitnrl!/."—/l/>.  Hull:  St.  Paul's  Combat. 

un-9hain',  v.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng.  chain, 
V.J  To  set  free  fr^m  a  chain,  either  in  a 
literal  or  a  figurative  sense  ;  to  let  loo.se. 

"  I'nvluiin  j'our  spirits  now  with  ni^elling  chiiiins." 
.'<h(tke»p.:  1  I/vurif  VI.,  v.  ;j. 

un-9hamed',  (t.     [Pref.    un-  (l),   and   Eng. 

chaiiici}.] 

1.  Set  free  from  a  chain  or  chains  ;  loose  ; 
at  liberty. 

2.  Not  chained,  confined,  or  restrained. 

"  Had  yunni;  Fi'n.nce'ica's  hand  remained 
Still  by  the  church's  bomU  iunliuiiutl.' 

ByruH  :  Sifjc  of  Corinth,  viii. 

"un-9hal'-lenge-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  loi- (1), 
and  Eng.  challemjcable.]  Not  able  to  be  chal- 
lenged ur  called  to  account  or  in  questiuu. 
(6foH;  St.  IiOiian's  JVell,  ch.  xx.\ii.) 

un-9hal'-lenged,  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 

•  ■iKiUcii'jr'l.]    Witlii'Ut  having  been  challenged  ; 

uut  ciiUfd  in  question  ;  uiiquestionetl. 

"  Never  to  suffer  irregularities,  even  when  havntless 
in  themselves,  to  pass  unchalltnyeil,  lest  thsy  iicciuire 
the  force  of  precedents."— J/«cai(iai/.'  Jliiit.  £ng.,  ch.  i. 

un-9han'-9y,  «.    [Pi'ef.   un-  (i),  and  Eng. 

1.  Unlucky,  dangerous.    (Scotch.) 

"  We  gnng-there-out  Highland  bodies  are  an  ttn- 
chanc-r/  generation  when  you  speak  to  ua  o'  bondage." 
—Scott :  /iob  /io'i,  ch.  xxiii. 

2.  lncon\'eiiientj  unseasonable,  unsuitable. 

'  un-9hange-a-bil'-i-ty,  ;=.  [Eng.  imchnuge- 
•ahk ;  -ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unchangeable ;  unchangeableness. 

un-9liange'-a-ble»  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  r.haiKjeabk.]  Not  liable  to  or  capable  of 
eliange  ;  not  subject  to  change  or  variation  ; 
immutable. 

"But  this  man  because  he  coutinueth  ever,  hath  an 
unchanr/eablf  iitiealliouil."—Ifebrews  vii.  24. 

tun-9hange'-a-ble-ness.  s.     [Eng.  iin- 

chnnrjeable ;  -ntss.]  Tlie  quality  or  state  -of 
being  uiiehangeable  ;  absence  of  all  tendency 
or  liability  to  change. 


un-9hange-a-bly,  mh-.  [Eng.  unchange- 
ab{h') ;  -ty.]  hi  an  unchangeable  manner; 
without  cliange  oi-  changing;  immutably; 
without  liability  to  change. 


un-9hanged',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
changed.] 
1.  Not  changed  or  altered. 

"  Naught  do  I  see  unchanged  reiusiu." 

Scott :  J/anniim,  iv.  2i. 

'^  2.  Unchangeable. 

"  Dismiss  thy  fear. 
And  heaven's  unchajjgcd  decrees  attentive  hear." 
lirydou     (TmUi.) 

un-9hang'-ing,  a.     [Pref.  ««-  (l),  and  Eng. 


chuiighio.]     Not  changing  ;    not  niiderguing. 
change  or  alteration. 

"  Thy  face  is,  vizor-like,  unchanging. 
Made  impudent  with  iihc  of  evil  deodtt." 

Shakcsp.  :  a  Ilenrn  V[..  i.  \. 

un-9hang-ing  ly,  ndv.  [Eng.  luichanging ; 
•  hi.]     In  an  unchanging  manner. 

"  There's  a  beauty,  for  ever  unrhungingli/  bright. 
Like  tticlong  auuny  lapse  of  annmmertiday'Hiight. " 
.Woore:  Light  of  the  Harem. 

"  un-9hap'-lain,  v.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and 
Eng.  chnplnin.]  To  dismiss  from  or  deprive 
ol  a  cliaplaincy.    {Fuller  :  Worthies,  i.  312.) 

*  iin-9harge'  (1),  c.t.    [Prcf.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
chaiijc,  v.] 
1.  To  free  from  a  charge  or  load  ;  to  unloa<l. 


2.  To  make  no  criminal  charge  or  accusa- 
tion in  connection  with  ;  to  acquit  of  blame. 

"  Even  his  mother  chall  nnrharge  the  practice. 
And  call  it  accident."      Shakexp.  -'  Uavilet,  iv.  7. 

un-9harged',  a.    [Pi'ef.   un-  (1),  and  Eng- 

charged.] 
1.  Not  charged  ;  not  loaded,  as  a  rifle. 
^  2.  Unassailed. 

"  Desceml  .lud  open  your  unchiir{teii  portft." 

Shakcsp.:  Tiinuit  of  Athens,  v.  6. 

un-9har'-i-ta-ble,  rt.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  charitable.] 

1.  Not  charitable  ;  not  harmonizing  witli 
the  gieat  law  of  Chiistiau  love ;  harsh,  cen- 
sorious ;  severe  ill  judging. 

"  H«r  uncharitable  acta,  I  trust. 
And  harsh  uukindnesses  are  all  forgiven." 

Wordstifvrth  :  Excursion,  bk.  vi. 

2.  Not  charitable ;  not  disposed  to  alms- 
giving. 

"  Stone-heai  ted  men.  uncharitable. 
Passe  carelesee  by  the  pnore." 

Broviv  :  UrUannias  Pastorals,  i.  4. 

un-9har'-i-ta-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  nuchnri- 
table ;  -nciis.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
uncliaritable ;  the  absence  of  charity,  either 
in  its  wider  sense  of  Christian  love  or  in  its- 
more  restricted  one  of  almsgiving. 

"What  virtue,  beyond  this,  can  there  be  found  of 
value  sufficient  to  cover  the  sin  of  uncharilablcnESS/" 
—  .Itterbury :  Sermons,  vol.  i..  aer.  2. 

un-9har'-i-ta-bly,  ct<lv.  [Eng.  um-harit- 
abl{f) :  -?,!/.]  In  an  uncharitable  manner ; 
hurslily,  ceusoiiously. 

"  L'nvharitably  with  ine  have  you  desilt." 

Shtikesp. :  Richard  HI.,  i.  3. 

^  un-9har'-i-ty,  *  un-char-i-tie»  s.  [Pief. 
/'//-  (1),  and  Elng.  chaHly.]  Want  of  charity  ;. 
umhantableness ;  harshness  or  severity  of 
judgment. 

"  His  religion  was  naught,  yet  his  act  w.-ia  good  ;  the^ 
priests  and  Levites  religion  good,  their  tmcharitie  ill." 
—Bp.  Uall :  Contempt  ;  Pool  of  Sethesdw. 

^iin-9hami',  v.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
charm,  v.J  To  dissolve  the  spell  produced  by 
a  charm :  to  release  from  the  effect  or  power 
of  some  fascination  or  charm  ;  to  disenchant. 

"Stay.  I  am  unchar^ned." 

lieaum.  *  Flet.:  The  Captai7>,  iii.  4. 

■  un-9liarm'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  i;)t-(l),  and  Eng. 
charming.]  Nut  charming  ;  no  longer  able  to 
charm. 

"Old,  uncharming  Catherine  was  remov'd." 

[tryden  :  Bind  £  Pantlier,  iiL 

*  un-9har'-nel,  v.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
chariu-l.]  To  bring  from  the  cliaruel-house 
or  the  gra\"e  ;  to  raise  ;  to  call  up. 

"  Whom  would'st  thou 
UncharnvU"  Bffron  :  Manfred,  it  4. 

un-9har'-y,  a.  [Pref.  V7i-  (l),  and  Eng. 
chary.]  Not  chary,  not  frugal,  not  careful, 
heedless. 

"I  have  said  too  much  unto  a  heart  of  stone 
And  laid  mine  houour  too  uncliarf/  out." 

Sh<ikcsp.  .-  Twelfth  Jfighf,  iii.  4. 

un-9haste«  'un-chast,  a.  [Pref.  1(?^■  (i), 
and  Eng.  chaste.]  Not  chaste,  not  continent^ 
lewd,  licentious. 

"  Fair  as  the  soul  it  ciiiies.  and  unchast  never."  ■ 
Beaunt.  d-  f'let.  :  Faitli/ul  bhepherdcss,  1, 

un-9haste'-ly,  *  un-chast-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
unchaste:  -ly.]  In  an  unchaste  manner; 
lewdly,  licentiously. 

*'  A  sin  of  that  sudden  activity,  as  to  be  .ilready 
committed  when  no  more  is  done,    but  oidj'  lookd 

unchusre>!/."— Milton  :  Doctrine  of  Dioorcc.  ii.  18. 

un-9hast'-ened  (t  silent),  a.  [Pref.  ii«-{l), 
and  Eng.  chastened.]    Not  chastened. 

"  Unchasten'd  and  unwrought  mindj." — Milton: 
Chnj-ch  Government,  bk.  ii.,  cb.  iii. 


ate.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there; 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule.  fuU;  try, 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot. 
Syrian,    ae,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =liw. 


unchasteness  —unciform 


285 


*  iin-cliasto'-ness,  '  un-chaste-ncs,  s. 

[Kiy;^.   tinchnsU :   -ne.<-<.]     Unchustily,   iiicoiiti- 
reiire. 

■•  No  slniHtor  suai.icitui  oythcr  concWvisuea  or  ot  un- 
duitri-ivs.oyiheroianiteritiorvt  cruoltlo.  —Hi/cUffo- 

Thiiothyp  V. 

•un-chas  tis-a-ble.  «.  [Picf.  un-{\\  ami 
Ell-  dimtis^>k'\  Nut  uble  to  be  chastised ; 
unlit  or  ulKU•s^•rviug  to  he  chastised. 

"  VwhattittathU  iti  tltose  ju.lkial  courU."— J/'««« 
2V/rachoi*ito*i. 

tin  ch^is-tiscd;  «.     U'lef.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
1.  Not  chastised,  not  punished. 

•■  Oh  :  b'Mi'at  thou  left  me  iinchiittised. 
Thy  i>recept  I  huil  still  .leMpi-ed. 

*2.  Not  profited  by  chastisement. 

un  chas'-ti-t3?,  'uii-clias-ty-te,.f.  [Pief. 
^(//  (I),  and  Eng.  f/ms/f^O/.]  Want  of  chastity  ; 
K'W.liH-ss,  incniitinence  ;  unlawful  indulgence 
of  tin-  sexual  appetite. 

•■  They  hftiie  in  cufessioua.  mude  kUiges  wives  iind 
aniiglitsrs.  to  make  vowes  of  unch'ist'jte  uuto  them. 
—  Hale:  .if«il.<;r;/.  f-l-  H2. 

-  un-check-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  chechitble.]  Ineapable  of  being  checked 
or  "exiiiuined.  {S'oith  :  Life  of  Lord  Guil/ord, 
ii.  285). 

un-checked',   «.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

durk'-d.] 

1.  Not  checked,  restrained,  hindered,  or 
repressed  ;  unrestrained. 

"  But  (ipt  the  luiiid  or  fancy  ia  to  rove     _ 
l/tichcck'U.  liud  of  her  roviu:;^  is  no  end." 

Milton  :  P.  L..  viii.  189. 

•2.  Uncontradicted. 

"  Yet  it  lives  there  unvherk'd.  tlint  Aiitouio  hath  a 
ship  of  rich  Iftdiiig  wreck  "J  on  the  Uiurow  sejis."— 
S/iOkesp.  :  Mfixhaiit  vf  IViiCf,  iii.  I. 

3.  Xot  cheeked  or  examined. 

" un-gheer-ful,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
due  if  III.] 

1.  Not  cheerful,  j»yless,  cheerless,  dismal. 

"In  vaiu  1  mil  at  Opportnuity,  . 

At  time,  at  Taiquiu,  aud  M»ic/*t*e>/a7  night. 

Sftakesj).  :  Itape  of  Liicrece,  1,024. 

2.  Not  cheerful,  ready,  or  willing ;  grudging. 

'■  It  must  not  be  couatmined,  uncheerfal  obedience." 
—Lei'jhtiin  :  Cum.  on  1  Pat.  iii. 

un  9heer  -fulness,  *  un  -cheere-ful- 
nesse*  .■^.  [Pief.  ua-  (l),  and  Eng.  cheerfid- 
ness.]  The  absence  of  cheerfulness  ;  depres- 
sion of  spirits  ;  cheerlessuess,  sadness. 

"Aw.iy  with  this  earthly  uneheer/ulnetxe."  —  Bp. 
Hall :  Art  •./  Dii<ine  Mediation,  ch.  xxix.  {Richai^'jn.) 

*  un-9heer'-y.  f.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and  Eng. 
ducry.]    Not  cheery,  cheerless,  dismal,  dull. 

*■  The  uncheerg  hours  which  perpetually  overUike 
Wi."— Sterne:  Sermons,  vol.  i.,3er.  2. 

un-chewed'  (ew  as  6),  '  un-fhawed',  a. 

[Pivf.   an-  (I),  and  En;:;.  dn;>ced.\     Nutchewed, 
not  ]nasticated. 
"  He  HUa  hia  famiah'd  maw,   liia  laouth  runs  o'er 
With  laic/ieip'd  morsels,  while  he  churns  the  gore/' 
Dryden  :  I'irifil ;  .Eneid  x.  l,02S. 

'  iin-^hild',  v.t.  [Pief.  xui-  (-2),  and  Eng. 
dilld.\ 

1.  Tu  liereave  of  children  ;  to  make  childless. 

■*  Thougli  in  this  city  he 
"  li.ith  widow  d  and  unchilied  many  a  one." 

Shakesp.  :  Coriolanut.  v.  fl. 

2.  To  divest  of  the  character  of  a  child  or 
children. 

"  They  do  wilfully  unchild  themselves,  and  chiinge 
DHtural  affection  for  violeot." — Bp.  Hall:  Contempt.; 
O/Sajmim's  Marriaye. 

*  un-Child'-isll,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
childish.]  From  its  derivation  the  word  sliould 
mean,  not  having  the  characteiisties  of  a  child  ; 
but  in  the  only  known  example  it  appears  = 
not  lit  for  children.  (IVebbe:  Eng,  Poetrie, 
p.  40.) 

'  unchilied',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
diilled.]  Not  chilled  ;  not  cooled,  or  destitute 
of  or  dejM-ived  of  warmth  or  heat. 

•'  Unbent  by  winds,  unchitid  by  snowa." 

Byron:  Oiaour. 

-*  un-chi-rot'-o-nize,  v.t.  [Pref.  im-  (2); 
Gr.  xetpoTOt'to  {rhelrnionin)  =  voting,  suffrage  ; 
Xeip  {dieir)  =  thp  hand,  and  TeiVw  {teino)  = 
to  stretch.]  To  depose,  deprive,  or  reject  by 
a  vote. 

"  As  if  Jusephus  upon  that  of  Samuel— they  have 
nut  rejected  tnee,  but  theylmve  rejected  me  that  I 
should    not   reign    over  them— had  not  said    of    the 


people  that  they  uuchirol-mii'U  or  unvoted  (..ud  nf  the 
-    kingdom.     Now  If  they  un'.'hir'Haniz-l  or  unv^lod  G->'1 
of  the  klugdoin,  then  they  had  ohlrotonlid  or  v.it-ul 
him  til  the  kiufe'dorii."— /Atrci/ii/fo'i  ;  Oceana,  p.  -lUi. 

*un-ghiv-al-r0US,  «.  [Prof,  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  chivai'-ous.]  Not  chivalrous;  not  ac- 
cording tu  t&o  rules  of  chivalry  ;  wanting  in 
chivalry  or  honour. 

■*  So  thauklesjs,  vold-heart«d,  unchivalroust  unfor- 
giving"—f.  Bronti-:  ViUctti.  ch.  xxxv. 

*  un-chol -er-ic.  a.  [Pref.  im-(l).  and  Eng. 
dinUric]  Even -tempt- red.  {Carlyle:  Sartor 
Resartm,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  iv.) 

un-gho^'-en,   a.     [Pref.  wit-  (l),  and  Eng. 

df)s>^n.\ 

1.  Not  chosen  or  predestinated;  rejected. 

•■  And  that  euery  luau  is  either  chosen  or  uncAoseii. 
.  .  .  And  yfwe  bee  of  the  unchonen  swrte.  no  good 
dede  can  aimil  VA"-Sir  T.  Mirc:   Worket.  p.  273. 

2.  Not  chosen  or  adopted  voluntarily. 

"  Beguile 
A  solitude,  unchofii.  unprofessd. " 

Wordtworth:  ICxcunton,  bk.  vii, 

'  un-9hrist'-en  ((  silent),  v,t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  diristen.] 

1.  To  unbaptise ;  to  undo  the  ecclesiastical 
ottiees  of  baptism  of;  to  annul  the  baptism  of. 

"  To  constrain  him  further  were  to  tincttristm  him, 
to  uumau  him."— J/i/fou  .■  Dittorce,  bk.  ii..  ch.  xxii. 

2.  To  render  unchristian  ;  to  deprive  of 
sanctity. 

'■  But  this  king  .  .  .  hath  as  it  were,  unhallow'd 
and  unchrijtt'-n'd  the  very  duty  of  prayer  itself.'— 
MiJtun    Eikonokhulci,  5  I. 

un-christ'-ened((  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-(\), 
and  Eng.  chrL^fcned.]  Not  christened;  not 
baptised. 

"  Those  iron  cla.sps,  that  iron  band. 
Would  not  yield  to  uu-hrtttened  hand." 

Scott :  Lai)  lif  the  Liist  Minstrel,  iii  9. 

iin-clmst' i-an,  *  un-chris-tene,  'i.  [Pref. 
iui-  (1),  and  Eng.  diriMin.t.] 

1.  Not  Christian  ;  not  belonging  to  the 
Christian  religion  ;  heathen  or  infidel. 

"And  ere  that  faithless  truce  w:i3  broke 
Which  freed  her  from  the  unchristian  yoke.  " 

Byron  :  Stfjc  qf  Corinth.  '.>. 

2.  Inconsistent  with  the  laws  or  spirit  of 
Christianity ;  unchristianly. 

•'  He  had,  from  hia  youth  up.  been  at  war  with  the 
Nonconformists,  and  had  rejjeatedly  assailed  them 
with  unjust  and  nvchrUtiun  asperity."— J/acau?ai/ .■ 
Hist.  En:/.,  ch.  viii. 

unchristian -like.  «.  Unchristianly  ; 
like  tlie  conduct  of  a  person  who  is  not  a 
Christian. 

*  iin-christ'-i-an,  v.t.  [Pref.  tin-  (2),  and 
Eng.  duistian.]  To  deprive  of  Christianity; 
to  make  unchristianly. 

■'  Atheism  la  a  sin  that  doth  not  only  uncftristian 
but  uuimui  a  person  that  is  guilty  of  it."— SwuWi- 

un-christ'-i-an-ize,  r.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  diristidnize.]  To  turn  away  from 
Christianity ;  to  cause  to  abandon  the 
Christian  faith  or  to  degenerate  from  the  be- 
lief and  profession  of  Christianity. 

*  un-christ'-i-an-ly,  a.  &,  culr.  [Pref.  wh- 
(1),  and  Eng.  dt'ristianly.] 

A,  As  adj.:  Like  the  conduct  of  a  person 
who  is  not  a  Christian  ;  contrary  to  the  laws 
or  spirit  of  Christianity;  unbeconling  a 
Christian. 

'■  A  most  minittural  .lud  nnchriitianli/  yoke."— 
Milton:  0/ Dioorre.  Ok.  ii..  ch.  xx. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  an  unchristian  manner;  in 
a  manner  contrary  to  the  laws  or  spirit  of 
Christianity. 

"They  behaued  themselues  moat  unc7irlttinnli/ U>- 
ward  their  brethren."— //acA/K^/f  .■  Voyages,  ii.  Z<i'i. 

*  un-chrisf -i-an-ness»  s.  [Eng.  nnchri^- 
ti^iii;  -ne-ss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unchristian  ;  contrariety  to  the  spirit  of 
Clu-istiauity  ;  absence  of  Christian  spirit  in 
the  conduct. 

'•  The  iinchrisliannest  of  those  denials  might  arise 
from  a  disple/Lsure  to  see  me.  prefer  my  own  divinea. ' 
—King  Charh-s :  Eikon  BasUike. 

*  un-9liur9ll',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
diurch.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  church  privileges ;  to  expel 
from  a  church  ;  to  excommunicate. 

••  To  unchurch  aud  unchriatiaii  them  that  are  not  of 
their  company. '—//i*/*;  Discourse  of  lid igiiyn.  ch,  i. 

2.  To  refuse  the  name  of  a  church  ;  to 
refuse  or  deprive  of  the  character,  designa- 
tion, rights,  or  standing  of  a  church. 

"You  say— we  hereby  unchnrrh  the  reformed 
churches  abroad. '■—»'arffrZa»i/     Works,  x.,  p.  8. 


iin'-^i,  s.  pi.  [PI.  of  Lat.  uncus  =  a  book,  a 
baib.l 

Hot. :  Hooks  of  any  kind;  siwcif.,  hooU'-d 
hairs ;  hairs  curved  back  at  the  point,  aa  those 
on  the  nuts  ot  MyosotirS  I/ippula. 

iin'-9i'9,  s.     [Lat.) 

L  Roman  Antiq. :  The  twelfth  part  of  any- 
thing: as,  an  ounce,  aa  being  a  twelfth  part 
of  the  as. 

•  2.  Math.:  A  term  formerly  oniitloyed  to 
signify  the  numerical  cneflicieut  of  any  lerin 
of  tlie  binomial  theorem. 

"iin'-Ci-al  (C  as  Sh),  a.  (Lat.  i(nnVt/is  =  be- 
longing to  an  inch,  or  to  an  ounce,  from 
i(}irla=  'An  iiieh,  an  ounce;  O.  Fr.  onriat.] 
IVrtuining  to  an  ounce  or  inch,    {lilount.) 

iin-ci-al  (c  as  sh),  n.  &  s.  [Etym.  doubt- 
ful ;  perh.ips  the  same  word  as  *  Uncial,  n. ; 
Shipley  thinks  it  may  be  a  cornipt.  of  Ljit. 
{litttTa-)  iiiUlales  =  initial  letters.  (See  also 
extract  under  A.).] 
J\dieuijraphy : 

A.  As  adj. :  A  term  borrowed  from  the 
Latin,  and  applied  t-j  Greek  writing  of  tlie 
larger  type  to  distinguish  it  from  that  written 
entirety  in  smaller  eharaeters.  Uncials  dilVer 
111. Ill  tilt- 'iM'-r  capitals  m  bt-iug  coinpo.sed  of 

npcjoTONK^in^^MY 

(TTpajTOf  KaX  ndi'V.) 

GREEK   USCl.\l.   WltlTINO. 

curved  instead  of  straight  lines,  giving  a 
rounded  appearanee  to  the  lett«re,  and  allow- 
ing of  their  being  written  with  greater  rapidity. 
Tiie  oldest  Greek  uncial  ms.  in  existence  is 
probibly  a  fragment  of  the  J7(V(rf  (bk.  xviii.), 
found  in  a  tomb  near  Monfalat  (Egypt).  ;ind 
now  in  the  British  Museum.  L'licial  <.n-.-k 
writing  began  to  decline  about  the  end  of  tlu-- 
sixth  century,  aii^!  died   out  altng.-ther  i-arly 

XI  STecnpoRi  S)e>oM3. 

(lis  temporis  bona.) 

LATIS    UNCIAL   WRITINlJ. 

in  the  tenth  century.  Latin  uncial  writing 
(of  which  the  oldest  examples  now  in  exist- 
ence are  assigned  to  the  fourth  century)  was 
in  common  use  till  the  eighth  century,  but 
was  employed  still  later  for  special  purposes. 

"at.  Jerome's  ofteu  quoted  word*,  '  unciulihnt.  ut 
vulijo  nimit.  litteris,"  in  his  preface  to  the  book  of 
Job  have  never  been  explained.  Of  the  character 
referred  to  as  •uncial'  there  is  no  doubt,  but  the  de- 
rivation  of  the  t^^rm  is  unkuo wu."— A'nctfC.  Brit.  led. 
3th),  xviiL  lib.  (Note  1.) 
B,  As  suhst. :  An  uncial  letter.     [A.] 

•' lu  Liitiu  majuscule  writing  there  exist  both 
capiUvla  and  uncinli.  each  class  distiuot.  In  Greek 
Mss.  pure  capital  letter-writiug  Wiis  never  employed 
)except  occasionally  for  ornamental  titles  at  a  bite 
time}."— £'»cyc  BrU.  (ed  ath),  xviii.  nr.. 

1[  Half-uncial: 

Pal(eography :  A  style  of  writing  partukiug 
of  the  chai-acter  both  of  the  cursive  and 
uncial,  aud  apjiarently  forming  a  transition 


S 


{liU'i-inquam 


j-iriftvy         lihro-) 


LATIN    H.\LF-UNCIAL    WUIIISG. 


from  the  earlier  to  the  later  style.  It  ap- 
jieared  about  the  end  of  the  fifth,  and  died 
out  about  the  end  of  the  seventh  century. 

"  We  have  a  series  of  Mss.,  d.atiiig  from  the  end  "f 
the  5th  century,  which  are  classed  as  example*  ot  >i<i(/- 
uneial  writing'.'— i."'tci/f.  Brit,  (ed.  sthl.  xviii.  153. 

^  Used  also  subst;intively  : 
"  The  text  is  in  very  exactly  formed  half-uncialt."— 
Encyc.  BrU.  (ed  9thl,  xviii.  159. 

*  un-ci-a'-tim,  adc.    [Lat.]   Ounce  by  ounce 

un'-ci-form,  a.  [Lat.  «*i(rit.s  =  a  hook,  and 
foniiu  —  fi)nii.]  Having  a  hooked  or  fur\'ed 
form;  hook-liko.     [Hooked.J 

unciform-bone,  s. 

.-In«(. ;  The  interior  bone  of  the  second  row 
of  carpal  bones.  It  is  sub-triangular  in  shape, 
is  readily  distinguished  by  the  large  hook  like 
]irocess  projecting  forwai^s  and  slightly  out- 
wards on  its  anterior  surface  ;  it  .serves  for  the 
attachment  of  the  annular  ligaments  and  the 
muscles  of  the  little  linger.  The  uncifoiin- 
bone  articulates  with  the  os  magnvvi,  the 
semi-lunar,  cuneiform,  aud  fourth  and  lifth 
metacarpal  bones. 


boU,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  ^eU,  chorus.  9liin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst,    ph  -  L 
-cian. -tian  :^  sh^n.    -tion, -sion  =  shun; -tion, -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  tious. -sious  =  shus.    -ble. -die.  i:c.  =  bel.  deL 


2Hii 


uncinate  —unclean 


anolform  process,  • 

Ar.ir^  ■■■.  ; 

1.  |L  ^.  iii.i:il-ht'M:.l 

2.  An  im*KiilHr  Imiiiim  oi  bene,  pnijfctinj: 
duwiiw.iplo  uml  liackwiinis  fmiu  Ihi-  iiift'rioi 
portinii  -tf  i-itrh  littrnil  inii»>  in  tlir  I'Uiuiuid 
biujf.    r.illi'il  utsti  l'iii'iimt«-i>n->ce>sS. 

ftn-fl-n^tfl,  iln'-^I-nat^d.  a.    [Ut.  u>t- 

rinu/ii".  froiii  t(frt'K^=ii  tiouk.) 

L  Aval.  iV  /.ool. :  Ik-sft  with  Itiut  sjiim-s 
Irtvc  ho..k»     (Onyii.) 

2.  yw.  :  ilouktHl  at  tlu-  enj  likt-  an  a\\n. 
|I1o4>kk:>.  II. ] 

uncinate  process.  [L'nlikurm-i-uu- 
. »— .  .-  I 

'  An-flno-turod, t/.  [Vi\t\  'f"-(i),  »nd  Ku\:. 
•*inti>in<l.]  IxpriVfJ  of  a  cincture;  notwtjii- 
i'i«  a  iiiicturc  or  i;ii\IU*. 

Hutti  bATock  made  of  hi*  unfhictur'd  (riciid)'-" 
C'oic/'^r:  Homer :  Ifiad  \vi. 

un  fi'-ni,  .•=.  ;'/.  [Lat.,  pL  of  nncinm=ix 
))iM»k.  a  Uirb.) 

/.'Mi. :  Tin-  iianio  givo'j  to  the  hnnk-slirii>e«l 
t*flh  nn  the  plcnr.i*  or  lateral  tracts  r.f  tlif 
lingual  ribUm  iif  tin-  Mnllusca.  They  aiv 
vi-ry  nt;tniTi>U'4  in  thu  ithiut-eating  Gastcin- 

un-fin 'i-ai,  >\  [I-it.  whrihu*  =  a  hooU.  a 
l\'tilt ;  uaini-il  I'roni  tho  hunkod  awa  which  in 
thi-  fruit  hccomi.'s  hardt'iied.] 

/>"/.:  A  ^'cniis  of  Cariceje,  closr-Iy  akhi  to 
Oarex,  ami  a^^reein^  with  it  in  hahit.  Kninvn 
spccit■^  twi-nty-ninc,  chit-Hy  from  thesuiithfrn 
heuiinphirf. 

*  lin  91  -pher, '-.'.  lPr<.*f.  vn-  (j),  ami  Eug. 
.-././(.:.]    Todt'ciphur. 

"  A  If  tier  in  i-iiilier.*  .  .  .  now  7t>icip!iei'ett."—l!»»h- 
'tfnili      Hut.  Coll..  ill.  iv..  Uil.  1.,  p.  4l'l. 

un-9ir  Hsum^i^ed.  c    (Pref.  v>f  (l),  and 
Knt;.  nirii,i.,-,>i-il.]     .\itt  {'ircunicisc-d ;  ht-iu'i-,  in 
ih*-  ItiUf.  n>'t  ul  thi-  .Ji'wisli  faith  or  racf. 


■  un'9ir-cum-9i 'Sion.  .-•.  [Pruf,  vn.{\),  and 

'•^ni-'"" "■>'""-l* 

1.  Ord.  ioiig.  :  The  aljseiice  or  want  of  cir- 
cumcision. 

"(;ort.  tiiJit  given  tlie  Inw  tlint  h  Jew  bIiiiU  I>p  fir- 
rnmci«4-d.  thereby  couatitntvi  uncirrHmehiun  Hii  oU. 
nquity."— WiinirHoiKj. 

2.  .'■i'-ript.:  The  um-ircumcised  portion  of 
the  world ;  tlip  mass  of  thi  Gentile  nations. 

•■  I(  the  unrimtntcitirm  keep  the  rich  ten  tianej<»  nf 
the  Uwc.  fhAll  iiuthU  n iifiiTiimcision  he  vouuivii  fur 
riiciimcition  r  "  —  /{omuut  ii.  "J'i 

•  &n-9ir  -cum-scribed,  rr.  [Prof.  !/((-(l),;iiid 

Dn-i.  ,;r--:iiiisrril"'(l.\  N,,t  circumscriUcd  ;  not 
I'liuii'li^d  ni  limited. 

"  .Xx  yet  tiiirirrifiisfi-iti'il  MieregiU  i-ower. 
AiiJ  wild  KUd  v»t;ue  pruiogativexemaiud. " 

Thornton  :  Libvity,  iv. 

•  un-9ir'-cum-8pect,  ".     (Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 

thc-  '  '.-(••■„iiiwt.\  Not  circumspect,  not 
c.tutmus  ;  incautious,  heedles-s. 

"Could  be  iii't  bewfiie.  i-oiild  lie  not  bethink  liiin, 

wM  he  AO  itncirviiiin/jet'f  t"—J/Ulon  :  .\pol.for  Since- 

f>/iniiuin. 

un-9ir -cum-spect  ly,  ("Jr.  (Piof.  in;- 
(1).  ;ind  Eiig.  '•;,.  uiii.-^ihrfiii,]  Irian  inicircum- 
■^yvct  manner  ;  without  circumspet'tion,  heed- 
lessly. 

"Wlieii  they  had  one*  uiirirciii'i'ptvftv  gmiiiitwl 
liyiii    t<*  execute  j\\i*ty:i:'  —Hafe:    liu^lhh    f<^,trht, 

•  un  - 9ir- cum- Stan  -tial  (ti  as  sh),  o. 

[Pref.  v,X'{\),  and  Kng.  circuntsUmtiaL] 

\.  N<'t  circnnibtimtial  ;  not  entering  into 
miuutf  dctiiils. 

2.  Not  important ;  tiivial,  unimportant. 

"Tlir  like  i»,irtii.i:liini,  ulthoMgh  the v  went  i(.ir*>- 
cu„ut,i„t,iil  Me  utt  sL-t  down  in  holy  «ciii»turi-."— 
Urow,.^      I  ufgar  AVront*.  bk.  vii.  ch.  i. 

un'9i-te^  .«.     [Lat.  ('Hc(u5)  =  a  hook;  sulf. 
-I  tea.) 

Pohront.:  A  genus  of  Spiriferidjc,  from  the 
Devonian  of  Europe,  it  is  allied  to  Rct/.ia 
(i\.v.).  hut  the  beak  of  the  ventral  valve  is 
slightly  curved,  the  foranifii  disappcai-s  t-arly, 
there  is  ix.  Idn^c  area,  and  tht  shell  structure 
if  iiiipiUK'tatc. 

•  un-9it-y.  '■■'.    (Prof.  .-,(-  (2),  and  Eng.  cU>j.] 


To  deprive  'd   the  status  or  privileges  of  a 
city. 

"  SiHrie  wmild  lv\v  Imd  ft  unHfinl  IwottlHe  1111- 
tti)>liii|>t>tl  til  oiir  civil  wars."  — >*i»Hf/-  /  H'oithit!*  ; 
<ilou<-r$tfr.  I    •.:•)■*. 

i^-9iv'-U.  •un-clv-ill,  n.    [Pref.  u,i-  (i), 
'      and  Eng.  c/nV.) 

'  '  1.  Not  pertaining  to  a  settled  government, 

I      t»r  willed  8tate  of  society  ;  not  civilized. 

"  Hen  cniiniit  tfiijuy  the  ri^ht.->  u(  lui  uitcMt  and  civil 
I  stntv  bitfether."— //iirA'c. 

[  '2.  Hough,  uncivilized.    (Of  persons.) 

!  "Tlie  uneii'U  kernes  ot  Irelitiid  itre  in  nrms." 

tihuki-»M.:  -  ilenrji  17,,  ill.  t. 

•3.  Uncivilized,  barbarous,  .savage. 

"  ThI*  nnci'in  (or  nl  tlwrfr  mwini/  «ud  tude  ni.-iiier.' 
~I!f«iutf!:  (/tiiiitu4  Ctirfiut,  fol.  '£i. 

'4,  Improper,  unusual,  extraordinary. 

•■  With  midniiibt  matin*,  nt  unrivil  hours," 

hfiiUen:  llhid  Jt  i'tintli^r.iu.  1.010. 

'1.  Impolite,  discourteous,  ill-mannered. 
(Applied  to  per.sons,  speech,  (U'  conduct.) 

"  It  \v««  Ituowi)  all  over  the  town  that  uncinU  things 
had  ]>evi\  said  uf  thi-  inllltnry  prufesaiuii  in  the  Huuse 
uf  (."uuimunn."— J/rtca«((itf -■  //isl.  Knu.,  eh.  xxiii. 

un-9iv-U-i2ed,  a.     [Pref.  im-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  civilized  ;  not  reclaimed  from  savage 
life  <n-  mannei-s  ;  barbarous. 

"  These  unrioHizi-d  people  csring  for  little  else  than 
wliat  i«  ueueasary."— yMiM^iej".'   ►ni/ayc-."  (an.  IG81J. 

*  2.  Coarse,  rude,  indecent. 

"  Several,  who  have  heen  polished  in  France,  make 
use  of  the  iiiodt  I'onracttncieilizeU  wonlu  in  our  lan- 
guage."—.<d</i«(>H. 

un-9iv'-il-ly,  m/r.  (Pref,  vn-  (1),  ami  Eng. 
ilrlihi.]  In  an  uncivil  manner;  discour- 
teously, impolitely,  rudely. 

"  I  follnw'd  him  too  clnse: 
And  tu  s-iy  truth,  somewhat  uncivilly,  ujHin  a  rout." 
Dri/dtii  ;  King  Arthur,  i.  I. 

un-clad'U)*  <-'■  ^  i"'''f-  '^•f ''•    [L'xclothe.] 

iin-clad'  (2),  -  un-klad,  c  [Pref.  nn-  (i), 
and  Eng.  cUid.]     Not  clad,  not  clotheil. 

"  He  was  ashamed  to  approche  nygh  to  it.  beyiige  in 
.«■>  wyniple  a  atjile  and  iiiirdad."—.ii>-  T.  £li/ot:   The 

ii-n-:viiiiur,  bk.  ii. 

un-claimed;  ".  [Pref.  im-  (l),  and  Eng. 
duuiuil.]  Not  claimed,  not  demanded  ;  not 
called  for. 

"  Xo  ixiaoeful  desert  yet  unclahninl  by  Spain." 

Johiuoii :  Loudon. 

unclaimed-money,  ».  Money  result- 
ing Jn-iit  ^uils  iti  Cliaucery  or  at  Common 
Law.  Tlie  rightful  f)wneis,  having  either 
died  (u-  disappeared,  the  money  remains  in 
the  care  of  the  Court.  Lists  of  na7nes  of 
those  entitled  lo  such  monies  are  published 
from  time  to  time  by  private  lirms  who  devote  ' 
thi.-mselves  to  such  business. 

un-cl&r'-i-fied,  a.  [Pref.  »ij,-(l),  and  Eng. 
rh'rijir.i.]  Xot  clarified;  not  made  clear  or 
pur;:.e'!. 

"  One  <iuiiL-e  of  whey  unrJarified ;  one  ounce  of  oil  of    i 
vitriol,  make  no  apparent  iiltenition. "- Bacoi*  .■  Phjfs. 
/icmaiui.  \ 

un-clasp',  i-.t.  &   /.      [Pref.  itii-  (2),  and  Em;.    ' 

rl.i.p.]  -       , 

A.  Trnnsltirr: 

1.  To  unfasten  the  elasp  of;  to  o]ien,  as  a 
thing  fastened  with,  or  as  with  a  clasp.    (Lit. 

"  Thnn  know'st  no  less  but  all ;  I  have  uurlasp'd 
To  thee  the  book  even  of  my  secret  soul,"  ' 

Shalusp. :  Ttevl/th  A.V/Af.  i.  i. 

■  2.  To  disclose,  to  reveal,  to  lay  open.  ' 

"  In  her  lK>som  I'll  uncl'igp  my  heart. "'  I 

Sliakcap.  :  Much  Ad'i.  i.  1.       J 

*  B.   Intrans. :     To    let    go    the     liamls.   \ 

(Sliiiirsji. :  Pericles,  ii,  3.)  i 

'  un-class'-a-ble,    a.      [Pref.  nn-  (1).    and  j 

Kul:.  l■^'^.,(/./..l     Incapable  ofbeing  classed  or  ! 
cla-^NJIi.  ,1  ;  II, It  admittTUg  of  classilication.  , 

t  un-class  10,  t «n-class-ic-al,  a.   (Prei. 

"('-  (I),  and  Kng,  classic,  chtsisical.] 

1.  Not  classical ;  not  resembling  the  com-  , 
positions  of  the  classical  authors.  I 

"  Angel  of  dulness,  sent  tn  scatter  round 
Her  inagick  charms  o'er  all  uuclaiukk  ground." 

Pope  :  /)unci<id,  iii,  25S. 

2.  Not  confined  to  or  including  the  classics. 

".^n  education  totally  ioiclassical."—Knox.'  Liberal 
Aauviifio}!,  §  7, 

^  un-class'-ic-al-lj^.  adr.  [Eng.  wic'utssical  ; 
-/(/.!  Not  in  a  classical  manner;  not  in  the 
iiiaimcr  of  the  classical  authors. 


un'-de,  -■■'.  (Fr.  oitrtr.  from  Lat.  arinimlum^ 
aeeUh.  of  antm-nlvs  =  a  mother",s  brother, 
)iiop,=  little  grandfather,  beiiit;  a  doulde 
diiiiin.  from  mvis  —  n  grandfather;  (.ifr.f>}iJ;y{.\ 

1.  /,('/,  :  The  brother  of  one's  father  or 
mother  ;  the  husband  of  one's  aunt. 

2.  ft'j. :  A  pawnbroker.    (N/uji;/.) 

"  I'udcs.  rich  as  three  t(olden  IwilLi 
From  tflkiiig  |tledKi-«  of  nation^.' 

//.^(      i!iU  Kilmiiunrgy. 

Ii  Aecording  to  Hiewcr;  L'nck'  in  this  sense 
is  a  pun  on  the  Latin  won!  ■minis  =  a  hook, 
which  pawnbrokers  emplnycd  lo  lift  uiticles 
pawned  l«'fore  spout.•^  win-  adopted.  This, 
IiMWi'ver,  is  tendered  dnulitlnl  by  tlie  fact  that 
in  Kreneh  slang  mi  M»r/'(=iny  aunt)  has  a 
similar  meaning.  The  probable  alUtsion  is  to 
a  mythical  rich  relative. 

Uncle  Sam,  .'^.  The  jocular  or  r.int  name 
ot  tin-  I'liit''!  States  i;ii\eiaiment,  used  as 
Jnhn  Bull  is  with  respect  to  England.  It  is 
suppDseil  to  be  a  jocular  extension  of  the 
letters  U.S.  (United  States),  printed  or  stamped 
on  tln'  ;,'o\eriiment  property, 

un- clean',  *  un-cleane,  '  un-clene.  n. 

UVef.  >in-  (1),  and  Eng.  (/cf/Ll 
I.  Ordinonj  Langnnf^c : 

1.  Not  (dean  ;  foul,  dirty,  filthy. 

"  Whoso  will  Ilia  haiuUw  liiue. 
Tliei  must  be  the  more  rnrlmr." 

(iturer:  C.  A..  iL 

2.  Morally  foul  or  impure ;  wicked,  evil ; 
hence,  lewd,  unchaste. 

"  Let  them  all  encircle  liim  about, 
And.  fiiiry-like  too,  pimh  the  mii-rean  knight." 
S/utJceKp. :  Merrj/  Wives  of  Windsor,  iv.  i. 

IL  Coinjxnv.tive  Edigiotis: 

1.  ICthnici^m:  In  every  ceremonial  faith 
which  exists  or  has  existed,  distinction  exist- 
between  what  is  eereini'tiially  clean  and  un- 
clean. Food  cooketl  by  a  Sudra  or  by  an  out- 
east  is  unclean  to  the  lirahrnin,  and  it  is  at. 
the  peril  of  his  caste  if  he  eat  it.  He  must 
also  avoiil  imclcan  persous,  as  the  Pariah,  the 
3Iahar,  and  other  outcasts. 

2.  ■luilaisiii:  Botli  things  on  the  one  hand, 
and  persons  or  beings  on  the  other,  might  lie 
ceremonially  unclean,  llt'garding  things,  there 
were  unclean  places  (Lev,  xiv.  40),  but  the 
word  uuclean  was  especially  applied  to  cei- 
tairi  articles  of  food,  as  the' flesh  of  animals 
which  had  died  of  disease,  or  been  strangled 
by  man,  or  killed  by  beasts  or  birds  of  prey, 
certain  animals  in  all  circumstances  [Us 
c'LEAX-AXi-MALs],  and  blood,  (Lev,  v.  2,  :; ; 
xi.  40,  41 ;  xvii.  lO-lii;  Acts  xv.  29.)  Hegard- 
ing  persons,  one  might  lie  made  unclean  by 
touching  the  carcase  of  an  unclean  auiiua! 
of  any  kind  (Lev.  v.  2;  xi.  '2ii).  In  soim 
cases  this  ceremonial  defilement  was  but  tem- 
porary, ctmtinuing  only  till  the  evening  (xi. 
25-28,  iVc).  Washing  the  clothes  was  often  an 
essential  .step  towards  the  removal  of  the 
impurity.  A  woman  giving  birth  to  a  inan- 
child  was  unclean  for  seven  days  (xii.  2),  and 
to  a  feniale  child  for  fourteen  days  (.xii.  0), 
the  period  of  uncleanness  being  much  shorter 
than  that  of  her  purification  (xii.  4,  5).  The 
leper  was  unelean  till  the  priest  pronounced 
that  his  loathsome  malady  wds  at  an  end. 
(Lev.  xiii.  1-00.)    [Uscleas  Spirit.] 

3.  Clui'^tiaiiiti/:  Jesus  swept  away  the  doc- 
trine that  the  eating  of  certain  artielcs  of 
food,  deemed  ceremonially  impure,  involved 
sin,  by  his  sweeping  declaration  :  "Not  that 
which  goeth  into  the  mouth  defilethaman, 
but  that  which  cometh  out  of  the  mouth,  this 
defileth  a  man"  (Matt.  xv.  11  ;  cf.  also  12-20  ; 
Mark  vii.  bS) ;  and  with  regard  to  xiersons, 
St.  Peter,  after  the  vision  of  the  sheet  let 
down,  would  no  longer  call  any  man  common 
or  unclean  (Acts  x.  2S). 

unclean -animals,  >.  pi. 

.h-n-hJi  Aiiti'i.:  Certain  animals  which  were 
re::arrlid  as  cereniouially  unclean,  and  not 
llieirlniv  to  be  eaten.  .Most  animals  that 
"ch'w  the  cud"  might  be  <'aten,  with  the  ex- 
c.'ption  of  the  camel,  the  coney  (Hvrax),  the 
hare,  and  the  swine,  only  the  first  of  which 
is  a  true  ruminant.  A  number  of  birds— 
the  "eagle,"  the  "o.ssifrage,"  the  "vulture," 
the  "kite,"  &c.— were  b:>  be  deemed  unclean 
and  alMiminable.  Much  ditficulty  arises 
in  identifying  some  of  the  birds  referred 
to;  but  one  broad  fact  is  undoubted— that 
the  Raptores  were  deemed  ceremonially  im- 
pure, while  most  of  the  grain-feeding  birds 
were  allowed  as  articles  of  food.  Unclean  fishes 
were  those  which  had  not  fins  or  scales. 
M'ith  the  exception  of  what  would  now  be 


&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU.  father;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there" 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  ciib,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rile.  fuU;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,     ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


uncleanable— uncollected 


287 


t-alleU  the  leaping  Orth«'pt«*m— locusts.  Rvass- 
lioppe IS,  &c.  —most  iii^i-iis  were  uiicU-iin,  :is 
wiMO  mtiftt  riTt'piii^  tiling's,  from  vfrtcbrnt^- 
n-ptiles  to  nmllu.sL'i'Us  siuiils.  Not  iiicrt-Iy 
wi're  tliL-  mu'Ie.iii  iiiiiiiiaU  to  be  rojfctfd  as 
luticU's  of  food,  tlnir  carcases  were  to  In- 
avoided,  as  the  iudividmtl  touchinj:  them 
would  be  unclean  (Lev.  xi.  1-47).  Apart  from 
the  rereiiu.nial  l:iw,the  Heshof  the  prohibited 
animals  was  peiierally  less  wholesome  than 
tliat  nfthiise  allowed. 

unclean-spirit. .--. 

\(W  T,-<t.:  A  tlenu-n,  a  whked  spirit,  seiz- 
ing .'U  and  acting  throui;!"  uuu  (Matt.  x.  1; 
Mark  i.  iJT,  iii.  :!0 ;  v.  l;:,  \i.  T;  Luke  iv.  3ti ; 
Acts  V.  10.  viii.  7:  Rev.  xvi.  i:;).  IPossfatiiON, 

II.  y,   Po.Sftt:.S.sIuN-THEUBY.] 

un  clean'-a-ble,  rr.  (Pref.  w7?-(l):  Kti-. 
.  'IP,  \. ;  -uhh'  ]    Not  capable  of  being  cleaned. 

un-clean'-li-ness,  '  un-clean-U-nes,  s 

I  Km;;,  nnrh-aiibj  ;  -'M.-.-.i  Tlje  quality  or  state 
ol"  brin^'  unele;i:il}  ;  want  ot  cleanliness;  iil- 
thiness. 

■'Tliia  iiriif.iiip  lil>ert3-  and  uncIeanHncSS  tbc  luvli- 
bbliu])  rejtolvcil  to  refyrin."— ntire/irfwii. 

un-clean'-ly,  "un-clen-ly,  «.    [Pref.  ua- 

(11.  and  P:n;;,  floinlu,  a.) 
J.  Not  cleanly  ;  nltliy,  foul,  dirty,  unclean. 

"The  inicleanli/  sivours  of  n  el.iuKhter-liouse." 
^7mA■^■s/l.  .■  Khiff  John,  iv.  n 

2.  N"t  cleanly  in  a  moral  sense ;  indecent, 
iinchiiste,  lewd. 

•  F.xihiliitiiic:  mito  tliem  shewp^  toga^v  upoiiaud  nu- 

un   clean'  ness,  •  vn-clen-nes,  '  un- 
clen-nessc,  ■^.    [Lu-.  v^'-'iom  ;  -h.^-.s.] 
I.  Onlinurij  Jjy.ngmige : 

1.  The  qu;ility  or  state  of  being  unclean; 

li'iihiess,  Jilfliiness. 

■■  III  St.  (iilcj's  I  understood  th:»t  mo^itof  the  vilest 
;iimI  iiii.»it  nii.-eraljle  Ituuses  of  nncfeanneti  were."— 
l.iiiunt  :  BitU  of  J/oytalit^. 

2.  Moral  impurity ;  defilemeut  by  .sin ; 
lewdnesK,  obscenity. 

"God  hiith  not  called  ns  unto  undeatniega,  Itut  unto 
Imlinesw.'— 1  Tlu-iMil'niiuiit  iv.  7. 
II.  Compar.  Itd'nu  :  Want  of  ritual  or  cere- 
niMiiial  pnritv;  ceremonial  detilenient  or  pol- 

Iiitiun.     L!-'----'..\N.  U-l 

tin-clear',  "un-clere,  o.  iPrtf.  un-  (i), 
.Mid  Eii;^.  deny,  a.] 

1.  Not  bri^iht  or  f  le.ir  ;  dark,  obscure, 

2.  Not  free  from  obscurity,  doubt,  or  un- 
certainty. 


un -cleared,    c     tPref.   jm-  (l),   and  Eng. 

1.  Not  cleared,  as  laud  overgrown  with 
n  .■■■ds. 

■■  Which  is  more  than  can  I"**  said  o£  any  other  ini- 
<■'■■  in-ii  country,"— ( 'out .  Fiist  I'vyfige,  bk.  i..  ch,  v. 

•J.  Xi>t  cleared  ;  not  vindicated  in  character ; 
•  ii.t  fii-rd  tioin  imputations  or  charges  hang- 
ing iivt  r  one. 

'  un -clear  -ness,  .=.  [Pref.  vn-  (i),  aud  Eng. 
rUitr)\fi^.\  Ohbcurity,  want  of  clearness,  an- 
tiquity. 

"  ThLH  ttiiflpwi-'iMi  ift  view  re>t'  upon  nn  error." — 
\y.  /iotwrt^-j'i  :>-iit/! :  out  Test,  iu  Jeaiigh  i/nttxh 
l:  u:.. 

*iin-clench'»  ;■.?.  or  i.  [Pref.  vn-  (l).  ami 
Kng.  cli-ii,h.\  To  oiien  or  loice  open,  as  the 
clenched  Iiaiid. 

"  The  hern  •♦o  his  euterpriite  recalls : 
His  tlst  iiiivleH'.hci.  liud  the  ueapim  falls." 

(ill  >'th  :  Dispensar//,  v. 

un-cler'-ic-al,  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
i-l^riv4il.]  Nut  clerical ;  not  beiitting  or  be- 
coming the  cleixy. 

"  Miuiy  clera^men  are  seen  to  take  delight  in 
utirio-icat  w:i:'j.i.r^iioav."—Kiiox:  IVintcr  £vviiii)g3, 
even.  la. 

"  un- clerk* -like  (er  a.s  ar),  a.    [Pref.  im- 

(IK  Kn^. '^    />.  and  -HI'.:]  Unbenttingackrk, 
cler;;ynia!.,  or  e<lucated  man  ;  unclerical. 

"Biniiis  .iinl  Bartinin^  jiretend  the  text  to  !»  cor. 
ru|it(yl,  II  id  i^o  tu  lunid  it  i>y  auch  an  cmeiidatiun  as 
1^  :i  r'lain  .■■iiitr-uhcti.jii  Vj  tin-  uciise,  tmd  tli.at  bo  un- 
vtc-ltik'-.  7L/  .  by  puttiu.;  iu  twu  wurds,  iuid  leaviug 
tfuluue.  —lip.  fa'jl'jr :  Liberty  of  Prophfsifing,  §  c. 

t  un -de-ship,  ■^.  [Eng.  vnde;  -ship.]  The 
.state  or  tucditiou  of  an  uncle  ;  the  relation  of 
uii  uncle. 

"  rnf/ciA »>  tiifre  in  hmily  cirrles  follows  the  ciis- 
ti.tii  "i  Britr.li>-    — .I'/x-tLPio...  tVb,  10,  1*54,  p.  -Ji:!. 


*  iin-CleW  (ew  as  o),  r.t.     [IVef.  un-  (-J),  and 

Enu'.  (7'-'c.  1  To  unwind,  to  unravel;  hence, 
to  Ii';i\(*  bnre,  to  ruin. 

■'  If  I  --hmild  pJty  yi.ii  for  't  us  "tls  extolled. 
It  would  iNi(7r*M>  iiic  i)iiite," 

■S/((iAf»/>.  ;  ]'imon  of  A(hciit.  i.  1. 

'  iin  - olinQh',  v.t.     [Pref.  -nn-  (2),  and  E^  ^. 

tthi<:h.\     To  luulench  (4. v.). 

'  un  Oling^.  v.i.  [Pref.  un-  (2), ami  Eug.  vV>ui}.\ 
To  ecasf  from  i-lin;,'ing,  adhering,  entwining, 
embracing,  or  the  like. 

"Wliioh  iH-rliai'.-*  »ill  iievrr  uncling,  without  tlie 
jitj-uii^r  Hliateraive  o(  sume  heroic  miifc'hjtraU,-."— J/(7- 
loii :  Tftntc/ioi-don. 

un-olipped',  *un-cllped,  <t.  [Pref.  }n>- 
(1),  and  Kng.  cHpj-^'l.]  Not  idipped  ;  iiot  cut ; 
nut  diminisliet.1  by  clipping. 

"(.'lijied  and  iim-lififi/  luuuey  will  nlwnya  buy  an 
equal  quantity  of  anything  else." — Locke:  Coimdrru- 
tions  on  Money. 

un-ol6ak',  v,t.  &  l.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
W.«//,-,  v.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  de])rive  of  a  cloak. 

B.  IiUivii.^. :  To  take  oft'  one's  cloak. 

*  un-cloath,  v.t.    [Unclothe.] 

un-clog',  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (-J),  and  Eng.  rlofj.] 
To  remove  a  elog  from  ;  to  free  from  a  clog  or 
that  which  clogs,  cncunibers,  or  obstructs; 
to  disencumber,  to  free. 

■■  It  «onld  Jinclc-g  my  heart 
Of  what  lies  heavy  ttit." 

Shukegp,  :  Coriolanus,  iv.  2. 

*  un-cl6is-ter,  r.t.  [Pi-ef.  un-(2),  and  Eng. 
liniskr.]  To  remove  or  release  from  a  cloister 
oi'  from  continemeiit ;  to  set  at  liberty. 

"  Why  did  not  I,  unclvistvr'd  from  the  wuuib. 
Take  my  next  loditiii^  in  a  t^mb?"  A'ofris. 

iin-close',  v.t.  &  L  [Pref.  im-  (2),  aud  Eng. 
dosi;  v.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  oiwn. 

"  His  cautious  dame,  in  Ijower  alone. 
Dreaded  hei  ca^tle  to  uncloaf." 

Scott :  Jtfannron,  Ui.  2. 

2.  Tn  ilisclose  ;  to  lay  opou ;  to  reveal. 

B.  Intrans^ :  To  open. 

"  With  quicker  spread  each  heart  undosea." 

Moiiff :  tight  of  the  Harem. 

iin-close',  ".  [Pref. //K-(l),andEng.c/osf,  a.] 
Uiiresfr\e'l,  babbling,  chattering. 
"  Know  en  deal^^ns  are  daoi^eroua  to  act, 
Aud  the  unclose  chief  dul   never  nuble  fact." 

SyU-eater:  Ihe  Captaines,  l,t.>75. 

un-closed',  ".   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  closed.] 

1.  Not  closed  oi-  shut  ;  open. 

"  I'airn  HiuMiiau  Uca,  his  unclosed  eye 
Yet  loMeriiij;  on  his  euemy." 

Byron:  The  Giaour. 

2.  Not  shut  in  or  separated  by  enclosures  ; 
unenclosed. 

"  .4  great  vyllagcon  theeeesjdei'/ic/ojerf."— Bojviers; 
I'foissitrt  :  Croiiyeh',  vol,  i.,  ch.  ccccxxx. 

3.  Not  tinished,  not  concluded. 

un-cl6the',  *un-cloath,  r.t.  [Pref.  ua-  (2), 
and  Eng.  dothe.] 

1.  Lit.  :  To  remove  the  clothes  from  ;  to 
dive.st  of  clothes;  to  make  naked;  to  strip 
of  tlie  clothes. 

"Thauue  knyghtis  of  the  juatise  ,  .  .  mtclotfiiflen 
him  and  diden  ulmut  hiiuareed  mantel"— ll'^c/^ife. ■ 
Mntthew  xxvii. 

*  2.  Fi^. :  To  divest,  to  free. 

"Tn  unrloath  themselves  of  the  covers  of  reiison,  or 
inotle-jty."— /f;^.  Taylor  :  t>ennonx,  vol,  i.,  ser.  2-;. 

un  -  Clothed',   c      [Pref.    nn-  (1),  r.nd    Eng. 

vlvfhed.i 

1.  Not  clothed  ;  not  having  clothes  on. 

"The  wonieu  labour  iu  the  lields,  and  are  quite  (oi- 
chthtd.'— Darwin :  Descent  of  Man  (ed.  2nd),  ch.  xi^ 

2.  Stripped  of  clothing. 

"  Cnrlothifd  to  the  shoulder  it  waves  them  on  ; 
TliU!'  in  the  tight  in  he  ever  known." 

Byron  :  Sivje  vf  Corinth,  xxvi. 

UU'Cloud',  V.t.  [Pref.  iin-  (2),  aud  Eug. 
ihuii.]  To  clear  away  the  clouds  from;  to 
five:  from  obscurity,  gloom,  dulness,  sadness, 
or  the  like. 


un-Cloud'-ed,  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cioHdfd.]  Not  clouded ;  not  obscuiud  I'v 
clouds  ;  free  from  gloom  ;  clear,  bright. 

"  Th'  unclouded  skies  of  Periatan." 

MiMjrr:  Paradise  &  the  Peri. 

un  -  cloud' >ed- ness,  s.     [Eng.  unclouded; 


•  n  vsb.  1 


1.  The  finality  or  stitc  of  Ixdiig  unclou'l-d 
in  it  niat<'rial  sense  ;  brightness,  clearnes.s. 


2.  The  state  of  being  uncloudol  in  a  mental 
or  niMi-iil  bcnse. 

•  tin  clo^d'  y,  n.  [Pref.  n;i-(I),  and  En^. 
'/(./'./;/.)    Not  cloudy;  free  fivm  clouds;  un- 

•  loiuh'd. 

"  .And  tw  Inklinj;  orbs  heatrow  th'  uncloudy  Bkte»." 
Wily  :  Jiurul  :ifJorft.  i. 

'  un-clov'-en,  a.  (Pref.  nn-  (1),  ana  Eng. 
dua-n.]    Nut  ch>ven,  not  cleft. 

"  My  BkullM  ntiefoven  yet.  ht  me  but  kill." 

iieaum.  ^  fUt.  :  The  t  hane^s.  ii.  1. 

un  club  ~ba-ble.  *  iin  club'-a~ble,   '. 

Il'rrf.  !//(■  (l).'and  Kng.  duhhah(,.\   *Nut  clu!.- 
Ixitili-,  not  sueiabk'. 

"Sir  .Ti.hn  was  a  most  nneluh'tbtc  man,"— ./i-^i  <■ 
son.  in  Mad,  O'Arblay:  Diari/.  i.  41. 

'  un-Clue',  r.t.  [Pref.  nn-  ('i),  and  Eug.  chn.] 
To  unravel,  to  unwind. 

"  These  feelings  wide,  let  sense  and  trutli  unelne." 
Byron:  On  the.  Death  of  Mr.  Fo.r. 

'  iln-cliit9h',  ct.  (Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  En;:. 
dutdi,  v.]  To  force  oiwn,  a-s  something 
tlutched  or  clenched  tightly. 

"  The  terrors  of  the  Lord  could  nut  melt  his  IjowvN, 
nnclntch  hit*  tjiipili^  Uniui."— Decay  of  Piety. 

Un'-c6,  ('..  adr.,  Sc  s.     [A  contract,  of  uncout!' 

(4.V.).      (SiOtcb.)] 

A.  .-l^'  odj. :  Strange,  imnieuse,  great,  inucii. 
uncf-'inniou. 

"  They  hod  canied  him  in  his  easy  chair  up  to  th'-- 
t'reen  before  the  auld  ciiatle,  to  l>e  out  of  the  way  'i 
this  unco  e|>ect't^'le." — licott :  Utiy  Mannering,  cli.  ii'.; 

B.  Asadc. :  Very,  remarkably:  as, if »co glad. 

C.  As  snbstaiitice ; 

1.  Snmething  new,  .strange,  exti-aordinary. 
or  prodigious. 

"  Each  tells  the  uneo  that  heweef  or  hear*." 

Uuria :  Cotter's  aatiirduy  Si-jht. 

2.  A  strange  person  ;  a  stranger. 

"  un-cdafb',    r.t.     [Pref.   «»-  (2),  and   Eug. 

ruiich.]    To  detach  or  loose  from  a  coach  or 
other  vehicle. 

"  These  (here  arrlv'd)  the  mulcK  uncuucht." 

Vhup'uan  :  Homer  ;  Odyssey  vi, 

'  un-CO-^Ct -ed,  «.  iPref.  on-  (1),  and  Eng. 
c'lintiil.]  Not  driven  together;  compelled, 
siraintti,  nr  hirced. 

"  AH  honiogeue^ill,  simple,  single,  pure,  previous. 
iiukiiLitt^l.  iniciiactcd."—.Uorc :  A'v«7  of  the  iionl.  i'I'l- 
tlic  Ktader.) 

un-c6ck',  V.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng.  cock,  v.) 

1.  To  let  down  the  cock  of,  as  of  a  fowling- 
piece. 

2.  To  open  or  spread  out  fujin  a  cock  or 
heap,  as  hay. 

iin-cof '-fined,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
K.jfniriJ.]  Not  provided  with  a  coltiu  ;  not 
laitl  in  a  coftin. 

"  Seemetl  all  on  fire  that  chapel  proud. 
Wher.-  Koslin'a  clii**.'*  u,irf,ffine<t  lie." 

^c««  :  Lay  of  the  Loft  .Minstrel,  vi.  2(. 

"  un-cog -it-a-ble,  o.  [Pirf.  un- i\\  ami 
Eng.  luijitaiih.]  Not  capable  uf  being  cogi- 
tated or  thought  of. 

"By  meiuies  vncvjitahlc  to  man.' — Sir  T.  More : 
n'oj-A'cs,  p.  oas. 

*  iin-coif' ,  v.t.  [Pref,  1/(1-  (li),  and  Eng.  cidj'.] 
To  take  or  pull  the  eoif  or  cap  ott". 

■■  Vunder  are  two  apple-women  ttcrddin?.  aud  jutt 
ready  tu  u)icoif  one  auother," — Arhuthnol  M  Pope. 

un-coifed',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  coi/ed.] 
Not  wraring  a  coif;  <livefited  of  a  coif. 

■■  Cneoifd  counsel,  learned  in  the  world  !" 

i'ouiig :  Xiyht  Thoughts,  viii. 

un-coil',  "  un-coyl,  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  vn-  (]). 
and  Eng.  ioit.\  To  unwiutl  that  which  i-. 
L-oiled,  as  a  rope  or  chain. 

"The  spiral  air-ves»els  (like  threads  of  cobweb^  .\ 
little  una>yletl."—Derham  :  Physico-Theology,  bk.  x 

un -coined',  a.      [Pref.    nn,-    (1),  and    Eng. 

coined.] 

1.  Lit.  :  Not  coined. 

■It  is  imiHjaaible  that  the  value  of  coiiiM  silvt-r 
shi'uid  l>e  leaa  than  the  value  or  prii-e  of  uncoiit'd."— 
L"cke :  Further  Considerations  on  Money. 

'  2.  FiO'  •  Not  having  the  current  stamp 
on  it ;  or.  not  counterfeit,  genuine. 

"Dear  Kat^.  taki-  a  fellow  tif  phtiu  and  uacoinet 
coti^U\iicy."--Shnf,iiji.  :  Henry  C,  i,  2. 

un-col-lect'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  n>i-  (1),  aud  Em:. 

colU:-U:d.] 


boil,  boy;  pout,,  jowl;  cat,  9ell.  cborus,  9liin.  bench:  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,    tian  --  shau.    -tioa.  -sion -  shun:    tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die.  ^o.  -  bel,  dcL 


28S 


uncoUectedness— uncompensated. 


1.  Nut  coHoctcd  together;  not  biouglit  to 

>:n.'  |iliice. 

"  Littlit  un«u//«N-fM(,  tliroufb  tbe  ChBos  uri;'>l 
lU  itifiuil  ••»>.'  Thonuun:  Autumn. 

2.  Not  collected,  not  received :  as,  un(X>l- 

la:ted  XnXvs. 

3.  Not  having  one's  thoughts  collected  ; 
in*i  lecuviTi'-l  froui  cobfusioD  or  bewilder- 
iiieiit. 

"  Lmt  (lii)t><>  often  lille  t\b 
Uliflil  cl«ui  cxi>rl  lu-r  unc'jilecird  w  lU." 

Srvieiif  .  Uritaatiiat  PastvrnSi,  1.  1. 

■  On  C^l  iSot -dd-ngss.  s.  [Pref.  iin-  (1). 
.11,. I  Kii;:.  o./.^.7f./»i  .s-'-l  The  stute  of  being 
uiict'tlectcil  Ml  lonfnsevl. 

'  iin'06l-16ot-i-1>le.  a.  [Pref.  itn-  (I),  aiil 
l-.'tu'.  co!!t-cttl>i'.  1  I" liable  to  be  collected  ;  that 
e;tiiiu>t  be  collected. 

tkn-COl -Onred,  a.     iPref.  un-  (l),  and   Eiig. 

1.  Xut  eolonre<l,  as  a  painting;  simply 
dniwn,  witliout  eolour  being  superadded; 
not  stained  or  dyed, 

■"TUruujfh  pure  Mfk-ateurrf  gl<u.«.  you  receive  tlie 
v-lcar  l\ishl,"—L€^jhton  :  Comment,  on  I  /'rft^l.  S*.:. 

2.  Not  cnloured,  as  a  narrative :  told  with 
the  simplicity  of  truth  and  witli  no  elVort  to 
heighten  the'  etlect  by  exaggeration ;  uuvar- 
ni::ihed. 

'  3.  Unclouded,  clear. 
"  To  deck  witli  cluiuU  tlie  uncolour'U  sky. 
Ui'  Mi't  the  tblntty  vtuth  with  falliug  sbuwers." 
J/ilton :  P.  L.,  v.  lij'J. 

•  un-c61t',  1'./.  [Pi*of.  un-  (2).  and  Eng.  coXX.\ 
To  deprive  of  a  horse.    (Special  coinage.) 

"Tlioii  llwl,  thou  art  not  colted.  thou  -irt  iiii- 
coltfd,"—ShaJt4^p.  :  I  Ot^nry  /I".,  ii.  2. 

uncombed'  C*  silent),  «.  {Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 
i;ii^'.  •oitihfd.]    Not  coml»cd  ;  unkempt. 

■■  Whuae  lockes  eni:omb€d  ciuell  adden  be." 

Speiiter :  Virgil;  Gnat. 

iin-coxn-bine',  r-t.  &  i.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 

Kng.  cumbint.] 

A-  Travis. :  To  sever  or  de.stroy  the  coin- 
binatiou,  union,  or  junction;  to  separate;  to 
cliseoniiect ;  to  break  up. 

"When  oat-bi-eakiug  veugeauce  uncombines 
The  ill  Jointed  plotk"      Daniei  :  Civil  IVars.  bk.  iii. 

B.  Intiaiis.  :  To  become  separated,  dis- 
united, or  disconnected. 

"The  rude  L-oiijuncture  of  uticotnbinitig  cables  in 
tlif  vinli-iicf  i)f  »  ii'iitheru   U:uiixisL"—/Sv.   Taylor: 

S.T„fj,U.  Vv.I.  11,,  SLT,  -i 

un-c6me-af-a-ble,  u.  (Pref.  iirv-{\)\  Eng. 
cotiic;  ot ;  -ublcl  That  cannot  be  come  at; 
not  obtainable.    (C'oMoq.) 

"  Ht!  liiLS  a  perftjct  art  iu  being  uuintelligible  iu  di3- 
oiiimc.  luid  uncoincutabic  iii  business." — TnUer,  IZ. 

un-come'-li-ness,   "  un-com-li-ness,    . 

lEug.  uncomeiy;  -luss.] 

1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  uncomely  ; 
absence  of  comeliness ;  want  of  beauty. 

"  She  ulll  much  better  become  the  seatlu  the  native 
and  uitall'ecteil  nncometinets  oi  her  i>ei^>oiJ," — Steele: 
.^ptrlalor.  No.  ii. 

*  2.  Indecency. 

"  He  pndned  womea'a  modesty,  and  gave  orderly 
Mell-beliaved  leprtMf  t*  aU  uncomeliiiett. ' — Shaketp. : 
Jtcrrn  Wi^f,  ii.  L 

3.  Souiethiug  unseemly,  unbecoming,  or  iu- 
■decetit. 

"  Christians  indeetl  are  not  so  watchful  and  accurate 
in  all  their  wnys  un  becomes  them  ;  but  staiu  their 
lioly  pnjfea^ioii  either  with  pride  or  coveteousne-sa,  or 
rout^ntions.  ur  sotue  other  such  like  uitctmieliiicss.' — 
Lci'jhtuH  :  Com.  on  1  Pi-tcr  iL  12. 

Tin -come-ly,  'un-com-ly,  a.  [Pref.  nn- 
{\).  ..ml  Eiig.  loiiuilff.] 

1.  Not  comely;  wanting  in  grace,  beauty, 
•  r  elegance. 

"  A  man  could  wi^h  to  have  nothing  dis^reeable  or 
uncQtiuflti    ill  his    aitproHches."— ^ud^cU ;    Spectator, 

2.  Unseemly,  unbecoming,  unsuitable,  in- 
decent. 

"  With  au  uucomclff  silence  fails  my  tongue." 

Ifcn  Jonaon  :  Horace,  bk.  iv. 

-iin-com'-fdr-ta-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  rctufoitahk.] 

1.  Not  comfortable  ;  affording  no  comfort ; 
gloomy,  dismal. 

"We  had  the  Hnrotnfortahle  prospect  of  eudiiig  our 
days  on  some  denohUe  coaaL" — Anton .-  Vouaaet,  bk.  L 
lb.  X. 

2.  Causing  b<idily  discomfort  or  uneasiness: 
as,  an  uncoinfortuhU  3eat  or  position. 

:{.  Iteceiving  or  experiencing  no-  comfort; 
dixa^reeably  situated  ;  ill  at  ease  :  as.  He  felt 
\'Ty  anKtitnJortahle  there. 


tinoom  -forta  ble  ncss,  s,  lEng.  i</t- 
toinjortable :  -riejs.J  llie  quality  or  state  of 
iK'ing  uncomfortable,  niiseiable,  or  disagree- 
able;  uneasiness,  discomfort. 

•■  The  nncomforUibltneA^  of  unbelief,  and  the  terror* 
of  ooiuolencio  aft«r  a  wicked  U(«.  will  drive  luont  of 
thetu  Ui  &  vmnv."— Seeker :  Scnnont,  vol.  iii.,  acr.  81 

un-c6m'-f6r-ta-bl^»  rt^f-  [Eng.  uncom/ort- 
((/'(/();  -ly.]  lu'an  uncomfortable  manner  or 
degree  ;  so  as  to  cause  discomfort. 

*'  Uiiou  the  floor  uitcomfortnbly  lying." 

Urayton:  Legend  of  Matilda. 

'^n-COm'-forted,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
uvmj'irtt'l.]  Not  comforted,  consoled  or  trau- 
iluilli/(-d  ;  disconsolate. 

'■  Awidif  J  uur  love  to  my  uncomfortcd  mother." 
lit'ainn.  Jt  Flet.  :  Laaaqf  Candy,  iii. 

iin-cdm-mand'-ed,  a.  [pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  coiiunanduL]  Not  coninmuded,  ordered, 
eiy'oined,  or  required  by  precept,  order,  or 
law. 

"They  were  unci/tnmatided  iustauces  of  virtue." — 
Atterttury :  Seniwjut,  vol.  1.,  ser.  10. 

un-Gdm-mend'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  antl 
Eng.  comiiuntlabk.]  Not  to  be  commended  ; 
uul  worthy  of  commendation  ;  iUaudable. 

"Thti  Hin-o»im--nd(tM';  Uoentiousness  of  piactlce."— 

/•f!t/tam  :  O't  hccloi.  ii.  11. 

uziH^dxn-meiid'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
En^.  comineuded.]  Not  commended,  praised, 
or  approved. 

"  Thou  must  have  uncoinmended  dy'd." 

iV'atler:  A  Sony. 

'im-com-men'-su-rate,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eiig.  contuieiisurate.i  Not  commensurate 
with  something  else  ;  not  of  the  same  measure 
or  dimensions  ;  not  adequate,  not  equal. 

"I  observed  before  that  our  sensea  are  short,  im- 
perfect, and  uncfnnmenturale  to  the  vastues^  and  pro- 
imidity  of  things,  and  therefore  cauuot  receive  the 
just  images  of  them." — Olanoill  :  Essay  1. 

im-cdm-mer-cial  (ci  as  sh),  a.    [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eii{^.  conn  tie  rclal.} 

1.  Not  commercial ;  not  carrying  on  com- 
merce ;  not  ti-avelling  to  solicit  orders  for 
goods  :  as,  an  luiconunercial  traveller. 

*  2.  Not  according  to  or  cousisteut  with  the 
principles  or  rules  of  commerce. 

"You  did  not  think  it  uucomynerciaJ  to  tax  the 
wliole  mass  of  your  maiiufaotures,  and,  let  me  add, 
y<jur  agriculture  \\i<.'."~liarke  :  American  Taxation. 

un-com-miss'-ioned  (ss  as  sh),  a.  [Pref. 
uii-  (1),  and  Eng.  coinmUsioned.]  Not  com- 
missioned ;  not  possessed  of  a  commission  ; 
not  entrusted  with  a  commission  ;  unau- 
thorized. 

"  We  should  never  hastily  niu  after  uncommissioned 
guides."— Sec*er;  Sermons,  vol,  i.,  ser.  L 

iin -com -mit' -ted,   a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  o.'iiimittfd.l 

1.  Not  committed  ;  not  done. 

"  Havoc  loathes  so  much  the  waate  of  time, 
She  scarce  had  left  lOi  uncommitted  crime." 

Byron:  Corsair,  ii.  11. 

2.  Not  referred  to  a  committee. 

3.  Not  bound  or  pledged  by  anything  said 
or  done  :  as,  He  is  uncommitted  to  any  course 
of  action. 

*  un-cdm-Xnixed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and 
Eng.  voiiuaixed  ]  Not  commixed  or  mingled  ; 
unmixed.    (Chapman:  Iliad  x.  369.) 

un-com'-moiip  a.  &  adv.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  coiniiKtn.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Not  common,  not  usual ;  rare, 
unusual,  infrequent ;  hence,  out  of  the  com- 
mon ;  remarkable,  extraordinary,  sti-ange. 

"Betwene  us  is  no  uulikeness,  or  any  thing  uncom- 
>nr^i  aa  touching  our  higher  and  our  divine  nature." — 
Uditl:  John  xiv. 

B.  As  adv.  :  Uncommonly,  exceedingly, 
very  :  as,  nnconniwn  cheap.     (Vulgar.) 

un-coxn'-mon-ly, adv.  [Eng. uncommon ; -It/.] 

1.  Not  coniraouly ;  rarely,  infrequently; 
not  usually. 

2.  To  or  in  an  uncommon  degree. 

"They  were  reported  to  be  gentlemen  seat  abroad 
to  make  ohaervatioua  and  discoveries,  and  were  un- 
commonly qualified  for  that  purpose."— CooA;  I/^rtt 
Vvyagf.  bk.  L.  ch.  ii. 

un-cdm-mdn-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uncoytivwn; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  uncom- 
mon ;  rareness  of  occurrence  ;  infrequency. 

"The  unc:mnionnesg of  such  conversation."- .Sec/;rr : 
Sermons,  vol,  v.,  ser.  9. 

*  un-com-mu'-ni-ca-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  vommunicabk.] 


1.  Not  communicable  ;  inc.ap:tbh'  of  being 
communicated,  transferred,  or  imparted. 

"The  i>eculiar  uHcomxruHicaWu  right-,  yf  Euglaud.' 
—Bttrkt- :  ."yptxch  at  Bristol. 

2.  Not  ciiminuuiciitive  ;  reserved,  tacitnni. 

fin-c6m  mu -ni-cat-ed.  «.  [Pref.  tm-  (i), 
and  Eiig.  coiHmuni4:ated.] 

1.  Not  communicated;  not  dis'-lo.sed  or 
made  known  to  others. 

2.  Not  imparted,  bestowed,  or  .shared. 

"  Supreme  p'twer.  whether  communicated  or  uncom- 
muuicated,  is  supreme  p-iwer."— n'uftrlujuf  ;  li'orks, 
vi.t.  ii..  ser.  C. 

"  un  cdm-mu'-m-cat-ing,   a.    [Pref.   vn- 

(1),  and  Eng.  cuiiimuni>A'.tiiig.\  Not  connnuni- 
cating  ;  uncommunicalivc. 

"  Tliere  are  exterminatluganuels  that  fly  wrapt  up 
in  tlie  ( iii'tains  of  imiiiKtehidity  .tnil  an  tincmimuni- 
tatiii'i  unlun.'—Bp.  J'aylor :  SrrnMits,  vol.  iii.,  aer.  6. 

'un-com-znu'-ni-cat  ive,  n.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  communicative.] 

1.  Not  communicative ;  reserved,  taciturn. 

"  It  is  a  striking  chiiractcristic  of  deep  sotTow  that 
it  is  of  a  tacit  niid  u 'ico"o»i(?iicafifc  nature."— CufTO'i.' 
On  the  Pustiont.  pt.  i.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  Not  liberal ;  parsimonious,  stingy.  (Prob. 
with  reference  to  the  meaning  of  communi- 
cate (=givft)  in  the  Kew  Testament.)  (Cf. 
Heb.  xiii.  10.) 

"A  littk-  t"o  uncommnitii-fififr  fir  their  great  cir- 
cumstancea,"— fticAar<i«o(j ;  Clurissu,  li.  'jO. 

^  iin-cdm-mu'-ni-ca-tive-ness,  s.  [Eug. 
uno'inmuniatlive;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  uncommunicative ;  reserve,  taci- 
turnity. 

"  1  iiiight  justify  my  sefreBv  and  wiixunmunicatioe- 
ness." — liirJiardson:  Clarissa,  iv.  29. 

*  un-com-pact',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
comjKict,  a.]  Not  compact;  not  of  close  tex- 
ture ;  incompact. 

—A  ddiaon : 

*  un ' com- pact -ed,  a.  [Pref.  «u-(l),  and 
Eng.  compacted.]  Not  compacted ;  not  tirm 
or  settled. 

"Seems  to  unfold  au  uncompacted  mind."— /W- 
tham  :  Uesolvcs,  pt,  ii..  res.  2a. 

*  un-c6m'-pa-nied.  a.  [Pref.  un--  (l),  and 
Eng.  coiniHutied.]  Not  attended  by  a  com- 
panion ;  unaccompanied. 

"That  brave  tflysses  thence 
Depai't,  tinrompanied  by  God  or  man." 

Coviper :  Homer ;  Odyssey  v. 

*  un-com-pan'-ion-a-ble  (i as y),  a.  [Pief. 
un-  (1),  ami  Eng.  comfaaiuiiabk.\  Not  com- 
panionable ;  not  sociable. 

"  A  Mrs,  K.,  who  ia  vevj*  unco7npanionable  indeed." 
—Mad.  jy.lrOlay:  Dtary,  i.  41o. 

'un-com-pan'-ioned  (i  as  y),  a.     [Pref. 

uiL-  U).  :»"d  Eng,  comi}aniQniid.]  Having  no 
lelioiv  ;  unique,  peerless. 

"  She  is  the  mirror  of  her  heaute<jus  sex. 
Unpai-alleled  and  uncompamoncd." 

JIachin:  Dumh  Kni'jht,  i. 

^iin-com'-passed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  i:umj>a-'<st.ii.]     Unlimited,  unbounded. 
"  Oiu  ckiud-i  eut  JUipaflseThy  M/foom/»a*Jt'(/ greatness?" 
Bavics :  Muses  Sacrijwe,  \k  IZ. 

^un- com -pass -ion -ate  (ss  us  sh),  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  'compassioimte.]  Not 
Compassionate ;  delicient  in  pity  or  compas- 
sion. 

"  In  uncompassioTtate  auger  do  not  so." 

Milton  :  .5a/)wu'i  A-^onistes.  818, 

^  un-com-pass  -ioned  (ss  as  sh),  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eug.  companioned.]  Not  com- 
passionated ;  unpitied ;  unsympathised  with. 

*  un-cdm-p3.t'-i-bly,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eug.  coiii]iatih!y.]  Not  in  a  compatible 
manner;  incompatibly. 

un-com-pel'-la-ble,  a.  [Pi-ef.  vn-  (i),  and 
Eng.  <v}niM  llnl'lf.]  Not  compellable;  tliat 
cannot  be  bound,  driven,  or  compelled ;  not 
admitting  of  compulsion. 

"  For  it  conquers  the  uncotnpcilable  mind,  -and  dis. 
interests  mau  <jf  hiutseW'—Feltlutm :  On  Luke  xiv.  20. 

un-com-pelled'.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tompfU^d.]  Not  compelled  ;  free  from  or  with- 
out compulsion  ;  not  done  under  com]tulsion. 

"  Where  love  gives  law,  beauty  ttie  sceptre  sways. 
And,  iincomjicUed,  the  happy  world  u)>eys.  * 

Waller:  Triple  Combat. 

iin-com'-pen-sat-ed,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  coinptunutid.]    Not  compensated. 

"  To  join  t<jgether  the  restraints  of  an  univer8-%l,  in- 
terual,  and  external  taxatiou  is  an  unnatural  uuinti 
of  perfect,  uncompensated  slavery."  —  Btirkc :  On 
American  Taxation. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  oe  =  e :  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  liw 


uncompetitive— unconditioned 


2S9 


lin-com-pet -i-tivo,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  iuid 
Eiig.  anni>ehiirt\]  Not  comiietitive  ;  not 
CoiinwlhtL;  with  otliers. 

"Tliecuiiiiutfrciai  stjtian  .  .  .  coii9tst«i1  of  Uficotii/><^- 
tiHt>t  iliops,  such  iw  were  iieetlful.  <tf  tlie  luttlve  wures." 
—/iiukiii,  in  Sf.  Jt\iin»'4  (Sasclte,  Fd*.  1>.  1888. 

un-com-plaln'-ing,  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  -^'"l 
Etii:.  a)/uy»/((tiii/((^.]  Not  coinplainiiij; ;  nut 
iiiiirniiu'iii^'. 

"  Till-  \u>;ik,  liiii>li'vt.  ttnrom/ilttittiiiff  wrwti'h  " 

un-com  plain -ing-l^,  mfr.  (Eng.  vwom- 
plainin'j  ;  -h/.]  In  ;iii  uiioniiiplaiuiiig  maiiiiiM- ; 
witliotU  coinp]:iJiit  or  iiuiniiuiin^<;. 

•  iin-cdm-plaln'-ing-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uiwom- 
piniitinij:  -ti^s-t.]  'llie  quality  or  state  of 
being  nncoinphiining. 

'  un-c6m-plais'-ant,  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  ana 
Knu'.  romi'hii.-^nnt.]  Not  Complaisant;  not 
ci\il ;  nut  courteous. 

"  It  ia  ImrU  to  niwak  of  these  f.ilse  fair  ones  without 
unyiui;  soiiiethlng  tincoinjjlaisant." — Addison :  Spoc- 
tatur.  No.  41. 

'un-c6m-plai§'-ant-ly,  n/Zt'.    [En^.  nn- 

coini'laisant  ;  -li/.]  In  an  uncouiphiisant 
manner;  uncivilly,  discourteously. 

"As  our  male  law  givera  huve  siiuiewhat  t((ic»Hi- 
piniiantly  cxuresaeU  ii."—Blackitotie :  Comment.,  Ijk. 
«l,.i;li.  1*. 

-  un-c6m-plete',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
comi'lfk;  a.  I    Not  complete  ;  incomplete. 

"  TLo  II iii.-ompltte  Mid  tnifinished  part-s  of  the  same 
action  iinil  fnhle.'—Po/n;:   \'icuro,ftJi«  Epic  Poem,  §  4. 

un-com-plef-ed,  a,  (Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Eng.  completed.]  Not  completed ;  not  liniahed  ; 
unlinished. 

"  Tlie  work  that  was  left  uncompleted." 

Loun/elloip :  AJiles  Xtaiidtih,  ix. 

•  un-c6m-p|U  -ant,  a.  IPref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eiig.  camplUiiit']  Not  compliant;  not  yield- 
ing or  pliant;  iuHexible.  {Gauden:  Tears  of 
the  Church,  p.  305.) 

un-c6m-pli-men'-ta-ry,  n.    [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eii'^.  compU me ntary.]  Not  cninplimentary ; 
rude;  discourteous  :  as,  uiiconipliimntarii 
language. 

+  un-c6m-ply'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  ami 
Eng.  wmplying.]  Not  complying;  not  yield- 
ing, conceding,  or  assenting. 

"  The  unuompfying  Jews  were  not  satisfied  with  le- 
jectiuf  Chriatimiity."— -(«eriiHr«.-  St-rmom,  vul.  i., 
ser.  3. 

•  un-com-po^e'-a-ble,  n.  [Pref.  un-  {\\ 
and  Eng.  composmhk,]  Incapable  of  being 
composed  ;  not  to  be  allayed  or  arranged. 

"  A  .lilTerei 

••o  "pofnfjlr." 


e  at  length  flameil  so  high  as  to  be  un- 
.Viirtk:  Kx'imcn,  \).  63. 


-un-c6m-p6und~ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eiig.  cnnjMJuiukd.] 

1.  Not  compounded  ;  not  mixed  ;  sinijde. 

"  And  unr:ompound<;d  is  their  easence  luire." 

Mirton:  l\  /...  i.  425. 

2.  Simple;  not  intricate. 

'■  The  anbsLince  nf  the  faith  was  cominised  in  that 
UHCiDiipnand.;!.  atjlc.'— //<i»(>«io«ti  .'  Fundamentals. 

•  un-c6m-pouad -ed-l^Tf  adv.  [Eng.  un- 
coiui'tinnded ;  -ly.]  In  an  uncompounded 
manner. 

"  He  is  all  these  abstractedly.  uHcompoandcdlu 
reaMy.  infinitely.'— B^.  UuU :  Remedy  of  Prophane- 
n--iK  Ilk.  i..  5  X 

un-com-pound'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  nn- 
compounded ;  -»r.s,s.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  uncompounded. 

■'  riicomiioii,ul<:diiessuts]iiiit:'—Ha'Hmonil:  }yor/cii, 
%'0l.  IV.,  SKI.  .i, 

*  iin-com-pre-hend',  v.t.  [Pref.  kh-  (2), 
and  Eng.  tvuiprehciuL]  To  fail  in  coinpre- 
liending. 

"  Or  this  nice  wit.  or  that  distemperaiioe. 
Negluct,  distaatf,  uncompralifiid,  Uisdaiu."' 

Daniel:  Mumphitus, 

un-com  pre-hen-si-We,  a.  [Pref.  im-  (l), 
and  Eng.  comprelunsibU.]  Not  comprehen- 
sible; incomprehensible. 

"  It  is  vntoucheable.  and  vncompretientibfe  vnto  our 
senaea.  ■—./.«■«;/.  Defence  of  the  Apolojie,  p.  239. 

"  un-com-prc-hen'-sxTe,  c  [Prcf.  un-  (i), 
and  Kng.  ''Oii/ot/it'/tsi fc] 

1.  Not  comprehensive  ;  not  includingmnch. 

2,  Unable  to    comprehend  ;    incomiirehen- 
sive. 

■'  Some  narrow-spirited,  uncomprfhentive  zealots 
who  kuow  not  the  world."— SoufA  .■  Sermoiu,  %'0l.  ii., 


3.  That  caiinnt  In- rontaine'i  wilhjn  limits; 
incomprehensible  (q.v.). 

"  Fliuh  huttuiii  ill  tho  Hnttomprehfntlfm  drcp*.' 
ahakvsp. :  TroUtu  A  CreuUtit,  lit.  3, 

un-c6m-pressed',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  annprt^sal.\  Not  compressed  ;  ftee  from 
compression. 

"  Judginc  from  the  uneomprvMed  fraffnieut"."— 
Duittin  :  (  oj/aav  Houiul  the  World,  vh.  Hi. 

'  un-cdm-pri^ed\  n.  [Pief,  nn-  (l),  and 
Eti^'.  romi>risrd.\  Uncomprehended  ;  or,  per- 
liap.-j,  unliuunded. 

"  WhoNe  uttcomprited  wimtoni  did  foresee. 
Thivt  you  ill  uiHiTiayo  nhuuhl  he  liuk'd  to  iiip." 
Drayton  :  Owen  Tudor  lo  Uueen  Catherine. 

uu-com'-pro-misi-mg,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1). 
and  Eng.  cnmiiromisiiiij.]  Not  compromising; 
not  given  to  maliiiig  compromises,  but  rigid 
in  carrying  out  ouu's  opinions  and  jirojccts  ; 
not  ready  to  agi-eo  to  terms  ;  inflexible. 

"  The  uucotnpramlsiti!/  imtrieian  spirit  cliaractcr- 
istic  of  tho  Claudliui  family,"— iew/ji.-  Crerf,  JC^trly 
/ioman  ilitt.  (ed.  1855),  ii.  68. 

un-cdn-9eal'-a-ble,  c  [Ptef.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  oncealahU-.]     Not  alilo  to  be  concealed. 

"  With  slow  iimtatioii  uwouceahihle." 

Wvrdtworth  :  Excurtion,  hk.  vi. 

un-cdn~9ealed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
conccidtd.]    Not  concealed  ;  openly  sliown. 

"  Slie  suHered  the  tears  to  stream  down  her  cheeks 
unconcealed."— .t/avauliiy :  Hist.  Enj.,  ch.  vi. 

un-con-geiV-a-ble,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  rnnccivdhh:]  Not  conceivable  ;  notal'le 
to  l»e  conreived,  imagined,  or  understood  ;  in- 
conceivable. 

"  L'nconceioable  is  the  concurrent  lustre  ami  R\ovy 
<itma,uy'."—Bp.  Hall:  the  Wotnnn's  i'tiil. 

un-con-^elv'-a-ble-ness,  s.  (Eng.  nncon- 
ri'iniblc:  ■ims.-i.]  Tin.'  ipiality  or  state  of  being 
inconceivable ;  inconceivableness. 

"The  tinconceiiralrlenets a.\ul  utter iucompreheiisible- 
iicss  of  the  deity."— J/tfj-e  :  Immortality  of  the  houl, 
bk.  i.,  ch,  iv. 

'un-con-ceiv'-a-bly,   mic.      [Eng.  uncon- 

fciihib^lc) ;  -ly.]    Inconceivably. 

"Of  uHconrfivably  RTtinU  bodies  or  atom8."—£oc7;«  .■ 
Xatural  Philosophy,  ch.  xii. 

iin-con-feived',  (f.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 

conceived.]    Not  conceived. 

"  Vast  itH  my  theme,  yet  unconceiv'd,  and  brings 
I'lituwanl  wurda,  scarce  loosened  yet  from  things." 
Creech :  Lucretius. 

un-cdii-9eiv'-mg,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  coiircifuKj.]    Not  conceiving. 

"  And  in  the  uiKoncetving  vulgar  sort" 

Daniel:  Civil  Wars.  i. 

un-c6n-9ern',  s.  [Pref.  un  (l),  and  Eng.  cou- 
liiu.]  Absence  of  concern,  anxiety,  or  solici- 
tude ;  carelessness  ;  freedom  from  concern  or 
anxiety. 

"  A  listless  unconcern," 

JTiomson :  Sprin(f,  301. 

un-c6n-9erned',  u.    [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 

coiio:rnril.] 

1.  Not  concerned,  not  anxious ;  fi'ee  fiom 
concern  or  anxiety. 

"  Heedless  and  unconcerned  remalued, 
When  Henven  the  murderer's  arm  lestrnined." 
Scott :  fiokeby,  iv.  27. 

2.  H.aving  or  taking  no  interest ;  not  in- 
terested, not  atlected. 

"  As  unconccrn'd  as  when  he  idaiits  a  tree. " 

Wonltioorth :  Excurtion,  bk.  v. 

*  3.  Sober. 

'*  The  little  pai't  I  bft<l  taken  in  their  gaiety  kei>t 
me  unconcerned."— llichardaon:  Clarissa,  viii,  309, 

un-cdn-9ern'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  uwon- 
ccnied:  -ly.]  In  an  unconcerned  manner; 
without  concern  or  anxiety. 

"  Unconcernedly,  chcarfully,  resignedly,  as  knowing 
that  we  are  secure  of  his  pi-otectiuu.  —Atterbury : 
Sermons,  vul.  iv.,  ser,  iw. 

un'Con-9ern'-ed-iie8S,  s.  [Eng,  un>^nn- 
r.:ni''(l :  -iir.-i^.]  TIh'  quality  or  State  of  being 
unconcerned;  freedom  from  concern, anxiL-t\-', 
or  interest. 

"  Au  uiironcernci/nesa  fur  any  particuhir  religion."— 
/J'.n//e.    Works,  ii,  iJJ. 

•  un-c6ii-9ern'-;ng,  o,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  rAini.trnui<j.i  Not  concerning,  not  in- 
teresting, nob  allectiug;  of  no  concern  or 
interest. 

"  Lest  <inch  an  uncnncernina  trifle  Ite  foiirotteii."— 
Ii/:  r.t-ih.r      Diffu<tsi«c from  Popi^ry.  pt. !..  bk.  ii. 


*  un-c6n-9em'-ment,  s.    (Pref.  nn-  (i),  and 


Eng.    iionCi-nimtnt.]       Absenrt-    of    concern, 
an.\icty,  or  eolii'ituilo  ;  uncoiK-ernedness. 

"And  III*  tiHconeerntiient  another  time  was  oa 
siittlxli,  when  lie  iMUt  vu.'—UlanviU  .   Ksiay  2. 

*  tin-cdn-olud'-ent,  rr.     [Pref.  ii;i-  (1),  and 

Eng.    •■>,Hriniiint.)      Not  conclusive,  not  de* 
cisive  ;  inconclusive. 

".Ml  our  nrt.'uint-iilN  touchlug  them  [eternity  and 

Inrtnltyl    are    Im-viaeiit  and    uneoneludmit.'—llaU: 

Ori-j.:f  Mankind,  \\  11-;. 

♦  iin-c6n~clud  ~i-ble,  «.  (Pref.  un-  (l);  Eng. 

com-UfU:,  and  snll.  -uldf.]    Indeterminable. 

■'  To  •-■i<iiij>reheiid  luid  conclude  that  which  la  urioori- 

ciuditflf.'  -.More  :  bowj  of  the  H'jul.    fNote*.) 

•  i^-con-clnd'-inff,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  coHclmUnij.]     Not  decisive;   indecisive, 
inconclusive. 

"  He  jnakCB  his  nudcmtauding  only  thu  warehoDse 
of  other  iiu'ii's  luloe  and  unconcludin-/  reoaouiuits."— 
loclu: 

*  un-con-cl^d'-ang-ness,  5.  [Eng.  uncon- 
'■lu'lii/ij;  -/lew.]  Thtr  quality  or  .state  of  being 
incouclusivf  ;  iiicuuclusiveness. 

"  Til-'  ini<;incliHlin-/ncss  f>t  the  Ki'gumentN  brought  to 
attest  it."— ///I,  Taylor:  Liberty  of  Prophesying,  \  t. 

'  ua-oon-clus'-lve,  «.  [Pref.  ««•  (i),  and 
Eng.cy/ic/(tstrc.]  Not  conclusive;  inconclusive. 

"And  to  argue  negatively  <'  fine,  is  very  unconctu. 
sive  in  such  nuitleis. '  —  OtanviU :  Essay  fi. 

•  un-c6n-cdct'-cd,   n.      [Prcf.   «?i-  (l).  and 

Ku-.  rnncnrlrd.] 

1.  Lit.:  Not  concocted  ;  not  digested. 

••  We  swallow  (.hrrry-atones,  but  void  them  uncon- 
cocted,"— Browne:   Vulgar  Errours,  bk.  lit.,  ch.  xii. 

2.  Fi<j. :  Crude,  indigested. 

"Very  uneven,  ujicoiicocfci/,  roving,  often  repeated 
and  medley  stufT."—  Wood :  Athena  Oxon.,  vol.  ii. 

'  iin-odn-ciir'-rent,  u.  [Pref.  itn-  (i),  and 
Eng.  concurrrnt.]  Not  concurrent ;  not  agree- 
ing.    (Daniel:  Jllst.  En<j.,  p.  4'.t.) 

iin-cdn-demned'  (mn  as  m).  a.  [Pref.  an- 
il), and  Eng.  ojadcmncd.] 

1.  Not  condemned,  as  a  criminal  ;  not 
judged  guilty. 

•■This  would  have  killed  au  hannleaae  and  an  un- 
condemned  \ievA<jn^"— rdal :  John  xvlii. 

2.  Not  disapju'oved  of. 

"Did  leave  behind  unreiiealed  and  uucondemm^d 
t)ie  doctrines  and  books  of  Parmeuides."— /*.  Holland: 
Pluta7-ch,  p.  919, 

'  un-con'-dxt-ed,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
condited.]    Unseasoned. 

"  As  insipid  as  cork,  or  the  nncondlted  muahrooiii." 
—/iy.  Tuylor  :  .Sermons,  vol.  lit.,  ser.  C. 

un-con-di'-tion-al,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  cnndiitomd.]  '  N'ot  conditional  ;  not  de- 
pendent upon  or  limited  by  conditions  ;  abso- 
lute, unreserved. 

'•  The  ol)ligatioii  of  an  immediate  and  uncotidttionai 
p;tyiueut."— ,Sjrt(M  ;   Wealth  of  Jfationt.  bk.  H,  ch.  ii. 

un-c6n-dx -tion-al>ly*  ndv.  (Epg,.  uncon- 
conditional :  -ly.]  In  an  unconditional  man- 
ner ;  without  conditions  ;  absolutely,  unre- 
servedly. 

■'  Tu  whom  those  promises  are  uncondttionatly  con- 
signed.'—//ii>'i"ioim  .■  .Sermons,  vol.  iv.,  ser.  6. 

*  un-con-di'-tion-ate,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (i), 
and  Eng,  cotiditionaie.]  Unconditional,  abso- 
lute. 

"He  means  an  iofaJlibility.  antecedent,  absolute. 
I'nconditionate." — Up.  Taylor:  His.  frvin  Popery,  iit. 
li.    (Introd.J 

un-con-di'-tioned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eug.  conditioiud.] 

Phihs.  :  A  Ivrm  employed  in  a  twofold  slg- 
nilication  :  denoting  (1)  the  entire  absence  of 
all  restriction  ;  oi-  (2),  more  widely,  llie  entire 
absence  of  all  relation.  {Calderwood :  Phihs. 
o/tlie  InJiiUte,  p.  :ni.) 

^  The  Unconditioned : 
Philosophy: 

(1)  Aceoi-ding  to  Kant,  that  which  is  abso- 
lutely and  in  itself,  or  internally  possible, 
and  U  exoni]^ted  from  the  conditions  circum- 
scribing a  thing  in  time  or  sjiace. 

"  Witliiii  the  snhere  of  the  phenomenal  there  exists 
no  unconditional  cause,  butoutside  of  the  whole  com- 
j.k-x  of  phenomena  there  exists.  .«  tlieir  traiisceii- 
dvnt^il  t,T'iund,  the  Unconditioned."— I'cbcriOLy :  Hi»f. 
Philos.  iKng.  ed.(,  ii.  1T7. 

(2)  Aecnrding  to  Hamilton,  the  hi^diesl  ex- 
pifssion  for  the  conniioii  eleinen*^^  m  what  is 
jirojterly  absolute  and  inlinit*  in  thought,  or 
as  these  can  be  understood. 

"Tlie  Unconditioned  regarded  fw  oue,  or  thought  as 
one.  d<'eN  iniiily  an  inivHmiihility  alike  of  thought  and 
heing.'— y,  \  Click:  Hamilton,  p.  231. 


boil,  boy;  p<Jut,  j<J^l;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9liin,  be:ich;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^st.    ph  =  t 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ^  shun ;  -tion,    sion  ^  zhiin.     cious.  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.    -ble,  -die,  <^c.  =  bel,  deL 


307 


unconducing— unconscionableness 


iin  oon-duc  4ng,ir.    (I'nf. ''ii.(l).:(tul  Kn^'. 

,nii'i'i-"j  I    ^"t  fonJm'inj;;  nut  cniuliiclv"-. 

*  un  con  ddotH^d,  n.  (Pref.  ut\-  (l>.  an-l 
Kii>;.  <.»i  'f ''m'.I  Not  coiiduclfii;  not  iiihlir 
.'uuliiitv  ur  iliivttioii. 

"All     iiinliwii'lilirj     and     unemttliiftfit     UxKip    tif 

un  conferred',  n.     (Pref.  «ii-(l),  and  Kn;;. 
r/.'i,  m"  I    Ni't  Immjilit  togi'tlier  in  cnininnn  ; 
lit    i'iuiiniiiit<*(t,  coiivetM'd,    or    tlisL-our-seil. 
iI'.>I1ow,h1  Ity  i'-rth.) 

'•  llr  ii.>'U  iKit  r<.rbnrn  t>.  sCAiuIiilisc  Iihii,  tiu'vn. 
'.  rr'.i  »itii,  •>it'„l.||.>iiUli*tl.'— •/Jlroii.'    rt/nirAontori. 

un-oon  fussed,  n.    irref.  tm-  (1),  inul  Eiig. 

1.  Not  cMifi'-^afd  ;  conceaI«l  or  doiiiod. 
I  AppIioU  t«»  Mils  or  crimes.) 

2.  Not  conr'hSfd,  as  a  Roman  Calliolii-  who 
t.iiK  t*»  :ipiien  N-fwre  a  confessor  to  acknnw- 
i>>tl;;i' tils  siii>  ;iu<l  .sock  absolution.  (Ai'i'lifil 
t..  I..T  .ins  > 


un  con  feSS  ing,  a.  iPrt'f.  nu-  (1),  ami  Enj;* 
••nrt/es^i>'ij.\  Not  L■ollfes^ing  ;  uot  makiny  cuu- 
ffsiiion  ofhtitn. 

'•  ff..rtrt>/,-<.-"7  iinl  (tnmcrlify'd  sinuors."— .'/('//"h: 
<n»"ii(f   ffi  ri'i  f'.'  fiVtii    Dr/eiia: 

uu-con'  fi  den9e,  ■.  (Pref.  tm-  (l),  and 
ICris-  (""M' i"v.|  Want  of  conlidencf;  nn- 
trrtaint)^  ln-witation.  doubt.  {Hucb.t ;  Life  oj' 
U'iin N.  i.  1-J4.) 

iXn-con  fin'-a-Me,  c    [Pi-ef.  nn-  (i),  an-l 

I.  Not  abli-  t.»  be  contined  or  rcstraint-l  ; 
iiiin'str»inai)lf. 
•  2.  L'nbotnidi'd. 

"Tliuii  f'li'O'iri'xiSIf  IjTwenesA.  it  is  as  iniiclj  jw  I  cm 
<l.j  t't  kiM'i'  (lie  tf  niiA  of  my  houonr  precise.""— rf/i<iA'w/i.  .* 
Vri-rj/  l!'«f«.  II.  i. 

un  c6n~fined,  a.    (Pref.  on-  (I),  and  Kng. 

1.  Not  cui  I.Med;  free  from  rcstiuint  or  f. lU- 
ti-.l ;  frer*. 

"Tin-  F;»in-y,  toving unfvytfine:!. 

Till-  iiit»<;ut  luiue  (.■£  every  peiisive  iiiiiiil  " 

Coitjivy :  TiroeitiuMit.  '21. 

'2.  Not  Iiaving  nan-ow  limits;  not  uarmw  ; 
wide  and  coinpreheusivf. 

'  iin-con-f  in'-cd-ly.  0(U:  [Eng.  vnconjiiml ; 
•  li/.\  111  ni  tiin;<inrniL'(l  manner;  without  con- 
luH-iuoul,  r'-stiaint,  or  limitation. 

■"Out?  :w  i-urp.  <*  »»eo)ifiii'dlff  apre.id.' 

r.yyden:  Wind*  Pautlu't;  ii.  ..i:. 

iin  confirmed',  o.    (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Kn-. 

1.  Niil  rifiiiinned;  not  iirmly  establi^hod  ; 
iiwt  po-s-se-sse"!  of  its  full  measure  of  strenytU 
ur  stability. 

2.  Not  cnntirined  or  ai'provL'd  of  in  a  posi- 
tion or  ottitf. 

"Hysdytnraj|if<lnbbott<-».-iod  tuicoitfinnvil  jJielitfs" 
—Bnfc     hiiqliih  I  oturici,  [it.  ii. 

:{.  Nt<t  coNlirnied;  not  streugtliencd  by 
u'tditiona!  evidence. 

"  Nor  w-ojiloug 
His  witii.'*.-  unconfirmed.'      MiUon:  P.  fl.,  i.  2?. 

■  4.  Kot  foi  titled  by  resolution ;  weak,  raw, 
inexperienced. 


.5.  Notbaviiig  received oracquiredstrengtli. 
'*  Witb  ntwusftu  uiiiirActiseil  yet  mid  uncmfinned." 
Jtmtie:  Cfyssef.  iv. 

6.  Not  lia\  in;;  received  the  rite  of  confiriua- 
tion. 

'  un-cdn-form;  u.  [Pref.  vn-  (l).  and  En- 
'"I'/nrtJ.  I  N.it  confnnnable;  unlike»  dis- 
similar ;  nut  analogous. 

*'  Nwt  uMfrtii/orm  to  other  eliiniDg  globes.* 

Jtilton:  F.  /,.,  V.  259. 

un  con  form -a-ba-i-ty»  «-  [Piif-  ^"'- 
(1).  and  VA\-^.i'nJormnbiVd>i.\  The  quality  or 
^tate  of  beiug  vniconformable. 

"That  the  iiubt-?iraiie.-\ii  foi-cea  h-ive  visited  difl'or- 
iiit  VM\»  of  the  ylntie  h\  ttuceewive  [leritKls  is  iiifeirtd 

■  liienj  Iroiii  tlip  i"irf,t>/oniuibilif>/  of  strata  beUmirni;; 
t.^roop'o^  Ji'l.-i-iit  !i(je>."'— /,,vfH.-  Prill,  of  li("fo<i'/. 

■  It.  KiiL 

un-con -form -a-ble,  ■'.  [Pref.  m)-  (l).  nnd 
Kng.  cytDfir.-viabtc.] 

1.  On/.     La-rui.:     Not     conformable;     hnf 
a-rpc-able ;  not  consistent. 

"Unto  tliofce  fienPFftl  rule",  they  know  »e  dn  not 
<)<>(fiiil  (hi\t  we  iii.-n  tiulil  itiiythiiii;  unconf.nuntiiih:"— 
Honlcn-     /■■<'•■'.'•  I'olitie.  hk.  ii..  §  7. 


2.  '■'■<>f.  .•  Thi-  It-rm  ii-setl  wlien  nm-  .seiie>  i>f 
bi-iis  is  i»o  placed  over  another  that  the  su- 
perior l)eiis  rei>ose  more  i>r  less  on  the  odtzes 
instead  of  on  the  plane**  of  the  inferior  series. 
Thus  .m  the  boniers  of  Wales  and  Shrop- 
shire the  sbly  beds  of  the  Silurian  system 
an*  curve<l  or  vertical,  while  those  of  the 
overlyint;  carbi^niferous  shale  and  liinestcni' 
arc  horizontal.  To  prmlnrc  nneonf.'nuily, 
three  series  of  events  have  generally  occnrred. 
l-'irst,  tlie  inferior  beds,  oriijinally  Uiid  down 
horizontally,  must  at  some  subsequent  time 
have  been  tiltt-d  up  by  a  foree,  probably 
ij-ne'ms,  from  beneath.  Secondly,  in  most 
cases,  the  upturned  ends  of  the  stmta  must 
have  Ixen  more  or  le.s>  acted  on  by  denuda- 
tion, which  has  rendered  tliem  a  nearly  hori- 
zoiit;d  plane  on  which  fresh  sti-ata  can  e;isily 
rest.  Tliirtlly.  these  fre.sh  strata  hiive  Ix-t-n 
aetuallvdci'o.-ited.  vVpproxiiiint'-ly  to  meahMiv 
the  interval  of  time  which  tlust  (•lian;;-s  have 
oceupii'il.iiitt-rmediate  beds  must  bc' .sought  fnr 
in  i»ther  districts  or  regions,  or  failing  tlu-ie, 
note  must  bt-  taken  Of  the  anioimt  of  .tlt'ia- 
tion  in  life  which  has  occurred  during  tin-  un- 
known interval.  This  may  be  determined  by 
eoinparing  the  fossils  in  the  lowei'  with  those 
hi  the  upper  Ix-ds.  Unconformability  is  of 
sinco  in  fixing  the  date  of  ancient  .seismic  or 
volcanic  action.  If  it  tilted  up  the  lower  and 
hnd  no  influence  on  tlie  upper  stiata,  the 
irresistible  inference  is  that  it  occurred  be- 
tween the  deposititm  of  the  two. 

un-con-form'-a-bly,  o'//-.    (Eng.  v)>ruT)- 

jhnn-ii>{h) :  -III.]     Ill  an  unconformable  man- 
ner; not  eonsi-.tently  or  agreeably. 

"  III  sdcU  oises  the  discard  mice  cf  iiiclii.;itioii  I>e- 
ticeeu  thf  superii'i-  miA  iiil'eriur  tttntiv  is  exjn'e9?>«?d  l>y 
the  tf  nn  nni,i»iif-'rinrty.  and  tlie  npiter  nn-k  is  ajiid  ti> 
lie  ,inron/»rut»br-t  u|.uii  the  iu.vti.' — /*/f/7?;/>« .  Oe-r. 
(ed.  19351.  i.  7?. 

' un- con- form'- ist»  s.  (Prer.  }<»-  (i).  jumI 
Eng.  con/vr»ii:<l.\  A  nonconfurmist,  a  dis- 
senter. 

"  .\ii  nssjuiUnf  Cuconforntisfs  on  Church  disciiil i lit.  " 
—Fi'lU-r:  (hurcl,  Ilu^t.,  X.  ii.  i. 

iin-con-form-i-t^,  ?.  tP'^f-  ""-  (0.  »>'d 
Eiig.  ioiifonuitii.] 

*  1.  Oril.  Unitf. :  Want  of  conformity  ;  in- 
congruity, ineonsisteiicy. 

"To  be  ui)hrftide<l  witti  uncoiiforinitii  unto  tli'-  p.it- 
tern  of  our  Lord  mid  Pai'iour's  eatute," — Hooker:  Eccle*. 
Politic,  bk.  vii. 

2.  Geol. :  Absence  of  conformity  hdwcen 
strata  the  upper  of  which  rest  on  the  edges 
of  the  lower  beds.    (See  extract  under  L'NroN- 

FORM.\HLV.) 

*un-c6n-foilnd'»  r.t.    [Pref.  vn-  (l).  and 

Eng.  ..■')"/""'ir'.]    Not  to  mix,  mingle,  invohe, 
or  confuse  ;  ti>  free  fi^oni  mixture. 

"  Where  tliey  could  remiitn  s-tfe  nud  fmcotifi'inidi'd 
with  the  ii.iiives."—  U'arburlon :  J}ivinc  Lcjitdvit. 
bk.  iv..  5  0. 

^  un-Con-fused',  c.     [Pref.  vn-  (I),  and  Kn^'. 

1.  Not  confused  ;  free  frt'tn  confusion  or 
disorder. 

'■  Iiit«llective  memory  is  more  distim-t  and  niirr<,>- 
fused  thuu  the  sensitive  in«iuury.""//o/f;  Oria-  of 
M'liiKhid,  [■.  56. 

2.  Not  embarrassed  ;  free  from  emliarrass- 

]ii.^nt. 

un-con-fuy'-ed-ly,  mh:  (Eng.  nnroiifi'.'^cd : 
■hj.]  Not  in  a  confused  manner;  in  a  manner 
or  state  free  from  confusion. 

"  He  knows  ttiem,  distinctly  mid  ii  hcoh/i(»'(Wi/,  from 
one  Ruother."— /.ofAc.-  Hhiimu  Understand. .  hk.  i;., 
ch.  il. 

"'  un-con-fat'-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (i).  and 
Eng.  coii/ut'.ihJr,]  Not  confutable  ;  not  ad- 
mitting or  capable  of  being  confuted,  refuted, 
or  overthrown. 

■'  One  polittcjd  ari;uinent  they  bojisted  of  ii*  imcoit- 
/tifaltlc." — l>pra( :  bcnnciia. 

un-c6n-fut'-ed,  o.  {Pref.  nv-  (I),  and  Eng. 
coiifntaL]    Not  confuted  or  refuted. 


'  iin-con-geal,  vJ.  [Pref.  iin-  (-2),  and  Eng. 
coyiomL]    To  thaw,  to  melt. 

"  When  meres  begin  to  imronfirnl." 

Tenn^tan  :  l^fo  Voicrs. 

un-con-geal'-a-ble,  a.  y*ref.  vv-(l),  and 
Eng.  t:niiiit'iilnhi,:.\  Incapable  of  being  con- 
gealed, fio/.fii.  oi'  rendered  hard  by  cold. 
{Soi'fhfii:  N"ii'lrscripts,  in.) 

un-con-gealed',  n.    [Pref.  i(n-  (I),  and  Eng. 


lOiiijinti-il.]     N(>t  congealed  ;    not    frozen    c: 
e.-n'ereted  by  cold. 

"  I'nseen.  unweiit.  but  nncott'jrnled. 
And  cht-rijihetl  moot  where  liwt  iwenlcd." 

Huron  :  Pnritina.  xx. 

iin-con-ge'-ni-al,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  ami 
Eng.  "iif^f/iMr/.]     Not  congenial. 

"And  BUiall  the  iiit^rconrse  I  ween. 
Such  tini-Qiiseniat  bouIh  lietween." 

Scott :  iiokcbti.  ii.  4. 

■  un-con'-ju-gal,  n.  [Pref.  mi-  (1),  ami  Eng. 
i-i<i,j>n!'iL]  'N<d  .suitable  to  matrimonial  faitli , 
not  Ix-liltin-  a  liuslKind  or  wife. 

"  F:it>cht)Otl  most  iinronJuQal.' 

Mitloii :  Humaoit  Agonlstcs.  X<'. 

'  un-con-jiinc'-tive,  o.  [Prof,  im-  (l),  am^ 
Eng.  viijiincth'e.]  Not  conjunctive;  thar 
rannot  join  or  unite. 


un-c6n-necf-ed,  a.  [Pref.  w-  (i),  an' 
Eng.  cnnvcctcd.] 

1.  Not  connected;  not  united;  .separat-'. 
distinct. 

2.  N(it  coherent  ;  not  joined  by  prr.j><  : 
transitions  or  dependence  of  parts;  loo.-'i  . 
vague,  rambling,  desultory. 

"The  fraements  broken  off  from  .iiiy  science,  dia 
persed  in  sirort  Mnconnccred  diacoiipses,"—  H'titft, 

3.  Not  connected  or  united  by  interest, 
friendship,  party,  or  the  like;  not  having  ;. 
common  interest. 

'■  Now  hp  was  altosether  uncoiwected  with  Siiaiii  ' 

~.\/iiC'H!lu;i :  Hint.  /-:',ri .  ch.  xxiv. 

"^  un-c6n-nect'-ed-ly,  ndc.  (Eng.  vncf*'-- 
ncrfril ;  -III.]  In  an  unconnected  mauner  ; 
disconnectedly. 


un-con'-ning,      un-con-nyng,  c  v^-    . 

[Prtf.  "H-  (1).  and  Eng.  conning.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Ignorant,  unknowing. 

"  An  tiiiroii fling  :iiii\  uiiprofitdble  lunn," — Cliancai' ■ 
/I'.'vh'.'.  bk.  i. 

B.  -Is  subst.  :  Ignorance. 

"  un-con-niv'-ing,  a.  (Pref.  vn-  (I),  and 
Eng.  i(innivin{j.]  Not  conniving;  not  o\e(- 
loi.king  or  winking  at.    (MUfoii :  V.  i.'.,  i.  3tJa.> 

un-con -quer-able  (qu  :is  k),  a.     [Prei. 

''-(-  (1),  and  Eng.  vonquertd)!r.\ 

1.  Not  able  to  be  conquered ;  iiicapnlile  '  f 
being  conquered,  subdued,  or  ^anfiuishe^l  ; 
not  to  be  overcome  in  contest ;  indomitable, 
invincible. 

"All   the    boldest  spirits    of  tlie    miconqueraV-f 
KiAouy."—Jlncaulnff  :  Hist.  JL'iii/..  ch.  xvi. 

2.  Incapable  of  being  subdued  and  brought 
under  control ;  insuptniWe. 

"The  Mackiutosht^  were  kept  neutral  by  tiMm,-- 
•{■ler-iMe  lu-ersion   to    Kejipoi.h."'  —  Mncnnhvj  :   Jti'f- 

J^.'iy..  ch.  xiii. 

un-c6n'-quer-a-bly  (qu  a.s  k),  a.    [En- 

vnrnn'itiei-dhilf) ;  -In. I  invincibly,  indomita- 
bly, insuperably, 

"His  temi^er  acriraonioii.i.  tnrbnlent.  find   iincfui- 
•I lit: ml'! II  ■^iu\}U'rii"—Mncavlny:  Hint,  llittt.,  ch.  11. 

un-c6n'-quered  (qu  as  k), o.  [Pref.  vn-  (i ■, 
and  Eng.  antiinrred^ 

1.  Not  conquered,  vanquished,  or  subdue!  : 
unsubdued. 

"Their  hitherto  vnconqncrcd  C!)MWe."~-Mactiu1an  : 
Hist.  Enff.,  ch.  xix. 

*  2.  Unconquerable,  in\incible,  insuperable. 

"  Thnt  iiiiiK.-riMiis,  th.it  vncojojiierd  sr^wy." 

Pope:  tlonwr ;  Hind  i.  S7S. 

un-con'-scion-a-ble  (sc  as  sh\f'.  [Pret. 
tni-  (1),  and  Eng.  conscionuhle.) 

1.  Not  conscionable  ;  not  reasonable*  ex- 
ceeding the  limits  of  any  reasonable  claim  w 
expectation  ;  inordinate. 

"  He  h.Txl  been,  he  Raid,  a  nn'st  nnconncionahtc  \.\ti\- 
t\s\\\^."—.Macanhiii:  Hint.  Eii(i.,  ch.  iv. 

•  2.  Not  guided  or  influenced  by  conscience; 
unconscientious. 

"  Diiierac  »?icons<-v07i/[6?t' de.ilers  haiie  one  raeasii-^ 
to  sell  liy.  &  another  to  buie  wUhaW." ~  itolinnlicn 
Dcsc.  Eii'jiand.  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xviiL 
^  3.  Enormous,  vast. 

"  St.ilking  with  less  viicomx^innnblf  stride.'*. 
And  lower  looks."        MUtcm  :  l^tvuon  .i^onlste!^ 

un-con'-scion-a-ble-ness  (sc  as  sh),  ~. 

[Eng.  unctniscionabif :  -iicss.]  The  quality  t-v 
state  of  being  unconscionable  ;  unreasonable- 
ness. 

"When   need   meets  with  vncnmcionabTenesJi.  all 

conditions    iire  e.i3ily  swHllowed."— B/i.   Haft:   Conf. 

Micah'H  idoliitri/. 


jate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  mariae ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syi'in.n.    ae.  m  =  e:  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


unconscionably— uncontrite 


■-'91 


un  con'-scion-a-bl]^  (sc  ;is  sh),  n,li\  [Ei:s. 

"/K•"ll^';^■o»'t^^^■)  ;"  -hi.]     In  ;iii  uncnnsdoiiable 
iiiauuLToitlci^rci! ;  lunvasuniibly,  iiiortliiiatcly. 

■■  This  is  It  commmi  vice  ;  tho"  i\\\  tiling"  here         " 
Are  »     '.aad  soU'  uiicuitMri'ni'tbtjt  dwir." 

yji-tfdcM;  JttiKHal-  .a.  S»l, 

un  con  -scloiis  isc  as  sh), «.    [Pref.  wn-(l), 

iill.l   Elt;:.  ro,iN!-t'il'.s-.l 

1.  Not  cuiiscUais;  having  no  mental  per* 
caption. 

■•  Ctirnmri'uit  iinture.  ftll  that  hi-  survfj'd, 
r.ocks.  m-oven,  tiiiil  strisuiis,  luiwt  Join  him  iu  li.a 
pniiso,"  Cowficr:  Hope.  741. 

2.  Not  ci>nscions  to  one's  self;  not  know- 
\\y^ ;  not  perceiving. 

"  CncQmcioiit  w«  theae  motions  never  lieed." 

Blackmare :  CreatJoi). 

X  Having  lost  consciousness  '.r  puwer  of 
IMii-i'ptiou. 

I.  Kotarisiiis  or  resulting  from  or  produced 
by  foHHciousness  :  as,  iinconscioics  cerebration. 

•  5.  Not  acquainted ;  not  knowing ;  ignor- 
ant. 

•■  A  9tat«Iy  mule,  as  yet  by  toils  unbrokp. 
Of  six  j'ears'  age,  iincotuciom  of  the  yoke 

Pope  :  ilumti- ;  Iltad  wui.  7^0 

G.  Taking  no  cognizance ;  regardles'-,  heed- 
less. 

"  The  sire,  unconscious  of  hia  nge. 
Deijarted  promptly  rh  a  pni^e. 

nortlsieorth  :   l\-^ite  Do':   iv. 

•"  Philosophy  of  the  Unconscious: 
I'hilos.:  A  system  introduced  by  E.  v. 
Hartraann  (born  in  Berlin  1840),  who  pub- 
lislied  his  Die  I'hito.-^oj'hie  (fes  Unbeimsstcn  in 
lHiJi\  He  assumes  tliat  there  is  in  nature  an 
iinconsdous  Will  and  Idea  (=  the  Substince 
of  fcipinoza,  tlie  Absolute  Ego  of  Fichte,  the 
Absolute  yubject- object  of  Schelling,  the  Ab- 
snhite  Idea  of  Plato  and  Hegel,  and  the  Will 
of  Schnpenliauer)  as  a  \nu\-  and  spiritual 
;f_"tivity,  without  a  substratum  of  nerve  and 
biain,  which  is  the  basis  uf  cnnsciousnfss. 
llie  product  of  this  Will  and  Idea  is  the 
World. 

unconscious -cerebration*    . 

M'-)it"l  Phusini. :  Till-  name  given  to  the 
doctrine  tliat  the  mind  may  undergo  niodifi- 
cationa,  sometimes  .of  very  considentble  jm- 
pnitance,  without  Iteing  itself  conscious  of 
the  process,  until  its  results  present  them- 
s''lves  to  tlie  consciousness  in  the  new  ide,is, 
or  new  combination  of  ideas,  which  the  pro- 
cess hns  evolved.  This  doctrine  has  been 
I'urrent  among  German  metaphysicians  from 
the  time  of  Leiltnita  to  the  present  day,  and 
was  systematically  expounded  by  the  late 
Sir  William  Hamilton,  (fdr/j^nfrr-:  yir^ital 
}'h>i.<io!.,  cli.  xiii. ;  see  also  Mt'cmiUa.>'s  ilatj., 
Ni'\.,  IS70,  p.  L'u.) 

un  con'-sciouS'ly  (sc  as  sh),  ailr,  [Eng. 
lun-oH.ti-ious ;  -hi.]  Not  c(»nsfiously ;  in  an 
unconscious  manner  ;  without  perceptii.-n  or 
consciousness. 

iin-cdn'-scioiis-ness  (sc  a^  sh),   .    [Eng. 

"•"■oiiscioi's ;  -iu'.<^.\     Thf   iin:dity  i>r  state  of 
bi-ing  unconscious  ;  absence  oJ  consciousness. 


■A   total    iiticoiiM-ioiiS'f's  oi  douht."  —  TUey  : 
■Kx-no/  Chiistiainfg,  pt.  i..  ch.  .\i. 


*' un-c6n''Se-crate.  '-.t.  [pref.  w?(-(2),  and 
Eng,  coii6C>-nitv.\  To  deprive  of  consecration; 
to  desecrate. 

^  "To  Huc/mtcrrafr  the  very  rliiirrh  I  npe;*U  in."— 
Uvuth  :  !<t:nii'jiis.  vol.  iL,  ser.  U. 

'^ un-con'-se-crate,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l).  and 
Eng.  consLcnUf.]  Not  consecrated ;  uncon- 
sec rated. 

"She  naa  houseled  in  sight  of  the  people  with  an 

Lt^t  !iitco,t^ecrali:"—Sir  T.  More  :   JVorket.  p.  i;;i. 

Tin-cdn'-se-crat'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  W7?-(1).  and 
Eng.  €oii'"'crati'il.]  N'ot  consecrated;  not 
sacred.    (Bffron  :  Pari^ino,  r.  19.) 

^ un-con-aent'-ed,  a.  [Prof,  j;h-  (1),  and 
Eng.  con^-ifntaJ.]  Not  con>ented  to ;  not  agreed 
t...    (Followed  by  to.) 

■■Srt  loiit;  i\a  fhev  are  iinttinil  nnd  Jinrtnscnted  to."— 
/ip.  Taylor:  uf  HeiM-ntanc:  ch.  vii.,  t  5. 

un-c6n-sent'-ing,  o.  [Pref.  a/j(-  (1),  and 
Eng.  constating.}  Not  consenting  ;  not  agree- 
ing ;  not  giving  consent. 

"  Nor  uiicontenthifl  Ueiir  hit  ii  iend'a  request," 

i'ofH'  .    Hiitiifi- ;  tidj/Ksei/  XV.  ;t2i. 

un-c6ii-se-quen-tial(tl.issh), rt.    [Pref. 

(';(■(!),  and  Eng.  co)f'?''7('c)'/fti/.l  Not  conse- 
quential; not  following  as  a  J"*ce6sary  con- 
uci-iuence. 

"  Some  npplicaticHiH  inay  bi  thought  too  remote  anJ 
>i,ir<jnie<iU'^iiira(."—JohiUon:  Life  of  tVaUer. 


•un-con-sid'-er-ate,  ".    [Pref.  »«- ':),  and 

Eng.  i-rtn.-fi'li'nit':]  '  Not  consideritig  with  due 
care  or  att-ulion  ;  litHnlless,  careless. 

"  Poor  uiicontidfrat^  v/ig\n»." 

iMitiel:  Churut  to  Clittpatra. 

'un-con-sid'-dr-ate-ness,.".  (Pre.',  m)i-(i), 

and  Eng.  considvr'utenrss.  \  Tlie  quality  or 
state  of  being  nnconsider.de;  inconsiderate- 
ness. 

"  Upon   coHL-oit  And    HHContitlerateneM."  —  nah»  : 
Sermons:  Matt.  xxvl.  'li. 

'  unHSon-sid'-ered.  f.  [Pref.  loi-  (l),  and 
Eng.o^/'>"^7>'./.|  Not  considered;  not  taken 
into  consideiatiou  ;  not  re^jarded. 

"  .\  8iuipi«r-up  of  itncoti»idcred  trifles." 

Shitkfuji.  :   tVintcr's  Tati;  iv,  :t. 

'  iin-con-sid'-er-ing,  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  ami 
Eng.  voitsideriii/j.]  Not  considering  ;  void  of 
consideration ;  heedless. 

iin-con-soled',  a.  [Pi-ef.  vn-  (i),  and  Eng. 
f:on:<vkd.]     Not  consoled  ;  disconsolate. 


un-COn'-SO-nant,  c.  [Pref.  T/n-(l),  and  Eng. 
consonant.]  Nut  consonant;  not  consistent ; 
not  agreeing. 

"  So  itncontonant  to  whrtt  was  itt'Oiit  him."— .<(/(cij- 
oeinu,  Dec.  2},  1SS4. 

'Un-cdn-spir'-ing,  n.  [Pnf.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  conspirinq.]     Not  conspiring. 

-  un-c6n-sp"ir  ing-nes3,  >■■  (Eng.  mirn.i. 
spirtJi'j ;  -ins^.\  Tli-  (iu:ility  or  st^ite  of  iH'ing 
uncounectt;d  with  a  cons[)iracy  ;  iibsenco  ut 
plot  or  conspiracy. 

"  The  sincerity  and  micontpiriiignesi oi  thu  writers." 
—Boi/le-    n'o'kt,  ii.  i76. 

■  un-cdn'-stan-9y,  .>-.  [Prof,  un-  (i).  and  Eng. 
constanfii.]  Want  of  constancy;  tickleness, 
inconstancy. 

"  Hia  friendii  put  all  on  the  nciMunt,  not  of  his  "»■ 
rnrtxtti ncif.hut  iirudencc."— /"((/'f'-.  M'urthttt  ; itiintiti-j- 

'  iin-con -Slant,    *an-con  staunte,     ". 

[Pref.  un-  (U,  and  Eng.  r.-,n^U'if.]  Not  cou- 
staut,  inconstant,  unstable,  tickle,  changeable 

"  She  lives  t<>  tell  thee  thou  art  more  uiicoimtant, 
Tbrtu  all  ill  wuiiieu  ever  were  together." 

/feaini,.  d:  /'lef.  .'  Kinj  .6  .Vo  King.  iv. 

'  iin-c6n'-stant-lj^,  ndc.  [Eng  itncoustant ; 
-III.]    Inconsistently. 

"  How  vnmnnt'inttii  naiiU's  h;ive  be.-ii  settled."— 
Hobbs  :  HuTJMn  yatar^.ch.  v. 

"  Un-COn'-Stant-neSS,  <.  [Eug.  nnconstunt ; 
-/(fw.i     lncoiist;iHC> . 

"  Cnconsfantiiesx  of  iji\  mle."— 2  Cnriitthiani  i.  (l.inl.f 

(Nute.) 

un-con-sti-tu'-tion  al,  ri.    [Pref.  tin-  (i), 

and  Eng.  consiitntional.]  Not  constitutional ; 
not  agreeable  to  tlie  constitution  of  the  coun- 
try ;  not  authorised  by  or  contrary  to  the 
l>rinciples  of  the  cunstitntion. 

"That the  Declaration  of  Indulgence  was  inifonsti- 
tutional  is  h  i>uint  on  which  huth  the  ureat  English 
J  jirtle-shHve.ilwayabeeneiitirelj  iigreed  "—Macnului/.- 
Hist.  Fn^,,  ch.  viu 

un-cdn-sti-tu-tlon-&r-I-t^,  -\  [Eng.  im- 
coiistitiitional :  -it'i.]  The  qu;dity  of  being  un- 
constitutional. 

un-c6n-sti-tu'-tion-al  ly.  oJi:  [Eng.  -un- 
constitntional :  -iy.]  Ill  an  unconstitutional 
manner. 

un-constrained'.  *an-oon-strelned,  "■ 

[Prel,  n>i-{i),  and  Eng.  con.-itniinal.] 

1.  Not  constiaiiied  ;  free  froiu  coiistraiid  or 
compulsion  ;  free  to  act. 

"The  notion  of  being  uni'otntrairn'<t  and  disfn- 
gazed."— f'ee/e  :  Sptrtittor,  No.  28*. 

2.  Not  'lone  under  compulsion  ;  done  freely 
or  voluntarily. 

"Ood  delights  not  to  make  .-»  drudge  of  virtue. 
whi>se  itrtions  iuu-<t  l>e[ill  elective  and  H>icoiufru'(i(.-iL" 
— M.'t'iu  :  hact.  *  />mc.  of  Pionrcv.  Iik.  ii.,  ch.  xx, 

S.  rree  froia  constraint  or  stiffness  ;  not 
stiff,  easy. 

"  Ai:  uu^ynstrninetl  earriage,  and  u  certrtin  oiieune?-> 
of  belirtviour."— ^rft/won.'  :ipertutor.  No.  110. 

iin-con-strain'-ed-ly,   adi:     [Eng.  nnAxnt- 

strainrii ;  -/»/.]  In  an  unconstrained  manner  ; 
vtiluntaiily,  freely. 

■'  Wee  did  inir'-ns/rnhfdlff  those  things."— //ooAvr.' 

/>c/.'s.  I'ljlitir.  bk.  iv,.  ST. 

'  un-c6n-Strainf .  s.  [Pref.  "»-(!),  and  Eng. 
ton  strut  lit.]  Al)senee  of  constraint;  freedom 
Ironi  constraint ;  ease. 

"That  air  of  f  reedom  .-ind  tincoiMfrnJHf."— felijn  .* 
On  thf  Cliitiickt. 


fin-cin  siUt'-dd,  n.     [Pref.  uu- (t).and  Kh^. 

•  ■•■ii<iilri'l.\     Nid  cunsulte«i. 

■'Thf  ri-ni<>it<ti:int  »n*  Hut  muu/unltfJ  wltli."— 
Mill-n  .    .ipoloiiu  f-r  a<nrc*:nnnunS. 

'  un~cdn-siUt -ing.  c    iPrcf.   un-  (!),  and 

Kng.  consuUin4J.\      Taking  no  advicu  ;  nish, 

imprudent. 

"  It  wiw  tlie  fttlr  Zelmaiie.  Plcxlrlux's  diin|tht*fr. 
uhom  KnmiijiiW/Jii;/ atfeettoii,  unfortunately  l>orn  l'» 
meniirdM,  had  miule  )H*rn>w-  no  niuch  of  her  natural 
ni'xlexty,  .'w  to  leave  her  more  deveut  ntymenta."— 
si/dnvu:  .lrc<ti/i'i.  bl;.  il. 

'  iin  con  sume  a  ble,  o.  [Pref.  i(n-(i),  and 
Eng.  co/t.s'n(iM'''/'\l  Tlnit  cainmt  be  eonsuineil 
or  cxhrMist-  d  ;  iiiexliaustible.  {Sandys  :  Tra' 
rW.sp.  l~-.) 

un-c6n  sumed,  n.    [Pref.  nn-  (l),andEng. 

vansinmeil.]     Not  consumed. 

"  And  I  lu»ve  eani'd  tlio»*e  tortures  well. 
Which  iituonaumcd  are  still  voiieuiniuk'.' 

/il/ro» :  Ili'rod^t  Lament. 

'  iin-con  sum- mate.  a.    (Pref.  nn-  (i).  and 

Eng.  rnn.oimmnti.]  '  Not  ronsnminated  ;  not 
fullilled  or  accomplished. 
"  Fmm  Corj'thuB  came  Acron  to  the  flitht. 
Who  left   lii^  ^jHiuse  l>etroth"d  and  um-ontiimTn.ztf 
night.  "  ttryilvn  :    Viryil  ;  .Hnfid  X.  I.VU. 

'  iin-cdn-taln'  able,  a,  [Pref.  wii-(i),  and 
Eng.  contiiiiiiililr.]     Irrepressible. 

"  His  micfuUainnbti'  person  would  swou  burst  him. ' 
—  Adnnts  :    Wurkn,  i.  73. 

un-cdn-tilm''in-ate. '  fin-con-tSm' in- 
at-ed,    ".       [Pn-t:    -M,-  (\).  and    Eng.  iv... 

(;i"/v.J     Not  C'-ntaniinated  :  unpolluted. 
•■  Tl."  purr  ;iud  ••nvM't.triiinnt.-  h\,H^\. 
Holds  its  du--  n.iir^^.  "  Ccir]>er :  TusK-.  vi.  rSJ. 

* un-con-temned  (mn  as  ni),  o.  [Pref.  "»- 
(1).  and  Eng.  conteinnrd.]  Not  coiiteinned  or 
despised. 

"  Which  of  the  r>e«rs 
"  Have  iiiicoiitfnni'<Hff>uf:hy  bilMl"" 

.s/niie*p. ;  Henrif  17/.'.,  iit.  Z. 

un-con-tend'-ed,  p.  [Pref.  vn-  (i>,  and 
Em.',  contf-ndrd.]  Not  contended  lor,  not  dis- 
puted, not  contested. 

"  Permit  nie.  chief,  permit,  without  delay, 
Ti-  !e  id  tlif  iinc"tif<'ndifi  gift  .-iway.  " 

fnydvii :  Vhyit  ;  .€neid  v.  5I<. 

un-con- tent  -Sd,   a.      [Pref.  vn-  O).   and 
Eng.  t:oiit<')dfd.]  Not  contented  ;  discontented. 
"  T"  overlook  th"  iutric«te  designs 
Of  utirontentrd  Wi!\\\." 

Ikinirl :  PhiIota».    (Pref.) 

un-con  tent'-6d-n6ss,  ".  [Eng.  vncon- 
f.'ii'id  :  -jiry<.\  The  (luality  or  state  of  being 
uncontented  or  discontented;  discontent^'d- 
ness ;  discontent. 

"  LVut^-ntedness  is  oppdsixl  to  ambition,  eovetous- 
neSM.  iiijiv'^tiir,  unconfnitfltirft  "^Hammond  :  H'orK*. 

i.  -t;^. 

*  iin-oon-tent-ing  ness,  «.   [Pref.  t"-  (U: 

Eng.  contii\tiu{i,  and  suff.  -ness.]  Want  of 
power  to  content  or  s;disfy. 

"  The  decreet!  niicontfnriit<jnc*»  of  all  other  goods," 
—Boyle  :    M'orib',  i.  201. 

■  un-con-test'-a-ble,  f.  (Pref.  ?'/!-(i),  and 
V.n^.  contestable]  Notable  to  be  contested; 
indisputable  ;  incontestable. 

"  It  is  an  vnrontfgtable  maxim,  that  the  valu*  at  \ 
s.-urifice  can  never  rise  higher  than  the  »alue  of  tho 
saonflcers. '— ll'ii^tcWaiK/.    Walks,  vlii.  ITT. 

un-con-tesf -ed,  a.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  E115. 

anitestfd.] 

1.  Not  contest*tl ;  not  disputed. 

"  It  is  an  uncnntettrd  maxim,  that  they  who  ap. 
irov.-  !iii  nctlou.  wmdd  certainly  do  it  If  they  could.' 
—.Utdifin  :  Sftertator,  So.  4SI. 

2.  Evident,  plain,  manifest. 

"  Tid  by  experience  mifontr-tted  found.* 

Ulmkr-nre:  Creatio<\. 

'  un-odn'-ti-n^nt,  *  un-con-ty-nent,  t- 

[Pref.  i/»-(l),and  Eng.c'.'»f'>i''"^]  incontinent. 

"  Fiibf  lil.'\iiierc?,  n nconttffcnt.  uumylde,"— n'.vc/(jffr-' 
£  Tiitorria  liJ. 

*  uu-con-tra-dict -a-ble, n.   [Pref.  wn*(i); 

Eng.  aoilnid'irt,  and  suit,  -ol'le.]  Not  possible 
to  be  contradicted ;  not  admitting  of  contn*- 
dictiun. 

un-c6n-tr.T-dlct'-5d,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  r'vitru'llrfnl.]  Not  contrarlicted  ;  nd^ 
denied  ;  md  disputed. 

"  He  that  will  not  give  fs'th  rpon  current  testi- 
monlen,  niid  uvcontradirtrtf  by  atititiuity.  1h  ;*  tii:ul- 
niuu."— /f/>.  I'uylvr :  Hpitfopuvff  Atttrted,  |  i:f. 

'  un-cdn' -trite,  n.  [Pref.  vn-(l),  and  Eng. 
conti-ktr.]     Not  contrite;  not  penitent. 

Tl>e  firient.  by  nbaolvlnit  .an  %inr*ynfrlti'  sinner.^*; 


Dot  make  bun  • 


iitrite.' 


Work*. 


boll,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  ^hln,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  e^dst.    -^As^  ' 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^on  ^  zlifin,    -cious,  -tioua,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


uncontriving— uncountenanced 


iVH-«An -triir'-tng.  o,     |Pri'f.    rin-  (I),  and 
Kiij.  o'»i/' ictn^.l    Not  cnnirivius;  Uerlciciit 


iin  cdn  troll -a  Wo,  *  un  con-troul-a- 

blc, -I.     ll'ivf.  <m-0>.  '"'i'  Kiijj;.  ajiitroIUihU,] 
1.  Tliat  cannot  W  rontmlU'd  or  directed ; 

uiigovemaMe ;  iiiiiiiann^'<-ii)>le. 

Milton  :  Samton  AjfonUtfl.  1.7M. 

•  2,  IndUputable,  irrefi-ogabie,  incoiitrover- 
lible. 

"  Tbr  penKloit  «Mi  grnMitMl.  lo'  nuoii  of  ttie  kiiij; 
p(  Kii(tUnd"»  unccHtrvula^t  title  to  Euglnud."— //(ly- 
•Mini 

i  ftn  con  trol  -la-Wo-n^SB,  •  un-con- 
troul  a  ble  ness,  <.  |K"K-  mtC'xitrvUnliU ; 
»utl.  ■(('.<<- 1     hKiliilily  to  be  controlled. 

•'  Hi*v.f  A  ttrving  plw*  (or  tliclr  at>.>de  mhI  micon/roH- 
mbf9i>rst.'-Bp  dail :  Thf  Uloodif  !$*»*■  Ih.tt.d. 

mn-oontroll'-a  blj^.  '  un-con-troul-a- 

bly.    ■  un-coh  trol-a  bly»    Miv.     [Eng. 

1.  Ill  a  ninnner  that  cannot  be  controUeil, 
joverncil,  niU'd,  or  managed;  beyond  contrnl. 

••  It  Is  the  will  of  liim  who  is  ttncontroUablu  power- 
fn\\.'~Barrou    Set-mon*.  vol.  ill.,  »er.  *. 

•  2.  Indisputably,  incontrovertibly. 

"  Abiimliuitly  find  uneontrotablt/  coiivincfiitr  tlie 
r«&litv  of   our  Savloiir'B   denth. "—/*/».    Ilntl :   Cont. : 

sn-con-trolled'.    *  un-con-trouled«   a. 

iPrtf.  nn-  (I),  and  Eng.  contrulled.] 

1.  Not  controlled,  ruled,  or  governed ;  witli- 
«at  restraint. 

*■  Troy  »oon  niust  lie  oVrtlirown, 
If  uHcotitroird  Achllle'i  Hghtfl  alone." 

J'ofje:  Homer ;  Ilutd  xx.  38. 

•  2.  Not  yielding  to  restraint  or  control  ; 
uncontrollable. 

"  Do  not  I  know  the  uncontroul'tl  thoughts 
That  youili  brings  with  liiiu  ? ' 

Btaum.  *  Flet. :  Maid't  Tragedy,  iii. 

3.  Fiec.  voluntary. 

"  A  andtlen  and  uncontroJIed  choice  for  meeting  &\i 
aiiforfte«n  danger,"— if w**.'  Earty  Roman  Hist.  (ed. 
1855).  ii.  45. 

•4.  Indisputable,  undoubted,  not  refuteil 
•r  disproved. 

"  I  »ing  the  just  and  uncontroiVd  descent 
Of  dame  Veiietia  lUgby.  styled  tlie  fair." 

Ben  Jonson  :  Euphcme,  5  2. 

in-con  -  troll -ed-l3^,  "  nn-con-troul- 
ed-ly,  a.  (Eng.  UHCGiitrollfil :  -/(/.]  In  an 
oneoiitiolled  manner ;  without  control  or  rt?- 
straint ;  freely  ;  viduntaiily  ;  uncontrollably. 

"  No  rehictRnce  of  huin».nity  is  able  to  make  head 
apainstit;  but  it  wuimands  HncQnlyouIedtff."—Deca!/ 
'f  ihriitian  Piffi/. 

•un-con-tro-ver'-sdr-y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i) ; 
Eng.  controversiy),  and  sutl'.  -ory.]  Free  from 
controversy. 

"  It  yieldeth  no  caase  of  offence  to  a  very  pope's  ear. 
as  only  aiming  at  an  unrontroversory  piety." — Bp. 
Bait :  iHfence  v  Bumble  Hemoiutrancc,  §  2. 

*  un-con-tro-vert'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  im- 
(l),and  Eug.conlroieriuble]  Incontrovertible. 

* un-cdn-tro-verf -a-bly,  adv.    [Eng.  nn- 

eontrovertab(le) ;    -ly.] '    lueontrovertibly,    in- 
disputably. 

"  It  in  unamtrovertabti/  certiin  that  the  coninions 
Bever  Intended  to  leave  electors  the  liberty  of  return- 
hig  them  an  expelled  member. " — Johnton :  False 
Alarm. 

fin-c6n'-trd-vert-ed,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  controvertpd.]  Xot  controverted  or 
disputed;  undisputed;  indisputable. 

"  Nothing  hath  bteu  more  uncontrovertcd  either  iu 
ancient  or  modem  timcB."— H'rtrftitrlon  :  On  Hume's 
Xatural  Religion. 

t  tin-con' -tro-vert-ed-ly,  oaIv.  [Eng.  un- 
eontrovcTted  ;  -i?/.]  Incontrovertibly;  indis- 
putaUy  ;  beyond  all  controversy. 

"*  Mont  of  the  books  were  tmcontrovertedlu  written 
by  the  aimittlea  tbemBelvea. "—C/art« .'  Evidences  of 
Rittgion.  prop.  14. 

•  fin-con-ven'-a^ble,  (t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
^'Eng.  conveiiahl*!.]    Untitting,  unsuitable. 

"  There  was  imthiuj:  mure  unconvenable  fur  a  per- 
flecte  good  capitaine  tb.in  over  moche  hastinge,"— 
Wdait:  Apoph  qf  Erasmut.  p.  2S6. 

*^-odn-ve'-ni-ent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Bug.  convtnwu.]  'inconvenient. 

"  Reqnire  iioth>Tig  hurtefuU  or  xmconvenient  for 
hyna  ^tXie-'—Fuher :  Qodlie  Treatise;  On  Prayer. 

* fitt-«6n-vc'-ni-cnt-ly,  adv.  [Pref.  un- 
(l).aad  Eng.  conveniently.)  In  conveniently, 
rnjprriperly. 

-  Howe  uneonreniently  the  cryme^,  ,  .  was  Ijiied 
a^eJafit  liiin."— Udal :  John  \ix. 


in-con- ven'-tlon-al,  <(.  [I'ref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  rnnvtntional.]    'Not  fonventional. 

•'  Tlii-lrarriinj;oni«iit  .  .  .  ounht  to  be  graceful  ftiid 
iiimtudli-d.  ;iiid  vet  iiut  too  UHCono^''*-iunat."~Dail>/ 
Tctejrap'i,  Hcc.  8.  18p7. 

iin-c6n-ven-tion-fil'-i-ti?.  s.  [Eng.  low^n- 
veniiotuil ;  -it!/.]  Freedom  fimn  established 
rules  or  precedents  ;  originality. 

••  TlicPo  is  n  touch  nf  welcome  unconventiowttiti/ 
about  the  plot. '— M.  Jamcsi  a.ii^lte,  Jan.  24.  ISBS. 

•  iin-con-vers'-a-ble, «.  [Pref.  iin-  (i),  and 
Eng.  convei'sahle.]  Not  free  iu  conversation, 
not  sociable. 

"The mniK  uneonpertabU'  temper.'— Scott :  Christ ian 
Life.  pt.  i..  ch.  IIL 

•  iin-con'-vers-ant,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ronversant.i  Not  conversant;  not  fa- 
miliarly acquainted.  (Generally  followed  by 
with.) 

"  Persons  who  are  h.<ippily  uneonrertant  iu  disquisi- 
tions of  thin  kind." —.l/n^foj: .   Exchequer.    (Pref) 

•  un- con- vers' -ing.  ".  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  conferring.]  Notable  to  be  turned  to; 
having  no  attraction  or  proclivity  to. 

"  The  micontiertinff  inability  of  mind,  so  defective 
to  the  purest  and  most  siicred  end  of  matrimony." — 
Milion     hoctrine  rin-l  Dltc.  of  Dtvirce,  bk.  i.,  ch.  iii. 

"  un-con-ver'-sion,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Ewg.  cniiversifm.]  'Ill e  state  of  being  uncon- 
verted ;  impenitence. 

fin-con-vert'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
converted.) 

1.  Not  converted  ;  not  changed  inix)  an- 
otlier  substance  or  body. 

2.  Not  changed  in  opinion  ;  specif.,  not 
turned  or  converted  from  one  faith  to  an- 
other. 

"  The  natural  man  St.  Paul  speaks  of  is  one  uncon- 
verted  to  Chriatiauity."— rttyfor/  Of  Repentance, 
ch.  viii. 

un-c6n-vert'-i-ble.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Eng.  convertible.]  Not  convertible  ;  that  can- 
not be  converted  or  changed  in  form. 

"Wh.-it  i^  begone,  ajid  in  contempt  of  scieucef  111 
stars  and  unconoertible  ignorance  attend  him !  '—Con- 
greve  :  lovef'jr  Love,  iv. 

un-con-vinjed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
convinced.]    Not  convinced  ;  not  persuaded. 

"  If  they  remain  Btill  /tnconvinced  with  regard  to 
a  few  i>articular  difficultiea," — Ollpin  :  Sints  for  Her- 
mons.  vol.  i,,  §  31, 

un-con-vin^'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  convincing.]  Not  convincing  ;  not  suffi- 
cient to  convince. 

"  To  heap  such  uncontlncing  citations  as  these." — 
Miiton:  Removal  of  Hirelings. 

"  un-co-quett'-isli  (qu  as  k),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  coquettish.]  Jiot  coquettish; 
free  from  coquetry. 

"  So  pure  and  intcoqiietttsh  were  her  feelings." — Jane 
Austen  :  Nortknnger  Abbey,  ch,  viL 

iin-cord',  r.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2)  and  Eng.  cord.] 
To  take  the  cord  away  from ;  to  loose  from 
cords  ;  to  unbind  ;  as,  To  uncord  a  ti'uuk. 

•  un-cor'-di-al,  o.  [Pref.  xtn-  (I),  and  Eng. 
cordial.]     Not  cordial,  not  hearty. 

"A  little  proud-looking  woman,  of  uncordial  nd- 
lire^s."- Jane .i listen  .-Sense  it  SensibUitt/,  ch.  xxxiv, 

iin-cork',  v.t.  [Pref.  uu-  (2),  and  Eng.  cork.] 
Tu  take  the  cork  out  of ;  to  extract  a  cork 
from  :  as,  To  uncork  a  bottle. 

'  iin-cor'-pu-lent,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  corpulent.]    Not  corpulent. 

•  un-cor-rect',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
correct,  a,]    Not  correct ;  incorrdct. 

"  That  you  h.ive  since  that  time  received  with  ap- 
plause aa  bad  and  as  uncorrgct  plays  from  other  men." 
—Dryden  :  Pref.  to  IVild  (i-t'Mtiit. 

un-cor-rect'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
corrected.] 

1.  Not  corrected ;  not  revised ;  not  ren- 
dered exact. 

"  The  faulty  passages  which  may  be  met  with  in  it, 
will  perhaps  be  charged  upun  those  that  suffered 
them  to  pass  uncorrected." — B-yle:   iVorks,   i.  24). 

2.  Not  reformed  ;  not  amended  :  as,  life  or 
manners  uncorrected. 

3.  Not  chastised. 

*  4.  ipfafidd):  Unshorn  ;  unraowu. 

"  Wanting  the  scythe,  all  uneorreeted,  rank." 

.Sh'ikcsp. :  Henry  P.,  v.  2. 

•  un-c6r-res-p6nd'-en-5^,  s.  [Pref.  mh- 
(1),  and  Eng.  corre^pondencij.]     The  quality  or 


state  of  being  uncorrespfinilem  :  want  or 
abseui--e  of  cnrre.s]H>Lideiici'. 

*&n-c6r-res-pond-cnt»  o.  [pief.  nn-  (i), 
and  Eng.  mrrcspomient.]  Not  corresjiondent ; 
not  jigreeing  ;  not  suitable,  adapted,  or  agree- 
able. 

•*  Cncorrenpandi'nt  wit'ti  that  virtue." — Oand'-n  : 
Teart  of  tha  Church,  p.  3fi3. 

*  un-c6r'-rig-i-We,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 

Eng.  corri'jible.]  Incapable  of  being  correct^jd  : 
incorrigible. 

"  He  will  seeke  to  amende  liimselfc,  if  he  be  not  all 
together  nncon-igMe."—Oatred:  Tr.  of  Cope  on  Prv- 
verbs  (15-90). 

un-cdr-rob'-6-rat-ed.  n.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  corroboridcJ.]     Not  corroborated. 

un-cor-rupt',  "  nn-cor-rupte,  a.  [Pre!. 
nn- 0).  and  Eng.  ror/ny((,]  Nut  corrupt;  nut 
perverted  ;  incorrupt. 

"The  pretcusioiia  which  pure  and  uncorrnpt  Chr'"- 
tianity  has  to  be  receiveil  n»  a  Dhhie  revelation."— 
Clarke :  £vid>^nces  of  Religion.    (Introd.) 

un-cor-riipf -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
corrnptf'ii.]  Not  corrupted  ;  not  vitiated  ;  not 
depraved. 

"  To  follow  her  true  anil  uncorrnpted  directions,"— 
Clarke:  Ei'idencus  of  Religion,  prop.  5. 

iin-cdr-rupt'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uncor- 
Titpted  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
uucorrupt  or  uncorrupted. 

"  The  grace  of  infallibility  :tnd   iincorritptedness."— 

Milton:  Areopajitica. 

^  im-cdr-rup-ti-bil'-i-ty,  *  nn-cor- 
rup-ti-bil-i-tie,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  corrupt ibilitij.]  Incapability  of  being 
corrupted ;  incorruption. 

"  In  itncarruptibilifie  of  qiiyete  or  pesible  .ind 
mylde  spirit."—  iVydiffe :  1  Peter  iu.  i. 

*un-cdr-rti.p'-ti-ble,  a.  [Pref.  ini-  (l).  and 
Eng.  corniptiljle.)  Not  (Corruptible  ;  not  liable 
to  corruption ;  incorruptible. 

"  And  changed  the  glory  of  the  vnrnrrnptih7^  God 
into  an  image  made  like  to  corruptible  man,  '— ^o- 
mines  i.  23      (1640.) 

*  un-cor-rup'-tion,     *  un-  cor-rup-ci- 

oun,  s.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  corruption.} 
Incorruption. 

"  Glorie  and  honour  and  iincomtiKioiin  to  hem 
that  seken  euerlnstynge  lyf." — Wycliffe  :  yiommis  ii. 

*  un-cdr-riip'-tive,  a.  [Pref,  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  corruptive.]     Incorruptible. 

"  Those  other  climes  of  uncorruptiee  Joy." 

Qlover  :  LconidaS,  vii.  413. 

"  un-cor-riipt'-lsr,    *  un-  cor  -  rupt-  lye, 

adv.  [Eng.  uncorrupt ;  -hi.]  In  an  nncorrui'l 
manner;  truly,  genuinely. 

"I  shall  declare  Hncornyj(/ye  the  s;iyings. '— flreiidf  .' 
Quintitis  Curtiiu.  fol,  19S. 

lin-cdr-rupt'-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uncorrupt  ; 
-Hftss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  uncorrupt ; 
freedom  from  corruption. 

"In  doctrine  showing  uncorruptness.  gravity,  sin- 
cerity."—rifua  ii.  7.    (1640.) 

*  iin-COSt'-ly,  n.  [Pref.  -un  (1),  and  Eng. 
costly.]    Not  costly  :  cheap. 

"  A  man's  spirit  is  naturally  cireleas  of  baser  and 
uncostly  materials.  ' — Bp.    Taylor:  Sermoiit,  voL  ii., 

ser.  15. 

*un-coun'-sel-la-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-{\),  and 
'Ewg.  counsclkihle.]  Not  able  to  be  counselled 
or-advised  ;  inadvisable,  imprudent. 

"  It  would  have  been  xinctninsiUa^ilc  to  have  marched, 
and  have  left  such  an  enemy  at  their  backs." — Clai-en- 
don:  Ciril  Wars. 

*  un-coun  -sellsd,  *  un-coun-sailed,  c. 

[Pref,  no-  (1),  and  Eug.  connsdled.)  Not  coun- 
selled; not  having  counsel  or  advice;  un- 
advised. 

"Nothing  to  subdue  it  was  left  uncounselled."— 
Uiirke  :  Letter  to  a  Soble  Lord  lITaO). 

*  un-coiint'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and  Eng. 
countable]    Not  to  be  counted  ;  innumerable. 

"  Those  uncountable  glorious  bodies  s(.-t  iu  the  firma^ 
Tnent."~Raleigh  :  Hist,  n'arld,  bk.  i..  ch.  i. 

un-count'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
counteil.]  Not  counted  or  numbered  ;  innu- 
merable. 

"Surviving  comrade  of  uncomitcd  hours." 

n'ord^ioiirth  :  Michael, 

*  iin-c6iin'-ten-an9ed»  a.  [Pref,  z(;t-(l),  and 

Eng.  countenance.]  Not  countenanced  ;  not 
morally  supported  by  the  countenance  of 
others. 

"  Urged  unremittingly  the  stubborn  work 
Unsecouded,  uncountenanced." 

Wordsworth :  Excursion,  bk.  vi. 


l^te,.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  f^,  father ;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ; 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


uncounterfeit— uncritical 


2^3 


*un-coun -tor-fext,  ■un-coun-tre-feict, 

a.     [Pn;!".  ioi- (1),  ami  Euj;.  coitntcrftit.]    Not 
cumit^ilVit,  nut  simrious  ;  genuine. 
■'  Ciicouut<!rfrie  luisr.rust  to  bar." 

lltfiirf .   The  Faithful  Lover.  Jtc. 

un-coup-le  de  as  el),  v.t.  &  t.    [Pref.  un- 
(•:),  awl  Ku-.  cvui-le,  v.J 

A.  Ti-dtis.  :  To  set  free  what  before  weio 
couple<l,  a.s  two  (logs  previmisily  lield  toge- 
ther by  a  c»'Uple,  cord,  or  chain  ;  to  set  loose, 
to  disjoin. 


t  B.  Intrans.:  To  loose  hounds  from  th  .r 
couples. 

"  I'ttroupte  til  tlip  vrcsU^rn  vnHey," 
S'lai-f.tp.     Miilsutntncr  A'ij^Afs  Oreain.  iv.  1. 

un-coup'-led  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  ((-  (1), 
and  Eng.  cuuj'ltd.]  Set  free  from  being 
foupled  ;  not  coupled,  not  united  ;  h,*uce,  not 
wcdiled  ;  single. 

■■  t'licoiipled  hoiiuda  began  the  chase." 

DrifUvn :  J'aliimoii  i  A.  cite.  ii.  236, 

■  un-court -ed,  c  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
cvurtfl.] 

1.  Not  courted,  not  sought  af:-'.- ;  not  liaving 
court  paid.     (Daniel:  Civil  It'ors,  ii.) 

2.  Not  couited,  not  wooed  ;  not  sought  iu 
marriage. 

un~cdurt'-e-ous,  un-Gourt'-e-ous,  •  uu- 

-CUr-teiS,  a.  [Prt-f.  un-  (l),  ami  Ellg.  coiif- 
k'jiis.]  Xut  courteous,  not  polite;  uncivil, 
unpolite. 

"The  Commons  thought  this  proceeding  unjustifi- 
able in  siilisUnce  and  uncourttfotfi  in  foiiu,"— J/[(c- 
aiihiy:  II, ^t.  Eng.  ch.  xiv. 

iin  -  court  -e-ous-ly,  un-court-e  ous- 
ly,  ■  un-cour-te-ous-lie.  '  un-curt- 
eis-ly,  "  un-court -es-ly,  adc.  [Eng. 
u limit rteous;  -ly.]  In  an  uncourteous  manner; 
not  courteously;  discourteously,  uncivilly, 

"  He  now  without  all  atiame  most  vDconrteoiislie  de- 
miindud  to  be  to  Iiim  tesioved."—ffo{imhe(i:  Bist. 
A-otluttit :  FennmrtL 

iin-cburt'-ier-like  (1  as  y)^  a.  (Pref,  vn- 
(1).  and  Eng.  conrtierlike.]  Culike  a  courtier  ; 
litMice,  not  flattering,  blaud,  suave,  or  the  like. 

"I  noted  bat  an  tincourtierlike  part." — Alati. 
HArblay  :  Diary,  iii.  103. 

un-court-li-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uncourtly;  -ness.] 
Ab-s^'nc'/  of  couitliuess;  want  of  polish  in  the 
maiiufis. 

■'  :Notwithst.inding  the  uncoin-f!ine»f  of  their 
phrases,  ilie  aeusM  was  Very  honest."— AtUlison  :  »'A»j/- 
Examiner,  No.  5. 

iin-court'-ly,  u-     [Pref.   un-  (1),  and  Eng 

1.  Untrained  in  or  unused  to  the  manners 
of  a  court ;  hence,  not  suave,  bland,  tiattei  - 
ing,  or  the  like  ;  blunt,  impolite,  unpolislied. 

"The  t(neoi(>f7i/ counige  which  diatiugoished  hiiu  " 
—Mucaula^:  Uit.t.  E»g.,  ch.  xv. 

2.  Uncivil,  rude,  coarse,  plain. 

'  un'-coiis,  ".    [Lat.  uncus  =  a  hook.]    Hook- 

hke  ;  liMuked. 

un  couth,  *nn-kouth,  *un-keth,    un- 

COOth,  a.    [A.S.  uvnUlh  =  strange,  unknown, 
from  'f/(-  =  not,  and  cudh,  pa.  par.  of  cHiinun 
=  to  know.] 
'  1.  Unknown. 

"  Citcoulhv.  unkist.saidtheold  famous  poet  Chaucer; 
which  proverb  very  weU  tiketh  place  in  this  our  new 
IKiet,  who  ftrr  that  he  is  uiicoulh  (na  said  Chauter)  iu 
unkist :  ami  unknown  to  most  men.  is  re(farded  but 
of  few. '•_£'.  K.,  Epistle  Dedicatory  prefixed  IQ  .<pensers 
Sheplteardi  Calender. 

*2.  Strange,  not  familiar ;  hence,  suspicious, 
alarming,  startling. 

"  Xor  can  I  like 
This  uni.'oiith  dream."  JlUton  :  P.  L.,  \\  98. 

3.  Awkward,  clumsy,  odd,  strange. 

"  Marks  such  aa.  to  men  bred  in  the  courts  of  France 
and  En^'lnud.  had  an  nncouth  and  ominous  appear- 
ance."— Jlitctiufay  :  Bist.  Eng.,c'h.  xii. 

un-couth'-lj^,  *  un-cooth-ly,  adv.  (Eng. 
unrvuth  ;  -Iji.]  In  an  uneouth  manner  ;  oddly, 
strangely,  awkwardly,  clumsily. 

"  Danoiiig  uncouthli/  to  the  quivi-ring  flame." 

Cotcptr :  Task,  iv.  276. 

un-c6uth'-ness,  5.  [Eng.  uncouth:  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  uncouth ;  odd- 
ness,  strangeness. 

"  Oft*n  he  approaches  as  near  to  a  gooil  effect  as  the 
}tncoiithtieM  uf  his  method  allows."— Z)ai7^  Tttvgraph, 
Sept.  Ui,  I8b5. 

'  fin-cov'-en-a-We,  a.  (Pref.  un- {l),  and 
Eng.  covfiiahU:\    Inconvenient,  unsuitable. 

"Escliewe  thou  uncouennble  fxblis,  and  elde  wym< 
mens  fablia."—  WycUffc :  1  Timothy  iv. 


;.a-cov'-en-ant-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  coyt-iwuto/.l 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Not  covenanted  ;  not  promised  by  co- 
venant ;  uot  resting  on  a  covenant  or  promise. 

"  I  will  cast  me  on  hU  free  uncovcnanted  mercy." — 
Bortlry:  Sermoiu,  vol.  Hi.,  aer.  3:*. 

2.  Not  bound  by  a  covenant,  contract,  or 
agreement  ;  not  liaving  joined  iu  a  covenant. 

"Each  iiersou  haa  at  ouce  divestud  himsulf  of  the 
iirst  fniidameutid  riktht  of  uncovenanted  man.'— 
Burkv :  freiich  tifPntution. 

II.  //us/.  :  Not  subseribiLig  to  the  Scottish 
Solemn  League  and  Covenant. 

"  A  lew  fanatical  non.jurors  may  have  grudged  their 
allegi.uice  to  an  uncor,-i,.ifit.,i  kin-.-.— 7*.  I'.  Mau : 
Cunstit.  nut.  f:,„j!uiid.cU.  i. 

Uncovenanted  Civil  Service,  s.     A 

branch  of  the  Indian  Civil  Service,  wlmsi- 
members  (Europeans  or  natives)  are  sul'Je.t 
to  no  entrance  examination,  nor  entitU-d  to 
promotion  or  retiring  pension,  and  also  may 
resign  their  office  ;it  ple;isure. 

uncovenanted-mercy,  «. 

Theol. :  An  expression  used  of  something 
not  promised  by  God  in  any  covenant,  and 
siiecially  in  the  covenant  of  grace  or  of  re- 
demption. [Covenant,  ^  (a).]  For  instance, 
to  give  Eternal  Life  to  tliose  who  believe  in 
Christ  promised  by  God  (John  iii.  14,  15)  is 
now  regarded  as  part  of  a  covenant  on  the 
part  of  God.  with  those  wlio  believe  in  Christ, 
to  extend  salvation  to  those  who  have  nut 
had  opportunity  of  hearing  of  Christ,  is  held 
to  be  an  uncovenanted  mercy.  (Generally  in 
the  plural.) 

If  Used  also  familiarly,  in  the  sense  of, 
more  than  one  expects  or  deserves. 

"  Let  us  leave  him  [the  Duke  of  Argyle]  to  the  un- 
roi'cnauteU  nierctet  of  Prot  Huxley."— i*a«i/  A'etca. 
Feb.  6,  1S88. 

iin-coV-er,  v.t.  &  i.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
cover.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  take  a  cover  off,  as  the  cover  of  a 
basket ;  to  remove  a  cover  or  coveiing  from  ; 
to  divest  of  a  covering,  as  of  a  veil,  cloth, 
roof,  or  the  like. 

[He]  vncoucred  hia  face.  &  holding  vp  his  haudea  to 
heaven  said  :  0  you  gods  that  I  doe  worship,  1  i-equyre 
youchiefly  toeatJibiiahe  thiskingdomevutomyaelfe  " 
—Brende:  Qui>itu»  Curtius.  fol.  82. 

2.  To  strip  bare. 

"  When  aii  Iiidijin  is  about  to  worahip  at  the  Morai, 
or  brings  hU  ortVring  to  tlie  altar,  be  always  uttcovera 
his  body  to  the  wniat.'  — Coo*  .   First  t'oyage,  ch.  xlx. 

3.  To  take  off  the  hat  from,  as  a  token  of 
respect. 

"None  of  the  Extern  people  use  the  compliment  of 
uncovering  their  beads  when  they  meet,  as  we  do  "— 
Dumpier:  Voyaget  i&u.  1688). 

4.  To  disclose  ;  to  make  patent  to  view. 

■■  In  vain  thou  striv'at  to  cover  shame  with  shame. 
Or  by  evasions  thy  crime  uncoi>er'st  more," 

JtUton.'  Sa'tison  Agonittes,  842. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  take  a  cover  or  covering  off  anything. 

•■  Cncooer,  dogs,  and  lap."       Shakesp. :  Tiyiton,  iii.  6. 

2.  SjKcif. :  To  take  off  the  hat  in  token  of 
respect. 

un-cov'-ered,    a.      [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

cocered.] 

1.  Divested  of  covering  or  clothing;  having 
the  cover  or  covering  removed. 

"Thou  wert  better  in  thy  grave,  than  to  anawer. 
with  thy  tincoiiereUbody,  this  extremity  of  the  akiea." 
—Shakesp.  :  Lear,  iii,  4. 

2.  Specif.  :  Having  the  covering  of  the  head 
removed  iu  token  of  respect. 

"  Rather  let  my  head  dimce  on  a  bloody  pole 
Than  stand  uncover'd  to  the  vulgar  groom." 

Shakesp.  :  2  Henry  VI..  iv.  i. 

3.  Unprovided  with  a  cover  or  covering  : 
open,  bare,  naked,  uproteeted. 

"  Bycause  they  s-^w  the  penthoiutes  of  our  turrettes 
burned  downe.  and  that  oure  men  could  not  with  ease 
go  vnc-ntered  to  saua  th^iu." —iioldinge :  C'cesar,  fol.  192, 

*  un-c6v'-et-ed»  o.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
coveted.]    Not  coveted  ;  not  longed  after. 

"  Uncoveted  westlth  came  poui'ing  in  upon  me."— 
n.  Urwjke:  Fool  of  fiuolity,  i.  asa. 

*  un-co^r,  V.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  cowl] 
To  divest  of  a  cowl ;  to  remove  a  cowl  from. 

'■  I  pray  you  think  us  friends— uncow?  your  face." 
Coleridg'-. 

*  un-c<J^led'»  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cowkd.\  Divested  of  a  cowl;  not  wearing  a 
cowl  or  hood. 

"  Beyond  you  isle,  by  tmlmers,  pilgrims  trod, 
Men  bearded,  bald,  cowl'd.  uncowVd.  shod,  unshod." 
Pope:  Duuciad-,  iii.  III. 


•  UU"Oraf'-t^,  a.  [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  £««. 
cr't^fty.)    Not  crafty,  cunning,  or  dcHigniog; 

sinipk*. 

"  A  (timple  and  uucrei,fty  man  cnnnot  bo  wl»  unU 
salvntioi.  ■—«;..  Tayl',r     /tut,-.,/  rf,„itcienee.    iVtef 

•  ^-cr&n'-nied.  '  iin-or&n'  led. «.  [VkL 

w«-(l);  Eng.  cranny,  and  aulf.    ed.]    Havinjt 
no  cranny,  llssure,  chink,  or  oi>euing.    {Lit.  ^ 

M) 

"  To  whose  cKwo  uncranied  broAst 
We  our  aecrot  thought*  may  wnd." 

Drayton :  oHepH^rd't  S^ren^ 

'  un-cre-at'-a-ble.  a.  (Pref.  un-  (i),  ami 
Eng.  cnntahh:.]     S-t  able  to  be  created;  iui- 

po.ssible  to  l»c  eieated. 

"  iin'~cre-ate.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
creatf.]    N'>t  t-reated  ;  imcreated. 

"  I'tio  KiithrT  ancri-ate,  the  Son  uncreiUe,  uid  tlu 
Holy  (iliuat  ancreatv."—Attiana»ian  Cretd. 

'  un-ore-ate',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
create.]  To  blot  out  of  existence:  to  anni- 
hilate. 

"  Who  call  uncreate  thee  thou  shalt  kiiuw." 

MUt<m  :  P.  L..  v.  «9S. 

im-cre-at'-ed,  a.     (Pref.  i*?i-  (l),  and  Eng. 

created.] 

*  1.  Annihilated  ;  blotted  out  of  existence. 
(In  this  sense  from  pref.  un-  (2).) 

"Nor  will  I 
Wish  myself  nncreaifd.  for  tbiaevU." 

Beatitn.  A  Flet. :   Woman-hater.  tL 

2.  Not  yet  created  ;  not  existing. 

'■  Misery,  uncreated  tiW  tlie  crime 
Of  thy  rebellion."  .VUton:  P.  L.,  vi.  261 

3.  Not  deriving  its  origin  from  creation; 
eternally  existing. 

■'  Who,  liKht  himaelf.  In  uncreated  light 
Invested  deep,  dtvellaawfujly  retir'd." 

Thmnton:  Summer,  ITS. 

""  un-cre-at'-ed-n£ss,  s.  [Eng.  uncreated; 
-nes$.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
created. 

"By  making  a  distinction  between  derived  u>ii~r«(ilf<I- 
m-sn,  and  underlved  uncreattdnea*.'  —  Waterlatid: 
Works,  ii.  326. 

*  un-cred'-i~ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

credible.]  Not  credible  ;  unable  to  be  believed  ; 
incredible. 

"It  Were  tnicredible  unto  euery  man  that  Daui4 
shulde  haue  the  victory."  — /^/wr.    Seocn  Ptaitnet, 

pS.  VI. 

^  iin-cred'-it,  v.t.  [Pref.  lot-  (2%  and  Eng. 
credit.]    To  discredit. 

"Affirmations  are  apter  to  win  t>elief  than  negv 
tiona  to  uncredit  them."— Feltham :  /ietaltKS,  p.  as. 

*  un-cred'-it-a-ble,  a.  (Pref  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  creditable.]  Nut  creditable  ;  not  reputa- 
ble or  honouralde;  discreditable. 

"  Cncreditable  or  unfaahiouable,  branded  or  disiued. 
sins." — Bamntond :  HcmioiiB,  vol.  iv.,  ser.  7. 

^  un-cred'-it-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  ujicredit- 
al'le ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
discreditable  or  witliout  reputiUion. 

"To  aU  other  diusuasives,  we  may  udd  this  o,  tht 
iincreditableness.' —Decay  of  Piety. 

iin-cred'-it-ed.  a.     [Pref.  wit-  (l),  and  Eug. 
credited.]     Nut  credited  ;  not  believed. 
"It  sayeth  so  uncredUed." 

Warner:  Albions  England. 

un-cned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eug.  cried.] 
Nut  catled  ;  not  clamoured.  (Often  followed 
hy  for.) 

"  I  rather  choose  to  thirat,  and  will  thirst  ever. 
Than  leave  ttiat  cream  of  nations  uncried /or." 
Ben  Joiukjh:  The  yew  inn,  1.  2, 

un-crip'-pled  (ie  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (ix 
and  Eng.  crippled.] 

1.  Not  crippled  or  lame ;  not  destitute  or 
deprived  of  the  use  of  the  limbs. 

"  I  have  eyes  oud  ears, 
Two  feet  uncrippitd." 

Cowper :  H</mer ;  Odytteg  rx. 

2.  Npt  having  the  power  of  motion,  action, 
usefuTftess,  &c.,  impaired :  as,  The  ship  came 
out  of  action  uncrippled. 

'  un-cris'-ten-ljr,  adv.  (Eng.  uncriiten  ;  -ly.] 
In  an  unchristian  manner  or  spirit. 

"Construe  nothing  uitcristenly,  aud  bMomeaguin 
my  good  U>u\.'—.Strype  :  Ecclet.  Mem. ;,  Op.  of  Suit* 
bury  to  CrumweU. 

t  un-crxt'-ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
(■/■i7ic((/.  J 

1.  Not  critical;  wanting  in  judgment. 

"Rudo  understandera  or  uncrUicai  speaker*.'  — 
Oauden  :  Team  of  the  Church,  p.  24. 

2.  Not  according  to  the  just  rules  of  criti- 
cism :  as,  an  uncritical  estimate. 


boil,  boy:  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  £ 
-cian.  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion.  -sion  -  shun;  -tion,    sion  ^  zhun.    -xjious,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  iic.  =  b?t  del. 


uncrooked— uncurrent 


-  un  crooked,  *  on-oro^k -dcl.'(.    iTret'. 

':  lit.  \uii'liiii^,  oi  ttirtnittiii ;  htnii};lit. 

"  y.\*ir  Hint  "'t^dlfiit  •"»>■«.  uucn>okrti," 

liri <i  yiti.    tojftit a'uV<^r  I'l-  — 

un  ordppod,  Hn  ordpt.  <r.    (Pi-ef.  fot-(l), 

1.  Not  crupjH.'il,  Its  hind ;  iint  ^^^\\u  or 
.alitv^l. 

•  '^.  N"t  iilufk«l  or  jinilK'it-*!. 

"  Thy  nhumliiiioe  v mit* 
PartAkcrs.  nfwl  iiii.'rviV'  fi^""  ^'  !'><>  Kromin. ' 

Jiiltoti ;  I'.  L.,  i\.  78L 

M.  N  t  ( r-.|'i»ttl  or  cut,  118  the  em's  of  a  dojt. 
un  crossed*  ^•.     [VivT.  loi*  (1),  and   llw^. 

1.  Not  cr>hSO(l :  lint  set  i>r  i»lactHl  across 
•  I'^li  other. 

•  2.  Nut  crossoil  out,  ortiinfllci,  or  iMnscd. 

"If  Mm  oM  a«l>t  MtNiid  "tUI  III  th«  »M>«k  » <"-ivjM''rf. 
'Ill'  BtiaukMi^'r^ttiiy  •uc  Itliii  lul"  lt."—ii»nif/'i'i  /'it- 
^•rii,!*  firogrv.  iit.  1, 

3.  Not  tliWHi  tfil ;  not  opposfd. 

dn  cr^ikrd'  fid,  n.    {IVf.  t"i-  (1),  and  1:111;. 
'iu  >/./.)    Nut  evuwdud  ;  not  »traiti--ned  for 

.;.;ir  -.riooin. 

"  Ami  lii'M  iiii'rf>ie-Uii  luitimi^  in  it^  womh. " 

.Ulditjt.:  L<(t.,from  ItnUi. 

^  ortfikm'.  "un-cronn,  i-.t.    ii'i.r.  »»-(:;), 
iii'l  Eiig.  rr-oc",  V.) 

1.  hit.:  To  deprive  of  a  cr"Uii  ;  tu  pull  or 
:  ikf  a  crown  off. 

■•  Wej*  Ut*iu«txiU5  0**j»il.  we  em^ily  might  H»<-ri>fjj 
rbis  s«t>lo  lnipn«U>r. " 

Aeduni.  .t  Wrf.  .■  The  Coroiuitioit.  \ . 

2.  h'ig. :  To  del«>se,  to  detliront- :  tn  deprive 
:  soven.'igiity. 

■■  I'll  •incroxrit  him  cre't  Ix-  loji^'." 

Nli'thoi:  :  :;  !l<-ir;i  VI..  iv.  1. 

iin  crowned,    un-oroonede,  (^    [Pref. 
L-  <1),  and  Kii^'.  vroimed,] 

1.  l)ivt'.st*,'d  of  a  eruwii.    {Lit.  or  Jt/i.) 

2.  Not  r-riiwned  :  as,  an  microivned  kinj^. 
X  I'nitMvardfd. 

■■  N>\*r  did  mu-h  emi>e  goe  away  i/ncrowueii."—/lji. 
£/jU:  ioiUi-mid.;  The  faithful  CaiiaaidU: 

tin-cry 8 -tal'line,  n.    IPruf.  nu-,  and  Knj,'. 

.Vi/;.  J-  i'etivL  :  Not  crystalline.  S-'ulc-y.  in 
Phillips  {Gt'oL,  L  254)  considers  the  UHi-rys- 
talline  type  to  consist  of  a  volcanic  ruek, 
.iri'^inally  amorphous,  s<)inetinii-s  ^'Ias,sy  lil^^ 
.bsiilian  or  tachvlyte.  and  ofti'n  in  the  uiii^ro- 
ivlsltii;  ritate.  Tiiere  is  a  ei)niplct'_- traiiMtmn 
between  the  uncrystalline  and  the  si'ini-crys- 
talline  rocks. 

unc'-tlon,  '  un-d-oun,  '  unc-cloun,    . 

fFr.  i^i'rtion  —an  anointing,  unction,  from  I,ut. 
littioiu'in,  accus.  of  u II Clio,  from  vn^t"^,  p;i. 
par.  of  ii/i/jo  —  to  anoint.)    iUNGin-vr.] 

1.  JAkially : 

3.  The  act  of  anointing,  smearing,  oi-  i  ub 
liinj;  with  ointment  or  oil ;  as, 

(1)  A  symbol  of  consecration,  dedication,  or 
appointment  to  an  inip':)rtant  ottice, 

"  Onp.  ot  thetn  1«  not  uahfimeil  tr.  t*-H  us  that  the  ^ift 
•woe  eommmiiuiUd  by  Un^  unrtimi  iidii'iDUttied  iit 
',he  corooiitiou."— J/ai-riH^'jj/ ■  Jlul.  Ehq,,  ch.  xiv. 

(2)  For  medical  purposes. 

2.  Tliat  whi'.'h  is  useil  fur  anointing;  an 
'i::gueut,  a  salve,  ointment. 

XL  Figurotiirlii : 

1.  Anythin>:  .soothing  or  lenitive  ;  a  salve. 

I-  "  Lay  not  th«t  flattering  nnrtion  to  your  soul.  " 

•  fiitaJuMp.  :  HiiniUst,  ili.  4. 

2.  That  quality  in  language,  tone  of  expres- 
»>ion,  mode  of  address,  manner,  and  the  lik'-, 
wiiich  excites  strong  devotion,  fervour,  d-n- 
deraess,  sympathy,  and  the  like ;  that  wliirli 
melts  to  religious  fervour  and  tenderness. 

"HU  Kermons  want  All  that  ia  called  iniclioti.  ami 
Mtnetimrn  t<veu  enrneBtuefla."— /fa/?um ;  Literature  oj 
fCiirope,  Iv.  M. 

3.  Sham  fc^^■our,  devotion,  or  sympathy  ; 
factitious  emotional  warmth  ;  nauseous  sen'ti- 
mentality. 

TT  Krtftme  I'lictioti :  [ExTnicMu  Unction]. 

'imc'-titon-lgss,  «.    lEng.   unction;   -hs.^.] 
Without  ui.cUon. 

'  unc'-tioas,  '  onc-te-ous,  «.    [Fi:  one- 
Uit'ux.]    Unctuous. 

"Being^  lorule  more  fat  aiid  vnctiomr—Havklin/t: 
•  •yi/ageg,  iiL  it 

unc  -tious-nesa, .-;.    [Eng.  inictmts;  -iiess.] 


Tliequality  or  state  of  being  unctious;  niictu- 
ousness. 

"  A>  If  the  anpM  theri.%>f  ^'^  ^  l^rp-fevilltitf  unctioiu- 
nealhotfitu'—riitlcr:   tVorlhitt;  WarwicktMre. 

flnc-t^  5b'  i  tj^,  •  unc-tu-os  1  tie, .«.  [Vv. 

o,v:tu"sit.  ;   lt!it.  imcuosiia.] 

1.  />.(^  Lnii't. :  The  quality  or  stiite  r)f  being 
unctuous;  ureasiness,  uiliness,  uiictuousiiess  ; 
a  greasy  feeling  when  rubbed  or  touched. 

■■  A  woinnnV  flesh  cont^ineth  in  it  I  wot  not  wliFtt 
vnetii'ttittf  m-  njhiun  inatter.' — /'.  Jli/ltumt :  J'/hii-. 
\,  ail. 

2.  .l/(/i.:  The  quality  of  being  unctu'>ns(q. v.). 

iinc'-tu  ofis*  c    (Kr.  onHufux,  from  Low  Lat. 
iiiirtin'sii-',  tV"!"  Lat.  nnclusy  l>&.  par.  i>f  nmjt) 
=  t.januint.l 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  LitrraUit: 

(1)  Of  the  nature  of  or  resembling  an  uii- 
gaent  or  ointment ;  greasy,  oily,  soapy. 

(2)  Having  a  greasy,  oily,  or  soapy  feeling 
when  rubbed  or  touched  with  the  fingers. 

2.  Fifh  ■  Nauseously  bland,  suave,  tender, 
sympathetic,  fervid,  devotiunal,  emotional, 
or  the  like  ;  soothing,  fawning,  mollifying. 

It  IWhiiicnn: 

L  V'Ot.  :  The  same  as  Gueasy,  IL  2. 

2.  Mill. :  Feeling  greasy  to  the  touch.  Pijie- 
clay  is  sninewliat  unctuous;  fuller's  e;nlli  irs 
unctuous  ;  pluniljago  and  suapstoiie  aif  \fi  \ 
iinetutms.  (/!'.  Phillips.)  The  unctuosity  nliei. 
;iii.srs  fiuiii  ilif  jiresence  of  magnesia. 

unctuous -sucker,  £. 

hhthy. :  <:!ii-hiptt:rH!i  Uparir,  a  small  pair- 
brown  lish,  irregularly  striped  with  lines  ul' 
a  darker  (.'olour ;  from  nortliiTn  seas.  It  is 
about  four  inches  long,  and  the  surface  of  the 
body  is  soft  and  slimy,  whence  the  popular 
name.    Called  also  Sea-snail. 

iinc'-tU-OUS-ly,  ad,}.  (Eng.  uncttiou:-;  -lif.] 
in  an  linctuous  niannrr. 

uhc'-tU-OUS-neSS,  «.  [Eng.  imctuous ;  -nfs.-^.] 
Tlie  quality  m  stati.'  of  being  unctuous  ;  unc- 
tuosily. 

iin- Click'- 61d-«d,  a.      [Pref.  in\-  (1),  and 
Eng.  c("'/.*o?(/(d.]    Not  made  a  cuckold. 

"  It  it*  a  deadly  sorrow  to  behold  n  foul  knave  mi- 
(■(((7.o/(/(t/.   — sAaAtJ/3.  ;  Aiituny  it  VUu/Httra,  i.  -J. 

'  un-cult-ed,  a.    [Uncited.j 

un'-CU~iar,  ".     [A  humorous  formation  from 

Kns.' in'rl>\  on  analogy  o{  antnciUur  (q.v.).J 
Of  or  belonging  to  an  uncle. 

"His  iinriilar  and  rather  angular  breast."— /te 
i}uince!i :  fijianUh  .Vun,  §  vi. 

un-CUlled',  a.    [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  Eng.  ci'JInl.] 

1.  Nt.t  culled  ;  not  gathered. 

2.  Not  separated  ;  not  selected. 

"TliegreiTi  ear  aiul  the  yellow  sheaf, 
CculleU."  Milton  :  /*.  /...  xi.  4:;c 

un-CUl'-p9-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

rulpahtf.]     Not  culpable;  not  blameworthy; 
inculpable. 

'"The  Jews.  .  .  are  nntwithstAuding  in  that  respect 
iiiu:ulf>abh:''—Jlot}>nu-:  JScclcs.  Politit,  bk.  iii..  j  7. 

*Un-cfilt',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Lat.  i-nUa^, 
pa.  par.  of  co/o  =  to  cultivate;.]  Uncultivated, 
rude,  illiterate. 

t  un~CUl'-ti(-va-ble,  ".  [Pref.  iin- (\\  and 
Eng.  riiltimbh:]  Not  able  to  be  cultivated; 
incapable  of  bring  tilled  or  cultivated. 

un-CUl'-ti-vat-ed, 0.  [Pref.  u,i-(l),  and  Eng. 
ci'ttiv<itnd.] 

I.  Lit.:  Not  cultivated,  as  land;  not  tilled; 
not  improved  by  tillage. 

"  The  cause  of  the  land  remaining  tiiiculHi'alftt."— 
lewis:  Cred.  tkirln  Jioinanlliat.^K^.  18S3),  ii.  i'2. 

n.  Figai-atlvely : 

1.  Not  practised,  fostered,  or  promnted  ; 
neglected. 

"The  art  .  .  .  lies  .altogether  (Oicu/fj('afe</."—,Vo?'-; 
Spectator.  No.  331. 

2.  Not  improved  by  labour,  studv,  care, 
exercise,  or  the  like. 

"  The  Bun  a.s  it  were  rose  upon  some  parts  of  the 
coinnionwejtlth  of  learning,  and  cleared  up  manv 
thiugn;  ami  1  Lwlieve  ni/uiy  more  will  intimelje 
cleared,  which,  whatever  men  think,  are  yet  m  tlnir 
dark  and  uii.-"j:n;ifcd  sluU^/'—n'oltanri,,!  ;  J;,'li'fh»t 
of  iVature,  §  u. 

3.  Not  instructed,  not  civilised ;  rude, 
rough ;  uncivilized. 

••  Theste  are  instincea  of  nations,  where  uiic)iltii<(it<--l 
n.-vturc  htM  b«wu  hdt  to  itself,  without  tlie  aid  uf 
lettera.  '■— y,ocAf. 


-  un-cul-ti-va-ted-ness,  -.    [  Eng.  « (('•)(^(,-- 

i'«fiit ;  -Htj-A]     The  quality  or  state  cf  li'ing 
uncultivated. 

*&n  ClU'-ture,  Jj.  [Prof.  w»- (l),  and  Kng. 
'  't/'i'a.l  Neglect  or  want  of  eultun-  or  at- 
tention. 

■   I.ll.-ne'.fl,  tll-hUBbjindrv  .  .  .    uiicultiire.   ill-ilmic* 
,1  -.ji^.N.'— fl|,.  Hull:  Scniions:  I'n.  cvii.  34. 

iincul' -lured,  o.     [Pref.  nn-{l),  and  Eng. 

■    '■     .(/  1    Uneultivate<i. 

■  Blnckfuid  1  on  whose  unctilturt'd  breast. 
A  truant  boy,  I  sought  the  nest." 

.Seifff :  Mtirmioii.  ii    'Jl. 

*  un  cum'  bered,     '  un-com  -  bred,     "■ 

|P!-r.    HU-   (1),  ;in.i    Vav^.  CHmhf.Tfd.\     N.d   (.'ii- 
cumbi'?ed,  not  hindered,  not  enibari-asscil. 


hn  ciin   ning,  uncon  nlng, '  un-cun- 
nyng,  ■  un  cun-nynge,  c.  ^  i.  iPni.  m,- 

(1).  ;ind  Eng.  vi'iLiiin,j.\ 
A,  Ar  adjeclive : 

1.  I;5norant,  illiterate. 

■  They  exrttnyned  by  phylosophers  and  d'K-ti'Ui-s  uf 
l'li>sjk<'.  aii'l  liiey  that  weiufounde  i()icu»/i,«h.'"',  were 
•  k-LT'itlyd  of   theyr  piestliude." — i-'abi/an:    tUnjntfjlv 

|r»]i.    K). 

2.  Not  cunning  or  crafty. 
S.  ,1^  fiHhst. :  Ignorance. 

"  To  make  this  ditie  for  to  eeeme  lame. 
Through  mine  uiuoTiniiig." 

Lydoatv:  Vomp.  of  the  Black  Kitight. 

iin  CUn'-ning~ly,  adr.     [Eng.  uncnnmmj; 
■hj.\     Igtioiantly,  stupidly. 

■  If  thnii  a|.e-ik  Lii,.un>ii-il!i.  they  c<.unt  tliec  dnl 

\vtl,ea    -     fms      In^l.  <f  a  rli,Ufi<t,i    Woiuan,  l.k.   i,. 

iin-cun'  ning-ness,     '  un-kun  nyng- 

nesse, ''^   [Eng.  nncunning ; -ntss.^  Ignorance. 

\",  Koiies  of  obedience  not  maad  Ij'k  to  the  forun-r 

■  i.-.t  t'  "f  youre  ititkunuyiigtuMc." —  Wydifft :  i  Pet.  i. 

•  im-ciir'-a-ble,  c.  [Pref.  )<»■  (i),  and  Eng. 
•  ■'':c>hh\\  Notable  to  l»e  cured  ;  not  capable 
of  Viiig  cured  ;  incurable. 

"  Ttte  phicysious  and  surgious  of  France  juged  his 
iiialruiy  To  he  a  dropsy,  and  uiiciir<ible."—JJeniers: 
/■'i-'„xx,irt :  Crviii/c/e,  vol,  i.,  ch.  cexiv. 

■  un-ciir'-a.-bly.rttZc.  [Eng.  v)icurab(lc);-!y.] 
1':  .i'l  inouiable  manner;  incurably. 


un-curb'-a-ble,  a.   [Pref.  »«-(l),  and  Eii^'. 
'\  r[i:hhlc.}    Not  able  to  be  curbed. 

"  >ki  mnuh  uin-itfbnble  her  gar)M>iI(>3,  Caewir.  ' 

aluikesp.  :   Auloni/  il-  C'leoput'-'.  ii.  J. 

un-curbcd',   c.       [Pref.    vu-   (l),    and    Kul'. 

L-ibfd.) 

1.  Lit.:  Noteuibed;  not  furidshed  with  ui' 
wearing  a  curb. 

■"  l.'ncurbed.  unreined,  and  riderless-"" 

iMiigfetlow:  iin.ial  uf  tut  .\l,nH,.-.i>il,\ 

2.  F'i-ih  :  Not  cheeked  or  kept  within  buLuids  ; 
unrestrained,  unfettered,  unchecked. 

■  With  Irauk  and  uneiirhed  plainness." 

Shtiki-ap,:  henry  I'.,  i,  2. 

unHhired,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  e;(rcf?.J 

Not  cured . 

"  UncurfU  by  his  misfortunes  of  a  loose  generosity, 
that  rir-wed  indincriiuinately  ou  all. " — Burke :  AbriU-j. 
</  j:uy.  J/ist ,  bk.  ili.,  uh,  iv. 

"  un-COr'-l-dus,  i;.     [Pref.  u>i-  (l),  an<l  ICng. 

1.  Not  curious  OT  inquisitive  ;  inthllerent, 
incurious. 

"  I  have  not  been  so  uncurioits  a  spectator,  as  not 
to  have  seen  Prmce  Eugene."  —  AYeef*;.-  SjfteCator, 
S<j.  340. 

2.  Not  'Hirious  ;  otld  or  strange. 

■'He  added  rery  many  particulars  not  timurions." 
—fitevU    Spvctatur.  No.  M6. 

iin-curi;  i\t  &  i.      [Pref.  lut-  (l),  and  Kn-. 

..-■  W.J 

A,  -Vi/iw.  .-Toput  outofcurl ;  to  straighten 
our,  a-j  something  which  has  ouce  been  curled. 

*'  The  lion's  f oe. lifl9>p.rostrat«  on  tho  phun, 
i.     ■«hfiithfl  his  paw,  uneiirle  bis  angry  mime. ' 

lir^den.    tTodd.) 

B.  iiitrans. :  To  fall  from  a  curled  state, 
as  rirglets;  to  become  straight. 

■  My  fleece  of  woolly  hair  that  nowMwcttc/s,'* 

.•ihiikesp.  :  Titus  Andronieus,  ii,  o. 

Un-curled',  a.  [Pref.  i(7i-(l),  and  Eng.  ■■urUil.  | 
P'lt.  out  of  curl ;  deprived  of  the  curls  wliicli 
it  previously  possessed. 

'*  "With  honest  facee,  tho'  with  uncwrrdhair." 

Congreve:  Juvcnut,  xi. 

-  un-ciir-rentj  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Kim. 


fate.  fat.  lire,  amidst,  what,  f^U,  father;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuH ;  try. 


:  pine,  pit,  silre,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se^  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qji  -  kw. 


uncurso— undeck 


-y.j 


■  ■"rri-iit.]  N»»t  cuiTont;  not  i»:issiiii:  in  roni; 
jiion  iKiyniont. 

"  SliutMol  'itVwlth  such  iinciirrent  my."" 

iin -curse",    r.t.      [P'of.    mi-  (1),  :in«l    Kr.^. 
'  (-;.  .1    To  frt'c  tVnin  any  curse  orext't-iuUoii ; 
i-.<  R'vuke  a  cur.^e  on. 

•■  Cnettrtc  tln'ir  s-jala  :  tbeir  jwiice  U  mAdi'." 

.■ihakttp.  :  i:ichatxl  II..   Hi.  2- 

un  cursed ,  un  curst,  a.  (Prof.  ""-(Or 
ma  Kiix'.  .'"""'.l    Not  cursed  or  oxocrattiU  ; 

"  Uuax fii  sill-.-  Ii.w  ko|)t  fhia  spot  of  cnrtU  uncnntJ' 
\\\\l(ci-:  UutUaaftha  Kmtvmt'  IttantU.  ^0. 

un-cur-tain,  f./.  iPref.  kh- (l'),  and  En-. 
.  k/uiji.]  To  rt^Tuove  or  with'lniw  a  curuin 
Jmm  ;  I.I  disclose,  to  reveal. 

■■  1  will  niyiflf  uncurtain  in  yoiiraight 
It  <'  woiukTa  <>i  this  bruwV*  iiH^Riible  liKht. 

,l/*ju/f;  7'fti.'  icilcd  J'ro/j/ivt  v/  hhonmnii. 

iin-CUS'-tom-a-blc,  a.  (Pi-ef.  ""-(l),  an-l 
I'.U'^.  ctuftotiufbh:]  Not  subject  to  custnjus 
duties:  as,  u  iicastoiiiabk  ^ooiU. 

un-cus'-tom-ar-y, (^  tPref.  ku-0),  ami 
Kn-',  riist.oiintrii.] '  N"L  cnstomaiv  ;  not  usual ; 
unusual.     {C-rh,l'-:  MiscelL,  iv.  12:1.) 

un-cus'-tomed  0),  ".     [Prrf.  un-  (l),  and 

1.  Not  subject  to  customs  or  duty. 

1*.  Not  having  paid,  or  been  cliavyed  wilh 

•  ■iistoia  dutii's. 

un-cus'-tomed  (2),  o..  iPref.  tin-  (1),  an-l 
alibreviatiuu  ol"  Kug.  accustometK]  Unaccus- 
i.iuied. 

"  That  fhe  steeils  might  jinss  with  enae. 
Nor  ^tnrt  n»  vi-l  ttiKHSfmiedto  the  dearl." 

Cviopifr:  Homer;  Jliudx.  SS^J, 

un  ciit,  i'.    [Picf.  »»-(!), aud  Eug.  our.]   X^t 

rill. 

"Tlitrf"ie  tin'  s..ii(aiers  th'Higlit  ^.-oinl  tl;ia  it  .-liouM 

un-cut  ed,    un-cuit'-ed,  "..    [Pref.  f- - 

(I);  Eii>,'.  '",7  (-_»),  s.,  ;md  sutf.  -<.'d.l  Nnt 
iiii\.-d  Willi  euit  ur  swt'Ot  wine. 

•■Wiiirs    tliat   sekiom   iviuu    unto   n«    uHCuCcd."— 
Saii'-l-ji:  frapiis.  It.  2H. 

~  un-cuth,  ''.    IUncol-tii.) 

un  9y-pher,  c.t.    [\Jsciviu:u..] 

un-d«bza',  '•.(.  IPref.  vii,-  (-2),  and  En;,'.  >i<un, 
v.]  T'»  Ti't'e  from  a  dam,  uinimd,  uv  obstruf- 
Tii>u;  to  n-niove  a  stop,  obstruction,  or  Iiiii- 
'iiiUice  troin. 

"  The  wury  ploughman,  on  the  innuutaiii's  brow, 
Ciidaiiia  bia  watery  stores ;  limte  torreuta  flow,*' 
Itri/den:  Vityil ;  lieor<jh  i.  Hi". 

-UB  diimi'-aged,  <t.    [Pref.  nn-  (1).  and  Eug. 

■  !<'i,u(-i'd.]      N'H,    damaged;    not  harmed  or 

JlJJUltd. 

••  Plants  will  freQueut  changes  try, 

Cniiannttjud."  fhilipi:  CiUi.r,  i. 

un-d&mmed',  ".  [Pref.  mt-  (l),  and  Eng. 
iliniuin:d.]    Not.  dammed;  not  liaviiig  a  dam 

•  ii"  barrier  to  ]iie vent  the  Howing  of  tlie  stream. 

■*  Rivers  ran  loitinmmfd  between  hills  unkmnMi." 

undamned'  in  silent),    un-daxnpned, 

^F.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Kug.  dn.mned.\  Not 
condemned  ;  uncondemned. 

"Tliei  seiiteu  us  men  of  Home  into  i^risoun  that 
nineii     lietuii    ui>euli    auil    uuUixmpued."—\\'i/>:{ifff: : 

iin-dam'-ni-fied,  «.  [Pref.  »(»-  (l),  and 
Kng.  'I'niutip'd.)  Uninjured  ;  suffering  no  loss 
or  injury.  (Cifins,  in  Kog.  tUn-itfr,  iii.  238.) 

aixi'damped',  "  un-d&mpt',  <'.  [Pref.  Ha- 
il), ainl  Eiig.  diihiprij.]  Not  damiH_'d  ;  lience, 
imr  chilled,  not  disiuritcd,  disheartened,  or 
discouraged. 

■'  By  tender  laws 
A  lively  people  curbiu):,  yet  undumpiui." 

Thoinwn:   WinUt;  44?. 

-  un-dan'-gered,  '  un-daun-ger-id,   ". 

IPref.  (</(.-  (1);  Eng.  danifr,  s.,  ami  suH.  -o/.] 
Free  from  danger  ;  out  of  danger. 
"  For  bad  he  ilwellid  within  yeur  abippls,  and  iiat  go 
'■  them  aiuf-Dii:, 

Thi'ii  ha*l  be  betn  mnUinnticri'l." 

t'A«/(..cr  i?l.-  Tall)  0/ Beryn. 

"  un-dan'-ger-ouB,  o.  [Pref.  mi-  (1),  and 
>:  n  g.  da  II  gc  ro  as. )    N  ot  dangLTOus. 

■'  Then  cherish  tbia,  this  miexpeusive  ixuver, 
e       L  iidan^crQiis  to  the  public." 

llMmson:  Britannia,  VX. 

-  un-dasbed',   a.     [Pref.    nn-  (1),  and    Eng. 

daJf.d.]  Not  liaslied ;  not  friglitened  or 
alarmed  ;  uudaiuited.  (Lkiiild:  CtcU  ITa/v,  vi.) 


iin-dat'-ed  (1).  ('.  iPnd".  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
dah>/.\  Not  datt;d  ;  having  no  date;  nut 
liaviu'.;  the  time  given,  iiote<l,  or  marked. 

-  Whi.-b  ib'itl  lint  tio  itndnt^Ht.  sinci'  thy  brt-uth 
I-  ..t.lc  to  liiinoi  til.  a(t.!r  ileiUh." 

DiQ'ja:  Eteim  on  Hen  Jon^on, 

*  un  -  dat~ed  (2),   n.      [Lat.    undu'us,   from 

.nidii—ii  wave.)  Having  a  \vaved  surfa<-e ; 
rising  and  falling  in  waves  toward  the  margin  ; 
waviil. 

■  un-daugh'-ter-ly  («;'( silent),  n.   |Pnd'.  »h- 

(I),  ;iiid  ICug.  dmnj/itcrlij.]  Uubtjcojuing  a 
daughter;  unworthy  of  a  daughter. 

"Anything  tindan-jMcrtu,  nnsistiTly.  or   unlike  ii 
kin^Honiiui.  — /:iV/(a/-.(»uti.-  Clai-a«a,  v»i.  iU. 

*  un-daunt -a -ble,  «.    (Pref.  ua-  (1);  Eng. 

'.'•"'hC  -«'.^-.|    Nt)t  able  to  be  daunted. 

■'  Ikini,  k  :\.tK\  umU'iitCHblc  Iwldncss."— i/.c.!.'?. 

iin-daunt'-ed,  "..  [Pref.  vn'  (i),  and  Eng. 
dnHuti.d,]  Not  daunted;  not  sulKlued  or  de- 
pressed by  fear  ;  fearh'ss,  intrepid. 

"  L'lidiitiHted  still,  though  wenrieil  and  i)«ri>lexeii" 
Ojicficr  :  Table  Tnlk,  MVi. 

+  un-daunt-ed  ly*  '"''"-     IKng.  vndnuntal ; 

-/t/.)  Not,  as  if  daunted;  boKUv,  intrepidly, 
frarK'ssly. 

"We  feel  ourselves  mulauntcdlf/  bold  where  ^>t'  are 
sure  of  no  effectnal  icaistJUice.'"— A'fiyj;  .■  /.'mu^  17, 

t  un-daunt'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uudv. natal; 
-iu's^.\  111'-  (luaUfy  or  state  of  being  un- 
liaiintrd  ;  iVarlcssncss,  intrt-pidity. 

"Walking  on  tow.inN  the  jilnce  for  execution  with 
ualmufift  iLiid  uiiddiiittvitncss.  — Boylt; :   M'orkt,  v.  3uU. 

'  un-dawn'-lng,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
■  hiiriiui>j.\  Not  dawning;  not  showing  the 
day  ;  not  growing  light. 


■■  A  jiiisoiu'i 


1  the  yot  nndawninr;  east." 

Cowper:  'J'atk  iv.  130. 


iin-daz-zled  (le  as  el),  <(.    [Pref.  mi-  (l), 
and  Eng.  da:~l>:d.]    Not  dazzled. 


un'-de,  un'-dee,  un  dy,  ".  [Lat.  uuda  = 
a  wave]     iiiNDi;.] 

un-dead',  c     [Prof,  nii-  (1),  and  Eng.  dead.] 
N'li  dead;  alive. 

■  Ntitlier  did  -inv  one  of  so  great  a  iioumbre  remain 
i'H>l.,id:—tdal:  Jof,n\i. 

un~dead''li-nes8^ '  un-deed-ly-nesse, 

.S-.      [Eng.   H.ndi-'idlij ;   ■iiit:.^.]      Ineaiiability  of 
dying ;  immortality. 

"  Kyng  of  kyngis  .'U id  lord  of  lovdis  .  .  .  which 
aloon**  bath  mnlvedtyifsw."—  \Vy--liffe  :  1  Tim.  i, 

*un-dead'-ly,  'un-deed-U,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (I),  and  J-:ng.  ./.vJ/i/.]  Not  subject  to 
death  ;  immortal,  o\erdiving. 

'•  To  the  king  of  worblis  vndeedV  and  unvisible  God 
aluone  be  onourand  glorie."— U'»/cI»/ftr.-  l  Tim.  i. 

'  un-deaf' ,  r.f.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  an.l  Eng.  deaf.] 
To  cuii'  of  deafne.ss ;  to  restore  the  sense  of 
liLaiirig  to. 

■'  -My  de.ith's  aad  tale  niav  yet  tindfii/  his  ear." 
Shakes/j. :  A'k-fMrd  11..  IL  L 

un-de-based',  </.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
./w«r-v,/.|    Not  debased. 

'■  But  tlie  be.-irtwhii.'h  is  thine  shall  expire  umifbastrd."' 
Oyron  :  Stanzas  fur  Miiifit: 

un-de-bau$hcd',  ".  [Pref.  un-  (l).aiid  Eng. 
di:hii<irhr.i.\  .Nui:,  debauched  or  corrupted; 
pure. 

'*  riain,  hospitjtble  kind, 
.KiwVutidcbunckcd."  Cowper:  TinkiW.  7«. 

un-dec'-a-gon,  .^.  [Lat.  undeH)ii=  eleven, 
i\U'\  (d-.  Yojrttt  {f/(J(M")  =  an  angle.] 

f.Vn„(.  :  A  plane  ligure  having  eleven  sides 

orangli's. 

un-de'-oane^  *;.  ir^it.  finus^  and  Eng..  &c. 
da-am  {i\.\.)\  cf.  Lat.  «/u^t'''(Mi  =  eleven.  1 

r/i.;»i.  .*  CnH^i.  One  of  tlie  series  of  p-nratlins 
obtained  from  American  petrnlfuni.  It  lias 
a  sp.  gr.  of  '"O-i  at  bJ^  and  boils  at  l."-'.)"  to 

un-de-cay'-ing,  <■.     [Pref.  int-(l),  and  Eng. 

d.-ra>jin;h] 

1,  Nut  decaying  ;  not  suffering  diminution, 
decline,  or  decay. 

*'  P-aie  chosen  plants,  disposed  with  niceat  care, 
m  undeci-iying  beauty  were  preserved." 

Wordsworth  :  Exvuriion,  bk.  iv. 

"   2.  Inunortal,  unending :  as,  tlie  undtanjlng 
joys  of  heaven. 

'  un-de-9eiv'-a'blc, '  un-dc-ceyv-a-We, 

".     [Pref.  nn-  O),  and  En-,  'hrriadi!'..] 


L  .Not  deccivabh  :    not    capable   of    being 
dtceiveil  ;  not  subj"-(.t  or  llatile  to  doceptluu. 
2.  Not  deceiving  ;  not  deceitful. 

"  V   nioiv    undcc«iv%it!c   calcnlaticu. '— //wWtfJ*;    On 

&n'dC-9eive',  i*.'.     [Pref.  ■<«■  (^),   and  Eng. 

'l-.rlrr.]  To  free  from  deccpti'.ii,  fallacy,  «t 
mistake;  to  o]>en  onr's  lyi's;  'o  iemo\e  u 
deception  practised  tipon  one. 

"N'o  pains  had  been  «|uinid  lo  i->i.(rn*.'<- thcui.' — 
.Vawntii!/:  JltsC.  ^ni/.,  ch.  XX. 

un-de-9elved',  n.  (Pref.  ui\-  (l),  and  Eng. 
i/.w;,M/.|  Not  deceived  J  not  under  the  in- 
JluoniT  nf  a  de(;ei)tion. 

"  DclilM-'iatt'ly,  and  undccciocd. 
ThoHu  wild  mcu'a  view  be  recwiitii  ' 

Wordsifviift     Kuth. 

iinde  9en-9y',  «.  IPref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
tUr.„,ii.\       jtii-     opposite    of    lieceney;    in- 

d.r.-iiey. 

"  A  gri\tt  ^i;,'nillcation  vt  decency  nud  untUweitcu-"— 
Dp.  Tiiylur:  Uule  u/  tvucie/ict ,  bK.  li.,  cb,  1. 

un-de-9en'~na'ry,  «.  [Lat.  uiuhcbiir=. 
ileven,  and  '(K((h?=:  a  year.)  Bleventli;  or- 
ciirring  onee  in  every  period  of  eleven  jear.s. 

un-de-9en'-ni-al,  <'.  [Uni*eci  nn-ahv.)  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  a  period  of  eleven  year.^  ; 
ui-eurring  nr  observed  every  eleven  yeare,  or 
on  i.'\'ery  eleventh  year, 

'  iin-de'-^ent,  <--.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eug. 
decent.}    Not  decent ;  indecent. 

"  I  cist  it  from  me,  lih«  a  parmeut  tr^rn, 
l!ai;ged,  and  too  undecent  to  be  wurn  " 

Drudvii :  CuUi/utut  of  UranaU<i,i.  I. 

*iin-de'-9cnt-ly. ttui'.  (Eng.  iindmut;  -in.] 
Nut  deeeiiLly  ;  indect-ntly. 

"  To  wearthflr  hair  niulecentl//  long."  —  imni  :  Hi^t. 
Ace.  ofhin  Clianccl/'jriihip  of  Oxford,  p.  lil. 

*  un-de-9ep'-tive, '».  [Pref.  it(i-(l),aiid  Eng. 
(/.■(.>i^a'-.J     Not  deceptive;  nut  deceitful. 

*  un-de-9id-a-ble,  *  un-de-cide-a-ble, 

('.     [Pref.    ,"<'-  (I),  and  Enj:.  i/Vi  ;./ef,;r,J     N«H 
callable  of  being  decided,  settled,  or  sulved. 
"There  is  h.-Lrdly  a  greater  and  ruore  umiccMfci'-'f 

problem  in  natund  theulogy."— .Soal'i/    Svrinotu,  aoI. 

lii.,  ser.  a. 

un-de-9ide'.  '-.r.  [Pref.  -m-  (2),  and  Eng. 
dr.ule.]  Not  10  decide ;  to  revcj^iO  a  decision 
euncerning. 

"To  Hiide.-itlc 
The  late  concluded  act  tliey  held  lor  vain." 

Daiiia.  Chit  ICwr*,  vli. 

un-de-9id'-ed,  •-'..  ^  ?.     [Pief.  .'.u-  (i),  and 

Eng.  d:vi<lrd.] 

A.  As  ifdj.xiu-€ : 

1.  Not  deetded  ;  not  settled  or  determined. 

"Lung  uud<.\idcd  laata  the  airy  strife." 

i'Mlipa     ISlvnheint. 

2.  Not  decided,  not  determined  ;  irresolute, 
waveiing.    (Said  of  persons  or  things.) 

"  An  if;ii/iT;(uV.Janswer  bung 
Ou  Oswald's  hesitating  tonprw . ' 

B.  .\s  sab6ti.intioc : 

Coar.<iiiij  :  A  course  in  wliich  the  greyhounds 
.score  an  ctpial  number  of  points ;  a  drawn 
course. 

"  Xight  Time  and  Htvtor  were  to  wejl  matched  that 
.-ifter  a  cuiiple  of  unticrideda  the  judce  wjia  uilablc  t'j 
say  which  w;i-  iM.'.st,"— /-Wif,  Dec.  0,  18H. 

un-de9'-i  mole,  -.    [itii.] 

Mii^^ii- :  A  .uT'Mip  of  elevpu  notes  to  be 
played  in  th--  litne  of  eight  of  the  same  uamc 

*  un-de-9i'-pher-ai-ble,  a.  [Pref.  an-  (o, 
and  Eng.  dcdphcridjk.]  Not  decii>herable  ; 
not  able  to  be  deciphered. 

^un-de-9i'-pher-a-bl3^,  a(?c-.  [Eng.  uu-i - 
ciph*!n'/t(h-);  -!'j.]  In  a  manii-rr  tliat  cariii-d 
be  deciplu'nyl. 

un-de-9i'-phered,  .«.  [Tv:f.  .!-  (i),  .-in-l 
Eng.  dn:ip]c'n-ii.]    Not  deeipli'-red. 

"Xo'ulit  but  i-ndiici^herful  chttraLtern."— irarAi'C- 
^)ll.-    Hvr'.a,  \oI.  >  .dis.  29. 

'  nn-de-fi'-Bive,  a.  [Pref.  \ui-  (l),  and  Eug. 
ilrcisive.\  Notvlecisive  or  conclusive;  indeci- 
sive. 

"  Two  nations  .  .  .  made  appeal  to  an  undeciaiocQX- 

\>i:\\n\'f\ii,"—iihtne!n. 

-  un-deck;  o.t.     [Prof.  a/i-(2),  and  Eng.  decfc, 
v.]    To  deprive  or  riivest  of  ornameut^s. 
"To  joidtvt  tbei>ompoii9  body  ol .«  kinn." 

tfhahcsp.:  /iicharU  //.,  iv.  I. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus.  9hln,  bengb;  go.  gem;  tbin.  this;  sin.  a^ ;  expect.  Xenophon,  e^xst.     i^. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,    sion  -  zhun.     cioos.    tious,    sious  =  shus.     ble.    die,  &c.  ^  bel,  Gel. 


29o 


undecked-  undemonstratively 


*&a-d6okod,  " 

Hrxifti.] 


[Pref.  un-  y\).  and  Eug. 
n.'t     nmanieiitc'I  ;     uot 


irii  Wan.  r. 


•*.  N.'t  ruriiinhed  wttli  a  deck,  as  a  ship, 
un  do  olnrprt  .    •       I'-.i     .u.  ni   and  Eng. 

,:r  lorAtiPth. 

.;  t.)  -  11...  1,  I-      -.-.     .'    .\l-r-f      II'  ri*,  [,  JTT. 

an -de-olin-a-ble,  A.    [Vivt.  un-  (l)>  &nd 

i-  ': 

It'  of  lietiig  decliue<l ;  specif.. 
li,  _    ,  ■  vrir;.^Me  iu  the  teniiinaliou: 

LS.  .Ill   '-  ill. 

•  2.  N  'w  avoiiled. 

"  Tbr  l*rt    •«    uitdtcHnaNt.'— 

on- de -dined ,  u.    [Pref.  un-  (ix  and  Eng. 

I.  Not  liaviiiK  thp  cases  marked  by  varia- 
tioii-s  ill  the  tonninatiou :  as.  a  uoun  iin- 
decVxnt'i. 

•  2.  N'ot  deviating ;  not  turned  from  the 
right  way. 

•■  In  hU  tr*cV  mv  wary  (wt  li»ve  stejit ; 
UU  iint/fWi'ira  wTiys  preciwly  k^pt.' 

Aandyi .   Paraphrai^;  of  Job. 

iln  de-com-pos-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.    un-  (I). 

aiiii  Kii^.  .)■'■  •.'ii'-^.w'f'':  ]  N'ot  able  to  be  de- 
f>iii|*i>>^l  ;  not  a'iuiitting  of  or  lia'  Ic  to  de- 
cuniiMjsitum. 

&n-dec'-dr-at-ed,  a.  (Pref.  km-  (1),  and 
Eiig.  ilecorattfi. )  N'ot  decorated ;  not  adorned ; 
not  embellished ;  plain. 

*  iin-4e-creed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eog. 
(i^Tffd.)  Xot  decreed;  having  a  decree  re- 
versed ;  released  from  a  decree. 

•'  A«  if  eternal  doom 
Could  b«  r»T«r»<d.  aud  uFiJ«-r«d  for  me." 

Dr*idfn:  Kiny  Arthur,  iii. 

un-de-^^'-ic,  a.  [Lat.  unvs;  Eng.  d^r-yl 
<'l.v.),  and  suff.  -jc]  Having  as  its  basis 
tleveu  atoms  OF  proportions  of  a  substance. 

undecyllc-acid,  s. 

Vkevi.  :  Ci]H.>-jO._.  =  Cn)H2i-C0'0H.  Ob- 
taiued  by  the  oxidation  of  methyl-undecyl- 
ketone.  It  melts  at  28•5^  and  boils  at  212'  to 
213',  under  a  pressure  of  100  mm. 


[Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
;  aot  de- 


un-ded'-i-cat-ed, 

Eng.  <J^'iir,,U'!.] 

1.  Nut  dedicated  ;  not  consecrated 
voted. 

2.  Not  inscribed  to  a  patron ;  without  a 
dedication. 

"  I  should  let  this  book  come  forth  undedicated." — 
Baitlt  :   trorJu.  li.  2*7. 

3.  (0/  a  road):  Xot  given  over  by  those 
who  lirst  made  it  to  the  public  authorities. 
A  road  not  de«^iicated.  is  maintained  at  the 
charge  of  those  whose  private  property  it  is. 

•  nn-deed'-ed,  a.    (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  signalized  by  action. 

"Mjr  swonl  with  &n  unbattered  eJce. 
I  aheathe  agabi  undeeded." 

ShaXup. :  Macbeth,  v.  7. 

'  2,  Not  transferred  by  deed :  as,  uivdeeded 
land. 

an-de-fE9ed;   a.    [Pref.   un-  (1),  and   Eng. 

(irfiux'i.)    Not  defaced;  uot  disfigured;  uot 
deprived  of  its  form. 

"Iu  them  is  involved  the  character  of  men  who 
l-nscrve  the-  diviue  image  unde/acecf."— A'noz :  ^Crr- 
mons,  vol  vl.  »er.  3S. 

•  iin-de-Okt-i-g^-ble.  o.    (Pret  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  tUfationbff.]    Indefatigable,  tireless. 

".Me«n  nliilr-  the  lorfl  depaty  with  undefafiaabte 
IMliM  pr-»«Mitrtk,  Mm  Hugh.  —Camden .-  HUl.  of 
*iutfn  Ehz^iiKth  lau.  15>;).  ^ 

•  &n-de-feaf -i~ble.   '  nn-de-feis-i-ble. 

a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Ei>g.  de/easibU.]    Not 
defeasible ;  indefeasible. 

"Thr  uld  victorie  con»i«t«th  in  the  rnde/eataiie 
wrrtplurp  wf  the  olde  and  uewe  tegtamenu  —Cdal  ■ 
Litke  XKii. 

'un-der-e-cat-ed,  a.  [pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Rng.  defemt^d.]  Not  defecated;  not  cleared 
from  dregs  or  impurities ;  thick,  imrefiued. 

■'  Pare,  simj'le.  undi^fecUrd  ne^"—Oodtein  :  Maude- 
mie.  iL  115. 


*  An-de-fon9ed.  u.  [Pref.  un-  {l);  Eng. 
dt/riu^.AU'isiitt'.-rd.]  Lnprotect^^d,  undefended. 

"  Her  wp^k  aide :  Mbich  iscurUMl  aud  uialiced) 

Lkf  I'l*!!  unii^mced.'       I>tini*l :  Cirit  Wart.  viii. 

lin-de-fend  -ed.  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

d,-jtfuloi.\ 

L  Ordinary  Utntjuage : 

1.  Not  defended  ;  not  protected  ;  unpro- 
tecteil  by  works  of  defence. 

**  The  crvwa  and  raveiu'  rights,  au  undr/emUd  prey." 
th-^dnt :  Uiitd  Jt  Panilurr,  til.  ^6. 

2.  Nut  defended,  supported,  maintained,  or 
upheld  by  power  or  argument. 

"And  It  was  left  und</md>rd  even  )iy  the  lKtlde«t 
and  uiOTt  acrunuuioUK  libeller*  amoog  theuoujurvn." 
—Macautag :  Bitt.  Unff..  ch.  xviil. 

IL  Law: 

1.  Not  characterized  by  a  defence  being 
put  forward :  as,  an  undefended  action. 

2.  Not  defended  by  counsel  :  as,  The 
prisoner  was  undefended. 

un-de-fied'. '  nn-de-fide,  *  on-de-fyed, 

(I.      (Pref.    uti-  (1).   and    Eng.    d^p:d.]      Xoi 
defied  ;  not  set  at  defiance  ;  not  challenged. 

"He  baaely  threw  it  at  Liiu  ti/id^/ye</, ' 

Itrndtn  :  1  Conquest  qfOritnada.  i. 

un-de~filed,  *  nn-de-fyled,  a.   [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  deliled.]    Not  defiled,  polluted, 
corrupted,  or  vitiated  ;  pure. 

'■  Far  front  thee,  .lud  undefiled." 

Bj/rou:  Hi  try  e  o/ Corinth,  xxv'n. 

*  un-de-f  il'-ed-l^,  adv.  [Eug.  imdefiJcJ ;  -ly.] 

In  an  uudeliled  manner;  purely,  chastely. 

•'  But  I  wil  h-iue  uuttriinooj'  obseraed  more  hulyly  & 
rndrfgUdiy  Among  them,'— Tdoi  .■  Matthvw  v. 

un  -  de  -  fin  -  a 

Eug.  d'finablf.] 

1.  Not  capable  of  being  defined  or  marked 
out  or  limited. 

"  other  ivenous  meriting  as  little  as  they  do,  might 
he  put  uixju  it  to  an  undefinai)lc  amoiuit."— BurAe; 
On  Ecjnotnical  Reform. 

2.  Not  capable  of  being  described  by  a 
detiuitiou ;  indefinable. 

"TbAt  uTuiffintiblf  bat  impressive  halo  which  the 
Ufi&v  of  ages  thrcwg  around  a  celebrated  spot." — 
Bs/ron  :  ChUde  Harold.  ilL    (Not«  7.) 

*  un-de-fine',  r.i.  (Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
define.]  To  render  indeOnite;  to  coufound  or 
confuse  definitions. 

"Their  MppUcatioo  to  logic,  or  any  other  subject,  is 
only  to  undefiae  and  to  coiiiuse.' — Sir  IC.  BamUtvn. 

un-de-fined',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
defimd.] 

1.  Not  marked  out  or  limited. 

2.  Not  defined  or  explained  ;  not  described 
by  a  definition. 

3.  Not  clearly  marked  or  known ;  inde- 
finite, vague. 

"  Its  source  concealed  or  undefined." 

Scoti:  Mannlon,  iii.    fIntroJ.) 

*  iin-de-flow'-er-ed,  *  un-de-floured,  a. 

[Pref.  ^(?i-  (1),  and  Eng.  dejtowered.] 

1.  Not  deflowered  ;  not  polluted  or  robbed 
of  chastity. 

no  wylde  heRste  vnchased,  nor  no 
—G^den  Boke.  let  2. 

2.  Not  vitiated  or  infringed ;  intact. 

Much  more  may  a  king  enjoy  bis  rigbta  and  pre- 


-ble. 


[PreC  un-  (1),  and 


"They  leane  . 
maide  vndrfl/Mired." 


*  un-de-formed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

dejorm€d.\    Not  deformed  ;  not  disfigured. 

"  Ail  the  ixjmp  .ind  glare  of  war,  yet  und^onn^nl  by 
bntlles.  may  jkisaiI)])-  invite  your  curiosity," — Pope. 

"  un-de-fouled',  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
defoukd.]     Uudetiled. 

"  By  the  grace  of  Ood,  anweouued  and  undf/outfd,' 

— Chaucer :  Doevtut,  bk.  ii. 

*  un-de-grad'-ed,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  dtgnuied.]     Not  degraded,  debased,  or 
dishonoured. 

"  The  intention  of  a  founder,  in  preserving  gram- 

mar  studies  und^^ad^.  ought  to  be  held  sacred."— 

Knox:  Rem.  on  Grammar  Schools. 

*  un-de'-i-fy,  v.t.  [Pref.  wti-  (2),  and  Eng. 
deify.]  To  reduce  from  the  state  or  rank  of  a 
deity  ;  to  deprive  of  the  charact*-r  or  qualities 
of  a  deity  ;  to  deprive  of  the  honour  due  to  a 
God. 

"An  idol   m»y  be  tinOeifi^  by  many  accidental 
e\nsea."—Addi*on  :  Spectator.  Ho.  74. 

un-de-jecf-ed»  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (l).  and  Eng. 
deJect&L]  Not  dejected,  caist  down,  or  de- 
pressed. 

but  let  us  rise  unde- 


••  We  shall.  Indeed,  oftee  fall ; 
Jected.'—Snoz :  Eaay$.  So.  »i. 


•  ^-de-lay -a-ble,   a.     (Pref.  un-  (l),  aui 
Eng.  dchiyiOAc]     Nut  admitting  of  delay. 

"\Vitli  wtiat  nndriagable  hK^i,  dot*  the  hmi-lwiifd 
Ii.vrr  o.urt  a  dcscrvuig  l^eauty."— /'eZlJiam .' A'««9/r«t. 
l.t.  I.,  ru*.  '.-;. 

"  iin-de-layed',  a.    (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

ddaycd.]     Not  delayed. 

•  un-de-lay-ed-lj^, "  nn-de-lay-ed-lye, 

adv.    (Eng.  undelayed ;  -ly.]     Without  delay. 

"Petpe  than  declaryng  iu  hyoiM'If  an  eKaHm])le  of 
a  good  itbei^henrxt.  came  to  them  undtilayedtjf.''— 
I'dal .  Aclet  ix. 

•  fin-de-lay-ihg, «.   [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eug. 
delaying.]    Nut  delaying;  without  delay. 


Com  i>l  ied.  *■ 


■  Vnddaying  each 


Cowper  :  Bomer :  tiiad  xtiM. 


"  iin-de-lect -a-ble,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  delectabU.]  Not  delectable  ;  not  pleasant. 

"  The  geula]  warmth  was  not  und^leclabk.'— Sterne  : 
Trittram  Shandjf,  iiL  ivs. 

t  un-del'-e-gat-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Etig.  dd'W.t'ji.]   Not  delegated  ;  not  deputed  ; 
not  Committed  to  another. 

"  Your  a&sumption  of  undelegated  power.'— flurJt?  ,- 
French  JiepotiUton. 

*  nn-de-lib'-«r-ate,  o.  [Pref.  wn-  (i),  and 
Eng.  deliberate.]  'Not  deliberate;  not  inten- 
tional. 

"The  prince's  coming  aud  und^iberate  throwing 
hiuibelf  ."Lud  the  king's  hopes  into  that  sudden  eugage- 
meut."— Cfarendon;  CivU  War.  iL  510. 

un-de-light'-ed  (gh  silent),  a,  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  delighted.]  Not  delighted ;  not 
pleased  or  giatitied. 

"  Saw.  undelighted.  alt  delight,  all  kind 
Of  living  creatores."  MUtvii:  P.  L.,  iv.  286. 

*  iin-de-ligllf -ful  (gh  silent),  a.  Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  ddightful.]  Not  delightful ;  not 
atfurdiug  delight  or  pleasure. 

"  Undetight/ul  aud  unpleasiog  to  God." — Milton: 
Doct.  ^  Disc,  of  Hiforce.  bk.  i.,  en.  vi. 

*  un-de-lighf-fol-ly  {gh  silent),  adt\  (Eug. 
undell'jhnul :  -ly.]  Not  m  a  delightful  man- 
ner ;  withuut  atlordiug  delight  or  pleasure. 

*  un-de-liV-er- a-ble,  a.  (Pret  un-  (i),  and 
Eug.  deliirrabk.]  Not  capable  of  being  de- 
livered, freed,  or  released. 


"Fix  thyself  in  Daudyhood,  undeHveraMe." 
lyle:  Patt  A  Present,  bk.  jL,  ch.  xvii. 


-Car- 


un-de-liV-ered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
delivered.] 

1.  Not  delivered  ;  not  freed  or  released. 

"Still  undeiiverd  from  the  oppre^iouB  of  n  simn- 
nious  decimating  clergy.'— iftWon  ;  Htmoval  •■/  Birc 
lings. 

2.  Not  handed  over, 

3.  Not  disbuidened,  as  of  a  child- 

■4.  Not  born ;  not  brought  forth,  as  a  child. 
"  The  mighty  burden  wherewithal  they  go 
Dies  undeliver'd,  perishes  unborn, " 

Daniel:  Civil  Wart.  it. 

un-de-lnd'-ed,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l).  and  Eng. 
deluded.]    Not  deluded  or  deceived. 

"  And  panting  for  the  truth  it  could  not  bear. 
With  longing  breast  aud  uudeUuied  ear," 

Byron  :  A  SJutch. 

*  on-del'-nged,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
deluged.]  Not  deluged  ;  not  overwhelmed  or 
overflowed. 

"  The  field  remiiins  undHit^d  with  your  blood." 

Cowper :  Bomer ;  Odyaey  xxiv. 

*  un-delved',  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
delved.]  Not  delved  or  dug.  (Southey :  Botany 
Bay  EcL,  i.) 

un-de-mdl'-ished,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (IX  ^d 
Eng.  demolished.]  Not  demolished;  uot  de- 
stroyed or  ruined. 

■•  Then  alwi.  thfiueh  to  foreign  yoke  aubmiss. 
She  undemotieh  d  stood.''  Philip*  :  Cider,  i. 

un-de-mon'-stra-ble,  a.  {Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  demonstrable.]  Not  demonstrable; 
not  capable  of  being  demonstrated ;  inde- 
monstrable. 

"  Ont  of  the  precepts  of  the  law  of  nature.  »a  of  cer- 
tain common  and  ttiidemonstrable  principles."  — 
Booker :  £ccte4.  Pol.,  bk.  v..  5  it. 

nn-de-mon'-Btra-tive,  a.     (Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eui^.  dcj}io}i-strative.]  Not  demonstrative  ; 
not  given  to  excited  or  strong  expressions  or 
exhibitions  of  feeling ;  reserved ;  without  show 
or  display  of  one's  self. 

"In  the  tone  of  tindt'monslrative  sincerity."  —  C. 
Bronte- :  Jane  Eyre,  ch.  xxix. 

un-de-mon'-stra-tive-lj?^,  adv.    [Eng.  wh- 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fait  father;   we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine ;   go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wplt  work.  who.  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  c^.  rule.  fuU ;  try.  Syrian.     ».  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


undeuiable— under 


297 


xtann.^'^.-rotivc ;   -li/.]     lu  mi  umk'num?tralivi- 
muuuer. 

"Wlictviii  the  Kood  rose  sHenlly  ami  undtnnunstra- 

lii..  ch.  xii.   ^^tio^.^  ' 

un-de-ni'-a-ble.  a.    (Prcf.  un-  (1),  and  Sng. 

1.  N'nt  ilcnialih';  uot  caj'Sble  of  being  de- 
nied ;  indisimtal>le. 

"  A  infill  nliuiilil  Allow  it  for  tin  undeniable  truth."— 
Locke:  lluiH^tn  VniicrUatidina.  lik.  iv..  cli.  xl. 

2.  Decidedly  and  unniisUkably  goud  ;  ex- 
cellent.   (CoUoq,) 

"Uiidor  tlio  iiithieucdof  moot  MnrftfrrjuUff  claret."— 
Marran  :  Litmit  <tf  UlaPe  tt  Frcf,  vol  ii..  eh.  vl. 

un-de-ni -a-bl3^,  m/r.  [Eng.  undeniabile)  ; 
■li/.]  Ill  jui"  undeniable  nwnner;  so  that  it 
caimnt  hi'  denied  ;  indisputably. 

"It  iiiiist  be  HnUeni<tblifi)\a,iu."~n'art/urton:    Di- 
rin«  Le-jali-in.  bk.  iv.,  j  & 

'  un-de-part'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  «?i-  (i).  and 
Eng.  (leiKtrtab!e.\  Not  cnpable  of  being  parted 
or  separated ;  inseparable. 

"  Nil  n>:iii  III-  niny  douti*  of  the  tindepartable  paiu  of 
shrewi!*. "— C'Adiictfr;  Boecins,  bk.  iv. 

*  un-de-pend'-mg,  a.  [Pief.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ilependiiiij.]  Not  depending  or  depend- 
ent ;  independent. 

•■Tlitfy.'iro  tltm  iiphoKi  'm,l,-petidinjoa  the  church." 
—.wdton :  Jlentooal  <.-/  Ii<i\linfft. 

iin-de  phlegf'-mat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  mt-  (i), 
and  Eng.  dephlegmatal.]  Not  cleared  from 
phlegm ;  uot  purilied  from  water  or  any 
similar  liquid. 

"  TlnHvjf h  .■Diaiiion  and  undcphlegmated  .iqua  fortis." 
—Boyle  :  \y»rki,  i.  rUS. 

'  un-de-plored',  a.  [Pref.  »/i-(i).  and  Eng. 
rfeji/o;r</.J    Not  deplored  or  lamented. 

"  Be  homely  siud  be  peiict-ful,  undfphred 
For  tliy  destructive  chaiius." 

/iffroit :  Chitde  ffaruld,  iv.  43. 

iin-de-praved',  a.     [Pref.  ?t?i.  (l),  and  Eng. 
dtprai-td.]     Not  depraved  ;  nut  corrupted. 
'"Kiiowltdge  dwelt  in  our  timl^priiped  natures  as 
light  m  thesun."— w/uhW«.-  Avjom.  ch.  iii. 

•  iin-de-pre'-9S-at-ed  (or  c  ns  sh),  n.  [Prof. 

»»-(!),  and  Eng.  t!ci>m:iaii-d.\      Nut  depreci- 
ated ov  lowered  in  value. 

*  iin  -  de  -  pressed',  *  tin  -  de  -  prest',  a. 

[Pref.  'i;i-  (1),  and  Eng.  dcpres.^rd.] 

1.  Not  depressed,  dejected,  or  cast  down. 

2.  Not  sunk. 

"One  hiMock,  ye  may  note,  is  small  and  low. 
Sunk  uliuost  to  a  level  with  the  plain 
By  weight  of  time;  the  atliers.  umlei-resst-d." 
\yordtu>ortli :  Kxcurtion.  bk.  vi. 

un-de-prxved',  a.     (Pref.   un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
d<'}>rivrd.]    Not  deprived,  .stripped,  or  dispos- 
sessed of  any  proi)erty,  right,  or  the  like. 
'■  He.  undcprived,  his  honeflc«?  foraook." 

Dryden  :  Character  of  a  Good  Parton.  12fi. 

un-der,  'un'dir,prqh,adv.,a.,&pr^.  fA.S. 
umler;  oogn.  with  Dut.  under;  Icel.   vndir; 
Sw.  &  Dan.  under;  Goth,  uiidar ;  U.  H.  Ger. 
untnr;  Ger.  unter.] 
A,  As  preposition  : 

1.  In  a  lower  place  or  position  than  ;  so  as 
to  be  lower  than,  or  overtopped,  overlmng,  or 
covered  by  ;  below,  beneath. 

"  There,  undo-  withered  leavea,  forloru.  I  slept." 
Vowper:  tl'jmcr  ;  Odytseg  vii. 

2.  Denoting  a  st;ito  of  being  loaded,  op- 
pressed, overwhelmed,  or  burdened  by. 

"  To  groan  and  sweat  tnul^  the  business." 

^hiikexp.  ■  Jul  tug  Civtur.  iv.  ]. 

3.  Denoting  inferiority  or  subordination  ; 
snt»ject  to  the  rule,  government,  'lireetion, 
guidance,  instruction,  or  intiueneti  of. 

"I  am.  sir.  tiudcr  tlie  king  in  aome  authority."— 
~.>,hakin/:  :  -2  i/enrv  />*.,  v.  3. 

4.  Denoting  liability,  obligation,  or  limita- 
tion with  i-espect  to. 

"  Were  I  under  the  torma  of  death." 

:iftaJ:e»p. :  .Ueature /or  Mifiiiiirf,  ii.  4, 

5.  Inferior  to  in  point  of  rank,  dignity 
social  position,  or  the  like. 

"  't_  was  too  great  an  honour  for  any  man  under  a 
uiiKe.  — Addtson. 

6.  Inferior  to  or  less  tlian  in  point  of 
numbers,  amomit,  <(uantily,  v.ilue,  or  the 
like  ;  falling  short  of;  iu  or  to  a  less  deeree 
than.  ^ 

■•There  are  several  hundred  parishea  in  Bnitland 
under  twenty  pounds  a  year."— .Swi/?.  "*— «« 

7.  At.  for,  or  with  less  than  :  as,  It  cannot 
be  bought  under  twenty  jiounds. 

8.  Comprehended  by  or  in  ;  int-juded  in  ;  in 


position,  Of 
as,  an  undt'r 


the    same    category,    list,   division,   section, 
cliiss,  &c. 

•■  6'H(/*tr  this  head  may  como  iu  thoaoi-ern!  conteiLi 
ami  wars  between  popott  and  the  necular  princes.'  — 
Leslie. 

9.  During  or  in  the  time  of :  as,  under  the 
Roman  emjierors. 

10.  Bearing  or  being  in  the  form  or  stvle  of; 
with  the  appeamnee  or  show  of;  with  the 
character,  designation,  pretence,  or  cover  of. 

"  He  doos  it  under  name  of  perfect  love," 

Shtikesp. :  Tamiuit  of  the  .shretv.  iv.  s. 

U.  With  the  sanction,  authorization,  per- 
mission, or  protection  of. 

"  Crid'-r  the  ironntenauiv  and  confederacy 
Of  Lady  Eloanor."         AlniAt-sp.  :  i  Uenrj/  I'/.,  ii.  I. 

12.  Being  the  subject  of  ;  subject  to. 

"CaiKible  01"  having  many  idoaa  uruier  view  at 
once,  —Locke. 

13.  Not  having  reached  or  attained  ;  as,  lit- 
is under  twenty  years  of  age. 

14.  Attested  by. 

"Cato  ...  has  left  ua  an  t-vidence,  under  lii^  ..wu 
naml,  liow  much  he  was  versed  In  country  allHIrs  '  — 
Locke:  On  fduattion. 

15.  Under  the  form  of;  as  represented  by. 

"Morpheus  is  r6r>resented  by  the  ancient  statuarie" 
under  tlie  flgur©  of  a  boy  Haleep."_.i(/(/Mo». 

B.  As  adverb: 

1.  Ord.  Lantj. :  Iu  a  lower,  subject,  or  sub- 
ordinate condition,  or  degi'ee. 

"  I  keep  uudt-r  my  body,  and  bring  it  into  sul.jec- 
tlou.  —I  Oortiithiatu  ix.  27. 

2.  CrkkeC :  Underhand  (q.v.). 

C.  -I:*-  adj.  :  Lower  in  degree 
condition  ;  subject,  subordinate 
otHcei .  an  under  servant. 

D.  As  pTeJujc: 

(1)  Denoting  literal  inferiority  of  place  ;  as, 
M?u/t'r-lip. 

(2)  Subordinate,  inferior,  subject:  as,  under- 
sheriff,  H?M?er-butler,  Hfw/er-gardener,  &c. 

(3)  Expressive  of  concealment,  secrecy,  or 
clandestineness :  as,  a/u/er-plot,  ((ju/erlland, 
&c. 

^  1.  Under  age :  Not  of  full  age. 

"Three  sous  he  dying  left  all  under  afje.' 

>penser:  f.  (^.,11.  \.  6i. 

2.  Underarms:  [Arms  (2)]. 

3.  Under  fire :  Exposed  or  subjected  to  tlie 
enemy's  tire ;  taking  part  iu  a  battle  or  en- 
gagement. 

*  4.  Underfoot :  Under  the  real  value. 

"  Would  be  forced  to  st- II  their  means  ...  far  under- 
■'oot.  —Bacon. 

5.  Under  one's  hand :  [Hand,  s.,  ^  17]. 

6.  Utuler  sail :  [Sail,  ,s-.,  %  (4)]. 

7.  Under  the  breath:  [Bre.\th,  s.,  III.  i.] 

8.  Under  the  lee:  [Lee  (1),  s.,  If  (2)]. 

9.  Under  the  rose:  [Rose,  s.,  ^  (1)]. 

IT  Amongst  the  ancients  the  rose  was  an 
emblem  of  silence,  and  it  was  customary  to 
svispend  a  rose  from  the  ceiling  of  a  banquet- 
room,  to  intimate  to  the  guests  that  nothing 
said  in  that  room  was  to  be  uttered  abroad. 
(Brewer.) 

10.  Under  the  top : 

Mining  :  A  term  used  where  it  is  necessary 
to  leave  part  of  the  coal  in  theroof  of  a  gallery 
cut  into  the  form  of  an  aich. 

11.  Under  water:  Below  the  surface  of  the 
water. 

12.  Under  way,  under  weigh  : 

Naut.  :  An  expression  denoting  that  a  vessel 
has  weigiied  her  anchor,  and  is  making  proper 
way  through  the  water  ;  hence,  having  started, 
making  progress. 

'  under-actor,  .■*.    A  subordinate  actor. 

under-agent.  .-.    A  subordinate  agent. 

■'A  i.ii:U.>r  or  undcr-affont  to  their  extortion."— 
lioulh  :  ."iertnoiia,  vol.  ii.,  aer.  4. 

*  under-brancb.  a    a  lower  branch. 

"  That  under-branchet  ero  can  beo 
Of  Worth  and  value  as  the  true.' 

'^/leiiser.   Afi  Kle'jie/or  Astrophcl. 

^  under-bred,  a.    ill-bred,  uid)red. 

"An  ujidcr-br'-d.  liii.- spokfii  felluw  wa*  he." 

Oofdsiitifh  :  Haunch  of  Veniion. 

'under  -  builder,  s.  A  subordinate 
budder  or  workman  in  building. 

*  under-carved,  a.  Carved  or  graven 
below. 

"  Abtivc  yi.iir  undrr-carve^i  ornaments." 

lien  Jonaon  :  To  Counttins  n/  Rutland. 

*  under-Chaps.  s.  pi.     The  lower  chaps. 

'■Stiftilied  tlif  skin  which  lieB  between  thii  under- 
chaps.  —I'ate^     .Wilural  Ttunlo-ji/.  cIj.  xxiii. 


undorolay,  .s.     A  laver  of  clay  under- 
lying aiinlhir  depitsit ;  specillcally- 

1.  A'jrk.  :  A  layer  of  clay  underlying  the 
ttUeu  soil. 

2.  Geology : 

(1)  Clay  or  Firestone,  generallv  in  a  series  ..f 
beds,  each  undei  lying  a  seam  of  coal.  As  the 
Lnder-clay  abounds  in  Stigmmias.  whidi  aru 
roots  [SrioMAittAl,  and  portions  of  flattened 
trunks  often  e.xist  in  the  cnal.  the  natural  in- 
ference  is  that,  while  each  seam  of  coal  re. 
IM'esents  thy  re- 
mains of  iiH  old 
forest, the  under- 
clay  on  which 
it  rests  was  the 
.soil  ill  which  the 
trees  grew. 

(2)  Any  bed 
wliich  seems  to 
have  once  con- 
stituted siu'facc 
soil. 

under-cliff, 

A     t  -■  V  I 


stieltluiig  alung 
tlie  sea-shore  at  tht 


UNDERCLIFi 


An  underground 


.  .     „--- ^^e  of  a  higher  clilT, 

■Miginally  washed  by  the  sea,  and  formed  by 
the  materials  falling  from  the  cliff  above.  One 
«'t  the  best  known  is  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Isle  cd'  Wight. 

underclothes,   under  clothing.  >- 

Clulhes  w.un  under  ollieis.  ur  next  the  skin. 
-^  'li''  "i""'    ,""^"','"";    ""    S'-ani^tiesacs    theinwlv^*. 

'  under-conduct,  $. 

or  subterranean  conduit. 

"All  dig  wells  and  eLnt^rns.  and  otlier  undt^r-con- 
tliicfs  and  conveyaucea.  for  the  suiUaKc."— V?tf/fa/«ii* 
M  otfoniantp.  p.  VJ.  ^ 

'  under-craft,  *.    A  sly  trick. 

...  "  '^i*  ''"i  '""/'■'■cni/f  of  authors.'— Ater/jc-  Trittram 
«/iaiii/jy.  lIi.  XIX. 

^  under-crest,  v.t.    To  wear  as  on  the 

crest ;  lo  bear,  to  support. 

■■  To  nndercreat  your  good  addition. 
To  the  faimeaa  of  my  iwwer." 

HhakeifK  :  Coriolunus,  L  9. 

-  under-croft.  .s-.    (See  extract.) 

,  ill  'J  "'"."."I'K'itwl  by  tluw  row3  uf  lu-wsy  clustered' 
pi  Ijirs,  with  ribs  diverging  from  theiu  to  supiwrt  tho 
solemn  riiiif,  IIub  was  tho  pailali  church.  This  under- 
croft, ixa  buildings  of  tltia  sort  were  called,  luwl  in  it 
several  chauutnes and  uiouuiiienU""—i'eH;ia7i(  ■  Lon- 
don, p.  J96. 

'  under-dauber,  n-.     An  inferior  or  sub- 
ordinate dauber. 

m'  J-"^  Ti"*^  mud-wall,  thrown  into  a  dirty  heap  br 

flo:^)^^^"'^^:?''  ''■'■■■-*^-  ''"'''"'■■  ^'"■ 

*  under-dealing,  s.    Underhand  or  clan- 
destine dealing. 

*'He  mentions  not  his  undcr-dcalinQ  to  debaucii 
armies  here  at  huine."— J/(7fo»( .   EikonokUttteg. 

'under  delve,    v.t.     To  dig  or  delve 

undi  1  nr  l.flMW  ;  to  undermine. 

"Tii.i  lian  umiirdoleen  thine  autcris."- n'e/c^irfe  " 
Romiins  xi.  j-     4     - 

-  under  -  earthly,    «.     Subterranean. 

(.5.v/(Wo-;   ThcArke,  2,817.) 

*under-flame,  5.    Allame  below  or  in- 
ferior. 

"We  should  not  need  warmth  from  an  under-jtame." 
AViyy  on  llr.  Donne. 

*  under-ft'inge,  .•(.     A  lower  or  second 
fringe.     (In  the  example  it  appears  =  fringe.) 

■■  Broiid.faced,  with  under  fringe  at  ras^vX.  beard.'" 
Tennuton:  Enid,  1,396. 

under-god,  s.    An  inferior  deity. 

■  under-gown,  s.     a  gown  worn  under 
another,  it  under  some  artielu  of  dress. 

"An   under-ijoxon  and  kirtlo  of  pale-gifen   silk."— 


A  subonlinate  t)r 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo^l ;  cat,  9eU.  chorus, 
-cian,  -tian  ==  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun 


under-hangman,  . 

deputy  hangman. 

"  ,^'i'"'l*''"^'''^«  't*""  your  virtues,  to  be  styled 
Iho  under-hang-n\an  of  bis  kingdom. 

:ihaketp.  .■  Cymbetine.  ii.  3. 

*  under  -  hived,  a.  Provided  with  or 
placed  in  a  rather  small  hive. 

"  Tht-  bees  may  do  well  enough  In  a  middle-sized 
nive:  (or  l^ing  under  hived,  they  will  cast  jiomewliat 
the  sooiiir.  lliough  jiemdventuro  the  teas  warm."- 
t.  Butler :  female  Monuinertts,  p.  8i>. 

•  under-honest,  a.  Honest  below  what 
one  ought  to  be. 

"We  think  him  oTCr  proud. 
■  '     --hitnrit." 

Itrydcn:  T^ailu*  A  Crcuida.  ill.  I. 


And  undei 


9liln,  bench :  go,  gem  ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as  :  expect,  ^enophon,  e^st.    ph  =  f. 
:  -tion,  -fion  =  ztaun.    -<!ious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.    -Wo,  -die,  &c.  =  hgl,  d?l. 


liits 


underact— undercurrent 


under-Jaw,  *.    Thulowvrjaw. 

TIk-    n-titiil    fH'Ur-inir  uf  n  »wiii«  workjl  111  the 

under  keeper,  >.      A   subordiiiato   or 

i^-<i-it;nil  k''-|i<-i,  u.n'IiT,  &c 

-'  Mi.r '«!  tiiiK'li  fiiviiiir  lir  ••titaiii«<l  (nmi  the  ii>iUtir> 

A  lower  or  iulVrior 


'  under  kind, 

■lu.iiilir  UM>  thiT  likf  nil  ti"4er-Jt/H 'of  cliymlst, 
t  ■  M"W  llif  omK'— /"-.'n/'-H  .■  .1"  Ewttins'*  Low,  I,  1. 

under- kingdom,  .■*.    A  iwtty  or  sub-ir- 
(iiiiaif  khigituiit  in  a  cnnfeileratiim  ur  union. 

•■  The  huiMjml  u»d€r-Ki»9*i'>nk»  (liiit  li«il  «»«>■. ' 

under  labourer,    .-■.      An   inferior  ur 

■It  i-.  :uiil>iti..ii  niiiUKh  to  lie  employed  ii*  "ii 
..mtf^r  l-ihaurrr  ii>  cltitniiL*  tlie  ltuuuiI  a  little.'— 
i  i-:ke:  Human  l/uUrst.    |Ei'.  to  tUe  Keatler.J 

under-lease, .-. 

I.oi":  A  leas.)  grantcil  by  a   -essee  of  hi« 
ihii-r.-st  'jniU-r  the  original  k-nse  ;  a  sub-lease. 


under  officer. 


A  subordinate  or  iu- 


underpeep.     under -peepe,  v.t. 

'I'i  cast  :i  li^'iU  imd' T. 

■■  B-jws  t<n*ai\b  litr.  ;iii'1  woulil  und.-r-peep  liei-  \uW 
:-lnikesp. :  Cijiiibt'Uiu;  ii.  J. 

+  under  peopled,  ".    Not  fully  peopled. 
'  under -plain,    .    A  plain  lying  under 
^T  below. 

"  Upon  the  uiulrrr-//liiiits 
A  lmiulnMlsi'rm?»,.ilniin]ivl  wayeashuuhl  swiiniiio." 
Hrownc:  Brit.  Patfomtt,  li. 

under  -  possessor,  ^.     A  subordinate 
p:>NSf->>Mr  i-r  lu'ld'T. 

"  Aiiuuitiw  ami  er«tt*r  donatives  are  the  reserves 
"f  the  superior  rijjnt.  luid  not  to  be  invaded  hy  the 
uiider-j/otMcstvrs~—Bp.  Taylor:  Sermons,  vol.  i.,  scr. 
i:. 

'  nnder-rate,  a.    Inferior. 

■  Tlicse  I'  ini-r.r\it--  mortals.' — Gentl'Jiiifin  Iiixtritrtcil, 

under-reckon,  v.t.    To  reckon  or  cal- 

vlllate  Ivx..  InW. 

■'Suidss  imt/f-jw?./.))?  it  by  seven  yesrs," — h/t. 
B'iU :  ■•iermuii  t;  Lordi  uf  i-arUament,  Feb.  l'^.  IO:il. 

'  under  -  recompensed,    a.      InsuiH- 
eieiitly  recompensed. 

"They  are  generally  iinilcr-recompenxed."— Smith  : 
Wealth  uf  SaTioiu,  bk.  i.,  tli.  x. 

under-region,  :-.    An  inferior  or  lo\Yor 


under-roof,  s,    A  loof  under  anothei- ;  a 

J..U.T  l.-.f. 

•"  An  undcr-rffofot  doleful  gray." 

Ti:nnusort  :  Dyiwj  Smait,  A, 

■  under- searching,  n.     Searclnng   or 

iM  i  kill;;  lo'lmv, 

'Tin'  I'll  :■■! -••''!  nhhi<tvinter  working  on." 

Daniel:  Cioit  tVurM,  bk.  iii. 

under-secretary,  .'^.    A  subordinate  or 

.  is-isUnt-sti-eretary. 

under-senrhnt,  5.    An  inferior  servant. 

■  AllTwnrih  an  midcr-umfaiU  in  the  (luceu's 
'■\.^\Aes.'  -iaind'-'i  :  Hist.  l^.  fJlUabeOi  («n.  159S). 

under- service,  ;?.      Inferior  or  sub- 

-'iiliiiate  servic. 

under  -sheriff,  '  under  -  sheriffe, 
under-shereve,  '.  A  sberitf  sub.irdinate 
111  rank  to  a  sherifl'  properly  so  called  ;  a 
-.liriitTH  deputy. 

"Sberifffl  .ind  undt'r-*heriffg,  constables  ami  tnrn. 
kt-yi,  in  short,  :UI  the  iniiiiGtera  of  justice  frum  Huit 
'i'.wn  to  Ketf.h,"— J/tw-ddiatf  ,■  Blst.  £ng.,  cb.  xviii. 

'  nnder-sheriffiir,  *  under-shrieve, 

under- sheriffery,  .^.    The  otiiee  of  an 

'iiiiit^r-slifritf. 

"  Many  times  tha'ie  u/uh-r-xkerifferics  doe  more 
v:>"xl  th;in  their  hiirb  ^I^e<:^^L^tiuus.'■— JSoco/i  .■  Essaiit  ; 
Of  l^raUe. 

*  under -shrievalty,  s.  The  same  a^ 
I/ndkr-hiikrifkuy  Oi-v.). 

under-side,  s.  The  lower  side  of  any- 
thing. 

"The-*e  being  holloweil  out,  on  the  underside,  like 
a  scoop.*— /*a(ftf;  X<Uurat  Theologi/.  ch.  x. 

under-skinker,  ^^. 

'  I,  ')nL  iMmi. :  An  nnder-drawer  or  tapster. 
vVm7/;.-.j»,  :  1  Hrnni  IV.,  ij.  4.) 

•?.  S"ti(.  :  The  assistant  to  the  purser's 
-If  ward. 

underskirt,  .t.    A  skirt  under  a  dre>^'5. 

■'  i'lii-  |«iii-l  .111  the  und^r-tkirt  may  o-iiisi«t  of  bla.-l; 
1  i.'.-  rt  .111..-.--    —thtilif  Ttlv'jraph,  Jan.  12,  \M6. 


under-sky,  -.  A  lower  sky;  the  lower 
part  of  the  atmosphere. 

"  FliMtiiiif  nboiil  the  uiidcr.ak!/.' 

Teniiytun  :  Dj/iitjf  Sartiit,  C* 

under- sparred,  f.     Not  having  sutli- 

eieiit  sp.ii>.  :  tiiidennasted. 

under  sphere,  >. 

1.  7,(7.  .-  A  ^ph.•^L■  beneath  anuther  one,  and 
moved  by  il. 

'•  U«  eiin.|nurt«l  rebel  p.'Uisiitns.  ruled  them  so 
As  umler-iiihi:rc4  by  the  rtrat  mover  rd." 

Klegu  upon  Ur.  Domie. 

2.  /■■(■;;.  :  An  inferior  sphere  of  action. 
under  stated,  o.. 

1.  stated  beneath  the  truth,  or  what  is  right 
and  proper. 
"  2.  Ilaving  too  low  or  small  an  estatt.'. 

■•  Perceiving  himself  over-titled,  or  rather  under- 
slated."— Fuller  :   Wurthiet;  liedfurdthire. 

under -stocked,  a.  Not  sufficiently 
stocked. 

"A  uew  colony  must  nlw.iys  for  some  time  lie  mr.re 
II iidcrsfoeked  .  .  .  thim  the  greater  part  of  i.ther 
countries."— .Sjnf7A;   Wealth  qf  Satioiu,  bk.  i..  ci,.  i\. 

under -suit.   -^.     A  suit  worn  under  or 

beiic-atli  another  -■^uit. 

'■\ii  dancer  '.£  i-.itchinp  cold,  his  own  und'^r-iiuit 
Hi.s  to  well  iiiid—ialler :   WorChies ;  Huutshire. 

under  sword-fish,  s. 

Ichthn.  :  [lU-Min-v.MrHus.J 

under-taxed,  o.  Taxed  beneath  what 
tbey  can  bear,  "i-  below  the  proportion  ul  tlie 
taxation  of  others. 

^  under-thing,  .^".  A  lower  or  inferior 
thing.     (li'vuHi.  d.  I'M.:  Philaster,  i.) 

under-tow,  •-  A  current  of  wator  below 
the  surface  niiiniii^'  in  a  diderent  directiuii 
from  that  at  the  .surface;  the  biickward  How 
of  :i  wa\r  l)reakiiig  on  the  beach. 

■■  All  tliow  secret  currents  th.tt  flow 
WitlisHch  resistless  undtir-tow." 

i.ijiig/vllow:  Uuilding  of  the  Ship. 

'  under-treasurer,  5.  One  who  trans- 
acted tlie  business  of  the  Lord  High  Treasurer 
of  Englan<l. 

*  under  -  treated,  1,    Treated  witli  too 

little  resjiect  ;  treated  slightingly. 

under-water.  -l  Being  or  lying  under 
water  ;  sul)aiiuatie. 

■■  \  ulteiiis  f.jimd  this  u ttder-wuter  tniine." 

M'la  :  Lueaii :  Pharsalia.  iv. 

"  under-witted,  «.     Half-witted  ;  silly. 

"Cupid  is  itii  itnderwitttd  whilister."  —  A't((He(  .■ 
trasiiiiui;  i'raitc  vf  Folly,  p.  19.. 

under- world,  £. 

I.  Old  in  (tin  Loii'jua<je: 

1.  lu  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  The  opposite  side  of  the  glol)e  ;  the  anti- 
podes. 

"  Fresh  as  the  tlntt  Warn  glittering  on  a  sail. 
That  brings  our  fi-ieuds  up  from  the  u  nder -world ." 
Tennyson  :  Princess,  iv.  'J7. 

*^  3.  Tlic  lower  or  inferior  part  of  mankind. 
II,  AtiUii'ip. :  The abo'le of  departed  spirit.s  ; 
Hades.  Tiie  idea  that  the  souls  of  men,  after 
death,  went  ilownto  a  region  beneath  is  very 
ancient  and  widespread,  and  is  commented  on 
Tiy  Lucian  {De  Lncia,  2).  This  popular  notion 
liiids  expression  in  one  article  of  the  Apostles' 
Creed,  *'  He  descended  into  Hell." 

"Id  the  ancient  Egyptian  doctrine  of  the  future 
life,  modelled  as  it  was  on  soLiT  myth.  Amenti.  the 
western  region  of  the  depart«d.  is  an  under-world,  or 
Hiides,"— ryior;  J'rim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  iL  CT. 

'  iin-der-act',  i:t.  [Pref,  uiulfr-,  and  Eng. 
'"'.]  Tn  net  or  jierfurni,  as  a  part  or  play, 
inefficiently  ur  feebly. 

"The  pifty  was  so  rnderm-ted  it  broke  d.wn."— 
Macready. 

-un-der-Sc'- tion,  .^.  [Pref.  nnder-,  and 
Eng.  'hiini'.]  >nb(iidinate  action  ;  action  not 
essential  to  the  main  story. 

"The  least  episcKles,  or  underact  ions,  interwoven  in 
it,  sre  iKirts  necessary,  or  convenient  to  carry  on  the 
main  desicn."— /irf/den.-  Virgil;  .£ntis.    (Dcdic.l 

'  fin-der-aid',  f.t.  [Pref.  undcr-^  and  Eng. 
ii'ii.  \.\     T'laid  secretly. 

"  Koliert  .  .  .  i'S  e-iid  to  have  underaided  Boul." — 
fhiniil :  Hat.  Eivj.,  p.  23. 

iin'-der-b^ok,  «.  [Pref.  nmUr-,  and  Eng. 
iKixk,  s.]  The  ves.sel  placed  Iwneath  the  mash- 
tun  to  receive  the  wort  as"  it  flows  from  the 
latter. 

'Un-der-bear,  v.t.  i?rei,  nnder-,  and  Eng. 
l.f,tr,\.\ 


1.  To  support,  to  endure, 

*'  i'utient  undcrbeariiiff  of  bin  lortnnc." 

:ihakesf^. :  Itichard  II.,  i.  i. 

2,  To  guard,  to  face,  to  trim,  to  line. 

"Thf  dnch«.'Mof  Milan's  gown  .  ,  .  vnderttoriie  v,{ih 
u  bluish  tiusul.'  —Shakesp.  :  Much  Ado,  iii.  4, 

un-der-bear'-er,  s.  [Pref.  t(7irfcr-,  and  Kn-. 
bairer.]  In  funerals,  one  wlio  supports  the 
corpse. 

un-der-bid',  1'.^  [Pref.  under-^  and  Kng. 
hid,  v. I  To  bid  or  offer  less  than  aiiother.  ;is 
at  an  auetion  ;  to  ofler  less  than  ;  t<»  otter  in 
exeeute  work,  supply  good.s,  or  tlie  like,  at  a 
lower  prife  than. 

"  un-der-bind',  r.f.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Kng. 
Oli'il,  V.  1     To  bind  nnderneath. 

"  With  hir  huge  weight  the  p:igan  underOonud  " 
Fair/ax:  7'uMo,  Mx. 

*  iin'-der- board,  "-'h\  (Pref.  itndvr-,  and 
Eng.  fff'rii.]  Secretly,  ehindestinely.  (*  tp- 
jKised  tu  riloccboard,  q.v.) 


'iin-der  borne',  yja.  >>fi/".  or  n.  II'mjei:- 
hi:ar,] 

under-bought'  (ought  as  at),    '«'    /■". 

or  ('.       |Uvi>FJlBl'V.] 

un-der-bra9e',  v.t.  [Pref.  j/u(?er-,  and  Kng. 
hra-r,  v.]  To  bind,  fasten,  or  tie  together  below 
or  undeM.'.'ath. 

"  The  broidered  band 
Thfit  Kicderbraced  his  helmet  at  the  chin  " 

Ciiwp'.-r :  Hotner ;  Hind  iii. 

iin'-der-br&Sh.  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
hfiLiJi,  s.)  Shrubs  and  small  trees  in  a  wood 
or  forest  L:rowing  under  large  trees;  brush, 
underwue'd. 

"Tlie  shore-^  on  either  side  were  steep,  an.l  very 
thi.jk  with  undirbriiish." — Senbiter's  Jlntjaziu';  Aug.. 
1S77,  II.  OW. 

*  iin'-der-bum,    *  un-der-brenne.    '-'. 

[Pref.  viahi-,  and  Eng.  burn.]     To  burn  iiji. 
"Y  sbaJ  undcrltrennc  the  cartis," — WtielilVc:    A.t- 
lium-,  ii.  Vi. 

"  un-der-buy',  v.t.     [Pref.  umler-j  and  Em;;. 

oni,.] 

1.  To  \>\y  a'  loss  than  the  lealor  true  value. 


2.  To  buy  ;;t  a  lower  jTiee  than, 

un-der-9ham  bcr-laln,  .'?.  [Pref.  I'mhr-, 
and  ICul;.  .  'ii'nt'frhtlit.]  A  deputy  chainliej- 
laiii  oi'  tij..  -  \rlii-quer. 

un-der- charge',  v.t.  [Pref.  .-.ndtr  ^und  Eng. 
d,"nir,x.] 

1.  To  charge  less  than  the  fair  or  trrii.  sum 
ov  price  for. 

2.  Not  to  put  a  sufficient  ..harge  in  :  as,  To 
viuiercharff':  a  gun. 

un-der -^barged',  ".    [Pref.  undn--.  ami 

Eng.  eA.j/.jii/.]  Not  a»lequ.ilely  or  siitiirji'iil ly 
t:liargeil  :  -pecif.,  ai'plied  t<i  a  military  mine, 
whose  eiat-'r  :^  not  so  wide  at  the  toj.  us  it  i.s 
deep. 

un' -  der  -  coat,   s.    tPref.   Uiuler-,  an<i   Eng. 

co"^.s,] 

1.  A  ooa-  worn  under  anotlier. 

2.  The  under  layer  of  hair.  [Coat  <1),  .-., 
A.  II.  1.) 

■'Th.-d.-c  looked  fresh  niid  well  .  .  .  though  laokiiiL- 
nnd-r.jo'iC-— Field,  Dec.  6,  It^i. 

"  un'-der-creep,   •  un-dur- crepe,   -.<. 

[Pref.  .ntd-r-,  :nui  Eng.  tree^,  v.]  To  eieep 
secretly  or  imperceptibly. 

"Be  w.ir  Je't   peraueiiture   uiidtrcrepc  to  thee   a 
w  ickiil  tbijcht."—  Wydiffe :  JIluI.  w.  J. 

*  un'-der-cry,  *  un-dir-cry,  v.i.  [Pief. 
under-,  and  Eug.  en/,  v.]    To  cry  out. 

"And  thel  ^Hdercrief/''*!  [incldnmlKvntl  and  scideii. 
Crucitie,  ci-ULifye  him."—  Wi/diffe  :  Luke  xxiii. 

un'-dcr-ciir-rent,  s.  <Si  a.    [Pref.  lauhr-^ 

and  Eng.  <  frrent..] 
A.  As  S''_bstaJitive  : 

1.  Lit.:  A  current  running  under  ajiother 
one. 

2.  Fig. :  Something  at  work  out  of  sight, 
as  influence,  feeling,  or  the  like,  winch  has  a 
tendency  opposite  to  or  ditferent  from  what 
is  visible  or  apparent. 

"  The  undercurrent  of  agricultuml  opltliou."— Fie! d, 
April  4,  U%o. 


/ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  f^U,  father;  wo,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  -  c ;  ej  =  k;  fiu  =  Iiw. 


undercut— underhand 


li'jy 


(.)r  iiitVri'ir   rank    oi' 


*  B,  .-Is  adj.  :    Kuiiniiii;  below  or  out    <if 

"Mume  iliirk  fiMtlomtrreiit  woe." 

TtHMifton  :  Matul,  I.  wiii.  s:;. 

im -der-cut,  >\  [Vr^i.  Mudcr-,  oiul  En^;.  -  ^'^ 
s.  I  Tlif  linclcr  side  of  a  sirloin  oi'  Iwef;  tlir 
Jilet. 

"Then,  hiivlni;  (Uacinbowelk-il  liim,  we  cat  <>i\'  stiii's 
of  undercut.'  —J-'ielU,  Dwc.  'JO,  1BS3. 

un-der -cut',   c.t.     [Prcf.    mukr-,  and    Eng. 

.  i/^  \.]     To  iiii'kTsell. 

un-der-dc-greed', 

'/i-(7<><:,    aiMl    sum    -(./.I 
•le;_'ri'e. 

■"At  the  uiercy  of  cviry   ((ii(ifc<r<>prc('»(  aiinn;i.'— 
/.'i(ft.(ni«o«  .  cVaruda,  iv.  ■!«, 

•jin'-der-dltcll,  I'-t.     [Prcf.  n»rffr-,  and  l^ii;;. 

Agru:  :  To  form  a  deep  ditcli  <>r  treiicli  in, 
in  order  to  drain  the  surface. 

un-der-dd',  c.i.  &  t.    [Pi-ef.  under-,  and  Kii;^. 

' '' '.  V  ■  I 

A.  lutnnisitice : 

1.  To  act  below  one's  abilities ;  not  to  act 
iij-i  to  one's  powers. 

"  You  overnct,  when  yuu  shouJd  undm'do." 

lien  JunKOii. 

2.  To  kU*  less  than  is  requisite. 

■•Nature  much  oftcuer  overdoes  than  underdoes."— 
Grew. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  do  less  thoroughly  than  is 
requisite  ;  si>ecif.,  in  cooking,  to  couk  insutli- 
I'ieutly. 

*  un-der-do'-er,  >■.  [Pref.  itnder-,  anil  En;.'. 
•  I'nr,]    One  wlio  does  less  than  is  necessary, 

reijuisit^,  or  exiiedient. 

un-der -done',  ".  [Prof,  mdcr-,  and  Ell;,'. 
il'uir\]     Insulticieutly  cooked:  as,  The   meat 

is  Kinlcrduia: 

un'-der-dose,  >;.     [Pi-ef.  undrr-,  and    Vav^. 

ihisf.  s.J  An  iusutticiont  dose ;  a  quantity  liss 
than  a  dose.  , 

iin-der-doae'*  '■.(.  nr  t.  [Prcf.  uiuirr-,  and 
Ent;.  dosi\  v.]  To  !L;ive  or  take  small  nr  in- 
suthcient  doses. 

im'-der-drain,  j-.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
'iri'iii,  s.]  A  drain  or  trench  below  the  surface 
of  the  ground. 

iin-der-drain',  cJ.  (Pief.  nitder-, a-ad  Eng. 
•irciii,  V.)  To  dniin,  by  cutting  trenche&> 
under  th''  surface  "f  the  ground. 

un  -  der  -  dressed',  ft.      [Pref.    under-,  and 
Eng.  iina-^iL] 
*  1.  Not  well  or  sufficiently  dressed. 
•J.  Underdi'ne,  as  meat. 

un-der-es'*ti-mate,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Kn^'.  rstiinoh-,  s.)  An  estimate  or  valutrtion 
at  to<3  low  a  rate. 

un-der-es'-ti-mate,  rJ.  [Pref.  nndcr-,  aii<l 
Eng.  e-stinuitc,  v.  J  To  estimate  or  value  at  t'ln 
low  a  rate  ;  to  value  insutficieutly. 

un'-der-£iC-tion,  >■.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng. /tu--^ /oh. J  A  sulinrdinate  faction;  a  siil> 
division  of  a  faction. 

"  Chrieti/uiity  loses  by  cuutCBts  of  tindcrf act  ions."— 
D(n:uby  of  fitty. 

^  un'-der-f2ic-ttl-ty,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  farxdt'j.]  A  subordinate  faculty,  power, 
nr  t-ndowment. 

un'-der-farm-er.  .•^.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
/urmer.]  A  farmer  working  under  the  direc- 
tion uf  another  uiie. 

*  un'-der-feed,  '-.i.  iPref.  vudrr-,  and  Eng. 
J'caJ,  v.]    To  feed  insutticiently. 

"The  fan.-itic'keftrive  tJj  » «(trr/ceii  and  stjirveif '— 
Gaudett:  Tears  of  the  (.hurch,  p.  aC3. 

^  iin'-der-fel-ldw,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Vm::^.  J'dlow.)    A  mean  fellow,  a  sorry  wretch. 

■■  W'ithimirh  iiiiife  fiusiiies.s  tliRii  those  tinder/i-UoiPs 
liul  showed." — ^iiiiit''!/ •  .\rcadia,  bk.  ii. 

un'-der-fiU-ing,  •;.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
nl'lii'j.]  The  lowi^r  jiart  of  a  building.  (See 
fxtiMCl  under  SiBsTRCcnoN.) 

un-der- fol' -low,  r.f.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  foUoio,]    To  follow,  to  accompany. 


■  un-der-fong ,    under  fonge,  <-./.  [A.s. 
undvrjanijru  =  to  receive,  to    undertake,   to 
support;    iiHrf(;r=  under,  and /.[»;/ait  (pa.  t. 
limn)  =  to  take.] 
1.  To  undertake,  to  manage. 

"  And  looser  soiigs  of  lom*  to  undi-r/oiin." 

^^jjetmcr :  Sheplirardt  Ciiteiultrj  Sov. 

•J.  To  entraji,  to  ensnare. 

"  Thou,  Meualcas.  that  by  thy  treachery 
DiO^t  itinU-r/titig  my  lady  to  wexc  so  litrht." 

>pen»er:  ^f/ilu-ards  Calender ;  Jmn: 

:J.  To  receive. 

■•  Oa  holy  church  ich  thouhto 
That    iniderfiuiff    me   atto    fount,    for   on    of    <i...li  ■; 
rhcseu."  i'.  Plowman,  j).  2"4, 

4.  To  support  or  guard  from  beneath. 
"Mounts  undt^foitglng  and  euflanckhiy  tlieio.     - 
Xaihe :  Lvuten  fituffe. 

un-der-foot',  "(?r.  &  a.     [Prcf.  uudtr-,  iind 
Eng./noM* 
A.  As  adixrh : 

I.  (irdiniir;/  Language: 

1.  Under  the  feet ;  underneath. 

2.  JJeneath,  Ixdow  ;  in  or  into  subjection. 
II.  Naut. :  Under  the  ship's  bottom.    (Saitl 

of  an  anchor  whicli  is  dropped  whiU;  the  ship 
1ms  headway.) 

B.  As  iidj. :  Low,  bare,  abject. 

"The  most  dejecteil,  most  under/oof,  ainl  dmwi 
tro<li.len  v.i<-iiils  <.it  iicn\iti(tU."~MHtv>i :  Jir/onu.  in 
I.iig..  I.k.  ii. 

*  un-der-foot'»  c.t.    [Prcf.  under-,  and  Eng. 

Jhut,  v.j     Tii'Muderpin  ('[.v.). 

"  iin-der-fur'-nish,  >:t.  [Fret,  uudcr-,  and 
Eng. /(!/■;;  (.v/i.  J  To  furnish  insufficiently;  lii 
supply  with  less  than  enough. 

"Can  wo  Bupiiose  Go*I  would  imder/i/rtiisli  iijiui  fur 
the  state  he  desii^ned  hitni"— Collier:  On  Kinthitus. 

un-der- fur'-row,  v.t.  [Pref.  undt-r-,  and 
Eng.  furroi'-.]  To  cover  with  a  furmw,  as 
si'ud  or  manure  ;  to  plough  in. 

un-der-fiir'-row,  adr.      [Pref.  undci-,  ;md 
Eng.  furroic]    Under  a  fuiTOW. 
•]   'I'o  t^'jiv  n ndrrf arrow : 
Aijrir,  :  To  plough-in  seed.    Sometimes  aii- 
plied  to  other  operations  in  which  something 
is  covered  by  the  furrow-slice. 

*  iin-der-get',  '■.^  [Prcf.  -under-,  and  Eng. 
;/''^|     To  understand. 

"  And  nntlieles  he   feynede  hym,  that  mo   viidi-r'/et 
,vt  iio-t."*  Jiobcrt  f/  Glcitvcsfvr,  p.  IOl-. 

'  un-der-gird\  r.t.  [Prcf.  under-,  and  Eng. 
ffnd.]  Ti>  gud  beneatii ;  to  place  girders  bf- 
neath. 

"When    they  bad   t.^kel 
rtintrriir'f'ii:/  tlie  pbil).  '  — . 

un-der-go.      un-dcr-goe,   rj.      [Pret. 
luidjir-,  and  Eng.  go,  v.] 
*  1.  To  go,  move,  or  pass  under  or  below. 

"Thiit  dny  the  (seaseem'd  mountaine'a  top^vi  t'orertiiw, 


th  that  deluge  f  Piidt'rgoi 

May:  Lucan;  Pftitrstitii 


Mill  yieldiuj; 

~  2.  To  undertake ;  to  take  uiKtn  oni 
to  hazard. 


elf; 


3.  To  bear  tip  against ;  to  endure  with  lii  in- 
ness ;  to  sustain  without  fainting,  yielding, 
or  givingway  ;  to  pass  through  :  as,  Tu  imdn- 
ijo  pain  or  torture. 

■1.  To  be  subjected  to  ;  to  be  compelled  t<-> 
pass  through. 

" T^ranU  were  to  undergo  legal  sentence.  "—J/ /(V-^"  : 
Ansioer  to  /.iAoh  lUuUtfce. 

5.  To  experience  ;  to  pass  through. 

"  In  this  state  it  xinderfjo^'t  a.  fermeutiitiuii."— fwv/. . 
Firgt  Voyage,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xviL 

*  6.  To  partake  of ;  to  enjoy. 

"  To  undergo  Buch  nmple  peace  and  honour  " 

Shakesp.:  Measure/or  Jtcantnr,  i.  I. 

*  7.  To  s\ifler. 

•■  I  Ki*!  mther  crfwk  my  sinews,  brenk  my  Uick. 
Thau  you  should  sucli  diithommr  undt-rgo." 

Shakesp.  :  7't.-nipe'>(,  iii.  l, 

*  un-der-go' -ing,  'T.     [Pref.  under;  and  En,'. 

•jniii'j.]    Kinlurin;^,  sulferrng,  patient.  tt'l'TJinl. 
"Which  nised  in  me 
An  undergoing  Rluiuaeh,  to  bear  up 
.\gaitist  u  hat  should  ennue," 

Shakesp. :  Tempest,  i.  -2, 

iin-der-gOtte',  pa.  par.  or  a.    [Undeiigo.] 

"  un-der-gore',  v.t.    [Eng.  under,  and  nuo; 
v.]     To  pierce  underneath. 

"The  dart  did  undergorr 
Hi.s  eyelid,  by  l)i«  eye  si  dear  roots." 

(ftapnum:  Homer;  Iliad  \i\:  ij^. 


under  grdd'-u-ate,  .■>■.  I  Pref.  under,  and 
Eng.  gmtln'ite,  s.J  Une  who  is  stiid.'dng  at.  a 
university,  but  has  not  yet  taken  u  dtigree. 

"Tlir-  •tiid«r';radnntts  ol  hU  iiulverhlty. "— J/iwaii- 
?,(.'/.   //.<(■    /■■n'j.,  ch.  V. 

tin- der-gr&d'-u-ate -ship,   .   [Ehk-  undrr- 

ijradnuU,   •*. ',  -xhiji.]     The  state,  jWHition,   or 
condition  of  au  undergraduate. 

'  fin  ~  der  -  groan',  v.t.  [Pref,  uu/lcr-,  and 
Eng.  fin'ci'.,  V.J    To  groan  utider. 

"  K-ii;h  i'luOtr groaned  their  blgh-raiied  feet." 
thapntan. 

iin  -der  gro^d,  s.,adc.,&.a.    [Pnif.  under-, 

and  En;^.  'j'"  'iid,  s.J 

A.  -1^  ^'it'Sti'.ntUe: 

I.  What  is  below  the  surface  of  the  ground  ; 
sublerran«in  space. 

"A  -spirit  raised  from  depth  of  tindrrgroiind." 
ShakfHp. .  'i  llcury  17.,  i.  J. 

■*.  .\n  T.rdeigi'nimd-railway.    [Colloq.) 

B.  .(•.  Oilc. :  Bcdow  the  surface  of  the  earlli. 

"  Far  undergrnnnd  is  many  a  cave.'" 

ll'ori(jt)«ij-(h;   White  Voo  of /iglslotie,  h. 

C.  A-^-  <'dj. :  Being  below  the  surface  of  the 
«u't!i  ;  -subterranean. 

"  rut,  inti  -ertftiii  underground  depositAriev  uUled 
i:i\i->vi:-—/i;fron:  CliUde  //arald,  iv.     (Note  *t..) 

underground-nut,  i. 

Unt.  :  j.ij-:liis  Inipoga-a. 

underground-onion,  5. 

Uorf. :  Allium  Ccjxi,  vav.  terrestris,  a  varirfy 
of  the  common  onion,  which  multiplies  its 
bulbs  by  offslioots  below  the  ground. 

underground-railway,  s.  A  railway 
whully  or  in  a  large  part  beneath  the  stn-.-t 
surface  of  a  city.  London  is  now  tunnelled 
by  a  network  of  subterranean  railways.  i\- 
tending  to  the  suburbs.  The  first  porti'ni  "f 
the  Metropolitan  Railway,  from  Bishops 
Road  to  Farringdon  Street,  was  ope'ned 
.Tan.  10,  1863.  The  term  was  originally  ap- 
plied in  the  United  Stittes  before  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  to  the  organized  means  for 
a-;sisting  fugitive  slaves  to  escape  to  the  free 
.states  of  the  Union,  or  to  Canada. 

underground-Stem,  &\ 

r.of. :  An  organ  in  some  plants  pojinlarly 
consideiiid  a  root  because  during  the  whole 
of  its  existence  it  remains  below  the  ground, 
but  which  nevertheless  possesses  a  structuie, 
^diowing  that  it  is  really  a  stem. 

iin'-der-f^OVe,  >■.     [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
qrorr.]    A  gi-ove  of  low-gTowing  trec3  undn- 

uthfrs  taller. 

'  T  Fat  within  an  ujtdergrove 
Of  tallest  hoUies." 

IVorUsieorfh  :  Pocnis  of  the  Faiirj/. 

*  iin-der-grow',  rA.  [Pref.  nndfr-,  and  Eng. 
firou-.]  Tu  L-iow  Ijelow  the  usual  size  or 
height. 

un-der-grow-e, a.  [Undergrow.]  I'nder- 
L;r'>\\n  :  b-dnw  the  usual  stature. 

"'  F  iv  hardily  ehe  waa  not  und^rgroioe." 

CJiaucer  :  C.  T.,  154.    (Prol.) 

iin'-der-growtll,  ;;.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
groa-ih.]  That  which  grows  imder  ;  speeil., 
trees  or  shrubs  giowing  under  larger  ones. 

"The  undergrowth 
Of  shrubs  and  t-iugling  bushes  h.id  perplcuwl 
All  path  of  man."  ilUCon  :  i'.  L.,  iv.  iTj. 

un-der -grub',  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  ICng. 
•jri'h^  \,j     To  undermine,     {rrov.) 

un' -der -hand,  ode,  a.,  &  s.  [Prcf.  umitr-, 
and  l-iig.  !(."nd,  s.J 

A,  -1>  I'.dixrb: 

1.  By  secret  means ;  m  a  elande.-rtin(; 
iiuinuer;  not  openly.  (Now  generally  in  a 
Ijad  sens-',  and  ojiposed  to  abovcbotird,  q.v.) 

"The  wondrous  love  they  bare  him  under/*and  ,'" 
Daniel:  Cifil  Wars,  i 

2.  By  fraud  or  fraudulent  means  ;  frau'iu- 
h-ntly. 

"  Wood  19  etill  working  ujuftrharuj  to  force  hi.-i  !i;ilf- 
pcii(.T;  upon  us,"~Su"/( ."  Drapier's  Inters. 

;j.  Crlcly.t:  Applietl  to  a  style  of  bouling 
in  which  the  arm  is  not  raised  above  the 
elbow:  as.  To  bowl  underhand.  (Opposed  li* 
rouudh-ind  (q.V.). 

B.  -Ij"  adjective: 

1.  S-cret,  clandestine,  (Generally  implying 
meanness  or  fniud,  or  both.) 

"  He  has  been  making  the  fortune  of  the  family  l>y 
an   nndt^rhand  lunrriage," — Vanburgh:   The  Jtislake, 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jd^l ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  ^hin.  bengh ;  go.  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^c  =  bel,  del. 


jOy 


uuderhanded— underntide 


Al>|.li.-.l   t..    I' 


.wliiii,'  ill  wlikli 
;  till'  elU>w :  Bli, 


C. 


.  l..j»led  undcrlmnd. 

[Pref.   iiuiltr-. 


mill 


*  fin  -dor-IiAnd-M, 

Eh,.  A.n.A.l.l 

1.  K.  1 1  s.cnt;  uiidorliaiij. 

■     wi.,    »!)■.    uiHltTftowdrtJ    coiumimlcfttloiu."— 

;    Ni.i  having  ail  adwiuatf  sui.ply  of  liauJs ; 
»liT,'rtliniidi>d  ;  sitirsfly  ix'opUd. 

••  II  .Sumns  I  u  much  »iul»r»uiKl«/  now."    Cofridn: 

■  iin-der-hiknK',  '■'■    IPref.  iindci--,  and  Eiig. 

,l«i..l,  ..r  >l~  ol  i>  »ill'  w  i.iKfcrfciiw  hiiawll.  -I  ■ 
U>*ttund:  llutarek,  i>. 


•  fin'-der-hfiad, 

A  sl'iitid  i«*-i-sun 


'•  riid^hendt  limy 
ifrvirn*.  - 


s.    (Plot),  for  (illiliiir/iwul.) 
a  blofkliead. 
■tiuublo  vitliout  dishonour.  ■— 


'ftn 

Ell, 


-der 


heavo',  v.l.    IPref.  nudci-,  aii' 
■,  V.J    To  lieave  or  lift  fiolii  below. 


ttn-der-heW  {owa.<  n),  '•.'.    IPref-  vmUr.. 

and  l:nf.  /I."-. I  To  heiv  less  than  is  prorer 
or  iHiiiil ;  lo  liew  «  pie«e  of  timber  which 
should  be  si[Uari-  in  such  a  inamur  that  it 
appi-ars  to  coiilaiu  a  greater  quantity  ol 
cubic  feet  than  it  really  does. 


[Pref.   uiititr-,  and   Eiii:. 
(Ap- 


fin-der-biing', 

/n..i;M 

1.  Projecting  beyond  the  upi^r  jaw- 
plied  to  the  lower  jaw.) 

2.  Uavilig  the  under  jaw  projecting  beyond 
tlie  upiwr  jaw.    (Applied  to  i>ei-sons.) 

"lie  IxliiK  very  much  umtfrhitn:J."—Miu Austen : 

t'trtuiUion,  til.  XV. 

un-de-lived'.  a.  (Pref.  mi-  (l),  and  Eiig. 
liiii  red.  1    Xot  derived  ;  not  borrowed. 

•■The  ImiofiliKto  uperstiou  ot  orlgiii«l.  «l»oIut«. 
»„.!  imJ<Ti>oi  power. --C;arA«.-   vn   He   Er,irfKa. 

rrv.ii.  n. 
•  un-der-j6in'.  r.(.    CPrcf.  under-,  and  Eng. 
joi.i.j    TobUlijoiu. 

■■  He  r»<ir»-;ov.i<rfA  lahal  twhe  wicked  men  the  waies. 
alul  viiiilu.ua  men  tti  then  flhul  be  couuertw.  —  Hy. 
dife:  hrot.  to  Pialim,  \K  73T. 

'  uJ»-der-keep',  f.(.  [Pref.  vniier-,  and  Eng. 
iVccji,  v.]  To  lieep  under;  to  keep  in  subjec- 
tion ;  to  restrain. 

■  •'  The  l-east.  th»t  with  great  cruelty 
Kored.  auj  ntte»i  to  be  em/TAtf^r. 

&iH-nifr  .  t.  ii..  III.  vii.  33. 

nn-der-laid',  u.  IPret.  xnider-,  and  Eng. 
lavl.]  Having  something  laid  or  lying  beneath. 

"This  ^iddiliou  to  the  plate  springs  it  up  iu  every 
I«rt    loidcrfaid.'— icrifr/ier*    jra^osine.    May.    I860. 
I'.ei 
un-der-lay',  i.(.  i  '■    [Pnt.  vjider-,  and  Eng. 
lu'J.  v.i 

A.  rraiiSiJiw: 
1   To  lay  or  place  something  under ;  to  set 

something  beiieulh.    [Underlay,  s.,  2.1 

■•The   pre»sin.-ui   underlays  the  platen"— Scn6ner^« 
JlastuiiK,  May.  isso.ji.  <i 
2.  To  supi>ort  by  s;;ltilig  something  under. 

■■  Our  M.uls  have  ttode  awrv  in  all  men's  si^ht. 
We'll  uiu/cr/iitf'ein.  till  they  go  upright. 

Bmum.  i  f^et. :  Lovei  Cure.  v.  3. 

B.  /"(rnn5i(ire : 
Jfiiiiii!;:  To  incline  from  a  perpendicular 

line. 
fin'-der-lay,  s.    [Usderlav,  r.] 

1.  jtf  initio :  The  dip  or  inclination  of  a  lode 
or  vein  from  the  perpendicular. 

2.  Print.:  Paper  or  cardboard  pasted  under 
a  cut  to  make  the  impression  clearer. 

■■He  pula  a  i.roper  find^rltv  under  every  col.  or 
I^irt  o(  a  cuf-^ScriAiier'*  ilujtA^ine.  M.ay.  IS*),  p.  43. 

un -der-lay-er  (1),  «.    [Eng.  underlay;  -er.] 

1.  On!.  Lang. ;  One  that  underlays. 

2.  .Vininj;:  A  perpendicular  shaft,  sunk  to 
cut  the  lode  at  any  required  depth. 

un'-der-lay-er  (2),  s.    (Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  la:jcr.i     A  lower  layer. 

*  un'-der-leat  s.    [l»ref.   under-,  and  Eng. 
/t(i/.l    A  kind  of  apple,  good  for  cider. 

'•Tlie  in»trrli-n.f.  whose  cyder  l3  lie-it  at  two  yeai^,  is 
'      a  plentiful  bcJirer.'— J^orftmer ;  UtiAbuntirn. 


on-der-let'. 


v.t.      [Pref.   undtr-,  and  Eng. 


1.  To  let  l-eluw  the  value. 

2.  To  sublet. 
iin-der-Ue, .'.    IPref.  under-, and  Eng. lie,  v.] 

.1/iiiiiii/ :  The  same  as  Uspeblay  (q.v.). 

On-der-lie',  l-.f.  &  <■  lPr«f.  umfrr-,  and  Eng. 
/ifCJ),  v.l 

A.  'i'lvimitivt : 
1.  To  lie  under  or  beneath ;  to  be  set  or 

situated  under. 

••II  it  cbauce  to  bo  the  bottom  and  iindoi-Me  the 
naf-Z/ooiei-     iic(«.  P^itu,  hit.  viu. 

«  To  be  at  the  liotton,  basis,  or  ground  of  : 
to'fornl  the  foniidati.>n  of  :  as.  This  principle 
underlie  the  whole  subject. 

•  3.  To  lie  under ;  to  l>e  subject  to ;  to  be 
liable  to  meet  or  answer  ;  to  meet. 

•■  Comiuauded  to  nppeare  by  a  day  to  iinrfcrd'o  the 
law."-«oHnifteil.'  Bill.  Scotland  can.  14o2>. 

B.  Inlrans.  :  To  lie  or  be  situated  lower. 
■■  Thcuce  they  beheld  au  underls/hiff  vale."  _. 

flroume-  an/a.iiii<is  ftulorals.  u.  i 

un-der-llne',  r.(.  [Pi«f-  i'"''''''-.  a""!  Eng. 
tin,;  v.] 

1.  To  mark  underneatli  or  below  with  a 
line  ;  to  underscore. 

••A  note  01  SocreUry  Cecyl's  hand.  th.it  what  was 
so  i.n<ior(iiic<l  was  to  be  put  iu  cypher.  -l>triipe  :  Ic- 
a<*.  Mem.  Edit.  IV.  (au.  1552). 

*2.  To  influence  secretly. 

■■  By  a  mere  chance,  io  .appearance,  though  unrfer. 
lined  with  a  x>rovideuce. "— «<jiigui«  tt  ottonux,  p.  -lo. 

un'-der-ling,  s.  (Eng.  tinder- ;  dimin.  sutf. 
■lin-j.]  An  interior  person  or  agent ;  aminion, 
a  mean,  sorry  fellow. 

•■  SUves  ot  no  tnan.  were  ye.  s.'ud  your  w.vi'rior  poet ; 
Neither  subject  uuto  mau  as  underlmus. 

A,  C.  ijei»i&«cii«:  .iweiis. 

un'-der-lock.  s.  [Pref.  under-  and  Eng. 
lork  (1),  s.)  A  lock  of  wool  hanging  under 
tlie  bcliy  of  a  sheep. 

un-der-looU-er,  s.  [Pref.  umhr-,  and  Eng. 
looker.]  A'tnnctioiiary  whose  duty  it  is  daily 
to  descend  a  mine,  taking  note  of  the  ventila- 
tion of  the  mine  and  the  work  done  by  the 
men.    Called  also  au  Uuderviewer. 

■■  Aud  the  manager,  the  underlooker.  and  a  tiremau 
descended  the  shaft  at  ouce.'— «.  Jameti  tiautu: 
May  27.  1S87. 

un-der-ly  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [Usderlie,  r.) 

A.  .-Is  pr.  fir. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Lying  beneatii  or  under. 

2.  Gcol. :  A  term  proposed  by  Mr.  Necker 
to  designate  the  granites  which,  though  they 
often  pierce  tlirough  other  strata,  ale  rarely 
seen  to  rest  upon  them.  The  name  was  sug- 
gested by  "overlviiig,"  applied  by  Dr.  Jlac- 
Culloch  to  volcanic  rocks.     [Gkanite,  II.  1.] 

un-der-mast-ed,  o.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  musteiL]  Inadequately  or  iusulficiently 
masted  ;  said  of  a  ship  when  the  masts  are 
either  too  small  or  too  short,  so  that  she  can- 
not spread  the  sail  to  give  her  the  proper 
speed. 

■•  But  she  was  much  undermajted  and  undersailed." 
—Uttdduyt :  royti^ei.  iL  -^OL 

'  iin'-der-mas-ter,  s.  [Pref.  u  nder-,  and  Eng. 
master,  s.]   An  iiifeiior  or  subordinate  master. 

■•  \ud  so  the  lawe  was  our  rHrfirinai^n-  iu  Crist 
that  we  ben  iustified  of  bileuc"— ll'j/c'</fc.'  Oal.  iii.'J5. 

"  un'-der-matgh,  s.  [Pref.  tinder-,  and  Eng. 
vmlch  (-2),  s.]  One  unequal  or  inferior  to  some 
one  else. 

••  He  was  ...  an  iindertnateJi  to  Dr.  Hackwell."— 
Fuller  :  H'orthiei.  ti.  Js'J. 

*  un'-der-meal,   '  un-der-meale,  *  un- 

der-mele,  s.    [Eng.  iiiiaem,  and  meaHl),  s.) 

1.  Tlie  meal  eaten  at  undern,  or  the  chief 
meal  of  the  day. 

■■  I  think  I  am  iuriiished  for  Catherine  pears,  for 
one  undKrmral.'—Ben  Jonson:  Sartltalomvw  fair, 
Ui-  L 

2.  The  division  or  portion  of  tie  day  which 
included  iindern  ;  originally  the  morning, 
\)Ut  afterwards  the  .ifternoon. 

*•  Ther  wa]keth  now  the  liinitour  himself 
In  UH(lcr7iifte.s,  in  morveniuges.* 

CAaucer.-  C.  T..  G.45.. 

3.  An  after-dinner  sleep  or  nap ;  a  siesta. 
••The  forty  years^  uiidermeolc of  theseveu  sleepers." 

— Vafhe. 

un-der-men'-tioned,  a.  [Pref.  umter-,  and 
Eng.  nieiid'onfd.)  Mentioned  or  named  below 
or  s'jbsequently. 


j^-der-mine',  "  un-der-myne,  i .(.  (Pret 
itiuier-,  and  Eng.  mint,  v.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  dig  or  excavate  a  mine  under; 
to  render  unstable  or  cause  t«  (all  by  digging 
or  wearing  awav  the  foundation  of;  to  make 
an  excavation  beneath,  especially  for  the  pur- 
pose of  causing  to  fall,  or  of  blowing  up. 

••He  attempted  to  undtsmiine  the  walls. •'—Jtfac- 
auliiy  .'  Wist.  Jf'itf..  eh.  xii. 

2.  J-'ig. :  To  bulivert  by  removing  the  foun- 
daTions  of  clandestinely ;  to  iiyure  or  ruin  by 
underhand,  invisible,  or  dishonourable  means. 

■•  To  undfrmliie  his  happy  state.^' 

tVurdworth  .   A:rcur«lo»l.  hk.  vl. 

-  un'-der-mine,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  »'id  Eng. 
mine,  s.J    A  cave. 

•■There are  iuaiiyu«a«'iiiin«orcavc«: — P.  Bi/tland: 

C'ui'utefi.  p.  1150. 

un-der-min'-er,  s.   [Eng.  iiiidfrmiii(e) ;  -er.] 

1,  Lit. :  tjiie  who  undermines  :  one  w-ho 
digs  or  forms  a  mine  or  excavation  under. 

2.  Fig.  :  One  who  clandestinely  injures  or 
subverts  ;  a  secret  or  clandestine  enemy. 

■'  To  pay  luv  iindrrjninert  iu  their  coin. 

J/itf.jii .  Amuton  .liii/nittet.  I.2yl. 

*  un-der-min -is-ter,  *  nn-dir-myn-ys- 
ter,  f.t.  IPref.  under-,  and  Eng.  minister, 
V.)    To  minister  to  ;  to  supply  the  wants  of. 

■■Al  the  bodi  bi  boundis  and  loyuyliKis  togidte  loi- 
ctirmuiisliirfl<(*6"»t"''<l»''i'"">|aud  maad.  wexith  into 
encressyny  of  God."— H'iict<^c;  C'uloumtis  u.  I'J. 

*  nn-der-min'-is-tr^,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  wiiiijilri/.l  A  subservieut  or  subordinate 
ministry. 

*  un'-der-mirth,  s.  (Pref.  inider-,  and  Eng. 
iai.'!/i.l    Concealed  or  suppressed  mirth. 

■•  Xo  undfrmirtli,  such  a&  doth  lard  the  sceue 
For  co.irse  delight." 

lieaum.  d  Het. :  Coronatf^n.     (Frol.) 

'  un-der-mon'-ied,  a.  [Pref.  wuler-,  and 
Eng.  uioui«(.l  Taken  by  corrupt  means  with 
money ;  bribed. 

•■  Whether  they  were  undermined  or  Miidemionieti 
it  is  not  decided. '—/"wtlCT-;  li'vrthies  ;  Suffulk. 

un-der-most,  a.  [Pref.  wider-,  and  Eng. 
most.] 

1.  Lowest  in  place  or  position. 
"We  drew  up  with  the  iindermoat  stone  a  much 

greater  weight'  — Boallc. 

2.  Lowest  in  rank,  state,  condition,  power, 
or  the  like. 

■■The  piirty  indeed  which  h.ad  been  nndenn»st  w.vs 
now  upiiermost "— J/ocait^uil  -   ifist.  Eng..  ch.  xiv. 

*iin'-dem,  '  un-deme,  *  un-der-on, 
•  un-dren,  *  un-dron,  *  un-dtime,  s. 

(A.S.  i(;idcr;i=the  third  hour,  i.e.,  i'  a.m.; 
conn,  with  Icel.  uiidorii=  mid-afternoon,  mid- 
forenoon  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  imdern ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
iintaru  ;  Goth,  undaumi.  The  original  mean- 
ing was  an  iuteiinediate  time.  Cf  Ger.  unter 
=°amidst,  amongst;  Lat.  inter  =  between. 
The  word  still  exists  in  provincial  dialects,  as 
aoiidoru,  (Hinder,  orndorns,  daundrins,  don- 
dinner,  &c.,  with  the  meaning  of  a  meal  be- 
tween dinner  and  supper.]  A  time  of  day. 
used  rather  vaguely.  In  Chaucer,  it  denotes 
some  hour  of  tlie  forenoon,  prob.  about  11  a.m.  ; 
in  the  .4;ici'cn  Eiu-le,  p.  24,  it  means  9  a.m. 

■■  Betwixt  loidero,!  .aud  noon  w.as  thefeld  .all  wonueu," 
Hobe.t  de  BrHKHe.  p.  IS. 

un-der-neath',  '  un-der-nethe,  ndr.  i 
j)r<ji.     [Pief.  inidci-,  and  Eng.  nealh.] 

A.  --Is  ade. :  Beneath  ;  below  ;  in  a  lower 
place. 

■■  Sullen  Mole,  that  runueth  loid'fHealA.-    _ 
Milton :  College  Exercise. 

B.  --Is  prep. :  Beneath,  below,  under. 

■■  r»irfor»iC(irA  the  grove  of  sycamore.'" 

tfAijjtts^.  .■  A'oineo  *  yiiliet.  L  1. 

-  un-der-nice  -ness,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  iiite/iess.)  A  want  of  niceness,  delicacy, 
or  fastidiousness. 


■■  Ovemiceness  mav  be  iinrfCT-nioCTieM."— flicAardson  .- 

CUk-L.11.  1.  ! 

*  un-der-nime,  *  un-der-neme,"  ♦  nn- 
der-nym^,  '  un-dir-nyme,  v.t.  [A-!', 
uiuiirui/nuiu,  from  under  =  under,  and  nipmr. 
=  to  take.] 

1.  To  take,  to  undertake. 

2.  To  blame,  to  i-eprove. 

■  Wliv  iiiirferiKiiie  ye  not  your  brethren  for  their 
trcsi.asie  after  the  law  ot  the goopel ?  -Jack  Cpland. 

*  nn-der-nome,  pret.  &  pa.  par.    [Ux-dek- 

SIML.  ] 

» un'-dern-tide,  s.  [A.S.  under-tid.]  The 
same  as  Cndern  (q.v.). 


15te.  fat,  fare,  smidst.  tvhat.  faU,  father;  -we,  tret,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wplf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  tmite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Irw. 


underogating— undersign 


;;oi 


■'T>i  crcnh'  ill  iiH 
nlirit  «c  sl];ill  jiiisses*-"— /'oi//< 


'  un-der'-O-gat-mg,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  (ierogaliiKj.)  Ncit  (lero;4ating  ;  not  acting 
bentatli  one's  rank  or  position. 

"  Tlir  lonl,  u nd«riyj(Ui tiff  slmre 
The  vul>;ivr  gHinc  of  'post  niul  ralr.'" 

Scott:  Marmion,  iv,    (lutnul.) 

»un-de-r6g'-a-tdr-S?,  a.  [Pref.  «»-  (1), 
and  Eng.  dfroijatory,]  Not  derogatory;  not 
diniinisliiiig  or  degrading. 

ai>proh«ii«ioiis  u»dero{iatori/  from 
c»»r-/Si>!/la :   ItorAd.  I.  2!Kf. 

iixi  -  der  -  part,  s.  IPref.  wider-,  and  Eng. 
;«o7.  s.]  .-\  subordinate  or  inferior  part  or 
cliaracter. 

"Thi-tewere  acvcml  etlirra  plnyiiig  uiKU-rparti  by 
tlu'iiiselvt,'s."— fio/.tiwiiVA  ;  KMaj/  i. 

un-der-pay',  v.t.  (Pref.  v>i(ler-,  and  Eng. 
y-f'/.  v.|    To  pay  insulliciently  or  inadequately. 

*  un-der-peer',  i-.t.  [Pref.  innler-,  and  Eng. 
pitr,  v.]    'I'n  iicer,  peup,  or  look  under. 

"  Which  the  shrewd  hi»ys  uii<lerfH'erin'r"—Puttcn- 
hum:  Kn;/.  foetie.  bk.  ill.,  ch.  vi. 

-  un  -  der  -  pight  (gh  silent).  *uii-der- 
pyght,  j'n't.  ix,  pa.  jmr.     [Pief.  inuhr-,  and 
Kng.  jiight,  or  from  ^undeiyitchf  v.] 
A*  As  }>ret. :  StutTeil  niider. 

"  He  drnnke  mid  vvel  his  f:ii'(lel  uttdefpiffht." 

Chaitcfr:  C.  T..  S,eiO. 

B.  -4s  pa.  pur. :  Fixyd  or  supported  under- 
neaiii. 

"  XiM'  yet  repent  we  onr  glory,  with  hope  whereof  we 
t'-T  thi!«  presvut  iyiue  iiic  atlimuuced  aud  vnttcr/ij/ijlit." 
—  t'll'il:  Koiintinux  V. 

un-der-pixx',  v.t.  (Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
pin,  v.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  pin  or  support  underneath  ;  to 
place  or  fix  sometliing  underneath  for  support 
or  foundation,  when  a  previous  suppoit  or 
foundation  is  removed  ;  to  underset :  as — 

(1)  To  suiiport,  us  a  wall,  when  an  excava- 
tion is  made  beneatli  it,  by  building  up  a 
new  jiortion  of  a  wall  from  the  lower  level. 

(•2)  To  support,  as  an  overhanging  bank  of 
t'artli  or  rock,  by  masonry  or  brickwork. 
[L'nderpinninu.] 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  support,  to  prop. 

■*\'iotors,  to  secure  tlieniselves  agtiiiist  disputes  of 
tli.it  kiii'l.  Htntei/jiti  their  acquest  'jiire  belli.'"— 
//.(/■■     Hisf.  CiJinmon  Lnw. 

un-der-pin-ning,  ?.    [Eng.  underpin ;  -ing.] 

1.  The  act  of  one  wlio  underpins  ;  the  act 
of  supporting  or  projipitig  up  a  wall,  bank  of 
earth,  &:c.,  by  introducing  masonry,  timbers, 
&c.,  beneath. 

2.  Supports,  temporary  or  periunnent,  in- 
troduced beneath  a  wall  already  cnnsti'ucted  ; 
luidersetting. 

3.  A  system  of  sinking  bvi'-k-liued  shaft;;. 

iin'-der-plain,  s.  [Pref.  vn-fkr-,  and  Eng. 
i'l-'ni,  s.]    A  I'laJn  beueatli  or  at  a  lower  level. 

'■  For  hi_T  av.til,  npun  the  itnderplatnvs 
A  huiiilrtd  spriii^'8  ii  hundred  w.iyes  should  swim." 
hiowite :  Bfitanniiis  Pitstoratt.  ii. 

un-der-play',  v.i.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
pluil,  v.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  play  in  an  inferior 
manner, 

2.  U'hi$t :  To  play,  as  a  low  card,  in  jilace 
of  a  liigher  one,  which  might  have  been 
jiiayed,  thereby  losing  a  trick  in  the  liope  of 
securing  a  future  advantage  ;  to  finesse. 

un' -  der  -  plot,   s.     [Pref.  iinder-,  and  Eng. 

plot,  s.l 

1.  A  plot  subordinat^e  to  anotlier,  as  in  a 
l>lay  or  novel. 

"  It  is  a  sound,  good  comedy,  with  .1  highly  comic 
underplot."— J^otes  A  Qutri&i,  Dec,  26.  1885,  p,  527, 

2.  A  clandestine  or  underhand  plot  or 
scheme. 

*'  The  husbtiiid  is  so  misled  by  tricks,  .ind  so  lost  in  a 
crooked  iiitrig\ie,  that  he  still  suspects  .-ui  und-T/jlot." 
—AddUon, 

*  un-der-poise',  v.t.  [Pref.  iindcr-,  and  Eng. 
pr>i.-<r,  v.]  To  weigh  or  estimate  below  what  is 
just,  fair,  or  due. 

'  iin-der-pos-ses'-sdr,  5.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  possessor.]  A  subordinate  or  inferior 
possessoi-. 

"Are  the  reseri'es  of  the  superior  right,  and  iMt  to 
l>e  iiivfulvd  hy  the  unUerprisscaaorg.'—Bp.  Taylor: 
Svrmont,  vol.  i,.  ser.  IT. 

^  un-der-prai^e',  v.t  [Pref.  imder-,  and  Eng. 
jyrai^,  v.]    To  praise  below  desert. 

"  lo  underprai»iny  thy  deserts."        Lryden. 


•tin- dor  prize,  r.^  (Pref.  niirfcr-,  and  Eng. 
prize,  V.)  To  prize  insntficieiitly ;  to  value  at 
less  than  the  true  worth. 

"  He  seoriiH  to  have  bin  worth  bo  undt-rpritrd." 

Hf»  Joiijon  :  Cate  i*  Alter&i,  111.  3. 

un-der-prop',  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
prop,  V.J  To  prop  or  support  beneath  ;  to  set 
a  prop  under;  to  uphold,  to  sustain.    (LU.  tO 

"  In  ttnttfrproppinff  vines,  tho  forkes  would  not  bee 
set  opnosito  iu:ainst  thtit  wind  to  hinder  the  blast 
tht-n-of. ■■—/'.  ll'iHand .  Piiuir.  bk.  xvil..  ch.  ii, 

un-der-pro-por'-tioned,  a.    [Pref.  muhr-, 

and  Eng.  proimrtionai.]  Having  ton  little 
proportion  ;  not  in  eijual  or  adequate  jiro- 
portions. 

"  Tr  uiako  scanty  and  und':rproportionsd  returns  of 
civJlity."— Co«i>r;  On  Pride. 

*  un'-der-prop-per,  s.    [Eng.  underprop: 

■er.]  One  whoorthat  which  underprops,  sui'- 
ports,  or  sustains. 

"No  propre  vnderproppfr  of  a  lie."— iS(>  T.  More: 
IVwi-Aca.  i>.  ViC. 

*iin-der-piill',  r.i.  [Pref.  H;:(ier-,  and  Eng. 
;)((//.  ]  Tr)  do  work  witliont  one's  agency  being 
visible  ;  to  work  secretly  or  invisibly. 

"  Hi«  lorilsliiii  was  (^(iiitciit«d  to  tinderpuU,  as  they 
call  it."— .Vc.j-,/(      Li/:- ,./  L:ird  Gnilf<jrd.  i.  35. 

*  iin'-der-pull-er,  s.  [Eng.  underpnd :  -cr.] 
One  wlio  undeipuUs  ;  a  subordinate  puller. 

"These  tindi'rpidlifrs  in  destructiun  are  such  im- 
plicit mortals  as  are  not  to  lie  matched  "—Collier. 

'  un-der-put,  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
j>ttt.]    To  put,  set,  or  place  under. 

••  And  aa  a  cauldron,  uuderput  with  stone  of  fire,  and 
wrought 
With    boylinc  of  a  weU-fed   brawne,  up  leapes  bis 
wave  aloft."         Chu/nH'tn  :  JJonier;  Iliad  xk\. 

un-der-rate',  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
rail,  v.]  To  rate  toi>  low;  to  rate  tclow  the 
true  or  real  value  ;  to  undervalue ;  to  under- 
estimate. 

"  Tii  overrate  present  evil,  and  to  underrate  present 
g:ow\."—M(ii:iiula!/ :  Jlht.  £iiff.,c\i.  xi. 

"  iin'-der-rate,  s.  &  a.    [Underr.\te,  v.  ] 

A.  As  ifubat. :  A  jirice  or  ^'alue  less  than  the 
true  or  real  value;  an  inadequate  estimate, 
value,  or  price. 

"  But  not  at  underrates  to  sell." 

Cowley:  The  (liveit  Love. 

B,  As  adj.  :  Inferior. 

"  These  underrate  mortals."— CeiK^emfln  Imtrurted, 

p.  5(ie. 

iin-der-run',   v.t.     [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 

run.  v.] 

Saiit. :  To  pass  under,  as  for  the  purpose  of 
examining. 

^  (1)  To  underrxm  a  cable  or  hawser:  To 
pass  along  it  in  a  boat,  the  cable  being  lifted 
from  the  bottom  at  the  bow  of  the  boat  and 
X>assed  out  over  the  stern  as  she  proceeds,  in 
order  to  examine  it  or  for  the  purpose  of 
weighing  the  anchor. 

(2)  To  nnderriDi  a  tackle:  To  separate  its 
parts  and  put  them  in  order. 

*  un-der~sail',  •  un-dir-sail,  v.i.     [Pref. 

nnder-.  and  Eng.  sail,  v.)  To  sail  under 
slielter  of  tlie  land. 

"We  tindirsitiiid'-n  to  Cipre  for  that  wludis  wereu 
contrarie." —  Wycliffe  :  Dcdis  xxvii. 

"*  un-der-sailed',  a.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
sail :  -ed.]  Insufhciently  provided  with  sails. 
(See  example  under  Under-masted.) 

'  iin-der-sat'-u-rat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  under-, 
and  Eng.  satitn'tteiL]  Imperfectly  saturated  ; 
not  thoroughly  siiturated. 

*  iin-der-say',  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  anA  Eng. 
m;/,  v.]  To  say  by  way  of  derogation  or  con- 
tradiction. 

"  By  mysoule  liire  vnderKau 
They  neuer  set  K'otc  in  that  s.ime  trode." 
Speitx'-r :  S7iepheards  Calender  ;  Seffrvmbur. 

'un-der-sc6re',  ^^^  [Pref.  ?inrfcr-,  and  Eng. 
score,  v.]  To  draw  a  line  or  mark  under  ;  to 
underline. 

"  Cranraer  umlerteored  several  principal  pnas-iRos  [in 
the  book]  with  red  ink."— rttcter;  Letter  to  /»:  hif>)ii»_ 

un-der-seir,    r.t.      [Pref.    undrr-,   and    Eng. 
si-ll,  v.]     To  sell  at  a  less  price  than  another 
person  does  ;  to  sell  under  or  cheaper  than. 
"The  emulation  betwixt  these  ov/netva  to  undortell 
one  another."— /^uW«i-.-   \V<yrth'u-t :  Torks/iire. 

*  un-der-set',  '  un-der-sette,  v.t.    [Pref. 

under-,  and  Eng.  set,  v.] 
1.  To  support  by  a  prop  or  stay,  masonry, 


fcc,  set  under;  to  underprop;  to  underpin; 
to  prop  up. 


2.  To  underlet. 

"Then  middlemon  will  undertet  the  Innd.'-JftM 
KJ.jeiPortlt:  A;intW,  ch.  vlil. 

un-dcr-set,   ;;.      [Pref.    under-,   an<l    Eng. 

svl,  s.] 

.^V(»^  .*  A  current  of  water  bolnw  the  surface 
in  a  direction  contrary  to  that  of  the  wind,  or 
of  the  water  at  tlie  .«uVfuce. 

*  un'-dcr-set-ter.  s.  [Eng.  vudersft;  -rr.] 
One  who  or  lliat  which  iindersets  ;  a  prop,  a 

stay,  a  iiedesUd,  a  support. 

"  The  four  conien  thereof  bad  vndertaHrrt."— 
1  Kingn  vli.  30. 

'  un'-der-aet-tihg,  s.  [Pief.  under;  and 
En-,  st'tfing.] 

1.  A  pedestal,  a  support. 

"  They  have  all  tliclr  undortutlhig*.  or  pedcstAlii.  In 
bvikfht  a  third  part  of  the  wholv  uoluiuiii^.  coiiiprf 
bending  the  base  juid  capital."— /Mi'/uiVo  Woltoni'tnet, 

2.  The  oiicration  of  supporting  earth  in  a 
cutting  when  situated  beneatli  lock.  A  re- 
(aining-wall  is  built  again.st  the  face  of  the 
earth-bank. 

*  un'-der-shap-en,  a.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  shnpcn.\     Uiidcrsized;  dwarfish. 

"  The  dwarf,  .t  vicious  underahapen  tblnp." 

TeJitii/wn  :  Xiiul,  412 

*  iin-der-shoot',  '•./.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 

:^hoot,  s.]    To  shoot  short  of. 

"  They  overshoot  the  mark  who  m.ake  it  a  miracle  ; 
they  undershoot  it  who  make  it  magiuk."— /'«/ter, 

un'-der-shot,  a.  [Pref.  under-,  and  EiTg.  shot, 
]ta.  par.  of  ."/too/,  v.] 

1.  jVIoved  or  set  in  motion  by  water  passing 
under  it,  or  acting  on  the  lowest  pait  of  it. 

2.  Underhung  (q. v.). 

"  Our  author  argues  tliat  niastifTs  BhouUl  be  under- 

.•ihot."—Fifhl,  FL-b.  -JT,  1SS6. 

undersbot-wlieel,  ^. 

Hfldraul.:  A  water-wheel  moved  by  watfr 
pas.sing  beneath  ;  in  contradistinction  to  the 
overshot,  in  wjiich  it  is  received  above;  the 
breast-wlieel.  in  which  it  is  received  at  or 
nearly  on  a  level  with  its  axis;  the  turbine, 
in  which  it  runs  through  ;  and  some  others. 
Poncelefs 
water-wheel 
has  buckets 
of  a  c u r v i - 
linear  form, 
open  at  the 
back,  with- 
out a  sole- 
jilate,  to  se- 
cure ventila- 
tion. The 
water  im- 
liinges  upon 
each  bucket 
at  nearly  the 
lowest  point 
of  the  wJieel, 
the  shuttle 
being  arranged  to  draw  uinvnni  ;  and  as  the 
*  water  enters  it  follows  the  enrve  of  the  bucket, 
rises  and  falls  over  into  the  next  in  succession. 
In  this  way  the  force  of  the  water  is  expended 
directly  upon  the  wheel,  instead  of  a  portion 
being  \«st«d  in  its  passage  along  the  sluice. 

un'-der-shrul),  s.     [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 

:<hnih.] 

Rot. :  A  plant  of  shrubby  habit,  but  scarcely 
attaining  the  dimensions  of  a  shrub.  A  woody 
plant  of  small  size  intermediate  between  a 
shrub  anil  an  herb.  It  dilfersfrom  the  former 
in  tliis  respect  that  the  ends  of  its  branches 
pnrisli  every  year,  and  from  the  latter  by 
having  liranches  of  a  woody  texture,  which 
in  soine  cases  exist  more  than  a  year.  Ex- 
ainph* :  tlie  'Irf'r-.Mig?ion''tt<'  of  ganlens.  A 
plant  reseniblin'.;  ;in  undei'shrub  is  deBcril)ed 
as  SuttVuticose  (q.v.), 

un'-der-shut,  ".  (Pref.  nnder-,  and  Eng. 
i^hut,  pa.  par.l  Shut  or  shutting  underneath. 
Applied  to  a  valve  placed  beneath  the  sole- 
plate  of  a  pump  or  other  object,  and  not  upon 
it:  shutting  underneath  by  an  upward  motion. 

dn-der-Slgn'  (ti  silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  under-, 
and  Eng.  sign,  v.]  To  sign  underor  beneath  ; 
to  write  one's  name  at  the  einl  or  foot  of,  as  of  a 
letter,  or  any  legal  instrument ;  to  subscribe. 


UNDERSHOT-VraEEL. 


boU,  bo^ ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  pell,  chorus.  9hin,  ben^h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  =  1^ 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis,    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


:U)i 


undersigned— undertake 


an  der-si^ned'  (^  silmt).  a.  irref.  khiZ/j-, 
sij.l  KtiK.  .-W'""/-!  Wiilten  or  muIwitHumI  at 
tin-  b"tumi  omul  of  a  writing. 

^  Thf  vtultrsigneil :  7]w  j»cn^on  cr  iwrsons 
-ipiiDK  any  document ;  the  HuKscriber  or  sub- 
•-criUi.s. 

iin' -der-Bized,  t.  [Prof,  uhj^*-,  and  Ktig. 
-, .-'(/.|    IJ.ueath the avcrdge Hizeoftlie spocies. 

*"n«)f  arc  Id  Boiiernl  undenized.  lut  nrv  tbi-  Mtiniri- 
lUiu.*— CtK**.-   Thirtt  t'o^agr,  bk.  *1,.  cb.  »ii. 

under  sleeve.  «.  [Prcf.  »n'^/-.,  uml  Enj;. 
iVviv. )    A  :>lriVf  worn  under  onother. 

"The  tiijhtllltiiil  iillk  MMderrifi-HU."—n<iit,v  T'-lr- 
Vf;if>A.  Jan.   it,  lea?. 

un  -der-soil,  .*.  IPref.  vntUt-,  ami  Kn;^.  yoiV, 
-  1    Soil  bt-iuMth  tlic  surface  ;  b^b^t■il. 

un  dersold',  c      IPref.  itwrfrr-,  anW   Fitg. 

1.  Having  goodn  sold  by  o(lu-rs  at  a  rate  in- 
fi-rior  to  Hiat  wliieh  one  i.-^  nskiii;:  lV>r  liis 
wares.     (Aj>i>Iiiil  to  persons.) 

2.  Hold  at  a  rate  inferior  to  tluit  askcl  by 
others.    (Apiilied  to  thiitijs.) 

•  fin'-der-sdhg,  •'■■.  [Prof.  ?'"('"•-,  an<l  Eug. 
>•  •"I.] 

1.  'Ilie  choi  :-..  bunU-n,  or  arcompaniment 

of  A  SOIlg. 

'•  All  the  rust  nrouiici 
To  her  redoubled  thiit  her  itud^noua 
Wbioh  BAid.  their  bi  UliUe  day  shotdd  not  l-e  Inng.' 
.S/)cnscj- '  Profhalamiiiii. 

2.  A  suboi-Uinate  strain ;  aa  underlying 
nuMiiing. 

"  The  uncensluu'  rill 
M'.irmiirn  H»t*et  >ittdvr»niift  '\n'u\  \w»n\\ti  liowers." 
Coleridge:  To  Mr.  J.  (\ittfi: 

•  un-dor-spend',  v.t.  [Prrf.  wkr-.  and 
Eiig.  .>i/f'i-^.]    Tu  siH*nd  loss  tli;in. 

■■  Ciitlrrtz-ejiil'Tiii  bim!imoiiy."—J'ii!hr:  »'ortliies: 

•  un'-der- sphere,  ■<>■  [Pref.  "^''7fr-,  nndEng. 
^p^icre,  S.J    A  lower  or  inferior  splicn-. 

"  He  conquer'd  rebel  pa.'fsion?,  nilil  thi-iu  so. 
Am  uncM-«pA<^'f«  by  thi'  fir^t  mover  tju." 

JiU-i/y  iipQii  Dr.  Donne. 

'  un-der-spbre',  v.t.  [Pref.  undcf-,  anUEng. 
•pure,  a  variant  of  ^ixir  (q.v.).]  To  raise  or 
supiutrt,  V»y  I'titting  a  spar,  ,->take,  or  post 
underni-atli. 

'  un'-der-Stalr,  o.  &  .<.  [Enu'.  "nOcr,  and 
.'tair.\ 

A.  AsatJjertlre: 

1.  hit. :  Of,  belonging  to,  r.i-  jjrnoeeding 
from  the  sunk  area  containing  tljt'  kitchen  in 
sume  town  houses:  as,  undcsfn^r  intlucnce. 

[Cf.  lUciuSTAIB.l 

2.  Fii). :  Subordinate. 

"  Li\  iiigiriHome  loirffra^iiroffiiL-.  —A-.Ut''/*:  iVorks. 

i  r.oo. 

B.  As  stibst.  (PL):  The  sunkfii  story  cnn- 
taining  the  kiti.]ien.    [A.] 

un-der  st^nd.  '  under  stande,  un- 
der stonde.  '  undlr-stonde  (pi.  t. 
'  undrrrit'xie,  iinrlTstnoii,  pa.  jxir.  *  -iinil'-r- 
•  fandcd,  '  viidfrntandn),  iDuicr.-itocd),  vj.  Sc  i. 
|A.S.  nndfrstamlan,  U'**m  «n(/tv=  tmder,  and 
.■iUnulan  =  tn  staml  ;  Icel.  i(;?d/rsf(/i((?a;  O. 
Frie.s.  ■understwdo.] 

A,  Transitive : 

*  1.  To  stand  under.    (Us(d  humourously). 

"  My  atAft  rinderttands  mc." 

SHttkcxp.:  TiPO  Genffoncn,  u.  5. 

2.  To  apprehend  or  cnnipr»-hend  fully;  to 
know  or  apprehend  the  meaning,  imiwrt,  in- 
tention, or  motive  of;  to  p<.TC<-'ivi'  by  the 
mind  ;  to  appi-eciate  the  force  or  value  of;  to 
(.'trnpn-hend  ;  to  know  ;  to  have  just  ideas  of. 


3.  To  be  informed  or  reeeive  notice  of;  to 
U  ani.    {Shalce^. :  As  Yoit  Like  It,  i'l.  7.) 

i.  To  HCccjit  or  hold,  as  signifying,  denoting, 
or  pointing  U) ;  to  attach  a  meaning  or  intt-r- 
im'tatJun  to;  to  interpret;  to  expkiin ;  to 
suppose  to  mean  or  refer  to. 

•'The    most   learned   interiiret^r*    niilcrtrood   the 
■rordB  of  sin.  iiod  not  of  Abel.'  —t.wke. 

5.  To  tikc  OS  meant  or  implied ;  to  imply ;  to 
ittfer;  to  assume.    {Milton:  F.  /..,  i.  t>01.) 

G.  To  supply  or  leave  tn  be  supplicl  nu'n- 
taily,  as  a  word  necessary  to  fully  bring  out 
The  meaning,  sense,  or  intentiou  rit  an  author; 
to  regard  as  following  naturally  without  the 
utce.s:»ity  of  eKpress  stipulation  :  as  in  the 
"-■Qtenee,  All  an-  mortal,  we  mu.st  nmhnfund 
the  word  men,  creatures,  or  the  lik-. 


B.  hitamsitiir.: 

1.  To  have  the  uso  of  the  intellectual  faeu!- 
ties  ;  to  be  able  to  comprehend  or  apprehend 
the  meaning,  imi'ort,  motive,  or  intention  oJ 
anything  ;  to  be  an  intelligeut  and  eonsnuus 
tn-iitg. 

■•That  the  proplioele  of  Ymye  be  fultUHd  seiynge. 
with  lieryiiKC  yo  HcUulcn  Iif«?re  *  yc  =clmleii  uot  toi- 
der»tomle:'—W!/elljfc :  Mattlu'to  xliL 

•>.  To  be  informed  or  told  ;  to  hear,  to  learn. 

•'  My  fiilt.  .IS  1  8o  tindortfand,  yon  know." 

lUiitkft)'-  ■•  -if'  "'■''  '*"'  *"''^  "  '■"■  ^  ■  '" 

^(1)  To  nii-c  to  iinder!!taml.  to  let  under- 
stun),  to  mtike  understand:  To  cause  to  believe 
or  know  ;  to  tell,  to  inform. 

"I(  yon  yiff  tne  directly  tu  nnd'-rxt,intt  yuu  h.ive 
lircv«if«l."— .SA-ii'-jp.  .■  Cuntbiiiiw.  I.  4. 

■(•J)  Tn  hntr  to  ifjukr.^tdnd :  To  learn;  to 
bi:  infoimcd. 

"  .A3  I  further  Afire  tn  u.iidfrxfanil. 
In  now  tommittcd  t«  the  Bishop  of  York. ' 

Sbake»p. :  s  llvnr;f  17.,  iv.  4. 

(:;)  7(1  mnlc  on>^s  ad/  muUr^tofMl :  Tr)  make 
one's  meaning  or  language  clear  ;  to  speak  or 
write  so  as  to  Iw  understood. 

"  No  paina  wt-re  taken  to  provide  the  cuiKinered 
nation  with  instiuctoia  (.■rirwi! de  of  mnkiinj  thvinaelves 
understood.'— Mitaitdai/  :  Jtivt.  Kwj..  t-h.  i. 

•[  For  the  difTerenec  between  to  lonlerstaiid 
and  to  convcive,  see  Conckivk. 

*  iin-der-st&nd'-a-ble,  a.      (Eng.  umicr- 

iiland  ;  ■i'l-l''.\  Tluir  can  I h- understood  ;  cap- 
able of  being  iiiid'Tsl I;  intelligible,  com- 
prehensive. 

"This  [training]  beintf  of  su  thorongh  .a  natnre.  it 
is  quite  nnderttandabti:  that  the  horse.  hiiMti^'  ;i  re- 
tentive lueinory.  never  fyrgeta  what  he  lias  so 
thurrm-lily  le;iriie.i.  — /'iL-W,  June  25,  1387. 

*  un-der-Stand'-er,  s.  [Eng.  ^mderstnnd  ; 
-er.]  One  who  understands  or  knows  by  ex- 
Derience. 

"  I  :im  the  better  iin-trtftanfler  now." 

D.:a<':..  ,(-  I'M.  :  Staid  l„  thr  M,U.  v. 

under  Stand -ing.    un-der-stand-yn, 

un-der-stond  ing,      un-der-stond- 

yng,  •  un-der  stond  ynge,  pr.  par.,  a., 

&  .>;.      [UsitElt-^TANIi-l 

A.  A^pr.  jKT.  :  (^je  tli--  vcrl-).      ■ 

B.  As  adj. :  Knowing,  .skilful,  intelligent, 
sensible. 

"Was  this  taken  by  any  untii-rKtamlinit  pite  but 
thine;"— Mrtteap,.'  Wlntfr's  Tn/r.  i   'J. 

C.  -'Is  siihsfantive: 

I,  Onlinary  LaiigiMfie: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  understands,  com- 
prehends, or  apprehends;  coniprebensiou ; 
the  pex'ccption  and  comprehension  of  the 
ideas  expressed  by  others ;  apprehension,  dis- 
cernment. 

"The  children  of  IsAac)iar,  whicli  were  men  that 
had  understanding  of  Uie  times."— 1  ChronicleJt  xii.  32, 

2.  Clear  insightand  intelligence  iu practical 
matters;  the  power  of  forming  sound  .judg- 
ments in  reg-ard  to  any  coui-sc  of  action; 
wisdom  and  ili.'^cernmeut. 

"  It  is  impossible  to  discover,  in  nnythin^  that  she 
ever  did.  s«id,  or  wrott.  any  iudic-ition  oi  9in>erior 
understanding."— Maca-tiUry :  Bift.  £n'j.,  ch.  xv. 

-  3.  The  mind. 

"And  tlie  pees  of  (i<).\  th.it  pjiAsith  al  witt  kejw 
jrhoure  hertia  and  undirsC'jiulifnffis  in  C'rial  Jesus."  — 
W't/cliffe :  J-'ilipensi'S  iv. 

4.  Intelligence  between  two  or  more  minds; 
agreement;  union  of  minds  or  sentiments; 
accord  ;  something  mutually  understood  or 
agreed  upon. 

"Common  .ipprehensions  produced  a  good  mid'-r- 
standing  Wtwe>:n  the  town  .ind  the  chin  uf  Mackia- 
tosh."- J/ucaH^ny ;  Jliil.  £ng„ch.  xiii. 

5.  {PL) :  The  legs.    (Slana  or  Colloq.) 

"  Economy's  understandings  bavin?  giv'en  way  soon 
:ifter,  he  knew  the  silk  no  uiore."— f /r/rf,  Miuch  CO.  I88t;. 

II.  Philo!'.  :  A  term  used  in  different  signi- 
fications by  different  writers.  By  some  it 
is  made  synonymous  with  reason  [Reason,  .s., 
II.  3],  others  contine  it  to  the  judgment.  (Si'e 
extracts.) 

"  The  understanding  is  the  medial  faculty,  or  ficulty 
of  means,  as  reason,  on  the  other  hand,  is  the  source 
tif  ideas  or  ultlntate  ends.  By  reawm  we  determine 
the  ultimate  end;  by  the  undfrntandiuit  we  are  en- 
abled to  select  and  adopt  the  appropriate  means  for 
the  attainment  of,  or  approximation  to.  this  end. 
according  to  circumstances.  But  an  ultimate  eml 
must  of  necessity  be  an  idea,  tliat  ia.  that  which  is 
not  represeutable  by  the  senses,  and  has  no  correJ*]x(n- 
dent  iu  nature,  or  the  world  of  the  senses.'"— Coicr«/;/f ; 
.Votes  on  Englith  Dip.,  ii.  aJ9. 

"  I  use  the  term  understanding,  not  for  the  noetic 
faculty,  intellect  proper,  or  place  of  principles,  but 
for  the  dianoetiu.  or  discursive  faculty  iu  its  witle«t 
signification,  for  the  faculty  of  relations  or  coinpjiri. 
sons;  and  thus  in  tlic  meaning  in  which  Verstnnd  is 
now  employed  by  the  Germans."— i/<i»<t  if  oh  .'  liiscus- 
fionf.  IX  4.    (Note  ) 

*  un-der-stllnd'-ing-ly,  n<l>:   [FAi^.-nmlfT- 


stiin'linij  :  -ly.]  In  aji  uuderslanding  manner; 
inloUigently ;  with  tmdersUinding  or  ttdl 
knowledge  and  comprehension  of  a  .subject  or 
iiuestion. 

"  fiumlays  may  lie  under»tttndinglij  Hiwnt  in  theu- 
logj-."- j///fu(( .-  0/  Eductili'tn. 

un'-der-state-ment»  '•.    IPref.  ]»»(''■;■-,  and 

Klig.  statofi'ni.] 

1.  Tlu-  act  of  under.stating. 

2.  That  which  is  understated  ;  a  statement 
below  the  truth. 

"  un-der-stonde,  v.l  &  (.    [Undf,«staxi>.] 

iin-der -stood,  prd.  ic  pa.  per.  of  v.  &  a. 
(l'Ma:i;sT.\.M'.l 

un'-der-strap-per,  •>•.  (Pref.  vwhr-,  and 
Eng.  stiuppei:]  An  inferior  or  subordinate 
agent. 

"The  reply  will  be  that  thew  things  are  ."Wiid  by  the 
jnid<-ntrnp//rrs  of  both  paities,"— /Jtif///  Tdciiraph. 
Nov.  .1,  isso. 

•  iin"-der-straii-ping,'''.  [Understrapper. l 
rsubordinate,  subservient. 

J    of    diacretion,"  — 


un'-der-stra-tum  (pi.  iin'-der-stra-ta), 

,v.  IPrrr.  ">nirr-,;in'\  Vav^.  drat  urn. \  A  siib- 
stratinn  ;  tin'  bed  or  hiyer  of  earth  ou  whieli 
the  soil  rests  ;  subsoil. 

'  un-der-stroke',  ct.  [Pref.  viukr-.  and 
i>(roke,  v.]    To  underline,  to  underscore. 

"Von  have  itnderftvoked  that  olTeDsive  word,  t-- 
show  that  it  is  to  bt;  [irinted  in  italic."— fiic^ft  :  /'<•  Hic 
Dnchess  nf  linetnisbtiry,  March  20,  1T52. 

iin'-der-Stud"3^,  i'.  [Pref.  imdcr-^  and  En-. 
.^iud'j.]  An  actor  or  actress  who  studies  ;i 
part  allotted  to  another  performer,  so  as  t" 
be  ready  to  undeilake  it  in  case  of  necessity. 

"His  ujuirrstnd'j.  Stone,  was  la  bed  «ith  the 
meJisled."— /.'t/'-r.,-.'.  May  1,  1887. 

un'-der-stiid-^,  v.t.  &  f.    [Under.sti-dv.  s.j 

A,  Tnni'?.  :  To  study  with  the  view  of 
being  ready  to  perform  if  necessary. 

"It  was  amuiged  tliat  she  should  itnder^fmlii  tlie 
part,  and  be  rcjuiy  to  take  the  place  of  her  rival  if  for 
any  oaufie  she  could  not  apjxiar."— /'«??  .MnK  (in-.vtte, 
April  -2?,  19S2. 

B.  Intrans.:  To  study  a  part  allotted  to 
another  pexfonner,  so  as  to  be  ready  to  umler- 
take  it  in  ease  of  necessity. 

'"Sov  here  is  a  good  example  of  nnder$tiifl!iin(i. 
and  with  a  big  part,  too."— lir/crec,  April  4,  isflu. 

*  un-der-tak'-a-We,  a.  [Eng.  v  itdrrtak(e) ; 
■able]    Cajtablo  of  being  undertaken. 

"  It  was  nndo'fdkabto  by  a  man  of  very  mean,  that 
is,  nf  my  abilities."- C/(*7i(ii^uor(A  ;  lleligiun  i<J  I'n}- 
tCKtanls.    (DetUc.) 

un-der-take'  (pa.  t.  ^ imderfok,*  undertol'', 
undertook,  pa.  par.  '' midert<ike,  vmkrtaken. 
"  Hn<Jert(nii%  V.t.  &  (.  [Pref.  -under-,  anrl  Eng. 
take.] 

A.  Trunsitii-e: 

1.  To  take  upou  ones  self;  to  take  uptn 
one's  self  formally ;  to  lay  one's  .s«df  under 
obligations  or  enter  into  stipulation.s  to  per- 
form or  execute;  to  pledge  one's  self  to  ;  te* 
charge  one's  self  with. 

"To  undertake'  the  business  for  lis." 

ShahiRp.  :  Winter's  Title,  iv.  4. 

^  2.  To  take  upon  one's  self ;  to  assume. 

"  His  name  .and  cTedit  shall  you  underfukr.' 

Sliakevp. :  7'amiii*!  v/the  Sfireto,  iv.  2. 

3,  To  engage  in  ;  to  enter  upon  ;  to  begiu 
to  ]ierform  ;  to  take  in  hand. 

"  I  will  undert.alce  one  of  Hercules'  Lilionrs." 
SliaX€3p.  :  Muck  Ada  About  Pi'othing,  ii.  I- 

'  1.  To  engago  with  ;  to  have  to  do  with. 

"  Yuu  11  UTtd^rtake  her  no  more." 

Shakrxp.  :  Merrff  Wives,  lii.  5, 

*  5.  To  take  or  have  the  charge  or  care  of. 

"Sir  Nicolas  Vault. 
Who  ititdertakes  you  to  your  end." 

Shakesp.:  Henri/  VUt-.  ii-  1- 

'  6.  To  take  in  ;  to  hear,  to  understand,  ti.* 
know,    {^pense-r:  F.  Q.,  V.  iii.  34.) 

*  7.  To  wairant ;  to  answer  for  ;  to  guar- 
antee.   (Shakesp, :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  iv.  -i.) 

B.  IntransUU'e: 

1.  To  take  up  or  assume  any  business,  pro- 
vince,  or  duty. 

"Dundee  undt'rt/>ok  to  settle  the  dispute."— Jfiic- 
aiilttif :  Hist.  Kng.,  ch.  xiii. 

*  2.  To  ventui-e,  to  hazard. 

"  It  is  tlie  cowish  terror  of  his  spirit 
Th-it  dares  not  tu»derinkc." 

Shttkesp. :  Lenr,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  promise,  to  guarantee  ;  to  1*  lionnd  ; 

to  warrant.     {Shakeyp.  ;  'AVks  Avdro>}>'  u^^,  i.) 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  'wet.  here*  camel,  her,  there;  pine.  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine;   go.  pdr> 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cuh,  ciire,  ignite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.     33,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


undertaker— undeaevered 


30;* 


un-der-tak'-er,  o.    [Eng.  uiuicrtcik{c) :  -n:] 
I,  ihdinnry  Litngnage : 

1.  (tno  wild  undertakes  or  enji-ijres  to  n*r- 
fijiiu  any  office,  duty,  or  busiiit-.-ss  ;  one  whn 
tii^':i;4is  in  any  i)i"jett  or  business. 

"  And  yet  Ihv  uiitU-rfukfrs,  tiay  performora, 
Vi  Huch  A  Itu  ^'  mill  Rlui-ioiu  eut^n'f'**-" 

ficUKni,  .<  /Ytf.  :  Double  Marriage,  v. 

2.  One  wlio  stipulates  or  covenants  to  per- 
f.'na  any  work  for  another ;  a  contractor. 

"  ShoiiUl  they  builil  as  I.Tst  .is  writ^, 
TwoulJ  luui  (oiUti-taAcrsmiite. " 

Siei/f :  AfiSceUii  nil's. 

3.  Specif.,  a  t^■:nU•snlan  who  furnishes  ewry- 
tiling  necessary  fcr  funerals. 

"Ilia  iiiipcamiice  h;w  ft  strouger  efltct  nw  my  Bpirits 
tJi-in  nil  iinttcrlaker's  »hoi»."— fipoW»oii"» -"  (jovit-.Vit- 
^■ir,tt  i/tin.  i. 

IL  IliMory: 

1.  !■:»•}.  (IV.):  A  name  piveii.  about  HUO. 
t  '  ci-rtain  nu-iiib^r^  of  Piulianu-nt  wlio  pre- 
I.ssud  to  under^staiid  the  temper  of  I'iulia- 
ment,  and  undertook  to  facilitate  Kin^  James's 
-lealiujis  with  it  by  putting  their  knowledge  at 
his  acrvicc. 

2.  Scots:  A  name  given  to  one  of  a  party 
of  Lowland  adventurers,  who,  in  the  reign 
of  .lames  VI.,  by  authority  of  the  cmwn.  at- 
tLiiipted  to  colonize  some  uf  the  Hebiidi-s, 
and  so  disphice  the  original  Celtic  population. 

un  der-taU'-ing,  rr-  par.,  a.,  &  .".   [Undek- 

A.  &;  B.  As  pr.  per.  £  pcrtkii).  adj. :  (See 
tliL-  verb). 
C.  As  substnvfive : 

1.  Tlie  act  of  one  who  undertakes  or  en- 
gages to  do  any  business,  ottice,  or  dutj-. 

"That  which  is  recniired  uf  each  one  towanU-s  tlic 
eii'ferfiiJciitg  oi  this  ndiieuture." — Ifacktiifft :  P'«'/i/y(', 
lii.  135. 

2.  Thatwlueh  a  jxn'son  undertakes  ;  ,i  busi- 
iir-..--.  work,  office,  vv  priyect  which  a  person 
undertakes,  engages,  or  attempts  to  do;  an 
enterprise. 

■•  How  hard  nn  utidfrlaklng  it  is  to  do  justice  tu 
HomtT."— /»(»/>? .-  Bom:-r;  Iliad.    (Pustscript.) 

H.  A  promise,  an  engagement,  an  obligation, 
a  i;nurantee, 

4.  The  busines.--  or  occupation  of  an  under- 
taker or  uiauiiger  ^'f  funerals. 

iin-der-ten'-an-93^,  s.  (Pref.  under-,  and 
Kng.  tenancy.]  A  tenancy  or  tenure  under 
auotlier  tenant  or  lessee  ;  the  tenure  or  iK'si- 
tioQ  of  an  undertenant. 

un'-der-ten-ant,  .^.    [Pref.  vHder-,  and  Eng. 

t'l'itiit.]  A  tenant  wlio  hires  and  holds  a 
Iton^e,  farm,  &c.,  from  another  tenant,  and 
nut  directly  from  the  landlord. 

"Settle. and  secure  the  nndertenanti :  to  the  end 
tliei-t?  inay'be'Arei'One  and  establishment  of  cnerj  9ul>- 
ji'i't'^  t-atate."— /)(("(e,s;  Uht.  of  Irehmd. 

'  un'-der-tide.  *  un'-der-time,  .-.     [A.s. 

nndertid.]  [Undfks.]  The  portion  or  divi- 
sion of  the  day  wbicli  included  undern.  (Gene- 
rally used  of  the  after  part  of  the  day.) 

"  He,  comine  nt  home  at  nndcrthne,  there  fouDit 
The  faii-est  ereatui-e  that  he  ever  saw," 

Spenser:  F.  U;  HI-  viL  i;;. 

un'-der-tone,  p.  (Pref.  'under-,  and  Eng. 
/  .  . .]  A  low  or  subdued  tone;  a  tone  lower 
than  usuaL 

"  lie  AAys  in  ao  undertone."— Scribner'a  Slagaziiic. 

un-der- tools',  pvct.  of  v.    [Undertake.] 

■  un-der-turn',  ^.^  {Pref.  Hiider-,  and  Eng. 
turn,  v. J    To  turn  upside  down  ;  tosubvtrt. 

un-der-val-u-a  -tion,  s.  [Pref.  iindcr-,  and 
l!ii'_'.  i^duatiov.]  Tlif  act  of  undervaluing  ;  a 
\  aluation  at  an  amount  below  the  real  value. 

"  A  pPDCDil  vjiiliTriilitation  o£  the  nature  of  bin."— 
vjufh  :  Ho'raons.  vol.  vii.,  ser.  5. 

un-der-vSl'-ue,  v.t.     [Prof,  yndcr-,  and  Eng. 

O'l/IC,  v.] 

I.  To  value,  rate,  or  estimate  below  the 
l)roj»er  value  or  worth. 

"  They  are  for  you,  sir; 
And  vndi^palur  not  the  worth  >ou  tarry." 
licaion.  &  Ftvt.  :  Citsfum  of  tlx-  Country,  iii.  2. 

•J.  To  esteem  or  value  lightly;  to  treat  as  of 
little  worth  ;  todespi.-ie  ;  tu  tliink  little  of. 

"  Men  know  but  little  ii£  each  other's  real  character 
Old  ineiit,  and  frequi'utly  err  by  tinderealiiiyuf  n\ii\ 
■  ■\erv:iluing  WinmS'—Knax  :  iV inter  £reninf}.  Even.  4o, 

un-der-v&l'~ne,  s.  [Pref.  wiirft-r-,  and  Eng. 
i'i!u< ,  s-I    A  value  below  the  tjue  or  natural 


^'alue;  a  low  estimate  of  value  or  wfirth  ;  a 
price  less  than  the  real  worth. 

"  The  HiiskiUidiie^'".  careltfttfiiefw.  or  knavery  of  i\w 
traders,  jwldeil  iiiucli  to  the  ioi(/eri'>i^io  niul  dUiivdlt 
u(  theav  cumuutditie^  ahvoad."— Tf-mju/f. 

un-der-vil-ued»  n.    [Pref.  wiit/cr-,  and  Kng. 
viUucd.] 
1.  Estimated  beneath  the  proi>er  value. 

•  2.  Of  less  value  or  worth  ;  inferior  in 
■\aluo. 

"  Being  ten  times  »tn/cri'(i'i«'rftti  tried  gohl. " 

Shalivsp.  :  JhTvhant  of  }'e>tie<\  ii.  7. 

un-der-val'-u-er,  s.  [Eng.  nndcrvalvi'); 
•I  <■.]    One  whu  undervalues  or  esteems  lightly. 

"  My  next  ami  last  example  shall  be  that  nudcy- 
f-i/utTOfmunfj.— irnrtun:  .\nglcr,  pt.  i.,  ch.  I. 

'  un'-der-verse,  s.  [Pref.  nndpc-,  and  Eng. 
rer^e.J    The  lower  or  seeond  verse. 

"  Willy  nnsuereth  every  tr/ic/crctfrsc." 

Sfieiiser:  Shepheants  Calender;  Aiiffiixr. 

iin-der-view-er,  >;.  [Pref.  tnider-,  and  Eng. 
ckirci-.  ]    An  undeilooker  (q-v.). 

"The  defenil;int9  undrrviewcr,  a  ehort  time  before 
the  accident,  tuld  the  met)  tliey  niiiHt  use  more  tim- 
ber."—/>fo7^  Chroiiich:  March  10,  18&;. 

'  un'-der-wear,  s.  [Pref.  nndcr-,  and  Eng. 
atiir,  S.J 

1.  A  wearing  under  the  outer  clothing  :  as. 
clothes  soiled  by  vndencvar. 

2.  The  state  of  being  worn  under  other 
articles  of  clothing. 

*  un-der-ween'-ing,  .-'.  [Pref.  uader;  and 
I'-ng.  nrvniiuj.]     Undervuluirij,'. 

"  But  the  greatest  undt-rieei'Hinn  of  this  lite  i'«  to 
undervalue  thut  to  «  hich  it  is  but  exordial."—  /trowiic : 
f/iristiun  Jforatt,  p.  a47. 

un-der-went',  p'-ct.  of  c.    [Uxdkroo.] 

un-der-wing,  .^.   [Pref.  vuder-,  and  wukj,  s.J 
A  lower  or  posterior  wing. 
*'  His  gaui^y  uinh-i-wiiiffs."       Soiit^ivff  :  Tknhibit.  iii. 

^  un'-der-wit9h.  s.  [Pref.  mnlfr-,  and  Eng. 
t'-if,-h.]     A  suiM.rdinate  or  inferior  witch. 

*  iin'-der-wit-ted,  a.  [Pref.  nader-,  an-l 
Kng.  vitted.]    Half-witted,  silly. 

■•  He  w.as  a  little  uiidiridlted."~Kiiinrl .-  rniHi.Hix ; 
Fraiicof  J-'ull;/,  p.  tai. 

un'-der-wood.  ?.  [Pref.  tntdtr-,  and  Eng. 
c-on,/.]  finiall  trees  and  shrubs  growing 
amongst  largL  trees  ;  coppice,  underbrush. 

"  Nature's  uiiaiiibitiuus  iindKrieooil." 

tyvntsioortft :  lUciirfiuii,  bk.  vi, 

' un'-der-WOrk,  s.  [Pref.  diidcr-,  and  Eng. 
icvrk,  s-I    Subordinate  work  ;  putty  alTairs. 

" ThosH  that  are  [iroiier  for  war,  All  up  the  lidtoriuue 
part   of    life,    and    t;*rry    on    the  umlerioork  ut  th« 

iiatnm."— ,n/<?(acm. 

iin-der-wdrk',  v.t.  &  ('.     [Pref.  under-,  and 
Kng.  vork,  v.] 
A.  Transitive: 

^  1.  To  work,  act,  or  practi.se  on  by  under- 
baml  means;  to  undermine;  to  destroy  by 
clandestine  means. 

"  Adouijah  .  .  .  will  underwork  Solomon."—/;^' 
Ihrll :  Coittempl.  :  Adonijiih  Defeated, 

*2.  To  put  insufficient  work  m- labour  on. 

3.  To  woik  at  a  less  priee  than  :  as,  One 
carpenter  undenvorks  another. 

*B.  Tntrans.:  To  work  aecretly  or  clan- 
destiutily. 

"  He  raiseth  in  jnivate  a  uew  itistrumeiit.  one 
Serturiu3  Mai^ro,  and    by   hiiii    uiiiierworketh.' — Bvn 

Juiisuh:  Sejuniis.    (.Vigument.) 

iin'-der-wbrk-er,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  icorhrr.] 

*  1,  One  who  underworks. 

2.  A  subordinate  worker  or  agent. 

"But  here  indeed  Athanasiua  KUanls  against  the 
notion  of  the  ^on'x  bein^  an  underivorkcr,  in  the  low 
Ariaii  !<i^im,"—  li'aterlaiid :   Workv,  iii.  a20. 

un -der~ work-man.  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Kng.  "■in-kiiuiii.]  A  sulR'rdinate,  inferior,  ur 
lower  workman. 

"Nor  would  they  hire  undeneorkiru-n  to  employ 
their  partis  and  learning  to  dlsirui  their  mother  of 
nW— Lesley. 

un-der-WTlte',  v.t.  &.  i.      [Pref.  it?t(/(,T-,  and 

Eng.  in-it'\] 
A.  Transitive  ; 

1.  To  write  under  or  beneath  ;  to  subscribe. 

"She  .ipoke,  or  at  leait  writ.  En^'lish  \'ory  well,  .-n 
appears  by  hev  letter  iniderwrilten.'—.strt/pc:  i.ci'(«. 
Jf'-m.  Edie.  VJ.  Ian.  1553). 

2.  To  subscribe ;  speeitically,  to  subscribe 


or  set  t^ine's  name  to  a  policy  of  insin-ance,  a.s 
an  underwriter  (ipv.).  ^ 

"  \>8.  for  two  hiiiirlroil.  umlfrterUf  mv.  do," 

Ben  JonAoit :  Tlu-  fievil  i<  'iii  An*.  It),  1. 

'3.  To  subscribe,  to  HUhmit  to;  to  put  up 
witli. 

'■  I'lidffKrilt'  In  nn  ob-iervinit  kind 
Uts  liuniitronH  pri-ih>niliinnee. ' 

>Jutkvtp.  :  TraUtii  ^  Vreuidfi,  II.  X 

B.  hitrnnii.  ;  To  follow  the  profession  of  an 

underwiiter  (4. v.), 

un' -  dor  -  writ  -  er,  s-.  (Eng.  \n}der\ryit{c) : 
'*r.\  One  v.lio  writes  his  niimo  at  the  foot 
of  a  poliey  of  niaiine  insurance.  On  some- 
policies  only  one  .such  name  appears ;  on 
others  several  names  ai^c  added,  when  eacti 
party  thus  entering  his  name  is  said  to  '*take 
a  line."  The  system  still  prevails,  but  there 
are  also  numerous  companies  wliose  business 
it  is  to  grant  marine  and  other  iusnranc»\s. 
The  underwriters  of  London  form  the  im- 
portant society  known  as  Lloyd's, 

"Dangers  which  had  caused  many  Hlee^deMi  iiluht.'* 
to  the  niidenvriteri  of  L<>uibard  Street." — iliienutny  : 
Hist.  Eng.,  ch,  wiii. 

lin-der-writ'-mg,  .?.  [Eng.  xnulrncrHif) : 
-ihij.]  The  practice  or  profes.sion  of  an  under- 
writer. 

*  iin-der-wrought  (ought  as  at),  r^ret,  k 

V".  ix":  o/r.]     ll-M.i:nwoHK,  r.] 

*  un  -  der  -  yoke ,    ■  un  -  dur    yoke. 

[I'l'L't.  Under-,  and  Kng.  i/o/.c]    Tu  tuin:;  undfi 
the  yoke  ;  to  make  subject. 

"And   he  I.N'abusodonosor!  aeide  Ills   thenkiii^s  iu 
hyn  I"  bell,  tliatal  the  erti.e  he  sliuldu  vndiir'n'Ai.  t 
his  elniiiie.  "— tr.(/c/(;/fi-,   .ftiddh  li    ;;. 

"  un-de  S9end -a-ble,    *  un  de-S9end 
i-tole,".  [Pref.  »/-■(!),  and  Eng.  fZ-^-sfon/aW..! 

1.  Nut  capable  of  being  deseeiided  ;  hence, 
untatliumable. 

"  The  Hndetccnditble  abysm." 

Tviiuytan  ;  Uaroid,  i,  I. 

2.  Not  capable  of  descending  to  heirs. 

*  un-de-scrib  -a-ble,  ".    (Pref.  vn-  (i),  ana 

En;:.  ilfserdnii>lr.\      Not  capable  of  being  di - 
s<Til)ed  ;  iiulescriU'ibl"'. 

"  Let  these  detierilw  the  tinile$rriktAJf,'' 

liynn  :  Chdde  Harold,  iv.  5:;, 

iin-de-scribed',  ".  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
•  Irsrnbni.\    Not  desenbed,  deliued,  delinealeil, 

or  depleted. 

■'  The  unUeti-ribed  coast."— Coot.-  Third  Vw/nge.  liU 
iv.,ch.  iv. 

iin-de-SCried',  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
descried.]    Not  descried,  discovered,  or  seeii. 

"  A  %» itness  nmlegrrii-d." 
Coicpcr;  Ihet^im-n's  yitit  to  London. 

"  un-de-^erve',  v.t,  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
('e.*e/-(T.J    Not  to  deserve. 

"  They  have  deserved  much  more  of  these  iLitiouR. 
than  they  have  undescntd."~-.Viltoii  :  liapturca  i;f 
tfte  Coniinomciatt/i. 

iin-de-^erved', «.  [Pref.  vn-  (i).  and  Eng. 
dcftrveil.]    Not  deserve*!  ;  not  nieritt-d. 

"  Much  de.nerved,  and  some  undeseii-ed,  censure.'  — 
Miivtiilnii  :   II, it.  tug.,  ch.  U. 

un-de-jerv-ed-lJTf  ddc.  [Eng.  undeserved  .- 
-!y.]  Without  desert  or  merit,  whether  good 
or  ill. 

"One  of  those  nthletic  brut^'-f  whom  utideitfrt'^llv 
we  call  helues.'— /;r.*/i;i*i  .  Palaiiujn  A  Arcite.     (Ded.) 

'  iin-de-^erv'-ed-ness,  ■'•■.  [Kng.  undeserved  .- 
•nesii.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unde- 
sen'Cil. 

"  But  tlie  reverence  of  tl>c  man.  or  undetervcdnas 
uf  his  wiunjs.— U'yo((;  At/if  HIT  Oxon.,  Vul.  i. 

un-de-^erv'-er,  s.  [Pn-f.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
diservcr.]  tJne  wlio  is  notdeser\  ingorworth^  ; 
one  who  has  no  desert  or  merit. 

"  To  sell  and  mart  your  ofBcra  for  ei*M 
Tu  uiideserii-rn."  .•^uike»p. :  JuUtlS  CiXsar,  iv.  S. 

un'-de-^erv'-ing,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  au'l 

Eng.  deserving.] 

1,  Not  deserving ;  not  having  any  merit  oi~ 
worth. 

'■  Or.  luiuzliu^  with  the  suitors'  hatitrhty  tniin, 
Not  vndtlcri'iiig  wime  support  obtain. ' 

i'opc:  Homer;  (klfifsey  \x.  UIS, 

2.  Not  deserving,  not  meriUng  (with  of): 
as,  He  is  und*:serviHtj  oK  blame. 

t  un-de-serv'-ing-ly,  (idt\  [Eng.  iindfserr- 
i  n  ij ;  d;i7\     L'  ndese  r  veil  ly . 

*  un-de-sev'-ered,  o.    [Usdissevered.J 


b^l,  bd^;  pout,  J6W1;  cat,  9011.  chorus.  9hin,  ben^h;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  e^clst.    -ing. 
cian,  -tian  =  sh^n.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -$ion  ==  ^7^^r^n     -cious.  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &:c.  —  bel«  d$l. 


30-1 


undesigned— undiscernedly 


ftndS  signed  ig  silent),  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1), 
aii.l  Kn^r.  Wr*p;ji../.)  Not  dcsigucil ;  not  iii- 
teihU-*!  :  i)iiiuleiitii)n»l. 

•■All  r\iiiii|ilc  o(  uwtfsijued  ooiucldoncu.'— Tiilffi/; 
feiit^ru**.  rt.  111.,  cli-  vi. 

fin-dfi  sign -od-lj^  (g  silent),  adv.     fEnp. 

un-lyffin.il ;  -/(/.)     In  an  umU'Signed  manner  ; 

witlu'iil  il.*.si>;iMir  intcntiou  ;  iinintcntionally. 

■Tli-i.-    who  ijfii/'xtiriinVjr    iwrvert    Mriiitur*,"  — 

ir<f.w.n-i*.  \r0rk4.  V.  181. 

iin-dd  sign'-od-nSss  (1;  silent),  s.  [ISn^. 
on'i'-<i*""i :  -!'^s<.\  Till'  quality  or  slate  of 
Uii.-        'I  or  niiiiitcntional. 

■■••■u  of  tlmmrii-fiiiiiiit*  (which  «»i- 
d  .  mreafrum  tlii-lr  iHU'iicy."— /'n/ey : 

It. 

ftn-<ift-«ign  -ing  (n  silent),  it.  [Pref.  vn-  (1), 
nn<l  Kll^^  tU\<iir,iing.]  Not  Imving  any  inuler- 
linn<l  disi'in  or  intention  ;  free  from  cmft, 
fraud,  orfrau'lnlent  pnriKise ;  ai-llejjs,  uiiriglit. 

•'  I  Uve  n*  uiiiletijiilni 
.And  hj\riuleM  iw  «  cliiltL" 

Voteper:  A  Child  of  Hod. 

iiii-de-sir'-a-1>le.  «.  [Pref.  ini-  (1),  and 
En;;,  fhsiralilc.)  Not  desirable  ;  not  to  be  dc 
sireil  or  wished  ff>r. 

••  U  will  itrovoke  the  bctUr  iwirt  of  thplr  liiferiora  to 
think  ill  of  thi'iii,  wliich  in  n  very  luiUctirablo  thing." 
—Seck<;r  :  .•iermotu,  vol-  L,  set.  6. 

tin-de-^ired',  a.  {Pref.  it?i-  (1),  and  Eng. 
desiifd.]  Not  desired  ;  not  wished  for  ;  not 
solicited. 

"  Not  undMir'd  hy  ine 
They  ciiiie,"  Cutepcr:  Ilornvr :  Odytsey  \i\- 

iin-de-sir -ing,  n.  [Pref.  7(h-(1).  and  Eng. 
dtsirii*'j.\    Not  desiring  or  wishing;  careless. 


un-de-sir'-OUS.  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
dt^tions.]    Not  desirous,  not  arixiuns. 

"  CinU-sirousiii  ili^tinction."— A'moi;  Winter  Even- 
ingn,  tveu.  55. 

*  un-de-spair'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  iU'<.iHuring.\  Not  despairing  ;  not  yield- 
ing to  despair. 

"  AUBoii,  with  Btendy  undesimirittg  breiist, 
EiuUnd."  Dyer:  Fleece,  iv. 

'  iin-de-spon'-dent,  a.    [Pref.  u»-  (l),  and 

Eiig.    <}e.<p<:.n'U!nt.]      Not    despondent;    not 
giving  way  to  despondency. 

■  un-des'-tined,  a.  [Pref.  lui-  (I),  and  Eng. 
'leM'uii:d.\    Nut  destined  or  predestined. 

■'  iin-de-stro^-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  iin-  (I),  and 
Eng.  d(:s(ro)/t(ble.]  Not  destroyable  ;  inirapable 
of  being  destroyed;  indestructible. 

"  L"uki-il  upfni  hy  most  of  the  chemiatii  a,i  more  un- 
detttoyitbU  tlimi  gold  itself,"— floj/fc ;   Works,  lii.  28J. 

iia-de-Stro^ed',  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
<hsti-o\ji:0.]     Nut  destroyed,  not  annihilated. 

"  The  wish  is  impious  ;  hut.  oh  ye  1 
\v\.und''*trny'd,  be  WftrueO." 

li'jroti :  Heaven  A  Earth,  i.  ::. 

*  un-de-ter'-min-a-ble.  n.  (Pref.  nn-  (i), 
and  Eng.  ihti^nninabk.]  Not  determinable; 
incapable  of  being  detcrminL'd  or  deeided. 

"  Pertiimcioiw  (.lisputirii;  iihrnit  Ihinus  uiinecetaory. 
und'-trrmiti'ibl--,  uiiil  tiDpiolltHl'lu."  —  Up.  T.tu'"''. 
Libert!/  of  {'rupheKying.    (Ep.  Ded.) 

"  un-de-ter'-min-ate,  «.  [Pref.  «it-  (1), 
and  Eng.  dderminak'..]  Not  determinate;  not 
settled  or  certain  ;  indeterminate. 

"  Thiit  wonlil  not  he  admit,  or  leave  any  thlnp,  as 
fnr  fiirth  as  possibly  ndsht  otherwise  he,  infinite  and 
uHdeterfuinaie." — P.  IloUand:  I'lutarch,  p.  630. 

*  un-de-ter'-miii-ate-iiess,  s.  [Eng.  undn- 
tenniiiute;  -w!ss.]  The  qn.ility  or  state  of 
being  undcterminate  ;  iiuleterminateness  ;  un- 
certainty ;  unsettled  state. 

"The  idea  of  n.  free  a;fent  is  itndetermiitttteness to 
one  part,  befuie  he  haa  made  choice."— .l/o re ;  Dia, 
Dialogues. 

*  un-dc-ter-min-a'-tlon.  s.  [Pref.  ur-  (1), 
and  Eng.  \Merui\iiiUio)i.\  The  absence  of  de- 
tennination  ;  indecision;  uni-ertainty  of  mind. 

"  Li-(t  barely  to  the  iindeti'rminulion,  liicertaOity, 
and  Tiuste-adinesa  of  the  opviatiuu  of  his  facullies."— 
Baie:  Urig.  of  Mankind.  i>.  61. 

un-de-ter'-mined*  a.     [Pref.   nn-  (i),  and 
Eng.  dt:(eniiinnL\ 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Not  determined ;  not  decided ;  not 
settled  ;  undecided. 

"But  one  (iiiestioii  .  .  .  was  still  ti ndelcrmiited."— 
Macattliiy  :  llitt.  Eng..  ch.  xviil. 

2.  Not  limited ;  not  defined  ;  indeterminate. 

"Yet  undetermined  or  to  live,  or  die." 

Pope :  Homer :  Iliad  xv.  695. 


*  3.  Indeflnito,  vague. 

"  Either  hy  ftvoldlng  to  aimwer,  or  by  Keiieral  atid 
umletermined  liUBwen.' Sevker.'  '^trmoni.  vol.  ill., 
Bcr,  7.  ^ 

II.  Math.  :  Not  actually  o^cermined,  ascer- 
tained, or  knowu,  as  distingnished  fi'om  in- 
determinate, which  cannot  be  knowa.  The 
two  terms  are  sometimes  confounded. 

iin-de-terred',  «.  [P>"ef-  ««-  (i).  ^"<l  Eng. 
dff''rr''d.\  Not  deterred;  not  frightened  or 
daunted. 

"  Undetei-red. 
r«rbApft  Incited,  rather,  hy  the«ri  Bhocks." 

Wordtworth  :  Exciirtion,  hk.  v. 

un-de-test-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
det€^(in(j.\  Not  detesting;  without  a  feeling 
of  abhorrence  or  detestation. 

"  Who  these,  indeed,  can  undvtesting  we?" 

Thoriuon:  Liberty,  v.  293. 

iin-de'-inl-at-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  deciatiiuj.]  Not  deviating  ;  not  wander- 
ing or  departing  from  a  rnle,  principle,  or 
purpose  ;  steady,  steadfast,  regular. 

"  The  undeviating  aud  imnctual  nun." 

Vowper:  Tatk,  vi.  127. 

*  iin-dev'-a  (or  as  un-dev'l),  vJ.  [Pref.  ?ni- 
(J).  and  Eng.  deril.]  To  free  from  the  posses- 
siuu  or  influence  of  tlie  devil  ;  to  e.xorcisc. 

■'  The  boy  .  .  .  would  not  be  undeoil--d  hy  all  their 
exorcisms,  —F((/i«r,-  Church  EM.,  X.  iv.  51. 

iin- de -vised',  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
di-cised.]  *Not  devised  or  bequeathed  by  will. 

•  iin-de-vot'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dcmlcd.]  Not  devoted  ;  having  uo  devotion 
ov  affection. 

■"Two  popubir  men.  and  most  iindevoted  to  the 
chvirtli."— CTdrL'ui^.i.-  Civil  War,  i.  117. 

'  un-de-vo'-tion,  s.  [Pief,  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dtmlion.]    Absence  or  want  of  devotion. 

"The  negligence  and  vnderotion  of  the  people."— 
Jewtil :  Jleplie  vuto  M.  Ilardinge,  p.  14. 

+  un-de-vouf»  '^  un-de-vowte,  a.  (Pref. 
vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  deroat.]  Not  devout ;  irre- 
ligious ;  liaving  no  devotiou. 

"  .\n  undevont  astronomer  is  mad." 

I'oung  :  A'iglil  Thoughts,  ix.  <;3, 

*  un-de~voUt'-ly,  *  un-de-vot-lich,  adv. 

[Eng.  undevout;  -ly.]     In  an  undevuut  man- 
ner ;  without  devotion. 

"  Voure  matynea,  and  meuy  of  your  hourea, 
Areii  don  vmU-votlich."  J'icrs  Pluwman,  p.  7. 

^un-di-a-demed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  diademed.]    Not  crowned  with  a  diadem. 

Tia-di-aph'-a-noiis,  c.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  dkiphanous.]  Not  diaphanous ;  not 
transparent  or  pellucid  ;  opaque. 

"  ,\  mass  i(>iJ»(/>/(aiiOMS  and  white."— Bo^i«:  Works, 

un-did',  prel.  ofv.     [Undo.] 

'  un-dif -fer-en-9Jng,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (i); 

Eng.   diffi.ri:iu{f) ;    -ing.]     Xot    making   any 
di  Here nee. 

"An  undiffcrcncing  differeuce."— .f'(.7cr.'  Worthies. 
i.  33L». 

•  un.-dig'-en-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  unda  =  &  wave, 
and  giyiw'{\'a.  t.  geuni)  =  to  produce.]  Gene- 
lated  by  or  owing  origin  to  water. 

un-di-gest'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
digested.] 

1.  /,(■/. ;  Not  digested ;  not  concocted  or 
acted  upon  by  the  stomach. 

"  This  hoy  has  been  tamperitig  with  something  that 
lies  til  his  stomach  undigested.  —Bunyan:  Pilgrim's 
Progress.  i>t,  ii. 

2.  Fig. :  Not  properly  prepared,  arranged, 
or  reduced  to  order  ;  crude. 

"  His  rending,  too,  though  utidigested,  was  of  im. 
meuse  eyi\.e\it"~Alacaulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

^  un-di-gest'-i-ble,  *  iin-di-gest'-a-ble, 

((.     [Pref.  uu-  (1),  and  Eng.  dtgfstiblc]     Nut 
digestible;  indigestible. 

"  He  was  besieged  with  continual  and  undigestable 

iucentives  of   the  clergy."  —  Z>mw(on  ,■   Polu-Olbion, 

8.  17.    (Note.) 

*un-diglit'  ((/A  silent),  ^un-deight,  v.t. 

[Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  dight.  v.)     To  put  olf; 
to  lay  oil  or  aside,  as  dress  or  ornaments. 

"  His  niail'd  habergeon  she  did  nndight." 

.Spenser  :  E.  Q.,  III.  v.  31. 

un-dig'-m-fied,  a.  [Pref.  (t?i  (1),  and  Eng. 
dignified.]  Not  dignified;  not  characterized 
by  or  consistent  with  dignity  ;  wanting  in 
dignity. 

"The  undignified  vivaci*"'  of  nations."  —  Enoz: 
Essnys.  No.  a. 


'un-diked',  n,  [Pref.  un-  (l),  ami  Eng.  diked.] 
Not  furnished  with  a  dike  or  fmce. 

"  Beyond  the  dike  and  tho  inuiik'd  pales." 

Chapman:  ilotm'r  ;  Ilitrd  xv.  311. 

* iin-dil'-i-|[ent,  ".  [Pref.  nn-  (I),  and  Eng. 
diligent.]  Not  diligent,  assiduous,  or  perse- 
vering. 

"As  uncertain  of  Christ,  yea,  a.s  unilHigeut  after 
hiiu."—Lei'jhton  :  On  1  Peter  v.  Vi. 

*  un-dil'-i-gent-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  undiUgent; 
■ly.]    Without  diligence,  care,  or  perseverance. 
"  Commenting  this  j)lftce  not  undiUgently."— Milton  : 
Tetrachonimi.  ■ 

un-di-lut'-ed,  «.      (Pref.  nn-  (1),   and  Eng. 
diluted.]     Nol,  diluted.    (Lit.  dijig.) 
"  HjwI  (luafTd 
Much  undiluted  milk." 

Cvwpcr:  Homer  ;  Oiiyuey  ix. 

*un-di-min'-ish-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Eni;.diiniiushable.]  Not  capable  of  being 
diminisinjd,  les.scncd,  or  decreased. 

"  Not  only  immoveable,  but  iiiidiniinighnbln  and  un- 
impairable.  ■— .l/ure.'  Phitos.  Vabtialn.    (.\pp. ) 

un- di-min'-ished,  a.  [i'lvL  vn-  (i)  and 
Eng.  diminlslicd.]  Not  diminislied,  luuited, 
or  decreased. 

"  Whose  popularity  has  remained  undiminished."—' 
Macauiay     I/tst.  Eng.,  (.h.  V. 

im-di'-na,  Un-di-na,  s.    [Undine.] 

1.  J'alicont.  {Of  the  form  undina):  A  genus 
of  Ccelaeanthidte,  from  the  Lias. 

2.  Astroii.  (0/the/onn  Undina) :  [Asteroid, 


un'-dine. 


[Lat.  !iitrfa  =  a  wave,] 


Faraa'hian  system:  A  water  nymph;  an 
imaginary  being  inhabiting  water,  possessing 
many  characteristics  in  common  with  the 
salamanders,  living  in  fire,  the  sylphs  living 
in  the  air,  and  the  gnomes  living  in  the  earth. 
The  Undines  had  not  originally  a  soul,  but 
intermarrying  with  human  beings  they  ob- 
tained one,  and  became  liable  to  the  ordinal-}' 
conditions  of  humanity. 

un-dint'-ed,  a.      (Pref.  kji-  (1),  and    Eng. 
dinted.}    Not  dinted  ;  not  impressed  by  blows. 
"  And  hear  hack 
Our  targes  undinted."    Shakesu     .lnt.'£  C/eo/)..ii.6. 

im-di'-o-gesed,  f.'.    [I'lei    «»-(!),  and  Eng. 
diucesed.]  Not  holding -ir  \.\t  !en'cdtoa  diocese. 

ii. Untied."— <V*7fon.-  Re- 


fO! 


C}idioceScd,  ull^■e^^ 
j».  ()i  England,  bk.  , 


un-dipped',  *  un-dipt',  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Lug.  dijtped.]     .Mit  ili|-,icd  ;  not  sunk. 
"  Thou  had'st  a  soft  i.i;yptiau  htel  iindipp'd." 
I>ri/di:n :  Clcumenes.  iv. 

'' iin-di-rect',  v.f.  [Pref.  u)i- (2),  and  Eng. 
direct.)    To  misdirect,  to  mislead. 

"  Make  false  fires  to  undireet  seamuii  iu  a  tempest." 
—Fuller. 

*  UU-di-rect'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 

directed.] 

1.  Not  directed,  managed,  or  guided  ;  nn- 
guided. 

'■  Left  like  a  ship  in  a  storm,  amidst  all  the  raging 
surges,  unruled,  undirected  of  niiy."— Spenser :  atate 
of  Ireland. 

2.  Not  having  a  direction  or  address  on ; 
unaddressed. 

"  III  the  same  month  of  September  there  was.a  letter 
uJidirected.  but  1  suppose  to  the  aforesaid  iiersouaijes." 
—atri/pe:  Ecries.  Mvm. ;  Edw.  IT.  (au.  1561^ 

*  un-di-rect'-ly'.  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ilircvtly.]    Not  directly;  indirectly. 

"  Directly  or  undiri^ar/y.  secretly  or  openly."— 
Strype:  Mccles.  Mi-rn. ;  Henry  IV//.,  No.  64.. 

un-dis-band'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
disbanded.]  Not  disbanded;  not  dismissed 
from  military  service. 

"  And  so  kept  them  undinbanded  till  very  near  the 
mouth  wherein  that  lebelliou  broki  forth,'- J/(/?o»; 

Eik'»tokhistes.  5  H.i, 

"  un-di^-cern'-a-ble  (c  as  z).  a.    (Undis- 

CERNIBLE.] 

im-dis-cemed'  (c  as  z),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  discerned.]  Not  discerned  ;  not  ob- 
served ;  not  perceived  or  remarked. 

■■  Truths  iindiscernd  but  by  that  holy  light." 

Cuwper :  3'ask.  in.  m. 

*  un-di§-cern'-ed-ly  (c  as  z),  adv.  [Eng. 
undiscerned  :  -ly.]  Not  in  a  manner  to  be 
discerned,  discovered,  or  noticed  ;  so  as  not 
to  be  discerned  ;  imperceptibly. 

"Death  has  undisccrnedli/  stolen  upon  them." — 
Boyle:   Works,  ii.  447. 


f&te,  f?it,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot» 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule»  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e  :  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


undiscernibie-  undissembling 


305 


un-dis-oem  i-ble,    *  un  -  dis  -  cern-  a  - 

ble  (c  as  z),  a.     IPref.    un-  (1),   and  Eug. 

1.  Incapable  of  bciiit;    discerned,   seen,   or 
discovered  ;  invisible,  imperceptible. 

"Tint  biiildiirj  umlitrfiriuib'e  hy  niortitll  eyes."— 
Hooker  :  Of  Justification,  5  US. 

"^  2.  Not  to  bo  snen  through ;  not  to  liave 
one's  deeds  perceived. 

"  To  tliiiik  T  L-nn  l-e  HmlHcpmibte" 

Sh'ifcc^p.  :  A/fiisitri'  /or  Mansttre,  v,  l. 

iin-dis-cern -i-We-neas  (c  as  z\s.  [Kw^. 
iindi.'cernihle.;  -nvss.]  The  quality  or  3tate  of 
being  undiscernibie. 

■'  Tlielr  reiiirttene&s.  aubtilltj',  and  uMrfi««Tii<ftf<- 
jirss.  •-A7/(S.-  Kn  'wlcdgc  of  flivinc  Thinys,  p.  64. 

un  dis  cern'-i-bly.      un-di§-cern -a- 

bly  (C  a>  2),  adv.  [Eng.  uiidlsccraibilc);  -hj.] 
In  an  undiscernibie  manner;  invisibly,  im- 
pevc'-ptibly. 

'■  Willie  one  h.ibit  lessens,  iinother  may  undtscern- 
ib!/j  mtre.ise."— riy/or:  Itl.  of  /iepciitttiife,  ch.  v.,  §  h. 

un-dis-oern'-ing  (c  as  z),  «.  [Prof,  un-  (l), 
and  Eng.  discrrning.]  Not  discerning ;  not 
niakiuL'  just  illstinctions  ;  wanting  in  or  not 
exercising  judgment  or  _diseernnient. 

"  These  uiilaimiieB,  inileeil.  could  find  credit  only 
with  tlie  i(»di«cfr»(«j/ uuiltituile.  ■— .l/iic«u(a^;  HixC 
Eng.,  ch.  iv. 

un-diS'Charged',  n.    [Pref.  imi*  (l),  andEng. 

1.  Xntdis(!harged ;  not  dismissed  ;  not  freed 
from  obligation. 

"  Those  we  must 
Hi-ld  still  in  reftdiness  mid  uiidUchttrged." 

Ben  Jonson  :  Sejanus,  v.  3. 

2.  Not  fulfilled ;  not  carried  out :  as,  a  duty 

undischarged. 

un-dis-9i-plin-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  di.'^ciiiliiiKblf.]  Not  able  to  be  dis- 
ciplined ;  not  susceptible  of  discii>line. 

"  Sngh  a.s  are  itndisci/tUnahle.  are.  after  some  years 
of  jirubiitioii,  sent  nwjiy," — Hale:  Coiitcnp.  ;  Of  Self- 
Dtniinl 

un-dis-9X-plined,   ".     [Vwi.   un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  disciplined.]  Nut  disciplined  ;  not  duly 
exerciseii,  trained,  or  taught ;  not  brought 
under  discipline  ;  untrained,  raw. 


un-dis-CI6se',  v.t.      [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
disdosr..]    Not  to  dl.sclose ;   to  keep  close  or 

secret. 

•■  Whate'er  there  be  between  you  ujidiscloxed." 

liyron  :  tarn,  \.  23. 

un-dlS-Com-fit-ed,  n.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eug.  discomfited .]  Not  discomlited,  defeated, 
ui'  routed. 


'  un-dis-cord'-ant,   a.     [Pref.  jnt- (I),  and 

Eng.  iiisrurd>xat.\     Not  discordant. 

■  un-dxs-cord'-ihg,  a.     [Prt-f.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  dlscoi-ding.\  Not  disagreeing,  discordant, 
or  dissonant. 

"  We  on  e.irth.  with  utidiscording  voice, 
M.iy  Tightly  answer  that  niehidiona  Moiae." 

Milton  :  At  a  Solemn  .}fusic. 

'  un-dis-cour'-aged.  n.  [Pref.  iru-(]).  and 
Eng.  disruiimgal'.]  Not  discouraged  ;  undis- 
mayed. 

"  .Mr.  Banks  however  returned,  undUcouraffed  by 
his  first  exiieditiitn."—Cooft;  Firtt  Voyage.    (lutrod.) 

"  iin-dis-cbursed',-  a.     [Pref.   loi-  (l),  and 

Eng.  di^t-ourscd.]  Not  discoursed  of;  not 
made  the  subject  of  discourse,  or  discussion  ; 
silent. 

••  We  wnnUl  submit  .  .  .  with  undUcoursed  obedi- 
ence."—//'J.A-<?(     Life  of  WilltantH,  i.  180. 

un-dis-c6v'-er-a-ble,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eng.  discocvntblc]  Not  discoverable  ;  in- 
capable of  being  discovei'ed. 

■•  An  easy,  nttditcovernble  chent."— Rogers,     {Todd.) 

■  Un-dis-c6v'-er-a-bly,  adr.     [Eng.  nndis- 

cover(dj(le) :  dy]  In  an  undiscovemble  man- 
ner ;  so  as  not  to  be  capable  of  discovery. 

"Secretly  and  uitdiscovnrably  soliciting  my  soul  to 
Bin  ayaiuat  tUee."~S<tle:  .Veditations  upon  the  Lord's 
Pruyer. 

iin-dis-cov'-ered.   a.      [Pief.  nn-  (i),  and 

En.i:.   ■U.-'i, ci.rt^d.]     N..t,  disd-vered  ;    not  seen 
or  di.'si-iird  ;  unknown  ;  not  found  out. 
"  Thou  opeiicst  the  myBterlouR  gate 
Into  the  future's  undist-ovcred  land." 

LongfeUow:  To  a  Child. 


'  un  dis-creet',  '  un  discrete,  a.  [Pief. 
un-  (IJ,  and  Eng,  ilisciret.j  Nnt  discreet ;  in- 
discreet, imprudent. 

■'  [  f  thou  1)0  arnonK  the  nndiscrvet.  olworve  the  time." 
—  A'.c/ds,  xxvii.  vi. 

'  iin-dis-creet'-ly,  'idi\  (Eng.  U7idiscrret ; 
-lij.l  In  an  indiscreet  manner;  indiscreetly, 
imprudently. 


"  un-dis-creet'-ness,  s.  [Eng.  undiscreet ; 
-ntS'i.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  indis- 
creet ;  indiscreetness. 

"The    heddie  iiitUiserfetttesse   of    the    oratonra."— 
UdttI .  Apoph.  qf  Britsmnn,  p.  a-je. 

*  iin-dis-cre -tion,  '  un-dis-crc  ti  oun. 

.N\  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  dis^nrtiun.]  Tlie 
quality  or  state  nf  being  indiscreet ;  indiscre- 
tion. 

"  III  great  folly  nud  ttndiscrethmn." 

Lyilffitle  :  Story  of  Thibet,  pt.  lii. 

iin-dis-crim'-in-at  ihg,  a.    [Pref.  un-i\\ 

and    Eng.    discriminating.]     Not  discriminat- 
ing ;  notdistingiiishingor making  adiflerence. 
'■  Hurl  the  tspear 
At  ouce  with  nndiscriminating  aim," 

Cowper  :  Homer;  Odyssey  xxii. 

*  un-dis-ciissed',   «.      [Pref.  %in-  (1),   and 

En^'.  disriii^cd.]    Not  discussed;  not  argued 

or  aebiit(;d. 

■■  No  circumstance  veiui\\\\snndisctissed."—Bp.  Hull  : 
Christ  Transfigured,  pt.  ii. 

**  un~di'Sea^ed',  a.     [Pref,  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
diifmsed.'l    Free  from  disease. 
"  Tlie  vigorous  race 

Of  umliAeaged  iiiaiikiiid."        Byron  :  Miuifred,  iii,  2. 

*  iin-dis-f ig'-ured,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  disfigured.]  Not  disfigured;  free  from 
disfigurement. 

"  Yet  ititdisiigur'd  or  in  limb  or  face, 
AM  fresh  he  lies,  with  every  liviug  grace." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xxiv.  60d. 

un-dis-gra9ed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
disgraced.]    Not  disgraced ;  free  from  disgrace. 

"  So  may  our  country's  name  be  nnditgraced." 
Birron:  Childe  Harold,  li.  93. 

un-dis-gui^'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (I),  and 
Eng.  disgiiisidib.]  X..t  disgnisable ;  not  cap- 
able of  lii.'ing  disL^nisi.-'!. 

un-dis-guised',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
diti'jnist-d.]  Not  disguised  ;  not  covered  or 
liidden,  as  with  a  inark  or  false  outward 
show  ;  hence,  open,  frank,  plain. 

"  The  very  truth  I  imdi-tgnUd  declare." 

I'li/tr:  :  Homer;  Odf/ssey  xvii.  IS. 

'  iin  -  dis  -  hon'  cured,  '  un-dis-hon- 
orcd  (/'  silent),  '(.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dishonoured.]  Not  dishonoured,  not  disgraced. 

"  still  undisJtonotir'd,  or  by  word  or  deed, 
Tliy  house,  for  nie,  remains." 

Pope:  Homer;  Odyssey  \\n.  350. 

*  un-dis-j<^ed'«  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 
disjoined.]  Not  disjoined ;  not  disunited, 
separated,  or  parted. 

"  While  yet  the  plauks  sustain 
This  tempest  uiidisjoin'd,  I  will  abide." 

Cowper.'  Homer;  Odyssey  v. 

iin-dis-may'-a-ble»  a.    [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 

Eng.  dismayifbh'.]    Tliat  cannot  be  dismayed; 

fearless. 


un-dis-mayed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
'lismnyrd.]  Ni.t  dismayed  ;  not  terrified  ;  not 
disheartened  or  daunted. 

"  Ulysses,  iindismay'd. 
Soou  with  redoubled  force  the  wuund  repaid." 

Pope  :  Homer :  Odyssey  xix.  528. 

"  un-dis-missed'.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dismiss&l.]  Not  dismissed;  not  sent 
away  or  discharged. 

"  Their  valiaut  band 
Still  undlsmiss'd,  Achilles  thus  bespake." 

Cowper:  Homer;  lliud  xxiii. 

•*  un-dis-O-bllg'-ing,  «.  [Pref.  -nn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  disobliging.]  Not  disobliging ;  inoffen- 
sive. 

"  All  this  he  would  have  expatiated  ujran.  with  con- 
nexions of  the  discourses,  and  the  most  easy,  undis- 
obligiftg  tmnsitluus."— Broonu-. 

"*  ^n-dis-patgbed',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dispatched.]  Not  transacted,  completed, 
or  carried  through. 

■'  (The  bill]  lay  tmdispatched,  by  reason  that  sessi'ius 
ended  within  two  or  three  days  after  it  cauic  liefore 
tUeni."~Stry/je  :  Kccfe.i.  ife^n.  lidw.  Vl.  (an,  l.'.<8). 


*  iin-dis~pens -able,  a. 

Eng.  dispensable.] 


[Pref.  un-  (1),  and 


1.  T^1t  canimt  be  disprns'-d  with ;   indis- 
pensable. 

"  '['blni^  wherennto  dvcrl asthiit.  Immutable  undit- 
pt-ntabtn  obavrvatiou  did  bcloni;,  —Hooker:  Kivltis. 
Pol.,  bk.  vil. 

2.  Unavoidable. 

A  necessary  and  ri 
iifler. 

3.  Excluded  from  dispensation. 

*  iin-diS'pensed',  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  diapeiised.] 

1.  Not  dispensed. 

2.  Not  freed  from  ..bligation. 

*  iln-dis-pens'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  dispensing.]  Not  allowing  to  be  dis- 
jieiised  with. 

"Sucli  an  fiiidtsf)enjiliiiT  covenant  a-*  Mosea  mailc."— 
Milt-jti :  /tort,  of  Dioorce.  >>k.  ii..  cb.  v. 

*  iin-dis-persed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  dispersed.]  Not  dispersed;  not  scat- 
tered ;  indispersed. 

"  We  have  all  the  redolence  of  the  iierfumea  wc  buru 
upon  his  itltara  ;  the  smoke  doth  vanish  ere  it  can 
reach  the  sky;   and  whilst  it   i"-  unditpersed   it  but 

clouds  it."— /(o<//f. 

*  iin-dis-pit'-e-oiis.  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dispiteous.]  Not  unfeeling;  not  heart- 
less or  cruel. 

"  For  saue  onely  a  looke  piteous. 
Of  WAjiti:iu\iem\  undispifeous.'      Cliiiucer  .■  I>r«me. 

^  un-dis-played',    a.      [Pref.    un-    (1),   and 
Eng.  displayed.]  Not  displayed  ;  not  unfurled  ; 
furled. 
"  Their  tlashiug  banners,  folded  still  on  high. 
Vet  undiiplity'd.'        Byron:  Heitacn  *  L'arth.  i.  3, 

*  iin-dis-plea^ed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  displeased.]  Not  displeased,  offended, 
or  angered. 

"  rndisplcasnd  he  of  time  past." 

Chnuver :  Dreme. 

*  iin-dis-pdi^e',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
dispose.)    To  disincline;  to  make  indisposed. 

un-dis-pd^ed;  a.     [Pref.   mi-  (1),  and  Eng. 

disposed.] 

*  1.  Indisposed ;  having  tlie  health  some- 
what out  of  order. 
''2.  Not  disposed  ;  not  inclined. 

'■  1  shall  break  that  merry  sconce  of  vonrs. 
That  stands  ou  tricks,  when  1  iim  undisposed." 
.Shiikesp. :  Comedy  of  Errors,  i.  2. 

3.  Not  disposed  of;  not  set  apart,  appro 
piiated,  or  allorated.     (With  of.) 

"  One  remained  undisposeitof—Cook :  Tlurd  Voyage 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  vii. 

*  un-dis-p6s'-ed-ness,s.  [Eng.  undisposed; 
■  n^■ss.]  The  quality  of  being  undispo.sed  oi'  in- 
disposed ;  imJi-spusition. 

"*  un-dis-punged',  a.  [Pr.-f.  un-  (l).  and 
Eng.  dispnnge.il.]     Nut  expunged. 

"Thedefence  should  remain  «nd/s/Jun(7C(Z."—flactc( . • 
Life  of  Williams,  ii.  Vio. 

"*  iin-dis-put'-a-ble,  a.    [Pi-ef.  lui-  (i),  and 

En-.  .tt<j.Hro.bU.]  Not  disputable;  notably  to 
he  disputed  or  not  permitted  to  be  disputed  ; 
that  cannot  be  disputed,  questioned,  or  eon- 
trovevted ;  indisputable,  unquestionable. 

"  Some  of  the  ii\>j<i  arrant  iindispuUdAc  blockheads." 
~Addiso7i  r  Spectator,  No.  o8. 

un-dis-put'-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  undisput- 
able  ;  -ucss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ii>- 
disputable  or  nndispntabie  ;  indisputableness. 

iin-dis-put'-ed»  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
disputed.]  Not  clisputed,  questioned,  contro- 
verted or  contested. 

"His  abilities,  lii<<  experience,  an<I  bis  mnuiflccnt 
kindness,  made  him  the  undisputed  chief  of  the  re- 
fugeea."—  .Muvniility      llitt,  Eng.,  ch,  XJv. 

*  un-dis-put'-ed-ly,  adv.  (Eng.  undisputed; 

■lit.]     Indisj'ulably.  un(inestioiiably. 

*  un-dis-qui'-et-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dijiquieted.)  Not tiisquieted, discomposed, 
or  alarmed. 

■■  If  y.iu.  O  Parthians,  nndisi/ulcted. 
I  ever  left  '  .M.ij/.    luntu  .    rhtrs'iUa.  viii. 

un-dis-sem'-bled  (bledasbeld),  a.  [Pref. 
H)t-(l),  and  Eng.  dissembled.]  Notilissembled; 
oi>en,  undisguised,  unfeigned. 

*■  Undissembfed  hnU^." 

Milton:  Sutitaon  Anonistes,  40b. 

iin-dis-sem'-blxng.  a.  [Pief.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  dissembling.]  Not  disst-mbhng ;  free 
from  dissimulation  ;  open,  honest. 

•■  His  undiuembliii.)  heart." 

Vowper  :  Coimers'ition,  710. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell.  cborus,  9hin.  bench;  go.  gem;  tbin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  e:^ist.    ph  =  t, 
-<sian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -^ion,  -sion  =  zhiin.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die,  A:c.  =  bel,  deL 


308 


3U6 


undisseveied— undoing 


i-dis-tinct'-ly,  adv.     [Pref.  mi-  (1),  and 
ig.  dislinctly.]    Not  distinctly; 


;  indistinctly, 


'  un  dto-sdv  erod,  '  iin-de  scv'-ered, 

II.  ll'rrf.  UH- (l>.  ;iii»i  l-*!';-;-  d*i>tit.ul.\  Nut 
siVinU  ur  divid.-a  ;  united. 

"  1(  th«-)-  ili>  Ns^nkl  uNJa*#ivro>f.  no  (orc«  enii  well 
witb*Uiul  Uivui."— fallen,  lu  A'ttj.  Oitmer.  lit.  Ilu. 

'  an-dlB -Si-pat-ed,  a.    IPref.  mi-  (1).  and 

f.n^.  <ii.vii>i/*'d.I    Notdissijiatod  or  scattoivd. 

•■Sucli  Illtlp  |irim«ry  uifusm  m  our  pwiMwltiuii 
lu^iitluuft,  iiiiij  rciiinlu  uniiiulpatfd,''—Hogle. 

*  iin-dif -f6lV-4-ble,  a.    [Prcf.  toi-  (1),  and 

Kiij;.  (/(j^o/ittb/e.  1 

1.  Not  dissolvable  ;  incapable  of  being  dis- 
solved ».)r  nudtfd. 

•  2.  Incapable  of  being  dissolved,  broki-n. 
or  lo*»sened ;  indissolvable. 

•■  That  holj-  knot,  which,  ty'd  once,  nil  mnukind 
Agrre  to  hold  Bi\cred  nud  untlUsuttxtble." 

Hqux  :  Tamirrlant;  iii. 

un-dis-^olved;  a.    [Pief.  «"-  (0.  -iiKi  K»'t^- 

1.  Not  dissolved  ;  not  melted. 

"  The  snowy  welebt 
Lies  undittoJped.'  Cotcper:  Tatk.  v.  'j5. 

2.  Not  dissolved,  broken,  or  loosened. 

•■  Thnt  firm  nnd  undiuolved  knt>t, 
Bctulxt  their  n(it;libriiiK  Freiuh  nud  l>oid  niie 
Scot."        Drayton :  Huetn  habel  to  Mortimer. 

*  &n-dif-fOlV-ing,  «.  [Piof.  un-il),  and  Kug. 
(Ussolviiuj.)     Not  dissolving;  not  melting. 

"  Where  undiaolving,  from  the  first  of  time, 
buows  »well  on  suows  nmazlu^  t"  tlie  sky.' 

Thcnnnon :  Winter,  yiM 

•  iin-dis-tSm'-pered,  n.    [Pref.  mi-  (i),  and 

Kng.  ilUtcmpend.]  Free  from  distemper, 
disease,  or  perturbation;  not  disorganized, 
disordered,  di.scased,  or  disturbed. 

•'  With  und%»tem)i<!reti  nnd  unclouded  spirit" 

WortUicorth  :  iLZciirsion,  !ik.  v. 

'  fin-dis-tinct'-ive,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Kns.  di6rinctivi\]  Making  no  distinctions; 
indiscrimiuatiRg. 

-  un 

Km 

indefinitely,  indiscriminately. 

"Biimllinij  undiitinctlij  crimes  with  erroiu-s," — 
Booker:  Ecclet.  Politie.  bk.  v..  §  es. 

•  ftn-dis-titt'-guish-a-We  (gu  as  gw),  <». 

[Prof.  Hii-(l),  and  Eng.  distinpuishobk.]  Nut 
distinguisliable;  notable  to  be  distinguished  ; 
iudistinguishable. 

"  An  hifltieiice  Inscrutable,  aud  generally  nndU- 
tinjuish'ihle  liy  ■a3."—Pale!/:  EvUlenves  of  Cliristkm- 
itf/'.  }<{.  ill,.  I'll.  viii. 

•un-dis-tin'-gTiish-a-bly  (gu  as  gw), 

adv.  [Eng.  iindistinguif'hah(!':) :  -lii.]  In  an 
undistinguisbable  manner;  so  as  not  to  be 
able  to  be  distinguished  or  known  apart ;  in- 
discriminately. *^ 

"  Hfita  .  .  .  tindistinffrthhabli/  worn  by  suldiei?, 
enquires,  Scc."~Tatler,  So.  2T0. 

undiS'tin'-guished  (gu  as  gw),  a.'  [Pref. 

tiu-  (1),  and  Eng.  distinguished.] 

1,  Without  any  distinctive  mark  or  sign ; 
so  as  not  to  be  distinguished  or  discerned. 

**  All  undUtinfittUfird  in  the  glade, 
lUy  Biiea'  glau  home  is  prostrate  l.iid." 

icofr ;  /iokebi/,  v.  10. 

2.  Not  distinguished  ;  not  so  marked  as  to 
be  known  from  each  other ;  not  defined  or 
discriminated. 

"From  pole  to  pole  is  undistinguished  blaze." 

Thomson:  Summer,  -136. 

*  3.  Not  treated  with  any  particular  respect. 

"  Even  mighty  Pam  .  .  .  now  destitute  of  aid, 
Falla  uudittimj fished  by  the  v:ctorSi>ade  \" 

J'opc:  liape  of  the  Lock,  ill  64. 

4.  Not  separated  or  distinguished  from 
others  by  any  extraordinary  quality  or  emi- 
nence ;  not  eminent,  not  famous, 

"  CndistinffiiiaJied  from  tlie  crowd 
By  we;dth  or  dignity."  Cowper  ■  Task.  i.  592. 

'  5.  Incalculable,  unaccountable. 

"O  iiiidiitinguished  space  of  womnu's  will  I" 

Shakesp. :  Lear,  iv.  C. 

^-dlfl-tin'-guish-ing  (gu  as  gw),  «. 

[Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  disCinguhhiiuj.]  Nut 
distinguishing  or  diseiiminating;  making  no 
distinction  or  difference. 

"Wit,  uttdistinffuishiiig.  ia  apt  to  strike 
The  guilty  and  uot  guilty.  Uith  alike.  ' 

Vowper ;  Table  Talk,  101. 

^un-dis-tort-ed,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  distorted.]  Not  distorted,  twisted,  or 
wrenched. 

"The  undistnrted  siigceHtionB  of  his  own  heart.'— 
More:  Song  of  the  Soul.    (Pref.) 

un-dJs-trict'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  ini-  (1),  and 
En.;,   ilistnictcd.]    Not  distiucted ;    not  p(_r- 


l.lexfd     by    eimtrariety    or     multiplicity    of 
thoughts  or  decrees. 

"  To  ndnilt  him  to  a  yet  cIinMT,  a  niorv  iinin*«liTiU- 
nnd  mure  utidtstracltd  comuuuiuu  with  himself.  — 
Boifle :   It'orkt,  1.  2T6. 

•fin-dls-trftot'-ed-ly,  ftdr.  (Eng.  vndi-i- 
tnti-tt:d :  -/,(/.)  In  an  uridistract^'d  mannt;r; 
without  distractit»n  or  perplexity  from  con- 
trariety or  multiplicity  of  thoughts  or  desin-s. 

■•  To  devote  theniBelvos  more  undistractedly  to  Gud. ' 
—iiojite :   Works,  I.  '2^. 

•  un-diB-tract-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  iindis- 
tnutcd  :  -/t.\.-\l  Til..'  quality  or  state  of  being 
fiee  from  distnxctioii. 

"  Ti>  tlisturb  tli;»t  calmness  of  raind  and  tiiiditlrtict<-d- 
tirsM  ft  tlii.ui;lit  that  arc  wont  to  lie  leqiiisite  to  happy 
Bi>eculatlon.i."-«"j//f.    Works,  i.  a.     (To  the  Reader.) 

un-dis -tract' -ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and 
Eng.  di.stntrtiuij.]  Not  distracting  ;  not  draw- 
ing tlie  mind  towards  a  variety  of  objects. 

"  It  were  good  we  uaed  more  easy  ami  uudUtrartiti'j 
dilU'eiice  for  the  increasing  o(  these  treasures."— 
Leighton  :  Kxpos,  Lrc(.  on  Psalm  xix. 

tin-dis-tressed',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
ilistrtsscd.]  Free  from  agitation,  anxiety,  or 
distress  of  mind. 


un-dis-trib'-u-ted,  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 

Eng.  di:<trihnt,'d.] 

1.  Ord.  Imh'j.  :  Not  distributed. 

2.  Logic:  (See  the  ctiuipound). 

undistributed-middle,  ^<. 

Logic  :  A  fallacy  arising  from  a  violation  of 
the  rule  that  the  middle  term  nnist  be  dis- 
tributed (i.e.,  by  being  the  subject  of  a  uni- 
versal or  the  predicate  of  a  negative  proposi- 
tion) at  least  once  iu  the  premises.  The 
subjoined  syllogism  exemplifies  this  fallacy  ; 

Rome  animals  are  beasts  ; 

Some  animals  are  birds ;  therefore 

Some  birds  are  beasts. 

iin-dis-turbed',  a.    [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  Eng. 

disturbrd.] 

1.  Not  disturbed,  moved,  agitated,  or  thrown 
out  of  place  or  order. 

"  Which,  once  built,  retains  a  itttadfast  ahape, 
And  undisturb'd  proinjrtious." 

Wordsujorth :  £xcursioii,  bk.  v. 

2.  Free  fron\  disturbance,  interference,  or 
interruption  ;  unmolested,  uninterrupted. 

"  Hia  Queen  retired  that  evening  to  the  nunnery  of 
Cbaillot,  where  she  could  weep  and  pray  Hiirf/sf«r6e</." 
—Macaula!/:  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xxv. 

3.  Calm,  tranquil,  peaceful, 

"  Where  dark  and  iiiitlisttiyb'd  repose 
The  cormorant  bad  found," 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Isles,  iv.  11. 

4.  Free  from  perturbation  of  mind  ;  calm, 
tranquil ;  not  agitated. 

"  To  be  undisturbed  in  danger,  sedately  to  consider 
what  is  fittest  to  be  done,  and  to  execute  it  steadily, 
isaconiplex  idea  ofanaction,  which  may  exist." — Locke. 

'  un~dis-turb'-ed-ly.  cfdr.  [Eng.  undis- 
ttirbedhj.]  In  an  undisturbed  manner;  calmly, 
peacefully,  tranciuilly. 

"  Cndistiirbidly  enjoyuiiig  the  accommodations  of 
their  state." — Harrow :  Sermons,  vol.  i.,  ser.  2. 

^  un-dis-turb'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  midis- 
turhed  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
undisturbed ;  calmness,  peacefulness. 

"That  calmness  and  t(Hrf*s(ur&cdne«,\vitli  which  you 
would  have  our  addresses  to  God  uuaccompauied." — 
Lfr.  Siiitpe :  Letter  to  Up.  ffoadlg. 

*  un-dis-turb'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  disUirhiiig.]  Not  disturbing;  not  caus- 
ing disturbance. 

"  The  puuctu.al  stars 
Advance,  and  in  the  brmaiuent  of  heaven 
Glitter— but  uiutisturbinfi,  undisturbed." 

Wordsworth  :  Excursion,  bk.  viii. 

*  un-di-vers'-i-fi-cat-ed,   *  iin-di-ver'- 

si-fied,  (r.  [Pief.  -ini-  (1),  and  Eng.  diver- 
sify i  -i:n(cd,  or  divcvsijied.]  Not  diversified; 
not  varied ;  uniform. 

"The  idea  of  a  mere  undiversi/ied  substance." — 
More;  Immort.  of  the  Soul,  bk.  i.,  ch.  ii. 

iin-di-vert'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cZire/ftf?.] 

1.  Not  diverted  ;  not  turned  aside. 

"  These  grounds  have  not  any  patent  passages, 
whereby  to  derive  water  and  fatness  fruui  the  river, 
and  therefore  must  suffer  the  greatest  part  of  it  to  ruu 
by  them  undiverted."— Boyle :   Works,  li.  408. 

2.  Not  anmsed,  entertained,  or  pleased. 

*  un-di-vest -ed-iy,  adv.  [Pref.  «»-  (1), 
Eng.  divested;  -Jij.]  Free  from,  without. 
(Followed  by  of.) 

"  Aa  itndit'estediy  as  (Kissible  of  favour  or  resent- 
ment."—A' jfA'irrfsoii  .■  Cturissa,  ii.  84. 


fin-di-vid'-a-ble, "  un-di-vide'-a-ble,  tu 

&,  s.     [Prcf  'un-  (1),  and  Eng.  divtduiih:] 

A.  As  adj. :  Not  dividable  ;  not  able  to  be 
divided;  imlivisible.  (Sluikesp. :  Comedy  of 
Errors,  ii.  2.) 

'  B.  --is  subst. :  Something  which  cannot  be 
divided. 

"  Ri-duciiig  the  tiHdinideables  into  monej*." — Jarvis  : 
Do>i  iiuixotc.  pt.  ii,,  l>k.  v..  ch,  ix. 

un-di-vid'-ed,  a.    [[Pref.  wn-  (l),  and  En«. 
divided.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Not  divided  into  parts;  not  separated, 
disjoined,  sundered,  or  disunited  ;  whole,  un- 
broken. 

"  Let  me  confess  that  we  two  must  be  twain. 
Although  uur  unUit'iUcd  luves  are  one." 

a/iakesp. :  Sonnet  36> 

2.  Not  made  separate  and  limited  to  a  par- 
ticular sum:  as.  To  own  an  undivided  share 
of  a  business. 

II,  Botany: 

1.  (Of  a  leaf) ;  Not  lobed,  parted,  cleft,  ov 
cut ;  entire. 

2.  (Ofafitem):  Unbranched. 

*  iin-di-vid'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  undivided; 
•ly.]    In  an  undivided  manner. 

"Creation,  nature,  relicion,  law  and  iKilicy,  ni.-ike:*- 
them  undividcUly  oue."~feltham :  Un  Luke  xi\ .  Ju, 

*  iin-di-vid'-u-al,  *  un-di-vid'-u-all,  a^ 

[Prcf  ((u-  (1),  ;iM*l  Eng.  dividual.]     Iniiipablf 
ot  being  divided  ;  indivisible,  inseparable. 

"  Indeed  true  couiiige  and  cnuttesie  .are  undividunll 
companions.  —Fuller:   Worthies;   Worcestershire. 

*  un-di-vin'-a-ble,   «.    [Pref.   nn-  (1),  and 

Eiig.  diviniiliti'.]    Not  divinable  ;  not  capablL 
ot  being  divined  or  guessed. 

*  im-di-vine',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng, 
divi]ie,  a.]    Not  divine,  not  godly. 

"  I'ndivine  and  unchristian."— Berttr/rjr/ .■  Alciphron, 

dial.  v..  §  I'j. 

*  un-di- vine' -like,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  divindil;e.]     Unlike  a  divine. 

"  How  undivinelikcvivitten." — Hilton  :  Ans.  toEikoif 
nuailike.  §  IT. 

^  un-di-vi^'-i-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
divisibh'.]  Not  divisible,  not  capable  of  being 
divided,  indivisible. 

"  That  the  soule  is  utidiuisible."—Sir  T.  Moore 
irortes,  p.  1,131. 

'^  iin-di-v6r9ed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng^ 
divorecd.]    Not  divorced  ;  not  separated. 

"  These  died  together. 
Hai>py  in  ruin  !  ujiUivorc'd  by  death  ! " 

Young  :  Sight  Thoughts,  v.  I,o.s7. 

un-di-viilged',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
divulged.]     Not  divulged;  not  revealed. 

"The  noble  Lord  aeemed  al«.ays  to  have  some  anony- 
mous bugey  or  undivulged  monster  on  hand." — J'r-f- 
/■'au-cctt,  iu  Times,  June  12.  1874. 

iin-dd',  v.t.     [Pref.  nn-  (2),.  and  Eng.  do.] 

1.  To  reverse,  as  something  whicli  has  been 
done  ;  to  annul ;  to  briiag  to  nought. 

"  rndoing  past  events,  or  producing  contrary  ones." — 
Search  :  Light  of  A'ature,  vol.  ii.,  pt.  i.,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  To  unfasten,  to  untie,  to  unloose,  to  un- 
fix, to  loose. 

•*  I'ndo  that  wicket  by  thy  side  !" 

Scott:  Jiokeby,  v.  29. 

*  3.  To  find  an  answer  or  explanation  to  ; 
to  solve. 

"  By  which  time  our  secret  be  utidone." 

Shakesp,  :  Pericles,  i.  1. 

4.  To  bring  ruin  or  destmetion  upon  ;  tt^ 
ruin  ;  to  destroy  the  morals,  character,  repu- 
tation, or  prospects  of;  to  destroy,  to  spoil. 

"  Why,  masters,  my  good  friends,  mine  honest  neigb- 
Will  you  undo  yourselves?  "  hours. 

Shakesp.  :  Coriolanus,  i.  1. 

*  5.  To  surpass. 

"  Which  lames  report  ta  follow  it,  and  undoes  de- 
scription ta  do  it." — Shakesp. :   Winter's  Tale,  v.  2. 

*  6.  Not  to  do ;  to  leave  undone  or  unexe- 
cuted. (In  this  sense  from  pref.  un-  (1),  and 
do.) 

"  What  to  your  wisdom  seenietli  best. 
Do  or  undo,  as  if  ouraelf  were  here. ' 

Shakesp.  :  1!  Henry  IV.,  iii.  I. 

un-dock',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  doek.] 
To  take  or  bring  out  of  dock. 

un-do'-er,  s.  [Eng.  undo;  -cr.]  One  who 
undoes  or  opens  ;  one  who  reverses  what  has 
been  done  ;  one  who  ruins. 

un-do-ing,    *  un-do-ynge,  iv.  par.,   a., 

&  .V.     [Undo,] 


X^te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
Syris^i,     C2,  CO  -  e ;  cy  -  a ;  qu  —  kw. 


undomestic— undulant 


;iu7 


'  i>4  •&  B.  As  pr.  par,  £  )>nrticip.  adj. :  (See 
thf  verb). 
C.  .Js  substantive : 

1.  The  reversal  of   that  which    has    been 
lone. 

2.  Ruin,  destruction. 

"  His  triuiniili  w.inIJ  hn  his  nnitoinff.''—ifatMulag: 
II, St.  y.'uj  .  tit   -\\i. 

un-do-mes  -tic,  «.  (I'l-ef.  ?t»-  (i),  and 
Kiig.  'h.mfstic.\  Not  domestic;  not  caring 
tor  iionie  life  or  duties. 

"Tlie  nnAnmestic  .Aniini'minu  claiiie." 
Cti\nh,rUti\d  :  Kpih-jtw  to  footiit  JtaitI  of  Bath. 

iin-do-mes'-ti-cate,  r./.  [Pref.  mi-  (:;), 
and  Eni:.  domKstii:ate.\  To  render  nn.lomesti«_' ; 
to  estrange  from  home  life  or  duties. 

"  The  turn  our  sex  t-»ke  in  ttwdoyncttU'iithiQ  thfiii- 
selves."— A(c7i(«r</*0H  .-  .sjr  C.  (intiidison.  ii.  II. 

un-d6-mes-ti-cat-ed»  c      [Pref.   nn-  (i), 

aiM  EuS.iio.-n,:stirutrd.\ 

1.  Not  domesticated  :  not  accustomed  t()  a 
family  life. 

2.  Not  tamed. 

undone',  jxt.  par.  &  a.    [Undo.] 

A.  As  jm.  par. :  (See  tlie  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Not  done,  performed,  or  executed  ;  un- 
performed. 

■'  It  shows  yon  whence  he  comes,  whither  he  goea  ; 
Whitt  lie  leaves  uiidoiii- ;  ftlso  what  he  «h>e9.  ' 

Buns/an:  A  polony. 

2.  Ruined,  destroyed. 


" un-doomed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Etig. 
diiomed.]     Nut  doomed  or  fated. 

■Tiilit  for  earth.  iuidi>om'il  fur  henveii." 

DyroH  :  The  Oiaoitr. 

*  un- doubt '-a- We  (h  silent),  a.  [Pref  nn- 
(1),  and  Y.T\z.' doubtable.]  Not  to  be  doubted; 
indubitable. 

"To  shew  an  vndonbtablc  trueth  vuto  them  all."— 
Ida!  :  Luke  xxiv. 

un-doubt'-ed  {h  silent),  «.  &  adc.    [Pref.  na- 
(1),  and  Eng.  doubted.] 
A,  As  adjective : 

I.  Not  donbted  ;    not  called  in  question; 
indubitable,  indisputable. 

"ytjitutes  which  were  still  of  undoubted  validitii."— 
Macaulay  :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch,  vi. 

*  2.  Not  fdled  with  doubt  or  fear ;  fearless, 
contident. 

"  H.-irdy  and  undoubted  championi." 

ShakfSf.  :  3  Hfnry  VI..  V.  7. 

*3.  Not  feared  for. 

*■  Bmve  Burgundy,  u/idoubted  hopeof  France." 

Shakesp. :  I  Uenry  17..  iii.  3. 

*4.  Not  being  an  object  of  doubt  or  sus- 
picion ;  unsuspected. 

■■  Uuquestioned  welcome,  and  undoubted  blest." 

:ihakesp. :  Alls  IVell  that  Ends  Wdl.  u.  1. 

*  B.  As  adv. :  Undoubtedly. 

"  rniloiibted  it  were  moche  better  to  be  occn|iyed 
in  honest  recreation  than  to  do  nothyug."— Sir  T. 
Elyot  :  Govemour,  bk.  i„  ch.  xxvi. 

un-doubt'-ed-l^ (6  silent),  ''un-doubt- 

ed-lie,  adv.  [Eng.  undoubted  ;  -}y.\  Without 
doubt;  beyond  all  doubt;  in  a  maiintT  tliat 
cannot  be  doubted  ;  of  such  a  character  (hat  it 
cannot  be  doubted  ;  indubitably. 

•'  The  sovereign  was  undoubfpdly  conii>eteiit  to  remit 
Iieii.ilties  without  limit"— JltU'nilni/  :  Hht.  A'uy., 
th.  i. 

-  un-doubt'-ful,'un-doubt'-full  (b  siknt), 
o.     [Pref.  nil-  (I),  and  Eng.  douhtJuL] 

1.  Not  to  be  doubted ;  not  ambiguous ; 
plain,  indisputable,  certain. 

•'  And  ]ast«  he  proniiselh  very  true  and  undoithtfull 
hope  to  hym  self  of  the  tleaire  that  he  asketh." — 
J-'iihcr:  Sirveii  Psalmes,  Ps.  li, 

2.  Not  doubting ;  harbouring  no  doubt  or 
suspicion  ;  unsuspicious. 

"Our  husbands  raighthave  looked intoourthotights 
and  made  themselves  ciiidoiibt/ul."—Beimm.  i  Fler, 

un- doubt '-ing  {b  silent)  a.  [Pref.  vu-  (i), 
and  Eng.  doubting.]  Not  doubting,  not  hesi- 
tating respecting  facts ;  not  Huctuating  or 
wavering  in  uncertainty  ;  confident. 

"  His  confidence  gives  him  credit.  The  company  is 
always  disposed  to  listen  with  attention,  when  any 
man  speaks  with  the  assurance  of  ujidnubtififf  tunvic- 
tiou."— A'hox;   Winter  Evenings,  even.  u. 

un-doubt'-ing-ly  {h  silent),  adv.    [Eng.  vn- 

dudiiiiini :  -I'/.]  In  an  undoubting  manner; 
witliniit  feeling  doubt. 

"  The  child  who  teachahly  and  vndouhtingly  listens 

to  the  instructions  of  hi>t  elders  is  likely  to  improve 

nipidly."— J/<icat(My .-  IJist.  Eng.,  ch.  i. 


*  un-do^bt -ous  {h  silent),  a.    (Pref.  nn-  (1), 

and  Eng.  doubtous.]    Undoubting. 

"  ShnU  hiuu-n  been  ateatUitst  to  me  by  nndoubtoni 
faithe."— C'A<iHrer  .■  ficwc-iiM,  bk.  v. 

un-ddr^'-ered,  n.  [Pref.  «h-  (l),  and  Eir.^'. 
dni';ri'd.\  Not  dowered  ;  uot  pos.sessed  of  a 
d..w..-r. 

un-drain'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (ij,  and  Eng. 
drahmbh:]'  Not  drainable  ;   not  capable  t-if 
being  drained  or  exhausted. 
"  Mines  undrainnblc  of  ore."         Tennyson  :  (Enont. 

*  iuL-dra-mikt'-ic,  *  un-dra-mat  -ic-al« 

II.      [Pref.    uu.  ()).  and   Eng.  'dratnotir,    dm- 
iittitiral.]     Nut  ol  a  diaiiKitieal  chaiaeter. 

un-drape',  i-.(.  [Pref.  vn-  ('i),  and  Eng. 
drojM-.]  To  remove  drajK-ry  or  covering  front, 
to  uncover. 

"  Prinoes.s  Christian  undntpeU  the  stivtue." — Stand- 
tiid.  Dec.  IT,  1887. 

iin-draped',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dmited.]  Not  draped  ;  not  hung,  invested,  ur 
covered  with  drapery. 

"  The  lari:e  expanse  of  undraped,  undecked  silk." — 
/kii/y  Telegraph,  Jan.  13,  189S. 

•un-draw',  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  3.,  and  Eng. 
ilritu:]    To  draw  aside,  back,  or  open. 

•'  .-Vn^els  ujidrew  the  curtains  of  the  throne," 

Imnjg. 

un-drawu',  a.  [Pref.  na-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dravu.] 

1.  Not  drawn,  pulled,  dragged,  or  hauled. 

"  The  chariot  of  paternal  deity. 
Flashing  thick  dames,  wheel  within  wheel  midrawn." 
Milton  :  P.  L,,  vi.  751, 

2.  Not  portrayed,  delineated,  or  described. 

"  The  death-bed  of  the  just '.  is  yet  undruwn." 

ronng  :  Sight  Thoughtt,  ii,,  Cl.l. 

3.  Not  drawn,  as  from  a  cask. 

"  ,\nd  beer  undrawn,  and  beards  unmown,  display. 
Your  holy  reverence  for  the  Sabbath-day." 

Byron  :  English  Bards  &  Scotch  ileviewers. 

un-dread'-ed,  a.  [Pief.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
dreaded.]     Not  dreaded  or  feared. 

"  .\t  midnight  or  th'  undreaded  hour 
Of  noou."  Thtjtjuon  :  Summer,  1,20l*. 

un-dreamed',  nn-dreamt',  a.    [Pref.  vn- 

(,1),  and  Eng.  dreamed.]    Not  dreamt  orthonght 
of;  not  imagined.    (Generally  with  of.) 

"  Recent  discoveries  have  opened  op  hitherto  tin- 
dretnnt  o/ sources  of  waste."— /■VW,  Ang.  27,  1S37. 

un-drenphed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
drcurhed.]  Not  drenched  with  water  or  other 
liquid. 

"  You  slowly  seeing  Cynosure,  suppose 
Her  ttndrenched  tarre  into  the  ocean  goes," 

May  :  Lucati ;  Pharsalia,  ix. 

un-dress',  v.t.  &  i.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

./,»•,<,  v.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  <livestof  the  clothes  ;  to  strip. 

"  I'ndress  you  now  aud  come  to  l>td,'" 

Shakeap. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  Ind.  ii. 

2.  To  divest  of  ornaments  or  ostentatious 
attire  ;  to  disrobe. 

3.  To  take  the  dressing,  bandages,  &c., 
from  a  wound. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  take  off  one's  clothes  or 
dress  ;  to  strip  (partially  or  entirely). 

*■  He  then  undressed  .  .  .  aud  laid  his  head  upon  the 
bh^ck."— J/ocati/dy ;  Ski.  Eng.,  ch.  v. 

un-dress,  *  un-dress',  s.  [Pref.  nn-  (1), 
and  Eng.  dress,  s.]  A  dress  of  a  homely, 
negligent  character ;  ordinary  dress  as  op- 
posed to  full  dress  or  uniform. 

"  O  faiT  undress  ?  bestdress!  it  checks  no  vein. 
But  ever>'  floH  ing  liiub  in  pleasure  drowns." 

Thomson  :  Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  Sfi. 

un-dressed',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dressed.] 

1.  Not  dressed  ;  not  having  the  clothes  on. 

2.  Divested  of  dress  or  clothes  ;  stripped. 

3.  Not  prepared  ;  not  cooked ;  in  a  raw  or 
crude  state:  as,  nndressed  meat,  nndressed 
leather. 

4.  Not  trimmed,  not  pruned,  not  set  in 
order. 

"  Untrimmed.  undressed,  neglected  now, 
Was  alleyeU  walk  and  orchard  bough." 

Scott :  r.fjktby.  iL  17. 

5.  Not  set  in  order  ;  crude,  unpolished. 

"  You  catch  his  first  philosophy,  as  Butler's  hero  did 
Aristotle's  tirst  matter,  undressed,  and  without  a  mg 
of  f  orm. '—  Warburton .  Dulingbroke'a  Philosophy,  let.  2. 

un-dried',  *  un-dryed,  «.     [Pref.  nn-  (i), 

and  Eiig.  dried.] 


1.  Not  dried  or  dried  up ;  moist,  wot. 

•*  Hf  i>f>ured  around  a  veil  of  gathennl  air, 

.\iui  kept  the  uervifH  uudrii^d,  the  Itesh  entire.* 
Pope:  Homer;  UiadxxM.  Si. 

2.  Nut  dried  up  ;  green. 

"  A  tree  of  statrllent  growth,  and  yet  undried." 

Pitpe .   Homer;  (Mlyuey  ix. 'JAl. 

un-drilled',  a.  [Pref.  un-(l),audEng.(/ri/;*J.' 
Nnt  dnlkd. 

un-drinl£-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Kng 
drinkabk.]  Not  drinkable  ;not  (It  to  be  drunk  : 
as,  »»drinto()/e  water. 

iin-driv'-en,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eur, 
driven.]  Not  driven;  nutciimpelled  byforco; 
not  cnnstrained  to  act  by  force. 

"  When  maintenance  and  luinxur  calls  him.  hr*  goe« 
ujulriven.'—Bp,  Hall  :  Contemp.  ;  .Vichu's  Id'Aatry. 

tinnirodp'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
drooping.]  Not  drooping  ;  not  sinking ;  not 
despairing. 

"  .\u  ample  generous  heart,  undrooping  aoul." 

ThomS',n:  Libert </. 

'  un-dros'-sy,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eny. 
drossij.]  Not  drossy  ;  free  from  dross  or  other 
impurity;  pure. 

'■  Of  heav'n's  undronsy  gold  the  god's  array 
Refulgent."  Pope  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  viii.  51. 

*  iin-dro^lied',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
drowned.]  Not  drowned  ;  not  swamped  tir 
deluged.  ' 

"  That  soon  shall  leave  no  apot  undrown'd 
For  LoVe  to  rest  his  wings  upon." 

Moore  :  Light  of  the  Uarem. 

un-dubbed',  a.     [Pref.  un-,  and  Eng.  dnbbed.] 
'  1.  Not  dubbed  ;  not  having  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood. 

"  I  know 
What  made  his  valour  undubb  d  windmill  go 
Within  a  point  at  most."  Donne:  Sat.  6. 

2.  Not  having  had  the  combs  and  gills  cut, 
[Dub,  r.,  A.  I.  S.) 

"Except  when  shown  quite  .ia  cockerels,  tKWundnhbed 
bird  is  passed  over  by  judges, " — Field,  Oct.  'A,  1S85. 

*  un-du'-bit-a-ble,   a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),   and 

Eng.  dnhiUtble.]    Not  dubitable  ;  indubitable. 

nniiuestionable. 

"  Let  that  principle,  that  all  is  matter,  and  th.it 
there  is  nothing  else.  Ije  received  for  certain  and  uu- 
dubitable,  and  it  will  be  eatiy  tu  be  seeu  what  conse. 
queni.es  it  will  lead  us  into."— Locke. 

un-due',  a.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  due,  a.] 

1.  Not  due;  not  owing;  uot  demandabla 
by  right  :  as,  A  debt,  note,  or  bond  is  nndue. 

2.  Not  right;  not  proper;  not  lawful ;  im- 
proper. 

"  It  flove]  delights  not  in  undue  disclosing  of 
brethren's  tailings."— Leighton  :  On  1  Peier  iv.  8. 

3.  Done  or  given  in  excess;  excessive,  in- 
ordinate :  as,  an  nndur  attachment  to  forms  ; 
nndne  rigour  in  carrying  out  the  law,  ifcc 

undue-inflnence,  s. 

Law]:  A  phrase  used  specially  in  connection 
with  parliamentary  or  municipal  voting  or 
the  making  of  a  will.  In  the  first  case  it 
consists  of  any  force,  violence,  restraint, 
threat  to  inflict  injury  or  intimidation,  de- 
signed to  coerce  a  person  into  voting  for 
a  particular  candidate,  or  abstaining  from 
voting  at  all,  or  as  an  infliction  because  of  his 
having  done  so.  The  peri>etrator  exposes 
himself  to  a  legal  penalty ;  and  if  he  can  in 
any  sense  be  considered  an  agent  of  the  can- 
didate the  election  is  rendered  void.  If  the 
candidate  himself  use  undue  influence,  he  is 
incapable  of  sitting  in  the  House  of  Commons 
during  the  continuance  of  the  Parliament 
then  in  existence.  In  the  case  of  a  will, 
undue  influence  is  exerted  when  one  acquires 
such  an  ascendency  over  the  testator's  mind 
as  to  prevent  the  latter  from  being  a  free 
agent.  If  he  spontaneously  bequeath  money 
to  one  whom  he  esteems  or  loves,  the  esteem 
or  aflection  do  not  constitute  nndue  influence. 
Importunity  does.  When  undue  influence  ij 
proved  the  will  becomes  void. 

*  un-due'-neS8, ,«.  [Eng.  midne ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  undue. 

*  iin-duke',  v.t.   [Pref.  wn-  (2),  and  Eng.  duke^^ 

To  deprive  of  dukedom  ;  to  degree  from  the 
rank  of  a  duke.    (Special  coinage.) 

"The  kine  hath  unduked  twelve  dukes."— Pe/^yi; 
Diary.  Dec.  12.  16Ga. 

'  iln'-dn-lant,  a.  [Low  Lat.  undnlans,  pr. 
par.  of  nndulo=.\o  rise  and  fall  like  a  wave  ; 
nndula  =  a  little  wave,  dimin.  from  Lat.  unda 
=  a  wave.]    Undulatory. 

"Gliding  and  1a|>aing  in  an  undulant  dance.* 

Sir  H.  Taylor:  St.  Clement's  Eve,  i(.  2, 


b^,  boy;  pout.  jdWl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9liin,  bengb;  go,  gom;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  esdst.    -ing. 
-clan,  -tiaa  -  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -<:ious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -tie,  -die,  &.c.  -  bel,  deL 


30S 


iindulary— uneasily 


*  ftn-d^-la-ry.  ti,  [Low  I^t.  urulubi  =  ii 
littlt*  wuvc.)  Plnyiii^;  like  waves ;  WHvy  ; 
cuuihig  with  ivgtilar  iiitcrini.s8ioiis. 

"TIm  tiUiU  Kiiil  undtttar^  lirmth*  tb«r«of  uiftintAlti 
iio  (.Trteiiity  111  tb»lr  cuuno.'— drowiM :  Vulffi^r 
A'rrvuri.  t>k.  rlL.  cb.  xviL 

fin-d^-lAte,  (I.  (Lat.  undutatvs,  from  un- 
Uula,  Uiiuiii.  fruiii  um/a  =  a  wave.] 

*  1.  Onl.    hinij.  :   Wavy  ;   tiaviug  a  wavi-J 
surr.icf.     {I'hilijts.) 
■J.  Hot.:  [Undulated]. 

*  tm  -du-late,  v.i.  &  t.    [Usdulatf,  a.] 

A.  /fifnms, :  To  have  a  wavy  luotinn  ;  to 
risf  and  full  in  waves  :  liencc,  iti  move  in 
arching,  curving,  or  l>eniiiiig  lines  ;  to  wavi>. 

"  Tbelr  unduintina  inuiea." 

Cwtpper;  ttatner;  IHnit  XxiiL 

B.  TVans. :  To  cause  Uy  wave  or  move  witli 
a  wav>*  motion  ;  to  cause  to  vibrate. 

"  BrvKth  viKi^llxcd— i.e..  vllirat*<I  and  utululaleil. 
uuiy  in  A  illtrvrviit  luniiuor  niri;t:t  tlie  ]i|i«,  or  tou^tr." 
—  tfiJdfr :  Elrmc'iU  qf  Speech. 

tin  -du-lat-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [Undulatb,  v.] 

A.  As  p(i.  ixir  :  (bee  tlie  verb). 

B.  .-4^  luljcctitt  : 

1.  OrU.  Lang. :  Wavy  ;  having  a  waved  sur- 
face. 

2.  Bot.  :  Wavy ;  having  an  uneven,  alter- 
nately convex  and  concave  mai^n,  as  the 
leaf  of  tlie  holly. 

illl'-da-lat-ing,  pr.  ]xir.&  a.   [Undulatk,  i:] 

A.  .!>  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  -l.-;  iuljective : 

1.  Waving;  rising  and  falling  like  waves; 
vibrating.     {Thomson:  Summer,  i>ii'2.) 

2.  Having  a  form  or  outline  resembling  that 
of  waves  ;  wavy  ;  having  an  atched,  curved, 
or  bending  outline.  (A  .stretch  of  country  is 
said  to  be  undulating  when  it  presents  a  suc- 
cession of  elevations  and  depressions  resem- 
bling the  waves  of  the  sea.)  In  bot.  the  same 
as  Undulated,  B.  2  (q.v.). 

"The  outline  reuiarkftbly  undulating,  smooth,  and 
flo*ins,"— A<'y/jo/<i*.-  Journal/  to  Flanders  d:  J/uUand. 

iln'-dn-lat-mg-l^,  <ujir.  [Eng.  undulating; 
■I I/.]  'In  an  undulating  manner;  in  the  man- 
in.-r  of  wavfS. 

un-du-la'-tlon,  s.    [Undulate,  v.] 
I.  Orilinary  Liingwige : 

1.  The  act  of  undulating ;  a  waving  or  wavy 
motion ;  fluctuation. 

"  WHt«i*-lilies  in  mvriads  rocked  oo  the  slight  ttndit- 
Maile  by  tlie  lOssLnt;  oars."  [lations 

Longfelloto :  Eoatigetine,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  wavy  form  ;  a  form  resembling  that  of 
a  wave  or  waves. 

"The  root  of  tlie  wilder  sort  [is]  iiicompai'uljle  for  its 
cris[ied  undulations."— £inil!/n :  Sfflaa,  bk.  ii.,  ch,  iv., 
5  13. 

IL  Tecknically : 

1.  PathoL :  The  movement,  as  ascertained  by 
pressure  or  percussion,  of  a  fluid  in  any  natu- 
i-al  or  artificial  cavity  of  the  body.  Called 
also  Fluctuation.    Used  spec,  iu  sense  3.  (q.v.). 

2.  Phys. :  A  motion  to  and  fro,  up  and 
down,  or  from  side  to  side,  but  without  trans- 
lation of  the  particles  composing  any  fluid 
niedium.  Called  also  a  Vibration  or  a  Wave- 
motion.     [Undulatorv-theorv.] 

3.  Sitrg. :  A  certain  motion  of  the  matter  of 
an  abscess  when  pressed,  which  indicates  its 
fitness  for  opening. 

1  1.  Length  of  an  undulation: 

Acoustics :  The  distance  which  sound  travels 
during  a  complete  vibration  of  the  body  by 
which  it  is  produced. 

2.  point  of  nndtUat ion :  [Singular-point). 

t  iin-du-la'-tion-ist,  5.  [Eng.  midulation; 
•iM.]  One  who  supports  the  undulatory 
theory  of  light. 

*  ^n'-dn-lat-ive,  a.    [Eng.  undukU{e);  -ive.) 

Undulating,  undulatory. 

un-du-la-to-,  prff,  [Undulate.]  Undulated, 
undulating,  waved  on  the  margin. 

undulato-rugose,  a. 

!->L  :  Rugose  nr  rtr.^;:;.-.!,  waved.     (Loudon.) 
iindulato-striate,  a. 
Lot. :  Having  elevated  lines  wavy  in  direc- 
tion. 

Un'-du-la-tor-^j  a.  [Eng.  undulat(e:) ;  -on/.] 
H.iving  an  undulating  character;  moving  in 


the  manner  of  a  series  of  waves ;  rising  and 
falling  like  waves;  pertaining  to  such  a 
motion. 

•"Th*  unititUitorti  inoliou  ppi| mewled  aluug  the 
body."— Pii/cy .   .Vnf,  rA<*(>/.,  ch   xvi. 

undulatory-theory, »-. 

Op!i<-<:  Theg.MU'rally  accepted  theory  which 
traces  light  to  vibrations  set  up  and  trans- 
mitted as  waves  iu  an  invisible  medium  termed 
the  luminiferous  ether.  This,  it  is  assumed, 
is  (sensibly)  impotiderable,  and  almost  infi- 
nitely ehistie,  and  nils  all  space,  passing 
freely  through  the  pores  or  between  the  at^jms 
of  bodies  as  the  wind  does  through  the  trres, 
but  having  its  motions,  in  a  somewhat  aiialn- 
giius  manner,  hindered  or  moditied  thereby, 
and  thus  accounting  for  the  retardation  which 
is  tlie  principal  factor  in  iiroducing  Hefracti<tu 
(q.v).  Lmninous  bodies  are  believed  to  be 
(and  in  the  case  of  heated  luminous  b<jdies 
are  known  to  be)  in  a  state  of  intense  mole- 
cular vibration,  and  these  successive  impulses 
communicated  to  the  ether  give  rise  to  suc- 
cessive waves  of  radiant  energy,  whose  effects 
on  other  bodies  depend  upon  tlicir  rate,  as  the 
pitch  of  a  sound  does.  The  slower  periods 
apparently  cause  heating  eff"ects  only;  more 
rapid  impulses  produce  luminous  and  chemical 
effects  as  well,  and  energetic  chemical  action 
is  exerted  by  waves  far  too  rapid  to  produce 
luminous  impressions.  W^itliin  the  luminous 
range  each  rate  produces  on  the  normal  retina 
the  sensation  of  one  given  colour  only,  while 
a  proportion  of  all  periods  mixed  produces 
that  of  white.  In  the  phenomena  of  Reflec- 
tion, Refraction,  Dispersion,  and  ordinary 
Interference,  there  is  nothing  to  define  the 
direction  of  the  actual  ethereal  vibrations  ; 
but  the  facts  of  Polarization  (q.v.)  demon- 
strate that  these  must  be  at  right  angles  to 
the  path  of  the  ray,  which  again  implies  that 
the  ether,  i-are  .ind  subtle  as  it  is,  must  liave 
the  chief  distinguishing  quality  of  a  solid,  or 
resemble  a  thin  but  solid  jelly  rather  than  a 
fluid.  This  is  believed  to  be  the  case,  and 
the  ether  is  also  believed  to  be  the  niedium 
through  which  electricity  and  other  forms 
of  energy  are  transmitted.  The  Undulatory 
Theory  is  usually  ascribed  to  Huyghens,  but 
was  firmly  established  by  the  convincing  ex- 
periments and  reasoning  of  Young  and  Fres- 
nel.  Newton  adopted  the  Corpuscular  Theory, 
but  in  the  second  edition  of  his  Opticks  he 
added  "queries,"  showing  that  latei-  he  was 
very  strongly  disposed  to  adopt  the  other. 

*  un-dull',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  dull.] 
To  remove  dulness  or  obscurity  from  ;  to 
clear,  to  purify. 

"  Poetry ...  is  a  most  musical  modul&tor  of  all 
iutelligibles  by  her  iaventive  vRiiiitions  ;  unduilini/ 
their  groasueaa."— ir/iifiocA::  Present  Afanners  of  the 
£ugluh.  p.  477. 

•  un'-du-loizs,  a.    [Undulate.]    Undulating. 


iin-du'-ly,  adl.  [Eng.  nn(lu(e);  -ly.]  In  an 
undue  manner  or  degree  ;  wrongly,  impro- 
perly, excessively,  inordinately. 

"Subject  to  the  delusions  of  the  luiud  when  uAduIy 
agitatetl  either  by  seusation  or  reflection." —  War- 
burton  :  Sermons,  vol.  x.,  ser.  27. 

^iin-dmnp'-isll.  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and 
Eng.  dumpish.]  To  free  from  the  dumps ;  to 
remove  heaviness,  duluess,  or  suUenness 
from. 

"He  [the  jester] could  undumpUh  her  at  his  plea- 
sure."—/"u/Zcr.'   Worthies;  St4jfforUiMrc. 

*  un-diir'-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
dnrable.]  Not  of  a  durable  character;  not 
lasting.  {Arnicay:  Tablet  of  Moderation,  p.  100.) 

*  iin-diir'-a-bly,  adt:  [Eng.  nmlnrabile);  -ly.] 
Iu  an  undurable  manner;  not  lastingly. 

*  un-dust\  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  dust.] 
To  free  from  dust ;  to  clear. 

'■  We  frequently  dress  xi\i  the  altar  of  our  he.ii'ts, 
jiud  undust  it  from  all  these  little  foulnesses."— .l/o;i- 
tague:  Dceoute  Essays,  pL  ii.,  treat,  6. 

*  un-du'-te-ous,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
duteous.]  Not  duteous  ;  not  performing  one's 
duties  to  ]tarents  and  superiors  ;  undntiful. 

_       "  Ami  tbis  deceit  loses  the  name  of  craft, 
•  Of  ditiobedieuce,  or  unduleons  title," 

Shaki'sp.  :  Merry  Wives,  v.  5. 

un-du'-ti-ful,  *  un-du-ti-faU,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  dutiful.] 

1.  Not  dutiful ;  not  performing  one's  duty ; 
neglectful  of  one's  duty. 

■  N'ever  give  him  cause  to  think  them  unkind  or 
undutifui.'—Hacaulay:  Bist.  Eng.,  ch.  xxjv.  I 


2.  Cliaracterizeu  by  disobedience  to  or  neg- 
lect of  one's  duty  ;  disobedient. 

"The  church  was  indeeil  vury  "severe  ngaiutit  such 
xtndifi/uJl  proceetlinga."— «/j.  Taylor:  Jiulc  (^  Con- 
tcieiur,  bk.  lil,,  ch.  v. 

un-du'-tX-ful-ly,  «^u^'.  [Eng.  uiulutiful ; -ly.] 
I;i  an  undutilul  manuer  ;  with  neglect  of  duty. 

'H'haivetl  them  with  unduti/uVy  and  ungratefully 
eiKi'oacliIng  on  the  ri^'hta  of  the  mother  country."— 
J/ac'tul'iy:  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xix. 

un-du'-ti-ful-ness,  s.  [Eng.  undutiful; 
■  X'S-i.]  The  quality  or  stiite  of  being  unduti- 
ful ;  disobedience. 

"  Cndutifalness  to  an  almighty  superior,  and  in- 
gratitude to  II  gracious  beuefnctor,  Bucb  as  God  is."— 
.Seeker:  Vermont,  vol.  iL,  ser.  18. 

*  un-dwel'-la-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  dwellahle.]  Uninhabit;\ble ;  not  capable 
of  being  dwelt  in. 

■■  Lest  par  auenture  I  sette  thee  desert,  a  loud  vn- 
dweUabte.'  —  Wycliffe:  Jer.  vi.  8. 

*  un-dwelt',  a.  [Pref.  nn-{\\  and  Eng.  dwelt.] 
X'lt  dwelt  in;  not  inhabited.  (Followed  by  in.) 

"  It,  like  a  house  uiidwvU  in.  would  decay." 

Broumv:  Dritannin's  Pastorals,   i.  L 

iin'-dy,  o.    [Unde.] 

un-dy-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  dyin<3.^ 

1.  Not  ilyiug ;  not  perishing;  immortal, 
indestructible. 

"  To  chains  of  darkness  and  the  xmdying  worm.*' 
Milton  :  P.  L.,  vl  739. 

2.  Unceasing:  never  ending  or  perishing; 
imperishable. 

"  But  thou,  a  schoolboy,  to  the  sea  hadst  carried 
L'lidffiiig  recollections," 
Wf.-rd»worlft :  On  the  Xnmtivj  of  Places,  No.  vi. 

undying -flowers,  s.  id.  [Everlast- 
iNij-KLowtRs.]    (Paj:ton.) 

"  un-eared',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  earetL] 
Not  eared  ur  ploughed  ;  unploughed,  untilled. 
{Lit.  d- Jig.)    (Sluifxai). :  Sonnet  3.) 

un-earned',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
mmed.]  Not  earned ;  not  gained  or  merited 
by  labour  or  services. 

"  The  hour  of  sui)x*er  comes  uncitrn'd." 

Milton:  P.  L..  is.  225. 

unearned-increment,  s. 

PoUt.  Eroii.:  Tiie  increase  in  the  value  of 
land  produced  without  labour  or  expenditure 
on  the  part  of  the  owner  ;  as,  for  instance,  by 
tlie  growth  of  a  town  in  its  vicinity.  J.  S. 
Mill  and  his  followers  contend  that  this  in- 
crement should  belong  to  the  nation. 

"  un-ear'-nest,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

canie^L]    Not  earnest. 


iin-earth',  v.t.   [Pref.  lui-  (2),  and  Eng.  earth.] 
I.  Literally : 

1.  To  pull  or  drag  out  of  the  earth. 

"  To  ujiearth  the  root  of  an  old  tree.^ 

Wordsworth  :  Aimoji  Lee. 

2.  To  drive  from  an  earth  or  burrow,  as  a 
fox,  badger,  &c.  ;  to  cause  to  leave  a  burrow. 

"  It  was  made  known  that,  when  that  time  had  ex- 
)>ired,  the  vermin  who  h.id  been  the  curse  of  Loudou 
Would  be  unearthed  and  hunted  without  mercy." — 
Miieauluy:  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xxii. 

II.  Fig. :  Tr  bring  to  light ;  to  reveal,  to 
discover,  to  find  out. 

"  Those  who  have  busied  t'-iemselves  in  unearthing 
the  early  hiitory  of  cuiliiig.  have  been  uuable  to  dia- 
wiver  that  James  IV.  really  played  much  at  the 
gnuie."— Field,  Nov,  26,  1687. 

un-earth'-ly,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
mrthly.]  Not  earthly;  not  of  this  world; 
lience,  supernatural,  not  like,  or  as  if  not  pro- 
ceeding from  or  belonging  to,  this  world. 

"  The  unearthly  voices  ceast." 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  i   18. 

*  iin-ea^e',  s.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  cme.] 
Want  of  ease;  uneasiness,  trouble,. anxiety, 
distress. 

"What  an  unease  it  was  to  be  troubled  witli  the 
huiumiug  of  30  many  gimts."—IIacket :  Life  of  WU- 
hams,  pt  ii..  p.  SS. 

'  iin-eased',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (]),  and  Eng.  easerf.] 
Nut  eased  ;  in  a  state  of  unease  or  anxiety  ; 
troubled,  anxious. 

*fin-ea§' i-ly,  * un-eis-y-llche,  adv.  [Eng. 
uneasy;  -ly.] 

1.  Not  easily  ;  not  readily;  with  difficulty, 
trouble,  or  pain. 

"  Tt  was  presently  counted  a  place  very  hardly  and 
uneasily  to  be  inhabited  for  the  greate  colde."— ^ac*- 
hiyt:  Voyages,  iii.  51. 


late,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  lather;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU;  try,  Syrian.     »,  ce  =  e;  ey      a;  qu  =  kw. 


uneasiness— unemployed 


:u)0 


2.  In  an  iiuensy  manner  :  willi  nne.isinoss  ; 
n-Mtlessly  ;  liki'  one  mieasy  or  ill  at  p;tau  ;  as, 
He  moved  vufn-tily  in  his  seat. 

iln-ca^'-i-noss.  ■''■  [Eng.  uneasij;  -uess.]  The 
iiuiilily  <ir  slati*  ut"  beiiiK  unt'ftsy  or  ill  at  ease  ; 
want  of  ease  or  comfort,  mental  or  physical  ; 
restlessness,  anxiety. 

"At  »  tliiio  wIk'II  tbe  itsccmlency  of  the  cmirt  uf 
Vi'i>jillli.'s  Imil  arwiueii  u>ieiiiineM."~.UiKaiiliii/  tli*t 
Ari;/,.dl.  V, 

iiliea^'-j^,  a.     [Pref  I'H-(1),  and  Eng.  easij.] 

1.  l-'eeling  some  degree  of  jiain,  nu-nUil  or 
pliysieal;  ill  at  ease;  restlesb,  disturlu'd, 
anxious. 

"  Uneatu  liCB  tlie  heail  timt  weftra  n  crown  " 

.'<h<,k,»p.  :  3  t/oiry  IV..  111.  1. 

2.  Not  easv  or  elegant  in  manner  :  v^m- 
straineti ;  ill  at  ease  ;  nut  graceful ;  awkward. 

"In  coiiveraiitioii,  ft  »i>Ucit"ua  wiitclifuliiesa  iilimit 
one's  bclmvloiir,  liiatt-ful  of  Itetiig  iiiviuK-d,  will  Ix- 
voiiatniinei).  nneiifij.  mul  niiKmoeful. "— A'Wa. 

3.  Causing  pain,  trouble,  discomfort,  or 
want  of  ease,  physical  or  mental  ;  irksnnic, 
dis;igreeable. 

"  Upon  xmcaiy  pnllcta  Btretching  tlioe." 

.s/inki'sp.  :  '2  Untry  IV.,  Ul,  1. 

"  4.  Peevish  ;  difficult  to  please. 
"A  H"ur  untnu't.il)li-  iintura  mivkoa  lilin  ttnoa^/  t^ 
tliose  who  ftjipronoh  h\i\\." ~A<hti»iiu  :  S/n'i-tiitor. 

'  5.  Ditllcult ;  not  easy  to  be  done  or 
accomplished. 

"  This  swift  bu0iiies!i  I  luiiBt  unenxu  mitktv" 

.^hakenp.:  Tempext.  I.  2. 

lill_eat-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  (i'(-(l),  and  Eng.  eat- 
al'lr.\     Not  eatable  ;  not  lit  to  be  eaten. 

"  All  filmoat  uneatable  .  .  .  coiDiMUud."— /*<«r<f, 
Jan.  1-t,  m88. 

un-eat'-en,  a.    [Pref.  vn-(l),  and  Eng.  eaf'-n.] 
1.  Nut  eaten. 

"  A  huge  hniwn,  of  which  uneaten  still 
LiiTKe  part  ami  ilellciite  reiiiftiu'il." 

Cow/n-y  :  Homer;  Oiti/ssi<>/  viii. 

'  2.  N'ot  destroyed. 

"Therefore  I  will  futawt-iir  hhii  .iml  nil  h\»  f..l 
lowen.  tImt  this  in  nil  tlmta  Ivft  inn^tt-rii  «t  my 
sword."— BfUd'".  .(■  Fief.  :  Kin;/  S-  \o  hina.  ill. 

* un-eatli',  'un-ethe,  (niv.  &  a.  (A.s.  vh- 
fd(//j<7  =  with  dilhculty,  from  miewfhe  =  ilUW- 
cult,  from  tin-  —  not,  and  eiiflh,  ewlhe=  easy  ; 
cogn.  with  O.  S.  (j(i/a  =  easy ;  O.  H.  Ger.  6ili 
=  desert,  empty,  easy;  Ger.  otte  =  deserted  ; 
Goth,  atitlis,  aittliis  =  deseft,  waste  ;  Icet. 
(i(n//(r  =  empty  ;  Lat.  otiuvi  =  ease.] 

A.  As  adverb: 

1.  With  ditliculty ;  not  easily  ;  scarcely. 
"  Cneath  may  she  eiulure  the  filthy  Ntnit«." 

ahahop.  :  2  Uenn/  VI.,  il.  \. 

2.  Abnost, 

"  Sefiii'J  itnenth  to  ahnkc  the  steilfivst  grotinil." 

Upeumr :  t\  (,?.,  1.  xli.  A. 

B.  As  adj. :  Not  easy  ;  difficult,  hard. 

"  (/wdth  It  13  to  tell."  Sotitht'i/. 

*  un-ebb'-ihg,  ff.      [Pref.  vn-   (1),  and   Eng. 

el'hiini.\   Nut  i-bbiiig,  receding,  or  falling  back. 

•un-e'-bri-ate»  ".  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ebriatf.] 

1.  Not  intoxicated. 

"  Forth,  unebrlate.  uiittolluted,  he  cmiio  from  the 
orgy."— Li/l  ton  :  My  Novel,  bk.  vl.,  cli.  xx. 

2.  Not  intoxicating. 

"There  wtjre  .  .  .  unebrinte  \\<\\iorB."—Lytton :  M'j 
Novil.  bk.  iv.,  cli.  xvii. 

un-ec  cle-^i-as'-tic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Kiig.  nxhsiastiiul.]    Not  ecclesiastical. 

* un-ech'-d-ing,  o.  [Pref.  t(»-(l),  and  Eng. 
cchvhifj.]     Not  echoing  ;  giving  no  echo. 

'■  The  (iiikk,  ardent  Prle»te«».  whose  lluht  bouiitl 
Ciinin  tike  n  spirit  o'er  th'  unecholnfi  gruiijid. ' 

Moore :  Veiled  I'ropliet  <if  Khortuman. 

UJl-e-clipsed',  a.  [Pref.  ir?t-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ci-!il'S''l.]  Not,  eclipsed,  not  obscured;  ncjt 
diiiinM-d   or  hsscncd  in     " 

"When  hftween  G  and  H  (a  very  small  simve)  the 
HiLtelliteH  will  pnM4  uiiecHpnert  behind  the  tiiiib  ot  the 
liliiu't  '—I/ersehi'l :  Axtronomy,  \WJ. 

*  im-edge',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  ami  Eng.  fihjf.\ 
Tn  'iijirive  of  the  edge  ;  to  blunt.    {Lit.  tii  pj.) 

"  I';l1u  four  Hncdyi:  tlii'ir  wenpon8'  shiirpeMt  pointH." 
J-'orU:  i'erkin  Warbvck,  Iv.  6. 

*  un-ed'-i-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
eddih.\     Not  eatable. 

lin-od'-i-fied.  * un-ed-1-fyed,  a.  (Pref. 
?(7i-  (I),  and  Eng.  cCfied.]     Not  edified. 

"'TIf  true,  the-,  '.l",  sort  of  moody,  hot-braln'd. 
and  iilwiiyn  uneil<  j^,^  consclencea."— J/f«oi(;  EUcttv)- 
kltitiex.  5  i^. 


glory  or  brightness. 


iin-od'-i-fy-ing,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
fdi/!iin'j.\  Not  edifying ;  not  improving  to 
the  mind. 

"  LTiiniiuinln^  or  iinetH_fi/inff  fornm  and  ceremonies." 
—A-ckiT     Sfi-innn*:  On  Co'tjirmation. 

•iin-fid'-i-fy-ing-iy,  ddv.  [Rug.ttncdi/ijing: 
-hj.]     Not  in  ail  edifying  manner. 

"iin-ed'-u-cate,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
edumte{dj.]    tjneilucated,  ignorant. 

"O  hiinh,  uneduc{ttt:  lllttemt*'  iwfuuint." 

Solymnn  ^  PcrietUi  (UOOl. 

iln-ed'-u-oat-ed.  c  [Pref.  ch-  (I),  and  Eng- 
cdiirnted.)    Nut  fdu<Mtcd  :  illiterat.',  ignorant. 

"  By  un  exertion  of  the  Hiimo  ulmldhty  power  llKht 
lip  the  iJiinp  of  knowledge  in  tiiu  inlniltuf  unvduciitid 
tntm.'—IIoriley :  Vermont,  vol  I..  Bcr.  H. 

iui-@f-fa9ed',  f.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cfmrd.]     Nut  ctlaccii  ;  not  defaced  or  erased. 

"  If  we  Imve  reeelvud  a  good  hiinresnlon.  let  n«t  beiir 
It  nwiiy  uneffmed  to  our  graven.  —Knox:  Sonnons, 
vol.  vi.,  ser.  2. 

"  iin-ef-feo'-tu-al,  a.  [Pref.  vn-(l).  and  Eng. 
effectual.]  Not  etVcctunl ;  liaving  no  ell'ect  or 
power;  ineflectual  ;  inetlicncious. 

"  The  Klow-worin  hIiowh  the  nmtlii  to  bo  nenr, 
And^Klnn  to  piil.'  his  nneff>u-funl  flre  I'" 

ahnketp. :  llamh-t.  1.  6. 

*  im-e-gest'  ed.  ".  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pijfstt'd.]  Uuviijdi-d,  undischargcil  from  the 
bowels.     {Adutns  :   Works,  ii.  470.) 

•  iin-e-ldb'-or-ate, "  un-e-lilb  -orated. 

a.  [Picf.  an-  (1),  and  Eng.  daborate,  dabor- 
attd.\  Not  elaborate,  not  elaborated ;  not 
worked  or  wrought  elaborately. 


un-e-l&S'-tio,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
d'^!itii\\     Nut  clastic  ;  having  no  elasticity. 

*  iin-©-lfi.s-ti9'-i-tS^,  s.     [Pref.   un-  (1),  and 

Eng.   dtisticity.]      The    absence  or  want    nf 
elasticity. 

*  un-el'bdvtred,  a.  [Pref.  »»-  (1),  and  Eng. 
diiinn-d.]  Ni.t  pushed  Jisidi-,  as  with  the 
elbuw  ;  not  thrust  aside  or  ciowded, 

"  We  Htnnd  upon  our  native  ioU, 
Cnalbou/d  by  such  objeutn." 

IVordi^worth  :  Kxciirtion,  bk.  Ix. 

■^  iiu-e-lect'-fid,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ekvteil.]     Not,  clfcted  ;  not  chosen. 

'■  You  Hhoiild  have  tjt'on  the  advantage  of  hfa  choler. 
And  piisB  him  nnntt-vted." 

.Sliakeip.  :  CorMnnut,  il.  3. 

*  iin-e-lec'-tive,  a.     [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

elective.]     Not  choosing  or  electing  ;  without 
power  of  choice  or  election. 

"An  l|j:in)rant.  nnknowlng.  unelectii'e  principle."— 
//.(/.r     oWy.  "/  Mankind,  p.  274. 

•iin-el'-6-gant,  (r.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
elegant.]    Not  elegant;  inelegant. 

"  You  meet  with  expresHlonn  now  and  then,  which 
npoear  iinelcffant  and  sinKubir."  — Sec*er  .■  Sermoni, 
vol.  Iv.,  flor.  1ft. 

*  iin-el'-e-gant-ly,  ndv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eiig.  eleijantl'ij.]  In  an  unelegant  manner  ;  un- 
ci egantly. 

"  Neither  aoemeth  he  unelegantly  and  IniHlde  the 
puriKise  .  ,  .  tj>  have  expresttetl  118  much  In  this  verse." 
— /'.  lloUnnd  :  flutarch.  p.  42.'.. 

*  un-el'-ig-I-blO,  c     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

diyible.]    Not  eligible  ;  ineligible. 

"Both  extremes,  ulKive  or  below  the  iiroportlon  of 
our  ctniraeter,  are  dangerous  ;  and  'tis  hard  to  deter- 
mine wliieh  Im  mout  unvligibto."-~/io'jer». 

un-om-b&r'-raBsed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  citibii,rrn.^.ii-d.] 

1.  Not  embarrassed ;  not  i»erplexed  or  con- 
fused ;  free  from  euibarrassuient  or  confusion. 

"With  minds  unembarratied  with  any  sort  of  ter- 
rour."— Wu^te.'  Letter  to  sir  II.  Lnnnriahn. 

2.  Free  from  pecuniary  obligations  or  en- 
cumbrances. 

"  Uncmbarraucd  in  busluesH.'*  — /)ai2{/  Telegraph. 
Jan.  30,  IHHa. 

*  un-em-b&r'-rass-mont,  s.  [Pref.  W7t-(i), 
and  Krig.  einbarrnssninnt.]  Kreedom  from  em- 
baiTassnieiit, 

"My  feellnif  WHS  that  of  unembarraaament.'—Car- 
l//lo:  /I'-mhtheenteA.  11,  -JI. 

■  un-em-bei-lishedt  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  an<l 
Eng.  einhellished.]  Not  embellished,  adorned, 
or  bcautitled. 

"If  truth  only  and  untimbelfijihed  fact*  are  plainly 
rojireionti"!  "— /i"/i"X  :   Knx-ij/K,  No   ^^ 

un-em  bit'-tered.  ".  (Pn-f  un-  (1),  and 
Kng.  fmbittcred.]  Not  embittered  ;  not  accom- 


panied wilh  any  biltcrm'ss  or  pain  ;  free  fioin 
pain  or  aci-rbity. 

"  Tbi'r«>  roMo  no  day,  there  roll'd  no  hour 
Ol  nleiuure  unenMtter'd." 

lll/ron:  All  U  Vanilv- 

iln-6m-b6d  -ied,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

etiiJjudit'd.] 

1.  Not  embodied  ;  not  collected  intoa  body  : 
as.  unemhodial  troops, 

2.  Freed  from  a  corporeal  body ;  disem- 
bodied. 

"Thru,  uni-mhoitird.  doth  It  trace 
lly  ntepB  each  planetH  heavenly  way." 

Hl/r-n      When  C-ldneti  li'rapt.  Se. 

'  iin-em-bd\tr'-6rod,    o.      [Pi-of.    nu-   (i). 

and  Eng.  einhnurreii.]  Not  provided  with 
bowers.  ..  ^,,  , 

All  nni^nbiiwri'ii 
And  naked  sto'^l  that  lonely  [iiirHoniiKe." 

Wiirdaieorth  '  A'xcitrtion,  hk.  vll. 

tun-e-mo'-tlon  9I,  a-  (Prof,  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  einotionui.]  Not  cmotimial ;  free  from 
emotion  or  feeling;  impassive. 

"Thought  of  all  that  this  Insorlption  slKniftrd  with 
(in  unemothntl  memory."— rt.  Kliot  :  Daniel  Iferonda. 
cb.  Ixil. 

tin-e-mo'-tlon-al-li^,    ">1\k      [Eng.    unemo- 

tiomil ;  -/»/.]  In  an  unemotional  manner; 
impassively. 

'  un-e -mo'-tioned,  «■     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  nnotioni-d.]     Fiee  IVom  emotion. 

"In  II  diy,  Haiiiwtle.  itwrnutioni-d  wny'-O-MlwlH 

Mamterill.;  ill.  UM, 

'  un~em-ph3.t'-ic.  '  iin-em-phdt'-io-al. 

a.  [Pi'cf.  un-  (1),  and  Eng,  emphatic,  em}>fi'iti- 
cat.]  Not  emphatic  ;  having  no  emphasis  or 
stress  of  voice. 

•  iin-em-phftt'-ic-al-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  uncm- 
phati-ritt :  -///.)  Not 'In  an  emphatic  manner; 
witlunit  emphasis. 

'  un-6m-pir'-ic-al-lir.  «''''■  [l*i''f-  "«•  (i). 
and  Eng.  e»ip)r(ral/.v- J     Not  empirically. 

"The  result  Is  in  the  fulleitt  keening  with  that 
whiuh   1  have  reiichwl  unompirlcally.  —I'oe:    Worki. 

11,  m. 

un-em-pl^-a-blo,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  an.i 
Eng.  empliiiiiiltlf.]  Not  cai)able  of  or  eligible 
for  cmphiyinent  ;  unlit  for  employment. 

"To  these  we  must  add  a  still  lartfer  number  •>f 
persons  wlio  am  unemployed  bucuiisu  they  are  unctn 
plii'jable."  -St.  James  II  Unftle,  Dec,  -il,  !»»?. 

un  employed',  a.    [Pref.  uu-(l),  and  Eug. 

eiiii>i<)\ii:d.\ 

1.  Not  employed  ;  having  no  work  or  em- 
ployment ;  out  of  work  ;  at  leisure. 

"  other  creatures  all  day  hinit 
Rove  Idle,  unemplay'd,  and  U'hs  neid  runt.' 

Milton    /:  I..,  Iv.  -n: 

2.  Not  being  in  use  :  as,  vnenqdoyed  capilal. 

3.  Not  associated  or  accompanied  with  la- 
bour or  employment. 

"To  maintain  able-bodied  men  in  unemployed  Ira- 
prlsonment. "— /'/-oMfffl  :  Iliat,  Kng.,  cb.  xvl. 

U  The  UnemphmeA:  A  collective  term,  em- 
bracing all  persons  in  lunnble  circumstances 
who  are  out  of  employment.  These  may  l« 
divided  into  three  classes  ;  (I)  Those  who  are 
unable  to  work,  either  through  a;;e,  accident, 
or  disease  ;  (2)  Those  who  arc  willing  to  work 
but  cannot  tlnd  employment ;  and  (3)  Tltosu 
who  will  not  work  under  any  cirt^umstances. 
To  relieve  the  distress  of  the  genuine  un- 
employed, a  Committee  was  formed  in  188rt, 
under  till'  presidency  of  the  Lord  Mayor,  an') 
sub.seriptiiins  amounting  to  nearly  £100,000 
were  liisiribnted.  The  Local  Governmenl 
Board  authorized  tlie  guardians  of  the  poor  to 
relax  the  restrictions  as  to  outdoor  relief.  In 
Feb,,  1895,  a  Select  Committee  was  apj)ointed 
to  inquire  into  and  rej)ort  on  the  distress 
arising  from  want  of  emiploymcnt.  The  di8s<v 
lution  of  Parliament  in  July  put  an  end  I't 
the  labours  of  the  Committee,  who  recom 
mended  (1)  that  in  times  of  exceptional  dis- 
tress deserving  men  receiving  parish  relii-f 
should  not  be  di-sfranchised  ;  (2)  that  public 
works  should,  as  far  as  possible,  be  executwJ 
ill  slack  months  ;  and  (3)  that  in  certain  cir 
cumstanccs  the  guardians  of  Metrojiolitan 
Unions  should  make  a  grant  to  Sanitary 
Authorities  fur  the  purposu  of  carrying  out 
useful  works. 

"  Th''  unemployed  are  funned  from  many  different 
cliuMeH,  fi'Min  many  diverse  element*:  and  we  t(et  n'l 
nearer  to  uiiderntainllliti  their  comlltloii,  In  nay  nuthluii 
ot  improving  It,  11  we  persist  In  treatUiK  thoiu  »m 
tUou(([i  they  were  all  of  u  siniile  type,  and  thAt  type 


boU,  boy;  poui.  jo^l;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hlii,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  o^lst.    ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tlan  ^  shan.    -tlon.  -sion  =  shun;  -(Ion,  -slon  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  kc.  =  bel,  deL 


310 


iinemptiable— unequalled 


•  tin-emp'-ti-a-bloi;'  silent),  a.     [Prcf.  un- 

(1);   t-'lik'.  rmft'tj,  atKl  SVlll.  -<iM.-.  I    TlllU  fillUU't 

be  i-inptitil  »■!  I'xhansU'ii ;  im-xhaustibU-. 

"  A  dmp  of  tlint  umnniittablt tomitAinvot  wIbJoiiic." 
—U-jokrr:  iCc/*j.  /V/.,  bk.  11.,  |  1. 

iin-emp'-tldd  (;»  silent),  n.  [Pref.  ti«-  (1), 
ami  Kiij:.  fiiij>/ !«•«/. |     Not  ctn|>tii'd. 

**  With  tta  unetnptiM  cloud  of  tfciitlc  niln." 

flyrwn  ;  t'Ai(<(«  itarvUt.  Iv.  TD, 

-  jln-en-a'-bled  (bled  as  bold),  n.  [Prtf. 
u)i-  (I).  aii«l  Kii'>-.  rmthl,;!.]  Not  i-nablfd  or 
fiiipowiTfil.     (Soiitluy:  ThalaiHi,  v.) 

'  uii-«-liir'-ra-bl6,  n.    (Inesabrablk.] 

•  un-en-^hant'-ed,  n-  [Pref.  »«-  (l),  and 
En>:.  f Jn7iitMf.«/.)  Not  enehanti'd  ;  that  cuii- 
iiul  U-  i-nrliantt'U.    {MiltoJi :  Comus,  3ItO.) 

iin -on  closed',  n.  (Pref.  vn-  (I),  and  Eng. 
f/io/"-it-'i.l     Not  enclosed  ;  o|)en. 

"Au  uicieut  inaiior,  naw  rich  with  cultlvntloii, 
then  Ytimu  And  unencltued,  which  was  known  l)y  the 
u&iuruf  UA)l«tu>hire."— Jlfacaiiltiy.-  nut.  Kitg.,  ch.  11. 

•  un-cn-cum'-ber,  r.t.  [Pref.  «"-  (2),  and 
Eu>r.  runn>ih*-r.]  To  free  fitoni  eiicmnbraiice  ; 
to  disenruniber. 

"  A  cloistral  tilftce 
Of  refuse,  with  iin  uttt-neumbfrd  floor." 
Worxlncorth  :  Poems  on  thv  Suming  uf  Places,  vi. 

fin-en-cum' -bored,  f.  [Pref.  »»■  (i),  and 
En;:.  .-?M('»iVrf(f.]  Not  enciinib'-red ;  having 
iio  liabilities  on  it :  as,  uncncumhcrtd  property. 

•  iln-exi -dan '-gored,  n.  (Pref.  im-  (l),  and 
Eng.  r;a/(i»(!;treJ.]     Nut  endangered. 

"  S«*,  rootfd  U)  the  eArth.  It*  kindly  bed, 
Th'  w/iCTiArHj/trrd  myrth-.  ileckil  with  flowers." 

WordxvBQTth :  £xcurai"ti,  iiL 

•  iin-en-deared',  a.  [Pref.  «»-  (i),  and  Eng. 
en<teiin<L]  N\it  endeared;  uot  much  or  yreatly 
loved. 

■■  \ot  in  the  bought  smile 
Of  harlots,  loveless,  joyless,  uni^ndear'il." 

.   Millon:  P.  L..  iv.  766 

un-end'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  En^. 
imlimj.]     Having  no  end  ;  endless. 

"The  unending  circles  of  Inborious  ecieiice."— /"f/r- 
ham     On  Ecclet.  it  11. 

•  iin-ond'-ing-ness,  s.  [Eng.  viieuding ; 
-ness.]  *The  quality  or  state  of  being  unend- 
ing ;  cverlastingness. 

'"The  theory  of  the  llterHl  unrndininesn  of  even 
monvl  perdition,"— Brir.  (^uart.  Hei'iew,  Oct.  1881,  \>.  499. 

•un-end'-ly,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng.  end, 
and  snff.  -ly.]    Having  no  end  ;  endless- 

■'  Bent  to  i(?7fnd?y  revenge." — Sidney :  Arcadia,  j>.^\. 

un-en-dtf^od',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

tintovy:d.\ 

1.  Not  endowed  with  funds  ;  not  having  an 
endowment. 

"  Bequc-^thed  by  that  lady  to  thia  unendowed 
charity."— riinei,  Nov.  4.  1976.     |.\avt.| 

2.  Not  endowed ;  not  furnished ;  not  in- 
vested. 


3.  Having  no  dower  or  dowry. 

"  Reflect  wh.it  truth  was  in  my  iinaaiou  shown, 
Wbeu,  unendowed,  I  took  thee  for  mine  own. " 

Pope:  Janiiiiry  i  May,  550. 

iin-cn-dur'-a-blo»  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  emUirohie.]  Not  endurable  ;  insutlerable, 
intolerable.     {Longfellow :  Golden  Lcjeml,  i.) 

un-en-dur'-a-blj?',  adv.  [Eng.  unendur- 
(dj{le) ;  -hj.]  In  an  unendurable  manner;  in 
a  manner  not  to  be  borne  ;  intolerably. 

•lin-en-diir'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  enduring.]  Not  enduring;  not  lasting  ; 
fleeting. 

"  Of  azure  heaven,  the  unendnrintj  cloud**." 

Wordsirartfi  :  Excursion,  bk.  ix, 

*  un-on-fee  -bled  (bled  as  bold),  n.  (Pref. 
un-  (I),  and  Eng.  enfeebled.]  Not  enfeebled; 
not  weakened. 

"The  comeliiie&f  of  unenfrsbJcd  age." 

fVordiicorth :  Excunion.  bk.  vii, 

un-en-fran'-Qhi^ed,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  (nfran'hLi.ol.]  Not  enfranchised;  not 
having  the  franchise  or  right  to  vote  for 
members  of  parliament.     [Franchise,  s.,  II.] 

un-en-gagod',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

engaged.] 

1.  Not  engaged  ;  not  bound  or  pledged  hy 
obligation  or  promise. 

'■  Both  the  houses  of  parliament,  your  assembly,  and 
the  whole  kln^'dom.  ataud  yet  free  ani]  untrngaged  to 
any  jiart."— jSwftop  Hall :  A  Modest  Offer. 


2.  Free  from  attjichnient  that  binds:  as, 
Her  alfections  are  i((u/ij/(iyr*(. 

3.  Disengaged,  unemployed,  unoccupied ; 
no!  busy  ;  iit  leisure  :  as,  He  is  umngageiL 

*  4.  Not  appropriated :  as,  unengagvd  re- 
venues. 

*  iin  -en-gag-ing,  ".  [Pi-ef.  «"-  (l),  and  Eng. 
cn>j<igiiiij.]    Not  iiigaging;  not  prepossessing. 

iin-en-gliflh  (on  as  in),  «.  [Piff-  "»-  (IX 
and  Eng.  Kn.jli-<h.]  N-'t  English;  not  after 
the  laws,  mannei-s,  eustonis,  or  habits  of  the 
Knglisli ;  not  chanteteristic  or  wortliy  of 
Englisltineu. 

■•  Lv»s  iitfn'jtiih  than  eitht-r  Mr,  Bridge  or  Mr. 
Ruskiii  awiua  U-  think.  ■—/VWa,  Jan.  H.  18pS. 

'  iin-en-glished'  (en  as  in),  ".  [Pref.  un- 
(I);  Eng.  engiislh'd.]  Not  translated  or  ren- 
dered into  English.     [Englj.sh,  r.] 

"  \VTiereto  I  am  no  whit  beholding  for  lenvlng  it  loi- 
en^li4fud-'—lip.  Hall :  ffonuur  o/tlte  Married  Clerffie, 
5  2. 

iin-en-j6^ed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
enjoyed.]  Not  enjoyed;  not  possessed;  not 
used  with  pleasure  or  delight. 

"  Each  diiy's  a  mistress  unenjoi/ed  before." 

Dri/driu    (Richartlson.) 

*un-en-j6y'-ing,  o.  [Pief.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
enjoying.]  Nut  enjoying;  not  making  proper 
use  or  fruition. 

"  The  tinenjoyinff,  craving  wretch  is  poor." 

Creech.    iHichardson.) 

*  un-en-Iarged',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
enlargal  ]  Not  enlarged  ;  narrow,  contracteil ; 
narrow-minded,  prejudiced. 

"These  unenlurgcd  douls  are  in  the  same  inniiuer 
disgusted  with  the  wonders  which  the  uiicroacope  has 
diSLOvered."— ira((3."  Lo-jic.  i>t.  i.,  ch.  xvi. 

iin-en-lighf-ened (fyft  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eiig.  enlightened.]  Not  enlightened  ; 
not  mentally  or  morally  illuminated, 

"  Let  cottagers  and  unenlighfened  swains 
Revere  the  laws  they  dream  tliat  Heaven  ordains," 
Cowper:  Hope,  2*0. 

*  iin-en-liv-ened,  n.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

enlivened.]      Not    enlivened  ;    not    rendered 
cheerful,  bright,  or  animated. 

"  Unadorned  by  words,  unenlii'cned  by  figures." — 
Atterbury :  Strniont,  vol.  i..  ser.  i. 

*un-en-slaved',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
enslaved.]    Not  enslaved  ;  free. 


^  un-en-tan'-gle,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
entangle.]  To  free  from  complication  or  eu- 
tanglement ;  to  disentangle. 

"O  my  God.  how  dost  thou  unentangle  me  in  any 
scruule  arising  out  of  the  consideration  of  this  thy 
iexi.— Donne :  Devotions,  p.  IW.i 

iin-en-tan'-gled  (glod  as  geld),  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  enUtngkd.] 

1.  Not  entangled;  fiee  from  complication, 
perplexity,  or  entanglement. 

"  That  this  man.  wise  and  virtuous  as  he  w.is,  passed 
alw.'»ys  unentajigl'-d  through  the  snares  of  life,  it 
would  lie  a  prejudiL-e  and  temerity  to  affirm."  —J oA/i- 
son  ■  Lives  of  the  PoftS;  i'oUiiis. 

2.  Disentangled. 

on-en'-tered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
entered.] 

1.  Not  entered  ;  not  gone  or  passed  into. 

"  The  intellieences  I  have  seen 
Round  our  regretted  and  unenter'd  Eden," 

liyron  :  Vain,  ii.  2. 

2.  Not  entered  or  set  down  in  a  list  :  as, 
He  is  unentered  for  the  race. 

*  un-en'-tcr-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
entering.]  Not  entering  ;  making  no  impres- 
sion.    (Souths y  :  Thalaba,  ix.) 

'  un-en'-ter-pri^-ing,  a.  [Pref.  nn-(l),  and 
Eng.  enter p7-i^ing,]  Not  enterprising,  uot  ad- 
veuturous. 

"  He  was  a  timid  and  unenterprising  commander." 
— Jlacauhiy  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  Jtviii, 

un-en-ter-tain'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng,  entertaining.]  Not  entertaining  ;  atlbrd- 
ing  no  pleasure  or  amusement. 

"Thekibour  is  long  ami  the  elements  drj' and  loi- 
entertaining.'—iiray:  Letters;   To  lt'c-<f,  let.  2j  (1"*'^^ 

* un-en-ter-taln'-ing-ness.  s.  [Eiig.  »*(- 
entertaining;  -Jif.«.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unentertaining. 

"Last  post  I  received  a  very  diminutive  letter;  it 
made  exouses  for  its  unentcrlaingne-ss,  very  little  to 
the  purpose."— Gray  .-  Letter  to  It'e»:  (1740.) 

un-en-thraUed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
enthrallal .]     Not  enthralled,  not  enslaved. 


••  un-en-fire',  un-in-tire,  «.  [Pref.  lut- 
(1),  and  Eng.  entire.]     Not  whole. 

•f  To  niftke  uncntire  :  To  dissolve,  to  resolve 
into  elements  or  constituents. 

"  To  make  me  uitenlire.' 

liaoies  :   Wittvs  Pitgriimtg^,  p.  SO. 

"  un-en-tombed'  0>  silent),  a.  (Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  entonihed.]  Not  entombed,  not 
buriod,  not  interred. 

'■  Thiiikst  tli.tu  thus  nnentoinl'd  to  cross  the  flood  ?" 
JtryUen  :   Virgil ;  .Enci.l,  vi,  5oB, 

'  un-en-tran9ed',  n.  [Pref.  im-  (i),  and 
Eng.  entranced.]  Not  entninced  or  under  tlie 
influence  of  a  charm  or  spell  ;  disentianced. 

"  His  heart  was  wholly  nnmtranced." 
Taylor     Philip  ein  Artepeldc  [Lny  of  Elena). 

un-en'-vi-a-ble,  ".    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
enviable]    *Nut  envijible  ;  not  to  be  envied. 
"  The  same    projiensities    whit-h    afterwards,    in   a 
higher    [x'st.    gniiiid  f>>r  him    an    nnenviable   immor- 
tJility  ■'— Jtfuc<mi(i.v.  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  iv. 

un-en'-vied,  c.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
envied.]    Not  envied ;  not  the  object  of  envy. 

"  Vnenvied  there,  he  may  sustain  alone 
The  whole  reiiroach,  the  fault  was  all  his  own  " 
Cowper:  Tirocinium. 

* iin-en'-vi-ous,  a.  [Fief,  (l),  and  Eng. 
f  jii'iotts.]    Not  envious  ;  free  from  envy. 

"We  shall  be  f.ir  surer  of  finding  these  upright,  un- 
enpious,  conaidentte,  lienevolent,  compaasionate.  than 
others,  who  have  u<it  eitual  inducements,"— SecAe''- 
Serrnons,  vol.  v..  ser.  11. 

' im-en-vy-ing,  «.  [Pref.  i(»-(l),  and  Eng. 
envying.]  Nut  enving  ;  free  from  unvy  ;  uii- 
envi'ius. 

"  iin-ep'-i-logued,  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  epihign{c);  -ed.]  Not  furnished  or  pro- 
vided with  an  epilogue.    (Sjieetal  coinage.) 

"  Cnepilogneil  the  poet  waits  his  sentence." 

Gvltlsmith  :  Epilogue  to  The  Sisters. 

*  un-e-pis'-co-pal,   «.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.    epi^coiKd.]  '    Not    episcoi)al ;    without 
bislioits. 

"Any  sovereign  and  unepisropal  Presbytery."  — 
G'jnden:  Tears  of  (he  Church,  p.  11. 

*  iin-e'-qua-ble,  o.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
equable.]  Not  equable,  not  uniform  ;  change- 
ful, titful,  changeable. 

*'  The  most  unsettled  and  vnequnble  of  seasons  in 
most  countries  in  the  world."'— fit'«(/e,y ;  Sennont, 
ser.  8. 

*  un-e -Ciua-bl3^,  adv.  [Eng.  unequah{le):  -ly.] 
Not  equably  or  uniformly. 

"  We  behold  the  universe  .as  a  splendid  space  inter- 
spersed uneqnabfy  with  clusters."  —  Poe  :  Eureka 
{iVorks.  1864).  ii.  130. 

iin-e'-qaal,  *un-e-quall,  a.  &,  s.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  equal.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Ordinary  La ngn age : 

*  1.  Unjust,  unfair,  iniquitous.  (In  this 
sense  a  translation  of  Lat.  iniquus,  from  in-  = 
uot,  and  ^qxius  =  equal,  fair,  just.) 

"Is  not  my  way  equal!  are  uot  your  ways  h«- 
eqwU .'"~Ezekielx\iu.  25. 

2.  Not  equal ;  not  of  the  snme  size,  length, 
■breadth,  width,  thickness,  volume,  quantity, 
strength,  .station,  or  tlie  like. 

3.  Inadequate,  insufficient. 

"To  that  danger  ;h  is  fortitude  proved  unc/unl."— 
Macaulay  :  J/i.st.  Eng.,  ch.  xxi. 

*  4.  Not  equable,  not  uniform  ;  unequal : 
as,  unequal  pulsations, 

II.  Bot. :  Not  having  the  two  sides  symme- 
trical, as  the  leaf  of  Begonia.  Applied  speci- 
ally to  sepals  and  petals  of  unequal  size  and 
shape.  In  describing  a  corolla,  equal  and  un- 
equal have  soinetime.s  been  substituted  for 
regular  and  irregular. 

B.  .-Is  suhst. :  One  not  equal  to  another  in 
station,  power,  ability,  age,  or  the  like. 

"Among  uneipidls.  what  societv?'" 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  viii.  333. 

unequal- sidod.  c  Tlie  same  as  Un- 
equal and  OfcLigtE  W-v.). 

unoqaal-voices.  ■<    pi 

Music:  Voices  of  mixed  qualities,  those  of 
women  combined  with  tlMse  of  nien. 

'  iin-e'-qual-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l);  Eng. 
equal,  and  sutf-'-rt''?*'.]  Not  able  to  be  equalled ; 
nut  capable  ftf  being  equalled,  matched,  or 
paralleled ;  matchless,  peerle.ss. 

"  Whose  love  to  God  is  questionless,  filial,  and  un- 

equalable."-—Bifyle :   Works,  i.  2S2- 

un-e'-qualled.  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
iqnalled.]'   N^-t  equalled    or  paralleled  ;    un- 


f&te,  fat,  f^e,  amidst,  "what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  oe  -  o ;  ey  =;  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unequally— unexceptional 


3U 


I>arrinHlerl.    unrivalU'fi.    peerh'ss.      (Used     in 
either  a  gmnX  ov  bail  sense.) 
"  Wheu  Venice  w  iw  a  qut-cii  w  ith  Jiii  H"«7i«iWc<f  ilower." 
liyrvn;  CtuUl'J  J/aroUl.  Iv.  11. 

iin-e'-qual-ly,  'uh\  [Enj;.  nnriinal:  -lif.]  Sot 
equally  ; 'ill  an  niicqujU  manner  or  degree  ;  in 
unequal  ni-  diireicnt  degrees;  ini-gularly,  un- 
synimetrically. 

*■  The  area  of  the  isliuid  W(i3  during  the  ■winter  and 
epriiu'.  not  unr-tii'iflu  tlivMed  lietweeii  tU«>uuut«uiliii^ 
jHOv^."— J/ci.viiW.(v  .   Hitr.  All!/.,  ch.  xviL 

unequally- pinnate,  a. 

livt.  (Of  a  Imf):   Pinnate  witli  a  terminal 
leaflet ;  iniparipiunate. 

'  un-e'-qual-ness,  5.  [Eug.  umquaX ;  -nnss.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unequal ;  in- 
equality. 

"The  uneqnnliieu  and  unreasonableiieafl  of  whtch 
all  iHwyere  »iU  deride.'— Zfju.  Taylor:  Hale  of  Con- 
^ctenve,  bk.  11.,  uh.  iL 

*  un-equit-a-ble  (eqult  as  ek'-kwit),  n. 

(Prcf.  un-  (1).  and  Eng.  i->iu'aahlc.\     N<it  fiiuit- 
able  ;  inequitable. 

•■  Meas'ires  which  they  think  too  nneqitUable  to  press 
upuu  a  mui'derer," — iJecay  of  Piefy. 

*  iin-equit-a-bly  (equit  as  ek'-kwit).  (uiv. 

\Y.\vj..  .'i<iirn'h{:.\:  -l,j.]     Nut  equitably;  in  an 
iiia'quitablf  iii.iiiuei". 

*  un-equit-y  (equit  as  ek  -kwit),  *  vn-e- 
qwy-te,  ^•.  iPret".  k/i-  (l),  and  Eng.  eqnitii.] 
inequitableness,  iniquity,  injustice.  (ITy- 
t'liffe  :  lioiii.  iii.  j.) 

un-e-quiv'-o-cal,  a.    [Fief,  un-  (l).  and 

Eng.  e<[ULVOcaL] 

1,  Not  equivocal ;  not  doubtful ;  clear,  evi- 
ilent,  plain. 

"  About  the  same  time  the  king  began  to  show,  in 
1U1  unequirocitl  inaniicr,  the  fi^tliu^  which  he  renUy 
entertained  towards  the  Ijanistied  Hugiieuots.'— -l/m:- 
aitUiy :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  ^i. 

2.  Not  auibignnus  ;  not  of  doubtful  siguKi- 
cation  :  as  une'iuic'X-al  expressions. 

in-e-quiv'-o-cal-l^,  flv.  [Eng.  unequivo- 
otl ; -III.]  In  an' uiieqnivocal,  clear,  or  plain, 
juanner ;  clearly,  plainly. 

"  His  resurrection,  the  Lord's  Day.  called  and  kept 
in  cominetuuratiou  of  it.  and  the  euoliarist  in  botli  ita 
IMirts,  are  uneijuiv'/cull;/  refened  to." — Paltry:  Evi- 
dences of  Christ  ianify.  vol.  i..  pt.  i.,  ch.  vlj. 

iin-e-quiv'-d-cal-ness,  s.  [Eng.  ^mequivo- 
ml;  -uess.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unequivocal ;  clearness,  plainness. 

•iin-e-r^d'-ic-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  »?i-  (i), 
and  Eng.  eiodicahU.]  Nut  eradicable ;  in- 
capable "f  being  eradicated  ;  ineradicable. 

"  The  uneradicablc  taint  "fain." 

Byron:  Chllde  UnroU,  iv.  126. 

*  un-err'-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
erruhh.]  Not  able  or  liable  to  err  ;  incaj'able 
of  erring;  infallible. 

"  The  ignominy  of  your  unerrabte  see  is  discovered." 
—.Sheldon:  Mirror  of  Antichrist,  p.  H2. 

*  un-err'-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uw^rrahle : 
•  Hf.-w.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unable 
to  err  ;  incapacity  of  error  ;  infallibility. 

"The  many  innovations  of  that  church  witness  the 
of  presuming    u|         " 
-Decay  of  Pitty. 

lin-err'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (1),  and  Eng.  err- 
ing.] 

I.  Committing  no  mistake ;  incapable  of 
error ;  infallible. 

•■  As  Thy  unerring  precepts  teach." 
Wurdstcorth  :  Thanlagioing  Ode,  .Irtii.  IS.  I91fi. 

%  Incapable  of  missing  the  mark  ;  certain, 
«ure. 

••  To  bend  the  bow,  imd  aim  interring  d;irt«," 

Pope     J/unuir  ;  Iliad  T.  68. 

un-err'-ing-ly,  ndv.  (Eng.  unerring  ;  -ly.] 
In  an  inierring  manner;  without  error  or 
failure  ;  certainly,  infallibly. 

"  Thy  strong  shafts  pursue  their  path 

Uii'-rriii^lyr 
LomjfeUow  :  Capiat  de  Manrinue.    (Transl.) 

■  un-es-cap'-a-ble,  ".  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  c^icapiihle.]  That  cannot  be  escaped  or 
avoided  ;  unavoidable. 

"  Ett-rual  rtiL'ht  from  some  unescapable  enemy." — 
.Vusson  :  De  (iiunccy.  p.  C3. 

"  un-es-9liew'-a-ble  (ctf  as  u),  '  un-es- 
Chu-a-ble,  t.  (Pnf.  un-  (l).  and  Eng.  cs- 
i:iii:tr<(fih\]  Not  able  to  be  eschewed,  avoided, 
or  shunned. 

'■  Procedyug  by  an  nnetckiiable  betidyng  togither." 
— Chancer  :  /tocciiis,  bk.  v. 


■  un  eschew  -a-bly  (ew  as  u),  "  un-es- 
cbu-a  bly.  wlv.     [Eug.  umsckewabQi^) ;  -ly.] 

Unavoidably. 

"  Tliei  been  to  conicn  unetchnably." — Chaucer: 
BiK-ciii*.  bk.  V. 

*  un-es-ciit9h'-edned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  ejictttcheontui.]  Not  escutcheoued ;  not 
with  an  escutcheon. 

"  To  this  loved  cemetery,  here  to  lodge. 
With  HinacM'Wi'-o(i('(i  privacy  iiit«'rred." 

Wordtworth  .  Excursion,  bk.  vi. 

'  un-ese,  s.    [Unease.) 

*  un  -  es  -  pied',  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (1),  and  Eng. 
t'spitij.]  Not  espied;  not  seen  or  discovered  ; 
unseen,  undiscovered. 

"  Nearer  to  view  his  prey,  .ind  nnespird. 
To  mark  what  of  their  sUite  he  more  might  learn." 
Milton:  P.  L.,  iv.  390. 

^-es-sayed'f  «.  [Pref.  itn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
(ssiMjM.\  Not  essayed;  not  tried;  untried, 
unattenii>ted. 

•■  Tlie  reeds  no  sooner  touched  my  lip.  though  new, 
And  unesiayed  before,  than  wide  tliey  flew." 

Vdwptr :  Death  of  Damon. 

iin-es-sen-tial  (tial  as  8hal),«.  &;  s.  [Pref. 
nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  eisentml.] 

A.  As  tidjcctim : 

1.  Not  essential ;  not  constituting  the  real 
essence ;  not  absolutely  necessary  ;  not  of 
prime  importance. 

"Those  who  ditfered  from  him  in  the  une$sentiat 
ji.ii'tsof  Clxristianity."— JcWwon  ;  Freeholder. 

'  2.  Void  of  real  being. 

"  Prime  cheerer  Light ! 
Without  whose  vesting  beauty  all  were  wrapt 
In  uneaenttul  gloom."      Thornton  :  Summer,  Oi. 

B.  A&  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Something  not  constituting 
the  real  essence,  or  not  absolutely  necessary. 

2.  Mnsic(Pl.) :  Notes  not  forming  a  neces- 
sary part  of  the  harmony.  Passing,  auxiliary, 
or  ornamental  notes. 

iin-es-sen'-tial-ly  (tlal   as  shal),   (idc. 

[Eng.   nn4^ssefitiat ;    -hi.]     Nnt  in  an  essential 
or  absolutely  necessary  manner. 

*  un-es-tab'-Ush,  v.t.  [Pref.  w»-  (2),  and 
Eng.  estahllsh.]  To  unfix,  to  disestablish  ;  to 
deprive  of  establishment. 

"The  Tjarliament demanded  of  the  king  to  unestab- 
lish  that  prel:itical  government  which  nad  usurped 
over  \i&."— Milton  :  Eikonoktaatea,  §  27. 

'un-eth,     un-etbes,  wlv.    [Uneath.] 

t  un-e-vdn-gel'-ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  evongdkal.]  Not  evangelical ;  not 
according  to  the  gospel. 

"  Whom  in  justice  to  retaliate,  is  not  as  he  supposes 
uncvan!feUcal."~Milton:  Aiuwer  to  Eikon  Basilike, 
§12. 

iin-e'-ven,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  even,  a.] 

1.  Not  even,  not  level,  smooth,  or  plain; 
rugged, rough. 

*■  Thus  fallen  am  I  in  dark,  uneven  way." 

Shakcsp. :  Midsuintner  .Vight's  Dream,  iii.  2. 

2.  Not  straight  or  direct ;  crooked. 

"  Cncven  is  the  course.  I  like  it  not," 

Shakcsp. :  Uoin^o  *  Juliet,  iv.  1. 

3.  Not  uniform,  regular,  or  well-matched. 

"Hurrying,  as  fast  a.^  his  uneven  legs  would  carry 
hiui."— .l/(tc-'(n/atf  .■  Bist.  Eng..c\\.  xvlii. 

4.  Not  perfectly  horizontal  or  level,  as  the 
beam  of  a  scale  ;  not  on  the  same  height  or 
plain  ;  lience,  not  true,  just,  or  fair. 

"  Belial,  in  much  uneven  scale  thou  weigh'st 
All  others  by  thyself."        MUtun :  P.  IL,  ii.  i::{. 

*o.  Ill-matched,  unsuitable;  ill-assorted. 

■'  So  forth  they  traveled,  .in  uneven  payre  .  .  . 
A  salvage  man  matuht  with  a  ladyc  fayre." 

tivenser :  F.  U  .  VI.  v,  9. 

6.  Jn  Arith.  :  Not  divisible  by  2  without  a 
lemainder ;  odd ;  as,  3,  3,  7,  &c.  ;  unevenly 
unequal  numbers  are  those  wliieh  being  di- 
vided by  4  leave  a  remainder  equal  to  1,  as  5, 
9,  13,  i:c. 

■*  7.  Difficult,  perplexing,  embarrassing. 

"  Uneven  and  imwelcome  news." 

Khakeap. :  I  Henry  IV.,  i.  1. 

fin-e'-ven-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  uneven:  -^y.]  In 
an  uneven  manner  ;  not  smootlily  or  regu- 
•arly. 

"Whosoever  rides  on  a  lame  horse,  cannot  but 
*  move  unevenly."— Bp.  Jlatt:  J^o  Peace  with  Home,  §9. 

un-e'-ven-ness,  s.    [Eng.  m^ven;  -ness.} 
1.  Tlie  quality  or  .state  of  being  uneven, 
rough,  or  rugged;    roughness;  inequality  of 
surface. 

"The  niKgedness  and  unrvenneu  of  the  roads." — 
Itay:  On  t'u-  Creation. 


2.  Want  of  uiiifonnity  or  equableness;  un- 
steadiness, uncertainty. 

"  Tliis  uufvenncu  of  temper  mid  im^gularity  of  cou- 
ilMcXS'—Additon:  Spectator,  No.  1«2. 

*3.  Turbulence  ;  disturbed  state. 

"  By  rriutuu  of  the  troubles  and  unceennett  of  hla 
reign."— i/fi/tr, 

4.  Want  of  smoothness  in  regard  to  .style, 

or  the  like  ;  ruggedness. 

"It  were  HtrnnKu  if  in  what  I  writ  there  did  not 
api-ear  much  of  uneeenmu,"— Boyle :   Work*,  il.  'Jil. 

lin-e-vent'-ful,  «.  [Prcf.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
vvnitfid,]  Not  evputful  ;  not  marked  by 
events  of  any  importance;  as,  an  uneventful 
joiU"ney  or  reign. 

*  iin-ev'-i-dent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
evid*:nt.]  Nut  evident,  clear,  oridain  ;  obscure. 

"  We  conjfcture  at  uneoUlent  thinfpt  by  that  which 
is  evident.'  —i/acfcrf ."  Life  of  WilHamt,  i.  IW. 

■  un-ev'-it-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cvituhlc]  Not  to  be  escaped  or  avoided;  in- 
evitable. 

"  Wherefore  weying  and  'orseeing  this  {as  I  may  wel 
t4<rme  itl  calamity  and  utiei/itable  dnug^r  uf  men." — 
Huckluyt  :    Vnyajei,  ii.  53. 

*  iin-ev'-i-tat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  uti-(l),  and  Lat 
evitatus,  pa.  par.  of  evUo  =  to  avoid.]  Un- 
avoided,  unescaped. 

"  With  that,  th"  unerring  dart  at  Cycnus  flunp. 
Tli'  uiiei'iiated  on  his  shoulder  rung." 

Sandy*  :  Ovid;  MetamorplLOies  J.ii. 

un-e-volved',  a.     [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  Eng. 

evolved.]     Nfjt  evolved. 

•^  un-ey-act',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ejuut,  a..]  Not  exact  or  accurate ;  inexact,  in- 
correct. 

^  un-ey-act'-ed.  «.  [Pref.  wn-(l),  and  Eng. 
e-i-acted.]    Not  exacted  ;  not  taken  by  force. 

"  But  all  was  common,  and  the  fruitful  earth 
Was  free  tu  give  her  unexacted  birth  " 

Dryden  .-    Virgil;  Georgic  i.  186. 

un-ey-ag'-ger-at-ed,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  cj:'t<j<j€ratt:d.]     Nut  exaggerated. 

*  un-e^-am'-in-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (i), 
and  Eng.  ejam'tnahk.]  Not  examinable  ;  not 
admitting  of  examination. 

"  The  lowly,  .ilwise.  and  unexnminahl«  intention 
of  (Jbrist-"— J/iKu/i .  Keform.  in  England,  bk,  i. 

un-e^-^m'-ined,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

exavilned.] 

1.  Not  examined,  tested,  investigated,  or 
tried. 

"  A  forw.Tjd  condemnation  of  all  that  may  stand 
in  opposition  to  it,  unheard  and  unexamined  :  wbich, 
what  is  it  hut  prejudice^"— Zocte;  Conduce  of  the 
Underst,  §  10. 

2.  Not  examined  judicially ;  untried. 

"  And  yet  within  these  five  hours  H^tings  livd 
Untaiutod,  unexamind,  free,  at  liberty. " 

ahakeip. :  Hichard  III.,  iii,  6. 

3.  Not  explored  or  investigated. 

"  There  remained  nevertheless  room  for  very  large 
islands  in  jd^ioes  unexamined." — Cook:  :iecond  Voyage, 
bk.  ii,,  ch.  vi. 

un-e^-am'-pled  (pled  as  peld),  a.    [Pref. 

vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  ejximpled.]  Not  exampled  ; 
having  no  example,  precedent ,  or  similar 
case ;  unprecedented. 

*■  To  make  some  unexampled  sacrifice.' 

/{.  Browning:  Paraceltut,  L 

un'ex-9elled',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
excelkd.]    Not  excelled. 

*■  Vuriv^illeJ  love,  in  Lycia  unexcelled." 

Cowper :  Honker;  Hunt,  V. 

un-ex-cep'-tion-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  nu-  (i), 
and  Et*g.  exaittionahle.]  Not  exceptionable 
not  liable  or  open  to  any  exception,  objection, 
or  censure  ;  unobjectionable,  faultless. 


un-ex^ep'-tiona-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  un- 
i'.Keption'tb(e ;  -mss.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unexceptionable. 

"Other  narta  of  his  exposition  of  these  epistles  that 
had  the  like  utiexrepf'«'uiblene»s,"  —  More:  On  the 
&^L)i  CUurdiex  IIM'J).'  (Pref.) 

im-ex-fep'-tion-a-bljr,  adv.  [Eng.  unex- 
c€ptioiMb(lc) :  -ly.]  In  an  unexceptionable 
manner. 

"  Persons  ho  unexceptionubly  qualify'd  for  that 
purpose."— ."iOuCt-  Sermons,  vol.  v.,  ser,  1. 

*  un-ex~9ep'-tion-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  e.i<:t}'li<j)i'd.]  Unexceptionable.  (A  wrong 
use.) 

"  The  (tiBcnursflu  :»re  perfectly  unexceptional  so  far 
a.^  they  c<:''~tint.  quarterly  lie-inr.  Ivii..  €06  iieT3). 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  cborus,  9hin,  bencb;  go,  gem;  tbin,  tbis;  sin,  a^;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  sbun;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zbiin.      cious,  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.      ble,  -die,  ^c  —  bel,  deL 


312 


unexceptive— unextinguishably 


*  iin-dx-9dp -tiive,  '<.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Klin.  rj.r/^uY.)    Nut  cxwptivo  ;  admittiitg  uo 

CXCfptlull. 

iin«x-9liangod'.  a.    {Prt>f.  iirt-(l),  amtEiig. 

eja:!i'i:vj^  i.]     N.-l  i'Xcliaiigtid. 

"  Hut  o>iit*<ii<l  thnt  yuu  uiny  JuNtly  roiorve  fur 
vriitCMiKv  lh>>«»  Willi  rviiinlii  un«ji-fMiitfc*t."—Iiurk€: 
Utter  t^  th9  Alierif  </  tiriUttt  (17;7}. 

«  jin^jc-oi^d,  c  [Vivt  un-  (1),  ami  En^'. 
ftr.  (A- ;  -/iTi  N<»t  excined  ;  uot  sahjecltHl  ur 
iLiMf  to  excist'  ur  duly. 


'  iin  ex-OlUf 'Ito.  a.  [Prer.  uh-  (1),  uikI 
£iiK.  Azt'Iii.it».J  Nut  exdiuive  ;  genera),  cuin- 
preueii^ive. 

*  fin-^-Olu^ -ive-lj^,  adv.  (Eng.  unej:- 
clxLiitr  :  ■lij.\  Witlh'ui  t-xctusiuu  of  niiytbing  ; 
so  ad  not  Uj  exclu'lu. 

*  iin-^-cd^  -it-a  ble, «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  mul 

Eng.  (u..■<>J/^b^^(>.  1     Nut  excogitable  ;  not  able 
to  be  thought  out. 

"  Wherein  cnu  nirui  be  BAJd  to  rwtoiiiblfl  hla  Mfi^;- 
)r«rM.  bk.  L.tjli.  11. 

*  un-ex-€us'-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  eiofwaW^f.J  Nut  excusable  ;  inexcusable, 
an(>ardonablc. 

"  It  WM  n  pervirrM-.  gr^^t.  iiinllcloits,  niid  tincj^ciif- 
•i6/«  Ignorance.'  —Hii>>*ino>id  :   Work$,  iv.  6«. 

*  iln-ex-ou^  -a-blo-nes8,  s.  [Eng.  unvx- 
cnmOfU. ;  -M'^ss.j  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  beiug 
tiiiexeusable. 

**  Rip  up  to  yuu  the  umtrcufibtrneu  of  tlie  limitlieu 
lgiiuranc«  iu  gi:aeti\\."—ffamtnoitd:  iVorlu,  iv.  6tt 

un-ex'-e^u-ted,  ^.    (Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  executed  ;  not  performed  or  cairied 
out. 

"The  decree  of  the  Seiinte  remained  unexectited." 
— Lewis :  Crtd.  AVir/y  ll'ftnan  lliat.  (1855).  ch.  xii. 

2.  Not  signed  nr  sealed  ;  not  properly  at- 
tested :  as,  a  deed  or  coutraet  umtxecuteiL 

•  3.  Unemployed  :  not  jjut  into  pi-actice. 

"  LeHve  ungxfCHted 
Your  iiwii  leiiowiied  kiiowledg©." 

Sh'ifci'si:  .  Aiitotiy  4  Cttopalra,  iii.  7. 

'  un-e^-fem  -plga'-y,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  exeiiif'fanj.]     Not  exemplary. 

*  un-e^-em -pU-fied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng,  e-rcmplifii'<l.]  Nut  exemplified  ;  not  illus- 
trat€d  by  t'Xiimple  :  nuexanipleil. 

"Those  woiidera  a  generation  returned  with  so  un- 
exemffliJieU  un  ingratitude,"— Zioy/e. 

*  an-e^-exnpt'  (v  silent),  n.  [Pref.  w/i-  (1), 
anil  Eiiti,  •■xeinpt.] 

1.  Not  exempt;  not  free  by  privilege  or 
right ;  liable. 

2.  Not  exempting  from,  or  depriving  of 
some  privilege,  or  the  like. 

"  Scuriiing  the  tinejrempt  condition 
By  which  till  mortnl  frailty  luuat  sulolst." 
'  Milton  :  Comtu,  635. 

*  un-ex-empt -ed  (p  silent),  a.  [Pi-ef.  »(t- 
(1),  and  Eng.  cjcHi/'f't/,]  Not  exempted  ;  nut 
free  by  privilege  or  right. 

"To  reiiiitre  :iu  iiJirjcfrnptetl  and  iinvArtinl  ol>e- 
dieuoe  to  all  h«r  decreea."— J/i7(on  .■  Divorce,  bk.  ii., 
ch.  xii). 

*  un-ex'-er-fi^ed,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  (!'j¥7'ci-s(''7.|    Not  exercised;  not  practised 
or  tiain":^d. 

"  Without  dittcriuiiuntioQ  or  election,  of  which  in- 
deed our  tender  and  unexerciied  uiinda  are  Dot  call- 
able."—G'/utici/i  .   Essajji,  No.  3, 

*  un-e^-ert  -ed.  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
exerted.]  Nut  exerted;  not  brought  intu 
action. 

"Attend  with  patience  the  nncertalnty  of  tliin^n, 
and  wluvt  lieth  yet  unexi'vU-d  in  the  chjiua  of  futniity.' 
^Broivu-     V/irutiait  Morals,  i.  25, 

un-e^-haust  -ed.  a.    [Pref.  wu-(l).  and  Eng. 

erhfnistni.  | 

1.  Not  exluiu-sled ;  not  drained  to  the  but- 
torn  ;  not  einidied, 

"  Aa  the  low  bent  clnuda 
Pour  flowi  uu  rli.njd.  yet  unexh<oiil^cl  atill 
Uouibine."  Tlionunn  :    Winler. 

2.  Not  worn  out :  as  unexhausted  strength. 

*un-e^-haust  'i-ble.  «.  [Eng.  -un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  rjhan6ttbk.\  Not  exliaustiUle,  inex- 
haustible. 

"  Cufxhauttible  by  all  the  auccessiouii  of  time," — 
ffule:  ConL  ;  Med.  on  the  Lord's  I^rayer. 


"  iin-e:^-ist -^nt.  «.  [Pref.  h(i-(1),  and  Eng. 
exiMfnt.\    Nut  existent,  nun-exi. stent. 

•■  HiiHiwiidwl  knowledge  uf  what  iit  yet  unexUttnt." 
— Aruicitc.  Chrittian  Mor,tU.  hi.  13. 

* iln-d3^-l8t'-ing,  rt.  [Pref.  »*i-  (1),  ami  Eng. 
exa^iufj.]    Nut  existing  ;  not  existent 

*  iin-ex-p&nd -ed.  «.     [Pref.  w?^  (i),  and 

Eng.  rjiri'ided.]     Nut  expanded. 

"  With  sleejiiutf,  uHex/"iiidiyd  l»i»ue  otor'd." 

lilacktHorti :  CrDiition,  vi. 

'un-ex-pecf-a-ble,  '(.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
EiiK.  rxiitetabU.]  Not  to  be  expected  or  an- 
tici  (Kited. 

•■Tlie  h'.inU-ide  .  ,  .  without  um-x/tectable  mercy, 
l>fn3lietli  ettTuatly."— ^<Aini«;   It'or**.  IL  SiiL 

'un-ex-pcct'-^Jlt,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and 
Eng.  <■J■;>^■^:^(/t^)*  Nut  exjieetaut ;  not  looking, 
expecting,  ur  waiting  for. 

"  With  lieut.  Hiu-x-ijccrant  faces."— 0.  Etiot ;  Jiofiwla, 
ch.  Iv. 

■  iin-ex-pec-ta  -tion.  -f.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  e,viH.T.t<itiun.]  The  iilisenceof  expectatiun  ; 
wautof  previous  consideration  or  forethought. 

"  As  every  other  evill,  ao  this  [losse]  especially  is 
aggravated  by  our  uncxitfCtatit/Ji.'  ~  Up.  If  all :  The 
Balm  of  li  Head,  S  i. 

un-ex-pect  -ed.  c.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and  Eng. 
txpKcled.l    Not  expected ;   not  looked  for. 

"  Your  uiiej:pectod  presence  had  so  rouaed 
My  apirtta,  that  tney  were  being  bent  on  enterprise," 
f\'oi-d«itxjrth  :  Excursion,  bk.  ill. 

iin-ex-pect'-ed-ly.  udv.  [Eng.  unexpected; 
'bi.\  In  ail  uiit-xitected  manner  ;  at  a  time  or 
iu  a  manner  not  expected  or  looked  for. 

"The  court  determining  the  case  unexpevtedly  iu 
fitvour  of  his  opponent."— (»oW*miIA."  The  liee.  No.  "• 

t  un-ex-pect'-ed-ness,  s,  [Eng,  unexpected ; 
-hi:as.]  Tlie  quality  ur  state  of  being  uu- 
expeeted. 

"Till-  iiin-xpe''lcdii:-u  added  (if  nut  to  the  pain)  to 
the  trigUt  thereof.'— /'ii//er.'   Worthies;   Wiltshire. 

•  im-ex-pe'-di-ent,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and 
Eng.  expedient.]  *Not  expedient,  inexpedient. 


'un-ex-pen-sive,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  expcnsi  cc]    Not  expensive  ;  inexpensive  ; 

not  costly, 

"  My  life  hath  not  bin  unexpennive  in  learning,  and 
voyaging  about." — Milton:  An  Apology  for  Hmvctyin- 
iiiuis,  I  9. 

'  un-ex-per'-i-en9e,  ^'=.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  t;~ri'erieitce,'s.]  Want  of  experience  ;  in- 
experience. 

"  I  am  nut  ashamed  to  recant  that  which  my  nnex- 
periei'ce  hittb  (nut  uf  heanwy)  written  in  praise  of 
French  education."— B/*.  Halt:  Qtto  t'adis,  §  IU. 

un-ex-per-i-en^ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  €xptritnced.\ 

1.  Not  experienced  :  not  versed  or  skilled  ; 
iuexperieneed. 

"  The  wisest,  unexperienced,  will  be  ever 
Timorous  and  loth."  Milton  :  /'.  A', .  iii.  24n. 

2.  Without  liavi'g    gained    knowledge    or 
experience. 

"  Thou  return  unexfierienced  to  thy  grave."— 
Shtikeip. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  iv.  4. 

3.  Untried  ;  not    known  from  experience, 
(Said  uf  tilings.) 

* un-ex-per'-i-ent,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  experieni.]  'Inexperienced. 

"  The  inexperient  gave  the  tempter  place." 

Hkitkesp.  :  Complaint,  318. 

•  un-ex-per-i-menf-al,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  nxperhnental.]  '  Not  experimental, 

*  un-ex-pert'.  a.  [Pref.  vn- (l),  and  Eng. 
I'xpert.]  Notexpert;  inexpert;  wanting  .skill, 
experienee,  or  knowledge  ;  inexperienceil. 

"  My  sentence  is  for  open  war  :  of  wiles, 
More  unexpert,  I  boast  not."     Milton,:  P.  L.,  ii.  52. 

"*  un-ex-pert'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unexpert;  -In.] 
Not  expertly;  iu  an  unexpert  inauuer ;  uu- 
skiUuUy. 

un-ex-pired',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
crpiied.] 

1.  Not  expired ;  not  having  reached  the 
date  at  which  it  is  due  :  as,  an  unexpired  bill. 

2.  Not  having  expired  ;  not  having  come  to 
an  end  or  teruiinatiou  ;  still  to  run. 

"  Having  an  unexpired  t*rni  of  seven  years  from 
Micbaelmtia  last"— r*me«.  Oct.  30.  1875. 

"  un-ex-plain'-a-ble,  n.  [Pref.  v>i-  (i),  ami 
Kii-.  •• /'I'll liable.]  Nut  explainable;  not 
(.iil'a'ili-  ut  li-_-ing  explained  ;  inexplicable. 


iin-ex-plained',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
explained.]     Nut  explained. 

"Poitentoua,  unexampled,  nwxpluln'd." 

Cowper  :  Task,  Ii.  58. 

'  un-ex'-pli-cat-ed,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1).  and 
Eu^.  expUaUed.]  Nut  explicated;  unexplained. 

iln-ex-pldred',  a.    [Pref.  tin-  (l),  and  Eug. 

explored.] 

1.  Not  explored  or  examined  by  travelling. 

"  He  had  left  scarcely  a  nook  of  the  kingdom  ttnrx- 
plored  "—Mucaulai/  :  Mist.  Ewj.,  ch.  xiii. 

2.  Not  examined  intellectually ;  not  iuves- 
tigated ;  untried. 

"  No  female  arte  or  .lids  she  left  untried. 
Nor  Counsels  unexplored,  before  slie  dii-d." 

Drffden:   Virgil  ;  .Eneitl  iv.  600. 

Un-ex-p6^ed'»  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
exjMiaed.] 

1.  Nut  exposed  or  laid  open  to  view;  re- 
maining concealed  or  hiddeu ;  hdnce,  not  held 
up  to  censure. 

"Sutfer  the  little  mistakes  of  thevauthor  to  pass 
unexposed."—  Watts  :  On  the  Mind,  ch.  v,,  ^  3. 

2.  Not  exposed  ;  not  liable  or  open. 

"  Existence  unexposed 
To  the  blind  walk  of  mortal  accident." 

Wordsworth:  Excursion,  bk.  iv. 

3.  Covered,  shielded,  or  protected  from 
violence,  injury,  danger,  or  the  like  ;  shel- 
tered :  as,  The  house  stands  iu  an  unexposed 
situation. 

un-ex-pound'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  «7»-  (1),  and 
Eug.  expounded.]  Not  expounded ;  not  ex- 
plained or  treated  of. 

"In  the  plain  ttnexpounded  wunla  uf  ijcripture.'— 
Bp.  Taylor :  Sermo/ts,  vol.  iL,  »er.  22. 

'*  iin-ex-press'.  a.  [Pref.  iiu-  (1),  and  Eng. 
expres:s.\     Informal,  casual, 

"The  unejcpress  (school nuwter],  for  guuJ  or  evil,  is 
80  busy  with  a  poor  little  fellow."— CaW^/e;  Li/e  oj 
Sterling,  pt.  i.,  ch.  iv, 

iin-ex-pressed'.  «.  [Pref.  wu-(l),  and  Eng. 
expressed.]  Not  expressed ;  not  mentioned, 
declared,  proclaimed,  or  uttered. 

"  Next— for  some  gracious  service  nnexpressed. 
And  from  its  wages  ouly  to  be  guessen." 

Byron :  A  Sketch. 

^  un-ex-press'-i-ble,  a.  [Pref,  un-  (l),  and 
Eug.  expressible.]  Not  expressible ;  not  able 
or  tit  to  be  expressed  ;  inexpressible. 

"  When  wilt  thou  put  an  end  to  these  iinexpressiOtc 
miseries  r'—Bj:>.  Ball :  The  Peacemaker.  §  6. 

*  un-ex-press'-i-bl^.  adr.  [Eng.  ttnexpress- 
ib{le) :  -lij.]  In  a  manner  not  to  be  ex- 
pressed ;  inexiuessibly. 

"  Your  condition  is  inexpreisibly  wofuU."— fi/'.  Hall : 
Character  of  Man. 

iin- ex- press'- ive.  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  ixpfessice.] 
1.  Nut  expressive  ;  deficient  in  expression. 
*  2,  Inexpressible,  ineffable. 

'  And  he.sTs  the  unexpressive  nuptial  song." 

Milton ;  Lycidas,  176. 

■*  un-ex-press'-ive-ljir,  adv.  [Eng.  vnex- 
prejssive;  -hj.]  Nut  expressively  ;  without  ex- 
pressiun. 

*  un-ex-pug'-na-ble.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  eiptignable.]  Not  to  be  beaten,  con- 
quered, or  overpowered. 

"  Debonalre 
Nor  unexpugiialtle  to  love." 

Sandys  :  Ovid  :  Metamorphoses  xi. 

*  iin-ex-tend'-ed,  n.    [Pi'ef.  w)i-(l),  and  Eng. 

extended.] 

1.  Not  extended  or  stretched  out. 

"  From  these  weak,  struggling,  nnextended  anus." 
Congreve  :  Mourning  Bride,  iii 

2.  Oeeupying  no  assignable  space  ;  having 
no  dimensions. 

"How  inconceivable  is  it.  that  a  spiritual,  i.e.  an 
nnextended  substance,  should  represent  to  the  muid 
au  extended  one,  as  a  triangle  r'—Locfa;. 

'^  iin-ex-tmot'.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 
extinet.]    Not  extinct  or  extinguished. 

*■  Be  there  but  one  spark 
Of  fire  reiuiiiuiiig  iu  him  uiiejclinrt." 

Bcutiiii.  .1-  put.      Lores  Cure,  iii.  2. 

im-ex-tin -guish-a-ble   (gu   as  gw).  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  extinguishabk.]  In- 
cai>able  of  being  extinguished  ;  inextinguish- 
able. 

"Pain  of  tniextinguijfhtiljle  fire." 

Mi/f'.m  :  P.  L.,  U.  m. 

'  un  -  ex  -  tin-  guish  -  a  -  bly  (gu  as  gw), 

«(/r.  [Eng.  'unextinijnif<h>iltl{,:) ;  dy.]  In  an 
unextinguishable  manner  ;  in  a  manner  that 
cauuot  be  extinguished  ;  inextinguishably. 


£ate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father:   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  ^nite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try. 


;   pine,  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine ;   go.  pot, 
Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw^ 


unextinguished— unfashionable 


iiU 


un-ex-tin  -guished  (gu  u.^  gw),  a.    [Pwi. 

un-  (1),  ami  Eli^.  ta7(»;/fN'i'it'i/.] 
1.  Not  L'Xtiiiijuislied  ;  not  iivient-heU  or  rc- 

"  The  frieiKl  wlio  stwKl  h&Uirv  lier  sight, 


•  2.  IiifXtiiij^tiisliable. 

"  All  ;irik-iit  tliirstuf  Iioiiuur;  ;i  aoiil  luisatistletl  with 
all  it  hiis  <K.iu-.  .-iiid  Ml  uncxduffumeU  dmrti  vt  iluuig 
iii,.i:  -Hrydfu. 

"  un  ex-txr-pat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  «u-  (1),  ami 
Eii^'.  ritlriHttoi.]  Nut  extirpated;  not  luoteU 
out ;  not  L'radiciitL'd  or  exteriuinated. 

■■T.iUiii«  MiTi-iicp  lit  the  sin  which  reirniius  »s  yet 
uutJcfii/iiUcU:  -lip.  Uurtiey:  Seinnunt.  vol.  m.,ser.-10. 

•  .ja-ex-tort'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  j(«i-(l),  ami  Eug. 
ej;tortai.\  Nut  i-xtorted  ;  injt  takeu  or  wrested 
by  furce  ;  si)')iitaiieuus. 

■•  The  aouls airection  cmi  be  ouly  giveu      ^ 
Free,  unexlvrUd,  >\&  the  grnce  of  heaven. 

Cowper:  To  Doha. 

•un-ex'-tric-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (l),  and 
Eiijj;.  *:j:trimhk'\    Nut  extricable  ;  inextriciible. 

"Which  aupiK)sitioii  we  shall  flnde  iiivoheil  in  «»- 
extric'iblB  dimculties."— J/ore;  Immort.  uf  th«  iMut. 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  ii. 

•  un-eyed',  «.     [Pref.  jni-  (1),  and  Eng.  eytd.] 

Not  seen,  viewed,  or  noticed  ;  unseen. 

'■  X  i);(.ir  of  Uiis.  oh  thiit  we  were  tineyed, 
I  couM  suck  suniii'  from  'eiu  !  * 
Bcaiim.  A  /Ve^  ■   IVif  at  Several  tt'capom,  ii. 

*  <in-f^'-bled  (Xe  as  el),  a.  [Pi-ef.  nu-  (i), 
aud  Eng.  fabkd.]  Uiiniixcd  with  fable;  nut 
constituting  a  fable  ;  historic,  true. 

•■Plain,  uii/alilcd  inecepl."—Si/dHey  Smith  :  iVorks, 
i.  t7G. 

•un-fa9e',  v.t.  [Pief.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  /ace, 
v.]  To  remove  the  face  or  cover  from  ;  to 
expose. 

"  Uitface  these,  and  they  will  i>i*ove  fts  Imd  cards  as 
aiiy  in  theiuick. '—  Kushivorth:  Histor.  CoUections,  itt. 
ii..  vol.  ii,.  \}.  917. 

^  un-fac'-tious»  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
factious.]    Not  factious. 

"Provided  nlways  that  they  have  Iweu  teiniwrate. 
reasonable,  and  un/ucHous  in  their  conduct. "—  Wilber- 

force:  Life.  ii.  171'. 

un-fad-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
/tul(>'),  and  suti;  -able.]  Incapable  of  fading, 
withering,  or  perishing  ;  unfading. 

"A  crown,  incorrmitihle.  tinfaiUblc.  reserved  in 
heaven  for  liiiu."— flju.  Hull:  Contempl.  ;  Aluisuet'us 
F'lintitig. 

un-fad'~ed,  (f.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  fculed.] 

1.  Not  faded  ;  not  having  lost  its  strength 
of  colonr. 

2.  Not  withered,  aij  a  plant. 

"  A  lovely  flower, 
Unfaded  yet,  but  yet  uufed  below."  Dryden. 

'  iin-fadg'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fiuhjinij.]  [FADGii,  v.\  That  will  not  fadge  or 
suit  tliu  purpose  for  whieli  it  is  intended  ;  un- 
suitable. 

'■  Dfisli  the  u»fudgiii'j  clay  agiuust  the  walls.'*— 
Adams:  Works,  iii.  122. 

un-fad'-ing,   a.     [Pref.    an-  (1),  and    Eng. 

1.  Nut  fading ;  not  liable  to  fade  or  lose  its 
strength  or  freshness  of  colour. 

'■  To  gather  flowera 
Of  blissful  iiniet  'mid  unfitding  bowel's." 

Wordsworth :  Laod<imia. 

2.  Not  liable  to  wither;  not  subject  to  de- 
cay ;  imperishable. 

"  Imniortiility  of  life,  an  unfadiiiQ  crown  of  glory." 
—Barrow:  Sennous.  vol.  iii..  ser.  38. 

un-fad'-ing-ly,  '-ulv.      [Eng.  unfading;  -ly.] 

In  an  unfading  niamiL-r  ;  iniperishably. 

*  un-fad'-ing-ness,  s,  [Eug.  unfading; 
-ness.]  The  quality  ur  state  of  being  unfading. 

"  We  consider  the  unfu(iin<>rn'^  of  their  (the  Ph(e- 
iiiciaus'J  puriile. "— /"ufw/ifie;  Bist.  Devonshire. 

* im-fail'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l) ;  Eng.  fail, 
v..  and  sufl.  -ahtc]  Not  failable  ;  iucapablu 
(if  failing  ;  infallible. 

"A  confident  opinion  of  their  undoubted  safety, 
and  tinfaihibte  riitlit  to  hnppiueaa  !"— B^.  Uall :  ber- 
inon  on  2  Peter  i.  lu. 

'  un-f  ail -a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  ^infailaUe  ; 
-iif.'is.]  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  uufail- 
able  ;  infallibility,  cei'tainty. 

"  The  vemcity  and  mtfnihtbleneng  of  the  Bure 
mercies,  auil  iirouiises  of  the  OikI  of  truth.*— /(p. 
Unit :  Salaiis  I'ivry  Dartt  Qiicitched. 


iin-fail'-ing, 

failing.] 


[Pref.    un-   (1),   and    Eng. 


1.  N"t  liable  to  fail ;  incapable  of  being  ex- 
hausted. 

"  Hereby  are  we  (reed  from  the  seiiae  of  the  Becuml 
death  ami  the  ating  of  the  fli-st,  to  the  unftuUitu  com- 
fort of  our  aouU.  — «/>.  JIall :  HonnQii  at  ilii/h-ttn, 

2.  Incapable  of  failing  or  missing  its  aim  ; 
unerring,  sure. 

"  Souie  god.  in-opitloua  to  the  Tfolftu  foo. 
Has.  from  my  arm  ut{failiita.  struck  tbr,  bow." 

i'iipii:  llomvr :  Iliad  xv.  h5\, 

3.  Not  liable  to  fail  or  come  short  of  wliat 
is  wanted. 

"  MalntiiinH  its  hold  with  such  un/ailinff  sway. 
We  feci  it  e'en  In  aye.  and  at  uur  latest  day. ' 

Cowper:  Tirocinium,  aiC, 

i.  Ever  inceting  a  hope,  promise,  or  want ; 
sure,  infallible. 

"The  event  of  luittles,  indeed,  is  not  an  iin/alltni/ 
test  of  the  abilities  of  a  commauiler. '— J/(iC(m/«tf ; 
Hisf.  Liij-.  ch.  vli. 

iin-fail'-ihg-lS^,  ff(?r.  [Eng.  iuifaiHn<} ;  -hi.] 
In  an  unfailing  manner  or  degree  ;  infallibly. 

^  un-faU -ing-nSss,  .'.  [Eng.  juifaiUng; 
■HLSti.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfail- 

"  How  much  we  do  more  know  his  unfailinftneti,  his 
unchiuij^eableneKa.'—B/i.  Hall:  Sermon  on'l  Peter  i.V.>. 

"  iin-fain'.  *  un-fayn',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  fiin,  a.]    Nut  fain  or  glad;  sorry,  dis- 
pleased. 

"  The  Soudan  Saladyn  be  was  fulle  ujf/ai/n. 
He  fled  witb  mykelle  pyu  vntu  the  mouutayn," 

iiobcft  de  Urnniie,  p.  191, 

*  un-faint'-ing,  o.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fiinting.]  Nut  fainting;  not  giving  way, 
sinking,  or  succumbing. 

'*  And  oh.  that  I  could  retain  the  effects  which  it 
V.  ruuglit  with  an  unfaintiitg  perseverance ! " — Sandys : 
Traoels.  p.  167. 

un-fair'.  ■  un-faire,  a.  [Pref.  ua-  (1),  and 
Eng.  yhi'r,  a.] 

*  1.  Not  fair ;  not  graceful,  elegant,  or 
ueat. 

"  Attiiur  bis  belte  his  liarte  lockes  laie. 
Feltred  un/aire,  over  fret  with  frostes  hoore." 

Chaiieer  :  Test,  of  Creseide. 

2.  Nut  honest ;  uot  impartial ;  using  trick 
or  artitice. 

'■  Sometimes  they  complain  of  me  as  very  unfair  to 
tiike  an  advautfige  of  an  opinion  o(  tbeira."— H'adT- 
land:   Works,  iv,  53. 

3.  Not  characterized  by  or  founded  on 
honesty,  justice,  or  fairness;  dishonourable, 
fraudulent. 

"The  new  system  which  you  prajiose  would  there- 
fore evidently  be  unfair  to  the  Crown."— JAticim^u^  .- 
Hist.  Eng..  ch,  xviii, 

"  un-fair',  v.t    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng./ur,  v.] 
To  deprive  of  fairness  or  beauty. 
"  These  hours  .  .  .  will  that  unfair 
Which  fairly  doth  excel."       Shakesp. :  Soimel  5. 

un-fair' -ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unfair;  -ly.]  Not 
fairly  ;  in  an  unfair  manner. 

"  If  I  have  wrested  your  words  to  another  seuae 
than  you  designed  them,  or  in  auj-  respect  argued  un- 
fiiirJy,  \  assure  you  it  was  without  deaigu."— ifaKfr.' 
To  Dr.  Saimtel  Clarke,  let.  1, 

■^  un-fair' -ness,  s.  [Eng.  unfair;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfair;  want  of 
fairness,  justice,  or  honesty ;  dishonest  or 
disingenuous  conduct  or  practices. 

"By  tliis  aversion  to  basuness  aud  unfairness."— 
Seeker:  Sermons,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  4. 

t  iin-faith',  s.  [Pi-ef.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  fuitk.] 
Want  of  faith  ;  distrust. 

"  L'ufaith  in  aught  is  want  of  faith  in  all." 

Tennyson  :  Merlin  &  Vivivn,  239. 

un  -  faith -ful,  *  un-feith-ftil,  a.  [Pief. 
un-  (1),  aud  Eng.  faithful.] 

1.  Not  faithful ;  perfidious,  faithless  ;  vio- 
lating promises,  trnst,  confidence,  or  vows  ; 
treacherous,  disloyal. 

"Thou  haat  already  been  unfaitliful  in  thy  service 
to  him  ;  and  now  doat  thou  think  to  receive  wages  of 
him  'i  "—iiunyan  :  Pilgrim's  Progress,  pt.  i. 

^  Applied  Specif,  to  a  person  who  has  vio- 
lated the  marriage-vow. 

2.  Not  to  be  depended  ou  ;  untrustworthy. 

"  The  constituent  body  might  be  au  itnfaitltful  in. 
t«ri)rett;r  of  the  seuae  of  tlie  nation." — Maeaulay : 
Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xix. 

3.  Not  performing  the  proper  duty  or  func- 
tion. 

"  My  feet,  through  wine,  un/aitltful  to  their  weight, 
Betmy'd  me  tumbling  from  a  towery  height. ' 

Pope.    {Todil.} 

i.  Not  possessing  faith  ;  impious,  infidel. 

"The  lord  of  that  seivauut  sohal  couie  in  the  day 
tliat  he  hopith  not:  aud  in  tin-  our  that  he  woot  not, 
jind  scbal  deiMirtt-him  :  and  put  bis  i-art  with  unfaith. 
ftd  mtiU.—Wycnffe  :  Luke  vii. 


'5.  TieacheniUH,  disloyal.  (Said  of  things.) 
"  Lyintc.  or  oiiifthin*,  and  nn/nitl^fnl  nwtKrii.  rub  a 

man  of   the  honour  uf   Ills  «juI. "—/*;>    I'ltylvr :  Set- 

viont,  vul.  li.,  ser.  SJ. 

iin  -  faith' -fdl-lj^,  wlv.     [Eng.  unfaithful; 

-ly-] 

1.  In  an  unfaithful  manner;  in  A'iulatioii  of 
in-uTuises,  vows,  or  duty ;  faithlessly,  dis- 
loyally, treacliL-rousIy. 

"  Hv,  who  aclH  nn/aithfnlly,  net*  n^nlnst  bin  pi""*- 
mlsca."— llV^iiirun  -■  IMigion  of  ynture,  {  C. 

2.  Negligently,  imperfectly:  an,  work   hu- 

fdittifnlhi  duiR'. 

un-faith'  ful  ness,  s.  [Eng.  unfaithful; 
-ni:ss.\  Thu  (luality  or  stale  of  being  unfalth 
fnl. 

"Such  a  labourer  iw  nhall  not  be  iiut  to  sbnnif  for 
his  llliietM,  or  his  unsklKulnens,  bin  inlneneBs  and  u»t- 
faiihfnlncim. '—  lip.  Taylor  :  Sermoni,  vol.  Hi.,  Her.  *. 

*  un-fiil'-cat-ed, «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
falcated.] 

1.  Not  falcated  ;  not  hooked  ;  not  bent  like 
a  sickle. 

2.  Not  curtailed  ;  having  no  deductions. 
(>>n>ift.) 

■^  un-fal'-li  ble. "  un-fal-ly~ble,  a.  [Puf 

un-  {!),  and  Kng.  faUibk.]     Not  faliiblu  ;  in 
fallible. 

"These  blesaiuges  bathe  bys  eternal  truth  and  vn- 

fallyhle  promystie  perlourmod  vuto  your  byghncs." — 

fdul:  Luke.    (Pref.) 

un-fall'-en,  "un-faln,  ".  [Pref.  t(»- <]), 
and  Eng.'/'"''"- 1  Not  falltrn  ;  in  the  original 
state  of  uprightness. 

"  Can  a  fluite  npirit  bear  such  excess  ?  The  pleasureB 
of  eternity  crouded  Into  a  moment ;  did  unfuln  aunela 
ever  know  such  another!  "—G/«»ti'»/' :  tiormoui,  ser.  T. 

un-iaV -lowed,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
Jnllon-al.]     Nut  fallowed. 

"  111'  unfallowd  glelie 
Yearly  u'ercomes  tlie  granaries  with  stores 
Of  goldeu  wheat."  PhUips:  Cider,  i. 

iln-fals'-i-fied,  a.  [Pref.  (l),  aud  Eng.  falsi- 
Ji.ed.]     Not  falsified. 

"  Tlie  current  story  .  .  ,  has  descended  from  them 
in  a  Bubstantially  uiifalsified  state."— Lew« .■  Cred. 
Early  A'om,  Hist.  (18S5),  ch.  xiv. 

un-fal'-ter-ing,  a.  [Pref.  «»-(!),  and  Eng. 
faltering.]  Not  faltering,  not  failing,  not 
hesitating. 

"  With  unfaltering  accent  to  conclude 
That  this  availeth  uouglit." 

Thomson :  Summer. 

un-fal'-ter-ing-lj^,  atlv.  [Eng.  unfaltering ; 
-hi.]  In  an  nnlalteringiuanuer  ;  without  hcsi- 
tatiuii  ur  faltering. 

*  un-famed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
famed.]  Not  famous  or  renowned;  withuut 
fame  ur  renown. 

"  Nor  none  so  noble. 
Whose  life  were  ill  bestowd.  or  death  Ht\fa7>U'd." 
.Shakexp. :  TroHus  &  Crcssida,  ii.  2. 

un-fa-mxl'-iar  (iarasyer),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  fuvtiUar.] 

1.  Not  familiar  ;  not  well  acquainted. 

"  We  are  not  unftimiliar  v/ii\i  the  difficulties  ttuiit 
arise  in  India  itself.  '—Titnes,  Nov.  10,  1875. 

2.  Not  Well  known  ;  strange. 

"  For  sometimes  he  would  hear,  however  nigh, 
Tliat  name  repeated  loud  without  reply. 
As  unfamiliar."  Byron:  Lara,  i.  27. 

*  un-fa-mU-i-ar'-i-ty,  s-  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  familiarity.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  unfamiliar;  absence  or  want  of  fami- 
liarity. 

"Unfamiliar  by  disease,  and  nnpleaaing  liy  hji- 
familiarify."—Johnmn. 

* un-f3.m'-ous,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
funous.]  N'ut  famous;  having  no  fame;  in- 
famuus. 

im-ianned',  «.     [Pref.  (l),  and  Kiv^.  fanned.] 

Not  fanned. 

"  Unnuench'd  by  want,  uti/annd  by  Btmugde-stre." 
Goldsmith:  Traveller. 

* un-far'-dle,  v.t.  [Pref.  «»-  (2),  and  Eng. 
fardle.]  To  unloose  aud  open  as  a  fardle  or 
pack  ;  to  unpack. 

'  iin-f^ -rowed,  a.     [Pref.  kji-  (2),  ami  Eng, 
farrowed.]     Diqjrived  of  a  fari'uw  or  litter. 
"  Keturu'd  nnfarrow'd  to  her  stye." 

Tennyson  :    Walking  to  the  .Mail. 

un-fas'-9in-at-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and 
VAv^.fa>ieinated.]  Nutfascinatird  ;  uotcliurmod 


iin-Hish'  -ion-a-ble, 

Eng.  faihioiuiblc] 


[Pref.  un-(\\  and 


boU,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus.  9hin,  bengh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  —  f. 
-ciau,  -tiau  -  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shim ;  -tion,  -§ion  —  ^''""-    -cioua,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  i:c.  =  bel,  deL 


3U 


unfashionableness— uafence 


1.  Not  rHi4liiniialtti> ;  init  acconliii^  to  tlie 
)<rvvailiii>;  ritshiuii  ur  mode  ;  uut  of  fuHliimi. 

••  Alt  thr(*r»|..««..f  rMMl»hlt«Wt.  »ll.l    U»/.itM.>»,lU4' 
■" '    -'     ' Miii«nii^  a^v  will   »•(   lUrll  l«< 

■■   •!,  iherv  will  not  !><•  ko  mtirli 
:^  .u>  Ls  ijirlic rally  nuulv  iumt  L>f  " 

- '.Ci. 

'*,  Not  i-ninplyui;;  in  dress  or  inauiiers  wiili 
tlif  I'lvvAiliii^  rasliioii. 

"  lltiw  iiifiiiy  Vlsltii  iiiKy  A  iiiAii  miik«  before  he  frtlh 
Into  miclt  «"/(»A(uii.(Nt  ooim«uij  I'— I'lmtMryA  .  J 
Ji'iirHfg  til  t-'i'il-tH,  1.  I. 

*3.  SllalM■l^'s^*,  ilt-foi-ined. 

"  Su  UtuHy  uiil  uitfitahi-inn'itf, 
Tbitt  tlug*  Inrk  itt  me  n.  I  iiiUt  by  tlirui." 

S/uUfSf.     /:iehiirit  ///.,  i.  1. 

un-Cish'-ldn-a-ble-ness,  >-■    \Eu^.  uu/ush- 

('•''  :  -'C"'.)"    I'll."  liiiHlity  or  state  of  Wuv^ 

iiiiliislinnrtlilt' ;  (li'VLtliMii  (roiii  or  opiwsition 
to  (lie  fa.sliioi). 

*'  NAtiiml  uti/rnhMtmhlfneu  Is  iimcti  Iwttvr  Uiuu 
ni>Uh.  fttrrvtrtl   \'><«larv*."—l-/cJtc:  Hduciitiun,   J  197. 

^  f&Sh  -lon-a-bly.  adv.  [Ena.  tui/u^hion- 
"/'J'i:  -lit.]  In  all  iinfaslnoiiable  luauiier ; 
II. >t  :n-<  "i.liil;^'  to  the  fji-sliiou. 

us-nish' loned*  «.    [Pi-ef.  lat- (i).  and  Eng. 

J'ash.iniud.\ 

I,  Not  rusliioiiedby  art ;  aiiiorpJions  ;  shape- 
less. 

"  By  furiiis  unfiithion'd  fresli  from  Nftture'a  hnml," 
Ooldsmilh:  Traveller. 
"2.  UiifashionabU'. 
"  A  prrelw.  un/'Uhion'd  teUovf."— Steele, 

'  3.  Kiule,  coarse. 

"Our  M,'c<(iitl  f;iiilt  l3  injurious  dealing  with  tin- 
iicri|itun-"f  (Jod,  iw  if  it  contained  onelytheiirliit.-iit.ill 
(wyutJ  ■■(  rrliKiou.  some  rude  ami  un/ushionetl  nintter 
of  biiiUlinK  thv  church,  but  liiid  left  nut  that  whii;h 
J«|imi:eth  viit.i  tlie  forme  uud  fiithiouof  it."— Hooker  : 
IXylvMi.tMUcill  I'vtitn;  bk.  iii.,  5  i. 

'  un-£a.st,  a.  [Pref.  "ft-(l),  and  Eng. /('*■^] 
Nut  fast;  not  secure. 

iin-fas'-ten  {t  silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  7111-  (2),  and 
Kw^.  fa.'iten.]  To  remove  fastenings  from;  to 
undo  the  fastenings  of;  to  loose,  to  unbin<I, 
to  nntix. 

"  Every  bolt  and  bar 
Of  massy  iri>n  or  solid  rock  with  ease 
(■»/«'.- /M."  Milton  :  P,  L.,  ii.  879. 

*  un-fast'-ness, 

I'orousness. 


[Eng.    uufosi ;    •ness.'\ 


[Pref.  un-  (1),  and 


"The    inwilidity   aud    unfastness   of     the    tree."— 
Adams:   ^V orkx,  ii.  Vln. 

•  un-£a,'-thered,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Em;. 
JaOured.] 

1.  Xot  fathered  ;  having  no  father ;  hence, 
produced  contrary  to  tlie  course  of  nature. 

"  Yet  thia  abundant  issue  seem'd  to  me 
But  hope  of  ori'liftusanU  unfather'd  fniit." 

Shakesp.  :  Sonnet  97- 

2.  Xot  acknowledged  by  its  father;  illegiti- 
mate, bastard. 

"Ay:  Marian's  babe,  herpoor  nnfuthered  c\\\\iX" 
A'.  Ii,  lirovining  :  Aurora  Lei'jh,  vii. 

un-fa-ther-ly.  n.  [Pref.  (J),  and  Eng.  /.(- 
thvrhj.]  Xot  becoming  a  father  ;  unkind,  un- 
naturat, 

•■  Thou  canst  not !    \ature,  pulling  at  thine  heart, 
tundemus  tti  uufnthcrly.  tV  imprudent  part" 

Cowper :  Tirocinium,  866. 

un-f^th'-om-a-ble, 

Eu'^'/atJiomahlc] 

1.  Lit.:  Xot  fatliomable;  not  capable    of 
lieing  fathomed;  too  deep  to    be  fathomed 
sounded,  or  measured.  ' 

'•  Which  the  leviathan  hath  laslfd 
From  his  un/attiomable  home." 

Ogron  :  Heaven  *  Earth,  i,  1. 

2.  Fig.  :  Incapable  of  being  fathomed,  .-x- 
plained.  or  ascertained. 

"In  truth  the  depth-  of  tills  man's  knavery  were 
unfathomable.  —Slaraulay:  Hi»t.  Eng.,  ch.  xxt- 

•  un-fath'-om-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uo- 
fathomable;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unfathomable. 

.  JA^"^'^'?"'  argument  of  the  unfathomahlencta  nf 
^luUndet  '•"•j'^'*''-'*'"  o*   mercy.-l-^Vorri*;    On  Ihv 

^ry^^'r®?*"J**^^^'  '"^''-  [Eng.  unfatlwm. 
«/<(e);  -ly.]  So  as  to  be  incapable  of  being 
fatliomed.  ^ 

••  In  silent  pools,  unfathomahly  deep  " 

WordiwoTth:  Excurtton,  bk.  vi. 

"^■,?-^';?°l?^  ?•  J^*"^^-  "'^-0),  and  Eng. 
Jaihonu'd.l  ^''^  fathomed  or  sounded;  in- 
capable of  being  fathomed. 

"  f^^^  IL*'*'  » Vi*"'"^  ^'^^*-  *t  daahed  me  hack 
Into  the  giilf  of  my  u>i/athomed  thoURht." 

Byron:  Manfred,  ii.  2. 

•  im-fa-tigue'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.?(/i-(i);  Eng. 


Jatitjue,  and  sutt.  -abk.]  Iiieapablu  of  being 
fatigued ;  tii-eless. 

"  Thoi>«  an.'  the  iin/iitigiwuble  feet." 

So>ith'-y  :  llnrotti  Addreu  !■>  thf  A<it/. 

iin-fa-tig^ed,  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (I),  and  Etig. 
/utuf'iiid.]  Not  fatigued  or  tired;  unwearied, 
tiivless. 

"There,  utifittiffurd. 
llirt  fci'vciit  npirit  Ia)>uura,"       Cotvper:  Tnik.  vi,  936, 

•  un  faul  ter  ing,  «.    [UNFALTERiNtj.l 

■  un  fault  -y,  •(.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
Juidty.]    Xot  faulty  ;  free  from  fault  or  defect. 

"A  covenant  therefore  bmught  to  that  iKisa.  is  on 
the  uiifitHlty  sidL<  without  injury  di&solved.'— .Vi/fou  : 
T€trarhord'i». 

un-a-vour-a-ble,  un-fS.'-v6r-a-ble, 

a.     [Piff.  nn-  (1),  ;iiid  Y.\v^.  favourahk,] 

1.  Not  favourable;  not  propitious  or  fortu- 
nate ;  inati-sjiicious  ;  somewhat  prejudicial. 

"  Industrious  poverty  is  a  state  by  no  means  un- 
/ai*ourable  to  virtue."— J/iicauI(iy.'  Hiat.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  X^ot  favouring  or  in  favour  of  something  ; 
discouraging;  somewhat  opposed  to  some- 
thing. 

"My  authority  for  this  unfavourable  iKCCoxmt  of  the 
coriHiratiun  is  an  epic  poem  entitled  the  '  Londeriad.' " 
—.lltti-an/ay:  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  lii.     (Note.) 

*  3.  Ill-favoured,  ugly. 

f  iin-l^'-Tour-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vn- 
favnunible ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unfavourable. 

"The  ext  inordinary  uiifavourableness  cif  the  seasons.' 
—.Smith  :   Wealth  of  Sat  tons.  bk.  i.,  ch.  ii. 

un  -  fa'-vour  -  a  -bly,  iin  -  f  a'-vor  -a  -  bly, 

adv.  [Eng.  ii)i/avoiu-ab(le)  ;  -ly.]  In  "an  un- 
favourable manner  ;  so  as  not  to  countenance 
or  promote  ;  in  a  manner  to  discourage. 

"What  might  be  thought  ujifttvaurabti/  of  the 
severity  of  the  satire."— /"o/te;  Satires.    (PiolJ 

^  un-fa'-voured,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
favoured.]    X^ot  favoured. 

"There  was  a  time  when  these  unfavoured  children 
of  nature  were  the  peculiar  favourites  of  the  great." 
—H'jldsmith  ■  Animated  Sature.  ii.  2j. 

iln-feared',  «.   [Fref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  feared.] 

*  1.  X'ot  atTrighted  ;  undaunted,  intrepid, 
fearless. 

"  Though  heaven  should  speak  .  ,  . 
We  should  stand  upright  .ind  unfeared." 

BenJonson:  Catiline,  iv.  l, 

2.  Xot  feared  ;  not  dreaded. 

"  A  most  unbounded  tyrant,  whose  successes 
Makes  heaven  unfeared." 

Two  yoble  Kinsmen,  i.  2. 

*  un-fear'-ful,  *  un-feare  full,  ".  [Pref. 
uii-  (1),  and  Eng.  fiarfuL]  Xot  fearful ;  unin- 
fluenced by  fear;  undaunted,  fearli-.ss. 


'iin-fear'-ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  nnfearfnl; 
-!;/.]  In  an  unfearful  manner;  without  fear  ; 
fearlessly. 

"Life  Jin/crtr/if^/^  parted  with."— ,Sn)irfi/s.-  Trarels. 
p.  270. 

*  un-fear'-ing.  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eug. 
ff-arinij.]    Xot  fearing;  fe-arless. 

un-fear'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vnfearing ;  -ly.] 
Without  fear  ;  fearlessly. 

^  un-fea^'-i-ble,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
feasible.]  Xot  feasible;  not  practicable;  not 
capable  of  being  etfected  ;  impracticable. 

"I  was  brought  to  a  despondency  of  spirit,  and  a 
despair  of  attaining  to  my  search,  as  being  fruitless 
and  Hnfeasible."—Bp.  Jiichardson  :  On  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, p.  an 

un-feast'-like,  ^  un~fest-liche,  a.  [Pref. 
nn-  (Ij  ;  Eng.  Jeast,  and  suff.  -like.]  Unsuit- 
able to  a  feast. 

"  yuT  on  the  morwe  unfesttiehe  for  to  see," 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  10,680, 

'  iin-feath'-er,  *  un-feth-er,  v.t.  [Pref. 
v.n-  (2),  and  Eng.  feathtr.]  To  deprive  of 
feathers  ;  hence,  to  strip. 

"  In  the  meane  time,  he  had  so  handled  the  matter, 
that  he  h.id  vnfethcred  him  of  his  best  friends,  aids, 
and  helps."— //o/;»tsAcJ.-  Chron.  of  freUiiui  (an.  1567). 

un~feath'-ered.  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
feat}i£red.]  Xot  feathered  ;  having  no  feathers  ; 
unfledged. 

".Which  kindly  given,  may  serve  with  food 
Convenient  their  unfeathered  brood." 
Cou>i>er:  Sparrows  in  Trin.  Coll..  Cambridge. 

*  un-feat-ly.  •  un-feat-lye»  adv.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  featly.]    Unskilfully  ;  ill. 

"And  certes  it  was  a  thing  not  vnfeatluc  ne  x-nskyl- 
lully  spoken  m  the  prouerbes  of  the  Grekes."— rda(  ■ 
Luke,    (Pref.) 


*  iin-feat'-ured.  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
fmtuixd.]  W'iinting  regular  features;  defonued, 
shapele.ss. 

"  Viaage  roui;b, 
Dffornied,  unfeatured.  and  a  skin  of  biitf," 

Drydfi, :  Juvenal  I. 

•  un-feat  -y,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1) ;  Eng.  feat,  and 
suit'.  •)/.]     Unskilful,  ill,  awkward. 

more   uj\fiafy   tvW'i'wa."— Sidney : 


■II-] 
"  He    never    sii 
Arcadia,  bk.  ii. 


un-fed'.  ft.  [Pref.  u)t-(l),  and  Eng. /(-''-l  Not 
led  ;  not  supplied  with  food  or  nnniishmeut. 

"A  greedy  Hon,  long  unfe-l." 

P.  Fletcher:  Ptir,^.-  Itland.  »L 

iin-feed',  n.  [pref.  nn-{\),  and  Eng. /eerf,  a,] 
Xot  retained  by  fee  ;  unpaid. 

"  It  is  like  the  breath  of  .in  unfeed  hiw  yer :  you  gave 
me  nothing  for  't."—Sh(tkexp.  :  Lenr,  i.  H. 

un-feel'-ing.  a.  [Prof.  »---  (i),  and  Eng. 
feeliiuj,  ;i.] 

1.  Having  no  feeling ;  insensible  ;  void  of 
sensibility. 

*'  And  with  my  fingers  feel  his  hand  unfeeling." 

Shakefp. :  2  Ilcnr'i/  17.,  iii.  2. 

2.  Devoid  of  sympathy  with  others  ;  hard- 
Leiirted. 

"  But  should  to  fame  your  hearts  unfeeling  be, 
If  right  I  read,  you  pleasure  all  require.' 

Thonuon:  Cattle  of  Indvlenee,  ii.  54. 

3.  Clbiracterized  by  or  arising  fioni  hard- 
liearteduess  ;  cruel. 

"  Eir.n'>niist5  Mill  tell  you  tliat  the  state 

rinivcM  by  the  forfeiture— i(H/ee/insf  thoupht." 
Wordaioorth :  Excursion,  bk.  viii. 

iin-feer-ing-ly.  adv.  [Eug.  unfeeling;  -ly.\ 
In  an  unfeeling  manner  ;  cruelly. 

"  The  Germ.in  .  ,  ,  tinfeefingly  resumed  his  posi- 
tion. "—.S(tf>'(je.'  Sent.  Journey  ;  The  Dwarf. 

un-feel'-ing-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vufeeUnfj ; 
-ni-ss.]  riie  quality  or  state  of  being  unfeel- 
ing ;  hard-heartedness. 

"  Compassion  and  U7i/'ec?irt(/nesj  .  ,  .  are  continually 
taking  their  turns  in  his  mmd."—Oilpin:  Sennons, 
Vol,  i.,  ser.  17. 

un  feigned  (:/  silent),  *  un-fained,  "  un- 
fayned,    'un-felned,  c     [Pref.   »»-  (i), 

and  Eng.  feigned.]    Xot  feigned,  counterfeit, 
or  hypocritical  ;  real,  true, 

*'  Till  every  tongue  in  every  bmd 
Shalt  offer  up  unfeign'd  applause." 

doltismith  :  An  Oratorio,  ii, 

iin  feign  -ed-ly  (g  silent),  ^  un~fain-ed~ 

ly,  iidv.     [Eng.  unfeigned ;  -ly,]     Xot  feign- 
eUly  ;  without  hypocrisy  ;  sincerely,  truly, 

I  most  nnfcignedly  beseech  your  lordship  to  make 
*'  "  "'  ■■     ■■    ■  .^U^a 

un- feign'- ed-neSS  (g  silent),  s.  [Eng.  un- 
feigned; -ncss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unfeigned  ;  truth,  sincerity,  reality. 

"The  sincerity  and  itnfeignedness  of  prayer."— 
leightun  :  On  1  Peter  iv.  7. 

un-feign'-ing  (gn  as  n),  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (i), 
and  Eng.  feigning.]  Xut  feigning;  genuine, 
true,  unfeigned. 

"  He  then  convinc'd 
Of  their  unfeigning  honesty,  began." 

Cowper :  lluuter ;  Odyssey  \xL 

*un-fer-low,  r.^  [Pref.  7^.)-  (2).  and  Eng. 
felhnr.]  To  separate  from  being  fellows,  or 
from  «me"s  fellows  ;  to  part,  to  disassociate. 

"  Death  quite  unfellows  us."  E.  B.  Browning. 

* un-f el'-lo wed,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
felloivcd.]  Xot  fellowed,  not  matched  ;  haviug 
no  equal,    {.ihnkesp. :  Hamlet,  v.  -2.) 

iin-felt'.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  felt,  a.] 
Xot  felt,  not  perceived;  not  afl'eeting  the 
senses. 

"  An  amount  of  public  scorn  and  detestation  as  can- 
not  be  altoeether  nnfelt  even  by  the  most  callous 
Usitmes.'—JIacaulay:  jlisU  Eng.,  ch,  vii. 

■  un-felt'-ly.  rt(Zy.  {En%.  nnfelt ;  -ly.]  Im- 
perceptibly, insensibly. 

"Whose  strength  unfeltly  flows 
Through  all  his  veins. "        Sylvester:  The  Lawe.  107. 

iin-fem-i-nine,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
feminine.]  Xot  feminine;  not  agreeing  with 
or  suitable  to  the  female  character;  uu- 
wonianlike. 

"Two  brilliant  eyes,  the  lustre  of  which,  to  men  of 
delicate  t-iste.  seemed  fierce  mid  unfcminine.'—JUae- 
aulag:  J/ist.  Eng..  ch.  vi. 

*  un'fen9e',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (-2),  and  Eng. 
fence.]  To  remove  a  fence  from;  to  strip  or 
deprive  of  a  fence  ;  to  lay  open  or  bare. 

"There  is  never  a  limb  .  .  .  but  it  is  the  scene  and 
recept.icle  of  pain,  whensoever  it  .shall  please  God  to 
unfence  it.' —South  :  Sermons,  vul.  iv..  ser.  4. 


^or'w6;e'Tolf-  w^^'  ^^'^  ?"'  '**""••=  ^^-  ^^*'  '^^'^^  •=^"'?»-  ""•  "'^'■^'  »""•«•  P'*-  ^ire.  sir.  marine;  go.  p6t. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  s6n:  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rile.  fuU;  try.  Syrian     ^,  c  =  i;  ey  ^  a;  qui  kw 


unfenced— unfledged 


315 


iin -fenced',  * un-fensed', «.  [Piof.  un-  (i), 
aiid  Eiij;.  fenced. \ 

1.  Nul.  fortirieil,  unfortitled ;  liaviug  no  111*0- 
t*;ctioii ;  deft-ncelcss. 

"Jt'llwortli  [isj  n  t.nviie  which  after  the  iiiniinor of 
the  oiiiiiti'ie  i*  iinwiillt><l  luiil  un/encvU."  —JMiii»lteil  : 
Bist.  of  Srutlnnit  {nil.  loTJ). 

2.  Xf)t  suiTuuiuk'd  or  iticloscil  by  a  fence. 

"  Spi-ending  afjir  ami  uit/rnceil  o'er  tlie  |iliiiii." 

LoiigfeUvtc :  Ecaugelim;  i-  I. 

un-fer-ment -ed,   o.      [Pref.   nn-  (1),  ami 

1.  N<it  t'eniient«d  ;  not  having  underg<<ni; 
fcnnentatiiin. 

"AM  auch  vegetahlea  must  be  %t»/«rmeiited."—Ar- 
burhti'il  :  0/  Aliniiuts,  cli.  V. 

2.  Not  leavened;  not  made  with  yeast,  as 
bread. 

iin-fer'-tile,  0.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  nnd  Eng. /*■■ 

1.  Not  fertile,  not  productive:  As,.itnfevtik 
land. 

2.  Not  prolific ;  not  producing  progeny, 
fruit,  or  the  like. 

"Pence  is  iiot  such  n  dry  tree,  snch  a  aajileas,  nn- 
fertile  tliiug.  Itut  Ihnt  it  luiglit  fructify  imd  lucrease," 
—Decay  of  Christian  Piety. 

*  un-fer*-tile-ness,  s.  [Eng.  lui/crtilc ;  -ness.] 
Tlie  ipiality  or  state  of  being  unfertile. 

*  un-fes'-ti-val,  n.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fcstivid.]  Not  in  ai:cordai»ce  with  the  practice 
or  rites  of  a  festival. 

"  But  a  aacritice,  where  110  God  is  present,  like  na  a 
temple  without  a  sacred  fe-T-st  or  holy  banquet,  is  pro- 
fane, tt,i/cstit',ir."—P.  I/otUtiiU:  Plutarcft,  p.  4;<^. 

*  UO-fet9hed',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
/Ltchvd.]     Not  to  be  fetched  or  carried. 

■■  Our  friends  by  Hector  slain 
(Alid  Jove  to  frieudi  lie  unfetvk'd  off." 

Chapman:  Homer;  Iliad  x'w.  ViH. 

iin-fet'-ter,   *  un-fet-erye,  *un-fet-tir, 

c.L     [Pref.  nn-  {1),  and  Eng.  /utter.] 

1.  To  loose  or  free  from  fetters  ;  to  unchain, 
to  unshackle  ;  to  release  from  bonds. 

"  The  "ihireve  tho  niifetterid 
Him  righte  sotie  anon." 

Coket  Talc  of  Gamelyn. 

2.  To  free  from  restraint,  to  set  at  liberty  : 
as,  To  unfetter  t\\<i  mind. 

iin-fet'-tered,  a.  [Picf.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
fidteral.]  Nut  fettered;  free  from  restraint; 
unshackled. 


*.un-feu'-dal-ize,     un-feu'-dal-ise,  v.t. 

[Pref.  int-(i!),  and  Vav^.  feudal i:e.]  ' 

1.  To  abolish  feudal  institutions  ;  to  free 
from  feudalism  or  feudal  rights. 

2.  To  divest  or  deprive  of  feudal  rights. 

"  The  Austrian  kaiser  answers  that  German  Princes 
.  .  .  ciinuut  be  unffiuUiliAed." — Carlyle :  French  lie- 
vol.,  pt.  ii.,  bk,  v.,  ch.  v. 

*  im-fight'-ing  i>jli  silent),  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (1), 

and    Eng.   fightinij.]       Indisposed  to    tight  ; 
cowardly. 

"  A  cheap  i(n^!7;j(i((,7  herd,  not  worth  the  victory." 
—T.  Grown:   Morfta,  iv.  31. 

iill-fig'-ured,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
Jigure.K] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  Represeuting    no   animal    or    vegetable 
figure  or  form  :  devoid  of  figures. 

"In  unfiouretl  pa.ntinga,  the  noblest  is  the  iniita- 
tioB  of  marbles,  and  of  architecture,  as  arches,  freeata." 
—  }Votton:  Ileniai»s.  p.  57. 

*2.  Literal;  devoid  of  figures  of  speech. 
n.  Logic :  Not  according  to  mood  and  figure. 

*  ixn-file',  i\t.  [Pief.  un-  (2),  and  'E.u^.f.h  (1), 
v.]     T'*  rtniuve  /rum  a  tile  or  record. 

~Ull-filed'  (1),  a.  [Pref.  H;i.  (l),  and  pa.  par. 
of  Eng.  file  (li).]  Not  rubbed  or  polished  with 
a  file  ;  not  brightened  or  burnished. 

"  He  was  all  arm'd  in  rugged  ateele  unfiled. 
As  ill  the  smoky  forge  it  was  compiled," 

Sjjenser:  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  3ii. 

"  un~filed'  (2),  ^  on-filde,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  pa.  par.  of  Eng.  fiU  (3).]  Not  defiled,  pol- 
luted, coiTUpted,  or  contaminated. 

"  By  faith  unfitd,  if  any  an>-where 
With  mortal  folk  remains." 

Hiirrei/:    Virgile  ;  .■Snei»\\. 

un-fU'-i-al,  «.  [Pref.  nn-{\),  and  Eng./?(a/.] 
Not  lilial ;  unbecoming  a  son  or  daughter. 

■■  But  to  disniitts  her  rudely  were  an  act 

I'lifiliuh"  i''iwjirr  :  Homer;  Odf/stey  xx. 


■  un-fil'-i-al-ly,  '['ff.  [Hug.  imfdiid  ;  -ly.) 
In  an  unUliul  manner  ;  in  a  nianni-r  unbecoiit- 
ing  a  child. 

*  un-fni'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  iiii-  (1);  Eng./^^ 
and  suH".  -ahte.]  Incapable  of  being  filled  ;  in- 
satiable. 


un-fOled,  n.  [Pref.  uji- (1),  and  Ku^.  filled.] 
Not  lillcd,  not  full ;  empty. 

"  A  false  concluHinn  :  I  liat«  it  as  nn  unfilled  can"— 
Shaki-tp.  ■  Twelfth  .Vijht.  li.  a 

^  iin-fll'-let-ed.  a.  [Pref.  un-il),  and  Eng. 
rdlett'd.]  Loose,  unbound,  (Coleridge:  The 
Picture.) 

■  im-nne',  a.     [Pref.  uu-  (l),  and  Eng. ,/i»c,  a.] 

Sliabby,  mean.     (JVcUpole :  Letters,  ii.  302.) 

■  un-fin  -gered«  a.  fPi-ef.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 
jiiigered.}    Having  no  lingers. 

"The  twist 
The  spider  s[iiiis  with  her  unfingi-n-d  flst." 

Davies ;  The  Ectasie.  p.  01. 

'  un-fiin'-ish-a-ble.  'i.  [Pref.  ?(»-(!);  Eng. 
finish,  and  sulf.  -nlili:.]  Not  capable  of  being 
finished,  concluded,  oi- completed. 

"  A  proriias  of  that  unHnislhiMv  adventure."— Jdr- 
vis:  Don  f^uixotc,  pt.  i.,  bk.  i..  ch.  i. 

un~fin'-ished,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
finislnd.]  Nnt  thiislicd,  or  not  brought  to  a 
cuiiipletion  or  i)erfection  ;  incomplL'tu,  im- 
perfect; wanting  the  hist  touch  or  hand. 

"  And  with  unfinish'd  garlands  strew  thy  grave. " 
Cotigretw:  Tears  of  Aniari/H'S- 

iln-fin'-ish-ing.  -•'.  [Pref.  )(»-(l),  and  Eng. 
finishing.]  Tlie  act  of  leaving  unfinished,  or 
nut  bringing  to  an  end  ;  the  state  of  remain- 
ing still  unfinished. 

"  \oble  deeds  the  unfinishinj  whereof  already  sur- 
passes what  others  before  them  have  left  enacted.'  — 
Milton  :  Apology  for  Snicctymnnus,  §  8. 

un-fired',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  fired.] 
Not  fused  ;  not  heated  by  fire. 

'■  A  poudroua  spear  and  caldron  yet  unfir'd." 

Cvir/M-r  :  //onier  ;  Odyssey  xxiii. 

*  iin-f  irm',  '  un-firme,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l), 

and  Eng.  fir)n,  a.] 

1.  Not  linn  or  stable  ;  unstable,  unsteady. 

"  How  tottering  and  unfirmc  a  propi)  his  pride 
Had  lean'd  upon." 

3fay:  Lucan  ;  PharsaUa,  bk.  \. 

2.  Weak,  feeble,  inisteady. 

"  N>iw  t.ake  the  time,  white  stagg'ring  yet  they  stand 
With  feet  unfirm  ;  and  pre]>ossess  the  strand." 

Drydfii:   Vinjil  ;  .fJiieidx.  n^'. 

3.  Infirm,  ill. 

"  So  is  tlie  unfirm  king 
In  three  divided."      Hhaketip. :  3  llcnry  IV.,  i,  ?,. 

4.  Not  firmly  based  or  founded. 

"  For  without  it,  it  is  not  only  in.auspicioas  and  xn- 
Incky,  but  illegftt.  unfirm.  and  iusufiicieut.*'— fly*. 
Taylor  :  Jtute  of  CoiLscience.  bk.  iil..  ch.  V. 

'  un-f xr'-ma-ment-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l); 
Eiv^.finnuiiicnt,  and  suff.  -ed.]  Not  having  a 
firinanient ;  unbounded,  boundless. 

"  lu  the  waste  unfirmufnented  seas." — Carlyle. 

"  un-firm'-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unfirm;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  statue  of  being  intirm,  or  dcsti- 
tnde  of  firnniess,  stability,  or  strength ;  in- 
stability. 

*un-fist',  v.t.  [Prof,  nn-  (2),  and  Eng.  fist.] 
To  unhand,  t(»  release. 

"You  goodman  Brandy  face,  unjitt  her." 

Cotton :  Sfarronidei,  p.  85. 

un-fit',  a.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  fit,  a.] 

1.  Not  fit  or  fitting  ;  improper,  unsuitable, 
unbecoming. 

"  Counsels  are  itnfif. 
In  business  "         Ben  Junson:  Sejaiitu.  ii.  2. 

2.  Not  having  the  suitable  or  necessary 
finalitications,  pliysical  or  moral ;  not  suitable, 
adapted,  <iiialilied,  or  com]»etent ;  unable,  in- 
competent, utniualified,  unsuited, 

"  Yet  no  man  could  lie  more  unfit  for  such  a  post." — 
Miteaulay :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

un-fit',  V.t.  [Fi-ef.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.//,  v.] 
To  make  or  render  unfit  or  unsuitable  ;  to 
deprive  of  the  qualities  necessary  for  any  act, 
post,  or  the  like  ;  to  disqualify. 

■■  structure  by  which  an  organ  is  made  to  answer  one 
purpiise  necessarily  «n^Mitfor  some  other  puriJose." 
— J'uley  :  .Vatural  Tueology,  ch.  xvi. 

un-fit' -15^,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  ^n^.  fitly.] 
Not  fitly,  not  properly,  not  suitably;  iin- 
l)roperly. 

"These  two  sorts  of  es-iences,  I  suppose,  may  not 
unfitly  be  termed,  the  one  real,  the  other  nominal 
essence.' -/-wttf:  Hiimnn  Cnderstand.,  l)k.  iii..ch,  ill. 


iin-f it'-n@S8.  .".     [Eng.  unfit;  -Hfsj.j 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unlit,  im- 
lu'oper,  or  unsuitable, 

"  A  fltnwji  or  iinfitneu  <if  the  appMcatlon  of  illffertnt 
thlniTM  itr  dilt'iiviit  n^liitiMiin  oin'  toauother.'— t7«rJt«.- 
On  thf  Kvidemi-t.     (liitrod, ) 

2.  Want  of  necessary  qualifications;  incom- 
pete nee. 

"SenwiUleof  my  own  unfilit«$s  to  dirwt."— **cit*r  ; 
CAwrj/r!  .if  Oxford  (ITiu). 

iin-fit-ted,   «.       [Prcf.    un-  (l),    nnd   Eng. 
lUt>d.]     Not  fitt4,'d,  qualified,  or  suited  ;  unfit. 

■'A  pust  f.^r  whkh  lie  w(w  altoKcther  uitAlted."^ 
Jlaiauiay  :  H.st.  A-.y.,  ch.  v. 

un-fit'-ting.    a.      (Pref.    un-  (1),   nnd   Eng. 
fitting.]    Not  fitting  or  proper  ;  improper. 

"  .\hiH.  r»fior  child  !  nitfitting  part 
Kate  doometl." 

."icutt:  Lord  of  the  Itlei,  iti.  :il. 

Un-fix',  r.t.     [Pref.  un- {•!),  anrl  Eng./tj..] 

I.  To  make  no  longer  fixed  or  liini  ;  to 
loosen,  to  unsettle,  to  detach. 

"That  transfer,  just  or  unjuit.  had  taken  i)liM;e  «o 
long  ago.  that  U>  revei'su  it  would  he  W  unfix  tlie 
foundations  of  society.  "~.I/(rr((H/«y.'  IIM.  £n'j.,  k\i.  vL 

*2.  To  molt,  to  dissolve. 


(■; 


"  Nor  can  the  rising  nun 
I  her  fiu-iLs  nnd  tencli  them  how  to  run." 

Dryden.     [Todd.) 


unfixed.  •  iin-fixt,  a.     (Pref.  un-  (I),  and 

Eng.  yUt'U.] 

1.  Not  fixed  ;  loosened,  unsettled. 

"They  are  volatile  and  unfijct." — tip.  Taylor:  Rule 
of  Conscieuce,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  iii. 

2.  Wandering,  erratic,  inconstant. 

3.  Having  no  fixx'd  or  certain  view  or  pur- 
pose ;  iiTesolute,  unsettled. 

•'  HesLandss-j  high  with  so  uufiit  a  tiiind. 
Two  factious  turn  hini  with  each  blast  of  wind.' 
Dryden:  1  Conquest  of  Gran<tda,  iii. 

4.  Not   fixed,   deteiniincd,    or   ascertained 
exactly ;  uncertain. 

"  The  first  Livins  Druans.  whose  time  is  unfixed."— 
Lewis:  Cred.  Early  Horn.  Hist.  |185S),  cIl  xii. 

^ un-fix'~ed-ness,  i.  [Eng.  unfixed;  -ness.] 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  untixed  or  un- 
settled. 

"  But  to  abide  fixed  (as  it  were)  in  their  nnfixednexs, 
and  steady  in  their  reutless  motions."— Anrruu*.'  .Ser- 
moiis.  vol.  ii.,  ser.  6. 

*  un~fixt',  a.     [Unfixed.] 

an-fiagg-ing,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
fi<-iifi!''i'J-]    I^'"'t  fliigging,  drooping,  or  failing. 

"That,  which  is  carried  on  with  a  contined  nnfitg- 
jjing  vigour  of  expression,  can  never  be  thought 
tedious.'— ,SoutA.-  Sermons,  vol.  iv..  ser.  l. 


"iln-flame',    r.(,      [Pref.    un-  (2).  and  Eng. 
fiame.]    To  cool,  to  quench,  to  deaden. 
"Fear 
t'/yfatne*  your  courage  in  pui-snit." 

QiiarleK  :  Etnblems,  iii.    (Introd.) 

*  un-flanked',  *un-flancked,  ri.  [Pref.  1fI^- 
(1),  and  Eng.  fianl.nl.]  Not  fianked  ;  not 
protected  on  the  tiarik. 

"  Should  inviide  the  open  side  of  Iiis  Inttail,  which 
lay  Hiifianck'd  towards  them."  —  Hrende :  t/uintius 
Curtiua,  fol,  ST. 

*  un-fl&t'-tered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
flattered.]  Not  flattered;  not  gratified  with 
servile  obsequiousness.  (I'onng :  yigfU 
Thoughts,  ii.  dli.5.) 

*  un-fl£it'-ter-ing,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
fUittering.] 

1.  Not  flattering ;  not  arising  from  or  cha- 
racterized by  flattery. 

"  In  whose  t(Mrf'(//rri»;/ mirror,  every  morn. 
She  couiiael  tjikes  how  best  hernelf  t'  adorn." 

Sherlmrne :  Sahaiiria. 

2.  Not  atfovding  a  favourable  prosi)ect :  as, 
itnflattering  weather. 

*  un-flit'-ter-ing-l3^,  adv.  [Eng.  unflatter- 
ing; -hi,]     Without  fiattery. 

*  un~fledge',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l).  and  Eng.  fledge.] 

Unfledged. 

"  Those  which  I>e  taken  nnfiedne  ont  of  the  nest, 
and  are  niiuri«hed  by  man's  hand,  never  afterwards 
siiij  Kij  welL  '—P.  Holland:  Plutarch,  p.  463. 

iln-fledged',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fledged.] 

1.  Lit.:  Not  fledged;  not  yet  furnishtd  with 
feathers. 

"  Uei-e,  theu,  our  almost  unjtedged  wings  we  try," 
Byron :  Occtuional  Prologue. 

2.  Fig.  :  Not  yet  liaving  attained  to  full 
growth  and  experience  ;  unripe,  inunature. 

"  But  do  nut  dull  thy  imlnt  with  entei-taiiim^nt 
Of  ejich  iiew-hatcli  d  unjUd'i'd  coniradf." 

.Shakrn]'.  ■  H-imlcf.  1.3. 


l)Ml,  b^ ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat.  9ell,  chorus,  9liin,  ben^h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a§ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -iog. 
-cian,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -fion  =  zbun.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  ~  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  deL 


310 


unpesh— unforsaken 


'On-fldSb,  r.'.  (I'rvf.  iin(2),  (tiitl  EiiK'.rff^'i.l 
To  •Itprivf  or  Ht-^h  ;  tu  reilucu  to  a  8kelutoii. 

{Aiiutiiulale.) 

•An  fldsbed,  n.  [Pref.  tin-  (I).  ami  En;; 
jf.  <;../.!  N.'l  tK'she<l;  not  seasuiieU  tu  bluu^l ; 
uiiiwiiiu'il. 

"  A  geu«roiu  uHjteih'<t  hoiiiiil." 

ttryittn :  Cieomeiitt.  ^^ 

*iin  flesh' -Ijf',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  "ml  Eii>i. 
fitshl\i.\    8i»iiltual.  incorporeal. 

"  Tliow  un/tfthltf  r)i'.4  with  Mhlcli  they  iay  tbf  viiy 
Rlr  la  tliiviiKtHL'— /?r<i<f«.'  Cluitler  ^  Hearth,  cb.  1. 

*  iin  flesh' -j^,  a,  [Pref.  Toj.  (1),  ami  Eiig. 
/f(.'/iy.]    Ifcire  of  llesli ;  tltslilcss. 

"Ohfuitly  Dentil's  iiti/tethn  fevt~ 

Iktvies:  Miit^s  Sacrifice,  {>.  13, 

*  un-flex'-I-ble,  «.  [Prff.  hh-  (l).  ami  Eiig. 
/(«-xiW<'.l  Not  flexible;  not  easily  bent;  in- 
Ik'xible.     (Ut.  ,tjig.) 

"If  i-v«-r  iitnri  glorloU  In  an  utijt^xible  stilflie*"*  "— 
Mttloit :  JjMMwr  To  A'Mori  BusUikt,  %  13. 

un-flingh'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  lui-  (l),  ami  Emj^'. 
fiiiichiiig.\  Not  lliuchiug  ;  not  shrinking  or 
giving  way. 

"  Viijtinchlitn  foot  gaiimt  foot  wftii  set" 

Sto«  .  Lord  of  the  /iU».  v\.  28. 

iin-flinch-ing-lj^,  (»ii'.      [Eng.  nnjlinchinfj ; 

'III.  I       I II   ail  intllincliing    manner ;    witliout 
Itiiieliing. 

"  Pice  ur^^inchinglj/  A  whole  l>roiuIttl(le  of  niurUer- 
ous  ui\a»ilvs."—Scribiier'g  Jiagazinc,  Aug,,  1877,  \t.  163. 

•un-fltf^-er,  v.t.  (Pref.  «;i-(l),  and  Eng. 
jh'u-'  r.\    To  ytrip  of  flowers. 

■■  Thiit  1  iiKiy  noun  itnjtov' r  yowv  fragrHUt  b;iaketa." 
~G.  fUtihT      Chritl'i  Victor;/*  Triumph. 

"un-flu'-ent,  <(.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  ami  Eng. 
fiutat.]    Not  rtm-nt ;  unready  in  speech. 

"  My  ffiiiit,  tinfluent  tongue." 
Sylvalcr:  /fit  Dartaa,  sixth  diiy,  tlrat  week,  29. 

*  un-f  oiled',  <i.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.yiji'/crf.] 
^^'..t  f.)iU-d  ;  not  baffled;  not  defeated ;  uot 
'viiiniiiislicd. 

"Tlie  viaiiriitrd  powers  thought  theiuaerves  secure  in 
l/ie  atieiij^th  of  an  un/oiled  anuy  of  sixty  thouttHiiiL 
ui-ii,  and  III  a  reveuue  proportionable.'— /"ti/ip/*!. 

^-tdld'.  v.t.  [Pref.  (i/i- (2),  and  Eng.  Mi  (1), 
^  V.)     To  release  from  a  fold  or  pen  ;  as,  To  n/i- 

J'old  sllL'L'p. 

im-fold',  v.t.  k  i.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eii^'. 
/old  (-2),  v.] 

A,  TmiwiUive : 

1.  To  ujjen  the  folds  of;  tu  spread  out;  to 
expand. 

"  See  her  bright  robea  the  butterfly  u>\fvld." 

Thonison:  Castte  nf  fuUolfticc.  i   9, 

2.  To  lay  open  to  view  or  contemplation; 
t"!  discover,  to  reveal ;  to  make  known  the 
details  of;  to  disclose. 

"  But  let  that  paaa— to  none  be  told 
Our  oath  ;  the  vest  let  time  iiti/oUl.' 

Bj/ruH  :  UrUlv  of  AbydoH,  1.  \i. 

*  3.  To  show  ;  to  cause  or  allow  to  be  seen  ; 
to  display. 

"  (I^igbtiiiiigl  that  in  a  spleen  uii/o7<if  both  heaveu 
luid  enrth.  "  ■ 

Hhakft/i.  :  Midmmmer  Sight'l  ttream,  i.  I. 

*  J:.  To  explain. 

"  What  riddle  a  this  ?  unfold  yourself,  dear  Robiu." 
Ben  Joiisoit :  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  s. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  open  gradually  ;  to  be  expanded. 

"  The  galea,  utifolding,  pour  forth  all  their  tmiii," 
Pope:  Ifovier;  Iliad  ii.  9"8. 

2.  To  Iteeonie  disclosed  or  developed  ;  to 
develop  itself 

"  I  see  thy  beauty  gradually  unfold" 

Tennyson  :  Elcunore.  ~". 

un-fold'-er,  s.  [Eng.  unfohl  (2);  -a:]  One 
who  ui  that  wliieh  unfolds. 

un-fold-ing,  -i.  [Unfold  (-J),  v.]  The  act 
of  levaliiij^  nr  disclosing  ;  disclosure. 

"  To  my  ui'/ofdiny  leud  a  gmciouH  ear." 

Shakcsp. :  OthnUo,  i.  3. 

*  iin-fdld'-resse,  s.  [Eng.  un/older ;  -ess.] 
A  lemale  wlio  unfolds  or  discloses. 

"The  Hi'foldrcue  of  treacherie.  &c."  —  H-jI iuihcd : 
Dcicript.  Ireland.    (Ep.) 

un-fol'-lowed,  a.  [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
/oU-»'r.d.]  Nut  followed;  unattended,  unac- 
companied. 

'■  Pow'rleaa.  unfoltow'd  :  scarcely  men  can  spare 
The  uecesJiary  rites  to  set  thee  out." 

Daniel :  Muaophilui. 

*  un-fo6r,  *  un-foole,  v.t.    [Pref.  nn-  (2).  and 

KiiL'.  /""I.\     To  restore  from  folly  or  fnim  the 
Slat.  (>f  uiie  fooled  or  beguiled  ;  tomake  satis- 


faction   to  for  calling  one  a  fool ;  to  retraet 
the  iipplieution  of  fool  to. 

"  Hiivo  yuii  any  wfty  then  to  u}yfoot  me  aftatut"— 
Shitkctp.  :  ili-rrn  Wttvs,  Iv.  2. 

*  iin-foot'-Sd,  ".     [Pref.  un-  (l)  ;  Eng.  /oottd, 

pa.  liar,  of/imi,  v.]     Untrodden,  unvisited. 

"  I'litil  It  Liuiie  t*^  some  unfO"ted  plaliiH." 

Kent*:  Endumion.  t 

*  unfor-biido',  n.  [Pref.  un-{\\  and  Eng 
forbitdK.]     L'lilurbiilden. 

■fin-forbear   ing:.    n.     [Pref.   Tn)-(l),  an.l 

Eng.  J'ur}»iirin'j.\     Not  forbearing. 

un-for-bid  den,  •finfor-bid.  i.    [Piei 

»»(-(!),  and  V.\v^.  forbidden,  forbid. \ 

1.  Nnt  forbidden;  not  prohibited.  (Applied 
to  persons.) 

"  If  unforbid  thou  may'st  unfulil 
What  we.  not  to  exploie  the  set-rets,  nsk 
Of  HiH  etenml  empire."        MiUon  :  P.  L.,  vii   nt 

2.  Allowed,  permitted,  legal.  (Applied  tu 
things.) 

*  fin-for-bid'-den-ness,  s.  {Kw^.  ■imforhid 
den  :  -ness.]  The  ijuulity  or  state  of  being  un- 
forbidden. 

"  The  biTivery  you  are  ho  severe  to,  ia  no  where  ex- 
,_e8aly  proliibiteil  in  scripture  :  am'  "  '  *-■■■- 

nets  they  think  sufflcient."— flotf/f. 

iln- forced',  «.      [Pref.   un-  (1),   and  Eng. 

forced.] 

1.  Not  compelled,  not  constrained  ;  not 
uiged  or  impelled. 

"  Unforcvd,  by  wind  or  wave, 
To  tiuit  the  ship  fur  which  lie  died." 

Wordswurth  :  To  the  DniKy 

*2.  Not  figured,  not  artitieial ;  natural. 

■"  upon  these  tidinga  they  broke  forth  into  aiR-h  un 
forced  and  unfeigned  p.-iaaious,  as  it  plainly  npptiareil 
th.it  good  nature  did  work  in  thein.'—Uai/ward. 

3.  Nut  violent ;  easy,  gradual. 

"  Doth  itself  jireaeiit 
With  Buch  Ml  easy  and  unforc'd  lUiccnt  " 

Venhuni :  Cooper  a  Hill,  43. 

i.  Not  strained  ;  easy,  natural. 

"  If  one  arm  ia  stretched  out.  the  body  must  be 
aauewhat  bowed  on  the  opposite  side,  in  a  situation 
which  ia  unforcvd," — Dryden. 

"  un-f6r9'-ed-ly»  adv.  [Eng.  unforced  ;  -hj.] 
In  an  unforced  manner ;  without  force  or 
straining. 

"Tills  may  unforcedl//  admit  of  the  former  inter- 
pretation. "—S«i(Jtfi.'      Ooid;      Metamorphoses     xlii. 

(Note) 

*  un-fbrg'-i-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
forcible.}  Not  forcible  ;  wanting  force  or 
strength. 

"  Tliey  are  not  in  the  other  altogether  unforcibl^.' 
— Hooker :  Ecclea.  Politie. 

t  iin-ford'-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fordahlc.]  Not  fordable  ;  incapable  of  being 
forded. 

"An  nn  fordable  stream  of  eloriueuce,"— IVAiVt-  ; 
Ans.  to  Vanity  of  Dogniatisjn. 

'  un-ford'-ed,  *  un-foord-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1) ;  Eug.  ford,  s.,  and  suft'.  -ed.)  Not  forded  ; 
not  having  a  ford  ;  unfordable. 

"  Unruly  torrents  and  unforded  streams. ' 

Dryden  :   Virgil;  fieori/ic  ill.  396. 

*  iin-fore-bdd'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  im-,  and  Eng. 
forehodimj.]  Not  foreboding  ;  not  foretelling 
the  future  ;  giving  no  omen. 

"  Unnumherd  liirda  jflide  through  th'  aerial  way. 
Vagrants  of  air.  aud  iinfoicbodin<j  stray." 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Odyssey  ii.  212. 

*  un-fore-know'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-(i), 

and  Eng.  foreknoivable.]    Not  capable  of  being 
foreknown. 

iin-fore -known',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

foreknown.]  Not  previously  known  ;  unfore- 
seen. 


* un-fore-see',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
foresee.]  Not  to  foresee  ;  to  have  no  previous 
view  or  foresight  of. 

"  The  LorJ  keeper  did  not  unforesce  how  far  this 
cord  might  be  drawn."— flacftce;  Life  of  Williams,  i. 
ITl. 

*  un-fbre-see'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l) ;  Eng. 
foresee,  and  -nlite.]  Not  capable  of  being  fore- 
seen. 

"  By  audi  unlikely  and  unforseeable  way &." — South: 
Sennons,  vol.  v..  ser.  6. 

un-fore-see'-ing.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
foreseeing,]    Not  foreseeing,  not  prescient. 


un-fbre-seen',  «.  (Pref.  »»-  (i),  and  Eng 
fnre,H-en.\     Not  foreseen,  not  foreknown. 

"Of  tlie  greater  i>art  of  these  means  he  wan  speedily 
dcpnvtd  by  a  auccetinion  of  unfureaetn  cidamitica.' — 
Jtacanhty:  Uitt.  Eng.,  cli.  xlv. 

If  The  unforeseen:  That  which  is  not  fore- 
seen or  expected. 

*  un-fbre'  skinned,  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (l);  Eng. 

fniTKUii,  and  siiH'.  -cd.]     Not  foreskinned  ;  cir- 
cumcised.    (Special  coinage.) 
"  Won  by  ft  Pliilistine  from  the  uiiforeakinn'd  race." 
Milton  :  Samaon  Atjonistcs,  1.100. 

'  iin-fbre -thought'  (ought  as  at),  a.  [Prof. 

un-  (1).  and  VA\\i..fnrethou.j}d,  a.]    Not  thought 
or  conceived  before. 
"  Tliin  unforethought  on  accident  confounds 
.All  their  desii;us,  and  fnistnttea  all  their  grounds." 
Ihiuiel :  Civil  IVnrii,  bk.  vii. 

iin-fbre-tdld',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
f'-irdolil.]     Not  foretold,  not  predicted. 

un-fbre-'warned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and 
Eng.  forpwiirnci.]  Not  forewarned  ;  not 
warned  beforehand  ;  without  jucvious  warn- 
ing. 

"  Whence,  all  unforcwftru'd. 
The  household  lost  their  hope  aud  soul's  delight." 
Wordxworth:  Excuraiou,  bk.  viL 

un-for'-feit-ed,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
forfeited.]  Not  forfeited,  not  lost ;  maintained, 
kept. 

"To  keep  obliged  faitli  unforfeited.' 

tihakesp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ii.  6. 

un-fbr-get'-ful,  «.     [Pref.  un-{\),  and  Eng. 

fonjelfnl.]     Not  forgetful. 

*  un-fbr-get'-ta-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  fonjeitable.]  Incapable  of  being  for- 
gotten. 

"He  descril'es  the  homesickness  endured  at  his  first 

BChuol  as  un/ijryfttabt<;."—Athen<tinn.  Oct.  i.  1SS+. 

t  un-for-give'-a-ble,  *  un-fbr-giv  -a- 
ble,  ((.  [Pref.  wji- (1),  and  Ku^.  forgiveubl'e.] 
Incapable  of  being  forgiven  ;  unpardonable. 

"  F.ivouritiHin  in  the  distribution  of  the  dishes  is 
an  unforgivable  olt'cnce,"— iiaif^  Telegraph,  June  24, 

ISSG. 

un-fbr-giv'-en,  a.  [Pre/,  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
forgiven.]  Not  forgiven,  uot  pardoned;  un- 
pardoned. 

* un-fbr-gXv'-er,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
forgiver.]  One  who  will  not  pardon  or  forgive  ; 
en  implacable  person. 

"  I  hope  these  unforgiecrs  .  .  .  were  always  good, 
dutiful,  passive  children  to  their  parents." — Jiichiird- 
son:  Clarissa,  vii.  26, 

un-fbr-giv'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
forgiving.]  Not  forgiving;  not  disposed  or 
ready  to  forgive  or  oveiiook  oftenees. 

"  Even  though  unforgiving,  never 
'tiainst  tliee  shall  my  heart  rel>el." 

Byron  :  Fare  Thee  Welt. 

*  iin  -  for -giv'-ing- ness,  s.    [Eng.  imfor- 

(living  ;    -ness.]    TJie  quality  or  state  of  being 
uufurgiviiig.     {llidiardson  :  Clarissa,  vii.  237.) 

un-fbr-gbt -ten,   *un-fbr-gbt,  a.    [Pref. 

■nn-  (1),  and  Ew^.  fonjolleii,  forgot.] 

1.  Not  foi'gotten  ;  not  lost  to  memory. 

"  Tiie  thankful  remembr.-ince  of  bo  grcjit  a  benefit  re- 
ceived, shall  for  ever  remain  un/orgultfn."—Knolies  : 
History  -/the  Turk-^. 

2.  Not  o\erlooked  or  neglected. 

*un-form',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eug./cwni.J 
To  destioy,  to  unmake ;  to  decompose  or  re- 
solve into  parts. 

*  un-form'-al,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
Jormni]     Not  formal ;  informal. 

''un-form'-al-ized,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  fornuilized.]  Not  made  formal ;  unre- 
duced to  forms. 


un-formed',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
formed.  ]  Not  formed  ;  not  fashioned  or 
moulded  into  regular  shape  ;  uncreated, 

"  Into  tlie  dawn,  wliich  lighted  not  the  yet 
I'tiforiii'd  forefather  of  m:inklud." 

liyron  :  Heaven  A  Earth,  i.  3. 

unformed-Stars,  tt.  v^- 

Astron. :  Stars  which,  owing  to  the  isolated 
position  which  they  occupy,  are  not  grouped 
into  any  constellation.  Called  also  Informed 
and  Sporadic  stars. 

iin-fbr-sak'-en,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
forsal<en..]     Not  forsaken  ;  not  deserted. 


f^te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there: 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try. 


:   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unfortified— unfruitous 


317 


•'■■ 


un  -  for  -  ti  -  f  ied,  '  un  -  for  -  tl  -  lyed,  a. 

IPref.  nil-  (1),  aiul  Kiig.  yorr(_Rf</.l 

1.  7.(7.:  Nut  fnititioil  ;  not  secured  or  pro- 
tecteil  by  walls  or  t'oititications  ;  defenceless. 

"Pouring  down  upon  yuur  un/urtfjied  fi'oiitierH  n 
fliTCV  Mill  irresistible  cnvnlty ."—Ourka  :  SpecvH  v>i 
Coite.  witlt  Amvrtcti.    i\7'S.] 

2.  Fig. :  Not  strfiigtlit'iied  against  attarks  ; 
weak,  exposed,  defem-eli'ss. 

(■  A  heart  unfortified,  i\  iiiind  imiMiUeiit," 

.•i/inkvtp, :  i/itnUet,  1.  2. 

"un-for'-tu-na-93^,  5.  (Eiig.  uii/ortini>i(tc) : 
•c'l.)  Tilt'  i|iiality  or  ytate  of  being  unfortu- 
nate ;  ill-fortuiit',  inisf(,rtune. 

"  Tlie  un/ortui>aciei  of  liis  reign."— ffctf^'u  ;  /.«/(•  "/ 
L'tiid.  i>.  -JZl. 

un-for'-tu-nate,  a.  &  s.    IPref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eiv^.  /•'rtiinuk.l 

A.  As  adj. :  Not  fortunate  ;  not  successful ; 
uiducky,  unhappy. 

"WilUivni.  on  the  other  li.inil,  continueil  to  pliice 
entire  i.'outldenL'«  in  hi»  mi/ortttniite  lieiiteuiuit.' — 
Macautay  :  Uist.  tng.,  ih.  xiii. 

B.  As  suhst.  :  One  wlio  is  unfortunate ; 
.specif.,  applied  to  a  woman  who  lias  lapsed 
from  virtue  ;  a  prostitute. 

"Hoping  I  might  see  some  uii/ortunnte  C!\st  herself 
from  the  Bri.l«e  i.f  iH^^h^r—JlaUock:  Xew  /iepublii; 
bk.  iii.,  ch.  ii. 

mi-for'-tu-nate-ly,  a<U'.  [Eng.  nu/orta- 
nutc ;  -ly.]  In  an  unfortunate  manner;  un- 
luckily, unhappily ;  by  ill-furtune. 

"  And  in  her  haste  nnfortunatcln  spies 
The  foul  bu:ii'a  ociniiuest  on  her  fair  deliL'ht." 

.s/uikts/i. :   Venua  Jt  Adonis,  l,o29. 

un-for'-tu-nate-ness,  *\  [Eng.  unfortu- 
nate; -ncss.]  Tlie  quality  or  sUite  of  being 
unfortunate  ;  ill-fortune,  ill-luck,  misfortune. 

"  So  unfortunately,  that  it  doth  iiiipall  tlieir  niiud», 
thouj,'h  they  had  leisure:  and  to  mischievously  that 
it  doth  exceed  both  the  sutideuness  aud'^n^oreutiufc- 
iivss  of  it." — Sidney  :  Arcudht.  bk.  V. 

iixt-fos'-sil-ized,  «.  [Pref.  un-(\),  and  Eng. 
fossil i:eiL]  Not  fossilized  ;  nut  having  under- 
gone tiie  proiess  of  fossilization. 

un-fos'-tered,   c     [Pref.   ua-  (l),  and  Eng. 

fusU-ml.] 

1.  Not  fostered  ;  not  nourished. 

2.  Not  countenanced  by  favour;  not  pa- 
tronized :  as,  a  scheme  -unfostered. 

un-foughf  (ought  as  at),  0.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Kiv^.fun.jhl.]     Nut  fought. 

"They  used  sucli  diligence  in  taking  tlie  passat^i^^i 
that  it  was  not  iiossible  they  shouUl  escape  utijonght 
with."— Kriolles  :  Hist,  of  the  Turks. 

un-fouled',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  fouled.] 
Nnt  fituled  ;  not  polluted;  not  corrupted; 
pure. 

"The  humour  and  tuniclesare  purely  transparent, 
to  let  in  light  ui(fouli:d  and  uui-ophisticated  ity  any 
tincture.' — J/ure:  Antidote  aifaiiist  Atheism,  bk.  ii.. 


un-found',  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. /own//, 
a]  Not  louud  ;  not  met  witli ;  not  discoveied 
or  invented. 

"So  easy  it  seemed  .  .  . 
Which  yet  w^vund  most  wuuld  have  thought 


Ini  possible." 


Jliltoi. .  P.  /,.,  vi.  500. 


un-fo^d'-ed,  a.     [Pref.   vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

fuun'lnl.l 

1.  Lit. :  Not  founded  ;  not  built  or  esta- 
blislied. 

"  With  lonely  steps  to  tread 
Th'  unfounded  deei'.'         J/ilton  ■   P.  L.,  ii.  629. 

2.  Fig. :  Having  no  foundation,  basis,  or 
ground  ;  baseless,  groundless,  idle. 

"After  inquiry,  was  admitted  even  by  hia  prose- 
cutors, to  be  unfounded."— Jtacaului/ :  Sist,  En<j., 
ch.  V. 

•  iin-found'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unfounded; 
-lij.]     In  an  uiifuunded  manner;  without  any 

fuunilation,  ground,  or  basis. 

•  un-firac'-tured,  a.  [Pref.  un-{\),  and  Eng. 
fnu-tun^d.]     Nut  fractured  or  broken. 

"Its  huge  biUk  lies  nvfracturcd-'—Difoe:  Tour 
throu-jh  Greitt  Sritnin.  i.  aiv. 

'  un-fi-am'-able,  •  iin-ft-ame'-a-ble,  a. 

[Pn.-r.     un-    (1),    and    Eng.    Jramnb'le.]      Not 
capable  of  being  framed  or  moulded. 

"Their   disposition   so   mframeable  vuto  eocieties 

wherein   they  live.' —Poofter ;  Eccle$,   Politic,  hk.   i.. 

§  16. 

•  Un-firam'-a-ble-ness,  *  un-firame'-a- 
ble-ness,  n.  [Eng.  unfrayiwhh  ;  -nvss.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unframable. 

"  The  unframeableness  of  our  nature  to  the  douig 
of  anything  that  is  good."— fiju.  Satiderson,  in  Knox: 
Christian  Philos. 


*un-fraine',  i'.(.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
frami-:]  To  destroy  the  frnnie  of;  to  take 
at>art ;  to  undo. 

"  Then-  can  \>f  no  new  emergent  inconvenience  that 
may  unfravie  liiri  leHolutions.  *— &iur/(:  Sontions,  vul. 

\i..  .t.T.    10. 

•  ^n-firamed',  c  [Prof,  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fnnaed.]  Not  framcil  ;  not  formed  ;  nijt 
fashioned  ;  not  moulded. 

"He  fiiunneth  A:  faiihloneth  the  rude  and  t'»t/'r(imf(i 
wittf  with  ccrUiiii  principU's."— tWni;  Jolin  vi. 

un-frd.n'-9hised,  u.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
/((((((■/((>(/. I  Not  franchised  ;  not  enfran- 
rliiscd  ;  disfiunchiseil,  unenfranchised. 

♦un-fran'-gi-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Kiig.  franqlhle.]  Not  frangible  ;  not  break- 
able. 

"  lie  remaining  there,  and  being  whole  and  iuipiis- 
sible.  and  unfrtin'iibte."—Bt>.  Tat/lor :  Of  the  Jleut  J'rc- 
sciiw,  §  II. 

,  *  iin-ft-ank'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l);  Eng. 
fro  Ilk,  and  sutV.  -tdilc]  Incapable  of  being 
franked  or  sent  by  public  conveyance  free  of 
expense. 

"  Your  ]>encil9  .  .  .  areof  an  unfrankabli^  shape  and 
texlave." —Southei/ :  Li'tters,  iil.  lofl, 

•  iin-fra-ter'-nal,   a.     [Pref.  un-   (1),  and 

Kng.  f'nf(rnui!.\    Not  fraternal ;  not  becoming 

a  brother. 

•  un-ftra-ter'-nal-ly,  adr.     [Eng.   uufrater- 

itid  ;  -hj.]     Not  in  a    fraternal  manner;  not 

like  a  brother. 

"  A  niedical  man  .  .  .  observed  iinfraternally  and 
ungritnimatically  at  the  same  time:  'My  brother 
piejiches  and  I  pnvctiaes,""— £>«i?tf  Chromcle,  Jan.  3, 


^un'- fraught  (p7t  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I), 
and  Eiig.  fiau(}ht.]  Not  fraught  ;  not  loaded 
or  burdened  ;  freed  from  load  or  biu'den. 

"  Then  tliou  dear  swain,  thy  heavenly  load  unfriitighr." 
P.  f'letvhar:  Purple  Island,  vi. 

iin-free',  iin-freed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng./;t'e,  freed.]    Nut  freeil ;  not  set  free. 
"  Shall  beauteous  Helen  still  remain  ttitfreed  f" 
Pope:  Bonier;  Itind  ii.  213. 

*  un-ft"eeze',  "un-ftriese,  v.t.  [Pref.  un- 
{!),  and  Eng.  frctze.\     To  thaw. 

Love's  fiery  dart 


•^  un-fre'-quen-9y,  5.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  ami 
Eng.  frequeacij.]     Infrequeney. 

"  To  which  r  have  sjiid  some  things  already,  when  I 
accounted  for  the  unfrvquency  of  fti)pantious."— 0^lll- 
uiU  :  Esuay  6. 

Uii-&e'-quent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
freijnent.]  Not  frequent ;  infrequent,  rare, 
uncommon. 

"  This  is  the  good  man's  not  unfrequent  imnK." 
iVordsworth  :   Excursion,  bk.  v. 

*un-fre-quent',  r.^.  [Pref.  k/i-(1),  and  Eug. 
frequent,  v.]  Not  to  frequent;  to  cease  to  fre- 
(juent. 

"  They  ijuit  their  thefts,  and  uvfrenuent  the  fields." 
Philips:  Cider,  bk.  i. 

un-fre-quent'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
frequented.]  Not  frequented  ;  seldom  resorted 
to  by  human  beings. 

"  1  sold  my  soldier's  clothes,  bought  woi-se,  and,  in 
ortler  uot  to  be  oveitJiken,  took  the  most  unfrequented 
I  oiuis  possible."— WoWj(i?i*f7i;  Essni/s,  No.  6. 

un-fre'-quent-ly,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng  freqiuntly.]  Not  frequently ;  rarely, 
seldom. 

"  Not  unfreqncntly.  by  some  very  disagreeable  pecu- 
liarity."— Co'jan:  On  the  Passions,  pt.  i..  ch.  ii. 

*un-fret',  v.t.  [Pref  un-  (1),  and  Eug.  fret, 
v.]    To  smooth  out,  to  relax. 

"  Until  the  Lord  unfret  his  angry  brows." 

(Srecnc :  Lookcn<j-Oliiss  f<j>-  London,  p.  129. 

'  un-ft*ett'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fretted.]     Not  frettted  ;  not  worn  or  rubbed. 

"  .-M  night  again  he  found  the  paper  unfretted."— 
Bolinshed  :  Chronicles  of  Ireland  (an.  1532f. 

*  iin-fri'-a-We,  a.  [Pref.  701-  (l),  and  Eng. 
Jriablc]  '  Not  friable  j  iucapable  of  being 
erumbled  or  pulverised. 

"  The  elastic  and  unfrinMe  naturo  of  cartilage." 
—Piiley  :  X'ltural  Thiohi-jy,  ch.  viii. 

*  iin  -friend.  "  un-frend,  s.  [Prei.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  ^rj^jirf.]  One  who  is  not  a  friend; 
an  enemy. 

"  Tut  in  yr  heids  he  the  King's  Maties  unfrends." 
-l..dge:  lllua.  -f /irit.  Bitt.;  Ben.  VIH..  No.  30. 

*  iin  -  friend' -  ed,  a.     [Pi-ef.  un-  (1);  Eng. 


friend^  and  sulf.  -fiU\  Without  a  friend  or 
frientls  ;  unbefi'ieiided. 

"  And  can  ye  thuii  unfrifntUd  leave  nn«. 
Ve  Muhes  I  *  W ordsteorth  :  Idiot  Don 

«in-frlend'-li-nGS8,  ».  [Eng.  unfriendly; 
-'0',-.N-. ]  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
friemlly  ;  want  nf  friendly  feeling  or  kindness. 

"Slight  Inntiinces  of  netclect  or  unfriendlintn.' — 
.■fccAt-r .-  Somions.  vol.  111.,  nor.  Iv, 

iin-fHeud'-l^,    "  unHfrende-ly,  a.  &  adv. 

IPiet.  „,i-  (1),  and  Eiig./r(Vm//y.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Not  kind  or  benevolent;  not  friendly; 
ill-disposed. 

"  U.idulpbin.  who  was  known  nol  to  be  unfriendla 
to  hid  uhl  master,  uttered  a  few  wurd«  which  were  decf- 
sive.'—.Macaulay  :  Bi*(.  En'j.,  ch,  x. 

2.  Not  favouiable  or  kindly  ;  unfavourable, 

"  Let  it  be  understood  that  thuite  lawn  and  Itliertlcs 
wero  not  regardetl  In-  hi»  master  with  an  unfriendlif 
eyn.'—.Vacauluy  :  Blat  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

3.  Foreign,  strange. 

"  They  left  their  bones  Iwneath  unfriendly  skies." 
Cowper  :  Expostiilutiun,  iZi, 

B.  yf-tm/c.  :  In  an  unfriendly  manner  ;  not 
like  a  friend. 

"  Nothing aurely  that  looks  unfrL-ndly  uiion  truth, 
or  is  blamealile.  in  It.'"—  Wotluston .  /ialigi'ut  nf  iS'ittniv, 
5  vi. 

'  un-ft*iend'-ship,    '  un~frend-shyp,   .^. 

[Pref.  tui-  (1),  and  Eng.  frleiuhhiji.]  Want  ur 
absence  of  friendship ;  unfriendliness,  ill- 
feeling, 

"  Even  BO  a  Christian,  if  he  nssaye  to  have  frendshyp 
agayne  with  the  worlde,  doeth  utterly  receaue  un- 
frcndshyp  with  Rod,  who  hath  no  concord  with  the 
world,  —i'dat:  James,  ch.  iv. 

"  un-fright'-ed  (gh  silent),    a.      [Pref.   un- 
(1),  and  Eug.  jri(ihted.)    Not  frightwied  ;  uu- 
friglitfued. 
"  But  they  unfrinhted  pass,  though  many  a  privle 
Sjiiike  to  thein  louder  than  tiie  oxe  in  Livie." 

lien  Jonson  :  Epigrams,  blc.  iv, 

^  un-frxght-ful  ((//(  silent),  a.  [Pref.  vn-(l), 
and  Eng.  fri-jhtfid.]  Not  frightful ;  not  teni. 
fyiug  or  repulsive. 

"  Not  unfi-if/hf/ul  it  mnat  have  been."- C«Wu/n  .- 
French  Het'.,  pt.  i.,  bk.  vil..  ch.  iv. 

un-frock',  v.t.  [Pref.  io!-(2),  .md  Eng.  frock.] 
To  take  Mie  frock  from;  to  ilivest  or  dei)rivti 
(d*  a  fiuck  ;  hence,  to  deprive  of  or  reduce 
fruin  the  character  and  privileges  of  a  priest. 

"  .Another  of  her  bishops  she  fQueen  EliuibethJ 
tbreiiteiied  with  an  oath  to  uiifrock."~Iip.  Burd: 
Moral  A  Political  DinlognfS, 

iin-froz-en,  •unfroze,".  [Pr.f.  tui-{\), 
and  Eng.  ypccH.]     Not  frozen,  not  congealed. 

"  The  unfroze  waters  marvellously  stood." 

J.  Philips :  lilcnheim. 

* un-fruct'-ed»  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Lat. 
fruetns  —  IVuit.]     Having  no  fruit ;  unfruitful. 

*  un  -  fructe  -  ftill, 

fruitful. 

"  Ashamed  to  have  a  doe  with  the  unfructefvU 
works  of  darkneB8e."  —  i^(iuI ;  Eplies,  v, 

iin-f ruit  -  ful,  ■  un-frute  -  full,  *  un  - 
frutte-ful,    ".      [Fivf.     un-   (1),    and   Eng. 

fruitjuL] 

1.  Not  fruitful ;  not  ])roducing  fruit; barren  : 
as  an  unfruitful  vine. 

2.  N"it  producing  offspring;  not  prolific; 
barren  :  as,  an  unfruitful  woman. 

3.  Unproductive,  barieii,  sterile. 

"  Lay  down  some  general  rules  for  the  knowing  of 
fruitful  and  utifruitful  soils,"— .l/orfo/wr .  Busbamtry. 

4.  Not  productive  of  good. 

"  Have  no  fellowship  with  the  unfruitful  works  of 
d-irkness."— A>7(tf(.  v.  11. 

0.  Not  bringing  about  any  result ;  barren 
of  results  ;  vain,  fruitless,  useless. 

■  To  lauxh  or  weep  at  sin  might  idly  ahow 
X'liheedful  piutsiou  ur  unfruitful  woe," 

Pope :  Sat.  3. 

iin-fruif'-ful-ly.  adv.  [Eng.  unfruitful;  -ly.] 
In  an  untruitlul  manner;  fruitlessly,  use- 
It'.ssly,  nii|)roduclively  ;  to  no  purpose. 

'■  1  liiid  rather  do  anything  than  wear  out  time  so 
unfruitfull;/.  —lien  Jonson  :  ."iitant  Woman,  v.  1. 

un-fruit'-ful-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unfruitful; 
■ne^-'.]  Till'  quality  i>r  state  of  being  unfruit- 
ful ;  barrenness,  uniiroductiveness,  infecun- 
dity,  sterility. 

"  The  natural  branches  were  not  spaTc<f.  because  of 
their   unfruirfuhu-ss:'— Gilpin  :    Ulustrntions    by    St. 

P'liil.  vol.  iv. 

*  un- fruit -ous,  ■  un-fruyt-ouse,  a.  [Pref. 
un-{l);  Eng./ri(j7;andsuJl.  -ous.]  Unfruitful. 

"  Nyle  ye  corayne  to  unfrnytoute  workis  of  dark- 
neasis  ■'— It'.vr/ijfiL'.   Ephes.  v   IL 


[Unfkucted.]      Un- 


boil.  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9eU.  chorus,  9hin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -eious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic  =  bel,  deL 


unf rustrable  — unghostly 


•  ttn-ftnls'-tra-ble,  >t.     (I'lvf.   »»•  U).  »'"! 

Eng.  /«-((3/niWr,l    Nut  fruatrable  ;  iuciipablu 
of  Uiiug  frustnitcd. 

"  All  liTwlalllile.  or.  whittttic  »cliooliueii  liAvecftllwl, 
Bii   uttfrtutratfie  i>oMrr."  — /f/«.   Xaw:    Chargv  to   the 

*  ftn-fu'-dllod,  n.     [Fref.  t(ii-(I);  Kiig./nW, 
411)0  8Uir.  -et/.l     Nut  supplied  or  fed  witlt  fuel. 

"  BUihii;  unfu-rUett  fiMiu  the  ll<.K>ru(  ruck 
Tvu  uiAgtL-  (lauimaruMc." 

Southefi  ■'  Thiifatui,  11. 

tin-fdl-fiUed'.  ".      [Prcf.    un-  (1),  niid   Kng. 
juljillal.]    Nut  fultUled  ;  not  accuuiplJsluMl. 


"  iln-fUll',  ff.  IPref.  vn-  (I),  and  Eiig.  /»??.] 
Ni't  lull  or  complete  ;  tnipt'ifect, 

"  Th'  utifiilt  Itiirinoiiy 
c.>[  uneven  hAiiiinrni  lifiitliig  (Uventely." 

.^jilveHer:  Uatidiv-<rrnftn,  l.SIS. 

*iin-fumed',  «.  IPref.  un-  (l),  aud  Ens. 
/» ?««■(/.  J 

1.  Not  fumigated. 

2.  Not  extracted  or  drawn  forth  by  fumiga- 
tion;  undistilted. 

"Tlteii  ntrt-ws  the  urnuinl 
Witli  rww  nud  ixluur  Iixim  tbo  shnili  an/inti'il.' 

Jiiiton:  I'.  I...  V.  am. 

un-fiind'-ed,  n.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
/(i(u/('/.l  Not  funded  ;  liavinj;  no  permanent 
funds  for  tlic  payment  ot  its  interest. 

"  The  unfunded  ilcht  ((>f  a  comitry]  is  often  C!ille<l 
the  llu-itliiK  tU-l)t,  and  cuntitKutes  in  fact  the  reitl  debt 
of  the  iiatluh.  It  arises  from  arrears  in  the  Govern- 
nient  iiccouiiti*,  from  i<xclie<|uer  hilK  and  treaaury 
l>ni!i,  iiiHin  which  inuiiuy  ha-n  l>ei.-u  raJMed,  and  which 
are  j>ii]'t>*>''ed  to  t>e  ]iaiil  out  of  the  Riipidies  of  the  year 
follKuiii);  tlieir  i»tme.  It  ia  thus  diHtintruiahed  from 
the  funded  deht,  wliicli  la  in  reality  no  debt  at  all, 
Hiiii-t'  it  is  alreatly  |>aid  hy  iiieiuis  of  an  engagement  to 
grant  the  huldeis  of  it  an  annuity,  either  in  f)er- 
iietiiity,  or  for  a  term  of  >eara." — tiitheU:  Cotniltii'j- 
hvusf  hictioimri/, 

un-furl',  r.t.  &  f.  [Pref.  un-  {!),  and  Eng. 
furl,  v.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1,  To  loose  from  a  furled  state  ;  to  open  or 
spread  out  to  tlie  wind.  (Said  especially  of 
the  .sails  of  a  ship,  a  flag,  or  the  like.) 

"  The  fresheuinL'  hi-eeze  of  eve  unfurled  that  banner's 
niHHsy  folu."  Alaauilay  :  Anmulu. 

1 2.  To  expose  to  view ;  to  disclose,  to  disjilay. 

"  The  red  right  arm  of  Jove 
With  all  his  tenors  there  unfiirrd.- 

Huron  :  Tratitlatioii  from.  Horace. 

B.  Intraus.  :  To  be  spread  out  or  expanded  ; 
to  open  to  the  wind. 

"  As  marks  his  eye  the  acnhny  on  the  mast 
The  anchoi-K  rise,  the  sails  U7ifiirfiii(/  lii-st." 

Uuron  :  CuTiitir,  i.  16. 

un-fur'-nisli,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
j'unnsli,  v.)  To  strip  of  furniture;  to  strip 
generally  ;  to  divest,  to  deprive. 

"  Bring  me  to  consider  that,  which  may 
I'ufuriiish  me  of  rejiaon." 

ShtiKca/j.  :  iVintcr's  Tale,  v,  I, 

iin-fur'-nished,  «.    {Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

fai  nishcd.} 

1.  Not  furnished ;  not  jirovidcd  with  fur- 
niture. 

"  I  live  in  the  corner  of  a  vast  wfurniihcU  house.  "— 
tkeift. 

2.  Unsupplied  with  what  is  necessary ;  un- 
provided, unequipped. 

"Thou  shidbnot  go 
Cnfuritigh'd  and  unfriended  too." 

Beaum,  S:  Flet.  ;  blJiinish  Curate.  \\.  I. 

3.  Unstocked,  empty. 

"  Her  trejisury  was  empty:  her  arsenals  wi-re  an- 
furtiithed.  —JJucauluif  :  i/itt.  t:nij,,  uli.  XX. 

tin-fiir'-rdwed,  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  an.;  Eng. 
Suirowtd.\ 

\.  Not  furrowed  ;  not  cut  or  fonned  into 
furrows,  drills,  or  ridges. 

"  The  unseeded  and  unfurrowed  soil." 

Cowfier :  llumer ;  VUyssei/ i\. 

2.  Smootli,  unrutfleil. 

"  The  alidine  ereeji  of  the  unfwn-owed  tide  upon  the 
beach."— /Jui/y  Telegraph,  Jan.  30,  1868. 

iin-fui^ed',  a.  [Pref.  int- (l),  and  Y.uq.  fuml'[ 
Not  fused,  not  melted. 

•iin-fus'-i-ble,  a.  [Pref.  j/u-(l\and  Eng. 
fu!:'ihk]    Not  fusible. 

""un-gain',   *  un-gayne,  •  un-gein,  a. 

[.\.y.  7(?i-  =  not,  and  Irel.  f7e;7»t  =;  ready,  ser- 
viceable, convenient ;  ogegii  =  ungainly,  un- 
gentle.]   Ungainly,  awkward,  clumsy. 

"His  i»erBon  was  as  heavy  and  vngaln,  as  his  wit 
■was  alert  mid  anrifrhtly."— (Vraiiipcr;  Of  Hir  F.  Pern- 
bcrton;  Biogntiihical  Jlislort/, 


'  iin-galn  -9  blo,  «.  [Pref.  ini-  (l).  and  Eng. 
ijainolifr.]  Notgainable  ;  not  capable  of  being 
gained  or  won. 

"  The  (letter  protected  yonr  iwaee  will  be  from  the 
unjjitiiiabli-  eni'liili-H  of  eath  extreme."— />r,  i'k'rt'v  .' 
s,-riii..n  „n  thf  -jyrA  «f  May,  \>.  a&.     (laci.) 

un-galned'»  ".  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tjainal.]    Not  yet  gained,  or  won. 

"  aien  priie  the  thing  ui»gahid  more  than  It  In." 
Shaketp. :  Troitiis  i  Creuitlti,  l.  2. 

■  iln-gain'-ful.  <f.    (Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

>niii,jnl.\     Nnt  gainful;  not  jiroducing  gain; 
unpiolitable. 

"Thou  dost  spend 
In  an  ungnhtful  art  thy  dearest  days." 

Daniel:  J/utophUu*. 

'  un-gain'-ffil-ly,  cilv.  (Eng.  ungainful; 
■hi.]     Not  gainfully  ;  unprolitably. 

un-gain'-li-ness,  .';.  [Eng.  ungainhj  (2); 
■  ,i.ss.  ]  Tlie  iinalilynr  state  of  being  ungainly  ; 

.iwkwiiidiiess,  clumsiness. 

'  iin-gain'-ly  (I),  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (l);  Eng. 
'jaiii,  and   snil.  -/;/.]     Unprotllable. 

"MisiiMJuK  tlieir  knowledtte  to  iingainh/  ends.  t\a 
either  ainhitioii,  superstition,  or  for  satisfying  tlieir 
curiosity.  "—y/«m?»oii(/  .■  M'orks,  iv.  650. 

un-gain'-ly  (2),  a.  &  adv.  [Eng.  vvgain;  -ly.] 
A.  As  ndj. :  Not  gainly ;  clumsy,  awkward, 
uncoutli. 

"  He  WJ13  mile  and  ungainly  in  his  movements,  un- 
like all  vespectalile  citizens  in  his  habits."— ^eioc-ii.' 
lli»t.  I'hilos.,  i.  128. 

■^  B.  As  adv. :  Awkwardly,  clumsily,  iin- 
coutlily. 

'■  Why  dost  thou  stare  nnd  look  bo  ungainly  )" 

Vanburyh  :  Confedvravy,  i.  1. 

*  iin-gain-said'  (ai  as  e)»  n.  [Pref.  nn-  (i), 
and  Eng.  nninsiiid.]  Nut  gainsaid,  contra- 
dicted, or  denied. 

"  The  ])ope  may  as  well  l>oast  his  unyainaaid  autho- 
rity.'— Milton:  Anim,  on  JUtnong.  Dift-nce,  §  X. 

un-gal~lant',  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
gidliuit.\  Not  gallant ;  not  courteous  to  latljes. 

'  un-galled'.  ".  [Pref.  101- (I),  and  Eng.  ^rnZ/erf.] 

Unluiit,  unwoumled. 

'■  Why,  let  the  stricken  deer  go  weep. 
The  h;irt  (.»;/«//»■(/ play. ' 

Ahukesp. :  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

^  iin-gar'-ment-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  fjarviented.]     Unclothed,  naked. 

"  Gonud  her  limbs  ungarmcntcd." 

Houth^y  :  Joan  uf  Arc,  iv. 

*  un-gar'-nished,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  garnished.]  Notgarnished,  notfurnished, 
not  adorned. 

"A  iilaiu,  itngarnish'd  present  as  n  tliankofi'ering 
to  thee." — Milton  :  Antm.  vn  Jiemona.  Dvfence,  §  i. 

un-gar'-ri-s6ned,    a.     [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 

Knu'.  ;/Mr/ (yi^ni  (/.]    Not  garrisoned  ;  witliout  a 

garrisnii  i<v  garrisons. 

"  It  w;i3  iiupu.'ssible  to  leave  these  places  tingar- 
risoficd." — Jlaiauliiy:  Hist.  Kng.,  eh.  ix. 

un-gar'-tered,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
gartered.]  Not  gartered ;  not  invested  ur 
secured  with  a  garter. 

"When  you  fhid  at  Sir  Proteus  for  going  »7i- 
gartercd.'—Shakttp.  :  Two  Oentlcnu-n,  ii.  1. 

iin-gath'-ered.  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
gathered.]  Not  gathered,  not  collected,  not 
picked. 

"  Beside  the  vngathered  rice  he  lay." 

Longfctloui :  Slave's  Dream. 

"  un-gauged',  o.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
gaiiiji'd.]  Not  ganged;  not  measured  or  cal- 
culated.   {Yunng :  Kight  'Thoughts,  viii.  G71.) 

'  iin-gear',  r.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng.  gear.] 
To  strip  of  gear  ;  to  throw  out  of  gear. 

■  un-geld',  s.  [A.S.  un-  =  not,  and  geld  — 
payment.] 

Feudal  Law:  A  person  so  far  out  of  the 
protection  of  the  law  that,  if  he  were  mur- 
dered, no  geld  or  fine  .should  be  paid  or  com- 
position made  by  liis  murderer.    iCoweli.) 

*  un-gen'-er-alied.  a.  [Pref.  un-(2)\  Eng. 
general,  a,,  and  siitf.  -cd.)  Made  not  general ; 
localized.     (Special  adnrige.) 

"  These  per.sons  may  be  ungengral'd,  and  impaled 
in  their  particular  comities."— /"u/ffr.-  Worthies; 
Oeneral. 

*  un-gen'-er-at-ed,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  generated.]  Not  generated  ;  not  brought 
into  being. 

"  Millions  of  souls  must  have  been  vngeneratcd, 
and  have  had  uo  heins."—Jialeigh :  Hist.  World,  bk.  i,. 
ch. iv. 


un-gen'-er-ous,  (i.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
generous.]  Not  generous  ;  not  liberal  or  noble 
in  mind  or  sentiment;  illiberal,  ignoble,  un- 
kind. 

"  Honour  and  shame  th'  ungon'rou*  thought  recnll." 
J'-ipf  :  Homer;  Iliad  xxli.  ia». 

iin~gen'-er-OUS-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  ungmejyms  ; 
■  hi.]  In  an  ungenerous  manner;  illiberally, 
unkindly. 

iln-gen'-i-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  aud  Eng. 
geniid.]  Not  genial;  notfavourable  to  growth 
or  nature. 

"  i'li'jenial  M.ists  attending,  curl  the  stream. " 

Cow  per  :  Table  Talk,  2\Z. 

*  iin-gen'-i-tured,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (i) ;  Eng. 
gcnitur(fi);  -ed.]  Wanting  the  power  of  pro- 
pagation; wanting  genitals  ;  impotent. 

"  This  U7igenitured  agent." 

Shake»p.  :  MeitKure for  Meaaure,  ill.  2. 

im-gen-teel',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  nnd  Eng. 
gcuteel.]  Nut  genteel  ;  nut  polite;  rude. 
(Said  of  persons  or  things.) 

"  Who  could  bewr  to  live  with  the  epithet  of  inigcn- 
teeli" — Knox:  Essays  No.  76. 

un-gen-teel'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  ungenteel ;  -hj.] 
Not  genteelly  ;  impolitely,  uncivilly,  rudely. 

un-gen-tle,  *  un-gen-tiU,  a.  [Pref.  un-, 
(.1),  and  Eng.  gentle,  a.J 

*  1.  Not  of  noble  birth  or  descent ;  ignoble. 

"For  some  man  hath  i;reat  richesse,  hut  he  is 
ashamed  of  his  uiigcntill  Inuige.  *— CAriiicer;  lioveius. 
bk.  ii. 

2.  Not  gentle  ;  harsh,  rude,  unkind,  rough. 

"It  was  indeed  ill  suited,  in  more  ways  than  one,  t^i 
his  unyentle  nature."— .I/iuk «/<///  ;  Hist.  Ung.,  ch.  vili. 

*  un-gen' -tie-man,  v.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and 
Eng.  genflcimtn.]  To  deprive  of  the  eharac- 
teristics  of  a  gentleman :  to  render  rude  and 
clownish. 

"  Hoiiie-breedins  will  ungcntleynan  "iixwx."— Gentle- 
man Instructed,  p.  545. 

un-gen'-tle-man-like,  «.    [Pref.  vn-  (i), 

and  Eng.  gentlemanlike.]  Not  gentlemanlike  ; 
not  becoming  a  gentleman  ;  ungentlemanly. 

"Coarse  and  ungentlemanlike  teiina."~M<iciiutay  : 
Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xxlii. 

un-gen'-tle-man-ll-ness,  s.    [Eng.  nn- 

gentlemanhj ;  -ncsk]  Tne  quality  or  state  of 
being  ungentlemanly  ;  the  absence  of  gentle- 
manliness. 

un-gen'-tle-man-ly,  a.  &  adv.    [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  gentlenainUi.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Not  gentlemanly  ;  not  becom- 
ing a  gentleman  ;  low,  vulgnr,  coarse. 

"  The  demeanour  of  those  under  Waller  was  mucli 
more  ungejitU-manly  aud  barbarous."— C*/«reH(/o7i. 

*B,  As  adv. :  In  an  ungentlemanly  manner ; 
not  as  a  gentleman. 

"To  defraud  and  cousen  them  nngentlemnnlt/  nf 
their  parents  love,  which  is  the  gi-eatest  kud  fairest 
iwrtionof  tlieir  inheritance.'— /■.  Holland;  J'ltitarch, 
p.  148. 

un-gen'-tle-ness,  "*  un-gentil-nesse,  s. 

[Eng.  ungentle;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ungentle; 
rudeness  ;  coarseness  of  behaviour. 

2.  Har.shness,  rudeness,  unkindness. 

"  Youth,  you  have  done  uie  much  ungentleness. 
To  show  the  letter  that  I  w  rit  you." 

Shakesp. :  As  i'ou  Like  It,  v.  2. 

iill-gen'-tly,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
genth/.]  Not  gently;  rudely,  harshly,  un- 
kindly. 

"  But  even  as  they  tingently  and  without  desert 
charged  her,  so  she  IMaryJ  omitted  -so  fully  to  answer 
it  as  the  cause  recjuired."— A7/-^^e :  Ecelcs.  ifem. ;  Edw. 
lY.  (an.  1549). 

un-ge-6-met'-ric-al,  a.    [Pref.  vn-  (i). 

and  Edq.  gcornetriad.]  Not  geometrical  ;  nut 
in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  geometry. 

"  All  the  attempts  before  Sir  Isaiic  Newton  to 
explain  the  regiihtr  appeamuces  of  nature  were  un- 
gc'intetrical.'—Cheyne. 

'  fin-get',  V.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2).  and  Eng.  get.] 
To  cause  to  be  unbegotten. 


"  un-ghost'-lj^  (/(  silent),  a.     [Pret  vn-  (1), 
and  Eng.  ghostly.] 

1.  Not  spiritual. 

"Compare,  I  saye.  these  ioyful  eryinges  with  the 
unghostly  acclamacious."— rd*(i.*  Marke  xi. 

2.  Not  resembling  or  befitting  a  gliost ;  sub- 
stiintial. 

"Re\ealed  ...   a  most  un^a-wf/jy-looking  jiaic  of 
XxMta.'— Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  26.  1688. 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    te,  ce  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


unghwarite —ungraciousness 


;ii'.) 


ungll'-war-ito  (W  as  v).  s.  [After  Ungliwar, 
oi  lliiflcvnr,  Hungary,  where  found  ;  suH.  -i(f 

^Mif,.).] 
Mia. :  The  same  as  Chloropal  (q.v.). 

un-gift'-ed,".   [Pref.  un-  (Ij.anU  Eiig.  aiflfl] 
1.  Nut  t'iftcd  ;  not  endowed  with  peculiar 
faculties  or  qualities. 
•  2.  Without  reeeiving  a  gift. 


rf,:n<i,:.t- 


"  LMt  tlu'U  ilel'urt  the  ccist 

f..«'y.<r.   Jt^jiiirr;  (hhjsiftj  \\: 


'un-gild-ed,  'iin-gat,  "•.,  (P^'ef-  »«-(l). 
aiul  Kiig.  ijihhiU  gilt-}  Not  glided  ;  not  over- 
hud  with  -^iM. 

■■  You.  wlio  each  day  can  tlieatres  I«t>«>l'}. 
Like  Neroa  pdlace.  sbiiiiiiij;  !ill  with  eoUl. 
Our  raeim  ungild^  aU*^e  *i\l  scuni. 
/)ri*'ifn.-  y/vjr.wfO^jeniMtfo/ Allies  i/«ilJ!f-     (K-M-J 

'un-gilt;  •un-gllte,  »■.'.    [Pref.  <ni-  (-2), 
aiiii  Kn-.  l/;/^l    T.'  dfpnve  of  gilding. 
•■  ItyiHU*.-  tlmt  there  wns  aoue  yll  that  did  i-Ht/i/^-  it." 

un-fflinned',  «.  [Pi-ef.  i'"-  0)-  and  Eng. 
<jn(»t'/.)    Not  treated  in  a  gin.     [Gin  (1),  r.J 

iin-Kird'.  rJ.  [Pref.  un-  (-J),  and  Eng.  f/i'nM 
To  loose  or  free  from  a  ginlle  or  band  ;  to 
unl.iiid;  to  divest  of  a  girdle  or  what  is 
girt  on. 

"The  mnn  ungfrcJed  his  tamela.  and  gave  them 
stniw  Hiid  i.roNfiukT."— (.Vm-itis  wiv.  S'Z. 

'un-girt',  'un  gert,  'un-gurt.  '  un- 
gyrde* '(.  [Pref.  kh- (l),  and  Eng.jjirf.)  >ut 
ln'uud  with  a  girdle  ;  loose,  ungirded. 

•'  Thy  fall  hefore  the  race  w.13  won. 
Thy  b*oril  uinjirl  ere  set  '.'f  sun.' 

Scvtt:  Lady  0/ the  Lake,  vi.  K. 

•fin-give;  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
give.] 

A.  Trails.:  To  relax. 

■■  He  could  not  be  thawed  to  tmuhe  anything  of  the 
ri^iduesse  of  his  discipline."— fiil/er;  B,st.  lamb. 
Ciitr..  vii.  2. 

B.  Intraiis.  :  To  give  way  ;  to  relax, 

•■Thiit  religion  which  is  rather  suddenly  iiarched 
up  .  .  .  tloth  commonly  ungive  afterwards."— /"u Kerr 
Ihurch  Hist.,  II.  ii.  40. 

•un-giV'ing,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
.lu-iinj.]     Not  giving  ;  not  bringing  gifts. 


fin-gloved',  n.     [In  sense  1  from  pref.  "k-(1), 

ati'l  Kng.  ijlon-d  :  in  sense  "J  from  umjhvv,  v. J 

1.  Not  gloved  ;  hiiving  no  gloves  on. 
■■  He  >t<iu.l  111',  li'ildinu  forth  hln  baud  intfflored,"— 

//(ic"»i  ."  -Vfic  Afl(i»tit. 

2.  Having  the  gloves  removed. 
fin-glue',  I'.'.    [Pref.  uu-  (2),  and  Eng.  [tine,  v.] 

1.  Lit.  ':  To  sepande  nr  loose,  as  anything 
that  h:;s  betMi  joined  with  glue  or  otht-r  tena- 
cious substance. 

"Sntall  mins  relax  and  iinplue  the  earth,  to  give 
vent  to  inflaniwl  atoms,'"— //'iriwtf  .■  On  the  Ploffitf. 

"  2.  Fig. :  To  si-parate  tVoui  any  strong  or 
tenacious  iittachincnt. 

-My  3„| vittrhf    thyself    from   the  world."— 

n,,.  Hull     Chrltt  .Uf/Mth'itl.  S  -'• 

fin  glut-ted,  ".  [Pref.  nil-  (1),  and  Eng. 
<ili'lt<-d.\  Not  gluttwl ;  not  satiated  or  satu- 
rated ;  not  cloyed. 

'■  Seyd'8  itn'j'utrcd  eye 
Would  doom  him  ever  dyin«-neev  to  die  ! " 

ISyrun:  Corsmr,  n.  S. 

•  un-god',  V.t.     [Pref.  mi-  (2),  and  Eng.  god.] 
1.  To  deprive  of  a  god  ;  to  cause  to  recognize 
no  god ;  to  make  atlieistic:il  or  godless. 

•■  Thus  men  uniimidrd  may  to  places  rise." 

in-ydcn:  Hind  &  PuntUcr.  lit.  -4S. 

2  To  divest  of  the  character  of  a  god  or 
divinity  :  to  deprive  of  the  divine  attributes 
cr  qualitiL's,  real  or  supposed  ;  to  undeify. 

■'  Oh   were  we  wakeii'd  to  this  tyranny 
T'  luiijotl  this  child  again,  it  cuuld  not  be 
I  Mli'iiihl  luve  her."  Ounne :  Lot'eg  Deity. 

'un-gode-ly,  a.    [Uxgodlv.] 

un- god' -like,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  god,  and 
sutf.  -Idr.]     Not  like  God,  spec,  in  character. 

"'  Tlie  utliiT  Hii-j(HUik:-  giants  of  our  poetry."— /'ort- 
nighthi  Jieriftc.  i:xviii.  131. 

un-g6d'-li~ly.  «(''•-  t^ng.  ungodly:  -h/.]  In 
an  ungodly  manner  ;  impiously,  wickedly. 

"  Ti3  Imtan  ill  essay  of  that  godly  fear,  to  vise  that 
very  gospel  so  irreverently  and  luigodlUy.  — Oorem- 
KtcMf  0/  the  Tongue. 

un-god-U-ness,    *  un-god-ly-nes.    ^ 

(Eng.  ungodhi;  -h's.s\]    The  quality  or  state 
of  being  ungodly  ;  impiety,  wickedness. 

"  How   grossly  do  many  of  us  contradict  the  i)I.'iin 
-      -  „         ...  ,  ,      _  -  urecepts  of  the  go»l>el  by  our  unyodlincis  and  worldly 

111  villi  at  shrines  th"  inif/iiunff  suppliant  sfcmds  ;  Iw^xA'—TilMson. 

T,.i.t,»t„,..,kaavowwitheu,pu:^^^,,a..-^^^^_^^       un-gocl-ly.  ' UD-god-lye.   ".     tPref.  «„. 


ung'-ka  pu-ti,  .«.    (Native  name.] 

Zml'.:  Hylobales  agiUs,  the  Agile  Gibbon,  a 
native  of  'south-eastern  Asia.  The  head, 
shoulders,  inside  of  the  arms,  forearms,  legs, 
thighs,  breast,  and  belly  of  a  deep  coflee 
colour;  the  face  bluish-black,  the  hind  part 
of  the  head  and  back  blond,  the  cheeks  with 
large  white  whiskers. 

•  un-glad',  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  ghuL] 
Nut  gladdened  ;  sorrowful,  sad. 

"  Ii  tliuu  iiiy  souue  baste  ioye  had. 
Whaii  tli'ju  nil  other  sawe  vngind 
Sliriue  tlie  therof."  Gowcr :  C.  A.,  ii. 

•  un-glaze',  r.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  j/orr.] 

T.i  depi  ive  of  glazing  or  of  glass. 

un-glazed',  «.  [Pref.  uii-  (1),  and  Eng.  rjhntxL] 

1.  Ileprived  of  glass;  not  furnished  with 
glass  :  as,  an  nnfjJazed  window. 

2.  Not  having  glass  windows. 

"  Ob.  now  a  low  ruiued  white  shed  I  discern, 
Untiled  and  uiiglazed."  Prior:  floion-Satl. 

3.  Not  covered  with  glaze  or  vitreous 
matter  :  as,  an  unglazed  vessel. 

•  iin  -  gloomed',   a.      [Pref.    v»-   (l);    Eng. 

r;/n()H(  ;    -':'!.]    Nut  darkened,   overshadowed, 
ur  made  glunmy. 

"  With  look  unsloomed  by  guile.' 

ej-ce/i  .•  The  Sphcii. 

•un-glor'-i-fied,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and 
p;ii'_'.  ijlnrijinl.]  Not  glorified;  not  honoured 
witli  praise  ur  adoration. 

•'  Yet  uiwtorified.  I  comiirehend 
All,  iu  these  luirrors,  of  thy  ways  and  end. 

lionne:  Obseii.  (Hi  Lord  Harrington. 

"  un-glor'-I-i;y,  <■■>■  [Pref.  1"1-  (2),  and  Eng. 
iltoriffi.]  To  deprive  of  glory.  (Il'a»s;  lUm- 
'mints  11/ Time,  §  31.) 

•  fin-gl6r-i-oU8,  a.  [Pref.  loi-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ginriiiits.]    Not  glorious;  inglorious. 

■  He  bringeth   the    pre^itis  oi    hem  unglorioitg."— 
WiKliffi:     .'oi  Xii.  1'.'. 

un-glove',  f.(.  (Pref.  i'n-(2),  and  Eng.  ijlm-r.] 
To  take  off  the  gUve  or  gloves  from. 

"  Vndlfire  your  hand. ' 
Be.ium.  *  Flet. :  Loner  3  Proyreis.  ii.  1. 


(1),  and  E-.ig.  ri"(»!/.J 

1.  Not   godly  ;    impious,   wicked,   unholy, 
sinful.    (Said  of  persons  or  things.) 

"  t7»i.'/od'»' deeds."        Milton:  Samioii  AgoiliKtct,  893. 

2.  Polluted  by  wickedness. 

"  Let  not  the  hours  of  this  iingodty  day 
Wejir  out  iu  lieiice,"       &haki:iy.  :  Kin<j  John.  ui.  1. 

•  un-good',  n.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  gooJ.] 

Not  good  ;  wicked,  ungodly. 

•■  The  vice  of  them  th:it  ben  rnaood 
la  no  reoreele  vnto  the  good." 

Ooioer.-  C.A.    (Plol.l 

•  un-good'-ly,  n.     [Pref.  im-  (1),  and  Eng. 

goiirllij.]    Wicked,  ungodly. 
"  Whiche  thyng  my  sonne  I  the  forbede. 
For  it  is  an  rngoodly  dede."  (lower  :  C.  A.,  v. 

un-gbred',  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  goreiL] 

1.  Uinvoundcd,  unhurt. 

■•  I  have  a  \oice  and  precedent  of  iieace. 
To  Iteep  ujy  name  iitii/nred." 

Shaketp.:  Unintft,  v.  2. 

2.  Unstained  with  gore  ;  unblooded. 

"Helms  of  gold 
Vngorrd  with  blood," 

l^yteeiter  :  The  Yaealion,  V-  289. 

■  un-gorged',  a.     [Pref.   mi-  (1).  and  Eng. 
ijunjriL]     Nut  gorged,  not  filled,  not  sated. 
"The  hell-hounds,  as  uttgorg'd  with  flesli  and  blood 
Pursue  their  prey,  and  seek  their  wonted  food. 

Dryden:  Theodore  *  Uonoria.  213. 

•  iin-gor'-ge-ofis,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

gargivus.]     Nut  gorgeous,  not  showy. 

"It  sweeps  along  there  in  most  utigoryeoiis pall."— 
Citrlyfe:  Freneh  Jlevol.,  |,t.  ii.,  bk.  iv..  cb.  viii. 

im-gos' -pel-like,  ft.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
gn.ipel,  and  Jutl'.  -like.]  Not  like  the  gospel; 
not  sanctioned  by  or  according  to  the  spirit 
of  the  gospel. 

'■Carnal  tyranny  of  an  undue,  unlawful  and  loi- 
aotpe'Ht"  jurisdiction. '—J/iKon  .■  l!ea>cm  oj  Ihiirdi 
'noeernmetit,  hk,  iL 

•fin-got',  •  un-got'-ten,  a.    [Pref.  iiit-  (1), 
.and  Kng.  got,  gutlen.] 

1.  Not  gut  or  gotten  ;  not  gained  or  acquired. 
"  Nurse  thyself  in  thine  unrest. 
Judging  loiy.ttcn  things  the  best." 

DaniA :  Cieopatra.    jChorua) 


2.  Not  begotten. 

"  Who  Is  as  free  (i-iu  touch  or  soil  with  her. 
As  she  from  one  ttitgot." 

Slittkeii'.  .   J/eu*"re/or  J/ctwnre.  v.  I. 

un-gov'-em-a-ble,  <t.     [Pief.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  !ioi'('rmtit(f;.  1 

1.  Nivt  governable ;   incapable  of  being  go- 
verned, ruleil,  or  manageil ;  refractory,  unruly. 

"  The  men  of  Kerry  reputed  the  tlercest  and  m..«t 
Kii';oee,-,i<iW.'  pari  of  the  alHtriginal  laipulation.  — 
M'tenitlny:  Utit.  A'liy..  ch.  xvlt. 

2.  Licentious,  wild,  unbridled. 

"  He  desired  riches  with  an  ungoivrnnUe  and  iu- 
satiablc  desire."— J/iicrjiifd;/ .   Ifiil.  Eng..  ch.  vL 

•  fin-goV  em  a-Me  ness,   s.     [Eng.   nn- 

.loirrmil'lr  :    -nis.-i.]      The    iinality   or  state  of 
being  ungu\'ernabU-. 

un-gov'-em  a-bly,  mli:  [Eng.  iinoore™- 
iili{lr);  -III.)  Ill  an  uugoveruable  manner :  si> 
as  not  to  be  capable  of  being  governed  ur 
restrained. 

"  He  had  recently  been  turned  out  of  office  in  a  way 
which  made  hhn  iin;ioeeriiabl y  ferocious.  — J/uc- 
UHhiy:  lliat.  Eng.,  ch.  xlx. 

fin-gov'  erned,  n.     [Pref.  nii-  (l),  and  Eng. 

„o,r,.M-./.| 

1.  Not  gu\eriieil ;  having  no  government ; 
anarchical. 

"The  state  hi  green  and  yet  iiii'wn-neJ." 

Skaketp.  :  Richard  III.,  n.  !. 

•'    Not   under   control    or   restraint  ;    un- 
maiiagr,!. 
"  \iiil  ^hort.  or  wide,  the  ungovernd  courser  drive." 
Pope  :  l/onier  ;  Ititid  xxlu.  -J'.'^. 

3.  Not  subject  to  laws  or  principles ;  un- 
restrained, unbridled,  licentious,  wild. 
"  To  serve  ungonern'd  .apiietite." 

Milton:  P.  L.,  xn  51.. 

-un-goftrn',  v.t.  (Pref.  1111-  (2),  and  Eng. 
.(iMi".]  To  take  the  gown  off;  to  .strip  of  a 
gown  ;  to  unfrock. 

un- graced',  a.  [Pref.  ii'i-  (1).  and  Eng. 
gniicd.y  Not  graced;  not  favoured;  not 
adorned. 

"  Courage,  nngraeed  by  these,  affronts  the  skies.' 

Cowper :  Talite  liilk. 

fin-gra9e'-fJil,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
graccfnl.]  Not  graceful ;  wanting  in  grace  or 
elegance  ;  clumsy,  inelegant,  awkward. 

■•Ai)ed.  with  ignorant  and  ungraceful  affectation, 
tlie  patriots  of  Athens  and  Rome.' —J/acau/ai/ ."  ii'f^t. 
Kiig.,  ch.  X.       • 

un  -  grace'- ful- 13^,  (idv.  [Eng.  ungraceful: 
-}ii.\  111  ;ui  imgiaceful  manner;  inelegantly, 
awkwiiiilly. 

"Sit.s  nwjrace/iiVif  on  the  narrowed-soul  tnui- 
scriber."— .SreWe;  Spectator,  No.  4:Hi. 

un-gra9e'-ful-ness,  s.  [Eng.  ungrace/id; 
-,u!>s.\  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ungrace- 
ful ;  inelegance,  awkwardness. 

■■  The  ini'trneefuJmtii  t'f  constraint  and  affectation." 
—Locke:  Of  Edueation,  §  6G. 

un-gra'-cious,  •un-gra-ciouse.  '  un- 
gra-tious,  a.     [Pief.  lui-  (1),  and  Eng.  gm- 

1.  Wanting  in  grace ;  rude,  unmannerly, 
brutal,  coarse. 

"The  gracious  words  were  accompanied  by  ungra- 
cioHt  acts."— J/acauf((tf  .■  Hiat.  Eng.,  ch.  vi, 

*  2.  Offensive,  disagreeable. 

"Shew  me  no  iwirts  which  are  ungraclnun  to  the 
sight,  as  all  pre-shortenings  usually  &xe."~Dnjdtn. 

*  3,  Impious,  wicked,  ungodly. 

"  Bnt,  good  ray  brother, 
Do  not,  as  some  ungraciottt  imsture  do."' 

Shakc*i>. :  Uatnlct,  L  3. 

*  4.  Unacceptable  ;  not  well  received ;  not 
in  favour. 

"  AnythiuK  of  grace  towards  the  Irish  rebels,  wa.*  as 
ungraciottt  at  Oxford  aa  at  London,""— tfarr»n/uii.- 
Cii'd  War. 

un-gra'-cious-lSr,  adv.  [Eng.  ungracious: 
■ly-\ 

1.  In  an  ungracious  manner  ;  without  kind- 
ness or  affabihty. 

■'  He  accepted  Kraclously  what  he  could  not  hut  con. 
aider  ofl  ungractuutly  ii\eM."—itacaulay  :  Uitl.  Eng.. 
ch.  XV. 

2.  With  disfavour. 

"Both  Dundee  and  Balcarras  swelled  the  cd-wiI 
which  thrmiBod  to  (trect  the  deliverer,  and  were  imt 
ungrai-iotuly  received.'"— -tfuctid/uy  ;  Biit.  Eng., 
ch.  xliL 

'  fin-gra'-clous-ness»  s.  (Eng.  ungracious : 
-lu:-.'^.]  The  .luality  or  state  of  being  ungi-a- 
cious. 

"A  sinful  hatred  is  a  state  of  ungraciou^neu  with 
God.  "—/(/>.  Taylor  :  Un  HvfetUance,  ch.  v,.  S  3. 


boU.  boy;  poTit,  jo^l;  cat,  jeU,  chorus.  9lun.  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,"  this;  sin.  a?;  expect,  ^enoPJ«>°.  ^^f-    ^l' 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion.  -jion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tlous,    sious  =  shus.     blc.  -die.  ^c.  =  bel,  del. 


ungrammatical—  unguilty 


iitiiiDiimt   BubJecU. '— A'mo:        ■■■■   - 


IVtiiler 


iln  gram  m&t-Io^  *i.  IPn-l.  im-n),  and 
Kiij^.  •jniHumttual.]  Nut  ^nitiiiiKitical ;  nnt 
afCiinltii>:  to  thf  rulfS  ofi^raiiiinar. 

■*Suiuf||ihn*»*»)i\n'  MMj/niiwHuif  <<>*/.  utiicn  co^rw." 
—  ItrrU'H      Tr^-itu*  *  Vr»*sid<t.     (Prvf.) 

fin  gram  m4t -io-al-15^, 'I'/c.  \V.\\^.  un- 
gniiiiniititriil ;  -/,v-)  !■>  <'<■!  uiigniiiniiiiticul 
luaiiiifi  ;  cmtixry  to  the  ruli*s  of  •^raiiniiftr. 

-KM' 
curly  ■>! 
AVt-itiKjfj.  viciJ.  M, 

"  un-grant'-^d,  'i.  (Pref.  tot-  (i),  and  Eng. 
<jrHnt(i{.]    Not  granted,  j?iveii,  or  conceded. 

"  ThU  ut^rmnUtt,  nl\  rewnnla  nre  vain." 

I*r]/iUn  :  I'frj/J/;  .SncU  fx.  377. 

•  fin'-grate,  <i.  A  «.    (Pief.  ««-  (1),  nnd  I.iit. 

i/nitns^  pleasing.) 

A.  .-1.^  luljertirf : 

L  X'*  »ftnf  alile ;  not  pleasing ;  displeasing. 
2.  L'wgnitvfwL 

B,  As  suhst.  :  An    ungrateful   person  ;   nn 

ill;_'ntte. 

iin-grate'-ful,  '  un-gratc'-fall,  «.  [Vwf. 
nil-  (I),  and  Eng.  gifitt^itl.] 

I.  Not  grateful  ;  not  feeling  lliankftil  ny 
rtliowing  gratitude  for  kind  offices  done ;  nut 
making  retunis,  or  making  ill-returns  for 
ktntlnes.'i. 

"  i'ngralir/ui  tu  OoiVs  clcineiioy." 

Scott :  /lokcbif,  Iv.  21. 

'  2.  Unplensing,  disagroeable,  unacceptalde. 

••  No  unffrut'-/ul  tooiV  Milton  ;  P.  L.,  v.  4it7. 

•  3.  Making  no  return  for  culture ;  sterile, 
unfruitful. 

"  Frultii,  ungrateful  to  the  plautcv's  care." 

I'ofie :  Kssay  on  Man,  n.  191. 

4.  Giving  no  return  or  recompense;  olfering 
no  inducement. 

"Tu  nbttte  liis  zoat 


un  -  grate '-ftll-ly,  'c'"-     [Eng.    ungrateful; 
•  I I/.]      In    an    uiii;iateful    manner  ;    without 

gr.ttitUiU-. 

"Our  ilelivert-r  had  been  ungrat^ally  requited."— 
Macauhtu :  I/itt,  Eii'j.,  ch.  xxv. 

fin-grate'- fol-ness,  s.    [Eng.  ungnUeful; 

-»t'-s-.] 

1.  The  qualitj'  or  state  of  being  ungrateful  ; 
ingi-atitude. 

"  Without  the  tletestuble  staiu»of  ungraU-fulneis." — 

*  2.  Disagreeable ne.ss,  ungraciousness. 

"ConaiileriliB  i\\^  uugratefiOneu  at  the  ineasRge."— 
Glfinvill .'  Hermoti),  No.  9. 

fin-grat'-i-fied,  '(.     [Pref.  ?ui-  (l),  and  Eng. 
<jnit''j>i.ii.\     Not  gratified  ;  not  satisfied. 


'un-grave'  (1),  a.  [Prgf.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
grave  (li),  v.]    Not  cut,  carved,  or  graven. 

"  >*eitber  grave  lie  ungraoe.  of  gold,  ue  of  sulvei."" 
Piers  Plowman,  \k  To. 

•un-grave'  (2),  n.  [Pref.  un-  (]),  and  Eng. 
graft,  a.)     Not  grave  or  serious. 

■ '  With  u'igraoe  gate  to  runiie  doe  Him  compell." 
Laviet:  Eoly  lluwlt;  p.  7. 

'un-grave',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  ana  Eng. 
•jr-.tit  (2),  s.)  To  take  out  of  the  grave ;  to  ex-, 
iuMiie  ;  to  disinter. 

"Sent  his  officers  ...  to  ungrave  him  accordingly.' 
—FulU-r-  Church  Uitt.,  IV.  ii.  Sa. 

*un-graved',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
j/zint  (2),  v.]    Not  buried;  unburied. 

"  Ungraved  amid  the  sands." 

Surrey:  Virgil ;  Jincid  iv. 

*  un-grave'-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  ungrave  (2),  a.  ; 

lij.]     Without  dignity    or    seriousness;    in- 
decently. 

"  His  present  poi-tance, 
Which  most  gibiugly,  ungravely,  be  did  fftahion 
,\fter  the  invet^mle  hnte  he  beare  to  you." 

Shnkesp. :  Coriolanus,  ii.  3. 

•  un-gre'-a-ble,  n.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

'jrLid'k.\     Not  agreeable  ;  disagreeable. 

■fin-green;  *un-grene,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  green.]  Not  green;  withered.  (Said 
of  leaves.) 

"  With  Here  brauches,  blossoiuB  ungrene." 

Jlomaunt  of  the  Jioie,  4,752. 

un-groiind'.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
■in-u.i><1,  a.)  Not  ground,  bruised,  or  crushed. 
{Lit.  d-Jig.) 

"Shall  the  grists  of  my  hoi>e8  he  ungroumif" 

lleaum.  *  FleU  :  Maid  in  the  Mill,  v.  2. 

un-gro^d'-ed,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


grOHwM.^  Not  grounded  ;  having  no  ground 
or  foundation  ;  unfounded,  baseless. 

"  RvKHrdlisM   of    ungniunUed   8iU|iicioiiB."— Jfi'fori .' 
IhH-t.  *  IHtc.  iff  fttporcr, 

•  fin  -  gro^d'-  6d  -  If,  udv.  [  Eng.  int- 
gruMiiiU'l :  ■/(/.]  In  an  ungrounded  manner; 
without  gniuiid,  foundiition,  or  reason. 

■■  Tht*t     )iiitt4*th     lu     here     iingr<Aiiidedly."—Bnlr. : 
.iix.tvgii-.  fol   86, 

"  fin  gr6ilnd'-ed-nes8,  "nn-ground-ed- 

nesse,  n.  |Eug.  ungrounded ;  -»o"s.]  Tlie 
iiu:ility  or  state  of  being  ungrounded  ;  want 
of  ground,  foundation,  or  reason  ;  baseless- 
ness. 

"Tlie  Inluatice  and  uni/roiituii-dn^tti'  of  that  bold 
•imn\."—Ht 
(Di-dlc.) 


ai>iwiil."— fl;>.  Jlatl:  Jjt^oiKO  of  Humble /iemnntCrantt. 


fin-grown',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  grown.] 
Not  grown  ;  immature  ;  not  arrived  at  mature 
growth. 

'■  No  tl»her  but  Ihe  ungrown  ivy  f orbi^ars. "" 

.sh'i-krg/i.  :    I'nuiit  .1-  .iiionii,  52C. 

fin-grudged',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
iirudiiiii. ]  Not  grudged ;  not  grieved  or 
fretted  at. 

"  For,  when  that  cross  ungrudgcd  unto  you  aticks, 
Then  ore  you  to  yourself  a  crucifix," 

Donne :  The  Cross. 

un-grudg  -ing,  (f.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
grfidghi'j.]  Not  grudging;  giving  freely; 
liberal,  generous. 

"  These  haudflome  and  ungrudging  tributea."— /)aj?j/ 
Ti-li-gritph,  Nov,  30.  1875. 

fin-grudg'-ing-ly,  odv.  [Eng.  ungrudging ; 
-hi.]  Ill  an  ungrudging  manner;  cheerfully; 
witlt  liberality  of  feeling  ;  lieartily,  freely ; 
without  grudging. 

"  Receive  from  him  the  doom  ungnidingly. 
Because  he  is  the  mouth  of  Destiny." 

Donne:  Elegy  12. 

un-gual'  (gU  as  gw),  «.  [Lat.  unguis  =  & 
nail,  a  hcmf.]     Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  nail 

01-  liunf ;  unguicnlar, 

ungual-bone,  s.    [L.achrvmai.-bone.] 

ungual -phalanges,  s.  pi. 

Anat.  :  Tlie  tertuinal  bones  in  the  digits  of 
the  hand  and  fot.t.  They  are  smaller  than  the 
other  phalanges,  and  of  a  sub-triangular  form. 
Those  of  tlie  hand  have  a  roughened  surface 
at  the  extremity,  which  supports  the  sensi- 
tive pulji  of  the  fingers  ;  those  of  the  foot  are 
smaller  than  those  of  the  hand,  with  a  broader 
base  and  exjtanded  extremity  to  sujtport  the 
nails.  They  are  also  called  Terminal  Pliala  nges. 

""  fin-guard' (ua  as  a),  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
aud  Eng.  guard,  v.]  To  deprive  of  a  guard  ; 
to  render  or  leave  unguarded  or  defenceless. 

"The  discavder  unonnrds  oue  of  the  queens  at 
random."— /'((■/</.  Nov.  12,  lSs7. 

un-guard'-ed  (ua  as  a),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  g)nirded.] 

1.  Not  guarded  ;  not  watched  ;  having  no 
guard  or  defence. 

"  The  shaft  is  sjied— the  arrow  's  in  his  breast! 
That  fatal  gestme  left  the  ungimrded  side," 

Byron:  Lara,  ii.  15. 

2.  Careless,  negligent,  incautious ;  not  at- 
tentive to  danger  ;  not  circumspect. 

"  Alarm  the  most  ungunrded  mind." 

Cowper :  Progress  of  Error.  58. 

3.  Negligently  or  rashly  said  or  done  ;  said 
or  done  without  due  cautiou  or  consideration. 

"  Are  we  not  encompassed  by  multitudes,  who  watch 
every  careless  word,  every  unguarded  action  of  our 
Mwes'i"— Rogers. 

4.  Not  watched  or  looked  after. 

'■  Took  a  fatal  advantage  of  some  unguarded  hour, ' 
—M<ieaultiy :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xv. 

fin-guard'-ed-ly  (ua  as  a),  adv.  [Eng.  un- 
gnanhd ;  -Iij.]  In  an  unguarded  manner; 
without  caution  or  watchful  attention  to 
danger. 

"  If  you  find  that  you  have  a  hastiness  in  your 
temper,  which  unguardedly  breaksout  into  indiscreet 
sallieH,  \\:iteh."~VhesterficUl. 

fin-guard' -ed-ness  (ua  as  a),  s.  [Eng. 
unguardt;d ;  -itcss.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unguarded. 

fin'-guent  (gu  as  gw),  s.  [Lat.  unguentuni, 
from  unguens,  pr.  par.  of  wnffo  =  to  anoint.] 
[Unction.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  Any  soft  composition  used 
as  an  ointment,  or  for  the  lubrication  of 
machinery ;  ointment. 

"  He  bathes :  the  damsels,  with  officious  toil. 
Shed  sweets,  slied  unguents,  in  a  shower  of  oil.' 
Pope:  Homer;  Odyxscy  viii.  492. 


t  his  eye  unlawfully  and  unguesfUkc 

tUeie."— Milfoil  :  Tetrachot-don. 


2.  Pharm.  :  Many  unguents  (unguenta)  are 
used  in  pharinaey.  Garrod  enunierutes  tliirty- 
eight  as  employed  in  the  Britisli  pharnia- 
copteia.  The  list  commences  with  L'nguentinn 
Aconitiili,  and  cont;iins  among  others  U. 
creasoti,  U.  hydrargtjri,  U.  iodi,  U.  sulphuri'i, 
&c.  They  are  used  for  their  emollient  pio- 
jierties  to  soften  tense  or  hard  parts,  and 
shield  tlitise  in  which  the  skin  is  broken  from 
the  external  air. 

"fin-guent'-ous,  "uh-guenf-ar-y,  a. 

(gU;i-^gw),  ".  IKii^'.  <iuuun,l  :  -n'ux,  -(fri/ ] 
Like  unguent  ;  ^lai  taking  id"  the  natuie  uf 
unguent. 

un-guen'tum  (t'l-  fin-guen'-ta.  gu  ;.s 
gw), «.     [Lat.]     Uiigneut,  uintnieni. 

'fin-guer'-doned,  ".  [Pref.  mi-  (l),  and 
Eng.  guerdoned.]  Not  guerdoned  ;  nothaving 
reeeived  a  guerdon.     (Scott:  Rukeby,  vi.  1*2.) 

fin-guessed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
guessed.]  Not  guessed;  not  conjectured  or 
suspected. 

"  But  cause  of  terror,  all  un'jurtse  I. 
Was  fluttering  in  her  ijcjitle  brcaut" 

.Seott ,   Lug  of  the  Last  Mimtrtf,  v.  17. 

* un-guest'-tike,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
guest,  and  sulT.  -like.]  In  a  manner  unbecom- 
ing a  guest 

"IHerodl 
upon  Hei'.idi 

un'-guic-al  (gu  ns  gw),  n.  [Lat,  unguis  = 
a  claw,  a  hoof.]  Pertaining  to  pr  resembling 
a  claw  or  hoof  ;  ungual. 

un-guic'-u-lar  (gu  as  gw),  a.  [Lat.  un- 
guicuh'.:i  =  a  little  finger-nail;  ?iHf^His  =  anail, 
a  claw.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  claw 
oi'  nail. 

2.  Bot.  :  Of  the  length  of  a  human  nail  ; 
half  an  inch. 

*  "un-guic-u-la'-ta  (gu  as  gw),  s.pl.  [Neut. 

pi.  of  Mod.'  Lat.  tingidculatus,  from  Lat.  un- 
gnifulu.'s  =  a  little  finger-nail ;  dimin.  from  «;t- 
(?Hw(q.v.).] 

Zool. :  Clawed  Mammals  ;  one  of  the  groups 
into  whieh  Linnpeus  divided  the  Mammalia, 
It  included  the  oiders  Bruta,  Glires,  Primates, 
and  Fer;e. 

fin -guic'-u- late,     un-gmc'-u-lat-ed 

(gu  as  gw),  a.  &  s.     [Unolticulata.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Having  claws,  clawed. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Bot.  (Of  a  petal):  Having  a  claw.  [Un- 
guis.] 

2.  Zool.  :  Claw-shaped ;  a  term  applied  to 
the  operculum  of  certain  Gasteropods,  when 
the  nucleus  is  in  front,  as  in  Turbinella  and 
Fusus. 

"^  B.  --Is  suhst. :  A  quadruped  of  the  division 
Unguieulata  (q.v.). 

*  un-guid'-a-ble,  «.  [Pief.  ii;i,-(i),  and  Eng. 
gaidahk.]     Incapable  of  being  guided. 

*  un-guid'-a-bly,  iulv.     [Eng.    unguidab{U); 

-hj.]     In  An  unguidable  manner. 

un-guid'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
guided.] 

1,  Not  guided ;  not  led  or  conducted. 

"  Unguided  heuce  my  trembling  steps  I  bend," 
Pope :  Homer ;  Odyuey  xx.  441. 

2.  Not  ruled  or  regulated. 

"  The  blooil  weei-3  from  my  heart,  wheu  I  do  shape 
ill  forms  iuiayinrtry,  th'  unguided  days," 

Sliakesp.  :  2  Henry  IV.,  iv.  4. 

*  un-guid'-ed-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  unguided  ;  -hj.] 

In  an  unguided  manner ;  without  a  guide  or 
guidance. 

fin-guif'-er-OUS  (U  as  w),  a.  [Lat.  unguis 
=  a  nail,  a  claw,  and /tro  =  to  bear.]  Pro- 
ducing, lia\iiig,  or  supporting  uails  or  claws. 

Uh'-gui-form  (U  as  w),  a.  [Lat.  unguis 
(■l.v.),  ■A\\y\jurma  =  form.]    Claw-shaped. 

^  fin-guilt' -i-1^,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  guillibj.]  Not  iu  a  guilty  manner;  in- 
nocently. 

*  un-guilt'-y,  •  un-gilt-ie,  a.      [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  guilty.]    Not  guilty;  innocent. 

"  St'iy  here  thy  fuut,  thy  yet  unguilty  foot, 
That  caust  not  stay  when  thou  art  further  in." 


Daniel :  Civil  IVari 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  laU,  fa,ther ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  woU,  work,  who,  son ;  miite,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  riile,  fuU ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e :  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unguiltness— unhandsomely 


n 


'  iin-guilf -ness,  f.  iBng.  w«3Hitt(y):  -Hess.] 
Freeiiniii  rr')rii  ^juilt  ;  iimucuiici-. 

"Oiieliw  iu  the  tiiHll  nf  guiltie  iiiitl  itHi/uUrnettf.'— 
Uoliiiahed :  Hwcri/t.  fiui/iuiiii,  bk.  ii. 

Un'-gUin-OUS  (U  as  W),  c.  [LM.  >iiiriiiin- 
i.sii<.  trinii  inuiifii,  ^'piiit.  »m;/»(uw  =a  tnt- 
ti'iiMi^',  l;il  ;  tittm  in(.f..  =  to  linoiiit.)  Oily, 
unctuous;  cousisting  >'t'  vv  resetubliiig  fat  ur 

nil. 

■  IVp-ihsp  tlipy  ure  so  fftttyAOd  un'jninoii«,'—P.  Hol- 
!.,i,:l     riiit'tr.t,,  \>.  Sbi. 

un  -guis  (gu  :is  gw),  s.  ILat.  =  the  nail  of  a 
luuji.iu  riuyrr  or  t.>e,  the  claw,  t;tU>ii,  or  hoot 
nt  an  :tniinal.] 

I.  Onl.  Lnnrj. :  A  nail,  claw,  or  hoof  of  an 
Ruinia). 

II.  Technicalbj : 

1.  Hot.:  A  daw;  tlio  narrow  part  at  the 
lase  of  a  petal  which  takes  the  place  of  the 
iMotstalk  of  a  leaf,  of  which  it  is  the  moiiirica- 
tion. 

2.  Measures:  A  nail;  half  an  ine-h  ;  the 
I^-ngth  of  the  nail  of  the  little  linger. 

uh'-gu-Ia  (pi.  un'-gTil8B),  s.  [Lat.  =  a 
sjiiall"  nail  or  claw;  <lhniu.  from  unguis  =  a. 
n:iil.  claw,  or  hoot. | 

I.  ('('(/.  Lang. :  A  hoof,  as  of  a  horse. 

II.  Techuicalhj : 

1.  Hot.  :  The  same  as  Unguis  (q.v.). 

2.  'JcoHi. ;  A  spgnieiitofasolid.  An  ungula 
of  a  cone  or  cylin- 
der is  a  poi-tion  of 
tlipconeorcylimler, 
inchnled  lietween  a 
part  of  the  base  anrl 
.1  plane  intersecting 
the  liase  ohliqiiely. 
A  splieriCiil  ungula 
is  a  part  of  the 
sphere  bounded  by 
two  semi  -  eirdes, 
!iiepting  in  a  c<im- 
iiion  diameter,  and 
l.y  a  lune  of  the  tnoul-e. 
surface  of  the  sphere. 

3.  Surg.  :  An  instrum"*nt  for  extmeting  a 
dead  fretus  from  the  womb. 

**  4.  ZooK  :  Panther's  name  for  the  genus 
Oliohis  (i|.v.).     [Unoulite.] 

uh-gu-Ia'-ta,  5.  pi.  [Neiit.  jil.  r.f  Lat.  nn- 
iinlnhis  =  having  claws  or  hoofs,  from  unguis 

(ci.V.).] 

I.  Zoolngn : 

(1)  A  provisional  group  of  Mammals,  the 
liviiv^  nieuit'eis  of  which  correspond  to  the 
Pcrora  au'l  Bellua?  rif  Linuiieus,  and  the  Ru- 
iuin:intia  and  Pai-hydermata  of  Cuvier.  The 
dentition  is  heterodout  and  iliphyodont,  the 
milk-teeth  not  being  completely  changed  till 
the  animal  attains  its  full  development ;  the 
molars  have  broad  crowns  with  tubereulated 
or  ridged  surfaces  ;  clavicles  absent ;  toes  with 
broad,  blunt  nails,  or,  in  most  cases,  with 
hoi'fs,  nuuv  or  less  enclosing  the  ungual 
phalanges  ;  scaphoid  and  limar  bones  of  car- 


FEET  OF  ITJIGULATA. 
A.  Hi>rse.     B.  Rhinoceros,     c.   Tapir,     r.  R,i(!iiig  ;   it. 
Ulim ;  c.  Oir|iu.>*;   i/i2,    mil,   ni4,  rnfi.   Metacarpals; 
u.  III.  IV.  V.  Digits ;  1,  2,  a.  PhalnngcB. 

pus  distinct.  The  group  is  usually  divided 
into  two  minor  groups  :  Uugidata  Vera,  often 
called  simply  Ijngulata  [('2)],  and  Subungulata 
(q.v.).  AM  the  species  are  eminently  adaptt-d 
for  a  teriestriai  life,  and,  generally  speaking', 
for  a  vegetable  diet.  Some  are,  to  a  gre.iter 
or  less  extent,  I'uinivorous,  as  Sua;  but  no 
genus  is  distinctly  predaceous. 
(2)  True  Ungulates  ;  a  group  of  Mammals 


FEET  OF  HORSB  AND  ITS 
ANCESTORS, 

.\ni-liit.hevimu   with   three 

flJllL-U..ii:il      .liLlits;       B.     Hl|)- 

i.;iriiJii  ami   i      RoFse,  ehow- 

ijiu  L'n"lii:il  ili^iqiiiearaiice  of 
*efuiiil  mid  fniu'th  digita. 


classed  as  an  order,  or  as  a  group  of  the  witler 
UngulatJi  [(1)J.  Feet  never  plantigrade,  func- 
tional tous  never  more  than  four,  the  llrst 
iligit  being  suppressed  ;  allantois  largely  de- 
veloped ;  placenta  unu-deciduate ;  uierus  bi- 
eorunate  ;  uiamnne  usually  few  and  inguinal 
(as  in  Ktpuis),  or 
many  aiul  abdo- 
nunal  (as  in  Sus), 
but  never  solely 
jiectoral.  Tlierc 
are  two  divisions : 
Artiodactyla  and 
Perissodactyla 
(il.v.),  tirst  iiidi- 
eated  by  (Juvier 
and  established  by 
Dwcu,  who  pro- 
pi  isi'd  the  names 
now  in  genw'al 
use. 

2.  Pahvant.  :Th<^ 
Ungulata  ap)iear 
lirst  in  the  lOocene 
Tertiary,  in  whicli 
]>eriod  the  Artio- 
dactyla and  Perissodactyla  were  already  dilfer- 
entiated.    (Tkleodactyla.) 

uh  -gu  late,  a.  k  s.    [Unoui-ata.] 

A,  -Is  •itijective.  : 

1.  Iloof-shaped  ;  shaped  like  the  hoof  of  a 
iM-r.se. 

2.  Having  hoofs  ;  hoofed  :  as,  an  ungulate 
animal. 

B.  -)••■  fif?^iY.  .*  Anv  animal  of  the  order  Un- 
gulata (q.v.). 

un'-guled,  «.    [Lat.  ungula  =  a  hoof.] 

//<  r. :  Hiiving  hoofs  of  such  or  such  a  tine-* 
tiue.  (Said  of  the  horse,  stag,  &c.,  when  the 
Iioofs  are  borne  of  a  different  tinctui'e  from 
tliat  of  the  body  of  the  animal.) 

t  uh'-gu-li-grade,  a.  <fe  .s\  [Lat.  ungula  — a 
claw,  tidon,  ov  hoof,  and  gratUor  =  to  walk.] 

A.  .(>■  (('//.:  Walking  on  the  tips  of  the 
Iniot'i'd  digits,  as  the  hoi-se. 

B.  .-!>■  ■■^uhst.  :  .\n  animal  walking  on  the 
tips  of  its  hoofed  digits.  (Modelled  on  the 
words  Digitigi-aile,  Plantigra-le,  &c.  (Gloss,  to 
//f(x/«j/'s  Clftssif.  of  Animals.) 

un-gu-li'-na,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  nn- 
iliila'=a  liooY.] 

Znol. :  A  genus  of  Lucinidre,  with  four 
sjiecies,  (Vom  Senegal  and  the  Philippines, 
exca\'ating  winding  galleries  in  coral.  Shell 
sub-orbicular,  ligament  shoit,  epidenuis thick. 

un'-gU-lite,  s.     [Lat.  Hngul(a);  suff.  -Ite.] 
'!oi!.  :  A  Lower  Silurian  rock,  occurring  in 
Russia,    having  in  it  an  abundance  of   the 
shell  called  Ungula  (q.v.). 

ungulite-grit,  .-;.    [Obolite-grit.] 

iin'-gu-lous,  a.  [Lat.  uiignIa  =  i'hoof.]  Per- 
lainn'ig  to  or  I'esenibling  a  hoof  ;  ungulate. 

"iin-gyve',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
gyre.]    To  free  from  fetters  or  handcuffs. 

■'Coinmauiiiletl    hyiii    to   he    imffyiied    and    set   at 
lihertie'."— £/tfft( .  Govemour,  bk.  ii,.  cli.  vi. 

*un-|iS*l'  lie,  rf.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
habiJ'e:\     Unlit,  unsuitable. 

"By  that  ceiisnri;  he  is  inaile  H-nTuihile  and  iinhapt." 
—  Bp.  Taylor:  Kitle  of  Coiistieiice,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  ii. 

^un-hab'-it-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  hnhit„bh::']  Not  habitable;  unfit  for 
occupation  by  inhabitants;  uninhabitable. 

■■  Kither   iiiilinbitable,  or  extremely  hot.  na  the  an- 
(ieiits  fmisied."— finff  .■  O^i  the  Creation,  pt  ii. 

•  un-hSrb'-it-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng. 
habit  {'2),  v.]     Uninhabited. 

"Fur  the     most    part   dpsolate    and   p})habitcd,"— 
fMinghrd      Coii'/ncst  <>/  Iraland.     (Ep.  Ded.) 

iin- hacked',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
luirknl.]  Not  hacked;  not  cut  or  mangled; 
not  blunted  by  blows. 

"  With  uiihacKetl  swofda,  and  helmeta  all  nnbniised. " 
Shake»p.  :  King  John,  ii. 

un-hS-ck'-nejred,  a.    [Pref.  7/??.-  (i),  .-ind 

Eu^'.  h",lii<,ivil.\  .Vot  hackneyed;  not  worn 
or  reudcrcd  trite,  stale,  flat,  or  commonplace 
l>y  constant  use  or  repetition. 

*"  un  -  hailed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
kail.\    Not  sainted. 

■■  Cnhailed.  imhlessed.  with  hea\'y  heart  lie  went," 
/iwte  :  Ladu  J<it>p  Urn//,  iii. 


iln-hair'.  r.f.  [Pnt.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  Jinir.] 
To  lemove  the  hair  from  ;  to  deprive  oi  diyest 
uf  hair  ;  t<i  striii  of  hair. 

"  111  •mini  thlii«eviii 
t  Likv  rvilU  U-foi-v  itiu  ;  Vll  itsihuir  ihy  llfwl" 

Slmiir»ii. :  Antuttn  iC  VtuvituUiti,  il.  ft. 

un-hair'-ihg,  ^<.    [Unhair.) 

Uathcr  :  The  process  of  removing  ti/ilr  from 
hitles.  This  is  perfornu-d  by  the  action  of 
lime,  which  ilissolves  the  hjiir-aheath  uijd 
combines  with  the  fat  of  tin'  hide  t<i.loriii  an 
insoluble  soap.  The  lime  is  suspended  in 
water  in  pits,  and  the  hides  jtlaceil  thercvi* 
\)eing  occasionally  handleil,  that  is,  t:ikcu  oVK, 
diaiited,  and  replaced  in  the  pit,  examination 
determining  when  the  piocesa  is  CiUiiph-te. 
The  hides  are  then  I'cmoved,  laid  »»ver  a  Wam, 
an«l  the  hair  and  eitiderniis  i-einuvcd  by  a 
knife. 

*un-hale',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  Jude.] 

Not  liale  ;  not  healthy  ;  unsound. 

*  iin-hlil-ldw,  ^nnhalwe,  p.t.  [Pref. -it»- 
(■_'),  and  Eng.  h<iU'-"\\  To  profane  ?  to  dese- 
crate. 

"  Shall  we  esteem  and  reckon  how  it  hecii« 
Our  works,  tluil  hia  own  vowa  unhallvwi-fh  /" 

Ihtaitil :  Miuvtfhilut. 

iin-hal -lowed, '  uuhalwed, a.  [h\  sense  1 
from    i>rcl.    nn-    (1).    and    Eng.    hallo wtii ;    in 
sense  ■!  hom  unliallon;  v.  | 
1.  Not  hallowed  ;  unholy,  profnne. 

"  Faith  more  ttrm 


*  2.  Deprived  of  sanctity;  desecrated. 

"  Acworth   chyrclie  etthnUord  was,  tlienn-r  hyin  wrs 
wu.  '  /,'ohcrt  II/  tilviicetter.  p.  31». 

unhallowed -uses.  ^«.  pi. 

Eoi*:s.  :  A  term  used  in  the  consecration  of 
churches.  The  buddnig  is  said  to  be  hence- 
forth separated  "from  all  nnhalloireil,  ordin- 
ary, and  common  uses." 

*"  iin  -  halsed',  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 

Iiids''.]      Lit.,    not   embraced    by    the    neck; 
hence,  not  sainted  or  greeted. 

*  iin  -  ham' -  pered,  a.     [Pref.  nn-  (i),  and 

Eng.  hiinii'rrnl.\     Not  hampered,  hin<leied,  or 
restricted. 

*un-hand',  r.t.  [Pref.  un-  {2),  and  Eng. 
hand.]  To  take  the  hand  or  bunds  of!  or  fi'om  ; 
to  release  from  a  grasp  or  grip  ;  to  let  go. 

"  still  I  Hill  cnlled  ;  unhand  iiie.  gentlemen." 

.SImkv!'/'.  :  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

*  iin- hand'- i-1?,  a>U\    [Pref  un-  (1).  and 

Elr^^  liint'lilii.]     In  an  unhaTidy  manner;  not 
handily;  awkwanlly,  clumsily. 

* lin-hand'-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unhandi/;  -?JC5s.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unhandy  ;  awk- 
wardness ;  clumsiness. 

•iin-han'-dled  (died  as  deld),  a.    [Pref. 

un-  (I),  and  Eng.  handlnl,\ 

L  Not  handled  ;  not  touched  ;  not  treated 
or  managed. 

"  Lett  the  cause  of  the  kinp  uvhandled." 

ahakcxp.  :  Henri/  i'ill.,  iii.  2. 

2.  Not  acenstomed  to  being  touched ;  not 
broken  in  ;  not  trained. 

"  A  race  of  voiilhfiil  and  unUandUd  colt«." 

.Shahiip. :  Mervluint  uf  VtnKe,  v.  1.         1 

iin-hand'-some  (d  silent),  «.    [Pref.  im-  (1),    ! 
and  Eng.  kandsome.\ 

'  I.  Not  convenient ;  difficult,  awkward. 

"  A  narrow  straight  path  by  the  water's  Bidei  very 
unlmndsonie  fur  an  army  to  pasa  tli.-it  way.'— .VwrrA.- 
PluUirch;  /.his.  p.  SI?. 

*  2.  Unfortunate,  untoward,  unlucky. 

"  Tia  her  unhandsome  fiit*'." 

II,!au>n.  A  FtiiC.  :  Xis/ht  Walker,  i. 

3.  Not  handsome  ;  wanting  in  beauty ;  not 
gooddookiug. 

■•  Were  she  fther  than  nhe  i»,  she  were  ttutiaadaotnc." 
— i7MifceJi;>.  -■  J/uch  Ado.  1.  L 

1.  Not  generous  ;  unfair  ;  not  high-minded ; 
petty,  low. 

"Conscious  of  a  bad  cause,  and  of  hin  acting  an  un- 
haudtonie  \mrt."—\VaterUind:   Workt.  v.  304. 

*  5.  Unpleasant,  disagreeable. 

"Theu  the  intermedial  evil  to  a  wise  and  relitioua 
fieraoii  in  like  itnhandsomti  and  tIt-tAateil  ]iby)«icK.*— 
ISfi.  Taylor:  /title  of  Comcii-iici;  hU..  i..  cli,  v. 

un-hand'-some-ljr  (d  silent),  adr.  [Eng. 
unh/uuhomc ;  -it/.] 

L  In  an  nirfiandsome  manner;  ungener- 
ously, illiberally. 

"  Speak  imhiindKomcfy  of  no  one,  whom  It  !•  jiOB- 
(■ibl**  any  other  person  may  renpoct. "— -StfcAi^f :  JS(<ti/*«/m, 


b^  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus.  9hin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-cian,  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;    tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^c.  =  Uel,  deL 


309 


322 


unhand8omene88— unheard 


2.  liHleffiititly.  uiigraceful!y,  awkwiiMly, 
clumsily,  ii^'ily. 

"Tlir  rulimt  i-tiunhra  nrv  bo  HnA«iiii/«nittf/y  iimU'IiH 
Riiil  tlintclir*!.  ttutt  lurli  ili>  vvrii  iilitiii  tlip  |)Ui.t"i  (or 
thm  iini»iiirllii<<u  thvrvot'—.'t/fntfr:  Statt<if  Irrtnnii. 

•3.  Inipri>|)**rly,  unlltly. 

"And  tltit  WM  not  utth-tuttiotnfly  Intliiiittdl  1)V  tho 
word  »ouirtiiiin>  u*rtl  by  thi>  Grrpk  cUurch.'—Iiiihop 
7tiW<""    ^'  /i'n»M  </  iifuryiV,  J  'W. 

iin-h&nd''86me-n$88  (<'  silent),  *.     [Gng. 

I.  The  iiuiility  nr  sUto  of  betnK  nnliaml- 
some,   iinjii'iuTdUs,  or    illilionil ;   iingi-att'ful- 

"We  liAve  donp  nil  Hit  (U«liuiioiir  to  liliii  aiuI  with 
nil  titf  tiuhitmiaomenru  iu  tlie  wurlil. '— tfp.  Taylor: 
Hertnont,  vol.  I..  *«t.  4. 

"2.  Wimt  or  I'leganee,  gi'ace,  or  beauty. 

'iin-h&nd'-^,  (i.    iPrcf.  tin-  (1),  nml  Enjj. 

handy.] 

1.  Not  handy;  not  dexterous;  not  skilful 
and  ready  iu  the  use  of  tlie  liands  ;  awkward, 
chnnsy. 

2.  Not  convenient;  awkward:  as,  an  ?(»• 
hcimiij  posit  ion. 

•  nn-hiing',  vj.    [Pref.  ini-  (2),  and  Eng.  ftnur/.] 

1.  To  tako  from  the  hinges. 

"  Vnhang  my  wwitlior'a  Ijell." 

Browne :  Hhepheanlt  Pipe,  Ect.  1. 

2.  To  divest  or  strip  of  liangings  :  as,  To 
unhayig  a  rwnu. 

ftn-b&nged',  un-hiin^,  o.  [Prof.  ?(»-  (i), 
and  Eu'^.  hmnjeil,  h\n\ij.\  Not  hanged;  nnt 
huug  ;  not  imnished  by  hanging. 

"Tlirre  Hve  iiOt  three  ffi^od  men  nnhaurjed  iu  Em.'- 
\M\i\."—tihake$p.  :  1  fienrt/  IV.,  U,  4, 

*  nn-hap',  "  un-hape,  s.    [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and 

EUo'.  /'('/'.)     IH-liap,  mishap,  misfortune. 

"  Thy  grivit  itnhnp  thoii  cnust  Hot  hide," 

Wyatt :  I'lthttppj/  Loocr. 

' &1  - h&p'~ pied,   a.    [Eng.  mihaj^py;   -ed.] 
Madi-  unhai'py. 
"  A  hapjiy  geiitleiimn  in  blood  and  liiieameiit. 
By  yuu  unhappied."    Shakcap.  :  liichard  II.,  iii    i, 

un-h&p'-pi-lj^*  adv.     [Eng.  unhappy :  -In.] 

1.  Not  liappily ;  unfortunately,  miserably  : 
as,  They  liveil  uJikftjipil;/  together. 

2.  By  ill-luek  ;  unfortunately,  iniluckily. 

•■  We  were  oblidred  to  fire  uj'*"'  theiri  iu  our  own 
deftiKV  :  fyiir  were  uuhttppiln  killed."'— Coot ;  FiiM 
rot/fT.T*-.  Ilk.  ii..  ch.  i. 

3.  Mischievously,  evilly. 

"  The  effects  he  siteJiks  of  succeed  7iiihappi/i/."~~ 
tPiaKrip. :  Lear,  i.  '1. 

iin-li^p'-pi-ness,  ^un-hap-py-nes,  .^. 

lEng.  iinhupp]!  ;  -ncss.] 
'  1.  Wickedness,  evil. 

"Althoush  tliey  were  inclined  tf>  nil  unhappUieas 
and  micchief. "— AT/j/of  .■  Uovn-noitr,  bk.  ii.,  cli.  xiv. 

'  2.  Misfortune,  ill-luck. 

"It  is  our  great  utihappinr.fS  .  .  .  that  we  are  uii- 
^nj*y  and  dis«»tisficd."—j<  rrftfc.  Wake. 

X  The  nuality  or  state  of  being  unhappy  ; 
a  I'lrt.iin  degree  of  wrelchediu-s.s  or  misery. 
■'There  is  to  everj-  wrong  and  vii-ious  act  a  snititlile 
decree  of   inihappini'**    and    |>UUisUlueut    auuext."— 
hoflattoii :  /Hiff,  of  Xature.  5  C. 

iin-h&p'-pj^,  *  un-hap-pie,  a.  [Pref.  vn- 
(1),  ami  Eng.  hoppy.] 

•  1.   Wicked. 

"  »urh  8cho<d-fellnw3  A3  he  itDfmpptf,  and  giren  to 
Bhrewd  tnnin  ...  are  ejiou.-h  to  corru|>l  and  ninv  the 
l»^t  natures  in  the  woilil.'— /',  I/oUaud :  Plutarch: 
Mora!ii,  [I.  Hi. 

•2.  Unlucky,  unfortunate ;  not  having  good 
hap  or  luck. 

"He  lieing  accounted  an  unhappy  mAn."—Pep>/s  ■ 
Din  ry. 

3.  Disastrous,  calamitous,  ill-omened,  un- 
fortunate, unlucky. 

•■  Hut  for  this  unhappy  event,  it  is  irtolwible  that  the 
law  uf  Seotlaii.l  loucerning  torture  would  have  been 
nnmfdi.'ttely  jt-HsiiniUted  to  the  hiw  of  foighind  ' — 
JUacaiil'iy :  IHat.  Kng.,  ch,  xiii. 

"  i.  Full  of  tricks  ;  mischievous. 

"A  shrewd  knave  and  an  unhftupu" 

{Utakeap.:  All'a  U'ell,  iv  r.. 

5.  Nnt  cheerful  or  gay ;  in  some  degree 
wretched  or  miserable. 

"  Let  me.  unhappy !  to  your  fleet !»  liorne." 

Pope :  Homer :  Iliad  X.  512. 

6.  Deplorable,  lamentable. 

"Wake,  •luiitst  mirth  and  wiue.  the  jars 
That  ilow  from  these  in/fi,i/,;,,/  wars  " 

Si-ott :  Lord  of  the  Isles,  ii.  ii>. 

•  7.  Riotous,  wild,  mi.schievtms. 

'■  The  Iftfiuays  and  pagea  (who  are  more  unhappy 
here  than  the  aitiirentises  iu  London)  broke  U|i  his 
^m\e,"—I/owrl :  Lettert  {Ui&\.  p.  29. 


•  iin-hor  -bour,  v.t.     [Pref.  nn-  {■*).  and  EUK. 
A(i»/«>Hr.|    To  drive  from  harbour  or  shelter; 

to  dislodge. 

"  \A-i  \\t  iinharb-mr  the  rwcni."— /Vofe.'  Di-eil  upon 
r»Aj  Sliika.  I. 

*  iin-hor'-boured.    f.     [Pref.   nn-  (l),   and 

Eng.   fmrfioHii'd.]     Not  sheltered ;    ullording 
no  shelter;  exposed,  open. 

"  Trace  hutto  forests,  and  unharhonreil  heaths." 

.union  :  Voniiit,  i^i. 

un  bard'-ened,  n.    [I'ref.  nn-  (i),  and  Eng. 

hmhnr.l  ]' 

1.  Lit.  :  Not  hardened  ;  not  made  hard  or 
imlurated,  as  metal. 

2.  Fiff.:  Not  made  obdurate  ;  not  hardened, 
as  the  lieart. 

"Our  prime  cousin  yet  utih-trdeiii'tl  in 
The  Crimea  uf  nature.'  7'ar/  .VoWc  Kinain  ■»,  i.  2. 

iin  -  hard'- j^,  a.    [Pref.   nn-  (1),   and    Eng. 
lund,,.] 

1.  Not   bold  or  couragenus  ;   tinnd,   irreso- 
lute.    (See  extract  undei'  L'nadvf.ntl'rdl.s.) 

2.  Not  hardy  ;  not  able  to  endure  fatigue. 

iin  -  harmed',  n.    [Pref.  im-  (l).  and  Eng. 

har)iu-d.]    Not  harmed;    not  hurt;    not    in- 
jured ;  uninjured. 

"Here  he  might  iWBflibly  have  remained  nnhartnr-l 
■  and  YinT tald'i. '  —J/avaulai/ :  tliat.  Jing.,  ch.  xiii, 

■  un-harm'-fiil.  n.    [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

harm/ii!.]     Not  liarmful ;  innoxious,  harmless. 

"Theius<.'lvfH  unh'irinfnl.  let  them  live  unhanneil." 
DryUen  :  Hind  &  Panther,  i.  2W. 

un-harm'  ing,  n.     [Pref.  vn-{\),  and  Eng. 

hnnnin-fj.]   Not  doing  harm  or  hurt ;  harmless. 

"  Dangerou'*  tools  they  were  ;  without  the  woi'km.^u 

thev  may  rust  unhurniinij.'—Lytton:  Itienzi,  bk.  x„ 

ch.  iv. 

iin-har-md''Xii-ous,  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  haruionioas.] 

1.  Not  harmonious  ;  not  having  synunetry 
or  congruity  ;  not  in  harmony  or  proportion. 


2.  Discordant,  imniusical,  harsh  ;  producing 
or  lilled  witli  diseordtnti  sounds. 
"  droves,  if  nnhnrmonioui,  yet  secure 
From  clamour."  Vowpcr :  Task,  iii.  "34. 

un-har'-ness,  v.t.     [Pref.  ?ni-  (2),  and  Eng. 

1.  To  strip  or  divest  of  harness ;  to  loose 
fi'nni  the  traces,  harness,  or  gear;  to  take  tlie 
harness  off. 

"  He  wiped  the  sweat-drops  from  his  brow, 
Cnharneaaed  hie<  horses  from  the  plough," 

Longfellow  :  The  Saga  of  King  Olaf.  vii. 

'  2.  To  divest  of  arMiour. 

"They  being  unhameaaiul  did  fight  with  their 
aworda." — HoliashvU  :  Conqtteat  of  Ireland,  ch,  xHi. 

■  3.  To  set  free  from  work  ;  to  release. 
"An  unmerciful  day's  work  of  sorn^nv  till  death 
unharness  em." — SJiUon :  Divorce,  bk.  iii,,  ch,  xxi. 

un-hasp',  v.t  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng.  hasp.] 
To  loose  from  a  hasp  ;  to  let  go. 

"  While  )>i)It  and  chain  he  backward  rolled, 
And  made  the  bar  nnhaap  its  hold.' 

i^ctitt :  Lady  of  (he  Lake,  vi.  12. 

'  iin-hast'-y",  «.  [Pief.  im-  (l),  and  Eng. 
hustij.]    Not  hasty,  rash,  or  impetuous. 

"  So  nithaaty  and  wary  a  ayirit."— B/j.  Taylor:  Ser- 
TTwns,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  15. 

'  un-haf.  v.f.  &  (.  [Pref.  ku-  (2),  and  Eng. 
hat.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  remove  the  hat  from. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  take  oft'  the  hat. 

"  I'nhatfi nil  Oil  the  knees  \n  hen  the  host  is  carried 
by,  •—Hvrbcrt  Spenrer.     (Annaml.iie.) 

un-hat9hed',    a.      [Pref.   nn-   (1),  and    Eng. 

hatrhnl.] 

1.  Lit. :  Not  hatched ;  not  ha^■ing  left  the 

"  2.  Fig. :  Not  matured  and  brought  to 
light;  not  disclosed. 

"  Some  Hn}intch'd  practice. " 

.Sintkei'p. :  Othello,  iii.  4. 

*  un-hS.t'-ting,  s.  [Unhat.]  a  taking  off 
the  hat. 

"  Bows  and  cnrtseya  and  unhattings."  —  ITerberl 
Spencer.     ( A  u  na  ndafe. ) 

iin-haunt'-ed,  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
haunted.]  Not  haunted  ;  not  frequented  ;  not 
resorted  to ;  unfrequented. 

"  Parliament  tu  Itold  in  some  anhaunted  place." 
Mirrourfor  A/agistratea,  p.  338. 

iin-h^z'-ard-ed,  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 


hnzanhd.]      Not  hazarded;    not   exposed   fo 
hazanl,  datiger,  or  risk. 

"  Here  I  should  still  enjoy  thee  day  and  night. 
Whole  to  ruyuelf.  unhnttrded  abroad." 

Milton:  Samaun  .Xyoniilet,  8'>?-. 

•  un-hitz'-ard-ous,  f(.  [Pref.  iin-  (l),  ami 
Ki\^.  hazaiduus.]  Not  hazardous;  not  full  of 
hazard,  danger,  or  risk. 

"  Your  own  jiart  was  neither  obscure  nor  unhnsard- 
ona."—I>rydeit :  Duke  of  UuUv.    (F^pis.  l>edic.) 

'  un-head',  v.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng.  head.} 
To  take  tlie  head  oH' or  from  ;  to  remove  the 
head  of;  to  depri\e  of  tlie  head  ;  to  decapi- 
tate. 

"  Heads  nndresscd  and  bodies  unit  ended."  —  Sort  U: 
riamvn,  p.  .'180, 

•  unheal',  *  unheale,  v.t.    [Unhele.] 

un~heal'-a-ble,  n.     [Pref.  w»-(l),  and  Eng. 
hrnlahh'.]    Not  liealable  ;  not  capable  of  being, 
healed  ;  ineiu'able. 
"  Soiiiethihj;  moat  lucklea'4,  most  unhealablr 
Has  taken  place,"         Coleridge  :  Ptceolomini.  i,  7, 

un-healed',  a.  [Pref.  vn-(\),  and  Eng. 
hi-a/fd.]    Not  healed,  not  cured. 

"  The  wretches,  many  of  whom  were  still  tormentei* 
by  unhealed  wounds,  could  not  all  lie  down." — Mac 
auhiy:  Uiat    Eng  ,  ch.  v. 

•  un-health'~fal«  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
hmUhful.]  Not  healthful,  not  liealthy ;  un- 
healthy, injurious  to  health,  unwholesome, 
noxious. 

"  The  unheaWifi^  e-aat. 
That  breathes  the  Bpleen,  and  senrches  every  bone 


Of  the  iurirm.' 


Cowper:  I'uak,  iwM:;. 


*  un-health'-ful-ljr.  adv.  [Eng.  vnhealth- 
fill;  -Ij/.]  In  an  unhealthful  manner:  un- 
healthily. 

^  un-health'-fal-ness,  s.  [Eng.  imhadth- 
fiil :  -iKW-l  Tlie  iiiiality  or  state  of  being 
unhealtlidd  ;  unhealtliiness,  insalubrity. 

"  Ev[>eriment  solitary,  tuuchiiig  the  healtlifulne?»- 
or  unhealthful ncsa  of  the  soiitlieru  winds." — Bacou  : 
Nat.  Hist.,  §  786. 

un-health'-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vnhealthy;  -bj.l 
In  an  nnliealtliy  manner;  un wholesomely. 

"  Which  proving  but  of  bad  uouriiRbmeDt  .  .  .  pufT* 
up  niilu:althily  a  veittiii  big  fai'e  of  freteiided  learn- 
ing. "—J/(7(0(i:  /*ocf.  *  Disc,  of  Divorce.    (Pref.l 

iin-health'-i-ness,  ^''-  [Eng.  vnhecdihn; 
■nvss.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unhealthy  ; 
insalubrity  ;  un  favourableness  to  health  ;  un- 
wlndesomeuess. 

"We  were  sensible  of  the  unhenlfhiness  oi  the 
climate."— rooA-.-  Pirat  Voyage,  bk.  iii..  ch.  xi. 

2.  Want  of  health  ;  habitual  weakness  or 
indisposition.    (Said  of  persons.) 

3.  Unsoundness;  want  of  vigour.  (Said  of 
trees,  plants,  &c.) 

4.  Moral  unwholesomeness. 

un-health'-y,   «.     [Pref.  nn-  (I),  and   Eng. 

hvalthi,.] 

1.  Not  healthy  ;  not  favourable  to  health  ; 
unwholesome,  insalubrious,. 

"  Standing  pooles  and  fens  were  following 
Cnhealthy  fotts." 

Browne:  Britnnnias  Paatorala.  ii. 

2.  Not  having  good  health  ;  not  having  a 
.sound  and  ^■igorous  state  of  body  ;  h:ibitiially 
weak  or  imlisp(.ised  :  as,  an  nnhcalthij  person. 

3.  Wanting  vigour  of  growth:  as,  an  101- 
healthy  plant. 

4.  Abounding  with  disease;  causing  disease. 

"  Wet  with  unhealthy  dews," 

Loiigfellotc :  To-inorroii: 

5.  Not  indicating  healtli ;  indicating  ill- 
healtli  :  as,  an  nnheidlhy  api>earance. 

G.  Morally  umvliolesome  or  injurious. 

iin-heard',  o.    [Pief.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  heard.] 

1.  Not  heard  ;  not  perceived  by  the  ear. 

"  i'nheard  approached,  and  stood  Iwfore  the  tent." 
Pope:  Homer ;  Iliad  xj.  789. 

2.  Not  admitted  to  audience. 

3.  Not  listened  to  ;  not  allowed  to  speak  or 
plead  for  one's  self. 

"Yet  it  was  thought  unjust  to  condemn  bim  un^ 
heard.' — .Macanlity  :  Hist.  /C»g.,  cb.  xi\. 

4.  Not  known  to  fame. 

"  Yet  faat  they  fell,  unheard,  foi-got ." 

Scott  :  Lord  of  the  IsU-a,  vi.  "A, 

unheard-of;  a. 

1.  Not  liearil  of;  about  which  there  i.s  no 
infiirmation. 

"  Does  yet  the  loi/icnj-rf-o/"  vessel  ride  the  wave?  ' 
Wordaioorth :  To  Liberty. 

2.  Unprecedented. 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU.  father :   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rile,  fuU;  try. 


;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,     ae.  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unheart—unhoped 


o23 


■  un-hcart' <«-  silent),  ^.^  IPref.  nn-('^).  ami 
Eiij;.  h-tirt.]  To  dislieaiteii ;  tu  UiscuunigL' ; 
toUepifss. 

"Tol.lUhUUp, 
Ami  lium  al  good  Coiuitiiiis.  iiiucit  Hiiheiirta  iiie." 
^hnkvnp.  :  Coriutaitus,  v.  1. 

un-lieat'-ed,  a.  [Piof.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
htoh;!.]     Nr.t  heated  ;  nut  iiiftdo  Imt. 

"TlieiiJiiTi.w  iHiresiif  unhcut-'U  gliusa."— flo^/fc. 

'  im-heaven  (heaven  as  hev'ii).  I'.t.  [Prtf. 
I'll-  {-2),  and  En^'.  luafvn.]  Tu  reniuve  Ironi  or 
deprive  uI'  hf;i\en. 

"  I'nheav'ii  yourselves,  ye  holy  ('lieruMns." 

Itueiea  :  Holy  lioottc.  y.  28. 

un-heaven-l^'  (heaven  as  heVn).  a. 

(I'ref.  i(i(-  (1),  and  Eng.  heavenly.]  Nut 
lieavenly ;  imt  perUunini^  tu.  elmiiiL'teristic 
of,  ur  siiiUitWo  to  lusaven  ;  nut  divine. 

■'  Tlie  iiimiy  *vil  ami  unJu-iiBfiiti/  spirlta 
Wliicb  Wiilk  the  v;illey  vt  the  .thiide  of  death."' 

tfyro/i .   .Van/red.  iii.  1. 

*un-hedged',  it.  [Pref.  un-  <1),  and  Enj^'. 
/((■</;/('(/. J  Nut  hedged  ;  nut  surruunded  ur 
shut  in  u'itli  ur  as  with  a  hedge  ;  noteucluseii. 

"  Our  needful  knowledge,  like  our  needful  food. 
UiituiUjed,  lies  open  in  life's  eoniinou  field. " 

Tquiiij:  A'i;7M  Thvmjhts,  V,  741. 

un-heed'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Enj^. 
Att(/t(/.l  Nnt  lieeded  ;  disregarded,  neglected, 
unTiulii;t!d. 

■■  There,  uivoiifined.  behold,  each  grazing  steed, 
Unwatched,  anhcvdt^t.  on  the  heritage  Teed  " 

Byron  :  Jfiius  *  Kurifahi$. 

'  un-heed'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unheeded  ; 
-l[f.]  Ill  an  uiilieeded  manner;  without  being 
noticed  ov  lieeded. 

"  An  earthquake  reeled  unheededlii  away." 

BjjroJt:  VhilUc  UaroUi.  i\.  C:5. 

*■  iln-hoed'-ful,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
heedful.] 

1.  Not  heedful;  not  cautious;  inattentive, 
eareless,  heedless. 

"Just  is,  O  friend  I  thy  caution,  and  addressed 
(Keplled  the  chief)  to  no  anheed/iU  breast," 

Pope:  Homer;  Vdj/ssft/  xvii.  333. 

2.  Not  characterized  by  caution  or  care ; 
rash,  inconsiderate. 

'  iin-heed'-ful-ly,  I'dc.  [Eng.  inilmdfnl; 
-In.)  In  an  unheedtul  manner;  without  care 
or  caution  ;  lieedlessly,  earelessly. 

"Ay,  nijidani.  so  you  stumble  not  jtnheedfuUr/."— 
Shakeip.:  Two  Ueiitlcmoii,  j,  2. 

'  un-heed'-i-l^,  o-dr.  [Eng.  iinheedy;  -fij.] 
Unht't'diii^ly  ;  without  taking  due  lieed. 

"  I   i-iTL.'ive  some  rciider-*  have  itnheedilt/  and  un- 
■■y  s  ... 

f  CnllKjtiki:  i'rup..  *l\     (\ot«.) 

un-heed'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
heeding.]  Not  heeding;  taking  no  heed  or 
notice. 

"  All  silent  and  nnheedinij  now." 

Byron:  Purisinn,  x. 

*un-heed'-y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
h.edij.] 

1.  Unheeding,  careless,  heedless. 

"  The  iiride  of  her  carnation  trAin, 
PluL-Ked  up  by  soiue  nnheedy  swain." 

Hilton:  An  Epitaph. 

2.  Precipitate,  rash. 

"  Winga  and  no  eyes  figure  tmhredy  haate." 

Shakesp.  :  Midsammcr  Hight's  IJreum,  i.  1. 

*  iin-helred' (''.  silent),  a.  [Pref.  wn-(l);  Eng. 
heir,  and  suff.  -ed.]     Without  an  heir. 

"Tu  le;ive  him  utterly  uiiheircd,"—Chitpman. 

'  un-hele',  *  un-heale,  ;*.(.  [A.S.  unheiian.] 
To  uniuver,  to  disclose.  (Spetiser :  F.  Q.,  II. 
xii.  ii4.) 

"  iin-hele',  .•;.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Mid.  Eng. 

hde  —  healtli.]    Misfortune. 

*  iin-helni',  v.t.  [Pref,  mi-  (2),  ami  Eng.  h^hn.] 
To  deprive  or  divest  of  a  helm  or  helmet. 

"I  have  dismounted  you.  and  now  I  will  unhehn 
you."— Scott :  leunhoe,  ch.  xl, 

■*  un-helmed',  a.  [Pref.  »»i-(l);  Eng.  7«;m; 
■ed.]  Divisled  or  dejnived  of  a  helm  or 
helmet ;  nut  wearing  a  helmet. 

un- helped',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
hdprd.]    Not  helped  ;  unassisted;  unaided. 

"  VuhFl/i'd  we  stand,  unequal  to  enirage 
The  force  of  Hector  .uid  .■Euea.H"  mge." 

Pope:  /loiner  ;  Hind  xvii.  580. 

iin-help'-ful,   «.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

hdfjid.] 

1.  Nut  helpful ;  affording  nn  aid. 

->       "  Even  80  myself  bewails  good  Gloster's  case 
With  sad  unhelpful  tears." 

fihukefp.  :  2  Tlenry  I'/.,  iii.  1. 

2.  Nut  able  to  help  one's  self  ;  helpless. 


" lin-hep'-pen,  ".  (Etym.  dunbtful.)  Mis- 
shapen, ill-Iurmed,  awkward,  clumsy.    {^I'rov.) 

"  iin-her'-i'ta-We,  <(.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Kug.  hfviudiU'.]    liarred  from  inheritance. 

"  Ju»itl)'  made  iliegUhnato  and  HuhvrHabta  to  the 
crown."— //e,i/'''t  .*  /i'/omn<ition,  il.  'Ju7. 

*  iin-her'-o-ism,  s.  (Pref.  un-il),  and  Eng. 
heroism.]     That  which  is  not  heroic. 

"  Their  greedy  quackeries  and  ujtharoi»ma."—Car- 
fyle:  Cromtccll,  L  65. 

'  un-herse',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
herse.]  To  take  from  the  herse  or  teiiipuiary 
ninmuuent  where  the  knights'  arms  were 
hung. 

"  And  bimselfe  haflTuld,  and  his  armes  unhttnt." 
SpetLwr:  F.  y.,  V.  iit,  ;(7. 

un-hef'-i-tat-ing,  a.  [Pref.  lui-  (l),  and 
Eng.  hesit'itiii'i.]  Nut hesititiug;  notinduubt; 
prompt,  ready. 

un-he^'-i-tat-ing-ly,  o^h-.  [Eng.  unhesi- 
tating; -ly.]  In  an  unhesitating  manner ; 
without  hesitation. 

un-hewnV  *un- hewed'  (ew  as  ii),  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  kewn,  kcived.]    Not 
hewn ;  rough. 

"In  oceasiuna  of  merriment,  this  roogh-cast,  kh- 
hi'ien  poetry,  was  instead  o£  Btage-piays."— i>rtfiie;i.' 
Jiif-mil.    (Dedic) 

un-hid'-den,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
hidden.]  Not  hidden  or  concealed,  {bhakesp. : 
Henry  V.,  i.  1.) 

*  iin-hxde',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  {'!),  and  Eng. 
liidf,  v.]     Tu  disclose  ;  to  reveal. 

"  If  thou  desirest  my  help,  unhide  the  sore." 

/*.  Fletcher :  Pisattury  Fctogtu-s,  v. 

*  iin-hide'-a-ble,  a.  (Eng.  unhide;  sutl'. 
•alile.]  Incapable  of  being  hidden  or  ob- 
scured. 

"  UnhideaMe  by  envious  arrogance." 

Syl venter :  Magnijicenvf,  1,254. 

*  iin-hlgh'  ('/  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  high.]    Not  high  ;  low. 

"  It  is  unhig^i  and  low, ' 

Longfellow:  The  Grave. 

iin-hin'-dered.  '  un-hln-dred,  a.  [Pref. 
ui\-  (1),  and  Eng.  hindered.)  Ni>t  lundered  ; 
unimpeded. 

"  With  all  its  full  elfects  and  cona&iuences  un- 
hindred."— Clarke:  On  the  Atfributc»,  prop.  4. 

iin-hinge'.  v.t.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hinge.] 
1.  To  take  from  the  hinges  :  as,  To  ^tnhinge 
a  door. 
*  2.  To  displace ;  to  unfix  by  violence. 


3.  To  unsettle  ;  to  render  unstable  or  waver- 
ing ;  to  disorder  ;  to  discompose. 

"  But  time  unhinge*  all," 

Cowper :  J/onwr ;  Iliad  iv. 

*  i.  To  put  out  of  sorts  ;  to  incapacitate  by 
disturbing  the  nerves. 

*  &n -hinge '-ment,  s.  [Eng.  ^mkinge  ;  -ment.] 
The  act  of  unhinging  ;  the  state  of  being  un- 
hinged. 

*  un-hired',  a.  [Pref.  W7i-  (1),  and  Eng.  hired.] 
Not  hired. 

"  And  who  unhir'd  will  be  so  hardy  as  to  say.  that 
Abraham  at  any  other  time  evtr  paid  hiiu  tithes?" 
—MUton  :  To  remove  Hirelings  out  of  the  Church. 

iin-his-tdr'-lC,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
historic] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Not  historic ;  fabulous. 

"The  whole  story  is  unhiBtorU:."~ Daily  Telegraph, 
Feb.  3.  1888. 

2.  Antkrop. :  A  term  applied  to  races  who 
have  no  history. 

"  The  study  alike  of  the  prehistoric  and  the  tin- 
hisforic  races  of  Americ-i  is  replete  with  promise  of 
novel  truths."—/).  H'ilson  :  Prehistoric  AnnaU  of  Scot- 
land, i.  4. 

iin-his-tor'-ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  hUtoriaiL]     Unhistoric  (q.v.). 

"The  complex  traces  of  the  tinli istoHcal  nations  of 
Europe,"— K'i?son  :  Prehistoric  Atmals  of  Scotland, 
i.  h\>i. 

un-hit',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hit.]  Not 
hit ;  nut  stru{!k. 

"  \Vhilnt  I,  at  whom  they  shot,  sit  here  shot-free, 
And  as  unhurt  uf  envy,  as  ittiliit." 

Hen  Jonson  :  Poetaster ;  To  the  Header. 

iin-hitfh',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hitch.] 
To  disengage  or  loose  from  a  hitch ;  to  set 
free ;  to  unfasten. 

'■  A  trace  was  nnhitehrd"— Field.  .Tan.  7.  1888. 


■  iin-hive',  v.t.    [I'n-f.  ""-  C-'X  and  Eng.  hirr_.\ 

1.  To  drive  from  ur  nut  uf  a  hi\e, 

2.  To  deprive  uf  habitation  or  shelter. 

'  iin-hoard'.  r.(.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
hinird.\  To  take  away  or  remove  front  a 
huaid  or  store. 

"  .\  thief  bent  to  uuhoard  the  cash 
Of  aomu  rich  burgher."       Hilton  :  P.  L.,  \v.  188. 

*  lin-hold',  V.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  htM, 
v. J  To  let  go  the  hold  of ;  to  release,   ilttway.) 

un-ho'-li-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  unholy;  -ly.]  lu 
an  unholy  manner. 

"Lest  .  .  .  hilly  things  be  handled  unhoUly."—Bp. 
Tayl'ir  :  /iulc  of  Vonscivnco,  bk.  il.,  ch.  IIL 

un-ho -li-ness,  ^.  [Euti;.  unholy  ;  •^le3S.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unholy ;  want  of 
lioliness  ;  wickedness,  impiety,  profaneuess. 

"There  cannot  choi>He  but  much  unhofinets  abidu." 
— Milton :  Tetrachurdon. 

'  un-holp'-en,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
holjien.]    Not  liolpen  or  helped  ;  uiihelped. 

'•  Leaving  their  fathers  and  mothers  (to  whom  ihfy 
were  chiefly  bound)  ttiiliul pen."— Homilies :  0/ Oooii 
iforket,  pt  ii. 

iin-ho'-ly,  'un-ho-lye,  "vn-hoo-ll.  a 

(Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  Imly.] 

1.  Not  holy  ;  not  sacred  ;  not  hallowed  or 
consecrated. 

"Doth  it  follow  that  all  things  now  in  the  church 
.ire  unholy  which  the  Lord  hath  nut  himself  precisely 
instituted  ?  "—Hooker. 

2.  Impious,  wicked.    (Said  of  persons.) 

"Disobedient  to  parents,  unthankful,  unholy."— 
2  Timothy  ill  % 

3.  Impious,  wicked.    (Said  of  tilings.) 

"To  keep  me  from  n  most  unholy  match." 

S?uikesp.  .   Tteo  GentU-mcn,  IV,  3,   3 

4.  Not  ceremonially  purified  ;  unclean. 

"The  Jewt;s  cal  that  common  whiche  is  vucleaaa 
and  viiholy."-  I'dal :  Marks  vil. 

*  un-hon'-est  (/'  silent),  a.   [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.   honest.]     Not    honest ;    dishonest,  dis- 
honourable. 

"  But  a  poor,  cold,  tinspirited,  unmanuercd, 

i'nho'ient.  nnatfected,  undone  fuol  "  ' 

lieaum.  ±  J-ltt.  :  Thierry  A  Thcodoref.  iu 

*  iin-hdn'-est-l]^  (h  silent),  adv.    (Eng.   un- 

honest ;  -ly.]     Dishonestly,  dishonourably. 
"Which  he  had  tofure  wilfully  and  unhonestly  inT. 
aaken."— t'Jof  .■  Luke  xv. 

*un-hdn'-est-^  (A  .silent),  s.  [Eng.  i/tt- 
hone^t ;  -y.\    Dishonesty,  dishonourableness. 

"Theunprontableuesse  and  sbiunefiill  uiilwntsty  ut 
contention,  strife,  and  debate."— //ointtiet ;  AgainMl 
Contention. 

*  iin-hon'-6ur  (ft.  silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  un- (2\ 
and  Eng.  honour,  v.]     To  dishonour. 

"  f  honoure  my  t'adir,  and  ye  han  unhonourid  aie." 
—  Wyelife :  John  viii, 

*un-h6n'-6ur-a-ble  (h  silent),  «.    [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  Iiunoiirable.]    Dishonourable. 
"Such  company  as  should  not  be  tinhonourabl^  Xm 
the  king."— -Surrey;  Let.  41 ;  To  Cromwell. 

iin-hon'-dured  (h  silent),  a.  [Pref.  1(h-(1), 
and  Eng.  honoured.]  Uncelebrated  ;  not  re- 
garded with  reverence  or  honour. 


iin-hood',  v.t.  [Pref.  wit-  (2).  and  Eng,  hood.] 
To  reniove  a  hood  or  disguise  from ;  to  de- 
prive of  a  hood. 

"  The  falcon  took  his  favourite  stand  .  .  . 
Nor,  though  unhoadvd,  sought  to  fly," 

Svotl :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  ii.  24. 

un-hook',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hook, 
v.]  To  loose  or  disengage  from  a  Iiook  ;  to 
open  or  undo  by  disengaging  the  hooks  of. 

*un-hooked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
hooked.]  Nut  having  a  hook;  not  fixed  on  a 
hook. 

"  v\pter  tobiteatsuch  unhooked  bfiyte3."—Backluyt : 
Voyages,  iii.  671. 

*■  un-hoop'.  r.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  honp.] 
To  strip  ur  divest  of  hoops. 

"  Cnhoop  the  fair  sex,   and   cure  this  fashionidjie 
tympany  got  among  them."— .^i/t^itun. 

un-hoped',  a.    [Pref.  u7i-  (l),  and  Eng.  hoped.] 
1.  Not    hoped  for ;    unlookcd    for ;    unex- 
pected ;  despaired  of.     (Followed  by /jr.) 

"These  eyes  at  last  l>ebold  the  uiihpped  for  coast." 
Popfi  :  Bom^r  ;  Odyney  v.  526. 

*  2.  Having  lost  hope. 

,     "  lie  faltered  thanks  to  Heaven  for  life. 

Redeemed,  unJiopeil.  from  desi'erate  strife." 

Scolt .  Lady  of  the  Lake,  v,  17. 


boil,  h^ ;  po^t,  jowl ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xeuophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin :  -tion.  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  de). 


3^4 


unhopeful— unicorn 


Anhope  -ffU,  a.  [Pnf.  an-  (I),  ami  Eng. 
h.'iwjut.]     Nwt  hopeful;  haviug  no  i-oom  for 

-  tWiinlkk  i«  nut  the  UMhof^uHe^  hiutmtid  that  I 
tu\>w."^Jilk4ikt«iK .  Muck  Ado  itltout  .WAfny,  1(.  1. 

^n-hAp'-JAg,   j<r.  jKir.     (Pref.    un-  (1),  and 

Kiij^'.  /KV'Wi.y.)     N'lt  fXiK'ctiiig. 

■  CithopiHff  the  BUcoMs  of  their  Bcheuie*.'— WcAiirJ- 
ict .  VlarlUit,  III.  4i>. 

ftn-taomod',  <i.  (Pref.  un-  0)*  &n'l  £»^- 
iUmmf.]    Not  liumeil ;  without  liurii^. 

"U  I.ibrt :  .  .  .  whuiii  all  |i7rf«L-tluiui  fc-mci? ; 
Aut)  whvu  unAtTtiAJ.  thuu  baatn  vlr^lua  fnc«-' 

ilizi-horse'.  f.t.     [Frvf.  ««-  (2),  ami  Eng.  horse.] 

1.  r.>  kiH'Ck,  throw,  or  otherwise  remove 
(rum  h<)i-.si'hack. 

"  CvustADtiue  hlinwU  foo^bt,  u.'ihorwJ  hlni,  Rud 
a»<<it  aU  lueAiifl  to  tak«  biui  olivv.'— ifi/'un :  Sitl. 
£ntf.,  bk.  V. 

2.  To  tiike  the  horses  out  of,  as  out  of  a 

Tehii'le. 

"  Whllo  uthi-n,  m>t  no  satlafleil.  unhorte 
The(.-llJ«l  tHiullMigc,"  Coufper:  TVm*.  vt.  701. 

*  An-hosed',  u.    [I'ref.  tin-  (l),  and  Eng.  Ao^a/.] 

Without  hose  jr  gnaves. 

"  Ctxhotod,  uiiboudMl." 

A/uttu-it :  Joan  qf  Arc,  vii  140. 

*  dn-llds'-pit-a-ble,  a.     (Pref.   un-  (1),  and 

Eii^.  /u'.^J'((<tft^'l  Nut  hospitable;  iuhospit- 
ablv. 

■■  T"  ilrive  out  these  wthiapitablf  gueata." 

A'owe.  Hoiial  Cunvert,  v. 

*  iin-hos -pit-al,  <i.  (Pitf.  uji-(l),  and  Eng. 
husyiUtL]     Inhuspitahle. 

•■  Axetius  .  .  .  which  sigDifletli  utthotpitali."— 
Sandyt :  Trav^,  p.  9?. 

*  iin-hds'-tile,  a.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

'u,.'(/*.l  Not  hustile  ;  nut  pei-tainiug  or  re- 
latiu;^'  to  an  enemy. 

■'By  unJUMtiie  wounds  destroyed." 

Philip*. ■  Bleiiheitn, 

*tn~h^^fe\  v.L  [Pref.  wn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
hauie.] 

1.  To  drive  or  expel  from  a  house  or  habita- 
tion ;  to  dislodge. 

"  Death  uuKwar«<i,  with  his  cold  klud  embrace, 
C'nhoua'd  thy  virgin  suul." 

JfiU^jn  ,  Death  i^fa  Fair  Infant. 

2.  To  deprive  of  shelter. 

*  un-hoi^^ed',  a.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

huiUifyl.] 

1,  Not  housed,  or  sheltered  by  a  house ; 
having  no  house  or  home  ;  homeless. 

"  Ciihoutd.  ueglected,  lu  the  pubtio  way." 

Pop«  :  Homer;  Od)/ssey  lt.\iL  357, 

2.  Deprived  of  or  expelled  from  a  house, 
home,  roof,  or  shelter. 

"  Dismayed,  unfed,  unhotts'd. 
The  widow  and  the  orvban  stroll  nrouud.* 

PhUipt :  Btniheijn. 

*  un-ho^ -elled,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  pa. 

par.  of  Eng.  hoiLsel  (q.v.),]  Not  having  re- 
ceived the  sacrament.  (See  extract  under 
Disappointed,  1.] 

*  un-liu'-iiiaii,  a.      [Pref.  w«-  (l),  and  Eng. 

hiivian.]    Not  human  ;  inhuman. 

"Their  unhuntan  ajid  remorseless  cruelty."— iSou(A,- 
iiennont,  vuL  XL,  ser.  2. 

« un-hu'-man-ize,  r.(.  [Pref.  nn-  (2).  and 
Eng.  humanize.]  To  cause  to  cease  to  be 
human  ;  to  deprive  or  divest  of  the  nature  or 
characteristics  of  human  beings. 

"  Purity  ia  ridiculed  and  set  at  miught,  as  a  sour, 
Tin»ocial,  urUlun^anlZeti  virtue." — Porttiu  :  Vermont, 
vvl.  ii.,  Mr.  6. 

•un-hiiin'-Wed  (bled  as  beld),  a.  (Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  humhUd.]  'Not  humbled, 
not  shamed  ;  not  having  the  temper,  spirit, 
pride,  or  the  like  subdued. 

"  Unhun^led,  unrepeutaiit,  unreform'ii." 

Miiton  :  P.  R.,  iii.  429. 

.fin-hurt',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  hurt.] 
N't  hurt;  free  from  hurt  or  injury;  un- 
iujurtd. 

■■  But  Ludlow  eacaped  ujiJiurt  from  all  the  mnchiim- 
tious  y(  his  euemies.  —.tiacaulau  :  JJiit.  Ljuj.,  ch.  xv. 

*  an-hurt'-ful,  '  un-hurte-fol,  a.    [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  hurtfu.1.]  Not  hurtful  or 
injurious ;  harmless,  innoxious. 

•■yoo  imacine  me  too  unhurt/ui  an  oppoeite."— 
jfltaic-tp,  ■  Measure  fvr  Jleature,  iii.  2. 

'  fin-hurt'-ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unMirt/ul ; 
■!y.)  In  an  unUurtful  manner  ;  without  hurt 
or  hann  ;  harmlessly. 

••To  lansh  at  others  .is  innocently  and  aa  tuthurt- 
At"»».  Mat  ourselves. '—/■o/.f.    To  .Stei/t.  SkiA..  1T25. 


*  iin-hnrt  -ful-noss, '  un-hurte-ful-nes* 

3.     [Eng.  unhurtju! :  -ii^as.J     Hanllle.s^ness. 
"Your  uiihitrt'/uliu-t  nhn\  coi.dfmnie  theyr  uuclcii- 
UVa."—Cdnl :  I  Voritithiattt  \L 

iin-hurt'-ing*  a,  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
hurtintj.]  Causing  no  hurt  or  harm  ;  harm- 
less, innoxious. 

"  As  If  «he  lu  brr  kinde  iuiJiurtiny  eUol 
Did  bid  lilt!  tnkv  auch  lodging 'u  hersvlfc." 

Urbiene:  Britannioi  PaiUjrait,  i.  4. 

*  iin-hu^'-band-cd,  a.  [Pref.  utv-  (i),  and 
Eng.  hiiaUtmi ;  'ol.\ 

1.  Not  husbanded  ;  not  managed  with  care 
ami  frugality. 

2.  Not  having  a  husband  ;  unmarried. 

3.  Deprived  of  or  having  lost  a  husband  ; 
widowed. 

"  She  bore,  unhtultamied,  a  wother'a  jwiius." 

lioutlu-]/:  Hannah. 

•4.  Not  "married"  to,  or  supported  by, 
an  ehn.  (Said  only  of  a  vine.)  The  expres- 
sion is  derived  from  the  Latin  custom  (still  in 
vogue  in  Italy)  of  training  vines  on  elms. 

"  With  hanging  head  I  have  beheld 
A  widow  vine,  stand,  iu  a  linked  lietd^ 
Utihiubanded,  ueKl*^^ted,  all  fortome. 

lirouine:  DritannUu  PastoraJs.  ii.  S. 

'iin-hushed',  a.  (Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
hushed.]    Nut  hushed  ;  nut  silenced. 

"  My  heart  KJ^tAwsArf-althouKli  my  lips  were  mute." 
Bgron  :  Corsair,  i.  14. 

'  iin-husked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
husked.]    Having  no  hu^k  or  cover. 

•■  Could  no  unhiLnked  akurrie  Ie.ive  the  tree. 
But  there  was  clialeuge  made  whose  it  might  hee." 
Bp.  Hall  :  Satires,  iii.  1. 

U-ni-,  pref.  [Lat.  uiiiw  =  one.]  Having  one 
feature  or  character. 

XJ'-ni-at,    U'-ni-ate,    s.      [From  Lat.  unu& 

=  une.] 

Church  Hist.:  One  of  the  United  Greeks 
(q.v.). 

'  u-ni-au-ric'-u-late,  a.  [Pref.  unl-,  and 
Eng.  auriculute.]  Possessed  of,  or  in  form  re- 
sembling, a  single  small  ear. 

uniauriculate-animals,  s.  pi. 

Zvol. :  The  uastempoda.    (Rossiter.) 

u-ui~ax'-al,  u-ni-ax'-i-al,  a.  [Pief.  uni-, 
and  Eng.  axKi^] 

1.  Biol. :  Developed  from  a  single  axis,  as 
is  the  case  with  all  vertebrate  animals,  some 
inolhiscs  and  annulosa,  and  some  plants. 
(Rossiter.) 

2.  Optics  £  Crystall.  :  Having  one  direction 
within  the  crystal,  along  which  a  ray  of  light 
can  proceed  without  being  bifurcated. 

"The  coloured  rays  of  uniaxini  and  biaxial  crystals," 
—Proc.  of  Phys.  Soc.  London,  pt.  IL,  p.  3. 

^  The  crystals  of  Iceland  spar,  quartz,  and 
tourmaline  are  uniaxial.  Brewster  has  shown 
that  in  all  uniaxial  crystals  the  optic  axis 
coincides  with  the  axes  of  crystallization. 
Wlien  the  ordinary  refractive  index  exceeds 
the  extraordinary  index  the  crystal  is  said  to 
be  negative,  when  it  falls  short  of  it  the 
crystal  is  said  to  be  positive.  Iceland  spar, 
tuurmaline,  sapphire,  ruby,  &c.  have  negative, 
and  quartz,  iue,  titanite,  &c.  positive  uniaxial 
crystals. 

•  u'-ni-ber,  .?.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  face- 
guard  of  a  helmet.    (Ogilvie.) 

•  U-niC,  s.     [Unique.] 

•  u-ni-cam'-er-al,  a.  [Lat.  unus  —  one, 
and  camera  =  a 'cliamber.J  Consisting  of  a 
single  chamber.    (Said  of  a  legislative  body.) 

u-ni-cap'-su-lar,  a.    (Pref.  unl-,  and  Eng. 

capsular.] 
Bot. :  Having  but  a  single  capsule. 

U-ni-car'-dJ-iim,  s.  [Pref.  uni-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  cardium  (q.v.).] 

Pakeont. :  A  doubtful  sub-genus  of  Corbis, 
having  the  shell  thin,  oval,  and  concentrically 
striated ;  the  liinge  with  an  obscure  tooth  or 
edentulous.  Known  species  forty,  from  the 
Lias  to  the  Portland  Rock.    {Woodu-ard.) 

u-ni-car'-i-nate.  a.  [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
carinate.]    Having  a  single  ridge  or  keel. 

U-m-9er-lu-lar,  a.  [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
cellnkir.] 

Biol. :  Consisting  of  a  single  cell  or  cellule. 
(Used  of  certain  algals  and  fungals  of  low  or- 
ganization, and  of  the  Protozoa.) 


•  U-m9'-i-tjr,  5.     [Lat,  uHM5=:one.l 

1.  The  state  of  being  unique. 

2.  Tlte  stiite  of  being  in  unity,  or  of  beiny 
united  into  une. 

t  U-ni-cli'-nal,  n.  [Lat.  unus  =  one,  and 
Or.  KKivui  (Idino)  =  to  cause  to  bend,  slope,  or 
slant.] 

<JeA)l. :  Having  but  a  single  dip,  inclination, 
or  direction.  Used  of  a  stratum  which  slants 
only  in  one  direction ;  opposed  to  synclinal 
and  anticlinal  (q.v.). 

u'-ni-com.  '  u-ni-^come,  ^■.  [Fr.  vnicome, 
from  Lat.  uniajmuui,  accus.  of  unicQrnus=. 
one-horned,  from  unus  =  ODe,  and  corftu  =  a 
horn.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  animal  having  a  single  horn,  fre- 
quently mentioned  by  Greek  and  Latin 
authors.  Ctesias  calls  it  the  Wild  Ass,  and 
Aristotle  the  Indian  Ass.  Ctesias  describes 
tlie  Wild  Ass  as  being  about  the  size  of 
a  horse,  with  a  white  body,  red  Iiead,  and 
blue  eyes,  having  a  horn  on  the  forehead  a 
cubit  long,  which  for  the  extent  of  two  palms 
from  the  forehead  is  entirely  white,  black  in 
the  middle,  and  pointed  aiul  red  at  the  ex- 
tremity. Of  the  horn  drinking  cups  were 
formed,  and  those  who  used  them  were  said 
not  to  be  subject  to  spasm,  epilepsy,  or  the 
effects  of  I'oison.  Unicorns  were  said  to  be 
very  swift  and  strong,  not  naturally  fierce,  but 
when  provoked  they  fought  desperately  with 
horn,  lieels,  and  teeth,  so  that  it  was  impos- 
sible to  take  them  alive.  Browne  (Vuhj. 
Errotirs,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  xxiii.)  enumerates  tive 
kinds  of  unicorns:  "the  Indian  ox,  the  Indian 
ass,  the  rhinoceros,  the  oryx,  and  that  which 
was  more  eminently  termed  inonoceros  or  uni- 
lyyrnis;"  and  in  the  same  chapter  he  quotes  de- 
scriptions of  this  mythical  animal  from  various 
authors.  Wilkin,  in  a  note  to  Browne  (lor.  sup. 
cit.)  gives  a  statement  from  Ruppell  that  the 
unicorn  exists  in  Kordofan,  where  it  is  known 
by  the  name  of  milkkma.  He  describes  it  as 
of  a  reddish  colour,  of  the  size  of  a  small 
horse,  of  the  slender  make  of  a  gazelle,  and 
furnished  with  a  long,  stiaight,  slender  horn 


ORYX   GRAZING  (PROFILe). 
A.  Hfrnd  of  Oryx. 

in  the  male,  which  is  wanting  in  the  female. 
Some  added  that  it  had  divided  hoofs,  while 
others  declared  it  to  be  single-hoofed.  Three 
Arabs  told  Ruppell  that  they  had  seen  the 
animal  in  question.  All  these  stories  have 
probably  some  foundation  in  fact,  to  which  a 
large  suptrstruction  of  fiction  has  been  added. 
An  antelope  like  an  oryx,  seen  in  piutile 
would  appear  to  a  careless  observer  like  an 
animal  with  a  single  horn  ;  and  hence  the 
mythical  tales  of  unicorns  probably  arose. 
(See  illustration.) 

*  2.  A  kind  of  insect  having  a  horu  upon 
its  head. 

■■  Some  unicorn*  we  will  allow  even  amoui?  insects, 
as  those  uaaicomous  beetles  desi-ribert  by  Muffetua."— 
Browne:   VuJyiir  Errotirs,  bk.  iii..  ch.  xxiit. 

3.  A  carriage  and  pair  with  a  third  horse  in 
front ;  also  applied  to  such  an  equipage. 

"  Let  me  drive  yon  out  some  day  in  my  unicorn-"— 
Jiisi  Edgeworth  :  Belinda,  cb.  xvii. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Astron. :  [Monoceros,  1.]. 

2.  Her. :  A  fabulous  animal,  having  the  head, 
neck,  and  body  of  a  horse,  with  a  beard  like  that 
of  a  goat,  the  legs  of  a  buck,  the  tail  of  a  lion, 
and  a  lung  tapering  horn,  spirally  twisted,  in 
the  miildle  of  the  forehead.  Two  unicorns 
were  burne  as  sui'porters  of  the  Scottish  royal 


&tc,  &t,  f^e,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore.  woU;  work,  who,  son :  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    te.  oe  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  au  =  kw. 


unicornous  — unilabiate 


3-2.> 


arms  tVir  nbout  a  century  before  the  union  nf 
the  Crtiwiis  in  100:i ;  and  the  sinisti-r  sup- 
l)orler  of  tht-  anus  of  the  United  Kini^doni  is  ii 
\iniooni  arj:ent,  anned,  crined,  and  nnguU-d 
or,  yor^ed  wiili  a  coionet  uf  crosses  ]>at6e  and 
HcuVs  lie  lis,  with  a  chain  attixed  i>assing  be- 
tween the  fuie  lens  and  reflected  over  the  back 
of  the  l.ist.  {See  illustration  under  Reverted.) 

"  Huw  till'  lirnve  l>oy.  In  (uture  »«r. 
Sli-ulJ  tniiie  tlie  Cni'-om't  iTlUe.*' 

>cviK  .   laif  qf  fA«  ItM  JI,u$tr*l,  1.  19. 

3.  Script. :  (Reem). 

^  Sm  ■  nnicnrn  :  The  narwhal.  Monodon 
vw}wcrnk^.     (MoKODOS,  Narwh.\l.] 

nnicorn-bird,  5. 

Ornith.  :  I'tfhniuulea  cornuta,     [Anhima,] 

"Tlie  liiirii  of  tlie  itnicorne-bird :  in  Bnisile  culled 
Auliiiii.'i.  l>fsciil>cil  I'y  Mii*vgnivius  aiiU  Willugliby 
out  .i(  liirii  Hi*  ]>riiici|)iil  iiinrks  «ie  these:  headed 
luid  foKtol  lik<'  the  <UiiiKliill  cuck.  Uiil'il  like  a  gouat-, 
lii.iiml  i-li  Ins  I"i ■r.liewil  (with  some  tikeiiessl  na  tlie 
I'litcoriie  IS  )iirturcil  iajnird  ou  his  wings  ;  bigger  than 
iiawHii.  The  iii:ilc,  sny  M.■l^ggra^  ius  aud  Pisu,  aa  bi^ 
agniii."— «rr(c     M.miPHm.  p.  65. 

nnicorn-fish.  5.    LUnicorn.  %.] 
unicorn -plant,  i?. 

Hof,  :  A  ii'puhir  name  for  Martynia  (q.v.), 
s;iiil  to  refer  to  the  projecting  beaks  or  hooks 
nt  Hie  capsule;  but  the  name  is  inaccurate, 
a^  there  are  two  horns  in  place  of  one. 

unicorn-root,  d\ 

iiiif. :  The  innt  uf  Udonias  dioica,  a  plant  of 
the  Melanthatea?  or  Melanths,  one  or  two 
feet  high,  growing  in  North  American  bogs. 
It  has  a  leafy  scape,  spiked  racemes  of  white 
flowers,  witii  linear  petals  and  exserted  sta- 
mens. In  infusion  the  root  is  anthelmintic, 
but  its  tincture  is  bitter  and  tonic. 

unicorn -shell,  5. 

Zool. :  The  ^'eiius  MoHocei-os  (q.v.).  Both 
tie-  sii- iititic  ;iiid  popuhtr  names  refer  to  the 
pruminent  spin.-  on  the  outer  lip. 

unicorn's  horn.  »-. 

'  1.  (>(•(/.  Luiuj.  :  A  name  formerly  given  to 
the  horn  of  the  narwhal,  which  was  often 
preserved  in  museums  as  the  horn  of  the 
mythical  unicorn.     (Unicors,  II.  1.] 

2.  Bot.  :  Hehnias  dioica.     [Unicorn-root.] 

u-ni-COm'-OUB,  c.     [Lat.  vnicomus.]    [Uni- 
t  oKN.I     I'dS-tssed  of  but  fl  single  horn. 

beetles."— Browwe.-    Vuhjar  Errourt. 


I>k. 


,  ch.  xix 


d-ni-c6s'-tate,  a.  [Pref.  nni-,  and  Eug. 
cosdtte  (q.v.).] 

Dot.  :  Having  Imt  a  single  midi'ib,  whence 
f!ie  secondary  veins  or  nerves  di\'eige.  This 
is  the  typieal  stvucture  of  Exogeus  in  general. 

u - ni - dac' - tyle,  a.  (Pref.  vni-,  and  Gr. 
5aKTvAos  (di(ktiilos)  =  a.  finger  or  toe,  a  digit.] 
Having  a  single  functional  digit,  as  the  horse 
and  some  of  its  ancestors.  (See  illustration 
under  Uni;ulata,  1.  (-2).) 

■■  In  the  Ancliitherhiiii  ami  Hi|>parioii  the  trans- 
fiiniiatioii  frtiiu  the  tridactyle  to  the  uniductyle 
I'liL^iihite  iB  accompli  shed.  "—y.  ochinidt;  iJuctrin&af 


>r.  [- 


!:4. 


'  un-i-de'-aed,  n.  tPref.  vn-  (l) ;  Eng.  idea, 
and  sutf.  -fil']  Having  no  ideas  or  thoughts  ; 
senseless,  frivolous. 

"He  [Bacon]  received  the  tmUleaed  page  fVilliers] 
iptu  his  intimacy." — Lord  Catnpbell  :  Lives  of  the 
Ch(iiir,:lfor.t,  ii,  ai7. 

■  un-l-de'-al,  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (l),  and  Eng. 
idad.] 

1.  Not  ideal ;  real. 

2.  Not  having  ideas ;  destitute  of  ideas  or 
thoughts  ;  senseless. 

■■  They  [cartis]  iip]>eur  to  me  too  dull  aud  unideat  to 
iitTonl  a  thiukni;^  man  ...  an  adequate  vetuni  of 
.■umiaemeut."— JChox  ;  fVinter  Evenings,  even.  L 

•  un-i-dle,  a.  [Pref.  nil-  (1),  and  Eng.  idle, 
a.)    Nut  idle  ;  busy,  active. 

"  For  ine,  1  du  nature  unidla  know." 

Sidne//  :  Astrophel  &  Stella. 

u-ni-f  a'-cial  (c  as  sh),  a.  [Lat.  ■un7(s=one, 
an<l/fi(N'e.s  =' a  face,]  Having  but  one  face  or 
front  surface. 

•  U-nif -ic,  a.  (Lat.  W)iJ/s  =  one,  and /f'cio  = 
to  make.)    Making  one  ;  fonniug  unity. 

•  ii-ni-fi-ca'-tion,  s.  [Unific]  The  act  of 
unifying  ;  the  stale  of  being  unitied ;  the  act 
of  making  into  one. 

"  .AH  we  hiive  here  to  uute  ia  the  interdependence 
and  nnificn'inti  uf  functioua  that  naturally  folh.i»-  the 
ditTerentiatiou  of  thein."" — //.  Spmcer:  Inducfiotit  of 


U-ni-fi-er,  >■.  [Kng.  unij'tt;  -er.}  One  who 
unities  or  makes  into  one. 

"  Blainarck.  the  unifier  ol  Gerouuiy."— r*me«.  Dec. 

19,  18W.  p.  iO. 

U-ni-fi'-lar,  a.  [Lat.  itnvs  =  one,  and//H7?i 
=  a  thread.]  Consisting  of  or  having  only 
one  threail ;  speciHcally  applied  to  a  magnet- 
ometer consisting  of  a  magnetic  bar  suspended 
by  a  single  thread. 

u-nif -lor-ous,   «.      [Lat.  w)n«  =  oue,  and 
"  jlos,  geiiit.  Jloris  =  a  flower.] 

Hot. :  Having  but  a  single  flower. 

u'-ni-foil,  s.    [Lat.  ((»»s=:one,  and/o?t»Mi  = 
a  leaf. J 
Her. :  A  plant  having  only  one  leaf. 

u-ni-fo-li  ar,  u-ni-fo -li-ate,  ".     (Pref. 

iini-,  and  Eug.  J'uliar,  joliatf.] 
Bot.  :  Tlie  same  as  Unifoliolate  (q.v.). 

u-ni-f6-U-6-late»  a.    [Pref. 

«/((-,  and  Eng.  Jhl'iolate  (q.v.).]  /M 

Hot. :  Applied  to  a  compound 
leaf    consisting    of    one    leaflet   JM^/^ 
only. 

u'-ni-form,  *  u-ni-forme,  «■  i  ;i    •* 

&   s.      [Fr.   niii/oi'ine,   from   Lat.  uV> 
vnl/itrmem,  accus.  of  imiformis  W.  T\ 
=  having  one  form  :  vntis  =  one, 
anii  jonna  =  a  form  ;  Sp.,  Port., 
tfe  Ital.  vniforine.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Having  only  one  form ;  hav- 
ing always  one  and   the   same 
form ;    not    clianging    in    form, 
shape,     character,    appearance,   """^'';p.-'"' 
&c.  ;  not  variable. 

'■  He  is  liimself«  rnifoTTite.  as  saint  James  aaj-th. 
without  alteration."— Bp.  Gardner:  ExpUcalion ;  Of 
CuOuAic  Faith,  ivA.  S. 

2.  Not  varying  in  degree  or  rate  ;  invariable, 
equable  :  as,  a  uniform  temperature,  xuiijorm 
motion. 

3.  Consistent  at  all  times ;  not  different ; 
as.  His  opinions  ou  the  subject  have  always 
been  unifo'i^ni. 

4.  Having  only  one  character  throughout; 
homogeneous. 

"Sometiuiea  there  are  many  pai'ts  of  a  law,  aud 
sometimes  it  ia  uniform,  and  hath  in  it  but  oneduty." 
— fl/j.  Tttylor:  Hide  of  Cmucience,  bk,  iii.,  ch.  vi. 

5.  Conforming  to  one  rule  ;  agreeing  with 
each  other  ;  of  the  same  form  or  character  as 
others. 

"The  only  doubt  is  about  the  manner  of  their 
unity,  how  far  cimrches  are  bouud  to  be  uniform  in 
their  ceremyuies."— tfooArtT. 

B.  As  siibst.  :  A  dress  of  the  same  kind, 
faTiric.  fashion,  or  general  appearance  as  that 
worn  by  other  members  of  the  same  body, 
whether  military,  naval,  or  other,  by  wliieh 
the  members  nmy  be  recognized  as  belonging 
to  that  particular  body.  (Opposed  to  plain 
clothes  or  ordinary  eivil  dress.) 

"The  uiiifomis  and  arms  of  the  uew  comers  clearly 
iiidic;iteil  the  intent  iutluenue  of  the  master's  eye." — 
MactitiUn/ :  Hut.  Enij.,  ch.  xv. 

''  u'-ni-form,  v.t.  [Uniform.]  To  make  uni- 
form or  conformable  ;  to  cause  to  conform  ; 
to  adapt. 

"Thus  must  I  nniform  my  speech  to  your  obtuse 
conceptions." — Sidney  :   Wanstead  Play,  p.  622. 

*  u  -  ni  -  form'- al,  o.  [Eng.  uniform;  -al.) 
Uniform,  symnietricaL 

"  Her  comelye  nose  with  uniformall  grace." 

Jierrirk  :  Appendix,  p.  433. 

u-ni-for-mi-tar'-i-an,  s.  &  a.    [Eng.  uni- 

forini({!/);  -orian.] 

A.  As  mibst. :  One  who  holds  the  geological 
hypothesis   or   theory   of   nniformitarianism 

(q-v.). 

■'  The  one  point  the  catastrophists  aud  the  uni- 
fi.riiut-triaiit  acreed  upon  when  the  Society  was  founded 
\\:\.~\\>  k-ni.reitlgenlM^iciiUpecuIntiou]."— y'«»'''-^("'"'- 
(/('.i/.  soi-.,  vol,  XXV.,  p,  xli. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Uniformi- 
tariaiiisni  (([.v.). 

u-ni-for-nii-tar'-i-an-i^m,  s.  (Eng.  wui- 
formitarian ;  -ism.] 

Geoi.  :  A  tenn  introtluced  by  Prof.  Huxley 
to  express  the  view  strongly  advocated  by 
Hutton  and  Lyell,  that  there  is  no  need  for 
the  hypothesis  of  alternate  |ieriods  of  repose 
and  convulsion  to  account  for  the  present 
appearance  of  the  earth's  crust.  All  that  wt' 
see  might  be-  and  they  believed  was— i>ro- 
duced  by  the  ojieration  nf  nrdinary   causes 


continuerl  during  indelinitely  long  periods  of 
time.     [tiEOLOOV.j 

•'I  have  9t>oken  of  Cuiformltarl/inism  pa  th*  Aae- 
trtno  of  llutton  and  \.ytu."—/f»ul^if :  /'rvj.  Addrem. 
in  Vuarf.  Juitrn.  Oe  ■/.  Hoc.,  vul.  xxv.  p.  xll. 

u-ni-form'-i-t^,  •u-ni-form-l-tle,  s. 

[Fr.  unifinnitr,  from  Liit.  uniformittUtwL, 
accus.  of  VII  ifonnitas  =  uniformity,  from  tuu- 
fonnis  =  uniform  (ii-v.).] 

1.  The  qmdity  or  state  of  being  uniform; 
resemblance  to  itself  at  all  times  ;  tJie  quality, 
state,  or  character  of  adhering  to  one  plan  ail 
through,  or  of  having  the  imrts  similar. 

"Rut  fi)r  pniformifir  of  butldlnK  .  .  .  the  tovmc  «f 
Cnnd>ridui-,  iv  t  he  newer  workniiuiNhlp,  excoudeth  that 
of  Oxford."— //o/<7U.^ed .'  Deicr.  England,  bk.  It.,  ch.  kj^ 

2.  Consistency,  sameness. 

"Queeu  Elisuibeth  wim  reinitrkable  fur  that  stvMli- 
ness  and  unif-irynity  which  mu  through  all  brr  :ic- 
tious."— -<tWi«'»". 

3.  Conformity  amongst  several  or  many  to 
one  i>attern  or  rule  ;  consonauee,  agre^jmeiit, 
accord. 

"  Tlie  unity  of  that  vlsllile  body  and  Church  of  tlmrt  ■ 
consiateth  in  that  iinifonnitti  which  all  tlm  »evtxi/ 
periion.1  thereuuto  belougiui^  \i»,\e."—Bouker. 

4.  Continued  (tr  unvarying  sameness  •re- 
likeness  ;  monotony. 

^  Act  of  Uniformity : 

Chitrch.  Hist.  :  The  Act  13  &  14  Car.  lU 
c.  4.  designed  to  regulate  the  terms  of  mem- 
bership in  the  Church  of  England  and  in  tiie 
colleges  of  Oxford  and  Canilnidge.  Both  tlie 
Anglican  and  the  Puritan  parties  had  desired 
their  faith  to  Ix-  tliat  of  the  Cliurch  of  Eng- 
land, and  Charles  H.,  wlio,  as  a  step  to  ol>- 
taining  his  father's  throne,  wished  to  stand 
well  with  both  j'arties,  promised  at  Breda  to 
use  his  influence  to  bring  about  a  certain 
measure  of  comprehension.  But  tlie  Parlia- 
ment was  in  no  mood  to  vote  for  such  a 
schenie,  and  the  Act  of  Uniformity  requireii 
the  clergy  to  sign  the  Thiity-nine  Articles 
and  to  use  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer.  The 
enforeement  of  these  regulations  led  to  the 
secession  from  the  Churcli  of  England  of  uj>- 
wardsof  2,000  clergymen,  and  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  modern  dissent.  The  Aet  of  Uni- 
formity Amendment  Act,  passed  July  18, 1S72, 
soniewJiat  moditied  that  of  Charles,  as  X\w 
University  Test  Act,  passed  June,  1S71,  had 
done  the  year  before. 

u'-ni-form-ly,  *  u-ni-forme-lic,  odr. 

[Eng.  ■tntijorm  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  uniform  manner  or  degree  ;  without 
variation  ;  with  even  tenor. 


2.  Without  diversity  of  one  from  another. 

"They  turue  it  often,  that  it  may  be  vni/ormelir 
driii."—//olinshed :  LiiScr.  Eug..  ch.  vi. 

3.  With  consistency  throughout. 

*u'-ni-form-ness,  s.  (Eng.  vniform;  rniss.\ 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  uniform;  uni- 
formity. 

"  Rules  grounded  nn  the  analogj-  and  uniformneM 
observed  in  the  productiou  of  uatuml  eSecta."—Berke- 
leii :  Of  Buinan  Knoipl<di/e.  pt.  1.,  §  ItfS. 

u'-ni-fly,  'u-ni-fie,  r.t.  (Lat.  ?(n-u5  =  one, 
and  fo.cio  =  to  make.]  To  make  or  form  into 
one  ;  tn  make  a  unit  of ;  to  reduce  to  unity  or 
nniformity  ;  to  view  as  one. 

"To  simplifie  and  unifir  their  desires."— J/on(ni7U«-r 
Devoute  EKsai/i*.  pt.  ii.,  treat.  8. 

*  U-ni-gen'-i-ture,  .'.  (Lat.  unigenitus  ■= 
only-begotten,  fro'm  iin}is  =  one,  and  genitus, 
pa.  par.  of  y ig no  —  to  beget.]  The  state  of 
being  the  only-begotten. 

u-ni-geu'-i-tiis.  o.  (Lat.  =  only-begotten.I 
Eci-lesiol. :  Used  to  denote  the  Bull  com- 
meni'ing  Uiiigenitus  Dei  i-'iVii/s  (the  Only  Be- 
gotten .Son  of  God),  issued  byPopeCIemi'iitXI- 
in  1713  in  condemnation  of  101  propositions 
taken  from  Quesnel's  work.  The  New  le^loiwnt 
translated  into  FTench^  witk  Moral  liejlections. 
[Jansenism,  1.] 

"u-nig'-en-ous,  a.  [Unioenttvre.]  Of  one 
kind  ;  of  the  same  kind. 

U-nij'-U-gate,   a.      [Lat.   i/ny«^«s=  Jiaving 
*  one   yoke ;'  pref.   uni-  and  Lat.  jiigum  =  x 

yoke,  a  j'air.) 
lii't.  (Of  a  leaf):  Having  a  single  pair  of 

leaflets;  paired.     (Conjuuate.J 

U-ni-la'-bx-ate,  a.     [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 

hihwic] 

Hot. :  Having  but  a  single  lip. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9tiin,  benph;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -$ion  ~  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  &c.  —  bei.  deL 


unilateral— unindifferent 


a  ni-Ut'-er-^  i.  [Vtvt.  unf-,  mid  Eng. 
ittenil.) 

'  1.  Onl.  l.ang. :  Hnviiig  but  a  single  side  ; 
]tt'i1ainiiiK  to  one  side  ;  one-sided. 

'».  /(■'(. :  Arnint;ed  on  i)r  tnnied  towards  oiii' 
iii^lt■  only,  us  the  Howi'rs  of  Aiithulyza. 

onUateral-contraot.  s.  a  one-sided 
fiiiiu'  t.  iliat  is,  11  contmot  wliieli  binds  "hly 
mil'  iMtty  ;  tin-  utliei  party,  from  thu  natuiii 
t>l  till-  LMse,  not  needing  to  be  bound. 

•U-ni-Ut'-or-^  o.  IPref.  nni;  and  Eng. 
litrni!.]  Consisting  of  only  one  letter;  as,  a 
■unilUeral  word. 

*  ttn-n-lumed'.  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Enjj. 
illitm'-l.]    Nut  illuminated  ;  not  lighted  up. 

■■  Ucr  Ulr  eye.  iiuw  brinht.  now  unillutn^tl.' 

C»lerui-je  :  lte4litty 'i/  iV.ifiofM. 

•iin-il-lu'-min-at-dd,  »•  ll*ref.  h(i-(1), 
and  En^,'.  Ulnminated.] 

1.  Lit. :  Not  illuminated  ;  dark. 

2.  fifj. :  Ignorant. 

*  j^w-n-ln-Ror-j^,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eup. 
ilhisaty.]  Nuteausingor  pro<lucing  illusion, 
deception,  or  the  like  ;  not  illusory ;  nol 
deceptive. 

•■Through  A  pair  of  cold.  uniUtuory  bftnmcli-'p."— 
Lytton:  J/y  .Vocef.  bk,  ill.,  ch.  xxii. 

*  un-il'-lus-tra  ted,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and 
Eui,'.  iUnstmt'ti.]  Not  illustrated  with  draw- 
ings, cuts,  vni^ntvings,  or  the  like. 

"By   .-ml    I'f    which   wt-   c-in    t«a<.h    lukiiy  Hulijects 

auickrr  mill  Ix-ltt-r  tlmii  tht  lunst  impressive  vi-rbnl 
escri|iti"ii.  uuilhixtrated.  could  ever  attain  tu."— 
C<tar((t  Ttv/niicat  £Juaitur.  pt.  xL,  p.  275. 

n-ni-l6c-u-lar,  «.  [Pi'ef-  w«i-,  and  Eug. 
loaiUir.] 

1.  Hot.  :  Having  but  a  single  cell  in  the 
fruit. 

2.  Zool. :  Possessing  a  single  cjivity  or  cham- 
ber. Applied  to  the  shells  of  Foraniinifera 
and  MoUusca. 

tin  i- mas' -in-able,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (i).  and 
Eng.  ima'ji>utb'U.\  Not  capable  of  being 
imagined,  conceived,  or  thought  of;  incon- 
ceivable. 

*'  O  thou  beautiful' 
And  unimaginable  vt\i«T'."        Byron:  Cain,  ii.  1. 

*  un-i  m&g'-in-a-blc-ness,  s.    [Eng.  un- 

■tina(}i)i(0>le ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
l>eing  unimaginable  or  inconceivable:  incon- 
etivableness. 

"The  u n if na a ittaUrnets of  points  and  smnllext  pnr- 
tiiiliw.  —More.   /mjnort.o/the!<out,hk.i.,c):i.\\. 

* un-i-naig'-ill-a-bl^,  adv.  (Eng.  uninia- 
tjiiiahiU);  -ly.]  Inconceivably.  (Uoyle:  Works, 
iii.  077.  J 

* un-i-m&lf-in-a-tive,  a.  [Pref.  iin-  (i). 
and  Eng.  iimigiiuUtve.]  Showing  little  or  no 
imaginative  powers. 

'■  Tlicse  our  unimaginattve  days. ' 

\y  or  els  worth :  Excursion,  bk.  ii. 

un-i-Xn^g'-Uied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
imaging.]  Not  imagined  or  concaived  ;  not 
formed  in  idea  ;  undreamt  of. 

"  Vnima^n'd  blias."  Thomson  :  Liberty. 

*  •Bw-fm-'-it-fl.-ble,  a.  [Pref.  -?ni-  (1),  and 
imitahlc]  Not  capable  of  being  imitated  ;  in- 
inatable. 

"Th'.u  art  all  uvimUable."—Beaum.  J:  Flet. :    Laws 
dJ Candy,  i.  3. 

un-im-mer&ed',  a.    [Pref.  v.n-  (l),  and  Eng. 
I  immersed.]    Not  immersed  ;  not  simk  Iwlow 

I  the  surface  of  the  water.    (Used  .specific,  of 

submarine  torpedo-boats.) 

"  She  can  steam,  when  unimmertfd,  at  the  rate  of 
seventeen  knota  on  hour." — Qtobe,  Dec,  21,  1&8T, 

'fin-iim-mor'-tal,  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (l).  and 
Eng.  immortal.]'  Nut  immortal;  mortal; 
liable  to  death.     {Mitton:  P.  L.,  x.  611.) 

&ll-un-mured',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
immured.  1  Unfortified  ;  without  walls. 
{SaJidys :  Travels,  p.  155.) 

un-im-palr -a  ble,  a.     (Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 

Eng.  impairaile.]  Not  capable  of  being  im- 
paired, iiynred,  diminished,  or  weakened. 

"  tTodiTiiinishable  and  unimpairable."—More  :   hff. 
~"  Philos.  Cabbaia,  ch.  \ii. 

un-un-palred',  a.  [Pief.  im-  (l),  and  Eng. 
imjtaired.]  Not  impaired,  injured,  diminished, 
«*  weakened.    (Coicper  :  Yardley  Oak.) 

*  iin-im-part'-ed,  o.      [Pref.  un-  (l),    and 


Eng.    iwji«i7.'(?.J     Not    imparted,    shared,   or 
connnunieateil. 

"  Uut  )>ra%'r  AcIiIIIm  ahnt^ 
His  virtue*  elo*e.  an  itnintttitrtnl  i.tor«." 

('•jiep'-r  :  //■*nirr  ;  fliad  X. 

ilnim  pass  toned  (ss  as  sh),  ".  [Prri. 
un-  (\).  atid  Kng.  i»i/'<'.vMy,n-./.]  Not.  impas- 
siimed  ;  md  imive.i.  actuated,  or  inllueneed 
by  passion  ;  calm,  tranquil,  quiet. 

"  The  Nuiir  nieuk,  uin'tTeiKllng.  Hnimpiuai'iifd  man." 
—  itUmaii     Latin  ChrittianHy,  bk.  viil.,  ch.  vill. 

tin  im-pea$h'-a-ble,  a.  [^vqU  un-  <i), 
and  Eng.  imyntnhahk.]  Not  impeachable; 
not  caiwble  of  being  called  impeached,  ac- 
cused, censured,  or  called  in  question  ;  free 
fjom  guilt,  stain,  blame,  or  repro-ich  ;  blame- 
less, irieproachalde. 

■■  Tcrfi-ct  nnd  it nimpeachable  of  blame." 

Coie/ier  :  Task,  \.  8C. 

un-im  pea9h-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  un- 
i»tj»jf:/m'ile :  -m'.vs.]  The  quality  or  state  nf 
being  unimpeachable. 

'*  Jnalnuattuna  .  .  .  agalust  the   unimtMinehablenesi 
of  his  motives."— tfw/wiM.-  JfaiidevUle,  ill.  188. 

unim -peached',  a.   [Pref.  nn-(\),  and  Eng. 

imi>Ciirhnl.] 

1.  Nid  impeached  ;  not  charged  or  accused. 

'*  Cnimpeach'd  for  traitorous  crime." 

Byron  :  Siege  <if  Corinth,  i. 

2.  Not  called  in  question  ;  undisputed. 


un-im-ped'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
imj^-eded.]  Nut  impeded;  unmolested,  open, 
clear. 

"  Its  unimpeded  sky." 

Long/ellow :  Sandoftlte  Desert. 

*  un-im'-pli-cate,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  impVicate{d).]     Not  implicated. 

"  She.  unimpeachtd  of  crime,  uninipUcate 
111  folly."  Browning :  Ring  &  Book,  xi.  1,383. 

*  un-un-pliy'-it,  a.    [Pref.  7(n-(l),  and  Eng. 

hnpUcit.]      Not    entire,   unlimited,   or    unre- 
strained;  liniited,  guarded. 

"The  general  contirmatiou  of  unimjAivit  ttulli.'— 
MiUon :  Uf  Toleration. 

*  un-3un-plbred',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  ami  Eng, 
implored.]  Not  implored  ;  not  solicited;  un- 
solicited. 


un-im-pbrt'-ance,  .''.     [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 

Eng.  importance.]      Want  of  importance,  cnn- 
sequence,  weight,  or  value  ;  insignificance. 

un-im-pbrt'-ant,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  imi^jrlaut.] 

1.  Not  important  or  mcmentous  ;  not  of 
great  moment. 

"The  ttnimpartant  skinuish  of  Bantry  Bay.  — 
Macaulay :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

*  2.  Not  assuming  high  airs  of  dignity  ;  un- 
assuming. 

"A  free,  unimportant,  natural,  easy  manner."— 
Pope  -■  To  Stci/t. 

*.un-un-pbrf-ing,  «.      [Pref.   un-  (l),  and 
'Eng.    impctrtiug.]       Not    impnrting ;    not    ot 
moment  or  consetiuence  ;  tritliug. 

"  Matter  of  rite,  or  of  nnimporting  consequence.  '— 
Bp.  UaU  :  St.  Paul's  Combat. 

"  un-im-por- tuned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  iviiKirhnied.]  Not  importuned ;  not 
solicited  witli  pertinacity  or  perseverance. 

"  Whoever  rau 
To  danger  unimportun'd." 

Donne :  To  the  Lady  Carey. 

un-im-po^ed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
impo.-ied.]  Not  imposed  ;  not  laid  on  or  ex- 
acted as  a  duty,  tax,  burden,  toll,  task,  ser- 
vice, or  the  like. 

"  Those  free  and  uiiimpogcd  expressions." — Jfilton  : 
Apol.for  iiniei'yninuus,  §  IL 

un-im-pb^'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  i/n-  (1),  and  Eng, 
imposing.] 

I.  Not  imposing;  not  commanding  rever- 
ence or  respect. 

*2.  Not  obligatory  ;  voluntary. 


un-im-pressed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

impii.'>^'d.] 

1.  Not  impressed  ;  not  moved  or  affected. 

2.  Not  marked  or  infixed  deeply. 

"  Thoughts  uncontrolled  and  unimpres8<'d,  the  births 
Of  pure  election."       Young  :  Sight  Thoughts,  v.  12C. 

un-im-press'-i-ble,  n.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 


Eng.  imprtasihle.]    Not  impressible  ;  n  »l  .sen- 
sitive ;  not  easily  moved  ;  apjithetie. 

"CbkrHwaft  huueitt  and  qmet:  Imt  heavy,  iiiindU-»M. 
unimprt-*tibU:"—C.  Bronte:  Jane  Eyre,  ch    X\mI. 

un  im~presa'  ion-a-ble  (ss  as  sh),  ". 

[Pn-f.  un-  (I).  i""l  Eng.  )»(f»vv,(-.((((W..)    Nut 
imprcssi. Pliable  ;  luiirniuessible. 

"  UiiiniprrssinnitMe  natures  .ire  Mot  so  souu  si>(tened." 
— C  Bronte:  Jane  Eyre,  ch.  xxi. 

"  tin-im-pri^'-on-a-ble,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Kii;;.  impr'tsiuvthk.]    Not  capable  of  being 
iinpiisoned.  shut  up,  or  confined. 

■•Those  two  nio(*t  iiuimpritonnbfe  things."- .t/iVfon  .- 
Aiiswr  to  Eikon  Butilike,  5  I''. 

un-im-prov'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  .iml 
Eug,  improvable.] 

1.  Incajable  of  being  improved  oradvanci-d 
to  a  better  condition;  not  admitting  of  im- 
provement or  melioration. 

"The  principal  faculty  which  is  wanting  in  ^Ul■ll. 
and  by  te.-t^hiiig  irrep;»nible  And  unimprooabh"— 
Hammond.    W orkx.  \\ .  hll . 

2.  Incapable  of  being  cultivated  or  tilled. 

"un-im-prov'-a-ble-ness.  .^.  [Eng.  ?n)- 
improviihle ;  -ness.]  Tlie  quality  or  state  ot 
being  unimprovable. 

"  Their  ignorance  and  unimpropableneas  in  matters 
of  knowledge."— //a"i»w<([/:   M'orA*,  i.  *83. 

un-im-proved',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
improved.] 

1.  Not  improved;  not  made  better  or  wiser; 
not  advanced  in  manners,  knowledge,  excel- 
lence, skill,  &c. 

"Shallow.  im*>n;<fnir<?  intellects  are  confident  pre- 
tenders  W  cerUtinty.  —UlancHle. 

2.  Not  used  fnr  a  valuable  or  useful  pur- 
pose ;  not  turned  to  good  use. 

"  While  he  that  scorns  the  noonday  beam,  perverse. 
Shall  find  the  blessing,  unimprotvd,  a  cui-se. " 

Cowper:  Truth,  ri24. 

3.  Not  tilled  ;  not  brought  into  cultivation  : 

as,  unimpryj-ved  land. 

un-im-prov'-img,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  improving.]  Not  improving  ;  not  ad- 
vancing in  knowledge,  manners,  excellence, 
skill,  or  the  like. 


"un-im-pugn'-a-ble  (-7  silent),  «.    [Pref. 

■ini-  (I),  and  Eng.  iinpvijuijlile.]     Not  capable 
of  being  impugned  ;  unimpeachable. 

■"Hia  truthiulue^^s  [must   Iw]  iinimpttguabIe."—W. 
n.  Greg. 

t  U-ni-miis'-cu-lar,  a.  [Pref.  unl-,  and  Eng. 
viHscular.] 

Zool.  :  Having  oidy  one  muscular  impres* 
sinn  ;  mnnomyary  (q.v.). 

"  un-in-9ensed',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
iiu-enscd.]  Not  incensed,  inflamed,  provoked, 
or  irriLited. 


""  un~in-9i-dent'-al,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  imidentai.]  Unmarked  by  any  inci- 
dents. 

"Times  of  fat  quietness  and  unincidental  ease."— 
Bp.  WUbcrforct,  in  Life,  ii.  liH. 

un-in-clb^ed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
iticlosed.]  Not  shut  in  or  surrounded  as  with 
a  wall,  fence,  or  the  like. 

"  In  waste  and  uninclosed  lauds."— 6Vh((/i  ;   Wealth 
0/  Sationa,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xi. 

■  tin-in-cor'-pbr-at-ed,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (i), 

ami    Eng.    iiicorporated.]     Not    incorporated; 
not  mixed,  united,  or  blended  into  one  body. 

"  Cn incorporated  with  any  of  the  nations  of  the 
eaxth.'—Attfrbur}/:  liermons,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  5. 

*  un-in-creas'-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  incredfahh:.]  Not  cajjable  of  being  in- 
creasc'l  ;  admitting  of  no  increase. 

"  An  altogether  or  almost  7inincreasable  elevation." 
—Boyle  :    Works,  i.  2i'i. 

"  un-in-ciun'-bered^  n.    [Unencumbered.] 

'  un~in-denf -ed,  c*.  [Pref.  un- (l),  and  Eng. 
iiideMled.]  Not  indented  ;  nol  marked  by  any 
indentation,  notch,  wrinkle,  or  the  like. 

"  The  rest  of  the  couutennncc  was  perfectly  sumoth 
and  unindentcd.'—Lylton:  Pelham,  ch.  Ixix. 

*  iin-in-dif '-fer-ent,  a.  [Pref.  ««-(!),  and 
Eng.  indifferent.]'  ^oi  indillerent ;  not  un- 
l)iassed  or  unprejudiced  ;  jiartial,  biassed. 

"Their  own  pai-tiall  and  H»J(«diJ?ereH(  proceeding," 
—Hooker  :  EccCcS.  Poiitie.  bk.  v.,  §  81. 


late,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there; 
or,  wore,  w^olf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cilb,  ciire.  ninite.  cur,  rule,  full ;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine ;  go.  pot, 
Syrian,    se.  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unindulgent— uninterruptedly 


.:'7 


'  iin-in-dul'-gent,  a.  IPref.  »»- (U.  an.l 
1.I1-.  i.i'hil'K'tit.]    Nut  indiilyt'iit  or  kiiul. 

•■tin  iiK-  :i.>t  iiiiiiutiititriit  (liU- 
Itt-nloMfil  ii  nmil.  iMlm  rt-treiit,'  ' 

/Vuftcu;  J/orace,  ii.  IC. 

ua  in-dus'-tri-ous,  «.    [Prof,  mi-  (1),  and 

Ell;;.  inihis(rit>ns.\  Nut  iiHlustriouH  ;  nut  <lili- 
:^i-nl  in  Isibunr,  stmly,  or  tlie  Hki' ;  idle. 

"  Fnr  Iwyoiii!  tin*  mtllimry  coui-se 
Tli:it  i>Mi.-r  ll„inllu^rriou3l\^v-•^  nm." 

/hiiufi:  .Vitaoiihilitt. 

•  un-in-dus'-tri-oiis-lj^,  odi:  [Eng.  fmic- 
wr.-;0(.M(s,-  ■{'/.]  Not  imlustricnisly  ;  without 
iiiilirstiy  oi'Uiliy:ence. 

■■  \ot  .1  little  or  titiindustriatuti/  sQ\iciio»B."—Bo!/tf  : 

un  in-dweU'-a-We,'^'.  [Piff.  't'i-(l);  Ei'^- 
toilinll,  iui'l  ^till.  -o'j/e.]     Uiiinliabitabl«\ 

■■  \  vjist  ilosflt  to  all  Imt  Amhit  uiiitutwelluhlt:"— 
L<tiic:  Svtectiottt/roin  the  Kurati,  !>.  lu.    iliitiwl.) 

t  u -ni-ner'-vate»  ".    [Pref.  uiU-,  and  Eng. 

y;nf.  ;  On.'-iihbed  ;  liaving  but  one  rib,  as  is 
1I:l'  cusi;  with  most  leaves.    (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

Mn-in-fect'-ed,  a.  IPref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eni;. 
/;(/.rc(M  Nut  infected;  not  cuntaminatecl, 
iKillutetl,  oi-  corrupted.    (Lit.  A  Jig.) 

"The  tiiiii'f'-'tfd  part  of  the  coiuiuuuity."— A'hoj  .■ 
.ViV.r  -/  /».  </...r,,«/t.  §  29. 

-un-in-flamed;  <'.  [Prt'f.  un-  (1),  and  Eui;. 
/;?/<(  1/1. </.]  Nut  inflamed;  not  set  on  tire; 
nut  aj^hnv.     (Lit.  or  Jig.) 

"  Sliuw  oue  niiHueiit  uninflametl  with  love." 

I'ouiig:  Force  uf  Jtelii/ioiu  ii. 

■  im-iil-flam'-ma-'ble,  c  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Kii^.  ui^flaiiniKii'U:.']  Nut  ciipable  of  being  in- 
liiiiiied  or  set  on  tire.     (Lit.  or  Jig.) 

"The  utiiiijtammuble  spirit  of  such  coucretes,"— 
Boytf. 

un-in'-flu-en9ed,    t(.     [Pref.    an-  (1),  and 

En-.  hi!tiu-».''-'l.\ 

1.  Nut  influenced  ;  not  moved  by  others  or 
I-y  forrij^u  t'unsiderations  ;  not  biassed. 

■Timstf  lieivrts  tr »injiuencfU  hy  the  ixiwer 
U£  uutwiiril  change."  Wordsworth  :  Sonnet. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  influence,  bias,  or 
1>rejudice  ;  as,  uiiuijtuenccd  conduct. 

f  un  in-flu-en'-tial  (ti  as  sh),  «.    [Pref. 

.'((-  (1),  and  Eny;.  injl'ueii'ial.] 

1.  Nut  exerting  any  influence  ;  inoperative. 

"  A  motive  wliicli  was  unin/iueiitiitl,  or  was  not  pro- 
'Inotive  tjf  the  coiTcsyoudeut  iicl/'—Cogun:  Etbivat 
Jieittite,  dis.  'J,  ch.  iv. 

2.  Not  i)ossessing  any  influence. 

"  Au  umnjluential  squire."— /*«»  Mall  Gazette.  Feh. 

7,  1SS8. 

un-in-formed',  ".    [Pref.  mi-  (\),  and  Eng. 

,nJnr,.tr.L\ 

1.  Nut  informed,  instructed,  or  taught; 
iiutaught. 

"  The  iiniitformed  and  heeilles.s  soals  of  nieii." 
Vuwper :  Tiuk,  v.  864. 

*  2.  Not  animated;  not  imbued  witli  vitality. 
i^Steeh- :  Sjxrtator,  No.  41.) 

'  3.  Not  imbued  :  as,  A  picture  xuiinfonncd 
with  imagination. 

^un-in-fringed\  o.  [Pref,  loi-  (l),  a,nd  Eng. 
In/rintji.d.]  Nut  infringed  ;  not  eucroaoin--d 
apun. 

"Whyia  a  constant  struggle  necessary  to  preserve 
it  [the  t'ouBtitutiuuJ  UHhtfrinned}' — Knox:  Spirit  ••/ 
lieipolism,  §  3. 

i  un-in-fring'-i-ble,  ".  [Pref.  tut-  (1),  antl 
Vava.  iii/riiujihh:]  That  eannot  or  may  nut 
be  infringetl  upon. 

■■  All  iiiiiii/riiijibU-  inimoixAy."— Sir  W.  Uaniiltoii. 

"un-in-ge'-m-ous  (1),  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
;ind  Eng.  ingenious.]  Not  ingenious  ;  want- 
ing in  ingenuity  ;  not  witty  or  clever. 

"These  uningenioiu  paradoxes  and  reTeries,"— 
linrkf     Un  n  Lute  .itute  (/  Che  Sation. 

-  un  in-ge  -ni-oiis  (2),  a.    [Usingenuou.s.] 
'  un  in  gen  u-ous,      un-in-ge'-m-ous 

(li),  ".  |l'ief.'i(u-  (1),  and  Eiig.  tn(j>^ni'On.-<^ 
■  iii[ii:niui'--^.\  Not  iugenuuus  ;  not  frank,  open, 
ur  eaii'lid  ;  disingenuous. 

■■  S'K-h  nnhiQenuoua  proceedincs."  —  Bp.  Taylor: 
tibcrift  ff  /"rvph'sm/inij.    (Ep.  Ded.) 

'  iin-in-gcn-u-ons-ness,  ■;.  [Eug.  nnin- 
ijrn  "O'ls  ;  -iifss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  "being 
disingenuous ;  disingennousness. 

"  I  CAUiiot  gues3  what  could  be  further  added  t<i  prove 
the  in^uKtice  and  uninyenuouencM." — Ilamntond  : 
Workf,  i.  ;i4. 


un  ia-hab'-it-a-ble,  u.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  inhnhitubh:]  Not  iuhabitabie;  not  lit 
fur  liabitatiun. 

"The  ■'.-bsttc  hud  in  ir.s.'.Wen  aliuost  unhUmbUabU." 
—M.t<:<iitln-j  .    nut.  Kn-t..  ch.  .\ii. 

■  iin  in-hai) -it-a-We-ness,  A\    (Eng.   «»- 

iiilinhitalili' :  -i».,-w.|    The  quality  or  slate   of 

l)firig  uninluibitable  ;  unlituess  f^or  habitation. 

"  Dit^'  iiniiih'tbit'ibluness  ut  the  turrkl  zone."— lioyte  : 

Workx,  i.  aia 

un-in-h&b'-it-ed,  n.  [Pref.  «»-(!), and  Eng. 
inh'hiitd.]  Not  inhabited  by  men;  having 
no  inhabitants. 

"  But  Hiiiiihabifed,  untitled,  unsown. 

1 1,  lies."  Pope  :  Hunter  ;  Odijucy  ix.  H3. 

iin  in-jured,  n.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
(/£;*'/>'/.]     Nut  hurt ;  unhurt. 


un-in-jur'-i-OUS,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  iiijnfiom.\  Not  huilful  or  harmful  ; 
harnileiis. 

"Their  own  husoina  will  be  calm  aud  Berene.  unin- 
jured  and  uninjurions."  —  Knox:   Sermont,   vol.   vi., 

t  un-in-jiir'-i-OUS-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  uninjuri- 
»Hs:  -lif.]  In  an  uninjurious  manner;  without 
injury. 

"The  charging  [^f  a  Faure  cell)  may  l>e  done  iinin- 
Jitriously.'—Sir  IV.  2'hi/mptiin,  in  Times,  Sept.  '1,  ISsl. 

U-ni-no'-dal,  If.    [Pref.  (Oti-,  and  Eng.  nodal.] 
Bot.  (Of  a  peduncle):  Bt^aring  only  one  node. 
iUudleu.) 

*  un-in-qui^'-i-tive,  f^.    [Pref.  mi-  (i),  and 

Eng.  inqiii'^itiri:]     Not  curiuus  or  diligent  to 
.search  into  ami  investigate  things. 

"Their  tut j'i'/i(f«i7<ifr  temper  kee|*s  them  in  n  totil 

ij^noniiice  itlniut  aecoudiiry  causes,"— fi/>.  Horaley:  Ser- 

ntojis,  vul.  i.,  ^r,  11. 

*  iin-in- scribed',  ".    [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eug. 

hiHrribiid.]     Having  no  inscription. 

•'  Obscure  tlie  phioe,  luut  unhigcribcd  the  -stone." 
I'filic:    Windtor  J-'orent.iiiO. 

un-in-spired,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
inspired.] 

1.  Not  inspired  ;  not  having  received  any 
su]>einatuiul  instruction  or  illumination. 

"A  veneration  more  than  was  due  t"  the  opinions 
of  any  uninspired  teacher. "—B/j.  Hartley:  Sermons, 
vot  i..  ser.  .i. 

2.  Not  produced  or  written  under  inspira- 
tion :  as,  unin!<pircd  writings. 

iin-in-Struct'-ed,    a.      [Pref.   nn-  (l),   and 

Eng.  instrurted.] 

1.  Nut  instructed  or  taught ;  untaught,  un- 
educated. 

"  Men  of  ((H(((j(0-Mc'/erfiniud8  and  sanguine  tempers." 
— Jfacuulay  :  JUal,  Eng.,  ch.  xL 

2.  Not  directed  by  superior  authority  ;  un- 
directed ;  not  furnished  with  instructions. 

*■  Unlmtractcd  how  to  stem  the  tide." 

Drifden;  Don  Sebatliun,  iii,  1. 

*un-m-Struct'-ive,  c  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  insln'fA(Vf\\  Not  instructive  ;  not 
serving  or  tending  to  convey  instruction. 


^  un-in-ter-li-gen9e, .«.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eug.  intdlUjuiu-f.]  Want  of  intelligence  ;  stu- 
pidity due  to  ignorance. 

"And  uow  Ilia  unintclfig^na^  was  not  more  straiise 
then  his  misconstruction. " — Bp.  Ball:  Cont.;  John 
Baptist  Beheaded. 

un-in-tel'-li-gent,  o.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  iufdligiHt.'] 

1.  Not  intelligent;  not  having  reason  or 
understanding;  stupid,  dull. 

"  A  gallant  soldier  and  a  not  unintelliffcnt  officer.'— 
MacauUiy :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  ii, 

2.  Not  acting  by  intelligence  or  innate 
k»owledge. 

"  By  the  application  of  an  nttlnfrlJigent  impulse  to  a 
mechanism  i)reviously  aiTanged,"— /"a/t-tf ;  yatuj-ul 
Tlieologg,  cli.  ii. 

•un-in-tol-llg-i-bil'-i-ty,  s.      (Eng.  vnin- 

fdHgibil(>.');    -ifi/.]      The   quality   or  st-ate   of 
being  unintelligible  ;  unintelligibleness. 

"  Ii  we  have  truly  proved  the  nninfelligibilit// of  it 

in  .ill  iither  ways,  this  arguuieutatiou  is  undeniable." 

—Burnet:  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

un-in-tel'-lig-i-ble,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  Intdligil'U-.]  Nut  intelligible;  not  cap- 
able of  being  understood. 

"False  notiiins  which  would  make  the  suhseiiuent 
nari-ativeiu/uir'-'/if/tfi/cor  uninstructive."— J/ac(iu/My.- 
Jliat.  Eng.,  oh.  iii. 


*  tin-in- tSl'-Ug-i-blo -no ss,  ^.    lEng.  nn- 

intrlli.iihl,  :  •nrs.<.]  The  quality  or  sl4it"-  «f 
being  unintelligible ;  ineomprehensibility. 

".SouiM  hiuonvvntenco  or  uninl*UigiM^*tes»  in  th« 
one  moiv  than  tu  the  other.'— ff/^  Jt.  tr<ift:  On 
Bnrntt  t  Theory. 

iin-in-tel'-Iig~i-blj^,  adr.  [Eng.  uniatdti- 
gili(li) :  -hi.]  In  an  unint^-lligible  manner  ;  so 
as  nut  tu  btr  intelligiblt!  r)r  understooil. 

"TIiIh  iirt  of  wrltinu  nninleUiglMy  has  Wen  very 
muoh  luipruved. "—//(«(;/(•//.   spectator.  No,  ;i7t*. 

iin-ln-tend'-ed,  •'.  IPref.  un-  (i),  ami  Eng. 
inti-nd'd.\     N'lt  intmiled  ;  unintentional. 

un-ln-ten -tion-al,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (i).  and 
Eng.  inti:ntiuuid.\  Not  intentional,  nut  dt;- 
signed  ;  not  done,  said,  or  happening  by  jire- 
nu;ditJition  or  design  ;  unpremeditated. 

"  I'nintenttonnl  Iiijihuh  in  the  duties  of  /rlciid'hiii." 
—Knox:  Easayi.  Xo.  ^j, 

un-in-ten'-tion-al-lj^,  adc.  [Eng.  •uin- 
tenfiunal ;  -lij.]  Nut  intentionally;  vvitbuut 
design  or  preniediiutitm. 

"  Hla  houHe,  and  thiise  of  hl«  hrethren,  were  i/tt*(t. 
tentioiially  cuiisuined."— CooA."  Third  Voyage,  bk.  v., 
ch.  V. 

*  iin-in'-ter-essed,  ».     [Pref.  nn-  (i),  and 

Eng.  hi(t:rfssol.\     Uninterested. 

"The  te<?timiiiiy  ix  general,  hoth  us  to  time  and 
]jlice  iiiiintcres!>'<t." — tilanoilt  :  Essay  2. 

iin-in'-ter-est-ed,  «.      [Pref.   un-  (l),   and 

Eng.  iiitcrcsttd.] 

1.  Not  interested  ;  nrit  having  any  property 
or  interest  in  ;  not  personally  concerned. 

2.  Not  having  the  mind  or  passions  iii- 
teiested  or  engaged. 

■■  flood  and  wise  )»erHons.  uninterested  in  the  case." 
—.Seeker :  Sermons.  v.i|.  ij.,  ser.  V. 

iin-in'-tcr-est-ihg»  ".  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  intevesting.]  Not  of  an  intri.-sting 
character ;  not  (^pable  of  exciting  or  engaging 
the  mind,  passions,  or  attention  ;  dull. 

"  t'nitttcresrinff  barren  truths  which  iteneiiite  no 
i-ouvhiai-mr—Bnrke:  On  a  late  State  qf  the  .\ntion. 

un-in-ter-fered',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  interfered.]     Not  interfered  (with). 

"  I'ncoutiolled  and  uninter/ered  with  by  the  ob- 
structions raised.'— /Vf;W,  Deo.  31,  1887. 

*  un-in-ter-miss -ion  (ssassh),  .^.    [Pref. 

i')t-(i).  and  Eng.  intt-r mission.]  Absence  of 
intermission. 

un-in-ter-mif-ted,  «.  [Pref.  H»t-(i),  and 
Eng.  intennitted.]  Not  intermitted;  not  in- 
terrupted or  suspended  for  a  time  ;  continued, 
continuous. 

"An  iiniiitermifted  conflict  of  ten  years."— J/ac- 
atilay  :  Hint.  Eng,,  ch,  xii, 

*  un-in-ter-mit'-ted-ljr,  oxlv.  [Eng.  nnin- 
tennitted;  -ly,]  Without  intermission  ;  uu- 
interruptedly. 

*  un-in-ter-mit'-ting,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  intermitting.]  Having  no  intennissiou 
or  interruption ;  cuntinuing. 

'  un-in-ter-mixed'r  «.  [Pref.  i(ii-(i),  ancl 
Eng.  intt-rmi-a-d.]  Not  intermixed,  not 
mingled. 

"  Vninternux'd  with  flctious  fantasies. 
I  verify  the  truth."  Uaniel:  Civil  Wan. 

'  un-in-ter'-pret-a-ble,  a.    [Pief.  uo{\), 

and  Eng.  i at'irprctohk.]  Not  capable  of  l>eiug 
interpreted. 

iin-in-ter'-pret-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l).  and 

Eng,  iiderprtt-'d.]     Not  interpreted. 

"  Cnhiterprctcd  by  practice."— Sacfter  .■  Serm>.n*,  vol. 
iii.,  ser.  7. 

un-in-terred',  ",  [Pref.  -un  (i),  and  Eng. 
intfrrrd.]  Not  interred ;  not  buried;  un- 
buried. 

"  t'nwept,  uutionour'd,  uninterr'd.  he  lies." 

f'opc:  Homer:  IliadxxU.  48*. 

un-in-ter-riipt'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  iatcrruptciL] 

I.  Ord.  Ltmg.  :  Not  interrupted ;  nut 
broken  ;  unintermitted, continuous;  free  IVum 
intermission  or  interrujition. 

"  But  this  won<UTful  profli»erity  was  not  uninter- 
rupted,'— Jfacaalay:  J/ut.  Eng.,  ch.  xriii. 

'»■  II.  Bot. :  Not  having  its  .symmetrical  av- 
i-angenieni  destroyed  by  anything  local ;  cun- 
sisting  of  regularly  increasing  or  diminishing 
parts,  or  of  parts  all  of  the  same  size  ;  con- 
tinuuus. 

un-in-ter-riipt'-ed-l^,  odr.     [Eng.  nnin- 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9liin«  ben^b :  go.  gem ;  tbin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect.  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,    tian      sban,      tiou,  -sion  -  shun;  -tion.  -§lon  ^  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  —  b?l,  del. 


3J8 


uninthralled— unionism 


tfrnijitfl:  -lu.]     Witlioiu  iul«rriiptiou  or  m- 
U>niii'4.M>iii ;  C'MitiinioUftly. 

-Th*-  iittli'ntl  "•iltit  luv.  (luriiu  l!tr  Jiut  ilx  mi- 
lurtr-.  '■«•»  «liu.»t  u,u»t,-rrupt«dti/  liKieulii);.  — 
JTiicdHfiiy  :  //i^'  i^up..  cti.  (li. 

•iin-ln-throUed;  «.  (Pivf.  '<"-  0).  »"»1 
KiiK.   ni(/i.ii(/r./.J       Not  euthralleil,   not    t-ii- 

sluvt-l. 

•'  )i  iii-,h|«  tniut  W  tWU-ulous  W  luiy  JiulKiiicnt 
••iit/i/AfsWrtl."  — J/Ufun:  Au»ie9r  to  Bikon  UatiMt 
\VnU. 

'  iin-in-ti  -tied  (le  as  9!),  a,  [Pref.  mi-  (i), 
ati.l  Kiu.  int,tlfiL\  Nt>t  i-iilitM;  having;  no 
t'liiiiii  IT  tillr.    tLMmlly  f..U..wt?a  by  tu.) 

'■  fniiitiUr<l  la  p^uxluu    of  liii.'— JfifcJtw ;  Sennoni, 

\0l.    til..  M.T.   17. 

' iln-in-tombed'  ((»  silent),  o.  (Pref.  tin  (1), 
ami  Kii-.:.  itihmltcd.]  Not  intoiubeU ;  not  111- 
lerrtf'l  ur  buried. 

•  &n-in-tren«h6d;  «.  [Pi'ef-  ""-  (0.  '""i 
Ell):.  i«frrwiW(..M  Not  intreiicUed ;  uot,  pro- 
U-ct'-'l  by  H  trciK-h  tn-  the  like. 

■  litMaWeij  cowanii«lt»  theTrojiiii»,  iiot  to  liiivw 
'tttvKii'tMl  niiytliliiit  niwiuol  mi  army  tUnt.iny  uuIurU- 
tted  Wid  itnintr^uch<i."—Potic. 

•  iln-in'-tri-cat-ed,  o,    (Pref.  «»-  (i),  and 

Kiiji.  ixtri'-Jitni.]  Niit  entangled,  pt-rplexed, 
ur  iiivolVL'd  ;  not  intricate. 

••  Even,  clwir.  wiiiitricuttd  Uesigns."  —  J/tiinnwmt  : 
W'orlta.  Iv.  5U1. 

un-in-trd-duged',  «.     (Pref.  -j*"-  (D.  k"'1 

KitK.  'Hh. "/»(■«•</.]  Nt»t  introduced  ;  without 
any  introdueti"n  ;  obtrusive. 

■■  I'hliik  nut  uniiifr'<diie'd  I  force  my  wny." 

Vottny:  Sight  Thott^UU,  v.  S9. 

•  un-in-ured,  ".  [Piff-  i'"-  (i).  jmd  Ens- 
luHw/.l  Not  inured;  not  hardened  by  use 
or  practice. 

■■  Th«;  nice  (-■xi^ioua.  uniniir'rf  to  wet." 

J'hitifU :  roll  of  CMoc't  Jordan. 

iin-in-vad'-ed.  a.  [Pi'ff-  ""-  (D.  and  Enjj;. 
innK'c'.l  Not  invaded  ;  not  encroached  upon, 
assailed,  or  attacked. 

"  Leave  tlie  i)ruvliice  oi  the  professor  uninvaUvd."— 
licynohlt :  lutcoursv  2. 

■  im-in-vent'-ed,  «.  (Pi-ef.  vn-  (1),  and  En-;. 
invmtfd.]  Not  iiiveutetl;  not  found  out  or 
discuveieil. 

"  >'ot  vninvenled  that,  which  tliovi  aright 
BelitVat  so  iuai«  to  our  euccesB,  1  i-rliig. 

Milton:  P.  L.,  vi.  470. 

•  un-in-vent'-ive,  a.      [Pref.  ini-   (l),  and 

Kng.  invi-iitive.]  Not  inventive;  not  havini,' 
lhe'^power  of  invention,  finding,  discovering, 
or  contriving. 

"Thou  iiiUeii.  uninventiife  compiuilon." —Scott ; 
Kenilivorth.  ch.  v, 

•  iin-in-vest -ig-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  im-  (1), 
and  ting.  nive.^tiiidbU'.]  Not  capable  of  being 
investigated  or  .searched  out ;  inscrutable. 

•■  The  works  of  this  visible  world  being  iiniuoestiff- 
ablf  l>y  U3. "— A«i/ :  Creation,  pt.  1. 

•  un-in-vite',  r.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (-2),  and  Eng. 
inrite,  v.]  Tn  countermand  or  auuul  the  in- 
vitation of;  to  put  off. 

•■Mode  theui  unhiviti-  tlieir  guests."— i*f/»J'»-'  Diartf. 
Nov.  26.  1666. 

un-in-vit'-ed,  o.  [Pref.  tni-  (1),  and  Eng. 
i)ivitt--J.]  Not  invited,  not  asked;  without 
any  invitation. 

"  A  b'lieat  iimnt'itcd.  nnwel coined." 

Longfeilow:  Miles  titandith,  ix. 

un-in-vit -ing.  ".  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
inuiting.^  Not  inviting;  not  attractive  ;  not 
tempting. 

"ThRt  Hiioli  unlikely  men  should  so  successfnUy 
preach  (M>  nninvititto  a  doctrine." —Boyle ;  Work*. 
\.  530. 

ftw-in-poked',  a.     (Pref.  i(n-  (1),  and  Eng. 

tnrofced.]    Not  invoked  ;  not  appealed  to, 
■'  The  powers  of  Boug 
I  left  not  uninvoked." 

M'ordiworth  :  Excursion,  hk.  iii. 

fin-in- vol ved',  c  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
invohmi.\  Not  involved,  complicated,  or  iii- 
tricatt!. 

"  So  loua  n»  yovi  preserve  your  own  finances  n7iJ7i- 
volv  d.'—Knox :  To  a  young  A'obteman,  let.  28. 

n'-ni-d,  s.    (Lat.  =  a  single  large  pearl.] 

1.  Zml.  :  River-mussel  ;  the  type-genus  of 
Uninnida;  (q.v.),  with  more  than  4i>0  species, 
from  all  parts  of  the  world.  Shell  oval  or 
elongated,  smooth,  corrugated,  or  sjuny,  be- 
coming veiy  solid  with  age;  anterior  teeth, 
1-2  or  2-'ii,  short,  irregular  ;  ])osterior  teeth, 
1-2,  elongated,  laminar.  Animal  with  the 
mantle    margins    only   united    between    the 


siphoiril  openings  ;  palpi  long,  pointed,  later- 
iiUy  attached.    IPeaiil-missel.J 


[■om   the 


■.»rv'e-c. 


.inK  till'  lln^:  i 


I-  MO     \  A  L  [>  I-:  N  .S  1  S . 
{rrom  the  irealdeii.i 

2.  I'nhroiit. :  Fossil  species,  fifty  fr 
WeaUlen  tuiward. 

unio-beds,  s.  }>l. 

Urn!.:  Tlic  name  given  to  certain  beds  in 
the  rurbfck.  characterized  by  the  occurrence 
of  species  of  Unio  (q.v.). 

un'-ion  (i  as  y),  *  un-yon,  s.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  unioneitt,  accus.  of  vnio  =  (1)  unity, 
(2)  a  union,  (3)  a  single  large,  pearl  {I'liiin  the 
Elder:  If.  A'.,  IX.  xiv.  56),  in  which  varit^us 
excellencies,  such  as  roundness,  smoothness, 
and  whiteness  were  united.] 

1.  OnUnurn  Uniguage: 

•  1.  A  pearl  of  great  beauty  and  value. 

"  Ami  ill  tlie  eup  an  vnioti  sliall  he  thi-ow. 
Kii-her  tlmn  tliiit  which  four  aiiccessive  kiuira 
111  Deumnvk  a  crown  have  worn." 

Hhakegp.  :  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

2.  The  act  of  uniting  or  joining  two  or  nioie 
things  in  one,  thus  forming  a  compound  body. 

3.  The  state  of  being  united;  junction, 
coalition, 

"  To  efl'ect  ft  civil  vnio^i  without  a  religious  umwi." 
—MacaiiUi;/ :  JlUt.  Eng..  ch.  xiii. 

4.  Concord  ;  agreement  and  conjunction  of 
mind,  will,  affection,  or  interests. 

•■  Union  the  bond  of  all  tliiiigs,  and  of  man." 

Pope :  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  150. 

5.  That  which  is  united  or  made  into  one 
body;  a  body  formed  l^y  the  combination  or 
uniting  of  two  or  more  individual  things  or 
jiersoiis  ;  tlie  aggregate  of  the  united  parts  ;  a 
combination,  a  coalition,  a  confederacy  :  as 

(1)  A  confederacy  of  two  or  more  nations, 
or  of  several  states  in  one  nation  :  as,  The 
United  fcjtates  of  America  are  called  the 
Union. 

(2)  Two  or  more  parishes  consolidated  into 
one  for  administration  of  the  Poor  Laws.  The 
Local  Government  Board  has  jiower,  under 
the  Poor  Law  Amendment  Act,  1S34,  to  unite 
any  two  or  more  jiarishes  into  one  union,  to 
be  administered  by  a  board  of  guardians 
elected  by  the  owners  and  ratepayers  of  the 
component  parishes.  Each  union  has  a  com- 
mon workhouse,  and  the  cost  of  tlie  relief  of 
the  poor  is  charged  upon  the  common  fund. 

*  (3)  (See  extract) : 

'■  Vnion  is  a  touihiuiuif  or  consolidation  of  two 
churciies  in  one.  which  is  done  hy  tlie  consent  of  the 
))ishup,  the  patron,  and  iucumbeiit.  And  this  is 
proi>erly  adled  an  union;  hut  there  are  two  otlier 
sorts,  as  when  one  church  ia  made  auV-ject  tn  the 
other,  .",nd  wlieii  one  man  is  made  prelate  of  liotli.  luid 
when  a  conventual  is  made  cathedral.  Tomhiny  t(*Mojj 
in  the  first  aigniflcatiou,  there  was  a  statute,  an.  37 
Hen.  VIII..  en.  21,  that  it  should  he  lawful  in  two 
churches,  whereof  the  value  of  the  one  is  not  ahove 
BIX  pounds  in  the  kiiitr's  hooks,  of  the  first  frnit-s,  and 
not  above  one  mile  distJiiit  from  the  other.  I'nion  in 
this  signification  is  personal,  and  that  is  for  the  life 
of  the  incumbent:  or  real,  that  is  perpetual,  whoso- 
ever is  incumbent." — Cowel. 

(4)  A  trades-union  (q.v.). 

6.  A    contraction    of    union  -  workhouse. 

[WORKHOVSE.] 

7.  A  kind  of  device  for  a  flag,  used  either  Ity 
itself  or  forming  the  upper  inner  corner  of  an 
ensign  ;  a  Hag  marked  with  this  device. 

"As  the  patron  s.'iiiit  of  England,  the  banner  of  St. 
George  ever  r.inked  highly.  In  herrildic  Inuyiiafje.  it 
was  "Art'eiit,  a  cross  gules,'  i.e.,  a  white  fla^  with  a 
plain  red  cross  |the  T'lantageiiet  colours,  whltt-  and 
red).  It  apiiears  to  hn"  e  been  very  e^uly  adopted  as  a 
national  ensign.  Coins  and  seals  of  the  time  of 
Edward  III.  ;iiid  Henry  V.  are  impressed  with  the 
figure  of  a  ship  hearing  this  fla«  at  the  I'ow  and  stem, 
and  the  portrait  of  the  'Great  Hnrrj-'  exhibits  it  at 
the  fore  and  mizen.  The  national  flac  of  Scotland,  or 
hinuer  of  St  Andrew,  was  azure,  a  sa'ltire  argent,  i.e., 
■A  whit*  saltire  or  St.  Andrew's  Cross  on  a  blue  held. 
On  the  union  with  Scotland  in  1707  these  flags  were 
combined :  the  red  cross  of  St.  George,  fimbriated, 
argent,  that  is.  with  a  white  boixler  to  the  cross,  being 
laid  ui>on  the  St  Andrew's  banner,  and  thus  it  aiipeai-s 
in  the  portrait  of  the  '  Sovereign  of  the  Seas '  (Green- 
wich Hospitill.  a  war  ship  of  that  period.  On  the 
union  with  Ireland,  in  1801,  the  banner  of  St  Patrick, 
which  is  a  red  saltire  cross  on  a  white  Held,  w.is  laid 
upun  that  of  St.  Andrews,  and  upon  these  the  fim- 


briated cr.>M  of  St,  I 

known  to  owaathc  I'nifii  .nu-K  in  i.-y.  iiie  (  >ii»n  m 
the  uiahi  bi-c-iiuf.  and  reinain'<  tn  tliln  iliiy.  tin-  dl- 
tluguifhlng  rtiig  of  an  Adniiral  of  the  I'k-.-t  It  \i  ao 
thuH  c.uriml  by  Luid  Howe  on  the  1st  of  Jun<- 1  iT'j4|. 
and  by  Efirl  St  Vincent  in  leoo  and  IHoti.  Mi-nh.int 
vciMwls  are  |iroliibited  from  carrying  thin  flap  »ili.i.ut 
a  white  border  under  a  lieualty  of  £.MV."—Et'ld,  .Si'i-U 
■24,  1»8'. 

"  But  I  had  better  give  the  words  of  the  lienihlic 
blaxon  crmUiined  in  the  Oitler  of  the  King  in  Council 
of  Nov,  6,  18W,  and  announced  to  the  nation  by  the 
rroclamation  of  Jan.  1.  18JI,  which  pienciibes  the 
f.irm  In  whlcli  the  national  flag  is  to  Iw  constructed. 
It  Is  in  these  words:  "The  tVuVm  flag  flhall  be  azure, 
the  ci-ofises  sjdtires  of  Saint  Andrew  and  Saint  Pat- 
rick, nuartcrly  l«er  s.altire,  counterchanged.  argent 
and  gules :  the  latter  fimbriated  of  the  second,  sur- 
mounted by  the  cross  of  St.  George  of  the  third, 
fimbriated  as  the  saltire.  .  .  .  One  word  more.  Your 
correapiiiiilents  mu-H  not  call  our  national  flag  ihe 
L'niun  Jack.  The  Jack  is  a  small  flag— a  diuiiiintive  of 
the  Cninn~»i\.\y  flown  from  the  jack  fitafl'  on  the  bow- 
Bprlt  or  fmepart  of  a  ship.  In  the  Koyal  Navy  it  is  plain 
In  tiie  iiiriLli. lilt  service  it  imiMt  b^ue  a  white  l)urder. 
When  fiM«ii  liui.i  the  lux'^t  with  a  white  border  it  l» 
theMgnal  l-i  upilnt,  iin.l  is  ,-:dkd  (lie  Hli.t  Jack,  To 
no  otlii-r  ll:ik' i-<  Ihe  tL'rio  .luck  :ii.)'lied.  The  name  of 
our  national  flag  ia  the  I' man.  ■—field,  Oct  8,  1887. 

The  union  of  the  United  States  is  a  blue  field 
with  white  stars,  the  stars  denoting  the  union 
of  tlie  states  and  properly  corresponding  iu 
number  to  the  states, 
II.  Tcchnicalbj : 

1.  Breivinij  :  One  of  a  series  of  casks  placed 
side  by  side,  an<l  supported  on  pivots  or  trun- 
nions, iu  which  fermentation  is  completed. 

2.  Fabric:  A  fabric  of  flax  and  cotton. 

3.  Ilydr. :  A  tubular  coupling  for  pipes. 

4.  EcdesioL  :  Various  snuiU  religious  sects 
adopt  the  word  Union  as  i^art  of  their  name. 
Places  of  worship  belonging  to  the  Union 
I3ai)tists,  Union  Cliurchmen,  Union  Congi-e- 
gationalists,  and  the  Union  Free  Church  ap- 
jiear  in  the  Registrdr-General's  Keturu. 

IT  1.  Act  of  Union  : 
Kiiijlish  History : 

(1)  The  Act  by  which  Scotland  was  united 
to  England  in  1707. 

(2)  The  Act  by  which  Ireland  was  united  to 
Great  Britain  iu  ISOl). 

2.  Ilni'ostatic'uiiioii:  [Hvpostatic]. 

3.  Union  down  : 

Nant.  :  A  signal  of  distress  at  sea,  made  by 
reversing  the  tlag  or  turning  the  union  down- 
ward. 

union-jack,  s.     [Union,  L  7.] 

union-joint,  s.    A  pipe-coupling. 

union-pump,  «. 

Hyh: :  A  form  of  jmmp  in  which  the 
engine  and  pump  are  united  iu  the  same 
frame. 

union-rustic,  s. 

EnU'in.  :  A  liritish  night-moth,  A}mmea  con- 
iiexa,  having  tht-  fore  wings  pale  bluish-gray, 
with  two  black  streaks  and  two  blotches, 
one  brownish,  the  other  brown-black.  Not 
common. 

union-workliouse,  5.    [Workhouse.] 

u-ni-o'-ni-dae,   s,      [Mod.   Lat.   imio,  genit. 
nnivniis);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  ailj.  .sntl".  -ida;.] 

1.  Znol. :  A  family  of  Conchifera,  with 
several  genera,  univer.sally  distributed.  Shell 
usually  regular,  equivalve,  cbised  ;  structure 
nacreous ;  ejiidermis  thick  and  dark  ;  liga- 
ment external,  large  and  prominent;  margin.^ 
even  ;  anterior  hinge-teeth  thick  and  striated, 
posterior  laminar,  sometimes  wanting.  Ani- 
mal with  mantle-margins  united  between  the 
siphonal  orifices,  and,  rarely,  in  front  of  the 
branchial  ojiening;  anal  orifice  idain,  bran- 
chial fringed  ;  foot  very  large,  tongue -shaped, 
Lompressed,  byssiferons  in  the  fry ;  gills 
elongated,  sub-equal,  united  posteriorly  to  each 
other  and  to  the  mantle,  but  not  to  the  body  ; 
jialpi  moderate,  laterally  attached,  striated  in- 
side ;  lips  plain.     Sexes  distinct. 

2.  Pnla:ont.  :  The  family  commences  in  the 
Devonian, 

u-ni-d'-ni-form,  o.    [Mod.  Lat.  ^nio  (q.v.), 

genit.  I'jiMoiKs  and  yfirm«  =  form,  appearance.] 
Having  the  shape  or  general  appearance  of 
the  genus  Unio  (q.v.). 

"Iu  which  geuus  others  of  the  iinioni/o}in  species 

have  l>een  placed."— rate.'   Appendix  to   IVoodteardt 

MoUiuca.  p.  71. 

un' -ion-ism  (1  as  y),  s.     [Eng.  iinwn;  -ism.] 
L  The^principle  of  uniting  or  combining; 
sif.cif.,  the  system  of  union  or  combination 
among  workmen  engaged  in  the  same  occupa- 
tion or  trade ;  trades-unionism. 


iate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  I^U,  fiather ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw.  , 


unionist— unit 


32i* 


2.  The  .loctriiK-  Hull  the  U-^iisliitivf  union 
betweon  (iivtit  Itritniu  nml  lielim-l,  and  tin- 
su|iroiiiai!y  ul  Piu'liaiiii-nt  over  any  tVinii  uf 
local  ^oveiiiineiii  or  Hoiiu'  liulc  grautwl  to 
IielauU,  must  be  iiiaiiit-iiiiicd. 

"  The  CoiiScrvHtisiii  ikii<l  Ctiiwiiii'"  of  the  elwt«n»t« 
ipf  tlie  Ciii\ersitit->  l^  i»Urulul,lv  in  littiiiiouv  »  ith  lli<t 
CoiiaervRtiaui  «tui  I  iii'Ji>>aii*  "i  tlie  nmiority  of  thu 
entire  eltfct«'--nt«  o(  tlii-  ciiiitry,  iw  evpressed  at  the 
Inst  C.eiieml  Electluii.  "— (.7u6d,  Juue  2(.  isa:. 

un  'lon-ist  (i  as  y).  .-■.  &  a.      [EDg.  uiiw/i  ; 

A,  As  suhstaHtii'e  : 

I.  t>idtn<(ry /.oHtjiin*?^; 

1.  One  wild  jirornotes  or  aiivocates  union  ; 
specif.,  in  Eiiglisli  History,  one  wlio  is  oi'puset.1 
to  the  crantins  of  a  separate  Parlianient  to 
Ireland  ami  the  consequent  disruption  of  the 
unioii.  Fir^t  aJopted  at  tlie  Gt-neml  Electiuu 
of  lS8i5,  and  opposed  to  Separatist  (q.v.). 

*■  It  will  be  seen  tJutt,  down  to  the  t-luse  of  yeater- 
(Uvs  iiufliiti,'.  the  Viiinnista  were  still  uiaiiitanitug 
tlieir  lend  01  more  tliiiu  oue  hundred." — Uailj/  TeJe- 
i/ntph.  July  6.  l$de. 

2.  A  member  of  a  trades-union  ;  a  trades- 
unionist. 

"  PruhibitiUK  the  rending  uf  papers  devoted  to  the 
defeiKe  ui  trt(des-uni»uiMti,  because,  whenever  the 
public  licioil  vt  the  luumiiSts,  it  viiv^  generally  when 
they  «ei-e  eiij^njcl  in  suiue  gre;*t  struggle  with  the 
employers.  '—/>m7j  TdvgrapK  Sept.  9,  isea, 

II.  Eccl€sioL  :  A  .small  religious  sect  havin;,' 
registered  places  of  worsliip  in  liritaiii. 

B.*  As  adj. :  Connei-t-d  with,  or  pertaining 
or  relating  to,  luiionisni ;  promoting  or  advo- 
cating unionism. 

"At  the  coinioencenrent  of  yesterdnj-'a  iwllings  the 
I'ni^nist  partv  "tre  nmre  than  a  huudred  seatd  nhead 
of  their  oppyiieuts.'—^ai/'/  Tete^raplt,  July  6.  1$86. 

'  un-ion-ist  -ic  (i  as  y),  a.  [Eng.  unionist ; 
-t<-.]  Pertaining'  or  relating  to  unionism  or 
unionists  ;  pertaining  to  or  promoting  union. 

U -ni-6-nite,-«.  [After  Union(ville),  Pennsyl- 
vania, U.  t>.  A.,  where  found  ;  sutf.  -ite 
{Min.y^ 

Mhi.  :  A  very  pure  zoi.'-ite  (q.v.),  occurring 
with  corundum  and  other  species. 

u - ni - 5' - noid.  «-  [Mod.  Lat.  tinio  (q.v.), 
g.*nit.  intioit(isJ ,-  Eng.  sutf.  -oid.]  Uuioui- 
furni  (q.v.). 

"  C'liouoid  biviilves,  with  thick  shelU."— ^VicAofaon  ." 
Pateeont..  \.  432 

u-nip -ar-ous,  f.     [Lat.   unus  =  oue,  and 

*  j((r»fO  nk  to  I'fillg  fortll.] 

1.  BioL  :  Bringiug  fortli  normally  but  one 
at  a  birth. 

"  The  ninstudons.  inegatheria.  ^ly  ptotlous,  and  Dinro- 
toduus  are  uniparuut.'—Vwen :  Class,  of  the  Jfam- 
ntatia,  p.  Sq. 


2.  Hot.  {Of  a  cijmc,  <ic.) :  Having  but  oue 
peduncle. 

u'-ni-ped,  ((.  &  .••■.  (Pref.  jnu-,  and  Lat.  j^es, 
genit.  pedis  =■  a  ft>ot.) 

A,  .45  adj.  :  Having  only  oue  foot. 

B.  As  subst,  :  An  animal  having  only  one 

foot. 

*  u-ni-pel-ta'-ta,.5.  pi.  iPref.  uni-,  and  neut. 
I'l  of  Lat.  jx/fa/«s  =  armed  with  a  small, 
light,  and  generally  cresuent-sliaped  shield.] 

Zonl. :  Cuvier's  name  for  a  family  nf  Stoiua- 
])oda  consisting  of  the  moderu  genus  Squilla 
(q.v.). 

*  u-ni-pel  -tat©,  a.  &  s.    [Unipeltata.J 

A.  As  lulj. :  of  or  belonging  to  the  Uni- 
peltata  (q.v.). 

B.  As  snhM.  :  Any  individual  of  the  Uni- 
peltata  (q.v.). 

*  u-ni-per'-s6n-al,  a.  [Pref.  i^jii-,  and  Eng. 
jiersoiuil.] 

1.  Old.  Lting.  :  Having  but  one  person ; 
existing  in  one  person,  as  the  Deity. 

2.  Gram.  :  U.seil  only  in  oue  person  ;  im- 
personal.   (Said  of  verbs.) 

*  u-ni-per'-s6n-al-ist»  i.  [Eng.  vnijw- 
i^omd :  -i^t.]  om-  who  believes  that  there  is 
only  one  person  in  the  Deity. 

*  u-nipli'-o-nous,  c  (Lat.  uims  =  one,  and 
Gr.  <|>Lui'/y  iphune)  =  sound.]  Having  or  giving 
out  only  oim  souud. 


u-nip-U-cate,  a.  [Pref.  ««i-  =  one,  and 
Lat.  jiUcatns  =  folded.]  Consisting  of  or 
having  only  one  fold. 


U-ni-po-lar,  ti.    [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng.  jtolur.] 
K!vct.  :  of  or  pertaining  to  one  I'ole  :  as,  a 
u>up"l>ir  dynamo,  in   which    the  conductors 
mo\e  in  one  and  tlie  same  Held. 

U-nique   (que  as  k),  a.  &  s.     [Kr.,  from  Lat. 

*  unicum,  accus.  of  uHicus=^  single,  from  kuu^' 
=  one.] 

A,  As  iulj.  :  Having  no  like  or  equal;  un- 
matched, unpai-aUeled,  uuequalled  ;  alone  in 
its  kind  or  excellence. 

*  B.  -4s  siihst. :  A  thing  unique  or  uu- 
paralleled  in  its  kind. 

"  An  uni'i'iti  in  tho  history  uf  the  speoles.' — Pal^y  : 
Kvidemw*  of  Chiu-fiaiiity.  ch.  ix. 

u-nique-lj^  (que  as  k),  udc.  [Eng.  unique; 
■hi.]   In  a  unique  manner  ;  so  as  to  be  unique. 

u-nique -ness  (que  as  k),  5.  lEng.  uniqm ; 
-nf.xs.J    The  quality  or  state  of  being  unique. 

*  u-ni'-qui-ty;  s.  [Eng.  7ou'/i((e) ;  -i'(//.]  The 
quality  ur  sUito  of  being  unique  ;  uniqueness. 

•■  Ctihjiiitt/  will  niake  them  \  alued  more."— .ff.  Il'a(- 
pole  :  Letters,  i\.  ITT. 

u-ni-ra'-di-at-ed,  «.  [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
iadiati:d.\    Having  only  one  ray. 

U-ni-sep  -tate,  <i.      [Pref.    vui-,   and    Eng. 
septate.] 
Bot.  :  Having  only  one  septum  ur  partition. 

u-ni-ser-i-al,  u-m-ser'-i-ate,  a.    [Pref. 

vni-,    and    Eng.    s>:-rUi(,    seriate]     Having    a 
single  line  or  series. 

U-ni-ser'-i-ate-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  imiseriate ; 
-hi.]  In  a  unisL'iiate  manner ;  in  a  single  line 
or  series. 

u-ni-sex'-u-al,  a.    [Pref.  tjiI-,  and  Eng. 

sexual.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. ;  Having  one  sex  only. 

2.  Bot.  {Of  a  plant):  Of  one  sex  only; 
liaving  stamens  and  jtistils  in  different  flowers  ; 
diclinous.  Used  of  a  monoecious  or  of  a 
dioecious  plant  or  its  flowers. 

U-ni-sil'-i-cate,  s.  [Pref.  vui-,  and  Eng. 
silicate.] 

Min.  :  The  second  sub-divisinn  of  the  An- 
hydrous Silieates,  which  Dana  divides  as  fol- 
lows :  (1)  Bisilicates;  oxygen  ratio  for  bases 
and  silica,  1:2;  (2)  Unisilicates ;  in  which 
the  latio  for  the  bases  and  silica  is  as  1:1; 
(8)  Sub-silicates  ;  oxygen  ratio  for  bases  and 
silica,  1  ;  g ;  sometimes  1  :  i  and  1  :  |. 

u'-ni-son,  *  u-ni-sonne, 5.  &.o.  [Fr.  unisson, 
from  Lat.  unisonum,  accus.  of  itnison2is=. 
liaving  the  same  sound  as  something  else ; 
KJH(s  =  one,  and  sonus  =  a.  sound;  Sp.  unison; 
Ital.  uiiisono.] 
Ai  As  substantive: 

1.  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  Lit. :  A  single,  unvaried  tone. 

"  While  the  loug  soleu.u  uni»on  went  round." 

Pvfe:  Duuciad,  iv.  612. 

2.  Fig.:  Accordance,  agreement,  harmony. 

"  Tt  ia  the  mure  tranquil  style  which  is  most  fre- 
quently In  uiiUtrn  with  our  luiuds."— A'um  .~  £a3ai/  2a. 

II.  Miisic : 

1.  The  state  of  sounding  at  the  same  pitch  ; 
accordance  or  coincidence  of  sounds  I'roceed- 
ing  from  an  equality  in  the  number  of  vibia- 
tioiis  made  in  a  giveu  time  by  a  sonorous 
body. 

2.  Music  in  octaves  for  mixed  instruments 
or  voices. 

Bj  --Is  adjective : 

*  I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1,  Sounding  alone  ;  unisonous. 


2.  In  accord. 

"Something  of  pecuhai  hartnony,  or  rather  a  kind 
of  vnUon  corre8pi>udcnce  betweeu  theai.'— 5ui*rft  .- 
l<cri7io'it,  vol.  vi.,  ser.  1. 

II.  Miisi£:  £>i>unded  together;  coinciding 
in  pitch  or  souud ;  unisonal :  as,  urUson  pas- 
sages. 

*  n-nis'-on-al,  a.    [Eng.  unison;  -al.]    Being 

in  unison. 

"The  frequent  use  of  UTtisonal  iwwaages  for  the 
\oice&."~Standard.  Nov.  25,  1885. 

•  U-nis'-on-al-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  unisonal;  -ly.] 

In  unison. 

"Tenora  .ind  b;isse3  burst  in  uniaonall!/.'— Church 
Thiies.  March  4,  16«7. 


•  l}-nia'-6-nanf e,  •■<.    ( Eng.  unisonanit) ;  -eel 

The  quality  or  .state  of  being  in  unison  ;  ac- 
cordance of  suuud.-i ;  unison. 

•  u-nis'-o^nant,  a.    [Lat.  KuiMsrone,  and 

f<iiiifiiis,  ]'\.  jvar.  i>t mono  =  to  sound.]  Being  in 
unison  ;  having  the  same  detp^e  of  gruvity  or 
ucuteiiess. 

•  U-lris'-O-nous,  a.     [U.N'isos.] 

1.  Sounding  alone  ;  without  harmony. 

"These  apt  UuU'B  Itovintc  tlio  I'tuUnia  ultlmll)  wer* 
Hliout  4i.<  tune*  i>f  one  i<firl  only,  and  hi  uue  unitvitou* 
key.""— Mdrroi*;  Jlht.  Knu.  J'uetrif.  i.  ill. 

2.  Being  in  unison  ;  having  the  same  sound 
or  pilch. 

u'-nit,  'u-nite,  ^-^.     [An  abbrev.  of  loiify 

(q.v.).  J 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  single  pei-son  f»r  thing 
regarded  as  having  oneness  for  its  main  attii- 
bute  ;  a  single  one  of  a  number,  forming  the 
basis  of  count  or  calculation. 

II,  Technically : 

1.  Arith.  :  The  least  whole  number  or  one, 
repi'esented  by  the  ligure  1.  Numbers  are 
collections  of  things  of  the  same  kind,  each 
of  wiiich  is  a  unit  of  the  collection.  Tlius 
20  feet  is  a  collection  of  *20  equal  sjiaces,  eaeh 
of  which  is  c<inal  to  1  foot ;  here  1  foot  is  the 
unit  or  base  of  the  collection. 

2.  -V((//(.  d  i'hysics :  Any  kiH)wn  determinate 
quantity  by  the  constant  rei>etition  of  which 
any  uthei'  quantity  of  the  same  kind  is  mea- 
sured. It  may  be  a  leiigtli,  a  surface,  a  solid, 
a  weight,  a  tJiue,  as  the  case  may  be. 

H  1.  Abstract  unit:  The  unit  of  numem- 
tion ;  the  abstract  unit  1  is  the  measure  of 
the  relation  of  eiiuality  of  two  numbers.  It 
is  the  base  of  the  system  of  natural  numbers, 
and  incidentally  the  base  of  all  quantities. 

2.  Decimal  £  duodeciniul  units:  Those  iu 
scales  of  numbers  increasing  or  decreasing  by 
ten  or  twelve  respectively. 

o.  Dimamic  units: 

(1)  Vnit  of  force:  A  dyne;  a  force  which, 
acting  for  oue  second  on  a  mass  of  one 
gramme,  gives  to  it  a  velocity  of  one  centi- 
metre per  second. 

(2)  Vnit  of  work  done:  A  watt  (q.v.);  the 
]'Ower  Lle\eloped  when  44'25  foot  pounds  are 
done  per  minute  =  one  74iith  part  of  a  horse- 
power.     [F00T-POl>^U,  KlLOUttAililETItE.] 

■i.  Electric  units: 

(1)  Unit  of  iiuantity :  A  coulomb,  Tlie 
quantity  of  electricity  tliat  will  liberate 
■uuul(J2  grains  of  hydrogen  from  water,  or 
•ouii2:i2  giains  of  zinc  from  a  solution  of  the 
metal.  In  this  unit,  rate  or  time  is  taken  no 
account  of. 

(2)  Unit  of  current :  An  ampere;  a  current 
flowing  at  the  rate  of  one  coulomb  per  second, 
or  liberating  -00011)2  grains  of  hydrogen,  &c., 
per  second. 

(3)  Unit  of  eUctru-motive  forc^ :  A  volt  (q.v.). 
The  force  or  diHerence  of  potential  required- 
to  ijroduce,  through  a  wire  of  one  ohm  resist- 
ance, a  current  of  one  ampere. 

(4)  Unit  of  resistance:  The  legal  unit  of 
resistance,  as  settled  by  the  International 
Electrical  Congiess,  at  Paris,  1SS4,  is  that  of 
a  Column  of  pnie  inenury  lOti  centimetres 
long,  1  square  millimetre  in  sectional  area  at 
U°  C.  Tlie  name  ohm  ia  now  conlined  to  this 
unit,  but  was  formeily  used  to  denote  an 
older  unit  chosen  hv  the  British  Assoeiation, 
which  is  to  the  legal  ohm  as  roll2  to  1. 

(a)  Unit  ofvajHicifii:  A  farad  (q.v.).  A  con- 
denser has  a  capacity  of  one  farad  when  a 
potential  ditTerence  of  oue  V(dt  between  ils 
two  sets  of  I'lates  charges  each  of  thein  with, 
one  coulomb. 

(I))  Absolute  units:  The  absolut«  electro- 
motive force  unit  is  a  force,  and  the  absolute 
unit  magnetic  i)ole  is  a  pole,  wliiih,  when 
placed  at  a  distance  of  one  centimetre,  from, 
a  similar  force  or  pole,  repels  it  with  a  force 
of  one  dyna     One  volt=:  10'  absolute  units. 

(7)  Unitof^vorkdont:  The  watt(q.v.) ;  th ' 
rate  at  which  electrical  woik  is  done  is  mea- 
sured V\v  watts.  A  watt  is  the  power  <le- 
veloped  in  the  circuit  when  one  ampere  of 
current  produces  oue  volt  dilfereucc  of  polen* 
tial  at  the  termhials.     [t  3.  (2).l 

5.  Fractional  unit :  The  unit  of  a  fraction. 
Thus  in  the  fraction  J  there  is  an  assemblage 
of  three  units,  eaeh  of  which  is  oue-fouith  of 
the  whole  number. 

6.  Integral  unit :  The  unit  1. 


boil,  boy :  poUt,  jo^l :  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  gh\n,  benpli ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as  ;  expect,  ^enophon,  exist,    ph  =  f, 
-cian,  -tiau  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -gion  —  zhun.    -clous,  -tious.  -slous  =  shus.    -hlc,  -dlc»  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


330 


unitable— uniteaole 


7.  Mililtiry  unit:  TUb  atiministratitf  unit  is 
for  infiuitry  the  L-oiiiiiaiiy,  for  cuvuliy  tlif 
lr\K>i»,  ami  for  artilKiy  tlu-  IwaUry,  uiid  for 
tiiti  llirec  arms  couiltiiied  tin'  division.  Tin* 
UtctictU  ttiiit  is  the  kittalioii  or  re>;iiiK-iit, 
Mjuudroii  un i';;iiiiuiit, and  battery  rt'S]>ectivt'ly. 

8.  Sj^rijit-gni  vity  u  n  it :  Vot  solids  or  Iiqiii<is, 
one  fiiliir  foot  ot  distillfd  water  at  ti2*  F.  =  l ; 
vfiMriuid  ^nav*,  oiif  cubic  foot  of  atuios]>licric 
«irat  0:^*. 

9.  i'nitofhent:  {Thermal-vnit].  " 

10.  Unit  a/  iltitvii nation:  The  light  of  a 
piHTiii  raiulli'  burnitig  120  grains  \tvv  liour. 
'I'lie  .staiidanl  for  gas  is  that  the  tlaiiie,  burn- 
ing at  the  nitc  of  live  r\ibic  feet  \*cv  hour, 
.shall  give  a  light  e(|U«l  to  the  light  of  14 
.spiTui  ctndU's,  each  consuming  at  the  rate  of 
l:;o  gmius  ]M.>r  liunr. 

11.  Unit  of  Mirtrsure :  The  unit  of  measure  of 
nny  qutintity  is  ii  i|nantity  of  the  f^uiv  kind, 
with  which  the  quantity  is  eoni}>ared. 

12.  Unit  of  valur :  In  England,  a  pmmd 
sterling,  represented  by  ii  gold  coin  ealled  ii 
sovereign  (i|.v.).  In  tlie  United  States,  a.  g(il<l 
dollar,  weighing  2i8  grains,  oue-teuth  of 
which  is  alloy. 

unit- jar,  >-■ 

Kh.i.:  An  instrument  devisrd  by  Sir  W. 
Snow  Harris  for  measuring  definite  quantities 
of  ehctrieity. 

•  u-nit'-a-We,   *  ^-nite'-a-l>le»  a.    (Eng. 

itnlf(e):'-<ihle.]     Capalile  of  being  united   or 
joined  together  by  gi-o\vth  or  otherwise. 
U - ni-tar'-i-an,  s.  &  «.     lE<:cles.  lAt.  nnita- 
fins;  (!er.  nnitarier ;  Vi\  nnitaire;  Ital.  vuito- 
rio ;  Sji.  iinitdrio;  Wei.  undodwr,  iiiidoditui.] 

A.  A<  substantive: 

I.  Thcoloijn  (C  Church  History : 

{])  A  name  adopted  by  those  professing 
Cliiist  laiis  who,  eonceivjng  of  the  Godliead  as 
miipeisonal,  regard  the  Father  as  the  only 
tine  did.  The  term  first  apjjears  (nnitaria 
n-liijio)  in  a  decree  of  the  Trausylvanian  Diet, 
(Jet.  ;ij,  ItfOO.  It  superseded  the  terms  Arian 
and  Antitrinitarian.  employed  in  earlier  de- 
crees, and  was  adopted  by  the  Transyhanian 
Unitarians,  as  the  (Icsignation  of  their  Cliurch, 
ill  103S.  This  body,  now  the  Hungarian  Uni- 
tarian Churcli,  has  had  religious  liberty  since 
lot30.  and  has  been  i)resided  over  by  a  suc- 
cession of  bishojis,  from  Francis  David  (died 
iri79)  to  Joseph  Ferencz,  the  present  bishop, 
wlio  has  ii  seat  in  the  Upper  Chauil^r  of  the 
Hungarian  Diet.  This  Church  has  some 
*iO,OUO  ntembei's,  and  supports  three  colleges, 
the  lai-gest  is  at  Kolozsvar  (Klausenburg). 
Its  standard  of  doctrine,  interpreted  with 
J'reedom,  is  the  Sitmma  Universce  Theologin- 
(hristianni  secundnm  Unitarios  (1TS7).  Many 
writers  have  confused  the  Unitarii  with  the 
I'niti,  a  name  given  to  those  Lutherans  and 
Calvinists  of  Hungary  who  came  to  a  tempo- 
rary agreement  in  lo5S  on  tlie  doctrine  of  the 
sacraments.  The  Minor  or  Antitrinitarian 
Church  of  Poland,  from  its  beginning  (laO-i) 
to  its  suppression  (lOliO),  studiously  avoided 
llii'  Unitarian  name.  Its  theology  was  origi- 
nally Arian  and  Anabaptist ;  but  after  it  had 
yielded  to  the  personal  influence  of  Faustus 
fiocinus,  its  (uuotlicial)  standai-d  of  doctrine 
was  a  manual  usually  styled  the  Racovian 
<Jatechism  (1605).  At  Amsterdam,  by  tlie 
issue  (l)egun  l(»(jj)  of  the  Library  of  the  Polish 
Jh'flhn  II,  the  Unitarian  name  was  introduced 
to  Western  Europe.  In  England  it  was  tirst  used 
■by  Thomas  Firmin,  a  philanthropic  mercer, 
luider  whose  auspices  appeared  A  Brief  His- 
tory of  the  Unitariaiis,  called  also  Socinians 
<liJS7).  Firmin  (died  1G97),  a  Sabellian,  medi- 
tated the  formation  of  Unitarian  societies,  the 
members  of  which  were  to  be  in  communion 
with  the  Church  of  England.  In  170tj  Thomas 
Endyn,  a  presbyterian  divine  of  Arian  views, 
lined  and  imprisoned  at  Dublin  for  denying 
the  Deity  of  Christ,  published  A  VindiiMtiojL 
of  the  Worship  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  on 
Vniturian  Principles.  He  preached  for  a  few 
years  to  a  small  congregation  in  London  at 
Cutlers"  Hall.  At  his  death  (1741)  be  had 
outlived  his  movement.  In  1774  Theophilus 
Lindsey,  who  had  resigned  (1773)  the  living 
of  Catterick,  Yorkshire,  opened  a  chapel  in 
Essex  Street,  Strand,  revising  the  Prayer-book 
to  suit  the  exclusive  woi-ship  of  the  Father. 
This  was  the  signal  for  the  severance  of  the 
Unitarians  from  other  Nonconformists  as  a 
<listinct  religious  body.  Influential  congrega- 
tions of  English  Presbyterians,  and  the  small 
Ifody  of  Old  General  Baptists,  liad  become 


permeated  with  Arian  views,  and  were  largely 
prepared  for  a  further  step.  The  ablest  theo- 
logian of  the  i)arty  was  Josei)h  Piiestley,  the 
distinguished  chemist,  originally  an  hide- 
pen.lent.  In  1791  Lindsey  and  Priestley 
founded  a  Unitarian  Society,  the  basis  of 
which,  designed  to  exclude  Arianisrn,  wits 
fnnnulaled  by  Tliomas  Belsham.  In  1S2.» 
the  British  and  Foreign  Unitarian  Associa- 
tion was  organized  on  a  wider  basis.  The 
eon-'regations  of  Unitarians  in  Great  Britain, 
numbering  about  aii.'i,  are  independent  of 
each  other,  and  usually  prefer  a  local  to  a 
doctrinal  name.  The  attempt,  successful  in 
some  eases,  to  deprive  them  of  endowments 
and  chapels  which  bad  descended  to  them, 
without  spccihc  doctrinal  trusts,  from  an- 
cest<)rs  i>resuniably  TriniUrian,  led  to  the 
Dissenters'  Chapels  A^-t  (1844),  which  con- 
firms those  who  are  in  possession,  where 
their  doctrines  are  not  contrary  to  the  trust, 
:ind  have  obtaineil  twenty-five  years'  usage 
jirior  to  a  suit.  Three  institutions  for 
training  ministers  are  supported  by  Uni- 
tarians: Mancliester  New  Collegi-,  L-mdon  ; 
the  Unitarian  Home  Missionary  Board,  Man- 
chester; and  the  Carmarthen  CoUegf,  managed 
by  tlie  London  Presbyterian  Board,  on  a 
liioad  basis,  whicli  attracts  students  designed 
for  the  ministry  in  other  churches.  The  Welsh 
Unitarians  have  a  similar  history  to  those  of 
ETigland.  The  few  congregations  in  Scotland, 
except  Edinburgh,  are  results  of  mission  work 
in  the  jiresent  century.  In  Ireland  the  Uni- 
tarians have  retained  Prrsbyterian  govern- 
mcnt.  Refusal  to  .subscrilie  th-'  Westminster 
Confession  excluded  the  Antrim  Presbytery 
from  the  General  Synod  in  1726.  In  ls2(i  a 
?iieinber  of  that  lu'esbytery.  William  Bruce, 
D.  !>..  avowed  himself  a  Unitarian  in  print. 
In  1S3U  a  further  secession  from  the  main 
body  of  Presbyterians,  headed  by  Henry 
Moiitgoniery,  LL.D.,  formed  the  Remonstrant 
"iynod.  Tliese  and  some  other  bodies,  nuui- 
oeriug  forty  congregations,  are  united  in  the 
Association  of  Irish  Non-subscribing  Presby- 
terians (1S35).  In  the  United  States  the 
Uiiitarians  sprang  from  the  dingi'egational 
l>ody.  King's  Chapel  in  Boston,  the  oldest 
Episcopal  cliurch  in  New  England,  adopted 
a  prayer-book  on  Lindsey's  plan  in  17So,  and 
became  Congregational  in  17S7.  Its  then 
niinistei',  James  Freeman,  D.D.,  was  the  tirst 
avowed  Unitarian  preaclier  in  America. 
Clianning  came  out  as  a  Unitarian  in  ISIJ. 
His  Baltimore  sermon  (1S19)  marks  the  cleav- 
age between  the  Unitarian  and  orthodox 
sections  of  the  Congregational  body.  In 
Boston  the  Unitarians  are  a  power,  and  they 
show  great  vitality  in  other  parts  of  the  States. 
They  have  divinity  schools  at  Cambridge,  in 
connection  with  Harvard  University,  and  at 
Meadville,  Pennsylvania.  Some  important 
bodies  approximate  to  them  in  their  views  of 
the  Godhead.  The  Universalists  are  the  nearest 
of  these  ;  the  Christians,  a  Baptist  body,  the 
Christian  Disciples,  and  the  Hicksite  section 
of  the  Quakers,  are  all  more  or  less  Unitarian 
in  theology.     [Unitariasism.] 

(•2)  A  general  term  for  all  non-Trinitarian 
Christians,  whether  they  have  themselves 
used  the  name  or  not.  Some  of  the  ante- 
Nicene  Fathers,  the  Sabellians,  Arins  and  his 
followers,  the  Photinians,  A:c.,  have  been 
included  in  this  designation.  At  the  Refor- 
mation period  Bervetus  and  others,  and  sub- 
sequently Faustus  Socinus  and  his  school, 
are  thus  described  by  later  writers.  In  Eng- 
land, Bai-tholomew  Legate,  the  last  persi-n 
burned  at  Smithheld  (1(312)  ;  John  Bidle.  win. 
gathered  a  London  congregation  during  the 
Connnonwealth  ;  Samuel  Chirke,  D.D.,  whose 
Scripture  DoHrine  of  the  Trinity  i\"V2.)  had  a 
powerful  inrtnence,  have  all  been  rei-koned 
Unitarians  ;  and  the  name  has  been  applied 
to  writers  like  Milton,  Locke,  and  Newton. 

(3)  Any  non-Christian  monotheist.  The  Jews 
are  sometimes  called  Unitarians  ;  and  Wesley 
uses  the  expression  "Unitarian  fiend"  in  his 
Hymn  for  the  Mahometans. 

2.  Philos.  {PL):  A  name  for  a  special  class  of 
Realists. 

"  The  Realists  or  Substantial iats  are  again  divided 
into  Dualists,  itiid  into  i'ui'ariatis  or  Monists,  afcurd- 
iu^astliey  are ,  or  are  not,  contented  with  tin*  testi- 
mony of  (.-onscKDisnesa  to  the  ultiiiiatt^  duplicity  of 
subject  and  object  iu  iieiiAetJtiun," — I/antitton  :  Jtctii- 
physics,  i.  2^5. 
B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Theol,  Church  Hist,  &c. :  Pertaining  to 
or  connected  with  Unitarians,  in  tlie  several 
senses  defined  above. 


2.  Phih'S.  :  Holding  the  unity  of  subject 
and  object  in  percej)tion. 

3.  Polit. :  Favouring  a  plan  of  union.  In 
continental  politics  first  used  of  the  party  in 
favour  of  a  united  Italy  ;  then  applied  in  the 
case  of  Germany,  the  Slavs,  &c. 

U-iu-tar'~i-aii-i§m,  s.  (Eccles.  Lat.  &  Cer. 
vnitiirisnins }  Fr.  nuitarisme ;  Ital.  uiiitar- 
isiiio,  uniUiiresrmo,  itititttrianesimu ;  Wei.  tin- 
dodiatth.]  r 

Theology  &  Church  History: 

1.  A  collective  name  for  the  vfews  of  U.n- 
tarians.  Unitarians  have  no  formulated  test 
(if  membership,  and  have  always  shown  great 
varieties  of  opinion.  The  Arian  school  ha^ 
little  influence,  except  in  Ireland.  TheSocinian 
theology,  with  its  worship  of  Christ,  has  never 
been  completely  adopted"  in  Great  Britain  or 
America.  Priestley's  Unitarianism  included  a 
determinist  philosophy  and  a  strong  element 
of  supernaturalism.  Tlie  return  to  a  spiritual 
philosophy  was  initiated  by  Clianning.  Many 
of  his  followers,  influenced  by  Emerson  and 
Parker,  have  done  their  best  to  relieve  Chiis- 
tianity  of  its  supernatural  ingredients.  All 
own  a  spiritual  allegiance  to  Christ,  thougli 
varying  as  to  the  nature  and  extent  of  his 
authority.  Appealing  to  Scripture  as  a  witness 
for  their  views,  Unitarians  have  generally 
limited  revelation  to  the  communication  of 
spii'itual  data.  They  reject  a  substitutionary 
atonement,  and  are  usually  advocates  of  a 
universal  restoration. 

2.  The  Unitarian  cause.  Unitarianism  as 
an  organized  interest  has  never  taken  large 
proportions,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  estimate  its 
actual  strength.  It  has  produced  a  number 
of  influential  men,  far  in  excess  of  its  de- 
nominational iiiii>iirt;nii^e  ;  and  the  stress 
wliicli  it  lays  on  iiidividuitlity,  while  checking 
its  progiess,  has  added  lo  its  power.  By  the 
Toleration  Act  (ItiSD)  the  open  preaching  of 
Unitarianism  was  forbidden,  a  legal  disability 
nnt  removed  till  1813  (in  Ireland,  1817). 

'  tj-ni-tar'-i-an-ize,  v.t  or  /.  [Eng.  I'ln- 
tnriiut  :  i:i\]  To  cause  to  conform,  or  to  con- 
form, to  Unitarianism. 

u'-nit-a-ry»  a.  [Eng.  unit;  -nry.]  Pertain- 
ing or  relating  to  a  unit. 

unitary-theory.  ^■ 

Chriii. :  A  term  applied  by  Gerhardt  to  tho 
system  of  chemistry  in  whicli  the  molecules 
of  all  bodies  ai'e  conipai'ed,  as  t<i  their  magni- 
tude, with  one  unit  molecule— water  for 
example— and  all  chemical  reactions  are,  as 
far  as  jiossible,  reduced  to  one  typical  form 
of  reaction— namely,  double  decomposition. 

■  u-nite',  s.    [Unit.] 

1.  A  unit. 

2.  Tlie  same  as  Laurei,,  A.  2.  (2)  (q.v.). 

u-nite'.  "^  u-nyte,  v.t.  &  i.    [Lat.  unitus.  pa. 
"  par.  of  niiio  =  to  unite,  from  luius  =  one.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  combine  or  conjoin,  so  as  to  form 
into  one ;  to  make  to  be  one,  and  no  longer 
sepai-ate  ;  to  incorporate  into  one. 

"  rnife 
Youl-  trooiJs."  SJuikegp.  :  I  Hein-ff  VI.,  iv,  1. 

2.  To  connect,  conjoin,  or  bring  together  by 
some  tie  or  bond,  legal  or  other;  to  join  in 
interest,  affection,  fellowship,  or  the  like; 
to  associate,  to  couple,  to  conjoin. 

"  Hymen  did  our  bauds 
Citifc  commutual."  fihukcsi).  •'  Hitmlet,  iii.  2. 

3.  To  cause  to  adhere ;  to  connect  or  join 
together;  to  attach. 

"The  i>eritona;um,  which  is  a  dry  1>ody,  may  l>e 
iiiiilf-dviith  the  musculoua flesh," — Wmonun : Sitrgeri/. 

i.  To  make  to  agree  ;  to  bring  into  a  state 
of  agreement  or  uniformity;  to  render  uni- 
form. 

*■  The  king  proposed  nothing  more  than  to  tinilc  bie 
kingdom  iu  one  form  of  worship."— C^urt-nrfoii. 
B*  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  become  one ;  to  become  incorporated ; 
to  grow  together ;  to  become  attached,  con- 
joined, or  consolidated  ;  to  combine,  to 
Coalesce. 

2.  To  join  in  an  act ;  to  combine,  to  concur : 
,  to  act  in  union. 

"  If  you  will  not  unite  in  your  complftints." 

Hhakcsp. :  Ilenrif  Vltl.,  iii.  2. 

'  u~nite',  n.     [Unite,  r.]    United,  joint. 

"  By  unite  •zoxiscut."— Webster.    [1631. J 

■  U-nite '-a-ble,  a.     [Unitable.] 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son;  miite,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  ciir,  riile,  full;  try,  Syrian,     se,  c^  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  ^  kw. 


united—universal 


331 


U-nit'-ed,  ;>*<.  ;""■.  or  a.     [Unite,  v.]    Joim-tl 
*  ttWtlitT,    (.'nmlMin'tl,  m;ule  one;  allied,  cuu- 
juiiit,  luinimiiiiius  ;  in  union. 

■'  Tlie  men  wlm  [yllawed  hts  hAiiner  were  aupiwBed 
t*.  Iw  not  less  uuriitTous  tliftil  nil  the  MHcdt'linMs  ftl»a 
Bliiclfniis  united.' -^.Vacituht!/ :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiii. 

U  The  word  "United"  forms  pait  of  tlie 
nanifs  of  vavious  seels  ajipt'anng  in  the  Regis- 
trar-Gen era  I's  Hetuni,  as,  the  United  Chris- 
tian Arniv,  the  Uniteil  Christian  Church,  th.- 
United  EVangelical  Cliureli  of  tSerniany,  and 
the  United  Free  Methodist  Church. 

United  Brethren,  5.  i-J.    iMuhavians.J 

United  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  ^. 

Chiuxh  lliM.:  This  Church  was  formed  by 
tht^  union  of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland  and 
tlie  United  Preshyteiiau  Church.  From  1S03 
to  1S73  negotiations  were  carried  on  for  an 
anial^'aniation  of  the  two  churches,  but  these 
were  bnniglit  to  an  end  in  1S73.  In  181*4  a 
fresii  movement  was  niade  for  union,  and  in 
1900  the  United  Presbyterian  Cliurch  Synod 
agreed  unanimously,  and  the  Free  Church 
Assembly  by  a  large  majority,  to  an  amalga- 
mation under  tlie  title  of  the  United  Free 
•Church  of  Scotland,     [Free  Churcu  (3).  J 

United  Greeks,  s.  pi. 

Church  Hist. :  A  comprehensive  name  in- 
cluding all  those  who  follow  the  Greek  rite, 
*nd  at  the  same  time  acknowledge  the  au- 
thority of  the  Pope.  Tliese  arc  (1)  the 
Melchites  (q.v.)in  the  East,  (2)theRutheuiaus 
(q.v.),  (3)  tlie  Greek  CatholioB  of  Italy,  whose 
clergy  are  allowed  to  many  when  in  minor 
orders,  and  continue  in  the  married  state 
after  tliey  are  priests,  but  are  forbidden,  under 
jmin  of  deposition,  to  contract  a  second  mar- 
riage. These  Greeks,  about  30, GOO  in  number, 
have  three  seminaries,  each  with  a  resident 
Greek  bishop  to  ordain  tlie  priests,  but  other- 
wise they  are  subject  to  the  bishop  in  whose 
<iiocese  they  live.  (4)  The  Catholics  of  the 
Greco-Roumaic  rite  in  Hungary  and  Siebeu- 
biirgen,  wlio  nunuier  about  i'00,000,  and  form 
an  ecclesiastical  province.  Their  secular 
clergy  are  married. 

United  Irishmen,  ^«.  ^^ 

//i-^^ ;  A  secret  society  formed  in  1701  by 
Tlieobald  Wolfe  Tone,  having  for  its  object 
tlie  establishment  of  a  repiiblic  in  Ireland. 
Heing  arrested,  and  sentenced  to  death  by 
a  military  commission,  he  committed  suicide 
<Xov.  ITfS). 

United  Kingdom,  s. 

Geog.  d-  Hist.  :  The  name  adopted  on  Jan.  1, 
ISOl,  when  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  were 
united. 

United  Presbyterian  Church,  -\ 

Church  Hist- :  This  Church  was  formed  Ity 
the  union  between  tlie  Secession  and  the 
Relief  bodies  on  May  IS,  1S47.  In  May.  H>7tj 
it  made  a  friendly  disseverance  of  its  congre- 
gations south  of  the  Tweed  that  these  might 
unite  with  the  English  Presbyterian  Ciiurch 
to  constitute  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
England.  In  1900  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church  amalgamated  with  the  Free  Church 
of  Scotland,  the  two  Churches  forming  the 
United  Free  Chuich  of  Scotland.     [Presbv- 

TERIAN,  B-l 

United  Provinces,  $. 

<!eog.  d-  Hist. ;  The  provinces  of  Guelder- 
land,  Holland,  Zealand.  Utrecht,  and  Fries- 
land,  which  united  in  1579,  and  became  the 
nucleus  nf  the  Dutch  republic. 

United  States,  s.  pL  The  forty -live 
states  of  North  America,  composing  the 
Federal  Republic.  Each  stat«  is  represented 
in  the  Federal  Congress  by  two  senators,  and 
a  number  of  rejn-esentatives  proportionate  to 
the  number  of  inhabitants.  Used  also  as  an 
adjective. 

ll-nit'-ed-ly,  wlv.     [Eng.  imi ted ;  -In.]    In  a 
united  manner ;  in  union;  conjointly ;  jointly. 

'U-ni-ten-tac'-u-lar.  n.  [Pref.  tufi^,  andEng. 
ttntacular.]    Fu'raiihed  with  a  single  tentacle.] 

u-nit'-er,  s.     [Eng.  iinit(e),  v. ;  -er.]    One  who 
'  ur  that  which  unites. 

"  Su[i|>ose  ail  unitcr  of  a  inidtUe  constitution,  that 
nhould  iinrtake  of  some  of  the  yuaUties  of  buth." — 
OlanrUle  :  SceptU,  clt.  iii..  §  3. 

^ un-it'-er-a-We,  n.    [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
iteruble.]  That  cannot  be  renewed  nj- repeated. 
"To  i»lay  .iway  an  unitcrablc  life."— ficoifHf  .'  Chris- 
tian MoraU,  pL  iii..  §  2.1, 


•  U-ni'-tion,  .■•".   IUnitk,  i'.]  The  act  iif  uniting  ; 

ihe  state  or  condition  of  being  united. 

'■  Parts  Hi'|«imt«tl  anJ  dlsjoiiifd  nxv  t*i  b«?  Itniiight 
together  K»?iitly  mui  ininally.  that  tliey  luiiy  touch 
one  aiiotlier.  anil  ho  Im.-  jireiutretl  for  unition." — Wise- 

■   man  :  Hur^t^ry,  l)k.  v.,  ch.  i. 

'  u'-nit-ive,«.  [Eng.  »ru7(e),v. ; -ice]  Having 
the  power  or  quality  of  uniting;  causing  or 
tending  to  unite;  producing  or  promoting 
union. 

"That  can  lie  nothing  f Ise  but  the  unitive  wny  *>X 
reliuii'U.  which  i-ousiata  of  the  contemplation  iind  love 
of  OoU.'— A'orrw. 

u-nit-ive-lj^,  o.dc.  [Eng.  nnitive ;  -ly.]  In  a 
unitetl  ur  uuitive  manner.    (^Ciulwovth.') 

*  U'-nit-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  imit;  -Ue.]  To  re- 
duce to  a  unit  or  to  one  whole  ;  to  unify. 

u'-nit-y,  'u-nl-te,  "  u-ni-tee,  *  u-ni-tie, 

U-ny-te,  .•-■.  [Fr.  uni(<',  from  Lat,  unitnl' m, 
accus.  of  unitas,  from  «ints=ouc.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

.  1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  one  ;  one- 
ness, singleness,  as  opposed  to  plurality. 

'"Vheumtyoi  Ood  is  a  true  and  real,  not  flyiinitiw 
unity."— Clarke:  On  the  Attributes,  prop.  3. 

2.  Concord,  agreement,  harmony ;  oneness 
of  sentiment,  aft'ectiou,  or  the  like. 

"  How  good  and  how  pleasant  it  is  for  brethren  to 
dwell  together  In  unity.  —Pialm  cxxxiii.  1. 

3.  Unifonuity,  harmony,  agreement. 

"  To  the  avoiding  of  diaaeution  it  availeth  much 
tliat  there  be  amongst  thein  an  iiMittf  as  well  in  ceie- 
nioiiiea  as  in  doctrine."— //ooter. 

^  At  unity  :  At  one  ;  in  accord. 

"  Tlie  King  and  the  Commons  were  now  at  tinity." 
—JtacitHlay  :  Bi*t  Eng.,  ch.  xi. 

4.  The  principle  by  which  a  uniform  tenor 
of  story  and  propriety  of  representation  is 
preserved  in  literary  and  dramatic  composi- 
tions ;  conformity  in  a  composition  to  such 
principle  ;  a  reference  to  some  one  purpose  or 
leading  idea  in  all  the  parts  of  a  discourse  or 
composition.  In  the  Greek  drama  the  three 
unities  required  were  those  of  ncitOH,  of  ^('*i'', 
and  of  place.  This  so-called  Aristotelian  law 
of  unity  required  that  there  should  be  no 
shifting  of  the  scene  from  place  to  place,  that 
tlie  whole  series  of  events  should  be  such  as 
might  occur  within  the  space  of  a  single  day, 
and  that  nothing  should  be  admitted  irrelevant 
to  the  development  of  the  single  plot. 

"  The  uuitiex  of  time,  place,  and  action  are  exactly 
observed. "—/'ri/d«r»i ;  All/or  love.    (Pi-ef.) 

•5.  A  gold  coin  of  the  reign  of  James  I. 
[Unite,  s.,  2.] 
II.  Techidcallij : 

1.  Art.:  That  proper  balance  of  composition 
or  colour  in  a  work  of  art  which  produces  a 
perfectly  harmonious  effect,  and  to  which  all 
the  parts  of  the  work  conduce. 

2.  Laic: 

(1)  (See  extract.) 

"  Unity  of  possession  is  a  jotut  possession  of  two 
rights  by  sevenil  titles  Fur  example.  I  take  a  lc.^^e 
of  land  from  one  upon  acerUm  rent :  afterwards  I  boy 
the  fee-simple.  This  is  an  uh(7i/  of  imsse^dion.  whereby 
tlie  lease  is  extinguished  ;  by  rensou  that  I,  who  had 
l>efore  the  occupation  only  for  my  rent,  am  becunie 
lord  of  the  same,  aud  am  to  pay  my  rent  to  none.'  — 
Cowel. 

(2)  The  holding  of  the  same  estat*  in  un- 
divided shares  by  two  or  more  ;  joint  tenancy. 

3.  Math.  :  An  entire  collection,  considered 
as  a  single  thing.  Thus,  20  feet,  considered 
as  a  single  di.stancc,  is  unity ;  1  foot  is  the 
unit  of  the  expression.  The  number  1,  when 
unconnected  with  anything  else,  is  generally 
called  unity. 

n-niv'-a-lent,  o.    [Pref.  t(K(-,and  Lat.  rahns, 
'  pr.  par".  of'(v(/^o=  to  be  worth.] 

Chein. :  Equivalent  to  one  unit  of  any 
standard,  specially  to  one  atom  of  hydrogen. 
[Monad,  II.  1.] 

U-ni-vSilve,  o.  &  s.  [Pref.  iini-,  and  Eng. 
cu/fc] 

A-  -Is  adj. :  Having  only  one  v:ilve,  as  a 
shell  or  pericarp. 

B.  As  su hsta n t i ve  : 

Zool.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
Gasteropoda  (q.v.)  inclosed  in  a  univalve 
shell,  which  may  be  regarded  essentially  as  a 
cone,  the  apex  of  which  is  more  or  less 
oblique.  In  the  simplest  form  the  conical 
shape  is  retained  without  any  alteration,  as  is 
the  case  with  the  common  limpet.  In  the 
majority  of  instances  univalves  have  the 
conical  shell  considerably  elongated,  so  as  to 
form  a  tube,  which  may  retain  this  slia]>c, 


ijnrt 


VNIVALVE. 

{.Shell  o/  theffctlUt  Triton.) 


but  is  usually  coiled  up  into  a  -spiral,  and  (his 
lattov  form  inuy  be  regarded  as  the  typictd 
shell  of  the  Gasteropoda.  In  some  (as  in 
Vcrmctnis)  the  coils  ur  whorls  are  Iiaidly  in 
C'tntact,  but  more  commonly  they  are  sy 
amalgamated  that  the  inner  side  of  each  con- 
volution is  formed  by  the  pre-existing  whorl. 
When  the  whorls  are  coiled  ntund  a  central 
axis  in  the  same  jdanc,  tltc  shell  is  said  to  bo 
discoidal,     as 

in     I'laiiorbis  A 

(q.v.);  but,  in 
most  cases, 
they  are 
wound  o  b  - 
liquely  round 
the  axis,  and 
the  shell  is 
termed  tur- 
reted,  tro- 
choid, or  tur- 
binated, fusi- 
form, iS;c.  The 
animal  with- 
draws into  its 
shell  by  a  re- 
tractile mus- 
cle, which 
jtasscs  into 
ihe  foot  or  is 
attached  to 
the  opercu- 
lum, its  scar 
or  impression 
Iteing  placed  in  th"^  Spiral  Univalves.  ui»on 
the  columella.  Intlie  JIarine  Univalves  two 
important  variations  c\ist  in  the  form  of 
the  mijuth  of  the  shell.  In  one  group,  the 
HolostoiiKita  (q.v.),  it  is  unbroken  and  entire, 
and  these  animals  Hve  for  the  nmst  part  ou 
vegetable  food ;  in  tlie  other  group,  the 
Siphonostomata  ((j.v.),  which  are  mainly  car- 
nivorous, the  aperture  of  the  shell  is  notched 
in  front.  The  shell  figured  is  fusiform  ;  the 
apex  (a)  mammillated  ;  the  whorls  (w)  ventri- 
cose,  strongly  ribbed  or  corrugated,  with  dis- 
continuous varices  (f),  and  distinct  sutures 
(-■it);  the  columella  (t)  is  denticulated;  the 
"Uter  lip  (o)  is  internally  plicato-dentate  ;  the 
body-whorls  (b  w)  are  large,  and  the  aperture 
(rr)  n\ately  elliptical;  ac  aud  pc  mark  the 
anterior  aud  posterior  canals  respectively. 

"This  class  fOiusteroiimla!  includes  :ill  those  iiiol- 
lusciiUH  animals  whicli  are  known  as  I'ni'-ulves.  sMi:h 
lis  Liuid-suails,  Sea  snails,  Whelks,  Limpets.  &c."— 
.\i'-ho(sou  :  I'alatunt.t  ii.  1. 

U'-ni-valved,  o.  [Pref.  nni-,  and  Eng.  valnd.] 
Having  only  one  valve  ;  univalve  ;unlvalvular. 

U-ni-val'-VU-lar,  <'.  [Pref.  an  i-,  and  Eng.  c"/- 
cah<i\\     Having  but  a  .single  valve  ;  univalve. 

u-ni-ver'-sal, '  u-ni-ver-sall, «.  &  s.  [Fr. 
vniff-rsel,  from  Lat.  )tiiiaT>c//s  =  pertaining 
to  the  whole,  fi'om  vnifersu'iii=-t]\e  whole, 
prop.  neut.  siog.  of  tiniversus  =  combined  into 
a  whole  :  iaiws  =  one,  and  versuf!,  }'.i.  par.  of 
tt:rtu  =  to  turn;  O.  Fr.,  Sp.,  &  Port,  uni- 
versal.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Lan/juage : 

1.  General ;  pertaining  or  extending  to  or 
comprehending  the  whole  number,  quantity, 
or  space;  pertaining  to  or  pervading  the 
whole ;  all-embracing,  all-reaching. 

"  And  there  is  an  uniitcrsnJ  oblignthm  npon  all  men 
to  ot>ey  them."— Z-v(i?'((wH ."  Coin,  on  I  I'ctrr,  ii, 

2.  Constituted  or  considered  as  a  whole 
entire ;  whole,  total. 

"Sole  monarch  of  the  universal  earth." 

Shttknap. :  Homvo  it  Juliet,  iii.  1. 

3.  Comprising  all  the  particulars  ;  general, 

"  From  things  particnlar 
She  doth  abstnict  the  itniwrsitl  kind*." 

Daoi'it:  Iniinort,  o/thc  ix/ul. 

II.  Logic :  Comprising  particulars,  or  all  the 
particulars. 
"The  ! 
to  many  t       ^.  , 
cuUn.  - /f'ibbs :  Huinnn  .Vain 

B.  As  substantive : 

'  I.  Onl.  Jxing. :  Tlie  whole  ;  the  system  of 
the  universe. 

"To  what  end  had  the  angel  Wen  aet  to  kceji  the 
entrance  into  iiaradi-w  after  Adam's  expulsion,  ii  the 
imiiTsat  had  been  iinrAd\W!"~Jiitleiyh :  Uitt.  tif  tlta 
World. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Logic :  A  universal  proposition  (<i.v.). 

"At  for  Kiii^Iar  iiropisitimis  (viz..  those  whose  niib- 
jcct  is  either  a  propiT  nanu-,  or  :\  common  term  with  a 
■.im:ular  siini)  trn-y  '»re  r.'ik.riind  hi  Uniivranlt,  because 
in  thtin  Me  fin-Ak  .if  tht-  wli.il^  of  a  sahject."— 
nh-il.ly:  jAfOic.  bk.  ii,.  cb,  li,,  5  2. 


<  .ip^KllAtiuns  that  be  uniiM'rial,  and  conuiion 
y  tilings,  are  utit  always  Eiveii  to  nil  the  parti- 


;  ch.  V. 


bwl,  boy ;  pout,  jo^l ;  cat.  9ell.  chorus,  9liin,  bengh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect.  :Xenophon,  eylst.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ~  shun;  -tion,  -gion  =  zhuo*    -cioos,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  -  b?!,  deU 


S32 


universaliaii— universality 


■ml  ii"tioii»  iir  l.li-JW  |ir.iliail.l8  i.f  iimiiy  ; 
.•ouwpK  .■luliraoiiiii  Hint  «lilcli  l)y  its  iiuluif 
Jhum  litup»i<  or  caiMcity  t"  Iw  in  many. 

(I)  rl.il.Miic  i.lfua:  Birlu-tyial  foniis  exist- 
Ini!  ill  tlic  ilivliic  iiiiml.  anil  foniiing  tliv 
iialli'iii  acciriliiig  t"  wlhcli  lacli  iinlividiial 
of  klii-.l  lias  ItiMi  iiviit«l.  Tliosf  liuve  l-iii 
.■alli-.l  also  Mrtaiiliyaical,  or,  in  the  laUfMi;  • 
ol  tin.'  Si'IhMili,  i(iiii'rrs«/in  uittf  inn. 

(J)  CiTtiiiii  riiniinoii  natures  which,  <»••:  ;i' 
tlu-nuvi-lvi-s,  are  tlimiswl  iinionj,-  or  shared  in  liy 
niaiiv  ;  as  ratiulialitv,  wlii.li  is  coinniou  tb  all 
»\ei,'.  Thesi-  are  ealli-il  Pliysioal  Univcrsals,  or 

U/liiei.vl(Ml  i/l  If.      IN0M1N.\1.1S.M,  RK.V1.I.SM,  S- 1 

(3)  Uinernl  notions  framed  by  the  intellect 
•nd  iiredicablo  of  many  things  ou  the  ^jround 
(if  their  iMsxessing  i-ommou  properties,  e.i;., 
tniinal,  which  may  be  |MC<lii'ated  of  a  man,  a 
lion,  a  biixl,  a  fish,  ic.  These  are  Logical 
Univcrsals,  or  liuii'tritiiiu  post  rem. 

t  (1)  The  predieables.    [Pbedioable.] 

"AtwUnl  WMtllontlintlUheiiueatlonol  Untctr^ill 
•u  brouslit  lurwud.  »ii<l  tlieu  ■ujilaalir  obauiiliig 
Ir.hi  n  .li..-li.lr  1..  nil  1111I..BJ11-1.  '"  u.u.i-s.il  tlie  oM 
lj,»ii  »iili  .iKli  mi.ulilviiii.l  ,.iiex|,vt.-.li,,««olaYJiult 
11, 1,1  Willi  •m  |..l  (•|.»i..i..«.i\l>"Uie.-i..l  IiuumKiU;- 
le«l...l  «n.l  cx'lnu  l«J  I.U  ui'luiuii.  -u.  a.  Lctni :  Hut. 
rh,'..!.  if-i    ISS'il.  11.  !■'. 

•I  Tnr  tiif  ilitrereiiC'3  between  vniverstxl  and 

p.uo.r'.  ^,c  tlKSKlvAl.. 

universal  agent,  «. 

Uiir:  .\\i  asenl  aiithoiized  to  do  for  a  iniii- 
fiiml  all  the  acts  which  the  latter  can  law- 
fnllv  delegate.  Such  devolution  of  authority 
\ciy  rarely  takes  place,    (.srorj; ;  Agency.) 

nntversal-cliuok.  s.  A  chuclt  having 
mo\alil.-  ib'-'s  on  a  f.ice-plate  to  adapt  them 
to  fe'ia^p  olijicts  of  varying  sizes. 

Universal  Church,.;. 

Th'ol. :  Tlic  Lliuii  h  of  God  throughout  the 
world.    [Caimolh-I 

universal-compass,  s.  A  compass  with 
tubular  Icysi'ontaiiiiii.Licvti'iisi'in-picces,  which 
may  be  drawn  out  to  ^ll■ikc  a  large  circle,  and 
flxeil  at  the  required  Ivn^'tli  by  screws.  The 
extension-pieces  are  also  tubular,  each  re* 
ceiviiig  either  leg  of  a  small  bow-compass,  one 
having  a  plain  itoint  and  pen  and  the  other  a 
)ilain  point  and  pencil-holder;  these  are  used 
as  parts  of  the  larsje  compass,  but  both  may 
lie  withdi-awn  and  used  independently  for 
drawing  small  circles. 

universal- coupling,  s.  A  form  of 
coupling  ill  which  the  parts  united  are  capable 
of  assuming  various  angular  relations  to  each 
other.     A  gimbal-joiut  is  a  familiar  instance. 

universal- dial,  <.    A  dial  by  which  the 

hout  may  be  found  by  the  sun  in  any  part  of 
the  woilil,  or  under  any  elevation  of  the  pole. 

universal-Instrument,  s. 

.[.Iii'ik:  a  rctlccliug  instrument  invented 
by  Prof.  Piazzi  Smyth.  It  is  a  sort  of  reflect- 
iiig  circle,  in  which  a  spirit-level  with  a  very 
small  bubble  is  so  placed  that  by  means  of  a 
lens  and  a  totally  reflecting  prism  an  image 
of  the  bubble  is  "formed  at  the  focus  of  the 
telescope,  and  the  coincidence  uf  the  centre  of 
that  image  with  the  cross-wires  shows  when 
the  line  of  colliuiation  is  truly  horizontal. 

universal-joint,  s. 

.M'lc/i. :  A  device  for  connecting  two  objects, 
as  the  ends  of  two  shafts,  so  as  to  allow  them 


ISIVERSAL-JOINTS. 

1.  BwU-iiiid-sogltet  Jiiiut.  2.  Flexible  pipe-joint- 
a,  4,  5.  Sliftft-coiiiiliiig. 

to  Inne  perfect  freedom  of  motion  in  every 
direction  within  ceitaiu  defined  limits.  There 
are  numerous  forms. 

nniversal-legacy,  s. 

.^mi^  Loir :  A  lt';;acy  of  all  one's  property 
given  to  ii  .sin^de  person. 


universal-legatee,  s. 

.•i'l.h  ;..ii";  A  l.%;atee  to  whom  the  whole 
estate  of  a  d.eeased  pel-son  is  given,  subiect 
only  to  the  burden  of  other  legscies  and  debts. 

universal-levor,  s. 

.Mull.  ;  A  contrivance  by  means  of  which 
V.:':  jveiprocatiug  motion  of  a  lever  is  made  to 
connuunicato  a  continuous  rotatory  motion 
to  a  wheel,  and  a  continuous  rectilinear 
motion  to  auything  attached  by  a  rope  to  the 
axle  of  tlie  wheel. 

universal  prime-meridian,  s. 

.islnui.,  ,lr.  .■  'Ihr  meridian  of  drccnwich,^ 
adopted  at  ail  International  Confei-ence  ol 
scientillc  men.  held  at  Washington,  U.S.A., 
ill  1SS:I.  Till  that  time  nearly  every  country 
had  its  own  prime  meridian— that  of  England 
was  (ireenwich,  and  that  of  France  Paris ; 
hence  an  English  and  a  French  ship,  meet- 
ing at  sea,  would  llnd  that  there  would  be  a 
ditl'erence  of  2'  20'  tetwoen  the  records  of 
their  longitude,  since  Paris  is  2°  20'  east  of 
C"H-ecnwich.  The  conference  decided  that  this 
anomaly  should  be  abolished,  and  that  longi- 
tude should  be  reckoned  only  from  the  meri- 
dian of  Greenwich,  and  that  it  should  count 
ISO'  east  and  180'  west ;  so  that  in  future  all 
maps  will  be  constructed  on  this  principle, 
and  ships  of  every  nation,  meeting  at  sea, 
will  flnrl  themselves  in  the  same  degree  of 
longitude.     [Universal-time.] 

universal-proposition,  s. 

Loiii'- :  A  iir.'iiiisitioii  ill  which  the  predicate 
is  said  uf  the  whole  of  the  subject :  Thus, 
All  tyrants  are  miserable,  is  a  universal 
affirmative  proposition  (having  the  symbol  A) ; 
No  miser  is  rich,  is  a  universal  negative  jiro- 
position  (having  the  symbol  O).  [See  also 
examples  under  Universal,  II.  1.) 

universal-religion,  s. 

toM/Kir.  lleliii. :  A  missionary  religion  (q.v.) ; 

a  faith  intended  to  be  ])ieached  to  all  men,  as 

distinguished  from  a  tribal  or  national  cult. 

"  of  itniiitn-Biil  rfliffions  there  are  lit  most  only  three. 

and  Pri.f.  Kueiien  w.>uld  almost  seeia  tu  deny  the 

rit'lit  <■£    IslHiii    tu    he   admitted    into    the   el;U3.'  — 

Arhfti<eu:n.  Oct,  U.  1?S2.  p.  4a:i. 

universal-successor,  s. 

:Scots  Law:  An  heir  wdio  succeeds  to  tlie 
whole  of  the  heritage  of  a  person  who  dies 
intestate. 

iiniversal-suflfrage,  s. 

Hist. :  Sntlrage  which  accords  a  vote  to 
every  man  in  tlie  coiumunity.  It  is  called  in 
France  Plebiscite  (q.v.).  It  was  the  first 
point  of  the  Charter  advocated  by  the  Chart- 
ists in  1S3S  and  the  subsequent  yeai-s.  Advo- 
cates of  women's  suffrage  contend  that  a 
franchise  conlined  to  men  is  not  universal. 

universal-time,  s. 

Astmi.,  dr.  :  A  method  of  reckoning  time 
for  international  purposes,  agreed  on  by  the 
International  Conference,  held  at  Washington, 
U.S.A.,  in  18Sa.  Universal  time  is  reckoned 
from  mean  noon  at  the  universal  priuie-ineri- 
dian  (q.v.).  the  day  coimnencing  at  midnight, 
and  divided  into  twenty-four  (instead  of  into 
two  portions  of  twelve)  hours  each.  Local 
time  will  still  be  used  for  local  purposes  ;  but 
the  metliciilof  tixingitwill  bechaii.ged.  Since 
the  earth  is  divided  into  300'  and  the  day  into 
24  hours,  every  15°  will  represent  the  ditfereuce 
of  an  hour  in  time.  If  the  earth  be  divided 
into  24  equal  parts,  at  every  fifteenth  meiidian, 
and  if  the  local  mean  noon  of  each  of  such 
meridians  be  adopted  as  the  standard  noon 
of  all  places  7i'  each  sicie  of  it.  it  will  follow 
that  when  it  is  noon  at  Greenwich  and  at  all 
jilaces  within  VAVf  Greenwich,  it  will  be  eleven 
o'clock  by  local  (but  still  noon  by  universal) 
time  for  a'll  places  between  7i°  and  22^°  west  of 
Greenwich,  and  thirteen  o'clock  by  local  (but 
still  noon  by  universal)  time  for  all  places 
between  "i'  and  22.^'  east  of  Greenwich,  and 
so  on  throughout  the  world.  Universal  time 
will  be  the  same  universally,  and  local  time 
will  differ  from  it  only  by  even  hours,  instead 
of  by  the  various  odd  minutes  by  which  local 
standards  ditfer  from  each  other  at  the  present 
time ;  while  iu  no  case  will  the  ditfereuce 
between  standai-d  noon  and  absolute  noon  at 
any  place  exceed  half  an  hour,  since  a  dilt'er- 
ence  of  7^°  of  longitude  equals  a  difference  of 
half  an  hour  iu  time. 

universal-umbel,  s. 

Bot. :  An  umbel  consisting  of  various  partial 
umbels. 


•u-ni-vcr-sa'-li-an,  II.    IHng.  iniir.-reo;.- 
-niu.  I   lit  or  peitaiiiing  to  Universalibin  (q.v.). 

U-ni-ver -sal-i^m, s.  [Kug. universctt ;  -ism.] 

1.   Church  History: 

(1)  The  doctrine  held  by  large  numliers  of 
Christians  that  all  men,  and  also  the  devil 
and  fallen  angels,  will  be  forgiven  and  will 
enjoy  eternal  happiness.  This  belief  is  very 
ancient,  and  ptissages  implying  it  may  be  found 
in  the  works  of  Origcii  and  his  followers,  Greg- 
ory of  Xyssa,  Chrysostom,  &c.  it  is  also  said 
to  have  constituted  part  of  the  creed  of  the 
Lnllards,  Albigenses,  and  Waldenses.  Among 
the  Englisli  divines  who  have  held  some  form 
of  tins  doctrine  are  Tillotson,  Buniet,  and 
William  Law,  and  more  recently  the  late  '.'ro- 
fessor  F.  L).  Mamlce.  All  Unitarians  hold  it, 
and  some  of  the  Universalists  agree  with  the 
Unitarians  in  rejecting  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity.  The  Universalists  ground  their 
reasons  for  their  doctrine  in  the  love  of  God, 
who,  they  say,  is  only  angry  with  sin,  not 
the  sinner,  and  therefore  if  the  sinner  repents 
even  after  death  his  repentance  will  restore 
liini  to  God's  favour.  The  sovereignty  of  God 
will  be  tinally  vindicated  by  the  ultimate 
h.iiiijoiiy  of  the  moral  universe,  and  tlie  sub- 
iiiissiou'of  all  things  in  heaven  and  earth  to 
His  righteous  will.  When  righteousness  is 
triumphant  peace  and  happiness  will  prevail ; 
until  then  jiain  and  sutlering  will  be  instru- 
ments to  work  out  the  will  of  God.  They 
profess  to  prove  their  doctrine  from  Scriiiture, 
quoting  in  support  of  it  Matt.  xxv.  40,  John 
xvii.  3,  1  Cor.  XV.  22,  Phil.  ii.  10,  Eph.  i.  10, 
Col.  i.  10.  20,  and  1  Tim.  iv.  10.  Univeisalism 
is  better  known  as  a  distinct  sect  in  America 
than  in  England.  In  1827  a  division  arose 
among  the  American  Universalists  concern- 
ing punishment  after  death,  some  asserting 
it  to  be  limited,  while  others  denied  it  altoge- 
ther. Some  separated  from  the  main  body 
and  called  themselves  "The  Mass.iehusetts 
Association  of  Rest<nationists."  Most  of  them 
afterwards  joined  the  Free-WiU  Baiitists  or 
the  Unitarians,  while  the  others  leturned  to 
the  main  body.  In  1840  the  whole  sect  di- 
Aided  into  two,  the  ImpartiaUsts  and  the 
Restorationists.  But  Univeisalism  is  also 
held  by  many  members  of  other  sects,  and 
practically  by  all  Theists  strictly  so  called. 

(2)  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Arininianism 
(q.v.),  because  it  maintains  that  Christ  died 
for  all  men,  uot  merely  lor  tlie  elect.  [Cal- 
vinism.] 

(3)  The  doctrine  that  the  mis.sion  of  Christ 
was  to  all  men,  not  merely  to  the  Jews ; 
Paulinisln  (q.v.). 

"  The  Fourth  Gospel  a?aiti  ...  is  the  Gospel  of 
Cntvermfiam  iu  the  highest  degree."— J/aMA<;«  Ar. 
itold :  Hod  i  the  Bible,  £21*. 

2.  Crmimr.  ICdig. :  The  state  or  condition  of 
embracing  or  being  suited  for  the  acceptance 
of  all  men.    (Univebsal-helioion.] 

"  The  denial  of  true  uuiuei-taliam  to  Islam  is  some- 
what contradicted  by  the  f;tct  that  it  is  at  the  present 
day  spreading  more  than  either  Chiiatiauity  or  Buddh- 
ism."—JtJie/mntni,  Oct.  14,  1882,  p.  ISO. 

u-ni-ver'-sal-ist,  s.  &  a.     [Eng.  vnirersal; 

-isl.] 

A.  -4s  substantive: 

*  1.  Onl.  Lang, :  One  who  pretends  to  un- 
derstand all  statements  or  propositions. 

"For  a  moderu  free-thinker  is  an  unioergalist  in 
aneculatiou;  any  in-onosition  whatsoever  he's  ready 
to  decide  :  every  day  de  quolibet  elite,  as  our  author 
liere  professes."— Bcjlf/cjl  .■  On  Free  Tliinkiiia.  S  3. 

2.  Church  History : 

(1)  One  who  believes  iu  the  final  salvation 
of  all  rational  beings. 

(2)  An  Arminian  (q.v.). 

(3)  One  who  believes  that  the  mission  of 
Jesils  was  to  all  men  ;  not  to  the  Jews  only. 

"The  advanced  Ciuoersalint  means  to  indicate  that 
the  mnltitudcB  of  the  heathen  world  may  he  brouKhl 
into  Christianity  without  any  such  disruption  of  the 
Christian  Clmrch  as  to  his  faint-hearted  predecessor 
had  seemed  Inevitable,"— .UorCtew  Arnold  :  Uod  &  the 
BMe,  p.  -nv. 

B.  ^s  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  any  form  of 
Universalisin. 

*  u-ni-ver-sal-isf-ic,  ti.  [Eng.  imiversal ; 
■  istic]  Of,  re'latiug  to,  or  affecting  the  whole; 
universal. 

"ELioistic    and    univeisatietic     hedouism.''-TPro,f. 

J':vons. 

u-ni-ver-sal-i-ty,  *  u-ni-ver-sal-i-tie, 

.^■.  [Fr.  universalite,  from  Low  Lat.  tniirersn- 
litateni,  accus.  of  unU'ersalitas,  from  Lat.  uni- 
versalis =  universal  (q.v.).]      The  quality  or 


Cite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camgL  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  woi  2,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  riile,  fiill ;  try,  Syrian,    as,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


universalize— unjustifiable 


.state  of  being  uuivursal,  or  of  extending  to 
^  tiie  whole. 

"  t'tiiPeranHtg/  httloiigs  nut  to  things  theiunelvL's. 
wlilfii  HI"*  all  «t  lh*m  jwirlKuIiir  lii  tlieir  i-Kisitciice." 
—lockc.    lliinuin  rii,UrglitiiU.,hk.  ill,  ch.  111. 

'  u-ni-ver'-sal-ize,  r.f.  (Eng.  nnircrsnl ; 
•  i;t:]    To  iiiiiki;  mii\«'rsal ;  t<>  yftit-ralize. 

d-ni-ver'-sal-ly'»  •  u-ny  ver-sal-ly,  (niv. 

[Eiig.  Hiiitxiikil ;  •bj.\  In  a  nwivtrsal  niaiiner  ; 
with  extension  to  llm  whole  ;  withnnt  exccji* 
tion  ;  so  as  to  comprehend  or  extend  to  all ; 
jienerally. 

"rill-  cuUstKiui'iice  wfts  tliat  he  wus  more  unh-orxall;/ 
ileteattil  tbiiii  luiy  uiiiii  vt  hla  Uiuf.'—Macaulas/: 
Hist.  K»'j.,  cli.  xii. 

■  u-ni-ver'-sal-ness,  .«.  [Eng.  nniversal : 
-nt-^is.]  The  quality  it  state  of  being  universal; 
niiiversality.    (Jiuluirdson.) 

U'-ni-verse»  s.  [Fr.  unive.rs,  from  Lat.  uni- 
vcrsiiiii.,  neiit.  sing,  of  uiUversus=  all  together, 
the  whole.]  The  general  system  of  things  ; 
all  createtl  things  viewed  as  con. stitu ting  one 
system  or  whole  ;  the  world  ;  the  to  irav  (to 
pita  =  the  whok*)  of  the  Greeks,  and  tlie 
inumiHs  of  the  Latins. 

"  0  for  a  clap  of  thiiiKler  now.  as  lond 
As  to  lie  lieanl  tluuughuut  the  loit^'Trxr." 

Ucit  Jomon:  Calilinc.  i.  1. 

u-ni-ver'-sit-y,  *■  u-ni-ver-sit-e, "  u-ny- 

ver  sit  ee,  -^.  [Fr.  universiU,  from  Lat. 
.1  lur-  ,\  if  lift:  III,  acvus.  of  uiiiversUns-=the  whole 
lit"  anything,  tlie  universe;  later,  an  associa- 
tion, corpoiation,  eompany,  &c.  ;  from  uiii- 
versus  =  universal  (ii.v.)  ;  Sp,  universidad  ; 
Ital.  unlceraitd.] 
•  L  The  whole  universe  ;  the  world. 

"  Our*  tnnge  is  fier.  the  unyuersitee  of  wickidnesse." 
—  WyKliffe  :  Jitmcs  iii.  56. 

*2.  A  oori)oi:atioii,  a  guild,  an  association. 

3.  Now,  specifically,  an  establishment  or 
corporation  for  the  purpose  of  instruction  in 
all  or  some  (jf  the  mobt  inipoitant  sciences 
and  literature,  and  having  power  to  confer 
certain  honorary  dignities,  called  degrees,  in 
several  feculties,  as  arts,  science,  medicine, 
law,  theology,  &c.  When  the  term  came  tirst 
to  be  applied  to  seminaries  of  learning  it  was 
used  to  signify  either  the  whole  body  of 
learners  and  teachers,  or  the  whole  body  of 
learners,  with  corporate  rights,  and  undei' 
bye-laws  of  their  own,  divided  either  by 
faculty  or  by  country  (whence  the  division 
into  nations  in  the  Scotch  and  some  of  the 
continental  uni\ersitics),  nr  both  together, 
the  particular  mtianing  being  determined  by 
the  words  with  which  it  was  connected.  Sucli 
phrases  as  Uniivrsitas  vmgis(i-orv.}ti  et  audi- 
toruiii  {or  sdmlarinm),  meaning  the  whole  body 
of  teacliers  and  scholars,  are  met  witti  at  the 
very  beginning  of  tlie  thirteenth  century. 
As  applied  to  Oxford,  such  an  expression  is 
found  in  a  document  belonging  to  the  year 
1301.  In  the  following  century  the  Latin 
term  uiiLversitas  acquired  a  technical  sense, 
and  came  to  be  used  by  itself  much  in  the 
same  sense  as  we  now  use  the  English  Uni- 
versity. In  most  cases  the  corporations  con- 
stituting Uluversities  include  a  body  of 
teachers  or  professors  fipr  giving  instructi(m 
to  students.  A  common  idea  of  a  uni- 
versity (founded  probably  on  the  word  itself, 
and  also  on  the  fact  that  the  best-knowo 
universities,  as  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  con- 
sist of  several  colleges)  is  that  a  university  is 
an  aggregate  or  uidou  of  several  colleges,  that 
is,  a  great  corporation  embodying  in  one  several 
smaller  an<l  subordinate  collegiate  bodies ; 
but  such  is  not  necessarily  the  .  ase,  as  some 
universities,  such  as  Dublin,  ioiisi»t  of  but 
one  college.  The  three  oldest  universities 
are  tliose  of  Buhtgna,  Paris,  and  Oxford,  the 
first-named  having  already  acquired  great 
celebiity  as  a  school  of  law  in  the  early  part 
of  the  twelfth  century.  The  practice  of  grant- 
ing degrees  originated  at  Paris  in  the  second 
half  of  the  same  century.  The  earliest  divi- 
sion of  studentsand  teachers  was  into  nations, 
at  Paris  there  being  four  and  at  Bologna 
seventeen  or  eighteen  nations.  The  division 
into  faculties  did  not  arise  till  the  thirteenth 
century. 

University  extension,  s.  The  name 
given  to  a  scheme  by  which  many  of  the  ad- 
vantages of  university  teaching  are  brought 
within  the  reach  of  tlie  inhabitants  of  the 
pj'incipal  towns  of  Enghin<l,  iuchiding  Lon- 
don. Called  also  Local  Lectures  Scheme, 
-s  1.  2'he  Cambridge  scheme:  In  1872  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  appointed  a  syndicate 
to  orgauize  lectures  by  university  men,  and 


conduct  olassi's  in  suitable  places.  The  le<'« 
tures  are  of  a  sinnlar  character  to  those  given 
atc^ambridgp,  and  in  addition  t(»  being  largely 
attended,  have  h-d,  in  the  case  of  Notting- 
ham and  fshetlield,  t^^  the  establishment  of 
permanent  insiitutiuns  for  higher  education. 
Several  towns  have  heconie  affiliated,  as  teach- 
ing eenties,  under  this  scheme,  unci  special 
advantages  aie  ottered  to  students. 

2.  The  Ia}}! don  scheme :  This  dates  fi-om  1S78, 
when  snnie  Loudon  residents  formed  the 
*'  fionilon  Society  for  the  Extension  of  Uni- 
versity Teaching,"  and  secured  the  cno]ieia- 
tion  of  the  Universities  of  Cambridge,  (>\fi>ni, 
and  London,  each  agreeing  to  nominate  ihree 
distinguished  persons  as  a  "joint  board," 
and  this  joint  board  of  nine  undertaking 
to  select  lecturers,  examiners,  &c.,  and  to 
advise  generally.  Very  many  local  centres 
were  constituted  In  connet-tion  with  this 
chief  body.  In  190*2  the  London  Society  was 
dissolved,  and  its  work  transferred  to  the  Lon- 
don University.  This  work  is  now  canied  on 
by  tlie  London  University  Extension  Board. 
Tlie  lectures  are  in  courses  of  ten  or  twelve, 
are  always  accomiMinied  with  class  teaching, 
and  (tonclude  with  an  examination  (free)  by 
some  independent  examiner.  The  session  (of 
two  terms)  covers  a  little  more  than  the  six 
months  trom  October  to  Marcli. 

3.  Durham  scheme:  In  1879  lectures  were 
organized  in  connection  with  this  university 
on  a  similar  plan  to  that  adopted  in  the  Cam- 
bridge scheme  ;  but  in  1883  the  whole  man- 
agement was  transferred  to  tlie  Cambridge 
Syndicate. 

4.  Oxford  scheme  :  In  1SS5  the  scheme  which 
had  been  started  some  years  earlier,  but  had 
been  temporarily  abandoned,  was  revived. 
The  courses  have  hitherto  been  mostly  short 
courses  averaging  six  lectures  cacli. 

5.  Victoria  University :  A  few  short  courses 
are  given  at  a  few  towns  in  Lancashire. 

6.  The  Scottish  Scheme:  The  Scottish  Uni- 
versities are  cooperating  to  introduce  a 
seheme  of  Lectures  similar  t/i  the  Cambridge 
scheme  into  Scotland.  It  has  already  been 
started  at  a  few  t'lwus. 

university-tests,  .-j.  i^l.  Tests  enforced 
upon  students  in  the  Universities  as  an  essen- 
tial t^)  their  obtiiiniug  a  degree.  The  tests, 
till  recently  in  force,  were  those  prescribed  by 
the  Act  of  Uniformity  [Uniformity];  an  Act 
for  their  abolition  in  the  English  Universities 
became  law  in  June  Iti,  1S71.  A  similar  Act 
for  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  was  jiassed  in 
May.  1S73.  Tests  had  not  been  enforced  in 
the  Scottish  Universities. 

* u-ni-ver'-sit-y-less,  f.  [Eng.  vniversity ; 
•l':s.^.\  Having  no  uuivei-sity  ;  destitute  of  a 
university. 

t  U-ni-ver-s6-l6g'-ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  nnin'r- 
soluiXn) ;  -iri'L]  (If  or  pertaining  to  tlie  science 
of  uiiiverstjlogy. 

t  u-ni-ver-sol'-o-gist,  5.  [Eng.  itnivers- 
olcgdi) :  -i^t.\  One  who  makes  a  special  study 
of  universology. 

t  u-ni-ver-sol-o-gy,  s.  lEng.  iinivers(e) ; 
sulf.  -ologi/.]  The  science  of  the  universe.  A 
science  intended  to  cover  the  whole  ground  of 
philosophy,  the  exact  and  physical  sciences, 

and  snciol(»gy. 

*u-niv'-6-ca-9y,  s.  [Eng.  univnra^l);  -c//.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  univocal. 

*  u-niv'-6-cal,  o.  &  s.     [Lat.  univocus,  from 
(o/iKs- =  one,'and  roj:,  genit.  oocis=  &  voice,  a. 
sound  ;  Fr.  univoque.] 
A.,  As  ti/ijective : 

1.  Having  only  one  meaning ;  having  the 
meaning  certain  and  unmistakable. 

"  Ciiioocal  words  are  pucIi  as  sig:iiify  but  one  i.lefl..  or 
at  least  but  one  sort  of  thing;  .  .  .  houst>,  elepbiuit, 
uiay  be  called  utiiforat  words,  for  I  ktrnw  not  that 
they  signify  anything  eUe  hut  those  idejut  to  whic:h 
they  aie  generally  affixed." — H'atts:  t^ir,  bk.  i., 
ch.  iv. 

2.  Having  unison  in  sounds  ;  as  the  octave 
in  music  and  its  replicates. 

3.  Ceititin,  regular;  pursuing  always  one 
teiini-. 

"This  conceit  .  .  .  conceives  inegnivocal  tftec\». 
and  tinirtn-<tl  conformity  unto  the  efficient."— flre/w/if.- 
Viitff.u-  ErrnurS. 

4.  Certain,  sure  ;  not  to  be  doubted  or  mis- 
taken. 

"They  are  commonly  the  true  inotliora,  the  Mtti- 
voral  parentsof  their |irodnttloua."—fl^.  Tat/tor:  Rule 
of  Conirietirf,  bk.  ii  .  ch.  iii. 


B.  As  sithsl. :  A  word  having  only  omh 
meaning  i>r  xignitlcatlon  ;  a  generic  woid,  i»r 
H  w«ird  pretlicable  of  many  diirereiit  species, 
as  lish,  tree.  Ac. 

'  U-niv   6  cal-1^.  ndr.     [Er.g.  univocal:  -h-l 
L  In  a   univocal   mannri  ;   in  one  sense; 
unmistakably,  une(|ui vocally. 

"  Hiiw  is  Kin  ii»i>o(Vf;;j[/ dUtiii/iilohed  hito  T^niAl) 
and  ntortall.  t(  the  vi-iil»tl  Ihw  uoeiuweT'—tlp.  Halt: 
So  ffiittf  with  /lonie,  f  13. 

2.  In  one  tenor. 

".411  ci*eiitnrrit  nrp  t;t>ncmt«tl  unimciillv  \,y -pikTVuia 
■  •f  thrli-  ciu'ii  kind  :  there  la  no  BUeh  ihUiK  ii>  ■pontiu 
neons  Keiitfmtli.n.-— W-iy .-  On  the  t'rv.ttlnit. 

"  u-niv-o-ca'-tion.  s.  [Univocal.]  Agree- 
ment of  name  and  meaning. 

'The  uiin-'.cntion  .,t  Tartar  cltle*  with  thoM  of 
iBratl.  "-  U7(<>f  ,11  :  Mum.  (I74y).  l).  ftSJ. 

•  iin-jar'-ring,  a.     (Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 

/rr)(';((/.|    Harmonious.     (Adams :    Works,  il. 
"21U.) 

'iin-jaun'-dxged.  c  [Prof,  lot-  (1),  and 
Kug.  jniindiccd.]  Not  jaundiced  ;  hence,  not 
atleeted  with  cuvy,  jealousy,  or  the  like  ;  un- 
prejudiced. 

"  With  an  iitijaurtiiired  eyf." 

Cuwper :  To  Dr.  Daririn. 

"  un-jeal'-OUS,  n.  (Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
Jmluits.]     JCot  .lealous  ;  free  from  jealousy. 

"The  gentle  and  unjcalmis  temrrr  of  the  klni{." — 
Claremlon:  Papnl  Uxurpation.  vol.  I.,  ch,  x, 

*  iin-join',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  join.\ 

To  separate  ;  to  disjoin. 

'  un-j6int',  i'.^    [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng.  joi/ir.] 

To  flisjoint. 

'■  t't'Johjthiff  the  hotie»."~ FnHcr. 

un-joxnt'-ed,  n.     [Pref.  ua-  (I),  and   Eng. 

jointfd.\ 

1.  Having  no  joints  or  articulations. 

" They  are  all  tliree  iniuioxeable  or  iintointcd.  nf  the 
thickness  uf  it  little  yUi.'— drew:  .Uutdrinn. 

*  2.  Deprivetl  of  a  joint ;  disjointed  ;  hence, 
disconnected,  incoherent. 

"  I  hear  the  flouiul  of  word?,  their  sense  the  air 
DiBSolves  ttnjoiiitt'd  ere  it  reach  my  e:ti'." 

AfiitoH.-  Sanisoii  AgonisUt.  177. 

'  un'j6^'-fiil,  a.  [Pref.  u)i-  (1),  and  Eng. 
j'iijfiiL]     Not  joyful  ;  sad. 

■■This  unj-nfut  8et  of  people."— StMfc ."  Tatler,  No.  1« 

*un-j6p"'-OUS,  it.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
joiioi{s.\     Not  joyous  ;  cheerless,  sad.    (Tliom- 

son  :   U'iiifrr.  74t;,) 

un-judged',  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
jii'lgni.]  N'>t  yet  judged  ;  not  yet  judicially 
tried  or  determined. 

■■  Causes  tiiijiulged  disgrace  the  loaded  file." 

Prior:  Hototnvn,  if.  722. 

*un-jTimp'-a-l3je,  ".    [Pref.  vn- (l)\  Eng. 

jump  ;  -di'lr.]     incapable  of  being  jumped  or 
leaped  over. 


un-just',  a.  &  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  putt.] 
A,  As  adjective: 

L  Not  just ;  not  conformable  to  law  and 
justice. 

"  Quarrels  unju$t  against  the  good  anil  !oyaI." 
Shttkes/j. :  Miubclft,  iv.  3. 

2.  Not  acting  or  dispose<I  to  art  in  con- 
formity with  law  and  justice. 

3.  Not  conforming  to  the  divine  preceptor 
moral  law. 

"  He  sendeth  ruin  on  the  jnat  and  (he  unjutt."-^ 
Madhi'io  V.   15. 

•4.  Dishonest. 

"Discarded,  unjust  serving. men."  —  .SA.iJtap. ;  1 
Henry  11'..  iv.  2. 

*  5.  False,  faithless,  perfidious. 

"  O  jm-wug  traitor,  perjured  iuid  iivfiut." 

ShttlU'sp. :  :(  llrnry  I"/..  V.  1. 

*  6.  Not  accoi-ding  to  or  founded  ou  fact 
untrue,  groundless. 

"They  have  verified  wjiut  thlncfl." 

.Shiikejip. :  Afuvh  A  do,  v.  1. 

*  B,  Assnbst.:  Injustice,  wrong. 

"  s<t  drives  ^If-love  thro'  jnst  and  thn)'  unjust." 
I'opo  :  HsiUi/  (»i  .tfun,  iii.  a«9. 

*  un-Jus'-ti^e,   s.     [Pref.  7/n-  (1),  and  Eng. 

jitsdcj;.]     Injustice. 

"  To  endeavour  to  free  .  .  .  his  justice  from  seeminK 
Ki^iMfr'eff  and  oeeniing  congnilty.  —llalt:t:  Sermon  on 
/lorruint  xiv.  I. 

lin-jUS-ti-fi'-a-ble,  a.     (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  jiisfijiith!''.]    Not  justiliabh- ;  that  cann<»t 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat»  9eU,  chorus,  ^hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  t, 
-cian,    tiau  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun,    -cious,  -*ious,  -sious  =  shus.     ble.  -die,  .tc.  =  bel,  deL 


unj  ustiflableness—  unknowing 


be  viuui.llt«l  or  ilefi'iuli'il  at  the  lar  i>r  jcl^ 
tii-e  ;  not  i-n|«l.lo  of  briuii  justlliwl  or  provi.l 
right ;  iiuUfcnsiblf. 

"A  I'lot  Ipuitluunl.lnitnotltwi  unJiirttjl'iblrni;K\u*l 
t)iv  Tighu  o(  bla  clilldrell."'— J/u«lu/iiJf:   //i<*.  A'"!/.. 

di.  via 
in-Jfis-tl-fi-a-Wo-ness,  <.   [Eng.  mijir-y;- 

/in'.;..-  ..in.<,J  Till'  •|U:ility  or  stati;  i't  Lfilig 
lUijllstitiuMe. 

■•Tlu-  u»jnttijlubl€»fu  of  thf  inMiiiH  «!«ifcnite»  tin 
iiie.^iuk'  — i/iircAfiiir ;  Expo*,  uf  ttftittU  \x. 

fin-Jis-ti-fi'-a-bl^.  "<'»■.  [Etik.  »»jr(>^;»- 
ti'<'')."  ■/''•)  li">  11  uiijustitiablc  itiami'T  ;  in 
n  niiiiiTi'-r  tliat  caiiiK't  l-»'  vimlicutfl  <n-  lU- 
feiidttl. 

•'  Thi«  i-eo|>I«  lias  acted  iinwlftcly  ninl  iin/"*''"""''^''-' 
—  Oiirkt.   On  the  t'rtitch  lice-jiutiun, 

tin-jiist'-l^.  mir.  [Pref.  o,-  (l).  aii.l  Ei.j:. 
^nsf/i;.)  In  an  unjust  manner;  enntriry  t"< 
jiislice  ;  iniquitously,  wrongfully,  unfairly. 

"  We  all  iimke  coinpl.'viiit  of  the  iulciuitie  «(  i.iir 
times:  Lwt  uiuH<"j/;  ("F  the  days  are  eulll. '—//(wfcif -■ 
£fcl-:tia*tic<ttl  Potitie.  lik.  i..  S  I". 

un-just -ncss,  -■.  [Eng.  uyijust;  -vess.]  Tli«- 
([Uiility  vr  sl;it.;  of  U'ing  unjust;  injustice. 

"To  nu'asuro  the  j'lstin-sw  iir  unjtuittiesxot  thh  ilt- 
cvit.'*— //u/c-  Com.  ;  It/  Dvhig  lit  ice  uimld  be  iloiie  t-. 

iln'-ked,  iin-kid,  fin-keth,  «.  [A  cor- 
rupt, of  uiuoiUk  i'l.v.}.  ]    il'iov.) 

1.  Unusual,  odd,  strange,  uncoutli. 

"There  hftpi>eiieti  luniijsvmilrie,  ittiketh.  iiinl  stnitijje 
tight*."— JloUiiii/iett :  Hist.  :<cotlantl ;  Cerbrcid  OaUl. 

2.  Lonely,  solitary. 

•'WmIuii  insftdly  njffccrf  without  you."— foipyicr .  To 
Mr*.  7)ir<Hkinortvii,  Mnrch  2,  1790, 

un-kempt  (p  silent),    ' iinkemmed;  "■ 

(Prtf.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng.  kempt,  kemmed.] 

1.  Uncombed. 

'■  Ladeu  she  is  with  long  unk^mmfd  hah-s." 

JJay:  Lttcan  ;  P/utrguU't.  vi. 

2.  Rough,  unpoIishe<l. 

"Mine  rimes  been  rtig^eil  aiitl  unkoit/if  " 

N/ii'user.   .Hic/ihrartlt  Catemler :  .\ortiiifier. 

un-kenned'.  tin-kent',  o.  [Pref.  ?/»■  (i), 
:uid  Eng.  ktiDwd.]     Inknown.     (Scotrh.) 

"  The  plague  and  trouble  which  be  hatl  nlx-ut  liillie- 
wliiickit  to  au  unkeniid  degree."— AVo«  .'  i\'avt:rle;/, 
ch.  xviii. 

un-ken'-nel,    v.t.     [Pref.   nn-  (2),   and  Eii^'. 

ktuuyl.] 

1.  Lit.  :  To  drive  or  force  from  or  out  of 
a  kennel. 

"  I'll  warrant  well  unkennel  the  tox-'—Sliaket/f. : 
M«rry  Wives,  ill.  3. 

*2.  Fig.:  Todiscover,  to  disclose,  to  reveal. 
"  If  hi3  occult  guilt 
Do  not  itself  uukemiel  in  one  apeech. " 

Shakesp.:  Jtaiulct.  iji,  2. 

an-kent',  a.    [Unkenxf.d.] 

iin-kept',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng,  l:ept.\ 

1.  Not  kept,  not  retained,  not  preserved. 

2.  Not  sustained,  maintained,  or  tended. 

"  He  .  .     stays  ine  here  at  home  nnkfpt." 

Shnkesp.:  A  a  Vou  Like  It,  ii.  1. 

3.  Not  observed,  not  obeyed. 

"Mauy  tiiiiit[fl  kept  geiiemlly  heretofore,  are  now  in 
like  port  generally  unkr/'t.  tndnholiHlied  eveiywhert-.' 
—n<A>kfr     AV'_7^<.  I'otitie.  bk.  ii'.,  5  14. 

un-kcth, 

■  un-kill'-a-ble.  «.  {Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  /.///, 
and  sutl.  'a}i}p-.\  Incapable  of  beiny  killed  ; 
that  cannot  be  killed. 

"  Tiie  proverhi.iUy  unkitlable  mountain  mule."  — 
Field.  Feb.  17, 1887. 

un-killed',  t.  [Pref.  «n-(I),  andEng. /.///(^t/.] 
Not  killed,  not  slain. 

"Take  awiiy  kind's  .  .  .  no  man  shall  sleepe  in  Ins 
owne  liouse  or  bedde  unkil/fd.'—lfomiUca  :  Of  Obedi- 
ence, pt.  i. 

unkind',      un-kynd,     *un-kynde,   n. 

[Pref.  i(/t-(l),  and  Eng.  khui.] 

^1.  Violating  the  law  of  kind  and  allinily; 
unnatural 

"  They,  however,  shameful  and  nnkindr. 
Yet  did  possess  their  liorrible  intent  " 

Hpfmff:  r.  II .  HI-,  ii.  4-:. 

*2.  Not  recognising  the  duties  that  How 
from  kinship. 


3.  Wanting  in  kindness,  benevolence,  afTee- 
tion.  tenderness,  pity,  or  the  like;  hjusli. 
hard,  eruel. 

"I*  he^ivn  (iM^iii(2  to  m.tn  and  man  alone?" 

Pope  :  i'M.i../  un  Man,  i.  IS''.. 

■  un-kinde'~ly, «.  &  adv.    [Unkindly.] 


[Unked.] 


■\ln  kin-died (le  as  el),  .'.    [Pref.  »n-{\), 
.ind  Eng.  lindl'il.]   Not  kindled,  mit  iiiHanied. 
"  Til'  iinkinith-d  llKhtnliiKB  in  hi»  Imnil  lie  took." 
Pope:  ilomi-r :  Iliad  xl.  ii'}. 

fin  kind'-U-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unkbuihj ;  -ness.] 
1  III-  quality  or  statu  of  Udng  unkindly  ;  uu- 
kindness ;  "want  of  kindness  ;  har!shne.s.s,  un- 
favourobleness. 

"C'linpIniiihiK  soiiietimpH  aeninf  of  tne  unkindeli- 
Mw*  of  the  wcjither. '-//.iA-.-wh//  :  A  jt-d'.'/iif.  bk   ii..  5  ^■ 

iin '  kind' -  Ijr,  '  un-kinde'-ly,  n.  A^mic. 

[Pret.  un-  (1>,  and  Eng.  kijidln.] 

A.  As  adject  tie  : 

'  1.  Contrary  to  nature  ;  unnatural. 
"  OaiJ  abliorre  her  brooil's  unkindli/  crime." 

Spentcr:  F.  V.  II.  x.  9. 

2.  Not  kindly;  not  cbaracterized  by  kind- 
ness; unkin<l,' harsh,  cruel.  (Applied  t<'  a 
[tersiiu  or  to  an  action.) 

"  Your  rage  unkindlj/ 
Loads  me  with  Injuries." 

Ji<jive:  Anthitiouii  Stepmother,  ii. 

'  3.  Unfavourable,  malignant. 

"  f«A:i»((^v  seiisous  and  ungrateful  land." 

/irt/den  :  Paiamon  i  Arcite.  iii.  4i:j. 

B,  --Is  adverb: 

*  1.  In  a  manner  contrary  to  nature ;  un- 
naturally. 

"  All  works  of  nature. 
Abortive,  moustruua,  or  unkindly  niix'd." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  iii.  455. 

2.  In  an  unkind  manner. 

"  Fiir  bet  from  me  nnkindiy  to  upbrnid 
The  lovely  Rosas  prose  lu  nms<|uerHde. " 

Byrun  :  English  Hards  *  Heotch  iifviewcm. 

unkind -ness.  *  un-klnd-nesse.  '  un- 
kynd-nesse,    *  un  -  kynde  -  nesse,  .^. 

[Eng.  ,n>knul;  -ncss.] 

*  1.  Want  of  natural  affection. 

"  Sloste  displeasyd  Leir  the  vnkyndttessc  of  his  il. 
daURhtera."— /"afti/mi;  Chronicle,  ch.  xv. 

2.  AVant  of  kindness,  benevolence,  or  good- 
will. 

"  In  the  centre  of  a  world  whose  soil 
Is  rauk  with  .ill  unkindnesx." 

fVordJiu'ortli :  Kxcnrsion,  hk.  ^'i. 

3.  An  unkind  act ;  disobliging  treatment ; 
disfavour. 

"  Not  to  requyte  one  good  fcourne  for  another  is 
counted  a  detestable  nnkindnesse  even  among  the 
heathen."— frfdf.'  Matthew  v. 

'  4.  Ill-feeling,  ill-will. 

"  By  means  whereof  unkundenesse  kyndelyd  atweiie 
the  kynge  and  the  sayde  duke,"— /"ai^an:  Vhronide, 

V.  ^■'^■ 

'■  un-kin'-dred,  a.  [Pref.  ?n/-  (l).  and  Eng. 
kindred.]  Not  kindred  ;  not  akin  ;  not  of  the 
same  kindred,  blood,  race,  or  kiiul, 

"  And  conscious  of  superior  birth, 
Despines  this  unkiiidred  earth." 

Howe  :  Ambitious  Utepmother,  iii. 

'  iin-kin'-dred-ly,  (I.  {Eix^.unkiiidnd;  -hj.] 
Unnatural. 

"  Her  unkindredly  kin." — Richardson  :  Clarissa,  vi. 
S'JL 

*  unkind-Ship.  *  un-kyn-shlp.  s.    [Eng. 

link  ind  ;  -shij^]     An  unnatural  act. 

"  The  cliilde  hi;*  owne  f.atlier  sloiii^h, 
Tlmt  was  unkyndship  cmAigh." 

dower :  C.  A.,  hk.  vL 

un-king^,  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng.  kbif].] 
To  deprive  of  sovereignty  or  royalty  ;  to  de- 
pose. 

"  I  am  iinking'd  hy  Bolingliroke." 

Hhakesp. :  /iichfird  !!.,  v.  5. 

+  un-king'-like,  c.     [Pref.  r(»-  (l),  and  Eng. 
kinqlike.]     Not  like  a  king  ;  not  becoming  or 
befitting  a  king. 
"  To  show  less  sovereignty  than  they,  must  needs 
Ai)X>e;ir  unkinglike."      Shnkesp.  :  Cymbeline.  iii.  G. 

un-king'-ly,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
kin'jlij.]    Unliecoming  a  king. 

"Even  ill  his  virtues  anil  ace<>mplishinent.s  there 
was  something  eminently  nnkingl}/."  —  Mitcanlay : 
Jfisl.  Eng.,  ch.  i. 

*  un-king'-Ship.  .';.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
}.in'i$}ilp.\  The  quality  fir  state  of  being  un- 
kinged ;  abolition  or  cessation  of  nionarcliy 
or  royalty, 

"  t'nkingship  wna  proclaimed,  and  his  majesty's 
statues  thrown  down.'— Ei-elyn  :  Diary,  Slay  ao,  1(549. 

*  iin-kxss',  v.t.  [Pief.  kh-  (2).  and  Eng.  /.i>.] 
To  ib-prive  of  the  obligation  or  advantage 
which  a  kiss  confirmed  ;  to  retract  or  annul 
by  aki^s. 

"  Let  me  nnkiss  the  oath  "twixt  thee  and  me." 

Shakcsp.:  Richard  II.,  v.  I. 

un-kissed'.  *  un-kist,  ".  [Pref.  un-  o, 
and  En-,  /.rs.sv/.)  Not  kisse.l ;  without  a  ki^.s. 

■■  I  will  ilfiinrt  vnkisf/'—.'ihitkexfi.:  Mnch  Ado.  v.  2. 


iin'-kle,  .'•■.     [Uncle.] 

g^^  \  In  compounds,  as  in  primary 
wonls,  k  conunencing  a  syllable  is 
silenl  before  n. 

'  un-knead'-ed,  ".  [Pref.  iin-  (1),  and  Eng, 
kneaded.]  Not  kneaded  ;  not  beaten  or  pressed. 

"  Why  yet  dare  we  not  trust, 
Though  with  iinkneaded  dough  Imk'd  prose,  thy  dust?" 
Elerfif  on  Iir.  Donne. 

^  iin-knelled',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
kndli'd.]  Untolled ;  not  knelled;  liaving  no 
knell  tolled  for  one's  death, 

'•  i'nkneli'd.  uncoftin'd.  and  unknown." 

Byron  :  ChilUe  J/nrold,  iv.  IT9. 

un-knight'-ly  (nh  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l\ 

and  Eng.  kni.jhtlu.] 

1.  Not  like  a  knigbt ;  unbecoming  or  un- 
befitting a  knight.    {SjKnaer :  F.  Q.,  V.  x.  30.) 

2.  Not  acting  like  a  knight. 

"  Besides  the  ;innchroniMii,  lie  is  very  unknightfy.' — 
Byron  :  ChiUte  Harold.     (I'ref.f 

un-knit\  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  7(»-  (2),  and  Eng. 
knit.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  undo  what  is  knitted  ;  to 
separate,  so  as  to  be  no  longer  knitted  to- 
gether ;  hence,  to  smooth,  to  open  out. 

"  yy,  fy!  unknit  that  threat'iiing  unkind  brow." 
Shiikeap. :  Ttttning  of  the  !ibrew,  v,  2. 

*  B.  Intransitive : 

1,  To  become  loosened  ;  to  relax. 

"  Their  joints  unknit.  their  sinews  melt  ajmce." 

Tlitnnsou  :  Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  2S. 

2.  To  separate. 

■■  Presently  they  laswjirm  of  heesl  begin  to  unknit 
;ind  to  bf  ^<ji\e."— Butler .   Peimninc  Mounrchie,  p.  er>. 

un-knit'.  n.     [Pref.   »ii- (1),  and  Eng.  knit.] 
Unknitted,  relaxed,  loosened. 

"  Like  tender  unknit  joynLs, 
Fasten  again  togettier  of  themselves." 

Beaiim.  A  Flet. :  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  ill. 

^  un-knot',  v.t.  [Pref.  11)1-  (2).  and  Eng.  knot.] 
I'o  take  out  a  knot  from  ;  to  free  from  knots  v 
to  luido  tlie  knot  or  knots  in  ;  to  untie. 

*  un-knot'-ted,  n.  [Pref,  loi- (1),  and  Eng. 
knotted.]     Free  from  knots  ;  having  no  knots, 

"All  lioniogeneall.  simple,  single,  puie.  pervious. 
iinknottpd.  nncoacted,"— 3/ort' .'  Song  of  the  Soul,  (To 
the  Keader.  1 

'  un-^knot'-ty,  ^  un-knot-tie.  a.  [Pref. 
nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  knotty.]  Destitute  of  knots  ;; 
free  from  knots. 

"  C'nknottie  firre,  the  solace  shnding  planes." 

.iandys  :  Ovid  ;  Mctatnorphuses  x. 

*  un-knoW, '  un-knowr-e,  a.  [Pref.  ini-  (l). 
and  Kiig.  knoi'-.]     Unknown, 

"  For  Frenche  of  Paris  wjia  to  hire  nnknowe" 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  22S.     (ProL) 

*  un-knoW,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref,  nn-  (l),and  Eng. 
Lnoi'- :  in  sense  A,  2.  from  pref.  nn-  (2).] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Not  to  know :  to  have  no  knowledge  of 
or  acquaintance  with. 

"  Cuknowynge  Goddis  rightwysuesse."  —  ]Vycliffe: 
Honutns  x, 

2.  To  lose  the  knowledge  of;  to  become 
ignorant  of  or  unacquainted  with. 

"Can  I  unk7)ow  it?"      Drydcn  :  Duke  of  Guise,  v.  1. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  be  ignorant. 

"  I  iiyle  that  ye  unknome  that  ofte  I  pmposide  to 
come  to  y«\i."—il'ycHffc:  liontuiis  i. 

t  un-know-a-bil'-i-ty',  ?.  [Eng.  vnknow- 
ablt' ;  -itii.]    Incapability  of  being  known. 

un-know'-a-ble,  n.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
kiKii'M'hh:.]  "That  cannot  be  known;  too  difti- 
cult  or  too  obscure  to  be  penetrated  by  human 
intellect. 

"But  out  of  physical  causes,  unknown  to  us.  per- 
haps unknowub/e,  arise  moral  duties."— flfoAe  .■  Appeai 
fruuL  the  Xeiv  to  the  Old  iVhigs. 

%  The  Unknoimble : 

Philos. :  The  First  Cause  ;  God. 

"  By  continually  seeking  to  know,  and  T'eing  con- 
tinually thrown  hack  with  a  deepened  uoiiviclion  of 
the  imiHisaihility  of  knowing,  we  may  keep  alive  the 
consciousness  that  it  is  alike  our  liigliest  wisdom  and 
our  highest  duty  to  regard  that  through  which  idl 
things  exist  as  The  Unknowable."— Herbert  Spencer. 
Fir»t  Principles,  5  H. 

*  un-know'-a-Wy,0(/f.  [Eng.  unknov'afil(e) ; 
-it I/.]     Not  in  a  manner  to  be  known. 

un-know'-ing, ' nn-know-inge,  c.  [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and   Eng.  knoa-inij.]     Not  knowing; 

ignorant.     (Followed  by  of  before  a  subject.) 

"  Drydeu's  fool,  '  nnkftoifinff  what  he  so>ight,|  __ 

His  hours  in  whistling  spent,  'for  want  of  thought.'" 

Byron  :   Vcrnes  Found  in  a  Sununt^r-house. 


fate,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try. 


;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e ;  ej7  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unknowingly —unle  avened 


'6^') 


un-kndw^-ing-lj^,  "''r.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  ntul 
Eiin.  Liunrnnjli/.]  Xnt  knowiiiyly  ;  UDUwares  ; 
i;:iu>iaiilly  ;  in  i^innance. 

'•  llii-ii*  ^tfit]  lie.  leiutiii^  on  a,  Iniice 
Whicli  lif  Imd  >:nisi»eU  unkiiowinffft/" 

\Vordi»e»rlh  :    iV hitv  Ik>r.  \\. 

*  iin-knowr -edged,  a.  [Pref.  «»-  (i),  :iii.l 
Kn^.  knowUdiii''l.\  Nut  acknowledged  or  ic- 
coirnizfil ;  uiiinkiiowlftl^etl. 

"  Fur  wliicli  bounty  f  ■■  U3  lent. 
OI  him  tmkituu-UJ-id.  ur  uiiseiiL" 

lien  Jofuon  :  The  Sfifi(>; 

un-known',  '  un-know-en,  «.    [Picf.  mi- 

(1),  aii.l  Eiig.  kn-icii.] 

1,  Not  known ;  not  an  object  of  knowledgf  ; 
Dot  recognized,  discoverL-d,  or  found  out. 

"  Through  sea3 
Unkiiouiit.  nnd  anheVmv'l." 

Hi^iiiitn.  Jt  Fltt. :   }i'o7nan'a  Prize,  n.  i 

2.  Not  ascertained  with  regard  to  extent, 
degi-ee,  qnantity,  or  the  like;  lieuce,  incal- 
culable, inexpres.sible,  immense. 

"  For  nil  till'  profound  sen 
Hides  in  uuktioicn  fsthoma." 

Shaktsp. :  Winter's  Tale,  iv,  4. 

*  3.  Not  to  be  expressed,  made  known,  or 
conimnnicated. 

"  For  divera  u»knotnn  reasons,  I  beseech  yon. 
Oraut  mo  this  buoii." 

Shakesp.  :  Richard  I!!.,  i.  2. 

*  4,  Not  having  had  sexual  intercourse. 

"  I  iiin  yet 
rnknoum  to  woni.iii."        Shakcsp. :  Macbeth,  iv.  .■;. 

1l  Unknown  to:  Without  the  knowledge  of. 
(CoUoq.) 

"  Uiiknoini  to  all,  he  should  reftaiii  his  home," 

Coieper:  Homer;  Odyssey  ii. 

unknown-quantity,  .'=. 

j\/t(^/(. :  The  iiuantity  in  a  problem  or  equa- 
tion whosL-  value  is  nut  known,  but  is  re- 
quiied  to  be  determined.  [Equation,  Inde- 
terminate-equation.] 

*  lin-known'-ness,  5.  [Eng.  wn/.noH'H.;  -ness.'\ 
The  nuality  or  state  of  being  unknown. 

"  The  great  remoteness  of  those  places  and  the  iin- 
knnipiiiiris  of  that  sea.' —  Ci( mJcH  .■  Hist.  oS  *l\iecn 
EUziiheth. 

•un-la-bbr'-i-ous,  ft.  [Pref.  «n-  (l),  and 
Eiii;.  lfhofio\is.\    Not  laborious  ;  not  toilsome 

or  itiltieult;  easy. 

"Wli<i>ie  cuiiiiiiauds  i>erhap3  ninde  all  things  seem 
e.usy  ;iiid  unlitbfii HitiiKetWx^nx.'' —iliUon:  Areapagiiica. 

*  iin-la'-^boured,  ci.  [Pref.  v.n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
kihduftd.X 

1.  Not  produced  by  labour  or  toil. 

"  I'nlaboureti  harvests  shall  the  fields  ndowi, 
And  cluster'd  gi'apes  shall  hlush  on  evry  thorn." 
l)r;/(/c>i :  Virgil ;  Ed.  iv.  33. 

2.  Not  cultivated  by  labour  ;  untilled,  nn- 
worked. 

"Then,  let  thy  ground 
Not  lie  unlaboured.'         J.  Philips  :  Cider,  i, 

3.  Spontaneous,  Auluntary,  natural;  hence, 
easy,  free  ;  not  forced  or  strained. 

"  And  from  the  theme  unlaboured  lieauties  rise." 
Tiekell.     {Todd,) 

*  un-la'-bour-ing,  n,  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  labvnriiKj.]  Nut  labouring  or  toiling 
alung  with  great  exertion. 

■'  A  inead  <•{  mildest  charms  delays  the  uulnbouriufT 
feet."  Coleridge:  To  Cottle. 

un~la9e',  '  vn-lase,  v.t.    [Pref.  wji-(2),  and 

Eng.  Ino;  v.] 

1.  Tu  loose  the  laces  or  lacing  of;  to  open 
or  unfasten  by  undoing  the  laces  of. 


2.  To  loosen  or  undo  the  dress  of;  to  un- 
dress, 

" '  Even  thus,'  quoth  she,  '  the  warlike  god  unlaced 
liie."'  Shakes  p. :  Passionate  J'Ugritn,  H'J. 

*  3,  To  expose ;  to  strip  of  ornaments ;  to 
disgrace. 

'■  Whafs  the  matter. 
That  you  uiijace  your  lepntntion  thus?" 

Siiakesp.  :  Othello,  ii.  3. 

4.  To  loose,  to  free. 

"  However,  I  am  not  sui-e  if  they  do  not  sometimes 
unlace  that  part  of  the  s;til  from  the  yi\tii."—Cook : 
Nerond  Voyaife,  Ijk.  iii,,  ch.  ii, 

*  5.  To  carve.  (Said  only  of  a  rabbit :  as, 
Viihtic  that  coney.)     (Termcs  of  a  AVrrcr.) 

'  un-l^C'-keyed,  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
UukeyaL]  Not  attended  by  a  lackey.  (Sec 
extract  uinlcr  Hackney,  v.,  1.) 

un-lade',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  JmJr.] 
1.  To  unload;  to  discharge  the  cargo  ur 
burden  from. 
"Thither,  let  all  th'  industrious  bees  repair. 
Unlade  their  thiylia.  and  leave  their  honey  there," 
Coiiyreoc:  Jlourning  Muse  <•/  Alexit. 


2.  Tu   ntduad ;  tu   icmuvc,   as    a  cargo  or 
load  ;  to  discharge. 

"'  They  moor  the  vessel,  and  unlade  the  Btore*." 
Pope :  Homer  ;  Ody-tsvy  x\  i.  ;i75. 

un-lad'-en,  a.  [In  sense  1,  from  pref.  vn- 
(■J),  and  Eng.  laden;  in  sense  2,  tVom  pref. 
""■(1).| 

1.  Having  burden  or  cargo  removed. 

"The  Ki^lleys  auou 
I'nladen  of  their  fiei^dit. " 

CuH'per :  Homer;  HiadvW. 

2.  Nut  laden  or  loade<l. 

un-la'-dy-like»  f.  [Pref.  »»-  (i),  and  Eng. 
hiihilih:]  Nut  ladylike  ;  unbecoming  or 
unbLtitting  a  lady. 

unlaid',  *  un-layed,    vn-layd.  c   [i'rci. 
till-  (1),  and  Eng.  /((((/. 1 
1.  Not  laid,  placed,  or  set ;  not  fixed. 

"The  first  foundations  of  the  world  heini;  its  yet  un- 
laid."—Hooker:  E'ccles.  Politie,  hk.  v..  §  56. 

*  2.  Not   laid ;    not    exorcised  ;    not    .sup- 
pressed. 

"  Blue  me.igre  hag,  or  stubborn  unlaid  ghoat." 
JlUton:  Comits,  431. 

*  3.  Not  laid  out,  as  a  corpse. 

'■  We  last  out,  still  unlai/ed." 

lien  Jonton  :  Petition  to  Cfmrles  II. 

un-la-ment'-ed,  «.  [Pref.  tni-iX),  and  Eng. 
Ittinentcd.]  Not  lamented;  not  deplored, 
grieved,  or  .soiTowed  for. 

nat  often 
Wordsworth:  Excursion, 

'  iin-land',  i*.'.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng.  land.] 
To  deprive  of  lands. 

"One  bishop  more  unlanded  Llandaff."— /*«/?(■!•  .■ 
Worthies  ;  Monmouth,  IL  117. 

*  un-l&p',  V.t.  [Pref.  uji'  (2),  and  Eng.  ?nj',  v.] 
To  unfold. 

"  Beiun  unlapt  KnU  laid  open."— ^ooA-ci*;  Travel* 
&ap.  to  the  Vouncill. 

■  un-lard'-ed,  'j.    [Pref.   nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

larded.]      Not  larded  or  dressed  with  lard; 

hence,    not    intermixed,    interlaid,   or  adul- 
terated ;  not  interlarded. 

"  Speak  the  language  of  the  compauy  you  are  in ; 
speak   it   jimely.  and   imla)-ded  with   any  other." — 
■     Chesterfield  :  letters. 

un-l^h',  )'./.     [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng.  lasJi.] 
Nnnt.:  Til  loose,  unfasten,  or  separate,  as 
something  lashed  or  tied  down. 

^  un-lashed',  it.  [Pref.  im-  (1),  and  Eng. 
liishrd.  1    Nut  laslieil  or  chastised.    (C'hnrchUl: 

un-lat9h',  v.t.  [Pref.  tm-  (2),  and  Eng.  latch, 
v.[  To  open  by  unfastt-ning  or  raising  the 
hitch,     (nrii'lfu:   yiniil;  .Kneid  \i.  702.) 

un-laugh(asun-lafr). '  un-laughe,  v.t. 

[Pref.  f'H-(2).  andEng. /tn/jA.]  To  recall  laugh- 
ter formerly  given  on  a  wrong  impression. 

"  At  what  tyine  hereafter  he  nrovf  himselfe  a  true 
propiiete,  I  shall  vpuii  reasonable  warning  uidavghe 
jigayii  it  all. "— i(r  T.  More:  Works,  p.  08*. 

*  iin-laur'-eUed  (au  as  6),  a.  [Pref.  iin- 
(1),  and  Eng.  hi  un  lied.]  Not  laurelled;  nut 
crowned  or  presenter!  with  laurel. 

■■  But  thus  uidaurelled  to  descend  in  vain. 
By  all  foi'j;utten,  save  the  lonely  breast" 

Ol/rnu  :  Childe  Harold,  i.  91. 

un-lav'-islied,  a.  [Pref.  xni-  (1),  and  Eng. 
1 1  iris}  I  I'd.]  Not  lavished  ;  not  thrown  away  oi" 
siiuandeied  profusely. 

"  My  hrea.'it  unsullied  by  the  lust  of  gold, 
6Iy  time  unlavish'd  in  pui'suit  of  power." 

Hheiistone :  Elegy  x'lx. 

iin-law',  *  un-lawe,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 

Eng.  laiv.] 

1.  To  dejirivc  of  the  character  or  authority 
of  law. 

"  But  the  king  .  .  .  for  remedy  will  unlaivilie  law." 
—  Sat.  BaioH  :  Hist.  Disc,  pt.  ii.,  cb.  i. 

2.  To  outlaw. 

"  Nyf  me  dude  him  ttiifawe." 

Hobert  o/alouci-stcr,  p.  i'.i. 

un-laW,  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  low.] 
Srot.'i  Law: 

1.  Any  transgression  of  the  law ;  any  injury 
or  act  of  injustice. 

2.  A  fine  or  amercement  legally  fixed  and  ex- 
acted from  one  who  has  transgressed  the  law. 

'  un-lawed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lau'td.]    Nut  lawed,     [Law,  v.] 

"They  whose  dttys  shall  l>e  then  fouinl  unlaweit, 
shall  give  three  shillini,-s  for  uieti:y."~tleott:  Imnhoe, 
cli.  i.  iNute.) 


iin-law'-ftil, 'un-lau-fall,  'on-lolUlU 

(I.     [Pref.  nit-  (I),  and  Kn;;.  lawful.] 

1.  Nut  lawful ;  iiul  p.-rnuttcd  by  law  ;  against 
the  law,  human  lU'  divine. 

"  The  dangerous  art  of  niuuKlatlnii  hiinse*  of  iintatr- 
/ul  pleiiHure  with  all  that  in  eiutenrruK  aiid  onuublluw' 
—.Uacautai,:  Hist.  Enii..  oh.  111. 

•2.  Begotten  out  of  wedlock;  illegitinmle. 

"  All  thf  unlawful  IsHiie  that  their  luat 
yiui.e  thi-U  liHth  niadt'  Wtwocn  tlieui." 

.ViujkdK/'. ;  .1  ririjiiy  A  Cleopatra,  ilL  C. 

unlawful- assembly, »-. 

Law:  Any  meeting  of  largo  nnmbors  of 
people,  with  such  circmnstances  of  terror  as 
to  endanger  the  public  peace. 

un-laW-ful-ly,  "  un-law-ful-liobe»  "d-r. 
[Eng.  u)dawfiil ;  -///]. 

1.  In  an  unlawful  manner ;  against  the  law 
or  right;  illegally. 

".TtidgCH  incompetent 
To  judge  their  king  unlawfully  detJiin'd." 

ihtniel:  Civil  IKar*,  Iii. 

•2.  Illegitimately  ;  not  in  wedlock, 

"Give  me  your  opinion  what  part  I,  being  unlitiv 
fall//  burn,  may  claim  of  the  man's  atfcctluuH  w  hi> 
begut  me,  "—Addisnu. 

un-law'-ful-ness,  s.    [Eng.  uiilaw/iil;  -Ttp.ts-,] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unlawful ; 
illegality. 

'■  Theque.ition  ia  of  the  lawfulness  or  unfav(fulnr*s 
of  what  is  to  he  done. "—Bp.  Taylor :  liulc  of  Vonscienee. 
bk,  i.,  ch.  vii. 

2.  Illegitimacy. 

un-law'-like,  a.  [Pref,  nn-  (1);  Eng.  lar'\ 
and  sntf.  -like.]  Not  like  or  according  to  law  ; 
unlawful. 

"To  ordain  a  remedy  so  slender  and  nnlaiclike." — 
Milton:  Eikonoklaitet,^G. 

un-lay,  v.t.     (Pief.  7in-  (2),  and  Eng.  lay.] 

Kout. :  To  untwist,  os  the  strands  of  a  rope,. 
&c. 

•'  We  were  at  last  obliged  to  unlay  a  cable  to  work, 
into  running  rigging."— ^iiMon  :  Voyanet,  bk.  il..  ch.  iL 

un-leam',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  learn.] 

1.  To    divest   one's   .self  of  the   acquired 

knowledge  of  ;  to  nunke  (Uie's  self  ignorant  of; 

to  lose  acquaint;ince  with  or  experience  in  ;  to- 

forget  the  knowledge  of. 

"  We  have  time  emmgh  to  u tileniti  onr  own  dis- 
cipline."—J/acniiidi/.'  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiii. 

■^  2.  To  fail  to  learn  ;  nut  to  learn. 

"  un-learn-a-bil'-i-ty,  ■".     [Prff.   un- (i);. 
Eiig.  Imni,  a'nd  ahilitij.]     Inability  to  learn. 
'■  My  awkwardnesH  .tuiI  uulearnability." — Walpole  : 
Letters,  iv.  BJ. 

un-leam'-ed,  *un-learned,  «.  [Pref. 
■UR-  (1),  and  Eng.  harned.] 

1.  Not  learned  ;  ignorant,  illiterate,  inex- 
perienced, untaught. 

"  A  iioor  unlearned  viniin." 

i-hakenp.:  All's  Well.  1.3. 

2.  Not  learned  or  gained  by  study;  nut 
known. 

"  They  learn  mere  wonU,  or  such  things  chiefly  as 
were  better  unlearned."— Milton  :  On  Education. 

3.  Not  suitable  to  a  learned  man. 

"  I  will  prove  those  vei-ses  t*)  l>e  verj'  unlearni'd^ 
neither  savouring  of  poetry,  wit,  or  invention." — 
Shakesp.  :  /mvc's  Labunrit  lAUt,  iv.  1. 

^  The  Unlearited  Parliinnnit :  The  Parlia- 
ment summoned  by  Heiny  IV.  at  Coventry 
in  1404.  So  named  becau.'ie  lawvers  were  ex- 
eluded  from  it.  Called  -aIsu  Ilie  Illiterate,  the 
Lack  Lparning  Parliament,  ami  the  Parliament 
of  Dunces. 

un-learn'-ed-lj?,  a>lr.  (Eng.  unlearned ;  -7i/.J 
In  an  nidearned  manner ;  .so  as  to  exhibit 
ignorance  ;  ignurantly. 

"  An  unlettered  man  might  be  ashamed  to  write  so  . 
nnleiirueil/i/"~.U-re.    Wurkrs,  y.  l.l';iT. 

^ iin-leam'-ed-ness,  ••'■.  [Eng.  unlearned; 
■  iii\'<s.\  The  iinaiity  or  state  of  being  un- 
learned ;  illiteiateness,  ignorance. 

un-leash',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
kvsh.]  Tu  free  from  or  as  from  a  leash;  to 
let  go  ;  to  release. 

'  un-leave',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
lmve{s).'\     To  strip  of  leaves. 

"The  go(Hl  gavdiniT  .  ,  .  unleavrs  hia  iMjnghfB." — 
Putteiihnm  :  EwjUsli  Poesir,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  xxv. 

un-leav'-ened,  a.  [Prof,  nn-  (I).  -ind  Eng. 
tmrencii]  Nut  leavened;  not  raised  by  Icavcu 
or  yeast  (q.v.). 

"At  evL-n  they  shall  keen  it.  and  eat  with  ua- 
feiivrned  bread  and  hitter  herbs  "—.Vmn/'er»  Ix.  11 


b^,  boy;  pdiit,  j6\f1;  cat,  cell*  chorus,  ^hin,  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    -mg. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  ~  zhun.    -cious,    tious.  -sious  —  shiis.    -ble»  -die,  *Vc.  =  bel,  deL 


336 


unlectured— unlink 


onleavonod  brood,  «. 

1.  ..,,/.  ;.ii.;). ;  Uiva.l  mnOe  without  leavcu 
oi  tuiiiu. 

•_>  Chiiirh  Hist.:  UnlenveiiPii  bren.l  is  used 
in'tlio  Kmimn  Clinrch  for  tlio  celebration  of 
iim'*^!  ami  tlio  nihiiintstration  of  tlio  Eucharist, 
whih-  the  CJn-fks  iisi*  Icavencil  bivml.  In  tlio 
Eiinlish  Chuirh  the  Huhric  directs  that  tli.| 
bn-H-l  "shitll  W-  snch  ns  Is  usual  to  be  ciitfu." 
aiiil  an  attempt  to  revive  the  use  of  unleavened 
bnad  lias  been  dccliired  illcgid. 

•;  Ffost  o/  Vnleavnwt  lireatl : 

JuiUtUtin:  A  festivnl  so  connected  with  that 
of  the  Passover  tliat  the  two  are  nil  but  idt-n- 
tifled(Exod.xii.  11,17;  Ezek.  xlv.  21).  It  eele- 
brated  the  ftict  that  in  the  exodus  from  Kfiypt 
on  the  ni^ht  when  the  Pnasowr  was  kdhrd 
the  deimrtiire  of  the  Israelite's  was  so  sudden, 
that  there  was  no  time  to  bake  bread  in  the 
usual  wftv  with  Iravcn  (Exod.  xii.  3i»).  Tlie 
eating  of  unleavene<l  brratl  atniuully  at  the 
ffstival  was  then-fore  etijoiiud  as  a  i-uligious 
duty,  and  neither  le,'i\-enfd  bread  nor  leaven 
was"  to  be  within  the  houses  of  the  wor- 
.shippers  during'  the  seven  days  that  the 
festival  continued.    (Exod.  xii.  14-20,  xiii.  0, 

7.)      IPASSOVKK.) 

iin-lec'-tured,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  En-. 
lecffinil.]' 

1.  Not  lecturetl ;  not  addressed  in  a  leetui'e 
or  lectures. 

•  2.  Not  tnu>;lit  orally  or  in  lectures. 

■'  A  sclt-nce  ytt  unlet4ured  ill  our  schools." 

r>jung:  Night  Th-myMt.  v.  516. 

^-led;  n.  (Pref.  ini-(l),  and  En^r. /e<f.]  Not 
led;  without  guidance.  (Saniiys:  TramU, 
p.  0«j.) 

•un-left;  a.  [Pref.  ini-  (l),  and  En-.  lffl.\ 
Nut  kit. 

"  \vX.  "cie  Ilia  r|n  uiilift. ' 

Cb-ifimfiii  .'  ili-mcr  :  Iliad  ii.  C22. 

*  fin-leis'-ured  (leU  as  lezh  or  lezh),  «. 

LPref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  kUured.]  Not  lei- 
sured ;  de.stitnte  of  leisure  ;  not  having  lei- 
sure ;  oceupied,  bu.sy. 

"  Her  vnle'mtrvd  tlioughta  rail  not  over  the  ten  fir=t 
woitls.*"— S/diicj ."  Arcartiit.  hk.  ii. 

'  un  -  leis- ured  -  neas  (leis  as  lezh  or 
lezh),  .<.  [Ki'o'.  unlnsHi-ni :  -,u^AA.\  Tlie 
■  liKility  <ir  st;df  of  being  uideisured  ;  want 
uf leisure;  occupation. 

"The  true,  though  seltloui  the  nvowed  cauae  of  these 
niL'irs  iiPfe'ltct  of  tlie  scripture,  is  imt  tln-ir  nnUisiircd- 
mss.  bul  their  \\v\de."—ilmjl<.- :   Work-i,  ii.  iVZ. 

iin-less', '  un-lesse,    on-les,  "  on-lesse, 

coiij.  lUiig.  unlcsse,  onles.-ic  that  =  in  less  than, 
on  a  less  supposition,  in  a  less  case.] 

1.  If  it  be  not  the  case  that ;  if  it  be  not 
that ;  were  it  not  the  fact  or  case  that ;  if 
.  ,  .  not;  supposing  that  .  .  .  not;  except, 
excepting. 

"  Cnli'SM  there  be  some  ancient  matron  gmve 
Among  them."         Coiopcr :  I/wnrr  ;  Otlffi»fy  x'lx. 

•  2.  For  fear  that ;  in  case  ;  lest. 

"  B«w,ire  you  tlo  nut  <juce  the  s-ime  gfilnaiy 
l/itli;t»  with  (lentil  hi?  do  your  nulmes!*  i>ay." 

(iiceiw:  Aiphonnns.  v, 

^  In  some  cases  unless  is  used  almost  as  a 
preposition,  a  verb  being  omitted  :  as  in, 
"Here  nothing  breeds  vnlet^s  the  idghtly 
owl "  (fihnkesp.  :  Tihts  Andronitms,  ii.  3), 
where  "  ((  he"  is  omitted  after  unless,  or  hrcd 
after  owl.  Exuept  and  unJ^^s  were  fornieriy 
coinnionly  used  as  conjunrtions,  an<l  almost 
"Y  quite  interchangeably,  but  the  former  is 
now  seldom  used  as  a  conjum-tion.  Unless, 
which  is  equivalent  to,  if  less,  if  not,  or  if  one 
tail,  is  employed  only  for  tlie  particular  case  ; 
but  except  has  always  a  reference  to  some 
general  rule,  of  whicli  an  exception  is  hereby 
signified  :  I  shall  nut  do  it  nnless  he  ask  me  ; 
no  one  can  enter  except  those  who  are  pro- 
vided witli  tickets. 

'  un-less'  oned,  a.  [Pref.  «ti-  (1) ;  Eng. 
leAicii,  ami  sutl".  -a/.]  Not  lessoned  ;  not  hav- 
ing had  lessons  prescribed  or  taught  to  one  ; 
untaught;  uniristrueteil. 

"The  full  sum  of  me 
Is  an  utilcs.^iinp{l  girl,  unachuuleil,  unpmctinetl.'" 
Shakcg/i. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  iii.  2. 

-  un-lett'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  uw-  (l),  and  Eng.  let, 
v.l  Not  let,  hindered,  or  prevented  ;  unim- 
peded. 

"  And  30ng  full  low  and  sott«ly. 
Three  boiilts  in  hiT  Imrmony, 
CthltvU  of  ii\Kiy  wi^'ht."       Chaiierr  :  Drcmne. 

&n-let'-tered,  '  un-let-tred,  'un-let- 


trid,  <i.     IPref.    un-   (I),    and  Eug.    leUered.} 
lllitemte,  ignorant,  unlearned. 

*■  still  let  him  jirtunpt  t^'*"  ""Mf'^fil  vlUngem 
Tu  teniler  offivv*  i»ml  jxnniive  ttiouj:ht«.' 

iVurihuKtrth  :  Old  CutHtx-rland  Beggar. 

•  lin-lev'-el,  «.  IPref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  /ere/.] 
Not  level,' even,  or  smooth. 

iin-lev'-elled»  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
lfVilkd.\  Not  levelled  ;  not  made  level,  even, 
or  smooth  ;  rough. 

"  Where  all  uuletvlffd  the  any  gaitlen  lies." 

I^ckell:  Kettiingtou  (Jara^n. 

'  fin-lib-id'-in-ous.  ».  IPref.  un-  (i),  ami 
Eng.  lihi'linoH^.]  Not  libidinous;  nut  lust- 
ful" fiee  from  lust  or  earnality. 

"  Love  unlihidinous  rcltjueil.*    Milton  :  P.  L..  v.  W'). 

uzi-li'-9eiised,  •  un-lx'-$en9ed,  n.  [Pitf. 
M>i- (U.'jind  Eng.  licenscd.\ 

1.  Not  licensed ;  done,  executed,  under- 
taken, or  male  without  or  in  dehance  of 
licence  or  authority ;  mit  having  received 
licence  from  the  proper  authority. 

'■An  act  hiwi  been  piisBed  which  prohibited  the 
])rintiiii!  of  imlifemed  buoke. "— .l/i(caiii.(tf  ;  UUt. 
Jing.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  Not  having  a  licence  or  permission  from 
the  proper  authority  to  do  an  act,  or,  specif., 
to  execute  or  earry  on  any  business,  ileal  in 
certain  cominoilities,  practise  a  certain  pro- 
fession, or  the  like. 

■■Ask  whiit  boldness  brouRlit  hira  hither 
Cdicenik-d."  Milton  t  P.  A.,  iv.  909. 

'un-lickcd',  •un-lickf,  n.  iPivf.  toi- (i), 
and  Eng.  lirkcil.]  Not  licked  or  brought  into 
the  projier  shape ;  from  the  popular  notion 
that  the  bear  brought  foi-th  shapeless  lumps 
of  tlesh,  whirh  she  licked  into  shape ;  hence, 
ungainly,  uneultivated,  rough,  rude. 

'•  Thou  un'ivlt  liear.  dar'st  thou  yet  stJiud  by  my  fury?" 
Deuuvi.  A  Flet.  :  /'rWc  Miiid  of  the  In7i,  iii. 

-un-lid',  V.L  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  /((/.] 
To  open.     (C  Bronte:  Villette,  ch.  xii.) 

iin-lift'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  nn-(\\  and  Eng.  lifted.] 
Not  lifteJ,  raised,  or  elevated. 

'■  The  liinces  tmlffled,  the  trumpet  unblown." 

Ityron:  /Jvttruct.  of  tiennitcherib. 

un-light'-ed  ('//'-  silent),  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1), 
and  Eng.  rujhlai]    Not  lighted  ;  not  lit. 

"There  lay  a  luft  iinlightcil  on  the  liearth." 

/iri/tlfii :  Will ;  Metamoi'tihoBes  viii. 

*  iin-light'-some  (oh  silent),  a.      [Pref.  un- 
(1),   and    Eng.    lifjhhomp.]      Not   Ughtsoine ; 
dark,  gluomy  ;  wanting  light. 
•'  A  I 

un-like',  ^'un-lyke,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ni:e.] 

1.  Not  like ;  dissimilar;  not  having  resem- 
blance. 

'■Two  veddisli  fisb.  about  the  size  of  a  large  bream, 
and  Hot  uuUkc  tliem."— t'oe-t ;   Second  yoyage,  bk.  iii.. 
ch-  iv. 
"2.  Improbable;  unlikely. 
"  Make  not  impossible  tliat  which  but  eeems  unlike." 
S!iiikcii}i.  :  Mi''tsure  fur  Meaiure,  v. 

unlike- quantities,  s.  ])l. 

Math.:  t^iuniitities  exitressed  by  different 
letters,  or  etimliinations  of  letters,  or  by  the 
same  letters  with  ditleieiit  powers  :  as,  4x,  '^x^, 
"iy,  axil,  myz. 

unlikesigns,  s.  ph 

Mnth.  :  The  signs  plus  (+)  and  minus  (-). 

un-like'-li-hood, s.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lU.i.'lili'K.iL]  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
likely ;  w;uit  uflikelilinnd  ;  improbability. 

"The  extreme  unltkellhond  that  auch  men  should 
eiiijiige  in  such  a  measure  as  a  seheiue.^ — Paley  :  Evid. 
Christianity,  pt.  ii.,  cb.  vii. 

unlike -Ii  ness.  *  un-like-li-nesse,  .<. 

[Eng.  iinlikelij  ;  -nej^s.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unlikely  or 
improbable ;  improbability. 

*2.  Unlikeness,  dissimilarity. 

"  Neither  was  there  more  uullkelincss  in  their  tlia- 
position."— fly.  ffall  :  Coiit.  :  Chritfg  Bnplitme. 

•3.  The  quality  or  state  of  not  being  like- 
able or  loveable. 


iin-like'-l^,  «.  &  adv,  [Pref.  mi-  Cl)j  and 
Eng.  likely.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Not  likely  or  probable  ;  improbable  ; 
such  as  cannot  reasonably  be  expected. 

"  Unlikely  wonders, '        S}nikc>,p.  :   lilvhard  11.,  v.  5. 


2.  Not  hiilding  nut  a  jnospcet  -if  sueeesa  or 
of  a  desired  result;  liUety  to  fail;  unpro- 
mising. 

"Effects  are  nilraciiloua  and  Htiaugi'.  when  they 
grow  by  unllki^ly  meaua,"— //oo*ff , 

*3.  Not  calculated  to  inspire  feelings  of 
love  or  alfection. 


B.  As  (idi\  :  With  little  or  no  likelihood  or 
probability  ;  improbably. 

"  The  pleasureR  we  are  to  enjoy  in  that  eon  versa  ti  on. 
not  unlikely  may  iintceed  from  the  dlBcovertes  MxU 
siiiill  comiuiiiiieate  to  another,  "—/'o/>ff. 

*  un-lik'-en,  r.t.  (Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
like.]    To  make  unlike. 

■•Tbanne  whanne  she  (the  wi]f  of  Jeroboam)  was 
comeu  yu.  and  unlik'ued  hireself  to  be  what  she  was," 
—  lyyctiffa :  3  Kings  xiv.  5. 

nn-like'-ness,  ■«.    [Eng.  i'h/)7;c.*  -ness.]    The 

quality  or  state  of  being  unlike  ;  dissimilarity  ; 

want  or  absence  of  similarity  or  resemblance. 

"Its  ut}likeneB$  to  any  land  animal."— Coot :  Third 

Voyage,  bk.  vi. 

"  iin-lim'-ber,  «.     (Pref.  vn-  (i),  and  Eng. 

Umber,   a.]     Not  limlu-r ;    not    easily    bent; 
flexible  or  pliant. 

"To  which  temver   more  septpntrlonal    unHmber 

natioua  have  not  jet    heut  tn^iu»e\\e»."—/lcli'jttl(e 

Wottoiiiaiice.  p.  246. 

un-lim'-ber,   v.i.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 

limba;  v.) 

Mil.  :  To  take  off  the  limbers  :  ns',  To  un- 
limber  E  ciiiinnn.     [Limber,  s.  II.  1.) 

"  un-lim'-it-a-ble»  n.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  limitabli:.]  Nut  liiuitab'e  ;  not  eapable 
uf  being  limited  ;  illimitable,  boundless. 

ulimiUtbh:"— Locke  :   Uf  iio- 

iin-lim'-it-ed,  «.      [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 

limited.] 

1.  Not  limited  ;  having  no  limit  or  bounds  ; 
boundless. 

2.  Undefined,  indefinite  ;  not  bounded  by 
proper  exceptions. 

"With  gross  and  iioiiular  capacitips,  nothiup  dotli 
more  prevail  thnu  unlimited  generalities. "—//owfrcr. 

3.  Uncontined,  unrestraineil,  unrealrieted. 

■■  Envoys,  with  lailimited  powers  of  treating,  should 
be  sent  to  the  secedevs.  — /.(■(ina.-  Cred.  Kurly  /toman 
Hist.  (ed.  1835).  ii.  CT, 

unlimited  liability,  .'<. 

Law  £  Comm. :  Liability  lo  be  willed  on 
to  pay  a  proportionate  sliare  of  the  entire 
losses  of  an  unsuccessful  coniiany  in  which 
one  has  shares.  J(.int-stock  banks  were  once 
universally  constituted  on  this  basis,  but  the 
widespread  ruin  brought  in  eeitain  cases  on 
the  shareholders  led  to  iii:iiiv  of  th^m  bi-ing 
transformed  into  limited  liability  companies. 
[Limited  1  (2).] 

unlimited-problem,  s. 

Mnth. :  A  problem  wliieh  ai.lniits  of  an  in- 
finite  number  of  Si'lulions. 

*  iin-lim'-it-ed-ly,   ndv.     [Eng.  nnliviited  ; 

-hj.]    In  an  unlimited  manner  or  degree. 

"Many  ascribe  ti.o  unlimiledly  to  the  force  of  a 
good  meaninLi.  to  think  that  it  is  al.le  to  bear  the 
stress  of  whatsoever  cuuniilssions  thi-y  sliail  lay  upon 
it" -Decay  of  Chrislhin  Piety. 

*  iin-lim'-it-ed-ness,  s.     [Eng.  u n limited ; 

■ncss.]      The  quality   or  state  of  being  uu- 
linuted,  unbounded,  or  uudetined. 

"The  evil  .  .  ,  swelled  into  a  Rtiaiige  unlimit'-d- 
ncss."— South  :  SerntoiiB.  vol.  x..  ser.  'j. 

^iin-line',  v.t.  [Pref.  «n-(2),  and  Eng, /me.] 
To  t:dve  the  lining  out  of ;  hence,  to  empty. 

"  It  inrliia'i  their  purses,"        Oavics:  liienretiu,  p.  9. 

*  un-lin'-e-al.  a.      [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

liiieaL]    Not  lineal  ;  not  coming  in  the  direct 
order  of  succession  ;  not  hereditary. 

■'  They  put  a  barren  sceptre  in  my  Rripe. 
Thence  to  W  wrench  u  with  an  uidinviil  hand" 
ShaKeBp.  :  Mw  beth,  iii,  1. 

-  iin-lin'-ger-ing,  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (l).  and  Eng. 
lingeriiiij.]  Ha.sty,  immediate.  {De  Quincey : 
Eiujlish  Mail-coach.) 

un-Un'-ing,   .*.      [Pitf.    un-   (l),  and    Eng. 

Uninij.]     [Chorisis.] 

un-link;  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
link,  v.] 

A.  Trans.:  To  separate  or  undo  the  links 
of;  to  loose,  as  something  fastened  with  a 
link  ;  to  untwist,  to  disjoin. 

"  Seeing  Orlando,  it  (a  snake]  thtihik'd  itself, 

.ihakeKp. :  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  ». 


l^te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw<, 


unliquefled— unmacadamized 


337 


'B.  Intnuis.:  To  give  way  at  llie  links; 
to  fall  to  i>it!ces. 

"Your  typicitl  ch;itii  of  kiiii;  niid  ))rit^st  must  t"i- 
link."—Milf-ii :  Church  tiorarHineiit,  bk.  i.,  ch.  v. 

'  on-li -que-f led.  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  ami 
Eii;;.  U'lMfU'd.]    Not  liquetleil,  not  dissolvctl. 

"These  hiu-f.  luiwU-lily  liiiti|>N  retimlued  .  .  .  ilt:i»l 
niiil  ttiUiiiiirjied.'—Additvii :  On  Italy. 

un-li'-qui-dat-ed,  «.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

1.  Not  li'iuiilated,  not  settled:  ns,  an  »/i- 
HiiiiuluiLii  di-bt. 

2.  Nut  liaviiiL;  the  exact  amount  ascertained. 

unliquidated  damages*  5.  pi 

I.-iir:  IVualties  or  damages  not  ascertained 
in  niniH-y. 

•  un  liq'-uored  (q  as  k),  *  un-lic-ourcd, 

1.  Not  having  been  siiiiplied  with,  mi-  not. 
having  consumed  liquor;  noff  in  liquor  ;  not 
intoxicated. 

■'  Like  nil  unlicour'd  Sileuus."— J/iWoH ;  Apoh"j'j  /<"• 
Smevfiimttunis, 

2.  Not  wetted  or  moistened. 

"  How  have  we  seeu  churches  auil  statea,  like  n  dry 
iititiijii'mti  uiMKch,  set  themselves  oa  !iro  with  tlieir 
ywu  moti(iii."—Sp.  Hall:  iSennotit,  vol.  v..  aer.  St. 

'  iin-list'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Fav^. 
luifi'L]     Not  catalogued,  not  entered  in  a  list. 

"The  names  of  uj.iuy  are  yet  unlisteti."~tiiiil  A/i- 
peuriiij  fur  (he  I'lirliuinciit  (1*544),  p.  5. 

« 

•  un-Us'-ten-ing  (t  silent),  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eug.  lhtfaiag.\     Kot  listening  ;  not  liear- 
ing ;  not  regarding. 

"The  vacftut  bi'ow,  the  unlifteninff  ear." 

Scott:  lord  o/fhn  hies,  ii.  3. 

•  un-live',  r.t.     [Pref.  un-  (-J),  and  Eng.  lire,  v.] 

1.  T<,>  live  in  a  manner  contrary  to  ;  to  annul 
or  undo  by  living. 

"  We  must  uitiii'f  our  funiier  li\es."—Ohtuvit! :  Scep- 
sif.  til.  viii. 

2.  To  deprive  of  life.    {Prnn.  ua-llve'.) 

•  Where  shall  I  live  now  Luciece  ia  unlived  f  " 

Shukvsp.:  Jiape  of  tticrecv,  1.T54. 

iin-live'-U-ness.  s.  [Pref.  lui-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lir-itne^s.]  The  quality  or  stiite  of  beiJig  un- 
lively  ;  want  or  absence  uf  liveliness. 

■■  Hide  all  the  unliveliness  aiid  natural  sloth  "— 
Milton  :  DocC.  of  Divorve,  bk-  i.,  §3. 

un-16ad',  v.t.  &  i.      [Pref.   uji-  (2),  and  Eng. 

loud,  v.] 

A.  Transitive : 
I.  Literally  : 

1.  To  diseharge  the  load  or  cargo  from  ;  to 
relieve  of  a  load  or  burden  ;  to  disburden. 

•'  Thou  bear'st  thy  heavy  riches  but  a  jouniey, 
Aud  death  uiiloadeth  thee." 

Stiakesp.  :  Measure  for  Jleasure,  iii.  1, 

2.  To  remove  or  discharge,  as  a  load  or 
burden  from  a  vessel,  vehicle,  or  the  like. 

3.  To  withdraw  the  charge  (of  powder  and 
shot)  from  :  as,  To  utiload  a  gun. 

II.  Fifjuratively  : 

1.  To  relieve  from  anything  onerous  or  bur- 
densome. 

2.  To  remove  or  make  an  end  of  auythiug 
buidensome  or  troublesome. 

"  Vuu  iu  each  other's  breast  unload  your  care. 

Drydcn  :  2  Cunijuesc  of  Uranada,  iii. 

B,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  discharge  a  cargo,  load,  or  burden. 

"  Xo  ship  covUd  unload  iii  nuy  bay  or  eatu.iry."— 
JJacaiilay  :   Bist.  Eng.,  cb.  xviii. 

2.  To  sell  or  get  rid  of  stocks,  shares,  or 
goods.    {Aintr.  slang.) 

'•Tlieif  Iting  Bome pressure  to  unload."— Dail if  TKle- 
ijraph,  JitU.  6,  1688. 

uu-Io-cat'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
located.]  Not  located,  not  placed  ;  specif,  iu 
America,  not  surveyed  and  niai'ked  ofl'. 

un-Iock'.  *  un-Ioke,  v.t.    [Pref.  «it-  (2),  and 

Eng.  h-'d:,  v.] 

1.  To  open,  as  anything  fastened  with  a 
lock ;  to  open,  as  something  which  has  been 
locked ;  to  undo,  as  a  lock. 

"  By  Him  forbiddeu  to  uitlock 
"These  aiiamautiiie  gates."         MUlou  :  P.  L.,  ii.  8^2, 

*  2.  To  free  from  bonds  or  fetters ;  to  loose, 
to  set  free. 


Chaiweril):  Cook's  Tale. 
*3.  To  open,  to  disclose  ;  to  lay  open. 

*'  Ho  paiu^,  no  tortureB  shall  unlock  uiy  miud." 

Drydeii  :   Coiujuvst  a/ Mexico,  v,  2. 


*  i.  To  disclose,  to  reveal,  to  nnike  known. 
"  That  sweveii  hath  Uaiklell  unlokf," 

Oower:  C.  A,    (Prol.) 

'un-lodge',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
lwUjt.\    To  deprive  of  a  lodging;  to  dislodge. 

"  Now  that  these  heaveuty  lunnsiuua  nre  to  bo  void, 
you  tliat  hIiiiII  hereafter  Iw  found  unlodyd  will  he 
luuiid  iiu'Xviisitlik'."— Cid-tfttf  ;  Vaslum  Uritannicum. 

'  un-ldg'~ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
loiiii'iiL]  Illogical;  not  according  to  the  pre- 
ce])ts  of  logic. 


"  un-look',  r,  (.    [Pref-  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  Ionl;v.] 
To  recall  or  retract,  as  a  look. 


%  Unluoked  for :   Not   looked    for  ;    unex- 
pected. 


**  un-looped',  a.  [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  Eiig. 
loi'jivd.]     Nut  fastened  by  or  witli  a  loop. 

■■  \Vith  hat  unloop'U."  Uai/  :  Trivia,  i.  195^ 

iin-loose',  vt.  &  i.     [Pref.  7in-(2),  y.,  and  Eng. 
hust\  v.] 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  loose  that  which  before  was  fastened  ; 
to  unfasten,  to  untie,  to  undo. 

"  The  Uot'diaii  kuot  of  it  he  will  unloose." 

Shnkesp.  :  Hf.nry  v.,  v.  1. 

2.  To  set  or  let  go,  or  free  from  fastening  or 
liold  ;  to  unbind  from  fetters,  bonds,  cords, 
or  the  like ;  to  set  at  liberty. 

"  Vou  cauuot  be  tied  so  fast  hut  the  pope  can  un- 
loose    yuu." — /Ip,    7'iti/lor  :    Uiintiasivit  from    Popery, 
|)t.  I.,  ch.  iii.,  S  3> 
■  B.  Intrans. :  To  fall  to  pieces  ;  to  lose  all 
connection  and  union. 

l-jua 

un-Ioos'-en,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2)  3.,  and  Eng. 
lc').--'ii.\    'Vo  unloose,  to  loosen. 

"  And  Miuts  untoo$ctied  kept  their  lock." 

Bi/ron  :  Mazeppa.  v.  iii. 

'un-lord',  v.t.  [Pref.  i(?i-(2),  and  Eng  iorrf.] 
To  rediice  from  or  deprive  of  the  rank,  dignity, 
i>r  privileges  of  a  lord  ;  to  reduce  from  the 
rank  of  a  peer  to  that  of  a  commoner. 

"The  uidindin<j oihiaivi^s."— Milton: Eikonoklastes, 

t  11. 

•  un-Iord'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
I'lrded.]  Not  raised  or  ineferred  to  the  rank 
or  dignity  of  a  lord. 

"Uuiliueest,  uureveiiu'd,    a nlorded. "  — Milton  :  He- 

forui.  in  lui'jlund,  bk.  i. 

'  iin-lord'-ly,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
hrdltj.l    Nut  lordly,  not  arbitrary. 

"Meek  aud  jiiilortil!/'U3i:ii>V\ue."—.iIilto?i:  iicform. 
in  En<jhiud.  bk.  ii. 

*  iin-los'-a-ble,  *  iin-l^^e'-a-ble. «.    [Pref. 

'in-  (1),  and  Eng.  losable,  loseable.  That  cannot 
be  lust ;  incapable  uf  being  lost. 

"Ascribe  to  every  piixtiuular  atom  .%ii  innate  and 
unloseaOte  mobility,  —tioylc:   Worki.i.  \ih. 

*un-l0St',  a.  [Pref.  w/t-  (1),  and  Eng.  lost.] 
Not  lost  or  forfeited. 

"  Ml  Edeu  this  !  a  paradise  unlont  t " 

YoHnij :  Sight  Thoughts,  ix.  1,071. 

iin-Iov'-a-ble,  iin-love'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref. 

an-  (1),  iiud  Eng.  hadtk.]  Not  lovable;  not 
possessing  qualities  calculated  to  attract  love 
or  affection,  or  possessing  qualities  tending  to 
excite  dislike. 

'  UD-Iove',  v.t.  [Pref.  'nn-  (2),  and  Eng.  love,  v.] 
To  cease  to  love  ;  to  hate. 


un-loved',  a.     [Pref.  «n-(l),  aud  Eng.  loved.] 

Nut  loved. 

"  Mi^er.ible  moat  to  love  unloved." 
.v^uAsjp.  ■   Mitixuinmer  Sight's  Dream,  iix.  2. 

iin-love'-Ii-ness,  .■;.      [Eng.  unlovely;  -ness.] 
Tlie  quality  oi"  state  of  being  unlovely  : 

(1)  Unaniiableness  ;  wantorabsence  of  those 
qualities  which  attract  love. 

(2)  Want  of  beauty  or  attractiveness  to  the 
eye. 

"  Bai'hthin^-  else  that  inJgbt  help  to  countervail  bis 
owu  uidnuelinfis.'^Sidncy  :  Arcadia,  bk.  ii. 

iin-love'-ly,  «•   [Pref.  ini-(l),  and  Eng.  lovely.] 
1,  Not  lovely  ;  not  calculated  or  fitted  to 
attract  love  ;  possessing  qualities  which  excite 
or  tend  to  excite  dislike. 

"Putting  vicious  habits  into  a  more  contemptible 
and  unlovely  figure  than  they  do  at  present."— raWw, 
No.  205. 


2.  Not  beautiful  or  attractive  t<i  the  eye. . 

"  A  bcAUty  which  on  Paychv'*  fit«e  did  throw 
i'nlvrnty  blackueuv."        lieaunMixt :  Pigche.  p.  1^ 

*un-lov-en,  v.t.    [Unlove.] 

*iin-l6v-er-Uke»  ".  [Pref.  w«-  (1):  Eng. 
Unrr,  and  liLt.\    L'ulike  or  unbctltting  a  lover. 

"So  unl'worlikt  a  speech."— J/fM  Aial^n:  Serur  4 

SfniibitUy,  ch.  xxxlx. 

i^n-loV-lng.  *un-lov-yng,  «.    [Pref.  un- 

(1),  ami  Eiig.  lorinij.]     Not  living,  or  not  of 
loving  character  ;  not  fond  or  allectioiiAte. 
"  Wliieh  iirh''i<^d  thei?  a  utoNt  unloving  father." 

.^hakeip. :  i  Henry  17..  IL  2. 

"  un-lu'-^ont,    a.     [Pref.   un-  (1),  and   Eng. 
lui:ent.\    Sot  lucent ;  not  bright  or  shining. 
"A  conibuHtlon  niont  tierce,  \i\i\,unUiccnt."~Carlpl9 : 
Fr.  Het'ot.,  pt  Ii.,  bk.  III.,  ch.  v. 

•tin-luck' -full,  «.  [Pref.  »n-(l);  Bng.  iucfc, 
and  suU.  -JnlL]  Mischievous.  [Unlucky,  4.] 
{JJdal:  Apojih.  Eras,,  p.  376.) 

im-luck'-i-lSf',  adv.     [Eng.  unlucky;  -ty.] 

1.  In  un  unlucky  manner;  unfortunately, 
unha])pily. 

"  Things  have  fallen  out,  sir,  so  unluckily." 

Shakissp. .  Hcmeo  Jt  Juliet,  iU.  4. 

2.  By  ill-luck  ;  unfortunately. 

"Mr.  Lofke  has  soujowhere  unluckily  lot  drop  that 
he  conceive:!  It  ponaible  the  faculty  uf  thiukiuu  may 
be  annexed  to  a  systt-ni  wf  nnitter.'  —Search:  Light  of 
.Vaturt,  vol.  i.,  pt.  ii.,  ch.  iv. 

un-ld.ok'-i-&ess,  a'.     [Eng.  unlucky;  -ness.\ 

1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  unlucky  or 
unfortunate  in  one's  dealings. 

2.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  unlucky  or 
inauspicious. 

*  3.  Mischievousness. 

"  As  there  is  no  mural  in  these  Jeats  they  ought  to 
be  dlscoumged,  aud  looked  uihiu  nither  its  i^ieceji  ut 
anluckiness,  than  wit."— AddUvn :  Spectator,  Xu.  lilL 

iin-luck'-y.  «•    [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  Inchy.] 

1.  Nut  lucky  or  fortunate  ;  unfavoured  by 
furtune  ;  not  fortunate  oi'  successful  in  one's 
dealiaig.s  or  undertakings ;  subject  to  misfor- 
tunes ;  unfortunate,  unhappy. 

2.  Attended  or  followed  by  ill-luck,  misfor- 
tune, or  disaster  ;  inauspicious,  ill-omeued. 

"  The  nurae  aaid  to  nie.  Tears  should  not 
Be  8hcd  upon  an  infiuit's  faue, 
It  was  unlucky." 

tVordMworth  :  Poemt  on  the  Affection*. 

3.  Not  resulting  in  or  aceumpauied  with 
success;  resulting  in  or  attended  with  mis- 
fortune,  disaster,  or  failure. 

"The  year  which  was  closing  had  certiHuly  been 
unliu:ky."—Macaulny  :  Hist.  EntJ..  cii.  xvi. 

*  i.  Somewhat  mischievous  ;  mischievously 
waggish. 

"Why,  cries  an  unlucky  wag,  a  less  bag  might  have 
served.  —L'Ettraugc. 

•  iin  -  lu'- nun  -  OUS»  «.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.   Iniiiinuns.]     Not  lumiuous  ;  not  throw- 
ing out  light ;  nut  bright  or  shining. 

"A  tragical  combuatiou,  lung  smoking  and  smoulder. 

iug,  unlunwiuut," — Cisrlyle:  French  Jlevolution.  pt.  ii.. 

bk.  v.,  cb.  iii. 

*tin-lust',  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  Iu.^t.] 
Dislike,  disinclination. 

"  Cnliist  and  tediousuess  to  do  good." — Stryp4  : 
Eccles.  .X/eni.  ;  originals  (an.  1555),  No.  ii. 

"un-lus'-troiis,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lustrous.]  Not  lustrous;  uot  shining ;  want- 
ing lustre. 

"  Base  and  unlustrout  as  the  smoky  light 
That's  fed  with  slinking  tallow." 

ShdJcesp.  :  Cymboline,  i.  6. 

1[  The  older  editions  read  illuMrious. 

•  un-lus'-t^,  ".   [Pref.  un-  {!),  and  Eng.  lusty.] 

Not  lusty  or  strong;  weak,  feeble. 

"  He  [the  hippopotamusj  waxeth  unlutty  aud  slow." 
—P.  Uollund:  Ammianut  MarcelUnux.  p.  313. 

•  un-lute'»  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  lute, 

v.]    To  seiKirate  things  luted  or  cemented  ; 
to  take  the  lute  or  clay  from. 

"  U|Kjn  the  unluting  the  vesiels,  it  Infected  the 
room  witha  scarce  supportable  stiuk." — Boylv:  Hurt*, 

I.  4SX 

•  iin-ly-can  -throp-ize,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2); 

Eng.  li/irDithroi'e,  and  suU".  -ise.]     To  change  a 
lycauthrope  (q-v.)  back  to  Ids  original  shape. 

"  She  is  ready  to  unlycanthropize  yuu  from  tUU 
wolfish  t\\&\'ti."~Hiju<cU  :  Parly  of  fivasts,  p.  lit 

•  iin-milc-id'-^m-ized,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (ix 
and  E:ig.  mncadantizai.]  Huugh  ;  not  mac* 
adamized  (q.v.), 

"The  street  lu  its  past  unmacadamizfd  teuso," 
J/oud  :  Miu  Kilniantr-gs/. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  ji^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus.  9hin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e:^ist.    ph  =  C 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan*    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -&ious  —  shus,    -ble,  -die,  a:c.  -  bel,  deL 


310 


333 


unmade— unmatched 


fin-mado'*  (■■  fl"  ifi'iisc  l  from  pref.  r(f(-(l), 
iiial  Eiij;.  mmtr  ;  in  si'iise  l*.  from  pref.  «h-CJ).J 

1.  N..t  iiimti' ;  not  yet  fonufJ  or  con* 
Htnictt'l  :  iinroi'iiutl. 

"  Tnkliis  ttitf  lUMUtire  at  an  unmofU  grnvt." 

ttkitJtmp  :  Svmeo  Jt  J4UM,  IIL  :l 

2.  Do|)iive<l  or  it.s  form  or  iiiialitios. 

"The  ttnit  ntrtli  w.t*  itcrfrctly  nnmiule  tmnlii.  lAk<>ii 
alt  to  |'k1.■r^  rtiiJ  Imiuni  nucw."— Hoorfword ;  .V<ir, 
Hut. 

•  ilniil&g -is-trate.  v.t.  (Pref.  nn-  (2).  nn-I 
Kn;;.  1 1  (•/!■*/ 1. i/c.  I  To  (ii'privf  of  or  (legnuK' 
Irom  tJif  ulliec  or  pui^itiuu  of  a  magistrate. 
iAIUln,}.) 

'  fin-mal'  den,  r.t.  [Ptl^L  tin*  (2),  and  Eng. 
jiiitifif,  .)    To  nivish,  to  detlower. 

■■H.-  iim.i'iM/fir-^l  lilit  Hl*U;r  Juuu."— t'rv"A'irt ; 
t:,thr{'tn.  I>k   lii,.  cli.  xli. 

un-mal'-den-lj^.  n.  iPri-f.  vn-  (I),  and  Eng. 
7H(ri>/fi('.)/.|'  N"t  niaiiicnly  ;  not  bfconiing  or 
livlittiiig  a  niaiilen. 

"Tito  wniitiiii  iivnticulAtioiui  of  a  virgin  in  a  wild 
.•uiwtiililr  u(  gnlliiiits.  wariniHl  with  wiue,  could  be  no 
utltvr    than    nKK>itt>   JUiU    unmnulcnly."—  liff.    Hall  : 

un-maimed',  -^f.  {?v<i^L  nn-  (l)<  ^nd  Eng. 
»miuwi,\  Not  nmiiucd  ;  nnt  ttisabl^d  in  any 
limb;  nniiiutilated  ;  coiiiplete  in  nil  its  parts. 

"All  iiitfriH-fttr  *lintilil  givt>  his  author  entire  and 
umnai^n'-<i."~l'o)'«     Homer;  IluiU.    (Pref.) 

un-mak'-a-ble,  n.  [Pref.  w»-  (i);  Eng. 
makXf),  and  suit',  -able.]  Not  capable  of  being 
made. 

"If  till'  iiriiiciples  of  iMxIiefl  are  unalterable,  they 
;\rf  itl-i.  niiirt'tic'itilr  by  ;iny  but  a  liiviue  iwwer.  — 
Urcw     C'i'n'ft'Kjia.  Ilk.  i..  cli.  iL 

tun -make',  v.t,  (Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
make,  v.] 

1.  To  destroy  the  essential  qualities  of;  to 
anniliilate  ;  tfl  cause  to  cease  to  exist ;  to  nn- 
create,  to  destroy ;  to  deprive  of  form  or 
being. 

"A)wlitih  Thy  creition.  .tuJ  unmake 
For  him,  wljat  for  thy  glory  thou  hast  made." 
J/(tto»i  .•  P.  L.,  iii.  163. 

2.  To  leave  unmade,  unformed,  uncreated, 
or  unfashioned. 

3.  To  reduce  or  depose  from  a  positiou  of 
authority. 

"Power  to  make  emi>eroupa,  and  to  vnviuOce  them 
agaiiie. "— Jff iPcW  ;  A  Keptie  unto  if.  Hardinge,  p.  41S. 

*iin-mal -le-a-ble,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  hinlU;,},tr.\  Not  malleable  ;  incapable  of 
being  liaiiiiufred  into  a  plate,  or  of  being  ex- 
tended by  heating,  as  a  metal.    {Lit.  i^  jig.) 

"  Cnm'tUi^blif  Ity  the  liaiuiiier  of  the  divine  threaten- 
InCT."— 'V/fnscr.'  I'rodinirt.  \i.  UlL 

iin-man',  v.t.     [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng.  viau.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  character  or  qualities 
of  a  hiinian  being,  as  reason  or  the  like. 

"To  conatmin  him  further  were  to  uuchristen  him. 
to  unman  h'\xu."—ifUton  :  Divorce,  bk.  ii,.  ch,  xxii. 

2.  To  emasculate  ;  to  deprive  of  virility. 

3.  To  deprive  of  courage  or  fortitude  ;  to 
break  ttie  spirit  of;  to  dishearten,  to  cow. 

"The  ue.ir  prospect  of  a  dungeon  aud  a  gallows 
.iltogetlier  unmanned  him."— .Macaulay :  Bist.  Snrf., 

ch.  I VI. 

4.  To  deprive  of  men  :  as,  To  vnviana.  ship 
or  garri.son. 

''an-man'-a-cle.  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  jicncrWf,  v.]  To  looseu  or  aet  free  from, 
or  as  from  bonds  or  chains. 

"  L'nmnnaclcd  from  bonds  of  sense." 

Tenni/soii :  Two  Voices. 

^-m^'-age~9-ble,  n.  [Pi-ef.  in;-  (1),  and 
Eug.  vianiujeable.]  Not  manageable  ;  not 
capable  of  bi'ing  managed  or  controlled;  not 
tmder  control  ;  not  easily  controlled,  regu- 
lated, or  dnected  ;  uncontrollable. 

"The  Huuse  baa  loun  lieeu  itfite  unmanageable:'— 
Macauim/  :  Hi*r.  Kwj..  ch.  xv.  i 

'  iin-man'  -aged,  a.    [Pref.  mv-  (1),  and  Eng. 

indtuujci'.  I 

1.  Not  broken  in  as  a  horac ;  not  trained: 
not  undv  contiol. 

"Llkecolt*.  oruHm/iHfi<7^d  honiea,  weatart  at  dead 
bones.  —Tu'ilor:  BtA'j  Livin.j. 

2.  Not  tutored  ;  nut  educated. 


3.  Not  controlled  ;  unrestrained. 

"  In  the  most  wnm-jfja^-J  terms."— fiwrfce ,  Thoughts 
ort  fYnich  Affairs  (IT^li 

*un>m^'-ful,  0.     (Pref.  iin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
'i'ifii\_M.]    Not  manful ;  not  manly  ;  unmanly. 


vc-ry  iii((;iu'ili*«  voice,  bo  to 


*  un-mtin'-ful-ly,  wlf.  |l--ng.  iinman/u! : 
•ly.]     In  an  unmanly  manner, 

*■  Yet  s..  tlie>  dy.l  not  itiim't>i/ullt/."—SiUton:  JtW 
Ettff..  bk.  VI. 

*  tin  -  m&n  -  gled  (le  as  el),  a.    (Pref.  vn- 

(1),  and  Eng.  jiuinij!ai.\  Not  niangled,  maimed, 
or  nmtilated. 

"Seii^e  fur  scii>c  pnmanffted  (na  hr  found  the  aaui'- 
writtvu).'—tioliii»hird  :  ChrotL  KiigUiitd  |ku.  UiM). 

'  nn-man-bode,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
hiH>ih'Hul.\  An  unmanly  act;  an  aet  of 
Cowardic. 

"  But  Ixjthe  done  umruinhodr^  and  a  Hhinc." 

Chaucer:  TfoHna  A  Creuida.  i. 

*  un~m&n'-like,  «.     [Pref.  i<»-(l),  and  Eng. 

vufiitiki:.] 

1.  Not  like  a  man  in  apjiearance. 

2.  Not  beL'oming  a  man  as  a  human  being; 
inhuman  ;  unnatural. 

3.  Uubeeoming  a  man,  as  opposed  to  a 
woman  or  child  ;  unmanly,  elfeminate, 
childish. 

"  By  the  creatneas  of  the  cry,  it  was  the  voice  of 
man ;  tliougii  It 
cry."— A'MfHf.^. 

un-mSn'-li-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unnuinly ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unmanly  ;  etl'em- 
inaoy. 

"  \on  aiul  youra  make  piety  a  aynouym  for  iininflx- 
lineis."—hiifjs{cy  :  I't-ft.^,  cb.  ii. 

un-man'-ly,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
vuinbj.\ 

1.  Not  having  the  qualities  or  attributes  of 
a  man,  as  opposed  to  a  woman  or  child  ; 
wanting  the  strength,  couifige,  or  fortitude 
which  becomes  a  niaii  ;  eHeminate,  weak, 
womanish,  childish. 

2.  Unbecoming  to  or  in  a  man  ;  unworthy 
of  a  man  ;  cowardly,  mean. 

"  I'mnaiily  outrages  to  defeiicele&s  captives,"— .I/<ic- 
aulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiii. 

un- manned',  a.     [In  senses  1  aud  2,  from 
pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  manned;  in  sense  3, 
from  pref.  un-  (2).] 
1,  Not  furnished  with  men. 

"Turned  out  to  sea  in  a  ship  unmanned."— Milton  : 
Bist.  Eng..  bk.  i. 

''2.  Not  accustomed  toman  ;  not  tamed.  (A 
term  of  falconry.) 

"  Uuod  my  tuimann'U  blootl,  bating  in  my  cheeks." 
Shakefji. :  liomeo  i  Juliet,  iii.  i 

3.  Deprived  of  the  qualities  or  attributes  of 
a  man  ;  etTeminate  ;  wanting  in  fortitude. 

"  In  wold,  in  deed,  uumann'd." 

Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  ii.  T4. 

*  iin-man' -nered,  0.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
mannered.]  Not  with  good  manners  ;  unci\il. 
rude,  coarse,  ill-mannered. 

"  Untnannered  dog  !     To  stop  my  aport 
Vaiu  were  thy  cant."    ^ott :  The  Chase,  xxvii. 

iin-man -ner-li-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unnmnner- 
/nttjss.]  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  unman- 
nerly ;  want  of  good  manners ;  incivility, 
coai-seness,  rudeness. 

"  Much  unmnriiicrlinfss/:  of  cittiiig  and  drinking  at 
bankets  "—ff((cA7uj/(;  Voyages,  i.  580. 

iin-man' -ner-ljr,  a.  &  adv.  (Pref.  ?t?i-(i). 
and  Eng.  mannerly.] 

A.  As  adjectii'e : 

1.  Not  mannerly ;  not  having  good  manners ; 
wanting  in  manners  ;  rude  ir.  behaviour  ;  un- 
civil. 

"  rnmannerly  intruder  aa  thou  art !  " 

Shakegp. :  Titus  Androntcns.  ii.  :i. 

2.  Not  in  accordance  with  good  niaauers  ; 
rude,  coarse. 

"  An  nmnnnnerlf/  jest  is  frequently  as  capit.al  iis  a 
premedit-ated  murder." — Tatter,  No.  253. 

B,  ^s  adv. :  In  an  unmannerly  or  rude 
manner ;  rude,  uncivilly. 

"  Forgive  me 
If  I  have  used  myself  uwnannerli/  "■ 

Shake^p.;  Henry  V/lf..  iii.  l. 

^  iin-m3,n'-tle,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
vtantle.  s.]  To  divest  of  a  mantle  ;  to  take  a 
mantle  or  cloak  off  from  ;  to  make  bare. 

"With  her   umnantled  neck,  and  boaoui  white  ;ind 
iKire."  Hyron  :  Childe  Harold,  iv.  148. 

un-man-u-fac'-tured,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  'vifnnifnclurcd.]  Not  manufactured  ; 
not  wrought  into  the  proper  form  or  state  for 
use:  as,  unmanufactured  tobdtcco. 

iin-ma-niired', «.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  3-nd  Eng. 

viURUred.] 
*  1.  Uncultivated,  unworked.         '^ 

"  Asa  fat  soil  .  ,  .  unmannrcd  bringeth  forth  both 
herbs  and  w  eeds."— -Vwrf/t .-  Plutarch's  Lives,  p.  I8f. 


2.  Nut  mauurcd;  nut  enriclied  with  maumv. 
iin-marked',   n.       [Prcf.  mi-  (l),  and  Eng. 

iniirked.] 

1.  Not  marked  ;  having  no  mark. 

2.  Not  noticed,  unnoticed,  unobserved. 

"  Tb.-  muiiele.-w  charms  uiimarkd  by  her  alone." 

tlyron  :  liride  of  Abi/ttos.  L  6. 

tin-mar -ket~a-ble,  a.  [pief.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng,  markftnli'lv.]  Not  marketable;  not  lit 
or  able  to  be  dispo.sed  of  in  a  market ;  lience, 
unsaleable  ;  having  no  pecuniary  value. 

iin-marred',  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and  Eng. 
iii-trred.]  Not  m;irred,  nwt  spoiled,  not  in- 
jured, not  obstructed. 

•  Their  good  is  good  entire,  uunitxt,  unmarr'd." 
young:  Aight  Thouglitl.  vlL  31*0. 

'  iin-mar'-ri-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (l),  ami 

Eng.  man  cibU:]     Unmarriageable. 

"Twii    [tersDiis  niic'injunctive    or    iintnarrinhle  ty. 
getlit-r.  — J/(7(u)^  .  Doct.  «/  Jhvurct*'.  bk.  il.  ell,  XV. 

un>mar'-riage-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and   Eng.    marrmgrnUle.l     Nut    marriageable; 
ii'it  fit  to  be  married  ;  not  IVee  to  marry. 

iin-mar-ried,  *un-mar-ied,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  miirrinl.]    Not  married. 

"  Tliat  die  unmarried,  ere  they  can  behold 
Bright  Phcebna  in  his  strength." 

Hhaketp.:   t\'iiiter:i  Tale.  iv.  ■^. 

* iin-mar'-ry,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  {■>),  and  Eng. 
vt'irry.]  T^Jdi^■orcc  ;  to  dissolve  tlie  maiiiage 
of. 

"  Alan'.  .  .  giving  jieruiissiou  to  unmarr}/»   wife 
and  marry  a  lust."— Jtilton :  Doct.  A  Uisc.  qf  Divorce. 

•  iin-mar'-sbaUed,  a.  [Pref.  701-  (l),  and 
Eng.  ntarshaHed.]  Not  marshalled;  not  ar- 
ranged, ranked,  or  set  in  oixicr. 


*  nn-mar'-tyr,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-{-2),  and  Eug. 
viartur.]  To  degrade  from  the  standing  vi 
dignity  of  a  martyr.     (Special  coinage.) 

"Scotus  was  made  a  m.irtyr  j«ft«r  his  death,  but 
since  Baronins  hath  unmartyred  him."  —  FtiUer . 
Chnrcli  Hist.,  II.  iv.  36. 

*  un-mar'-vel-lous,  a.    [Pref,  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  marvcUuus.]    Not  niarveUous  orastouish- 

ing. 

"  Th'  Hfimari'eUous  nnd  placid  scene." 

)yolc3tt :  Peter  Pindar,  p.  187. 

'  iin-mas'-cu-late,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  masculdte.]    To  emasculate. 


'  iin-m^'-cu-line,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  au'l 
Eng.  viasculinc]  Not  masculine  or  manly; 
eflVminate. 

iin-mask',  v.t.  &  i.  IPref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
mask.] 

A,  Trans. :  To  remo\e  the  mask  from  ;  t..* 
strip  of  a  mask  or  any  disguise  ;  hence,  to 
expose. 

"  Smile  on- nor  venture  to  unmask 
Man's  heart."     liyron  :  To  Inez  {Childe Harold,  i.). 

B,  Intrans. :  To  put  off  a  mask. 

"My  husband  bids  me:  now  I  will  nnmank." 

Sbakesp.:  Measure  for  Measure,  v.  1. 

•  iin-mas'-ter-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  an-l 
Eng,  masterahle.]  Incapable  of  being  mastered 
or  suMued  ;  unconquerable. 

"  The  fcetor  may  discover  itself  as  l>eing  vntnatter- 
able  by  the  art  of  man."— flrwifde:  Vulgar  Hrraurs. 
bk,  iv.,  ch.  iL 

iin-mas'-tered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

ma;>tered.] 

1.  Not  mastered ;  not  subdued  or  conquered. 

*  2.  Not  capable  of  being  mastered  or  sub- 
dued ;  uncontrollable. 

"  His  nnmitsteretl  imixirtuiiity." 

iihakesp.  :  Hamlet.  I.  .I. 

'  iin-mat9b'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i);  Eng. 
match,  and  suff.  -able.]  Not  culpable  of  being 
matched;  unparalleled;  matchless. 

"  Most  nuliaut.  exquisite,  and  unmatchuble  beauty  ' 
—Shake^p.  :  Ticelfth  Sight.  L  5. 

'iin-mat^b-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vp^ 
viatchabic  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  be- 
ing unmatchable ;  matcblessness. 

"The  presumption  of  his  unmatchableness.'—ffalt: 
Kpistlejs,  dec,  iv.,  ep.  ii. 

iin-matghed'.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng, 
onatchcd.  ]  Not  matched  or  equalled  ;  un- 
paralleled, unequalled,  matchless. 

"The  flower  in  ripened  bloom  unmatched." 

Byron  :  And  Thou  Art  Dead 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  wbat,  fSll,  father ;  we.  wet.  bere.  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine :  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son :  mute,  ciib.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fiill ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e :  ey  =  a ;  qu  ^  kw. 


umnatchedness— unminded 


339 


-  uii-m&t9hed'-neSS,  -^.  [Eng.  unmatched  : 
-m-ss  ]  Tlir  .>fito  nr  comlition  of  being  uu- 
iiiat^^Iied ;  incoiiiiiarableness. 

'•Hisdeur  uwunffheduets  in  all  mMiuen  of  leani- 
iiigr—Vh.jpinaii     Uumer :  Iliad,    (Pref) 

'  un-mat -ed,  ".  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
Hi'iifl.]  Nut  mated,  matched,  paired,  or 
Coupled. 


'  un-ma-ter'-i-al,  rt.  (Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eiig.  mil. •(■  rial.]     Inniiaterial. 

■■  Tlie  uiirnatcrial  fruits  of  ali.ides." 

Ihtni^l.    Jlufvliiltii. 

un-ma-tric'-u-lat-ed,  c    (Prof,  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  via frirulaUd.]     Nut  matriculateil. 
■' Tlieir   young    untnatricuiated   iio\ice3."— J/^/fuji 
O't  /idiu-iiTviii. 

*un-ma'-trdn-like,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  iiintmiilike.]  Unlike  or  unbecoming  a 
matron. 

'Till*  ii>imatr(mlik€  iiit'—Rkhardton :  Claris$a. 
V.  ;j,^''. 

*  un-maze',  r.t.    [Pref.  i(u-(l),  and  Eng.  ma^c, 

v.]    To  relieve  from  terror  or  bewilderment. 
"This  poor  Ari)iuate  .  .  . 
I'inruiz'd  us,  and  took  piitus  for  all  the  town." 

Scapylcon:  Juvenal,  viiL  312. 

un-mean'-ing.  a.    [Pref.  ««-  (1),  and  Eng. 

mcniiiii'j.] 

1.  Having  no  meaning  or  signification ; 
meaningless. 

"That  mighty  maaterof  iiHm*<i»i(»i7  rliyrae." 
Byron  :  English  Bardi  A  Scolvh  tlevieicers. 

2.  Kot  having  or  not  indicating  intelligence 
or  sense  ;  senseless. 

"  That  light,  Hnm-^amiig  thing. 
That  autilea  with  all  and  weeps  with  none. 

Byron     One  Struggle  More. 

un'tnean'-ing-ness,  5.  [Eng.  iimnmninij  ; 
-jif.v-.l  Thf  ciu;ility  or  state  of  being  unmean- 
ing'.    (.VifW.  D'Arblay:  Camilla,  bk.  iii.,ch.  i.) 

un-xneant',  a.  [Pref.  !(»•(!),  and  Eng.  meunt.] 
Nnt  meant  ;  not  intended  ;  unintentional. 

'■  But  Kiiieleiia  hapj>«'iii:il  oil  a  death  unwe'int." 
Dryden  :   Virgil:  .Eiieid  X.  b6l. 

un-mea§-ur-a-l>le  (s  as  zh),  0.    [Pref. 

nil-  (1).  and  Eng.  weasurdble.]  S'ot  measur- 
able ;  nut  capable  of  being  measured  ;  im- 
measurable, unbounded. 

"  Thivt  I  lioi>e  13  an  unmeasnra'de  distance  "  — 
Shaketi*. :  Merry  Wiees,  ii.  1. 

*  un-xnea^ -ur-a-ble-ness  (s  as  zh),  c 

[Eng.  iniiiiea$uriibl.: ;  -ness.]  The  quality  ur 
state  of  being  unmeasurable. 

"  Showing  tlie  unmeajmrt-'ibfeness  of  LisGodhed."— 
Frytli :  bok  made  by  him  laii.  IW3). 

un-meas'-ur-a-bly  (s  as  zh),  adv.  [Eng. 
viiineasurab(lf) :  -fy.]  In  an  unmeasurable 
manner  or  degree  ;  not  measurably  ;  immea- 
surably. 

*'  The  value  of  gold  was  likely  to  advance  tinmenKur- 
altty.-Slrype  :  Ecc/es.  item. ;  Edward  VI.  (au.  \bVii. 

on-mea^  -ured  (s  as  zh),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i), 

a'ld  En;^'.  vieosured.] 

1.  Nut  measuied ;  not  dealt  out  by  mea- 
sure ;  inlinite. 

-  "  His  rapid  rays. 
Themselves  unmeasured,  nieiisnre  all  our  days." 
Cdwyvr :  Nativity. 

2.  Plentiful  beyond  measure  ;  unlimited. 

•  3.  Not  subject  to  or  in  accordance  witli 
any  musical  rule  of  measure,  time,  or  rhythm ; 
irregular,  capricious. 

"The  unmeasured  notes  of  that  strange  lyie." 
Shelley. 

'' un-mech -an-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  medmnizc]  To  destroy  the  mechanism 
of;  to  unmake. 

"  knjbrj"otic  evils  that  could  iinmfchanize  thy 
irame."— Jffer/i«;  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  167. 

oxi'med'-dled  (le  as  el),  o.  [Pief.  ?(»-  (i), 
and  Eng.  meddled.}  Not  meddled  (with);  not 
interfered  (with). 

"  The  ttood-cate  ,  .  .  continuing  other  ten  days  «ii- 
mrddled  with.  '—Caretc :  Surtey  v/C'jmioaH,  fol.  105. 

*iin-ined'-dling»  "■  [Pref.  hj!-(1),  andEng. 
iiinldliii'j,]  Not  meddling ;  not  interfering 
with  the  allhirs  of  others  ;  not  otlicious. 

*  un-xned  -dling-ness,  s.  [Eng.  mnneddling ; 

-nf5.s-.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
meddling ;  freedom  from  meddlesomeness  or 
otticiousness. 

"  Au  unmcddlinjneti  with  these  worldly  coucem- 
meuta.  ■—///<.  Hail  :  Sermon  o"  I  /'-  fcr  l  IT 


'  iin-medl  -^in-a  ble  (i  silent),  a.  [Pref. 
1/11- (1),  and  Eng.  }Hfdiciiiable.]  Incurable  by 
medicine. 

"These.  .  .  phyairtans  may  n-cure. 
Thuu  yet  unmiHl'cinablr  still." 

Chapman:  H<tnxi-r ;   /fiocf  xvi.  34. 

%  In  the  following  quotation  ijientleman 
Vsher,  iv.  1)  the  .same  author  uses  the  word 
as  =  inelficacious. 

"  .\way  witli  liiA  unmed'cinable  halnic." 

UXt-med -i-tat-ed,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  meditatt^d.]  Not  meditated  ;  not  pre- 
pared by  previous  tliought ;  inipremeditated. 

"  Fit  stmina  pronounced,  ur  sung 
CnmediUitrd.'  Milton     P.  L..  v.  HO. 

■  un-xneek'*  "  uxi-xneke.  «.    [Pref.  i(»-  (i), 

iUid  Eng.  i>u-ek.\     Nut  meek. 

"  .\ii  unxtfkf  loi-d."— C/iUHier.'  BoeuuS,  bk.  v. 

t  un~xneet ,  *  un-mete,  a.  [Pref.  nu-  (1),  and 
Eng.  meet,  a.]  Not  meet,  not  tilting,  not  suit- 
able ;  unfit,  unsuitable. 

"  Why  mention  other  thoughts  unmrt-t 
For  vision  so  tjotupoaeJ  and  sweet  1' 

}yord>wjrth  :   White  Doe.  i. 

*  iixi-meet  -ly,  *iixi-ixieete-ly,  *un-xnete- 

ly.  ("'('.     [Eng.  unmeet;   -ly.]     Not  meetly, 
not  fitly,  notsuitablv  ;  unsuitably,  improperly. 

"  l'|ion  a  mangy  jade,  unmetely  set." 

Spenser  :  F.  (J.,  VI.  vi.  16. 

*  un-meet'-XieSS,  s.  [Eng.  vnmect ;  -ness.] 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  unmeet ;  imsuit- 
ableness,  unfitness. 

"  Apertietual  unmeetneM  and  unwiningness  to  all 
the  duties  of  he\p."— Milton:  Tetrachordon. 

* ilxi-xnel'-lowed,  «.  [Pref.  7t»-(l),and  Eng. 
iiu-lloii'ed.]  Not  mellowed;  not  fully  ripened 
or  matureil ;  not  toned  down  or  softened  by 
ripeness,  length  of  years,  or  the  like. 


un-xne-ld'-di-ou8,  c      [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 

Eng.  mdodious.]  Not  melodious  ;  wanting  in 
melody  or  harmony  ;  harsh,  discordant. 

"  Renew  their  umnelMlious  moan." 

3  homton  :  Castle  of  Indolence,  ii.  79. 

-  iixi-xnel'-d-dizedt  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  mdndiz'd.]     Not  rendered  melodious. 

"  Unlike  to  living  sounds  it  came 
Uiimix'd,  uninelodizd  with  hreath." 

Langhorne :  fables,  xL 

-  Uii-melt'-ed,  n.      [Pref.    nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

melted.]     Not  melted,  not  dissolved. 

"  That  snow  which  unmelted  lies." 

Waller:  Ptierperium. 

* uxi-mend-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.   un-    (l),    and 
Eii^'.  mendi.d>ie.\    Not  capable  of  being  mended. 
■■  They  dre:uii   uf  patching  up  things  unmendable." 
—Matthew  Arnold  .   Last  Essays.    (Fref.) 

uu-men'-tion-a-ble,  a.  &,  s.  [Pref.  ini-(l), 
and  Eng.  mentionable.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Not  mentionable  ;  not  fit  to  be 
mentioned  or  named. 

B.  As  snbst.  (PL):  A  ludicrous  name   fur 
trousers ;  inexpressibles. 

"Fishing  stockings  full    of  water,  unntentionttbles 
dittv.'— Field.  Dec.  19.  1S85. 

un-ixieil'-tioxied,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
vientioiied.]    Not  mentioned  or  named. 

"  Of  eviU  yet  unmention'd." 

Cowper  :  Friendship. 

un-xner'-^exi-a-r^,  «-  [Pref.  un-  (i).  and 
Eng.  mercemiry.]  Not  mercenary,  not  sordid  ; 
not  taking  or  seeking  payment,  hire,  or  wages. 

"Praise  is  h.  generous  and  "Hwerccnarj  principle.  "— 
Atterbury  :  Sermons,  vol.  t,  aer.  L 

' iixi-iner-^liant-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  «»-  (i), 

and  En^^.  I'n'n'lxiHtuhle.l  Not  merchantable; 
not  fit  for  the  n.arket;  unmarketable,  unsale- 
able. 

"They  feed   on    salt,   unmerchantable  pilchard," — 
Carew  :  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

• 'un-mer'-9x-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  merrmble'.]    Uun  erciful. 

"To  loue  but  iinmerciable.'        Gower:  C.  A.,  iii. 

*  ■iin-mer'-9ied,   n.     (Pref.  un-  (I);   Eng. 

mercy,  and  sutt.  -cd.]    Unmerciful,  merciless. 

'•  Out  fly  the  Irish,  and  with  sword  and  (ire    ^ 
L'nmercied  havock  of  the  Kngtiflli  niaile' 

Drayton  :  Miseries  o/  V-  Margaret. 

un-XXier'-ci-ful,  a.    [Pref.  uH"  (1),  and  Eng. 

maxifni] 

1.  Nut  merciful ;  not  influenced  by  feelings 
of  mercy  ;  cruel,  inhuman,  merciless. 

"Perhaps  wmie  st')p  niik'ht  Ik-  jiut  t^)  this  nninfr- 
ciful  \ii<jiiei:\xUon."~~ Idler,  So.  14. 


■  2.  Unconscionable,  exorbitant. 

"  Not  only  till' i>*acf  of  the  honest,  unwrlthig  auli- 
]ect  wad  dallv  molrited.  hut  unmerciful  deiu<%iidN 
werr  maili-  u(  Ids  apitlaune.'  — /*o;»<'. 

iixi-xner -9i-f&l-lj^.  ndr.  [Eng.  umnerci/id; 
-/'/.j  In  an  uniueiciful  luauuer;  mercilessly  ; 
witiiciut  mercy. 

"They  acted  unmercifully.  uo]uitl7t  uuwljely."— 
Mavaulay  :  Uist.  Eng..  cU.  xil. 

un-xxier'-9l-ful-ncs8,  >••.  {£.\\'i.  unmerciful ; 
■ness.)  Thequality  tu  state  being  unmerciful ; 
luercilessness,  cruelty. 

"The  fintt  [hindrance  to  our  pmyeral  l«  umntrcl/ut- 
nfS4."—Bp.  Tan/lor:  aermoni,  vi^L  1..  «or.  i. 

*  un-xner -9i-less.  c.    (Pref.  iih-(2),  3.,  and 

Eng.  mercile^s.l    Merciless. 

"  I'nmercilru  miirther  and  ingratitude."— yov'  ■' 
Ejponcivn  0/  Daniel,  cb,  v. 

*  un~XXier'-it-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and 
Eng.  meritnhle.]  Not  possessed  of  merit  or 
desert  ;  undeserving.  • 

"  This  ii  a  slight  unm^ritable  m.an  ■" 

Shakei/i. :  Julius  C<esar.  iv.  L 

uxi-mer'-it-ed,  a.  (Pref.  mi-  (1).  and  Eng. 
meiifed.]  Not  merited,  not  deserved,  un- 
deserved. 

"  Such  consolation,  and  the  exc«a» 
Of  an  unmerited  dislreas  " 

Wordiworih  :   White  Dot.  ii. 

*  un-xner'-it-ed-xiess,  ?.    [Eng.  unmerittd; 

■  ni:s>i.\      The    quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
merited or  undeserved. 

"The  Arminiana  own  the  freeneas  and  tininerited- 
ncM  of  Gods  nr>iee.'— Boyle  :  Wurks.  i.  STtf. 

* un-mer-it-ing,  a.  [Pref.  iu(-(l),  and  Eng. 
vwriting.]  Not  meriting  (anytlnng)  ;  not 
jiossessed  of  merit  or  desert  ;  undeserving. 

"  A  brace  of  unmeritfng.  proud,  violent,  testy  urtg- 
iatrates.*'— 57irtte«/*. .'  VortotniHu.  ii.  1. 

*  ii«-f«ftr'-rjr,  *  im-mer-ie,  «.  [Pref.  vn- 
(1),  and  Eng.  j/urr?/.]     Not  merrj'  ;  surrowCul. 


*iiii-mes-ur-a-ble,  «.    [Unmeasi'uadlk.] 

un-met,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  aiPl  Eng.  vnt.] 
Not  met  with. 

"  Winds  lose  their  strength,  when  they  do  empty  fly. 
Unmet  of  wtjoiU  and  huildiugi*." 

Ben  Jonson  r  S<:janu$.  v.  I. 

* un-xnet-a-pbor'-ic-al,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  wctuphormd.]  Not  metaphoiical ; 
litA.-ral. 

"  A  cold  unmefaphorical  vein  of  iiifamoU8  vrriting." 
—Sterne:  Tristram  Shandy,  vi.  laS. 

'  iin-met'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  iin-  (I),  and  Eng. 
uieted.]     Unmeasured. 

"The  anxiety  I  felt  in  degree  so  unmeled.'  —Miss 
Bronte:   t'illette.  ch.  xxmx. 

'* iin-xneth'-od-ized*  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  methodized.]  Not  arranged  according 
to  method  or  order. 

"  UuiioIiBh'd.  unuumher'd,  and  ru»Mie(Ao((K'(^"— 
Uarringtun  :  Oceana,  \y  12. 

*  un-mew  (ew  as  u),  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  nieu\\  To  set  free  from,  or  as  from,  a 
mew ;  to  emancipate. 

"  Let  a  portion  of  ethereal  de»v 
Fall  oil  my  head  and  presently  iuime»r 
My  soul.'  Keats:  tndymion.  f. 

•un-might'-y  (;//'  silent),  *  nn-xxiight-ie, 

o.     [I'lef.    nn-    (i),    and    Eltg.    mi>jhtij.\      Not 
mighty  or  strong  ;  weak. 

"Disanaen  the  Ire  of  thilke  vnmightie  tirauot.*— 
Chnucer  :  Boeciits,  bk.  i. 

*un-xxiild',  *  an-xxxilde,  a.    [Pref.  uv-  (i). 

ami    Eng.    mihi.]      Not   mild;    hard,   cruel, 
severe. 

"  i-lo  V'lth  this  proude  vice  nimitdc. 
Th.'it  he  disdeigneth  aU  la  we." 

Oower :  C.  A.,  i. 

^  un-IXiild'-ness,  b'.  [Eng.  uumild:  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  Ijeing  destitut*i  of 
mildness ;  harshness,  cruelty. 

"The  unmitdnesJi  of  ev.-vngelic  gnwe  shall  turn  ser- 
vant. "—J/i/fun  .■  IkiCt.  nf  Dieorce.hii.  ii..  ch.  vii. 

iin-XXUlked',    a.      [Pref.    un-  (I),  ami    Eng. 
milked.]     Not  milked. 
"  The  ewes  still  folded,  with  distended  thigha. 
fnmilk'U:'  Pope:  Uonurr ;  Udyuey  \x.  518. 

uxi-xxliUed',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eiig.  niUcd.] 
Nut  milled  ;  not  stamped  in  a  mill. 

"There  are  two  kind*  of  coin  here,  of  th«  aam« 
denomination,  milled  and  ii  it  in  i//«tf." — Cook:  First 
Voyage,  hk.  iii,,  ch.  xii. 

uxx-mixid'-ed,  c      [Prof,    un-  (l),  and  En^:. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo^l:  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9ILU1.  bexi^h;  go,  gexxi;  thin,  this;  siu,  as;  expect,  Xcnophoa,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shaxi.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tiou,  -sion  =  ^hnn.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  i^c.  =  bel,  del. 


340 


unmindful— unmoved 


i.iiH./('/.J  Not  rniuded,  not  heedeJ.  not  re- 
gun  led. 

"  8K'k  III  ttir  worlil't  rrt»ix].  wreUlird  nti<l  low, 
A  ii'vr  unmindtd  uutlitw  tiu«rHkliii:  liomr. ' 

Shukttp. :  U  Umr^  /I'..  111.  3. 

iXn-mind'-f&l.  n.  (Pref.  itH-(l),  and  Eur. 
.i'u//.'(;.l    Not  miudful,  not  heedful ;  regunl* 

■  1  i.v  tlcy.1,  uutniuitfiil  i't  lier  fcmwr  fniiie.* 

/'of€  J  llomtr;  Iliad  xvl.  426. 

ua-mind  -f^l-l;j^,  (c/r.  [Eur.  unmintlful ; 
-If/.]  In  ail  tniiriiiulfitl  manner  ;  w)t)ii>ut  due 
n-nieinl'mnce  or  consideration :  heedlessly, 
iiiifU'ssly. 

•  jin-Eiund'-fiil-ness.  s.    (Pref.  uamiiui/ul ; 

-/i..v>.l  The  (inalily  cr  state  of  being  unmind- 
ful ;  tifi-iUessin'ss,  carelessness. 

'ilil-min'-gle,  r.t.  [Pref.  h«-(-2),  and  En^. 
Tni)iiilt.]  To  sei>arate,  as  things  ni.xed  or 
niingletl. 

'•It   will   unmins/te  the  wlue  from  the  water."— 
Baixn :  Unt,  Bitt. 

•  ^-min'-gle-a-ble,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (i) ;  Eng. 

ni.'ij;i^,  and  snif.  -aUe.l  Incapable  of  being 
mixed  or  mingled. 

"The  clivpni  nnd  unminplfiable  oils  atTorded  ub  by 
buiiiAu  bliKMl."— A}yle.-  H'orAf,  i.  536. 

un-mln'-gled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  m«-  (l), 
and  Knti.  F'<((i;W«Z,j  Not  mixed  or  mingled; 
untuixed,  un;iiIoyed,  ]>ure. 

•'  Tlifn  1  drunk  untningled yiy^." 
Om'/'i-r:  Tim  Nucetsity  qf  Se(f-Abat«incnt. 

'  ftn-mi-riic'-u-lous,  «.  [Pj^ef-  tm-  (l),  and 
Eng.  miraculous.}  Not  niiraeulous  ;  not  mar- 
vellous. 

"Ttii!'y|inlrKc1e»1ilouot.cAni)ot,nioreaiuazet1ieiuiiJil. 
Thiiii  this.  calle<l  unmiracttlo'ts  anrvey." 

I'ouitff:  JVi'jht  Thouffhts,  i\.  1.204. 

•  un-mir'-y,  a.  [Pref.  i(»-(lX  and  Eng.  mirii.] 
Nut  niiry  ;  Jiot  muddy  ;  not  fouled  with  dirt. 

"There  loay'st  thou  pass  with  safe  unmlri/  feet," 
Gai/:  Trivia.  Hi.  187. 

un- missed',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
mis^f'l.]  Not  missed;  not  perceived  to  be 
Inst  or  ;^'one. 

"  Why  Rlibiild  he  rVellinus]  not  steal  sway,  unasked 
anil  unniiuedf—Oraff  :  To  M-iton.  let.  27.     (1757.) 

un-mis-tak'-a-ble,  un-mis-take'-a- 

ble,  ((.     (Pref.  uii-  (0.  and  Eng.  misUi}iahle.'\ 

Nnt  mistakaljle;  not  cajiuble  of  being  mis- 
take)!. 

•The  case  is  itumUtakah}e:'—F'f:ld,  Dec   \i\  l^ST. 

un-mis-tak'-a-blj^,  un-nus- take-a- 
bly, nih\  [Eng.  uit»iistakah{h);  -lyi.}  In  an 
iinuiistakalile  jiianner ;  in  a  manner  pre- 
cluding the  possibility  of  mistake. 

■•  Vnmittitkeablsf  of  the  "Broad  Church'  schowl."— 
BriU  Uuarterl!/  Review.  Ivii.  290.     (1873.) 

'  un-mis-trust'-mg,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
h"ii;j.  ini^tnistinij.]  Nut  mistrusting  ;  not  sus- 
("■ctni;.' ;  unsuspicious. 

•'All  iiiitnixtnisthig  it'norance."— A'fenic ."  Trittram 
Shaiicii/.  V.  -ji. 

•  un-mit-i-ga-ble,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng,  mitigabk]  Not  mitigable  ;  not  caiable 
of  being  mitigated,  softened,  or  lessened  ;  un- 
itppeasable,  implacable. 

"And  m  her  must  utimitiffable  raee." 

Shukcsp. :  Teihpest,  i.  2. 

un-mit-i-gat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  iiiitigated.] 

1.  Nut  mitigated  ;  not  lessened  or  softened. 

■"With  puhlic  accusation,  uncovered  sliiniler,  un- 
mitii/aU-d  r»ucuva\"~Shake»p. :  Much  Ado,  iv.  l. 

2.  Unconscionable  :     as     an     unmitigated 
scoundrel.     (Volloq.) 

•^n-mi'-tre  (tre  as  ter),  *  un-mi'-ter, 

v.t.  iPref.  un-  (-J),  and  Eng.  mitre]  To  tie- 
jTive  rtf  a  mitre  ;  to  depose  or  degrade  from 
the  rank  or  offiu-e  of  a  bishop.    (Milton.) 

nn-mixed;  '  un-mist;  a.  [Pref.  un- (i), 
and  Ell';,  mixed,  mixt.]  Not  mixed  or  mingled 
witli  anything  else;  pure,  unadulterated,  un- 
niingled,  unalloyed. 

'•He  was  of  unmixed  EDglish  blood."— Jtfrtcuii^aj/-' 
Bitt.  Etuj..  L'h.  xix. 

•  un-mix'-ed-l3^,  adv.     [Eng.  unmixed  ;  -ly.] 

In  an  unmixed  manner  ;  purely,  wholly, 
f  iitii>-Iy. 

"  Vn-iui,ilii    aoxioMB."^  Macauiaff :    But.    Eng., 

"  nn-moaned',  a.  [Pref.  uti-  (l),  and  Eng. 
vioamd.}  Not  bemoaned  or  lamented;  un- 
lainenled. 

"  Fatherless  distress  was  left  unmonned." 

bhakf^p.  :  Hkhard  ///.,  ii.  2. 


iln  -  mocked',  «.     [Pref.   un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
lUfKkfd.]    Not  mocked  or  scoffed  at. 


liiy  hlfcJ.  I 


ickud  by  liVTiiUfi." 
■  Fir-i-Worshippct 


'  iin-mod -em-ize.  r.(.  [Pi'ef.  un-  (2),  ami 
Eng.  moderniie.]  To  altt-r  from  a  modern 
fa.shion  or  style;  tti  give  an  ancient  or  old- 
fiishioned  form  or  fashion  to. 

"  Cnmodvrnixt    n     ihm^ui  rnther   than   ^ve    It   au 
antique  air.' — C.  Lumb,  quuted  in  NotM  ±  Queries, 

Scr.  vi..  iv.  aaa. 

'  un-mod'-em-ized,  a.  [Pref.  toi-  (l),  and 
Eng.  inodtnii :>''{.]  Not  modernized;  not  al- 
tered to  a  iinidi-rn  fasliion. 

.  unmodemUed."— 


*  fin-mod'-J-fi-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  modijiahle.]'  Not  nioditlable;  notcapabli; 
of  being  modified. 

■  iin-mod'-i-fi-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  un- 
mudinable;  -n&s.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unmodirtable. 

"  A  nature  not  of  brutish  un»i<xlifiiibleness  " — 0. 
Sliot :  Daniel  Dcronda,  ch.  Iviii. 

iin-mod'-i-fied,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
modifwl.]  Not  modified  ;  not  altered  in  form  ; 
not  qualified  in  nieaniag  ;  not  limited  or  cir- 
cumscribed. 

"  Anunivei^aal  umnodijied  vAVAQiiy."— Burke :  Letter 
to  Sir  E.  Langrinhe.  M.P. 

unmodified- drift,  5. 

GcoJ.  :  A  Caiiadiaii  glacial  deposit  laid  down 
while  ieeaetioi;  was  at  its  maximum  in  North 
America.  It  is  believed  to  correspond,  or  at 
least  have  a  certain  relation,  to  the  till  of 
Scotland.     Called  also  Hardpan. 

'  un-mod'-ish,  a.  [Pref.  )m-  (1),  and  Eng. 
laodiih.]  Not  modish  ;  not  fasliionable  ;  not 
according  to  fashion  or  custom. 

"  The  priucess  has  a  very  small  party  in  so  u7imodigh 
a  sepai'atiou,"— /"ope ;  Letters  to  Lady  Mo/itagae, 
let.  xii. 

*  un-m5ist',  a.  [Pref.  «;i-  (1),  and  Eng.  inoist.] 
Not  moist ;  not  wet  or  humid  ;  dry. 

"  Volatile  Hermes,  fluid  and  unmoist." 

J.  Philips :  Cider,  i.  334. 

iin-mSist'-ened  (/  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  moistened.]  Not  moistened;  not 
made  wet ;  dry. 

"  And  luiiy'st  thou  dye  with  an  unmoittened  eye." 
hfuum.  £  Flet. :  Passionate  Madman,  ii. 

un-mo-lest'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
molest&i]  Not  molested  ;  not  disturbed  or 
obstructed  ;  undisturbed. 

"  D'Usson  .  .  marched  (oimo^erfed  to  Limerick. "— 
Macimlai/ :  Bint.  Kiig..  cb.  xvii. 

*  un-mon'-eyed,  un-mon'-xed,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  inoneyed,  vwJiied,]  Not 
moneyed ;  not  possessed  of  money  ;  impecu- 
nious. 

"Apples  with  cabbage  net  y-covered  o'er. 
Galling  full  sore  th  umnttn-'f/cd  wight,  are  seen." 
Shenslone :  Schoolmistress. 

'^  un-monk'-ish,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
iiiuiikish.]  Unlike  or  unbecoming  a  monk  ; 
!iot  given  to  or  sym])athizing  with  mnnasti- 
cism.    {Carlyle:  Life  of  Sterling,  pt.  i.,ch.  iv.) 

^un-m6-ndp'-6-lize,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  monopolize.]  To  recover  or  remove 
from  the  state  of  being  monopolized ;  to 
throw  open. 

"  Unmonopolizing  the  rewards  of  learning  and  in- 
dustry."—J/i/fon. 

iin-moor',  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
mooT,  v.] 

A.  Tra)\sitive : 

1.  To  loose  from  that  to  which  anything  is 
moored  ;  to  loose  from  anchorage. 

"Thou  speakeat  sooth  :  thy  akitf  UTiwinor." 

Byron :  Giaour. 

2.  To  bring  to  the  state  of  riding  with  a  single 
anchor,  aft«r  having  been  moored  by  two  or 
more  cables. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  loose  one's  moorings  ;  to 
weigh  anchor. 

"  Look,  where  henenth  the  castle  grey 
HU  fleet  unmoor  from  Aros  bay  ! " 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Isles,  i.  12. 

t  iin'-mor-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
moral.]  Without  morals;  having  no  conce]»- 
tion  of  right  and  wrong.    [Non-moral.] 

"  Man  by  himself  is  not  only  unprogreaaive,  he  is 
also  not  so  much  immoral  as  unmoral."— E.  Ctodd  : 
Story  of  Creation,  p.  218. 


*  un-mor'-al-ized. 


[Pref.  un-  (1),  and 


Eng.   moralized.]      Utitutored   by    morality; 
not  conformed  to  good  morals. 


'  un-mor -rised,  <(.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng 
moms,  and  sutf.  -ed.]  Not  wearing  the  drcsn 
of  a  morris-dancer. 

"Thus  to  appear  before  me  too,  unynorrlsed." 

lieaum.  ■&  Fkt.  :  fVo"ic,i  Pli-as--il,  i-:   i. 

*un-mor'-tgLred,    'un-mor'-tered,  a 

[Pref.  nit-(\);  Eny;.  janrtar;  -ed.]    Notjoinutl 
or  cemented  witli  inortar. 

"Some  loose  stones  that  lye  unmortered  upon  the 
battlements."— /(/Lf.  Bull:  Christ  Mystical,  §  7. 

iin-mort' -gaged  it  silent),  a.  [Pref.  im-  (i), 
and  Eug.  mortifwi'jd.]  Not  mortgaged  ;  not 
pledged  or  staked  ;  not  burdened  with  charge 
or  debt, 

"The  least  unmortffng'd  hope." 

Drydcn  :  AH  for  Love,  v. 

'  un-mor'-ti-fied.  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Elug.  mortijied.]  Not  quelled,  subdued,  or 
destroyed. 

"  His  lust  is  stronger,  his  passions  violent  and  un- 
morlijied." — Bp.  Taylor:  ."icrmona,  vol.  Ii.,  set.  2. 

•un-mor-ti-fied-ness,  "  un-mor-ti- 
fied-nesse,  s.  [Fief,  nn-  (l);  Eng.  morti- 
jial,  and  suff.  -;its>.]  The  sUite  uf  being  un- 
mortified.    {Lit.  d'Jig.) 

"This  argues  much  unmortifieduesse,  though  it  run 
not  into  nets."— Goodwin  :  Tryall  of  a  Christian'$ 
Growth,  ch.  JiL 

*  un-mor'-tise,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (-2),  and  Bug. 
viortise.]  To  loosen  or  undo,  as  a  mortise  ;  to 
separate,  as  a  joint  from  its  socket. 

"  The  feet  unmortised  from  their  ankle-bones." 

Tennyson  :  Merlin  A  Vivien,  4U2. 

*un-mo-§a'-ic,  ((.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
.,Uoj'(((L'.]     Contrary  to  Moses  or  his  law. 


^un-moth'-ered,  a.  [^Pref.  ^^-(l);  Eng. 
mother,  and  sulf.  -ed.]  Not  having  a  mother; 
deprived  of  one's  motlier  ;  motheiless. 

"  Uninother'd  little  child  of  four  yeai-s  old." 

E.  B.  Broicning. 

un-moth'-er-ly,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
m-Aheiiy.]  Not  motherly  ;  not  like  or  befitting 

a  mother. 

'Un-mduld',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
iiunilif,  v.]  To  change  the  form  of;  to  take 
away  or  destroy  the  form,  shape,  or  features  of. 

'*  l'nmoiildi?ig Tea&ou's  mintage."   Milton:  Catitus,i29. 

"" un-mound'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un- (\);  Eng. 
mound,  and  suff.  -td.]  Not  protected  by  a 
mound  or  fence. 

"If  he   lyes  unmoii iult:xl.  he  shall  lie  sure  to  be 
always  lovf.'—Fellham  :  /Cetoloes.  pt.  in,  res.  65. 


[Pref.    lui-    (1)  ;    Eug. 


un-mo^t'-ed, 

mount  ;  -frf.] 

1.  Not  on  horseback  ;  not  performing  duties 
on  liursuback  ;  as  unmounted  police. 

2.  Not  mounted,  as  a  drawing,  engraving,  or 
idiotograph. 

iln-mourned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eug. 
monnml.]  Not  mrourned,  not  lamented;  un- 
lamented. 

"  Thy  geutle  ovre  for  him,  who  now 

Unmourn'd  shall  quit  this  mournful  scene. 
Where  none  rei;arJed  him  but  thou." 

Byron  :  Jf  s. onetimes  in  the  Haunts  of  Men. 

un-mov'-a-ble,  un-move  -a-ble,   "  un- 

moove-a-ble,  a.  (Pref.  un-'(l),  and  Eng. 
morable.]    Not  movable;  incapable  of  being 

moved  ;  imiiio^'able. 

s  they  will."— 

un~m6v~a-bly,  un-move'-a-bly,  adv. 

[Eny.  untnovab'Je) :  -ly.]  In  an  immovable 
m.muer;  so  as  not  t<)  be  capable  of  being 
moved  ;  immovably. 

"My  mind  is  fixt  unmoveably." 

Surrey:  Virgil;  ^neidiv. 

un-m6ved',  a.    [Pref.  ?( n-  (l),  and  Eng.  uwved.  \ 

1.  Not  moved  ;  uot  changed  or  transferrei 
from  one  place  to  another. 

"  Her  eyes  unmoved,  but  full  and  wide. 
Not  once  had  turn'd  to  either  aide." 

Bi/ron :  Parisina,  xiv. 

2.  Not  altered  or  changed  in  appearance  by 
passion  or  feeling. 

"  The  kiu^,  with  look  unmovd.  bestowed 
A  purse.  '  Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lnke,  v.  24. 

3.  Not  changed  in  purpose  or  resolution  i 
unshaken,  firm. 

"  To  whom  the  Sou  of  God,  unmoved,  replied." 

MUtoii .  F.  J?.,  iv.  109. 


ate,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try. 


:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p5t, 
Syrian,     as,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unmovedly— unnerve 


311 


4.  Not  anVH'te«l ;  not  having  tho  passions  or 
f.-ihnys  excited;  not  touched  or  impiDssed  ; 
C:ili!i,  tirni. 

■'  Wlmt  mnn  hut  I,  ao  long  unmov'd  ooiilii  liear 
Such  UjinWr  jiiiiutiou?" 

Ori/itcH  :  I  Conipteit  qf  OranatUt,  iv.  2. 

5.  Not  susceptible  of  excitement  by  passion 
of  any  kind  ;  cold,  apathetic. 

■■  Who  inovliiR  rthers.  are  theinaelve*  as  stone. 
VnmDffd.  cwlil,  nnd  to  temiitdtiim  slow, 

iihake$iK :  Sonnet  94. 

"  UH-m6v'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unmoved:  -ly.] 
Ill  an  tininovfd  uiauner;  without  being  moved 
or  affected. 

"  Ii  \u\\  iiitreat,  I  will  unmov'dly  hear." 

ttentim-  *  FM. :  PhHastfr  i. 

un-mov-ing,  a.      [Vv^t   un-  <1).   and  Eng. 

vioi-infj.] 

1.  Having  no  motion  ;  motionless. 

-The  celesti.il  bodies.  withoHt  impulae.  hiul  con- 
tinuetl  un!ii.-tive.  luimocjn;/  heaps  ol  niHtter.  — 
Cheimf:  P/iil'ig'i/jhical  Principles. 

2.  Not  exciting  emotion  ;  having  no  power 
tn  atlV'ct  the  passions;  unaffecting. 

un-mown',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng.  mown.] 
Not  mown  or  cut  down  ;  not  cut,  clipped,  or 
shorn  :  as,  unmoum  grass.  (See  example  under 
Undrawn,  3.) 

un-muf-fle,  v.t.  k  i.  [Pref.  »"-(2),  and  Eng. 
vf'fi*'.]  To  rtriiove  the  muffling  from;  to 
uncover  by  n^nioviiig  a  muffler;  to  remove 
something  that  conceals,  covers,  ov  deadens 
the  sound  or  light  of, 
"  I'limuffie.  ye  f.iiiit  stare,  aud  thou,  pale  moon  .  .  . 
stoop  thy  ijale  visHge.'  MiXton  :  Comits.  331. 

*  un-muiii'-mied,  a.  [Pref.  im-  (1) ;  Eng. 
lainiimy,  an<i  sutf.  -w/.]  Not  reduced  to  a 
mummy ;  not  matle  into  a  mummy. 

"  The  mere  millioii'a  bnae  unmiimmied  clay." 

Byron  :    I'Mio"  of  Judgment.  X\. 

*  un-mu-ni'-tioned,  c.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  mun'dional.]  Not  provided  with  muni- 
tions of  war. 

"Cadiz  was  heUl  poor,  unmanned,  and  unnmni- 
tioned."—P«eke.  In  Eiitf.  Oamer,  i.  63*. 

*  un-mur' -mured,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  inunmircil.]     Not  murmured  at. 

"  It  may  i>:is3  iinmiirmur'd,  undisputed." 

lionum.  i  Ffet.  :  .Vice  \'aloiir.  iv, 

un-mur' -mil r-ing,  r'.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng:.  mnrmit ring.]  Notmunnuring;  not  com- 
plaining. 

"  stand  with  smWeannmnrmurina  by." 

/tyn/n  :  Bride  of  Zihydos,  i.  13. 

un-muT'-mur-Jng-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  nnmnr- 
muring;  dij.]  In  an  unmurmuring  manner; 
without  murmuring  or  complaint ;  uncom- 
plainingly. 

"Troubles  are  borne  ttntntirmuringly  till  they  are 
deaperate.-AVfirt,  Dec.  2.  1837. 

*  un-mus'-cled  (le  as  el), «-  [Pref.  un-  (i) ; 
Eng.  musch,  and  -ed.\  '  Having  the  muscles 
relaxed  ;  flaccid. 

'■  Their  uwntucled  cheeks."— ^icftrtrdwu  ;  Clarissa. 

iv,  362. 

un-mus'-CU-lar,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
VI II  antler.]  '  N-it  muscular;  physically  weak. 
(f.7(,'-s\  Readc:  Cloister  £  Hearth,  ch.  lii.) 

un-mu'-sic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
vutsical.] 

1.  Not  musical  ;  not  harmonious  or  melo- 
dious ;  discordant. 

"  Let  .argument  hear  no  immuaical  sound," 

Bun  Jottson  :  Rules  for  Tavern  Academy. 

2.  Not  pleasing  to  the  ear. 

"  A  naiue  ttnuiuticed  to  the  Volaciana*  ears." 

Shakeip. :  Coriolanus.  iv,  5. 

*  iin-mus'-tered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eug. 
mnstered.]  Not  having  performed  military 
service. 

"  Catn  mialiked  his  nmnugtered  person,"— Sidney  .' 
Defence  of  Poesif.  p,  558. 

*  un-m,u'-ta-ble,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and'Eng, 
mutable.]  That  cannot  be  altered  or  changed  ; 
immutable. 

■■Which  thv  will  bein?  unmitttibte  hath  deter- 
mined."—fUt^  .■  Lule  xxii. 

un-mu'-til-at-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eug.  vintilateil.]  Not  mutilated  ;  not  maimed 
or  deprived  of  a  part ;  complete  or  entire  in 
its  parts. 

■'  The  parlement  had  ordered  it  to  be  snUi  and  broke 
to  piece,"*:  hut  John  Rider  ,  ,  .  buried  it  uytmitti- 
lated.'— Pennant :  Loii'i07i ;  Charing  Crost. 

un-muz'-zle,  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
}iiuzzle.\    Ti'  loose  or  free  from  a  muzzle  ;  to 


take  a  mu;:zle  off ;  to  free  from  restraint  or 
anytliing  wliich  stops  tliu  utterance. 

■■Ay.  marry :  now  mhjhmk/c  your  wisdom."— 5Aa*f</>.,' 
.is  y.'ii  Like  It.  i.  2, 

■  fin-mj^S-ter'-i-OUS.  n.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  mysterious.]  Nut  mysterious,  hiddt-u,  or 
secret. 

"  Shall  mj*8terie9  deaccnd 
From  itnmi/sterioii*  ' " 

yoitrnj  :  .Viitht  Thoughts,  ix,  829. 

'  un-mys'-ter-jr,  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and 
Eng.  niyst*;ry.\  To  divest  of  mystery  ;  to 
make  clear  or  plain. 

■'  He  hath  unmyxterici!  the  mysterie  of  Heraldry." 
^Fuller:  Worlhiet;  Ilfrt-ford,  i.  Ai-i. 

•  un-nail'.  v.t.  [Pref,  mi-  {•!),  and  Eng.  wdL] 
To  remove  or  take  out  the  nails  from  ;  to  un- 
fasten by  removing  nails. 

"  Joseph  of  Arimnthea  and  Nicod^mus  unnail  our 
Lnrd.^' — Evelyn:  Pfrfection  of  Painting. 

'  un-name'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  n"<nf<di'k.\  Incapable  of  being  named  ; 
indescribable. 

"  .\  cloud  of  unnrtmmft^e  feeling.  "—Po*.'  Impofthe 
Pertvrse. 

un- named',  a.      [Pref.   nn-    (1),  and    Eng. 
named.] 
1.  Not  having  received  a  name. 


*  2.  Not  known  by  name  ;  anonymous. 

"  Oina'ned  accusers  in  the  dark."' 

8yron :  Siegv  of  Corinth,  iv. 

3.  Not  named  ;  not  mentioned. 

'■  Be    glad    thou   art    ttnnam'd ;  'tis    not    worth    the 
owning."  Beuuni.  A  Flet.  :  Faiie  One.  ii.  1. 

*  un-nap'-kined,  ri-.  [Pref.  nn-  (i);  Eug. 
nopkin,  s.,  and  .suff.  -ed.]  Unprovided  with  a 
napkin  or  handUerthicf. 

•'  An  uniiapkined  lawyer's  greasy  fist" 

Beaum.  *  Flet. :   tVomnn-hater,  i.  3. 

""  un-n^pped',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1);  Eng.  nnp, 
and  sulf.  -ed.]  Not  having  a  nap;  as,  un- 
nnp'ped  cloth. 

*  un-na'-tive,  n.  [Pref,  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
iiidi'-e.]     Not  native  ;  not  natural  ;  foreign. 

•■  This  unnativr  fear."        Thomson  :  Britannia,  3-2. 

un-naf -u-ral,  c      [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

noturtd.] 

1.  Not  natural ;  contrary  to  the  laws  of 
nature  ;  contrary  to  the  natural  feelings. 

"The  foulest,  the  most  unnatural  lt\}\i»tice."—.V<tc- 
auiay:  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  viii, 

2.  Acting  contrary  to  the  natural  feelings  ; 
not  having  the  feelings  natural  to  humanity  ; 
inhuman. 

"Driven  fi-om  his  palace  by  an  unnatural  son."— 
Macaulay :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv, 

3.  Not  in  conformity  to  nature  ;  not  in 
accordance  with  the  ordinary  nature,  charac- 
ter, or  disposition  of  a  person. 

"  Thine  eyea  are  flashing  with  unnatural  light." 
Byron  :  Cain,  iii,  I. 

4.  Not  representing  nature;  forced,  strained, 
affected,  artiticial. 

"Glittering  tritlea,  that  in  n  serious  poem  are 
nauseous.  btLituse  they  are  unjiatural." — Dryden. 

unnatural-offence »  .*:■ 
Onl.  I.iiu'j.  ,t  Lnr :  The  crime  against  na- 
ture ;  sorloiny.     {\Mmrton.) 

'  un-nat'-u-ral-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  naturalize.]  To  make  unnatural;  to 
divest  of  natural  feelings. 

'■  He  strives  as  it  were  to  unnatitrnlize  himself,  and 
lay  bv  his  natural  sweetness  of  disposition."— fl<i?«  : 
Sermon  on  Luke  xviil  1. 

•  un-nat'-u-ral-ized,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  natnrtdized.] 

1.  Not  naturalized  ;  not  invested,  as  a 
foreigner,  witli  the  rights  and  privileges  of  a 
citizen  ;  alien. 

"No  difference  between  them  and  bastards  iiu- 
naturali^d.'— Evelyn  :  State  of  France. 

2.  Not  natural  ;  unnatural. 

"  Adorned  with  ti>niattir'tiiz*'d  ornaments." — Brath- 
wayt :  .Vatures  Embaasie.    (Dedic.) 

un-nat '-U-ral- ly, adv.  [Eng. nnnaturcU; -ly.] 

1.  In  an  unnatural  manner  or  degree  :  con- 
trary to  nature  or  natural  feelings. 

"  Br.th  the  clauses  are  placed  unnaturally."— Or y- 
den  :  Essny  ;  Dramatic  Poetry. 

2.  Without  regard  or  respect  to  what  is  or 
would  be  natural  or  likely  ;  improbably:  with- 
out sufficient  grounds. 

"Not  unrinturatly  think  it  atninge."— J/ixmtJ.iy  .■ 
Hint.  Eng..ch.  xxiii. 


iin-n&t-u-ral-n^ss,  ^.  (Eng.  vinmtuml: 
•  nr.ss.]  The  '<iualiiy  or  stile  of  U-ing  un- 
natural; oiilranety  to  nature  or  natural  frtl- 
ings. 

"The  v«rv  unnafurnlneu  lUelf  were  a  very  groAt 
niattur.'— Bj<,  Taylor:  Itute  nf  Co»niem*>,  bk.  ll..  oli.  i. 

'  tin-na'-ture»  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Bug. 
jm/fMv.)  'in  change  or  take  away  tlio  nature 
uf ;  to  give  a  different  nature  to. 

"A  right  hoftvenly  nature  indeed,  aa  It  were  un 
mttnrin-/ t\ifm."—''iidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  111. 

'  un-na-ture.  s.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lint u  re. \  The  absence  of  nature  or  of  tho 
onler  of  nature;  the  contrary  of  nature; 
that  which  in  unnatural. 

"  Cnniitur*:  what  we  call  Uhaoa,  lioIdA  nothing  In  It 
but  vaoiiitie*.  devouring  gulfa."— CaWi/fr. 

'  un-nS,V-i  ga-ble,  a.  (Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  navitjiihie'.]  Not  navigablt; ;  incnimble  of 
being  navigated. 

"His  eternal  barrier  of  impervious  unnavigabU 
K-c'—Bp.  Homley  :  Sermons,  vol.  it.,  ser.  IT. 

'  un-nav'-i-gat-ed,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  naviflattd.]  N^t  navigated  ;  not  tra- 
versed by  ships  or  other  vessels. 

"They  have  discovered  aeas  unnavigated  aud  un- 
known be/ore."— CooA ;  Third  Voyage:  Intcrip.  W  hit 
Memory. 

'  iin-near »  •  un-neere,  prep.  [Pref.  n7t- 
(1).  and  Eng.  n^ar.]  Nut  near;  at  a  distance 
from. 

"  Unneere  the  Ocean*  brim." 

Davici  :  .Vuses  Sacrifice.  ]>.  5L 

un-ne9'-e8-sar-i-15^,  a>:it'.  [Eng.  unneces- 
snrii :  -hj.]  In  an  unnecessary  manner  or 
degree  ;  nut  neces.sarily  ;  not  of  necessity; 
needlessly.  superHuoualy ;  without  any  nece.s- 
sity. 

"No  writer  would  arljitmrily  and  unnecetmritg 
h^ve  thus  a\st  In  his  reader's  way  a  difficulty."— 
Pale;/ :  EriUencei  of  Chrit'ianity,  pt.  Ii-.  cli.  Hi. 

un-nec'-es-9ar-i-nesa»  .^.  [Eng.  unneces- 
sary ;  -ness.]  '  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unnecessary,  needless,  or  supertluous ;  Heed- 
lessness. 

"  These  are  such  extremes  aa  afford  no  middle  for  In- 
dustry to  exist,  hope  Iwlng  equally  out-<lated  Ity  the 
ilesperateuess  "f  U7ineces»arineas  of  an  undertaking." 
—Of'i!/  './  Pieff/. 

un-ne9 -es-aar-y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i).  and 
Eng.  nereASiir'ii.]  Not  necessary;  not  abso- 
lutely required  by  the  circumstances  of  the 
case;  needless,  unneeded. 

"  Tliere  sluiuld    be    no    unnecenary    bloudahed."— 

M.tc'i'ihi;  -  Htif.  Eng  .  ch.  xvi. 

*  un-ne-^es -si-ty,  «•  [Pref.  hh-  (1),  and 
Eug.  necessity.]  The  state  of  being  uane- 
cessary:  something  unnecessary.  (6'ir  Thoi. 
Browne.) 

*  un-nced -ful,  '' un-need -fiill,  «.  [Pref. 

un-{l),  an-i  Eng.  need/id.]     Not  needful  ;  not 
necessary  ;   uimecessary. 

"The  captaiue  m.ide  the  more  ha.Ht«  away,  which 
was  nut  unneedfutl."—0ackluyt :   Voyages,  Ul.  614. 

un-ne-go'-ci-a-ble  (c  as  sh),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  ^w^.'  ne'jncUihle.]  That  cannot  Ije 
uegnciated  ;  not  ncgociable. 

•'  A  porti'in  of  his  iinmov.ible  and  unnegociable  pro- 
perty. —fti(7i/  Telegraph.  Nov.  3*1.  1975. 

'fin- neigh' -tooured  {yh  silent),  a.  [Pref. 
H)(-(l);  Eng.  neighbour, AwXAwt^.  -ed.]  Having 
n.>  neighbours  ;  living  away  from  neighbours. 

■■  An  nnneighbaured  isle." 

Cowper  :  Homer:  Oili/u«y  vi. 

un-neigh'-bour-ly  {gh  silent),  a.  &  adv. 
[Piel".  ("f-  (1),  and  Eng.  migkhourty.] 

A.  As  ndj.  :  Not  neighbourly ;  not  be- 
coming or  characteristic  of  a  neighbour. 

■•  Their  unneighbourly  deportment."'— Hurfft 

B.  As  adv. :  In  an  unneighbourly  manner  ; 
not  like  a  n-^ighbour  ;  not  neighbourly. 

"  And  U'lt  to  spend  It  an  unneiffhbourti/.' 

Shakeap.  :  King  John,  v.  2, 

*  iin-ner'-vate,  u.  [Unnerve.]  Weak,  feeble, 
enervate. 

"Scaliger  calls  them  Sne  and  lively  In  JIuaHeus  .  hut 
abj«ct.  unnereate,  and  utiharmuivious  in  Uouter."— 
Broome 

un-nerve',  v.t.   [Pref.  wn-  (2),  and  Eng.  wnv.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  nerve,  strength,  or  power; 
to  weaken,  to  enfeeble,  to  unumn. 

"The  danger  which  had  utmert'eU  him  had  routed 
the  Irish  people. '—i/acauAip  :  lli^t.  Bng..  ch.  xlr. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  nerve  or  ncrvea ;  to  cut 

a  nerve  or  nerves  from. 

"  The  only  oure.  tiiey  tell  me.  is  to  unnerve  him."— 
Fifld.  Dec.  6,  1»84, 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat.  5ell,  chorus,  9hin,  ben^h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  a§ ;  expect.  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  =^  t 
-clan,  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ^  shun;    tiou,  -?ion  ^  zhun.    -clous,  -^tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  Ac  ^  bel,  deL 


UJ 


unnerved— unona 


3.  To  ilojirive  uf  I'ower  or  aulhorily ;   to 

"nuvrniiii^nt  wu  iiniiorfwJ.  voiifoiiiideil.  kikI  hi  * 

^..wi.iirr  •u»i^ii>l«l.  — *M*-*e;  Utter  to  a  SM«  lorii 

iln  •  nerved',  n.  [Pref.  hh-  (1>,  nml  Enj;. 
Hfrvtil]  H^iirtveil  of  nerve  or  power  ;  weak, 
li-t-Me,  uniiiaiitMHl. 

'  Tlic  uitntnvil  (ather  (nils."    !ih<\ke$p, :  Bitmtvt,  11.  ?, 

•  iin  nest',  i*./.    IPref,  mm-  (2),  ami  Eng.  ntst.] 

[•■  I  Kill  "lit  '»f  a  nest;  toOislwlge. 

Til,'  fvi-  unimttfl  Irom  tliv  lieatl  c-uiiiot  nee."  — 
Ait.i-ii     Workt,  11.  ■i.-'i*. 

US  lies  -tie  (tie  as  ^),  r.r  IPref.  nil-  (2), 
..ii'l  Eng.  ixrstle.)  To  deprive  of  or  eject  from, 
ni  ns  from  n  nest ;  to  dislodge,  to  eject. 

"  T"  iiiitir|i;r  iuhI  drive  mit  u(  hcitveu  all  the  cckIh.' 
I  .^juh.irt     liitMait,  l.k.  111.,  ch.  111. 

•  Qn-neth,  nn-nethes,  wlc.    iUnkath.] 

•  im-net'-tcd,  n.     [Pref.   nn-  (1),  and   Eng. 

.,.fr«'/.|  Not  inclosed  in  a  net  or  network  ; 
I  i.piMl*'i-ttd  Ity  nets,  as  wall-frnit. 

■Tlie  unmtttM  Miukh^ArU  rux-ii  il.iik  " 

r'luiysuii:  lil-i'kMnl 

*iii:-]iig-gard,un-nig-gard-l^,('.  [I*ref. 

n,i-  (1>,  and  Eng.  nigganf,  niggarflli/.]  Not 
iiiggai-dly,  parsimonious,  or  miserly  ;  liberal. 

■  I'liTcicrvcfl  ttiiil  vuniggnrdlji  goodness,"— iteMrcft  ." 
/  ijhf  of  .V'i((Mr.  Vol,  i.,  i)t.  Hi.,  ch.  xxviii. 

"  un-no  ble.  <\.  [Pref.  loi-  (1),  and  Eng.  ijo?Wp, 
i\.\    Not  ndble  ;  ignoble,  mean,  ignominious. 

"  A  most  uiinoble  SMerviiig." 

ShaKf*p. :  A  utoHg  ±  Cleopatra,  Hi.  2. 

'  nn-n6'-1>le-ne8S,  >-.  [Eng.  unnohic;  -ness.] 
'lUv  ijualily  <■!  ,-t.tte  of  being  unnoble  ;  mean- 
ness. 

"  Yon  iiinde  this  vow,  anil  whose  unnobleiiea, 
IiitWd  forgvt(iiliie<t8  of  goo<l — ." 

Bcaum.  *  Hit. :  Loyal  Siulijert. 

•  un-no'-WS^. '<f^?i'.    [Eng.  iumoh{h);  -hj.]     In 

iiit  i|;ii'jlili'  Miiinner. 

'"  Wliy  iK>fs  your  lordship  us«  nie  so  umiobly  f" 
Bvanm.  i  Flct.  :  Custom  of  the  Country,  iv, 

'  un~noofced',  c.  [Pref.  nn-  (i)  ;  Eng.  nool- ; 
-•'/.)  Witlmut  nooks  or  crannies ;  lience, 
open,  frank,  guileless. 

"  Aly  uitnooked  eimplicity."  Jfanton. 

•  uxx-n6t9hed ,  *  fin-no9ht',  a.  [Pref.  »»- 
<l).  and  Eng.  notrhcd.]    Not  notclied,  nicked, 

"And  niffe  of  lieare,  my  unyles  unnocht,  as  to  such 
Beeineth  beat," 

yiircrtahw  Audors :  The  Louer  Refuted.  *c. 

UD-not'-ed,  «.    [Pref.  ioi-(l),and  Eng.  noted.] 
1.  Not  not<'d  ;  i.ot  observed  ;  not  lieeded  ; 
;innt>ticed. 

■"Secure,  unnoted,  Coiir-id's  prow  passed  by." 

Byron:  Comair,  j.  17. 

•  2.  Not  perceptible  ;  imperceptible. 

"Such  Boher  and  unnoted  passion." 

Stiakesp. :  Timon  of  Athens,  fii.  5. 

im-no  'ti^ed.  a.  [Pref.  ufi-  (l),  and  Eng. 
nottcal.] 

1.  Not  noticed  ;  not  heeded  or  regarded  ; 
liaving  no  notice  or  note  taken. 

"The  last  bishop  ,  .  .  drojiped  unnoticed  iuto  tlie 
k'lave,"— J/(icat»7ci//;  ffttl.  I-'nt/.. ch.  xvii. 

2.  Not  treated  with  kindness,  hospitality, 
or  respect ;  neglected. 

"Alone,  itnnotired,  and  unwept." 

iVordsworth  :   tVhite  Doe.  v. 

"  im-no'-tx-fly-,  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
noti/n.]  To  contradict,  as  something  jne- 
vionsly  made  known,  declared,  ornotilied. 

"I  uotifletl  to  you  the  settlement  of  the  nnnistiy. 
ami  .  .  .  have  not  to  unnotify  it  again."— M'a/wo/e 
ru  J/rt<n»,  tii.  2aL 

*un-noar'-islied,  <u    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.    noiirislud.]    Not   nourished,    fostered, 
cherislied,  or  sustained. 
"The  unnouriihvd  strife  would  quickly  make  an  pmt." 
Daniel:  To  Sir  T.  Affcrton. 

un-num'-bered,  n.     [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 

ninnlvird.]  Not  numbered;  not  cajiable  of 
being  niinibend  or  counted  ;  innumerable. 

■'  Full  -A  fresh  vtriii:re  and  unnumbered  flowerj," 
Thomson :  Spring.  5ui. 

"  iixi-nu'-mer-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  numcidtiU.]    Irmumerable. 


•  iin-nun'.  v.t  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  nun.] 
I"  -Upnse,  dismiss,  or  release  from  the  condi- 
ti.n  or  vows  of  a  mm ;  to  cause  to  cease  to  be 
a  nun.    (Special  coinage.) 


'  iin-nur'-tured,  a.  [Pref.  »»-  (l),  and  Eng. 
nnrtnnd.]  Not  nurtured  ;  not  educated  ;  un- 
tdueated,  illiterate,  rude,  ignorant. 


U'-no,  rt.     [Lat.  nnus=.  one.]    One,  single. 

nno-rail,  s.  a  traction  system  for  ordi- 
naiy  waggons,  in  which  a  siiigh'  rail  is  hiid 
for  the  locomittive,  which  has  nearly  hori- 
zontal wheels  to  grasp  the  rail.  The  waggons 
are  coupled  on  tlie  rear. 

•  Ull-o-be'-di-9n5e,  -t.  [Pref.  nn-  (1).  and 
Eng.  ohediLiir,'.]  Want  or  absence  of  obe- 
dietifc;  dis(tbedienee. 

"  We  Imn  rwll  to  veuge  al  unobediencc.'—M'yclife: 
2  Corinthiiiiit  x. 

*un-d-be'-df-ent,  n.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  oUjCtent.]     N'ot  obedient ;  disobedient. 
■"Ther  l>en  niaiiye  nnobedient  .ind  veyne  Hiwkeris."— 
tVycliJv:  Tilnii. 

un-o-beyed',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (I),  and  Eng. 
iiheiit:d.]  Not  obeyed ;  disobeyed.  {Miltou: 
r.  L.,  V.  (170.) 

'  un-6b-ject'-ed,  n.    [Ppef,  »»-  (l),  and  Eng. 
<>hjerttd.]     Not    objected  ;    not    brought    Un- 
ward  as  an  objertion  oi'  contrary  argument. 
"  Whfttwill  he  leave  unobjected  to  Luthert"— After- 
bury. 

iin-ob-jec'-tion-a-ble,  a.  [Pref,  nn-(i), 
and  Eng.  ol>Jt:i:tinnahle.]  Not  objectionable  ; 
not  liable  or  open  to  objection  ;  not  to  be 
objecteti  to  as  faulty,  false,  or  improper. 


-  un-db  nox  ious  (x  as  ksh),  a.  [Pref. 
VH-  (1),  and  Eng.  vbnnjcious.]  Not  obnoxiou.s  ; 
not  liable  or  exposed. 

"  UiiweJiried.  unobnoxioux  to  he  pain'd 
By  wound."  Jlilton  :  P.  L..  vi.  40«. 

un-ob-sciired',  o.  [Pref.  nn-  (l).  and  Eng. 
o^.-;iL' /()>'(/.)  Not  obscured  ;  not  darkened, 
dimmed,  or  cloude<l, 

"  His  glory  unobicur'd."         Milton  :  P.  L.,  ii.  2C5. 

'un-6b-se'-qui-ous-ness,  s.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  nhsc'iuiousn€s.-i.]  The  quality  't 
state  of  being  incumpliant;  want  of  i-oinpli- 
anue. 

"  All  unobteguiousness  to  their  iucogitancy."— 
Browne:  Vulgar  Errour 8. 

un-ob-^erv'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  i<hsnrv(d,h\]  Not  observable  ;  incjipalile 
iif  being  observed,  noticed,  or  detected  ;  im- 
perceptible. 

"  Little  and  singly  unobtemnble  images  of  the  lucid 
iHjdy."— Boi//c  .■    Workt.  i.  702. 

•  un-ob-^err'-an^e,  s.  [Eng.  nnohservan{t) ; 
-a'.]  Tlie  iiuality  or  state  of  being  unobser- 
vant; absence  or  want  of  observance. 

"The  universality  of  their  power,  and  yet  general 
n nobser vancc  oi  ii."—\V hitiock :  Mannerg  of  the  £nij- 
Ush,  p.  i\'3. 

iin-ob-^erv'-ant,  a.  [Pref.  )(«-(l),  and  Eng. 
vbserutnt.] 

1.  Not  observant,  not  attentive ;  heedless, 
careless  ;  not  having  or  not  exercismig  ones 
powers  of  observation. 

"An  uuexperieuced  and  an  unobservant  man.  — 
Knux:  Estays,  No.  90. 

*2.  Not  obsequious. 

un-ob-jerved',  n.  [Pref.  i(?i-(i),  and  Eng. 
iibservaL]  Not  observed,  not  noticed,  not 
heeded  ;  unnoticed. 

"  He,  unobserved 
Home  to  bis  mother 'a  bouse  private  return  H." 

Jlifton:  P.  /!..  iv.  636. 

un-6b-serv'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  nnohsen-ed ; 
-h/.]     Without  being  observed  or  noticed. 

"He  went  thitlier  secretly  and  unobservedly,"— 
Patrtrk     On  Judget  xvi.  1. 

un-ob-^erv'-mg,  a.  [Pief.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ohsvrvinih]  Notobserving  ;  unobservant; 
inattentive,  heedless. 

"They  grew  culpably  carelesB  and  utiobservina."— 
}yaterla>id;    Works,  vi.  176. 

iin-6b-struct'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  obstructed.]  Not  obstructed  ;  not  hin- 
dered or  stopped  ;  not  blocked  up  ;  open. 

"The  amplest  range 
Of  unobulructed  prospect." 

Wordsworth :   View  from  Top  of  Black  Comb. 

*  un-6b-struct'-ive»  n.  (Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  obitructli'e.]  Not  obstructive  ;  not  rais- 
inggDr  presenting  any  obstruction  or  obstacle. 

"  Forward  niu  in  unobxtmetive  sky." 

Blackiiwre :  Cri'ittion,  ii 


UA-Ob-tained',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  ami  Etig. 
vbtntKcd.]  Not'  obtained  ;  not  acquired,  gained, 
held,  or  possessed. 

■■ -Motion  tiiw/iriln  the  end,  as  yet  unobtaiiicd."^ 
JJooKir:  Ic.hs   PoUiie,  hk.  i.,  §  U. 

un-6b-tru'-sive,  n.  [Pi-ef.  nn-  (l),  ami  Kng. 
ubtnisive.]  Not  obtrusive;  not  forwaid  ; 
modest, 

"  Their  brief  and  ttnobtiutive  biatopy." 

WordKworth  :  l-'xcurstun,  hk.  vi. 

^-Ob-tru-sive-ly,  ndv.  [Eng.  nuoUm- 
sic  ;  -III.]  In  an  unobtiusive  mannei' ;  mo- 
destly. 

'  un-6b'-Vi-OUS,  fi.  [Pref.  inj- (l),nnd  En/. 
obrivntf.]  Not  obvious;  not  plain,  cleai,  in- 
evident. 

"  Let  me  call  ui>on  you  to  consider  a  few,  not  im- 
abcitius  thin«h    —Boyle      Works,  ii.  177. 

un-6c'-CU-pied,  a.  [Pref.  »it-(l),  and  Eng. 
occupied.'] 

1.  Not  occupied,  possessed,  or  held;   not 
taken  possession  of. 

"To  trtkc  jKis^ession  of  unoccupied  territories. "— 
JJacuufuy     Hist.  Eng..  ch.  xxiv. 

*  2.  Not  used  ;  not  made  use  of ;  unfi-e- 
quented. 

"This  way  of  late  )md  been  much  unocenpied.  .in. I 
was   almost  all   gi'uwn   over  with    grasa." — Bnnynn 
Pilgrims  Progress,  (tt,  ii, 

3.  Not  employed  or  taken  up  in  business  or 
otherwise ;  not  engaged. 

"  The  Council,  or  coniuiittees  of  council,  were  ne\  er 
a  nionient  itdoccn/j/ffd  withttttairfl  of  trade."— A«f  Ac  : 
£-:on<'ini,:,il  Jiiform  (1789). 

un-of-fend'-ed,  a.    (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

'/-'('/"/.]     Nut    offended;    without    oflence 

utieifd. 


un-of-fend'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  ?tn-  (1),  nnd  Eng. 
ojeiiding.]  Not  otlending ;  harndess,  inno- 
cent ;  free  from  ottence,  sin,  or  fault. 

"Their  unt-ffcnding  commonwejilth." 

Wordsworth:  Excursion,  bk.  v. 

un-6f-fen'-SITe,  a.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

o/titjija.]    Not  ortensive  ;  giving  or  <'ansing 

nootfence  ;  unoftending,  harmless,  inoffensive. 

"  His  unoffviisive  and  cautious  return  to  those  ill- 

Liid  demauds,"— /■(■;;.  Life  of  JJammund.  §  1. 

un-of'-fered,  a.  [Pref.  iia-  (1).  and  Eng. 
offejrd.]  Not  offered  or  proffered  ;  not  brought 
forward,  presented,  or  proposed. 

"  How  can  these  men  presume  to  take  it  nnoffered 
first  to  GmII"— Jlilton  :  Von.  to  liemooc  Hirelings. 

un-6f-fi'-cial  (Ci  as  sh),  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1), 
and  Eng.  ojHcnd.]     Not  ollicial. 

"The  various  sources,  offici.-tl  and  unoffu-ial."  — 
Scribuer's  JJagitziue,  Sept,  1878.  i:  :(l::. 

un-of-li'-clal-ly  (ci  as  sh),  mir.    [Eng. 
■  nnojficUil ;  -ly.]     In  an  unofficial  manner;  not 
in  an  official  capacity. 

"  Neither  unofficially  nor  officiallv  fftn  be  smv  nf 
teaohiog  the  landlords  wisdimi. '—/'««  .Mull  tiuzcttt, 
Feb.  23,  1888, 

*  un-Of-fl'-CiOUS,  a.  [Pref.  11(1-  (1),  and  Eng. 
oftirioas.]  Not  officious  ;  not  forward  or  over- 
busy. 

"Not  (1  ffn/ffWouj  to  administer  something."- Vf/rpft  ; 
Tcrravhvrdott. 

•un-Of'-ten  (t  silent),  adv.  [Pref.  nn-  (1), 
an<l  Eng,  uj'tcn.]  Not  often,  seldom,  rarely ; 
infrequently. 

"The  man  of  gallantry  not  tinoften  lias  been  found 
to  think  lifter  the  same  manner." — Harris:  Three 
Treatises,  pt.  ii. 

•iin-oil',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  oil,  v.] 
To  free  from  oil. 

"A  tight  maid,  ere  he  for  wine  can  ask, 
GuesKes  his  meaning,  and  unoilt  the  flask," 

Dryden  :  Juveuai.  viii. 

un-oiled',  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1).  and  Eng.  oiled.] 
Not  oiled  ;  not  rubbed  or  smeared  with  oil ; 
not  anninted, 

"  .As  unodcd  binges,  querulously  shrill." 

Voung  :  Love  of  Fame,  vi. 

*  iin-old',  *  un-olde,  v.t.     [Pref.  »»-  (3),  and 

Eng.  old.]    To  make  young  .sgain  ;  to  rejuve- 
nate, 

"  Minde-gladdiug  fruit  that  can  unnldc  a  man." 

Sylocster  :  The  Schisme.  co7. 

Il~n6'-ngi»  s.  [Lat.  nuo  =  to  make  one,  to 
join.  So  called  because  the  stamens  are 
united  with  the  ovaiy.J 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Xylope».  Shrubs,  some 
of  them  climbing  on  trees,  with  simjile,  jtel- 
Iiicid,  dotted  leaves,  and  rather  Inrge  flowerS; 


late,  mt.  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there; 
or,  wore,  wpli;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fiiU ;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  miarine ;  go,  pot, 
Syrian.     »,  oe  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unopened— unpaired 


34.'5 


with  Tlirt'f  ycpnls.  six  louj;,  thin,  flat  petals 
ill  tw<i  nivvs,  sniiiftimes  reiluced  to  a.  mv^iti 
row  of  three;  ir.nnei-(ius,  foui-sideU  stanit'iis, 
ami  many  carpels  constricted  betwet-n  the 
s.'fds  s(t  ;is  to  form  several  one-seeded  fiuits. 
Known  species  seventeen  or  eighteen,  from 
tvoi'ical  Asia  or  Africa.  The  Chinese  at  llong 
Kong  make  a  tine  pvirple  dye  from  the  niin[.e 
fiuit  of  Vnona  discolor,  U.  Saruiu  is  now 
{.'ritrirt  Xtirniii. 

iin-d'-pened,  c     [Pref.  »»-  (1),  and  Eng. 
uitiii'L]    Not  opened  ;  closeil,  shnt. 


iin-d -pen-ing,  n.  (Pref.  inj- (l),  and  Eng. 
i'litninii.]  NotoiHjning;  remaining  closed  ur 
stmt. 

■■  dirse  the  sav'd  camlle.  and  unoprning  door/' 

Pi}t>«  :  Moral  Kisttyi,  in.  19. 

•  un-6p'-er-a-tive,  n.     IPref.   nw  (1),  and 

Vwz..  i7"ni/al.l    Nut  operative;  iuoper-ativi- ; 

].r.n|nciiig  no  effect. 

•  For  if  tlie  life  ot-Christ  l«  liul  to  this  world,  nmcli 
uKue  ia  hia  sceptre  unofH-rative.  hut  in  spirituiil 
things."— Milton ;  lie/uinuation  in  EinjlaiiU.  bk.  ii. 

Tin-o-per'-cu-late,   un - 6- per- cu - lat - 

ed,  '(.      ll^vl".    '"i-  (1),   and   Eiig.  <'iwrctd.it'. \ 

[1N'>I'KKI.L  LATK,] 

un-op'-po^ed,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (I),  and  Eng. 
t'l'l>u:<td.]  Not  opposed,  not  resisted  ;mcetinjj; 
with  no  opposition  or  resist^ince. 

•'  The  Prince  of  Onujge  wim  ■mArclnus  unoppoteti  U> 
Loudon."— J/uvauliiif .  Hist.  £ng.,  ch.  xli. 

^nn-op-press'-ive,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eiig.  oppressiie.}  Not  oppressive;  not  hard, 
burdensome,  or  severe. 

"You  would  have  h«»l  an  unoppressive  but  a  pro- 
ductive r«venue."— flu/'ke  .  On  the  French  Kevolutvnt. 


I.     [Pref.  ?(ii-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ordained  or  oi-dered ;    nut 


I.  1816. 


un-or-dained' , 

.•y.lvumi.]      Nut 
cummauded. 

■■  Be  it  not  u%mrdain'il  that  solemn  rites  .  . 

SLall  be  iterforiued  at  pursuant  intervals.' 

Wvrdaworth  :  Thunkggiting  Ode,  Jan.  1 

*  un-or'-der,  vA.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
vnkr,  V.  1     To  connteroider,  to  conntennand. 

'■  Itliiiik  Ininst  itn<ird<^r  the  tea."— Jtfarf.  D'Arhlay: 

twiiiu.  I.k.  viii..  cli.  iii. 

*  un-or'-dered#  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
order;  -ed.\  Not  ananged  or  disposed  in 
order. 


■  iin-or'-der-ly,  a.  [Pref.  »«-  (l),  and  Eng. 
ordtrly.]  Nut  orderly;  disorderly,  irregular: 
uut  of  order. 


"  Their  reply  is 
Ecdei.  Poilts. 


cbildisb  and  unorderly.'—nookvi 


*  un-or'-din-a-ry,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eui!;.  i->  nil  nary.]  Not  ordinary  ;  notcommon; 
extraordinary,  unusual. 

•'  Kill  monstrous  births  (as  we  call  them),  because  of 
an  itnordittarifshsi^."—toi:ke:  Hum.  Undent..  Uk.  iii., 

Lh.  XL 

•  un-or'-din-ate,  *  un-or-dia-at,  a.  [Pref. 

:"(■  (1),  and  Eng.  ordiaatt.]     inordinate,  dis- 
orderly. 

"  Rightf ulnesse  of  the  lawe  refreyuede   unordinat 
ixmner IS."— try ctiffe :  £ixlu3.  x.lv.  y.    (XoteJ 

'  un-or'-din-ate-ly,  "  nn-or-di-nat-ly, 

-ndr.     lEiig.  u'aordimtte ;  -ly.]     Inordinately, 
ijisorderly. 

"  Ech  brother  wandrynge  vnordinatli/  or  agens  gowl 
oT^n.'—iyi/cUffe  :  2  Thcst.  iii.  C. 

-uH'Or'-gan-ized,  a.  [Pref.  (tit- (l),  and  Eng. 
oriin>ii:*-'d-]  Not  organized  ;  inorganized,  in- 
oi^anic. 

"An  uiiiform,   unorganized  body,"  —  Locke :  Bum. 
Ciidvrst,,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xxx, 

iill-o-rig'-m-al,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

ori.jinuL]  '       . 

1.  Not  original,  derived. 
*2.  Having  no  birth  ;  not  generated. 


*un-o-rig'-iii-at-ed,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  oritjinnttd.\  Nut  originated;  having  no 
biith  or  creation. 

"  SeK-existent,    ouderived,  nnnriginated,   inde'^n- 
denf— nafrr/nwd  .-   Works,  ii.  -ii^. 

'  un-o-iig'-in-at-ed-ness,  -^f.  [Kng.  »«- 
'•liijiavtrd :  •Miss.\  The  iiuality  or  state  of 
being  unoriginated  or  without  birth  orcreation. 

'■  Self-existence  or  unoriginatednea." — lYati-rland  : 
nV.rA«,  iii.  ISO. 


*  un-o-rigr-in-ate-lj^,  t^lv.    [Pref.  un-  (1); 

Eng.  i>r<;/i/i((rt(iO,  and  suH'.  'Uj.\  Without 
birth  or  uiigin. 

"  He  is  so  emiihatically  ot  unoriginate2y."—\VtHcr- 
Umd:  UorA»,  ii.  S9. 

un-or-na-ment'-al.  a.  [Pref.  »«-(!),  and 
Eng.  "* /i"(i"i<;i(ti;.]  'Not  ormmiental ;  plain. 

"  rhf  Hiiiipli-,  uiiiiirt-'-ted.  uuornauu-nfal  and  unoti- 
Uiitjaii.UH  luaiiiitT  111  wbiih  they  deliver  trutlia  bo 
iiuiRirtJUiL'  -  Wvit  .    Hisiirrection  (rtl,  \X\i),  p.  Ahh. 

un-or'-na-ment-ed,  ".  [Pref.  lyi-  (i),  and 
Eng.  yu'imimnUd,]  Not  ornamented  ;  not 
adorned  ;  plain. 

••  1  have  Wstowed  fo  many  garlands  upon  your 
fhriiie.  whttl)  till  my  time  usetl  t-.  stAud  unorna- 
jnentcd.'—Cooenlry  :  Phil,  to  Jlyd.,  con.  5. 

un-or'-tho-dox,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
orthodox.]  Not  orthodox;  heterodox;  heretical. 

"  Uc  was  aure  t«  be  nnorthodux  that  was  worth  the 

I'luiidertnj;. "— /Vtdtf  nf  I'iety. 

*  un-or-th6-d6x-3?,  s.  [Pref.  nn-  (1).  and 
l-:iig.  orthoiloxy.]  The  iiuality  or  state  of  being 
unorthodox;  heterodox>',  heresy. 

■■  C'filviii  made  roast  meat  of  Servetua  at  Geneva  for 
his  unorthwioxn."—T.  Urown  :  Works,  iii.  104. 

iin-os-ten-ta-tioua,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  ustndatioas.] 

1.  Not  ostentitious  :  not  boastful;  not 
making  show  or  parade  ;  modest.  (See  extract 
nnder  Unorna.ment.\l.) 

2.  Not  glaring  or  showy:  os^  nnonUntatious 
colouring. 

uli-ds-ten-ta'-tious-l3^.  *i<h\  [Eng.  wnos- 
tfntiduMi^hj.]  In  an  u'iM.->tentatious  manner  ; 
without  show  or  pai-adc  ;  modestly. 

■•  He  is  silently  and  unoti cnCatiotaly  happy."— J'liox  ; 
Christian  /*/*i7.,S  *». 

un-ds-ten-ta'-tions-ni-ss,  s.  [Eng.  nnos- 
frnttdinns:  -mv-;.]  Tlie  finality  or  state  of 
being  unostentatious ;  modesty. 

*  un-out-Bpeak'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (1); 

Eng.  <>nr,  and  ,■.■;>»■*( /.d'i/f.]  Unutterable,  in- 
expivs.sible.     {On-adak  :  1  Peter  i.  S.) 

*  im-o-ver-come',  i.  [Pref.  nn-  (l).  and  Eng. 

vf'irnnu:.]  Nut  i.vercome  ;  not  beaten  or  con- 
ijuered.    (Wylip:- :  'i  Maccabees  xi.  13.) 

*  un-o-ver-pass'-a-lile,  o.  [Pref-  fin-  (i) ; 
Eng.  ocer,  and  jwif^iu^^f.  ]  Insurpassable,  in- 
vincible. 

"The  uiioferpnittable  ahe  ouerpassed."— Il'tfci^/Tc.- 
Jiidith.  ]}.  on.    iProl.) 

*  iin-o-ver-tak'-en,  «.  [Pref.  «"-(!),  and 
Eng.  ocertukeii,.]  '  Not  overtaken ;  not  come 
up  with. 

•■  His  shadow  is  stdl  unoirertaken  before  bino."— 
Adiiins  :   Wvrks,  ii.  301. 

*  un-o-ver-trow'-a-We,  «.    [Pref.  nn-  (i) ; 

Eng.  ocer,  trtjir,  and  sutl.  -able.]  That  cannot 
be  suspected,  imagined,  or  l)elieved. 

'■  \yne  unopertmuiable  thingns  of  herte  I  magiie- 
HedK.'—WycUJfe;  i'cc?(«.  xxv.  S. 

un-owed',  ".     [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng.  otced.] 
1.  Not  owed,  not  due. 
*2.  Not  owneil ;  having  no  owner. 
■*  The  unowed  interest  of  proud-swelling  state." 

Shakctp. :  King  John,  iv.  3. 

'iin-OWn',  r.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng.  own, 
V.J     Not  to  acknowledge  ;  to  disown. 

■'  Why  w:w  this  iinowning of  the  plays  necessary."— 
I)<iily  TeLyruiih,  Dec.  2u.  1S8:. 

un-owned',  "■  I  Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  owned.] 

1.  Not  owned ;  having  no  known  owner ; 
not  claimed. 

"  Our  unowned  sister."  Milton  :  Comua,  H''. 

2.  Not  owned  or  acknowledged ;  not  ad- 
mitted. 

un  -  ox' -  i  -  dized,  iin-ox'-i-dat-ed,  c. 

[Pref.  ("(•  (1),  and  Eng.  oxidizal,  vxidattd.] 
Nut  oxidized  ;  not  having  been  converted 
into  an  oxide  by  being  combined  with  oxygen. 
iLyell.) 

-  un-p2i9'-i-fx-a-l>le.  a.  [Pref.  »»-  (l).and 
Eng.  ixirijiahle.]'  Incaimble  of  being  pacified, 
.southed,  or  calmed. 

••  The  uniHi':ijittblc  madness  that  this  world's  music 
I'Uts  those  into."— .flctim*.-   Works,  ii.  4W. 

'  un-pa-gif-ic,  *  iin-pa-yif 'ick,  n.  [Pref. 
nn-  (f),  and  Eng.  pacijic]  Not  pacific ;  not 
peaceful. 

"  Our  disunited  aud  unpad  fie  ancestors.  ■—  Warton  : 
IJiMl.  of  Kiddingtun,  p.  Tl. 


un-p&^  i-fied.  •  nii-pac-l~fide, ".   [Pief. 

((,,-(1),  and  Eng.  /«<' «./..'/.]     Not  [Kieilied  ;  not 
•iuieted,  calmed,  i>r  tiunciudhzed. 


un-p&ok',  *  an-packe,  v.t.    (Pref.  un-  (2), 

and  Eng.  jflcA.) 

1.  To  open,  as  things  luicked. 
"  None  of  our  said  fiub|i>ct«  nhnll    .    .    .    rn^adte,  la 
the  couiitreis  nliuueuwidv,  uo  kind  o(  »«rw."— flac*- 

tiiyt :  t'oyage*.  I.  i\o. 

•  2.  To  relieve  of  a  pack  or  bnnlen  ;  to  un- 
load, to  disburden. 

"  Unpavk  my  heart  with  wortK" 

.VA>iA«ip. .  t/amtet.  11.1 

unpacked',   a.      [Pref.  ?i*i-  (1),  aud  Eng. 

jKV.Lrd.] 

1.  Opened,  as  a  parrel  or  things  that  have 
lieen  packed.     (CoK^jer:  Conctrmti'in,  \i(y).) 

2.  Not  packed ;  not  collected  by  unlawful 
means. 

"Justice,  and  nn  unpack'd  Jury." 

Hnlf«r :  ItudibroM. 

*  un-pack'-er,  ?.    [Eng.  ini/xicA;;  -er.]    One 

who  unpacks. 

"  By  tlie  iiwkw.irdnesM  nf  the  nupwkrr  tbo  utatue'fl 
thumb  was  brukeii.  "— .)/fS.i  t\l<in-<->'h     I'.nnni,  ch.  iii. 

un-paid',   "  on-payde,   "  nn-i>ayed,  u. 

[Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  pf\id.] 

1.  Not  paid,  not  discharged,  as  a  debt 

■'  She  would  that  duty  leave  unpaid  to  you. 
Which  daily  she  wii.i  li-.und  to  iirotl'er," 

Nhakfsp. ;  Cymbcliiie,  ill.  5. 

2.  Xot  having  received  the  payment  due. 

"If  her  armies  are  three  year*  nnpaid,  she  ts  the 
less  exhauate<l  by  cxijeuce."— tfurto  .  On  u  late  Stal« 
qfthe  Xnfion. 

3.  Not  receiving  pay  or  sahiry ;  acting 
gratuitously. 

"  .\u  unpaid  justice  of  the  ponce."— /'itf/tf,  Jan.  21, 

1688. 

H  (1)  Unixiid-for:  Not  paid  for;  taken  on 
credit. 

"Prouder  than  rU-sllInK  in  nnpaid  /or  •<i\k." 

Slutkvspeare :  VynibfUne,  iii.  3. 

(2)  The  Great  Unixiid  :  A  term  applied  to  the 
body  of  unpaid  magistrates  or  justices. 

*  im-pained'*  c  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
jKiined.]    Not  pained  ;  sutlering  no  pain. 

•'  But  there's  not  one  of  these  who  are  unpain'd." 
Ben  Jotuan  :  Cynthia's  Heoeh,  v.  3. 

'  un-paln'-fal,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
painful.]     Not  painful  ;  causing  no  ^jain. 

"An  easy  and  wnpaotfuf  touch."— /.<-cA«.-  Hatnan 
Vnderttand.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  i\. 

*  un-paint'.  c.t.  [Pref.  un-  <2),  and  Eng. 
p({int,  v.]  To  efface  or  remove  the  paint  or 
colour  from. 

*  un-paint'-ed,  «.  (Pref.  uii-{\),  and  Eng. 
jiainted.]  Not  painted  ;  not  coloured  or 
covered  with  paint. 

"  S^ndinir  another  unpatntcd  cloUi."— if  omit  i'-a  : 
Peril  of  Idolatry,  pt.  ii. 

*  un-paired',  c  [Pref.  i(«i-  (l),  and  Eng. 
puirvd.]    Not.  paired,  not  matched. 

"Aud  minds  unpair'd  had  letter  think  alone." 

Crahkc     Tali-t  of  the  Ball,  ii. 

unpaired-eye,  s. 

Biol. :  A  functiunless  eye  formed  on  the 
Invertebrate  type,  and  liliing  up  the  spaco 
between  the  brain  and  the  [larietal  foramen. 
It    was    first    found    in    Sphenodou    (q-v.); 


USr.MBED    EVE   OF  SPHENOPOS. 

further  investigation  led  to  its  discoveiy  in 
all  the  living  Lacertilia  in  which  a  ]Kirietal 
foramen  exists (.'^/jcacer  in  Q.  .h>>ir.  .Micros.  Vo*-., 
n.s.  xxvii.).  and  it  has  since  berii  trace<l  in 
Fishes  by  Beard  of  Freiburg  (Ni'ture^  July  14, 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9ell,  choms,  9bin,  bengb ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  tbis ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenopbon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian.  -tian  ^  sban.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -f ion  ^  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  ■  die,  a  c.  ^  bel,  deL 


311 


unpalatable— unpeaceful 


MODIFIED    EVE- 
SCALK 

M  n  flpecles  of  Igu- 
aiin.  with  trauaiia- 
rwtil  corueft,  in  the 
uiiddle  of  which 
the  eye  U  oeeu. 


1SS7).    Tims  ill  Hit'  saiin-  vt-rt.Wmte   juiimal 

aiv  .-ws  <leVf!.>|H-.|  "II  tin-  Vfitflirjil.-  and  mi 

•}:■■  \.  ticbnitc  ty|*i*.  iUMl  fiininHi  from  thf 
-  ifh.n  I'l  liii'  MJills  uf  Iinll.iws  III.  niiJ 
vtiiH  of,  the  ItiuJii.  In  SplicuiHlmi, 
I  IS  betju  the  subjt'cl  ui  iiio.st  i>r  tlie 
lions,  tliis  eye  hiis.  in  si-etion,  the 
la  eune,  the  Uimc>  of  wliiuh  lilU  tlit^ 

i>'i:liiu'Ii,  while  thi'  [nmal 

KUtlk  (;».js.)   is   fniuitH-tr<l 

with  tilt.-  ii\yQX.     The  walls 

of  thf  optie  vesicle  (o  r.) 

ail'  •liviih'tl  into  an  antu- 

rioi  iniil  a  ]K>sti'rior  part. 

Hh'  lii-st  foiining  tlu-  lens 

(/).  aixl  (hi-  iitliiT  tlie  !iensi- 

tivf   stnioturt's,  all   nour-, 

islu!<l    by    a    blootlvcssel 

(ff.t:).    Tlio  lens  is  np]'a- 

renllydiivctly  the  protluct 

of  tlie    hrain  -  wall    itself 

The  retinal  elements  (j)are 

anunged    in    the    niauner 

typical  of  Invertehrales— 

tiie  rods  lie  on  the  inner 

side,  hmmdinj;  the  cavity 

of  the  optic   vesicle,   tlie 

nerve  cntei  inp  posteriorly, 

and  not  spreading  out  in 

front  of  the  rods.     In  all  living  forms  this 

eye  is  in  a  state  of  greater  or  less  degenera- 
tion, but  it  \vtis  most  probably  lnncti'Mial  in 

the   Ljibyrinthodonts  in  which  the   parietal 

foi-aniun  was  very  large,   and  had  it^i  sides 

corrugated,    as    if    for    the    attachment    of 

niusi-li's. 

nnpaired-flns.  '^.  p'. 

Iditity. :  The  .saiue  as  Vertical-fins  (q.v.). 

on-pal -at-a-ble.  a.      [Pref.    iin-  (1),  and 

Eiig.  palutahle.] 

1.  Lit.:  Not  piihitahle  ;  uut  acceptable  to 
the  palate  ;  distasteful. 

■'  We  found  tlieiu  extremely  tou^h  and  unpalat- 
able."— Anton:  Vo^aues,  bk.  ii.,  cIl  viii. 

2.  Fi(t.  :  Not  acceptable  to  the  feelings  or 
to  the  intellect;  not  such  as  to  be  relished ; 
disagreeable. 

"To  return  thiiiiks  (or  this  unpalatable  counsel,"— 
JJacuuUi!/     nut.  Sng..  ch,  ix. 

*  un-panged',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
}m^ged.\     Not  pained  or  distressed. 

"  When  could  ffrief 
Cull  forth,  aa  unpanyed  Juilgeiuent  caii,  fitt'st  time 
For  best  solicitatiou,"        Two  Soble  Kinsmen,  L  1. 

"  un-pan'-nel,  v.f.  [Pref,  ^oi,- (2),  and  Eng. 
p((»iw/.i  Tu  tak'j  a  pauuel  or  saddle  oft';  to 
unsaddle., 

'"Saveii  us  the  trouble  of  unpannellhtg  X)\[}\Ae." — 
Jarvit :  Don  (^uUote.  pt.  i.,  bk.  lii.,  ch.  xi. 

*un-par'-a-^se,  v.t.  [Viet  vn-  (2),  and 
Eng.  p'ir'i'lise.\  To  deprive  of  happiness  like 
that  of  parailise  ;  to  render  unliapjiy. 

■■  Ami  fjuite  unpurniliie  the  renlnia  of  light," 

yjnny:  Xight  Thowjhti.  i.  196. 

■  un-par  -a-goned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l) ;  Eng. 
P"iv.'jon,  and  snff.  -ed.]  Uneqnalled,  un- 
matched, unparalleled. 

"  Rubies  unparagoned."    Shakesp.  :  Ci/mbeline,  ii.  2. 

*  un-par'-al-lel-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  h7i-(1); 
Eiij;.  jxindhl :  -ahle.]  Incapable  of  being 
I>aralleled  ;  unequalled,  matchless. 

"The  unparallelabfe  ylovy  of  this  church  and 
nation. "—/(p.  Ball:  Ep.  by  Divine  Right,  pt.  ili..  §  8. 

un-par'-al-leled,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  iKiralMed.]  Not  jiaralleled  ;  not  matched 
or  einialk-d  ;  without  any  parallel  or  equal ; 
unequalled,  unprecedented. 

"  A  deity  3o  unparalleled."        Milton  :  Arcades,  25. 

*  Uii-par9hed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  used  augmen- 
tativL'ly,  and  Eng.  parched.]  Perished  or  de- 
stniycd  by  lieat ;  withered,  dried  up. 

"  My  tongue  unparchi-d." 

Crawshaw:  Psalm  137. 

un-par'-don-a-ble,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ivinloimhlc]  Not  pardonable  ;  that 
c;imiot  be  pardoned,  fru-given,  overlooked,  or 
remitted. 

"It  seemed  to  the  editor  unpardonable."— Smtr : 
Thomas  the  Rhymer.    IXote.) 

un-par'-don-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  unpardon- 
(d>{lr);  .1,1.]  Nt-t  in  a  pardonable  maiiner  or 
degree  ;  be\ond  pardon  or  forgiveness. 


un-par -doned,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
]tnr'lonfi.]    Not  pardoned  or  forgiven;  not 


having  received  panion  or  forgiveness;  un- 

furgivcn. 

"  1  lit;]  died  unpartlortiSL'        Byron  :  Manfred,  ii.  S. 

iin 'par- don -ing,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (i).  and 
Enx-  jxirdoninij.]  Not  pardoning ;  unfor- 
giving, relentless. 

"  Whom  Pallaa  with  unpardoniny  fury  fired." 
fojip  :  Homer  ;  Odf/stry  xx.  Abl. 

"  iin-par-Ua-men'-tar  i-ness,  «.     [Eng. 

unixtrliom'  nt-tr>i  ;  -jirs;*.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  unpariiainentary  or  contrary  to  the 
rules  or  usages  of  parliament. 

"  Itei>rehciidoit;  tlieiii  for  the  ttnpnrUnmfntarinesi 
of  tl..-ir  ii'iuoiiMtniiice   in  \}riut.  "—Clarendon:    Civil 

ir.ff,  i,  :;2(, 

un-par  lia-men'-tar-y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Kiig.  }',irtiamentarn.]  Not  parliamentary  ; 
not  a-reeable  to  the  procedure  or  the  etiquette 
i.bser\ed  in  tlie  Houses  of  Parliament. 

"They  could  not  cimaent  to  anything  an  unparlia- 
mciil<tri/."~J/acuula^  :  Hist.  Bntf.,  cb.  xxiv. 

*  iin-par'-rot-ted,  n.  [Pref.  nn-  (l);  Eng. 
parrot,  and  suft".  -ed.]  Not  repeated  by  rote, 
like  a  j-arrot. 

"  Hei'  .^entt^iices  were  unpnrrotted  and  unstudied." — 
Oodiviu  :  MandismHe.  i.  307. 

"  un-part'-a-ble.  n.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
partnbh.]  Incapablt;  of  being  parted ;  in- 
divisible, insepai-aljle. 

"The  soul  is  a  life  of  itaelfe,  a  life  all  in  one,  joi/iart- 
ablv.'—Ti'ewnene  of  Christian  Religion,  p.  •271. 

*un-part'-ed»  ff.  [Pref.  im-  (l),  and  Eng. 
parteil.]  Not  parted  ;  not  dissevered;  not 
divided. 

"  One     bein?     unpartt'd    from    nuoUwi.'—yorth : 
PlHlurdi.  p.  25S. 

*iin-par-tial  (ti  as  sh),  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (l), 
and  Eng.  iKtrttal.]  Not  partial;  impartial, 
unbiassed. 

"  The  unpartiitl  judgiug  of  this  business." 

Shakcsp. :  Henry  vil!.,  ii.  2. 

*un-par'-tial-ly  (ti  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng. 
impartial;  -Ii/.]  In  an  impartial  manner ; 
impartially. 

"Deal  unpartially  n-ith  thiue  uwii  heart."— fltViop 
Ball :  Balm  ^f  GUead,  §  12. 

*un-par-ti9'-i-pant,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
aud  Eng.  pirfiripon't.]  Not  participating  or 
sharing  ;  not  taking  a  share  or  part. 

"  I,  strictly  tmparticipant,  sitting  silently  apart." 
— Curlylc  :  Reminiscences,  i.  292. 

*  un-par-ti9''i-pat-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eng.  participated.]  Not  participated; 
not  sliared. 

*'  Cnpiirticip'itcd  soUtuiie  1"  Byron:  Cain,  i.  1. 

^  un-pass'-a-ble, ".    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eug. 

2<assable.] 

1.  Not  passable  ;  not  alluwing  passage  ;  im- 
passable. 

"  Cnpassab/e  for  men."— Esther  xvi,  21 

2.  Not  current ;  not  suffered  to  pass. 

"  Mnke    all    mouey,    which   is    lighter   than    th;>t 
standard,  unpasanbU:"— Locke. 

'  un-pass'-a-ble-ness.  *  un-pass'-i-ble- 

ness,  ^.  [Eng.  unjxtssable ;  -ucss.]  Thequality 
or  fitate  of  being  impassable. 

-Epc/yn  :  Saei- 


^  iin-pass'-ion-ate^    '  iin-pass -ion-at- 

ed  (SS  as  sh),  a.     [Pref.  un-{i):  Eng.  pts- 
sioHute ;  -cd.] 

1.  Free  from  passion  or  bias  ;    impartial, 
dispassionate. 

"Absurd  to  au  unpa^uionated  reason." — GlanpiU : 
Vanity  of  Doitmadzino,  ch.  xi. 

2.  Free  from  passion  or  anger ;  not  angry. 

"The  rebukes,  which  their  faults  will  make  hardly 
to  be  avoided,  should  not  only  1>e  in  solier.  grave,  .tnil 
unpassionate  vfovAs.  but  also' alone  and  in  private." — 
Locke :  On  Education. 

*  iin -pass- ion- ate -ly  (ss  .is  sh),  adv. 
[Eng.  tnipassionai? ;  -ly.]  Dispassionately, 
impartially,  calmly. 

"Make  us  un:>assi,-nate(i/  to  see  the  light  of  reswou 
aud  religiou."— A'i»y  Clmrles :  Eikon  Basilikt: 

'  un-pass'~idn~ed  <s&  a.s  sh),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  possioivd.]  Fi-ee  from  passion  ; 
dispassionate,  uuimpassioned. 

"  0  you  unpassioned  peaceful  hart.i .' " 

Vui'ies:    iVittcs  Pilgrimage,  p.  43. 

*  iin-pas'-tdr,  v.t.  [Pref.  thi-  (2),  and  Eng. 
jyist'jr.]  To  deprive  of  or  reduce  from  the 
office  of  a  pastor. 

* iin-pas'-tdr-al,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  audEng. 


pnMora}.]  Not  pastoral  ;  imt  consistent  witli 
the  manner.s  or  thoughts  of  shepherds. 

"  This  veiy  iin|iath«tiL-aiid  itnpasVtral  idea."—  War 
ton:  Rowltyy  En'iairy,  \i.  95. 

"  un-pas'-tured,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng 
pastured.]  Not  pastured;  not  provided  with 
pasture. 

"  Oo,  go,  my  lambs,  unpastured  aa  ye  are." 

Cowprr  :  Ihathof  thimon. 

'  un-pathed',  a.      [Pref.  un.  (i)  ;  Eng.  jxtth, 
and  suH.  -ed.\     Unmarked  by  passage;  untrod- 
den, pathless. 
"  Cnpathd  waters."       Shakesp. :  Winter's  Talf,  iv.  4. 

*  un-pg^thef-ic,  a.     [Pref.  vn-  (I),  and  Eng. 

}i«thetii:.]  Not  jiatlietic  ;  wanting  in  or  desti- 
tute of  jkiMuks  i»r  feeling.     (See  e.vtract  under 

VsiWiTuK.Kh.) 

*  un-path'-wayed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i);Eng. 
iwthvay,  and  sutt".  -ed.]  Having  uo  path; 
pathless. 

"  Along  the  smooth  ti  n  path  tea  i/'d  plain." 

W'oT-dsworth      Waggoner,  iv. 

*  iin-pa  -tien9e  (ti  as  sh\  •  un-pa-ci- 
ence,  5.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  ^\\^.  patience.] 
Want  of  patience  ;  impatience. 

"  Lest  any  tUiuke  that  these  my  woiiles  are  spoken 
either  of  hastynes  or   of  iinpaciencc.'-l'dal:  Oaln- 

thnlns  i. 

'*  un-pa  -tient  (ti  as  sh),  *  un-pa-cy-ent, 

a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  jjaft^n/.J  Impa- 
tient. 

"  More  impatient  they  are  .and  fearfull  of  winter,'— 
P.  Holland  :  Plinie.  bk.  X\\..  ch.  viii. 

un-pa-tri-6t'-ic,   *  nn-pat-ri-6t-ic, 

"  un-pa~tri-6t  -ic-al,  "^  iin-pat-ri-dt  - 
XC-al,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (*1),  and  Eng.  pa.trioti.-. 
jxitrioticaL]     Not  patriotic. 


*un-pat'-ron-ized.  a.  [Pref.  un-(l),  and 
Eug.  patronized.]  Not  patronized  ;  not  fa- 
voured or  supported  by  friends. 

"  Cnimtronizd,  aud  therefore  little  known." 

Coirper:  TirociJiittm,  674. 

'^  iin-pat''temed,  a.  [Pref.  ?(u-(l).  andEng. 
patterned.]  Not  having  a  precedent  or  ex- 
ample ;  unexampled. 

"  Should  I  prize  yon  less,  nnpaltrrn'd  sir?" 

Beaum.  *  Flet.  ;  Thien-y  A-  Tlieodorvt,  iii. 

iin-paved',  o.    [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  paved.] 
1.  Not  paved  ;    not  laid  down  or  covered 
with  stone,  or  the  like. 

"The  streetes  of  the  city  lyin?  then   unpaved.'— 
BaketoiH  :  Apologie,  p.  131. 

*  2.  Castrated,  gelded. 

"  The  voice  of  unpaved  eunuch," 
'  Alxtkesp.  .  Cymbeline.  Ii.  3. 

iin-pawned',  f.    [Fi'ef.  vn-  (l),    and   Eng. 
panuwi.]     Not  pawned  ;  not  jiledged  or  given 
in  security. 
"  Where  yet,  unpawn'd.  much  learned  lumber  Lay." 
Pope  :   Dunciad  (ed.  lT2if),  i.  115. 

*  un-pay",  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eug.  ixty,] 

1.  To  annul  by  payment ;  to  make  undone. 

"  Ciipau  the  viliauy  you  have  done  her,"— SftuAWp,  .■ 
2  Henry  ir.,  U.  I. 

2.  Not  to  pay  or  compensate.     (Only  used 
in  the  pa.  par.)    [Unpaid.] 

*  un-pay'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
pitnable.]  Not  paj'able  ;  incapable  of  being 
l)aid. 

"The  debt  of  a  thousand  talents  .  .  .  utterly  un- 
payable."—South  :  Sermons,  vol.  x..  aer.  9, 

*un-payed,  *un-payd,  a.    [Uspaid.] 

^un-pea9e'.  5.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  andEng.  peace.] 
Want  or  absence  of  peace. 


'  un-pea9e -able,    ^un-pes-a-ble,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  peaceabk.]     Not  peace- 
able, quarrelsome. 


-.Mountague :  Dev.  Essayes. 


* un-peage'-^-ble-ness,  ?.  [Eng.  unpeaee- 
ahh: ;  -nr.s\s.l  The  quality'  or  state  of  being  un 
peaceable  ;  quarrelsomeness,  distpiiet. 

"  Doth  not  the  Holy  Spirit  ascribe  all  our  unpeacf- 
abteness  to  our  cupiditie:  "—.Mountagu 
pt.  iL,  tr.  viii. 

*  un-peafe'-fiil,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
]>riicefuL]    Not  peaceful,  not  pacific,  unquiet. 

"  C'npeact'ful  death  tl\eir  choice." 

Thfiinson  :  Liberty,  iv.  6TS. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son :  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    ae,  oe  —  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unpedantic  — unpicK 


•  un-pe-dan 'tic,  «.  [Pt-ef.  un-  (1),  and 
Kiil:.  p'Uuutk.]  Niit  pedantic;  free  from 
pc-Kintry. 

"  All  itnpfilniitic  morHl." 

Svott :  .Vitrmii)ii,v.    (lutroil.) 

•  un-ped'-i-greed,  a.  [Pref.  \in-  (1);  En^. 
pediiire(p),  ami  sufI".  -ed.]  Not  with  or  having 
a  pedigree.     (Pollok.) 

•  un-peeled\  n.  fPref.  nn-  (2).  S.,  and  Eiig. 
j'f:!:'il,]     Jflripped,  pillaged,  desolate. 

"'  To  let  you  eiitiT  lii*  iiiiiift-te,i  liuuee." 

.sViiiA,-*/'.  /  Loi't'n,  Uibuiirs  Loaf.  H.     (QimrtM.) 

'  un  peered,  'iin-poer'-a-ble,  f.    (Pivf. 
u.<-  (1);    En-    peer,   and  -sutf.   -ed,   or   -alilc] 
Having'  no  peer  or  eiinal  ;  unequalleil. 
■*  Oi/'Ccrfrf  excelleuce." — Marston. 

*un-peg;  '  un-pegge,  r.(.  [Pref.  un-  (2). 
and  Knj:.  pot-]     Tm  "pen  by  loosing  or  un- 

fa>.tfnnij^  u  pt-g. 

"  Cnpei/  the  basket  on  the  Iiouse's  top." 

aiuikesp.:  tlauitvt,  iii.  3. 

•  un-pen',  v.t.     [Pref.  ii»-  (2),  and  Eng.  jvii. 

v.]    To  release  from  being  confined  or  penned 
up  ;  to  set  free  from  a  pen  or  confinement. 

'■  If  11  mnii  unpens  another's  water." — Blackatone. 

'  un-pen' -filled,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pciKilkd.]    Not  described  or  delineated. 


*  iin-pen'-e-tra-ble,  c.    [Pref.  im-  (i),  and 

En,'.  pfnctnihle.\    Nut   penetrable ;    impene- 

trai.ilc. 

"Thp  skill  or  hide  of  hi*  [river-horse]  backe  unpenc- 
tra'jle.'—i:  Hull'ind:  Plinie.  bk.  viii..  ch.  xxv. 

*  un-pen'-i-tent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
jienitent.]    Nut  penitent;  impenitent. 

"  God  will  not  relieve  the  unpenitent," 

Su*t(i!/s:  Paraphrase  of  Job. 

un-pen'- stoned,  c     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

piniioned.\ 

1,  Not  pensioned  ;  not  having  or  receiving 
a  pension. 

"  L'nphiced.  unpcntinnei},  no  man's  heir,  or  sUve." 
Pope:  Imitations  of  Soruce,  bk.  ii.,  sat.  1, 

2.  Not  kept  or  held  in  dependence  by  a 
pension. 

"  [He]  beiug  ttnpLTisioned,  made  a  Bfttlre." 

Byron     Mazeppa,  iv. 

*  iin-peo'-ple,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
fiiOpU.]  Tm  I'lnpty  of  people;  to  deprive  of 
inhabitants ;  to  depopulate. 

"  Despise  liis  bulw;irks,  and  unpeople  earth." 

Voicper :  Retirement,  T2. 

un~peo'-pled  (le  as  el),  a.  [In  sense  1  from 
yvii.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  peopled;  in  sense  2 
from  pref.  un-  (1).] 

1.  With    tlie    inhabitants    destroyed ;    de- 
populated. 

2.  Not  yet  filled  with  people  ;  uninhabite^l, 
desolate. 


"  un-pep'pered,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),and  Eng. 
pvj.'pcred.]   Unspiced,  unseasoned.   {Lit.  £  Jig.) 

"Plain  Nature '3  fea^t,  uupeppered  with  a^hoat  ' 
Culeman:   Vagtiries  yindiciited,  p.  303. 

un-per-^eiv'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eii'^.  l»:rceivable.]  Not  perceivable  ;  incapable 
of  being  perceived;  imperceptible. 

'■Seemingly  incredible  and  unperxvivable."— Pear- 
son :  On  the  Creed,  art.  2. 

un-per-9eived',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
piivi'ireU.]  Not  perceived  ;  not  noticed  ;  uut 
heeded,  unnoticed. 

"  By  slow  dein'^ea,  so  unpercelo'd  aixd  aoft 
Tbiit  it  may  seeiu  nu  fault." 

Dryden  :  Marriage  d-la->node.  iii.  1. 

*un-per-9eiv'-ed-ly,  ode.  [Eng.  imper- 
erirol;  -III.]  So  as  nut  to  be  perceived;  im- 
perceptibly. 

"To  convey  unpereeitedlu  .  ,  .  sentiments  of  true 
\>k\.^."— Boyle:   Works,  v.  260. 

iin-per-^eiv'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un- (1),  and 
Eng.  p'Teriv'',\'j.]  Nut  perceiving  ;  not  having 
or  exercising  powers  of  perception. 

*  Verv  slow  and  unperceiving,"—Waterland:  Works, 
iii.  412. 

*  un-per~9ep'-ti-ble,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  percepiihk.]  Not  perceptible;  imper- 
ceptible. 

••  Unperr.ptihle  by  the  sense."— i".  Holland:  Plu- 
tarch,  i<.  t-.--. 

*  un-per-e -gal,  a.  [Pref  un-(\),  and  Eng. 
peregaL]    Unequal.    (ClutKeer:  Boeciu-<,  bk.  iii.) 


•  un-per -feet,  *  un-par-*yt,  '  un-per- 

flt,  ').      [Pivf.  »;i-(l).  ami    K\v^.  p,r/>;:r.]     N..( 
jiirfect  or  L-omplete  ;  deliciunt. 

"Sliee    hnth    uiade   notliiiiir   unptrfact.'—P.    It'll- 
land:  Plinie,  bk,  xxli..  ub.  xxlv. 

' un-per'-fSct.  v.t.  [Pref.  nn- {\),  an"i  Eng. 
■jH- •■/'■•■I ,  \\]  To  make  imperfect  or  incomplete  ; 
tu  leave  imperfect,  incomplete,  or  unllnished. 


*  un-per' -fect-ed,    *un-par-fyt-ed,    a. 

[Pief.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.   perfected.]     Not  per- 
fected; not  completed  ;  not  brought  t<"  an  end. 

"  Tbf    hosti's    wei-e  deat'vered.    and  ye  ende  of  ye 
w.irrt-  un/-ir/'/r.;i:—r'ihi/-i,i  ;  pliit.  dfi  I'nlois  |an.  81. 

*  un-per'-fect-ed-ness,  ''.    [Eng.  unper/eet- 
ed;  -ne&i,]    Imperfectiun,  imiierfectness. 

"On©  unprr/irctedm-ss  alu>W3  iui>  another,  to  make 
me  (le3|>ise  mysi'lf."— .Sft[(t''j(/>.  ■  Othello,  ii.  3. 

"  un-per-fec  -tion,  •  un-per-fec-ci-oun, 

.^■.     [Pref.    nil-  (1),  and  Eng.  perfection.]     Im- 
perfection, imperfect  ness. 


"  un-per'-fect-ljr,  adr.     [Pref,  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  per/ecthj.]     Imperfectly. 

*  un-per-fect-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unperfect; 
-nt'ss.]  The  qtiality  or  state  of  being  imper- 
fect ;  iniperfectuess,   imperfection. 

"  Beinir  for  my  Hnper/''rtiii'ss  unworthy  of  your 
fiieinlslifp.  ■— SirfHcy  .*  Araitti'i,  bk.  i. 

un-per-formed',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
performed.] 

1.  Not  perfr>rnied;  not  executed,  done,  com- 
pleted, or  fulfilled. 

"  He  conceives  the  promise  given  by  ServlHus  to 
have  remained  unperformed."— Lewis :  Cred.  Early 
Roman  Hist.  (ed.  l-S-i."!).  ii.  61. 

2.  Not  represented  on  the  stage  ;  unacted. 

"  A  hitherto  unperformed  comei\y."—Dailj/  Tele- 
graph, Feb.  •21.  Ibhs. 

*  iin-per-fomi'-ing,  n.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  j>erforiniHg.]    Nut  performing;  not  ful- 
lilling,  acting,  or  carrying  anything  out. 

"The  unperforming  promises  of  others."  —  Oold- 
stnith  :  Essay  No.  -2. 

^iin-per'-il-OUS,  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (l),  and  Eng. 
ppril-iiis.]  Not  perilous,  not  dangerous  ;  free 
from  peril  or  danger. 

"  In  the  most  unperilotts  ch&nueV—FeUham :  Re- 
soh'e  xiii. 

*  iin-per'-isli-a-ble,  ".  [Pref.  «n-  (i),  and 
Eng.  jteriilnTbk'.]  Not  perisliable  ;  imperish- 
able ;  not  liable  to  perisli  or  decay. 

"  Ey  rust  unperishaMe  or  by  ste^ilth," 
Cotvper  :  in  Memory  of  the  Late  J.  Thornton,  Es-i. 

*un-per'-ished,  n.  [Pref.  «»- (I),  and  Eng. 
perished.]    Not  destroyed;  not  killed. 

"  Or  hardy  tir  itnpi'rish'd  with  the  raina." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xxiii.  ^<^•2. 

*  un-per'-ish-uig,  a.  [Pref.  "fi-  (l),  and  Eng. 
perishinij.]  Not  perishing ;  notliable  to  peiish  ; 
imperishable. 

"  Of  that  unperishhig  wealth." 
Cowper  :  Ode  Addressed  to  Mr.  John  RotiSe. 

un-per'-jiired,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
perjured.]  Not  perjured,  not  forsworn ;  free 
from  the  crime  of  perjury. 

"  Beware  of  death  :  thou  canat  not  die  unperjur'd. 
Ajid  leave  an  unaccomidiahd  love  behind." 

Dryden.    {lliehardson.) 

■^  un-pcr'-ma-nent,  a.  fPref.  i(7i-(i),  and 
Eng.  permit  nenl.]  Not  lasting  or  perinauent  ; 
transitory. 

"So  unpermanent  a  pleasure."— flicAardwn  ."  Cla- 
rissa, iv.  3ti. 

*  iin-per-plejC,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
pfrptex.]  To  free,  relieve,  or  dvjliver  from 
perplexity  or  doubt. 

"  Tliis  ect-vay  doth  ttnperplex 
(We  a^iiiil  and  tell  us  what  we  love." 

Donne  :   The  Ectnsy. 

t  un-per-plexed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  perplexed.] 

1.  Not  perplexed,  embarrassed,  or  confmsed  ; 
not  in  perplexity. 

2.  Free  from  perplexity  or  complication  ; 
plain,  simple. 

"simple,  nnperplex'd  pr-jpoaitiou."— iocfte ;  Cond. 
of  L'riderst'tnding,  j  :iJ, 

*  iin-per'-se-cut-ed,  ft.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  per.-^ecuted.]    Not  persecuted ;  free  from 
persecution. 

"  Vnpernemted  of  slanderous  touaue*."  —  J/ii(D»t 
Apology  for  .Smcitymntms. 


'  un-per  -son-a  ble,  <'.  (Prvf.  (l),  and  Eng. 
jh-rs-'i-i,t.  ]  N.'t  handsome;  not  of  good  ap- 
pearahe.-. 

'  iln-per-sp'ir  -a-blo,  n.  [pref.  un-  (I),  ami 
Eng.  prr.^pinihle.']  Nnt  perHpiralilo  ;  not  cap- 
able of  l>eing  passed  olf  in  iKri-spiration. 


iin~per  suad-a-ble(uas  w).".    [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Etig.  p'-rsmtdithU.]  N'->t  persuadable  ; 
incapal-l"'  oi  iM-ing  persua<led  ;  not  to  W  re- 
moved by  per-suasion. 

"  Hisitl^tvrs  uH;M>ri(j<tif'i6r«  melancholy."— .^idricjr.' 
Ariintia.  bk.  i. 

*  un-per-8uad -a-ble-ness  (u  as  w),  .t. 

[En-.  inijxr^'Ni'hU.k  ;  -»?.,.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unpersuadable  ;  resistance  t'» 
persuasion. 

"  Resentment  and  unpi'riuadnhl/'n''S$  ure  not  UAtar^l 
to  jou,"— /tic/nmd'*/! ;  Cfarissn,  ii,  64. 

un~per-9uad  -ed  (u  as  w),  ".  [Pref.  i/h-  (1), 
and  Eng.  persuaded.]     N">t  persuaded. 

"  And    in    your  tuvndtr  departed   unp^rsnad^."^ 
More  :   Workes.  p.  1.24^. 

*  iin-per-sua'-fi-ble-nes8  (u  a.s   w),  s. 

[Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng.  persuaMbleness.]  Tlie 
quality  or  state  uf  not  being  open  to  per- 
sua.siou ;  resistance  to  persuasion ;  unper- 
snadableness. 

"  We  are  children  of  disobedience,  or  itnpffrinasiltte- 
TT.'.'.t  "—l.eighton :  Comment,  upon  I  Peter  11. 

'  un-per-sua'-^lon  (u  as  w).  --.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  persuasion.]  The  state  of  being 
uu  persuaded. 

"  The  word  here  used  for  disobedience  sl^ities  pro- 
perly unpersuasion.'—Leighton  :  On  1  Peter  IL 

* un-per-sua^  ive  (u  as  w).  a.     [Pref.  uyi- 

(1),  and  Eng.  persuasive.]  Not  persuasive; 
unalile  to  persuade. 

"  I  bit  my  unpersunsive  lipu."— AVcAnitfaon  :  Clarissa. 

V.  21.'^, 

• '&n-per-turbed'»  o.  [Pref.  nx- (i),  and 
Eng.  perlnrbed-]     Not  perturbed  or  disturbed  ; 

undisturbed. 
"  Unperturbed  by  the  wrou^  and  sorrows  of  mortals. " 
L'jnufuKoto  .    Evangeline,  t.  5. 

un-pe-rused',  o.  [Pref.  ^nt- (l),  and  Eng. 
perused.]  Not  perused;  not  read  through; 
tin  read. 

'•  His  letters  we  have  sent  you  here  unperuied  by 
Ui.'^Stryi^e  :  Eccles.  .tftfJH.  (an.  165S.     No  3.) 

*  iin-per-vert',  v.t.  [Pref.  vn-(2),  and  Eng. 
perrerl.  ]  To  reconvert ;  to  recover  from  being 
a  pervert. 

"His  wife  could    never  be  unperverted  again." — 
Fuller  :  Church  Hist.,  X.  iv.  64. 

un-per -vert' -ed,  a.  [Pref.  wn-(l),  and  Eng. 
perrertcd.]  Not  perverted  ;  not  \vi'este<l  or 
turned  to  a  wrong  meaning  or  use. 

un-pef-ril-fied,  c  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
jKlrified.]  Not  petrified;  not  converted  into 
stone. 

"Some  pa.rtsrema.Ui  unpetrified."~Brownc  ■  t'ul-jar 
Errouri..  bk.  ii  .  ch.  v. 

iln-phil  o-soph  -ic,   *  iin-phil-6-s6ph  - 

ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  iai-{l),and  Eng.  phihsopkir, 
2>hU''.^--phiml.]  Not  philosophical;  not  ac- 
eoiding  to  the  rules  or  principles  of  sound 
philosophy. 

"  The  principles  they  go  upon  are  found  to  be  very 
arbitrary  and  uuithUotophical."—GlaHeilt :  l^afi  S. 

t  un-phil-o-soph-xc-al-ly,  adv.    [Eng. 

Uiii'lui".<opliiod  :  -lij.]  In  an  unphilosophical 
manner. 

"Talkin?  very   uniihittUiphtcally." — Search:   Light 
of  .Suture,  vol.  i..  pt.  ii.,  ch.  xxviii. 

"un-plul-o-soph'-ic-al-neBS,  5,  [Eng. 
uui'hilosophiixd  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  unphiUtsophical,  or  contniry  t*» 
souml  philosophy. 

"The  nnphiloaophicalness  of  tbia  their  hypotlie^is  " 
— .\orrit. 

■  un-phll-os -6-pliize,  v.t.  [Pref.  u-n-  (2). 
and  Ewj,.  phiiifiniifiizc-]  To  degrade  from  the 
character  of  a  philosopher. 

"  Our  niteresta  flow  in  upon  us,  and  uitphllosnpMn- 
u^  iiitu  tiieri'  luorUiU.'^Poj'C.     {Johnson.) 

'  un-pbj^^'-icked,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  pitusickcd.]  Not  physicked  ;  not  liaving 
liad  physic  administered. 

■   Fr«H  limbs,  iinphuticked  health,  due  appetite.' 
H->tecll .    Verses  :  Pref.  to  Utters. 

unpick.  *un-plke»  v.t.    [Pi-ef.  vn-{2),  3.. 

aiii  En,.',  pi-'l:,  v.] 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9eU,  chorus.  9liin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-cian,  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zban.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


.<;4G 


unpickable— unpliable 


'  I.  To  pick  ;  tu  open  with  a  poiptcit  in- 
ntruim-nt. 


2.  Ti>  unil«>  by  picking  out  tlie  stitclies  of ; 
Iv  takt*  tu  pi«'t*»'«. 

"  Tlip  4iinilK-«,  which.  nft«r  HH/iickittff  nnd  eiittiiit; 
•  <tr  nU;liitn>.   hr   luul   wuhtfil."  — /"vtifi ;  J/iin   let/h  <i 

'iin-piok'-ablOt  't.  [Pref.  wii-  (l);  En-. 
fH'K- ;  -ri/i/f.)  Itiraimlile  of  beiii^  luckril,  or 
•  1  tfing  opfiie^l  witli  a  iminted  instriiiiifiit. 

*'  Their  lock*  mtt/irkafitr.' 

htauin.  *  yitt.     The  Onxcomb.  it. 

iin-piclCGd',  *t.  [In  senses  1,  2,  nnd  3  from 
('ivf.  '('i-(i).  anil  Eiig.  picked;  in  sense  -I  IVoni 

1.  Not  picked  ;  not  cliosen  or  selected. 

"A1i);1In  or  ahrnhn  unpicked,  uuchoaeu."— .Vilfoii ; 
o/  frelaticiit  KpUcopa*.-)/. 

2.  Not  plucked  or  gatlieied  ;  lience,  not 
enjoyed. 

■*  Now  coniM  in  the  sweetest  morsel  of  the  night, 
Aiiil  we  ninnt  heitce.  aud  leave  it  utipicMed.'—:ihake*p.  : 
;  aenri,  IV..  li.  A. 

3.  Xot  picked  or  (>i)ened  with  an  instru- 
ment, as  a  lock. 

4.  Having  the  stitches  i>icked  out  ;  ini- 
stitched. 


'  iin-pictn-resque'  (que  as  k),  n.  [Pief. 
nil'  (1),  and  Eng.  pivturesque.l  Xot  pic- 
turesque. 


* on-pierfe'-a-ble,  n.  [Pief.  nn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  pUnnihU-.]  Xot  pierceable ;  incapable 
of  being  pierced. 

"  Is  he  then  unpievenbic  f  quoth  she." 

Fairfax:  Uwl/rcy  »/ Ilunlo'jne.  \x.  60. 

un - pier9ed',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
ficrceil]    Not  pierced  ;  not  petietrated. 

"Where,  unpicrcal  hy  Iiost,  the  cavern  sweati"." 
Thon-ton:  Aitrumn,  Mi. 

•un-piked',  '(.  IPrcf.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
inked.]    Xot  <iressed  or  decked  out. 

"He  brought  them  forth  unkeinbed  ajid  intj>!k'-il." 
-~Vdal:  Apu/ih.  of  Eraamut,  p.  w. 

'  un-pil'-lared,  a.  (Pref.  nn-  (1),  an.l  Eng. 
inlhired.]  Xot  luniished  with  or  placed  upon 
;i  pillar  ;  destitute  or  deprived  of  pillars. 

"See  the  cirinie  falls  !  the  uupUJared  temple  irnds  :" 
Pope:  Dunciad,  iii.  UiT. 

'^-pUled;  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pUlfjl.]    Xot  pillaged  or  plundered. 

"  Cnpiliiul.  unspoiled,  nnd  unthken  by  pirates,"— /<r 
£hc  iu  Kn'jlith  Garner,  ii.  62. 

un-pO' -lowed,  c  [Pref.  nn-  (1).  and  Eng. 
j-iUnn-ed.]  Wanting  or  destitute  nf  a  pillow 
"r  support.    (Milton:  Comus,  355.) 

*  ^-pi'-lot-ed,  ('..  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
j'iloted.]    Xot  pih)ted  or  guided  ;  unguided. 

"You  see  nie  ,  .  .  unpilotcd  by  principle  or  faith.'* 
—  r.  liroiite :  Jane  Eyre,  ch.  xxxv, 

un-pin,  *  un-pyn,  vt.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  ;<(■»,  v.l  To  remove  the  pins  from  ;  to 
undo  or  unfasten  what  is  held  or  fastened 
together  by  pins  ;  to  loose  from  pins. 

"The  b/ink  employt  w.os  unpinning  the  two  bills.*  — 
Datlif  Chronirlr.  Jun    2.1888. 

'un-pin'-ion  (i  as  y).  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
;iud  Eng.  jiiuinn.]  To  loo.se  from  pinions  or 
manacles ;  to  free  from  restraint. 

*  un-pm'-ioned  (i  a.s  y),  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  pinioned.]  Xot  pinioned  or  tied 
down. 

"While  the  works  .,(  others  fly  like   unpiiiiontd 
sw.-iii?.  —(ioldttnilh  .   7'hc  Bee.  *^ 

un- pinked',  o.  (Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
pnil.rd.]  Xot  i.iuked;  not  pierced  with  eve- 
let-holes. 

"Gabriera  pumps  were  all  vnpinked  in  the  heel." 
Shak':»p.  :  Taming  of  the  ffhrete.  iv.  l. 

*  un-pxt'-e-Oua-15r,  ndv.     (Prcf.  un-  (l),  and 

Kng.  p\U'-niM)j.\     In  an  unpitying  manner- 
iinpityingly. 

un-pit-ied,  n.   [Pref.  it«.(l), andEng. pifici?.] 
1.  Xot    pitied ;   not   compassionated ;    not 
sympathized  with  ;  uuregretted. 

"l'nre»pited,  unpiticd,  unreprievcd." 
^  _     _.   .,  MiUon  :  P.  t .  ii   185 

*  2.  Pitiless,  unmerciful. 

■■You  shall  have  .      .  your  deliverance  with  an  mi. 
7>(ficrf   whipping.' -.Sft'it<r*/j.  .    Mvusitre  for   Matture. 


*  lin-pif-l-ful,  (r.     [Prof,   nu-  (I),  and  Eng. 
pit.jid.] 

1.  Having  no  feeling,  or  showing  no  pity  ; 
pitiless,  unpitying. 

2.  Xot  exciting  or  arousing  pity. 

"  tfitli  (frucea  audi  tinpitiful  nhoiild  prove. ' 

Daviet :  }\'itles  Pilyriinaoe. 

*  un-pit'-i-fil-l^,  adv,   [Eng.  unpiiiful ;  -hi.  ] 

In  an  unpitiful  or  unpitying  manner;  piti- 
lessly, niercile.ssly ;  without  pity  or  com|)a.s- 
t^iou. 

"He    l>rat   liinj    nuist    unpitifuUy,  metbougbt."  — 
Shakesp.  :  Merry  Wicts,  iv.  2. 

•  fin-pit- i-fful-ncss,   .*;.      [Eng.    unpitiful; 
-iift*,<,]    The  absence  of  pitifulness  or  pity. 

■■And  the  unpitiful  ne.M  of  his  own  nejiv  threatuing 
death."— .sii/m-//;  Arcadia,  bk.  iii, 

*nn-pl-tous»  a.     [Pref.   un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

1.  Unpitiful,  pitiless. 

2.  Impious,  wicked. 

"  AlMniiiiiHtioTi   ti>  the  Lord  (is)  the  llf  of  the  uh- 
pifoiif.  —|fyi-(</ff;  Prop.  \v.  8. 

•  un-pi~toas-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  unpitons:  -ly.] 
Impiously,  wickedly. 

■'Who  forsothe  trostith  in  his  thoghtis  vnpitunalu." 
^Wycliffe:  J'ron.  xii.  2. 

'  un-pi-tous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unpitous;  -ness.] 
Impii-ty,  \vickedn»-ss.    (fVi/diffe:  Lev.  xix.  7.) 


+  un-pi-tous-ty, '  un-pi-tous-te,  < 

unpitous;  -tij.]     Impiety,  wicked. 


[Eng. 


*  un-pi-ty.  *  un-pi-tee,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  pity.]     Impiety. 


un-plt'-y-ing,  ft.  [Eng.  imftty ; -ing.]  Having 
or  feeling  no  pity ;  displaying  no  pity  or  com- 
passion ;  pitiless. 

•■  He  niised  his  hands  to  the  unpiti/infi  sky." 

Longfellow :  Tor'/unnada. 

un-pla9ed;  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
placed.  ] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Xot  placed  ;  not  arranged  or  disposed  in 
proper  place  or  places  ;  confused  or  jumbled 
together. 

2.  Xot  holding  any  place,  office,  or  employ- 
ment under  government.  (See  extract  under 
Unpensioned,  l.j 

IL  Pacing  :  Xot  amongst  the  tirst  three  in 
the  finish  of  a  race. 


Dei 


I'lipUii-ed    in    the    Sefton  Steeplechase. "  — /"/eW. 


'  un-plagued'.  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  aud  Eng. 
plogiial.]  Xot  plagued,  nut  harassed,  uot 
tormented. 

"  Ladies  that  have  your  feet 
Cnplagned  with  coma. " 

Sb'iki-sp.  :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  i.  v. 

*  un-plain',  *un-pleine»  n.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  plain,  a.]  Xot  plain;  not  simple, 
clear  or  open  ;  insiucere. 

"  He  that  is  to  trouth  unpleine."        Goicer:  C.  A.,  i. 

^  un-plained',    *un-playned.   o.     [Pref. 

"n-  (1),  ;iiid    Eng.   j'lnin.   v.]       Xot  dephu-ed, 
lamented,  or  mourned. 

"Unpitied,  unplayn'd  of  foe  or  friend." 

Speiuer:  Colin  Clout. 

un-plant'-ed,  o.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Bug. 

plaiitfii.] 

1.  Xut  planted;  of  spontaneous  growth. 

"Figs  there  UH/>rrtH(.;rf  through  the  fields  do  grow." 
tValler :  Battle  of  Summer  Itlandt.  21. 

2.  Xot  settled  or  colonized. 

"Ireland  is  a  country  wholly  unpJanted."^Burkc: 
On  Popery  Laws. 

'  iiu-plaus'-i-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  plausible.]  Xot  plausible  ;  not  having  a 
plausible,  fair,  or  specious  appearance. 

"Oonsi'fting  of  such   unpZatMifife  propositions  and 
precepts.  —B-trrow    :iermons.  voL  iii.,  ser.  45. 

*  un-plau^'-i-My,  mh:  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  pliiusihbj.]  Xot  in  a  plausible  manner; 
not  plausibly. 


'un-plau§-ive.  a.  [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng. 
plausin:.]  Xot  plansive,  not  approving  ;  nut 
applauding ;  disapproving. 

■■  He'll  question  me 
n  hy  such  unpliiitgii'e  eyes  are  bent  " 

.Sliftkfgp  :  Troitus  ±  Cromida,  iii,  3 


un~play-a-ble.  -i.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
I'l<"i.>hU:.\  Xot  playable;  incapable  of  being 
I'layed  at  or  on. 

■■And  it  wjia  uo  fault  of  thelr«  tlint  the  gn-en  wan 
u II playable."— Field,  Jan.  23,  ibsO. 

un-plead'-a-ble,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
j'!'.ni,,h!.\]  Xot  pleadable  ;  incapulde  of  being 
]il.  Miii'il  or  put  forward  as  a  })lea. 

"Ignorance  was  here  unptcadaOle."— South  :  Ser 
mun».  vol.  ix.,  ser.  C. 

un-plead'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and   Eng. 

pUmlnf.] 

1.  Xot  pleaded ;  not  advanced  or  urged  as  a 
plea. 

"  2.  Xot  defended  by  an  advo&ite.  (Otway, 
in  Anuf'ndale.) 

^iin-plea^'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  i(n-(l),  and  Eng. 
pl.c'i.':<rfd-.\      lii-ajiable  of  being  pleased. 

VTo  [ilea^e  luy  unplcasabte  tliKU>{liU:T," 

Hunjui/nv  :  lhurts«.  ii   2. 

iin-plea^'-ant,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
plmsant.]  Xot  pleasant;  not  atlbrding  j'lea- 
sureorgratilication  ;  unpleasing,  disagreeable. 

'■The  Nituation  of  the   pnuie  niint.iter  whs  u/tufea- 

^unr.-.if,tc<tal^ij  :  Uist.  Eng.,  ch.  xvi. 

.  un-pleas'-ant-ish,  a.  (Eng.  unpleasant; 
'ish.  ]    Rather  unpleasant. 

"Ill  tiuth,  'tis  rather  an  unplentantish  job." 

Jloud :  Etching  Moralized. 

un-plea? -aut-ly,     *  on-pleas  aunt-ly. 

vdr.  [Eng.  u n plmsant ;  -hj  \  In  an  uni'lca- 
sant  ntanuer  or  degree;  uiipleasingly,  dis- 
agreeably. 

"  We  don't  live  unplcasantlj/"—Pupe. 
un-plea^'-ant-neSS,  ^.      [Eng.    unpleasant; 

1.  The  quality  or  st«iteof  being  uni»leasant ; 
di.sagreeableness. 

"  Doei  not  the  unpleaxnntnca  of  the  fii-st  commend 
tlio  Itejiiity  of  the  sewitiir'—Oryden :  Essay  on  Dra- 
matic Poetic. 

2.  A  slight  disagieement  or  falling  out,  as 
between  frieuils,  as:  This  rauscd  an  nn- 
pUas<'.nfnt:-ss  between  them.     (Culloq.) 

^iiu-plea^'-ant-ry,  s.  [Pief.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  pleasantry.] 

1.  Want  of  pleasantry  ;  absence  or  the  op- 
posite of  cheerfulness,  good  humour,  ru- gaiety. 

2.  A^i  unpleasantness;  a  slight  quarrel  or 
falling  out. 

"If  .  . .  therearetwosuchimpenuuaauddoujineeriMC 
spiiita  ill  afauiily.ioi^/eusa«(r<c«of  couittewillarise.^ 
—  Thackeray  :  JVewcontcS.  cb.  XXXlii. 

3.  A  discomfort. 

"The  minor  un/>leusantrie»  attending  n  Lasty 
toilet."— C'/wHifteca  Journal,  Oct  y,  195S,  p.  233. 

iin-pleased',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
phased.]    Xot  pleased  ;  displeased. 

*  I'liphasd  ami  pensive  heuut  he  takes  his  way." 
Dryden  :  Palamon  A  A  rvite.  i.  a79, 

un-plea^-ing,  a.  [Pref.  uh- (l),  and  Eng. 
jih'tising.]  Xot  pleasing  ;  displeasing,  dis- 
agreeable, unpleasant. 

■'.Snch  a  law,  indeed,  would  have  been  positively  un- 
pleasing to  Uim.'—.Vacaulay:  Bist   Eng..  cb.  iv. 

un-plea^'-ing-ly,  m/r.  [Eng.  unpleasing; 
-l;!.]    In  an  unpleasant  manner  ;  unpleasantly. 

"  Xccessju'ily  ileiivered  and  unpleatingly  leoeived." 
~lSp.  Hall :  Cant.  ;  Death  of  Absalom. 

Un-pleas'-ing-ness*  s.  [Eng.  unpleasing; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
ple^ising ;  unpleasantness. 

"  To  have  her  unplcatingncss  aud  other  conceal- 
ments bandietl  up  aud  duwu.'— .Milton  :  Doct.  A  Disc 
vf  Diinrce.  bk.  ii..  ch.  xxi. 

*  un-plea^'-ive,  a.  [Pi-ef.  un-  (l);  Eng. 
phasii),  and  suff.  -ive.]  Xot  pleasing,  unplea- 
sant. 

■■  Grief  is  never  but  an  unpleasioe  passiou."- fiw. 
Ball.'  Sermon  on  Epftes.  iv.  30. 

un-pleas'-ur-a-tde  (s  as  zh),  a.  (Pref. 
•in-  (1).  and  Eng.  pleasurable.]  Not  aflbrding 
pleasure.     {Coleridge.) 

*un-pleaf,    r.t.      [Pref.    un-  (2),   and   Eng. 

p'ait.]    To  smooth.     (Davies :  Eclogue,  p.  ID.) 

un-pledged;   o.       [Pref.   un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

Phd'j>^>.] 

1.  Xrit    pledged ;    not  placed  or  given    in 
liledge  or  pawn. 

2.  Xot  bound  by  a  pledge  ;  not  plighted. 
^un-pli-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.   un-  (1),  aud  Eug. 


*^o^' wb;fto,r  "'^t'  "'l^'-  '^"'  '^'''"-  ^^-  ^^*'  ''^•■^-  "^"^^^  ""•  «•««•«:  P""'^.  P".  S"-e.  sir,  marine :  go,  pot. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mite,  eub,  cure,  unite,  eur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian.    ».  »  =  e  ;  ;y  =  a :  qui  kT 


unpliant— unprayed 


347 


pliahlc]  Not  pliablf  ;  inn-^U  ;  not  yielding  or 
contnniiinj^ ;  not  easily  tienl. 

"Their  slimifMiiMKl  u»ip/iuftI«disiK>8itioii."— /*.  /M- 
land:  Plutarch.  }:  wa. 

"  iin-pli'-ant,  ».  [Pref.  un-  (\),  ami  Eiig. 
pliant.]     ' 

1.  Not  jiliant ;  not  easily  bent ;  stiff,  touRli. 

"Working  Mi>oii  so  unpliant  stutf." — IVotton  :    A'c- 
niiiiiig.  p.  it 

2.  Xt>t  readily  yit-Ming  the  will ;  in)t  cutii- 
plimit. 

*  un-plight'    i'lh    silent),    '  on-plite.     '■.'. 

Il'ivt.  an- {-J),  Eng.  pti'jht  (2),  v.]  Tu  unfnici, 
to  explain. 

"It  is  a  vfonilre  that  I  desire  to  t#n.  and  therfore 

vniicth  may   I  fn/iliten  my  s«ut«u{:e  with  wordt;t<.  — 

(■'niiiorr;  t^-ciiii,  bk.  iii. 

iin  ploiiglied  (oh  silent),  t  iinpldwed ,  a. 

irn-I.  nn-(l).  and  Eng.  ploughed,  j>ltH'vf.  |  Nut 
I'l'iiiglied  ;  not  tilled,  or  turned  over  uith  tlie 
piougli. 

"  The  eJirth  itnpiongh'd  shiUl  yield  her  omp." 

Ben  JoiiSf.n  :  (Juldeit  ,Iye  /iettord. 

on-plucked',  a.  (Pref.  mi-  (1),  and  Eng. 
j'lii'.-l.'il.]  Not  i)lackcd  or  gathered  ;  not  turn 
or  pulled  away. 

"  i'npluck'd  of  aU  hut  inniden  hand." 

Crabbc:  TaleB  of  the  Ball.  v'ui. 

*  un-plumb'  (f*  silent),  I'.t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
l-;tt.  jihnnfium  =  lead.]  To  deprive  of  lead  ;  to 
j'l.iiider  of  lead. 

"  They  ttnphimb  the  dead  for  bullets  to  assfitisiiiiite 
the  liviuR."— Zfii;**;.-  Lvtter  to  a  Xvble  Lord,  (ITltCJ 

*  un-pluznt>'  (Jb  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  plumb,  a.]  Not  plumb,  noti>erpendicular, 
nut  vertical. 

*  un-pliimtoed'  {h  silent),  a.  [Pref  un-  (1), 
mid  Eng.  i'Unaheii.]  Nut  plvnnl>ed  or  mea- 
MUfil  with  a  phunb-line  ;  unfathotned. 


^  iin-pltimc',  vX  [Pref.  un-  (2).  and  Eng. 
pinim-.]  Tostrip  of  plumes  or  feathers  ;  hence, 
to  degrade,  to  humble. 


on-po-et  -ic, '  iin-po-et  -ick,  un-po-ct  - 
iC-al,  a.  [Pref.  ((u-  (I),  and  Eng.  podk ; 
j:nKtiaiL] 

1.  Not  pncticid ;  not  possessing  or  exliibit- 
ing  puetn-al  qualities. 

"  His  most  unpo'^tical  works  do  credit  to  his  heart." 
— A'hoj:;  Esaa^  62. 

2.  Not  proper  to  or  becoming  a  jioet. 

"  Bite  off  your  U7i/>oetick  nails." 

Corbet :  Oeuth  of  (?.  Anm: 

un-po-et'-ic-al-l^,  mlr.  [Eng.  unpoetiml  ; 
■I'j.]     In  an  unpoetii-al  niiinner, 

"  Hi.w  uiipnetiritUy  and  baldly  bad  this  been  trans- 
lated, —//ryf^ed  .    ViryU.  (Nute.) 

un-point'-ed,  u.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
poiiUcd.] 
I.  Literally : 

1.  Not  having  a  point  or  tip. 

2.  Not  having  marks  by  which  to  distinguish 
sentences,  numbers,  and  clauses  in  writing ; 
uut  punctuated. 

3.  Not  having  the  vowel  points  or  marks  ; 
as,  an  unpointed  manuscript  in  Hebrew. 

II.  Fig. :  Wanting  point  or  definite  aim  or 
purpose. 

"  Which,  ending  here,  would  have  shown  dull,  flat, 
Jinil  iiiipoinlvd.'-~Bi;n  Jotuoii:  Magneth  Lady,  iv,  .1. 

unpointed-at,  «.  Not  pointed  at  ;  not 
point<^d  out. 

'■  Suffer  them  not  to  p-asse  by  you  unpoynted  at."— 
Strype:  Eccl<!S.  JIntt. ;  An  Apology  of  Jhon  Philpot. 

*  iilt'poised',    n.      [Pi-ef.   un-  (l).  and  Eng. 

pOii>'il.] 

1.  Not  poised,  not  balanced.  {Thom-^^on : 
Liltertij,  ii.  150.) 

2.  Unweighed  ;  unhesitating ;  regardless  of 
consetjuenees. 

*  un-p6i^'-dn,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
poison.]    Tu  remove  or  expel  poison  from. 


*  un~p5l'~i-9xed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

poti<iril.] 

1.  Not  having  civil  policy  or  a  regular  fonn 
of  governuient. 

2.  Void  of  policy  ;  impolitic :  stupid. 

•■  That  I  might  lie:ir  thee  caU  great  C^evir.  tms 

r-ifoHcud"    .^hukc-fj:  :  Aiit<my  i  ClmiMitra.  v,  2, 


*  iin-pdl -ish,  v.t.  [Pref.  hh-  (2),  and  Eng. 
l»}lish,  v.]     Tu  ihprive  of  jioliteiK-ss  or  pidish. 

"  How  anger  ioi/«./m/(cs  the  moflt  lH>nU:.—/:ichard- 
n-ii     Clai-it^a.  v.  Z^C. 

un-pdl'-i[8)ied,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

JxUish,!tl.] 

1.  Lit. :  Not  polished,  as  a  weapon  ;  not 
made  smooth  and  blight  by  rubbing. 

'■  Tbese  loose  grovts.  rough  an  th"  unpolUh'd  rogkn." 
i'rathitto  :  A  Jietiyivn*  Houn; 

2:  Fig.:  Not  refined,  as  a  person's  manners; 
rude,  coarse,  plain. 

"  DediciUlng  my  nnpollthed  lines  to  your  lordship." 
~Hhake»p.  :  I'cnua  <t  Adonit.  (Dedic.) 

un-p6-lite',  «.  [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  Eng.  i>oUt.e.] 
N'lt  polity  :  ii«>t  refined;  rude,  um-ivil,  im- 
j'olite.  (Applied  to  persons,  speeches, 
wiitings,  &c.) 

"  Which  ,  .  .  is  very  iitipotite." — Taller,  Xo.  HO. 

■  un-po-lite'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unjmlitf  ;  -ly.] 
Nnt  i-ulitfly  ;  iiujiolitely,  rudely,  uncivilly. 

'  un-pd-Iite'-ness,  .^.   [Eng.  unpolite  ;  -»es^-.J 

1.  Want  ut  pttlish  or  refinement;  coarse- 
ntss. 

"  Sad  outcries  are  made  of  the  ttnp'tlUentM  of  the 
etyle."— B/ac*Mu//,   Hacrcd  VfaMics  Oefended. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unpolite; 
want  of  politeness  or  courtesy;  incivility, 
rudeness. 

•  un-pdl'-x-tic,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
piilitic]    Nutpulitie;  impolitic. 

*  un-p6l-i-tic-lir,  *  un-pol-i-tick-l^, 

ode.     [Eng.   nnjwlitir;    -/-/.]     In  an  inipulitiL' 
manner;  against  guod  policy. 

"  A  sport  lately  vsed  of  our  English  youthes.  but 

now  i'H/w/rt*cA7i;  discontinued."—  yVantvr:    Albions 

England,  bk.  ii.  (Addition.) 


[Pref.    nn-    (1),    and    Eng. 


unpolled; 

P"IU'd.] 

1.  Nut  }iolled  ;  not  having  one's  vote  regis- 
tered. 

•  2.  UnpUmdered,  unstripped. 

"  Richer  than  unpoU'd 
Arabian  wcaltli."  I'ansfiaw :  Poemt.  (I6TC.) 

un-pol-lut'-ed, '^r.  [Pref.  un- {\),  and  Eng. 
polluted.]  Not  piiUuted ;  not  corrupted,  de- 
filed, or  desecrated  ;  not  fouled. 

"  CnpoUuted  purity  of  heart."— A'no*  .■  Ettay  40. 

*  un-pope',    v.t.      [Pref.    un-    (2),  and    Eng. 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  character,  dignity,  or 
autliurity  of  a  pope  ;  to  take  from  one  the 
jiopedom. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  ]>ope. 

"  Rome  will  never  so  far  unpope  herself  as  to  jiart 
with  her  pretended  supremacy."— /'«(/«•. 

un-pop'-U-lar,  a.     [Pref.   fi-  (1),  and  Eng. 

jiopiihtr.]      Not  poj.ular;    not    having     the 

public    favour ;  not    likely    to   secure    the 
I'ublic  favour. 


un-pop-u-lar'-i-ty,  5.  [Eng.  unjKipular; 
■iti/.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
popular ;  absence  of  popularitj*. 

"James  had  perhaps  incurred  more  nnaopularity 
by  enforcing  it.'  —Jfavait/ay :  Hist.  Eng.,  en.  xiii. 

un-p6p  -u-lar-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unpopular ; 
■hi.]     In  an  unpopular  mnnner. 

"  un-pop'-U-loUS,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  j>i>i>iih.n(:<.]  Not  populous;  not  tliickly 
iijjiabited. 

"  In  so  remote  and  un;>opuIo(i«  a  part  of  the  country." 
—Field.  Dec,  24,  18S7. 

"  iin-pdrt'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

pnrtohh:.]     ' 

1.  Nut  portable ;  not  capable  of  being 
carried. 

"  Had  their  cables  of  iron  chains  had  any  irreat 
len^h,  they  had  been  unportable."—/lalcigh  :  'j/iu. 
IVorld. 

2.  Insupportable,  unbearable. 

"Sothely  tbei  Viynden  to  greuouse  charyis.  and  nn- 
{'••rtitbh-.  "T  that  mw»u  not  be  boru." —  H'l/cliffc: 
J/.lC.  will.  4 

•  un-por'-tioned,  a.   [Pref.  nn-  (l).  and  Eng. 

^Hjitiontd.l    Not  portioned  ;  not  endowed  witli 
a  portion  or  fortune. 

"  Hjib  virtue  charms?  I  grant  her  heavenly  fair  ; 
But  if  Hiiporti'iii.d.  all  will  interest  wed." 

i'oung :  .Yi/jht  Tfioughtr.  vii. 

*  un-pbr''tu~nate,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Lat.  {'p)poi'tunus  =  t'lX,  convenient:    n6  =  at 


or  before,  nn<l  poriMH  —  B   port,  n  hurlH>nr.] 
Inopportune,  troublesome,  ini|K>rtunate(q.v.). 

"  Tli.m  auK-nk.'   *'•    mnnv    rnporfmutti'   wyndnM  and 
Ml  f.»?.|,;  walvrv   -7"'.c  litjdcn  ftuAc.  ch,  xllli. 

■  un  pbr'-tu-o&S,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (I);  Kng. 
P"it :  aTid  sutf.  -uous.)  Having  no  porta  or 
Jiarboui's. 

"  '*'"'  "'*'  **^*  "*  Iwlnnd  liccu  an  nn/iortuoutc€ti»t, 
til.-  l-iiiK-li  iinv.,|  j.i.«»T  would  hiiVQ  Ittreii  uitduiic.'— 

/..',k.-      On  .1  /;<'-jividc  Pr,u^;  let,  1. 

'  un~p6f-$e88',  v.t.  [Pref.  »u.  (2).  and  Eng. 
pn»:ii-:s:i,\    To  give  up  iiossession  of, 

"  Tlte  bold  that  I*  given  over 
r  niipoasnt.  tt^.u  :  O/  Oiaappoiiitvd  farpn^e. 

im-po^-sessed ,  <i.    [Pref.  uii- (I),  and  Eng. 

J>.KSS,SS.d.\ 

1.  Not  possessed  ;  nf»t  held  ;  not  occupied. 

"  The  treMUry  tbnt  <<  niipnjt$i-Ji*M  of  any.  ' 

/Janicl :  t'o'uplainf  '\f  Jiotuntond. 

2.  Not  having  pr)sses8ion  ;  not  iu  iH)8ses- 
sion.     (Followed  by  of.) 

"The  mind,   uHi-r-iicuxd  -/  vjrtu*."- ffnar.-   C7tri$- 
tian  /'/iil'ji"/>hy.  5  lii. 

'  un-po^-sess'-ing,  a.  [Eng,  vnpafi.^ss; 
-inij.\    Having  no  po.sse.ssions, 

"Thou  u}i/x>M€S4ing  hoBtani.'    JShaki-Mp.:  Lear.  ii.  l. 

■un-pos-ai-ba'-i-ty,  s,  [Pref,  un-  (l),  and 
tng.  p}ssil>i!it>j.]     ImJKJssibilit.v. 

"It  would  Iwii  matter  of  ult«r  un/>uuibaitj/."—poc: 
Kiiig  Pttst;   Work*  (ISMf,  ii.  372. 

*  iin-pos'-si-ble*  a.    [Pjef.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
poissiblc]     Not  possible  ;  injpossible. 
"  U  in.  1  s.iy.  luipotgiblc.'—IIackluyl :  Voyagct,  Hi.  360. 

-  iin-pdst'-ed,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
pnsM.\  Not  having  a  fixed  post,  station,  or 
situation. 

-  iin-pO'-ta-blC,  n.     (Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 

t>ufiblr.\     Not  potable;  not  drinkable. 

un-p6^'-er,  .s.    [Pref.    nn-  (1),  and    Eng. 
jxnnr.]     \V;int  of  power  ;  Weakness. 
"  An<I  nat  of  the  unpotcer  of  Cod.  that  he  nys  ful  of 
uiygl'te."  Piers  Plowman,  p  3.'W. 

'un-po^'-er-ful,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  jxiirtr/iiL]     Weak,  inipol4'nt. 

"  .\ud  v.-iivyed  hiui  n  king's  un/imtwr/itt  hato." 
Cowley  :  llttfulfit.  i. 

'un-prac'-tic-a-ble,   a.     [Pref.    un-  (l), 

and  Eng.  prncticdbh.]  Not  practiciibie  ;  not 
feasible  ;  not  capable  uf  bejng  d<»ue  or  .-ariied 
nito  practice  ;  impracticable. 

"Metaphors   .ind  jthrases,  and   unpracticab/c  inn- 
ciea."— W«HPi7i.  /CtSfiy'. 

•un-prac'-tic-al,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  pmrtind.]  Not  i>ractical  ;  giving  attei.- 
tion  to  speculation  an<l  theory  ratliei  than 
to  action,  piuctice,  or  utility. 

"In  a  most  unpractical  niauner."— TttW.   Dec    21, 

i8sr. 
iin-prac'-tised,  a.    [Vwf.  un-  (l),.and  Eng. 

rmcf>s.d.] 

1.  Not  taught  by  practice :  unskilled,  un- 
skilful, inexperienced. 

"I  still  am  unprnc'ifrd  to  raniinh  the  truth  " 

Byron      To  the  AVc.  J.  T.  Hicker. 

*  2.  Not  known  ;  nut  familiar  by  use. 

^un-pr&c'-tised-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unprac- 
tised  ;  -ness.]  The  (luality  ur  stale  of  being 
unpractised  ;  want  of  practice. 

"He  attributes  all  honestie  to  an  unprncti»<^n€**e 
111  the  world.' —A'lirte.'  Jticrovvsmitgraphif. 

*  iin-prai^e',  v.t.     [Pref,  un-  (2).  and   Eng. 

praise.]  To  deprive  or  strip  of  praise  or  com- 
mendation. 

un-praised',  ^un-praysed,  ^un  prels- 

ed.  ".     (Pivf.  un-  (1).  and  Eng.  pyniscd.]    Nut 
P(;ns.d  ;  nut  celebrated  or  extolled. 
"The  deed  become?  niiprai)lfti." 

Aliiloit :  P.  R.,  iii.  103. 

*  un-pray',  v.t.    [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng.  pmi/.] 

Tu  revoke,  recall,  or  negative  by  a  subsetpicnt 

prayer. 

"  Ma<ie  hlni,  as  it  were,  loi/irntf  what  he  h.til  ln-fure 
pia\"l.  ■—//;>.  Hall :  Contempl,  ,   Vhr,»t  Crii..;Md. 

*  un  -  pray'  -  a  -  ble,    •  nn-prei-  a-  ble,  n. 

[Pref.  <(<i-(l);  Eng.  p<'rj/,  and  suff.  -nhlr.]  In- 
capable of  being  moved  by  prayer;  inexorable. 

"Tlicivfore  thi^u  art  itnprriable.'—Wycltffe:   Laii^ 

'un-prayed',  '  un-praied,  a.  [Pief.  un- 
(1).  and  Eng.  p,",,,'d.]  Nnt  sonj;ht  in  prayer. 
(Followcil  by/(.r.)  (.Su  T.  More:  IKor/.-«^-,p.a94.) 


boU,  bop-;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9ell,  chorus,  9hlTi.  ben^h;  go,  gem;  tbin,  this:  sin,  as;  eicpect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion.  -$ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  <s.e.  ^  bel,  deL 


348 


unpreach— unprinted 


•  ftn-preafll',  '•■'.  (Pref.  un-  ('2\  ami  Eng. 
yrr,u-h.]  r.>  imacli  the  contrary  of;  to  vc- 
CAiit  lit  [irnichiug. 

■  i»|M^ii-Aw*  tlielr  nim.resUtlnflcnilt" 

!}<■/■)*•:  7Vii#.6um  KHUtithntun.  \>t.  11. 

•  ftn -prea9h'-lng»  n.  [Pref.  mu-  (1),  ami 
Kills',  pi:  mil  inn.]     ^'"^  '"  '*"-'  l"^^'*-  "^  preacli- 

"Th«  JrvllI  h«t)i  »*t  urn  stAtr  ot  uniTfarhinmni'- 
Uey.'—Ltitimrr  r  hixtH  A-rmon  btfore  idtc^trtl  I'/. 

•ttn-pFfi-oar'-i-ott8,  a.  (Pref.  »»-  (1),  an-l 
Eiii;.  i>i,aiiious.]  Nut  precarious;  nut  un- 
ifitaiii ;  M.ttlfil,  Ilxi-.i. 

■■  rM/'f^oiri-wt  ligiiL  Btacktnor«  ■  Crentinn,  ii. 

un-prec  -e-dent-ed,  «.  fP'*'^*'-  ""-  (0.  i^^d 
Ell;;,  j'ron/. /.l<^/.l  Nut  itrecedeiiteil  ;  Imving 
no  precc'lent  or  example  ;  unexaiiiple'-l. 

'•  A  Unity  unpriV4^entfd  In  the  history  of  our 
country.  ■—J/.imn/.ij  ■  Hi*t.  F.»g..  eh.  xvi. 

fin-pre$'-6-dent-ed-lS^,  <nh\  [Eng.  loi- 
j,r.::'Untf>i ;  -hj.]  Ill  ;iii  unprecedented  manner 
or  tie>;rei' ;  not  according  to  precedent;  with- 
out previi'Us  parallel;  exceptionally. 

•■  Allothik'  an  uiiprec^drntetUy  \nxge  sum  in  relief  of 

ImmI  Uix.ili-u.  —Stand^trd,  Dec.  17.  1887. 

•  un-pre-ciso',  n.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
jnrrist',  1  Nut  precise ;  not  exact,  accurate, 
or  foiinal. 

■■  Chi^tliTtoii  Biivc  n  very  imprecise  explanation  from 
liirt  own  heiul."—  WutIqu  :  lioioley  Enquiry,  p.  i'. 

'  un-pre-dict',  v.t.  [Pref.  uu-  (2),  and  Eng. 
i>i'<iiit.\  To  gainsay  or  contradict  wiiat  has 
been  i)reiiicted. 

"  MriuiH  T  must  UM,  thou  BAyst,  prediction  else 
Will  Hnpredict."  Milton:  P.  Ji.,  iii.  395. 

'  iin-pre-ferred',  o.      [Pref.  vn-   (l),  and 

Ell-,  pn/erral.] 

1.  Nnt  preferred  ;  not  received,  chosen,  or 
tikeii  in  preference  to  soniething  else. 

2.  Not  put  or  brought  forward. 

3.  Nut  having  received  preferment  or  pro- 
niutiuii  ;  unpronioted. 

•"To  iii;ike  a  scholar,  keep  him  under  while  he  ia 
youiik'.  or  II II yref erred."— Collier  :  On  Pridf. 

•un-preg-nant, a.    [Pref.  iin- (1),  and  Eng. 

])n-iiii..<nt.\ 

1.  Not  pregnant ;  not  with  young. 

2.  Not  quick  of  wit. 

"This  deed  unshin>e8  me  tiuite,  makes  meunpresfnant." 
ahakKSp.  :  iteasure/or  Jfeasure,  Iv.  4. 

3.  Indifleront,  careless. 

■'  Like  Jolni-R-dreftiii.'*,  uni>reoi)ant  of  my  cause." 
S/iatft</>.  .    Uairilff,  ii.  C. 

•  im-pre -ju'-di-cate,  * un-pre-ju'-di- 
cat-ed,  ('.  [Pref.  »/i-(l),  and  Eng.  -pTejiuii- 
culf,  }/)fju(licated.]  Not  prepossessed  by 
settivd  opinions ;  unprejudiced. 

"The  hearts  of  .iU  jadicioiig  and  unpr^'udicate 
Te&fiera."—Bp.  Ball :  A  ^Modest  off''/: 

'  iiii  pre-ju'-di-cate-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vn- 
pi-''jH-liroti- ;  -iiess.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  uinirejudicate.    (Hooker:  Ecdcs.  PoHtie.) 

un-prej  -u-dijed,  o.      [Pref.    nn-  (1),   and 

Eng.  prrjndiwi.] 

1.  Not  prejudiced,  not  biassed  ;  free  from 
prejudice  or  bias;  impartial,  indifferent. 

"  To  cunvince  unprejudiced  readers  of  the  faldeness 
of  their  suppositiou."— iocfte  .■  Human  Understand., 
hk.  i.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  Not  proceeding  or  arising  from  prejudice 
or  bi;is  :  as,  an  T/?[j)rcj(('f!'fe(?  judgment. 

•  unprej -u-di9ed-ness,  s.     [Eng.  niiprc- 

Jii>lia:<l ;  -jj.oi.)     The  quality  or  state  of  being 
uiii'it-Jridicfd  ;  freedt)m  from  prejudice  or  bias. 

"Tli^tt  ^Uni'Ucity  hihI  tijiprejridicedness  ot  mind." — 
Kiwz      fhra'iitii  /'hilosoph!/,  g  2'J, 

•  un-prel -at-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un- (-2);  Eng. 
pn'hit(i),  aiid  sutl'.  -ft?.]  Deposed  from  the 
episcopacy. 

"This  man  wiw  unprelated."— Backet  :  Life  of 
WiHiams.  ii.  120. 

"un-pre-iat'-ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
EiiK.  }'n:latii:"l.]  S'nt  prelatical  ;  not  accord- 
ing t'l  or  consistent  with  tlie  character  or 
dignity  of  n  prelate. 

'■  Cn}trrialical.  ignominious  argument*."— C/iiren- 
don  :  llKil  H'ar.  i,  257. 

*un'pre-med-it-a-blc,  a.     [Unpremepi- 

TA  IK.  1 

1,  Nut  to  be  premeditated. 

2.  Unlooked  for,  unforseen. 

"  A  i-apfnll  6f  wind  .  .  .  with  such  unpremeditable 
piiHa.  '— .S'CJ"/**;  .  Scnf.  Jonrney  ;   Thr  Frii'jmcnt. 


iin  pre-med'-i  tat-od,  a,     [Pref.  «»-  (i), 

and  Eng.  p,:m.ilit'>U-i.\ 

'  1.  Nut  premediUited ;  not  previously  pre- 
pared in  the  mind. 

"  I'ouv'd  (urth  Ilia  nnprcme<iitittfd  etraiit." 

Thfiuuan  :  Castle  of  Indolencei.  i.  »i^. 

2.  Not  premeditated  or    done  by  design  ; 
unintentional,  undesigned. 


•  un-prep-ar-a'-tion,  5.  (Pref.  un-  (l>,  and 
Eng,  prtpiihttion.]  Tlie  act  of  being  uiipn-- 
jwred  ;  want  of  iirepaiation  ;  unpreparednes.s. 

"Our  cownrtIliiie»s.  our  unprepn ration  is  his  advan- 
tage."—//a/r  .■  I/'jfi/  Obscrvut ions,  §  77. 

fin-pre-parod,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng, 
2^>rparrd.] 

1.  Not  fitted  or  made  suitable,  fit,  or  ready 
for  use. 

2.  Not  prepared  ;  not  in  a  right,  proper,  or 
suitabir  (■(•ii'lilioii  in  view  of  any  future  event 
or  eontingoniy  ;  specifically,  not  ready  or  lit 
for  death  or  eternity. 

"  He  ia  unprepared  to  rise," 

Wordsworth  :   White  flui;  i.  4. 

un-pre-par'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unpre- 
pared; -ucss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unprepared,  unready,  or  unfitted  ;  want  of 
preparation. 

I      "Its    unpreparednesi  fori  aoy  great  vfnT."—£)ail!/ 
Telegraph.  Sejit.  28.  1895. 

•un-pre-par'-ed-ljr,  adv.  [Eng.  unpre- 
pared :  -hi.\  III  an  unprepared  manner  or 
condition  ;  without  preparation. 

"If  hee  die  suddenly,  yet  he  dies  nut  unprepared?  i/." 
—Up.  flail :  Medit.  &  Vmoeg,  §  36. 

uxi-pre-po§-sessed',  a.    [Pref.  7(»-(l),  and 

Eng.  i'ri-iinsf«*ssril.]  Not  prepossessed  ;  not 
l)iassi-il  by  pri'\'iuusly  formed  opinion;  unpie- 
judieed. 

"A  competent  and  unprepossessed  iutine.'—Soi/le  : 
M'orks,  ii.  25a. 

un-pre-po^-^ess'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  ini-  (1). 
and  Eng.  prepvi^sessinij.]  Not  prepossessing  ; 
not  having  a  j-iepussessing  or  winning  ap- 
peajance  ;  not  attractive  or  engaging. 

un-pre-SCrxbed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l)and  Eng. 
prescribed.]  Not  prescribed  ;  not  directed  or 
laid  down  previously  by  authority. 

"  I  have  grated  upon  no  man's  conscience  by  .  .  . 
any  uftpretcribeU  ceTemouy."—£p.  Ball :  Letter  from 
the  Tower. 

iin-pre-^ent'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-(\),  and 

Eng,  prcsentahh.]  Not  presentable  ;  luit  fit 
to  be  i)resented  or  introduced  into  eonipany 

or  society. 

iin -pre -sent '-ed,  a.  [Pref.  t(?i-(1),  and  Eng. 
presented.]  Not  presented;  not  exhibited, 
declared,  or  shown. 

"  Leave  unpresented  thoae  that  ye  may  know  to 
have  offended,"— S?rvpe  ;  Eccles.  Mem.  (Inst,  given  by 
Edw.   y/.  f'J  hiH  Co-m7n.]. 

un-pre-^er'-vat-ble,  f(.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  preser^Kible.]  Not  capable  of  being  pre- 
served. 

"  The  detached  Bpicules  were  thoae  of  calciaponges, 
nntil  recently  supposed  to  be  unpresemable  in  tlie 
f.is^il  sti\tc."—Proc.  Geol.  Soc,  So.  484,  y.  57. 

un~pressed\  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pressed.] 

*  1.  Not  pressed. 

"  H.ive  I  my  pillow  left  unpress'd  in  Rome." 

Shakesp. :  Antony  ^  Cleopatra,  iii.  11. 

2.  Not  enforced. 

"  They  left  not  any  error  in  government  unmeu- 
tioned,  or  ujiprcssed  with  the  sharpest  oud  most 
pathetical  expressions." — Clarendon. 

iin-pre-^um'-mg>  '^-  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  presuming.]  Not  presuming;  not  for- 
ward ;  modest,  humble,  retiring. 

"Trj  the  entire  exchi-sioii  of  modest  and  iinprfiiimiiig 
men."— A'hox  .    Letter  to  a  i'onnij  Xublfiiiiti. 

*  un-pre-^iimp'-tu-oiis    (mp    as  m),  o. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  p?'e.sw?np?HO»s.]  Not 
presumptuous  ;  not  presuming  ;  humble,  sub- 
missive. 

"  Lift  to  heaven  an  unpresnmptuotig  eye." 

Cowper  :  Tank,  v.  746. 

un- pre- tend -ing,  c  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  preteiidinft.]  Ni)t  pretending  to  or  claim- 
ing any  distinetion  or  authority  ;  unassuming, 
modest. 

'■  The  honest  and  unpretending  part  of  maiikiml."— 
Pope. 

iin-pre-ten'-tious,  a.     [Pref.   un-  (l),   and 


Eng.  prt^tentions.]  Unassuming,  modest,  un- 
pretemling.  ' 

'"Vuii  itiiat;ine  your  unprgfentious  little  nhootlng 
literaUy  swurius  with  game."— /Ve/i/,  Dec,  24.  1887. 

■  un-pret'-ti-ness  (e  as  i),  .^.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Kiig.  preitiness.]  Want  or  absence  ot 
prettinefss ;  uncomeliness. 

"Slie  lavsltiBUot  pretty  in  a  yoiinc  lady  to  sigh; 
hut  wlieii-  is  the  unprcttiness  of  \it  '—Hichardion  : 
Sir  r.  lirnndiS"n.  III.  5. 

"  iin-pret'-t^  (e  as  i),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  pretlii.]     Nut  pretty,  ugly. 

"His  English  ia  Ijlundering,  but  not  u(iprc«//."~ 
.}fad.  /f.lrblity  :  IHary.  ii.  155. 

un-prevail'-ing,    «.      [Pref.    un-  (1),   and 

En:;.  jircri((liiiti.]  Not  prevailing  ;  having  nu 
furce  ;  uua^'allillg.    {Shakesp  :  Ilamlct^  i.  ±) 

'  Tin-prev'-a^lent»  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  j)/Tm/fni'..j'Not  prevalent ;  not  prevailing. 

"  Tlie  formerly  unprevalent  desires, "—floyZe  .•  Works. 

v.  508. 

■  iin-pre-v&r'-i-cat-ing,  n.    [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eng.  prevariaiting.]  Not  jirevaricating  ; 
nut  acting,  speaking,  or  thinking  evasively  or 
indirectly. 

"  The  unprevaricating  dictates  of  a  clear  conscience." 
—Knox:  Sermons,  vol.  vi.,  ser.  8. 

iin-pre-vent'-ed,  a.       [Pref.    un-  {1),   and 

Eng.  prcirntcd.] 
'  1.  Not  preceded  by  anything. 
'  ■  Thy  grace 
Cornea  un  prevented."  Milton:  P.  t.,  iii.  231. 

2.  Not  prevented,  hindered,  or  obviated. 

"  A  pack  of  sorrows,  which  would  press  you  down. 
Being  unprevented.  to  your  timeless  grave." 

ahdkesp.  ■  Two  (JentleiHcn,  iii.  1, 

t  iin-pri^ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
2)riced.]    Priceless. 

"  Thine  ageless  walls  are  honded 
With  amethyst  unpriced.' 
Xeale :  Rhythtn  of  Bernard  of  Morlnix. 

*  un-prid'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-(2) ;  En".  prld{e), 
and  sufT,  -ed.]  Stripped  or  divestedT^of  pride 
or  self-esteem. 

'■  Be  content  to  be  unprided."~Fcltham :  Resolves, 

pt.  i.,  res.  33. 

•un-priest',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
priest.]  To  deprive  or  divest  of  the  character 
or  position  of  a  priest;  to  unfrock. 

"  Leo  .  .  .  only  unpriests  him.— Milton  :  Martin 
Bncer  on  Divorce,  eh.  xxiv, 

t  un-priest -1]^,  a.  [Pref.  un-{\),  and  Eng. 
priestly.]  Unsuitable  to  or  unbecoming  a 
priest. 

"  Enraffed  at  his  unpriestly  contluct.'— Pennant  : 
London. 

*  un-prxm'-i-tive,   «.      [Pref.   un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  priviitire.]    Not  primitive  or  original. 

"So  tinprhnitive  a  sacrifice,"— n'rt^er/aiiii  ;  Workf. 
vili.  18>'.. 

^iin-prin^e',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
prince.]  To  deprive  or  divest  of  the  dignity 
or  rank  of  a  prince. 

•■  Queen  Mi^ry  .  .  .  would  not  unprince  herself  to 
obey  his  Holiness,"  —  l\Uler:  Worthies  ;  Warwick. 
Ii.  408. 

t  un-prince'-ly,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),.and  Eng. 
prinrebj.]  Not  like  a  piince ;  unbeeoming  a 
prince. 

■■  Nut  forgetting  the  unprincely  usage." — Milton  : 
A  nswer  to  Eikon  BusHike.  5  9- 

*  un-prin'-9i-plc,  v.t      [Pref.   un-  (2),  and 

Eng.  i^rinciple.]  To  destroy  the  moral  prin- 
ciples of ;  tu  coriupt. 

"  They  havetwen  .  .  .  uiipt-inciplcd  by  such  tutors." 
—B.  Brooke:  Fool  of  Quaiitij.  i.  111. 

un-prin'-gi-pled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  lat- 
(1),  and  Eng.  pi'inclpled.] 

1.  Nut  having  good  moral  principles;  desti- 
tute of  principle  ;  unscrupulous,  immoral. 

'■  An  unpriyicipled  minister  eagerly  accepted  the 
services  of  tliese  mercenariea. '— J/iica  ((/((^  .  Biit.  Eny.. 
cli.  XV. 

*  2.  Not  having  .settled  principles. 

"Souls  so  unprincipled  in  virtue."  —  J//Hon  .■  Of 
Education. 

3.  Not  resulting  from  or  based  upon  good 
principles ;  immoral. 

■•  This  unprincipled  cession."— flu rftc  .■  On  a  Reijicide 
Pcare.  Irt.  ;(, 

fin-print'-ed,    «.      [Pref.  un-  (1),    and  Eng. 

printed.] 

1.  Nut  printed,  as  a  book. 

"The  private  acta  being  not  so  commonly  km^wn. 

beimuse  unprinti:d."—Strype:  Eivlcs.  Metn.  Un\.  !  =  17) 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wove,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  miite,  ciib.  ciire,  unite,  ciir,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


unprison— unprovide 


;My 


2.  Not  staiiiiH.-d   with  figures;    white  :  as, 
unjiriiited  cuttuii. 
•un-pris -on,  v.t.     [Pref.  tin-  i'2),  and  Eng. 
f>ris^»ny  To  release  or  deliver  from  ^nsou  ; 
to  set  free. 

■■  Tlieiiisc'lvf-  tinpri%on'd  were  Rud  t'urity'd." 

J>^niii- :  let.  to  th*  Counttu  qf  Uuntutgtou. 

un-priv'-i-leged,  n,  iPref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  jnieiie'imi .]  Not  i>rivileged  ;  not  en- 
.ioyiiig  a  iiarticular  privilege,  liberty,  or  im- 

)ii"uinty. 

•■  UiKKlonie.l  iiiul  unpyli^iU'ffed  by  their  country.'— 

un-priz'-a-ble,  u.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
i.ri:enhl€.]  "Not  capable  of  being  valued  or 
e.stiniated. 

(1)  As  being  above  all  price;  invaluable, 
inestimable. 

■■  Yunrhinofuf  iitipritablc  eatim»tioiis."— iftotftV- . 
Cymbcliin:  I.  h, 

(?)  As  being  below  any  price  ;  valueless. 

■■  Fur  slmlluw  draught  and  bulk  loipriz-Mc" 

:ihaktsp.  :  Ttoel/tit  yight.  v.  I. 

-unprized;  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
2'n2:ii.]     Nnt  prized. 

(1)  As  being  above    all  price  ;  invahiable, 
priceless. 
(•2)  Valueless,  despised. 

"  This  unpriz'd  precious  mHid." 

Stiakesp. :  Lear,  i.  1. 

•  un-pr6b'-a-bl:y',  adv.     [Pref.  tm-  (1),  and 

1.  Ill  a  manner  not  to  be  approved  of;  im- 
j.roperly. 

■'  Beiitt;  able  to  aiminish  .  .  .  things  unjustly  and 
uupiolaOliivXKxA  in."— Stri/pe :  Ecclei.  Mem.  (siu.  16^J). 

2.  Iniiiroliably. 

un-pro-claimed',  a.  [Pref.  ict-  (l),  and 
Eng.  j>rodaimed.\  Not  proclaimed  ;  not  pub- 
licly declared  or  notified. 

■■  His  giJices  revealed  and  nnproclaim'd." 

WvnUivorth  :  Excunion,  bk.  i. 

•  un-pro-ciir'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  u)i- (l),  and 

Eng.  jiiocutabh']    Not  possible  to  be  procured. 
•■A     piioc     that     is     now     unprocurable."— Daili/ 
Chrumclc,  Feb.  IssS. 

•  un-pro-CUred',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
priii:ure(.l.\  Not  acquired,  attained,  or  ob- 
tained. 

■■  Cii/'n'rured  desirings  or  lusting  after  evil  things." 
—lip.  Tii>/lor .  (1/ J{ci>c)Uair"    ■'•   "■"     *  " 

un-prO'duc'-tive,  a. 

Eng.  j^rodKctive.] 

1.  Not  productive  ;  not  producing  large 
crops ;  barren,  sterile ;  not  making  any  re- 
turn for  labour  expended. 

"An  unproductive  ali()  of  rugged  ground." 

IV vrUsworth  :  Excurtion.  bk.  i. 

2.  Not  producing  profit ;  nut  bringing  in 
any  return  :  as,  unproductive  capital. 

3.  Not  producing  goods  or  articles  for  con- 
sumption :  as,  unpruducttve  labour. 

4.  Not  jtroducing  any  effect  or  result.  (Fol- 
lowed by  of.) 

'•  UnproditcUve  of  Kny  resil  effort  to  improve."— B/j. 
Borilcy  :  Scrtnom,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  27. 

un-pro-duc'-tive-ness,  s.  [Eug.  nnpro- 
dtiL'tive  ;  -dt-ss.]  The  quality  or  stale  of  being 
unproductive. 

*  un-pro-faned',  'un-pro-phaned',  a. 

[Pief.  ,./i- (1),  and    Eng.   i>roj\uiid.]      Not  pro- 
laued,  I'uUuLed,  desecrated,  or  violated. 

"  Surely  that  stieaiii  w«a  unprofnnKd  by  slaughters." 
Byrvn  :  VhUde  Harold,  iv.  DC. 

un-pro-fSssed',  a.  [Pref.  um-  (1),  and  Eng. 
yrofissal.]  Nnt  professed;  not  having  takeu 
tlie  \'ows. 

"  ,\s  vet  a  Huvice  itnproffMed, 
Luvely  luid  gentle,  but  distressed." 

Sc-ttt :  Marmion,  ii.  b, 

iin-pro-fess-ion-al  (ss  as  sb),  a.    [Pref. 

(((I-  (1).  and  Eng.  prhjcssumaL] 

1.  Not  pertaining  or  relating  to  one's  pro- 
fession. 

2.  Not  becoming  or  befitting  a  professional 
man  :  as,  unprofessional  conduct. 

3.  Not  belonging  to  or  engaged  in  a  pro- 
fession. 

"Oil  must  Mubjicts  for  thp  w»pro/c3«c»)iaZ  reader  it 
ii  not  very  jjlain  reading."— /'/fZii.  Jan.  n,  1886. 

^ iin-pro-f ic'-ien-9y  (c  as  sh),  s.  [Pief. 
«H-(1),  and  Y,\\^,  Tirofickncij .]  Want  or  absence 
of  proficiency  or  improvement. 

"To  depltire  one's  uiiproficiencj/  in  piety."— fioy/t-  .■ 
Worki,  ii.  10 y. 


ch,  viii.,  § 

[Pref.   un-  (1),  and 


"  iin-prof -it,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
j'fiii.]  Uselcssness,  inutility.  (See  extract 
under  Unsadness.) 

un-prof -it-a  ble,    '  un-prof-yt-a-ble, 

([.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  an«l  Eng.  firofilnhh'.]  Not 
profitable;  bringing  or  pmducing  no  prolH, 
gain,  advantage,  or  improvement ;  serving  no 
useful  i)urpose  or  end  ;  profitless,  useless. 

■'  A  rude  iinfru/iiable  m;»HH,"      fowper  :  2'(tsk.  v'x.  92. 

un~pr6f-it-a-ble-ness,  «.   lEng.  ttuprom- 

(thiv;  -j<cas.]"  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
un|U-ofitable  ;  uselessness,  inability. 

"The  defects  and  uupro^Cablenett  of  the  national 
wny.'—UtanviU  :  tsiay'^. 

un-prof'-it-a-bl^,  odv.  [Ewg.unjirofitaUJv): 
-/'/.]  In  uu'uiipiolitiible  manner;  without 
IModueing  or  bringing  profit,  gain,  or  advan- 
tage ;  to  no  godd  purpose  ur  end. 

■■  uur  wasted  oil  unpn.jilubli/  burns" 

Cowper  :  Converaation,  357. 

*  un-prof -it-ed,  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

i.ion(,.d.]    Profitless,  unprofitable. 

"  Make  u>iprnfif>ut  retuni." 

.■ihiikesp. :  Tuiel/l'i  .M'jI't.  i.  i. 

*un-pr6f'-it-mg,  »■  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  jmijiting.]  Not  bringing  profit  or  aflvan- 
tage  ;  unprofitable. 

•  When  Mill  first  came  to  court,  the  unprofiting  foole, 
WiLs  dulL"  iicn  Juiuun  :  Epiijram  DO. 

un-pro-hib' -it-ed,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  prohibited.]  Not  proliiltited  or  for- 
bidden ;  lawful,  allowed. 

"  His  cuiiversation  unprohibited  or  nnbrauded 
might  Dicithe  a  pestileutlal  murrain  into  the  sheep." 
—Jiilfuo      A  "■mud.  tjii  /icmotistratit*  /h/eitve. 

*  un-pro-ject'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
ji^'.i.rtrd.]      Not  i>rojeeted,    planned,   or   in- 

t.-nd.-d, 

■  rpun  some  slight,  trivial.  tiiiprqf<;cted  ocaision."— 
.So.*fft  ■  .icrinoiis.  vol.  iv.,  aer.  8. 

*un-pr6-lif   ic,  *  un-pro-lif -ick,  a. 

iPret.  i(;(-(ll,  and  Eng.  prulijir.]  Nut  prolific  ; 
not  productive ;  barren,  unproductive,  un- 
fruitful.   {Cowper:  Task,  vi.  1^8.) 

*  iin-prom'-ise,  v.f.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
promise,  v.]  To  revoke,  as  something  pro- 
mised. 

"Thy  iiromise  past,  unprotnisi-  it  againe." 

Vhapman  :  All  f'oulfs,  ii.  1. 

un-prom-ised, '  un-prom'-xst,  a.    [Pref. 

un-  (I),  aud  Eng.  ju-oniised.]  Not  promised, 
pledged,  or  assured. 

"  Leaue  nought  vnpromiit  that  may  him  perswade." 
Upensor.  E.  «.,  V.  v.  49. 

un-prom'-is-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
}>njini.iin>j.]  Not  proiriising;  not  affording  oi 
exhibiting  prouiise  of  success,  excellence, 
profit,  improvement,  oi"  the  like. 

"  He  crept  along.  unpromUinn  of  mien." 

Thoins-jii :  Castle  of  Indole  uui:,  ii.  33. 

iin -prompt' -ed  (mp  as  m)  a.    [Pref.  an-  (1), 

and  Eng.  prompted.]  Not  prompted ;  not 
ilictated  ;  not  urged  or  instigated. 

•■My  tongue  talks,  unprompted  by  my  heart." 
Coiigreve :  To  Vgnthia. 

un-prd-n6un9e'-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  prcnoamiwhU'.] 

1.  Not  pronounceable  ;  not  able  to  be  pro- 
nounced. 

"A  class  of  sounds  unpronaunciyable  by  our  organs." 
—Bvumes:  Comp.  trriim.  Aryan  Lang.,  i.  231, 

2.  Unfit  to  be  pronounced,  named,  or  men- 
tioned ;  unmentionable  in  good  society. 

un  -  pro  -  noun^ed',  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  proiwunc&.{.\  Not  pronounced;  not 
sounded  ;  not  uttered  ;  not  spoken. 

■'  Imperfect  words  with  childish  trips. 
Half  utipronounced."        Milton:   Vacation  Exercise. 

"  un-prop'-er,  a.     [Pref.   un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

j-rupvr.] 

1.  Not  fit  or  proper  ;  improper. 

"  Millions  nightly  lie  in  those  unprnper  beds." 
:ihakvip. :  Odiello.  iv.  1. 

2.  Not  proper,  confined,  or  restricted  to 
one  person  ;  not  peculiar. 

*  iin-prop'-er-ly,  ode.  [Eng.  improper;  -ly.] 
In  an  imjiroper  manner  ;  improperly. 

"  I  kneel  before  thee,  and  unproperti/ 

yhfw  duty."  Hhukiuip. :  Coriolamis,  v.  3, 

un-pro-phet'-ic,  un-pro-phet'-ic-al,  c. 

IPrel.  (ni-(l).  and  Eng.  prophtlic,  prophcticul.] 
Not  proidietic  or  prophetical ;  not  predicting 
or  presaging  future  events. 

"  Wretch  th.'*t  he  was  of  un  prophetic  soul." 

J'vpc  :  Ilumcr :  Odyisey  xxH'^h. 


iin-pr6-pr-tlou8,  ■(.  (Pivf.  nn-  (i).  «ud 
Eng.  jnnpittons  )  Not  propitiims;  not  hivour- 
able;  uhfuvmu'.ible,  inauspicioue. 

"  Vnproniti'tut  iove  .  .  . 
Involved  un  In  dlnciin*lon  yet  ngiUii." 

C'oieper:  Uumrr ;  Odyuej/\u. 

•  iin-pro-pbr-tion-a-ble,  «.  (Pref.  un- 
ci),  and  I-Jiig.  pr<-pnrtiun>ihh.]  Nut  im.por- 
ti'inable  ur  propurtion.itt; ;  wauling  propor- 
tion ;  unsuitable. 

"  To  bwtow  an  unprottortionablAi  pivrt  nf  our  time  or 
value."- Wyt'e»"nmtf«(  (t^Cw  Tongue,  p.  147. 

•  &n-prd  p6r'-tion-a-ble-nes8,  •;.    I  Eng. 

unproportiniiHlik  ;  -ums.]     The  .jnality  nr  slate 
of  being  unproportionable  ;  unsuitability. 

"These  ciinnlderRtioua  of  the  Hnprop<irtiotuMeneMt 
of  any  otlier  Church  goveinmcut."— Uuutb;/! .'  Tear§ 
o/ tfw  Chunk,  V.  580. 

•  un-pr6-pbr'-tion-ate»  «.  [Pref.  un- O), 
and  Eng.  prnpurtiohati-.]  Not  proportionate  ; 
disproportionate,  unfit. 

"  I'nproporliuniUc  to  the  l 
—Pearton  :  On  the  Creed,  art. 

*un-pr6-p6r'-tioned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  pmporlioncd.]  Not  proportioned; 
dispr«iportioued,  unsuitable. 

"  Give  thy  thoughts  no  tongue, 
Nor  any  unproportianeU  thought  lna  a«t," 

iHuiKtsp.  :  Handel,  i.  3- 

iin-pro-posed',  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
y«fov<(/s.'/.l  'X<it  jnoposed  ;  not  set  out  or  put 
forward  tor  acceptance,  adoi'tion,  decision,  or 
the  like. 

"The  me.'*ns  are  unproposed."  Drydcn. 

iin  propped,  '  iin  propt',  a.    [Pref.  un- 

(1 ).  and  Eng.  pn'i<pvd.]     Not  proj.pud  up  ;  not 

Mippuitcd  or  uplieM. 

"  MiiMt  st'iiid  unprupp'-d,  or  he  laid  down." 

W'ordnworth  :  To  Liberty. 

*  iin-pros'-e-lyte,  v.t.  IPref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  proselyte.]  To  prevent  being  made  a 
proselyte  ;  to  win  back  from  proselytisrn. 

"ThiB  text  happily  nnprotelfited  some  iucliiiable  to 
bisv-pinious. '— /'«/;t'--   Church  Hist.,  X.  iv.  b. 

iin-pros-per-oiis,  «.     [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 

Eng.  prv!>peroni.]  Not  prosperous;  not  at- 
tended or  meeting  with  success. 

"The  eai'lv  part  of  the  campaign  Is  unprosperous." 
—Lcteis:  Cr'ed.  Early  Homan  Uitt.  (ed.  ibSSf,  ii.  28&. 

*  iin- pros' -per- oiis-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  unpros- 

jieioiib  ;  -III.]  In  an  unpmsperous  mauuer ; 
unduccessfully,  unfortunately. 

"Jackaon  and  Pett  .  .  .  sought  hs  un  pros  porously 
to  disiTiiver  a  nearer  way  to  the  East  Indies."- t*a»t- 
ileu  :  Iliil.  of  ^ueen  Elizabeth  (aiL  1580). 

*  un- pros' -  per -oiis-ness,  i.  [Eng.  un- 
prosperous;  -nc^s.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unprositeious  ;  ill-fortune,  ill-success. 

"The  uiipros^i'-roiisneiS  of  the  aim  of  flesh."— i/am- 
jiiond :   Works,  iv.  4li2. 

un-pro-tect'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
protected.  I  Not  protected  ;  not  defended  ;  un- 
defended. 

"  For  England's  war  revered  the  claim 
Of  every  unprotected  name." 

Scott :  liokcby,  i.  29. 

*  iin -prof -es-tant-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (d), 
and  Eng.  protestantize.]  To  lead  or  drive  away 
from  Protestantism  ;  to  divest  of  a  Protestant 
character;  to  change  from  Protestantism  to 
some  other  religion.    {>?p?cial  coinage.) 

"To  Romanize  the  church  is  not  to  reform  it:  to 
un  protestantize  it  is  not  to  reform  It."— C.  Kingsley: 
Life,  i.  20*. 

un-prov -a-ble,  iin- prove- a -ble,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Y.u-.  procalk.]  liiea|iablc 
of  being  pio\ed,  demonstrated,  contnnied,  or 
established. 

"  A  religion  that  depends  only  upon  nice  and  iKiort 

unferUiintiea  and  unprovcable  suppuaiils."— /fp.  Bali: 

Jiiaauasive  frotn  i'opcry. 

un- proved',    a.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

proved.] 

1.  Not  proved ;  not  known  by  trial ;  not 
tried  ;  not  essayed. 

■' I'hllip  left  nothing u/iprofcrf or  undone.'— AcenJc." 
Quintut  Curtiua.  \}.  3u. 

2.  Not  estiiblished  as  true  by  ai^uincut, 
denioiistiation,  or  evidence. 

"There  is  mucli  of  wlint  should  be  dflmonstrat«U 
left  unproved  by  those  chymicidcxi>erimcut«."—jVotfl«. 

*  iin  pro-vide',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng, 
jnorid.:]  To  divest  or  deprive  of  what  is 
nt-eessury  ;  to  uufurnish  ;  to  deprive  of  re-so 
lution. 

"I'll  not  expostulate  with  her,  lest  her  bo<ly  onti 
beauty  unprovide  my  mind  a^aiu. '— i'fti/Act/*. ;  Othello, 


bMl,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as ;  expect.  Xenophon,  e^lst.    ph  -  C 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  a;c.  =  bel,  dcL 


3r.o 


unprovided— unquestionable 


tm-prd-vid'-ScL  "•    (P".'f.  hm-(1),  and  Eng. 

l>roiiilr<t.\ 

1.  Nut  I'ntvuliHl  ;  not  fiiriiislied ;  not  sup- 
plifd.  (Now  foUoAcd  by  in//i,  but  foinitrly 
also  by  «'/.)  » 

■■  Hf  ««»  iu>l  wltuBi'tlier  unprwridrd  with  tlic  lui-aitt 
of    i.-uucili«llug  thttu.  —Maca Hi f]/;    ilitt.    £ng.,   cli. 

'  '2.  Not  haviug  made  any  pic'imratioii  ; 
uii)iiv[ii(it'd. 

■■  Ijet  tlirm  iiat  lyililo   V*  %inprouideil.''— Ocmcn  : 

•  3.   L'lit.'ivMeii. 

*  an-prdv -i-clen9ed.  "■  [l*r.-f.  i-u-  (i); 
Eiin.  i'rovidenci^).  and  suH".  •C(/.l  Not  fnvuuicd 
by  providence;  uii fortunate. 

"  Uiifurtuiint«  (wlik-li  I  lu  the  true  mcuiillg  of  the 
wonl  unist  lutKTitnt  uiiproridtnctdi."~J''itUcr:  M'vr- 
Ihitt :  Otrneral. 

'  tkn-prov'-i-d^nt,  a.  (Pref.  «»•  (l),  and  Eng. 
iiioi-iih-Kt.]     Not  provident;  inipnivident. 

•'  Wliu  (ur  tbystll  art  so  unitroi'iJenf." 

Shaketp. :  Swincf  10. 

'  un-prov -ing.  a.  (Pref.  vi-  (l),  and  Eng. 
j.nnii'u.i  N"t  proving  auylliing  ;  not  con- 
clusive. 

"TltiB  oue  litiBioue  nnd  tinproving  text.'—///',  ff"''  ■" 
Kpitctfpttvn  bg  liirtne  Jtiyht.  pt.  ill..  S  2. 

unpro  voked,  «.    [Pref.  im-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1,  .\iit  provoked;  not  incited;  not  insti- 
gated ;  having  received  no  provocation. 

*'  The  diAguiseil  &miHiig  euemy  ...  is  the  uiore 
wiokf*!  i\»  he  ia  utiproeoked.'—S^ckfr:  Haniimis.  vol.  i., 
str.  2*. 

■>.  Not  arising  or  proceeding  from  provoca- 
tion or  just  cause. 

"Belielliou  mj  destructive,  ami  so  improvohcd.' —^ 
AddU'A'K 

*  un-pro-v6k'-ing,  o.  [Pref.  n«-  (l).  and 
En^.  innroktK'j.]  Not  provoking;  not  giving 
provoftitioii. 

"I  >t.'ilil>eil  hiui,  ,1  Btraiiger.  unprovokitig.  iuoffec- 
sivc.  —FlcvttvaoU. 

■  iin-pru'-denfe,  s.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
prtuifnir.]  Waut  of  prudeucre ;  imprudence, 
iiiiprovideiice, 

'•Tin-  vii>'riHO:ncc  of  fuolis  (is)  eiriug."— ir//c^Jfe  ; 
/•roc.  XIV.  IP. 

fin-pru -dent,  n.    [pief.  ?(n-  (l),  and  Eng. 
jiTiuknt.]     Imprudent,  foolish. 

"  M;ike  the  iiiikimuyuifiiess  of  tnipriident  uteu  tu  be 
doumlje."— fVy'.'f<jfe;  l  I'c tc J' li. 

*  iin-pru-den'-tial  (ti  ,is  sh)»  a.     [Pref. 

'io/-(l-),  ;iiid  Eitg.  pni'h'iiiidl.]  Not  prudential; 
not  prudent ;  imprudent. 

"The  must  unwise  (iiid  uio?t  iiii/M-Hdenria?  att  .la  tc 
civil  govcruiueiit,*— .l/i(fo».    (rodd.) 

un-pruned',  n.    [Pref.  i'»-  (l),  and  Eng. 

7./ "(.'.'/. J    Xi't  pruned:  not  cut;  not  lo]>ped. 

"  Deet)  lU  tlie  iivpfmied  forest." 

hyroit  :  (  hilde  Il-irold,  iv.  %. 

'un-piib -lie.  '  iin-pub-Uck,  a.  [Pref. 
uii-  (1),  and  En.:;,  pi'blic.]  Not  public;  not 
generally  seen  or  known;  private,  secluded, 
retired. 

■■  Virgin?*  muA  K»  retired  .iiid  unpiiblich."— Bishop 
Tn'jt.jv    I/oh,  /.((-(».'/.  ell.  it.,  S  :;. 

un-pub'-Hshed,  a.  [Pref.  J("-(l),  and  Eng. 
jiiihlished.l 

*  1.  Not  published  ;  not  nuule  public  ;  kept 
secret  or  jirivate. 

"  All  you  tDipiiblialied  virtues  of  the  earth." 

fihifkvfp. :  Leitr,  iv.  4. 

2.  Not  published,  as  a  manuscript  or  book. 

un-puck'-er,  r.t.  [Pref.  vu-  (2),  and  Ei^^'. 
'l>i"i,T,  v.|    To  suiooth,  to  relax. 

"HisiiHuith  ,  .  .  Mif^jMcAtTfd  itself  hitoa  free  door- 
way. ~Carli/lc :  Siirtor  /tfaavttis.  bk.  i..  ch.  iii. 

*Ull-puff',  r.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  j«'/, 
v.]    To  humble. 

■■  We  might  MMpiijf  our  heart." 
St/lpctter  :  /Jit  Unrtux.  fourth  (Uy,  first  week,  5C6. 

-  un-puUed.  a.  (Pref.  w-  (l),  and  Eng. 
jitillfil.]     Not  pulled  or  plucked. 

"  A  fruit 
been  nud  desired  of  .ill.  while  yot  ii npn/lt^d." 

Drydeti :  Love  Triumphant,  iii.  1, 

un-piinc-til'-i-ous,  o.  [Pref.  lot-  (1),  and 
Eng.  innicliliotis.]  Not  punctilious  ;  not  par- 
ticular. 

"  Ijovere  are  the  weakext  people  in  the  world,  and 
people  of  punctilio  the  most  I'TtpiMH'f (7 «(;»«." — JiiclKti'd' 
son  :  air  C.  tiraudituii,  iii.  2J7. 

tTin-punc'-tii-al,''r    [Pref.  i'jj- (l).  andEng. 


puuctintl]    Not  punctual;   nut  exact,   espe- 
cially in  regard  to  time. 

'■  If  tliry  lire  uupunctuai  or  it\\e."-~Ii'tilu  Telegraph. 
Dei-.  2.  Ih'il. 

tun-piinc  tu  al' i-tj^, 'iin-pune-tu-al- 

ness,  >■   [Eng.  uniiunclual;  'ity,  -luss.]  Waut 
of  pui.ctuality. 

'•  CnpumtualUi/  of  doctors."— JTefto,  Oct.  28,  1S87. 

'  iiii-pfin'-ish-a~ble,  <>.  [Pref.  im-  (1),  and 
Eug.  pniihhiihh.]  Not  punishable  ;  not 
cupalile  or  deserving  of  being  punished. 

"  Where  nil  otfeud.  the  criiiiea  uHj.M»*V<«6(e." 
J/<i.V.'  lacaii;  /'harsaha.  v. 

*  un-pun'-ish-a-bli^,  i"lv,  [Eng.  7inpunii<h- 
iilih):  -I;/.]  \Viiliout  being  or  becoming 
liable  to  puuishmeut. 

"To  sill  tlieiiinelves  H»/"""*'"**'y''~^'"''"-' -^ "'"''''" 
(0  AVtoH  Batihki-.  §  SB. 

un-pun'-ished.  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
punished.]  Not  punished  ;  tree  from  puuish- 
meut ;  allowed  to  go  or  pass  without  punish- 
ment. 

"  Your  80U9  commit  the  unpuiHihed  wroug," 

Pope :  Homer  ;  Odyssey  il.  8". 

un-pur'-9ll93ed,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
purchased.]  Not  pui'chased  ;  not  bought ;  uu- 
bought. 

"  Unpurchated  pleuty  our  full  tHblea  loRda." 

Denhitm  :  tj/  Old  A'je.  fi2o. 

*  un-piire',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  pare.] 
Not  pure  ;  impure,  foul,  uncleau. 

"ThHt  no  mau  should  Uike  meat  with  uupurc 
handea. "— ft/a/;  J/a/(/(t'w  xv. 

* un-piire'-ljr,  adv.  [Eug.  unpure;  -ly.]  Im- 
purely. 

"The  preste?  }mue  awerued  from  the  lordea  testi- 
lueiit,  ot  with  poluted  herte  aud  haudes  to  their  offyce 
vnpurtly.'—Bale :  £ii'jlish  Votaries,  pt.  iL 

*un-pure'-Iiess,  s.  [Eug.  nnpure ; -nei^.] 
Impurity,  uncleanness. 

"  For  what  poyute  of  vnpurenes  coulil  that  womau 
haue?"— t'Ju/ .  tukt:  ii. 

un-purged',   a.      [Pref.   to;-  (1),   and  Eug. 

panj>^<l.] 

1.  Not  purged,  cleansed,  or  purified. 

"  With  gross  uupurged  ear."       MiUun  :  Arvadts,  ''.i. 

2.  Not  purged,  satisfied,  or  atoned  for:  as, 
an  unpanjad  ollence. 

un-piir'-i-f ied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pniijied.]  Not  purified  ;  not  made  pure  ; 
hence,  not  cleansed  from  sin. 

■■  The  couacieiice  yet 
Unpurijifd."  Cowper :  I'ardleii  Onk. 

*  un-pur'-posed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
paiposed.]  Not  purposed  ;  not  intended  ;  uot 
designed ;  unintentional,  undesigned. 

"  Accidents  unpurposed." 

ahaJcuxp.  -■  Antuni/  £  Cleopatra,  iv.  14. 

^  un-pursed',  a.  [Pref.  1(71-  (2)  ;  Eng.  purs{e), 
and  suff.  -ed.] 

1.  Robbed  of  a  purse  or  money. 

2.  Taken  out  of  a  purse  ;  expended. 

"  Euer  was  thegolde  vnpitrsed."      Gower :  C.  A.,  v. 

un-pur-Sued',  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eug. 
pni:iiied.]  Not  pursued  ;  not  followed.  {Mil- 
ton: F.  L.,  vi.  1.) 

*un-pur'-veyed',    o.     [Pref.   vn-  (l).   and 
Eng.  purveyed.]     Not  provided  ;  unprovided. 
•Vnpiiriiei/ed  of  atiength  of  knyghtj-3  to  reaiate  hio 
fader.  '—Fabyan  .  Vliioiiycle.  \i.  8b. 

"  un-put',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  put.] 
Not  put. 

"  Fires  being  here  and  there  negligeutly  itnpttt 
ont.'—tiavilc :  Tacit  un  ^  Bistorie.  p.  »4. 

^  un-pu'-tre-f  led,  *  un-pu -tri-f  ied.  ". 

[Pref.  »»-  (l),and  Eng.  piUreJied.]    Not  putre- 
fied ;  not  rotten  ;  uot  corrupted, 

"Preserved  unjnUrified  for  several  years,"— 5oj?t' 
Works.  ii.  74. 

tun-quaffed\  n.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eug. 
ipic^ed.]    Not  quaflTed  ;  uot  druuk. 

"  If  ifot  the  goblet  iiasa  uyvjuaffed^ 
It  is  uot  drained  to  banisii  care. 

Byron:  Haunts  of  Men, 

*  iin-quailed',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
qniiikd.]  Not  quailed;  not  daiuited ;  un- 
daunted. 

"  Suppreat.  unquailci  at  length." 

Browne.    Bntnnniaa  t'aatorah,  i.  i. 

*  un-q.ua' -ker-Uke, (I.  [Pref.  nn-{\)\  Eng. 
quaker,  and  -like.]  Unlike  or  unbecomim'  ** 
quaker. 

"A  most  unifiitikerjike  expression  of  mirth  in  her 

eye."— Au'"yc  .    /Utibcn  Medlic-Jtf,  bk.  i.,  ch.  iii. 


'  un-qual'-i-fi-a-ble,  o.  (Pref.  nn-ii),  and 
Eng.  quali^fiabli:.]  Unable  to  qualify  (for 
ortice). 

'■('oinniis-*ioii9  to  persons  iinquatiJiable."—Xorih.' 
Life  of  L'jiU  Guilford,  ii.  iSi. 

im-qual'-i-fied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
qualified.] 

1.  Not  qualified;  not  fit;  not  having  the 
proper  or  necessary  qualifications,  ability, 
talents,  or  the  like. 

2.  Not  qualified  ;  not  possessing  the  re- 
quisite talents,  abilities,  or  accomplishuieuts  ; 
unfitted,  unsuited. 

"  1  would  dismias  those  utterly  viyjualified  fur  their 
employment."— Wu(dviJH(//i  ;  The  Bee,  No.  6. 

3.  Not  qualified  legally  ;  iu>t  possessing  the 
legal  qualification  ;  specifically,  not  having 
taken  the  requisite  oath  or  oaths  ;  not  lia\iiig 
passed  the  necessary  examination  and  received 
a  diploma  or  licence. 

"  No  unqualified  jjerson  was  removed  from  any  civil 
or  militiiry  office." — Macauiay  :  Hist.  Eng..  ch.  ix. 

4.  Not  qualified,  modified,  or  restricted  by 
conditions  or  exceptions  ;  as,  unqualified  com- 
mendation. 

■  iin-qual'-i-f  i-ed-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  unqmdi- 

jh-d  :  -ly.]  In  an  uuqualified  manner;  with- 
out linatatiun  or  modification. 

"\  uji'iiiaUfiedhi  witbdraw  the  expressiou."- /•/■«. 
I'/t.'/s.  .Soc.  London,  pt,  ii..  p.  77. 

""  un-qual'-i-f i-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unquali- 
jiKil :  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  beii»g 
uuqualified. 

"The  advertency  and  uiiqiialifiedni'ss  of  copiei-a."— 
Biblftfhcca  Biblica,  t  65. 

*  un-qual'-i-fy,  v.t.  (Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eitg. 
quidi/y.]  To  deprive  of  qualifications;  lu 
disqualify. 

"  Hatred  and  reveuge  .  .  .  unqualify  na  for  the 
offiues  of  devotion."— l('aftfr/UH</ ,■  tiertHons.  vol  ix., 
^cr,  1. 

'  im-qual-i-tied,a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1).  and  Eng. 
qiialitied.]  Without  qualities;  deprived  of 
one's  character  and  faculties. 

"  He  is  unqualitii'd  with  very  shame.'* 

aiiiikcsp.  :  Antony  it  Cleopatra,  iii.  9. 

" un-quar'-rel-la-blc»  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (l); 
Eng.  y»((c/-e/,  and  suff.  -able]  Not  to  be  quar- 
relled with,  impugned,  or  objected  to. 

"  No  such  satisfactory  and  nnquarrellubte  reasons." 
—Browne  :  Vulgar  JCi-rours,  bk.  vi.,  ch.  x. 

•  un -queen',  r.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
qncfii.]  To  remove  from  the  position  oi'  lauk 
vi  a  (^ueeu. 

"  Then  lay  me  forth  ;  although  unqueen'd." 

Shakesp.  :  Henry  Vlll..  iv.  2. 

^  un-quelled',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
quelled.]     Not  quelled  ;  uot  sulxlued. 

"  She  gives  the  hunter  horse,  unquell'd  by  toil." 
Thomson  ,    Lib.'ity. 

iin-quengh -able, '  un-quenchc-a-ble, 

((.  [Prei.  ini-"^l).  and  Eng.  qiu'<M/((fWf.j  In- 
capable of  being  quenched,  extinguished, 
allayed,  or  the  like. 

"  luteiiae  and  unquenvhable  auimosity." — J/c*c- 
aula.'i  ■    Hist.  Eng.,  cli.  viL 

^  un- quench'- a -ble-ness,  .«.  [Eng.  un- 
qncnclmble :  -ness.]  Tlie  quality  or  state  of 
being  unquencliable  ;  iuability  to  be  quenched 
or  extinguished. 

"Seethe  ujiqncncliablenesi  oi  this  6re."—Haieteitt .' 
Apolo-iie.  bk.  iv..  §  4. 

'  iin-quen^h'-a-bly,  (uh-.  (Eng.  vniptencli- 
ab{le):  -ly.]  Inan  unquenchable  manner  ;  so 
as  not  to  be  capable  of  being  quenched. 

"That  lamp  shall  burn  unquenchably." 

.•icott .  Lay  of  (he  Last  i/inttrd.  iL  17. 

un-quenched',  *  iin-quenght',  o.     [Pref. 

nu'  (\),  and  Eug.  quenched.] 
1.  Not  quenched,  extinguished,  or  allayed. 

"  If  any  spark  from  heav'n  remain  unquenrhed 
Within  her  breast."        Howe:  Fair  Penitent,  ii. 

*  2.  Unquenchable. 

"  Sadness,  or  great  joy,  equally  diasi|Jate  the  apirita, 
^  - 1— ~. :.  a  ju  iiotair,  with  unquenchtd 

'  un-quest-ion-a-bil'-i-ty  (i  as  y),  s. 

[Eug.  unquestionabie ;  -ity.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unquestionable  ;  that  which 
cannot  be  questioned. 

"Our  religiou  is  ...  a  great  heaven-hiiih  ttnqui'S- 
tioiiabdily."—Carlyle  :  Past  £  Present,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  vi. 

un-quest  -ion-a-ble  (i  as  y),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  questionable.] 

1.  Not  questionable  ;  not  capable  of  being 
quL'Stioued  or  doubted  ;  uiit  capable  of  being 


fiite,  i.*t,  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or,  wore,  woli,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  ciib,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try. 


;   pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unquestionably— unreasonable 


J.31 


callnl    ill    qm-stinii  ;     indubitable,    incoutio- 
VLTtiblc. 

"All   uii'/iimtiounblc  title   to  the  royal  fiiVtiur."— 
Jtacattidj/  :  l/nf.  Enff..  c\i.  vi. 

'  2.  Averse  to  biMug  questione<l ;  avcise  to 
conversatiuii. 

"An  unqtiextionnbU'  sititiW —Sfiakesp.:  As  I'oit  Like 
It,  iii.  2. 

un-qnest'-ion-a-blj^  (i  as  y),  otfr,  [Eng. 
icii>lufstioiutl>{li-);  -/'/.I  In  an  nuquestioiial'le 
mamiir  ;  bi-y.'ml  all  questioii  ;  assure<lly, 
tt*i  taiiily  ;  witlunit  <.kmbt ;  incoiitrovertibly. 

■■Ofini.rt.it  i'v\\eru>i.iHesUo>i.ibf>jai>T\nie."     _ 
Wortitwurtti  :  Hxct'rtion.  bk.  m. 

un  quest  -ioned  (i  as  y),  a.     [Picf.  nn-  (I), 

aii.i  Knt;.  <im:slwnai.\ 

1.  Not  (iiK'stioiieil;  not  called  iu  question  ; 
not  doubti'd  or  iniiui'jned. 

■'  A:ul  gives  us  wide  o'er  earth  uii'tnfsfion'd  sw;iy." 
Tli"t>iton  :  Castlf  t^f  Imlolt^ticv.  ii.  47. 

2.  N'ot  questioned  or  interrogated;  having 
no  questions  asked. 

■'  And  from  liis  deatlHest  foeiuau'3  door 


*  3.  N<>t  examined  into. 

"  It  prefers  itself,  and  te.ives  lui'/iieslioii'il 
Matters  ut  needful  value." 

Sliii/iesj'.  :  Meitture  for  JlcaSiirc.  i.  1. 

•  1.  Not  to  be  opposed,  impugned,  or  dis- 
puted. 

"Heaven^j  ufKptestiov'd  viiW." 

Pope:  Jloutcr:  Ilhid  xxiv.  7i^: 

iin -quest -ion-ing  (i  as  y),  a.  [Pref.  mi- 
(I),  and  K\v^.  >iiu'^tlo<iinq.]  Not  questioning, 
nut  doubtiiiL; ;  implicit. 

un-quest'-lon-ing-ly  {i  as  y),  adv.  [Eng. 
tni<inc^ti<>niu(j  :  -hj.]  In  an  unquestioning 
maimer ;  witliout  raising  any  question  or 
object  ion. 

■■  Accepting  tliiia  uv/ii'StionhigTy  the  circuiiistJiuce." 
— .Ncr/O/i.rji  .)/.i;/(I2"(c,  M:iy.   ISSO.  p.  7. 

■  un-quest  ion-ing-ness  (i  as  y),  5.  [Eng. 
vu'iitefitioniiin ;  -i({'.-i>.|  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  unquestioning. 

'■  Currtiftl  un'iitestionin(tttess-"—Scribner's  Ma*ni:iiie, 
M.-iy,  IWO,  !>.  ::. 

♦  iin-quest  -ion-less  (i  as  y),  c.    [Pref.  nn- 

(J),  ;:.,  and  Km-.  'iii<\-.ti'iiilci>i>.\     Unquestion- 
able. 

"Your  kiiuwledge  ia  na  iingnesrit)i)7.-ss  ns  your  iu- 
tegrity."— j8»j-'/o,v«tr ;  The  Heiress,  v.  i. 

'  un-quxck','(.  fPref.  ini-  (1),  and  Eng.  quick.] 
1      Ndt    ali\e;    dead,    motionless,     unani- 
mitted 

'■  His  aeuaea  droop,  his  stea^ly  eye  unguick  : 
And  iiiucb  he  .ula,  aud  yet  he  is  not  sick." 

Ihinicl:  Cii'il  Wars.  iii. 
2.  Nut  quick  ;  slow. 

un-quick' -ened,  f.  (Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 
Eng.  '{iiirl.Tin'd.]  Not  quickened  ;  not  having 
received  lite. 


un-qui'-et,    c       [Pref.    ■»»-    (l).    and    Eng. 
•jiik't,  a. I 

1,  Not  quiet ;    not  still ;  restless,  uneasy, 
agitated. 

•■  Iu;i  few  (tajs  he  began  tobe  ttn^i'ief.^'— J/^ric«ii?rt^.' 
I/ist.  Kiiij..  fli.  ix. 

2.  Not  calm,  not  tranquil,  not  poacefnl. 


*  un-qui'-et»  v.t.  [Pref.  7/11-  (2),  and  Eng. 
iiuict,  V.  ]  T'l  deprive  of  quietude  ;  to  disquiet, 
to  disturb,  to  agitate. 

"They    were    greatly   troubled   and    imqitictetl."— 
Herbert:  Henry  VIU. 

■un-qui'-et-ly,  n(//\  {^n%.  vnquiet ;  -ly.]  In 
an  uniiHH't  nianuet'  or  state;  ia  a  state  of 
agitation. 

'■  Oiie-inindeil  like  the  weiittier,  moat 

t'tif/ttictli/."  Shakes)}.:  Lear,  iii.  1, 

iin-qui'-et-ness,  .?.  [Eng.  vnqniet;  -ness.] 
The  quality  nr  state  of  being  unquiet,  dis- 
turbed, or  agitated  ;  restlessness,  disturbance, 
inquietude,  uneasiness. 

"  lu  stniuge  imiiiiir'fness" 

Shakesp. :  Othelio,  iii.  4. 

* un-qni-et-ude,  s.  [Pref.  un- (i), and  Eng. 
•iiiirtiulr.]  '  Want  nr  absence  of  quietude;  uu- 
rest.  inquietude,  disquietude. 

"Akind'ff  ujiquietitdi!  and  dlaooutentmeut."— /le- 
Uqniix  nott-tiuime.  p.  57. 

•  un-quiz-za-ble,  o.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  r/Hir;  '-ahle.]  Xot  open  or  liable  to 
ridicule ;  correct. 

"  Moat  ex.ict  and  tiv/uis^ible  uuifonn."— J/rtr^nH; 
Fraxk  Mildu 


'  tin-quod'.  ".  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  yitoa, 
V.)     Cntidd. 

■■Mi>\i-d  with  the  mignotl  niaunit  ot  crucltlc."— 
l\l,i!     Apoph.  uf  Erasmus.  \t.  289. 

un-r&cked',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  ami  Eng. 
imktd.]    Not  racked  ;  not  freed  from  the  lee.s. 

"  PiHir  the  lees  of  thy  nicked  vessel  Into  the  un. 
racked  veswel."— Aiicti/i :  -Vuf.  Hisl.,  S  3'-"3. 

un-rai^ed',  '  un-reyaed,  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(i),  and  Eng.  mL^al.\ 

1,   Nut  raised  ;  not  lifted  up  or  elevated. 
"  The  flat  itnraiKd  ayirit. " 

:ihake»p. :  Henry  V.  (Prul.) 

•  2.  Not  raised;  abandoned. 

"  The  siege  sblilde  nftt  he  iinreyged.' —Ucruers  : 
h'roisxart ;  Vhroiigcle.  vol,  i.,  ch.  cccxxxviii. 

un-raked',  u.  [Pref.  kh-  (1),  and  Eng.  raked.] 
1,  Nut  raked,  as  soil. 

'  2.  Nut  raked  or  drawn  together ;  not 
raked  up. 

"  Where  Area  thou  flud'st  nnraked." 

aluikcsp. :  Merry  \Yives,  iv.  5. 

*  3.  Not  sought  for  by  low  means. 

■' To  make  pood  hia  prnniiaea  of  tuinntennncc  more 
honour:il>ly  uuitsk^d,  iMn-(tA-(^  iuv."^ Milton  :  liemovd 

of  HireUH-ia. 

un  -  r^' sacked*  "  un -ran- sake d,  c- 

[Pref,  a(i-(l),  and  Eng.  ransacked.] 
1.  Not  ransacked  ;  not  searched. 

■•  I  will  for  none  haat  leve  any  corner  nf  the  matter 
iinransaekcd.'—Sir  T.  Mure:   Works,  p.  187. 

'  2.  Not  pillaged  or  plundered. 

'■  Neither  house  nor  corner  thereof  unranmked." ~ 
KnolUs .  HiU.  Tarkes. 

iin-ran'-somed,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
ruiisonied.]  Not  ransomed,  redeemed,  or  set 
at  liberty  on  paynient  of  a  ransom. 

"  Safe  and  unransomed  aeiit  them  home." 

A'c-o«  ,-  liokeby,  iv.  6. 

"  un-rap'-tured,  c  [Pref.  im-  (l),  and  Eng. 
Afyi/n/v.'./.]  Nut  enniptured  ;  not  inspired  with 
rapture. 

"  Cnraptnred,  uninflamed." 

I'onmj  :  Sight  Thuwjhts,  iv.  2Ga. 

tun-rav'-aged,  o.  (Pref.  mt- (1),  and  Eng. 
nn;iiini.\  "  \ut  ravaged  or  ransacked;    left 

undisturbed. 

"  Few  coUeutions  are  more  varied  .  .  .  than  under- 
ground and  nnravu'jed  Cyprus."— Sf.  James's  Gazette, 
fnh.  11,  1883. 

un-raV-el,  v.t.  &  /.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
rarel.] 
A,  Transitive  : 

1.  To  disentangle  ;  to  untwist ;  to  unknot ; 
to  separate,  as  threads  that  are  knit,  inter- 
laced, interwoven,  or  the  like. 

"  Instead  of  darning  hi«  stocking,  he  was  busily  en- 
gaged iu  nnrarellintf  it."— Daily  Telegraph.  Jan. «.  1B38. 

2.  To  free  from  complications  or  difficulty  ; 
to  unriddle,  to  unfold,  to  solve. 

"  Leave  uothiug  undone  to  unraeel  this  problem." — 
Daily  Chronicle.  i*ept.  2a.  18S5. 

3.  To  unfold  or  bring  to  a  denouement ;  to 
clear  up,  as  the  plot  of  a  play. 

"The  discovery  or  7inrnDetltny  of  the  lAut."— Dry- 
den  :  Essay  mi  Itraniatic  Paesie. 

i.  To  separate  the  connected  or  united 
parts  of ;  to  throw  into  confusion  or  disorder. 

••  Unravelling  .ihnost  all  the  received  principles 
both  of  religiou  and  Te!Uion."—Tillotson  :  tiemtons. 
vol.  i,,  ser.  1. 

•  B,  Intrans. :  To  be  unfolded  or  opened 
up  ;  to  be  evolved. 

■■  What  weba  of  wonder  shall  nnrai'r!  there  !  " 

yuiing:  Night  Thoughts,  vi.  158. 

iin-raV-el-ler,  s.  [Eng.  unravel;  -er.]  One 
who  unravels,  explains,  or  unfolds. 

■■  Mighty  nnrnvellers  of  the  fables  of  the  old  Eth- 
uicka.  — 2".  Brown:   Works,  iii.  279. 

*un- razed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
ra:(''l.\     Not  razed  or  destroyed. 

"Only  thief  towers  .  .  .  he  leftimrazed,  "Sandys  : 

Trai-els.  p-  155. 

'  iin - ra' - zored,  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (i);  Eng. 
razor;  -ed.]  Not  subjected  tu  the  operation 
of  a  razor;  unshaven. 

"  As  smooth  aa  Helie's,  their  unrmor'd  lips." 

Milton :  Comus,  2W. 

■^-rea^hed',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
rearhcd.]     Not  reached  ;  not  attained  to. 

■■  The  unreach'd  Paradise  of  our  despair." 

Huron  :  Vhilde  Harold,  ir.  122. 

iin-read'.  «.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  rea4.] 
1.  Not  read  ;  not  i>erused. 

*•  The  names  unknown. 
Which  lay  unread  around  it." 

Hyron  :  Churchill  s  Orare. 


2.   Unlearned,  illiterate. 

"  The  w  Ise  aud  ftwl,  the  artist  mul  unread." 

Shaketp. :  Troftus  *  Cresuda.  I.  X 

iin-read' -a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  En^ 

raui.iU.:]- 

1.  Not  rf.idabU- ;  not  capable  of  being  reft'l 
or  deciphered  ;  illcgibU'. 

2.  Not  suitable  or  tit  for  reading;  dull, 
dry. 

unread 'I  ness,  '  un  red-i-nes,  k.  [Eu^ 

un  raid  it,  a.  ;  -((^'.^.^.l 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unremly  ; 
want  of  readiness,  promptness,  or  dexterity. 

■■This  imiirciMirutlou  aud  unreadinfu  when  they 
Hud  In  m.  they  turn  it  to  the  (HH)thing  up  of  them- 
aelves  lu  that  accuracd  fancy."  — //ouUt:  Eedes. 
J'olitie. 

2.  Want  of  preparation. 

"KiudiLg  moieconteutuient  in  hisowu  quiet  appr*-- 
hen-sion  of  these  wiiuts  then  truulde  In  thiit  unre-idi 

lu-ni.    -lip.  Hall :  Cuuh-uJi-f-  :  l>f  t\ntteiUafi'„i.  %  "J". 

un  read  -y,  *  un  read-le,  •  un-red-y,  " 

[Pref.  ((-1-  (1),  and  Eng.  mt(/(/.| 

1.  Not  ready;  not  prepared;  not  lit,  nut 
in  readiness. 

■'  Au  utiredy  and  diwpurueyed  boost  for  the  wane  " 
—Fahijnn:  Chronicle  {M\.  VAIH). 

2.  Nut  prompt;  not  quick. 

"  Bring  either  a  conscientious  man  or  an  unrrttdy 
mnii."— Chambers'  Journal,  Feb.  Ifi88,  p.  ^o. 

*  3.  Not  dressed  ;  undressed. 

■■  Enter,  several  ways,  Biist'ird.  Aleiicon.  Beiicnier. 
half  ready,  and  UM  unread y.''—Shake4p. :  I  Henrg  VI.. 
ii.  1. 

*  4.  Awkward,  ungainly, 

"  Like  an  unready  hurae,  that  will  neither  atop  uor 
turn,  ■—flu  CO  II. 

1l  The  epithet  Unready,  applied  in  many 
popular  hi.->tories  of  England  to  Elhelred,  doe> 
not  mean  vnjnrjMnrd,  but  is  a  nnsunderstaml- 
ing  of  the  Old  English  redele^;  A.S.  rivdlm.< 
=  devoid  of  ru'd  or  counsel,  improvident. 

"It  vins  his  indifference  to  their  rede  or  counsel 
that  wini  him  the  name  of /Ethelred  the  Hedeles.'  — 
Oreen     Hist.  English  People,  vol.  i. 

'■  un-read'-jjr,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
rnvhj.\    To  undress.    {Sidney.) 

iin-re-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  rra/.] 
N<f'  real;  unsubstantial;  having  appearanct; 
ouiy ;  imaginary. 

"  Gay  visions  ot  unreal  blisa.'^ 

l^Aoiiiiiciii  ,■  .Spring.  Oii. 

iin-re -al-ised,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 

radisfil.]     Nut  realised. 

"The  curtain  falls  on  expectation  unrealised."— 
Daily  Telegraph.  Feb.  21.  IBMU. 

wTi-re-al -i-tjr,  j;.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and   Eng. 

realitii.] 

1.  Want  or  absence  of  reality  tir  real  exis- 
tence. 

2.  That  which  has  no  reality  or  real  exi.*- 
tence. 

*iin-re-gl-ize,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  nn-(2),  and 
Eng.  reatiz''.] 

A-  Trans. :  To  divest  of  reality  ;  to  present 
in  an  ideal  form. 

■'  An  attempt  to  unrealise  every  object  iu  nature."*— 
Taylor:  Philip  Ian  Artcivlde.    (Pref.) 

B.  Intrant. :  Not  to  become  real. 

"  A  floating,  grey,  unrraliiing  dream." 

^iouthey :  Don  Roderick,  X. 

un~reaped',  ^  un-reapt',  c-  [Pref.  un-  (i); 
an<l  Eng.  rea^'cd.]  Nut  reaped  ;  not  gathered 
ur  collected. 

"That  place  which  only  they  had  left  nnreap'd  of 
all  their  harvest."- J/i»o'i  :  HUt.  Eng.,  bk.  il. 

*  iin-rea^'-on.  s.  [Pref.  un-  <1),  and  Eng- 
reason,  s.]  Want  or  absence  of  reason  ;  folly, 
unreasonableness,  absurdity. 

■'Will  and  }inreason  bringeth  H  mnii  from  the  bli^ae 
of  yrace."— CVidiicer;  7'ett.  qf  Imvc,  bk.  ill. 

i;  Abbot  of  Unreason:  [ABnurJ. 

'  un-reas'-dn,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (i!),  and  Eng. 
reason,  v.]  To  prove  to  be  against  reason  ;  to 
disprove  by  argument. 

"To  unreason   the  equity  of  Ood's  proceediiiga." — 

S-yi'lh.  .SVrdioJi,',  \ol.  xL.  ser.  lo. 

lin-reas  -6n-a-ble,  *  un-res  on-a-ble, 
"  un-res-ouii-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (i). 

and  Eng.  rvasonabk.] 

1.  Not  reasonable  ;  exceeding  the  bounds 
of  reason  ;  exorbitant,  immoderate,  extrava- 
gant. 

■'The  pretence  was  tinrcatonabte."—  Macaulay : 
Hi.ll.  Eag  ,  ch.  xvi. 


l»6il,  bo^:  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9611,  chorus,  9lun,  benph;  go.  gem;  tMn,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^t.    -ing. 
-cian, -tian  ^  Shan,    -tion, -sion  =  shun ; -tion, -sion  =  zhun.    -cious. -tious,    sious  =  shiis.    -ble, -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


;->j 


unreasonableness— unreferring 


;  absur>.l. 

-.tuntl'tbit  ntui  iiu- 
Hilt.  £Mff  .  tfh.  xiil. 

S.  -N-i  iiaiciiiiig  lu  oi  acting  according  tw 

(  USOIl. 


■.  Ull  to  Lmi>  IjU  beirPBU."— i/iiaiiJ«v  .■  i/W. 


■Vrwr  atil  tlicy.  «v«i  wliwi  irio«t  MifTV  wul  ""- 
o  Lmi>  )jU  bcirreU."— i/ticaiu<i 


I.  N  t  tii«!"we(l  with  ivason  ;  irrati»mal. 

.V,,.;rj^..  :  J  Uf»r;,   17..  il-  I. 

xln  roa?  fin-^-We-nfiss.^un-reB-on-a- 
ble-ness,  .-i.    lEiig.  Hiirtusoiufbli  ;  -m&i.J 

1.  llif  .|unlityur  state  of  Iwiiig  uiirtason- 
iillc  :  iiiiwilliiigiiess  to  listvn  to  or  act  accoiU- 
in^  li>  reason. 

•Til*  m«llg"'ty  of  (tj  eueuiiea.  the  unre<i*tJ»Mc- 

2.  Exorbitance,  extravagance. 

3.  liiL-onsistency  witb  reason  ;  absurdity. 
1^-reaf -^n  a-bl^,    "  un-res  on-a-bly» 

.'!<■.  lEij^^.  liiina^oiMlih) :  -Ili.]  In  :»"  ""• 
itasonabk  niunucr  or  degiec ;  excessively, 
extravagantly,  immoderately,  foolishly. 

••  Viirf-iiouab})/  tucredulou*  about  plot«."— J/acau- 
fni^.-  Utii.  i:ii'j..  cb.  xviii. 

"  un-reas  -oned,  u.    (Pref.  an-  (l),  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  1-easoned  or  argued. 

2.  Xut  derived  from  or  founded  on  reason  ; 
unreasonable. 

"OIJ  prcjuilic**  .lUd  unreas'jncd'ha.Vlis."— Burke : 
Frettch  /leroutioti. 

&n-reas''6n-ing,  ((.    [Pref.  k?i-(1),  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  reasoning ;  not  having  reasoning 
fiicuUies  ;  acting  without  cunsideration. 

2.  Characterized  by  want  of  reason ;  foolish. 

'Un- reave',  v.t.     [Pref.  ua-  (2),  and  Eng. 
(tatt.J    To  unravel,  to  unwind,  to  undo. 
"  Thv  work  thit  she  nil  tUy  diil  innke, 
Tlie  snuie  «t  uight  slie  itiil  unreave." 

A/ieiuer :  SotniefZi. 

'  iin -  reaved',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
ratit'}.]    Not  t.,iken  or  pulled  to  pieces. 

"'  Tifc'Lt  iiiiJ  uiircaixd."—Iip.  Hall :  Balm  of  Gl^'4. 
f '.'.  l^' 

*  iin-re-baf-ed,  a.    fPref.  na-  (1),  and  ti.g. 

<it/((ff(/.]    Not  blunted  ;  sharp. 

"Figlitiiig  with  unrebated  swurds.'—f.  BoHaud: 
Pliiiy,  bk.  XXXV.,  ch.  viL 

*  un-re-buk'-a-bJe.  *  iiu-re-buke -a- 

ble.  II.  [Pref.  'id-  (1),  and  Eng.  rchukahk.] 
Xitt  liable  or  open  to  rebuke  ;  not  deserving 
vi  rebuke  or  censure  ;  blameless. 

"Be  wytbout  sj»ut  A    vnrcltukeaUe."  —  I   Timothe. 

iin-re-buked',  a.    [Pref.  im-  (1),  and  Eng. 

:>  ■''.(■/.  i     Not  rebuked  or  censured. 

"  Tu  !-utl*ci  wiiuiedome  Ut  "he  uurebuked."— Homilies ; 
.it/i'itAl  AUiiUeri/. 

*  un-re-call -a-ble,  a.  [Pi-ef.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  femllable.]  Incapable  of  being  recalled, 
levoked,  annulled,  or  recanted. 

•'That  whicb  is  done  is  uiirecallable.'—fcUham: 
A«Jr  .!.  I'l.  i..  res.  89. 

un-re-called,  a.  [Pref.  utt-  (1),  and  Eng. 
iLtalUd.]  Not  recalled ;  not  called  back  or 
restrained. 

"And  give  ue  up  tu  lic«UB«,  unreealleti, 
Uuuiarked,  "  i'oang :  J^'iffht  Thotightt,  ii.  260. 

•un-re-call'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  fccalliity.]  Not  to  be  recalled  ;  past 
recall. 

"And  ever  let  his  unrecalliug  crime 
Have  tliue  to  wail  the  iihuiiiiig  of  his  time." 

Shaketfj. :  tlape  of  Lucrece,  it&3. 

"  un-re-9eived',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
/tLiiroi.]  Nut  received  ;  not  taken  ;  not 
come  into  possession. 

"Tlie  eeUe  9:niie  HUbstAijce.  whiche  the  Father  hath 
of  hiiiistflf--,  Hiu-ccchu-it  from  any  other."— /footer .' 
£\xlei.  Fohtit.  bk.  v..  §  hi. 

*  un-recked ,  a.  [Pref.  un,-  (l),  and  En^. 
rtckt'L]  Not  heeded  or  cared  for  ;  uuheedeu, 
unnoticed,  disregarded. 

"  Unmarked,  at  leaat  unrecked  the  taunt. " 

iicott :  Marmion.  i.  17. 

'tln-ree'-kdn-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  \in-  (i); 
Eng.  reckon,  and  suff.  -ahle.]  Incapable  of 
bf-jn;^    leukunejl    or   counted ;    innumerable, 

iiiiint-.Tsurable,  infinite. 

un-reC'koned,  n.    (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


rtchmol]  Not  reckoned;  not  counted;  not 
computed  ;  not  summed  up. 

"A  long  bill  tbftt  yet  reinnluB  nnriu-koned." 

Itrydcn  :  Don  Sehatthtn,  ill.  1. 

iin-re -claim' -a-ble,  «.  [Pief.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  rccht\iiuihh\\  Nut  recl.tiniable ;  incapable 
of  being  reL-iaimed,  i-eformed,  tamed,  or  cul- 
tivated ;  irreclaimable. 

"CarclcM  and  uiiriKhtimabte  sinners,"— ^p.  Hall: 
ticriiu/u  oil  2  Pctir  i,  IV. 

iin  -  re  -  claim  -  a  -  bly,  wh'.  [Eng.  unre- 
cUiimat>He):  -ly.]  *  In  an  unreclaimable  or  ir- 
reclainiable  manner ;  irreclaimably. 

*•  Pert  111  ;icioU8ly  and  unrv/uimtibli/  ui.-iiutaiu  doc- 
triiitrs  <U-<lTtictlve  to  the  foundittiuu  of  Cbristiau  re- 
ligion.*'—W/j.  Bull:  Pcacviiutkcr.  i  B. 

&n-re- Claimed',  «.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
redaiinvf.1 .] 

1.  Not  reclaimed  ;  not  tamed ;  untamed, 
SJivage. 

"A  s.iv.igeiie83  in  unreclai'nrd  blood. 
Of  general  assJiuIt."       .'ihttkt:if>. :  BamM,  ii.  L 

2.  Not  reformed ;  not  brought  back  from 
vice  to  virtue. 

3.  Not  brought  into  cultivation :  as,  itiire- 
daimed  land. 

un-re-clin'-ing»  a.  [Pi-ef.  un-(}),  and  Eng. 
ro:!iniii'j.]     Not  reclining. 

"  Therefore  the  joyle.o  atatiou  of  this  rock 
Unsleeping,  unrcclhiing,  sh.ilt  tbou  keep." 

Potter:  .Eschylaa;  Prometheus  Chain' d. 

un-rec'-og-niz-a-ble,  a.  [Pief.  (i),  and 
Eng.  recO'iK izuhh:]  Not  recognizable  ;  not 
cajtable  uf  being  recogniied  ;  iuecognizable. 

un-rec-6g-nized,  un-rec -og-nised,  ». 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  rtc'.y;u.?t'{7.]  Nut  re- 
cognized ;  unknown. 

"  He  himself 
I'n  recognised."  Wordsworth:  Excursion,  bk.  i. 

iin-rec-om-mend'-ed, '.'.   [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 

Eng.  rtcoiitvu'iideiJ.]  Not  recommended;  not 
favourably  mentioned ;  not  declared  worthy 
of  favour,  trust,  honour,  or  the  like. 

"  Unrei-nmirwndcii  by  the  solicitation  of  fiiends." — 
Knox :  Euay  llj. 

iin-rec-om-pezised,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  recoinyeascd.]  Not  recompensed ;  n-it 
rewarded;  not  requited. 

"  Heaven  will  not  see  so  true  a  love  unrecontpens'd." 
Beaum.  S:  Flet.  :  WUd  Goose  Chase,  iv.  3. 

un-rec- 611-911 -a-ble,  '^ un-rec-on-file- 
a-ble,  ('.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  rcconcil- 

1.  Not  reconcilable ;  not  capable  of  being 
brought  into  friendly  relations;  implacable, 
irreconcilable. 

*  2.  Characterized  by  implacable  animosity. 


3.  Not  capable  of  being  reconciled  or  made 
consistent ;  incapable  of  being  brought  into 
harmony. 

"  The  unreconclJeabt'C  principles  of  the  original  dis- 
cord."— Burke  :  On  a  Latt  State  of  the  Nation. 

un-rec'-6n-9il-a-bly,  *  iiu-rec'-on-yile- 

a-bly,  o.di:     [Eng.  unrf:ci}n':ikih(lf);  -/i/.]     lu 
an  umeeoncilable  manner;  irreconcilably. 

"  How  much  lesse  shall  be  the  God  of  mercies,  bee 
unreconcHealily  displeased  with  his  owne  ;  and  suffer 
his  wrath  to  burtie  like  a  fire  that  cannot  be 
quenched^"*— i'/>.  Ball:  Contemp. c  Absalom's Retume. 

un-rec'-6ii-9iled,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  Teconcilcd.\ 

1.  Not  reconciled  ;  not  restored  to  a  state 
of  friendship  or  favour ;  still  at  enmity  or 
opposition. 

"  And  everything  wxreconctled.' 

Wordsworth:  Qlen-Almatn. 

2.  Not  made  consistent. 

*  3.  Not  atoned  for  ;  nnatoned  for. 

"  Any  crime 
Unreconciled  as  yet  to  He.'iveu  and  grace." 

.^kakcip. :  Othello,  v.  2. 

*4.  Irreconcilable,  implacable. 

"  I'm  eveu  be  that  ouce  did  owe  unreconcU'd  hate 
to  you.  "— Btau»j.  it  Flet.:  Woman  Eater,  ill  2. 

*  uii-rec-oii-9il'-i-a-ble,  a.  [Unreconcil- 
ABLE.]  Not  capable  of  being  restored  to  peace 
and  friendship ;  unreconcilable.  {Shakesp. : 
Antony  (f-  Cleoixitra,  v.  1.) 

un-re-cord'-ed,  «.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
rccordtd.] 
1,  Not  recorded ;  not  registered. 

"  Unrecoraed  facts 
Recovering."  Cvtcper  :  TardUy  Oak. 


2.  Not  kept  in  remeiubrancc ;  not  com- 
memorated.    i^Byron:  i'hilde  Harold,  iii.  49.) 

*  tin-re-coiint'-cd,   «.     [Pief.  im- (i),  and 

Eng.  rmmnUd.]     Ni.'t  recounted  ;  not  related; 
not  recited. 

"  To  some  e-iis  unrecoitntfd." 

.s-A«A-,v/>. .   //t!,i.-j  I'/If.,  ill.  2. 

"  uii-re-cdV-er-9--ble,  a.  [Picf.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.   rccovcrahlc] 

1.  Not  recoverable  ;  incapable  of  being  re- 
stored or  recovered ;  irrecoveralde. 

"  TJie  very  Ijsse  of  minutea  may  be  unraeoecrable^ 
— Bp.  Ball :  Cont. ;  Jehu  *  Jehor<i,m. 

2.  Not  capable  of  recovering ;  incurable, 
irremediable  ;  past  recovery, 

'  un-re-cov'-er-a-bly,  «t?y.  [Eng.  unrecov- 
em&(/e);  -ly.]  In  an  unrecoverable  manner; 
incurably. 

"  Long  sick  and  unrecoverabl!/."—Bp.  Ball:  .U>'d.  it 
Vowes,  ceu.  2,  5  18. 

iin-re-cov'-ered,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

recovered.\ 
1.  Not  recovered  ;  not  found  or  restored. 
*2.  Irrecoverable. 

"  Tu  turn  fi'um  Greece  fate's  ttnrecooered  hour." 

Chapman  :  /fomer ;  Iliad  ix.  247. 

*  un-re-cruif -a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 

Eng.  rin:vultxible'.\ 

1.  Not  recruitable  ;  not  capable  of  being 
recruited;  incapable  of  regaining  a  supply 
of  what  has  been  lo.st.  wasted,  or  the  like :  as, 
unrecruitable  strength. 

2.  Incajiable  of  receiving  or  obtaining  re- 
eruits  or  fresh  supplies  of  men,  as  an  army,  &c. 

"  Empty  and  unrecruitable  colonels  of  twenty  men 
iu  a  company."— -J/f/foH  .■  Of  Editcatiort. 

*  un-re-cruit'-ed,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

>-ecruitiLd.\     Furnished  With  fresh  or  additional 
supjdies,  as  of  men,  &c. 

"  Yet  unrecntitcd  with  additiuual  streugtb.'*— /"«?- 
ter:  Worthies:  Cheshire. 

*  un-re-cum'-bent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  recumbent.]  Not  recumbent ;  not  lying 
down.     {Cou-per :  Ta^k,  v.  29.) 

^un-re-ciir'-ing,  <».  [Prof,  jni-(l),  and  Mid. 
Eng.  recure  =  lecuver.]   Incurable  ;  past  cure. 

"  That  bath  rtLeived  some  un  recur  injiv/viunl." 
."^hakesp.  :  Titus  Atidromrus.  iii.  L 

^n-re-deemed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
redeemed.] 
1.  Not  redeemed,  not  ransomed. 


2.  Not  taken  out  of  pledge  or  pawn. 

"  Pawnbrokers  lose  on  an  average  10  per  cent,  on 
unredvened  [ioods."—E<ho,  Jan,  14,  1888. 

3.  Not  recalled  into  the  tiea.'^ury  nr  bank 
by  payment  of  the  value  in  money  ;  as,  unre- 
deemed bills,  notes,  itc. 

4.  Not  redeemed ;  not  counterbalanced  or 
alleviated  by  any  countervailing  quality. 

"  Disgraces,  nnrcdcc"ied}>y  a  single  briUiaiit  achieve- 
ment."—J/iii;««7a^  .■  Bisf.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv, 

5.  Not  redeemed  or  fulfilled,  as  a  pledge  or 

I'luniise. 

un-re -dressed',  a.  [Pref.  an-  (l),  and  Eng. 
redres&ed,] 

1.  Not  redressed ;  not  relieved  from  in- 
justice. 

"  He  8on\iw'd  unredressed." 

Pope  :  Homer;  lliadxvin.  520. 

*  2.  Not  removed  ;  not  reformed  ;  not  com- 
pensated for  or  requited. 

•■  The  insult  went  not  unredressed." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Isles,  iv.  16. 

*  UIl-re-du9ed',  (i.  [Pref.  jtn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
raliiced.]     Not  reduced  or  subdued. 

"  The  earl  divided  all  the  rest  of  the  Irish  countries, 
unreduced,  into  shires," — Davies :  Ireland. 

*  uii-re-du9'-i-ble-iiess,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Eng.  reduclblcness.}  The  quality  or  state 
of  not  being  reducible. 

"  Their  stiangenesE  and  unreduciblenets  to  the  com- 
mon methods  and  ubservatious  of  nature."— ft'oufft; 
Sei-Tiions,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  6. 

un -reeve',  v.t.     [Pref.   un-  (2),  and   Eng. 

reeve,  v.] 

Naut.  :  To  withdraw  or  take  out  a  rope 
from  a  block,  thimble,  &c. 

*  un-re-fer'-riing,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  re/erring.]  Without  reference  ;  not  re- 
ferring. ^ 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;    we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  ^nite,  cur,  rule,  fiill;  try,  Syrian,     ae,  ce  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =^  kw. 


unrefined—  unremembering 


lih'i 


an-re -fined',  ".    iPref.    un-  (1),   and   En^;. 

1.  /.((.  ;  Not  ivlined  ;  not  purified. 

"  Miiscovadft.  AS  we  cM  our  uiireft»\l  supnr,  "— 
Dampivr:  Voi/<iffe*  [nil.  HJy»). 

2.  yi<J. :  Notretiiied  or  polished  in  manners, 
taste,  or  the  like  ;  coarse. 

"TliiiSfl  eftrly  and  unn'ftned  ftges,"— fiiirt«;  A  rindi- 
•  ation  o/  .Viituntt  Nocicl!/. 

■  un-re-flect  -ed.  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
-  ■Ih't-d.i    Nut  irHfcteil,  as  rays  of  light. 

"  Tlie  iioxt.  nil  iinrfjt.-cted.  shone 
Oil  bnickfu  green  luid  cold  grey  eUme. 

Si'ott :  latlj/  of  the  Lake.  v.  lo. 

un-re-flect' ing,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
,.tU:rfiu,i.\  Not  reflecting  ;  unthinking,  lieed- 
J.-s.  lh.".n-}illfss. 

■■  From  iiiif'-rfrcfluu  ignorance  pre9er\'ed." 

■   il'oriUworlh  :  Excursion.  1>K.  iv. 

*  un-re-form-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eiig.  re/ortmtbk']  Incapable  of  i-eforniatinn  ; 
not^'capable  of  being  refnrnied  or  amended. 

'■Tlie  just  extingiiishiiient  <^f  unr(\fonnablc  per- 
inn\s."— Hooker :  £cvfcs.  Politie,  bk.  vii..  §21. 

•  iin-ref-dr-ma'-tion,  s.  [Pief.  Joi-Cl),  and 
Eng.  irfonnatioii.]  The  state  or  eonditiun  ol 
being  unreformed;  want  of  refonnation, 

■'  Ailded  to  their  unreformntion  an  imptidence  lu 
sinnint.'."— flp-  Ball:  Sermon  Eccl.  iii.  4. 

un- re -formed',  n.    [Pref.  nn-  <1),  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  reformed  ;  not  reclaimed  from  vice 
to  virtne. 

■•  Every  vicioiis  tiabit  or  unr^ormed  sh\."—Bp. 
T<i!/lor:  Strmom.  vol.  i..  ser.  12. 

2.  Not  corrected  or  amended  ;  not  freed 
from  defects,  inaccuracies,  blemishes,  faults, 
or  the  like. 

■■  Leave  those  frightful  auomaliea  to  be  unreformed." 
^Eeeniiig  yeiot.  Feb.  20.  1886. 

3.  Not  elected  under  the  provisions  cf  a 
Reform  Bill.     [Reform  Acts.J 

"  Tlie  more  conttenial  arena  of  au  unreformed  Par- 
Ijaiueiit.  —  .S(.  James  t  Gazette,  Feb.  14,  1888. 

un-re-fract'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
refmficd.)    Not  refracted,  as  rays  of  light. 
"The  sun's  circtilFir  imagw  is  innde  by  an  anrefracted 
be.im  of  light."— iVuw^oii ;  Ojjticks. 

un-re-fSreshed',  (i.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
,</,ts/f<;(/.]  Not  refreshed ;  not  comforted, 
clieered.  (ir  relieved. 

■■  C II refreshed  with  either  food  or  wine." 

Cowfer:  nomcr:  Odyssey  \v. 

'  iin-re-fiind  -iris,  ft.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  refumliatj.]  Not  refunding,  restoring, 
ur  returning. 

"  On  tiiat  en<'rinons,  unrefundiny  tomb 

How  jiist  this  \  t^ise,  this  iiumumeiit-al  sigh  '." 

youiKj  :  yi'jht  Thoughts,  vii.  83. 

'  iin-re-fus'-a-ble,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (i) ;  Eng. 
refuse,  aml^-able.]  Nut  capable  of  being  re- 
fused ;  rensouable,  just. 

"  The  most  uurrfusnbt.  demand."— CaW^?«. 

un-re-fu§'-ing,  'f-  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
re/i'^iny.]  Nut  refusing;  not  denying  or  re- 
jecting. 

"  There,  nnrefusiug,  to  the  barness'd  yoke 
They  lend  their  shoulder." 

Thomson  :  Spring.  38. 

'  un-re-gain'-a-We,  a.  [Pref.  «»-  (1),  and 
Eng.  rajaiimhk.]  Incapable  of  being  re- 
gained or  won  back. 

■■Wild  Htnigcles  and  clntchings  towards  the  nn- 
.attainable,    the    unregiitnahle."— Carlyte :    JleminU- 
^  ccin-ei'.  i.  -.I&l- 

*un-re-gard'-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  ini-  (1), 
and  Eug.  rtgardabl*;.]  Not  worthy  or  deserv- 
ing of  regard  or  notice. 

■■  Uiiproving  ilUistrations  and  unregardable  testi- 
\noiue))."—Dp.  Hall:  Remont.  Defcnre.%\Z. 

un-re-gard'-ant,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
En^.  rcijardant.]  Taking  no  notice;  unno- 
ticing. 

■'  An  unrcoardant  eye." 

Houthey :  iJon  fiodcrick,  xir. 

iin-re-gard-ed,  ".  [Pref.  tin-  (l),  and  Eng. 
i-fii" riled.]  Not  regarded;  not  heeded;  un- 
noticed, unheeded,  neglected,  sliglited. 

■■  Guileless  I  w.iuder,  unregarded  inoum. 
While  these  exalt  their  sceptres  o'er  m>  nm." 

pope  :  Thcbiiis  of  Statiiu,  1"5. 

iin-re-gen'-er-a-yy,  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  re'j>:nrnu-ii']  Tlie  quality  or  state  of 
being  unregeiierate  ;  want  or  absence  of  re- 
gen  eracy. 

"  We  .ire  still  in  the  condition  of  unregencracy  .nnd 
de.ith  nnil  thmivh  we  thna  seek  we  shall  not  enter."— 
Ulanvill:  .s.-rrn-m.i,  .W..  I. 


iin  -  re  -  gen'  -  er  -  ate,  un-re-gen'-er-at- 

ed,  <r.  |l*ref.  HH-  (I),  and  En^.  rcaenerttte, 
,,nrutm!fi.]  .Not  n-it-nenite  ;  not  regener- 
.nted  ;  not  renewed  in  iieart  ;  in  a  state  of 
nature  ;  not  brought  to  u  new  life. 


•  un-re-gen-er-a'-tion,  s.  iPref.  vn-  (i), 
and  Eng.  rc(fenerntion.]  The  quality  or  st^te 
of  being  unregenerate. 

■■  A  sUitc  of  caniality,  of  unregenrrntion.  that  is.  of 
hin  .iiid  death.'— £fp.  UuH  :  Of  Hepcnlance.  cli.  viii..  §4. 

un-reg'-is-tered,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ixtjisiiffd.]  Not  registered;  not  re- 
corded. 

■'  Cnregistcred  in  vulpnr  fame," 

fJinkesp.  :  Antony  A-  Cleopatra,  iii.  11. 

un-re-gret'-ted,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and. 
Eng.  m/iv^/((/. ]  Ni a  regretted  ;  not  lamented, 
grieved,  or  liewajicd  over. 

■■And  iinngrctlcd  are  soon  snatched  away." 

Vowper :  ftetirement.  167. 

iin-re -hearsed',  n.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
rehearsed.]  Not  rehearsed  ;  not  prepared 
beforehand. 

■'  An  episode  occnrrpd.  which,  thoneh  dramatic,  was 
nnpienieditatt-'d  and  unrehearsed. '—  Julian  Bavi- 
ikorne:  A  Tragic  Mystery,  ch.  xviii 

*  iin-rein',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  rein, 

v.]   To  give  the  rein  to  ;  to  loosen  the  reins  of. 

iin-reined',  n.  [Pref.  i(/i-(l>,  and  Eng.  i-eined.] 

1.  Lit.  :  Not  reined  ;  not  restrained  by  the 
bridle. 

'■This  flying  steed  unn-ineil."    MiUon:  P.  £..vii.l8. 

2.  Fig. :  Not  held  in  proper  restraint  or 
sulijeclion, 


*  iin-re-joi^ed',  a.    [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 

njoiccd.]    Nut  rejoiced;  not  made  joyful  or 
glad. 

"Not  unrrJo!cf>d  I  see  thee  climb  the  sky.' 

iVordiiciirOi     (Mir  for  General  Thanksgiving. 

un-re-joic'-ing,  o.  [Pref.  1(ti-(1),  and  Eng. 
rcjokinf}.]  Not  rejoicing  ;  not  joyful  or  glad; 
sad,  gloomy,  dull. 

■'  Here  Winter  holda  bis  tnirejoicing  court." 

Thomson :   }yinter.  895. 

un-re-lat'-ed,  a.    [Pref.   vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 

related.} 

1.  Not  related  ;  not  connected  by  blood  or 
affinity. 

"  Let  others  it7irelat€d  to  hlni  write  his  character,'' 
"Fuller;   Worthies;  London. 

2.  Having  no  connection  or  relation  ;  uncon- 
nected. 

•'A  oertain  matter  of  fact,  not  wholly  unrelated  to 
thetiuestii.n.'— /i((»tf     American  Taxation. 

'  un-rel'-a-tive,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
rdatire.]  "Not  relative;  having  no  relation; 
irrelative. 

•■  The  events  we  are  witnesses  of.  iu  the  course  of  the 
longest  life,  appear  to  ua  very  often  original,  unpre- 
pared, single,  and  unretatioc,  if  I  may  nae  snch  au  ex- 
pression."—tfoii»)(^6rofte  ;  Study  of  Uistory,  let.  ii. 

*  un-rel'-a-tive-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unreUttive  ; 
■h/.]  Not  n-latively ;  without  relation  to 
others  ;  irrelatividy. 

"They  saw  the  measures  they  took  singly  and  itn- 
relatively  or  relatively  aloue  to  some  immediate  ob- 
ject."—Dolingbroke :  Study  of  History,  let.  ii. 

un-re-laxed',  a.  [Pref.  lui-  (1).  and  Eng. 
reUu:f:d.]    Not  relaxed,  slackened,  or  loosened. 

■■  Vnrela.rrd.  like  this,  resist 
Both  wind  and  rain,  and  snow  and  mist." 

C'ongreve :  Impossible  Thing. 

un-re-lax'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
rLlaxing.]  Not  relaxing  ;  not  giving  way  or 
slackening. 

"  The  malady  that  griped 
Her  prostrate  frame,  with  unrelaxin!/  power." 
\\'ordsworth :  Excursion,  bk.  vi. 

un-re-lent'-ihg,  o.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
rihatimi.]  Nut  teltMiting  ;  not  being  or  be- 
fiiuiing  mild,  gentle,  merci-fnl,  or  the  like  ; 
relentless,  pitiless,  severe,  inexorable,  bard- 
hearteil.     - 

'■  The  feet  of  unretentlng  Jove," 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Hind  xvii.  286. 

fin-re-lent' -ing-15^,  adv.  [Eng.  unrelenting; 
-hi.]  In  an  unrelenting,  pitiless,  or  relent- 
less manner. 

*  iin-re-lent'-mg-ness,  s.    [Eng.  unrcknt- 

intj :  ,((«s.)    The  quality  ur  state  of  being  un- 
relenting ;  imidaeability, 

■■Sucli  in   it«   nnnh-ntitrgncss  was  the  persecution 

that  overmaatered  ii]<L:'—/hUuincey:  Atttob.  .'iketchet, 

i,  SM. 


un-re-li-a-bil  -i-t^,  .".  I  Eng.  uurdinhU ; 
■  iiu.]  The  (puility  or  atate  of  being  mireli- 
al'le  ;  unreliableness. 

iin-re-li'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  i'»-  (i).  and  Eng, 
»>7(-''-/..|  '.\nt  reliable;  that  canmtt  l.e  reliod 
or  depended  on.     [See  extract  under   Keli- 

ABLII,  1.] 

un-re-U'-a-ble-ness,  ^.  fKng.  Hnreliahlc-' 
-IICS5.1  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  unre- 
liable. 

*  iin-re-lleV-a-ble,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eri^;.  iv/fViviW.'.]  Nut  relicvablc  ;  incapablo 
of  being  relieved,  succoured,  or  alleviated. 

"As  no  degree  of  dUtrew  In  unrelierablti  by  hlH 
power.  8o  no  extremity  of  it  U  liicolii>li>tont  wltn  his 
coiu\-ns»\on."— Boyle  :  Works,  i.  28H. 

un-re-lieved',  a.     [Pref.   un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

relieml.) 

1.  Not  relieved  ;  not  succoured,  alleviated, 
aided,  or  assisted. 

"  The  e3|>eclal  object  of  discretionary  bounty  goes 
unrelieved,"— Bp.  Hortlcy :  Sermons,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  36. 

2.  Not  relieved  from  attack  or  blockade : 
as,  a  garrison  nnrelkved. 

3.  Not  freed  from  tediousness,  monotony, 
or  tiresomeness. 

"  Cnrcliei'cd  by  that  minute  and  philosopliic  analysis 
of    bom-geois  cbamcter."- />(ii/y   Telegraph.   Dec.  20. 

1887. 

*  un-re-lig'-ious,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and 
Eng.  religioum.]  Not  religious,  not  godly,  not 
pious,  not  holy  ;  irreligious. 

"Such  persones  as  serve  the  mlodea  of  unreligiout 
bishops.'^- t'lfo?     Luke  wii. 

*  tin-re-lin'-quish-a-blir,  ^''''-  [Pref.  un- 
(1);  Eng.  reliiciu'sli,  and  sutf.  -ahly.]  So  as 
not  to  be  relinquished,  forsaken,  or  resigned. 

■■  To  clog  A  rational  creature  to  his  endless  sorrow 
unrcUnqitithably."— Milton  :  Jtimrce,  bk.  ii..  ch.  ix. 

un-re-lin'-quisbed,  ".  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  rdiniiuifhai.]  Not  relinquished,  for- 
saken, or  abandoned. 

"  At  heart  sin  unrcUnguisKd  lies. " 

Coivper:  Conversntion.  R'Z. 

*  un-rel'-ish-itng,  o.    [Pref.  ""-(l),  aurl  Eng. 

rdisliiiiii.]  Nut  retaining  or  not  having  a 
rdensing  Uisle  <n-  savour.    {Lit.  d\fig.) 

'\''  '■  All  things  that  are  nneasie  and  unrcUxhing  at  the 
-  he&t."—<llani'ill  J  Sermon  0. 

un-re-liic'-tant,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  relndant'.]  Not  reluctant  ;  not  un- 
willing. 

'■  Resign'd  and  unrrlitrtanf.  see 
Jly  every  w  lah  subside." 

Cou-pcr  :  Perfect  Sacrifice. 

'un-re-lilc'-tant-l:i^,  adv.  [Eng.  unre- 
lurAant;  -hj.]  In  an  unreluctant  manner; 
witluuit  reluctjince  or  hesitation. 

"Submitted  to  as  a  burden  unrelitctantly."— Search: 
Light  of  Xature.  voi.  ii..  pt.  ii.,  ch,  xxiii. 

un-re-mark'-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  remark'd'le.] 

1.  Not  remarkable  ;  not  worthy  of  or  call- 
ing for  particular  remark  or  notice. 

"Xor  is  this  unremarkable,"Sandyi  :  Omd  ;  Jleta* 
nwrphoses  xi.    (Notes.) 

*  2.  Not  capable  of  being  observed. 
"This    fleeting  and   vnremttrkable  superficies. "— 
Digby  :  On  Bodies. 

*  un-re-me'-di-a-ble,  «.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  reimdinblc.]'  Nut  remediable;  not  cap- 
able of  being  remedied  ;  incurable,  irreme- 
diable. 

"  The  miseries  of  an  unrem4!dtabte  diBapiwintment." 
—Bp.  Hall :  Confentation,  S  20. 

iin-rem'-e-died,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  rane.di''d.]    Not  remedied,  not  cured. 

"  Tlie  unreittvdieif  loni-lluess  of  this  remedy,'  — 
Milton  :  iH'Ct,  -i:  Jiisc.  of  Divorce.   {To  the  Parliament.) 

*  iin-re-mem'-ber-^-ble,  a.    [Pref.  i/n-O), 

and  Eng.  remevd'crahte.]  Not  to  be  remem- 
bered ;  not  memorable. 

■■The  whole  Ptist.  uiircniembered  Aud  unremember 
able.'— Cart  vie  :  Cromuell,  i.  6. 

un-re-mem'-bered,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (\),fin({ 
Eng.  remendtered.]  Nut  leinembered  ;  not 
retained  in  the  memory  ;  forgutten. 

"  Cnremeniber'd  by  Uie  world  lieside.' 
Byron-   Lines  iVritlen  in  the  Chunhyard  nf  ffamm. 

'  un-re-mem'-ber-ing,  ".  [Pref.  «n-  (i), 
.'ind  Eng.  rcuiemhcring.]  Not  remembering  ; 
forgetting,  forgetful. 

"  I'nr'-memb'ring  of  its  former  pain, 
"Thr  Boul  may  fnutreT  niortnl  lleali  acaiii." 

Hryden  :   Virffil :  .fneid  vl.  1.019 


bwl.  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  e^t.    ph  =  f, 
-clan,  -tian  :=  shan.    -tion,  -sion  :=  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.    -ble.    die.  .Ve.  =  bel,  deL 


311 


354 


unremembrance— unresented 


An-rd-mom 'bran9e.  >■  [Pief.  uti-  (i). 
;iii<l  Eii„'.  M  ,.i'-ui'"'rn.y.l  Want  OF  al»euc«  I'l" 
n.-iiifuil'niiice  ;  fmyc-tfulin-vs. 

■■Autiii-^ly.fui  unrrrtttmbnttic<.  or  Kvaent  fiarJou." 
—  tram  -   Ic-ftc*.  |»L  ii.,  ck  Iv. 

i^rS-mlt-ted.  «.    |Prcf.  nn-  (1),  and  Ens. 

1.  Not  iviiiitted ;   not  forgiven  ;  as,  a  tine 
utirciiiittf'i. 

2.  Not  i-elaxed. 

•■  Thp  iinl>]c>ct  «tf  unremUted  wixicly."— Coo*  :   /Vrtf 
I'pyiivr.  Ilk.  iL.  L'b.  X. 

un  rd-mit'-ting,  a.  (Pref.  ««•  (1),  and  Eng. 
rrmitlinri  |  N'ot  remitting :  not  relaxing  fur 
a  time  ;  incessant,  continued. 

•■  NiT  Imiliw  cniDh'il  by  tmronitling  toil," 

IVordiwurth  ■  Eicurtiou,  bk.  ix. 

un-ro-mit' -ting -Ij^, «''»■.  lEng.toirfHiiMrHf)'; 
-/i/.l  In  an  uiin-iiiittiiig  nuinner ;  without 
rvluxing  for  a  time  ;  incessantly. 

"  UofC"'  unrc^niltingly  tlie  stiiblx.ru  work." 

Wordtt»orth  :  £xcur»ioi>.  bk.  vi. 

•  an-re-morae -ful,  «.     tPi*'f-  ""■  (0,  and 

Kti;:.   rtiu'f,>';j"'..]      Unsparing,    remorseless, 

piltlfSS, 

"  C'liremora^fHl  f.it«." 
.Vtoctrfi  :  Sir  T.  On'rbiirt/s  i'Uion.     (1616.) 

•  fin-re-morse'-leae,  "■  [Pi-'-f-  ^'"-  (2),  3., 
and  Eng.  ,ciuvisekis.i  lteniuiscle.ss,  pitiless, 
unsparing. 

"  HiB  nifllifliiotis  breith 
CoutJ  not  :it  all  clunn  uvrfifiriflM  ileath." 

Cwir/ctf  .■  t'ltyu  0'>  ■"''■  /••'»**"'■<'  Clarke- 

un-re-mov'-a-We,  *  un-re-move-a-blc, 

ir.  [Trcl.  vii'(l),  and  Exv^.  remoi-ahle.]  Not 
reinovaMf  ;  iuciipabk-  of  being  removed ; 
lixed,  irruniovablt*. 

"  Cnrcmnptibte  by  skill 
Or  force  of  man."         Cottper  :  Ice  Islands. 

•  fin-re-mov'-a-ble-nesB,  s.  (Eng.  n)ire- 
mnriihh- ;  ■jc's^.j"  Tlicqiiality  or  state  of  being 
unrenioval'lL- ;  irrt.'iimv.'tblcness. 

"Tbe  .    •    -    tirirrm,feQl>h'ne49,ui   that  londL"— fly». 
/tail  :  Cinit'-tii/}/.  :  H'jsurrcctiot!. 

'fin-re-mov'-a-bl^,  (ulv.  [Eng.  wuroKor- 
fi '»(/'■) ;  -hj.]  Ill  an  nnreniova\)le  manner ;  so 
as  nnt  tnbe  capable  of  being  removed;  iire- 
movably. 

"  Hia  (I iHcoiiteiita  .ire  unremtPraNn 
Cuu|>le«l  to  nature."         Shaketp. :  Timon,  v.  2. 

un- re-moved'*  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

rviimvol.  I 

1.  Nut  rt'Mioved  ;  not  taken  away. 

"Tlie  Iwaid  stood  tntremor'd." 

Compel- :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xxiv. 

*2.  Not  removable;  firm,  unshaken. 

"  Witb  uiirnnovetl  coiisttiicy." 

hriiyton  "  EJegy  on  the  Ladg  J.  S. 

un-re-mu'-ner-a-tive,  o.  [Pref.  in)-  (i), 
and  Eng.  Ycm\ineraiive.\  Xot  leuumerative  ; 
not  profitable. 

"Tlie  Botany  bmicli  continues  to  be  inactive  and 
also  unrcxnni.TiJtipe:  —Thiies.  JiiU.  16,  1888. 

•  un-re-nav'-ig-a-ble,  «.  [Prefs.  «n-  (i). 
n--,  and  Eng.  naviga)Ac.]  That  cannot  be 
sailed  back  or  reiiassed  in  ships. 

"Tlie  imienapigable  Stygi.-ni  aoumL" 

Haiidui  -.    Virffil  ;  ^Eneii,  vi. 

un-re-newed' (ewas  ii),  v.    [Pref.  »h-(1), 

ami  Eiiu-  n-nKvcd.\ 

\,  Ni>t  renewed,  not  renovated  ;  not  made 
new  again. 

2.  Not  regenerat-e ;  nn  regenerate. 

3.  Xot  renewed ;  not  made  anew. 


'  on-renf .  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng.  rent,  a.] 
Ncit  rent ;  not  torn  asunder. 

"Tbe  bills  tb:it  shake,  nlthongh  iiiiTcvt." 

Baron  :  Siege  of  Corinth,  xxxiii. 

iin-re-paid'.  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
rqiaitJ.]  Not  repaid,  not  compensated,  nut 
recompensed,  not  requited. 

"  Sly  wro!!(js  too  unrepaid." 

Ht/ron:  Comair,  iij.  $. 

•  un-re-pair'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  itn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  irjKi noble.]  Not  repairable;  incapable 
of  being  repaired  ;  irreparable. 

"  The    unrepairable    brenclies    abroad."— flanie?  ,■ 
Ilitt.  Enf/..  p.  48- 

un-re-paired ,  *  un-repayred,  o.  [Pref. 
ini-  (1),  and   Eng.    7T/"i(m/.|     Not  repaired, 
amended,  recompensed,  or  requited. 
'■  Though  .1  diviDe 
Loss,  rem.itna  yet  as  vnrrfmiretl  n»  mine." 

Den  Jomon  :  Exccrarinu  u/xoi  Vu(cnn, 


'  un-re-pear-a-ble.  c  [Pref.  vu-  (i).  ai:d 
Eng.  n-i-x table.]  Not  n-pealubk- ;  not  cap&bbj 
of  Wing  rejX'aled. 

"  Ancient  und  tivre/iealat/te  »U\UitA.:'~.Vdton  :  /it- 
form,  in  England,  lik.  ii. 

^-re-pealed',  o.     [Pref.   nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

r/'/xviM/.]     Not  repealed;  not  revoked;  not 
abrogated  ;  remaining  in  furi-e. 


un-re-peat -ed.  ".  [I'ref.  7t»i-(l).  and  Eng. 
rfjv<(fc((.]     Not  repeated  ;  not  retold. 

"Thf  furttier  lucutiim  .  .  .  niigbt  bftve  sk-pt  with 
hiiu  urirevcated."— Milton  :  Antwerto  Eikon  liitsihkc. 
(Pr«f.| 

'  tin-re-pent'-anje*  ■■'.  [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 
Eng.  iKpcnUino'.]  The  quality  or  stjte  of 
being  unrepentant  or  impenitent  ;  absence  of 
repentance ;  impenitenee. 

"  Tbe outM-.ird  unre/>enlnnri-  of  his de;itb."— Cow/cj/  ; 

Gijreni>'»-'it  ..fOlircr  Cnimwll. 

un-re -pent  -ant,  '  un-re-pent-aunt.  ". 

[Pref.  ».i-(l),"and  Eng.  n-}-f,tt>.n\t.]  Nnt  n- 
pentant ;  not  repenting;  not  penitent;  im- 
penitent. 

"So  unrepentant,  diu-k,  and  pnssionlesa." 

iiymn :  Lara,  ii.  19. 

un-re-pent'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reiiciitcd.]     Not  repented  of. 

■■  Tu  every  unrepented  act  of  evil." 

liutce :  lioyal  Convert,  v. 

un-re-pent'-ing, n.    [Pref.  uii-  (l), and  Eng. 

repniiti.nij.\ 
1.  Unrepentant,  impenitent. 
*  2.  Unrepenttfd  of. 


iin-re-pent'-ing-ly,  f^f^v.  [Eng.  uurei>cnt- 
i'tg;  -'.'/■)  I"  '"i  uiirepenting  manner;  not 
like  one  penitent. 

*  un-re-pined',  «.  [Pref,  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
iepi»i:il.]  Not  murmured  or  complained  at. 
(Fnll.iwed  by  at.) 

"  To  coutiuue  those  ftaxational  be  found  unrepined 
at."—Bp.  Hall:  Contempl.  ;  Nchinniah's  lledi-esunuj. 

iin-re-pin'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
reiiiniiiij.]  Not  repining  ;  not  peevishly  mur- 
muring or  complaining. 


*  iin-re-pin'-ing-ly,  (uir.    [Eng.  nnrpi^in- 

iuij;  -h/.]  In  an  unrepining  manner  ;  witlnmt 
peevisii  murmurs  or  complaints  ;  without  re- 
pining. 

"His  undisputible  will  must  be  doue,  and  nvre- 
piniiiiili/." — licli'inift  WottoniaiKE,  p.  y-2. 

un-re-plen -ished,  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 
Eng.  I-  i>!':,);>)u-<l.]  Nut  replenished  ;  not  hlied  ; 
not  I'ully  supplied. 

"Some  air  retrcitted  tbither,  kept  the  mercury  out 
of  the  unreplenhhed  space."— /jOf//c. 

*  un-re-pU'-a-ble,  a.  (Pref.  vn-  (l);  Eng. 
reply,  and  sutl".  -able.]    Unanswerable. 

"  By  most  unre/tli'ible  deoionstratioiis  from  tbe  law 
of  Nature  aud  S:\tioiis."— Uaudoi :  Tears  of  the 
Church,  p.  32% 

*un-re-plied',  0.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
repUeii.]     Not  reidied  (to) ;  not  answered. 

"His  letter  b.ia  remained  uyirepHed  to."— /.cccc  ; 
Dodd  Family  Abroad,  cb.  li. 

un-rep-re-sent'-ed,  o.    [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 

Eng.  repre.se)ded.] 

1.  Not  represented  by  a  delegate  or  agent 
acting  on  one's  behalf. 

"Tlie  prisoner  w.aa  then  unrepresented  by  a  soli- 
citor.'—An7.'/  Tele'jraph,  J.au.  IT,  IB88. 

2.  Not  yet  put  on  the  stage, 

"A  single  performance  of  hitherto  tnirepresentcd 
woika.-— Daily  Tetfftraph,  Feb.  13,  1S38. 

3.  Not  represented  by  an  individual  or 
specimen. 

"What  forma  are  .at  present  unrepresented." — Field, 
Dec.  21,  1987. 

iin-re-pressedV  «•  [Pi"ef.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
rcpi-essed. ]  Not  repressed  or  kept  bac k . 
{J'ennyson:  Arabian  Nights,  74.) 

*iin-re-priev'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (i); 
Eng.  reprieve,  and  suft'.  -(diie.]  Not  repriev- 
able  ;  not  capable  of  being  reprieved. 

"An  unreprievable  L-nndenuied  bloo<l," 

Shiikcsp.  :  hin;/  Joliii,  v.  7. 

*  iin  -  re  -  prieved',  *  un  -  r  e  -  preeved,  a . 

[Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  repric^•ed.]  Not  re- 
prieved ;  not  respited. 

"Unrespited,  tuipitieJ,  nnreprleped." 

A/ilt^ii      P.  /,,.  ii.  Ixj. 


'  un-re-prda9li-a-ble.  o.  [Pref.  vn-  (i;, 
and  Eng.  rppiiinr!tid>l>.\  Not  reproaehable ; 
not  liable  t'l  be  rrpioat-hed  ;  irreproachable. 


un-re-pr6a9hed',  ".  [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 
Eng.  rvprodchcd.]  Not  reiuoached  ;  without 
repioach. 

"Sir  Jribn  Hoth.ani.  nitreprnnrhed.  uncurspd  by  any 
Imprecatiun  i)f  uune,  paf.-3  iiia  bead.  — /iiuy  c/mrU-i. 

un-re-prov  -a-ble,  nn-re-prove  -a-ble, 

".  [Pief.  vn-  (1),  ajid  Eng.  reitrovuhle.']  Not 
n'prtpvable;  not  calling  for  or  deserving  re- 
jironf  ;  nut  liable  to  reproof  or  censure. 

"To  present  you  huly.  iinblauieable,  and  tinreprove. 
able  iu  his  sight."— Culoisioits  i.  22. 

un-re-proved',  c.    [Pref,  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
rrprored.] 
1.  Not  reproved  ;  not  censured. 

*  2.  Not  liable  or  open  to  reproof  or  een- 
sure  ;  unreiiruvable. 

"  In  beauty  of  holiness,  with  orrtered  i>omti. 
Decent  and  nnreproifd" 

\\'ordsiooj-'h  :  Excursion,  bk.  vi. 

*  3.  Not  disproved. 

"  The  unrepriiprd  witiiesse  of  those  men's  actions." — 
Jl.icKhiyt  :    Voya-jes.  iii.  6»4. 

'un-re-prov'-ing,  o.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  reproviiuj.]  Not  gii-en  to  chiding  or 
reproof. 

"  Here  dwelln  kind  Ea.*^  and  un^'eprnving  Joy" 
Tliomfiuit :  Caattf  of  Indolence,  i.  28- 

'  un-re-piig'-nant,  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (l).  ami 
Eng.  repugnant.]  S'ot  repugnant  ;  not  con- 
tradictory or  opposed. 

"  Make  laws  unrepugnant  unto  them.' — //oofcer, 

"  un-re-puls'-a-ble,  o.  [Prof,  vn-  (i) ;  Eng. 
irpiilsic),  and  sutf.  -(dile.]  Not  to  be  repulsed  ; 
persistent. 

"  He,  iinrepulsable.  was  iiersiateat  iu  both."— -l/i«* 
Austen  :  Mansfield  Park,  ch.  xxxiii. 

'  iin-re-puls'-ing,  ".  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  repnlain'j.]  Nut  repelling  ;  yieUling 
passively. 

"  I  kissed  her  ntirepnlsing  ImuA."—  Hichardsan  - 
Clariiga.  iv.  254. 

•  iin-rep'-u-t^a-ble,  «.     [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and 

Em;.  repvtab(e.]  Not  reputable;  disreput- 
able. 

"  We  are  convinced  that  piety  is  no  iinrcpiitabff' 
qualification. ' — Uogci-H. 

iin- re-quest',  r.t.  [Pref.  vn-(;l'),  and  Eng. 
request,  v.]    To  withdraiv  a  request  for. 

"  I  thought  it  good  t«  xiiiveiiuest  that  again. '— 
So'tptrr  to  Cecil.  1552. 

un-re-quest'-ed,  o.  [Pref.  Tf»-(l), and  Eng. 
requested.]  Nut  requested;  nut  asked;  un- 
asked. 

"  He  .  .  .  offera  the  cure  unrequested."—Rp.  Hall  : 
Cont. :  »'iduw's  .Sun  Jliiiscd. 

"  un-re-quired',  o.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
required.] 

1.  Not  required  ;  not  sought. 

"Clearest  promise  ...  is  given,  not  only  toirj-- 
ijiiired  but  !»eiug  refused  by  that  profane  king.'  — 
Lviijhton  .    Comment,  un  1  Peter  ii. 

2.  Not  requisite  or  necessary. 

unreqoisite  (asun-rek  -wiz-it),  c.  [Pref. 
?n(- (1),  and  Eng.  requisite.]  Not  requisite  or 
necessary ;  unnecessary. 

"  Much  which  it  hatb  taught  become  tinrcjuisite."— 
Hookvr  :  Eccles.  Politic,  bk.  iii..  §  11. 

un-re-quit'-a-Me,  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 
Eng.  requitaUe,]  Not  requitalile  ;  not  capable 
of  being  requited. 

"So  unrequitable  is  Goifs  love." — Doyle:  Korks. 
t  274. 

un-re-quit'-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
requited.]  Not  requited;  not  recompensed; 
not  repaid. 

"  Like  early  unreiiuite-i  Love." 

Byron  ;  Bride  of  Abydos.  ii.  2^. 

•  iin-re-sear9h'-a-ble,  '  un-rc-serch-a- 

ble,  ('.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng.  re<n<rrh,  ,uid 
su(l\  -uhlc.]  Incapable  of  being  searched  into, 
examined,  or  investigated. 

"  Hys  hygbe  goodnes  and  nnresertpieable  wisedume ." 
— .Sjr  T.  More  .    W'orkes.  p.  59L 

un-re-§ent'-ed,  a.  (Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
re^entPiL]  Not  resented;  not  met  with  feel- 
ings or  acts  of  indignation,  anger,  or  the  like. 

"  TresiWRS.  merely  ."is  trespas.%  w.i3  commonly  j'lif- 
fei-ed  to  [laas  umesented."  —  Macaulay:  Hist.  En-j . 
ch.  xviiL 


l&te.  lat,  f^e,  amidst,  what,  fS,ll,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  s5?,  mxrine :  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  miite,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unreserve— unrewarding 


un  re-serve',  s.  [Prvf.  ii»-{i),  itiul  Kn^;.  iv- 
M-nr,  >.l  Want  or  iibfif  nee  of  reserve  ;  tVaiik- 
la-ss ;  fi'-i^iloMi  ot'oinimiuucation. 

■■  H'*   live.1   in   the  fTer«4f>iii  i>(  60cM  iinrvwypf."  — 

U-.n-foii.    I.ifr  <•/  linlhiirst.  |i.  (>G. 

iin-re-^erved,  ».     tPref.  itn-{\),  nnd  Eng. 

1.  Not  reserved  ;  uotrestricled  ;  uoMiiiiited; 
full,  complete. 

"  Full  and  niiresrri'^d  jjowtfr  to  conclude  the  siiiiip. " 
—Ih-nry  VIII..  To  H>«ff,  A\*V-  S  !'• 

2.  Open,  frank;  freeiu<:oniiuuuicatiou  ;  not 
retiretl. 

■•Johns  m\s  a.  life  of  austority  :  liis  [Jpsiis]  more 
Itwswuiunrttvrped'—GUpiH  :S--nnom.  vol.  iv..  t^r.  2". 

3.  Not  having  a  reserve  placed  npon  the  lots. 

*■  Important  and  nitrrs^wwV    ajvI*   of    4.19  casks  of 
slieiry    now  lying  at  Loudou  Uocka."— FfTncs.  Nov,  ■», 

187.*.  'lA.lvt.) 

un-re-serv-ed-ly,  fc/f.    [Eng.  ^on-p.^frm?; 

1.  In  an  unreserved   manner ;    fully,  cnm- 
pletely  ;  without  reservati'di. 

2.  Frankly,  oi'«^ly.  fi't'^ly. 

■*  Tliey  coiTMi»pnded    Hssiduimsly   and    most  unre- 
seriydhi."—Mai-AtHl II ft:  UUt.  IJng..  cli.  xU 

"un-re-jerv'-ed-ness,  s.  [En*?,  vurcserred: 
-uess.]  Tlieqiiulitynrstateofboingnnreserved; 
(ipenni'.ss ;  frankness. 

*  un-re-sist-an9e,  5.  [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 
Enj^.  ri\-^istnnc':.\  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
nnresisting. 

"How  do  they  [diimh  crwvtnrea]  bear  our  stri|>P3 
with  a  trenibliiuf  ujiresiitiiii>e .'" —  fi/i.  Uull  :  H'jIiIu- 

un-re-^ist -ed,  ".  [Pref.  ud-  (i),  juuI  Eng. 
reiiUtcd.] 

1.  Not  resisted  ;  without  resistance  offered  ; 
unopposed. 

"  Uiukay  marched  luireitixreif  from  Perth  nito  Loch- 
nXter.'—Mitcdula!/ :  Hist.  liiij  .  ch.  \\'\. 

•'2.  Resistless  ;  incapable  of  being  lesisted  ; 
irresistible. 

"  Yield  to  the  force  of  unretittcd  fate." 

Pope:  Burner;  Odytaey  xiii.  352. 

'un-re-^ist-ed-ly,  (uh:  {E.u%.  unresisted ; 
-hj.]     Witliout  resistance. 

"These  pass  imresittedl'/  through  the  porefl  of  all 
Solid  bo<Jies.'  — floj/t'.-   Works,  iii.  66a. 

*  un-re-f ist'-i-ble,  a.     [Pref.  ?ni-  (I).  and 

Eng.  resistible]    Incapable  of  being  resisted; 
irresistible. 

"  By  custom  luirfiintihte." 
Renum.  .f  Flet. :  C'lisroiu  of  the  Conntri/,  i. 

un-re-^ist'-iniTf  "-  [Pi"pf-  «'i-(i),  and  Eng. 
resi^fiiig.]  Nut  re.sisting ;  offering  no  resist- 
ance ;  submissive,  huinble- 

"  You  gaily  drag  your  unreiisting  prize  " 

Thoms'fh  :  Upriusf.  «3. 

*  un-re-solv'-a-We,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (\),  and 
Eiig.  n'*olr>il.lf'.]  Not  resolvable;  incapable 
of  being  resolved  <>r  solved  ;  insoluVile. 

"  For  couUl  any  thing  be  Inuigiiied  more  monstrous, 
ami  by  all  rational  [jrmciple:^  unre$i!vttblet" — iiouth : 
Hermoiis.  \ul.  v.,  aer.  9. 

" -un-re-^olve',  v.i.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
re.S'V(''. ]    Ti>  change  or  give  up  a  resolution. 

■■  Lust  hy  contrary  thoughts,  the  man 
Rfsulv'd  aiid  tmrfsolv'd  n^alu." 

Ward     En-j.  li^orm..  iv.  397. 

un-re-^olved',  a.  [Pref.  nu- (l),  and  Eng. 
rtsolv&i.] 

1.  Not  resolved  ;  not  determined. 

2.  Not  to    have    fciken  a  resolution  ;    not 
determined  or  settled  in  mind. 

"  Unrcsolv'd,  the  sou  of  Tydeus  stands.'' 

Pope:  Homer ;  Hind  x.  5M. 

3.  Not  solved  ;  not  cleared  ;  unsolved. 

"  Mine  ignorance,  or  rather  unreiolved  douht." — 
H:li»sheil      Chroni/cles  (au.  U76!, 

*  i.  Nut  reduced  to  a  state  of  .solution. 

*  fin-re -sol  v'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  wrfsohrd ; 
■ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unre- 
solved or  nndfterniined  ;  irresolution. 

"The  apparent  unrexolredness  ...  of  many  of  the 
English  electoi-a.—^'j//  Mall  Oazi-lte.  Feb.  24.  198B. 

' Un-re-s6lv'-ing,  a.  [Pief.  )ifi-(l),andEng. 
resolving.]  Not  resolving  ;  uudetenuiued  ;  ir- 
resolute. 

"  Shifting  the  prize  in  unreifoli'hiff  hands.' 

Congrri'c:  M-jiirninj  liride.  i. 

*  un-re-spect',  s.  [Pref.  on-  (1),  and  Eng. 
resprrt.]  Want  of  respect;  disrespect,  dis- 
esteem. 

"To  comphiine  of  ajje  and  iinre.*pect." — Op.  Ball  : 
Coiitempl. :  Josiah'a  Hformulion. 


*  un-re-spect-a-ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  rK-<j'i-i-t,il>li'.\    Not    respectable,  disreput- 
able, dishtiunurable. 

"  Let  thiMte  of  the  resjiectahlB  men  who  are  without 
ain  uist  the  Hr.it  .itotie  nt  the  unn-Mpectable." —C.  Kinfft- 
Ifij :  Alton  l^vh;  ch.  xx. 

tin-re 'Spec  t'-ed,  c  [Pref.  vn-  (I),  and  Eng. 
rt;si<fxU:d.] 

1.  Not  respected  ;  not  treated  or  regarded 
with  respect. 

"  From  loveleaa  youth  to  unrritpected  nge." 

I'lipv  :  .Voritt  Et»ay»,  W.  125. 

2.  Unnoticed,  unregarded,  unheeded 

"  Fur  all  the  day  they  view  things  ui\re»ffctrd." 
Shake»p. .  Sonnet  3. 

*  iin-re-spect'-ive,   c     [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 

Eng.  n>i>'-'-'''^'\ 

1.  Devoid  of   respect   and    consideration ; 
regaidless,  heedless,  unthinking. 

"  I  will  converse  with  iron-witted  fools, 
And  iijirft/n-ctifr  boys," 

:iHnkeiip. :  Hichard  III.,  iv.  2. 

2.  Used  at  random  ;  unheeded,  cmnnion. 

"  Tlie  retiiainiler  viands  we  du  tlot  throw 
In  tuirea/'fcfipe  Mvve." 

Sitakesp. .   TroUus  <t  Crestida.  ii.  2. 

"  un-res'-pit-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
n-spiteii.]  Not  respited  ;  unintermitted.  (See 
extract  under  Unbepkieveu.) 

'^  un-re-spons'-al,    n.     [Pref.   ua-  (1),  and 

Eng.  resi>i>ii^id.\    'irresponsible. 

"Carried  awav  I'V  force  by  tinresponsal  men." — 
Bucket :  Lr/e  of  iyiHia»i»,  i.  luO. 

*  un-re-sp6ns  -i-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  resiionsible.] 

1.  Not  responsible  ;  irresponsible. 

2.  Not  to  he  trusted  ;  untrnstwortliy. 


* un-re-spons'-i-ble-ness.  5.  [Eng.  uure- 
.tpo)isible  ;  -jte.^s.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
irresponsible  ;  irresponsibility. 

"That   iinrespoi}»iblenes9  to  any  other."— Oaiiden  ." 
Hii.-rii*piites,  p.  349. 

iin-rest',  s.  [Pref.  nv-  (1),  and  Eng.  rest.] 
Absence  of  rest  or  quiet ;  disquiet ;  want  of 
tranquillity  ;  uneasiness,  unhappiness. 

"  Cnrent  aud  long  reaistance." 

Lunr/felloic :  Epimetheits. 

'  un-rest'-ed,  t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2);  Eng.  rest ; 
suit.  -fd.\  Thrown  out  of  the  rest.  [Rkst,  s. 
II.  1.1 

"Perceiving  his  ri%"al'a  spear  iinreited." — Smollefe  : 
air  L.  (Irvaven,  ch.  xix. 

'  iin-rest'-fal,  '  unrest -full,  f.  [Eng. 
iiinr.'^t. ;  -/»/(/).)  Not  at  rest;  re.stless,  un- 
quiet, disturbed. 

"Such   inquiete  and  unre^tfull  wretciies.  "— .V(;-   T. 
More  :   Works,  p.  961. 

^  un-rest'-ful-nesSp  *  un-rest-ful-nesse. 

s.  [Eng.  u nrc-^t/ul ;  -ne^^.]  The  quality  <iv 
state  of  being  unrestful ;  restlessness,  dis- 
quietude. 

"\Vhiche  put  the  said  Vortiger  to  preat  unrest/nl' 
nemer—Fabyan:  Chronycle,  ch.  Ixxxii. 

un-rest'-ing,  o.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
reMin'j.]  Not  resting;  continually  lu  motion  ; 
unceasing. 

"  Let  unresting  charity  believe 
That  then  my  oath  with  thy  intent  agreed." 

Daniel:  Civil  Wars,  i. 

*iin-rest'-ing-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vnresfiug  ; 
-uey*.]  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  unrest- 
ing ;  restlessness  ;  absence  of  repose  or  quiet. 

"The  tuirwNHtfneM  of  this  man's  life."— /)e  (iuincey : 
Jloman  Jleuts. 

un-re-stored,  «.  [Pref.  im-  (l),  and  Eng. 
restored.] 

1.  Not  restored  ;    not  given  l>ack  ;  not  re- 
turned. 

"  Some  shipping  njirestored." 

Stutkesp.  :  Anton;/ X-  Cl4opittrn,  iii.  6. 

2.  Not  restored  to  a  former  state  or  condi- 
tion. 

"  The  Buoentaur  lies  rottinu  nurestnred. 
Neglected  garment  of  her  widowhood." 

Byron:  ChUde  Barold.  iv.  II. 

3.  Not  cured. 

"  If  iinrcator'd  by  this.  de3|iair  your  cure." 

y-mn:j:  Sif/ht  Thoiiffhts.  ii.  fi.17. 

un-re- Strained',  o.  [Pref.  nu-  (l),  and  Eng. 
re^tniintd.] 

1,  Not  restrained,  not  controlled;  not  under 
control  or  restraint. 

"To  delilierate    unrcslrnined    hy   his    presence."— 
Macauluy  :  Hitt.  Kng.,  ch.  ii. 

•  2.  Licentious,  loose. 


*ftn-re-8tralnt;  s.  [Pref.  ic*- (l),  and  Eng. 
n:'<(iitint.]     Kreeduni  from  restraint. 

un-re-striot -ed.  ".  [Pref.  »»-  (i).  and 
Eng.  rt-strivUd.]  Not  restricted;  not  limited 
or  conllneil. 

"  Itnmie  tinrfttrirtcd  an  the  wind." 
«  W  •r<Utftrth       White  Dof.  Iv. 

•  un-re8t'-j^»  *  un-rest-le,  o.  [Eng.  xtnrest; 
■y.]     Unquiet,  restless. 

*'  'V'>u  write  I  mine  tinrciff^soroweii  soro 
brum  day  to  day." 

Chaiicrr  :  TroUiu  t  Creuida,  v. 

'  fin-re -tard'ed,  t.  [Pref.  mi-  (l),  and 
Kng.  rtimdfd.]  N..t  retarded,  not  dcdayed ; 
not  hindered  or  impeded. 

'■  Unretardfd  by  thoHe  who  §ay  thut  our  fear*  arc 
groundless."— A'liox.'  Letter  to  a  Voiiug  yvbhtnan. 

un-re-ten'-tive,  a.  [Pref.  «»-  (i),  and  Eng. 
n-trntirr,]     Not  retentive;   as,  an  unrdeniive 

nieiiiury. 

un-re-tr&Ct'-ed,  c  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
rrfnu-h'd.\  Not" retracted  ;  not  withdrawn  or 
re\oked. 

"  Malevolence  shown  in  a  xingle.  outward  act,  ttnrn- 
t ntcted." -Collier  :  On  Frleudthip. 

*un-re-tum'-a-We,  «.     [Pref.  )ni.(i),  and 

Eng.  rt'tnni'dih'.] 

1,  Not  returnable;  impossible  to  be  re- 
turned or  repaid. 

"The  obligations  I  hiul  laid  ou  their  whole  family 
.  .  .  vrere  iinretnrnable." — liivhurdton  :  Sir  C.  llrundt- 
Son,  iv.  'Ml. 

2.  Incapable  of  being  returned  or  delivered 
back. 

un-re-tumed',  «.  [Pref.  tin-  (1).  and  Eng. 
irriinied.]  Not  returneiJ,  not  repaid,  not  iv. 
quited. 


un-re-turn'-ing,  ».    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 

rcti'.rniu'j.]     Not  I'etiirning, 

"Grieving,  if  .nutrl.t  in:mini^te  eer  grieves. 
Over  the  niirel'iniuf/  ln-,nr.' 

Ufjr^.'       Ch'UIr  Uir.ihl.  ill.  27. 

un-re-vealed .  *  un-re-veled,  «.  [Pref. 
/•fi-  i'l),  and  Eng.  revealed.]  Not  revealed, 
in-t  dis<;losed,  not  discovered.  (See  extract 
under  Unproclai-med.) 

un-re-venged',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
rt:trn-i>-d.]     Nut  revenged;  not  avenged. 

"  While  iiiireeen'j'd  the  gl'eat  Sarpeduu  falls." 

Pope.   Bomer  :  Iliad  xv  in   Uh 

un-re-venge'-ful,  ".  [Pref.  in;-  (l),  and 
Eng.  revengeful.]  Not  revengeful;  not  in- 
cliued  to  revenge. 

'  in-rev'-en-ued,  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (l);  Eng. 
rfvi'iiiie,  and  suff.  -ed.]  Not  revenued  ;  not 
possessed  of  revenue. 

"  LTmliocest,    iinrevenu'd,   unlorded."— J/i,'fo»  /    lie- 
form,  ill  England,  bk.  L 

* un-rev'-er-en9e,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  %^everencc.]  Want  of  reverence  ;  irre- 
verence. 

"  un-rev'-er-end,  f.      [Pref.   vn-  (i),  aud 

Eng.  ri'verend.] 

1.  Nut  reverend  ;  not  worthy  to  be  revered. 

2.  Disrespectful,  irreverent. 
"  This  tongue,  that  runs  so  roundly  in  thy  head. 

Miould  run  thy  head  from  thy  unreverend  shouhlerit." 
Shaketp.  :  Jtichard  II..  ii  1. 

"un-rev'-er-ent,  rr.  [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and  Eng. 
reverent.]  Not  reverent  ;  irreverent,  disre- 
spectful. 

"Too  tinrcferent  Iwldneaa," 

Beauvt.  .<■  Elet.  :  Coronation,  ii. 

•  un-rev  -er-ent-li^,  *  un-rev-er-ent-Ue,        f 

adv.    [Eni;.  un  re  If  irnl  :   di/.]     Not  reverently  ; 
not  with  reverence;  irreverently. 

"  I  did  niirererently  to  blauie  the  gods. 
Who  wake  fur  thee,  though  thou  snore  to  thyself  " 
Hen  Jonson  :  CatHinc,  lii.  2 

un-re -versed',  o.  [Pref.  iiu-  (l),  and  Eng. 
rcvrrsrd.]  Not  reversed,  not  revoked,  not 
aTiiiulled,  not  repealed. 

"A  li?gnl  sentence,  pa-tsed  in  due  form,  nuil  still  un- 
rerer*ed."'~3lacatilas/ :  Biit.  Eng..  ch.  xlii. 

•  un-re-vert-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un*(l),  and  Eng. 

rervittd.]    Not  reverted.    (irord*icor//t.) 

un-re-voked',  a.  {Pref.  «n-(l).  aud  Eng. 
r-r- //,.-./.]  Not  revoked,  not  recalled;  not 
annulled. 


' un-re-ward'-ing,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jd^l;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9liin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  eiRaat. t -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  -  shun;  -tion,  -^ion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -slous  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bcl.  deL 


unrewarded— unruled 


KiiK.  " ftUmj.]     Not  fttltJiaitig  or  briiigine  u 

n-wunl ;  uni'rv'litable. 

"  tlr  flii.lt>  It  ail  (i'lrrwHinliNtfliittrtst.  "—£/'■  Taylor: 
>.  rtawMif,  vwl.  I.,  ficr    1'.', 

un  rd-ward-Sd,  ".    [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 

I-  uHinUd.i  Not  rewarded  ;  uol  compensated  ; 
uitliont  a  rewaixL 

"Wit  ahitll  nut  KO  uurewardMi  wtillv  I  ain  klun  uf 
thcci'UDtrv.  ■— Sftrt««i#/i. :  Trmpctt,  Iv.  1. 

•  iln-nde  -a-bl6,  «.    [Pref.  h«-  (l),  and  Eng. 

nz/MiW*-.]  N"t  able  or  lit  to  I*  ridden  over 
or  on  ;  n<'t  tit  for  riding  over  or  on. 

"Th«  i--'iuitry.    It   wm  uid,  being  unriUettbIc  »11 

'  un-ride -a-l)lj,  o^fi-.  [Eng.  nnrulcub{le) : 
-.'■(.  1    S"  as  "nut  to  be  rKleable. 

■■  Broiipltt  tifii>  for  half  liii«  value  a«  uuridrably 
vRn.ue. "— C.  Kiiiffttrg:  I'toMt,  cb.  L 

un~rid'-dle,  r.r.  [Pref.  im-  (-2).  and  Eng. 
ri(^i/*.l  To  read  the  riddle  of;  to  penetrate 
the  enigiua  of;  to  solve,  to  interpret,  to  ex- 
plain. 

■  I'arahlw  which  It  WM  not  difficult  to  uttrid'tU!."— 
Ma-a..!a0  :  Uitt.  Eng..  ch.  xvi. 

'  tin-rid -dler,  s.  [Eng.  unriddl{e);  -tr.) 
One  who  unriddles;  one  who  solves  or  ex- 
plains a  riddle  or  niyster>-. 

"Ye  wife  unridtOert  uf  the  atom." 

/,<.w?utc  ■  Liniatta  ;  To  Mr.  E.  11. 

*  un-ri-diC -u-lOUS,  «.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  ridicaU'ui.}  Not  ridiculous ;  not  ex- 
citing ridicule. 

"If  uu  iiidifferent  aud  unridicuiouM  object  could 
draw  this  nusMfreneas  into  a  smile."— firowne  .■  Vulgar 
Krrours.  bk.  vii.,  cli.  ivi. 

un-ri'-fled  (le  as  el),  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eug.  rified.\  Not"  rifled,  not  robbed,  not 
plundered. 

"  They  cftonot  longer  dwell  upou  the  estate,  but  that 
renasiuB  uiiri/ted.'—Bp.  Taylor  :  Sermons,  vol.  i.,  ser. 

un-riff",  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  rig,  v.] 
1.  Kaut.  :  To  remove  the  rigging  from  ;  to 
strip  of  rigging  or  tackle. 

"We  instantly  unrig<jed  nviA  dismasted  the  ships." 
—Burke :  On  the  PoUcjf'of  Ous  Allies.    (1793.) 

'2.  To  deprive  of  clothing;  to  strip,  to 
plunder. 

■■Lest  he  should  he  etolen.  or  unrigg'd  aa  Mars  was." 
—  lirnUvn:  Juvenal,  xiv.    (Note  24.) 

un-rigged',  a.  [Pref.  w»-(l),  and  Eng.  rigged.] 
Deprived  of  the  rigging  ;  without  rigging. 

"Still  unrigg'd  hie  ehatter'd  vessels  lie.' 

Pitt :  Virgil ;  .£neid  iv. 

•  un-light'  {gh  silent),  v.i.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 

E7ig.  right.]    To  make  wrong. 

"  I  sLuld  all  his  love  unright."        Gower :  C.  A.,  ii. 

*  iin-rigllt'  (gh  silent),  a.  &  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
^iv\  Eng.  right.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Not  right,  just,  or  fair  ;  wrong, 
unjust. 

"AH  though  it  were  utirigtif. 
TTjere  is  no  peine  lor  him  dight,  ' 

Gower:  C.  A.,  il. 

B.  As  sitlst. :  That  which  is  unright ; 
wrong,  fault. 

"No  fawlt  or  unright conde  thei  fynde  iu  hiiu." — 
Joye  :  Expoaicion  of  Daniel  xii. 

unrigliteoiis  (as  un-rit'-yus),  a.    [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  righteous.]  Not  righteous  ; 
not  just ;  not  upright  and  honest ;  evil, 
wicked.     (Applied  to  jiersons  or  things.) 

"Angry  Neptune  heard  the  unrighteoiu  prayer." 
Pope:  Bonier:  Odff$sey  ix.  630. 

unrighteously  (as  un-rit'-yfis-ly).  mlv. 
[Eii^;.  aartghieom ;  -ly.]  In  an  unrighteous 
iiiiiiuitr  ;  uiijustly,  wickedly,  sinfully. 

unrighteoutli/  ...  to  the   CTiris- 
latural   piety.  'Seeker :   Sermons, 


"  Prosecute  most  i 
tinn   faHh    and    natural 
vol,  iii,.  ser.  If. 


unrighteousness  (as  un-nt'-3rus~ness), 
'  un  ryght-eoua-nes.  ■  un-right-wis- 

nesse.  .■■.  [Eu^.  unriijhteous :  -Hi's.-^.]  The 
iinaliiy  or  state  nf  being  unrighteoiis  ;  want 
of  rectitude  or  righteousness  ;  a  violation  of 
the  divine  law  or  of  justice  and  equity;  wrong, 
injustice. 

"  All  uiirighteoiunest  la  ain." — 1  John  v.  17. 

un-right  -ful  (gh  silent).  ■  un-ryght-ful, 
*  tin-right- full,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
rightful.]    Not  rightful ;  not  jnst;  illegitimate. 

"Ti'  jiluut  unrightful  kings," 

Shakesp. .-  Richard  II..  v.  1. 

•iin-right-f6l-l^  (17^  silent),  adv.  [Eng. 
unrightful;  -In.]  Not  rightfully;  wrongfully, 
unjustly. 

"Ennoveng  foike  treden  (and  that  utirlffhtfuUf/)  on 
the  ueckes  of  holy  meu."— Chaucer :  flufciiis,  \jk.  i. 


'  fin  -  ringed',  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
ri;i»7e(/.l    N'ot  Isiiving  a  ring,  as  in  the  nose. 

"  Bi>  (.irced  x»  Uiipoach  a  broken  hedge, 
And  piKd  unringifd  at  vis.  fmiic.  pledge. 

iiutler:  Iludibrai,  if.  ii.  310. 

*  un-ri'-ot-ed.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l);  Eng.  riot, 
and  suff.  -ed.}  Free  from  rioting ;  not  disgmced 
by  riot. 

"A  eha^te  unrioted  house. 

May:  luean;  Pharialla,  ix. 

iin-rip',  r.t.  (Pref.  7m-  (2),  3.,  and  Eng.  rip.] 
To  np  ;  to  cut  open. 

"  L'nripd'tl  the  boweli  <>(  thy  ioverelgn's  son." 
Shaketp.  :  liichard  III.,  L  4. 

un-ripe\  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  ripe.] 

1.  Not  ripe  ;   not  mature  ;   not  come  to  a 
state  of  perfection  or  maturity. 

2.  Not  fully  prepared  or  matured  :  as,  an 
unripe  scheme. 

*  3.  Not  seasonable  ;  not  yet  proper  or  suit- 
able. 

"  Resolved  hia  iiuripc  vengeance  to  defer." 

Dryden :  Sigismiinda  £  Gultcardo,  254. 

*  4.  Too  early  ;  premature. 

"DoriUus,  whose  unripe  death  doth  yet.  so  many 
years  since,  draw  tears  from  virtuous  eyes."— Sidney. 

un-rip'-ened,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
rii>cned.]  Not  ripened;  not  ripe;  not 
matured. 

"  Thou  kiiowest  the  errors  of  iinripened  age." 

Pope:  Homer:  Iliad  xxiii.  671. 

un-ripe'-ness,  s.  \^w%.  unripe ; -mss.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unripe  ;  absence 
of  ripeness  ;  immaturity,  unreasonableness. 
{Bacon:  Essays;  Of  Delays.) 

*  un-rip'-pled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eug.  rippled.]  Not  rippled;  free  from 
ripples ;  smooth. 

"  But  it  was  unrippled  as  glass  may  be," 

Byron  :  Siege  of  Corinth,  xix. 

*  iin-ri'-val-a-We,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 

rival,  and"  siirf.  -ahk.]      Incapable  of  being 
rivalled ;  inimitable. 

"The  present  uuiyue,  unrivalled,  aud  unrimlallc 
production."— Souffttftf;  Doetur,  ch.  i.,  A.  L 

un-ri'-valled,  o.    [Pref.  wji-  (1),  aud  Eng. 

rivalled.'] 

1.  Not  rivalled ;   having  no  rival  or  com- 
petitor. 

2.  Having  no  equal ;  unequalled,  peerless. 

"  His  own  claims  were  unrloalled." —Macaulay : 
Eist.  Eng..  ch.  xiv. 

iin-riV-en,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  riven.] 
Not  rive'n  ;  not  split ;  not  rent  asunder. 

"  The  last  sole  stubhom  fragment  left  unriven." 
Moore  :  Veiled  Prophet  qf  Ehorassan. 

*un-riv'-et,  v.t.  [Pief.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
rivet,  v.]  To  take  the  rivets  away  from  ;  to 
loosen  the  rivets  of;  to  unfasten. 

"  Their  cuiiatea  are  unrieeti^d  with  blows." 

Druyton  :  Buttle  of  Agincourt. 

iin-roast'-ed,  '  un-rost-ed.  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  roa.'ited.]    Not  roasted. 

"Which  they  disdained  to  eate  unrost€d.'—Back- 
luyt :  Voyages,  Iii.  51L 

*un-r6bbed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  aud  Eng. 
rohhtd.]    Not  robbed  or  plundered. 

"That  you  escape  itni'obbed  of  the  slaves." — Uack- 
luyt:   Voyages,  ii.  2i%. 

un-robe',  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
robe,  v.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  disrobe  ;  to  take  off  a  robe 
or  robes  from  ;  to  undress. 

B,  Intrans. ;  To  undress  ;  to  take  ofi' one's 
robes.     {Lit.  £fig.) 

"  On  their  exit,  souls  are  bid  unrobe." 

young:  Sight  Tlioiights,  Iv.  43. 

iin-robed',  a.     [Pref.  w?l-(1),  and  Eng.  rohed.] 

1,  Deprived  of  robes  previously  worn. 

2.  Not  robed  ;  having  no  robe  or  robes  on. 

"  He  gave  bis  assent  in  form  to  several  laws  un- 
robed."—Macautay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  oh.  xv. 

*un- roiled',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
roiled.]    Not  roiled  ;  not  turbid ;  clear. 

iin-rdir,  *un-r61',  v.t.  &  i.    [Fret  un- (2), 

aud  Eng.  roll,  v.] 
A.  Transitii^e : 

1.  To  unfold,  as  a  roll,  or  something  rolled 
up. 

"The  first  letter  which  William  unroUed  seemed  t.i 
contain  only  florid  complimenta." — MacauJay  :  Ditl. 
Eng.,  ch.  xv. 

2.  To  display,  to  lay  open. 

"  A  flflg  unrolls  the  stripes  and  stars  " 

LongfeUow  :  Building  of  the  Ship. 


•3.  To  strike  oil  a  roll,  list,  or  regisLtr. 

"  Let  me  be  unrnUed  and  my  name  put  in  the  book 
of  virtue.'— SAaAM/^./   Winters  T-Uc.  iv.  3. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  unfold,  to  uncoil. 

"  As  an  adder  when  she  doth  unroll." 

Shakesp. :  I'ilus  .inUronieus,  11.  3. 

un-ro'-man-ized,   a.      [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 

Eng.  romanizcd.] 

1.  Not  Romanized  ;  not  subjected  to  Roman 
arms  or  customs. 

2.  Not  subjected  to  the  principles  or  usages 
of  the  Roman  Church. 

un-rd-man'-tic,  ((,  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
roinantic]  Not  romantic  ;  not  characterized 
by  romance. 

"  It  is  a  bane    unromantick  a[>trit  uot  to  wait  on 
you." — Swift. 

un-roof ,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  roof.] 
To  deprive  of  its  roof ;  to  strip  the  roof  off. 

"  The  rabble  should  have  first  nnroof'd  the  city,' 
:ihakesp.  :  Curiolanus,  i.  1. 

*  un-roost'-ed,  a.     [Pref.    nn-  (2),  and  Eng. 

roosteil.]     Driven  from  the  roost  or  place  of 
rest. 

"Thou  dotard  I  thou  art  woman-tir'd,  unroosted." 
Sltakenp. :   Winter's  Talc,  ii.  3. 

iin-root',  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  w/i-  (2),  and  Eng. 
root,  v.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  tear  up  by  the  roots;  to  up- 
root, to  extirpate,  to  eradicate. 

"To  feed  the  flree,  unroot  the  standing  woods." 
Pitt  :   Virgil  ,  -Eneid  vL 

•  B.  Intrans. :  To  be  torn  up  by  the  roots. 

"Maketheirstrengtb  totter,  aud  their  topless  fortunes 
Unroot  and  reel  to  mine." 

licaum.  ±  Flet. :  Bonduca,  iiL  2. 

'  iin-rdt-ten,  a.  [Pi-ef.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
rotten.]  Not  rotten,  not  putrefied,  not  cor- 
rupted.   {Lit.  is.  fig.) 

"  Every  friend  unrotten  at  the  core." 

Voung  :  Sight  Thoughts,  iL  f64. 

*  un-roiigh'  (gh  as  f),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  aud 
Eng.  rough.]   Not  rough  ;  smooth,  unbearded. 

■■  ilituy  unrough  youths."      Shakesp.  :  Macbeth,  v,  2. 

iin-round'-ed,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  aud  Eng. 
roniuied.]  Not  rounded  ;  not  shaped  or  formed 
to  a  circle  or  sphere. 

"  Negligently  left  unrounded."      Donne  :  Elegy,  xiu 

iin-rouf-ed,  a.  [Pref.  i(?i-  (l),  and  Eug. 
routed.]  Not  routed,  uot  defeated;  not  put 
to  flight. 

"  stands  firm  and  yet  tmroutcd." 

Beauni.  <t  Flet.  :  J'ropheteSs.  iv.  5. 

*un-r6^'-al,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
royal.]  Not  royal;  not  regal  or  kingly  ;  un- 
princely. 

"  He  sent   them  with  unroyal  reproaches  to  Musi- 
doius."— Sidney  :  Ari:adia,  bk.  ii. 

^  • 

*un-rude',  a.  [In  sense  1  from  pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  rude;  in  sense  2  from  pref.  un-, 
(2),  3.] 

1.  Not  rude  ;  polished. 

"A  man  unrude."         Ilerrick  :  Betperides,  p.  156. 

2.  Excessively  rude. 

"See  how  the  uiirude  rascal  b.ickbites  him." — Ben 
Jonson  :  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv,  L 

* iin-ruf '-fle,  v.i.  [Pref.  -un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
rnffie.]  To  cease  from  being  fuflfled  ;  to  sub- 
side to  smoothness. 

"  The  waves  unruffle,  and  the  sea  subsides  " 

Jjrijdcn  :  Virgil  ;  ^'ntidi.  212, 

iin-ruf'-fled  (le  as  el),  a.     [Pref.  im-  (l),  and 

Eng.  rujiat] 

1.  Not  ruffled ;  smooth,  not  agitated. 

"The  waters  of  the  u7i7-u^cd  lake  " 

Wordsworth  :  Excursion,  bk.  vi. 

2.  Calm,  tranquil ;  free  from  agitation. 

•And  all  unruffled  was  his  face," 

Scott  -■  L<iy  of  the  lust  Minalrel,  ii.  10. 

•  un-ru'-in-a-ble,  a.  (Pi-ef.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ruin-abie.]  Incapable  of  being  ruined  or 
destroyed. 

"  May  the  unruinable  world  be  but  my  portion."— 
Watts  :  Jiemnants  of  Time,  Essay  9. 

*  un-ru'-in-at-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

ruinated.]    Not  rained  ;  not  brought  to  ruin. 

"  There  is  a  tower  of  B:ibel  unruinated."—Bp.  Sail : 
Apol'fjie  agaiTist  Brojvniats,  5  30. 

* un-ru-ined,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ruined.]    Not  ruined,  not  destroyed. 

"  It  hath  outstood  so  many  bluftriiig  blasts,  thus 
lomr.  utterly  unnuned."—Bp.  Ball  ;    Balm  of  Uilead. 

§  10. 

•un-ruled',   'un-rul-yd,   «.      [Pref.   un- 

(1),  and  Eug.  7-ii;e(^] 


^te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wgU^  work,  who,  sou ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full :  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unrulily— unsavoury 


1.  Nut  ruled,  not  ^'ovenied  ;  not  directed 
by  .superior  power  or  jiutliority. 

"  Like  a  sliip  In  n.  stmin  .  ,  ,  unitUad  auJ  uuiU- 
reoteil  ul  any."— S/tcHscr.  atute  q/ IrelatuU 

2.  Unruly. 

"Tlieyse  mrulytl  cuniiiniiy  gnthuryd  ^Tito  tliein 
t-reiit  iiiiiltytudt!  i>(  thi-  coiianona."— Aiftirti'i ;  Crtron- 
!fflc.  p.  63J. 

^  un-ru'-li-lj?,  •  uu-ru-U-lye,  adv.  [Eng. 
uiinily ;  -ly.]  In  an  nni'uly  manner;  law- 
lessly. 

"Ye  .  .  .  tmrtililtfo  linuc  niled,  where  ye  liated  to 
coinninund."— >7r  ./.  Chvekt^ :  Hart  of  Setiitton. 


'  un  ru  li  ment, 

Unruliness. 


it.     [Eng.  niiruly :  -mcnt.] 


"  They  breaking  forth  with  rude  tmrulhju'nt." 

A>'rMcr  :  /'.  r^.,  IV.  ix.  23. 

un-ru'-li-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unruly  ;  -ncss.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  Iieing  unruly  ;  inaliility 
to  be  rnled  ;  violation  of  rule  ;  neglect  of 
legitimate  authority ;  turbulence. 

"Plenty  hivil  pnnipereil    them  iuto  such  nn  tmriUi- 
ncss  mid  rebelliuii."— SmiWi  ;  !yermoni,  vol.  v.,  aer.  2. 

un~ru'-ly,  n.  [Pref.  nn-  (1);  Eng.  rule,  and 
siifl".  -/;/.]  Not  able  to  be  ruled  ;  lawless  ;  not 
submilting  to  restraint ;  turbulent,  ungovern- 
able, disorderly. 

"That   ciipriciuus  and   unrufi/  hody.'—Macituliti/: 
Hist.  Eng.,  cli.  xvi. 

*  un-rul-yd,  ".    [Unriti.ed.] 

iin-rum'-ple,  ^.^  [Pref.  »«-  (2),  and  Eng. 
ranqih.]  To  remove  the  folds  from;  to  free 
f^om  ruinples  ;  to  spread  or  lay  out  even. 

"  Unrumjilii  tlieir  swolu  bnda,  and  show  their  yellow 
bk'uni."  Adiliion  :   Virgil;  Georgic  iv. 

*  un-sacked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
sacked.]     Not  sacked  ;  not  pillaged. 

"  Yonder  turrets  yet  nmucketiJ' 

Daniel:  Cii'il  Wars.  vl. 

'  iin-sac'-ra-ment,  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and 
Eng.  sacro.Ji'iU.]  To  deprive  of  sacramental 
viitue. 

"Duth  ii(waci-<ii(ieH(  BaptUm  itse\t."—FuJIer:  Hohi 
&  Prof an^  State,  v,  U. 

un-sac-ri-fi'-cial  (ci  as  sh),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  safn7icm7.I 

Coiniair.  Relig. :  Not  iiieluding  sacrifice  in 
its  ritual ;  not  having  the  nature  or  efficacy 
of  a  sacrifice. 

"The  unsacrificia^  nature  of  Buddhiat  worship."— 
Athemtam,  Oct.  23,  183C,  p.  &29. 

'iin-sad',  ".    [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  jm?.] 

Un.-iteady,  liL-kle. 

■•  0  aturmy  XJeple.  unsad,  and  ever  uiitrewe." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  8,872. 

*  un-sad'-den,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (-J),  and  Eng. 
».idi.lx'i.\    To  remove  sadness  from  ;  to  cheer. 

•■-Mu=ic  um^tdtleii-i  the  uielaucholy.'— n7ii(?oct / 
Miiiiiirrs  of  the  Etiijlish.  p.  JSU. 

un-sad-dle,  v.t.  [Pref.  \m-  (2),  and  Eug. 
.s(u.lillr.\  To  remove  the  saddle  fjom  ;  to  take 
the  saddle  off. 

"  Like  Jia  draught  horses,  when  thev  be  out  of  their 
Keeres.  ;iud  liackueia  tats<nlinvd."~J'.  'Holland  '  I'linie 
Itk.  xvii..  ch.  iii. 

"  un-sad  -ness, '  un-sad-nesse.  >^.    [Eng. 

unsad  ;  -ncss.]    Infirmity,  weakness. 

"The  rois'i(2it&»e[iutiriuita8j  and  improfyt  o(  it."— 

—  »'*/.:f^ye.-  £brcwi3  vii. 

un-safe',  a.     [Pref.  n/i-  (1),  and  Eng.  sa/e,  a.] 

1.  Not  safe  ;  not  free  from  danger  ;  not 
afinraing  or  accompanied  by  complete  safety  ; 
perilous,  dangerous,  risky,  hazardous. 

"It  was  unsttfe  to  inault  Lewis,"— Ji'actrMiay;  ffltf 
Enff.,  ch,  xxiv. 

2.  Not  to  be  trusted  to  or  depended  on. 

"False  iu  many  things,  and  therefore  unsafe  in  all 
quest ioua.'"—^i).  Taylor:  Rale  of  Conscience,  bk.  ii . 
cli.  iii. 

3.  Not  fi-ee  from  risk  of  error. 

un-safe'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unsn/e ;  -ly.]  Not 
safely;  not  in  a  safe  manner;  not  without 
danger  ;     dangerously,     riskily.      (Dryden : 

Eleoiiora,  Si^S.) 

"  un~safe-ty,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sufelij.]  The  absence  or  want  of  safety; 
danger,  risk,  insecurity. 

"The  unsii/ety  and  vanity  of  these,  and  all  external 
things."— Z,e(j//i (on  .-  Com.  on  1  Peter  iii. 

■  iin-sage',  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  sage, 
a.]     Xi^t  wi.se;  not  sage  ;  foolish. 

"  With  wicked  bauds  and  words  utuiaae." 

J/iidton ;  Judith  v.  305. 

un-said'    (a  as   e).  o.      [Pref.    un-  (l).   and 


Eng.    said.]     Not    said  ;    nut    spoken  ;    not 
uttered  ;  unspoken. 

"  ThuJi  (iioHjcht  uniald\  the  much  ftdvishiK-aaBB 
Coni-lu.Ies."  l-o/jc  :  /turner;  Iliad  xxili.  423. 

'un-satl-a-ble,  'un~salle-a-blo,  (/. 

[Pref.    nil-  {I).  ;Mid   Eng.    saUiihlc.]     Nut  saU- 
able ;  not  navigable. 

"The  sea  tinsaiteitblf  for  dangerous  wlndes." 

Stay:  lucan  :  J'hitrialia  x, 

"  un-saint;  v.t.  [Pref.  «»-{J),  and  Eng.  saint.] 
To  deprive  of  saintship  or  the  reputation  of 
it ;  to  deny  sanctity  to. 

un-saint-lj^,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
Mintly.]     Nut  saintly  ;  not  like  a  saint. 

"  What  can  be  more  unsaiHlty /  "—Qaitden  :  Tears  of 

Che  Church,  p.  -M'X 

"  iin-sal'-ar-ied.  re.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
salaried.]  Not  receiving  a  fixed  salary;  de- 
pendent on  fees. 

un-sale'~a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  antl  Eng. 
snh'iiblc]  Not  saleable;  not  meeting  a  ready 
sale  ;  not  in  demand. 


un-salt'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
snitnl.]  Not  salted;  not  pickled;  fresh,  un- 
seasoned. 

"They  eate  good  meate,  but  all  un$alted."—ffack- 
iiii/t :   Voyages,  iii.  242. 

un-sa-lut'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
saluted.]     Not  saluted;  not  gi-eeted. 
"  And  the  ntost  noble  mother  of  the  world 
Leave  unsahited."       Shakesp.  :  Coriolanus.  v.  3. 

*  un-salved'(^  silent),  or  "^  uii-salved'»  a. 

[Pref.   iin-  (1),  and  Eng.  salred.]    Not  molli- 
fied, assuaged,  relieved,  aided,  or  helped. 

"They  put  off  the  verdict  of  holy  text  unsalv'd."— 
Milton  :  Of  Prvtatical  Episcopacy. 

*  un-sauc-ti-f i-ca-tion,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  sanrfijiraiion.l  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  unsanctilied  ;  the  absence  of  saucti- 
ficatiou. 

un-sanc'-ti-fied,  *  un-sanc-ti-fyed,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sanctijied.] 
1.  Not  sanctified  ;  unholy,  profane,  wicked. 

"  Unsaiictlffid  and  polluted."— J/i7foH  .■  On  the  /ie- 

moval  of  Uirctiiijs. 

*  2.  Unconsecrated. 

•■She  should  iu  groiuid  amanctiHad  have  lodged." 
Shake»p.  :  Hamlet,  v.  l, 

un-sanc'-ti-fy-ihg,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sanctify in'j.]  Not  sanctifying;  not  im- 
parting sanctity. 

"The  sanctity  of  their  profession  has  an  unsanc- 
tifi/ing  influence  on  them.  — .l/dcuK/a^/  Hist.  En-j., 
ch.  xxiv. 

un-sanc'-tioned.  a.  [Pref.  ?(n-  (l),  and  Eng. 
sanctioned.]  Not  sanctioned  ;  not  authorized 
or  ratified.     (Cowper :  Task,  ii.  524.) 

*  un-san'-dalled,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
saudalled.]  Not  sandalled;  not  wearing  san- 
dals. 

"  un-sane',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug.  sa7ie.] 
Nut  healtliy  ;  unhealtliy. 

-Translation 

*  un-san'-guine  (gu  as  gw),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  sanguine.)  Not  .sanguine;  not 
ardent,  animated,  or  hopeful.  {Young:  Ocean, 
xxi.) 

*  un-san'-i-tar-i^,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  antl 
Eng.  sanitary.]  Not  sanitary;  unhealthy; 
paying  no  attention  to  sanitation. 

"Any  grim  street  of  that  utuaniCary  period.— 
G.  Eliot:  Middlemarch.  ch,  xxili. 

*  un-san'-i-tat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  »?i-  (l),  and 
Eng.  sanitated.]  Not  made  healthy  or  whole- 
some ;  unsauitaiy. 

"Dealing  with  unsanitated  workrooina,  or.  as  h." 
called  them,  sweating  deu8."—DaUy  Tcltaranh.  March 

5.  1883. 

*  im-sapped',  a.  [Pref.  uji-  (l),  and  Eng. 
saj>}>ed.]  Nut  sapped;  not  uuderinined  or 
secietly  attacked. 

"  Untapped  by  caresses."- .5fffr«d.-  Sent.  Journr-/ : 
Act  of  Charity. 

"  iln-sat'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (1),  and  Eng. 
s'-'tfd.]    Not  sated  ;  not  satisfied. 

"  .\dmiration.  feeding  at  the  eye. 

And  still  tini'iled."  Cowj-cr :  Task,  i.  153. 

un-aa-tia-bil -x-t^,  * un-sa -ti-a-ble- 
ness  (tl  as  slU),  s.     [Eng.  unsaHablr  :  -i(>t. 


-»'.-M.l  The  quality  or  .■itate  of  being  iu-satiable  ; 
insatiability,  insatiablene^js. 

"  Cittati^ihlrni-u,  beUiK  never  contented.'— J/rwu*; 

iln-sa  -ti-a-ble  (ti  as  sU).  a.  (Pref.  un-  (i), 
an.I  Eng.  satinUle.]  Not  .satiable;  not  capable 
01  heing  satiated  ;  insatiable. 

"  FultUl  their  untatiablf  lu«t«  "-I'/cof.-  Initruct,  of 

Chr-ftian  lto<,ni...  bk,  i..  ch    xii. 

'  un-sa  -ti-9,-biy  (tl  as  sU).  '  un-sa-ty- 

a-bly, '"((•.     [Eng.  uu.^atiob{le):  -ly]     In  an 
un.satiable  manner. 

"That  he  uniatyaMy  brent  in  her  coucupbcoiu.''— 
Dale:  Englith  Votaries,  pt.  11. 

'  iin-sa  -tl-ate  (tl  as  shi).  a.    [Pref.  vn-  (1), 

and   Eng.  sat(atr.\     Nut  satiate  or  «atiated ; 
insatiate,  unsatisfied. 

"  fntatiate  of  my  woe  and  thy  de«lnj. " 

Wyat :  The  Lover  for taketh  hU  unkind  Love. 

'  un-aat-is-f^C'-tlon,  >-.  [Pref.  »»-  (l),  and 
Eng.  s<ifisfarti.»i.]  Want  or  ab.senc--  of  satis- 
faction ;  diss;itisf:ietion  ;  unsatislUctorineas. 

'Tneir  tnuiMlturnieas.  t(njali\factiou.  d(uiget."—BiK 
Hall :  iif  Confi-ntuCion.  §  id. 

un-8at-is-f£ic'-t6r-i-l^,  adif.    [Eng.  u»- 

satisjwtory ;  -ly.]    Iu  au  unsatisfactory  nnui- 
ner. 

"Thp  system  of  tolla  acted  very  unsatlifactorUy."— 
Iin/.  t^uart.  /C-ricw.  Ivii.  (is:y).  p.  1..7. 

un-sat-is-fac-tor-i-ness.  *-.  [Eng.  nn- 
satiiifactory ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unsatisfaotory ;  failure  to  give  satis- 
faction. 

"  The  unaatiif.ti.-torineii  and  barreiineaaof  the  acliool- 
phllosophy."— fitfj/re;   jror*s,  iii.    il'ref.J 

iln-s^t-is-fac'-tor-jr,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  satisfactory.]  Not  satisfactory ;  notatford- 
ing  satisfaction. 

■"The  maritime  oper.itlons  of  the  year  were  more 
Uiis-tti»fti'tori/  atill."— J/,(cui(f((.v.-  Hitt.   Eng.,  ch-  xlv. 

un-S^t'-is-fi-a-ble»  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  satisjiable.]    Incapable  of  being  satisfied. 

"  Uuaatisfled  and   umatisfiabte  naasious."  — /'ti/ey  ■ 
.Vat.  Thvol..  ch.  xxvi. 

un-S&t'-is-fied«  a.     [Pref.  wrt-(l),  and  Eng. 

sati.sjifd.] 

1.  Not  satisfied  ;  not  gratified  to  the  full ; 
not  having  enough. 

"The  restless,  ujtsatiified  longing." 

Longfellow  :  Evangelint,  il.  5. 

2.  Dissatisfied,     discontented ;     not    wa- 
tented. 


3.  Not  fully  informed  and  settled  iu 
opinion  ;  not  convinced  or  fully  persuaded. 

"  Report  me  and  my  cau.ie  arisfht 
To  the  umati-ificd"  Shttkcsp. ,   Hamlet,  v.  2. 

i.  Not  paid  ;  unpaid. 

"  Th.it  one  half  which  is  untatit/IM.' 

»h<ikegft. :  Loves  Labour's  Lost,  ii,  I, 

*un-sat'-is-fied-ness,  .S-.  [Eng.  unsatis- 
fied; -)io>-.]  The  qnaiity  or  state  of  being 
unsatisfied  or  discontented. 

"To  give  you  an  account  o£  our  unsatitfiedneu."-' 
Bo'/if  :   \Vork»,  il,  M. 

un-sat'-is-fy-ing,  a.  [Pref.  «?i.  (l),  and 
Eng.  satisfying.]  Not  satisfying  ;  not  afford- 
ing full  gratification,  as  of  appetite,  desire, 
&c.  ;  not  giving  content  or  satisfaction. 

"Nor  is  fame  only  uruati^yin^  Iu  iXMslf —Addi- 
son: Spectator.  No,  256. 

'  un-sat-18-fy-ing-neSB.  s.  [Eng.  un- 
satisfying; -ue^s.\  Tlieiiualityorstateof  being 
unsatisfying. 

"That  they  do  ao  understJind  also  the  vanity  and 
the  unsatinfyingneas  of  the  things  of  this  world,  —fl/j. 
Taylor:  Sertnoiis,  voL  ii..  ser.  18, 

iin-sa'-vdur-i-lj?",  aflv.  [Eng.  xinsavoury; 
-bj.]     In  an  unsavoury  manner. 

".s..  often  and  so  nmamuriln  lias  it  been  repeated." 
—Milton  :  Aniniad.  on  RemoiutrarWs  Defence- 

un-sa'-TOUr-i-nesS.  s.  [Eng.  unsavoury; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
savoury. 

"  A  national  nntavonrinets  in  any  people."— 5ru«'»c. 
Vul'iMr  /irronrs.  bk.  iv.,  cL  x 

un-sa -v6ur-y.  '  un-sa -vor-y,  •  un-sa- 
VOUr-ie,  «.   iPref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  savoury. \ 

1.  Not.savo!iry;  not  pleasing  to  the  palate: 
tasteless,  insipid. 

"  I'ntavoury  food."  Milton  :  P.  L..  v.  40L 

2.  Having  an  ill  smell ;  fetid, 

"Some   may  emit  au  umavonrs/  odour. '-Brown* ; 

Vnr/.tr  rrro'irs,  bk.  iv..  ch.  x. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  cell,  chorus, 

-cian.  -tian  ^-  <5han.     tion.  -sion  ~  shun 


9hm.  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as ;  expect.  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  ^  f. 
;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -Me,  -die,  Aw.  -  bel,  dei. 


iiiH 


unsay— unseaworthiness 


3.  Uu;>lcasiiig.  offensive,  disgusting. 
"  Thtiti  ruwt  thv  uiuvt  uiuatotirff  »\ml\<»."~SKiikc>i>.  : 
1  Hfurg  /r.,  IS. 

(In  say,  I'.f.  (Prt'f.  »«-  (2),  ami  Eng.  rnii/.] 
! ..  leianl,  n-call,  itr  witluliuw  ^^vhal  lias  been 
sa.tJ);  to  itlracl. 

■  Ydii  cAn  »«>■  ftiitl  t.rmitf  lltliiE-  nt  i>1cmiUW.' 

tioiiUmith     Sfu-  SliMz/t  to  Coin/ut-r,  v. 

lis  seal -a-ble.  iin-scale  -a-ble, «.  [Pi4>r. 

.'  I-   (1),  nml  En>:.  .•iC(i?<iWf.J  '  Not  scnluble ; 
hi't  possilde  lu  be  scaled. 

"liirid*^   l>y  tuucalaUe  mo\ult».lDi.~—DaUll   Tele- 

.  M./.'k.  Ft'b  2*.  itac. 

'  hn-Bcale\  i-.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  scale 
(i),  6.1  To  remove  scales  fi-on» ;  to  divest  of 
Kcales ;  to  clear. 

*■  Purginc  ktid  untcaiiitg  her  loug-Kbuwd  iight.  ■— 
HUlvn:  Arevpaffilica. 

*&n-8Cal-^,  a.  [Pref.  Hit-  (1),  and  Eiij;. 
■  .1 ',/.  t    Xtit  scaly  ;  free  fnnii  scales. 

■  Tiir  Ji-intcd  lokn-ter  ami  mttcalu  BOftlf." 

Uaj,:  Trivia.  W.ilC. 

'  im  SC&nned,  fl.  [Pref.  tm- (l),  and  Eng. 
nunfird.]  Nut  scanned;  not  measured;  not 
computed. 

"Thp  tiAHD  of  inMoaiiHfd  swiftiiesB." 

Shakvtp. :  CoriotaiuiS.  \u.  1. 

*  un-SCont  ed,  n.  [Pref.  »(t-  (1),  and  Eng. 
.-.<r  (,;»(/.  J  N.itriirtailed,  shortened,  or  abridged. 

■■  I'ntcaitlrd  vi  Ijcr  i«rU."        Daniel:  Mutoph'dus. 

*  un-SOap'-a-Me,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l);  Eng. 
:rnpe,  and  suft'.  -fifj^e.]  Impossible  to  be  es- 
caped from ;  inevitable. 

■■  VntcaptibU;  or  that  might  not  be  fled."— tKi/oii/ff,- 
WiMlvn  xviL  10. 

un  scared',  ft.  [Pref.  un-{l),  and  Eng.  smm/.) 
Nnt  scared;  not  fi'ightened  or  terrified. 

"  Vnicarcd 
By  drunken  bowlings."       Cowpor:  Task,  iv.  .ifil. 

un- scarred,  a.  [Pref.  hh- (l),  and  Eng. 
-^",iid.\  Nnt  marked  with  a  scar  or  scars; 
li-no.',  iiiiwiiimded,  unhurt. 

■  Fl;iiik6  umcurrcd  by  sjiur  or  rod." 

hi/ron  :  J/uzt/ipa,  xvii. 

un-ssathed,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l)  Ji'"l  Eng. 
■air.'i*?*/.]  Not  scathed;  not  injured;  not 
liint ;  uninjured. 

"  And  hupeet  thou  b^ce  u'ncalhed  to  go?" 

ScQtt :  Marmion.  vi.  H. 

un-8cat-tered,  «■  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
■.nUtircd.]  Not  scattered,  dispersed,  or  dis- 
sijiated. 

■'  The  arinie  nnscatttrcd.'—ElifOt :  Goocrnour,  bk.  i., 

'  im-B^ep'-tered,  a.  [Pref.  u)i-  (1),  and  Eng. 
.■■<il>!>rc'l.\  Ni't  hearing  a  sceptre;  deprived 
of  Jiis  sceptre  ;  dethroned,  unkinged. 

"  The  ururepti^red  Lear 
Heiived  the  loud  Bigh," 

Poetry  of  the  Anti-Jacobin,  p.  138. 

■  un-schol-ar,  •  un-scbor-er,  s.    [Prtf. 

■/-(-  (1).  and  Eng.  .•!:h(ilni.\     Not  a  scliolar  ;  iiu 
s,-hoiar. 

"I  tell  youplftiulye.scholeroi-  tuisctiok-r."—Aschniii  ■ 
Toxophilus,  \i.  38. 

un-schol'-ar-l^,  n.  [Pref.  »(t-(l),  and  Eng. 
•.■ffiarlij.]  'Not  .scholarly  ;  not  scholarlike. 

un-schO'las'-tic,  <i.     [Pref.  int-  (1),   and 
Imu   ■'7(N/([-^fl-■.]     Not  scholastic  ;  not  bred  to 

h'n.-itnre. 

"it  wiiH  Ui  the  uncvholaiiic  statesman  that  the 
"iiild  owfd  their  |ieJioe  and  liLteitiea."— iocte. 

un-schooled',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
:.i h<,olnl.\     Not  schooled;    not  taught;    un- 

I  dncatfil,  illiterate. 

"  They  were  (Paul  excepted)  the  rest,  iguor-tnt,  poor. 
Minple,  uiiachimlcU  and  unlettered  men."  —  Hooker  : 
n-trti-K.  PvUtie,  bk,  iv.,  $  U. 

'  un-S9i'-en9e,  s.  [Pref.  tin-  (l),  and  Eng. 
■'i'lttT.]  The  absence  of  science  or  know- 
I*il;;e  ;  ignorance. 

■  It  iiih  Let  onely  umcictice."  ~ Cfiaucer :  Boeciu*. 

Ilk    V. 

un-S^i-en-tif'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (1).  and 
Eng.  scitiUific.\  Not  scientific  ;  not  according 
It)  the  rules  or  principles  of  science. 

■•Tlie  one  relers  to  the  teaching  of  arithmetic. 
ivIiKh  n«  laid  down  by  the  Co<le  is  thoroughly  un- 
srujitijii:.  '—.\'aturr,  April  19,  1888,  p.  5T8. 

*  un-s^i^'-^ored,   *  an-s9is'-9ared.   n. 

[Pref.    nn-   (1);    Eng.    srissor,   and  'suff.   -ed.] 
Not  cut  or  clipjied  ;  unshorn. 

■  riM.h,<r.rV  eh.tll  tbish^iirof  mine  remain." 

S'uikf),..     I'criclea,  Hi.  3. 

iin-6cor9hed',  •  nn-skorcht,  a.   [Pref.  )in.- 


(1),  and   Eng.   .-koiT/ta/.  ]     Nut  scorched  ;  nut 
touelunl  or  affected  by  lire. 

"  ills  biuid  .  .  .  roinnined  untcorch'd." 

.Shaketp. :  Juliui  C<eg<v\  t.  S. 

i!in-8c6^ed',  n.  [Vivi.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
vi'furo?.]  Not  scoured  ;  not  cleaned  by  rub- 
bing. 

"  Like  uuMcotird  armour." 

Ahaktiip.  ■'  J/caaure/or  Meaiurv,  1.  :t. 

iin-8Crfi,t9hed',  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
srrntrhrd.]     Nut  .scratched  ;  not  torn. 

"  Th  ?iave  tinscrnt<-h'd  your  city's  threaten'd  cheoks." 
Shtiketp. :  King  John,  ii.  l. 

iin~Bcreened',  ".     [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 

srm:n,d.] 

1.  Not  screened  ;  not  covered  ;  not  sheltered 
or  liiddcn. 

■'  Exposed.  nmcrfcii«/,  to  the  sun's  refulgent  beams." 
^noylt: 

2.  Not  passed  through  a  screen  ;  not  sifted  : 
as,  n/oT'/Tt'/iaf  cual. 

un- screw"  (ew  as  u).  *un-scrue,  v.t. 

(Pref.  nil-  (2),  and  Eng.  ^T/f(t'.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  draw  a  screw  or  screws  from ; 
to  unfasten  by  untwisting  the  screws  of. 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  loosen  ;  to  ojien. 

"They  can  the  cabinets  of  kings  iii\»crue." 

Howell:  Yeraea.    (Pref.  to  Let.) 

un-SCrip'-tU-ral,  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
scriptnml.]  'Not  scriptural ;  not  agreeable  to 
the  .Scriptures;  not  wairanted  by  tlie  autho- 
rity of  Holy  Writ ;  contrary  to  the  teaching 
of  Scripture. 

"  manifestly  unscriptural,  false,  and  groundless.  "— 
Waterhind:    Works.  M.  dX. 

un -scrip' -til -ral-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vnscrlp- 
fund;  -/(/.]  In  an  unscriptural  manner;  nut 
according  to  Scripture. 

"  un-scrue',  v.t.     [Unscrew.] 

un-scru'-pu-lous,  «.  [Pref.  itn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  .■icrupu'luu.'i.]  Not  scrupulous  ;  liaving  no 
scruples  of  conscience;  unprincipled. 

"  All    enlightened    adviser    and    an    unscrn/nttous 
shtve.  —Macau till/ :  Siit.  t'ng.,  ch,  iv, 

Un-SCru'-pu-loiis-ly,  adr.  [Eng.  unsn-n- 
piiloii^ :  -/i/.j  In  an  unscrupulous  manner; 
witlumt  scruple  or  principle. 

iin-scru'-pii-lous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unscm- 
pnltiiis;  -iiess.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unscrupulous  ;  want  of  principle. 


*  un-scru'-ta-ble,  a.  [Pref.  ^ln■  (l),  and. 
Eng.  srriitabk'.]    Inscrutable. 

*  un-sciilp'-tu-ral,  ft.     [Pref.  itn- (l),  and 

Eng.    srulptuml.]      Not    conforming    to    the 
canons  of  sculpture  (q.v.). 

"  Some  of  his  sculptures  are  very  effective,  but  un- 
aculptural."—.itheu(Bum.  Jan.  27,  188.1.  J).  128. 

*  'un-SCUt9h'-edned,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ictf/cftcojifi/.]  Notscutclieoned  ;  deprived 
of  or  not  liaving  a  scutcheon  ;  not  liaving  a 
coat  of  arms. 

un-Seal',  v.t.    [Pref.  tot-  (2),  and  Eng.  seal,  v.] 
1.  To  remove  a  seal  or  seals  from  ;  to  open 
by  breaking  the  seals  of. 

"His  letter  was  unsealed."— ilacaulay :  ffist.  Eng., 
ch.  xiii. 

*  2.  To  open  generally. 

"  Tiirdy  of  aid,  unseal  tliy  heavy  eyes" 

Dryden  :  Cock  £  Fox,  247. 

*  3.  To  disclose  ;  to  reveal. 

"  Secret  grief  unmnls  the  fruitful  source." 

Popt-     B'liaer;  Od'/ssey  x'lX.  190. 

un-sealed',  *  un-seel-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  sealed.] 

1.  Not  sealed  ;  not  stamped  with  a  seal  : 
hence,  not  ratified,  not  confirmed,  not  sanc- 
tioned. 

'■  Your  oaths 
Are  words,  and  jioor  conditions,  but  iin*ea?'d." 

Shtikt^p.:  All's  M'elt,  iv.  2. 

2.  Having  the  seal  or  seals  broken. 

*  un-seam',  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
.-.mw.)  To  take  out  a  seam;  to  open  by  un- 
doing the  seams  of:  hence,  to  rip,  to  cut 
ojieii. 

"  He  zmseam'd  him  from  the  nape  to  the  choi^a." 
Shakesp.  :  Macbeth,  i  2. 

un  -  sear9h'-  a  -  ble,  *  un  -  serch  -  a  -  ble, 

('.  &  !>.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  scairltabh'.] 
A,  -4s  adj, :  Not  searchable ;  incapable  of 


being    scarclied    out  ;    not    to    bi'   tiaied    or 
searched  out;  inswutable,  niysteiiuns. 

^         *'  t'nscarchttblv  luid  dark  to  huiiia.ii  eye." 

Jiuivv     Vtnnara,  iv. 

'  B.  As  siibit. :  That  which  is  unsearchable 
or  inscrutable. 

"  We  spend  tuo  uiuuh  of  our  time  niiii  iviins  among 
iiilinites  and  unacarcftubleii."— lYnttn  ■  Lt>sfi<-,  pt.  i., 
ch.  vl..  5  I, 

iin-sear9h'-a-lile-ness,  :>-.  [Eng.  uasearch- 
■uhlv ;  -/(!.«.]  The  ijuality  or  state  of  being; 
unsearchable. 


un-sear9h'-a-bly,  cdv.  [Eng.  nnseurch- 
abl(t) :  -///.]  In  an  unsearchable  manner;  in- 
scrutably. 

un-sear9hed',  *  un-searcht,  a.    [Pref.  wiv.- 

(It.  and  Eng.  sfarrlird_]    Nnt  searched.;,  uot 
exiilnred  ;  not  closely  examined. 

"ills  huu.'^e  in  reason  cannot  pass  nnii-arfht:" 
Benum.  it  Ftet, .  Lover's  J'rugreaa,  iv. 

"  un  -  sear9h'- iug,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  scnrrhing.]  Not  .searching;  not  inves- 
tigatiiig  ;  not  examining  closely. 

"Their  now  unmarcliing  sidrit," 

Daniel:  Maiopiiilut. 

""  iin-Beas'-dn,  (*.(.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
svns'jn.]  'Tu  strike  or  affect  unseasonably  ur 
disagrceebly. 

un-seas'-on-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  wu-  (l),  and 
Eng.  smsnauMe.] 

1.  Not  seasonable;  not  such  as  might  be 
expected  at  the  particular  season  ;  not  ac- 
cording to  the  season  or  time  of  year. 

"Unlease  unscaaonable  weather  drive  him  to  it." — 
P.  Holland:  Plinie.  bk.  xviii.,  ch.  vi, 

2.  Not  being  at  the  proper  .season  or  time; 
ill-timed,  untimely. 

"  .\t    any    unseasonable   iustaut   of   tlie    night."— 
.-ihakesp. :  Much  Ado,  ii.  2. 

3.  Not  suited  to  the  tiino  f>r  oecasion  ;  ill- 
timed  ;  out  of  place. 

"These  reproaches  .  .   .  v''x>iKnseaaonalle."—Mac- 
titiliij/  :  Hist.  En-j.,  oh.  xiv. 

4.  Not  in  season ;  taken,  caught,  nr  killeii 
out  of  season,  and  tlierefure  unfit  for'food. 

"The  salmon  was  unscuaana'jle."~Daili/  Chronicle. 
Jail.  2,  188S. 

0.  Acting  or  interfering  at  improper  or  un- 
suitable times. 


un-sea^'-on-a-ble-ness,  :>\  I  Eng.  ((a;>e((- 
.■^oiiitbli' :  -itcss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
un.seasonable  or  out  of  season. 

"The  iinsens'jnaLlenesa  &  UiohUlT^of  the  weathti." 
—Eolniihed:  Dtscr.  England,  bk,  iii. 

un-sea^'-on-a-bly,  ado.  [Eng.  unsemon- 
abih);  -li/.]  In  an  unseasonable  manner; 
not  srasioiiably ;  at  an  improper  time;  nut 
agreeably  to  time  or  season, 

"Seriousness  does  not  ooiue  in  unseasonably  "— 
Addiauu:  ::ipectator.  No.  SaS. 

iin-sea^'-dned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
scnsowd.] 

1.  Not  seasoned;  not  made  lit  fur  use  by 
keeping:  as,  unseasoned  wood. 

2.  Not  inured ;  not  accustomed  by  use  or 
habit. 

3.  Not  qualified  by  use  oi'  expeiience  ;  un- 
ripe, inexperienced. 

"  "Tis  an  unseasoned  courtier." 

S'lakesp. :  All's  Well,  i.  1. 

*  i.  Unseasonable,  untimely,  ill-timed. 

"These  tmserisoned  hours." 

liatum.  .t  Flet. :  Philatter,  ii. 

5.  Not  sprinkled  or  impregnated  with  sea- 
soning or  relish  :  as,  utismsoiied  meat. 

*  C.  Irregular,  intemperate,  inordinate. 

"In  such  unseasonable  and  miseasoned  fashiuii."— 
Bai/ward. 

un-seat',  o.t.  [Pref.  ?ni-  (i^),and  Eng.  scat,  v.] 
To  remo\'e  from  or  deprive  of  a  seat :  as, 

(1)  To  throw  from  one's  seat  on  horseback. 

"At  ouoe  the  shock  unseated  him." 

Cowper :  Task,  vi.  550, 

(2)  To  deprive  of  a  seat  in  the  House  uf 
Commous. 

"It  might  he  necessary  to  unseat  biin ;  but  the 
whole  influence  of  the  opposition  should  be  employed 
to  procure  his  re-election."— JAicau/«tf;  Hist.  Fng., 
ch.  vi. 

un-sea-w6r'-thi-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unsm- 
irorthij  :  -/(fas.]  *  The  quality  or  slate  uf  being 

unseaworthy. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  p6t, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  ce  ^  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


unseaworthy— unsettle 


iin-sea-wor'-thy,  ".  [Pivf.  un-  (ix  and  Enij. 

MHtroiUiif.]  Nut  st'iiwortliy  ;  luit  suHicieiitly 
(■(Hiipped,  stmng,  and  sound  iu  «vcry  part  to 
W  sent  ti)  sea. 

"Till-  shi|ihaviii(;>>eeii  M-iittoftea  inni)  utiBeawai-tJt!/ 
i(iU(;iUuii.'-/'aH  JItttt  (iazitte,  Vvh.  V,  1SN8. 

«T  On  March  4,  187;{,  Mr.  Samuel  Plinisoll. 
M.P.  fur  Deiliy,  ninved  for  ji  Royal  Cnunnis- 
sion  to  in«|Uiiv  into  the  stnt^  of  the  British 
Shipping  Interest  as  regarded  the  safety  of 
iiiiiriners.  A  report  justifying  his  iipi'rehen- 
-sjDiis  was  <li'awn  out  in  .Septenitwr.  A  bill 
which  lie  subsenuently  introiluced  on  thf  sub- 
.ji-et  was  rpjecti-d  on  June  24,  1S74,  by  ITU  to 
170.  In  tlicbilhiwitp^'yearasiinilarbill  wasin- 
trnduced.  \hv  omisidV ration  of  which  Mr.  Dis- 
r.itli,  nn  July  Jl',  intimated  that  he  should  have 
lo  p"sipiiin'"lill  next  session.  This  intimation 
s..  rxciti'd  Mr.  riimsuil  tliat  ho  expressed  Ids 
'li-isjtislai-tiori  with  unparliainent^iry  vehe- 
iiiriice,  for  which  he  had  to  apologise  ;  but  his 
*  .inie'itness  led  to  the  introduction  of  a  tein- 
jmiary  measure,  pi-oposed  by  Sir  C.  Adilerley, 
;:iving further  powers  to  the  Board  of  Tiade  to 
stop  unseawortliy  ships.  It  passed  the  House 
of  Commons  on  August  7,  the  House  of  Lords 
on  August  11,  and  received  the  Royal  assent 
two  days  later. 

'  un-sec'-ond-ed,    «.      IPref.    nn-  (1\  ami 
Eng.  sciontiitL] 

1.  Not  seconded,  not  supported,  not  as- 
sisted. (See  extntct  under  Uncountenancf.ij.) 

2.  Xot  exemplified  a  second  time. 


"  un-se'-cret,  n.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
.^fitft,  a.]  Not  secret,  not  disei'eet,  not  close, 
not  trusty. 

■■  We  lire  so  uiifcret  to  ourselves." 

Shakusp.  :  Troitas^  frvssiila,  iii.  2. 

"  uzi-se'-cret»  r.t.  [Pref.  mi-  (2),  and  Eng. 
sn  ii.t.]  To  deprive  of  the  character  of  a 
scci-et ;  to  di.sclose,  to  reveal. 

"'The  luitecrntiii'j  of   their  ntfairs  comes  not  fi'oiu 
tlieuiselves,"— /y-ioud  ;  Eisays  ;  Of  Vottimef. 

■un-sec-tar'-i-an,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  .•^rcturkfu.]  Not  sectarian  ;  not  intended 
ii  used  to  promote  any  pai'ticular  sect;  not 
iliiiruL-terized  by  peculiarities  or  narrow  pre- 
judices of  any  sect. 

"  His  servioestoiiiiddle-clKss  schools  and  unsectarian 
t  Iriiieutiiry  educatiou."— /"a/f  J/<iH  Uuzette.  Feb.  1. 1888. 

•[  Some  religious  bodies  figure  in  the  Regis- 
trar-General's returns  as  Unsectarian.  They 
dn  not  constitute  a  separate  sect. 

iin-sec-tiir'-i-an-i^in,  s.  (Eng.  unsertarian; 
-^siL.]  The  quality  or  state  of  beitig  unsec- 
tjuuin  ;  fri'i'dom  from  sectarianism. 

-  un-sec'-u>lar,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

^o.-iihn:]     Not  secular;  not  worldly. 

' un-sec-u-lar-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  striilnrize.]  To  render  unseeular ;  to 
detach  from  secular  things  ;  to  alienate  from 
liie  woild  ;  to  devote  to  .sacred  uses. 

"  un-Se-ciireV  «•  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
.scare.]    Not  secure,  not  safe  ;  insecure. 

"To  settle  first  what  w.is  luisfcitre  behind  him."— 
JJiltoii  :  JJist.  Eti'j.,  l>k.  ii. 

un-se-ciired',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sntircd.]  Not  secured  ;  not  piotected  or  pro- 
A'ided  for  by  security. 

"  Showiug  ufiMfurvil  liabilities  £j.ft47  16s.  Wd.,  :iud 
iissets  \\\L"—i'all  Malt  (luzettc,  bth.  l,  1b88. 

'  un-sed'-en-tar-y,  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  .sf'lrntnni.]    Not  sedentary  ;  active,  busy. 

"The  iiiiBidcii'nri/  master's  hand 
W.is  busier.'  iVurilswurth  :  Exciirtion,  bk.  ii. 

un'8e-dU9ed',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng, 
>(f/((a'(^l  Not  seilured  ;  notdrawn  aside  from 
the  path  of  virtue  ;  not  corrupted. 

*■  ViiHhakeii,  unufdin-ed,  unterrified," 

Wonlsworth  :  Eivurtion.  bk.  vi. 

*un-seed-ed,  «.      [Pref.   wu-  (l),  and  Eng. 

1,  Not  seeded,  not  sowp  with  seed  ;  unsown. 

"The  ii»tcctled  and  vinlumiw'd  soil." 

VuwiHrr  :  Homer;  Odu^ey  \\. 

2.  Not  having  or  bearing  seed,  as  a  jdant. 

^  un-see -ing,  «.      [Pref.   vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

st'riiiij.]    Not  seeing;  wanting  the  ijnwtr  of 
vision  ;  blind. 

"  When  to  iiuaechie  eyes  thy  shade  shtneii  wi." 


'  un-seel',  c-t.     [Pref.  un  (2),  and  En^ 


^ceL] 


To  oiien,  as  tliecyes  nf  a  hawk  that  have  been 
seeled  ;  to  lighten  ;  to  resttire  sight  to. 


*  lin-seem',    v.i.      [Pref.   un-  (1),    and    Eng. 
^t''/;i.]    Not  to  seem. 

"  So  iiintfi^niiu'/  to  confeift  reft'iiit," 

•  im-Beem' ihg,  •  un-sexn-yiige.  ".   iri«  f. 

II  n-  (I),  and  Kng.  \(>;»u ;(;;.]  L  nbistt  iniiig, 
unbeeoMiing  ;  unseendy. 

"  Ciitte  out  of  the  niynde aU)>ertluuuB  ami  vntcmini<jc 
df^yie  -."—Uilal :  Jtonuiiiies  xii. 

un-aeem'-li-ness.    *  un-seme  lines.    . 

IKng.  inisiriulif ;  -iit:\^.\  Thi'  tpiahty  <ir  sl;it« 
nf  being  unseemly  ;  nnconieliness,  impin- 
jiriety,  indecorum,  indecency. 


un-seem'-ly, '  un-seme-ly. '  un-sem-ly, 

-'.  &  c.'/c.     [Pnt.  Hit-  (i),  and  Eng.  s'.imln.] 

A.  As  aifj.  :  Not  seendy  ;  not  such  as  be- 
seems the  pei"Son,  time,  or  jdace  ;  unbelitting, 
unbecoming.    (Longfellow :  Hiawatha,  xii.) 

B.  As  adv. :  In  an  unseendy  manner  ;  un- 
bewjmingly.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  \.  15;j.) 

un-seen',     un-seyne,  a.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 

Eng.  ,.r.>(,l 

1.  Not  seen,  not  discovered. 

"  Be  Yarrow  strenin  iinsei-n.  uukiitiwn." 

IVordaworlh  :  yarrow  t/nvisUid,  1B03. 

2.  Invisible,  indiscovei'able. 
^^3.  Unskilled,  inexperienced. 

"  Be  wiis  nut  ttusaen  in  the  affections  of  the  court 
but  had  not  reputiitiou  enough  to  reform  it. " — 
Clurentton. 

1[  'Ihe  u)iseen:  That  which  is  unseen;  spe- 
eilically,  the  world  of  spirits  ;  the  heieafter. 

*  unseize',    (•.(.      [Pref    nn-  (2),   and    Eng. 
6vi:t\\    To  release  ;  to  let  go  of. 


un-seized',  a.    (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  seized.] 

1.  Ord.  I.anfj. :  Not  seized,  uotapprehendert, 
not  taken.  (Drydcn:  Absalom  d  Arhitophel, 
2.3S.) 

2.  Lam  :  Not  possessed  ;  not  put  in  posses- 
sion ;  as,  nnseiced  uf  land. 

iin-sel'-ddni,  ado.  [Pref.  i(»-(l).  and  Eng. 
.^ililiDii.]  X<it  seldom;  not  infrequently;  not 
rarely  ;  sometimes. 

un-sel'-fisb,  «.  [Pref.  lift-  (1),  and  Eng. 
seljisk.]  Not  sellisli  ;  not  influenced  by  or 
arising  from  seltishness. 

"The  i»ei-8on.%l  benefit  imd  iireaeiit  reward  of  kind 
uiisvlJUhbviiey>lent:e."—bitilffChroiiuU;  Jjiil  Hi,  lss8. 

'  iin-se'-Ii-ness.  *un-se-li-nes8,  ^.   [Eng. 

ansely  ;  -uess.]     Misery,  wretchedness. 

"What   u>iaelini;as  la  established."— Chaucer ;  iJoe. 

"un-se'-ly.tt.  [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  Eng.  sely.] 
Unhappy,  unlui-ky. 

"  Thiike  iiiuclff  jolife  wo."  flower:  C.A.,  i 

*  un-sem'-in-ared,  a.  [Ptef.  nn- (l),  and Lat. 

Hviiifn,  gcTiit.  ariniitis  =  seed.]  Destitute  of 
seed  or  sperm  ;  destitute  or  deprived  of  virility ; 
impotent,  castrated.  (Shakesp.  :  Antony  ct" 
Cleopatra,  i.  j.) 

'  iin-sensed',  ''an-senced,  a.     [Pref.  nn- 

(1);  Eng.  sens(>^),  and  sutf.  -ed.]  Destitute  of 
sense  or  meaning  ;  senseless,  meaningless. 

"  They  tell  you  the  scriptnre  Is  but  a  dead  letter. 
uunem:*^  channrter.  words  without  senteor  unH-iiwd." 
—Up.  Taylor:  DUsuaiive from  Popery,  pt  il.  bk.  i.,  52. 

•  un-Sens'-i-We,  r..  [Pref.  hu-(1),  and  Eng. 
svnsihh:]  Not  sensible;  not  Ciipable  of  feel- 
ing ;  insensible. 

"A  sju'ranientell  sygnc  \maouiblt:."  —  Sir  T-  More  : 
Workea.  \>.  1,332. 

"  un-sen'-su-al-ize  (or  su  as  shu).  j  t. 
(I*jfl.  fit- (2),  and  Eng.  stH.t'(afi;t'.  j  To  purily; 
to  i'le\ate  from  tlie  ilominion  of  the  senses. 

"  By  sensual  wante, 
UnscHSitaliunl,  the  inind." 

Coleridge:  Religioua  ilagutua. 

un-sSnt',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  srnt.] 
Not  sent,  not  desiatched,  not  trausnutted. 

"  He  should  »<end  for  all  the  council  that  remained 
untent  abrowl."  Strypc  :  Eccles.  Hem.;  Edward,  VI., 
bk.  i..  ch.  xxi- 

^  Vn.^entfor:  Not  called,  invited,  or  com- 
manded to  attend. 

•■  .S-.-niewhiit  of  wei(,'hty  conseMuence  brines  you  here 
so  often,  aud  untent  for," — Drydcn. 


iin-sen  tenced,  a.    [Pref.  an-  (\),  and  ISnt;. 

scnt,n,,d.\ 

1,  Not  sentenced  ;  not  uinlcv  sentence. 
'  2.  Not  dellnitcly  pronuunced. 

"The  divorce  ItcWie  Jot  unanntuKCii.'  —  UeuUn  ! 
Hr/ormntlun,  II.,  J  1. 

'  un-sen'-tlent  (t  an  8h),  a.  [Pref.  »rt-(i), 
and  Kng.  M-itCiViif.]     Nut  sentient ;  not  having 

feeling,  sense,  or  perception. 

"  \V.*  may  admit  a  »entU-nt  ..omp.wi-d  of  unn-nthnt 

Piirt.H."— AVur.A,    L,<jht  of  .Sulnrt,  \ol.  ii.,  pt.  l.,cb,  \1. 

■  un  sen-ti-ment'-^,  -f.    (Pref.  jnt-(i), and 

Eng.  stnt'uneatal.]  Not  stnlimenlal  ;  matter- 
of-fact. 

'  un-aep  -ar  a  ble.     '  un-sep  era  ble. 

-'.  [Pivf.  iiH-  (I),  and  Kng.  .../-. .'W^.J  Nut 
st-li;tnil'lr  ;  iiut  iiji-apablr  of  being  ^il■puraled  ; 
msfpaiabh', 

"  Friends  now  fimtaworn, 

Who  twine  at  twci-e  In  love 

i'nstparabli:.'  ^HiakiiiJ. :  Corl^uttui,  \\\  *. 

■  un-8ep''ar-a-bl^,a(^>.  [Bug.  iijjsf;«c(t/<(/c); 

■t>l.\     Inseparably. 
"  .luinint'  them  ttiiui'anibty."-'MiHon  :  Tttrachordon, 

*un-8ep'-ar-at-ed,  a.    [Pief.  nn-  (1),  and 

Eng.  ii(7»am!e<^]     Not  separat«'d,  not  iiarted. 

"  To  retjiiu  th  unirpnratcd  mhiI." 

Pope      I/i'incr  :   0<i/^Mt'.V  X.  iH5. 

t  un-sep'-iil-clired  (re  as  er).  ft.  [Pref.  »»- 
(1),  and   Eng.  .^ry/uMim/.]     Not  Ht'iiulchied  ; 
not  buried  in  a  sppidchir  ;  inil)uried. 
"  l'nsi-i'n/'.'riri-d  tliev  ruam'il." 

ayron     Vhitde  lltirold,  iil.  63. 

*un~se-ques'-tered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  setjutsteicd.]  Not  .seciuestereil ;  not  re- 
served ;  frank,  open. 

"  His     unscqueittrred    h 
FaUrr:  Churvfl  Uiatory,  JCI.   lii.  i. 

'  un-served',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
served.] 

1,  Not  served  ;  not  worshij»pe<l. 

"  The  law  is  love,  nud  Owl  uuiemctL" 

flower:  C.  A.,  lii. 

2.  Not  attended  to;  not  duly  performed. 

■■  Leave  the  sacramcutes  uiiKii'eil."—Sir  T.  Mora: 
Workif,  p.  4yti. 

•  Un-ser'-vi9e,    .>-■.     [Pref.   nn-   (l),  and   Eng. 
bvrvUr.]     Want  of  service  ;  idleness,  neglevt. 
"You   tjtx   ua  for  iinteroicc."—MiXasinip.r:  Pari,  of 
Low,  i.  5. 

un-ser'-vi5e-a-ble,  «.     [Pref.  lu^-(l),  ami 

Eng.  serviceable.]  Not  seivieeuble. ;  not  ht 
for  service  ;  not  bringing  ail  vantage,  use, 
profit,  or  couvenience ;  useless. 

"  A  most  unwilling  and  UiMcrftocafr^caccumplice." — 
Mavaulay:  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  il. 

^  un-ser'-vi5e-a-ble-ne8S,  .s.    |Eng.  unser- 

rirenhh- ;  -;u.ss.J  The  i(uality  or  sUite  of  being 
unserviceable  ;  uselessness. 

"  Minding  us  of  its  lusutScieucy  and  KMicrri/c-dAftf- 
ticM  to  the  felicity  of  a  niurtal  crejitmc  "— ffio-row  ." 
Sermons,  vol.  iii.,  aer.  H. 

■  un-ser'-vi^e-a-bl^,  adv.  (Eng.  nnscrvice- 
ab{h-)  ;  -ly.]    Not  in  a  serviceable  manner. 

'■  Lie  idly  and  unscrviceab!y  there."—  tVoodward.' 
Xutural  Uiatory. 

iin-set',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  set.} 

1.  Not  set ;  not  placed. 

".Nothing  unset  down."  —  i/ootcr ."  Eicles.  Politit:. 
bk.  iii..  §11. 

2.  Not  jdanted. 

"And  many  maidtu gardens,  yt  unset." 

Shakvsp.     Sonnet  10, 

3.  Not  set,  as  a  broken  limb. 

"  An  unset  bone  is  Wtter  than  a  bone  so  ill  tct  tliat 
it  must  bebroki'U  iitCfuu.'—FuUcr  :  Worthiea;  Ucnenil. 

"*  4.  Not  sunk  behtw  the  horizon. 
'5.  Not  settled,  tixed,  or  appointed. 

"  For  ill!  day  meten  uieu  at  unsrf  •ttovtn." 

Cttaucer:  C.  T.,  I,i'.;i;. 

UD-set'tle,  v.t.  &  L     [Pi-ef.  un-  ('2),  and  Eng. 

.■<.ftlr.\ 

A*  Transitive : 

1.  To  change  from  a  settled  state  :  to  make 
no  longer  tixed,  sittitd,  cstablislied,  or  steady  ; 
to  make  uncertain  or  tluctmxting;  to  unhinge, 
to  shake,  to  disturb. 

"  Cnsrttlhig  the  faith  of  Ingenuous  yotith."~//i-/f. 
Quarterly  Iteview,  Ivli..  p.  58  (l¥T3). 

'  2.  To  move  from  one  place  to  annlher ;  to 
renmve. 

■■  An  big  lui  he  was.  did  there  need  any  yreat  matter 
tu  unsettle  \n\ii1"—  L' Estramje. 

■  ;j.  To  disorder,  to  derange,  to  make  mat!. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  5ell,  chorus,  9liin,  bcn^h;  go»  gem;  tbin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,      ing. 
-cian,  -tian  -  sban.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  ~§ion  =  ^^'ft"     -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,    dle»  A;<-    -  bel,  dcL, 


360 


unsettled— unshod 


•  B.  /rilnjfi.i.  :  To  U'Ciiiuu  uiifiettlcd  ;  to 
give  way  ;  l"  If  .lisonU'retl. 

"  Ql>  wlU  to  begin  U>  untitle." 

ahalC0tp.  ;    U<ir.  HI.  4. 

ttn-sdt-Ued  (le  as  el),  *  unsotled,    a. 

H'lvt.  i.umD.  au>l  Kiiii-  »etth-d.\ 

1.  Not  lixtd  ill  n'sniutiuii ;  not  iletermiiK*!; 
Dol  JeciiU'd  ;  uusttady  or  waveriug ;  uiiUo- 
ciilcil,  )K'^ital)u^. 

"To  Nil  yl  tliU  uHi«ta«d  charocler."— SccAer .■  Ser- 
mom,  luL  IL.  wr.  li. 

2.  Cnhingftl,  disturbed,  ti*oubled,  agitated; 
uot  calm  ui'  coiiipused. 

"Tlttf  l>e»t  comforter  to  aii  umettt^fd  fancy." 

ahttketp.  .■  Tifmpvtt,  v. 

3.  Disturbed;  not  peaceful  or  quiet. 

"Tliv  Kovcniiitvut  of  thftt  ktii)t<l<>iii  liml  .  .  .  b«eu 
iu  ui  tiiiMtttUtt  Btiiu-.'— J/(icMii/(iy :  //M^  A''W..  ch.  xix. 

4.  Displaced  fi-om  a  llxcd  or  peniianeiit 
positiuii. 

5.  Not  liaviug  tlie  lees  or  dregs  deposited  ; 
muddy,  roily  :  as.  umettlal  liquor. 

6.  Having  iio  lixed  or  permanent  place  or 
aK>de. 

"To  Iwhold  th*  ftrkc  of  the  Lonl'a  coueiiimt  tin- 
utlnir— Hooker :  fcctet.  PolUie,  bk,  H..  5  6- 

7.  Having  no  inhabitants ;  uot  occupied ; 
uncol'iiiised  :  as,  tni.sfMM  lands. 

8.  Not  ailjusled  ;  not  liquidated  ;  unpaid  : 
as,  an  i/M^Wf/cW  account. 

!).  N'ot  ari-aiiged  ;  not  adjusted  ;  not  accom- 
modated :  as,  The  dispute  is  still  unscttlcl. 
10.  Unequal ;  not  regular  ;  changeable. 
"  TIjv  uio«t  unifttl«d  Hud  uneiiiuible  sea3ou»  iu  most 
couu tries. '—tfc'if/ftf  :  iVrmoiM. 

•  fin-set' -tied -ne8s(le  as  el),  s.    [Eng.  un- 
S4:ttlc<i ;  -n-ss,] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unsettled  ; 
irrisolutioii,  indeeision,  uiu-ertainty. 

"  Uy  tlie  iuinn-juu't  iiml  iiistaliility  or  lumetttettmsi 
of  foolish  iKoiilvi.  "—iliiftoji  2'a !/lur:  Diiiuasivc /mn 
rofcry.  |.t.  U..  $  -i. 

2.  Want  of  fixity  ;  changeable uess. 


*  fin-set -tle-ment  (le  as  el),  s.    [Eug.  un- 

seltk ;  -ment.] 

1,  The  act  of  rendering  unsettled. 

2.  The  state  of  being  unsettled, 

"There  is  «  gr<.-ut  uimettl'-nieTit  of  luiiul  and  corrup- 
tlou  ol  lUHimers."— tfnrroM':  Semtora,  vol.  L,  ser.  17. 

*  un-sev'-en,  i'.;.  [Pref.  mi-  (2),  and  Eng. 
,fr('in.)  Ti'f  make  no  longer  seven;  to  reduce 
from  the  number  of  seven  to  a  less  uuniber. 
(!<]H:cUil  coiiKuje.) 

"To    u r)iii*i-<-(i    the    sAcrnmeuta   of   the    Cliuicli    of 
Roine."->'HHer;  Church  Ilitt.,  XI.  ii.  v. 

*  un-se-vere',  ".  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eug. 
severe.]    Xot  severe  ;  not  harsh  ;  not  cruel. 

"  A  leas  priiiieiit  niul   unsevi-rc  refreshuteiit."— /)/<. 


Ta!,!oi 


Sermotii.  vol.  ii,,  ser.  2i 


fin-sev'-ered,  a.  [Pref.  uii-  (l),  and  Eug. 
severtui.]    Nt»t  severed,  parted,  or  divided. 

"Like  uiuevfred  frieuds." 

Shakesp. :  CorManua,  iii.  2. 

fin-sew'  (ew  .is  d).  "tin-sow',  v.t.    [Pref. 

vu-  (-2).  and  Eng.  sen:]  To  undo,  what  is 
srwn  ;  to  unstitch,  to  unseam  ;  to  rip  a  cover- 
ing from  or  otf. 

"  I'litotced  was  the  body  soooe, 
As  be  that  kuewe,  whiit  was  to  doone." 

Gower:  C.  A.,  viii. 

fin-sewn'  (ew  as  6),  a.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 

Eng.  itu-n.]     Unstitched. 

"  The  imier  flup  Imd  become  uiisewn  at  the  bottom-" 
—Daili/  Chronicle,  Jau.  11,  1B88. 

fin-sex',  r.(.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  sex.] 
To  deprive  of  sex  or  of  the  qualities  of  tlie 
Sfx  to  which  one  belongs ;  U>  transform  in 
respect  of  sex ;  usually  to  deprive  of  the 
qualities  of  a  woman  ;  to  uuwonian. 

"  All  you  spirits 
That  tend  ou  mortal  thoughts  unsex  me  here." 
iihakap. :  Macbeth,  i.  5, 

•  fin-Shac'-kle,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eug. 
shmkhi.]    T.J  set  free  from  shackles;  to  un- 
fetter ;  to  loose  from  bonds ;  to  set  free  from 
^  restraint. 


un-sb^o'-kled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  shackled.]  No*t  shackled  ;  free  from 
restraint. 

"  To  perceive  hja  own  unshackled  life." 

Wordttoorth:  Excursion,  bk.  iii. 

fin- Shad- ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  En". 
Ah'MeiL] 


I.  Not  shaded  ;  uot  darkened  or  overspread 
with  shade  or  gloom. 

"  Pairv  n»  un*hfulfd  Uifht,  or  as  the  dny 
III  tU  llrat  birth."  Davciuint:  Tu  the  Queen. 

'2.  Not   having    shades   or    gradations    of 
colour,  as  a  pietuie. 

'fin-sh&d'-ow-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (i); 
Kuii.  shudov :  -'ihl,:]  Incapable  of  being 
shown  even  in  sliadow. 

"  .\l>«olut«ly  liiiiiiitJible   niid    unihadotoable."—Bp. 
iiVjfnoUU. 

un-shjid'-dwed.    n.      [Pref,   un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  s//.n/.;,m/,J 

1.  Id.:  Not  shadowed;  not  clouded,  dark- 
eneil.  or  obscured. 

*'  Uti»i-'iiiit«d  of  her  jMrts,  muhitdowed 
Id  any  durkeiied  iwiut."        Dania( :  Mutophilut. 

2.  I'"i'j-'  Free  from  gloom  or  uuhappiness. 

"  Give  himself    up   to   xutxhadowed    eujoymeut."— 
CauclV*  Sat.  JotirniU,  Mm:  10,  1988. 

fin-shak'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  uji-  (l),  and  Eng 
sluthihli:]  'lueapablc  of  being  shaken.     {Lit. 

vrji'j.) 

"His  grvnt   iudividunl  jJucuUivrlty  was  uiithakable 
deteruiiuatiuti."— £>ai/^  Telegraph,  linn.  ih.  1885. 

■  un-shalced',  c-  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
t^lmktd  =  shaken. 1     Unshakeu. 

"  Keel"  tinshakcd 
That  temple."  ."ihiikesp.  :  Ci/mbelinc.  ii.  1, 

un-shak'-en,  "'  un-shak'-ened,  «.  [Pref. 
«»•  (1),  and  Eng.  shaken;  shukeued.] 

1.  Not  shaken ;  uot  agitated ;    uot  caused 
to  sliake. 

'  Which  uow,  like  fruit  uuripe,  siicks  ou  the  tree  ; 
leu  they  mellow  be." 
JShakesp. :  Jltunltt,  iii.  2. 


But  ftiU,  unshaken, 


2,  Not  shaken  or   moved    iu    resolutiou ; 
firm,  steady. 


*  un-sba-kle,  v.t.    [Unshackle.] 

*  un-shale't  v.t.  [Pref  un-  (2),  aud  Eug. 
shale.]  To  strip  the  husk  or  shale  of;  iieuce, 
tu  expose,  to  disclose. 

"I  will  uot  nnshale  the  jest  before  It  be  ripe,"— 
J/urston. 

*  fin-Shamed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and  Eug. 
.sJiiniied.]  Not  shamed;  not  asliamed ;  un- 
abashed.   {Dryden  :  Palainonci:  Aixitc,  iii.  741.) 

*  un-sliame'-fa9ed,  *  un-shame-fast,  a. 

[Pref.  tin-  (1),  aud  Eng.  shame-faced,  shame- 
fast.]  Not  shamefaced  ;  wautlug  in  modesty  ; 
impudent. 

"  By  vehemeucie  of  iitfectiou  be  made  unshamefuit." 
— Sir  J,  Cheekti :  'Hm  Hurt  of  Sedition. 

'  un-sliame'-fa9ed-ness.  *  un-shame- 
fast-nes,  '^  un-shame-fast-nesse.  ^<^. 
[Eug.  iinshaMef'.K.fil,  unskaiaefa^t ;  -iic^s.]  Tlie 
quality  or  state  of  being  uushamefaced  ;  im- 
pudence. 

"  For  the  lacke  of  m.iiiers  iu  the  state  <, '  •»  lord  iu- 
t'emlreth  unshamffatrncssa  iu  him."  —  GoiJmt  Bokc, 
oh,  xlv. 

^  un-shame  -fast-ly,  ^  un-schame-fast- 

li,  ado.  [Eng.  xinshuvu^fitsl ;  -ly.]  Without 
shame ;  boldly. 

"  .■V  wickid  mau  uisiketh  sad  his  cheer  unschame- 
fast!i"—\Vycliffe:  i'roferbs  \xi.  9. 

*  un-sbape',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
shape.]  To  deprive  of  shape ;  to  throw  out 
of  regular  form  ;  to  disorder. 

"  This  deed  unsluijies  me  quite." 

Shakesp. :  Measure  for  .Measure.  \\:  4. 

"  un-shaped',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sliapal.]  Having  no  shape;  shapeless,  form- 
less, confused. 

"  The  unshnped  use  of  it  doth  move 
The  he.irera,"  Shakesp.  :  Samlet.  i\:  5. 

un-shape'-ly,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
shopebj.]     Nut  of  regular  sliape  ;   deformed, 

luisshapeu. 

^  un-sbap'-en,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 

shujjtn.] 

1.  Misshapen,  delormed,  sliapeless. 

"  This  uyishapen  e-arth  we  noiv  iuhahlt,  is  the  form 
it  WM  found  ill  when  the  waters  had  retired."— fit* r- 
uet :  Theors/  of  the  Earth. 

2.  Uncreated. 


fin-shdred',  a.  [Pref.  ««-  (l),  and  Eng. 
shared.}  Not  shared  ;  uot  participated  in. or 
enjoyed  in  common. 

"  T"  lmp:irt  a  joy,  imperfesit  while  unsliared." 

\yorttjficorth  :  Excursion,  bk.  ii. 


fin-sharp -ened,  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
sluu'pened.]'  Not  sharpened ;  not  made  acute 
or  sharp. 

"  C'nsharpeneU  by  reveuge  liud  fear," 

■Scoff;  Uokebu,  i.  5. 

fin-shd.t'-tered,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
shattered.]    Nut  shattered  or  broken  to, pieces. 

"  Uuw  L'Aii  that  brittle  stiitf  escape  unshuttered  i  "— 
Bp.  I/all :  .Swr.  on  I'l.  litvili.  3u. 

un-shav'-en,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shaven.]  Not  shaved;  uot  cut.  {Browne: 
I'uhjar  Errours,  bk.  v.,  ch.  xxi.) 

fin-Sheath. un-sheathe',  v.t.  [Pref-»H-(:2), 
and  Eug!  .-iheuth.] 

1.  To  take  or  t.U-a\v  from  its  sheath  or  scab- 
bard. 

"  He  who  ue'er  unsheathed  a  sword." 

Scott:  Lord  of  (ho  Isles,  iv.  I). 

*  2.  To  set  fiee  from  or  as  from  a  case. 

"  a  liiirniftil  knife,  that  theuce  her  soul  unrheuth'd 
Of  that  polluted  prison  where  it  breath  d." 

:ihakesp. :  liape  of  Luvrece,  1,7:24. 

1[  To  unsheathe  the  sword  :  To  make  war. 

un-shed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  aud  Eng.  slied.] 
1.  Nut  shed  ;  not  spilt. 

"ChiiTKed  with  unshed  tears."     Byron:  Dream,  v. 

*  2.  Not  parted  ;  uneoiubed. 

"  Uucomb'd,  uucurl'd,  and  carelessly  unshed." 

Spenser:  F.  Q.,  IV".  vii.  40. 

'un- shell',   ('/.     [Pref.   un-   <2),  aud  Eng. 

shell.] 

1.  To  take  out  of  the  shell  ;  to  deprive  of  a 
shell ;  to  shell. 

2.  To  give  birth  to. 

"None  .  ,  ,  that  ever  Yarmouth  unshetled  or  in- 
geuiUed. "— .Vtw/ie  .  Lenten  Stuffe. 

3.  To  release. 

"There  I  remaiued  [coucealed]  till  the  housemaid  a 
sweetheart,  who  was  a  carpeuter,  unshetleU  me,' — 
Dickens  :  Sketches  by  lioz ;   Watkins  Tattle. 

*  un-shelled',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
shelled.]  Nut  protected  or  covered  with  a 
shell ;  newly  hatched. 

"  O'er  her  nmhelled  brood  the  luurmuriiig  riiig-dove 
sita  Hot  moii;  geutly. "— Merirfun  .■  i'iz<.irro,  iv.  1. 

fin-Shel'-tered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sheltered.]  Not  sheltered  ;  not  sereened  ;  nut 
protected  from  danger  or  aiiuoyauce  ;  unpiu- 
teeted. 

"  from  the  barren  wall's  unshelter'd  eud." 

Wordsworth :  Evening  Walk. 

"  un-shent',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  shent.] 
Nut  sheut,  uot  ruiued,  uot  destroyed,  uot 
siioilt,  uot  disgraced. 

"  Wt  scape  unshent,  ii  they  wei-e  doue  in  love." 

iMvies:  Holy  Jioode,  p.  25, 

*  un-Sher'-iflf,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
sherljf.]     To  iL-move  frum  the  ollice  of  sheiitl. 

"He  was  soon  unsheriffed  by  the  kiug's   death."— 

fnlU-r  :    Worthies;  Kent. 

"  un-shette.  c.t.    [Unshut.] 

fin-shewn'  (ew  as  6),  a.    [Unshown.j 

'  un-shield'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  aud  Eng. 
shielded.]  Not  shielded  ;  uot  covered,  pro- 
tected, or  defended. 

"[Ue]  scoruful  offer'd  his  utmhieUted  side." 

Dryden:  Ovid;  MeCatnorphoses  xu. 

^  tin-shift'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref,  uJt-  (1);  Eug. 
shift;  -able.]    Shiftless,  helpless. 

"  How  ui<shi/eab!e  are  they."—  Ward :  Sermotis,  p.  67. 

un-ship',  ■  un-sbyp,  v.t.  [Pref.  w»-  (2), 
and  Eng.  ship.] 

1.  (Jrd.  Lnmj. :  To  take  out  of  a  ship  or 
other  waterciaft. 

"Tyll  al  hys  cariage  was  unshypfjed."  —  Beruers : 
froissart ;  Cronycle,  vol  i..  ch.  ccxviii.. 

2.  Naut. :  To  remove  fi-oiu  the  place  where 
it  is  fixed  or  fitted. 


fin-shiv'-ered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
shivered.]  Not  shivered ;  uot  broken  into 
shivers. 

"  Our  ylasse  cau  uever  touch  unshieered." 

Bp.  Hall :  Satires,  v.  3. 

fin-Shocked',  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (l),  and  Eng. 
shirked.]  Not  shocked,  not  disgusted,  not 
oflended. 

"  Who  cau,  unshock'd,  behold  the  cruel  eye  ?  " 

Thomson :  Liberty. 

fin-shod',  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  aud  Eng.  shod.] 
Not  shod  ;  having  no  shoes. 

"  With  unshod  feet  they  yet  securely  tr«ad," 

Cowper :  To  an  A^licted  Protestant  Lady. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  miite,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fill;  try,  Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  —  kw. 


unshoe— unskilled 


3(il 


un-shoe .  t  un-shoo,  r.t.  [Pref.  mi-  (2).  niA 

Ell-,  -//ut,  \  I    Til  .i^i'iive  of  a  shoe  or  shoes. 

unshoe -Uiohorse,  j;. 

Boktnii : 

1.  Mounwort  (flo/rydiiHm  Lwjwria). 

•'  Mouuwwrt  is  iiu  belli  which  thej-  w^y  will  oiwii 
lQck.1  and  uuthoo  Huch  hoiVfa  us  truul  uimu  it.  — 
Culpcpvr  iu  arUf<rri  *  ItoUanU. 

2.  Ifi}tpocrc})ii>  oo»(iw.(i.  The  English  name 
was  niven  liecuuse  the  legumes  are  shapeil 
like  a  horseshoe,  ami  weie  popularly  believed 
to  W  ablt'  lu  unshoe  huraes.    (i'l'ior.) 

'  un-shook',  (f.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  ami  Eng. 
shvok.l    Nut  shaken;  unshaken. 

"  Thou  aUud'st  tiiitliook  luuidat  a  burstiug  worK!." 
Pope:  Sutina.    (fry!.) 

'  un-sbbred',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  ami  Ent;. 
ilo.i-f  (J),  \  .J    Not  shored  or  propped  up  ;  un- 

bupiioiteil. 

unshorn',  n.  iPief.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  shorn.] 
Not  sUoiii.  not  wheareil,  not  clipped.  {Stott : 
Laa'U  o/thc  UtI.c,  i.  20.) 

iin-short'-ened.  o.  [Pref.  «m-(i),  and  Eng. 
>/i'.-;fL,'a</.]  "Nut  shorteued  ;  not  made  shorter. 

un-shot',  «.    tPref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  shot,  s.] 

1.  Not  shot ;  not  struck  ur  hit  with  a  shut. 
(iWtlUr:  Night  riece.y 

2.  Sot  dischajged,  us  a  shot. 

'iin-shot',  v.t.  [Pref.  ii»-(2),  andEng.  s/tof,  r.] 
T.i  t;ike  or  draw  the  shut  ur  bail  out  of:  as, 

Tu  iiiishnf  a  gUU. 

'  un-shoiit'.  v.t.  [Pref.  »«-  (2),  and  Ens. 
shout. \    To  recall  what  is  doue  by  shouting. 

■'  Ciitliviit  thtt  uuise  thn,t  biiulslied  Mnruius. " 

S/iakcsfi,  :  Coriolmtun,  v.  1. 

'  un-sho^-ered,  «.  (Pref.  it?t-(l),  and  Eng. 
showered.]    Nut  watered  by  ahowers, 

"  (/iisftowercU  gi-aaa."  JtUton  :  iViilU'it!/. 

un-shown',  a.  [Pref.  »»-(!), and  Eng.  s/ioi''».] 
Ni.t  >liu\\n;  not  exhibited.    {Hhakesp. :  Ant. 

if  a-''i'.,  iii.  0.) 

■  un-shrined',  «.  (Pref.  itJi-  (1),  and  Eng. 
.■.7/1  ,M./.j     Nut  enshrined  ;  not  deposited  iu  a 

sliniii'. 

un-shrihk'-ing.  a.  [Pref.  »ii-(l),  and  Eng. 
.-•hin'IAinj.]  Not  shiiuking;  uot  recoiling; 
nut  falling  hack  ;  undaunted. 

"  With  timhfinkini/  eteat. " 
Jhiorv  :   Vi-ih-il  i'rophet  uf  Khorassaii. 

un-shriv-en,   *  un- shrive,  u.    [Pref.  ua- 

(1).  and  Eng.  slirireu.]     Nut  shriven. 

"  riiuiitih  .iU  tliL-r  [laridhti  dia  mulirive-" 

Plowman's  Tati;. 

■■  iin-shroud',  (•.(.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
skruucL]  To  remove  the  shroud  or  covering 
Irum;  to  uncover,  to  unveil,  to  diselose. 

"  At  l«UKth  the  pierciug  auu  his  bejuues  unshrouUs." 
P.  Fletcher:  Purptv  Itlaiid,  xii. 

un-shrubbed',    «.      [Pref.   un-  (1):   Eng. 

a/u  ifo.  and  htill.  -(■(/.)  Nut  planted  witli  shrubs  ; 
bare  ur  destitute  of  shrubs. 

'■  Jly  buaky  scivs  ami  my  unshnibbed  down." 

Slmkcsp.  ;  Teiupest,  iv,  1. 

•  un-shun'-na-ble,  o.  [Pref.  nn-  (l);  Eng. 
.-11  I'll,  and  suit.  -able.\  Incapable  of  being 
siiunued  or  avoided  ;  inevitable. 

"  'Tlfi  dtfstiuy  loighunnable,  like  denth." 

akukvsji, :  Othello,  iii.  3. 

*  un-shunned',  a.      [Pief.  i(R-(1),  and  Eng. 

s>hnniii:il.\ 

1.  Nut  shunned  or  avoided. 

2.  Unshnnnabie,  inevitable. 

■'  All  itiithnini'd  couhcuueiive."—  Hhakesp. ;  JIvasiti-e 
f-.r  Mritsiirc.  iii.  2. 

un-shut',  o.  [Pref.  it7t-  (1),  ami  Eng.  shut.] 
Nut  alnit  ;  open. 

■■  Sail  and  sail  with  uiithuttye 
Roiuid  the  world  for  ever  luid  aye." 

J/.  Arnold:  Forsukvu  Jlennuti. 

un-shut\  *un-shette,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2), 
ana  En-,  shut,  v.]     Tu  upen  ;  to  throw  open. 
"  Ul-  the  dwre  unnhcCU:"  Oowcr  :  C.  A.,  vi. 

un-shut'-ter,  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
shuttnr.\  To  take  down  or  put  back  the 
shutters  of. 

'•  H<?   umhuttered  the    Uttle  lattice-wiuduw."  —  T. 
nii'jhet  ■  Toin  lirown  at  Ozford,  ch.  xvll. 

iin-shy',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l)/and  Eng.  shy,  a.] 
N-'l  ^liy  ;  contident.  {livchardson :  Clarissa, 
ii.  :'J.) 


*  un-sick'.  •  un-siok6>  u.  [pref.  loi-(i),  anti 
Eng.  sici:.]  Not  sick,  ailing,  diseased,  or  dis- 
ordered. 

"  Uulu  loid  uttiikft  rib'bt  wel  at  «uc." 

Vhituc«r :  Orema, 

un-sio'-ker,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sicktr.]    Xotsure  ;  unsure,  unsteady.   (.ScofWi.) 

"  Ob  1  Hickuritig,  feeble,  iiuJ  unsicker." 

Burnt:  Povvt  un  Li/c. 

un_Bift'-4d,  (».    [Pref.  un-  (l),and  Eng.  sifted.] 
1.  Not  sifted  ;  nut  separated  by  a  sieve. 
"  Onat  uiiai/ted.'  ivwpvr:  Tatk,  vi.  l'>8. 

"2.  Not  tried,  untried,  unproved. 

"  Viixifteit  Iu  such  pfilluiis  circumstAiicf." 

Hhakcsp.  :  Uamlet,  i.  3 

iin-sighed'  (*//'  silent),  n.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
En;;.  -siy/ttW.]     Not  sighed  (for). 


iin-Slght  (y/t  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Kng.  siijht.]  Without  sight;  uot  seeing  or 
examining.  Only  occurring  in  the  phrase, 
'•  unsight,  unseen"  =  unseen:  as,  to  buy  a 
thing  unsiyht,  uuseeu=to  buy  it  without 
seeing  it. 

"To  subscribe,  uiii'mht,  uuseeii." 

Uutlcr:  IludHiru*.  I.  iii.  G2j. 

■  tin- sight '-a-ble  {gh  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un- 

(1);   En-    stijht,  and  sutl'.  -able.]     Invisible, 

(1  (>■/(/(■".) 
un-sight-ed  (gh  silent),  a.     [Pref.    un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  ^i'jhtfd.] 

"  1.  Nut  sighted  ;  nut  seen  ;  invisible. 

"  still  yieseut  with  us,  though  unsighted." 

Sueklwj :  tionf;. 

2.  Having  lost  the  sight  oi    view  of  any- 
thing.   {Coitrsing.) 

" k^ettiiik'  >n,3'fjhted  at  a  hedge,  was  beateu." — 

Field.  Dtt-.  'Jt.  Is?:. 

un-sight-li-ness  {gh  silent),  s.  [Eng.  un- 
si'jlitln  :  -ne^^.l  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unsightly;  nnpleasautuess  to  the  sight ;  ugli- 
iK'.ss,  deformity. 

■'  The  ini.-<i;ih(linfst  ill  the  leKs  may  be  heli>ed  by 
Wearing  n.  laced  stocklug."— U'^itfmttH  ;  Siiiyer^. 

iin-sight'-ly  (<jh  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  sightly.]  Unpleasant  to  the  sight  ; 
ngly,  deformed.    (Cou'jwr;  Hope,  420.) 

■  un-sig-nif  -x-cant.  «.     (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Kii-.  ,.(;/(M/;.,/„^j  Not  siguilicunt ;  having  no 
meaning  uV  impurtanee;  insignilicant. 

'"  A  kiud  of  voice,  uot  altogether  articulate  aud 
unaii/nijicaut."—P.  Holland:  Plutarch,  l>.  527. 

'un-sig-nif'-i-cant-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  unsig- 
nijicant ;  -lii.]  lnsignihc;futly;  without  any 
meaning  or  signilieatiun. 

mifht  now  uot  uiisiffnificajitly  he 
.ir<:upagitica. 

^  un-sim'-ple,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
simple.]    Notsimple  ;  not  natural ;  atfeeted. 

"Such  yrofuaiou  of  iiuainiple  words."  —  ./oannrt 
Bnillie. 

*  un-sim-pli5'-i-ty,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  siini'li'lty.]  Want  of  siuiplieity  ;  artful- 
ne.ss,  cunning. 

"  Iu  his  siujiile  unsi7nplk-it>/."—Kini/sh''jf  :  IViftward 
Ho!"  ch.  iv. 

*  un-sin',  v.t.     [Pref.   un-  (2),  aud  Eng.  sin.] 

Tu  dejirive  of  sinful  eharacter  or  nature;  to 
cunse  Co  be  no  sin. 

■'  Wheu  a  siu  \a  vast,  grief  may  lesseu  it,  but  not 
liiitiu  iL'—Pfltham  :  Jlftulves,  \>i.  i..  res.  dS. 

un-sin'-9ere,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  suit 
cere.] 
1.  Not  sincere  ;  not  faithful ;  insincere. 

"Aud  can  I  doubt,  my  tharuiiiiti:  maid, 
Ah  iiimncere,  what  you  have  said?" 

Vowper  :  To  Delia. 

*2.  Not  genuine;  impure,  adidt^rated. 
•■  Chymical  preijaratioua,  which  I  have  fouud  lui- 
sincere.'—lioyle, 
*  3.  Not  sound  ;  not  solid. 

"  The  Joy  was  unxincere." 

Dryden  :  Uvid  ;  Mclamurph'jsef  x. 

* iin-sin-per-i-ty,    •  un-sin- 5ere'-ne8s. 

;■■.  (Eng,  niisinrert- ;  'Ity  :  -ntss.]  Tin*  ciualily 
or  state  of  being  unsincere  ;  want  of  sinceritj  ; 
insincerity ;  impurity. 

"  A  spirit  vt  eea  salt  ui«y.  without  any  uniincerity. 
he  8o  prepared  as  to  dissolve  the  body  of  crude  gold."— 
lioyle  :   Works.  l>.  aSC. 

'  un-sin'-ew  (ew  as  u).  v.t.    (Pref.  un-  (2), 

and  ling,  s/ici''.]  To  relax  the  sinews  of;  to 
deprive  of  strength,  might,  lirnuiess,  energy, 
or  vigour. 

"  This  skin  wherewith  you  have  so  cuiniiiig  iH'tfu." 
Cmineifs  all  your  pow  rs."     Danivl ,  MuK.phiUti. 


•  iin-sin'-ewed  few  as  u),  «.  [Pref.  mi-  (1), 
and  Enj^  otiaicfrf.i  Deprived  of  strength  ur 
fun-f  ;  weak,  nerveless,  {^hakesii.  :  IlamUt, 
iv.  7.) 

'  iin-sin  -ew-^  (ew  as  u),  ".  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  .•iintiriy.J     Weak,  nerveless.    {Lit.  di 


*  iin-sing',  t-.f.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  sing.) 

To  r«-i.'aiit  what  has  beeu  sung. 

"  L'ltiinj  their  th.Huks.  aud  \>m\\  Ui«lr  tropbiva  dowii." 
Df/oe  ;  True-born  t'liuliahman,  pt.  ll. 

un-singod'yC.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  undEug.  singrd.] 
Not  singed  ;  nut  scorched.  {Urowne :  I'ulg. 
Err.,  bk.  viii.,  ch.  x.) 

*  un-sin -gled  (le  as  el)»  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  singh:d.]  Not  singled  ;  not  separated. 

*'  Stii«»  ...  ill  berdu  uti»itiijled." 

Orydi-'n  :  Vir'jil  ;  .Envid  iv.  S'Jl. 

iin-sink'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
sinktit'j.]  Not  sinking;  not  settling,  sub.sid- 
ing,  ur  giving  way. 

"A  siiiuutli.  uminking  kilIhL"  Additon  :  Italy. 

t  iin-sin'-nittg.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  aud  Eng. 
sinning.]  Notsiuuing;  committiug  uo  siu  ; 
impeccable. 

"A  perfect  tinsinnln<f  obedience."— /Itij/tfrj. 

* un-sis'-ter,  r.l.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
i^i:>ttr.]  To  destroy  the  sisterly  relalioii  be- 
tween ;  to  rennne  from  the  position  or  rela- 
tionship of  a  sister. 

"  To  sunder  aud  uttaiater  theui  agaiu," 

7'vnnysuti :  <iu«en  Mart/,  i.  l. 

t  tin-sis -ter-ly,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eug. 
sisterly.]    Not  sisterly  ;  uot  becondng.a  sister. 

"Anything  ui.daught>rly,  unttiaterly.  or  uuUke  a 
kiiiawoiauu.  —/lidiardton:  Clariasa,  vil.  4L3. 

^  un-sit -ting.  '  un-syt-tyng.  ».  (Pref. 
('*(-  (1).  and  Eng.  sitting.]  Nut  becoming; 
unbecuming. 

"  To  apeake  fttai/tti/iiff  woordes,"— 5i>  T.  More : 
tt'orkvs,  p.  sr.. 

un-siz* -a-ble.  '  un-size -a-ble,  «.    [Pief. 

uu-  (.l).*and  Eng.  si:<.'l'lf.]     Nut  sizable;  nut 
uf  a  prujier  size,  magnitude,  or  bulk. 

'■  Prosecute  the  possessors  of  uuaiMable  pike." — 
Field,  Dec.  U4,  1887. 

un-sized',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sized.] 
Not  sized,  uot  stittened. 

"  Aud  pierced  iuto  the  ^idea  like  au  unsized  camlet." 
—Cougreve:  Way  of  the  »oW</.  iv. 

iin-skil-ful,  *  un-skyl-ful,  a.     [Pref.  un- 

(1),  andEng.  i/a?/«/.] 

1.  Nut  skilful;  wanting  in  the  skill,  know- 
ledg*-,  or  dexterity  acquired  by  practice,  use, 
experience,  or  observation. 

"To  tfist  iu  iinakii/ul  pbyfiiciaus."— ///^  Taylor: 
Sertnons,  vol.  u.,  seV.  15. 

*  2.  Destitute  of  discernment. 
"  Though  it  make  the  untkil/ul  laugh."— Sft(t*cJ^. : 
Bamlet,  Hi.  2. 

"S.  Ignorant;  without  knowledge  or  ex- 
perience. 

"  Btrikeu  with  dread,  untkil/ul  of  the  place." 

Surrey  :  Virffil  ;  JSneii,  ii. 

un-Skil'-f&l-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  unskilful:  dy.] 
1.  In  an  uiisUilful  manner  ;  without  skill  ur 
dexterity. 

"  She  was  cluiiiay  I"  figure,  nud,  to  appearance,  un- 
akUfully   mauiigcd."— C«vA:    Third    Voywjt;    bk.    vi., 
ch.  xi. 
'  2.  Without    knowledge  or    discevument ; 
stupidly. 

"  You  speak  unakil fully." .-Shakcap.  :  Measure  fov 
Mensure.  ilL  2. 

iin-skil  -ful-ness,  5.  [Eng.  unskilful:  •ness.X 
The  qnalily  or  stale  of  being  unskilftil;  want 
of  skill,  art,  dexterity,  or  knowledge. 

"The  unnkilfulttcaa  of  that  rude  people."— flo^/v  .■ 
Worki.  Ii.  U'4. 

*un-skiir.  •  un-skllle.  i-.  (Pref.  hu-(1),  and 
and  Kng.  ifkill.]    Want  of  skill  ;  ignorance. 

■■  Keavi-  him  the  akiU  his  untkill  to  aaniM." 

Sylpeatvr:  £tic-fi,  i>.  277. 

un-skilled,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
skilhl.] 

1.  Wanting  in  skill ;  destitute  of  readiness- 
or  dexterity  iu  performance ;  uot  skilful ;  un- 
skilful. 

'■  lu  llugeriug  ionie  unikill'd.  hut  only  iw'd  to  aina:.'' 
Ih-aytoii :  Poty-Olbiun,  s.  \. 

2.  Destitute  of  practical  knowledge. 

"  Thy  youth  aa  then  iu  sag*  dchaten  untkitrd." 
Pope:  Ilunwr:  Iliad  ix.  56S. 


boil,  boy;  pdiit,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  fhin.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-cian.  -tiaa  ^  shan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  ^  zhun.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  ~  shus.      hie,  -die,  .vc  ^  bcl.  deL 


unskirmished— unaorted 


unsklllOd-lAbolir*  s.     Labour  not  re* 
iiittiiiiul  lalH'iii. 

*  iin-skir-mislied,  a.  irref.  un-  <1);  Knt:. 
.Ainnu-^h,  ami  su(!.  -til.]  Not  lou^lit  ill  skiriii- 
j-lics  ;  nut  eii^'iigi'd  in  slight  coiitlicls. 

"  lie  v«;«rcc  vuv  tlhy  umkirmith'd  with  itolh  e^" 

tiTMgton  :  Battle  nf  AfftHiyturt. 

iin-Bl&ok'-^ed,  n,  [Pref.  Kit- (IX  and  Kng. 
•  'n.hnt'i]     Not  slackened;  not  made  slow 

■  1  slower. 

un-slain',  <>.  [Frcf.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  ^^difi.] 
N*.l  r-Iiiin,  not  killt-d.     (Lit.  d  Ji'j.) 

"  ituv  »lii,  uii$Utiii,  within  my  brcwtt." 

(owjifr  :  Ulneii  Ui/tHns,  Jvi. 

un-Blaked'.  '  iin-slakt,  c    [Pref.  tm-  (l), 

1.  Not  slaked  ;  nut  quencticd. 

"  I'ufQUud  tlic  bouu—utuhtkcii  t)ir  tlili>t  " 

Bi/ron  :  ChU<tv  Uartjlii,  ,\.  \Zi. 

2.  Not  mixed   witli  water,  so  as  to  loriu  a 
Iriif  rlieniical  combination. 

■  Ci.tl.iKt  liiiif.  which   uever  heate  till  yon  throw 
viitt-r  u|H>ti  i(.  —Iliilrn  :  Svrinon  vn  L'tKc  xviii.  1. 

un-SlaUKh -tered  (;;/t  .silent),  a.  [Pref.  nn- 
(1),  and  Eng.  slaughUnd.}  Not  fjiuiiglitfrfd  ; 
not  slain. 

"  Hnveriitg  oer 
Th"  untlaughCcr'ii  hwtt." 

yvuiKj  :  Par.  on  Job,  v.  230. 

*  un-sleek',  ".  IPref.  nu-  (1),  and  Eirg.  sleek.] 
Not  sleek  or  smooth ;  rough,  dishevelled. 
{'J'ennyson  :  Elaine,  811.) 

un-Sleep'-ins,  «.  IPref.  un-  (l),  an<l  Eng. 
.-^Ucpiinj.]     Not  sleeping  ;  ever  wiikeful. 

'■  C tiitreping  cyc»  o(  Ood."        Milton  :  P.  L..  V.  0^7. 

*  uix  Blekked,  «.    [Unslaked.] 

'  un-8lept',  ".  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  shj-t.] 
N't  having  slept ;  having  been  without  sleep. 

"  Pftle.  aa  mAO  loug  unxlepr."        CUaucer  :  Dreame. 

un-sling',  >'.t.     [Pref.  lui-  (2),  and  Eng.  sliny.] 

1.  "/(/.  Lunij. :  To  loose  from  a  sling. 

■'  Tlie  bustle  to  iinsliiig  rifivB."— Field.  Jau.  T.  IPi^S. 

2.  JS'aut. :  To  put  out  of  a  sling;  to  take 
on'  the  slings  of,  as  of  a  yard,  a  cask,  &c. 

* iin-slip'-ping,  a.  rPi'ef.  fn-  (l).  and  Eng. 
^lij-l'iit'j.]    Not  slipping  ;  not  liable  to  slij'. 

"  An  inixlifipiii!/  kntit." 

Shakcup.  :  .^  iitoiiy  <t  CleoiJatra,  n.  2. 

*  un-8l6w',  ('.  IPref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sloic] 
Not  slow  ;  active. 

"If  foisuthe  uiiilow  thou  shul  he."—n'i/cliffe  /  J'ro- 
verbs  vi.  U. 

"un-slulfe't  v.t.  [Pief.  un-  (2),  and  Ei.g. 
sluice.]  To  open  the  sluice  uf;  to  open;  to 
let  flow. 

"  All  .'ifc'fs,  .ill  (leti"ees  untltiii-c  their  eyes  " 

Ijrytlcii :  Ovid;  JJitanior/iftoscs  viii. 

un-slum'-ber-ing,  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  .•ihtniherintj.]  Not  slumbering ;  sleep- 
less, wakeful,  vigilant. 

'  iin  -  slum'- brous,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  shtinherous.]    Not  slumberous;  not  in- 
viting or  causing  sleep. 

■■  By  ii  furckiiow ledge  of  unslumbrou»  tilgbt." 

AViiM;  Emiyinion,  i. 'Jl2. 

un-sly',     un-aleigll, ".     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  »iy.]     Unwary. 

"  Whom  untlcii/h  she  seeLh  she  slml   situ. "—  It"*/- 
clifftr  Proverbs  xxVii.  2f. 

'un-smir9hed',  «.  [Pref.  inv-  (l),  aud  Eng. 
,M^i//( /j*'/.|  Nnt  smirched;  not  .stained;  not 
•suikd  ;  not  bhickeneil. 

"The  cliAste  anil  itinvilrched  bruw." 

Hhakeip. :  Ilamiet.  iv,  5, 

VJl-smit'-ten,  a.  [Pref.  nil-  (1),  and  Eng. 
'smitten.]    Not  smitten  ;  not  beaten. 

'■  fll  smiled  itnsmitten."    Yvung :  Sight  Tltotights.  iv. 

un- smoked',   n.     [Pref.   un-  (1),  and   Eng. 

1.  Not  smoked  ;  not  diied  by  smoking. 

2.  Not  used  in  smoking,  as  a  pipe. 

*3.  Smoked  out;  emptied  by  smoking. 

'■  Hift  nm-ieiit  iiijw  in  wible  dyed, 
Aud  liiilf  unamoked.  l.-iy  liy  Iiih  Hide." 

.Swift:  CuMiuut  &  Peter. 

*  un- smooth',   n.     [Pref.  mi-  (1),  and  Eng. 

■  inuKfli,  a.l     N<jt  smooth  ;  not  even;  rough. 
{Milt'ni:  J:  L.,  iv.  031.) 

'  im-Bmote',  ".  [Pref.  nn-(\).  and  Eng.  smoic.) 
Uiisiiiitlen.     (B^jion:  Dest.  o/.'^nnnachcrih.) 


'iin-8m6th-er-9-ble,  -r.  [Pref.  nn-  (1); 
Eng.  smift'hir,  atul  siitV.  -able.]  Incapable  of 
being  smothered,  suppressed,  or  restrained. 

"  Ti<  tlit?  tintmfitheriiMr  dt^llght  of  nil  thv  portfl^."— 
JiiiKent:  PtekwieK.  k\\.  Jixvlil. 

*  &n-smut'-t^,  ('.  [Pief.  nn-  (1),  ai.d  Eng. 
smuity.]    Nut  smutty  ;  not  obscene. 

"TbeuxprrMlon  wuoiiltoKetluT  u>iimutry."—CoUier  : 
Hiigliih  Stage.,  \i.  h\. 

*  iin-SOaped',  n.  [Pref.  nn-  <1),  and  Eng. 
."-xf/f'/.i     N"t  washed;  unwashed. 

"II  The  U ii6vaj>ed :  The  Unwashed  (ij. v.). 

'■  The  uniHi'tped  «if  Ijiswich  brought  up  the  rciir."— 
liickciu:  PicAwivk,  ch.  xxlv. 

*  iin-so'-ber,  ".  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
^■u'h  i\  a.)     Not  sober  ;  wild,  extiavagant. 

"  Htr  <.vi-9,  lier  tiilke,  her  |i(ise,  all  were  unsober." — 
fialc  Ewjum  Votaries,  \il.  ii. 

'  fin-BO'-ber-ly,  n>U\  [Eng.  nnsohcr  ;  -ly.] 
Wildly,  extravagantly. 

■■  I'lisuherly  to  reiisou  and  ii.\6\i\i\.t:."  —  Uutnilies ; 
Againit  Vontetttion. 

*  un-sd-9i-a-liil'-i-t3^  (or  9  as  sh),  s.    [Kng. 

niiS'jriuhk ;  -tdj.]     Uiisociableiiess. 

■■The  unsoi-iabilitii  of  thr  Christidu  faith."— Il'«r- 
bnrtun:  JJi vine  Legation.     (Fref.f 

un-so'-cia-ble  (C  as  sh),  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  sociahh.] 

1.  Not  sociable;  not  suitable  for  souie*y; 
indispo.sing  for  society. 

■'A  severe,  distant,  and  unioeiable  teiniier."~Tatler, 
No.  U'J. 

2.  Not  inclined  for  society ;  not  free  in 
conversation;  reserved,  unsocial;  not  com- 
panionable. 

■'  And  he  again,  who  is  too  sober  aiid  nbstiiieiit  altu- 
t'ttliei',  beoihiiiietli  nn|>leiisiuit  iiud  unnueiabl'-.'—P, 
B'Aland:  Plt,rur<:h.  i>,  b-H. 

un-so'-ci-a-ble-ness  (c  as  sh),  *-.   (Eng. 

unsociable;    -ness.]      The  quality  or   state   of 
being  unsocial. 

un-s6'-cia-bly  (C  as  sh),  ailv.    [Eng.    un- 
sociab{t€);  -Ii/.]     In  an  unsociable  manner. 
"These  .'oe  jile^ised  with  nothing  that  is  not  unsu- 
ciiihly  siiux."  —  L' i.'s(ran'jt. 

un-SO'-Cial  (C  .is  sh),  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  iin<i 
Eng.  w:ial.]  Not  social ;  not  adapted  to 
society. 

"The  too  often  uiiamiable  :md  tinsovtal  patriotii^ni 
of  our  forefathers. '—J/acaH/di/.*  JJist.  Etig.,  ch.  xv. 

*  un-sod',  * un-sod'-dezi,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
ami  Eng.  sod,  aodiUiu]  Nut  sodden,  seethed, 
or  boiled. 

■'Unrosted  or  uniod."    Bcawn.  &  Flct. :  Sea-vontui'.  n 

^un~soft',  a.  &  adi:     [Pitt  nn-  (1),  ami  Eng. 

A.  -is  lulj. :  Not  soft ;  hard. 

■■  His  herd  luito/t."  Chaucer :  C.  'J'.,  v.  'j:.9. 

B,  As  adv. :  Not  softly. 

'■Great  liuinbersjHH  iniBn/t." 
.V>f'i«['J- ;  Shejt/ieards  Calendar ;  Juli/. 

un-SOft'-ened  (£  silent),  .0.  [Pref.  nn-  (1), 
and  Eng.  sojiened.]  Not  softened,  touched, 
ur  aflected. 

*■  I'ntiiftened  by  all  these  ajiplications."— .IKcrftio-^  .■ 
Sermons,  vol.  iil.,  ser.  5. 

un-soiled',  «.  [Pref.  nu-  (1),  and  'Ew^.  soiled.] 
Nnt  -soiled  ;  not  stained;  unpolluted,  un- 
tainted, unspotted,  pure.    (JAt.  d'Jig.) 

■■  My  uivsoiled  name,  the  auxtereuess  of  my  life  " 
Shukvrp. :  Mcasnrefur  Meaxure,  ii.  -i. 

un-sold;  ■  un-solde,  «.    [Pief.  nn-  (i\  and 

Eng.  .-^''td.]     Not  sold  ;  not  transferred  or  dis- 

piAseJ  of  lor  ii  consideration. 

"They  left  their  hoUBe  and  shnii  with  some  wares 
therein  unsoUU."—Uaekluul :  Vayageg,  ii.  267. 

^un-sol'-der,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
s<iUhr.\  To  sejtarate,  as  something  that  has 
been  .joined  with  solder;  to  dissolve;  to 
break  nj). 

"  The  eeciuel  of  to-day  tinxoldem  all 
Tlie  goodliest  friendship  of  fiunous  knight*." 
I'enngson  :  Murtf  d'  Arthnr. 

'  un  -  sold  '  iered  (i  as  y),  un-sould- 
iered.  <■..  [Pref.  un-  (I);  Eng.  soUVin-,  and 
•«d.\  Not  having  the  qualities  <ir  ajtpearance 
C'f  a  soldier  ;  not  soldierlike. 

"So  ratTFedly  and  loneely,  6o  unxmildlrrfd." 

/i>ainn.  ,(-  Ftet.  :  loyal  .S,J,Jecl,  i.  2. 

un-sold -ierlike  (i  as  y),  o.  [Pref.  -un- 
(I),  aud  Eiig.  .ohUerlikt.]  Not  like  a  sohiier  ; 
not  characteiistic  of  or  beconnng  a  soldier. 

"  F.'oilts  eminently  uutoldierUke."~Macaulay :  Hist. 
Eng.,  ch,  xiv. 


iin-sold'-ier-l^  (i  as  y),  a.  iVwi.  nn-  (i), 
and  Eiig.  mUlituly.]  Uusoldieilike ;  un  in- 
coming a  soldier. 

"So  fiiwhlierln  .ill  w:iivu.."—Hymer :  (In  Trai/ei/if. 

]K  l,J^. 
■  uzi'Sdl'-enui  (mnasn),  a.    (Pief.  nn-{}) 

aiid  Kug.  :^vlenin.] 

1.  Not    solemn ;    not    sacred,    serious,    oi 
grave. 

2.  Not  accompanied  Ity  due  ceremonies  or 
forms;  not  regular  or  formal;  lejially  informal. 

'•  Olilig.itioiiH  by  unnoiemn    8ti])ldiilioua.**— A/'.    /'«;/■ 
lor:  /iitle  •■/  ConHciciice,  bk.  li.,  tli,  i. 

'  un-s6l'-em-mze,  v.t.  (Pref.  »»■  (2),  and 
Eng.  ,W.'')'(in--(;.]    To  divest  of  solemnity. 

*  unsolempne,  a.    [Unsolemn.] 

Ull-s6-li9'-it-ed,  ".    [Pref.  int-(l),  and  Eng. 

.vlu:,taL\ 

1.  Not  solicited  ;  not  applied  to.    (Said  of  a 
person.) 

"  CnnolivitcU 
I  left  110  reverend  person  in  tiiis  cuint." 

.•Shakes/'.:  Jfeniy  i  III.,  ii,  4. 

2.  Not  asked  for  or  besought.     (Saiil  of  a 

tlung.) 

"  uu-so-lic'-it-ous,   "  unsol-lic  it-ous, 

'■.       (ricf.    un-  (1),  iihd  Kul;.  sn(ii:iluu.^.\ 

1.  Not  solicitous  ;  uot  anxious  ;  not  dee^dy 
concerned. 

"  C iisoUicitQus    to   conceal    \t."— Search ,    Light    ij 
Nature,  vol.  ii.,  pt.  ii.,  ch.  xxill. 

.2.  Not  marked  or  occupied  by  care,  anxiety, 
onsolicitude. 

"  Miuiy  It usoliciCoushoura."— Idler,  So.  0. 

'  un-8dl'-id»  t(.   [Pref.  mi-  (l),  ami  Eng.  solid.] 
1.  Not  solid  ;  hollow,  liquiir,  ga-seons,  Hiiiii. 

Thtt  continuity  of  uiKOlid,   inseiiamble.  :uid  un- 


2.  Having  no  solid  foundation  or  lasis; 
nut  sound,  tirm,  or  substantial  ;  empty,  vain. 

■■Th.jt>«  u/Mu/«Mioi)ea."     Thoimon  :   n  inter,  1,034. 

"  uzi-sdl'-xd-ness»  s.  (Eng.  nnsoHd  ;  -i*.s--:.] 
'J'lic  quality  ur  state  of  being  unsolid  ;  emjiti- 
iicss,  vanity. 

"The  un»o/i(l»ess  of  other  comforts  aud  iirivilegt"*." 
~L:'igfitun  :  I  Pel er  il 

^iin-solv'-a^ble,  *un-s6lv' i-ble,<'.  |Pr.  r. 

>ni-   {!),  an7l  Eng.   solvabU:]     Not  capable  of 
lieing  solved. 

"If  nnsolvible  otherwise,   there  i«    still   the   more 

.iwMiirjiucB  of  inideiiialjle  deuioustriitioL."— -Uoit! .   on 

The  Meocn  Churches,  ch.  x 

un-s6lved',  «.  [Pref.  >ni-(\),  and  Eng.  saival.l 
Niit  stdved  ;  not  explained  or  cleared  uji. 

"  Vii'Ktl  piopouiKia  a  riddle,  wliicli  he  leaves  eoi- 
solvcd.  —Dryden  :  Virgil.    (Uedic.J 

UB-Son'-sy,  «.    [Pref.  «h-(1),  and  Eng.  sonsy.] 
\.  Not  son.sy  ;  not  buxom,  plump,  or  gooil- 

lu'.kiiig.     {Scotch.) 
2.  Bringing  or   boding  ilMuck  ;    unhuky, 

ilbomened. 

'  un-soot,  ".    [Unsweet.] 

un  -  soothed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
^oiitliLd.]  Not  soothed,  assuaged,  calmed,  or 
tranquillized. 

"Thence  the  wretched  ne'er  unmothrd  witlidi-ew." 
Biiroii  ■  Litra,  ii.  B. 

*  uE-so-phis'-ti-cate.  unso  phis'-ti- 

cat-ed,  ".     [Pief.  /(/(-  (1),  and  Eng.  sophisli- 
cute,  sophisticated.] 

1.  Not  .sophist icMtexl ;  not  corrupted,  adul- 
terated, or  perverted  by  art;  pure,  uuniixed, 
genuine. 

■■  Xiiture,  vnsopJnsticatt!  by  num." 

Cuwper :  Cunoersation,  ill. 

2.  Simi'lo,  artless. 

■■  Hiivliii;  obtained  uitjney  under  false  pretences  from 
severrl    nnxophiiilieured  ytnuiUs.'—JJiiily   Telegraph, 

'  un  -  SO- phis'- ti- cat -edness.  .    [Kng. 

.•nsophistiiainl;  -/(w-s]     The  quality  or  st^iite 
of  being  unsophisticated  ;  genuineness. 

'■This  certificate  of  the  president  a  «»M<ii'AM^V«fc»/- 
ncs.v." — lilobti,  Nov.  5,  lego. 

'  iin-sdr'- rowed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
.<>>,  n.irn/.]  Not  Sorrowed  or  grieved  for  ;  un- 
Janientcd,  unregretted. 


un-sort'-ed,  a.    [Pref.    un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

sorted. \ 
1.  Not  sorted,  arranged,  or  distributed  in 


fate,  fat,  £ire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ; 
or,  wore,  t7oU;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try. 


pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
Syrian.    S9,  ca  —  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


unsought— xinspleened 


aoa 


(4)  EiToucuusiU'Ss,  ilclVctiVfiicss,  falliiciuus- 


indtT  ;  luit  classilieil ;  not  aiTaii;^i'd  nr  tiis- 
tnliuteil  ill  classes. 

"  Their  iileiw. .  .He  iu  thebriiiu  uiuorf«d."—)y<itts : 
On  the  ^inti,  cli.  xlx. 

•  2.  Uiisiiitalile,  uutit, 

"  Tlie  frieiiiH  you  Inive  uiuiieil,  uiicei-tiUii  ;  tlic  time 
itMjIi  (MW..rf.i/."— .SA<iAf-V'--'  I  Hour}/  /I'.,  il.  ». 

iin -sought  (ough  as  a).  «.    Ll'ref.  »»-  (i), 

ati.l  En-.  su„.jht.\ 

1.  Nut  sought  for;  not  searched  for;  uii- 
sulk'ite<l. 

"  As  it  nil  needful  thiiiga  would  come  unsi-naht." 
IVunlsworCh:  itt:»olutiou  *  Jiulet/enaence. 

•  2.  Not  examined  or  explored. 

"To  lenve  iinaouiiht, 
or  that,  or  .iiiy  plnue  that  linrbours  men.  ' 

Shiiki-gp.:  ComcUi/ qf  tCrrun,  i.  1. 

un-SO^l',  (-.(.  IPref.  »»-  (2),  imd  Kny.  sohL] 
Todeiuive  of  tlie  soul,  mind,  or  iindeisliiiid- 
iiig. 

•  un-SOiiled'.  a.      [Pi-ef.    ini-  (1),  and   Ku-j.. 

1.  Having  no  soul  or  life  ;  deprived  uf  tlie 
soul. 

■•  Unbodied,  MHsoii/i't/,  unheaitl,  unseene. 

Spoiner:  K  Q..  VII.  vii.  4<-.. 

2.  Having  no  .spirit  or  principle. 

■■  Whut  iiiiwuli-d  creiiturea  they  he/'—f^hclton  II, sf. 
Ihjn  iinUutc,  (it.  iv.,  ch.  v. 

TiTi-aoftnd',  (!.  &  luh'.    [Pref.  nii-  (1),  and  Eu-. 

A.  As  adjertive : 

1.  Not  sound ;  not  firm,  solid,  or  iin- 
dccayed  ;  weak,  decayed,  rotten. 

"Of  ill!  that  is  mitoutid  Iwware," 

LonnfeOow  :  Buildiitif  of  the  Ship, 

2.  Not  sound  or  healthy ;  diseased  ;  affected 
witli  some  disease  ;  not  robust. 

■■  Hunters  and  hncks  have  beeu  held  to  be  imsoutul." 
—  Field.  Dec.  2^.  188T. 

3.  Not  founded  on  true,  firm,  or  coriect 
principles;  ill-founded,  inconect,  erroneous, 
lalliicions  ;  not  valid  or  orthodox. 

"  Cnnmtt  be  «»Mor(H(i  or  evil  to  hold  still  the  same 
.■issertioii."— Woo**; /■■ 

4.  Not  close,  firm,  or  compact. 

"Some  Iniida  uinke  untouiid  cheese."— Mori imer : 
Eutbandry, 

5.  Not  sincere ;  not  genuine  or  true ;  un- 
principled. 

■■  If  there  Ije  iinythiiig  wenk  and  nnnonnd  in  them 
Itliej]  iiie  willing  to  have  it  detected."— Locfce ;  t'o/i- 
tiuL-C  iif  i'nd-nntandinff.  §  41. 

"  B.  Asadc. :  Not  soundly  ;  unsoundly. 

"  The  kiiig  .  .  .  still  inusea ;  sleeps  utigoimd." 

nmtiel.     iTodd.) 

unsound-life,  a-. 

Instu-tinn::  A  hie  not  likely  to  reach  the 
average    len>,'th,  ancl  which    therefore    it    is 

int'Xpedient  to  insure. 

unsound-mind,  s.  A  mind  more  or  less 
insane.  If  this  be  juoved  in  tiie  case  of  one 
making  a  will  it  vitiates  the  instrument;  but 
the  evidence  required  frnm  the  individual 
inipeacliing  the  will  must  be  very  cogent,  or 
it  will  f.iil. 

'  un-so^nd'-a-We,  a.  IPief.  un-  (l),  and 
Knjc.  »o unliable.]  Incapable  of  being  sounded  ; 
unfathomable,  profountl. 

■■  Dt-ep  niul  unsouiidable  by  tia,"—LeightOH:  Com. 
,Mt  1  I'lfcr  ii. 

*  iin-SOund'-ed  (1),  n.  [Eng-.  niisouitd;  -ed.] 
Made  unsound,  unhealthy,  ordiseased  ;  marred. 

"His  t'reevous  hurts,  his  sores  eke  unsounded." 

Lydgutti :  Storic  of  Thebcis,  l»t.  ii. 

un-sound'-ed  (2),  ".  [Pref.  im-  (1),  and  Eng. 
snniidviL]  Not  sounded  ;  not  tried  with  or  as 
with  a  sounding-line  ;  not  examined,  tried,  ur 
tested. 

"  Gloster  is  a  man 
C'uuundrd  yet."         t>hake*p. :  2  Henry  VI.,  iii.  1. 

iin-s6llnd'-lyt  <<^dv.  [Eng.  unsi-iuiid;  -ly.]  In 
;in  unsinuid  manner;  not  soundly. 

■•  i'nuiiuiKlly  tiuight  and  interpreted."  — /^oofcer; 
I>.:!f!i.  I'olili'J.     (I'lel.J 

iin-soiind'-ness,  *■.  [Eng.  unsound;  •ness,\ 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unsound  : 

(1)  Want  of  strength  or  firmness;  weakness, 
rottenness  :  as,  the  unsoundness  of  timber. 
<2)  Infirmity ;  mental  weakness. 

"That  strange  unxoundnets  •>(  mind  which  made 
Lis  courage  and  capacity  alinoHt  useless  to  his  country." 
^MiictiuTay:  Hi«t.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

(3)  Wantof  soundness,  healthiness,  or  vigour ; 
I'hysieal  weakness  or  infirmity  ;  the  state  of 
being  atfect^d  by  some  disense. 

•■  The  suhject  of  hereditary  tt7U0KHdHe«a  IB  discussed." 
—Fifltl,  Deo.  17.  1687. 

boil,  hS^i  pout,  3<JWl;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9liin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ^  shun :  -tion,  -$ion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.     ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  d^L 


nes: 

"The  danger  and  the  uiiaoundne*s  uf  the  ducfiiuc." 
—  riHMJ*,  Jan.  16,  IBSB. 

(o)  IncaiHicit  •  oi  mind  ;  weakness  o(  in- 
tellect. 

un-so^ed,  "  un-sowred,  a.  [Pref.  im- 
(1).  and  Kng.  souml.] 

1.  Not  made  s<>ui  nr  acitl. 

"Meat  and  drink  liwt  lonyvr  unputrelled  ami  nn- 
toured  in  winter."— tfwfo/t ;  -Vuf.  Hi«t.,  §  :Ul. 

2.  Not  made  morose  or  crabbed. 

"  Youth  iins'uriul  with  sorrow." 

Dryden :  Jfitrave,  bk.  i.,  ode  0. 

'  un-soW,  I-./.    [Unskw.J 

un-SOWed'  (I),  «.  [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  Eiij;. 
.-.oim/.]     Un.suwii. 

"  I'jiith  HiiMwd,  untill'd.  brings  forth  for  them 
All  linlts."  Cotpper  :  Jluimr;  Odi/M'-n  i\. 

^  un-s6wed' (2),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
soi'tW,]     Unseun. 

"  Their  pillow  waa  iinsoiovd." 

Sprnavr:  K  V..  VI.  iv.  14. 

iin-SOWn',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  soim.] 

1.  Nut  furnished  or  planted  with  seed. 

"The  ground  is  untitled  and  unnoten."  —  tytrype  : 
Ef'des.  Mem.     (tip.  of  Uochefter  to  Churlts  II.} 

2.  Not  scattered  on  land  for  growth,  as 
seed. 

3.  Not  propagated  by  seed  scattered. 

"  Mushrooms  conie  up  hastily  iu  a  night,  and  yet 
aie  u>isown."~Bitr.on. 

^  un-spar',  ' un-spere,  «.(.  [Pref.  un-'i;!), 
and  Eng.  spar.\  To  withdraw  the  sjiar  or 
spars  from  ;  to  open.    {Scott:  Mannion,  i.  4.) 

un- spared',    «.     [Pref.    un-    (l),   and  Eng. 

1.  Not  spared;  not  saved  for  future  use; 
not  saved  from  destruction,  ruin,  death,  or 
the  like  ;  not  treated  with  mildness.  {Miltoa  : 
P.  /-.,  X.  006.) 

*  2.  Indispensable. 

"  rH«;>fi rcrf  instruments  to  their  sevenil  purposes." 
—Adiims:   U'urfcs,  i.  a!*l. 

un-Spar'-ing,  «'.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
spurin'j.] 

1.  Not  sparing  or  parsimonious ;  giving 
freely  ;  liberal,  free,  profuse. 

"  The  Lord'a  unsparing  hand." 

Cou'/wr  :  Olufi/  I/ymnn,  Ixii. 

2.  Given  or  done  unsparingly  ;  unmerciful. 

"To  make  i(»j(/)ari»y  use  of  the  hoot,  "— .l/acmi^itf  . 
IlisT.  Eng-,  oh.  vi. 

un-spar'-ing-ly,  odv.  [Eng.  unsparing;  -Jy.] 
In  an  unsparing  manner  ;  n-d  sparingly. 

"  The  Lord  unspnringlfi  hath  swallow'd 
All  Jacob's  dwelliugB." 

Donne:  Latfientationtii. 

*'  un-sparred',  a.  [Unspar.]  Not  closed  or 
made  fast  ;  np^n. 

"  The  d.mr  nn.ypnrred.  and  the  hawk  without." 

tiarn-y  :  W'hithir  LUn-rty  by  Lois  of  Life,&t\ 

■  un~speak',  '  un-speake.  v.t.  [Pref.  **;(- 
(1),  and  Eng.  spat};.]  To  retract,  as  something 
spoken  ;  to  recant ;  to  unsay. 

*    Unipeak  mine  own  detmctiou." 

tihakrsp. :  Macbeth,  iv,  3. 

iin-speak'-a-hle,  a.  [Pref.  »»-(!),  and  Eng. 
.^pml.ahlt:]  *Nut  capable  of  being  described 
by  speech ;  incapable  of  being  spoken  or 
uttered  ;  beyond  the  power  of  speech  to  de- 
scribe ;  unutterable,  inexpressible,  ineftable. 
"For  in  it  lurks  that  uanieless spell. 
Which  speakB,  itself  unspeakable." 

Byron:  Giaour. 

un-speak'-a-tol^,  (ulv.  [Eng.  vns]mikoi>(h); 
-hi.]  In  an'onsiR-akable  manner  or  degree; 
lii^yiiud  tlie  pnwer  of  speech  ;  unutterably,  in- 
exiiressibly. 

"  A  state  unspeakably  anxious  aud  uncomfoitalile.  ' 
—Boyle  .    Work:!,  ii.  360. 

'  un-speak'-ing,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
<'pi'iiLinij.]  War.tiiig  the  power  of  speech  or 
utteiam/e. 

"  II is  description 
Proved  UB  uiitpcakiny  sote," 
^  Shakesp. :  Cynibcline,  v.  .'>. 

un-spe9'-i-fied,  «.  [Pief.  "»-(!),  and  Eng. 
spix-ijif'l]  Not  specified;  not  particularly 
mentioned. 

•■It  ha<l  uot  passed  un$i>eciJied."—nrowne:  Vnfytr 
Errours,  bk.  vii.,  cb.  I. 

•  un-specked',  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
.-larked.]  Unspotted,  blameless,  irreproach- 
able    {Cawpcr:   Truth,  -Jtil.) 


tin-Spec -tacled  (le  as  el),  «.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eiig.  »jM:':tiKl&l.\  Not  wearing  spec- 
la.l,.-,. 

"Many  n  none,  H|)octiicled  nild  nnspei-tmilfJ.  won 
|.ii)i|w<l  out  of  th.-  Milloinlna  wUiUuh.  —  .VoJ/  :  M. 
nonuns  WvU.  ch.  \\v. 

tin-Bp6o'-u-la-tlve,  <(.  (Pref.  hu-(1),  ami 
En;:.  ^-pf'idutCcr.]  Not  speeiilutive  ;  notgiveii 
tu  Kpci-ulatiiin  or  llR:ory  ;  piiicttcal. 

"  Somu  H»$  tire  Hint  it'i}  nwn  may  nut  Iinvo  tbr  Mkitl 
t'j  examine  tlicir  aN»ertloiiii,"  —  ttowminvnt  uf  tht 
Toiiguv. 

*un-8ped'.  n.     [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  .s/wi/.l 

1.  Not  having  succeeded  ur  prospeied;  un- 
successful. 

"  lit!  wan  come  ageyn  ujuipul."       Hower  :  C.  A.,  vitl. 

2.  Unperformed,  unfuiniled. 

"  Unspi-d  the  H,-ivi,-e  of  tin-  c i 1  <nu»f  *" 

llnrtU.    livid:   .Miilum-.rpUniu't  \iv. 

'  iin- Speed' -fdl,   un  spode  ful,  n:  iPn  f. 

((/'-  (1),  and  Eng.  .^pvalftd.\     Unliutunatu,  un- 
successful, unprospering. 

"  rnspnd^ulae  without  efCvcte."— Chaucer  :  Attro- 
labiv. 

'  un-speed'-3^,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (I),  ami  Eng. 
^jiir.dy.]     Not  speedy  ;  stow. 

"  A  luutcaud  unupvedy  current.''— i((iHd^.i:  TravclM, 
p.  IIT. 

'"iin-spell',  i'.^  [Pref.  nn-('i),  and  Etig.  s/W/.l 
To  rekuise  from  the  intluence  uf  a  spell  or 
irliarni  ;  to  disenchant ;  to  deprive  uf  iimvei-  as 
a  spell. 

"  AUow  me  to  tim/Klt  these  charms,"— V'utr  Ado. 
vf  Five  Uours,  v. 

un-Spent',  ((■     [Pref.  i!(t-(I),  and  Eng.  ^jHiiit.\ 

1.  Not  spent ;  not  used,ex|)ended,  or  wasted. 

■  There  are  leiift  seven  baskettm  full  of  broken 
Uiejite,  unspent." — Vdal :  JJarka  viii. 

2.  Not  exhausted  :  as,  nn-^>e»l  strength. 

3.  Not  having  lost  its  force  or  impulse  ;  as, 

an  nn-^iH-ut  ball. 

'  un-sperde,  a.    [Unsparked.] 

un-sphere'^  v.t.      [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
.-■j'/ii  n:.\    To  remove  from  its  sphere  or  orb. 

■■  Though  you  would  seek  f  unsphere  the  Rbirs  with 
oaths."  lihtikuap.  .    }Y Inter  s  Tah;  i.  -2. 

"un-spi'-a~ble,  n.  (Pief.  un-  (l)  ;Eng.  .^7*,v,• 
■.^^^.  l     Incapable  of  being  .spied,  or  searched 

out, 

"  Cnspiabh-.  uuHpeakahle  by  man." 

.Sjh-:Kf'-r     i)u  llartits.  iv.  681.    {Lathavi.\ 

iin-spied',  *  un-spyed,  «.     [Pief.   «h-(1), 

•unl  Eng.  ^pii:d.\ 

1,  Not  spied  or  narrowly  oxamined  ;  unex- 
plored, unsearched. 

■■  Xo  corner  leave  unspied."        JUlton  ;  P.  L.,  iv.  oKl, 

2.  Not  espied,  not  seen,  not  observed. 

"  Resolv'd  to  find  some  fault,  Iwfurw  unspy'd." 

TickcU  .   rhti  Eulul  Curiosity. 

un-spike',  v.t.  [Pref.  ?(u-(2),  ami  Eng,  spilt.] 
T't  iHiiiove  a  spike  from,  as  from  the  vent  of  a 


iin-spilt',  «.     [Pref.  nil-  (1),  and  Eng.  .«;)(7f.] 
1.  Not  spilt,  not  shed. 

"That  blood  .  .  .  tby  great  giandsire  aheil 
Uiul  beeu  untpiit."  lienhnm  :  Cuftper's  Ilili,  90. 

*  2.  Not  spoilt,  not  marred,  not  lost. 

"  Then  have  of  your  own.  without  lending  untpitt.' 
Tusscr :  Heptvmher's  Husbandry. 

"  un-spin',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2).  and  Eng.  spin.] 
To  uudi^  as  something  that  hius  betMi  spun. 
"  Oh.  cruell  fates  !  the  which  no  »jone 
His  vitall  thred  untponne." 

ilolinthi^d:  IIi»t.  .^'(v«f.  (an.  It.TTI. 

'  iin-spir'-it,  v.t.      [Pref.    un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
spiiit.]     To  depiess  in  spirit;  h>  dispirit,  to 

dcji--l. 

"  To  nn«i>irit  him  so  much,  as  not 
T..  fl)  to  ber  embrai-ea.- 

/ff'tuxi.  .t  Elet.:  Ci/roiiatknt.  iii 

lin-spir-it-U-al,  a.    [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  Eng. 
spiritual.]    Not  spiritual  ;  carnal,  worldly. 

"  Au  Hittpirilunt  and  uiiaanctiaed  uiaii.'— A/j.  Tay- 
lor :  Hcruu/ni,  Vol,  ii.,  ser.  1. 

un-spir'-it-u-al-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
.iinl  Eng.  spiri'tnalizf.]  To  render  unspiritnal ; 
to  deprive  of  spirituality, 

"  Itidispof>«  and  uuipirituatiie  the  mind. "— .SonfA  ; 
Kcrmons,  vol.  vi.,  ser.  ". 

un-spleened',  n.     (pivf.    »»■    (i):   Eng. 

^l'U;,i  :  -,d.\  D.-prived  of  tin'  s|.Ierii  ;  desti- 
tute of  -spleen  or  a  spleen  ;  not  splenetic. 

"  Yet  tho  villainy  of  wonU  m.-xy  Ik>  »uch  as  would 
make  any  unspleened  dove  choleric."*— ^rd ;  'Tia 
Pity,  i.  2. 


3(i4 


unspoil-  unstinting 


•  tin-BpoU,  I'.'.  [Pii'f.  »/i-(-i),  ami  Er.g.  s)unl.] 
Tn  lorii-ct  lilt)  injury  douc  to  by  uvcr-iudul* 

•■  Vmu  imul  mtist>oU  lu*.  Bither."— J/i**  Kttjrtnrth  : 

All-spoil -able.   ".      [Pref.   uu-  (i),  and 

Ell-.  >/"Mr'W.;',.j     liic:ti<iblf  of  being  sj-uiltd. 

'  JLn-apoil-^'ble-nSss,  s.  [En^.  luuvjiotV- 
(iW^  ;  -Hi'^i.)  Xhe  (|uulity  or  state  of  being  un- 
»[iojinblo. 

"A  |>rcvnlrut  atyle  »f  ftiriiitune  nml  ileovmtiuii 
■liMiiIO  li'tve  till*  i--hiinict('r  u(  »Unt  may  b«  c&lleU 
i<«./"^i'"W<"'<f'*'  — ^"''y  -VfiM,  Utt.  I.  1381. 

Hn  spoiled'.  '  un-spoyled,  «.     [Pref.  tui- 
1.  Nut  siiniled;  not  coiTupttjd  ;  not  ruined. 

"An  HiitpQileJ  Imi)-  at  a  clituicai  scLooL"— A'm'.>j  .' 
Kti'Mrkt  (j»  Ortitnmar  ;ScA«fwf<. 

*  2.  Not  idumiored  or  pillnged. 
•Tlioy  Ii-ftr  ut^thiin;  uiittMi/Utl.—Brtniie:  Quhitm 
Cfl.u*.  i-jl  ii. 

un-spok-en.  *uii-spoke,  a.  [Fref.  un- 
(I),  iiml  Eng.  sjx'kin,  sjmke.]  Not  spoken,  not 
liaiil,  not  uttered  ;  unt^dd. 

"  A  tartUucw  ui  uatuTe. 
Wlilth  ..(tiu  l(N«vt*  the  histuiy  mci/wAv." 

Maiesp. :  Lear,  i.  1. 

un  spon-ta-ne-ous,  n.  tPi-ef.  un-  (1),  and 
En;^.  ,^i>ontaiuous.]  Not  spontaneous  ;  nut 
voluntary ;  forced,  nrtiticial. 

"  I'ntt/ontiintoiu  iHUghter  loud." 

Vvwpvr :  iltimer ;  Odytseu  XX.. 

•  un-spbrf-ful,  <(.  [Pref.  )(»-(!),  and  Eng. 
.s,,uitjuL\  Nut  sportful,  gay,  or  merry;  sad, 
depressed. 

"Dry.  husky,  utufiortfitl  laugba.'— C«r7»//«.-  Fr. 
/.(■ru/..  I't.  li..  bk.  iv..ob.  ir. 

un  sports -man-like,  o.  [Pref.  nn-  (i), 
and  En-.  t-i»'itsinanlike.\  Not  sportsmanlike  ; 
unUeCuniing  a  true  sportsman. 

"Ill  couiiection  uith  which  no  unaportswaitUke 
deed  b  ever  winked  aV— Field,  April  4.  i8S.i. 

un-spot'-ted,   a.     [Pref.  lui-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1.  Lit.  :  Xot  spotted  or  stained  ;  not  marked 
with  spots  ;  free  from  spots. 
H.  Fi'juratiidy : 

1.  Free  from  ceremonial  uncleanness ;  un- 
Lleinislied. 

"  b"  the  sacrifice  of  au  unspotted  himbc."— t'ddf : 
Clarke  Lx. 

2.  Free    from    moral    spot    or    stain ;    uu- 
blentislied,  immaculate. 

■'  Au  m.tpvtled  Xilv"— Banyan  :  Pilgrim's  Progress, 
pt  iL 

3.  Free  from  faults  or  iDaccuiacies ;  fault- 
less, perfect. 

"1\iv  utttiioiUii  pioiirietie  vf  the  Latiu  twuyne."— 
AscImih  :  St:fivohna9tts>: 

'  un  spot'-ted-ness,  .^.  [Eng.  luispottcJ ; 
■III  ..■■■.)  Tlie  i|ualily  ur  state  of  being  unspotted  ; 
fr':t;iluiii  lioiii  mural  blemisli  or  stain. 

"'Ti»chrtrity  ftud  ututpottednesne  that  is  thej[)ure.tuil 
uudetiled  it!li^liju."—Follhani:  Jiesoloes,  pt.  ii.,  le*.  'S. 

•  un-spread',  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
s/u-iiui.]    N'tt  spread:  not  dittused. 

"  L'ii<)uiL-kcUtf(],  unipread, 
3Iy  lirt  drupt  duwu."       Mrs.  Brvtoni'ig :  Confession. 

un-squared',  «.     [Pref.   im-  (1),  and  Eng, 

1.  Lit. :  Not  worked  into  a  square  sbai)e  *-v 
form. 


*  2.    Fig. :    Not    properly    fonned   or  pro- 
portioned ;  inegular,  unsuitable. 

" 'TIfl  )lk«  A  chime  n-meitdiiit; :  with  terms  u/u^uarV, 
Whiuh  .  .  .  would  seem  hyi)erl>'jies." 

Shakesp. :  TruiUit  •£'  Cressida,  i.  3. 

un-squeezed',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

.vf/iit' :*■'/. I  Nut  squeezed  or  compressed;  not 
deprived  uf  juice  or  other  valuable  properties 
by  compression;  hence,  not  pillaged  by  op- 
piession. 

"  Rich  aa  unsqu«e:'d  favourite." 

Thonuion  :  Liberty. 

'  un-squire\  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
.s<y,(i,,.)  To  deprive  or  divest  of  the  rank  or 
privileges  of  an  esquire  ;  to  degrade  from  the 
rank  of  an  esquire. 

"  A  great  number  of  roy  frateruity.  as  well  aa  luy- 
Ktlf.  who  muat  iiU  he  uiwjuired.'—Swi/t  :  Letter  to 
the  King-at-Amu. 

un-8ta'-ble,    a.      [Pref.    nn-   (I),  and  Eng. 

,U'ht,.  a.] 

1.  Nut  stable,  not  fixed,  not  firm,  not  fast. 


2.  Not  steady  or  tirm  ;  irresolute,  wavering, 
fickle. 

"  [ft-  hnd  nlKny«  h«eu  nnslahU:  nnd  he  wiu  now  Aii. 
contented.  '—Ji/iif.iiif>(,v  ;  Uisf.  frt'j.,  fh.  xill. 

unstable  -  equilibrium.  ^.  [Et^riLi- 
biuiM.  H.  :,'. ] 

unstable -peace,  s. 

Hi^t.  :  Tlie  pea<e  between  the  Huguenots 
and  the  French  Human  Catholics,  March  '20, 
15iiS,  and  proelainn-d  tliree  days  biter  in  the 
edict  of  Longjunieau.     It  was  broken  almost 

inuuediately. 

' un-sta'-bled  (le  a.s  el),  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (i), 
Eng.  >iUtOkd.]    Not  put  up  in  a  stable. 

-The  unttabl^l  Rosluante."— C.  Bronte :  I'Ulecte, 
cli.  KXXlX. 

'  iin-sta'-ble-ncss,  s.  [Eng.  unstable ;  -ness.] 
The  <iualily  ur  state  of  being  unstable  ;  in- 
stability, Uckleness.  (C/(«»«r;  Boccius,  bk.  ii.) 

'  un-St&ck',    v.t.     [Pref.   lot-  (2),  and  Eng. 
stack.]    Tu  remove  or  take  down  from  a  stack. 
"  lu  iiiistitcking  some  timber  yeaterdjiy."— PaW  Jfall 
Guz^tte,  Feb.  13,  18SS. 

un-Staid',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng,  staid.} 
Not  staid  ;  not  steady  in  character  or  judg- 
ment;  volatile,  lickle. 

"  Wholesome  counsel  to  his  tmtlald  youth." 

Siiakesp. :  ilichard  II.,  ii.  1. 

*  iln-Staid'-ness,  v*^.     [Eng.  vnstaid ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unstaid  ; 
fickleness. 

2.  Uncertain  motion  ;  unsteadiness. 

"The  oft  changing  of  his  colour,  with  a  kind  of 
shakiug  uiistttidnets  over  all  his  \toKly ."—Sidney  : 
Arcadia,  bk.  i. 

un-stained'.  a.      [Pref.   nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 


St<' 


al.] 


1.  Lit.  :  Not  stained,  not  dyed,  not  coloured. 

"  i'mtaiJted  with  hostile  blood." 

Jlilton  :  Xativity. 

2.  Fig.  :    Free  from  stain  or  blemish;   un- 
blemished, unsullied. 

"  Hp  had.  ill  si'ite  of  many  provocations,  kept  his 
loyalty  iinsfaiiied.'—Mncuulay:  Hist.  E»'j.,  ch.  iv. 

un-Stamped',  <•.      [Pref.  un-  (1),    and  Eng. 
stamped.]    Not  stamped  ;  not  having  a  stamp 
impressed  or  affixed. 
"The  following  signet 
—  Daily  Telegntph.  Jan.  26,  1883. 

■  iin-stanch  -able.  '  un-stanclie-a-ble, 
un-staunche-able,  a.  [Prei.  un-  (i); 
Eng.  stanch,  and  suit,  -able.]  Incapable  of  be- 
ing stanched ;  iue.\haustible. 

un-stanched',  a.     [Pref.  wi-  (1),  and  Eng. 

stanched.] 
1.  Not  stanched,  not  stopped,  as  blood. 
*  2.  Not  satiate  ;  incapable  of  being  satisfied. 

"  The  villain,  whose  ttnutanclied  thirst 
Yolk  and  young  Rutland  could  uut  satisfy." 
hhiikesp. :  3  Henry  VL,  ii.  6, 

*un-star9h'.  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
sta.xh.]  To  take  the  starch  out  of  ;  hence,  to 
free  from  starchness,  stifi'ness,  reserve,  for- 
mality, pride,  or  the  like. 

"  He  cannot  unxtarch  his  gravity."— JiffTiJiee  .■    Eras- 

>i.((a  ;  I'raiif  <,/  Poll^,  p.  aS. 

iin-Star'-tled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  t-tartkd.]  Not  started  or  alarmed  ; 
calm.     {Coleridge:  Destiny  of  Natiotis.) 

'  iin-State',  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-{2),  and  Eng.  state.] 
Tu  deprive  or  divest  of  state  or  dignity. 

"  I  would  tinttate  myself,  to  be  iu  a  due  resolution.' 
—Shuktsp. :  Lear,  i.  a 

*  un-8ta'-tioned,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  !-tationed.]  Having  no  fixed  or  appointed 
station. 

"Fell  into  the  hands  of  unstationed  i)rivateers.'— 
JohttsCone:  Chryaal,  i.  23. 

*  un-Stat'-ut-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  -nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  stotuti'I'le.]  Nut  statutable;  not  agree- 
able or  according  tu  statute  law. 

"  That  plea  did  not  avail,  although  the  lease  were 
notoriously  unstatutable" — Swi/t :  Power  of  the 
Biahops. 

^un-staunched'  (auasa),a.  [Unstanched.] 

*  un-stayed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
stayed.]  Not  supported.  (See  example  under 
Unsteadfast,  2.] 

*  un-stead  -fast. '  un-stede-fast,  *  un- 
sted-fast,    un-stide-fast. ".    [Pref.  nn- 

(1),  and  EiiL'.  it>"dji,^(.] 


1.  Nut  steadfast ;   not  adhering  tu  a  pur- 
pose or  resolution  ;  fickle. 

'■  .\l  reason  reproveth  «uch  inipartlt  puple 
And  halt  them  unsted^aat." 

Piert  Plowman,  p.  57. 

2.  Timid  ;  irresolute. 

"  Unstead/ast,  by  a  blasted  yew  unstay'd." 

}yord4Worth :  Descriptive  Sketches. 

3.  Insecure,  unsafe. 

"  All  meu's  state,  alike  tinstedfast  be." 

tipc liter :  Daphnaida. 

*  un-Stead'-fast-ly,  "dr.   (Eng.  ntisteml/ast ; 

■III.]     Nut  ill  a"  steadlasl  manner;  unsteadily. 

'  un-stead  -fastness,  un-stead-fast- 
nesse.  '  un-sted-fast-ncsse.  ^  un- 
Stide-fast-nesse,   -s-.       [Eng.    unstfad/ast ; 

-jif'.ss.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  unstead- 
fast ;  want  of  steadfastness  or  security. 

"  The  nmiui^tii^ss  and  unsteadf'istnes*  of  some  dis- 
positions."—A'/hj;  JitHWJC  Proc.for  I'nifoiinity. 

•  iin-stead'-ied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
steadied.]    Not  steadied  ;  not  made  steady. 


un-Stead'-l-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unsteady;  -ly.] 
Ill  an  unsteady  manner ;  without  steadi- 
ness, firmness,  or  consistency ;  inconsistent- 
ly ;  changeably. 

iin-stead'-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  nnstmdy;  -ness.] 
The  quality  ur  state  of  being  unsteady  ;  want 
of  steadiness,  firmness,  stability,  fixedness, 
or  resolution ;  instability ;  fickleness ;  un- 
settledness. 

"Tlie  unsteadiness  and  faithlessness  of  Charles."— 
Macaulay  :  Hist,  of  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 

iin-Stead'-^,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
steady.] 

1.  Not  steady  ;  not  firm  ;  shaking,  stagger- 
ing, reeling,  trembling,  wavering,  fluctuating. 

"  Her  sleepy  feet  are  so  unsteady.' 

Longfellow  :  Oolden  Legend,  ii. 

2.  Not  steady  or  constant  in  mind  or  pur- 
pose;  unstable,  unsettled,  lickle,  wavering, 
changeable. 

"  The  wild  aud  unsteady  euergj'  of  a  half  barbarous 
people."— J/Mcti«(ntf.'  Biat.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

3.  Not  regular,  constant,  or  uniform  ;  vary- 
ing, changeable, 

"  A  ship  di'iven  by  unsteady  winds." — Locke. 

4.  Of  irregular  life ;  loose,  dissipated. 

*  5.  Uncertain,  ambiguous,  doubtful,  vary- 
ing.    {Locke:  Hum.  Under.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  ix.) 
•^  G.  Not  firmly  established  or  settled. 
"  And  strongly  fix  the  diadem  of  France. 
Which  to  this  day  unsti-adij  doth  remain," 

Drayton  :  Battle  of  Agincourt. 

*  un-Steel',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  aud  Eng. 
stcd.]    Tu  disarm,  to  soften, 

"Why  should  pity  .  ,  .  iiHs^eel  my  foolish  ht.-irt?"— 
Jiichiircison:  Clarissa,  v.  310. 

iin-Steeped',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
slccpcd.]     Not  steeped,  not  soaked. 

"Other  wheJit  was  sown  unsteeped,  but  watered 
twice  a  day."— fiacoH  ■"  Jt'at.  Bist. 

""  iin-stick'.  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
stick,  V.J    To  loose,  to  disengage,  to  extricate. 

"  Riveted  .  .  .  beyond  the  possibility  of  unsticking 
iiselV—liichardson  :  Clarissc,  vii.  330. 

*  un-sti'-fled  (le  as  el),  a.     [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eng.  sfijicd.]    Not  stifled,  not  smothered, 
not  suppressed. 

"  Nature's  voice  unstijled." 

young:  Sight  Thoughts,  ii.  121. 

iin-stig'-xna-tized,  a.  [Pref.  uji-  (i),  and 
Eng.  stigma'tized.]    Not  stigmatized  ;  without 

a  stigma. 

"  Nor  left  unstigtnatized  those  fatal  fields." 

iVordsworth  :  Excursion,  bk.  vii- 

un-stim'-u-lat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  stimulated.]  Not  stimulated,  urged,  in- 
cited, or  provoked. 

"  His  own  .  ,  .  unstimulated  coursers.' 

Cowper :  Bomcr:  //iut/xxili. 

"  iin-sting',  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
sting.]  To  disarm  of  a  sting;  to  deprive  of 
the  power  of  giving  pain. 


un-stint'-ed,  a.     [Pref.    un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
'tinted.]     Nut  stinted,  limited,  or  begrudged. 
"  No  !  search  romantic  lands,  where  the  near  sun 
Gives  with  unstinted  boon  ethereal  tlame." 

•icolt :  Don  Hoderick,  ix.  (Iutrod.1 

iin-Stint'-ing,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
stinting.]     Unstinted,  unbegrudged,  free,  full, 
"The  fullest  and  most  unstinting  credit."— iJaiVji 
Telegraph,  Dee.  •22,  19ST. 


i&te.  fat,  ikre.  akmldst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,     se,  oe  =:  e ;  ey  =  a :  qu  =  kw. 


unstirred— unsuccessful 


un-stirred',  a.  [Ttef.  ««-  0).  »'«!  ^iig. 
iiirnil]    Not  stiiTed,  not  agititcrt. 

■■ .  itl.CT  ii.fu  niny  seeui  clenr  «a  Ions  .u  they  »re  u  »• 

•  un-stir'-ring,  ".  IPrcf-  «"-(i).  '>"^'  *■'"=• 
s(irri/i!).l    Not  stirring;  idle,  liwy. 

■•  A  slotliful,  uiullrriiw  UI«."-i«iy'i'oi'  ■  Com..i«.i(. 
vit  1  /"ea-J-  iv. 

un-stitph'.  >'.i.  lPi-<!f-  '";-.  (2).  ""'i  E"g- 
.<(i(t/(.|  To  open,  by  uupickuig  the  stitclies 
ur  scams. 

■Onto  wrfl  utoetves.  thougli  .1  the  pl.rnae  ol  a 
t»vlXliieiiil»hl|) ought  not  to  be  uurlppeJ.  hut  u.i- 
sUuftcU."— Collier. 

•  «Ti  stock'  i-(  IPref.  ««■  (2),  "nd  Eng. 
""l  I  To 'remove  .'r  deprive  if  that  which 
siiclis,  axes,  or  holds  flxed  or  fast,  or  by 
which  anything  is  held  lixed  or  fast. 

■•Toiouloct.  ..  high  rigged  ships," 

Surrey:  \  irgtU:  .Eiieis  i^. 

■  un-stock-inged.  «,  (Pref.  h"-  (1)..  and 
Eng.  stOi'kiiujcd-]  Ucstitute  of  stockings, 
bare. 

•■  Her  little  leet  uuStockhiimd.'—SeeU  Keiiilieora. 
ch.  vii. 

-  un-st6'-J-5i?e,  v.l.  (Pref.  im-  (2);  Eng. 
s(ui.'  ,■  -isi.]    To  dsprive  of  stoicism. 

■•  This^  is  ii  new  sohelue  .  .  .  auJ  It  wilt  umtoicisc 
y...u  .leliylitfiilij."— i.Viz.  Carter:  Letters,  li.  UOa. 

»  un-sto6p-mg,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

staotniuj.)     Not  stooping,   not  bending,   not 

y>el>'ing'  .  ,,.      , .. 

"  Th"  unstonpim  ftruiness  of  luy  ujjright  soul. 

Shakesp. :  Rtchurd  li..  i.  1. 

un-stop;  v.t.     [Pref.  lui-  (2),  and  Eng.  stoj..) 

1.  To  free  from  a  stopper ;  to  take  a  stopper 
out' of. 

"  ^fter  that  umtoii  the  quill  that  goes  dowu  into 
the  fli^t  dog's  jugular  vein.'  —Boyle :  Workt.  m.  H'J. 

2.  To  free  from  any  obstruction  ;  to  open. 
■•  The  eyes  of  the  hliiid  shall  be  opened,  and  tbe  eiLTs 

iif  the  deaf  it,istt/ppeil."—ls  imh  xxxv.  5. 

un-stopped',  ■  iin-stopt',  a.  [Pref.  «ij-0), 
.ml  Eii^.  sbri'ol.i 

1.  Not  stopped,  hindered,  delayed,  or  re- 
t.iided. 

■■  The  flame  itTUto/tpd  at  first  more  fury  gains  " 
bryden:   Virffil:  ^biteid  y .  b^Z. 

2.  Not  having  a  stojiper  ;  open. 
"There's  many  a  cranny  and  leak  imstept  in  your 

CMUScienue. "— foni/rece.  Looc  fir  Love,  V. 

•  un-stormed,  «.  IPref.  nti-  (1),  and  Eng. 
»(i.i,/it''(.]  Not  stormed,  not  assaulted,  not 
taktnl  by  storm. 

"  Tbe  doom 
Of  towns  itiutarm'd  and  battles  yet  to  come." 

.Iddiion  :  To  Lord  Keeper  Sotners. 

•  un-storm-y,  «.  [Pref.  mi-  (1),  and  Eng. 
;.loi-i:,fi.\    Not  stormy  ;  calm. 

■■  .\  .:alnj.  uiistnru,;,  wave."     Btjron:  A3e  of  Broitze. 

•  un-Stout',  ■  un-stoute,  a.  [Pref.  im-  (1), 
ami  Eng.  sloiil.j    Not  stout  or  strong  ;  weak. 

*  The;    kiiowe    ueyther    stoute    uor    uniloiite."— 
Ateham:  ToxiphiUts.  p.  75. 

•  un-sto'wed'.  n.  [Pref.  m-  (1),  and  Eng. 
slviml.]     Emptied,  as  the  bold  of  a  ship. 

■■  Wh-n  thev  f.nmd  my  hold  itmtowed.'—SnuiUett  : 
H.idertek  Ku'tdmn.  cli.  Xli. 

-  un-straln',  c.t.    [Pref.   mi-  (i),  ami  Eng. 
strain,  v.)    To  relieve  from  a  strain  ;  to  relax. 
■•  -Less  they  couUl  tbe  knot  umtraln 
Of  a  riddle."    Sen  Jonson :  Loee  Freed  from  Follii. 

un-strained',  «.     [Pref.  «"-  (1).  and  Eng. 

struin^'l] 

-  1.  Not  strained  ;  not  put  under  exertion  ; 
unexercised. 

"  \  milk-white  bull,  umtralned  with  the  yoke. " 
hrayton :  I'oly-Otbion,  s.  9. 

•  2.  Not  strained  or  forced  ;  easy,  natural. 
"By  an  easy  ami  umtrained  derivation  it  implies 

the  breath  of  Giy\."—UnkewiU  :  On  Pruoidenee. 

3.  Not  strained ;  not  purified  by  straining  : 
as,  niistraUied  oil. 

un-strait'-ened,  a.  [Pref.  ini-  (1),  and 
Eng  strijilrnrl.\  Not  straitened  ;  iiot  con- 
tracted, iiairnu-i-d,  or  limited. 

"  The  measures  of  an  uimtriUened  goodueae."— Gln»- 
vUl :  rami!/  of  lijumatunn,  ch.  i. 

un-str&f -i-fied,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

ilrutijial.] 

Geol. :   Not  deposited  in  strata,  beds,   or 
layers. 
unstratifled-drift,  s. 

Lkoi:  Boulder  clay,  till.     [Drii-t,  II.  '2  ' 


unstratiaed -rooks,  s.  ;>(. 

Ileal. :  Rocks  not  deposited  in  strata,  beds, 
or  layers,  but  occurring  in  masses,  sometimes 
breaking  tlirongli    ,y^    . 
or  overlapping   :,vriy 
the    stratified    r-'r.'-'iWV 
rocks  in  their  vi-    -"^>",\'>,\  a 

cinity.      They   'h'^y'>\-i/\r"--r'-TT:''^:^- 
comprehend    the    /■^•>^7-;*,-'t^;^.;^^i^>.;;jr';'.^.y.-r- 

volcanic   and    '.'^'I'/.j'v'i^Y?^^^^^^'^"    *' '" 
plntonic  rocks   )!;x':i€'<- 
(,l.v.).  -^- 

•  un  -  strength 

IPref.    u 


(1),    and    Eng.    r-'.-^;',.--'t.'..'^'^>i.^fg^r-; 
Itmigth.]    Weak-    £-<r,---.i  ■A^^^mm'Sa 


ciigth.] 
ness,     infirmity. 
(Anrren  R'udc,  p. 


SECTION   SHOWlNn 

..  StFJitilied  n-cka;  B.  Un. 

stiatirted  rock. 

a.     [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 


un-strength'-ened, 

Eng.  s(reiitjtheitcd.\ 

Not  strengthened  ;  not  supported  ;  not  as- 
sisted. 

"  rnttremthned  .  .  .  with  nutlioritie  from  above. 
—Hooker:  £oelu.  Politie.  bk.  v..  §  6. 

•  un -Strewed  (ew  as  6),  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng-  strei'rd.] 

1.  Not  strewn  about ;  not  scattered. 

2.  Not  covered  with  things  strewn  about. 

"  P-wtrewci  with  bodies  of  the  slain." 

Cuutper:  Uonter ;  lltad  X. 

un-stri'-at-ed,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
^triuli'd.\  Not  striated;  not  marked  with 
stri^L-  or  line  lines.    [Non-stbiated.) 

un-string",  ".t.  [Pref.  iin-  (i),  and  Eng.  siring.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  a  string  or  strings. 

2.  To  loosen,  to  untie,  to  open. 

"  His  garlaud  they  uMtring.  and  bind^hls  hamK"^ 

3.  To  take  from  or  off  a  string :  as,  To  ml- 
siring  beads. 

i.  To  relax  or  untune  the  strings  of. 
"  But  feiU-  u)..(rol!7«  the  tremliliiig  'yl'f. " 

Congreee:  Ode  to  Qnecn  .inna. 

5.  To  relax  the  tension  of;  to  loosen,  to 
relax. 

"  He   has  disarmed   his  afHictious.    unttrung   his 

iiiUvties.'  —■S'uttfi :  .•iermoits,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  12. 

*  un- Stringed',  u.  (Usstbino,  v.]  Not 
stringed ;  deprived  or  destitute  of  strings. 

"  Au  u"«'in»e<i  viol  or  a  hai-p.'' 

Sfuiketp  :  Iheltartl  U.,  I.  3. 

iin-stripped',  «.  [Pref.  ««-  (0,  and  Eng. 
slrippcd.]    Not  stripped;  not  peeled. 

"  still  anslripped  from  stalks."— «c!if.  Jan.  r.  1S86. 

*  un-Strong',  s.  [A.S.  inisdaiii;.)  Weak,  feeble. 
{AntrcdlUwte,  p.  (5.) 

'fin-struck',  a.  [Pref.  1<>I-  (1),  and  Eng. 
slritA:]  Not  struck  ;  not  smitten  ;  not  greatly 
impressed. 

"  U'istruek  wit^  horror  at  the  sight."      _ 

I'hUipi:  Btenhctm. 

un-struiig', «.  [Pref.  ini-  (1),  and  Bug.  strunri.] 

1.  Not  strung ;  having  the  strings  relaxed 
or  untuned. 

"  Cyiitrung,  untouched,  the  harp  must  stiild. " 
Byron:  Otcar  of  .Uvd. 

2.  Belaxed  :  as,  His  nerves  were  unstrung. 

un-stud'-ied,  a.  [Pref.  im-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sludicd.] 

1.  Not  studied  ;  not  made  a  sul>ject  of  study 
or  investigation. 

2.  Unpremeditated,  extempore. 

"  Unstudied  wit  and  humour  ever  gay." 

r/ioi/won  .■  Winter.  511*. 

3.  Not  laboured  or  forced  ;  easy,  natural. 

"  It  is  a  circumstance  which  increases  its  gr.ace  that 
it  appeal's  to  be  (luite  umtiuLied."—hnoz :  Esiay  y. 

-  4.  Not  having  studied  ;  unacquainted,  un- 
skilled. 

"  yot  30  unitwiied  in  the  nature  of  couucils."— B;^. 
Jewell.  ...        i     , 

*  5.  Not  devoted  to  or  occupied  in  study  ; 
not  passed  in  study. 

T.,  cloak  the  defects  of  their  unstudied  years."— 


Eng.  siiWuoWe.)    lncai«blo of  being  subjueil; 
invineibli'. 

"Slcni  patience,  roM"WM-iWe  by  pitii," 

sau'.hey  :  hehmna,  Jtvili 

fin-sfib-dued ,  ".  jPivf.  ""•  0).  ""'1  Kug. 
sniidurd.]  Not  sulnlued ;  not  brought  into 
subje.lion  ;  uueomiiiercd. 

•Iniine.llat»ly    inaicbe.   agaili.t     the     ""'"^.'''''f 
Lritlli  lown»."-i«i«(».  Cred.  Kurly  Roman  «(«.  led. 

ifSM,  II.  10'.'. 

-un-sub'-Ject,  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Bug. 
snhjrrt.]  Not  subject;  not  liable;  not  snb- 
oidiiiate  or  subservient. 

"  ThouKh  no  manner  of  per*on  or  cauM  lie  unmbjeet 
unto   the    king's    power.^— //ooter ;    Eeetts.   rolltit, 

bk.  vlll. 

•  un-sfib-miss'-ive,  a.     [Pref.  im-  (1),  and 

Eng.  suljmissict.]    Not  submissive;   disobe- 
dient. 

"  A  stubbonl  uiiliiAmiiBti'e  frame  of  spirit'— .Soi'fft.' 
!<ermons.  vol.  X..  ser.  5. 

"  fin  8Ub-mif -ting,  «.  [Pref.  ini.  (1),  and 
Eng.  sahiniiiin<i.]  Not  submitting;  notrcidily 
yi,  Ming  ;  unliending.  unyielding. 

"  Wi^e  strenuous,  linn,  of  nnsnbnxlttlng  soul." 
Tlioinson :  antnttuir.  l,61i. 

•  un-sub-or'-din-ate,  «.  [Pref.  ua-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sii'»riiiii«(t'.l  Not  subordinate  ;  not  in- 
ferior in  rank,  dignity,  class,  or  order. 

"  riMii'-ordooire  to  the  crown."— J/ff(oii .'  Keform. 
in  Ln'jiund.  bk.  li. 

•  fin-sfib-orned',  n.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
suhnrnr.d.\  Not  suborned  ;  not  procured  by 
]iersuasioii,  allureinent,  or  bribery. 

"The  true,  unsuborned.  unsophisticated  laiiguagoof 
genuine  natur.il  feeling. "- Uio-tc  .  On  a  lle.j,e,de 
Peace,  let.  J. 

un-sfib-scribed',   a.      [Pref.   mi-   (1),  aud 
Eng.  siLhsrrihtd.] 
-  1.  Not  subscribed  ;  unsigned. 

"  Makes  me  leave  luypaperuiisn&icri&cd."— W.c'mrJ- 
su.i :  air  C.  OrandUon,  vi.  333. 

2.  Not  subscribed  ;   not  contributed  ;   un- 

contributed. 

un-sub  stan'-tlal  (tl  as  sh),  a.    [Pref.  mi- 

(1).  .lud  Eng.  s«W(in/i'«'.) 

1.  Not  substantial ;  not  solid  ;  not  palpable. 

■  Her  shadowy  offspring.  uluubstaMlnl  both.' 

Mdtoti :  1 .  11.,  IV.  3Ja. 

2.  Not  substantial,  solid,  or  strong. 

"  Through  this  unsubstantial  nettiug."— ^'icfff,  Feb. 
4,  18S8. 

3.  Not  real ;  not  having  substance. 

■■  An  iimuSrtn'ili"'.  fairy  I'laee.",     .     . 

Wordswjrth  :  To  tlui  Cuckoo. 

I.  Not  giving  substance  or  st>.ength ;  weak ; 
not  strengthening  or  invigorating. 

••  Like  them  [cocoa  nuU]  probably  they  yield  a 
nutiiment  that  Is  watery  and  unsidtstunttal.  -Cook  : 
First  Voyage,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  Ix. 

•  fin-sub-st&n-ti-al'-i-tj^  (tl  as  shi),  ». 

[Eng.  iiiisitdstaiUiii;,'  -ily.\  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unsubstantial  ;  absence  ol  sub- 
stantiality ;  want  of  real  or  material  exis- 
tence. 

"  SometbiuK  of  unjnfcii(a«(f'i/''l/  and  uucertaiuty 
had  beset  u.y  hopes."-C.  Bronte:  Jam-  Eyre.  ch.  xxiv. 

•  un-sub-stan-tial-ize  (tl  as  sh),  v-l. 
[Pref  un-  ('2),  and  Eng.  ,siite(iin(i(Ui;f.|  io 
render  uiisubstiiutial.  (Wordsworth:  Kxcur- 
sion,  bk.  ix.) 


ililto: 


aeiivrdon. 


fin-sta«fed',  *  un-stfift,  a.    (Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  stnjfed.\    Not  stuffed  ;  not  crammed 

or  crowded. 

"  ITnhiulscd  vouth  with  unstuffed  bralu  „ 

Duth  couchhis  limlis,  there  golden  sleep  doth  lelgll, 

altakesp. :  ll'nneo  &  Juliet,  11.  A 

•  un-sfib-du'-a-ble,  a.     (Pref.  un-  (l),  and 


fin-sub-stan-tl-at-ed  (tl  as  slii).».  [Pref. 

1(11-  (1),  and  Eng.  sii)<s(«ii!itifc((.J  Not  sub- 
stantiated ;  not  conflnued. 

•  un  -  sub  -  Stan  -  tl  -  a  -  tlon  (tl  as  sh),  .'. 

[Pref.  "U-  (1),  and  Eng.  sii)(S(cinIii((io«.]  A 
depriving  of  substantiality. 

"  He  [Berkeley]  would  probably  have  been  satisfied 
with  tills  ackllowledgmeut.  as  a  suBlcieut  i<it«il6«on- 
!i„(io,i  of  matUr.  "-.I.  C.  Frater:  Berkeley,  p.  201. 

"  fin-suc-ceed -a-ble,   «.     (Pref.   im-  (1); 

Ell",  siarmi  ;  .iiWc.]  Not  capable  of  succeed- 
iiig°or  of  bringing  about  the  desired  effect  or 
result ;  not  likely  to  succeed. 

•■  Nor  would  his  discretion  attempt  so  u»unccefdalif« 
a  temptttion.'  — /Iroicnc;    Vulgar   Errours,  bk.  u, 

ch  il. 

"  fin-suc-ceed'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  iiii-  (D,  and 
Eng.  succm(t:((.(  Not  succeeded  or  followed; 
having  no  successor.     (A/dfoii ;  /'.  L.,  v.  S21.) 

un-suc-pesa',  s.  [Prof,  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
success.)     Want  of  success  ;  failure. 

"  Vnmecea  .  .  ■  disruwlilles  you. " 

Browning  :  IlinJ  3:  Book,  xl. 


fln-sfic-cess -ful,  a.     (Pref. 

Eng.  smrrss/iil.] 


(1),    and 


^r!^S;r^S5S=SS^S^ 


i^bo 


iinsuccessfully— unsurrounded 


1.  Not  Rticrcftsfiil  ;  not  jinKluciiiK  or  «t- 
tcn.l.**!  with  tin-  dcsireil  result ;  licit  fnitunate 
in  lilt-  is.siu'. 

■•It  »n«  itlinmt  wrtAln  to  he  khimmth^"^  -JV-rc- 
ai(/tiy:  UiU.  tCuff.,  vli.  It. 

2.  N'i't  nu'f ting  witli  success  ;  not  rnrtnnatf. 


in  sue  odas  fdl-ly*  '"''•    lEng.  unsucctsf- 
/<il :    /i/.|      III  an  vmsiK'C«?f»!*ful  manner  ;  wlll:- 


un  sue  odas  f&l-lj^,  ffc    (Enn.  vnsuccfst- 

out  -.llfCPSS. 

"  liivitiHk*  iin*Mr<-<«r^iiMy  a  Dutch  «iu)  au   Eu^lkMi 
TiiiiMtt.r    -Srt-krr     nur*«.U.  «:. 

un-suc-foss  ful  nj&ss,  5.  [Eng.  tofjii'-Tf*;- 
/.'/ .  )i.  v^.l  Tlie  t|u«lit.v  or  state  uf  being  \ui- 
sucn'-ssfnl ;  want  tif  success. 

"Till-  tiMfiiyrufttliifU  of    thitt   trwity."  —  J/i7foM  ; 

*  un-sjic-f  088 -Ive.  n.  (Pref.  ii»-  (i),  nml 
Kiig.  ,%uo>-i.>*ri,  1  Not  successive;  not  pro- 
ceediiij;  by  surressiou  of  ]>arts. 

■■TIiPH*»*iicrr4H>.-«lun*llou  i>f  0<xl  wltli  relitiou  to 
himself,  —ffif*    Orig.  t/  M-iukhid. 

'  j^-8uo'-coar-a-ble.  ".     (Pref.  kh-   (i). 

.inil    Kn^.   ■fK.-<-ij»nrW»'.|      Iiica|mlilc   of    beiii^j; 
suf  tiiii-ed,  rvlievi'il,  aiik'-i,  or  remedied. 

"  I>u  nil  HiiiMOceiirnWtf  muchief." — SMney .  ArciTdia, 
bk.  iv. 

iin-sdc'-oonred,  «.  [Pref.  101-  (1),  and  Eng. 
•tinroureti.]  Not  succoured,  relieved,  or  aided. 
{Si>e<t.ier :  F.  Q.,  IV.  viii.  51.) 

un -sucked'.  ".  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eu^. 
>j.r/,/.}  Nnt  sucked;  not  drawn  or  drained 
hy  tlie  nioulb. 

"Tlie  te-ita  .  .  . 
Unittrkd  of  l.iiul»  or  kill.  ■  Milton  :  P.  L.,  ix.  585. 

'  ^-sned',  n.  [Pix'f.  tni'  (1),  and  Eng.  siml.] 
Uuiisked,  unsouj^bt. 

"Ginia.4  .  .  .  rcwnnieil  deserts  untiied  to."— A tl ami  : 
n-Qrici.  i.  4*1. 

*  un-suf'-fer-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  mi-  (i).  and 
Eiil:.  ^"pr>ihh.\  Not  sutVerable  ;  iiisutler- 
able.  intolemblc. 


■  un-suf'-fer-a-bl^,  n^U:  [Eng.  mto-ir/er- 
oi^h);  -iji.)  In  a  matiner  not  able  to  be 
Imhiic  ;  iiisufVfrably,  int'^lerably. 

Tlii^  w.-mli  .\i.e-i  look  s.t  HiKLiiffemM,/  ugly."* 

r(ti(!((j»-;/'i  ■  /'ruvokeit  \l'i,fe,  i. 

'  un-suf'-fer-ing*  1.  &  s.    [Pref.  t(u-(1),  and 

En;;.  tinfft:riiiij.] 

A.  As  ailj.  :  Not  sufteiiu;; ;  free  from   suf- 
ferinj,'. 


B.  As  siihst. :  Incapability  of  enduring  or 
of  being  endured. 

"  For  utunijfrytiri  of  stytike."—  Wi/cliffe :  2  ifnrcibf<?s 
ix.  111, 

•  un  aiif  f ic  -ien9e. "  fin-suf-fic -ien-9y 
(C  ..-^  8h),  .^.  [Pref.  v,i-  (I),  and  Kn-. 
■ivfiiriencF,  siiffirieurji.]  Tlie  riiiabty  or  state  of 
bfing  unsnfticient  or  insutticieiit ;  want  of 
suttiL-ieucy  ;  insulHciency. 


•  un-Buf'f  ic'-ient  (c  as  sh), "  tin-suf-fy- 

cy-ent,  ".  [Pref.  7/i/-(l),  and  Eng.  sit_(ficleut.] 
N'lt  surtiiieiif  ;  insufficient,  inadequate. 

'■  Tliey  be  found   iinnffflrii'iit  to  ;ittatue  unto  that 
tml    -ifoQker     tCvclex.  I'Qlifie.  bk.  iii..  1 10. 

■  un-suf-f  ic'-ient-l^  (C  as  sh),  mlv.  [Eng. 
nivtiiJUcieist :  -ly.]  Not  sutftciently,  insutti- 
eient'y. 

■'.\lwoIviiip  of  inui'ffii-irnffi/  tUsposed  penitents."— 
n-mirt-r  r  AVf/ci.  t'oUtie.  bk.  vi. 

•  iin-suf-f I -fing-ness.  s.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  En-4.  .^iif}irinii]ni-<f;.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  iiisutficietit  ;  iusutticiency. 

un-sug'-ared  (s  ;is  sh),  ^.  [Pref. «»-  (i),  and 
Eng.  siniii>-e(i.]  Not  sugared  ;  not  sweetened 
with  sugar.     {Duvon  :  Not.  Hist.,  §  8S3.) 

•  un-sug-geat' ive,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1).  and 
Kjil,'.  ^i';<!.'..ti)-r,]     Not  suggestive. 

"  It  mii-t  not  l>e  iiiferr«l  tli.it  Mr.  Oosuheu'fi  sneecli 
wiw  ;ilwuluUrly  u»nugg«ativt'.'—l}ailu  Chronicle,  March 

i.  itki^. 

•un-suit',  v.t.  [Pref.  nn- (2),  and  Eng.  sutf, 
v.]    Not  to  suit ;  to  be  unsuitable  to. 

"  Botli  unsuit 
Sly  untuned  furtuiieH." 

t^ioirles:  Einbletng,  TV.  xv.  4. 

un-suit-a-bil'-i-ty,  s.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eiig.  siiit'.ibilitfi.]     Unsuitat.'!'?uess. 


Cm  suit  a  bio,  *  un-suto-a-ble,  "■  [Pr-f. 
un-  il).  and  Kii^;.  ,s-m/</W''.|  NulsiutabU' ;  not 
nt  ;  lint  adapted  ;  unU'idining,  unsuited,  un- 
til, iiiciuignnuis,  improper. 

"It  would  l>e  v«ry  unsuitable  to  luy  iiit»'iiilril 
hrvvity.- ttoifle  :   Works,  v.  va. 

iin  suit'~a-ble-nes8,  ^'.     [Eng.  uti^uitnMe: 

■  „.-,v^.l     Till-  quality   nr  stat*^  of  being  unaiiit- 
al'le  ;  unlUne.ss,  incongruity. 

"There  i»  »  fltticM  or  ..mUI>lBiieM  of  certain  clrfum- 
ntjiiicMi  t*>  certain  i«er»"ti«.  «iul  'Hi  itntaitabletieu  jt 
othurs."— CVcirAe  ,   Kvidoncet.  Prop,  1. 

iin-SUit'-a-bW,  cdr.  {Eu-a-  un.mitab((f) :  -III.] 
Ill  an  uiiauitable  maniu-r  or  degree  ;  untltly, 
inadequately,  improperly,  inctmgruously. 

"To  employ  tlicm  itiiiuititbli/."— Sicker :  .sVn»o>n, 
vol.  v.,  ctinrt^e  C. 

un-sult'-ed,    «.      [Pief.    un-  (l),   and    Eng. 

1.  .Not  suited;   not  accommodated  or  pro- 
vided with  what  one  wants. 

••So  that  uo  foiiatltittioii.ffincier  iimy  go  unsuited 
from  his  ehoii."— «ur*c  .■  C'-tfer  tu  a  .VoWt*  Lord. 

2.  Not  .suited,  not  litted  ;  unsuiUible. 

"A  blind  fury,  which  iidrliitp*  is  not  uumited  to 
biirlwiriiuis."'— Zrow/a.  Vied.  Karly  Rom.  Mill.  (ed.  185.1), 
iL  :u:;. 

"  un-suit' -ing.  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sHit'nnj.]  Not  suiting;  unsuited,  unsuitable, 
unbecoming. 

"  A  pasaiou  most  unxititing  such  ft  itiftu." 

Shaki'sp. :  Othello,  iv.  1. 

fin-sul'-lied,  o.      [Pref.    un-   (I),  and    Eng. 

•  1.  Lit.  :    Not   sullied,   not    siained,    not 
tarnished. 

'■  [An]  ample  charger,  of  untnUied  frame." 

r^pe  :  Homer  ;  llUtd  xxiii.  1.046. 

2.  Fig.  :  Free  from  imputatioji  of  evil ;  un- 
tcirnished,  nnbleinisbed. 

■'  Vour  honour  and  thiit  of  the  utitiouaTe  unsullied." 
—Micaiihii/  :  Rist.  Eivj.,  ch,  xix. 

*  un-sununed',  a.  [Pief.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
stimy.cd.]  Not  summed  Up  ;  not  countt'd  or 
reckoned  in  one  amount  or  total. 

"  With  exi^enae  hush  mined.' 

J/innjit  :  Eii'jthh  (iardi-'n.  i. 

un-sum'-monedt  f-  [Pief.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
siiiiiitiuited.]  Not  summoned,  ealled  upon,  or 
cited. 

"  Xor  le-ive  iitisummoned  one  of  nil  the  train." 

Cowper  :  Homer  ;  Odytsey  xxii. 

un-SUng',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  sinig.'i 
\.  Not  sung ;    not  recited  Uiusically,  as  a 
song. 

■'  Half  yet  remains  untitng"     Milton  :  P.  L.  vii.  21. 

2.  Not  celebrated  in  verse. 

■■  Nor  OeUxhia,  simit  thou  be  left  titisunij." 

Dryde.i  -    \'ir-jU  :  .Eneid  vii.  1,014. 

'  un-sunk', '  un-sunclce,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  siinl:.\  Not  submerged  ;  not  settled 
down. 


'  un-sunned',  a.    [Pref.   un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1.  Lit. :    Not  sunned ;  not  slione  upon  by 
the  sun. 

"Down  in  the  UT^imnned  depths  liea  so  much  tre;v- 
&ute."— Daily  Teli-ffraph,  Jjtn.  3,  1888. 

2.  Fig.  :  Not  eheered. 

•■  His  inward  hoard 
Of  unSH7»n'd  gncfa." 

W ordsicm-th  :  Excursion,  hk.  vii. 

'^ un-sun'-ny,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (I),  and  Eng. 
siin)ty.]     Not  sunny;  gloomy. 

"  Wealing  this  unxnnny  face." 

Tennyson  :  Petlens  A  Ettare. 

" un-SU-per'-flu-OUS,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  stuierjinoiis.]  Not  superHuous  ;  not  in 
excess  ;  not  more  than  enough. 

"  In  unsitperjluaiitKVtw  proimrtion." 

Milton  :  C'unnit,  "73. 

*  un-su-per-scribed',  '->.  [Pref.  wii-  (1), 
and  Eng.  fupr>s':i-i}>f''l.\  Nut  directed  or  ad- 
dressed. 


•  un-supped'.  *  on-soup-id.  a.  [Pref.  vn- 
(1);  Eng.  si'p ,"  -ed.J  Not  having  sujiped ; 
without  supper. 

"  The  kynt'e  went  aweie  in  to  his  house  iinjoiipW."— 
Wyrliff^     Ifaniclyi.  is. 

*un-sup-plant'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  wn- (1),  and 
Eng.  supplanted.]  Not  supplanted  ;  not 
tripped  up. 

■•  VninppJonted  feet."  Philips:  Cider.  iL 


•lin-8Up'-plo»  «.  [Pref.  >i)i-  (1),  and  Eng. 
»H^j/»/('.l  Not  supple  ;  not  bending  or  yielding 
easily. 

■■  Tliose  nnsupple  sinews  would  not  Iwnd." 

.Sandys:  Ui'id  ;  MeKmunyili'iies  \i. 

"  iin-sup  pU'-a-ble.  «.  [Pref.  ?<»-  (i):  En;,'. 
snpplij,  and  sutl.  -uble.]  Not  capable  of  being 
supplied. 

"The  ui)*np^liable  defect  of  any  necessary  autf. 
cedent." — Chill  niffKorth. 

un-SUp -plied',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
siipplifd:]  Not  supplied  ;  not  furnished  witli 
what  is  necessaiy. 

"The  pangs  of  hunger  vntnpplied." 

Cvurper  :  The  Salad. 

*  un-SUp-p6rt'-a-ble»  o.     [Pref.  uu-  (l).  and 

En-^.  siipixirtfililt:]  Not  supportable  ;  md  alil** 
to  be  supported;  insupportable,  intolerable. 

"The  very  courtesy  of  the  law  wks  Juguni,  an  h"- 
supportable  yoke."— Op.  Bail :  O^rmon  on  Ualatians 
V.  J. 

*  un-siip-pbrt -a-ble-ness.  s.     [Eng.  »»■ 

supiKirtahli- ;  -ws:<.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unsuppoi  table. 

"The  unsnpporfablvncs*  of  this  giilU."~-iri/titii  .■ 
A'at.  lieligion,  bk.  ii..  ch.  vii. 

* iin-sup-p6rt'-a-bly,  wh\     [Eng.  'unsup- 

porhd>{h-) ;  -lii.]  In  an  unsupportable  manner 
or  degree  ;  not  in  a  manuil*'v  that  can  be  home  ; 
insupportably. 

'■  He  shall  lie  infinitely.  nnsitiip-rtaOly  nilseniLle, *  — 
South  :  tiermons,  vol.  ii,,  eer.  h. 

un-SUp-port'-edt  a.    [Pnd'.  »';■(!),  and  Eng. 

t^npportcd.l 

1.  Not  supported  ;  not  uidield  ;  not  main- 
tained ;  not  sustained. 

"It  is  unsupported  by  tr\it\i."—Macanlay  :  Hist. 
Eng  .  ch.  v. 

2.  Not  supported,  assisted,  or  countenanced. 

"  L'nsuvported  by  and  ununited  with  the  state.'  — 
Wurburton  :  Oii-inv  Legation,  bk,  ii..  §  5. 

un-sup-pressed',  «.  [Pi'^f-  ^"*-  (i),  -'H'l 
Eng.  .-^uppre^sed.]  Not  suppressed  ;  not  held 
or  kept  under  ;  not  subdued,  not  quelled  ;  not 
put  down. 

"  Simphe  manners,  feelhi^s  unsnpprfift'd." 

tl' ordttcorth  :  E-rciimion,  b'j.  v. 

*iin-SUre'(S  as  Sh),  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sure.]  Not  sure,  not  fixed,  not  c^itani  ; 
uncertain,  insecure. 

"  What  is  mortal,  and  utisinv." 

.Sbakeap.:  Hamlet,  iv.  4. 

*  un-siired'  (s  assh),  o.    [Eng.  unsuiXe) :  -(W.j. 

Not  made  sure  ;  imt  securely  established  ; 
made  uncertain  or  unsafe. 

"  Thy  now  ims»r'd''a4saTKuce  to  the  crown." 

isluikeap. :  King  Jo/in,  iL  'Z. 

■  un-siiro'-l^  (S  as  ah),  0(?r.  [Eng.  unsure; 
■}ij.]  In  ail  unsure  manner ;  insecurely,  un- 
safely, uiieeitainly. 

"  The  v.-uilty  of  greatness  he  had  try'd. 
And  how  unsnrely  stitads  the  foot  of  pride." 

Vnniel:  Civil  IfdM,  ii. 

*  un-siire'-ty  (s  as  sh),  s.   (Eng.  -Hmure ;  -ty.] 

Uncei-tainty,  insecurity. 

"  Thou  stode  at  Christendom  in  doubt,  and  un- 
surety."— Sir  T.  More:   H'orti,  p.  31o. 

'  un-surg'-ing»  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sanjimj.l     Nut  mounting  or  rising  in  waves. 

"  Up  :tnd  down  un  the  tinxur'/in'/  seas." 

Dniynnt  :  Legend  of  Matildii  the  Fair. 

iin-sur-nio^nt -a-ble,  n.     (Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eng.  sui'monntable.]  Not  surmountable  : 
not  capable  of  being  surmounted ;  Insur- 
mountable. 

"  Another  unsurmountnble  aoirrce  of  discord."  — 
,^11^011.-  Voyages,  bk.  ii.,  i-h.  iii. 

un-sur-pass'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  wji-(i).  ^lO'-l 

Eng.  ^)irj»i^:<i.(lfh\]  Nut  capable  of  being  sur- 
passed, excelled,  or  exceeded. 

iin-sur-pass'-a-bly,  fdv.  [Eug-.  unswpa^s- 
nli(lp) :  -111.]  In  an  uu.surpassable  manlier  or 
degree.     \na,->kin:) 

un-sur-passed',  a.  [Pref.  uii-{l),  ami  Eng. 
siir^xiS'-nL]  Nut  surpassed,  excelled,  exeeeded, 
or  outdone.    {Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  iv.  30.) 

*  un-sur-ren'-dered.  a.  [Pret  un- (i),  ami 
Eng.  surrendered.]  Not  surrendered ;  not 
given  up  or  delivered. 

"  Helen  is  mine,  an  nr>.^urrender'd  prize 
Forever."  Coteper :  Hontvr  ;  Iliad  \ii. 

*  un-sur-ro^d'-ed,  a.     (Pref.  «)i.-(i),  and 

Eng.  surrouiukd.]  Nut  surron'uled,  encom- 
passed, or  environed. 

"  Retreating  unsnrround^d." 

liyron  :  Siege  of  Corinth,  xxr. 


fate,  fat,  fare»  amidst,  wbat,  fiill.  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  woll,  work,  who.  sou ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    £e.  oe  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  q.u  =  Uw- 


unsusceptible— untalked 


3';7 


un-sus-cep'-ti-ble,  "  [Pr.'f.  vn-  (i).  ;iii.l 
Kii;;.  .>iis<ri>filtlf.\  Not  s-isvTptihle  ;  imt  open 
or  li;il.lc  tci;  not  oapabU*  ufaamitthig  ;  insus- 
ceptiMe. 

■*  Bv  no  ineniiK  unstttcffttibf^   nt  rellsloiw  iui[>ri-. 
sions.'  — J/<i«iH/a»  ;  //»«/.  frxj..  ch.  11. 

•  iin-sus-pect'.  n.     [Pref.  nu-  (1),  aiul  Eng. 

S(i.>y»ii  '-1      liisuspft'tcti. 

■'  Author  iiittttxjift, 
FriciKlly  t-  ni:m.  J/./f«..     /'.  /..,  ix.  "1- 

•  un-sus  pect  -a-ble.  ".    [Pivf.  "'/-  (i).  .'ui.l 

Kiij;.  ><(.<;'..Y(i^i.-.i"  N'nt  liul)le  tn  he  suspectf-i  ; 
not  iipeii  to  suspicion.  (//-  More  :  Myst-nj  <•/ 
codliuv.-^s,  p.  :wa.) 

un-sus  pect-ed,  a.  [Pref.  i/ji-(l).  an.!  Kng. 
.si'.y».7../.}  Nut  suspecteil  ;  not  Itinkt-d  upon 
;is  liki-ly  to  liHve  done  au  evil  act  ;  not  aii 
object  of  suspicion. 

"  Unsevii  iiiul  unsmpt'crfd  Rrt^" 

Coiop^r:  Progre**  rtf  Err-ir.  -I. 

■  iin-sus-pect -ed-ly,  '^"'f-      tf"-"i;-   "'-■''-- 

,»:i.-fni  :  -I;/.]  Not  in  ;i  suspectetl  or  siispi<-i"ii- 
nianiier;  without  raising  suspicion. 

■  Mwre   iiiii'nrtinlly  Aud  uimiapectedty."  —  ^i'f-" 
f!etiitiP,tl  of  J/irvliiiffg. 

■  un-8us-pect*ed-ness,  s.  [Eng,  vus^r*- 
iwt'il :  --/.ss,  I  The  iiualityor  state  of  being 
unsuspected. 

'■  Bv  the  Jitningeiieso  of  the  act.  Aiid  vmvsftecteil'fi^ 
of  the  acti'rs."— /rt«er  ;  CfutrK/i  Hut.,  X.  ii.  T,. 

un-siis-pect'-ing.    ".      [Pref.   in\-  (1).   au-l 
Eug.    su<'ptTt'uiq.\      Not   suspecting,  not  .su^- 
pieious  ;  unsuspicious:  free  from  suspicion. 
■■The  host  lie  ilowii 
SuilJen  l>efure  iwme  inisnspcctin^  town," 

Pope.    ( Todd. ) 

un-SUS-pect'-iag-ly,  cnU:  [Eng.  mr^n.^pe't- 
liiij  :  -/;/.)  In  au  unsuspecting  manner  ;  with- 
out suspicion. 

■■  IV'Icit    the    world   beUeved   so    unvtpcHhiiiTy."— 
B/K  Taylor  :  Delia  ./t'Sfificitns.    (Ep.  Dwl.) 

•  un-sus-pend'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  tf»-  (l).  and 

Eug.  sii$i>€mhtL]  Not  suspended  ;  nothtUl  or 
kept  in  a  stat«  of  rest  or  susjwnse ;  not  ceasing 
from  aetion  or  motion. 

•'The   inisi'tpeiHlcU    ;itti.'Utioa    of    a    i\t\y."—Iincx: 
Etta II  I. 

•  un-sus-pic'-ion  (c  as  sh),  s.  IPref.  vh- 
(1),  and  Eng.  suspinon.]  Want  of  suspiciini  ; 
freedum  from  suspicion  ;  unsuspiciousness. 

"  Tlirinit:h  their  owu  heedlessueas  iind  iintuspicioti.' 
-Ihrhriif^   {Aii.i.iiidali-:) 

un-sus -pi -cious,  a.  [Pref.  K)i-(l),andEug. 
sti^pii'iods.] 

1.  Not  suspicious  ;  not  inclined  to  suspect 
or  imagine  evil  ;  unsuspecting. 

"  Ciisuspiciotts  of  a  snare." 

Coipper :  fn'cret  of  Divine  Loi-e. 

2.  Not  raising  or  tending  to  raise  snspieitui. 

3.  Not  passed  in  suspicion;  free  from  any- 
thing likely  to  cause  suspicion. 

"  But  fjirewell  now  to  uitKimpicioi'S  iiightK." 

Vow  per  :  Tash-,  iv.  5ii'>. 

un-sus-tain'-a-blc,  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  siistuimilifc.]  Not  capable  of  being  sus- 
tained, maintained,  supported,  or  upheld. 

"  Wlioae  impresaiou  is  iiLtugether  iuevitahle  ami  itii- 
Sii«tithi,ibte."—/iarruw:  A^nnorn,  vol.  i.,  ser.  IS. 

un-sus-tained',  fi.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
su:>litiiniL]  Not  sustained,  maintained,  sup- 
ported, or  upheld. 

*■  All  tiiisiistitiiini  Ijetweeii  the  w.ivea  and  sky." 
Pope:  Oomer ;  Odytsvi/ xii.  olT. 

"  un-swad'dle,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
siniii'lh-.]  To  remove  a  swaddle  from  ;  to 
unswathe. 

'■  Ptipity  liiis  scarce  v^twnddled  my  legs  yet" 

/iifii  Joiiton  :  Tale  of  a  Tub.  i.  -. 

•  iin-swathe',  r.t.  [Pref.  jhj-  (-2),  and  Eng. 
M/vif/i.  .1  To  fi-ee  from  a  swathe  ;  to  unbautl- 
age  ;  to  t;ike  bandages  oft. 

■■  III  the  looming  an  old  wom.iu  cauie  to  unsivatlir 
uie.'— Addison  -  Spccftttor,  No.  ■.w. 

iin- sway'- a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  vn-  (i);  Eng. 
^irini,  ;md  suff.  -able.]     Not  capable  of  being 
swaye<l.  goveined,  or  iuHueneed  by  another. 
'To  l>e  roMgli,  niisicitiiabte.  iwA  free." 

tihakeip.  :  CorioUimtt,  v.  6. 

on  -  swayed',  «.    [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  swayed  ;  not  wielded. 

'•  I*  Mie  chiiir  empty  f  is  the  sword  n  n^icni/ed  f" 
.>Jutkejp.  :  nuhnrd  III.,  iv.  4. 

2.  Not  biassed,  moved,  or  influenced,  as  by 
passion,  ambition,  &c. 


'  tin  sway' -ed-ness,  .'•.      [Eng.   inisi'-cyfd; 

■  nt:!i».\     The  quality  or  state  of  being    un- 
swayed ;  steadiness,  firmness,  consistency. 

"  That  constiuicy  ■'O"'  it>tt\cn^tdnvu  iu  uui  hve«.  *— 

un- swear",  r.r.  &  i.    [Pref.  kh-  (£),  and 

Eng.  $u-m\\\ 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  recant  or  revoke,  as  something  sworn 
to  ;  to  recall  or  retract  by  a  subsequent  oath  ; 
to  abjnie. 

"  Cnnwrir  fititli  sworn."   Sbakfip.:  King  John.  liL  1. 

2.  To  deny  by  oath. 

■■  No  more  thuu  he'll  untwenr." 

SltiikvJip.  :  orhf/lo.  iv.  I. 

B.  Iiilraus.:  To  recant;  to  recall  an  oath. 
(Sptmit-r.) 

'un-sweaf,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
M'-.\(/.)  To  remove  or  reduce  the  sweatnig  ul ; 
to  ease  or  cotd  after  exercise  or  toil. 

'■The  interim  of  misweiitlii'j  themselves  regnhirly.' 
Milton  :  On  Lductliof. 

'  un-sweat'-ing,  f.  [Pref.  t/!!-(1),  and  Eng. 
.^iri,ntl,i'j.]     Not  sweating  or  perspiring. 

■■  III  frMst  and  >no\v.  if  viiu  coniplftiu  of  bent. 
Tliey    rnl>.ijn-   misiri-nting  brow,   and   awfur  they 
swf.it.  ■  Dryden  ."  Juvewil,  lii. 

*un- sweet',    n.     [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and    Eng. 

^('T..^J     Not  sweet ;  disagreeable,  unpleasant. 

"ildke  the  life  unsioect."    :ipen»er:  F.  U-.  H-  ^'>-  H- 

'  un-swell',  v.i.  [Pref.  vn-  (-2),  and  Eng. 
,si'W^l  To  sink  from  a  swollen  or  tutgid 
state  ;  to  subside. 

'"  But  Ibij  I>egan  his  herte  a  lite  nn»uvH." 

Clittncef :  Troilns  ^  Vrctsida,  v. 

un-swept,  f .    [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  snrpt.] 

1.  Not  swept ;  not  cleaned  by  having  a 
brush,  brooui,  or  besom  passed  over  it. 

"  Wherf   fires  thuu  fiud'st  uumk'd  aud  hearths  un- 
mi-fjit. 
There  pinch  the  maids  as  blue  as  billwrry." 

Shitkftp. :  Merry  W'iwf.  v.  5. 

2.  Not  cleaned  up  or  removed  by  sweeping. 

■•  The  dnstou  antique  time  would  He  umtcrpr" 
Shakt-tp. :  Coriolmiui.  ii.  3. 

3.  Not  moved  or  passed  over  with  a  sweep- 
ing motion  or  action. 

•■  The  waves  roll  multitudinoua.  and  the  foam. 
Ciiswi-pt  by  Wiiud'riug  gusts,  filla  all  the  air  ' 

C'oieper:  Uoiuer ;  Iliad  \i. 

un-swerv'-ing,  fi.  [Pref.  nn-  (I),  and  Eng. 
sircrviiig.]  Not  swerving  or  deviating  from 
any  rule  or  standard  ;  undeviating,  unwaver- 


un-swerv'-ing-l5r,  «<'i"-  [Eng.  vnsn-ervinfj : 
-h/.\  In  an  unswerving  mnniier ;  unwavei- 
iugly.     (Cary:  Dante  ;J'ur.  viii.  142.) 

*un-SwUled,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sviUaL] 

1.  Not  swilled ;  not  swallowed  down  in 
large  draughts. 

2.  Not  emptied  by  swilling  or  greedily 
drinking. 

'■  Au  nnswilled  boRshead.'— J/(7fon.-  Divorce.  (Post.) 

un-swom',  «-   [Pref.  in(-(]),and  Eng.  ,«i't<jj;.] 

1.  N"t  sworn  ;  n<^t  bound  by  an  oath  ;  not 
having  taken  an  oath. 

•■  Voii  are  yet  inint^ni." 

afinkfsp.  :  Meannrefor  Measure,  i.  4. 

2.  Not  solemnly  pronounced  or  taken. 

"  Her  solenui  oath 
I'ttxworn  remained,"       Coicper :  Iloyner :  Od;/Mft/  x. 

•  iin-syl'-la-Wed  (le  as  el),  c  [Pref.  ><),. 
(1),  and  Eiig.  sylhihled.]  Not  syllabled;  not 
articulated,  utteied,  or  pronounced. 

*  un-syl-l6-gist'-ic-al,  a.  (Pref.  w-  (i), 
and  Eng.  si/lhxii-'^liral]  Not  syllogisliral ;  not 
according  to  the  logical  rules  of  syllogisms. 

"  This  nntjiilngii'tical  sylb-gisin."— CftiW<"rrM*orf  A  .' 
f:,-rigi<>n  of  Prutrstnntt,  ch.  vi..  5  14. 

un-sym-bol'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  ami 
Eng.  ^ii'inhnlir.]     Not  symliidic. 

■■  IiiOmtiiie  speech  is  itnsi/mbotic."  —£<irlc  .'  Pliilalogn 
of  Ewjii.di  rotigiif.  5  215. 

iin-syni-met'-ric-al,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  symitietriad.} 

I.  Onl.  Lung.:  Not  symmetrical;  wanting 
in  symmetry  or  due  proportion  of  parts. 

II.  Dotaiuj  : 

1.  ("/  a  haf):  Not  of  tlie  same  breadth  on 
the  opposite  sides  of  the  midrib.  Example  : 
the  leaf  of  Begonia. 

2.  (0/  (/  flower) :  Not  having  a  close  relation 


in  iunulK*r  l«'tween  the  "livii.i<)ns  itf  the  calyx, 
those  of  the  eorolhi,  and  the  stamens.  Ex- 
ample :  tiie  Grueiferii-.  in  whieh  the  Heitals. 
are  four,  the  petals  four,  but  the  stamens  six. 

un-sjrm  pa-tb6t -Ic,  «.     (Pref.  ?mi-(I).  and 

Ell'.;.  sv"i/-'.'/<f^'  1     Not  .syiupathetic  ;  not  iu 

>ynipathy. 

■■Tlil<i  prt-coi.(oiiii  flowering  doet  not  occur  fvery 
year,  and  it  tMfviiiB  <-iiri<iii«ty  inui/innalhefic  with  tbu 
ni^iu^-'lm.   —Ef^niiig  St„,til»rtt,  Jan.  17,  IMS. 

un-sym  pa-thy,   ".    I  Pref.  vn-  (l).  and 

Eng.  sij»qxitl'iii.\  Want  or  absence  <>f  sym- 
pathy. 

"  How  true  the  itntymfyathv  lu  well  a«  tlie  «yiQi'atby 
of  nature.'— nf/Acr/yrri",  lu  Life,  il.  3y5. 

un  sys  tern  j&t  le,    un  sys  tem-&t-ic- 

al,    ".      U'ref.     uu-    (I),   :Mi(t     Eng.    ^>t<t>mnt .r, 

.^;n(f..filii:'i!,]  Not  systematic;  not  having 
regular  order,  distribution,  or  arrangement  of 
parts  ;  not  done  systematically. 

■■  t'luuiip'-rted.di'^uUorj-,  IlJlll.v*'«'"I''cendenvon^»'' 
— WdiA.-     fjii  flu;  frfn-iit  rHicon(<-ntl. 

iin-s^s  -tem-a-tized,  c    [Pref.  nn-  (i),and 

Eug.  snstemati':i'il.]  Not  systematize*!  ;  not 
reduced  to  a  system. 


... „ Germans   apply  Ibi*  word 

ihyl  to  nnni/ntrnmtited  kauwleU(te."— //trfterf 


■'  Neither  Eu^lisb 

[Phlluaophyl  toiom/ 

.•^peiner  .    t'irtt  I'riiiciplcf,  §  3G. 


lin-tack',  r.^  [Pref.  vn-  (2).  and  Eng.  tnvl:.\ 
To  undo,  as  s<unething  that  lias  l>een  taeked  ; 
to  disjoin  ;  to  draw  or  remove  tack.s  from  ;  to 
loosen. 

"  f'ufnrA- our  minds  and  afTecliouafrom  thU  world," 
—Uarrow .  Heiinont.  vwl.  ii..  *er.  iii. 

'un-tac-kle,  v.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
tifkfr.  1  To  unhai'uess.  (Tnsser  :  1:1  nsbandrie, 
p.  0-1.) 

'  un-tagged,  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
t'hi.f'l.]     Not  tied  or  fastened;    not  having 

tags.  ' 

"  L'litiKvi'd  iMiintaaiid  coui'iters. ' 

lica'nni.  A  Flet.  :   irwiiiau*  Prize,  iV-  3. 

iin-taint-ed  (1),  o.    [Pref.  un-  (i)»  and  Eng. 

tointnl.] 

1.  Not  rendered  impure  by  admixture  ;  frea 
fnuii  foul  matter  ;  pure. 

••  Tlr  iinfainffd  winds  refuse  th'  infecting  load," 
.South. 

2.  Not  rendered  unsavoury  by  putrescence  ; 
not  rotten  or  corrupted. 

■■  Untoucb'd  by  worms,  tinlainled  by  the  air." 

Po/fe:  I/atiier  :  /dad  wiv.  50C. 

3.  Not  sullied  ;  unsullied,  nnblenii.shed. 

■■  His  monils  had  escaped  untainted."— Macuditi/ : 
Hist.  E«-i.,  ch.  vi. 

'  un-taint'^d  (2).  n.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
{(it)tainted\  N-'t  eharged  with  a  crime;  not 
accused. 

"  Cntainted,  xiiiexamiu'd.  free  .it  liberty." 

.'yhaketp. :  /tichnrd  lit.,  lii.  6. 

'  "Un- taint' -ed-ljT,  (^dv.  [Eng.  vntaintcd : 
-{>j.\  In  an  untainted  manner  ; -in  a  inamier 
free  from  taint,  stain,  or  blemish. 

"A  sibi>ol  90  untiiintedly  loyaL"— ifouf/i ;  Vermont,. 
vul,  V  .  ser.  1. 

'  iin-taint'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vntainteil : 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  tif  being  un- 
tainted ;  freedom  from  taint,  stain,  or  blemish. 

"  Purity  and  uiitnintcdn'-ti,  in  re8|)ect  of  any  mix. 
turc  of   corrui>tiou.'*— B^.   Hall:   .Vrmion  on   l  Jihn 

un-tak'-en,  «.  [Pref.  ?'ii-  (1),  and  Eng.  taken.] 

1.  Not  taken;  not  seized,  captured,  or  ap- 
prelieiided  ;  not  made  prisoner. 

'"  Disposi-  alieadv  of  the  nntaken  »iwil." 

Watler  :  O-ttlte  of  !<innme>-  Ittnudt.  108. 

2.  Not  reduced  bj"  siege  or  assault ;  not 
captuied. 

3.  Not  swallowed  or  taken,  as  a  medicine 
or  the  like. 

•[  (1)  Untftken  avay  :  Not  removed. 

■'  I'util  this  lUy  remaiuetb  the  vail  untaJ^en  awiv." 
—2  Cor.  ill.  I*. 

("2)  Untaken  up:  Not  occupied  ;  not  fdled. 

'"The  uarrow  limits  of  thia  discount  will  leave  no 
more  rijom  untaken  uphy  heaven."— Brj^/f. 

Un-tal  -ent-ed,  a.     [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 

l(ilciifnl.'\  Not  talented;  not  gifted;  not  clever. 

"The  sort  of  inmr  stuff  yon  must  be  MVtislied  with 
from  a  poor  untalentcd  ^ivi."~t:it:hardton  :  Sir  t". 
tiranditon,  viL  C 

&n-talked  (I  silent),  a.  [Pref.  »n-  (1),  and 
Eng.  tiilket!.]    Not  talked  ;  not  spoken. 

U  (' ntnlh'd  of :  Not  mentioned;  not  talked 
or  spoken  alwut. 

"  Leap  to  these  arms,  nntatk'd  of  and  unwen." 

Shaketp.  :  Itoinm>  .t  JnHet.  ill.  2. 


boil,  boy :  pout,  joTt^l :  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9liin,  bench ;  go,  gem :  thin,  this :  sin,  as :  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-eiau.    tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ^  shun :  -tion.    sion  -  zhun.    -eious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die,  .tc  =  bel,  deL 


untamable— unthankfulness 


An  tam'-a-l»le.  iln-tame-a-bie.  'i.  irrti. 
nil-  (1 ),  II thl  Kiij;.  tn imtbJt. J  I ncjipable  of 
Will;;  taiiifil.  <lt>nii'Stic8U'(l,  suMiieil,  <>r  sub- 
ju>,iiti'(l  ;  not  caiNtblf  df  Iteinj;  leiidiTeil  tame, 
tbic-ilt',  or  spi  vicoabli-  tn  man  ;  incapable  of 
U'iiig  brought  or  sofu-neil  from  a  wild,  savage, 
nulf,  or  viiilent  state. 

"  A*  wlM  ftiid  lu  loif.irnniMr 
A*  the  nittv  luoiiiitnln^  wlicrc  they  dwell." 

Scott :  Ladg  of  the  L<ikr,  vi.  ^ 

'  fin-tame,  a.  [Prcf  int- (l),  nmlEng.  ^nn^,  a.] 
Nut  tame;  wiltl,  savn^i-. 

"  Idit  .  .  .  iiurto  <■(  })eK»t*  tintijHif." 

(hapinatt :  Homer;  lliadx\\\.  i\. 

iin-tamed ,  ».   [Picf.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  Utmcd.] 

1.  Not  tamed;  not  domesticat-ed ;  not  re- 
claimed from  wildness  :  as,  an  untanicd  l>east. 

2.  Not  subdued  or  subjugated ;  not  brought 
under  t-oiitrol  ;  unsubdued. 

"Tlierf,  UHtamtd.  th*  Apprnftdiing  conqneror  waits." 
Mofire :  Vfitftt  Prophet  of  Khora$aan. 

'  3.  Not  brought  under. 
'■  A»  roeu  liy  fwlliig  «t«rTc  tli'  nnfame<l  disease." 
Itriidcn  :  Thvodore  &  llouorta,  2C". 


*  un-tam'-ed-ness. 

Tin-  (piality  or  state  ' 

"  I'rI-lc    Aiiil    till'    uninm4fdncu   of    our    UHture. 
Leighton  :  VointnciU.  on  1  Peter  V. 


?.   \Kn^.  untamed ;  •ness.'\ 
f  Ix-ini:  untflmed. 


•  un-tdn'-gle,  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
tuuijh.]  'lo  tlisentangle ;  to  fi-ee  fi-om  en- 
tjuiylement  or  intricjiey  :  lience,  to  free  from 
emliarrassment,  doubt,  ambiguity,  or  uncer- 
tainty ;  to  exjilain  ;  to  dear  up. 

"  0  time,  thou  inUEt  untanrjle  Uiig." 

Shakctp.  :  Twelfth  Sight.  W.  2. 

iin-t^iiined',  a.  (Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
i<-,ia'il.\  Not  tanned  ;  not  prepared  by  tan- 
iiiii:_'  ;  i.tw. 

■•  T.i    v>ea.t    rude    socks  of    untanned  hide."— J/ac- 
tmfai/:  U'tt.  F.if'j..  oh.  xiij. 

•  un't&p'-pi9e.  v.t.  &  l.  [Pref.  nn-  (2),  and 
Eng.  topince.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  turn  game  out  of  a  bag,  nr 
to  drive  it  out  of  cover ;  lience,  to  reveal,  to 
disclose,  to  discover. 

B.  Intrajts. :  To  come  out  of  concealment. 

"  Now  Ml  iititappice.  iCoiues  forward  with  the 
bottle.)"— .l/(iM(ii?<-r.-  yery  Womatt,  iii.  5. 

un-tar'-nished,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
taniishtd.]  Not  taniished ;  not  stained;  not 
soiled  ;  unblemislied.    (Lit.  6: Jig.) 

un- tasked',  a.      (Pref.   un-  (1),  and   Eng. 
r-'"/.../.j     Nut  subject*:d  or  liable  to,  as  a  task 
labour  ;    free   from    labour ;    unoccujiied. 


idle. 

■■  To  pasa  the  remnaut  of  his  days  uHf.iwft'rf." 

Wordaioojth :  Excitrtion.  bk.  i. 

'  un-taste,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
tus!,-.]  To  takeaway  a  taste  from  ;  to  cause 
to  feel  disgust  or  distaste  for.       ' 


might 
Mt  uis 


[Pref. 


(1),   and    Eng. 


iin-tast-ed, 

1.  Lit,:  Not  tasted;   imtried  by  the  taste 
or  tongue. 

'■Tliediahes  were  removed  untasted  from  the  table.'" 
— ilac'tuttii/ :  llitt.  Enr/.,  cli.  vi. 

2.  Fi(j. :   Untried  ;  not  experienced  or  en- 
joyed. 

"  From  bliBs  unfatted  torn  away." 

Coivper.-  To  Chariot  D^odatL 

*  un-tast'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  ^nd  Eng, 
tustiwj.]  Not  tasting;  not  perceiving  any 
taste, 

■•  Wliose  balmy  juice  glides  o'er  th'  uutastinff  tongue." 
SmitK    {Todd.) 

lln-taught'  (oh  silent),  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Em-,  htioilif.] 

1.  Not  taught ;  not  instructed  ;  uneducated, 
unlettered,  illiterate. 

■'  The  rustic  boy,  who  walks  the  fields  wHaiight." 
M'ordaufnrth  :  Excursion,  bk,  ix. 

2.  Not  having  learnt  by  experience 
rant. 


igno- 


Cntaufiht  that  sooii  such  auguish  must  ensue." 
Wordtioorth  :  Eetnale  Vanrunt. 

*  3.  Unskilled  ;  not  having  use  or  practice. 

"  tjVd  to  command,  untnuffTu  to  plead  for  favour." 
Shaketj*.  :  2  Henry  I'/.,  i\-.  i, 

*  4.  Not  made  tlie  subject  of  teacbing  or  in- 
struction ;  not  C(nnmnnieated  by  teaching. 

•■  Wild  and  untauffht  are  t«nus  which  we  alone 
luveut,  for  fnshn.iis  differing  from  our  own." 

DrytUn:  Indian  Einpvror.  i,  1. 

iin-taxed',  «.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  t(utd.\ 


1.  Not  taxed  ;  not  charged  with  or  liable  to 
taxfs. 

"  Tliote  untaxed  people  wcrt  actuiilly  wuhject  to 
the  iKiyment  of  Ukxcb."— Burke :  ConeiUation  telth 
A  nxerica. 

2.  Not  charged  witb  oraccnsed  of  any  fiiult, 
crime,  or  olfence. 

'■  CutriiiM.ii  •tpeech  which  leaves  uo  virtue  ttntaxcd." 
—  B'fQn:  tif  U'truinq,  bk.  i, 

•  un-tea9h;  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  teach.} 

1.  To  <-ause  to  forget,  disbelieve,  or  give  up 
what  had  been  previously  taugbt. 

"  will  thJH  nntfitoh  us  tocompluiu?" 
Hj/ran:  Oli !  Snatch'd  auxiy  in  ISoauty's  Sioom. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  forgotten  ;   to  make  to 
cease  from  being  acquiied  by  teacliing. 

"  But  we,  by  art.  nnffach  what  nature  tatiglit." 
Drffden :  Indian  Ein/K-rvr,  t.  1. 

un-tea9h'-^ble»  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
teai'lmfih:.]  Not  teachable;  not  able  to  be 
taught,  either  from  mental  incapacity  or  from 
want  of  docility  of  spirit ;  incapable  of  receiv- 
ing instruction. 

'■  The  olistiurtt*  and  untcachnhle  Phai-isees."— J/tf- 
ton  :  Doct.  A  liitc.  of  JJivorce,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xiv. 

"  iin-teain',  v.t.    [Pref.  ««- (2),  and  Eng.  (cam.] 
To  unjokc  a  team  from  ;  to  deprive  of  a  team. 
■*  As  soon  as  the  suu   unlearned  his  chariot." — J. 
7'iivlor :  Great  ExempUir. 

un-tech'-nic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
technical]  Not  technical ;  free  from  techni- 
calities or  technical  expressions. 

"  The  author  has  treated  it  in  as  uniechnical  n  way 

as  possible,  —Field.  Dec,  24,  1887. 

*■  un-tell'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tdlahle.]  Incapable  of  being  told ;  inde- 
scribable. 

■■  Cntellahle  \eTi\Xf!S."—Wycliffe  :  Eediu.  xxv.  9. 

'  iin-tem'-per,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
('■inpcr,  v.]  To  deprive  of  the  temper  or  due  de- 
gree of  hardness,  as  metals  ;  hence,  . )  soften, 
to  mollify. 

"  Soften  and  nntcmper  the  cturages  of  meu." — Cot- 
ton :  MontaifinKs  Essajvs,  xix. 

*  iin-tem'-per-ate,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  truipcrutt'.]   Not  temperate;  intemperate. 

"  Cntctnpvratc  knave,  will  nothiuj:  quench  thy  appe- 
tite *  "         Beaum.  A  Flet. :   Woman  Pleated,  i.  2. 

iin-tem'-pered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

temppred.] 
1.  Not  tempered  ;  not  duly  mixed  for  use. 


*  2.  Not  built  with  properly  tempered 
mortar. 

"  Suiite  the  itntempcr'd  wall."      Cowper :  ITape,  627. 

3.  Not  brought  to  the  proper  degree  of 
hardness:  as,  untonpered  steel. 

'  4.  Not  brought  to  a  fit  or  proper  state ; 
not  regulated,  moderated,  or  controlled. 

"  Let  US  nut  .  .  .  condemn  him  with  untempervd 
seveiity."— yp/maoji  .■  Li  vl-s  of  the  Poets:   Waller. 

un-tempt'-ed  (p  silent),  n.  [Pref.  mt-  (I),  and 
Eng.  tempted.]  Not  tempted  ;  not  put  to  the 
trial  or  test ;  not  tried  by  allurement,  entice- 
ment, or  persuasicm  ;  not  allured  or  enticed. 

■■  Unteinpted,  or  hy  wager  or  by  price." 

Cotton  :  On  the  Peak 

-  iin-tempt-er  (p  silent),  5.  [Pref.  U7i-  (l), 
and  Eng.  tempter.]    Not  a  tempter. 

■■^kitheli   God  is  untempter  of  yvel  things."— ITm. 

cliffi:  :  JuDii'M  i.  la. 

iin-ten'-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
tenable.] 

1.  Not  tenable ;  incapable  of  being  held  in 
possession  ;  incapable  of  being  defended. 

••  White's  game  seems  itntenal>le.''--Field,  Dec  31, 
ISS7. 

2.  Incapable  of  being  defended  or  main- 
tained by  argument ;  indefensible. 

■'Their  moiii  scheme  .  .  .  appearine  so  untenable." 
—  naterland:  IForA-ji.  vol.  iv.   (lutrod.J 

un-ten'-ar-ble~ness.  s.  [Eng.  untenable; 
-nrfss.]  Tlie  qiiality  or  state  of  being  untena- 
ble or  indefensible. 

"The  utter  iintcna'ileness  ot  Mr.  B *s  material- 

istic  nthe'uui.'—Brit.  qnart.  atoiew,  Oct.,  lesi.  p.  Su9. 

'  un-ten'-ant.  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 

tenant.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  a  tenant  or  tenants;  to 
expel  the  tenant  or  occupant  from. 

"  Untenanting  Creatiou  of  its  God," 

Coleridge:  Destiny  of  Nations, 

2.  To  evict,  to  dislodge. 

"  Whence  all  the  power  of  man  cannot  untenant 
him,  —Adanu  :   Works,  i.  2i2. 


un-ten'-ant-a-ble,  a.  (Pr-'f.  im-  (i),  and 
Eng.  tcnant*tUe.]  Not  tenantablc ;  not  tit  for 
a  tenant  or  occupier  ;  not  in  suitable  condition 
for  a  tenant ;  not  cai)able  of  being  tenanted  or 
inhabited. 

"  Frozen  and  untenantahle  regiona."—  WhewvU. 

iin-ten'-ant-ed.  a.  [Pref.  ?*»- (1),  and  Eng. 
tenanted.]  Not  tenanted  ;  not  oc(!Uiiied  by  a 
tenant;  uninhabited. 

"  All  silent  now— for  now  are  still 
Thy  bowers,  untenanted  Bowhill!" 

Scott:  MaiinioH.  \i.    (Introd.) 


un-tend'-ed, 

tended.]       Not 
charge  of. 


I.      [Pref.   un-  (1),   and   Eng. 
tended  ;    not   Uikeu   care  or 


>.  go,  my  lambs,  unfended  homeward  fare." 
Cowper:  On  thi:  Death  of  Damon. 


[Pref.   un-  (1),  and   Eng. 


iin-ten'-der, 

tender,  a.) 

1.  Not  tender,  not  soft. 

2.  Wanting  sensibility  or  affection  ;  unkind, 
ungentle. 


■■  Why  tendei-'st  thou  that  p.iper  to  me,  with 
A  loiik  unt':ntler)"        Sluikesp.  :  t'ymbeline. 


iii.  4. 


*  un-ten'-dered,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tendered.]  Not  tendered;  not  ottered;  un- 
paid. 

"  A  tribute  .  .  .  which  by  thee  lately 
Is  left  untender'd."  Hhakesp. :  Oj/tnheline,  it  1. 

*un-tent,  v.t.  [Pref.  liJi- (2),  and  Eng.  tent 
(1).]  To  deprive  of  a  tent ;  to  bring  out  of  a 
tent.     (Shakesp. :  TroUns  £  Cressida,  ii.  3.) 

* un-tent'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  h»-(1);  Eng.  tent (3). 
and  suff.  -ed.]  Not  to  be  prohed  by  a  tent; 
not  dressed  ;  incurable. 

"Tb'  nntentfd  wouudiugs  of  a  father's  curse." 

tHiakefp. :  Lear,  L  i. 

iin-tent'-y.  a.  [Pref.  un-(l);  Eng.  tent  (2). 
and  sutf.  -ij]    Incautious,  careless.    (Scotch.) 

*  un-ter-res'-tri-al,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  terrei^triaL]  Not  terrestrial ;  spiritual, 
unearthly. 

"  No  pain  assailed  his  untcrrestrlal  sense." 

aheUey    '^itcc n  Jlab,  vii, 

*  un-ter-rir-ic,  n.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

terrifie.]     Not  terrifying,  not  appalling. 

"  Nut  imterrific  was  the  aspect.' —C'ar?i/f-  Sartor 
Jiesartus,  bk.  ii..  ch.  iii. 

tin-ter'-ri-fied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
terrified.]  Not  terrified  ;  not  aRYighted;  not 
daunted. 

"  Incensed  with  imliguatioii.  Satan  stood 

Unterrified.-  Mdtou     P.  L.,  ii.  TOS. 

* unthank'.  * un-ttaonke,    >;.     [Pref.  un- 

(\),  and  Eng.  than!..]     Itigratitnde,  ill-will. 

"  Tiiua  shall  I  have  tinthonke  ou  everv  side." 

Chaucer  :  Iroitns  Jt  Cn-tsida,  r. 

•[  Used  also  adverbially  :  as,  his  (?tcr)  un- 
tliank  =^nn  thanks  to  him  (them),  in  spite  ot 
him  (tliem). 


un-tbahked,   a. 

thanled.] 

'1.  Not  thanked  ; 
acknowledgments. 

■'Th' all-giver 


[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
not  repaid  with  thanks  or 


2.  Not  received  with  tlianks  or  thankfol- 


■  Unwelcome  freedom,  and  unthavk'd  reprieve." 

liriiUen.     [Todd.) 


(1),  and  Eug. 


un-thank'-ful,  a.     [Pref. 

thankful.] 

1,  Not  thankful,  not  grateful :  Jiot  making 
acknowledgment  for  good  or  beiielits  received  ; 
ungrateful. 

"  A  thankful  man  owes  a  courtesy  ever :  the  "h- 
thankfui  but  when  he  neede  it."— Ben  Jonson  ■ 
Poetaster.     (Ded.) 

^2.  Giving  no  return  ;  unproductive. 

"The  husbandman  ought  not,  for  ou^  unlkankful 
year,  to  forsake  the  plougli, " — Ben  Jonson  :  Barthulo- 
mew  Fair,  iii.  1. 

3.  Not  acknowledged  or  repaid  witb  thanks ; 
not  thankfully  received  or  welcomed. 

"  One  of  the  most  unthankful  offices  in  the  world.' 
—Goldsmith  :  The  Bee,  No.  8. 

un-th&nk'-ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unthankful ; 
-1)1.]  In  an  unthankful  or  ungrateful  manner  ; 
without  thanks.  (Elyot:  C/ot'eraoKr,  bk.  iii., 
ch.  ii.) 

un-tbank'-ful-ness,  s.  [Ens.  unthankful; 
-nts^.]  The  (luality  orstate  of  being  unthank- 
ful ;  ungratefulness,  ingiatitude. 

■■  The  wouderfull  uukyndenesse  and  too  much  un- 
fhankfnlnesse  of  mau.'— Either :  On  Prayer.  (To  the 
Re.ider.  | 


ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fiU,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  SJrrian.    se, 


sire,  sir,  marine :  go,  pot, 
oe  =  e  ;  ey  =  a  :  qu  =  kw. 


unthawed— untimely 


369 


nn-tbawed'.  o.  [I'rvS.  un-  (l).  and  Eng. 
rh"i /.i      Not  Hiawed  ;  not  nielttd  or  dis- 

SMl\ri|,   :is  ice,   Sll'lW,   AlC. 

"  The  liver  yet  mithfiie'il.'' 

r-/i^  :  lliirtfx  :  Sitt..  bk.  ii.,  aat.  2. 

^  un-the-o-log'-ic-al,  ft.  {Pref.  «n-  (1),  and 
Kng.  thenhijk<il.\  Not  tlieolosiciil ;  not  ac- 
coining  to  sound  priiieiplt's  of  theology. 

"To  nri:u«  from  Scripturi)  lu-pitively  in  tliiiiira  of 
tliis  ii.itiiri"  is  soinewlmt  uiithv.<,lo'jicat:'—l!p.  Hatl  : 
tin  tif  iHm.  of  Christ's  Nativitif. 

'  un-think'.  '  un-tbinke,  v.t.  [Pref  uti- 
(■J),  an<i  Eng.  eAi<(/.-.]  To  retract  in  thought ; 
to  reiiiuve  or  dismiss  from  the  mind  ov 
llu'iiglit :  to  think  differently  about. 

■■  To  iu»f/i«'jA:yfmrsi)i;iiking," 

t<hake»p. :  Henri/  i'lll.,  ii.  4, 

iin-ttuhk  a  -'ble,  a-  [Pref.  tm-  (1),  and  Eng. 
thnihihu-.]  'That  cannot  be  m.ide  an  object 
"t"  liiMii-ht;  incapable  of  being  thought;  in- 
c.'gilablc. 

"  The  .-konUilliitiou  of  miitter  U  iinfhhikable.  for  the 
SL'iutv  rewiou  thut  the  ci-e;tt!iiii  of  iniitter  is  unthink- 
ahh:'—ll<rbcrt  tipencer  :  f-'iint  i'yim-iples.  5  5a. 

■  un-thihk  -er,  s.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
till  III,'-,:]  A  tlKuightless,  inconsiderate  person. 

■  rhiiikcrH  ami  tn)fhinki'Vg  l>y  the  luilliou."— 
iiir/ylr  :  Fr.   i:rvo!.,  pL  i,.  bk.  iv.,  cti,  i. 

un-think  iug,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  aiid  Eng. 
thinking.] 

1.  Nut    thinking  ;    not    taking   thought  ; 
th<Mightlps.>5,  inconsiderate  ;  heedless,  careless. 

•"rhe  tinthiiikiiiij  king  nhnwed  dome  signs  of  con- 
Kvrw  '—MacatiJa)/  :  Hist.  Eii3.,c\i.  iii. 

2.  Not    indicating     or     characteristic     of 
tliou;;lit  or  cnnsideratimi. 

"  W  itli  e.-vrnest  eve*  i»ml  i-oiiiiil  unthinking  fdcc." 
i'opc  :  Jia^v  (ifthti  Lock.  iv.  125. 

3.  Thoughtless  ;    done    or    anted    without 
ttiunght  or  care. 


un-thiiUl  ing-ly,  adv.  lEng  n n think i u (i : 
-l'j.\  liuui  iiiithinking,thoughth'ss,  orheedles.s 
niaiiner  ;  without  thought  ;  thoughtlessly, 
hi'cdlessly,  recklessly. 

■  un-think'-ing-ness,  '■■.  [Eng.  iinthinkiuij: 
■  Hi:<s.]  Till'  qiiitlity  or  .-^tate  of  bi-iiig  untliink- 
ing  ■>!  f.lioughllf.ss  ;  tlioughtlessuess.  cart-- 
lessnrss,  recklessness. 

"This  kiiirt   of  Imlift'eicrict-   or   inir/ihiJiinffncss."— 

un-thinned',  ".      [Prof,   nn.-  (l),  and   Eng. 

till  ,ni.'il.  I     Not  thinned  ;  not  nnide  tliinner. 

"  1  liL-  I  irkH  uiithitin'if  tliuiigh  sliiii^hter'd  still.' 

Jii/roii :  Sief/e  of  t'-'finlh,  xxix, 

"  un-thirat'-y,  <7.  IPref.  f'»-  (l),  and  Eng. 
tkiisttf.]    Not  thirsty. 

"Witli  ihii    vi'lUintft    inf:tnt«   •.\.\i\>eUte."—Cibbvr: 


Lot 


Ma7ce»n  .!/.(, 


'  un-thorn'-y,  ((.  [Pref.  nn-  (I),  and  Eng. 
iUurini.\     Not  thorny  ;  fice  frcnn  thuriis. 

unthought  (ought  as  at),  n.  [Pref.  vn- 
(1).  ;mhI  Eng.  thiHU,ht.\  Not  thought;  not 
iniiigintii,  cnusidered,  or  conceived.  (Gene- 
lall}'  folh.ued  by  of.) 

"  A  atreiigth  tnitliowrht  f>/  heretofore." 

Uo.i/s/i'  »-t!i  -   .1/.ifron  of  JoUbttryfi. 
%  Formerly  followed  by  cot. 

■■  Th.-  niilhniinht-i'ii  mculpiif  Its  ;;uiUv-" 

Shiil.rKj:       Wtnr.rA  T'i7:-.  iv.  ;■.. 

*  un  thought  -  ful,  '  un  -  thought  -  full 
(OUgh  II-  a),  o.  (Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Ping. 
th..ii>,htj,il.]  Not  thoughtful  ;  not  excrci-sing 
tliimglit   or   rrtlection  ;  unthinking,    carele.ss, 

tlliUlglltlrsS. 

■■  rufli'i-'iUtfiill,  with  tlie  I'pckolesnesse  of  the  fnther. 
;iii<l  ti:iiit'>iiiie-<Hof  the  niotht>r,  leiivetho  juste tmvitilf. 
:*iiil  t:ikf  unjust  ii!lene-i."— r.'o/«f(tH  lloke.  i.-h.  xxxvii. 

*  un  thought -fulness  (ough    u.s   a),  ■- 

I  Kng.    iintfiGituhf/t'l  :    -vn.-^.\     The  ipiality    or 
state  of  being  unthoughtful ;  thoughtlessness. 
"  A  i-onst.%nt  e(|iiiili)e  ^'■iciiity  nnd  utith'jught/ulneu 
in  ontwrirtl  ;lCtioIi-^.■■-A■<7/    ,  /,(/<■  uf  llommoml,  §  -1. 

'  un-thought  -like  (ough  as  a),  n.    [Pref. 

nn-  (1);   Eng.   thnutjhi,   and   sutl'.   -like.]      N<tt 
!ik<-  :i  Ili-'Ught. 
"  Cnlbmfihtlikc  tlimights."  (*o€  "    Workt.  it.  M2- 

un-thread',  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (2).  and  Eng. 
thrmd.\ 

1.  To  draw  or  take  out  a  thread  from  :  as, 
Tn  iintbrmd  a  needle, 

•"2.  To  relax  tlic  ligaments  of;  to  loosen. 


*  3.  To  flml  one's  way  Ihrongh. 
"  They  8O0U  unthreaded  the  labyrinth  of  rookjt."— 
iJoQuincey:  Spanish  A'ltn,  §  IC. 

•  iin-threaf-ened,  ff.      [Pref.   nn-  (1),  and 

Kng.  t!irmlc}i''l.\     Not  threatened  or  menaced. 

"  Unri'iT'Kii.-iii'ti  luul  uttl/trcnt-ncil,  by  lUiy  l.iu- 
giiiiye  of  mine."— /i(»if  CAttWcji;  Kikoit  Hatiliki: 

iin- threshed',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
iltre,shed.]    Not  threshed. 

"  The  Ininuil  ntiuosphfru  which  iienetniteU  the 
unthrishfl  aUcki"— />M(/y  Vhrouicle.  Kob.  1,  lSd8. 

•  un-thrift;  s.  &  a.      [Pivf.  nn-  (l),  and  Eng. 

thrift.  I 

A.  As  snbstantive: 

1.  Want  of  thrift ;  prodigality,  unthriftiness. 

2.  A  prodigal ;  an  unthrifty  person  ;  a  spend- 
thrift. 

"  A  greftt  uiultitutle  of  unthri/t* uml  cnt  throtea." — 
(fvUUnye  :  Ctetar,  fol,  76. 

B.  As  ttt/j. :  Unthrifty,  profuse,  prodigal ; 
good  for  nothing. 

"  |3he|  with  ;in  unthrift  love  did  run  from  Venice." 
Sliiih'sp.  :  .Verchtmt  of  yenice,  v.  I. 

'  un-thrift'-ful-ly,  («;*'.  [Pref.  hk-(1);  Eng. 
thrift;  -fid;  -In.]    Uutliriftlly,  wivstefuUy. 

"  An  other  no  lease  ia,  that  such  plentie  of  vittayle, 
ns  wfiaaboundauatly  in  every  quarter,  for  the  reliefi* 
of  113  all,  ia  now  all  wastfutlyand  unthriftfitH'/  ^peiit. 
in  niainteyiiiiiK  you  unlawfully  rebel  tee. '  —  Sir  J. 
Cheeke:  Hurt  <.■/  tiedituMt. 

un-thrift' i-hood,  '  un-thrift  -i-hed,  s. 

[Eng.  unthrifty:  -hood.}     Unthriftiness. 
"  iruquiet  ciire  and  fond  nnthriftiheit." 

Spenser:  F.  (}..  111.  xii.  25. 

t  iin-thrif t'-i-ly,  <idi'.  [Eng.  vnlkrifty:  -ly.] 
In  an  unthiifty  manner;  wastefidly,  lavislily, 
prodigally. 

"  I'art  with  them  here  unthri/tily  " 

lien  Juiitoit :  Hpigratn  T. 

tiin-thrift'-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  nnthriftij;  -mis^.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unthrifty  : 

*(1)  The  state  of  being  in  an  unthriving 
condition. 

"  Sta^eriug,  uon-jjroficiency,  and  wUhriftinesa  of 
professiou  is  the  fruit  of  self."— A'(?ye»'«  .■  Xautnan  the 
Hi/rian. 

(2)  Want  of  thrift ;  prodigality,  profusion, 
wastefulness. 

un-thrift  -y,  ■  un-thrift-ye.  ".  [Pref.  un- 
(1).  and  Eiig.  thrifty.] 

""  i.  Nottliriving;  notproliLing  ;  unthriving. 

"What  lis  it)  but  tliiy  self  mi'l  [•r.sntiiing  of  our- 
selveii  causes  Kniee  to  W  uutlintt'i  ami  to  hani:  down 
the  head?'— rtujcrx.'  .\uamiiii  ffn- :<^rian,  i>   H'^. 

*2.  Good  for  nothing. 

"  Can  no  man  t«Il  of  luy  tinthri/fff  aon  ?  " 

Shukrsp.  :  /tivh-trd  If..  \:  3. 

3.  Not  thrifty ;  wasteful,  prodigal,  profuse. 

"  Buie  the  lands  of  uHMrZ/de  gentlemeu."  —  IIoli)i- 
iked:   /lesi-ript.  n/ Kngland.  hk.  ii.,  t-h.  vi. 

*4.  Preventing  thrift  or  thriving  ;  impover- 
ishing. 

"  Untuanly  murder  aud  unthrifly  acath." 

apctuer:   F.  y..  I.  iv.  as. 

* un-thriv'-ing,  «.  [Pref.  ((»i-(l),  and  Eng. 
thriviny.]     Not  thriving,  not  prospering. 

"Dwarfea  which  are  unlhriniifj  and  stand  :it  a 
s\Ay."—lip.  Hull  :  Meditations  *  Vuiorf.  cent,  i,,  No.  44. 

'  iin-thrdne',  v.(.  [Pref.  du- (2),  ami  Eng. 
throne.]  To  dethrone;  to  drive  or  depose 
fioin  a  throne. 

"  Him  to  '.tnthroite  we  tht-n 
May  hope."  Milf'ni  .   /'.  /,..  ii.  iJl. 

un-thrown',  ".  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
thrown.]     Not  thrown,  cast,  oy  Hung. 

•■  No  atoDe  nttlhrovni,  nor  jet  no  dart  uiiciist.' 

^itirrcy  :   VirffU  ;  .Eiicid  ii. 

* un-tic'-kled  (le  as  el),  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (1), 
and  Eng.  tirkhd.]     Not" tickled. 

■'  There  is  nut  an  ear  in  the  whole  county  imrirklcd." 
—Chestt-rfield .  Fogg's  Joarnat,  No.  ;i77. 

un-ti'-di-ly,  f^dr.  [Eng.  untidy  :  -ly.]  In  an 
untidy  ov  slovenly  manner. 

un-ti'-di-ness,  .*.  [Eng.  untidy:  -nrs^.]  The 
quality  ur  state  of  being  untidy  ;  want  of  tidi- 
ness ;  slovenline.ss. 

un-ti'-dy,  •  un-ty-dye,  «.  [Pref.  un-(i), 
and  Eng. /I.?//.  1 

*  1,  Out  of  proper  time  ;  unseasonable,  un- 
tiniely. 

■'  With  untidy  tales  he  teouede  ful  ofte 
Conaeience  aud  his  comt)uny. " 

1'.  riowuKin.  i>.  U93. 

2.  Not  tidy  or  neat ;  slovenly. 
iin-tie',  ^'.^  &  i.    [Pref.  un-  (-J),  and  Eng.  ?(-■,  v.  ] 


A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  loosen,  or  undo,  a8  a  knot. 

■"riilx  knot  will  bw  quickly  ittirfa/."—  Woltatton: 
/telig.  qf  yaturt,  }  9. 

2.  Tt)  unbind  ;  to   free  from  any  bontl  or 
fastening ;  to  hiosc,  to  Ulwrate. 

"  My  train  oboy'd  me.  and  my  ship  unthd." 

I'tffKi:  Homer  ;  ihiyuifu  Ix.  20*. 

*  3.  To  loosen  from  coils  or  convolutions. 

"  Her  simkea  untiM.  tiiilphureoua  water*  drink." 
I'ofio:  Jitalitu:  r/ttbnitl.  l'J6. 

4.  To  free  from  hindrance,  impediment,  or 
obstruction  ;  to  set  loose. 

"  All  thv  ovila  of  on  unlfrtt  tongue  we  I'ut  upon  the 
— iit«  of  drnukenne»».'— ray/or. 

5.  To  dissolve  ;  to  break  up. 

"li  utitii^K  thv  Inward  knot  of  marriage."— J/fAoti  : 
Doct,  A  Ditciplino  uf  Divorce,  bk.  i..  cli.  Irit. 

*  G.  To  resolve  ;  to  unfold  ;  to  lay  open. 

■'  Thoy  nuickeu  sloth,  ucrplexitiea  untir." 

Henham:  Of  Prudr^orc.  213. 

B.  Intraiis. :    To    become    untied    or    un- 
fastened :  as,  This  knot  will  nut  itnti'\ 

*iin-tight-en(y/^  silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  nn-  (-J), 
and  Eng.  tighten.]  To  make  less  tight;  to 
loosen. 

un-til',  "^un-till,'  '  on-til,  prep.    J  A  substi- 
tuted form  of  untn,  by  the  u.se  of  ttH  for  to. 
Till,  (tit)  is    of   Scandinavian    origin,    to   of 
Anglo-Saxon. J    [Till,  ]irej).] 
X.  Till,  to.    (Used  of  time.) 

"  Until  the  break  of  day.  ' 
Shakenp.:  JlidiunuTf-r  A'i'jht's  Dream,  v. 

*  2,  To.    (Used  before  material  objects.) 

"  He  roused  himself  full  blithe,  and  hiutened  then 
until."  Sfjifnscr:  F.  </..  I.  xi.  4. 

3.  Ueforc  a  sentence  or  clause  =  till    the 
time  tliat,  till  the  point  or  degree  that. 

"  Until 
Twelve  died  in  couflict  with  himself  aloi<e.~ 

Coicper  :  Hotner  ;  Hind  xv, 

*  iin-tile',  v.t.    [Pref.   vn-  (2),  and  Eng.  tile.] 

To  remove  or  take  the  tiles  from  ;  to  uncover 
by  removing  the  tiles. 

"  You  may  untUe  the  house,  'tia  posaible." 

lienuin.  Jb  Flet.  :  H'onuirt's  Prize,  i.  a 

*  un-tiled,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  tiled.] 

Not  tded  ;  not  covered  with  tiles.    (See  ex- 
tract under  Unglazed,  2.) 

'  un  till',  pn-p.    [Until.) 

'  un-till'-a-hle,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Kng. 
tillable.]  Incapable  of  being  tilled  or  culti- 
vated ;  unht  for  cultivation. 

"  Piirtiuns  of  the  ttntiltuf/le  )(inO."—C'-iititrgJlaga- 
;in<;  June,  13H3,  p.  SLb. 

un-tilled'.  *an-tild',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  tillrd.]  Not  tilled  ;  nut  cultivated  ;  not 
brought  under  cultivation. 


t  un-tim'-bered,  «.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
tinibered.] 

1.  Not  furnished  with  timber;  weak. 

"Weak  untimlnfred aiiJe^." 

!<huke»p.  :  Truiltit  .f  Crruidii,  I.  3. 

2.  Not  covered   witli    timber   or   growing 
trees ;  ni>t  wooded. 

■  un-time',  adv.  &  s.    [Pref.  nn-  (1),  ami  Eng. 

A.  As  adv.  :  Not  in  time. 

"  Tithing  com  him  untitnc.  8ir  Lowrys  dtrde  he  fund." 
liobert  de  tirunue,  ji.  'Ii'. 

B.  As  tiuhst. :  An   unfit,    improper,  or  un- 
seitsomible  time. 

"  .\  nuiu  shall  not  ote  in  untitiu:"-— Chaucer  :  Per- 
soncs  T'tlt: 

un-time'-li-neSS,  s.  [Kng.  untimely;  -ncss.] 
The  quality  or  st'de  of  being  untimely  ;  un- 
seas'Hiableness. 

"Tlie  unrimc!ines»ot  temiKmil  death." — Up.  Tuf/lar: 
Tn  /li-ihop  u/  Jtochvafcr. 

un-time'-ly,  o.  k  adv.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Elig.  tniifl;i.\ 

A.  -l"'  udj>:ctirc : 

1.  Not  timely;  not  seasonable  ;  imt  oppor- 
tune ;  unseasimable,  ill-timed,  inopportune. 

"  By  no  untitnety  JoyoUHuem." 

Wordtwarth  :  .Mntron  uf  .h-dburgh. 

2.  Not  done   or    happening  in    the    right 
si-aH[m ;  unseasonable. 

"  Cnfimcf^  storms  make  men  ex)i€et  a  dearth.' 
Shitknp.  :  /:.vlfird  HI.,  ii.  :(. 

3.  Happening  before  the  natuial  time  ;  pre- 
mature. 

"  A  lK>tie  of  a  lish  hiis  brought  many  to  an  untimely 
Krji\e  "— A'/ioJ  ."  .intipotcniu*. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  fell,  chorus,  9!:un,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  -tiaii  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -^ion,  -sion  =  zhfin.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ie.  =  bel,  dcL 


;312 


370 


•  B.  As  adi:  :  Before  llie  iialural  time ;  pri- 
luaturi-'lv,  unseasonably. 

•  i  i,t  Trvjui.  ««  ll.t  y><M"  """iTf!'  f,%". , 
t'vpt :  Homer;  Jliud  \i.  151. 

•  fin  time'-o&B.  n.  IPiif-  i"'- 0).  an*"  ^"-■ 
/imfoiiJ.l     UiilliiK-lj-,  unseasonable. 

•■  llu  Itrtverenl  «lia  u.iI(ni«iu  Jw:iil«rilj-"— S~" 
Qwntin  DurW'trd.  1.  3'M. 

•tin  time' -ofiS-lj^.  n<'f-  (KnS-  nvtiMmix; 
.ly\     111  an  uutiiiieuus  manner  ;  nntiincly. 

■■  It  iiiuU  be  iftiue  iK;rllou»  CMise  (JUt*  lier  trn»i;«  in 
motion  tinw  u'i(i"KWiM'l'-"— ^'«  ■■  Aem/MorlA.vb.  xv. 

•  jin-tlno  -tnred.  a-  (Pief.  i.n-  (l),  and  Etir. 
linclurvi.]  Not  tiuctured;  not  tinged,  s;aineil, 
mixed,  or  imbued. 

jin-tilnged',  a.  IPref.  uu-  (l),  and  Eng.  (in(ici'.l 

1.  Not  tinned  ;  not  stained  ;  not  coloureil  ; 
not  diseoloHled. 

•■In  i>  .KrkeiKjd  room  It  m«y_api)oar  wlint  U«iiu 
are  uiilinjwf.  ■— BoKf"  .■  Work*.  I.  727. 

2.  Not  infecteii ;  not  imbued. 

••  Neltl..^r  !•  Bolo.Kbroke  u„lt,wed  nitU  it.-.-'K"/' 
To  uag,  July  10,  \'i~ 

iin-tir'-a-ble.  '  un-tyrc  able,  "■    U'l^'  f 

un-  (1);    Ei.K.  (i>c.   v.,  an.l  suff.  -<(Wr.l      In- 
capable of  being  tired  ;  i n de Hit i gable,  tiieloss. 
■■  All  uiWiraftlflw"'' L'outimifttego.M\ne«s." 

.SAuJt*'*^. .    rofwn  0/  Athviu.  1.  1. 

un- fired',  'nn-tlrde,  a.  [Pi'ef.  '"i-  (l). 
and  Eu^.  fireti.J  Not  tired  ;  uot  wearied  ;  un- 
wearied. 

■•  With  untired  splrita  ftiid  formal  coiisUncy  " 
Shakeip. :  Jutitu  vamr.  il.  1. 

fin-fir'-mg,  «-  IPr^f.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
tirtnj.}  N^ii  tiring;  uot  beconnng  tired, 
wearied,  or  exhausted. 

'■  1M>  will  uliflit  tl)e  anxious  tnnBia 
At  lii--  loll  uuliriitff  wrought 

Lon-jfelloui :  Uaapar  Becerra. 

un-tir -ing-ly,  ndv.  [Eng.  untirhig:  -ly.] 
Jn  an  untirin;^'  manner;  without  tiring. 

■'  \s  BteadfHStly  iind  untiringly  as  AtUa  of  oUl.  "— 
Btdy  Teli-gruph.  Murch  la.  l^fis. 

•un-ti-tled  ae  as  el),  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  En^.  titled.] 

1.  Not  titled  ;  liaving  no  title. 

"  FaJae  Dueasji.  iiow  untitled  queeuc."  _ 

2,  Having  no  title,   claiiiij  or  right;  ille- 
gitiniali*. 

"  All  untitled  tyrant.'      Shakes)^  :  Macbeth.  Iv.  n. 


untimeous— untratnpled 


iin'-to,  preih  [For  u)ui-tQ,  from  uud ;  O.  Fries. 
uvd,  uiit :  O.  Sax.  inui—  unto  ;  Goth,  vnd  = 
unto  until.  Unl  is  shortened  for  nnd-te  = 
unto,  where  te  -  A.S.  t6  =  to.  The  word 
occurs  in  Anglo-Saxon  only  in  the  iiiodifted 
form  odh  (for  ojtdh).  For  the  loss  of  v  cf.  A.S. 
(.)(i/i  =:  Guth.  tunthus  =^  tooth  (q.v.)-]  [To.) 
1.  To.  (Only  used  now  in  scriptural,  solemn, 
or  elevated  style.) 

"  And  thou  ahnlt  briup  AivcQn  and  hie  sons  unto  the 
door  of  tn«  talwniacle."— >.;co4iujt  xl.  12. 

•  2.  Until,  till. 

"  Almighty  que«ne.  u*Uo  this  yere  be  done  " 

Chaucer:  Assetnbly qf  Fanrles. 

•  iin-t^ed;  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
toileil.]     L'nworked,  untilled. 

"  It  loveth  to  urow  in  rough  j>nd  untoiled  pliicea."— 
P.  JlMand:  Plinie,  bk.  xxv.,  ch.  v. 

*  un-toil'-ing,  a.  tPref.  an-  (1),  and  Eng. 
toiling.]  Not  toiling  ;  without  toil,  labour,  or 
exertion. 

"  It  ifl  of  vanities  most  vain. 
To  toil  for  what  you  here  tintoiUng  may  obtain. ' 
Thornton  .   C'astl^of  Indolence,  i.  19. 

^-told'.  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  told.] 

1.  Not  told;    not  related;   not  revealed; 
not  coinniuniitated. 

■■  To  heAF  the  rest  urtlold."    Shakct/j.  :  PericleB,  v. :!. 

2.  Not  numbered  ;  not  counted. 

"  ReliK>"n  !  what  treasure  untold 
Be«iilt's  in  that  heavenly  word  !" 

Ctiwper :  Alexander  St^tkirk. 

*  fin-tol -er-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  ttjler^ihU'.]     Not  tolerable;  intolerable. 

••The  pojic  l.imaeKe  i8nowebecouiuiei(Hfo/«ro6Ie." 
~JetoeJ  ,    Ih-fcnce  of  the  Apoloyic,  p.  61B. 

*  fin-tomb'  C*  silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  tomb.]  To  di.sentomb  ;  to  take  out  of  the 
toinb  ;  to  disinter. 

'■  Tho  wonderful  corps  of  Ant^UB  untotuhr-d  a  thou- 
sand yewnt  aft«r  his  death-  —flrouwie  .■  Vutgar  Er- 
TQurn'.hV.   vii.,  ch,  wiii. 

*  fin -tombed',   *  un~tumbed,   c     (Pief. 

un-  (1),  and  Eiig,  lomhnl.]     Not  iiiteired. 


*  fin-toned,    a.      iPref.    un-   (1),  and    Eng. 
tonid.\    Kelaxed  ;  put  out  of  tone. 

-Oer  thU  untond  Uimxt."  The  Suicide. 

'  fin-tongue',  v.t.     (Pref.  un-  (2).  and  Eng. 

t.mffue.]    To  deprive  of  a  tongue  or  voice  .  H» 
.>>ilenfe. 

■*  He  ouyht  to  nntongue  It  from  talking  to  his  pn- 
judlcu.""— /W(«f.  Church  Hut..  XI.  ix.  .7. 

■  fin-tooth',  V.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
tooth.]    To  deprive  of  the  teeth. 

•■  Abuicu  n.ifoo(/iH  pig  pilCrinp  the  corn." 

Couiper:  ilo'Mt :  OUi/uey  xviii. 

*  fin  tooth  -some,   •  un-tonth-some,  '<■ 

IPref.  un-  (IX  aii'l  Eng.  toothsome.]   Not  tootli- 
aome ;  not  palatable. 

"The  bony  of  the  island  of  Coraica  of  all  otn«'" '" 
couilu-d  n.o/t  unpleasant  and  tuitootfuonui.  -P.  Hol- 
land :  Plinu\  hk.  xill,.  cU.  iv. 

•  fin-tooth'-some-ness,  .'^.  [Eng.  nntooth- 
some;  -ni^ss.]  Tlie  quality  or  .state  of  being 
untoothsome  or  unpalatable. 

'•  The  asse  was  (besides  the  untoothsonicn^u)  Mi  im- 
pure creature.'-W/'-  W"« :  Con'- ;  .Sanuina^s  i-umine 

fin-tor-ment'-ed.  ft.  [Pief.  un-  (i).  and 
Kng.  tormented.]  Not  tormented;  not  tor- 
tured :  not  twisted. 

■■  Uufashiou'd.  uiitormented  into  man." 

I'ouTig:  Aighi  TlwugMi.  vu.  7.3. 

fin-torn',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  (or/i.l 
Not  torn  or  rent ;  whole. 

•■Enal>led  him  to  keep  his  skin  untoriu"— Field. 
Dec.  17.  1SH7. 

fin-tor'-tured,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tortured.]'  Not  tortured;  without  being  tor- 
tured. 

•'  Thy  racks  could  give  thee  but  to  kuow 
The  proofs,  which  I.  itKtoWured,  show. 

Scott:  Kokeby,  vl  13. 

•  fin-tofich'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 
touch  ;  -ctble.]  Not  capable  of  being  touched  ; 
intaugible,  unassailable. 

"  CntouchabteaA  to  prejudice."— /ViCmm:  J^esAccs. 
pt.  ii..  res.  66. 

fin-tofifhed',  a.  [Pref.  «»-  (l),  and  Eng. 
touched.] 

1.  Not  touched  ;  not  handled  ;  not  reached  ; 
not  hit ;  not  meddled  with. 

"  Untouched,  the  harp  beeaa  to  ring." 

Scott :  illenfijilas. 

2.  Uninjured,  unhurt,  unatfected. 

"  The  whirlwiud'B  wrath,  the  earthquake's  ahock, 
Have  left  u7i(0M(A'(i  her  hoaiy  rock." 

Byron :  .Stege  of  Coruilh,  i. 

3.  Not  touched  on ;  not  mentioned  ;  not 
treated  of. 

"Those  masters  of  definitions  were  fain   to  le.-ne  , 

them   [simiile    IdeasJ    untouched."  —  Locke :    Unma  ,  I 

Undent.,  bk-  iii..  ch.  iv.  i 

4.  Not  moved  ;  not  affected. 

"  He,  not  untoiich'd  with  pity" 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  w.CQ. 

fin-to'-ward,  a.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
toit'ind,  a.  1 

1.  Froward,  perverse,  refractory  ;  not  easily 
guided  or  taught. 

■•  Fiyiide  the  heartes  of  menue  alouthfuUy  aluggyng. 
&  \  tterly  untoward."-  Cd(d  :  tuke  i. 

*  2.  Inc.tnivenient,  troublesome,  vexatious. 

"  Which  afterwards  he  found  untoward." 

Butler:  Budibrut.    (Todd) 

3.  Unlucky,  unfortunate,  unfavoniable. 

*■  In  spite  of  many  a  rough  untoward  bliiat." 

IVord s worth  :  Excursion,  bk.  v. 

''  1.  Awkward,  ungraceful. 

"The  untoward  manner."— .Sioi/'i, 

*  un-tow'-ard  (or  as  fin-tord),  ^  un-tow- 

arde,  pre]).    [Eng.  unto;   -ward.]    Towanl, 
towards. 

■'  Whan  1  am  my  ladie  fro. 
And  thynke  ttntowarde  hii  drawe" 

Oower:  C.  A.,  iv. 

un-to'-ward-l^,  adv.  &  a.    [Eng.  untowurd. 

a.  ;  -ly.]  ' 

A.  A'iOAlv.:  In  an  untoward  manner;  per- 
versely, frowardly,  unluckily,  awkwardly. 


*  fin-t6^-«red,  a.  [Pref.  «n.  (1),  and  Eng. 
toinred.]  Not  having  towers;  not  defended 
by  towers. 

•  fin-trace'-a-ble,  o.     (Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 

Eng.  truaalilc]     Not  traceable;  not  capable 
of  being  traced  or  tracked. 

■■Through  all  his  wmdiiie&  and  (otherwise  ii»(mi^- 
<iWe)  hibyrlnths."— fioi/Ic;  liorks.  u.  201. 

fin-tra9ed't  o.  [Pi'^f-  •""•  (0.  ^^^  ^"B 
tioml.] 

1.  Not  traced  ;  not  tracked  ;  not  followed. 

2.  Not  marked  by  footsteps. 

■     "  Through  nntracd  ways  .ind  airy  paths  I  *y' 
Jtfjiham  :  Coopers  I/tU.  11. 

3.  Not  marked  out,  as  with  any  kind  of 
pantograph  (q.v.). 

Gn-trS-cked',  *  un-traef,  c.    (Pref.  un-  (i), 

anil  Eng.  tntclrd.] 

1.  Not  tracked  ;  not  followed  or  traced  by 
tlie  footsteps. 

2.  Not  marked    by    footsteps;    trackless, 
pathless. 

■•  Th"  wide  untract  air.''  A'oipe:  Cly^a.  iii. 

3.  Not  traversed  or  trodden. 
■*  It  is  untrackcd  null  mi troddtn, •—///'.  y/.i»;  .Soli- 

bmaiei,  sol.  6t. 


'  fin-tract*,  n.     [Untrackf.d.] 


"  The  proi>er  ima«e  o(  corji^  i 
atanuhurtl: 


rnhed  apeered.' 
gil ;  ,eneid  I.  2 


'■  How  untnwardlf/  be  returns  the  salute."— />i*ffde'i ." 
Sir  Murtin  .Miirr-all.  ii. 

B.  As  adj. :    Perverse,  froward,  awkward, 
inconvenient. 

■■  Travelling  if  at  all  times  very  untowardiff  to  me." 
—Carlyle  :  Li-ttrr.  Feb.  2i;,  1856. 

fin-to' -ward -ness,  5.  [Eng.  untouxird,  a. ; 
-nfsa.]  The  ipiality  or  state  of  being  untoward  ; 
perverseiiess,     awkwardness,     unfavourable- 

"  Through  finMwirdHflM  of  fate." 

^YoTdsw^o^1h  :  Rob  Roys  Grave. 


'■■  fin-trac-ta-bil'-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  untravtablc : 
-hifl.]     Untiaetableness. 

•■  HiBlC..ndorcet|i<Hfmcf.»6«7("r.'/.  .  .  prevented  that 
ivort  of  the  arniiigemcut."  —  flioAf .■  Thought*  on 
J-'rcnclt  Affair*. 

fin-tric'-ta-ble,  o.    [Pref.  vm-(1),  and  Eng. 
tractable.] 

1.  Not  tractable;  not  docile;  not  yielding 
to  discipline  ;  stubborn,  indocile,  perverse, 
intmctable. 

"  There  are  few  people  so  tintmc!ablc."'-Waterlaiid  : 
Scrmotii,  vol.  ix.,  ser.  i. 

'  2  IncapabU'  of  being  reduced  to  rule  or 
.system  ;  nut  to  be  made  regular;  unmanage- 
able. 

-  3.  Rougli,  ungentle,  hnrsli. 

"He  puts  ou  a  rigid,  rough,  and  untractab'.r  c:ir- 
riage."— //ato.'  .Sf.  oh  /.niexwii.  1- 

*  4,  Rough,  difficult. 

"  Forc'd  to  ride 
Th'  utdractablc  abyss."  Stilton:  P.  L.,  x.  17C. 

5.  Not  yieldiug  to  heat  or  to  the  hammer; 
refractory,  as  au  ore. 
U.  Not  yielding  t<.'  treatment. 

■•  TTlcers  untrnclalh-  in  the  Xe^.^—Arbuthnot :  On 
Ditt. 

*  un-tr&c'-ta-ble-ness,  .s  [Eng.  untract- 
abh-:  -ne.ss.]'  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
untractable ;  pcrverseness,  refractoriness, 
stubbornne.ss,  indociliti. 

■■  The  untrnct'ih/enrsii  .ind  iirodigions  fitrength  of 
the  buffaloes." -fo(A.-  Third  Voyage,  bk.  vi..  ch.  x. 

*  fin-trad'-€d,  o.  [Pref.  nn-  (1)  ;  Eng.  trade  ; 
-(•d.\ 

1.  Not  resorted  to  or  frequenled  for  pur- 
puses  of  ti-ade. 

"The  first  bleabing  of  an  vnfraded  place."— l/atft- 
luyt:  Voyages,  iii  6B-.:. 

2.  Unpractised,  inexperienced. 

"  A  people  not  vtterlie  pntradcd  or  vneutered  in  his 
discipline."- I'rf"'.'  J^nkei. 

3.  Not  used  in  common  practice ;  not  hack- 

"  By  Mars  his  gauntlet,  thanks !  _ 
Mocknot,  that  li.llecttbe  i"(fmrfe</oatti.   _ 

.•<hakvsp. :  Truilus  A  Cresttda,  iv.  5. 

*  fin-trad'-ing.  ".     (Pref.  un-  (l).  and  Eng. 

I  tradiiuj.]  Not  trading;  not  engaged  m  or 
accustomed  to  trade  or  commerce. 

*■  Men  leJive  est-ites  to  their  children  iu  laud,  as  not 
BO  liable  to  casualties  as  money  iii  untradiiig  and  un 
I  akilful  li.-uide,— y.^fA". 

'■  fin-trag-ic,  *  fin-trag'-ic-al,  n.  [Pref. 
vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  tragic,  Irugmd.]  Nut  tragic  ; 
hence,  comic,  ludicrous. 

"  Emblems  not  a  few  of  the  tragic  and  wUrapic 
sort- -Carlylr:  IWnch  Rcvol..  pt.  ii..  l>k.  v..  ch.  xn. 

fin-trained',  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1).  and  Eng. 
trained.] 

1.  Not  trained,  not  disciplined,  not  edu- 
cated, not  instructed,  not  .skilful. 

■'Mv  witio./mMt'rfinaii\  kiiidofart.^" 

*  2.  Irregular,  ungovernable. 

"  fijul  not  abroad  at  evprj"  quest  and  call 
Of  ;in  nntritincd  liope  or  passion. 

Herbert:  Content. 

fin-tram  pled(le  as  el),o.    [Pref.  at)i-(l). 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fail,  father ;   we.  wet,  here,  cam?l.  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  ijnite.  cur.  rule,  full;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go,  pot, 
Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


untranquil— untruth 


371 


and  Eiig.  trampled.]  Not  traiiii>leil,  not 
iro.ldi'ii. 

"  Ucfure  Iter  last  utttramfilM  uliriiK* !" 

Muorv:  The  t'itc  tftjrshi/itierB. 

■  un  trah  -quil,  a,  fPref.  rnj-  (1),  ami  Kiif. 
iiitiniiiii.l     L  Mil  wilt,  disturbed. 

"  Nuut^ht  iiior»^  iititvitwjuU  tliaii  t)i«  (;nuMy  aloptfH 
13ct«evii  twy  l.illa,  ■  KtaU  :  Klt>-p  ^  Fottrg. 

an-trfiji8-fer -a-ble,  a,    |Pr<-r.  «»-(!).  and 

Kii;;.  tnuisi,  ,..<hk.]  N.it  traiisfi'mbU-  ;  in- 
rap.iblc  ni  luiii^:  IniiisfeiTfd  or  passed  tV.ini 
one  to  itiiother. 

"  Thunglt  (li«  sovereignty  romnlim  still  uittire  and 

mr^c  nH/Vr<iW.-  ill  tin;  \>\lUKt:."-~HuW-H  ■'  t'rt:-t.-inint^tivv 

„/  /'til  li  nm-nt. 

un-trans-lat-a-ble, «i.    {Prt-;".  "«-  (i),  and 
«  Eii^i     tnin.sl<>t>thle.\      Xot   traushUalili' ;     in- 
ciivable  uf  being  tiausliited;  iinht  Ibr  trans- 
latinii. 

"To  me  tliev  a,i>\>-i!<tuntraiu'-Uabti7."—fliuiif:  To 
Uei'f  lApril.  l-.V2i. 

'  iin-trins-lat -a  ble  ness.  >.    lEn^'.  an- 

iniusl,il,ihlr  :  .nt'^.]  Tin' «|nality  ur  state  of 
bt'in;,'  imrr^inslatable.     (ColeiUhjt.] 

un-trans'lat'-ed,  «.     iPref.   n>i-  (i),  and 

Kng.  translated.}  Not  IruushiLed ;  in  llie 
original  language. 

■'  1  luiglit  iiiflist  tliat  the  term  tmiisl.'iU-iI  '  .'verlast- 
ilig,'  iJiit;lit  to  be  jirestrvtjii  untranslitted.  -—Siittxh 
Light  '/.Vaf.ire.  \ol.  ii..  pt.  iii.,  cli.  aixx. 

un-tr^ns-mut'-gi-ble,  c  [Pref.  nn-  (i). 
and  Vai-a.  fiaRsmhiahle,\  Inaiiiable  of  being 
transmuted. 

■'  K:it'!i  chttrncter  .  .  .  appenm  to  me  in  pnctice 
|.iett>  liuLvble  .'unl  iinti-ansiiiuta.bh:"~llumi:. 

•  iin-trans-par'-ent,  a.  [Pi-ef.  ini-(i),  and 
Eng.  tiHfLspixrent']  Not  transparent;  not 
diaphanous;  oi)aqne. 

"Tliry  exbibitetl  mi  untraiiaparent  blue."— Bo^(« ; 
M  ..it.,  i  :a.s. 

■  iin  trSjis  pass'-a-ble,  <f.  [Pref.  itjt-  (l), 
and  En,^.  t r<ui--ipassable.\  Not  transpassablu  ; 
not  iinssibie  to  be  jtassed  or  gone  over. 

"  Tlie  unfraiitp'iMiiblf  Iwirs 
Tliiit  limit  iiriile  so  Hliurt," 

JJaiiiH:  (tcotxitni. 

un-tr-iv'-eUed,  a.     [Pref.   un-  (1),  ami  Eng. 

1.  Not  travelled  ;  not  trodilen  or  journeyed 
t>\vv  by  passengers. 

"  Tile  tie-^p  simile  of  these  uiitntvfUfit  wiltls  " 

W'ortUw irtft :  £xi:ursion,  lik.  vi. 

'2.  Not  having  seen  foreign  countries ;  not 
ha\  nig  liavell<-d  abriwd. 

"An  untrarfUed  EiigliMlminii  cntiiiiit  relish  :U1  the 
I>eiiiitit^!>  uf  ItnliHli  inKtuie^"—AU(li»un  :  S/nxt'ttur, 
No.  <iP7. 

•un-trav'-ers-a-ble»  a.  iPref.  ((((.-(l),  and 
Kii;;.  tnifi^rsiibU:]  Tlial  eaniiot  be  traversed 
oi  Iiavellcd  over.     (Ruakiu.) 

iin -tread',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tni<l.\  To  tread  baek  ;  to  go  back  in  the 
sjnn-  steps  ;  to  retrace. 

"  We  will  utttreaU  the  atejis  of  iliiiniie*)  dight." 
Shuketp.     King  Johit,  v.  4. 

'  un-treas'-ure  (s  as  zh),  i^^  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Kng.  tr>'i.'^nn .]  To  bring  forth,  as  trea- 
suii-  ;  In  set  fnrtli  ;  to  display. 

"Tlie  •(iiiiiiitiiess  with  which  he  iinlnutsureU  thv 
«tiir  ■■*  of  Ilia  memory.' —J,  Mit/oni. 

^un  treas'-ured  (s  as  zh),  «.    [Prei".  un- 
(li),  .iml    En-.   (nasun'iL]     Deprived,  as  of  a 
lre;(-;iiiv,  d.-jLisited. 
"  riitfj  I'juinl  the  IteJ  I'titni  laurffi  of  their  iiiiatreps. " 
Sh<iki-i>/i.  :  As  I'on  Lik-^  It,  ii.  'L 

•un  treat'-a-ble.  •un-tret-a-ble,  u. 

iPn-l'.  u/i-(l),  and  Eng.  treatabh.\ 

1.  Not  able  to  be  treated;  imt  treatable; 
intractable. 

"  A  iwrverse  ajid  uiitreatabit:  \,':n\\f:y .' —  Scoll : 
C'liitftiaH  Life,  pt  i.,  ch.  iii. 

2.  Iinp]-acti(»ble. 

•  un '  trem  - bling,  <t.     [Pref.   <.,.-  (1),  and 

Eng.  t  re  nihil, i<j.]    Not  trembling;  not,  slniking 
or  shuddering  ;  free  troni  tremor. 
"  Then  might  the  delwiiiclieo 

U iitreiiilii iiii)  uiuulh  the  hejiveiib  " 

lilnif :  The  Grave. 

•  im-trem'-nlous,  a.     [Pref.    un-  (1),  and 

Kng.  trcuuU»',is.\  Nut  tremulous ;  steady,  un- 
Hhaking. 

"Hrre  was  the  seal,  round,  full,  deftly  dropped  by 
tiiitre'nuluua  h-i.U<i!t" — C.  Hroiitc  :   r(^;«n«,  cli.  xxi. 

'  un  trenghed',  x.  [Pref.  mi-  (l),  and  Eng. 
innrlinl.]     N.it  trenched  on;  intact. 

"  -iiirli  lu)  m«y  Btfliid  withaji  u;if('<.'iicA«(ic'jii6cieiice." 
—  Ait.iiiui:   Wor/u.ii.A&T. 


'  un-tres'-pass-ing.  a.  (Pref.  im-  tl),  and 
Eng.  tn\<iin»6iiiij.\  Not  tiesiwissing ;  not 
transgressing. 

"  In  the  mldnt  uf  an  tuitrtiixittlnff  honenty."— J/tf- 
ton:  Aiwlogyfur Smvctgmnuui,  %  1. 

•  lin-tressed',  a.  [Pi-ef.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  tress  ; 
■III.]  Not  in  trcsse.s ;  not  tied  in  a  tress  or 
tresses. 

"  Hir  lieere»  hau  tliny  kempt  that  lay  tintrestiuL" 
Chuacv-  :  V.  T.,  e,i:i&. 

un-tret-a-ble,  ".    [Unthkataule.] 

un   tried',     un-tride,   *un-tryed,    n. 

[VwX.  un-  (1).  and  Eng.  trkit.] 
1.  Not  tried  ;  not  attempted. 


2.  Not  felt ;  not  experienced :  as,  untried 
sutlerings. 

3.  Not  yet  brought  or  subjected  to  trial. 

"The  horrible  cells  iu  which  untrieit  prlsoiiei'S  are 
detained.'— /•«»  Vatt  Uateftc.  Keb.  «.  l«8». 

4.  Not  heard  and  deterinineij  in  a  court  of 
law  :  as,  The  case  is  still  untritd. 

5.  Not  subjeeted  to  trial ;  not  tested  or 
jnoved  ;  not  showing  capabilities  or  (lualities 
by  proof  given. 


*  G.  UMex.intined,  unnoticed. 

'  un-tri' -fling,  «.  (Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
irillintj.\  Nut  tiitling ;  not  indulging  in 
levities.     {.S'U'ivj.;.) 

un-trimmed'.  «.     [Pref.   tm-  (l),  and   Eng. 

trimmt:^.] 

1.  Not  trimme'l  ;  jiot  pruned  ;  not  clijiped  ; 
not  put  in  mder. 

'*  Yon  tmtrimmfd  laiup."        Scott :  Rokehy,  i.  32. 

*  2.  Stripped  of  ornaniental  dress. 

"  bi  llltenesB  of  a  uew  untrtmmed  bride." 

Shukeap.  :  King  John,  i\\.  1. 

'un-trlst,  *un-tri&te.  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Mnl.  Eng.  fri\s(  =  trust,]  To  distrust,  to 
inisti  ust. 

•  un-trlst,  .V.    [Untrcst,] 

'  iintri'-umph-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ; 
Kng.  triiimiih,  and  suff.  -abk.]  Admitting 
or  allowing  no  triumph  ;  not  an  object  of 
triuini>li, 

■■  VfUrium/A'ible  imy."        Butter  ;  Ifudibras,  1.  2. 

'un-iri  um'-phant,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and 
Kng.  triumphant. \  N.it  triumphant.  (Catlylt.) 

*  un-tri -umphed,  a.  [Pref,  un-  (1);  Eng. 
triiimi<li ,  fW.J  Not  triumphed  over ;  not 
conqueied  oi-  subdued. 


.Mity  :  I.ucan  ;  Pharttilia.  viii. 

iin-trdd,  un-trod'-den,  n.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  tind^  trodden.]  Not  trodden;  not 
jiassed  KVer  or  marked  by  the  feet. 

■■  Morning  dew  upon  the  untrodden  mead." 
WorUsicorth  :  Ode  for  a  General  Thatik»gioing. 

" un-troUed',  o.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
troiled.]  Not  trolled;  not  turned  or  moved 
round  or  aboiii, 

'■  Hard  fate  !  uutroti'd  ia  now  the  cliarniing  dye." 
Ih-ydcn     Juovmtl,  ix. 

'un-troiib'-le  (le  as  el),  v.t.  [pjef.  uu- 
(U),  and  Eng.  troubU.]  To  free  from  trouble  ; 
to  disabuse. 

"  Art  thuu  tmnbled  with  fears.  eDemies.  and 
siiaiea?  untrou'ile  tliyself  of  that,  for  ne  is  with  thee." 
—  Leight'ii  :  Vom.  on  1  i'cterw 

un-troub'-led  (le  as  el),  a.    [Pref.  ita-(l), 

and  Eng.  truubltd.] 

1.  Not  troubled  ;  not  disturbed  by  c;ire, 
trouble,  anxiety,  sorrow,  or  business;  froe 
from  trouble,  agit;itnin,  or  woriy  ;  calm,  nn- 
rutHed,  tranciuil. 

"Friendship  ,  . 
Should  sweeten  his  unlroubtfd  life." 

Cuwptir  :  Hope,  C61. 

2.  Xi)t  distnibeil  or  raised  into  waves  or 
ripples  ;  calm. 

*  3.  Not  foul,  not  turbid  ;  clear,  transparent. 

"  Bodies  clear  and  tint roubltd."— Bacon. 

'  un-troiib'  led-ness  (le  as  el),  5.    [Eng 

iintnuiNrd  :    -/o'v.s-.]      Tli^-  qnality    or  stab-  nf 
lienig  untroubled  ;  freeiloni  tiom  trouble. 


*  nn-troutb,  i.    [Untruth.  ] 


*  iin-trow'-^-ble,  «.      [Pref.  un-  (l);  Eng. 

truv,  v.,  and  hUll.  -able.]     Incredible. 

■She     wrv3     of     untr.iitxibte     tiilrttvMM9."—tryet(ffm 
K»th-r  il.  15. 

iintriie'. '  un-trewe,  a.  &  adv.    [Pref,  uu- 

(1),  ami  Eng.  true] 
A.  As  fuljei^ive: 

1.  Not  true ;   not  in  accordance  with  tlif 
faet.s ;  false. 

"  It  U  clearly  nntrti*"  that  no  other  tblii^  ia  tlieruhy 
siiillllUHl."-  //»(,*4-r  ;  AVc/f«.  roliti-.  lilc.  Vll..  f  U. 

2.  Not  faithful  to  another  ;  inconHlant, 
false  ;  not  to  lie  tiusted  ;  faithh'HR,  dittlnyal. 

"  When  til  my  kwoiI  bird  I  i)r>ve  untrue." 

.'ihakntp. :  C'ffinbtlitu,  I.  &. 

3.  Inconstant,  as  a  lover. 

"  The  mon  InKlorlouB  knlitlit*.  tbi-  ladtea  all  untrue  " 
Urydvn  :  Ftomtr  A  LeaJ,  &M. 

*4.  False,  iucoriect. 

"  Henry  chiutysed  the  olde  utUrtfim  inejuiure.  aii<l 
matle  a  yante  uf  the  length  uf  bis  owu  oriue."— 
J-'ab'/'tn  :  Chrunvcte,  ch.  ccxxvl. 

"  B,  As  adv. :  Untruly,  falsely. 

"  You  for  loVB  speak  well  of  me  untrug." 

•'^hiikeap. :  Sonnet  7i. 

"  un-tru'-i^m,  s.      [Eng.   nntme;  -Um.]    A 
lalse  statt^nu-nt.     (Specitd  coiiuuje.) 


lin-tru-ly,  tM/r.  [Eng.  utitruie);  -ty.]  In  au 
nil! rue  manner;  nut  truly;  contrary  to  the 
truth  oi-  nality  ;  falsely. 

*  un-trum'-pet-ed.   «.     [Pref.  vn- {\),  and 

iiui^.trampettd.]    Nut  famed  or  made  much  uf. 

"  Tliey    lived    uufru>iifmted   and    died    uuHUiig."— 
licadv  :  Cloiiter  *  JJcnrth,  ch.  i. 

*  iin-trunked',  a       (Pref.  un-  (l),  and   Eng. 

irunkal.l     Cut  oH'  fioin  the  trunk, 

"From  stick  uutr-mkud." 

Sf..,„!/h,nnl      Viryil  ;  .Eneid  IL  «65. 

*  iin-truss',  *  un-truase,  r.t.    (Pref.  un-  (2). 

aiid  Eug.  triL-i.^,  v.j 

1.  To  untie  or  unfasten  ;  to  loose  from,  or 
as  from,  a  truss  ;  t^)  let  <»ut ;  speeiliefllly,  to 
loose  or  let  down  the  bieeches,  liy  untying 
the  jioints  by  which  they  were  held  up. 

"  Ue  was  about  to  uittitiue  hia  yAitta,'  —H-jlinttted 
Jliu.  England,  bk.  i^,,  ,:\i.  xxiL 

2.  To  undress,  to  strip, 

■' Quick,    quick,     iinlruu    mv."—Beauin.    A    yu-t 
hldt^r  Br-jther.  iv.  *. 

'un-triiss',  s.     [Untkuss,  v.]    An  untrusser. 

■' Tliou  uraiid    scourge,    or  second   untruM  of    the 
tin^e."'— flf»  Jiingoa  :   Every  Man  out  of  hit  Uuniour, 

*  iin-truased',  a.      [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

trussuL]     Not  trussed  ;  not  tied  up. 

"  Whose  ormes  balfe  naked  ;  lockes  untriutrd  beo." 
Fairfax  :  tiojfrey  of  Buulogm^,  xvlll. 

*  iin-truss'-er,  s.     [Eng,  untntss;  -er.]    One 

wliu  uiiLiusses  ;  one  who  prejiares  for  whip- 
ping by  untrussing. 


'  un-triist',  s.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng,  trust  1 
Distrust,  mistrust. 

'"It  t'roweth  of  sotie 
Of  I'fue.  and  sumdule  u(  unfruAt.'       tiowtr:  V.  A  ,  v. 

•  un-triisf-ful,  a.  [Pr-.I.  ku- (l),  and  Eng. 
trustJuL] 

1.  Not  trustful;  not  trusting. 

2.  Not    to    be    trusted  ;    not  trusty  ;    not 
trustworthy. 

-  un-trus'-ti-ness,  .^.  [  Eng.  untntsty .-  jw,-**.  1 
Tlie  ipiality  ur  state  of  being  untrusty  or  un- 
trustworthy. 

"Under  pretence  of  ifravitv.  [belcoveitHl  much  "w- 
trtutineu  of  heart"— //d^K-dnt.'  Life  qf  J^dtoard  \'J 

un-trust'-wor-thi-ness, -f.  [Kng.  natrusi- 
worthy  :  -iteas.]  '  Tlie  iiuality  of  being  un- 
trustworthy. 

"  It  is  Fliny  wlm  makvs  the  statement,  and  for  um- 
triulwiirthiiieM  of  ntatvuient.  ho  eaniiut  i-juilty  Wsur- 
j«iMed."— /.fitrea  .*  Uisl.  of  /'hilataphy,  i.  J«3. 

un-triist'-wdr-thj^,  a.  [Pn-r.  an-  (i),  and 
Eng.  tni.'ittriirthjt.]  Not  trustworthy  ;  not 
deserving  ui'  trust  ;  nut  to  be  trusted. 

•  ikn-trus'ty,  ■  un-trust-ie,  a.    [PnT.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  tru.sty.]    Nnt  trusty  ;  not  trusb- 
wurthy  ;  not  to  be  trusted. 

"Wise  David  kunwes  8aul  not  to  be  iiiori'  kin^r 

tliaii  uutrntty.'—lip.   Uatl :    Vmt  :  Saul  in  Oawutt 

Vaw. 

un-truth',  '  on  troath»  s.    [Pref.  'ia-(i), 

and  Eng,  truth.] 


boil,  bo^;  p3ut,  j6^1;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9liln,  bcn^h;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,      iiig. 
-cian.    tian  -  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -^ion  ~  zhvin.      cious,    tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  ic.  =  bel,  deL 


untruthful —unvaluable 


1.  Tlic  quality  or  state  of  \t'\u^  untrue: 
ooiitmrifty  to  truth  or  reality  ;  want  ol' 
venu-ity  ;  falsi-m-.-is. 

-'  l)iN|>lriw»l  Mlth  tliedukfiif  lirltAiiir-  {or  Ills  srviit 
untruth  Kiitl  tllMttuulatlou."— //o/(iuAni  ;    VhrOH.    of 

2.  Treachery ;  waut  of  lUlelity ;  faithlessness. 
"The  tilKiiitlcnunc« 

(If  her  untrouth."       C'Aawivr ;  TroW.  ti  ("re*.,  l>k.  v, 

X  A  false  stat*'inent  or  assertion  ;  a  false- 
hnoil.  a  lie.     (In  this  sense  there  is  a  plural, 

"  Whom  vmut  itwU  out  force  tintrtithM  to  tvll." 

/'opv  :  Homer  ;  Oduucfi  xiv.  190. 

\  Untruth  is  an  untrue  saying  ;  fdlsehootl  is 
a  Jitls^  sayiiiy:  untruth  of  itself  rcllt-cts  nu 
(lisiiRiee  on  the  aj^ent ;  it  may  Ik*  uninten- 
tional or  not :  a  falsehood  is  an  intentional 
false  saying; ;  an  untrntk  is  not  always  spoken 
for  the  express  intention  of  deeeivinp.  Some 
persons  have  a  habit  of  telling/«/>T/ioot/s  from 
till-  mi-TC  love  of  talking.  Children  are  apt  to 
.spoak  untruths  for  want  of  understanding  the 
\  :ihie  of  words ;  travellers  from  a  love  of 
ex;iggi-ration  are  apt  to  introduce  falseh^nih 
into  tln'ir  narrations.  Fals'hood  is  also  used 
in  the  abstract  sense  for  what  in  false.  Falsity 
is  never  used  but  in  the  abstract  sense,  for 
the  property  of  the  false.  Tlie  fornier  is 
generiil.  the  liitter  particular  in  the  appiiea- 
tion  ;  the  truth  or  falsfluiod  of  an  a--*.sertion  is 
not  alwaj-s  to  be  distinctly  proved  ;  the/WstC.v 
of  any  particular  persmrs  assertion  may  be 
pnncd  i>y  the  evidence  of  others. 

un-truth'-fiil,  a.      [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
t}~uihfuL\     Not  truthful  ;  wanting  in  veracity. 
"  Witness  then  found  out  that  the  prisoner  wns  un- 
fruthf III. "—Daily  Telrffrcph.  Jan.  27,  188S. 

un-truth'-ful-ness»  5.  [Eng.  untruthful: 
-H'  vs.j  The  quality  or  state  of  being  nntruth- 
lu!  :  want  of  veracity. 

"  Hf  will  be  forced  to  show  his  ignomnce  or  his  tin- 
triith/iitni.-ss:'~n<titn  Telegraph,  Jaa.  27.  isse. 

un-tiick'.  v.t.  fPref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  tuck.] 
Fn  unfold  or  undo,  as  a  tuck  ;  to  release  from 

.1  luck. 

"  t  it  (tome,  untuck'd.  descended  tier  sheaved  hat." 
^Iiiikeip.  :  A  Ldver'g  Complaint,  31. 

'  un-tiic'-kered,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l);  Eng. 
nu'kfr,  and  sutf.  -ed.]  Not  tuckered  ;  having 
or  wearing  no  tucker.    (Addison.) 

'  un-tu-mul'-tu-at-ed.  a.    (Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  tumult'untcd.]     Undisturbed,  quiet, 
.■aim.     (Youvfi:  ^'ight  Thonghts,  ix.,  1,118.) 
"Tlieir  free  votes  iind  Hn'iimiiltuated  sutliages." — 
ilaiiiten  :  Tears  of  t'u-  Chttrch,  p.  107, 

*  un-tn-mtil'-tu-OUS,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.    tumultuous.]      Not  tiimnltuuus ;   quiet, 

un-tun'-a-ble,  •  iin-tune  -a-ble»  a.  fPref. 
un-  (I),  and  Eng.  tunabh-.] 

I.  Incapable  of  being  tuned  or  brought 
ioto  the  proper  pitch. 

"  Or  he  their  pipes  rnitiivable  and  crpeaie." 

Speiiter :  Colin  Clout's  Cot»«  Uomc  Agaifie. 

*  2.  L'nharmonlous,  discordant,  unmusical. 

"The  note  was  very  untuneable,"  —  Shak&p.  :  Ai 
Ton  Like  It.  v.  a. 

*  un-tun'-a-ble-ness,  s.    [Eng.  untunahie: 

-nxss.\  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
tunahie :  want  uf  harmony  or  concord  ;  dis- 
1  t>ld. 

■  un-tun'-a*bly,  «dy.  {'E,\i^.  untunab(le) ;  -ly] 
III  iiii  uutunable  manner  ;  discordantly. 

1  "A.  cow  nutowardly  ftud  untunabll/  cryiag."  —  P. 

IfoUatul  :  Plutarch,  p.  586. 

*  un-tune',  v.t.    [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng.  tune.] 
U  To  put  out  of  tune ;  to  make  incapable 

of  harmony  ;  to  make  discordant. 

"  On  other  occasions  we  h.ive  drawn  two  words  into 
'loe,  which  hw  likewise  very  much  untuned  our  laa. 
iuof^e."— Addison :  i^pcctator.  So.  1.15. 

"2.  To  disorder  ;  to  confuse. 

untuned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  tuned.] 
Not  tuned ;  not  in  tune ;  tliseordant,  unhar- 
monious. 

"  Pntun'd  my  lute,  and  silent  Is  my  lyre." 

Pope  :  Sapphn  to  Phaon,  229. 

■  un-tur'-baned»  <>.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
tiirlianed.]  '  Not  turbaned ;  not  wearing  a 
turban. 

"  Unttirban'd  and  unaandall'd  there 
Abdaldar  stood."  Soutlttrf/:  Thahiba,  il. 

*  un-tnrn',  r.t.  [Pref.  ■un-  (2),  and  Bug.  turn, 
\-.\     To  turn  back. 

■■  Think'at  thou  he  naught  but  prison-walls  did  see, 
TiU  so  uiiwilliiiK  thou  un  turn  dit  the  key." 

lii-afs:  The  Day  Lrigh  Hunt  Left  Prison. 


un-tumed'»  «.  [Pref.  h)i-(1),  and  Eiv^.  turned.] 
Not  turned. 
1i  To  /(■((!>■  no  stone  unturned  :  [J>toxk.  s.]. 

iln-tu'-tored*  (>•  [Pref.  nn'  (1),  and  Eng. 
tutored.] 

1.  Uninstruet^d,  untaught. 

"  Vntutnr'd  hy  science,  a  stranger  to  fear." 
llHvnt :  ll'Afn  /  lioved  a  Young  Highlander. 

2.  Uude,  raw,  crude. 

"The   worth    of   my    untutored   \\net.."—Sha'iesp.  ' 
tlapi-  of  Aucrecc.    (Detiic.t 

•  iin-twaln'.  I'.t.  [Pref.  uyi-  (2),  :':,  and  Eng. 
twain.]  To  rend  in  twain;  to  rend  asunder. 
{Cavland  of  Ixinrell,  1,440.) 

iin-twine\  v.t.  &  /.  [Pref.  un-  (•_'),  and  Eng. 
twine,  v.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  untwist ;  to  open  and  separate,  as 
something  that  has  been  twined  or  twisted. 

"  There  ends  thy  glory  !  there  the  Fates  imtwine 
The  laat  black  reiun.^iiit  of  so  bright  a  line." 

Pope:  Homer:  Iliad  xvi.  %0. 

2.  To  separate,  as  that  which  elasps  or 
winds ;  Ui  cause  to  cease  winding  round  and 
clinging. 

"  And  let  the  stinking  elder,  grief,  untwim- 
His  i^erishing  root."       Shakcsp.  :  Cjjmhctiuc.  iv.  '1. 

'  3.  To  explain  ;  to  solve. 
"  This  knot  might  he  unUi-ined  with  more  facilitie 
thus."— Wo/injAprf.'  Sujidrie  Invasions  of  Ireland. 

B.  Intrana.  :  To  become  untwined  or  un- 
twisted. 


un-twist',  v.t.  &  i.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
tiuist,  v. J 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  separate  and  open,  as  .svimething 
which  has  been  twisted  ;  to  turn  back  from 
being  twisted  ;  to  undo. 

"  Uniwiating  all  the  chains  that  tie 
The  hidden  soul  of  harmony," 

Milton  :  L' Allegro. 

2.  Fif).  :  To  solve  ;  tn  disentangle ;  to  ex- 
plain. 


B.  Intrans. :  To  become  untwisted  or  un- 
twined ;  to  separate  and  open. 

*  un-ty,  r.t.    [Untik.] 

U-nu-kal'-kay,  Un-a-kal'-kay,  -s.  [Cor- 
rupted Arabic  (?).j 

Astron. :  The  chief  star  of  the  constellation 
Serpens  (a  Ser|)entis).  It  is  between  the 
second  and  third  maguitude,  and  of  a  pale 
yellow  colour.  Called  by  media*val  astrolo- 
gers Cor  SerpC'nti.^. 

*  un-iin'-der-Btood,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  viidrrstoud,]  Not  understood  ;  nut  com- 
prehended. 

"  [English!  wjw  utterly  iniiniiirrstaod."  —  Fuller  : 
Church  Hist..  IX.  i,  hi). 

*  un-u'-ni-form,  f.  [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and  Eng. 
uuifiirm.]     Not  uniform  ;  wanting  uniformity. 

"  An  uiiniiifn'1,1  piety  i:*  in  many  so  exactly  appor- 
tioned to  S.it.in't*  interest.  "—Occaj/  of  Piety. 

*  un-u-ni-form'-x-ty,  s-  [Pref.  vn-  (1).  and 
Eug.  viiiformUy.\    Waut  of  uniformity. 

"  Aa  annular  hand  w.is.  therefore,  whirled  off,  .ia 
twice  before,  which  on  rupture,  through  uuunifarmit// 
became  consolidattd  into  the  plauet  Saturn."— /*oc  . 
Eureka  (  U'orA^.  I'H'A.  ii.  l<:f,). 

*  un-u'-ni-form-ness,  s.  [Eng.  ununiform  : 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  stiite  of  being  ununi- 
form ;  want  of  uniformity. 

*'  A  variety  of  part^i.  or  an  uuntiifornmens."— Clarke  ' 
Antrwer  to  Sixth  Letter. 

*  un-u-nit'-ed,  <-'.  [Pref.  vn-  (1).  and  Eng. 
vnited.]     Not  united  ;  disonited. 

nited  part*." — Clarke  : 

*  un-u-ni-ver'-si-ty,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-(2),  and 

Eng.  nuiversittj.]  To  deprive  of  a  university  ; 
to  reduce  from  the  rank  of  a  university. 
{Speciul  coinage.) 

"Northampton  w;ia  universit led."  —  Fuller  Hist. 
Camb.  Univ..  i.  50. 

"  iin-urged',  a.  [Pref.  Tn(.-(1).  and  Eng.  urged.] 
Not  ur-ed  ;  not  pressed  with  solicitation  ;  im- 
solicited. 

■■  A  Voluntary  zeal  and  an  unitrged  faith. " 

Shakcsp.:  King  John.  v.  2. 

*  un-lLg'-a-ble,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


vs'dile.]     Incapable  of  being  used;  unlit  for 
use. 

"  [t  It  true  that  old  and  unnnable  books  have  been 
forwarded,  "—.s/nr,  March  in.  ISbB. 

•un-U§'-age»  .s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  L'lig. 
usage.]     Want  of  usage. 

"  For  (lefaulte  of  itnuifive  and  entercomtnuning  of 
iiierfhaudi^e,' — r/((i((C''r ;  Hoerius,  bk.  ii.,  p.  T. 

iin-u^ed',  'nn-usde,  o.  [Pref.  un-{\),  and 
Eng.  usvaI.] 

1.  Not  put  to  use ;  not  employed  ;  not  ap- 
plied ;  disused. 

"  Death  lives  where  iwwer  lies  unusde." 

Harkluyt :  t'oj/ages,  iii.  C70. 

2.  That  lias  never  been  used. 

3.  Not  accustomed.  • 

■'  Cnused  to  wait,  I  brolic  through  her  delay." 

Congreoe  :  Mourning  Jiridt;  i. 

'  un-U^'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vnmed ;  -ncss.] 
Unwciiitcilness,  uuusualness. 

"  (Viiiiii;iriii!z   the    unusedwxn  of  this  act  with  the 
iiiinjieni.-^i  I'f  their  age."— .Si'iOjpy.'  Arcadia,  bk.  vii. 

■  un-use'-ful,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  vsc- 
ful.]    Not  useful;  useless  ;  serving  no  purpose. 
"  Your  gift 
"  Is  lint  ununeful  now." 

Heuuin.  &  Ftet.  :  Thierry  &  Theodoret,  iv. 

iin-US  -U-al  (S  :is  zh),  ».  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and 
Eng.  u^'iiil.]  Not  usual,  not  general,  not 
coiniufui  ;  rare,  infrequent,  unaccustomed, 
unwonted. 

"  The  voyage  was  performed  with  unusual  speed."- 
Macau/at/  :  Hist.   Eng.,  ch.  v. 

"  un-us-u-al'-i-ty  (s  as  zb).  s.    [Eng.  un- 

vsvnt :  -ifi/.]     Uuwoutedness,  eccentricity. 

"  Hi*  »(ii»SM((/(7.i/ of  expression."— /"oe.-  Marginalia, 

Ivi. 

iin-US'-U-al-l^ (S  aszh),  odr.  [Eng.  unusual; 
-h/.]  In  an  uuusiial  manner  or  degree  ;  not 
coninionly  ;  rarely,  unwuntedly. 


*  iin-US -u-al-ness  (§  ns  zh),  5.  [Eng,  un- 
usual' -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unusual ;  rareness,  uneomninimess,  unwonted- 
ness. 

"The  unusiialnesse  of  the  revelations. '—5/*.  /fall . 
Contcnp.  :  Oideon's  Calling. 

un-u'-til-ised,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
utilised.]  Not  utilised  ;  not  applied  to  some 
valuable  or  profitable  use  or  purpose. 

"  Forces  running  about  the  world  ,  .  .  unutilised." 
— Evening  Standard.  Jan.  25.  1888. 

"  un-Ut-ter-a-bil'-i-ty,    s.      [Eng.    unutter- 

-able ;  -ity.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unutterable. 

2.  That  which  cannot  be  uttered. 

"  They  come  with  hot  unullfrabilities  iu  their 
heart."— C«/V,V'f;  Fr.  Rceolution.  pt.  ii.,  bk,  i.,  ch.  iii, 

un-ut'-ter-a'-ble» «.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
unutierabh.]  Not  utterable  ;  nut  able  to  be 
uttered  ;  unspeakable,  ineffable. 

"  And  in  their  silent  facea  did  he  read 
Unutterable  love  " 

Wordsworth:  Exeursion,  bk.  i. 

un-ut'-ter-a-bly,  adi\  [Eng.  unutterable); 
-III.]  In  all  unutterable  manner  or  degree  ; 
unsjieakably,  inetTably. 

"The  life  of  Cowper  .  .  .  was,  at  certain  tinier,  nn 
utfi-radli/  woeful."  ~  A'KMx.*  /lemarks  un  (irtnnmnr 
Srhi'oli. 

un-ut'-ter-ed,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
uttered,]     Nut  uUered  or  spoken. 

"  The  accents  unuttered 
Ditd  on  liLs  lips."        Lou  gf el  lore  :  Evangeline,  ii.  h. 

tin-vac'-5in-at-ed,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  vaccimited.]    Not  vacc'inated. 

"  Tho  large  numhei' of  caae«  belonged  to  the  vaccin- 
ated insteJia  of  the  uni^accinated  as  stiteU."— fcAw. 
Jan.  25.  1888. 

"  un-va9'-U-lat-ing,  f.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  vacillatlnQ.l  Not  vacillating ;  not  wa- 
vering; steady. 

"  Firm  aud  tinvacillating  steps."— Sco«  .  ICeitil worth. 
ch,  xvii. 


'  un-val-ewd,  < 


[Unvalued.] 


*  un-Val'-11-a-ble,    a.      [Pref.    un-  (l),    and 
Eng.  vahudd'c.] 

1.  Not  valuable  ;  of  no  value  ;  valueless. 

"  If  Nature  deny  health  .  .  .  how    unvaluable  are 
their  richea."— j4dti»w ;   Works.  L  42*. 

2.  Invaluable  ;  beyond  all  value  or  price. 

"  A  good  name  is  unvaluabte."— South  :  .Sermons. 
vol.  ix.,  ser.  9. 


f^te,  fat,  f^e,  amidst,  what,  f^U,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there; 
or.  wove,  wplt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU ;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  -  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


unvalued— unwaked 


37  0 


iPri'f. 


"  l'liry*.'s  the  I'riest  c»tue  to 
Fur preseQta uf  unmlued  i 


un-v^r-ued«  "  un-val-cwd, 

(1),  an.l  Eiit;.  ntluul.] 
■  1.  liu'aluabli,-. 

I  the  fleet  t.i  Imy, 

■.  hiadatiKliU-r'sliberty. 
apiiiittt :  llomcr  ;  Iliad  i- 

2.  Not  valued,  not  priiieii ;  m-j;lecttid,  ile- 
spisod,  valueless. 

"  He  \w\y  iiot,  as  UMtxi/iu'ii  persona  tin." 

Khakt:sti.  '  tfitiitlet,  i-  » 

3.  Not  having'  had  the  value  estiuiated  .ir 
set  upon  it;  not  appraised. 

*  un-van'-quish-a-We,  ".     IPief.   un-  (i), 

;iii.l  Kii-.  vitnquishab!''.]  Not  able  to  be  vaii- 
•  mi^Iu'd;  tliat  .aiiu-'t  be  vanquislieii,  eou- 
quered,  or  overcome. 

"Toil  iuiil  unvaiiiinuhitblc  pciuiry." 

muiltC!/:  fiuecn  Mab,  iii. 

un-van'-quished,  «.  IPref.  uit.-  (1),  an<i 
Eug.  nuiquL^lu-il.]  Nut vauquished, conquered, 
or  subdued. 

"  The  Getule  town  beholdj 
"  A  people  bold,  unoantjuisltcd  in  wiiT. " 

.Suriei/ :  Virjil :  .Siicis  iv, 

*  iin-van'-taged,  a.   [Fref.  uii-  (l),  and  Ent:. 

iiinlnaoL]  "Not  aided,  assisted,  beuelit^-d,  ur 
advaiitaged. 

"  Yet  eveu  thus,  uiivitittugd  and  ou  fi'ut. 
Superior  houoiir  I  tlmt  day  .iciiuired.' 

Cawper:  Homer  :  iliatl  xi. 

'Un-var'-i-a-ble, '.(-  [Pref.  uh-(I),  and  Enj;. 
miiiihl^:.]  Not  variable;  not  changeable  ;  un- 
chanj-'ing ;  invariable. 

"  If  mail  would  he.  mn'iiriaUi: 
He  must  be  Goil.  or  like  a  lock  or  tree. ' 

Donne :  Jtnmort.  w/  the  Si>ai.  5  '.'. 

*  iin- var'-i-ant,  a.    [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  En^. 

varnfiit.]    Unvarying,  unchanging. 

■■  His  uiiiid  uiiKariaiit  doth  E.tjuiJ. ' 

.Stiiiiyhiirst  :  \'iiyil  ;  .Eneid  iv.  472. 

un-var'-ied,  '  un-var-yed,  ».  (Pref.  -m- 
(1),  and  Eug.  oarl*:d.\  Nut.  varied,  not  diver- 
silied,  not  altered. 

"  Tries  their  ei;huea  with  unvaru'd  crieB." 

fioUlsmith  :  imtrUd  Village. 

'un-var'-i-e-gat-ed,  «.    [Pref.  u/i-  (l),  and 

EiJ-.  rark'jaUid.]  Not  variegated,  not  diver- 
si  tied. 

un-var'-nished,  ".    (Pref.  an-  (i),  and  Eng. 

lurui^hid.] 

1.  Lit.:  Not  covered  or  spread  witlivariiisli. 

2.  Fig.  :  Not  brightened  up  with  any  exag- 
gerated or  untruthful  statements  designed  to 
make  a  narrative  more  attractive;  plain, 
simple. 

■•  r  will  a  round  anoamiOid  tale  deliver." 

Shaki'sp.  :  OOtcllo.  i.  3. 

iin-var'-y-ing,  a.  [Pref.  uu-  (l),  and  Eng. 
C'lriiiiig.]  Not  varying;  not  changing  or  al- 
tering ;  uniform. 

■■  F;ls3  my  dull,  unuarymg  days." 

Byron :  Tin:  (iinoitr. 

un-veil',  c.t.  &  L     [Pref.   tut-  (2),  and  Eng. 

A.  Transitice: 

1.  Lit. :  To  remove  a  veil  or  covering  from. 

"  Princess  Chriatiau  unveiled  ...  a  statue  of  the 
iiueeu/'—Htanilurd,  Dec.  17,  IR87. 

2.  Fig. :  To  reveal  what  was  before  hidden 
or  but  dimly  visible. 

"  Pallas  aud  the  Muse  unveil  their  awful  lore." 
Byron:  CliUde  Harold,  ii.  'JI. 
■*B.  Intransitiit^ : 

1.  Lit.  :  To  come  forth  in  brightness. 

"  Aud  eager  faces  aa  the  light  uni'eili. 
Gaze  at  the  tower."  Longfellow^  LighOiouae. 

2.  Fig. :  To  become  known  or  public ;  to 
come  to  light. 

"  This  mystery  of  iniciuity  has,  through  five  genem- 
tioua.  been  gradually  ani>eilin'j."—Mn<MUlay:  HisC. 
Ewj.,  ch.  xvii. 

un-veiled ,  pa.  p"-r.  or  a.    [Unveil.] 

*  iin-veil'-ed-lj^,  <i'lv.  [Eng.  unvalkd :  -/*/.i 
With  no  veil  upon  the  face ;  hence,  plainly, 
without  disguise ;  openly. 

"  Not  knowing  what  use  you  will  make  of  what  hiis 
been  unoeiledly  c-imiuunicated  to  you."  —  Bujfle  : 
Works,  iv.  IS. 

un-veil'-er,  '  iin-vail'-er,  s.  [Eug.  unveil; 
■er.]  One  who  uuveils;  one  who  exposes  or 
expounds. 

"  For  these  f  the  divine  hooksl  want  not  excellencies, 

but  uuly  skilful  uuvitilt!rs."—/io;/le:   Works,  iv.  it. 

*  un-ven-cus-a-ble,  *  un-ven-kus-a- 
ble,  (I.  [Pref.  utL-  (1).  Mid.  Eng.  vciikuscnj 
r<:tifiHishcii=  vanqui.sh.)     Unvanquishable. 

"  He  ahal  take  the  sheeld  anvenkf  'Me  equite."— 
Wycliffe:    Wisdom  v.'M. 


*  fin-ven -er-a-We,  «.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 
Kng.  pcuimbtt:']  Not  venerable  ;  not  worthy 
of  veneration ;  contemptible. 

"  I'lirenvrtitila)!!)  thy  hands." 

Shiikinp. :   Winter's  Tale,  ii,  J. 

-  un-Ven  omed,  n.  [  Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
irnoiutd.]    Not  venomous,  not  poisonous. 

"  If  thou  umy'Ht  spit  upon  a  toad  uni'<-nomed."—Iip. 
Il'tlt     ."iittire*.   (PoMtscripL) 

■  iin-ven'-d-mous,  tr.  [Pref.  u»t-  (l),  and 
Eng.  n  iioiiioHs.]    Not  venomous,  not  poison- 


it-  (I),  and  Bng. 
t    fre(|uenteil    by 


jchiitmg  [ia  not]  eithur  soft  <ir 
-Uilwien:  Teart  of  thti  Church. 


!(,i-  (1),  and  Eng. 
openeil  for  utter- 
n.    it    Flet.  :    Mad 


■*  Tho  sting  of  their 
blunt  or  unvcnoinoua." 

'  un-vent'-ed,  '(.    [Pref. 
t'ciitcd.\    Not  vented;  not 
iuice  or    emission.      (VJni.t 
Locu;  ii.) 

un-ven -til-at-ed,  't.  [Prt-f.  uu-  (i),  aud 
Eng.  ventilated.]  Not  ventilated  ;  not  fanned 
by  the  air ;  not  puritied  by  a  free  current  of 
ail'. 

■•  A  close.   uHOcntilated  cell."— Pa/i   M(tll    Gazette, 
J.m.  -M.  1S9S. 

t  un-ve-ra'-cious,  «.  [Pref.  an-  (l),  and 
Eng.  irrai:ioHS.]  Not  veracious  ;  not  given  to 
speaking  the  truth  ;  untruthful. 

t  un-ve-ra9'-i-ty,s.  [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  Eug. 
irni/:it!j.]    Want  of  veracity  or  truthfulness. 

A  mau  of  sufficient  unoeracitt/ot  htarL'—Curli/le: 


Vri. 


nuell,  i.  <; 


"  un-ver'-dant,  a:  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
verdant.]    Not  verdant,  not  green, 

"  A  leafless  tree  or  an  tntverdant  mead." 

Vou'prr :  Ovid;  ArtqfLooe,  iii. 

•  un-ver'-it-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (l),  and 
Eug.  veritable.]    Not  veritable,  not  true. 

"  All  these  proceeded  ujwn  unveritalle  grounds."— 
lU-owiie  :   yut-jar  Errours,  bk.  vii.,  ch.  x. 

un-versed',  a.  [Pref.  ait-  (l),  and  Eng. 
versed.]  Not  versed  ;  not  skilled ;  not  ac- 
<iuainted ;  unskilled. 

■'  A  mind  iu  all  heart-niysteriea  umwsed." 

Wordsworth:  Excursivn,  bk.  vi. 

"  un-ves'-sel,  ^■.^  [Pref.  wu- (2),  and  Eng. 
ves%-l.  I  To  eaii^t'  tu  be  no  longer  a  vessel ;  to 
empty. 

^un-vexed',  "un-vext,  h.  ;pref.  itH.-(i), 
and  Eng.  vexed.]  Not  vexed,  not  troubled, 
not  molested. 

"  How  blest  is  he,  who  Ituuls*  a  country  life, 

Cnvex'd  with  .uixiuus  wu-es,  aiid  void  of  strife  !" 
Dryden  :  To  J.  Dryden,  />;. 

'  un-vic'-ar,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Euy. 
uiOK-.l    To  deprive  of  the  position  of  a  vicar. 

"  If  I  hiul  youi-  authority  I  would  be  so  bold  to  un- 
vicar  him."— Strype :  Crwuner.  bk.  ii..  ch.  vii, 

un-vict'-ualled  ('■  silent),  *  un-vit - 
tailed,".  [Pref.  »«- (l),  and  Eng.  yic/uu/^a/.) 
Not  supplied  or  provided  with  food. 

■'  VnnittitUcd,  vnfurnished,  vnprepared.  for  so  long 
;t  sieire."— .Sir  J.  Cheeke :  The  Hurt  of  .•iedition. 

'  un-vig'-or-ous-ly,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Eng.  vigorousUi.]  Not  vigorously  ;  with- 
■mt  vigour  or  energy. 

"  The  man  that  St.  Paul  forewarns  us  of,  but  uot 
unvigorously."— Milton  :  UeaS.  of  Church  Govt.,  bk.  i.. 
ch.  V. 

'  un-vi'-6-la-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  vlolable.]  Not  to  be  violated;  inviolable. 
{Shaki'sp.  :  Richard  III.,  ii.  1.     Quarto.) 

un-vi'-o-lat-ed,  ct,    [Pref.  iin-{l),  and  Eng. 

violated.] 

1.  Not  violated,  not  injured. 

'■  So,  westwiirJ,  towied  the  unriolatcd  wor>da." 
Wordneurch:  £xcur8ion,  bk.  iii. 

2.  Not  broken ;  uot  transgressed ;  as,  an 
unviolated  vow. 

*  un-vir'-tu-OUfi, «.     [Pref.  an-  (1),  and  Eng. 

virtuous.]  Not  virtuous  ;  wanting  or  destitute 
of  virtue. 

■'  The  poor  unvirluous  fat  kuight."  —  Shakvsp. : 
Merry  Wtees,  iv.  2. 

*  un-vis'-i-ble, 

nn-  (l)*and  Eng. 

■*  Alle  thinyis.  .  . 
Col'ixi.  i. 

*  un-vis-i-bly",  (^dv,  [Eng.  anvLsibilc);  -ly.] 
Invisibly. 

•'  Adore  the  B-inie  fle<ih  in  aubstanne.  altbo*  uncUibti/ 
iu  the.iiicrament."— fl/^.  UarUner:  Scr.  at  Fum-rat  ftf 
Uuc'-n  Mary. 


'  un-vys-i-ble,  «.    [Pref. 
visible.]     Invisible. 
\iBibie;uid  unrysUfleJ—Wycliffe: 


^-Vls-it-ed.  a.      [Pref. 

riiit'd.]      Nut    visited ;    i 
travellers  ;  not  resorted  to, 

"  VnU\  at  length  1  camo  to  one  denr  nook 

Vnvitiled."  WordttPorth:  Jtuttit*(/. 

un-vi'-tal,  a.  [Pref.  mi-(l),  and  Eng.  intul.] 
Not  vitiil ;  not  essential  to  life  ;  henee,  fatal. 

'■  The  dimoriihoufl  nlr  coubIhIii  of  pure  or  vitaJ.  "ml 
of  an  uiivital  .lir,  which  ho  theucv  culled  ilhiU:."— 
Whetcctl. 

un-vlt'i  at-ed  (It  as  ish).  a.     (Pr*f.   un- 

(1),  and    Kiig.    vitiated.]      Not   vitiated  ;   not 
corrupted  ;  pure. 

"  Your  niece  a  virgin  and  unvitiated." 

Ben  Jaiuon:  Magnetic  Lady,  iv.  X 

*  un-vit'-ri-fi-a-blo,  a.  [Pref.  utt-  (1),  and 
Eng.  vUrijiable.]  Impossible  to  vitrify,  or 
make  into  glass. 

"  The  alkali  acts  as  a  flus,  and  facilltateji  the  vHr»- 
fication  of  the  earthy  particleB,  which  sepunitely  »sv 
HiirirrijUible.'~Ca»sell's  Technlcat  Educator,  pt-  »ii.. 

p.  ;ktf. 

*  un-vit-tailed,  «.    [Unvictuaiixd.] 

^un-viz'-ard,  'un-vi^'-ard,  v.t.  \Vict. 
an-  (2),  and  Eng.  vizard.]  To  divest  of  a 
vizard  or  mask;  to  unmask.  (Milton:  Ani- 
land,  on  liem.  Def.,  §  1.) 

*  un-vo'-cal,   a.      [Pref.   nn-   (1),  and   Eng. 

t'uful.]     Not  vocal;    not  modulated    by  the 
voice  ;  unsuitixble  for  the  voice. 

"  So  formidable  is  the  predominance  of  the  orthM- 
tra  uowiidays.  that  there  is  some  danger  of  voail 
music,  when  aaaociattd  with  it,  becoming  thoroughly 
unvoeuV—llaily  Telegraph,  Feb.  20,  lsS8. 

un-T6i9ed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),and  Eng.  voiced.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang, :  Not  spoken  ;  uot  utterej ; 
not  articulated. 

2.  Phonetics:  Not  uttered  with  the  voice, 
as  distinct  from  breath. 

*  un-VMd'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

voidable.]    Not  voidable  ;  irreversible. 

•■He  will  pronounce  that  unvoidtiblc  sentence.'— 
BtiiUy  :  Vollo-juies  of  Erasmus,  p.  17a. 

■  un-vol'-un-tar-y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  voluntary.]     Invohiutary.     (FuUcr.) 

*  un-vo-lup'-tU-OUS,  ".     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 

Eng.  volai'l nuns']    Free  tiom  volui>tuousness  ; 
not  sensuous. 

"He  had  written  stauxaa  as  jiastoral  and  auoolup- 
tuous."—G.  Eliot:  Middlcnuirdi,  ch.  xxiii. 

*iixi-v6te',  v.t.     [Pref.  un- (2),  and  Eng.  vott.)  • 
To  revolie  or  recall  by  a  vote, 

"  Votwd  and  unvoted  aguin  from  day  to  day."— Bur. 
net :  Own  Time  iau.  17111. 

"un-V<R^ed',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
powed.]  Not  vowed;  not  consecrated  by 
vow  or  solemn  promise. 

"If  intfowed  to  another  order."— Suiirfj/l."  Traoelt. 

* un-v6y'-age-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  an-O),  and 
Eng.  voyageabte.'] 

1.  Sot  voyageable  ;  unnavigable. 

2,  Impassable,  untraversable. 

"  Here  stiindinij  with  the  unooyagr.nble  sky 
Iu  faint  rertectiun  of  infinitude. '■ 

Wordsurorth  :  Excursion,  bk.  v. 

*  un-VUl'-gar,  o.     (Pref.    an-  {\),   anrl    Eng. 

vnhjiir.]     N")t  vulgar;  uot  common  or  low. 
■■  i'jithetiial  and   i(»n>ii/,'/'ir,  words  of  worth,  excel- 
lent words.  "—JAtrjfoH.-  Antonio's  Jieoenge,  iii.  2. 

un-viil'-gar-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  vulgarize.]  To  divest  of  vulgarity;  to 
make  to  be  not  vulgar.    (Natiotuil  Jievivu?.} 

*  un-vul'-gar-l^,  (uit*.  [Eng.  unvulgar;  -ly ; 
or  jierhaps  tVoni  pref.  un-  (2),  3.,  and  so  =  in 
a  very  vulgar  mauner.]  In  an  uncommon 
manner  or  degree  ;  extraordinarily. 

"1  have  taken  a  murr,  which  makes  my  m.se  run 
most  unculyarly.' —  Marston :  Antonios  Ht-oeivje. 
iii.  :;. 

*  iin-vul-ner-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

En",   vnlnerabh'.]     Not  vulnerable;  invulner- 
able. 
"To  shame  unimlnerabte"  Sluikis/i. :  Corkftania.v.X 

iin-wait'-ed,  f^      (Pref.   un-  (1),  and    Eug. 

nHiilv>l.\     Nut  waited  ;    not  watched   oi    at- 
tended.    (With  fur  or  on.) 

"To  wonder  up  and  down  unicaitcd  on.' 

Heaum.  *  Flet. :  Mad  I.'>i'rr.  Ii. 

'un- waked',  a.    [Pref.   un-  (1),  antl   Eng. 

tmked.]    Not  wakened  ;  not  awake;  asleep. 
"She  unwaked 
A-bedde  h»ic."  Gower:  C.  A  .  vii. 


boil,  b^;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  9eU,  chorus.  911m.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  thU;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon.  e^t.    ph  -  f. 
-tian  =  Shan,    -tion,  -sion  ==  shun ;  -tion.  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus,    -ble,  -die,  iic.  =  bel,  dcL 


-cian. 


J7» 


unwakened— unweariedness 


ttn-wak'-^ed,  n.  [Prcf.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
tnikrtietl.]  N*i>t  wakened  ;  not  rousud  from 
tir  as  from  slcrji, 

"Tm  iliiil  finn-'itfuetl  K»e 
W;tli  tri-*.->i-t.  il.-f i-swl,'  .Vif.'wn  ;  /".  i..  v.  9. 

on-walk'-a-Ue  (Uc  as  k).  «.    [Pref.  itn- 
( [),  and  Eng*  mWA-nWc.|    Unht  for  walkinj:. 

"ThlicteniiU  itnteaHmUr  \it«ntiter~—3/atl,t)' Arbhti/ 

nUtry.  vll.  7. 

•  un-wollc'-ing  {I  Kilont),  a.  [Prof,  hh-  (l), 
■I'nl  Kiig.  i('((//;tM;/.l    Nut  yiven  to  walking. 

"  [  itm  «w  « H KviU-iiiy  thilt  [irositt'C'ta  nrc  mure  ngrpe- 
iittlr  to  nil*  hIh'ii  trKiiicd  itiiil  glate^l,  niiti  I  luuk  iit 
tln-ni  llin.uKh  ii  whidtiw."— ir.r/pw/*- :  Letter*.  Iv.  IBi;. 

un  -  walled '»  n.  jPref.  ?in-  (1),  and  Enu'- 
'v'-r^j  Nut  walled  ;  nt>tsuiTonndcd,si'cun'd. 
'•V  [i-ncfd  in  by  widls. 


'  unwal'-let,  v.t.  [Pref.  ji»-  (-J),  and  Enj;. 
,y(■/V^l    To  take  lUit  ofa  wallet. 

"Tlie  Iiiciiuey .  .  .  titnpnilrtiil  liin  cheese."— /ari'**; 
/J,-,  Viitxotf.  pt.  ii..  Ilk.  Iv..  cli.  xlv. 

•  fin-wan'-der-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Ell.:;.  I'nmkriu'j.]  Ntit  wandering  or  moving 
I'ri'in  i)liice  to  idace. 

"  Ctiwiitiilerinff  they  might  wait 
Tlieir  lord's  retmii."       Coteiter :  Iftnuer;  Itiad  \ii'u 

un-wan'-ing,  'i.     [Pref.  »n-  (l),  and  Eng. 
miut^iij.]    Xdt  waning,  fading,  or  diminisli- 

■  Hi-peajimnK  forth  liko  a  full-born  Deity  .  .  . 
With  Uijht  uiiu'itiiiiiif  on  her  eyes." 

t'olcrii/ffe :  Tq  Wonhworth. 

'  un-want'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eng. 
y>uf>-t{.\    X..t  w.Tiited  ;  not  needed;  not  re- 

'(uirad  or  suii^'lit  for. 

■A  lesson  on  tliis  giihject  could  not  have  Iwen  mii- 
.•••iiutM  by  tlieru,  "— (.i7^(/i  ■  Dhcourses.  vol.iv.,  liiutr.. 

'  un-wap'-pered.  c  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  irappered.]  Not  caused,  or  not  liaving 
reason,  to  tremble ;  not  made  tremulous ; 
lirnce,  fearless  through  innocence. 

"  We  come  towRnls  the  fod? 
Vuuii^,  nntl  iinwnpperett,  not  hiilting  under  oilmen 
Mnny  :iiul  stiite."  7'wo  A'oblc  Khismeu,  v.  4. 

•  iin  -  ward'- ed,   a.     (Pref.  vn-  (i) ;    Eng. 

»;'y,l,  and  sv.tX.  -e//.]     Unwatched,  unguarded. 

"Tjri"te3   .   .  .   fscajied    by  .i   gate   that    was    un- 
.,:'r,lr.i:~Breiui.-:  (^tihit.  Cttrt..  fol.  81. 

■  fin-ware',  a.  &  adv.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

.•vrc] 

A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Not  aware  ;  oft' one's  guard  ;  unaware. 

"  liar  lie  so  sutlenliche  unwarc 
Beheld  the  beantee  that  ahe  baa-e."    Oower:  C.  A.,  v. 

2,  Unforeseen,  unexpected. 

"Thesodayneft  ii/iwureius-autea." — Fabyiin.  Chrou.: 
i.'iwi/s  IX.  Ian.  21). 

B.  vis  adi\  :  Unawares,  iinexpectedly. 

"  Thus  bryngeth  he  lu.tny  ,i  meschiefe  in 
Cnware."  Gower:  C.  A.,  iv. 

•  un-ware'-ly,  *  un- ware-lye.  adv.  [Eng. 

uiiware:  -/*/.j     Unawares,  unexpectedly. 

■cl;/  upon  me."— t'Aidicfr 


un-ware'-ness,  ""un-ware-nesse, 

lEng.  vuicars;  -mss.]     Unwarine.ss. 


"  un-ware§f',  adv.  [Unware,  Unawares.] 
Wnauares,  unexpectedly.     (Frequently  with 

'■He  did  set  upon  tbera  at  unioares."—Holin8h*:d  ■ 
llist.  .Scotland  ;  Ederuo. 

un-war'-i-ly,  rtih'.  [Eng.  unwary:  -ly.}  In 
an  unwary  manner;  without  vigilance  and 
(autinii ;  heedlessly,  incautiously. 

■'  rnu'ttrili/  trusting  the  rndian  with  his  firelock."— 
■liiao'i :  Voyages,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  il. 

un-war'-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unwary;  -nes*.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unwary ;  heed- 
le.ssness  ;  want  of  caution  ;  carelessness. 


"The  same  temper  , 
Hiich   sliiis,  and  iiuuutn 

No.  256. 


.  naturally  betniya  us  into 
ffics.'—AiidiJion:   tipcvtator. 


un-war'-like.  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (l),  and  Eug. 
v'urlike.]  Not  warlike;  not  fit  for  war;  not 
used  to  war. 

"If  the  consuls  were  ummrlike.  why  was  not  a 
'liitator    apixjintedV— Ltwia;    CreU.    Earhj   Rmnan 

-  lin-warm',  v.%.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
r'onn.]    To  lose  warmth  ;  to  become  cold. 

•■  With  honid  chill  e-ich  little  heart  umearms.- 
Bood.    [Annaniialc.) 


'  un-warmed,  ".  (Pref.  mi- {i),  and  Eng. 
vanned.]  Not  warmed ;  not  moved  with 
passion. 

■   "ToKaz*  on  Basset  and  remain  unwarmfU." 

J'ovc:  Uuutt  Table. 

un-wamed',  ".  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
irm-nni.] 

1.  Not  warned ;  not  cantioiu'd ;  in>t  ad- 
moni.shed  of  danger. 

"  Not  unu'iirited  by  u», 
-ish." 
Cowper :  Homer:  Odyisey  i. 

'  2.  or  which  no  previous  warning  had 
been  given. 

"  Makes  .  .  .  tinwafrtfd  Uiroixds  into  the  adjoyning 
country."— /i/>.  Halt :  .foiHt-n  on  Psalm  xivi.  8. 

'  un-warn'-ed-lS?,  adv.  [Eng,  nniv(t7'7ied ; 
-')/,)     Without  warning  or  notice. 

"  Thi-y  be  Muddenly  and  ztnirarnedln  brought  forth." 
/.kV;  Sr/cct  H'or/tt.  p.  88. 

'  un-warp',  t\t.  [Pref.  un-  ('*),  and  Eng. 
inarp.]  To  reduce  from  tlie  stote  of  being 
warped. 

"  When  the  bark  (of  the  cork-tree]  ia  off.  they  un- 
wuff  it    Ix-fore    the    t\vt."~'Eveli/n :   tSylva,    bk.  ii., 

lin-warped;  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
mn-)ml.]  Not  warped,  uot  bia?*seii,  not  pre- 
judiced. 

"  Honest  zeal,  imwarpd  by  party  rage. ' 

Thomson:  .Sprin;;.  92['. 

iin-war -rant-a-Me,  «.    [Pref.  vn-  (i),  and 
Eng.  v.vrnhitithlr.]    Not  warrantable,  not  de- 
fensible, uot  justifiable  ;  iiuj  us  tillable. 
•■  Or  that  you  see  good  people  to  beguile 
With  things  »nu-arrnntable." 
ffunyan  :  fi^^ri'n's  Prof/ress,  pt.  Ii,    (Introd.) 

un-war'rant-a-ble-ness,  .^.  [Eng.  'in- 
warravtuhk. ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unwarrantable. 

"The  unwarrantableness  of  lay  presbytery."—/;/^. 
Hall:  Ans.  to  Vindication  of  Smccti/mnuiis,  §  3, 

iin-war'-rant-a-"bl5^,  miv.  [Eng.  unwr- 
rantab{h'):' -hj.]'  In  tin  unwarrantable  man- 
ner; uiOustitiably,  indefensibly. 

"Having  in  former  times  been  very  unwan'tDit-ahti/ 
extendeil  '  —Seeker :  Sennomi.  vol.  v..  charge  5. 

iin-war'-rant-ed,  «.     [Pi-ef.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  varrihited.] 

1.  Not  warranted,  not  authorized. 

"Governed  with  an  unlawful  and  unwurranted 
e<;uality.'"— B^.  Taylor:  Episcopacy  Asserted.  §  9. 

2.  Not  justified;  unwarrantable,  unjusti- 
fiable. 

"  The  Turka  consent  even  to  accept  this  assistance, 
wliich  WHS  interpreted  as  ttnwarranted  interference." 
—Times.  Nov.  lu.  1875. 

3.  Not  warranted  or  guaranteed ;  not  as- 
:iured  or  certain. 

"  Upon  hope  of  an  unwarranted  conquest."— -Bncctf. 

4.  Not  guaranteed  as  good,  sound,  or  of  a 
certain  quality  :  as,  an  vnwai'runted  horse. 

un-war'-y»  a.     [Pref.  vn-(l)>  and  Eng.  wan/.] 
1.  Nnt  wary,  not  vigilant  against  danger ; 
nnt  cautious,  unguarded,  careless,  heedless. 
"  Full  on  the  helmet  of  the  wnmir;!/ knight."' 

Drydcn  :  Palamon  £  Arcite.  iii.  643. 

'  2.  Unexpected. 

"  All  in  the  open  hall  amazed  stood 
At  fiuddennes:^  of  that  unwary  sight." 

Spenser:  F.  <i..  I.  xii.  25. 

un-washed',  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ii'itshaL  I  Not  washed  :  not  cleansed  by  water  ; 
lilthy,  unclean,  vulgar. 

"  r  dare  not  pour  with  hands  unwctili'd  to  Jove 
The  rich  libation."      C(m>per  :  Horner  ;  Iliad  vL 

If  The  Unwashed,  the  Great  Unwashed:  The 
lower  classes  generally  ;  the  mob,  the  rabble. 
The  term  was  first  applied  by  Burke  to  the 
artisan  class. 

^  un-wash'-en.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
washe.n.]     Not  washeu  ;  unwashed. 

•Thi-  Pliariaee  [finds  fanltj  with  iniwaihett  hands."' 
—Ii)'.  HnU  :  Pharisaism  &  Christ hinitie. 

un-wast'-ed,    a,      [Pref.   vn-  (l),  aud  Eng, 

VMStcd.\ 

1.  Not  wasted,  not  consumed  in  extrava- 
gance ;  not  lavished  away;  not  dissipated. 

2.  Not  consumed  or  diminished  by  time, 
violence,  disease,  or  other  means. 

•■  A  whole  iinwoited  man." 

Donne:  Prof/ress  of  the  Soul.  i. 

3.  Not  devastated  ;  not  laid  waste. 

"  The  most  southerly  of  the  ummstcd  hrovincea."— 
ISurkc  :  ynbob  of  Ar cot's  Debts.    (1785,) 

'  un-wast'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
imsting.]  Not  wastingaway  ;  not  diminishing. 

"  Purest  love's  unwanting  treasure. " 

Pope :  Vhorui  to  Brutus. 


UIl-wat9hed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
watrhrd.]  Not  watched,  not  guarded  ;  not 
carefully  attended  to  or  looked  after. 

'■  Madnps,  in  great  ones  must  not  unwatch'd  go, ' 
ShakcHp.  :  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

•  un-wat5h'-ful»  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

vmtchjid.]    Not  watchful  ;  not  vigilant. 

"They  are  cold  in  their  reilgion  .  .  .  uttwatchful  in 
their  cirfumstances."— fl/>.  Taylor:  Sermons,  vol.  ii.. 
Jier.  2'i. 

■  ilxi-wat9ll'-fal-ness,  s.  [Eng.  nnwatch^ 
fvl :  -)/c.f.s.  I  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
watchful ;  want  of  watchfulness  or  vigilance. 

-Leighton  : 

im-wa'-tered,  a.  (Pref.  vn-  (i),  and  Eng. 
wntercd.] 

1.  Not   watered  ;    not  wetted  with  water  ; 
not  soaked  in  water. 

"Stokfyshe,  vnioatcred  and  uusodeyu."'— Fiiftwrtu  .- 
Chrnnyclc .  The  Will. 

2.  Not  mixed  or  diluted  with   water;   as, 
unwatcred  spirits. 

•  un-wa'-ter-y,  *  un-wa-tri,  a.    [Pret.  an- 

(1),  and  Eng.  uKitei-^j.]    Not  watered  ;  dry. 

"  In  to  wnithe  thei  stiridea  hym  in  unwatri  plaic"* 
—  WycUffe     /•«.  l-xxviL  4a 

un-wa'-ver-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and  Eng. 
waverinri.]  Not  wavering,  not  fluctuating, 
not  unstable  ;  steady,  steadfnst,  firm. 

"How  un^caverinn  she  continued   in  her.  .  .  pur- 

^i3Ae."—Strype :  Ecctes.  Jlem.  ;  Edward  VI.  (im.  i;i5i|, 

•  un-w^x",  ^  un-wexe,  im".  [Pref.  <ui-  (i), 
and  Eng.  kux.]    To  decrease. 

•  un-wayed'  (1).  a.    [Unweigued.] 

'un-wayed'  (2),  «.  [Pref.  un-  (I):  Eng. 
wioj,  and  suff.  -erf.] 

1.  Not  used  to  travelling;  not  accustometl 
to  the  road. 

"Colts  that.^re  unwayed.  ami  will  nut  go  at  all."— 
Slick!)  ng. 

2.  Having  no  roads  ;  pathless. 

"It  rtlie  land]  shal  be  unwnied  or  wayles."— U'j/- 
cUffe  .   Eccliis.  xiv.  15  ;  also  xv.  8. 

'^  tin-weak'-ened,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
weakened.]     Not  weakened  ;  not  enfeebled, 

"The  utiifcakened  pressure  of  the  external  air,""- 

Boyfc. 

'  fin-weal'-thy*  «.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  En--. 
wealthy.]     Not  wealthy ;  poor. 


un-weaned'.  «.      [Pref.   un-    (l),   and  Eng. 

wca  n ed.  ] 

1.  Lit.  :  Not  weaned. 

■'  My  unweaned  son." 

Byron  ;  Heaven  d:  Earth,  i.  3, 

2.  t'ig. :  Not  withdrawn  or  disengaged. 

"  An  unweaned  aflection  for  peculiaxities."— Co^nn  .■ 
Ethical  2'reatise,  dis.  iii.,  §  2. 

'  un-weap'-oned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eug. 
wcapu}!,  and  sull'.  -ed.]  Not  bearing  a  weapon 
or  weapons  ;  unarmed. 

"  The  unu'caponed  multitude.", —  BoUnshed :  De- 
script,  of  Ireland,  ch.  iii. 

^  un-wear'-i-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  wearkdile']  Not  weariable  ;  not  capable 
of  being  wearied ;  indefatigable. 

"  Actuated  by  the  uriweariabte  endeavours  of  our 
worthy  and  never-enough  commended  Durceus." — 
Bp.  Hall:  Peace-maker,  §6. 

"*  un-wear'-l-9,-bly.  adv.  [Eng.  unwearia- 
b(le);  -ly.\  In  an  unwcariable  manner;  inde- 
fatigably. 

"  Let  us  e.arnestlyaud  untoeariably  aspire  thither." 
—Up.  Hall :  Christian  Assttrance  of  Heaven. 

un-wear'-ied,  a.  [Pref.  im-  (1),  aud  Eng. 
weurkd.] 

1.  Not  wearied ;  not  tired  ;  not  fatigued. 

"  The  Creator,  from  his  work 
Desisting,  though  unwearied,  up  retum'd." 

A/iiton  :  P.  L..  vii.  &5J. 

2,  Indefatigable,  assiduous,  unweariable. 

"An  unjpcaried  devotion  to  the  service  of  God  re- 
commended the  gos)>el  to  the  world." — iiogers:  Ser- 
mon 

un-wear'-ied-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unwearied; 
■hj.]     In  an  unwearied  manner;  iudefatigably. 

"TliUH   tliey   lal>our   uiweariedly  the  ruin  one  of 

another."— fici-ftfir;  Seriiiuus.  vol.  v.,  aer.  14, 

un-wear'-ied-iiess»  5.  [Eng.  u  mvearied ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
wearied. 

"  The  iudefe.asibleness  or  unweariedness  i>f  the  prin- 
ciple of  thought"'— fiox/tfr;  On  the  Soi.l,  i.  rjS. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father:  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there 
ov.  wore,  wplt  work,  who.  son;  mute,  ciib,  ciire.  mtite,  cur,  rAle.  faU:  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot. 
Syrian.    S9,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  tw. 


unweary— unwit 


*  fin-wear'-^,  n.  [Vwif.  mi-  (I),  ami  Ew^. 
ururif,  ;i.|    Nut  wi'ary  ;  not  fatigued. 

"  Uri-  fiu:e  iiU  \»i.]«  froiu  WAtcIifiil  luv9,  thu  uutceuri/ 
luvetiliti  bova  lihii." 

/'.  11.  Srowiiiwj  ■  Cowper't  Grafc. 

^"' iin-wear'-y,  i\t.  iPruf.  mi-  (2),  ami  Enjj. 
weanj,  V.J  T'>  letVosli  atttT  weariness  or 
lati;;iio. 

"  It  Miturfarivsiirulrufrealicauiore  ttmu  niiy  tliiug." 
—  Tfinijte. 

*  iin-weave',  '^^  iPri-'f.  mi-  (2),  and  Enj;. 
K'tn/c.l  I'o  undo,  as  .something  that  has  bt'ini 
woven  ;  to  takt)  out  the  muvks  of  what  is 
woven ;  (t)  resolve  what  is  woven  into  the 
threads  "'f  which  it  was  made. 

■   N..W  slitf  uiuvmoci  tlie  web  tbat  she  hftth  wrouglit" 
Sfiakexp. :   t'enus  £  Adonis,  asi. 

un-webbed',  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Enj,'. 
irebbcd.l  Not  furnished  with  a  web  or  mem- 
brane. '  Used  of  the  tarsi  nf  land  birds. 

*  un-wed',  n.  [Pref.  nH'  (1),  and  Eny.  icciL] 
Unniairied. 

■'  Neitliiiv  too  youii?,  nor  yet  umocel." 

S/nj/ii-tp,:  I'asti-mtUe  fitijriin.  xvi. 

iin-wed'-ded,  "..     iPref.  un-  (1),  an<l  Eng. 
1,  Not  wedded ;  nnniariied. 

■■  Ami  matrons  juut  tninuHlil'-d  sistera  did." 

lyoidxivorth:  Exairsiurit  bk.  v 

U.  N'ut  joined  111- united.   (Unhlisbandkd,  4-1 

•'  My  lamljliiig  vines  tmieeddt'd  totlie  trees," 

t'oiv/jer:  Death  of  Itamun. 

■  un-wedge -a-ble,  ^  iin  wedg'-a-ble,  (f. 

[Pref.    '(/(-  (1);    Eni;.    w.-dge,  and  -abh:]     Not 
ciipable  of  bein;4  split  open  with  wedges. 
"  Th«  niiwediruMe  Jiiid  gnarled  oak." 

.Sliiiki:ai}. :  Mt'ttsurc/or  Mensun',  ii.  2. 

un-weed'-ed,  '(.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
weadvd.]  Not  ueede'l;  not  clenretl  or  freed 
from  weeds. 

'■  Tifl  .111  ((/nclvi/l-J  Burden, 
That  Liruws  tn  seed."  shakesp. :  ffmnh-t,  i.  2. 

*  un-weep'-ing,  tr.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Enj;. 
irwyi iiij.]  Not  weeping ;  not  sliedding  or 
dropping  te;irri. 

"  The  di.-ath-(l:iys  ut  nnweepimj  eyes," 
Bnii/luii  :  Duke  Humphry  to  Elcnor  Cobhitiit. 

*  un-weet'  iDg,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ivettli>jf.\     Not:  knowing  ;  ignorant,  unwitting. 

{MilUm:  Conine,  .JUO.) 

*  un-Weet'-ing-ly,  adi\  [Eng.  »  u  ivceting  ; 
•U}.\  Unwittingly,  ignorautly ;  in  ignorance. 
{Miltuit:  Saiasoii  Agonistes,  l,b80.) 

*un- weighed' ('//'.  silent),  *un-wayed'  a. 

[Pref.  nil-  (1),  and  Eng.  weighed.] 

1.  Not  weighed  ;  not  having  the  weight  as- 
certained,    (brijdcii. :  Life  of  Virgil.) 

2.  Not  deliljerately  eonsidered  ami  exa- 
mined ;  not  considered,  ineonsiderate  ;  un- 
guarded. 

"  What  an  u>iiiKl'jki:d  behaviour  bath  this  Flemish 
druukaid  picked."— S/tafcfJf/*.  .■  Jterry  Wives,  ii.  1. 

*un-weigh'-ing  (gh  silent),  o.  [Pref.  un- 
(l),  and  Eng.  weighing.]  inconsiderate, 
thonghtl^ess. 

"A  very  siiiierficial,  ignorant,  iinwciffhinff M\ow."— 
Shakcxfj. :  Measure  fof  Mianure,  iii.  2. 

un-wel'-c6me,  a.  [Pref.  mi-  (l).  and  Eng. 
Wfkoin'.\  Not  welcome;  not  well  or  gladly 
reeiived  ;  not  [deasing,  not  acceptable. 

*■  Ihut  iiiiu-ctc'iiii'i  Voice  of  heavenly  love." 

Cowper:  Truth,  463. 

^  un-wel'-come-ly,  uik'.  [Eng.  unwelcome; 
■l}/.]  In  an  unwelcome  manner;  without  a 
welcome. 

•"Garcio  ia  come  inuoelco'iicli/  upon  her."— J.  BaiUie. 

*  uu-wel'-come-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unwelcome; 
•  ne^s.]  The  <piality  or  state  of  being  unwel- 
come. 

"To  alleviate  the  taiteelcamcnvss  of  it."— Bo.v/e  ■ 
Works,  vi.  4;J. 

im-well',  a.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  well^  a.] 
1.  Nitt  well ;  sick,  indisposed. 
'2.  Used  euphemistically  to  signify,  ill  from 
nienstrnalion. 

* un-well'-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unwell;  -ness.] 
TliH  quality  or  st^te  of  being  unwell,   ifikesier- 

field.] 

*un-wemmed',  un-wembed,  '  un- 
wemmyd.  a.  [Pief.  u.n~  (i),  and  Eng. 
u'emmid.\  Unspotted,  unstaineil ;  spotless, 
pure. 

"  And  tliua  hath  C'riat  itnicmnmed  kept  Constnuce." 
Chaueer  :  C.  1'.,  5,344. 


iln-wept'.  ".     [l'rt!f.  /()(.- (I),  and  En^.  wti>l.\ 
Not  wept  for  ;  not  lamented,  not  nnuuned. 


•  un-werred,  n.     [Pref.  un-  (1);   Mid.  Eng, 

ujerni  ~  war,  and  snlf.  -a/.]  Not  wurredupon, 
assailed,  or  invaded. 

"Thel  lefte  nothyugeatomie 

Unwerred."  Oower :  C.  .1.,  IH. 

■  un-wef »  tf.  [Pref.  im-  (1),  ami  Eng.  wrt.] 
Not  wet,  not  moist,  dry. 

■'[She)  treads  with  untoet  feet  the  bulling  waves." 
<liirth:  Ovid:  itetamorpltowaxiv. 

un-wet-ing, ".    [Unweetino.] 

•  un-wet-ing-ly,  ndv.    (Unweetinqly.) 

un-whipped*  iin  whipt',  a.  [Pref.  ««- 
(1),  and  Eng.  whipiHd.\  Not  whipped,  not 
Hogged,  not  punished. 

■'  Ctiiehipt  of  justice."        Shukesp.  :  Lear.  iii.  2. 

-'  un-whirled',  ".  Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
whiili-d.]     Not  whirled  or  hurried.    (Spedul 

coinniji'.) 

"  The  first  Shandy  unwhirled  about  Euroiw)  In  n 
postchaiae."- .Sfernc.'  Tristram  iShntiil!/,  iii.  ^7. 

'  un-whole  (w  silent),  'iin-hole'. «.  [Pref, 
till'  (I),  and  Eng.  ivhole.]  Not  whole,  not 
sound  ;  inlirtu. 

un-whole' -some  (hj   silent),    *  iin-hdle'- 

sdme,  "■     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  wholesome.] 

1.  Not    wholesome  ;    unfavourable    or    in- 
jurious to  health  ;  insalubrious,  unhealthy. 

"  The  air,  imprisou'd  also,  close  and  damp, 
UrnolitAsome  draught," 

Milton:  Sai7i»on  Agonistes,  9. 

2.  Unlit  or  unsuited,  for  human  food :  as, 
unwholesome  meat. 

'3.  Not   sound  ;    diseased,    tainted,     im- 
paired.    (Shakesp.:  Ifamlet,  iv.  5.) 
4.  Hurtful,  injurious. 

"  To  awell  une  bluated  chiefs  untohoteinme  reign." 
Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  i.  53. 

un-wholc'-some-ness  {w  silent),  s.    [Eng. 

rnuohotf6omc  ;  -ne.'is.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unwholesome  ;  insalubrity,  unhealthi- 
ness. 

"The  unu'holfsomiiessot the  air."— flr^de/i ;  Juvenul, 
iv.    INoteivj 

'  iin-wield'-l-ly,  'uii\  [Eng. unudeldy;  -ly.] 
In  an  unwieldy  manner  ;  so  as  not  to  be  easily 
wielded. 

"  Unwieldihj  they  wallow  first  in  ooze." 

Dr/tden.    {Todd,} 

un-Wield'-i'ZiesS,  5.  [Eng.  unwieldy  ;  -ness.] 
Tlie  qu.dity  or  state  of  being  unwieldy  ;  dirti- 
tnlty  of  being  moved  ;  clumsiness,  heaviness. 

"  The  umoieldtiness  of  wings  sufficiently  large  to 
buoy  him  up."— S^arcA  .*  Light  of  A'ature,  vol.  i.,  pt. 
i,,  ch.  xiv. 

un-'wield'-some,  a.  [Pref,  un-  (1),  and 
Eng,  ivield^ome.]     Unwieldy. 

"  His  army  was  very  heJivy  and  unwieldsome  to  re- 
move."—.Vor(A  :  Plutarch,  p.  5a2, 

un-wield'-y,  'un-wield-e,  *un- wield- 

ie,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  widdy.]  Not 
able  to  bo  easily  wielded ;  luige,  clumsy ; 
difheult  to  move  on  account  of  its  great 
bulk  or  weight ;  bulky,  ponderous  clumsy. 

"  Drag  some  vast  beam,  or  mast's  unwieldy  length  " 
Pope  :  Bomer  ;  Iliad  xvii,  8:i4. 

•  un-wild',  v.t  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  7oild.\ 
To  tame. 

"Abel  .  .  .  joJwiWea  the  gentle  sheep." 

!^t/lvestcr  :  Handic-Crnftes,  277, 

■^  un-wil'-ful,  f.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
wilful.]    Not  wilful ;  unintentional. 

"  The  perhaps  not  unwilful  slight.","—  Richardson  : 
Ctai'isiia,  i.  8. 

*un-will',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  will] 
To  will  the  reverse  of ;  to  reverse  one's  will  in 
regard  to. 

'■  He  .  .  .  who  umoills  what  he  has  willed." — Lonij- 
feUow. 

*un-willed',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
wilkd.]     Deprived  of  volition  ;  relaxed. 

"  Your  will  ia  all  unwilled." 

Mrs.  Brouming :  Duchess  Mai/. 

un-will'-ing,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
willing.] 

1.  Not  willing;  not  ready;  not  inclined; 
not  tlisposed. 

"  He  was  not  unwilling  to  sell  for  a  high  price  .1 
scanty  measure  of  juatitie."- J/acauMtf  ;  llist.  Eng., 
ub.  xix. 

*  2.  Undesigned  ;  involuntary.  (Shftke^p. : 
Venus  (D  Adonis^  1,051.) 


tin-Will'-ing-li^, 'f't'.  [Eng.  unwillinij:  -ly.] 
Not  willingly  ;  not  in  a  witling  manner;  not 
with  goodwill;  acpiinst  one's  will  or  Inclina- 
tion. 

"  I  reanon  very  unvUlitvjlu.  i^ud  not  wilbont  n  cer- 
t^ihi  awe."— Wo(J»i;;6ro*»";  Mintttctof  Kwtyi,  j  77. 

Un-wlU'-Ing-nSsS,  ^.  (Eng.  unwilling; 
-lu-.-ty,!  The  quality  or  .stnto  of  being  unwil- 
ling ;  reluirtanec,  disimdination. 

"  His  tinmltintjneM  tii  dirund  the  .AriKUoan  Church." 
-M,tr.tu!-,<i,:  tfist.  AVt^.,  ch.  xllt. 

t  tin-wi'-ly',  k.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng,  vnly.] 

Not  wily,  free  from  guile  or  cunning.    (Kciflv 
(if  Ilev.,  in  Animndiile.) 

im-wind',  r.l.  k  l.  (Pref.  lui-  (-J).  and  Eng. 
wind,  v.| 

A.  Tyu^itiv: 

1.  To  undo,  .vs  something  that  has  been 
wound  ;  to  wind  off;  to  loose,  to  separate, 

'  2.  To  disentangle  ;  to  free  from  entangle- 
ment. 

"I  would  roll  myself  for  this  day.  In  troth,  thi-y 
should  not  u/ticind  mc."—Ben  Jmisoti :  Silent  W-mian. 
ji.  'i. 

*  3.  To  set  free  or  loo.se. 

"  Ho  from  those  b.'inda  weend  him  fo  have  unii>"und' 
S/jcntcr  :  F.  Ii.,  VI.  vtli.  37. 

B.  Intntns.:  To  become  unwound;  to  ad- 
mit of  being  unwound. 

"  Charm  by  charm  umcinds.' 

Bifi-Hn  :  Childe  Harold,  iv,  IKI, 

**  un-winged',  *"'.  [Pref.  wit-  (l),  and  Eng. 
wimjM.]    Not  winged  ;  not  having  wings. 

•■  And  sii  did  she  (ti.'s  she  who  doth  not  aof 
4_'(fiijecture  Time  unu'lngrd,  he  cntue  so  slow," 
Browno:  BrUannias  piutornlt,  i. 

■  un-wink'-mg,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eiig. 
winking.]  Not  winking;  not  shutting  the 
eyes  ;  ever  watchful  or  vigilant. 

"All  your  UHir/nttiiff  vigilance  to  preserve  you  from 
your    great    adversary."— A'ii"j  .■    Sermons,    vol.    vi., 

aer.  19. 

iin-win'-ning,  o.     [Pref.    un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

winning.]     Not  winning;  uneonciliatory. 


iin-Wiped',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  wiped.] 
Not  wiped  ;  not  cleaned  by  wiping. 

"Their  daggers  which,  njucip^d.  we  found." 

Shakeap. .  MacOelh.  ii. :(. 

■^  tln-wi^'-dom,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
wisdom.]  Want  of  wisdom ;  folly,  foolish- 
ness, stupidity. 

"The   unwisdom  that   prompts  a  man   to  bum  n 
eandle  at  huth  cads.'~Field.  Dee.  ?.l.  isdT. 

un-wi^e;     un-wis,   *un-wys,   *un- 

TVyse,  "-     [Pref.  un-  (U,  and  Eng.  unse.\ 

1.  Not  wise;  deficient  or  wanting  in  wisdom 
or  judgment;  foolish. 

"  So  heartless  and  unwise  In  their  councils."— i?i/(on  .■ 
Wai/  to  Kftriblish  a  Free  Commonieealth. 

2.  Not  characterized  or  dictated  by  wisdom  ; 
injudicious  ;  imprudent. 

"  Be  not  taken  tardy  by  untvite  delay." 

Shakesp. .-  Richard  III.,  iv.  i. 

un-wi^e'-lSr,  nrfr.  [Eug.  unwise;  -ly.]  In  an 
unwise  manner ;  not  wisely ;  imprudently, 
injudiciously,  foolishly. 

"  The  command  of  the  fort  was  moat  unwisely  given 
to  ElphinEtoue."— J/(icaM/«i/  ,*  Hist,  Eng.,  ch.  v, 

■  un-wisb',  V.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  xoish, 
v.]    To  wish  away;  to  make  away  with  by 
wishing. 
"  Why,  now  thou  hast  unwished  five  thousand  men." 
iihakenp. :  Henry  V..  Iv.  ;i. 

un-WLShed',  <>.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
wished.]  Not  wished  for;  not  desired;  not 
sought. 

"  Whilst,  heaping  unwithed  wealth,  I  dist^int  roam." 
Pope:  Bomer :  Odyssey  iv.  \VJ. 

*  un-wist',  rt.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng.  iftsf.] 

1.  Not  known,   thought,  understood,  iwr- 
ceived,  or  conceived. 

"  Thither  come  to  us  unwiit." 

Oroitme  :  Shcplicrd'i  Pipe,  Eel.  L 

2.  Not  knowing,  ignorant. 

"  He  shall  the  ese  unwist  of  it  himselve." 

Chancer:  Troyhu  &  Crenide,  Ii.  I,<oi). 

'im-wit',  V.t.  [Pref.  un-  (jZ),  and  Eng.  vnt.] 
To  deiu-ive  of  underst-mding. 

■'As  if  some  plnnrt  hiul  unwilled  men." 

ahnkesp. :  Othello,  il.  X 

•  un'-wit,  >•.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  ivit.] 

Want  of  wit  or  understanding;    ignorance, 
folly. 

"  Mine  unwit  that  euer  I  clambe  so  hie," 

Chuueer:  Com.  of  .\fars  &  Venus. 


tooil,  boy ;  pout,  jdWl ;  cat,  9ell.  chorus,  9hin,  ben«h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e:^ ist.    -ing, 
-clan,  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ^  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  -  zhiin.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  deL 


376 


unwitch— unwrite 


•iln  wit^h',  r.t.  IFivf.  un-  (3).  and  Eng. 
utt^h.]  T.'fnv  Iioni  Ihf  OlecU  or  inftuciico 
of  wiU^hciaa  -.  to  disoiichant. 

"I  will  Iw  tifttiiehni  fuid  revenged  by  lnw,"— flr»i 
JomtOH  ■■  iir<rir  Van  in  hU  Humour.  Hi.  7. 

•  ftn- With- draw- ing,  u.  [Pref.  «ii-  (i), 
and  Vak.  ivithtraming,]  Nut  withdrawing; 
contiuuaJly  liln-ml. 

"  A  (ull  luul  imtcitkdraviny  haiul." 

Miltoit:  CoTHtu,  Til. 

un-with -ered.  a.     (Pref.  «n-  (I),  and  Eiig. 
wiVAmt/.l     Not  withered  ;  not  faded. 
"Tlitf  yet  untrifh^fd  lilush." 

Heau'H  A-  t'M.  :  Coronation  V. 

un-with'-er-ing,  a.     (Pref.  un-  (l),  anil 

Kng.  ihith^rinrj.]     Kot  withering;  not  liable 
tu  wither  or  f;idf. 

■'Tli^  »l>iry  mrrtltf  with  unwUhering  leaf." 

Coxciivr:  Tiitk,  lii.  RTO. 

•  an-with-held'.  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1).  and  En^- 
Oft^A/iW'i.l  Not  withheld  or  kept  back,  re- 
tained, or  hiudered. 

*■  All  tMteitA)t<-id,  indulgiDK  to  hia  friendu 
Tbi-  va.'^t  umboiTowd  tre.isurfw  of  his  uiinii, 

Thf-mson  :  To  Sir  I.  Metcton. 

•  un-with-stood'.  a.  [Pref.  un-{l).  and  EnK. 
with.^»id.]  Not  withstood;  not  opposed; 
not  resisted. 

"  Vigour  II nie4thttoo<L 

PhUip»:  Cider,  i. 

un-wit-nessed, «.    (Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  witnessed  ;  not  seen  ;  not  recognized. 

■'  With  complaiutB 
By  thee  ufHPU4te$»c<l.~ 

Cowpcr :  Homer  ;  Odyssey/  x. 

2.  Not  attested  by  witnesses;  having  no 
testimony. 

■■  Lest  their  zeal  t«  the  caose  ebould  any  way  be  un- 
intM-ttfL'—Bookf^r. 

•  un-wif-ti-ly,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
wiailif.}    Not  wittily  ;  without  wit. 

■•  CinoittUp  .ind  ungracefully  mciTj. "—Co^wley. 

•  un-witr-ting,  *  un-wyt-tynge,  a.  &  ^^ 

(Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  untdng.] 

A.  As  Oilf.:    Not  knowing;  unconscious, 
•^norant 

" Msde  me  to  fe.-u-e an  answer  unwUtitia" 

Beaum.  d-  Fl<it. :  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  ii. 

B.  Assubst.:  Ignorance. 

"  And  now.  bretheren,  I  woot  that  by  umcittinge  ye 
dideii."—  IVycliffe :  Dedi$  iii.  17. 

un-wit'-ting-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unwUting ;  -?t/.] 
Not  wittingly  ;  not  knowingly  ;  without  know- 
ledge or  consciousness  ;  ignorantly,  inadver- 
tently.    (.Soo» ;  Marmicyji,  v.  18.) 

un-wit'-ty,  '  nn-wit-ti,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
a»d  Eng.  witty.] 

•  1.  Foolish,  ignorant. 

"  I  am  raa-id  uKu>Uti."—Wi/cHffe  :  2  Corinth,  xii.  11, 

2.  Not  witty  ;  deticient  in  wit. 

*un- wived',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
mvcd.]  Having  no  wife;  unmarried  or  ren- 
dt-red  a  widower. 


■  un-wom'-an,  v.t.  [Prel".  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
a'oman'l  To  deprive  of  the  qualities  or  cha- 
rac'tcristica  of  a  woman. 

■•  She  whose  wicked  deeds 
ffnwotnan'd  her."  IMndifs:  Ovid;  Metam.  ii. 

un-wom'-an-ly,  a.  &  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Eng.  isontanly.] 

A,  As  adj. :    Not  womanly  ;  not  befitting 
ur  becoming  a  woman. 

*  Offering  Die  most  umeomatitu  disgrace." 

jjaniet  -  Complaint  of  Rosamond. 

B.  As  ojAv.  ;   III  a  manner  unbeeoming  a 
woman. 

"  Do  not  e«  uiaeotHanly  cast  away  yoursell"— £««- 
yau:  Pilgrim's  Progrcts,  pt  ii. 

•  un-won'-der,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
(condcr.J  To  explain,  as  something  wonder- 
ful or  marvellous. 

*'  WixiBondcr  me  this  wonder." — Fuller:  Hitt.  Camb. 
Unif.,  i.  IH. 

'  un-won'-der-ing,  «.    (Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  uonderinfj.'i     Not  wondering. 
"  The  iinvfondi'ring  world." 

Wol4:ott  :  Peter  Pindar,  p.  236. 

un-wont'-ed,  ^  un-wont',  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (i), 
and  Eng.  wo*i(&i,  tvont.] 

1,  Not  wonted  ;  m)t  accustomed ;  not  com- 
rauii :  unusual,  extraordinary,  rare,  infrequent. 
■■  Ctucoitted  lights  along  iny  prison  shine." 

Bi/ron  :  Lament  of  Tasao.  viii. 


"2.  Unaecuslonied,  unused;    not  made  fa- 
miliar by  practice  or  use. 

"  .\1I  unwont  to  bid  in  viiiii," 

.Scott :  Lady  qf  thp  L'tkt',  u.  .. 

un  wont-ed-l^.  ftdv.  [Eng.  unwanted  ;  -Ifi.] 
In  iiii  unwonliMl  manner  or  degree  ;  uunsiuilly. 
.slrungely. 

un-wont'- ed-ness.  .*.  (Eng.  nnwonted ; 
■  luss.]  The  qimlitv  <u-  state  of  being  un- 
wonted, unusual,  or  out  of  the  common  ;  un- 
co inn  ion  ness. 

'■  The  cbiflf  thing  that  moved  their  imasloii  fUid 
prejudice  w.-w  but  unwontedwMs  and  tradition.  —Bp. 
Taylor :  A  rtificiat  ffandtonicnesi.  p.  121. 

iin-wooed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  wooed.'^ 
Not  wooed  ;  not  courted ;  not  sought  in 
marriage. 

-  un-word'-ed,  a.  (Pref.  im-  (1),  and  Eng. 
corded.]  Not  worded;  not  spoken,  told,  or 
mentioned. 

■•  Yon  shouUl  have  fouud  my  thanks  paid  in  a  emile 
If  I  had  (ell  ujiworded." 

Beaum.  &  Ffct.  :  Jitce  Valour,  u. 

'  un-work',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
■work,  v.]     To  undo. 

"  If  they  light  iu  the  middle  or  bottom  of  a  dead 
hedge  your  best  way  is,  eoftly  Ui  unwork  the  hedge 
till  yoo  corae  to  them.'— C.  Butter:  Fern.  Man.,  p.  92. 

un- work'- a -Me,  a.     (Pref.   un-  (I),  and 

Eng.  v^OTkuhle.]    Not  workable ;  not  capable 
of  being  carried  out ;  unmanageable. 

*■  Excellent  iu  theory.  hxitunworTuihle  in  practice."— 
.SY.  Jaitwi's  Oazitte.  Feb.  15, 1888. 

'  iin-work'-ing.  a.  (Pref.  wh-  (1),  and  Eng. 
working.]  Not  working;  living  without  la- 
bour. 

"Lazy  and  nnworkittg  shopkeein-is,"— /.ocif :  On 
Lowering  Iutcr>:gr  of  Money. 

iin- work' -man-like,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eiig.  workmanlike.]  Not  workmanlike  ;  not 
such  as  befits  or  is  worthy  of  a  good  workman. 

un- world'- li-ness,  s.  [Eng.  umvorldly ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
worldly ;  freedom  from  worldliuess. 

"  Mr.  Alcott's  unworhUiuess  appetded  to  En^ersou's 
nintnaiiimity."— ,4(Ac«(PM'H,  Marcli  24.  1888,  p.  :I72. 

ixn-world'-ly,  a.  [Pref.  vu-  (1),  and  Eng. 
worldly.]  Not  worldly  ;  not  influenced  by 
worldly  or  sordid  motives. 

'  iin-wdrnied',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l) ;  Eng.  wm-m, 
and  sutt'.  -ed.]  Not  having  the  worm-like  liga- 
ment cut  front  under  the  tongue.  (Said  of  a 
dog.) 

"  As  mad  as  ever  unworm'd  dog  was." 

ncaum.  *  Fiet.  :   Women  Pleased,  iv.  3. 

^  iin- worm- wood-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i) ; 
Eng.  wormtnjud,  und  sufl.  -cd.]  Not  mixed 
with  bitterness. 

•■  Unwormwoodfd  jests  I  like  well."— fW//«im.-  ife- 
solces,  pt.  i.,  res.  20. 

un-w6m',  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  worn.] 
Not  worn  ;  not  imjiaired  or  decayed  by  use. 

"  L'nimpaired  in  its  beauty,  unicorn  in  its  parts."- 
Barroio:  Sermons,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  6. 

*  iin-'wdr'-sllip,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
wor.?hip.]    Disgrace. 

"  It  were  tinjcorship  in  a  kynge."    Goivcr:  C.  A.,  vii. 

un  -  wor'  -  ship,  *  un  -  wor  -  scbip.  v.  t. 

[Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  worship.]     To  dis- 
honour ;  to  treat  with  dishonour. 

"Thou  th;it  bast  glorie  in  the  lawe,  tinworsvhit>Ut 
God  bi  brekyngof  the  lawe."— IVt/cZi^c ;  Homatis  ii.  23. 

*  un-wdr'-skip-ful,   un-wor-shyp-ftiU, 

a,     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  worshipful.]     Not 
wortliy  of  adoration  or  reverence. 

■'  Nero  .  .  ,  yafe  whilome  to  the  reuerent  senatours 
the  unworshi/pfuli  ae.itea  of  dignities,"  —  CAaucer; 
fioeciiis,  hk.  ill. 

'  iin-wor'-shipped,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.    worsJiipped.]      Not    worshipped ;    not 
adored. 

"  He  resolv'd  to  leave 
Vnworihipp'd.  unobey'd,  the  throne  supreme." 

MiUon  :  P.  L..  v.  CTO. 

*  iin-worth',  '  un-worthe,  a.  &  s.    [Pref. 

«(i-(l),  and  Eng.  irorth.] 

A.  -4s  adj.  :  Unworthy  ;  little  worth. 

"Many  tbiuga  might  l>e  noted  on  this  place  not 
ortiinary,  nor  untcorth  the  noting,"— J/ttton  .■  Tetra- 
chordon. 

B,  As  suhst. :  Un  worthiness. 

"  Reverence  for  worth,  nbhorrence  for  unuorth."— 
Carli/le  :  J'a.U  d-  Prem-nt,  bk,  ii..  ch.  ix. 

iin-wor -thi-ly,  o*'.  (Eng,  unworthy;  -ly.] 
Not  worthily  ;  in  an  unworthy  manner ;  not 


according  to  dcseit  or  deserving ;  cither  ab()Vo 
or  below  merit. 

"Thinking  .  .  .  too  unw/rthUy  of  them  thittvnder- 
*.-.Lik  this  Jonrncy." — Havklufit:  t'oyagi-a.  ii,  i;t... 

un-wor'-thi-ness,  ^un  wor^  thy  nes,  >. 

(Eng.  unworthy  ;  -mss.]    The  nualit^  or  .stut« 
of  being  unworthy  ;  want  of  worth  or  merit, 

*'  And  omch  she  read,  and  brooded  feelingly 


un-wbr'-tliy,   a.     (Pref.  im-  (I),  and   Eng. 

worthy.]  ' 

1.  Not  worthy,  not  deserving,  undeserving. 
(Usually  follow'ed  by  of,  which  is,  however, 
sometimes  omitted.) 

*■  Umvortliu  of  his  cure. '  • 

Cowper :  Olney  HifTntis,  xli. 

2.  Not  worthy,  not  becoming,  not  befitting, 
mibecoiiiing,  beneath  the  character  of.  (With 
or  without  of.) 

■'  Unwarthii  the  high  race  Ironi  which  we  came." 
Pope:  Homer  ;  Jliad  xx.  'la. 

3.  Wanting  merit ;  worthless,  vile. 

"  A  poor,  umoorthfi  brother  of  yours,'" 

tihakesp. :  As  i'ou  Like  It,  i.  1. 

*  4.  Unbecoming,  shameful,  disgraceful. 

"  Mov'd  with  umoorthy  usage  of  the  maid." 

Dri/den:  Theodore  ±  Honoria.  127. 

5.  Not  liaviug  suitable  or  requisite  qualities 
or  qualifications. 

"  Nor  he  untoorttui  to  command  the  host  " 

Pope  :  Homer:  Iliad  ii.  8fi2. 

*  6.  Not  deserved,  not  justified. 

"  l>)dst  unworthy  Blaugbter  upon  others." 

Shakcsp.:  Ilichard  HI.,  i.  2. 

un-WoUnd',  pret.  ,t-  pa.  par.  off.     [Unwind.] 

un~w6und'-ed,  a.    [Prof,  un-  (1),  und  Eng. 

WOnnd,d.i 
1.  Not  wounded,  not  hurt,  not  injured. 


2.  Not  hurt  or  ortended. 

"  We  may  hear  praises  when  they  are  dcBcrv'd, 
Uiir  modesty  unvjoundrd." 

Beaum.  &  Flet. :  Spanish  Curat'',  i,  l- 

iin-WOV'-en,    *  Un-w6ve',    pa.  par.      [Un- 
weave,] __ 

T  as  r. 


un-wr4p',  *  un-wrappe,  v.t.  [Pref.  vk- 
(2),  and  Eng.  wrap.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  open  or  undo,  as  something  that 
has  been  wrapped  or  folded  up. 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  disclose,  to  reveal. 

"To   zvnwrappc    the   Uidde    causes   of    thinges."— 
Chaucer:  Boecius.  iv- 

'  un-wrath'-fil-ly,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  wrathfnlly.]  Without  wrath  or  anger; 
patiently,  caliuty. 

"  The  uombre  of  thinges    umvrathfuUy  and    pru- 
dently doeiX-"—Udiil :  Apoptt.  of  Erasmus,  p.  aiO. 

"  un-wray*,  v.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
wray.]  To  take  the  clothes  oil';  to  uncover, 
to  unwrie. 

•  un-wreaked',  «.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

trrmked.]     Unavenged,  not  avenged. 

"  So  long  vuwreaked  of  thine  enemy." 

lipenSKr  :  f.  V-,  III.  xi.  9. 

'  un-wreath',  *  iin-wreathe',  v.t.  [Pref. 
un-  (2),  and  Eng.  wrmth,  wredthe.]  To  un- 
twist, to  undo  or  untwine,  as  something 
wreathed. 

"  The  beards  of  wild  oats  .  .  .  continually  wreath 
and  unwreiUh  themselves." — Boyle. 

•  un-wrecked',  a.    (Pref.  lui-  (I),  and  Eng. 

wrecked.]    Not  wrecked,  not  ruined,  not  de- 
stroyed. 

"  Escape  undrowu'd,  nnwreck'd." 

Drayton:  Lady  Asian's  Departure. 

•  un-wrie',  -v.t.  [A.S.  imwrikan,  unwrcfin.] 
To  uncover,  to  unwray.  (C/ia«cer:  Troihis  d: 
Cressida,  ytiO.) 

•  un-wrin'-kle,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
wrinkle.]  To  reduce  from  a  wrinkled  state  ; 
to  smooth. 

un-wrin'-kled  (le  a^  el),  a,      [Pref.  «rt- 

(1),  and  Eng.  irrinkh.i.i 

1.  Nut  wrinkled;  not  maHved  witli  wrinkles 
or  furrows. 

"  The  face  .  .  .  witli  years  unwritiklcd." 

Byron  :  Cliildc  Harold,  iv.  lie. 

'^  2.  Smooth,  flowing,  even. 


'  un-write',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng- 
write.]  To  cancel,  as  something  written  ;  to 
erase. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


un  write  able  —upas 


377 


'  un-write'-a-ble,  n.  (Pref.  un-  (i);  Eng. 
irrifc,  ami  suit',  -nhh]  That  Ciumot  be  ex- 
jpicssfU  ill  wiitiii;;. 

"  Both  tlll■!)(^  wurils  liKvo  jiu  evident  re»em1>)niicc  to 
tlip  uincriti-'tble  »<iunil  timt  ii  rlock  ivvilly  iiiiike»."— 
T</lor:  tAirty  HiiU  Mankind,  cli.  Iv. 

uu-writ'-ing,  n.  (Pi-of.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
I'-rHiiiij.]  Not  ussuiniUi^  the  character  or 
nltiiH'  ..|";iii  author. 

■■  Tho  iH-;iiv  iif  tlu-  hoiivst  uiiwiifhig  subject  \Mis 
<laily  luolcstuil."— ,4r6ur/iM';f. 

un-x^rrit'-ten,  *  un-wry-ten,  «.  [Pref. 
»(i-  (1),  and  Eng.  ufrittcn.] 

1.  Nut  written;  not  reduced  to  writing; 
oral,  traditional. 

"  It  |the  Brehrtii  law]  is  a  rule  of  riglit,  luiwrittett 
hut  delivered  l>y  tJiiditfon."— ifpe»«er;  Viito  of  the 
fitiitf  u/  Irvhtnd. 

2.  Not  distinctly  expressed,  laid  down,  or 
foiinulated,  but  generally  understood  and  ac- 
knowledged as  binding. 

"  The  (fiir  utiterUteti  rule  thnt  tlie  game  started  is 
the  quarry  of  the  gun  iienrest  to  it-"— Field,  Dec.  17, 

IBS?. 

3.  Not  written  upon,  blank  ;  not  containing 
writing. 

"  A  rude,  umcrilten  bl:iul£."  —  South  :  Sermons. 
{T->dd.) 

unwritten-law,  s. 

Law:  Lt'jc  iwit  Mn'yi^a;  the  eoninion  law; 
law  not  formulated  in,  or  inculcated  from, 
written  documents. 

"This  Huwritren  or  coiiiiiiuii  lato  is  properly  dis- 
tinguishnlile  into  three  kinds:  1.  Qeuenil  customs; 
which  are  the  uuiversal  rule  i>C  the  whule  kiugdnm, 
.iiid  form  the  cuuiiiiun  law  in  its  strietei-  sigiiiftcatioii. 
".  farticular  customs  ;  which  for  the  niuet  part  affect 
DUly  the  iuhabiUiiits  of  iiarticular  districts,  a.  C'ertiiii 
jKirticular  laws ;  wliich  oy  custom  are  adopted  by  par- 
ticular courts."— ///ucteoMe:  Comment.,  bk.  i.  (lu- 
tiod..  §  "-) 

*  un-wrdlc'-en,  o.    (Unwreaked.] 

un -'wrought'  (ough  as  a),  a.  [Pref.  iui-{\), 
;iiid  Eitg.  tc'.'ijti'ilit.]  Not  wrought;  not  worked 
up;  not  nianuiactincil ;  raw. 

'■They  usually  pay  hini  tinwrotight  gold." — bain- 
fiicr  :   Voya'jex,  vol.  ii,,  uli.  vii. 

un-wrung',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (t),  and  Eng. 
tvrnn'j.]     Not  wrung,  not  pinched,  not  galled. 

"  Ouv  witliefs  aie  uiiwrtntg."—iihukesp.:    Hamlet, 

un  yield'-ed, '  un-yeeld-ed,  a.  [Pref.  uu- 
(I),  and  Eng.  y'u-)ikd.\  Not  yiehled;  not  .sur- 
icndt-red;  not  t;iveii  up.  (Driiden :  Faltivwn 
<t  AtcUc^  iii.  651.) 

iin-yield '-mg,  a.     tPref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

<,i,ldi,UI.] 

1.  Not  yielding  to  force  or  persuasion  ;  un- 
bending, stilf,  tiriii,  obstinate. 

"  For  Spiiiu  is  ooiiipAss'd  by  unyielding  foes." 

Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  i.  31. 

2.  Unceasing. 

"  Cnyielding  paiigs  aasail  the  drooping  inind." 

Byron  :  Childish  litoUectiunH. 

*un- yield    ing-ness,     un-yeelding- 

nesse,  s.  [Kl-.  nnnukUiuj ;  -uvsi<.\  The 
ijuality  or  statv  of  being  unyielding  ;  lirnmess, 
obstinacy. 

"The  luiycetdinfftiesseot  Kiu^  Malcolm." — Iinniel  : 
Uitt.  Eng..  p.  47. 

nn-yoke',  *un-yoak,  v.t.  &  i.    [Pief.  un- 

(■J),  anil  Eiig.  yu/.f.J 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  loose  from  the  yoke ;  to  free 
from  a  yoke. 

"  The  vliiet  himself  nnuoki*  the  panting  steeds." 
Pope:  Homer  ;  Iliad  xxiii.  5l>c. 

*  2.  h'ig. :  To  part,  to  disjoint. 

*•  Unyoke  this  seizure,  and  this  kind  regret ' 

ShukciiJ.  :  King  John,  UL  1. 

*  B.  Intraiis. :  To  give  over,  to  cease. 

■■  Ay.  tell  me  that,  r.iid  nttyokt^'—Shakttp. :  HamUt, 


Un-yoked',  ('■     [Pref.  uii-{l),  and  Eag.  yoked.] 
I.  JAterally : 

1.  Not  yoked  ;    freed  or  l(K)sed  from  the 
yoke.    {Congrci,'c:  Ovid;  Art  of  Love,  iii.) 
*  2.  Never  having  worn  a  yoke. 

"  Seveu  bullocks  yet  uiiyok'd  fur  I'liiebtis  chuse." 
iiryden.     {Todd.) 

*IL  Fig.  :  Licentious,  unrestrained. 

'■  The  unyoked  humour  of  >  our  idlcuess. " 

Shaketp. :  1  Himri/  11'.,  i.  2. 

*un-yold-en,   a.      [Pref.  uit-  (1),  and  Mid. 

Ku^.  hoUhn  =.  yielded.]    Unyielded,  ungiven. 
{Chaucer:  (J.  7'.,  2,044.) 


*  un-zeal'-ous. 


[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 


zenlnn.^.]    Not,  /wilous  ,  devoid  of  zeal,  ardour, 
fervour,  or  enthusiasm. 

"  Kii|wrMtitioii,  xealous  or  uiat)aiout."—MHto»  :  Ant. 
to  Kikon  lUuilike.  i  9. 

'iin-z6ned\  «.  [Pref.  itu-O), and  Ett^.zoHfd.\ 
Not  zoned,  not  provided  with  a  zone  or  girdle ; 
nngirdie<i,  uncinctnred. 


up,  adv.yprcp.y  &  s.  [ A.S.  up,  iipp  =  up  (adv.)  ; 
c-ogn.  with  JJut.  op:  Icei.  '((/)/>;  Dan.  o;i;  Sw. 
iipp ;  Goth.  1111/ ;  O.  II.  Uer.  i//;  Her.  aitf: 
allied  to  Lat.  sit^*  =  under;  Gr.  vno  (hupo)  = 
under  ;  Sansc.  upa  =  near,  on,  under.] 
A.  As  adverb : 

1.  To  a  higher  place  or  position  :  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  place ;  in  the  lUrection  of 
the  zcnilh  ;  iiidi<-ating  movements  of  the  most 
general  kind  resulting  in  elevation. 

"They  presumed  to  go  up  uuto  the  hill-top." — 
yumbera  xiv.  44. 

2.  In  a  high  place  or  position  ;  aloft,  on 
liigli. 

"  Cp  on  high."  Sfmkcsp. :  Uichmd  II.,  v,  5, 

3.  Denoting  a  state  or  condition  of  being 
raised,  elevated,  erect,  or  upright;  not  in  a 
recumbent  position. 

(1)  0/^frso»^  : 
(«)  Out  of  bod. 

■■  Ere  I  was  up,"       Shakefp. :  Itape  of  Lucrece.  1,2J7- 

(6)  Standing,  as  if  prepared  to  speak ;  un 
one's  legs. 
(c)  Mounted  ;  in  the  saddle. 

■■  When  Fordhniii  wiis  up  those  who  were  interested 
ill  ft  horse's  success  felt  confident."— .sttiHtfurt/.  Oct. 

13.  18B7. 

(2)  0/ things: 

(a)  Raised,  erect 

'■  He  wore  his  beaver  up."       Sliakrup. .-  Hamlet,  i.  U. 

(b)  (0/streeti):  Under  repair. 

"  streets  that  are  up."— Daily  A'ewn,  Oct.  H,  188C. 

(3)  Games:  In  billiards  =  as  a  total,  in  all: 
as,  Tlie  game  is  2,000  np.  In  cricket  =  on  the 
tt leg lapli -board  :  as,  He  is  10  ii]\  Usud  also 
in  this  sense  in  racing. 

4.  Used  elliptically  for  rise  up,  gi^t  up,  rouse 
up,  or  the  like. 

"  Up.  up,  \iuhappy  !  haste,  arise  1" 

.•Stor;     The  Gray  Brother. 

^  Used  elliptieally,  and  followed  by  wtf/^, 
it  =-  raise  up,  erect,  set  up,  or  the  like. 
■■  Up  with  my  tent '. "       Slmkesp.  :  Richard  III.,  v.  s. 

5.  In  a  state  of  action,  commotion,  excite- 
ment, tumult,  revolt,  insurrection,  or  the 
like;  in  arras. 

"In  twenty-four  hours  all  Devonshire  wiis  «;*."— 
itacauiay :  Hist.  Eitif.,  ch.  xvj. 

^  Under  this  may  be  classed  such  collotfiiial 
expressions  as  What  is  up?^  Wliat  is  going 
on?  what  is  the  matter?  Is  theie  anything 

up  ?  &C. 

6.  In  process  of  being  carried  on. 
■  "  The  hunt  is  up," 

Uliakcsp. :  Titus  Andronicus,  ii.  ^ 

7.  Above  the  hoiizon.    {Judges  ix.  a3.) 

8.  In  a  state  of  being  higlier  or  more  ad- 
vanced generally ;  higher  or  advanced  in 
rank,  position,  social  standing,  price,  &c. 

"M'Lawlay  .  ,  ,  got  down  witJi  a  line  i>ut.  and 
stood  again  one  up."— Field,  Sept.  2.i,  1865. 

9.  Reaching  a  certain  ])oint  measured  per- 
pendiculaily  ;  as  far  or  as  high  as. 

"Up  to  the  ears  in  blood." 

:Shakesp. :  1  Henry  IV.  iv.  l. 

10.  To  a  certain  point  or  time  ;  as  long  or 
as  far  as. 

"  We  were  tried  friends  :  I  from  my  childhood  up 
Had  kuowu  biiu."      Word^worOi :  Excursion,  bk.  t 

11.  To  a  higher  altitude  or  stature;  to  a 
more  mature  condition  or  age. 

"Train  up  a  child  in  the  way  he  should  go."— 
Proverbs  xxii.  G. 

12.  To  or  in  a  state  or  position  of  equal 
advance  or  of  equality,  so  as  not  to  come  or 
fall  short  of;  not  below  or  short  of.  (Fol- 
lowed by  to.) 

"  We  must  not  only  mortify  all  these  pa.ssioii.t  that 
solicit  ua.  but  we  must  learn  t^i  do  well,  and  act  up  to 
the  positive  precepts  of  our  duty." — /{offers :  Henitoiis. 

13.  Denoting  approach  to,  or  arrival  at,  a 
place  or  person. 

*'  Bring  up  yoiir  army."     SJiakcsp. :  Coriolattus,  i.  :;. 

14.  Denoting  a  stat<;  of  due  preparation  and 
readiness  for  use. 

"  He's  winding  ti;*  the  watch," 

tihakt-ap. :  Tempest,  ii,  1. 

15.  Denoting  a  state  ril"  lK;ing  deposited  in 
a  pl.'ice  where  a  thing  is  kept  when  not  used. 

"  put  thy  sword  tip."  .shukesp.  :  Tentptst,  i.  2. 


16.  Denoting  a  stat<?  of  being  contracted, 
drawn,  or  brought  together  into  older,  into 
less  bulk,  into  conceahnent,  4:c. 

"  Tie  my  trvjwure  n;>  In  Hllkon  Imhtk." 

Shakesp. :  Pericles.  lU.  '2. 

17.  In  a  state  of  being  able  to  understand 
or  <lo  ;  ill  a  ciondition  of  IUucsh,  cajiacity,  or 
ability,  or  of  being  acquainted  willi.  (Fol- 
lowed by  to:  .as,  lie  is  up  (y  all  tlie  thekH  of 
the  trade.)    {CoUoq.  or  sUino.) 

18.  Denoting  adjournment  or  dissolution; 
as,  The  House  is  up, 

B.  As  prejmsition.: 

1.  From  a  lower  to  a  higher  place  or  ^>oint 
on;  ahmg  the  ascent  of;  toward  a  higher 
point  of ;  at  or  in  a  higher  position  on. 

"A  voice  replied  fiir  up  the  helnhU' 

lA>ugJfUuw :  Excrltior. 

2.  Towards  the  int^Tior  (generally  the  more 
elevated  jiart)  of  a  country;  in  a  diiectiou 
from  the  coast  or  towards  the  liead  or  source 
of  a  stream  :  as,  To  go  up  country.  To  sail  up 
the  Thames. 

C.  As  subst. :  Used  in  the  phrase,  Ups  and 
downs  =  rises  and  falls,  alternate  states  of 
prosperity  and  the  contrary  ;  vicissitudes. 

"  To  see  a  man's  life  full  o(  upt  and  downs."— Leidh- 
ton :  Cotnmettt  on  I  I'vier  i. 

%  Up  is  frefjuently  inilectcd  as  a  verb  iu 
vulgar  speech. 

"  She  ups  with  hor  brawny  arm,  and  gnve  Su^y  .  .  . 
a  douse  on  the  aide  of  the  heu,tX."—H.  Brooke :  FoU  q/ 
(iuality.  i,  83. 

^  1.  All  Up :  All  over  ;  completely  done  for 
or  ruined. 

2.  To  conic  up  with :  To  overtake  ;  to  catch 
up. 

3.  To  go  vp : 

(1)  To  return  to  one's  University  ;  as.  When 
do  you  go  up.''  (Chiefly  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge.) 

(2)  To  sit  (for  au  examination). 

■1.  To  luivc  i,or  pall)  one  up :  To  bring  before 
a  magistrate  oi  .justice, 
5.  Upanddoum: 

(1)  Here  and  there;  liitherand  tliitliei  ;  in 
one  place  and  another. 

"Abundance  uf  them  are  scattered  uj>  and  dawn, 
like  so  many  little  islands  wheu  the  tide  in  luw."— 
.4  ddison. 

"(2)  In  every  respect ;  completely. 

"  Ue  waseueu  AucTfitesupanddowne  in  this  i>oiut." 
I'lliil :  Ajtoph.  lif  Erasmus,  p.  a24. 

G.  Up  a  tree  :  Done  for  ;  ruined.    {Slang.) 

7.  Up  sticks:  Pack  up  aud  go.    (^Slang.) 

"  Having  fuuiid  it  and  used  it.  yuu  m  ust  vp  sticks, 
aud  away  in  a  day  or  two." — Field.  Feb.  2 1,  l&hC. 

8.  Up  to  snuff:  Knowing,  cuuuing,  acute, 
sharp.     {Slung.) 

9.  Vp  to  the  knocker  {or  door):  Good,  eapital, 
excellent.     {Slung.) 

upline,  s. 

Hoit.  :  The  line  of  a  railway  which  leads  to 
the  metropolis,  or  to  a  main  or  ceiitni!  ter- 
minus from  the  provinces. 

u-pan'-ish-ad,  &.    (Sans.  =  a  sitting.) 

Ui.iidoo  Sacred  Lit.  (PI,):  Vedic  sjieeulative 
treatises  occupied  with  attempts  to  solve  prol)- 
lems  connected  with  the  universe  and  the 
nature  aud  destiny  of  man.  They  yixi  H)S  or 
more  in  number,  cjich  W-da  having  a  certaiu 
number  of  Upauishads  connected  witli  it. 
They  constitute  part  of  the  Urahmanas  or 
comnient.iiries  belonging  lo  the  Veda,  present- 
ing the  Vedic  doctrine  in  a  eomprehensive 
form,  and  being  of  a  more  dogmatic  character 
than  the  rest  of  the  Bralimanas.  They  vary  iu 
dati-  like  the  lir.ilimana.s,  whicli  extend,  ac- 
toiding  to  Max  Milller,  from  800  to  GOO  n.c. 
[ItuAHMANisM.)  All  Indian  philosophers  and 
various  sects  profess  to  derive  their  belief 
f]-um  the  Upanishads.    [Veda.] 

U'-pas,  '^.    [Malay  ti//f(.s  =  poison.)    The  I'pas- 

trc.M.,.v.). 

upas  tieute,  s. 

ToxicoL  (i"  iSot. :  The  poison  of  Stnfchnos 
Ticute,  a  climbing  shrub  growing  in  Java, 
The  natives  use  it  to  poison  tlieir  arr*»ws,  its 
dideterious  elfects  being  produced  by  the  pre- 
sence of  strychnine. 

upas-tree,  s. 

l:n(.:  Antiaris  to,c{atria,  a  large  tree  grow- 
ing in  Java.  Stem  naked  for  the  lirst  sixty, 
seventy,  or  eighty  feet  of  its  hciudit  ;  lejives 
alternate,  stipiU;ite,  entire,  micqnal  -  sided, 
subcordate,    eu^talely  -  veined  ;     flowers    in 


boil,  bo^ ;  pout.  j6^1 ;  cat,  ^ell,  cborus,  9hin,  benQh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  g^^""-    -cious,  -tious,  -sxous  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


3J^ 


upaventure— upnang 


UPAS-TBliE. 


axillar>'  .ir  la!**nil  <lnHi|iiii;;  ptduiicleH. 
iiMitiu'cions :  iii:»U'.s  miiiii*i<>ii>,  eiiolosetl  in 
a  hairy  irivolih-iv,  uiilyx  with  three  or  four 
(livisii'iis.  iiiithiTw  «pssilp,  three  or  four ; 
ffiimles  solitary,  calyx  in  several  liivisions 
with  u  h'liii  hiVartite  style,  and  ultimately 
U'urinK  a  Hiiuriileiit,  ihmaeeous  fruit.  The 
iiisp(!watiMl  jiiire  of  the  upas-tree  consti- 
tutes a  vitnlcnt  iwisnn  cnllecl  by  the  natives 
.mtjar,  which  owes  itii  deleterious  character 
to  tin-  |>reseiice  <tf  strychnine.  The  suiall'-st 
wniitid  by  an  arrow  tip(ied  with  tliis  pnisun 
is  fatal.  Towanls  tin*  close  of  the  ei^'htreiith 
i-entiiry  a  Dutch  sur- 
SViiu,  Foeisfh,  eircn- 
luteil  in  Eur(>[>c  viiri- 
fius  myths  with  re^jinl 
tn  the  ui«is-ti"ee.  It 
was  said  to  Ik'  so 
deadly  that  the  |>oisoii 
was  collected  by  cri- 
minals condemned  to 
death,  who  obtained 
their  pardon  if  they 
brought  ;iway  the 
poison,  which  was, 
however,  found  fatjil 
to  eighteen  out  of 
every  twenty  who 
made  the  attemjit. 
It  was  destructive  to 

all  ve;;etJible  life  hut  its  own,  and  grew  iii 
the  midst  of  a  desert  which  it  had  made. 
Is  it  now  known  that  the  upas-tree  was 
credited  with  the  destruction  of  animal  lih* 
really  attiihutable  to  the  escape  of  carbon 
dioxide  fmm  a  vent  or  vents  in  a  valley  sur- 
rounded by  volcanoes.  It  has  been  seen 
;:rowing  with  other  trees  in  forests,  and  iti 
1N44  was  introduced  into  British  hothouses 
with  no  deleterious  t-tlect. 

*  up-a- ven-ture,   <w(j.      [Ens;,    np,   and 
(tiyiil'ur..]    In  ca.se.  \l!ak:  Select  Works,  p.  (ii;.) 

■  up-bar,  r.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  bur,  v.] 

1.  To  lift  up  the  bar  of;  to  unbar. 

"  He  runiug  ilowii,  the  gate  to  him  upbit;!' 

ti/>cjiser:  F.  Q..  IV.  ix.  .^. 

2.  T.I  fasten  with  a  bar ;  to  bar  up. 

'  up-bear',  v.t.     [Eng.  up,  and  bear,  v.] 

1.  To  bear,  cany,  or  raise  aloft;  to  lift ;  to 
rhvate.    (Gower:  C.  A.,  viii.) 

2.  To  sustain  aloft;  to  support  aluft  or  in 
an  elevated  position. 

"The  piUarahi^h 
RiuiseU  u/jfienrs,  which  sei»an\te  Earth  from  Henven." 
Cowpcr:  Homer ;  (Jdt/Mey  \. 

3.  To  sustain,  to  support. 

"Which  two  upbear 
Like  uighty  pillours.  this  fnile  life  cf  imui," 
Spenser:  F.  Q.,  H.  vii,  sj. 

*  up-bind',    v.t.     [Eng.    up,  and  bind.]     To 
l.iiid  ur  lasten  up.     {VoUin^:  Ode  to  Femx.) 

*  up-blaze'.  r.i.    (Eng.  «;»,  and  blcut,  \\\    To 

l-la^L-  <'i  Hash  up. 

"  Now  its  WHvy  point 
I  j'blttzhiif  rwe.'  SoiUhci/:  Thafubit.  vi. 

up -block,    .*.      (Eng.   up,  and  hlod:,  s.J     A 
iM.ist-blnckOi.v.). 

'  up-bldW,  r.(.  &  L     [Eng.  up,  and  hUnr,  v,] 

A.  Trans. :  To  blow  up  ;  to  inflate. 

"  His  helly  was  upblowne  with  luxur\. ' 

Spenser:  F.  Q..  I.  iv.  21. 

B,  Intraiis.  :  To  blow  up  from. 

■■  The  watry  sonth-wiude  froiu  the  sea-bnnl  tist 
ypUowhip.'  Spfiuer:  F.  <i..  111.  iv.  lu, 

■  up-bore',  prrt.  «/  r.    [Upbear.] 

'  up-bome', '  up-born',  pa.  par.  &.  a.    [Up- 

liEAR.] 

A.  As  jxi.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  -Is  adj.  :  Sustained  or  supported  ali^ft. 

"By  tiie  li^'lit  air  upborne"       Thonuon  :  Suunncr. 

up-braid',  *  up-br  eide, '  up-br  eyd,  v.  t.  k 

i.  [A.a.  iipp  =  \i\),  iiivi  bregdaii,  bredan  =  to 
braid,  to  weave,  to  pull,  to  draw.] 

A.  Truii.'iUii't: 

1.  To  casi  some  fault  or  offence  in  the  teeth 
of;  to  charge  rt-proach  fully  ;  to  reproach. 
(Followed  by  ivitk  or  /or  before  the  thing 
charged  or  im]»uted.) 

"To  u/ihraid  tlieiii /or  traiiBgreasing  old  eitablirth- 
ineiits."— .tf)7(an  ;  £ikonoKiuiite*,  $  19. 

%  (1)  Sometimes   used   with   to   befcu-e  the 
prison   charged,   aud  (</"   before    the   offence 
ehaiged. 
"  May  they  not  justly  fo  our  crimes  Ti/ibrnjrf, 
Shortness  of  ni;^;lit  J"  /'rior:  .'iolotnon.  i.  293. 


(■J)  Sometimes  used  without  any  preposition. 

"  He  itpbraUtt  lHt{o.  tbiit  lie  made  hlin 
Brave  iii«  ui'tin  tlie  watch."    tihiiketp. :  OtMlo.  v.  'i. 

2.  To  reprove  with  severity. 

"  Hv  tH-ttaii  to  upbr'tiit  the  citli-A  wherein  moat  of 
hts  Uiliilily  workH  M-ereUonc."— J/tift^cu  xl.  SO. 

•  3-  To  bring  reproach  on  ;  to  be  a  reproach 
to. 

"How  niucli  dgtli  thy  kindness  upbraid  my  wicked- 
afaa.~~Sidn9ti. 

•  1.  To  treat  with  contempt. 

'  "  That  UAme  vt  native  sire  did  foul  upbraid." 

Spenser.    {ToiUt.} 

B.  lutniiif. :  To   utter  upbraidiugs  or  re- 
proaches. 

"The  mnn  who  acta  the  least,  upbraids  the  moat." 
Pope:  Uumer:  IlindU.  311. 

tip-braid,    up-braide, ^<.    [Upuhaid, v.] 
Th-'  act  of  upbraiding  ;  reproach,  abuse. 

"  How  c-leane  1  am  from  hlame  o(  this  upbraicle." 
.Spemer:  F.  V-.  V.  xl.  41. 

up-brald'-er,  >.  [Eng.  itpbraid;  -er.]  One 
who  upbraids,  reproaches,  or  reproves. 

•  Yet  I  will  listen,  fair  mikind  upbraidfv." 

Itoioc:  TumnrUiue'i. 

upbraid  ~ing.  i>r.  par.,  a.,&s.  [Upbraid,!*.] 
A.  \'  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particii'.  adj.  :  (See 
tlie  verb). 

C.  As  siibst. :  The  act  or  words  of  one  who 
upbraids  ;  severe  reproofs  or  reproaches. 

"  Witli  suppliiiiit  gestures  niid  iipbraidinffs  ateru." 
Wortlsworfh  :  Hart  Ceap  Writ. 

up-brald'-ing-ly',  adv.  [Eng.  upbraiding; 
•hi.]  In  an  upbraiding  manner;  with  lip- 
braidings  or  reproaches. 

"  He  is  upbraidingly  called  .-i  poet.  03  if  it  were  a 
Louteini>til)le  nick-name.  "—jKc»(  Jonton. 

iip-bray,  r.t.     [Upbraid.]    To  upbraid,  to 
reproaeii.  to  abuse. 

"  Scudamour,  his  foe  for  lying  so  long  npbrii}/ei. ' 
Spenser:  F.  V.,  IV.  i.  42. 

'  up-bray',  *  np-braye,  s.     [Upbrav,  c] 

upbraiding,  reproaeii,  abuse. 

"  After  long  troubles  and  uiidweet  upbniyei." 

Spenser:  F.  y..  III.  vi.  SO. 

■*  up-break',  wi.  [Eng.  up,  and  break,  v.]  Ti> 
liivalc  III  forcf  a  way  upwards;  to  come  to  the 
surface  ;  to  appt-ar. 

up'-break,  .^.  [Upbueak,  r.]  a  breaking  or 
bursting  uji  ;  an  upbursl. 

'  up-breathe',  v.t.  [Eng.  iip,  and  breathe.^ 
To  breatlu-  u^i  or  out ;  to  exhale. 

*  up-breed',  v.t.  [Eng.  ?(p,aud  brml,  v.J  To 
breed  up  ;   tt*  tr.dn  up  ;  to  nurse. 

"  Beins  hotli  borne  and  iipbrced  in  a  forieo  conn- 
trie." — H<ili»shed  :  Hist  Scotland;  Cuuranas. 

'  Up-bringing,  s.     [Eng.  «;).  ami  bringiiuj.] 

The  pr  ri -.^    .i  i.iingingup,  nourishing,  main- 
taining, ni  ti;iiiiing;  education. 

"Let  nie  ii"t  quarrel  witb  my  upbringing."— Car- 
lylc:  Sartor  liesurtiu,  pt.  ii,  bk.  ii. 

"  Up-brought'  (ough  as  a),  a.  [Eng.  up, 
and  brought.]  Brought  up  ;  educated,  nursed, 
nurtured. 

"  Long  in  darksome  Stygian  den  upbmugJit:' 
tipi-nser:  F.  {,*.,  \'l.  vi,  9. 

up-bu6^ -an9e,  >■.     [Eng.    »p;  buoy,  and 
-aace.]    Support;  lifting  up. 

"  With  your  wings  of  upbuopanee." 

Coleridge  :  Visit  of  the  Gods. 

iip '-burst,  s.  [Eng.  up,  and  hurst.]  A  burst- 
ing up  or  through  ;  an  uprusli :  as,  an  upburst 
of  lava. 

iip'-by,  iip'-bye,  adv.  [Eng.  up,  and  by, 
bye.]  A  little  wav  further  on;  up  the  way. 
{Scotch.) 

"  There's  tliree  good   pieces,   and  ye'U   want  siller 
upbyyundec."— Scott :  Srideqf  Lamincrmoor.ch.  xvili. 

*  up-cast',  r.t.  [Eng.  np,  and  cast,  v.]  To  cast 
or  throw  up. 

"  At  Ephesns  the  sea  upcast 
The  coffin,  and  all  that  was  therein." 

Gower :  C.  A.,  viii. 

Up-cast',  0.  &  s.    [Eng.  kj),  and  cast,  s.] 

A.  As  adjectii^e : 

1.  Tin-own,  turned,  or  directed  upwards. 

•*  Beaata  with  upoiKf  eyes  forsake  their  shade." 
Dryden:  State  of  innocence,  Ii.  3, 

2.  Cast  up  ;  a  term  in  bowls. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  taunt,  a  reproach. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  being  overturned. 
iSmtdi.) 


II,  Technically  : 

1.  liuwU :  A  cast,  a  throw. 

"  Whi-n  I  kUited  the  Jikck  uiwn  an  upcast  to  V-  hl^ 
away  1  "^Shakesp. :  Cymbelim;  ii.  l. 

2.  (I'fol. :  The  same  as  Uithkow  ("i.v.). 

3.  Mininrj :  Tlie  shaft  or  pit  which  thi-  air 
asct'tids   ;ifier  ventilating  the  mine  ;    in  cun- 

triMlistinrUon  to  the  downcast. 

Upcast-pit,  upcast-shaft,  s. 

Mining:  The  same  as  Upcast,  s.,  B.  II.  :i. 

"  The  force  of  the  explosion  went  in  the  direction  of 
tlie  iipcast-iihaft."'~Tinies,  March  •!%  1886. 

'  iip-caught'  (f//(  silent),  a.  [Eng.  up,  and 
r.ituikt.]    Caught  or  seized  up. 

"  With  every  mouth 
She  beard  upcaught  a  manner  avay." 

Cotcper :  Borner;  Odyssey  x\\. 

up-9heer',  •  up-ghear*.  v.t.   [Eng.  up.  and 
'■/('■-■(■,  v.]     To  cheer  up,  to  encourage,  to  iu- 

spii'it. 
"  Who.  coming  forth  .  .  . 
Sir  CiLlydov  up<:heard."       Spenier:  F,  Q..  VI.  i.  44. 

Up-climb'  (b  silent),  v.t.  or  i.     [Eng.  up.  and 
i:ti,nh.\     To  climb  up,  to  ascend. 

"  f>t7imft  the  shadowy  pine,' 

Tennynon :  Lotos  Eaten.  Ih 

iip-coil',  i*./.  or  ?.    [Eng.  up,  and  coil.]     To 
cuil  up  ;  to  make  or  wind  up  into  a  coil. 

'  up-CUrl',  r.t.  or  i.  [Eng.  up,  and  curl.]  To 
curl  or  wreathe  upwards. 

"  Thro'  the  leaves  of  floating  dark  upcurVd." 
Tennygon  :  The  Foff. 

^  iip-dive',  r.i.  [Eng.  up,  and  dive.]  To  rise 
to  the  surface. 

"  Thence  make  thy  fume  updife." 

Oavies:  Microcosmot,  p.  t^l- 

"  up-draw',  v.t.     [Eng.  up,  and  draw,  v.] 

1.  7.(7.  ;  To  draw  up,  to  raise,  to  lift.  (A/(7- 
ton  :  P.  L.,  ii.  S71.) 

2,  Fig. :  To  train  or  bring  up. 

"  A  knight,  whom  from  childhode 
He  had  updraxoe  into  maiihode." 

Gower :  C.  A..  ^. 

u-pe-ne-ich-thys,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  vpcne(u.^), 
and  Ur.  ixBv^  (iditlins)  — -j.  fish.]     (Upeneus.) 

u-pe-ne-6i'-des,  ".  [Mod.  Lat.  upene^us), 
;tnd  Gr.  ei6os  \eidos)  =  form,  appeai-anci-.] 
[Upeneus.] 

u-pe'-ne-US,  s.  [Gr.  {Itttjoj  (hnpene)  —  iU*: 
moustache,  but  often  used  for  the  beard.] 

Ichthy. :  One  of  the  suV>-genera  into  which 
the  genus  MuUus  (q.v.)  is  sometimes  divided 
on  account  of  slight  inoditications  of  the 
dentition.  Upeneus  has  two  close  allies : 
Upeneichthys  and  Upeneoides. 

^up-fill',  v.t.  [Eng.  U2),  and  Jin.]  To  fill  up; 
to  fill  completely. 

"  I  must  upfill  this  osier  cage  of  ours." 

Sliakoiip. :  Romeo  it-  Juliet,  ii.  H. 

'  iip-flow',  v.i.  [Eng.  up,  3.nd  jlow.]  Tu 
ascend  ;  tu  stream  up. 

"  No  eye  beheld  the  fount 
Of  tliat  ujujlowing  flame."        SouOtey  :  Thalaba,  ii. 

•up-gath-er,  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  gather.]  T.> 
gather  iip  ;  to  contract ;  to  curl  or  coil  up. 

"  Himself  he  close  upgathcr'd  more  and  more 
Into  his  den."  Spenser:  Muiopotmos 

^lip-gaze',  v.i.  [Eng.  wji,  andgacf,  v.]  To 
gaze  up. 

"  I'pgazing  atU\ 
Our  menials  eye  our  bt^epy  way," 

ScotC  :  Bridal  of  Triermain,  ii,    tCouc.) 

*iip-grdw',  v.i.  [Eng.  vp,  aud  grow.]  To 
grow  up.    (Hilton:  P.  L.,  iv.  137.) 

'  up-grown',  pa.  par.  or  a.  [Upgrow.]  UrovMi 
up. 

"  .S'>  stjiuding,  moving,  or  to  height  npgroivn. 
The  tempter,  all  inipasaion'd.  thus  began." 

J/ittort  .■  P.  L..  in.  ct:. 

iip'-growth,  s.  [Eng.  tip,  and  growth.]  The 
process  of  growing  up ;  rise  and  progress  ; 
development. 


'  Up-haf^  pret.  of  V.     [Upheave.] 

*  Up -hand,  «.     [Eng.  up,  and  hand.]     Lifted 
by  bulh  liaiids. 


^up-hang',  v.t.     [Eng.   up,  and  kang.]    To 
hang  up  ;  to  suspend. 

"  Soone  on  a  tie  _  uphang'd  I  saw  her  apoyle." 

Spenser  :   Visions  of  Bcltuy. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wol^  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  su*e,  sir,  marine :  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  ^  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


uphasp  -upon 


379 


lip-hasp',  v.t.  [Eiig.  «;>,  and  hasp.]  To 
hayji  or  fasten  up.  (SUinyhurst :  Virgit ; 
^neitl.  iv.  254.) 

up-baad',  yJ.     [Knj;.  m/»,  and  Si^otrh  huud  = 
nold.l     Ti' u]iliiiM,  to  maintain.    (:Scotth.) 

I  "  It'H  .T:iiiiif  i^litrtiii^ale  tluit  furuUhv8  thcimiifson 

ooutrvcL,  nuii  tifhuiidit{iiiia."—Seott:  Antiiiuarg.vh.  1. 

lip-haud  -en.  ".    IUphauo.]    UphoMen. 

'  np-beaped.    o.      [Eua.    »;»,  ami    heaped.] 
Ht'Aprd  up.  pilrd  Up. 

"  Kep.^yi-  il  witli  Uf>heam'(l  uieBurc"— rrf(t(  .■  I 
Pftrr  IV 

^p-heaV-al,  s.     [Eng.  upheavie):  -id.\ 

1.  (')■</,  fjaui).  :  The  act  iir  process  nf  lieaving 
tip,  tiv  tht'  slat^'  nf  K'ing  Jieaved  up.  (Lit. 
<£'  Fuj.) 

"  Prioi-  C"  th;it  grent  religioiifi  upheaval  tlie  mouku 
were  tUc  iiriiicijuU  ju-olt-wors  of  Uentiatry."— flni/i/ 
THenrttph.  Hitrcll  12.  1S37. 

2.  Ccul. :  Tht*  sudden  elevation  of  land,  or 
its  slow  rise  through  volcanic  or  earthquake 
action.  This  elevation  is  popularly  attri- 
buted, as  it  was  iiy  the  early  geologists,  to  a 
ret'-ession  of  the  sea  ;  no  portion  of  wliicli, 
iiowevcr.  could  recede  without  producing  a 
uiitvers-'il  fall  in  the  level  of  the  ocean.  No 
JtiiiMvn  natural  ciitisc  could  produce  such  a 
phcnonietiuii,  and  the  popular  hypothesis  is 
viiibanassed  by  the  necessity  of  explaining 
what  has  become  of  the  water  whicli  has  dis- 
appeared, and  why  certain  strati  are  not  hori- 
zontal, but  slantt'd  at  all  angles  or  disposed 
in  curves.  These  difficulties  do  not  arise 
when  it  is  held  that  the  permanent  recession 
of  the  ocean  is  only  apparent ;  the  water  has 
rentained  at  its  own  level,  and  it  is  the  land 
that  has  risen.  This  rise  of  the  laud,  though 
often  very  extensive,  is  still  in  each  succes- 
sive case    only  a   lociil  phenonieuou.      [Uf- 

THftOW.] 

"  Till*  i-videoce  of  upheaval  in  the  atoU  regions  of 
tlie  V:i>.il\c."—yatiire,  Ap.  26.  1S83,  p.  6W. 

up  heave',    I'.t.     [Eng.    up,  and  heave]    To 
•■eave  up  ;  to  lift  uii  from  beneath  ;  to  rair"* 


'  C'pheave  tUt 


L  ii['  iKuii  iieiieiiiii  ,   Kt  itii: 
[iiles  that  iirop  tlie  aoUd  waU," 
Pojic  :  Homey  ;  lUuil  xii.  307. 


Up-held'.  ?"■"/.   &  -pa.  par.  of  v.      [Uphold.] 

Held  up. 

u-pher.  J-.    [Iiltym.  doubtfid.] 

Air!).  :  A  tir  pole  used  fur  scaffoldings,  and 
.s.niii'Miiit;s  for  slight  and  common  rools  ; 
l.>Mii.r.  ;itiy  .similar  pole.    (J'lViU,) 

*up-la8ve,  v.t.    [Upueave.] 

•up-hild,  a.    [Upheld.] 

up'-hill,  a.,  adv.,  &  s.     (Eng.  >ip,  and  /(i7/.] 

A.  A^ndjcctive: 

1.  Lit.  :  Leading  or  going  up  a  liill  or  rising 
ground  :  ;is,  an  iiphill  road. 

2.  Fi'j.  :  Difficult,  severe,  hard,  fatiguing. 

"Our  GuviTiiitieut  is  engaged  in  a  very  uphill  task." 
—Duiiy  Tclcgitiiih.  Sept.  I.  1885. 

B.  A:iw(v.  :  Up  an  ascent ;  upwards. 

C.  Ai  sub-it.  :  Rising  ground  ;  ascent ;  up- 
ward slope. 


"iip-hilt,  v.t.   [Eng.  up,  and  hilt.]    Tc  plunge 
ijt  up  to  tiie  hilt. 

■■  liia  lil.iyd  he  With  thrusting  in  his  old  dwjnd  caraw 
rphilf'''l."        6tit}\!/hiirst :  Virgil:  ^iieid,  ii.h". 

*np-h6ard'.  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  hoo.rd.]    To 
hoard  up  ;  to  store. 

■■  Tliou  h.ist  uphoarded  in  thy  life. 
Extorted  treiuurc  in  the  womb  of  earth." 

Skaketp.  :  Hamlet,  i.  1. 

up'hold-.  ■  up-holde,  v.L     [Eng.   up,  and 
hold,  v.] 

1.  To  hold  up;  to  raise  or  lift  on  high;  to 
elevate  ;  to  keep  raised  or  elevated. 

"  Cpholdiu'j  the  aciilea  in  bis  left  bund." 

Li/ngfelloto  :  Evanseline,  I.  3. 

2.  To  keep  from  sinking  or  falling  ;  to  sup- 
port, to  sustain,  to  maintain. 

"  Ue  svbose  Spirit,  and  whose  word. 
I'pholdi  the  seven  sUira." 

Cirivpcr  :  Olnc!/  UymtiS,  \\i. 

*  3.  To  >upport,  to  maintain. 

"  Many  younger  brothers  have  neither  lands  nor 
meaitH  to  uphold  themselves."— A'a/e^ijA. 

4.  To  maintain,  to  approve. 

"  The  conviction  could  not  be  upheld."— Field,  Dec. 
24,  IP-:,;. 

up-hold  -er.  '  vp-hold~ere,  ^.    [En.;,  up- 

hoUl;  -cr.] 


X.  One  who  upholds,  supportR,  or  sustains  ; 

a  supporter,  a  defender,  a  maintainer. 

■'Tin- great  Maker  and  Upholder  of  it  [the  worLU  ' 
—U'i'jht-in  :  Comment  vn  1  Peter  lit 

II  In  Hist,  the  same  as  Undertakeu,  II.  1 
Ol-v.). 

*  2.  An  undertaker ;  one  who  pro^idc^  for 
or  carries  out  funerals. 

"  Tlio  upholdrr.  rueful  harbinger  of  deatli. 
Waits  with  imiMvtieueo  for  the  dying  Itrrath." 
liai/:  Trivin.  il.  wy 

*  3.  A  broker;    a  dealer  in  furniluie,   an 
auctitmeer. 

■■  I'nder  the  direction  of  an  upholder  from  London." 
—Hnn-llftr :  Humphrey  Clinktrr.  li.  190. 

'  Up-hol'-Ster.  y.     [Eng.  uphold;  -stec] 

1.  A  broker,  au  auctioneer. 

*■  F.uerard   the   upholntfr  am   wel  atopiiv  a  mantel 
ho..led."— 6'ujr<>n.-  Bookie  for  Traoeltern. 

2.  An  upludsterer  (([.v.). 

"  Thus  Nature,  like  an  ancient  free  uphxlater. 
Did  fnrnitdi  us  with  bedstead,  bed,  and  Imbter." 
Johit  Titylor :  Pfimitets  Pilifriiimgi- 

up-hol'-Ster,  v.t.  [Upholster,  .v.]  Tm  fur- 
nish with  upholstery  ;  to  tiuish  otl'  with  ii[)- 
iiolsterer's  fittings. 

"  Vpholstered  iu  flgureil  greeu-gulil  plush."— tV/iriir.'/ 
Mngazitn\  Dfc.  1875.  p,  Guij. 

up-hol'-ster-er.  .^.  [Formed  from  Eng.  »><- 
hnUter,  with  the  needless  addition  of  -er.  The 
upholster  was  a  broker  or  auctioneer,  so  that 
the  name  may  have  arisen  from  his  lu/lding 
up  wares  for  inspection  while  trying  ti>  sell 
them.  (Skeat.)]  One  who  supplies  beds,  cur- 
tains, carpets,  covers,  cusliions,  &c.,  for  tlic 
furnishing  of  houses. 

"  Tliey  were  placed  in  an  handsome  apnrtuieut  at 

an    upholsterers    in    King   Street,  Covent    Ganlen." 

—  Tatler.  No.  171, 

Upholsterer-bee,  s.    [Poppv-ufe.] 

up-hol  -ster-y,  .•=.    [Eng.  upholster:  -//.I 

1.  The  business  of  au  upholsterer. 

2.  The  articles  or  furnishings  siii-plied  by 
upholsterers. 

"  Ti>o  oft«n  forKott«n  human  nature  iu  the  niceties 
iif  iipholttery,  millinery,  and  cookery."— iiftf^  on  Ih'n- 


uph-roe. 


[Elphroe.] 


'  Up-hurl',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  kuf}.\    To  hurl 
or  ca.st  up. 
"  Tiiej  waU  gijU  Xeptune  with  mace  three-forcked  ttp- 
hurleth."        Stmnjhuiit :   Virgil;  .Hncid  \\\.  m:.. 

*  up'-keep,  .•>■.    [Eng.  up,  and  /«ep.]   Support, 
niaiutenauce. 

"They  ceiised  to  give  sufllcient  to  pay  for  the  up. 
keep."— Field,  Jan.  IU.  1366. 

up'-land,  s.  &  a.    [Eng.  up,  and  knuL] 

A,  As  subiitautive : 

1.  The  higher  grounds  of  a  district ;  ele- 
vated ground ;  slopes  of  hills  ;  heights. 

"  Its  tiplaiuis  sloping  deck  the  mountain's  side." 
OoUiBiiiith :  The  TravvUer. 

2.  The  country,  as  distinguished  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  towns  ur  populous  districts  : 
hence,  often  inhuid  ilistricts. 

B.  .-45  adjective : 
1.  Literally : 

( 1)  Pertaining  to  uplands  or  higher  grounds ; 
situated  on  the  uplands. 

"Great  loss  of  sl^ick  must  occur  on  the  upland 
iarma.'  —Pall  Xlall  llazetle,  Jan.  ao,  188B. 

*  (2)  Pertaining  to  the  country  as  distin- 
guished from  the  towns ;  country. 

"  Sometimes  with  secure  delight 
The  upland  hamleta  will  invite." 

Milton:  L'Alt'-'jro,  y2. 

*2.  Fig.:  Rude,  rustic,  countrified;  savage, 
uncivilized. 

"  This  heap  of  fortitude. 
'ITiat  so  illiterate  wivt,  ;uid  upland  rude." 

VlMptnan.    I  Tudd} 

*  Up'-land-er.  s.      [Eng.  upluud;  -e/-.]    One 
who  dwells  in  the  uplands. 

"^  up-land'-ish.     upland-ishe.  v.    IIjil:. 

upland  ;  -ish.] 

1.  Lit. :  Pertaining  to  the  uplands  or  coun- 
try districts ;  upland. 

"  He  caused  fifteen  miles' space  of  uptandish^Tuwiul. 
where  the  sea  loid  no  passage,  to  be  cut  and  digged 
up."— J/ore  .■  Utopia  (ed.  llobiuton),  bk,  il.,  ch.  I. 

2.  Fig.:  Rustic,  rude,  countritied,  iKxirish, 
uncultured. 

"  His  presence  made  the  rudest  )H^a.saiit  nu'tt. 
That  ill  the  vi\»\  uplandit,h  ciuinlry  d»eU. 

3/arlowe:  Hero  A  Lcunder,  nf»t,  i. 

*  up-lay'.  V.t.     [Eng.  Up,  and  /«.'^] 


1.  To  lay  up,  to  hoard  up. 

"  Wp  are  hut  fnriiii>n  of  ouFBelvM  ;  yet  inny. 
If  wv  eau  stock  ouraelvc*  nn<l  thrive,  ti/'/uy.  ' 

/tonne:  Annunciation  .t  Paulon. 

2.  Tn  overturn, 

"  Thee  L-aat«l  of  Illnn  uplag'd." 

eitanifhunt  ■  V trail :  .tfnrfd  il.  419. 

•  tip  lead.  v.t.    [Rug.  up.  and  few/,  v.]    To 

lead  up  or  upward. 
•'  rpUtl  l.y  tl.ee."  SlUton  :  P.  C,  \ii.  12. 

*  ^p-lean  lag,  ,i.    [Eng.  up,  and  leaniug.\ 

Ueaniti^i,  re.sliiig. 


■Ti. 


«lu-plK'anl  . 


vptfaning  oD  hiihatL" 
Spcmer :  VfrgU't  Onat. 

up-lift'.  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  lift,  v.]  To  lilt 
up,  to  raise  up,  to  elevate. 

"  Vpli/ting  It  with  eaae." 

Cowpvr  :  Homer;  Odgu«u  i\. 

Uplift',  a.  &s.    [UphiKr.  r.J 

•  A.  Aswlj.:  Uplifted,  raised. 

■'  With  head  npUft  above  the  wave.' 

Milton:  P.  l.,i.  las. 
B.  Assubst.:  Upheaval.    (Pron.  «p'-/(/l.) 

■  up'ldck',   v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  ;«/.-,  v.]    To 

lork  up. 

'  Hia  aweet,  iiptock'd  treasure." 

Shaketp. :  Sountt :  i. 

lip-look.  r.i.     [Eng.  up,  and  /ooJt,  v.]    To 

luuk  up,  I'.  g;ize  up. 

*up-ly-mg, '/.  [Eng.  up,  ami  lyiiia.]  Up- 
land. 

"  The  favourite  haunt  of  the  wild  xtmwbcrry  it  .in 
HptHiirj    taetkdow.'—acribner'i    Magatine.  Aug,   18". 

p.  47y. 

*  up'-most.  ((.  [Kuii.  up,  and  iiw.it.]  Highest, 
upp<-nim,->t,  topmost. 

' "  W  lifii  he  once  attaliu  the  nptuost  round." 

b/uiktsp.  :  Julius  CcBtar,  ii.  l. 

up-dn'.  prep.  &  adv.  [A.S.  uppon,  uppttn  ; 
fn  »in  upp  =  up,  above,  and  on,  an  =  on  ;  cogn. 
with  fuel,  upu,  uppd  =  upon ;  Sw.  j>3  (for 
t'l'jid)  =  upon  ;  Dan.  ikiu.] 

A.  As  prcpusilion  :  On  ;  resting  upon ;  at 
»ii  in  cmtiet  with  the  upiwr  surface  or  <>ut<'r 
part  of;  used  in  connection  with  words  ex- 
pressing or  implyiog,  literally  or  tigurativcly, 
a  ground,  foundation,  standing  pUice,  depend- 
ence, aim,  end,  and  the  like.  Upon  is  usnl 
in  all  the  senses  of  oii,  with  which  it  may 
consequently  be  said  to  i>e  interchangeable  : 

1.  Denoting  contact  with. 

"  The  e.'U'th  he  lies  upon." 

atiakap.:  Tempest,  H.  l. 

2.  Placed  before  that  by  which  a  thing  in 
borne  or  suppnrted. 

"I  escaped  upmi :%h\xtt ota&Qk."— Shaketp. :  Temf/fsl. 
ii.'i. 

3.  Applied  to  articles  of  dress  covering  the 
body  or  part  of  it,  and  to  things  of  the  nature 
of  or  re-^euililing  dress. 

"  Look  how  wel!  my  g;trmeutji  sit  u/ion  me." 

Shakeiip. :  Temptril.  il.  1, 

1.  Used  to  express  the  ground  or  ocuisiou 
of  iiuythingdone. 

"  t'pon  thij  promise  did  be  mlBe  bin  chin." 

Shaketp.:  Venus  A  Adonit.  a. 

.').  In  consequence  of;  as  a  result  of. 

"  She  died  upon  his  words." 

Hhakefp. :  Jfuch  Adu,  iv.  L 

6.  With  respect  to  ;  concerning. 

"  The  king't  servants,  who  were  tient  for,  were  ex. 
aiuiuedupoH  all  i(ueation4  proposed  to  them. '—/)r^(fi>/i. 

7.  On  the  occasion  of;  at  the  time  of; 
noting  the  time  when  au  event  came  or  is  to 
come  to  pass. 

"  You  sIiJiU  hence  upon  your  wedding  day." 

.shukesp.:  Mvrchani  of  Venice,  iii.  2, 

8.  NotingcuUatcral  position  ;on  the  side  of. 

"  Till  she  hiul  kindled  .hII  the  world 
I'P'iii  the  rit{ht  aud  party  of  her  acin." 

."yhakeap.     Ktng  J^'hn.  i. 

9.  Xuting  <H>ntiguity  or  neighbourhood. 

"The  enemy  lodged  themselves  at  Aldcrintuton, 
and  those  from  Newtwrryand  Keadini;  in  twu  other 
yilU^es  upon  the  river  Keuuet,  over  which  he  was  to 
H.i.t.1.  '—Clarendon. 

10.  Noting  the  direction  given  to  an  action. 

"  To  turn  thy  hated  h-ock  upon  our  kingdom." 

:^aketp.  :  Lear,  i.  I. 

'  11.  Used  to  denote  an  advantage  gained 
over  another;  over. 

"  I  never  h:i4  triumph'd  upon  a  Scot." 

Shakesp.:  1  Henry  IV,  v..i. 

12.  Denoting  a  business,  occupation,  or 
design  in  whicti  one  is  employed. 

"  Wo  are  couvented 
I'pon  a  pleading  treaty," 

iSftdAfjp. .-  Oorioianus.  iL  2. 

13.  Denoting  multiplicity  or  addition. 

"  Jest  vpiin  jest."         .<h-ikctp.  :  Much  Ado,  iL  \. 


b^l,  boy ;  pdUt.  jo^l ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus.  9hin,  benph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ :  expect.  Xenophon.  exist,    -luft. 
-cian.    tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -^ion  -  zhun.    -eious,  -tioos,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &.c.  =  bel,  del. 


3t)U 


Upper— Uproar 


14.  L'st^l  in  BSSfverntioHH  and  observations. 

"  VyMH  my  Miiil,  A  lie,  n  \klck«d  lie." 

AJkirAnp..  iMAtlto,  v.  ^. 

•  i:».  l*y  tlic  ni-aiis  nr  agency  of;  by. 

■'  Ti>  du-  H/»vi»  (bo  tiaiiii  1  Sovtfd  su  well." 
SSitics/K  :    JiitUuHuncr  yight'M   Dream,   U.  I- 

'  III.  AiTonling  to;  after. 

"  It  vi.u<  ui-iii  this  fi»l)Ianbe«|ue.-%t1ieil  ine." 

fihaXttp. :  J/ucA  Atlo,  1.  I. 

'  J".  Anuiiniting  to  ;  at. 

"  I'/ioit  or  near  tin?  nit«  ot  thirty  thunisuiiJ." 

.ShuJttvp, .-  -z  lltsurt/  />'..  Iv.  1. 

15.  N'oliny  assumption  :  as,  He  took  tht,- 
olticu  upon  himself. 

19.  Noting  security. 

"  WV  tiiive  tHirruwcd  luuuey  for  the  kiug's  tiibut*-, 
mid  Hint  ii/>0M  vur  Iiuids  nud  viiieyanU."— .VnArmtaA 

\.  *. 

•  B.  Asadv<Th: 

1.  On. 

"That  8  iiibculpwl  it/xjii.' 

Shuketp.  :  Merchant  </  yenicf,  il  '. 

2.  lilxpressingUirectiou. 

"  Strike  ft!l  that  look  «jwt«  with  marvel." 

Hlmkctp.:  Winter's  Tutt,  v-  3- 

3.  Exiiressing  proi,Tess  or  approach  in  time. 

"  The  hour  pri'dxed.  .  .  romes  fiist  uixin." 

n/utktsp.  :   Troilut  S:  Crctaida,  iv.  3. 

Up'-per,  a.  «k  s.       [A   eoinpiU-ative    from    n;. 

vn-v.).J 

A.  -Is  mljectiis^ : 

1.  lljglifr  in  i>l;ire. 

"  I  uightly  lodyi-  Irt  III  .III  upiH-r  tiiwer," 

ahakf^p. ;  Two  (Sentlcmeit,  iii.  1- 

2.  Superior  in  rank  or  dignity  :  as.  The 
L'j'ifcr  Moitsc  of  Convocation. 

B.  As  siihst. :  The  ]rfirt  of  a  boot  or  shoe 
abi've  the  sole  and  welt  and  forward  of  tlie 
ankle-seams. 

'■  Put  oil  ti rst-'-livw  hliick  leatht^r  uppem.  such  as 
w.,uld  turn  wattr  aiaily.'— field,  Ftb.  11,  18!i8. 

'  Upper-Bench,  ^-. 

ICiio.  Hist :  Tlie  name  given  ti)  the  Court  of 
King's  Bench  during  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

Upper  Cambrian,  a. 

(Jt"L  :  or,  licl'HiL^in;,'  to,  or  connected  with 
the  upper  division  of  the  Cambrian  Rocks. 
Used  also  substantively.     [Cambrian.] 


\  the  British  tritu 
ui-,l,n  ir.-^.  Tilt-  tfriii  i»  SMluetiiucs  cui-rin)ted  into 
*ini"vi;iii,  -//.  A  Woodward:  Oeol.  £ni/laiid.\:  Wtilcs. 
IP.  i.'-.. 

upper-case,  •. 

Print.:  The  case  used  by  compositors  to 
hold  capital  ktteis,  reference  marks,  and 
other  IfssNiHcd  type.    [Case  (1),  s.,  II.  1.] 

Upper-crust,  *.  The  upper  circles  of 
sdciery  ;    ilit;  ai  i?iLoeracy.    {Slantj,  and  orig. 

A  III-: rial  It.) 

upper-hand,  .v.     Superiority,  advantn'^c. 

■'Tlieui.i'listlius.ilt.-ujied  the  upper  hand."— Unckli: . 
U,s(.  Civdtztli'ju.  vul.  ii..  uh.  iii. 

Upper-House,  -■*.  In  England  applied 
sp<'i'i)if;illy  to  tin;  Huuse  of  Lords,  as  distin- 
fiuishcil  from  thy  Lower  House,  or  House  of 
Commons. 

upper-leather,  .s.    The  leather  for  the 

^aiiip.-.  ;iiid  (inail.ers  of  shoes. 

upper-lip,  . . 

Hot.  ((If  the  Jjfihiatce,  Hcrophidarlacew,  <to.).- 
The  upper  division  or  divisions  of  au  irregular 
flower. 

H  To  keep  a  stiff  upper  lip :  To  keep  up  uni  s 
courage. 

■"  G.i'ul-bye,   Viicle    Tom:    k-'ep  a  ft  ^ff'  upper  Up.' 
Ntid  Gtui-gt.'  — «.  li.  .•ytvw^:  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  x:\\,\. 

Upper  Silurian,  *.   ISilurian  systf^i.  | 
•  upper-stocks,  6-.  pi.    Breeches. 

"Thj  •ippt-r-Jit'iiJi^  K-  they  stuft  with  silk  ui-  rtock.s." 
Mcywovd:  Epinrainn. 

upper- Story,  ». 

1.   L<'.:  A  story  above  the  gi"Ound-tloor. 

1.  l-fj.  :  The  h.j,.U.     {SUuKj.) 

upper  ten  thousand,  *-.  The  higher 
circles  ;  the  leadui;;  <lasses  of  society  ;  the 
aristucia':y.  Originrdly  applied  by  N.  P. 
Willis  to  the  wjiltliier  or  more  aristocratic 
jwrsous  in  New  York,  as  amounting  to  some- 
thing about  that  number.  (Often  coutiacled 
to  T)te  CjijHtr  Ten.) 

•'  Our  soi-iitl  ri:foniient  urge  thnt  the  motliei-a  of  th.- 
ti/iprr  ten  lhv»f<tndti\i\in}i\  ]>tit,  their  iiurKoics  iiii<lt.-r 
the  cuutrut    of  a  superior  ii)ira«."~At1unia;um   Nov 
JbCb,  \:  Tltt. 


npper- world,  ^^. 

1.  The  ethereal  legions  ;  heavt-n. 
'*.  The  earth,  as  opposed  to  the  lower  or 
infci'nal  regions. 

up-peak',  r.(.  [Eng.  up,  and  pnd:.]  To 
rise  iu  or  to  u  peak. 

"  HUb  uppeakint/.'' 
Sluiii/htirit :  Virgil;  .Eiieidiii.'l*)^. 

"  iip'-per-eat>  a.  (Eng.  vpper;  -est.]  Up- 
permost, topmost,  highest. 

•'  t'liiiilwr  from  the  iiuthen-st  litter  to  the  upperest." 
—  Vfiducnr :  Iloecittt,  bk.  i. 

Up'  per-most,  a.    lEng.  upper,  and  most,] 

1.  jliiihcst  iu  place. 

"  SiiUiiriiig  the  uppermost  side."  —  Dumpier:  Voij- 
txgvi  (au.  16t46). 

2.  Highest  in  power   or  authority;  most 
powerful  ;  i>redomiuaut. 

"The  politiuiun  whose  practice  wa-s  always  to  be  oii 
the  side  which  wua  uppcnnott."  —  .Vacaulai/ :  Uitt. 
t'u'j.,  ch.  \iv. 

'  iip-per-ten'-doni,  s.  [Eng.  upper ;  ten,  and 
siitr.  -itiiiit.]  Tlie  higher  or  wealthier  classes  ; 
tlic  upper  ten.     (SUiug.) 

Up-pile',  t\t.  [Eng.  «^,  and  j)(7r,.v.]  To  pile 
oi  lieap  up. 

"  A  green  inouutain  vatioualy  uppiled," 

Cvlcridyn  ■  T'i  ti  i'ouHy  Friend. 

up -pish,  '  iip'-ish,  a.     [Eng.  up;  -is/t.] 

1.  Proud,  arrogant. 

■She  8  upish  and  c.-ui't  abide  if— .I/cs.  'i'rollopc  : 
MiiJi'U'l  Arriuitroiig,  ch.  iii, 

2.  Aiming  to  appear  higher  than  one's  true 
social  position  ;  putting  on  airs  ;  stuck-up. 

*  3.  Tipsy. 

"  *Xi>t  so  drunk,  I  hope,  but  that  he  can  drive  uaV 
■  Vi-B.  yes,  Madaiii,  he  drivea  best  when  he'a  a  little 
upish.'"'— Vanbr ugh  :  Jourueij  to  Lundutt,  i.  1. 

up'-pish-ness.  s.  [Eng.  I'pphk. ;  -jiws.]  The 
i[UiUity  or  state  of  being  uppish  ;  arrogance. 

Up-pl6ugh'  {gh  silent),  v.t.  [Eng.  vp,  and 
jii'.High.]  To  plough  up;  to  tear,  as  by 
plougliing. 

"  The  upploughed  heart,  all  i-eut  and  tore." 

V.  Fletcher  :  Christ's  I'U-torg 

up-pluck',  v.t.  [Eng.  uj},  and  phicl:]  To 
phirk.  pull,  or  tear  up. 

'"  And  yoii  sweet  flow'rs,  that  iu  thia  garden  ta'ow. 

Vuuiselve-s  iippluck'd  would  to  his  fiuiersl  hie." 

6',  Fletcher:  Christ's  Triumph  over  Jh.-uth. 

*Up-pon,  prep.     [Upon.] 

"  up-pricked',  a.      {Eng.    up,  and  prlrlcd.\ 
Piickfd  u]»,  erected,  pointed. 
"  His  eai's  iippriik'it." 

^i/utkesp. :   Ycniis  &  Adonis,  271. 

"  up-prop',  v.t.  [Eng.  u;p,  and  prop.'^  To 
prop  up  ;  to  sustain  by,  ot  ts  by,  a  prop. 

"  Himself  he  [elephant]  upprops.  on  him  relies." 
Jjoiine :  Progress  (tf  the  Soul,  a.  l. 

Up'-put-tihg,  ii.  [Eng.  up,  and  putting.] 
Lnilgm.:,' ;  entertainment  for  mau  and  beast. 

(Sculdi.) 

up-raise',  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  raise.]  To  raise 
up  ;  to  ha  up.    (Lit.  A: Jig.) 

"  Our  j"y  upraise."  MUton:  P.  L.,  ii.  372. 

iip-rais'-er,  up-reis-er,  s.  [Eng.  up, 
and  raider.]    One  who  raises  up  or  elevates. 

"The  horn  of  uiyii  heelth  (var.  rending,  myu  up- 
iviser):  and  my  r^f Me."— yVi/ctiffe :  2  Kings  xxii  3. 

"^  Up -rear',  v.t.     [Eng.  up,  and  rear,  v.]    To 
jear  uj) ;  to  raise  ;  to  elevate. 
'    riieu  straight  coiuiiiauds.  th.it  at  the  warlike  sound 
» If  triini)iets  luuil  and  clarions  be  uprear'd 
His  mighty  atinda-rd."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  \.  532. 

up-ridge',  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  ridgt.]  To 
ridge  up ;  to  raise  up  iu  ridges  or  extended 
lines. 

"  Many  a  billow,  then 
Cpridg'd,  rides  turbulent  tlie  aimndiug  flood." 

Coietter :  Homer;  Iliad  x.iii. 

up-right,   up-righf    (<jh    silent),    -  up- 
ryght,  ((.,  adc,  &,  «.     [Eng.  up,  and  right.] 
A.  As  adjective : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Erect,  perpendicular. 

"  Upright  aa  the  palm-tree."— ./ej-emtu//  x.  5. 

2.  Erect  on  one's  feet. 

■'  stand  uprgght  on  thi  iete."—Acts  iv.    (1551.) 

3.  Erect,  as  a  human  being ;  not  crawling 
or  walking  on  four  feet. 

"  Whoever  tiated,  lost  his  upright  shape," 

Milton:  Cum  us,  M. 

•  4,  Straight ;  lying  stretched  out. 

*■  He  lay  upright 
Slepyng."  Chaucer:  O.  T.,  U,i80. 


5.  Erected  ;  pricked  up. 

"  With  chattering  teeth,  and  bristling  buir  upright." 
Jh-i/dmi:  TheuUorv  *  hunuria,  UH. 

G.  .\dhering  to  rectitude;  nut  deviating 
IVoiTi  correct  moral  principles;  high-principled  ; 
of  unbending  rectitude. 


7.  Conformable  to  moral  lectitude. 

"  Live  ail  upright  life." 

Shakcsp. :  Merchant  qf  Venice,  ill.  5, 

II.  Technically: 

1,  >ytcam:  A  term  synonymous  with  ver- 
tical, as  applied  to  a  boiler  whose  height  is 
great^T  than  its  width,  and  to  a  slcam-engine 
in  which  the  stroke  is  periiendictdar. 

2.  iVood-work. :  A  teiin  applied  to  a 
moulding-machine  whose  mandiei  is  perpen- 
dicular. 

B.  .lsm?r.  :  Straight  up,  erect,  perpen- 
dicular. 

"  Anon  he  rears  uprigJu,  curvtts  .and  leaps." 

Shakesp. :  I'euuit  £  Adonis,  ST9. 

C.  A.^  substa7itive : 

*  1.  Anh.  :  The  elevation  or  orthograpbv  of 
a  building. 

"  Voii    have  the   orthography  or   uprigfu  of    this 
ground-plat."— J/oxo«.-  Mechanicai  Exercises. 
2.  Building : 

(1)  A  perpendicular  piece  of  timber  placed 
vertically  to  support  rafters  ;  a  [lillar,  a  post. 

"The  bridge  was  being  con-structed  of  uprights, 
upon  which  other  timbers  were  placed. "  —  Uai/g 
Chrunivtc,  Dec.  8.  1887. 

(2)  The  newel  of  a  staircase. 

*  uprighteously  (as  iip-rit -yiis-ly),  adv. 

IEti'_'.  "f.  and   righteous! ij.]     liighteously,   up- 
rightly ;  iTi  a  Just  and  honouralile  manner. 
"  You  may  most  uprighteouslg  do  a  poor  wronged 

la«ly  a  merited  heae&W'—tihakesp. :  Measure  for  Me.a- 

nure,  iii.  1. 

■  up-rightes,  adr.     [Eng.  npriqht ;  adv.  suH". 
■■■.s.l     Upright,  uprightly. 

■'  Su  staut  there  uothyug  all  u/iriiihi''s.' 

Uower     C.  .^.     (Prol.) 

up'-right-lj?^  (gh  silent),  *  up-right-lye, 

adv.     [Eng.  upright;  -ly.] 

1.  In  an  upright  or  perpendicular  mnnner; 
peipcndicularly. 

2.  With  strict  observance  of  rectitude ; 
honestly;  in  accordance  with  high  principles 

"  He  was  sure,  he  said,  that  they  hatl  iicted  up- 
ri'/hlf!/."-~Macauliig  .■  JJiU.  Kng.,  ch.  xiv. 

up  -right-ness  {gh  silent),  *up-right- 
nes&e,  ^^     [Eng.  upright:  -ness.] 

1.  i  he  (juality  or  state  of  being  upright  or 
luijundicular. 

"  The  uprightness  ot  the  pilaster." — Knox:  Essatf'9, 

2.  Integrity  in  principle  and  practice  ;  strict 
observance  of  rectitude. 

"  Tlie  strict  tipri(jht ness  of  the  great  philosojiher." — 
Miiraniug :  /list.  Eng.,  ch.  xxii. 

*  up-ri^e',  v.i.     [Eng.  tip,  and  rise.] 

1.  To  rise  up  ;  to  rise,  as  from  a  bed  or  seat. 

"  To  whom  the  stern  Telemachus  «/w.«s.'." 

Pope:  Jiomer  ;  Odgsseg  xviil.  JS2, 

2.  To  rise  above  the  horizon. 

" The  sun's f,-ice  uprising.' 

Liingjellmo:  Beatrice. 

3.  To  ascend,  as  a  hill ;  to  slope  or  rise  up- 
wards. 

up'-rise,  up-ri§e',  s.    [Eng.  -up,  and  rise,  s.] 

*  1.  A  rising  up;  uprising. 

■'  Sweet  tidings  of  the  sun's  uprise." 

Shakesp. :  Titus  Andronicus,  iii.  1. 

2.  Rise  and  development. 

"  The  rnpid  uprise  and  general  extension  of  Jersey 
cuXWk."— Field,  Jan.  23,  iSoU. 

up-ri§'-ing,  s.     [Eng.  up,  and  rising.] 

L  Tlie  act  of  rising,  as  from  a  bed  or  seat, 
or  above  the  horizon. 


'  2.  All  ascent,  a  slope,  a  rising. 

"The  steep  uprising  oi  the  hill." 

tihakesp.  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  iv.  1. 

*  3.  A  riot,  a  rising  ;  a  rebellion. 

"  V«\ed  with  such  tiiiiiult-s  and   vprisiugs  iva  they 
dailie  piocured."- ifoi«M/*tti  .*  Cron.  England  (an.  1116). 

*  up-rist',  s.     [Uprise,  s.]    Uprising,  rising. 


'  up-rist',  pret.o/i:     [Uprise,  v.]    (Chaucer: 
C.  T..  4,-24S.) 

iip'-roar,  *up-rore,  i-.     [Dut.  oproer=!iu 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try. 


;   pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine ;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,     se.  03  ^  e ;  ey  =  a ;  q.u  =  kw. 


uproar— upsyturvy 


381 


uproar,  tumult,  sedition,  from  op  =  u|>,  and 
riiiTni=in  stir,  to  move;  ci)^n.  with  S\v. 
vjtroi'  =.  ruvolt,  sedition  ;  Dan.  ojiror  =  revolt ; 
CJcr.  avfnthr  =  tumult,  from  (Ih/=  up,  and 
riihre.n.  =  to  stir  ;  Sw.  rora  ;  Dan.  rore  ;  Icel. 
hrirru  :  A.S.  Arrran  =  to  stir.] 
**  1.  Exciteinont ;  disturbance. 

"  Hia  eye  .  .  . 
Uuto  a  ({renter  uj*roar  ttfini>ta  hia  veins." 

2.  A  noisy  tumult ;  violent  disturUinco  and 
noise  ;  bustle  and  clamour, 

"  will.,  wliilst  lii-f»tiiid,  kri)t  ill  11  guy  iinronr 
Oiiv  m.-wlileii'd  Uiiatlu  nil,  tlit-  nl'oile  nf  sleep  no  more." 
Thomsiin  :  Caslle  of  Indol^ce,  i.  t>a. 

"up-rbar,  v.t.  &  i.    [Uproar,  .'.•.] 

A,  Trtin.'i. :  To  throw  into  confusion  or  an 
uproar ;  t«>  disturli. 

•*  Uprr^r  the  universal  space." 


ShitkegiK  :  Marbfth.  iv.  .1. 

To  make  an  uproar  ;  ti»  cause 


[Eng.  up,  and  rush,  v.]    To 


B.  Iiitrfuis. 
a  disturlmice. 

■"  'I'll  net  or  vfrottr  for  his  own   suffty   "—CirUih- : 
Fi:  HevjL.  J.t.  iil.  bk.  VI.,  vh.  ii. 

fip-roar'-i-OUS,  f.  [Knj,'.  tiproar ;  -ious.] 
Makini;  or  accdiiipaiiied  by  :in  uproar  or  j;rcnt 
nojse  and  tumult ;  noisy,  ttunnltuous,  riotous. 

■'  U/ir/i'iriiutt  Imi^hter.  floml  tributes,  and  ringing 
cheers  "—/^.li/i/  C'livniicie.  Feb.  27.  18st(i, 

up-roar'-i-OUS-ly,  f'>h\  [Eri^.  vproarinv^  ; 
-/j/j  In  an  uproarious  manner  ;  tumuUuously  ; 
noisily. 

lip -roar' -i-oiis-ness,  .''.  [Eu^^.  uproarious: : 
-UC.S.S.  I  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  beiny  uji- 
riKtriuiis  ;  noisiiii-<s,  tniimlt. 

*  iip-roll',  *  up-rowl,   r.t.    [Etv^.  up,  and 

■n.il.\     T'>  rnll  i,|.. 

^ji.lropa  on  duat."  Milton:  P.  L..  vii.  ■::>('. 

up-ro6t',  vJ.  [Pref.  -up,  and  )■of*^  v.]  To  root 
up  ;  ro  tfar  up  by  or  as  by  tlie  roots  ;  to 
eradic:ite,  to  exterminate;  to  remove  utterly. 

"  The  plant,  uprooti-U,  to  his  weight  (rave  way." 
Pojje:  Umncr  ;  IlinU  X\X\.  270. 

iip-roiise',   v.t.     [Eng.   up,  and   mK-w.]     To 
nitisciip;  to  stir  up;  to  bestir,  to  aiouse. 
"  Again  uprnusfd,  tlie  tiinoroiia  prey 
Sci>ui-s  uioss.  and  moor,  ami  holt,  mid  hill."' 

ik-ott  :  The  ChiiSr.  xxii. 

'up-run',  v.i.  [En^.  vp,  and  nm.]  Tt.  run, 
asceiid,  or  motuit  up. 

"  Like  a  thriving  plant 
(T/TdK  to  manhood."        ('««'/«■  r  ■  llnuifr :  Hhtd  win. 

*  lip-rush',  )'.(. 

rush  upwards. 

"The  upyunhiim  wind 
Inflates  the  winits  nlxive.*' 

Soiithri/:  Ttialtiba,  xii. 

"up -see  Dut9h,  "iip-sej^  Dut9li,   adv. 

|l>ut.  op-:,iit.D>^'iiUrh  =  With  Dut.-h  fashion. 1 
In  the  Dutch  fasliimi ;  i)iitih-like  ;  as,  to 
drink  upsn-  Dutch  —  to  drink  in  the  Dutch 
fashion,  i.e.,  to  drink  deeply.  So  \ipsee  Frpezp 
—  in  the  Frisian  fashion.  The  phrase  was 
also  used  to  denote  intoxication  : 

"  I  d"  ni>t  like  the  fulness  of  your  eye; 
It  hath  a  heavy  caat,  'tis  ui-sev  Dutch." 

lien  Joiisoii  :  Alchemist,  iv  4. 

Thtt.  is,  looks  like  intoxication. 

*up-seek',  v.i.  [Eng.  »;»,  and  seel:]  To  seek 
or  sti-ain  upwards. 

"  Upseeking  eyea  suffus'd  with  t  ran  si>ort- tears." 

Southet/-'  Thitlaba,  xii. 

*  lip-sees',  «£?r.  fSeedcf.]  Upsee-Dutch(ii.v.), 

■  Y>'t  wlioop,  Barnaby!  offwith  thy  Iiqu(-r. 
l>rink  ups<:cs  out.  and  a  litr  for  the  vit-ar  '." 

ficolt  :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  ^  i.  fi. 

*  iip-send',  v.t.  [Eng.  k^j,  and  sen<l.]  To 
iii'ud,  cast,  or  throw  ujiwards. 

"  I'pseiids  a  nmoke  to  IIea\  ii, " 

Cowpe/- :  I/oiiier  ;  Ki-iU  xviii. 

iip'-set',  V.t.  &  i,     [Eng.  vp,  and  set.] 
A.  7'ranMtive : 
*  1.  To  set  or  place  up. 

"With  s:iile  on  uinet  iipufttc." 

Hubert  tie  firiiitnr,  p.  TO. 

2.  To  overturn,  to  overthrow,  to  overset,  as 
a  i-arriage. 

S.  To  put  out  of  one's  normal  state  ;  to 
discompose,  to  overcome  ;  to  put  out  of 
tenipei'.     (CoUoi/.) 

"The  Wolfs  nerves  were  so  much  iipg'-t  that  at  every 
W.-wt  from  tlie  horu  lie  stopped  short."— //ai/y  Tcte- 
gritph.  Feb.  13.  1888. 

1.  To  shorten  and  thieken  by  haiunifriiit;, 
as  a  piece  of  metal.    [Upsettino,] 
0.  To  disappoint ;  to  make  wrong. 

"(.'laHy  uptet  the  calculation  of  backers. "—f(rW. 
.luly  30,  1897- 


6.  To  annul,  to  nullify  ;  to  make  void. 

"  We  do  not  see  why  Meiunt 's  custom  .  . .  should 

upset  owe  oH.\\e  heal   rules  of  jpinibling.'—A'irW,  Dec. 

:u,  1SS7. 

B.  Iiitrnns.  :  To  U-  r)verturned  or  upset. 

"TIk'u,  if  you  do  not  ufmcl.  the  mill  Ret.'*  in  thi- 
wator,  "— /*i(*/,  Feb,  i.  is^sa, 

iip'-set,  n.  &  s.    (Upstn*,  v.\ 

A.  As  wlj. :  Set  up,  fixed,  determined. 

B.  As  stO'^t.:  Thi-  act  of  upsettin-.  (.v.-r- 
throwing,  or  discomposing  ;  the  state  of  iu-ini? 
upset  or  overthrown. 

"  .\  fasciiiiitiuj:  find  thrilling  ride  without  ,1  single 
upuvt.'—.-icrilnici't  .Uivjtuini;  Aug.,  1877.  p.  SSfi. 

upset-price,  .''■.  The  price  named  by  an 
auctioneer  when  he  exposes  an  article  for  .sale  ; 
the  li.west  price  at  which  any  subject,  as 
lauds,  tenements,  &c.,  will  be  sojd  by  aueiion. 
"  After  11  solemn  pause  M'OlotJsin  offered  the  upff. 
pfi-i-  for  the  lamU  aud  barony  of  Ellnngowan."  — 
.^fotr  :  (iuf/  Matiiiarinff,  ch.  xiv. 

up-set'-ting,  .--.  &  «.    [1>.set,  r.i 

A.  A^  suhst.  :  The  act  or  process  of  contract- 
i?i;;a  lit-atfd  m<-tallic  object  by  blows  delivered 
on  the  end. 

B.  As  till}.  :   Assiunin",  c<'nceit<'d,  uppish. 

■  iip-sey  Dutch,  s.    [Up.^ef.  Dt-nii.] 

*up-Sho6t',  r.i.  [Eng.  \xp,  and  shont.]  To 
shoot  ujiwards. 

"  The  trees  upshootiug  hie," 

Spfiiirr  :  /'.  (^..  II.  xii,  53. 

Up'-shot,  s.  [Eng.  up,  and  shut.]  Final  i.ssue; 
result,  conclusion,  end. 

■■  The  upxhat  upiDi  eoinpariii^  these  pk-iwuri'^ .  '—  Wol- 
laston  .   Itcliij.  of  yatiirc,  S  y. 

Up'-side,  s.  [Kni:.  vp,  and  sale,  s.]  The 
upper  rsidc,  the  upper  pait. 

II  To  h"  vpsid's  With  :  To  be  even  with  ;  to 
be  (piit  with. 

■Si>,tt :  Atiti'innr'i. 

upside-down,  r"ir.    Overtnmeil  s..  that 

till-  side  I'Tiiii-ily  the  hi;,diest  is  imw  hiwi-st. 
and  c'lC  vi-rsn.  .-  benrc,  in  complete  disorder  or 
contusion. 

'  iip'-Sit-ting,  s.  [Eng.  ?(/",  and  si^ufj/.l  The 
sittini^  u()  of  a  Wi)man  after  her  contiiiement 
to  see  her  friends;  a  feast  held  on  such  an 
oeea.sinii. 

"We  will  have  a  lying-in,  and  ancli  a  christenin.'. 
such  ((jJ«'K(»isr  and  gosaipiny."— flroomc-  Jcvi.tl  ('j.-ic. 
ii. 

"Up'-skip,  s.  [Eng.  up,  and  s/,(p.l  An  up- 
start. 

"  Put  all  tri  the  iiearintr  ot  velvet  coit**  and  u/itkifii. 
aa  he  termed  them.  "—^Viv//«'-'  tCcc/cx.  .Mrm    ;  Hilwarii 


"  Up-snatgh',  v.t.     [Eng.  up,  an«i  suftcl,.]    To 
snatch  ()r  seize  up. 


^  up-s6ar',  v.i.     [Eng.  vp,  and  soar.]    T<>  s..ar 
up  or  aloft ;  to  munnt  up. 

up-so-dowr,  up-so  doun.  up-so 
doune,  up-so  downe,  'idr.  [Eng,  ■//>. 
ciu  —  as,  and  dvivit.]     Up-side  down. 

"  The  londe  was  tourneil  upundoyntr." 

(lower ;  (J.  A..  \\. 

up-spear',  '  up-speare,  v.t.     [Eng.  up, 

and  sjiair.  \ 

1.  To  shoot,  ui>wards,  like  a  spear. 

"Cojirser  |,Tiis.i  upspearimj  o'er  the  resit  " 

Cowpcr  :  TiihK,  Z'.:. 

2.  To  root  up  ;  to  destroy. 

"  Adam  liy  hys  pryde  ditl  Parndyse  tipeprnrr." 

Bale:  EiifcrlttUe  of  John  Bnptitt.     (1.'..18.) 

'  up-spout',  V.t.     [Eng.  up,  and  si>out.  v.]    To 
spent  or  cast  uj), 

"  Cpupotitrd  by  a  uhalc  in  air" 

Cnwf/er  :  tjiteen's  i'mit  to  London. 

^  up'-spring,  s.     [Eng.  up,  and  spriinj,  s.] 

1.  A  spuuL,'  up:  a  le.ip  in  the  air ;  a*  kind 
of  ilaiice.     (I'hajnnan:  Alphonsus.) 

2.  An  ui)start. 

"  The  swaggering  uptprinfi  reels." 

Shnknp. :  llamlft.  i.  4. 

•up-sprmg',  x'A.    [Eng.  up,  and  sprifij.w] 
To  spring'  up, 

"  lie  struck  \\i»  liasty  foi't.  Iifa  heels  npnprun'j." 
Pope.   H'/mer :  Jli-ni  xv.  7iSu. 

•  Up'-Spurn-er,  s.      [Eng.  vp,  and  spuriier.] 
A  spuiiier,  a  scorner,  a  despiser. 

"Pum)tehi3,   that  tiptptirner  of  the  ertli  "— y.v;i- - 
Esixjf.  of  Ihniifl.  ch.  iv. 


*up-stald',  pret.  nfv.    [Ur-nA^.i 

up   stair^,  n  &  ath:    [Eng.  up,  and  stair.-.] 

A.  .Is  4ul}.:    Fertuining  or  relating  to  an 
upper  story  or  flat. 

B,  AsodiK:  In  or  loivardttnri  up|M-r  story. 


Up-st&nd',  v.i.    (Eng.  ifp,  and  s^ijw/,  v.]    To 

.stand  up  :  to  rise  up  ;  to  be  ereetinl. 

•  At  oiKT  upttoiHl  tl.eiuniian-li,  iiimI  iipttoml 
Ilie  wise  Uly»«e».'  fowi^r .  Uomrr  ;  /Had  vll. 

•lip-Stare',  r.i.  lEng.  up.  umX  ntnri',  v.]  To 
stare  or  .stand  on  end  ;  to  be  erect  and  con- 
spicuous. 

"  Tile  king's  nun,  KerdlnHml. 
With  hair  npttuting.'        Sh^iKcsp. :  Tfmpett.  1,  2. 

iip  start',  v.i.  \  Eng.  up,  ami  stnrt,]  To  start 
or  spring  up  su<hlenly  ;  t-t  jump  up. 

•'  .\iii|  liiue.  the  luiblest  -if  the  (Jreilaii  UKnie. 

f/.»t,trl.ut  lleive."         /'oj«'  ■  llom^r;  Iliad  Vii.  rJ7. 

up'  Start,  .■*.  &  ff.    [UesTAirr,  i'.| 

A.  As  suhstantive : 

I.  Ordinar)i  Lauunn'J^ : 

I.  One  who  suddenly  springs  from  a  humble 
or  poor  position  to  om-  of  wealth,  power,  or 
cujisequence  ;  a  parveiui. 

"They  had  acunimon  (.[leeeh  «t  Rome.  t->  call  them 
upstortK  that  were  no  (feutleraen  hotu.'—A'orth: 
Plutarch,  p.  M'J. 

"2.  One  who  assumes  a  lofty  or  arrogant 
tone. 

II,  Hot.:  C'lfrhictoit  autumnale.  So  named 
because  its  tlowers  start  at  once  from  tlie 
ground,  before  the  leaves  a[)pear. 

B,  Asodj.:  Suddenly  raised  to  prominence 
or  consequence. 

"It  was  not  to  lie  expected  that  they  would  imme- 
diately transfer  to  an  uptt-trt  authority  the  homage 
«  In.  h  fhi-v  hiwl  witlulmwn  from  thr  Vatican."- J/kc- 

'/■•'■i;/       II, St.   KlVJ.,  ch.  1. 

•up-stay,  v.t.     [Eng 
sustidn,  to  support. 

"The  tenth  on  l»-nde<l  knee 
His  massy  si>ear  }i/tt'iitl."        Milton  :  P.  L.,  vi.  195. 

*up'-stir,  '  up-stirre.  -'.     I  Eng.  np,  and 

stir,  s.l     A  (I -111  III! 'I  e  ■11,  a  tuinnlt,  a  rising. 
"  Better  reilre>Me  wiw  entended,  then  yowv  upntlrrei 
and   ii»(piieliies)te  eouldc  obtaiiie."— fftee*^.-   Ui*rt  q/" 

up'-StroUe,  ^^  (Eng.  up,  and  ^froA-c]  An 
iipward  line  j::;ule  by  a  pen  or  pencil  in 
u  ritui;^, 

■  up-sty;  up  stey,  >•.'.  lEng.  in*,  and 
-s///(i;),  v.]     T.-ns.. 

"Lefue  me.  f..i>..tln-  imn  "y„^■-/l7A  the  murenetlUe." 
—  Wucliffe:  ii.n    xxxlii    -■■. 

•up-sty-ing,    up  sty  enge,  s.    [Upstv.] 

Ascension. 

"  For  gi-ate  wonder  that  the  luwer  aungelles  had  u' 
his  iipttuen;ie."—Thr  Pt4/ir(tl  {n-Mt.  t<:  xii. 

^  Up'  sun,  s.  (Eng.  up,  and  *•»)(.]  Tlie  time 
during  uliich  the  sni)  is  above  the  horizon  ; 
th<-  time  lietvveen  sunrise  and  sunset, 

'up-SUp;  r.t.  [Eng,  up,  and  >»/>.]  To  sip. 
vlrink  up,  nr  absorb. 

■■  The  tears  bei-ain  my  cheeks  "f  deaiUy  hue  '. 
The  Mhii'h  astmon  as  subbim;  sighs.  alH.i: 
t'paupped  have,  thus  I  nty  plaint  renew.  ' 

A'urrcff:  A  Priaoner  in  Whtd»or  dttUv. 

*  Up-SWal,  pret.  of  r.     [Upswell,] 
iip-SWarm'.  v.t.  k  i.     [Eng.  up,  and  swanu.] 
:   To  raise  in  swarms;  to  cause 


U]i,  ami  staif,  v.]    To 


A.  Tr 

til  swarm 


ip. 


up. 


"  You  .  ,  .  againflt  the  peace  of  heai'eii  and  hitii 
Have  here  upttvitnned  tbein." 

Shakrgp.  .-  2  Hrnr;/  11'.,  iv,  ■;. 

B,  httnni-s.:  To  ri.se  in  swarms  ;  to. swarm 

"  I'ptwirminff  shovr'd 

Oil  the  !.i^-li  hatth-ineiit  tlnlrglitfring  siieais." 
Cmeper:  Homer :  fliml  xii. 

•  Up-sway .  r.f.    [Efig,  up,  and  sway,  v.J    To 
sway  or  swing  up  ;  tt»  brandish. 

"  Tliat  rlgbt-hand  f  Jiant  "gau  bis  club  upsmiv. 
A3  one  that  sUirtlea  from  a  heavy  slrcp." 

.St:.ft :  liou  Rodeiiek,  xvi. 

•  up  swell',  v.i.    [Eng.  up,  and  srrcV,  v.]    To 

swell  tip.  tt»  rise  up. 

•■  o  ir  lirste  foe.  the  neriwiit  .^^athaiia.*, 

r/w«c.W  and  sjiyde:  O  Ebrelk  i>eide.  nllasl" 

rh„m:T  :  (.  T.,  I:i,<9i), 

•  lip'-sSr-tur-vy,  «(/e.    (Toi-svti'kvv.j     up- 
side down  ;  topsyturvy. 

"There  foMitd  I  all  way  ujmtiturfii  turned," 

O'j-errfu;;  Jaiiu-4  /I'.,  iii, .% 


b^  boy ;  poiit,  jo^l ;  cat,  9ell.  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this :  sin,  as :  expect,  aCenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun  ;  -tion,  -sion  ^  ^^""-    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  a:i  .  -_  uel,  del. 


ab2 


uptails  all— uralite 


1.  CoiiliisJoii  ;  high  jinks. 

For  Ll»  ufltiUiM  ntl."        Mfrriek  :  Jlcapenavt.  |>.  SCj. 

2.  tJooii  fellows  ;  rcvL-lliTs. 

*•  F«l.  uiy  uptaiU  uH,  tevl  uiy  wwiptjii." 

Jictkvr :  :iatirQmattijc. 

3.  All  old  piine  at  cards. 

"  Kutr.  hIiuu,  wliUk,  i(/>I<u7ji  df/,  i>ew  ctit" 

iip-toke'.  t'.f.    LKiig.  tip,  anil  ta!:e.] 

1.  To  take  up  ;  to  take  into  thtj  hand. 

"  Uo  lienrkvittiU  to  Iiih  rtMUiuii.  niul  thv  child 
r>fiU(Mjf.'"  !<penser  :  F.  V-,  11.  ii.  n. 

2.  To  succour,  to  hi'l]t. 

'"Till-  rJKl't  lioix)  of  my  iuat  iii.tu  nptook  tliee.' — 
M'^cfty*-.  Uaiah  xli.  lo. 

Up'-ta.ke»  s.      [UlTAKK,  v.] 

1.  nr-l.  Uuig.:  Conception,  unaerslaiidiii;^, 

apprehension.     {I'rov.) 

"  KvcryboUy'lt  iiu  wie  nU-g  fit  the  uKa*«  i"*  J'^  ="'' 
yourseU,  uilther."'— Acori     olJ  MorlalUi/.  cli.  vii. 

2.  Steum. :  The  upfust  pipe  from  the  smoke- 
box  of  a  steam-I'oiler  fuiiiace,  leading  to  the 
chimney  or  stack. 

*  lip  tak'-er,  s.  [Eu;:.  ujihiki*"):  -er.]  A 
helper  ;  a  supporter. 

■■Thuu  art  my  dulir.  and  the  r/tfafajryf  luy  licelthe." 
H>WUfe  .   /*«.  ixxxviii. 

ilp-teax',  v.t.  [Ens.  "Pt  ■'•I'l  ^'-'ct'",  V.J  To 
tetir  up  ;  to  pull  or  jiluck  up. 

"  The  rest  .  .  .  the  uciglihouriiig  hills  uptore." 

Millvn  :  1'.  L.,  vi.  fl63, 

iip-thrdw,  s.    [Upthkow,  v.] 

';.<.'.  ;  Essentially  the  same  as  Upheaval 
(ij.v. ),  liut  used  chiefly  in  deseribiiiy:  tlie  dif- 
irniiLe  ol  level  on  the  two  sides  of  a  fault, 

'  up-throw',  v.t.  [Enj,'.  up,  and  throw,  v.j 
To  tlirow  up  ;  to  cast  ur  Ituil  up. 

•■  And  Hooii  the  teiiiiK-st  so  uutrH^euus  grew, 
TImt  it  whole  liodgoruws  by  the  roots  u/ithretp" 
Jtritj/ton  :  Tht!  Moon-Calf. 

•  up-thim'-der,  i\i.  (En^.  up,  a.\\*Xthui\dcr,\.\ 
To  si-iid  up  a  iimse  like  tliuiuler. 

"tVutral  Area  throut:h  nether  Bcas  upthundering." 
VolerUlgi :  To  th«  Dcpurling  Year. 

'  Up-tie',  v.t.  [Eu^'.  wp,  and  tie,  v.]  To  tie  or 
twist  up  ;  to  wind  up. 

"  Uaviiig  all  bin  Imiid  aguine  ujityele. 

spemer  :  F.  Q.,  VI.  iv.  24. 

Up'-tlSr^,  a.  (Eut?-  "Pt  ^i"^'  town.]  Situated 
in,  liviiij^  in,  or  beloii^inj;  to  the  upper  part  ol 
a  town  :  as,  uptown  people.  (Atiier.)  Used  also 
adverbially. 

•  Up-tra<fe',  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  trace,  v.]  To 
tract  up  ;  to  foUuw  up  ;  to  investigate. 

'  up-train',  t*.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  train,  v.]  To 
train  up  ;  to  bring  up  ;  to  educate. 

"  Three  (air  dau^hteia  that  weie  well  uplrained." 
.•ipfuscr  :  F.  Q.,  II.  x.  27, 

*  lip-trill',  v.t.  [Eug.  vp,  and  tnll.]  To  sing 
or  trill  in  a  liigli  voice. 

■'  The  loDg-breath'd  singer's  uptriUeA  atraiii  ■" 

Coleridfte :  Jit  u  C»nccrt-Ji<M>ni. 

up-tum',  v.t.    lEng.  lip,  and  turn,  v.] 

1.  To  turn  up  ;  to  direct  ui)wards. 

"  Her  hoiids  were  clafii/d— her  eyes  upturneJ." 

Moore  :  The  Fire-  Wurs/iippert. 

2.  To  overturn  ;  to  throw  up  ;  to  turn  over. 

"  Boreas  and  Cseciaa  and  Argeetea  loud 
Aiid  Thraacioji  reud  the  woods  and  Ke&a  upturn." 
Milton  .   P.  L,  X.  700. 

up-turned',  a.  [Pref.  up-,  and  Kng.  turned.} 
iuiii-id  so  tliat  tlie  bottnrn  becotiies  the  top. 


u'-pU-pa,  s.     [Lat.,  connected  with  Gr.  eiroj/ 
(fjn^ptf)  —  the  hoopoe  (q.v.)."] 

Ornith  :  The  sole  genus  of  Ujiujiida;  (q.v.), 
with  bill  long,  slender,  slightly  arched,  sharj), 
an<l  much  i-om))ressud  ;  nostrils  basal,  oval, 
(tartly  concealed  by  feathers  ;  tongue  very 
short  and  heart-shaped  ;  head  with  aii  erectile 
crest  <if  oblung  leathers,  set  regularly  in  pairs 
for  the  whole  length  ;  wings  moderately  long, 
very  broad,  with  ten  i)rinuiries  ;  tail  of  ten 
featheis,  .diiiost  square  at  the  end  ;  feet  witli 
the  tarsi  scutellatcd  beliind  as  well  as  before  ; 
three  toes  before,  one  behind,  outer  and 
middle  united  as  far  as  first  joint ;  claws  but 
sliglitly  curved.  Out-  species,  Upupu  Kpop.s, 
the  Common  Hoopoe,  is  a  British  visitor  ; 
but  whenever  one  is  seen  it  is  generally  shot 
to  enricrli  some  private  collection,  oi-  as  a 
"curiosity."     Pi'of.  Newton  considers  that,  il 


not  hunted  so  relentlessly,  it  would  breed  in 
Knglund  ;  and  White  (Selbornt;,  lett.  xl.)  re- 
eoids    that    a    pair    frequented    the    ground 


UPUPA    EPOPS, 
With  crest  erected  aud  depressed. 

adjoining  liis  garden  for  some  weeks  in  the 
sunnner  of  1707,  and  seemed  disposed  to 
breed,  **  but  were  flighted  and  persecuted  by 
idle  boys,  who  would  never  let  them  be  at 
rest. " 

U-pu'-pi-dSB,  s.  pi.     (Mod.    Lat.   upuj}(a) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  ad,j.  sutf.  -idie.] 

Ornitli.  :  .\  family  of  senii-terrestrial,  in- 
sectivorous Piearian  Birds  whose  nearest 
affinities  are  with  the  Hornbills.  It  contains 
a  single  genus,  Uiiujia  (q.v,),  characteristic  of 
the  Ethio(iiaii  region,  but  extending  into  the 
suntli  of  Europe  and  into  all  tlie  continental! 
divisions  of  the  Oiiental  region,  as  well  as  to 
Ceylon,  and  northwards  to  Pekin  and  Mon- 
golia. (Walhici:)  The  Wood-hoopoes  (q.v.) 
weie  formerly  placed  in  this  family,  but  now 
iii'ire  generally  constitute  the  family  Irriso- 
ndie,  with  the  single  genus  Irrisor. 

up-waft'-ed,   a.      [Eng.    up,   and    wafted.] 
Waited  u|>wards  ;  carried  up  or  aloft. 

*'  Aliiit'lfd  his  t:iitit  with  every  breatli 
Upuia/ted  from  the  innocent  flowers  I" 

Moore:  Paradii'^  &  thu  Peri. 

up -ward,  '  up-warde,  '  nppc-warde, 

■  Up-pard,  adv.,  adj.,   &  s.     lEng.  up,  and 
-,.vnL] 
A.  As  adverb : 

1.  Towards  a  higher  place  or  position  ;  up- 
wards. 

"  AU  his  Bad  cniupnnioUB  upward  ua^e, 
Fixed  on  the  glorious  scene  iu  ^^ild  amaze  " 

Pope:  Statins  ;   Thcbaid  i.  G4^. 

*  2.  With  respect  to  the  upper  or  liigher 
part  01-  parts. 

"  Daeon,  seiutnonster ;  upward  man. 
And  duwiiwurd  fisli."  Milton  :  /'.  /..,  i.  402. 

3.  More.    (Used  indefinitely.) 

"  1  am  a  very  foolish,  fond  old  man, 
Foiii-score  and  iipward,  not  an  hour  more  or  lefis." 
Shakegp,:  Le<ir,  iv.  7. 

■  \.  Toward  the  source  or  origin. 

"  Thence  your  maxims  bring. 
And  trace  the  in  uses  upward  to  their  s)triiig." 

Pope:  Essay  on  Criticism,  127. 

5.  Noting  progress  or  advance  in  years  or 
life ;  on. 

'■  Fiimi  the  Hjie  of  xiiii.  yeres  upp€U}ai-dv."—lJlii"t  • 
ihiovrnour,  bk.  i..  ch.  xvi. 

fi.  As  adjective: 

L  Directed  or  turned  upwards. 

•■  Titinius'  face  is  upward." 

ShttXetp.:  Julias  desai;  v   ;{. 

2.  Towards  the  source  or  origin. 

■■  Entirely  arresting  their  upward  migratiuu.'  — 
Ftfta.  Dec  31.  1B87. 

3.  Towards  a  higher  price  or  value. 

"  Feedini{  materials  of  all  kindit  are  unuanally 
iwiHonable  just  now.  alttiough  an  upwtrd  tendency  is 
i.Mj'arent."— /"fWd.  Oct.  a.  1885. 

'  C.  Assnhst. :  The  top,  the  summit. 
"  From  the  extreuiest  upward  of  thy  hea*! 
To  the  descent  aud  dust  )>el<tw  thy  foot." 

Siiakesp.  :  Lear,  V.  3. 

'  "I    rpinird  of:  [Upwards  of  ]. 

*  up'-ward-ly,    adv.       [Eng.    upiwrd  ;    -ly.] 
Jn  an  upward  direction;  upwards. 


up'-wards,  odv.     [Upward.] 

1.  Towards  a  higher  ]>lace  ;  in  an  ujiward 
liirection.     (Oiii)osed  to  doivnivurd.) 

"She  sliall   l>e  buried   with  her    face   upmard*."— 
Shake-'p.  :  .Mach  Ado,  iii.  2. 

2.  Towards  the  source  or  spring. 


3.  More. 

"  Rome  of  them  worth  as  much  a^i  i^'JO  ami  itpmarus,' 
—Daily  Chronivli;  Jan.  17.  18S7. 

H  Upivards  of:  More  than  ;  above  ;  in  ex- 
cess of:  as,  He  has  been  here  npivuid^  of  ten 
yeais. 

up-Whirl',  v.i.  &  t.     [Eng.  up,  ni.d  luhirl.] 

A,  Intraiis.:  To  rise  upwards  in  a  whirl  ;tc 
whirl  upwards. 

B.  'I'rans.  :  To  raise  upwards  m  a  whirling 
direction. 

■■  All  tliese  u/nohirVd  aloft 
Fly  o'er  the  backaide  of  tlip  woild." 

MiUou  :  P.  L.,  iii  4aj. 

up-wind',  ('.(.  [Eng.  up,  and  viud,  v.]  To 
wind  up;  to  roll  up;  to  imolve.  (Spenser: 
F.  y.,  L  i.  15.) 

up'-wind,  adv.  [Eng.  up,  and  wind,  s.J 
Against  or  in  the  face  of  the  wind. 

"For.  though  upwind  now,  they  could  merely 
hmiV— Field,  Feb.  i,  1868. 

Up-WOlind',  pa.  par.  or  a.     [UrwiNU,  v;.| 

*up-'WTeath',  v.i.  [Eng.  up,  and  icrcatfi,  v.] 
To  cuil  upwards, 

"  Around  it  columns  of  smoke  upwrvathiug" 

LongftUaw:  Building  of  the  Ship. 

iir'-a-chus,  s.  [Gr.  oSpOf  {ouron)  =  urine, 
and  ^x*^  (.ix-ho)  =  to  have.] 

AiuU. :  A  tibrous  cord  connecting  the  sum- 
mit of  the  bladder  with  the  anterior  abdo- 
minal wall,  passing  upwards  between  the 
liiiea  alba  and  the  peritoneum  to  the  umbili- 
cus. In  fadal  life  the  uraehus  connects  the 
bladder  with  the  allanlois. 

u-rac'-6-nite,   u-rac'-o-nije,  s.     [Eng. 

u>-a(niurn),  and  Gr.  Kofi^  {konis)  =  dust.] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  of  undetermined  crystal- 
line form,  occurring  in  exceedingly  minute 
scales,  or  eartliy,  on  uraninite  (q.v.),  at  Jo- 
achimsthal,  Bohemia.  Colour,  lemon-yellow, 
sometimes  orange.  Compos.  :  estsentially  a 
liydrated  sulphate  of  the  sesquioxide  of  ura- 


u-ree'-mi-a,  s.  [Gr.  ovpoi'  {ouro-n)  ^  urine, 
and  aipa  {haima)  =.  blond.] 

Pathol.  :  A  disease  caused  by  the  retention 
of  urea  and  other  noxious  substances  in  tlie 
kidneys  and  bladder,  followed  by  blood 
poisoning.  It  is  produced  by  any  cause  which 
l)revents  the  periodical  excretion  of  the  urine, 
and  is  a  most  dangerous  malady.  It  takes 
three  forms :  stupor,  followed  by  cotna,  con- 
vulsions of  an  epileptic  tyjie,  or  <;onia  and 
convulsions  combined.     [Albuminuria.] 

U-rse'-mic,  n.      [Mod.    Lat.    uraiinj(ia);    Eng. 

*  sutr.  -if.]  Of  or  belonging  to  urteraia :  as, 
■nramic  coma,  nro-mic  intoxication,  uranuc 
poisoning. 

itr'-al,  s.     [See  def.] 

Geog. :  The  name  r)f  a  range  of  mountains 
about  1,250  miles  long,  con.stituting  tlie  north- 
eastern boundary  of  Europe. 

Ural  Altaic,  a. 

Phikil. :  The  same  as  Turanian. 

U-ra'-li-an,  f(.     [See  def.)     Of  or  pertaining 

*  to  the  Ural  Mountains,  in  Russia. 

U-r3,l'-ic,  a.     [See  def.]    Of  or  pertaining  to 

'  the  Ural  Mountains  ;  specifically  applied  to 

the  languages  of  the   l-'mnii.:  tribes,  from  it 

being  generally  supposed  that  the  original 

seat  of  such  tribes  was  in  the  Ural  Mountains. 

iir'-al-ite,  s.  [After  the  Ural  Mountains, 
where  it  was  first  observed  ;  sutF,  -Ue  (Miit.)  ; 
Ger.  iir(i/t(.] 

Min.:  An  altered  form  uf  Augite  (q.v.), 
where  the  exterior  form  ol  the  crystal  is  jtre- 
served,  but  the  cleavage  is  thatof  liornblende. 
The  crystals  appear  to  be  composed  of  a 
number  of  minute  juisnis  of  hornblende. 
Fii-st  made  known  by  H.  Rose,  as  occurring; 
in  a  green  porphyritic  rock  in  the  Urals,  but 
it  lias  since  been  found  to  be  very  abundant 
in  many  locks, 

urallte-porphyry,  ,•;. 

Petrol.:  A  pnri>liyry  in  wliicl)  the  niineiiil 
uralite  is  a  prominent  constiuient. 

nralite-syenite,  ^. 

Petrol.  :  A  variety  of  syenite  (q.v.V  oci'or- 
ring  near  the  village  of  Tuiuojak,  in  the  Ural 
Mountains,  which  contains  uialite. 


f&te.  fSit,  f^e,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sk*,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
*<*•.  TWrtr«.  wolf,  work,  who.  son :  miite.  cii>».  niire.  nnit#*.  ciir.  rnle.  full :  try,  Parian,    se,  ce  =  e :  ey  =  a  :  qu  —  liw. 


uralorthite— uranoscopus 


38:* 


iir-al-orth'-ite,  ^■.     lAttoi  the  Ural  Moun- 
tailis,  wlirre  luviud,  and  Eng.  vrtkife.) 

Min. :  A  vaiioty  of  Allanitc  (q.v.).  occurring 
in  large  dull  crystals  in  the  Ihnen  Mountains, 
Urals.  Hardness,  0-U  ;  sj*.  gr.  :i-41  to  3-(347  ; 
cnlour,  pitch-black. 

U  rim'-D,  .*t.     [Eng.  iN(ifi(iV),  and  antil.]    [U\- 

AI.lLiAMIUE.] 

iir-a  -mil'-ic.  ".     (Kng.  itntmil;  -tc]   Derived 

fin'm  nr  r.iiitaiiiing  ni-aniil. 

uramilic-aold,  ^^ 

Chem. :  CyHioXsU?  (?).  Dialuraniic  acid.  Ob- 
tained by  boiling  a  solution  nf  dialuraniide  in 
sulphuric  aeid.  It  crystallizes  in  transparent 
luui-sidfd  jnisnis  <>r  in  siiky  needU-s,  suUiblr 
in  water  and  nitric  and  .sulpburie  aeids,  in- 
soluble in  ak-ohnl  and  ether.  With  the 
alkalis  it  lorms  erystallii«ible  salts. 

U-r&n'.  s.     [^?ec  def.]    A  contraction  of  Uran- 
'  iuin  iq.V.)- 

uran  mioa,  .<. 

Mill.  :  The  same  as  Ubanite  (q.v). 

ur'-an-ate,  3.     [Eng.  -uranCtc);  -ate.] 

Chem.  (PL)  :  Compounds  of  the  uianie  oxide 
with  basic  metallic  oxides.    (IVxtts.) 

U-rin-a-tem'-lute,    s.      [Eng.    uranilnm) ; 
'  Gr.  a  '('()  negative,   and   TCfu-u*  (tniiivJ)  =  to 
cut.] 
Mill.  :  The  same  as  Uranin. 

U-ra'-ne-ae,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  urauiia);  Lat. 

'  feni.  pi.  adj.  sull".  -eiv.] 

Hot. :  A  tribe  of  Musacere.  Seeds  nmnernus 
in  each  eell  ;  fruit  berried,  or,  if  capsular, 
bursting  through  the  eells.    {Lindley.) 

U-ra'  -  ni  -  a,   *:.      [Lat..    from    Gr.    Ovpavid 

'  (Uumiiui)  =  the  Heavenly  <me,  later  regarded 

as  the  muse  who  presides  over  astronomy.] 

1.  Clitssic  Mythology  : 

(1)  The  muse  of  Astnmoiny,  usually  repre- 
sented as  holding  in  one  hand  a  globe,  in  the 
other  a  rod,  with  which  she  is  employed  in 
tracing  out  some  figuie. 

(2)  A  surname  of  Venus  =  Celestial.  She 
was  said  to  be  the  daughter  of  Uranus  ov 
Coelus  by  the  Light,  and  was  supjiosed  to 
preside  cn-t-i-  beauty  and  generation. 

2.  Astioti.:  (Asteroid,  30.]. 

3.  Hot.:  The  typieal  genus  of  Uranese  (q.v.). 
Only  known  speeies,  Ura aia  sper.iosa  (Raveiiala 
viwiogascurieiisis).  [Uavenala.]  It  has  leaves 
of  giant  size,  small  axillary  flowers,  and  fruits 
bearing  seeds,  surrounded  by  an  aril  of  an 
ultramarine  i.-olour.  It  yields  an  essential 
oil,  and  the  capsules  a  dye. 

4.  Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Uraniida:' 
(q.v.).  .Splendid  lepidopterous  insects,  often 
aliout  three  inches  across  the  wings,  which 
are  transversely  lianded  with  black  and  git-en, 
the  binder  iiair  terminating  jmsteriorly  in  a 
long  tail,  sometimes  edged  with  white.  All 
the  species  are  South  American.  UranUi 
fnlgens  migrates  in  large  flocks  across  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama. 

U-ra'-ni-an  (l),  a.  [Eng.  Uruni(a);  -ojt.] 
Miltliol  :  Of  or  belonging  to  heaven ;  hea- 
venly, celestial.  Used  of  Venus  when  re- 
garded as  the  patrniipss  of  heavenly  or  chaste 
love.  Or  it  may  refer  to  her  being  the 
daughter  of  Uranus.     [Urania,  1,  (2).] 

■•  Tlie  bcaI  was  Cupid  Iwiit  above  a  Bcroll, 
AuJ  '.'er  S118  liwitl  Ur-titian  Venus  luiii).'. ' 

Tenni/Son  :  J'rincexg,  i.  2^9. 

D-ra'^ni-an  (2),  o.     [Mod.   Lat.,  &c.  vramis 
'  (q-\'-)i  ''  cunneet.,  and  Eng.  suff.  -an.] 

Astron. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  planet 
Uranus. 

"The  most  singular  circumstance  atttfiidiiiK  tlie 
whole  Uranian  syBitiui."—aaH  :  Story  <•/ the  Jleufe Ha, 
p.  161.. 

u-rlui'-ic  (I).  «.     [Ueanus.]    Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  heavens  ;  celestial,  astmnonueal. 

■'  Oil  I  kuow  not  what  teUurii:  or  uranic  i>riuclplea." 
—  Carli/le. 

n-rdn'-ic  (2),  o.     [Eng.  uran(ium) ;  -ic]     Con- 
'  tanied  in  or  derived  from  uranium  (q.v.). 

uraziic-acid.  s. 

Cliein.  :  The  Ti;nno  given  to  uranic  oxide 
wlu-n  in  cmbinati'in  with  bases. 

uranic-nitrate,  5. 

Chem.  :   (\:a2)\:iO<^).2-6H-20.      Prepared  by 


dissolving  jiulverised  itilchblende  in  nifrie 
acid,  evaporating  to  dryness,  adding  water, 
llltcring,  and  alhiwing  tlltrate  to  crystalli/-'. 
It  is  siduble  in  wat^ir  and  alcohol. 

uranic  oxide,  .>>-. 

f'hcm.:  UO;i.  Uranyl  oxide.  A  chann'is- 
yellow  powdi'r,  obtained  by  lieatiug  nnmie 
nitrate  in  a  glass  tube  to  250°.  It  dissolves  in 
acids  forming  tlie  uranic  salts. 

uranic-oxychloride,  n. 

Chem.:  UO.jCl.j.  Uranyl  ehloiide.  ob- 
tained as  an  orange-yidlow  vap<iur,  which 
solidities  to  a  yellow  crystalline  mass,  whr-n 
tlry  chlorine  gas  is  jiassed  over  red-hot  uianous 
oxide.  It  is  soluble  in  water,  anil  fnrnis 
double  salts  with  the  chlorides  of  tlie  alkali 
metals. 

iir-a-m'-i-dsB,  s.  j)/.  [Mod.  Lat.  nrani(a) ; 
Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  sutl'.  'iilo\] 

Entom.:  Pages;  a  family  of  Lepidoptera. 
now  believed  to  be  Hawk  Moths,  but  consti- 
tuting the  transition  to  the  tribe  of  Butter- 
flies with  which  they  were  formerly  jdaced. 
They  are  large,  have  long  slender  antenna*, 
and  fly  by  day.  Found  in  the  hotter  parts  of 
the  world.  None  British  ;  the  American 
speeies  are  brighter  in  colour  than  those  from 
ttie  East  Indies. 

iir'-a-nin,  iir-^-mn'-ite,  s.  [Eng.  ■unui 
((?(/«).'  sutf.  -in,  -inite  {.Mia.);  Ger.  urancr:, 
scliu-eruntiir.rz ;  Fr.  ti rune  oxyduU.] 

Min.  ;  A  mineral  erystallizing  in  the 
Isometric  or  cubic  system,  mostly,  however, 
nccuiring  massive.  Hardness,  5'5  ;  ep.  gr., 
0*4-S  ;  lustre,  greasy  to  dull;  colour,  velvet- 
black,  grayish  ;  streak,  brownish-black  to  dark 
olive-green  ;  opaque  ;  fiaeture,  somewhat  eon- 
choidal.  Compos.:  protoxide  of  uianiuin,  :i2'l ; 
sesquioxide  of  uranium,  67"ft  =  100,  which  is 
equivalent  to  the  formula  U0,U.>03.  Occurs 
sparingly  in  Cornwall,  Bohemia,  Saxony,  and 
a  few  other  luealities. 

iir-a-nis-co-ni'-tis,  s.    (Gr.  ovpaviaKO'; 
{'tnriinisko:;)  =  thf  palate;  suff.  -ttis.] 
Fathitl. :  luHaiiiniation  of  the  palate. 

iir-a-nis'-co-pias-ty,  s.     [Gr.   oupai-io-^cos 

(oilnmiskos)  =■  the  palate;  ■n^o.anKoi;  (plus- 
tikos)  —  fonmnQ,  from  n-AacrcrtD  (phuss6)  =  U) 
form,  to  mould.) 

Sunj.  :  The  operation  of  engrafting  in  case 
of  deiieiency  of  the  soft  ictlate. 

*  ur-a-nis-c6r'-a~ph3?,  ^.     [Gr.  ovpat'i<rKo^ 

(our-niisko.^)  =  the  paliite,  ami  pa<f>jj  (rhaplir)  =. 
a  suture.) 

Siiiy.  :  The  operation  of  sutuie  in  the  case 
of  cU'fi.  palatf. 

iir'-an-ite,    s.      [Eng.   uran^iuDi) ;    sufl'.    -ite 
(MJu.):  Fr.  nra/ie  oxyde;  Ger.   tiranit,  man- 
ijliiiimcr.] 
Mineralugy: 

1.  A  tetragonal  mineral  oc<airring  in  square 
tables  or  plates  with  bevelled  edges,  occasion- 
ally in  squaie  octahedrons  ;  cleavage,  basal, 
micnceous.  Hardness,  2  to  2"u ;  sp.  gr.,  34 
to  3*6  ;  lustre  of  eleavage  faces,  jiearly,  of 
others,  sub  -  resinous ;  colour  ami  streak, 
various  shades  of  green  ;  transparent  to  sub- 
translucent.  Compos.  ;  a  hydrated  phosphate 
of  the  sesijuioxide  of  uranium  and  protoxide 
of  ctqiper.  The  linest  varieties  of  this  mineral 
have  been  hitherto  found  in  the  nnnes  of 
Cornwall. 

2.  The  same  as  Autl^nite  (q.v.' 

iir-in-it'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  uranit(e):  -ic]  Per- 
Uiiiilng  to  or  L-ontaining  uiauite. 

U-ran'-i-um*  s.     [Named  by  the  discoverer 
*  after  tlie  phmet  Uranus  (q.v.).] 

Che  III.  :  A  hexad  metiiUic  element,  dis- 
covered by  Klaproth  in  1789  as  a  nietidlic 
oxide,  but  first  obtained  as  a  trtiH  nietal  by 
Peligot  in  1840 ;  symb.  U  ;  at.  wt.  120.  It 
is  found  in  iiitchblende.  which  is  an  oxide, 
and  in  uranite,  which  is  a  phosphate.  The 
nietal  is  readily  obtained  by  decomposing  the 
chlniide  with  potassium  or  sodium.  It  is 
somewhat  malleable  and  hard,  with  a  colour 
resembling  nickel  or  iron  ;  sp.  gr.  18'4  ;  per- 
manent in  the  air  at  ordinary  temperature, 
but  in  the  pulverulent  state  it  t'lkes  lire  at 
about  207°,  burning  with  great  splendour.  It 
f.irriis  two  classes  of  romponnds,  viz..  the 
uranous.  in  which  it  is  quadrivalent,  and  the 
uranic,  in  wlii<di  it  is  sexvalent. 


uranlam  -  carbonate, 

Viiiii.in;.] 


uranium  oxide, 

MTK.l 


[LlEBIGlTE, 

IUkasis,  Urasi- 

[UUANlTi;, 


uranium  -  phosphate, 

Al'TUNITK.] 

uranium  -  sulphate,  -s.  [Joiiannite, 
Uhanoiiiaiaitk.  MmwiDiTE,  Zu'I'Eite,  Voui.i- 
anite,  Ukaconite.J 

iir-a-no-,  pre/.    [Ukanm-m,  Uhanub.) 

1,  Of  or  belonging  to  tho  sky. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  nraniuni 
(q.v.). 

U-r^-d-Chiir-9ite,  s.  (Prcf.  wrarw-,  2. ;  Gr. 
XaAKoz  (<luilkof:)  =  brass,  copper,  and  sull. 
■He  (Mill.) ;  Ger.  uraiwchalzit.] 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  a  ndneral  occurring 
in  small  velvety  nodules  fornieit  of  nuliutin^ 
crystal-fibres.  Hardness,  2  to  25  ;  colour  lUid 
streak,  grass-  t<^  apple-green.  Compos.:  prn. 
bably  sulphuric  acid,  21-1  ;  oxide  of  uranium. 
33-5;  oxide  of  copper,  7'0  ;  lime,  'j-8;  watci, 
28-5  =  99-9. 

iir-ftn-o'-chre  (chre  as  ker)  .•;.      (Prcr. 

uriui(n)-,  2.,  and  Eng.  oc/trc.l 
Mill. :  The  same  as  UKAuosiTE(q.v.). 

u-rin-d-9ir'-9ite,  *-.  [Pref.  nrano-,  2. ;  Lat. 
circus  =  a  circle,  and  suff.  -ite  (Jl/i/r.).] 

Mill.  :  An  ortlnnhouibic  mineral  strongly 
re.scmbling  autumtc  (q.v.),  for  which  it  Imd 
been  long  mistaken.  Sp.  gr.  3*63 ;  coloui-, 
yellowish-grefn.  Compos.  :  phosplupiic  ai-id, 
14 "0  ;  sestjuioxide  of  uianiuni. 'jI)'7;*j  ;  baryta, 
16-07;  water,  14'18  =  100,  thus  lieing  an 
autunite  ((j.v.),  in  which  baryta  replaces  the 
lime.  Found  in  veins  in  the  granite  uf  Saxon 
Virigtland. 

u-rano-gr&ph'-ic,  u-rin-o-graph'-ic- 

al,  u.     U'-ng.    iiritnoijnii'h(,ii);    -ir,   -iail.]     Of 
or  pertaining  t^  uranography  (q.v.). 

iir-an-dgr-ra-phist,  .^.  (Eng.  vranogr'ii}h(y); 
-ist.]  One  who  is  xeised  or  skilled  m  urano- 
graphy. 

iir-an-Off'-ra-phj?,  s.  [Pref.  urnno-,  I.,  and 
Gr.  ypd<i>uj  (fjiaiiho)  —  to  write,  to  describe. |  A 
description,  chart,  or  <>nery  of  the  heavens  ; 
that  branch  of  astionomy  which  consists  in 
the  determination  of  the  relative  sitnations 
of  the  heavenly  bodies  and  the  construction 
*)i  celestial  maps  and  globes,  &c. 

"Fur  the  purjxiaea  of  unmngraphu  .  .  .  ;i  kuow- 
]eU|{e  of  the  eiiuitiox  ia  not  n(.H.-esbiuy."— //ciicAvI ; 
Aitronomjj,  §  294. 

n-r&n'-^d-lite,  s.    [Pref.   nrano-,  1.,  and  Gr. 
"  Aiflos  ('i//(os)  =  a  stone.]    A  meteoric  stone; 
an  aerolite. 

tir-an-ol'-d-gSr,  .•.■.  [Pref.  urano-,  1.,  and  Gr. 
Ao-yos  (logos)  — -A  discourse.]  The  knowledge 
of  the  heavens. 

iir-an-om'-et-rj?,  ■••■.  [Pref.  urano-,  l.,  and 
Gr*  fifTpoi/  (vietron)  =  a  measure.]  A  measure- 
ment of  the  heavens, 

"  A  new  uranomclry  :tnil  a  Tvpertor>-  of  coni>tjiut«  uf 
astrouuiiiy."— .Varurtf,  vol.  xxiv.,  p.  624.    |18H1.J 

U-r&n-o-ni -O-bite,  s.   [Pref.  nrano-,  2.,  and 
Eng.  niobitc] 
Mineralogy  : 

1.  The  same  as  Samakskite  (q.v.). 

2.  The  same  as  Uuanin  (tpv.). 

U-r&n'-O-phane,  ■*.   [Pref.  iiraun-.  2.,  and  Gr. 

*  <^ateui  (pluiino}  =  to  cause  t^i  appear.] 

Min.:  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occurring 
in  exceedingly  minute  crystals  on  the  sidles  ot 
fissures  in  granite  at  Kupferberg,  tjilesia. 
Hardness,  2*5  to  3  ;  sji.  gr.  2'0  to  2"ti ;  colour, 
honey-yellow.  Compos. :  essentially  a  hy- 
diated  sili&ite  of  sesquioxide  of  uranium, 
alumina,  and  lime. 

U-r&n-O-pbyU'-lte,  s.    [Pref.  nrano-,  2..  and 

*  Eng.  pliyllite.] 

Min.  :  The  same  as  Uranite  (q.v.). 

U-rSn-o-SCO-pi'-na,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat.  urano- 
'  Si0ji(ns} :  Lai.  neut.  pi.  adj.  siilT.  -ina.] 

Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Trachinidn'.  containing 
several  genera.  Tlie  eyes  are  on  the  uppei 
surface  of  the  head,  directed  upwards  ;  lateral 
line  cniitiiiui'us. 

iir-a-nds'-od-pilS,  «.    [Lat.,  from  Gr.  o'vpavo 


tooil,  hdy;  po^t,  j6^1;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9hin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^t.    -xng. 
-ci.i:;,  ^tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion*  -^\on  =  zhiin.    -clous,    tious,  -slons  =  shus.    -ble.    die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


384 


uranoscopy— urbicolous 


o-ic^iroc  (miranofkopos)  =  Uranoscopus   scaber. 
(Sec  dpf.)] 

tchth}/.  :  SUrgaser.  A  genus  of  Umiioscn- 
piua  (i|.v.).  with  eleven  species  from  the 
iTido-l'acilic  and  Athiiilic,  and  one,  Urnno- 
c-cnpits  miltci;  known  to  the  ancientii,  from  the 
Mediten-anean.  Heiul  huge,  broad,  and  thick, 
partially  covered  with  hony  phites;  inoutli- 
cleft  vertical;  scaU-s  very  Hinall ;  two  dorsal 
fins,  ventrals  jugular.  pecUfrals  branchrd ; 
viltifunn  teeth  in  jaws,  on  vomer,  and  palatine 


URANOSCOPU8  SCABER. 

bones  ;  a  long  filament  usually  present  before 
and  below  the  tongue  ;  gill-cover  arnieil.  The 
eyes,  wliieh  are  very  small,  can  be  raised  or 
de|)re:iaed  at  will.  The  species  are  small,  in- 
active fishes,  rarely  a  foot  long,  generally 
lying  hidden  at  the  bottom  between  stones, 
Avatrliiiigfnr  their  prey,  Tlie  tilaiiieut  attached 
ti>  the  bnttniii  of  their  mouth,  and  playing  in 
ttie  eurreiit  of  water  i)assiiig  throu;^h  the 
mouth,  serves  to  allure  smnll  marine  animals 
within  reach. 

ur-an-6s'-cd-py»  ••■.  [Pref.  nrano-,  l.,andGr. 
TKo;reu>  {skopro)  =  to  set",  to  o\)serve.]  Cuu- 
lem[datiou  uf  the  heavenly  bodies. 

ur-a-no-s6-,  ;>r?/.      [Mod.   Lat.  iiro.iwsus=. 

uniuous  (q.  v.).j 
Vliem.  :  Uranous  (q.v.). 
aranosO'Uranic  oxide,  >. 

Ch^m.  :  V/)s=V0-y2U0;:.  The  chief  con- 
stituent of  pitchbli'iide,  obtained  aititicially 
by  igniting  uranous  oxide  in  contact  with  air. 
It  forms  a  dark-green  velvety  powder  ;  sp.  gr. 
V'l  to  7*3,  hardly  act^^'d  upon  by  dilute  acids, 
but  dissolving  without  alteration  in  concen- 
trated hydrochloric;  and  sulphuric  acids. 

u-ran-o-sphser -ite  (aer  as  er),  s.     [Pref. 

'  itrano-,  li,  and  Eng.  i^plurrite  (Min.).^ 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  semi-globular 
groups  of  microscopic  crystals,  with  radiated 
and  concentric  structure.  Hardness,  2  to  3  ; 
sp.  gr.  6"3U ;  colour,  orange-yellow  to  brick- 
red  ;  lustre,  greasy.  An  analysis  of  perfectly 
pure  material  yielded :  sesquio.xide  of  uranium, 
50"SS ;  teroxide  of  bismuth,  44"34 ;  water, 
4*75  =  99*'.>7,  wliii.di  gives  the  formula 
Bi032U.>0;j  +  :iHU.  Found  at  the  Weisser 
Hirscli  yiine,  Scliiieeberg,  Saxony. 

n-ran-d-spin'-ite,  s.  fPref.  uraiw-,  '2.  ;  Lat. 
'  spimt  —  a  thorn,  and  sufl'.  -ite  (Miu.).} 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  scales  with 
rectangular  contours.  Crystallization  ortho- 
rhombic  ;  hardness,  2  to  3  ;  sp.gr.  S'45;  colour, 
siskin-green.  An  analysis  by  Winkler  gave : 
ju-senic  acid,  10'37  ;  sesquioxide  of  uranium, 
59-18;  lime  0-47;  water,  16-29 --^  100-31,  which 
is  approxiiuately  equivalent  to  the  formula 
CaO.U.j0..5As05-+-SHO.  Foundat  the  Weisser 
Hirsch  Mine,  Schneeberg,  Saxony. 

u-ran-o-tan'-tal-ite,  s.    [Pref.  urano-,  2., 
and  ling,  Uintalite:  Ger.  uraiiotantal.] 
Afin. :  The  same  as  Samabskite  (q.v.). 

n-ran-d-thall'-ite,  -s-.  [Pref.  timnu;  2.,  and 
Eiig.  thallite.] 

Mill. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  aggregates  of 
minute  crystals  or  grains  as  encrustations  on 
ui-aniuni  ores.  Hardness,  2-5  to  3'0  ;  colour, 
and  streak,  sLskin-green  ;  lustre,  vitreous,  on 
cleavage  faces  iiearly.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated 
carbonate  uf  uranium  and  lime.  Found  at 
.Toachinisthal,  Bohemia. 

u-rlin-o-tlibr'-ite,  ^.  I  Pref  urmio-,  2.,  and 
Kng.  thyrite.] 


Mi". :  A  variety  of  thorit<.!(q.v.),  containing 
nearly  Kt  per  cent,  of  sesquioxide  of  uranium. 
Kcmml  in  thi-  Champlain  iron  region,  New 
York,  U.S.A. 

u-ran'-o-til,  >.    [Uramum.I 

Min.  :  An  orthurhombic  minei-al  occurring 
in  nuliating  or  stellar  groups  of  aeicular 
crystals.  Sp.  gr.  3-y.''> ;  colour,  lemon-yellow. 
Tlie  mean  of  throe  analyses  gave  :  silica.  13'78; 
Mstiuioxide  of  uraidum,  60*75 ;  alumina  and 
scsiniioxide  of  iron.  0-51;  lime,  5-27;  plios- 
I'lioric  acid,  0-45;  water.  12-07  =  W-i'd,  which 
resembles  the  composition  of  urnnophane 
(q.v.). 

ur -a-nous,  ".    iFng.  iiran(ium) :  -ous,]    Dc- 

ii\t'-'l  r'n-rii  luaniuiii. 

uranous-chloride,  .s. 

Chem. :  UCI4.  Formed  by  burning  ni-anium 
in  chlorine  gas,  or  by  igniting  urau<»us  oxide 
in  hydrochloric  acid  gas.  It  cry.^^taUizes  in 
dark-green  deliquescent  octcihedrons,  soluble 
in  water  with  a  hissing  noise,  tortning  an 
emerald-green  solution.  When  boiled  it  gives 
otf  hydrochloric  acid,  and  deposits  a  finely- 
divided  brown  powder. 

uranous-oxide,  .''. 

Cliem. :  (JOo.  Obtaineil  by  beating  uranoso- 
uianic  oxide  in  a  current  of  hydrogen.  It  is 
a  brown  crystalline  powder,  soluble  in  acids, 
and  forming  greenish-coloured  salts. 

Ur'-a-niis,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  ovpavoq 
{oura7ios)  =lieaven,  spec,  the  celestial  vaidr.] 

1.  G}-eek  Mythol. :  The  most  ancient  of  all 
the  gods.  He  married  Terra,  or  Earth,  by 
whniii  he  had,  first,  the  children  called  the 
hundred-handed,  Briareus,  Cottus,  and  Gyges  ; 
secondly,  the  Cyclopes,  Arges,  Steropes,  and 
Brontes  ;  thirdly,  the  Titaues,  Oceanus,  Creus, 
Satumus,  &c.  ;  and  lastly,  the  Giants.  He 
was  dethroned  and  nmtilated  by  his  son 
Saturnus,  and  from  his  blood  sprang  the 
Furies,  Alecto,  Tisiphone,  and  Mega-ra. 

2.  Astrou. :  One  of  the  superior  planets  be- 
tween Saturn  and  Neptune.  It  was  not 
known  to  the  ancients.  When  Sir  William 
Herschel,  after  the  construction  of  his  great 
reflecting  telescope  [Telescope]  vi-as  syste- 
matically examining  with  it  all  the  stjirs  above 
a  certain  magnitude,  he,  on  March  13,  1781, 
found  in  the  constellation  Gemini  a  star  which 
he  recognized  as,  having  a  disk  which  the 
others  liad  not.  He  took  it  for  a  comet,  and 
other  contemporary  astronomers  held  the  same 
view.  Some  months  afterwards,  as  its  mo- 
tions were  traced,  the  opinion  arose  that  it 
was  a  planet,  and  in  January,  1783,  La  Place 
laid  before  the  Academy  of  Science,  at  Paris, 
CJilculations  rehiting  to  its  elliptic  orbit 
which  established  beyond  a  doubt  that  this 
opinion  was  correct.  The  di.scovery  led  to  the 
appointment  of  Herschel  as  Astronomer-Royal , 
and  the  establishment  of  the  observatory  at 
Slough.  Uranus  had  been  noted  down  by 
Flamsteed  as  a  hxed  star,  in  his  Historia 
CcElestis  Britaniiica,  published  in  1725,  and 
he  had  measured  its  place  four  or  live  time^ 
between  1690  and  1715.  Lemounier  had  ob- 
served it  nine  times  without  identifying  it  as 
a  ]>lanet.  Bradley  and  Tobias  Mayer  had 
done,  so  at  le;ist  once.  Its  diameter  is  about 
31,700  miles— about  four  times  that  of  the 
earth,  its  bulk  about  sixty-four  times  as  great ; 
but  being  of  light  material  its  weight  is  only 
fifteen  times  as  great.  It  has  been  reasoned 
out  from  analogy  rather  than  proved  by 
actual  observation  that  it  rotates,  but  the  time 
of  this  rotation  is  wholly  unknown.  Its  dis- 
tance from  the  sun  is  about  1,800,000,000  of 
miles,  and  it  travels  once  round  tlie  orbit  in 
about  eighty-seven  years.  It  receives  only 
about  one  three-thousandth  part  of  the  light 
and  heat  from  the  sun  which  fall  upon  the 
earth.  It  is  attended  by  at  least  four  satellites 
— Ariel.  Umbriel,  Titania,  and  Oberon.  Their 
orbits  all  lie  in  the  same  plane,  and  are  at 
right  angles  to  the  path  of  the  planet  itself— a 
cii"cu instance  not  known  in  the  case  of  any 
other  planet.  Called  also  Georgium  Sidus 
and  Herschel  (q.v.). 

u-ran -u-tan,  s.    [Ourang-outang.] 

iir-an-vit'-ri-ol,  s.     [Eng.   iwan^ium),   and 

vitriul.^ 
Mill. :  The  same  as  Johansite  (q.v.). 
iir'-a-nyl,  ■•>•.    [Eng.  vran(iuvi):  -yl.] 

Chem.:  U-jO;;.  The  hypothetical  radical  of 
the  urauic  compounds. 


uranyl  -  chloride,   >.      [Urank-  -  oxv- 

CHrOHlDE.] 


uranyl-oxide. 


[Uraxic-ox[de.] 


U-ra'-6,  s.      [A  name  given  by  the  nnti\e  in- 
'  habitants  to  a  deposit  in  a  lako  near  Nerida, 
C'dnmliia,  South  Auieric;i.] 
Mill. :  The  same  as  Trona  (q.v). 

iir-ap-ter-yg'-i-dje,  .s.  pL,   iir-ilp  ter 

^X,  ^•.     [OUKAFFEnVD-K,  OURAFl'ERVX.]    (.V( 'f- 

nut  ii.) 

u-ra'-ri,  s.    [Curari.] 

Tl-rar'-i-gi,  s.  [Mod.  L;it..  from  Gr.  ovpd 
'  (pura)  —a,  tail,  which  the  bracts  resemble.] 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Hedysaren^  .  Papiliona- 
ceous plants  with  pinnate  leaves,  having 
generally  three  leaflets,  purple  or  yellow 
flowers,  and  nearly  sessile  legumes  contracted 
between  the  seeds.  Urarla  la!}opO'lde;i,  an 
Indian  species,  is  considered  by  the  Hindoos 
to  be  alterative,  tonic,  and  anticntarrhal,  and 
is  an  ingredient  in  .some  of  their  medicines. 
The  fruit  of  {/.  y;(c(a,  another  Indian  si)ecies, 
is  applied  to  the  sore  mouths  of  children,  anil 
the  plant  itself  is  deemed  an  antidote  for  the 
bite  of  a  Southern  Indian  siuake  (Echts 
carinata), 

U-ras'-ter,  s.     [Pref.    uripy,  and  Gr.   dorrjp 
*  {astir)  :=  a  star-tish.  j 

Zool.  :  A  synonym  of  Asterias  (q.v.).  [Star- 
fish.] 

u-r^-ter-el'-la,  .^.    [Mod.  Lat..  dimin.  from 
"  uTdster  (q.v.).J 

Pal^eotit. :  A  genus  of  Stav-lishes,  having 
the  ambulacral  grooves  margined  by  a  row  of 
ambulacral  plates  only.  Found  tit  the  Silu- 
rian.    Called  also  Stenaster. 

iir'-ate,  s.     [Eng.  ur(k-);  -lUc] 
Chem. :  A  salt  of  uric  acid. 

urate  of  ammonia,  ■'■ 

Clinn.  :  G5H;!(NH4)N40j.  A  salt  frequently 
found  in  urine,  and  prepared  by  adding  atii- 
monia  to  uric  acid.  It  is  slightly  soluble  m 
water,  insoluble  in  alcohol  and  etlier. 

ur'-ban,  a.  [Lat.  itrbanas  =  pertaining  to  a 
city;"  vtIs,  genit.  ■urbi!<  =  a,  eity.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  city  or  town  ; 
living  or  situated  in  a  city  or  town. 

"Tlie  gra<It)»l  removal  of  urban  rookeries,  '—/*'(//y 
Telegraph,  Sept.  29.  1383. 

*  2.  Urbane  (q.v.). 

iir-bane',  a.  [Lat.  ■urhini.iis  —  v\x\K\n  (q.v.).] 
Courteous,  polite,  suave,  elegant,  retined, 
polished. 

"  RalsiDg,  through  jnat  gradatiou,  savasre  life 
To  niatic,  and  the  rustic  to  urbnw:' 

Wordsworth:  Exeumioti.  bk.  viii, 

Ur -ban-ist,  s.    [See  def.  II.  1.  2.} 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  sort-  of  dessert  pear  vi  tlie 
highest  excellence. 

II.  Church  Histonj  {PL) : 

1.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  those  of  the 
Poor  Clares  (q.v.)  who  accepted  the  reform  of 
Pope  Urban  IV.  (1'291-(J6). 

2.  Tlie  adherents  of  Pope  Urban  VI.  (137S- 
89),  in  opposition  to  whom  Clement  VII.  was 
afterwards  elected.  The  latter  held  his  court 
at  Fondi,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and 
afterwards  at  Avignon. 

"  As  Clemciit's  party  drew  b.'ick.  the  Urbanints  took 
up  the  t:ty."—Mil»/tan  :  Liifht  ChriitUtitity.  viii.  51. 

ur-ban'-i-ty,  *  ur-ban-i-tie,  .^.  [Fr.  w- 
banite,  from  Lat.  tLrbamtatem,  acciis.  of  itr- 
banitas,  from  uvbanus  =  urbane  (q.v.).3 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  urbane  ; 
civility  and  courteousuess  of  manner;  refine- 
ment, suavity,  polish,  i)oliteness. 

"The  gi-ace  and  urbanity  of  his  nwiuiers."— J/«c- 
aulay  :  tliat.  Eng..  ch,  vi. 

*  2.  A  polished  humour  or  facetiousness. 

"  Moral  doctrine,  and  urlHinity,  [s;iys  C^saubou)  or 
wel  I 'Ui  nil  tiered  wit,  are  the  two  tliiugd  which  «oiiBti- 
tute  the  Roujau  aatire,"— /^r^rfeJi;  Juvenal.    (Dedic.) 

^  ur'-ban-ize,  v.(.  {Eng.  kW-kuC''):  -ize]  To 
render  urbane. 

"  Reflned  DAtiona,  whom  nature  and  kriowledifc  did 
flrst  vrbnnizt-  and  polbh." — Unneeil:  instructium  for 
Travel,  p.  <*,     (1S4.;.) 

*  ur-bic'-O-loiis,  «.  [Lat.  urbSj  genit.  urhis 
=  a  city,  a  town,  and  co/o  =  to  cultivate,  to 
inhabit.)  Inhabiting  a  city  or  town;  urlKin. 
(Edec.  Rev.f  in  Annaitdale.) 


fete,  fat,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fell,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  maHne;  go,  pot* 
or,  wore,  wplt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  f All ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


urceola— uretic 


;i86 


nr-9e'-6-la,  ■i.     [Lat.  urcmlus  (q.v.)-] 

1.  />'V. :  A  ;itiuiK  of  Phnnierca-.  Named 
(ivm  tlie  foiin  of  the  corolla.  Leaves  oppo- 
siti',  oviito-oblong ;  flowcrB  small,  greenish,  in 
tenuinal  cymes;  caJjrx  live-cleft  ;  corolla 
iiiteher-sliaiwd.  liiury,  with  five  erect  teeth  ; 
stamens  five,  witli  eagittatc  anthers  ;  ovaries 
two  clevi-liiiun;;  into  Iriiit  thi'  size  of  oranges. 
rrr',-nhi  .l.is^ti.:,  of  Roxbnrgli  (=  U.  (Sculriittt 
of  Henlliam)  is  .xn  extensive  uxiody  cliinlier  in 
the  forests  of  Teiiasserim  ami  Pegu.  Jlr.  G. 
\V.  Str.ttell  believes  that  it  may  he  utilized 
for  supplying  caoutcliouc  (.Calcutta  Exinb. 
A■/■;wr^) 

•'  Kfdeshl :  A  pitcher  for  containing  water 
for' ritual  use  in  lie  Eucharistic  service, 
whether  for  washing  tie  ministranfs  hands  or 
for  cleansing  the  vessels.  iSmith:  Ckn^tmn 
AiLti'iuitits.} 
nr-ce-6-lar-i-a,  «.  [Lat.  urceolarh  =  of  or 
helonging  to  a  small  ijiteher.] 

1  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Limhoiiidie,  closely  akin 
to  Lecanora,  and  named  from  the  form  of 
the  shields.  The  speniiogOTiia  .are  scattered 
over  the  thalUis,  sometimes  on  the  border  ol 
the  apothecia.  They  are  inconspicuous  on 
account  of  their  pale  cohrar.  Urceolarla  scrii- 
vom  and  U.  cinerm  are  Crustaceous  Lichens, 
nsed  in  dyeing.  The  former  is  the  more  com- 
mon, growing  on  heaths,  walls,  and  rocks. 

2.  Xool.  :  A  genus  of  Urceolariidir  (q.v.), 
with  a  single  sjiecies,  parasitic  on  Plaiuiria 
lonii.  Free-swimming, highly  elastic,  change- 
able in  shape  ;  sucking-disc  ])rnvided  with  a 
simply  striated  horny  ring;  the  anterior  re- 
gion usually  alternate,  and  with  the  peristome 
obliquely  set. 

ur-ce-o-la-ri'-i-dsB,  s.  pi.  (Mod.  Lat.  nrceo- 
liir,(ii):  Lai.  iVni.  pi.  adj.  suit',  -iilo:] 

/.Ml. :  A  family  of  Peiitiiclious  Infusoria, 
with  four  genera,  frcmi  salt  and  fresh  water; 
all  parasitic  or  commensal.  Aninialcnles  free- 
swiinming  or  adherent  at  will,  diseoidal,  tur- 
binate, or  h<mrgloss-sha|ied  ;  anterior  border 
more  or  less  circular,  with  a  spirally  convolute 
eiliaiv  wreath,  the  right  linilj  of  which  de- 
scnid's  into  the  oral  aiiertnre ;  oral  system 
cotisisliiig  usually  of  a  widened  anterior  en- 
tiaiice  (the  vestibuluiii),  and  a  somewhat  pro- 
Ic.iiL-eil  )iliaryiigeal  passage;  posterior  border 
euii-sh:ipe.l,  adhesive,  ciliated,  and  generally 
strengthened  internally  with  a  lioiny  ring, 
which  in  some  eases  is  simple,  and  in  others 
set  with  tuotli-like  jtrocesses. 

nr'-ce-6-late,  «.    [Mod.  Lat.  nrccolntus,  from 
Lat.  ,i,v,„/"„s(,|.v.).J 
;;n(. ;  Pitcher-shaped  (q.v.). 

nr-ge'-o-lus,  s.    [Lat,  dimiii.  from  «rccus  = 
a  water-pitcher.] 

Bot.  (Of  a  carrx):  The  tube  made  by  two 
bracts,  which  becoming  eonftueiit  at  their 
edges,  enclose  the  pistil.  Called  also  Peri- 
gyiiiiiiii. 

ur'-9hin,  'iir-chon,   *  ur-chone,   *  ir- 
clion,     ur-gin,  *  yrc-heon,  s.  &  a.    [O. 

Fr.  iiirxii,  lu'i-i^on,  eriron;  Vi\  herisson^a 
heilgeliog,  as  if  from  a  Lat.  erklonem,  accns.  of 
ericio,  for  ericias  =  a  hedgehog ;  cogii.  with 
Gr.  xlP  (<:;icr)=  a  hedgehog.) 

'  A.  -is  substantive  : 

'  I.  Onllnary  Langiiafje  : 

1.  A  name  given  to  the  hedgehog. 

■■  Ruuiiit  as  a  ball,  skinned  like  au  yrdtean  or  bedge- 
\ni^:'—lloliii6)tcd  :  Dimn-i/^t.  Scottantt,  cli.  ix. 

2.  A  sea-urchin  (q.v.). 

■■The  iirrfioM  of  tlie  sea  called  echini."— i*.  Buttand: 
t'titiie,  hk.  ix..  cli.  xxxi. 

•  3.  An  elf,  a  fairy,  from  its  being  supposed 
to  take  at  times  the  shape  of  a  liedgeliog. 

■■  Like  ttrrhiiit,  ouphea  and  fairies.^^ 

ahaki^lp.  :  Mr.rry  Wivex  of  iVimlao);  iv.  4. 

4.  A  familiar,  half  chiding  name  sometimes 
given  to  a  child. 

■■  There  stood  the  ure7iin,  iis  yon  will  divine.'^ 

Wordsworth :  Hichaet. 

II.  Techuicallu: 

1.  Hot.  ;  The  key  of  the  ash-tree.  (Halli- 
vrtl.)  More  prolmbly  the  fruit  of  the  horse- 
ebe.stnut,  .iiscuhui  ItipiMcaslanuni.  (lirUtoi  £ 
Urilhn,!.) 

2.  Cardiitf):  One  of  a  pair  of  rapidly  re- 
volving small  card-cylinders,  arranged  around 
the  ]teriphery  of  a  large  eard-druni. 

B.  As  adjective : 

'l.  Prickly,  stinging,  rough.     (Milton.) 


2.  Trumpery. 

■•  How  ejiaie  It  vmt  to  iitride  over  such  ttfc*i« 
articIes.'-W.icfa^r-  Life  of  irtHiunu.  ii.  31. 

*  ur'-fhon,  •  ur-chone,  .«.    [Urchix.] 

ur-dee.    ur'-dy, 

[Fr.  imKr.J  I  y\ 

Her.  :    Pointed.     A  \  \( 

cross-urdee    is   one    in  \       . 

which  the  extremities    I   ^ — '  ' \ 

are   drawn  to  a  sharp     \    v j  1      v    ) 

point  instead  of  being      \         J  I  / 

cut  straight.  \      <.\      / 

urd-itc,  s.     [After 
Urda,  of  Scandinavian 
mythology;  suff.  -i(e         cross  urdee. 
(Mill.).] 

Min. :  A  name  given  by  D.  Forbes  to  a 
monazite  occurring  in  large  crystals  in  t)ie 
granite  of  Noterd,  near  Arenodal,  Norway. 

ur'-du,  s.  &  a.  [Hind,  nrdu  =  (1)  an  army,  a 
camp,  a  market,  (2)  the  language  defined  in 
the  article.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  The  Hindustani  language  as 
spoken  by  the  Muhamniadan  population  of 
India.  It  is  a  lingua  franca,  which  became 
the  medium  of  communication  between  the 
Muhamniadan  conquerors  of  India  and  their 
Hindu  subjects.  It  is  really  the  Hindi  lan- 
guage, which  is  of  the  Aryan  family,  with  a 
number  of  Persian,  Arabic,  and  Turkish  words 
introduced  into  it,  though  the  inflections  of 
nouns  and  verbs  remain  unaltered.  Many  con- 
sider Urdu  a  distinct  language  from  Hindi,  but 
Beames  regards  this  as  a  great  error  in  philo- 
logy. It  is  now  the  language  most  largely 
used  by  Europeans  in  their  intereonrse  with 
the  natives  <if  India.  It  has  a  literature, 
chiefly  historic,  which  arose  under  the  Mogul 
emperors,  commencing  witliAkbar  (1556-1605). 

'■By  a  cmions  caprice  Hindi,  when  it  uses  Arabic 
words,  is  assumed  to  become  a  new  language,  and  is 
called  by  a  new  uanie— tV./H ;  but  when  Punjabi  or 
Sindhi  do  the  sjime.  they  .are  not  so  treated."— Betimes  : 
Co'np.  Grain,  .iryait  Lann.,  i.  39. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  the  language  so 
called. 

*  lire  (1),  s.     [O.  ?!■.  fare,  euvre ;  Fr.  anivre  = 
work.     Cf.  manure,  inure.]    Use,  practice. 
■■  For  in  the  time  that  thievine  was  in  ure 
The  gentler  fled  to  places  more  secure.'^ 

John  Tftylor :  Peiinilvst  PilgHmage. 

'  lire  (2),  s.  [O.  Fr.  ciir  =  lot,  chance,  from 
Lat.  uugurlmn  =  augury  (q.v.).J  Chance, 
destiny,  fortune. 

'■  So  pitously  gall  cry 
On  his  fortune  luid  on  ure  n\so." 
LudgtUe:  Complaint  of  ttie  Black  Knight. 

'  lire  (3),  s.    [Ukus.]    A  wild  bull ;  the  urus. 

■■  Tlie  third  kind  is  of  them  that  are  n.-uned  ures."— 
Goldinge:  Catur.  fol.  163. 

•lire,  c.t.  [Ure  (1),  s.]  To  inure;  to  .ac- 
custom by  use  or  practice. 

iir'-e-a,  s.  [Latinised  from  root  of  urina  = 
urine'(q.v.).]  jjjj„ 

Chem.:  CH4N20.=  C=0.  The  chief  organic 

NH., 
constituent  of  urine,  first  obtained  in  an  im- 
pure state  by  Rouelle  the  younger,  in  1799. 
It  is  readily  obtained  by  evaporating  urine  to 
dryness  on  the  water-bath  and  exhausting  the 
residue  with  alcohol ;  or  it  may  be  prepared 
synthetically  by  the  action  of  ammonia  upon 
carbonic  oxychloride.  From  a  pure  aqueous 
solution  it  crystallizes  in  long,  flattened 
prisms  without  terminal  faces,  is  soluble  in 
water  and  alcohol,  insnlnble  in  ether,  melts 
at  120',  and  decomposes  at  .i  higher  tempera- 
ture. The  synthesis  of  urea,  discovered  by 
Wbhler  in  18'2S,  was  the  first  instance  of  an 
undoubtedly  organic  body  being  obtained  by 
artificial  means. 

"iired,  "■     [Ure(2),  s.J     Fortunate. 
■■  In  my  bxdy  1  was  well  nrfd. 

Chancer :  Ilrcnm. 

ur-e-din-a'-ce-sa,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  uredo 
(q.v.),  genit.  uredui(is):  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj. 
suR".  .ace(t.\ 

Bot. :  The  same  as  Coniomvcetks  (q.v.). 
(Li7idl€y.) 

ur-e-din'-e-i,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  uredo,  genit.  iire- 
diniis);  Lat.  masc.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -a.] 

Bot.  :  A  section  of  Pucciniiei.  Protospores 
not  septate,  and  disposed  in  regular  sori,  or 
the  species  have  two  kinds  of  fruit.  Some 
alleged    species    are    undoubtedly    only   the 


secondary  state  of  other  Fungnls,  but  there 
are  Uredinei  whicli  apjiear  genuine.  All  were 
formerly  included  under  Uredo  (q.v.). 

u-ro'-do,  f.  (Lat.  =  a  blaster  blight  of  plants; 

'  urn—  to  burn.] 

Boi. :  The  typical  genus  of  Uredinei  (q.v.). 
Protospores  brown  or  yellow,  composed  of 
several  layers  of  cells,  each  containing  a 
SI  tore.  Uretlo  cirro-a-  is  found  on  Enchanl«r's 
Nightshade,  and  U.  conjlucns  on  iti-rcurialis 
pcrennis. 

iir -e~ide,  s.    [Eng.  iire(a) ;  -iVfe.] 

Clf'jn.  (PL):  Compounds  containing  the 
elements  of  a  urea-salt,  niimis  water ;  thus 
alloxan  is  a  monnride  of  mcsoxalic  acid,  iK^ing 
a  compound  *if  that  acid  with  one  atom  of 
urea  minus  2HoO. 

U-re'-na,  s.     [From  iireii,  the  Malabar  name 
of  the  s'pecies  dclined.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Urencjc  (q.v.).  In- 
volucre and  calyx  live-cleft  ;styledividfd  above 
into  ten  portions  ;  carpels  five,  prickly  at  the 
top.  Urcna  lobata,  a  shrub  commonly  occur- 
ring with  the  mango  and  bamboo  in  I'riigal 
and  throughout  India,  and  U.  .Humita,  a  small 
Indian  shrub,  have  strong  fibres,  probably 
well  adapted  for  the  inamifaeturc  of  sacking 
and  twine.  (Calcutta  Erhib.  ]!f pi, rl.)  In  Ilrazil 
a  decoction  of  the  root  and  stem  of  ('.  Inbata 
is  eni]iloycd  as  a  remedy  in  windy  colic,  and 
the  tlowers  are  given  as  an  cxjiectorant  in 
dry  and  inveterate  cough. 

iir'-et,  s.    [Urea.] 

CVicm.  :  This  name  has  been  apiilied  to  the 
group  CHoNO,  which  by  substitution  for  one 
atom  of  hydrogen  in  ammonia,  may  be  sup- 
posed to  form  urea,  "^§7,^^  f  N.  and  by  sub- 
stitution for  two  atoms  of  hydrogen,  biuret, 

^  This  term  was  formerly  iiseil  ns  an  atlix 
indicative  of  combination ;  thus  siilpiiuret 
now  rjvilpliiiie ;  pliosphuret,  i)liosi>liiiie,  &c. 

u-re'-ter^  ■^■.     [Gr.  ovp^n^p  (ouriusr)  =  tiie 
'  urellir.1 ;  oupciu  {umcd)  =  to  pass  urine.] 

Auat.  (Pi):  Two  tubes  which  comluet  the 
mine  from  tlie  kidneys  into  iho  bladder,  one 
onteriiiy;  at  each  side  near  the  bast*.  They  are 
from  foiuteen  to  sixteen  inches  Inn^-,  and 
about  the  width  of  a  goose  iiuill. 

Ti-re-ter-i'-tis,  s.     [Eng.  nnhr  ;  sull.  -itis.] 
InllaiiMiiatii.in  of  the  ureter. 

iir' -e- thanes,  s.pL    [Eng.  v.r{k),  and  dlanu-.} 
[Carbamic-ltiiers.] 

U-re'-thra,  s.     [Gr.  ovpTiBpaipnTWiTa)."^ 

Anat.:  A  membranous  tube  running  from 
the  bladder  lirst  directly  downwards  and  then 
forwards  beneath  the  arch  of  tlie  pubcs.  It 
is  the  excretory  passage  for  the  urine,  s<^-rving 
also  in  the  male  for  tlie  rjaculation  of  the 
semen. 

U-re'-tliral,  a.     [Erig.  uretkr(a);   suff.  -al.] 
'  Of  ur  belonging  to  the  urethra  :  as,  urefhraL 
abscess. 

u-re'-thra-tome,   >■.      (Mod.   T«it.  urethra, 
'  and  <.;i.  TOfiri  {("110')  =  a  cutting.) 

Sunt. :  A  knifr  uscil  in  urethrotomy  (q.v.). 

iir  -  e  -  thri  -  tis.  ^.    [Eng.   vrctlir(u) ;   sutf. 

■itis  (q.V.).J 

Pathol. :  Inllanimation  i>f  the  nnicons  niem- 
bi-ane  lining  tbc  urethra  [Gonorkh»kaJ,  or  of 
the  urethra  it-^'df. 

u-re-thro-plas'-tic,  n.      IKng.    uuthvo- 
'  plaMiu):  ■>■'.] 

.Stir<u  :  Of  or  1  elating  tn  urethroplasty. 

u-re-thro-plas -ty,  -n-.     [Cr.  ovp^epa  (ourc- 
'  (knt)=:  the  urethra,  and  TrAda-o-tu  (/»/(i.s.sfj)  =  to 

mould.] 
Surf}.:  All  operation  for  remedying  defects 

in  the  un.'thra. 

ur-e-throt'-o-m^,  >■.    [Urcthratome.I 

,Siir'j.  :  The  operation  for  urethral  strii-ture. 
iir-e'-thyl-anc,  s.     [Eng.  viiic);    ethyl,  and 

SUft".  -our.]      [METHVLIC-CARBA.MATr..] 

U-ret'-ic,  a.     [Gr.  ovpjjTtKo?  {onritikof)  =  iyer- 
'  laining  to  urine  (q.v.).] 

Afeil. :  Of  or  relating  to,  or  prnmoting  the 
flow  of  urine. 


boil,  tooy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat.  9eU.  chorus,  9hm,  hen^h ;  go.  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon.  e^ist.    ph  -  f. 
-cian. -tian  =  Shan,    -txon, -sion  =  shiin; -^ion, -sion  =  zhun.    -cious. -tious, -sious  =  shus.    -hie,    die,  Ac  -  bel,  del. 


31? 


386 


urge— urine 


ur&e,  v.t.  &  i.    [Lat.  urgeo  =  to  urge,  to  drive  ; 
ci»«ii.  with  Or.  t'tpyu}  {eirgo)  —  to  repress,  to 
ix-.-^traiii.) 
A.  Transitive  : 
1.  To  foix't!  or  ilrive  onwani. 

k'tMUi  atiLKO  tu  ntigre  the  Ucrliseil  ourl  luny  run  .... 
Tlio  ariuilur  at  crlokfll  urye  thu  lull." 

fnpt:  iiuncind.  It.  492. 

•  2.  To  hasten  or  pusli  forward  with  exer- 
tion and  vigour. 

•'  Now  urgv  the  course  wliere  nwift  Scmiiainltfrglidea." 
Popi:  ll-rmrr:  lUitiixxi.lW. 

3.  To  press  the  mind  or  will  of ;  to  serve  as 
a  motive  or  impelling  cause ;  to  impel,  to 
constrain,  to  stimulate. 

4.  To  ])ress  or  ply  hard  with  arguments, 
entreaties,  or  tlie  like;  Xxt  importune;  tu 
solicit  with  more  or  less  yavnestriess. 

'•  And  ho  urged  hliii  to  take  It."— 2  A'jiij/i  v.  IC 

5.  To  press  upon  attei»tion  ;  to  put  forward 
or  advance  in  an  earnest  manner  ;  to  press  by 
way  of  ai-gument;  to  plead  earnestly;  to 
insist  on. 

"Tlie**'  nniuiueiits  .  .  .  were  doubtk-ja  urged  with 
force  by  Dmtihy"—Macauiai/:  Hist.  /■:»•/.,  cli.  x. 

"G.  To  press  closely  on  ;  to  follow  closely. 
"  Heir  urga  heir,  like  v/uve  impelling  wiive." 

Pope:  StUtra,  vi.  253. 

■  7.  To  ply  hard  in  a  contest  or  argument ; 
to  attack  briskly. 

"  Though  fvury  man  have  ii  iljfht  in  dl8piit«  to  urge 
a  falsi;  Tvl\siou."—TiUotion. 

'8.  To  demand  ;  to  insist  on. 

"  She  urged  conference."— .SAdA-c v.  -"  As  i'au  like  It. 
i.  2. 

**  9.  To  incite,  to  stimulate,  to  promote,  to 
encounige. 

"  Ur'jina  the  carniigo,  and  eyeing  with  plensure  all 
the  horrom  yf  wnr/'—Uaili/  TcU-yraph,  Sept,  11.  ItWJ. 

•  10.  To  i)rovokc,  to  irritate,  to  exasperate. 

"  I'll  in,  tourga  his  hatred  more  to  Clarence," 

ahakesp.  :  lUchard  III.,  i.  1. 
B.  I litransitivt  : 

*  1.  Tu  pre^s  onward. 

"Ht- 
Strives  to  urge  upward,  and'his  fortune  rjiise." 

Donne.    (Todd.) 

2.  To  incite;  to  stimulate. 

"  The  combat  urges,  and  my  soul's  on  fire." 

Pope  :  Ilomfw;  Jtiad  vi.  45a. 

3.  To  make  a  claim  ;  to  insist,  to  persist. 

"  Vrg'd  extremely  for  it"        Shakesp. :  Tinxon,  iii.  i. 

A.  To  produce  arguments  ;  to  allege  proofsj 
as  an  accuser. 

'■  Tliat  ,  ,  ,  my  accuseiit 
May  stand  forth  face  to  face 
AuU  ireely  urge  at-ninst  me." 

Shaketp. :  Benrij  17//..  v.  3. 

urge,  s.     [Fr.  orrje  ~  barley.]     Barley. 

■  urge-wonder,  ^.    A  variety  of  barley, 

■'  This   b;tiley    is  called    by  aome    ur'je- wonder. " - 
M-irtiincr. 

*  urg'-en9e, 

Uri,'eircy. 

"  His  business  craves  disp»tch, 
And  is  of  serious  urgenee." 

iVew  Tricke'to  Cfieate  the  Divell. 

urg'-en-9y,  s.    [Eng.  unjenit)  ;  -cy.] 

I.  0)'/.  Lang. :  The  quality  orstate  of  being 
urgent  ;  as — 

1.  Importunity  ;  earnest  solicitation  or 
pressing. 

"At  length  he  yielded  to  the  urgency  of  friends  ■*— 
JUacatduff  :  Hist.  iVy;.,  ch.  x, 

2.  Pressure  of  necessity. 

"  Saving  only  iu  case  of  so  great  urgencg."~IIoaker  • 
Secies.  I'l/liti'-.  bk.  i..  §  h, 

II.  Parliament:  The  voting  by  a  majority 
of  three  to  one  in  a  house  of  not  less  tliaii 
three  Imndred  members,  that  a  certain  men- 
sure  or  resolution  is  urgent  in  the  interests  of 
llie  st;ite,  in  which  case  it  takes  precedence 
'if  all  uther  business. 

urg'-ent,  a.     [Fr,,  from  Lat.  vrgens,  pr,  par. 
of  nrrjeo  =.  lo  urge  (q.v.),] 
*  1.  Oppressive. 
"The  heat  is    very   urgent."— Uacklnjt :    Voyages. 

2.  Pressing,  cogent  ;  necessitating  imme- 
diate aetion  ;  demanding  early  attention. 

"He  Mill  send  to  borrow  &o  much  money,  pretend  inc 
nrg>-nl  ucciunons  for  iV— Dam  pier :  Voyiigm  (an.  iflSO.) 

X  Pressing  or  soliciting  with  importunity  • 
iini)ortunate. 

'■  The  Egyptiaiw  were  urge.it  upon  the  people,  thut 
they  might  send  them  out  in  hiwtc.'— /;xoii«  xii.  aa. 

urg-ent-ly,    *  urg -ente  ly,   «(/(-.     [Eng. 
I'l-./p-'it;    -lif.]      In  an  ur-eiit  manncT ;   with 
prf.ssirtg  importunity  ;  pre.ssiii:^'ly,  forcibly. 
"And   therefore  the  Jewes  called   more  urgetUelu 
i'p'>n  the  in>t.Uer,"—Udal  :  John  xlx. 


[Lat.  -UTge/is  —  urgent  (q.v.).] 


urg'-Or,  *.  (Eng.  vrg(c) ;  -er.]  One  wlm 
tii-ges  ;  one  who  iniportunrs  ;  an  inciter. 

"Few  .  .  .  ad  mon  in  he  I'M,  but  Hrifoc*  of  your  action," 
Hfiutiu  A  f'let. :  yaUentinian,  i.  X 

UT-gin'-C-a,  *.  iN'amed  bySteinheil,  in  1834, 
atler  Ben  "t'rgin,  a  tribe  of  Arabs  near  Uona, 
Algeria,  in  whose  territory  he  flrst  coUecteil 
a  species  of  the  genus.] 

But. :  A  genus  of  SciUeae,  akin  to  Scilla,  but 
with  a  more  spreading  perianth  and  moie 
numerous  seeds.  Unjin&i  miirHima  (U.  Scilhi, 
or  Scilla  imtritijiut)  is  tlie  iSiiuill  (((.v.).  T. 
indica,  found  on  the  sandy  shores  of  India,  is 
sometimes  given  as  a  sub.stitute  for  the  oHi- 
cinal  squill,  to  which,  however,  it  is  much 
inferior  in  value.  It  is  chiefly  used,  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Ainslie,  for  horses  in  cases  of 
strangury  and  fever. 

iir'-i-a,  s.     [Ij&t.  urinor  =  to  dive.] 

Omith.  .'Guillemot;  a  genus  of  Alcidfc,  wiih 
eight  species,  from  the  Arctic  and  north  tem- 
perate zones.  Bill  of  moderate  length,  strong, 
straight,  pointed,  compressed,  upper  mandible 
slightly  curved  near  the  point,  with  a  small 
noteh  in  tlie  edge  on  each  side ;  nostrils 
lateral,  basal,  concave,  pierced  longitudinally, 
partly  closed  by  a  membrane,  which  is  itself 
partly  covered  with  feathers ;  feet  short, 
placed  behind  the  centre  of  gravity  in  the 
body  ;  legs  slender  ;  feet  with  only  three  toes, 
all  in  front  and  entirely  webbed  ;  wings  and 
tail  short.  Urla  troile,  the  Common,  and  U. 
gi-ylle,  the  Black  Guillemot  breed  in  Britain, 
and  U.  brueunichi,  Brunnich's,  or  the  Tliiek- 
billed  Guillemot,  from  tlie  north  of  Europe. 
Asia,  and  America,  is  also  included,  but  on 
slight  evidence,  in  the  list  of  British  birds. 

iir'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  ur(m):  -ic]  Contained  in 
or  derived  from  urea  (q.v.). 

uric-acid,  s. 

Ckem.:  C5H4N4O3.  Formerly  called  lithic 
acid.  A  general  constituent  of  the  Vertebrata, 
and  usually  prepared  from  serpents'  excre- 
ments or  from  guano,  by  boiling  with  dilute 
potassic  hydrate,  and  decomposing  by  bydro- 
cliloric  acid.  It  forms  a  glistening,  snow- 
white  spongy  crystalline  powder,  tasteless 
and  inodorous,  slightly  soluble  in  water,  in- 
soluble in  alcohol  and  ether.  By  destructive 
distillation  it  yields  cyanic  and  hydrocyanic 
acids,  carbon  dioxide,  and  ammonium  car- 
bonate. It  is  readily  identilied,  even  in  minute 
quantity,  and  by  dissolving  in  nitric  acid,  eva- 
porating the  solution  to  dryness,  and  adding 
excess  of  ammonia,  a  beautiful  deep  red 
colonr  (muiexide)  is  immediately  produced. 
It  forms  salts  called  urates. 

tJr'-im,  s.  pi.  [Heb.  omx  (urim),  pi.  of  i^« 
(i2r),  the  same  as  -li^  {orj  —  light.] 

Hebrew  Antiq.  :  Literally,  liglita  ;  but  the 
Septuagint  translators  make  it  apjiarently  a 
plural  of  excellence,  in  which  case  it  wotdd 
signify,  light.  Used  specially  in  the  com- 
pound term  Urim  and  Thnmmim  [Thummim], 
believed  to  mean,  light  and  perfection.  M.tny 
conjectures  have  been  liazarded  as  to  llici'i- 
nature,  but  the  subject  still  remains  vei  y  ob- 
scure. They  were  to  be  put  "on  the  breast- 
plate of  judgment,"  and  on  or  over  the  heart 
of  the  high  priest  when  he  specially  entered 
into  the  presence  of  Jehovah  (Exod.  xxviii. 
M) ;  Lev.  viii.  8).  On  the  return  from  the  Cap- 
tivity the  Tir.shatha  (governor)  forbade  certain 
sacerdotal  pretenders,  or  perhaps  the  wliole 
body  of  Aaron's  descendants  (lor  the  words 
seem  ambiguous),  to  eat  of  the  most  holy 
things  till  there  should  stand  up  "a  priest 
with  Urim  and  with  Thummim  "  (Ezra  ii.  68  ; 
Nell.  vii.  i55).  In  one  place  the  order  of  the 
two  words  is  reversed  (Deut.  xxxiii.  S).  If 
by  Urim  in  two  other  passages  is  meant  Urim 
and  Thummim,  then  they  seem  to  have  con- 
stituted an  oracle  to  or  by  which  apiilit^ttinns 
miglit  be  made  to  Jeliovah  for  counsel  (Numb, 
xxviii.  0.) 


21 
iir'-in-al. 


1  Sam. 


from  ui'i 


urine  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  vessel  for  containing  urine,  spetihcally 
a  vessel  or  reservoir,  with  conducroi-,  used 
in  cases  of  incontinence  of  urine. 

"  Eke  thyu  urinnts  and  thy  jonhmes  " 

Chiinver.   C.  T..  ll.^ifi. 

2.  A  convenience,  public  or  jirivate,  Uw  the 
accommodation  of  persons  wishing  to  pass 
mine. 

•  3.  A  bottle  in  which  mine  was  kept  for 
insp.'clidn. 

'•  Theae  follies  shine  tbrouch  you  like  the  water  in 
an  urutat.  —tihakesp. :  Two  OetiClcmen.  ii.  l. 


•  ur-in-al-ist,  .s.  [Eng.  vrinul;  -ist.]  One 
who  professed  t(»  be  able,  by  inspecting  the 
urine,  to  (liscover  from  what  disease  a  sick 
pei'son  was  suffering. 

"  My  urhinlist  .  .  .  left  no  artery 
Uustretcht  upon  the  tentci-s.'" 

Decker:  Match  Mc  in  London,  iii 

ur'-m-ant,  a.  [Lat.  urUmns,  pr.  pur.  of 
urinor  =  to  duck  or  dive  under  water.] 

Her.:  A  term  applied  to  the  dfdphin,  or 
other  lish,  when  borne  with  the  head  down- 
wards, and  the  tail  erect,  exactly  in  a  contrary 
position  to  what  is  termed  Haurient. 

iir'-in-ar-y,  «.  ks.    [Eng.  urin{e);  -ary.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of,  pertaining  to,  containing, 
deposited  from,  or  atlording  jiassage  to  urine: 
as,  winary  calculi,  ■iiriu-.tri/  d.  posits,  the  nri- 
wiry  passage. 

B.  As  siibsiaiitive : 

1.  Agric.  :  A  reservoir  or  place  for  the  re- 
ception of  urine,  &c.,  for  manure. 

*'2.  The  same  as  Urinal,  2. 

urinary-bladder,  s. 

Au'it.:  A  hollow  membranous  and  muscu- 
lar receptacle  receiving  the  urine  poured  into 
it  tlirough  the  ureter,  retaining  it  for  a  longer 
or  shorter  period,  and  finally  exi»elling  it 
through  the  urethra.  In  the  male  it  is 
situated  in  front  of  the  rectum  ;  in  the  female 
it  is  separated  from  the  rectum  bv  the  uterus 
and  the  vagina.  AVhen  completelv  distended 
with  urine,  it  rises  above  the  brim  of  the 
pelvis  and  becomes  egg-shaped,  the  larger 
end  constituting  its  base,  or  inferior  fundus, 
and  being  directed  towards  the  rectum  in  the 
male  and  the  vagina  in  the  female,  and  its 
smaller  end,  or  summit,  resting  against  the 
wall  of  the  abdomen.  In  front  of  the  base 
is  the  cervix  or  neck  connecting  the  bladder 
below  with  the  uretlira. 

urinary-astula.  s. 

Fi'thuL:  An  almontial  nmimunicatiim  be- 
tween the  urinary  pas.sagps  and  the  external 
surface,  througli  which  tlie  urine  finds  au  out- 
let in  greater  or  less  quantities. 

urinary-organs,  s.  j>\. 

Aiiut.  :  A  collective  term,  including  (1)  the 
kidneys  wliich  secrete  urine  ;  (2)  the  ureters 
which  convey  it  to  (3)  the  bhidder ;  and  (4) 
the  nrethia,  by  which  it  is  evacuated  from 
the  body. 

urinary-vesicle,  .s. 

Anat. :  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  the 
allantois  (q.v.),  because  from  a  dilation  on  its 
pedicle  the  niammalian  bladder  is  produced. 

'  iir'-in-ate. 


[Urine.]  Todiscliarge  urine. 
The  act  of 


*ur-in-a'-tion,   s.     [Urinate, 

passing  nriue  ;  micturition. 

'  iir'-in-at-ive,  o.  [Eng.  iirin^t):  -(Uive.] 
Provoking  or  prtunoting  the '  discharge  of 
mine  ;  diuretic. 

"  Medicines  urinative  do  not  work  by  rejection  and 
indigestion,  as  solutivedo."- AVicofi  .-  Sat.  Hist..  §  4J. 

"  iir'-in-at-or,  5.  [Lo\i?  Lat.,  frmn  urimUMs^ 
pa.  par.  of  ?(riiior  =  to  dive  or  duck  under 
water.]  A  diver;  one  who  searches  under 
water  for  sometliing,  as  for  pearls. 

"The  precions  tiling's  that  grow  there,  as  peail.  may 
he  much  nioie  iJisily  fetclied  up  by  the  help  of  this 
than  by  any  otlier  way  of  the  ttrinatort.'  —  Wilkins: 
Jhithfjiiatical  Magiclc. 

iir'-ine,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  urina  =  urine ; 
cogn.  with  Gr.  otpof  {ouron)  =  urine ;  Sans, 
ran,  var  =  water;  Icel.  ur  =  drizzling  rain  ; 
ver  =  the  sea;  A.S.  wcr  =  the  sea.] 

1,  Ord.  Lang.  S:  Cliem.. :  The  secretion  of  tlie 
kidneys,  the  chief  fluid  excretion  of  man  and 
of  the  higlier  animals.  (IVatts.)  Healthy 
human  urine  is  a  transparent  light  amber- 
coloured  liquiil,  having  a  saline  taste,  a  jiecu- 
liar  aromatic  odour,  an  acid  reaction,  and  a 
density  varying  from  l-OIO  to  1-025.  Its  chief 
constituents  are  urea,  uric,  laitic  ami  hip- 
puric  acids,  and  creatine,  toj;ether  with  cal- 
cium and  magnesium  sulphates,  chlorides 
and  phosphates,  alkaline  salts,  certain  im- 
perfectly known  principles,  and  a  colouring 
snbstiincp.  The  urine  contains  the  liijnid 
jiortion  of  useless  and  noxious  residuum  left 
after  the  assimilation  of  whatever  is  useful  to 
the  structure.     [Ur.*;mia.] 

2.  I'athol. :  Morbid  states  of  the  urine  occur 
—the  aqueous,  the  subaqueous,  the  lithic,  the 
phosphatic,    the    purpuric,    the    albuminous, 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;  

or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  wh6.  son;  mute.  cfib.  ciire.  unite.  cur.7ri'e,~llilirtr*y^  sy'ri^. 


we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there :   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;   go,  pot, 

oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  k^v. 


urine— uroleptus 


387 


autl  the  sa(!<.*harine.  Aqueous  urine,  with  a 
diiiiiuution  ill  its  solid  i:iiiiteiit«,  is  jmssed  in 
lai;j:e  quantity  Wv  iiprvnus  and  hysteric  per- 
SDiis.  especially  wlien  tliey  approach  old  aye. 
Suba(iueous  urine,  in  s«tnie  re-spect-s  the  oppo- 
site of  the  liisT.  tarries  off  an  unduly  lar;;e 
prupintion  ufsnlid  matters,  and  exists  chiuHy 
in  ileclint'  nf  ilu'  Imdily  powers,  which  it  tends 
to  accfU'iatf.  I.itlnc  urine  di-pusits  a  pink 
or  imrpUsand  or  "gravfl,"  consisting  oflitliia; 
it-s  ultinuitf  ivndency  is  to  produce  lithic 
caliMili,  IMiospliatic  urine  cont;uus  an  excess 
of  phuspiiulii:  salts,  and  deposits  a  white 
earthy  nr  i-halky  powder.  l*uri)uric  urine 
deposits  a  hiteritinus  sediment.  AlbmniniULS 
lu'ine  (.leposits  iilbunieu  ;  sonu^tinies  it  is  an 
iininiportaiit,  but  at  others  a  very  forTuiilahle 
disi-ase.  (Ai-kuminukia.]  Saccharine  urine 
is  an  attendant  on  diabetes  (q.v.). 

3.  I'hysinl. :  The  mechanism  by  which  the 
urine  is  secreted  is  apparently  of  a  double 
kind  ;  (1)  nrinit'erous  tnhules,  which  seem  to 
b-  actively  secreting  structuies,  and  (2)  the 
Maliiigiiian  capsules,  which  appear  to  act 
rather  as  a  filtering  apparatus. 

*  iir'-ine,  v.i.  [Fr,  nriiitr;  Sp.  urinar.]  To 
I)ass  urine  ;  to  make  water.  (Bacon :  Nat. 
liht.,  §  y:;5.) 

ur-in-if -er-ous,  a.  [hat.  uHiia  =  nrint\ 
and  ji-ro  =:  to  bear.)  Bearing  or  affording  pas- 
sant- tu  urint'. 

.  uriniferous -tubes,  s.  pi. 

A]iat. :  Small  tubes  or  ducts  opening  on  the 
surface  of  the  several  papiUse  into  the  interior 
of  the  calices  of  the  kidneys. 

iir-in-ip-ar-ous.  <i.     (Lat.  urina  =  urine, 

and  jtiiio  =  to  I'roduL'c.] 

A  nut.  (£•  Plui.'^iol.  :  Producing  or  secreting 
urine.  Used  of  certain  tubes  iu  the  cortical 
portion  of  the  kidney. 

ur-in-o-gen'-i-tal,  «.    [Urogenital.] 

lir-in-oni'-e-ter,  ^'.  [Lat.  urina  =  urine,  aud 
Gi.  tJLdTpov(i)wtron)  —a.  measure.] 

Phjisics:  An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
specilic  gravity  of  urine.  It  is  constructed 
on  the  principle  of  the  hydrometer,  and  vari- 
ations in  the  density  of  urine  as  detected  Ijy 
it  are  of  great  importance  in  the  treatment  of 
disease. 

iir'-in-oiis,  *  iir-m-ose.  a.  [Eng.  nrin(e): 
■oils,  -o.o'.]  Full  of  urine,  emanating  from,  im- 
pregnated with,  or  smelling  of  urine.  Used 
specially  of  an  odour  of  urine  in  the  breatli, 
the  perspiration,  or  in  vomited  matter. 

"  Conveying  tlie  urinos..' jjurticles  to  tlie  pelvis  .lud 
uretei-9."— /;.(.(/ ;  Oh  the  Creaiion,  pt,  ii. 

iir'-iths.  s-.  i'l.  [Etym.  douhtful.]  The  bind- 
ings of  a  hedge.    (Prov.) 

'  urle,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Uot. :  The  tare  {Vicia  sativa), 

urn.   'urne,  5.      [Fr.  Hmc,  from  Lat.  urna; 
pi.il).  tinui  nn>  =  to  burn,  urus  being  used  fur 
containing  tlie  ashes  of  the  dead.) 
I.  Ori Unary  Language: 

1.  A  vessel,  enlarged  in  the  middle  and  pro- 
vided with  a  foot  or  pedestal ;  specifically,  a 
vessel  in  which  the  ashes  of  the  dead  were 
formerly  preserveil ;  a  cinerary  urn.  (Browne : 
Hifdriota,phia,  ch.  iii.)    [Urn-burial.] 

2.  A  vase  or  vessel,  for  holding  water  ; 
hence,  a  vessel  generally. 

"  TeTi  thousand  rivers  pourd  at  his  coiumand, 
Fruui  u7-ti8  that  never  f.uL"      Cowpcr :  Retirement.  7;!. 

3.  Tlie  same  as  Tea-urn  (q.v.). 

i.  A  ballot-box. 

"  Tlie  Reactionaries  broke  into  the  voting-hnll ;  .  .  . 

fliiiiij  tbe  traditional   'urn'  out  of  the  window." 

JMify  Telegraph,  May  8,  1833. 

*  5.  A  place  of  burial ;  a  grave.    (Fig.) 

"  Lny  these  bones  iu  .in  unworthy  urn." 

^lihakcgp. :  Benry  I'.,  i,  2. 
*6.  A  Roman  measure  for  liquids,  coht.ain- 
ing  abimt  three  gallons.     One  urn  was  four 
times  the  congius  and  half  the  amphora. 

II.  Hot. :  The  spore-ciise  of  any  moss  belong- 
ing to  the  Bryacete.     [Urnmoss.] 

*  %  In  tite  nm :  Unknown,  undiscovered.  (A 
reference  to  the  urn  of  destiny  ;  cf.  Virg.  .-En. 
vi.  432,  Hor. :  Od.  IIL  i.  16). 

"■  A  large  part  of  tbe  earth  is  still  in  the  urn  to  us." 
—Browne:  Hydriotaphia,  cb.  i. 

urn-burial«  s. 

Anflirop. :  An  expression  used  by  8irTlioinas 


Browne  as  a  sub-title  to  his  llydHotaphia,  and 
employed  to  denote  :  (1)  the  deposition  of  hu- 
nntn  ashes  in  a  cineiary  urn  after  cremation  ; 
(li)  less  commonly,  actual  interment  of  a  corpse 
iu  an  urn.  Both  methods  were  practised  by 
thi-  ancient  Greeks,  and  aftrrwarils  spread 
westward.  Tlie  itl6o<;  (inthos),  whicii  re- 
.sembled  in  size  and  shape  the  large  oil-jars 
of  sonthern  Europe,  was  used  as  an  uin  to 
contain  burnt  human  ashes;  and  two  such 
jars  placed  mouth  to  mnutli  sometimes  served 
as  a  rude  colhn.  ami  thus  arraiigccl  they  are 
not  nnfivi|uently  found  in  the  tombs  iif  the 
Troad.  W^nnis:  Cities  &  Cemeteries  0/ Elraria, 
vol.  i.,  p.  cvii.) 

*urn,  'ume,  v.t.  [Urs,  s.J  To  inclose  in 
or  as  in  an  urn.     [Inurn.] 

"  He  will  nut  sulTfr  us  to  burn  their  bunea, 
To  nrii  their  iialies."        Two  A'oWw  Kinsmen,  i.  1. 

*urn'-al,  a.  [Eng.  urn:  -«/.]  Pertaining  to, 
resembling,  or  done  by  means  of  an  urn  :  as, 
nriud  interment. 

"  Urnitl  intoruients  and  burnt  relicka  lie  not  iu 
fear  of  wurius."— tfrowdc;  Bydriotaphia,  ch.  iii. 

um'-fiil.  s.  [Eng.  urn,  s.  ;  'fid(l).']  As 
much  as  an  urn  will  hold. 

urn'-moss,  s.     [Eng.  iim,  and  moss.\ 
But.  (PI.)  :  The  Bryaceie.    (Lindlvy.) 

ur'-nu-la,  *•.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  vrna 
=  an"urri(q.v.).] 

Zool.  :  A  geiijs  of  Tentacuhfera  Suctoria. 
Animalcules  bearing  a  single  retractile,  simple 
or  sparsely-branched,  tililorm  tentaculate  ap- 
pendage ;  excreting  and  inhabiting  a  ntem- 
braiious  lorica.  They  multiply  by  the  pro- 
duction of  free-swimming  ciliated  embryos, 
and  by  the  sub-division  uf  the  entire  body 
mass  into  sporular  elements.  There  is  but 
one  species,  Urnula  epistylidis,  which  lives 
attached  to  the  branching  pedicle  of  Epislylis 
plicatilis. 

iir-d-,  pre/.  [Gr.  oiipd  (o«m)  =  a  tail.]  Tailed  ; 
having  a  tail  or  a  tail-like  process  or  processes. 

iir-o-a'-e-tus,  s.  [Pref.  nro-,  and  Gr.  acTo? 
(aetos)  —  an  eagle.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Aquiliuje,  with  one 
species  from  Australia  aud  Tasmania. 

ur-o-5en'-triim,  s.  [Pref.  m-o-,  ami  Lat. 
centrum  =a  sharp  jioint.] 

ZooL :  A  genus  of  Peritrichous  Infusoria, 
family  Gyrocoridte,  with  one  species,  Urocen- 
trum  turbo^  from  salt  and  fresh  water.  Free- 
swimming,  ovate  or  pyriform,  persistent ; 
body  with  one  or  two  circular  girdles  of  cilia  ; 
a  caudal  ajppendage  produced  from  the  pos- 
terior region  ;  endoplastaiid contractile  vesicle 
conspicuously  developed. 

ur-6-9er'-i-d£e,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  iirocer(tis); 
Lat.  fern.  i)l.  adj.  sutf.  -ida'.] 

Entom. :  Tailed-wasps  ;  a  family  of  Phyto- 
phaga.  AntenuEe  filiform,  of  uniform  thick- 
ness, having  from  eleven  t^i  twenty -four 
joints,  middlt!  lobe  of  the  mesonotum  reach- 
ing to  the  scutellum,  and  separatwl  from  it 
by  a  transverse  line;  abdomen  elongated, 
usually  nearly  cylindrical,  of  nine  segments  ; 
ovipositor  long;  tibiaj  with  only  a  single 
spine  at  the  apex  ;  larvae  like  those  of  beetles, 
with  six  thoracic  legs,  often  rudimentary, 
and  generally  no  prolegs.  The  species,  which 
are  chiefly  from  Europe  aud  North  America, 
are    not    numerous.       Called    also    8iricid;e. 

[SlRE.X.] 

*  u-r69'-er-us,  s.  [Pref.  nro-,  and  Gr.  wepa? 
(kt:rai)  —  a  hoin.] 

Entom.:  An  old  synonym  of  8irex  (q.v.). 

[UROCEHID.t:.] 

ur'-d-chord»  s.  [Urochordata.]  Any  indi- 
vidual of  the  Urochordata  (q.v.). 

"  Anijihiiixus  has  no  external  skeleton,  nnr  havi* 
thtise  (>.«/i<,rrf.*  that  are  tailed  through  life."— B.-// . 

Comji.  A 'Hit.,  p.  3ia. 

iir-o-chor-da'-ta,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  fi-mn 
Gr.  o<jpd  (aura)  =  the  tail,  and  xop^  (chordf) 
=  a  string,  here  =  the  notochord.] 

ZooL  :  A  name  given  by  some  authors  to  the 
Tnnicata  (q.v.).  The  gnmp  isdivided  into  (I) 
Perennichordata,  in  which  thy  notochord  i^ 
found  in  the  tail  only,  and  is  retained  thron;ili 
life  ;  and  (2)  Caducichordata,  in  whi(di  the 
caudal  notochord  is  present  in  the  larva  only 
or  is  never  developed.    Tlie  notochonl,  wheii 


present,  may  be  regarded  as  having  a  distinct 
locumutory  funeilnti. 

iir-6-cor'-dy-lu8,  s.  ii*ref.  xro-.  and  Gr. 
KopBvKi]  (Icoriltili)  =  a  club,  a  cudgel.) 

Pfdo'oiit.  :  A  genual  of  Labyrinlhixlont.s. 
Skull  triangular,  truncated  beiiind,  with  u 
rounded  sn.mt;  teeth  small,  slightlv  curved  ; 
ventral  armmir  consisting  of  scutes  in  a 
chevron  pattern,  reversed  behind.  From  the 
British  Coal-measu:   .. 

•iir-o-cryp'-tus,  s.  jPrcf.  nro-,  and  Gr. 
KpvTTTO'i  {l:rii)>t"s)  =.  hid<icn.] 

ZoaL :  A  genus  (»f  Bats,  now  merged  in  Snc- 
copteryx  (q.v.). 

t  U-r69'-Sr-6n,  ,•;.  [Pref.  Kro-,  and  Gr.  Ki-uii- 
(A:Ho>j)  =  adog.] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Canidie,  with  two  species : 
Urocyoti  virginidiius  (the  Gray  i'vx)  from 
North  America,  and  U.  Vdtoralis  (the  Const 
Fox)  from  California.  (Gray :  Proc.  Zool.  Hoc, 
IStiS.) 

iir-o-de'-la,  ■■?.  pi  [Pref.  Jtro-,  and  Gr.  5;iAos 
(dt~'ti>s)  =  visible,  manifest.] 

L  ZooL  :  A  division  of  Huxley's  Amphibian.>J, 
often  called  Taded  Amphibians,  from  the  fael 
that  the  larval  tail  persists  in  adult  life.  Tlie 
skin  is  naked,  and  an  exoskeletnn  is  rarely  i-re- 
sent.  The  bo.iy  is  elongated  posteriorly  to  form 
a  compressed  or  cylindrical  tail ;  dorsal  vertc- 
br*  biconcave,  or  concave  behind  and  convex 
in  front,  ribs  short  ami  attached  to  the  tratis- 
vei-se  proces.se.s.  The.  radius  and  ulna  i;i  the 
fore  limb,  and  the  tibia  and  tibula  in  the  hind 
limb,  d"  not  gi-ow  together  so  as  to  form  a 
single  bnne.  Most  of  them  h.ave  the  four 
limbs  well  developed,  but  iu  some  the  posterior 
limbs  aie  wanting.  The  Urodela  are  divided 
into  two  sub-orders,  Salamandrinu"  and  Ich- 
thyoidea. 

2.  Pidmont.  :  From  the  Permian  onward. 
[Salamander.] 

U-rod'-e-lan,  .*.  [Mod.  Lat.  urodd(a):  Eng 
.sutf.  -(tu.]*  Any  individual  of  the  Urodela 
(q.v.). 

"  The  former  .  .  .  ia  believed  by  its  discoverer  to  be 
a  uroUeUm." — yicholson:  Palceont.,  ii.  i;5. 

iir'-o-dele,  a.  &  s.    [Urodela.] 

A,  .'Is  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  tlie  Urodela. 

"  The  worlds  surface  may  b«  divided,  ftccordinu  to 
ita  rr«(it7c  jiopulation.  iutu  tliree  reKionH."— .l/inurr  .- 
The  Cominon  Fro</.  ik  4a. 

B.  As  subs'. :  Any  individual  of  the  Uro- 
dela (q.v.). 

•■  The  largeat  existing  Urodele  .  .  .  ia  found  in 
Japan." — Mirurf  :  The  Voiumon  f\ui/.  p   4_. 

ur-d-gen'-i-tal»  iir-in-o-gen'-i-tal,  n. 

(Formed  from  Eng.  nrint-,  ami  w:tiital.]  '(ULr 
belonging  to  the  urine  and  genital  produets; 
chiefly  used  of  the  urn<ienital  ovvrinngenifnf 
passage,  of  which  the  male  urethra'  is  an 
example. 

iir-d-gle'-na,  s.     [Pref.  nro-,  and  Gr.  yAijc)? 

i'jUiie)  =  an  eyeball.j 

ZnoL  :  A  genus  of  Flagellata-Eustomala, 
family  Chloromonadidif.  Animalcules  en- 
closed socially  within  a  sub-spheroidal  ma- 
trix ;  rtagella  two;  endoplasm  enrlnsing  two 
distinct  lateral  colour-batids,  and  usually  one 
or  more  eye-like  pigiiient-sj»ots.  There  is  one 
sjjecies,  I'roglemi  volrox,  from  pond  water, 
formerly  regarded  as  an  imperfect  or  transi- 
tional form  of  V(dvox  (([.v.). 

iir-o-gj^m-nua.  .-■-  [Pref.  vm-,  ami  Gr. 
yvfxfos  (!/J"it/jo.<)  =  naked,  unarnie<l.] 

Irhthy.  :  A  genus  of  Trygoniila>  (q.v.).  Tall 
long,  Unless  and  unarmed  with  spines;  body 
thickly  covered  with  liony  tubercles  ;  teeth 
flattened,  rrvgymnu.^  a.tperrimus.  about  four 
or  five  feet  long,  from  the  Indian  Oc^ean,  is 
the  only  species.  Its  skin  is  used  for  cover- 
ing  shields  ami  the  handles  of  swords  and 
otlier  weapons,  its  rough  surface  atfording  a 
firm  grip  t<i  the  hand. 

iir-o-lep'-tUS,  .v.  [Pref.  vro-,  and  Gr.  Anirrds 
(^7.^,,s)  =  pcekd.i 

Zonl. :  A  gi-nns  of  Oxytrichidip.  with  s.-ven 
species,  all  from  fresh  water.  Animalcules 
fiee-swimming,  elongate,  highlv  elastic,  hut 
maintaining  the  same  general  contour;  prts- 
terior  extremity  usually  produced  in  an  at- 
tenuate tail-like  manner  ;  ventral  surface 
with  three  or  four  anterior  or  frontal  styles, 
and  usually  two  lines  of  seta". 


boil,  boy^ ;  pout,  jo^I :  cat.  96!!,  chorus,  9liin.  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-oian.  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion.  -slon  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  -  shixs.    -ble,  -die,  Ac  =  bel,  del. 


ans 


urology—ursidse 


u-Toi'-O'gf,  iir-on-dl'-o-g^,  ■-     l<3i'.  o&poc 

"  (.Mj ,!./()=  urinf,  aiKl  A6yo«  (/.';/tl,'^^  i=  n  wonl.  !i 

Uisi'liUISL'.i 

Med.  :  Tlint  branch  of  medicine  which 
tiejAts  of  uriue. 

n-rol'-o-phfts,  ».     [Pivf.  nro-^  and  Gr.  Ao^os 

*  (/i>;)/(')>)  =  a  crest.] 

hhfhij.  :  A  genus  of  IVygonidiv,  with  seven 
snuill  spet-ies  from  tnipieril  seas.  Tftil  of  niu- 
derate  length,  with  a  ilistiuct  rayed  terminal 
tin.  arnu'd  with  a  luirbed  spine;  rudimentary 
dt-nsal  sonietinies  present. 

iir-o-mis'-tix,  s.  [Pref.  in-o-,  and  Or. 
(j-ooTif  {imvitU)  =■  a  whip.) 

ZooL:  Thorn-tailed  Aganias ;  a  genus  of 
Agamidie,  with  live  species,  from  the  south  of 
Russia,  northern  Afiiea.  and  Centr;il  India. 
Body  eovered  with  small  scalus  ;  tail  with 
rings  of  large  .spiny  scak'S. 

nr-o-ne'-mift,  t-.    [Uronbmiis.] 

Zool. :  A  g.'iius  of  Pleuronemidie  (q.v.),  witli 

MILS] i.'s.  rro/iCHMiwuiruntm,  from  vegetable 

lIllu-l.ln^  in  salt  and  fresh  water.  Animalcules 
ln(*s^\  imming,  oval  nr  elongate,  persistent  in 
shape;  oral  aperture  ventral;  budy  ciliated, 
sette  at  posterior  extremity. 

ur-o-ne'-miis,  s.  [Pref.  wo-,  and  Gr.  irr\y.a 
{nciiHi)  =  a  thread.]    [Phanekoi'LEUBon.] 

'  ur-o-n^c'-ter-is,  *■.  [Pref.  uro-f  and  Gr. 
i-yKTepi's  {nuklt-ris)  =a  bat.] 

Zonl. :  A  genus  or  section  of  Bats,  erected 
by  Gitiy  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1802,  p.  20-2)  for 
Cyii'.'i>tfrus  (tlbiventeT,  which  is  now  merged 
in  Hariiyia,  under  the  name  of  H.  cephalotes. 

iir-o-per-ti-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  nro- 
iii:!t{i<);  Lat.  fi;in.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool.  :  Uough-tail  Snakes,  Rough-tailed 
Burrowing  Snakes ;  a  family  of  Innocuous 
Colubriform  Snakes,  with  live  genera  and 
eighteen  species,  strictly  confined  to  Ceylon 
and  the  adjacent  parts  of  snuthern  India. 
Body  cylindrical,  head  sharp  and  pointed,  tail 
short  and  truncated,  with  a  naked  terminal 
plate,  which  is  sometimes  replaced  by  keeled 
scales  ;  teeth  in  both  jaws.  They  sometimes 
burrow  to  a  distance  of  four  feet  below  the 
surface. 

iir-o-pel'-tis,  s.      [Pref.  m-o-,  and  Gr.  veX-n] 

(j)elli-)  =  a  sliield.] 

Zool. :  Tlie  type-genus  of  Urojieltidte,  with 
one  species,  from  Ceylon. 

t iir-o-pl^ill'-i-a,  s.  [Gr.o5poi'(o?tro?i)  =  urine, 
and  TTAaj/7)  (plane)  =  a  wandeiing ;  Fr.  ■nro- 
plante.) 

Pathol. :  The  transport  of  urine  to  some 
part  of  the  body  where  its  presence  is  ab- 
normal. 

u-r6p-6-da,  .^\  [Pref.  itro-,  and  Gr.  ttovs 
'  (["'tis;),  geuit.  TToBos  ipodos)  =  a  foot.] 

Z»ol. :  A  geiuis  of  Gamasidfp.  Palpi  and 
rostrum  inferior ;  dorsal  shield  of  a  single 
bntad  circular  or  oval  piece ;  legs  nearly 
equal.  Uropoda  vegetans  is  a  small  mite, 
jiaiasitic  upon  beetles,  to  which  tliese  pests 
:itt;i<ti  themselves  by  a  cord  believed  to  con- 
sist "f  thi'-Jr  excrement. 

U-rop'-sile,  ''.  [Uropsilus.]  Any  imlividual 
*  <il  tlie  genus  Uropsilus  (q.v.). 

U-rop'-si-lus,  s.  [Pref.  nro-,  and  Gr.  ipi\6s 
'  {iii^Uo-^)  =  stripped  of  hair,  bare.] 

Zonl. :  A  genus  of  Mygalidae,  closely  allied 
to  the  Shrews.     [Shrew-footed  Uropsilr.] 

iir-o-pyg'-i-al,  a.  [Uropvqium.]  Of,  be- 
1miil;iii-  to,  or" connected  with  the  uropygium. 
^^pc'cilicaily  apphed  to  a  peculiar  sebaceous 
giaml  developed  in  many  birds  in  the  skin 
eoveriijg  the  coccyx.  It  secretes  an  oily  fluid, 
wbicii  the  bird  spreads  over  its  feathers  by 
the  operation  of  preening.  The  fluid  passes 
out  by  one  or  two  apertures,  commonly 
situated  upon  an  elevation,  which  may  or  may 
not  be  covered  with  feathers. 

iir-O-pyg'-X-Um,    s.      [Or.  Ippoirvytov  (orro- 
jniijioii)=L  the  rump  of  birds  in  which  the  tail- 
leathers  are  set  {Arist.)  ;  generally  the  rump 
or  tail  of  any  animal.] 
Aaot.  :  The  coccyx  (q.v.). 

U-r6s-c6-py,  .*:.  [Gr.  oupoi'  (oHro»)=  urine, 
'  :iiid  <TKoni^^l{skop(^'i)—  to  See,  t«  observc.]   The 


judgment  of   diseases    by   inspeittit)n  of  the 
urine  of  the  patient.     [Ukinalist.] 

•'  In  this  work.  (ittciiipU  will  exct-ed  perfonimnceB : 
it  liuiiitf  comiwueil  by  aimtoliea  ol  tliiic._  iw  uiwuiuil 
viicjittnna,  aud  urotcopy,  would  \tetu\ii."—lirowm:  : 
Vul'jar  /.'rroitri. 

iir'-o-sptaen,  s.  [Pref.  urv,  and  Gr.  <r^-Qv 
{sphen)  =  u  wedge.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Fistulariidie,  from  the 
Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca.  The  cylindrical 
body  terminates  in  a  largo  wedge-shaped  tin, 
wbence  the  generic  name. 

iir-6-stic'-te,  s.    [Pref.  um-,  and  Gr.  otiktos 

(stiktos)  =  spotted,  dappled.] 

Ornilh.  :  A  genus  of  Trochilidie,  with  two 
species,  from  Ecuador.  Bill  straight  and 
longer  than  the  head  ;  nostrils  not  covered 
with  I'lumes;  wings  pointed;  tail  slight, 
forked. 

iir-O-sty'-la,  s.  [Pref.  uro-,  and  Gr.  uryAos 
(stulos)  =  a  pillar.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Oxytrichida;,  with  four 
species  from  fresh  water.  They  have  the 
general  character  of  the  family,  but  the  ventral 
sette  are  developed  in  great  abundance. 

U-rot'-ritcll-US,  s.     [Pref.  wro-,  and  Gr.  OpC^ 
'  {thn.1%  genit.  rpi.^o?  ((ricAos)  =  liair.] 

Zvi-l. :  A  genus  of  Mygalidse,  intermediate 
between  the  Desmans  and  the  Moles,  and 
agreeing  with  the  Shrews  in  having  only  two 
incisors  in  the  lower  jaw.  Nose  elongated 
into  a  snout,  with  nostrils  at  tip  ;  tail  stout, 
covered  with  long  hairs.  Two  or  three  species, 
from  Japan  and  North  America. 

*ur'-6x,  s.    [Aurochs.] 

iir-ox-an'-ic,  «■  [Eng.  tuXic);  {all)oxaii, 
and  sutf.  -k:]  Derived  from  or  containing 
ui'ic  acid  and  alloxan. 

uroxanic-acid.  s. 

Chem.  :  CsXjHmOy.  A  dibasic  acid  ob- 
tained by  boiling  uric  acid  with  strong  potash 
ley,  allowing  the  solution  to  remain  in  con- 
tact with  the  air  for  several  months,  and 
decomposing  the  resulting  salt  with  hydro- 
chloric or  sulphuric  acid.  It  crystallizes  in 
colourless,  transparent  tetrahedrons,  slightly 
soluble  in  cold  water,  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
On  boiling  with  water  it  is  decomposed,  car- 
bonic anhydride  being  given  oft'. 

uroxanic -anhydride,  s. 

ChfDi. :  C5N4H8O5.  Uroxil,  Uroxyl.  A  yel- 
lowish hygroscopic  substance  obtaineil  by 
heating  uroxsnic  acid  at  130°,  till  the  weight 
of  the  residue  becomes  constant. 

U-rox'-il,  U-rox'-^l,    s.     [Eng.    nruxianU); 

'  -il,-!/!.]     [Oroxanic-anuydride.] 

U-rox'-in,   s.     [Eng.  2irox{ani<:) ;    -hi.]     [Al- 

LOXANTIN.] 

ur'-peth-ite,  s.  [After  the  Urpeth  Colliery, 
where  found  ;  suit.  -Ue  (Min.).~\ 

Min. :  A  member  of  the  Paraffin  group  of 
hydrocarbons ;  soft,  like  tallow ;  sp.  gr. 
0"8S5  ;  colour,  yellowish-brown.  An  analysis 
yielded  Johnson:  carbon,  85-83;  hydrogen, 
1417  =  100.  Separated  from  the  ozocerite  of 
tlie  Urpeth  Colliery  by  its  ready  solubility  in 
cold  ether. 

ur'-ry,  5.  [Cf.  Gael.  w!Wac/(.  =  mould,  dust.] 
A  sort  of  blue  or  black  clay,  lying  near  a  vein 
of  coal.    (Prov.) 

"In  the  coal-uiiiies  they  dig  a  blue  or  black  cUy. 
that  Ilea  ue.ir  the  coal,  cominuuly  CJilled  iirrj/,  wliiuli 
19  ail  uiiripe  coal,  and  in  very  proper  fcr  hut  binds,  es- 
peciaUy  pasture  grouiid." — Mortimer  :  //lubiindr//. 

Ur'-sa,  s.  [Lat.  =  (1)  a  she  bear,  (2)  a  con- 
stellation.] 

AstroTi.  :  The  Bear;  the  first  word  in  the 
name  cf  two  constellations. 

Ursa  Major,  s. 

Astron. :  The  Great  Bear.  The  most  con- 
spicuous of  the  twenty  ancient  nortliein  con- 
stellations, its  seven  leading  stars  attracting 
notice  all  the  more  consincuously  that  there  is 
a  certain  absence  of  visible  heavenly  bodies  in 
the  adjacent  parts  of  the  sky.  Tlie  Scinttic 
conception  of  the  constellation  w:isthat  it  re- 
sembled a  bier  with  mourners  walking  behind. 
fARCTURUS,  Bfnetnasch],  and  it  has  some- 
times been  called  specihcally  Lazarus's  bier, 
the  four  stars  constituting  a  four-sided  figure 
being  the  bier  and  the  other  three,  Mary, 
Martha,  and  Mary  Magdalene,  the  mourners. 


It  is  much  like  a  ])lough,  and  is  often  called 
the  Plough,  the  rectangle  constirnting  its 
l)ody,  and  the  three  projecting  stars  its  handle. 
To  other  minds  it  suggests  a  vehicle,  whence 
it  has  been  <:aUed  the  Car  of  David,  and  very 
commonly  in  England  Charles's  Wain,  or 
M'aggon.  The  four  stars  standing  together 
are  the  wheels,  and  the  three  behind  are  the 
shaft.  Another  name  is  the  Dipper.  But 
astronomers  cling  to  the  old  classical  concep- 
tion of  a  bear,  of  which  tlie  four  stars,  a,  p,  y,  5 
Ursie  Majoris,  are  the  hind  quarter,  and  tlie 
three  the  tail.  The  remaining  jiortions  of  tlie 
animal  are  marked  out  by  sundry  small  stars 
of  the  third  and  fourth  uiagnitiide.  Tlie  Bear 
was  supposed  to  require  a  w;ird  or  keeper. 
[Arcturus.]    Tlie  Ar;iii~ -.n'M in- seven  eou- 


L-RSA    MAJOR    AND    URSA    MINOR. 
(The  Great  Bear  aud  the  Little  Bear.) 

spiciious  stars  names,  some  of  which  are  still 
ill  use.  They  are  called  a  Ursie  Majoris  or 
Dubhe  ;  ^.  Merak  ;  7,  Pliecda;  S.  Megrez ;  t, 
Alioth  ;  ^Mizar  ;  and 77,  Alcaid,or  Benetnasch. 
The  first  two  are  called  Pointers,  because  a  line 
drawn  from  /3  through  a,  and  continued  for 
about  five  times  as  far  as  the  distance  be- 
tween theiu  will  reach  the  pole-star.  Uisa 
Major  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Draco  and 
Camelopardaiis,  on  the  south  by  Leo  Minor, 
on  the  east  by  Canes  Venatici,  and  on  the 
west  by  Lynx  and  Camelopardaiis.  It  is  too 
near  the  pole  ever  to  set  in  the  latitude  of 
London ;  in  its  revolutions  it  turns  over, 
^but  never  disappears.  At  U  p.m.  in  the 
month  of  April  it  is  directly  overhead  ;  at  tJie 
same  liour  in  September  it  is  in  the  north  and 
low  down  ;  in  July  it  is  in  the  west;  and  at 
Christmas  in  the  east.  Of  the  seven  stars 
six  are  of  the  second  magnitude,  the  remaining 
one  (5)  being  at  present  between  the  third 
and  fourth  magnitude.  Mizar  «)  is  a  double 
star.  Powerful  telescopes  show  that  the 
Great  Bear  is  made  up  of  many  thousand 
other  stars. 

Ursa  Minor,  s. 

Astron. :  The  Little  Bear  ;  one  of  the  twenty 
ancient  northern  constellations,  bounded  by 
Draco,  Camelopardaiis,  Cassiopeia  and  Per- 
seus. Its  contour  is  marked  out  by  seven 
stars.  The  curvature  of  the  tail  is  in  the 
contrary  direction  to  that  of  the  Great  Bear  ; 
and  at  its  tip  is  a  star  of  the  second  magni- 
tude, a  Urs^e  Minoris,  ciilled  Polaris,  or  the 
Pole  Star  (q.v.).  midway  between  Cassiopeia 
and  the  Great  Bear.  Next  in  brightness  are 
)3  Ursie  Minoris,  called  by  the  Arabs  K"kab, 
and  y  Uisic  Minoris.  The  two  are  sometimes 
designated  the  Guards  of  the  Pole,  or  simitly 
the  Guards.  Kokab  is  of  the  second,  and  the 
other  of  the  third.  The  remaining  stars  are 
smaller. 

ur'~sal,  s.    [Ursus.] 

Zool.:  The  Ursine-seal.    (Annnudak.') 

ur-sS-dse,    s.   jyl.      [Mod.  Lat.  urs{us);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idas.] 

1.  Zool. :  Bears;  a  family  of  the  Cnriiivora, 
group  Arctoidea,  or,  in  older  classilications, 
Plantigrada  (q.v.).  Claw.s,  five  on  each  foot, 
lar-e,  strong,  and  curved,  non- retractile ; 
ton;;ue  smooth  ;  ears  small,  erect,  and 
rounded;  tail  short;  nose  forming  a  mov- 
able truncated  snout ;  Ccecum  absent.  Though 
ranged  with  the  Carnivora,  many  of  the  Ur- 
sid;e  live  entirely  or  partially  on  vegetable 
diet,  and  theii'  teeth  are  modified  accordingly. 
They  are  widely  distributed,  but  are  entiiely 
absent  from  the  Australian  and  Ethiopian 
regions,  and  only  one  species,  Ursus  (or  Tirm- 
arctos)  ornatus,  from  the  Andes  of  Peru  and 
Chili.  Wallace  reckons  fifteen  species,  which 
have  been  grouped  into  as  many  as  five  genera 
(Ursus,  Thalassarctos,  Helarctos,  Slelursus 
or  Prochilus,  and  Tremarctos) ;  Mivart  (/Vw: 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  —  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  k"^. 


ursiform— urusite 


389 


ZooL  Sm\,  18S0,  p.  3'.0)  i.uikes  two  .iienera 
(Ursns  and  ilelursus);  ami  Pinl".  Flnwei' 
(kncyv.  Jjrit.,  eil.  ttlli,  art.  MammalUi)  in- 
cludes Ailuropus,  an  itnnui'taiit  fi»nn  cunneul- 
ing  Ursus  with  Ailurus  (q.v.). 

2.  Patif'ont.:  Tin-  family  appears  lirst  in 
llie  JMiuc<.iif. 

ur'-si-form,  ".  [r,at.  ursvs=:n  bear,  and 
jormc  =  fonri.)  Havinj;  the  lurin  or  shape  ol" 
a  bear  ;  resembling  a  bear. 

ur'-sine,  '■.  [l.at.  nr.iinus,  from  xir$ns  =  .x 
bear.]     P.I  tainiii;^'  tu,  or  resembling  a  bear. 

ursine -dasyiire,  .''. 

ZouL  :  Ddsnitrus  tirsinii^,  the  Native  or  Tas- 
manian  Devil.  In  outward  appearance  it 
somewhat  resemble.s  a  small  bear  with  a  Ion;,' 
tail ;  the  body  is  about  two  feet  in  lengtli ; 
general  Cobiur,a  brownish-blaek,  with  ;i  bn'ud 
white  band  across  thu  chest,  and    aiiutht^r 


over  the  baok  close  to  the  tail.  They  com- 
niit  great  havoc  among  sheep  and  poultry, 
and  are  a  match  lor  an  ordinary  dog.-  In 
confinement  they  appear  to  be  untameably 
.savage.  They  are  true  Marsupials,  and  have 
the  jaw  inflected,  but  in  dental  characters 
and  in  .i,'t'neral  haljits  they  resemble  the  Car- 
nivora.     Found  only  iu  Tasmania. 

ursine -howler,  ;j. 

Znol. :  M'/rrft-s  ursinas,-^  large  monkey  from 
South  America.  The  body  is  about  three  feet 
long,  anil  the  tail  slightly  longer;  colour, 
rich  leddish-bniu'n. 


ursine -seal, 


[Northern  fur-seal.] 
[Mod.    Lat.   ursns,    and 


ur-si-tax  us, 

Pahfoiit. :  A  genus  of  Melida*,  allied  to 
Mellivora  (q.v.),  from  the  Sivalik  Hills.     [Si- 

VALIK-STRATA.] 

ur'-son,  s.  [Prob.  from  Lat.  Mr5Ks(q.v,).] 
ZooL  :  Errjthizon  dorsatuvi,  a  Nortli  Ameri- 
can species  of  Tree-porcupine.  When  full- 
grown  it  is  about  two  feet  long,  covered  with 
woolly  hair  mixed  with  long,  coarse,  dark- 
brown  hair,  with  white  or  yellowish  points. 
It  is  distributed  almost  universally  over  the 
Eastern  United  States,  and  nortli  through 
Canada  till  tlie  linut  of  the  trees  is  reached. 
Called  also  the  Canadian  Porcupine. 

ur'-s6ne,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.  (Arctostaphylos  uva-) 
iirs(i);  -0(it' (C/itD/i.).] 

Ckem. :  CjoHigO  (?).  A  resinous  body,  ob- 
tained by  treating  the  leaves  of  the  red  bear- 
berry  (Arctostaphylos  uvu-ursi)  with  ether  in 
a  disjilncement  apparatus,  and  purifying  by 
(■r\  stallization  from  alcohol.  It  forms  slender, 
colourb'ss  needles,  having  a  silky  lustre, 
tasteless,  inodorous,  insoluble  in  wat«r, 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  melt.s  at  100"  to 
liOO°,  and  solidities  again  iu^the  crystalline 
form  un  cooling. 

XJr'-su-line,  «.  &  s.  [Named  after  St.  Ursula, 
a  taiiious  Uritish  virgin  and  martyr,  who  is 
said  to  havt^  sulfered  at  Cologne,  with  11,000 
companions,  in  tlie  fourtli  century  The 
enormous  number  of  St.  Ursula's  companions 
has  been  since  explained  as  originating  in  a 
mistake  of  the  early  copyists,  who  found 
some  sncli  entry  as — "  Ursula,  et  xi.  M.  V.," 
which  (taking  M  fr)r  miUUi)  they  read  as 
"  Ursula  and  11.000  virghis,"  instead  of  "  Ur- 
sula and  eleven  martyr  virgins."  (Smith: 
Christ.  B'wj.,  iv.  1071.)] 
Church  Jlislory : 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  congre- 
gations described  under  B. 

"  In  the  Milanese  alone  there  were  eighteeu  Urtu- 
line  houses  at  the  death  of  St.  Vli>\ries,."—AddU  A 
AriiuUl:  Cal/t.  Diet.,  p.  S17. 

B,  As  subst.  (PI.):  An  order  of  nuns  devel- 
oped from  a  society  fomidcd  by  St.  Angela 


Mcrici  of  Brescia  (1470-1040)  iu  1537,  under 
tlie  invocation  of  St.  Ursula  (see  etyni).  The 
objects  of  the  institution  were,  uui-sing  the 
sick,  the  education  of  girls,  and  the  sanctih- 
cation  of  the  lives  of  the  members  ;  anrl  the 
foundation  was  conlirmed  by  Pope  Paul  HI. 
in  1544.  Till  the  begiiuung  of  the  seventeenth 
century  the  vows  were  simple,  but  in  lOl'J  a 
bull  was  obtained  from  Pope  Paul  V,,  making 
the  congregation  a  religions  order,  with  strict 
enclosure  and  solenui  vows,  a  fourth — that  of 
iustruetiug  the  young— being  added  to  the 
usual  three.  Since  that  time  several  distinct 
congregations  have  been  formed. 

ur'-SUS,  s.     iLat.  =  a  bear.] 

1.  Znol. :  The  type-genus  of  Ursidai  (q.v.), 
witli  tlie  range  <if  the  family.  Dent;d  formula, 
I.  ■],  c.  I,  PM.  J,  M.  3.  Milk  teeth  comparatively 
small,  and  shed  at  an  early  age  ;  body  lieavy  ; 
feet  broad,  and  completely  plantigrade;  the 
live  toes  on  each  foot  all  well  developed,  antl 
armed  with  long,  compressed,  moderately- 
curved,  nou-reti-actile  claws  ;  palms  and  soles 
naked  ;  tail  very  short ;  ears  moderate,  erect, 
rounded,  hairy;  fur  generally  long,  soft,  and 
shaggy.  Prof.  Flower  groups  the  species  in 
the  following  sections  : 

(1)  Thalassarctos.  Head  comparatively 
small,  molar  teeth  small  and  narrow,  soles 
more  covered  witli  hair  than  iu  the  other 
sections.  Ursus  iiiaritimus,  the  Polar  or 
White  Bear. 

(2)  Ursus  proper ;  U.  arctos,  the  Common 
Brown  Bear  of  Europe  and  Asia,  a  very  vari- 
able species,  U.  syriacus  (tlie  Syrian),  and  U. 
tsabellinus  (the  Isabelline  Bear),  if  really  dis- 
tinct species,  are  nearly  related  ;  U.  tiWtaiius, 
japonicus,  and  ainericamts,  the  Black  Bears  of 
the  Himalayas,  Japan,  and  North  America ; 
U.  ornatus,  tliG  Spectacled  Bear  of  the  Peru- 
vian Andes. 

(3)  Helarctos.  Head  short  and  broad, 
molars  comparatively  broad,  tongue  long  and 
extensile,  fur  short  and  smooth.  U.  malay- 
anvs,  the  Malay  or  Sun  Bear. 

2.  Pulceont. :  [Bear  (1),  s.,  I.  1.  (2).] 

ur'-ti-ca,  s.  [Lat.  =  a  nettle,  a  stinging  nettle ; 
uro  ~  to  burn.] 

Bat.  :  Nettle ;  the  typical  genus  of  Urticacea- 
(q.v.).  Herbs,  i-arely  shrubs,  with  stinging 
liairs  and  a  tenacious  inner  bark.  Leaves 
opposite,  with  stinging  hairs ;  calyx  four- 
partite  ;  males  with  four  stamens  and  the 
i-udinients  of  an  ovary;  females  with  a  sub- 
sessile,  penicillate  stigma  ;  fruit  an  achene. 
Known  species  thirty-seven,  from  temperate 
and  tropical  climes.  Three  are  British  :  Urtica 
urciis,  the  Small,  U.  diolm,  the  Great,  and 
U,  piluUfera,  the  Roman  Nettle.  For  the 
characteristics  of  the  tirst  two,  see  Nettle. 
The  third  species  resembles  the  first,  but  has 
capitate  flowers ;  it  is  the  most  venomous  of 
the  three.  It  may  not  be  really  indigenous. 
The  root  of  the  second  species,  boiled  with 
alum,  dyes  yarn  yellow,  a  kind  of  hemp  is 
manufactured  from  the  fibres  of  its  stalk,  and 
the  whtde  plant  is  astringent  and  diuretic.  A 
decoction  of  it,  strongly  salted,  curdles  milk. 
Some  foreign  species  sting  strongly.  Urtica 
uriDitissiiiia^  called  in  Timor  the  Daomi  Setan 
(the  Devil's  Leaf)  is  said  by  the  natives  to  pro- 
duce ett'ects  continuing  about  a  year,  or  even  to 
cause  death.  U.  (=  Laportea)  crcnulata,  an  In- 
dian species,  is  also  formidable.  [Laportea.] 
U.  stimnluns  of  Java  is  less  violent.  The  fibres 
of  U.  teiiacissinm,  called  in  Sumatra,  Caloose, 
can  be  manufactuied  into  very  tough  cordage  ; 
those  of  U.  canmibina  may  be  similarly  em- 
ployed. The  tubers  of  U.  tuberosa  are  eaten 
raw,  boiled,  or  roasted  by  the  natives  of  India. 
U.  simeiisis,  tlie  Sama  of  Abyssinia,  though 
acrid,  is  eaten  in  that  country.  The  leaves 
and  the  seeds  of  U.  mcmbraiuiceu,  an  Egyptian 
jilant,  are  considered  emmenagogue  and  aphro- 
disiac. Flogging  with  nettlys  was  formerly 
practised  for  arthritis  and  paralysis.  The  old 
U.  hfiteiophijlhi,  the  Neilgherry  Nettle,  is  now 
Girardiiiia  heterophylla.     [Giraudinia.J 

ur-ti-ca'-9e-sD,  *  ur-ti9'-e-fie,  s.  pi.  [Mod. 
Lat.  urtic(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acea:, 
-ecc.] 

Bat.  :  Nettleworts  ;  an  order  of  Diclinous 
Exogens,  typical  of  the  alliance  Urticales. 
Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  never  milky,  Leaves 
alternate,  usually  covered  with  asperities  or 
stinging  hairs;  stipules  membranous,  often 
decifluous ;  tlowers  small,  gi-een,  unisexual, 
scatti.red,   clustered,   iu  catkins  or  in  clos'- 


heads  ;  e^lyx  membranous,  persistent — in  thn 
males  it  is  four  or  tlve-imrted,  with  f<tur  oi- 
five  stamens  inserted  into  its  base  opposite  ti* 
its  lobes  ;  females  with  a  tubular,  four  to  live- 
cleft  calyx,  thiee  to  five  stannnoiles,  the  style 
simple  or  wanting,  the  stigma  siniph',  fringed, 
the  ovary  snix;rior,  sessile,  one-celUd,  with  u 
single  erect  ovule  ;  the  fruit  asimpleindehiscent 
nut  surrounded  by  the  calyx.  Nettleworts 
are  widely  distribnted  over  the  world,  flourish- 
ing both  in  hot  and  in  cold  countries,  and 
often  following  the  footsteps  of  man.  Known 
"enera,  twenty-three  ;  species,  300  or  nioi-e. 
(lAiidley.)  Genera,  forty-three ;  species,  500. 
(Sir  Joseph  Honker.)  Two  genera.  Urtica  and 
Parictariu,  with  four  speri-'s,  are  British. 

ur-ti-ca'-9e-ous  (or  ceous  a-;  shiis),  ".. 

[LitTicA('E.+:. I  Having  the  character  of  a 
nettle  ;  belonging  to  the  Urticacea?. 

ur'-ti-cal,  (t.    [Urticales.] 

Bo(. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  genus  Urtica 
or  to  the  order  Urticaceie.     (Lindley.) 

ur-ti-ca'-les,  .'>■.  pi.  fMasc  or  fern.  pi.  of 
Mod.  Lat.  urtiailis.]    [Urtica.] 

But. :  The  Urtieal  Alliance  ;  Lindley's  niuo- 
tccnth  alliance  of  Exogenous  plants.  Diclinous 
Exogens,  with  scattered  monochlamydcous 
flowers,  single  superior  carpels,  and  a  large 
embryo  lying  in  a  small  quantity  of  albumen. 
Orders :  Stilaginacese,  Urticaccie,  Ceratophyl- 
lacea?,  Canuabinaccic,  Moracea;,  Artocarpaceae, 
and  Platanace;e. 

ur-ti-car'-i-a,  s.  [Fem.  of  Mod.  Lat.  urti- 
curius  =  stinginglike  a  nettle,  from  Lat.  itrtUu 

(q.v-)-] 

Pathol.  :  Nettle-rash  ;  a  non - cont^igious 
eruptiiin  on  the  skin,  producing  jironunent 
patches  or  wheals,  accompanied  by  great  heat 
and  itching.  It  may  be  acute  or  chronic, 
continuing  for  months  or  even  for  years.  It 
is  often  caused  by  derangement  of  the  iliges- 
tive  organs,  by  over  fa1;igue,  or  by  mt-ntal 
anxiety.  Steel,  cold  or  tepid  baths,  and  a 
simple  diet  will  often  do  it  gootl. 

•^  ur'-ti-cate,  i:i.  or  I.    [Urtk-a.] 

A,  Intra7is. :  To  act  so  as  to  annoy  or  irri- 
tate. 

"He  not  ouly  urticatcs,  ho  hurts."— G.  A.  Sala  : 
America  /Revisited,  L  271. 

B.  Trails.  :  To  annoy,  to  iiTitate. 

'•  Wiiilo  he  urficatea  you,  he  utters  a  low  crooning 
nniruiur."— y.  A.  Sala  :  America  /leuitiltHt.  i.  270. 

ur'-ti-cat-ing,  pr.  par.  or  «.  [Urticate.] 
Stinging  like  a  nettle;  pertaining  to  Urtica- 

tion. 

Urticating  -  cells,  s.  pi.     Thread-cells. 

[CXU..E.] 

'^  ur-ti-ca-tiou»  s.  [Lat.  x(rtka  =  a  nettle.] 
The  stinging  of  nettles,  or  a  similar  stinging  ; 
the  whipping  of  a  benumbed  or  paralytic 
limb  with  nettles  to  restore  its  feeling. 

"The  sense  of  actual  urticutions  nnil  violeuce," — 
np.  Tai/lor:  0/ Jiepeiitunce,  ch.  v. 

U-ru'-bu,  A'.     [Native  name.] 

Oraith.  :  Cathartes  iota  (or  atrata),  from 
the  Southern  States  of  the  Union  and  Cen- 
tral South  America.  It  is  often  confounded 
with  the  Turkey-buzzard  (q.v.).  from  which, 
however,  it  may  bo  readily  distinguished  by 
the  absence  of  the  ring  of  f<  atlurs  round  the 
throat.  General  cohiur  black  :  head  and  naked 
part  of  neck  bluish-black  with  warts  and  a 
few  hair-like  feathers.  Called  also  Black 
Vulture  and  Zopilote. 

iir'-us,  «.    [Lat,    Seedef.] 

Zool.  (t  Palaout. :  A  kind  of  nx,  the  Bos 
urns  of  Cwsar  (De  Bella  GalHro,  vi.  28),  now 
called  Bos  primigeiiius.  It  dillers  tVom  the 
Auioclis  (q.v.)  in  its  larger  size,  the  double 
curvature  of  its  horns,  &c.  It  existeil  from 
the  Pleistocene  almost  to  historic  tinu'S,  al- 
ways diminishing  in  size,  and  Prof.  Boyit 
Dawkins  thinks  it  may  not  be  specifically 
distinct  from  Bos  taurns.  (Quar.  Jour,  Ueol. 
.Soc,  xxiii.  392-401.]    [Bos,  Ox,  Rekm.| 

"  It  proves  that  the  unis  wna  living  in  Britjiin  tu 
lute  a£  the  Bruuze  Age."— /JmoAiiis;  Eitrt;/  J/ioi  in 
liritain,  ch.  x. 

U-ru'-shi,  s.  [See  def.]  The  Japanese  name 
of  the  varnish  or  lacquer  tree,  Rhus  vcrnix,  or 
vt:niicifcra. 

iir'-fis-ite,  s.     [After  the  Urus  plnteau,  Tsche- 

leken  Island,  Caspian  Sea  ;  sutt'.  -Itc  (Mln.).'] 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  ^eU,  chorus,  9hm,  bencb;  go.  gem;  tbin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -^ion,  -sion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  i:c.  =  beL  deT. 


390 


urva— use 


Mill. :    A  hydrated  siilplmtp  of  soiia  ami 
Ni-K()uinxit|i'  of  ir-m,  prolmbly  relati'U  To  sidcro- 
iirtlriti'  <'i.v).,  but  needing  further  fXiiiiiiiKi- 
tioi). 
UT'-va,  >■.     l-Moil.  Lat.,  from  native  ii:»rin*.  ] 

/w/. ;  Cnib-Mimgoos  ;  a  sub-geiius  of  Her- 
IH'stfs,  Willi  one  species,  Urva  cuncrivora.  friuti 
In<lin.  It  is  nearly  three  leet  in  length,  nf 
whicli  the  tail  oceupies  tibouta  third.  A  niir- 
row  stripe  of  white  bail's  runs  from  tin- 
shouhlei-ij.  eoiitrastint;  very  decidedly  with 
the  Ri-ayish-browii  tint  of  the  fur;  there  im- 
some  verv  faintly  marked  darker  bars  on  the 
liody.  aiKl  the  tail  is  marked  with  throe  or 
four  faint  ti-ausverse  bars:  feet  and  Uj-'s  of 
luiiforni  dark  tint.  Its 
hai)its  are  aiiuatic.  and  it 
feeds  on  froy:s  and  crabs. 

ur'-vant.  ur'-ved»  a. 

(Etyn"i.  doubtful.)  / 

Her. :  Turned  or  bowed 
uj'wanls. 

ur  -  voel'  -  gy  -  ite    (e 

lontr).  s.  [AtU-r  Uivolgy,  urvant. 

the  Hungarian  name  for 
Henengrund,  where  found  ;  suff.  -He  (Min.).'] 
Min.:  A  minend  occurring' in  semi-spherical 
ajrgregatious  of  thin  hexahedral  jdates,  as- 
sociated with  malacliite  a!u1  other  minerals  in 
a  conglomerate.  Hardness,  2'5  ;  sp.  gr.  3'132 ; 
lustre,  vitreous  to  pearly ;  colour,  shades 
of  emerald-  to  bluish-gi'een.  Compos.  :  a 
liydrated  sulphate  of  copper  and  lime,  but, 
as  Dana  suggests,  it  *'  needs  furthei-  examina- 
tiiui  on  tlie  eheinical  side."  More  frequently 
known  under  the  name  of  Herrengrundite. 

ur-zel'-la,  .s.     [West  Afiicau  native  name  of 
tin-  plant".] 

Hot.  <t  Comm.  :  Roccella  fiisi/ormvi,  a  dye- 
lichen  exported  from  Western  Africa. 

US,  *  OUS,  *  OWS,  proii.  [A.S.  us  (dat.),  us, 
usic,  uiisic  (accus.  pi.);  cogn.  with  Dut.  om ; 
Icel.  OSS  (acrns.  &  dat.);  Sw.  oss :  Dnn.  os ; 
Ger.  iius ;  Guth.  iitis,  uiisis.]  The  plural  of 
the  lir.st  personal  pronoun.  Used  : 
(1)  As  the  accusative,  or  direct  object,  of  we. 

"Leiitl  lis  nut  into  temptation." — Afatt.  vi.  13. 

{•!)  As  the  dative,  or  indirect  object,  of  we. 

■Give  Hi  this  d.iy  ..ui  ^Mily  bread."- J/a«.  vi.  11. 

•  u^'-a-ble,    'uiie-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  mO); 
-iil/le.]    Able  to  be  used  ;  ht  to  be  used. 

■•  If  it  be  neitlier  lUvtlilc  nor  beneliciall,  it  will  si.rni 
have  eutUitg."— 2'iHt<.'>  ."itorehoase,  p.  75i>, 

n§-age,  s.    [Fr.] 

1.  The  mode  or  manner  of  using  or  treating  ; 
trt^attiieiit ;  an  act  or  series  of  actions  per- 
formed by  one  person  towards  another. 

"  This  must  cruel  llsnft^^  of  your  queen." 

.fhttkctp.  :  n'inttir's  7'ale,  ii.  3, 

2.  Custom  ;  practice  or  use  long  continued ; 
customary  way  of  acting. 

"Stokesley  of  Lowlon  .  ,  .  was  very  earnest  with 
nitn  for  the  utaijfs  of  the  church,"  —  Stryiie:  Evcles. 
J£ein.  CiU.  15ai|. 

3.  Established  or  customary  mode  of  em- 
ploying some  particular  word  ;  current  use  or 
locution. 

■■  A  certain  comm  unity,  at  a  certain  time,  used  such 
And  such  a  Bigu  thua  and  so  :  and  hence,  by  this  aiid 
:hat  succession  nf  jiartly  traceable  historical  changes, 
our  own  tisnnc  baa  come  to  be  what  it  is."—  ItVtifiit^i/  : 
/.*/«  it  Uruwth  of  I.aiiffuag'-;  ch,  viii. 

*  4.  Manners,  behaviour. 

"  At  whicli  his  uucouth  guise  and  usage  (juuint 
The  Prince  did  wonder  much." 

Spenser:  F.  Q..  IV.  vU.  45. 

^  Usage  is  what  one  has  been  long  used 
to  do ;  custom  is  what  one  generally  does  ; 
prescription  is  what  one  is  prescribed  to  do. 
The  ^lsage  acquires  force  and  sanction  by  dint 
of  time  ;  the  custom  acquires  sanction  by  the 
frequency  of  its  being  done  or  the  numbers 
doing  it ;  the  j>rt'scr(.jjfioft  acquires  force  by 
the  authority  which  prescribes  it.  Ctistoms 
vary  in  every  age,  usage  and  j)rescri%ition 
su]»ply  the  plaee  of  written  law. 

*U5'-ag-er,  s.    [Vv.] 

1.  One  who  has  the  use  of  anything  in  trust 
for  another.    (Daniel :  Civil  Wars,  iii.) 

2.  A  Nonjuror  (q.v.).    [Nonjuror's-usages.] 

us'-ange,  s.    [Fr.] 

"*  I.  Ordinary  La)iguage : 

1.  Use,  usage,  emplojanent,  treatment. 

"This  discri  in  illative  i/soHce  or  B.inctificatiou  ol 
thiugs  sacred." — Mcde :  Diatribe,  p.  CO. 


2.  Custom,  usage,  practice. 

"  It  was  that  tyine  suche  twincff." 

Qower  :  C.  A.,  vi, 

3.  Usury ;  interest  paid  for  the  loan  of 
nn)Uey. 

■■  Ho  Icudn  out  money  gratis,  aiid  bring.'i  duA-n 
ThL-  rate  of  (utdJi'v." 

ahttkcgi). :  Merchant  of  Venter,  i,  3. 

II.  Comm. :  The  time  allowed  by  usage  and 
custom  for  the  payment  of  a  bill  c.f  cxclKinge. 
The  length  of  usance  varies  greatly  in  dilie- 
rent  countries  ;  long  usance  is  felt  to  bf  very 
objectionable,  and  merchants  are  making 
eflorta  to  reduce  usance  witliin  narrower 
limits.  In  England  usance  always  mrans  the 
usual  time,  and  must  not  be  confounded  with 
usury.     (Ilithell.) 

'  US'-g.nt,  (1.  [O.  Fr.]  Using,  accustomed, 
used. 

US'-beg,  iis'-beclc,  s.  [See  def.]  A  member 
iif  ;i  Turkisli  ur  Tartar  tribe  scattered  over 
Turkesum  in  Central  Asia. 

use,  '  US,  ^■.     [Fr.  im  =  use,  usage,  from  Lat. 
vsiim,  accus.  Of  limits  =  use,  from  usus,  pa.  par. 
of  ntor—  to  use.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  using  or  employing  anythiug 
for  any  purpose  ;  the  state  of  being  used  or 
employed ;  employment  in  or  conversion  to  a 
purpose,  especially  to  a  profitable  purpose  ; 
application. 

"  I  know  not  what  use  to  put  her  to." 

Shakesp. :  Comedy  of  £rrors,  iii.  2. 

2.  The  quality  which  makes  a  thing  useful 
or  proper  for  a  purpose ;  usefulness,  utility, 
service,  convenience,  advantage,  profit. 

"  God  made  two  great  lights,  great  for  their  use 
To  inau."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  vii.  34C. 

3.  Present  possession  ;  usufruct.     [II.  3.] 

■'  He  will  let  me  have  the  other  half  in  use. 
To  render  it,  upon  his  death,  unto  the  gentleman." 
Shakesp, :  Merchant  of  Venice,  iv.  1. 

4.  Occasion  or  need  for  employing ;  neces 
sity,  exigency,  need. 

"  Here  is  no  use  for  gold." 

filtakisp. :  Thnou.  iv.  3. 

0.  Continued  or  repeated  practice  or  em- 
plojnnent ;  usage,  cu.stoni,  pi-actice,  wont ; 
habitual  exercise. 

"  It  bath  not  been  niy  use  to  pray." 

Coleridge:  Pains  of  Sleep. 

*  6.  Common  occurrence  ;  ordinary  expe- 
rience. 

■*  O  Cassar  !  these  things  are  beyond  all  itse. 
And  I  du  ftiHT  them.' 

Shakesp.  :  Julius  Ciesar,  ii.  2, 

*  7.  (PL)  :  Manners,  customs,  ways. 

"  How  weary,  stale,  fiat,  and  unprofitable 
Seem  to  me  all  the  uses  of  thib  world.' 

Shakesp. :  Jfamlct.  L  2. 

■'  8.  Interest  for  money  ;  usury. 

"  The  Jews  were  forbidden  to  take  «Sf  oue  of 
aiiuther  ;  hut  they  were  not  forbidden  to  take  it  of 
other  nations,"— .SVWfii."  Table-Talk  ;  Usary. 

*9.  The  practical  application  of  doctrines  ; 

a  terra  particularly  affected  by  the  Puritans, 

and  consequently  ridiculed  by  the  dranuitists. 

"  He  hath  begun  three  draughts  of  sack  in  doctrines 

And  four  in  iiscs." 

Ben  Jonsoji :  Magnetic  Lady.  iii.  1. 
II.  Technically : 

1.  Eccles.  £  Church  Hist. :  The  different  cus- 
toms which  prevailed  in  ditfei'eiit  dioceses  as 
to  ritual,  especially  in  the  celebration  of  mass. 
In  former  times  bishops  had  the  power  of 
making  changes  in  tile  liturgy,  and  tliese  cus- 
toms or  uses  in  time  took  the  name  of  the  dio- 
cese where  each  prevailed.  (Sarum-use.]  At 
the  present  day,  in  Ritualistic  churche.s,  where 
the  seasons  are  marked  by  the  use  of  different 
colours,  some  follow  the  Roman,  others  the 
Sarum  use. 

"  And  whereas  heretofore  there  hath  been  great 
diversity  in  saytiig  and  singing  in  churches  within 
this  Eeahn  ;  some  loUowiug  Salisbury  use,  some  Hert- 
ford use,  and  some  the  use  of  Batlgor,  some  of  York, 
some  of  Lincoln  ;  now  henceforth  all  the  whole  realm 
shall  have  but  one  use." — Book  of  Coimmm  Prayer. 
(Pruf. ;  Concerning  the  Service  of  the  Cburch.) 

2.  Fnrging :  A  slab  of  iron  welded  to  tlie 
side  of  a  bar  near  the  end,  to  be  drawn  down 
by  the  hammer  in  prolongation  of  the  length 
of  the  bar.  One  mode  of  building  up  heavy 
shafts  for  paddle-wheels,  &c. 

3.  Law :  The  benefit  or  profit  of  lands  and 
tenements  that  are  in  the  possession  of  another, 
who  simply  holds  them  for  a  beneficiary.  He 
to  whose  use  or  benefit  the  trust  is  intended 
enjoys  the  profits,  and  is  called  the  cestui  que 
use.  Tile  term  trust  is  now  commonly  used  to 
denote  the  kind  of  estate  formerly  signified 
by  use.     [Trust,  s.,  II.]     Uses  apply  only  to 


land   of  inheritance;  no  7isc  can  .subsist  n( 
leasehold. 

If  (1)  Statute  nf  Uses:  Ttie  statute  -27  Henry 
VIII.,  c.  10,  also  called,  in  conveyances  and 
pleadings,  the  statute  *'  for  transferring  uses 
into  jiossession."  The  statute  thus  executes 
the  use,  as  our  lawyers  term  it ;  that  is,  it  con- 
veys the  possession  to  the  use,  and  transfers  the 
use  into  possession  ;  thereby  making  cestnl 
que  use  complete  owner  of  the  lands  and  tene- 
ments, as  well  at  law  as  in  equity. 

(2)  Contingent  itse:  [Contingent]. 

(3)  Executed  use  :  [Executed], 

(4)  Future  use :  The  same  as  Contingent 
L-SK  (q.v.). 

(5)  Resulting  use :  [Resulting]. 

(fi)  Secondarii,  or  .^hi/ting  use  .*  Tliat  use 
which,  though  executed,  may  change  frtuu 
one  to  another  hy  circumstances. 

(7)  Springing  use :  The  same  as  Contingent 
Use  (q.v.). 

(8)  Use  and  occupation :  The  form  of  words 
usual  in  pleadings  in  an  action  for  rent  agiuiist 
a  jierson  who  has  held  and  enjoyed  lands  not 
under  a  written  deed. 

*  (9)  Use  and  wont :  Common  or  customary 
practice.    (Tennyson:  In  Memoriam,  xxix,  11.) 

*  (10)  In  use: 

(ft)  In  employment;  being  employed:  ;is. 
The  book  is  in  use. 

(b)  In  customary  practice,  observance,  cir 
employment :  as,  Such  rites  are  still  in  use. 

(11)  To  have  no  use  for:  Not  to  need;  not 
to  be  able  to  make  profitable  or  advantageous 
use  of. 

(1'2)  To  make  use  of:  To  employ  profitably 
or  to  a  good  purpose. 

"  Make  use  of  time." 

Shakesp.  :  Venus  ^  .idonis,  lio. 

U^e,  r.t.  &  i.      [Fr.   user,  from  Low  Lat.  uso, 
from  Lat.  usus  =  use  (q.v.).] 

A.  TraiisitiiK: 

1.  To  employ  or  make  use  of. 

(1)  To  employ  with  the  hands ;  to  handle 
hold,  or  move  for  some  purpose  ;  toavaii  one's 
self  of ;  to  act  with  or  by  means  of. 

"  They  could  use  both  the  right  h.iud  and  the  left  in 
hurling  stones." — 1  Chron.  xii.  2. 

('2)  To  expend,  consume,  utilise,  or  exhaust 
by  employment  ;  to  employ  :  as,  Tn  use  water 
fur  irrigation. 

(3)  To  practise  customarily  ;  to  make  a 
]>ractice  of. 

"  &'«e  hospitality  one  to  another." — i  Peter  i\.  i>. 

(4)  To  practise  or  employ  in  a  general  way  ; 
to  do,  exercise,  &c. 

"  Use  careful  watch,"        Shakesp, :  Ilichard  III.,  v,  z, 

2.  To  act  or  behave  to ;  to  treat. 

"  How  Tarquiu  must  be  used." 

tihakesp. :  liape  vf  Lucrcri- ,  1,1'j5. 

3.  To  have,  possess,  occupy,  or  enjoy  for 
a  time. 

"  Having  gi'eat  and  iiist.t.iit  occasion  to  use  fifty 
XaleMlii."—Shiikesfi.  :  Tinton,  iii.  I. 

4.  To  accustom,  to  habituate,  to  inure  ;  to 
render  familiar  by  practice  or  use.  (Most 
commonly  in  the  pa.  par.) 

"  He  that  intends  to  gain  th  01yiniiick'i)rize, 
Must  use  himself  to  hunger,  heat,  and  cold." 
lloswniinoii. 

^5.  To  behave,  to  comport,  to  demean. 
(Used  reflexively.) 

"  Forgive  me,  if  I  have  used  myaelf  unui;iiinevly." 
Slutkesp. :  Henry  VII I.,  iii.  l. 

6.  To  frequent ;  to  visit  often  or  habitually. 
(Colloq.)  * 

"  He  finds  this  place  in  the  tiweru  which  lie  uses.' 
—Referee,  April  17.  1SS7. 

B,  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  deal,  to  dispose. 

"I  .  .  .  brought  him  hither, 
To  use  as  you  think  needful  of  the  inau." 

Shakenp.  :   Titus  .intlrvnicus,  v.  1, 

2.  To  be  accustomed ;  to  practise  custom- 
arily ;  to  be  in  the  habit.  (Generally  in  the 
past  tense,) 

"  Whei-e  Adon  used  to  cool  his  spleen." 

Shakesp.  :  Pasiionnte  Pilgrim,  76. 

3.  To  be  wont;  to  be  customarily. 

"  Feai-s  use  to  be  represented  in  such  au  imaginary 
fashion,  us  they  rather  Uiizzle  men's  ejes  than  open 
them." — Bapiin. 

*  4.  To  be  accustomed  to  go ;  to  frequent. 
"  Ye  valleys  low,  where  tlie  mild  whispers  use 

Of  sha<ies,"  Milton :  Lycidas,  156. 

1[  To  use  up : 

1.  To  consume  entirely  by  using  ;  to  use 
the  whole  of :  as,  It  used  up  all  my  money. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  wliat,  fall,  fjEither;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wol^  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  ciir,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Irtv. 


useable— usure 


2.  To  exlmust,  as  the  strength  or  powers  of ; 
to  wear  out. 

■' MV  liav.-  iifctl  upno  (ewer  than  six  Irish  Seer*'- 
tnriti  ill  litttiT  more  tliau  na  luniiy  yvnrs."-^  Itailj/ 
TeU-nraph.  March  :<.  1&87. 

U§e'-a-We,  a.  [Eng.  i«e,  v. ;  -able.]  Capable 
uf  being  used  ;  lit  to  be  used. 

"  Rendering  the  cut  hiirness  twodft^-."— /VW.  Sept. 
11, ISSd. 

use'-ftil,  a.  [Etig.  nsf-:  -ftUd).]  Full  of  use, 
advauttj^?, or  profit ;  valuable  for  use;  profit- 
able to  any  end  ;  conclucive  or  lielpful  to  any 
pnrpose  ;  producing  or  liaving  power  i^  pro- 
duce good  ;  benelicial,  protitable,  advanta- 
geous. 

"  SunderlAud  wjw  able  ;  he  wna  useful  ■*  he  w-"^  ""■ 
princijilcd  iiideetl,"— .tfacni*/<iy  .■  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xxii, 

H  Society  for  the.  Diffusion  of  Useful  Know- 
hdffe :  A  society  formed  in  London,  in  lyJ.O, 
byLord  Brougham,  Mr.  Charles  Knight,  and 
others.  It  cnnitneiiced  to  publish  its  library 
in  IS27,  and  the  I'enuf/  Magazine,  and  Pennij 
Ciidopa'fUa  wpi-c  issiietl  under  its  auspices. 
Thisf  publi.-.ttinns  greatly  aided  in  ditfiising 
kin'\vh\l;4c  aiii-m;;  tin*  masses.  The  operations 
of  the  society  cione  t^i  an  end  in  1S4G. 

USe'-ful-ly,  n<tv.  [Eng.  tiseful;  -ly.]  In  ,i 
useful  manner;  prolitably,  beneficially,  ad- 
vantageously. 

"  Witlioiit  it[iniliistryj  we  cannot  in  any  at-ite  act 
decently  or  tix^ulli/."  —  Barrow :  SermojtM,  vol.  iii., 
ser.  ly. 

use'-fal-ness,  s.  [Eng.  zisffvl;  -ness.]  The 
quality  oi-  state  of  being  useful,  i)rotitabIe, 
or  beneficial ;  conduciveness  to  any  end  or 
purpose. 

"Thf  nificiii licence  of  Rome,  under  the  emperors, 
was  ratlitr  U>r  oatentAtion  than  any  real  ust^fttlness."— 
Addison. 

nse'-less,  a.  [Eng.  use;  -less.]  Having  no 
use  ;  nut  useful,  profitable,  or  advant.;igeous  ; 
serving  no  useful  end  or  purpose  ;  answering 
no  valuable  purpose  ;  not  advancing  the  end 
proposed. 

■'  Csefess  are  all  words, 
Till  you  have  writ  performance  with  voiir  swwrds," 
Seauin.  ■£■  Ftet.     Laoe's  Cure,  i,  1. 

use'-less-ly,  tulv.  [Eng.  useless;  -ly.]  In  a 
useless  manner  ;  witliout  profit  or  advant-ige  ; 
to  no  purpose  ;  unprofitably. 


use'-less-ness,  s.  [Eng.  iiseless ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  useless ;  inutility, 
utiscrviceableness. 

•"The  concluding  book  .  .  .  is  accused  of  ohscurity, 
and  ciiiisequently  of  luelessness."— Seeker :  Semioiis, 
vol.  vi.,  ser.  31. 

n§'-er,  .■j.     [Eug.  ns(e);  -er.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  uses,  employs,  or 
treats  ;  one  who  makes  use. 

"They  may  chance  to  prove  the  bane  of  the  hold 
user  of  them."— Houth :  Sermons,  vol.  vi..  ser.  11. 

2.  Law:  Right  of  user.     [IJ.] 
^  Right  of  iiscr : 

"  An  open  apace  in  which  the  public  has  an  unin- 
terrupted riyhi  of  u-^er  for  purposes  of  public  lueet- 
iug.""— /"aK  Mall  Oui^Ue.  Feb.  29,  1S98. 

ush'-er,  *uscli-ere,  ""ussh-er,  5.    [O.  Fr. 

■ussier,  uissier,  huissier;  Fr.  huissier,  from  Lat. 
ostiariitni,  accus.  of  03(«tru(s  =  a  doorkeeper, 
from  ostiuvi  —  a  door,  an  entrance,  from  os  = 
a  mouth.] 

1.  A  doorkeeper ;  an  officer  or  servant  who 
has  the  charge  or  Ciire  of  the  door  of  a  court, 
liall,  chamber,  or  the  like. 

"  That  dure  can  none  iMftcr  ahette. 
lu  which  he  liiit  to  take  eutre." 

Gower:  C.  A.,  J.  2.11. 

2.  All  officer  whose  business  it  is  to  intro- 
duce strangers,  or  to  walk  before  a  person  of 
lank. 

3.  An  under-teaeher  or  assistant  to  a  school- 
master or  principal  teacher. 

"Authority  [is]  tpven  to  the  said  governors  to  .ap- 
P"int  the  schuolnuister  and  ^uhvr  thereof ."Stry/je  : 
fk-'les.  Mem.  ;  Edward  VI.  (an.  IJSO). 

T[  In  some  of  the  old  foundation  snho(}ls 
one  of  the  assistant  masters  is  still  styled  the 
usher. 

H  (1)  GentlemaaU slier:  [Gentlemas-usher]. 

(2)  Usher  (or  Gentlenutn  Usher)  of  tJie  Black 
Hod:  (Black-rod}. 

(3)  UshAir  of  the  Green  Rod  :  An  officer  of  the 
Order  of  the  Thistle,  who  attends  on  the 
sovereign  and  kniglits  assembled  in  chapter. 
There  are  also  ushers  doing  similar  duties  in 
the  Orders  of  the  Bath,  St.  Patrick.  He. 


ush'-er.  v.t.  A  i.    (Usiikr,  .\1 

A.  Tntits.  :  To  act  as  an  usher  to;  to 
attend  on,  as  an  usher;  to  introduce  ;  hence, 
fig.,  to  introduce  as  a  forerunner  or  harbingci, 
(Followed  by  in^  forth,  i'O.) 

"  Uaherinij  fvrth  the  day  to  light  the  muso  along." 
Drayton  :  Poty-Olbiuu,  ».  :t. 

•  B.  Intrans.  :  To  go  before  or  in  advance  ; 
to  precede. 

"So  «he  follow,  not  uthcr  to  her  lady's  pleaeure."— 
Sen  Joiison  :  Silent  Wonuju,  if.  1. 

'USli'-er-anfe,  a-.  [Eng.  usher,  s. ;  -ame.] 
Introdueti<i'n. 

"Tho  accidental  publication  .  ,  ,  gave  tMA«ruNri- to 
its  cumpauiun."— jCortf  Shaftvtbury  :  Character ist tea, 
vol.  iii. 

'  ush'-er -ddxn,  s.  [Eng.  usher.,  s. ;  -dom.^ 
Tlie  functions  or  powers  of  ushers ;  ushers 
<'ollectively. 

*  ush'-er -less,  ".  [Eng.  usher,  s. ;  -kss.] 
l>cstitute  uf  an  uslicr. 

iish'-er-ship,  5.  [Eng.  »s/(tv,  s. ; -s/i(>.l  Tlie 
office  or  p'jst  of  an  uslier. 

"  His  years  of  ushership  had  heeii  the  most  wretched 
of  his  life"— Daily  News.  Aug.  I.  ifiSl. 

iis'-ky,  s.  [See  def.J  A  contraction  of  Usque- 
baugh (q.v.). 

US'-ne-a,  .s.     [Arab,  achmh  =  a  lichen.] 

Bnt.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Usneida^  (q■^■.). 
Thallus  round,  branched,  an<l  generally  jieii- 
dulous,  with  a  central  thread  ;  apotheeia  ter- 
minal, orbicular,  and  peltate,  of  the  substance 
and  colour  of  the  thallus.  The  species  are 
bright  green  while  they  are  in  moist  places, 
but  become  brownish -black  when  exposed  to 
the  rays  of  the  sun.  Usnea  plicata  can  be 
used  for  a  dye. 

us-ne'-i-dae,  s,  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  usn€(a) ;  Lat. 
fem.  pi.  acij.  sufl'.  -idie.] 

Bat. :  A  family  of  Hymenothalaiuea\  Disc 
from  the  first  open,  thallus  generally  vertical 
and  slirubby,  hypothallus  none. 

US'-niC,  n.  [Mod.  Lat.  usn{ea) ;  Eng.  sufl'. 
■('■.)    (See  compound.) 

usnic-acid,  ^-. 

Vhein.  :  CigUig^?.  Usuin,  Found  in  all 
members  of  the  genus  Usnea,  and  in  many 
otiier  lichens,  and  obtained  lium  them  by 
treatment  with  warm  lime-water.  It  cryst^U- 
lizes  in  yellow  leaves  or  prisms,  insoluble  in 
water,  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
and  melts  at  202°.  It  dissolves  in  the  alkalies, 
but  the  solutions  soon  take  up  oxygeu  from 
the  air,  and  become  brown. 

US'-nin,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  us)i(eo.) ;  Eng.  sufl". 
-/;/.]     [UsNic-Acm.] 

US  -que-baugh(t//(  silent).  *  usqueheatha, 

.s.  (Irish  &.  Gael,  wisc/e/jai^/ui  =  iis(iuebaugh, 
whiskey,  lit.=  water  of  life  (cf.  Lat.  aqiui 
oitce;  Fr.  eutt  de  vie),  from  h tsj/c  =  water, 
whiskey  (q.v.).  and  heatha  (cogu.  witli  Gr. 
jSt'os  (bios),  ami  Lat.  vita)  =  life.] 

1.  Whiskey. 

"  Usquebaugh  to  oiu-  feast  in  pails  was  brought  up." 
Sitfift :  Description  of  Irish  I'east. 

2.  A  strong  compound  cordial  made  of 
brandy  or  other  spirits,  raisins,  cinnamon, 
cloves,  and  other  ingredients. 

"Pewter  basins  of  usjuebauffh  und  brandy  blazed  all 


'us'-self,  '  US-silf,  /''■o/t.  [Eng.  us,  and 
iiilf]     Ourselves. 

"If  we  ilemydeu  wiseli  luisil/.  we  suhulcu  not  be 
ylemed.'—WycliJfe:  I  Corinthians  xi.  31. 

US-til-a-gin'-e-i,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat.  ustilag{o), 
genii. 'ustilaQin(is) ;  Lat.  masc.  pi.  adj.  .sutf. 
-ei.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Fungals,  order  or  sub- 
order Puccinari.  The  species  grow  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  ovaries,  anthers,  and  other  organs 
of  flowering  plants,  producing  deformity,  al*- 
sorption  of  the  internal  tissue  and  its  re- 
placement by  the  pulverulent  spores  of  the 
Fungals,  constituting  a  dark-coloured  and 
fetid  powder.  The  protospores  are  produced 
from  very  delicate  branching  tissue,  or  from 
closely  packed  cells. 

US  -  ti  -  la' -  go,  s.  [Lat.  =  an  unidentified 
plant,  called  also  cardiins  sylvaticus.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Ustilaginei 
(Berkeku),  a  genus  of  Cicomacei  {LiiuUeit). 
The  spores  are  simple,  with  a  simide  coat.    It 


contains  tlie  various  kindH  of  smut  so  de- 
siruelive  to  corn,  to  recd-bcds,  &c.  [Smut, 
II.  1.1 

*  USt'-ion  (I  as  y),  .v.     [I.At,  v.ftio,  from  nstum, 
sup.  of  uro  =  In  burn.)    The  act  of  burning  ; 


>ni>.  "1   ui'.i  —  III  uiirii.j     II 
the  state  nf  being  burned. 


'U8-tor'-i-ous,  ".  jUsTioN.]  Having  the 
quality  of  burning. 

"The  power  of  a  burning  elasi  In  by  an  uitoriout 
quality  iu  the  mirror  or  gltuw. '—  Wattt. 

US'-tU-late,   >t.     [Lai.   ustulutHs,  pa.  par.  «f 
ustuln  =  to  burn  a  little,  to  scorch,  dimiu.  of 
nm  =  to  burn.] 
Bot. :  Ula.-kcned.     (Pfiaton.) 

iis-tu-la'-tion,  s.    [Ustulate.] 
"I.  Ordinary  iMiiguage: 
\.  The  act  of  burning,  scorching,  or  singe- 
ing. 

"It  seeniH  to  lie  in  a  kind  of  Hindging  and  tisttUa- 
tinn."~Pettii.  in  Sprat's  /list.  liayal  Society,  p.  2U7. 

2.  Ardent  lustful  passion  ;  concupiscence. 

"They  chuse  uttutation  before  luarriiige."— A/;.  Tay- 
lor :  Of  Repentance,  ch.  v..  J  3. 

IL  TtchnicuUy : 

\.  MetaU.  :  The  operation  ')f  expelling  one 
substance  from  another  by  heat,  as  sulphur 
and  arsenic  from  ores,  in  a  mullle. 

2.  Duirmacy: 

(1)  The  roasting  or  drying  of  moist  sub- 
stanches  so  as  to  prepare  them  for  pulveriza- 
tion. 

(2)  The  burning  of  wine, 

u'-su-al  (igi  as  zh),  *  u-su-all,  u.  [I^t, 
usuidis,\vinn  (Wks  =  use  ;  Fr.  usnel.]  In  com- 
mon use ;  such  as  occurs  commonly  in  ordinary 
practice,  or  in  the  ordinary  course  of  events  ; 
customary,  habitual,  ordinary,  frequent. 

"  ,\  thing  MfTMrt/f  and  common."— i/acWwi/( ;  Voyages, 
ii.  1)5. 

usual-terms.  ^-.  pi. 

L'uc :  An  expression  in  common  law  prac- 
tice which  means  pleailing  issuably,  rejoining 
gratis,  and  taking  short  notice  uf  trial. 
(Wharton.) 

U'-§U-al-ly  (§  as  zh),  adv.  [Eng  vsual ;  -ly.] 
According  to  the  usual  or  common  course; 
commonly,  ordinarily,  customarily. 

•'  Usually  when  they  were  nearest  to  them,  they  ditl 
most  pluck  up  their  epirits."  — ^unj/an;  IHlyrim's 
Progress,  pt.  ii. 

u'-su-al-ness  (g  as  zh),  s.  [Eng.  usual  ; 
;u^ss.]*  The  qtiahxy  or  state  of  being  usual; 
commonness,  frequency. 

"  Tis  only  umatnefs  or  anoaualne^s  that  makes  the 
distinction."— C/cirfte;  Evidences  <if  Heligion,  prop.  U. 

u^U-cap'-tion,  ,s.  [Lat.  ^csueaptio,  from  usus 
=  use,  and  captio  —  a  taking  ;  atpio  =  to  take.J 
Civil  Law :  The  acquisition  of  the  property 
of  a  thing  by  the  uninterrupted  possession 
and  enjoyment  thereof  for  a  certain  term  of 
years  prescribed  by  law.  It  is  equivalent  to 
]tresoription  in  the  common  law. 

U9  -u-friict,  '  ns-u-firuite,  >-.     [Lat  ttsu- 

J'nCctus,  from  ams  =  use,  and  frudus  =  fruit ; 
Fr.  usufruit.] 

Law:  The  temporary  use  and  enjoyment  of 
lands  or  tenements,  or  the  right  of  receiving 
the  fruits  and  profits  uf  land,  or  other  things, 
without  having  the  right  to  alienate  or  change 
the  property. 

"The  husband  shall  haue  the  ust^ruUe  of  her 
liindea."— .Siaif/*;  Commonwealth,  bk,  iii.,  ch,  vilL 

u^-u-firuc'-tu-a-rj^,  s.  &  a.    [Usufruct.] 

A.  As  su'jbt. :  One  wJio  has  the  usufruct,  or 
use  and  enjoyment,  of  propsrty  for  a  time 
witliout  having  the  title  or  property. 

"  The  usufructuary  has  a  temjajrajy,  or  limited 
property.'— M'ollaston  :  ficlig.  of  Mature,  5  6. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  relating  to  usufruct ;  of 
the  nature  of  a  usufruct. 

•  u-^u-rar'-i-ous  (§  as  zh),  «.  (I^t.  iwh- 
rarins.]     Usurious. 

■■  He  doulitt  concerning  all  utnrnrious  contractfi." — 
B}>.  Taylor:  liule  of  Cf/uaricnce,  bk.  i.,  ch.  v. 

*  u'-gu-ra-rj^  (s  as  zh),  s,     [Lat.  uswrariiis.] 

Usurious. 

"Odious and  severely  inteixJicted  iwuj'-ary contri»ct"i." 
—lip.  Mall:   IKwrJU,  vii.  1(73. 

'  U-SUre  (S  as  zh),  s.  [Fr.  iwure,  from  Lat- 
•us'/nf.]     Usury. 

"  Csurcut  (,-owk',      l'sttra."—Prfnnpt.  Parr. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  j6^1 ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon.  eifiBt, 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    ~ble.  -die,  .^ic.  ~  bel,  deL 


ing. 


392 


usurer— utilitarian 


usurer  (9  as  zh)»  •  u-ser-er,  "  u-su- 

rbre,  >■     1  I""i'.  i'.-<"''*'*''.  fmiu  Lut.   itsiimriu:^, 

liuin  u.vMi.i  =  usury  (ti.v.).J 
"  1.  Oiu-wlin  lent  inoin?y  at  interest  without 

its  Iwing  inipliod  tliat  tliat  interest  was  ex- 

urbitiiiit. 

■Oil  tin*  iithvr  siJe  tho  (.■oiiiuioilitlea  of  iiaui-y  are  : 
llr.t.  thut  howcviT  ti»ur>" '"  auiue  rwawcM  himiertitli 
iiuTcliniullzlin,'.  vot  ill  some  other  it  mivimceth  It;  for 
tt  1"  ivrtiilii  til  It  tho  i;r»nto»t  i>art  of  traUu  ijiiirlveii 
hy  vouiig  iiivrchniitji  ui>un  Ixuruwiiii;  (it  iiitereiit ;  h-j 
H.*,  if  thtf  titurer  vithcr  will  in  oi-  kecii  bjick  his  iiioUi-y. 
lln-ri'  will  vii.iue  jiresontly  ft  ^reat  staud  of  H-jmIi;?."'— 
A'i<(>'i     fMiyt. 

2.  Ono  wlio  lenils  money  at  exorbihint  iu- 
ti'reat ;  a  luoney-Iender  who  exacts  exorbitant 
or  excessive  interest  for  liis  money. 

"  Tlie*e  tlioughts  when  usurer  Alphius,  now  aho'it 
To  tmii  mere  farmor,  hail  spoke  out." 

8cn  Jomon  :  Praites  uf  a  Couvtry  Lif-: 

*  U'-aur-ing  (S  ;is  zh).  o.  [Mid.  Eng.  nsu.-r 
=  usiiiy.)    Tractising  usury;  usimous. 

■'  Vou  sthoiiid  not  ueei.1  to  fear  me,  madam, 
I  Uy  not  love  the  uttiring  Jew  ao  well.' 

ntaum.  .t  riet. :  A'iaht  iValki-r,  iv. 

u-siir'-i-ous  (f  as  zh),   a.     [Eng.   usuri/ : 

1.  I'ractising  usury;  exacting  exorbitant 
interest  for  nu)ney  lent. 

"  I  refer  mc  to  voiir  usurious  cimiibals,  or  such 
like."— /J«'ii  Jonxnn:  Jiver//  Man  out  of  His  Humour, 
V.  i, 

2.  rerUuniir.;  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  ac- 
quired by  usury. 

"  Holding  any  increase  of  money  to  be  iudefeii3il>ly 
usurious.  "—Blavksione :  Comment.,  bk.  iL.  ch.  30. 

u-siir'-i-ous-ly  (^  as  zh).  odv.    [Eng.  iisnri- 
'  ti','0. ;  -.'■  ,.1     In  ;iu  usurious  ntuuner. 

u-sur-i-ous-ness(saszli),  5.   [Eug.  usuri- 

nils  :  -iic^s.]    Till-  quality  of  being  usurious. 

11-SUrp',  *  U-SUrpe,  v.t.  &  i.     [Fr.  usurper, 
'  from  Lat.  vsiirpo  =  to  employ,  to  acquii'e,  to 
usurp;  prob.  tor  ■usiiTapio=.to  seize  to  one's 
uwn  use  ;  usus  —  use,  and  rapio  =  to  seize.J 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  seize  and  hold  possession  of,  as  of 
some  important  or  dignitied  place,  office, 
puwer,  or  property,  by  force  or  withi>ut  right ; 
to  appropriate  or  assume  illegally,  falsely,  ur 
against  right. 

"  Who  thus  usurp 
Dominion  here,"  Cooper:  Homer;  Odi/Hxei/ ii. 

*  2.  To  countei-feit. 

"  An  usurped  biwirU."        Sftakesp. :  Othello,  i.  3. 

B.  IntraiLsitivc  : 

•  1.  To  be  in  or  enter  into  a  place  contrary 
to  right ;  to  encroach. 

■'  DcAtli  may  usurp  ou  nature  many  hours," 

iifiakesp.  :  Periclea,  iii.  -. 

2.  To  be  or  act  as  an  usurper ;  to  commit 
illegal  seizure  or  appropriation. 

*  u-^urp'-ant,  a.    [Fr.]    Usurping. 

■■s.mie  f.ii-tiuUrt  .  .  .  ventured  to  be  extravagjtut 
.iiiil  (/.■;;/J7M*/.*."— (.''tt(i/('/f ;  Tears  >■/  the  Church,  p-  ilz. 

u-sur-pa  -tion,  *  u-sur-pa-ci-on,  5.  [Fr. 
tu-<nr]>i'tLuii,  from  L;it.  usurpatioitem,  accus.  of 
rtsurpotio.]     [Usurp.] 

I.  Or(li7Mry  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  usurping ;  the  act  of  seizing 
and  holding  possession  of  some  place,  power, 
functions,  title,  property,  or  the  like,  of 
another  without  X'ight ;  specif.,  the  unlawful 
seizing  i»r  nceupatiou  of  a  throne. 


'  2.  An  encroachment,  an  intrusion  {in  or 
upon). 

'  3.  Use,  usage. 

IL  Law :  The  presentation  to  a  Church 
benefice  by  a  stranger,  who  has  no  right  to  do 
so,  of  a  clerk,  who  is  thereupon  admitted  and 
instituted.  Anciently  such  an  act  deprived 
the  legal  patron  of  his  advowson ;  but  it  is 
not  so  now,  as  no  usurpation  can  displace  the 
estate  or  interest  of  the  patron,  nor  turn  it  to 
a  mere  right ;  but  the  true  patron  may  present 
upon  the  next  avoidance,  as  if  no  such  usurpa- 
tion had  occurred.    {Lee  :  Glossary.) 

*  U-SUrp'-a-tor-y,  «.  [Eng.  usurp;  -atorii.] 
Char;ict«jrizL:d  or  marked  by  usurpation ;  usiup- 
ing. 

*u.-§urp'-a-ture,  .^.     [Eng.   -usurp;  -ature.] 
Usiu-pation. 
■'  Ood'.H  gold  jtiflt  »hiuing  its  last  where  that  lodges 
I'alled^ beneath  man's  uaurptttui-e." 

A",  firowniny:  Master  Huffues  of  Saxe-Gotha. 

U-siirp'-er,  :i.     [Eug.  usurp;  -cr.]    One  who 


usurps  a  throne,  or  other  dignity,  functions, 
property,  or  an  advantage  to  wldch  lie  is  not 
rightfiiUy  entitled. 

■'  The  usurper  would  noon  be  again  out  of  England." 
—Macautiii/  :  Hist.  Kti'i.,  ch.  xvl. 

U-f urp'-ing,  (I.     [Eng.  vsiirp:  -ing.]    Acting 
*  as  an  usurper  ;  characterized  by  usurpation. 

"  Its    xiiiirtunry    tlie    while    the    usurpitiu    MoMleui 
pruyil."  Hyron:  Childe  Haroid,  iv.  153. 

■  U'8urp'-ing-lj^,  adv.  [Eng.  usin-ping  ;  -ly.] 
in  an  usurping  Liianner ;  after  the  manner  of 
an  usurper;  by  usuri>ation.  (Jihakesp. :  King 
John,  i.) 

'  U-)Jurp'-reSS,  s.  [Eng.  vsurper;  -ess.]  A 
female  usurjicr. 

"  She  is  ii  double  usurpresse." 

flniirft:    Dadona's  drove,  p.  19. 

u-su-ry  (s  is  zh).  u-su-re,  *u-su-rie, 
•u-su-rye,  '  u-se-rie,  s.  [Fr.  usnre  — 
the  occujiation  of  a  thing,  usury,  from  Lat. 
usura  =  use,  usuiy,  from  usitrus,  fut.  par.  of 
2Uor  =  to  use.J 

*  1.  Any  preuuum  or  interest  paid,  or  stimu- 
lated to  be  paid,  for  the  loan  of  money,  with- 
out any  insinuation  tliat  the  interest  asked 
was  exorbitant. 

•'Wherefore  then  gavest  thou  not  my  money  into 
the  bank,  thiit  ,^t  my  coming  I  might  have  retiuired 
mine  own  with  usury}" — Luke xi\.  211. 

2.  An  excessive  or  exorbitant  interest  or 
premium  paid,  or  stipulated  to  be  paid,  for  the 
loan  of  money. 

3.  The  practice  of  lending  money  at  in- 
terest; the  practice  of  taking  interest  for 
money  lent;  specifically,  the  practice  of  taking 
exorbitant  or  excessive  interest  for  the  loan 
of  money  ;  the  practice  of  exacting  interest  in 
an  exorbitant  way  from  needy  or  extravagant 
borrowers. 

%  In  the  ancient  world,  interest  was  always 
usurious  as  it  is  in  the  East  at  the  present 
day.  The  Mosaic  Law  prohibited  taking  in- 
terest from  Hebrews  (Exod.  xxii.  25  ;  Levit. 
XXV.  3u-37 ;  Deut.  xxiii.  20) ;  and  Christ's 
words,  **  Give  to  him  that  asketh  thee," 
(Matt.  v.  42)  seem  to  be  of  still  wider  ap- 
plication. The  Fathers  regarded  interest  as 
usury,  and  therefore  as  a  species  of  robbery ; 
aud  this  opinion  prevailed  in  the  Church  till 
the  sixteenth  century,  and  numbered  Luther 
and  Melanchtlion  among  its  defenders.  Cal- 
vin appears  to  have  been  the  tirst  theologian 
who  propounded  the  modern  distinction  be- 
tween interest  aud  usiuy. 

ut,  s.    [Seedef.] 

Music :  The  name  given  to  tlie  first  or  key 
note  in  tlie  musical  scale  of  Guido,  from  being 
the  first  word  in  the  Latin  hymn,  "  Ut  queant 
laxis"  &c.  Except  among  the  French,  it  has 
been  superseded  by  do  (q.v.).    [G.uii't.] 

U'-tah-ite,  *■.  [After  Utali,  U.S.A.,  where 
found;  suH'.  -ite  (Min.).^ 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  minute  mi- 
caceous crystals  as  an  encrustation  upon  a 
quartzite  in  the  Eureka  Hill  mines,  Juab  Co., 
Utah,  U.S.A.  Crystallization,  rhombohedral ; 
lustre,  silky;  colour,  brownish -yellow. 
Compos. :  sulphuric  acid,  2S'4o  ;  arsenic  acid, 
3"19  ;  sesqnioxide  of  iron,  5S'S2  ;  water,  9"35  = 
OS-SI,  which  yields  the  formula  3Fe..03,3S03 
-I-4H0. 

U'-tas»  i-.     [Utis.] 

u-ten'-sil.  •u-ten-sile,  s.  [Fr.  utensile, 
'  from  Lat.  atensilis  =  fit  for  use  ;  iitensilia 
(neuc.  pi.)  =  utensils.  For  uteutUis,  from 
utens,  pr.  par.  of  2itor  =  to  use.]  An  imple- 
ment, au  instrument;  more  particularly,  an 
instrument  or  vessel  used  in  the  kitchen,  or 
in  domestic  or  farming  work. 

"  The  housewife  hung  a  lamp. 
An  aged  utensil,  which  had  perform  d 
Service  beyond  all  others  of  its  kind." 

Wordsworth :  Michael- 

u'-ter-ine»  a.  [Lat.  uteri >ius  =  hoi-u  of  the 
same  mother,  from  uterus  (q.v.).] 

1.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  uterus  or  womb. 

2.  Born  of  the  same  mother,  but  by  a  dif- 
ferent father. 

•■  Walter  Pope.  lUerine  brother  to  Dr.  Job.  Wilkins." 
—  Wood:  AtltentB  Oxoti.,  vol.  ii. 

U-ter-d-,  2)re/.    [Lat.  nte/ni-s  =  the  womb.] 
Anat.,  Physiol.,  <S;c. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or 
carried  on  within  the  woinb. 

u-ter-d-ges-ta'-tion,  i.    [Pref.  utero-,  and 

Eng.  'jeslatiou.] 


liiuL :  The  developiweBt  of  tlie  fecundated 
ovum  within  the  uterus.     [PKKGN-VNrv.] 

U'-ter-UB,  s.     [Lat.] 

I.  Onl.  Lang. :  Tbi?- wtmib, 

II.  Technically: 
1,  Anatomy : 

(1)  ComjHir. :  A  dilatation  in  tlie  walls  «if 
the  oviduct  for  the  preservation  or  develop- 
ment of  the  ova.  In  Birds,  although  the  ova 
are  developed  externally,  the  term  uterus  is 
often  applied  to  that  cavity  where  the  eggs  re- 
ceive tlie  shell.  In  most  of  the  Viviparous 
Fishes,  and  in  the  Viviparous  Lacertilia  aud 
Ophidia  the  ova  develop  within  the  uteriuir 
cavity  without  any  assistance  or  nourishment 
from  the  mother.  In  the  Prototheria  (  = 
Ornithodelphia  =  Monotremata)  the  oviducts, 
according  to  some  authorities,  have  no  dis- 
tinct uterine  or  Fallopian  portion,  but  open 
directly  into  a  cloacal  chamber.  Gegeubaur, 
however,  Ciills  the  lower  end  of  each  oviduet 
a  uterus.  In  the  Metatheiia  (=Didelphia  = 
Marsupialia)  each  of  the  oviducts  is  diflfei- 
entiated  into  uterine  aud  Fallopian  tract.s, 
opening  into  a  long  and  distinct  vagina.  lu 
the  Eutheria  (=  Monodelphia,  intdnding  :dl 
other  Mammals)  the  uterus  is  variously  modi- 
fied. In  the  Primates  it  is  normally  siwgle, 
though  instances  of  a  double  uterus  occasioii- 
ally  occur  ;  it  is  two-horned  in  the  Ruminan- 
tia,  Pachydermata,  Eqnidas,  aud  Cetacua,  and 
is  said  to  be  divided  when  it  has  only  a  vei  y 
short  body,  which  speedily  divides  externally 
and  internally,  and  is  continuous  with  th« 
oviducts  (as  in  most  of  the  Carnivora  and 
Edentata,  and  some  of  the  Rodeiitia);  it  i.s 
actually  double  in  some  of  the  Edentata  and 
in  most  of  the  Rodentia,  includinj^  the  niiiu.-,e 
and  the  hare,  each  oviduct  passing  into  au 
iutestiniforiu  uterus,  which  has  two  i-om- 
pletely  distinct  openings  lying  near  to  eacJi 
other  within  the  vagina. 

(2)  Human  :  A  hollow,  muscular  organ,  with 
very  thick  walls,  situated  in  the  pelvic  cavity, 
between  the  rectum  and  the  bladder.  The 
virgin  uterus  is  about  three  inches  long,  two 
broad,  and  one  inch  thick  at  its  upper  ex- 
tremity. The  middle  part  is  called  the  body, 
the  upper  the  fundus,  and  the  lower,  opening 
into  the  vagina,  the  neck.  Its  cliief  function  i.s 
to  receive  the  ovum  from  the  Fallopian  tuhes, 
and  to  retain  and  support  it  during  the  de- 
velopment of  the  fcetus,  which  it  expels  by 
muscular  contractions  at  parturition.  During 
uterogestatioii  the  uterus  becomes  greatly  en- 
larged and  undergoes  important  structural 
changes. 

2.  Pathol. :  The  uterus  is  liable  to  many  af- 
fections aud  diseases,  as  tumours,  nleeration, 
catarrh,  tenesmus,  haemorrhage,  itc. 

uterus  masculinus.  s. 

Coiupur.  Anat.  :  The  prostatic  vesicle.  It 
varies  considerably  in  size  :  in  man  it  is  small, 
in  the  rabbit  it  is  of  considerable  extent.  It 
is  developed  from  the  same  portion  of  the 
embryo  as  the  female  uterus.     [Uterus,  II.] 

ut'-gard,  s.    [Icel.  =  out  yard.] 

Scand.  Mythol. :  The  uttermost  borders  *>( 
the  habitable  world,  where  antiquity  fixed  the 
abode  of  giants  and  monsters  ;  hell.  (Griuwi: 
Deut.  Mythol.,  ed.  Stallybrass,  i.  245.) 

*U'-tlle,  ((.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  utlHs,  from  utor 
=  to  use.]  Useful,  profitable,  beneficial. 
(Levins.) 

U-til-i-tar'-i-an,  u.  &  s.  [Eng.  utilit(y); 
-arian.\ 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  utility. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  utilitarianism. 

"  The  author  of  this  essay  iiaa  reason  for  believinj; 
himself  to  be  the  tirst  peraou  who  brought  the  word 
utilitariau  into  use.  Ue  did  not  invent  it,  but 
adopted  it  frum  a  p.-tssiiig  expression  iu  Ur.  Galt'a 
'  Annals  of  the  Parish.'  After  using  it  .-is  a  desigua. 
tion  for  several  years,  he  and  othew  nbaudoiied  it 
from  a  growing  dislike  tv  anything  reseuibliug  n 
badge  or  watchword  of  sectitrianuistinutiou  But,  as  a 
uauiu  for  <iuu  single  opinion,  not  a  set  of  opinions— to 
denote  the  recognition  of  utility  as  a  stand-ird,  not 
auy  pju-tii-iil:ir  wiiy  of  applying  it— the  term  supplies  a 
want  in  tite  I:iiiL,'ii.ii;c.  Mild  oBers  in  many  cases  a  con- 
venient iiiiiii^  ,.t  avoiding  tiresome  circumlocutiou." — 
J.  .s.  Mill :   l!t/itaiiunis}ii.  ch.  ii.     (\ote.) 

B.  As  sub:>t. :  One  who  upholds  the  doctrine 
of  utilitarianism. 

"  Although  Ctilitarinns  hold  that  good  and  evil, 
right  aud  wroug  are  properly  determined  by  a  calcu- 
lation of  the  couseiiuenccs  as  regards  human  happi- 
ness, they  do  not  all  maintain  tliat  ]viat  or  existing 
systems  t>f  morals  have  been  on  .all  poiiita  founded  on 
tiiia  pruiciplc.  ' — ChwiOers  Eni:ye.  (ed,  laiiTJ.  ix.  CS4. 


I&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  lull;  try»  Syrian,     se,  ce  -  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


utilitarianism— utter 


393 


u-til-i-tar'-i-an-ifm,  s.   lEng-  utUitanan  : 

Ethia:  A  woi-.l  vi.inf'l  liy  J.  Stuart  Mill  to 
denote  tliat  svslfm  wliicli  makes  the  Impiii- 
ness  r,r  uiiuikina  tlie  criterion  of  liglit.  It 
is  thus  more  extensive  than  Epicuieinusni. 
wlncli  constituted  i>eis.Mi;il  Imiipiness  a  cri- 
terion for  tlie  imliviaiial.  leavms  the  hajipi- 
ness  of  others  out  ol'  the  cnu'stn.n.  the 
svsleni  owes  its  ori-in  to  Bentliani  (1.4b- 
1882).  was  nitaeked  Vi.V  Maeanlay  lu  the  hdiii- 
hiinili  liri-ieii;  nnrt  is  thus  tletmed  by  J.  t>. 
Mill  :  "Tlie  creed  which  aecejits,  as  the  toun- 
dation  of  nioials,  Utility,  or  the  Greatest 
]iam>iness  Triuciple,  holds  that  actions  are 
ri-lit  in  propoitiou  as  tliey  tend  to  promote 
hapiiincss.  wron-  as  they  tend  to  produce  the 
rev.'i-se  of  happiness.  13y  happn.ess  is  in- 
tended pleasure,  and  the  absence  of  pain  ;  liy 
unhappiness,  pain,  and  the  privation  of  plea- 
sure To  u'ive  a  clear  view  of  the  moral 
stnndard  set  up  l.v  the  theory  much  nuire 
reiinires  to  he  said  ;  in  particukar  what  thiu^s 
it  includes  in  the  ideas  of  pain  or  pleasure; 
and  to  wh.it  ext.'iit  this  is  left  an  open  ques- 
tion. But  tlii-se  supplementary  explanatiinis 
do  not  atlcet  the  theory  of  life  on  which  this 
theory  of  morality  is  grounded-iiamely,  that 
pleasure  and  freedom  from  pain  are  the  only 
tilings  desirable  as  ends  ;  and  lliat  all  dcsii- 
ahle  things  (which  are  as  numerous  in  the 
utilitarian  as  in  auy  otiier  scheme)  are  desir- 
able either  for  the  pleasure  inherent  in  them- 
selves, or  as  means  to  tlie  proinotiou  ol 
pleasure  and  the  ]ireventiou  of  pain." 

u-til-i-ty,   *u-tili-te,    •  u-til-1-tie,    s. 

"(Kr  vtililr,  fioni  Lat.  iilililutcm,  accus.  "1 
,,(,7i(iis  =  iiselulness,  fium  ulilis  =  nseful 
from  i:t:n-  =  to  use  ;  tip.  utilidad;  Ital.  utthta.] 
1  The  quality  or  state  of  being  useful  ; 
usefulness;  tlie  quality  of  being  serviceable 
or  conducive  to  some  desirable  eud  or  pur- 
p.is,- ;  use,  advantageousness,  serviceableness. 

I     ■,/„  is  that  qunl.ty  li.  tLliigs  iu  virtue  of  »hia. 
til.      Ill    ,.i  satisfaction  aliJ  enjoyment  to  those  wiio 

iiu-iii   Ol- create  a desii-e  in  pel-sous  to  get  Jios- 

!,,..,  1  tbeiu.     Utilif't  is  tlie  source  of  value  lu  all 

val,ial.le  tilings.  Auytliiug  that  is  useless  for  auy 
vrnpose  »l,at;ver.  is  »itl."Ut  any  value..  Never.le- 
less  «(».!..,.  like  value,  is  not  a  Vi"'i'-^,';i.H'T  ,,, ^ 
tliiuBS  ti.eiuselves.but  arises  fioui  the  fact  that  thiuss 
are  SesireJ.  and  only  so  f.ar  as  tUey  are  desu-ed.  - 
mthdl:  Ct/tmtii'j-lloiisi-  Ii'c/. 
'>  The  greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest 
uiiiiiber  ;  the  fundamental  principle  of  Utili- 
tarianism (»t.v.). 

••  A  perfectly  just  conception  of  UMUi,  or  Happi- 
ness. clusUlcied  as  the  dilectice  rule  "1  human  cou- 
diict." — '.  .S.  illU  :  l'lini<tria7imn,  cii.  ii. 

u-til-i-za'-tion,s.  |Eng.a(afa(e);-a«oij,.]Tlie 
■  act  of  utilizinii  Ol  turning  to  some  useful  ac- 
count ;  the  state  of  being  utilized. 

U'-til-ize,  U'-til-ife,  v.t.  [Fi'.  ntiUser,  from 
„(,lc  =  nseful.)  IUtii.e.]  To  turn  to  some 
useful  or  proliUhle  account ;  to  make  usetul 
or  prutitable ;  to  save  from  waste  or  loss  by 
making  use  of. 

■■  lu  the  L-dinburah  /.Vni.-K'  for  1800  .  .  .  cxceptiou  is 
taken  to  .  .  .  uHUzv.'^—fHzc^hmrtt  Sail. 

u-ti  p6s-si-de -tis,  v''>:  |Lnt.  =  as  you 
piissess.) 

1  Civil  Law:  An  interdiit  as  to  heritage, 
ultimatelv  assimilated  to  the  interdict  utriiln 
as  to  movables  whereby  the  colourable  pos- 
session of  a  (lOitA  idc  possessor  is  eontinucd 
until  the  filial  settlement  of  a  contested  right. 

2  Intinmti'imd  Law  :  The  basis  orprinciple 
of  a  tie.ity  which  leaves  belligerent  parties  in 
possessi-ui  of  what  they  have  acquired  by 
tlieir";irms  during  the  war. 

«  u-tis,  ti  -tas, '  ou-tas,  s.  [From  a  Norm. 
Kr  wold  i-oiiesponding  to  O.Fr.  oimues,  oi- 
(eii-s  pi.  of  ii;(uiii!f=  octave  or  eighth  (day), 
from'  Lat.  octaTO  (difs)  =  the  eighth  (day).l 

[UCTAVE.l 

1.  'llie  octave  of  a  legal  term,  saint's  day, 
or  oilier  festival  ;  the  space  of  eiglit  days 
after  it ;  also  the  festival  itself. 

"  T.>  a-«euil)le  tlie  ufita  of  saint  Georve  at.  Westmyji- 
flter.  -A'C'-ll'r*.-  FrolM^ul:  tni'iyi-le.\o\.  il..ch.xcil. 

2.  Merriment,  festivity,  .jollity,  stir,  bustle. 

"  Then  here  will  be  old  utit :  it  will  be  ftu  excellent 
stratasem."— .S'"i',<M>'.  -"  '^  Itenry  IV.,  ii.  4. 

«ut-la-ry,  *uf-law-rf',  s.  [A  con-uption 
of  o:i//ii"i;(.j    Outlawry. 

•■Where  piocessse  of  utluiori/  liiith."  —  Camden  : 
R.-jjiameS .-  S"  i,ia»tcs. 

•ut-le-ga-tion.  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  ut  =  out; 
Lat.  ?ej-,  geiiit.  /ciM'.'i  =  law.  ]  The  act  of  out- 
lawing ;  ouLkiw-i  y 


'  ut-mer,  ".  [Mid.  Eng.  -ut  =  out  ;  ma-  = 
more.]    Outer. 

•-  Uc  cist  out  into  ufmcr  darknesses."—  Wticlifi-  : 
M,ilt'<rir  ml.   I-. 

uf-most,  •  oute  meste,  •ute-meste, 
■  ute-maeste.  ■  ut-mest,  a.  I  A.S.  i/tnm-st, 
)/hiH\''t.  from  ul  =  out.  Utmost  is  thus  a 
"douliM  ofoiitmosr.)    [Out.] 

1.  Being  or  situated  at  the  furthest  point  or 
extremity:  furthest  out;  extreme;  most  dis- 
tant ;  furtiiest. 

•■  Thou  Shalt  see  but  the  lifrnolf  parts  of  thcui."— 
Sum.  xxili.  13. 

2.  Being  iu  the  highest  degree  or  quantity; 
greatest ;  extreme. 

■■  six  or  seveu  thousand  is  tlieir  ufne,«(  povvei-." 

ShiiftefiA'.:  Jiifhartl  III.,  v.  3. 
1[  rttmst  is  frequently  used  substantively, 
preceded  by  tlie,  a  possessive  pronoun  or  noun, 
or  other  word  of  a  like  limiting  force,  to 
signify,  the  most  that  can  bt ;  the  greatest 
power,  the  highest  degree,  the  greatest  effort, 
or  the  like. 

"Thouiib  be  perform  to  the  mmoxt  of  a  man." 

Sftattyyj. ;  Coriolamts.  i.  1. 

U-to'-pi-a,  s-  [The  weight  of  authority  is  iu 
■  favour  of  the  generally  accejited  derivation 
from  Gr.  oii  (on)  =  uot,  and  toitos  (/uyms)  —  a 
place,  henee  Utojiia  =  nowhere  (Cf.  Scotch  h  ;i- 
nuqnhair:  Ger.  ll"cissiiic/i(roo,  used  by  Carlyle 
ia  Sartor  nesartiis).  Another  derivation  is  from 
Gr.  eB  (fu)  —  well  (iu  conip.  =  happy,  for- 
tunate, blessed),  and  toito?  (iojios)  =  place, 
when  Utopia  would  =  a  happy  place,  a  land 
of  perfection.  (See  Notes  it  Queries,  Ttli  ser-, 
V.  101.)] 

1  A  name  coined  by  Sir  Thomas  More,  and 
used  by  him  (in  his  celebrated  work  so  called, 
published  in  1513),  to  signify  an  imaginary 
island,  where  everything  is  perfect— the  laws, 
the  morals,  the  politics,  &e. ;  the  evils  and 
defects  of  existiug  laws  being  showfi  by 
contrast. 
2.  A  place  or  state  of  ideal  perfection. 

U-to  -plan,  (I.  &  s.    [Utopia.] 

A.  -Is  <«'/.  :  or,  iiertaiiiing  to,  or  resembling 
Utopia;  founded  on  or  involving  ideal  or 
imaginary  perfectiou;  ideal,  imaginary. 

"  They  would  like  stiangera  greet  themselves,  seeing 

rtopian  youth  grown  old  Italian." 

i>y7iHe  .-  let.  to  6ir  i/e/o-tf  II  otl<jU. 

*  B.  --Is  sitl>staiitive  : 
1.  An  inhabitant  of  Utopia. 
''    One    who     forms    or    favours   Utopian 
schemes  ;  an  ardent  but  unpractical  political 
or  social  reformer. 

•■  Such  subtile  opinions,  as  few  but  Utopians  aie 
likely  to  fall  into."— /fooA-t-i-    i'ccfea.  Poltty. 

«IT-t6'-pi-an-is-er,  s.  [Eug.  Utopian ; -iscr.] 
A  former  of  an  Utopia,  or  of  Utopian  ideas  or 
schemes.     [Soulhey  :  The  Doctor,  ch.  cclxi.) 

TJ-td-pi-an-ism,   s.     [Eng.  Utopian;  -ism.] 
'  The  view's  o7scliemes  of  an  Utopian  ;  ideas 
founded  upon  or  relating  to  ideal  social  per- 
fectibility. 
*  U-to'-pi-an-ist,  s.   [Eng.  Utopian  :-ist.]  An 
Utopian  ;  .'m  Utopianiser. 

■■  Tiie  sentimeutal  IVo^uViijisls  and  Socialists  who 
hope  for  a  niiUenuiuni  of  btate  iuterveutiou.  —Daila 
Telegraph.  Dec.  28.  IS85. 

'  y-top'-ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  Vtoy(.ia);  -ic<//.l 
Utopian. 

•■Let  no  idle  Donatist  of  Anisterdaiu  dream  hence 
of  an  VtopSeal  perfectiou.^'— 2fu«- .'  lieautu  &  Cntty  "/ 
the  Church, 


CTIlICfLARIA 
IKTEUMIiUI.V. 


has  the  le 


fU'-to-pist,  s.  [Eng.  Utoiiia);  -Ut.]  The 
same  as  Utopian,  2.  (q.v.). 

■•  Like  the  H/o;ji*'*  of  modern  days,  Plato  has  de- 
veloped an  a  pH.iri  theory  of  what  the  State  should 
be.'— ic»c«  .-  JIUIora  oj  PhUotiiplm  (ed.  18801.  i.  •iTS. 

tT'-tra-quist,  s.    [Lat.  i<(rai;ti«,  fern.  sing,  of 

uter<]ne  =  both.) 

Chureh  Hist.  (VI.):  A  name  given  in  1«0  to 
the  Calixtines  bei-ause  they  received  the 
Eucharist  iu  both  kinds. 

u'-tri-cle,  -•'.  [Lat.  ittriculus  =  a  small  skin,  a 
leather  bottle.! 

1  Anal. :  Anything  shaped  like  a  small  bag. 
There  is  a  utricle  of  the  male  urethra,  and  one 
of  the  \estibule  in  the  ear. 

2.  B'jtann: 

(1)  Ueii. :  A  little  bottle  or  bladder. 

(•2)  Sper. :  A  simple  fruit,  one-celled,  one  or 
few   .<ieedeil.  superior,   niembl-annns.  and    fle- 


quenllv  ilehiscing  by  a  transverse  incisi 

E.xamplcs  ;  AnuiKintlius  and  Clicnopodmm. 

u-trio'-u-lar,  o.    [Lat.  vlricuHus);  bull,  -ur.) 
liol. :  Bearing  utricles. 

u-trio-u-lar'-i-a,   «.     iLat.   vtriculus.] 

'  [Utuicle.]    (See  def.) 

Hot. :  Bladderwort ;  a  geuus  of  Lentibulari- 
acca-.    Slender  herbs,  often  floating  in  wat<;r. 
Leaves  of  some  sjiecies  multitld  with  floating 
bladders  ;  calvx  bipartite,  the  upper  lobe  en- 
tire, the  lower  often  notched  or  bideutate: 
corolla  personate  ;  style  generally  wanting,  if 
present  flliform  and  persistent ;  stigma  two- 
lipped  ;    capsule   globose, 
bursting  irregularly;  seed 
oblong  or  peltate,  striated, 
pitted,  or  hairy.      Known 
species  120  (Sir  J.  Hooker), 
widely  dilluseil.    Three  are 
British  :    Ulricularia    vul- 
garis, the  Greater,   U.  in- 
teriimlia,  the  lutcriuediatc, 
and  U.  viinor,  the  Lesser 
Bladderwort.       The    hrst, 
which  is  six  to    eighteen 
inches  high,  has  the  leaves 
pinnately  multihd,  and  the 
bladders  on  the  young 
leaves.    The  second,  which 
is  four  to  eight  inches  long.  —  -..-  ---   - 
distichous  and  dichotomously  luultilid,  tin 
bladders  on  the  leafless  branches.    The  third 
lias  leaves  like  the  last  iu  form,  but  with 
bladders,   while  the  spur  of   the    Bower    is 
minute.     All  three  are  found  iu  ponds  aud 
ditches.     None,  however,  is  common. 

u-tric'-u-late,  a.     [Utriculus.1    Tlie  same 
'  as  Utkiculah  (q.v.). 
u-trio'-u-li-form,  u.     [Lat.  ntriculus,  aud 

*  Jbriiia  —  form.] 
Hot.  :  Shaped  like  a  bottle. 

u-trio'-u-loid,  n.      [Lat.  ntriml(,us):  -old.] 
'  Shaped  like  a  bladder;  utricular. 

u-tric'-u-16se,  a.     [Lat.  ntricuHua):   Eng. 
■  su!l.  -o.mI] 

Bvt. :  Bearing  many  utricles. 

*  u-tric'-u-lus  (pi.  u-tric-u-li),  <..  [Lat. 
kn.'uiiis  =  a  small  skin  or  leather  bottle; 
diniiu.  of  ii(er  =a  leather  bottle]  (Utkiclb,  2.) 

iit'-ter,  a.  [A.S.  liter,  ii«or  =  outer,  utter, 
compar.  of  ?i(  =  out  .(q.v.).  Utter  and  outer 
are  thus  doublets.] 

*  1.  Being  on  the  outer  or  exterior  side  ; 

situate  or  being  outside. 

■•To  the  Bridge's  utter  gate  I  came."  ^ 

tipenaer:  /'.  Q..  1  v.  X,  IL 

♦  2.  Situate  or  being  on  the  extreme  limits 
of  something  else  ;  outside  of  any  place  or 
space  ;  remote  from  the  centre. 

•■  Drive  them  out  .  .  .  into  the  utter  deep." 

.mtton  ,   /'.  /...  VI.  716. 

3.  Complete,  total.  ]ierfect,  entire. 
••The  u«cr  loss  of  all  the  realm  of  Fnuice." 

Shakesii.  ;  1  Slenru  17..  v.  4. 

4.  Peremptory,  absolute,  unconditional, 
unreserved. 

•■The  utter  refusal  of  the  auxiliai-y  reglineuta  of 
Loudon  aud  Kent  to  march  falthel."— CTiireia^ou. 

utter-barrister,  ■^.    [B.m-.kisieu.] 

iit'-ter,  *  out-ren, '  ut-tren,  r.t.  [A  freq. 
from  Mid.  Eng.  oii(fH  =  lo  put  out,  to  out 
with,  from  A.S.  afinii  =lo  put  out.to  eject, 
from  ■a(  =  out.] 

*  1.  To  put  out  or  forth  ;  to  expel,  to  eject, 
to  emit. 


'•  How  bracly  it  begiunes  to  hudde 
And  »f/(rj- Ilia  tender  heiul"' 
Siteiuter :  shepheunh  Ciitellder:  March. 

*  2.  To  expose  ;  to  set  forth,  to  disclose, 
to  exhibit. 

■•The  godhed  which  than  and  uever  before  uttrett 
itself."— fdat:  Luke  wii. 

'  3.  To  exiH>se  fur  sale. 

•■  No  luau  shall  bargnine.  aell . . .  or  couueijih  of  any 
other  Blse  to  be  liltreif  or  sold."— ^'aftffati:  thruuMet^ 
(an.  154a]. 

4.  To  dispose  of  to  the  public  or  iu  the 
way  of  trade  ;  to  put  into  or  otl'er  lor  circula- 
tion, as  money,  notes,  base  coin.  fie.  (Now 
applied  more  especially  to  the  last.) 

5.  To  disclose  ;  uot  to  keep  secret :  to  giv  e 
expression  to. 

"  My  toliKue  shall  utter  all." 

.shuketp. .   li'iiH  of  Luereee.  l.OTrt. 


law  111^,   'jiivt ., .  ___^ 


s;'4 


utterable— V. 


a.   t<>    sjHMk,   to    jintiioniice.     (Soiiiuthiies 

"  CtUrlnii  foolish  tlihiif*." 

Shitketf*.  :  Jtapt  0/  Lucrtet,  l.SIS. 

'  iif -tcr-a-ble,  «.  (Eng.  H//er,  v.;  *a6/<:.] 
<_"a|irtlilt'  "'V  luiiii;  iittert'd  or  expressed. 

■■\V»ifii  hi*  wfM-  \M!<i\m9  utU-rablti'—Mad.  D'Arhlaii  : 

(V<'(7«i,  bk.  \.,  •.Ii.  vlh. 

iit'-ter-anfe  (IX  «.    [Eng.  i(//fr,  v. ;  -ance.] 
*  1.  The  act  of  tUtering,  putting  forth  in 
pnttlir,  or  circulating. 
:.'.  Emission  fruni  the  moutli;  vocal  expres- 

-.inti  ;  fxpifssion. 

'*()r  from  tlii*  nunl— aii  iiii])iitH«  to  lieneK  ; 
1  wuuld  Kivv  uUvrance  in  tiuiiivruuK  verso." 

3.  Power  of  speaking ;  speech. 

"GckI  hu  nut  )>e6tow«l  on  tl)ein  the  uift  of  tiUer- 
anrr.'—ftryilrn  :  Aurun<j-Zebe.    lEji  Dcilic) 

4.  That  which  is  uttered  or  .spoken  ;  speech, 
words. 

*'  Assuming  a  refeKuco  to  himseU  aikI  bU  -stnbie  to 

be  embodied  iu  tlie  veiled  utternntx*  o( ."—Field, 

Jaii.  21.  IWts. 

•  lit'- ter-an9e  (■_').  ut-traunce,  >•■.  [A 
corrupt,  nt  Vr.  untnuf*.]  The  last  -.r  utmost 
extremity  ;  the  end  ;  death.  (Only  in  the 
phrase  at  Httiran<x,  at  uttyauiicti  (=  Fr.  d  ou- 
trance.) 

"  Wlien  lie  Miwe  hia  iiiRiater  aliiioat  at  uttr»unce  he 
was  surie."— BcrdcM,'  Froiuart ;  Cronycle,  vol.  ii., 
cb.  XX) v. 

iif -ter-er,  .>'.  [Eug.  utter,  v. ;  -er.]  One  wlio 
utteis  :  as, 

(1)  One  who  utters  or  put-s  into  circulation  : 
as,  an  uttercr  of  base  coin. 

(•2)  One  who  pronounces,  speaks,  discloses, 
or  publishes. 

"  I'ltcrers  of  secrets  he  from  thence  deharred." 
Spenser:  F.  Q..  II.  ix.  25. 

•  ut'-ter-est,  *  nt-ter-este,  n.  [Eng.  utter, 
a.;  -est.]     L'tteiJtnj.st,  utmost. 

"Whose  wi>ike  I  hiltour  in  to  the  utterest  of  my 
\'i:iViet."  —  W !i,.iiffe  :  Jii/mmis  xv. 

■  ut'-ter-less,  «.  [Eng.  fitter,  v. ;  -less.]  That 
'  aiiiiut  or  may  not  be  uttered  or  expressed  in 
words ;  unutterable,  inexpressible. 

"To  endure  aclAniouriniidebftteof  iifterlesg  things." 
—MittoJi :  Duct.  *  Di»c.  of  Divorce,  l)k.  ii„  ch.  xxi. 

ut'-ter-ly,  '  ut-ter-lie,  adv.  [Eng.  utter, 
;i.  ;  -///.]  To  the  lull  or  utmost  extent ;  com- 
pletely, totally. 

"Ue  removed  thein  ut/erli-i  from  hia  preaeut'e." — 
ffoliiuhcd  :  Cftron.  of  England  ;  A'ichard  /.  |hu.  1189). 

Ut-ter-mbre,   «.     [Eng.    utta;    a.  ;    -more.] 

Outer,  t'uvtlier. 

"Tiie  i-f/er,iiore  st-ind  not  forte  off."— P.  Ifullmid  : 

Cau\d.:„.  !■   -.■<\. 

lit' -ter- most,  a.    [Eng.  utter,  a. ;  -most.^ 
\.  farthest  in  distance ;  most  remote  ;  ex- 
treme. 

"  I  shnll  ?ive  thee  .  .  .  the  uttermost  parts  of  the 
earth  for  thy  possess iou."—/*sa/m  ii,  s. 

2.  Utmii.st,  extreme. 

"  BriDgiii^'  ill  uttermost  haste  a  nieasime  of  urgent  im- 
piirtiiiKe."  LotvjfeUow :  Miles  x'timlixli.  iv. 

^[  L'tterniost  is  also  used  substantively  in 
the  same  way  as  utmost  =  the  most  that  can 
be  done;  the  utmost;  the  greatest  power, 
degree,  or  eRort. 

"  They  .  .  .  seemed  resolved  to  defend  their  coast  to 
the  uttennott."—Cook :  First  Voyaije,  hk.  iiL.  ch.  i. 

"  ut-traunce,  j;.    [Utterance  (2).] 

t  u'-va  (pi.  u'-vae),  8.  [Lat.  =  a  bunch  or 
cluster  uf  grapes.) 

1.  Er't. :  A  succulent  indehiscent  fruit,  with 
a  central  placenta  and  a  very  tliiu  outer  peri- 
carp. Examples  :  the  fruit  of  the  vine,  that 
of  solanum,  &e.  Deemed  by  most  botanists 
an  unnecessary  term. 

2.  I'huriii.  (P!.):  Raisins;  used  only  to 
sweeten  preparations. 

t  uva  ursi,  .<. 

Bot.  <e  Pharm. :  Tournefort's  name  for  the 
genus  now  called  Arctostapbylos  (q.v.). 
The  name  is  still  retained  as  a  convenient 
abbreviation  in  pharmacy,  bear-berry  leaves 
being  called  Uv(C  tirsi  folia.     [Bear-bebry.] 

U-var-J-a,  s.  (Lat.  nm  =  a  bunch  of  grapes, 
wlitch  the  fmit  resembles.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Xylopeie.  Flowers  her- 
maphrodite, petals  equal,  .stamens  flattened, 
ovaries  linear,  cylindrical,  inserted,  as  are  the 
stamens,  into  a  flat  receptacle.     Natives  of 


Irojijcal  "ir  sub-1rt»i.i.al  eoui: tries  in  the 
eastern  hemisiilieie.  The  rottts  nf  Vntria 
Xatnm.a  largi',  wooily,  Indian  climber,  yield, 
ity  distillation,  a  sweet-scented.  greenisJi  <til. 
used  iu  ViU'ious  diseases  in  Malabar.  Tin- 
aromatic  root  is  also  employed  ine<liciniilly. 
The  binised  leaves  smell  like  t-innanion.  The 
Imrk  of  C.  tripttaloulnt,  when  tapped,  yields 
a  viseid  and  fragrant  gum.  The  leaves  of  ('. 
triloba,  are  applied  to  lan^'uid  abscesses  to 
bring  them  to  a  head.  Tlie  fiuit  of  L*. /e^W- 
/Hf/a  is  regarded  by  the  Indians  of  the  Oii- 
noco  as  an  exeellent  febrifuge. 

u'-vate,  s.  {UvA.]  A  conserve  made  of 
grapes.    (Jiiminonds. ) 

u'-ve-a»  s.    [Uva.] 

Anat.:  A  covering  of  dark  pigment  at  tint 
posterior  surface  of  the  iris. 

tt'-Ve-OUS,  «.     [UvA.I 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang.  ;  Ileseinbling  a  grape  f»r  a 
bnnch  of  grapes. 
2.  Anat. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  uvea  (q.v.). 
"Theurcoiis  co;it  or  iris  of  the '•ye." — /tay :  CretitiQ.i. 
l)t.  ii. 

U-vit'-iC,  rt.     [Lat.  Mi'(«)=  a  grape ;  Eng.  sutl. 
"  -itic]     Of,   pertaining   to,  ()r   derived  froi.i 
grapes. 

UTltic-acid,  s. 

Chan.:  C9H804=  CfiH3(CH3)(CO-OH>>.     A 

tlibasic  aromatic  acid,  obtained  by  boiling 
pyroraeemic  acid  with  excess  of  baryta  water. 
It  crystallizes  iu  line  needles,  difficultly 
soluble  in  water,  more  readily  in  alcohol  and 
ether,  and  melts  at  287°.  Hi^ated  with  linir 
to  350^  it  yields  calcic  carbonate  and  iM*-t..- 
toluate,  at  -  a  higher  temperature  yielding 
toluene. 

u'-vroii,  u-vrow,  ;-.    [Ei-phkoe.] 

U'-Vll-Ia,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  Lat.  nnt 

(q.v.).; 

AiiatoDiy : 

1.  Gen. :  Any  projecting  portion ;  as,  th-- 
uvula  of  the  bladder  or  of  the  cerebellum. 

2.  Sjjec.  .-  A  prolongation  of  the  soft  palate 
at  the  back  of  the  mouth.  It  is  a  small  cylin- 
drical body  whieh  hangs  at  the  middle  of  the 
posterior  margin  of  the  soft  palate.  It  pos- 
sesses somennnute  glands,  and  can  be  elevated 
and  shortened  by  a  muscle,  the  a^ygos  uvuliv. 
A  relaxed  sore  throat  is  niaiuly  produced  l>y 
an  enlargement  of  the  uvula  with  a  certain 
amount  of  oedema  ;  if  unusually  long  it  is  fre- 
quently necessary  to  cut  it.    [Tonsil.] 

"  By  !iu  instruiiieut  bended  up  :it  one  end,  I  got  tip 
l)eli:ud  the  uvulu." — tVisemiiH  :  Hiirgeri/. 

u'-VU-lar,  a.  [Uvula.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Ihe'uvula  :  as  the  avnlar  glands. 

U-VU-lar'-e-se,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  umlaiiia); 
Lat.  ffin.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ea'.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Melaiithaceae. 

U-VU-liir'-i-a,  5.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  anda 
(q.v.).] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Uvular&-B  Oi-v.). 
Leaves  sessile,  aniplexicaul ;  flowers  solitary, 
ilrooping,  like  those  of  Polygonatuin,  but 
having  the  style  three-eleft,  and  the  fruit  dry 
and  thive-celled.  The  species  are  astringent, 
and  the  bruised  leaves  of  Uvularia  grandifiora 
are  a  popular  remedy  in  the  United  States  for 
the  bite  of  the  raltltsnake. 

•u'-VU-lar-ly,  (f(/r.  ["E-w^.  uvular ; -ly.]  With 
thickness  of  voice  or  utterance,  as  when  the 
uvula  is  too  long. 


u'-vu-la-wort,  ^\  [.Mod.  Lat.  uvala,  and 
Eug.  icurt.] 

But, :  Caiiipai'uia  Trachrlinui,  the  Nettle- 
leaved  Bell-flower.  Leaves  ovate,  laneeolate, 
hispid,  coaisely  doubly  serrate;  peiluneles 
generally  few  flowered ;  racemes  panicled ; 
corolla  bluish  puiple.  Found  in  woods  and 
copses  in  England.  So  named  because  it  was 
sujipo.sf'd  to  be  of  use  iu  swelling  and  pain  of 
the  throat.     [Throatwort  (1).] 

u-wa'-ro-wite  (w  as  v),  s.  [After  the 
Russian  Minister  Uwarrif.  Uvarof,  Uvarov, 
Uwarow  ;  Ru^s.  oucarovit.] 

Mill. :  A  variety  of  garnet  (q.v.)  of  an 
emerald-green  coloin%  in  which  a  part  of  the 
alumina  is  replaced  by  .sesquioxide  of  cliro- 


niiuin.  Originally  from  the  Uial  Mountai.is, 
but  now  found,  though  sparsely,  in  several 
other  parts  of  the  world. 

*  u:5:-6r'-i-al,  «,    [l-at.  tu:or  =  a  wife.) 

1.  Of  or  iiert.;iining  to  a  wife  or  married 
woman. 

"The  beauty  of  wives,  the  tucorial  htnXitv.''~'I,ulton  : 
Ml/  yovf-l.  bk.  iv..  ch.  i. 

2.  Related  to  or  connected  with  one's  wife. 

"  All  yonr  uxoritU  r^onuectionH  living  in  the  iK^igh- 
hoiirhood."— /i/>.  WilOer/orce,  iu  Li^e.  i.  loft. 

3.  Ux<n-ious. 

"  Melted  into  ahanlute  tixorial  imbecility."— /.^rcoji  ,■ 
Sff/  Xofcl.  bk.  viii..  ch.  xii. 

t  ii^-or'-i-gide,  s.  [Lat.  vxor  =  a.  wife,  an-l 
cofdo  (in  conipos.  -cido)  =  to  kill.] 

L  The  murder  of  a  wife  by  her  husband. 
2.  A  husband  who  niurdeis  his  wife. 

■uy-or'-i-OUS,  a.  (Lat.  uxorius,  from  uxor  = 
a  wife.]  Excessively  or  foolislily  foml  of  a 
wife  ;  doting  ou  a  wife. 


u^-or'-i-ous-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  uxorious;  -ly.] 
In  an  uxorious  manner;  with  foolish  or  fond 
doting  on  a  wife. 

"  If  thou  art  thua  uxoriously  inclin'd." 

Dryden  :  Juvenal,  vi.  292. 

d^-or'-l-OUS-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uxorious  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  uxorious  ;  foolish 
or  fond  doting  ou  a  wife. 

"The  carnality  and  uxoriousiims  of   the  Jews," — 
.\frtre :  MyHery  of  Uodliness,  p.  100. 

u'-ze~xna,  .^.  [Native  word.]  A  linear  mea- 
sure iii'tlie  Birinau  Empire,  equal  to  about 
twelve  statute  miles. 


V,  the  twenty-second  letter,  and  the  fifteenth 
consonant  of  the  English  alphabet,  represents 
a  labial  or  labio-dental  consonant  sound,  and 
is  produced  by  the  junction  of  the  lower  lip 
and  upper  teeth,  a.s  in  ov,  eve,  ixlih.  The 
sound  of  V  differs  from  that  of  /,  which  is 
produced  in  the  same  way,  in  being  voiced, 
while  that  of  /  is  breathed.  Both  v  and 
/are  also  continuous  consonants,  and  also 
belong  to  the  class  of  the  spirants.  V  in 
Middle  English  is  commonly  written  «  in 
MSS.,  and  conversely  it  sometimes  appears 
as  r,  most  frequently  at  the  beginning  of 
words,  and  especially  in  the  words  vs,  vse^  vp, 
vnto,  vnder,  and  vu-,  used  as  a  prefix.  As 
noted  under  U,  u  and  v  were  formerly  the 
same  letter,  and  in  dictionaries  and  alplia- 
betical  lists  words  beginning  with  U  and  V 
were,  up  till  a  comparatively  recent  date, 
combined.  [U.]  The  Latin  i',  or  rather  con- 
sonant II,  was  probably  pron<muced  as  w:  as 
in  u&sjxi  =  wasp.  A  very  large  proportion  uf 
the  words  which  begin  with  v  are  of  French 
or  Latin  origin,  only  vane,  vat,  uineired,  and 
vixen  being  English.  The  letter  v  did  not 
exist  in  Anylo-Saxon,  its  sound  being  repre- 
sented by  /,  as  in  he<-/on  =  heaven ,  of=  of  (or). 
[V.]  By  this  may  be  explained  the  change  uf 
consonant  iu  the  plurals  of  such  words  as 
thief,  pi.  thieves,  wolf,  pi.  wolves,  &c.  V  fre- 
quently replaces/,  as  in  vat=  Mid.  En;^./a(  ; 
vetches  —  Mid.  Eng.  fetchis  (at  the  present  day 
so  pronounced  in  the  Midland  counties),  &e. 
In  the  dialects  of  the  South  uf  Englaml  y  is 
still  commonly  used  when  other  dialeets  had 
/:  as  ro  =;  foe,  i'inr/e7'  =  finger,  &c.  Vm  some 
Romance  words  represents  ph,  as  viid  ~  phial 
Mid.  Eng.  vii>nomn  =  physiognomy,  &c  V 
has  been  changed  to  (1)  ic  in  periivinlde  =  Fr. 
pervenche,  Lat.  perlvinca :  (2)  to  in  in  malm- 
sey =  Mid.  Eng.  malvcsie,  O.  Fr.  malvoisie.  In 
vulgar  speech,  especially  of  Londoners,  v  is 
sometimes  used  for  w,  and,  conversely,  w  foi- 
V ;  as,  veil  for  well,  wery  for  very.  (•'  never 
appears  as  a  final  letter  in  English  (though 
a  final  v  sound  often  occurs),  nor  is  it  ever 
doubled. 
V  as  a  symbol  is  used  : 

1.  Asjt  numeral :   For  5,  and  with  a  dash 
over  it  (V)  for  5,000 

2.  In  Chem. :  For  the  element  Vanadium. 

3.  In    lln:  :    For  vert,  iu   the  tricking  of 
nnns  with  a  pen  and  ink.     [Tr.KK,  t'..  :<.] 


late,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU»  father ;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pitt.  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    *e.  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


va— vaccination 


3»5 


■1.  Ill  7,(11".  <lr. :.  For  )»'rs)fv  (Lilt.  =  against)  : 
its.  John  Doe  V.  Richaiii  Roe. 

"The  tHiimlrtr  compwisoii  of  FroeTriule  p.  Prot«c- 
tloii  to  the  Bit  Ivid  V.  LHUv  UMf—Oaily  Chromclc, 
Ai)rn  1',  I8ti*. 

5.  In  Phiisics,  <Cc. ;  For  velocity. 

6.  Jn^tlts^c:  As  an  alpbieviation  of  nnZino, 
violini,  voce,  loUa,  tS:c. 

va,  v.i.     [Ital.l 

^hlsic:  Go  on:  as,  m  crescendo  =^  go  on  in- 
rieasing  tlie  power;  m  ra»cH(aHrfo  =  go  on 
.iiji^'iziii';  The  time. 
vaatg mar.  ^^.  Ucel.  vdg-m£rl=w&ve-maTe.] 
Irh  til  If. :  Trachvptenis  arctiai'^,  Irom  the 
Noilhoin  seas.  The  body  is  extrcim-ly  coiii- 
jnessed.  wlience  it  is  also  called  the  KibauU- 
sh;qii--i  Vaagiiiar  and  Deal-fish. 

vaal'-ite,  -s.  [After  the  Vaal  River,  South 
AlVi>-u;  sum  -tf^CUui.).] 

Mill. :  A  nionoclinic  mineral,  occurrins  in 
]iexa;;oiial  prisms  in  an  altered  enstatic  rock 
and  ill  the  "blue  gi-ound"  of  the  dianmud 
mines  of  South  Africa.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated 
.silicate  of  nuignesia,  alumina,  and  sesquioxide 
of  iron.  Oil  lieatini;.  it  expands  to  six  times 
its  ordinary  size.     Piidxibly  an  altered  mica. 

*vac-a-bond,      vac-abound,  «.  &  s. 

(V.U.ABOND.l 

va'-can^e, >'.  '!■>.=  vac^ncy(q. v.).]  Vacation; 
the  recess  of  a  court  or  school ;  liolidays  ;  es- 
pecially harvest  or  summer  holiday.^.  It  is 
generally  treated  as  a  plui-al.    {Scotch.) 

va'-can-^y,  *  va-can-cie,  *\  (Fr.  mcance, 
llom'l.at.  i((r,r„s  —  vaeant  (q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port. 
■atafitiin;  ItaL  cncanza.] 

1,  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vacant, 
enqify,  or  unoccupied  ;  as — 

*  (1)  Emptiness. 

(:*)  Tlie  state  of  being  unoccupied  or  un- 
tilled. 

"TliP  vacnncy  of  the  tliroiin  hehig  unceestahlished." 
—  li/avksrotie :  Comjncut..  l>k.  i..  vh.  J. 

•"  (o)  Freedom  from  employment;  leisure, 
idleness. 

*  (4)  Listlessness  ;  emptiness  of  thought. 

"  .\11  disiiositions  to  idleness  or  mtfiinci/,  even  before 
tliej  Hie  habits,  lire  daiigeious."— H'oWofi/  iicmaim. 

2.  That  which  is  vacant,  empty,  or  unoccu- 
jiied  ;  as — 

(1)  Empty  space  ;  vacuity  ;  outwiird  space 
conveying  no  impression  to  the  eye. 

■'  You  do  heud  your  eyo  on  vncanci/." 

Slt'tktfsp.  :  llamlct,  iii,  4. 

(li)  A  space  between  objects  or  things ;  an 
intermediate  space,  a  gap,  a  chasm. 

"The  reader  finds  a  wide  vncuncy,  aud  knows  uot 
how  to  transport  bis  thoughts  to  the  next  iiarttcular, 
for  want  of  Some  connecting  iUeH,"—  WatU :  Logic. 

*  (S)  An  intermission ;  an  interval  of  time 
not  devoted  to  the  ordinary  duties  or  business 
of  life ;  lience,  unoccupied  or  unemployed 
time;  leisure,  vacation,  relaxation. 

"  If,  souietiiues.  each  other's  eyes  we  meet. 
Those  little  vacancies  from  toil  are  sweet," 

Drydc.     [Todd.) 

(4)  An  unoccupieil,  unfilled,  or  vacant  post, 
position,  or  office ;  a  post,  position,  or  office 
destitute  of  a  person  to  lill  it. 

"  Fur,  if  the  thiuue  be  at  any  time  vacant,  the  right 


of  disiiosiuK  of  this  vacancy  seems  uatumlly  to  result 

'  >  the  Lords  and  Comnioufl,  the  trustees  and  reiuc- 

iitatives  of  the  UAXiou-'—Blackstone:  Cominen(.,h\i.. 


va'-cant,  va-caunt,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
c'l-'i'i--,  pr.  par.  of  vaco^=Xo  be  empty,  t<i  be 
devoid  ol"  sumetliing,  to  be  at  leisure  ;  Sp., 
F'jit.,  &  Ital.  vnceiite.\ 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Having  no  contents;  unfilled,  empty, 
void. 

■'  Filling  a  apace  less  vncant." 

H'ordtworth  :  £xcurtion,  bk.  iv. 

*2.  Devoid,  destitute,  wanting. 

■■  lieing  of  those  virtues  fiidtiit." 

Stiakesp.     Ucnry  VIII,,  \.  1. 

3.  Not  occupied  or  tilled  1  an  incumbent, 
possessor,  or  official ;  unoccuined. 

"  The  poi)e  had  accuraed  the  Enelisli  jieople.  bicause 
they  BUJired  the  hishops'  sees  to  l)e  racnitt  bo  long  -i 
X\\\\<i"—noiin&he(l:  llitt.  England,  bk.  vi.,  cb-  xvih. 

*  4.  Not  engaged  or  occupied  in  business  or 
care  ;  unemployed,  unoccupied,  leisure,  free. 

"At  Hucb  vacant  times  as  they  lie  not  iu  camp," — 
Sficnter  :  titate  of  Ireland. 

5.  Free  from  thought;  not  given  to  thougllt, 
study,  or  reflection  ;  thoughtless,  listless. 

"  With  a  body  tilld,  and  vacant  mind." 

Shakenp. :  Jlcnri/  V..  iv.  I. 


II.  l.-tir:  Ab;uHU'ned  ;  having  no  heir:  as, 
vacant-book,  *.    (See  extract.) 

■■  Suiiii'  uf  thti  miii»iH.  for  example,  dn  iwirt  "f  the 
work  .if  the  atnlv  bui-ennx  of  bilmur— kfcpuiy  it)  hir.'e 
tiiwiib  a  r'tcitntbuok.  recoldtllK  the  nanus  ul  ntcn  wlut 
want  Work  anil  of  niivsU-i-s  whi)  want  wmknien.'"— 
//•will  CfK!-i"f'l,n  iiss.,).  S.V.  Triidc*  I'ulun. 

vacant- succession,  ."■.  A  succession 
which  is  claimed  by  no  one,  or  the  heir  tu 
whieli  is  unknown. 

va-cate',  v.t.     [Lat.  vacatus^  i)a.  i>ar.  of  vaco 
'=  to  be  vacant  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  make  vacant ;  to  cause  to  be  empcy  : 
to  (luit  the  occupancy  or  possession  <if;  to 
have  empty,  unfilled,  or  unoccupied. 

"  The  prospects  of  sp^rt  in  the  oovuitries  iioiv  alKmt 
t"  lif  i"ic«tfd  will  be  regarded  as  proniisinif. '— ^''v/ii, 
Jan.  -21.  1^188. 

2.  Tu  annul;  to  make  void;  to  deprive  -"f 
validity  or  authority. 

"  Vactitinff  the  authority  of  the  precedent"— /r<7.-on 
tiasUiktr. 

*  3.  To  defeat ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

■■  He  cirnt-s  my  revtiiire  "         Itrydnt.     \  T-fld.  t 

va-ca  -tion,     va-ca-ci-on,  *  va-ca-cy- 

bn,  s.  [Fr.  i^ncatioa,  fium  Lat.  c-icatinneiii, 
aecus.  of  raca((0  =  leisure,  from  vacatur,  pa. 
juir.  of  vaco  =  to  be  vacant  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  vacn- 
>:ioii ;  Ital.  vwazioHf.] 

1.  The  act  of  vacating  : 

(1)  The  act  of  leaving  \  acant  or  unoccupied  : 
as.  the  vacation,  of  an  office. 

(•_>)  The  act  of  aimulling;  the  act  of  making 
vacant,  void,  or  of  no  validity ;  invalidation, 
abrogation. 

*  2.  Time  uot  occupied  or  di.sposed  of ; 
leisure  time. 

'  3.  A  space  of  time  or  a  condition  in  whicli 
there  is  an  intermission  <)f  a  stateil  employ- 
ment <>v  procedure  ;  stated  interval  in  a  round 
of  duties;  intermission,  rest. 

"  Benefit  of  iwace.  nuiet.  and  vncaCion  for  piety."— 
Haiitinond  :  Pundamcntats. 

4.  Hence  specifically  : 

(1)  Temporary  cessation  of  judicial  proceed- 
ings; the  interval  between  tlie  end  of  one 
term  and  the  beginning  of  the  next ;  recess, 
non-term. 

•■  -^  these  clerks  want  not  their  full  task  of  labour 
iluiing  the  open  t*rni,  so  there  is  for  them  wheriMipon 
to  be  occupied  in  the  vacation  only."— Bocod ;  O^cc  of 
A  lieiiation. 

«|  In  Tlie  Higher  Law  Courts  there  are  four  : 
the  Christmas,  the  Easter,  the  Whitsun,  and 
the  Long  Vacations. 

(2)  The  intermission  or  temporary  cassa- 
tion of  the  regular  studies  of  a  college,  school, 
or  other  educational  institution,  when  the 
pupils  have  a  recess ;  holidays. 

5.  The  time  during  which  an  office  is  vacant 
or  unoccupied,  especially  the  time  during 
which  a  see  nv  other  other  spiritual  dignity  is 
vacant. 

vacation -sittings,  s.  ph 

Law:  Sittings  uf  ;i .judge  during  vacations. 
It  is  permissible  to  take  up  any  cases  which 
may  arise  or  may  remain  lor  settlement,  but 
thecu.^tom  is  to  dispose  only  of  those  stand- 
ing for  argument  or  judgment.  Called  also. 
Sittings  after  tenn. 

vac-car'-i-a,  s.  [Lat.  vacca  =  a  cow.  (See 
def.)] 

Lot. :  A  genus  of  Sileneae,  akin  to  Saponaria, 
but  with  a  five-angled  calyx  enlarged  aftei- 
flowering.  Vuccaria  vulgaris  has  been  found 
as  a  weed  in  cornfields  in  England,  but  it  is 
not  indigenous.  It  is  said  to  increase  the 
secretion  of  nulk  of  cows  fed  upon  it. 

*  vac'-car-y,  '  vac-char--^,  s.  [Low  Lat. 
ruccariiim,  from  Lat.  t((.;':«  =  a  <;ow.l  A  cow- 
house, dairy,  or  cow-pasture.     {I'rov.) 

vac-9i'-na,  --■.    [V.vc<in-ia.] 

vac-cin'-al,  c  lEng.  vacciuie):  -al.]  Of  or 
beiunging't"  vaccine  matter,  or  vaccination. 

vaccinal- fever,  i;. 

!  Pathol.  :   A  slight  fever  often  arising  be- 

tween the  sixth  and  ninth  day  after  vaccina- 
tion. Sometimes  there  is  an  eruption  rif 
vaccine  lichen  or  roseola,  continuing  about  a 
week. 

vac'-ci-nate,  r.t.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  vac- 
clncrn.-:,  pa.  par.  of  vacctno  =  to  inoculate, 
from   Lat.    t("xiitu.-i  =  pertiiining    to  cows; 


roccfl  =  a  cow.]  To  inneulnttt  with  the  cow- 
pox  by  means  of  vaceinc  matter  or  lymi»h. 
taken  directly  or  Indireetly  Imm  the  cow,  Inr 
the  purpose  of  puKUuing  innnunity  from 
snmll-pox,  or  (»f  mitigating  its  attack. 

V&C-fin-a'-tion,  s.     [Eng.  vaccinatie):  -wn; 
Fr,  vacci)Mtioii.\ 

1.  Pathol. :  The  act  or  art  of  vaccinating ; 
the  introduction  of  vaccine  matter  int^>  the 
human  frame  with  the  view  of  prot^-cting  it 
against  small- pox,  or  rendering  thatdisease  lews 
fonnidable.  It  was  at  first  su])poscd  that  th«! 
cow-i'<jx  (q.v.)  had  arisen  by  tho  transmission 
to  the  cow  (if  a  disease  in  tho  horse  called 
"grease,"  the  purulent  inatt^T  of  which  was 
largely  employed  by  Jenner  and  others  for 
vaccinating  purposes,  at  first  after  it  ha<i 
been  passetl  thiough  tho  cow,  and  after- 
wards by  rlireet  transmission.  Its  employ- 
ment has  long  since  Iteen  ;iliandoned.  The 
cow-pox  is  not  producetl  in  the  hiunnn 
frame  by  eftluvia ;  actual  inocidation  is  re- 
(juired.  When  vaccine  lymph  is  introduced 
into  the  arm  of  an  infant,  by  one  or  more 
punctures  uf  a  lancet,  no  noticeaWe  elCect 
is  discernible  for  two  days.  Then  a  slight 
jiaptda  arises,  which,  on  tho  fifth  or  sixth 
day,  becomes  of  a  bluish  colour  and  vesi- 
cular, with  a  raised  head  and  a  central 
cup.  Oi»  the  eighth  day  it  reaches  full  <le- 
velopment,  and  an  inflammatory  areola  ap- 
pears, which  spreads  witli  the  extension  of 
the  vesicle  for  two  more  days.  Then  a  crust 
or  scale  is  produced  in  the  centre  of  the 
vesicle,  and  gradually  extends  till  it  covers 
it  in  every  part.  On  the  fourteenth  or 
fifteenth  day  the  scale  bn^oines  hard  and 
brown  ;  it  next  contracts,  dries,  and  blackens, 
until,  between  the  twcntietli  and  the  twenty- 
fifth  day,  it  falls  oft',  leaving  a  permanent 
circular,  depressed,  and  foveated  cicatrix. 
Unless  it  possess  all  these  characters,  and 
specially  unless  foveatiou  be  present,  vai;- 
cination  is  considered  imperfect,  and  not  to 
be  relied  on  as  a  propbyhtctic  against  small- 
pox. It  is  urged  also  that  four,  orat  leasttwo, 
such  cicatrices  are  essential  Ibr  protection,  and 
that  the  operation  shouhl  be  repeated  in  ten  to 
twelve,  or.  at  most,  in  fourteen  years.  (He- 
vAci-iNATioK.)  Various  objections  have  been 
brought  forward  against  vaci-niation  ;  the  ontj 
to  which  most  imponaiice  is  ;itt;iclied  by  medi- 
cal men  is  that  a  danger  exists  of  introrlucing 
syphilis  into  the  frame  by  the  use  of  infected 
lymph.  Dr.  Fai-r  dedmetl  iroin  the  statistics 
of  the  small-pox  epidendc  of  1871,  that  if 
100,000  vaccinated  pirsons  be  exposed  to  cer- 
tain risks  of  contagion,  100  will  be  attacked, 
ten  of  whom  will  die  ;  while  if  100,000  nnvac- 
cinated  i-eople  be  exposed  to  the  same  risks, 
at  least  000  will  be  attacked,  ot"  whom  270  will 
die.  The  German  Vaccination  Commission  of 
1884  came  to  the  following  conclusions  :  — 

"  With  rare  exceptions.  oue8urvi%-ed  attiick  of  small- 
pox confers  immunity  agnin«t  suhsefiuent  nttackn. 
Vaccinaliou  exerts  a  similar  prot»-etiou.  Thedniatiou 
of  the  protection  v.-uriea  within  wide  ItmiU,  hut  i^.  oii 
the  averaee.  ten  years.  At  least  two  well-<ic\eluped 
vaccine  vesicles  are  necessary  ti)  ciisine  an  ctliLitut 
protection.  Kevaeciuation  is  neccswiry  ten  yt.-irKiiftfi- 
primary  vaccination.  The  v;ui.iiiated  Lnmlitioii  of 
the  oonuiiuuity  increases  the  I  elHtivi- pi  ote.t  inn  ajcamst 
siuall-pox  acquired  by  the  indiMdual  ami  hence  vac- 
cination is  beueflcial  not  oidy  imUvidirilly  l.nt  gen- 
eriilly.  V.-icciuatiou  may  havi?  ;in  injurious  cnect 
under  certain  circunot;iiices.  In  tlio  u^e  of  liumaii 
lymph,  the  danger  of  tmnsf^nriiij:  eyphillB.  however 
aliuht.  cmmot  l>e  entirely  excluded.  Any  othtr  bad 
ettects  are  apparently  only  due  t->  the  coiiBeq nonces  ot 
the  wound,  c-ij,.  erysi|ielas.  Ac.  .\II  the&e  danj;ei>  may 
liy  precjiution  he  reduced  X»  .^uch  a  niiliimnn)  as  to 
make  the  iHsiielit  of  vj»ccinali..n  iiiUnit«ly  outweigh 
them.  Since  the  introduction  cf  vaoeinati.m.  co 
scientifically-proved  incrcft'^e  of  any  p.irticular  disea*^ 
;u-  f.f  the  geuend  mortality  baa  nccnrred.  Since  the 
[huigera  til  health  and  life  fvaecinaliimsyphili-'.  *c  ) 
occasionally  c-mnected  with  thi-  uco  of  human  lymph 
ciu  be  avoided  by  the  use  of  .iniio:d  lyniT-b.  :iiid  Mncr 
vaeoinatlon  with  atiinial  lymi-h  has  lii-m  i.niitly  »•• 
iierfected  as  almost  toctpial  vaccmatiuii  wxXh  liuiiiau 
lympb.  the  bitter  is  to  he  gradually  suit-jscded  by 
animal  Iyiiii)h." 

Anti-vac'-inationietsallese;  (1)  That  vaccina- 
tion d-..snot  prevent  small-pox;  (2)  tlint  itdoes 
not  mitigate  small-pox  ;  and  (3)  that  Vii.-cina- 
tion  is  itself  a  grave  danger  to  life  ami  health, 
as  proved  by  the  great  increase,  since  the  en- 
forcement of  vaccination  by  law,  in  infant 
mortality  from  diseases  confesseiUyinoculable. 
2.  Law:  By  the  year  IS40,  the  superi:;rity 
of  vaccination  to  inoculation  was  considered 
to  be  so  well  established  that  the  latter  was 
prohibited  l>y  law.  In  1S53  vaccination  was 
made  compulsorv;  Vaecination  Acts  followed 
also  in  1855.  IS.jO,  1SG7,  and  1871.  Consider- 
able opposition  arose  in  sonic  English  cities 
and  towns  tu  <-ompulsMry  vitceination.  In 
18S9  a  Royal  Commission   was  appoiuU-d  to 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  cbin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,      ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  -  shun:  -tion,  -^ion  -  zhun.    -cious,    tious.  -sious  ^  shus.     ble,  -die,  A:e   -  bel.  deL 


;t'.nl 


vaccinator— vacuole 


jii'iuirv  iiit"  '1"'  snhj.'ct  of  vaccination  aiul 
tlio..|M'mtioii..f  iliovihiiiiiitUm  law.s.  In  lMt_ 
■III  iiiUrini  loj-ort  wus  issueil.  recommending 
tlKit  tlif  imi...siti..n  of  ivp«»teil  penalties  tor 
iiHii-vaccin  ilioii  slioiiUl  cciise.  In  1S1>4  Mr. 
A-i.iuilh  •■nilt'xliod  this  rt'cominemiation  in  a 
Mill  wliicli  also  pi-ovidfd  tliat  persons  im- 
oiisl'iicd  undir  the  Vaccination  Acts  shonld 
lio  lii-atfd  as  lh-st-cla?a  misdemeanants.  This 
Hill  was  withdmwn  ;  and  another,  for  the 
i.uioal  of  the  law  iniiking  vaccination  coni- 
i-iilsorj-,  was  rt'.ieeli-d.  In  189S  an  AvX  was 
passed  reiiuiriiiy  tlio  pul>lic  vaccinator,  if  re- 
iiuesti-d.  to  go  to  th.'  home  of  the  child,  and 
. Aemptin^'  pnivnts  iVoiii  penalty  if  they  satisfy 
thy  nia^istiates  that  th.^y  conscientiously  lie- 
;ii  v.'  v-u'cination  would  I'C  prejudicial  to  the 
lir;iltli  of  the  child.    IAnti-vaccinationjst.] 

VdC -9m-a-tdr,  s.    lEng.  vaccinat{e);  -er.] 

1.  (*n/.  Latifj.  :  One  who  vaccinates. 

2.  .Sio'!;. ;  An  instrument  for  introducing 
vaccine  virus  beneath  the  skin. 

vac' -cine,  o.  &  .^.  [Lai.  vaccinas,  from  vacca 
^  a  .••'W.l 

A.  As  <ii}}.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  cows; 
dt-rived  or  obtained  troni  cow>. 

B,  Assiihst.  :  [Vaccink-lymph]. 
vaccine-lichen.  ^^■ 

fi'th^it.  :  A  kiiidcf  liclien  sometimes  appear- 
in;^  ill  eoiMioi-tinii  uitli  VaeciiKil  Fever  (q. v.). 

vaccine-lymph,  vaccine -matter,  ^•. 

M.-L:  A  piux'  pL'llut-id  hiiuid  taken  .lirectly 
or  indirectly  from  the  udder  of  a  cow  sullcrinj; 
trom  cow-pox.    [Vaccination.] 

vaccine  roseola,  ^. 

I'ittJi'il.  :  A  vaii-.t\-  of  roseola  occasionally 
:irisiiij,'  in  n>im<-etioii  with  vacciue  fever(q.v.). 

vac -9in -i-a,   vac-9i'-na,  5.     [Mod.   Lat., 

lioiii  ravca  =  a  fo\v.| 
r-!/h"l.  :  Cuwpnx  ((|.v.). 

vac-^in-i-a'-^e-ae,  ->.  /■/.  [Mud.  Lat.  vacci- 
j(((ii/u);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sull.  -afxc;.] 

Hot. :  Cranberries ;  an  order  of  Epigyuous 
Exogens,  alliance  Cinchonales.  Much- 
bianched  shrubs  or  small  trees  often  ever- 
,:,'reen,  sometimes  parasitic.  Leaves  alternate 
fiitire,  often  with  j,'landular  notches,  exstipu- 
hilL- ;  llowers  solitary  ov  in  racemes;  calyx, 
supeiior,  entire,  or  with  four  to  six  lobes. 
Corolla  monopetalous,  with  the  same  number 
uf  divisions  as  the  calyx,  imbricated  in  asti- 
vntion ;  stamens  inserted  in  an  epigyuous 
disc,  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  ; 
anthers  two-lu>rnetl,  two-celled,  bursting  by 
jiorcs.  Ovary  inferior,  with  four  to  ten 
cflls,  each  with  one  or  many  minute  seeds. 
'I'lie  species  occur  in  temperate  regions,  iii 
swamps,  or  subalpiiie  districts.  They  are 
widrly  dilVused  over  both  hemispheres.  Their 
hark  and  leaves  are  astrinsent,  their  berries 
[ileas:iiitly  subacid.  Kn»jwn  genera,  fourteen  ; 
iipeeies,  two  hundred  (Lindlcy.)   [Vaccinie.e.] 

vac-9in'-ic,  o.  [Lat.  iYicci'/iC^.s)  =  of  or  be- 
liiM^'iii;.' to  a  cow  ;  Eng.  suff. -ic]  Contaiuediu 

<•!■  dri  i-.-ed  IVom  eow"s  milk. 

vaccinic-acid,  .':■ 

Chrm. :  Lereli"s  name  for  an  acid  he  obtained 
by  the  saponilication  of  butter  from  cow's 
milk.  It  appears  to  have  been  a  mixture  of 
biilyiic  and  cupric  acids. 

vac-cin-i-e'-SQ,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  vacci}ii(;um) ; 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suH".  -w.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-onler  of  Ericacete,  having  the 
liuds  clothed  with  scales,  the  stamens  epigy- 
iiMUs,  and  the  ovary  inferior.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.) 
It  is  equal  in  extent  with  the  order  Vaecini- 
aeeie(q.v.). 

vac-9in'-i-fer,  s.  [Eng.  vaccine,  and  Lat. 
j.:n,  =  to  bear.]  One  from  whose  body  lymph 
IS  taken  for  the  purpose  uf  vaccination. 

"  The  child  of  auch  piireiitn  ahouUl  be  set  aside  and 
not  \i»ei\  na  ii  i<in:cini/cr."—Ilr>/a'tt.-  Manual  of  Sur- 
•fry  (ISTOI,  i    m:.. 

vac-9in-ist,  s.  [ICng.  vaccinae);  -ist.^  A 
vac'.'iliatoi'. 

vac-9iii'-i-iim,  s.  [Lat.  =  the  whortleberry 
{Vacriniuiii Mijrtillus).     See  def.] 

1.  Hot.:  Whortleberry;  the  typical  genus  of 
Vaeciniaceje  (q.v.).  Shrubs  with  alternate 
and,  as  a  i-ule,  evergreen  leaves  ;  calyx  tube 


VAeCINlUai  UYRTILLUS  J 


short,  limb  four  or  hve-tootlied  :  corolla, 
ureeolate  oj-  ramiianuUit^;,  four  to  live  cleft; 
stamens,  eight  to  ten  ;  berry  globose,  frmr  to 
live-celled,  many-seeded.  Known  species, 
about  a  Iiundred,  from  Europe,  Asia,  aiul 
America.  Three  are  Britisli  —Vacdnitim 
MyrtillHs,  the  Bilberry,  or  Whortleberry ;  V. 
u/t'/t  uaviini, 

the  Great  Bit-  /\  ^.. 

lH?rrv  or  Bog         ,  ■      i    ■•  '^'^^iv"' 
Whortleber-  ^^^  ' 

ly  ;  and  V. 
i'itis  -  Ifhva, 
t  li  e  Re  d 
Whortleber- 
ry, or  Cow- 
berry. K. 
Oxycocciif:,  of 
Linnitus,  is 
now  Oxycuccus 
■pa  I  list r is . 
[Bilberry, 

CllANBEURV.j 

The  Cowber- 
ry has  rigid, 

wiry,  tortuous  stems,  evergreen  obovatc  leaves 
dotted  beiiratli,  terminal  drooping  racemes  of 
pale  rtesh-euloured  tlowers,  open  at  the  mouth 
and  with  spreading  segments.  It  is  found 
on  heaths  and  mountains  or  in  woods,  and 
is  dill'used  here  and  there  over  Great  Britain, 
the  North  of  Europe,  Siberia,  and  North 
America.  V.  LescJwiumltii,  growing  on  the 
mountains  of  Southern  India  and  Ceylon  from 
4,000  to  8,000  feet  high,  bears  an  edible  fruit. 

2.  Pakeobot.  :  A  species  occurs  in  the  Mio- 
cene and  one  in  the  Pleistocene.    (Etheridge.) 

va.c-9i'-ii6-,  pre/.  [Vaccine.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  consisting  of,  or  produced  by  vaccine 
matter. 

vaccino-syphilitlc,  a. 

Pathol, :  Of  or  belonging  to  inoculation 
]iartly  vacdnic  partly  syphilitic.  [Vaccina- 
tion.] 

va-9her-li-a,  s.  [Named  after  Rev.  G.  H. 
Vaeheil,  residing  in  China.] 

Bot. :  An  old  genus  of  Acaciete.  now  reduced 
to  a  sub-genus  of  Acacia,  or  altogether  merged 
in  that  genus.  VMltellia  Farnesiana,  now 
Acacia  F(ir'"-.iinn'  is  a  l;ii-ge  shrub  or  small 
tree,  with  bi|>iiiii;iic  lr;tves  hiiviug  four  to  eight 
pinuK,  eacli  widi  leu  to  twenty  pairs  of 
narrow,  blunt  ballets.  The  tlowers,  which  are 
in  little  globular  heads,  are  the  Cassie  flowers 
of  commerce,  winch,  macerated  in  line  olive 
oil,  yield  a  perfume  like  that  of  violets. 
The  tree  seems  to  be  indigenous  only  in  the 
tropics  of  America,  but  it  is  now  cultivated 
in  most  hot  countries,  and  has  extended  even 
to  the  south  of  Europe. 

Va'-Qher  (er  as  a),  s.  [Fr.,  from  vache  (Lat. 
iictcca)  =  a  cow.]  Tlie  stock  or  cattle-keeper 
on  the  prairies  of  the  south-west.    (Amer.) 

va'-cher-y",  s.  [Fr.  vachcrie,  from  ctfhr  —  a 
cow.] 

1.  A  pen  or  inclosure  for  cows. 

2.  A  dairy. 

3.  A  place-name  for  farms. 
^  Proviucial  in  all  its  uses. 

*  va9'-il-lan-5y,  s.    [ha.t.  vcidUiL, is,  pj-.  iiar. 

of  vacillo  =  to  vacillate  (q.v.).]  The  state 
of  vacillating  or  wavering;  vaciUatiou,  waver- 
ing, inconstancy. 

"  I  deny  that  nil  itititability  implies  iiu)>erfect.ian, 
though  some  does,  iistliat  vacUlancy  iu  hmuauaouU," 
— More:  I>ivine  Uialngucs. 

*  va9'-il-lant,  a.    [Lat.  vacilla7is,  pr.  par.  of 

vficlllo.]    Vacillating",  wavering,  inconstant. 

va9'-il-late,  v.i.  [Lat.  vucillatiis,  pa.  par.  of 
vacillo  =  to  sway  to  and  fro.  to  reel,  to  vacil- 
late.    Prob.  allied  to  Eng.  wag(q.v.).] 

*1.  Lit.:  To  reel;  to  sway  to  and  fro  ;  to 
stagger,  to  waver. 

"■It  is  ahvnys  liable  to  shift  and  vadltnti-  from   mie 

axis  to  another."— /"(i/e^  ;  Xatural  Theologn.  cli.  xxii. 

2.  Fig. :  To  fluctuate  in  mind  or  opinion ;  to 

waver;  to  be  inconstant  or  unsteady  in  opinion 

or  resolution. 

va9'-il-lat-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [Vacillate.] 

A,  As  pr.  par. :  (See  tlie  vei'b). 

B,  .1*  adjective : 

^L  Lit. :  Swaying  to  and  fro  ;  reeling. 
2.  Fig.:  Fluctuatingor  wavering  in  opinion  ; 
unsteady  in  opinion  or  resolution  ;  inconstant. 


Va9'-il-lat-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vacillating: 
-ly."]  In  a  vacillating  or  wavering  m.mner ; 
unsteadily. 

va9-il-la'-tion,   >■.      [Fi'.,  from  Lat.  var-ilhi- 

Uo nt:in,    aecus.     nf    varlUatin,    from    Vardlato^, 
pa.  I'ar.  of  vacillo  =  to  vacillate  (q.v.).] 

•  1.  Lit.  :  The  act  or  state  of  vacillating, 
reeling,  or  swaying  to  and  fro  ;  a  reeling,  a 
staggeiing. 

"  I'll!  in  motion  by  evei-y  Hlip  or  vacillation  of  the 
hody. "—J'atei/  :  jVit(.  Theoloiw,  cli.  xi. 

2.  Fig.  :  Vaeilhiting  conduct,  tluftiiatiou.  or 
wavering  of  mind  ;  iuconstimcy  of  npinion  Hi- 
res oluti(»n . 

"  Vacillation  ciiinot  be  considered  ;im  a  iirno(  uf 
dialioneaty."— .I/«c«Hfit.v ;  Hist.  L'mj.,  ch.  il. 

* Va9'-il-la-t6r-y,  a.  [Eng.  vacillul(e) :  -ory.  i 
Inclined  to  vacillate  or  waver ;  vaeillating, 
unsteady. 

"  Sii(.h   vaclllntory  accounts    of    tiflairs."  —  .Yurlli  : 

l-:jami;i.  i.  2o. 

va-cd'-a,  va-c6u'-a,  s.     [Fr,  vacoa,  vacwi, 

vacoua.     (Lt'ttn}.)} 

Bot. :  Pandaaus  utilis.  It  grows  wild  in 
Mauritius,  &c.,  and  is,  moreover,  cultivated 
for  its  leaves,  which  arc  made  into  square 
bags  for  the  reception  of  sugar  for  export. 

*■  vac'-U-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  varuutits,  pa.  par.  of 
cax-uo  '=■  to  empty,  from  vacuus  =  empty.]  To 
nudie  empty,  to  evacuate,  to  empty,  to  auiral. 

"  Like  the  Pharisees"  Corbaii,  under  the  pretence  of 
an  extraordinary  service  to  God,  vaauatim  ivll  duty  to 
Ui:iu." —Secular  Priest  A'xposed,  p.  27. 

'  vac-u-a'-tion,  s.  [Vacuate.]  The  act  of 
emptying  ;  evacuation. 

'  vac'*u-ist,  s.  [Vacuum.]  One  who  holds  the 
doctiilic  of  a  vacuum  in  nature  ;  opposed  to  a 

plenist. 

"  It  wniild  also  appen,!'  that  there  may  hen  much 
aubtiler  Imdy  than  common  air,  and  as  yet  unobserved 
by  tlie  oacalats." —iSoylc  :  Wurlis,  iii.  251. 

va-cu'-i*ty,  *  va-cu-i-tie,  -s.  [Fr.  vacvitc, 
from  Lat.  ntniitatfrn,  uecus.  of  vactUtas,  from 

rtoims  —  empty.] 

*I.  The  state  of  being  vacuous,  empty,  or 
unfilled  ;  emptiness. 

"  Hunger  is  such  a  st.ate  of  oavuiti/,  as  to  leiiuire  a 
frt;sh  supply  of  uUmeiit," — Arbnthnot. 

"2.  The  state  of  being  devoid  or  destitute 
of  anything. 

"  Men  are  at  first  without  uuderstauding  or  know- 
ledge at  all.  Nevertheless  from  tliis  imcmtin  they 
gi  ow  by  dejjrees  till  tht^y  come  at  leuj^th  to  he  even  as 
the  angels  themselves  lie."  —  Jf/uoker  :  JiccU-s.  I'olitic. 
bk.  i..  S6. 

3.  Freedom  from  mental  exertion  ;  rest  from 
biainwork;  vacancy. 

"Towhing  his  l>r.i.in  to  repose  with  a  wise  vncuit//." 
—Bliutkie:  Lays  of  Jliyhlandi  A  hhinds.  p.  us. 

4.  Absence  of  intelligence  in  look  or  coun- 
tenance ;  expression  showing  want  of  thought 
or  intelligence  ;  vacancy,  listiessness. 

*5.  Space  unfilled  or  unoccupied,  or  occu- 
pied with  an  invisible  fluid  only  ;  a  vaeuum. 

"  In  fiUiuK  up  vacuities,  turning  out  shudows  anil 
ceremonies.' — tlammond  :    l-'unUamcntals. 

^6.  Want  of  reality  ;  inanity,  imbecility. 

"Their  exiwetations  will  meet  with  vacuiCi/  and 
emptiness."— O/dfidi/Zc 

*  7.  A  thing  of  no  imp(U't  or  sequence;  an 
idle  nothing. 

"  No  sad  vifuitiejs  liis  heart  annoy." 

Wordsworth  :  JJcscriptii)e  Uli^etchts. 

vac'-U'6-lat-ed,  a.     [Kng.  vaciiul{e);  -ated.] 
,   Full  of  \acuoles,  or  small  air-cavities. 

vac-U-o-la'-tion,  s.    [Eng,  vacuol{e);  -alion.] 
Biol.:  The  multiplication  of  vacuoles  in  the 
germ  development  or  in  that  of  animals  low 
ill  the  scale  of  being.     [Vacuolk.] 

vac'-U-61e,  .s.  [Mod.  Lat.  vacnulum,  dimin. 
from'Lat.  vaciiuiii  (q.v.).] 

Biol. :  A  cavity,  chietly  that  formed  in  the 
interior  of  a  mass  of  protojilasm  Ijy  the  lilter- 
ing  into  it  of  drops  of  water.  It  is  used  in 
this  sense  of  the  blood-corpuscles  winch  are 
destitute  of  granules,  but  may  be  tilled  with 
water.  The  term,  however,  is  chiefly  applied 
to  the  apparently  empty  spaces  in  the  proto- 
plasm of  the  Rhizopoda,  Infusoria,  &e.  These 
spaces  are  of  two  kinds— water-spaces  com- 
paratively persistent,  and  food  -  vacuoles 
formed  temporarily  around  particles  of  food 
generally  enveloped  in  a  drop  of  water. 
[PoLVGASTRicA.]  The  term  vacuole  is  used 
also  of  the  cells  which  occur  iu  the  proto- 
plasm of  plants. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  ^ret,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  ^nite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se.  ce  -  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


vacuous— vaginal 


sy? 


V&C'-U- OUS,  ".     ILat.   r(K-!(i(,s  =  tMiii)ty,   from 
,>(-..  =  to  bt;  t'lllpty.]     [VArANT.] 
1,  Ord.  Imii'j.:  Empty,  uiililled. 

■•  Bomnllcss  tlio  lioon,  l)eciiiuo  I  AM  who  llJI 
InflnltiuU- ;  nor  vacttoius  tho  Himce." 

Miltoit:  y.  L..  vH.  IW. 

*2.  Biol.:  Used  when  nii  organ  does  not 
rnntuiu  wliat  imrnmlly  bi'lougs  to  it;  tlius, 
bracts  are  called  vaciuius  when  they  contain 
ju>  llowrr,  altlioiigh  thoy  occupy  such  a  situa- 
tinn  as  tn  suii^'fstthat  Iheyare  ttower-bcariug. 

*  Vttc'-U -OUS-ness,  ■■•'.  fRng.  vacuous;  -««i.) 
'I'll!'  q'uiility  or  state  t>(  being  vacuous  or 
(.iiiply ;  I'tni'tiness. 

"Ill  tiifir  vaciwusiieia  tlitf  wimls  ami  vupoHK  of 
tetUousiiew  luid  (UspliceiiCB  rlai-."— -l/o«nf«y«f  /  fi'-. 
I'ytite  /Csiai/ea,  [it,  i.,  treat.  0,  §  b. 

vdc'-u-iim  (pi.  vac'-u-iimf  or  vac'-u-a), 

.•;.  li.al.  m-ut.  siij^'.  of  rwiwnv.s  =  empty,  IVnni 
af->  =  t«t  bi'  eiiipty.J 

1.  iinl.  Lung.  :  A  void,  a  vacuity. 

L'.  I'hi/sks :  A  space  which  contains  no 
inateiiai  substance.  The  fieneral  way  of  ob- 
t;iining  a  vat^nuni  is  to  jiump  the  air  out  of 
it  closed  space  liy  means  of  an  air-pump  ;  but 
tlie  vacunin  which  can  be  obtained  l)y  an 
oidinary  air-pump  is  nut  \<'ry  pt-rfect.  Much 
better  results  are  obtained  witli  tlie  mercury- 
]tunip,  of  which  there  are  several  fnrTus,  in  all 
of  wliieh  the  air  is  caught  by  a  falling  culuniu 
of  nn-rrnry,  and  cari'ied  down  a  long  tube 
nut  into  the  surmunding  air.  Another  method 
of  obtaining  a  vacuum  is  the,  (•heinieal  method, 
which  consists  in  tilling  as])aco  with  c-arbonie 
ai-id  gas,  and  afterwards  introducing  some 
caustic  potash,  which  absorbs  the  gas.  Such 
a  thing  as  a  ]ierfect  vacuum  has  never  been 
nbtained,  and  jirobably  uevei-  will  be  obtained. 
Kven  as  jnactically  meant,  it  is  always  under- 
sfnod  that  the  vacuum  only  ext<*nds  to  matter, 
■Mid  that  the  space  is  still  filled  by  ether. 
1  lonnn  iii.LiAN.l 

vacuum-brake,  ^^. 

liuil. :  A  fnrm  of  steam-brake,  in  which  the 
])i)Wer  employed  is  the  pressure  of  the  atnio- 
si'hcre  jiroduced  by  creating  a  vacuum. 

vacuum-gauge,  ■^. 

Sfi.viii-riifi  :  An  instrument  for  indicating 
ditlerenee  between  the  external  atmospheric 
pressure  and  the  pressuie  inside  a  partially 
exhausted  vessel ;  such  as  a  steam-boiler 
which  hiis  become  cold  and  in  which  the 
steam  has  condensed  ;  a  ccmdenser  in  which 
the  steam  from  the  cylinder  is  condensed  ; 
the  receiver  nlan  air-puiui), 

vacuum  pan,  ". 

Siignr-miuiiif. :  A  vessel  for  boiling  sac- 
charine juices  in  vacuo  in  the  pi'ocess  of 
making  sugai'.  Its  form  is  usually  nearly 
spheroidal,  and  it  is  made  in  two  segmental 
nearly  semi-globular  poi'tions,  united  at  the 
erputtor  by  exterior  flanges.  At  the  top  is  a 
iliiiiie,  into  which  the  vapour  rises,  and  from 
whicli  it  is  drawn  either  by  a  pump  or  a  con- 
denser. The  peculiar  feature  of  the  vaeuum- 
jiau  is  that,  by  the  exclusion  of  the  air,  the 
quality  and  quantity  of  the  crystallizable 
sugar  are  increased,  a  smaller  proportion  of 
grape-sugar,  or  molasses  being  obtained. 

vacuum-pump,  f. 

Stcam-eiigiiit; : 

1.  A  pump  used  for  withdrawing  the  air 
fi'om  a  boiler  or  chamber,  in  order  tliat  it 
may  be  tilled  with  water  forced  in  under 
atntosi)heric  piessure.  It  is  employed  in  con- 
nection with  marine  engines. 

2.  A  pump  in  whi<di  the  condensation  of 
steam  is  niade  use  of  to  produce  a  vacuum 
fur  the  purpose  of  raising  water. 

vacuum-tubes,  ;=.  ji/. 

I'lui.-iii-s  :  Tubes  bl'iwn  and  twisted  into  dif- 
ferent shapes,  and  hermetically  sealed  witli 
two  i»latiuum  wires  or  electrodes  fused  with 
them  for  the  passage  of  an  electric  current  oi' 
si»ark.  Previously  to  sealing  they  are  ex- 
hausted, with  the  exception  of  a  very  small 
quantity  of  air  or  other  gases.  Under  these 
circumstances  electrie  discharge  causes  vari- 
ous phosphorcsctiut  glows  (according  to  the 
gas  emjiloyed  in  the  tube)  which  may  assume 
l>eculiar  foj  nis,  as  of  layers  or  strata.  Some- 
times phosphorescent  glass  is  employed  for 
the  tubes  themselves,  which  is  illunuuated 
by  the  glow  in  the  gits.  Called  also  Gassiot 
or  Geissler  tubes,  fr<iiii  the  inventoi  and  chief 
investigator.    Another  distinct  class  of  these 


tubes  is  prepared  with  extremely  hii^di  vacua, 
ranging  U*  on<^  ten-miUioulli  of  an  atmo- 
sphere, and  with  various  contained  ajipara- 
tus.  In  such  vacua,  the  nu-an  free  path  of 
the  gaseous  molecules  is  vastly  inercase<l, 
and  many  i>henn7nena  occur,  which  were- 
discovered  and  mainly  investigated  by  Mr. 
William  Crookes,  who  considers  tlieni  tn  re. 
l>rcsent  a  fonith  state  of  matter,  as  distinrt 
from  the  ordinary  gaseous  form  as  that  is 
from  the  eouditiou  of  a  fluid. 

vacuum-valve,  -«.  A  reversed  safety- 
valve,  oj'ciiing  inwardly  to  the  pressure  of 
tlie  atmosj>here  when  there  is  u  negative 
pressure  in  the  boiler. 

vade,  v.i.     [A  weakened  form  of  yiiWc  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  fade,  to  wither. 

"  HIh  Hiiuiiuvi'  k'Hvea  nil  vatled." 

tilitiki-tjj. :  Jiichurd  If.,  i.  2. 

2.  To  go,  to  vanish  ;  to  pass  away  ;  to  rlepart. 

"Hei  puivcr.  ili^i'iist,  tlituugli  all  tlie  world  ilid  rade." 
Spi'uaer:  /itiines<(f  Iloint;  xx. 

va-de  mc'-cum,  s.  [I-at.  =  go  with  me.] 
A  liook  or  iither  Ihing  that  a  jicrson  cariies 
with  him  as  a  (Constant  companion  ;  a  manual ; 
a  pocket  companion. 

"  vad'-i-mon-y,  a.    [Lat.  vatlimoninm,  froni 

ms,  genii,  ladis  =  a  surety,  a  bail.J 

Old  Law:  A  bond  or  pledge  to  appear  before 
a  judge  on  a  certain  day. 

va'-di-um,  s.  [Lat.  ras,  genit.  rudig  =  a 
surety,  a  bail.] 

N"'^s  L'nr :  A  word,  a  pledge,  or  surety. 

vadium  mortuum,  s.    A  mortgage. 

vadium-vivum,  .■<.    A  li\iug  pledge. 

vae,  ^^    [VoE.] 

"^  va'-frous,  f(.  [Lat.  ra/cr  =  sly,  cunning.] 
Cunning,  crafty,  sly. 

"  He  tliiit  deiils  with  ii  fox  nifiy  be  lieW  very  simple 
if  lie  txjiect  nut  liia  viifruus  tricks."— /W(/i((i»;  tir- 

X'.'Ifcs,  res.  ^2. 

'  vag'-a-bond,  v.i.  iVAiJAnoNo,  «.]  To  piny 
the  ^  jigaboiKl ;  to  wander  about  in  an  idle 
manner;  to  vagabondize. 


vag  -  a  -  bond,  *  vac  -  a  -  bond,  vac  a  - 
bonde,  '  vac-a-bound,  "  vac  o-bond, 
'  vac-a-bund,  "  vag-a-bund,  *  vag  a- 

bundC.  ".  &  N.  (I-1-.  rn.jahnnd,  from  L„t. 
niiinbiinilns  =  wanck'riiig  about,  from  nujor 
=  to  wander.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Wanilering  about  without  liaving  any 
settled  habitation. 

'*  Duubtles  the  iiutlior  of  this  Hbell  was  some  vtifta- 
bond  huckater  or  iwdlet/'—ffarkfui/t:  Voi/age*.  i,  bm. 

2.  Floating  about  without  any  certain  direc- 
ti<m  ;  driven  to  and  fio. 

"  By  envious  wiiitls 
Blown  vitfiabond  or  fiustmtf."     Milton :  P.  Z..  xl.  10. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  vagabond  or  worthless 
stroller. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  One  who  wanders  about,  not  having 
any  settled  home;  a  wanderer,  a  vagrant. 
(Not  necessarily  in  a  bad  sense.) 

"The  question  waa  whether  he  and  liU  i)oaterity 
should  reign  on  nu  anct^stral  throne  or  ahould  be 
migabonds  Aud  hegBara." — Macaulay :  Hist,  Emj,, 
ch.  X. 

2.  An  idle,  worthless  stroller  from  place  to 
place,  without  Hxcd  habitation  or  means  of 
living ;  hence,  in  law,  an  idle,  worthless 
vagrant.  Xow  in  law  used  chiefly  in  the 
phiase,  A  rogue  aud  a  va'jahond.  [Vagrant, 
B.  U.] 

"To  vacubandys  and  other  that  iokyd  for  j'ylfry 
and  ryfflyiiye.  il  wjts  it  grnHt  ocimsyou  &  Btyiyunt  "— 
Fabyan  :  Chrouyule  (in.  ijS'l). 

3.  An  idle,  worthless  fellow;  a  scamp,  a 
rascal.    {Colloij.) 

"  What  a  brainaicU  vagahniid  art  thou  !" 

Cow/ii-r  :  /lomer  ;  Oi/i/nnc// xviil. 

vag'-a-bond-age,   vag'-a-bond-i^m,  s. 

llCli-.   r.njni.nn-l  ;    -.(;/<.',  -ism.J 

1.  The  state,  condition,  ways,  or  habits  of 
a  vagabond. 

"Given  over  tnvnijab'mdnire nvil  ilei'da  of  rftauillty." 
— l^cribner's  Altt;nizin<:  Miu-i:li.  ISHO,  p.  TOO. 

2.  Vagabonds  collectively. 

"To  incrtiisi?  the  vagnbomlittn  of  tlio  nc!(;hboiir- 
^^»Ol^."—M^l!|h<.■w :  London  Labour  £■  London  I'oor, 
111.  an 

vag'-a-b6ud-i:§m,  s.    [VAdABONDAncl 


v&g-a-bond-ize,  v&g'-a-bdndife,  '.:. 
Il'jng.  vdgabntul ;  -iir,  -ise.]  To  wnmler  about 
as  a  vagabond. 

"  AftprwHVil-  r'lfnhniidiMiitn  for  ft  couple  of  yt-nrii."— 
Dait;/  ■t\lfjriti>U.  J  no.  le.,  Itl-U. 

•  vig'-a-bond-ry,  •<.    [Kne-  vag<xliOHil :  ■rtj.'\ 

Vagabondage. 

v&g-a-bfin'-dao,  s.  ;/.  (rem.  pi.  of  Lai. 
viiijiitiinidns  =  siroUing  about,  vagabond.) 

/.)'*/.  :  A  sub-tribe  of  Spiders,  tribe  Di- 
pneumones  or  Dipueunioneii-  (<i.v.).  (}celll 
usually  in  three  rows.  The  specieH  wander 
about,  spinning  no  webs.  Families,  Salti 
cidie  and  Lycosida*. 

•va'-g89,  .<.  ]'L  [Fein.  pi.  of  Lat.  iaijH$  = 
strolling  abtmt,  wandering.  | 

Hot.  :  The  sixty-eighth  order  in  Limueus's 
Natural  System.  It  was  only  jirovisioual, 
and  contained  all  his  doubtful  genera. 

va'-gal,  rt.  (Mod.  Lilt,  vag(us):  Kng.  suft".  .«t?.| 
Of  or  pertaining  t<j  the  vagus  (q.v.). 

"  va'-gan-c^,  >.  [Lat.  vagau.'i,  pr.  par.  of 
rN./rir^  to  wander.] 

1.  Vngraiicy. 

2.  Lxtravagaiiie. 


'  va'- gaut,  ^va-gaunt,  u.  [Fr.  vufjoitt.] 
Wandering,  vagrant. 

"  Fro  tht  fii(;e  I  mIiiiI  he  hid,  and  I  «hal  he  caquiinl.' 
—  n'!/ctiffe:  Ovnt-siii  iv.  H. 

t  va-gan'-te§,  .•>■.  jil.    [Pi.  of  Lat.  vagans,  pr. 

par.  of  vago  —  to  wander.] 

ZouL  :  A  grtpup  of  Walckniier's  Araneida'. 
They  are  the  same  as  his  Latcrigradie  (tj.v.). 
The  name  Vagantis  was  given  because  these 
spiders  leail  a  wamlering  life,  except  during 
o\ipusitioii. 

'  va-ga-rant,  c.    [Vaokant.] 

*  va-gar-i'OUS,  n.    [Eng.   vagarif;  -oiw.J 

Iia\ing  vagaries;  whimsical. 

"Th<:  uanteH  of  thv  wandoring  Jew  nre  chnmcterls- 
tically  VArioiia,  not  to  say  iHijarioiiM." — J/.  H.  Voiiviay  : 
Wandering  Jme,  ch.  x. 

*  va'-gair-ish,  '(.    [Vaoarv.]    Wandering. 

'■  Hi»  eyes  «ero  often  vaffnrirh." 

n-'.hutt:  I'.  I'hidar,  1-,  305. 

va-gar-y,  "  va-gare,     fi-gar-y,  >,    [Va- 

:.vuv.  i-.j 

•  1.  A  wandering;  a  strolling. 

" 'J'lie  people  called  Phii'ii)L-es  gave  theuiKelves  to 
loiiK  vagaries  and  continunl  vlaifes  by  Sttn.."—Barnijbf/ 
Hich. 

2.  A  wandering  of  the  thoughts  ;  a  wild 
freak  ;  a  whim  ;  a  whimsical  purpose. 

"  straight  they  ch-inyeil  their  irilnds, 
Flew  off.  auu  into  stianue  vngartvi  fell," 
'  Stilton:  P.  L.,  vl.  CH. 

■va-gar'-y,  '■.('.  [Lat.  ror;or  =  to  wander; 
Fr.  raijver ;  Itsil.  vugarc]  To  wander  about ; 
to  wind. 

"The  three  rivers  that  vagary  un  to  her."— A'atltc: 
I..;it,>i  Sti-Jfr. 

'  va-ga'-tion,  s-.  (Lat.  vagatio,  fi-oni  vagor  = 
to  wander.]    A  wandering  ;  a  roving  about. 

*  va'-gi-ent,  ".  [Lat.  raijtcns,  pr.  par.  of  i-agio 
—  to  cry  like  a  child.]    Crying  like  a  child. 

"  The  erndh'  of  the  t'letan  Jove. 
Aud  guardians  of  liipt  vngient  infancy," 

Mori- :  S'lng  of  th«  .Soul.  111.  4.  i2. 

va-gi'-na,  s.     |Lat.=  a  sheath,  a  scabbard.] 

1.  Aiiatomi/. : 

(1)  Comp. :  \  special  canal  in  the  female  for 
tlie  reception  of  an  intromittent  OTgan,  or  tlic 
deposition  of  siierm-cells. 

(2)  Human:  A  dilatable  luembmnous  jias- 
sagi;  extending  from  the  vulva  to  the  uterus, 
the  neck  of  which  it  embraces.  It  restji 
below  and  behind  on  the  rectum,  and  sup- 
pnits  the  bladder  in  front. 

2.  Arch. :  The  uin)er  i<art  of  the  shaft  of  a 
terminus,  from  winch  the  bust  or  Ilgure 
sei'ins  to  issue  or  arise. 

3.  Dot.:  A  sheath,  as  of  grasses. 

va-gi'-nal, «.    [Vacsina.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
a  sheath  :  as,  a  j'Uf/iaal  lueuibraue. 

2.  Ariatomy,  Pathologg.  ,(:c. : 

(I)  Of  or  pertidujii;:  to  anything  shaped 
like  a  sheatn  or  scabbard  :  .as,  the  vaginul 
proeess  (q.v.). 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  ^6wl ;  cat,  fell,  chorus.  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =-  f. 
-cian,  -tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  ^  zhtln.    -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  ==  shus.    -ble,  -die.  ^c.  =  bel.  deL 


vagmales— vailable 


02)  Of  or  iH'itaiiiiiig  to  the  vagiim  (q.v.): 
us.  till'  wutiiHil  ni  ti'iv.  The  li-rin  is  fii-qiK-iitly 
iiM-.l  in  r'allinlo^y:  jis,  nigiiuit  cataiih,  cys- 
l-^cfli .  ■■iiti'ioei'Ii.-,  hyjiri-.tstliesia,  &:c. 

vaginal-artery,  «. 

.(,,<'. .  A  l.raiich  oi  llie  internal  iliac  artery. 
vaginal  catarrh,  ni  leucorrbsea,  >■ 

vaginal  plexus,  n. 

.1  ,i.(f.  ;  lilt  lower  [art  iif  the  pelvic  plexus. 
win  lice  Ihi-  v.r^inal  m-rves  disperse  without 
;k;iiii  iiitciiii;,'  iiitt>  ;i  plexilorni  arraugeniuut. 

vaginal-procoss,  .s. 

Aiiat.t  The  luwrr  inaiv'in  of  the  tynipani'- 
jiliite.  winch  conHlitutes  u  sharp  edj^e  partly 
sunvimtling  the  front  of  the  styloid  process. 

•  v&g'in-a -les.  ^.v^-    ll''*^>"-  W-  (^^^*^  ''=^'^- 

phinUv  —  plants,  undeistood)  of  Mud.  I^t. 
r<ij/iit«/ii!  =  of,  belonging  to,  or  possessed  of 
a  sheath.] 

hot, :  The  twenty-seventh  order  in  I-in- 
lueus'-s  Natural  System.  Genera,  Polygonum, 
Lauras,  &e. 

■  vag-in^a  -lis,  .<.    [See  def.) 

ininth. :  Gnielin's  rendering  of  Pennant's 
name  (Sheathbili)  for  the  genus  Chionis, 
named  by  Fi)rster,  and  which  therefore  lias 
priority.  "  ISheathbill.] 

va-gin'-ant,  «.     [Mod.  Lat.  vagimin^,  genit. 
'rn.an'niiis.     (See  def.)] 
r.af.. :  Sheathing  (q. v.). 

'  vag-i-na'-ta,  s.pl.    [Mod.  Lat,  from  vagina 
W-V.).j 

Xool.  :  Lamarck's  name  for  Polypes  enve- 
loped in  a  sheath  formeil  by  a  calcareous  or 
horny  polypary,  as  Corals,  the  Sertularidte, 
\.' 

vagi  -nate,  «.  &  s.    [Vagina.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

r.nt. :  The  same  as  Vacinatep  (q.v.). 

B,  ^5  su6>f.  ;  One  of  the  Vaginata  (q.v.). 

va  gi  -nat-ed,  n.    lVaoina.] 

Hot.  .*  Sheathed,  inserted  in  a  sheath,  as  a 
stidk  in  a  sheath  formed  by  the  base  of  a 
l>etiole. 

vag  i-nel'-la  (i  'l .  vag-i-nel'-lae),  s.   [Mod. 

L,il.,  -Ihiiiu  iVom  (■<(;//:ua(q.v.).] 
Ik'!.  :  The  same  as  Uaml;nta  (q.v.). 

vag  i  ner'-vose,  c     [Lat.  t'0{7t(s  =  wander- 
ing, and  jf^rrusKs^full  of  sinews.] 

Bot.  {Of  thf  vcijis):  Not  running  in  any 
fixed  directions. 

vag-i-nic'-6~la,  s.     [Lat.  vagina  ~  a  sheath, 
and  aiZo  =  t  >  iniialiit.j 

y.nol. :  The  type-genus  of  the  sub-family 
Vaginicolina,  with  several  genera  from  salt 
and  fresh  water.  Animalcules  elongate,  sub- 
cylindrical,  enclosed  singly  or  in  pairs  witlun 
a  vase-shaped  slieaih.  to  the  bottom  of  which 
they  arc  affixed  diiectly,  or  by  means  of  a 
jH'dicel;  oral  ami  ciliary  system  as  in  Vorti- 
eellaCq.v.). 

vag-i-nic-6-li'-na,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  va- 
gium)l{a);  Lat.  neiit.  pi.  adj.  sutt'.  -ina.] 

Zool.  :  A  sub-family  of  VorticeUidje,  with 
eight  genera,  from  salt  and  fresh  water. 

vag-in-is-mus,  s.    [Vaqisa.] 

i'atht,!.:  The  name  given  by  Dr.  Marion 
Sims  to  the  involuntary  spasmodic  closure 
and  over-sensitiveness  of  the  mouth  of  the 
vagin;i.  It  requires  an  operation  for  its  re- 
moval, 

vag-i-ni'-tis,  s.  [Lat.  vagi)i{a);  suff.  -itis.] 
I'iUliol.  :  Intlammatiou  of  the  vagina.  It 
may  be  acute  or  chronic.  The  former  is  some- 
tniifs  pinduced  by  the  poison  of  scarlatina  ; 
the  latter  is  called  also  Vaginal  catarrh,  Va 
ginal  Lfeucorrhuea,  simply  Leucorrhwa,  and 
l^ipnlarly  the  Whites. 

va-gi-no-pen'-noiis,  *  va-gin-ni-pen - 

nous,  a.  [Lat.  ra'jiini  —  a  sheatli,  and 
jjeiutft  flawing.]  Sheath-winged  ;  having  thi- 
wings  covered  with  a  hard  case  or  sheath,  as 
the  beetles.     [Coleopteba.] 

■■  All   piiffiimipennous  ui-  slie»th-wniged  insects.  .^8 
luetics  auil  ilurrs."— ZJri/iOTie  ;  Vulgar  £rroura,  bk.  iii.. 

.  ll.  XV. 


Vfli-gin-u-li-na,  -.     [Mod.  l^t.,  a  double 
diniin.  from  tajinu  (q.v.).] 

Zoot.  i(- Pull  font. :  A  genns  of  Lagenidiv,  with 
a  series  of  chambers  laterally  compressed. 
From  the  Triiis  onward. 

va-gin'-U-lUS,  s.     [Mod,   Lat.,  dimin.  from 
',aiiina(Ci.\\).] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Oncidiada;,  witli  twenty 
species  from  the  West  Indies.  Soutli  America. 
Imlia,  and  the  Pliilippines.  Animal  eh.n- 
gat^id,  slug-like,  i-overed  by  a  thick,  leathery 
mantle,  nnder  whicli  the  head  is  retracted  at 
will ;  U'Utacles  four,  eyes  on  upper  i»air  ;  sexrs 
united.  The  species  are  found  in  decayed 
wood,  and  under  leave.s. 

Wandering, 


va'-goiis,    ".     ILat.    vagus.] 
vagrant,  unst-ttled. 

•■  Suvli  na  were  Iwru  and  begot  of  a  single  wwmiiii, 
throuyli  rt  vagons  lust,  were  called  iiiioi'n."-~A!/ttffe. 

va'-gran-5y,  s.     [Eng.  vagran{t);  -cy.] 

1  The  state  of  wandering,  without  having 
a  settled  home.  (Not  necessarily  in  a  bud 
sense.) 

■'Therefore  did  he  siwud  his  d.iya  in  contiinial 
hihouv  in  lestles.'i  travel,  iu  endless  vagrancy,  going 
aljuut  doing  good."— Bnrrow :  Sermons,  vol.  uL.  ser.  i. 

2.  The  life  or  conditioa  of  a  vagrant.  [Va- 
CRAST,  a.,  B.  II.] 

■•  He  shuU  by  office  prosecute  tbem  for  the  offences 
of  idleness,  drunkenness,  quarrelling,  gaming,  or 
vagrancy,  in  the  supreme  court."— i(urt«  .■  Skelt^h  of 
the  Svgro  Code. 

va'-grant,  *  va'-gar-ant,  a.  k  s.     [From 
vagary,  v.  (q.v.).] 
A-  -is  adjective : 

1.  Waiidering  about  from  place  to  place 
without  having  any  settled  home. 

•■  The  iieople  reuuuned  in  the  woods  and  mountains 
vagurant  and  disi>er3ed  like  the  wild  beasts."— /'it I- 
teitham:  £'uglish  Poetry,  bk.  i..  ch.  iii. 

2.  Pertaining  to  one  who  wanders  from 
place  to  place  ;  unsettled. 

•■[He]  had  ever  since  led  an  infamous  and  vagrant 
\ite."—MacaiUay  :  Bist.  Eitg.,  ch.  ii. 

*  3.  Moving  without  any  settled  or  certain 
direction. 

*  4.  Unsettled,  unsteady,  inconstant. 

■■  The  offspring  of  a  vagrant  and  ignoble  love."— 
J/acaula;/:  JliSt.  Eng.,  ch.  v. 

B.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinarii  Language : 

I I.  A  wanderer ;  one  who  has  no  settled 
home  or  habitation. 


2.  An  idle  wauderer  or  stroller ;  a  vagabond, 
a  tramp. 

■■The  civil  war  exiwUed  all  sturdy  vagrants  from 
the  •:ity."—tilac/cstone  :  ComTncnt..  bk.  iv.,  ch.  13. 

n.  Law:  Iu  law  the  term  vagrant  is  much 
more  comprehensive  than  iu  ordinary  lan- 
guage, and  the  idea  of  wandering  is  almost  lost. 
Vagiunts  are  divided  into  three  grades  : — 

(1)  Idle  and  disorderly  persons,  or  sueli  as, 
while  able  to  maintain  themselves  and  fa- 
milies, neglect  to  do  so ;  unlicensed  pedlars 
or  chapmen,  beggars,  common  prostitutes, 
&c.  ;  all  of  whom  are  liable  to  a  month's  im- 
prisonment with  hard  labour. 

(2)  Rogues  and  vagabonds,  or  such  as  having 
been  convicted  of  being  idle  and  disorderly 
persons,  have  been  found  guilty  of  a  repeated 
offence ;  fortune-tellers  and  other  like  im- 
postors, persons  gambling  or  bettingin  public, 
persons  having  no  visible  occupation  and  un- 
able to  give  a  satisfactory  account  of  them- 
selves ;  all  of  whom  are  liable  to  tliree  months' 
imprisoument  with  hard  labour. 

(3)  Incorrigible  rogues,  or  such  as,  having 
been  convieted  as  rogues  and  vagabonds,  are 
found  guilty  of  a  repetition  of  the  offence  ; 
jiersons  breaking  out  of  legal  conlinemeut, 
&c. ;  all  of  whom  are  liable  to  twelve  montiis' 
imprisonment  with  hard  labour,  whipping 
being  added  at  tlie  option  of  the  judge. 

' va -grant-ly,  ode.  [Eng.  vagrant:  -?)/.] 
In  a  vagrant,  wandering,  or  unsettled  man- 
ner ;  like  a  vagrant. 

*  va'-grant-ness,  >-.  [Eng.  vagrant;  -ness.] 
The  qufUity  or  state  of  being  vagrant  ;  va- 
grancy. 

"  va'-grom,  a.  [See  def.]  An  intentional 
missiielling  of  Vagrant  (q.v.).  (iihakesp. :  Muck 
Ado,  iii.  3.) 

vague,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  vague;  ^p.,  Port.,  &  Ital. 
vagu.]     [Vaooe,  v.] 


A.  As  adjective: 

'  L  Wandering,  vagrant,  vagabond. 

■'tiniy  eucournged  his  men  to  net  niion  the  vag uo 
\iU»ln»."— Hag  ward. 

2.  Unsettled,  as  regards  meaning,  scope,  or 
the  like;  nidixed,  indelinite,  unsettled;  nut 
clear  ;  uncertain,  doubtlul,  audiigiious. 

*■  Neither  loosely  mguc 
Nor  wordy,"        Cowpfv :  J/omvr:  //ind  iii. 

3.  Proceeding  ^"om  no  known  authority  ; 
uncertain  :  as,  a  vague  report. 

'  B.  A.^  substantive : 

1.  A  wandering. 

'■Su  (IS  the  Scots  had  Honie  l-jusiue  to  plaie  their 
vngui'g.  and  follow  their  accuntuiiio.l  manner."— 
JJolitmhfd :  Jtist.  SvotlaiiU  (iM.  i:ii2J. 

2.  A  vagary. 

3.  Vagueness.    (^Masr^on:  Dc  Quinreii.  p.  10(3.) 

■  vague,  v.i.  [Fr.  vaguer,  from  Lat.  vagor^ 
from  mgus  =  waudering.]  To  wander,  to 
roam. 

'■.siiK|thesoule]dothiirii7((^nud  wander jia banished." 
— /'.  JlullauU  :  /'luCarch,  p.  'SM. 

vague'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vague,  a.;  -ly.]  In  a 
vague  or  uncertain  manner  ;  indclinitely  ;  not 
clearly ;  ambigucusly. 

vague'-neSS,  ^'.  [Eng.  vague,  a.:  -itess.]  The 
(piality  or  stiite  of  being  vague,  indeliniie,  un- 
settled, or  uncertain  ;  mdehniteiiess,  umbign- 
ousness. 

■'  Objections  of  some  writers  to  the  vagnenvss  of  the 
laugnnge."— jtf«cftiH(os/*.-  Law  of  K  at  arc.  p.  S. 

va'-gUS,  s.  LLat.=wandering,  vflgraiil.  Xamed 
from  its  wandering  course.] 
Aimt.  :  The  Pneumogastrie  nerve  (q.v.). 

va'-he-a,  s.  [From  voua-kt-ri;,  the  Madagascar 
name  ot  Vahm  viadagascariensis.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Carissea;.  Tall  climbing 
shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  leaves,  dense 
t*'rminal  cymes  of  white  tlowers,  and  round 
fruit.  Known  species  four,  all  African. 
J',  viadagascariensis  and  J*,  giimuafcra,  both 
growing  in  JVladugascar,  yield  a  kind  of 
caoutchouc. 

vaik,  v.i.  [Vacakt.]  To  become  vacant;  to 
be  vacant ;  to  be  unoccui'ied.     [Scotch.) 

*vall(l),  s.     [Veil,  s.] 

^  vail  (2).  s.  [Vail  (2),  r.]  Submission,  descent, 
decline. 

vail  (3).  "  vale,   s.      [For  avail  =  protit,  ad- 
vantage, ] 
^  1.  Pji>lit,  proceeds,  return. 

"The  c-ive  where  th*?  yt-ung  outlaw  lioirds  the 
atoleu  vuilt  vi  his  occui»atiou."— C7iii^;ii«». 

*2.  An  unlooked  for  or  casual  acquisition  ; 
a  windfall.    {Touke.) 

3.  Money  given  to  servants  by  visitors. 
(Generally  in  the  plural.) 

■■To  give  extravaijant  mtits  at  every  country  house 
which  they  visited.' —Jf<(t« it/ u^/ .-  J/Ut.  Eng..  cli  xxiii. 

^  vail  (1),  v.t.     [Veil,  v.\ 

■  vail  (2),  "  vaile,  *  vale,  v.t  &  t.    [For  avail 

or  avale,  from  Fr.  avaU-r  =  to  let  or  jdit  down, 
from  Lat.  ad  =  to,  and  vatli^  =  a  vale,  a 
valley.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  let,  cast,  or  put  down  ;  to  lower ;  to 
let  fall;  to  put  off, 

"She  vailed  her  eyelids." 

ti/iakesp.  :   IVnu-a  .t  Jitonis,  ^e. 

2.  To  lower  or  let  down  in  token  of  respect 
or  submission. 

"  Ti)  I'uih'  their  bonnets  for  the  tiuecne  of  England." 
—llacklaglr  Voyages.     (Ep.  i>ed.) 

3.  To  let  sink,  as  througli  fear. 

"  Douglas  gau  pail  hia  stomach 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  bow;  to  show  respect  by  bowing  or 
uneo\ering. 

"  All  the  gallants  on  the  stage  rise,  vail  U  me.  kisj 
their  hand."— ,fleai(»»<.  *  /'/(■(.      Wmnan  llaUr.  i.  ;j, 

2.  To  give  place  ;  to  yield  ;  to  give  way. 
"Thy  convenience  must  vuU  to  thy  neighbours 

necessity." — South. 

*vaU  (3),  *vayle.  v.i.  [Vail  (;j),  s.]  To 
prolit.  to  avail,  to  advantage. 

■•  Through  this  science  fiilivsike]  it  is  full  sought 
WhiL-h  vaiU'th  and  wliK-ii  vaiU-fh  nought" 

Uower:  C.  A.,  vii. 

*  vail'-a-ble,  "  vaile-a-ble. «.  [Eng.  vail 
(y),  V.' ;  -able.]  Prorttuble,  advantageous, 
etlectual.  (Smith :  Commonwealth,  bk.  ii., 
eh.  iv.) 


bha/cesp. :  -i  Ilanrg  IV.,  i,  i. 


J&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woU;  work,  who,  son ;  miite,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  riile,  fiill ;  try,  Syrian.     ».  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


vailer— valencianite 


a99 


'vail'-er,  ^■.  [^'^i'^  i7n7  (-J),  v.  ;  -*'r.]  One 
wlin  vails ;  one  who  shows  respect  by  vailing 
•)r  yielding. 

•■  If  he   finds  not  n  pf-.w)  "tort'  of  vitlers,  he  coiuea 
home  stiff.  -Ot'c-ri.irt  ■  Vhttnuh-rt.  E,  i.  b.  11627). 


vai  -mure,  '  va  -mure. 


[VaVNTML'RE.] 


vain»  '  vaine,  *  vayn.  '  vein.  '  veyn,  «. 

[Kr.    nn;i.   IVoiii  I,;it.  vaninn,  iicv us.  nf  ra»«.s 
=  empty,  vain  ;  prub.  fioin  mcHtw  =  empty.) 

1.  Producing  no  Rood  result;  fruitless,  in- 
fflectniil,  useless;  destitute  of  force  or  effi- 
Ciii'V ;  powerless. 

"(Jive  U3  lieln  in  the  thne  of  trouble ;  for  pain  is 
till-  hell*  of  uiiiii.  '—i'tiitm  Ix.  11. 

*  2.  Powerless,  we.ik. 

"  How  thc'stf  rain,  weiik  nails  miiy  tenr  n  paMmiro." 
Shitki'fip. :  /tkhartl  //.,  v.  5. 

3.  H.ivins  no  rent  value;  empty,  unreal, 
uiKsuhstautial,  idle,  worthless,  unsatisfying. 

"  Vutu  pomp  :iud  ylory  of  thia  worhl.  I  hitte  je !  ■" 
ShiiKeJi/:  :  Ueurg  VIll..  in.  2. 

*  4.  Unwise,  foolish,  silly. 

"  A  vain,  giddy,  slmllow,  IniiiiouroHB  youth." 

Shakvsp. :  Uenry  V.,  ii.  4. 

*  5.  Fallacious,  deeeitful,  false. 

••  All  \w\ie  is  vain."  Shuki'Sp. :  Coriotaiiiijt,  v.  l. 

G.  Prijud  of  potty  things  or  of  tritlin:^  at- 
tainments;  elated'wiih  a  lii>;h  opinion  of 
one's  own  self,  or  of  one's  own  acconiplish- 
ments,  or  of  things  more  showy  than  valua- 
ble ;  having  a  morbid  craving  fin-  the  admira- 
tion or  applause  of  others;  conceited,  pufled 
up,  inflated. 

'•  Sir  Plume,  of  aiiil>er  snuffbox  justly  r-n'n." 

Popr :  /tape  o/  the  Lock,  iv.  122. 

*  7.  Showy,  ostentatious. 

"  Load  some  vain  chmvh  with  old  theatrick  sbite." 
t'ofie:  Moral  KMityf,  iv.  •!). 

If  Vidn  and  fruitless  are  both  applied  tn 
our  endeavours ;  but  the  term  vain  is  the 
more  general  and  indefinite.  What  we  aim 
at,  as  well  as  what  we  strive  for,  may  be  rui/t  ; 
but  friiitle.^  refers  only  to  the  end  of  our 
labours.  When  the  object  aimed  at  is  general 
in  its  import,  it  is  common  to  term  the 
endeavour  vain  when  it  cannot  attniu  this 
ubject ;  when  labour  is  specifically  empioyed 
for  tlio  attainment  of  a  particular  object,  it  is 
usual  to  term  it  fruitless  if  it  fail. 

^[  '  1.  -For  rui/t;  To  no  purpose;  fruitlessly, 
idly,  in  vain. 

"  Which  the  air  beats /or  vaiit." 

Shakesp. :  Aleasuro/or  Measure,  ii.  4. 

2.  Ill  vain:  To  no  purpose  ;  ineffectually. 

"  /ii  r>ain  they  do  worship  vae."—Mntfhew  xv.  9. 

3.  To  take  in  vain:  [Take,  v.,  T1  20]. 

'  vain'-fuU,  a.  [Eng.  vain ;  -full.]  Vain. 
Liiipty.     {Tu^scr :  Hvsbandne,  p.  lU.) 

vain  gl6r'-i-oiis,  *  vaine-glor-y-ous,  o. 

IKn-.  valiKjlui'ij;  -oua.\ 

1.  Keeliug  vainglury  ;  vain  to  excess  of  one's 
(two  aceornplishuients  or  achievements;  boast- 
ful, vaunting. 

2.  CUaiacterized  by  or  proceeding  from  vain- 
glory :  founded  on  or  prompted  by  vanity ; 
boastful.    {Iluvklni/t :  Voyages,  ii.  109.) 

■  vain-glbr  -i-ous-ly,ach'.  [Eng.  vaingloH- 
'•■!<:  -/(/.]  Ill  ;l  vainglurious  manner;  with 
vainglory  or  vaunting. 

"  Let  it  no  more  enter  into  your  heurts  to  thiuke 
witliyour  selvta  iHtinalortouslj/.' — Cdal :  Luke,  ch.  iii. 

vainglory.  '  vaine -glor-ie»  'vein- 
gloir  e,  veyn-glor-y,  .^.  [<>.  Fr.  vein 
(ilurl,-,  liuiii  hat.  vuno  gloria  —  vain  or  idle 
boasting.]  Glory,  pride,  or  boastfulness  that 
is  vaiu  or  empty  ;  tendency  to  unduly  exalt 
one's  self  or  one's  own  achieveuieuts ;  exces- 
sive vanity;  vaiu  pimip  or  show. 

"  If  Hector  bri-.ik  not  bis  ueek  i' the  combat,  he'll 
break 't  himself  iu.  oainytory."  —  ShaKttp.  :  TroitiM  £ 
Crcn-iidti,  iiL  II. 

vain'-ly,  *veyn-U,  a-h:    [Eng.  vain;  -hj.) 

1.  In  a  vain  manner;  to  no  purpose;  in 
,  vain,  inelfectually,  uselessly,  fruitlessly. 

"  Our  ctuinuus'  m:ilicv  vainly  ahnll  be  speut." 

Sliakfxp. :  King  John,  ii. 

2.  In  a  vain,  arrogant,  or  conceited  mauuer ; 
proudly,  conceitedly. 

*  3.  Idly,  foolishly,  unreasonably. 

"  StippHc^  bi-yoiid  necessity  of  the  present,  are  apt 
to  make  us  eithiT  vtluh/  profuse,  ur  vaittiy  coiilideut.' 
—Hate  :  Cont. ;  LoriXt  I'raaer. 

*  4.  Falsely,  erroneously. 

**  Which  vainly  laupiiosed  the  Holy  Land." 

iih:tkc*p.:  2  m-nry  IV.,  iv.  5. 

valn'-nesa,  '  vaine -nesse,  s.    [Eng.  vain; 


1.  The  quality  or  state  uf  being  vaiu,  use- 
less, or  inetleettial ;  iuetUcuey,  frtiitlcssness, 
use less n ess. 

2.  Vanity,  empty  pride. 

"  Frtc  from  vllinu^•^*  and  aelf-glorioim  pride." 

Shakcip.  :  Uenry  I*.,  v.  (Cliui'iUi). 

*  3.  Foolishness,  folly. 

■■  I)  how  great  patMCTifjwe  ia  It  thou  to  acorne 
Thcwvake."         Spenser:   Wvrld't  Vunitif,  vL 

*  4.  Falseness,  falsehood,  deceit. 
"  I  hate  in^nitltiide  more  in  n  mvui 

Thau  lyiuif  vainnext.  babbling  druiikcnitesA." 
Shaktsp.:  Tuxl/lh  .Vt^ht,  In.  4. 

vair,    *  veir,    s.      iFr-   %'air=.a  rich  fur  of 
L-rmines,    &c.,   from    Lat. 
variui  =■  variegated.] 

*  I.  Old.  Lang.:  A  kind 
of  fur. 

2.  //tfr..-Oneofthe  furs, 
comiiosed  of  several  pieces, 
silver  and  blue  (argent  and 
azure),  cut  to  represent  lit- 
tle shields  or  (it  is  said) 
the  flower  of  the  campan- 
ula, and  opposed  to  each  vaiu. 
other  in  rows.  When  of 
different  colours,  these  are  specified  and  de- 
siribed,  vaire  or  vairy:  as,  vairy  argent  and 

tyrt.       fCoUNTKK-VAItt.J 

vair-e,  vair  -3^»  "  var-ry,  *  ver-ry,  «. 

[Fr.  vairc.] 
iU:r. :  Chequered  or  charged  with  vair  (q.v.). 

"Vai-se'-shi-ka,  .«.  [Sans,  rafses/ta  =  an 
atom.) 

Hiniiuo  I'hilos.:  One  of  the  six  leading 
systems  of  IJrahmanic  philosoi'hy.  At  tirst 
only  three  of  the  six — viz.,  the  two  Mimansas 
and  the  Nyftya— were  considered  orthoditx  ; 
but  ultimately  the  three  rejected — the  Vai- 
seshika,  the  Sankliya.  and  the  Yoga— were 
exempted  from  the  ban  of  heresy.  Tlie 
founder  of  the  Vaiseshika  system  was  Kamida, 
whose  exact  date  is  unknown,  but  it  may 
be  vaguely  conjectured  as  about  500  b.c.  Tlie 
system  assumes  or  establislies  that  all  material 
substances  are  composed  of  atoms  mechanic- 
ally united.  These  atoms  it  regards  as  eternal 
in  their  duration.  The  combinations  of  them 
which  form  the  present  world  are,  liowever, 
but  transitory  ;  so  .ahso  is  the  present  s>stem 
of  thiugs.  The  Vaiseshika  philosophy  is  gene- 
rally connected  with  the  Ny.'iya  or  Logical 
sclioul  of  Gautama,  of  which  it  is  supposed 
t"  IjL'  a  nioiiilication. 

Vaish-na-va,  .>.    [Sansc,  &e.l 

Hiiulwifiin  (I'i.) :  A  primary  religious  sec- 
tion of  the  Hindoos,  who  adore  Vishnoo  in 
preference  to,  if  not  to  the  exclusion  uf,  the 
other  persons  of  the  Hindoo  Triad.  To  carry 
individual  preference  to  this  extent  is  not 
considered  orthodox,  and  many  of  those  who 
do  so  have  united  themselves  into  monastic 
bodies,  whicli,  drawing  their  devotees  from 
various  castes,  virtJually  ineiv;e  them  in  a  new 
one  — that  of  the  yectarian  brotherhood. 
Hoiace  Haymau  Wilson  diviiled  the  Vaish- 
navas  into  the  following  sections :  (1)  Raina- 
iiujas,  Sri  Sanipradayis,  or  Sri  Vaislmavas  ; 
(2)  Ramauandis,  or  Ranuivats ;  (?>)  Kabir 
Pantliis ;  (4)  Kliakis ;  (5)  MaUik  Dasis ;  (il) 
DadiL  Panthis;  (7)  RAya  Dasis:  (S)  Senilis ; 
(;»)  Vallabhacharis,  or  Rudra  8amprad;'t\is ; 
(lu)  Mira  B-iis  ;  (11)  Madhwacliaris,  or  Brahma 
S;inipradayis ;  (12)  Nimavats,  or  Sanakadi 
Sauipravadavis  ;  (13)  the  Vaishnavas  of  Ben- 
gal;  (14)  Rudha  Vallabhis;  (ia)  the  Sakhi 
Bhavas ;  (lij)  Charan  Dasis  :  (17)  Harischamlis ; 
(KS)  Sadhna  Panthis;  (19)  Madhavis ;  and 
(20)  Sannyasis,  Vaiiugis,  and  Nagas. 

Vais-ya,  f.    [Sansc] 

Iltndoohm:  The  third  of  the  ])rimary  Hin- 
doo castes  in  the  order  of  dignitj.  Nominally 
it  contaius  the  merchants  and  shopmen. 
[Caste.] 

val'-vode,  s-    (Wavwode.j 

va-keel',  .^.  (Hind.,  &c.  vxikiL]  In  the  Ea.st 
Iiniii^s  an  amba.ssador  or  agent  sent  on  a 
spt-cial  ctmimission,  or  residing  at  a  court ;  a 
native  attorney  ;  a  native  Indian  law-pleader. 

Va'-la,  s.     [A  female  nanie(?).] 
AstroH.:  [Asteroid.  i:u. J. 

Val'-a-ite,  ^.   [After  M.Vala;  sutV.  -(7e(Af  ('((.).] 

Min, :  A  mineral  belonging  to  the  group  of 

Resiu-s,  occurring  in  small,  liexngonal  tables 

and  massive,  associated  with  hatcliettite  (^l.^■.), 


in  the  Ht>ssilz-(Jsluwaner  Coal  formation, 
Moiuvia.  Hardness,  about  i:>  or  lowir ; 
Instn-,  hhinih^ ;  colour  and  streak,  black ; 
aromatic  o.l«nr  when  rubbed  ;  fracture,  un- 
even.    Ctunpos.  :  not  yet  determiue'l. 

v&l  -an9e  (1),  v&l  -ence,  *  v&l'-lan9e. 

*  vai-lens,  «.  [From  \aMic<-  in  France, 
south  of  Lyons,  where  silk  is  still  made.) 

1.  FriugL-s  of  drapery  ;  specif.,  the  drapery 
hanging  round  a  bed,  couch,  Jcc. 

"  yalancovi  Vunlcc,  tfold  of  neetllework." 

Shakcrp. :  Tatninj  tif  thr  Shrrv.  Ii. 

2.  The  drooping  ledge  at  the  patting  of  a 
trunk. 

*  vd.l'-an9e  (2),  s.    [O.  Fr.  valknct,  i-afeitcf.] 

\'aloui,  bravery,  worth. 

'■  ,\iiil  (III  re  tlu>  im(*ihcv  of  nipn.  is  domed  lu  rlchea 
out  fuithu.  — (7«(i/c«(-.  ZWf.  of  Lot',;  bk.  ii. 

*  val-an^e,  v.t.    [Valanck  (l).  s.]   To  furnish 

or  decorate  with  a  valance  or  fringe  ;  to  fringe  ; 
hence,  tig.,  to  decorate  with  a  beard. 

"  Thy  face  is  vnlane'd  tiiiice  I  luiw  thee  last ;  com'st 
thou  to  Ward  uie  t "— .SAaAi-*/«. ;  Jlamltt,  ii.  2. 

*  va-lan^he',  s.  [Avalanchi:.]  Anavalanche. 

"Tlif  IJii-iit  danger  of  tiavelltng  here  .  .  .  proctrdB 
fr.>ui  whit  tl.i-y  call  t\ivv,tl<initK:ii."— Smollett .  f'ratttt 
A  Ityily.  U-t.  xxxviiL 

*  vS,l'-an-5y.  '  val-lan-5y,  «■  &  «•  [Kng. 
i-aUi.nc{€)i  -y.] 

A.  As  suhst. :  A  large  wig  that  hides  the  face. 

B.  As  adj. :  Hiding  the  face. 

"  L'ritica  iu  plume  and  white  valhincy  wig," 

Dryden:  £p.  iu. 

val-den'-si-an,  a.  k  s.    [Waluessian.] 

*  vale  (1),  .^.    [Vail(3),  i.i 

vale  (2),  •  val,  s.    [Fr.  val,  from  l.at.  vaUt:m, 
accus.  of  vallis  =a  vale,  a  valley.] 
I.  Literally : 

1.  A  tract  of  low  ground  between  hills  ;  a 
valley.    (Dryden:  I£jt.  iii.) 

1l  Vnle  is  more  commonly  used  in  j-oetry, 
valUy  in  prose. 

2.  A  little  trough  or  canal :  as,  a  pump  vaie 
to  carry  otf  the  water  from  a  ship's  pump. 

*  II.  l''ig- ."  A  state  of  decline  or  wretched- 
iii-ss, 

"  I  am  declined  into  the  rair  of  yeiim." 

tihaketp.:  Othelh..  iii.  2, 

*  va'-le  (3),  a.  [  Lat. ,  imper.  sing,  of  valeo  =  to 
be  well.]     A  farewell ;  an  adieu. 

"•  I  dropt  a  tear  and  wrote  my  vale." 

I'raeU.    {Annandalc.} 

*  vale,  v.i.     [Vail,  r.]    To  descend. 

"  Here  valet  a  valley,  here  aitceudit  a  mountAiii." 
Sylveticr:  J*u  Bartat;  Seventh  day,  first  wctk,  53. 

**  val'-ect,  s.    [Valet.] 

*  val-e-dic'-tion,  s.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  xttle- 
di'iii),  from  rali'l ictus,  ja.  par.  of  valcdico  =■  lo 
say  taiewell,  from  rti/c  —  farewell,  Jind  dim  — 
to  say.)  [Vale  (ii).  s.]  A  bidding  faiewell ;  a 
farewell ;  an  adieu. 

"  He  alwayeo  took  this  solemn  viilfdicliun  uf  the 
ivlluwi-t'.—J-nller:   Worthiva ;  Hhrupthire. 

val-e-dic-tbr'-x-an,  -s.  [Eng.  valedictory ; 
■nn.\  In  American  colleges,  the  student  wlio 
inoiiouiR-e^  tlic  valedictory  (q.v.). 

val-e-dic'-tor-y,  a.  &  s.    [Valkdktion.] 
A.  As  adj.:   Bidding  farewell;   perUtining 
or  iclating  to  a  farewell   or  adieu  ;  -oi   the 
nature  ot  a  farewell ;  farewell. 


B.  As  suhst.  :  In  American  colleges,  an 
oration  or  address  spoken  at  the  annual  eoin- 
ineucement  by  tuie  of  the  class  whose  mem- 
bers  reeeive  tlic  degree  of  B.A.,  and  take 
theii  leave  of  the  college  and  of  each  other. 

*  val'-en^e  (1),  s.    [Valanck.] 

'  val'-en9e  (2),  s.    [Valisk.] 

Va  len-ci-a  (c  as  sh),  *-.    [See  def.  'i.\ 

1.  [Vai.k.stia.) 

2.  A  provinee  on  the  ca.st  coast  of  Spain, 
and  a  city,  the  ciipilal  of  tlie  province. 

3.  (/v.);  Itaisins  grown  iu,  and  exported 
from  Valencia.  They  are  prei»ared  by  dipj.ing 
the  ripe  gr.i  pes  in  Iiot  lye,  made  of  wo'ud -ashes, 
oil,  and  salt,  and  then  drying  tJiem  iu  the  sun. 

va-len'-fi  an  ite,  -«.     [After  the  Valenclnna 

mine,  Mexico,  wiiere  found  ;  suff.  -He  {Min.).\ 


boil,  boy;  po^t»  jowl;  cat.  9eU.  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-«ian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion.  -sion  =  zhiin.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  i:c.  =  bel,  det, 


400 


Valenciennes— valerianacese 


Mi  I.  :  A  varii^tv  >»f  nrHiorlaso,  much  re*fem- 
liinu  :i'lMl;iri;i.  .issiK-inte^l  with  t\\\iir\7.. 
Vid  eu-^i-^saxo^  s.  [SetMlef.]  A  term  ap- 
|tlu-.l  t*»  a  vahi'ty  of  law  wlmse  im'shes  art; 
nf  tlif  form  of  an  irix'^ulnr  ln.'xny«m.  It  is 
f.-rriu<l  o{  two  threads,  partly  twisted  aiul 
phiitf-l  at  top  of  tlu-  mesh.  Tlu)  palteru  is 
workfd  III  the  Dot.  Named  afttr  Valenciennes, 
ill  I'nince,  where  it  is  made. 

viU-Sii-9l-en-ne'-fx-a,  --.  [MoO.  L.it. ; 
trom  JI.  Valenciennes,  a  French  professor  of 
the  lirst  half  of  the  nineteenth  century.] 

Fala-ont.  :  A  Renns  of  Linmeidie,  with  one 
species,  from  a  Tertiary  deposit,  near  Kertch, 
Crimea.  TIic  shell  resembles  a  gigantic 
Aneyliis(q.v.);  apex  imich  incnrved,  concen- 
tric markings  on  surface. 

va-lCii-9^,  >■.     [hut.  irdem,  pr.  par.  of  vako 
—  to  Im-  wortli,  to  lie  strong.] 
i.'h^in. :  Atomicity  (q.v.). 

viU-ene,  s.  iEng.  val(eric) ; -ene.]  [Valebone.] 

v^-len'-U-a  (tassh),  s.  [Etym.  not  appa- 
r.iit.l 

Fabric:  A  stutT  made  of  worsted,  cotton, 
and  silk,  used  for  waistcoats. 

T&l'-en-tine,  s.    [See  def.] 

"  i.  A  sweetheart  or  choice  made  on  St. 
Valentini*'s  day. 

■•  To-iuorrow  is  St.  Valentine's  day. 
All  iu  the  moruiug  l>eUiite '. 
And  I  a  ini\l(I  -it  your  whitlow. 
To  l>e  your  }\ilcnritie." 

M(i*«/>. :  Hamlet,  iv.  S, 

^  According  to  the  legend,  St.  Valentine 
wi^s  behearled  on  Febrnary  14,  at  Rome,  under 
Claudius.  The  old  notion  was  that  birds  be- 
^an  to  couple  on  that  day,  and  hence  arose 
the  custom  of  young  persons  of  both  sexes 
choosing  each  other  a.s  "valentines"  for  the 
ensuing  year  by  a  species  of  lottery,  and  of 
sending  love  missives  to  each  other. 

2.  A  letter  or  other  missive  sent  by  young 
persons  of  both  sexes  to  each  other  on 
Valentine's  day ;  a  printed  missive  of  an 
amatory  or  satirical  nature,  generally  sent  by 
post  anonyniously.  Some  valentines  are  highly 
<Hnamental  and  artistic,  while  others  are 
earicatures.  The  practice  of  sending  valen- 
tines is  diminishing  ytar  by  year. 

Val-en-tin'-i-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.  B.J 

A.  -I---"  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Valentinus 
or  the  Valentinians.     [B.] 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Church  Hist.:  One  of  tlief.illowers  of  Valen- 
tinus, an  Egyptian  gnostic,  whose  sect  arose  at 
Rome,  then  rooted  itself  deeply  in  Cyprus, 
and  finally  spread  throughout  a  great  part  of 
southern  Europe,  western  Asia,  and  northern 
Africa.  He  supposed  that  in  the  Pleroma 
(q.v.)  there  were  thirty  male  and  as  many 
female  feons  united  in  wedlock,  with  four  un- 
niarrierl,  tliese  latter  being  Horus,  Christ, 
the  Holy  Spirit,  and  Jesus.  The  youngest  jenu, 
St)jihia  (Wisdom),  brouglit  forth  a  daughter, 
Aeh.^iiioth,  whence  sprang  the  Demiurge,  who 
Treated  mankind.  This  Demiurge,  becoming 
]»utTed  up  with  pride,  aspired  to  be  regarded 
as  the  only  god,  and  led  many  angels  into  the 
same  error.  To  repress  his  insolence,  Christ 
di-.scended,  Jesus,  one  of  the  highest  a-oiis. 
Joining  him  when  he  was  baptised  in  Jordan. 
Tlie  Demiurge  had  him  crucified  ;  but,  befort- 
his  death,  both  Jesus  the  Sou  of  God  and  the 
rational  soul  of  Christ  had  separated,  leaving 
only  the  sentient  soul  and  \he  ethereal  body 
to  suficr.  The  Valentinian:  Tvere  divided  into 
the  Ptolemaitie,  the  Secundijffli,  the  Heracleo- 
iiite,  the  Marcosian,  aud  many  other  sects. 

vfil-en-tin'-i-an-ism,  s.  [Eng.Valeiitinian ; 
-isiu.'\  Tin;  doctrines  orpractices  of  the  Valen- 
tiuians.     [Valentjnian,  B.J 

Va-len'-tin-lte,  s.  [^ After  Basil  Valentine, 
an  alchfiiiist,  who  discovered  some  of  the 
pnjjieities  ol  antimony  ;  suff.  -ite  {Min.).'\ 

Mill. :  An  oithorhonibic  mineral,  occun-ing 
mostly  in  crystals,  but  occa-sionally  massive. 
Hardness,  2-5  to  3 ;  sp.  gr.  5'5C0 ;  lustre, 
;idamantine  to  pearly ;  colour,  white,  peaeh- 
blossoiu  reJ,  ash-gray;  streak,  white;  trans- 
Inct-nt  to  sub-transparent.  Compos. ;  oxygen. 
l''.-44  :  antimony,  S3-5(»=  100,  wlience  the  for- 
nii!:i  Sli0:j.  Results  from  the  fiecomposition 
'tf  various  antimoinal  ores. 


va-ler-^-^et-o-ni  -trile,  ■>.    (Eug.  vakiiic), 
ami  iU-itotii(rile.] 

Chriii.  :  C_.f,HvsN'406.  A  mobile,  colourless 
liqnirl  found  in  the  neutral  oil  proiluced  by 

(listilling  glue  with  potassium  chromate  and 
stdphnric  aeid.  It  has  an  aromatic  odour,  is 
very  intlannuablc,  burning  with  a  faintly 
luminous  tlame.  moderately  soluble  in  water, 
.stduble  in  alcohol  and  i-ther ;  sp.  gi*.  O'Ttt  at 
1  j';  Ixiils  l>etween  0S°  and  71'. 

va-ler'-al,  s.    [Eng.  mler(ic),  and  al(iMiijde).'\ 

Chcm.:    CaHioO  =    ^  J|:*>CHCH:;CHO. 

Valeraldehyde,  valerianic,  aldehyde,  valeryl- 
hydride.  A  mobile,  colourless  liciuitl,  dis- 
eovered  by  Dumas  and  Stas.  Obtained  by 
oxidizing  araylic  ahrcdml  with  nitric  or 
chromic  acid,  or  by  distilling  fusel-oil  with 
sulphnrit;  acid.  It  has  a  burning,  bitter  tasti-, 
asutl'ocating  apjde-like  odour,  exciting  cough- 
ing, is  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  iu  all 
proportions  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  volatile 
oils  ;  sp.  gr.  -8057  at  17'.  and  boils  at  90"  under 
ordinary  atmospheric  pressure.  It  is  very  in- 
flammable, burning  with  a  briglit  blue-edged 
flame.  When  exposed  to  the  air  it  is  grad- 
ually converted  into  valerianic  acid. 

valeral-ammonia,  .^. 

Chtm. :  C5lIi„o-NH3  =  Cr,H9(XIl4)0.  A 
crystalline  body  prepared  by  adding  ammonia 
to'valeral  ndxed  with  a  thousand  times  its 
bulk  of  water.  It  is  almost  insoluble  in 
water,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts 
when  heated,  but  re-crystallizes  on  ''ooling. 

va-ler-al'-de-hyde,  s.    [Eng.  c<ih'r(ic),  and 
hldehiiih.]     [Valeral.] 

val-er-al'-dide,  .v.    [Valeraldehyde.] 

val-er-al'-dine,  ^.  [Eng.  i'alerah](idc) ;  -in«.'\ 
iji^m.  :  C15H31NS2.  A  viscid  oil  obtained 
by  passing  sulphydric  acid  into  valeral  am- 
monia suspended  in  water.  It  has  analkaline 
reaction,  a  strong  unpleasant  odour,  does  not 
solidify  at  — SO",  is  insoluble  in  water,  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether,  and  volatilizes  without 
decomposition. 

val-er-am'-ic,  o.    [Eng.  vakr(icX  and  umiu.] 
Derived  from  valeric  acid  and  ammonia. 

valeramic-acid*  .^. 

Chem. :  C5H11NO0  =  C5Hp(NHo)Oo.  Araido- 
valeric-acid,  valeramidic  acid.  Discovered  by 
Gorup-Besanez  in  tlie  pancreiis  of  an  ox,  and 
prepared  artificially  by  the  action  of  ammonia 
on  an  ahoholic  solution  of  bromovaleric  acid. 
It  crystallizes  in  colourless  leaves,  somewluit 
sublimable,  is  slightly  soluble  in  water  and 
alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether,  and  unites  with 
acids  and  bases  to  form  crystallizable  com- 
pounds. Heated  in  the  air,  it  burns  with  a 
bluish  flarae  ;  heated  in  a  glass  tube,  it  melts 
and  sublimes,  giving  off  alkaline  vapour.?  hav- 
ing the  odour  of  herring- pickle. 

va-ler'-a-mide,.'^.  [Eng.  vaUrXii^), and audde.] 
Chem.':  C5H11NO  =  C5H9O-H2N.  The  ]iri- 
mary  amide  of  valeric  acid",  produced  by  the 
action  of  strong  ammonia  on  ethylic  valerate. 
Insoluble  in  water,  melts  at  100^,  subliming 
at  a  somewhat  higlier  temperature,  and,  when 
boiled  with  alkalis,  gives  off  ammonia. 

va-ler-a-mid'-ic,  a.    [Eng.  valcramid(e) ; 

-!0.)      [VaLERA-MIP.] 

val-er-am'-ine,  .V.  [Eng.  valer(ic),  and  amine.] 

Chciii. :  Wurtz's  {iiiginal  name  for  amylamine. 

val-er-&n-il-ide,  s.     [Eng.  vcdeiiic)  ;  aail- 
(ine);  and  suff.  -ide.] 

Chem.  :  CnHisNO  =  C5Hip(C6H5)NO. 
Phenyl-valeramide.  A  crystalline  body,  ob- 
tained by  the  action  of  valeric  anhydride  on 
aniline.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  115%  aud  distils 
unaltered  at  220°. 

Val-er'-ate,  s.     [Eug.  vnler(ir):  -ate.] 
Chem.  :  A  salt  of  valeri'.-  ai'id, 

valerate  of  potassium,  5. 

Cheni.  :  C5H9KO0.  Obtained  by  saturating 
valeric  acid  with  potassium.  It  is  an  amor- 
phous, white,  deliquescent,  saline  mass,  solu- 
ble in  water  and  in  strong  alcohol,  melts  at 
140^,  and  decomjioses  at  a  higher  temperatine. 

val'-er-ene,  s.    [Eng.  vakiiic);  -enc]    [A.mv- 

LENK.] 

va-ler  i  an,  s.    [Valeriana] 


Jiola  iiy : 

1.  The  genus  Valeriana  (q.v.). 

2.  Polemoninm  ca.'rnleu'ii  {RrWtn  it  llol- 
lanif.)     (Greek- VALERIAS,     Red- valerian, 

Splr-valkiuan.] 

valerian-oil,  s. 

Chvm.  :  A  pale  yellow  or  greenish  oil,  ob- 
tained by  distilling  valerian  root  with  water. 
It  has  the  oilour  of  valerian,  an  aromatic 
taste,  an  acid  reaction ;  sp.  gr.  O'iio-0'03 ; 
boils  at  '200' ;  becomes  visciil  at  -  l.''r,but  dees 
not  sfdiflify  comjdetely  even  at  —40".  It  ap- 
pears to  be  a  mixture  of  several  substances. 

valerian-pug,  5. 

Entom. :  Eupltliecia  valeri(tna(a ;  a  rare 
British  geometer  moth,  with  ashy-brown 
wings,  the  caterpillar  of  which  feeds  <in  the 
common  valerian. 

Va-ler-i-a'-na,  s.  [From  Lat.  vako  =  to  be 
strong ;  so  nameil  from  the  powuiful  medi- 
cinal qualities  of  some  species.) 

Dot. :  Valerian ;  the  typical  genus  of  Va- 
lerianaceiB  or  ValerianciC.  Herbs,  generally 
pereiniial,  with  radical  leaves  crowded,  those 
of  the  stem  opposite  or  whorled,  entire  or 
pinnatifid  ;  flowers  cymosp,  with  braeteoles  ; 
corolla  live-cleft,  gibbous  at  the  base,  stamens 
three;  fruit  crowned  with  a  feathery  pappus. 
Known  species  aljout  i:iO,  from  the  North 
Temperate  Zone  and  from  South  America, 
Two  are  British,  Valeriana  dioiat,  the  Small 
Marsh,  and  V.  ojficinalis,  the  Great  Wild  Va- 
lerian. The  first  ha-s  the  root  leaves  ovate, 
spatulate,  and  stalked ;  those  of  the  stem 
lyrate  pinnatifid  ;  the  flowers  pale  rose- 
coloured.  It  is  six  to  eight  inches  high,  and 
is  frequent  in  marshy  meadows.  The  second 
has  tuberous  roots,  the  leaves  all  pinnatifid, 
the  flowers  pale  flesh-coloured.  It  is  from 
two  to  three  feet  high,  and  is  abundant  in 


VALERIANA   OFFICINALIS. 
1.    Plant ;    2.    Flower  ;    3.    Leaflet.-. 

ditches,  on  river  banks,  and  in  woods.  The  root, 
which  is  warm  and  aromalic,  i.s  ust-il  in  Brit- 
ish pharmacy  in  spasms,  hmiicrdnia,  hysteria, 
chorea,  epilepsy,  hypocliomiriasis,  and  as  an 
auxiliary  to  tonics  in  int-ermittents.  Baths 
of  valerian  have  been  fouml  of  much  use 
in  acute  rheumatism.  In  excessive  doses  it 
produces  headache  and  mental  excitement. 
It  is  highly  attractive  to  rats,  and  also 
to  cats,  hence  it  is  called  Cats'  Valerian  ;  and, 
being  much  used  by  the  poor  as  an  appli- 
cation to  fresh  wounds,  is  named  also  All- 
heal. V.  Pyrcnaiai,  which  has  very  large, 
cordate,  deeply- toothed  leaves,  is  a  native  of 
the  Pyrenees.  It  grows  in  woods  in  Scotlaml, 
but  is  not  indigenous.  The  winged  seeils 
have  been  carried  by  the  wind  from  adjacent 
gaidens  iu  which  it;  is  cultivated.  V.celtu.v 
and  V.  Saliitnca,  natives  of  the  mountains 
of  Austria,  are  used  in  the  east  of  Europe 
to  aromatize  baths.  The  roots  of  V.  ccltica, 
V.  officimdis,  and  V.  Phu  are  tonic,  bitter, 
aromatic,  spasmodic,  vermifugal,  and  ]ierhaps 
febrifugal.  V.  sitlcensis,  Dioscoridis,  &c.,  are 
powerful  stimulants.  The  strong- scented 
roots  of K.  Hardwickii and  V.  Walllchii.Wwnti.- 
layan  species,  are  used  in  India  metlicinally. 

va-ler-i-a-na'-9e-se,  s.  pL    [Mod.  Lat. 
valerianay  and  fern.  p!.  atlj.  suff.  -ncae.] 

Bot.  :  Valerianwort.s ;  an  (uder  of  Epigy- 
nous  Exogeiis,  alliance  Campanales.  Annual 
or  perennial  scented  herbs,  occasionally  twin- 
ing. Leaves  collected  in  rosettes  at  the  root, 
or  distributed  upon  the  stem,  opposite,  entire, 
or  pinnatcly-divided.  Flowers  in  cymes ;  calyx 
superior,  the  limb  membranous  or  resem- 
bling feathery  pappus  ;  corolla  monopetalous, 


f^te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pme,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  r.nite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  —  lew. 


valerianate— valetudinary 


401 


tubular,  iicfierti-d  in  the  top  of  tlte  ovaiy,  two 
ortliri't'-tt^'btid,  regular  or  irii'j;ul!tr,  sometjraes 
with  a  spnr  ;  stamens  one  to  live,  iiisertt'd 
into  thctu'beoftlie  corolla,  aiul  alternat^Mvith 
its  lobes  :<ivary  inferior,  one-relied,  soiiietinies 
with  two  <.tlier  iiliortivc  cells  ;  seed  one,  ]>vu- 
dulous.  Cliietiv  in  temperate  cliniut«?s.  Known 
geiieni  twrlvt-:  species  1S5.     {Litufirn.) 

va-lcr  ~i-an-ate,  --.  [Eng.  mlcrUtuiic);  -aU.\ 
1.  Chfm. :  A  -salt  of  valerianic  acid  (q.v.X 
L'.  riutrwu:  Valerianate  of  zinc  is  a  nervine 
t'oiic.  an  antispasmodic,  and  an  anthelniintic. 
Valerianate  of  iron  and  that  of  ammonia  aet 
somewhat  similarlv:  valerianate  of  soda  acts 
like  valerian  root ;  valerianate  of  quinine  is 
useful  in  intermittent  and  spasmodic  neur- 
algic atfeetions. 

va-ler-i-a-nel'-la,  s.    [Dimin.   from  Mod. 
Lai.  vakriaiia  (q.v.),] 

Hot. :  Corn-salad  ;  a  genus  of  Valerianaeepe. 
Small  annuals,  dicliotomonsly  branehed. 
Flowers  small,  bract^ate,  solitary  or  cytnose 
in  the  forks  of  the  branches  ;  corolla  regular, 
funnel-shaped;  stamens  three;  fruit  two  to 
three-celled,  one-seeded.  Known  species  about 
tiftv.  chieHy  from  tlie  north  temperate  zone. 
Three  are  British:  Valerianflla  uliUyrio  (^ 
Fniia  olitoria).  Common  Corn-salad  or  Lamb's 
Lt'ttuce;  V.  Auricula  (=  F.  Aui-icula),  the 
Sliarp-fruited  Coru-salad  ;  and  V.  denUita  {= 
F.  dentaia),  the  Smooth  Karrow-fmit^d  Corn- 
salad.  The  lirst  is  from  three  inches  to  a 
font  high;  has  pale  blue  or  rarely  white 
flouers,  in  terminal  compact  heads  and  later- 
ally compressed  oblique  fruit,  crowned  witli 
the  remains  of  the  calyx.  It  grows  on  banks 
and  in  corn-lields,  especially  in  a  light  soil, 
and  is  often  cultivated  as  a  salad.  The  second 
lias  lax  cvmes  and  an  ovate-acuminate  cap- 
sule, and  is  rare.  The  tliinl  lias  flesh-coloured 
flowers  in  panicied  rymes,  and  ovate  flattish 
capsules ;  it  is  not  very  common.  V,  carin- 
ata,  naturalised  in  England,  may  l>e  a  variety 
<>f  tlie  tirst  species.  V.  eriocarjxi  is  stated  to 
be  a  casual  in  Worcestershire. 

va-ler-i-Sn'-ic,  1.    [Eng.  valerian;  -ic]   Per- 
Liiii,));:  to  ov  deiived  from  valerian. 
valerianic-acid,  ".    [Valebic-apid.] 
valerianic-aldehyde,  s.    [Valeual.] 

va-ler-i-au-wort,  *•     [Eng.  vakrian,  and 

\corl.] 

Hot.  (PI-):  Lindley's  name  for  the  Valerian- 
at-ete  (q.v.). 

va-ler'-ic,   a.     [Eng.  va!er{ian):   -ic.}      Con- 
taiued  111  nr  derived  from  valerian -root. 

valeric-acid,  £. 

Chem.:  C5H10O2  =  *^5§9^]o.  Delpliinie 
acid  ;  Phocenic  acid  ;  Butylcarbonic  acid  ; 
Valerianic  acid.  A  monobasic  acid,  tirst  ob- 
tained by  Chevreul,  in  1S17,  from  the  fat  of 
lieljihinumphocccnayhxit found  widely  diffused 
tliiougliout  the  vegetable  kingdom,  in  valerian 
root,  angelica  root,  and  in  many  plants  of  the 
composite  order.  It  is  prepared  artificially 
by  oxidising  amylic  alcohol  with  a  mixture  of 
strung  sulphuric  acid  and  acid  potassic  chro- 
niate.  When  pure,  it  is  a  colourless,  mobile 
oil.  having  a  sour,  burning  taste  ;  sp.  gr.  0"937 
at  10^ ;  slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether  and  in  strong  acetic  acid  ; 
does  not  solidify  at  -16%  and  boils  at  JS4°. 
With  the  bases,  it  forms  salts  called  valerates, 
1,.  ue  of  which  is  of  any  importance. 

valeric -aldehyde,  s.    [Valeral.] 

valeric-anhydride,  .s. 

(  hem, :  Cioni^*-':i^{(CH:j).2  :  CH-CHa'COX-O. 
Valeric  oxide  ;  Valeric  valerate.  A  colourless, 
mobile  oil,  prepared  by  distilling  valerate  of 
liotassiuni  with  oxychloride  of  phosiihorus, 
washing  the  distillate  with  sodic  carbonate, 
dissolving  in  ether,  and  evaporating.  It  has  a 
faint  odour  of  apples ;  sp.  gr.  0'934  at  15° ;  is 
soluble  in  ether,  and  boils  at  "JIS".  Water 
slowly  absorbs  it,  converting  it  into  valeric 
aeid ;  with  alcohol  it  forms  ethylic  valeiate. 
IValeric-kthebs.] 

valeric -chloride,  s. 

Chem. :  C.-jHciOoCl.  A  colourless,  mobile, 
fuming  liquid,"  p'roduced  by  the  action  of 
jihosphorous  chloride  on  valeric  acid.  It  has 
a  sp.  gr.  of  1-005  at  6\  boils  at  117°,  and  is 
easily  decomposed  by  water  into  hydrochloric- 
an^i  valeric-acids. 


valeric-ethers,  s.  pi. 

Chrm. :  Prejiared  by  distilling  sodium  valer- 
ate with  sulphuric  acid  and  the  corresponding 
alcohols  :  (1)  Methylic  valerate,  Csny(CHa)Oo. 
is  a  colourless  liquid,  with  an  odour  of 
valerian  and  wood  spirit ;  sp.  gr.  0*8^(">1'  at 
Iff  ■,  boils  at  116°.  (2)  Ethylic  valerate. 
C-illgCCoHsJOo.  is  a  colourless  liquid,  of  a  fruity 
odour  ;'slightlv  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in 
ffllct>hol ;  sp.  gr.  O-siK".  at  15" ;  boils  at  i:i;i-. 

valericH>xide,   valeric -valerate.  ••■. 

[VaLKRIC-ANHVDUII'K.J 

val'-er-in,  j;.  lEng.  ivi/<T(if),  and((7/i/cfr)i/i.] 
Chtm.  (Fl) :  A  series  of  glyceridcs  obtained 
by  heating  valeric  acid  witligly<erin:{l)  Mono- 
valerin,  CgHi604  =  (('all.-i)- '  (llO>r{C5HyOi>). 
An  oily  neutral  liquid  pruduml  by  heatmg 
valeric  acid  with  excess  of  glyeerin  to  20o' 
for  three  hours.  It  lias  a  faint  odour  ;  sp.  gr. 
1-100  at  15";  mixes  with  half  its  bulk  of 
water  to  a  clear  liquid,  but  separates  on  the 
addition  of  more  water,  and  is  decomposed  by 
alcohol,  even  in  the  cold.  (2)  Divalerin, 
C,aH.>i05  =  (CaH5y"-HO-(C5Hfl02>2.  A  neutral 
oily  liquid,  obtained  by  heating  valeric  acid 
and  glycerin  to  '^7b\  It  has  a  disagreeable, 
fishy  odour ;  sp.  gr.  1-059  at  15%  solidities  at 
-40%  and  does  not  mix  readily  with  water,  (s) 
Trivalerin,  CisHgoOe  =  (C3H5y"-(C5H^Oi;)3.  A 
neutral  oily  liquid,  produced  by  heating  diva- 
lerin to  •2-20%  with  ten  times  its  weight  of 
valeric  acid.  It  has  an  unpleasant  odour,  is 
insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and 
ether. 

v31-er-is-ic.  a.  [Eng.  valer{ic) ;  Gr.  lo-os 
{isos)  =  the  saTiie  as,  and  Eng.  sulf.  -ic.J  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  valeric  acid. 

valerlsic-acid,  s. 

Chem.  (iV.);  Laurent's  name  for  the  sub- 
••^titution  i>roducts  of  valeric  acid,  in  which 
three  atoms  of  hydrogen  are  replaced  by 
chlorine  or  other  radicles,  c.p.,  chlorovaler- 
)J5ic  acid,  CjHyCbiO^.  In  like  manner,  those 
I'loducts  in  which'  four  atoms  of  hydrogen 
ai-e  thus  replaced,  are  called  valerosic  acids. 

val-er-o-di-chlbr-hy'-drin,  s.     [Eng. 

ialcro(l),  and  dichhThiidrtn.] 

Chem.:  C8H]4O2CU  =  (C;jH5)"(C5H90)0-Cl2. 
A  mobile  liquid,  produced  I'y  heating  epi- 
chlorliydrin  with  valeric  chloride  to  luO-'.  It 
smells  like  amylic  acetate,  has  a  sp.  gr.  of 
1149  at  11%  and  boils  at  245% 

val-er-6-gly"9 -er-al,  5.  [Eng.  valero{l); 
glyceriin),  and  sufT.  -ti^.J 

(C^Hs  )'"  ) 
C/tem. :  CgHieOs  =  H  -Oj.  A  liquid 
(C5H10)"  ) 
obtained  by  lieating  valeral  with  glycerin  to 
lyO',  for  twenty-four  hours.  It  is  insoluble 
in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol,  sp.  gr.  ro27at 
0^,  and  boils  at  224^—228% 

V^-er-6r,  s.     [Eng.  valeriian):  -ol] 

Chem.  :  CfjHioO?  Produced  by  rapidly  dis- 
tilling valerian  oil  in  a  stream  of  carbonic 
anhydride.  It  crystallizes  in  colourless, 
transparent  prisms,  slightly  soluble  in  water, 
soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  volatile  oils, 
melts  at  20^,  and  then  remains  liquid  at  or- 
dinary temperatures. 

v3l-er-0-lac'-tic.  a.  [Eng.  vahro(l),  and 
luetic]  Contained  in  or  derived  from  valeric 
and  lactic  acids. 

valerolactic-acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  CsHioOii.  Produced  by  heating 
bromovaleric  acid  with  silver  oxide  and  watei . 
Its  zinc  salts  crystallize  readily. 

val'-er-one,  s.    [Eng.  vakr(ic);  -one.] 

Chem.:  CgHjsO  =  gsj^^  j  O.  Valene,  va- 
leryl-butyl,  valeroyl-butyloxide.  A  trans- 
jiarent,  colourless,  mobile  liquid,  obtained  by 
the  dry  distillation  of  calcium  valerate,  mixed 
with  one-sixth  of  its  weight  of  lime.  It  is 
lighter  than  water,  has  an  etherial  odour  and 
burning  taste,  soluble  in  aleohol  and  ether, 
sp.  gr.  0  &"23  at  20^,  and  boils  at  1S1% 

val-er-o-ni'-trile,   s.     [Eng.  valcroil),  and 

nit  rile.] 

Chem.:  CsHyN  =  C4H<,-CN.  Butylic  cyanide, 
A  colourless  oil,  produced  by  heating  valeric 
acid  with  potassic  sulphocyanat«.  It  has 
the  odour  of  bitter  almonds,  sp.  gr.  0S164  at 
0"^,  and  boils  at  140°. 


viU-er-6-nyl,  s.    [Eng.  valeron(e):  -yl.] 

Chem.  :  Lowig's  name  for  the  hydro-carbon 
C4H9.    (it«(r*.) 

V&l-cr-dx'-yl,  s.     [Eng.    valer{ic):   ox(atyTi: 

-nL]     IValebvl.) 

viU'-er-^l,  5.     [Eng.  valeroinr):  -yM 

Chem. :  A  name  applied  to  the  hydro-carbon 
Cftll.,,  according  to  whiih  denomination  va- 
lerene  may  be  desiguat»d  as  hydride  of  va- 
leroyl,  CsHgH  ;  valerone  us  valeroyl  butvl- 
oxide,  CsHg-CiHijO,  &c.     {n'ntts.) 

V&l'-er-yl.  s.    [Eng.  tulcriic) ;  yl.] 

Chem.:  C-iHgO.    Vnleroxyl.     The  radicle  of 

valeric  acid  and  its  derivatives,  obtained  in 
the  free  sta.te  by  the  action  of  sodium  on 
ethylic  valerate. 

valeryl  hutyl,   .    [Valerone.) 

valcryl- chloride,  *■     [Valebic-lhlo- 

HIDE.] 

valeryl-hydride,  s.    [Valebal.] 
valeryl- protoxide,  j.    [VALEBic-ANnv- 

DBlIiK,) 

vfil'-er-yl-ene,  s.     [Eng.  vakryl :  -ene.] 

Chem. :  CjHe-  A  colourless,  mobile  liquid, 
homologous  with  acetylene,  obt^iined  by  beat- 
ing amylene  bromide,  with  a  concentrated 
alcoholic  solution  of  potash,  to  140^  for  several 
hours,  washing  the  resulting  product  with 
water,  distilling,  and  collecting  the  liquid 
which  passes  over  between  44'  and  4G".  It 
has  a  pungent  alliaceous  odour,  is  insolubli- 
in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol,  boils  at  46%  and 
has  a  vapour  density  of  2'33G. 

*  v3,l'-et,  v.t.     [Valet,  s.]    To  attend  on,  us  a 

valet. 

"  Siiine  daudy  old  Bronn,  whom  he  hnd  oaleffit  hi 
the  iiiidille  of  the  Inst  oeiiUiry."— r.  Uuijhet:  Tom 
Brown  a  Schooldays.  \'t.  i..  cb.  ii, 

val'-et  (or  as  vai'-e). '  val-ett,  s.  [Fr.  valet 
=  a  gruom,  a  yeoman.  The  same  word  as 
Vablet  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  man-servant  who  attends  on  his 
master's  i>ersou  ;  a  valetde-chambre.  Valets 
or  varleUi  were  originally  the  sons  of  knights, 
and  afterwards  of  the  nobility,  before  they 
obtained  the  age  of  chivalry. 

"The  king  uiiule  him  his  valett  (equivRlcnt  to  whnt 
ftfterwnrd  WHfl  cJillcd  yeiitleiiiftn  ol  Lhe  hedcliniiibori  ' 
—Fuflvr:  WorthUs :  i'orks'tire. 

2.  Matiege :  A  kind  of  goad  or  stick  arme4 
with  a  point  of  iron. 

valet-de-chambre,  i.  The  same  as 
Vallt.  .^.  (q.v.). 

"  Nr>  t;ieftt  mail  ever  nj  pe.ircd  ^reat  in  the  tyt*  vt 
bis  vaivi-dcchambre.  —h'.ux.    t^^itys.  >o.  VL 

•  val-e-tu-din-ar-i-an,  a.  & s.    [Eng.  mh- 

tudinarif ;  -an.] 

A.  vl*  ailj. :  Siclily ;  in  a  poor  strife  (4 
health  ;  inlirm  ;  seeking  to  recover  health. 

■■  Oi-ut,  licneAt  to  the  valetudinarian,  feehle  |'.-^rl  of 
timukiml."— fierAam.-  Phytico-Tlieology.  bk-  in.,  ih.  iv. 

B.  As  subst.:  A  person  of  weak  health  or 
infirm  constitution;  an  invalid;  one  who  is 
seeking  to  recover  health. 

"  That  9icl;ly  tril>e  who  .ire  cL-mmoiily  known  hv  tlm 
uameotvaletudiiiariiiiit.  —AdtiLuin    .S;*«7«(o»*,  No. S.S 

•  val-e-tu-din-ar-i-an-ism,  s.    (Eng. 

faktudiiiarian ;  -ism.]  The  state  or  condi- 
tinn  of  a  valetudinarian ;  a  weak  or  sickly 
state  of  health. 

•■  .A.t  nu  R^e  when  im  ^t  meu  are  condemned  to  vnl»- 
tudiiitiriatitsin.  '—Ihiily  Tri'-'jrai-h.  March  II.  iPS:. 

*  val-e-tu'-din-ar-i-ness,  s.    [Eng.  i-nktn- 

dinary  ;  -nesi.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
valetudinary  ;  valetudinarianism. 

"  Hahituftl  thiniie-<'9.  leanness.  tendemeM.  and  vaU- 
tudinurineM."—Chfyn<::  Method  of  Curt.  pt.  li.,ch.  iv. 

•  vSl-e-tu-din-ar'-i-ous.  a.  [Eng.  vaktu.- 
dinary  ;  -ous.]     Valetudinary  (q.v.). 

"About  the  be^iuuing  of  Jnuimry  be  )H>Knii  to  be 
very  viUtudinanout.'— Cotton  Mather  -  Jlemorabte 
ProviUeiicet  led.  lOsui.  p.  iS- 

*  vfil-e-tu  -din-ar-^,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  vaktu- 
diiuiire,  from  Lat.'  valet iidiuarius  =  sickly, 
from  vaktudoy  genit.  raic(((tiiuii  =  health,  gmul 
or  bad,  esp.  ill-health,  from  veUxo  =  to  be  iu 
good  health.] 

A.  As  adjedive : 

1.  {Of  jh^rsons):  In  weak  or  ill-health;  in- 
firm, delicate. 

"He  became  I'liletiiditutri/  for  want  of  cierciw."— 
aenlltrifuxnt  Magazine,  Aug.,  ITT'T.  p.  35'J. 


bSl,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  ceU,  chorus,  chm,  Iwnch;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a? ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-cian,    tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shu2i;'-tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tioua,  -aious  =  ahus.    -We.  -die,  ic  =  bel.  del. 


3U 


4ii2 


valetudinoua— vallisneria 


2.  (O/thiitgs):  Delicat*. 

'■  It  reiiarn  llw'  Iwbit  o(  ii.K;lety  rtwiiiti-roiwly  mU- 
liulinarf.'—BurAt:  /{r./lfCtioHt  on  Herol.  in  Frunc^. 

B.  As  sul^it.  :  One  who  is  in  WfAk  or  ill- 
licaltlt ;  a  valctiidiiiariaii. 

•  vil-fi-tu'-din-oiis,  «.  IValetidinabv] 
.Sickly,  wt-ak. 

"  ArTrl|{lit4Ml    with    the    fttlrliiUittoti4   i.'i>i)(]itiou    of 
Kill);  K«lw»rtl. '— /W/rr  :  UUt.  Cumb..  vlt.  'M. 

Val  bal'-la,  ".  [Icel.  valhUlt,  geiiit.  valfiul- 
hn-  —  tlic  liiiU  of  the  sliviii.  fnuii  ratr  =  slain, 
sbuylitcr,  ami  hiill,  hnll  =  a  hall.l 

1.  Saimi.  Myth.:  The  pliHT  of  inunortality 
for  thf  souls  of  heroes  shiin  iti  battU*.  where 
thoy  si»crit  their  time  in  feastinj^arul  «lrinkin^. 

2.  Fig. :  Any  cditlce  which  is  the  liiial  rest- 
ing-place of  many  of  the  hemes  or  jireat  men 
of  a  nation  ;  specif.,  applied  tr»  the  Tantheun 
»)r  Templo  of  Fame,  built  by  Louis  I.  of 
Rivaria  at  DonnustJiuf,  near  Hatisbon,  and 
consecrated  to  all  Germans  who  have  become 
renowned  in  war,  statesmanship,  lit«ratiue, 
science,  or  art. 

•  T&l  -lange,  '  v&l  -tan-53?  (i  as  y),  ■  val- 

i-aunce.  .'>■.  (O.  Fr.  ntil/mirr,  nilh'iur,  ra!- 
eiice:  It.  railUutce,  from  Uit.  v>i!fntin,  from 
valeus,  pi".  («!".  of  laleo  —  t'»  be  strong,  to  be 
worth.)    [Valiant.]    Valour,  bravery. 

"To  k'thim  «eet  hia  doughty  i-atiaui 


Sfj,:,! 


:   /■.  V  .  II 


.   U. 


T^'iant  (i  as  y),  ^  vallaiint,  •  valyant, 

II.  iNi'.f.    {Vv.  railUntt,  valant,  pr.  par.  of  r"/"(c 
=  to  prolit,  serve,  be  good  for,  from  Lat.  vahv 
=  to   be   stronji,  to  be  worth;   .Sp.   ralient'': 
Port.  &.  Ital.  valenle.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

•  1.  Strong;  vigorous  in  body;  strong  or 
powerful  generally. 

'"The  ticeiit  thereof  ia  somewhat  valiii'it."— Fuller : 
iVorthicii;  Cornwall,  i.  ao6. 

2.  Brave,  courageous,  intrepid,  puissant. 

"  Oodlike  Achilles,  valiunt  as  thou  art" 

C'owper :  Ootner :  lUatl  i. 

3.  Performed  with  valour  or  bravery ;  heroic, 
intrepid. 

"  To  oelelii-nte  the  memory  of  such  a  valiant  com- 
hnt.  "-—MfUoii. 

4.  Noted  for  valour  or  bravery. 

"  For  though  he  bore  a  valiant  name. 
His  heart  was  of  a  timid  frame." 

tl'ordtworth  :  White  Ihif,  ill. 

•  B.  As  s^ihst. :  A  valiant  or  brave  person. 

■'Four  Iiattles  .  .  .  wherein  four  falinnfx  of  D;i\  u! 
H|j\y  four  giauta."— 2  Samuel  xxi,    (Heaiiiiit'J 

*  tSI -iant-ise  (i  as  y),  *  val-yant-ise,  *. 

[Eng.  ialkmt;  -ise.]  Valour,  bravery,  courage. 

"  picks  c^uarrels  for  to  show  Ida  valiantite." 

Up.  Hall :  »ttires.  iv.  4. 

v&l'-iant-ly  (i  as  y),  adv.  [Eng.  valuait: 
'('}/. \  'in  ;t  valiant  manner;  with  valour  or 
bravery ;  bmvely,  courageously. 

"To  liglit  vaJiniitln  in  Uf fence  of  their  religiou."— 
Addison  .  Spectator.  So.  a49. 

'  val'-iant-ness  (i  as  y),  *val-iant- 
nesse^  s.  [Eng.  tmrunit :  -(»^*J.l  Tlie  quality 
(II  >tatf  of  being  valiant;  valour,  biavery, 
intrepidity,  courage. 


'  val-i-aunce,  s.    [VALiANCE.i 

val -id,   ".     [Fr.  validc,  from   Lai.   raUdns  = 
strong,  from  valeo  =  to  be  sti'ong  ;  Sp.,  Port., 
&  Ital.  valido.] 
*  1.  Strong,  powerful,  efficient. 

"  Perh.tiia  more  valid  amies. 
Weapons  more  violent,  when  next  we  meet. 
May  serve  to  better  U3."       ilillon  :  1'.  L..  vi.  X^S,. 

2.  Suppoited  or  grounded  on  actual  fact ; 
Wfll-gidundetl,  sound  ;  capable  of  being  just  i- 
lii-d  or  dtfended  ;  not  weak  or  defective  ;  well- 
based  :  ;ts,  a  vdlul  argument,  a  valid  excuse. 

3.  Ilavini:  sntlicient  le^al  strength  or  force  ; 
good  oi-  sutlicicnt  in  point  of  law  ;  incapable 
of  being  lawfully  overthrown  or  set  aside  ; 
executed  with  the  proper  funnalities;  binding 
in  law. 

"  Boitda  of  rp.oignation  on  demand  have  been  de- 
clared by  the  teinitoral  juilgea  valid."— Hev/ctr :  Vhar-jf 
tv  tke  C'lvrffij  (an.  l~i~i. 

*  vil'-i-date,  v.t.  [Low  Lat.  ralidatus,  pa. 
pat .  of  ralido  =  to  make  strong,  from  L;it. 
raliihts  =  strong.] 

1.  To  make  or  declare  valid  ;  to  confirm. 

"  All  tlje  elections  are  validated."— Standard,  Nov.  11, 
1883. 

2.  To  test  the  validity  of :  as,  To  mlidatv 
votes. 


•  v&l-i-da'-tioil,  '■•■-  [V'r.,  ft-oni  Low  Lat.  valU 
dxtus,  pa.  par.  of  vahdo=  to  validate  (q.v.).j 
The  act  of  giving  validity. 

'•The  validation  of  the  electioua.*— /hiWtf  Telegraph, 

N..V.  U,  1SS5. 

va-lid'-i-ty,  •  va-Ud-i-tie,  s.  [Fr.  validity, 
"from  Lat.  valUlitatcia,  acciis.  of  vaiiditas,  ti'om 
validvs  =  strong,  valid  (q-v.)-] 

•  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  l>eing  strong  ; 
strength,  power. 

"  Piiri>o*«'  is  I*"t  *^''*  slave  to  memory 
Of  violent  birth,  but  T'Oor  tmliditj/." 

Shakctp. :  Hamlet,  iii.  S. 

2.  Strength  or  force  derived  from  resting  on 
or  being  supported  by  fact;  soundness,  just- 
ness, validness  :  as,  the  validity  of  an  argu- 
ment. 

3.  Legal  strength  or  force ;  sufficiency  in 
point  of  law. 

'■  Making  inquiry  iuto  the  validity  of  their  .-uwumed 
title-s,'— Coo*;  Third  Voyoife,  bk.  it.,  ch.  vi. 

•  i.  Value. 

"  No  le83  in  apace,  validity,  and  jde-iaure. 
Than  that  conferred  on  Goneril." 

Shakesp.  :  l^ar.  i.  1. 

val'-id-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  valid ;-hj.]  In  a  valid 
iiiunner  ;  so  as  to  be  valid. 

val- id  -  neSS,  s.  [Eng.  valid  ;  -ness.]  The 
.luality  or  state  of  being  valid  ;  validity. 

va-lxnch'.  ve-lin^he',  5.  [Etym.  doubtful.] 
A  tube  for  drawing  liquors  from  a  cask  by  the 

l.iingliok-. 

va-lise',  *  val-lies. '  val-lise,  s.  [Fr.  valise, 
a  word  of  doubtful  orijiiu  ;  8p.  valija  :  Ital. 
ntiidia.]  A  .small  leather  bag  or  portmanteau 
to  iiold  a  traveller's  equipment  for  short 
journeys,  &c. ;  a  portmanteau. 

"  Sealed  up 
In  the  I'allies  of  my  trust,  locked  chiae  for  ever." 
Ben  Jonion:  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ii.  1. 

Val'-kyr,  Val-kyr'-i-a.  s.    [Icel.  valkyrja, 

from  ra//ir  =  the  slain.] 

Srand.  Myth.  (I'L):  One  of  the  twelve 
nymplis  of  Valhalla.  They  were  armed  and 
mounted  on  fleet  horses,  and  in  the  thick  of 
battle  tliey  selected  those  whom  the  Fates 
had  destined  to  be  slain,  and  conducted  them 
to  Valhalla,  and  served  them  with  mead  and 
ale  in  the  skulls  of  their  enemies.  [Wish- 
maidens.] 

"The  Valkt/rs  are  choosers  of  the  alain:  a  destiny 

inexorable,  which  Itisiisele^  trying  to  bend  orsofteu. 

h;w  !ipi>ointed  who  ia  to  be  s\a.ii\."—Carli/ie  ■  Heroes. 

leL't  1. 

Val-kyr-i-an,  a.  [Valkyr.]  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  the  Valkyrs  (q.v.) 

"  Ourself  have  often  tried 
f'lilkj/rian  hymua."        Tennyson  :  Princess,  iv.  121. 

'val-lan-^y,  s.    [Valancv.] 

*Var-lar,  ".  &  s.  [I^at.  I'altaris,  from  I'aUuvi 
=  a  palisaded  rampart,  from  valliis  =  a  st-ake,  ] 

A,  As  adj, :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  rampart 
or  palisade. 

B,  As  subst. :  A  vallar-crown  (q.v.). 

'■  Garlaudea,  valtnret,  and  muralles. ■'— t'rfrt? ."  Ajtoph. 

of  Krdsmus.  p.  284. 

vallar-crown,  .•;. 

Utmu"  Ant'uj.  :  A  crown  of  gold  pre.sented 
to  the  soldier  who  first  surmounted  a  vallum, 
and  forced  an  entrance  into  an  enemy's  camp. 

val-lar'-is,  s,  [Lat.  T-a;/«m  =  pertaining  to 
ri  iMUipart ;  vallnm^^a  rampart.  So  named 
because  one  species  is  used  in  Java  for  fences- 1 
JJnt. :  A  genus  of  Parsonse*  (q.v.).  Twining 
Indian  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  dicho- 
tomous  interpetiolar  peduncles,  salver-shaped 
corollas  and  follicular  fruit. 

'  val'-lar-y,  a.  [Lat.  vallaris.]  The  same  as 
Vallau  (<i-v.). 

■  val'-la'-tion,  -•;.  [Lat.  vallum  =  a  palisaded 
rampart.]  A  rampart,  an  entrenchmeut,  a 
fortilication. 

"The  raUatioji  south-west  of  Dorchester  in  this 
county."  -  H'^rfo/i .-  Jlist.  Kiddin:;ton,  p.  TO. 

*  val'-la-tor-y,  n.    [Vallation.]    Of  or  per- 

taining to  a  rampart  or  vallum.    (See  extract 
uiuler  ScRll'TORV,  '2.) 

val-le-a,  s.  [Named  by  Mutis  after  Robert 
Valle  of  Rouen.] 

Bot, :  A  genus  of  Eheocarpeie  (q.v.).  Peru- 
vian trees,  with  entire  cordate  leaves,  large 
leafy  stijmles.  five  overlapping  petals,  man\ 
stamens,  and  a  muricate  capsular  ft  uit. 


viU-lec'-n-la.  ■->-.  [Mod.  Lat.  =  Class.  Lat. 
vaUiinda'lq.v.).} 

Anat. :  A  deep  fossa  separating  the  hemi- 
spheres of  the  cerebellum.  {Quain.)  Called 
also  a  Valley. 

V^l-lcr'-i-ite,  i.  [After  the  Swedish  mineral- 
ogist Vallerius  ;  sufT.  -ite  (ilfi«.).l 

Mill. :  A  mineral  of  very  complex  comiMjsi- 
tion,  occurring  as  nodular  masses  in  a  ilark- 
greiniish  limestone  at  Nya  Kopparberg,  Werm- 
land,  Sweden.  Soft,  yitldin;;  to  the  nail,  and 
marking  paper  like  graphite  :  .sp.  gr.  3'14  ; 
colour  resembling  that  of  pyrrhotite;  lustre 
metallic.  From  sevei-al  aualvses  the  foinmla 
2UuSFe-2S3  +  2MgFe.^03  +  4H0  is  deduced, 
which,  as  Dana  suggests,  ajipears  to  be  a  very 
doulitful  coiuiiound. 

val-ley,  *  vale,  *val-cie,  s.  [O.  Fr.  vaiee; 
Fr.  vdllce,  from  val  =  a,  vale  (q.v.);  Ital.  val- 
lata,] 

X.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  hollow  or  depression  in 
the  surface  bounded  by  hills  or  mountains, 
and  generally  traversed  by  a  stream  or  river, 
which  receives  the  drainage  of  the  surround- 
ing heights ;  a  vale. 

"On  the  3rd,  Mr.  Bjuika  set  out  early  in  the  morn- 
iug  witli  aome  Indian  Kuidett,  to  tract;  our  river  up 
the  valley  from  whence  it  iasue.s,  and  examine  how  far 
its  hankd  were  inhahiteiL"— Coo*;  First  Voyage,  bk.  i. 
ch,  xvi. 

%  A  le^'el  tract  of  great  extent  and  tra- 
versed by  two  or  more  rivers  is,  properly 
speaking,  not  a  valley,  but  a  plain  ;  deep, 
narrow  river-eourses  are  more  correctly  desig- 
nated as  gorges,  glens,  i-avines,  4ic. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Anat. :    [Vallecula]. 

2.  Arch. :  The  internal  angle  formed  by  the 
junction  of  two  inclined  sides  of  a  ror>f. 

3.  dcol. :  A  long  depression  or  hollow  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  margined  by  gronnd 
more  or  less  high.  It  may  be  on  a  vast  scale 
of  magnitude,  as  the  bed  of  an  ocean  would  he 
if  upheaved  sufficiently  to  become  land,  or 
it  may  be  comparatively  small  but  broad  as 
a  rscottish  strath ;  or  narrow,  as  what  is 
called  in  that  country  a  glen  or  a  deep  gorge, 
called  by  the  Hpanish-Americans  a  canon. 
It  may  be  surrounded  by  hills,  or  may  con- 
stitute a  depression  crossing  a  country  from 
sea  to  sea.  Valleys  of  .stratification  are  pro- 
duced by  the  decay  and  removal  of  shale 
or  other  soft  rocks,  while  the  less  destruc- 
tible hard  rocks  remain.  Thus  the  lime- 
stones of  the  Oolite  cro.ss  England  diagonally 
in  parallel  lines,  while  the  intervening  shales 
and  clays  have  left  valleys  in  their  place. 
Other  valleys  have  been  excavated  by  rivers 
alone.  Many  valleys  on  low-lying  plains  ad- 
jacent to  the  sea  have  originally  constituted 
river-beds  and  banks,  then  through  a  depres- 
sion of  the  land  the  ocean  has  gained  access 
to  them,  constituting  them  estuaries  ;  thea 
again  upheaval  has  made  tliem  land-valleys. 
Other  valleys  have  constituted  the  beds  of 
old  lakes.  Valleys,  resembling  troughs,  on 
table-lauds  are  in  many  cases  produced  by  the 
flexure  of  strata  laterally,  so  as  to  constitute 
a  series  of  elevations  and  depressions.  A 
small  number  of  valleys  occurring  high  up 
munntaiu-sides  may  constitute  old  craters  of 
eruption. 

Valley  ofdeaUi  tree : 
r.nt. :  The  Upas-tree  (q.v.). 
valley-board,  s. 

Arrh.:  Tlu-  board  tixt'-I  ui>on  the  valley- 
laltcr  for  tin-  leaden  gutter  to  lie  upon. 

valley-rafter,  valley-piece,  s. 

An-h,:  The  rafter  which  siq.p.irts  the 
valley. 

*  val' -ley-let,   .^.     [Eng.  talley;  dimin.  sulT. 

-Icf.\     A  little  v;illey. 

"stifam  ami  \alley.  streamlet  and  valleyltt." — 
Oivriiwood  :  A-ain  ,t-  JUvers  (I8(ili).  p.  ISS. 

V^-lic-U-la,  «.  [Dimin.  from  Lat.  raUis  =  ix 
valley.]  '       * 

Hot.  :  One  of  the  intervals  between  the  ribs 
of  the  fruit  of  Umbellifei-s. 

val-lis-ner -e-ae,  val-lis-ner-i-a -5e-ae, 

N.  pi.      [Mod.    Lat.    luiJIisncria  ;  Lat.    fern.    pi. 
adj.  suff.  -eir,  -iicctf.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Hydrucharidacea',  having 
the  ovary  one-celled. 

val-lis-ner'-i-a,  s.  [Numed  after  Antonio 
Vallisneri  (l(i(>l-IT30),    P'.R.S.,    medical    pro- 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father :   wc,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there ;   pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son ;  mute,  cuh,  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full  •  try.  Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  -=  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


Vallombrosian— valvseform 


4U3 


VALLISNERIA  SPIRALIS. 
1.  Female  Flower.    2.  Mai©  Fluwer. 


fessiir  in  the  University  of  Padua,  and  an 
finliifnt  Italian  botanist.] 

}iot. :  Tlie  typical  genus  of  Vallisnorepe  (q.v.). 
Fresh-wuttT  plants,  with  dia-cioiis  flowiTs. 
Males  on  a  spadix,  corolla  numopctalous,  witli 
three  si'tjnuMits.  Females  singly  in  a  spatln-, 
on  a  spiral  peduncle;  calyx  uionophyllnus, 
coroUa  i>olypetalous,  capsules  one-celled, 
many  -  seeded, 
the  seeds  at- 
tathed  to  a  pa- 
rietal placenta. 
Both  sexes 
gro  w  at  the 
bottom  of  run- 
ning water, 
and  to  effect 
fertilization 
tlie  spiral  jie- 
duiicle  of  ttie 
ffiiiale  rtower 
elevates  it  to 
the  surface  of 
tlie  stream  as 
the  nuile  flow- 
el's  aie  rtoatin; 
past.  There  are 

twii  species,  one,  rnlUsHtria  spiralis,  found  in 
various  w;irm  or  hot  countries,  includiiii;  the 
south  of  Europe  ;  the  other  Australian.  The 
leaves  of  the  tirst  are  beautiful  objects  f.>r 
the  microscope,  as  they  exhibit  the  move- 
ments of  the  fluids  within.  V.  aUernifolia 
(Roxburgh),  a  sub-species  of  V.  spiralis,  is  one 
of  the  plants  used  in  India  meehaiiically  to 
supply  water  to  sugar  when  it  is  being  retined. 

Val-lom-bro -si-an,  ^.    [Xamed  from  V'al- 
hmbrv:ia  in  the 'Apennines.] 
Chmrh  history  {PL): 

1.  A  branch  of  the  Cluniacs  founded  at 
Vallombrosa  in  the  eleventh  century  by  St. 
John  Gnalbert,  and  contiruied  by  Pope  Victor 
II.  in  1053. 

2.  A  reformed  congregation  of  Benedictine 
nuns  established  in  U53. 

vil'-lunit  s.  [Lat.,  from  valhis  =  a  stake.]  A 
rampart ;  a  palisaded  rampart;  a  line  of  en- 
trenchment ;  specif.,  the  rampart  with  which 
the  Romans  surroinided  their  camps.  It  con- 
sistetl  of  two  parts,  the  agger  or  mound  of 
earth,  and  the  sudes  or  palisades,  which 
were  driven  into  the  ground  to  secure  and 
strengthen  it. 

"  The  vaUum  or  ridged  liaiik,  seeming  n  vicinal  way, 
if  not  a  nuiipart,  crossiug  the  IkeuiM-street  withiu 
twr,.  miles  of  Eiieleioe  ami  near  XtifiieUI.  is  called 
Griiuesditch."— U'ltrtuH;  ffisC.  of  Kiddtngton,  p.  55. 

va-16'-ni-a,  s.  [The  Italian  name  for  Quercns 
lEgid'ps.  'From  Mod.  Gr.  ^oAartd  (balaiiin), 
^a)\ai'i6id  (hulanidia)  =  the  Holiii  Oak  or  Scar- 
let oak.     (Malm.)'] 

1.  Hot.:  Agenusof  Hydrogastridre(LiHcf/ei/), 
the  typical  genus  of  Valouiaceje  (Berkehy). 
It  forms  irregular  masses  of  large  cells,  or 
repeatedly  constricted  sacs,  whieh  might  be 
iiiistakeu  for  the  eggs  of  a  mollusc. 

2.  Bot.  <£•  Covim.  :  A  commercial  name  for 
the  large  acorn-cups  of  Quercns  .-Egiloiis. 

va-lo-ni-a'-^e-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  valoni(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acecc.] 

lint.:  Anorderof  Green-sporedAlgie.  Frond, 
runsisting  of  large  bladder-like  cells  tilled 
with  a  green  watery  endnchrome.  Found  in 
the  warmer  seas.     (Berkeky.) 

val  or-ous,  val'-our-ous,  a.  [Fr.  ro- 
leiii'-itx.]  [Valour.]  Brave, courageous, valiant, 
intrepid. 

"  Uatheriug  for^e  and  courage  vctlourvux." 

Spenter:  F.  V..  II.  x.  18. 

val- or- oils -ly,  odv.  [Eng.  valorous;  -Zi/.] 
ill  ;i  valiiiLms  or  valiaut  manner;  valiantly, 
bravely. 

"  Which  they  rHxlntirtmaly  and  stoutly  iwrformed. '— 
Camden:  Hist,  of  i^ueen  Elizabeth  (ati.  I5rj|. 

val'-oiir,  vSl'-dr,  *■.  [O.  Fr.  vaior,  vatur, 
ivr/c7f(:=  worth,  value,  worthiness,  from  Lat. 
i-ahreni,  accus.  of  valor  =  worth,  courage, 
from  valeo  =  to  be  strong,  to  be  worth.) 

*  I.  Value,  worth. 

"The  valour  of  a  peny.'—Sir  T.  More     A  .Vers/  Jest. 

2.  Personal  bravery;  that  quality  whieh 
enables  a  man  to  encounter  danger  with  lirm- 
ness;  courage,  especially  as  regards  fighting; 
intrepidity,  pj-owess. 

"  His  frantic  valor  had  provokeil 
The  death  he  seemed  to  wish  for  Iroiu  tlieir  swords, ' 


•  3,  .\  man  of  valour  ;  a  brave  man. 

"  LeadluK  youuK  valourt.  recklesa  a*  itiyiwll" 

Li/tton:  yjicAWic...  i.  I. 

Viil-SJU'-va,  s.     [Antonio  Maria  Valsalva,  an 
Italian  physician  and  author(10ti6-17"J6).]  I*.] 
«i  .'<iniisi-s  of  Valsalva: 
.■l)i<if. :  Sinuses  of  the  aortic  valves. 
viU'-u-a-ble,  a.  &  *-.    [Fr.]    (Valuk,  «.) 

A.  vis  adjective : 

•  1.  Capable  of  being  valued,  or  of  having 
the  value  estiniattd,  measured,  or  assesst-d. 

■'  Com  modi  ties  are  movables  m/iwiWc  by  mwiiwy.  the 
commou  mcjiaure."— f-ocAo.-  Hate  of  lulerett. 

2.  Having  great  value  or  worth  ;  being  of 
great  value  or  price  ;  precious. 

"We  found  besides  what  waa  much  more  mUiab^r 
than  the  re:it  of  the  cargo."— ^hsou  .■  Voya-jet.  hk.  ii, 
ch.  iv. 

3.  Worthy,  estimable  ;  deserving  of  esteem  : 
as,  a  valuable  companion. 

B.  .Is  suhst. ;  A  thing,  especially  a  small 
tiling,  of  value  ;  a  choice  or  precious  article 
of  personal  property.    (Usually  in  the  plural.) 

"Inclining  to  think  that  he  did  fiteal  theiHtlmtblv*:' 
—  Thiu-keraif :  Roundabout  /•aper$.  xxxii. 
H  I'alitable  signifies  lit  to  be  valued  ;  costly, 
costiwt  much  money.  Valuable  expresses 
the  idea  of  value  directly ;  costly  expresses 
the  same  idea  indirectly  :  on  the  other  hand, 
tliat  which  is  valuable  is  only  said  to  be  fit 
or  deservuig  of  value  ;  but  costly  denotes  that 
which  is  highly  valuable,  according  to  the 
ordinary  measure  of  i-o/ia/ig  objects — that  is, 
by  the  }'rice  they  bear  ;  hence,  the  latter  ex- 
presses the  idea  much  more  strongly  than  the 
former. 

val'-u-a-ble-ness,  .•••.  (Eng.  valuable;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  valuable  ;  worth, 
preciousness. 

"The  vahcabteneu  of  my  principal  aim  may  atone 
f.ir  running  some  little  liiiZtird  ol  giving  wffence.  — 
—lliii/fe:   llorJtj,  iii.  S46. 

val'-u-a-blei^.  s.  pt.    [Valuable,  B.] 
val-u-a -tion,  s.     [Eng.  valu(e) ;  -ation.] 

1.  The  act  of  valuing. 

(1)  The  act  of  assessing,  estimating,  or  fix- 
ing the  value  or  worth  of  a  thing  ;  tlie  act  of 
fixing  the  price  of  a  thing;  appraisement. 

"The  numbering  of  goods  and  piaceb,  thu  falttalion 
of  gocds  and  substance."— i/o/*iwA«i:  IVUliam  tht- 
Vtinqueror  |au.  1084). 

(2)  The  act  of  valuing  or  esteeming  at  the 
true  value  ;  estimation, 

'■  Humility  in  man  consists  not  iu  denying  any  gift 
that  is  in  him.  but  iu  a  just  valuation  of  il."—Iiay 
O'l  ttia  Creation. 

2.  The  value  or  price  set  on  a  thing ;  esti- 
mated value  or  worth. 

"  Since  of  your  lives  you  set 
So  slight  a  valuation.'      Shakeip. :  Cymbeline,  iv.  4. 

•  3.  Value,  worth. 

"The  mines  lie  uulaboored  and  of  uo  valuation. " — 
UacMuijt:  Voyages,  ni.  ^6^. 

vai-U-a-tor,  .«.  [Eng.  valu{e):  -ntor.]  One 
who'assesses  or  fixes  the  value  of  a  thing  ;  an 
appraiser. 

"  I  am  therefore  at  a  loss  what  kind  of  valuators  the 
hishopa  win  make  use  oi."—Sufi/t :  Cons,  upon  Two 
Sill*. 

val'-ue,  *  val~ew,  s.  [O.  Fr.  value,  prop, 
feiii.  of  L'idu,  pa.  par.  of  valoir  =  to  be  worth  ; 
Lat.  caleo.] 
I.  Ordinary  Lang luige: 
1.  Worth  ;  that  property  or  those  properties 
of  a  thing  which  make  it  useful,  estimable,  or 
valuable  ;  the  degree  of  such  property  or  pi  u- 
perties ;  utility,  importance. 

"  An  island  much  superior  to  Teneriffe  both  in  hulk 
and  value.'— Davipier  :  Voyages  (an.  1699(. 

"  2.  Valour,  prowess. 

"  Therfor  the  duke  him  dight.  as  man  of  grete  vultte 
Ruberd    Beleyse   witli    myghl.    tlie   »ege    thei    weml 
remue."  id^hert  de  Brunm,  j».  1'"' 

3.  Account,  estimation,  importance,  wortli. 
(Said  of  persons.) 

"Ye  are  of  more  value  thau  many  sparrows."— 
Matthew  x.  »l. 

4.  Estimate  of  the  worth  of  a  thing  ;  valua- 
tion ;  appreciation  of  worth. 

"Green  talc,  upon  wliich  they  set  a  high  value."— 
Cook  :  First  Voyage,  bk.  ;i.,  ch.  X. 

5.  Price  equivalent  to  the  intrinsic  worth 
of  a  thing;  equivalent. 

"  Ui9  deslgu  was  nut  to  pay  him  the  value  of  his 
]>icture3,  because  they  were  anove  any  price."— />r.vJ''". 

6.  Market  price  ;  the  price  for  which  a 
thing  is  sold  or  which  it  will  fetch ;  amount 
obtainable  for  a  thing :  as,  The  value  of  a 
tiling  is  what  it  will  fetch. 


7.  Im|>ort,  signification  :  a^,  the  value  of  a 
woi-d  or  phrase. 

•  8.  Esteem,  regard. 

'■  My  rri/ii*  for  htm  no  gTrhV—Burntt.    (n'tttsler.i 
II.  Te>hnkfjlly  : 

1.  Mu.^ic:  The  relative  lenpth  or  duratimi 
of  a  tone  or  note:  as,  A  semibrevc  is  of  the 
value  of  two  minims,  or  four  erotcliets,  or 
eight  qimvers,  &c.  . 

2.  Polit.  Econ. :  The  value  of  any  economic 
quantity  is  any  oHier  economic  quantity  for 
which  it  can  he  exchanged.  (McLtod.)  Worth 
as  estimated  by  the  power  of  purehasinf; 
or  being  exchanged  for  other  commodities; 
the  command  which  the  possession  of  a 
thing  gives  over  purchasable  eommodilies 
in  general.  I'alue  ditleis  from  price,  in  thut 
the  latter  always  expresses  tlie  value  of  a  thing 
in  relation  to  money. 

"  Economitita  make  a  dlatinctton  between  thing* 
tliat  hiive  a  value  in  use.  mid  thow-  which  liiive  a  p«i/ho 
in  exchange.  There  ni*  many  tliinpi— sume  materltd, 
some  immaleriiil— which  are  very  viihiiilile  in  uks,  Imt 
..f  little  viiiui-  in  t-xchaiige  ;  such  us  iiir,  wuter.  wild 
riowers,  friendship,  love,  wise.  These  things,  either  on 
account  ol  their  nhundance,  or  iM-ciiUKe  they  nre  not 
susceptible  u(  mejwnremeiit  and  Iniiisler,  Imve  little 
value  set  upon  them  lii  the  market-  of  the  world,  yd 
they  are  .  .  .  highly  vidued  for  thn  sake  of  the  enjoy- 
meiit  which  the  use  of  them  ntroril*.  .  .  .  Vnhie  in 
use  dejieiids  mainly  on  the  feelings  of  those  who  use 
the  things  so  valued.  V„tu,-  in  exchange,  while  hirgely 
dependent  on  these  feelings,  is  nl.-.o  Rreiitly  .iffecte.l  by 
qualities  in  the  things  themselves:  siuh  aascjtrclty, 
dimculty  of  att-unnient.  BUHcei.libilily  of  meacure- 
laeutand  ti-ansfer.  the  l.'diour  mid  hklll  embodied  In 
them:— liithelt :  Counting  House  Dictionary. 

vlil'-ue.  v.t.    [Value,  s.] 

•  f.  To  be  worth. 

"  The  peace  between  the  French  and  us  not  ralun 
The  coat"  Shakesp. :  Henry  I'll/..  L  I. 

2.  To  estimate  the  value  or  worth  of;  ta 
rate  or  assess  at  a  certain  price  ;  to  appraise. 

"If  lie  lie  poorer  than  thy  e«timation.  the  pticrt 
shall  value  hiio."~ L»viticus  xxviL  8. 

3.  To  estimate  or  esteem  ;  to  rate,  whether 
high  or  low. 

"  The  king  must  t-dce  it  ill : 
So  alightly  valued  is  his  messenger." 

Sbake^p.  :  Lear,  ii.  2. 

4.  To  rate  at  a  high  price  ;  to  hold  in  high 
esteem ;  to  set  a  high  value  on  ;  to  prize ;  to 
appreciate  highly;  to  hold  iu  respect  and 
estimation. 

"Which  of  the  dukes  he  values  most." 

S/uikesp. :  Lear.  i.  I, 

'  5.  To  reckon  or  estimate  in  regaid  to 
numbers  or  power  ;  to  reckon  at. 

"  The  queeu  is  valued  thirty  thoumind  strong." 

Shakcsp. :  ;J  Henry  VI.,  v.  3. 

•  6.  To  take  account  of. 

*'  If  a  man  l>e  in  sickness,  the  time  will  seem  longer 
without  a  clock  than  with  :  for  the  miud  doth  valu* 
every  moment"— fl«co*i. 

•  7.  To  conujare  with  respect  to  price  or 
excellence. 

"  It  cannot  be  valued  with  the  gold  of  Ophir."— /o4 
xxviii.  16. 

*8.  To  give  value  to;  to  mi.se  to  estimation- 
to  cause  to  have  value,  real  or  apparent ;  to 
enhance  in  value  or  wi>rtli. 

"Some  value  themselves  to  their  country  by  Jea- 
lousies of  the  ctoviu."— Temple. 

•  9.  To  appraise  or  reiiresent  as  having 
plenty  of  money  or  possessions. 

"Scrivener*  and  brokers  iXn  value  vui9ouiid  men  to 
serve  their  own  turn,"— fliicoii. 

Val'-UCd,  pa.  par.  &  n.     [Vai,i*e,  v.] 

aI  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb)- 
B.  As  adj.:  Esteemed;  highly  estimated; 
regarded  as  of  higli  value  ;  as,  a  valiud  friend. 

valued  policy,  ^^.    [Policy  (2),  s.,  1.] 

v&l'-ne-less,  *  val-ue-lessCp  a.  [Eng. 
value';  -kss.]  lieing  of  ip'  value;  having  no 
value  ;  worthless. 

"A  counterfeit 
Bcsembliiig  majesty  :  which,  Umchd  and  tried. 
Proves  valueless."  .-ihuKvsp.:  Kittg  John,  iii.  I. 

V&l'-U-er,  y.     [Eng.  vaht(e):  -er.] 

1.  One  who  values;  an  appraise!-. 

"  The  new  valuer  came  round  to  a-Hsess  the  laud- "— 
Field.  Feb.  11,  ISStf. 

2.  One  who  holds  in  esteem. 

"Great  viiluers  ot  tlieir  skill."— S^>.  Taylor:  Ser- 
vijtis.  vol.  i.,  Mr.  35. 

*  v&l'-ure,  s.  [O.  Fr.  valor,  vulur,  valeur  = 
value,'worth,  worthiness,)    Value,  worth. 

"  Uis  desert  and  ralure  In  writing.  "—//o/in«A«i  ■ 
Descripl.  Ireland,  ch,  vii. 

vil'-vae-form,  a.    (Lat.  mlva,  and/onna  = 

a  form.)     [Vaiak,  y.) 
Hot. :  Shaped  like  a  valve.    (Paxton.) 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  ^hiii,  ben^h;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect.  Xenophon.  e^ist.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;    tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  d^L 


404 


valvasor— vampire 


•  val  va-aor,  s.    (Vavasok.) 

vil  va  ta,  '.    iFem.  sing,  of  Lat.  valv<itns  = 

iiiivini;  loiaiuis'  ilooi-s.] 

Zwl.  d  I'ah-ont. :  ViUve-shell ;  a  genus  of 
Pftliuliiiitlu-.  with  -eiglitevn  rei-ent  specifs, 
from  Britain  iiud  Nortli  America.  Sliell  tur- 
hiiiftteil  ordiBi'oiiltil,  umbiliwited  ;  opcrcuUun 
lioniy,  multispiral.  Animal  with  a  proauccU 
muzzle ;  tentncles  lung  and  slender,  eyes  at 
their  nuter  bases  ;  lingual  teeth  broad,  lliere 
are  nineteen  fussil  species,  from  the  Weaiden 
unward. 

vilv'-ate,  a.    (Valvata.) 

*  1.  Onl.  Lang. :  Ha\ing  or  resembling  a 
valve;  serving  as  a  valve;  consisting  of 
valves. 

2.  D'ytmiif : 

(I)  Applied  to  each  other  by  the  margins 
oiilv,  as  the  petals  of  VmbcUifene,  or  the 
valves  of  a  capsule.  Used  chietly  of  verna- 
tinii  :ind  ajstivatimi.  The  Mallow  order  of 
plants  have  valvate  ivstivation. 

(i2)  Opening  like  a  valve.    {Paxton.) 

valve,  s.  [Fr.  =  a  folding-door,  from  Lat. 
vtilca,  sing,  of  valvo:  =  the  leaves  nf  a  folding- 
door  ;  allied  to  volvo  =  to  roll,  to  turn  round.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  One  of  the  leaves  of  a  folding-door. 
'■  OiJtniiig  their  valves.  aeK-uiovVl  on  either  side, 

The  HdiuiiRUtine  duoi-s  exyaudeti  wirte." 

JIarlv.    ITodd.) 

*  2.  (H.):  A  folding-door. 

'•  lu  ev'ry  tower, 
Stroug  valves  and  aolld  shall  afford  free  pass." 

Cotoper:  Somer ;  Iliaavii. 

II.  TechnkuHy: 

1.  Anat. :  A  fold  or  elongation  of  the  lining 
membrane  of  canals,  preventing  the  reflux  of 
their  contents,  as  in  the  intestines,  blood- 
vessels, aud  absorbents. 

2.  Botany  (PL): 

(1)  The  pieces  constituting  a  bract  in 
gi-asses. 

(2)  Tlie  two  longitudinal  portions  of  an  an- 
ther after  dehiscence  of  the  normal  kind  has 
taken  place. 

(3)  The  portions  into  which  certain  fruits 
separate  after  dehiscence,  spec,  the  divisions 
of  a  capsule. 

3.  Mach.  :  A  lid,  cover,  leaf,  ball,  box,  disc, 
plug,  or  plate,  lifting,  o.-icillating,  rotating,  or 
sliding  in  connection  with  a  port  or  aperture, 
so  as  to  permit  or  prevent  the  passage  of  a 
fluid  through  the  port  which  itguards.  Valves 
iue  of  several  classes,  and  the  most  important 
lire  described  in  this  Dictionary  under  their 
distinctive  names,  as,  Cup-valve,  Safety-valve 
(q.v.),  &c.  J 

4.  Zool.  :  A  portion  of  a  Shell  complete  in 
itself.  In  a  great  many  of  the  MoUusca 
proper  the  shell  consists  of  a  single  piece, 
and  they  are  called  Univalves.  In  many 
otiiers  the  shell  consists  of  two  separate 
plates  or  valves,  and  these  are  called  Bivalves. 
In  others,  again,  as  in  the  Chiton,  the  sliell 
consists  of  more  than  two  pieces,  aud  is  said 
to  be  multivalve.  Most,  however,  of  the 
mnltivalve  shells  of  older  writers  are  in  reality 
refenible  to  tlie  Cirripedia.    (Nicholson.) 

valve -bucket,  s.  A  bucket  provided 
with  a  vahe  ;  the  bucket  or  sucker  of  a  pump. 

valve-cage,  s.    [Cage,  s.,  II.  2] 

valve-cock,  s. 

il'ich. :  A  form  of  faucet  in  which  the 
closure  of  the  juissage  is  by  a  valve  on  a  seat. 

valve -coupling,  s. 

Mark.:   A  pipe-coupling  which  includes  a 

valve-pUte. 

valve-gear,  s. 

Stenm-eng.  :  The  system  of  parts  by  which 
a  valve  is  worked. 

valve-seat.  s.    [Seat,  s.,  II.  l.] 

valve-shell,  s.    [Valvata.] 

valve-stem,  s.    [Stem,  s.,  II.  2.) 

valve-tailed  bat,  s. 

Zool.:  Did'uhtrns  albvs,  a  native  of  Brazil. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  wliitish  colour,  and 
tlie  presence  of  a  curious  horny  ease,  com- 
posed of  two  parts,  which  covers  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  tail,  and  is  attached  to  the 
upper  surface  of  the  interfemoral  membrane, 
^vhence  its  popular  and  i;eneric  names. 


v^lved,  ('.    [Kitg.  lahic):  -u/.i 

1.  OriL  Land.:  Having  valves  or  hinges; 
composed  of  valves. 

2.  Jiot. :  Consisting  of  valves  or  seed-cell3  ; 
valvular. 

'  vfilve'-let,  s.  [Bng.  valve ;  dimin.  suff.  -kt.] 
A  liltlL-  viilvf  ;  a  valvule. 

val-VU-lar,  «-     [Kng.  wlimK,c);  sufl".  -ar.] 

/;-.f.";  Tlie  same  as  Valveh  (<|.v.). 

valvular-dissepiments,  s.  v^- 

Hot. :  Partitions  in  the  centre  of  valves. 

valvular-pyramid,  *•- 

Zool. :  A  series  of  small  plates,  arranged  in 
a  pyramidal  manner,  which  close  a  large 
aperture  in  the  calyx  of  Cystideans. 

val-vule,  val-vu-la,  s.  [Eng.  &  Mod. 
Lat.  d'imin.  of  valva=t\ni  leaves  of  tolding- 
doors,  valves. J 

•  I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  little  valve. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  :  A  small  valve  ;  a  doubling  of  the 
veins  and  lymphatic  vessels  designed  to  arrest 
the  flow  of  the  blood  when  it  regurgitates. 
As  they  are  in  pairs,  opposite  to  each  other, 
they  close  the  cavity  of  the  vessel. 

2.  Bot.  iPl.) :  The  bracts  of  a  sedge. 

vil'-yl,  s.     [Eng,  valieric);  -yl.] 

Chet'i. :  Kolbe's  name  for  Tetryl  or  Butyl 
(q.v.).     (Watts.) 

val'-yl-ene,  s.    [Eng.  valyl ;  -e/ic] 

C/ie77t. ;  C5H6.  A  liquid  possessing  an  alli- 
aceous odour,  prepared  from  isovalerylene 
dibromide  by  boiling  with  alcoholic  imtash. 
It  is  insoluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol,  lioils  at  50",  and  gives  a  yellow 
I'recipitate  with  an  ammoniacal  solution  of 
copper. 

"vam'-bra5e,  *vam- brass,  "^vant- 
brace,  *vant-brass,  a.     [Fr.  avant-hras, 

from  avant  —  \»:- 
fore,  and  hms  —  the 
arm.  ] 

Old  Ann.  :  Tlie 
portion  of  armour 
which  covered  the 
arm  from  the  elbow 
to  the  wrist.  It 
originally  protected 
only  the  outside  of 
the  forearm,  being 
buckled  to  the 
sleeve  of  the  hau- 
berk, or  fastened  to  the  hinges  on  the  rings  of 
mail ;  afterwards  it  was  a  complete  tube,  with 
hinges  to  encircle  the  arm.    (FairhoU.) 

•'  The  vambrass  or  the  pouldroB  thev  should  prize." 
Drayton  :  Battle  "/  Agincourt. 

'  vam' -braced,  a.    [Eng.  vamhrac{e);  -ed.] 

Her.  :  Ai'med  with  a  vambraee. 

va-mo6se'  va-mose,  v.i,&i  t.  [Sp.  vaMQs=. 
let  us  go.] 

A.  liitrans. :  To  decamp ;  to  be  gone ;  to 
beotr. 

"  I  finished  the  sicn  and  then  vavionsed.'—ScHbiter's 
Magazine,  Aug..  188ij,  p.  610. 

B.  Trails. :  To  decamp  from. 

"  My  precious  partners  had  vamosed  the  much," — 
ScribnePs  Magazine,  Kov.,  1878,  p.  82. 

v^mp,  *  vampe, ""  vaumpe,  "  vauntpe,  s. 

[A  corrupt,  of  Fr.  avant-picd  =  the  ])art  of 
the  foot  next  to  the  toes,  from  auant  =  before, 
and  pied  =  the  foot.] 

I.  Lit. :  The  part  of  a  boot  or  shoe  upper  in 
front  of  the  ankle  seams. 

"  Hosea  withutcu  vaiimpei."  —Ancrcn  Jiiwlc.  p.  420. 

II.  Figuratively: 

1.  Any  piece  or  patch  intended  to  give  a 
new  appearance  to  any  old  thing ;  a  piece 
added  for  appearance  sake. 

2.  An  improvised  musical  accompaniment. 

vaJnp  (1),  v.t.  &  I.     [Vamp,  s.] 
A.  Transitiix: 

I.  Lit.  :    To    put   a    new  vamp  or  upper 
leather  on. 
IL  Figuratively : 

1.  To  furbish  up  ;  to  give  a  new  appearance 
to. 

"Tradition  and  au  old  pamphlet  (newly  vamped 
■with  two  ailditioua)  make  him  a  great  clothier." — 
Fuller:  Worthies;  Wiltshire. 


VAMERACE. 


2.  To  improvise  a  musical  accompanimei.t 
to. 

"As  soon  as  I  conld  get  in  to  vamp  the  tunes  on  tht? 
Imujoa  little."— J/dr/ftcu'.-  Lmidon  Labour  *  Loudon 
Poor.  iii.  301. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  improvise  musical  accom- 
paniments. 

"How  to  vamf)  to  songs,  chords,  &c." — Pall  Malt 
GateUe.  Jan.  31,  1866.     (Advt.) 

*  vamp  (2),  v.i.  [Etyui.  doubtful.]  To  travel, 
to  proceed  ;  to  move  forward. 

vamp'-er,  s.     [Eng.  vamp  (l),  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  vamjis ;  one  who  patches  or 
pieces  old  things  with  snmething  new. 

2.  One  who  vamps  musical  accompaniments. 

vSjn'-per,  v.i.  [A  nasalized  form  of  vapour 
(q  v.).  j    To  vapour  or  swagger.    (Scotch.) 

vS-m'-pire,  5.  &  a.  [Fr.,  fjom  Ger.  vampyr, 
from  ?Serv.  wamper,  wampira;  Pol.  upior ; 
Russ.  upir  =a  vampire.] 

A.  As  siibstantive : 

I.  Literally : 

1.  A  kind  of  nocturnal  demon,  supposed  to 
eat  out  the  hearts  and  souls,  or  suck  the  blood 
of  its  victims.  This  superstition  hud  its  rise 
in  the  desire  of  savage  animism  to  account 
for  the  fact  that  certain  patients  are  seen  be- 
coming, day  by  day,  without  any  apparent 
cause,  thill,  weak,  and  bloodless,  and  is  found 
among  the  Karens,  in  Polynesia,  and  in  the 
Malay  Peninsula.  But  it  is  in  Slavonia  and 
Hungary  that  these  demon  bloodsuckers  have 
their  special  home,  and  it  is  from  these  coun- 
tries that  their  name  of  "  vampire  "  is  de- 
rived. According  to  Tylor,  there  are  two 
theories  of  vampirism.  The  first  is,  that  the 
soul  of  a  living  man,  usually  a  sorcerer,  leaves 
its  own  body  and  goes  forth,  iu  the  visible 
shape  of  a  straw  or  a  piece  of  fluft',  and  attacks 
its  sleeping  victim.  Should  the  sleeper  awake 
aud  clutch  the  embodied  soul,  he  may  through 
it  have  his  revenge  by  maltreating  or  de- 
stroying its  bodily  owner.  The  second  theory 
is  that  the  soul  ol  a  dead  man  goes  out  from 
its  buried  corpse  to  suck  the  blood  of  living 
men.  The  corpse,  thus  supplied  by  its  re- 
turning soul  with  blood,  is  believed  to  remain 
unnaturally  fresh,  supple,  and  ruddy;  and, 
accordingly,  the  means  of  detecting  a  vampire 
is  to  open  the  grave,  when  the  reanimated 
corpse  will  be  found  to  blrfed  when  cut,  and 
even  to  move  aud  shriek.  One  way  to  lay  a 
vampire  is  to  stake  down  the  corpse  (as  with 
suicides,  and  with  the  same  intention) ;  but 
the  more  etlectual  plan  is  to  behead  and  burn 
it.     (Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1S73),  ch.  xv.) 

"Vampires  are  not  lueve  creations  of  giouudless 
fancy,  but  causes  ronceived  iu.  spiritual  funii  to  ac- 
cuiiiit  lor  si>ecific  f.icts  of  wasting  disease."—  Tutor: 
Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  157^).  ii.  122. 

2.  The  same  as  Vampire-eat  (q.v.). 

II.  Fig. :  One  who  preys  on  othei-s  ;  an  ex- 
tortioner or  bloodsuckoi*. 

■•  There  are  the  vampires  of  the  publick  and  riflera 
of  the  kingdom."— /"urmuH.-  On  Keool.  in  lGe&  (V7*l), 
p.  U. 

B,  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  vampire; 
resembling  a  vampire  in  character;  hence, 
fig.,  blood-sucking,  extortionate. 

"  Ther«  is  a  whole  literature  of  hideous  vampire 
stories,  which  the  reader  will  lind  elaborately  discussed 
in  Calmet."— 7'j//ur  ■  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  lST3f.iL  IM. 

vampire-bat,  s. 

Zoology : 

*  1.  A  name  formerly  given  to  Vampyrus 
spectrnvi. 

"  The  vampi7-e-lat  ia  a  native  of  Southern  America, 
and  ia  spread  over  ii  large  extent  of  countiy.  It  is  not 
a  very  laife  animal,  the  leugth  of  its  body  and  tail 
being  ouly  six  inches,  or  xjerna^s  seven  in  very  large 
specimens,  aud  the  spread  of  wnig  two  feet  or  rather 
more.  The  colour  of  the  vampire's  fur  is  a  mouse 
tint,  with  a  shade  of  brown,"-  Wood  ;  IlUis.  yut. 
Hist.,  i.  lU. 

2.  Any  species  of  the  group  Desmodontes, 
consisting  of  two  genera,  each  represented  by 
a  single  species.  They  ditler  from  all  other 
bats  ill  the  character  of  dentition,  the  upper 
incisors  being  very  large,  trenchant,  and  oc- 
cuining  the  whole  "space  between  the  canines  ; 
prei'iiolars  very  narrow,  with  sharp-edged 
longitudinal  crowns ;  molars  rudimentary  or 
none ;  (esophagus  very  narrow  :  cardiac  ex- 
tremity of  stomach  greatlyelongated,  forming 
a  long,  narrow  ciecum.  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  lSli5, 
p.  3S9.)  The  species  are  sanguivorous,  and 
cling  by  their  extremities  to  the  body  of  the 
animal'whose  blood  they  may  be  sucking. 

"The  Vampire  Bat  is  often  the  cause  of  much 
trouble  by  hitins  the  horses  «>«  their  withers.  The 
injury  is  generally  not  so  much  owing  to  the  loss  of 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    S3.  c©  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  itw. 


vampirism— Vandal 


405 


blood.  Its  to  the  iiift.iiiiiiiatt4u  which  thv  presaureot 
the  saJdle  :tlter^'»n]d  nrodiicws.  The  wtiolv  clrcuni- 
itauces  liityu  lately  been  iloitbtetl  in  EiikIuikI.  I  wiw 
thfreiiTL-  jovtuunte  lu  beiiii;  preseut  wlivii  one  (/^ir- 
tiiMliis  tii-ftii^nyi,   W.itj    waa  nt:tii.'illy   cuught    ou  » 


\  ,\MflKf:-EAT. 
(With  akull,  ehoniu^  Lnrge  iaciaors.) 

horse's  Inck.  We  were  bivouacking  late  one  evening 
ueiir  Coqulinbo.  in  Chili,  uhru  my  sen'ADt,  iiuticiiiu; 
thut  une  of  the  hiin»tf->  was  \  cry  restive,  went  to  se<; 
whdfrwjis  the  matter,  .uhI.  f:iui'yiiiL'  he  cuiild  detfft 
something,  suiiiieiily  imt  hi,-,  hnml  on  the  beiist'a 
withers,  iiml  secured  tlie  \'.iiii[>ire  —iMricin  :  Xalu- 
rnlist's  Vo</-fje{eii.  IS:,-',  y.  u.. 

v^ixn  pir-if m,  'vani-pyr-ism(yras"ir), 

s.     [Eng.  vampir(€)  :  -ism.] 
I.  LitentUy : 

1.  Belief  in  the  existence  of  vampires ;  the 
theory  of  the  existence  of  vampires. 

"  The  horrible  theory  of  ptmpf/rism  is  that  persons 
who  hnve  been  victims  of  it  pasa,  after  death,  from 
the  paasive  into  the  active  sUite,  and  become  vdm- 
pirea  in  their  turn.'— /AnYy  Tdeyraph,  Feb.  14,  1888. 

2.  The  action  of  a  vampire ;  blood-sucking. 
n.  Fi>}. :  The  practice  of  extortion,  or  prey- 
ing on  others. 

"  Treasnn,  delusion,  rampyrism,  scoumlrelism." — 
C'irfi/lr:  frinch  lUeol.,  \iX,  ii.,  bli,  iii..  th.  it. 

vam -plate,   'vam-plet,  'vam-palt,  s. 

[Fr.  ()m?t(-j)/n(  =  front  or  fore-plate.]     [Vam- 

BKACE-l 

Old  Ann. :  A  singular  shield  of  metal,  which 
wns  affixed  to  the  lance  of  tlie  armed  knight 
in  tilts  and  tourneys  as  a  guard  <jr  shield  over 
theliand.  {Fairholt.)  By  some  authorities  con- 
sidered synonymous  with  vambrace  (q.v.). 

"Ainphialua  was  nm  throuyb  the  mmplate."  — 
Sidney:  Ari:adia,  bk.  iii. 

vam-pyr-i,  .<.  jiL    [Vampyhus.] 

Zool.  :  A  ^roup  of  Bats,  sub.fiimily  Phyllo- 
stomina',  with  thirteen  genera,|from  the  Neo- 
tiopical  region.  Mnzzle  long  and  narrow  in 
front ;  distance  between  the  eyes  generally 
less  than  distance  frnui  the  eye  to  extremity 
of  muzzle  :  nose-leaf  well  developed,  horse- 
shoe-shaped in  front,  lanceolate  behind ;  inter- 
fenioral  membrane  well-developed  ;  tail  gene- 
rally distinct.  Nearly  Jill  the  species  appear 
to  be  insectivorous,  so  that  the  name  ajiplicd 
t(i  this  gi'uup  cannot  be  considered  indicative 
f'f  their  habits.  A  few.  if  not  all,  probably 
supplt-inent  their  insect  diet  with  fruit. 

vam-pyr'-ops,  >■•  [Mod.  Lat.  vajmj[)yr{us\  and 
Gr.  ot/<  (Nj'N)  =  the  conntetiance.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  ofStenodermata,  with  three 
species,  from  the  Mexican  and  Brazilian  sub- 
regions. 

vam-pyr'-iis,  5.  [A  name  suggested  to 
Gei)ihMy,  and  adopted  by  Spix,  from  the  sup- 
po.sed  bloud-sucking  habits  of  the  genus.] 

Zool.:  The  type-genus  of  the  group  Vam- 
pyri  (q.v.),  with  twu  species,  from  the  Neo- 
tropical legion.  There  are  two  species  :  Vavi- 
pyrus  spertriim,  about  eight  inehes  long,  com- 
monly called  the  Vampire-bat,  and  erioneously 
said  to  be  sanguivorous,  the  observations  of 
modern  travellers  having  shown  that  it  feeds 
on  fruit  and  insects  ;  and  I',  auritus,  a  some- 
what .-.mailer  bat. 

*va-inure,  ^•.    [Vantmure.] 

van  (1),  s.  [All  abbrev.  of  vangvard,  rant- 
'j>'(trd,  i-aU7itg2Mrd,  or  a  runt -ijarde  .'from  O.Fr. 
avant-v:ardc,  avant-yarde  =  the  vanguard  of 
an  army,  fiom  avant  (Lat.  ubante)  =  frum  in 
front,  and  ffarde  =  ground.] 
'  1.  The  front  generally. 

*'  Sir  Roger,  you  shall  have  the  van." 

Beaum.  ^  FUt. :  Scorti/iU  Lady,  v. 

2.  The  front  of  an  army;  the  front  line  or 
foremost  division  of  a  fleet,  either  sailing  or 
drawn  up  in  line  of  battle. 

"  I  flyht  conspicu-^.tig  in  the  van  of  wnv." 


vSn   (2),   *vaiine,   s.     iPr.  van,  from  Lat. 
vanmun,  aecus.  of  vannus  —  a  fan.]    [Fan,  s.] 
*  1.  A  fan  or  other  contrivance  fur  winnow- 
ing  gram. 

"  Thu  other  token  of  their  i^omnce  of  the  Aen  wiu 
an  oar ;  they  aiU  it  ft  com  van."— Broome ;  On  the 
Odymey. 

2.  A  shovel  used  in  silting  ore.  A  peculiar 
rocking  motion,  called  Vanning,  is  given  to 
the  shovel,  separating  the  ore -powder  into 
grades  of  varying  gravity. 

"S.  Awing. 

"ITheyl  .  .  .  with  hldeouH  flapping  nam 
Clove  the  thick  air.  and  Kli^red  wtth  great  round 
eyes."  Btackic  :  Lays  of  UiglUandx,  p.  36. 

van  (3),  .■*.     [An  abbrev.  oi  caravan  (q.v.).] 
\.  A  large  covered  waggon  or  carriage  ;  a 
caravan. 

2.  A  kind  of  veliicle  sometimes  open  and 
sometimes  shut,  used  by  tradesmen  and  others 
for  carrying  light  goods,  &c. 

3.  A  carriage  attached  to  a  railway  train  for 
carrying  passengers'  luggage,  parcels,  &c., 
ami  fur  the  accommodation  of  the  guard. 

van   (1),  *vanne,  v.t.      [I'r.  vanner.]    IVan- 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  winnow,  to  fan.  (Cot- 
grave.) 

"Thecom  which  in  panninylieth  lowest  is  the  beat" 
—Bacjn  :  Nat.  Hist..  §  671. 

2.  Min. :  To  cleanse,  as  a  small  portion  of 
ore,  by  means  of  a  shovel.     [Van  (2),  s.,  '2.] 

van  (2),  v.t.  [Van  (3),  s.]  To  carry,  convey, 
or  transport  in  a  van. 

Van'-a-date,  s.  [Eng.  vanad(ic) :  suff.  -ate.] 
Chem.  £  Min. :  A  salt  of  vanadic  acid  (q.v.). 
^  Vanadate  of  Copper  =  Volborthite  ;  Vana- 
date of  Lead  =  Desdoisite,  Vanadinite  ;  Vana- 
date of  Lead  and  Copper  =  Chileite  ;  Vanadate 
of  Lead  and  Zinc  =  Ikdienite,  EusynchiU;  Van- 
adate of  Lime  and  Copper  =  Limc-volbortliite. 

va-nad'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  lunatliinm) :  -ic]  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  vanadium  (q.v.). 

vanadic-acid,  6\ 

Chem.:  HVO;j.  Hydrated  vanadic  oxide. 
Obtained  by  heating  a  solution  of  an  anhydro- 
van;tdate  of  an  alkali  metal.  It  forms  a  bulky 
tiorruhtit  precipitate,  which  dries  up  to  a 
liylit  Itinvvn  red  powder.  It  is  a  weak  acid, 
and  ci'iiihiiies  more  readily  with  bases  than 
with  acids  forming  vanadates. 

vanadic -ochre,  s. 

.V^".  :  A  jiulvcrulent  mineral  found  encrust- 
ing native  copper  at  the  Clitl'  Mine.  Lake 
Superior.     Compos.  :  vanadic  acid,  VoOs. 

van'-a-din,  y.    [Vanadium.] 

vanadin-augite,  t:. 

Mill.  :  The  .sanit-  as  Lavroffite  (q.v.). 
vanadin-bronzite,  ^'. 

Min.  :  A  lirunzite  said  to  contain  vanadic 

acid. 

van  -  ad' -  in  -  ite,  .■;.  [Eng.  j'anadi(uvi):  n 
connect.,  and  suit.  -ite(Minl);  Ger.  vanadinit, 
vanadinbleierz,  vanadinblfisiHtth.] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  mostly  in  simple 
hexagonal  prisms,  but  .sometimes  with  other 
forms.  Hardness,  27  to  3  ;  ap.  gr.  6'6t323  to 
7"23  ;  lustre,  resinous  ;  colour,  light  brownish- 
yellow,  straw  yellow,  reddish-brown  ;  bright 
red  ;  streak,  wliite  to  yellowish  ;  sub-trans- 
lucent to  opaque  ;  fracture,  uneven,  brittle  ; 
Cnmpos.  :  vanadate  and  chloride  of  li'ad,  with 
the  formula 3Pb;f(V04)o-fPbClj.  Is.miui  phmis 
with  pyromorphite.  Recently  found  in  beauti- 
ful crystals  of  a  bright  red  colour  in  Colorado. 

van-ad'-i-o-lite,  s.  [Eng.  i-anadi(uni);  o 
connect.,  and  Gi-.  Ai^o?  (lit/j)s)  —  a  stone.] 

Min. :  Asoniewhat  doubtful  mineral  species ; 
occurs  in  small  crystals  with  lavrotfite  at 
Sludiauka.  Lake  Baikal,  Asiatic  Riissia.  Sp. 
gr.  3'9(} ;  colour,  dark  green  to  black  ;  lustre, 
vitreous.  An  analysis  yielded  Heniumn,  silica, 
irrOI  ;  alununa,  I'lO  ;  protoxide  of  iron,  I*4f) ; 
lime,  34*43 ;  magnesia,  2*61 ;  vanadic  acid, 
44-S.5  =  loo,  the  formula  for  which  he  gives  as 
3U0Si0.j  -f  (jCaO,(V04  -f-  2VO5). 

van'-a-dite,  s.     [Vanadinite.] 

va-na'~di-um,  s.  [Latinised  from  Vanadis, 
a  name  of  the  Scandinavian  goddess  Freyja, 
from   the  fact,  of   its  discovery  in   Swedish 

irnii.) 


Chem. :  A  metallic  jientad  element,  disco- 
vered by  8efstrum  in  ls;JO,  in  the  relliiery  slag 
of  tlie  iron  ores  of  Taberg,  in  Sweden  ;  ttynib., 
V;  at.  wt..  51-2.  !t  is  extractcti  from  the 
Ilncly- pulverised  slag  by  deflagrating  with 
nitre  and  sodic  carbonate,  digesting  the  fused 
mass  with  a  saturated  snlntlon  of  .sal-ammo- 
niac, and  igniting  the  product  in  an  open  ves- 
sel. On  healingthe  nniss  with  potassium, and 
washing  with  water,  pure  vanadium  Is  ob- 
tained as  a  brilliant  inelailie  powder,  having 
a  silver-white  lustre.  It  is  non-volatile,  does 
not  tarnish  in  the  air,  burns  vividly  when 
heated  in  oxygen,  is  insoluble  in  liydrochloric 
acid,  dissolves  slowly  in  hydrofluoric  acid,  but 
very  rapidly  in  nitric  acid,  forming  a  blue 
solution.  It  forms  five  oxides  auulogous  to 
the  oxides  of  nitrogen,  and  three  chlorides, 
viz.,  the  dichloride,  the  trichloride,  and  the 
tetrachloride. 

vanadium- oxides,  s.  pi 

Chem.  :  Vanadium  lorins  four  oxides  :  (1) 
Vanadium  dioxule,  V.jOo,  is  obtained  by  re- 
ducing either  of  the  higher  oxides  with  potas- 
sium. It  forms  a  light  gray  glittering  powder, 
having  a  sp.  gr.  of  3'ti4,  and  is  insoluble  in 
sulphuric  and  hydrochloric  acids.  (2)  Va- 
nadium trioxide,  VoOy.  is  obtained  by  igniting 
the  pentoxide  in  hydrogen  gas.  It  is  a  black 
powder,  with  an  almost  metallic  lustre,  and 
is  insoluble  in  acids.  (3)  Vanadium  tetroxide, 
V0O4,  is  obtained  by  allowing  the  trioxide  to 
absorb  oxygen  at  ordinary  temperatures,  form- 
ing blue  shining  crystals.  It  is  soluble  in 
acids,  and  combines  with  bases  forming  vana- 
dites,  none  of  which  is  of  any  importance. 
(4)  Vanadium  pentoxide,  V2O5,  is  prepared  by 
igniting  vanadate  of  ammonium  in  an  open 
platinum  crucible.  It  has  a  more  or  less  red- 
dish yellow  colour,  is  tasteless,  and  dissolves 
in  the  stronger  acids,  forming  red  or  yellow 
solutions. 

van'~a-d0US,a.  [Mod.  Lat.  vanad(ium);  Eng. 
adj.  sutf.  -uus.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  vanailmm. 

'  van-c6u'-ri-er,  *^  vant-cur-reur,  *  van- 

CUr-rier,  s.  [Fr,  avant-vom-rier,  avant-cou- 
rrnr,  from  ama(  (Lat.  abanle)  =  from  in  front, 
and  ojurricr,  coureur^a.  runner,  a  courier 
(q.v.).]     An  avaut-courier,  a  precursor. 

"Bitt  the  most  jart  of  them  lili^ease.i]  have  tht:tr 
vantiurreuri   aa    it    were."—/'.    Ilullaud .     J'tuturc!; 

p.  5in;. 

Van'-d9,  s.  [Sansc.  rdnda  =  a  parasitic  plant, 
generally  considered  to  be  of  this  genus,  but 
regarded  by  Prof.  Watt  as  Lorantkus  longi- 
jlorus.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Vandeie  (q.v.). 
Leaves  distichous,  coriaceous,  from  a  few 
inches  to  two  feet  in  l^igth.  Flowers  in  ra- 
cemes, beautifully  coloured— blue,  red,  yelluw, 
brown,  &c.— 
and  highly 
fragrant.  They 
occur  in  In- 
dia, China,  the  , 
Moluccas, 
&c.,  as  para- 
sites upon 
trees  in  dense 
forests,  from  ' 
which  they 
have  been  in- 
troduced into 
hot-houses  in 
Great  Britain 
and  elsewhere. 
They  may  be 
attached  to  a  piece  of  wood  or  a  wire-basket, 
as  their  nourishment  is  derivtti  from  the  at- 
mosphere and  not  from  the  soil.  More  than 
twenty  species  are  known.  The  fragrant 
root  of  ra/i(/(i /;ojfr'i»r<7/iii:  is  given  by  Hindoo 
doctors  in  various  forms  in  rheumatism.  It 
also  enters  into  the  composition  of  several 
medicinal  oils. 

V^'-dal,  s.  &  a.  fLat.  I'rt7irfa/»s  =  a  Vandal, 
one  nt  the  tribe  of  Vandal!.  lit.=  th-  wan- 
derers; cogn.  with  Eng.  imnder  (q.v.).] 

A*  As  substantiiv : 

1.  Lit.  :  One  of  a  Teutonic  race,  originally 
inhabiting  the  southern  shore  of  the  Hallic. 
They  began  to  be  troublesome  to  the  Romans 
a.d.  ICO.  In  A.D.  410  they  mastered  Sj-nin  in 
conjunction  with  the  Alani  and  Stievi,  and 
received  for  their  share  Vandalitia  (Anda- 
lusia). In  a.d.  429  tliey  crossed  into  Africa 
under  Genseric,  and  not  only  obtainerl  pos- 
session of  Byzacium,  Gatulia,  and   part  of 


VANPA  c.i-:ui-le.s(:en-;. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  j^wl ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9liin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    ph  =  t. 

-cian,  -tian  =  shan.     tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion,    sion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus,      ble.  -die.  .'^c.  ^  bel,  dcL 


4U(i 


Vandalic— vanillidse 


Nuniidia,  but  crcssed  over  into  ltaIy(A.».  455), 
iiimI  phiiuk-i-'il  R<une.  Afttr  the  death  of 
lii-iistiic  tlif  Vandal  imwer  declined. 

2.  Fi'i. :  OiH'  who  wilfully  or  igiiorantly 
destroys  or  ilistigures  any  work  of  art,  lit«ra- 
ture,  or  ihc  like. 

B.  As  adj. :  pL-rtaining  to  or  rosenibJin;; 
the  Vundals ;  Vandalic. 

V&n-d&l'-iC,  «.  [Eng.  l'andal;-h.]  Of  or 
jK-rtaininj;  to  or  resenihliiig  the  Vandals ; 
lieUL-c.  Hide,  Iwrbarous,  fen>cious,  liostile  to 
the  aii-i  iind  sciences. 

V&n'-dal-i^m,  s.  (Kng.  Vandal:  -ism.]  The 
spirit,  jiiactict',  or  conduct  of  the  Vandals  ; 
wilful  or  ignorant  destruction  of  works  or 
monuments  of  art  and  litcniture  ;  hostility  to 
tM*  irreven-nce  for  art  and  literature  ;  disre- 
gard for  what  is  beautiful  or  venei^ble, 

'■Tilt'  ipiiiovHl  ul  tlie  Ht<iiu'  Bea-hnmf*  wliidi  (Iim- 
t^t'urf  tlM<|>«;<liniFtit  u'iU  )»e  met  with  )t  cry  of  Vuinlat- 
um:  —Imily  Tvlvgrat>h.  Feb.  22.  IbBS. 

V&n'-de-ce,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  vand(i();  Lat. 
leni.  i>l.  at(j.  «uff.  -*■"".] 

!'.iit. :  A  trilte  of  OrchidaceiC ;  parasitic  on 
lenestriiil  plants,  with  or  witliout  a  stem, 
« fth  a  terminal  or  rarely  a  dorsal  anther,  the 
pollen  cohering  in  definite  waxy  masses ; 
a  distinct  cjiudicle  united  to  n  stigmatic 
gland.  Kuund  in  Asia  and  America.  Fami- 
lies :  Sarcanlhida;,  Cryptoehilidie,  Paehy- 
jihvllid:e.  Maxillaridit,  Catasetidie,  lonopsidie, 
and  Cahintliidie. 

vSn-del'-li-a,  .'^.  [Named  after  Dominico 
Vandelli.  pni'fessor  of  botany  at  Lisbon,  who 
died  about  ISl.'i.] 

1.  Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Linderuies,  found  in 
Snuthein  Asia,  South  America,  &c.  Flowers 
axill;iry,  tufted,  calyx  tubular  orcampanulate, 
live-toothed;  u]iper  lip  of  the  corolla  shorter 
than  the  lower  one;  antliers  coherent;  fruit 
a  globose  cajisule,  two-valved,  with  many 
seeds.  VandelUa  diffusa,  a  native  of  Guiana, 
wheie  it  is  called  by  the  Dutch  Bitter-blane, 
is  an  aiilibilious  emetic  and  febrifuge  given  in 
malignant  fevers  and  dysentery. 

2.  I'li'li'!.:  [Steoophilvs]. 

van-dyke , '  van-dyck,  i.  ^  a.   [After  the 
painter  Vandyke.' 
(1599-1041). 

A,Assiihst.:A 
pointed  collar  of 
lace  or  sewed 
work  worn  by 
both  sexes  dur- 
ing the  leign  (<i' 
Charles  I.,  and 
to  be  seen  in 
portraits  paint- 
ed by  Vandyke. 

"  Ljiced  Imtidkt^r- 
chiefs.  resembling 
the  ]arg4!  falhii^' 
bnnd  %v(.ni  by  tbe 
jiieii,  were  in  fash- 
ion iiiiiuup:  tht?  la- 
ilies.  This  article 
I'f  (Ires.'*  lias  been 
i.itely  itviveii,  and 
called  a  l'a7iUj/ck."— Granger :  Biog.  Hut.  Cltns.  /, 

B.  Aii  adj.  :  Applied  to  the  style  of  dress  in 
whiib  Vandyke  i>aintcd  his  portraits. 

Vandyke  -  brown,  s.  A  pigment  ob- 
tained froni  a  kind  of  peat  or  bog-earth  of  a 
tine,  deep,  semi-transparent  brown  colour.  It 
owes  its  name  and  reputation  to  the  supjiosi- 
tion  that  it  was  the  brown  used  by  Vandyke 
in  his  pictures. 

van-dyke',  van-dyck',  v.t.  [Vandyke,  s.] 
To  smllop  tlie  edgf  of,  as  a  piece  of  dress, 
after  llie  manner  of  a  Vandyke  collar. 

"Tlie  edpes  are  best  scalloped  or  vands/ded,  while 
the  fouiidfltion  ought  to  be  si\k."—J)ailu  Telegrauh 
Feb.  •.■a.  1S68. 

*  vane,  a.    [V.mn.] 

vane,  'fane,  s.    [A.S. /a«a  =  a  small  flag; 

cogii.  witli  Dut.  vaan  ;  Icel.  fani  ;  Dan.  fane  ; 
Sw.  &  Goth,  /ana;  M.  H.  Ger.  funo;  Ger. 
fahnc;  Lat.  jiannus  =  B.  piece  of  cloth  ;  Gr. 
mlji'O?  {penos)  =  the  woof.] 

1.  A  contrivance  attached  to  an  axis,  and 
liaving  a  surface  exposed  to  a  moving  current 
of  fluid,  so  as  to  be  actuated  thereby.  A  vane 
indicates  direction  or  rat*  of  motion,  the 
amount  of  fluid  passing,  or  it  may  be  used  to 
obtain  power;  specifically — 

fl)  A  weather-cock,  flag,  or  arrow,  or  other 
thin  object,  which  points  in  the  direction 
whence  the  wind  proceeds.     [Duu-\',\ne.] 


CHARLE.S    I.,    WEARING  A 
VANDYKE. 


(2)  The  arm  of  a  windmill  ;  the  wing  of  a 
fanning-mill. 

(3)  The  blade  of  a  screw-propeller  and  the 
like. 

•  2.  A  flag  carried  by  a  knight,  in  a  tour- 
nament. 

3.  The  broad  partof  a  feather  on  either  side 
of  the  shaft ;  the  web. 

4.  A  cross-piece  on  a  levelling-staft'(q.v.). 
u.  The  sightof  afpiadrant  or  similar  instm 

nieni  for  the  measurement  of  angles. 

va-nel'-lUS,  s.  [The  name  was  formerly  spelt 
'raiuu-this,  as  the  dimin.  from  Lat.  vannns  =  a 
fan.  (Charlcton:  Ji:xercitatioiics,  in  Yarreil : 
Brit.  Birds  (cd.  4th),  iii.  1*83,  Note  t.)] 

Oniith. :  A  genus  of  Charadriidie  (or.  if  tliat 
family  is  divided,  4»f  Charailriiii;t  ).  with  1hre<- 
species,  from  Pahearctic  and  Nini  lopicd  n-- 
gions.  Billstmight,  sliortertlian  inad, slightly 
compressed,  points  horny  and  hard  ;  nasal 
groove  wide,  nostrils  basal,  linear,  in  the 
membrane  of  nasal  groove  ;  legs  slender,  lower 
jiart  naked  ;  tarsi  reticulated  behind,  scntel- 
iated  in  front ;  feet  four-toed,  three  before, 
united  at  the  base  by  a  membrane,  hind  toi^ 
very  short,  articulated  on  tarsus  ;  wings  lai'gr, 
tuberculated  or  spurred  in  front  of  tlie  ciupal 
joint ;  third  and  fourth  quill-feathers  l(ni;.'esl. 
One  species,  Vandlus  cristatiis,  the  Lafiwing 
(q.v.),  is  British. 

va-nes'-sa,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  *ataj? 
\l'huiic6)  =  'd  mystic  divinity  in  the  Orphic 
rites.] 

1.  Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  sub- 
fannly  Vanessinee,  or  Vanessidi.  Antenna? 
with  the  club  somewhat  prolonged ;  fore 
wings  with  a  distinct  projectiou  in  the  hind 
margin  above  the  middle,  the  inner  margin 
neai'ly  straight ;  hind  wings  generally  with  a 
short  projection  in  the  hind  margin.  Cater- 
pillar spiny.  Known  British  species  five : 
Vanessa  Ata- 
lanta  (=  Pi/rc- 
■iiieis  a,talanfii, 
Newman),  the 
Red  Admiral 
IAD.M  IRAL,  C. 

1]  ;  V.  io,  tlie 
Peacock  But- 
terfly (q.v.);  r. 
iintiopa,  the 
White-bordered 
Butter(ly(q.v.), 
called  also  the 
Camber  we  11 
Beauty;  V. 
/ioljichloros,  the 
Large,  and  V.  itrtica;  the  Small  Tortoiseshell. 
[TonxoiSEsHELL  BuTTERFLY.]  Sometimes  the 
Comma  Butterfly,  Grapta  C.  album,  is  called 
Vanessa  C.  album,  and  ranked  as  a  sixth 
species.  Darwin  (Descent  of  Maii,  ed.  2nd,  p. 
311)  notes  the  resemblance  of  the  closed  wings 
of  some  species  to  the  bark  of  trees ;  but,  in 
spite  of  their  protective  colouring,  they  are 
palatable  to  birds  and  lizards  (iVoc.  Zool.  Soc., 
1SS7,  p.  263). 

2.  PaUeont. :  There  is  a  species,  Vanessa 
ph(to,\n  the  Oligocene  of  Eadoboj,in  Croatia. 
The  pattern  of  the  wing  has  escaped  oblitera- 
tion. Called  also  Myiothritis  pluto,  and  suji- 
posed  by  some  to  belong  to  the  Pierina*. 

van-es-si'-nse,  va-nes'-si-di,  s.  pi  [Mod. 
Lat.  vanessia);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sufT.  -inic,  or 
masc.  -idi.] 

Entom. :  Angle  -  wings  ;  a  sub-family  of 
Nymphalidpe.  "Wings angled;  caterpillar spinv, 
of  uniform  thickness  throughout,  often  living 
gregariously  ;  chrysalis  angulated,  head  eased, 
the  points  sharp  and  salient.  British  genera 
three  :  Cynthia,  Vanessa,  and  Grapta. 

Van'-fosse,  s.  [Fr.  avant  =  l)efore,  and  fosae 
(Lat.  fossa)  =  a  ditch.] 

Fort. :  A  ditch  on  the  outside  of  the 
counterscar]). 

Vang.  s.  [Dut.  vangen;  Ger.  fungen ;  Eng. 
fang  ~  to  catch.]     [Fang,  v.] 

NaiU.  :  A  rope,  one  on  eaeh  side,  to  st«ady 
laterally  the  peak  of  a  gatf.  It  is  usually  a 
pendant,  with  a  twofold  purchase. 

*  vang,  v.t.  &  i.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

A.  TTans.:  To  receive,  to  earn;  to  catch, 
to  throw.    (HalliweU.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  answer  for  a  person  at  the 
baptismal  font.     (Ray.) 


VANKSSA    10. 


vS.n'-ga,  s.  [Latinised  from  native  name.] 
Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Laniid*  (or,  if  that 
fannly  is  divided,  of  Tliamnojihilina?),  with 
four  species,  frnni  .Madagascar.  Bill  moderate, 
straight,  com  pressrd,  kteled,  with  tip  curved  ; 
angle  of  mouth  arnu-tl  with  bristles ;  nostrils 
lateral,  basal,  rounded;  tJiil  rather  long,  giu- 
duated.  The  plumage,  which  is  green-bla-k 
and  pure  white,  is  very  conspicuous. 

van'-gee,  *-.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Ninii.  :  A  contrivance  for  working  fin* 
pumps  of  a  ship  by  means  of  a  barrel  and 
crank -breaks. 

van -gl6»  van'-gloe,  s.    [See  def.] 

But. :    A    Wrst   Indian  name   for  Sesamum 

oricntali'.     [Tkkl,] 

van-guard  (ua  as  a),  vant-guard, 
"  vaunt  guard,  van-warde,  vant- 
warde,  vaunt-warde,'vaun  warde, 

'  va^vne -warde,  .^.     [o.   Fr.  •inutt'jard,, 

arantivardr,  from  arant  (Lat.  abanfv)^  tmui 
in  Iront,  and  garde,  warde  ~  guard.]  The 
troops  who  mai'ch  in  the  front  or  van  of  an 
army  ;  the  advance-guard  ;  the  van. 

■'  The  front  of  the  French  vavjnard  luiikes 
l^ljou  the  Eiigliah." 

Drautoti:  Battle  of  Agincourt. 

van-guer'-i-a,  s.  [From  voa-vanga,  or  ma- 
rinniner,  the  Madagascar  name  of  one  species.] 
I'-ot.  :  A  genus  of  Guettai'didfe.  Shrubs, 
having  the  limb  of  the  calyx  minutely  toothed  ; 
the  'nrnthL  rani|Kiimlate,  with  a  hairy  thi'oat ; 
stamens  hve,  lilaments  short ;  fruit  succulent, 
lesembling  an  apple,  with  five  seeds.  Natives 
of  Madagascar  and  India.  V'angveria  ednlU, 
a  small  tree,  a  native  of  Madagascar,  has 
edible  fruit ;  it  has,  in  consequence,  been  in- 
troduced into  India.  V.  spinosu,  a  large, 
thorny  shrub,  wild  in  eastern  Bengal,  Bur- 
niab,  Pegu,  and  Tenusserim,  has  a  round, 
cherry-like  fruit,  yellow  when  ripe,  which  is 
eaten  by  the  Hindoos. 

va-nil'-la,  s.  [Span,  vaynilla,  dimin.  of  vayna 
—  a  knife,  a  seissurs-case.  So  named  because 
the  pod.  which  is  long  and  cylindrical,  is  like 
the  sheath  of  a  knife.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Vanillidse. 
Climbing  orchids,  not  parasitic.  Stem  square  ; 
leaves  fleshy,  articulated  at  the  base :  pollen 
masses  two,  bilobed  and  granular.  Natives 
Mt*Iiopii'al  Asia  and  America.  Vanilla  clavi' 
riilniii  is  fragrant  and  bitter;  its  leaves  are 
used  in  the  West  Indies  as  an  anti-syphilitic 
and  a  vulnerary.    The  dried  fruit  of  V.  plani- 


VANILLA  AROM.\TIfA, 
Showiiig  Flower  and  Sted-vesseU. 

folia  and  other  species  constitutes  the  vanilla 
of  commerce,  an  agreeable  aromatic  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  chocolate,  vai'ious  liqueurs, 
and  cunfectionei-y.  The  plant  is  cultivated 
for  this  purpose  in  Mexico. 

va-nille',  s.     [Fr.]    Vanilla, 

'■  You   flavour  everything,   yuu  are    the   vandlc  of 

society."— S//(/>iei/  Smith  :   Works,  p.  329. 

va-nil'-lic,  a.     [Eng.  vaniU{ine);  -ic]     Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  vauilUne  (q.v.). 

vanillic-acid,  s. 

Chcm.:  C0H5O4  =  CO'OHiOCHsiOH.  A 
crystalline  substance  obtained  by  the  oxida- 
tion of  vanillinc.  It  loimswliite  plates,  which 
melt  at  211-12  ,  and  sublime  a^  a  higher  tem- 
peiaturc. 

va-nil'-li-dse,  s.pl.      [Mod.    Lat.   vanill(a) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida:.] 

Bot. :  A  family  of  Orchids,  tribe  Arethuse;c. 
Lindley  formerly  made  it  a  distinct  order, 
Vaiullaceie,  on  account  of  its  succulent,  valve- 


late,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fSll,  father ;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  ignite,  cur,  rule,  fiill ;  try,  Syrian,    te,  oe  ^  c ;  ey  ^  a :  qu  =  kw. 


vanilline— vapid 


■107 


less  fruit,  its  seeds  not  having  tlio  tcstn  of 
otlicr  Oii-hidaceie,  it-s  liiibit,  ftnd  its  aromatic 
Iirojtrvtics. 

va-nil'-line,  *-.    lEng.  mnillia);  ■'""<) 

r;u ».. :  c^iho.^ -  ^jl^^oWLf-con.     Ti.e 

metlivl  t't.lier  of  protocatcchuic  nlilrhyde,  tuinul 
in  crysUils,  in  vanilla  pwls,  from  wlii<;li  it 
may  be  extracted  by  alcohol.  It  crystallizes 
■1  loTig.  hard  net^dles.  slightly  siihiblo  m  coM 
water,  very  soluble  in  boiling  water  and  in 
alcohol,  melts  at  80-81%  and  sublimes  at  150'. 
Fused  with  potassic  hydrate  it  is  converted 
into  i>ri't..eatechuic  aeid. 

va-nil-loG^.  >••     IVanh-ia.) 

D'u'.,  ,1..;  A  basUird  kind  of  vanilla,  "b- 
t;iiin>l  In-Ill  Vaiiilld  I'mnpoiut. 

•  va  nil  -6-quen9e,  .*■■.  [Eng.  vaiuluntunit): 
-.".I     Mir,  liKilish.  or  vain  talk. 

■  va-nil'-o-quent,  «.  [Lnt.  vanna  =  vain, 
eiiiptv.  an-l  hx'incns,  jir.  par.  nf  /of/xor  =  tn 
speak. !    Talkint:  idly  or  ftmlishly. 

van  -  ish,  *  van  -  iss  -  en,  "  van  -  shen, 
■  van-ySCh,  <■.*.  [Fnun  I-at.  (■((Htsi.-o  =  t(i 
vanish  (,hl-='"  beeMiii.-  mipty,  fmin  vuiius 
=  eiiipiy).  tliruuyhan  O.  Kr.  m/uiCii"t  found), 
pr.   imr.   vanissunt.      Cf.   j»tmis/i,  polish,  fur- 

I.  Oidinnrij  Laiigtiuge  : 

1.  To  pass  from  a  visible  tn  an  invisible 
state  ;  to  disappear  ;  to  become  imperceptible  ; 
to  lose  perceptible  existence. 

"The  lieiiveua  shall  canhh  awiiy  like  aiiioke."— 
hainh  ii-  i-. 

2.  To  pass  away  from  the  sight  or  out  of 
view  ;  to  pass  beyon<l  the  limits  of  vision : 
as,  A  ship  (Yia(.s/)e.^"froni  the  sight  of  spectators 
on  tlie  land. 

■  3.  To   I'ass   away  ;    to   be   annihilated  or 
lost. 
■'  Picked  froiu  the  worm-holes  of  long  vnnifKd  diiys.' 
syiakesf*.  :  llcury  >'.,  ii.  4. 

*  4.  To  issue;  to  be  given  oH'  or  out,  as 
breath. 

'■  A  L'eiitler  judgment  vanished  from  his  lips." 

Sliakes/j.  :  Jloiiwo  ,t  Juli'l.  in   :i 

II.  M'lth. :  To  become  evanescent,  like  a 
ni;itlMtii;itical  quantity  when  its  arithmetical 
value  is  nothing,     tVANisHiNG-FRAcrioN.] 

van'-ISb,  s.     (Vanish,  r.] 

Kk.rurioii :  A  sound  tliat  gradually  becomes 
weaker  litl  it  ci  ases. 

van  -ish-lng,  j"\  par.  &  a.    [Vanihh,  v.] 
vanishing- fraction,  ^ 

Miilh.  :  A  IViictiiiii  which  reduces  1o  the 
form  of  «  for  a  particular  value  of  the  variable 
which  enters  it,  in  consequence  of  the  exist- 
ence of  a  common  factor  in  both  terms  of 
the  fraction,  which  factor  becomes  0  for  this 
l»articular  value  of  the  variable. 

vanishing-line,  s. 

l\vspi:ctive:  An  indelinitely  extended  line 
sni'po-sed  to  be  drawn  on  a  fevel  with  the  eye. 
parallel  to  the  horizon.  In  the  vanishing- 
line  the  viiiiishiiig  points. are  situated. 

vanishing-point,  s.    (Point,  «.,  II.  17, 

vanishing- stress,  s. 

Elocution:  Stress  of  voice  upon  the  closing 
portion  of  a  syllable.  (Rush,  in  Goodrich  A- 
Porter.) 

*  van'-ish-ment,  ■■''.    lEng.  caaish,  v.  ;  -ment.] 
A  vanishing. 

Van'-ist§,  s.  pi.    [See  def.J 

Chiurh  Hist.:  The  followers  of  Sir  Henry 
Vane,  an  Antinoniian,  and  Governor  of  New 
Eughmd  in  1030. 

'  va,n' -  i  -  tied.  '  van'-i-tyed,  ".     [Eng. 

vanity:  -td.]     Aftected  with  vanity. 

"Yf'in  fooMsii, your  low- vaniti/'dlMvel&ct.'—Hichard- 
soii :  Clarissa,  iv.  8tj, 

van'-i-t3?',  •  van-i-te, '  van-i-tie,  *  van- 

y-tee,  x.  [Fr.  raniti-,  from  L;il.  ranikittm, 
accus.  of  raui^fw  =  emptiness,  wtjrthlessness, 
from  (7/i)((s  =  empty,  vain  (q.v.).J 

1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  empty,  vain, 
or  worthless;  worthlessriess,  futility,  empti- 
ness, unsubstantiality,  unrenlity,  unrealness, 
illusion. 

■'  Vanitu  of  vanity,  saith  tlie  Pr*aicher,  all  i«  Dutiiti/.'' 

-iVc/cs.  i.  2. 


•  2.  Groundlessness,  falseness ;  want  ol 
grounds  or  foundation. 

^.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vain  or 
elated  with  a  high  opinion  of  one'sown  accom- 
plishments or  achievements,  or  with  things 
uiore  showy  than  valuable ;  emjUy  pride  hi- 
spired  by  an  overweening  conceit  of  one's 
personal  attainments  or  decorations,  ainl 
causing  its  possessor  to  be  morbidly  anxious 
for  the  notice,  admiration,  and  applause  of 
others;  conceit.    (riiiDi:,  II.) 

"Vanity  ih  thiit  s|>.-.-i*'«  .if  .pri.!*-,  which,  wliil^  it 
iiresuiiies  iijioii  a  iIokim-  -if  -ii|p''i n'lity  m  -muh-  i>.irli 
ciiliirJut.i.'l.'N.  foiitlly  •-■MHit-  lli.-.|.i.lAUs,- .ir  .*,.\  ..n.' 
within  its  xyUvrv  .>(  iictii.n,  s..■l.■klrl^;  t-v.T>  ."■■  .im-.ji  i.. 
(lioplay  8ume  tJileiit,  tn  moiih.'  ^'inii'utM.d  ixt'lkini,  — 
Coijan:  On  the  J'uMioni. 

4.  Ostentation  ;  ambitious  or  ostentatious 
display  ;  vainglory,  vaunting,  pride,  coiiceit. 

"The  giouud-work  thereof  is  true,  however  they, 
through  vanity,  whilst  they  would  not  seem  to  hu 
iuiioruiit.,  do  thereupon  hiiild  many  forged  histories  of 
their  own  antiriiiity."— BjueHaer:  State  u/  Irctnttd. 

5.  That  which  is  vain,  empty,  unreal,  or 
nnsubstivntial :  as 

(1)  Empty  pleasure,  vain  pursuit,  idle  show, 
unreality. 

'■  All  their  exhort-itiouB  were  to  set  Hsht  of  tlu- 
things  in  this  world,  to  count  riches  and  honour? 
vunitie."— Booker:  Jicvlct.  Pol.,  Pref..  §  9, 

(2)  Fruitless  desire  or  endeavour ;  effort 
which  produces  no  result. 

*  (3)  An  empty  or  vain  conceit ;  a  trifle. 

■'  Some  vanity  of  mine  art, '    '^^fiakesp.  :  Tempest,  iv. 
"  (4)  Script. :   An   idol  (Jer.  xviii.  10).     In 
this  sense  it  is  generally  used  in  the  plural. 

"  Are  there  any  among  the  vanities  of  the  Gentiles 
that  can  cause  rain,  or  can  the  heavens  give  sho^vers. 
Art  thou  not  he,  O  Lord  our  God  ?"— Jer.  xiv.  22.  {U. 
also  Deut.  xxxii.  21 ;  1  Kings  xvi.  la,  26;  Jer.  viu.  IS.) 

*  6.  A  character  in  the  old  moralities. 

'•  You  .  .  .  take  vanity  tlie  puppet's  ptaV—Shahcsp. 
Lear.  ii.  2. 

Vanity  Fair,  .".  A  fair  described  by 
Bunyan  (Pilqrim's  Progress,  pt.  i.)  as  esta- 
blished by  Beelzebub,  ApoUyon,  and  Legion, 
for  the  sale  of  all  sorts  of  vanities.  (Used  to 
symbolize  a  collection  of  the  most  alluring 
temptations  of  the  world.) 

■  van'-miire,  s.    [Vauntmure.] 

van'-ner,  s.     [Eng.   van  (l),  s.  ;  -tr.]    A  van 
liorse. 

"Twentv-five  Welsh  cobs,  eabhers,  and  van7icrs."— 
Rffi-rft.  April  P,  ISSS.     (Ad\LJ 

van-ning,  ^■.    [Van  (i).  -.  '■.] 

van'-quish, '  ven-Uis-en,  '  ven-kus-en, 
■  ven-quish-en,  •  ven-quis-en.  rrt.  &  (. 

[O.  Fr.  minquir  (pr.  par.  niiiqiiissaiit).  ii  rol- 
lateral  form  of  fti/uit;  (Fr.  valncre^  pu.  t.  van- 
tjiiis,  subj.  ywe  jc  vainquisse),  from  Lai.  vinco 
=  to  conquer.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  conquer ;  to  overcome  or  subdue  in 
battle,  as  an  enemy. 

"The  enemies  Iwaten  on  all  sldeB.  and  in  so  many 
sorts,  with  artillery  were  put  backe.  aud  vanguiihcd. 
—Hackluyt :  Voyages,  ii.  84. 

*  2.  To  overcome  or  defeat  in  any  contest, 
as  in  an  argument. 

"  3.  To  confute,  to  refute  ;  to  prove  erro- 
neous or  unfounded  ;  to  upset. 

"  This  bold  assertion  has  been  fully  vanquished  in  .i 
late  reply  to  the  Bishop  of  Meaux's  treatise."— vl((cr- 
hury. 

*  4,  To  overpower,  to  prostrate. 

"  Sorrow  and  grief  have  eanquishcd  all  my  powers," 
Shakesp. :  2  Bcnry  VI..  ii.  I. 

*  5.  To  overpower  the  peculiar  virtue  or 
properties  of ;  to  destroy  ;  to  render  inert  or 
inefficacious ;  to  neutralize. 

*  B.  Iiitrans.:  To  overcome,  to  conquer; 
to  get  the  better. 

•'  If  thou  vanqtiishcst  thy  words  are  true." 

Hhaketp. :  1  Bctiry  VI.,  i,  2. 

•![  For  the  difference  between  to  vanquish 
and  to  conqiK-r,  see  Conquer. 

van'-quish,  vin'-quish,  5.  [Etym.  doubt- 
ful.] A  disease  in  sheep,  in  which  they  pine 
away. 

*  van'-qnxsh-a^ble,  a.  [Eng.  vanquish,  v. ; 
■able.]  Capable  of  being  vanquished,  con- 
quered, or  subdued  ;  conquerable. 

"  That  great  giant  waa  only  van'/itishuMf  by  the 
Knights  of  the  Wells."— tfa^rw"  .■  /■'etftvous  .Votes  on 
Don  (Quixote. 

V^A'-quish-er,  s.  [Eng.  vanquish,  v.;  -cr.) 
One  who  or  that  which  vanquishes  ;  a  con- 
queror. 

■'  I  iiiu  alone  the  nnn'/uixhrr  of  time." 

Drayton  :  lioburt  Iluk,-  r,/  Soi-mandii. 


'  v&n'-quish-ment.  -•;.  [Bug.  muquish,  v. ; 
■  mtnt.\  Tlir  act  nl  vanquishing ;  the  state  of 
being  vauqiiishi'd. 

■  Vitt  he  oppowN  three  dalt'H  p««t.ll<'neo  to  xcven 
Vi-ant  fiunlno  anil  three  inonoLhB  Diinf/iiitlinient."—itp. 
Halt :  Htihn  of  UHend,  $  7. 

V&n''SirG,  .n".    [Native  name.] 

/(i"f. ;  JIfrpistfs  gnlnu;  a  small,  weasil- 
like  animal,  from  Madiigascar  and  tin*  Isle  of 
France.  The  colour  is  dei-p-brown  xpeckh'd 
with  yellow,  the  tail  uj'  eiinal  thickness 
throngbout. 


'  vd,nt. 


[Vaunt.]    To  vaunt,  to  boast. 


van'-tage,  'vaunt-age,  v    [I't.  'n.i/tfuj/c  = 

an  ailvanlagf  (q.\-). ) 

'  I.  Ordinayii  Ltiiujnagc  : 
].  Advantage,  gain,  prollt. 


loi 


'Not  for  renowme  or  vauntatje  Hake,  but  for  the 
uf  Ilia  name." — Udal :  Ilebruei  vi. 


2.  Advantiige ;  the  being  in  a  better  state 
or  condition  for  action  or  defence  than 
another;  vantage-ground;  condition  favour- 
able to  success. 

"lie  Bought  to  get  the  oantagc."— North  ■  Ptiiturth. 
p.  152. 

*  3.  Opportunity,  convenience. 

"At  your  mcetest  vantayc  of  tho  time." 

tihakcsp. :  liichard  III.,  in.  :■. 

II.  lawn  Tennis:  A  term  used  for  the  point 
following  the  stage  when  each  jilayer  has  won 
tliree  jioints.  Properly  called  advantage,  ami 
often  used  attributively  as  in  vantage  game,  or 
stl. 

'■Advantage  sets  are  played—/.*'.,  if  each  player  wihh 
live  games,  the  set  is  coiitmupil  until  one  player  wiiiM 
two  games  eonsecutively.  '  Vantuyi;  all '  is  a  biurbar- 
uiis  term,  introduced  by  some  gentuB  who  doea  not 
inidi-iftaud  language,  to  expreMM  the  fact  that  the 
iiLijcif.  a^ifi-  tn  il.'.ule  the  set  hv  the  iH-st  of  three 
^.-niii-s,  :ift.T:irri\]ii^  ;it  live  games  nil.  Tbl«  arrange' 
iiiiiit  IS  iic.t  hHmwihI  111  matches  where  lulvaiitjigo  nets 
are  phiyed.  The  term  '  vantage  all '  m  abnurd.  as  both 
phiyers  cannot  win  advant'ige  at  the  same  time.  The 
lorrect  expression  is  '  games  nW.'"— Field,  Dec.  2*.  IHhT. 

'  H  (1)  0/ vantage ,  To  the  vantage :  To  boot ; 
besides. 

"  Yes.  a  dozen  ;  and  an  mnny 
To  the  vantage,  as  would  store  the  world." 

NluikeKp.  :  Othello,  iv.  a 

(2)  To  get  vantage  of:  To  get  the  better  of 

"  If  thev  get  ground  and  vantage  of  tho  kini;  " 
Shnkesp. :  2  Henry  J  v..  li.  3. 

"van'-tage,  v.t.     [Fv.  avantagcr.\    To  pro  lit, 
to  advantage. 

"  Tile  injuries  that  to  myself  I  do 
Doing  thee  vantage,  double  vtint'tge  inc." 

ahakexp.  :  Sonnet  88. 

vantage-ground,  .■^.  Sup-Miority  of  posi- 
tion nr  jtlacc  ;  a  ])lace  or  cuidititiH  which  gives 
one  an  advantage  over  anolher. 

"  Upon  the  steadfast  vantage-u round  of  triitli  " 
Wordsworth :  Exctinion,  bk.  viii. 

\  vantage-loaf,  s.  The  thirteenth  loaf 
in  ;i  baker's  dozen.     (Brewir.) 

■  vant-brace, "  vant-brass, s.  [Vambhace.] 
'  vant-courier,  t.    [Vatn-courier. I 
'  vant-mure,  ^^    [Vauntmure.] 
•  vant-our,  .^.    [Vaunter.] 

van-ux'-em-ite,  s.     [After   Mr.   Vanuxcm  ; 

suff.  ■(7((jl/(n.).] 

Mill.  :  A  white,  massive  mineral  snhstJince, 
occurring  witli  zinc  ores  at  Sterling  Hill,  New 
.Jersey,  U.S.A.  Hardness,  2'5  to  :i ;  .sp.  gr. 
2'0.  An  analysis  gave  :  silica.  3.'.-i;4  ;  alumina, 
11  -70  ;  protoxide  of  zinc,  32'48  to  'MYQ  ;  water, 
H'SO  to  19"88.  As  Dana  points  out,  this  can- 
not be  regarded  as  a  distinct  species,  but 
rather  as  a  mixture  of  clay  with  Iiydrated 
silicate  of  zinc. 

'  van -W^rd,  a.  [Eng.  van,  s. ;  -man/.]  Of, 
pertaining  to.  or  situated  in  the  van  or  front. 

"Tilt!  f'liHKxird  frontier."— />e  l^uiueey     lAnniiiidalt:) 

vSn'-zey,  s.    [Wanzev.] 

*  vap,  '  vappe,  s.  [Lat.  vappa  =  win»^  that 
bits  litst  its  tlavuur ;  vapid  or  imllul  wiuc; 
allied  to  vapor  =  vapour.]  Wine  that  b:is 
become  vapid  or  dead ;  vapid,  Hat,  or  insipid 
liquor. 

"The  dead  lees  aud  vap  ui  wine  "—«;».  Tni/lor  :  Kule 
of  Comcienet;  bk-  ii.,  eh.  iii. 

V&p'-id,  «■     [Lat.  mpidutt,  fifnii  ivp/ni  —  vapid 
or  ]>alled  wine;  Fr.  vapidi-.] 
'  1.  Corrupt,  foul. 

"Akinduf  tia/yfrf  atmosphere  about  that  [iliuict"— 

I  (llani'ill :  I'naya.  No,  vii. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  feU,  chorus,  fUin,  benob;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sm,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,     ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.     tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -jion  =  zhun.    -clous,    tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,    die,  .tc       bel,  del. 


408 


vapidity— vapourishn  ess 


2.  Having  lost  iu  life  and  spirit ;  dead,  fiat, 

insipi'l. 

riiy  vine*  let 'e«*l  "w*''!"  „  ,  ,      , 

I  tit  t  lie  («t  rt'(*»*  ;  lp»t  t-^i*  »*>'»  dUJoined.  _ 
Fw.»  ...nuly  it  t^  -h«,.  or  >^pj^,  v-baii|e^^^ 

3.  Dull,  spiritleiis  ;  wanting  in  life  or  spirit ; 
ttat. 

•■  A  chi-Jin,  l»lo.KileM  r*(ormatiou,  ft  giilltleM  UUerty. 
;,p|.«.*r  rtitt  iuid  •«J»*J  to  tlielr  taate.  -fiurto  -■  l->encH 
/{fvuiutiuti. 

•Vft-pid'-i-t^.  •*'■     [Eng.   vapid ;  -itfj.]    The 
(liiality  or  state  of  being  vapid ;  vapidness. 

-  A(UT  the  violeut  (crms'it  tu  the  nation,  r^  remark- 
ixUlv  aort>lii«*«  aiitl  v<iftiJitii  has  «ucce<^ded. '— fiur*c  : 
To  J/r.  iA.(cA/»(t>ii.  July  31.  »"l. 

vip-id-lj,  tiJy-  [Eng.  viipid;  -ly.]  In  a 
\;tpid  iiuiuner. 

V&p'-id-ness,  s.    [Eng.  vapid;  -ness.] 

1    TliL-  nuality  or  state  of  being  vapid,  flat, 

dead,  or  insipid  ;  flatness,  deadness  :   as,  the 

vapidness  of  beer. 
2.  Dulness,  flatness ;  want  of  life  or  spirit ; 

iiiawkishness. 

va'-por,  <-  &  t'.    tVAt'OLB,  5.  &.  v.] 

*  va-por-a-ba'-i-ty,  s.    [Eng.  vaporabh; 

■  it;i.\    Tlie'quality  or  state  of  being  vapor- 
able. 

*  va'-por- a -ble,   «.      [Eng.    vapor;  -a&ie.l 

Capable  uf  being  vaporized,  or  converted  into 
vaiwur. 

*  va'-por-ate,  I'.i.  [Lat.  vaporatvs,  pa.  par. 
of  rayoni  =  t(»  emit  steam  or  vaponr,  from 
rapor  =  vapour.]  To  emit  vapour  ;  to  evapo- 
rate. 

*  va-por-a -tion,  s.     [Lat.  vaporatlo,  from 

vaporatiis,  pa.  jwr.  of  vaporo.]    [Vapobate.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  converting  into 
vapour. 

"  By  conflftgratiou  and  congeUtion.  according  _to 
certiiin  reapecta ;  by  vaporation  and  evapwrutiou.  — 
BUiliotheca  Biblica,  i.  «S. 

2.  The  state  of  passing  oS  in  vapour ;  eva- 
poration. 

va-por-er,  >■.    [Vapourer.] 

-  va-pdr-if'-er-OU9,  a.  [Lat  vapnr  = 
vap.nu,  ami  Jcro^t-,  bear,  to  bring.]  Con- 
veyiiiy  or  |iroiluciiig  vapour. 

*  va-por-if -ic,    «.      [Lat.  vapor  =  vapour, 

aiidjiifto  =  U)  make.]  Forming  into  vapour, 
converting  into  steam,  or  expelling  in  a 
volatile  form,  as  fluids. 

"  It  is  tlie  product  of  vaporific  sublimation."— flai/i/ 
Telc'jraph,  \\>n\  S.  1886. 

*va'-pdr-iz-a-'ble,  a.  [Eng.  mpoHs^e) ; 
•able]  Capable  of  being  vaporized  or  con- 
verted into  vapour. 

*  va-por-i-za'-tion,    s.        [Eog.    raporiz^e) ; 

-aiion.]  The  aet  ur  process  of  vaporizing; 
the  artificial  formation  of  vapoui' ;  the  state 
of  being  vaporized. 

"Wf  cannot  as  yet  comprehend  in  what  manuer  it 
I  lieat]  produces  the  iiaueiiiolion  or  vaporization  of  one 
hody."—H'hinoeU:  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas,  ii.  46. 

%  Vaporization,  evaporation,  and  hoiling 
differ  slightly  in  meaning.  Vaporization  is  a 
generic,  evaporation  a  specific  word ;  the 
former  signifying  the  passage  of  any  liquid 
into  the  solid  state,  without  reference  to  the 
slowness  or  rapidity  with  which  the  process 
is  carried  out,  or  the  temperature  of  the 
liquid  becoming  transformed  into  the  vapour. 
Evaporation  generally  implies  the  slow  jn'o- 
tluction  of  a  vapour  at  the  free  surface  of  a 
liqnid,  and  boiling  always  signifies  the  rapid 
production  of  vapour  iu  the  liquid  itself. 

va-p6r-ize,  v.t.  &  i.    [Eng.  vapor;  -ise.] 

A.  Trans.:  To  convert  into  vapour  by  the 
application  of  heat  or  artifleial  means ;  tu 
sublimate  ;  to  cause  to  evaporate. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  pass  ofl"  in  vapour  ;  to 
evajiorate. 

'  va'-por-iZ-er,  s.  [Eng.  vapori:i^e);  -cr.] 
(.)ne  who  or  that  which  vajiorizes.  A  scent- 
vaporizer  is  a  form  of  atnniizer  (q.v.),  for  con- 
verting scent  into  very  line  spray. 


•  va-por-ose. 


(Vaporous.) 


'  va-por-6s -i-t^,  s.  [Eng.  mporosCe);  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vaporose  or 
vaporous. 

"  Hia  first  idea.-*  and  volcanic  vapor osity." —Carl ylc  : 
Ihamond  Kecklavc,  ch.  vi. 


va'-por-OUS,  a.      [Fr.  vaporcux,   from    L:it. 
caporosus.] 
I.  Littraily: 

1.  Being  in    the    fosm  of,  or  having   the 

nature  or  character  of  vapour. 

"UatlierinifH  and  thlckiiingsof  a  molstftnd  vajiorout 
air."— P.  mtland :  ittitarch,  p.  817. 

2.  Promoting  exhalation,  or  the  flow  of 
ellluvia,  vapour,  gases,  or  the  like ;  hence, 
windy,  flatulent. 

"If  till'  nmthttr  eat  much  beans,  or  such  ixtporoua 
food.  It  eiiduiiKorcth  the  child  to  become  luuaticlt.  — 

/lilCOH. 

3.  Full  of  vapoiu's  or  exhalations. 

"Ifpou  the  corner  of  the  raoou  __ 
There  hauga  u  vaporous  drop  prolound." 

Shakeap. :  Macbeth,  in.  i 

II.  Fig. :  Unsubstantial ;  vainly  imagina- 
tive or  soaring ;  whimsical. 

va'-por-ous-uess,  s.  [Eng.  t-aporows ;  -ness,] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vaporous  or  full 
of  vapours. 

"The  warmth  and  vaporousness  of  the  aiv."—Bi»t. 
Jioyal  Society,  vol.  Ui. 

va'-pouT,  va'-por,  *  wa-pure,  &.     [Ft. 

vapeur,  from  Lat.  vaporem,  accus.  of  vapor  = 
vapour  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  vapor;  Ital.  vapore.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  IL 

(2)  Any  visible  diffused  substance  floating 
in  the  atmosphere  and  impairing  its  trans- 
parency, as  fog  or  mist ;  hazy  matter. 

"From  the  damp  earth  impervioua  vapourt  rise," 
Pope  :  Statius  :  ThebaidL,  i.  486. 

*(3)  Wind,  flatulence. 

'  Ointments,  if  laid  on  auything  thick,  by  stopping 
v\i  1'  e  porea.  shut  in  the  vapoura.  and  send  them  to 
the  head  extremely."— Bacon. 

2.  Figuratively: 
(1)  Something    unsubstantial,    fleeting,    or 

transitory  ;  unreal  fancy  ;  vain  imagination. 

"He  hath  the  grace  of  hope,  though  it  be  clouded 
over  with  a  melancholy  vapour."— Hammond. 

^  (2)  (PL)  :  A  hectoring  or  bullying  style  of 
conversation  or  mode  of  behaviour,  indulged 
in  by  swaggerers  for  the  purpose  of  bringing 
about  a  real  or  mock  quarrel,  consisting  in 
flatly  contradicting  whatever  was  said  by  a 
speaker,  even  if  the  bully  had  granted  what 
was  asserted  just  before. 

•'  They  are  at  it  atill,  air ;  this  they  call  vapours."— 
Ben  Jonson :  Bartholomew  Fair.  Iv.  3. 

*  (8)  (PL) :  A  disease  of  nervous  de'biUty,  iu 
which  a  variety  of  strange  images  float  in  the 
brain,  or  appear  as  if  real ;  hence,  hypochon- 
driacal aflections ;  depression  of  spirits  ;  de- 
jection, spleen ;  the  blues. 

"A  fit  of  unpours  tlouda  this  demi-god.' 

Pope :  Satires,  iii.  188. 

IL  Physics:  An  aeriform  fluid  into  wliich 
some  volatile  substance  is  changed  by  the 
action  of  heat.  Vapour  is  essentially  the 
same  as  gas.  but  the  word  vapour  is  eonveu- 
tionally  limited  to  the  gaseous  state  of  a  body 
which  "is  liquid  or  solid  at  ordinary  tempera- 
tures, while  the  term  gas  is  applied  to  aeri- 
form bodies  which  are  in  that  rarefied  state  at 
ordinary  temperatures.  Thus  we  speak  of  hy- 
drogen gas,  but  of  watery  vapours.  Vapours, 
like  gases,  liave  a  certain  elastic  force,  by 
which  they  exert  a  pressure  on  every  part  of 
any  vessel  iu  which  they  are  enclosed. 
Vapours  are  formed  instantly  in  a  vacuum  ; 
in  the  atmosphere  they  are  generated  more 
slowly.  When  not  saturated  they  exactly 
resemble  gases  in  their  action ;  when  saturated 
and  in  contact  with  the  liquid  by  which 
they  were  generated,  they  can  neither  be  com- 
pressed nor  expanded,  but  remain  constant, 
both  iu  their  elastic  force  and  in  their  density. 
Vapours  of  ditterent  composition  vary  iu 
density.  Thus  if  atmospheric  air  be  taken 
as  unity,  the  vapour  of  water  =  0"6235,  that 
of  alcohol  l-t)13S,  that  of  sulphur  6'6542,  and 
that  of  mercury  0.'.'700. 

vapour-bath,  vapor-bath,  s. 

1.  The  application  of  vapour  or  steam  to 
the  body  .in  a  close  place.  [Bath  (1)  s.  B. 
I.  2.]  Medicated  vapour  baths  are  largely  em- 
ployed, the  aqueous  vapour  being  impreg- 
nated with  mercury,  sulphur,  &e.,  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  disease. 

2.  The  place  or  bath  itself;  an  apparatus 
for  heating  bodies  by  the  vapour  of  water. 

vapour-douche,  vapor-douche,  6.  A 

topical  vajjour-batli,  which  consists  ai  the 
direction  of  a  Jet  of  aqueous  vapour  on  some 
part  of  the  body. 


va'-pour,  va'-por,  v.i.  &  /.    lVapour,  a.] 

A.  Intnuisitive: 
I.  Literally  : 

1.  To  pass  off  in  th?  fonu  of  vapour :  to  di.s- 
solve  or  disappear,  as  into  vapour,  steam,  or 
air  *  to  be  exhaled  ;  to  evaporate. 

*2.  To  emit  or  give  out  vaponr,  steam,  gas, 
©r  evaporations. 

"  Swift  runuing  waters  oapour  not  ao  much  ;*a 
standing  waters,"— /J«con;  /Natural  Uittory. 

II.  Figuratively : 

*  1.  To  pass  off  or  disappear  as  a  vapour. 

•*  He  now  is  dead,  and  all  hla  furie  gone. 
And  all  hia  greatnea  vapoured  to  nought. 
That  as  tt  glaaae  vpou  tbu  wuter  ahotie." 

Sperner:  The  Jtuineso/  Time.  210. 

2.  To  boast,  brag,  or  vaunt  with  ostentatious 
display  ;  to  hector,  to  bully. 

"  He  vapoured  considerably."  —  Daily  Telegraph. 
Feb,  7.  1888. 

*  B.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  cause  to  pass  into  a  vaporous 
state ;  to  cause  to  dissolve,  pass  away,  or  dis- 
appear in  a  vaporous,  gaseous,  or  aeriform 
condition ;  to  cause  to  melt  into  thin  air  or 
other  unsubstantial  thing. 

"  He'd  laugh  to  see  one  throw  hia  heart  away. 
Another  sighing  vapour  forth  his  aoul." 

Ben  Jomon, 

2.  Fig. :  To  affect  with  the  vapours  ;  to  dis- 
quiet, to  make  melancholy 

"  She  vapours  me  but  to  look  at  her."  —  Mad. 
D'Arbay  :  Camilla,  bk.  v..  ch.  vi. 

*  va'-p6ured,  a.  (Eng.  vapour;  -ed.]  Af- 
fected witli  the  vapours  ;  peevish,  dejected, 
splenetic, 

* Va'-pOUr-er,  s.     [Eng,  vapour;  -er.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  vapours,  brags,  or 
hectors  ;  one  who  makes  a  great  display  of  his 
powers  or  worth  ;  a  braggart,  a  bully,  a 
boaster,     [Vapour,  s.,  I.  2,  (2).] 

'■  A  ruffian,  a  riotoua  apendthi-ift.  and  a  notable 
vapourer."— Camden  ■  Hist.  Elizabeth  (au.  1570). 

2.  Etitom.  :  The  Vapourer-moth  (q,v.), 
vapourer-moth,  5. 

Entom.:  Orgyia  antique.  The  fore  wings  of 
the  male  are  rich  brown,  clouded  with  darker 
tints,  and  having  a  small  spot  near  the  anal 
angle;  the  hinder  wings  are  brown,  Iu  the 
females  the  wings  are  rudimentary.  Tlie 
male  is  common  in  England  from  July  to 
October,  and  is 
often  seen  in  the 
streets  of  London, 
The  female  re- 
mains in  the  co- 
coon, on  the  out- 
side of  which  she 
deposits  her  eggs 
iu  autumn.  The 
larvie,  which  first 
appear  in  June  and 
continue  for  some  months,  are  slaty  gray, 
having  four  or  five  wart-like  spots  on  each 
segment,  with  yellow  and  black  tufts.  Com- 
mon iu  gardens,  on  rose-bushes  and  many 
other  plants.  The  Scarce  ;Vapourer-moth,  U. 
gonostignm  has  several  small  white  spots  on 
the  wings  of  the  male.  The  larva  leeds  in 
autumn  on  oak,  hazel,  and  branible.  The 
perfect  insect  appears  iu  June. 

va'-pour-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Vapour,  v.] 
A.  &L  B-  Aspr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  Given 
to  bragging  or  boasting ;  vaunting  ostenta- 
tiously and  vainly ;  braggart. 

"A  vaponrimj  sort  (which  that  nation  was  then 
much  addicted  io)."—Strype:  Eccles.  Mem.  (au.  1552). 

C.  ^5  suhst. :  Bragging,  boasting  ;  boasts, 
vaunts. 

"Deapite  the  vapourimj  ot  the  Minister  of  War."— 
Daily  Teleijruph,  April?.  1886. 

*va.'-p6ur-mg-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vapouring; 
■hi.]  In  a  \apour,  bragging,  or  boastful 
manner. 

va'-p6ur-ish,  va-por-ish,  a.  [Eng.  va- 
pour ;  -ish.\ 

1.  Lit. :  Full  of,  or  abounding  in  vapours  ; 
vaporous. 

*  2.  Fig. :  Affected  by  vapours  :  splenetic, 
hypochondriac,  whimsical. 

•■  Nor  tf>  be  fretful,  vapoiiriah.  or  give  way 
To  spleen."  Crabbe :  Tales  of  the  Ball. 

*va'-pdur-ish-ness,  s,  [Eng.  vapourish; 
-ness.  ]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vapourish ; 
melancholy,  vapours. 

"  The  vapourishneii  whiirh  haa  l.iid  hold  of  my 
heart,  '—/ijc/iardso/i ;  Clarissii.  iv.  4L 


VAPOUKEK-MOTH. 


&te,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  ^11,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot 
or,  wore.  wolf.  work,  who,  son  ;  mute,  cuh,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  oe  =  e  ;  ey  =  a :  en  =  kw. 


vapoury— variation 


409 


Va'-pdur~^,  va'-por-j?,  n.  [Eng.  vapour ;  -y.] 
1.  Lil.  :  I'ull  iif  viiiumi-s;  of  the  nature  of 
a  \apuiir ;  va|'t.u■llu^■. 

"  Its  I'lipouri/  sail 
Hatli  cetised  her  aliiideil  orb  tu  vuil." 

Siiroii :  SU-fft  i:^  Corinth,  xxi. 

•  1.  Fi[u  :  AtlV'ctuil  with  the  valours  ;  melan- 
choly. sl)h'lli'tic. 

*v3,p-U-la'-tion,  .^".  [Lat.  vapido  —  to  hi- 
floggo.l.l  The  act  of  floggiiig,  heating,  nr 
whipping  ;  a  tltigijing. 

va-quer'-6  (qu  us  k),  s.    [Sp.  =a  cowhei.l  ; 

from  /ifrrr  (Lat.  aura)— -A  cow.]  A  ttMlii  a])- 
pliL-il  in  MfXicaml  theWcstern  United  St:iti-s 
to  one  who  has  the  eliarge  of  cattle,  horses, 
or  mules  ;  a  herdsman. 

va'-ra,  s.  [Native  woi-d.)  A  Chilian  measure 
..f  k'iigth,  equal  to  2-7S0G1  English  feet. 


va  ran. 


[Uaban.] 


va-ran -gi-an,  >-.  LIcel.  vcvxingjary  lit.  = 
iwiua  niLii,'  conlederates,  from  r/iraj-=an 
oath.]  One  of  those  Scandinavians  who  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  Byzantine  Emiteror, 
aud  became  the  Imperial  guard  at  Constanti- 
nople. Their  peculiar  weapon  was  the  two- 
edged  battle-axe. 

va-ran'-l-d£e,  ^-v^'  [Mod.  Lat.  varanins); 
Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  ,suff.  -\d\x.\ 

Zool. :  An  approximate  synonym  of  Moni- 
toridie  (q.v.). 

va-ra'-nus,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  the  iiati\e 
name  varan  (q.v.).] 

1.  Zooh  :  The  type-genus  of  Varanid«  (q.v.), 
with  eighteen  species,  having  the  range  of  the 
family. 

i.  Paki'ont :  From  the  Miocene  of  Greece 
and  India.     {}\'allact\) 

•var -din-gale,  *ver'-dm-gale,  s.  [Far- 
thikualij:.] 

•  vare,  •■'■.    [Sp.  i-nrj.  =  a  rod,  a  wand.]    A  wand 

or  staff  of  othce,  authority,  or  justice. 

"Tlie  proudest  doii  of  Spain,  when  he  is  praiiciiie 
uiiou  hia  gviiet  iu  the  street,  if  nn  al^iazil  show  him 
his  I'art',. that  is.  a  little  white  stafl"  lie  carrieth  as  ;i 
bulge  of  his  office,  my  duu  will  ureseiitly  otf  his  horse 
aud  yield  himself  his  prisoner.' —//otcc^I .'  Letters  {ed. 
17^8).  i>.  nil. 

v3r'-ec,  s.  [Fr.  varec  =  Eng.  ivracl-  (q.v.).] 
Tilt!  impin'e  carbonate  of  soda  made  in  Bril- 
tany;  it  corresponds  with  our  kelp.  {Brandf 
<£■  Cox.) 

var -ga-site,  s.      [After    Count   Vargas,    or 
Warga's  ;  suti:  -ite  (Min.)  ;  Ger.  wurgasU.] 
Mm. :  The  same  as  Pyr.^lloute  (q.v.). 

*  var'-i,  s.     [Fr.    Remote  etyra.  doubtful.] 

Zool. :  Lemur  catta,  or  varius.  [Ruffed- 
lemur,  Macaco.] 

var-i-a-bil'-i-ty,  .•!.     [Eng.  variable  ;  -ity.] 

1.  Ord.  Lanrj.  :  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being 
variable  ;  variableness. 

2.  BioL :  The  state  or  condition  of  mani- 
festing or  being  subject  to  variation  (q.v.). 

"It  is  mauifcst  that  man  is  uow  subject  to  mucli 
vnrinbiW}/.  No  two  iudlviduals  of  the  »ame  r.-ice  lire 
quite  alike."'— /'(irtuoi  ,■  J)e$ccnt  of  Man  (ed.  -ml),  i>.  -6. 

var'i-a-ble,  *  var-y-a-ble,  a.  &.s.  [Fr., 
fnim  Lat,  variabiU:>,  tiuiu  rario  =to  diversify, 
t..vary.] 

A.  As  ucijcctii'c : 

1.  Capable  of  varying,  changing,  or  alter- 
ing in  a  pliysieal  sense ;  liable  to  variation 
or  change ;  changeable. 

"  ForiQa  are  vurinblc,  aud  decay 
13y  cuurae  of  kiude.  and  hy  occasion," 

Spenser:  F.  U-.  HI-  vi.  38. 

2.  Capable  of  being  varied,  altered,  or 
changed ;  subject  to  being  changed  :  as,  To 
place  a  number  of  bodies  in  a  position  vari- 
able at  pleasure. 

3.  Liable  to  change,  vary,  or  alter  in  a 
moral  sense  ;  mutable,  changeable,  Ifickle,  iu- 
coustant,  unsteady. 

■'  Lest  that  thy  love  prove  llkewiae  variable." 

Hhtikesp.:  Romeo  &  Juliet,  ii.Z, 

B.  As  anhsiantive : 

L  Oi dinar y  Language: 

1.  That  which  is  variable  ;  that  wliich 
varies  or  is  liable  or  subject  to  vary,  change, 
or  alter. 

2.  A  shifting  wind,  as  opposed  to  a  ti-ade- 
wiud  ;  hence,  the  rariahles,  the  .space,  region. 


or  belt  intermediate  ln-tween  the  nortli-east 
and  the  south-east  tradevvinds.  This  re;^ion 
viiries  in  width  from  about  ISU  to  yOO  miles, 
being  widest  in  September  and  narrowest  in 
December  or  January,  aud  is  characterized  by 
calms,  shifting  breezes,  aud  sometimes  violent 
stinalls. 

IL  Math. :  A  variable  (juantity  ;  a  quantity 
wliich  may  be  regarded  as  in  a  slate  of  con- 
tinual increase  or  decrease. 

variable -ixalus,  &. 

Zinjl. :  Ixalus  rariabilis,  a  small  tree-frog, 
from  Ceylon.  The  body  is  about  an  inch  and 
:i  half  long,  aud  the  hind  limbs  greatly  devel- 
ojitd.     Tlif  roloiation  is  very  variable. 

variable -motion,  6. 

Mi-rli.  :  MdUnti  I'roduced  by  the  action  of  a 
force  which  \an'_-s  in  inlcusity. 

variable -quantities,  d'.  i>/. 

Math.  :  (Quantities  which  admit  of  an  in- 
linite  number  of  set  of  values,  in  the  siune 
etiuation.  Such  quantities  as  are  regarded  as 
being  suliject  to  continual  increase  or  decrease, 
in  opposition  to  those  which  are  constant,  re- 
maimng  always  the  same. 

variable -Stars,  s.  I'L 

A:^troii.  :  IVriodical  stiU's  ;  stars  which  vary 
in  their  lustre  at  ditferent  times.  Compared 
with  the  enormous  number  of  the  heavinly 
bodies  they  are  but  few.  Sir  John  Heist  lul 
gave  a  list  of  sixty-six  known  t6  him,  aud 
considered  it  nearly  complete.  The  most  re- 
markable is  Algol  (q.v.).  Another  is  Mira 
Ceti.  [MiRA.]  Goodricke,  who  in  178'J  rlis- 
covered  the  variability  of  Aluol,  attempted  to 
account  for  it  by  the  hypotlicsis,  whicli  t^ir 
John  Herschel  also  accepted,  that  some 
opaque  body,  temporarily  interposed  between 
the  observer  and  the  star,  intercepted  a  large 
part  of  the  emitted  light. 

variable -toad,  s. 

Zool. :  Bu/u  vuriabiliSy  a  species  common  in 
France.  It  has  the  hind  limbs  and  feet  nearly 
as  large  as  those  of  the  Fiog.  Called  also  the 
Green  Toad,  from  its  colour. 

var'-i-a-ble-ness,  s.    [Eng.  varia We;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  variable 
or  changeable,  ill  a  physical  sense;  liability 
to  or  susceptibility  of  material  change  ;  liiibk- 
ness  or  aptness  to  alter  or*  to  be  alteri-d  ; 
changeableuess. 

"  We  lost  ground,  owiug  to  the  variableness  of  the 
\viu<ls."~Coofi :  First  Voi/affe,  bk.  iii,,  cli.  L 
1[  Sometimes  used  in  the  same  sense  as 
Variation,  IL  2.  (1)  (q.v.).    See  also  extract 
under  Varietal. 

2.  Liability  to  change  or  alter  iu  a  moral 
sense  ;  mutability,  changeableuess  ;  fickle- 
ness, inconstancy. 

"The  Father  of  lights,  with  whom  is  uo  variable- 
ness, neither  shadow  of  t\iriimg."—Jajnes  i.  IT. 

var'-i-a.-hlyf  adv.  [Eng.  variah{le)  ;  -ly.]  In 
a  varialile  manner ;  chungeably,  mutably,  in- 
constantly. 

var-i-an9e,  *  var-i-aunce,  *var-y- 
auncei ->.  [Lat.  varians,  pr.  par.  of  vario  = 
to  vary.] 

1.  Ordhiary  Language : 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  or  becom- 
ing variant ;  change  of  condition  ;  alteration ; 
a  variation. 

'  2.  Ditlerence,  disagreement. 

"Tliei  shuldeu  haue  miiad  uo  daute  to  rederiu,  ue 
the  fariuHi'i-'-  of  wuides  ahulde  uot  haue  ympuyued  it 
ai\.i."—n'r/clijf'-':  James.    (Prol.) 

3.  Difference  that  produces  dispute  or  con- 
troversy ;  disagreement,  discussion,  discord, 
quarrel,  falling  out. 

"Ill  this  yere.  fyll  a  vitryauna  .atweiie  the  fely 
sshyppes  of  guldsmythes  ami  taylluiirs  of  Loudon." — 
Fabyan  :  Chroiiyvlc  |.iu.  12(iUJ. 

IL  Lair:  An  alteration  of  something  for- 
merly laid  in  a  writ,  or  a  diflerencc  between  a 
declaration  and  a  writ,  or  the  deed  on  which 
it  is  grounded  ;  a  departuie  in  the  oinl  evi- 
dencefrom  the  statement  in  the  ideadings. 

^  At  variance : 

*1.  In  a  state  of  disagreement  or  dilfereuce ; 
differing. 

2.  In  a  state  of  dissension,  discord,  or  con- 
troversy ;  at  enmity. 

"The  BritJiiiia  .  .  .  were  h^««Wmiic«?  amongst  them- 
selves,"— //'j?o*.i/j(ii  ;  Ili^t.  Kng..  hk,  iv.,  cli.  xxi. 

var'-i-ant, '  var-i-aunt,  a.  &  s.  fFr.  variant, 

pr.  par.  ol  mrier  =  tu  vary  (q.v.).T 


A*  As  adjeciive : 

1.  Different,  diverse;  havtug  a  different 
loiin  or.chamct*;r. 

"  Men  wcrw  foond  of  nature  varlaunt" 

Chaucer:  Court  <if  Love. 

2.  Variable,  varying. 

B.  As  subst. :  Something  <)ifferent  in  form 
fi'om,  but  essentially  the  same  as  another ;  a 
diltcirnt  form,  reading,  vi'ii»ion,  or  the  like. 

"  There  nn>  the  niiual  numlivr  uf  im rlriiir<  .  .  .  from 
tliu  fulkluro  of  nil  European  cuuntrlM."— jV(jr/Mir'« 
Majazim.  Su))t.,  lHii5,  |>.  Wi.. 

'  var'-i-ate,  v.t.  k  i.     [Lat.  wtrialns,  pa.  jar. 
ol  (■((;■("  =  to  vary  (q.v.).J 

A,  TroHs.  :  To  make  ditlerent ;  to  vary,  to 
diversify,  to  alter. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  altei-,  to  vary,  to  change. 

"  Thld  artltlL-lal  change  ii  hut  a  rlxathm  u(  nature'* 
in<:unat»iicy,  heli>lu^  it*  mrt-tdnj  Intlnnltlcft."— 
Jeremy  Tayfor :  Artificial  itamltoinenest,  i>.  49. 

var-i-at-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [Variate.] 

A.  .I.S-  pa.  2«in  ;  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjectitx : 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Varied,  diversilied. 

'■  Smooth,  varlated,  uuaiigular  hodlw.'— Biir*«  ; 
Stiblimc  .t  lieauri/ul. 

2.  Ikr.  :  Varriated  (q.v.). 
var-i-a'-tion,  '  var-i-a-ci-on,  '  var-i- 

a-cy-on,  a'.     [Fr.  variatiati.  from  Lat.  ruria- 
ti'iiu'iit,  accus.  of  variatio,  from  variat2(.i,  pa. 
par.  of  wtrio  =  to  vary  (q.v.);    Ital.    vuria- 
zione.] 
I.  Ordinary  Langituye : 

1.  The  act,  process,  or  state  of  varying; 
l)artial  change  iu  the  form,  position,  state,  or 
(jualities  of  a  thing ;  alteration,  change,  nmta- 
tion,  inoditicatiou. 

"  Absolute  necessity,  in  which  there  can  tie  no 
variation  In  any  kind  or  degree."— C/urAw;  On  the 
AttribtUes,  prop.  vii. 

2.  The  extent  to  which  a  thing  varies ;  the 
degree,  interval,  or  amount  ol"  departure  from 
a  previous  condition,  position,  or  form ; 
amount  oi-  rate  of  change. 

"  Another  thing  that  stumbled  me  here  waa  the 
variiitiou,  which,  at  tliia  time,  hy  the  laat  amplitude  I 
had.   I  found  to  ho   hut  7  deg.  63  mill."— /)«»i;/(t,'r; 
Voyages  |iui.  1099). 
'  3.  Difference. 

"There  ift  great  variation  between  him  that  1« 
raised  tu  the  sovereignty  by  the  favour  of  \na  peers 
:uid  him  that  comes  to  it  by  the  ouD'ntge  of  the 
people." — lien  Jvnson  :  Diteoveriet. 

4.  The  act  of  deviating  ;  deviation. 

"  He  observed  the  variation  of  our  English  from  the 
original,  and  made  au  entire  traualatluu  of  the  whole 
for  his  private  use." — Fell. 

*  5.  Variance,  dissension,  discord,  disagree- 
ment. 

"  Thus  the  christen  realmes  were  iu  vartacnon,  and 
the  churcheaingre-atdyU'ereuce."— SCTVie/'j;  Froiisart; 
Cronyclc,  ch.  cecxliv. 

IL  Teohnicalbj : 

1.  Astron. :  Any  deviation  from  the  mean 
orbit  or  mean  motion  of  a  heavenly  body  pro- 
duced by  the  perturbation  of  another  body  or 
boilies.  Thus  the  planets  are  consideretl  to 
move  mathematically  in  elliptic  orbits,  which 
would  be  the  case  if  they  were  subject  to  the 
attraction  of  the  sun  only,  but  being  acted 
on  by  each  other,  there  is  supposed  to  bt:  a 
minute  ami  slow  but  constant  variation  in 
the  elements  of  the  ellipse.  Variations  which 
are  ciimiiensated  in  slmrt  intervals  are  called 
ix-riodic,  aud  those  whicli  require  for  their 
compensation  a  long  jieriod  are  called  secular. 
{Herschel:  Astron. ,  §  GJ3-0J5.) 

2.  Biology: 

(1)  A  tendency  in  all  organisms  to  vary 
slightly  from  other  organisms  produced  by 
the  same  parents. 

"  No  two  animals  or  plants,  wen  when  born  of  the 
same  parunts,  are  cx:iclly  .alike  :  thin  is  known  as 
Variation."— Jtay  Lankeslt-r :  />rffeneratii>n,  \t.  Vi. 

(2)  Hereditary  niodilication. 

"  We  8hall  see  how  great  is  the  power  of  man  in  nc- 
cuinulatliig.  by  his  selection.  oucL-eMlvti  flight  raria- 
ttons." — Darwin  :  Oriffin  of  Speeips  (ed,  2iid),  p.  3. 

(.'i)  A  modi ticat ion  directly  due  to  the 
jiliysi'  al  conditions  of  lifu ;  such  as  the 
duari'd  condition  of  shells  in  the  Baltic,  or 
of  stunted  plants  on  Alpine  summits.  {Dar- 
win :  Origin  o/iypecies,  ch.  ii.) 

t  (4)  An  organism,  or  a  group  of  organisms, 
exhibiting  modihcation  due  to  external  con- 
ditions. 

"  The  term  variation  bus  been  employed  by  some 
authors  to  deHit^iiate  foriiiM  le^t*  pi-ruian^-iit  than 
v.'irieties.  but  tin;  tritii  htw  not  ohtiiliieii  geiicnil  ac- 
ceptame."— C7.'imft(;r<'  t'uri/cloinrtti'i  (fd,  ISCTI,  Ix.  TIG. 

'  3.  Gram. :  Change  ot  terminatiun  of  words. 


boU,  bo^;  pout,  j6wl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  benQh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  = 
-cian.  -tian  —  sban.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tlous,  -sious  —  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  >^c.  =  bel,  del 


deL 


410 


variaunt— variety 


as    ill    ti«'<-:<'iisioii.   conjugation,  com i unison, 
and  till'  likr  ;  iitHvrtiun. 

"Tl)t-  lulra  'if  )tntiiiiiuir.  niiit  uae(u)  exatiiplfsuf  tbe 
oirmfM'i  <i(  vonls.  mid  tlio  |ivcullar  funii  <>t  «pe«eh, 
Are  ultcu  AiiiHiliitcd  to  be  ivtfAtetl.'— H'uffs.'  On  Ihe 

MiHd. 

\.  Muiu::  An  air  or  theme  with  variations 
is  a  tnu»4ical  (roniportitioii  in  which  a  siin)ile 
nieUxly  is  iii-»t  given  out,  and  then  sevi-ral 
tinifs  reiK-ated,  each  repetition  eontainint; 
chanties  hy  means  of  broken  liarmony.countfi'. 
point,  broken  rhytlurr,  tlie  arpey^io.  scale- 
inssa^es,  und  even  by  nLiKliricuiion  of  key. 
Thi-  earliest  forms  of  a  van;dion  were  the 
"divisions"  added  to  a  ground-lmss ;  tlien 
them  foUowed  the  clianges  above  described, 
but  the  character  of  variations  in  modern 
musie  has  gi-adually  develoiH.'d  into  a  series 
of  soiind-pictnres.  i)f  wiiich  tJie  theme  is 
indee<l  the  main  subject,  but  is  represented 
nndervarious  phases  of  sentiment,  expression, 
thought,  and  lesthetic  colouring. 

5.  Physirs  <f  Navig, :  Tlie  angle  included 
between  the  true  and  magnetic  meridians  of 
any  jiarticular  jdaee.  !f  the  direction  of 
tJie  truu  meridian  at  any  given  place  wen^ 
known,  the  variation  of  the  needle  would 
be  founcl  by  simply  tjiking  the  l)earing  of 
this  line  with  the  compass.  If  the  bearing 
of  the  meridian  is  east  of  north,  the  variation 
is  to  the  west ;  if  the  bearing  is  west  of 
north,  the  variation  is  to  the  east.  In  order, 
therefore,  to  tind  the  variation  of  the  needle 
at  any  place,  we  fii-st  find  the  direction  of  the 
true  meritlian,  or  of  some  lino  which  makes  a 
known  angle  with  it  ;  we  then  observe  the 
bearing  of  this  line  ;  from  this  result  the 
variation  is  easily  emnputed.  The  line  most 
usually  employed  is  the  line  of  greatest 
elongation  of  the  pole  star,  either  to  tlie  east 
or  west.  At  London,  in  1550,  the  deviation 
was  ll''  17'  E.  :  about  HiOO  it  was  0°.  It  then 
began  to  tleviate  to  the  west,  till  it  attained 
its  maximum  in  1S15,  2-1''  17'  IS",  lu  1865  it 
was  20*  38'. 

■[  (1)  Aniutal  ixiriation  : 

A:^tron.  :  The  annual  change  in  the  right 
ascension  or  declination  of  a  star  produced 
by  the  combined  influence  of  its  own  motion 
and  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes. 

(2)  CalcuUis  of  varUUiojis  :  LCalculus]. 

(3)  Variation  of  elenients : 

Astron..  Fhifsics,  d:  Math. :  Changes  in  the 
elements  entering  into  the  calculation  of  any 
ligure,  rate  of  motion,  &c.    [Variation,  II.  1 " 

(4)  Var  UU  ion  of  th^  compass  ;  [Magnetism,  •! ; 
Variation,  II.  o.]- 

(5)  Variatio7i  of  the  moon : 

Astron.:  Irregularity  in  the  moon's  motion 
and  in  the  form  of  her  orbit,  depending  on 
the  angular  distance  of  the  luminary  fiom 
the  sun.  When  nearest  the  earth  the  true 
longitude,  as  seen  from  the  earth,  is  gaining 
on  the  mean  longitude  ;  it  will  be  the  revei-se 
when  she  is  in  quadratures  (farthest  from  the 
earth),  and  at  intermediate  points  nearly  coin- 
ciding with  octants,  she  will  be  neither 
gaining  nnr  losing.  But  at  these  points  the 
amount  of  gain  or  loss  will  Jiave  readied  its 
maximum.  The  entire  variation  produced  by 
this  cause  in  the  moon's  longitude,  is  1°  4'. 
(Herschel:  Astron.,  §  705.) 

(6)  Variations  of  the  barometer :  [Baro- 
meter). 

variation- compass,  .^.  A  declination 
compass  (q.v.). 

'  var-i-aunt,  a.    [Variant.] 

var-x-9er-la,  s.     [Dimin.  from  Mod.   Lat. 

cari.Ani.i.v.).^ 

Pathol. :  The  name  formerly  given  to  a 
modified  form'  of  small-pox  [Varicelloid 
SMALL-Pox],  now  contined  to  chicken-pox. 

var-i-cel'-Ioid,  a.     [Mod.   Lat.  varfceU(a): 
Eng.  suit,  -old.]     Resembling  varicella  (q.v.). 

varicelloid  smallpox,  s. 

Pathol. :  Modified  small-pux.  in  which  the 
eruption  seems  to  stoj.  at  its  vesicular  stage. 
most  of  the  vesicles  drying  up  instead 'of 
developing  into  pustules.  Called  a'so  Abor- 
tive Small-pox. 

va-rig'-i-form,  a.    [Lat.  rarix,  genit.  varicis, 
and  Jonna  =  form.]  Resembling  a  varix  (q.v.). 

var'-i-cd-9ele,  s.     (MwL  Lat.  varix,  genit. 
(■«riVi\s,  ami  Gr.  k^Xij  (Ktle)  =  a  tumour.] 


Pathol.  :  A  varicose  C(tn(lition  of  the  veins 
of  the  spermatic  cnrd,  due  to  increr.sed  pres- 
sure within  the  vssels,  or  Ui  diminished  re- 
sistanee  in  their  walls  and  in  the  surrounding 
slructuns, 

v&r'-i-cose,  'var-i-cous,  -f.    [Lat.  m/i- 
ajsus,  from  carij:^  genit.  rttnci^.j    [Vaiux.] 
I.  Onlinary  Lutignage : 

1.  Exliibiting  or  marked  by  a  varix  ;  pret^r- 
miturally  enlarged  or  permanently  dilated. 
(?>aid  of  veins.) 

"There  are  liistauces  of  cue  vein  only  being  vari- 
catm,  whtoli  uuiy  be  ilcstruyoil  by  tying  it  abuve  luid 
bcluw  thediliitatiun.  "~>7uirp. 

2.  Designed  for  the  cure  or  relief  of  varicose 
veins:  as,  wiricow  stockings,  elastic  hose  to 
compress  and  support  distended  veins  in  the 
leg  and  foot. 

II.  J'.nf,  :  Swolliu  h' rr  and  there. 

varicose -aneurism,  ^. 

Pathol  :  A  form  of  aneurism  in  which  a 
communication  has  been  formed  between  the 
aorta,  and  either  of  the  vena:  cava-,  one  of  the 
auricles,  the  right  ventricle,  or  the  pulmonary 
artery. 

varicose-veins,  s.  pi    [Varix.j 

Var-i-COS  -i-ty,  >.  [Eng.  ya«tr.)>-(c) ;  -ity.] 
The  quality  oi  state  of  being  varicose.  (Said 
of  a  vihi.) 

'  var'-i-COUS,  a.     [Varicose.] 

var'-ied,  pa.  par.  &  a.     [Vary.] 

A,  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Partially  changed  ;  altered,  changed, 

2.  Characterized  by  variety ;  consisting  of 
various  sorts  or  kinds  ;  diversified. 

3.  Dirt'enng  from  each  other ;  diverse, 
various. 

'  var-ied-ly,  adc.  [Eng.  varied;  -ly.]  In  a 
varied  iiianiior ;  diversely. 

var'-i-e-gate,  ct.  y^at.  variegatits,  pa.  par. 
of  varicgo  =  ti">  make  of  various  colours,  from 
earins  =  of  diverse  colours,  various.]  To 
diversify  by  means  of  various  tints  or  lines  ; 
to  mark  with  clifferent  colours  in  irregular 
l)atches  ;  to  spot,  to  streak,  to  dapple,  or  the 
like. 

"The  skill  "in  makiiig  tulips  feathered  aad  varie- 
ifitteil.  witli  stripes  of  (fivers  colours. "—/"riHer .-  H'or- 
thies:  Sorfotk. 

var'-i-e-gat-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.   [Variegate.] 
Bot. :  Having  the  colour  disposed  in  various 
irregular,  sinuous  spaces. 

variegated  copper-ore,  .';. 

Mill.  :  The  same  as  Bornite  (q.v.). 

variegated-leaves,  <^.  pi 

But. :  Leaves,  partu-ular  parts  of  which  are 
white,  or  of  some  other  colour  than  the  normal 
green.  The  change  in  colour  arises  from 
disease.  [Variegation,  IL,  2.]  In  exogens 
the  pale  blotches  are  generally  irregular,  in 
endogens  they  tend  to  follow  the  course  of 
the  venation.  In  general,  ihe  disease  almost 
simultaneously  atleets  all  the  leaves  of  a 
brunch.  If  in  this  case  a  cutting  from 
tlie  diseased  V>rnncli  be  planted,  the  plants 
wliich  result  will  have  all  the  leaves  with 
white  blotches.  On  the  other  hand,  if  a  plant 
in  which  the  disease  has  arisen  while  it  grew 
in  poor  soil  be  transferred  to  riclier  mould, 
the  variegation  will  often  disappear. 

variegated-monkey,  s. 

Zool.  :  ^emnopitJtecus  neitumis,  the  most 
brightly-coloured  species  of  the  genus.  Head 
and  back  gray;  thighs,  fingers,  and  toes 
black  ;  legs  and  ankles  bright  red  ;  fore  arms, 
throat,  and  tail  pure  white;  throat  with  a 
more  or  less  complet-e  circle  of  biight  red. 
They  are  natives  of  Cochin  China,  and  appear 
to  be  good-tempered,  but  little  is  known  of 
them.     Called  als'>  the  Dnuc. 

*  variegated-sandstone,  s. 

Gcol. :  A  name  formerly  given  to  the  New 
Red  Sandstone  called  by  the  French  gres 
bigarre  ami  by  the  Germans  Bunter  Sandstein, 
terms  all  implying  its  parti-coloured  cha- 
racter. The  system  containing  it  was  formerly 
called  in  England  also  Poikilitic  (q.v.). 

variegated-sole,  s. 

Irhthu. :  :<oloi  rnrifgata,  a  small  species, 
about  ejglit  or  nine  inches  long,  with  very 


small  peetorals  ;  odour  bunvnish-gray,  witii 
dark  Iwnids  extending  between  the  dorsal  and 
anal  fins.  It  is  common  olf  the  south  co;ist 
of  Devonshire.     Called  also  the  Banded  Sole. 

variegated  spider-monkey,  .«. 

Zo'jI.:  Aides  varifjatns,  nv  barthttii  {Gray). 
discovered  in  18li6,  in  Eastern  Peru,  by  Mr. 
E.  Bartlett.  Fur  abundant,  long,  and  soft. 
Black,  cheeks  white,  band  across  the  foreheaiJ 
briglit  reddish-yellow  ;  chest,  belly,  inner  side 
and  front  and  back  part  of  the  limbs,  and  side 
and  under  surface  of  tail,  yellow.  (/Voc.  2ooL 
.Soc,  1807,  p.  0112.) 

var-i-e-ga'-tion,  .■*.     [Variegate.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

I.  The  act  of  variegating  or  the  state  ol 
being  variegated  by  different  colours;  diver- 
sity of  colours  or  tints. 

"Tliey  will  soon  lose  their  varicgationt:"— Evelyn : 
Kalfiidarium :  October. 

*  2.  A  variety.    (OlanvHl:  Scrinon  10.) 

II.  Botany : 

1.  The  disposal  of  the  colour  in  various 
irregular,  sinuous  spaces.  Nearly  in  the  same 
sense  as  I.  1.     Called  also  Marking. 

2.  Spec,  a  disease  of  plants  causing  their 
leaves  to  become  more  or  less  white  from  the 
absence  or  modification  of  chlorophyll.  It  is 
distinguished  from  chlorosis  in  Ijeing  jwrma- 
nent  and  in  leaving  the  health  of  the  plant 
unatfeeted.    [Varieuated-lkaves.] 

^var-i-en,  v.t.    [Vary.] 

t  var'-i-er,  s.  [Eng.  vary ;  -er.]  One  who 
varies  ;  one  who  strays  in  search  of  variety. 

"Pious  variers  from  tlie  church." 

Teiittytoii :  Hea  Dreams.  19. 

va-ri'-e-tal,  a.  [Eng.  vari.et(y);  -(d.]  Of  or 
pertaining"  to  a  variety,  as  distinguished  from 
an  individual  or  a  species. 

"  HfLTcs,  according  to  the  altitude  of  their  raoge. 
show  ahuost  every  degree  of  variiibleiiess  Iietweeii  i-ed 
and  white.  Our  oomuion  hare  la  widely  distributed, 
aud  t>'  iiuch  all  extent  do  varieCul  fotms  ditler,  that 
several  (so-caUedJ  distinct  siwcics  have  been  evoh-ed 
out  of  one."—*.  James's  tituclte,  Jan.  «,  IK*;. 

va-ri'-e-tjr,  6\  [Fr.  variete,  from  Lat  rrtrw- 
tatcm,  accus.  of  varidajs,  from  varius  =  various 
(q.v.).] 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  varied  or 
various ;  intermixture  of  ditferent  things  or 
of  things  different  in  form,  or  a  succession  of 
different  things ;  diversity,  multifariousness. 

"  It[the  world]  is  agoodly  plaue  ,  .  .  full  of  variety 
aud  pleasantness."— fl/>.  Halt:  C'ontcmpl.  ;  Vietory  qf 
J-'ailh  over  the  \Vorl<l. 

2.  Exhibition  of  different  characteristics  by 
one  individual ;  many-sidedness. 

•■  Age  cannot  wither  her  nor  custom  stale 
Her  iutinite  uurictff." 

Shakesp. :  Jutont/A  Cleopatra,  ii.  2. 

*  3.  Difference,  dissimilitude. 

"There  is nvarieti/ in  the  tempersof  good  men.  with 
relation  to  the  different  impressions  they  receive  from 
ditferent  objects  of  charity.'  —Atlerbury. 

*  4.  Variation,  deviation  ;  change  from  a 
former  state. 

"To  go  about  to  answer  those  reasons  hy  supposi- 
tions of  a.  variety  in  things," — Hale :  Oriy.  of  Mankind. 

5.  Something  diflering  from  others  of  the 
same  general  kind  ;  one  of  many  things  which 
agree  in  their  genei'al  features,  but  differ  in 
detail ;  a  sort,  a  kind. 

6.  A  collection  or  number  of  many  different 
things  ;  a  varied  assortment :  as.  He  deals  in 
a  variety  of  goods. 

TI  Used  also  arljectively  of  an  entertain- 
ment consisting  of  singing,  dancing,  gymnasti" 
performances,  &c.,  or  of  performers  engaged 
in  such  an  entertainment. 

"The  biggest  nar/c^i/ company  ever  seen  at  the  East 
end  of  Londou, "— AV/ri-t'L',  Uaich  25,  1B6C. 

7.  Absence  of  monotony  or  uniformity  ;  di 
versification,  change. 

"  Vari^tij  's  the  very  spice  of  life 
That  gives  it  all  its  fl.ivoii r. "' 

Cowpvr :  Task.  ii.  C06. 

II,  Biol.:  A  group  of  organisms  (subordi- 
nate to  a  species,  but  not  susceptible  of  strici 
definition).  They  breed  true  to  characters, 
but  are  not  invariably  fertile  with  othei 
varieties— c.f/.,  pouters  among  pigeons,  ami 
some  kinds  of  maize  among  plants.  The  line 
of  demarcation  between  vajieties  and  specie 
is  indeterminable. 

"  Certainly  no  clear  line  of  demarcation  has  as  ye. 
been  dmwn  between  sjjeciesand  siib-s|>ecies— that  i-^ 
the  forms  which,  in  the  njiinion  of  '^ouie  naturalisls 
come  very  nenr  to.    l.ut  do  int  'lu.te  mrive  at.  tl.i- 


tate,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  faU,  fother;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sxre,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
or,  wore,  wou;  work,  who,  son ;  miite.  eiib,  ciire.  unite,  our.  riile,  fuU ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  cs  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Irw. 


variform —varnish)  ng 


411 


niiik  "f  s|ii-ii.rs:  or.  iicniii,  botwcvli  aub-spfclpft  iiiid 
Mt^ll-iiiiki'kt'<l  fr i-irt i,:i,  ur  liiitweeii  IcsstT  vurit'livs  mni 
in.li\i.|iijj  iUrt(-u-iK.>.  Tlieae  dilft-rvintrs  Ittt-nd  inU. 
tMt'li  nthvi  l>>  ;iii  iii^i'iisiblv  acriw:  miil  ii  serit-s  iui- 
Iiioj-ii!<  the  iii'iml  with  tlit-  idea  of  «ii  actual  iifihsugc. ' 
—IMru-isi :  Origin  tff  Spurict  ieti,2nil),  p.  41. 

^  The  tenn  is  often  used  more  loosely  of 
iiiiiiemls,  rocks,  &c. :  as,  varieties  of  ainplii- 
bole,  r(trtc?(»\s- of  j»i-anite,  &c. 

^  l''or  the  diflferiMice  between  mrtcty  and 
dlffcrtncef  see  Diffekknce. 

■*var'-i-fonn,  o.  ILat,  rai'iHA'=  various,  and 
foruKi  =  form.]  Having  various  or  dilferent 
forms  i>r  .sliapes  ;  varying'  in  form. 

var'-i- formed,  (i.  IKng.  mri/unn  ;  -vL] 
Formed  with  dilten-nt  shapes. 

'var-i-^y,  *  var-i-fie»  i\t.  (Lut.  vai'ius  = 
v;iriuus.  aud/dctu  =  lu  make.] 

1.  To  make  dilTerent ;  to  vary. 

"  Their  workes  to  varifie.' 

Daoitu:  Summa  Totnlis,  |).  17. 

2.  To  variegate  ;  to  colour  variously ;  to 
diversify. 

"  Lively  colours  lovely  wtrifittv." 

SyliH-stfr  ■  The  Atugnificence.  (M. 

Va-rig'-er-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  uan'x,  geiiit. 
VacM  /s,  and'Lat.  gero  =  to  CJirry.] 

I'tihront.  :  A  genus  of  Turiiatellidie  (q.v.), 
with  ei^dit  sjn'cies,  ranging  from  the  Neoco- 
miaii  tn  tlie  Chalk  of  France. 

va-rin  -gM-an,  s.    [Varanoian.] 

va-ri  -6-la,  -•■.     [Fr.  variolt,  from  Lat.  varius 

'—  various'  spotted.] 

1.  I'afhiil. :  Sniall-pox  (q.v  ), 

2.  lii'it. :  One  of  the  pustular  shields  formed 
in  Variularia,  &c.  (In  this  sense  there  is  a 
jdural.  cti-ri'-6-la:) 

va-ri-6-lar,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  t!artoi(a);  Eng. 
;i'ij.  siitl",  -tn:]  Pertaining  to  variola  or  small- 
pox ;  variolous. 

*  va-ri-o-lar'-i-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  varioln, 
aiid  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -oria.] 

Lot. :  A  spurious  genus  of  Fungals,  being  a 
state  of  a  lichen  with  abundant  soredia.  V'uri- 
ularid  Uui'-u  is  used  in  dyeing. 

va-ri-o-lar'-in,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  variolaiXia) ; 
-lit.] 

Chem.:  Robiquefs  name  for  the  crystalline 
body  obtained  by  him  from  the  alcoholic  ex- 
tract of  I'ar'wlaria  dealbata. 

var-i-ol'-ic,  a.  [Jlod.  Lat.  vanol{a);  Eng. 
adj.  sutl.  -11-.]    Variolous. 

var'-i-6-lite,  ,•!.  [Lat.  i'ario/(a)  =  tlie  small- 
pox ;  sutf.  -itf  {Petrol.).} 

Petrol. :  A  rock  originally  found  in  ]>ebbles, 
having  small,  projecting  pustular  bodies,  le- 
sultiiig  lium  sub-aerial  weatlieriug.  It  is  an 
aphanitic  diabase,  enclosing  s]>herular  coiicre- 
tiuus  of  a  felspar,  mostly  labradorite.  Has 
recently  been  found  in  situ  with  normal  <lia- 
base. 

var-i-6-lit'-ic, a.  [Variola.]  Thicklymarlied 
with  small  loimd  specks  or  dots  ;  .sjiotted. 

Var -i-0-l6id,  a.  &  s.  [Mod.  Lai.  iuiiol(<'); 
surt.  -oiiL] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Resembling  variola  or  small-jiox. 
2.  Resembling    measles ;   liaving    tlie    ap- 
pearance of  measles. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Pathol.  :  The  name  given  to  a  disease  which 
lias  the  characters  of  variola  in  a  mild  form, 
but  which  is  really  sinall-imx  modified  by 
pFL-viuus  vaccination  or  inoculation. 

va-ri'-O  lous.  a.  [M(td.  Lat.  variol('() :  Eng. 
adj.  sutl.  -iiiis.]  Pi-rtaiaiiig  to  or  designating 
small-i)ox  ;  variolar. 

var-i-br'-um,  a.  [Fnmi  tlie  Lat.  (eriittocTtm 
notis)  cariuniiii  =  an  editi«m  (with  the  notes)  of 
various  persons.]  A  term  appliecl  to  an 
edition  of  some  work  in  wliich  the  nott'S  of 
vai'ious  commentators  are  inserted :  as,  a 
variorum  edition  of  a  Greek  classic. 

var'-i-oiis,  '(.  [Lat.  varius  =  variegated, 
diverse,  uianifuld.]  ' 

1,  Dittering  from  each  otlier  ;  diflerent. 
diverse,  manifold. 

"  Ue  .  .  .  ill  ilerisioii  seta 
U|)«n  tli«ir  toiiL{in?  »  varioHt  npirit,  to  rnse 
Quit«  out  tlieir  iiatiVL'  limtfuitL'p." 

'Jfilfon:  P.  L.,  x\\.  .V{. 


2.   I'ivers.  se\ei*al. 

"  On  llie  whole  wc  lost  little  less  tliiui  a  month  )iy 
our  itUt?tiiliiiu-c  ti|H>u  lirr  (the  Uloucvetei).  hi  conne- 
ijuviicu  i>t  the  vari-'tu  iiiiKkrliNucv)!  she  eucouutor«d."— 
Annun  :  Voyages,  lik.  iit  ,  ch.  i. 

"3.  Variegated.     (A  Latinisni.) 

"  The  vitriQus  lii»  .1  uno  HeiidH  with  hAstc. " 

Drgden  :  Virgii ;  .Eneld  \x.  2. 

'  4.  Changeable,  uncertain,  untixed,  in- 
constant. 

"The  iiKiiR'.'s  of  inixeil  mo<leH  want  standardR  in 
•  nature.  whei'el>y  to  adjust  thtir  sign  ill  catlnii  ;  there- 
fore they  arc  very  variutut  and  doubtful."— /x)cA<', 

*5.  Exhibiting  ditferent  characters  ;  multi- 
form. 

••  A  mnii  so  cariouf  thiit  he  seemd  to  Iw 
Not  one.  but  all  muukiiid's  eiiituuie." 

/irydcn:  Absiifom  A  Achitophrl,  i.  5^^^. 

6.  Having  a  diversity  of  features  ;  not  uni- 
form or  monntouuus;  diversified. 

"  UerbH  of  evt-ry  leaf,  that  sudden  flowered. 
Upeuiug  their  miriotu  cuhMiru." 

Jliitou  :  P.  L..  vii.  318. 

^  F<ir  the  dilierence  between  various  and 
different^  see  Differknt. 

var'-i-OUS-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  various;  -ly.]  In 
a  various  manner  or  degree ;  in  various  or 
different  ways  ;  diveisely  ;  with  diversity  ; 
multifariously. 

■■  So  sweet,  80  shrill,  so  various};!  she  sung." 

Drgdcit  :  Flower  &  Leaf,  110. 

Tar-is'-9ite,  s.  [After  Variscia,  the  Latin 
name  for  Voigtland,  where  found ;    sufl".  -iU 

(J/U).).] 

Min.  :  A  reniform  niim-ral  of  ajiple-green 
colour;  Compos.:  a  hydraled  jiliosphate  of 
alumina.     Is  probably  relal^-d  ti>  (_';daite  (q.^.). 

var-isse',  s.    [Cf.  varix.] 

Fiirr.  :  An  imperfection  on  tln'  inside  (if  the 
leg  of  a  horse,  differing  from  a  curb,  at  tlie 
same  height,  and  frequently  injuring  the  sale 
of  the  animal  by  growing  to  an  unsightly 
magnitude.     (Crttfj;.) 

Var'-ix,  *-.     I  Lat.  J 

L  Pathol. :  The  dilatation  and  thickening 
of  the  veins  with  lengthening  and  toifiiosity, 
and  projection  ot  cei-t-ain  points  m  the  form 
of  knots  or  knobs,  in  which  the  blood  coagu- 
lates, fibrin  is  deposited,  and  in  the  centre 
sometimes  <'ven  osseous  matter  ;  in  addition 
the  coats  of  the  veins  are  diseased.  Occa- 
sioually  partitions  are  formed,  and  perfora- 
tions communicating  with  the  surrounding 
cellular  tissue,  which  is  genei'ally  more  or  less 
diseased  ;  this  form  is  chiefly  fonml  round  the 
anus,  causing  piles  or  hiemorrlioids.  The 
veins  chiefly  affected  are  tlie  saphenous,  sper- 
matic, and  haimorrlioidal,  most  of  all  the  first, 
producing  varicose  veins  and  ulcers  of  the 
legs  in  women,  and  clerks  who  sit  cross-legged 
at  their  desks. 

2.  Zool. :  One  of  the  ridges  or  spinose  lines 
which  mark  the  forme)-  position  of  the  mouth 
in  (certain  univalve  shells.  (See  illustration 
under  Univalve.) 

var'-let,  var-lette,  ^■.  [O.  Fr.  varlet,  vaslet, 
ndlct,  v(dft.  Tlie  original  form  was  vaslet,  foi- 
i((,ssa/cf,  dimin.  from  rass(d=.&  vassal  Iq.v.). 
Vurltt  and  cakt  arc  doublets.] 

*  L  A  page,  or  knight's  follower ;  an  at- 
tendant on  a  gentleman ;  a  serving-man,  a 
groom  or  footman. 

■■  For  the  archeitt  *  ho  were  to  the  nonibre  of  iti.  M. 
shotte  faste  theyr  aiowes.  Jiat  sparyng  niaisters  imr 
varlettis."—Ufriivra :  Froiasart ;  CronycU-.xoX.  i.,  ch.  \vi. 

t  2.  A  term  of  contempt  for  a  low  fellow  ; 
a  scoundrel,  a  rascal. 


"  3.  The  Court  card  now  called  the  knave. 

*  var'-let-ess,  s.  [Eng.  varlet;  -ess.]  A  female 
varlet;  a  waiting-woman. 

"Luniiig  their  noble   vitrleteat."'~Richardtoii  :    Cht- 
rhm.  I.  UlS. 

' var'-let-ry,  s.  [Eng.  varlet;  -ry.]  Th-- 
rabble,  the  crowd,  the  mob. 

■  (lay  swamia  of  varlctry  that  come  and  go  " 

II.  Brountiwj :  Sordctlo,  vi, 

var' -met,  n.    [O.  Fr.] 

Her.:  The  escallop  when  represented  with- 
out the  ears. 

var' -mint*  s.  [See  def.]  A  vulgar  corrup- 
ti»m  of  vermin  (q.v.),  often  applie<l  to  any 
person  or  animal,  sijecially  troublesome,  inis- 
!-]iievi>ns,  or  the  like ;  specilically  in  hunting 
slang,  a  fox. 

■•  Decided  the  houiid  iu  fiut".tii.ii  to  go  forthe  var- 
luhit  liL  li.ul  uniutl '—Field.  Fe)>.  4.  Ib^8. 


var'-nish.    -  ver-niscb.    *  ver-nysche. 

'  ver-nysshe.  •■*.  |Kr.  ytrfti.-:  =  varnish  ; 
ixrnisstr  =t'^  varnish  ;  (>.  Vr.  ttrttir  (pa.  jKir. 
veriU)  —  to  vjaniMh  ;  vtruis  =  varnished,  from 
B  supposed  Low  Lat.  citrino=  to  glaze,  from 
Lat.  vUrinits  =  pertaining  t«  or  resemblint; 
glass,  from  ri(r?(w  =  glass  ;  Sp.  iierni2,bamiz 
=  varnish,  lacquer  ;  barnizar  =  to  varnish,  t.i 
lacquer;  Itjil.  vtniice  =  varnisli  ;  vernifarr, 
veniiciurc  =  to  vaniisli  ;  ef.  Uite  Gr.  fitpoyiKii, 
|3cpctKij  {iHtroniki^  6cnuAv)=  anibei".  ] 

L  Lit. :  A  thin,  resinous  fluid,  which  when 
spread  over  the  surface  of  wood,  metal,  glass, 
ur  other  solid  substance,  forms  a  shining  coat^ 
ing,  impervious  to  iiir  and  moisture.  Vm- 
nishes  are  picpaied  by  ilissolving  <'ertain  re- 
sins, as  copal,  anime,  mastic,  lai*,  &f.,  in 
spirit  of  wine,  or  in  lixfd  or  volatile  oils,  thus 
producing  spirit  varnishes  or  oil  varnish<"<. 
Amber  is  hard,  tough,  and  soluble  wi(li  ditli- 
culty  ;  it  makes  an  excellent  varnish,  but  is 
expensive  and  dries  slowly.  Cojial  is  next  in 
iluraliilily  to  amber,  and  is  more  largely  used 
tlian  any  other  gum  in  i)reparing  oil  varnishes. 
Anime  dries  quickly,  but  is  deficieutin  t<mgh- 
ness,  and  is  liable  to  ciack.  Crystal  varnish 
for  maps  or  drawings  is  prepared  by  dissolving 
Canada  balsam  in  the  purest  oil  of  turpen- 
tine. Common  resin,  dissolved  by  means  of 
heat  in  linseed-oil  nr  turpentine,  is  used  as 
a  varnish  for  soim-  common  purposes,  and  is 
mixed  with  other  varnishes  to  impart  bril- 
liancy, but  unless  sparingly  used  renders  them 
liable  to  crack.  [Wee  Dammahin,  Lac-varnish, 
Mastic] 

2,  Fiijiindivchf : 

(1)  A  glussy  or  lustrous  appearance,  natural 
or  artiricial,  resembling  varnish  ;  as,  the 
viiniisk  of  the  holly. 

(2)  An  artificial  covering  to  give  a  fair  out- 
ward appearance  to  any  act  or  conduct ;  out- 
side show ;  gloss,  palliation. 

"  We'll  put  on  those  »hall  iniiise  your  excelleuce. 
And  aet  a  double  nitrnixh  uu  the  fame 
The  Frenchman  gave  yni 

.Shakctp.  •  Hamlut,  iv.  T. 

H  For  the  ilitference  between  Varnish  and 
Gloss,  see  Gloss. 

vamish-tree,  ^. 

But. :  The  iKime  given  to  various  trees  which 
furnisli  vainisli.  They  are  chiefly  natives  of 
the  hotter  parts  of  the  EasterTi  hemisphere, 
and  the  Varnish-trec  of  faeh  eountry  or  large 
province  is,  as  a  rule,  different  from  that  of 
others.  In  Tenasseiim,  Pegu,  Arc,  the  var- 
nish-free is  Melnnorrhaxi  usitidisainut,  some- 
times specilically  called  the  Black,  or  Marta- 
bam  varnish  ;  that  of  Japan  is  Rhus  ivrtiict- 
/era  and  Stagiiiaria  vernicijiiia  ;  that  of  Sylhet, 
Seaiecarpus  Aiiacardiitm.  The  varnish-tree 
of  the  countries  bordering  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean is  Rhiis  Corluria.  It  is  a  tree  tlie 
leaves  of  which  are  divided  into  live  to  seven 
pairs  of  hairy  leaflets  witli  a  terminal  one.  It 
is  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high. 

var'-nish,  *ver  nish,     ver  nysshe.    .r. 

[Vaum^h,  s.] 

1.  Lit.:  To  cover  with  varnish;  to  lay  or 
spread  varnish  on  ;  to  cover  with  a  liquid  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  anything  a  glossy  sur- 
face, and  also  of  inotecting  it  from  external 
influences. 

■'  Such  iminted  puppets  I  such  a  oarttish'd  race 
Of  hollow  gewgtiws,  only  dresB.niid  face  I" 

P'j/w:  Dunne  Imitated,  sat,  4. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  To  cover  with  anything  that  gives  a  fair 
outward  appearan4-e  to  ;  to  give  an  improved 
appearance  to, 

"  V'ouiij;  people  aie  u&ed  to  varnish  over  their  non- 
performmnc  and  ti.rbeaniiice  of  gond  artiiim  by  •"* 
pretence  imiIm  hiimihty.'— Ff'f'"*'"  :  Jlesoitx:-. 

(2)  To  give  a  fuir  superficial  appearance  by 
rhetoric  ;  to  colour,  to  gloss  over,  to  palliate. 

"  With  seeming  good  so  earnishitig  their  ill 
Thut  it  went  cniTeiit  hy  the  fair  event." 

/>rajjt<jit  :  haruus  H'-tr'*,  C". 

var'-nish-er,  s.     |Eng.  varnish,  v. ;  -er.] 

1,  Lit.:  One  who  varnishes  ;  one  whose  oc- 
cupati<m  is  to  varnish. 

"  An  oil  obbifned  of  cominoii  oil  may  probably  be 
of  ffoud  use  to  Hurgeoiis  and  varni*h€rs."—6offle. 

2.  Fig. :  One  who  disguises,  glos.ses,  or 
palliates. 

'*  Miiik'Ht  dnhieSit  lurktt  in  thought's  disguiKe  : 

Tlii'ii  luitiushcr  of  fouls,"  Pope  :  On  Silence,  21. 

var'-nish-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [Vaknish,  t'.J 

varnishlag-day,  >.  v\  day  which  pre- 
ccil.  s  th.'  opitiin;.:  to  the  pnblie  of  an  exhibi- 
tion uf  jiaintiiiLjs,  when   the.  painters  of  the 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9hln.  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  A:c.  ~  bel,  del. 


I 


412 


varriated— vase 


Iiirturt's  jire  invitcti  (o  seo  their  works,  ami 
In  jnit  jiuoh  tiiiisliin^;  touches  up<>ii  them  us 
itmy  set-in  neci'ssiirv,  or  to  varnish  them  if 
ihry  think  lit.  Thv' hitter  is  an  oiMiatinn  nut 
oiu'ii  |nTfi»rnit;(l  upon  new  picturc-s  fur  fear 
that  it  may  cause  them  to  crack  as  they  dry. 
("all. -l  al.s..  Tuiiehiug-tlay. 

vftx -ri-at-Sd,  "-    JEug.  voir:  -iated.] 

il.i.  :  Cut  in  tlie  lurm  uf  vair :  as,  a  beii-l 
ittittiiltd  ou  the  t)Ut.si(ie>. 

vir'-Pica,  vir  -rj^s,  v&t-ref^,  s.  pi     [A 

ilitiiin.  fi'im  t't'ir  Oi-v.).] 

//•  r.  :  f>epamte  pieces  of  vair,  in  form  re- 
semL>ling  a  shield. 

■  var'-sal,  n.  (See  def.)  A  vulgar  corruption 
of  ituii-'r^'.il,  frequently  useil  simply  to  in- 
tensify or  emphasize,    (^wijt :  VoliU  Conv.,  ii.) 

•Var-si-tJ-,  .■^.  [See  def.]  Either  University 
(i.e..  iixford  or  Cambridge)  ;  more  rarely  Uni- 
versity Cidlege,  Oxford.    {Slang.) 

"Tliv  i';>rsoii— iK>«.tllily  au  old  "I'arJrty  man."— fimVi/ 
TrU-jrui  h.  May  (•.  18SS. 

var-so -vi-enne,  s.    [Fr.] 

Music:  A  celebrated  dance,  named  from 
Wai-saw,  in  Poland,  where  it  probably  origi- 
nat*-*d.  It  is  characterized  by  strong'  accent  ou 
the  tivst  beat  of  the  s.-corid  and  fourth  bara. 

var  ta-bad,  var  -ta-bed,  var  -ta-bet.  s. 

lArui'.'iiian  (■"/■?(!()'.('7.=  a  doctor,  iu  the  sense 
of  a  learned  manj 

Eccksiol.  (PL):  An  order  of  ecclesiastics  in 
the  Armenian  church,  consisting  of  clerics 
with  monastic  vows,  in  this  differing  from 
the  parochial  clergy  who  must  not  merely  be 
married,  but  have  at  least  one  child,  before 
they  are  appointed  to  oltice.  They  are  the 
only  men  undei-  monastie  vows  in  the  Ar- 
menian Chuicli,  no  lay  monks  being  re- 
cognized. The  bishops  are  taken  from  the 
Vartabads.    (U'ilsuii :  Laitds  of  the  Bible.) 

var -us,  s.  [Lat.  =  bow-leyged.  straddling.] 
A  variety  of  club-foot,  in  wliicli  the  person 
w.dks  on  the  outer  edge  of  his  foot. 

var-vel,  ver'-vel,  s,  [Fr.  vervelle  (O.  Fr. 
li'iiii'illf),  from  Low  Lat.  vertibella,  vertebolum . 
h-om  Lat.  verto  —  to  turn.] 

Falconry:  A  ring,  usually  of  silver,  placed 
on  the  ie;;  of  a  liuuting-hawk,  ou  which  the 
ni\  iK-r  s  name  is  enyraved. 

var -veiled,  a.  [Eng.  varvel ;  -ed.]  Haviu'; 
vaiVL'ls  or  rings.  In  heraldry,  when  the 
leather  thongs,  or  jesses,  which  tie  on  the 
bflls  to  the  legs  of  hawks  are  borne  rtotant, 
with  rings  at  the  ends,  tlie  bearing  is  then 
termed  jessed,  belled,  and  varvt'lled. 

var'-vi-cite,  s.    (After  Warwickshire,  where 

t..niHl.l 

Mill.  :  A  pseudomorph  of  pyrolusite,  after 
man^iinite  ;  some  varvicite  is  said  to  have  the 
composition  of  wad. 

var'-y,  '  var-i-en,  *var-rey,  v.t.  &  i. 

[Fr.  i-ailei\  from  Lat.  vario  =  to  diversify,  to 
vary.  Irom  intrius  =  various  (q.v.);  Sp.  & 
Port,  rurkir ;  Ital.  &  Sp.  variare.] 

A.  TransitU-e : 

I.  Ordimirij  Language: 

I.  To  (duiuge  ;  to  alter  in  form,  appearance, 
substance,  or  position  ;  to  make  ditferent  by 
a  partial  change  ;  to  modify. 

"  Shall  we  varif  our  device  at  will, 
Eveu  as  new  occasion  ii|ii>e:ire9  ?  " 

Spenser:  Mother  JIubbard't  Tale. 

*  2.  To  make  of  different  kinds ;  to  make 
divor.->e  or  different  from  each  other. 

"(joil  li.ith  divided  the  genius  of  meu  accordiuff  to 
the  ditlei(;nt  nUairs  of  the  world;  aud  varied  their 
iiii-linatlonH,  accordiug  to  the  variety  of  actious  to  he 
I>erfoMiied." — Brown. 

3.  To  diversify. 

"  The  eiiithetaare  sweetly  varied." 

ahakesp.  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  iv.  2. 

•  4.  To  change  ;  to  make  unlike  itself. 

■*  Once  mure  I'll  mark  how  love  can  ^<ury  wit." 

SUakvsp. :  Lov'x  Labour's  Lost,  iv.  3, 

b.  To  relieve  from  monotony  or  uniformity  ; 
t)  diversify. 

II.  Music:  To  embellish,  as  a  melody  or 
theme,  v/ith  passing  notes,  cadenzas,  arpeggios, 
&c.  ;  to  make  or  execute  variations  on.  [Varia- 
tion. II.  4.] 

B.  Intransitive: 

I.  fjrdinnnj  Language: 

1.  To  alter  ;  to  chau'.;e  or  be  altered  in  any 


way  ;  to  suth-r  a  paitial  change  or  alteration  ; 
to  he  moditied. 

"  Fortune'!!  mood  varie$  agiihi.' 

tihaketp.  :  /VWcff.  ill-    (Prol.l 

2.  To  be  unlike  or  different;  to  differ;  to 
be  diverse. 

•■  The  vh.let  i-iinV*  from  the  lily  m  far 
A->  oiik  from  chii  :  une  luvea  the  sulilier.  one 
thf  silken  prli-»t  '  Tenni/sou  :  /'riiicets,  v.  174. 

3.  To  become  uuhke  one's  self;  to  undergo 
change  or  variation,  as  in  purpose,  opinion, 
or  the  like. 

"  So  vari/'d  he.  and  of  hi.i  tortuous  train. 
Curl'd  many  a  wunton  wreath." 

Mitt'jn  :  /».  /...  IX.  516. 

4.  To  deviate,  to  depart,  to  swerve, 

"All  they  of  hiflcounsalle  coude  nnt  make  hym  to 
varytto  that  iJiiriiose."— Beriiew;  Froissarl :  Cronycte, 
vol.  i.,  ch.  ccxviii. 

*  5.  To  disagree  ;  to  be  at  variance ;  to 
dilTer. 

"Oi  the  flrste  comyuge  of  these  Saxons  into  Bri. 
tiiyut'.  auctors  in  party  varrey."—Fabyan:  Cronycle, 
cU.  Ixxxiii. 

•  6.  To  alter  or  cliange  in  succession  ;  to 
alternate  ;  to  succeed. 

"  While  fear  aud  aiiyer.  with  alternate  cr.ice. 
Pant  m  her  hreast,  iiud  vary  in  her  face." 

AddUi/n:  Cato. 

II.  Math. :  To  be  subject  to  continual  in- 
crease or  decrease.  One  quantity  is  said  to 
vary  directly  as  another,  when,  if  tlie  one  is 
increased  or  diniinishfd,  the  other  is  als<j  in- 
creased or  dimiiiisliMil  in  the  same  proportion. 
Quantities  are  said  In  mry  inversdy,  when,  if 
one  is  increased  or  diminished,  the  other  is 
*liminished  or  increased  iu  the  same  propor- 
tion. 

"  The  unit  of  velocity  varies  directly  as  the  unit  of 

length,  and  inversely  as  the  unit  of  tiuie."~£vereti : 

The  V.  e.  a.  System  of  Units,  ch.  i,.  p.  3. 

'  var-y,  * var-ry,  *  var-ye,  a. & s.   [Vary, 
v.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Varied,  variegated,  various. 

"  ReiB  up  their  eyeu,  and  se  alio  the  malis  steyiny 
ui>  upon  the  femalis,  varye  (Lat.  varioai  and  sprynklid 
nud  miott'ul."— Wycliffe  :  (fenesisxxxu  12. 

B,  Assubst.:  Change,  alteration,  variation. 

"  [They] .  ,  ,  turn  their  halcyon  beaks 
With  every  gale  .md  nary  i>f  their  masters  " 

Shakesp. :  Lfeir.  ii-  2. 

"  vary-COloured,  a.  Coloured  differently 
in  different  parts  ;  variegated  ;  parti-coloured  ; 
diversely  coloured. 

*'  A  walk  with  vary-colottred  sheila." 

Tennyson:  Arabian  Nlijhts.  57. 

vas'-CU-lar,  a.     [Mod.  Lat.  vasculam  (q.v.) ; 
Eng.  adj.'sutf.  -ar.]    [Vase.] 

1,  Botany : 

(1)  Composed  of  tubes  or  vessels.    {Paxton.) 

(2)  Consisting  of  tissue  in  a  very  succulent 
enlarged  state,  as  in  Potamogeton.    (Loudon.) 

(3)  Containing  spiral  vessels  or  their  modi- 
fications ;  vasculose ;  connected  with  the  cir- 
culatory system. 

2.  Zool. :  Containing  blood-vessels. 
vascular-bundles,  6\  pi. 

J'fg.  Phyi^iol.  :  The  lil-rous  cords  which  form 
the  ribs,  veins,  &;c.,  uf  the  leaves,  petioles, 
and  other  appendicular  organs  of  all  plants 
above  the  rank  of  mosses,  and  which,  by  their 
confluence  and  more  considerabledevelopinent, 
constitute  the  wood  of  stems  and  trunks. 
(Griffith  &  lleiifrey.) 

vascular-cryptogams,  s.  pi. 

Lot.  :  The  Cduiophytes  (q.v.). 

t  vascular- glands,  ^.  pi 

A)U'.t. :  Gland-like  bodies  supposed  to  effect 
some  change  in  the  blood  which  passes 
through  them.  They  are  :  tlie  spleen,  the 
thyroid  body,  the  pituitary  body,  the  lym- 
phatic glands,  &c. 

vascular-plants,  s.  jii 

hot. :  A  primary  division  of  plants  estab- 
lished in  1S13  by  De  CandoUe.  He  detined 
it  as  plants  furnished  with  cellular  tissue  and 
vessels,  and  whose  embryo  is  provided  with 
one  or  more  cotyledons.  Called  also  by  him 
Cotyledonous  Plants.  This  division  compre- 
liended  the  Exogeus,  Endogeus,  and  the 
higher  Cryptogams. 

vascular -sedatives,  s.  pi. 

Pharm.  :  Medicines  which  possess  the 
power  of  depressing  the  action  of  the  heart, 
or  other  portions  of  the  circulatory  system. 
Some— as  digitalis,  tobacco,  aconite,  &c. — act 
chiefly  on  the  heart,  and  others — as  acetate 
of  lead,  ipecacuanha,  &c. — on  the  smaller 
vessels  and  capillary  system. 


vascular-system,  ^. 

1.  Jinf. :  That  portion  of  the  interior  of  a 
plant  in  whicli  spiial  vessels  or  their  modili- 
cations  exisit.  Iu  an  exo;;enous  stem,  the 
vascular  system  is  conrmed  to  the  space  be- 
tween the  pith  and  the  bark.  It  chiefly 
consists  of  ducts  and  pitted  or  woody  tissue 
collectc<l  into  compact,  wi-d)j:e-shaped,  vertical 
plates,  the  edges  of  which  rest  on  the  pith 
and  the  bark,  while  the  sides  are  tn  contact 
with  the  medullary  rays.  It  compVises  the 
medullary  sheath,  which  consists  of  spiral 
vessels  and  woody  tissue  iuteriuixed.  In  an 
endogenous  stein,  the  \ascular  system  exists 
in  the  form  of  fibrous  bundles,  consisting  of 
woody  tissue  containing  spiral  or  other  ves- 
sels, the  whole  embedded  in  the  cellular 
system. 

2.  Comp.  Amit.:  The  circulatory  system.  A 
term  applied  to  the  whole  series  of  vessels — 
arteries,  veins,  lymphatics,  and  lacteals — 
directly  or  indirectly  connected  with  the  cir- 
culation of  the  blood.  The  vessels  of  which  it 
is  composed  are  of  two  leading  types— those 
which  carry  blood,  and  those  carrying  lymph 
or  chyle.  The  first  constitute  the  sanguifer- 
ous system,  aud  include  the  heart,  the  arte- 
ries, the  capillaries,  and  the  veins.  The 
second  or  absorbent  system  includes  the 
smaller  and  larger  lymphatic  and  lacteal 
vessels,  with  the  lymphatic  and  mesenteric 
glands.  [Artery,  Blood,  II.  1.,  Circulation, 
B.,  Lacteal,  Vein,  &c.] 

vascular-tissue,  s. 

L'l/f.  ;  Tissue  consisting  of  a  serius  of  tubes. 
[Vascl-lak-:-.vstem,  1-1 

vascular-tonics,  s.  pi. 

Pharm. :  Medicines  which  give  tone  or 
strength  to  the  heart,  and  other  parts  of  the 
circulatory  system,  when  these  are  weakened 
by  disease.     [Tonic,  B.  'J.  (4).] 

vas-cu-lar'-es,  s.  p/.  [Masc.  and  fern.  pi.  of 
JMod.  Lat.  i-i(sc'(?Hrt5  =  vascular.] 

Hot. :  A  class  of  plants  founded  by  Lindley 
in  1S30.  It  was  not  quite  identical  with  De 
CandoUe's  Vascular  plants  (q.v.),  for  it  in- 
cludetl  only  Flowering  Plants,  with  the  two 
sub-classes,  Exogens  and  Eudogens,  excluding 
the  higher  Cryptogams,  whicli  were  relegated 
to  the  Cellulares  or  Flowerless  Plauts. 

vas-cu-lar'-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  vascular;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vascular. 

vas-cu-lif -er-ous,  o.   [Lat.  vascuhtm  (q.v.), 
and  Jero  =  to  bear.] 
Bot. :  Having  seed-vessels  divided  into  cells. 

vas'-cu-16se,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  va!i<:ul(nm)  =  a. 
little  vessel ;  -ose.] 

t  A.  As  adjtctivi' : 

Bot. :  The  same  as  Vascular  (q.v.). 

B.  As  suhsta7itive : 

Ckem.  :  Fremy's  name  for  the  substance 
constituting  the  principal  part  of  the  wood- 
vessels  in  plants.  It  is  insoluble  iu  concen- 
trated acids,  and  in  an  aiumoniacal  solution 
of  copper. 

vas'-cu-lum  (pi.  vas'-cu-la),  s.     [Lat., 

dimin.from  las^a.  vtssel,  a  vase.] 

1.  Ord.  Lanij.  :  A  botanist's  case  for  cari'y- 
ing  specimens  as  he  collects  thetn. 

2.  Bot.  :  A  pitcher,  as  in  Sarracenia  and 
Nepenthes. 

vase  (or  as  vase),  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vasmn, 
va&  =a  vase,  a  ^'essel.l 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  vessel  of  various  forms 
and  materials,  applied  to  the  purposes  of 
domestic  life,  saciificial  uses,  &c.  They  were 
often  used  merely  for  ornament,  or  were  at 
least  primarily  ornamental  in  character  and 
design.  The  antique  vases  found  in  great 
numbers  in  ancient  tombs  and  catacombs  in 
Etruria,  Southern  Italy,  Greece,  Sicily,  &c., 
and  used  to  contain  the  ashes  of  the  dead, 
were  for  the  most  pai't  made  of  baked  clay, 
painted  and  glazed,  though  by  the  Egyptians, 
Greeks,  and  Ottomans  other  materials,  such 
as  precious  stones,  gold,  silver,  bronze,  ivory, 
and  glass,  were  used.  One  form  of  vase  seems 
to  have  been  peculiar  to  Etruria — viz.,  black 
or  red  vessels,  with  figures  in  relief  upon 
them.  A  favourite  kind  of  vase,  introduced 
into  Rome  by  Pompey,  was  called  Murrhine 
(q.v.).  Another  kind  was  the  cameo  vase, 
made  of  two  layers  of  glass,  the  outer  of  which 
was  opaque,  and  was  cut  down  so  as  to  leave 


fate,  fat,  f^e.  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot. 
or  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  miite,  ciib.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


o"~ 


3  E 


o    C    O 


W     (B    ft 


< 
> 
(n 
m 


"  n 
o  B 


ft  7. 


re  01 
a   - 

fen 

8  1 
s  =• 

T-   n 


5  o- 

-     a> 

is 

-I 

fi 

"TO 


vaselene— vat 


413 


fipures  standing  out  upnn  the  lower  layer  as  a 
-round.  To  this  class  belongs  the  celebrated 
Pnrtlnnd  Vase  in  the  British  Museinn.  The 
glass  vases  of  Venice  bei-anie  famous  in  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century,  atid  in 
the  same  and  following  centuries  many  vases 
of  the  higliest  artistic  performance  were  pro- 
duced in  Italy,  France,  and  Germany.  The 
Horcelain  vases  of  China  and  Japan  are  also 
characterized  by  great  elegance  of  form  and 
beauty  of  ornamentation. 

■■  The  tiilirt  sUiids  iiiiveilcit. 
Eiioh  silver  rate  in  mystic  onler  Uiil." 

/'oiH' :  Uape  of  thv  Lock,  i, 

11.  Technically : 

1.  Architecture : 

(1)  A  sculptured  ornament  placed  on  socles 
or  pedestals  representing  the  vessels  of  tlie 
ancients,  as  incense-pots,  tlower-pots,  &c. 
Vaijes  usually  crown  or  finish  facades  or 
frontispieces. 

(■2)  The  same  as  Drvm,  s.,  II.  2.  (q.v.). 

'  2.  Hot.  :  A  calyx  (<i.v.). 

vase-shaped,  c- 

Lot. :  81iai»ed  like  a  flower-pot — i.e.,  resem- 
bling an  inverted,  truncate  cone. 

vas'-e-lene,  s.  [Altered  from  rosc/tucOi-v.).] 
Chim.  :  Petroleum  .icily.  A  pale  yellow, 
translucent,  senii-.solid  substance,  consisting 
'•f  a  iiiiKture  of  the  hydrocarbons  C16H34  and 
i.\,„Hj.j,  obtained  by  treating  the  nndistilled 
I'lirtion  i)f  i>etroleum  with  suiierlieated  steam, 
and  tiltering  while  hot  through  animal  char- 
coal. It  is  insoluble  in  wat«r,  very  slightly 
soluble  in  alcohol,  but  dissolves  freely  in 
ether,  chloroform,  benzene,  and  turpentine, 
is  miscible  in  all  proportions  with  tixed  and 
volatile  oils,  melts  at  35°  to  40^,  and  com- 
mences to  fume  at  l(iO^  Its  density  in  the 
melted  state  is  •S40  to  •SG(J.  Pure  vaselene 
does  not  turn  rancid  on  exposure  to  the  air, 
a  jiroperty  which  renders  it  a  valuable  sub- 
stitute for  lard,  &c.,  in  the  preparation  of 
ointments  liable  to  change.  It  is  also  s;ud  t^ 
possess  curative  powejs  of  its  own. 

iras'-e-line»  -f.  [Ger.  misser  =  wai^it,  and  Gr. 
e'Aatoi-  {'luioii)  =.  Lat.  okioii  =■  oil.  Named 
by  Mr.  K.  A.  Cheeslaoiigh,  and  applied  to 
tlic  prepai'ations  of  the  Uheesbrough  Manu- 
facturing Co.] 

1.  (See  etym.). 

2.  Popularly  ap]ilied  to  vaselene  (q.v.)  and 
other  petroleum  products.  {AUcn  :  Conimcf- 
cUd  Organic  Analysis,  ii.  406.     Note  1.) 

vas'-i-form,   s.     [Lat.    vus,  genit.  vasis=a 
vessel,  <ind  forma  =  form.] 
Biol. :  Having  the  shape  of  a  tube  or  duct. 


va-§ite. 


[Wasite.] 


va-ao-,  pre/.     [Lat.  vas  —  a  vessel.] 

Anal.:  Of,  belonging  to,  or  connected  with 
a  blood  or  other  vessel. 

Taso-constrictor,  a. 

Amtt.  (£•  Physiol. :  A  term  apjdied  to  nerves, 
the  stimulation  of  which  always  causes  con- 
striction. Such  are  the  vaso-motor  fibres  of 
the  cervical,  sympathetic,  and  splanchnic 
nerves.     (Fosttr.) 

vaso-dentine»  .<=. 

CoTiijKtr.  Aunt.:  That  modification  of  d*-i- 
tine  in  which  the  capillary  tracts  of  the  primi- 
tive vascular  pulp  remain  uncalcified,  and 
carry  red  blood  into  the  substance  of  the 
tissue.  They  form  the  so-called  vascular  or 
medullary  canals,  and  are  usually  more  or 
less  parallel  in  their  course.  Vaso-dentine 
Oi-curs  in  large  amount  in  the  central  part  of 
the  tooth  of  the  sloth  and  megatherium,  in 
smaller  amount  in  the  teeth  of  the  elephant 
and  the  incisors  of  the  Rodentiii.    (Page.) 

vaso-dilator,  «. 

A  nut. :  C.iu>ing  dilatation  in  vessels.  Used 
r>f  luivcs,  the  stimulation  of  which  causes 

thlaiation  .-f  vc.s,sl-1s.     (Fo.-tir.) 

vaso-motor,  vaso-tnotorial,  a. 

A7Wt.:  A  term  aj'plied  to  nerves  which 
govern  the  motions  of  the  blood  -  vessels. 
Quaiii  says  tliat  the  term  is  a  convenient  one, 
but  does  not  consider  that  the  nerves  thus 
indicated  constitute  a  distinct  system.  Used 
also  of  the  operation  of  those  nerves. 

"  Our  exitl«ualioii  uf  vitsn-Tiolor  nction  would  be 
very  siiiii'le    —l-'ogtcr.    fhys'ml.  (wl.  «hf.  l).  208. 

vaso-motorial,  «.     [Vaso-motor.] 


v&s-sal,  ^viis-sall,  *vas-8ell«  s.  &  n. 

(Fr.  va^nl  =  a  vassal,  a  subject,  a  tenant  (Low 
Lat.  vasmllus,  vastus,  rrtMi,t  =  a  seivant),  from 
Bret,  (jicaz  =  a  servant,  a  vassal ;  Wei.  &  Corn. 
gims  =  u  youth,  a  servant.] 

A.  As  suhstnntivc : 

1.  A  feudatory ;  a  tenant  holding  lands 
under  a  superior  lord,  and  bound  by  his 
tenure  to  feudal  services. 

■*Thei:rHiit..i[of  l(iii.U)wK.<nillra  tlie  pr-Jiint-tor  or 

lord  :  l>oiii^-  lie  whuretitiiied  tlie<k'iiiitii t  iiUiiiiHte 

jiniiwrty  uf  tlie  feuil  uv  fee  ;  ftiiil  tlu'  gntiitii-  wlm  lutil 
only  tlie  Use  juiil  ^tWtfss^iuii,  iici^Tdiii^*  t<>  the  t«-nii"  of 
the  t-1'l^liC  ^»'*  stiled  tlic  feudHt<.>ry  uV  ru.t.fit,  wlmh 
w.-ie  uiily  iiiinther  iiiitiif  for  the  teuuiit  or  liuldfi  '.i  tin- 
Liutli) :  tli(iil(;)i  Mil  iu.'L'i>iiiit  r>f  the  prejiuficey  winch  wi- 
liiivt  JiiHtiy  i-MiK-fived  Kgitiiisl  the  doctrines  th;it  were 
jifternnrdB  tnifted  mi  this  system,  we  now  use  the 
word  t'«j««('ui»)irohviously,  fts  HyuoiiyiiiuUH  to  sliive  ur 
b<mi]»uttiii.  "—tllnckttone  ;  Comnietil.,  bk.  li..  cli.  1. 

2.  A  subject,  a  depenilant,  a  retainer. 

"The  uriiiL'e  who  b.-nl  lately  been  his  jieusiouer  and 
vassal.' — .Uiu-anlti}/ :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

*  3.  A  servant ;  one  who  attends  or  acts  by 
the  will  of  another. 

"  Either  the  eoul  becomes  servant  nnd  fassat  to  sin. 
ur  ;it  the  best  it  is  led  aw«y  captive  by  it.'—Jlali:  : 
Cuiit.  ;  Of  Self-denial. 

*  4.  A  bondsman,  a  slave,  a  low  wretch. 

*"  That  shallow  pust'tl." 

Shnkvip. :  Lovn't  Lattour'a  tost,  i.  1. 

B.  As  aiij. :  Servile,  subservient. 

"Thy  vautU  wretch  to  be,"        .-..'utkesji. :  St/nm-t  141. 

'  U  Ilea r- vassal :  One  who  holds  of  a  lord, 
who  is  himself  a  vassal. 

*  vis-sal,  'vas -sail,  v.t.    (Vassal,  s.] 

1.  Tm  subj.-ct   t.»  vassalage;  to  treat  as  a 

vassal. 
"  How  Hio  I  vastaJed  tlicu  ?  make  such  tbj^  elnvea. 
As  d.u'e  uut  keeit  their  goodness  )»ij>t  their  tTiiives." 
/iotuti:.  A  F/fl.  :  .l/ortit  Jteprns-'Utntiuii. 

2.  To  command ;  to  rise  over  or  above ;  to 
dominate. 

■■  Some  proud  hill,  wlinse  stately  eminence 
\'<iss-.IU  Ihe  frnitfnll  vnles  cireunifeieme. 

Bruuin:.    hrituiiniiis  I'astorals.  i   :■. 

vas  -sal  age,  *  vas  -sal-lage,  *  vas-sel- 
lage,*    *  vas-sel-age,   s.  '  {Yv.   vassdage.'] 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  vassal  or  feu- 
datory ;  dependence. 


2.  Political  servitude  ;  dependence,  subjec- 
tion, slavery. 

*  3.  Vassals  or  subjects  collectively. 

■  Like  vis^alngv  At  niLiwares  eucouuteriug 
iUe  eye  of  uuijesiy."  • 

Hhitkvtp. :  Traiitu  &  CreMtda,  iii.  2. 

'  4.  A  territory  liehl  in  vassalage ;  a  fee,  a  fief. 

■■  The  Counters  of  Foix  with  six  territorial  vuutit- 
Kj/es." — Mil'iictn :  Hid,  La'.in  Christi'inity,  bk.  jx., 
ch.  viii. 

*  5.  Prowess  in  arms  ;  valour,  good  service. 

*■  For  .ill  foryett«ii  is  his  vattallafie." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  3,056. 

•  vas'-sal-ate,  v.t.     (Eng.  vassal ;  -ate.]    To 

reduce  "to  a  state  of  vassalage  or  subjection. 

"  Clergymen  shall  vas>,<itate  their  consciences  to 
matitie  any  potent  party."— Gaiwifn:  Tears  of  the 
Church,  p.  496. 

*  vas- sal -ess,  '  vas -sal -esse,  j;.    [Eng. 

v'.i-f'if  ; '-'.  s.  ]     A  l'eiii;dc  v;iss;il  or  dependant. 
■  And  le  tin-  Viissall  of  bis  vussat-vse." 

iff/enser:  Oaphnaida. 

"  vas-sal-la -tion,  s.  [Vassalate.]  The  state 
of  bein'g  vassal  or  subject ;  vassalage. 

"And  this  vttssaUation  is  a  i)e«ftlty  set  by  the  true 
Jiulfe'e  of  all  things,  upon  our  attemjit  to  desiL'ti  of  our 
own  hcids.  the  forma  of  good  and  evil,"— .l/onruyue; 
£/eti.nle  £ssa//e£.  ticiil.  15,  §  -. 

*vas-sal-ry,   s.     tE"g-    vassal;    -ry.]     The 
bndy  lit  v;issals  ;  vassals  collectively. 

'vas-sayl,  s.    [Wassail.] 

vast,  •  vaste,  *  waste,  a.  &  s.    [Fr.  vaste. 
from   Lat.  ni^tum.  accus.  of  rtts(i(S  =  vast,  of 

great  extent.]    [Waste,  s.] 
A.  As  atijcctive  : 

*  1.  Wide  or  extensive  and  vacant  or  occu- 
pied ;  waste,  desert,  lonely,  solitary,  deserted. 

"  Autrea  vast  .lud  deserts  idle." 

Shakesp.:  Othello,  i.  3. 

2.  Being  of  great  extent ;   very  spacious, 
wide  or  large  ;  boundless,  capacious. 

"  Over  the  vast  world  to  seek  a  single  man." 

Shakesp,  :  Ci>riotattus,  iv.  1. 

3.  Huge  in  bulk  and    extent;   enormous, 
massive,  immense. 

"  Huge  statues,  called  Colossea,  wliich  they  cut,  will 
seeine  more  rasle  and  miehty,  if  they  fnime  them 
sti-adliDg  with  their  legs. '—A  Holland:  J'lularch, 
p.  241. 


i.  Very  great  in  numbers,  quantity,  or 
amount :  as,  a  va^t  army. 

0.  Very  great  as  regauls  degree  or  intensity. 

"  others  with  wwf  Tj  plieaii  rage,  mow  fell, 
itei.d  ni>  the  rocks.  Milton    p.  I..  IL  J3ff, 

B.  -Is  substantive : 

'  1.  A  boundless  waste  or  expanse  ;  space, 
immensity. 

"  Through  the  fojf  of  lieAv'D 
It  Bounded."  Jtitlon:  P.  Z^.vl  213. 

2.  A  great  deal ;  a  great  quantity.     (I'rov.) 
•3.  Applied  by  Shakespeare  io-r- 

(1)  The  sea. 

■"The  god  of  this  great  vast."  Perietrt.  iii.  ). 

(2)  The  darkness  i>f  midnight  in  wliich  the 
prospect  is  not  bounded  by  distinct  objects. 

•'  In  the  dead  vast  and  middle  of  the  night." 

Hamltt,  L  2. 

'  vas  -ta-9ie,  s.     [Vast.]    A  waste,  a  de.sert. 

"  Wh;it  Lidlan  desert,  Indian  vnstadc}" 

J'lity  of  Claudius  .Ver«.    (1C07, 1 

*  vas'-tate,  a.  [Lat.  eastatus^  pa,  par. of  vasto 
=  to  hiy  waste.]    Laid  waste;  wasted. 

"T)ie  visritlc  ruins  of  ancltut  mouumeuta."— 
AiliDna  :    Works,  HL  W. 

'  vas-ta'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  vastatio,  from  vastahis, 
jia.  par.  of(as?o  =  to  lay  waste.]  A  laying 
wastx; ;  waste,  devastation,  destruction. 

"  Such  wax  the  fntlrtti'in  he  made  cif  tuwiies  lU  this 
country."— /■H»rr.-   tlortliUs;  Hantthire. 

■■  vas-ta-tor,  s.  [Lat.)  One  who  devastate.s 
or  lays  waste  ;  a  devastator. 

"The  i'Uji(fir(>)'*of  the  Church  of  England."— tfu«rf<ri  ; 
Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  hC. 

*  vas-tid'-i-t:sr,   s.     [Cf.  O.  Fr.  vastitf,  from 

Lat.  r((.-i^7(i^t'w,  accus.  of  fo*Et?a5=  vastness.] 
Immensity,  vastness. 

"  Perpetual  durance. 
Through  all  the  worlds  vitslidit!/.' 

^ihakcsp. :  Measure  for  .Veastire.  iii.  1. 

*  vas'-ti-tude,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vastitudo.] 

1.  Vastness,  immensity. 

2.  Destruction,  vastation,  devastation. 
"And  aftir  the  bataill  there  shal  he  an  \*tter  per- 

petnall   vaslitude  and  destruccluu  of   th^ui."-~Jv]/e : 
Exiioficion  of  Itanii-l.  eh.  ix. 

*  vast'-i-ty,  .'-.  [Lat.  vastitas.]  Vastness,  im- 
mensity. 

"  The  huge  ixtsfify  of  the  world  may  afford,  eveu  in 
this  region  beneath,  such  a  competent  simce  as  is  meet 
and  couveuieut  for  motion."— A  Holland:  Plutarch, 
p.  951. 

vast'-ly.  adv.    [Eng.  vast;  -ly.} 

'1.  Far  and  wide;  as  far  as  the  eye  can 
reai-h. 

"Like  a  late-sackM  island  fiMlu  stood 
Bare  and  unpeopled  in  thii  fearful  flood." 

Shakesp.:  Uupc  of  Lutzrecc.  1,740. 

2.  In  a  vast  degree  ;  to  a  vast  extent ;  very 
greatly. 

"The  complainta  were  many,  the  abuses  great,  the 
causes  of  the  church  vastly  numerous."— Ap.  Taylor: 
Sermons,  vul.  iii..t»er.  7. 

vast'-ness,  s.     [Eng.  vast;  -ncss.] 

\.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  vast  or  of 
gi'cat  extent ;  immensity  ;  immense  extent. 

"The  Coperuicans  .  ,  .  auijp^ise  the  riKfHcJJ  of  the 
lirni:inient  to  be  exceedioclygreater  than  the  aucieuts 
bclie\ed  H.'—Boyle:   Works,  li.  21. 

2.  Immensity  of  bulk  ;  massiveuess. 


3.  Immensity  of   magnitude,   quantity,  or 
amount :  as,  the  vastness  of  an  army. 

4.  Immensity  in  degree  or  intensity. 

5.  Greatness  generally;    extent,  wideness, 
comprehensiveness. 

"  When  I  compare  this  little  ]>erforniauce  with  th* 
vastness  uf  my  subieit.  nietliink^I  have  brought  but 
a  cockle-siiell  of  »val«r  from  tlie  ocean."- (Jf an i'(7/e. 

vas'-to,  s.     [Lat.  =  to  lay  waste.]    [Vast.] 
Law:   A  writ  against  tenants,  for  terms  of 
life  or  years,  for  committing  waste. 

*vast'-ure,  s.     [Eng.  viist;  -urc]    Vastness. 

"  Whobc  hugie  east  nets  c:\u  digest  the  ill?" 

Play  tfJidwarU  111.    (Ii9C,) 

'  vast'-J?',  n.  (Eng.  vas^t ;  -j/.]  Vast,  bound- 
less ;  ol  inimeuse  extent. 

"Altttlebird  ,  .  . 
H:id  lost  itself  In  the  broad  r'ii(f,tf  sky." 

linxyton  :  E<.trl  of  Surrey  to  Lady  Gcratdine. 

vat,  -Dat,  *fate,  *fiatte,  s.  iA.S./a(  0)1. 
fatv.)  =  a  vessel,  a  cask  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  ttU  ; 
Icel./a(;  Dan. /u(/ ;  iiw.jat ;  31.  H.  Ger.  vuz; 
Ger.  fuss.] 

L  Orditianj  Language : 

1.  A  large  tub,  vessel,  or  cistern,  used  for 


boil,  b^ ;  pout,  j6^1 ;  cat,  9ell,  cborus,  9liiii,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  ~  f. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shau.    -tion,  -sion  —  shiin ;  -tion,  -siou  =  7^un.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  >n:c.  :=  bel.  del. 


414 


vat— vault 


many  purposes,  such  as  for  masli,  wash,  !iop 
tiiiuor,  iu  bri'witig  ami  (tistilliii^.  Also  used 
ill  numy  chemical  and  niainifacturing  opera- 
tions in'  which  the  substances  used  are  boiled, 
soaked,  sti'eped,  lixiviated,  elutriated,  &c. 
"  Reii  wltli  spirtod  purpio  of  tbe  rats." 

7'ennjtion:  Princess,  viL  187. 

2.  A  liquid  measure  in  the  Netherlamls 
corresponding  to  the  hectolitre  =  22  imperial 
^'a  lions. 

II.  Tfdinically : 

1.  MetiUbirgy  : 

(1)  \  vessel  used  in  the  wet  treatment  of 
ores. 

(2)  A  square  hollow  p]nce  on  the  back  of  a 
ealciniuj;  furnace  in  which  tin  ore  is  laid  for 
the  purpose  f>t'  beiug  dried. 

2.  K'-cksioloiiy  : 

(1)  A  holy-water  stoup.     (Stocp,  2.] 

(2)  The  vessel,  usually  of  brass,  in  whieh 
lioly-water  is  carried  about  to  be  sprinkled 
<iver  the  faithful. 

vat,  r.r.     [Vat,  s.]    To  put  or  treat  iu  a  vat. 

va-ter'  i-a,  >■.  [Named  after  Vater,  once  a 
professor  of  medicine  at  Wurtejnburg.] 

Hut.:  A  genus  of  Dipterace^.  Calyx  five- 
cleft,  with  the  segments  at  length  reftexed  ; 
l>.taU  live,  einarginat*  ;  stamens  forty  to  fifty, 
with  fliiort  tilaments  and  lotig  linear  anthers  ; 
fruit  lapsular,  tliree-valved,  one-celled,  one- 
seeded.  VuteHa  indic'i  is  a  large  evergreen 
tree,  sixty  feet  high.  witJi  whitish  bark,  grow- 
ing iu  India  in  the  Western  Ghauts  up  to  the 
height  of  4.000  feet.  Tlie  seed  yields  a  white 
«ir  pale  yellow  solid  and  concrete  fat  burnt  in 
lamps  and  used  in  tiie  manufacture  of  candles 
and  snap.  [Pinev-tallow.]  When  the  tree 
itself  is  wounded  there  flows  from  it  a  resin 
ri.iistjiuting  the  white  dammar,  piney-resin 
or  varnisli,  or  Indian  copal.    [Piney-resin.] 

vat'-llil,  s.  [Eng.  vat,  s.,  and  ful(l).]  As 
riiucli  as  a  vat  willhold  ;  the  contents  of  a  vat. 

'  vat'-ic,  *  vat'-ic-al,  a.  [Lat.  rates  =  a 
proi)het.]  Oi.  pertaining  to,  or  proceeding 
fromji  prophet ;  prophetic,  oracular,  inspired. 

"M.ule  up  those  vatical  piedictionB."— 5p.  Ball: 
Works,  li.  551). 

vat'-i-ca,  .s.     [Lat.  vatica  (Jierba)  =  a  plant, 
henbane.] 
Bat.  :  A  synonym  of  Sliorea  (q.v.). 

Vat'-i-Can,  .^.  [From  Lat.  vtojis  Vaticamts  — 
the  Vatican  mounter  hill,  one  of  tbe  hills  of 
ancient  Rome,  on  tlie  west  bank  of  the  Tiber.] 

1.  The  palace  of  the  Pope,  built  on  the 
Vatican  hill,  immediately  north  of  the  basilica 
of  St.  Peter's.  Strictly  speaking,  it  consists 
of  the  papal  palace,  the  court  and  garden  of 
IJflvidere,  the  library,  and  museum.  The 
l>i<-.sciit  jialace  was  built  by  Pope  Eugeuius 
III.  (1145-1153),  and  has  been  enlarged  and 
emln-Uislied  by  many  of  his  successors.  Im- 
mense tieasiu-es  are  stored  in  it,  including  the 
Vatican  library.  The  Vatican  has  been  used 
more  or  less  as  a  place  of  residence  by  the  popes 
-since  their  return  from  Avignon  in  tlie  latter 
part  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  here  the 
conclaves  always  meet  for  the  election  of  new 
ptipes.  Since  the  conversion  of  Rome  into 
the  aipital  of  Italy  the  Vatican  has  been  the 
only  residence  of  the  pope. 

2.  The  papal  government  or  power. 

•'  The  resumption  of  these  relntlous  will  be  signalised 
by  the  despntch  of  a  Russian  diplonintic  agent  to  the 
Vath^'iit."— Daily  Chronicle,  March  7,  188S, 

If  TIniiulcrs  of  the  Vati<xni :  The  anathemas 
or  denuiiciatiuns  of  the  pope. 

Vatican  Council,  5. 

Church  Hist.:  The  First  Council  of  the 
Vatican,  or  the  Nineteenth  General  Council, 
which  assembled  on  Dec.  S.  1869.  At  the 
opening  sitting  719  [trelates  were  present,  and 
tbe  numbers  rose  in  the  following  year  to  704, 
Tlie  work  done  consisted  of  two  constitutions  ; 
one,  "Of  tlie  Catholic  Faith,"  treating  of  the 
primary  truths  of  natural  religion,  revelation, 
faitli.  and  the  connertion  between  faith  and 
reason  ;  the  other.  "Of  the  Church  of  Christ," 
tieating  of  the  primacy  of  the  Roman  See, 
and  defining  the  Papal  claims  to  authority 
over  .-lU  Christians.  The  first  constitution 
was  unanimously  acceiite<l  in  a  session  of  067 
prelates,  and  confirmed  by  tlie  Pope  (Pius  IX.) 
on  April  20,  1870.  The  second  constitution 
I'-d  tn  a  long  discussion  ;  on  May  13  the 
schenif,  with  the  added  clauses  on  Papal  In- 


fallibility, was  laid  l>efore  tlie  Council,  and 
on  July  IS  the  bull  Pastor  ^-Eternini,  contain- 
ing the  constitution  and  the  definition  of 
Papal  Infallibility  was  read.  535  prelates 
voted  in  favour  of  it,  two  voted  against  it. 
whilst  several  absented  themselves  fi'oin  the 
pubhc  session.  The  decree  was  then  con- 
firmed by  the  Pope :  on  the  same  day  Xapo- 
leon  III.  declared  war  against  Prussia;  on 
Sept.  20  the  Italians  took  possession  of  Home,. 
and  on  Oct.  20  the  Pope  prorogued  the  Coun- 
cil, which  has  never  reassembled.    [Infalli- 

BILITV.] 

vat'-i-can-isnif  $■  [Eng.  Vatican;  -ism.]  The 
tenets  o'f  tlio.sf  who  hold  extreme  views  as  to 
the  rights  and  supremacy  of  the  Pope  ;  ultra- 
montanism  ;  the  doctrines  and  tenets  promul- 
gated by  the  Vatican. 

"  What  is  to  be  expected  of  him  is  yet  a  deeper  ilia- 
guat  with  yitticnNimn.'—St  Jaimis's  ii^izette.  April  3", 

vat'-i-can-ist,  .*.  [Eng.  Vatican;  -ist.]  A 
devoted*  adherent  of  the  Pope;  an  uitra- 
niontanist. 

*  va'-ti-^ide, ;;.     [Lat.  votes  =  a  prophet,  and 

orilo  (in  comp.  -ritlo)  =  tokilL] 

1.  The  murder  of  a  prophet. 

2.  The  murderer  of  a  prophet. 

•■  Then  first  (if  poets  auijht  of  truth  declare) 
The  caitiff  (■aficiVteConceiVd  a  prayer." 

Pvpe:  Dunciad,  ii.  73. 

*  va-ti9'-in-g,l,  a.  [Lat.  ra^id»7/si=  prophetic, 

from  vates  =  a  prophet.]  Pertaining  to  or 
containing  predictions  ;  prophetic,  vatic. 

"  He  [Thomas  Rhymer]  baa  left  vaticinat  rhymes, 
in  which  he  predicted  the  union  of  Scotbind  with 
England."— If (oTjji  ;  English  Poetry,  §  79. 

* va-tiy'-in-ate,  v.i.  &  t.  [Lat.  vaticinatus, 
pa.  par.  of  raticinor  ~  to  prophesy,  fr<.)in  vati- 
cin  us  =  vaticinal  (q.v.).] 

A.  Iiitrans.:  To  prophesy;  to  utter  pro- 
phecies or  predictions. 

■•  All  have  not  alike  learned  the  connexion  of 
natural  things,  or  uuderat;iud  what  they  signify,  or 
know  how  to  eaticinntc  by  Xh^ux.'  —BerkeU-y  :  Airis, 
5  253. 

B.  Trans.:  To  prophesy,  to  foretell;  to 
utter  prophetically  or  as  a  p>rophet. 

*  va-tij-in-a'-tion, ;:.   [Lat.  vaticinatio,  from 

vatirinatus,  pa.  par.  of  vaticinor  =  to  vaticin- 
ate (q.v.).  j 

1.  The  act  of  prophesying;  prediction, 
prophecy. 

"  Unless  we  dare  aacrilje  to  the  tST^nt  a  spirit  of 
ratiocination,  we  caiinot  acquit  the  author  of  the 
letters  uf  so  mnuifest  a  cheat." — Bentl  y :  Dis.  on 
Phalaris,  §  4. 

2.  A  prediction,  a  prophecy. 

■•  For  this  ao  clear  vaticination,  they  have  no  less 
than  twenty-six  answers,"— Sp.  Taylor:  I-iberty  of 
Prophesi/in:j. 

*va-ti9'-in-a-tdr,  ^.  [Lat.]  One  who  pro- 
phesies or  predicts. 

"  Listen  to  t\ie  t'liftrivttor." — /.  Disraeli :  Curiosities 
of  Literature ;  A  Biblio'jnoste. 

* va-ti9'-in-a-tress,  s.  [Eng.  vaticinator ; 
-ess.]    X  prophetess. 

"There  was  shown  unto  them  the  bouse  of  the 
vaticintifrcss.'—Crqu/tart  :  Rabelais,  bk.  iii,.  ch.  xvii. 

'  va'-ti^-xne,  s.  [Lat.  vaticinium.]  A  pre- 
diction, a  prophecy. 

"  Then  was  fiilrilled  the  vaticine  or  prophesie  of  old 
Merlin." — HoUnsheii:  Cun'juest  of  Ireland,  ch.  xxxiv. 

Vat'-ting.  pr.  par.  &  a.     [Vat,  ik] 

A,  Aspr.j)ar. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
act  of  putting  in  a  vat :  as,  ratting  charges  at 
the  docks. 

vau-9lier-i-a»  s-.  [Kamed  after  Rev.  M. 
Vaucher,  nt  (_;ene\a,  a  botanical  author,  who 
died  in  1841.] 

Bot. :  Tlie  typical  genus  of  VauL-heriea^  ("5- v.). 
Green-spored  Algte,  with  fronds,  or  filaments, 
aggregated  capillary :  with  an  internal  green 
mass.  Fructification  consisting  of  short 
lateral  curved  antheridia,  and  cysts  contain- 
ing a  single  zoospore  of  a  dark  green  coh>ur. 
The  species  occur  in  ponds,  ditches,  damp 
ground,  and  the  mud  of  saline  streams  or  sea- 
shores. Nine  species  ocenr  in  Britain.  I'fui- 
cheria  iHchotnmu,  abimt  a  foot  long,  is  common 
in  spring  and  autumn  in  ditches  and  ponds. 

vau-9her-i-e'-aB, .«.  j>t.  [Mod.  Lat.  vaucheri{a)  ; 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sntt".  -ea:] 
Bot. :   A    .suti-ord-.-r    or    tribe    of  Fiiciice;T'. 


Frond  with  one  or  more  siphons,  without 
bark ;  utricles  forming  a  lateral  branchlet, 
I>roceeding  from  the  upper,  or  more  rarely 
from  the  lowest,  joint  of  the  branch.  It  con- 
tains the  following  families  or  tribes  :  Hydro- 
gastridte,  Dasycladidie,  Ectocarpidae,  Batrach- 
ospermida-,  and  Chordaridiv. 

vaudeville,  'vaudevil  (as  vod-vil),   .^. 

[Fr.  viuflfriU>-  =  a.  country  ballad,  from  O.  Fr. 
mu  (Fr.  val)  de  I'ire  =  valley  of  Vire,  a  town 
in  Normandy.] 

1.  A  term  originally  ap]died  to  a  country 
song  of  like  kind  with  those  written  by 
Oliver  Basselin,  of  the  valleys  of  Vaux  de 
Vire,  in  Normandy,  in  the  tifteenth  century. 
These  songs,  which  werfe  satirical,  had  for 
their  subjects  love,  drinking,  and  passing 
events.  They  became  very  jiopular,  am! 
were  spread  all  over  Fiance  under  the  name 
Lais  (ks  Vavx  de  Vire.  The  peculiarity  of 
their  character  lived  after  their  origin  was 
forgotten,  and  plays,  interspersed  with  songs 
of  this  description,  came  to  be  called  Vaude- 
villes, and  occasionally  Virelais. 

2.  A  light  gay  song,  frequently  embodying 
a  satire,  consisting  of  several  couplets  and 
refrain  or  burden,  sung  to  a  familiar  air,  and 
often  introduced  into  theatrical  pieces ;  a 
ballad,  a  topieal  song. 

3.  Id  French  drama  a  piece  whose  dialogue 
is  intermingled  with  light  or  comic  songs  sung 
to  popular  airs. 

"A  series  of  matrimonial  adventures  which  might 
well  appal  the  most  daring  aud  iiigfuious  of  our 
vauderille  authors."— Oai/tf  Telegraph.  March  2-2,  luSd. 

Vaudois  (as  V6-dwa),  a.  &  s.    [Fr..  from 

I'lii'd.  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  between  the 
Jura  and  the  Bernese  Alps.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  belonging  to  tlie  canton  Vaud,  its 
people,  or  their  dialect. 

"Tlie  independent  critic  finds  it  iniposaible  to  dis- 
cover 111  tlie  pre-Hussite  t'audoim  wrltiiii;s  atiythiiikr 
but  Catholic  doctrine." — Athenauni,  Ap.  7,  1898,  p.  4ia. 

2.  Waldensian  (q.v.). 

"  The  doctrines  which  the  Inquisition  dragged  from 
the  later  Vaudoi*  heretics." — AthemBitm,  Ap.  7,  l&S?, 
p.  429. 

B.  As  snbst^intive : 

1.  The  dialect  spoken  in  the  Canton  Vaud. 

2.  (PI.):  The  inhabitants  of  the  Canton 
Vaud . 

3.  (PI.):  The  same  as  Wahlensians.     [W.vi.- 

D£NSI.\N,  B.] 

Vandoux  (as  V6-d6').  -^.  &  a.    [Voodoo.] 

vaugnerite  (as  van -yer-ite),  s.  [After 
Vaugneray,  near  Lyons,  France,  where  found  ; 
sutr.  -ite  (Petrol.).'] 

Petrol.  :  A  variety  of  granite  (q.v.).  contain- 
ing hornblende. 

vault  (1),  *va\vte,  *vaut,  *  vout, '  voute, 

""VO^Fte,  s.  [O.Fr.  volte,  route,  vonili',  vmit'- 
(Fr.  votlte)=&  vault;  volte  is  prop.  fem.  of 
volt  =  bent  or  bowed,  vaulted,  from  Low 
Lat.  volta,  t;o/M(rt  =  a  vault,  from  Lat  volutus, 
pa.  par.  of  volvo  =  to  roll,  to  turn,  from  the 
rounded  or  arched  top  of  vaults  ;  Ital.  volta.] 

1.  An  arched  roof;  a  concave  roof  or  roof- 
like covering,  hence  applied  figuratively  to 
the  sky. 

"  Had  I  your  tongue  and  eyes.  I'd  use  them  so 
That  heav'n's  oault  should  crack,' 

Shatcesp.  :  Lear.  v.  :;, 

2.  Arch. :  An  extended  arch  covering  an 
apartment  so  constructed  that  the  stones, 
bricks,  or  other  material  of  which  it  is  cnui- 
posed  su.stain  and  keep  each  other  in  their 
places.  Vaults  are  of  various  kinds  :  a  cylin- 
drical vault  has  a  semicircular  arch  ;  a  covered 
vault  has  an  arch  which  springs  from  all  sides 
of  its  plan  ;  a  groined  vault  is  one  formed  by 
two  vaultsintersecting  at  right  angles.  When 
a  vault  is  of  greater  height  than  half  its  span, 
it  is  said  to  be  surmounted,  and  wlien  of  less 
height  surbased.  A  ramiHint  ^"ault  is  one 
which  springs  from  planes  not  parallel  to  tlie 
horizon,  the  vault  placed  over  another  con- 
stitutes a  double  vault.  A  conic  vault  is 
formed  of  part  of  the  surface  of  a  cone,  an^i 
a  splierical  vault  of  part  of  the  surface  of  a 
sphere.  A  vault  is  simple  when  it  is  forme<l 
by  the  surface  of  some  regular  solid,  and 
coippound  when  coniponnded  of  more  than 
one  surface  of  the  same  solid,  or  of  twn 
dirtereiit  solids. 

"  Then  echo'd  through  the  gloomy  vaults  of  all 
The  lofty  roof,  the  suitor s boistrous  roar." 

Cow  per  :  Homer:  Odf/ssey,  i. 


fate.  fat»  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  cy  =  a ;  qu  =  tw. 


vault— Vectian 


3.  An  arclit'il  chamber;  a  passage  or  chain- 
l»er  with  ;m  ;irc-hL'il  roof,  especially  a  subter- 
liiiuMii  chanil'L-r.     Used  as— 

(1)  A  place  of  iutenueut. 

■■  Tlie  kuell,  the  shroud,  tlio  mattock,  and  tho  gmve. 

Tlic  i1l-cI',  damii  ruiilt.  tlitf  diiikiiess  »ud  the  wmiii. 

rouna:  A'ij/ht  Thowjht*.  iv.  10. 

(■J)  A   place    of  confineiueut ;   a  prison,    a 
liuni^eoii. 
(;i)  A  place  fur  storing  articles  ;  a  cellar. 

'■  Tin-  wine  of  Hfo  ia  drawu.  niid  the  mere  lees 
U  \vU  this  vuiiU  to  briisuf."  .     ^    ..   „ 

.shaktip.:  Macbeth,  n.  3. 

4.  A chanilierorspacearchedovernaturally ; 
:i  Oiivern. 

"Tliey  freqiuiitlv  |.,c-sfd  iiiidiT  t'(i«?f5  formed  by 
(moment*  ol  il.i  i.nk,  in  »hi.;h  they  were  told  ijeo^'le 
who  wei-e  l-enulitiii  lun'U-iitl.v  passed  the  iiight.  — 
Cook.  First  I  <.,'/'<;/'■.  hU   i-,  >h.  xvi. 

■/ault  (2).  s.  tKi".  volte  =a  round  or  turn,  a 
tumbler's  gambols,  from  Ital.  ro?/a  =a  turn, 
a  vault;  mi//?  (1)  and  (2)  are  thus  essentially 
the  same  woicL]  A  k-ap  or  spring,  especially— 
*  (1)  The,  leap  of  a  horse. 
(-2)  A  leap  bv  means  of  a  pole  or  sprin^;- 
board,  in-  assisted  by  resting  the  hand  or 
hamis  on  st>nietliing. 

vault  (I),  ■  vaut. '  vawt.  v.t.    [Vault (l).  .-•. 

1.  To  fnrrii  with  a  vault  or  arched  roof;  to 
give  the  shape  of  a  vault  or  ai'ch  to. 

" The  hoiisea  within  were  well  rawted  with  atone."— 
Benim  :  J-'ri/issai-t :  CronycJc,  voL  iii..  ch.  Ixxxix. 

2.  Ti>  cover  with  or  as  with  an  arch  or 
vault  ;  to  an-h  over. 

"  Fieiy  dart*  in  tl  iming  volleys  flew. 
And  Ib'iug  vaulted  either  boat  with  nre, 

MUton:  P.  L..v\.  2\i. 

vault  (-2).  v.i.  &  t.    [Fr.  voUer.^    IVAULT(ii),  s.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  lea]i,  to  bound,  to  spring,  especially 
with  .sumething  to  rest  the  IkukIs  on. 

■  Nfstor  bail  failed  the  U\\  of  Troy  to  see. 
But.  leaiiiuK  on  liis  Irtiue.  he  viiiUfd  on  a  tree  " 
Drydeii :  Uvid  :  Metamorphoses  viii.  131. 

2.  To  exhibit  equestrian  or  other  feats  of 
tumbling  or  leaping. 

3-  In  the  manege,  to  curvet. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  leap  or  spring  over,  by 
nii-aiis  of  a  pole  or  springboard,  or  by  resting 
til'*  liaiid  or  hands  on. 

•vault-age  (ageasig),  s.  [Eng.  vault  {l), 
s.  ;  -d'j''.]  Vaulted  work  ;  an  arched  cellar  ;  a 
v:iuUed  room. 

*•  He'll  call  you  to  so  hot  an  answer  for  it, 
Tliat  aivea  und  womby  vauUases  of  France 
Sliall  chide  your  tre3i>aa3." 

Shafcesp. :  Bcnry  V..  ii.  4, 

vault  -edU  *vant-ed,  a.    [Eng.  vault;  -ed.] 
L  Ordinary  La»'juage  : 

1,  Formed  with  a  vault  or  arch ;  arched, 
fomave. 

■•  With  chini;oiir  rings  the  field,  resounds  the  vaulted 
aky.'"  nrj/dcit ,   Paiamon  A  Arcite.  iii.  532. 

2.  Covered  with  a  vault  or  arched  roof. 

•3,  Provided  witli  vaults  or  subterranean 
passages. 

■■  The  said  citie  of  Alexaudria  .  .  .  being  all  ranted 
nndt-rueatli  lor  i>ioviiiiou  of  fresh  water  "^Hackluyt  : 

y.,!iu'j"».  ii.  aai. 

II.  !'>»t. :  Arched,lilvetheroof  of  theniouth. 
Ust'd  <»f  \arioiis  lingent  corollas. 

vault' -er,  .•;.  [Eng.  vmdt  C2),  v.;  -er.]  One 
wh'i  vaults,  leaps,  or  tumbles;  a  leaper. 

■■  III.  niii  away  with  the  vaidter.  or  the  Frenchman 
th.it  walks  ujiou  ropea."—i3eji  i/o/won  .'  Silent  IVomaii, 

II.  I. 

vault  -ing,  s.     [Eng.  vault  (1),  s. ;  -ing.] 

Arrh.:  Vaulted  work;  vaults  collectively. 
Vaultings  aie  supported  by  ribs  or  groins, 
(liti-ii  intersc'L'ting  each  other,  meeting  in  a 
boss- ill  the  centre,  and  frequently  springing 
fioni  corbels,  brackets,  &e. 

vaulting-shaft,  vaulting-pillar,  s. 

Arrh.  :  A  pillar  soiiietinn.'s  rising  i'ruiii  the 
11. ml  to  the  spring  of  the  vault  of  a  roof; 
more  frequently,  a  short  pillar  attached  to 
the  wall  rising  from  a  corbel,  and  from  the 
tnp  uf  which  the  ribs  of  the  vaidt  s]'ring.  The 
]iillars  between  the  triforinm  windows  of 
Gothic  churches  rising  to  and  supporting  the 
vaulting  are  examples. 

vault  ing,  pr.  jtar,,  a.,  &  $.    [Vault  (2),  v.] 
A.  &  B,  As  ]>r.  jKir.  d:  jxirUcip.  adj.  :  (See 

the  verb). 
C.  As   suh^t. :    The  art   or    practice    of   a 

van  Iter. 


vaulting-horse,  ■.  A  wo-'den  horse  in 
a  gyninasiiiui.  tni  pr.ictice  in  vaulting;  com- 
iiiMii  in  ancient  tunes. 

vaulting  house.   .    A  brothel. 

vaulting  monkey,    . 

/(.(./.;  Ceiroindio'i.-  /-.f-UjW-.f.i,  from  the 
west  coast  of  Africa.  Head  and  body  about 
llfteen  inches  long,  tail  nearly  two  feet.  Fur 
darker  above,  lighter  below  ;  fringe  of  wliite 
hair  round  face;  white  spot  on  nose,  whence 
it  is  often  called  WhiU'-nose,  or  M'hite-nose 
Monkey.  It  is  a  graceful  little  creature,  and 
extremely  playful,  and  the  agility  with  whicli 
it  passes  fi"om  bough  to  bough  justifies  its 
specitic  and  popular  name. 

"vaulting-school,.--.  Abrothel.  {smith: 
lAresvf  lli'jhi'-oyunn,  iii.  lii-2.) 

'vault-ure,  s.  [Eng.  vault  (1),  s. ;  -um] 
ArehlilceVhape ;  vaidted  work. 

■The  -str^iiirth  and  flrniuead  of  their  i'a»K«re  and 

[lillar?,"— /.'n.'/.   Oil  till-  Orfatitjtt,  oh,  iii. 

*vault'-y,  *vault-ie,  «.  [Eng.  vavlt  (1), 
s.  ;  -i/.|    Arched,  concave,  vaulted. 

"  I'liu  viuilfif  heaven  ao  hi^'h  above  ourhead." 

Shakes/:  :  llonieo  A  Juliet,  iii.  5. 

'  vaunce,  cA.    [Advanci:.] 

vaunt,  ■  vaunte,  vA.  &  *  [Fr.  vantcr,  se 
ri,ntir  =  t^>  vaunt,  to  boy,:,  from  Low  Lat. 
r"iiif"  =  U.>  speak  vanity,  to  flatter,  to  boast, 
from  Lat.  vanus  =  vaiu  (q.v.);  Ital.  vantarc] 

A,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  boast;  to  make  a  vain  or  boastful 
display  of  one's  own  worth,  attainments, 
achievements,  decorations,  or  the  like;  to 
bi-ag. 

"Arioviatus  .  .  .  vaunted  much  of  hi*  owue  ]}To-w- 
ea^e."— Holding  :  Caiar,  (o.  36. 

'  2.  To  glory,  to  exult. 

"The  foe  vaunts  in  the  field." 

ghaketp.  :  Richard  III.,  v.  3. 

B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  boast  of;  to  brag  of;  to  magnify  or 
glorify  with  vanity. 

"My  v.inuuisher,  spoiled  of  hi^  pmnifed  spoil." 

Milton:   P.  i..  Hi.  251. 

*  2.  To  display  or  put  forward  boastfully. 

vaunt  (1).  ^.  [Vaunt,  v.]  A  bragging,  a 
boasting;  a  boast,  a  brag;  ostentation  from 
vanity. 

"  The  haughty  captive,  who  had  imide  his  vainits 
To  lay  their  dwellings  level." 

Dryden:  Lave  Triumphant,  i.  1. 

"*  vaunt  (2),  s.  [Fr.  avant  =  before,  in  front.] 
Till'  lirst  beginning;  the  first  part. 

"Our  play 
Leaps  i.'er  the  i-aiiiif  and  tirstliues  of  those  broils." 
stfikfsp. :  TroihiS  J:  Creuiidn.    (Pro!.) 

'  vaunt -courier,  6.  A  precm-sor,  a  van- 
courier. 

"  VHUiit-courierx  to  oak-cleaving  thunderbolts." 
ahakeip.:  Lcttr.  iii.  — 

•  vaunt  mure,  *  vai-mure,  *  van- 
mure,  >. 

Fnrt.  :  The  walk  or  gangway  ou  the  top  of 
a  wall  behind  the  parapet. 

"With  another  engine,  named  the  warwolfe,  he 
pierced  with  one  stone,  and  cat.  ;id  even  hs  a  thtead, 
two  rauiif-i'iMrfs."— C'liiid'/'     /ieiuaiim. 

"  vaunt-parler,  '  vant-perlor,  a.    A 

spokesman. 

"  The  couucell  and  aduise  of  vant-perlori.  and  auch 
as.  henig  aduanced  from  base  decree  vnto  high  autho- 
ritie.'—HoliMhed  :  Hist.  Hcottund  (an.  I48r). 

vaunt  -er.  '  vaunt-our,  s.    [Eng.  ^'ffl^»^  v.; 

-(■/.|    <Mir  u hi>  \aunt.-. ;  ;i  boaster,  a  braggart. 

"Some  feign 
To  menage  steeds,  .is  did  tiii-*  pauntir :  Imt  in  vain." 
.^uetiH'r :  h'.  ',*.,  II.  iv,  1. 

'  vaunt' -er-y,  ^  vant'-cr-y,  s.  [Eng.  rau«Y, 
V.  ;  -cri/.]  The  act  of  vaunting  or  boasting; 
bravado. 

"Thi-*  vantmi  nnd  lilorioUft  boasting  of  a  man's 
selff.  "— r.  U'>ll'ind  .    riiir<,rch,  p.  -IW. 

'  vaunt -ful,  ■  vaunt-full.  n.  [Eng.  vaunt 
(1),  s.  ;  -J«IL\    Boastful,  braggart. 

vaunt'-ing,  jt.  jwr.,  a.,  &  s.    [Vavnt,  v.] 

A.  Aspr,  2Kir, :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Boastful,  bragging,  braggart. 

C.  .4.^  suhgt. :  Boasting,  bravado,  bragging. 

"  Make  your  vnuntitnj  true." 

Shaki-tp. :  Juliiu  Ccesar,  ir.  S. 

vaunt- ing - ly ,  adv.  [Eng.  vaunting;  -hi.] 
In  ii  vaunting  or  boastful  manner;  boastfully. 

"  WtuntiiiifTu  thou  <>pakest  it." 

Shakexp. .    nirhurd  II..  iv. 


vauquellne,  vauqueUnite  (as  vok'-Un. 

VOk  -lin-ite),  .■*.  [AfU-v  M.  Vauinu-lin.  the 
ihse<i\fier  t»f  chromium  ;  sutl".  -ifc(A/in.).J 

I.  Clitm.:  (0/  the  form  Vauqueline);  Tel- 
htier  and  Caventou's  original  name  for  strych- 
nine. 

:;  Min.  (0/  both /onus):  A  monociinic  min- 
eral riccurring  in  minute  crystals,  also  botry* 
oidal  and  granular.  lJardnes.s,  -J-.'}  to  a ;  sp.  gr. 
5*5  to  5-78 ;  lustre,  adamantine  to  resinous, 
becoming  dull  on  exposure ;  cnlour,  shades 
of  green  and  brown  to  nearly  black ;  streak, 
greenish  or  brownish;  somewhat  brittle.  An 
analysis  by  Berzelius  yielded  :  chromic  acid, 
2.S"ia ;  protoxide  of  k-ad,  (10-^7 :  protoxide  of 
copper,  lOSO  =  100,  corresponding  with  the 
formula  (CuOrbO)8-JCr03,  which  requires, 
chromic  acid,  •J7'7  ;  prutu.Kidc  uf  lead,  01 '4' 
jirotoxide  of  cupper,  lO-y. 

*vaut,  s.     [Vault  (1),  s.] 

•vaut,  rJ.    IVai-ltCI),  r] 

*  vav  -a  sor, "  val-va-sor, '  vavasour, 
*  vav'-a-SOUre,  .s.  [O.  Fr.  vavaaor,  vuvus- 
.sr»/ ,  from  Low  Lat.  vavassor,  vusvassor,  prob. 
a  coiitr.  of  vastus  vassorum  =  a  vassal  of  vas- 
sals.J 

Feudal  Law:  A  i>rincipal  vassal,  not  hold- 
ing immediately  of  the  sovereign,  but  of  a 
great  lord,  and  having  other  vassals  who  held 
of  him  ;  a  vassal  of  the  second  degree  or  rank, 
inferior  but  next  to  the  higher  nobility.  The 
title  was  rarely  used.  In  the  class  of  vavasors 
were  comprehemled  chdt^laius,  who  owned 
castles  or  fm-titied  houses,  and  possessed 
rights  of  territorial  justice. 

"The  first  nmue  of  dignity,  next  beneath  a  peer, 
waa  autiently  that  of  vidanies,  vice-domini,  or  ral- 
va.f<rii.  who  are  mentioned  by  our  antient  lawyers  a» 
"  viii  magna;  dignitntls.     Our  legal  antiipiarie&  are  not 


agreed  xipon 

lil'tcksloue :  Conimenl..  bk. 


inal  I 


L-h.  13, 


autieut  oifice."- 


'  Vav'-a-s6r-y,  s.     [Fr.  varassnire.] 

1.  The  quality  or  tenure  of  the  fee  held  by 
a  vavasor. 

2.  Lands  held  by  a  vavasor. 

■■  He  was  also  called  a  vavaaor,  and  his  lnnd»  a  mtiu- 
sor//.  which  held  of  aonie  mesne  lord,  .ind  not  imme- 


diii'tely  of  the  king.*'— //un-i'i^foii 


..-U  p.  C5. 


'  va'-ward,  s.  &  a.  [For  van  ward,  from  rax  = 
fiiiiit,  a'nd  u-ard  =  guard.] 

A.  As  subst. :  The  fore  part ;  the  vanguard, 
the  van. 

"Tlie  Earl  of  Huntley  hud  the  vaward.  the  duke  the 
battele."— ATrtf/'t;.-  Eccles.  Mem,  (an.  155T). 

B.  As  adj. :  Foremost,  front. 

"Where's  now  the  \WUtt  vaward  wing?" 

Seott :  Martniou.  vi.  3«. 

•  vayne,  o.    [Vain.] 

ve-a'-der,  ve-a'-dar,  ^■.   [Heb.  y}^}  {vmdar) 

=  Adarthe  second.] 

Hebrew  Calendar:  A  suppleinentiuy  month 
added  by  the  later  Jews  sometimes  after  the 
third,  sometnnes  after  the  second  sacred  year, 
r;ne  being  taki-n  fli:it  the  seventh  year  should 
have  no  such  muiiMi  ajipended  to  Adar(q.v.). 
The  twelfth  sacred  month  ended  in  Februaiy 
or  March,  and  Veadar,  if  introduced,  immedi- 
ately followed.  This  was  the  mefhod  of 
adjusting  the  Hebiew  months  which  were 
lunar  to  the  solar  year. 

veal,  "veale,  "veel,  ^':.     [o.  Fr.  rd-i  (Fr. 

ve(ru),  from  Lat.  vifelhirn,  accus.  of  vitellus  =^ 
a  little  <-alf ;  vitulns^a.  calf.  orig.=:a  year- 
ling, from  the  same  root  as  vetus  =  old ; 
vetulus  =  a  little  old  man  ;  Gr.  eVos  (lietos)  =  a 
year.] 
*  1.  A  calf. 

"  Vfel.    A  calfe  or  veale."—Cofgrai'e. 

2    The  Hesh  of  a  calf  killed  and  prepared 
for  the  table. 
veal-cutlet,  .'i.    A  slice  of  veal  cut  otf  for 

frjing  or  bi'oiiiitg. 

'  veck,  ■  vecke,  -•;.  [Ktym.  doubtful ;  cf. 
ital,  vcchiii.  fnmi  Lat.  vc'.-u!a.]  An  old 
woman,    {liomauut  of  thv  iiose.) 

Vec'-ti-an,  Vec'-tine,  s.  [For  etym.  see 
e.xtract.l 

Ceol. :  A  term  proposed  for  the  Lower  Green- 
sand.    (Used  also  adjectively.)    [Neocomian.) 

"The  name  Vectian,  rewmmeuded  in  189s  by  Mr.  A. 
J.  .lukes-Bri.wne,  whs  nieviuusly  applied  by  John 
PhillMw  to  the  FIiivio-Mariue  Tertiary  Strata  of  the 
iBle  of  Wight,  while  the  name  of  \.cliii--  (from  In- 
sula vectiB  of  the  Koinano)  w^ut  suLjgeitU'd  by  Filton  in 
IS^5.'— //.  /;.  H'vudiciird:  Geol.  Kngtaud  J:  Wales  |eU. 


boil,  ho^ ;  poiit,  jowl ;  cat,  5eU,  chorus,  9hin,  l>cn9h ;  go,  gem :  thin,  this :  sin,  as 
-oian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion.  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious 


expect,  Xenophon,  e:Kist.    -ing. 
-  shus.    -ble.  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  d^L 


41G 


vection— vegetable 


'vfic'-tion,  .-.  IL-'it.  vfctio,  from  vectiis,  pa- 
|(ar.  t>f  itho  =  to  carry.  1  The  act  of  carrviiig ; 
the  state  of  being  carried. 

•  vec  -tis,  >-.    (Lat.)    A  lever. 

"vec  ti-ta-tlon,  .^'.  [Lat.  I'ectitatus.  pa.  par. 
uf  t\xti(v,  (rcq.  of  vccto,  iiitciis.  of  vtho  (pa. 
par.  vevtJuf)  =  to  carry.]  The  act  of  carrying ; 
the  state  of  being  carried. 

"Thoireiien-nteil  lords  rtb  IoIUdb  iu  their  chariots 
(a  !»pfclfs  «(  [i-cfi(<ir(i>M  selUom  used  Muong  the  an. 
.Ifiit*.  excrjit  by  old  mtn)."— Pope :  Martinut  Scrib- 
U  riis. 

vec'-tor,  .-■•     (Lat.,  from  veho  (pa.  par.  vectus) 
=  tu  carry. 1 
Muthciiuiiics : 

1.  The  same  as  Radius-vector  (q. v.). 

2.  A  directive  quantity,  as  a  straight  line,  a 
forcf,  or  a  velocity.  Tlie  simplest  inaiiner  in 
which  to  represent  such  a  quantity  which  in- 
volves both  direction  and  magnitude  is  by 
means  of  a  straight  line  in  space.  Then  the 
vector  may  be  regarded  as  a  stepjting  fium 
one  extremity  of  the  line  to  the  other.  Vectors 
are  said  to  be  equal  when  their  direction  is 
the  same  and  their  magnitudes  equal. 

"  vec'-ture,  s.  [Lat.  vectura,  from  veko  (fut. 
par.  vecturus)  =  to  carry.]  The  act  of  carry- 
ing ;  carriage. 

*■  There  be  but  three  thirigB  vrhich  one  nntion  seUeth 
unto  auuther :  the  commniUtie  as  uature  yeeldeth 
it;  the  ninjiufacture;  aud  the  veclttre  or  carnage.  — 
Bdc-jn  :  Esmys ;  0/  Seditions  4  Troubles. 

Ve'-da,  s.  [Sansc.  =  knowledge  ;  specif,  in- 
spired knowledge,  from  yKi  =  toknow,  cogn. 
with  Lat.  rWto  =  to  see;  Gr.  olfia  (oida)  =  I 
know;  Eng.  wit,  wisdom,  &c.] 

Hindoo  Sacred  Lit:  The  oldest  Hindoo 
sacred  volume,  or  series  of  volumes,  divided 
into  four  portions:  the  Rig-veda,  the  Sama- 
veda,  the  Yajiir-veda.  and  the  Atharva-veda, 
often  spoken  of  as  separate  Veilas.  The  oldest 
is  the  Rig-veda  ;  then  the  Sama-veda  and  the 
Yaiur-veda  were  composed,  and  after  an 
interval  the  Atharva-veda  was  added.  They 
are  in  metre,  consisting  of  hymns  supposed  to 
have  been  divinely  revealed  to  ceitain  Rishis 
<.r  Brahmanical  sages.  The  hymns  of  the 
Kig-veda  are  an-anged  in  ten  circles  accx)rding 
to  the  families  of  their  composers.  Some  are 
named  after  their  individual  authors.  The 
Sama,  Yajur,  and  Atharva  Vedas  consist  of 
extracts  from  the  Big-vedic  hjiuns  made  to  be 
used  in  connection  with  saeriMcial  offerings. 
They  are  therefore  in  the  mass  more  modern 
than  the  Rig-veda,  though  individual  portions 
of  the  Sama-veda  have  more  archaic  gram- 
matical forms  than  those  of  the  Rig-veda,  and 
may  be  older.  The  Atharva,  on  the  con- 
trary, is  so  much  more  modern,  that  it  did 
not  obtain  its  present  place  without  contro- 
versy. To  the  Sanhita,  or  collection  of 
hynms,  in  each  Veda  was  appended  a  Brah- 
mana,  or  prose  commentary  or  theological 
treatise.  AVith  these  were  connected  certain 
upanishads,  speculative  treatises.  [Upani- 
SHAD.I  Then  follow  sutras  (strings),  consist- 
ing of  short  sentences  strung  together  :  but 
these,  though  founded  on  the  Vedas,  are 
a-lmitted  by  the  Brahmans  to  have  been  only 
of  human  origin.  The  Vedas  were  composed 
while  their  Aryan  authors  were  fighting  their 
way  forward  from  the  north-western  bound- 
ary of  India  across  the  five  rivers  of  the  Pun- 
jaub  onward  to  the  Ganges.  [For  the  theology 
W-e  Brahmanism  and  Rjg-veda.] 

Ved'-ah,  Ved'-dah,  s.     [Native  name.] 

Ethnol.  {/'/.) :  A  tribe  inhabiting  the  forests 
of  the  interior  of  Ceylon,  probably  either  the 
aborigines,  or  outcasts  from  the  Singhalese. 
They  live  in  a  primitive  state,  ruled  by  their 
own  chiefs,  and  conceal  their  villages  in  the 
depths  of  the  jungle,  as  far  as  possible  from 
the  beaten  pathS.  Their  language  differs  but 
little  from  the  common  Singhalese. 

Ve-dan'-ga,  5.    [Sansc.    See  def.] 

Hindoo  s'iKred  Lit.  (PI.) :  "What  the  Brahmans 
call  "members  of  the  Veda."  They  are  six 
in  number,  but  this  name,  says  Max  Mlil- 
\eT  (Ancient  Sanscrit  LiteTaUire,  p.  109),  "does 
not  imply  the  existence  of  six  books  or 
treatises  intimately  connected  with  their 
sacred  writings,  but  merely  the  admission  of 
six  subjects,  "the  study  of  which  was  neces- 
sary either  for  the  reading,  the  understanding, 
or  the  proper  sacriJicial  employment  of  the 
Veda."  The  six  subjects  or  doctrines  usually 
comprehended  under  the  name  Vedangas  are  : 


Siksha(::=  pronunciation).  Chhamlas(=  metre). 
Vyakamna  (=  grammar).  Nivukta  (=  explana- 
tion of  words),  Jyotisha(=  astronomy),  and 
Kalpa  (=  ceremonial).  The  tirst  two  are  con- 
sidered necessary  for  reading  the  Veda,  the 
two  next  for  nnderstatiding  it,  and  the  last 
two  for  employing  at  sacrifices.  The  writers 
of  the  Vedangas  do  not  claim  inspiration. 

Ve-d&n'-ta,  s.  [Sansc.  =  conclusion  of  the 
Veda.] 

Hiiuloo  Pkilos. :  A  system  of  religion  and 
l)hilosopliv  professeiUy  f -uiided  on  the  Vedas. 
It  is  divided  into  the  i'nrva  mimansa  and  th-' 
Uttara  ndmansa,  or  the  Inrnier  and  latter  mini- 
ansas,  which  constilutt-  two  of  the  leading 
darsanas  or  schools  of  philosophy.  As  the 
first  of  these  is  chiefly  pi-acti<-ai,  the  Vedanta 
philosophy  is  mainly  derived  from  the  second. 
It  was  founded  by  Vyasa,  and  was  modified 
by  Sankara,  its  commentator.  The  formei- 
identified  the  world  with  God,  and  contended 
earnestly  for  the  reality  of  the  external  uni- 
verse, which  he  held  to  have  been  created  by 
God  ;  the  later  Vedantists  maintained  that  the 
universe  is  but  an  illusion  projected  by  God, 
and  is  itself  God.  The  present  Vedanta  sys- 
tem is  Pantheistic.  It  has  mauy  adherents 
among  the  more  educated  Hindoos.  (Baner- 
jee:  On  the  Hliuloo  Philosophy,  <Cc.) 

Ve-dan'-tic,  «.  [Eng.  Vedant{a);  -ic]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Vedas ;  founded  on  or 
derived  from  the  Vedas. 

Ve-dant'-ist»  5.  [Eng.  Vedantia) ;  ■ist.^  One 
versed  in  the  doctrines  of  the  Vedanta  (q.v.). 

"The  Vedniitist.  the  Buddhist,  and  the  lUumiiifited 
Western  Philosupher."— //«t/(/  Telejraph,  Jan.  9,  1860. 

ve-dette',  vi-dette'.  s.  [Fr.  vedette-^ 
sentry,  a  high  place  from  which  one  may  see 
afar  off,  from  Ital.  vcdetta  =  a  sentry,  a  watch- 
tower,  for  veletta  =  a.  sentry-box,  dimin.  of 
veglia  =  a.  watch,  watching,  from  Lat.  vigilia 
a  watching.]  [Vigil.]  A  sentinel  on  horse- 
back stationed  on  an  outpost  or  elevated  point 
to  watch  an  enemy  and  give  notice  of  danger. 

Ve'-dic,  «.  [Eng.  Ved(a);  -ic]  Of  or  re- 
lating to  a  Veda  or  the  Vedas. 

"  Sanskrit  philology  has  no  longer  an  excuse  (or 
ignoring  the  I'edic  .-ige."— .tfox  J/uHer:  AiKtent  Sans- 
crit Literature  (1S59),  p.  10. 

vee-ua',  s.    [Vixa.j 

veer,  *vear,  *vere,  'vire,  o.i.  &  (.  [Fr. 
virer  =  to  veer,  to  turn  round,  to  whirl  round, 
from  Low  Lat.  viro  =  to  turn  ;  virola  =  a 
ring;  La.t.  viriola ;  Sp.  nrar,  ftiror  =  to  wind, 
to  twist,  tack,  or  veer  ;  Port,  virar  =  to  turn, 
to  change  ;  Dut.  vieren  — to  veer.] 

A,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  turn  ;  to  alter  its  course,  as  a  ship  by 
turning  her  head  away  from  the  wind. 

2.  To  shift;  to  change  its  direction,  as  the 
wind. 

"  The  wind  veered,  the  rain  ceased."— Oat^^/  Chroni- 
cle, Jan.  4.  16S8. 

^  The  wind  is  said  to  v^er  when  it  shifts 
with  the  sun,  and  to  back  when  it  shifts 
against  the  sun.  In  nautical  language  it  is 
said  to  veer  aft  when  it  conies  to  blow  more 
astern  ;  the  contrary  is  to  haul  forward. 

3.  To  turn  round,  to  shift,  to  vary  ;  to  alter 
one's  opinion  ;  to  be  otherwise  minded  ;  said 
of  persons,  opinions,  feelings,  and  the  like. 

"  Thou  weather-cock  of  government ;  that  when  the 
wind  blows  for  the  subject,  poinfatto  i»rivilege:  and 
when  it  changes  for  the  soveraign.  veers  to  iiieroga- 
tive,"—/>riiden:  Amphitryoii,  v. 

B.  Transitive : 

Nautical : 

1.  To  direct  into  a  different  course  ;  specifi- 
cally, to  wear,  or  cause  to  change  a  course  by 
turning  the  stern  to  wiqdward,  iu  opposition 
to  tacking. 

2.  To  let  out,  to  veer  out. 

"  reerirtp  about  oue  hundred  and  fifty  f.^thonl3  of 
cable,  the  ship  was  happily  brought  up."— Coi/fc.'  First 
Voyage,  bk.  ij.,  ch.  vi. 

3.  To  turn,  to  shift,  to  change. 

■'  Sailing  farther,  it  veers  its  lily  to  the  west,  and  re- 
gardeth  tnat  quarter  wherein  the  laud  Is  nearer  or 
greater."— Browne. 

^  (1)  To  veer  and  haul:  To  pull  tight  and 
slacken  alternately. 

(2)  To  veer  awuy :  To  let  out ;  to  slacken  and 
let  run. 

(3)  To  veer  o^tt:  To  suffer  to  rati,  or  to  let 
out  to  a  greater  length. 

"  This  obliged  us  to  let  go  our  sheet  anchor,  veering/ 
o»it  tt  good  atope  of  cable,  which  stopt  us  till  10  or  11 
o'clock  the  next  iia.y."—Dampifr :  Voyiges  (an.  16ST- 1 


•  veer-a-ble,  a.     [Eng.  veer ;  -able.]    Change- 

able, sliifting.     (Said  of  winds). 

■■  WeflndthewindBsimth.  8.  by  W.  amlS.S  W.  fresh 
gales:  veerable  to  ti.W."  —  H.tin/ner :  fiiscuurse  of 
Winds,  ch.  v. 

vcer'-iLng,  a.  &s.    [Veer,  v.\ 

A,  As  adj.:  Shifting,  changing,  turning; 
changeable. 

B.  -Is  suhst. :  The  act  of  shifting,  turning, 
or  changing  ;  fickle  or  capricious  change. 

"  It  ia  a  double  uiisftirtiiiie  to  a  nation  given  to 
change,  wlien  they  have  a  Hovereign  that  is  prone  to 
fall  in  with  all  the  turns  and  oncrhigg  ot  the  iteople." — 
AtUtison  :  freeholder. 

"  veer'-mg-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  veering;  -ly.]  In 
a  veering  or  sliifting  manner  ;  shiftingly. 

veer'-jr,  s.  [See  def.]  A  name  given  in 
America   to    Wilson's    Thrush    (Turdii.^  fus- 

Ct'S(7'/i.s). 

Ve'-ga(l),  s.    [Arab,] 

Astron. :  A  fixed  st^Tr  nf  the  first  magnitude, 
called  also  a  Lyne.  It  is  one  of  the  brightest 
stars  in  the  northein  hemisphere.  Xo  other 
large  stars  are  near  it,  but  Vega,  Arcturus, 
and  Polaris  nearly  constitute  a  right-anglod 
triangle.  Another  triangle  is  formed  by  Vega, 
Deneb,  and  Altair.  Vega  emits  a  brilliant 
white  light.  Spectroscopic  analysis  shows 
that  it  contains  incandescent  hydrogen,  so- 
dium, and  magnesium.  It  is  accompanied  by 
a  small  telescoi)ic  star. 

*  ve'-ga  (2),  s.  [Sp.]  An  open  plain  ;  a  tract 
of  level  and  fruitful  country. 

"  Sometimes  niar-auders  penetrated  into  the  tef/a, 
the  beautiful  vet/ti,  every  inch  of  whose  soil  was  fer- 
tilized  with  human  blood."— Praacott.    lAnnandate.) 

•veg-et-a-bil'-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  vegetable;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vegetable ;  vege- 
table nature. 

"The  coagulating  spirits  of  salt,  and  lapidificial 
juyce  of  the  sea,  which  eutriiig  the  parts  of  that  plant, 
overcomes  its  vefh-l<t''ihti/,  ami  cuuverfji  it  intoalajii- 
deoos  Kubstance.'— flz-oii-jic  ■  Viilqar  AVrours,  bk,  li., 
ch.  V. 

veg'-et-9.-ble»a.  &  s.  [Fr.  =  vegetable,  fit  or 
able  to  live,  from  Lat.  vegetabilis  —  animating, 
full  of  life,  from  vegeto  =  to  enliven,  to 
quicken,  from  vegetus  ='\ive\y,  from  vegeo  = 
to  excite,  to  quicken,  to  arouse  ;  akin  to  vigeo 
to  flourish  ;  Sp.  vegetable;  Ital.  vegetabile.] 

A.  Asiulj.  .-Pertaining,  belonging,  or  peculiar 
to  plants ;  resembling  or  characteristic  of  a 
plant,  or  what  belongs  to  a  plant ;  having  the 
nature  or  characteristics  of  a  plant;  occu- 
pied or  concerned  with  plants. 

"  The  wood,  bark,  and  leaves,  Ac,  of  au  nak.  in 
which  consists  the  vcijctab/r  life."— Locke :  Jtumaii 
Understanding,  bk.  ti..  ch.  xxvii. 

B,  As  siibstantive : 

1.  A  plant  (q.v.). 

"  The  whole  tribes  of  uefieta/des  or  plants.  These 
may  he  divided  into  herbs,  shrubs,  and  tiees." — Locke: 
yat.  philosophy,  cli.  ix. 

2.  In  a  more  restricted  sense,  a  plant  used 
for  culinary  purposes,  or  for  feeding  cattle, 
sheep,  or  other  aniTuals.  Vegetables  used  for 
such  purposes,  as  cabbages,  turnips,  beans, 
pease,  &c.,  are  of  a  more  soft  and  tleshy  sub- 
stance than  trees  or  shrubs. 

vegetable-acids,  s.  pi 

Chem. :  A-ids  derived  from  vegetable  mat- 
ters, now  included  under  organic  acids.  The 
most  important  are  acetic,  oxalic,  tartaric, 
citric,  <!Stc. 

veget able -sethi ops,  5.  A  kind  of  char- 
ts >al  ['1.  ]'  n>  i  by  incineiatiiiga sea-weed,  Fncus 

vtr-o  iJn^ii.^.  the  Common  Bladder-wrack,  in  a 
covereil  crucible. 

vegetable-albumin,  ^. 

Chcm.  :  A  substanii;  occurring  in  small 
quantities  in  all  veget;ible  juices.  It  has  not 
yet  been  obtained  pure,  but  appears  to  pos- 
"sef:;s  the  general  properties  of  the  albumins. 

vegetable-alkalis,  s.  pi. 

Ch'ui. :  The  proximate,  principles  of  plants 
which  possess  alkaline  properties,  such  as 
morphia,  quinine,  &«'.     [Alkaloids.] 

vegetable-anatomy,  s. 

TM. :  The  dissection  of  plants.  It  may  be 
(1)  Gross,  in  which  the  plaut  is  tirst  examined 
with  the  aid  of  a  hand-lens,  or  (2)  Minute,  in 
which  every  part  is  subject  to  the  compound 
micru  scope. 

vegetable  -  brimstone,  vegetable  - 
sulphur,  .■■•.     [Erim^to-nl;,  Lvi.oi'ui'E.] 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  miite,  cub,  ciire,  tinite,  cur,  riile,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ee.  ce  =  e ;  ey  ^  a :  qu  -  Itw. 


vegetal— vegeto  - 


417 


vegetable  -  butter,  s.  Tlie  butu-r-like 
cuiicrt'te  ftil  <il  vuii'iiis  trees.    [Butter,  A.  II. 

'A.,  Bl'ITKK-TKKK,  CoCOA-BUTTER,  S.] 

vegetable- egg,  .'^. 

Hot.  :  Ijinima  mamrnosum.     [TjIICUMa.] 

vegetable  fire-cracke:\  *=. 

Hot,  :  Lruili>i'it  iiKcinea. 

vegetable-flannel,  >.  Pine-necdle  wool 
Oi-v.). 

vegetable  gelatine,  5.    [Glitin.] 

vegetable -gold,  ^.  An  aciil  extracted 
fii'iii  tlie  roots  of  Trixis  Pipizahuac. 

vegetable-balr,  .^. 

Hot.  :  TiUand;<ia  nsneokles,     [Tillandsia.] 

vegetable  borse-bair,  5. 

I'-ot.  :  Till'  liluv  < <f  ClHuna;rops  huviHi^. 
[Cham  KRuF's.! 

vegetable-ivory,  >-.    [Tacua,  Ivory,  1[.] 

vegetable-jeUy,  .s-.  Pectin  (q.v.).  The 
pupulitr  name  appears  to  have  been  ^iveii  by 
Lindley.     (intyotf.  to  liotiuiif,  ed.  3rd,  p.  4(1.) 

vegetable-kingdom,  ?. 

B»t. :  Thr  EiiL;lisli  tquivalent  of  the  Latin 
term  Hcgiimii  Vcijctubilc,  used  by  Linnseus  to 
designate  and  coiniu'ehend  all  plants  of  what- 
ever alfinity,  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest. 
In  his  Systema  Naturo:  he  divided  it  into  three 
tribes  :  Moiioeotyledones,  Dicntyledones,  and 
Aeotyledones ;  but  he  made  no  subsequent 
use  of  this  arrangement  either  in  his  Artificial 
'ir  in  his  Xatura!  System  of  classification. 
For  Lindley's  classification,  see  Botaxv. 

vegetable-leather,  6. 

['.'•t.  :  Eiijilinrhiii  jinnlcfa. 

vegetable-life,  .•■.  The  life  of  a  plant  as 
4isini,L'iii>hrd  from  tliat  of  an  animal.  Lin- 
iiiius  iti'MTibed  a  \egetable  as  an  organized 
iwiiju'  pi  assessed  of  life  but  not  of  feeling.  Like 
an  aiiim;il.  it  lia.s  the  powers  of  nutrith)n  or 
.stllsuppi-rt,  that  of  assiniilatiiij;  to  itself 
[larticles  of  other  boiUes  suitable  f<ir  its 
nourishment  and  growth,  and  finally  it  lias 
the  power  of  reproduction.     [Plant,  II.,  1.] 

vegetable -marrow.  >.     (JIarruw  (i), 
vegetable-morphology,  s.    [Mokpho- 

l.'r.\.\ 

vegetable-mould  or  soil,  s.  .Alould 
or  soil  to  a  certain  extent  fornn;!  by  dec;iying 
or  decayed  vegetation.  It  might  be  supposed 
tnat  this  would  tend  to  increase  cfjutinually  in 
thickness,  especially  in  tropical  forest-s.wliere 
vegetation  is  so  luxuriant;  but  a  large  pro- 
l)Ortion  of  it  is  swept  away  by  tlie  heavy  i-ains, 
or,  decomposing  on  tlie  spot,  is  partly  resolved 
into  gaseous  elements. 

vegetable-oils,  >.  id.    [Oil,  I.,  2.1 

vegetable  -  parchment,   s.     [Parch- 

MKNT-l'AILi:.) 

vegetable-pathology,  .^. 

[>!■'!. :  Tiie  braneli  of  pathohtgvor  of  botany 
wliich  tivats  of  the  diseases  of  plants. 

vegetable -physiology,  s. 

Hot.  :  The  physiohigy  of  plants,  the  branch 
of  physiology  or  of  botany  wlueh  treats  of  the 
functions  whieh  the  several  oigans  of  plants 

perroiiii. 

vegetable -sheep,  o. 

Lot,  :  H"i"d'ui  exhniu.  a  Xew  Zealand  plant. 
So  called  because  from  its  growing  in  large, 
white  tufts  on  elevated  sheep-runs  it  is  liable 
to  I'f  mistaken  for  tiie  sheep  itself.  It  is  a 
ciiiiiposite  Mown   -one  tif  the  Helichryseie. 

vegetable -silk,  n. 

2M.,  i£t.  :  A  cottou-Iike  fibre  obtained  from 
the  seed  pods  of  a  tree,  Chorisia  spirinsa,  use(l 
by  the  Brazilians  for  stuffing  pillows  anrl 
cushions.  It  is  a  Sterculiad,  akin  to  tlic  Silk 
Cotton-tree,  1.  &  2.  (<i.v.). 

vegetable-sulphur,    ^-.      [Vegetable- 

fcRIMSTi'St:.] 

vegetable  -tallow,  ->.  a  fatty  substance 
obtained  fr-im  S'lllin'jia  stbi/era,  Valeria  171- 
ilica,  and  other  pUmts, 

vegetable-tissue,  .-.    [Tissue,  IL  2.] 

vegetable -wax,  .'•.  A  ceracenus  excre- 
tion ..bLiiiied  Inmi  ■Ufiereiit  parts  of  various 


plaid>.,  as  from  the   coating  on  the  fruitn  of 
Murd'c  terifera.     [Mvrica-tallow.] 

•veg'-et-al,''veg-et-aU,a.&.f.  |Fr. irn'toi.) 
[Vkcktable.] 

A,  As  (nljective: 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  plant  or 
plants  ;  having  the  nature  or  characteristics 
of  a  plant ;  vegetible. 

"  Necessary  concuiuiuantd  o(  this  veg«tnl  fnt-ulty  are 
life  liiid  Ilia  i>rtvutiou,  death."  —  Oiirton  :  Anat.  of 
Jlctancholi/,  p.  '21, 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  Jo  the  class  of  vital 
phenomena,  common  to  animals  and  plants, 
namely,  digestion  and  nutritive  assimilation, 
growth,  absorption,  secretion,  excretion,  cir- 
culation, respiration,  and  generation,  as  con- 
tradistinguished from  sensation  and  volition, 
whieh  are  peculiar  to  arumals. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  plant,  a  vegetable. 

"  Let  hrut«a  auil  oegetalt  that  cauDot  tbink 
So  far  as  n;iture  urges,  dtiuk." 

Waller:  The  Drinking  of  Healthi. 

"  veg-e-tal'-i-ty,  s.     [Eng.  vegetal;  -ity.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vegetal  or 
vegetable  ;  vegetability. 

2.  The  aggregate  of  those  vital  phenomena 
which  constitute  the  life  or  existence  of  a 
vegetable.     [Vegetal,  A.  2.] 

veg-e-tar'-i-an,   i-.  &  a.     [Eng.   veget{able); 

■nri.ni.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  abstains  from  animal  food, 
li\ing  exclnsively  on  vegetables,  milk,  eggs, 
and  the  like.  The  more  strict  vegetarians 
eat  vegetables  and  farinaceous  food  only,  ab- 
staining from  eggs,  butter,  and  milk. 

2.  One  who  maintains  the  doctrine  of  vege- 
tarianism. 

fi.  As  odj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  vege- 
tarians or  vegetarianism  ;  of  or  belonging  to 
the  diet  or  system  of  vegetarians. 

Vegetarian  Society,  s.  A  society 
consisting  of  members,  associates,  and  sub- 
scnbeis,  formed  at  Manchester  in  1847,  to 
promote  the  use  of  cereals,  pulse,  nuts,  fruit, 
and  wholesome  products  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  as  articles  of  diet;  and  to  induce 
habits  of  abstinence  from  fish,  flesh,  and 
towl  as  food.  Members  are  pleiiged  to 
adopt  the  vegetarian  diet,  associates  simply 
agreeing  to  promote  the  objects  of  the 
society. 

veg-e-tar'-i-an-ism,  s.  [Eng.  ve(ietaHai)  .- 
-(.•.'/(.]  Tlie  practice''of  living  solely  on  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  vegetable  kingdom — grain,  pulse, 
fruit,  and  nuts,  with  or  without  the  addition 
of  eggs  and  milk  and  its  products  (butter  and 
cheese),  to  the  exclusion  of  flesh,  tish,  and 
fowl.  Vegetarians  allege  in  support  of  this 
system  that  man  when  created  was  exclu- 
sively frugivorous,  and  that  his  structure  is 
not  adajited  for  a  flesh  diet ;  that  the  adop- 
tion of  the  vegetarian  method  of  living  would 
enable  the  country  to  support  a  greater  popu- 
lation, and  render  it  independent  of  a  foreign 
food  supi>iy  ;  that  vegetarianism  is  favourable 
to  temperance,  a  peaceful  disposition,  and 
purity  in  thought  and  life ;  that  it  is  pre- 
ferred by  children;  that  it  is  infinitely  cheaper 
than  a  ttesh  diet;  that  its  adoidiou  would 
enable  the  working  classes  not  only  to  Ii\'e 
better,  but  to  save  money ;  that  it  would  stay 
the  revolting  horrors  of  the  slaughter-house  ; 
that  much  better  health  is  invariably  enjoyed 
by  vegetarians,  who  are  also  less  liable  to 
give  way  to  intemperance.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  most  eminent  physiologists,  while  ad- 
mitting that  a  theoretically  perfect  diet  can 
be  obtained  from  the  vegetable  kingdom,  hold 
that  a  mixed  diet  is  the  best,  and  the  stviic- 
tnre  of  man's  organs  (especially  of  t lie  stomach 
and  teeth)  is  held  to  prove  an  adaptation  for 
all  kinds  nf  food.  Apart  from  the  story  of 
Genesis,  which  many  authorities  hold  to  be 
poetical  rather  than  literal,  there  are  no  means 
of  ascertaining  the  diet  of  the  first  man,  but 
practically  all  the  remains  that  have  been 
discovered  show  that  at  a  very  early  stage  in 
his  existence  man  was  a  hunter,  and  lived 
almost  exclusively  on  a  flesh  diet. 

veg'-e-tate,  i\i.  [Lat.  vegctatus,  ])a.  par.  ot 
ve'_iftfi=  to  enliven,  to  quicken.]    [Vegetable.] 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  To  grow  up  in  the  manner  of  a  plant 
or  vegetable  ;  to'grow  by  vegetable  growth. 

"  Tlie  seed,  being  sown,  w.-xs  left  to  vrgctatc.  —Palei/  : 
f^fldt'nccg,  vol.  I.,  lit.  iii..  ch.  viii. 


(2)  To  promotes  growth,  as  of  a  plant. 

"Tlie  raiD  water  niny  1hi  endued  with  mmo  nigi*- 
tatiuff  or  prolltlck  vii-tiu-."— A'uy .-  On  ttf  Crcatvtn, 
pt.  i. 

2.  Fig.:  To  live  an  idle,  unthinking  life; 
t'-i  have  a  mere  existence. 

"  He  deems  It  hard  to  v*;jftat«  ijone." 

Cowper :  rirocinium,  T2*- 

veg-e-ta'-tion,  s.     (Fr.,  from  Lat  vtqeta- 
iwncm,  accus.  of  vegetiUio,  from  vegetatus,  pa, 
par.  of  vegeto  =zUi  quicken,  to  enliven;  yp. 
vegetacion  ;  Ital.  vegtttiHoiie.]    [VEtJKXATB.J 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1,  The  act  or  process  of  vegetating  ;  the 
process  of  growing  by  vegetable  growth. 

"The  second  aenalbla.  that  have  not  only  a  ll(e  of 
vegetation,  but  a  IKe  <.f  Boiue  and  fflcuUlej,"— iTa/a .■ 
Oritf.  of  Mankind,  p.  2W. 

2.  Vegetables  or  plaids  generally  and  col- 
lectively.    (Tfto/nsoji :  i^ummer,  43y*) 

1[  Lyell  considered  that  the  efi'ect  nf  vege- 
tation was  conservative,  ?.(?.,  that  it  retarded 
the  destruction  of  the  soil  and  the  subjacent 
rocks  by  the  action  of  running  water.  Thus, 
when  the  woods  clothing  the  steep  declivities 
of  the  hills  bounding  the  upper  part  of  the 
valley  of  the  Arno  were  cut  down  in  the 
eighteenth  cent  ury,  the  quantity  of  saud 
washed  down  into  the  river  increased  enor- 
mously.   (Princip.  ofOeol.^  ch.  xlv.) 

II.  Pathol. :  The  terra  usually  applied  to 
growths  and  deposits  connected  witli  the 
valves  of  the  heart ;  used  also  of  excessive 
granulations  on  wounds,  and  of  waitygrowths. 

*  %  Vegetation  of  salts: 

Chem. :  A  name  formerly  applied  to  the 
crystallization  of  salts. 

veg'-e-ta-tive,    ^  veg-e-ta-tife»  c  &  s. 

[Fr.  rf3e/</(i/=  vegetativi-,  lively.] 
A.  As  adjective: 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Growing;  having  the  [power  of  growing, 
as  plants, 

"Substantial  forms,  vegetative  bouIs,  abhorrence  o( 
.1  vacuum."— Z^>c*e;  Human  (Understand.,  bk.  iiL. 
ch.  X. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  produce  or  support 
growth  in  plants. 

■'  This  growth  is  .i  constant  and  habitual  exerciae  of 
vital  or  vegetative  souls."— B/ac*io.-  Self-Culture,  ji.  11. 

IL  Zool. :  Repeated  an  indefinite  number  of 
times  as  the  limbs  of  a  Millipede  or  the  seg- 
ments of  a  worm. 

"  The  vermiform  type  of  the  .\rticulftted  sub-Kiog- 
doni  ill  which  the  vegelati ve  minciplt  of  dievetotimuut 
by  tlie  frequeut  repetitiou  of  siiniLu:  luirta  ia  still  con- 
spicuously manifested."  — Owf /I.-  Anat.  Invert,  (ed. 
18431.  pp.  129,  131. 

"^B.  Assubst.:  A  vegetable. 
vegetative -tissue,  s. 

lUol.  :  The  same  as  \'EOETABLii-TissUE(q.v.). 

veg'-e-ta-tive-ly,  adr.  [Eng.  vegetative; 
■ly.]  In  a  vegetative  manner.  [VEntTATivK, 
11.1 

* veg'-e-ta-tive-ness,  -f.  [Eng.  vegetative; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  stJite  of  being  vegeta- 
tive, or  of  producing  growth. 

've-gete',  a.  [Lat.  regctn:i  =  lively,  vigor- 
ous.]   [Vegetable.]    Active,  vigorous. 

"  Thiit  he  bad  lived  Ji  henlthftil  and  vegelf  age  till 
his  liistsickiiess."— fl/>.  Titi/lvr:  Uoli/  Dj/iug,  ch.  iv.,  \  i, 

veg'-e-tive,  a.  &  s.     [Eng.  veget{e);  -ire] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Vegetable  ;  Iiaving  tlie  nature  of  a  plant ; 
capable  of  growth. 

■'  The  tree  still  iMUited  In  the  unfinished  pnrt : 
Not  wholly  fegelirc.  Hiid  heaved  her  bejirt." 

Dryden :  Ovid;  Metamorphose»'\. 

2.  Growing  vigorously  ;  vigorous,  strong. 

"  It  quickens  all  kiiido  of  seeds.  It  makes  them 
peijctivt:"—Iiaki-mll :  Apologie,  bk.  ii..  oh.  iv.,  §  i 

B.  As  subst. :  A  vegetable,  a  plant. 

■■  Better  than  those  vfjctti-ej. 
Whose  -wuU  die  with  theiu." 

Slattiftger :  Old  Uiut.  i,  I. 

veg-e-to-,  pref.  [VtxJETors.]  Of  a  vegetable 
nature. 

vegeto  -  alkalis.    ->'.   i'l.      [Vegetable- 

ALKAl.l>.) 

*  vegeto-animal.  a.  A  term  applied  to 
an  organism  supposed  ti'  partake  of  the  nature 
of  an  animal  and  of  a  vegetalde. 

•■  In  1747,  the  Italian  chemist,  F*<*bronl.  umde  tht- 
capital  discovery  that  the  yeiust  fft  meut.  the  i-rescnce 
of  which  is  necessary  to  ffrtiinit-ition,  i^  wli.it  he 
t«ruied  a  '  vef/eto-tuitinul'  aul'->Viii^j.' —If uxlrv :  Cru 
ti'/iut.  p.  Tu 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo^^rl;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9hizi,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon«  exist,    ph  =  1. 
-clan,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  -  z^un.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  i:c.  —  bel,  deL 


316 


41S 


vegetous— vein 


•veg-e-tOUS,  «.  U-at.  vegetus.]  (Veoete.] 
Viginous,  iivi-ly,  active. 

"i(  "hr  Ik-  (iiir.  younc,  mid  repetatu,  no  »wretiiieMts 
evrr  druw  more  flic*."— ficfri  Jonaon :  tUlent  Wom»n, 
li.  I. 

ve'-lie-mence,  »■-  [Fr.  vehimmce,  from  Lnt. 
irh'-rii:fiiUt,  from  vebe.mcna  =  Vflifiiiuiit  (q.v.) ; 
tfp.  iV  Fort,  irhemenciti.] 

1.  The  (pKility  or  statr  of  buiiip:  Tehenient  : 
violent  ardour,  fervour,  or  impetuosity  ;  vio- 
lence. 

"To  declare  the  rghemimce  uf  his  inyiidc  in  the 
matter  of  fnytb."— Sir  T.  Mire :   H'ortw.  \>.  56S. 

2.  Force  or  impetuosity  actrompanyirif;  ener- 
getic action  of  any  kind;  iinpirtuuus  force; 
impKtuosity,  violence,  fury. 

•'  A  iifiivfrwtl  hiihhub  wild  .  .  . 
Honie  through  th<*  hnllow  ,Uvk.  iw.'ymlt-.  his  i-ar 
With  louUei't  ffiAenn'iiic."        MiUoii  :  J'.  I.  .  \\.  9M, 

•  ve'-he-men-9y",  've-he-men-cie,  ^ 

IJLat.  i't'/it')/i«n7M(.J     Vehemence,  violence. 

"The  river  arose  sn  high,  and  ran  v.ith  such  vthe- 
me>ii:ir."—lfoli»ahed:  DescripU  liritititi.cU.  xv. 

Ve'-Iie-nieilt,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  veheineiitem, 
accus.  <)f  i't7iem<;*is=  pa.ssinnate,  eager,  velie- 
ment ;  lit.  =  carried  out  of  one's  mind,  fioni 
veho— to  carry,  and  T«eH-s  =  mind  ;  Sp.  & 
Port,  vdtenumtc  ;  Ital.  veemevle.] 

1.  Proceeding  from  or  cliaraeterized  by 
strength,  violence,  or  iiiipetuusity  of  feeling 
or  emotion  ;  very  ardent,  eager,  or  urgent ; 
fervent,  passionate,  tiery. 

"The  preijarations  went  on  rapidly,  yet  too  slowly 
i«T  the  vehement  tiidrit  of  William." — Jttai:au/ai/  -. 
Hist.  Jing.,  ch.  ix. 

2.  Acting  with  great  force,  energy,  oi-  vio- 
lence ;  energetic,  violent,  furious;  as,  n  vfhe- 
jiu-nt  yitle. 

ve' -he-men t-ly,  "'/;'.  [Eng.  velieitienf ;  -///.) 
In  a  velienient  manner ;  with  vehenienci-, 
great  force,  viok*nce,  or  energy;  violently, 
urgently,  forcibly,  furiously,  passionately. 

"  They  would  again  retire  to  the  i>lHoe  from  whence 
tbey  came,  and  would  bark  veltemfttt/;/  a  long  time,"— 
/}'tinpier  :  I'of/ni/t'ft  |ai).  If.TG'. 

ve'-hi-Cle,  I".     [Lat.  cckiculum,  fiuni  rW(*i  =  to 
cany  ;  Fr.  fchtrnU- ;  r^p.  vehiculo;  Ital.  rvicnlo.] 
L  iJidiibirii  Laiujuage: 

1.  JAt.:  Any  kind  of  carriage  moving  tm 
land,  whether  on  whe(.ds  or  runners  ;  a  cnacli. 
a  car,  a  carriage,  a  cart,  a  sledge,  sleigh,  «ii- 
the  like. 

2.  Fig.  :  That  which  serves  a.s  the  instru- 
n^ent  or  means  of  conveyance,  transmission, 
or  eomumnication. 

"  Painting,  with  all  its  technicalitleH.  difflcnlti^s. 
;md  peculiar  ends,  is  nothing  hut  a  noble  »  nd  express- 
ive language,  invaluable  as  the  rfhicle  of  thought. 
but  liy  itself  nothing."— /ii(*ft('< :  True  *  lii-nutiful. 
(Introd.> 

II.  Technically  : 

1.  .-Ir^  .-  The  menstruum  or  medium  with 
which  the  various  pigments  are  ap]t!ied  in 
painting.  Of  these  water  is  ust-il  in  fresco 
.ind  in  water-colour  painting,  the  colours  being 
consolidated  with  gum-araliic  ;  size  is  used  in 
distemper  painting.  In  oil-painting  the  lixeil 
oils  of  linseed,  nut,  and  poppy  are  used  ;  in 
encaustic  painting,  wax  is  the  vehicle, 

2.  Phanti. :  A  substanee  in  which  nietlirine 
is  taken.     (Excipiknt,  B.  tJ.J 

*ve'-hi-cled,  c.     [Eng.  ri'h!d{p):  'H(L\    Cou- 
veyed   in  a  vehicle;   applied  oi-  imiiarled  by 
means  nf  a  vehicle.     [Vehiclf,  I.  2.1 
"  Guai'd  U8  through  polemic  life. 
From  puison  vfliivted  in  praiae." 

Orcfn  :  TJir  tirotta. 

Ve-hic'-U-lar,  ".  [Lat.  vehiatlaris,  from  rn- 
/iien/jn)i  =  a' vehicle  (q.v.).]  Of,  pintnining 
to,  or  relating  to  a  vehicle  or  vehicles, 

■■  l''hicuJar  traffic  wjia  impeded  and  bloL-ked  in  the 
6treet&."~Oa(/(/  Telegraph,  Feb.  fl,  1630. 


*"  ve-luc'-u-lar-y,  a.     [Eng.  vrJiicuIn 
Veliicular. 


■!!•] 


*  ve-hic'-u-late,  r.^  &,  i.    [Eng.  vp.hi-i,-:  .iiie.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  conwy,  apply,  or  impart  by 
means  of  a  veliicle. 

"Try  various  other  means  of  rvhii-nfntiii'i  and  ei>n. 
veyiiig  !in.te:'—Car!yle:  I'.uft  ±  /'resmf.  bk.  ii,.  ch    i. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  ride  or  drive  in  a  vehicle. 

"  lWii<((/(i^Mi*/ ill  gigs  or  otherwispover  that  piece 
of  London  Rtinii/'—Carlf/ln  :  Cromwell  s  /.ett,-rs.  rfi:., 
)ii.  :u. 

'  Ve-hiC-U-la'-tiOIl,.';.    [VEmctiLAXK.]     Move- 

nicnt  Of  velncles  ;  tralHc. 

"The  new  Roa-l  with  it-*  lively  traffic  and  oehimln- 
tinii  seven  or  eii:ht  i:o<id  javds  below  our  level.*'— C'dc- 

l;/li- :  /.'fiiihihcciii'e-.',  I.'JIJ. 


'  ve-hic'-u-la-tor-y,  ti.  [Eng.  vehiaUcUie)  ; 
-11*7/.  J    Designed  for  carrying. 

"Logical  awlm-bltulders.  tmiiacendental  life-preserv- 
ers, und  other  precantionnry  nnd  m-hicuiufvri/  gear  for 
Bfttliig  out."— ('itr/*/r.'  /.i/e  uf  titerliivj.  ch.  viii. 

veh'-me  (v  as  f ),  s.    [Vehmckrichte.] 

vehmge-rich'-te  (v  as  f,  rk  guttural),  5. 
jl'l.  ot  Cier.  ivkmyericht,  from  O.  Ger.  veme, 
J'ertu;,  fern  —  punishment,  and  gcricht  =  a  court 
of  justice.] 

Hist.. :  A  system  of  secret  tribunals  which 
originated  during  the  Middle  Ages  in  West- 
phalia, and  then  spread  over  Germany,  where 
the  regular  administration  of  justice  had 
fallen  into  complete  disorder.  The  supreme 
government  of  the  Vehmic  tribunals  was 
vested  in  the  Great  or  General  Chapter,  com- 
posed of  the  Fi'eegraves  and  all  the  other 
initiated  members,  liigh  and  low.  The  as- 
semblies of  the  tribunals  wei'e  generally  held 
in  broad  daylight  and  in  public,  sometimes 
by  night  and  in  secret.  The  last  tribunal 
was  held  at  Zell  in  15G8,  but  a  few  Vehmii; 
tribunals  existed  in  name,  though  without 
possessing  any  remnant  of  their  pristine 
power,  as  late  as  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  Westphalia  was  divided  into  dis- 
tricts, each  of  which  usually  contained  one, 
and  sometimes  many,  Vehmic  tribunals,  whose 
boundaries  were  accurately  defined.  The 
court  itself  wa.s  compo.sed  of  "Ecbevins," 
nominated  by  the  Lord  or  Graff,  and  divided 
into  two  cla,sses— (I)  the  ordinary,  and  (2) 
the  Wissender,  or  Wit-an — who  were  admitted 
under  a  strict  bond  of  secrecy.  The  criminal 
jurisdiction  of  the  Vehmic  tribunals  took  the 
very  widest  range.  They,  like  the  Ecbevins, 
were  of  two  classes — (1)  the  open  court,  nr 
Folkmoot,  and  (2)  the  far-famed  and  dicaded 
Secret  Tribunal.  Charlemagne,  according  to 
the  traflition,  was  the  founder  of  the  Vehn.ic 
tribunal,  but  this  is  not  confii-med  either  by 
documentary  evidence  or  by  contemporary 
history.  More  probably  these  tribunals  were 
the  original  summary  jurisdictions  of  the  old 
Saxons,  which  survived  the  subjugation  of 
their  country.  In  fact,  these  proceedings 
differed  in  no  essential  character  from  the 
summary  jurisdiction  exercised  in  the  town- 
ships and  hundreds  of  -Anglo-Saxon  England. 
(I'or  illustrations  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Vchmgericlite,   see    Sir   W.    Scott's   Anne    of 

vehm'-ic  (V  as  f ),  ff.  [Eng.  re;i»i(p);  -ic]  Of 
or  ("rfaining  to  the  Vehme  or  Vehnigerichte 
(q.v.). 

veil,  •  vail,     vaile,   '  vayle,  ^  veile,  •>. 

[O.  Fi'.  fdlf ;  Fr.  rotle,  from  X.at,  velnm  —  n 
sail,  a  covering,  from  vcho  =  to  carry,  to  bear 
along  1 

I.  Uniimtri/  Liiiigiaige : 

1.  Lit.:  Something  hung  up  or  spread  out 
to  intercept  the  view ;  a  covernig  hung  or 
suspended  in  front  of  or  over  something  to 
prevent  it  from  being  seen  ;  a  screen,  a  curtain  ; 
specifically,  a  more  or  less  transparent  jnece 
of  dress  worn  to  conceal,  shade,  or  protect 
tlie  face. 

■"The  veil  of  the  temple  was  rent  in  twain."— .Vaf^ 
xxvii.  51. 

2.  Fig.:  Anytbiug  that  prevents  observa- 
tion ;  a  covering,  mask,  disguise,  or  the  like. 

"Under  the  veif tt  ttf  darke  and  obsciu-e  siteeches."- 
JloUuihed  :  J/ist.  .Scof/ai*rt  (an.  1279). 

II.  Technically : 

I.  AnxiLy  &c. :  [Veluji]. 

■J,  Ecdfsiol.  :  The  name  given  to  more  or 
le-ss  ].■  'cious  fabrics  used  for  covering  jiersons 
or  thi,,,^-  The  chief  are  the  Eucbaristic 
veils,  of  silk  or  fine  linen,  used  to  cover  the 
altar  vessels  or  the  elements,  or  thrown  over 
the  shoulders  of  the  priest  at  Benediction  and 
of  the  deacon  at  High  Mass  [Humekal-veil]  ; 
the  veil  worn  by  nuns  on  making  their  pro- 
fession ;  and  the  jmrple  veils  used  to  cover 
1  he  crucifix,  pictures,  and  statuary  in  churches 
in  Holy  Week. 

^  To  take  the  veil :  To  assume  the  veil  ac- 
cording to  the  custom  of  a  woman  when  she 
becomes  a  nun  ;  to  retire  to  a  convent. 

"  The  al>l>e59  was  of  noble  blood. 
But  early  took  tike  veil  and  hood." 

S&itt :  Jtarmion.  ii.  Vm 

veil,  *  vail,  v.t.    [Veil,  s.] 

I.  Lit. :  To  cover,  hide,  or  conceal  with  a 
veil,  curtain,  or  the  like  ;  to  put  a  veil  ovej-. 

"  yfiUiiff  his  face  through  fear  to  be  observ'd 
By  tht  Pbosacmns  weeping  at  the  song." 

Cowper  :  Homer:  Odysicy  \'i\\. 


II.  Figuratively : 

1.  To  keep  from  being  seen ;  to  hide,  to 
conceal,  to  disguise. 

"  Yonder  blazing  cloud  thfit  veils  the  hill." 

Aliltun;  /'.  A.,  xi.  22it. 

2.  To  invest,  to  enshroud,  to  conceal. 

3.  To  mask,  to  disguise. 

"  I  have  veiJed  luy  look," 

iihfikenp. :  Jutiut  Ctrtinr,  1.  2, 

Veiled.  *  vailed,  a.    [Eng.  veil ;  -ed.] 
I.  Qrdinanj  lAin-guage : 

I.  Covered,  hidden,  or  protected  by  a  veil. 

^  2.  Having  taken  the  veil ;  having  become 
a  nun. 

"She  had  surely  bei^n  sainted  if  r/iileti." — Fiillrr  : 
Worfhh-it:  Fisex. 

II.  But. :  The  same  as  Velate  ("i.«»). 

veiled-voice,  ^. 

Mifs-lc :  A  voice  which  is  not  clear,  but 
sounds  as  if  it  j>assed  through  .some  inter- 
posed medium,    {(irovf.) 

veil'-ing,  s.     [Eng.vci?;  -ing.\    A  veil;  a  thin 
covering. 

"I>rai>ed  with  a  light  ^'eiling  of  white  mist-like 
lisse.'  — />.f/7,v  Telegraph,  Feb.  25,  IBftS. 

"  veil' -less,  <f .    [Eng.  veil,  s. ;  -less.]    Destitute 
of  a  veil. 

"  He  drove  the  dust  airainst  her  veUlets  eyes." 

TcmiHiim  :  Ocraint  it  Kniil. 

vein,  *vayne,  *veine,  *veyne,  s.     [Fr. 

veiiir,  from  Lat.  vena  —  a  vein,  Irniu  the  same 
root  as  veho  =.  to  carry  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  vena.] 
t,  Ordinary  Language, : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1, 

2.  A  streak  or  wave  of  difteient  colour,  ap- 
pearing in  wood,  marble,  and  other  stones  ;  a 
long,  irregular  streak  ot'  colour. 

3.  A  cavity,  fissure,  cleft,, or  hollow,  as  in 
the  earth  or  other  substince. 

"To  do  lue  l>ueiness  in  the  v,-his  a'  the  earth." 

Shakexp. :  Tvmpvat.  \.  1. 

4.  Any  distinctive  or  valuable  property  or 
characteristic  considered  as  running  through, 
or  intermingled  with  othei-s;  a  continued 
strain  ;  a  current,  a  stream. 

'•  He  can  ojwua  vein  of  true  and  noble  thinking,"— 
Hwifr.    ( TMld.) 

5.  Manner  of  speech  or  action  ;  particular 
stylo,  character,  disposition,  or  cast  r)l  mind. 

"This   is  Ercles'  vein,  a  tyrant's  veiiL'—Slftlei/i. 
.Vidsinnnier  Wight's  Dreatn,  i.  2. 

6.  Particular  mood,  disposition,  temper,  or 
humour. 

"To  see  you  in  this  merry  vein." 

Shakcsp. :  ConteUy  of  JCrrom.  ii.  -2, 

*  7.  Favourable  moment;  time  wlicn  any 
inclinatiini  is  predominant. 

•'  ArtiKins  have  not  only  their  growths  and  perfec- 
tions, but  likewise  their  p[(Hj(  and  times,"— H'o/ZuH  .- 
Architecture, 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  (PL):  Thin  ramifying  elastic  tubes 
arising  in  the  extremities  of  the  body,  and 
proceeding  by  a  more  or  less  direct  course  to 
the  heart,  to  which  they  carry  back  the 
blood  .sent  fnrth  by  the  arteries  and  trans- 
fened  to  them  l)y  the  capillaries  connecting 
the  two  kiiuls  of  vessels.  They  fall  under  three 
great  divisions:  the  pulmonary,  the  systemic 
veins,  and  those  constitiiting  the  portal  sy.s- 
tem.  The  pulmonary  veins  consist  of  b  mi-  slmi  t 
venous  trunks  which  carry  tlie  red  bluod  bucU 
from  the  lungs  to  the  left  side  <if  the  Jiear', 
and  which  aie  found  two  on  each  side  in  tlie 
root  of  the  (corresponding  lung.  The  systemic 
veins  arise  by  small  branches,  which  receive 
the  blood  from  the  capillaries  [Capillarv- 
VE.ssEi.sl  throughout  the  body,  and  uniting  to 
form  larger  vessels  and  ttien  two  large  venous 
trunks,  the  superi<»r  and  inferior  venn:  cave; 
finally  enter  the  right  auricle  of  tlie  heart, 
into  which  the  coronary  veins  also  conduct 
the  blood  which  nourishes  that  organ  itself. 
These  systemic  veins  are  naturally  dividetl 
into  two  groups,  accrflimr  t"  the  channel  by 
wbich  they  enter  the  heart.  The  veins  of  the 
head,  tlie  neck,  the  ui)per  limbs,  the  spine, 
the  heart,  and  part  of  the  walls  of  the  tinn-aN: 
and  abdomen,  make  their  entrance  into  the 
right  auricle  by  the  superior  vena  atwi,  while 
those  of  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  and  the 
alKlominal  viscera  do  so  by  the  inferior  vevu 
rava.  The  veins  of  the  portal  system  brinn 
back  the  blood  fnnn  the  stomach,  the  intes- 
tines, the  spleen,  and  the  pancreas ;  then 
joining,  they  form  the  gre;it  portal  vein  which 
ramifies  in  the  surface  of  the  liver,  after  the 
manner  of  an  artery,  before  finally  entering  the 


late.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  puie,  pit,  s'ire»  sir,  marine ;  go,  pol; 
or.  wore,  wolf,  worli,  who.  son :  mute.  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a :  qu  =  kw. 


vein— vella 


heart  by  tllu  inferior  ,«,,„  cam.    'the.  aiiasto- 
iiioses  ot  veins  are  much  larj-er  and  more 
nun.erous  than  those  of  artc.ies.     In  many 
l'aits„f  the   lKj,ly  theie  are  two  sets,  on.- 
suiKMior,  tlie  otlier  more  lieeply  seated,  witli 
irei|u,  111,  communications   between   the  two 
Ninie  veins  jiossess  vidves,  wliile  otliers  arc 
ilestitntc  of  them.     All  tlie  ramitications  of 
^  ems  , lie  named  ;  tlie  most  iniportant  will  be 
luiiiiil  111  this  dietionary.     The  walls  of  the 
veins  are  thinner  than  those  of  the  arteries, 
nut  tlj|.  veins  themselves  are  less  elastic.   The 
total   ,-a|,,ieity  of  tlie  veins  is  llineli  j;rejit«r 
t nan  that  ot  the  arteries;   so  much  so  that 
the  veins  alone  eim  hold  the  mass  of  blood 
wliieh  in  life  is  distributed  over  both  arteries 
and   veins.      While  there    is  a    considerable 
pressure  even  in  the  smaller  and  a  greater 
one  in  the  l.irger  arteries,  the  iiressur.-  in 
veins  IS  (ireatest  in  those  of  smaller  bore,  and 
even  m  them  is  but  slight;  hence,  whilea 
p.ilse  Is  present  in  the  arteries,  it  is  jui  a  rule 
ab.sent  in  the  veins.  The  velocity  of  the  blood 
in   the   veins   is  least    in    those    of   smaller 
•liaiiielcr  and  greatest  in  the  larger  trunks 
wliieli  IS  the  reverse  of  the  rule  iu  arteries 
Whenavejnis  cut  the  How  from  the  distal 
.■11(1— I.e..  from  the  end  nejirestthe  canillaries  t 

iittleTorce""""'  '"''■  "'"  '''""'' '"  "■''''''*''  "'"'  I 

2- iiu'-CWO-TheramincationsofthciKtiolc  I 
among  the  cellular  tissue  of  a  leaf,  of  which 
they  constitute  the  fraineworli.     They  are  of  I 
hbro-vascnlar  tissue,  and  carry  sip  into  the 
paiencliyma.     The  principal  vein,  that  which 
lornis    the   continuation   of   the   petiole  and 
the  axis  ot  the  leaf,  is  called  the  ,-osta  or 
iiiMrib,  a  term  which  Lindley  proposes  to  ex- 
t  nu  f,  .all  niaii,  veins  pr..ceediug  direct  from 
,    'i,f  f  1      ""^Jtl'""  "fa  leaf,  or  to  the  points 
1  its  lobes.     The  niniilications  sent  out  by 
h-   midnb,  called  by  some  lateral  ribs,  he 
terms  iirimary  veins.     They  curve  towards 
the    apex,    and   anastomose   with   the  back 
t'heo,      n?'""-"'y    ™'n    which    lies    next   to 
them.     The  part  of  the  primary  vein  which 
curvets  in  the  vicinity  of  this  anastomosis  he 
CjUls  the  curved  vein,  and  those  external  to  it 
the  inar^inal  veins.     Veins  rnuning  at  right 
•iiigles  Irom  the  midrib  and  alternate  with  the 
lirimary  veins  he  terms  costal  veins.    (Vein- 
let,  Ve.nation.J  ' 

-„>■  ."*"'•  ■'  ^.  '^""^''  "'  "  rock  filled  up  bv 
substances  diHerent  from  the  rock.  The.se 
miy  b..  either  earthy  or  metallic.  In  verv 
Miany  ejise.s  the  Hssures  have  been  produced 
by  volcanic  or  earthquake  action,  and  thev 

bv  th„'""f "'"  '''""  '■'"""'•  ■*V'"«'  ^lescending 
by  the.se  li.ssures  to  unknown  .lepths  has  been 
raised  to  so  high  a  teiii,,eratni4  that  it  Ims 
heeome  capable  of  holding  in  solution  vaa  ions 
metallic  and  other  mineral  substances  A? 
.  s^  ne,"","^'  <=,"»  'jJit  ha.s  gradually  deposited 
t  seni.itteis  held  m  solution,  not  diing  .,„ 
M  .mlt;iiie..usly,  but  in  succession.  M?tal- 
iii'MoMs  veins   vary  greatly  in   width,  bein- 

fo  ■  fpT  •■'  "'  ""^"."'  feiuently  three  or 
oui  feet,  and  sometimes  much  more  The 
tiiinner  portions  often  branch  off  into  inmi 
merable  s  emler  nimihcations  like  the  veins  of 

;    rfol  A  '  "T'"';  'If'"  "^'"«-     Sonietimes 
o,  »>,"""'?!""'""''"««''>'*•>"«  fallen  in 

c-Ht^^flf  ;";,'*'"•  f^g'-''«'"«'l  t>o<"  the  rocks 
c  nstituting  the  sides  of  the  Assure.     They 

ai.- often  parallel,  are  associated  with  dykes 

ami  are  more  common  in  the  pateozoic  than 

lu   more  moilein  strata.    They  vary  in  age 

and  not  unfrequently  one  cross-es  another.^  ' 

4,  Miniiui : 

(1)  A  lead  or  lode  of  ore-bearim-  rock    allv,. 
or  dead  ;  that  is,  containing  ore  ?r  not ' 

(2)  A  seam  of  metilliferous  matter  liUing  up  a 
former  lissure  in  rock.  (Pipe-vein,  Rake-veiS.  J 

5.  Pathol. :    The  chief  affections  to  which 
veins  are  subject  are:    Intlauimation,  variV 

bbii";  ^','',"'J'  """,1"'^'  'k-generation,  phlebo: 
litc's,  .aiasites,  and  new  growths.  In  surgical 
operations  tlie  accidental  sudden  entry  oF  air 
olten  caiLses  death  by  arresting  the  pulmonary 
circulation.  Ifslowly  injected  an  enormous 
qnaiitity  may  be  (and  has  been)  pumped  to 
the  vein  wit  impunity,  while  a  quant  ty 
sufficient  to  till  the  auricle,  entering  snd.lenlv 
would  certainly  prove  fatal.  The  tiist  recorded 
case  of  spohtaneous  entry  of  air  iu  man  oc- 
cnried  ,,,707,  though  ex,K.riments  had  been 
nia.k  on  the  lower  animals  in  the  seventeenth 

Cell  I  HI  \  , 


frequently  consists  of  crystallized  sUica  Ouor- 
siiar,  or  cjirbonate  of  lime. 

veln-stuft;  .s.    (Vein-stone. ] 

■vein.  ,•.^  (Vein,.,.)  To  till  or  furnish 'with 
veins  :  to  cover  witli  veins ;  to  streak  or  varie- 
gate with  or  as  with  veins. 

Tl..,*  «-;   -  *i  ..  "*  Tlio' Jill  tlicgold 

Tli:.t  h^,„  the   worM   ,v,.re  |,.„,k-.l    I,.  „.«k"  your 
"■  '"'".'J^oii :  I'rtncrsit.  iv.  b-i::. 

I   ■  \.ein-age  (age  as  ig),  s.   lEug.  vein ; -age.] 
leiuing;  vciu.s.  >      j    i 

itii.TlI'.''  .S'lLoT"''  Bllsleiiiug  with  the  rud,ly  „,„. 

I  •''eln'-^,,.   [Eiig.  r««,  s. ;  -ai.)    PerUining 
oi  lelaling  to  the  veins;  venous. 

'  veined,  n.    (Eng.  vein,  s. ;  -«(.] 
[  1.  Onl  Lung. :  Full  of  veins  ;  marked  with 

or  as  with  veins  ;  streaked,  varicaU'd 

chymatf  aTSr'"''  ''^'  '°""'  =""  """  "'"'="- 
vein'-ing,  «.     (Eng.  vein,  s.  ;  -ing.] 

1.  OnUnanj  language: 

in^vTih  vdn's!'  "'■'"'''  "'■  ^'^""''"8  "'•  '"^■*- 

2.  A  streaked  or  variegated  appearance   as 
It  covered  with  a  network  of  veins;  ' 

or^;  .Ini";!-"''  '"v^^'l"^"*  in  which  the  veins 
01  a  piece  of  muslm  are  wrought  to  a  pattern. 

II.  TechnietUly : 

1.  £ot. :  The  same  as  Venation  (q.v.). 

a  vkZ^Sf'"^;,  ^  '^'"P^  '°"'«  '^'"th  formed  by 
a  \  acaiicy  m  the  warp. 

''fm/'f^^'"-  !Eng.  m„,  s. ;  -?«s.]  Desti- 
tute ot  veins  :  as,  a  vcinless  leaf.  Used  iu 
botany  when  there  are  no  veins  in  a  lelfrex- 
cepta  slight  approach  to  a  midrib,  as  in  the 
llosscs  and  the  Fuci.  Le.aves  of  this  kind  exist 
only  in  the  lowest  tribes  of  foliaceons  plants 
and  must  not  be  confounded  with  tteshy  oi'- 
it^t?  ''^™t'"  «"'  I'isher  orders  in  which 
the  veins  are  not  absent,  but  only  concealed 
within  the  substance  of  the  jarenchyma. 

*  vein' -let,  s.     (Eng.  fci«,  s. ;  -let. ) 

in  V„«'J''  '^"'':  ■  -^ ''"'"  ^"^i"  :  a  ^ein  branch- 
ing oil  from  a  large  vein. 

l,U,'"'SL]S'"Z%:'^!  "'■"  '■"'  -"-'^■■■-Car. 

2.  -e<j(.;  A  vein  of  the  smallest  size.  Lindley 
describes  and  names  three  kinds  of  them  ib 

onst^S,.;'', ';"'"'' %<'>  ,*'"8inal  veiidet;,! 
constituting  a  hue  network  of  minute  veins 

o^th":  lea'f"  '!;?,«'-■"'"  ™'"^w"h  the  ml;^ 
01  the  leaf.     The  pnmary  veins  are  themselves 
connected  by  fine  veins,  which  he  calls  (I) 

l^T'"tl,r'"''*''    """":^    ""--y    i""nediately 
eave   the  pnmary    veins,  and  (3)  Coinmon 
veinlets,  where  they  anastomose  in  the  are 
between  thein.    (Vein,  II.  -2.] 

•  yein'-ous,  a.     [Eng.  vein,  s.  ;  -ous.]    Veined  • 
ilmS.*""    ™""    I"'""""™'    "-■    strongly' 

Mined.    (.Ihomson:  i!umm:r,13i.) 


419 


seen  ;  lln-y  arc  at  regular  intervals,  and  one 
aiove  another  so  that  each  must  was  fixed  in 
two  rings.     Ib.re  is  a  similar  c<uitrivanee  in 


pa.  liar,  of  veto  = 


vein-Stone,  vein-stuff,  s. 

A/i/i..-  Theganguc  or  matiix  oftheoic.     Jt   j 


tlmtthe  word  to  i.«,j«  itl,:.t  i,.  i„  tl.e  wCf  tj  ,  ,1.°; 
«way  with  a  wil,,e„|  had  it,  urlRliul  fr"m  hi,  |  vSyl 

"b,:.'^!   ";,«-'^*^i    7'.™=  a    cloth,    a  sail; 

hl  []'  "^"^'"'"'a  to  a  veil ;  specilically,  in 
philology,  a  term  applied  to  certain  sounds 
as  those  represented  by  the  letters  gn>  kw 
paiate  ^  "'"  "'''  "'' "'"  ""''•'"  «°ft  I 

ve-lar'-i-um,  .«.    [Lat.j 

Ham.  .-I  nti,,. :  The  great  awningstretched  over 

as'lT  ;^e','*""""'  ■""""■"  »'  ampliitl'i ea  re,     - 

TW.P      '^°'"'"  ^»'^"""^  '^'"  »■•  the  sun's  rays     ^ 

iTnei',  •T".i"'''  ""^  8™'''-''l'y  "f  woollen  o; 

nen      eottou  wa.s  used  for  the  purpose  a 

".  -v.,  XIX.  1,  b.     This  vast  extent  ol  canvas 
was  suiiported  by  masts  (iucr.,  vi.  108)  llxe'l 

Theal'ifarp*'"'   ""T^   *""•      '"    ''^^''^^' 
ine.itie  at  Pompeii,  these  rings  m.ay  still  be 


VCLAIUC.M 

Over  the  .Sl«tj,t..r,-  Denehe,  in  the  Ore^t 

1  lieatre  at  I'umpeii. 

the  Coliseum  at  Rome ;  hut  there  the  niasfs 
were  on  the  ontside  of 'the  walls  and  res,    1 

corSr  ■'■  '"'''"'°  *'"■""='''  •'"''■■^  -^"t  i"''l"' 

ve'-late,  v.     (Lat.   n/(t(u,<- 
to  veil.] 

But.:  Having  a  veil;  veiled. 

vel-a-tu-ra,  ».    (Ual.j 

„.;!'''■;/,  """^''."''  «'-'2'"S  adopted  by  tl.c 
S,i-.„  b  i'"  ^T'^T'  ^y  "l"<=l'  the  aol'i  r 
was  rubbed  on  by  all  the  lingers,  or  the  Hat 

the  L'"'/"'  '^J^'"  «"  "'"  "'"enitices  left  by 
the  brush,  and  cover  the  entire    surface  of 
the  picture  thinly  and  evenly.     {jrair;.e((.) 
*vele.  s.     (Veil,  s.J 

''tsfd.?*'  "'•      '""'^  ^^-  f™"'  ^''t-   "''"'"  = 

y.onl.  :  The  type-gemis  of  Velellida.  (o.v  ) 

lliB  hy.  ru.soina  consists  of  a  widely-expanded 

rhomboidal   pncumatophore,  cairying  o„  iti 

:::dfha!f^n.^ssr'""'"«""'^--^-^ 

ve-ler-li-dsB,  s.pi.    ijiod  La,.  „,,„(„, .  ,   , 
fem.  pi.  adj.  suH. -(,/,.. )  '■''         ' 

2oo(.  ;  Afaniilyof  Oceinic  Hydrozoa   with 
two  genera,  Velella  and  Poiliila. 

"I*';'",^-''     '^'^"'-    doubtful.     Prob.   from 
uxt.    i  elm   =    (1)  an    elevated    pajt    of    ,lip 

S'i:;;::;^ii^r'«™'«^(^''""--"'--t. 

£a^o»i.  .-A  genus  of  Hydrometridm  tn.y\ 
Antenna,  hliform,  tour-jointe.l,  the  lirsl    oi  it 

I       the  longest,  the  o,hei-s  about  equal  to  each 
other  in  length,  and  bent  at  an  angle  witlr  the 

I  hrst  Rostrum  two-jointed  ;  legS  modeat . 
nearly  equidistant.  Two  specie.,\re  British  ^ 
one  VelM  Twulorum.  about  a  quarter  .jf  an 
inch  long,  eonimou  <,ii  the  snrlace  of  streams 
ruiimng  on  the  water  witli  ease  and  raiiiility.' 

'  ^e-lif'^er-oiis,  n.    (Lat.  velum  =  asail  and 
Zero  =  tobei.r.1     Bearing  or  carrving  sails 

!,JJ^/c'w".^^lr'''"■''""''""'■'^■■••-^»■'*"■-va,,,. 

■ve-lif-er-ous,  ,k      (Ij,t.  velum  and  gero  = 
tolxai.l     Hearing  a  velum  (q.v.). 

ve-linghe,  va  linoh,  ...    [Valincii.j 

'  T„i^';*^~**°°V  '■  ,  '^*-  "«"'«"■".  from  veli- 

,w    '  '"'•  ■I""'-  ",'■  '■^"•"■=  to   skirmish,  from 

mle^,    genit.   vehtis^a.  light-arniMl  s.  Idler  I 

I       A  dispute  or  contest ;  a  slight  skirmish.  ' 

•■But  all   these  were  hut  email  mlilntlam  .•ii.l  <-„,i 
fl.c^  „rep„r«toiy  tu  the  u.aiu  hattle.'-*"",  ■  [1^,, 

Tf/„"T-*'^?*-   ,"•    ,  !'-^'-  «''■'«'«"*.   from 
to  lly.j    Passing  nnder  sail. 

''tm„f'.e'!'f'-'''-t!.   Tl'"  "«»'>■  or  stomach  of  a 
ycuiiiy  call,  used  lor  rennet.    {Pror.) 

'sinli'l'V  '^•'rV  *■,'      '^"  <="'  '"'■  tl"'  ""t  or 
swaid  of,  as  ol  land.    (Prov.) 

vel-la.  ■«■    [Said  to  be  from  Celtic  veler:  (;ael 
bmlar  =  a  cress.] 

li"'-:   Crcss-roekel  ;    ,|,e  Ivpical  genus   of 
\cll.die  (q.v.).     Calyx  erect  ;■  pouch  swol 


-c.an,-tian.sW-tion.  -sion  =  s..n ;^,i„n.    .^n^^" ^^ ^^ .'^  ^f  L ^^^ '  ^-^-  e,--   ^. 


»'iO 


Velleda— velumen 


two-celled,  witli  a  dilated  flnt-winged  style, 
twice  .-uH  long  as  tho  valves ;  seeds  fi)i;r  in  eacli 
<'c'll.  I'rita  niiiilin,  the  Annual  Ciess-idcket, 
IS  said  to  have  been  Ibund  on  Salisbury  Plain, 
hut  not  since  the  time  of  Ray. 

Vel'-le-da.  .«.     [Lat.    Vdrda  =  a    iiroiihetic 
\iigiu  auiong  the    Geruians,  regarded  as    a 
divine  lieing.    (Tacitus:  llisl.,  iv.  01 :  derm.. 
viii. ;  cf.  Statins:  Silva:,  I.  iv.  4'.i).l 
Astrnn. :  (AsTEnoiD,  120]. 

■  vel-le-i-ty.  s.    [Fr.  nUHti;  as  if  from  a  Lat, 

rrltcilaleM,  iiccus.  of  rdleitas,  from  rellr  =  to 
vvisli.l  Inclination  in  the  way  of  volition  ;  an 
indolent  or  inactive  wish  or  inclination  to- 
wards a  thins,  but  unacconiiiauicd  by  any 
I'ucrgotic  effort  to  obtain  it. 

"Till'  hJiat  act  of  v^Ueiui  from  tliee  might  liave 
.\  n.in;l,t  tliia  cure."— Bp.  Hall  :  Cont. ;  /)c({f  *  Dumb 
1/,I,(  Curfd. 

•vol-len  age,  s.    [Villenaoe.] 

■  vel-let,  ■  vel-et,  s.  &  a.    [Vklvet.] 

•  rel'-li-catc,  i-.(.  k  i.  [Lat.  rellicatns,  pa. 
I«r.  of  rrlliw  :  freq.  from  retlo  =  to  puU.l 

A.  Trails. :  To  twitch,  to  pluck  ;  to  cause 
to  twitch  convulsively  ;  applied  to  the  mus- 
^.•les  and  fibres  of  animals. 

•'  Bcliea  which  are  rough  and  angular,  rouse  ind 
feJH<?(ite  the  01gaU8  of  feeliug."  —  Burke  :  tinbhme  d- 
Itcauli/ut.  §  20. 

B.  Inlrans.  :  To  twitch ;  to  move  spas- 
modically. 

"  vel-li-ca'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  vellicatio,  from 
rdlicatiis,  pa.  par.  of  vellico.i    [Vellic.ite.] 

1.  The  act  of  twitching  or  of  causing  to 
twitch. 

2.  A  twitching  ;  a  convulsive  or  spasmodic 
movement  of  a  muscular  fibre. 

"And  therefore  we  see  that  almost  -all  purgera  have 
.V  kind  of  twitchiug  and  vetlication.  beaides  the  gripiug 
w  liiih  Cometh  of  wind."— Bucon  .-  Kat.  Hist..  §  il. 

'  vel'-li-ca-tive,  a.  [Eug.  rdlimtie);  -Ive.] 
Having  the  property  or  power  of  vellicating, 
twitching,  or  plucking. 

vel'-li-dse, .'.  pi-  [Mod.  Lat.  rrf;(«) ;  Lat.  fern, 
pi.  adj.  SLitr.  -ififc] 

IM. :  A  family  of  Orthoplocew,  having  the 
poucli  with  the  valves  convex  and  the  dissepi- 
ments broad. 

vellon  (as  vel'-yon),  .«.  [Sp.,  same  word  as 
Itlllmi.]  A  kinil  of  Spanish  money  of  account. 
Also  used  like  the  English  sterling.  The 
rmie  de  vellon  is  equal  to  about  •2}d.  English. 

vel'-loped,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Her.  :  Having  gills  of  such  or  such  a  tinc- 
ture. Applied  to  a  cock  whose  gills  are  borne 
of  a  different  tincture  from  the  body. 

Tel-16'-zi-a,  s.    [Etym.  unknown.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Velloziea-.  Stein 
dicliotoiuously  branched ;  leaves  linear  or 
linear-lani'colate,  generally  arranged  spirally  ; 
(lowers  large,  solitary,  white,  blue,  or  violet  ; 
perianth  connate  ;  stamens  six  or  indefinite  ; 
ovary  inferior,  three-celled ;  capsules  sub- 
globose,  with  many  seeds.  Characteristic  of 
tlie  mountain-regions  of  Brazil. 

vel-16-zi-e'-SB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  vdlozi(fi)  ; 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sufl".  -em.] 

lint. :  A  tribe  doubtfully  placed  by  Lindley 
under  Haemodoracea:;. 

vel'-lum,  "  vel-am,  '  vel-lam,  •  vel-im, 
*  vel-yin,  *  vel-yine,  s.  [Fr.  velin,  from 
Low  Lat.  vitulinium,  or  pellis  vituliiM  =  pre- 
pared calf-skin,  vellum,  from  Lat.  ■iniulin.us 
=  belonging  to  a  calf;  vititlns  =  a  calf.  For 
the  change  of  7).  to  m,  cf.  venom..]  [Veal.]  A 
line  parchment  made  of  calf-skin.  The  skins 
are  liuied,  shaved,  washed,  stretched,  scraped, 
and  rubbed  down  with  pumice-stone.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  a  superior  kind  of 
writing-paper,  and  to  a  kind  of  cotton  cloth 
prepared  to  imitate,  more  or  less,  vellum  in 
appearance. 

"Tho  tree,  so  pruned,  dreaaed.  and  cultivated,  waa. 
within  a  few  daya,  tranaidanted  into  a  large  sheet  of 
vvflinn.  and  placed  in  the  grest  hall.'— .4(i£iiae,n :  Spec- 
tator. No.  612- 


vel'-lum-y,   a.    (Eng. 
Ming  vellum. 


vellum:   -y.]    Reseui- 


"  vel-liire,  s.    [Velure.] 

vel'-liis,  s.     [Lat.  =  a  fleece.) 

Bot. :  The  stipe  of  certain  fungals. 


•  vel'-lute,  ■'.  &  n.  (Ital.  vellnto.]  Velvet 
('l-v.). 

"t'tmrges  o(  conchca,  ve7tittr  cowub. 

lien  Jonson :  Mapnctick  t.adji. 

VC-lo'-ce  (C  as  5h),  «.    lltal.  quic-k.] 

fihmc  :  A  direction  prefixed  to  a  imssjise  or 
movement  to  indicJite  that  it  is  to  he.  iierfonntd 
with  jrreat  quickness  or  swiftness. 

"■  ve-log'-i-man,  .«.  [l-'at-  velox,  genit.  vdocU 
=  swift,  and  mnnns  =  the  hand.]  A  carringe 
of  the  nature  of  a  veU)cipede>  but  driven  by 
liand. 

vel-o-gim'-e-ter,  s.  [Lat.  velox,  genit.  velocis 
=  swift,  and  Enp.  meter.]  An  apparatus  for 
measuring  and  ascertaitiinK  the  spued  of 
machines,  &c.    There  are  numerous  varieties. 

"The  new  vrlon^netrr  invented  by  Colonel  Bebert 
for  regiBteriug  recoils,  ureaaure  on  buffers,  and  velocity 
of  i.iojectile  through  the  e\xn."  —  iniily  ChJ-onide. 
Sept.  "25,  186S. 

ve-l69'-i-pede,  s.   [Lat.  velox,  genit.  velocis  = 
swift,  and  pes,  genit.  r^dis  =  a  foot.]    A  word 
applied  to  any  kind  of  carriage  driven  by  the 
feet,  and  formerly  to  bicycles  and  tricycles. 
The  name  was  first  used  in  France,  towards 
the  end  of  the  last  century,  when  riding  on 
the  dandy-horse  became  popular.     The  two 
wheels  of  the  dandy-horse  were  of  equal  size, 
connected  by  a  bar,  on  which  a  .saddle  was 
placed,  and  astride  of  which  the  rider  sat. 
The  impetus  was  given  by  the  rider's  feet 
tnudiing  the  ground,  alternately  pushing  and 
being  raised.      Self-propulsion  was  next  at- 
tempted by  pulling  levers  with  the  hands  m- 
treading  with  the  feet.    In  this  kind  of  veloci- 
pede there  were  three  wlieels ;  but  it  never 
became  very  popular,  on  account  of  the  labour. 
In  the  year  186S,  the  bicycle  was  introduced 
into  England  from  France,  and  was  ridden  by 
Lewis  Moore  and  Charles  Spencer.   This  velo- 
cipede consisted  of  two  wheels— as  the  name 
implies— of  equal  size.     The  rider  sat  on  a 
saddle  connected  with  the  backbone,  and  pro- 
pelled himself  by  pressing  his  feet  on  pedals 
at  the  ends  of  cranks  which  turned  the  wlieel. 
It  was  a  great  improvement  on  the  dandy- 
horse  ;  but,  owing  to  the  heavy  weight  of  the 
machine,  faulty  bearings,  and  the  vibration— 
which  was  so  great  that  this  form  of   the  ' 
velocipede  acquired  the  name  of  "  bone-shaker  " 
—the  bicycle  never  became    really  popular 
until  the  introduction  of  the  indiarubber  tyre 
from  France.     Mr.   Starley  of   Coventry  in- 
vented a  light  wheel  consisting  of  a  steel  rim, 
grooved  for  tlie  reception  of  the  tyre,  with 
stretched  spokes    of  thin  steel   wire.    This 
'^t-ension"  wheel  was  so  light  and  graceful, 
yet  strong,  that  it  at  once  supeiseded  the  old 
one,  and  virtually  created  the  modern  veloci- 
pede.   The  size  of  the  hind  wheel  was  reduced 
and  the  front  one  enlarged,  and  the  old  bicyclt 
was  finally  perfected  by  the  invention  of  al- 
most frictionless   "bull-bearings,"  in   which 
the  spindles  roll  between  free  polished  steel 
balls.     The  popularity  and  usefulness  of  the 
Iticycle  led  manufacturers  to  improve  the  old 
three-wheeled    velocipede    by    adopting    the 
spider-wheel  and  ball- bearings,  and  the  rotary 
pedal  action.     In  these  machines  the  pedals 
actuated  a  toothed  wheel,  which  communi- 
cated the  motion  by  a  chain  to  another  toothed 
wheel  on  the  axle  of  the  driving-wheels.     By 
varying  the  proportion  of  these  chain-wheels, 
a  small  wheel  is  made  equal  in  velocity  to  a 
larger  one,  and  this  is  termed  the  "  gearing  " 
of  the  machine.     [Tricycle.]    Next  came  the 
sociable  (q.v.) ;  but,  on  account  of  its  weight 
and   cumberaomeness   on    the   road    and    in 
si.'bling,  it  was  soon  displaced  by  the  tandem 
(q     V    The  velocipede   known  as  a   Safety 
Bicycle  has  two  small  wheels  of  the  same  size 
(or  nearly  so),  the  rider  sitting  well  back  from 
the  front  wheel,  and  thus  possessing  gieater 
security  from  falling  forwaid,  and  the  requi- 
site velocity  is  attained  from  the  small  wheels 
by  the  principle  of  "  gearing  up."    Pneumatic 
tyres — that  is,  tyres  that  can  be  inflated— were 
the  next  great  improvement.    The  safety  bi- 
cycle has  now  displaced  other  forms  of  veloci- 
pedes, the  latest  of  all  at  present  (1904)  being 
tandem,  triple,  and  even   nuiltiplex  bicycles, 
the  riders  sitting  in  one  line. 

t  ve-log'-i-ped-ist,  s.  [Eng.  velociped(e)  ; 
-ist.]    One  who  uses  or  rides  on  a  velocipede. 

"Four  tflocipedUfs  of  the  Tours  Vtloce-Club."— AY. 
James's  liazette.  May  15.  18B8. 

ve-l69'-i-ty,  s.  [Fr.  velociti,  from  Lat. 
vclorAtate.ni,  accus.  of  velocltas^  from  velox, 
genit.  vdocis  =  swift,  from  the  same  root  as 


volo  =  to  fly  ;  Sp.  velo(^idad  ;  Port.  v€locii1nil<^  ; 
Ital.  vdncitii.] 

1.  Oni.  />«uj. :  Quickness  orspeed  in  motion 
or  movement;  swiftness,  r&pidity,  celerity, 
speed.  (Seldom  applied  to  the  movements  of 
animals.) 

2.  Physics:  Rate  of  niolinn,  whether  fast 
or  slow;  the  rate  at  which  a  body  changes 
its  position  in  .siiace  ;  the  rate  of  change  of 
position  of  a  point  per  unit  of  time.  Ve- 
locity is  said  to  be  accelerated  when  the  l»ody 
moving  ikissps  through  a  greater  space  iii 
equal  snicessive  times,  as  in  the  case  of  bodies 
falling  uinbi  the  action  of  gravity ;  and  to  be 
retarded  wlien  a  less  space  is  passed  through 
in  each  successive  portion  of  time.  (See  ex- 
tract.) 

"Whin  :i  iiuittTtHl  iMiiiit  moves,  it  describes  a  coii- 
tiiiui'iis  Inir  which  nuiy  be  eitlier  atmlKht  or  curved, 
Hiiil  is  Ljili.-il  itn  (iiith  .'uid  soiiiiitiines  its  tnijectury. 
Mutiiin  wUirh  takes  nliice  along  n  strrtiyht  Juie  ia 
c.illed  rectilinear  motion;  th.it  which  takes  pliice 
along  !i  curved  Hue  is  called  curvilinear  motion.  The 
rate  of  the  motion  of  h  point  ia  called  ita  velocit,'/. 
reloritv  may  be  either  uniform  or  variable;  it  i» 
uniform  when  the  jioint  describes  equal  apacea  or 
portions  of  ita  imtti  in  all  equal  times;  it  is '— •■i"!''" 


hen  the  point  describes  unequal  portions  of  its  path 

I  any  etiual  times,     tinlform  oelociti/  is  measured  by 

the  nuniner  of  units  of  apace  described  in  a  Riven  unit 


of  time.  The  units  commonly  employed  in  thia 
country  are  feet  and  seconds.  Variable  velocifi/  is 
me.isured  at  any  instant  by  the  number  of  units  of 
apace  a  Ijody  would  describe  if  it  continued  to  move 
uniformly  from  tnat  iiiatunt  for  a  unit  of  time.  Thu», 
supiiose  a  biHly  to  run  down  an  inclined  plane,  it  is  a 
matter  of  ordinary  observation  that  it  moves  more 
•and  more  quickly  during  its  descent ;  suppose  that  at 
any  point  it  has  a  velocity  15.  this  means  that  at  that 


iKiint  it  is  moving  at  the  rate  of  15  ft  per  second,  or 
m  other  word.s.  if  from  that  point  all  increase  of 
velociti/  ce/iaed,  it  would  describe  15  ft.  in  the  next 
second."— Hrt«or.-  Physics  (ed.  Atkinson),  %  25. 

H  (1)  AngukiT  velocity :  [Angular]. 

(2)  Initial  velocity:  The  rate  of  movement 
of  a  body  at  starting ;  used  esiiecially  of  the 
velocity  of  a  projectile,  as  it  issues  from  a 
firearm. 

(3)  Unit  of  velocity :  That  velocity  with 
which  the  unit  length  would  be  described  in 
tlie  unit  time.  (Everett :  C.  (.!.  S.  System  of 
Unlls,  ch.  i.,  pt.  ii.) 

(4)  Virtual  velocity:  [Virtual]. 

ve-lo'-ni-a,  s.    [Valonia.] 

Ve-l6ur',  s.  [Fr.  veUour.]  A  hatter's  lustring 
and  smoothing  pad  of  silk  or  plush. 

vc-ldur§',  s.  [Fr.=  velvet  (q.v.).]  A  fabric 
for  uphulstering,  carpentry,  &,c.  It  is  a  velvet 
or  plush,  partly  of  linen  and  partly  of  double 
cotton  warps  with  mohair  yarn  weft. 

ve-l6u'-te,  s.  [Fr.  =  as  adj.,  velvety  ;  as 
sulist...  any  substance  like  velvet.]  Veloute 
sauee  (q.v.). 

velout^-sauce,  '«■ 

Cook.  :  A  superior  white  sauce  made  by 
boiling  down  veal,  poultry,  and  ham.  When 
veloute  is  reduced  to  a  glaze  and  cream  added, 
it  is  known  as  Sauce  Supreme. 

velt'-fare»  s.     [See  def.]    A  fieldfare.    {Prov.) 

ve'-lum,  s.  [Lat.=  a  covering,  awning,  cur- 
tain, veil,  or  cloth.] 

L  Amit. :  A  veil,  a  partition  ;  specif,  rdum- 
jwf/«/i,l  he  soft  palate,  a  compound  membranous 
septum,  which  prevents  the  food  from  nscend- 
ing  to  the  upper  part  of  tlie  pharynx.  The 
term  I'ehuii  is  also  used  of  the  anterior  and 
posterior  medullary  valves  of  the  cerebrum. 

2.  Bot.  :  The  horizontal  membrane  which 
cotmects  the  margin  of  the  pileiis  with  the 
stipes  of  a  fungus.  Such  a  veil  when  adnate 
with  the  surface  of  the  pileiis,  is  called  velnvi 
iiitiversule  (a  universal  veil),  and  when  extend- 
ing only  from  the  mai'giiis  of  the  pileus  to 
the  stipes  velum  iHirtkde  (a  jjartial  veil). 

3.  Zoology : 

(1)  A  single  or  double  ciliated  lobe  occurring 
in  the  young  of  some  bivalve  molluscs  when 
they  leave  the  parent.    {Nicholson.) 

(2)  An  extension  of  the  cephalic  integument 
in  the  young  of  the  Gasteropoda.  It  com- 
mences "as  a  circlet  of  cilia  round  the  head. 
{Nicholson.) 

(3)  The  membrane  which  surrounds  and 
partially  closes  the  inouth  of  the  disc  of 
Medusie  or  of  Medusiform  gonophores.  (Nichol- 
son.) 

ve-lu'-men,  r..    [Lat.  =  a  fleece.] 

lint. :  The  velvety  coating  produced  in  some 
leaves  bv  short,  very  dense  and  soft.  Uut 
rather  rigid  h;iiis.  as  in  many  Lasiandras, 


iat?,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father ;  we.  wet»  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  ijinite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    ae,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


velure— venation 


4*21 


■"vel'-ure,    *vel'-lure,  s.     [Fr.   veiwtrs.) 
Velvet  (q.v.)- 

"  His  hurso  wHU  mn,*  yirt,  six  timoa  pleceii,  anil  n 
wuUQ.-ui'd  crupiier  uf  vdun;  iiieceii  with  iiack  til  read." 
—SfHikcsp.  :  J'tttuiiiif  t/f  (/w  Shrew,  iii.  2. 

vel-a-ti-na,  ;;.    [Mod.  Lat.  velutinus  =  \i:\- 
vfiy,  from  Lut.  re(fus  =  a  fleece.] 

Zool.  X"  J'ahwnt. :  A  genus  of  Naticidu-,  with 
four  recent  species  from  Britain.  Norway,  and 
North  America.  Shell  thin,  with  a  velvety 
epidermis  ;  spiie  small,  suture  deep,  aperture 
very  large  and  rounded,  no  operculum.  Miir- 
gin  of  mantle  developed  all  round  and  turned 
up  over  the  shell;  gills  two,  head  bmad, 
tentacles  blunt,  far  apart,  with  eyes  at  their 
outer  bases.  The  animal  is  carnivorous. 
Three  fossil  species  from  the  Pliocene  of 
Britiiin. 

ve-lu'-tin-ous,  if.     [Ital.    rc//»(o  =  velvet.] 

1.  Ord.  Laiuj.:  Kesembliiig  velvet;  velvety, 

suft. 

2.  Bot. :  Velvety,  having  the  surface  hairy, 
and  with  the  look  and  feel  of  velvet,  as  in 
Cotyledon  coccirurus. 

■  vel'-ver-et,  s.    [A  dimin.  from  t'eZt'e(('i.v.).] 
An  inferior  kind  of  velvet. 

"  No  ikxtbt  Ills  lonlship  recijguises 
Tho  tiiMit  lie  liud  ou  nt  assizes ; 
A  ii-lfeiet,  genteel  and  neat. 
With  Ubby  lined,  aud  froga  complete." 

AiisCe;/:  Pleader'e  Guide,  lect,  7. 

vel'-vet,  '  vel-et,  ■  vel-let.  'vel-ouet, 
•  vel-ouette,   vel-wet,  vel-lure,  s.  &  a. 

[O.  Ital.  vdiUo  (Ital.  veiiuto),  (rum  a  supposed 
Low  Lat.  irtiiH(i«  =  shaggy  (Lat.  cUlo^nsX 
fi-om  Ijit.  viUiis=  shaggy  hair,  a  tuft  of  hair. 
The  foirn  vellure  is  dii-ectly  from  Fr.  velours 
=  velvet,  from  Lat.  vUlosu^.] 

A.  As  substaiUicc: 

1.  Fabric:  A  silk  fabric  iu  which  the  warp 
is  passed  over  wires  so  us  to  make  a  row  of 
loops  which  project  from  the  backing,  and 
are  thus  left  by  withdrawing  the  wire  for  au 
uncut  or  pile  velvet ;  but  are  cut  by  a  knife 
to  make  a  cut  velvet.    [Velvetecv.] 

"Auutlier  piece  of  cloth  of  golde  raised  with  criiiio- 
Bill  velut^t  ia  graiiie.  a  piece  of  purple  vetuet."—IIai:k- 
lui/t :   \'oi/aget,  l.  2S7 . 

^  Tlie  manufacture  is  not  known  to  have 
taken  place  earlier  than  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury. It  is  mentioned  by  Joinville  in  1272. 
For  a  tinie  it  was  confined  to  Italy,  then  it 
ext*'uiled  to  France,  and  finally  was  brought 
to  England  by  the  refugees  who  came  over,  in 
ltiS5,  on  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 
Cotton-velvet  was  first  made  in  England  in 
175G. 

2.  A  delicate  hairy  integument  covering  the 
antlers  of  a  deer  in  the  first  stages  of  growth. 
It  is  provided  with  blood-vessels,  wliieh 
supply  nutriment  to  the  horn,  but  gradually 
begins  to  shrivel  and  peel  otf,  its  complete 
disappearance  being  hastened  by  tlie  deer 
rubbing  its  antlers  against  trees,  &c. 

"They  cannot,  have  mui-hof  a  time  with  the  red  deer 
( Bam  siiii<h),  whose  horiia  are  likely  to  he  in  t'elnet  till 
llie  last  weeks  of  that  mouth."— FUhl,  Feb.  13.  1886. 

B.  As  luljectlve: 

1.  Made  (H' consisting  of  velvet. 

■'  Will  any  lunn  thiiike  that  a  neluet  cote  is  of  more 
price  thau  a  liiinuu  coife?"— //ooi-er;  £ecles.  Pot., 
bk.  v..  §<!- 

2.  With  a  surface  like  velvet ;  velvety. 

■■  The  cowalip's  oclcet  head."         Milton  :  Comux,  S9B. 

^  To  sland  on  velvet :  To  have  made  one's 
bets  so  that  one  eannot  lose,  aud  must  in  all 
probability  win.    {Raclnij  shtuij.) 

velvet-bur, ;. 

Bot.:  I'l-ifi'..  K<-huiaia  ;  a  plant  of  the  ordei- 
Verbenace.i'. 

velvet  copper-ore,  *■. 

Mill.  :  Tin-  s;une  as  LETTsoMrn;  (^.v.). 

velvet-cork,  s.  The  best  kind  of  cork 
bark  reddish,  supple,  and  not  woody  or 
porous.     {S'liiiiiwnds.) 

velvet-dock,  y. 

Bot. :  Vcrbttscnvi  Tliapsus.  Named  from  its 
soft  leave:^.    {Prior.) 

velvet-duck,  s.    [Velvet-scoteii.J 

velvet  fiddler-crab,  s.   [Velvet  Swim- 

M1N<M  r.Ai:.  I 

velvet  flower,  s. 

Butann  : 

1.  AiiuirxiUhas  caudatus  (Love-lies-a-blced- 


ing).      Named    fium    its    velvety    crimson 
tassels.     (Prior.) 

2.  Titiides  pfUuht.  (Turner  iu  LriUcii  <t' 
Ilnlkdi'l.)     \T  \v.t:r\^H.] 

'  velvet-guard,  ^. 

1.  A  guard  or  ornamental  trimming  of  di  ess 
worn  iu  the  reign  of  yu«-i'n  Kliziibeth. 

"  Those  vetoet-ifiuirds  aud  block-lac'd  aleeve."." 
Decker:  ffUtriortnutix. 

2.  A  person  wearing  such  trinimings  or 
ornaments. 

"  rc^rct-yuitnia  and  Sunday  citizens." 

Shakesp.  :  1  Beni'i/  IV.,  iii.  i. 

velvet-leaf,  5. 

lioUiiiy : 

1.  Cissampelos  Pareira.    [Pareiba.] 

2.  Sida  AbiUilon,  a  broad-lcavcd  species 
found  in  India. 

3.  lAWutera  arhorea.     [Lavatera.] 
velvet-loom,  s. 

Fabrii: :  \  pile-fabric  loom. 

velvet-moss,  s. 

Bot. :  aijrophora  muriiui,  a  liclteu  used  in 
dyeing. 

velvet-painting,  ■•>■.  The  art  of  eolour- 
ing  on  velvet  with  transparent  liquid  and 
other  readily  diluted  colours. 

velvet-paper,  s.    Flock-paper  (q.v.). 

*  velvet-pee,  s.  LCf.  pea-jacket.]  A  velvet 
jacket. 

"  Ymir  lastied  sboiilders  [covered]  with  &  veleet-pce." 
—  Sciiiim.  A  /'let.  ■  Looe's  Cure,  ii.  1. 

velvet-pile  carpet,  i-.  [Wilton-carpet.] 
velvet-runner,  s. 

Ornith.:  One  of  the  many  popular  names  of 
Rallm  n'iuaticus,  the  Water-rail  (q.v.).  Called 
also  Bidcock,  Bilcock,  Brook-ousel,  Brook- 
runner,  and  Runner. 

velvet-scoter,  s. 

OriLLth. :  Oidemia  fusca,  a  visitor  to  Britain 
in  autumn  and  winter.  General  plumage 
velvet  black,  ends  of  secondary  quills  white, 
forming  a  conspicuous  bar  across  the  wings  ; 
eyelids  and  a  small  patch  behind  each  eye 
wlnte ;  beak  pale  orange,  legs  and  toes  crim- 
son-red. 

velvet-seed,  s. 

Ji'it.  :  Huftturda  elliptlm. 

velvet-sponge,  ^^. 

/•lol.  :   liipp'jspunijui,  iiintnidriforiiiii. 

velvet  swimming- crab,  ^. 

ZooL:  PurUuuLs  pubtr ;  a  small  crab  with 
a  hairy  carapace,  armed  in  front  with  ten 
or  more  spines.  Claws  and  four  pairs  of 
simple  legs  clothed  with  a  dense  pile  of  fur. 
General  colour  brown,  longitudinal  ridges  in 
tlie  joints  of  the  limbs  blue.  Found  along  the 
British  coasts.  Called  also  the  Velvet  Fiddler- 
eiab. 

velvet-tree,  5. 

FuddUiKi :  The  point  where  the  draught 
from  the  neck  of  the  furnace  is  turned  up- 
ward into  the  stack. 

■*  vei-vet,  y.i.  &  t.    lVelvet,  s.] 

A.  IiUraiis. :  To  paint  velvet. 

"Verditure  .  •  .  is  the  palest  green  that  is,  but  good 
to  veloet  upon  black  in  any  drapery.'"— ^^(w/wm.  On 
Orawing. 

B.  Trans. :  To  cover  with  velvet ;  to  cause 
to  resemble  velvet. 

vel'-vet-ed,  «.  lEng.  celoet ; -ed.]  Partaking 
of  the  nature  of  velvet ;  painted  so  as  to  re- 
semliU-  velvet;  velvety. 

vel-ve-teen',  s.    [A  dimin.  from  velvet  (q.v.).] 

1.  JJf. :  A  cotton  fabric  having  tlie  appear- 
ance of  velvet,  from  which  it  differs  only  in 
respect  of  the  material.  When  it  has  a  twilled 
back  it  is  called  Genoa. 

"  a  iLission  for  u.vture— a  deep,  i n  1.1^ i native  passion 
for  her  wild  scenes  aud  soUtary  l»eauty— very  often 
lies  hidden  under  the  rough  coat  of  the  tisbermau,  the 
vetoetncn  shootin^j-jiurket.  and  e\eu  uuder  the  scarlet 
coat." —Umilia  }Vyndhn7ii,  ch.  xii, 

2.  Fig.  (PL):  A  gamekeeper,  from  his  dress. 
(Colloii.  or  slang.) 

"Were  the  Enijliah  ' velvetecnt''  less  coDBcrvative 
aud  orthodox  in  his  views  of  what  the  limits  of  his 
duties  are.  he  might  take  a  hiTit  from  the 'forei^Tier' 
iu  trappini;  blue  tuvVti."— Daily  Tele<jraph,  Dec.  2;*, 

vel'-vet-ing,  s.  [Eng.  velvet ;  -ing.]  The  fine 
naji  or  shag  of  velvet. 


vel'-vet-y,  a.  [Eng.  velvet:  -y.\  Made  of 
velvet;  resembling  velvet ;  velutinoUH  (q.v.J. 

■•  The  beautiful,  wlvcty  turf  of  th«  gardciu.  "— 
Ilu'jlifit :  Tom  Uruwn  nt  Oxford,  ch,  x\\. 

v©'-na(itl.  ve'-nao),  s.  iLat.) 
Anat.  if  Hot.  :  A  vein  (q.v.). 
vena-cava,  s. 

Aiiftt. :  One  of  two  veins,  the  Inferior  atnl 
the  Superior  veme  cava*.  Tlie  inferior,  lower, 
or  ascending  vena  cava  returns  the  blooil 
from  the  lower  linibs  and  from  the  viscera  of 
the  pelvis  and  the  alnloinen.  A  large  valve, 
that  of  Eustachius,  is  situated  at  tlie  orillce 
by  which  it  enters  the  right  auricle  of  the 
heart.  The  Superior  vena  cava  convcyH  U> 
the  heart  the  bloinl  which  is  returned  froni 
the  head,  the  neck,  the  upper  limbs,  and  the 
tlmrax'.     it  has  no  valves. 

vena-contracta,  s.  [Contracted-vein.] 

vena-port£e,  s.    [Portal- vein.] 

Ven-a'-da,  s.     [Native  name.]    [Pudu.] 

ve'-nal  (1),  a.  [Lat.  veJia=^a.  vein.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  vein  or  veins ;  contained  in 
the  veins  ;  venous  :  as,  venal  blood. 

ve'-nal  (2),  «.  [fr.,  from  Lat.  oenalis  =  taxlt- 
able,*  for  sale,  from  veiius,  venuvi  =  sale.] 
Ready  to  be  sold  for  money  or  other  consideia- 
tion,  and  entirely  from  sordid  motives  ;  ready 
to  be  bought  over  for  lucre ;  mercenary,  hire- 
ling, sordid. 

"The  venaZ  cry  aud  preiwred  vot-e  of  a  iwsslvc 
senate."— tfurfte.-  .'itate  of  the  Nation. 

ve-nSil'-i-t^,  s.  [Fr.  peiuiiifd,  from  Lat.  vena- 
liiatem,  accus.  of  venalitas,  from  aenfUis  = 
venal  (q.v.).]  The  quality  or  .state  «f  being 
venal  or  basely  inlluenced  by  money  ;  the 
prostitution  of  talents,  ottices,  or  services  for 
money  or  reward  ;  mercenariness. 

"  Not  nuacquainted  with  the  venalitu  of  the  govern- 
lueut. "—^nson  :  Voyaget.  bk.  iii.,  ch.  viL 

t  ve-nan'-tes,  s.  pi.  [Lat.,  nomin.  pt.  of 
(•('/(((/I.S,  genit.  venantis^  pr.  i)ar.  of  r(,'»wr  =  to 
hunt.] 

Zool. :  In  Walcknaer's  elassilication,  a  group 
of  Spiders,  wliich  he  defines  as  incessantly 
running  or  leaping  abt)ut  the  vicinity  of  then 
ab<»de  to  catch  their  ju-ey.  The  group  was 
a]iproxiHiateIy  equal  to  the  more  modern 
fauiihe.s  Mygalida?,  tfalticidae,  and  Lycosida'. 

■  ve'-nar-^,  a.  &  s.     [Lat.  venor  —  to  hunt.] 

A.  --1^  adj. :  Pertainiug  or  relating  to  hunt- 
ing ;  vftuatic. 

'•  There  be  three  for  ociiary  or  veuatical  pleasure  in 
England,  viz..  a  forest,  a  chace.  aud  a  \ias\L."—Uow€U : 
Letters,  bk.  iv.,  let.  16. 

B.  As  subst, :  The  art  of  hunting;  Uie 
chase. 

"  The  right  of  pursuing  Aud  taking  all  bcasta  of  obaae 
or  venary.  '^Btackttone :  Conuncitt.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  it. 

ven-S.S'- quite  (quask),  s.  [After  Venaaque, 
Pyrenees,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (.Win.).] 

Mill. :  A  variety  of  Ottrelite  (q.v.),  occurring 
in  masses  with  a  lamellar  aud  radiating  struc- 
ture. Hardness,  5*5  ;  sp.  gr.  3*20  ;  colour 
and  streak,  gray  to  grayisli-black ;  conipo.s. : 
essentially  a  hydrated  silicate  of  almuina  and 
protoxide  of  iron. 

've-nat'-ic,  ^  ve-n3.t'-ic-al,  «.  [Lat.  ve- 
iii(ti'i':<,  from  ctvatfns,  pa.  par.  of  w HOT"  =  to 
liuut.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  liunting  ;  used  in  hunting. 

"  V'enatic  vagKrie.i  in  the  matter  of  scent  wi-re 
readily  understood."— /V«rW.  Nov.  12.  1887. 

2.  Given  to  hunting  ;  foml  of  the  chase. 

'■  The  ■  Buffs,"  a  very  itfitutit:  corps,  entertained  jtU 
comers  most  lioapitahly. "—/'((.•/</.  I>ec.  6.  1881, 

ve-nat'-i-ca,  s.    [Vinatico.] 

-  ve-nat'-ic-al,  a.    [Venatic] 

ve-nat'ic-al-ly,  "f/i'.  [Eng.  venatk-td  ;  -ly.) 
Ill  a  x't'ualic  uianner ;  as  pertaining  to  hunt- 
ing or  the  chase. 

"I  do  not  know  whether  that  vernal  saint,  Valen- 
tine, wiis  KtuUically  Biiiuled."— Field.  Feb.  -J*"..  IIW7, 

■  ve-na'-tion  U),  s.     [Lat.  vtiuitio,  from  ve- 

a«f  »s,  pa.  par.  of  venor  =  to  hunt.] 

1.  The  actor  practice  of  hunting;  thcchasr. 

"The  manner  of  their  [the  bevei|  vcmttions  in 
America,"— Bj-oMJTia.-  Vulgur  Krmurs,  hk.  iii  ,  ch.  iv. 

2.  The  state  of  being  hunted. 

ve-na'-tlon  (2),  s.     [Lat.  vena  =  a  vein.  I 

P,'.<t.  :   The  arrangement  of  the  vein.s  nt  tht- 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  ^hin,  bencb;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^cist.    ph  --  f. 
-cian,  -tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  ^>*""i    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -hie,  -die,  ic.  —  bcl,  dcL 


422 


venatorial— venerable 


leavt-s  of  pluiiU.  Uh  Ifiif  *»■'»  only  a  Hinjilc 
inulrib  witlioiit  I'raiirlu'S,  iw  in  many  Conili-iu'. 
the  veimtioii  U  sai"l  to  hv  siini>:i-.  Tin-  llm-c 
lc;iiliii};  tyiK's  nf  vi'iiution  are  tV-  lU'ticuItitcil, 
N\<ltiii,  or  Auiiiibr,  fomnl  in  thfi'xugi'nsuml  h 
tfWttl«tTraiitoiKl«»m'n«;  till'  raniUel,»>rl'uiv<'ti, 
fauiid  ill  all  tin-  hinliir  ni.lomns ;  ami  Uir 
Furcatf,  or  Forked,  rlinnu-lcriMlic  «»r  I-Vriis. 
[.imlU-y  iimiie  ten  tiivisions:  WinK-HS,  Eqiial- 
v't'imHl.SiraiKlit-vciupii.Curvf-vciiu'ti.  Xi'llcd. 
liibUti,  KalM'ly-riblK^<l,  Itadiatiii^,  Kt-alln-r- 
veinetl.  ami  Hidiien-Vfiiu'd.  I'n>r('si*tirs  Mc 
Onih  and  Dickio  cniisidi-rcd  that  ll»y  had 
tntcM  a  connit-tiim  ht'twft'ii  the  niinillcations 
•>f  plunU  »tiil  Iht-ir  vtiiHtinii. 

•  ve-na-tbr'-i-al,  'i.  lUit.  venator  =  a 
liuntf  r.'l  iVrlaitiiiig  or  relating  to  hnntiii;: ; 
vena  tic. 

vead,  v.t.  [Fr.  trndre,  from  Lat.  ffii'/'>.  cou- 
tracteil  from  iriimirfo(for  rrntini  r/o)=  to  ntlfi- 
for  s.ih\  from  renum  =  sah-,  and  du  =  to  j;ivf.  I 
T<»s*'U;  to  otfiT  to  sell ;  t'>  tmiisftTto  auotlicr 
person  for  a  jR-cuniary  I'cjiiivaUMil. 

"Tlic  only  ciniiiuixlltv  it  rendt.  iirc  the  cacro  iiut^ 
.-f  which  the  chfN.'.ilftt*  i«  iniulp."--/)ttmpier:  yotf-tf' 

"vend,-'"'.    [Vknd,  r.l    Sale. 

"She,  .  .  hMn  KTVAt  ^nii  for  them."— RichartlMDi  : 
naritta.  iv.  16&. 

vend*  s.    [Wkni..] 

'  vend'-a-ble,  a.    [Veni>ible.1 

ven'-dace,  s.  [O.  Fr.  vej«/*sf ;  Fr.  vnnrloisc 
=  the  dace.l 

Ithtkij. :  Coreffomts  veiuiasius,  from  the  lakes 
of  iJumfries-shire.  L'ppt-r  surfucy  brown,  sidt-s 
,tin<;ed  with  yellow.  F«'m;ih-.s  iibout  eiglit 
iu<'hps  Ion-,',  males  aomewliat  less.  They  re- 
Si'inblc  the  smelt  in  tlav(.>ur. 

Ven-de'-azi«  n.  &  *;.    [See  def.) 

A.  Asodj.:  Of  or  pcrtaininf,' to  La  Vendee, 
in  Fiance. 

B,  vis  >^uf>st. :  A  native  or  iiihiibitiint  oC 
La  Vendee. 

■*  ven-dee',  s.  [Eng.  rend,  v.  ;  -f*:.]  Tin- 
[(ei-soii  to  whom  anythini^  is  sold  ;  correlative 
of  rr?u/(^r. 

"  If  «  vicar  sows  his  glebe,  or  if  he  Rella  his  corn,  iiinl 
till*  frn'l'-r  fuU  it,  he  iiiUBt  nay  the  tithes  to  tlif 
i^iir^'Mi."— A  '/ajfe, 

vendemialre  (as  van-de-mi-ar'),  :i.  [Fr., 
from  Lat.  vhideniia  =  the  vintajie.)  The  first 
month  in  the  French  Uepubltcan  calendar, 
beginning  September  22  or  'Jli,  and  ending 
October  21  or  22  ;  so  called  from  its  tieing  the 
vintage  season. 

vend'-er,  s.  [Eng.  vavi,  v.;  -er.]  One  who 
vends  or  sells  goods  ;  a  seller,  a  vendor. 


ven-det'-ta,  .«.    [Ital.,  from  Lat.  i'indictff= 
revenge.]    [Vindh,tive.1 

Anthrop. :  A  iiarticular  case  of  the  wider 
custom  of  blond-feud,  by  which  every  mem- 
ber of  a  stock,  or  body  of  men  between  whom 
l)Iood-relations]iip  subsists,  is  bound  to  aid  in 
taking  veniieance  (on  the  otfender  if  jiossible, 
or  on  the  stuck  to  which  he  belongs)  for  a 
personal  injury  done  to  any  of  his  kinsmen. 
The  vendetta  which  exists  in  Corsica,  anfl  to 
a  less  extent  in  Sicily,  Sardinia,  and  Calabria, 
is  the  practice  of  taking  vengeance  on  the 
murderer  <)f  a  relative;  and  this  duty  is  im- 
posed priniarilv  on  the  next  of  kin,  but  in  a 
less  dei;ree  on  all  the  relatives  of  the  mnr- 
deicd  individual.  If  the  murderer  succeeds 
in  eluding  bis  ptn'sners,  then  vengeance  may 
be  taken  on  any  of  bis  relatives.  Retween 
1770  and  1800.  when  tlie  vendettji  was  at  its 
height,  some  7<XiO  murders  are  said  to  liave 
occurred  in  Cor.sica  owing  to  this  practice  of 
private  vengeance.  A  law  i)rohibiting  the 
carrying  of  arms  did  niueli  to  put  a  stop  to 
the  vendetta,  bnt  the  law  is  nr»w  repealed 
with  the  result  that  the  numln-r  of  murders 
is  on  the  increase. 

"It  i«  now  mumrent  that  the  vendetta  represents  :i 
system  which  prevailed  everywhere  before  the  con- 
solidation of  society  nito  thi^  «tnte,  and  the  eht-ihlish- 
ment  of  »  polloe  otimble  of  jirotfcting  life  nnd  pro- 
perty. The  ^y'^tell1  ww  ii  riiuf  6.ui>vtitutc  for  L:oM-ni- 
nientnnil  the»dntiiiii*tnttioii  of  juHti<^c.  Tlie  V.iniily, 
or  the  body  of  kindred,  forined.  In  fni't,  n  t'oinnion- 
wc.-ilth  of  ibtelf;  its  niPinbci-rt  hi-hl  Hrndj-  together; 
ami  wh<?n  one  wm  injured  idl  the  little  state  was 
injurciL"— CAnmficrV  Enctic.  (ihI.  18CT),  ix,  746. 

^  Hence  applied  to  a  jirivate  quarrel  thai 


ran  only  Iw  wetthd  by  the  d.-ath  of  rne  of  the 
iwuties  eoneerned  at  the  hands  of  th'-  other. 

■■  K ,  H  Bhort  ..lK'liti-.l.  pliirky.  iM.w^rrful  fellow,  fell 

out  with  J.  II .     K^■r^onll•  wi'ok«  it  wii-.  known  lu 

Chlcnao  tliHl  »  uiwtlnK  iH-twwn  tlii-rii  nie-mt  hliO'jt- 
InK-  Ijwtf-r  iini)MiK)>Ailon>  iK-lwctui  thi'  p.'iir  wen-  UTuler- 
Kt."-l  to  have  broilKlit  )d«.nt  a  hort  of  recuocilintiou. 
Till-  t^idrtia  wiut  to  drop.'  — /^/OT-i-c.  April  ti.  1»B8. 

'  v6nd-i-ba'-i-t^,  ■".  IKng.  vendible;  -ity.] 
The  iiuality  or  state  of  being  vendible  or 
saleable. 

"The  tsmi/fM/^fv  of  coniinofiitieii."— //;*.  Tai/lor  : 
/iulK  >'/  ConMcirnr,-,  hk.  tv,.  ch,  i. 

•vend-i-We,  •  vend'-a-We,  ".  &  s,  [Fr. 
rrndihl,-^  n^viLtbh- :  Lat.  nndibilis,  from  vendo 
=  to  vend  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :  Capable  of  being  vended  or 
sold;  to  be  disposed  of  for  raoney ;  saleable, 
markeUible ;  for  sale. 

•'  PepiNT  is  the  chief  vendible  conimwllty  iu  this 
c-onutry."— />am;/i>r;  Voi/afffa  {iM.  lOtw). 

B,  As  suhst. :  Something  to  be  sold  or 
oJlere<l ;  a  aileable  commodity. 

"The  prices  of  all  f,-ndibtr»  for  the  body  of  nmn  and 
\v>r>yQ.'—lifi-  of  A.   H'-torf.  p.  .'(DO, 

vend'-i-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vcndihlr  ;  -nms.] 
Vendibility  (q.v.). 

vend'-x-bly,  adv.  [¥ai^.  vcndih{le) ; -Iv.]  In 
a  vi.ndiblf  or  saleable  manner. 

'  ven'-di-cate,  rJ.  (Fr.  vcndiqucr.]  To 
claim.     [ViNDJUATE-J 

•■HisbodyBOjjerteyueth  uuto  hyiu,  that  none  other, 
without  hia  consent,  may  vcndicate  therein  any  jiro- 
l>ertie. "— ^fr  T,  Elyot :  The  Govemoitr,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  lii. 

*  ven'-di-tate,    •ven-dl-tat,  v.t      [Lat. 

rcndilatus,  pa.  par.  t>(  nndito,  t'veq. of  vendo  — 
to  vend  (q.v.).]  To  set  out,  as  for  sale ; 
hence,  to  set  out  cstentatiously  ;  to  make  a 
show  of. 

"  This  they  doe  iu  the  siibtilitie  of  their  wit.  to 
make  them  seeme  more  wouderfnlly  by  the^ie  strange 
words  of  art,  as  if  they  would  vrndidtt  tnem  for  the 
very  wonders  of  natures  worke."^/'.  UoUand:  Plinie 
Ilk.  xxxvii.,  ch.  xii. 

•  ven-di-ta'-tion,  ■'■-    [Lat.  venditatio,  from 

cfiniito,  freq.  of  irnd'j=  to  .sell,  to  vend  (q.v.).] 
A  boastful  display. 

■•  By  ;i  cTiniiiiicprotefltition  aeniiist  all  veadinK,  and 
i-eiiditafit'it  of  tlieir  own  naturars." — tlcn  Jonton 

'''  ven-di'-tion, s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  voiditioiiem, 
accus.  of  vcnditio,  from  vandiUtSy  pa.  par.  of 
cendo  =  to  vend  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  selling  ; 
sale. 

"  By  wny^  o(  vendition,  or  sale,  he  ^ives  them  up." — 
Lnngley :  Sermon  it  {IMA),  p.  2if. 

^  ven'-dl-tor,  s.  [Lat.l  a  seUer,  a  vendor. 
{Money  Masters  All  ThinffS,  p.  8'.>.) 

ven'-dor,  s.  [Eng.  vend,  s.  ;  -or,]  One  who 
sells ;  a  seller. 

"  If  the  vendor  says  the  price  of  a  beast  is  four 
pounds,  and  the  vendee  says  he  will  give  four  imuuds, 
the  bargaiu  is  Etruck. ' ~Slaci£tu7te  :  Com inn>ta7'ics, 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  XXX. 

'  Ven-due',  s  [O.Fr.,  prop.  fem.  of  vendv,  pa. 
par.  of  rendre  =  to  sell,  to  vend(q.v.).j  A 
])ublic  auction  or  sale. 

"  Having  purcb.ised  a  laced  waistcoat  .  .  .  at  n 
n-tidue.  inadeasw.'iggeringliKure."— SinoHeW.'  /iodvricU 
liandoin,  ch.  xxxvi. 

*  vendue-master,   .--■.      An    auctioneer. 

vendue-room,  s.    A  sale-room. 

ve-neer',  v.t.  [Ger.  /(oiuVen.  =  to  inlay,  to 
veneer,  from  Fr.  Journir  ~  to  furnish  (q.v.).] 

L  JAi.:  To  cover  with  veneer  ;  to  overlay 
or  face  over,  as  an  inferior  wood,  with  wood 
of  a  finer  or  more  valuable  kind,  so  as  to 
cause  the  whole  mass  to  present  the  appear- 
ance of  being  made  of  the  more  valuable  wood. 

2.  Fig,  :  To  give  a  more  agreeable,  attrac- 
tive, or  pleasant  appearance  to,  as  to  some- 
thing worthless,  unattractive,  or  bad  ;  to  gild 
over ;  to  gloss. 

"  Veneer'd  with  sanctimonious  theory."' 

7'cniiyanit :  J'l'hicesii,  Pnd.  IIT. 

ve-neer',  s.    [Veneer,  v.] 
I.  Ordinary  Ldnfjvage  : 

1.  LU. :  A  thin  slip  of  wood  or  ivorj'  glued 
or  cemented  to  a  piece  of  other  material,  and 
forming  an  ornamental  covering  therefor. 
Mahogany,  rosewood,  walnut,  and  similar 
lieautiful  woods,  are  principally  used. 

2.  Fig.  :  Superficial  show  or  gloss. 

"  The  West-end  economist  sees  only  the  veiirrr,  the 
liurry,  the  f[nrvy."—Famiii/  Jlfrahl.  MayEfi.  18SS,  p.  62, 
n.  Entfy}n.(PJ.):  The  Or.ass-moths  (q.v.). 


veneer-saw,  s. 

Wii'id-irorL-. :  A  circular  saw,  nmde  thick  at 
the  middle,  and  tapering  to  a  very  Ihiu  edge 
at  the  periphery ;  used  for  cutting  veneers 
from  a  solid  block. 

ve-neer'-mg,  >•.    [Eug.  xreneer;  -ing.] 
I.  LUnalbj  : 

1.  The  act,  process,  or  art  of  covering  with 
veneer  ;  the  act  of  laying  on  veneer  ;  the  act 
or  operation  of  one  who  veneers. 

2.  The  same  as  Vf:neeh,  s.,  1.  1.  (q.v.). 
II.  Fig.  :  Tlie  same  as  Veneer,  .•<.,  I.  2. 

'  ve-nef'-ic-al,     ven-e-fic' ial  (c  nssli). 

o.  [Lat.  vent'Jicus  —  poisotious,  sorcerons, 
from  vnienvni  =.  poison.  an<l/r/cyri  ■=:  to  niake, 
to  do.] 

L  Acting  by  poison  ;  use<l  for  ]>oisoning  or 
sorcery ;  sorcerous. 

"  These  witches  came  forth— aU  with  spindles  tihi- 
brehs,  rattles,  or  other  vvni-flcal  Instruments  lUHkiii): 
a  confu-secl  noise."— //t-Tiyoiwon.'  The  ila»iitcofQiieetit. 
(lutrod.) 

2.  Addicted  to  sorcery  or  poisoning. 

*ven'-e-fi9e,  s.  [Lat.  veneficivm,  from  vene- 
Jinis  =  poisonous.]  [Venefiual.]  The  prac- 
tice of  poisoning. 

*ven-e-fi'-CiOUS,  n.  [Lat.  venifims.]  [\'i:se- 
FiiiAL.]  Poisonous,  sorcerous ;  acting  by 
poison  or  sorcery. 

"  It  was  an  old  rctw/iciouji  practice  to  hinder  the 
delivery  of  AIom;en;i."  —  Hrotene  .  Vulgar  Erfours. 
bk.  v.,  ch.  xxi. 

*  ven-e-f  i'-ctous-ly,  adiK    (Eng.  venejlcioiis : 

■ly.]     By  poison,  sorcery,  or  witcliciaft. 

■'  Lest  witches  shouiti  draw  or  prick  their  names 
therein,  and  vcufticioiul!/  mischief  their  persons,  they 
broke  the  shell. '—firow»f :  tutijar  trrovrs.  bk.  \.. 
ch.  xxi. 

*ven'-e-inous,  ".    [Venomous.] 

*  ven'-e-nate,  v.t.    {LaX.  vencnutusy  pa.  par. 

of -roiejio  =  to  poison,  from  veiwnuni  =^  \io\- 
sou.]    To  ix>isou,  to  infect  with  poison. 

"  These  mi.-isms  entering  tliehody,  are  not  so  ener^ic 
as  to  vetivnatc  the  entti-e  mass  of  blood  in  an  instant. ' 
— Harvey  :  On  Coiisiimption. 

*  ven'-e-nate,  a.  [Venenate,  j'.]  Poisoned  ; 
infected  with  poison  ;  poisonous. 

"  By  giving  this  in  fevers  after  calcination,  wherchv 
the  fcucnutc  parts  are  carried  ofT.' — W'votlwitrd  .  On 
Fossiff. 

*ven-e-na'-tiou,  s.    (Venenate,  i:] 

1,  The  act  of  poisoning  ;  the  state  of  being 
poisoned. 

2.  Poison  ;  venom. 

"  For  surely  they  .ire  aubtiler  vettenationK,  such  as 
will  invisibly  destroy." — Brototie:  Vulgar  Errours.  lik. 
vii,,  ch.  xix. 

*ve-nene',  •  ven'-e-nose,  a.  [Lat  venvn- 
osns,  from  micn«nt  —  poison  ;  Fr.  vencneux.] 
Poisonous,  venomous. 

"  For  i>esti!ence  is  properly  siguilied  by  tlie  spider, 
whereof  some  kinds  are  of  a  very  fenmose  nature." — 
Di'oivne  :  I'lt/gar  Errours,  hk.  ii.,  th.  ii. 

t  ven-e-no-sa,  f^.pl.  (Neut.  pi.  of  Lat.  vene- 
nosits  —  full  of  poison,  very  poisonou.s.] 

Zuol. :  An  approximate  synonym  of  Thanat- 
ophidia  (q.v.). 

*  ven-e-nos'-i-ty,  s.    [Kng.  renin ns(v) ;  -ity.] 

Tlie  (luality  or  state  of  being  venenc.se  or 
poisonous. 

"  ven-er-a-toil'-i-ty,  s.  [Fr.  vcni-mbiliU, 
from  Low  Lat.  venerabilitatem,  aecus.  of  ven- 
ercd)ilifas,  from  Lat.  vetierabilis  =  venerable 
(q.v.).]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ven- 
erable ;  venerableness. 

"According  to  the  excellence  and  t'etirrabilifn  of 
their  |)rotocy|)es."— J/ore -■  Antidote  ngainst  Idohttrii. 
ch.  viii. 

ven'-er-a-We,  n.     [Fr..  from  Lat.  venerahilis 
=  lit  to*  be  reverenced  ;    from  re^neror  =  to 
reverence,  to  venerate  (q.i".) ;  Sp.  venerable; 
Ital.  venerabile.] 
I.  Ordinary  language: 

1.  Worthy  of  veneration  or  reverence ;  de- 
serving of  reverence,  respect,  and  honour  ; 
reverend.  (Generally  applied  to  persons  ad- 
vanced in  years.) 

"  Daniel  was  now  a  right  ^'ene7■»blc  sage  old  father." 
— Joj/f :  Expnaicion  of  Daniel,  ch    v. 

2.  Rendered  sacred  by  religitius  or  other 
lofty  associations;  to  be  regarded  with  awe 
or  reverence  ;  hallowed  by  associations  :  as,  a 
vmcrrohji;  ruin. 


Sate,  f3,t,  f^e,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute^  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,     ae,  oe  —  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Itw. 


venerablenesa  -Venetian 


423 


1.  A  title  formerly  given  to  the  dignitaries 
of  catlu'ilvals  of  tlu'  old  foiuidatiim,  iiow  con- 
tiiH'd  t"  iirclidfJiL-iiiis. 

2.  Tlir  lowest  yiadr  of  ('Uiionizali*'!!  in  thu 
Koinnn  I'lmrclt. 

"Thcr.-  art?  tliroo  rrc(>t;iuv;i:<i  de^trfi-a  of  Niuicttty— 
tliiit  uf  r.diTriA/.-.  tliiit  ft  BU'sdMi.  aud  tlijit  ul  S»int.  " 
—  .l.^fM  .t  Arnvhl     I'ath.  Did.,  p.  71. 

vcn-er-a-'ble-ness,  .■'.  IKng.  veneraitlf ; 
■ni'.<s.\  hie  qtuility  or  state  vi  being  vener- 
able. 

"The  vi-nerabtenrm  mid  innM>U*nce  o(  old  age."— 
Siiiifh  :  S4T}nonii,  vol.  xi.,  ser.  4. 

■  ven-er-a-bly,  i"ff.  [V-m-a-  ifiitral>(>e);  -/.'/.I 
III  ii  v.-ncniliU-  niaitner  ;  sn  as  to  t'xeito  or  c.ill 
for  vrni-nition. 

"  Tliv  PiLUtiiie,  I'Toud  Rome's  Jiii[K'rml  sciit, 
An  HW  (ul  iiile !  sUuiiU  vftumtblij  uieat." 

.Ml<liH<.,> :  Ji.il't:  li-rm: 

t  ven-©r-a'-9e-ae,  s.  pi.     [Mud.  l^at.  itui(>, 
t<riiit.  I't'iRTlw);  Lat.  feni.  ]'l.  adj.  sutf.  -iicca:] 
Xnnl. :  Anapproxiniat*;svnouvni  of  V'eneriihe 
(q.v.). 

"  Ven'-er-ant,  a.  (L;it.  rencrans,  pr.  par.  (»f 
triu'i-or.]    '[Vknkratk.)    Reverent. 

"When  wtf  pruiiouuce  the  u.-\iQe  of  Giotto,  our 
Vfiienint  thotigiita  n.re  at  A&jisj  and  Padvui"—Ru»kiH  : 
Modem  Pnintem  (etL  134eJ.  iL  9. 

ven  -er-ate/  v.t.  (Lat.  vateratits,  pa.  par.  of 
nihi-or—  tt>  reverence,  to  worsliiji,  akin  to 
mn'c',  jienit.  veneris  =  love;  iSansc.  vim.  =  to 
serve,  lo  honour;  Fr.  vcni-rer;  Sp.  &  Poit. 
rriierar ;  Ital.  vener{tri:]  To  regard  or  treat 
witli  reverenee  and  i-espect ;  to  look  up  to 
with  veneration  ;  to  reverence  ;  to  revere  ;  to 
re-fard  as  hallowed. 


ven-er-a'-tiODU  ''"■  [Fr..  from  Lat.  venera- 
liniirni,  accus.  of  veiieratio^  from  t'eneratiiii, 
jia.  iKtr.  of  vencror  =  to  venerate  (q.v.).] 

1.  On!.  Dtnij. :  The  act  of  venerating;  the 
felling  of  one  who  venerates  ;  tlie  highest  de- 
gree of  respect  and  reverence ;  reverend  re- 
gard ;  respect  mingled  with  some  degree  of 
awe  ;  a  feeling  or  sentiment  excited  by  the 
dignity,  wisdom,  aud  goodness  of  a  person, 
or  by  the  sacredness  of  his  character,  and, 
with  regard  to  places,  by  some  associations 
wliich  itMuh'r  them  liallowed, 

"  y.iirrittion  19  a  liijflier  degree  of  respeet :  in  whicli 
Ihi-  iiiitid  aeeiim  to  be  iiture  forcibly  struck  with  wis- 
iloiu,  connected  with  the  sterner  virtues."— Co?iin  .■ 
(hi  the  J'lUfioiia,  {it.  i..  ch.  ii.,  §  .i. 

2.  Phreito!.:  An  affective  sentiment  having 
for  its  object  any  person  or  thing  deemed 
worthy  of  veneration  by  the  individual.  The 
organ  is  situated  on  the  crown  of  the  head, 
aud  is  peculiarly  liable  to  disease,  so  that 
high  devotional  exeitL-nient  arising  from  ex- 
cess of  veneration  is  one  of  the  commonest 
forms  of  insanity. 

'  ven'-er-a-tive,  5.  [Eng.  vemratiion) ;  -ioe.] 
Feeling  veneration  ;  respectful,  reverent. 

"  1  for  one,  when  a  uenerative  youth,  have  felt  u 
thrill  of  ioy."— AH  the  i'ear  Hound,  Sept.  27,  1862, 
p.  B-:. 

+  ven'-er-at-6r,  s.  [Lat.,  from  vejieratus,  pa. 
I>ar.  of  vi-iiKror  =  to  venerate  (q.v.).j  One 
who  venerates  or  reverences. 

"  Not  a.  scomer  g£  your  sex. 
But  Pt'dfrotor,"  Tennyion  :  Princess,  iv.  40:i. 

ve-ner'-e-al»  '  ve-ner'-e-all,  "  ve-ner- 
i-all,  ".  (Lat.  mtn^rais,  cf/ttruw  =  pertain- 
ing to  J'fiiu^s  (geuit.  VeneTis)  =  thti  goddess  of 
love,  love.  J 

•  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  venery  or  sexual 
love  ;  relating  to  sexual  intercourse. 

"  Nothitii;  ia  feiRii'd  in  this  venereal  strife." 

lirydvn :  Juvenal  vi.  44ii. 
2.  Arising  from,  jirndueed  by,  or  conneetrd 
with  sexual  intercourse  :  as,  venereal  disease, 
■  3.  A'laptedtotheeureof venerealdiseases: 
a>,  rennrnl  medicines. 

*  4.  Aclapted  to  excite  venereal  desires  ; 
aphrodisiac. 

'  5.  Pel  taining  to  or  consisting  of  copper, 
which  was  called  Venus  in  the  mystical  lan- 
guage of  the  alchennsts. 

"  Blue  vitriol,  how  venereal  hiuI  uusoiihisticated  so- 
ever, rulibed  uimmi  the  whetted  blade  of  a  knife,  will 
iiot  iiii]i;irt  its  lateut  colour."— floi/ir. 

*  ve-ner'-e-ate,  v.t.  IVeneri;al.]  To  render 
lasei\'ions. 

"To  viiieri-atc  the  uiibridlud  s|.irita."— AWww  * 
Jietolncn,  \:  4G. 


■  ve-ner  e  ous.  ■  ve  ner'  e  an,  '  ve- 
neri-an,  ve -ner-i-en,  ve-ner  i- 
OUS,  a.     [Lat.  lYvereiis;  Fr.  V(if'rifni.\ 

1.  Lustful,  libidinous. 

"  For  fcrtcH  I  lun  all  vrncriim 
lu  ffUiig."  Chiittcer:  C.  T..  «.1K. 

2.  Exciting  ur   strengthening  for  venery ; 
aphrodisiac. 

■'.The  tifthc  aterre  is  of  iiiimtkc. 
Thewhose  kind  is  venerian." 

(tower :C.  A.,  hk.  vil. 

3.  Love-sick. 


"  ven'-er-er,  ■•'■.    IVlnerv  (2),  s.]   A  hunt^-r. 

"  O'lr  oeitcrcrt.  prlckern,  and  venlerers.  " 

Urowninff :  Flight  of  the  Duche^. 

ve-ner-i-an,     ve-ner-i-en,  a.     iv^ni; 

RKoirs.l 

ve-ner'-i-dje,  ■■^.  7'^  (Mod.  Lat.  rcmts,  genit. 
veiiAiiis):  L:it.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -Ula;.] 

1.  Zoo}.  :  A  family  of  Sinu-pallialia  (q.v.), 
with  several  genera",  universally  distributed, 
hut  most  abundant  in  the  tropics.  Shell 
regular,  closed,  sub-orbicular,  or  oblong  ;  liga- 
ment ex'terual ;  hinge  usually  with  three  ti'eth 
in  each  valve;  muscular  iiiii)ri'ssiiins  iival, 
polished  ;  pallial  line  sinuated.  Animal  free, 
locomotive,  rarely  attached  by  a  hyssus  tu- 
burrowing.  The  .shells  of  all  the  family  are 
remarkable  for  elegance  of  form  and  colour, 
aud  are  frequently  ornamented  with  chevron- 
like  markings.  Their  texture  is  hard,  all 
traees  of  structure  being  n.sually  obliterated. 

2.  PaUcont. :  They  appear  first  in  the  Oolite, 
attaining  their  greatest  development  in  the 
j)resent  day. 

"  ven'-er-ie,  j*.    [Venerv.] 

ven'-er-ite,  .^.  [Lat.  vencr{iuf)  =  of  Venus ; 
suH:  -iU-iMin.).^ 

Min.:  A  greenish  eartliy  substance,  which 
the  microscope  sliows  to  consist  of  minute 
scales.  Occurs  in  layers  in  schist  at  Spring- 
field, Berks  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  An  analysis 
yielded:  silica,  2S'9a  ;  alumina,  13'81 ;  sesqui- 
oxide  of  iron,  0'04 ;  protoxide  of  iron,  0-2T  ; 
protoxide  of  copper,  16"55  ;  magnesia.  17'47  ; 
water,  12'08  ;  insoUdile,  fi"22  ~  100-37. 

*  ven'-er-OUS,  n.  [Lat.  venerens.]  Venereous, 
venereal  (q.v.). 

"The  poUito  ami  such  nemroua  roots."— Bofinshecl- 
Deacript.  England,  bk.  ii.,  cb,  vi. 

ven-e-ru'-pis,  s.  [Mod,  Lat.  veausy  and  Lat. 
rupes  —  a  rock.]    [Vknus,  3.] 

Zool.  &  Pcdceonl.  :  A  genus  of  Veneridie, 
with  about  twenty  recent  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed, aud  living  in  crevices  of  rocks. 
Shell  oblong,  radiately  striat*d,  and  orna- 
mented with  concentric  lamellae ;  three  small 
teeth  in  each  valve.  Fossil  species  occur  in 
the  Miocene  of  Europe  and  the  United  States. 

'  ven'-er-y  (1),  *  ven'-er-ie,  ^■.  [Venereal.] 
Sexual  intercourse. 

"Coutentment  without  the  pleasure  of  lawful  veiier!,, 
iis  continence  ;  of  unlawful,  chiiatity."— G7*«?ip/  Cosmo- 
logia  Sacra. 

*  ven'-er-y  (2),  ^  ven'-er-ie,  .^.    [Fr.  vcnerh, 

from  O.  Fr.  veiier  ;  Lat.  ye/tor  =  to  hunt.] 

1.  The  act,  practice,  or  sport  of  hunting ; 
the  chase. 

"  An  out  rider,  that  Iove<l  veneris." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  166.     (Prol.) 

2.  Beasts  of  the  chase  ;  game. 

■"  [She]  foUowa  other  game  aud  venery." 

Spenser:  F.  Q.,  I.  vi.  22. 

3.  A  kennel  for  hunting-dogs. 

"The  I'fiiery,  where  the  be.iglo^  aud  bounds  are 
kept,"— rr?i(/m/-r     t:iil>tlins.  bk.  i  ,  th.  Iv. 

ven  -  e  -  sec'  -  tion,      ven-ss-sec'-tion,   ^^■ 

(Lat.  i'e?wi  =  a  vein,  and  sectio=^a  cutting, 
from  seco  =  to  cut.]  The  act  or  operation  of 
opening  a  vein  for  the  purpose  of  letting 
blood ;  blood-letting,  phlebotomy, . 

"  If  the  iuflainmatioa  be  auilden.  after  evacuation 
by  lenient  piirgiitives,  or  a  clyster  and  venesection, 
have  recourse  to  anodynes." — Wiseman  :  Snrfferi/. 

Ve-ne'-tian,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  vinetien;  Ital. 
vetteziaiio ;  Sp.  veiieciuiw,  from  Lat,  Vene- 
tia  =  the  country  of  the  Vencti.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  city  or 
province  of  Venice,  in  Northern  Italy. 

B,  A»  S'uhstantive : 

L  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Venice. 
2.  A  Venetian-blind.    {Colloq.) 


'X  (PL):  A  peculiar  fnHliion  of  hose  or 
breeche.'j,  originally  intnuhiceil  from  Venice. 

■"ro  make  !••■>>•■(, -in*  lUiwu  Ik-Iow  the  Rnrtor." 

Ilaringtoii      Afiir/rami.  i.  2o. 

Venetian-arohltcoture,  ".  A  variety 
of  till-  (iotliie  style,  of  wliii-h  examples  ai-c 
found  mainly  in  palaces  which  form  a  cIosh 
apart  amongst  buildings  constru<-t<!d  in  the 
Italian  Gothic  style.  In  these  palaee.<*  the 
arches  of  the  windows  and  halls  n-st  uy>on 
shafts,  anrl  terminate  in  intricate  dedigiis  of 
open  tmeery  work,  a.s  in  the  case  of  the  cele- 
brated Pahire  of  tlie  Dtiges.  The  arches  have 
a  wavy  shajte,  whieh  gives  them  an  oriental 
apiiearanc»\  The  enriclinients,  moreover,  dis- 
play, as   they  usually  do  in   Italy,  different 


VENETIAN    ARCHITt-MTTURE. 
(Arcitde  fi'om  the  Doges'  Pal.'ice,  Venice.) 

mode  of  treatment  from  that  which  prevails 
elsewhere  in  the  Gothic  style.  The  corners  of 
tlie  facades  are  marked  by  slender  shafts 
twisted  like  cables.  The  mouldings  and  ctu'- 
nice  consist  merely  of  narrow  bands,  which 
generally  rest  on  consoles.  A  method  of 
decoration  peculiar  to  these  bnildings  ai>- 
Iiears  to  have  been  borrowed  from  Byzantine 
models ;  fine  marbles  of  variou.s  cokturs,  c»f 
which  red  porphyry  and  green  serpentine  are 
the  most  frequent,  are  inserted  in  circular  and 
angular  panels  and  borderings,  and  form  a 
sort  of  mosaic- work.  This  style  of  ornamenta- 
tion is  employed  both  in  churches  ami  palaces. 
[Renaissani-e-architectuke.] 

Venetian-ball,  s.  An  orDameutal  form 
of  glass  for  paper-weights,  &c.  It  ctmsists  of 
waste  pieces  uf  liligree-glass  conglomerated 
together  in  a  bulb  of  clear  flint-glass. 

Venetian-blind,  s.  A  louvre  shutter  f.r 
blind  made  of  slats  with  spaces  between  them 
to  admit  air.  In  some  cases  the  slats  are 
fixed  at  a  certain  angle  in  the  shutter;  in 
other  cases  they  are  movable,  to  allow  the 
passage  of  more  or  less  air  and  light.  The 
susi>eiided  blind  has  cords  for  support,  and 
others  for  changing  the  position.s  ot  the  slats. 

Venetian-carpet,  s.  A  carjwt  whose 
warp  or  chain  is  of  worsted,  and  generally 
arranged  in  stripes  of  different  colours.  The 
shoot,  which  is  generally  black,  is  concealed, 
and  the  warp  exposed  on  the  two  surfaces. 
The  weft  is  sometimes  of  dillereiit  colours,  and 
thus  producing  a  plaid  ov  check  pattern.  By 
the  suitable  arrangement  of  the  luddles,  a  twill 
may  be  given.  Tlie  ordinary  loom  suffices,  as 
no  figures  are  raised. 

Venetian-chalk,  .s.  The  same  as  French 

CHALK  (q.v.). 

Venetian- door.  .^.  A  door  with  long, 
narn»\v  sideliL^hls  for  lighting  a  lobby,  e»- 
trane.'-liall,  Ac. 

Venetian  glass,  s.    [Venetian- ball.] 

Venetian-red,  s.  True  Venetian  red  is 
•said  to  1h;  a  native  ochre,  but  the  colours  sold 
under  this  name  are  prepared  artifieially  from 
suljiliate  of  iron,  or  its  residuum  in  the  manu- 
facturing of  acids.  They  are  all  of  redder 
and  deeper  hues  than  light  red,  are  very  per- 
manent, and  have  all  the  properties  of  good 
ochres.  Scarlet  ochre,  Prussian  red,  English 
red,  and  rouge  de  Mars  are  other  names  for 
the  same  pigment, 

Venetian  School,  £. 

I'lniit.:  A  schnni  nf  painting  which  arose 
aiiil  declined  in  tlie  sixteenth  century,  and  of 
which  Titian  (1477-167li)  is  eonsidered  the 
founder.  Among  its  other  masters  were 
Ginrgione  (1477-lMl),  Tintoretto  (lOl'J-lSW), 
and   Paul  Veronese  (1528-1581).    The  distiii- 


boil,  boy ;  poiit,  j^^l ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bengh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
~«ian.  -tian  =  shain.    -tion,  -sion  -  shiin;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  Ae.  -  bel,  dcL 


424 


veney— venomed 


;:ul(iliin^  cliiinicti'riiilif.s  nf  tliis  m-bool  wi-ic  a 
iniut<-rv  of  colour  and  a  coiminninate  know- 
leJ^c  of  oliiiiru-oHruru. 

Venetian -white*  .^  AcarefuIly-prop:iriil 

carbotiattr  "f  lvm\. 


A  window  with 


-  A  brokeu   livnd."— Aeuitm.  4t  Fl9t. : 


Venetian -window*  i 

tliffL'  M-jMirati*  li>.'lits. 

'v6n'-ei^.  '  v6n'-n*,  •  ven-ew»  >.  [Vesck.] 
An  assjiult  «r  utlacK  in  feneiiiK,  or'  tlie  like  ; 
soun-timcs  a|>i)li»Hi  to  n  tliniHt  «ti  liit. 

"rUyiiiK  At  Bwurtl  lunl  ihi^vr  wltli  a  niiwter  of 
irlice;  thr«p  Ptf-.ii>k«  fur  n  ilknU  uf  itU-nod  Jirtiiic*."— 
MdAMp.     JVrrry  iTwfm  qf  WUitUor.  I.  1. 

•il  h'eney  at  tfosten  :  A  bout  at  cudgols. 

"  To  iiUy  bitlf  a  duxeu  i>#nlcj  at  tp<ttlert  with  k  uoott 
(rnoir  Vo         '-  •         *       •  '     "  •    "■  -       ^'  ■■ 

iitUr,  iv, 

'  VOnKO,  v.t.  [Ft.  rc«i;er»  from  Lat.  vcndUo, 
vindu:'}  —  Ui  lay  claim  to,  to  avenge;  Sp. 
r<w)ar;  Ital.  v€ngiare.\    [Vin'dk'ate.] 

1.  To  avenge. 

"I  Mil  OOinlDgOll 

\ak9tp. :  Bcnr;/  I'.,  i.  2, 

2.  To  revenge. 

"The  bext  way  bi  rtriiirc  my  Olo'stor  nde&tli.  " 

Shakeap. :  Jltchard  It.,  i.  2. 

'  v6nge'-a-ble.  'veng'-i-ble.  o.     [Eng. 

vnup-  ;  -'thU ,) 

1.  Ri-vt-ngfful. 

"AtUJiu  vengenhlt  in  wToXh."— Chaucer :  Teftamcnt 
<tf  Lovf. 

2.  Deserving  of  being  avenged  or  revenged  ; 
calling  for  levenge. 

"  Upuii  myself  that  veixgeablc  illapigfat 
Tu  puiiiah."  Si>en»er :  F.  V-.  H-  iv-  3"- 

3.  Veiy  great,  exceedingly  great,  strong,  or 
intense.     (Vengeance,  H  'A.] 

"A  voiigibU  fellow  lii  liiikiug  matters  together."— 
r.  IIMand  :  Camdfii. 

•  venge'-a-bly, '  venge-a-bUe»  adr.  [En^'. 

irn(irab(h)  ;  -ly.]     In  revungi-. 

"Ami  ri'npoafilie  have  brent  a  great  towne  of  miue 
Inheritiiiii::*  lo  iit:tii."—Boliiu!ted  :  Chronudct  of  Ire- 
latut\hi\.  1421). 

venge  -an9e,  '  Teng-annce*  *  venge- 
aiince.  *  ven-i-aunce»  .<.  [Fr.  rengmnce, 
Ironi  WJi^er  =  to  avenge,  to  venge  (q.v.).] 

1.  Punishment  inflicted  in  return  for  an 
injury  orofTenoe.  It  generally  implies  a  feel- 
ing of  indignation  on  the  part  of  the  per.son 
inHicting  it,  together  with  more  or  les.s  justice 
in  the  nature  of  the  punishment  inflicted.  It 
may  be  also  inflicted  for  wrong  or  injury  done 
to  uthers. 

"  Should  ii)tennitl«<J  vengeance  arm^  again 
Hie  red  light  h.iiid  to  jiln^ue  us." 

Milton:  F.L..  ii.  ITS. 

*  2.  Harm,  miscrhief  or  evil  generally. 

•■  Wliiles  the  eVe  of  mau  did  woo  me, 
Thiit  would  ilo  no  vcnffeanre  to  me." 

.Shakesp.:  Ak  Vou  Liki:  If.,  iv.  :i. 

If  (1)  Hence,  used  as  an  oath,  curst-,  or  im- 
jireuation— 

"A  vi-nrjenncc  on  't,  there  "t  ia,"— Siafoap,  .■  Tun 
Ocnrlemen,  ii.  3. 

Similarly  in  the  phrases,  Ifhat  a  vengeance! 
IVhnt  the  vni/jmncc!  equivalent  to  What  the 
deuce!  What  the  mischief! 

"  WluU  tJtevetigcancc! 
Could  lie  not  apeak 'em  fair?" 

SltaixBp.  :  Coriotanut,  iil.  1. 

(2)  With  a  i-engeance  :  With  excessive  vehe- 
mence, violence,  force,  or  the  like. 

*  3.  Used  adverbially  =  exceedingly. 

"That*  a  brave  fellow;  but  he's  vouneance  proud, 
Jind  loves  not  the  commou  people." — Shaketp. :  Corio- 
tanut, 11.  c. 

*  Tenge'-an9e-lj^p  adv.  [Eng.  ve7igeanc4:  ; 
-/tf.j  Extremely,  excessively;  with  a  ven- 
geancf, 

■'  He  loves  Hint  venu'nnceli/." 

lieaiim.  &  FM.  :  l'ropheU:u,  1.  3. 

•  Tenge'-ful.  *  venge'-fuU,  a.    [Eng.  renge  ; 

-fnU.\     Vintlictive,  revengeful,  retributive. 
"The  rjittliug  tijrron*  of  the  rimg^ul  8uake." 

(iithismUh :  DaerUd  Village. 

•  venge -ful-ly,  (ulv.      [Eng.   vengeful;  -lif.] 

Ill  ;i  vtn^.liil  itr  vindictive  manner ;  vindic- 
tively, ivveiig.jfiilly. 

*  venge '-fal-nes8,  s.    [Eng.  vtugefvl;  -ncss.] 

Vindictiveness,  revi-ngefulness. 

"The  two  victim B  of  hln  niiuhiess  or  of  liia  venffr/al- 
nett  were  removed  t"  the  Loudon  Hospital."— i5Bilv 
T'leffru/ih.  JHUe22,  1886. 

*  venge' -ment,  5.  [O.  Fr.]  Avengement, 
retribution,  revenge. 

"  III  rriifit-tncnt  of  lier  Miother'fl  great  dijtifiace." 

SpenstT     /'.  v.,  IV    vii.  30. 


*veng-er,  ?.     lEng.  nng(();  .<t.]    One  wle. 
.■tvt-nges  or  revenges  ;  an  avenger. 

■  His  lilordlng  heart  In  in  the  vrtnger't  hand." 

Spenser:  F.  Q.,  I.  Hi.  20. 

■  venR'-er-ess,  s.      [Eng.   vengcr;    -ess,]     A 
fenuue  avenger. 

"  Thi-  Hire*  goddei»se«  nud  renfftreut*  of  felonies."— 
Chaiu-i'r    Hoeciut,  bk.  llf. 

•  veng-i-ble,  a.    [Venoeable.] 

'  ve'-ni-a-ble,  «.       IKat.    venia  =  pardon.] 
[Venial!)    Venial,  pardonable,  excusable. 

"More  iH-niitbl*  is  a  dopendaiice  upon  thephiloso. 
pher'B  atone."- firou'nc  .'  Vutgar  Krrourt,  ok.  iii.. 
ch.  xii. 

*  ve'-ni-a-blS^,  adv.     [Eng.  veniah{le);  -hj.] 

In  a  venial  manner;  pardonably,  excusably, 
veniably. 

ve'-ni-alt  •  ve-nl-aU, «.  & «.    [O.  Fr.  vcnitdf 
from    Lat.    vcniali^t,    from    venia  =  favour, 
pardon  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  venial;  Ital.  venialc] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  That  may  be  pardoned  or  forgiven  ;  par- 
donable ;  not  unpardonabh;,  sinful,  or  wrong. 

2.  Excusable;    that    may  be  excused,  for- 
given, or  allowed  to  pass  uncensured. 

"  So  they  do  nothing,  't  is  a  venial  slip-' 

Jifuikt:sp. ;  Othello,  iv.  1. 

"3.  Allowed,  permitted. 

'"Permitting  him  the  while 
Venial  discourse  unblain'd."        MUto7i :  P.  L.,  ix.  5. 

■*  B.  Assubst.  :  A  venial  sin  or  oftence. 


of  dimiuutlon. "—/(/).  Hall:  I'iMuasive  frirm  Poperie. 

venial-sln,  s. 

Roman  Theol.  :  A  sin  which  is  not  again.st 
the  end  of  the  law,  i.e.,  the  love  of  God  ;  a 
disease  of  the  soul,  not  its  death.  Some  .sins, 
though  mortal  in  their  nature,  are  held  to  be 
venial  if  not  done  deliberately,  and  if  the 
amount  of  harm  done  is  small,  e.g.,  in  the 
case  of  small  theft.  There  are  two  classes  of 
venial  sins,  deliberate  and  indeliberate.  Ca- 
suists speak  with  much  caution  on  this  sub- 
ject, and  declare  that  the  distinction  between 
mortiU  and  venial  sins  in  many  cases  must 
rest  solely  on  the  judgment  of  God.  [Mortal- 
sin.] 

*  ve-ni-al'-i-ty,  *  ve-ni-al-i-tie,  s.  [Eng. 
■irniat;  -ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
venial,  pardonable,  or  excusable. 

"  They  palliate  wickednesae  with  the  f aire  pretence 
'■i  I'l-nialltie." — Up.  Hall:  .S'cr/non  at  Weslmirtstcr, 
April  6,  1C26. 

*  ve'-ni-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  venxaJ-;  -hj.]  In  a 
venial  n'lanner  or  degree ;  paixlonably,  ex- 
cusably. 

"Hesinnetb  venially." — Cluiucer:  Parson's.  Tale. 

ve'-ni-^l-ness,  5.  [Eng.  venial ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  venial ;  veniality. 

'  ven-i-aunce,  s.    [Venoeance.] 

Ven'-x^e,  s.    [See  def.] 

Ocoij. :  A  city  or  province  in  the  north  <if 
Italy. 

Venice -glass,  s.  A  glass  cup  or  gublet 
of  the  i;irisT  ]iurity,  so  named  from  being 
raanutaeturLd  near  Venice.  They  were  believed 
to  be  so  exquisitely  sensitive  tliat  they  would 
fly  to  pieces  if  poison  were  put  into  them. 

Venice-turpentine,  ^^. 

Chem. :  A  ropy  liquid,  colourless  or  brown- 
ish, inclining  to  green,  having  an  unpleasant 
odour  and  bitter  taste.  It  is  obtained  from 
Terchinthlna  venetia,  and  is  said  to  be  con- 
tained in  peculiar  sacs  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  stem.  According  to  Unverdorben  it  con- 
tains in  the  fresh  state  two  different  oils,  one 
easily  becoming  resinous,  also  two  acid  resins, 
a  neutral  resin  and  succinic  acid. 

*  ven-ie,  t'.^   [Venge.]  To  avenge,  to  revenge. 

"He  shitU  venie  the  blood  of  his  Beruauntis."— !(>- 
i:liffc  :  2  S/accabccs  xxxii.  43. 

■  ven-i-er,  s.    [Venie,]    An  avenger. 

•*  Whether  ye  ben  the  venicris  of  Baal."— IC^cittfl- , 
Judges  vi.  31. 

ven-il'-i-a,  s.     [Lat. ;  (1)  the  name  of  the 

mother  of  Turnus  {ViTgil:  jEiieid  x.  V6) ; 
(2)  of  the  wife-  of  Jason  {Ovid :  Met.,  xiv.  :J34.).  J 
Entom. :  A  genus  of  Geometer  Moths,  family 
Ennomidie.  The  antennse  simple  in  the  males  : 
fore  wings  slightly  indented  below  the  tip ; 
liind  wings  entire.  Veriilia  mactdafa  is  tin; 
sole  European  species. 


ven-ime, 


[Venom.] 


ve-nir-e  de  no'-vo,  phr.    [Lat. =  to  come 
anew  or  afresh. J 
L'nr :  (See  extract). 
",\  vi-nire  tie  twvo  i«  the  old  coinnioii  law  mode  of 

iiroL-etnling  to  a  eecoud  trial,  auil  dilleiH  materially 
roiu  a  u«w  trial,  which  is  granted  only  for  mutter 
entirely  extrinaic  of  the  record.  It  in  where  soniu 
defect  appears  on  the  facfi  of  the  record  itself  that  ^ 
venire  de  nupo,  as  it  is  ualled,  is  awarded ;  tliia  t«riii 
being  derived  from  the  name  of  the  ancient  Jury  pro- 
cess, which,  ill  this  instance,  was  awitrdeil  afresh,  m 
dc  nopit.  And  thin  dilTeru  in  effect  nUo  from  a  new 
trial,  for  here  no  coHts  am  be  given,  nor  conditiouK 
imiioeed  on  either  party,  it  being  ordinarily  awarded 
where  the  tlndiug  of  tlie  verdict  i8  defective."— Bf'icfc- 
stone  :  Comment.,  Lik,  iil..  ch.  14. 

ve-nir-e  l&''9i-^s,  ve-nir'-e,  i^hr.    [Lat. 

=  that  you  cause  to  come.] 

Xaiw  :  A  writ  or  precept  directed  to  the 
sherifl"  requiring  him  to  cause  a  jui-y  to  come 
or  appear  in  the  neighbourhood  where  a  cause 
is  brought  to  issue  to  try  the  same.  This 
writ  was  abolished  in  185*J,  but  the  precept 
issued  by  the  justices  of  assize  which  i.s  sub- 
stituted is  sometimes  loosely  spoken  of  as  a 
venire. 

"When,  therefore,  an  issue  is  joined,  the  court 
awards  a  venire  facias  vi  pou  tho  roll  or  record  in  these 
words:  'Thereforu  leta  jiu'y  come.  &c.;'  wliich  award 
of  the  ve/iire  is  the  authority  to  the  sherifT  to  summon 
the  jury,  which,  in  all  coiuities,  exi-ept  London  and 
Middlesex,  he  now  does  on  receiving  a  precept  issued 
to  him  for  that  purixise  by  the  judges  of  assize."— 
BUicks/OTtc :  Commenf-,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  Tit. 

ven'-i-i^6n  (or  ven'-§6n),  ven-e-son, 
*ven-el-son,  *ven-ey-sun,  'ven-y- 
SOn,  "  ven-y-SOUn,  s.  &.  «.  [O.  Fi-.  veneison 
(Fr.  veTiaison)  =  venison,  from  Lat.  vemt 
tionem,  accus.  of  venatio  —  a  hunting,  (2)  that 
which  is  hunted,  game,  from  venatus,  pa.  jKir. 
of  renor  =  to  hunt.  Venison  and  venation  are 
thus  doublets.] 

A*  As  substantive : 

1.  The  fiesli  of  such  wild  animals  as  are 
taken  in  the  chase  and  used  for  human  food. 
(Now  restricted  to  the  flesh  of  animals  of  the 
deer  kind.) 

"We  were  ao  desirous  of  their  (the  goats']  flesh, 
which  we  all  agi'eed  much  resembled  reninon.  that  we 
got  knowledge,  I  believe,  of  all  their  herde."— .4n«0M  ■ 
Yogages,  bk.  ii..  ch.  i. 

*  2.  Beasts  of  tlie  chase  ;  game. 

"But  therein  is  oenyson  and  other  wylde  beeates, 
fowle.  and  fysshe  great  pleute." — Fabi/an  :  Chroni/el^. 

p.  168. 

B.  As  adj. :  Made  of  venison. 

"  We  have  a  hotve7iison  pasty  to  dinner.  ■■—S7jatc«jo..- 
Merrg  Wives,  i.  i. 

ve-ni'-te,  s.    [Lat.  =  Come  ye,  the  initial  word 
of  the  Psalm  in  question.] 
Ecclesiastical  : 

1,  Psalm  xcv.  used  as  the  canticle  immedi- 
ately preceding  the  Psalms  in  tlie  order  of 
Morning  Prayer,  except  on  Easter  day  and 
on  the  nineteenth  day  of  the  month, 

2.  A  musical  .setting  of  the  same. 

ven'-om, '  ven-ime,'  ven-ome,*  ven-ym, 
*ven-ynie,  s.  &-«.  (O.  Fr.  vcnlmlVr.  imiin), 
from  Lat.  rc}tcnum=  poison.    For  the  change 

of  Ii  to  »t,  cf.  vcllam.'} 
A.  As  substaTitive : 
I.  LiteToXly  : 

1.  Poison  generally.  (Now  only  u.sed  in  this 
sense  in  poetry.) 

'■  If  theidiyukeu  ouy  ven/zm  it sch.i.1  notnoye  hem." 
—  Wi/eliffe:  J/arkxvL 

2.  The  poisonous  fluid  secreted  by  animals 
in  a  state  of  health,  and  introduced  into  the 
bodies  of  their  victims  by  biting,  as  in  the 
case  of  serpents,  or  by  stinging,  as  in  the  case 
of  scorpions,  &c. 

"  For  venome  .a  nniall  green  snake  is  bid  enough." — 
Dampier  :  Voyages  {ah.  1G90) 

II.  Fig. :  Anything  that  poisons,  blights, 
cankers,  or  cmbittiers ;  hence,  spit-e,  malig- 
nity, virulence. 

•■  The  venom  of  such  looks." 

Shakcep..'  Henry  V„  v.  2. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Venomous,  poisonous. 

•'  Infect  fair  founts  with  vunom  mud." 

.SJiakesp. :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  850, 

venom  -  mouthed,  a.    Venomous;  full 

of  venom  ;  spitelul. 

'■  This  butcher's  cur  is  vcnom-mouthed." 

Shakesp.  :  Henry  VIIJ.,  i.  1. 

'  ven'-om,  ct.  &■  i.    [Vekom,  s.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  infect  with  venom  ;  to  en- 
venom, to  poison. 

"  For  men,  that  l>en  venf/med,  thoig  grases  of  Yrlond 
Y-dronkeheljethy-cIansed  sone.tnoru  Code's  sonde.' 
Hoher'-  of  (iloueester,  p.  iS. 


fate,  fat»  fare,  amldsti  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine.  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine;  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    se.  oe  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


venomed— vental 


425 


B*  Intraius. :  To  become  as  it"  infected  with 
venom. 

■'  Tiike  out  the  teiu]>oml  stliiB,  that  it  ahull  not 
i>cri.i>ii  mill  (oatcr. ■■— ^r('«iny  Tajflor:  Ouctor  Dubilan- 
fiitm. 

ven'-omed.  '  ven-ymed.  a.    [Eng.  venom ; 

-eA.]     Envt'iiuiiieil,  poisonous,  poisoned. 

"  Ht-r  litis)i:iiiil  .  .  .  liml  (.vitolieil  a  great  wimnii*-  in 
Ills  iiriiif  witlia  vrnomal  ^swoiile."— rit«<  ;  ItittructioH 
o/u  Chrintiiiii  Wuinan.  l>k.  il..  ch.  iv. 

ven'-om-ous,    ven'-e-mous,  *ven'-i- 

moiiSt  ".  (O.  Fr.  rt:ninu-HX,  from  Lsit. 
nut'uosiui  =  poisonous,  from  verieiium  = 
poison.] 

I.  Lit.  :  Full  of  venom  or  poison ;  noxious 
or  fatal  to  animal  life  fiom  venom  ;  poison- 
ous, envfiiomeil. 

"  Beyiiiul  it  ia  the  [wrt  AcontJ.  curaed  for  the  otinem- 
oiis  hi-nvb  ami  pui.soiioiis  AL-oiiituin,  whioli  titketh 
iirtuie  thereof."— y.  Holland:  PUnie,  bk.  vi.,  ch.  i. 

II.  Fiijnmtivcbj : 

1.  Piun-eedin;;  fi'om  or  devised  by  a  malig- 
nant spirit ;  malicious,  envenomed. 

"The  God  of  truth  defend  yoii,  and  hH  other  that 
maintain  his  truth,  from  the  renomous  poyson  of 
\y:t,v»."—Strf/t>o :  JCrcles.  Metn.  (an.  155C), 

2.  Designing  niisidiicf;  malignant,  spiteful, 
malicious. 

"  He  kiioweth  thys  forvery  suretye,  and  is  of  malyce 
so  voiemntm  and  ennioua,  that  he  hud  leuor  douhle  his 
own  iu»yn.  than  siirt'er  vs  to  scape  from  iiain."— .S(V  T. 
Murt' :    WorkeS,  p.  78, 

'  3.  Hurtful,  injurious,  noxious,  pernicious. 

"  Thy  tears  are  . . .  veniommitt  to  thine  eyea." 

shakfsp.  :  Coriolaniu,  iv.  I. 

venomous  -  colubrines.  s.  pi.    [Pko- 

TEKtiiiLVt'HIA.] 

ven'-dm-OUS-ly»  ndv.  [Eng.  venovioxis;  •hj.'\ 
III  a  venomous  manner;  malignantly,  mali- 
ciously, spitefully. 

"  His  pr.iise  of  foes  is  vi'iiomoituli/  nice." 

DryUrn  :  Uind.  A  J'unther,  iii.  1.152. 

ven'-  dm  -  oils  -  ness,  s.  [Eng.  venomous ; 
-luss.]  Tlio  quality  or  state  of  being  venom- 
ous ;  poisonousness,  malignity,  malicious- 
ness, spite  fulness. 

ve'-ndse*  o.    IVenous.] 

Hot.  (Of  a  l&tf):  Retirulated  ;  having  tlie 
lateral  veins  variously  divided. 

U  Indirectly  venose  (Of  a  leaf):  Having  the 
lateral  veins  combined  within  the  margin, 
antl  emitting  other  little  veins. 

ve-nos'-i-ty,  s.    [Eng.  venos(€)  ;  -ity.] 

*  1.  (h'it.  Lang.  :  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  venous. 

2.  I'dth.  :  A  somewhat  morbid  condition  in 
which  the  blood  apjiears  to  move  more  slowly 
than  usual,  all  being  more  venous,  and  having 
the  specilically  venous  blood  in  larger  i)ro- 
portiou  than  in  a  state  of  perfect  health. 

ve'-noiis,  a.  [Lat.  reuosus,  from  vena  —  a 
vein.) 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  vein  or  veins  ;  con- 
tained in  tlie  veins. 

"The  respinitory  organs  receive  venous  and  return 
ai'terial  blood  iuto  the  Reneral  circulation  without  its 
paitsing  through  the biauchia; orgills,"— /'leW,  Sept. 25. 

188C. 

2.  Consisting  of  veins :  as,  the  CL'iinii.-i 
system. 

venous-blood,  s. 

Aii'it.  il-  I'lnifU't. :  Blood  from  the  veins.  It 
is  iif  a  purple  colour  through  deficiency  of 
the  ha-moglobiu.  It  contains  eight  to  twelve 
\n'r  cent,  less  oxygen  and  six  per  cent,  more 
carbon  dioxide  than  arterisd  blood. 

venous-pulse,  s. 

I'lin^iiil.  :  A  irclili-  pulsu  or  pulsation  occur- 
ring in  ceitaiu  circumstances  in  some  of  the 
larger  veins. 

vent  (1),  '  fent. "  fente,  *  vente»  s.    [Prop. 

;.((/,  trniii  O.  Fr.  fente^a  cleft,  rift,  chink,  nr 
slit.  froMi>i«^c(l.at.;i((rfo)=  to  cleave.  The 
wurd  is  i)o)iuIarly  connected  with  Fr.  veiU  — 
wind,  as  if  it  were  a  liole  to  allow  the  passage 
of  air  or  wind.  J 

•  1.  A  slit  at  the  collar  of  a  dress,  closed 
by  a  brooch,  serving  for  convenience  in  ])ut- 
ting  on  a  robe  so  fashioned  as  to  fit  closely 
round  tlie  neck. 

"  The  eoller  and  the  vetitf.' 

Cliauccr:  Aascmbl<re of  LadUs.  Ixxvi. 

2.  Applied  generally  to  a  small  aperture  or 
opening. 

"  How  thy  wounds  bled  at  many  vents." 

Sh'tKftp.  .   Troi/us  <t  CreifUln,  v.  S. 


3.  More  especially  a  small  aperture  or  open- 
ing for  the  pHssage  of  air. 

"  To  make  uioro  vent  for  luiMUiKe  of  her  hreath. 
Which,  tln'ontfiug  through  her  lilts,  hh  vanlnheth 
Am  smoke."  Shakc/ip. :  Jiupe  (if  /.itcrvcc.  1,0<0. 

4.  Applied  specilically  to— 

(1)  Tlio  opening  in  the  top  of  a  barrel  to 
allow  jir  to  [ui-ss  in  as  the  liquid  is  drawn  out. 

1[  In  the  following  quotation  it  seems  to 
mean  a  vent-peg  (.q-^-)- 

"  To  draw  aiiy  drink,  he  not  at  tho  trouble  of  ojien- 
ini;  a  vent;  or.  if  you  take  out  the  vcut,  stay  uot  to 
put  it  in."Sioift :  Inttmctionn  Co  tSerDiint*. 

(2)  Arch. :  A  crenelle,  or  loophole,  in  an 
embattled  wall. 

(:i)  Oriln.  :  The  priming  and  tiring  ai>ertui*e 
of  a  gun  ;  it  is  jths  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
"  They  at  once  their  reeda 
I'ut  forth  ;  and  to  a  narrow  I'ttnt  appli'd 
With  nicest  toucli."        .Miltun  :  P.  i..  vL.  663. 

'  (4)  The  flue  or  funnel  of  a  chimney. 

"The  scene  presented  itselfe  in  a  square  and  tliit 
upright,  like  to  the  side  of  a  city:  the  top  tlicreof, 
above  the  vent  and  crest,  adorn'd  with  houBcs,  towers, 
und  Htecplen,  sot  olV  in  i)rospective."— fl<,-<i  Jonsoit  : 
K.  JavK's'  Kiitertaimiiviit. 

(!})  Found. :  The  term  employed  to  compre- 
hend the  channels  and  passages  by  which  the 
air,  or  gases,  escape  from  the  mould. 

(0)  Steam-hoilers :  The  sectional  area  of  the 
passage  for  gases,  divided  by  the  length  of 
the  sanm  area  in  feet,    (fioodrich.) 

(7)  The  anus ;  the  opening  at  which  the 
excrements,  especially  of  birds,  reptiles,  and 
lishcs,  are  discharged. 

5.  A  means  or  place  of  discharge  ;  an  outlet. 

"  I>:uid-f1ood3  are  a  great  improveioeut  of  land, 
whi-re  a  vent  can  l>e  hm."— Mortimer  :  nuebundri/. 

'  0.  Discharge  ;  emission. 

"  Here  on  his  breast 
There  is  a  vent  of  blood." 

Shakesp.:  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  v.  2. 

7.  Utterance,  expression,  publication. 

"  Free  cent  of  words  love's  fire  doth  assuage." 

Shakesp.  :   Venus  &  Adonis,  334. 

8.  Scent ;  the  odour  left  on  the  ground  by 
which  an  animal's  track  is  followed.  [Fr.  vent 
=  breath,  scent.] 

^  (1)  To  ijive  vent  to:  To  suffer  to  escape; 
to  k(;e]»  no  longer  pent  up  :  as,  To  ijive  cent  to 
one's  leeliugs. 

"(2)  To  take  vent:  To  become  public  or 
known. 

"  It  failed  by  Irtte  setting  out,  and  Bome  contrariety 
of  weather,  whereby  the  particular  design  took  vent 
hefore  h;uid." — Wotlon. 

vent-astragals,  s.pL 

Onlii.  :  The  imarnling  round  the  gun  on  one 

side  of  tlie  v-Mit-lield. 

vent-bit,  -•<.  An  auger  for  clearing  the 
vi.'ut  ol'  :i  gun. 

vent-cock,  s.  A  contrivance  fur  admit- 
ting air  tti  a  vessel  from  which  liquid  is  to  be 
drawn,  or  for  permitting  the  escape  of  gas. 

vent-cover,  ^■.  A  rectangular  piece  of 
bather  plaot^d  over  the  vent  of  a  cannon  to 
jiicvcnt  access  of  moisture. 

vent'fctucet,  5.  An  instrument  which 
may  ;ict  as  a  vunt-hole  borer  or  a  faucet  to 
diaw  a  portion  uf  liquor  from  the  vessel. 

vent-fcather,  ^^  One  of  the  feathers  of 
a  bird  whicli  be  from  the  vent  or  amis  to  the 
tail  undi'iiieath. 

vent-field,  s. 

Ordn. :  The  raised  tablet  in  the  metal  neai- 
the  breech  of  a  gun,  in  which  the  vent  is 
bored. 

vent-hole,  •>. 

1,  Tlie  .s;nueas  Vent(1),  6-.,  4.  (1). 

2.  A  vent  or  outlet  for  air  or  gases. 

"  For.  the  town  and  temple,  as  we  observed,  were 
sealed  on  a  biao  :uid  hollow  rock  ;  whicli  would  here 
.■md  there  aflbrd  vejtt-holex  for  auch  fumes  as  generated 
within  to  transpire." — Warburlon  :  Julian,  bk.  ii., 
cli.  vi. 

vent-peg,  a.    A  peg  to  stop  a  vent-hole 

in  a  cask. 

vent-piece,  ;;. 

Ordnarice : 

(1)  A  ]dug  of  copper  containing  the  vent, 
and  screwed  into  its  position  in  the  gun. 

(2)  The  block  which  closes  the  rear  of  the 
bore  in  a  bieeeh-loader. 

vent-pin,  s.    Thesameas  VENT-PEa(q.v.), 

vent-pipe,  s.    An  escape-pipe  for  air  or 

steani. 


vent  plug,  >.  .\  stopper  for  the  vent  of 
a  ^nn. 

vent-poncll.  •;.  A  pum-h  made  (jf  sUel, 
slightly  fi-ss  in  (liani'tn  tlian  tlie  vent,  and 
used  fur  clearing  the  vent  when  it  has  Im-- 
(■iinir  loul  nr  si-aly. 

vent-Stopper,  .  .\  plug  or  tap  tu  close 
the  vriitdu>l.-. 

vent-wlre,  v. 

Found. :  A  longstf.-l  wire,  one  endof  whirli 
tt;iniinab's  In  a  bow  and  tlic  other  in  a  shai  j> 
point.  It  is  used  for  giving  vent  to  green  and 
dry  sand-moulds. 

'  vent  (2),  .s.  [Fr.  i'ejife  =  a  sale,  from  vendTc 
(Lat.  irndo)  —to  sell.  The  word  has  bei'n 
confused  in  its  use  with  vtnt  (1),  s.,  and  Vicnt 
(1),  r. ;  Sp.  cento.] 

1.  Sale;  the  act  of  selling. 

"  He  drew  otfathoUHand  cojtieu  of  u  treatise,  which 
not  one  in  threuflcoru  ciui  underst-nnd,  can  hardly  ex- 
ceed the  vent  of  that  uuml)er."— /*op(j  ,■  Letters.  (7Wd.) 

2.  Ojiportunity  of  selling  ;  market. 

"The  king  might  di>i]>end  a  thouHaiid  marka  titer- 
lin^  a  day,  Huch  cent  of  wooln  htid  the  Ku);lish  nier- 
rhants  in  that  afa\Aon."~Holinnlied  :  Citron.  £'du>.  III. 
(ail.  1355.). 

3.  An  inn  ;  a  baiting-place.    [Venta.] 

"Ho  iierceived  an  inn  nwu-  the  highway  ...  As 
Soon  n&  lie  espied  the  vent,  he  feicned  to  biiuHelf  that 
it  was  a  castle  with  four  turritM."  —  .vfteifo'J  .  Hon 
<luixoti\ 

vent  (1).  v.t.  &  (.      [Vknt  (1),  R.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  let  out  ata  vent  or  small  ajjerture  ;  to 
emit ;  to  give  passage  or  outlet  to. 

"  \\here  air  conte.s  out,  air  conies  in  :  there's  none 
abroitd  so  wholesome  us  that  you  vcnt.'—Hhaketp.  : 
Cynifieline,  i.  2. 

2.  To  keep  no  longer  pent  up  in  one's  mind ; 
to  give  vent  to. 

"  That  fatal  distemiter  which  haa  :Uwaya  taken  a 
particular  jileasure  in  ventiny  itnepiteupoit  the  nose." 
—Tatlcr,  No.  260. 

•^3.  To  utter ;  to  report ;  to  publish. 

"  Their  mind  runs  "nly  after  piirndoifcs  :  these  Ihey 
seek,  these  they  embrace,  theae  alone  they  vent." — 
Locke:  Conduvt  of  tlie  Dnderatanding,  §  2-(. 

'4,  To  putinto  circulation  ;  to  circulate. 

"  When  he  found  ill  money  had  heen  put  mU>  his 
hands,  he  would  never  suU'er  it  to  be  vented  again," — 
/ill  r  lift  :   LifcofUttXe. 

o.  To  scent,  as  a  hound. 

"  When  he  |a  hound]  tsnielletli  or  (tff«f<f/i  auythinf. 
wi;-  .*ty  he  hath  this  or  that  in  the  wind."— y'urierril^'. 

B.  lutrans.:  To  snuff;  to  snort;  to  snuff 
up  or  puff  out  air. 

■'  A  few  auiateur!',  we  are  told,  hmit  the  otter  witli 
lUigs,  which  run  it  to  ground,  and  when,  .titer  heing 
driven  out  into  the  river,  it  rises  to  vent,  it  is  imme- 
diately shotat."— /'i'eW,  Jan.  23,  188C. 

^  To  vent  up  :  To  raise  so  as  to  admit  air. 
"  [Sheloutily  vtnted  ui>  her  uinbrieie." 

Spenser:  F.  (f.^ni.  i.  42. 

•vent  (2),  v.t.     [Vent  (-J),  s,]    To  sell;  to  vend. 

"Therefore  did  those  nations  vent  such  apice,  sweet 
gums,  and  iiearls,  .ta  their  own  coiiutriea  yielde*!."— 
Jinleigh. 

'  ven'-ta,  *■.  ISp.  =  a  .sale,  a  market,  a  mean 
roadside  inn.)  A  mean  inn ;  a  roadside 
tavern.     [Vent  ("2),  ^.J 

vent'-age,  vent'-ige,  s.  (Eng.  n/iUibs. ; 
-((f/r.]  A  >iiia!l  holi-  inr  the  passagtr>if  air;  a 
vent. 

"  Govern  these  t'eutitw*  with  youv  finger  .-uid 
thumb  "Sliiiktsp.  :  lliwtict,  iil.  2. 

•  vi§n'-tail,    *  ven  taile,    '  ven-tayle.   6. 

[O.  Fr.  ventaillv,  IVnin  rnU  (\.nl.  irn(us)  = 
wind.]  The  lower 
tiiovable  part  of 
the  front  of  the 
licluiet,  which  ad- 
mi  tt<d  air  for 
breathing,  the  up- 
per beingthe  visor 
(q.  v.).  It  suc- 
leeded  the  nasal 
of  the  eleventh  vemt^iL^ 
ecntury,  anil  Ihu 
term  was  after- 
wards applied  to 
all  defences  of  the 
face,  whether  a  combination  of  the  mail-hood 
or  a  plate  attached  to  the  front  of  the  helmet. 

"  The  wicked  stroke  .  ,  . 
Her  ventaile  ahar'd  away." 

Spen»cr:  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  Itf. 

*vent'-al,«.  [Lat.  fcnius  =  wind.]  i)f  or 
pertaining  to  the  wind. 

"  The  strange,  ventnt  eccentricities  thai  hud  l^ecn 
oL-fuiTing  on  our  coiLHt*  "—/'<<■?./,  Nov,  H,  isxr 


Cl.O^tU   V1.M. 


boil.  b6y ;  pout,  joSVl ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  ^hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =:  C 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun;  -tio^    sion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.    die,  <tc.  =  bol,  de?, 


r-ic 


*v6ii  ton-n^  *v6n-ta'-na,  s.  [Hp.  mi- 
t.iu.t,     in>t..    Ijti.    ivi-r-i-    -/till-    wiiiU.J      A 

\>ilii|n\v. 

•■  Wlwl  »l»rr  iwwil 
Wa»  (m  Itum  Ibr  rpiiW»«Ha.  wborr  I  •nt."* 

ven  tayle.  j*.    IVistail.! 

•  v6nt  or  (I),  ^.  IKntc.  ith/ (I),  v. ; -ffr.I  One 
\\lu>  \tiil.s  or  givi's  vent  t»>  iiaytliliig;  out- 
wln»  piilili^lii-.s,  ir|>nrtH.  or  litters. 

"Tlir  reuur  of  ttu-iu  <luth  llttir  ■kill  tlit>  iim-  uf 
■l»«ck"— tfoTToic  :  SmiM»ia.  »oI.  I..  •*r.  16. 

Ten -ter  C-*).  *■    l^-at.  =  the  iHUy.l 

1.  .I.to/.  :  Aiiv  lun:"'  cavity  coiitjuniiin  vis- 
fiTi.  Ui-iHi-  tilt'  \wixi\,  tlu-.  thorax,  aiul  tlio 
.lUloiia'ii  wiTi-  falliil  the  Tlint'  Vtiitcrs.  Tlu^ 
U-nn  \vii>  rifrincrlv  ai'plieil  to  (1)  tin-  iittTUs  ; 
(J)  I  hi-  U-Uy  of  a  imiscli'  ;  COtlit-  subscapular 
I'osHtt,  a  hlmllow  concavity  on  tlif  antiTior  sur- 
face of  till'  scapula.  It  TfCfivcs  the  sulwcapu- 
tai'  inuhch'. 

'i.  Knitm. :  Tho  lower  jart  of  the  uhdoineii. 
3.  /.o'r:  The  womb,  and  licnce.  a  ninthor. 

■  A  Iim  Iwuo  U  !i  «oii  mid  C  it  ildUKhtor  by  oiio 
r.»*rr.  aikI  I>  i\  son  Uy  niiothcr  venti-r.  If  B  punrlifiacs 
in  fw.  niiililU-ii  witliuut  bwiie.  It  HlmU  ilwcfiid  to  tlu- 
t-UXfT  mill   luit    t.ithc'    tirotliwr  of  thp  iuilf  blood.  — 

'  ven-tio  -^-lar,  n.  lA  <linun.  froiu  verU  (1), 
s.  I    i-'onHiMtiuK  of  sninll  holes  or  veuts. 

'■  DlnfliiKiiUliwl  from  Kt'U"'"^'  exfuni.k'H  by  the  bo. 
i-.illnl  '  ivntirulnr  perforutloiw  of  tiic  niczail.'  or 
l-n-ntliliw  UAmr^Athfnttwn,  Oct.  14,  IHWi. 

von-ti'diiot,  >■  [Lat.  rcjfduv  =  wind,  and 
tiut.iu.'i  ~  a  passage  ;  dvco  =  to  lead.] 

Arch.  :  A  passage  for  wind  or  air  ;  a  sub- 
l*'rmni'(»us  passage  or  pipe  for  veutilating 
apartments. 

■  IlJivliijt  l>eeii  informed  of  iUver»i'i-iifi*lticrs.  I  wUh 
I  lm«l  Iind  the  Bo«>d  fortuiit,  wlii'n  I  waoiit  Rumo.  to 
lAkc  iioHw  of  tiif-w  oi-gniis.  ■— W(i.v/c. 

vSn'-til,  •  ven  tile,  ■•.  [Oev.,  from  Lat., 
ivi)iu.s=  wiiiii.) 

Af  »>•«■  : 

(1)  A  valve,  by  means  of  which  brass  tubes 
nuiy  W  made  tr»  sound  the  seuutoiies  and 
tones  between  the  natural  open  harmonics. 

(y)  A  mechanical  contrivance  on  an  or-^an 
for  the  purpose  of  cutting  off  the  wind  from  a 
[lartifubi-  souTid-board. 

ven~^  d'-g6»  .'^.  [Lat.  rcntilo  —  to  fan(rp/'/t'N 
=  the  wind),  and  (ian—tt>  tlrive  away.  So 
named  becau-st-  the  fruit  is  winged,  and  is 
scatti-retl  by  the  wind.] 

Hot. :  A  t;enus  of  Rhamuaceie.  Tall  climli- 
ing  shrubs  with  woody  branches,  leathery 
leaves,  and  sniall  panicles  of  flowers.  They 
ai-e  all  frt>iu  the  tmpics  of  the  eastern  hemi- 
NpliLMT.  Vi-iitihi'ju  vuitleniit})atana^  an  cxtrii- 
sive  climber,  with  green,  offensively  smelling' 
llowei-s,  a  native  of  Central  and  Southern  India 
and  Hurniah,  is  said  to  yield  a  yum.  The  root 
I  jirk  yield.s  a  red  dye,  orange  and  chocolate 
with  (>t4lf}ihnidm  umhfUotn,  and  black  with 
•fialis.  The  lihres  of  the  bark  constitute  ex- 
cellent cordage,  and,  according  to  Uuniphius, 
the  Amboyna  lisheruien  employ  the  long 
st'-niN  instead  of  ropes. 

Ventilate,  'ven-ty-late»  r.t.  [i^it.  ren- 
tihiliK.  pa.  ]Mv.  «>f  rtiifiii'  =-  to  blow,  to  win- 
now, to  ventilate,  from  rtH(i(.v  =  wind ;  Fr. 
vvtUUer :  Sp.  &  Port.  iTutilar.] 

*  1.  To  winnow,  to  fan  ;  to  remove  chalf 
from. 

2.  To  blow  upon ;  to  renew  or  refresh  by 
blowing. 

"  rrn'(/ti(oaud  Wiirni  the  swclliiin  hudH," 

CoH'pLi-:  T(t«k,  iii.  4:c. 

3.  To  exiK>se  to  the  frn-  passage  of  air  or 
wind  ;  to  supply  with  fresh  air  and  remove 
vitiatetl  air  from  :  as.  To  vfiitilate  a  room  by 
opening  the  windows. 

•I.  To  expose  to  connuon  or  public  talk  or 
eou>*i<ieratiou ;  to  allow  to  be  discussed 
freely  ;  to  expose  to  examination  and  discus- 
sion. 

"Much  lind  been  lu-nlHatvd  in  in-iviiti"  iliHCouise."— 
Uariufflon  :  Oceana,  p.  'JUi. 

*  ven'-tn-ate,  «.  [Vkntilatk.  r.]  Discussed, 
considered,  ventilated. 

•'Tin...!'  cuuiiwiy]e9  .  .  .  uiru*  t>efore  tniyted.  mid  (it--^ 
I   iiiiKlit  Kjiy)  rfiitilati:"—Kfi/vt:  (loveimour.    bk.   i., 


v6n -tJl  at  ing.  ?»r.  j«Tr.oi 

ventilating  brick,  i 

(q.v.)- 


.  [Vkntilate,  i:] 
A  hollow  brick 


ventanna— ventricous 
ventilating -heater,  ^-.  A  fmni  ^f  stove 

in  uhieh  till'  ail  is  dmwn  fresh  from  the  out- 
sidi-  «-t  111-  I'Uddin^'.  wainu-d  in  the  passitgcs 
1. 1"  the  stove,  iiuil  ihseliaiged  into  tlie  room. 

vdn  til  a  tlon,  ^.  fKr.,  from  Lat.  rentilu' 
tinncm,  accus.  <d"  rmtHittio,  from  ri'ntilatus, 
pa,  im.  of  venlilu  =  U>  ventilate  (q.v.). J 

*  1.  The  act  of  fanning  or  blowing;  the 
stat*^  of  being  fanned  or  blown  on. 

"Tlu*  Hi.ll,  worn  xvith  toe  fif<nn'iit  cuUuiv.  miiat  He 
fidhiw  till  it  hii-H  iccrnUid  tt.i  v>3ibjni»tt!d  miltn,  ;iiid 
nSrtln  I'liilclii'd  lt«*K  by  tbi-  ifntUntivut  of  the  ntr."— 

'1,  The  actof  ventilating;  the  state  of  being 
veutilati'd  ;  the  process  of  removing  vitiated 
air  from  and  supplying  fresh  air  to  rooms, 
buildings,  mines,  and  other  couliued  places, 
so  as  to  nuiiutain  the  atniosiihere  in  such 
places  in  a  constant  state  of  purity.  This 
may  be  effected  cither  hy  withdrawing  the 
foul  air  and  perniittiug  the  fresh  air  follow 
in  and  supplv  its  place  (the  vacuum  process) ; 
or  by  forcing  in  fresh  air  (f the  plenum  pro- 
cess), which  drives  the  foul  air  U-forc  it  to 
the  exit.  A  eombinatiou  of  both  processes  is 
also  used  in  certain  cases. 

"Ill  till.'  ivntilation  nf  minea,  ii  «ei'ip»  of  BhnftH. 
tt'iiiiwl  wliizcs.  ftro  BUiik  from  one  level  to  luiotlur. 
uiTiiilttltiB  till-  itsceut  of  tlie  moiL-  hiKhly  lie;  ttii  :im 
from  iK'tuw,  ciitisiiiff  hu  nsceudinK  current;  mid  tin' 
licsceut  o(  the  cooler  iilr  from  outwide.  wiiirli  tiv. 
voraes  thu  viuiouBgiUlcriea.  iauaujiUy  fouml  siilH.itiit 
111  colli  or  otliei'  liiliU'B  wliere  lai-^f  <in:intiti,>w  i.t 
diiugei-oua  iziiai'H  .ivo  ytiieriitt'd,  this  mt-tlioil  is  iniuli 
<|ii)ite,  iiiul  ;(rtinuial  meims  are  reaoi^it  to  tn  iiiodii>i' 
!i  iimre  uowiTful  iisi-oiiiliiiR  ciivrent,  iiiiil  .  iiiisi-  a  more 
v.iiiid  olrcnlatiou  of  iiir.  Tbu  most  -.imple  nieiiiis  of 
doiin:  this.iiud  th«t  pemTidlvciniiluyid  m  (■oia-iini.fs. 
IB  by  uu-.\\vA  ,.i  tvi.  Hh.-ifts.  Ml  oiu-  i.f  which  :i  HiV  i* 
kent  o|.  ,r,i.iMii_  tl..'  ;u.,  -Aud  i.r..ducini<  ii  wtrmiL' 
drauylii  iihi'li.  I'.  .-.  Ml.- \Mili.ir;i"iil  of  tlie  jur  from 
tbe?"'t  .1  .III  I  ■■  ■/  iIIj  \\liii  h  tlii.s,  Ibf  uiiL-aat  shitft. 
is  I'oiiio  '  !■  ■!    ■     /\u,ji:f      lh<r.  Mcrhiiinm. 

*■  3.  Tlie  act  or  pi-ocess  of  rctVigerating  or 
cooling ;  refrigeration. 

"Procure  the  blood  ii  free  t'oiirae,  ivntilafiori,  and 
tniuflpimtioii,  by  siUtiihle  ivml  eephrnctic  puryes."— 
J/arpti/. 

*  4.  Vent,  utterance. 

"To  his  secretarj".  Dr.  Mason,  uhoio  he  let  lit  In 
Ik  pjdlct  near  him,  for  iiatur:il  v<'ntilation  of  his 
thoaglitii,  he  would  break  out  into  biUcr  eruptions." 
lfo«oT/ :  Life  of  Duke  of  Uuckitiffliam. 

5.  Public  examination;  open  or  free  dis- 
cussion. 

"The I'liitilatloii  which thissuperlativplyimportant 
aiibjeet  is  reeei\  iug."— /Ve?rf,  Dec.  31.  1887. 

'  ven'-ti-lat-xve,  a.  |Eng.  rc»(i?t(/(c):  -ii-e.] 
<)f  or  pertaining  to  ventilation ;  producing 
ventilation  :  as,  vtntilativc  appliances. 

ven'-ti-lat-dr,  .''.  [Lat.  =  a  winnower,  frcnn 
TfutUiitus,  pa.  par.  of  reJi(t/o  =  to  ventilate.] 
An  arrangement  for  supplying  fresh  and  re- 
moving vitiated  air  from  buildings,  niiues, 
and  other  contined  spaces;  specif.,  an  ap- 
paratus made  to  turn  with  the  wind,  and 
placed  in  a  wall  or  roof,  in  order  to  throw  a 
duo  quantity  of  fresh  air  into  a  close  ai'arl- 
nient  or  a  mine.  The  ventilator  for  staeks, 
mows,  and  grauarifs  consists  of  a  perforated 
air-duct  which  allows  the  heated  air  and 
moisture  to  pass  off.  The  ventilator  for  ships 
is  cuntnioiily  a  wind-sail  (q.v.). 

vent  -ing,  iw.  'par.  or  a.    [Vent  (1),  v.\ 

*  ventlng-hole,  s.    A  vent-hole. 

"Certaiiic  oiit-iasts,  tunnela,  or  vcutiii;i-lioli:s.'^P- 
BoUatitl ;  riinie.  bk.  xxxi.,  cb.  iU. 

'vent'-less,  c  [Eug.  vent  (1),  s.  ;  -less.] 
Ha\  iiig  no  \'cnt  or  outlet. 

■ '  A  re»tle»»c,  vcntlnise  ftfuue  of  lire." 

Itai'hit :  Microtioatnon,  p.  01. 

ven'-tdse,  u.  [Lat.  ventosus,  from  ren(it5  = 
wind.]    AViiuJy,  flatulent. 

ven-tose  (1),  .-;.  [B'r.  ventouse,  from  Lat. 
feiitiK^a  cucurbita  —  a  cupping-glass,  from 
ventus  =  wind. J    A  cupping-glass. 

"They  haue  certainu  hollovr  oonLnvitie.t  dinpearsed 
within  their  clawet*  or  Hrineii  like  t»vciitosv»  or  cuii- 
pliiHidasse!*-" — i'-  JlolUtiui :  I'Unic,  bk.  ix.,  cli.  .\xlx. 

Ven'-tose  (2),  «.  [l''r.,  from  Lat.  ventosus  — 
windv,  trom  vcntvs  =  wind.]  The  name 
aih'pted  in  October,  1703,  by  the  Freueh 
Convention  lor  the  sixth  month  of  the  Rc- 

publieau  year.  It  commenced  on  Feb.  lii. 
and  was  tin-  third  winter  month. 

■  ven-tos'-i-t^,  s.     [Eng.  v€ntos{c),  a. ;  -i/j/.J 

1.  Lit. :  Windiness,  flatulence. 

"  DiMiioL-ritus  hnniRhed  tiinieim  ftUoRlther  from  the 
licni'd.  V)y  rca»un  of  tho  vmitositivii  or  wimUnesse  thiit 
it  eii^ondruth. ■■—/'.  JJulliind  ;  PHnic.  bk.  xx.,  oh.  iii. 

2.  Fir/. :  Empty  pride  or  boasting ;  vain- 
glory,    (liui'iiii.) 


'  vfin'-tofis-ing,  *■.     [Vkntosk  (1),  s.)    The 
act  or  process  of  cupping. 

"  Neither  xeine-hlodu.  nor  tH^}i(tiii«inff. 
Ne  diinke  of  horbea  nuiy  beii  liiit  helping." 

Chaucer:  C.  r..li.ViO. 

ven'-tral,  ".  [Lat.  vciUralis,  fromventer,  gonit. 
n'-n/ris'=  the  helly.l 

1.  Annt.  :  Of  or  peiUiining  to  the  belly, 
ur  to  the  surface  of  the  body  opposite  to  tho 
dorsal  side  or  back  :  as,  mntral  muscles. 

2.  F'ot. :  Belonging  to  the  anterior  surface 
of  anything. 

ventral  fins,  m.  7>L 

Irliihii.  :  Paired  or  horizontal  flns,  inserted 
(Ui  tlu-  ahduiidiial  surface,  bcliiud,  below,  or 
in  advance  of  the  pectoral  (ins,  whence  they 
are.  called  abdonunal,  thoracic,  or  jugtdar 
ventral  tins  respectively.  They  are  generally 
narrow,  composed  of  a  sniall  number  of  rays, 
the  outei'  of  which  is  ordinarily  bony.  In 
some  gtncra  of  the  (Jubiida?.,  the  ventral  fins 
are  oiiitfd  :uid  form  a  suctorial  disc. 

ventral-suture.  ^.    [Si-ruut:,  s.,  ii.  -j.] 

ven' -trie,  ".  |Vi;ntkuoiis.]  Oforpertaiu- 
ing  to  the  stomach. 

"' Magistevartis  .  .  .  venter.*  oaya  Peraiusf/'JW.  iw, 

11),  the  art  of  acenrate  timo-keepiug  ia  oeittric."—3t. 

C'oUiiis :  Thoitijbln  In  my  Garden,  i.  41. 

ven'-tri-cle,  n.  [Fr.  ventricide,  from  Lat. 
irnti-'u- III  Kill,  accus.  of  ventriciilus  =  (I)  the 
stomauh,  (ii)  a  ventricle  ;  double  dimin.  from 
vcntery  geuit.  ventrU  =  the  belly.] 
I,  Ordinary  La iigiLagc : 
I.  A  sniall  cavity  in  an  animal  body  ;  a 
place  of  organic  function. 

"HerophilUB  [piacea  the  bouI]  within  the  >>eiitricte        ' 
or  voncavity  of  the  brain,  which  aleo  in  tlie  hnais  or        , 
foiiudatiou  of  it."—/'.  J/oUand :  Plutarch,  p.  68a, 
*  2.  The  stomach. 

"Whether  I  will  or  not.  while  I  Ii\e  my  heart  beats, 
ami  my  viutlridu  diKeats  what  ia  iu  it."— //o/«. 

XL  Alu'l. .- The  name  given  to  various  cavities 
smaller  than  that  of  the  stomach,  [t-l  Thus 
tlie  cendnuni  has  stiveial  ventncles,  and  the 
ceicheUuni  mil'.  Among  these  are  the  right 
and  left  lateral  ventricles.  The  third  ventrich- 
is  a  narrow  longitudinal  cleft  placed  between 
the  optic  thalami  of  the  cerebrum.  The 
fourth,  called  also  the  ventricle  of  the  cere- 
bellum, oeeuiiies  the  space  between  tlie 
vialulh'  iiltluihjata,  in  front  and  the  ccrelirum 
lirhind.  TliL"litth,c;illed  aLso  the  ventricle  ol 
the  siqitum,  ni  syh'ian  ventriele,  is  situated 
bflweeu  tu  o  lamina:  of  tlie  :<eptinii  liiciduiii. 
a  tliin  transparent  partition  placed  between 
the  two  lateral  ventricles. 

%  Ventricles  of  the  heart : 

Anat.  :  Two  of  the  four  cavities  into  which 
the  heart  is  divided.  They  are  called  tho 
right  and  the  left  ventricles.  The  right  or 
anterior  ventricle  occupies  most  of  the  an- 
terior surface  of  the  right  border  and  a 
smaller  part  of  the  posterior  surface.  The 
upper  and  left  angle,  called  the  arterial  cont 
or  infuudibulum,  is  prolonged  in  a  conical 
form  to  the  commencement  of  the  pulmonary 
artery.  The  muscular  wall  of  the  right  ^■en• 
tricle  is  thickest  at  the  base,  and  becomes 
thinner  towards  the  ai"^x.  At  its  basr  arc 
two  orifices  :  tin- auriculo-vintriculai  oiilicc, 
protected  Ity  the  tiicuspid  valve,  and  that  ol 
the  pubiionar>'  artery,  protected  by  the  semi- 
huiur  or  sigmoid  valves.  The  left  or  posterior 
ventricle  occupies  the  left  border  of  the  heart, 
about  a  third  of  its  extent  appearing  on  the 
anterior  surface,  the  rest  being  visible  be* 
hind.  It  is  longer  and  narrower  than  the 
right  ventricle,  and  oval  in  cross-section. 
Its  walls,  except  near  the  apex,  are  three 
times  as  thick  as  those  of  the  right  ventricle. 
Its  two  oritices  are  very  close  together.  One 
is  the  left  auricular,  the  other  the  aortic, 
opening,  the  former  protected  by  the  bicuspid 
or  iiutral,  the.  latter  by  another  semilunar  or 
sigmoid  valve,  while  the  two  are  separated 
only  bv  the  attachment  of  the  anterior  seg- 
ment of  the  mitral  vnlvi-.  The  ventricles  re- 
ceive the  bhiod  from  the  auricles,  and 
transmit  it  to  the  lungs  and  tlnough  the 
aorUitothebotlygoniralty.  [Hfakt,  II. :!.  (1).] 

ven'-tric-ous,  ven'-trie  ose,  «.  [Low 
l.»;it.  ventrimsus,  from  Lat.  fcntcr,  genii,  fin- 
/r/s  =  the  belly.] 

I.  Ord.  lAiiuj.  (Of  both  forms):  Resembling 
the  belly;  hence,  swelled  out.  distended. 

II.  /;()/(()(?/ (0/'/'«/L"")rtvcntricose):  Inflated. 
(BELi-viNn,  !>.  li.) 


fate,  fdt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   wc,  \pet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  eiire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  —  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =^  kw. 


ventricular— Venus 


427 


ven  tric'-u-lar.  ".  ll-^ng.  vintiituiKf):  -ar.l 
i*(  itiiiniii;^  )u  m  ifsfiiibliug  a  ventricle  ;  (iis- 
tt-iidrd  in  tltt-  iiiJ(UUt> ;  bellied. 

"The  Kt^iifrHl  ri>»triritliir  si>ai:«   witliiii   tlio   rt-n-- 
lirutii."— VM/iiii ;  Anuf.  )ih1.  8th).  ii.  Sav. 

ven-tric' u-lite,  ■■*.    [VENTRicL'i.iTt:s.]     Any 

iinli\  iilii.irul  Ilif  pMUls  Venll'iculites. 

von  triC"U-lit -es,  5.  pi    iL«t.,  ilitnin.  fmiii 

,rvt.r^  tin-  brlly.) 

rill''-.. lit.  :  Till-  typii-al  p-iius  of  Vcntrifiili- 
titl;«-  (  ,.v.)-     Cliarurtcristic  nf  the  Ch;ilk. 

ven  triC-U-U'-ti-dse,  .s.  i'<-  [Mod.  I.nt.  irn- 
irinilidss)':  Lat.  feni.  I'l.  uil.i.  sulf.  -m/mJ 

/nol.  ,(•  PaUvont.:  Spmiyes,  simiiU'  uv  cotii- 
jMiuml.  Oup,  fimupl  ov  toi)-shapf(l,  cj  lindric'il 
iir  ranioKf.  Wall  in  nicamlious  IVilds,  spiculiir 
ninU-s  oitolicdml ;  radial  canals  bliml.  The 
imtvv  or  under  .surfaee  of  tin-  sponge  with 
elonpite  ai»ertnres.  or  vents,  the  inner  or 
npjter  snifiee  either  similar  to  the  lower  or 
witli  einnlar  vents.  Dermal  layn-  a  cribri- 
fitnn  silici-ons  membrane.  Uontappemlage  of 
fascicnlate  siliceous  libres,  united  l>y  trans- 
verse extensions,  and  without  n\ial  cjinals. 
(Himir  in  rohroin'tiiritphiral  Sncii-tt/'s  \o\.  fin- 
issti.)  They  reach  their  maximum  in  the  <'re- 
fueeons  roeks     l>nly  one  genus  nuw  survives. 

ven-tric'-u-loiis,  a.  (Eng.  ventricitl(e) ; 
-fits.]     The  same  a■^  VRNTRiori-AR  (q.v.). 

'  ven-tri-lo-cu'-tion, .-.    [Lat.  venU'r.  genit. 

mitri.'.  —  till-  I'flly,  and  Eng.  IncJith)}.]  A 
.spi\iking  alh-r  tlie  manner  i»f  a  ventrih)quist ; 
vcntnIot|uism. 

•  ven'-tri-loque  (qu  as  k),  ven-tri-lo- 

qui-al,  ".  (Lat.  rentriloqvHs  —  a  Aentrilo- 
i|Hist  '  v'litn;  genit.  rnitris  —  the  belly,  and 
lu'inov  =.  to  speak.]  Pertaining  to  ventrihi- 
(luism. 

"FolUiwed  hyafjunt  kimtof  <ri!fr(7"</((ifi?cbir|tini;." 
—I/ickfiit.  Mr/rAc*  dtf //(>: :  Mistaken  Milliner. 

ven-tril'o-qui^m  *-.  [Eng.  rentrUoqu{y): 
..v)i(.|  Tin-  ;iet  or  art  of  speaking  insuelia 
manner  as  to  cause  the  hearers  tu  believe  that 
tlie  sound  eumes  nut  from  the  person  speak- 
ing, but  from  a  different  source.  The  name 
originated  fiom  the  erroneous  supposition 
that  the  sounds  uttered  wei'e  formed  in  the 
belly,  whereas  they  are  formed  by  the  same 
organs  as  the  emissions  of  .sound  connuonly, 
viz.,  the  larynx,  the  palate,  the  tongue,  the 
lipb,  &c.,  only  that  to  increase  the  illusion 
the  jicrformer  moves  the  lips  as  little  as 
pohhible.  Tlie  ait  of  ventiiloquism  depends 
mainly  on  tWM  things;  (1)  The  power  of 
ai'|'i"'(i;iting  the  value  of  sounds  at  certain 
■^wcn  distances,  or  when  hindered  by  ob- 
^(acUs  ;  (-J)  The  power  of  imitating  or  repro- 
ducing till-  dimiiii.shcd  value  of  such  sounds. 
Thus,  lu  represent  a  man  speaking  outside  a 
window,  the  vtntriloquist  should  know  ex- 
actly the  value  of  such  sounds  inside  a  niom 
if  actually  juoduccd  out.side,  and  also  be  able 
to  reproduce  tlieni  by  accurate  imitation.  The 
art  of  ventriloquism  was  known  to  the  an- 
cient Greeks  and  R<unans. 

ven-tril'-d-qulst,  s.  [Eng.  jnttriloiiudi)  ; 
-(.s/.|  One  who  practises  or  is  skilled  in  the 
art  <d"  \r1dril04uism  ;  one  who  speaks  so  as 
tu  c«use  his  voice  to  appear  to  (^ome  from 
some  other  quarti^r. 

"A  tuiiL'fuI  bird  is  n  ventrito'iinst." — Paic'i :  Kit. 
Tht'iih'gu.  ih.  \. 

"ven  tril-6-quis'-tic,  ".  [Eng.  i-pntriio- 
<inist :  -('.)  I'ertaining  to  ventriloquism  or 
ventriloquists ;  ventriloquial. 

"  It  liafl,  moreover,  ft  peculiar  ve)itri!o<juintic  (lujvlity, 
u  liicii,  wlit-ii  liciird  in  the  diataiice.  seeiiiH  tii  locate  it« 
liieer  range."— //ar/ji'r'g   Mai/azitu; 


.I.ily.  ls> 


,  [m;'>i. 


ven  tril'-o-quize,  v.i.  [Eng.  rentrilnqu(y) ; 
-i2e.\  To  practise  ventriloquism;  to  sjieak 
after  the  manner  of  a  ventriloquist. 

*  ven-trir-i-quoiis,  ".  [Lat.  veutriloijuns.] 
[Vi  \ruii.u(;i'i;.|  ^ipeaking  after  the  nianner 
of  a  ventriloiiuist  ;  vi/iitriloquial. 

"  In  the  Miiiir  tr;»ct,  chap.  fi.  is  tlii«  ubservntioil  of 
nnitrilo'/uotiA  }>vnniiiii," — Dcrhavt :  t'hyitico-Theolngu, 
I.k.  iv.,  cb.  vii. 

^  ven-tril'-o-qu3?',  s.  fLat.  rentrUoqnvs.] 
[Vi.Mnii.oyi  j:.|     Ventriloquism. 

Ven-tro-,  I'irf.  [Lat.  venter,  genit.  ventrls  = 
lie-  belly. I 

.\viit. :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  connected  with 
the  belly. 


ventre- Inguinal* ". 

.I(N(/.  .-  m  or  pertaining  t..  the  belly  miA 
the  groin:  .is,  rr  11 1  rti-inij  11  i  >ia!  hviitin. 

ventre  lateral,  •'. 

.^«'^  ;  or  i-i  pi-rlaining  to  the  belly  and  the 
sidi' :  as,  iriidi'-httrral  mnseles. 

ven'-ture,  '  venter«  .*'.    [An  abbrcviatiim  of 

arriitihr,  or  nitiruture  (([.v.).  | 

L  .\u  undertaking  of  chance,  risk,  or  danger; 
the  hazard  or  lisking  of  something  upon  an 
event,  the  icsnit  of  which  cannot,  be  clejirly 
foreseen  ;  the  undertaking  of  chance  and  risk  ; 
a  trial  of  one's  chance  or  of  an  issue  ;  hazard, 
risk. 

"  I  cHiiiiut  loM!  tuuoh  hy  the  rmtun;  Mire." 

Ileattm.  A  /''let.  :  jVoWn  a,-ntlvmuu,  iv.  1. 

2.  SpecilicjiUy,  a  commercial  speculation  or 
enterprise  ;  a  iiccuniary  risk. 

;j.  That  which  is  put  to  hazard  or  risk  ; 
that  which  is  staked  ;  a  stake,  a  risk;  espe- 
cially something  sent  abroad  in  trade. 

"  We  niiiBt  tjike  the  ciUTent  when  it  Bcrvea, 
Or  luHO  oui'  vcnttircg." 

•shafcesp, :  Juliun  C'texnr,  iv.  «.    . 

4.  A  chance  occuri'cnce,  an  accident;  chance, 
hap,  conting(!ney. 

"The   king  rc«olvcd    with    all   hijci-iI    to  ansjiil  Hit- 

reliels,  atid   yet  with  that  iirovideiiee  and   surety  ii.s 

ehouUl  lenve  little  to  viniturf  or  Uivimu-."—  /lacon. 

%  At  a  venture:  An  improper  spelling  of 

at    aventnre,    at    advcntvTc  =  at    hazard,    at 

random,  on  chance. 

"  A  eertiiin  man  drew  a  l«iw  ut  a  vent  hit."— \  Kmux 
xxii.  34. 

ven'-ture,  r.t.  &  !.    [Vknture,  s.) 

A.  rniiisitin-: 

1.  To  cxjMisc  t<)  hazard  or  risk  ;  to  risk,  to 
hazar(L    (Shakesp. :  Coriolauns,  ii.  2.) 

2.  To  run  the  hazard  or  risk  of;  to  expose 
one's  self  to  ;  to  chance. 

"  I  should  pcntnrc  ruryatuiy  for  "t." 

S/utkcup. :  Othctto,  iv.  3, 

'  3.  To  put  or  send  as  a  venture  or  commer- 
cial speculation. 

■'  Thf  Anil  rfntiired  fur  l-'raiice  they  i«\ck  in  stfttnicli 
hoj!.>d leads,  ho  iw>  to  keep  them  in  their  juckle."— 
Carcw:  Hurvcy  t\f  Curntvttll. 

•4.  To  confide  in  ;  to  rely  on  ;  to  trust ;  to 
risk  one's  self  with. 

■■Ti.  ImVMlksof  niu'  rthi.iii  In-  would  liot  ;'iH/(n-c  to 

f«.i  uh  pills-'."-. i././/«<..*. 

B,  Intnin^ilicc  : 

1.  To  hazard  one's  self;  to  dare;  to  have 
the  courage  or  presumption  tu  do,  undertake, 
or  say. 

"  Whosoever  vmtnrrd  in  iiuint  iii'des  ijore  thcmaelven 
uiipoii  the  Hhnriw  iwiiitee  u(  thu  6tnkes."~(loUtinff  : 
C'amtir,  fu.  225. 

2.  To  try  a  chance,  hazard,  or  risk  ;  to  run 
all  risks. 

"  Befure  you  tvntiin-  for  ine." 

M«*c»/'. ;  Merchiint  1/  I'litire,  iii.  ■-'. 

^  To  rentnrt'  at,  on,  or  itpoii:  To  dare  to 
enter  upon  or  engage  in  ;  Ui  take  or  run  the 
risk  of. 

"  It  was  imi>oBsihle  to  think  of  vrnturiitff  upvti  this 
passage."— /l?i*on,'   Voj/affcs,  bk.  ii.,  cli.  vii. 

*^  ven'-tu-rer,  "  ven'-ter-er,  ^■.      [An  iib- 
bre\iation  of  iidnnturir  {i[.y.),'] 

1.  Oiw  who  ventures,  hazards,  or  risks;  an 
adventurer. 

"  Ttcmemher,  you're  all  pi^utiirerK,  and  in  thin  piny 
How  many  twclve-i>ciice8  yc  have  VtowVl  this  day." 
Ilcautn.  <t  Ftc/. ;  Mud  /.over.    (Prol,) 

2.  A  prostitute,  a  strunn>et. 


[Eng.  ventzirc;  -sovie.] 
nture ;    venturous,   bold. 


ven'-ture -some, 

1.  Inclined   to 
daring. 

2.  Risky,  hazardous,  bold. 

"  Tliat  Imld  iiinl  m-ntiiri-Hmni-  act  of   hiii."—Srr)/pe  : 

£VWe^.  Jlfr7>,.  ;  ll.nrn  VIII.  (an.  ir.4li). 

ven'-ture-some -ly,  ailv.  [Eng.  venturesome; 
-///.]  Ill  a  venture.'iome,  bold,  or  daring  manner. 

ven'-ture-some-ness,  .s.  [Kna.vcnturesome ; 
■  7irss.\  The  tpialily  or  stjite  of  being  venture- 
some ;  riskiness,  boldness. 

"  Afl  far  as  Euroi»e  is  concerned,  the  vi-tituiTtomvin'ta 
of  travel  hiui  )>ecn  for  itome  yearn  iiast  nteadily  on  the 
decrease."— /JaiV.v  Teleijra}/h.  Aiirfl  .'l,  1B88. 

ven'-tu-rine,  ^.  [Avanti*hink.|  Powdered 
gold  used  in  japanning  to  cover  varnishe<l 
surfaces. 

ven'  -tn-rous,  *  ven'-troiis.  .■*.    [An  abbre- 
viation of  (iihrnturiiv.'i  (q.v.).]     Daring,  liold. 
\'entnresoine,  adventurous. 
"The  vent  run ^  kniL.'ht  iB  from  the  saddle  thrown." 
/iryiU-n  :  j;iltii..un  .t  Ari-i/v.  iii.  rai. 


ven -tu-rouB-lSr,      ven'  troiis-iy,  aito. 

I  Kui;.  rvnlnnni.-i :  -hi.]  In  a  \i'nturous,  bohl, 
daiing,  or  venluicsonie  iiiannei-. 

*'  How  men  thUHt  die  bu  vi-ntroualy  except  they  are 

Buru  they  died  vna\\."—Hair*:   tUntwint;   Sin-mon  t>n 

XumtH-raxxw:  va. 

ven' -tu- reus  noBs.   .^     [Eng.  x'nitnrouit: 

-ft.'.N.s-.  r  The  ipiality  or  state  of  being  ven- 
turous, (laiing,  or  venturesome  ;  daring,  fenr- 
lussness. 

"  Iler  conilnif  Into  the  plac-i>,  whrrt^  the  wuMm  and 
ci'llintT!!  Wen*  wbited  over,  much  urreudud  her  tsittbU 
and  tiuide  her  reiient  her  vciit'rtmntcM."  —  Royh- 
Worh».  i.  07;i. 

ven'-ije,  *  ven'-ow  (ew  as  u),  *  ven'-ny. 

$.     {Fr.  vennv  =  a  cmning,  an  arrival,  a  thrust 
in  fencing;   innp.  fcm.  of  yc;i»,  jwi.   par.  of 
venir  (Lat.  ffuio)  —  to  come.) 
"  I.  Ordinary  I. aiigyume : 

1.  Lit. :  A  thrust  or  liit  rei^eivcil  in  a  con- 
t^'st  with  swords  or  cudgels;  a  turn  or  bonis 
of  fencing  or  cmlgel-play. 

"  I'lovf  n  tinjr  the  wnu(r  of  their  utruke."— /".  UoUaud  : 
I'lutardi,  i>.  AQ7. 

2.  /■'((/. :  A  combat,  a  trial  of  skill. 

"  A  quick  vffnite  of  v/if'—Shakcsp. ;    J.oWh  Labour  i 
I.Mt,  v.  I, 

II.  Law:  The  place  where  an  action  is  hiid 
in  England,  the  countyin  which  the  trial  ola 
particular  cause  takes  place  is  said  to  be  the 
veniir  i)f  that  trial.  In  local  actions,  as  for 
damages  for  an  actual  trespass,  or  for  waste, 
iLC,  alfecting  Inmi.  the  plaintilf  must  lay  his 
d('<-iaration,  or  declare  his  injury  t<<  have  hap- 
jieued  in  tlie  very  cinuity  and  jilace  tliat  it 
I eally  did  happen  ;  but.  in  transitory  actions, 
Inr  injuries  that  might  ha\e  hajqiened  any- 
ulicre",  as  deld,  detinue,  slamler,  and  the  like, 
the  plaintiff  may  ilcclare  in  what  comity  he 
pleases,  and  then  the  trial  must  be  had  inthat 
county  in  which  the  ileclaration  is  laid.  By 
the  Judicature  Act.  IHT-rt,  the  veuue  in  all 
cases,  civil  and  criminal,  may  be  regulated  by 
Order  in  Council. 

1[  To  lay  a  rnitir :  To  allege  or  lix  a  i)lnce  of 
1  rial. 

ven'-ule,  .t.  [Lat.  vctLidu,  dinun.  from  rena  = 
a  vein.l 

'  L  (''(/.  Lanij.:  A  small  vein. 
2.  Hot.:  A  veinlet  (q.v.). 

'  ven'-ri-lite,  .f.    [Mad.  Lat.  renins,  mni  r.r. 
At'floj  (Utkos)  =z  a  stone.) 
j  I'nlo'ini.  :  A  fossil  of,  or  akin  to,  the  genus 

'        Venus  (q.v.). 

ven'-u-iose,  ".    [Eng.  vcuuKy):  -ose.] 

I'.i'l.  :  Full  of  ^niall  veins. 

venulose  hinoid,  a. 

lint.  :  The  .sjime  as  Uinoid  (q.v.).     {Link.) 

Ve'-niis,  «.  [Lat.  =  the  goildess  of  love,  love  ; 
allied  to  Sansc.  rmt  =  to  love  ;  Eng.  win.] 

1.  lioiiian  Mythol. :  The  goddess  of  beauty 
and  love,  and  more  especially  of  sensual  love, 
her  principal  seats  being  the  islands  of  Cy]M-us 
and  C'ythera.  This  gocldess  is  generally  sup- 
posed tu  have  been  of  eastern  origin,  and  to 
have  been  the  same  as  the  iqioptiician  Astarte. 
lieforc  her  ii lent  ihcat  ion  with  the  (Jreek  Aphro- 
dite, the  daughter  of  Zens  and  Dione.  who, 

,  accorduig  tti  siune  accounts,  arose  from  th« 
foam  of  the  sea,  Venus  was  one  of  the  lenst 
important  divinities  (Maimli. :  Sat.  i.  12.)  The 
Romans  regaided  her  as  the  progenitress  of 
their  nation,  which  was  fableil  to  have  sprung 
from  tineas,  the  ofl'spring  of  her  union  with 
the  Trojan  Anchises.  She  was  married  to  Vul- 
can, but  was  not  lemarkuble  fur  tidelity  to 
her  hushand,  and  her  amour  with  Adonis  has 
been  celebnited  by  classic  poets  and  by  Shake- 
speare. The  rose,  myrth',  and  apple  were  sacretl 
t()  her;  among  birds,  the  dove,  swan, and  spai- 
row  were  her  favourites.  She  is  generally  reprc- 
sent4'd  with  her  .son  Cupid  tn  a  chariot  drawn 
by  doves,  or,  at  other  times,  by  swans  or 
sparrows.  Annnig  the  nmst  fannms  statues  of 
Venus  are  the  Venus  of  Cnidus,  by  Praxiteles 
(of  wlii(!h  the  Venus  de  Meditti.  found  at 
Tivoli,  is  supposed  to  Ix-  a  copy),  the  Venus  of 
Capua,  and  the  Venus  of  Milo,  or  Milos,  found 
in  the  island  of  Milo^.  In  the  best  days  of 
art  she  was  always  represent^td  as  draiM^l,  in 
later  tinn-s  nude. 

2.  Astrnn. :  The  second  of  the  known  in- 
ferir>r  planets,  if  the  arrangement  be  made 
according  to  their  relative  distJinees  from  the 
sun.  With  the  cxeejjtioH  of  the  iimon,  Venus 
is  the  nearest  of  all  the  In-avenly  bodies  to 


boil,  bo^;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9611,  chorus,  9tLin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect.  IXenophon,  e^dlst.    -ing. 
-clan,  -tian  --  staan.      tion,  -sion  ~  shiin;  -tion,  ^lon  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &.<■-  —  bcl,  deL 


4-28 


venusia— verb 


tin-  fiirtli,  uml,  when  lu-ar  ils  exln-nio  castoni 
or  wi-stfiii  cluittiHlioii,  is  iiMU'li  luit^Iiter  than 
i'Vfti  tht'  hujjvKt  uf  tlif  lixtil  Htars.  It  stuiuls 
flrwt  ill  thi«  ies|H;rt  itlso  ot  all  tin*  planeU,  tli.* 
iH-arvst  upj»ri)m:li  to  it  l«'in;;  that  iiiiuit;  at  cm- 
lain  tiinr.i  liy  Jupiter.  Wlii-n  Wnus  is  at  its 
iiiaxiniiiiii  uf  ))rJ>:litneK.s,  it  ean  sunK-tiinus  be 
st-eii  by  tlif  naketl  v\f  in  sniilight  within  an 
h'<ur  of  noon.  Its  t-<>ni]iarative  nearness  t(i 
Uie  ?iuii  eaiist"*  it  t"»  Im'  for  six  niunths  ji 
iiiorninj;  and  lor  the  other  six  months  an 
evening  Hti.T.  In  the  Ih-st  state,  it  is  the 
Lueifer  of  tho  Ijitins  and  the  Phosphor  ol" 
the  Greeks;  in  tlie  latter,  it  is  iIm'  Hes- 
]>erus  uf  classieal  antiquity  and  of  nuxlern 
poetry.  It  unilei^ot-s  phases  like  the  moon. 
Father  Cast«lli,  a  famons  Florentine  philo- 
sopher, re.isoneJ  this  ont,  antl,  iint'stioniii^; 
(.talileo  on  tlie  subject,  induced  liim  to  hiok 
with  his  tek'scope  and  see.  On  DeeemhtT  30, 
ItilO,  he  was  abh-^  to  imuounee  U>  Castelli  that 
the  phases  had  been  acttuilly  discerned.  Tliey 
are  not  visilde  to  tlie  nnUetl  eye,  to  whicli  the 
planet  is  simply  a  brilliant  speek,  too  small 
to  reveal  its  urinal  form,  whieh  is  tnneh  more 
gh.lmlar  than  that  of  tin-  earth.  Its  diameter 
is  aliout  7,iittO  miles,  or  about  25S  miles  less 
than  th:it  of  the  earth.  Were  man  placed  on 
the  snrfat:e  ot'  Viiins,  the  earth  would  lonk  u 
tnlle  Iar;;erand  bri^^hter  than  Venus  "loes  to 
us  in  our  sky.  The  mass  of  Venus  is  about 
three-quarters  that  of  the  earth,  or  z^-^,—,n 
that  of  the  sun ;  its  density  is  about  6-850 
that  of  the  earth  ;  its  speeitic  gravity  -i-Sl,  as 
ai.'ainst  6m;o,  that'of  the  earth.  While  a  stone 
falling  towards  the  earth  passes  through  a 
little  more  tluin  sixteen  feet  in  the  first  second, 
it  would  do  so  to  Venus  throughout  about 
tliirteen  feet  only  in  the  same  time.  The  ex- 
C'-ssivi-  briglitiiess  of  Venus  makes  the  time  of 
its  rntati<in  somewhat  doubtful  ;  it  is  pro- 
visiii!ially  placed  at  ii;>  liours  '2V.  Its  mean 
distiinee  from  the  sua  is  07,000,000,  its  greatest 
distinee  07,500,000,  and  its  least  00,600,000 
of  miles.  These  numbers  .show  that  its  orbit 
ileparts  but  slightly  from  a  circle.  Its  periodic 
tinm  is  224*7  mean  solar  days.  Observation 
on  the  passage  of  the  planet  over  the  sun's 
disc  is  the  best  method  of  ascertaining  the 
ilistiince  of  the  great  luminary  ITransit]  ;  it 
has  also  revealed  the  fact  tliat  Venus  has  an 
atmosphere,  but  its  composition  is  as  yet 
uncertain.  Old  obseivers  thought  they  de- 
tected a  satellite;  modern  astronomers  have 
not  conlirmed  this  view,  and  believe  it  to 
have  been  founded  on  optical  delusion. 

3.  Her. :  The  green  tincture  in  coat-armour 
when  borne  by  princes  ;  vert. 

*  1.  Old  Clicm. :  A  mime  given  to  coppei-. 

5.  ZooL  £  Pidoiout.  :  The  type-geuus  of 
V(Mieri<he  (q.v.),  with  170  recent  species,  uni- 
vei-sally  distributed,  from  low  water  to  140 
fathoms.  Shell  thick,  ovate,  smooth,  sidcate<l, 
or  cancellated  ;  margins  minutely  crenellated  ; 
hinge  teeth  :J-:'. ;  pallial  sinus  small,  angular ; 
ligament  prominent,  Uinule  distinct.  Animal 
withniantle-niarginsfringed;  siphons  unequal, 
more  or  less  sepmute ;  foot  tongue-shaped.  All 
the  species  are  edible.  Venus  mercenaria  is 
known  on  the  east  coast  of  North  America  as 
the  Round  Clam,  and  from  the  sea-worn  frag- 
ments of  the  shell  of  this  species  the  Red 
Indians  used  to  make  coinage,  by  perforating 
and  stringing  tlieni  on  leather 
thongs.  Fossil  specifs  liOii, 
from  the  t)ohle  onward. 

Venns's  basin,  bath, 

or  cup,  s. 

f'"!.  :  Dipsacus  sylccstris. 
[Teasi:i..] 

Venus's  basket,  c;. 

Zuol. :  A  popidar  name  fin- 
any  species  of  the  genus  Eu- 
plectella  (q.v.).  Called  also 
Venus's  Flower-basket.  The 
species  llgured  is  Enplectella 
suberea,  from  the  Philippines. 

Venus's  comb.  ..  '"^""  ^*"''^^' 

1.  /.■"/.  ;  Sni lulix Pede.ii-Vaicris.  [Scandix.] 
So  iianuid  because  the  sleudci',  tapering  beaks 
of  the  seed-vessels  are  set  together  like  the 
teeth  of  a  comb. 

2.  ZooL  :  Mitrex  trihulus,  a  beautiful  and 
delicate  shell,  with  long  thin  spines,  from 
the  Inilian  Ocfian. 

Venns's  fan.  s. 

Zip)l.  :  (!"r'io,iiaJl^ihdJnm,  a  much  branched 
and    rdienljitcd    zoojOiyte,    which    has   been 


found,  but  only  accidentally,  on  the  British 
coast. 

Venus's  fly  trap,  •;.    IUion.ka.] 

Venus's  girdle,  .^. 

Zoid.  :  Ui^!H>ii  vciicrU,  a  free  ■  swinunui;^ 
Hydrozoon,  from  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  a 
loiig,  nariow,  stnmgly  -  compressed,  activ' 
crt-atnre.  cf-vcicrl  with  cilia,  and  swims  with  a 
graceful  iiinluliilury  motion. 

Venus's  hair,  n. 

liof.  :  AdUtntuiii  Ca/>Ulus-l'eiicti-<.     [Adian- 

Tl'M,    MaIDKN-HAIR.] 

Venus's  looking  glass,  ^ 

Hot.:  S}icru}iiriii  sfirruiniii :  a  Campanula- 
like i.laiil.  with  puiple  llowers,  from  cou- 
tin-^ntal  Kurop:-. 

Venus's  navel  wort,  .t. 

Hot.  :   Tli..-  genus  tUiiphalodes  (q.v.). 

Venus's  slipper,  >. 

Zi.'"'. :  Tlic  genus  Carinaria  (q.v.). 

ve-nu'-si-a,  ••>'.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  Venus 
(q.v.).] 

EiUoni. :  A  genus  of  Geometer  Moths,  family 
Acidalidie.  Antennie  of  the  male  slightly 
jiectinated ;  abdomen  slender ;  wings  entire, 
rounded.  One  British  species,  Venusia  aiiiL- 
hrica  {Staintoii),  or  nanibricaria  {Neu'inan), 
the  Welsh  Wave.  The  larva  feeds  on  tlie 
mountain-ash. 

*  ve-niist't  a.  [Lat.  i-eitustus,  from  veiius  = 
beauty.]     Beautiful,  amiable. 

"  As  thu  mfiuicy  of  Rome  wn»  veiiutt,  so  wns  its  man- 
huuil   Hot.ably  strenuous." — tVfifvrliuuse :    C'omineiit., 

FortetKtin,  p.  187, 

*  ven-ym,  *  ven-yme,  ?.    IVenom,  s.  &  v.] 

ve-prec'-U-lse,  s.  pi.     [Lat.,  pi.  of  vcprectda 

—  a  little* thorn  or  briar  bush,  dimiu.  from 
lepres  —  a  thorn-bush. J 

Bot. :  The  fifty-fourth  order  in  Linn^us's 
Natural  System.  Genera  :  Rhamnus,  Lycium, 
Daphne,  ifcc. 

*  Ver,  i-.     [Lat.]     The  spring.     {Chanixr.) 

ver'-a,  n'lr.    [Very.]    (Scotch.) 

ve-ra'-cious,  a.  [Lat.  vcrax,  genit.  veracis, 
from  vcnis  —  true.] 

1.  Observant  of  tnilh  ;  habitually  speaking 
the  truth. 

"Tliu  spirit  is  most  peifecOy  ainl  absolutely  vcr.i- 
ciouji."— Harrow .'  tiennons,  voL  ii.,  sei".  34. 

2.  Characterized  by  truth  and  accuracy  ; 
true  :  as,  a  veracious  account, 

*  3.  Leading  to  or  reporting  actual  facts. 

ve-ra'-cious-ly,  adi'.  [Eng.  veracious;  -ly.] 
In  a  \eraciou.s  manner;  with  truth;  truth- 
fully. 

ve-ra5'-i-ty,  ^^j.     [Lat.   icracUas,  from  verax 

—  veracious  (<i.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  truthful  or 
observant  of  truth  ;  habitual  regard  or  ob- 
servance of  truth  ;  truthfulness,  truth. 

"His  oeracitit  anii  UDcliniigeableiiess seciure  our  trust 
in  him."~Clar/ce.-  Mvidencas,  proj),  1. 

2.  Consistency  of  rejiort  with  truth  or  fact ; 
agreement  with  facts  ;  truth. 

"There  w.i-s  no  reason  ti>  doubt  the  ocradty  of  those 
fiiute  wbich  they  ialatt^iX." —Addison. 

*  3.  That  which  is  true ;  that  in  which 
tmth  lies  ;  truth.     (Carlijk.) 

*ve-ra-ment,  Kdr.  [O.  Fr.  vemiiuent.] 
IVeuv.J     Truly,  really. 

ve-ran'-da,  ve-ran'-dah,  *  fe-ran-da.  s. 

(Port,  raraiidd^  a.  balcony;  O  Sp.  hanimlii, 
from  vara  =  a  rod  ;  or  from  Pers.  bar-dmadidi 

—  a  porch,  a  terrace,  a  balcony,  from  bur- 
dmadan  =  to  ascend,  to  arise,  to  emerge,  to 
grow  out,  from  bar  =  up,  and  dmadaii  =  to 
come,  to  arrive  ;  or  from  Sansc.  varajula  =  a 
portico,  from  vri  =  to  cover.]  An  open  portico 
attached  to  a  house  ;  a  sort  of  light  external 
gallery  in  the  front  of  a  house,  having  a 
sloping  roof  supported  by  slender  pillars,  and 
frequently  partly  enclosed  in  front  with 
lattice-work. . 

"  trppercroflu  Cottage,  with  its  vcramla.  Freuch  wiu- 
dows,  .HJiil  other  prettiiiesses."  — J/((s  Austeit:  Per. 
suasion,  ch.  v. 

ve-ra'-trate,  s.     [Eng.  veratr(ic);  -atti.] 
Chcui.  :  A  salt  of  vt-ratric  acid  (q.v.). 


Ve-ra'-tre-8e,  ■••■.  ;"'.     [Mod.   Lat.   Lcrutiium)  . 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suH'.  -ca'.] 

JJul. :  A  tribe  of  Melantliacea?.  Divisions 
of  the  perianth  fi-ee,  sessile,  shortly  uugiii 
eulatc,  or  cohering  into  a  short  tube. 

ve-ra'-tri-a,  s.    [Vehatrine.J 

ve-ra'-tric,  '(.     [Eng.  veTatr^ine);  -ic]    Con- 
taini-il  in  ur  deri\ed  from  Veratruiii  Sahaditia. 

veratric  acid.  '. 

Chnn. :  C(,H,„( fj  =  C.;H:,(OCH:;):>CO-OH.  A 
monobasic  acid  diseovered  by  Mcn-k,  in  1b:j9, 
in  sabadilla  seeds.  It  is  piepaied  hy  exhaust- 
ing the  bruised  seeds  witli  alcohol  containing 
sulphuric  acid,  neutralising  with  milk  of  liuie, 
liltering  and  evaporating  the  tiltrate  to  dry- 
ness. It  crystallizes  in  colourless  four-sided 
prisms,  slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in 
alcohol,  but  insoluble  in  ether.  Healed  to 
100^  it  gives  off  water  and  becouies  opaque ; 
at  a  higher  temperature  it  melts,  and  sab- 
limes  witliout  decomposition. 

Ver'-a-trin,  s.     [Eng.  vcratiiim) ;  -in.] 

Chew. :  Veratrum-resiu  (q.v.). 

ver'-a-trine,  s.  [Eng.  vcrati(um) :  -inf.] 
Chcni.  :  Ca-jHa-iNnOg,  Veratria,  An  organic 
base  discovered  by  Meissncr,  in  181S,  in  saba- 
dilla seeds,  and  readily  obtaineil  by  boiling 
the  bruised  seeds  in  strong  alcohol,  and  pre- 
cipitating by  an  alkali.  In  its  ]mre  state  it 
is  a  white  or  greenish- white  crystiilline  powder, 
inodorous,  insoluli'.e  in  water,  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  etlier,  and  very  poisonous  ;  melts 
at  11.5",  and  solidilies  on  cooling  to  a  rpsiuoiis 
mass.  Strui,'  suli-liuric  acid  colours  it  tirst 
yellow,  then  carmine  red,  and  lastly  violtt. 
It  dissolves  in  dilute  acids,  forming  colour- 
less salts,  wliich  are  vei'y  poisonous. 

Ver'-a-trol,  .<.     [Eng.  ceratr{ic);  -ul.] 

Chcin. :  CgHioOo.  A  colourless  oil  olit^iried 
by  distilling  veiatric  acid  with  excess  ot 
baryta.  It  has  an  agreeahle,  aromatic  odour, 
sp.  gr.  1-0S6  at  1j\  solidities  at  15^,  and  boils 
at  -2012^- :;00''. 

ve-ra'-trum,   :<.      [Lat.  =a   plant,    Veratrum 

albnvi.] 

1.  Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Veratrea^ 
Perianth  of  six  equal  divisions,  sessile,  jiei- 
■sistent ;  stamens  six.  springing  from  tlie 
l)eiianth ;  styles  three,  persistent ;  stigmas 
three,  spreading;  capsules  three;  seeds  nu- 
merous. Plants  with  perennial  roots,  erect 
stems,  ovate  pointed  leaves,  and  panicles  of 
lK)lygainous  flowers.  Natives  of  Europe  and 
North  America.  Vcndrnm  album  is  the  White 
Hellebore.  The  stenr  is  two  to  four  or  five 
feet  liigh,  the  peduncles  downy,  the  (lowers  in 
i',  thrice-compound  panicle.  It  grows  in  the 
Alps  of  Switzerland  and  Savoy  and  in  the 
Pyrenees.  It  is  a  i)owerful  emetic  and  drastic 
piu'gative,  foi'merly  given  in  mania,  epilepsy, 
.Stc. ;  externally  it  is  used  in  itch.  Another 
European  species  is  V.  nigruiii,  tlin  Dark- 
Howered  Veratrum.  V.  yirR/e  is  the  Green  or 
American  Hellebore,  founrl  on  the  east  coast 
of  North  America,  from  Canada  to  Carolina. 
It  is  called  also  the  Poke-root  and  the  Swamp 
Hellebore.  The  rhizome  is  a  powerful  cardiac, 
arterial,  and  nervous  sedative,  lowering  the 
pulse,  the  respiration,  ami  the  heat  of  the 
body.  It  is  used  in  pneumonia,  rheumatism, 
gout,  neuralgia,  asthma,  and  in  some  canliac 
affecticnis.  )'.  SabadUla,  a  Mexican  and  West 
Indian  species,  was  formerly  believed  to  yield 
Cevadilla  (q.v.). 

2.  I'hanu. :  The  ihizome  of  I'cratraiii  ulbum. 
[1.] 

veratrum-resin,  s. 

Ch'iii. :  ti4lI-.;N^<  >;•  (?).  Veratrin.  A  brown- 
ish r<sin,  t'xtiact'd  fiom  sabadilhi  seeds.  It 
is  insoluble  in  water,  ether,  and  alkalis,  sol- 
uble in  alcohol,  melts  at  185",  and  decomposes 
at  a  higher  temperature. 

verb,  *  verbe,  «.     [Fr.  verbe,  from  Lat.  vcr- 
hum  =  a  word,   a  verb  ;    cogn.   with    Eng. 
word  (q.v.).] 
*  I.  Ord.  Luii'j.  :  A  word. 
"  In  whiche  speiiche,  th«  write  that  cuppkth  the 
worile»  f  lleshcj  ami  [meat  j  tofjether :  kuittetb  them  to- 
fitthiT  iu  tlieir  propre  siguiftcatiou,"— fl;;.  Gardner: 
JCxpliiu'iou,  fol.  8. 

II.  Grnvi.  :  That  part  of  speech  whieh  pre- 
dicates or  asserts  something  in  regard  to 
something  else  (the  subject  or  thing  spoken 
of) :  as,  Tiie  man  lU'cs,  the  boy  thn:it}  a  stone, 


iate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  Gather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pzne,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  woU;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    te.  ce  ^  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =^  Itw. 


verbal— verbose 


429 


the  man  thinks.  Vorhs  afflrni  action  or  exist- 
ciicc  of  ;i  sulvjoct  niiiior  cfrtflin  coiuHtioiis  or 
rcliitioiis  c-:tllt.-il  voicu'.  jiumhI,  and  tensL'.  (See 
Uicsi-  \v(H.U.)  Verlis  may  ln'  classitkxl  into: 
(I)  Transitive,  rcciuirinj*  an  dliject,  as,  He 
Intni.^  his  U>.s..ii  ;  and  (2)  Intransitive,  as,  He 
riDift.  (At-rivK,  pASsivn,  Tbansitivr,  In- 
TUAN-siTivK.)  Transitive  verbs  include  retloxive 
verbs.  |Ri-:rLi:xivE.]  Some  tmnsitive  veibs 
;ire  veliexive  in  moaning  tliougli  not  in  form, 
and  appear,  at  first  sijjlit,  as'if  used  intran- 
sitively :  as,  He  keeps  out  uf  danger,  i.e.,  He 
Aw/w  liimself,  &c.  Somctitnes  a  transitive  verb 
bas  a  passive  sense  witli  an  active  form  :  as. 
The  cakes  ate  short  and  crisp.  Some  verbs 
are  st)inet.imes  transitive  and  sometimes  in- 
transitive :  as,  He  Jloats  a  scheme,  The  body 
jl'Kit-s.  Only  transitive  verbs  have  n  pa.s.'iive 
voice.  Soine  intransitive  verbs,  by  means  ot 
a  preposition,  become  transitive,  and  may  be 
used  passively  :  as.  He  hiiighed  ul  the  act,  The 
act  v<ns  hniqh'fd  at  by  him.'  Intransitive  verbs 
inrhlde  a  taru'e  niiliii>ir  that  mi'„'lit  be  (tlassed 
as  t'ri^itii'iitati\(',  thiiunnti\e,  inceptive,  desi- 
derative,  &c.  Some  intransitive  verbs  have  a 
lansative  meaning,  and  take  an  object :  I  ruv, 
I  r<ni  a  pin  into  my  tinijer.  Intransitive  verbs 
may  take  a  noun  of  kindred  meaning;  as  ob- 
ject (called  tlie  cognate  object) :  as,  To  sleep  a 
sleep,  to  run  a  race,  tu  live  a  lite.  Verbs  use<l 
v/itli  the  third  person  nnly  are  called  imper- 
sonal verbs  :  as,  Mt-tli'iikif,  it  rains,  it  :>ni>ii:^. 
In  the  case  uf  sunie  verbs,  the  transitive  form 
is  distinguished  from  the  corresponding  in- 
ti'ansitive  by  a  change  of  vowel :  as,  raise, 
rise;  net,  sit ;  fell,  fall.  Such  verbs  are  called 
causative  (q.v. ).  The  past  tense  of  strong 
visrbs  is  expiessed  by  a  eliange  of  vowel  only  : 
as,  throw,  threw;  the  past  tense  of  weak 
veihs  by  adding  to  the  verbal  root  the  syl- 
lable c'l :  as,  shout,  shouted,  lore,  loved,  or  its 
eupliunio  substitute  d  (-cd).  [Strong,  Weak.) 
In  Middle  English  there  were  also  negative 
fiirms  of  verbs  :  as,  nam  =  tie  am —  am  not; 
Ill's  =  nc  is  =  is  not ;  not  =  iic  wot  =  not, 
(know)  not,  Jkc.  Auxiliary  verbs  are  used  in 
tunning  the  tenses  of  other  verbs:  as,  I  Imre 
seen.     [AiixiLiARV.] 

"  You  li.ive  told  iiie  tlmt  .1  vertt  is  (as  every  word 
n\^f>  iiixst  be)  a  noun;  lutt  you  added,  that  it  is  nloo 
N-unetliiiig  iiune  :  .iiid  tliivt  the  title  of  vei-b  was  given 
T-i  it  on  accuuiit  at  that  diatiugiliahiiig  suinethUig 
niiiie  ttiiiii  the  mere  iiovuis  convey." — Tookc :  Diecr- 
niotuiif  t'urlri/,  [it.  ii.,  th.  viii, 

ver'-bal,  *  ver'-ball.  n.  &  s.  [Fr.  verbal, 
lioin  Lat.  rfrhi'li<  =.  pertaining  to  a  word, 
from  vcrbiim  =  ii  wi.rd,  a  \ei'b  ;  Sp.  &.  Port. 
vn'bal ;  Ital.  I'erbale.] 

A.  .'I''  adjective : 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  words;  lespeeting 
wonts  only  :  as,  a  verbal  dispute. 

2.  Spoken  ;  expressed  to  the  ear  in  words  ; 
not  written  ;  oral.    (Shakesp. :  Lear,  Iv.  3.) 

''  3,  Consisting  in  mere  words. 

"  Great  Acclamations  and  fcrfrd/ praises  .  .  .  are  but 
a  yiece  of  mockery  niid  liypocritical  coinjiliment."— 
I/atc     Cent.  :  0/  Affliftio)is. 

4.  Literal ;  having  wnrd  answering  to  word. 

"Whriaoever  ofiVr^  .it  f.-i-Onr  tninslatiou,  shall  have 
the  misfortune  uf  ihat  y>n„-^  traveller,  who  lost  Iiis 
i)wn  language  abrfiiil,  and  bruiiglit  home  no  other  in- 
ste.'Ml  of  it.  —Benham. 

5.  Minutely  exact  iu  words;  attending  to 
words  only. 

'■  Noglect  the  rules  ejich  wrbnl  critick  lays." 

Pofte :  Enay  on  Criticism,  Ml. 

■  6.  Plain-spoken  ;  wording  one's  thoughts 
without  resei've. 

"  You  |)ut  me  to  forcet  a  lady's  mannera. 
By  being  so  nurbal." 

^hufcesp. :  Ct/mbi'llne,  ii.  it. 
II.  Cnnnmar: 

1.  Derived  from  a  verb.  The  infinitive 
mood,  genmd,  and  supine  are  properly  verbal 
nouns,  implying  action  or  state,  only  without 
tlie  power  of  asstrtion. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  verb  or  verbs. 

■'  A  pei'son  is  the  special  difl'ereuce  of  a  verbal  num- 
hei  "— flcH  Jovson  :  knffHsft  Griinimnr,  ch.  xvi. 

B.  As  snbstmitive : 

Cram.  :  A  noun  deri\e<l  from  a  rerb. 
verbal  note,  ^. 

Ifiiih'iii'K-i/ :  An  unsigned  memorandum  or 
note  wlien  an  atlair  has  (.-ontinued  for  a  long 
time  witiiont  any  leply.  It  is  designed  to 
slmw  that  tlie  matter  is  not  urgent,  but  that 
at  the  .same  time  it  has  not  been  overlooked. 

ver'-bal-ism,  s.  (Eng.  verbal :  -i»m.]  Some- 
tlung  expressed  verbally  or  orally;  a  verbal 
reniarii  m-  expression. 


•  ver'-bal-lSt,   ■■'•.      [Kng,    verbal;    -iM.]     One 

who  deals  in  words  only  ;  a  literal  adherent 
to.  or  a  minute  critic  of  words  ;  a  verbarian. 

'■  \vl  not  ashamed  thpse  verhnlitf*  Htill  iise 
Fruui  youth,  tilt  age  or  atndy  dim!'  lln-ir  eyes. 
To  engage  thegmnnuar  lulea  in  civil  wui." 

Lord  ISrooke  :  Vii  J/iimttn  Lcuriihiff. 

*  ver-1)al'-i-t3^,  s.  [Eng.  verbal ;  -ity.]  'I'bo 
ipiality  or  state  of  being  verbal ;  mere  words  ; 
bare  liteml  expression. 

"Thisi  con ti'ti vers ie  hath  in  it  more  verhnlitii  t)ian 
matter."— tt/*.  iiaU  :  Peace -maker,  §  4. 

ver-bal-i-za'-tion,  s.  (Eng.  rvvbaHz{e); 
■afin,i'\  The  art  of  verbalizing;  the  state  of 
being  A'erbalized. 

ver'-bal-ize,  v.t.  &  -i.    [Eng.  verbal :  -i:e.] 
A.  Trans. :  To  convert  or  change   into  a 
verb;  t()  form  a  verb  of. 

■'  .N't'uus  f(ir  Jirevity,  are  soiiiotiuicn  "erbuthcd :  as. 
to  complete,  to  cimtraiy,  to  experieuce."— /iis/rHcrt^u.* 
fi>f  Oratory,  p.  ril. 

*  B.  Intrana.  :  To  use  many  words;  to  be 
\erbi>se  or  diffuse. 

ver-bal-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  verbal;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  \-erbal  manner  ;  by  word  of  month  ; 
orally  ;  by  words  ntteretl ;  in  words. 

"Would  fii'il  I  might  not  uny.  even  the  Lord'H 
anoiuted,  wboui  tlii.'y  vcrhatln  professe  to  honour."— 
ftp.  If  nil :  A>wc,  b;j  IHvine  fiiftht,  pt.  ill.,  §  6. 

2.  Word  for  word  ;  literally,  verbatim. 

"Tis  almost  imti'^ssihle  to  translate  prrbntly,  .aiul 
Well,  at  the  same  time.  '—Dr/jth-u.    {Tudti.i 

'  ver-bar-i-an,  .'>'.  [Lat.  rer6»m  =  a  word.] 
A  wi^rI -coiner. 

"  In  'The  Doctor."  Southey  gives  himself  free  scojie 
as  a  uerbariati.'—FUzcdward  /full :  .UoUern  Kui/lish, 
p,  21. 

ver-bas'-pe-se,  -s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  verba.sc{vvi) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -e<e.] 

ISof.  :  A  tribe  of  Antirrhinidcie.  Leaves 
alternate;  inflorescence  centripetal;  corolla 
nttate  ;  stamens  five,  decbnate,  unequtd. 

ver-bas'-ciim,  ■■j.  [Lat.  =  nmllein.  Seedef.] 
Bnf. :  Mullein,  the  typicalgenus of  Verbascew 
(q.v.).  Tall,  erect,  tomentosc  or  woolly  plants, 
usually  biennial.  Leaves  alternate  ;  iiiHoies- 
cence  iu  racemes  ;  calyx  live-partite;  cori)lla 
rotate  or  regular;  stamens  live,  the  three 
upper  ones  or  all  five  hairy;  capsule  of  two 
cells  and  two  valves,  septicidal;  seeds  many. 
Known  species  about  eighty,  (iliiefly  from 
Europe  and  Asia.  Five  are  British  :  I'erbas- 
cum  Thapsus,  the  Great ;  I',  Lycknitis,  the 
Wlnte  ;  V.  2n''lverulen.tuvi,  the  Yellow  Hoary  ; 
V.  nigriim,  the  Dark  ;  and  f.  Blattaria,  the 
Moth  Mullein.  The  first  has  a  nearly  simple 
stem,  angular,  winged,  and  four  or  live  feet 
higlt,  the  spike  is  cylindrical,  the  flowers 
handsome  gold  en -yellow.  It  is  found  on 
banks,  in  waste  grounds,  on  a  light  sandy, 
gravelly,  or  chalky  soil,  but  is  local.  The 
second  species  has  many  rather  small  cream- 
coloured  flowers.  The  tliird  has  the  leaves 
covered  with  a  mealy  down,  the  foiuth  lias 
stellately  pubescent  infloresceni-e,  and  the 
fifth  has  nearly  glabrous  leaves,  the  hairs  of 
its  filaments  purple,  i'.  inrfjatum,  once  be- 
lieved to  be  distinct,  is  made  i>y  Sir  J.  Hooker 
a  sub-species  of  V.  Blattaria.  The  flowers  of 
the  Great  Mullein,  when  dried  in  the  sun, 
give  out  a  fatty  matter,  used  in  Alsace  as  a 
cataplasm  in  hsemori-hoids.  Its  root  is  ad- 
ministered in  India  as  a  febrifuge.  The  .seeds 
of  r.  Tlutjisns  and  V,  nigrum  are  used  by 
British  poachers  to  poison  fish,  and  the  flow- 
ers of  V.  Lychniti^  to  destroy  mice. 

ver-ba'-tim,  adr.    [hat.] 

1,  Word  fur  word  ;  in  the  identical  words. 

"  He  could  verbatim  repeat  the  whole  without 
hw\i.e r—J/olhish,'d:  Chron.    (Eiils.  Ded.) 

2.  By  word  of  mouth  ;  orally. 

"  VerbatiTti  to  rehearse  the  method  of  my  pen." 
Sliakesp.  :  l  lleiiry  VI..  iii.  1. 

\  J'erbativi  et  literatim  :  [Literatim]. 

ver-be'-na,  *.  [Lat.  verbenas  =  sacred  boughs ; 

ml'fui'ca. ~  vervain.) 

But. :  Vervain  ;  the  typical  genus  of  A'er- 
benaceie  (q.v.).  Herbs  or  uudershrubs  with 
fotu'-sided  stems,  opposite  or  ternate  leaves, 
simple,  pinnatilid,  or  three-partile.  Flowers 
in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  tubular, 
the  limb  with  five  teeth,  one  usually  shorter 
than  the  rest.  Corolla  tubular,  the  limb  not 
quite  regular,  fi\'e-cleft.  Stamens  included, 
four  didyuamous,  rarely  two.  Ovary  with 
four  cells,  each  one-seeded.  Capsule  dividing 
into  four  one-seeded  acheiics.     Knownspeeies 


seventy,  chiefly  (Voni  Auteiica.  Om-  is 
British:  l'crb"na  ojfiiinali.-i,  the  Common  Ver- 
vain. It  has  a  somewhat  hisj)id  stem,  one  or 
two  feet  high  ;  the  leaves  rough,  especially  be- 
neath, lanceolate,  ineiso-serrate,  or  trilhl. 
Lllae-coloured  spiked  Ihiwers.  It  grows  by 
roadsides  and  on  waste  ground  in  Kngland, 
but  is  absent  from  Scotland.  Popnlarly  the 
name  is  used  in  a  w"i<ler  sr-nse  than  the  seien- 
tilic  genus  ;  as  the  Lemon-sceiiled  I'crbentt. 
I  Alovsia.] 

ver-be-na'-ce  se,s. ;»/.  (Mod.  Lat.  vcrhcn(fi); 

Lai,    km.  pi.  adj.  snlf.  -aieir.] 

l'."t. :  N'crbcnes  ;  an  order  of  PerigynouB 
I'Xogens,  alliance  Echiales.  Trees,  slu'ulis, 
or  herbs.  Leaves  generally  ojiposite,  simple 
or  CfHiipound,  without  stipules.  Klowers  in 
oppnsite  ciH-ynibs,  or  spiked  alternately,  or  iu 
dense  heads,  or  rarely  axillary  and  sfditury. 
(Jalyx  tubular,  persistent,  inferior.  Corolla 
'lypogynous,  monoi)eiaIons.  tubular,  'deei(Ui- 
ous,  the  limb  generally  irregular.  Stamens 
generally  four,  didyuamous,  or  of  equal 
length,  rarely  two.  Style  one  ;  .stigma  bifid 
or  undivided;  ovary  two  or  four  celled  ;  fruit 
nucanientaceous  or  berried,  compcised  of  two 
orfom-  nucules  in  a  state  of  adhesion.  Closely 
akin  to  Labiatie,  but  the  ovary  is  iK)t  fonr- 
lobed,  n<ir  is  there  tiie  aromatic  smell.  The 
species  are  fnuml  chiefly  in  the  tropics,  and  in 
South  America  br-y.md  Iheni.  In  hotconnlries 
they  aie  generally  shrnlis  or  trees,  ni  t'liijier- 
ale  climates  they  are  mostly  herbs.  Known 
genera  forty-five,  species  (103  (/.j'lui^ci/);  genera 
forty,  species  550  {Sir  J.  Hooker). 

"^ver'-bc-nate,  v.t.  [Lat.  rcrteaoY?(.>i=adorned 
with  a  garland  of  verbena  (q.v.). J  To  strew 
or  sanctify  with  sacred  boughs  act^ording  to 
an  ancient  custom. 

ver-bene',  s.    [Veubbna.] 

But.  (iV.) :  The  Verbenace:e  (q.v.).  (Undley.) 

*  ver'-ber-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  verberatua,  pa.  par. 
of  rerliero  =  to  beat,  to  whip,  from  vcrbcr  =■  a 
wliii).)    To  beat,  to  strike. 

■■  The  sound  that  both  by  sua  and  laud  out-flies, 
Kebuuuds  again,  and  verbi-ntteg  the  skies." 

Atirruitrfor  MugUtral«8,  p.  18. 

*  ver-ber-a'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  verberatio,  from 
rerhenitufi,  pa.  par.  ofverbero^  to  beat.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  beating  or  striking  ;  a  blow,  a 
percussion. 

"Distinguishing  vei'beratinn,  which  was  accom- 
panied witli  pain,  rrmu  pulTatiou,  whicli  wns  .itteuded 
with  zioiie." ~ /ttiickstoiw :  Cotumcnt.,  hk.  iii.,  ch.  8. 

2.  The  impulse  of  a  body  which  cansessound. 

ver-be-si'-na,  s.  [Mod.  L^at.,  from  verbena 
(q.v.).] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Verbesineic  (q.v.). 
Herbs,  shrubs,  or  small  trees  growing  in 
America  with  pinnately-lobed  leaves,  and 
flowers  generally  yellow,  or  the  ray  florets 
white,  those  of  the  disc  yellow  ;  the  aclirnes 
with  two  stiflT  awns  at  the  apex.  Se\eral 
species    are    cultivated    in    British    gardens. 

[GL'IZOTIA.] 

ver-be-si'-ne-Se,  s.  pZ.  [Mod.  Uit  verbesiu^a); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  ad.j.  sutf.  -ea.'-,] 

Bnt. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Senecionidea*.  Heads 
heteiogamous,  with  tlie  florets  of  the  ray  ligu- 
late  and  female,  rarely  homogamous  ami  dis- 
C()id.  A(du;nes  generally  compressed,  with 
stiff  bristles  at  the  toji. 

ver'-bi-age,  s.  [Fr.,  from  O.  Fr.  verl>oier  = 
In  talk.]  [Vi;kb.]  The  use  of  many  word.s 
without  necessity  ;  superabundance  of  words  ; 
verbosity,  wordiness. 

"Its  vcrbia'/i-  prevented  it  from  touching  the  hejtrtH 
of  the  people.'"— /;(n7.v  Chrunide,  Oct.  a.  1886. 

*  ver'-bl-CUl-ture,  s.  [Lat.  verbum.^a, 
word,  and  cultural  cultivation,  culture.]  The 
study  ami  coinage  of  words.   (Special  coinage.) 

"  Fruits  whicli  would  not  liave  shamed  the  most 
deliberate  wrbicuieure."—/'iltcUu>in\l  I/it.t ;  MoUtun 
Kwjthh.  J).  2811. 

'  verb'-i-fy,  r  t.  [Eng.  verb  ;  i  coniu'ct. ; 
suit,  -fij.]  I'o  make  into  a  verb;  t(t  use  as  a 
veib  ;  to  verbalize. 

ver'-blee,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Her. :  Applied  to  a  hunting-horn,  when 
edged  round  with  laetiil  of  dilleient  tincture 
from  the  rest. 

verbose',  «.  (Lat.  verbostit;  from  verbum  = 
=  a  Wold. J  [Vkrb.]  Abounding  in  wonls  ; 
using  many  words  without  necessity,  or  using 


boU.  bo^;  pout,  jd^l;  cat.  96!!.  choms.  911111.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a^;  expect.  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  —  t, 
-cian.  -tian  -  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun;  -tion.  -§ion  —  zhtin.    -cious,    tious,  -sious  -  shiis.    -ble.  -die,  ^^c.  =  bel,  deL 


430 


verbosely— verge 


murw  wnnU  tlnm  iiro  necessary;  prolix; 
UhHiuik  by  iiinUi)ilifity  of  wonU, 

"ThrM*  pm,t>|itji.  lu  Uit>>'  nro  iiotovt-r  iiainrruu*.  ko 
iH>tilirr  r^rb-itf,  liut  vrry  »riiteucloiMly  vvprnt  in  j> 
fw  ci>iiii>rtbriulve  wunli.'— O'rrir;  CWhui.  ffaimr, 
bk.  It  .  .h    \iil. 

*  Tor-boso  ly,  <iWr,  lKii„'.  ivrbose;  •ty.]  In 
a  vfilciso  I'l-  pnilix  iimiiiiur;  with  aupei- 
a)iiin<l;tiii'<-  of  wortU. 

•  vdr-1>6se'-n5s8,  s.    [Vkhbobity.J 

vcr  bos  X  ty,    *  Ter-bose'-noss,      ver- 

bOS-i'tlO,  -.  [Kiti;.  Vfrlivf^  :  -itiu-iu:^.--:]  Tlii' 
•  IHjiiily  or  staU-  ol  l»t'iiijx  vt-rliusc  ;  ust-  of  a 
iiiiiltipticity  IT  supcniluiiKluiice  of  vvonls ; 
wonliiiejid,  prolixity  ;  ti'diousue^s  by  multi- 
plicity of  wonU  ;  vurbiat^e. 

"  The  <jiie  o(  tliettt)  tiu  ciii-|m:i1.  itM  n  tiiiiii  of  iiu  wltte 
aiid  Ui-rle  uieHiKi  k-nniliiK  :  lliv  other,  [or  hi*  purboxitie 
kihI  ii^ll/eiii-w  tit  pviiiiliig  IiIm  UlHWric" — P.  JloUanU  : 

*  Verd,  .^.    IFr..  from  Lat.  yii((fi-s  =  greeu.J 

1.  Ord.  Lunij. :  Grecmies.s,  verdancy,  ftcsli- 
ness. 

"  Like  All  apotliecnrlnt  potion,  or  new  iilw,  they  hnw 
their  bf«t  HtiriiKth  Aiid  verd  uX  tlie  AnV  —Dcdara- 
$ion  of  t'opith  Jinp-iitur,'t.    (1^03.) 

2.  UldLiiw:  The  satiic  as  VERT(q.v.). 

•  Ver'-dan-^J^,  s.     [Eu^.  venlunit);    cy.] 

1.  Lit. :  Tin;  (juality  or  state  of  being  ver- 
dant or  gi-ecn  ;  yieetiiiess. 

2.  Fi(j. :  Rawness,  inexperience,  greenness, 
innocence. 

"  Fur^et  hia  purdiinrff  and  grotesque  ttppearance,"— 
Strnl'iifi-f  Mu'jiuine,  Oct,  1878,  p.  7iK). 

ver'-dant,  a.  |(>.  Fr.,  pr.  par.  of  verdir  =  to 
wax  ^-reen,  from  verd  =  green,  from  Lat. 
viridpin,  acciw.  oi'virtdii  =  green.] 

1.  LU. :  Green  ;  covered  with  growing  plants 
or gniss ;  fresh,  flotnishing. 

"  The  verdant  griisfl.'  Milton  :  P.  L.,  vU.  310. 

2.  Fiq. :  iin-vii  in  knowledge ;  simple  by 
itu-x])iMienci? ;  innocent ;  easily  deceived  or 
taki-n  in  ;  raw.    (C'oWoy.  or  slang.) 

verd  ^n-tique'  (que  as  k),  s.  [Fr.,  from 
yen(  =  gietin,  and  ('/i.f('y(w,' =  ancient  antique.] 

1.  Ord.  J/tiuj.  :  A  ttrni  appHetl  to  a  green 
incnistation  on  ancient  brass  or  copper  eoin.s. 
[JErvc.o.] 

2.  I'etrul.:  Auame given toavarietyof  marble 
(cjirbimat«  of  lime)  of  a  clouded  green  colour, 
owiii.:  U>  the  presence  of  seri)entine,  which 
sometimes  occurs  in  angular  patches.  Also 
applied  to  serpentine  rocks  of  shades  of  green 
which  are  veined  with  greenish  calcite  or 
ilolomite.  Sometimes  applied,  though  erio- 
neously,  t*)  the  green  jiorphyry  used  liy  the 
Romans. 

Ver'-dant-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  verdant;  -ly.] 

1.  iif.  :  In  a  verdant,  green,  or  flourishing 
m;aun-i-. 

2.  Fiij. :  Like  one  green  or  inexperienced  ; 
itniocently. 

ver'-de,  ".  or  ■-.     [Fr.|     Green. 

vcrde  di  Corsica,  ^. 

Fetrol.  :  A  name  given  to  certain  varieties 
of  gabbro  (q.v.),  occurring  in  tlie  island  of 
Corsica,  which,  from  their  hardness,  iterniit 
of  being  used  fnr  ornamentiil  work. 

verde-etemo.  s.  A  neutral  acet.at«  of 
copper,  prej)ared  by  dissolving  verdigris  in 
hot  acetic  acid,  then  leaving  the  filtered  solu- 
tion to  t^ool,  when  beautiful  dark  green 
crystals  arc  deposited.  These  were  nmch 
u.sed  by  tlie  early  Venetian  painters,  as  well 
for  solid  painting,  as  for  glazings.     (Fairlioit.) 

•  ver'-de-a,'*.  [Ital.  =  a  peculiar  sort  of  white 
grape,  the  wine  ma<le  from  it]  (See  com- 
pound.) 

'  verdea  wine,  a.  A  kind  of  Italian 
wini',  so  called  from  the  grape  of  which  it 
was  maile. 

■■  Sny  it  hftd  been  at  Rome,  and  seen  the  relics. 
Urunkyuur  pi^rdea-icUir,  iiuil  nd  at  Nivplen." 

n>-aitm.  .(■  n<c.  :  tUUr  /troth^r.  ii.  1_ 

*  ver-de  grese,  'verd-grese.  s.    [Verdi- 

ver'-der-er,  *  ver'-der-or,  >\  [Fr.  verdier. 
rrmii  Low  Liit.  viriiliiriu^,  from  Lat.  viriditi 
(Fr.  vfnl,  r*:rO  =  grccn.l  An  othcer  of  the 
I'tval  forests,  whose  jjeculiar  charge  was  to 
take  care  of  the  vert,  that  is,  tlie  trees  and 
underwood  of  the  forests,  and  to  keep  the 


assizes,  view,  receive,  and  enroll  attachments 
and  presentments  of  all  manner  of  trespasses. 

"A   fi>re«t  .  .  .  hiith  also  her  j»ei:uliar   offlc-ers.   iw 
forraterK,  rrrJerr-r»,  i-egarders,  u^iHtem,  &<:."— I/owcU 
l.ftteri.  bk.  IV,.  let.  16. 

vcr  -diet,  ver-dit,  ■  ver-dite,  •  ver-dyt, 

iPrup.  vf-rdil,  from  O.  Fr.  verdit  (Fr. 
nidict) ;  Low  Lat.  vcmilclnm  ~  a  true  saying, 
a  verdict,  from  I^Jit.  vcre  (Uc(K;n.=  truly  said  : 
fet-f.  =  truly,  and  divtunit  neut.  sing,  of  dictusy 
jia.  par.  of  dico  =  to  say.J 

1.  Ord.lAtHg..:  IX'cision,  judgment;  opinion 
pronounced. 

"  AfcurUiiig  to  the  verilict  uf  their  owu  coiiscieiices." 
—lliirrow:  .•>«nnoiu,  vol,  ii.,  aer.  S. 

2.  Law:  The  answer  of  a  jury  to  tlie  court 
eonceining  any  matter  of  fact  in  any  cause, 
civil  or  criminal,  committed  to  their  trial  and 
examinatiiui.  In  criminal  cjises  the  veidict 
in  England  is  "guilty"  or  "not  guilty;"  in 
Scotland  it  may  be  "not  proven."  lu  civil 
cases  it  is  a  tinding  for  the  plaintitV  or  de- 
fendant, accoi-ding  to  the  facts.  These  are 
general  verdicts  ;  special  verdicts  are  al.so 
sometimes  found.  [Special  Verdict,  Jurv.) 
A  verdict  may  be  set  aside,  and  a  new  trial 
oidered,  on  the  giound  of  its  being  against 
the  weight  of  evitleiice.  Verdicts  must  be 
found  unanimously  by  the  jury  in  criminal 
cases  ;  iu  civil  Gises  the  verdict  of  tlie  ma- 
jority may  by  consent  of  the  parties  be  ac- 
cepted. 

"  Forioerly.  if  the  Kmlut  were  notoriously  wrong, 
the  jurura  might  li.kvt?  lH;eii  puiiiahed,  and  the  in-rdict 
set  aside  hy  writ  <>t  att.Out  .it  the  suit  of  the  Cruwii : 
hut  not  at  the  suit  of  th«  ^^rlauner.  But  the  practice, 
which  at  oue  time  prevailed,  of  lining,  iiiiprisuiiiiig, 
Ol-  otherwise  puuiiiliing  jurors,  merely  at  tlie  diftcre- 
tiou  of  the  court,  for  tinding  their  verdict  eontniry  to 
the  direction  of  the  Judge,  was  arbitrary,  unconatitii- 
ti'.nal.  and  megiil"—Bhivksfo)u- :  Comment. ,  bk.  iv., 
ch.  27. 

ver'-di-gris,  ver'-de-gris,  **  verd-grese. 
'  ver  -de  -  grese,  *  ver  -  di  -  grease,  s. 

10.  Fr.  i-fith^ris;  Fr.  verd  licgris^:  verdigiease, 
Spanish  green  (Co(grave);  from  Low  Lat.  viride 
(ens  =  green  of  brass  :  viTide,  neut.  sing,  of 
Diridls  =-  green,  and  a^ris,  genit.  of  ces  = 
brass.  J 

L  Ord^  Lang, :  Tlie  green  encrustation  whicli 
is  found  ou  copper  or  brass  when  left  in  con- 
tact with  fatty  or  other  acids. 

"Others  say  that  he  [AchillesJ  tooke  both  the  sitid 
rust  or  verdegrese,  and  also  the  liuarbe  Achilteoi  to 
worke  hia  cure." — /'.  Holland  :  Pliniif,  bk.  xxv.,  cli.  v. 

IL  'i'echiiicaUy : 

1.  Clicm. :  A  green  pigment  prepared  iu  the 
south  of  France,  by  exposing  thin  plates  of 
Clipper  for  some  time  to  the  action  of  the 
iL'fuse  of  the  grape  fnmi  wliich  wine  has  been 
made.  In  this  country  it  is  sometimes  pre- 
pared by  placing  copjwr  plates  in  contact  with 
woollen  cloths,  which  have  been  soaked  in 
pyroligneous  acid.  It  is  soluble  in'lilute  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  is  very  poisonous, 

2.  Pktii-m.  :  Verdigris  is  occasionally  used 
externally  as  an  cscharotic.     (Garrod.) 

verdigris-green,  o. 

Hot.  :  .Krugincous  (q.v.).  Used  also  as  a 
substantive. 

*  ver -di-gris,  v.t.     [Verdiqris.J     To  cover 

or  coat  with  verdigris  ;  to  cause  to  be  covered 
or  coated  with  verdigris. 

*  ver' -din-gale,  s.    [Farthingale.] 

'ver-dit,  '  ver-dite,  s.    [Verdict.] 

ver'-di-ter,  '  ver'-di-ture,  s.    [Fr.  verd-dt- 
ttrre  —  green  of  earth.] 

Chein.  :  A  blue  pigment  prepared  by  adding 
chalk  or  whiting  to  a  solution  of  copper  in 
nitric  acid.  It  is  n.ude  into  crayons,  or  used 
as  a  water-colour. 

ver'-d^,  a.    [Fr.  verdoyer  =  to  be  green.] 
Her. :    Applied  to  a  bonier  charged   with 
flowers,  leaves,  or  other  vegetable  oharges ; 
as,  a  hurder-verdu)/  of  trefoils,  cinquefoils,  &c. 

*  ver-du'-go,  s.    [Sp.    (See  defs.)] 

1.  An  executioner. 

2.  A  severe  stroke. 

"  Have  you  got  the  jwt  tvrdmo  t " 

lieaum.  A  flet. :  Hcorn/ul  Ltidy,  ii.  l. 

*  ver-du'- go-Ship,  s.     [Eng.  verdugo  ;  -ship.] 

1.  The  oltice  of  a  hangman. 

2.  A  mock  formal  style  of  addressing  a 
hangman  or  executioner. 

"  His  gi-eat 
Vcrdugotld})  has  not  a  jot  of  language  " 

licnJiMiiion:  Atchemiet,  iii.  a 


ver'-dure,  a.  [Fr.  =  greenness,  vegetition, 
Ironi  i'rrd,  j.'('r((Lat.  vtmits)  =  greeu.]  (iiccn, 
greenness;  fresh  vegetation. 

"The  eaith  will  not  nii|>eitr  pninttHl  witli  IIi'W.ts, 
nor  t!io  llelda  covered  with  iH-rdure."—Lockt! :  Humuit 
l/ndcrtfanii.,  Iik.  iv.,  eh.  xiil. 

tver'-dured,".  [Eng.  wT(fttr((;);-«Z.l  Covered 
with  vciuurc. 

"One  siimM  i.stand,  jirolHaely  oerdnr€d."—P<H: :  1$- 
land  <•/  III-'  t'ixij. 

tver-dure-less,  ".  [Eng.  vn-dure;  -less.] 
Destitute  of  verdure  or  vegetation  ;    bari'eu, 


t ver'-du-roiis,  a.  [Eng.  vadmic):  -tms.] 
Covered*  with  verdure  ;  clotlied  with  the  fresh 
colour  of  vegetation  ;  verdant. 

"  From  the  verdnrotui  uplands  rolled 

A  sultry  vapour  fraught  with  death." 
T.  Ii.  .XUiiidi  :  rriar  Jerumc'n  Uvaiiti/ul  tttxik. 

'  ver'-e-cund,  x.  [Lat.  verecufuhis,  from  vcrmr 
=  to  feai',  to  feel  awe  of.]    Bashful,  modest 

'  ver-e-cun'-di-oiis,  «.  [Lat.  verecundns.] 
Modest,  baslifui,  unassuming. 

"A   certjiiu  vou'cundioiui  geuerosity  graceth    your 
eyes."— A'e/(7iu<c  WoCtontauas,  p.  156. 

"  ver-e-ciin'-di-ty,  s.  [Lat.  verecunditas, 
from  venxundus  =  verecund  ((h^O-J  'f '6 
qviality  or  state  ol  being  modest  or  bashful ; 
modesty,  liasiifulness. 

Ver-e-tn'-li-d08,s.;*?.  [Mod.  I«it.  ueretiUiuiu); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -id(e.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Sclerobasic  Zoantharia, 
liaving  an  elongate  axis,  with  retractile  zooids 
over  its  entire  surface,  and  its  lower  jait 
bulbous,  naked,  or  soft.  It  is  divided  longi- 
tudinally by  two  inteisecting  membranes, 
with  a  calcai-eous  axis  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
stem,  or  it  may  be  simple  and  fleshy. 

ver-e-til'-lum,  s.     [From  Lat  veretilla.] 
Zool. :  The  typical  genusofVeretillidie(q.  v.), 
formerly  placed  under  the  Pennatulidie.     Up- 
per part  of  the  colony  club-shaiied. 


ver-ga-lo6',  vir-ga-lo6', 

if.     [ViROOLiasi:.] 


ver-ga-lieu. 


verge  (1),   *virge,    -•.      (Fr.   verge  =z  a,  rod, 
wand,  or  stick,  a  yard,  a  lioop,  a  rood  of  land, 
from  Lat  rir(;f(.=  a  twig,  rod,  wand.] 
I,  Ordiii'iry  Langtuige: 

1.  LUeruHy: 

*  (1)  A  rod,  wand,  or  staft"  carried  as  an  em- 
blem of  authority  or  ensign  of  oflice  ;  tlie 
mace  of  a  bishop,  dean,  or  other  functional^. 

■*  His  whistle  of  oouimaud,  seat  of  autliority, 
Aud  firt/e  to  interpret,  tipt  with  silver,  sir." 
Ben  Juiison  :  Talc  of  a  Tub,  v.  3. 

'  (2)  The  stick  or  wand  with  whicli  persons 
are  admitted  tenants  by  holding  it  in  the 
hand  aud  swearing  fealty  to  the  lord.  Such 
tenants  are  called  tenants  by  the  verge. 

*  (3)  A  quantity  of  land,  from  tiftCLUi  to 
thirty  acres  ;  a  virgati- ;  a  yardland. 

"(4)  A  yard  iu  length,    (Prompt.  Parv.) 

*  (5)  A  ring;  a  circlet  or  hoop  of  metal ;  a 
circle. 

"  The  inclusive  terge 
Of  golden  metal  th.it  must  round  my  brow." 

SkakestJ. :  lUchard  III.,  iv.  1. 

'  (Ii)  Compass;  space;  room;  scope. 
*(7)  Compass;  comprehension. 

"  Within  the  verge  and  coinprelieu&ions  of  the 
Eternal  I'nercy." — fljo.  Taylor  :  aerinons,  vol.  iii..  aer.  s. 

(8)  The  extreme  side  or  edge  of  anything; 
tlie  brink,  border,  or  margin. 

'•  Or  here,  or  elsewhere,  to  the  furthest  verge 
Thut  ever  woa  survey'd  by  English  eye." 

liliukcsp.  .■  ni<:hard  III.,  i.  1. 

2.  Fig. :  The  brink  or  border. 

"  At  length  brought  us  to  the  verge  of  civil  wiu'."— 
JIiKuiifui/  -  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  vii. 

II.   TechiUaiUy  : 

1.  .-Irchitixture  : 

(1)  The  shaft  of  a  column ;  a  smail,  orna- 
mental shaft. 

(2)  The  edge  of  a  tiling  projecting  over  the 
gable  of  a  roof,  that  on  the  liorizontal  portion 
being  called  eaves. 

2.  Comp.  Anat.  :  The  male  organ  of  genera- 
tion, esp.  of  various  invertebrates,  as  of  crabs. 

3.  iioroL  :  The  spindle  or  arbor  of  a  watch- 
balance,  esp.  of  the  old  vertical  movement,  in 
which  the  balance-arbor  has  two  pallets, wlitcli 
alternately  engape  with  teeth  on  the  opposite 
sides  of  a  crowu-wheel. 


fate,  fox,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  ^nite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Uw. 


verge— vermicelli 


431 


■i.  llort.  :  The  Liiiiss-.'ili^iiii;  of  a  bed  or 
lini'it'r  ;  ii  slip  ut  i^rass  iliviiliiiii  the  walks 
from  tiic  boriicre  iu  a  gank'U. 

5.  Law:  The  compass  about  the  king's 
court  tiouiuHii^  thejuvisdictioii  of  the  loi-d- 
stewanl  of  the  kinji's  houstrliold,  und  of  the 
comu.'i-  of  the  king's  ho«se.  [Marshal- 
ska.  H-] 

■■  Tliv  I'crytf  of  the  court  In  tliis  resiwct  extends  for 
twelve  iiiilea  rouuil  the  king's  iialiwc  of  resuleuue,"— 
tdurXsiori'i :  Comnifntariej.uii.  Hi.,  ch.  6. 

verge-board,  <. 

Hiiil'l. :  Tin-  .same  as  Bab<:e-board  (q.v.). 

verge  file,  ^^  a  tine  nip.  with  one  safe 
sidf,  fuiriK'ily  used  iu  wnrking  on  the  verge 
of  the  old  vertlcjil  e^scapement. 

"verge  (2).  .■••.  IVeruk  (2),  v.\  Tlie  act  or 
stale  of  verj^ing  or  incliuiuy; ;  inclination. 

"  1  iiieiiii  tlielr  wrgex  towanls  the  bwly  :mtl  its  joys." 

—  Itinbi/:  J're-existencc  i'/SuiilK.iih.  xiv. 

verge  (1),  v.i,  [Verc.e  ;l),  >•.]  To  bor'ler,  to 
ajiproach,  to  come  near.    (With  o?i.or  iipou.) 

■'  Trtkint:  aiiotlier  look  ut  tiie  cluck,  tlie  li.iiul  of 
which  wiis  wri/iHf/ontlietive  minutes  i>ast."— />«■&*■»«  ; 
f'irkicirk.  ch.  xxiv. 

verge  (2),  r.i.  [Lat.  v:r(jo  =  to  bend,  to  in- 
chne.]    To  tend,  to  incline,  to  bend,  to  slope. 

"And  henceforth  the  ami  of  thft  king's  cftuse  de- 
clined. iKrgiii^  luore  und  lucru  westward. " — FtiHer  : 
Wurthiei  :  Somersetshire. 

ver'-gen-93^,  ^■.    [Eu^'.  v>:r'jfn(ji);  -oiy.] 

•  I.  Old.  Laiuj. :  The  act  or  state  of  verg- 
ing;;, tendiug,  or  inclining  ;  approach. 

2.  Optics:  The  reciprocal  of  the  focal  dis- 
tance of  a  lens,  used  as  a  nie:usure  of  the  di- 
vergence oi-  convergence  of  a  focus  of  rays. 
(IA"ifd  in  Goodrich.) 

Verg'-ent,  o.  [Lat.  renjens,  pr.  \)im\  of  ctyrgo 
=  to  bend,  to  incline.  I 

*  1.  Ord.  Laiuf. :  Dniw'wij;  to  a  close. 

2,  <!eol.:  Declining;  the  name  given  to  a 
series  of  Appalachian  stnda,  equivalent  to 
tlie  Chelmung  group  of  New  ^'mk,  and  of  the 
age  of  the  Middle  Devonian  I'ocks  of  England. 
Tliese  stiata  are  nearly  5,00U  feet  thick  in 
Pennsylvania.  {Prof.  H.  I),  liogers:  Geologif  of 
I'liinsylvania.) 

verg'-er  (l),  s.  fFr,,  IVom  Ijow  Ijat.  rlrqia- 
/■t((,s  =  an  api>aritor  ;  from  /'//-lyd  —  a  rod,  a 
wand.]  One  who  tarries  a  verge.  Specifi- 
cally- 

(1)  An  iirticer  wlio  bears  the  wand  or  staf?" 
of  office  before  a  bishoj),  dean,  canon,  or  otiier 
dignit:u-y  or  ecdesiastic. 

"  T)ie  eiupc rur  a^iiin  l:iid  nside  his  imperial  mtuitle, 
And,  taking  ii  wiiud  iu  his  b.-Liid,  offlciiited  as  venjir, 
tiiiviujj  tlie  liiity  from  the  choir. "  — a^i-wi.-  Child*: 
/f,,rij(<l.  iv.    (Note  CI 

(2)  Tlte  ottifial  who  takes  cai-e  of  the  interior 
of  the  fal)ric  of  a  church. 

•  verg'-er  (2),  'ver-gere,  .^.  [Fr.  vergier. 
Ii'om  Uit.  riridiu  iniii  ^  J.  g.Trden,  from  virl- 
■ils  —  ^reen.J     A  garden.     (Itom.    of  the  Rose, 

.i,.ils.)- 

ver-gette',  y.  [Dimin.  from  irr^e  =  a  rod  or 
wand.] 

Her. :  A  pallet ;  also  a  shield  divided  with 
palU'Ls. 

ver-gou-leuse',  ^^    [Vikgolelse.] 

■  ve-rid'-ic-al, ".     [I-it.  vrhUcus,  from  verum 

-  the  trutli,  and   (^i>o  =  to  say. J     Speaking 
"I- telling  the  truth;  truthful,  veracious. 

"  Wliu  Mbfill  ri':id  thia  mo  vfrlUlcal  history." — Urqu- 
hart:  /iubclaU,  hk.  iu,  cli.  .\x.viii. 

ver'-i-fi-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  verify;  -able.] 
(,'apable  of  being  vei-ified  ;  admitting  of  veriti- 
tieation  or  contirniation  of  incontestible 
evidence. 

■'  Tlie  iiifltance  ia  ttertfinble  upon  it,  in  every  one  of 
the  Alledged  ini.Tti<:a\&rn,"SuiUh  :  Sermons,  vol.  iii., 
ser.  2. 

ver-i-fi-^a'-tion,  s.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  veri- 
f\ing  or  proving  to  be  true  ;  the  act  ofcon- 
llrining  or  establisliing  tlie  authenticity  of  any 
piiwer  granted,  or  of  any  transaction  by  legal 
or  comjietent  evidence;  the  state  of  being 
verified  ;  authenticity,  contirmation. 

"  It  h»tli  only  the  tniditioiml  eerifirafion  of  the 
evidence    of  a    past    fiict."  —  Harbititon  :    JHscourS'- 


ver'-i-fl-ca-tive,  «.  [Eng.  r-erify;  c  con- 
nective, and  ---utf.  -afiir.]  Serving  to  verify, 
(■■inlirni,  or  estalilish  ;  verifying. 


ver'-i-fi-er,  s.    [Eng. 
ov  that  wjiich  verities. 


xrifij:  -or.]     One  who 


ver'-i-^y-, '  ver-i-fie, '  ver-i-fye,  --.t.  [Fr. 
vcrijicr,  from  Lat.  rrrijico  =  to  make  true  : 
vrrus  =  true,  and ytiejo  =  to  make.] 

1.  To  prove  to  be  true  ;  to  prove  the  trutli 
of;  to  continn  ;  to  establish  tlie  truth  of;  to 
prove. 

"Tho  oeri/yino  of  tlmt  true  B^-nteucc,  the  Urst  ahull 
be  I«8t."— .V«(o»i ;  Uiit.  Eng..  bk.  ii. 

2.  To  continn  the  truthfulness  of;  to  tron- 
tirin  the  truth  of,  as  a  prediction. 

"  The  words   of  Iiuiiah    were    literally  verified."  — 
Ctarki} :  On  Vic  Evidences,  prop.  H. 

3.  To  prove  to  have  spoken  truly ;  to  prove 
or  i-onlirm  the  truthfulness  of. 

•■  S.J  sluilt  thou  best  ful&l,  beat  fcrify 
Tho  proplielaold."  MUton  :  P.  H.,  iii.  177. 

j.  To  contiriH  or  establish  the  authenticity 
I'f,  as  a  title  or  power,  by  examination  or  com- 
pet^-nt  evidence  ;  to  authenticate. 

•  0.  To  attirm  ;  to  maintain. 

•'  They  have  verified  unjust  thiufs." 

ShakeJip. :  Jltich  Ado.  v.  1. 

'6.  To  bjick  up  ;  to  support  the  credit  of; 
to  i-X'^ond. 

"  I  have  ever  oerifiedmy  friends." 

Shuketp.  :  CoHolatuu,  v.  2. 

*  ver-il'-o-quent,  a.  [Lat.  verus  —  true,  and 
/<'r/j/t(i,s-,  pr,  "par.  of  loqnor  =  to  speak.] 
^>p'Mking  the  truth  ;  truthful,  veracious. 

ver-i  ly,  ver-ai  ly,  ver  rai-ly,  ver- 
e  ly,  ver-e  lye,  ver  ray-ly,  ver  y- 

ly,yu.b\     [Eng.  very;  -ly.\ 

\,  In  truth  ;  in  very  truth  or  deed  ;  of  a 
truth  ;  truly. 


2.  Really,   truly ;  with    great    conlidenee  ; 
in  sincere  earnestness. 

"  I  rerilff  did  think 
That  her  old  gloves  were  on." 

6haki^p. :  At  you.  Like  If.  iv.  J. 

'  ver-i-sim'-il-ar,  «.  [Lat.  verisluiUis,  from 
rcrn.-i  —  true,  and  similis  ~  like.]  Having  the 
appearance  of  truth  ;  probable,  likely. 

■■  How  vtri8imil.ar  it  looks,"— Ca»-/^?c.'  Mln:ell.,  iv.  Ga. 

ver-i-si-mil'-i-tude,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
verhimilUudi),  X'roui  (•ci'us  =  true,  and  sLriUli- 
tudo  =  similitude  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  verisimilar  ; 
appearance  of  truth  ;  probability,  likeliliooil. 

"  That  proportion  forms  an  eHSKutiuI  attX'ibute  of 
truth,  and  consequently  of  vrisitnititttUe,  or  that 
wliicli  rendei-3  a  uiirrtition  iwobable."— iiO(rf( ;  Li/e  of 
Swift,  §  (i. 

2.  That  wJiich   is  verisimilar;   that  which 
h.'is  the  ajipearance  of  fact. 

*  ver-i-si-mir-i-ty,  s.     [Lat.   vi:rUiiiiiUs  = 

probable.]     Verisimilitude,  probability. 

"As  touching  the  pr-risimUity  or  prob.Thle  tmth  of 
thia  loliition.*'— /Jj'o/t-Hc.'  Vuhjar  /.'rrourn,  bk.  iii,, 
cli.  xxi. 

*  ver-i-sim'-il-ous,  o.     [Lat.  verisimilis.] 

(Verisimilak.]     Having    the  appearance  of 
trutli ;  probable,  verisinulai". 

"Supijorted  by  wri»(H(j7oi«  and  prolmble  reasons," 
—  White.    [Todd.) 

*  ver'-it-a-ble,  '  vcr-yt-a-ble,  a.  [Fr.. 
from  Lat.  rerus  =  true.] 

1.  Agreeable  t«  truth  or  tact ;  true,  real, 
genuine. 

'■  Indeed  !  is  't  true? 
Most  oeriCabfv  .-  therefore  look  to 't  well." 

aintkeep.:  OthetUi,  iii.  1. 

2,  Truthful,  veracious. 


ver'-lt-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  L-entabile) ;  -ly.] 
In  truth  ;  truly,  really,  verily, 

"  Hercules  must  aaceud  the  fnueiitl  pyre,  and  there 
be  veritiibltf  burnt  to  Ann-ih. "—Farrar  :  Eartt/  Days  of 
Vhrhtinnity.  ch,  iv. 

ver-i-tds,  ,•;.  [Fr.]  A  i-egisler  of  shipping 
established  in  Paris  on  the  principle  of  the 
English  Lloyds.  Commonly  called  the  Bureau 
Veritas. 

ver'-i-ty,  "  ver-i-tie,  '  ver-y-te,  *  ver- 
y-tie, *  ver-y-tye,  ^^  [l-'r.  vKitti,  from 
I^t.  vt'ritutpin,  Hccus.  of  Veritas,  from  vcrus=^ 
true  ;  Sp.  i-erdad  ;  Ital.  veritd.] 

I.  Thequ.ility  or  state  of  being  true  ;  truth, 
reality ;  true  <>r  real  nature ;  agreement  of  a 
statement,  proposition,  or  other  thing  with 
f'rt. 

■■  [  would  prove  the  rcrlfi/  of  certain  worda." 

ff.ujt.*/-. .  /ienm  vni .  I.  ■.'. 


2.  That  which  is  true;  a  tiuo  assertion  or 
I'-Mtt;  a  truth,  a  fact,  a  reality. 

"Thi-nt  »ru  inttny  mrriti'r*.  which  ynt  may  be  uu 
vH'ha  artyclea  uf  oiiru  fnytii."— 0oAc  made  by  Jon 
I'ryth.  \t.  107. 

*  3.  Faitli,  h<mosty, 

"Jtuticv,  verity.  tcnipcrauc«," 

nhakrtp.  :  .Uaebetti,  iv.  ". 

•f  Of  a  verify:  Verily ;  in  vei-y  truth  or  ileed, 

ver-jui5e,  ver-geous,  'ver-ious.'ver- 
juce,  N.  [Fr.  (■♦:(/((s  —  vcriuiui!  tbt.=  ga-en 
juice),  from  cert,  ('frrf  =  green,aiidji(.s=juice.J 
I.  lAt.  :  An  acid  li<iuor  expressect  from 
crab-apples,  unript;  grapes,  &c.,  and  used  for 
cooking  ancl  other  purposcjs. 

"  Then  bids  fall  njx  ;  biiuKclf,  for  saving  cbanccs, 
A  I>vtilcd  sllcttd  oniuu  caU,  and  tipples  tx-rjuiif.'' 
Dryden:  i\Tsiiu,  hjiU  Iv. 

"  2.  Fig.  :  Sournitss  or  acidity  of  temper  or 
manner;  crabbedness. 

•■  The  fii!ihlon  in  whi<Ai  the  iinn-ator  cliose,  from  In- 
herent Itonhumie,  or  frout  inherent  verjuice,  to  put 
the  thing"— ,fl.  A'.  //.  Itoyd:  Jiec.  Country  Parson ; 
A  rt  of  /'liriin'j  Thingn. 

ver'-meil,  ver -mill,  s.  [Fr.  vermeil  ■= 
vermilion  .  .  .  ;i,  litLU-  worm,  from  Lat.  ver- 
mirnlus,  dimin.  from  vermU;  ~  a  worm.]  [Ver- 
milion.1 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Vermilion;  thecolour  of  vermilion,  (Only 
u.sed  in  poetry.) 


2.  Silver  gilt;  gilt  bronze. 

3.  A  jeweller's  name  for  a  crimson-red  gar- 
net inclining  slightly  to  orange. 

II.  Gild. :  A  liquid  applied  to  a  gilded  sm- 
face  to  give  lustre  and  tire  to  tin-  gold,  making 
it  resemble  ormolu.  It  is  coui  posed  of  arnotto, 
gamboge,  vermilion,  dragons  Idood,  salt  of 
tartar,  and  satlVon,  boiled  in  water, 

'  ver'- mel  -  et,  s.  [A  dimin.  from  vermeil 
(q.v.).J     Vermilion. 

■■  Who  made  thy  colour  vermelet  and  white  1"" 
Chaucer:  Court  of  tove. 

'  ver-meol'-O-gist,  »■•  [Eng.  venneolog(y)  ; 
■i.^t.\     A  iielliuiithulogistOi.v.). 

'  ver-me-dl'-d-gy,  *■•  [Lat.  uenn'is  =  a  worm, 
iind  Gr,  Aoyos  (l'Mjos)~a,  word,  a  discourse.] 
Helminthology  (q.v.). 

ver'-mes,  s.  pi.  [FI.  of  Lat.  vermis  =  a  worm 
(q-v.)-J 

Zoology : 

■  I.  The  sixth  class  in  the  an-angenient  of 
Linuii'us,  c(un\irising  all  the  animals  which 
rould  not  be  arranged  under  Vertebrata  and 
insicta.  Hi' divided  the  class  into  tiveordei's: 
Intfstina,  MoHusca,  Testacea,  Liihophyta, 
and  Z'jophyta. 

2.  A  phylum  of  the  Metazoa.  It  contains  a 
large  number  of  allied  animal  forms,  which 
may  possibly  represent  more  than  one  phylum, 
Gegenbaur  makes  nine  classes :  Platyhel- 
minthes.Nematelminthes.Chietognathi,  Aean- 
thocephali,  Bryozoa.  Rotatoria,  Enteropneus- 
ti  (iiajanoglossns),  Gephyrea,  and  Anmilata. 
This  pliylum  includes  the  Scolecida,  the 
Annelida,  and  Poly^oa  of  Uuxley.  [Zooloov.] 

ver-me'-ti-dse,  i.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.  vcrme(tus); 
Lat.  tem.  pi.  adj.  suti".  -ido;.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Holostoniatous  Gastero- 
poda, witii  two  genera,  Vennetus  and  ISili- 
quaria.  (Tate.)  Tlie  shells  are  closely  akin 
to  those  of  the  .Serpulje,  but  are  distinguisiied 
from  them  by  the  presence  of  a  spiial  nucleus 
and  of  concave  smooth  interior  .septa.     [Vku- 

MGTL'S.] 

ver-me'-tus,  s.  [Mod.  I<at.,from  Lat.  vermi:^ 
(q,v.).] 

Zool.  d;  Pahvont. :  Worm-shell  ;  according 
to  Woodward  a  genus  of  Turiitellidie  (q.v.), 
but  made  by  Tate  the  tyixs  of  a  family,  Ver- 
metida;  (q.v.),  with  thirty-one  recent  species 
from  Portugal,  the  Mediterianejin,  Africa,  and 
India.  Shell  tubular,  attached  ;  .sometimes 
regularly  spiral  when  young  ;  alwajs  irregular 
ill  its  adult  growth  ;  tube  repeatedly  jiarti- 
tioned  otf;  apertme  round;  iipcrculum  cir- 
cular, concave  externally.  Fossil  species 
twelve,  from  tiie  Lowar  Greensand  of  Britain, 
France,  &c. 

ver-mi-^el'-U  (or  9  as  9h),  s.  [Ital.  vermi- 
velli  =  little  worms,  pi,  of  vtrmicetlo  ~  a  littb; 
worm,  dimin.  from  o-rmt^  —  a  worm,  from  Lat 
v^rmeiii,  actus,  of  irniiis  ■=.  a  worm. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  cborus,  9hin,  bcnph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -iuej, 
-ciaa,  -tian  —  shan.    -tioa,  -slon  —  sliun;  -tion,  -$ion  =  ^"^ft"     -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  sbus.    -Wc,  -dlo.  &c.  -  bol,  deL 


432 


vermiceous— vermouth 


'  -  ■  An  Ilaliuii  luixtun-  prt'i>are«l  of  tloiir. 
.111.,,',  \..lk.'.nri'jo;'*. '•"K'J"".  n"il  s'l'fruii.  iiiaii- 
111 K  [in.  -1  111  tho  fnriii  of  long  slciulor  tiilH-s  or 
Hma'ls,  niid  so  iuinie<)  from  their  worm-like 
mpiM-araiico.  ViTiiiicelllilitrL-i's  from  miicaruiii 
only  in  U-ing  made  in  smaller  tuU-s.  Both 
an-  prfii;iri-tl  in  iH-rfectiuii  at  Naples,  where 
tht-y  an'  a  favourite  tlish  with  all  cla-sses,  iind 
f.inii  a  principal  item  in  the  food  of  the  popu- 
hitmn.  Verniicelli  Im  used  iu  EngUiiul  in 
buup!>,  lirotlia,  &c. 

*  ver-mic-eoibi  (o  an  sh), '  ver-mi'-cioas, 

II,    |l-it,  v^rmi.1  =  a  worm.]    Of  or  pertaining; 
U>  wnriiis  ;  wormy. 

ver'-llli-9ide,  .•■.  [Lat.  vermis  ■=  a  worm,  and 
i\i'l>  (ill  coinp.  ■iido)=to  kill.]  A  woriii- 
killiT  ;  oiii-  of  that  class  of  anthelmintic^* 
w  liiih  destn^y  intestinal  worms  ;  a  vermifuge. 


•  ver'  ini-clo. 


[Vermicule.] 


ver-  mic'-n-lax,  «.  [Fr.  t^ermiculaire,  from 
I^at.  rrrmi'culi'ts,  double  dimin.  from  rfi-mis  = 
a  worm  ;  Sp.  vV  Port.  7YrmicuUir.] 

L  Ord.  Laixfj.  :  Pertaining  to  a  worm ;  re- 
S4>mt)ltng  a  worm ;  especially  resembling  the 
motion  or  track  of  a  worm. 

••  A  twlitrd  form  rcnnicdar.'    Coteper:  Task.  i.  30. 

n.  Bot. :  Worm-shaped,  thick  and  almost 
cylindrirai,  but  bent  in  different  places,  as 
tho  rctot*  of  I'ohjfjoniuvi  [tistorta. 

Termiculax-motlon,  >. 

l'lni>i-<!.  :  P.ristaltic  motion  (q. v.). 

Termicnlar-work.  vermiculated- 
work,   . 

Anhit'Xiuir.  a";.  : 

1.  A  sort  of  ornamental  work,  consisting  of 
frets  or  knots  in  mosaic  pavements,  winding' 
and  resembling  the  tracks  of  worms. 

2.  A  species  of  rusticated  masonry,  so 
wrought  as  to  have  the  appearance  of  having 
been  eaten  into  or  formed  by  the  tracks  of 
worn!.--. 

vcr-mic-u-lar'-i-a,  .*.  [Lat.  vermiculu$=  a 
little  worm.] 

Faloxmt.  :  A  genus  of  Serpulidae,  ranging 
from  the  Lower  Oolite  to  the  Eocene. 

ver-ndc'-n-late,  v.t.  &.  i.  [Vermiculate,  a.] 

A.  2'rans.  ;  To  diK])Ose  in  wreathed  lines 

like  the  undulations  of  worms  ;  to  form  work 

by  inlaying  resembling  the    motion   or   the 

tracks  uf  wurina. 

*  B>  Intrans. :  To  become  full  of  worms ; 
to  be  eaten  by  worms. 

"  Speak,  dotli  hin  body  there  venjiiettlate, 
Cnirabit  t)  .luat."  Klfffff  upon  /»:  Donne, 

ver -mic-u -late,  a.  [Lat.  vermiculatus — 
(1)  lull  of  worms,  {'1)  inlaid  so  as  to  resemble 
the  track.s  of  worms,  from  vermicxdus  —  a  ver- 
niirule  (q.v.).] 

I.  Ordinonj  Lifnijnage: 

I.  Lit.:  Wurni-like  in  shape  or  appearance  ; 
covered  with  wonu-like  elevations. 

*  2.  Fiif. :  Creeping  or  ci-awling  like  a  worm  ; 
hence,  creeping,  insinuating,  sophistical. 

"  Idle,  unwholeaouie,  and,  us  I  may  term  them,  ver- 
mk-ttlrite  <iui'atioini,"— flfi«o)J ;  Adoance.  of  Learning, 
l.k.  i. 

t  II.  iioi. :  Of  a  vermilion  colour. 

VCr-mic'-U-lat-ed,  n.  [Eng.  vermlcnXatle)  ; 
-I'll.]      Formed    with    a    worm-like    pattern. 

[Vl:;RMrCULA.R.l 

■"  ver-mic-u-la'-tion,  5.  [Lat.  vermimkitio, 
fnnu  vcnaiunlaius  —  vermiculate  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  moving  nfter  the 
manner  of  a  worm ;  continuation  of  motion 
from  one  part  to  another,  as  in  the  peristaltic 
motion  of  the  intestines. 

"  My  guU  (iiiuvel  by  the  lootiou  of  vermiculation." 
—  IlaU:  Ori'j.  •■/  J/.tnklntl.  i>.  31 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  forming  worm-like 
I          omamentsS  ;  a  worm-like  ornament  or  body  of 

any  kind. 

3.  The  state  of  l>eing  worm-eaten ;  the  act 
of  piercing  or  boring  tlirongh,  as  by  worms. 

•*Thi»  huge  oJivv.  whiuh  fluurished  so  long,  fell.  »8 
thity  K\y,  of  vermUnilafioit.  beiun:  aU  worm-eiitflii  with- 
iu." — Ilnwil ;  Vncitlt  Porett,  p.  70. 

*  ver'-mi-cule,  ^  ver'-mi-de,  s.    [Lat.  ver- 

micnhis.\     | VKKMirL-i.Aii.]      A  little  grub   or 
worm;  a  small,  worm-like  body. 

"We  we  inniiy  vrrmirlet  towftnls  the  outside  of 
iiiniiy  of  the  oak  Jiplilea."— CcrA'iin  .-  Phj/tic'^TtteaU^i/. 


ver-mic -u-lite,  '*.  [Lut.  vfrinicuiior)  =  I 
bree<l  worni;- ;  siitt.  -itelMin).} 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  a  mineral  occurring 
in  small  mica-hke  scales  in  steatite,  at  Mil- 
bnry,  near  Woreester,  Massachusetts,  Crys- 
tallization, hexagonal ;  hardueas,  I  to  *i  :  sp.gr. 
2*756;  lustre,  like  talc;  colour,  grayish.  An 
analysis  yielded  :  siliea.3:cT4  ;  alumina,  lO'-rJ; 
protoxide  of  iron,  lO'Oi' ;  magnesia,  27"44  ; 
water,  10-30  =  uy92.  ExlVdiates  on  heatinic, 
twisting  into  worm-like  bodies.  A  deennipo- 
sition-pntduct  of  mica,  to  which  other  named 
substances  td' similar  origin  may  be  referred. 

ver-mic'-u-loiis.  ver-mlc'-u-lose,  «. 

[Lat.  jrrmihtlvsus,  from  viniiicitlm  =a  vermi- 
cule (q.v.).] 

1.  Full  of  or  containing  worms  or  grubs. 

2.  Kesembling  worms. 

ver  -mi-form,  a.  [Fr.  I'crmi/orjnr,  from  Lat. 
vermis  =  SL  worm,  and  fomui  =form.l  Having 
the  form  or  shape  of  a  worm,  or  of  its 
motions ;  helminthoid. 

vermiform -appendage,  ^-. 

Co7up*tr.  Anat.:  Apftnulix  cn-ci  verviiformU. 
Appendix.  I.  1.]  So  far  as  is  known,  this  &xi- 
pendage  is  peculiar  to  man,  certain  of  the 
higher  apes,  and  the  wombat. 

vermiform-camivora,  6~.  pi. 

Zool. :  A  term  sometimes  applieii  to  the 
Mustelin;e  (q.v.),  from  their  long  lithe  bodies. 

ver-im-for'-me§,  a  pi.  [Lat.  vermis  =  a 
worm,  and />rnm  =  form.] 

Entsm. :  A  term  applied  by  Newman  to 
Worm-sliaped  or  Cylindrical  Caterpillars.  He 
considers  it  an  order  of  Butterflies,  and  di- 
vides it  into  three  families:  Rhodoceridje, 
with  the  British  genera  Colias  and  Rhodo- 
cera ;  Papilionida^,  with  the  genus  Papilio ; 
and  Pieridee,  with  the  genera  Leucophasin, 
Anthocharis,  Pieris,  and  Aporia. 

ver-mi-for'-mi-a,  5.  pi.  [Vermiformes.] 
Zool. :  RoUeston's  name  for  a  group  of 
Vermes,  with  a  single  marine  genus,  Phoronis, 
with  several  species.  It  occurs  on  the  British 
coasts  in  societies  of  separate  individuals: 
often  placed  in  the  SerpulidiK. 

ver-mif'-u-gal,  a.  [Eng.  V€rmifug(e);  -cU.] 
Of  the  natiiie  of  a  vermifuge  ;  tending  to  pre- 
vent or  destroy  worms,  or  to  expel  them  from 
animal  bodies  ;  anthelmintic. 

ver'-mi-f&ge.  s.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vermis  =a 
worm,  and  fnffo  =  to  put  to  flight.]    A  medi- 
cine or  substance   that   destroys    or    expels 
worms  from  animal  bodies  ;  an  anthelraintie 
(q.v.). 
IT  Often  used  adjectively,  as  in  the  example. 
"To  rescue  from  oblivion  the  merit  of  his  vermifuge 
nisdicinea,"—Edinburt/h  lieifiew,  June,  1820,  p.  48. 

'  ver-mil,  *  ver-mill,  .>.    [Vermeil.] 

t  ver-mi-le'-6,  >•.  [Lat.  vermis  =^  a  worm, 
and  leo  —a  lion.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Leptid*  erected  for  Ver- 
mileo  srolopacea  (or  degeeri)  =  Leptis  vermilio. 
[Leptis.] 

ver-mil'-i-a,  .*.  [Lat.  i^ermis=^a.  worm.) 
Zool.  (t  PaXaiord. :  A  genus  of  Serpnlidte, 
in  which  the  tortuous  shell  or  sheath  is  at- 
tached to  some  foreign  body  by  its  whole 
length.  Found  in  the  seas  of  Europe.  Fossil 
from  the  Liover  Oolite  ouward. 

t  Ter-mi-lin'-gues,  t  ver-mi-lin'-gui-a 

(u  as  w),  5.  pi.     [Lat.  vermis  =  a  worm,  and 
lingua  =  the  tongue.] 

Zool. :  A  group  of  Lacertilia,  consisting  of 
the  single  family  Chanieleontidie  (q.v.). 

ver -mil' -ion.  *  ver  mil-lion  (i  as  y). 
'  ver-myl-oun,  *  ver  myl-yone,  .s.  &  a. 

[Fr.  iT//((i/?()/i  =  vermilion  .  .  .  a  little  worm, 
from  Lat.  vermioalns,  double  dimin.  of  vermis 
=  a  worm;  so  called  from  being  of  a  red  or 
scarlet  colour,  such  as  that  obtained  from  the 
kermes  or  cocliineal  insect ;  Sp.  bermelloii  ; 
Poit.  vermelhcto;  Ital.  vermiglione.]  [Cochi- 
neal, Crimson.] 
A.  As  substu7itive : 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  cochineal  (q.v.). 

2.  The  bisulphuret  of  mercury  used  as  a 
pigment  in  oil  and  water  colours.  It  is  ot 
u  bright  red  colour,  inclining  to  yellow,  of 


good  body,  and  of  great  usefulness  in  its  com- 
pounds with  white  pigments.  It  is  also  used 
in  making  sealing-wax  and  for  oilier  purposes. 
It  occurs  in  nature  as  a  common  ore  of  mer- 
cury, of  a  carmine-red  colour. 

:j.  Hence,  a  colour  such  its  that  of  the  above 
pigment ;  a  bejiutiful  red  colour. 

"  The  aruiem  thnt  earst  so  bright  did  show. 
Into  .■!  pure  vermidion  uow  nre  dide." 

Hpi-nscr :  f.  q.,  I.  v.  9, 

IL  TiOt. :  Scarlet  with  a  decitled  mixture  of 
yellow. 

B.  As  adj.:  Of  a  beautiful  red  colour;  re- 
acnibling  verniiiion. 

•  ver-mil'-ion  (i  as  y),  v.t.  [Vermilion,  s.\ 
To  colour  with,  or  as  with,  vermilion  ;  to  dye 
red  ;  to  cover  or  sutfuse  with  a  delicate  red. 


"See.  youth  vermUio 


I  o'er  his  modest  face." 
Oraingt-v:  TibuUus.  L  0. 


'  ver'-mil-^,  a.  &  s.  [Eng.  vermil ;  -y.]  Ver- 
milion.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  III.  \'iii.  (i.) 

ver'-min,  ^ver-mayne,    'ver-mine,   s. 

[Fr.  wrmuic  :^  vermin  .  .  .  liee.  fleas,  ticks, 
mice,  rats,  Ac,  as  if  from  a  Lat.  verminus, 
from  vermis  =  a  worm.] 

L  Literally : 

*  I.  Any  wild  or  noxious  animal ;  a  reptile. 

"  The  crocodile  is  a  mischievous,  fuur-footed  beast, 
,1  dangerous  pcrmin  used  to  Imth  elements. "—/'.  Bol- 
farul :  Ammianus  J/arcedimii,  p.  212. 

2.  A  name  applied  generally  to  certain 
mischievous  or  ottensivc  animals,  as — 

(1)  To  the  smaller  mammalia,  and  certain 
kinds  of  birds  which  damage  man's  crops,  or 
other  belongings,  as  otters,  foxes,  polecats, 
weasels,  rats,  mice,  moles.  kit«s,  &c. 

"  They  shulde  ete  all  manner  of  vermapnc,  .is  cattes, 
rattes,  doggea.  and  others."— /'(ti»/an  .■  Chroni/cte,  cb. 
ccxix, 

(2)  To  noxious,  offensive,  or  destructive  in- 
sects or  the  like,  asgrulis,  flies,  lice,  fleas,  &.c. 

n.  Fig. :  Applied  to  low.  noxious,  or  despic!- 
able  human  beings  in  contempt. 

"  They  had  been  regarded  by  the  Saxon  population 
aa  liatefiil  pemiin  who  ought  to  be  exterminated  with- 
out mercy." — Atiicaulay  :    Ilisl.  £ttg.,  ch.  xiit 

vermin-killer,  s.  a  name  commonly 
applied  to  a  poisonous  preparation  intended 
to  kill  rats,  mice,  or  other  vermin. 

*ver'-mm,  v.t.  [Vermin,  s,]  To  clear  of 
vermin.    {Tusser :  Husbaitdrie,  p.  7±) 

"^^  ver'-min-ate,  v.i.  [Lat.  vcnidnatuvit  sup. 
of  rermino  =  to  have  worms,  from  vermis  =^sk 
worm.]    To  breed  vermin. 

"  The  seed  of  the  serpent,  and  its  wrniinatinj  prin- 
ciple."— Bibtiotheca  Bibtica.  i.  452. 

'■  ver-min-a'-tion,  .^.    [Verminate.] 

1.  The  breeding  or  generation  of  vermin, 
especially  of  parasitic  vermin. 

"Experimenta  relating  to  the  vermination  of  aer- 
peutaand  tteah." — Derham:  P/fi/itico-Theologi/. 

2.  A  griping  of  the  bowels. 

"^ver'-min-ly,  rt.  or  adv.  [Eng.  ve1•^aiH  ;  -ly.] 
Of  the  nature  of  vermin  ;  like  vermin. 

t  ver -min-oiis,  a.     [Eng.  vermin;  -ous.] 

1.  Tending  to  breed  vermin  ;  infected  with 
vermin. 

"  The  bird  may  be  in  moult,  or  it  may  have  been 
crowded  and  neglected  and  have  become  verminous." — 
rS'r,  James's  Gazette,  Aug.  23,  188G. 

2.  Caused  by  or  arising  from  the  presence 
of  vermin. 

*ver-min-ous-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vermiivous: 
-ly.]  In  a  verminous  manner,  so  as  to  breed 
vermin  ;  as  if  infested  with  vermin. 

* ver-mip'-a-rous, f(.  [Lat,  ve)Wis  =  aworm, 
aiul  jKirio  —  to  bear.J  Producing  worms; 
breeding  worms. 

"  Hereby^  they  confound  the  generation  of  vermi- 
fnrouit  animals  with  ovipmous."  ~- iJrowne :  Vuli/nr 
Errourn. 

•  Ver-miv'-or-oiis, «.  [Lat.  vermis  =  a  worm, 
and  voro  =  to  devour.]  Devouring  worms; 
feeding  on  worms. 

ver'-mdnt-ite,  s.  [After  Vermont,  New 
Hampshire,  where  it  is  supposed  to  have 
been  found  ;  suH".  -ite  (Min.).'} 

Min. :  A  variety  of  arsenopyrite(q.v.).  con- 
taining cobalt,  and  referred  by  Dana  to  his 
cobidtic  group  of  that  species. 

ver'-mouth,  ver'-miith  (th  as  t),  *\    [Fr. 

m-moiit.  vrwouth,  from  Ger,  n-erniuth  =  ah- 
.^iiithf.)      A  stimulating  liquor,  composed  of 


l&te,  «at»  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or,  wore.  wolf.  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try. 


pine.  pjtt.  sire.  sir.  marine;  go,  pot; 
Syrian,    se.  oe  ^  e ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


vernacle—verrucseform 


433 


wliite  wine,  al'siiithe,  jinyt'lica,  and  oiliei"  aio- 
luatii!  lieii)S,  jnoffssei-lly  used  tu  excite  the 
apln-'titf.. 

ver  -na-cle,  .•;.    IVeksicle.] 

ver-nac'-u-lar,  <t.  &  s.  [Lat.  t'enmcnhis  ~ 
lieUin^in;^'  It>*  lM'iiii.--b"ni  slaves,  domestic, 
iiativf,  or  iiidii,'t*iiims ;  a  double  dimiii.  fl'niii 
ixriut  =  a  liuiiic-buiii  slave.] 

A.  .-Is  «(0'.  *  Native ;  belonging  to  th-' 
C'Mintry  of  one's  biitli  ;  belonging  to  (MH'  s 
native  speech.  (Almost  exclusively  ust-d  ol 
tiiv  native  language  or  every-day  idi'jni  of  a 
place  or  country  ;  native  and  indigenous.) 

"  HIm  skill   iu   the  wrnaciiltir  diiUect  uf  the  CVltii: 
tongne."^Fttiter  :   tVorthies  :  Oeiteral. 

B.  -is  subst.  :  One's  native  tongue;  the 
native  idiom  of  a  place  or  country. 

"  Some  ot  the  iieoplea ami  tiiliL--.  whose  vriiaculxn 
tliitt  L'LiKS  ci)iii)>riaea. "— .U/i«'t(Pi(if(,  March  4,  1882. 

vernacular- disease,  *. 

i\iiii:d.:  A  ihscasi- whicli  prevails  in  a  par- 
ticuUii    country  or  district;  an  endemic  dis- 

■J'-XSV. 

■  ver-na,C-U-lar-ism,  5.  [Eng.  vernacular ; 
■l-iii.\     A  veiii.iculiu  idium. 

'  ver-nac-u-13jr-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  vernacular ; 
'Itij.]    A  veViiacularism  ;  un  idiom. 

"  Ku.-tic  Aiiiiaiiilale  .  .  .  with  it*  lioinely  lumestie-s. 
its  lijiiiih   vernacular  Hits.' — Carti/le:   Jicmiiiixi.-'iiiKti, 

1,  ;wo. 

•  ver-nac-u-lar  i-za -tion,  .*.  [Kng.  in- 
iiacitlur ;  -ization.]  The  act  or  jnociess  of 
making  vernacular ;  the  state  of  being  made 
vernacular. 

"Thousiiiid?  iif  woi<ls  .  .  .  civiuli (lutes  for  vernarn- 
laruatioii.'—Fitz'jUic.irii  Hall:  Modtrit  Engliah,  \i.  Ivi: 

ver-nac'-u-lar-lj^,  adv.  [Eng.  vcrmicalar  ; 
-,';/.]    In  a'vernacular  manner,  as  one's  native 

language. 


"  We  have  most  uf  ur  kiiowu  one  lii)ic;unge  i 
larty."  ~  £arle :    PhUology   of  thv   Etiglith  Tont/ue. 
(Prer.) 

*  ver-nSc'-U-lonS,  «.     [Lat.  renutculus.] 

1.  uf  ur  pt-rtaining  to  slaves  or  the  rabble  ; 
hi-uct;,  siurriloiis,  insolent,  scoffing. 

■■  Subject  to  the  iietulaucy  of  every  vi-rtiaritlons 
orator  that  weie  wont  to  he  the  cjire  nf  kiu^ia  ami 
Lnpi'iest  monnrchs."— ficH  JoiMw*!  .•  i'olfn/ttv.  (Dedic.j 

2.  Vernacular. 

•  ver'-nage,    s.      [O.    Fr.,   froni    It.   crrno  = 

v.iutci.]"    A  sweet  wiue. 

"  Never  pyeiiient  iie  i>ernngc 
Waa  halfe  au  swete  for  to  dryuke." 

(Jotcer :  C.  A.,  vi, 

ver'-nal,  *ver'-naU,  c  ILat.  vernulhjvom 
:.:niu--i=  pertaining  to  spring;  ver  =■  spring; 
cogn.  with  Gr.  cop  (car)  =  spring  ;  Icel.  vnr^ 
vor  ;  Dan.  vwxr  ;  Sw.  mr;  Ir.  earrach  ;  Russ. 
vesna.) 

1.  Lit. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  spring  ;  ap- 
I'earing  in  the  spring. 

■■  Not  to  me  retnius, 
Or  eight  of  vernal  blooiu,  or  summer's  rose." 

J/iUon:  P.  L.,  X.  1318. 

2.  FUj. :  Poitaining  or  belonging  to  youth  ; 
the  spring  of  life. 

vernal -equinox,  tf.    [Ecjiinox.] 

vernal-grass,  5. 

Bot. :  AnthoxttnUuttii  odoratum,a  native  uf 
Grt-at  Britain,  and  found  in  every  county. 
It  is  one  of  the  earliest  grasses,  and  possesses 
a  Iiighly  aromatic  smell  ami  taste.  As  a  pas- 
ture grass  it  takes  only  low  rank,  and  wlien  it 
predominates  in  a  pasture  it  is  left  uneaten 
by  stock ;  at  the  same  time  its  aromatic 
qualities  may  liave  some  wholesome  medicinal 
value.  Seed  niercbants  have  used  the  seeds 
of  AnthoxtDithum  puelH,  which  is  not  a  native 
of  Great  Britain,  as  a  substitute  for  the  seeds 
uf  this  more  valuable  spenies  ;  since,  as  iu  the 
case  of  all  annual  grasses,  they  are  more 
easily  procured.  Called  also  Sweet-scented 
Vernal -grass. 

vernal-signs,  5.  ph  The  signs  in  which 
tJie  sun  appears  in  the  .spring. 

vernal  whitlow-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Eruphila  (q-v.). 

'ver'-nant,  a.  [Lat.  vcrnans,  pr.  par.  of 
VLfiw  ='to  Hourish,  from  vcr=.  spring.]  Flour, 
ishing  iu  the  spring  ;  vernal. 

"  The  spring 
Perpetuftl  smird  on  earth,  with  Pt'r>iant  flow'i-s." 
Milton:  P.  I.,  x.  eiS. 

*ver'-nate,  v.i.    [Lat.  iTr/iaiuni,  sup.  of  rerjto 


=  to  tlomish.]    I VcRNA.M. )     To  be  vernant ; 
to  nourish. 

ver-na'-tlon.  s.    iVi:iinatk.] 

But.  :  The  manner  in  whi(th  the  young 
h.MVfs  aru  ari-anged  within  the  leaf-bud.  It  is 
of  u'leat  I'racticiil  inipuitance  for  distinguish- 
ing species,  gcnci'a,  and  even  natural  orders. 
Thus  tilt-  vernation  uf  the  Cherry  is  condu- 
plicate,  that  of  Priiniis  ilniiwstica  convolute, 
and  tliat  of  Ferns  and  Cycadaccffi  circinate. 
Calk'il  also  Prsefoliation. 

ver'-ni-cle,  s.  [Vkkonica.]  a  copy  of  the 
handkerchief  of  St.  VeroTijca,  said  to  have 
lieen  miraculously  impressed  with  the  fea- 
tures of  (Jur  Liu'd.  It  was  worn  us  a  sign 
by  jiilgiiins  to  Hume. 

"  A  i-L-rnicle  hiidde  he  sewed  upon  his  cayjw." 

Chniiccr:  C.  T..  688.    \V\'o\.) 

ver'-ni-cose,   a.      [Low   Lat.    vtrnix,   genit. 
ftc/ticis  =.  varnish.] 
Dot. :  Covered  with  a  natural  varnish. 

ver'-ni-er,  5.  [Named  after  the  inventor, 
IV'ter  Vernier,  of  Brussels,  wlio  described  it 
in  a  tract  printed  in  16:11.]  A  euntrivance  for 
iiioasnrin^'  fiactional  jiortions  of  one  of  the 
tqual  spares  into  which  a  scfde  or  limb,  or  a 
,L;raduated  instrument  is  divided.  The  vernier 
■  ■unsists  uf  a  graduated  scale,  so  arranged  as 
tu  cover  an  exact  number  of  spaces  *-  z 
<>u  the  ]trimnry  scale,  or  limb,  to 
which  it  is  applied.  The  vernier 
is  divided  into  a  number  of  eijual 
parts,  greater  or  less  by  1,  thnu 
the  number  of  spaces  which  it 
i-overs  on  the  limb.  That  .ippUed 
to  the  barometer  will  illustrate  its 
principle,  a  representing  the  mer- 
curial column,  b  the  vernier,  and  c 
the  barometer-scale,  divided  into 
inches  and  tenths.  The  vender- 
scale  is  li^  inches  in  length,  and 
is  divided  into  ten  equal  parts, 
each  embracing  t'.iH  of  an  inch,  and  „„_„,„ 
Theretore  exceedmg  each  division 
uf  the  scale  by  y^^  of  an  inch.  If,  therefore, 
any  di\'ision  of  the  vernier  eoincide  with  a 
divisiun  on  the  scale,  that  division,  counting 
downward,  when  the  0  of  the  veiuier  coincides 
witli  the  top  of  the  mercurial  column,  indi- 
«.ates  the  number  of  hundreilths  of  an  inch  10 
be  added  to  the  tentlis  tlivisioii  on  the  scale 
next  aljove  which  the  u  of  the  vernier  stands. 

vernier  -  compass,  s.  a  surveyor's 
i'om])ass  whose  compass-circle  is  titted  with  a 
vernier  attachment. 

vernier-transit,  s.  A  transit  having  a 
vernier-attachment  to  the  compass.  [Transit, 
6.,  U.  3.] 

*ver'-mle,  a.  [Lat.  cerdi^is,  from  wrHa  =  a 
slave.)  Suiting  or  characteristic  of  a  slave; 
servile,  slavish. 

*  ver-nil'-i-ty,  s.  [Lat.  veniilltas,  from  rer- 
iiUls  =  veniile  (q.v.).]  Servility;  fawning 
bihaviour,  like  that  of  a  slave. 

'  ver-nish,  c.t.  &  i.     [Varnish.] 

ver-no'-ni-a,  s.  [Named  after  William  Ver- 
iKiii,  a  butan'ieal  traveller  in  North  America.] 
Cot.  :  A  large  genus  of  Heterocomeffi,  the 
ty|)ical  one  of  Vernoniaceie.  Style  cylindrical, 
with  tapering  branches,  everywhere  covere»l 
with  bristles.  More  than  400  species  are 
known,  ehiefly  from  the  hotter  parts  of  the 
western  hemisphere.  The  seeds  of  VBnionia 
n  lUhelmintica  (=  Serratula  an thdminti ca  of 
Roxburgh),  a  plant  found  in  the  Himalayas 
and  some  other  parts  of  India,  yield  an  oil. 
The  seeds  themselves  are  a  valuable  tonic  and 
siuuiitehic,  and  are  said  to  be  diuretic.  They 
arc  u-^iil  as  an  anthelmintic,  and  bruised  and 
niix'd  with  lime-juice  todestroy  pediculi.  Tlie 
Hind<)us  consider  them  of  great  use  in  white 
leprusy  and  other  skin  diseases.  A  decoction 
of  r.  iinrrco.  another  Indian  species,  is  used 
iu  ludjii  to  promote  perspiration. 

ver-no-ni-a'-ye-ae,  s.  ;>L  (Mod.  Lat.  ver- 
iLoni(a) ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Tuluilifione.  Style  cylin- 
drical, its  arms  generally  long  and  subulate, 
occasionally  short  and  blunt,  wholly  covered 
with  bristles.  Sub-tribes  :  Bthuliea',  Hetero- 
<'omeie,  ElephantopeJe,  Rolandrexe,  Bojerieoi, 
Liabea;,  and  Pectideae. 

Ve-ro'-ngi,  5.  [See  def.]  A  city  and  province 
iu  the  north  of  Italy. 


Verona-serge,  ■->'.  A  thin  fabric  of  vari- 
ous eoluuis  niinle  uf  wurstt-d  and  cottou,  aud 
sometimes  uf  uiuhair  and  cotton. 

Ver-o-ne^e',  u.  &  s.    [See  def.) 

A.  As  mlj. :  Of  or  jiertaining  to  Veronii. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  native  ur  inhabtlant  of 
Verona  ;  as  a  plural,  the  inhabitants  of  Veioua 
collectively. 

Ve-ron'-i-ca,  *  Ver-one-i  ke,  ^.    (Sec  dcf. 
1.1 

I.  Ordinanj  Language  : 

1.  The  traditional  name  of  the  wuman  who 
was  cured  of  an  issne  of  bluod(Mark  v.  ^ii-:J4X 
originally  given  as  Bernice.  .>r  Berenice.  The 
name  Veronica  soon  came  to  be  jujpularly  ex- 
plained as  equivalent  %o  the  wortlo  veiu  icon 
=  true  likeness,  and  hence  arose  the  legeml 
tliat  St.  Veronica  was  a  ludy  wuman  who 
wi])ed  the  perspii-atiun  IVum  the  lat;e  of  the 
Saviour,  when  toiling  to  Calvary,  ui»ou  the 
sudarium  which  she  cariied,  and  whicli  Im- 
mediately received  an  impression  of  his  fea- 
tures. A  relic,  purporting  to  be  this  very 
napkin,  is  still  preserved  in  St.  Peter's  at 
Home.  Copies  of  the  portrait  woro  called 
Veronieffl,  or  Veroidculit,  whence  the  Euglish 
vernicle  (q.v.). 

2.  A  copy  uf  the  i)orti"ait  or  impies'sion  nf 
Our  Lord's  features  imprinted  on  theBudarium 
of  St.  Veronica ;  a  vernicle. 

II.  Bot. :  Siteedwell  ;  the  typicjil  genus  of 
Veronicete.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  generally  with 
opposite,  sometimes  with  wlioiled,  leaves  ; 
calyx  four  to  live  partite  ;  corulla  rot;ite,  four 
cleft,  the  lowest  .segment  the  narrowest; 
stamens  two  ;  capsule  twu-celled.  Known 
species  abuut  HiO,  fi'om  the  north  temperate 
zone  and  from  Australia  and  New  i^e;dand. 
Fifteen  are  British :  Vemnuu  mjrwitisy  the 
Green  Procumbent  P'ield  ;  V.  hitlfrii-jalia,  the 
I\'y-leaved;  V.  tripluflhs,  Um  Blunt-llngerert ; 
r.  (irce)isis,  the  Wall ;  V.  ctriw,  the  Vernal ; 
r.  scrpijlU folia,  the  Thyme-leaved  ;  /.  alpiiui, 
the  Alpine;  V.  sasatilis,  t\\e  Blue  Hock;  V. 
<ijHi:iiialis,  the  Common  ;  V.  Chanttiutrifs,  the 
Germander;  V.  vwntaim,  the  Mountain;  V, 
scntcllatii,  the  Marsh  Speedwell  ;  I'.  Becca- 
I'tinija,  the  Brooklime  (q.v.);  I'.  Antigattis, 
tli«  Water ;  and  V.  spimtay  the  Spiked  Speed- 
well, All  have  a  certain  delicate  beauty.  One 
uf  the  finest  is  Veronica  Chamo'drifs^  fretpient 
iu  May  aud  June  in  woods,  iMtstores,  and  ou 
hedge-banks.  Its  stem  has  the  suit  hairs  dis- 
posed on  two  opposite  lines,  changing  their 
position  above  each  joint;  the  leaves  are 
wrinkled,  tlie  corolla  very  bi-iglit  blue.  I'. 
officinalis,  a  pubescent  plant,  with  a  procum- 
bent st«m,  ovate-serrate  leaves,  and  spicate 
racemes,  is  abundaut  in  woods  and  pastures ; 
its  bitter  and  astringent  leaves  infused  make 
a  kind  of  tea,  which  has  been  used  mcdicinaliy. 
Other  somewhat  common  species  are  V.  ur- 
vensis,  V.  agrestis,  V.  scrptfUi/oliii,  V.  montunay 
and  V.  hedertefolia.  V.  Buxhanmil  is  con- 
sidered by  Mr.  Watson  to  be  an  alien  Incoming 
a  culonist,  and  V.  peregrino,  is  classed  by  Sir 
J.  Hooker  as  a  casual. 

ver-o-nig'-e-SB,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  inronic(a); 
Lat.  feui.  |)1.  udj.  suflf.  -ete.  1 

Bot. :  A  tiibeof  Rhinanthitle*.  Inflorescence 
centi-ipetal ;  leaves  opposite ;  corolla  almust 
regular;  stamens  two,  divorgiug,  (Sir  J. 
Hooher.) 

*  verre  (1).  '  verr,  $.     [Fr.  rem-,]    Glass. 

"  Ne  bi'hoMe  Unm  the  win,  when  it  fluureth,  wlniii 
si-h.'il  sliiin-  ill  the  verr  the  colour  ul  li."— Wi/clijfc : 
I'rop.  xxiii.  ai. 

"  verre  (2),  s.    [Vair.] 

'  ver'-rel,  *  ver'-rule,  s.    [Ferule.] 

ver-ru-ca  (pi.  ver-ru'-9aB),  s.     [Lat  =a 
steep  place,  a  height ;  a  wart.] 

1.  Bnt.  (I'l.):  Wart-s  or  sessile  glands. '  They 
vary  greatly  in  figure,  and  may  be  round, 
oblong,  reniform  or  cupulate,  eylindrical,  or 
conical.  In  Cassia  they  are  seated  upon  the 
upper  edge  uf  the  petiole,  in  the  Cruciferie 
they  rise  from  the  base  uf  the  uvary,  and  in 
the  leafless  Acacias  they  are  un  the  upper 
edge  of  the  jiliylludium. 

2.  Palo:ont. :  [Vf.rrucid.e]. 

3.  PathoL :  Warts. 

ver-ru -^se-form,     ver-ru'-yi-form,    a. 

[Lat.  icrriim  (q.v,),  and  forma  =  tor  iii] 
Bot. :  'Wart-shaped. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  j<5^1 ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9liin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as :  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  f. 
-cian,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tlon,  -§ion  -  zhun,    -cious,  -tious,  -slous  =  shtis.    -ble,  -die,  <kq.  --  bel,  deL 


AM 


verrucaria— versionist 


▼6r  r^-CAT  -i-A.  ••  |l-lt.  =  itrritcuria  herhit, 
a  l>l.int  ;il>lf  tu'ieuiove  warts,  prubiibly  A'u- 

jJiorh,.'  V;..-.--.>;m.i.| 

Ikit.  Til'-  tyi'i.  al  gfii»!<  of  Vi-rrui-arMte  and 
Wrriu-.ui '  I.  TlfV  have  a  thin  crust  pw* 
(liiciit;:  ;ionulitt.  itent'rally  disUilmtetl  over 
till-  nntl.l.  iMit  tlic  Hiiesl  siR-rics  iire  fixmi  the 
trt»pir>  l'ririi,-'n-i<t  Avhutfrsa  is  nearly  ainintii", 
.1  very  .'Mepti.mal  eharactcr  .inumi:  Ikhens. 

vor  ru-car-i-8B  i,  --./'/.  [M»k1.  i,at.  vr,-n>- 
ctiri{i!){'\-\-):  IJ»t.  masr.  pi.  adj.  ^ntt"-  •"'•I 

/>f.  :  All  onlor  of  Lichens  of  the  Angiocju- 
pons  division.  (LiCHESArK.t,  l.J  Tliey  inv 
fonml  I'll  the  trunks  nf  trees,  on  rtKiks.  and 
oecasioiKiUy  ini  jicbblcs  innnersed  in  water. 

'  ver-ru-car  -f-dse,  .*.  pi.    iMmi.  ijit.  rti- 

riiaii-{iit) :  U'»t.  fein.  pi.  Ailj.  .snff.  -itU''.\ 

Hot. :  A  family  of  Gasterot)ialnnieie.  (Liu'i- 
tfif.)    K-iuiv;tlciit  U'  Verrueariiei  (q-v.). 

ver-ru -^i-dae,  >.  p/.  [Mod,  Lat.  verruciii); 
Lat.  fcni.  pi.  U'fj-  suff.  -uUv.] 

Zool.  dt  Pahrnut. :  A  family  of  Sessile  Ciri  i- 
petlcK.  order  Thoracica,  with  a  .single  genus, 
Verruca.  Shell  of  sis  valves,  imsyinnietrical, 
the^cutaaml  terga.  which  tofrother  form  tlif 
"perculuni,  nntvahle,  Imt  not  furnished  witli 
;i  dejirossur  muscle.    From  the  Chalk  onward. 

ver'-ru-cose,  ver  -ni-cous,  c  [Lat.  n-r- 
nifosus.  from  c-rrura  =a  wart.]  Warty  ;  havin;; 
liUIe  knobs  or  warts  on  the  surfaee.  In 
Botany  the  same  as  TuBEKCLED(q.v.). 

Ver~ru' -CU-lOBC,  "■  TA  dimin.  from  rerru- 
..i«  (q-v.)*^      Having  iniuute  wart-like  pro- 

niiiKMiees. 

'  ver-ry,  ■  ver-rai.  "  ver-rei,  ^  ver-rey, 

.'.     ['».  I''r.  rn-oi  :  Fr.  vroi.]     [Vtltv.]     True. 
"  I  crrei  tii.iii.'  P.  PloJCiitan,  x\ii.  l,'^ 


ver  ry,  ver-rey. 


[Vaik,  Vairv.] 


'  ver-sa-bU'-i-ty, -•=.  lEng.  rcrsable;  -itij.] 
The  qM;dity  i»r  state  of  lH;ing  versable ;  apt- 
ness t<i  l-e  t«nied  round. 

"  By  til."  rertnhilift/of  this  gi-ent  tfUgUierouud  which 
thfyTf  twisted."— iSfer/ie;  Triit7-am  Shandi/,  iv.  137. 

'  ver-sa-ble,  "-     (Lat.  yfrstdjUl-i,  from  irrs'>r 

=  t'l  tifni.j    Capablf  of  being  tui'ned. 

' ver'-sa-ble-ness»  ^■.  [Eng. rersoMe ;  -vcss.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  versable;  versa- 
bility. 

■  ver-sal,  o.  [An  abbreviation  of  nniv^na/.] 
l'riivii>i(l,  whole. 

"  ^ume  fur  brevity. 
Ha\  e  cast  the  rertat  world's  imtivity." 

Butler  :  Hudibrns,  pt.  ii.,  c.  iii. 

*ver'-sant,  «.    (Lat.  rer5a7(5,  pr.  par.  oi  verso 

=z  to  turn.) 

'1.  Ord.  Loiuj. :  Familiar,  acquainted,  con- 
versant :  having  to  do  with. 


2.  Ifer. :  Erected  or  elevated. 

*  TCr'-sant,  >■.  (Fr.  =  a  mountain  slope.]  All 
that  i':i'rt  of  a  eouutry  which  slopes  or  inclines 
in  om-  direction  ;  the  general  lie  or  slope  of 
counfiy  ;  aspfct. 

ver'-sa-tile,  *'.    [Fr.  rcrw/j'?  =  quickly  turn- 
ing, t'iom  Lat.  rer^jtilis,  from  rcrso,  frequent, 
of  I'trfo  =  to  turn.] 
I.  Onlinar)/  Languva^ : 

1.  Capable  of  being  moved  or  turned  round. 

"  Vvnatile,  and  sharii-pierciug  like  a  sciew." 

Ilitrlc:  Eulogiti.1. 

2.  Changeable,  variable,  unsteady,  varying. 

"Th'iw  vertatite  reprcseutatious  in  the  ueck  gf  n. 
liovt."— tit' til  rilfr. 

3.  Tiirniu^  with  ease  from  one  thins;  to 
anotluM- ;  readily  applying  one's  self  to  anew 
task  or  nccnpatiou,  or  to  various  subjects  ; 
many-sided. 

••  Nature  M«ms  incaimlile  of  ftuch  extraordinary 
c(>iiihin.-«tioii»  n»  comiMJseil  his  rvrmtilc  capacity.'  — 
/lifruii      Childe  IfnrolU.  iv.     (Xote  47.) 

n.  Dy.  {<>/  on  anther):  Adhering  slightly 
by  the  midtlle.  so  that  the  two  halves  are 
in-arly  .-.ni.iily  balauet;d  and  swing  backwards 
and  forward.-.,  as  in  the  Grasses. 

'  ver-sa-tile-lj^,  o-h-.  [Eng.  rersutik;  -///.] 
In  a  \(.'rsalil<-  matinfr. 

ver-sa-til -x-ty,  "  ver'-sa-tDe-ness,  .«. 

[Eng.  ^r^tt:i{''):  -n,,;  .,u-is.j* 

1.  The  r,iuility  or  state  of  being  versatile  ; 
readin'--..-  t"  be  turiied  ;  variaMi-ncss, 


2.  The  qnalily  m-  faculty  uf  turning  with 
ease  fntm  luie  task  lU' oecupatioii  t"  au'<ther  ; 
faeilily  in  taking  up  various  intellectual  pur- 
suits or  lines  of  thought. 

"  Thlh  r>-r»,ttititv  mid  ilu|iliclty  of  the  grinid  luylidc 
limy,  liideeil.  cuiutitutr  n  iiinii  uf  thtf  world."— A'xu/-  - 
Kts-ijf  Nu.  li. 

verse,  *  veerce,  '  fera,  -.     IA.S.  firs  =  a 

verse,  ft  line  of  poetry,  from  Lat.  versus  =  a 
turning,  a  line,  a  row,  m  named  from  the 
turning  to  In-gin  a  new  line,  from  versus,  pa. 
jiar.  of  ivr//)  =  to  turn.  From  the  same  root 
eomc  many  other  English  words,  as  tulrert, 
amirrt,  \wnrrt,  pen-cr,>v,  inivrse,  trat-cr.'ip. 
r*'i-tebra.  vertex,  vortex,  &c. :  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital. 
verso  ;  Fr.  vers.  ] 

L  A  line  of  poetry,  consisting  of  a  certain 
number  of  metrical  feet,  disposed  according 
to  the  rules  of  the  partioidar  species  of  poetry 
which  the  author  intends  to  compo.se.  Verses 
are  of  \arious  kinds,  accoiiling  t^i  the  number 
of  feet  in  eiich,  as  hexameter,  pentametei', 
tetr.imeter,  Ac. 

•'  Wiillfr  wa-t  smooth  :  hut  Drydeii  taught  t«  ji>in 
The  varyuiy  verse,  the  fuU  resounding  iiue," 

Pope  .■  Hatiret,  \.  268. 

2.  Poetry,  metrier.l  language,  poetical  coui- 
l»<i.sition,  versilication. 

•*  Who  says  in  verge  what  others  say  in  prose." 

Pope:  Satiret.  v.  202. 

3.  A  sliort  division  of  any  composition  ;  as— 

(1)  A  short  division  ni  one  of  the  chapters 
of  the  Scriptures. 

"Toreherse  thys  verse  wherehy  they  niaye  auoyde 
the  greate  iievyUes  of  this  wretfhed  worlde.  —nsher: 
Scuen  Psalmes:  I)e pro/uitdig.    (Posts,) 

(2)  A  short  division  of  a  metrical  composi- 
tion ;  a  stanza. 

"  Let  uie  hear  a  staff,  a  stanze,  a  verse." — Sliakes/t.  r 
toven  Labour's  Lost,  iv.  2. 

(3)  A  jiortion  of  an  anthem  or  service  in- 
tended to  be  sung  by  a  single  voice  to  a  part. 
[Akthem,  s.,  2.] 

*  4.  A  piece  of  poetry  or  rhyme  ;  a  poem. 

"  My  love  shall  in  my  I'erse  ever  live  young," 

.'ihalcsp. :  Sonnet  19. 

If  (1)  Blank  verse :  [Blank-verse]. 
(2)  Heroic  verse:  [Herok -verse]. 

*  verse-maker,  s.  One  who  writes 
verses;  a  verse-moiigci . 

*  verse-man,  "  verse-monger,  >.    A 

writer  of  verses.  (Usi-d  liuiiK'iously  or  con- 
temptuously.) 

"  It  takes  all  sorts  of  verse  aud  verte-men  to  make  .1 
Parn.issua.'— Sa(j(rc/(if/  llcview.  July  15,  1S82.  p.  yl. 

*  verse,  v.t.  &  i.    [Ver.se,  s.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  tell  in  verse  or  poetry ;  to  relate 
poetically. 

"  Playing  on  inpea  of  corn,  and  rcrxing  love." 

Shakesp. :  Midstiunrter  A'iffht's  Dream,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  turn  over  ;  to  revolve. 

•'  Versing  in  his  raiud  this  thought.'*— J<f«»w  .■ 
Works,  i.  a-H. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  make  verses ;  to  versifv. 
(Sidney.) 

versed,  «-.  [For  vcrsatc,  from  Lat.  rersatus, 
pa.  par.  of  versor  =  to  turn ;  Fr.  verse/] 
Thoroughly  acquainted  ;  skilled,  faniiliar, 
conver.sant. 

"They  are  all  comidetely  verged  ill  the  art  of  co- 
(luetry.'—Cook.  Sccnd  Vointye,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xi\. 


versed-sine. 


[SiNE.l 


-vers-er,  ^■.  [Eng.  vcrs(€);  -er.]  One  who 
writi.'s  or  makes  vei-ses  ;  a  mere  versifier. 

"  Hearken  unto  a  veraer  who  niav  chance 
Rhyme  thee  to  good."  Herbert :  Church  Porch. 

"  vers'-et,  -  vers-ett,  -  vers-ette,  s.  [Fr.] 
A  verse,  as  uf  Scripture. 

"  Because  they  hear  .an  etjuat  part  with  the  priest  in 
many  ida^es,  aud  have  their  cues  and  versett  as  well 
as  he.'  —Milton  :  Ile»io»9trant's  De/ctiee. 

ver'-si-cle.  'ver-sy-cle,  s.  [Lat.  versi- 
cnlus,  dimin.  from  ^v/■srf.^■  =  a  verse.]  A  little 
verse,  specif.,  a  -short  \erse  in  divine  service 
wliich  is  spoken  or  chanted  by  the  priest  or 
minister  alternately  with  a  response  from  the 
people. 

"  A  sort  of  office  or  jei  vice  to  St.  Edmund,  consist- 
iug  of  ail  aiitiplioue,  vcrxicle,  response,  aud  collect,  is 
introduced."- r.  IVarton:  English  Poctru,  iL  50. 

*  ver'-si-c6l -our,  ■  ver -si-col-oured,  «. 

[Lat.  rt^r.^i'-ohr,  from  jv^/-.s^)f.^  =  turned,  and 
color  =  colour.]  Having  variable  colours  ; 
changeable  in  colour. 

'■  Kcategardennfnllof  exotick.  wrsicolour,  diversely 
varied,  sweet  smelling  ao\vers."—/litrton :  .\ntit.  Jle- 
lanrlioli/.  p.  2¥J. 


•■  ver-sic'-U-lar,  n.  [Lat.  rcrsiviihts  =  Q.V(v- 
siel<- (([.v.).^  Of  or  pi*rtaiuing  to  verses  ;  de- 
listing distinct  divisions  of  a  writing. 

ver-si-fl-ca'-tion,  s.     [Kr.,  fnun  Lnt.  vers'i- 

liaiti'iur.ii.  accus.  of  versifiattio,  from  verslfi- 

aitH<,  pa.  p:U*.  of  Cf rs/^Ru  =  to  versify  (q.v.).J 

L  The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  versifying  f>r 

eomposing  poetic  verse  ;  metrical  composition. 

"The  order  of  twitingnii  history  there  wlihal,  ure- 

Heiitty  came  down  n^  one  would  say  from  the  stately 

chariot  of  vcrsifivit  inn  Ut  prose,  and  went  afoot."—/', 

J/ullund:  Plutarch,  p.  iiTT. 

2.  The  construction  of  poetry  ;  the  forma- 
tion, style,  or  measure  of  verse  or  poetry. 

"  What  can  be  said  of  his  periifit'ittio»  will  Ije  little 
more  than  adilatatinn  uf  the  praise  given  ithy  Pope.  " 
— Johnson  :  Life  of  Ltr'iden. 

*ver'-8i-fi-cat-dr,  s.  [Lnt.,  from  versiji' 
ait>i:>\  \)a.  par.  of  rer.sifirn  =  to  versify  (q.v.).] 
A  writer  of  verses  ;  a  versilier. 

"Statins,  the  I>est  rersifieittor  ne\t  to  Vinril." — 
Drj/den  :  ./uvenMl.    (Uetij 

'  ver'-si-fi-ca-trix,  s.    [Lat.]    A  female 

Vt-rsilicr. 

ver  -si-f i-er,     ver-ci-fi-er,  "  ver-si-fi- 

our,     ver-si-fy-er,  ■>■.     [Eng.  versify;  -er.] 
1.  One  wlio  writes  or  eomposes  ven-ies. 


2.  One  who  converts  into  verse,  or  who  ex- 
presses in  verse  the  ideas  of  another  written 
in  prose  :  as,  Tait  and  Brady  were  versijivrs 
of  the  Psalms. 

*  ver'- si -form,  «.  [Lat.  versiformis,  from 
fpr.-i((5  — turned,  and /nnaa=: form.]  Varied  iu 
form,  changing  form. 

ver'-si-fly',  ver-si-fie,  vA.  &  t  [Fr.  versi- 
jier,  from  Lat.  ruraifico,  from  i*«'SJ(s  =  a  verse, 
and  fitcio  =  to  make.] 

A,  Intrans. :  To  make  \erses ;  to  write 
verses. 

"They  that  make  verses  expressjiige  tlierhy  none 
other  leruynge  hut  the  cii»ft  uf  versificnge  be  not  i-l 
auiicient  writers  named  i>uetes,  hut  only  called  vei-sL- 
tyfivs."—  Elf/ot :  Governonr,  bk.  i..  ch.  xiiL 

B.  Transitii-e : 

1.  To  i-elate  or  describe  in  \erse;  to  treat 
as  the  subject  of  verse. 

"  I  eersi/i/  the  truth,  not  |K>etize," 

Jtuniet :  Civil  Wars,  i 

2.  To  turn  or  convert  into  verse :  as,  To 
versify  the  Psalms. 

'vers'-ing,  .';.  [Eng.  rersie);  -ing.]  The  act 
of  writing  ^"el■se  ;  versification. 

"  Prosing  or  versing,  hut  cliiefly  this  latter.' — Mi'- 
toti.     {A  n  nandnle.) 

ver'-sion,  s.  (Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  ixrsiouevi, 
aeeus.  of  rt'>-5«>  =  a  turning,  from  Lat.  rc*r*)iN. 
pa.  par.  of  verto  =  to  turn  ;  Sj^  vn'sioit  ;  Ital. 
versionc.] 

I.  Ordinary  Lungnage : 

*  1.  The  act  of  turning  ;  the  state  of  being 
turned  ;  change,  transformation,  conversion. 

"These  hodies  are  mutually  coniertible  into  one 
another  (and  as  to  the  version  of  water  into  earth,  li.v 
a  seemiuzly  slight  opemtion).'  —lioi/le:   Works,  iii.  li'fi. 

*  2.  A  tui'ning  round  or  about. 

"  The  first  was  called  the  strophe,  from  the  version 
or  circular  motion  of  the  singei's. ' — Congreve  :  Disc,  on 
Pindaric  Ode, 

*  3.  Change  of  direction  ;  dii-ection. 

"That  is.  what  kiiide  of  comet,  for  tiL-igni tittle, 
colour,  version  of  the  beaines,  plitcim;  in  the  region  of 
heaveu.  or  lasting,  produceth  what  kinde  of  effects.' 
— Bacon  :  Essays;  0/  Vivissitnde. 

*  4.  The  act  of  translating  or  renderiugfrom 
one  language  into  another  ;  translation. 

5.  A  translation  ;  that  which  is  translalcii 
or  rendered  from  one  laaiguage  into  another. 
[Revised-version.] 

6.  A  statement,  account,  or  description  of 
incidents  or  proceedings  from  some  particuhir 
point  of  view  :  as,  He  gave  quite  another  ver- 
sion of  the  affair. 

7.  A  school  exercise  consisting  of  a  transla- 
tion of  one  language,  generally  one's  vei  - 
naeular,  into  anotlier.  ^ 

II,  Olistetrics:  The  (q^eration  nf  bringing 
down  the  feet,  or  some  part  of  the  lower 
extremities  of  the  child,  when  its  presenta- 
tion is  .such  as  to  preclude  delivery  in  the 
urdinary  manner. 

Ver'-Sion-ist,  .«.     [Eng.  version  :  -ist.] 

1.  One  who  makes  a  version  ;  a  translator. 

"Renderings  of  the  first  verses  of  the  first  and 
t\veiity-thii-d  Psalms  resi>ectively  liy  l-^  different 
versioniftd^'—St.  Jitnies's  Onzette,  March  XT,  1S3S. 


ate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot. 
or.  wore,  wolf.  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


verst— vertical 


435 


VERT. 


2.  One  wild  fa\<nirs  a  certain  version  or 
tr:uisl.itioii 

verst,  >■-  [Hiiss.  />(n7((.J  a  Hnssian  nii-asun- 
i>f  liiiLCth.  L'oiii;iitnii|j:  l.ltJOij  Eii^iiisli  var<ls  .>r 
:;/uii  llii>:li.-.li  t.-ct ;  iK'nct-,  equal  to  about  Iwu- 
lliir.ls  Ml  ;iii  English  mile. 

ver -sus, /""fyj.  [Lat.=r  tvinieil  in  tin.-  <liit'c- 
tioii  ot',  toward;  prui-.  pa.  par.  of  re;7i-  =  ti> 
turn. I  Against ;  cliietly  used  in  Ips^I  lan- 
;-;uap' :  as,  John  Doe  versus  Richard  Roe,  and 
;;i'neially  alibrevrated  to  r. 

* ver- sute,  c  l\M.  vermttus,  from  versus, 
pa.  [tat.  of  i'<(7(>  =  tu  turn.]    Crafty,  wily. 

"  A  iMTJtoii  uf  ivMii/i'  »nd  vertighiuua  polii-y."— 
Citflfti     Tearso/thc  Chinxh,  i>.  ISS. 

vert  (1),  s.  [An  alihrev.  of  pervert  or  coitrert. 
>.  (M-v.).]     A  pervert  or  convert.    {CoHo'i,) 

"  Old  friemlfi  call  me  !i  iwrvert:  new  iicfiiiiiiiitjuice  n 
niii\cr(  ;  tlif  i)tlier  ilrij*  I  whs  Hddreineii  as  a  ivrf," — 
/;.,'<■'■(.•"(■.■»</ II  Vert.  Ill  L'tlioii  l!cvi.-w.  May,  1364. 

vert  C2).  '  verd,  s.    [0.  Fr.  rerd  :  Fi-.  vert=: 
•;reen,  from  Lnt.  ctridem,  aeons,  of  viridis  = 
green,  from  rirco  =  to  be  green. J 
I.  Forest  Lav> : 

(1)  Kverything  within  a  forest  that  throws 
and  bears  a  green  leaf,  wliieb  may  serve  as  a 
covert  for  deer,  but  especially  great  and  thick 
coverts. 

"  Of  till"  forest  officers  liy  whom  the  laws  had  to  l>e 
»diiiiitistt>reil.  iiml  of  the  rerl  and  veuison  which  it 
wjia  their  speciid  duty  to  yiotzct."— Field,  Feli.  A.  1S88. 

(2)  Power  or  liberty  to  cut  green 
trees  ur  wood. 

2.  Ilv)\:  A  green  colour;  in  eoats 
nf  iinbility  it  is  called  Emerald, 
and  in  those  of  princes  Venus.  It 
is  expressed  in  engraving  by  dia- 
gonal lines,  drawn  from  dexter 
chief  to  sinister  base. 

"  ftetween  three  plates,  a  chevron  engrailed  checquy. 
or,  m-rt.  and  eimius."— fleii  Jotitun  :  Svfi-i/  Man  out  of 
hii  Humour,  iii.  1. 

vert,  i'.i.  [Vkrt  (1).  s.]  To  change  one's  veli- 
•^inii  ;  specif.,  to  leave  the  Church  of  England 
Idi-  the  Roman  Comnumion,  or  cice  I'ersn. 

"  As  a  man  he  is  welcome  to  ivrt  anil  re-i'er(  as  Lif  ten 
iL^  he  pleases."— JTc/ro.  March  17, 1S8B. 

ver-tant, «.    [Fr.] 

//-■(. ;  The  same  as  FtEcTEDand  Reflected 
l.r.,  f'U-meit  like  tlie  letter  S  reverted. 

ver  te  bra  (pt.  ver -te-brte),  ver-te- 
bre  (bre  as  ber),  --.  [Lat.  =  a  .inini.  a  ver- 
trhra,  from  vtrto  =  to  turn  ;  Fr.  vertebre  ;  Sp., 
i'urt,  &  Ital.  vci-tebm.] 

Civuinir.  Anat.:  One  of  the  bony  segments 
of  which  tlie  spine,  or  backbone,  consists. 
Theori'tically,  a  typical  vertebra  consists  of  a 
cential  piece  or  body,  fiom  which  two  arches 
are  given  off,  one  (the  neural),  protecting  the 
nervous  sys- 
tem, the  other 
(the  htemal) 
protecting  the 
(irgans  of  circu- 
lation,and  thus 
cnriespondi  ng 
til  the  doubly 
tubular  struc- 
t  nre  of  the 
body  of  the 
\'  ertebrata. 
(See  illustra- 
tionunderVER- 
TKBKATA.)  In 
jiractice  the  se- 
cond arch  is 
only  recogniz- 
able with  dilH- 
culty,  the  parts 
being  either  ab- 
sent or  much 
modilied,  but  a 
s;ood  example 
may  be  seen  in 
the  h  u  man 
thorax.  The 
fundamental 
element  of  each 
vertebra  is  the  boily  or  centrum  (c),  from 
the  surface  of  whii  h  spring  two  bony  arches 
(»  n),  called  the  neural  arches,  or  neurai)o- 
physes,  because  they  form  with  the  body 
the  nenral  canal,  which  encloses  the  spinal 
cord.  From  the  point  of  junction  there  is 
usually  developed  a  spine,  called  the  spinous 
process,  or  neural  spine  (s),  rudimentary  in 
the  alias  or  fu-st  cervical  vertebra.    From  the 


VERTEBRAL  COLUMN  AND 
VERTEBRA. 
Side  view  of  Hnni.tii  Vertebral 
C'uUnuu  ;  B.  First  Cervical  Ver- 
tebra or  Atla.t;  c,  Side  view  of 
Dorsal  Vertebra :  d.  LnuiYuir 
V^vtebni.  (For  other  references 
flee  text.) 


neural  arches  are  also  developed  the  articu- 
lar ]nncess  or  zygapophy.ses  (a  h),  which  aid 
the  centra  in  uniting  the  vertebrie  to  each 
other.  From  the  sides  of  the  body  junceed 
the  transverse  processes  {d  d).  The  nund>er 
nf  vertebne  varies  greatly  in  different  animals. 
The  vertebral  cnlumn  is  divisilile  into  dis- 
tinct rru'i'ins,  tif  whirli  the  fuUuwing  are  re- 
ciignizal'le  iti  tlie  higher  Vt-rtebrata  :  The  cer- 
vical vertebra'  (seven  in  man),  composing  the 
neck  (1) ;  the  ilorsal  (twelve  in  man),  usually 
carrying  well-<leveloped  ribs  (2);  the  lumbar 
(live"  in  man)  (:i).  These  form  the  cervical,- 
dorsal,  ami  lumbar  regions  respectively,  ami 
arc  soiiu'tniies  called  True  Vertebite,  to  <Hs- 
ijn.;njsh  them  from  the  False  Vertebrie,  which 
.■nii>ist  of  those  in  the  sacral  region  usually 
aiirliyloscd  to  foj'in  a  single  bone,  the  os  sac- 
rfun  (4),  and  a  variable  number  of  vertebne 
forming  the  caudal  region  or  tail  (5).  The 
s])aces  between  the  vertebrae  are  filled  with 
an  elastic  substance,  admitting  of  an  amount 
of  motion,  which,  though  slight  between  each 
pfiir,  is  in  the  aggregate  sufficient  to  give  the 
spinal  column  considerable  flexibility.  The 
veitebi-re  and  their  projections  or  processes 
alfoftl  attachments  for  a  number  of  muscles 
and  ligaments,  and  passages  for  blood-vessels 
and  for  the  nerves  passing  out  of  the  spinal 
cord. 

ver-te-bral,  «.  &  .s\    [Eng.  vertebr(>i):  -ol.] 

A,  As.n)jMir>': 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  vertebra;  or  joints 
of  (he  spine. 

"The  oirotid,  vyMtrai  and  splenick  arteries."  — 
/iiti/ :  On  thf  Crfatl'iii. 

2.  Having  a  backbone  or  spinal  joints  ;  ver- 
tebrate. 

"  B.  As  snhgt. .'  An  animal  belonging  to  the 
division  Vertebmta  (q.v.) ;  a  vertebrate. 

vertebral  oolumn,  >\- 

C»wi>.  Jii'if.:  Thr  spine.     [Vertebra.] 

ver-te-bra-ta,  .s-.  j)/.    [Xeut.  pi.  of  Lat.  ver- 
lihnituri  =  juin'ted,  vertebrated.] 

Z'liiL  :  A  division  of  the  Animal  Kingdom, 
instituted  by  Lamarck,  comprising  aniLuals 
ill  which  the  body  is  composed  of  a  nmnber 
of  dftinite  segments  [Vertebra],  arranged 
along  a  longitudinal  axis;  the  nervous  system 
is  in  its  main  masses  dorsal,  and  the  neural 
and  hfenial  regions  of  the  body  are  always 
comiiletely  separated  by  a  partition ;  the 
limbs  arc  never  more  than  four  in  number; 
generally  there  is  a  bony  axis  known  as  the 
-.l)inr  or  vertebral  column,  and  a  notochord  is 
always  present  in  the  embryo,  though  it  may 
not  jiersist  in  adult  life.  A  specialized  hfcmal 
system  is  present  in  all,  and  in  all  hut  Am- 
phioxus  there  is  a  heart  with  never  less  than 


TRANSVERSE  SECTION 
.1.  Of  hodyof  one  of  the  higher  luvertebi-ata:  a.  Body- 
wall;  ft.  Alinientury  canal;  c.  Ha;mal  system;  j», 
Xervoits  system  ;  b.  Of  a  Vertebrate  animal :  a.  b.  c. 
as  before  ;  n.  Sympathetic  system  of  nerves ;  n'.  Cere- 
bro-spinal  aysteiu  of  nerves ;  c/i.  Notochord. 

two  chambers,  and  in  the  higher  vertebrates 
with  four.  The  Vertebrata  are  usually  divided 
into  live  classes  :  Pisces,  Amphibia,  Reptilia, 
Aves.  and  Mammalia,  ^nd  many  attempts 
have  been  made  to  gather  these  classes  into 
groups.  One  plan  is  to  divide  them  into 
Brancliiatji  (Fishes  and  Amphibians),  because 
at  some  portion  of  their  life  they  are  provided 
with  gills,  and  Abranchiata  (Reptiles,  Birds, 
and  Mammals),  having  no  gills.  The  latter 
are  sometimes  called  Amniota  or  Allantoidea, 
Vitcanse  tlie  embryo  is  provided  with  an 
anniion  and  an  allantois,  while  both  these  are 
altsent  in  the  Branchiata,  which  are  therefore 
called  Anamniota  or  Anallantoidea.  Owen 
made  two  sections :  Hjematocrya,  or  Cold- 
blooded Vertebrates  (Fishes,  Amphibia,  and 
Reptiles),  an<l  Ha:*matotherma,  or  Warm- 
blooded Vertel'ratcs  (Birds  and  Mammals; 
and  Huxley  tlinr  :  Ic]itlivo[)sida  (Fishes  and 
Amphibia),"  Saurop>ida  (Uei'tiles  and  Birds), 


and  Mammalia.  A  later  classillcation  is  to 
treat  all  tin-  VcrtebnitHi  aa  a  division  of  a 
hirgcr  group,  Clmrdata,  distinguished  by  (I) 
the  temporary  r)r  permam-nt  possession  of  a 
rod  (the  notochord)  underlying  the  central 
(Uirsally-placed  nervous  system ;  and  (2)  the 
temporary  or  permanent  presence  of  visceral 
clefts  (ij. v.).  The  Chordata  are  divided  into 
three  groups  :  (1)  Cephalochordata.  in  which 
the  notochord,  pointed  at  the  extremities, 
I'Xtends  from  one  end  of  the  body  to  th« 
<»ther;  (2)  Urochordata  (q.v.),  and  (3)  the  true 
\'ertebrata,  or  Crnniata,  in  which  the  anterior 
end  of  the  central  nervous  system  is  enlarged 
into  a  brain,  which  becomes  surrounded 
and  pnttectcd  by  a  cartilaginous  capsule  or 
skull. 

ver'-te-brate,  ^.  &  >-.    [Vertebrata.] 

A.  .-Uiu'ij.u-tivc: 

1.  /nnl.:    Belonging    to  the  sub-kingdom 
V.'rtebrata  (((.v.). 

2.  Ji"t.  {0/ a  !e(if) :  Contracted  at  intervaU 
with  an  articulation  at  each  contraction. 

B,  As  siihst. :  Any  individual  of  the  sub- 
kingdom  \'crtebrata  (q.v.). 

ver' -te -brat -ed,  o.    [Kng.  rfrt''hrat(e) ;  -d.] 

Tlie  siimc  as  Vt:RTEBRATE  (q.V.). 


ver  -te  bre  (bre  as  ber). 


[VERTEBttA.] 


ver'-tex  (i>l.  ver'-ti-9es  (Lat.).  ver'-tex- 
e^  (Eng.).  s.  (Lat.  =  the  top,  prop.  =  the 
turning-point,  and  especially  the  pole  of  the 
sky,  the  zenith  ;  from  verto  =  to  turn.  IVr^'x 
and  ror^ex  are  doublets.] 

'  I.  Ord.  Lang.:  A  turning-point ;  the  prin- 
cipal or  highest  point ;  the  top,  the  summit, 
the  apex.     Applied  specifically  to— 

(1)  The  zenith  or  point  of  the  heavens 
directly  overhead. 

"  These  keep  the  vertex  :  but  betwixt  the  bear 
And  shiuinK  zodiack.  where  the  planets  err, 
A  thousand  figured  constellations  roll." 

Creech :  Lucretius. 

(2)  The  top  or  crown  of  the  head. 

(3)  The  summit  or  top  of  a  hill,  or  the  likft. 

"  Moiintiiins  especially  abound  with  different  8i>eoiei 
of  vegetables  :  every  cerfer  or  eminence  affording  iieir 
kmds." — Derfutvi :  Physico-Theology. 

II.  Mnth.  :  The  point  in  any  figure  opposite 
to  and  most  distant  from  its  base. 

^  (1)  Verte-r  of  a  cur  re :  The  point  from 
which  the  diameter  is  drawn'  or  the  inter- 
section of  the  diameter  and  the  curve.  In 
the  parabola,  the  principal  vertex  is  the  vertex 
of  the  axis  of  the  curve  ;  iu  tlie  ellipse,  the 
left-hand,  and  in  the  hyperbola,  the  riglit- 
hand  vertex  of  the  transver.se  axis. 

(2)  J'ertex  of  (in  aniiti' :  The  point  at  which 
the  two  lines  meet  to  form  the  angle. 

ver'-ti-cal,     ver'-ti-call,  a.  &  s.    [Fr.  ver- 

tiad :  from  Lat.  vcrtio'Hs,  from  lerfw,  geaiL 
rcrficL<=  a  vertex.] 

A,  As  adjective : 

I.  Ordinary  Langitage : 

I.  Literally: 

(1)  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  vertex; 
situated  at  the  vertex,  apex,  or  highest  point; 
placed  in  the  zenith  or  point  in  the  heaveiLs 
directly  overhead. 

"  'Tis  mging  noon  ;  and.  verticaJ,  the  sun 
Dai'ts  on  the  head  direct  his  forceful  rays." 

Thomson :  :iumm':r,  432. 

(2)  Being  in  a  position  perpemlicular  to  the 
plane  of  the  horizon ;  placed  or  acting  per- 
jiHudicularly,  or  in  an  upright  position  or 
directly  upright ;  plumb. 

"  The  compound  motion  of  the  lower  jaw.  half 
Literal,  and  half  vertical."— Paley :  Natural  Theolayi/, 
L-h.  ix. 

^2.  Fig.:  At  the  highest  point  or  zenith; 
occupying  the  highest  place. 

"  He  wa.1  vertical  in  the  esteem  of  the  souldiery."— 
Fuller:   Worthiet ;  J/t-re/ordthire. 

II.  Bot. :  Placed  in  a  direction  from  the  ba.se 
to  the  apex.    All  dissepiments  are  vertical. 

B.  As  sxhst. :  A  vertical  circle,  plane,  or 

line. 

"  The  direction  of  a  vertical  H  normal  to  the  surf.v» 
of  (.  free  rtuid.'— AiriM  *  Peck :  Math.  Vict. 

%  Fr i me- vertical : 

J>//vo(. :  That  vertical  circle  which  is  at 
ri.L'ht  angles  to  the  plane  of  the  meridian,  and 
uhicli  passes  through  the  zenith  and  the  easti 
and  west  points  of  the  horizon. 

vertical-angles,  s.  }>l 

Heoin. :  Opposite  angles  (4. v.). 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  5012,  chorus,  911111,  bengh;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a?;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing, 
-cian,    tian  ~  shan.     tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tlon,  -$ion  —  !^^""     -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  •-Vc.  =  bel,  deL 


436 


verticality— very 


Tertloal-anthers,  «.  )>'. 

lot  ■  Anth.Ts  which  are  at  the  upper  cx- 

trf  initi.-H  nf  th-  lihiiM.'iits,  ami  being  inserted 
by  thfMi-  l«w<'  ii'iiil  uitwartl. 

vertical' circle,  s. 

Astron. :  A  ^Teat  circle  nassinc  through  the 
zenith  fin.l  the  nadir.  Tlie  mi-ridian  of  any 
I'lacc  I''  -i  v.iticjtl  cirt'h'. 

vertical  dial.  ■«.    IDiai.,  s..  I.  3.] 

vertical-escapement,  s. 

llor>l  :  An  oM  fovni  of  escapement  in 
wiiti-hfs  in  whii-h  the  axis  of  the  si-ape-wheel 
js  at  right -angles  to  thiit  of  the  vorge  thns 
iimkrng  its  jilane  of  revolution  vurtieal.  the 
I'laiie  nf  osrilUitioii  of  the  balance  being  as- 
Miiiiftl  to  )».'  tiorizontal. 

vertlcal-flns.  ^<.  pi 

lehthy.:  Fins  situated  in  the  median  dorsal 
liae  Irom  the  head  to  the  tiiil,  and  in  tlie 
Vfntr.d  line  of  the  tail.  Sonielimts  the  vtr- 
lical  tins  are  continuous,  or  nearly  so,  but 
usually  three  vertical  tins  an-  distinguished  — 
nm-  in  t\u'  dorsal  lin^  (the  dorsal  tin),  ime 
in  the  Vfntml  line  b.-hind  th"-  anus  (the  anal 
tin),  and  om*  c^'titined  to  the  extremity  of  the 
tail  (th*»  cau'lal  tin),  called  also  Unpaired 
Fins. 

vertical-leaves,  .^.  pi. 

Hut,  :  Leaves  whieh  present  one  of  their 
edges  directly  upwards,  so  that  neither  side 
can  Iw  called  npjwr  or  lower. 

vertlcal-Une,  *. 

Sarv. :  A  perpendicular  line  ;  a  line  perpen- 
diotdar  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon.  [Ver- 
Ti.AL,  aj 

vertical-plane.  .':. 

1.  IPlane,  •!  0-1 

2.  t'onir  -iections:  A  plane  passing  through 
the  vertex  of  a  cone  ami  through  its  axis. 

vertical  steam-engine,  s.  A  form  of 
^a'-aiu-(-iit:ini:'  in  which  th-  piston  reciprocates 
verlicaMv,  as  rlistinguished  from  the  horizon- 
tal, inclined,  or  rotary.     [Steam-engine.] 

vertical-Strata,  s.  vl. 

Hfiol. :  Strata  dipping  at  an  angle  of  00'. 
Tliey  constitute  one  side  of  a  large  basin  or 
trough.  Example,  the  strata  at  Alum  Bay  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight 

•ver-ti-cal'-i-t^,  5.  [Eng.  vertical;  -ifii.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vertical  or  in 
tht'  zenith. 

■'I'nUi  them  the  sub  la  vertical  twice  a  year; 
making  two  ilistinct  aummers  in  the  different  poiiita 
'A  the  v€i^icatiti/."-  Browne  :  Vulgar  Erroart.  bit.  vi., 
ch  xi. 

ver'-ti-cal-lj^,  vxlv.  [Eng.  verii&il  ;  -ly.]  In 
a  vertiial  manner,  position,  or  direction  in  the 
zenith  ;  perpendicularly. 

"[The  aun] .  .  .  vertically  passeth  over  the  hahita- 
tioiit  of  Peru  and  Braziiia,  —  firoK-jje  ;  Viagar  Er- 
T'jurt.  bk.  vi..  ch.  x. 

vertically-compressed,  s. 

!u>(. :  The  same  as  Depressed. 

*  ver'-ti-cal-neSS,  s.  [Eng.  vertical;  -iiESS.] 
Tiic  'piility  or  state  of  being  vertical. 

ver-ti-9U,  ver'-ti-9el,  s.  [Verticillus.] 
I:.f<t. :  A  term  applied  (1)  to  leaves  when 
they  stand  around  the  stem  in  a  circle,  or 
when  more  than  two  of  them  are  opposite ; 
(2)  to  flowers  when  two  veilicillasters  are 
united ;  (3)  more  rarely  to  branches  when 
several  spring  from  the  stem  at  the  same 
height.  The  use  of  the  word  was  introduced 
by  I.iim;r-us.  Link  used  the  expression 
SpMnons  V.Ttieil  or  False  Whorl. 

ver-ti-5il-lar'-l-^  a.     [Formed  from  Mod. 
i^t.  i-cWwt/ii's  (q.v.).] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Clusiefe.  containing  one 
syiecies,  VerticiUaria  acnminatu,  a  Peruvian 
•  ree  with  acuminata  leaves,  two  coloured 
sepals,  and  many  stamens,  and  a  three- 
vaU-^d  capsular  fruit. 

ver-ti-9il-las'-ter,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  verticWuSt 
and  Lat.  (tster  =:a  star.] 

Sot.  :  Iloffmansegg's  name  for  a  cyme  re- 
duced t/i  a  very  few  flowers.  This  is  the 
normal  inflorescence  in  the  Lamiace*,  in 
the  species  of  which  two  verti<;illast*rs  are 
situated  opposite  to  each  other  in  the  axils  of 
ij'posite  It-aves. 


•  ver-W-9il-la'-tse. «.  pi.  [Vvm.  pi.  of  Mod. 
Lat.  ivrticiUiifns  =  verticilhtte.] 

Hot.  :  The  llfty-eighth  <*rder  of  plants  in 
LinnreuB's  Natural  System.  It  corresponded 
to  the  modern  Labinta-. 

vor-ti-^il'-late.    ver-ti9'-il-lat-ed.    a. 

(Vkuticih.at.kI 

L  Hot.:  Wliorled  (4. v.).  Having  leaves, 
flowers,  or  more  rarely  branches,  arranged  in 
verticils  or  whorls, 

2.  ZooL:    Arranged  like  the  spokes   of   a 
wheel. 
ver-ti-9n'-ltis.  s.     [Lat.  =  a  spindle-whorl ; 
dimin.  from  I'ertfjr,  genlt.  verticis  =  a,  vertex 
('l.v.).J 

l;ot. :  The  same  as  Verticil  (q.v.). 

*ver-ti9-i-tj?',  g.  [Fr.  verticm,  fi-om  Lat. 
rciVej.  genit.  vertlcU=-Q.  vertex  (q.v.).]  The 
property  or  power  of  turning ;  rotation,  revo- 
lution. 

•■  It  will  appear  endowed  with  a  stronger  and  more 
durable  cfWiL-iry."— //otf/f ;   M'orftJ.  til.  3i:i. 

•  ver-ti-cle,  s.  [Lat.  ve.rtia.hliiin,  dimin,  from 
vtTtex,  genit.  verticis  =  K  vertex  (q.v.).]  An 
axis,  a  hinge,  a  turning-point. 

"  The  wrticle  Is  near,  when  wlmiration  from  abroad, 
and  Inxury  at  home,  threaten  onr  change.  —Water- 
hotise:  Apology /or  Learning,  \\  51. 

ver'-ti-dine.  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Chem. :  An  organic  base,  said  to  exist  in  the 
tar  of  bituminous  shale.     It  has  not  yet  been 

isolated. 

*  ver-tig'-in-ouSj  a.  [Lat,  vertiginosus,  ivom 
vertigo,  genit,  vvriiginis  =  vertigo  (q.v.); 
Fr.  vertigtnettx  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  vertiginosn.] 

1.  Turning  round  ;  revolving,  rotary. 

"This  vcniginoui  motion  glvea  day  and  nightsuc- 
cesaively  over  the  whole  earth,  and  makes  it  habitable 
all  a.ro-ciYt±."—Bentlcy. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  vertigo ;  aff'ected  with 
vertigo;  dizzy,  giddy. 

"1  was  aicke  before  of  a  vertiginoits  giddiness  and 
irresolution,"— fio/uie:  Devotiont,  p.  193. 

3.  Causing  vertigo  ;  apt  to  affect  one  with 
giddiness, 

"The  smells  of  meat  and  vertiginoui  drinkiiigs."— 
Bp.  Tatflor:  Sermons,  vol.  1.,  ser.  15, 

4.  Apt  to  turn  or  change ;  unstable,  fickle, 
inconstant. 

"  Depending  upon  .  .  .  the  winds  and  tides  of  this 
vertioinous  world."— Sorrow;  Sermons,  vol.  i.,  aer.  5. 

*  ver-tig'-in-OUS-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  ^^ertigiiwus ; 
-ly.]  In  a  vertiginous  manner;  with  a  whirl- 
ing or  giddiness. 

"Goto!   The  smoothest,  safest  of  you  all  .  .  , 
Will  rock  oertiijinouslj/  in  turn  and  reel." 

Broimiing  :  /iing  *  Book,  xi.  2,3fi5. 

•  ver-tiff'-in-ous-ness.  -f.  [Eng.  vertioi- 
nnus  :  ■ucs.'i.]  The  quality  or  statf  of  l.eing 
vertiginous  ;  a  whirling,  or  sensation  of  wliirl- 
ing ;  giddiness,  dizziness. 

"The  vertiginousness  of  our  own  braiue." — Barrow: 
Sermons,  vol,  i..  ser.  9. 

ver'-ti-go,  ver-ti'-go.  5.  [Lat,,  from  verto 
=  to  turn.] 

rathol.  :  Giddiness  ;  a  feeling  as  if  external 
objects  whirled  round,  or  as  one  had  been 
whirling  round,  or  were  about  to  fall,  which 
one  tends  to  do  unless  he  grasp  some- 
thing fixed  or  sit  down.  Sometimes  there  is 
staggering  without  any  considerable  sense  of 
giddiness,  and  at  others  the  exact  reverse. 
The  malady  is  most  commoi\  in  advanced  life. 
and  is  sometimes  the  precursor  of  apoplexy  or 
paralysis.  The  staggering  of  a  drunken  man 
is  a  form  of  verti^^o  produced  by  alcnlii'lic 
poisoning;  that  of  a  patient  on  first  attentitt- 
ing  to  rise  after  a  long  illness  is  causefl  by 
weakness.  It  is  a  common  symptom  of  ex- 
cessive or  defective  supply  of  blood  to  the 
brain,  and  al?o  of  derangement  of  tlie  diges- 
tive organs.  Except  when  there  is  obvious 
plethora  of  the  system,  tonic  niftdicines  are 
required. 

•  ver-ti-lin'-e-ar,  rr.  (Kng.  verti{rn}),  and 
linear.]     Straigh't,  rectangular. 

ver'-tu,  vir'-tu,  t  ver-tii'.  t  vir-tu',  ,*;. 
[ItaA.  virtii,  vertu,  for  Cfr/Hfc  =  virtue,  excel- 
lence, especially  in  a  love  of  the  line  arts, 
from  Lat.  virtvtem,  aecns.  of  virtits:=  virtue 
(q,v.).]  Artistic  excellence ;  that  quality 
which  commends  articles  to  the  collerrtors  of 
works  of  art ;  hence,  works  of  art,  antiquity, 
or  curiosity  collectively,   especially  such  as 


are  preserved  in  museums,  private  collections, 
or  the  like. 

■*  I  had  UuiUKhtfi  in  my  chaiiibor  to  place  it  In  view. 
To  be  (flmwii  t<'  my  frieiKU  as  a  ptBce  of  virtn  " 

liutdsmith  :  The  I/aunch  of  W-niun. 

'  vcr'-tne,  s.    [Vmri'E.] 

•  ver'-tu-gal,  s.  [See  def.]  A  doubtful  wor<l. 
pn-bablytlie  same  us  Farthinoale  (q.v.),  or 
Vardingale,  as  the  author  (see  extract)  is 
speaking  of  Sardanapalus,  who  was  extremely 
etfeminate  and  wore  women's  clothes. 

■•  Amid  his  per/tiinlt  for  .-vydo  he  drew 
From  liis  Lieutenant,  whu  ctid  liini  pursew." 

/fiiils-m  :  Juilitfi.  v.  215. 

*ver-tu-les.  a.    [Virtl-eless.] 

* ver-tum-nal,  (T.  [From  Lat,  VcrtmnntLi 
=  nn  Etruscan  deity,  the  god  of  the  changing 
vear,  from  verto  =  to  change,]  A  term  ot 
doubtful  meaning.  Davics  (^iip;*.  T/n.?,';,)  thinks 
Adams,  having  the  first  syllable  (Lat.  ver  = 
spring)  chiefly  in  his  mind,  uses  the  word  as 
=  spring. 

■■  Her  smiles  are  more  reviving  thaii  the  vertttmnal 

snnshiiH:. '— .lr'(('»n  ■   tVorkt,  ii.  sas. 

*  ver'-tu-ous,  c    [Virtuous.] 

ver'-u-cous,  «.    [Verri'cose.] 

Ver-u-la'-ml-an,  a.  [Lat.  Vervhivumn,  the 
ancient  name  of  St.  Albans.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  St.  .\lbans,  or  to  Francis  Bacon,  Lord 
Verulam. 

"A  temper  Avell  fitted  for  the  reception  of  tlie  I'rt'u- 
lamian  dvctvine."~Mni:anlii}/ :  I/ist.  Eii!i..ch.  iii. 

ver'-valn,  '^  var-vin, '  ver-vaine, '  ver- 

vine,  ver-veyne,  s.     [Fr.  ven-cinv,  irom 

Lat.  ■rrhenff.\     LVerbexa.] 

Bot. :  The  genus  Verbena  (q.v.),  specially  V. 
ojficinalis. 

"  Slie  nightshade  strows  to  work  him  ill. 
Tlierewith  the  vfrvahi.  and  the  dill. 
That  hindreth  witches  of  their  will." 

Drayton:  A'yynphitiia. 

vervain-malloiv.  $. 

Bot. :  Malva  Alceo,  a  native  of  Germany. 

verve,  s.     [Fr.]    Spirit;  enthusiastn. 

"  Act  with  genuine  pervn  and  impulse  "—Dailii  Tele- 
graph, Sept.  14,  188S. 

*ver'-vel,  *  ver'-vai-l.  ;j.  [Fr.  rcrvdU.']  A 
label    tied    to  a  hawk,   and  containing  the 

owner's  name,  &c. 

"  Free  beauteous  slave,  thy  hapl>y  feet 
In  silver  fetters  vorvaUs  meet, ' 
Lovelace:  Lucasta  Posthuma ;  The  Ealcon. 

ver'-vet,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Zool. :  CercopithrcKs  pygerythrus,  a  small 
monkey,  from  Senegal  and  surrounding  dis- 
tricts. Prevailing  tint  greenish  ;  head,  tTiroat, 
and  breast  light  dun,  paws  dark. 

ver '  -  y,    *  ver  -  al,    *  ver  -  ra,   '  ver  -  ray, 
ver-rei,  *ver-rey,     verye,  ".  .v  "-/,. 

[O.  Fi'.  rrrai,  vrcni  {Fr.  vrai),  from  a  supptised 
Low  Lat.  rerncns,  from  Lat.  veraj:,  genit. 
rcracis  =  veracious  (q.v.)  ;  cf.  O.  Fr.  ver,  veir, 
cot/- =  true,  from  Lat.  rents;  Ger.  uahr  = 
true  ;  Russ.  viera  =  faith,  belief.] 

A.  As  culjectii^e : 

1.  Veritable,  real,  true,  actual. 

"  Very  God  of  very  6od."~A'ic€nc  Creed. 

*  2.  True,  exact,  correct. 

■' These  siithely  (ben)  the  me;is«re8  of  the  antcr  in  a 
cwhit  moat  verre."—W yd iffc  :  Ezckk-l  xliii.  i;!. 

3.  Used  before  substantives  to  denote— 

(1)  Exact  conformity  or  identity  with  what 
is  expressed. 

■'  The  very  night  before  he  went  away." 

Wordsworth:  The  Brothers. 

(2)  To  indicate  that  the  word  is  to  be  under- 
stood in  its  full  and  unrestricted  sense. 

"The  suilors  mutinied  from  very  hunger."— .Vdf- 
aiilay :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  il. 

(3)  To  give  emphasis,  intensity,  or  force 
generally.     (Equivalent  to  the  adverb  vein.) 

"Thou  away,  the  very  birds  are  mute." 

Shakcsp. :  Sonnet  97 

(4)  Used  as  equivalent  to  alone,  mere. 

"  Nothing  but  the  very  smell  were  left  nie." 

Shakesp. :  IVimm*  Adonis.  441. 

(5)  Used  as  equivalent  to  full,  complete, 
perfect.  (Frequently  in  the  comparative,  and 
more  frequently  in  the  superlative.) 

"  Thou  hast  the  veriest  shrew  of  all." 

Shakosp.  :  Txmhiy  qf  the  Shreir.  v.  2. 

B.  ^5  adv. :  In  a  high  degree ;  to  a  great 
extent;  greatly,  extremely,  exceedingly. 

Very  weak  and  faint."  A/ilton  :  I'tnlm  vi, 

^  Formerly  used  commonly  to  qualify  past 


late.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  tinite,  cur,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


vesania— vespertine 


4::" 


participles :  as,  vfnj  altered  ;  now  seltlom 
used  without  an  interposfd  adverb  expressive 
of  degree  ;  as,  very  mndt  (or  little)  altered,  very 
gr&itlij  .istoiiislied,  very  highly  valued,  &c. 

■■  They  were  i>ory  (rlghteneO.  ■—(••-  n'.J>atent:  Tales 
from  the  Xorit,  i».  *33. 

•[  I'ery  linU  antl  very  tenant : 
J.'iir:  They  Unit  are  immediate  loi-d  and 
tfuiuit  one  to  another. 

ve-sa-ni-a,  s.     [Lat.=  madness.] 

M'iKitl  I'athol.  :  DeranLtemeiit  of  th.^  intel- 
lectual and  moral  faculties  without  coma  or 
fever.  Many  uusologists  have  used  this  us  a 
{jeneric  lerni,  under  whieh  they  have  included 
different  kinds  of  mental  alienation.  (Dungli- 
son.) 

ves'-bine.  s.    iVesbh-m.] 

\Miu. :  A  name  given  by  Scacchi  (At!.  AcccuL 
iSaimii,  Dec.  13,  1S70)  to  the  thin,  yellow 
coatings  formed  on  tht  lava  of  1C31,  Vesuvius, 
iutlie  belief  that  it  contained  a  new  cdemeut, 
vesbium  (q.V.). 

*  ves'  -bi-um,  ■■'■■  [Lat.  Vesbius  =  Vesviiis,  a 
L'l'iitnicted  fonn  of  Vesuvius,]    [Vesbine.] 

ve-si'-ca,  s.    [t-'at.  =  a  bladder.] 
Aitnr:  A  bhidder. 

vesica -pisciS,  ^^.  [Lit.  =  the  fish's  Mad- 
der.] 

Ecde.-i.  Art  :  A  term  employed  by  some 
antiquarians  to  tiesignate  tlie  elliptic  aureole 
in  whicii  tlie  Saviour  is  sometimes  depicted. 
It  is  formed  of  two  equal  circles 
cutting  eacli  other  in  their  cen- 
tres. It  was  a  very  common 
symbol  in  the  Middle  Ages,  anl 
the  term  is  supposed  to  lui\i 
been  derived  from  the  sacii'l 
character  of  a  tish  as  asymbi.! 
of  Our  Lord,  the  Greek  word  f"i  >i 
fish.'Ixfiys  (Ichthtis),  containiii^- 
iu  consecutive  order  tlie  initials 

of  the    words   'Ij]a-oi}«   (lesoits),         _ 

XptoTos  (Chrlstos),  &€ov  (Theoii),  vtsiiA-ri'sHs. 
'Yio?  {Iliiios),  SujTTJp  (Sot^r)  — 
Jesus  Christ,  the  Son  of  God,  tlie  Saviour. 
The  seals  of  abbeys,  colleges,  and  other  re- 
ligious establishments  were  invariably  made 
iu  this  form. 

ves'-ic-al,  a.     [Lat.  vesica  =  a  bladder.] 
.l;(t(f.  ;  Of  or  jiertaining  to  tlie  bladder. 
vesical -catarrh,  ^. 

V-it}n.i.  :  Chn.iiic  Cystitis  (q.v.). 
vesical -hsemorrhage,  ^'. 

Viitln.l.  :  Hiiniorrhaye  from  the  bladder,  a 
furm  I'f  Ha-maturia  (q.v.). 

ves'-i-cant,  5.  [Low  Lat.  vesicans,  pr.  par. 
iif  vesico  —  to  blister,  from  Lat.  vesica  =  a. 
blister,  a  bladdei.]  A  blistering  agent  ;  an 
episi>astic,  a  vesicatory.  The  chief  are  Cau- 
tliarides,  Glacial  Acetic-acid,  &c. 

ves  ~i-cate,  c.t.  [Low  Lat.  vesico,  from  Lat. 
(■'>•(.((  =  a  blistei',  a  bladder.]  To  raise  vesicles, 
lilisttrs,  or  little  bladdei-s  on  ;  to  blister;  to 
intlariieand  separate  the  cuticle  of. 

*'  1  Miw  tliv  uuticulitr  vesicated,  and  sliLiiiu^  witli  a 
liiiriniig  lip«t,"— H'MtfHiuH  :  Sttrgerj/,  )jk.  i..  ch.  i. 

ves-i-ca'-tlon,  >.  [Vksicate.]  The  act  or 
])r'icess  of  vesicating  or  raising  blisters  on  the 
skill. 

"  Defviiiliiit;  tlie  vesication  with  pleil:;ets,"— H'/jc- 
»i(i*(  .■  Sai-^crj/,  l)k.  i.,  ch.  vi. 

ves'-i-ca-tor-y,  o.  &  s.  [Fr.  vhicatoire, 
from  Lat.  vcsiva  =  a  blister,  a  bladder.] 

A.  .4^  iulj.  :  Having  the  property  or  quality 
of  raising  a  blister  or  blisters  on  the  skin ; 
blistering. 

B.  -fl*  $ubst.  :  A  blistering  application  or 
plaster  ;  an  epispastic. 

"  Hiuteu  reviilsiuu  !■>■  \eii:«<ectioii  or  vesifiitories," — 
Wui-man  :  Siuyerj^.  bk.  v.,  cli.  i. 

ves'-i-cle,  5.  [Lat.  i-esicula,  dimin.  from  vesim 
=  a  blister,  a  bladder  ;  Fr.  resicide.] 

1.  Anttt.  :  Any  sac,  cyst,  or  receptacle,  like 
a  little  bladder.  Used  spec,  of  the  mubilical 
and  seminal  vesicles. 

2.  liotd  )iy : 

(I)  A  small  cell  or  bladder.  It  is  by  aii  iu- 
liuite   mimber   of  such   vessels  that   cellular 

tissue  is  I'Uilt  up.      fGERMINAL-VESlCLE,  PRIM- 
(  Hl'lAL-UTUIOLt  or  VESSEL.] 

(-)  Any  hollow  exc;-.scence  like  a  bladder 


Spec.  ((')  An  iiiHatinn  of  tlie  thallus  of  Algals 
filled  with  air,  by  which  they  are  enabled  to 
Hoat ;  (/')  A  petiole  dilated  by  air.  which  floats 
the  leaves  of  a  plant,  as  in  Tmjxi  uatutis  and 
Ponlederia  crassiiies.     {De  CandoUe.) 

3.  I'atlwL  :  A  slight  elevation  of  the  epi- 
dermis containing  a  serous  rtuid,  generally 
transparent,  but  occasionally  opa<iUe  or  seru- 
piuulcht.     [Vesicula.] 

ves-i-c6-»   prej'.      [Lat.    vesiat  —  tlie    urinary 
bladder.] 
.1/1. ff.,  a-. ;  rertainiiiL,'  to  the  bladder. 
veslco-prostatic,  c. 

Aiuit.:  Of  or  belonging  to  the  prostate 
gland  and  llie  bladder  :  as,  the  vesico-prostatic 
artery. 

vesicouterine,  c. 

Aii'it.  :  I  >f  .,!■  brluiiging  to  the  uterus  and 
the  bladilrr  ;  as.  the  vt!>ico-itteriae  folds. 

vesico  vaginal, «. 

Surg.,  dx. :  of  or  belonging  to  the  vagina 
and  to  the  bladder:  as,  vesica- vaginal  lieruia. 

ve-sic'-u-la  (pi.  ve-sic'-u-lae),  s.  [Lat.  = 
a  little  vesicle,  a  blister.) 

I'athoLiPl.):  An  order  tif  cutaneous  diseases, 
cliaracterized  by  tlie  occurrence  of  vesicles. 
These  may  be  globular,  umbilicated,  or  ai'U- 
niinatcd.  They  arise  on  any  part  of  the  body, 
and  resemble  drops  of  water  on  the  spots 
where  they  exist.  The  fluid  in  them  may  be 
absorbed,  or  it  becomes  effused,  causing  ex- 
coriation and  small  thin  incrustations.  Tlie 
order  contains  three  diseases :  Sudamina, 
Herpes,  and  Eczema. 

ves-i-CU'-lae-form,  o.  [Lat.  vesicula;  geuit. 
nf  coi'"/",  ;iii'l  Jorum  =  form.]  Having  the 
fnrni  t'f  a  vi'sicle  or  vesicles. 

ve-sic'-u-lar,  (i.  [Fr.  vesiculaire,  from  Lat. 
rt>(c((/a*=  a"  vesicle  (q.v.).]  Pertaining  to  or 
consisting  of  vesicles;  like  a  vesicle;  blad- 
dery, cellulose  ;  full  of  interstices. 

"f^peciiil  Hccnniulatioiia  of  rencii^arinfttter." — Todd 
Jt  Bow.nan  :  I'hii^iol.  Aii.it  .  i.  l>4t>. 

vesicular-emphysema,  s. 

Piflhol. :  The  enlargement  of  the  air-cells  of 
the  lungs,  followed  by  the  perforation  of  their 
walls,  so  as  to  produce  small  oval  openings, 
ultimately  enlarging.  Called  also  Pulmonary 
Emphysema. 

ve -sic '-U -late,  0.  [Lat.  vesicula  =  a  vesicle  ; 
Eng.  ait,|.  sutr.  -ntc.]  Full  of  vesicles  or  small 
bladders ;  vesicular. 

ve-sic-U-lif'-er-i,  s.  ?>?.     [Lat.  vesicula  =  a 

vesicle, 'and  fcro  =  to  bear.     Named  from  the 
small  globose,  transparent  sac  in  which  the 
spores  are  lirst  enclosed.] 
Bot. :  The  same  as  Phvsomycetes  <q.v.). 

'  ve-sic-u-16'-sa,  s.  3^?.  [Neut.  pi.  of  Lat. 
vesiculosas.]    [Ve.siculose.] 

Entoin. :  A  tribe  of  Diptera  created  by  La- 
treille.  It  was  equivalent  to  Leach's  family 
Acroccrida;.  There  are  two  genera,  Acrocera 
(=  Svrphus,  iu  part)  and  Henops  (=  Og- 
codes),  both  composed  of  small  insects,  hav- 
ing the  abdomen  nuicli  swollen.  Species  few 
in  number,  chiefly  exotic;  found  upon  plants 
and  amongst  flowers. 

ve-sic'-u-lose,  ve-sic'-u-lous,  o.     [Lat. 

vesicnhsus,  from  i^sicula  =  a.  vesicle  (q.v.); 
Fi-.  visiacleux.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
uf  vesicles ;  vesicular. 

ves'-pg^  s.     [Lat.  =  a  wasp.] 

Entom. :  Wasp  :  the  type-genus  of  the  fauuly 
Vespidit  (q.v.),  with  numerous  species,  uni- 
versally distributed.  Abdomen  broad  ;  man- 
dibles liroad,  oblique  at  tip  and  toothed ; 
clypeiis  quadrate,  truncate  iu  front. 

ves'-per,  .*.  &  «.  [Lat.  =  the  evening,  the 
evening  star  ;  vesj>era  —  even-tide  ;  cogn.  with 
Gr.  eanepos  (/i«*7H:ros)  =  eveniug(adj.  &subst.) : 
O.  Fr.  vespre  (Fr.  vepre)  ;  vesprcs  =  even-song.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  evening  star :  a  name  applied  to  the 
planet  Venus  when  she  is  to  the  east  of  the 
sun  and  appears  after  sunset. 

"  Vesper  fair  Cjiitliia  iisli^re.  ami  her  tiniii." 

P.  yiftcftcr :  Purple  Island.  \ 

"  2.  Hence,  fig.,  evening. 

"  Thou  liAst  seen  these  algos: 
They  are  blmrk  ren/icr's  p.igeaiit3." 

HfiuKcsp. :  Aitloiii/  i-  Vieopiitra,  iv.  12. 


3.  Eeclesiohgy  {PL) : 

(1)  The  time  of  evening  service. 

(:i)  The  sixth  hour  uf  the  Roman  lirevia,y. 
Wlien  said  or  sung  in  public,  VH,spi*is  form  tli' 
usual  evening  service  i>f  the  Ktunau  Chui'-Ii. 
apprnxiniately  correspouding  to  the  Evening 
Piayrr  nf  the  Aiiglicm.  In  England  there  i^ 
usually  a  .sernutu  at  vespers,  which  are  gi-ui-- 
rally  followed  by  iienedicliou  of  tlie  Sacm- 
meiit. 

B.  -Is  (lilj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
evening  or  to  the  service  of  vesi»ers  :  as,  a 
irsptT-bell,  a  re<jjer-hyniu,  &c. 

•I  Stciliait.  Vespers:  [ Sic i lias- vespers]. 

"  ves  -per-al,  a.  [Eng.  vesper ;  -al.]  Vesper, 
e\euing. 

ves-per-tU'-i-O,  *'.     [Lat.  =a   bat,  from 

vt-siirr  —  evening.] 

L  Zoot.  :  The  type-genus  of  Vesjtei  tiliones 
(q.v.),  with  forty-three  species,  ranging  over 
tile  temperate  and  trojucal  i"egions  of  both 
heuiispheres.  Muzzle  long;  glandidar  pro 
utiiu-nces  between  the  eyes  small;  uostinl'? 
opening  by  simple  crescentie  apertures ;  crnwit 
ot  the  head  vaulted;  ears  separate,  oval, gem- 
rally  e(iualling  and  often  exceeding  the  length 
of  the  head;  tiagus  long,  generally  acute, 
andatteiiuateil  upwards  ;  tail  less  tJian  length 
of  iiead  and  body;  face  hairy.  Most  of  the 
species  appeiir  to  live  in  wuods  ;  some,  either 
habitually  or  occasionally,  live  in  caves  or 
nndei'  the  roots  of  houses.  The  position  '-f 
attachment  of  the  wings  to  the  hinder  ex- 
tremities :ind  the  size  of  the  foot  appear  to  bt- 
coniiuctcd  with  the  nature  of  their  dwellings  ; 
those  whicli  live  iu  eaves  liave  larger  feet, 
more  or  less  free  from  the  wing-membram'. 
while  those  living  in  woutls  have  miicli  smaller 
feet,  enclosed  in*  the  wing-membrane  to  the 
base  of  the  toes. 

2.  Pcdwout.:  VesjyertUio  parisiemis  appears 
in  the  Upper  Eocene  of  Montmartre. 

ves-per-til-i-o'-nes,  s.  pi.  [PI.  »>f  Mod. 
Lat.  resjwr^7ii>  (q.v.).J 

ZooL  :  A  group  of  Vespertilionidpe,  with 
eight  genera,  liaving  the  range  of  the  family. 
Nostrils  simple,  opening  by  crescentie  or  cir- 
cular apertures  at  the  extremity  of  tlie  muzzle  ; 
ears  generally  moderate ;  forehead  not  grooved. 

ves-per-til-i-o'-ni-dae.  .^.  ?>^  [Mod.  Lat. 
vesiicrtHio,  genit.  vcspertilion^ifi) ;  L^t.  feni.  pi. 
adj.  suff.  -ido:.] 

1.  ZooL  :  A  family  of  Microchiroptera,  with 
three  groups  (Pleeoti,  Vesperti Hones,  and  Mi- 
nioptera),  generally  distributed  thnmglioiit 
the  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  both 
hemispheres.  They  are  easily  distinguished 
from  all  other  bats  by  their  simple  nostrils  at 
the  extremity  of  the  conical,  somewhat  elon- 
gated muzzle,  by  the  long  t^il  produced  to  the 
hinder  margin  of  the  large  iuterfenioral  mein- 
bi-ane,  and  by  the  upi'cr  incisor  teeth,  wdiich 
are  separated  by  a  wide  space,  and  placed 
near  the  canines'.  The  eyes  are  minute,  and 
the  inner  margins  of  the  ears  arise  from  the 
sides  of  the  head,  not  from  the  forehead, 
(Dobson.) 

2.  Pala'ont. :  From  the  Eocene  Tertiary. 

ves-per-til  i-6'-nine,  ".  [Mod.  Lat.  vespcr- 
tilio  (q.v.),  gniit.  i-rsj,ertiUou{is);  Eng.  adj. 
suff.  -inv.]  i>f.  bt'lougiug  Ui,  or  resembling 
the  genus  Vespertilio  or  the  family  Vesper- 
tilionidfc  (q.v.). 

vespertilionine-alliance,  &-. 

ZooL  :  The  iiaiut!  given  by  Dobson  to  a 
division  of  his  Microchiroptera.  It  consists 
of  thive  families  :  Rhinolopliidte,  Nyeterida.'. 
an<l  \'t_-si)i'rtiliunidse, 

ves'-per-tine,    c      [Lat.    vespertinus,    from 
vfsi'-r  =  evening.] 
*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  evening  ;  happening  or 
being  in  the  evening. 


2.  Late;  hence,  full,  complete. 

••  ThRt    I'tvpertinfi  kuowletlgc    uf  the    aaints."— /(>. 
U'tll :  The  liett  Itnrgaine. 

II.  Grol  ;Tlietermai>pliedtothethirteeritli 
series  uf  the  Appalacliian  strata,  equivalent  to 
till-  lowest  Carboniferous  group  of  Europe. 
The  maximum  thickness  in  Pennsylvania  ex- 
ceeds •J.oixi  feet.  {Prof.  H.  D.  Uogers:  Geologij 
of  Pi  tins  i{lv(t  Ilia.) 


bSU,  boy ;  pout,  j6\frl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9liin,  bench ;  go,  gem  ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as :  expect,  ^enophon.  exist,    ph  =  1, 
-cian.  -tlan  ~  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion.  -sion  =  zhuu.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^vc.  —  bel,  del. 


vesperugo— vestibular 


t6s  p6r-a-g6,  *.     |LaL  =u  bat,  irum  its- 

J,  .-,.'  =  .xriiiin;.) 

/«'/. :  A  t;i'nus  of  YcsjH'itilioiu-s,  with 
twi'iity-two  sjH'cics,  imiversKlly  iiistnt'iiti'»l, 
but  m'nro  connnoii  in  the  tiMiii'emti'  iiibl  siib- 
trupical  renioiu*  of  th«  easti-ni  hi'inispliorr. 
This  gi-mis  hits  also  the  lunst  iMnthoriily 
miip*  "f  tht'  Chiroptt-m,  om-  siicrii's  — IVs- 
;-  , ,,  '.  '.iM.r.'c:-li;iviiit;  Ih'i'Ii  foiniu  close  tntht* 
.  u.:r-  -t  Ml.  An-tir  Cin-U'.  The  Bats  ..fthis 
-.  1.U--  ,11'  Hie  Utiiiiiiou  Huts  of  all  enuntrics, 
uikI  ii'ity  I"'  'n-^ily  known  by  their  eonipani- 
tivoly  thick  bodies,  flat,  bn\i«l  hea'ls,  ii)i«l 
..I'tuse  tnuw:U-s  (the  thi«-kness  of  whieh  is  in- 
civa'sfil  ill  frout  by  tlie  rnuii<le»l  tjhiinluliir 
eleviitioiis),  short,  bpwil,  ami  triangular  "jb- 
tUM'ly-|">iMtwl  i-ars,  obtuse  and  slij^htly  in- 
curvtd  tragus,  short  legs, and  by  the  presence 
111  most  s|)e<'ies  of  a  well-devt'loped  post* 
calcaneal  hibule,  which  pmlwbly  nets  as  a 
kind  of  adhesive  disc  in  seeuring  the  animal's 
gra-sp  when  eliinbing  over  smooth  surfaces. 

TCB'-pi-a-rj^,  f-.  [Lat.  tesjxi  =  a  wasjt.]  A 
urst  or 'habitation  of  wasps,  lioniets,  &c. ;  a 
coh-ny  or  coinnnmity  of  such  insects. 

Tea-pi  dn,  ■■■.  }>l.    [Mod.  Ijit.  vesp(a);  I-it. 

It  r,\.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  'ido'.] 

/■.ntviii.  :  A  family  of  Diploptei-a  (having  the 
anterior  wings  longitudinally  duplicate),  with 
fhii-t««Mi  genera  and  about  1,000  species,  uni- 
versally distributed.  Head  -  shield  nearly 
wjuare':  mandibles  short,  toothed  at  lijis; 
nntenuii-  twelve-jointed  infenialesand  neuters, 
an  extra  joint  in' those  of  the  males. 

*  ves -pfl-lo, -^    [Lat.,  from  yespei*  =  evening.) 
Uotii.  Anti'i. :  One  who  carried  out  the  dead 
in  the  evening  for  burial. 

"By  ntkiiig  into  the  bowels  of  the  decenscd,  ouii- 
liininl  sitflil  i)f  jiiiatoiiiies,  skeletons,  or  c-iiliivei-ouB 
lelifjiies.  llko  reApitloct,  or  grjive  diggers.  I  luii  (not) 
ticcfiiiie  stupid,  iior  hiive  I  foi-got  the  apprelieimiuii  of 
iiiort;iIity. '— //roiciic.-  Hcliffio  Medici,  pt.  i.,  §  3S. 

Tea  sel,  "vea-sell,  *  vea-selle, ^.    [O.Fr. 

.uu-i.'ic"/,  iyi<-^-l,  ns.-'rl  (Fr.  i-dhmni),  finm  Lat. 
><ts*.rllttiit  =■  ;i  small  urn  or  vase  ;  dimiii.  from 
itw  =a  vase  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  vas'Ulo  ;  ItaL  ivsciUo, 
rtiscUo.] 

I,  Ordinary  Language : 

L  I-itero.lly ; 

(1)  A  utensil  for  holding  liquids  and  other 
things,  as -a  jug,  a  cup,  a  dish,  a  cask,  ii 
l<arrel,  &c. 


(2)  A  sliip  or  enxft  of  any  kind,  but  more 
particularly  one  larger  than  a  mere  boat. 

■  Liken  weather-bcat*ii  pcmW holds 
(iltuHy  the  iwrt,  though  shroud  and  twckle  toni." 
Milton  :  P.  L..  n.  \.\fV.:. 

2.  /■'"'!.  ■  Anything  conceived  as  formed  for 
or  cai>ab!eof  receiving  and  containing  ;  hence, 
in  t>rriptaral  hinguage,  a  iJerson  into  whom 
anything*  isconeeived  as  being  jiouied  or  in- 
fused, vv  to  whom  something  has  lieen  im- 
i.arted  ;  a  receptnele  ;  a  recipient. 

■■  iVmbIi  of  mcrty  .  .  ,-prepnred  untu  gloiy."— A'wjh. 
ix.  22,  23. 

n.  Tti:hnimlbj{Pl.): 

L  Anat. :  Any  tube  or  canal  In  which  the 
fluids  of  the  boily  are  contained,  secreted,  or 
eircnlated.  Used  of  the  arteries,  the  veins, 
and  the  lymphatics. 

2.  V'lA.  (.Sometimes  used  in  the  Latin  foiin 
rayn):  Tubes  occuiTing  in  the  interior  of 
jdants,  and  serving  for  the  conveyani.-e  of  sap 
and  air.  They  are  of  various  kinds,  as 
aiimdar,  barred  and  imperfectly  barred,  dotted, 
milk,  punctated,  reticulated,  scalariforni, 
spii-al,  tiacheary,  and  transit<.>ry  vessels. 

•:  77ir  ivcaker  vessel:  A  term  frequently  ap- 
plied to  a  woman,  in  allusion  to  1  Peter  iii.  7. 

"  I  nni><t  ciiiiifurt  the  weaker  vessel,  as  doublet  ;tiid 
hose  i'tij;ht  to  dhow  iUelf  courageous  to  petticofit.  "— 
Sh.ikei/>,     .in  You  like  H.  ii.  A. 

•vea-ael,  r.^     [Vessel,  s.)     To  place  or  put 
into  a  vessel. 


'ves  sell,  "  ves  selle,  s.    [Vesskl,  s.] 

ves  -sets,  ves  -se^,  .•■.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 
h'hrit:  A  sort  of  woreted.    (Pror.) 

Tea -lUg-non. s.  {Fr.  vessignon^ixoxalaX. vesica 
=  a  blister,  a  bladder.]  A  kind  of  soft  swelling 
on  a  horse's  leg ;  a  windgall. 

Test,  ?.      [I-at.  iritis  =  a  garment,  a  dress  ; 


rettio  =  to  clothe.  Fi'om  the  same  root  ;is 
&ms.  vtii  =  to  put  on  (clvdhes) ;  Gr.  ifyvtj.i.{'  n- 
innni)=  to  dru.ss,  to  clothe;  taB^i  (esf/u^)  = 
clothing  ;  Goth,  gawasjiui  =  to  clothe  ;  vititi 
.  =  clothes;  Fr.  vtstt:] 

1.  LiteniUi/: 

•  (1)  An  article  of  dress  covering  the  person  ; 
an  outer  ganuent ;  a  vestui-e,  a  dress,  a  gown. 

*•  The  tKufs  that  holy  rlt«H  rtHiulre." 

Hryilen  ;  Palnnion  *  Arcitr.  iii.  l'j;i. 

{•!)  A  sliort,  sleeveless  garment,  worn  by 
men  under  the  coat,  and  covering  the  upitei- 
part  of  the  body ;  a  waistcoat  (q.v.).  (A 
tailors  word.) 

•  2.  Fiij. :  Dress,  anay,  garments. 

vest,  r.t.  &  i.    [Vest,  s.] 

A.  TninsUive: 

L  To  clothe  with  or  as  with  a  garment, 
vesture,  or  dress  ;  to  dress,  to  robe. 

"  ConteniiiiK  the  rcrtfHffof  the  priests  in  the  Leviti. 
cjil  iiiinlatnitioua."  —  ^z^.  Taylor:  Hcrmoiu.  voL  ill., 
w\.  1", 

2.  Hence,  to  cover,  surround,  or  envelop 
closely. 

••  Tlie  verdniit  fi-flds  with  those  of  heaven  may  vie. 
With  ether  vt;tted  aud  a  puiple  sky." 

Ori/doi.    tToddf 

3.  To  invest  or  clothe,  as  with  authority; 
to  imt  in  possession  ;  to  endow  with  ;  to  con- 
fer upon  ;  to  put  more  or  less  formally  in 
possession.    (Followed  by  ivith,) 

"This  company,  iu  cousidetutiou  of  a  fiiin  laid  to 
the  king,  is  vaitrd  with  the  property  of  nil  diaiiioiids 
found  in  Bnail."— Anton  :  Voyages,  hk.  i.,  ch.  v. 

i.  To  place  or  put  in  the  possession  oi- at 
the  disposal  of ;  to  give  or  confer  an  immediate' 
lixed  right  of  present  or  future  possession  of 
or  autliority  over.    (Followed  by  in.) 

"  Tiiielie  ventfd  in  his  posaession  by  the  forfeiture 
wliich  Duncan,  sometime  tounty  uf  Fife,  liad  dooue  in 
K.  Robert  Bruacs  {liiies."—Holiushed  :  Uistoiy  ••/Scot- 
land (an.  ia57(. 

^5.  To  lay  out,  as  money  on  capital;  tn 
invest. 

B.  littivns.  :  To  come  or  descend  ;  to  be 
tixed  tn  take  eflect,  as  a  title  or  right ;  to  de- 
volve (followed  by  in);  as,  upon  the  death  of 
the  ancestor  the  estate,  or  right  to  the  eslate, 
rests  ill  the  heir. 

Ves'-ta,  s.    [Lat.] 

I.  ihiJinanj  Loudiingc: 

1.  Lit.  :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

2.  Fif/,  :  A  wax  match,  wliicU  ignites  Ity 
friction. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Astron.  :  [Asteroid,  4.]. 

2.  Horn.  Mytkol. :  One  of  the  great  divini- 
ties of  the  ancient  Romans,  identified  with 
the  Greek  Hestia,  the  virgin  goddess  of  the 
heartli.  She  was  worshipped,  together  witli 
the  Penates,  at  every  meal,  wlieii  the  family 
assembled  ro\ind  the  hearth,  which  was  in 
the  middle  of  the  room.  The  sacred  tire,  said 
to  have  been  brought  by  ..Eneas  from  Troy, 
buined  perpetually  on  her  altar,  and  was 
tended  by  the  Vestal  Virgins.  The  tire  was 
never  willingly  permitted  to  expire ;  but  if 
such  an  accident  occurred  through  neglect,  it 
was  considered  an  omen  of  the  worst  descrip- 
tion, and  reipiired  the  most  careful  and  solemn 
expiations.  In  the  Augustan  age  Vesta  was 
represented  as  a  person iti cation  of  Terra,  or 
the  Earth,  and  at  a  later  period  she  was  con- 
founded with  Ops,  Rhea,  Cybele,  Bona  l)ea, 
and  Maia.  Her  festivals,  called  Vestalia,  were 
celebrated  June  !?th. 

ves-tal,  *  ves' -tall,  c  &  o'.    [Lat.  Vcstalls, 

from  J'estff  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  iidjective: 

I.  Lit.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  god- 
dess Vesta  ;  sacred  to  Vesta. 

"Those  institutions  which  .  .  .  have  still  kept  the 
light  burning  like  the  vestal  l&rv." —Knox :  £ssiius. 
No.  112. 

II.  FigiiTativdy : 

1.  Pure,  innocent,  chaste ;  such  as  would 
become  a  Vestal  Virgin. 

"  In  pure  and  reital  modesty" 

Shakesp. :  Jlomvo  li  Juliet,  iii.  ::. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  a  nun. 

"  My  vvttnl  habit  me  contenting  mure. 
Thau  all  the  rol«s  adorning'  nie  befme." 

Drayton  :  Matilda  to  Kinj  John. 

B,  As  substantive : 

I.  OnUnxu-y  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  One  of  the  Vestal  Virgins  (q.v.). 

2.  Fig.  :  A  virgin  ;  a  woman  of  spotless 
chastity;  a  chaste  woman  in  general.     Some- 


tiiries  apjdicd  to  a  woman  who  tlevotes  liei- 
selt  to  religion  :  a  religieusc,  a  imii. 

■■  How  happy  i«  the  blamclcM  vestnlit  lot. 
Ttie  Hoild  forgetting,  by  the  world  foivol." 

J'tt/fv:  Kloiutt  to  .tbulurit,  ■;\.T. 
IX.  FutniiL.  :  Sterrhit  sffrmriit ;  a  IJrilish 
Geometer  Moth,  having  the  fore  wings  pah- 
yellow  with  a  pink  stripe.  The  caterpillar 
feeds  on  various  s]tecies  of  Humex,  on  the 
camomile,  &c. 

Vestal  Virgins,  ;.  j^l. 
VouH.i.i  MiiUf'L:  The  name  jyvcn  to  the 
virgin  prir.stes.seswhohad  cliaig).-  of  the  temple 
■  >fllie  goddess  Vesta,  at  Rome,  au<l  the  siii»erin- 
teiideuce  of  the  sacred  lire  whieh  blazed  jier- 
petually  on  her  altar.  Their  number  was 
originally  four,  but  was  afterwards  inricased 
to  six  ;  and  the  period  of  their  serviee  ex- 
teiide<l  to  thirty  years.  1'he  tirat  ten  years 
were  spent  in  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  their 
duties,  the  seeond  in  discharging  them,  and 
the  third  in  instructing  the  noviee.s.  During 
tlie  whole  of  this  time  they  were  bound  to 
continue  in  a  state  of  maidenhood  ;  but,  at 
the  exi>ii'ation  of  the  )ieiiod,  they  were  free  to 
return  to  the  witrld,  and  even  to  marry  if  they 
thought  fit.  When  a  vacajicy  occurred  iu  their 
nuinlM'r,  it  was  tilled  up  by  the  P<ujtifex 
Maxinius,  to  whose  control  they  were  sul'ject. 
If,  howevdr,  tlirough  carelessness,  they  allowed 
the  sacred  tire  to  be  extinguished,  they  were 
chastised  witli  rods  by  the  Pontifex  Maximus, 
and,  if  any  of  them  violated  their  vows  of 
chastity,  they  were  condenuied  to  be  buried 
alive  in  the  Campus  Sceleratus.  The  abolition 
of  the  Vestal  Virgins  was  effected  in  the  reign 
of  Theodosius. 

"The  institution  of  the  I'estal  virgins  is  Keiierallj- 
attributed  to  Nuni.i ;  thougli  we  meet  with  the  sacreil 
tire  long  l>eforc,  and  even  in  the  time  of  j^iieas  '*— 
Keniiett :  AntiquHii-s  of  Home,  pt.  ii.,  bk.  ii.,  uh.  \i. 

vest'-an,  s.    (After  Vesta,  the  goddess  of  the 
domestic  hearth.] 

Mill.  :  A  name  given  by  Jenz.schtoavaviety 
of  ipiart/  .supjiosed  to  crystallize  in  the  tri- 
clinic  .system.  Found  in  the  Melaphyres  of 
Saxony  and  the  Tliuringian  forest. 

vest  -ed,  j)«.  par.  &  a.     [Vkst,  v.] 

A.  Ji  }m.  par. :  (See  the  verb).  - 

B.  As  ("Ijertite: 

1.  Ib'esscd  ;  wearing  vestments  ;  liabited. 

_     •'  Just  Simeon  and  prophetic  Anna  ,  . 


2.  Fixed  ;  not  in  a  state  of  contingency  ■■! 
susiK-nsion. 

'■  A  powf  r  which  was  xPsTed  in  others  to  sell  m  lease 
them.  — n.i/r'j«;  Lijcof  Hooket: 

vested-interests,  s.  pi. 

L'lir:  Future  inteiests  not  made  to  depend 
iin  an  unci-ilain  period  or  event;  a  lixctl 
present  light  of  future  enjoyment.  A  peison 
who  is  appointed  for  life  "to  a  situation  under 
Government  acijuiresta  vested  inteiest  in  tljat 
situation,  and,  if  the  situation  be  abolished 
liy  Parliament,  eonipeiisatiou  for  loss  of  salary 
is  allowed.  If,  for  a  eertain  teiin  of  years,  or 
without  limitation  as  to  time,  certain  rights 
or  privileges  be  gi'anted  to  a  company  or  an 
instituli<ni,  a  vested  interest  arises,  and  com- 
pensation is  required  if  the  advantage  be 
taken  away  by  legal  enactment.  One  possess- 
ing these  rights  is  said  to  be  vested  in  interest. 

vested  legacy,   ■ 

Liur :  A  legacy  the  liglil,  to  which  com- 
mences i Ii  prcscnti,  and  does  not  depend  on  a 
eontingeney,  as  a  legacy  to  be  paid  when  the 
legatee  attains  to  twenty-one  years  of  age. 

t  vested- remainder,  s.    (RKMAi.sDKit.j 

vesf-er,  s.    [Lug-    '-^  \-  ;  -*;'"•]    One  wiio 
invests  nH>ney  or  the  like  ;  au  investoi, 

•'  But  iu  another  of  their  jiapei-s  .  .  .  they  declare 
that  their  i-fntcm  aim  at  nothing shuvt of  acomniniiity 
in  l:ind  and  in  i;o»t])t."—.'^on(tiri/ :  Leifvrs,  iv.  m;. 

ves-ti-ar'-i-an,   ".      [Eiig,    cestiury;    •au.] 
The  same  as  Vkstiarv  (4. v.). 

ves'-ti-ar-y,  f.  A:  .-■.     [Lat.   ct^fiorie*  =  per- 
taiiiiii;;'!o  elothes.]     [VEST,  s.] 

~  A.  As  ailj, :  Of  or  jiertaiiiing  to  costume, 
\estiiients,  or  vlress  ;  vestiariaii. 

"Some  ar»  for  mauiury  tradei,  olhei-s  for  crstiury 
sti'vices. "— fl/>.  Hull :  Select  Tlniinjhti,  §  Vi. 

B,  As  sniist.  :  A  room  or  place  for  the  keep- 
ing of  vestineiitSj  robes,  &o.  ;  a  wa^drob'e,  a 

rubillg-l■o::ll^ 

Ves-tib'-Tl-lar,    ".      |Eng.    it:stilnil(i) :    -nr.\ 
Pertaining  to  oi'  reseliitdiiig  a  vestibule. 


late,  ia,t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
OJf.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full :  try,  Syrian,    ae,  ce  -  e ;  ey  =  a, ;  qu  -  Uw. 


vestibule— veterinary 


439 


ves'-tl-bule,  s.  |l„-it.  iv»(i'.«i„«,  pmb.  fi.jm 
a  mot  rt-  =  away,  apart,  and  slubiilmii  =  an 
abode  ;  Fr.  nst!liiile.] 

L  '^■■■i.  idii./.  .-  A  jiassagc,  hall,  or  aiit.-- 
cliandiiT  next  tlie  outtl-  dooi  of  a  hoiisi',  .111. 1 
fioin  wjiii-li  doors  oiwn  into  tlie  various  iiiiur 
rooms  of  a  house  ;  a  porch,  a  lobby,  a  hall. 

„    ....  ,  "  Xestin's  sdii 

urgd  thnnu;h  the prtlibule nut]  miiiikHiii;  ikjicIi 
UIs  coill^era."  Cow;ttir:  llamer ;  tjaum'if  iii. 

II.  Atintomy: 

1.  A  chamber;  a,s  the  vestibule  of  the  lai . 
whieh  is  the  central  ehandier  of  the  labyrinth  ; 
:is  till'  vestibule  of  the  uorta,  which  is  a  small 
ecmipartuient  coustitutin.i;  the  part  of  the 
ventricle  which  ad.joius  the  .aorta. 

2.  An  angular  interval ;  as  the  vestibule  .M' 
the  vulva,  which  is  an  angular  interval  be- 
tween  the  nyniplue. 

ves  tib  u  liim,  «.    ll.at.) 

Aniir.  :  The  same  as  Vfc^sTiBlLi';  (q.v.). 

*  ves-ti-gate,  t-.l.    (Lat.  vMimiiis,  pa.  par. 
ot  r.sfia"  =  '"  search  out.]    To' investigate. 

ves'-tlgc,  •  ves-ti-gie,  s.     [Fr.,  fiom  Lat, 

i-fstiijinm  =  a  footstep,  a  track.) 

I.  iiril.  Lang.  :  Tlie  mark  of  a  foot  mail- 
m  jiassing  ;  a  footste]),  a  f.)otiu-int,  a  track,  a 
trace;  hetice,  ajijark,  siijn,  trace,  or  inipression 
•  it  something  no  longer  present  or  existing  ;  a 
sensible  evalence  or  sign  of  soijietlling  absent 
lost,  or  gone  ;  remains. 

"  .\nii  i-ouiittess  geiiei-.iti.ni3  of  ni.itikind 
Dei«rt  ana  leiive  no  tf:<fi^r  wliere  tliey  tro.l." 

H'anUimrtIt:  Excuvaivit,  bk.  iv. 

n.  Biol. :  (See  extract). 

■'  .Anatomists  who  are  careful  ill  tlie  use  of  teniii 
tiuil  yet  have  iiad  to  content  tlieinselvea  with  usiue 
"■"*•  ''■!■  ili^ipwarinif 


nl.  iii.lii 


one  ami  tile  s,aiiie 
.lUd  for  ii(i]M?ifecttti 

Kestiou  reientiy  ni:ol.  l,y  .Mi.  .T.  .V.  Ry.ln-  (/.,.„,.(•..;. 
.Val  .1/,,,..  i«s«.  |,.  s.,|,  H,.  „iite,;  •atnictiir,-  »Ji  cl 
m  ,li».i,,p,.jr,i,i;  .,l,„„i,|  l,e  ciUleU  iWijae  Structure, 
"(inn  .0.-  still  iniiierlect.  but  are  .appearing,  niu^lit  to 
lie  .  .il.a  ni,iii,.,.nt-i  M  it  is.  the  wonl  riiiliinent  is 
usLi,,iij  iiiis;i|,|,iie,l  so  far  as  coiieerns  its  literal  sense 
...  .  ......    .„^,  ^f  ruilimeiitary  organs. "—^r/ieiKFioii. 


Oct.  10.  Ks? 

ves-tig'-Ial, 

print  ;  Eiig.  a. 
a  trace,  sign,  1 


.     [Lat.   vestigium  = 
SUIT.  -III.]    Of  the  11a 
m.irk. 


..f 


;»(/ 


'"■     [Vest, 
finiifiii. 


ulj.  :  (Sc. 


vestigial  structure,  «. 

Bi,>l. :  A  vestige.    [Vesticie,  II. ] 

•■  But  these  are  not  all.  or  nearly  all.  the  «.«,io„i( 

f.rST'.Vi""  '.""?!"'  '""  '"  ""  "'■■•I'  skull,  to  say 
iiothiug  of  the  skclet-.ii  -enenilly  ;  they  are  sufficient 
however,  t.,  jiislily  tlic  :cssnniptioii  that  BliSraroie 
mosTan'-i  <','>"'";i"''V""'  %"'"  ''<""  *•>*  l""™"  liu'l 
SS^MI  .V,    '  "'  i^'"  ",'"'■  ,'!""il".  or  Kpially  with 

f^iF'f  J£',i'ti:;i'et''ir ,';'' ';'■  '"t  '"  ««""-'t"™.  ""t 

tecoiiie  Reptile.  Binl.  or  even  -Maji^  li  the  'a t 
might  lie,  -.Vudire,  Maicli  -2,  i,,s«.  p.  joi 

-  ves-ti-gle,  ■■!.    [Vestioe.] 
vest'-ing,  i>r.  pur.,  ».,  &  , 

A.  &  B.  As   ;>;■ 
flic  veil.). 

C.  J.i  siihsl.  :  Cloth  for  vests. 

.fll^a"""  ''""'"'"Ss  and  ««,■„„  hold  their  position 
steadily,  — roiieji.  Jan.  16.  18S8. 

*  ves'-ti-ture,  .'.    (O.  Fr.)    [Vestit.e,  s.j 

1.  The  manulacturc  or  preparation  of  cloth. 
i.  Investiture. 

*  vest'-let,  s.     [Dimin.  of  Eng.  vrd,  s.  (?).] 

Znol. :  A  fanciful  name  for  Vcriantkns  mi-.u- 
i'mmicens=  Eilimrtlsia  nstila.  (Hasse  ■  AHiuo- 
Ingia  BriluHiiiea,  p.  2iis.)  The  name  never 
i-.ime  into  general  use. 

vest'-ment,     vest-1-ment,     vest-y- 
ment,  -  vest  y-mente,  .v.    [O.  Fr.  mti- 

mmt,  i'estei,i,:,,t  {Vt.  ,rl,;„e,it),  from  Lat.  irsf;. 
■iiKiitnm  =  a  gariii.iit,  IVoin  vrsiio  =  to  clothe  ■ 
."^p.  &  Ital.  ri.^fiiutnto.J    [Vest,  s.) 

1.  Orif.  iHiir;.  ;  A  clothing,  dress,  "arment 
<ir  lobc  ;  a  piece  or  jiart  of  clothing  oi-  dress' 
especially  some  article  of  outer  clothing. 

"  I^Il'  ■'Vier  thoughts  ine-intiiiie  intent,  her  charge 
Of  lol.led  ia-.f«ic,iM  neat  the  princess  plaed 
within  the  royiil  waiu."  »-       " 

CoiDpcr.-  Homer;  (idyucy  vi, 

2.  Ecdosiol. :  A  term  used  in  several  senses  ■ 
I'AC^S'  I"'i'■■^*'>'  S^n'ii'^nt ;  (2)  A  clnisuble  ; 
t(J)  The  wliole  set  of  EiicharLstic  robes  ■  the 
amice,  alh,  girdle,  stole,  maniple,  and  chasuble 
sometimes  including  the  vestments  of  the 
■le.-icon  and  snb-rteacon  and  antependium  It 
was  toniierly  held  that  Oliristian  vestments 
Were  derned  from  those  of  the  Jewish  priests 
but  more  probably  they  are  onlydevelopiiieiiis 
liom  the  ordinary  dress  of  the  early  L'liiis- 


tian.s.    The  U an  Church  makes  use  of  tlvc 

coloui-s  :  White  (lor  feasts  of  Our  Lord,  the 
Ulessed  Virgin,  Virgins,  and  Confe,s,soi-s)  red 
(for  feasts  of  the  Holy  tihost  and  .Martyrs) 
green  (for  feri.is),  purple  (in  Lcjit  and  Advent) 
and  black  (in  masses  for  the  dead),  l!v  the 
decision  in  the  Kolki'stone  Ritual  case  (l's7Tl 
the  use  of  Eucharistic  vestments  is  forbidden 
in  the  English  Church. 

ves-try,  •  ves-trye,  .-•.  (Altered  from  O.  Pr. 
iv.rieire=  the  vestry  in  a  church,  from  Lat, 
I'l'slmniiw  =  a  wardrobe,  prop,  iieut.  sing,  of 
mtiiiniis  =  iiertiiining  to  a  vest  or  clotlics 
from  res(is  =  ilress.)    (Vestiarv.) 

1.  A  room  or  place  attached  to  a  church,  in 
which  the  ecclesiastical  vestments  are  kept 
and  in  which  the  clergy,  choristers,  \c.,  robe 
Iliemselves. 

■'  ,\nil  he  said  to  him  that  was  over  the  n-nfri/ 
Bring  foi-tli  cestlneilts  for  all  the  worahiniiei*  „f 
Uaal.  —2  hiiti/4  x.  23, 

2.  The  place  in  which  the  qualitied  parish- 
ioners of  a  parish  meet  toconsult  on  iiaiochial 
business.  Properly  such  jilaee  is  the  vestrv  of 
the  [larish  church:  bill,  in  |ilaces  where  the 
vestry  IS  ton  small  loaecoiiimodate  the  nuinlier 
ol  parishioners  present,  the  meetings  niiiv  be 
held,  under  i>eriiiission  ol  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board,  in  a  certain  specified  room  or 
place  nioie  eoiivenicnt  for  the  purpose. 

3.  A  meeting  of  the  parishioners  of  a  parish 
to  consult  on  parochial  business.  So  called 
Iroin  the  jilace  of  meeting  being  properly  the 
vestry  of  the  parish  church.  [2.]  The  vestry 
lit  a  p,ari.sh  consists  generally  of  the  minister 
churchwardens,  and  chief  men  of  the  parish  • 
and  the  minister,  whether  rector,  vicar,  or 
perpetual  curate,  is  ex  officio  chairman  of  the 
meetings.  Vestries  are  of  two  sorts :  (I) 
treueral  (or  ordinary),  and  (i)  Select.  A  gene- 
ral (or  ordinary)  vestrv  is  one  to  which  every 
parishioner  orout-dweller assessed  to  or  iiaviie- 
lioor-rateshasariglit,,radiiiissinii  Itspmveis 
extend  to  the  investigation  into  ami  restraint 
of  the  expenditure  of  the  parish  funds,  the 
repair,  alteration,  or  enlarging  of  the  ehnrclies 
or  chapels  within  the  parish,  the  appointment 
ot  certain  officers,  as  vestry-clerk,  overseers 
&c.  A  select  vestry  is  one  elected  annually 
in  certain  large  and  populous  places  by  the 
ratepayers,  with  powers  and  duties  similar  to 
those  of  local  boards. 

"The  local  i«iuVs  keep  the  roads  in  wretched  le, 
pair,  —aiobe.  March  24,  1888, 


vo-8u-vi-an,  ".  &  ».    [Sec  def.] 

A.  -t,^  niij. :  (Jf  or  iiei-tjiining  '.m  Vesuvius, 
a  voleiino,  near  Naples,  Italy. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Old.  Lang. :  A  kind  of  match,  not  easily 
exl.itiguished,  used  for  ligliting  cigars  or  piiies. 
It  IS  really  a  miniature  sipiib. 

i.i"  "f"  ""  }}"!  1«;"""""«  'n  the  »  orld  could  havo  keiit 
ch  x^i?"'  ""'■■'''■-*'"<■*■  -(I'rciioire.  .(f  u  fhactoii. 

2.  .Viit.  ;  The  same  as  Idocr«se  (ii.v,), 
tailed  also  Vesuviaiiite. 

vesuvian  salt,  s. 

Mm.  :  The  same  as  APHTHITAtITE(q.v.). 


ve-su'-vi-an-ite, 

l\"E.St'\'IAN*   H.   L'.j 


|E"K. 


vixuvMH ; 


-ifc.) 


ve-su'-vi-ate,  i\i.     jVevivian.]    To  make 
an  erniitioii. 

■•  It  n:„i,iau,  Tlits  -ii.l.l.-i,  !„.,«  ill  the  «tlnos|iliere 
luu.  soiuething  to  .  u  with  the  eruption  of  the  moun- 
tain which  Tiillcil  I'liiiy  the  elder  -  tf  CotHiig  ■ 
Tltfiuijhts  ill  1111/  Oarilcii.  i.  It.i,. 

ves-zel'-yite,  s.      [After  Mr.  Veszelyi ;  siiB- 

■fe  (j;;„.).j 

Min.:  .\  triclinic  mineral  found  eliernsting 
a  garnet  rock  and  granite  at  Morawicza, 
Uaiiat,  Hungary.  Hardness.  3-6  t>i  4  ;  sp.  gi, 
:i-a31 ;  colour  and  streak,  greenish  -  blue 
Compos.:  arsenic  :icid,  ja-13 ;  ]ihospliorie 
acid,  7-JS;  protoxide  of  copper.  :i7-iis;  )iid- 
toxiile  of  zinc,  a.'rii'i;  water,  17-08  =  ll)0, 
which  yields  the  foniiula  2(;{iiCii)-iA.S.^O«+U  i 
(ZnCu)HolJo-i-Uaii. 

vet,  s.    [See  def.)    A  eoilo(|iiial  or  slang  con- 
traction of  veterinary  (q.v,), 

'n*'!'?"J'i'  '">"«sfeet  Ui : r,  and  art.  his  opinion." 

—  Pit'lil    P..1.   t    wall  ' 


■  vestry  - 

parish. 


board. 


The    vestry    of 


'  vestri  -  man,    s.     a 

The  place  of  meeting 


vestry-clerk,  ,«.    An  officer  apiiointed 
by  a  vestry  to  keep  the  books,  accounts,  &c. 

vestry-hall,  .s.     The  building  containing 
lie-  nlhces,  lueetin.^-room,  &e,,  of  a  vestry.     '^ 

vestry  -  man, 

iiiember  of  a  \-estiy. 

vestry-room, 

of  a  vestry. 

•  ves'-try-dom,  s.  [^ng.  vestry ; -ilom.]  The 
system  ol  the  government  of  mrishes  by 
icstries. 

•■Helieyed  fi-oiii  the  incubus  of  nnmipotent  re«r„. 
dim.  —thuly  /'vUyritjih,  Jan.  8,  1886. 

•  ves -tu-ral,  ti.  [Eng.  resf«i-(f),-  .o/.j  p,,,-. 
laining  to  clothes  or  dress. 

■■Tiie  «-'liiial  tissrie-iiaiiiely.  of  woollen  or  other 
cloth.  —C'trti/fv:  liurtui-  lit'mi-tiii,  bk.  i..  cli,  i. 

ves'-ture,  s.  [0.  Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  r.-.s-f,- 
liiin  =  clothing,  from  Lat.  irstitus.  pa.  par  of 
i-alui  =  to  clothe  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  i-ixtidura  :  Ital 
irstlira,  tcstitura.  Vesture  and  restiture  an 
doublets.] 

1.  Ordinarjt  Language : 

■  L  A   garment    or  garments 
dress,  clothes,  apparel,  robes. 

••  -A  heweii  sepulcre,  very  richly  decked  with  vein 
bt  fop  such  a  jinrpose,  —Ucickluyi .    Vouuije,,  I,  466 

2.  That  which  invests,  clothes, 
envelops  :  a  covering  generally. 

'■  But  this  muddy  vesture  of  decay 
Doth  grossly  close  us  in," 
.  »_     ,  .S'ftfiAcKju, ,-  .UciclMiil ../  IViiicc  V 

*II.  Law: 
1.  All, 
the  land. 


vetjli,  t  f itgh,  *flcche,  .«.  [o.  Fr.  ved,e, 
rcsse(Fr.  reset),  from  Let.  i-icirt  ((|,v.),] 

Botany : 

1.  A  name  applied  to  some  species  of 
Vicia  (q.v,),  spec.  V.  satim. 

t  2.  I'i'ia  .seiiiuvi. 

3.  A  name  applied  to  certain  plants  more 
or  less  resembling  Vicia,  as  the  liittcr-vctch 
(Orolius  syh-atiea  and  Erviini  lirvilia),  Horse- 
shoe-vetch, Kidney-vetch,  Milk-vetch,  Tare- 
vetch,  and  Wooil-vetch  (q.v.). 

vet9h'-li;ng,  ;■.    (Eng.  atrh ;  ling.] 

Hot. :  The  genus  Lathyrus. 

vet9h-:y,  o.     [Eng.  vetch; -y.] 

1.  Consisting  of  vetches  or  of  pea-straw. 

"  There  m.aist  thou  Iiigge  iu  a  vcrcfif/  bed." 

-S/ienscr,  .'i/iviilii-urdji  Catfjiitter  ;  Sefit. 

2.  Abounding  in  vetches. 

vef-er-an,  a.  &  s.  (Lat.  veteinims  =  old, 
veteran,  experienced,  a  veteran,  from  vetus, 
gemt.  i-eteris  =  old.  aged,  fiom  the  same  root 
as  Gr.  cTO?  {etos)  =  a  year.  ] 

A,  --1.5  adj. :  Old,  aged  ;  having  had  long 
ixiierience ;  long  practiseil  or  experienced 
especially  in  the  art  of  war  and  duties  of  a 
soldier. 


di-i 


iiig  nigh.  -Miiien-a  thus  addressed 
J  kiiiK,^' 

Cowper : 


generally  ; 


covers 


grows 


ep(.  trees,  that 
Investiture,  seisin,  possession. 


ml  1 


;  Burner;  Oilimey  x\l\. 

B.  .-Is  suhst. :  One  who  has  had  long  exiie- 
rieiiee  or  piactice  iu  any  s.-rviee,  duty,  or  art 
especially  in  the  art  of  war;  om-  who  lia.s 
grown  olil  iu  service,  csiiecially  as  a  soldier. 

*■  For  thee  the  hardy  nferuu  dro]is  a  tear  " 

Pope:  On  e;eiu:ntl  J/.  Withers. 

K  In  America,  applied  to  a  soldier  who  re- 
enlLsts  after  the  expiration  of  bis  lirst  term 
of  service. 


vet'-er-an-ize,  v.i. 
re-iMilist  tor  service  s 


(Eng.  rc^erna  ; -ire.]    To 
i  a  soldiel.     (Aiiier.) 


■  ves'-ture,  c.t.    (Vesture,  .?.]    To  clothe,  to 
dress,  to  ajiparel,  to  array. 

clothed  in  veluet  and  chainlet,  furred 
I'etfiiivil  with  iKire  clothe,"  — 


"They 
with  grise,  and 
berr.ers:  Froiuart ; 


Croiijir/r; 


ol.  I  ,  ch. 


boil,  b6^;  po-at,  jtS^l;  cat,  9eU.  chorus,  yhin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun;  -lion 


vet-er-in-ar'-i-an,  s.  (Eng,  reteHmru ; 
•«».]  one  who  is  .skilled  in  the  diseases  of 
cattle  and  other  domestic  animals  ;  a  veterin- 
ary ,surgeoii. 

,„'.'l'^"''-^  ™';i''»"'-i'<i«  consider  that  .yi.iiitoiiiatic 
,al0Jilax  IS  less  frequent  than  anthrax.-— /■„./((.  Keb,  PJ, 

vet--er-in-ar-jr,  a.  &  .■,.  iLat,  t;f«eri«nrciM 
-(a,)  ol  or  belonging  to  bea,sts  of  burden, 
(s.)  a  cattle-doctoi-,  from  ccteriuas  =  pertain- 
ing to  beasts  of  burrlen  ;  i-cferiKB:  =  beasts  of 
b:urten;  tv.  ccterinain ;  Sp.  ,Si  lui.  vetn-- 
tn*irto,] 

A.  A.<  adj. :  Pertaining  to  the  art,  science 
or  p.-olession  of  treating  or  hea!;nglhe  diseases 


-sion  =  zhun. 


sm,  as; 
tious,    sious  : 


expect,  Xenophon,  exist,      ing. 
-  shus.      blc,    die,  ie.  =  bel.  del. 


440 


vetiver— via 


of  4|(iiii.>r(r  iiiimals,  as  oxen,  horsos.  sheep. 

,.  he  riitlr^  »btrii«>  of  t»\j 

15  ..jiM   is  skilled  in  tin* 

it  Little  aiMlotlK'i- domestic  animals; 

;i  .  -tirgMtn.     (VetI 

•;  III'-  !ir3t  pei-soii  who  made  Veterinary 
gclcnrt'  .1  rftular  pri>ffssi<'n  is  said  to  hav*' 
bei-n  Cluu.l.-'lt^.urgflet  (lTl-2-17iVJ).  The  lirst 
veteriniry  scliool  sot  up  was  at  Lyons  in  l.i>l, 
A  vetcrinai-y  cnUego  was  established  in  Lon- 
doti  in  IT'.'l.  and  a  .sei-o:ul  in  IStVi. 

vef-i-ver.vet-i-vert.*.    [Fr.]    The  Rhus- 

khusW  v.).  I 

ve   to,    -■      II-it.  tyM=I   forbid;    orig.  =  to  ' 
I.HV*'  in  tht   old  strtte  (from  the  same  root  ns 
tYlMS=old);  hence  =  to  vote  against  chang.- 
ill.] 

•1.  Rom.  Aiitiq.:  The  power  possessed  by 
the  Tribunes  of  the  People  of  interfering  so 
OH  at  once  to  put  a  stop  to  any  measure  which 
they  de-'mc'l  injurious  to  their  order,  tliis 
power  l»-inK  exercised  by  pronouncing  the 
solemn  wont  iWo. 

2.  The  {Mwt'T  or  right  which  one  branch  of 
the'  executiv*  of  a  state  has  to  negative  the 
resolutions  ot  another  l>rancli ;  the  right  of 
th«  px<'eutive  branch  of  government  of  a 
stilt*,  n.i  tii'i  king,  president,  or  governor,  to 
reject  the  bills,  measures,  or  resolutions  of 

'  tlie  other  branolies  ;  also  the  act  of  exercising 
siicli  right.  In  the  United  States  the  Presi- 
dent may  vet'i  all  meiisures  passed  by  con- 
grcis.  but  after  such  right  has  been  exercised, 
the  rejeete^l  nifasures  may  be  passed  over  the 
veto  if  carri'*<l  by  two-thirds  of  each  house  of 
rongie.ss.  In  Great  Britain  the  right  of  veto 
belongs  to  til"  Crown,  but  has  not  been  exer- 
ciseti  since  1707. 

"Tlio  Cri.wii  li.ul  no  admiiiiatrative  or  executive 
n-niitiiMil'ihty.  iuul  never  exerclseil  the  right  of  I'elo 
whlcli  ttuit  Hmwi  iliil.  luid  it  wna  the  veto  ot  the 
Vrtuiv  Mimat^T.  — ioni  Jlo»ebert/.  tii  Times.  MaruU 
lit.  l»<*^ 

3.  The  word  whereby  forbiddal  was  ex- 
presswl  in  certain  politieal  assemblies,  where 
tlie  olticial  luri,<i«age  was  more  or  less  Latin. 
and  wliere  a  single  voice  on  the  negative  side 
could  prevent  the  passing  of  a  rescdntion 
otlieiwise  unanintous;  the  Liberum  Veto,  or 
Free  Veto,  of  the  Polish  Diets  being  the  most 
famous  historical  instance  of  it.    (^Latham.) 

i.  Hence,  any  authoritative  prohibition,  re- 
fusal, negative,  or  interdict. 

Veto  Act,  ^:. 

i>rr,visU  Chnrch:  An  Act  of  the  General 
As-nembly  passed  on  May  27,  1S;54,  by  1S4  to 
i;ts  vote's.  It  proviiled  that  when  a  patron 
is.HUfd  a  presentation  to  a  parish  in  favour  of 
a  minister  or  probationer,  the  disapproval  nf 
the  presentee  l»y  a  majority  of  male  heads  of 
families  being  communicants,  should  be 
deemed  sutlicient  grovuid  for  his  rejection,  it 
being  enacte<l  that  no  objection  should  be 
valid  unless  the  i>erson  making  it  was  pre- 
paird  t4.  state  before  the  Presbytery  that  he 
was  not  actuated  by  factious  or  malicious 
mottv>-s.  but  sol^-ly  by  a  conscientious  regard 
to  Ibe  spiritual  interests  of  himself  or  the  cnn- 
gregati.Mi.  The  passing  of  this  Act  was  one 
of  the  chief  causes  of  Uie  Disruption  (q.v.). 

ve'  to,  v.t.  [Veto,  j.1  To  put  a  veto  on  ;  to 
prohibit,  to  forbid,  to  interdict,  to  negative. 

•ve'-td-iat,  s.  [Eng.  veto;  -ist.]  One  who 
exiMri^e.-.  the  right  ol  veto  ;  one  who  supports 
the  nse  of  the  veto. 

*  vetoyn,  ^.    [BtrroxY.] 

T^t-tu -ra,  3.  [Ital.,  from  Lat,  vectiiTa  =  s. 
bt'aiing.  a  conveyance;  prop,  fern.  sing,  of 
veiivrus,  fut.  par.  of  twho=to  carry;  Fr. 
vmtvre.)    An  Italian  four-wheeled  carriage. 

vet  tu-ri  -no  (pi.  vet-tu-ri'-ni),  s.  [Ital.] 
IVkitl  KA.j  One  who  lend.s  carriages  for  hire  ; 
one  who  drives  a  vettura  or  carriage.  Also 
applieit  to  the  conveyance. 

"The  romi   Usara  tlie  slnw  diligence  or  htggiiiR  Cfr- 
tiiriw  hj   tlif  .ahnlluw  Rh\ne."—Thackera!/ :  JiounU- 
nl)«iit  rnprrs:  On  a  Lazv  Idle  Boj/. 
\l 

*  ve-tust ,  f .  [Lat.  vetiistiis,  an  extension  of 
iy/'(,s  =  old.  1    Old,  ancient. 

vex,  ■  vex-en,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  vexer  =  to  vex, 
fiiiin  Lat.  ('^jto=to  vex,  lit.  =  to  keep  on 
earrving  or  moving  a  thin^r  about ;  an  inten- 


sive fornt  of  veho  (pa.  t.  veri)  =  U)  carry  ;  Sp. 
&  Port,  itxar;  Ital.  vesMre.] 

A.  Ttximitiir : 

•  1  To  toss  about ;  to  toss  into  waves ;  to 
agitate.    (Milton  :  P.  L.,  i.  306.) 

"  2.  To  toss  or  throw  to  and  fro,  or  up  and 
dowii ;  hence,  to  twist  or  weave. 

*'  Some  Eimlltth  wnol.  wx'd  iu  ft  Bekiaii  loom." 

Ort/den:  Annut  .UirabiUi,  <:c\i\. 

"  3.  To  cause  to  be  tossed  or  thrown  about ; 
to  liarass. 

"  For  I  h(wl  piirpos'il  y*t  with  many  a  storm 
To  Muc  triy»«««,  ere  lie  reach'il  his  home. 

Viwper :  Homer;  Odutiey  xti\. 

4.  To  cau.se  trouble,  grief,  or  pain  to  ;  to 
plague,  to  torment. 

"The  wicked  «iarite«  wer  sore  vexed,  ft  could  not 
nl>Iile  thediuiiieiwwer."— fVaf .   M'ttt.  viii. 

5.  To  make  sorrowful;  to  grieve,  to  afflict, 
to  distress. 

"  A  sight  to  vex  the  father'a  aoul  wlthfvl." 

Shake$/:  :  IHttis  AndroniciU,  v.  1. 

6.  To  make  angry  by  little  provocations; 
to  cause  sli;4hl  anger  or  annoyance  to ;  to 
annoy,  to  tease,  to  fret,  to  irritate. 

"  Stay'at  thou  to  vex  me  here  ¥  " 

Shaket/:  :  Two  Oentlemen.  iv.  4. 

*B.   Intraiu':.:  To  be  annoyed,  angry,  or 
provoked  ;  to  fret ;  to  be  imtated  or  teased. 
'■  We  vcz  and  complain."— A' ('Wtn^ft^-cfc. 

■%  For  tlie  difference  between  to  rex  and  to 
displease,  see  Displease. 

•vex'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  vex;   -able.]    Capable 
of  being  vexed  ;  liable  to  be  vexed.    (Soiithey.) 

vex-a'-tion,  •  vex-a-ci-on,  ''.    [Fr.  vexa- 

ti'-n,  from  Lnt.  n-r.itioncm,  accus.  o(vex(itio  = 
a  vexing,  from  vp.xit(iis,  pa.  par.  of  i'exo  =  to 
vex  (q.v.);  Bp.  fcxacion ;  Port,  rczamo;  Ital. 
vessazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  vexing,  annoying,  grieving, 
troubling,  distressing,  or  displeasing. 

2.  The  state  of  being  vexed,  annoyed,  ir- 
ritated, grieved,  or  distre.ssed  ;  annoyance  ; 
irritation,  gi'ief,  worry,  fretting. 

"  Sorrow  may  degBuerate  into  veJcnfioti  and  chagriu." 
—Coffan  :  On  the  Paaxioris.  pt.  i.,  ch.  ii.,  5  3. 

3.  That  which  causes  irritation,  annoyance, 
distress,  sorrow,  grief,  or  worry  ;  an  annoy- 
ance, an  affliction. 

"  Your  cliildren  were  {•exation  to  your  youth." 

Sliafcesp. :  /lirharU  III.,  iv.  4. 

1 1.  A  harassing  by  process  '  of  law  ;  a 
troubling,  annoying,  or  vexing,  as  by  a  mali- 
cious or  frivolous  suit. 

"Albeit,  the  party  grieved  therehy  may  have  some 
reason  to  couiplaiu  of  au  untrue  chiirijf.  yet  may  he 
not  call  it  au  unjuat  pexalioii." — Bacon. 

*\  Vexation  springs  from  a  vaiiety  of  causes, 
acting  unpleasantly  on  the  inclinations  or 
passions  of  men  ;  mortijimtion  is  a  strong 
degree  of  lexiition,  which  arises  from  particular 
circumstances  acting  on  particular  passions. 
Vexotioii  arises  principally  from  the  crossing 
our  wishes  and  views  ;  -ntortification  from  the 
hurting  our  pride  and  self-importance  :  chagrin 
from  a  mixture  of  the  two  :  disapix)intments 
are  always  attended  with  more  or  less  vexa- 
tion, according  to  the  circumstances  which 
give  pain  and  trouble ;  au  exposure  of  our 
poverty  may  be  more  or  less  of  a  inortification, 
accordini,'  to  the  valuewhich  we  set  on  wealth 
and  grandeur ;  a  refusal  of  our  request  will 
produce  more  or  less  of  chagrin  as  it  is  ac- 
companied with  circumstances  more  or  less 
mortifying  to  our  pride. 


vex-a-tious,  a.    [Eng.  vex;  -atioiis.] 

1.  Causing  vexation,  annoyance,  irritation, 
trouble,  worry,  or  the  like  ;  annoying,  teasing, 
worrying,  troublesome,  vexing. 

"His  second  wife's  vexiitiovs  carriage."— Ca»n<:ie'H.- 
Slgt.  of  queen  bliztibclh  (an.  1591). 

2.  Distressing,  harassing,  afflictive. 

"  CotisUler  him  maintaining  bis  usurped  title  by 
vexatioiit  wara  against  the  kiugs  of  Judah."— Soot/j. 

3.  Full  of  troubles,  disquiet,  or  uneasiness  ; 
uneasy,  worried. 

"  He  lends  ft  vexafioii.t  life,  who  in  his  noblest  actions 
Is  .to  ijoied  witli  Hcruples  that  he  darea  not  iii;ike  a 
i>t«p  w'ithout  the  authority  of  auother," — fUgby. 

%  Frivolous  and  vexatious:  Applied  to  a  state- 
ment or  objection  made  without  any  grounds. 

vexatious-suit,  ^-. 

la?''.'  A  suit  commenced  for  the  purpose  of 
causing  trouliie.  or  without  cause. 

Vex-a'-tiOUS-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vexatiovs;  -ly.] 
In  a  vexatious  manner;  so  as  to  cause  vexa- 
tion, trouble,  or  worry. 

"  Quarautine  had  l>eeu  rigidly  and  rexatiotut!/  exer- 
cised.'—Daiti/  ChroniciL-,  Sept.  -23.  IS'^S, 


vex-a'-tious-ne88,^'=.  [Eng-  vrxaiioHs;->iess.\ 
111.-  qnahiy  "r  state  of  being  vexatious. 

vexed,  vext,  pa.  par.  A:  a.    [Vex.) 

A.  .1-  i>fi.  j^fr. :  (b^ee  the  verb). 

B.  -l^-;  I'ifjective: 

1.  Annoyed,  worried,  troubled ;  filled  with 

vexation. 

•'  III  the  evening  we  returned  to  our  ho-H  weary  and 
irxfatour  ill  success."- />fi»i;jiei":  Voi/ifjcs  inn.  1C7&} 

2.  Much  debated,  disputed,  or  contested  ; 
unsettled. 

••  It  would  l>e  interesting  to  have  an  authoritative 
proiiouuceuioiit  on  this  vexed  questioiL "— Z>rtH#  Tele- 
•jraph.  March  22,  ISS6. 

*  vex'-ed-ly,  cdv.     [Eng.  vexed;  -Jy.]     With 

vexation  ;  with  a  sense  of  anuoyance  or  vexa- 
tion. 

"  My  heart  is  vexedl!/  easy."— flicAnrrfjon  ;  Clarissa. 

ii.  16S. 

*  vex'-ed-ness,  s.    [Eng.  vexed  ;  -Ticss.]   Vexa- 

tion, aniinyauce. 

'•  A  litud  laugh,  which  bad  more  of  vexedness  than 
mirth  lu  it.' —liichardson  :  Sir  C.  Orandison,  vi.  74. 

vex'-er,  s.    [Eng.  vex;  -er.]    One  who  vexes 

or  annoys. 

vex'-il,  s.    [Vexillum.] 

vex'-il-lar,  a.  [Lat.  vexillarius,  from  vexillmn 
=  a  standard,  a  flag ;  dimin.  from  velum  =  a 
sail,  a  veil  (q.v.);  Fr.  vexilfairc]  The  same  as 
Vexillakv  (q.v.). 

vex'-il-lar-y,  o.  &  s.    [Vexillar.] 
A.  An  adjective  : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  flag 
or  standard. 

2.  Botavy : 

(1)  Of  or  lielongiug  to  the  vexillum. 

(■2)  (0/ estivation) :  A  term  u.sed  when  one 
piece  is  niuch  larger  than  the  others,  and  is 
folded  over  them,  they  being  arranged  face  to 
face,  as  in  papilionaceous  flowers. 

*  B.  As  siLbst. :  One  who  carries  a  vexillum  ; 
a  standard-bearer. 

*■  Iu  letters  like  to  those  the  vexillarn 
Hath  left  crag-carveu  over  the  streaming  Gelt. 
Temiyson  :  tiarcth  ±  Lytiette, 

*  vex-il-la'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  vexiUaUo,  from 
vexillum  =  a  standard.]  A  company  of  troops 
under  one  vexillum  or  ensign. 

vex'-il-lum.  s.     [Lat.]    [Vexillar.] 

*  1.  lioman  Antiquities  : 

(1)  The  standard  of  the  cavalry,  consisting 
of  a  square  piece  of  cloth  expanded  upon  a 
cross,  and  perhaps  surmounted  by  some  tigxire. 
[Standard,  s.,  I.  1.] 

(2)  The  troops  serving  under  one  vexillum  ; 
a  company,  a  troop. 

2.  EccUsiastical : 

(1)  A  processional  cross. 

(2)  A  .strip  of  silk  or  linen  attached  to  the 
upper  part  of  a  ci-osier,  and  folded  round  the 
staff  to  present  the  niet^^l  being  stained  by 
the  moisture  of  the  hand. 

3.  Ornith.  :  The  i-achis  and  web  of  a  feather 
taken  together  ;  the  whole  of  a  feather,  except 
the  calamus  or  quiU. 

4.  Bat. :  [Standard,  s.,  II.  1]. 

vex  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [Vex.] 

vex'-ing-ly.  adv.  [Eng.  vexing;  -ly.]-  In  a 
vexing  manner ;  so  as  to  vex,  annoy,  or  worry  ; 
vexatiously. 

V-gear  wheel,  a.  [See  def.]  A  duplex  ar- 
rangement of  skew-gearing,  in  which  each 
tooth  is  of  the  shape  of  the  letter  V. 

V-hOok,  s.     [See  def.] 

Steavi-eng. :  A  gab  at  the  end  of  an  eccentric 
rod,  with  long  jaws  shaped  like  the  letter  V. 

vi'-a,  adv.     [Lat.  =  a  way.] 

i.  By  way  of;  by  the  route  of  :  as,  To  send 
a  letter  rat  Southampton  =  by  way  of  South- 
ampton. 

*  2.  It  was  used  formerly  as  an  interjection 
of  encouragement.  [From  the  Itidiau  "  ric,  an 
adverb  of  encouiagement  used  by  commanders, 
as  also  by  ridei-s  to  their  horses."    (Florio.)] 

'•  Via  •   says   the    fiend  !    away  :  says  the    fleud."— 
Shakesp. :  JJachanl  of  Venice,  ii.  2. 

Via-lactea,  s. 

.4,<it™n.:  The  galaxy  ormilky  way.  [Galaxv.] 


f&te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cuh,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


viability— vibrionidse 


441 


•vi-a-bU'-i-ty,  s.    lEnt;.  vkible;  -ity.] 

1.  Tilt' quality  or  state  of  being  viable;  tlu 
capacity  of  liviuji  after  birth. 


2.  Thet-apncity  of  living  or  beiugdistrlhutefl 
over  wiLle  geographical  areas  :  as,  the  via- 
bility  of  a  species. 

▼i'-a-ble,  a.     [Fr.,  from  ric  (I*at.  vita)  =  life.] 
Forensic  Med. :  A  tenit  applied  to  a  new- 
born  eliiUl,  to  express  its  capability  of  sus- 
taining indejK'ndent  e.\istence. 

'•  TiViW*  .  .  .  likt^lv  to  live.  [U]  applied  to  thnt  con- 
Jitioii  ol  a  cliilii  at  Ijirtb."— J/ayn« :  t'xpotirorj/  Lexi- 

coit.  *e, 

vi'-a-diiot,  s.  [Lat.  via  duct-a  =  a  way  led 
(or  eoii.liicled)  across;  from  via  =a  way,  ami 
itiirht,  feni.  sing,  of  ductus,  pa.  par.  of  duco  = 
to  leavl,  to  conduct.]  [Way.]  A  term  applied 
to  extended  constructions  of  arches  or  other 
artiticial  works  to  support  a  roadway,  and 
thus  distinguished  from  aqueducts,  which  are 
similar  constructions  to  support  waterways. 
This  term  has  become  familiar  during  the 
present  century,  in  consequence  of  tlie  great 
ninnber  of  vast  structures  so  designated  which 
liave  been  erected  in  various  part-s  of  Great 
Britain  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  railways 
over  valleys  and  districts  of  low  levels,  and 
the  gen.-ral  name  of  viaduct  is  now  recognised 
as  applicable  to  all  elevated  roadways  for 
which  artiticial  constructions  of  timber,  iron, 
bricks,  or  stonework  are  eslablislied ;  and  ac- 
cordingly among  the  i-rincipal  railway  works 
are  to  be  enumerated  viaducts  of  all  these 
materials. 

•vi-age,  've-age,  'vy-agcs.  [Vovace,  ,^.] 

vi-al,  vi  all.  viol,  vi-ole,  '^vi-oll, 
'  vi  olle,     vy-ole,     vy-oll,    ^.      [O.  Fr. 

riuh-,  jiolc,  follt:,  ph'wk  ;  Fr.  fiole.^  [Piiial.1 
A  small  glass  vessel  or  bottle  ;  a  pliial  (q.v.). 

"  She  said  ;  mid  l>ad  the  ciat  to  be  brought. 
Where  she  before  had  brew'd  thedeaulj-  draught," 
Di-ifden  :  Sigitmonda  A  Guiscardo.  "OS. 

^  To  jiovr  mtt  vials  of  u-rath  vpon  one  :  To 
take  vengeance  on  one.  (The  reference  is  to 
Rev.  xvi.) 

*vi'-al,  ^.^  IViAL,  5.]  To  put  in  a  vial  or 
vials.     {MlUoit:  Comus,  S74.) 

*  vi-am'-e-ter,  s.  [ll<at.  cia  =  a  way,  a  road, 
auil  Eng.  nu'ttr.l    An  odometer  (q.v.). 

vi'-abnd,  ''vi-ande,  .*.  [Fr.  i-iatide  =  meat, 
food,  from  Lat.  virendo  =  things  to  be  lived 
on,  provisions-;  prop.  neut.  pi.  of  vivendus, 
fut.  pass.  par.  of  :nco  =  to  live  ;  Ital.  vivanda] 
Meat  dressed ;  food,  victuals,  provisions. 
(Used  almost  exclusively  in  the  plural.) 

"  Withiu  the  chariot  wine  aud  bread  dlspos'd, 
W  ith  t'l'aiuij  such  .is  regal  state  requires." 

Coipper :  ffomer  ;  Odyssey  iii. 

*vi-and-er,  s.     [Eng.  naiuZ;  -er.] 

1.  A  feeder,  or  eater, 

2.  One  who  provides  viands  ;  a  host. 

"  To  imrcb.ise  the  n.'\iue  of  a  sumptuous  traukelen 
ur  a  good  eiander." — Boliiithed :  Description  qf  Ireland, 
ch.  IV. 

*  vi  -and-ry,  *  vl-and-rie,  s.    [Eng.  viaml ; 

-nj.]    Food,  viands,  provisions. 

"  Vet  w.-is  tlier**  Imt  ver.ii  &matl  provisiou  of  viand- 
ric'—Cdal  :  Ltikc  xxir. 

*  vi'-ar-y,  a.    [Lat.  via  =  a  way,  a  road.]    Of, 

pertaining  to,  or  happening  on  roads  or  on 
journeys. 

"  In  lieasts.  iu  birds,  in  dreams,  aud  all  virtT^  omens, 
they  are  only  tun jectura!  interi'retatioiis  of  diin-ejed 
limii."—Fcllha>n  :  Resolt-es,  i.  %. 

*  vi'-a-tec-ture,    s.      [Lat.   vin  =  a  road,  a 

wayi  and  Eng.  (lurhijtccture.]  The  art  or 
science  of  constructing  roads,  bridges,  canals, 
&c. 

'  vi-at'-ic,  a.  (Lat.  viaticus  =  pertaining  to 
a  roatl  or  journey,  from  na  =  a  road,  a  way.] 
Of  IT  pertaining  to  a  journey  or  travelling." 

vi-at'-i-cum,  .v.     [Lat.  neut.  sing,  of  viaticus 

=  viatic  (<i.v.).] 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang. :  Provisions,  &c.,  for  a 
journey. 

"  Sith  thy  pilgrimage  ie  nlmost  past. 
Thou  ueed'st  the  lesse  riaticum  for  if 

Davics  r   n'itte's  Piigrimnge.  sign.  S.  4  b. 

II.  TechnicaUfi : 

'  l._  Roman  Anti(j.  :  A  travelling  allowance 
to  olticers  who  weie  sent  into  the  provinces 
to  exercise  any  office  or  perform  any  service. 


2.  Kcdt's.  d-  Church  ilistorij: 

"(1)  The  Eucharist,  a.t  the  support  of  Chris- 
tians in  their  earthly  pilgrimage. 

"  (2)  The  absolution  and  communion  of  the 
dyhig. 

(3)  (fji  the  Roman  Church):  The  Sacrament 
of  the  Eucharist  given  to  perstms  in  dan^' r 
of  death.  The  form  is:  "Keceive,  brotlici- 
(or  sister],  the  viaticum  of  the  body  of  Our 
Lord  Jesus  Christ.  May  he  guard  thee  froTU 
the  malignant  foe.  and  lead  thee  to  eternal 
life." 

H^-a'-tor,  5.  [Lat.=  a  traveller,  from  via  ^ 
a  roail,  a  way.] 

'  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  traveller. 

2.  Roman  Antiii. :  A  servant  who  attended 
upon  aud  execnto<l  the  commands  of  certain 
Roman  magistrates  ;  a  summoner  or  ap- 
paritor. 

•  vi-a-tbr -i-al-15r,  fuir.     {Eng.  viator;  -la!, 

■ly.]    As  rcyaids  travelling. 

"Tlifv  .lie  too  far  apart  viatoriaUy  speakiug."— 
natlij  Trh-jmiih.  Sept.  2y.  1885. 

vi'-bex  (pi.  vi-bi'-^e^),  ?.  [Lat  =  the  mark 
of  a  blow  or  stripe,  a  weal.j 

Path.  (PL):  Hiemorrhagic  spots  of  some 
magnitude  arising  on  the  skin  iu  Purpura 
(q.v,).  They  are  larger  than  Petechia  and 
smaller  than  Ecchynioses. 

vi-brac'-u-lum  (pi.  vi-brac'-u-la),  5. 

[Mod.  Lat.  trom  vihro  ~  to  agitate.] 

Zool.  {I'L):  Filamentous  appendages  in  the 
Polyzoa.  They  generally  consist  of  long  bris- 
tles, cajiable  of  movement  and  easily  excited. 
They  are  supposed  to  be  organs  of  defence. 
(Darv'in  :  Uriffin  (/Species  (ed.  Gth),  pp.  193-4.) 

vi' -brant,  a.  [Lat.  vibrans,  pr.  par.  of  inbro 
=  to  Vibi-ate  (q.v.).]  Vibrating,  tremulous, 
resonant. 

"There  is  the  vibraut  tap  of  tlie  \viioJi>ecker  on  the 
Ixir-post."— tf«r;^ci*'s  Mnttazine,  M:iy.  1882.  ij.  858. 

id'-brate,  v.i.  &  t.  [Lat.  vihraius,  jia.  par.  of 
vihro  =  to  shake,  to  swing,  to  brandish;  ef. 
Icel.  veifa  =  to  vibrate,  to  wave.] 

A.  hitransitive : 

I.  To  swing,  to  oscillate  ;  to  move  one  way 
and  the  other  ;  to  play  to  and  fro. 

"  Peuclulu»i3,  which  (being  of  equal  lengths  and 
nuequat  u;i:ivities)  vibrate  iu  equid  tiuies."— Clarke: 
Oil  the  Attributes,  prop.  3. 

*  2.  To  move  up  and  down,  or  to  and  fro 
witli  alternate  compression  and  dilation  of 
parts,  as  an  elastic  tlnid  ;  to  undulate. 

"  The  eustachian  tube  (is]  like  the  hole  in  a  drum, 
to  let  the  air  p.i3s  freely  into  iuid  out  of  the  Kirrel  u£ 
the  ear,  as  the  cuveriug  meiubraue  vibrates." — Palei/  : 
yat.  Theol.,  ch.  iii. 

3.  To  produce  a  vibratory  or  resonant  effect ; 
to  quiver,  to  sound. 

"  The  whisjier  that  to  (j-reatuess  still  too  near. 
Terhaps,  yet  vibrates  on  his  sovereign's  ear," 

J'opc:  Prot.  to  Satires,  057. 

*  -t.  To  fluctuate  or  waver,  as  between  two 
opinions. 

B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  move  backwards  and  fonvards  or  to 
and  fro  ;  to  swing,  to  oscillate. 

2-  To  affect  with  vibratory  motion ;  to 
cause  to  quiver. 

"  Breath  vocalized,  that  is  vibrated  or  undulated.  "— 
ffold^rr. 

3.  To  jneasure  or  indicate  by  vibrations  or 
oscillations  ;  as,  A  pendulum  vibrates  seconds. 

*  i.  To  throw  with  a  vibratory  motion ;  to 
launch,  to  hurl.    (A  Latinism.) 

"  A  glorious  people  ribratvd  again 
Tlie  lightning  of  the  nations." 

Shelte!/  :  Ode  to  Liberty. 

'^Vi'- bra -tile,  a.  [Lat.  vibratiUs,  from 
vibratus.  pa.  par.  of  ''iVtro  =  to  vibrate  (q.v.); 
Fr.  vihratih:.]  Adapted  to  or  used  for  vibra- 
tory motion  ;  \ibratory. 

vibratile- cilia,  .s-.  2'?.    (Cilia,  3.] 

*  vi-bra-til'-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  vihratilic):  -ity.] 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  vibratile  ;  dispo- 
sitiun  ti«  \  ibrate  or  oscillate. 

vi-braf -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [Vibrate.] 

vibrating-piston  steam-engine.  >. 

A  sleam-eiiginf  in  which  t!ic  power  i>  cum- 
niunicat*'<l  to  the  crank  through  [iist"iis 
which  are  vibrating  in  their  motion,  and 
which  move  through  an  arc  of  a  circle. 

Vi-bra'-tion,  5.     ["t-nt.  vlhratlo,  (vom  ribratu-^. 


pa.  jwir.  of  j'(/»ro=  tovibiate((i.v.)  ;  Fr.  vibra- 
tion ;  Sp.  vibracioti;  lul.  vibrnzioncl 

L  Ordinary  La}i0iiage : 

i.  The  act  of  vibrating  or  swinging  to  and 
fro. 

2.  The  state  of  tliat  which  vibrates;  oscil- 
lation.    (.See  cxlmct.) 

"  An  inidenttttud  in  En^Liinl  aud  Otruuuty,  n  wibrtf 
t(on  cuitita-lM^  u.  ujutiuii  tu  and  fro :  in  Frauce,  on  the 
coiitntry,  a  fibrntioii  means  a  ini>%'enient  to  or  tn."^ 
tianot:  />Ay«iesl«d.  AtkliiHuu).  iZti. 

3.  A  resonant  sound  ;  a  ix-sonauce. 

"Tlie  devil  rihratiottsot  hU  wJtehiii)csong." 

Thumton :  Cattle  qf  Indoleiica,  i.  ZO 
II.   Tcchnicatly  : 

1.  /Viv-fft-.s-;  The  iTciprocating  motion  of  a 
body,  as  of  a  pendulum,  a  musical  chord, 
elastic  plate,  the  air  or  the  ether.  The  term 
oscillation  is,  hoivever,  moie  frequently  used 
to  denote  a  slow  reciprocating  motion,  as  that 
of  a  pendulum  which  is  produced  by  the 
acti<m  of  gravity  on  the  Avhole  mass  of  the 
body  ;  while  vibration  is  generally  confined  to 
a  motion  having  quick  reciprocations,  as  that 
of  a  sonorous  body,  and  proceeding  from  The 
reciprocal  action  of  the  molecules  of  the  body 
on  each  other  when  their  state  of  equilibrium 
has  been  disturbed. 

2.  Philos.  <C  I'hysiol.:  A  sensorial  motion. 

[SENSOniAL-MOTIONS.] 

•  vi-bra-ti-iin-cle  (t  as  sh),  5.  [Eug, 
vibrati(ou) ;  dimin.  sufi". -lon^e.]  A  small  vi- 
bration.    [Vibration,  IL  2.] 

"  The  renewed  ribratioti  being  les»  vigorous  than  the 
original  one  (unless  when  excited  by  the  presence  of 
the  object,  or  in  certain  morbid  cases)  is  called  i\ 
miniature  vibration  or  eibratiuncle."—  Belshatn  : 
Philos.  of  the  iliiid.  §  4. 

vi'-bra-tive,  <•.  [Eng.  vilyratie);  -ire. J  Vi- 
brating, vibi;itory. 

"  Hent  i»>  only  an  accident  of  li|cht,  occM»ioued  by 
the  rays  putting'  i\  tine,  subtile,  ethereal  medium, 
which  jiervadea  nil  bodies,  into  a  vibrative  mutiou. 
which  gives  us  that  seuKitioQ." — Xeivton. 

vi'-bra-tor-y,  a.  [Eng.  vibrat(e);  -ory ;  Fr. 
vibroioi.r.] 

1.  Vibrating;  consisting  of  or  belonging  to 
vibmtion  or  oscillation. 

"The  i-ihrator>/  agitations  of  light  aud  of  air.'— 
Bchhavi :  Philoi.  of  the  Hind,  §  4. 

3.  Causing  vibration. 

vi-bri-O,  s.  (Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  vihro  =  to 
shake,  to  quiver.] 

^1.  ZooL:  The  type-genus  of  Ehrenberg's 
Vibrionidie  (q.v.).  It  approximately  corre- 
sponds to  the  modern  genus  Anguillul!i(q.v.). 
Used  also  of  any  individual  of  the  genus. 

t  2.  Bot. :  According  to  Cohn,  a  genus  of 
Schizomycetes,  but  Grove  {Bacteria  dj  Yeast 
Fuuiji)  classes  that  genus  and  Ophidonionas 
(Ehrenberg)  with  Spirillum,  which  he  thus 
defines :  Cells  cylindrical  or  slightly  com- 
pressed, simply  arcuate,  or  spirally  twisted, 
rigid,  with  a  tlagellum  at  each  end  (doubtful 
in  some  species).  Multiplication  by  trans- 
verse division,  the  daughter-cells  for  the  most 
part  soon  separating.  At  times,  also,  a  zoo- 
glo?a  is  formed.  The  species  are  found  in 
infusions,  in  brackish  water,  and  in  the  slime 
of  the  teeth.  Zopf  asserted  that  minute 
spherical  "  cocci,"  short  rodk-ts  ("  bacteria  "), 
longer  rodlets  ("bacilli "),  and  filamentous 
("  Icptothrix")  forms,  as  well  as  curved  and 
splial  threads  ("vibrio,"  "  sjiirillum"),  &c., 
occur  as  vegetative  stages  in  one  and  tlie 
same  Schizoniycete.  (Encyc.  Brit,  (ed  9th), 
xxi.  ;i!iO.) 

"  It  may  be  noted  that  Vibrio  is  here  [i.e.  in  Ebretl- 
bery's  /«■«  J I'fiisioiis'hii'nlii-t),  p.  TSl  conceived  to  be 
uatuially  stniixht-liued.  but  capable  of  bendiug  ii; 
unduliitious  uf  a  nerpeiitiiu'  form,  being  thus  dit«tiii- 
guished  from  SpiriHum  by  the  favt  that  the  undul.t- 
tions  lie  all  in  out-  (diuie.  Hut  must  modern  ol»»erver> 
nr<?  agreed  tlmt  tht  species  leferred  to  Vibrio  beloui: 
to  t«if  otassea— the  one,  in  which  the  undulationF^  .iii- 
serj'entme.  Itclng  merely  Bacillus:  the  other,  iit 
whii-b  they  iire  spir.-U,  lieing  uudistinguiaUiible  fruni 
Spirillum.  This  is.  therefore,  aiiothcrreaaon  .  .  .  why 
the  n.'iine  Vibrio  should  be  dropped." — If*.  B.  Grorc  : 
ISacteriit  A-  I'euit  Filiigi,  \>.  69. 

t^'-bri-on-al,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  vibrio,  genit. 
vibrion(i.^) :  Eng.  suff.  -at.]  Of,  belonging  to, 
or  induced  by  vibrios.  In  the  last  sense  the 
word  is  incorrectly  employed,  the  fungi  of 
the  genus  Spirillum  and  the  lapsed  genus 
Vibrio  not  being  pathogenous. 

"  Virchow.  who  examined  a  sample,  cousidcrwl  the 
granules  found  on  tlie«e  growths  as  not  fungoid,  but 
ribrioHiil."—B>'t/lh:  Diet.  Hygieiu;  p.  72. 


'  vi-bri-on'-i-dfie,  s.  vl. 

liciiit.     rihri'in{ist ;     Lat. 
■:,l,r.\ 


[Mod.  Lat.  I'i&n'o, 
feiii.    pi.  adj.    suC 


boU,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9eU,  chorns,  9hln,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  tbin,  tbis;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenopbon,  exist,    pb  =  C 
-cian,  -tian  =  sban.    -tion,  -sion  =  sLuc ;  -tion,    §ion  =  ^h""     -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  sbus.    -ble,  -die,  i\;u  =  bel,  deL 


442 


vibrissee  — vice- 


Zooi.:  A  lapsetl  fomtly  of  EhivulK-r^'^  In- 
fuAorlo.  Tin-fit*  opj^aiiisnis  an-  now  knuwn  tn 
lie  NVinntoitl  Wnrriis,  ami  are  clussetl  in  liif 
faiHily  Aii>,MiilluIi.hiOi.v.). 

Tl 'briS'-8».  s.  }^-  ILat.=  the  amnll  liairs  in 
tW  nostrils  so  crtllt-^I,  aeconliiig  to  »stus. 
tK'caiisc  ih.ir  rxlm'nion  causes  a  person  tu 
.tliake  liis  lifa>l.| 

Itioi. :  Haiis  .ir  brislb's  attached  to  the  lips 
of  many  ninnimals,  ami  t'S[>eciany  tlevelopnl 
in  the  Caniivoni  nu*\  HoUentia.  The  vibiisMi- 
jti-e  organs  .>r  touch,  and  sive  warning  m( 
'■xternal  obstjirles,  ami  Immclies  of  the  lil'th 
)'air»»f  m-rves  an-  ilistribnteil  to  their  roots. 
Cats  are  n-mleivd  unable  to  catch  mice  when 
their  whiskers  aie  removed,  and  various  ex- 
iK'riinents  Iiave  shown  that  rabbits,  without 
The  itssistance  of  thelv  eyes,  can  by  mean^  ol 
These  hairs  tlnd  an  ontlet  in  narrow  jKissn •;.-.. 
I'opnlarly  known  as  Snielhi-s  and  WhisUtr-.. 
In  many  I'irds  the  nasal  aiM.-rtures  are  covered 
with  stiff,  iniperfeet  feathers  lalso  called 
bristles),  to  whi.-h  the  name  Vibrissa*  is  some- 
times applie*!.  These,  however,  are  not  orjrans 
..f  touch,  but  serve  to  nivvent  the  nostrils 
becoming:  obstructed  by  dust. 

vi  bro  scope.  --■.  {Eng.  vihm(tion),  and  Or. 
<r«oir«w  (>/.<./».'.)  =  to  see,  to  observe.]  An  i)i- 
-stniirn-nt  invented  by  Duhamel  for  graphically 
reconiitin  the  vibrations  of  a  tnniiig-Ibrk,  by 
jneans  of  an  attaehed  style  on  a  piece  of 
smoked  jiaper  gummed  around  a  cylin<ler. 
The  folk  is  made  to  vibi-ate,  and  the  cyliud.'r 
turned,  the  style  making  a  mark  whose  wavrs 
eonvspond  to  tlie  number  of  vibrations  in  a 
second. 

Pl-bur -nxc,  ".  [Kng.  rlhrn-nOim);  -k\]  Pe- 
]i\.d  Iiom  the  vilmrnum. 

Tibumic-aoid,  s. 

rl„'„i. :  A  trnu  formerly  applied  to  an  acid 
l.iund  ill  th<'  bjirk  of  the  guelder-rose,  I'V"- 
lably  val.'iie  ;ieid. 

■vi-bur-nuin,  ■■^.  (I^at.  —  the  wayfaring-tre< .] 
Bvt.  :  Guelder-rose;  a  genus  of  Sambuivn-. 
Shrubs  or  trees  witli  opposite  bi-anches,  siniph' 
leaves,  and  terminal  or  axillary  paniclfs  of 
white  or  pink  flowers;  calyx  limb  five-cleft, 
corolla  campanulate  or  funnel-shaped,  tive- 
lobed;  stamens  five,  stigmas  three,  sessih-. 
ovary  one-  to  three -eel  led ;  fruit  an  inferior 
one-seeded  berrj'.  Species  numerous ;  two 
are  British  :  Vihnrtinni  LiDitanti,  the  Slealy 
<Juelder-rose,  or  Wayfaring-tree,  and  V.  Opvlns, 
the  Common  Guelder-rose.  The  first  has 
elliptic  leaves  with  a  cordate  base  and  ser- 
rate veins,  downy  beneath,  the  pubescence 
Iwing  stellate.  The  latter  has  glabrous  three- 
to  live-lobed  leaves,  with  acuminate  and 
serrate  lobes  and  glandular  petioles.  The 
fruit  is  eaten  in  Sweden  and  Norway  with 
honey  and  tlour.  The  branches  yield  a  yellow 
dye.  [Guelder-rose.]  K.  2'iftMiistheLaurus- 
tinus  (q.v.).  An  oil  extracted  from  the  seeds 
')'[  V.  conacKHin,  a  large  Himalayan  shrub,  is 
used  by  the  Nepaulese  for  food  and  for  burn- 
ing. The  fruit  of  I'.  cotinifoHnm,  V.  foctens,  V. 
inrvosuiit,  and  I'.  gteUiilattiiii,  Himalayan 
slirubs,  are  eaten  by  the  natives.  The  wood 
of  r.  rntbesrens,  a  small  Himalayan  tree,  is 
v.'ry  liard,  elosf,  and  even-grained. 

vie  ar»  vie  aire,  vie  are,  vic-ar-ie, 
vie  ar-ye,  vik  er,  vyk-er, -*.  [Kr. 
yox'.irc  =  d  vicar,  adfpnty,  from  Lat.  vicar ium^ 
.tccus.  of  vkai'ius  =  A  substitute,  a  deputy, 
from  ckU  =  a  turn,  change,  succession  ;  Sji. 
A  Ital.  vicurio;  I'ort.  vi»jairo.\  [\ ice-,  pre/.] 
"  1.  iiid.  Lixn'j.  :  A  deputy;  a  person  de- 
puted or  authorized  to  perform  the  duties  or 
functions  of  another. 

"They  iiii|!ht  AjiiMiiiit  n.  deputy  or  tdmr  to  do  it  fur 
them."— .V/>fi"mH;  On  Ti/tlifii,  ch.  xxix. 

2.  Co iu)n  L(w :  Tlie  jiriest  of  a  parish,  the 
predial  tithes  of  which  are  impropi"iated  or 
ajipropriatcd  ;  that  is,  belong  to  a  chapter  or 
ndigions  house,  or  to  a  layman  who  receives 
them  ami  allows  the  viear  only  the  smaller 
tithes  or  a  salary.    IRkctur.J 

'•  TJiese  a])iiroitrintlug  corpomtions.  or  religions 
liounpB,  were  wont  to  deput*  one  of  their  own  IxKly  t'l 
l<«rrfiirin  divine  service  in  tliosie  jwirishes  of  which  the 
wwiety  wiis  thus  tlie  piirson.  ThU  officiating  minittcr 
was  In  reality  no  more  than  a  curate,  deputy,  or  vice- 
(.'(•rent  of  the  aTipropiiat")r,  and.  therefore,  called 
\  icariiis  or  eioar.  '—Sf^tckstonc :  Comment.,  hk.  i.,  ch. 
li 

■J  Viair  of  Christ:  A  title  in  the  early 
Church  common  to  all  bishops,  but  now  con- 
lined  to  the  Pope. 


vicar -apoBtollc,  ^• 

J:unutit  I  •huirh  :  A  name  formerly  given  to  a 
bishop  or  arrhbishop,  genenUly  of  sorrn!  remote 
^ee.  to  whom  the  l'opeili*le-at  id  a  poll  ion  ol  his 
authority,  or  to  any  fcelesiasti.-  inv.-sted  witli 
iMtwerto'exereisei'piscopaljurJsdiclioninsom'- 
plan-  where  the  ordinurv  was  for  s<ime  leason 
iiicaiable  of  discharging  his  duties  efllciently. 
Now  vicars-apostolic,  wlio  are  nearly  always 
titular  bishops,  are  appointed  where  no  cpis- 
copate  has  nceu  established,  or  where  the 
succession  has  U'en  interrupted.  'I'here  are 
at  present  over  u  hundred  of  such  vicariates 
in  existence.  Tlie  Church  in  England  was 
"overned  bv  vicars-apostolic  from  lt;S;>  till 
the  re-establishment  of  the  hierarchy  by  Pope 
Pius  IX.  in  1S.»0. 

vicar-choral,  .^- 

1.  A  piiest-viiar  ;  a  minor-canon  (q.v.). 

1.  A  lay-viL-ai  (n-v.). 

vicar-forane,  '■ 

Roimui  Church:  A  dignitary  or  parish  priest 
apjiointed  by  a  bisliop  to  exercise  a  limited 
iurisdiction  in  a  particular  town  or  district  of 
"his  diocese.  The  chief  duty  of  vicars-forane 
is  to  maintain  ecclesiasti&d  discipline,  rejiort 
to  the  bishop  «m  the  lives  of  the  clergy,  and 
to  preside  at  their  local  coufeiences.  The  first 
Council  of  Westminster  (ISji!)  adds  to  these 
The  care  of  sick  priests,  the  administration  of 
Ciuirch  property,  and  the  maintenance  of  sa- 
rred  buildings.  In  Ireland  almost  their  sole 
function  is  to  grant  episcopal  dispensations 
for  the  non-publication  of  baims. 

vicar-general,  s. 

1.  PiOiiU'ti  Chun-li :  A  clerk,  usually  (but  not 
necessarily)  in  holy  orders,  and  having  a  de- 
gree in  canon  lawj  appointed  by  a  bishop  to 
assist  in  the  discharge  of  episcopal  functions. 
In  matters  of  jurisdiction  the  vicar-general  is 
regarded  as  the  ordinary,  and  there  is  no 
appeal  from  the  former  to  the  latter  ;  but  the 
vicar-general  may  not  do  any  of  those  things 
which  belong  to  the  episcopal  order.  A  bishop 
is  not  obliged  to  appoint  a  vicar-general,  but 
may  appoint  two  or  more  if  necessary.  The 
olfice  corresponds  closely  to  that  of  an  arch- 
deacon (q,v.)  in  the  early  and  mediteval  church. 

2.  Anglican  Vhnrch  :  An  oflicer  employe'l  by 
the  Arclibislinp  of  Canterbury  and  some  other 
bishops  to  assist  in  such  matters  as  eceh-si- 
astical  raus..-s  and  visitations. 

vic'-ar-age,  *  vie  -ar-idge,     vyc-rage. 

tf.     [Eng.  ficar;  -ayf.] 

^  1.  The  condition  or  state  of  a  substitute  or 
deputy ;  snbstitntibn. 

"They  have  sole  jurisdicliou,  and  the  preshyters 
only  in  substitution  or  vicar id'jc."—Bp.  Taylor:  /C/ih- 
tzopacji  Assarted,  §  50. 

2.  The  benefice  of  a  vicar. 

"Some  vivaragei  are  more  liberally,  and  some  more 
scantily,  endo»ed."~Whcte('j'(e.-  Cmitncnt.,  bk.  i„  ch, 

3,  The  house  or  residence  of  a  vicar. 

vic'-ar-ess,  s.  (Eng.  vicar;  -ess. J  A  female 
vicaV.  Also  used  of  the  wife  of  a  vicar  when 
she  has  the  character  of  interfering  in  parish 
business. 

"Mother  Ausiiii  was  afterwards  vicarcM  several 
years."— .4rcherotoj7(«-  xxviiL  108. 

*  vi-ear'-i-al,  a.     [Eng.  viatr  ;  -idl.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  vicar  ;  small. 

"  In  some  parishes  rectorial,  and  in  some  vicmial 
tithes."— fi(acA-<(oHc -■  CoiiDuent.,  bk.  i..  ch.  11. 

2.  Vicarious,  delegated. 

"AH  derived  and  picarUit  power  shall  be  doiie.iway, 
asuo  further  necessary."— BfuctwaK;  Sacred  ClaMics. 
ii.     (Pref.,  p.  xxix.) 

3.  Holding  the  office  of  or  acting  as  a  vicar. 

"But  the  great  proprietors  of  land  soon  fnund  the 
inconvenience  of  a  ministry  so  precarious  and  (ii-it;iiit. 
intolerable;  and  ohtiiiied  for  ei»ch  a  resident  )iii~-ti.r, 
either  rectorial  or  eic-irial,  either  .in  incuniljeut  ur  ;i 
sulwtitute." — Knox :  Sermons,  vol.  vi.,  ser.  26. 

*  vi-car'-i-an,  *■.  [Eng.  vicar;  -i«».]  A 
viear. 

vi-car'-i-ate,  '  vi-car'-i-at,  o.  &  s.  (Low 
Lat.  vicariaiuo.^ 

*  A*  As  adj.  :  Having  delegated  power ; 
delegated. 


B.  As  siihstaiilive: 

""  1.  The  ofliee,  position,  or  power  of  a  viear ; 
a  delegated  office  or  power  ;  vicarship. 

"Rules  the  church  liy  a  viC'^rUttc  of   hin  spirit." — 
Dp.  lUiU     n.vel'tlioii  n.:ri'tl':d. 


2.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  vicar-aitostolic 
Ol-v.). 

■•Till)  Uolletfc  uf  the  Propaganda  Fide  has  divided 
III©  hitlierto'fxiBtim;  Apiwtolio  ricnrmte  of  Natd 
into  three  lurisdictious."— ^>ai/tf  I'ulvi/taph,  Feb.  'iu, 
isyi. 

vi-ear ^i-oiis,  «.    [hat.  vimnus.]    [\u:\r.] 
I.  ih-ilin<ir<i  Languiige: 

I.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  vic^r,  deputy,  or 
substitute  ;  deputed,  delegated  :  as,  vic<trions 
power  or  authority. 

"2.  Acting  for  or  on  huhalf  of  another ;  a<rting 
as  ;i  deputy,  delegate,  or  substitute :  as,  a 
i-ii-ii,  ioii.^  agent. 

3.  Performed,  done,  or  sutfered  for  or  instead 
of  another  ;  sutfered  or  done  by  ileputy. 

"Th'>  death  of  Christ  was  ...  a  vicarious  plllIi^h- 
nuiitof  sin."— H'ater'and:   Works.  \u.  72. 

II.  iV».''?. ;  OccuiTing  in  one  place  instead 
i.f  Linotlier  ;  as,  a  victirious  secretion. 

vi-car'-i-OUS-ly,  adr.  [Eng.  vicAirious  ;  -in.] 
jn  ;i  virarious  manner;  as  deputy,  delegate, 
or  substitute  for  anotlier;  by  mciUis  of  a 
d<'pnty  or  substitute. 

•'Their  prep.ir.-vtiou  is  most  of  it  done  virari'ini^li/, 
thrmif-h  tiieir  drcssniaktrs.'— jOai/j*  Tclei/iut/ih,  Mai.  It 

1.  itsi;. 

vic'-ar-ship,  .*■  lEng.-  vicar;  -shii).]  The 
olticV  of  a  viear  ;  the  ministry  of  a  vicar. 


^  vic-ar-y,  *  vic-ar-ye. 


[ViCAK.] 


vi^e  (1).  ^  vy5e  (1),     vis,  v.    [Fr.  vice,  fiom 
Lat.  vitiuiii  =  a  vice,  a  fault.] 

1.  A  fault,  a  blemish,  a  defect,  an  imper- 
fection. 

"  You  have  a  vice  of  mercy  in  you." 

.•ihakesjj. :  Troitus  *  Crexxid^t.  \.  3. 

2.  Any  immoral  or  evil  habit  or  practice; 
any  evil  habit  or  practice  in  which  a  person 
indulges  ;  a  moral  fault  or  failing  ;  immorality  ; 
customary  deviation  in  a  single  respect  tir  in 
general  from  a  right  standard  ;  specif.,  the  in- 
dulgence of  immoral,  impure,  or  degrading 
;i]ipetites  or  passions. 

•■  Let  me  iiepsuade  you  t«  think  of  that  wcc  which, 
from  my  experience  and  from  the  testimony  of  uthei-s, 
is  dr-vastating  your  life."- ('«"w)*  li nox-Little.  in  A'cAu, 
M.-O-rh  21,  188S. 

3.  Depravity  or  corruption  of  maunei*s. 
{Used  in  a  general  or  coileetive  sense,  and 
without  any  plural :  ns.  An  age  of  rice.) 

i.  A  fault ;  a  bad  habit  or  trick  in  a  horse. 
5.  The  general  title  of  the  butlbon  of  the 
did  mor.ilities  or  moral  plays.     Often  named 
after  one  specific  vice,  as  Iniijuity,  Covetous- 
ii'ss-,  I'laiid,  &c. 

"  Like  to  the  old  Virc     .  . 
Who  with  dagger  of  lath. 
In  his  i-jige  and  his  wrath. 
Cries,  nh,  ba;  to  the  il«vil," 

.•ihuKxstK     Twelfth  M'j''r.  iv.  2. 

*  vice-bitten,  «.     Con  njited  wiHi  vice  ; 

a  prt-y  1o  vice. 

"What  ;i.  palliT  ireatnie  is  a  man  uict-hilteii!"— 
JUhiirds.-ti^  .-iirC.  Grandi!"->.  vi.  IBl. 

vi9e  (2),  '  vy9e  (2),  '  vys,  *  vysse,  s.  &  a. 

[Fr.  MS  (O.  Ki-.  <ir)=;L  vice,  a  spindle  of  a 
press,  a  winding  stair,  from  Lat.  vitis  =.ii. 
vino,  bryony,  lit.  =  that  which  winds  or 
twhu's  ;  cf.  Ital.  ri7c  =  a  vine,  a  vice,  a  screw.] 

A.  As  snhsUuitive  : 

L  Literally: 

1.  A  winding-stair,  a  si)iral  staircase, 
■•nien  an  angellcaroedowiie  from  the  stage  on  hygh 

by  a  ui/cc' —Caxcoii :   Chrouv-lc  of  EugUmd,  pt.  vii.. 
p.  IM  b. 

2.  An  instrument  with  two  jaws,  between 
which  an  object  may  be  clamped  securely, 
leaving  both  hands  free  for  work.  The  hand- 
vice  is  not  a  vice  proper,  but  has  a  tang  wliicli 
is  grasped  by  one  hand,  while  the  other  holds 
the  tool  to  work  upon  the  object  lield. 

•■  The  niaiiie  planke  or  upper  stocke  of  the  presse, 
went  with  a  vict.  in  manner  of  a  skiew.  — /".  Holland  : 
J'li'tt/,  bk.  xviii.,  ch,  xxxi. 

3.  Plumb. :  A  tool  used  by  plumbers  for 
drawing  lead  into  tlat  grooved  rods,  caUed 
canies,  hiv  lattice-windows. 

II.  Fig-  :  Gi-asp,  gripe. 

■■  All"  I  but  fist  him  once,  an"  a"  cmne  but  within  my 
vi'^e.'—.Shakcik. :  2  Henri/  /'"•.  ''■  1- 

~B,  As(u1j.  :  Winding,  spiral. 

"  Tliero  were  somtyme  houses  with  vi/cc  arches  and 
v..ules  inthe  maner  of  rome."— C'dXTod;  Uiscript. 
liritaiit,  p.  IC. 

vi5e~,  prrf.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vicp=  in  place  of, 
fiiim  ri<-is  (gcnit.)  =  a  turn,  cliange,  stead.] 
A  prefix,  denoting  in  its  compounds,  one  who 
acts  ill   place  or  as  'lejmty  of  another,  or  one 


fate,  f^t,  fhre,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  eiire,  unite,  eur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


vice— viciously 


443 


6f>'niiil  in  rank  :  as,  i-tVc-presidt-nt,  cuT-chair- 

il  (1)  In  colloquial  language  it  is  frequently 
xiseil  iiuli'pcndently  as  a  noun,  the  coinpuinul 
for  wliii-Ii  it  stuuds  being  indicated  l»y  the 
context. 

"Mr.  Dumkhia  Actiiif!  ns  clmiriiinii,  niid  Mr.  LufTt-y 
officiiitiii);  aa  vice."—Dk-keiit:  PicktcicJi,  ch.  vii. 

(li)  It  is  also  commonly  nsecl  as  a  preposition 
or  ad\'iMb,  with  the  force  of  "  in  the  place  of,' 
*'  to  succeed." 

Vice-admiral,  s. 

'  1.  'J'he  second  commander  of  a  fleet. 

■■  ■I'lic  fir^^ulmir.it  ill  tW  inuldle  of  the  flet-t.  "  itii  a 
frt-Mt  -i|iiiii)ruii  of  giillie^,  slnick  siiil  <lireL'tlv.  — 
Ji  •wlirs     lint.  Tuyket. 

2.  |.\i.MirML,  m.J 
vice -admiralty,  ». 

1.  Ill'-  nrti>.o  i>f  a  vice-admiral. 

■■  Tlif  cuvatimiralty  is  exeicioed  by  Mr.  TrevHiiimi," 
—  Vaiew. 

2.  A  vice-admiralty  court. 
VW>''aihnimlUj Courts:  Tribunals estahlisliril 

in  the  British  i>ossessions  beyond  the  seas 
wjtli  jiirisilii-tion  over  Tuaritime causes,  includ- 
ing' Ihostt  rehitinji  to  prizes. 

•  Tice-agent,  .^.  One  who  acts  in  place 
of  ;mol]ier. 

■'  A  v;lssji!  Satan  liiith  made  iua  vice-agent,  to  cross 
wLiitevcr  the  faithful  might  to  Hu."— Hooker. 

vice -chair,  a-. 

1.  The  seat  occupied  by  a  vice-chairman. 

2.  A  vice-chairman  (q.v.). 

vice-chairman,  5.  a  deputy  chairman  ; 
rilso  line  who  occuities  the  seat  at  the  end  uf 
tin-  table,  fating  the  chairman. 

vice -chamberlain,  >.    The  deputy  nf  a 

ohamb.-rlain  ;  in  tli.-  royal  houselmid,  the 
d.piity  cf  the  Lord  Cliamberlain. 

vice-chancellor,  >■.  An  olhcer  next  in 
rank  to  a  rhancellor;  the  deputy  of  a  chan- 
-ccllor ; 

1.  Law:  A  judge  in  the  Chancery  division 
of  the  High  Court  of  Justice  in  England, 
holding  a  separate  court  The  ottice  was 
:ibolished  by  the  Judicature  Act.  [Judge,  .5., 
IT.  1.]  Tlie  first  Vice-Cliaucellor  was  ap- 
pointed in  1S13  ;  the  last  bolder  of  the  office 
^vas  Sir  James  Bacon,  who  retired  Nov.  11, 
ISSG.  In  Ireland  there  is  a  Vice-chancellor, 
and  the  judge  of  the  local  Court  of  Chancery 
of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  is  also  styled  a 
Vice-chancellor. 

2.  Univ. :  An  officer  who  acts  as  deputy  of 
the  chancellor,  discharging  nearly  all  the 
duties  of  the  latter  in  bis  absence. 

"  Outr  each  viiiuei-sitic  also  Uiere  ia  a  seuenill  chaii- 
ctlor.  H  lnjse  otticet'  art?  iieriirtuaU,  lionbeit  their  snli- 
htilutes,  wliniii  Ae  i.aU  I'i'e-i'huitcellors.  Hie  c-haiigv'i! 
tiinr.e  ivnrc:—J/oti,isht^<l.   'liMrtpt.   £"Hff«/trf.  hk.  ii., 

i-li,  ill. 

vice -chancellorship,  s.  The  office  or 
dignity  of  a  vice-chancellor. 

vice-consul,  .i'.  An  officer  who  acts  iu 
jilace  tif  a  consul  ;  a  subordinate  ufficer  to 
whom  consular  functions  are  delegated,  in 
some  particular  part  of  a  district  already 
■under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  consul. 

•  vice-king,  ^•.  One  who  acts  in  the  place 
of  a  kin-  ;  a  \  iceroy. 

•■  Hist  ileputie  or  i'(W-itH;7seeiiig  us  at  sea.  came  with 
liih  caiiue  to  vi&."~llavkliiyt  :   Voi/itges,  iii.  ;aiJ. 

•  vice-legate,  s.  A  subordinate,  assistant. 

ur  -ii'puty  legate. 

Vice -presidency,  *-.    The  office  or  posi- 

Titiii  (if  a  vicc-iiresiili'iit. 

vice-president,  .s.  One  who  holds  offi.-e 
.next  to  a  ]tresideut. 

•vi9e,  v.t.    [Vice  (2),  s.] 

1.  To  press  or  squeeze  with,  or  as  with,  a 
vice  ;  to  hold  in,  or  as  in  a  vice. 

2.  To  screw  ;  to  force  or  press,  as  in  a  vice. 

'■  As  he  had  seen  't  ur  been  an  histrmiieiit 
To  I'.ce  y-jll  to  t."         .sh'ikr-fp.  :    iViiiUsrs  Talr.  1.  2. 

•  Vijed, '(.     [Eng.  (■(.■(c),  (1),  s- ;    -f''-l     Vicious, 

wicked,  corrupt.     tS«e  extract  under  Hirm- 

VICED.] 

*  vi^e-ger'-enfe,    '  vi9e-gcr -en-5y,    ,\ 

I  Ell-  ,MT,/cr^»(0:  ->•.  •<^!l-]  The  office  of  a 
\ic»'^'fifLt  ;  deputed  power  ;  lieutenancy  ; 
agency  under  another. 

"  To  the  great  vicegerency  I  prew,  , 

Eiriiig  a  title  :w  iiui)reine  rw  new. ' 

nrayt.m  -.   Lejc-nX  -/  Thom-if  CronufcU. 


vi^e-ger-ent,  <(.  &  s.  |Lat.  ncc  =  in  place 
nl",  ;iud  •i<irii.-<,  pr.  par.  of  *;t;ro=  to  carry  on, 
{<<  art,  1..  rule.i 

A,  -Is-  tuijective: 

1.  Having  or  exercising  delegated  power; 
acting  as  a  vicegerent,  or  in  the  place  of 
amjther. 

"  But  w  huui  send  I  to  Judge  tlieiii  ?  whom  hut  Thee 
fhci/vrciU  Sou  *■■  Milton  :  P.  L..  x.  M. 

'  2.  Carried  out  or  exercised  under  delegated 
authority. 

"  Under  liis  great  vicf^crfnt  reigti  abide 
Uuited,  as  uue  individual  soul." 

MtUon  ■  i:  I...  \.GW. 

B.  As  ^iibst.  :  An  officer  dejjuted  by  a  su- 
perior or  projter  authority  to  exercise  the 
]inivers  nr  functions  of  auothi*r;  one  acting 
with  delegated  authority  ;  a  dejiuty,  a  sub- 
stitute. 

"  To  haue  tlie  autoritie  ns  a  notable  Picegcrcnt  in  fi' 
excellent  and  iMiynefull  an  office."— t"i/u?.-  Timotht/e  i. 

vife -man,  .s.  [Eng.  vice  (2),  s. ;  and  mcu.] 
A  man  who  works  at  a  vice;  specifically,  a 
siriilli  whu  works  at  a  vice  instead  of  an  anvil. 

vi^  -en-ar-^,  a.  [Lat.  vicenaruts,  fmni 
ricnii.  =  twenty  each  ;  viginti  =  twenty.] 
IVrtaining  to  or  consisting  of  twenty. 

vi-^en'-ni-al,  n.  [Lat.  viceni  =  twenty  each, 
and  n»Hif.s  =  ;i  year.]  Lasting  or  continuing 
twenty  years. 

vicennial-prescription,  s. 

S:i>t^  l.,nr  :  A  luescriptinii  nf  t weuty  years ; 
one  of  the  lesser  presciiptioiis  which  is  plead- 
able against  hologiaph  bonds  uot  attested  by 
witnesses. 

vi^e-re'-gal,  a.  [Pref.  vUe-,  and  Eng.  regaL] 
<_)f  or  iiertaniing  to  a  viceroy  orto  viceroyalty. 

"  Xo  public  ceremony  could  be  jierformed  iu  a  V>e- 
I'lniiiig  Kiaiiiier  under  the  Viceregal  Tooi."~  Jtacaitlai/ : 
ilift.  Eiitj.,  ill.  xii. 

vije'-rtf^,  .s.  [Fr.  ('(tcroi,  from  ri>e  =  in  idace 
of.  and  rui=king.]  A  vice-king;  one  who 
acts  as  the  governor  or  ruler  of  a  kingdom, 
country,  oi-  province  iu  the  jdaee  and  name 
of  the  sovereign,  and  with  regal  authority. 

Vi9e-r6^'-al-t^,  s.  [Eng.  viceroy;  -tdtii.] 
The  dignity,  office,  or  jurisdiction  of  a  viceroy. 

'*  So  important  a  concentration  of  Iinperial  authority 
over  Ireland  as  would  he  implied  in  thedetinite  abuli- 
tiou   of  the  I'ieeroyiiUi/."— Daily  Telegraph,  July  \i>, 

"^  vi^e'-rtf^-ship,  s.  [Eng.  viceroy;  -ship.] 
The  dijiiiity  ur  ollice  of  u  viceroy;  viceroyalty. 

•  vi5'-e-t3^,  i-.  [Eng,  vice  (1),  s. ;  -ty.]  Fault, 
defect,  imperfection.  (Beit  Joiison :  Lore's 
Welcome  at  U'clheck.) 

vi'-9e  ver'-sa,  phr.  [Lat.  =  the  turn  being 
changed.]  Contrariwise;  on  the  contrary; 
the  reverse  ;  the  terms  or  the  case  being  re- 
versed. 

vij'-x-a,  .s.     [Lat.  =  a  vetch.] 

Bat.  :  Vetch,  Tare ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Vicieai  (q.v.).  Ciiuibling  or  diffuse  Jierbs. 
with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  nearly  always 
ending  in  a  tendril.  Flowers  in  axillary  ra- 
cemes, blue,  purple,  or  yellow;  wings  of  the 
corolla  adnate  to  the  keel ;  style  filiform,  with 
the  upper  i»art  hairy  all  lound,  or  with  a  tuft 
of  hair  beneath  the  stigma.  Known  species 
about  a  hundred  :  from  the  north  temperate 
zone  and  Sontli  America.  Ten  are  britisii  :  V. 
tctrai^pcniui,  the  Slender  ;  V.  hirsuta.  the  Hairy 
or  Common  Tare  ;  V.  Cracca,  the  Tufted  ;  V. 
'J/d'jd.s,  the  Wood  Bitter;  V.  siilvatica,  the 
Wood  ;  V.  sepiiim,  the  Bush  ;  V.  httea,  tlie 
Kougli-podded  Yellow ;  V.  sativa,  the  Com- 
mon ;  V.  hUhyrniilfs,  the  .S]iring  ;  and  I',  hithy- 
nicit,  the  Kough-podded  Purple  Vetch.  One 
of  the  most  common  is  Vtcia  hirsuUi.  which 
is  found  in  cornfields  and  hedges.  It  has 
weak,  straggling,  and  climbling  stems,  two  or 
three  feet  long,  and  insignificant  pale  blue 
flowers.  ('.  Cntcca,  foun<I  in  busby  places, 
has  numerous  and  line  bluish-purple  flowers. 
V.  Orobiis,  with  unilateral  racemes  of  purplish- 
white  flowers,  and  V.  sylvatica,  with  numerous 
and  very  beautiful  flowers — white  streaked 
with  bluish  veins— are  found  in  rocky  or 
mountainous  regions.  V.  sepiitm,  with  dull 
l»ah'  purjilc  tloweis,  is  frequent  in  woods  and 
shady  places,  while  V.  lutea  flourishes  liest 
near  the  sea.  V.  sativa  has  six  to  ten  leaflets, 
one  or  two  axillary,  nearly  sessile  flowers,  and 
silky  legumes.     It  is  frequent  in   cultivated 


griiund.      r.  hitkyiniilts,   is  a  sinuU  s| ics, 

with  two  tu  six  iVatlet-*.  ami  sulitiiry  (lowers. 
Virin  F»hu  is  tlu-  Comnn'ii  licaii.     [liKAwJ 

'vie  x-ate  (C  as  eh),  <:t.  &  i.     [Vitiati;] 

vi9-i-e'-SB,  --f.  3»/.  [Mod.  Ldt.  vici{n);  l,at. 
fem.  pi,  adj.  sufl.  -ric] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Paplljonacete.  The  ten 
lilameiits  uf  the  stamens,  or  at  least  nine  of 
them,  connate;  cotyledons  ftesby  ;  leaves 
generally  ■■irrli...«ie.  Genera:  Cicer,  Pisum, 
Lrvuiii.  Vicia.  Liilhyrus,  A:c. 

vi9  in-age  (age  as  ig).  •  voi-sin-age,  . 

IProp.  ro!siiiO(jf.;  from  Kr.  rotstJifff/c  =  neigh- 
bourhood, from  roisin  =  neighbouring,  from 
Lat.  virininii,  accus.  of  '■R'(ini.«  =  neiglibour- 
ing,  near  ;  lit.=  belonging  to  the  same  street, 
fioiu  rii'iis  (whence  A.S.  fie;  Eng.  wU:k  =  a. 
town)  =  a  street ;  eogn.  with  Gr.  oIkos  {oikos) 
=  a  house;  Sansc.  rrvn  =  a  house,  an  en- 
trance; rfV  =  tolive.] 

I.  Neighbourhood  ;  the  jilace  or  places  near 
to  or  adjoining  each  other  ;  vicinity. 

"To  811UMUUI)  the  Pi<jt«8tant  gentry  of  the  viciimge 
to  the  rescue."— .l/iii((i(In//  ■  HUt.  £iig.,  ch.  xil. 

'  2.  The  quality,  condition,  nr  state  of  being 
a  neighbour  or  neighbourly ;  nearness  or 
clusencss  of  situation  or  j"'sition. 

"The  ririiiiigi-  nf  the  tra\e!!iin.'  studio  was  an  occa- 
sion and  a  pretevt  i'T  uiiinect-d'ented  larks. "—.V/'ifr- 
iter'a  .Vugazhit;  JMaicii,  USii,  p  iit>ii. 

*vi9'-in-al,  '  vi9'-ine.  '(.  [Lat.  vicinulis, 
from  fii-iniis  =  nciir.]    [\'kinage.J 

1.  Near,  neighbouring,  <-lose. 

"  Under  whu^e  ffJuds]  merciful  hnud  iinuigants 
aboue  all  other  creatuien  naturally  bee  luortt  iiiKh  and 
vit:ine."—Jiiicktuyt:    i'vi/agrt,  i    22'.i. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  village  nv  town  (?). 

"The  vallum  or  ridded  bank,  seemingly  a  vicimil 
way  if  nut  a  nuupart.  —  H<i;-r'i/(,  Jlmt.  h iddiugloii, 
p.  o5. 

vx-9in'-i-t^,  *  vi-cin-i-tie,  ,*;.  [Fr.  vicinite, 
from  Lat.  ricinitatrm,  accus.  of  vicimtfi$  = 
neighbourhood,  nearness,  from  vicinus  = 
neighbouring,  near.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  near  ;  near- 
ness, proximity,  propimjuity. 

"Be  as  much  retained  In  Uieir  itlfinify  as  if  they 
were  separated  by  niilef"."— ll'«//a*ro)i.-  Jieligion  of 
Satare,  %  a. 

*^  2.  Close  relationship. 

'■  Their  vicinity  and  relatiou  to  -uir  blessed  Lord."— 
Bp.  Tiiylor  :  J^pitco/^iacy  .leiertetl.  5  40. 

3.  Neighbourhood  ;  neighbouring  or  ad- 
joining places  or  country  ;  district  or  space 
immediately  surri)Uiiding  or  adjacent  to  aiiy- 
tliing. 

'  vx-ci-os -i-t^^,  •  vx-ti-6s -i-ty  (ci,  ti  as 

Shi),  s.  [Lat.  n■^"<l^■^fa.s*•lronl  vitiusu^  = 
vicious  (q.v.).]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
vicious;  corruption  of  man  nt-is  ;  viciousnes^. 

"Reason  hy  little  and  little  doth  ilhiminate,  punre. 
and  cleanse  the  soule  in  abating  and  itiniinishing  e\'-i 
mure  the  vitiotity  thereof."—/'"  JJutlanU:  J'lularch, 
p.  201 

vi'-cious,  •  vi'-tions,  n.  (Fr.  ricieux,  fi-uin 
Lat.  vitivt^fis  =  \icioiis,  from  vitiitm  =  vice  ; 
Sp.&Port.  vicioso;  lUl.  ci:ios<>.]    [V!Ce(1),  *-.] 

1.  Characterized  by  some  vice,  fault,  or 
blemish  ;  faulty,  imjierfeet,  defective  :  as,  a 
ricioHS  system  of  government. 

2.  Contrary  to  moral  luinciples  or  to  recti- 
tude ;  innnoral,  bad,  evil. 

,  "  Such  viciout  habits  iw  dingrace  his  name." 

CaWfjer :  7'irofintum,  bS\. 

3.  Addicted  to  vice  or  immoral  habits  or 
piactices  ;  corrupt  iu  princii>les  or  conduct  ; 
immoial,  depi-avcd,  wicked,  abandoned. 


4.  .Addicted  to  si>me  fault,  bad  habit,  ur 
trick  ;  not  properly  tamed  or  broken.  (Said 
of  a  horse.) 

*  5.  Vitiated,  fnul,  im]iure  .  as,  rujons  air. 

G.  Corrupt,  faulty ;  not  geTiuine  or  puit- ; 
iutorrect ;  as,  a  i-icious  style  of  writing. 

T.  Spiteful,  malignant,  virulent,  bitter  :  as, 
a  (■/.■i.,.j/j  attack,     {(ojl-iq.) 

vicious- intromission,  s. 

.^rotn  J.Hir:  The  intermeddling  of  the  effects 
of  another  without  any  authority.    (Intko- 

MJSSION.] 

vx'-cious-lSr,  atli\    [Eng.  vicious;  -hj.] 

1.  In  a  vicious,  faulty,  or  incorrect  manner; 

faultilv. 


boxl,  boy;  pout,  jiJwl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hiix,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a§;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-ciaa,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.    -ble,    die,  \c,  =  bel,  deL 


441 


viciousness— victorial 


2.  lu  an    immoral,  deprave«l,    or   curiui»t 

nuiiii-'i  :  i;ii:K"i-..;!>. 

,,  r  «•>  rirt<tt*4tll.  that  lu  I'lv- 

li  i<uiifrtr.  !h»t  ohe  d>"f«l 

,1.  ;>«.  — /'ui^dit  ;    Vrounttr, 

cL. 

3.  bpiwlnliy,  niiiUgiiantly,  bitterly  ;  with 
nialk-e.    (CoUvq.) 

vi -oioos-ness, '  vi-oious-nease* «.  [Eng- 

r.V. ...<■;  ■/..^■'■.] 

1.  The  .nulity  or  state  uf  bciiii;  vtciou:^, 
fjiuity,  or  imjt'ilfOt. 

2.  The  iiuality  or  state  of  being  contrary  to 
morality  oi  reciitivle;  immorality,  depravity. 

3.  AiUlieteJness  to  vice  or  immorality  ;  'le- 
pravity  of  priueiplos  or  manners  ;  habitual 
violation  of  the  moral  law  or  nf  moral  iluties. 

■■  A  u«r»on  Jtfc*wie»l.  Ki-uemlly  «uJ  Jii»tly  liiilcJ  U'T 
bl»«>ionJ»i«»*."— /"wW*-'--    »'orthiet:  Qrntrat. 

4.  UnruUuess,  refractoriness.  (Saiil  of  a 
hnrse.) 

5.  Spitefuluess,  malignancy ;  malicious  bit* 
temes--. 

Vi-cia  -8i-tude, .«.  I  Lat.  vicissitudo  =  change, 

from  nVL'  =  change.) 

1.  RpfiuUir  rhanije  or  succession  from  one 
thing  to  another. 

"Till*  8Ucce»»iyii  »t  thiuga  upou  the  cartli  Is  the 
rwult  Mi  the  Wc(«i(mi«  ol  seasous."—  WoodKartl. 

2,  A  change  or  passing  from  one  state  or 
condition  to  another;  change,  mutation,  re- 
volution. 

"Tlirough  all  riciuittidet  of  lortuue."— J/acaii/ay  . 
II, It.  Eitj  .  i;l*.  \X\. 

•  vi-yis  si-tu-din-ar-y,  a.  [Lat.  vicissi- 
tmh;  genit.  iuiM*(.(rfi»(is)=  change  ;  Ejig. 
ntlj-  suff.  -*try.l  Subject  to  vicissitudes  or 
changes ;  characterized  by  or  exhibiting  vicis- 
situdes. 

"The  dAjra  of  «i.\u  UreJ  vieiuitudinary.  as  though 
he  had  as  manv  good  days  as  i\\."— Donne :  Deeotion*. 
J..  3ia. 

•vi-cis-si-tu-din-oiis,  a.  [Vicissitu- 
DiNAKV.l  Full  of  vicissitudes  or  changes; 
L-haracterized  by  or  subject  to  a  succession  of 
changes. 

vi-cis -sy,  s-     [See  compound.  ] 

vicissy-duck,  5. 

Orn'ilh.  :  A  bird  described  by  Simmonds  as 
a  "  West-Iudiun  water-fowl,  smaller  than  the 
European,  and  atlbrding  excellent  food."  It 
is  probably  the  Widow-duck  (q.v.). 

"  vi  -  con.  -  tii  -  el,  a.  [Mid.  Eug.  ficOTiti(e  = 
viscount  ('V^'-)-] 

Old  Lav::  Pertaining  to  ,the  sheriff  or  vi- 
count. 

vicontiel-rents.  s.  pL 

Ohl  hue:  Ceitain  f;inns  for  which  the 
shehtr  pay^  a  rent  to  the  king.  By  3  &  -1 
AVm.  iV.  these  lariiis  were  placed  under  the 
management  of  the  Commissioners  of  Woods 
and  Forests. 

vicontiel-writs,  s.  pi. 

Old  Ia'v :  Wilts  triable  in  the  county  or 
"vliL'rifl.-.'  com  t. 

*  ri-coun  -ti-el,  a.    [Vicontiel.] 

^C'-tim,  s,  [Fr.  i-i(t!i)ie,  from  Lat.  vicfima,  a 
word  of  doubtful  oiigiii ;  prob.  from  vintiu  = 
to  bind,  hence  =  the  uound  one.] 

1.  A  li\ing  creature  sacrificed  to  some  drity 
or  in  the  performance  of  some  religious  rite  ; 
usually  some  beast  slain  in  sacrifice,  but  the 
])ractice  of  immolating  human  beings  has  also 
been  followed  by  many  nations. 

"  The  chief  part  of  the  sncndce  was  the  piclim,  ooii- 
ceniin^'  whldi  it  nifty  be  observed  iu  the  first  pl.-toe. 
th.tt  il  wiw  rei(iiireil  t-j  lie  whole,  perfect  and  sound  in 
all  i!*  luemKis,  m  tthout  «l)ut  ur  blemiah."— /"wHt-r  ; 
Anti'i.  Orccc^.  bk.  li.,  ch.  iv. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  destroyed  or  injured 
in  some  manner  by  some  casualty. 

"  Auother  theatre  wrapped  in  flaiuefl,  together  with 
the  sacrifice  of  atoiea,  perhaps  of  hlllldre<lii  of  irinthtvi 
diKiiiied  to  die  the  iiiosl  ilreailfiil  dciitb  iiuHgiuivble."— 
Daily  TelrgftpJi,  Mjticli  22,  ISHS. 

3.  A  person  or  thing  sacrificed  in  the  pur- 
suit of  an  object ;  a  pers*m  or  thing  destroyed 
or  injured  from  application  to  some  object : 
as,  a  lU'tiiii  to  avarice,  a  ricthn  to  jealousy. 

i.  A  living  being  sacrificed  by  or  suftering 
severe  injury  frem  another. 

5.  Hence,  one  who  is  cheated  or  duped ;  a 
dupe,  a  gull. 

"To  control  the  credulity  of  the  riciimt  of  Her.j- 
dutus.'— (ifoAe,  March  25,  1S5;. 


'  vie -tim-ate,  i*.'.  (Lat.  vicHmams,  pa.  par. 
of  ru(im(*  =  to  .sucrillce.)  To  saciilice  ;  to 
make  a  victim  of;  to  immolate. 

vie -tim-ize.  vic'-tim-ife,  i^.  [Eng. 
vii-tim;  -izt.\  To  make  a  vietiin  of;  espe- 
ciallv,  to  make  the  victim  of  a  swindle  or 
fraud  ;  to  dupe,  to  swindle,  to  defraud,  to 
cheat. 

"She  rictliHUttt  turge  nuinlwr*  of  tnidesmeu  in 
Ediuburgh."— ;$r.  Jttma»  UazeUe.  Mwch  2,  ISiS. 

vic'-tim-iz-er,   vXe'-tim-is-er,  s.     [Eng. 

r h- 1 tin i :{':),  {cicthnisif) ;  -<•/•.  \  One  who  victim- 
izes, swindles,  or  defrauds  another. 

•■  They  nre  lielpleM  in  the  hiiiids  of  their  victimizert." 
—Cilitt'n.  J»li.  '.'.  139C. 

vic'-tor,    '  vlc-tour,   'vyc-tor,  s.   k  a. 

iLat.  rU-toi;  from  victKS,  pa.  par.  of  vinco 
(pa.  t.  I'ici)  =  to  conquer ;  from  the  same  root 
33  Goth,  weigan,  weUuin  (pa.  par.  ivigans)  = 
to  strive,  to  contend;  A.S.  wig  =  war.  Ital. 
vitlon.\ 

JL,  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  is  victorious  in  a  contest ;  one 
who  wins  or  gains  the  prize  cr  advantage  iu  a 
contest ;  one  who  vanquishes  another  in  any 
struggle  ;  especially,  one  who  is  victorious  in 
war ;  a  vanquisher. 

"  Some  time  the  flood  prevftils.  and  then  the  wind. 
Both  tu^sing  to  be  vicCorg.  bre.-Lst  tobrejist," 

Afutkeap.:  S  tfeiirij  I'/.,  U.  5. 

*  2.  One  who  ruins  or  destroys  ;  a  destroyer. 

".There,  victor  of  his  health,  his  fortune,  friends, 
All'!  fiime.  thia  lord  »i  ui*ele.'(s  thousands  ends." 
J'ojie :  Mural  A'sja^s,  iii.  ai3. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Victorious. 

"  Despite  thy  victor  swonl."       Shakesp.  :  Lear.  v.  3. 
•f  For  the  ditfeivnce  between  victor  and  con- 
queror, see  CoNyuEKuii. 

'  vie'-tor-dom,  *  vie-tor-dome,  s.  [Eng. 
victor ;  -dom.\  The  coudition  of  a  victor  ; 
victory. 

"Then  will  I  stand  bv.  and  looke  on,  and  see  what 
viclordome  thou  ahalt  %KX.."—Bttme»  :  irorJtta.  fol  270. 

**vic-tdr-er,  s.  [Eng.  victor;  -er.]  A  victor, 
a  conqueror. 

"The  chariots  uf  noble  vietoreri  riding  in  triumph." 
—P.  Bolhtnd  :  Plinie,  bk,  xxviii.,  eh.  iv. 

*  vie' -tor -ess.  'vie -tor -esse,  s.     [Eng. 

victor;  -'^ss,]     A  feiiuile  victor. 

"When  the  t'ktvrfxee  arrived  there." 

^ijeitser:  F.  Q..  III.  xiL  H. 

Vic-tbr'-i-a,  s.     [Lar.  =  victory  (q.v.).] 

1.  Rom.  MythoL  :  One  of  the  deities  of  the 
Romans,  called  by  the  Greeks  Nike.  She 
was  sister  of  Strength  and  Valour,  and  was 
one  of  the  attendants  of  Jupiter.  Sylla  raised 
her  a  temple  at  Rome,  and  instituted  festivals 
in  her  honour.  She  was  represented  with 
wings,  crowned  with  laurel,  and  holding  the 
brauch  of  a  palm-tree  in  her  hand. 

2.  Astron.  :  [Asteroid,  12]. 

3.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Euryalid*  (q.v.),  akin 
to  Euryale,  from  whi<-h  it  differs  by  the  sepals 
being  deciduous,  by  the  petals  gradually  pass- 
ing into  stamens,  and  by  the  cells  of  the 
ovary  being  more  uumerous.  Species  one  or 
three.  The  type  is  Victoria  regia,  named  by 
Lindley  after  Queen  Victoria.  It  i.s  the  most 
magiiiticent  of  all  known  water-HUes,  and  is 
the  more  acceptable  that  it  ciime  fi'oin  a 
region  in  which  it  had  been  supposed  that  no 
Nymphieaceit  occurred.  It  was  tirst  dis- 
covered by  tlie  botanist  Ha;nke  in  1801  ; 
Bonpland  afterwards  met  with  it.  Orbignj',  in 
1828,  sent  home  specimens  to  Paris;  others 
also  subsequently  saw  it  growing,  but  it  ex- 
cited no  attention  till,  in  1837,  Sir  Robert 
Schomburgk  found  it  iu  the  Berbice  River  in 
British  Guiana.  The  rootstock  is  thick  and 
fleshy,  the  leaf-stalks  prickly,  the  leaf  pel- 
tate, its  margin  circular,  its  diameter  from  six 
to  twelve  feet,  tlie  edge  so  turned  up  as  to 
make  the  leaves  floating  in  tranquil  water  look 
like  a  number  of  large  trays.  The  leaves  are 
green  above,  and  covered  with  small  bosses, 
below  they  are  deep  purple  or  violet ;  the  un- 
developed flowers  are  pyriform ;  the  sepals 
four,  each  about  seven  inches  long  by  lour 
broad,  purple  externally,  whitish  internally  ; 
the  petals  uumerous,  in  sevei-al  rows,  passing 
insensibly  into  stamens,  fragrant,  the  outer 
ones  white,  the  inner  ones  roseate ;  stamens 
numerous,  tlie  onter  fertile,  the  inner  sterile  ; 
ovary  many  celled,  cnp-shaped  above,  with 
many  small  stigmas  along  its  upper  margin  ; 
fruit  a  prickly  berry.  A  native  of  South  Amer- 
ican rivers,  especially  the  tributaries  of  the 
Amazon.     It  has  been  introduced  into  Great 


Britain,  first  flowering  in   l.s4'.i.     Tht-   sceiis. 
are  .said  to  be  eatable,  and  the  plant  i.-  in  on- 
sequenee  called  Water  Maize  by  the  natives 
of  the  region  where  it  grows. 
i.  J'ekicU's:   A  i>ark-carriage,  having  a  low 


BADt-F    "F    (iRtiEE    OF 

VUT'iRlA 

AND  AL.BERT. 


VICTOBIA. 

seat  for  two  persons,   a  calash  top,  and  an 
elevated  driver's  seat  in  front. 

"  With  sik-nt  iiiorosity  he  hands  her  into  her  nc> 

tori't." — Ithoda  Brotijfhton:   Second  Tftouffhts,,  vul.  li., 

lit.  ii.,  cli.  viii. 

^  lioyal  Order  of  Victijriti  £  Albert:  An 
Older  instituted  by  Queen  Victoria,  Feb.  10, 
ISOJ,  in  memory  of  the  Prince  Consort,  who 
died  Dec.  14,  ISOl.  It  was  enlai-ged  Oct.  10, 
1664,  Nov.  15,  1805,  and 
again  on  March  15,  1880. 
It  consists  of  his  Majesty, 
as  Sovereign  of  the  Order, 
and  twenty-one  ladies  of  the 
royal  families  of  Europe, 
who  form  the  first  class. 
The  second  class  consists 
of  fifteen  ladies  of  the  royal 
taniilies  of  Europe,  and  re- 
lated  to  the  British  royal 
family.  Tlie  third  class 
includes  eighteen  lady 
members  of  the  British  no- 
bility, and  the  fourth  class 
sixteen  lady  members  of  the 
nobility  and  gentry.  The 
badge  is  composed  of  like- 
nesses in  profile  of  Queen 
Victoria  and  Priuce  Albert, 
.surmounted  by  a  border  of  preoious  stones 
(different  for  each  class)  for  the  first,  second, 
and  third,  and  of  the  monogram  "  V.A."  for 
the  fourth  class,  all  surmounted  by  an  Im- 
perial crown.     Ribbon,  white  nioire. 

Victoria  Cross,  s.  A  British  naval  and 
military  decoratinii  instituted  by  royal  war- 
rant, Jan.  29,  ISoi),  and  bestowed  IVu-  "  con- 
spicuous bravery  or  de- 
votion" to  the  country 
in  the  i)resence  of  the 
enemy.  It  is  the  most 
coveted  of  all  British  de- 
corations, and  is  open 
to  ail  officers  and  men 
of  the  regular,  auxiliary, 
and  resel-ve  forces.  It 
consists  of  a  bronze  Mal- 
tese cross  with  the  r 
crest  in  the  centre, 
underneath  an  <■- 
bearing  the  inscripLi 
"For Valour."  Itiswoin 
attached  to  the  breast  by 
a  blue  ribbon  in  the  case 
of  the  navy,  and  by  a  red 
in  the  case  of  the  army. 
For  every  additional  act  of  bi-avery  an  addi- 
tional clasp  may  be  added.  The  cross  carries 
with  it  a  special  pension  of  £10  a  year,  and 
each  additiiuial  clasp  an  additioual  pension 
ol  t:5  a  yeui'. 

Vietoria  crowned-pigeon,  s. 

Oniith.:  Goura  fic/omp,  a  large  pigeon  from 
New  Guinea  and  the  adjacent  islands.  General 
Cidour  slaty  blue,  with  reddish-brown  under- 
surfaee  ;  bluish-gray  stripes  on  wings,  and  a 
broad  grayish- white  line  at  the  end  of  the 
tail.  It  has  a  crest  of  numerous  small  fea- 
thers, which  terminate  in  spatules. 

Victoria  Institute,  s.  An  institution 
having  its  headquarters  in  London  and  foun<1ed 
to  hariiioiiize  Scripture  and  science.  The 
meeting  which  resolved  on  its  formation  was- 
held  on  June  16,  1S05,  and  it  was  established 
on  the  22ud  of  the  same  month.  Called  also 
the  Philosophical  Society. 

* vic-tor'-i-al,  «.     [Eng.  victory;  -al.]    Per- 
taining to  or  iu  celebration  of  a  victory. 

•■  Wrote  this  victoritti  dittou."— Trtfufturr  .■  /;ti6cfiiis. 
bk.  ii..  c-h.  xxviL 


VICTORIA  CROSS. 


fS-te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there :   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son :  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  riile,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


Victorian— viduous 


41J 


Vic-tor'-i-an,  ".    [See  defs.] 

1.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  reign  (1837-1901) 
of  Queen  Victoria. 

"He  touc)iciI  liis  re«.Ien;  less  than  auy  other  Vir- 
tf.riiiti  poet  of  the  tint  rtuik.."—Ath0iitBHm,  April  21, 
IS^iS.  p.  501. 

2,  Of  or  belonging  to  Victoria,  a  division  of 
Anstrnlia,  imnir-d  after  Queen  Victt>ria  in  ISdl. 

vie -tor-ine,  *-.  [Named  after  Queen  Victoria.] 

1.  vV  sniall  fur  tippet  worn  by  ladies. 

•'  A  WKnii  .  ,  .  pietorine  of  cftt-skin  tlmt  eucircleil 
hetiivi:k."~tV.  &  Mayo  :  yeeerj</itiu,  ch.  viH. 

2.  A  vaiirty  nf  poacli. 

Vic  tor  -i-ous,    •  vic-tor-y-ous,    '  vyc- 

tOr-y-OUS,  <'.  [Fr.  viclorUiu:,  from  Lat. 
r(>f->*-(tisiw  =  full  of  victory,  from  vktur=a 
victor  (q. v.);  S\k  &,  Port,  ektorioso;  Ital.  vif- 
U'rioso.] 

1.  Havini:  obtained  victory  ;  having  con- 
quered in  "battle  or  conflict  of  any  kind  ; 
liaviug  overcome  au  antagonist  ;  especially, 
liaving  obtjiined  victory  over  au  enemy  in 
\v;ir ;  conquering. 

"yuiig  triumph,  aint  him  auiig  victorioua  king." 
MUlon  :  P.  I.,  vi.  886. 

2.  Associated  or  connected  with  victory ; 
characterized  by  victory  ;  producing  victory. 

"  Smltlen  these  lioiioHi-s  shall  be  suatch'il  away, 
Ami  curst  for  ever  this  victorious  clay." 

Pope:  Jlapeo/the  Aoc*,  iii.  104. 

3.  Emblematic  of  victory  ;  betokening  con- 
quest. 

•■  Now  are  our  brows  bonutl  with  eictorhu,^  wreaths." 
Shafcesp. :  r.ichxii-il  Iff.,  l  I. 

vic-tor-i-o&s-ly,  * vyc-tor-y-ous-ly. 

ttdc.  [Eng.  victorious:  -bj.]  In  a  victonuus 
manner  ;  with  victory  ;  as  a  victor  ;  triuni- 
jiliantly. 

'■ni:»t  t'race  will  carry  us  ,  .  .  piVfonom^y  through 
all  our  (lirtii'ultits. "— //((mHioiiW. 

*  vic-tbr-i-oiis-ness,  s.  [Eng.  victorious ; 
■  <ics^.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  victorious. 

vic'-tbr-ite,  5.     [After  Victor  Jleunier  ;  suff. 

■  -iteiMin.y^ 

Mill. :  A  variety  of  enstatite  (q.v.),  entirely 
free  from  iron.  Occurs  in  acicular  crystals, 
sometimes  in  rosette-like  groups,  in  cavities  in 
the  meteoric  iron  of  Deesa,  Chili. 

vic'-tor-y,  *  vic-tor-ie,  s.  [O.  Fr.  victorie 
(Vi\  rictuiir),  from  Lat.  riWocf'a  =  conquest, 
IVi>iii  rivlor  =  a.  victor  (q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port,  vic- 
toria; Ital.  rittoriti.] 

1.  Tlie  defeat  of  an  enemy  in  battle,  or  of 
an  antagonist  or  opponent  in  any  contest ;  a 
gaining  of  the  supremacy  or  superiority  in 
war  or  any  contest. 

"  Nor  ceiise  agaiu  till  vict'iry  descend 
f  roiu  all-deciding  Heavu  oii  us  or  you.'" 

Cowper  :  Bomer ;  Iliad  vii. 

2.  Advantage  or  superiority  gained  in  any 
conflict  or  struggle,  as  over  self  or  one's 
passions  or  appetites,  or  over  temptations,  or 
other  like  struggle. 

"It  is  a  great  iiiatiiicy  of  a  victory  over  the  uioat 
refractory  \tasa\(3\\S."— Taylor. 

3.  The  same  as  Victoria,  1. 

1  vic'-tress,  s.  [Eng.  victor;  -es$.'\  A  female 
victor. 

"  She  shall  be  eole  victress,  Cxatvcs  Ciisiir." 

Shakesp.  :  lUchard  III.,  iv.  4. 

■  vic'-tri9e»  s.    [Victrix.]    A  victress. 

'■  With  boughs  of  palm  a  crowued  Pi<:trirc  stand." 
lien  Jiimon  :  Kleyu  on  his  Muse. 

*  vic'-trix,  rt.   &  s.     [Lat.  feni.  of  ric^or  =  a 

victor  (q.v,).] 

A.  As  atlj.  :  Victorious,  conquering :  as, 
Venus  Victri.i. 

B.  As  siibst. :  A  female  victor;  a  victress. 

"  lu  his  oictrixhe  renuired  all  that  was  liereviaible." 
—C.  Bronte :    Villctte,  cli.  XXXli. 

"vict-ual,  '  vict -uall  {<:  sii.ni), '  vit-aile, 
■  vit-aille,  vyct  ual.  vyt-aile.  vyt- 
a>yUe,  ^■.  ll*'r.  (■((<(///i  ^O.  Fr.  rictuaille),  Irom 
Lat.  victKalia  =  ju'ovisions,  victuals,  prop, 
neut.  pi.  of  victuulU  —  lielouging  to  food  or 
nourishment,  from  liehis  =  food,  nourish- 
ment; prop.  ]>a.  i)ar.  of  rt'yo  =to  live.  From 
the  same  root  come  viand,  vital,  vivaciotts, 
vivid,  revive,  siirinvti,  vijier,  &c.  Hp.vitualla; 
Port,  vititnlha,  victualhti;  Ital.  viititaglia,  vit- 
tontglia,  vtttovaglUi.  The  present  incorrect 
spelling  of  tlie  word  is  due  to  a  pedantic 
desire  to  represent  the  Latin  ultiinaU  origin, 
ignoring  the  direct  derivation  from  the  French  ; 
the  true  orthography  is,  however,  fairly  re- 
I'resented  by  the  pnmuneiation,  vU'-tk.  The 
word  is  not  now  used  in  the  singular.] 


1.  Supplies  for  the  support  of  life;  pro- 
visions, food ;  cspoeially  food  for  liuman 
beings,  prepared  for  consuinptioii. 

"You  had  luii^ty  fhtiftl.  nud  he  hath  holp  to  €.st 
If—S'iaketp. :  Much  A-la.  1.  1. 

2.  Corn  or  grain  of  any  sort.    {Suntch.) 

vict-ual  (v  silent),  'vlt-ell,  'vit-iUe, 
•  vyt-ayl,  v.t.  [Victual,  .<.]  To  supi'ly  or 
store  with  vii-tualsor  provisions  fur  fond  ami 
sustenance  ;  to  provide  with  stores  of  food. 
"To  see  that  the  crew  properly  victual  themselvea, ' 
—FieUi.  Doc  2t.  IBS:. 

•  victualage  (as  vit'-tel-ig),  .•-•.    [Eng.  vic- 
tual, s.  ;  -a-ic]     F'lori.  i»iuvisions,  victuals. 

'■  1  cmilil  ni>t  proceed  with  my  iHi^n.  of  rictuuhi-/::" 
—C.  /Ironti  :  Jane  Kyrc,  cli.  xvn 

vict'-ual-lerO;  silent), "  vyt-ail-er,  -  vyt- 
ayll-er,  -'^.     [Kng.  victual,  v.  ;  -f.v.] 

1.  One  wlio  supplies  victuals  or  provisions, 
a>  tor  ;in  army,  fleet,  &c. ;  one  who  contracts 
t"  vietual  a  body  of  men. 

"The  «'io(iii(?/cr,<  boou  found  out  with  whom  they 
hud  to  tlen\."—Mucauliiy  .■  Ifitt.  Hug.,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  One  who  keeps  an  inn  or  house  of  enter- 
tainment ;  an  innlieeper,  a  tavern-keepei-. 

"All  victunJlvrs  do  so,"'— ^Vl(l^tr«p,  .■  2  Henrji  IV..  ii.  4. 

3.  A  ship  emplr>yed  to  carry  provisions  for 
other  ships,  or  for  supplying  troops  at  a  dis- 
tance,   {^myth.) 

"There  reiualiied  in  compauy  only  our  owu  squad- 
ron aud  our  two  victuallers.  —Aiuon  :  Voyagei,  hk.  i., 
ch.  ii. 

4.  A  corn-factor;  one  wlio  deals  in  grain. 
{Scotch.) 

^  Licensed  victualler:  [Licensed]. 

vict  -uall-ing  (c  silent),  pr.  par.  or  a.     [Vir- 
TLAL.  v.] 

victualling -bill,  s.  A  custom-house 
doeunient,  warranting  the  shipment  of  such 
stores  as  the  master  of  an  outward-bound 
merehantmau  may  require  for  his  intended 
voyage. 

'  victualling-house,  s.  A  house  where 
provision   is  iii;i'Ie  inr  strangers  to  eat;  an 

e;ding-ln'use. 

victualling-note,  ^^  An  order  given  to 
a  seaman  tii  tlie  Koyal  Navy  by  the  pay- 
master wlien  he  joins  a  slup,  whieh  is  handed 
to  the  ship's  steward,  us  his  authority  for 
victualling  tlie  man.    (Slmmonds.) 

Victualling-ship,  6.  The  same  as  Vic- 
tualler, ;t.  (q-\'.). 

victualling-yard,  .^.    A  yard  generally 

ciintigitniis  tn  a  dockyard,  containing  maga- 
zinis.  ill  wliicli  iiruvisions  and  other  like 
sillies  for  the  navy  of  a  state  are  deposited, 
aud  where  wai'-vessels  and  transports  are  pro- 
visioned. 

vict'-uals  ('•  silent),  s.  pL    [Victual,  s.] 

vicugna,  vicuna  (botli  as  vi-cun'-ya),  s. 

[Kiom  tlie  Si'anish  form  of  the  native  name.] 
Zool.  :    Aiirhenia  vicugna,  a  native  of  tlie 
most  elevated  localities  of  Bolivia  and  Nor- 
thern Chili.     It  is  very  wild,  and  has  resisted 
all  attempts  to  reduce  it  to  a  state  of  domes- 


tication. It  is  the  smallest  species  of  the 
genus,  standing  only  about  thirty  inches  at 
the  shoulder.  Coloratifm  nearly  uniform  lion- 
brown,  tinged  with  yellow  on  the  back  and 
fading  into  giay  on  the  abdomen.  It  is  ex- 
tremely active  and  sure-footed,  and  is  seldom 
taken  alive.  In  habit  it  somewhat  resembles 
the  eliamois.  as  it  lives  in  herds  in  the  regions 


of  perpetual  snow.  The  soft,  silky  fur  is  in 
much  ix-ijuest  for  making  delieate  fuVuics,  and 
many  thou-sands  of  these  animals  are  slaught- 
ered "annuully  for  tljc  sake  of  the  skins. 

"vi-dame',  s.  (Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  vice- 
d->„iiiiiis  =  0.  vice-Ioiil,  from  <i.c  =  in  place 
of,  and  ilnminits  —  a  lord.]  In  France,  an 
ollieer  who  originally,  under  the  feudal 
system,  represented  the  bish'ip,  abbot,  6:c., 
in  temporal  aMairs,  as  in  the  command  ol 
soldiers,  the  administration  of  justice,  and 
the  like.  In  i>roeess  of  time  these  digni- 
taries ■  ereeted  their  otflces  into  tit-fs,  and 
bei-ame  feudal  lonis.  (nra,idc  cf  Cnx.)  The 
title  continued  to  the  Revolution  of  17S9. 

vi-de,  1'.       [Lat.,  iuiper.  sing,  of  rw/^o  =  to 

see.)  >>ee ;  a  word  used  as  a  reference  to 
suinething  stated  elsewhere,  as  vide  ante,  vide 
y((^>r«  =  see  before,  see  above — that  is,  in  a 
previous  part  of  the  same  book;  vide  iu/ra, 
vide  post  =  see  below,  see  after,  that  is,  in  a 
subsequent  place  ;  >]Uod  vide  (generally  abbre- 
viated into  q.v.)=  which  see  ;  vide  ut  siqyra 
=  see  as  above,  see  as  mentioned  before. 

vi-del'-i-^et,  adv.  [Lat.,  contr.  for  viden 
licet  ^  it  is  easy  to  see,  henee,  plainly,  to  wit: 
videre  =  to  see,  and  licet  =  it  is  allowable  ;  cf 
scilicet.]  To  wit,  namely,  that  is.  In  old 
JISS.  and  books  the  abbreviatiiiii  for  Latin  -et 
(final)  closely  resembled  the  letter  ::,  hence 
the  abbreviation  vi:.  (in  which  form  videlicet 
is  generally  found)  stands  for  viet. 

"In  nil  this  time  there  was  not  auy  luau  died  iA 
his  own  iwrson,  vittnlicct  iu  u  love  cause."— -SAa*M/>.  .■ 
As  I'ou  Like  It.  iv.  1. 

vi-dette',  s.     [Vedette.] 

Vid'-i-an,  a.  [See  def.]  Of,  pertaining  U>,  or 
discovered  by  Vidus  Vidius,  a  Florentine 
physician  of  the  sixteenth  century.  Used  in 
Auittomy.  in  which  there  are  a  Vidian  artery, 
eana!,  anti  nerve. 

Vidian-canal,  ^-^. 

Anat.:  A  canal  passing  horizontally  from 
before  backwards  through  the  sphenoid  bone, 
at  the  base  of  the  internal  pterygoid  piate. 
It  transmits  the  vidian  nerve  and  vessels. 
Called  also  the  Pterygoid-caiial. 

*vi'-di-mus,  s.  [Lat.=  we  have  seen,  1st 
l^MVh.  pi.  pelf,  indie,  of  t'ii/eo  =  to  see.] 

1.  An  examination  or  inspection :  as,  a 
vidimus  of  accounts. 

2.  An  abstract  or  syllabus  of  the  contents 
of  a  document,  book,  or  the  like. 

Vi-do-ni-a,  s.  [Sp.]  A  white  wine,  pro- 
duced in  Tenerifte,  and  resembling  Madeira, 
but  inferior  in  quality,  and  of  a  tan  flavour. 

"  Ou  the  rojid  we  get  a  fimiiliar  reference  to  Canary 
sack  and  Malmsey  wine,  whose  degenerate  dc-sceudaut 
is  the  white  wine  kuuwn  as  viiioniu,  iu  which  uo 
modern  duke  would  willingly  cuuimit  suicide." — 
Iflobc,  March  24.  18S8. 

vid'-U-a,  s.  (A  corrujit  Latinised  form  of 
Whiilah,    a    territory    in     Eastern     Afiica.] 

[WlDOW-BIRD.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Ploeeid*  (q.v.),  with 
seven  species,  from  tropical  and  southeru 
Africa.  Bill  compressed,  nostrils  hidden  by 
jduiues  ;  wings  third  to  fifth  quills  longest, 
first  spurious ;  tail-feathers  aud  tail-coverts 
lengthened  variously  ;  tarsi  with  divided 
scales  in  front. 

*  vid'~u-age  (age  as  ig),  >-.  [Lat.  vidua  =  a 
widow.]  The  sUite  of  a  widow  ;  widowhood  ; 
widows  collectively. 

"  vid'-U-al,  a.  [Low  Lat.  vidualis,  from  Lat. 
ri<!H(i'='ii  widow,  prop.  fem.  of  vtdtius  = 
widowed.]  (Widow,  s.]  Of,  pertaining,  or 
relating  to  tlie  state  of  a  widow. 

•■  The  only  patt«ni  of  all  chastity,  virginal,  coujugal. 
and  luiluat.'  —Parthetiia  Sacra,  p.  80. 

'  vid-u-a -tion,  a".  [Lat.  vUh(a  =  d.  widow.] 
The  .-."tale  uf  being  wldowed  or  bereaved  ;  loss, 
bereavement. 

'  vi-du -i-tSr,  '  vi-du-i-tie,  s.  [Lat.  vidu- 
itas,  from  viduns  —  widowed  ;  Fr.  viduite.} 
Tlie  state  or  condition  of  a  widow ;  widow- 
hood. 

■•  A  v<iw  of  continued  viduHie."~-Bp.  Halt:  Honour  ■ 
'i/  Marrivd  Clcr<jy,  bk.  i.,  j  6. 

'  vid'-U-ou9,  «,  [Lat.  liduui.]  Widowed, 
Iiereaved. 

"She  gone,  and  her  riduoui  mansioD.  your  beai-t,  to 
let.' —Thackeray  :  yewcomtt,  ch.  Ixvi. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jd^l;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  a:c.  -  bel.  del. 


441> 


vie— vigilance 


vie,  'Tye,  '-i.  &  t.  TA  contr.  funn  of  f>in>; 
Mi»l.  h!ii«.  rnrirt:,  fruin  O.  Fr.  eHvier  {nn  ien) 
=  t><  VK-  {iUgntif):  lit,=  t'>  invite  or  clial- 
li'ii;^-  (In  a  ^'SHii-),  from  L:it.  invito  —  tu  invite 
(H.v.);  t'f-  ^l'-  '^"'■i''«»=  uiiiongst  }:;aiiie»lers, 
t<i  iiiviti'  nr  t'>  "pen  tlu'  ^nmv  by  staking  a 
i-t'i'taiii  >mii :  Ital  iMHi7<»*v  ^«i/ (?n(OCo)=i  t"  vie 
ur  revic  iit  any  iitime,  to  «In»p  vie  ;  imtito  —  a 
vie  III  I'liiy.  a  vie  at  any  game  ;  also,  an  in- 
viting, pmnVr,  or  Wdiling.  (fVoWo.)  Tlie  true 
sense  nf  with  being  ayaimit  (as  in  ici/Astanil, 
liglit  with),  to  vi'-  with  =  to  stake  against,  tu 
w;iger  against.    (^^A:<t^^)] 

A.  liitraiisitivc : 

•  I.  Ill  iiM  games,  as  gleek,  priinero,  Ac, 
t..  wagei  on  the  value  of  nne's  hand  against 
that  of  an  opponent.    IRkvie.J 

2.  Hence,  to  strive  for  superiurlty  ;  to  eon- 
lenii,  to  enileavonr;  to  be  equal  or  superior; 
t'>  rival.  (Said  of  persons  or  things,  and 
fdllowed  by  with  befoiv  the  person  nr  thing 
contended  a^'ainst.and  by  in  or /or  before  the 
nbjeet  o{  eontention.) 

"  N'i>w  vote**  over  \ftict*  rlife  : 
Whilt  ftiL-h  t*'  l«f  the  l.iinleat  i-iVt." 

Siri/t :  Jouriiiil  of  a  Moilerii  Lady. 

'  B.  Vi-nnsitive : 

1.  To  ofter  as  a  stake;  to  stake,  to  wager ; 
to  play  as  for  a  wager  with. 

"She  ried  ninl  revied  otiiers  tu  tlie  coiitmry."— 

2.  To  show  nr  practise  in  competition  ;  to 
put  or  bring  into  couipetitinn  ;  to  contend  in 
or  with  respect  to ;  to  try  to  outdo  in. 

"Out  thu'i  caiiieUoii  liiirlot !  now  thine  eyes 
Via  tears  with  the  hj  wn.i." 

flc*t  JtinsoH  :  Fox.  iv.  2. 

"  vie,  s.  [Vie,  r.l  A  challenge,  a  wager ;  hence, 
;(  r(»ntest  or  struggle  for  superiority;  a  con- 
Icntion  in  the  way  of  rivalry. 

■Tlieii  came  in  Theon  also  with  his  vie.  ndiliiig 
iiixieover  ami  Hiyhig  that  itcouM  not  be  dented." — 
/•-  j/atlrtnd  :  Plutarch,  p.  6rJ. 

f  vi-elle',  ■«.     [Fr.,  akin  tt>  riVi/(q.v.).] 
.Ui/.s-'c;  Til-'  liurdygunly  (q.v.). 

Vi-en'-na,  >.    [Ger.  U'ieu.] 

dcoij.  :  The  capital  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
now  Austni-Hmigary. 

Vienna -basin,  ^'. 

Ueol.  :  A  seiie.s  nf  beds— the  lowest  Oligo- 
cene,  the  highest  Pliocene— found  in  a  basin- 
shaped  hollow  in  the  older  rocks  in  and  around 
\'ienna.  The  Oligocene  contains  remains  nf 
Mtt^todon  tu}>i  roil  lei,  Hhinoceros  saiisaiiictisis, 
ttc,  and  the  Pliocene,  Dinotherium,  Jlasto- 
ilun,  Rhinoceros,  Machnirodus,  Hytena,  Cer- 
\us.  Antilope,  OL'C,  with  birch,  alder,  oak, 
bi'ixli,  chestniitj  hornbeam,  liquidambar. 

Vi-en-neje',  c  &  >'.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  tuij.:  Of  ur  pertaining  to  Vienna  or 
it.>  iiihabitantj>. 

B,  .!>'  suhst.  :  X  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Viiima  ;  as  a  plural,  the  inhabitants  of  Vienna 
culU-ctively. 

vi-er-z6n-ite,  5.      [After   Vierzon,    Cher, 
l-'ianee,  \^here  found  ;  sutf.  -itc  (Min.).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  Melinite  (q.v.). 

vi  et  ar'-mis.  j-^u:    [Lat.i 

f.<nr:  With  force-  and  arms.  (Worils  made 
n^ii  of  iu  indictments  and  actions  uf  trespass 
to  shuw  the  violent  commission  of  any  trcs- 
l>ass  or  crime  ;  hence,  with  force  and  violence 
generally.) 

■"  If  a  gniitt>keei>er  sees  a  poacher  at  wnik  in  day- 
time, he  luuat  lie  couteiit  to  siiiunioii  hint,  and  hiu  no 
liijht  tlteit  and  there  to  collar  him  vi  tt  urmis." — 
Fi^ru.  Jlaich  :;,  1S3S. 

Viet  ihg-hof  -ite,  s.    [After  Mr.  Vietii.ghof ; 

sutf.  -iff  (Mi;:.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Samarskite  (q.^.),  con- 
taining 2:^  per  cent,  of  protoxide  of  iron, 
Kniind  near  Lake  Baikal,  Asiatic  Russia. 

vieusseuxia  (as  vyu-su'-zi-a),  f^.    [Named 

atl'i  M.  Vieu-i^spux,  .1  pliysician  "of  Geneva.] 

Hot.  :  A  genus  of  Iridacese.  Root  tuberous ; 
stem  bmnclied  ;  leaves  narrow,  sword-shaped ; 
perianth  six-parted,  in  two  series  of  .segments, 
the  inner  smaller.  Natives  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  cultivated  in  England  for  their 
nrnamental  flowers. 

view  (as  vii),  s.  [O.  Fr.  reiie  =  the  sense, 
act,  or  instrument  of  seeing,  the  eyes,  a  glance, 
a  view,  a  look.  sign.  &c.  ;  prop,  fem.  of  veti 
=  viewed,  seen.  pa.  par.  of  veoir  (Fr.  voir)  = 
to  view,  see,  from  Lat.  video  =  to  see ;  Fr.  vue.] 


I.  Ot'dinarn  Latirfuaye : 

1,  The  act  of  viewing,  seeing,  or  belinlding  ; 
survey  or  exaiuinatiun  by  the  eye  ;  look,  sight. 

•■Whose  eye 
View*  all  thlllga  at  one  eieie.~ 

Milton:  P.  L..  li.  IS8. 

2.  Range  of  vision;  reach  of  sight;  extent 
nf  pi-ospeet ;  power  of  seeing  physically. 

'■  Sour  above  the  vieie  of  nieu," 

tiftaket/j. :  JtiUiit  Cagar,  i.  I. 

S.  The  act  of  perceiving  by  the  mind  ; 
mental  survey  or  examination  ;  intellectual 
inspeetinn,  ()bser\ation,  consideration. 

■II   till-  mind  hits  made  thir.  inference  by  finding 


..nt  the  iMttrni.-di:ite  iilwis.  ati<l  Uikinu'  a  riew  ut  the 
i<uiiiit'i'tt<'n  of   thfin,  it  has  ptuuceileil  nitionall 


lally.' 


4.  Mental  or  iiitellectnal  range  of  vision  ; 
jiower  of  percepti(»n  mentally. 

5.  That  which  is  viewed,  seen,  or  IwheUl  ; 
that  which  is  looked  upon  ;  a  sight  or  spec- 
tacle presented  to  the  eye  ;  scene,  prospect. 

"  T  ia  tlistftuce  lends  euchantinent  to  the  view.' 
Cami>betl  :  Pleatttri-s  of  Hope,  i.  7, 

*  G.  Appearance,  sliow,  aspect,  look. 

•*  You  that  choose  not  hy  the  view." 

tiluikosp.:  Merchant  of  I'eiticc,  iii.  2. 

7.  A  .scene  as  represented  by  painting  <ir 
drawing ;  a  pi(!tnre,  sketch,  or  drawing,  as  a 
landscape  or  the  like. 

"  Mere  ivVwx.  mere  iianorumaa  are  not  ijictures.*— 
Palf  Man  Oazettc,  Dec.  10.  1887. 

8.  Manner  or  mode  of  looking  at  things: 
manner  of  regarding  subjects  on  whicli  various 
opinions  may  be  held ;  judgment,  opinion, 
way  of  thinking,  notion,  idea,  theory. 

"  By  constaut  repetition  of  the  same  fundamental 
ir/otM,  he  forued  them  as  it  were  upon  the  niimb  of  hia 
countrymen."— Br  if.  Quart.  Jieview,  ivii.  58. 

9.  Something  looked  towards  or  forming 
the  subject  of  consideration ;  intention,  pur- 
pose, design,  aim. 

"Nn  man  sets  himself  about  anythini:,  but  upon 
some  piewoT  other  which  serves  him  for  a  reason."— 
Locke. 

II.  Law:  An  inspection  of  property  in  dis- 
pute, or  of  a  iilace  where  a  crime  has  been 
committed,  by  the  jury  previous  to  the  trial 
of  the  case. 

■[  (1)  Fiehl  of  view :  [Field,  s.,  A.  II.  3.]. 

(•2)  In  vicir:  In  sight;  possible  to  be  seen. 

"  The  enemy  's  in  view."  Sliakesp.  :  Lear,  v.  1. 

(3)  hi  view  of:  In  consideration  of;  con- 
sidering ;  having  regard  to. 

(4)  Oit  view:  Open  or  submitted  to  public 
insj)ectian  ;  exliibited  or  open  to  the  public  : 
as,  The  goods  are  now  on  view. 

(5)  Point  of  vi<;w :  The  point  or  directinn 
from  which  a  thing  is  seen  ;  hence,  fignrati\i-ly, 
the  particular  mode  or  manner  in  which  a 
thing  is  viewed,  looked  at,  or  considered;  a 
stamipoint. 

(0)  To  haic  ill  view:  To  have  as  one's  object 
or  aim  ;  to  have  regai'd  to. 

^  (7)  To  the  view :  So  as  to  be  seen  by  every- 
body ;  iu  public. 

"  Shall  uplift  us  to  the  view." 

:iliakfsp.  :  Anto)i!/  A  Cfcojmtra,  v.  2. 

*  (S)  Viewoffrankpletige:  [Fr.\nkpledge,1[]. 

view-halloo,  .'?. 

Hunt.  :  Tlie  cry  of  tlie  huntsman  on  seeing 
the  fox  break  cover. 

"There  was  nothing  left  l>ut  to  trot  back  to  Sap- 
cote,  where  theie  was  ttrst  a  riew-halloo  .  .  .  and  then 
a  kind  of  scare."— ficW,  Dec.  17.  1887. 

view  (as  vu),   *  vewe,   "vieu,  v.t.  &   i. 

[View,  5.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  see ;  to  look  on ;  to  behold  ;  to  per- 
ceive with  the  eye. 


2.  To  exannne  with  the  eye  ;  to  look  on 
with  attention,  or  for  the  purpose  of  examining 
closely  ;  to  inspect,  to  survey,  to  explore. 

"  Go  up  and  view  the  country." — Joshua  vii.  2. 

3.  To  survey  mentally  or  intellectually  ;  to 
examine  with  the  mental  eye  ;  to  consider. 

'■  The  happiest  youth,  viewinff  his  i>rogress  throuRh.  ' 
Shaketp. :  S  Henry  }'/..  iii.  i. 

4.  To  regard ;  to  consider  in  a  particular 
light. 

"  The  appointment  was  viewed  with  general  ap. 
proval."— BWf.  Quurl.  Review.  Ivii.  55. 

*  5.  To  peruse. 

•'  View  these  letters."     Shakesp. :  1  Henry  I'/.,  i.  i. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  look  ;  to  take  a  view. 
Tf  To  iiiew  away : 

Fox-hunt. :  To  observe  (a  fox)  breaking  cover. 


Vlew'-er  (lew  as  ii),  ,^.  [Eug.  view,  v.  ;  ^r.J 
One  wlu)  views,  inspects,  .surveys,  or  exa- 
mines ;  specif.  :  \ 

(1)  An  otticial  appoi\ted  to  superintend  or 
inspect  something  ;  an  over.seer. 

"  The  <loor-keepei-s  were  summoned  liefore  the  over- 
seer, or,  as  ymi  call  him,  the  ixViccr." — Mim  hdge- 
wrt/i :  J^tine  Jervas,  eh.  i.  ' 

(2)  One  of  a  body  of  jurors  who  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  court  to  view  or  inspect  tlir 
property  in  controversy,  or  the  place  where  a 
winie  has  been  committed.  In  Scotlnnd  two 
piiities  called  "shewers"  point  out  the  sub- 
jects to  be  \'iewed. 

view-i-ness  (iew  as  u),  s.    [Eng.  viewy; 

-nf:sg.]     The  quality  or  state  of  being  viewy. 

"  Written  with  cha meter istlc  tejulency  to  over- 
general  isatiou  and  viewinesg.  —O'uarUittn,  May  'ia, 
isf,().  i>,  473. 

'view-less  (iew  as  u)»  c  [Eng,  view; 
■h'ss.]  Incapable  of  being  viewed  or  seen  ;  in- 
visible ;  not  seen  or  perceived  by  the  eye. 

"  Thou  must  be  viewJens  to  Enipe<locles. 

Matthew  Arnold :  EinpettovleH  on  £tiHi,  i.  1. 

View-ly  (iew  as  U),  a.  [Eng.  view;  -ly.] 
Pleiising  to  the  view.     (Prov.) 

View-some  (iew  as  u),  a.  [Eng.  view; 
-soinv.\     Ph-asiiig  to  the  sight.     (I'fov.) 

"  view'-y  (iew  as  u),  a.  [Eng.  view;  -y.) 
Holding  or  disposed  to  hold  peculiar  views  ; 
gi\en  to  \ie\vs  or  seliemes  that  are  speculative 
rather  tli;ui  practical. 

vif-da,  viv'-da,  ••;.  [Etym.  doubtful;  cf. 
Icel.  'mi.fa  =  to  wave,]  In  Orkney  and  Shet- 
land Islands,  beef  or  mutton  hung  and  dried 
without  salt. 

'  vi-ges-i-mal,f'.  [Lat. r(.7^sim»d.]  Twentieth. 

"  vi-ges-i-ma-tion,  s.  [Lat.  vinciiimns  = 
tweutietli.l  The  act  of  putting  to  death  every 
twentieth  man.     [UtxiMATioN.j 

vig  il,      vig  lie.  '  vig-ill,   '  vig-ille,  ?. 

[Kr.  ri'jih-,  from  Lat.  vi'jilia  =  a  wati'li,  watch- 
ing, from  ciijil  =■  awake,  \'igilant,  watchful, 
from  rtgco  —  to  flourish,  to  thrive,  from  tlio 
same  root  as  Eng.  wale;  Sp.,  Port.  A;  Ital. 
vigilia.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  keeping  awake  ;  absti- 
nence from  sleep  at  the  natural  or  ordinary 
iiours  of  rest ;  sleeplessness  ;  hence,  the  state 
of  being  awake  or  watchful;  watchfulness, 
wakefulness,  watch. 

■■  His  delicate  frame  wni  n  out  by  the  labours  and 
viijilg  of  many  mouths." — Macttiilay:  Hist.  En-j.. 
ch.  xxiv. 

2.  Devotional  watching  ;  hence,  devotions, 
service,  praise,  prayer,  or  the  like,  performed 
during  the  customary  hours  of  rest ;  nocturnal 
devotions. 

IL  Ecclesiastical  <C'  Chnirh  History: 

1.  Originally  the  watch  kept  on  the  night 
before  a  feast,  then  (from  the  eleventh  or 
twelfth  centuiy),  the  day  and  night  preceding 
a  feast.  The  practice  of  spending  the  night 
in  public  prayer,  which  is  probably  older 
tlian  Christianity,  prevailed  in  the  early 
Cliurch,  and  down  to  the  fourteenth  century 
was  the  usual  prelude  to  the  greater  festivals. 
But  there  were  many  objections  to  tlie  custom, 
whicli.  from  about  that  date  was  gradually 
discontinued.  In  the  Roman  Church  the 
Midnight  Mass  before  the  feast  of  Christnuts 
is  the  only  relic  of  the  old  custom.  [WATrii- 
NIGHT.]  Broadly  speaking,  the  vigils  of  the 
Roman  Cliurch  have  been  transferred  to  thr 
English  Prayer  Book.  Theoretically,  all  vigils 
are  lUst-days,  bnt  in  the  Roman  Church  the 
customs  of  different  countries  vary  slightly. 

2.  The  devotional  exercises  or  services 
appropriate  to  the  vigil  or  eve  of  a  festival. 

*  Vigils  or  Watch ings  of  fioiver.'i : 
Vot.  :  The  rendering  of  Lat.  rigiUcv,  the 
name  used  by  Linnaus  (Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  13th. 
ii.  L'O)  to  describe  the  fac^ulty  possessed  by 
certain  jilants  of  opening  and  closing  theii 
lloweis  at  certain  hniirs  ot  the  day.  He  places 
it  nmler  the  heading  Horologium.     [Flohai.- 

CLOCK.] 

vig'-il-anje,  *  vig'-il-en9e,  s.    [Fr.,  from 

Lat.  vigilontia,  from.W3i7/^(?w  =  vigilant  (q.v.)  ; 
Sp.  &.  Port,  vigilancio  ;  Ital.  vigihniza.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vigilant  or 
watchful;  attention  of  the  mind  in  discover- 
ing or  guarding  against  danger,  or  in  providing 


fete,  fat,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fell,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pme.  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  oiire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     »,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Irw, 


vigilancy  -vilipend 


447 


fur  safety  ;   \v;itclifitliiert.s,   wariness,  circuiu- 
.sin'ction. 

"Th*y  .  .  .  nmili*  hnste  tii  mi\ke  .appear 
With  lighttoiiH  I'k'jv.  tlitrir  utiiioat  riyilance." 

Milton  :  P.  I..  X.  30. 
"2.  Foibeftramf  "if  .sleep  ;  wakefulness. 

"  Ulysses  yieUleil  uuieMoiiably  to  slMp.  and  the 
ntniiii;  |).'K$>sii)ii  for  his  country  shouKl  have  givoii  hiiii 
tigilatict." —Uroomc. 

*3.  A  guanl,  a  watcli. 

•■  Til  At  till'  ,-.(t^-  nine  pasa 
Till-  vijil.K,.-,-  -  M,n-'i :  P.  L..  iv.  sen. 

vigilance -coxiimittee>  -^.  Acomiuittee 
nr  \»n\\  lonmnl  to  watuU  tlie  pn>giess  or  cav- 
lyiii-  I  Jilt  of  sinue  ineasme,  oi"  for  the  purpose 
«iV  pinti-iting  t  ehaiii  interests  supposeil  to  be 
imperilled,  or  for  restraining  any  abuse  or 
nuisance. 

•■  But  at  least  it  is  well  th;it  the  lavrleas  niid  offeu- 
^iv^■  zm\  of  vi'/if<tnre-PO"imiftees  has  received  a  decisive 
I  Uvck. "-PeoU^^  Al'i-il  22,  1S3S. 

^  Vig;-il-an-5y.  »•  tEng.  vigUanc(_'^ ;  -y.] 
Vii;i  lance. 

"Their  fii/ilnnc/  i«  honoured  with  this  henveiily 
\isiiin.  — Ca  Uiifl:  Coiit. :  liirtho/ Christ. 

Vig-il-ant,  (f.  [Fr..  from  Lat.  t'igihnis,  pr. 
par.  I'f '((i/j/o  =  tu  watL-h  ;  from  vigif  =  watuh- 
lul  ;  Sp./Port.,  &  Ititl.  rigihinh:]    [VioiL.l 

1.  OnL  I.tiiuj.:  E\er  rtuakeandon  tlicalert, 
watchful,  wakeful,  wary,  circumspect;  atten- 
tive to  discover  or  avoid  danger. 

2.  Her. :  Applied  to  a  cat  when  borne  in  a 
position  as  if  on  the  look  out  for  prey. 

vig-il-ant-ly,  ("'r.  [Eu^.  vigilant:  -l>i.]  I» 
a  vijiilaiit  manner;  with  vigilance:  watchfully, 
warily,  circumspectly. 

"  They  had  a  Rtrong  cordon  around  the  castle  viffil- 
aiithj  watcliiuj  it.'—Diiify  T>^h-'jraph,  Jan.  W.  1S33. 

"vig  ill.    vig-ille,  ?.    [Vigil.] 

*  vig-in-tiv  -ir^-ate,  .^.  [Lat.  viginti  =  twen- 
ty, and  viri  =  men  ;  cf.  Tvlinnviratc,  &c.l  A 
liuily  of  officers  of  government,  consisting  of 
twenty  men. 

Tig  -na,  ••.  [Named  after  Doininic  Vigna,  a 
commeiitiitor  on  Tlieoplirastus.] 

/J'>^  .•  A  genus  of  Phaseolefe.  Papilionaceous 
plants,  with  nearly  cylindrical  legumes  con- 
stricted between  the  seeds,  which  are  sepa- 
jated  by  thin,  spurious  partitions.  Known 
siiecies  more  than  thirty,  chiefly  from  the 
tropics.  Vigna  Catiaiig  (=DoUchos  bincnds) 
has  a  legume  about  two  feet  long,  with  a 
number  of  pea-like  seeds,  which  are  used  for 
food,  or  the  young  legume  may  itself  be 
cooked  with  its  contents.  The  plant  is  culti- 
vated throughout  the  tropics,  and  is  used  in 
India  to  strengthen  tlie  stomach  but  is  said 
to  be  hot,  dry,  diuretic,  and  difficult  of  diges- 
tion. V.  pilosa  is  also  cultivated  in  India  and 
Burmah. 

Vignette  (as  vin-yet,  oi  vi-net),  *vig- 
net.  .'^.  [Fr.  =  a  little  vine;  i-iii^f.tds  = 
biuiuhes.  or  bramhlike  borders  or  flourishes  ; 
dimin.  from  lignc  =  a  vine  (q.v.),j 

*  1.  Originally  applied  to  a  running  orna- 
ment of  vine-leaves,  tendrils,  and  grapes,  used 
in  Gothic  architecture. 

'  2.  Ornamental  flourishes,  consisting  of 
tendrils  and  vine-leaves  upon  silver. 

•  S.  Tlie  flnurishes  in  th^j  form  of  vine-leaves, 
branches,  &c.,  with  which  the  capital  letters 
in  ancient  manuscripts  were  often  ornamented. 

4.  Any  kind  of  printer's  ornaments,  such 
as  floweis,  head  and  tail  pieces,  &c.  ;  more 
recently,  any  kind  of  wood-cut  or  engraving 
not  enclosed  within  a  definite  border,  espe- 
cially such  as  are  placed  nn  the  title-pa^e  of  a 
bniik  oi-positc  the  frontispiece.  Rastoldt,  in 
1471.  is  credilid  with  the  introduction  of  tliis 
mode  of  I'lUtraying  initials,  flowers,  &c. 
Pynson  (ITriU)  was  the  flrst  En.cUsh  printer 
to  use  borders  and  vignettes  in  his  books. 

"Thia  huly,  with  the  tUgjrer  at  lier  breast,  .ind  a 
ridiculim.'t  expiessiuu  of  agony  in  her  face,  formed  a 
rimwlte  to  most  of  his  books."— Bt'ii  Junsoii :  Cyn- 
tftitt  s  HeveU.  v.  2.    ( Note  2.) 

5.  A  photographic  portrait,  showing  oidy 
til.-  head  and  slmulders.  tlieed;ies  fadingaway 
insensibly  into  the  background. 

vignette   (a^  vin-yet,  ir  vi-net),   <:(. 

1.  ritotn-i.  (o/o  portmit):  To  show  only  the 
he.id  and  shoulders,  the  lower  part  fading 
insensibly  away. 

2.  ICngnn::  To  lighten  the  outer  portions 
of  a  block  or  plate,  so  that  the  edges  fade 
away  insensibly. 


vignetter  (as  vin-yet' -ter  or  vi-net  -ter), 

s.     (EuK-  tvgiiitt{f):  -fi:]    An  instrument  lor 
\  ignctting  a  phutngraphic  picture. 

vignettlst    (as  vin-yet-tist  or   vi-net- 

tist),    ■;.      (\'i(iNi;nK.  I     An  artist  win.    prn- 

dUrc>  \lgliettfS.      (N'UiSRTTt:,  4.1 

"  A  singularly  interesting  paper  upon  Vtullet-le'Duc 
as  a  uigimttitt."—  iVtitfn  ■(•  Ijiierieg,  M»ir.  26,  188T,  \t,  20u. 

vignite  (as  vin'-yit),  .".  [After  Vignes. 
.Mosrih',  France,  where  found ;  sutf.  -itu 
{Mix.).] 

Mill. :  An  impure  variety  of  magnetite  (q. v.). 

vi-go'-ni-a,  s.  [Fr.  vigogne  =  the  vicugna 
^q.v.).]  A  dress  fabric,  either  all  wool  or  a 
mixture  of  silk  and  wool. 

Vig'-dr,  s.     [ViGOVR.] 

vig-6-r6'-s6,  (t'li\    [ttal.] 
Music:  With  energy. 

vig'-6r-ou8, '  vyg-or-ouse,  «.  [Fi-.  vigom-- 
iiir;  O.  Fr.  vigoro.''.  from  vigor;  Sp.,  Port.,  & 
Ital.  rigorosn.]    [Vigour.] 

1,  Possessing  vigour  ;fullof  physical  strength 
or  active  force  ;  strong,  robust,  lusty. 

*■  Then  vigorous  most 
When  most  iiimctive  Ueem'd." 

Milton:  Htmison  Agoiiistes,  1.705. 

2.  Exhibiting  or  characterized  by  vigour, 
energy,  or  strength ;  resulting  from  vigoui-, 
cither  physical  or  mental;  strong,  powerful, 
forcible,  energetic. 

"  They  had  so  sharpie  and  vigorous  answers,  that 
there  was  not  one  mautellet  that  abode  whole  an 
\\o}XTe."—Hackiu!/t :  Voynges,  ii.  81. 

3,  Strong  in  growth ;  healthy,  robust. 

'■  The  rigorous  vegetation  which  constantly  takes 
jihiue  there,"— .l(isy;(  ;  yognges.  bk.  i.,  ch.  v. 

4.  Expressed  in  energetic  or  forcible  lan- 
guage :  as,  a  vigorous  protest. 

vig'-or-oiis-ly,  wh\  [Eng.  vigorous;  -/.*/.] 
In  a  vi,i;orous  manner  ;  witli  vigour,  energy, 
or  force,  jdiysical  and  mental ;  energetically, 
strongly,  forcibly. 

"  To  shoot  as  rigoroiisli/  na  if  just  gathered  from  the 
piniit,'— /•'//«■(/ ;  .Vaturul  Theology,  ch.  xx. 

vig'-or-oiis-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vigorous;  -ness.\ 
The  i[tiality  or  state  of  being  vigorous  ;  vigoui-, 
force,  energy,  strength. 

"  If  the  elephant  knew  his  strenrtli,  or  the  hoi-se 
the  ptgorousni-gs  of  liis  own  spirit,  tiie.v  would  be  as 
rebellious,"— B/).  Taylor:  St-nJions,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  lii. 

vig'-OUr,  vig'-6r,  s.  [O.  Fr.  vigur,  rigor 
(Fr.  rigttenr),  from  Lat.  vigorcm,  accus.  of 
(■(■(/or  =  liveliness,  force;  from  vigeo=.  to  be 
lively;  Sp.  &  Port,  vigor;  Ital.  vigorc] 

1.  A  flourishing  state  ;  possession  of  energy 
or  strength,  physical  or  mental. 

"  He  h.id  passed  his  seventieth  year;  but  b.»th  his 
mind  and  body  were  etill  in  full  rigour."— .WmuiiilKg : 
lliat.  Eng.,  ch.  ix. 

2.  Physical  or  active  strength  or  force  of 
body  in  animals. 

"  Unto  his  liuimes  (though  tir'd). 
His  mother's  touch  a  vigour  fresh  inspired." 

May:  Lucan  ;  Pharsalia,  iv. 

3.  Strength  of  mind ;  intellectual  force ; 
energy. 

4.  Strength  in  animal  or  vegetable  nature  or 
action  ;  healthiness  :  as,  the  vigour  of  ajdaut's 
growth. 

•  5.  Efficacy,  efficiency,  potency,  energy. 

"  In  the  fruitful  earth 
Hib  lieams.  uuactive  else,  their  vigour  fi^\^\," 

Milton:  P.  L.,  viii.  -jT. 

"  6.  ^'chemence,  violence. 

"  Have  felt  the  rigour  of  liis  rage." 

Shnk''s/j.  :  Comedy  of  Krrora,  iv.  \. 

'  vig'-our,  V.I.     [VicofR,  s.]    To  invigorate. 

Vik'-ing,  t  vi'-kxng,  s.  [Icel.  ri/jiH^r^afree- 
lxioter,  rover,  pirate,  lit.  =  a  creek-dwellei-, 
from  vik  =  a  creek,  inlet,  bay;  sufl*.  -iiigr 
(A.S.  -ing)  =  sou  of,  belonging  to;  Sw.  vih: 
Dan.  vig  =  a  creek,  cove ;  Icel.  vikja  =  to 
turn,  to  veer,  to  trend,  to  recede.]  A  rover, 
freebooter,  or  pirate;  used  especially  in  the 
Icelandic  sagas  of  the  bands  of  Scandinavian 
warriors  who,  during  the  ninth  and  tenth 
centuries,  harried  the  British  Isles  and  N'nr- 
mandy.  From  a  misapprehension  of  the 
etymologj',  the  second  pronunciation  is  often 
used,  the  word  being  confounded  with  sea- 
king,  with  which  it  is  wholly  unconnected. 
A  sea-king  was  a  man  of  royal  blood,  and 
entitled  to  the  name  of  king  when  in  com- 
mand even  of  a  single  ship;  the  sea-kings 
were  often  vikings,  but  not  every  viking  was 
a  sea-king. 


-  vil,  .^.      [VlLL.J 

•  Vil,  «.     [Vu.i:.| 

•  vil-ains-ly,  wU-.    [Villainously.] 

•  vil  an  ie,    .    [Villanv.] 

"vild,  '  vilde,  o.    [See  def.]     An  obsolete 

lonnuf  n7,(4.v.). 

"  Till  yi'  have  roote<l  all  the  relicken  out 
Of  that  viUU-  race."       tiptu$cr :  F.  U-.  V.  x\.  IT, 

vild-ly,  odr.     [Eng.  vihl ;  -/i/.]    Vilely. 

"  With  f«nle  r<-priiachei*  and  disdainful  tiplght 
Hur  ('iW///tfnt*rtjune».'     »itenser :  P.  y.,  I.  ill.  H4. 

vile»  ■  vil,  vyle,  n.  &  .'^.  [Fr.  r(7,  feni.  vHv, 
from  Lat.  vihm,  accus.  of  vili$  =  of  small 
j>ricc,  cheap,  worthless,  vile  ;  Sp.&  Port,  vil; 
Ital.  vile.] 

A,  As  (ttljectii'e  : 

'1.  Of  little  value;  held  in  little  esteem; 
worthless,  poor. 

"  A  pour  man  in  vilr  raiment."— Jhhi cjt  ii.  2. 

2.  Morally  base  or  impure  ;  depraved, 
wicked,  abject,  villainous. 

"  Wisdom  and  goodness  to  the  vile  seem  vile." 

Shakesp. :  Lear,  iv.  2. 

3.  Frequently  used  as  an  epithet  of  con- 
tempt, disgust,  or  opprobrium  generally. 

"  In  duL-ance  vile  here  must  I  wake  and  weep." 

Burus :  A'/',  front  t'soinis  to  Maria. 

•  B.  .-Is  suhat. :  A  \i\M  thing. 

"Which  soever  of  them  I  touch  is  a  ryleS'—Goison  : 
.'^i-hnolf  of  Abusv,  p.  25. 

viled,  a.     [Eng.  vH{e);   -eil ;  cf.  vihl.}    Vile^ 
.-(■urriloiis. 

"He  gniiited  life  to  all  except  one,  who  had  used: 
riled  speeches  against  king  £dwurd."— //at/irarc/. 

Vile'-lj^,  "  Vil-iche,  m/c.     [Eng.  vik;  -ly.] 

1.  Ill  a  \  ilc  manner;  baselj',  meanly,  ab- 
J.rtly.  disgracefully,  shamefully. 

•'The  Volscians  .  .  .  vilffy  yielded  up  the  town." 
Shakesp. :  Cortolamit,  iii.  1. 

2.  In  a  worthless  manner ;  ill,  sorrily,, 
poorly,  badly, 

"An  agate  very  vilely  cut," 

lSltnke»i*.  .■  Much  A<lo,  iil  1. 

vile'-ness,  s.    [Kug.  vile;  -ne.ts.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vile  ;  base- 
ness, nieaiuicss,  coutemptibleness,  despicable- 
ness. 

"And  thisappellatiou  is  the  common  mark  of  the- 
last  vilenrnKuiu}  irunt^uipt  in  every  language." — Burke : 
Vu  the  tiufihuK- ,(  ilrnutiful. 

2.  Jloral  (ir  intellectual  baseness  ;  depravity, 
impurity,  wickedness,  sinfulness,  degradation. 


3.  Extreme  poorness,  or  badness  :  as,  the 
vilunuss  of  a  painting. 

*  vH-i-a'-CO,  s.    [O.  Ital.  rigUacco.]    A  villain, 

a  scoundrel,  a  coward.    (ZJeJt  Jonson.) 

'"  vil'-i-cate»  r.t.  [O.  Fr.  vile]  To  depre- 
ciate, to  defame,  to  vilify,  to  disparage. 

"Baseness  what  it  cannot  att:une.  will  r(7(ca?f  and 
depiiive.' — Jtoioii."  Cure  of  Misprision. 

'  vil-i-fi-ca'-tion,  s.  (Eng.  rilifij;  c  con- 
n-ctive  ;  -nf  ;••,!.]  The  act  of  vilifying  or  ile- 
faniing  ;  flefamation. 

"This  is  that  which  sets  them  upon  [leritetnat 
bickerings,  and  mutual  vilijicdtioiis."— South :  Iter- 
mons.  vol.  x.,  ser.  C. 

vil'-i-fi-er,  ■';.  [Eng.  vilify:  -er.]  One  who 
\  ililies  or  defames  ;  a  defamer. 

vil'-i-fy,  "Vil-i-fie,  r.t.  [Lnt.  ri7i;^co  =  to 
make  oi- esteem  of  little  \'aUie:  ri7(S  =  worth- 
less, vile,  aud/crio  ■=  to  make.] 

*1.  To  make  vile  ;  to  debase,  to  degrade,  to 
disgrace. 

'Themselves  they  villfi'tl 
'  "  appetite,' 

ililtoiv:  P.  /-.,  xi.  51C. 

'  2.  To  treat  as  worthless,,  vile,  or  of  no 
account. 

"Von  shriH  not  find  our  Saviour  ...  so  Ijent  tu 
■■•mteiiin  itnd  rilifie  a  [Mwr  amtot:"—IIuleS  :  Hcrmon  on 
Luke  w  iii.  I. 

3.  To  attempt  to  degrade  by  slander  ;  to 
traduce. 

•■  Ungratefully  rilify  the  iwrsons,  of  those  whoae 
siile  iibjci-t  Is  our  ouM  iieacc  and  prosperity."— fiurAc; 
Ciiusc  of  the  Discontents. 

Vil  i-ty-xag,  s.  [Vilify.]  The  act  of  de- 
faming or  traducing  ;  defamation,  slander. 

"  In  the  midst  of  all  the  storms  and  repro.ichM.  and 
,ritifiiiii'i»  that  the  world  heaiii  upon  uw.'  —Uate : 
f'liit.  :  A  Preparation  against  Aj^icttons. 

*  vil'-i-pend,  v.t.     [Lat.  r//ij(K')t(?ri  =  to  count 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  ^hin,  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -mg. 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  g:^"".    -cions,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -  die,  &c.  =  hel,  d^L 


us 


vilipendency— villenage 


..f  ■■  worMiIess,   vile,  ami 

,ilu»',  to  esteem. I    To 

',  \  I'iniui)  of;  to  tniducc, 

:■,.  I  >  .l.'preWnte;  to  treat  or 

-;  ly  or  coiit«?mptuoU8ly, 

•il  Aiiil  muck  Socratea  luwtt."— /". 

•  vil-I-p6n -den-yj^,  >.      [Lat.   t'e7i/*jirf«iw, 

I.I.  I'lti.  of  r,7(>-.(W..  =  to  vilipend  (tl.v.).] 
liisi>ttfiii,  sU^'lit,  dispiirageinuiit. 

"  Till-  miKlity  ilull.tlis  uf  Kuiiii:.  )<y  tliia  wny  of  vUi' 
priuleni-f/  IiylH?  to  giw  uur  I'lt-ivya  IiMb  to  lie  IikkI  fur 
titf  (uwU  of  tlio  ulr."—- n'uterhiiuae  :  Apvlngy  /o»' 
Zou  riii  >ij/,  1^.  HV. 

•vil-I-tj^,  s.  rijit.  ri7i/«jc,  from  i'(7t.s=vik' 
(<iv.).]    Vileness,  batieiietui. 

VUI,  *.  (0.  Pr.  riHf  =a  villaf^e,  from  Utt. 
i-i;/(t  =  a  small  villus'*-,  a  farm.]  IVilla.]  A 
small  L-ollectinii  of  Ixmsvs  ;  a  mauor,  a  farm  ; 
the  uut]>art  of  a  itaiish. 

*•  An  uwiien  vt  frwIiuM  Intid  in  the  rilt  or  imriah  uf 
3IlU:li»m.'— £MMy  Ttlctrraph,  Oct.  2S.  l&SA. 

vU'-la,  .<.  (Lat.  =  a  small  vilUige,  a  farin- 
hous«,  ilimin.  from  i*ic»s  =  a  village.] 

1.  A  comitr\-  resliieiK-e.  or  seat,  usiiully  of 
some  jireteiisioiis. 

•■  Aii'>tli«r  tw  l*l»  fiH-i  H-ouia  retire. 
And  3|itirs  lu  liitrJ  as  If  it  were  uu  Arc. ' 

Ifrydvn:  Lucretius,  iii. 

2.  Commonly  ajii'li'-d  to  a  sniall  iirivato 
residcm.-e  in  tlie  stibuibs  of  a  towu,  ami  gene- 
rally ilet;iclied  or  sumi-detuched. 

tvfl'-la-dom,  .••".  [Eng.  villa;  ■dom.']  Villas 
collrriively ;  hence,  applied  to  the  middlu 
classes. 

••  Tljf  outlying  tUatrictM  lire  uot  sacred  tu  Pilladom." 
-r<tit  JfiUl  (toMttc  Feb.  SV,  1568. 

vil'-lage  (age  ;i5  ig),  6-.  &  a.  [Fi-.,  from  Lat. 
i-UUtticif—  pt-rtainiiij;  to  a  villa  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  sitbstantice : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  small  assemblage  uf 
lutuses,  less  than  a  town  or  city,  and  greater 
than  a  bamlet. 

•■  These  were  thy  chnruit.  sweet  village!  sports  like 
these. 
With  sweet  succeeeioi).  titight  e'eii  toil  to  ple.ise." 
Oolds^nUh :  Deserted  ViUa-jc. 

2.  Imxc:  Sometimes  a  manor,  sometimes  a 
whole  punsh  or  subdivision  of  it;  most  com- 
monly an  outpart  of  a  parish,  consisting  of  a 
few  houses  separate  from  the  rest ;  a  \ill. 

B.  As  (idj.  :  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  a 
village  ;  characteristic  of  a  village ;  hence, 
j-ustic,  eountrilied. 

"  Hl.w  si.ft  the  laiutic  of  thoiie  vilUtge  bells  ! " 

Cowper:  rtwi,  vi,  2. 

village-cart,  s.  A  light,  two-wheeled 
vehicU-,  dniwu  by  a  horse  or  pony. 

vil'-lag-er  (ag  as  ig);  s.  [Eng.  villag(e); 
•€r.\    Au  inhabitant  of  a  village. 

"  Brutus  had  mther  he  a  vlltttger." 

Hlntkciih  :  Jttiius  C'anar.  i,  2. 

•  vil'-lag-er-y  (ag  as  ig),  *  villagree,  a. 

|F^ng.  cilhujt: ;  -r^.]  A  district  ur  nuinbi-i  of 
vilhiges, 

"  P.ohiu  Gomlfellow,  are  you  nut  h^ 
That  frights  the  iii;odeu!i  uf  the  oillit'jvrn  /  " 
Shukctip. :  Jitdsumtncr  yiffJil't  Brvam,  ii,  1. 

vil-lain,  vil'-lein,  *vU-ayu,  *vil-ein, 
vii-eyn,  *vil-laine,   s.  &  a.     [O.   Fr. 

rilruL  =  servile,  b:i,so  ;  VL(ai}i  =  a  villain, 
bundsinan,  servile  tenant,  I'vom  Lat.  rilhintui 
—  a  fann-servant,  a  serf,  from  riHa  =  a  farm.] 

A,  As  substantive : 

*  L  A  serf  or  peasant  attached  to  a  villa  or 
farm. 

"We  yield  not  ourselves  to  be  your  t'WMin*  nud 
»>1ave8[uou  in  fiervitiiteiu  iius  tnidimua).  but  ns  )\lliL-» 
tu  1«!  I'rutccteJ  by  you.''—/'.  Jlollund :  Livy,  p.  ajj. 

2.  A  member  of  the  lowest  class  of  unfree 
])ersuns  under  the  feudal  system  ;  a  feudal 
serf.  A  villain  had,  in  respect  of  persons 
other  than  his  lord,  all  the  lights  and  privi- 
leges of  a  freeman,  but  in  respect  of  his  lord 
he  had  no  rights,  save  that  the  lord  might  not 
kill  or  maim  him,  nor  ravish  his  females. 
Tlie  villain  cmld  not  acquire  t»r  hold  any 
property  against  his  lord's  will,  and  lie  was 
obliged  to  perforin  all  the  menial  services 
demanded  of  him  by  his  lord  ;  the  house  and 
land  occupied  by  him  were  lield  solely  at  the 
will  of  the  lord.  Villains  were  of  two  classes  : 
(1)  liegardant  nnd  (2)  in  gross.  The  former 
were  annexed  to  the  .loil  (adseripti  or  ndscrip- 
titii  glebffi)  belonging  to  a  manor  as  a  fixture, 
and  passing  with  it  when  sold  or  inherited. 
They  could  not  be  sold  or  transferred  separate 
from  the  land     Villains  in  gross  were  not 


annexed  to  a  manor,  but  belonged  ptrsunally 
to  their  lonl,  who  eould  sell  or  ti'anstVr  them 
at  i>leiisure.  If  they  ran  away  or  were  jiur- 
loined  thev  might  be  recovered  by  action  like 
W'Jists  or  other  chattels,     [Villen.\ui:.1 

"  Thii  they  called  vllleunge,  aiid  th«  t^naiit^  vindm. 
|.rot«ihlr  u  viUn,  because  they  lived  cliielly  lu  viUngeB. 
which  they  cdiild  imt  leave  without  the  lord's  i>eriiiis- 
aion.'—lihtcktfone:  f-jnimniit.,  bk.  ti.,  ch.  6. 

3.  An  ignoble,  basc-bom  person  generally  ; 
a  boor,  a  clown. 

■1.  A  person  extremely  depraved,  and  guilty 
oi'  capable  of  great  crimes ;  a  vile,  wicked 
wretch  ;  a  scoundrel,  a  rascal,  a  wretch. 

■■  O  vlUaht  I  viltitin  I  hie  very  wpiiilou  in  the  letter. 
Abhorred  villain  I  unnatural,  detested,  brutish  viU 
la\n!"—Hhakv»p. :  Lear,  1.  2. 

5.  Sometimes  used  in  a  less  o]iprobrious 
sense,  jiarticularly  in  addresses,  and  some- 
limes  evun  as  a  term  of  endearment. 

"Sweet  viftitiu!  most  dearest  I  luy  cullui)."— 
&hakctp.:  l\'iittvr'$Tate,i.'2. 

*  B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Vile,  base,  villaiuous. 

"The  nillatnJew." 

tihakeap.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ii.  8. 

2.  Appropriate  to  or  characteristic  of  a 
villain  or  slave  ;  servile,  base. 

■'  I'illitin  boudsiuid  desjwt  sway," 

Byron.    ^Annandale.) 

*  vU'lain,  *  vil-ayn,  v.t  [VrtLAiN,  s.]  To 
disgrace,  to  degrade,  to  debase. 

"  When  they  have  once  vHai/ned  the  sacrament  of 
luatrimonye."— aic  T.  More  :  ]Vorkes,  p.  iiii. 

*  vil -lain-ize,  v.t.    [Villanize.] 

vil  -lain-ous,  *  vil-an-ouse,  *  vil'-lan- 
ousi  ■  vyl-an-ous,  k.    [Eng.  villain;  -ous.] 

1.  Suited  lu  ur  cliaracteristic  of  a  villain; 
like  a  villain  ;  very  wicked  or  depraved. 

"  A  natural  abhorrence  ...  of  that  which  is  vil- 
laiiioiia  or  lj»ise." — WoUoflon  :  Religion  of  Nature,  §  y. 

2.  Proceeding  from  extienie  wickedness  or 
depravity  :  as,  a  villainous  action. 

3.  Pitiful,  sorry,  mean,  wretched,  vile. 

*■  There's  viltuinous  news  abroad."  —  SJiakesp.  : 
1  Henry  It'.,  ii.  4. 

H  Sometimes  used  adverbially. 

"  Foreheads  vUlainouit  low." 

Stuikiip. :  Tempest,  iv. 

vil-lain- oiis-l^, '  vil-ains-ly, *vir-lan- 
oiis-ly,  t-i'lc.     [Eng.  villainous;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  villainous  manner  ;  wickedly,  de- 
piavedly,  basely. 

"The  wandering  Numidiau  falsified  hia  faith,  and 
villainotisly  flew  Selymes  the  king,  as  he  was  bathing 
himself."— yiHO//e<i;  Bist.  Turkes- 

2.  Sorrily,  pitifully,  meanly. 

vil- lain- oils -ness,  5.  [Eng.  villainous; 
-nvss']  The  quality  or  state  of  being  villain- 
ous ;  extreme  baseness  or  depravity  ;  villainy. 

vil'-lain-y,  *  vil-lan-y, '  vil-an-ie, '  vil- 
en-ye,  '"  vyl-an-y.  a.  [o.  Fr.  viluHie, 
ciknic,  frum  ciU'in  —  vile.] 

*  L  Disgrace,  opprobrium. 

"  lliat  now  me.  thoru  warn  he  hab  of  the  maistrie, 

Uryue  he  wolde  out  of  ya  loud  myd  gret  vilenye." 

Jlohert  of  Gloucester,  p.  64. 

*2.  Low  disposition  ornature. 

"  Fii-ste.  I  praie  you  of  your  curtesie, 
That  ye  ue  wrette  it  not  my  vilatiie." 

Chaucer:  V.  T.,  728.     (Prol.) 

*  3.  Foul  language ;  obscene  speech  ;  ob- 
scenity. 

"In  our  modern  language  it  (foul  speech]  is  termed 
vUlainji,  as  being  proper  for  lustic  boors,  or  men  of 
coaruest  education  and  employment,  who,  having  their 
minds  debased  by  being  convei-saut  in  meanest  affairs, 
do  vent  then-  sorry  passious  in  such  strains."- Ba  r- 
roixi :  Sermon  16. 

*  \.  An  unbecoming  action  ;  ill-treatment. 

5.  The  quality  or  state  of  a  villain ;  extreme 
depravity  or  wickedness.* 

"Those  hideous  features  ou  which  villainy  seemed 
to  be  written  by  the  hand  of  ^a<\.."—Maeaulay  :  Hist. 
Eng,.  ch,  iv. 

6.  Criminal  or  wicked  conduct ;  roguery, 
rascality. 

"That  he  had  not  achieved  more  was  attributed 
cliiefly  to  the  vilUnnyvt  the  commissariat."- .l/(«.-o»- 
hty  :  Hiit,  Eng.,  ch.  x\. 

*  vH'-lar-kin,  s.   [Eug.  villa;  diiain.  sufl".  .Icin.] 

1.  A  little  villa. 

"  I  am  every  day  building  villakins,  and  have  given 
over  that  of  castles."— Gay ;  Letter  to  Hwifc,  March  31, 
it:1u. 

2.  A  little  village. 

*Vil-lan,  s.     [Villain.] 

vil' -Ian-age,  vil'-len-age  (age  as  ig),  .^. 

[Eng.  filh'in  ;  -kj/c] 


L  The  state  or  condition  of  a  villain  or  serf. 

"  The  other  j:rand  division  of  tciiuro  is  that  of 
villein  eocage.  or  vitlenaffv,  which  i.t  wither  pure  or 
privileged  vUtenOiJe :  frum  whuuco  have  arit<en  two 
cither  np«cles  of  uur  modeiti  lKUiiVe%."-'tiluekitoiiv: 
O/innicnt.,  bk.  11.,  cli.  vi. 

•  2.  Baseness,  infamy,  villany. 

"  If  in  thy  smoke  it  end*,  their  ijloiien  shine  ; 
But  iiifuniy  and  i'illuti-t:/«  are  thine." 

Hrydeu  ;   ir<^o  of  /lath't  Tale.  413. 

*  vil-la-nel',  s.  [Fr.  i-iHanfllc]  A  ballad. 
[Vili.a'nella.] 

"  In  our  Gascon  vUlanels  and  .loiig:*." — Cotton  :  Mon- 
taigne, ch.  xli. 

vil-la-nel'-la  (pi.  vil-la-nel'-l^),  s.   [Itai. 

=  a  couutry-girl.] 

M)t^ic :    An    unaccouii^anied    part-song    of 
light  rustic  character. 

vil-la-nelle',  s.  [Fi'.]  A  poem  written  in 
teM,ets  and  on  two  rhymes,  the  first  and  third 
\eise  of  the  lirst  stanza  alternating  as  the 
third  line  in  each  successive  stanza,  till  they 
tinally  form  the  close  as  a  eou]ilet. 

"The  villaticlle  hi\s  been  called  'tliD  moi«t  mvi^hing 
jewel  worn  by  the  Muse  Eialo,'  "—K  V.  tfusae,  in  Cum- 
hill  Magazine,  July,  ISTT.  p.  Ci. 

*vil-la-nette',  s.  [A  dimiu.  from  i-illa 
((l.v.).]     A  small  villa  or  irsulenee. 


*vir-lan-ize,  '  vil'-lain-ize,  v.t. 
villain;  -ize.j  To  deba&'e,  lo  degrade, 
fame,  to  corrupt. 

"Thuse  writings  which  vUlanize  mankind,' 
Tltvvry  itf  Jieliginn,  pt.  iii. 

"  vil'-lan-iz-er,  *  vil  -lan-ig-er,  s. 

vlllaiiiiz{t;) ;    -er.]      One  wlio    vilianizt 
grades,  debases,  or  defames. 

"Vitlauisers  of  his  saints  and  scoruers  of 
vice."— .Sruii/^s.-  State  of  Jtcligi'jn,  P.  3.  b. 

*'  vil'-lan-ous,  a.    [Villainot.'s.] 


[Eng. 
lo  de- 


[Eng. 
s,  de- 


vil'-lany. 


[Villainy,] 


vil-lar'-si-a,  s.  [Named  after  D.  Villars 
^174D-lS14),'a  French  botanist.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Menyantheie.  Leaves 
entire  or  toothed,  with  small  spots  beneath  ; 
flowers  in  axillary  umbels  or  teniiinal 
panicles ;  flowers  yellow,  petals  fringed' ;  ovary 
with  five  glands  beneath  it  ;  capsule  opening 
by  two-cleft  valves.  Natives  of  the  wanner 
countries.  V'illarsui  indica  is  giveulbr  cobra- 
bites.      [LiMNANTHEMUM.] 

Vil-lar'-site,  s.  [After  3L  Vilhus  ;  sufl".  -ite 
(Milt.).'} 

Min. :  An  orthorhombie  mineral,  occurring 
niustly  in  rounded  grains,  with  mira,  quartz, 
and  magnetite,  at  Traversella,  Piedmout. 
Hardness,  4  to  5  ;  sp.  gr.  2"'.'7S  to  2  00.  Colour, 
yellowi.sh- to  olive-green  ;  translucent.  Com- 
pos. :  essentially  a  hydrated  silicate  of  mag- 
nesia and  protoxide  of  iron, 

'  vil-lat'-ic,  a.  [Lat.  villaticus  =  o(  or  per- 
taining to  a  farm  or  villa  (q.v.).]  Pertaining 
to  a  farm  ;  country. 

"  Tame  viflatic  fowl." 

Mifton  :  Samson  Agonistes,  1,693. 

vil-le-bru'-ne-a,  5.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob. 
from  a  prop,  name.] 

Dot.:  A  genus  of  Urticacese.  VUhhrunea 
appendiculata  is  a  small  tree,  growing  in  the 
north-eastern  Himalayas,  Chittagong,  &c.  It 
yields  a  strong  and  flexible  brown  fibre,  made 
into  ropes,  nets,  and  coarse  cloth  in  Sikkim 
and  Assam.  (Calcutta  ExJilh.  Report.)  V.  frit- 
tes'xns,  a  shrub  or  small  tree  found  in  the 
Himalayas,  also  yields  a  fibre  suitable  foi 
fishing-lines  and  nets. 

*  vil'-lein,  5.  &«.     [Villain.] 
villein- services,  s.  ^jL 

Old  Laic :  Base,  but  certain  aud  determined 
services  ])erfornied  in  consideration  of  the 

tenure  of  land. 

villein- socage,  ^. 

old  Law:  A  species  of  tenure  of  lands  held 
of  the  king  by  certain  villein  or  base  services. 
[Villenage.] 

vfll'-em-ite,  y.    [Willemite.] 

vil'-len-age(age  asig),  s.    [Villain.] 

1,  Feialal  Laic :  A  tenure  of  land  by  base 
services  ;  the  tenure  of  a  villain.  It  was  of 
two  kinds :  (1)  pure  villenage,  where  the  ser- 
vice was  base  in  its  nature  and  undefmed  as 
to  time  and  amount,  and  (2)  privileged  villen- 
age (also  called  villein  socage),  in  wliiuh  the 


I.: 


ate,  fat,  fSxe,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine:  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  miite,  ciib,  ciire.  unite,  ciir,  riile.  fuU ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  cs  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Hw. 


villenous— vindicate 


4'i9 


servica,  aUliou;;h  of  a  base  nature,  was  cerUin 
:iu>\  fh'tined.  When  lamU  lielti  in  villeimge 
1.  ~  ,  iiil<'>!  from  rulln;itnsi)ii  ill  unintormiited 
-.Mr..  -.^iMii,  tlic  ni'cuin'ei'S  or  viUi-iiis  bocaiu"' 
-iihil.U  by  pFL'scription  or  custom  to  lirdd 
tlnMV  lands  ajjaiiist  the  lonl,  so  long  as  tlif.v 
piTfurnifd  the  services  required  of  tliein  nmlcr 
their  tenure,  and  according  to  the  custnni  of 
the  manor.  These  customs  were  preserved 
and  evidenced  in  the  rolls  nf  tlu^  several 
c.mrts-baron  in  which  they  were  entered  nr 
kept  on  foot  by  the  constant  inimemurial 
usiige  uf  the  several  manors  in  wliich  the 
lands  lav.  Tenants  hnldingsueh  lands,  having 
nnihiir/to  show  as  title  to  their  estates  but 
ihf  entries  in  tjiese  rolls,  or  copies  of  tlieni 
jiutheuti^ated  l)y  the  stewards,  came  in  time 
t-  bcjcalled  tenants  by  copy  of  court-roll,  and 
their  tenure  copyhold.    [Copybold.] 

'■  Some  faint  ti-aces  of  the  institution  of  vm-'iimjc 

were  (IcUftetl  tiy  tlia  curious  so  lute  as  tbe  dnya  ol  tli-' 

:-,t\iRXts."—.V'icattlii!/:  Uht.  Ettg.,  ch.  i. 

*  2.  Bondage,  thraldom. 

"  Exercise  most  bitter  tyranny 
Upon  tlie  jiarts  lnoU(;lit  int^tlieir  bonUiigL-  :^ 
No  wretchoiiuess  ia  like  to  aiufull  villeiuiff'^.' 
apenger:  F.  U-  H-  J^'-  1- 

vil'-len-ous»  a.    [Eng.  villein;  -ous.)    Of  or 

jitTtaiiiiiig  to  a  villein. 

villenous-judgment»  .^. 

;.('('';  A  judgm-'iit  whi'-U  deprived  one  of 
his  l<\c  libera,  whereby  he  was  discredited  and 
disabled  as  a  juror  or  witness,  forfeited  his 
goods  and  chattels  and  lands  for  life,  wasted 
the  lands,  razed  the  houses,  rooted  up  the 
trees,  and  committed  his  body  to  prison. 
Orhurton.) 

vil'-li,  s-.  }>L  I  PI.  of  Lat.  riiZw5  =  shaggy  hair, 
a  tuft  uf  hair.] 

1.  Aunt.:  llairs  set  closely  together,  so  as 
to  constitute  a  surface  like  the  pile  of  velvet. 
Tliey  are  most  fully  developed  on  the  mucous 
coat  of  the  small  intestines.  They  are  really 
little  elevations  or  processes  uf  the  superficial 
part  of  the  corium.  The  chorion  of  the  ovum 
is  also  densely  clothed  with  villi  or  vascular 
processes,  whicli,  when  fully  developed,  form 
the  iVetAl  placenta. 

2.  !M. :  Long,  close,  rather  soft  hairs. 

vil'-li-forin,  a.  [Lat.  villi  =  villi,  and /or)/i(( 
=;forni.]  Having  the  form,  appearance,  or 
character  of  villi  ;  resembling  tiie  plush  or 
pile  of  velvet. 

villiform-teetli,  s.  jH. 

Ichthy. :  (8ee  extract). 

■'  Very  fine  conical  teetli  arranged  in  a  baud  are 
tuinied  tnlliforin  tucth  ;  when  they  are  coai^ser,  or 
nii\eil  with  coarser  teeth,  th«y  are  card-likt;."  —  (Jtiii- 
r/itT     .^(mlif  of  FtBhti,  p.  126. 

"vil'-lose,  M.     [Villous.] 

vU-l6s'-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  viUos{e):  -ify.]  The 
(piality  or  st;it«  of  being  villous,  or  covered 
with  lung,  smooth  liairs. 

vil  -loiis,    vil'-lose,  a.    [Lat.  villosiis,  from 

i-i!h(^=  hair.l 

1.  Old.  I.anij.  :  Abounding  or  covered  witli 
villi ;  having  the  surface  covered  with  liair 
ur  woolly  substance. 

"  T1i0  quick  sensation  of  the  inward  viTlout  co&t  of 
llic.stoniach."— JrftrifAiioC  Of  Al'nnents,  i;h.  1. 

2.  Bot. :  Covered  with  very  long,  soft,  erect 
and  straight  hair. 

villous -cancer,  s. 

I'.'f.h<-1. :  A  kind  of  eancer,  not  truly  mali;^'- 
uant,  but  simply  consisting  of  a  papillary 
over-ruwth  from  a  mucous  membrane,  which 
bleeds.  It  most  freiiuently  occurs  on  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  bladder,  in  which 
case  it  iuay.be  fatal  from  hamiorrhage. 

vil-lus,  s.    [Villi.] 

yil-nite,  s.     [After  Vilna,  Lithuania,  one  of 
its  localities  ;  sutt".  -ife(iWm.).J 
Min. :  The  same  as  Wollastonite  (q.v.). 

Tim,  s.  [Lat.  accus.  sing,  of  vis  =  strength.] 
Furec,  energy,  vigow. 

t  vi'-men,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  twig] 
Bot. :  A  long  aiul  flexible  shoot. 

'  Vim'-in-al,  a.  [Lat.  vimen,  genit.  vtminis 
—  R  twig.]  Pertainiug  to  twigs  ;  producing 
twigs  ;  consisting  of  twigs. 

vi-miu'-C-ous,   a.      [Lat.  vimiiieits,  from  vi- 

mt-n.  =  a  twig.] 


1.  Ord,.Lang. :  Made  of  twigs  or  shoots. 

"  In  the  hive's  vimineou*  dome 
Ten  thoinHuid  bees  enjoy  tlitdr  home.** 

I'rior  :  Alma,  111. 

2.  Kot. :  Having  many  long,  flexible  shoots. 
liUi.'  osiers. 

vi-na',  vee-na',  .*.    [Bisa.] 

vi-na'~ceoUS  (ce  assh),  fr.     ILat.    rinnixus, 

from  riinim  —  wine] 

1.  IVrtaining  to  wine  or  grapes. 

2.  Of  the  naUiic  or  colour  of  wine. 

■•  The  gonenil  colour  of  the  binl  iw  l)r.)wn.  clmnjrin;: 
to  vinn'-'!Qn»  rod  ou  the  brBitsf  —  ICAiVc  .'  Juttru'il, 
V.  U>>. 

'  vi-na'-gd,  s.  [Low  Lat.,  found  in  the  (fii"- 
Huisf.  UU.  Gr.  as  a  rendering  of  Gr.  oit-a? 
(oiiuis):  hence,  the  meaning  may  be  (1),  a 
vine  ;  (-J),  a  vine-branch  ;  or  (3),  a  wild-dove 

{FnrnlUiii).]     [TiiKiiON.l 

vin-ai-grette',  5.  [Fr.,  from  vinaigre  = 
■    vinegar  (<!.  v.).] 

L  A  small  box  of  gold,  silver,  glass,  &c., 
liaving  perforatioiis  in  the  top  for  liolding 
aromatic  vinegar  contained  in  a  sponge,  or 
smelling-salts. 

2.  A  smelling-bottle  containing  aromatie 
vinegar. 

*  3.  A  vinegar  sauce. 

'  1.  ,\  small,  tw(>-wlieeled  vehicle,  to  be 
drawn  like  a  bath-cliair  by  a  man  or  boy. 

"Vin'-aig-rous,  a.  [Fr.  i-iuaij/re  =  vinegar 
(q.v.).]  Sour,  like  vinegar;  hence,  souv-tein- 
pered,  crabbed,  morose. 

"Even  the  auL-ient  iii/i'nV""*  T^"**9  "^'idt  it."— 
Carlifle:  Fr  n>:vol  .  pt  \..  bk,  vii.,  cl».  ix. 

vin-at'-i-c6,  ven-iit'-i-c6,  s.    [Port.] 

Bot.  X  Conim.  :  A  coarse  kind  of  mahogany, 
obtained  in  ]iladeira,  from  I'ersea  indica.  It 
is  recognised  at  Lloyds  as  suitable  for  ship- 
building.   {Trats.  0/  Bot.) 

vin'-ca,  5.  [Lat.  =  trailing.]  [pEKi\yiNKLE(2).] 
liot. :  A  genus  of  Plumierebe  (qiv.).  Peren- 
nial lierbs  or  undershrubs;  with  e\';ergreen 
leaves.  Flowers  solitary,  calyx  five-paitite  ; 
corolla  salver-shaped,  white,  blue,  or  purple, 
the  segments  oblique;  follicles  two,  erect; 
seeds  without  seed-down.  Known  species 
about  ten,  from  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa. 
None  are  certainly  wild  in  Britain ;  but  Finca 
uUiwr,  the  Lesser  Periwinkle,  may  possibly 
be  so  in  the  south  of  England  only.  It  has 
procumbent  stems  (tlfe  barren  ones  not  root- 
ing), oblong-lanceolate  leaves  with  glabrous 
margins,  tlie  calyx-teeth  also  glabrous,  the 
corolla  bluish-purple.  V.  vwj&r,  the  Greater 
Periwinkle,  has  a  sulj-erect  stem  (the  barren 
ones  not  rooting),  ovate-cordate  leaves  ciliate 
on  the  margin,  and  is  twice  the  size  of  the 
tirst  species.  It  is  only  naturalized  in  Britain. 
Though  a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  it  is 
much  cultivated  about  Indian  pagodas. 

Vin'9en-tian,  «.  ^  s.    [See  def.  A.] 

A.  .-Is  (('/;.;  Founded  by  or  connected  with 
St.  Vini.-cut  de  Paul  (l.J77-H>t30).  He  was  can- 
onized by  Pope  Clement  XII.  in  1737. 

B,  As  substantive  : 

Church  Hist.  (PL):  The  Lazarists  (q.v.). 
(See  also  extract.) 

•■  T!i«  name  yincnittiau  is  also  sometimes  given  to 
otlier  .-ttisutiintioU!!  founded  by  Vincent  de  Paul.  Of 
these  there  are  several  sisterhoods,  that  of  Charity 
bein^  the  most  remarkable,  and  the  Charitible  Lay 
Aftsociation.  which  h:is  numerous  branches  in  all 
}{oin;Ln  t'-itholic  countries."— J/cC/(n(oeA:  A  Stivug  : 
ilib.  Ci/clop..  X.  789. 

vin-5e-t6x'-i-cuiii,  s.  [Lat.  t'tJtco  =  to  con- 
ipicr.  and  tvxicuiii  =  poison.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  true  Asclepiadete.  Peren- 
nial lierbs  or  undershrubs,  generally  witlx  op- 
posite leaves,  and  small,  flat-topped  heads  of 
floweis,  a  tive-lobed  corolla,  and  a  fleshy, 
saucer-shaped,  staniinal  corona,  and  a  fruit  of 
two  sinoutli  fr)llicles.  Nearly  thirty  are  known, 
chiefly  from  Asia.  Vincctoxicum  oj}iciimh  is  a 
drastic  puigative. 

vin'-9i-ble,  n.  [Lat.  vincHuIis,  from  viiico  = 
to  fiinqnrr;  Fi'.  vincible;  Sp.  vencible ;  Port. 
i-KWivf.l ;  Ital.  vinclbih.]  Capable  of  being 
cornpiered,  subdued, 'or  vanquished. 

"  U«  coininaiided  an  inquiry  to  Iw  lua-le  by  i>hy8i- 
ciitniT.  whether  such  ■  a  kludiieas  and  debility  were 
vincible  by  human  aid.'— Pale  1/ :  Jiviilencet  uf  Chris- 
lianUj/.  proji.  ii.  ■ 

'  v-ih'-ci-ble-ness.     *  vin-^i-bir-i-ti?',    s. 

[Eng.    viuciOlc  ;    -at6.<,  -it y.]      The  quality  or 


state  of  being  vincible ;  oai)a.bility  of  being 

conquered  or  overcome. 

"  Ijlon't  know  what  to  HAy  to  tha  uincibilili/  of  euch 
ft  Uw:  —/ii'hnriUon:  Sir.  C.  Oraiuiiavn,  vi.  «. 

'  vinc'-ture,  s.  [Lat.  [■((*'.•((('■«,  \\^cp.  fern. 
sing,  nl"'  riartnrus,  fut.  par.  of  vLticiQ  =■  Uj 
bind.]     A  bin<ling. 

vin-cu-lar'-i-a,  s.  [Lat.  viucutuin.  =  a  bond; 
feni.  sing.  ailj.  sufl".  -ariu.] 

7.-mL  .1-  I'almmt. :  The  typical  genus  of  Vin- 
culariidiT',  with  one  recent  ppecii*.  Fossil 
from  the  Coal-measures  .mwardK. 

vin-cu  la  ri-i  else,  ^.  y'.  jMod.  I*at.  tin- 
cular'iiii):  Lat,  fern.  j.l.  a.lj.  snff.  -ida:.] 

Zvt}l.  (t-  Paki:ont. :  A  family  of  I'oIy/.oa. 
Polyzoaiy  erect,  rigid,  calcorcons,  braju:he-d  ; 
the  cells  disposed  altc;rnal*Iy  round'  an  irn^ 
aginary  axis,  and  having  a  raised  bolder  in 
fiont.  Chiefly  from  the  Irish  Carbonifeious 
Limestone  (Morris  £  Kthrritlfje).  From  tlie 
Cretaceous,  or  perhaps  fr'un  the  I'ala-ozoic 
rocks.     i.\  ii-hi>lso>t). 

vin'-Cll-lliin,  «•     [Lat.,  from  i'lUL-it)  =  to  bind.] 
•1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  tie  ;  a  bond  of  union  ;  a 
fetti-r. 

2.  Math.:  A  sign  or  character  in  the  form 
of  u  horizontal  bar  written  over  several  terms, 
to  show  that  tliey  are  to  be  considered  to- 
gether; thus,  «^  +  2ab  -{-  e  x  ai^  -  4c,  indi- 
cates that  the  sum  of  the  ihst three  terms  is  to 
be  multiplied  by  the  dittereuce  between  the 
last  two. 
1  Divorce  a  vinculo  mat  ri  mo  nil:  [Divorce, 

s.,   11.,  1.  (•_')]. 

*  vind'-age  (age  as  ig),  s.    [A  corrupt,  of 

I).  Fr.    vindauijt=  a  vintage  ;  llirougti  eonfu- 

sioii  with  ilnliier,  riutry,  &e.l     Vint-tg"(q.v.). 

Vindemiaire  (as  Vah-de-miare),   5. 

[Fr.,  fioui  Lat.  viudeitiia  =  vintage. J  The 
nami^  adopted  in  l~^r,i  by  tlie  French  Con- 
vention for  the  tirst  month  of  the  rci)ublican 
year.  It  was  the  first  autumiud  month,  and 
commenced  on  September  22. 

* vin-de'-mi-al,  0.  [Lat.  rindtnuatis,  tioiu 
i'ui'/(;i/iaf  =  vintage,  from  lUituiii^  wine,  and 
dciiio  —  to  Uike  away.]  Pertaining  t)r  relating 
to  a  vintage  oi'  grape  harvest. 

"  "vin-d©' -mi-ate,  i\i.  [Lat.  viiuietniat um, 
sup.  of  vindcinio,  from  vliidenUti  —  vintage.] 
To  take  or  gather  the  vintiige. 

"  Xi.w  Kimleiniate,  and  Uike  your  been  toward  the 
e\i>irii.ttuii   of  tliis  aioni\i."—Eoclun:  hatciiUui  tuiu ; 

^  vin-de-mi-a'-tion,  s.  [Vindkmiati;.]  The 
act  of  gathering  grapes. 

vin-de-mi-a'-trix,  s.  [80  uansed  l»y  tlie 
Latins  l)ecause  their  vintage  began  when  the 
sun  neared  this  star.] 

Adron.  :  A  fixed  star  of  the  third  magni- 
tude; ciilled  also  e  Virginis. 

*  vin'-de-miT,  s.    [Lat.  viiukmUi.]    A  vintage. 

"  At  the  viiidi-my.  In  li  fair  oalni  niorniug,  •shut  up 
chise  idl  the  sitidls  in  your  giudcii."— f-  liutUr .  Ft:nuile 
Jioiiuineitls,  i>.  75. 

*  vin-di-ca-bil'-l-ty,  .''.  [Eng.  vindicabU  ; 
-Hfi.]  The  quality  or  state  ot  being  vindi- 
raiile,  or  cai>abte  of  being  suiqioiU-d  or  jiisti- 

licd. 

'  vin'-di-ca-ble,  a.  [ViNDicArt.]  Capable 
uf  bfing  v'indieated,  supported,  justihed,  or 
maintained. 

vin'-di-cate,  v.t.  [Lai.  vliuikaitis,  pa.  par.  of 
riiulivo  =  to  lay  legal  claim  to,  to  arrogate,  to 
ayengi?.  from  vimtex,  genit.  viiulicis  =  a 
claimant,  a  inaintainer.  From  the  sarao  root 
come  avL-uije,  revenge,  and  rengf.atir.e.\ 

*  I.  To  assert  a  right  to  ;  to  lay  a  «:laim  to; 
to  claim. 

"  Never  any  touched  upon  this  Wiiy,  which  oitr  poet 
justly  bus  viiiUicatvtl  to  hinist-U."— iJryt^Lfi.     (TtiUU.) 

2,  To  (frfeud  with  success  ;  to  maintain  ;  to 
prove  to  Ik?  true  or  valid  ;  to  sustain  :  as,  To 
viiidimtc  a  claim. 

3.'  To  clear  from  censure,  aircusatiou,  or  tUo 
like  :  asj  To  viiulicate  one's  honour. 

4.  To  defend  or  support  against  an  euemy ; 
to  maintain  the  cause  or  rights  uf ;  to  deliver 
from  wrong,  oppression,  or  the  like. 

"  Arlxe  and  ifiiuHrate 
Thy  k'lory,  Irce  thy  ixsotilc  from  thvtr  yoke." 

"^      '  JliUon     J\  H.,  IL  47. 


b6il,  boy ;  pout.  j6wl ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench  :  go,  gem  ;  thin,  this  :  sin.  as  ;  expect,  Xcnophon.  e^st.    ph  =  :T, 
-cian,  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion.  -sion  ^  shun  ;    tion,    sion  --  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  .v<;.  ^  bel,  del. 


317 


450 


vindication— vinegar 


S.  To  Hiipport  or  maintain  as  triu-  *>i  rot  • 
nci  ;  to  .lefcntl.  to  justify. 

"Autlliow  tbtil  riwrf/rrtfMtlifmAkiiif  !!»*<*(  (ilriitl- 
.-.»!  pmiw-ttioii*  tot  Uie  ini|'tx«rmpiit  o!  kin-wMlKf. 
(ivui  the  (nii'^t-itioncf  tTidiiiy.  I  do  uvtan."—Lveke: 

•6.  To  puniMi. 

••  Wr  oiuKl  to  III***-  .^.Mr^l.  Iiow  fnr  ftii  li"Iy  w»r  1h 
to  liff  i.iin.ii«l  »  hctl.pr  t-  nil'.ic*  n  new  l«?lir*.  nud  to 
r«n.f 'Cfi/'- «r  iiiiiiij'li  iiitWrlit).'— fl«<-o".    (fiWi/.l 

•  7.  To;i\eiig*'. 

■'  AMvmMe  ouni.  aii«l  'iH  tlte  TIh-Imhi  nice, 
Ti>  nii*/ro»t'<'  *tu  Atln-iit  tl.y  (liiH(i-»t.f. 

tirydvti.    \T<nM.) 

f  For  tlio  (liflVronce  between  to  vittdictUv 
uiiil  to  defetul,  see  I>EtKNt^. 

▼in-di-ca -tlon.  s.  ILnt.  vimlkatio,  fmcii 
niiW'.Yi^'s  !>!».  |vir.  of  nM'/iVo=  to  vimlicate 
(il.v.):  Kr.  vnt</«-<(/u»ii  ;  Sp.  vimliatcion  :  Itiil. 
(r)M/rVn?(o»r.l  TIic  net  of  vindicatiiii; ;  the 
state  of  Vteiiig  vimlicatwl : 

(1)  The  act  of  acfemUnj;  or  supi>ortii»s 
«gaiiitit  wiviig,  oppression,  or  the  like ;  Ue- 
fcnct',  support. 

'■  Auothrr  uuikri.ikw  liis  ixilroniiiw.  drfmce.  nii«I 
rimlicalio'i~—HnU-:  i\»ile*npl. :  0/  llHmiUtiir. 

(2)  .Icstilirati.m  against  denial,  ceiisiue,  ob- 
jection, or  accusation. 

"  \liu\  Riven  iiip  thiJocc.iaioH  for  the  riitdicafion  -( 
thit\i:v^*Sf^ofiaylivok.'-~Lw*:e:  Thirtl  Letter  tu  a/i. 
(if  Wortrtttr, 

(a)  Tiie  act  of  supporting  by  proof  or  le-;;!! 
process;  the  provin;:  of  rtnytiiin;;  ti>  btjiist, 
rifiht.  or  valid  :  as.  ttie  liinlkot'wn  uta  cUiini. 

•  vin-dic -a-tive,  "■   [Ki>?-  vim\iciit{e) :  -iir ; 

Kr.  r*.'"'""></.l 

1.  Tending  or  serving  to  vlndicaie. 

2.  Vindictive,  revengeful. 

"He  ill  lieftt  of  ftttion 
1»  Ill-TV  rindimtiff  than  jfAloiu  love." 

Sfialetf.  ■  Troiftii  *  Cretiida,  if.  5. 

*  vin-dic-a-tive-ness,  s.     [En;.'.  rnWav- 

tive:    -ucsH.]     The  quality  or  state  of  bein;; 
viudicatixe ;  viudictt\  entss. 

vin'-di-ca-tor,  .^.  [Lat.]  One  wlio  vindi- 
cates ;  one  who  justifies,  deffuds,  supports, 
nr  niaititaius. 

"  I  «h."iUl  h.^ve  bad  ro«r  lunlahip  for  nijr  gimraiitee 
:KnA  pi'ulirntnr  in  thftt  \Ht\nV— Locke :  ikwud  letter 
to  np.  (•/  \yor>fitfr. 

'  vin'-^-ca-tor-y.   f-      lEng.   rind(cui(fy; 

-'•rv-l 

1.  TiMidin^jTorserving  to  vindicate  or  justify. 

2.  Punitory;  serving  the  purpose  of  punish- 
uu-nt ;  avenging,  vindictive. 

*'TUe;ifflictions  of  Job  were  no  rimliratnyf/ x*^\nish- 
nieiits  to  tiike  vengeance  of  his  aiun.' —B/'ftm/i'ifl  - 
Antii'rr  to  Uobbes. 

"  vin'-di-ca -tress,  >'.  [Eng.  viiuUmtor; 
-r>-s.  1    A  feiiiaU-  vimtitat'ir. 

"  ITrwl  the  rhidicnrreks  ht  the  'Rightii  of  Women' 
livwl  lu  these  ita>i."— C-  Kni{ilit :  Oiue  Cpon  n  Tii-ie. 
it.  2'ii 

▼in-diC'tive,  t.    [A shortened  fonn  of  lin- 
(f.icat'-e  ('t-V.).] 
"1.  Punitory;  serving  as  punishment. 

"Tliouiiih  there   he   mnch  rindirtire  iustice."— fl/-. 
Taylor:  liute  of  Cotncience,  bk.  ill.,  i-h.  iil. 
2.  Given  to  revenge  :   revengeful ;  charac- 
terized or  prompted  by  revenge. 

"  A  relttrion  which  had  never  effectually  i-ewtmiiied 
theii-  rindirttpc  or  their  liceutioUA  iwvssion:*, '  — .l/(i<-- 
-in/dv     If  inf.  Kny-.vU.  \i\. 

vindictive -damages.  .-•.  iil. 

!.('■'■:  \y.iinA'^i->  gi\'.-ii,  not  merely  to  com- 
pfMis.'iti-  tlif:  plaintift,  but  to  jmnish  the  de- 
fendant. 

vin-dic' -tive-ly,  adv.  (Eng.  rimUrtlr.' ;  .///.  I 
In  a  vindictive  manner  or  spirit ;  by  way  of 
revenge :  revengefully. 

vin-dic' -tive-ness.  s.  (Eng.  ruKlh-tivf : 
-iii-s's.\  Tlie  (iu;ilit>'  or  state  of  being  vindic- 
tive ;  r-veiigeful  spirit :  reveiigefuhiess. 

"Tliere  la  .-4  pintlicriKi'm-sn  in  fe»r.  which  loay  render 
it  ditugeroiis  to  itfl  most  iiiuuceut  en  use."— Coy  a »/  .■  On 
the  Piitxlont,  jit.  ii.,  ch.  i, 

vine,  '  Vjrne,  >'.  (Fr.  \iijne  =  a  vine,  from 
Lat.  riufi  =  (1)  a  ^  iiieyard,  (2)  a  kind  of  pent- 
house for  .slielteriug  bo.siegers ;  prop.  feni. 
sing,  of  riiie}is  —  oi  or  pertaining  tu  wine, 
from  vhivm  —  wine  ;  cogn.  with  Gr.  ou'o? 
(ojnos)  =  wine  ;  ottoj  (ohie)  =  the  vine  ;  olva^ 
(oiiKf.-!)  =  the  vine,  grape,  wiuo ;  A.S.  vin- 
geaiti  =  a  vineyard.)    [Wink.] 

1.  Botany: 

<1)  The  genus  Vitis  (q.v.),  and  spec.  V!tis 
Wpt(/mo.  the  Common  or  Grape  Vine,     It  is 


;i  dimbing  plant  furnished  with  tendrils. 
The  leaves  are  tolted,  pinnately  toothed. 
naked,  or  downy;  the  flowers,  as  in  other 
.species,  smalt,  greenish,  in  panicles  opiK'site 
the  leaves;  it*  berries,  called  grapes,  oval, 
large,  juicy,  growing  in  clusters  or  bunches, 
are  the  linesl  of  frnitii.  The  native  country 
of  the  vine  is  the  region  south  <«f  the  Caspian 
Sea.  Armenia,  and  the  adjacent  regions,  ex- 
teTiding  perhaps  to  the  north-western  Hima- 
laya. From  a  very  early  jH-riod.  it  wjis  culti- 
vated in  We.stern  Asia  and  Egypt  (Gen.  ix. 
20,  21  :  xl.  U>).  whence  it  has  spread  to  all 
the  parts  of  th<-  world  suitable  for  its  cul- 
tivation. It  thrives  l>est  on  the  sunny 
.siiles  of  hills  between  •S2'^  and  .10'  K.  Its 
fruit  is  made  into  wine  or  brandy  ;  the  dried 
fruits  of  some  varieties  constitute  misins 
[KaisinI.  while  those  of  another  variety  are 
the  currants  of  comtncree  [Cckbaxt].  In 
England  the  vine  grows  in  the  open  air,  but 
as  a  rule  produces  only  small  grapes;  in 
;:reenh<uises  its  fruit  is  larger  and  more  satis- 
taclnry.  It  Hcurishea  best  in  districts  or 
countries  where  there  are  not  late  frosts  in 
spring,  or  hot  autumns.  It  pi-efers  a  deep, 
loose,  rocky  soil,  where  its  roots  may  pene- 
trate deeply,  and  gain  access  to  nioistun?, 
while  the  surface  soil  is  parched.  Loeal  situa- 
tion as  well  as  soil  has  nuicli  effect  on  the 
fruit.  There  are  many  varieties.  One  of  the 
easiest  to  cultivate  is  the  Black  Hamburg  or 
Frankentlial  vine. 

(2)  The  long  slender  stem  of  any  plant  that 
trails  along  the  ground,  or  climbs  and  .sup- 
ports itself  by  winding  round  a  tixed- object, 
or  by  seizin; 


.  fol.  ; 


the  w.iUes  of  ji  towiie)." — 


Ooldiiii/r 

vine-bower,  «. 

L'C'f. :  Cl'-'iutfis  riticella. 

t  vine-bunch,  ^i.     A  bunch  of  grapes. 

"  Between  the  shadows  of  the  vhic-biinche-f 
Fkated  the  {^lowing  sunlights  .is  she  moved." 

Tciiui/to>i :  (Ei)onc,  17". 

vine-clad,    o.       Covered    or    clad   with 
vines. 
"  In  HO  oriel  on  the  stunmer  side. 
Vine-clad,  nf  Arthur's  {Kdiice  towards  the  stre.iro. 
They  met."       Tennyson  :  Lancelot  A  Elaine,  1.17— 

vine-culture,  s.    Viticulture  (q.v.). 

■'Germany  liaa  over  a  hundred  .ind  fifty  schools  of 
afpiL-ulture.  Iiorticultiire, arlx>ricultuve,  .and  vitie-nil- 
tine,  with  f.irins,  ((aniens,  and  vineyards  attached.'  — 
ll-iHy  Tetv'jruph.  Mnrch  22,  188S. 

Vine-disease,  s. 

VcgetaWn  I'athol. :  Any  disease  attacking 
the  vine,  spec. : 

(1)  That  produced  by  the  attacks  of  OiiVinia 
Tuckeri.  (Vine-mildew.]  In  general  it  forms 
a  white  and  very  delicate  cottony  layer  npon 
the  leaves,  young  shoots,  and  young  grapes 
of  the  vine,  wliieh  soon  causes  them  to  l)e 
covered  by  brown  spots,  and  then  become 
first  indurated  and  finally  destroyed.  The  fruit 
becomes  aboi-tive,  or  dwarfed  and  juiceless, 
and  decay  follows.  There  is  a  predisposition 
to  the  disease  in  certain  states  of  the  atmo- 
sphere. It  first  broke  out  in  Kent  in  1S4"., 
whence  it  spread  to  the  continent  of  Europe, 
to  Madeira,  and  to  t  lie  English  vines  introduced 
into  America,  tliough  American  vines  them- 
.selves  escaiwii.  Soon  after  its  appearance, 
Mr.  Tucker,  a  gardener  at  Margate,  was  the 
first  to  try  sulphur  as  a  remedy.  It  is  still 
the  best  known,  and  the  fungus  has  been 
named  after  its  human  destroyer. 

(2)  A- disease  of  the  vine  jiroduced  by  an 
aphis,  PlvilhiTcra  rastntrix.  [Phvlloxera.] 
The  parasites  ciiuse  the  roots  to  swell,  and 
finally  to  \>i-  incapable  of  discharging  their 
functions.  si>  that  the  plant  wastes  .iway  or 


perishes.    They  are  as  diDicult  to  de.stroy  as 
other  aphides. 

*  Vine-dratgon,  s.  An  old  and  fruitless 
braneli  of  a  \nie. 

vine-dresser,  >■.  One  who  dresses,  trims 
or  pruiLe>'.  ;intl  cultivates  vines. 

vine-fretter,  vine -grub,  5. 

i:>tt->m. :  Ai'his  litis,  a  small  insect  that 
injuics  \ille^. 

vine-fungus,  •.    [Vinc-mildew.I 

vine-grub,  ^.    [ViNE-FRtTTEa.] 

vine -leek,  ^^ 

Ikil. :  Allii'in  (Dii-iicloproituvt. 
Vine-mildew,  vine-fungus,  s: 

lli't. :  oiili  'nil  Tiii'l:eri,  a  nalied-spored  mould 
wliich  attilelis  the  vine.     (Vint-discasE,  l.I 

vine-sawfly,   . 

Entom.:  Srhnidria  viti!t,n  species  of  .Sawfiy. 
the  caterpillar-like  larva  of  which  feeds  on  the 
vine. 

'vi'-ne-al,  «.  [Lat.  Wkch^.]  Relating  to  or 
consisting  of  vines. 

"  vined,  c  [Eng.  v!n(e)  ;  -«?.l  Having  leaves 
likf  those  of  the  vine  ;  ornamented  \vith  \ino 
leaves.  ^ 

■■\Vreathi-dandc(»ir</ftn>lfi!;uretIci'lmuns."— ir.  f^N- 
Vin-e-gar,  'vin-e-ger,  '  vin-e-grc 
vyn-e-gre,  .•<.  &  o.     [Lit.  =sovu'  wme, 
frnin  Fi-.  r;;K(i.';'T  =  vinegar,  fiom  via  =uine. 
aiid(n';//T  =  sharp,  sour.l 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Lit.  :  A  weak  solution  of  acetic  acid, 
containing  in  most  cases  a  certain  proportion 
uf  extractive  matter  and  mineral  salts,  accord- 
ing to  the  source  from  which  it  has  been  de- 
rived. Malt  vinegar  contains  from  four  to  six 
per  cent,  of  realaeetic  acid,  which  is  produced 
by  the  action  of  the  acetous  ferment  on  a 
fermented  extract  of  nialt  and  grain.  It  i- 
usually  of  a  deep  red-V>rown  colotu-,  and  is  the 
kind  of  vinegar  most  esteemed  by  the  public. 
Wine  vinegar  made  in  France  by  the  acetiflca- 
tion  of  poor  and  weak  wines,  contains  nsually 
the  same  amount  of  acetic  acid  as  malt  vinegar-, 
but  possesses  a  different  flavour.  A  greaf 
deal  of  French  vinegar  is  prepared  from  erab^ 
or  sour  apples,  but  it  has  neither  the  flavour 
nor  the  strength  of  that  made  from  wine. 
Cider  vinegar,  largely  used  in  the  cider  dis- 
tricts of  England,  is  prepared  by  addin,^ 
sugar  to  a  very  acid  cider,  and  allowing  it  t" 
stand  in  a  warm  room  for  some  time,  or  is 
simply  expressed  from  crab  apples,  when  it  i> 
known  as  crab-\inegar.  German  vinegar  is 
made  by  passing  weak  alcohol  over  wnoil 
shavings  in  jiresence  of  air.  The  acetiti- 
catiou  proceeds  nuich  more  rapidly  than  iu 
the  case  of  malt  \inegar.  but  the  flavour  is  not 
so  good.  Distilled  vinegar  (white  vinegar), 
i.e.,  malt  or  wine  vinegar,  which  has  been 
subjected  to  distillation,  contains  from  five 
to  seven  per  cent,  of  acetrc  acid,  and  also 
some  of  the  essential  principles  present  in 
the  vinegar  from  which  it  is  deri\ed.  M'ood 
vinegar  is  crude  acetic  acid  produced  in  the 
destructive  distillation  of  wood.  When  highly 
purified  and  diluted,  it  is  not  unfrequently 
sold  as  white  vinegar.  [Acetic-acid.]  Vinegar 
is  largely  used  as  a  condiment  in  cooker) , 
.salads,  &c.,  and  as  a  preservative  ingredient 
in  pickles.  Taken  internally,  it  is  a  refiiger- 
ant.  Much  diluted,  it  may  be  used  to  sponge 
the  body  in  fever,  to  check  excessive  perspira- 
tion, and  as  an  ingredient  in  cooling  lotions. 

2.  Fig. :  Anj-thing  really  or  metaphorically 
sour;  sourness  of  temper. 

"There's     vincynr   and    i>ei>i>er   in   it." — S?UtKrsp.  : 
TuKl/tli  Xight.  iii.  4. 

B.  As  «(/j. :  Sour,  crabbed, 

"  And  other  of  such  rinegar  asi>ect. 
Tlmt  they'll  not  sIk.w  their  teeth  in  way  of  auiil* 
Thi'tiv'h  Nestor  sweiir  the  je'st  l«e  laueh.-ible.' 

Sluikctf. :  Mvrclutnt  of  I'enice.  i.  1. 

Vinegar  Bible,  s.  .\  bible  printed  a.i'. 
1717  at  the  Clarendon  Press  in  Oxford.  Mo 
named  because  in  the  running  headline  of 
Luke  XX.  vinei/ard  was  misprinted  vinegar. 

Vinegar- cruet,  s.  A  small  glass  bottla 
for  holding  vinegar. 

vinegar-eel,  5. 

^oo/.  :  Aiiftuilhila  aceti,a  niicroscopic  nemi- 
toid  worm,  narrowed  posteriorly,  and  termi- 
nated   by   a   drawn-out   point  ;    cesophag".s 
I        cvlindriBal.     Formerly  found  very  commonly 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  oe  ^  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  ^  kw. 


vinegar— viola 


■ioX 


ill  viiie;?xr,  but  now  rarely  met  with,  owiu*:  tn 
till*  iibsciict'  of  iiuuMlago  from  the  niore  mmUrii 
viije;^ar  und  the  prt-seiice  of  sulphuric  acki. 

Vinegar-plant,  -^. 

(1)  iVjncfV/tin.t  fl/'nicum,  A  un>uld  found  in 
layers  on  the  surfiice  uf  suicchariiiu  Iniuids 
iuider;;<^ins  acetous  fermentation,  which  it 
len-ls  greatly  to  aid.  Under  the  microscupe, 
the  fi»f^oi<l  layers  are  found  to  consist  of  in- 
T'-rlju-ed  and  l-ranclied  threads. 

ij)  I Vi-inivR-rnKE]. 

vinegar-tree,  ^. 

l:.-t.:  lihiis  lyphina,  the  sta-i-lioni  sumach, 
a  In-r  nr  shrub  with  eijrht  to  tt-n  pinnate  leaf- 
let-; and  ail  o<td  one.  Us  acid  fruit  is  sonie- 
tiiii'-,  MM-d  tin- the  purpose  of  incre-asinj;  th« 
Si>iirn''>.s  I'f  \  iiiej^ar. 

vinega--yard,  >■     A  yard  where  \  inegar 

;^  in:id.'  and  kept. 

'vin-e-gar,  r.t.    [Vineoar,  5.1 

1.  To  make  into  vintgar ;  to  make  sour  with 
or  as  with  vinegar. 

■J.  To  apply  vinegar  to;  to  pour  vineiijar 
i'\.r.      (See  extract  under  Titili.atk,  B.  I.) 

'  Vin-e-gar-ette',  .'*.     [Vinaigrette.] 

I  vin -e-gar-y,  ((.    [Eng.  v'uiegor;  -y.]    Sour, 

>iiaip,  cia'l.hed. 

■"  III  :i  »>i«(^or«  eiinppiih  way,"— /*fHH  Mnn  virli  n 
.S'l  tdoic,  ill.  xlvi. 

•vin-er,  .-■.    [Eng.  ti.i{p):  -n-.} 

1.  A  vine-dresser. 

J.  A  member  of  the   Vintners'   Company. 

[NlMNEK.  ^j.| 

vin-cr-^,  '  vyn-er-y,  .-■.    [Eng.  vii:<j:  -rii.] 

'  1.  A  vtneyaid. 

■■  The  r.viifryof  Rniiier    — f'f'j,'/""  ■'  CJtroitich'  (an.  81 

2.  A  kind  of  greenhouse  in  which  vines  are 
cultivated  and  grapes  arc  ripened  by  artificial 
lit-at  from  stoves  or  tlues. 

"  vineter,   '  viniter,   s.     [Fr.  vimtier.]     A 

vimu.-i-(4.v.). 

'  Tiie  Miiytir  wa-*  vhiiTey  hii  hreke  tliB  viniterie." 
iiobeft  o/  liloucester.  p.  i^i'X 

vi  nette',  .'•■.    [A  dimin.  from  vine.]    A  sprig 

ci  I'laneli.     (Frov.) 

'  vin'-ew  (ew  as  u),  -.     [Visfwed.]     M<.iuldi- 
nt-ss, 

"Soon  would  it  catch  .1  »!ifw.  Iwcin  to  putrifie.  and 
sioontiuutrbuta  while.  "—/*, //uWa*uf;  Plinie.  bk.  xix., 
ch.  iii. 

•vin-ewed,  vin'-newed  (ew  .ns  u),  a. 

[I'lMp.  ^'h^(it(/,  fiuni  A.'f>.  lincfiiin,  fiineplan  = 
t'>  become  mouldy  (rr  ninsty,  tWm jini'j,/>jnig 
=  mouldy.]    Mouldy,  musty. 

■  Maiij'  of  Chaucer's  wor<la  are  become.  .13  it  were. 
i-hi^io'd  aiid  hiMirie  m  ith  over  Ioik;  lying."— Senumoiit : 
i.-rtrr  to  >tpeffht.    {(!iuin:ei;  Ifi-Ji.) 

vin-ewed -ness.    '  vin'-newed-ness 

(ew  a.s  u),  .■*.  lEiig.  liiitMreil:  -;(f.s\^.l  The 
(puility  or  state  of  l>eing  vinewed  or  mouldy  ; 
mouldiness,  nitiuld. 

1  hre.nd  or 


'Hoariiiesaor  ii'nTii'jrcJHew,  such  as  is  c 
(t  loiiK  kL-jit.'  -fiuriTf/  ,    Alr>-(nie.  iu  vo 


*  IToit 


vine -yard,  *  vine-yarde,  *  vyn-yerd,  5. 

[A.s.   wniffeuTd.]    A  plantation  of  vines  pro- 
ducing grapes. 

■■  For  thrice,  at  least,  in  compHSS  of  the  year, 
Thy  fiiifinird  uiiist  euipluy  the  sturdy  stfer." 
nriidtu:   \'hyil ;  aeoi'gic  U-  5nl. 

vingtaine  (as  van-tan'),  s.  [Fr.  =  a  score.] 
One  of  thf  divisions  iiito  whieli  the  parishes 
in  Jersey  are  divided. 

vingtenier  (as  van-ta'-nye).  .s.  [Vino- 
TMNi:.]  A  coUeetor  of  rates  in  tlie  vingtaines 
of  Jersey. 

vingt  et  un  (as  vant'-e-un),  s.     [Fr.  = 

tu.-nty-uiie.l 

r. ■"(■(/.<:  A  game  in  which  the  object  is  to 
make  the  number  or  value  of  the  pijis  on  the 
cards  as  nearly  as  possible  twenty-one. 

vin'-ic,  ".  [Lat.  vln(um)  =  wine  :  Eng.  adj. 
sutf.  -n-.]    Pertaining  to  orderived  from  wine. 

vin-i-fac-teur,  .«.  [Fr.]  An  apparatus  for 
culh'cting  tlie  alcoholic  vapours  that  escape 
fioiii  liquids  during  the  process  of  vinous  fer- 
iiH'iitation.  It  is  a  conical  vessel  or  cap,  cover- 
ing a  hole  in  the  top  of  the  fermenting-tun, 
which   is   in   other  respects    made  air-tigltt. 


The  conical  vessel  is  surrounded  by  a  reser- 
voir of  cold  wat*.'r,  so  that  the  spirituous 
vapours  rising  from  the  liquid  will  be  con- 
densed on  the  side  of  the  reservoir,  and,  run- 
ning down  its  sith's.  tie  rcturne<l  to  Un-  tnii. 
A  tulie  carries  off  uncondenscd  vapours. 

vi-nif -©r-SB,  •;.  ;'/.     [Lat.  inmim  =  wine,  and 

fero  =  U\  bear.) 

[inf.  :  Jussieu's  name  for  the  Viticcie^q.v.). 

vlniter,  5.    [Vineter.] 

viniterie,  >-.    [Vintrv.] 

"  vin -newed  (ew  as  u),  c    [Vinewkd.  1 

vin'-nj^,  n.  [A.S.  Jinig,  fiinnj.]  MouMy, 
musty,  vineweii. 

vi'-nd-len-93^,  s.  [Lat.  vhwlentia,  from 
(■(■»(()»  =  wiiK-.]     Drunkenness,  tippling. 

'  vi' -no-lent,  a.  (Lat.  viiiole7:tiiS,  from  rhmm 
—  wiiic.f  Drunken  ;  given  t^i  tippling. 

"  Than  wnl  they  sain  thnunrt  a  great  glotoii. 
A  deviiuit;r,  ur  els  vintiliiiit." 

A  Onltud  of  Good  Couimiil. 

vi-nom'-e-ter,  s.  [Lat.  r(»)(m  =  wine,  and 
Eiig.  meter.]  A  form  <if  hydrometer  for  mea- 
suring the  strength  of  wine. 

vin    ordinaire  (as  van  or-di-nar'),  i=. 

[Kr.  =  (irdinaiy  wine,]  A  kind  of  cheap  claiet. 
Also  ajiplied  to  the  cheaper  \arieties  of  many 
kinds  of  wine,  white  or  red  ;  the  common 
wine  of  the  country. 

vi'-nose,  n.    [Vinous.] 

vi-nos'-i-t^,  s.  (Eng.  rwios(t') ;  -iV»/.]  Tin- 
quality  or  state  of  being  vinwus. 

vin'-ous,  vi'-nose,  0..  [Lat.  vinosusy  from 
riuuiii  —  wine.)  Ha\ing  the  tpialitiesof  wine; 
pertaining  tu  wine. 

"W^ter  win  iuiliil'e 
The  nmall  remains  of  spirit,  :iiid  ac-<[itire 
A  rinmis  flavour."  J.  t'lii/i/is:  Cider,  li. 

vinous  -  fermentation,  6-.      Alcoliolic 
fermentation.     [Ferme.vtatiuk,  IL] 

vin'-quish,  ?.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  disease 
iu  slierp,  in  which  they  pine  and  languish 
away. 

*vint,  ^'.(.  [Froip  vintage  (q.v.).]  To  gather 
at  the  vintage  ;  to  make  into  wine. 

"I  wouldn't  t'ive  a  straw  for  the  best  wine  that  ever 
was  rtiited'—TruH  .f>n :  /S,u'clitfSti-r  Toioefs,  ch.  \vi, 

vmt'-^ge,  vynt^age,  s.     [A  corrupt,  (by 

association  with  i-ifUiiPr)  of  Mid.  Eng.  vhtdaye, 
vendage,  venUige,  for  vetulange  ;  Fr.  vcnditnge, 
vendengc  =  a  vintage,  from  Lat.  I'iintemia  =  a 
vintage,  from  rinnm  =  (l)  wine,  (2)  grapes, 
and  ilt-mo  =  to  take  awa>-,  from  ile  =  otl'^away, 
&nd  emo  =  to  take.  J 

1.  The  produce  of  the  vine  for  a  particular 
season. 

2.  The  wine  produced  by  the  crop  of  grapes 
in  one  season  :  as,  tlie  vintage  of  1S74. 

3.  The  time  of  gathering  the  crop  of  grapes. 

"The  graiie -gatherer  in  time  of  vintage."— P.  Hol- 
land ■  Plinie,  bk.  xiv.,  cb.  i. 

4.  Wine  generally.  (Tennysoti :  Will  Water- 
proof, 97.) 

*  vintage-spring,  s.    a  wine-fount. 

*vint'-age,  v.t.  [Vintage,  s.]  To  raulier,  as 
grapes,'  at  the  vintage. 

"  Vint' -ag-er,  t.  [Eng.  viiit(ig(e);  -er.]  One 
who  ga'theis  ttie  vintage. 

"Tlje  sUr  named  in  Latiiie  Vitidemiator.  i.e.  the 
vintiujer.'—i'.  H;t/niiU':  Pliitiu,  bouk  xviii.,  cb.  xx\i. 

•  vint'-ag-ing,    s.      [Eng.    vintag(e):    -ing.] 

The  act  of  gathi'iing  a  vintage. 

Vint -ner,  '  vint-on-ner,  *  vjrnte-ner, 
"Vynte-nere,  5.  [Prop,  vineter,  from  Fr. 
vini'tier  ;  Low  Lat.  vinetarius  =a  wine-seller, 
from  Lat.  ?-<»e/?(m.  =  a  vineyard,  from  vijittm 
=  wine.]  One  who  deals  in  wine  ;  a  licensed 
victualler,  a  wine-dealer,  a  tavern-keeper. 

"He  staved  .all  the  wine  in  a  vintner i  ceUiir."— 
Macaulay :  Ifiif.  fCny..  ch.  v. 

H  Tlie  Vintners  are  one  of  the  London  Com- 
panies,    They  were  incorporated  a.d.  1365. 

'  vint'-ner-y,  .".  (Eng.  vintner;  -t/.J  Tlie 
trade  or  occupation  of  .1  vintner. 

"Tbf  father  of  hiiti  did  .  .  .  perforin  cookery  and 
vintnery."—Varl!/ler  Fr.  Revniution,  pt.  ii.,  bk,  v., 
ch.  ii. 


vint'-rjr, "  vint-rie. 


[A  contiaction   for 


viniterit:  (t(.v.).j  [VisrNER.J  A  place  wli.-re 
wine  is  stored  or  sold. 

'  vin'-j]r,  (t.  [Kng.  vine;  -i/.J  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  vines  ;  producing  vines,  abounding 
in  \'iues. 

"  From  thence  he  furrow'd  many  «  churlish  Ma. 
The  I'iiiy  Hhene,  and  Volgba'a  nelf  did  pau. ' 

P.  FletcJtfr:  PUcaturtf  Kctogtiei,  ii, 

vin'-yl,  .'J.     [Lat.  i^i»(«m)  =  wine;  •;/?.] 

Chem.:  C.jHy.  The  hypothetical  radical  of 
vinyl  ahiohnl. 

Vinyl  alcohol,  >-. 

(7-,  „,.  ;  Cdijo  ^  *^  f^^.    The  name  applied 

to  tin-  iiungent  liquid  supposed  to  be  the  lir>t 
member  of  the  allyl  series  of  alcohols,  and 
obtained  by  agitating  acetylene,  CjH-j,  with 
sulphuric  acitl,  and  distilling.  It  has  sine<- 
bfcii  shown  to  correspond  witli  ciotonic 
aldehyde. 

vinyl-Chloride,  s. 

(7/-j*i.:C-jH:,Cl.  A  gas  having  an  alli;ieeou> 
oddur,  and  liqndAing  at  IS^.  It  is  obtaini-d 
by  lirst  forming  .dhene  chloride,  C:;H4CU,  and 
then  treating'  it  u  itli  silver  oxide.  iiC'iHi?.'!-. — 
AgoO  =  2CoH3Cl+-JAgCl  +  H«0.  The'biMm'i.le 
and  iodide  are  similarly  formed. 

vi'-6l(l),  *vi'-al,  *  vi-oll,  '  vy-ol,  y.    [I'f. 

viulv,  vioUe ;  Prov.  riola,  rhifit,  tVoni  Low  bat. 
vitnlo,  ('/(/((/«=:  a  viol,  from  I^at.  ritidor  =  t" 
cidebiate  a  festival,  keep  a  holiday,  jn-op.  = 
to  sacrilice  a  calf,  from  vitiilns  =  a  calf;  Sp., 
Pnit..  &,  Ital.  i-iolo.  I'iol  and  JitkHi-  are' 
doublets.] 

Millie:  A  stringed  instrument  a  little  larger 
than  the  violin  ;  it  was  furnished  in  Eng- 
land with  tive  or  six  strings,  had  a  fietted 
finger-board,  and  was  played 
with  a  bow.  The  viol  is  found 
diqiicted  in  MSS.  as  early  as 
the  tdeventh  century.  In 
France,  Germany,  and  Italy 
the  number  of  the  strings 
varied  between  three  and  six. 
It  is  supposed  that  they  were 
tuued  in  fourths  and  thirds. 
A  chest  of  viols  consisted  of 
six  instruments  of  various 
sizes,  the  smaller  ones  were 
called  in  England  treble,  the 
next  mean,  and  tlie  larger  bass 
viitls :  the  treble  viol  was  ■ 
somewhat  laryer  than  the 
violin,  and  the  music  ftir  it  I 
was  written  in  the  treble  clef  ; 
the  mean  (or  ten(u)  viol  was 
about  the  same  length  and 
breadtii  a.s  the  modein  tenor  vioi.. 

violin,  bnt  was  thicker  in  the 
body ;   its  music  was  written  in  the  c  clef 
The  bass  viol  was  mucli  about  the  same  size 
as  the  violoncello,  and  the  music  for  it  wa^. 
written  in  the  bass  clef. 

"  His    heart  dances  to  the  melody  of  the  harp  .ittd 
the  viol ;  he  i>aiii|>er8  every  bodily  sense,  till  ple.iiiuf 
itself  is  converted  Into  paiu  or  inseusibility."— /ifo*- 
I'lirUtiaii  PhitQSu/,h>/.  §  oG. 

viol  d'amore,  s. 

Mii<iic  :  An  obsolete  instrument  of  the  violin 
family.  In  a<biitiou  to  catgut  strings,  metal 
strings  were  jilaced  umler  the  linger  board, 
whicii,  by  tlie  production  of  sympathetic 
sounds,  gave  a  ]»eeuliar  quality  of  tone  to  the 
instrument.     [Violet,  (:i).J 

vi'-6l<2),  5.    (E»ym.  doubtful.] 

Nfiiit. :  A  large  messenger  used  in  weighing 
an  aneiior  by  tln'  capstan. 

viol-block.  ■;. 

N>!ut. :  A  large  snatch-block  (q.v.). 

vi'-6-la  (I),  s.     [Ital.]    [Viol  (1).] 

Millie:  The  tenor  violin.  It  has  four  striiigs, 
A.  D,  0,  c.  The  two  lowestare,covered  strings. 
Music  for  this  instrument  is  written  in  the 
alto  clef,  whence  it  is  sometimes  called  alto 
viola. 

viola -bastarda,  5.    [Viola-pomposa.] 
viola  da  gamba,  \    [Gamba.] 

viola  dl  bordone,  .'. 

Music:  An  iiLstrnment  of  the  violin  kind, 
strung  with  six  ctr  seven  catgut  stiings,  c,  u, 
G,  D,  A,  E,  c.  Beneatli  the  gnt  wees  met;il 
strings  varying  in  number  from  sixteen  to  as 
many  as  forty-fonr,  arranged  in  a  diatonic 
order.     The   sympathetic   strings  were   occa- 


boU,  boy:  pout,  jowl;  cat.  96!!,  chorus,  9hin.  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -$ion  —  zhun.    -eious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  ^c.  -  bel,  deL 


Vr2 


viola— violent' 


si.inallv  i)liicked  with  the  left  lian.l  in  play- 
iiiK     fill'  insTruinent  is  n«w  obsolute.    It  was 

;ikncall.-.l   vi''0  tli /lVjn(t'\   '""'"    '"'*''^r./'T,  ;.?l<i 

l'.ll>'lOllf. 

vlola-pomposo,  5. 

Miisic  :  A  sp«:i(.'s  of  viol  da  gamha,  iiivoutcil 
h\  Jolin  .s<i»iaHliftn  Bacli.  It  had  tlvo  fitrinpj ; 
The  four  \<>\\oT  strinps  wvre  tuned  in  Ilftlis, 
and  the  imh  string  was  tutied  to  k,  by  means 
of  wiiich  greater  facility  in  the  execution  of 
extended  [wssagcs  was  possible. 

vi'-o-la  (2),  s.    (Lilt.  =  a  violet] 

Pnt. :  Violet;  tlie  typical  genus  of  VioUa' 
(q.v.).  Low  herbs,  more  rarely  sliru\)S.  witli 
nidiual  or  alternate  leaves  or  flowers  ;  on  one, 
raitdv  on  two-flowered  ]»eduncle8 ;  calyx  of 
ti\v  seixils.  ext^-nded  at  tlie  base  ;  petals  livf, 
unequal,  the  under  one  spun-ed  at  tlie  base ; 
anthers  connate,  two  of  them  spurred  be- 
hind; capsule  of  three  elastic  valve-s;  seeds 
ovnid  or  globose.  Known  species  a  hundred, 
frnm  tenijwnite  eoinitries.  Five  are  Britisli  : 
I'iohi  palmtris,  the  Marsh ;  V.  odorata,  the 
Sw^et;  V.  hirta,  the  Hairy:  V.  canina,  Ger- 
ard's or  the  Dog  Violet:  and  T.  tricolor,  the 
Pansy  Violet^  Pansy,  or  He^irt's-ease.  Thetirst 
has  a  subterranean  creeping  rootstock,  gla- 
brous stems,  reniform  cordate  leaves,  and 
while  or  lilac  scentless  flowers.  It  is  more 
oounnon  in  Scotland  than  in  England,  and 
often  at  a  considerable  elevation  on  mountains. 
Th-^  sei'ond  lias  broadly  cordate  leaves,  an<l 
fragi-ant  blue,  white,  or  reddish  puride  flow- 
ers ;  it  is  wild  only  in  the  east  and  south-east 
nf  England,  being  found  in  woods,  pastures, 
nr  on  banks.  The  third,  with  faintly  scented 
flowers,  is  found  cliiefly  in  the  east  of  Eng- 
land and  Scotland.  The  fourth,  with  broadly 
cordate  leaves,  ciliate  dentate  stipules,  and 
blue,  .lilac,  gray,  or  white  flowers,  is  com- 
mon in  woods,  dry  pastures,  clefts  of  rocks, 
and  .banks ;  and  the  fifth,  having  flowers 
varipgated,  purple,  white,  and  yellow,  is 
frequent  on  banks  and  in  tields.  The  bruised 
leaves  of  J',  trirolor  Bmell  like  peach  kernels ; 
they  were  once  bclit-vetl  to  be  eflicacious  in 
tiie  cure  of  skin  diseases.  The  petals  of  V. 
odorata  are  used  as  a  laxative  for  children. 
The  seeds  have  similar  qualities,  and  tlie  root 
is  emetic  and  purgative.  V.  ovata  is  a  re- 
puted antidote  to  the  poison  of  the  rattle- 
snake, r.  sprpeiiSy  a  small,  procumbent, 
Himalayan  lierlt,  yields  an  oil.  The  flowers 
are  considered  diaphoretic  and  laxative,  the 
seeds  diuretic  and  emetic. 

viola-emetln,  s.    [Violin  (2).J 

•  vi'-o-la-ble,  a.  [Ijat.  violahilis,  from  riolo 
—  t"  violate  (q.  v.).]  Capable  of  being  violated, 
broken,  or  iLijured. 

'  vi-o-la'-^e-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  violia); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -oc€(c.) 

Bot.  :  Violetworts ;  an  order  of  Hypogyn- 
ons  Exogens,  the  typical  one  of  the  alliance 
Vioiaies.  Herbs  or  shnibs,  with  simple, 
usually  alternate  leaves,  involute  in  verna- 
tion. Sepals  five,  persistent,  generally  elon- 
gated at  the  base ;  aestivation  imbricated  ; 
petals  five,  aestivation  convolute ;  stamens 
five,  inserted  on  a  hypogynous  disk ;  fila- 
ments dilated,  lengthened  beyond  the  an- 
thei-s,  two,  when  tlie  flowers  are  irregular, 
often  with  an  appendage  or  gland  at  the 
base  ;  style  single,  usually  decliiiate  ;  stigma 
oblique,  hooded  ;  ovary  one -celled,  with 
three  parietal  placentie,  rarely  one-seeded; 
capsule  three-valved,  having  the  placentse  in 
their  axis.  Roots  often  emetic.  Found  in 
most  continents,  but  the  typical  species  are 
from  the  North  Temperate  Zone.  Tribes  or 
sub-orders  two  ;  Violew  and  Alsodeas.  Known 
genera  eleven,  species  :iO0  (J/mdhy):  genera 
twenty-one,  species  "240  (.Sir  J.  Hooker). 

'  vi'O-la'-ceo&s  (ce  as  sh),  «.  [Lat.  viola- 
ce^ts,  from  violas  a.  vioh-t.]  Resenilding  a 
violet  in  colour. 

Vi'-O-ial,   a.      [VlOLALES.J 

Bot.:  Resembling  .the  genus  Viola,  cr  the 
order  Violaces,  as  the  VioUd  allianfre. 

vi-6-la'-le§»  a  pi.  fMasc.  and  fem.  pi.  of 
Mod.  Lat.  viotttlis,  from  Lat.  viola  (<\. v.).'] 

Bot.:  Tlie  Violal  alliance;  an  alH.ince  of 
Hypogynous  Exogens.  Flowers  monodichla- 
mydeous,  placentfie  parietal  or  sutnral,  em- 
bryo straight,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 
Twelve    orders ;    viz. :    Flacnurtiaceie,   Laci- 


steniacepp.  Sainydiicere,  Passilioracea*,  Male- 
sherbiaccip,  Mofingaceje,  Vioiacea?,  Fnmkeni- 
aceie,  Tamaricacen',  JSauvagesiaceie,  Craseu- 
lacefp,  and  Turnei-aoeie. 

VI -6  l&n.  Jt.  [Lilt.  t'irt/(n)  =  the  violet;  Eng. 
suit',  -an.] 

Min. :  A  memlior  of  the  groupof  pyroxenes, 
occurring  mostly  massive  or  fibrous,  though 
crystals  are  occasioniiUy  met  with.  Colour, 
dark  violet-blue.  Found  in  small  seams  with 
varifms  other  minerals  in  the  braunite  of  San 
Marcel,  Val  d'.Xosta,  Piedmont. 

vi-o-lin'-tixu  s.  [Eng.  viol(et).  and  (allox)- 
antin.] 

Chfim.  :  CgHgNfiOp.  A  compound  obtained 
Viy  heating  hvdunlic  acid  with  dilute  nitric 
acid.  It  separates  as  a  yellowish-white  crys- 
talline mass,  and  contains  the  elements  of 
violuric  and  diliturif  acids,  and  is  resolved 
into  these  two  acids  by  simple  treatment  with 
water.  Vapour  of  ammonia  colours  \iolantiu 
blue. 

"vi-6-las'-9ent,  n.    [Violescent.] 

vi'-o-late,  *  vy-o-late,  v.t.  [Lat.  vlolatiLSy 
pn.  par.  of  inn(o  =  to  treat  with  force,  to  vio- 
late ;  from  the  same  root  as  vis  =  force.) 

*  1.  To  treat  roughly  and  injuriously;  to  do 
violence  to;  to  outrage,  to  injure. 

"  He  who  attempts  to  violate  the  happiness  of  au- 
othei-."'—  Wotlaaton:  Religion  of  Nature.  §  9. 

2.  Specifically,  to  outrage  or  deflower  by 
force ;  to  ravish. 

3.  To  desecrate,  to;  dishonour^  to  treat  ir- 
reverently; to  meddle  irreverently  or  pro- 
fanely with. 

"The  aoudyours  of  saynt  Amnnde  ,  .  .  burnt  the 
towne,  MiAvyolated  the  alibey."— Bfrncrj;  Froiasart ; 
Cronycle,  vol.  i.,  ch.  hv. 

4.  To  sin  against ;  to  break  (as  a  vow) ;  to 
infringe  or  transgress  (as  a  law,  contract,  pro- 
mise, or  the  like),  either  by  commission  or 
omission. 

•■  Bj-  him  the  violated  law  sp&iks  out 
Its  thundere."  Cowper :  Task.  ii.  340. 

*  5.  To  break  in  upon,  to  disturb,  to  inter- 
rupt. 

"  To  violate  sleep,  and  those 
Whose  dwelling  God  hath  planted  here  In  blias." 
Milton:  P.  L.,  iv.  883. 

^  For  the  difference  between  to  violate  and 
to  infri)tge,  see  Infringe. 

*  vi'-6-lat~er,  .^.     [Violator.] 

vi-o-la-tion,  *  vi-o-la-ci-on,  s.  [Fr.  vio- 
lation, from  Lat.  vLilationem,  nccus.  of  violatio, 
pa.  par.  of  violo  =  to  violate  (q.v.).  ;  Sp.  via- 
Jncion ;  Ital.  violazione.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  treating  roughly,  violently, 
and  injuriously. 

2.  Specifically,  the  act  of  deflowering  or 
ravishing;  ravishment,  rape. 

"  If  your  pure  maiden.'t  f«U  into  the  h.ind 
Of  hot  and  forcing  violittinn." 

Shttkrxp. :  ffenrff  V.,  iii,  3. 

3.  The  act  of  desecrating  or  dishonouring; 
desecration  ;  an  act  of  irreverence ;  profana- 
tion or  irieveient  treatment  of  any  tiling  sacred 
or  venerable. 

"  Without  any  e(o?a«'o»i  or  breache  of  the  Sabboth." 
—  rd/ii."  J/arA-e  iii. 

4.  The  act  of  violating,  infringing,  or  trans- 
gressing ;  infringement. 

"  The  violntinn  of  my  faith." 

S!itike$/t. :   lt'iij((t»-'jt  Tu-le,  iv.  4. 

*o.  The  act  of  interrupting;  interruption, 
disturbance. 

•  vi'-6-lat-ive,  a.  [En^.  violat(r):  -ive.]  Tend- 
ing to  or  causing  violation  ;  violating. 

vi'-6-lat-6r,  *  vi-o-lat-er,  s.  [Lat.  vio- 
lator, from  violatus,  pa.  par.  of  violo  =  to 
violate  (q.v.) ;  Fr.  violate^tr ;  Sp.  &  Port,  vio- 
lador ;  Ital.  violatore.] 

1.  One  who  violates,  injures,  interrupts,  or 
disturbs. 

2.  A  ravisher 

"  An^elo  is  an  adnit'rous  thief. 
An  hypocrite,  a  viiidn  violator.' 

SAaAe*p. ;  .Veaxurefor  Measure,  v. 

3.  One  who  infringes  or  transgresses. 

"  A  grieuoiia  penaltie  of  money  beiup  imposed  upon 
the  viol<Uert  ol  the  same  statulf.  —Backluyt :  I'oy- 
«j7M.  1  174. 

1.  One  who  violates,  desecrates,  profanes, 
or  treats  with  irreverence  aNiything  sacred  or 
venerable  ;  a  desecrater  ;  a  profauer. 

"  Bnt  Guy  de  Montford  was  excommunicated,  as  .a 
riohtfer  of  the  church,  a  murderer,  and  a  traitor."— 
Boliitshed  ■  Kdward  I.  (an.  1274). 


vi-O-le'-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  viol{a):  Lat. 
fem.  jd.  adj.  sufl'.  -ea:] 

Bnt. :  The  typical  tribe  of  Violncece,  charac- 
terized by  having  irregular  flowers. 

vi'-d-len^e,  *  vy-o-lence,  s.  [Fr.  violenre, 
from  Lat.  i-iolentia,  from  rio/cwfHS  =  violent 
(q.v.) ;  Si>.  &  Port,  violencia;  Ital.  violenza.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  violent ; 
force  ;  vehemence ;  intensity  or  strength  of 
action  or  motion. 

"  Blown  with  restless  violence  round  about 
The  pendent  world." 

^laket/j. :  Meamrefor  Mi-ature,  iii.  I. 

2.  Power  exerted  unjustly  or  illegally;  un- 
just force ;  foice  employed  against  liberty, 
law,  rights,  or  the  like;  outrage,  injury, 
hurt,  attack,  assault. 

'■  Offer  him  no  violence* 

Sliuken//.  :  S  nrnri/  rf.,  j.  l, 

3.  Vehemence  or  impetuosity  of  feeling ;  ex- 
cessive eagerness  or  ardour. 

"  With  what  violence  she  first  loved  the  Moor* 
Sltaketp. :  Othello,  ii  1. 

*  4.  The  act  of  ravishing  ;  ravishment,  rape. 

*  5.  Injury  done  to  anything  which  is  en- 
titled to  respect,  reverence,  or  observance ; 
deseciation.  profanation,  infringement,  trans- 
gression, violation,  infraction. 

^  For   the  difterence   between  force   and 
violence,  see  Force. 
^  (1)  By  violence  :  By  force. 

(2)  To  do  violence  on  :  To  attack,  to  murder. 
"She  ...  as  it  seems,  did  Hnlcnee  on  herself." 

Shakesp.  :  Itomeo  A  Juliet,  v.  S. 

(3)  To  do  violence  to:  To  injure,  to  outrage. 
(Lit. -ii' fig.) 

"  Do  violence  to  no  man." — Luke  iii.  14. 

'  vi'-6-len9e,  v.t.    [Violence,  s.] 

1.  To  do  violence  to  ;  to  attack,  to  assault, 
to  injure, 

"  Xature  violenced  in  both  these." 

Ben  Jonaati :  The  Ifevil  it  oh  As$.  ii.  2. 

2.  To  bring  by  violence ;  to  drive,  to 
compel. 

'The  high  court  of  justice,  to  which  the  loyal  and 


*  Vl'-6-len-9^,  s.  [Eng.  violen(t);  -cy.J  Vio- 
lence, excess. 

"To  avoid  these  rioIennVj  and  extremities  of 
nature." — /Jp.  Taylor:  Jiulc  of  Conscience,  Hi. '± 

vi-O-len'-ic,  a.  [From  Lat.  violas  a,  violet 
(q.v.).]  Derived  from  or  contained  in  the 
violet. 

violenic-acid.  s. 

Ckein.  :  A  colourless  acid,  extracted  from 
the  flowers  of  the  violet.  It  crystallizes  in 
silky  needles,  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and 
ether,  and  forms  yellowish  salts,  which  stain 
tlie  skin. 

vi'-O-lent,  *  vy-O-lent,  a.  &  s.    [Fr.  violent, 
from  Lat.  riolenius  =  violent,  full  of  might, 
from  the  same  rootas  violate  (q.v.);  fjp.,  Port., 
&  Ital.  violento.] 
A.  As  adjectii'e  : 

1.  Characterized  by  the  exertion  of  force 
accompanied  with  rapidity  of  motion  ; 
forcible  and  quick  or  sudden  ;  furious,  im- 
petuous ;  full  of  violence  or  force. 

"  With  violenUr  sway  fall  turrets  steep." 

SuiTey :  Of  the  Ooldcn  Mean. 

2.  Produced,  effected,  caused,  or  continued 
by  force  ;  produced  or  attendeil  by  extra- 
neous or  unnatural  force  ;  unnatural. 

"  Die  a  violi-nt  deatli," 

.N/iaA-M/j.  .■  S  Henry  VI.,  i   A. 

3.  Acting  or  produced  by  force  and  vio- 
lence ;  characterized  or  effected  by  lorce  or 
violence  unjustly  or  unlawfully  exercised  ; 
outrageous. 

"Some  violent  hands  were  laid  on  Humphrey's  life." 
Ahukesp. :  2  Henry  \'/.,  iii.  2. 

i.  UniTasonably  or  excessively  vehement: 
passionate,  furious,  bitter,  malignant:  as,  a 
violent  speech,  a  violent  attack. 

5.  Acting  with  violence ;  passionate,  hot- 
tempered. 

"The  man  is  besyde.  so  vyoli-nf  and  bo  ieoperdous. 
that  none  of  them  dare  bea  knowen  to  spcake  of  it.' 
—Sir  T.  3lor: ,   M'orAejt,  p.  9ci9. 

6.  Severe,  acute,  sharp,  extreme. 

"  These  violent  delights  have  violunt  ends.** 

Shakesp. :  flonieo  A  Juliet,  ii.  6. 

*  7.  Enormous,  excessive,  outrageous,  huge. 

"Irft  this  kiss 
Eeciir  those  vinlfnt  harms  that  my  two  sisters 
Have  in  thy  reverence  niade."    Sliahrsp.     Leitr  iv,  T. 


Ste.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine :  go,  pot. 
or,  wore,  wou;  work,  who,  sor. ;  mute.  cGb,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full :  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  ^  kw. 


violent— viperidfle 


4d3 


'8.  Kxtuiteil ;  not  voluntary ;  not  Uiidini,'. 

"  Vowa  luiule  ill  iMilii.  aa  vioi^^tt  niiil  voitl  !" 

3tUto»  :  P.  L  ,  iv,  'J7. 

*B.  AssubsL:  An  a&sailuut. 

"Such  violentt  ahi»ll  iiut  twke  heaven,  but  hell,  by 
forcv, '■—/>»•-  U.  Hort:, 

^  When  vioUiU  and  furious  are  applied  to 
the  same  o\>jeuts,  tlie  latter  expresses  a  higher 
degree  of  the  former  :  thus  a  furious  temper 
itf  violent  to  an  excessive  degree ;  a  furious 
whirlwiud  is  vioUht  Ueyond  measure. 

Violent-presumption,  ^. 

Low :  [i'KiisUiipnosl. 
violent-profits,  -^.  pi. 

.Stvt-:  Law:  The  peunlty  due  by  a  tenant 
who  forcibly  or  unwarrantably  retains  pos- 
session after  he  ouglit  to  have  removed. 

•  violent,  v.t.  &  i.    IViolent,  a.] 

A.  Tiuiis.  :  To  urge  with  violence. 

"I  find  not  the  least  Jijipeiirauce  thnt  bis  former 
iKlvvnuvrieLi  cioterited  iiiiy thiug  against  hiiu  uuttcr  that 
■luecu."— /'V«tfr.-  U'ortlties  ;  AnyU'tei/. 

B.  Infimis. :  To  be  violent ;  to  act  with 
violeiU'C. 

"  The  griei  ia  fine,  full,  perfect,  that  I  tiistc. 
Ami  violetiteth  ill  n  sviist:  as  strong 
An  that  which  caiiseth  it." 

StM&cap.:  Troilus  *  Crmsiilii,  iv.  4. 

vi-O-lent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vioknt,  a.  ;  ■///.] 
In  a  violent  manner;  by  or  with  viulence ; 
forcibly,  vehemently,  furiously. 

'■  The  punishment  ol  blood  Biotenlly  shed."— tf/'i if /<  ; 
Vinniimnwiulth,  hk.  iii.,  uh.  iii. 

*  vi'-o-ler,  s.    [Eng.  viol ;  -cr.] 

1.  One  skilled  in  plaj  iiig  on  the  viol. 

2.  A  violinist,  a  tiddler. 


vi-6-les'-^ent,'  vi-6-las  -9ent,  c.  [Furnied 
from  Lat.  rio/u  —  a  vjnlt-t,  with  the  inerpt.  srftT. 
■e^reii?,  -ascent.]    Tending  to  u  violet  culour. 

vi  -6-let  (1),  ^  vi-o-lette,  *  vy-o-let,  *\  k  n. 

[Fr.  viokt,  violette,  dimin.  from  viole  =  a  gilii- 
thiwer,  from  Lat.  viola  =^&  violet,  eogu.  with 
Gr.  loi'  [ion  for  vion)  =  a  violet ;  Sp.  &  Fort. 
viukta ;  Ital.  violettu,] 

A.  As  substantive : 

I,  Urdiiiary  Xanguaije : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  Meintuws  of  softest  verdure,  purpled  o'er 
With  vioU(s.'\  Cowper:  Homer;  Odt/sse//  v, 

2.  A  bluish  purple  colour  or  pigment  like 
that  of  the  violet ;  it  is  produced  by  a  mix- 
ture of  red  and  blue. 

3.  One  of  the  primary  colours  or  kinds  of 
IJLrlit,  being  the  most  refrangible  of  the 
coloured  rays  of  the  spectrum.     [Colour.] 

4.  Dress  or  clothes  of  a  violet  colour. 

"All  the  ftldenuenne  in  acarlette,  with  five  hundred 
Imrse  oi  the  citezens  in  violette,  received  hym."— Sic 
T.  Mori-:  U'orAe*,  p.  44. 
II.  Eotanij: 

1.  The  genus  Yiola  (q.v.). 

2.  Various  plants,  more  or  less  superficially 
rfsi-nibliiig  it,  as  the  Water-violet.  [Hot- 
ton  i  a.) 

B.  As  adj. :  Resembling  or  haviu}?  tJie 
fuluur  of  a  violet  ;  of  a  bhush  purple  coloiir. 

violet  carpenter-bee*  ^^ 

Ent'jiH.  :  Xylotopa  viulacea,  from  the  south 
nf  Eui-ope,  mngiiig  northwards  to  Genuany. 
[Carpenter-bee.] 

violetears,  s.  pi. 

iirnltlt.:  A  pn|>uiaf  uame  for  the  genus 
PL-utM'lihoni  t'l-v.). 

violet  land-crab, .''. 

Zuui :  <Jtiaii:iiiU.'i  rtirlcola,  formerly  very 
abundant  in  Jamaica,  and  still  numerous  in 
the  other  sugar-producing  islands  of  the  West 
Indies. 

violet-powder,  .-;.  Staruh  reduced  to  a 
vi-iy  line  powdt-r,  and  x-eiited  with  orris-root 
(ii-  iitluM-  }ierlun>e.  It  is  used  for  nursery  and 
toik't  purposes. 

Violet-snail,  .'^. 

X<mL  :  The  popular  naine  for  the  genus  Ian- 
thina  Oi-v.),  from  the  culuui'  of  the  shell. 

violet-wood,  ^^. 

Lijt'.niii  d'  Vouiiitera' : 
(1)  The  same  as  KiNOWOOD  (q-V.). 
(•J)  The  wood  of  Araeiu  pendula, 
{:'.)  The  wood  vtAndira  vioktc^a. 


t  vi'-o-let  (2),  s.     [Viola  (1).  J 

Mu>i<: :  The  Viol  d'Amore  (h.v.). 

vi-4-let-w6rt,  s.     [^ng.  viokt  (l),  and  wvrt.\ 
Hut.  {I'D;  The  order  Violaeea;.    {Lindky.) 

vi  -o-linCU,  >•.  [Ital.  violino,  dimin.  from  viola 
=  a  viol  ((i.v.).J 

Music:  The  most  familiar  of  all  stringed 
instruments  played  with  a  bi>w.  It  is  some- 
what  smaller  than  the  old  viol,  as  its  name 
iuiplies.  Like  the  rest  I'f  the  family  it  le- 
l)rt'seiits,  it  consists  of  a  wooden  chest  of 
]H^culiar  form,  made  of  two  curved  surfaces, 
called  the  back  and  the  belly,  united  by  sides, 
and  witli  a  hollow  .on  eacli  side  half-way  in 
the  length.  A  neck  at  one  end  serves  as  a 
liiiger-board,  over  which  the  four  strings  pass, 
being  fastened  at  one  end  of  the  chest  oi' 
body  to  a  tail-pieee,  and  kept  in  tune  and 
position  by  a  series  of  pegs  at  the  liead  or 
end  of  the  neck.  The  strings  are  raised  above 
the  belly  by  the  briiige,  supported  at  the 
point  of  gieatest  tension  by  a  sound-post, 
which  is  tixed  upright  between  the  baek 
and  the  belly.  lu  the  belly  are  two  holes, 
called  the  /  holes  from  their  similarity  to 
the  shape  of  that  letter.  The  sound  is 
produced  by  drawing  a  bow  of  hoi*sehair 
ehaiged  witli  rosin  across  the  strings,  which 
are  tuned  in  fifths,  the  changes  of  pitch 
being  gaiued  hy  "stopping"  the  strings  with 
the  lingers  of  the  left-liand  against  the  tingei- 
board,  thus  shortening  the  vibrating  portion 
of  the  string.  The  harmonics  of  the  violin 
are  very  telling  in  quality,  and  are  produce<l 
by  touching  the  strings  liglitly  instead  of 
pressing  them  upon  the  finger-board.  The 
siiidino  t>r  nmte,  placed  upon  the  bridge,  pro- 
duces a  peculiar  luodilieatioa  of  toue,  and  a 
.  special  etiect  is  gained  by  plucking  the  strings, 
as  in  playing  a  guitar.  [Pizzicato.]  The 
viuliu  is  capable  of  producing  a  limited  har- 
mony by  meaus  of  double  stops  and  bowing 
in  "arpeggio,"  while  as  to  power  of  expres- 
sion and  execution  there  is  no  other  instru- 
ment whieh  can  be  compared  to  it.  It  has  a 
wide  range  of  sounds,  to  which  any  degree  of 
loudness  or  softness,  staccato  or  legato,  can 
be  given.  Compass  from  g  below  the  stave. 
[Cremona.] 

violin-clef,  s. 

Music:  The  u  clef  placed  upon  the  first 
line  of  the  stave. 

vi'-6-lin  (2),  s.    [Eng.  viol(et)(l);  -in.] 

Clieiii.  :  ViQla-emetin.,  An  emetic  substance 
contained,  according  to  Boullay,  in  all  parts  of 
the  common  violet.  It  has  not  been  obtained 
pure,  and  is,  perhaps,  identicjil  with  emetin 
from  ipecacuanha-root.    {Watts.) 

*  vi-6-lin,  v.t.     [Violin  (1),  s.\    To  influence 

by  playing  on  a  violin.    (Speciid  coinage.) 

"  Violhied  ijto  a  match  below  her  quaUt>."— Gc/if/t- 
vuitt  Instructed,  p.  136 

vi-6-lin-9er-ld  (or  as  vi-6-lin-9hel-ld), 

,S.       L^'l'^LOSCtLLO.] 

vi-6-line,  5.    [Eng.  viol(et);  -ine.] 

Chem. :  Price's  name  for  the  blue  substance 
obtiiined  by  treating  auiliue  with  suli'huric 
acid  and  lead  peroxide. 

vi-6-Iin'-ist,  ^^    [Eng.  violin  (1),  s. ;  -ist.]    a 
performer  on  a  violin. 

*  vi'-6l-ist,  ^*.     [Eng.  viol  (1)  ;  -ts/.j    A  player 

ou  the  viola. 

■'  He  was  a  violinist,  and  the  tw  f'>ruiei-  Ptolists."— 
Lifeuf  Aitthony  d  Wood,  Feb.  12.  iu^c-a. 

vi-6  ldn-5el -list  (or  as  vi-6-l6n,-9hel - 

list),   ^.      (Eng.    violoncvUip) ;    -is/. J     A    [lei- 
furnier  un  the  \  ioloncello. 

vi-6-l6n-9er-l6  (or  as  vi-o-lon-9her-16), 

if.    [lUd.,  dimin.  from  violune  =  iL  bass-viol.] 

Music  :  A  bow  instrument  of  the  viol  class, 
hehl  by  the  performer  between  the  legs,  and 
filling  a  place  between  the  viola  and  tiie 
double-bass.  It  is  strung  with  four  gut  strings, 
tiie  lower  two  covered  with  silver  wire,  and 
tuned  in  tifths.  The  compass  u.-^ually  em- 
ployed extends  froni  c  on  the  second  ledger- 
lini!  below  the  bass-statl'  to  a  on  the  second 
space  of  the  treble,  though  soloists  play  an 
octave  liitjher,  with  all  the  intermediate  semi- 
tones.   (Spelt  also  Violincello.) 

vi-6-16-ne,  s.    [Ital.] 

Music:  The  same  as  Doi'ble-bass  (q.v.). 


vi  -o-loila, 

petuous. 


[Violent.]     Violent,    im- 


Vl-d-lur'-XC,  «.  [Eng.  viol[aniin),  and  uric] 
Derived  from  or  containing  violantin  and  uric 
acid. 

vloluric-acld.  a. 

t'hvin. :  Ciil:(.\;j()4.  obtained  by  the  decom- 
position t'f  violantin,  but  lx;st  prepwred  by  the 
action  of  a  warm  sulutiunof  nilmteof  )K>ta.s- 
sium  on  hyduiilic  acid.  The  salt  formed  is 
treated  with  chloride  ofbaiium,  and  the  baric 
violunite  exactly  decompose<l  witli  sulphuric 
acid.  It  crystallizes  in  shining,  yellowish, 
rhombic  octahedron«,  which  dissolve  mode- 
rately in  cold,  easily  in  hot  water.  Its  salts 
are  distinguished  by  the  beauty  and  variety 
of  their  colours.  The  anunonium  and  potas- 
sium salts  are  deep  blue,  those  of  barium  and 
had  being  red.  ^ 

'  vi-par'-i-ous,  «.  [Lat.  vi(ta)  —  \\U,  and 
puriu—Ui  i)roduce.]  From  the  etyuL  the 
word  would  seem  =  life-producing ;  but  in 
the  example  it  =  tenacious  of  life. 

"  A  eat  the  most  viuariom  U  lluiit«d  to  uiii«  liv<;». ' 
—Lytton  :  Citxcom,  bV.  xii.,  ch.  ii. 

vi'-per,  s.  [Fr.  vipkre,  from  Lat.  vipera  =  a 
viper,  lit.  =  (the  serpent)  that  produces  living 
ynung,  fur  vivipara,  fem.  of  viviparus  =  pro- 
ducing live  young,  from  t)it»Ms  =  alive,  and 
j>.(/-Jo  =  to  bring  forth;  Sp.  &  Port,  vihora; 
Ital.  vipera.\ 

\.   Liti:rtdhj  d- Zoology  : 

(1)  The  common  name  of  the  only  poisonous 
English  reptile,  Pelia^  hems  or  Vipera  coin- 
muni.^,  of  which  there  are  two  or  threw 
varieties  difleiing  slightly  in  colour.    [Adder, 

I.  1.,  PELlAii.] 

(2)  A  book-name  for  any  of  the  Viperidw 
(q.v.).  They  do  not  attain  uny  great  size,  but 
their  venom  is  usually  very  powerful ;  this 
they  appear  to  know  ;  for,  having  bitten  their 
jtrL-y,  they  leave  it  to  die,  and  then  prepare  tu 
swalluw  it.  The  best-known  speeies  are  the 
Common  Viper  {V'ipeiu  communis),  from  Bri- 
tain and  Europe;  tdie  Cerahtes  {V.  cerastes), 
the  Horned  (V.  cornuta)^  and  the  River  Jack 
Viper  (K.  rhinoceros),  fi'om  Africa;  and  Rus- 
sell's Viper  {Daboia  i-ussellil  ?),  from  India. 

2.  Fig.  :  A  person  or  thing  of  a  mischievous 
or  malignant  nature  or  disposition. 

"  Where  ia  this  viper 
That  would  depopulate  the  city,  and 
Bo  eveiy  uiau  hiuiaelf  ?" 

Hhakesp. :  Coriolanus,  iiu  L 

viper-gourd,  s.    [Trichosanthks.] 
viper's  bngloss,  a. 

1.  Dot.:  The  genus  Echium  (q.v.). 

2.  Eiitoni. :  Dianthwciu  echii,  a  British  night- 
moth,  family  Hadenid*.  The  antennai. nearly 
simple ;  fore  wings  ochrey,  with  markings 
and  an  ocellute  white  spot  iu  the  centre.  Th*; 
caterpillar  feeds  ou  the  Viper's  bugloss,  after 
which  it  is  named. 

Viper's  grass,  6.    [Scorzonera.] 

'■  viper's  herb,  .^. 

Uut.  :  Echium  vulgare.     [Viper's  bcqloss.] 

vi'-per-a,  s.    [Viper.] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Viperidte  (q.v.), 
with  which  Pelias  is  often  amalgamated. 
Wallace  puts  the  species  at  seventeen,  with 
the  range  of  the  family.  Head  with  shields, 
flat,  and  high  on  sides  ;  nostiils  in  middle  of 
a  shield  ;  nose  curved  somewhat  upward  (more 
fiat  in  Pelias). 

*  vi'-per-ess,  "  vi  -  per  -  esse,  s.     [Eng. 

viptr ;  -tss.]     A  female  viper. 

"  Purtiiidid  cunfesse, 
5Iy  sous  I  would  have  imyson'd.     ViptTetse  f 

Slapi/fti/it :  Juveiutt,  vL  OTS. 

vi-per'-i-dao,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  viper{a); 
Lat.  fi-ni.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida:.] 

1.  Zool. :  True  Vipers  ;  a  family  of  Viperina 
(q.v.),  distinguished  frpm  the  Crotalidse  (Pit 
Vipers)  by  the  absence  of  any  depression  be- 
tween the  eyes  and  nostrils.  They  are  espe- 
cially characteristic  <if  the  Pala-arctic  ami 
Ethiopian  regions,  only  one  species  being 
found  over  a  lurge  pait  of  the  Oriental  region, 
and  another  reaching  Central  India.  They 
are  very  abundant  in  Africa  arid  on  the 
Palajaretic  tonlines  of  south-westeni  Asia. 
The  Common  Viper  ranges  across  the  whole 
PaUearctic  region,  from  Portugal  tu  Saghalieu 


boU,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  f. 
-cian.    tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun;  -|ion,  -sion  =  y^^Hn     -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  iic.  —  bel,  deL 


4M 


viperiform— virginal 


Klaiiil.  i.ii.liinx  iJT'  S.  ill  Siamliimvia  nnil 
>'  N.  ill  SiUTin.  S.uiif  uullioritii'a  iiicliule 
ilif  evnui  Acaiitliopliis  in  this  fnuiily,  wliicli 
WMiiM  tllvli  bf  ivpivwntfl  ill  tin'  Austniliali 
rrj;i"ii  ;  •■tlii-ra  Iraiiafir  it  to  the  EInpiilu'. 
Walliiw,  rollowiiij!  8trau.il,  puta  tlm  geiiiTO 
i>t  ttirw  0'i|Kra,  Ecliis,  ami  Athviis),  ami  tlif 
.•.|Kri.-s  at  twfiity-two  ;  Guntlier  aiMs  Dalwia 
ami  OrasL's,  wlii.h  ar  soiiictinies  treated 
.11  .sub-i^euora. 

2.  I'aliroiit. :  An  extinct  si»ecie8  of  Tiui- 
Vii>.  r  lias  occurnnl  in  the  31iijceiie  of  FraiK'e. 

viper -i-form*  <i.  [Moil.  I-at.  t't^K-Ai,  ami 
l^;(./,.uiii  =sliape,  appearance.]  Haviuv;  the 
tjim  .if  a  viper;  viperinc:  B.s,  iHixriforin 
makes.    (Z>iincnn,  in  CassctVs  i^'«^  Jtist.,  iv. 

.AKI.) 

Ti  per  i  -na,  ■>.  pt.    IViperise.) 

/  ■  '.  :  A  synonym  of  Solenoglypliia  Oj.v.). 

vi  per  ine,  «.  &  ».  [Lat.  viptrinus  =  of  or 
i--N.ri;:Mi>;  t4)a  viper  (q.v.)  or  snake.] 

A.  AsaJj. :  IVrtaininK  toaviiwrorvipei-s; 
-jiecif.,  iK'lunKiiiK  to  or  liaviTi;;  the  character- 
-itics  of  tUe  bolenoglyphia  (q.v.). 

B.  Assubsl. :  Any  individual  of  the  Vipeiiiia 
(■i.v.). 

•■  It  difft-ri  fi"in  othpr  Vipfrini-*  lii  having  tlie 
i-..^i»ii-t-uiK  tM'iiiiauciitly  vtvci.'— Encyc.  ttrit.  (e.i. 
'  th'.  ixil.  15*. 

vipozine -snakes, ^.pl.  [Solenoolyphia.j 

Tl  -per-ish,  «.  [Eiig.  riper ;  -ish.]  Soine- 
wliat  \  ii'rious  or  iiiiilij^uiinl. 

vi-per-ous,  '  vi  per  ouse, ".  [Kng.  vipa-; 
-.]     Haviii;.:  Mir  mMliliis  or  iiatui'e  of  a 
■.  ijitr;  niali^iaiit,  venomous. 

■'  Tlir  c'lptfrotu  toiigue,  auJ  the  white  Hvtr  of  J:ick 
Aovt.'—Macaulag  :  Hist.  £itff.,  ch.  xxv. 

Ti  -per-ous-lj^,  *■  vi-per-ous-lie,  wh*. 

[En;;,  rifierviis;  -ly.]  In  a  viiieiousor  malig- 
nant manner. 

"  HkuIiib  Buoketi  lu  iiinliuioiulie  ii  viperoustie  as  he 
inighL  —Soliiished :  JUrhard  li.  (an.  Wt'A. 

'Tippe,  ■••.     [Etyin.  doubtful.] 
Lot.:  I'i  litis  sylvestris. 

•  vir-ai-giii'-i-an,  a.    [Lat.  virafjo,  genit. 

iira/finia  ^  a  virago  (q-v.).]  Having  the 
'[(lalities,  nature,  or  disijosition  of  a  virago. 

■'  Hi*  itlij  conversation  itiiioii);  the  vlraijinian  trol- 
:o\is.  —Milton  :  Apologiffor  :imecfi/mnuiu,  S  6. 

'  vir-a-gin'-i-ty,  s.  [VmAnisiAN.]  Tln^ 
■  I'lalities,  nature,  or  characteristics  of  a  virago. 

vi-ra'-go,  ;■.     [Lat-.  *"'''^'"  i'ii-/?o  (q.v.).] 

'  1.  A  woman  of  masculine  stature,  strength, 
r.iiil  coui^age ;  a  woman  who  has  the  robust 
body  and  masculine  mind  of  a  man  ;  a  female 
warrior. 

"  To  nniis  :  to  anna  !  the  tierce  virago  cries." 

Pope :  /iape  of  the  Lock,  v.  37. 

2.  A  bold,  impudent,  turbulent  woman  ;  a 
:» imagant. 

'  vire,  ^-J.  [O.  Fr.  —  an  arrow  for  a  cross-bow, 
from  (*trcr=  to  turn,  to  veer;  Si».  t'tra  =  a 
kiml  of  light  dart.]  [Vireton.]  A  barbed 
arrow  for  the  cross-bow  ;  a  cjuarrel. 

"  Aait  vire 
Which  flieth  out  of  jv  mighty  bowe." 

Uower:  C.  A.,  bk.  ii. 

^vire,  r.i.    IFr.  vb-€r.\    To  veer,  to  turn. 

"  vir'-€-lay,  s.  [Fr.  virdai,  from  rtrfr=to 
■urn,  and  tai  =  a  song.]  An  ancient  Frencli 
song  or  short  poem,  always  in  short  lines  of 
seven  or  iHglit  syllables,  and  wholly  in  two 
rhymes  witli  a  retrain. 

•'  The  biind  of  flut«3  bepin  to  play. 
To  which  a  lady  suuga  viretu//." 

Drydcn :  Flower  A  Leaf,  3G5. 

*  vir  -ent,  a.  [Lat.  virais,  pr.  par.  of  vii'eo  = 
lo  be  green.]  Green,  verdant,  fresh ;  not 
fa'lefl  or  withered.  (Browne:  Vulgar  Errours, 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  vi.) 

Tir'-c-O,  s.     [Lat.  =an  unidentified  bird,  per- 
Iiaps  the  greenlinch.] 
Ornithology: 

1.  Tlie  type-genus  of  Vireonidse  (q.v.),  with 
'•urt^en  species,  ranging  over  central  America 
.md  the  Antilles  to  Canada.  Bill  .stout, 
scarcely  compressed,  sub-cylindrical. 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  family  Vireonidie 
(--v.). 

"  The  song  of  the  male,  as  I  liave  heard  it,  hears  iio 
T'-sfeintilance  to  that  of  luiy  other  I'iren."— /laird, 
brrwrr,  *  lUd^ioay  :  North  A  nn-riran  Birds,  i.  2'1>. 


VIREO  OLIVACEUS. 


vir-e-o'-ni-dsa,  N. />/■  IMod.  Lat.  cir^o,  genit. 

virt»n{is);   l>at.  fcni.  pi.  a-ij.  sutV.  -u/d'.J 

ih-nith,:  Greonlets;  a  family  of  small  tly- 
CJttehing  PiisHcrine  Hiids,  witli  seven  genera 
and  sixty  species,  restricted  to  the  American 
con  tinent, 
where  they 
range  from 
Puiiiguay  to 
t'liiiada.  Bill 
t'onical,  much 
(M)iuj>ressed, 
decurved  at 
end.  and 
iiotehed,  but 
H  c  a  r  c  e  1  > 
t  o  o  t  h  e  il  ; 
frontal  fea- 
thers bristly 
and  erect,  or 
b  e  n  t  but 
slightly  for- 
ward ;  nostrils  overhung  by  membrane  ;  ten 
])riuiaries  ;  tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe  and 
claw;  lateral  toes  genei-ally  unequal,  outer 
claw  reaching  half-way  along  middle  claw. 

Vir-e-6-sJrr-vi-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  vtreo,  aul 
sijlvia  (q.v.).] 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Vireonidfe,  with  tbir- 
ttfji  species,  rangingfroni  Venezuela  to  Mexico, 
the  Antilles,  the  Eastern  St-ates,  and  Canada. 
Bill  compressed,  narrow,  culnien  and  com- 
missure straight,  tip  abruptly  curved.  Vireu- 
stflvia  olifftceiis,  the  Red-eyed  Greenlet,  or 
Vireo,  has  occurred  twice  in  Derbyshire. 
{Mnskn:  Sat,  Hist.  o/Tutbury,  p.  385). 

Vi-res'-9en9e,  s.     [Eng.  virescen{t);  -ce.] 

liot.  (Of  a  plant):  The  act  or  stite  of  grow- 
ing green  by  the  development  of  chlorophyll. 

vi-res'-cent,  o.     [Lat.  virescens,  pr.  par.  of 
vinsco  =  to  grow  green,  incept,  from  inreo  = 
to  be  green.] 
Botany : 

1.  Green,  flourishing. 

2.  Ai)proacliing  green  in  colour,  of  a  shade 
of  clear  green  not  so  briglit  as  grass-green. 

vire'-ton,  >;.  [Fr.,  from  i-irer  =  to  turn,  to 
\>-i-v  ('i.v.).]  A  species  of  arrow  or  quarrel, 
spirutly  winged  with  bra.ss,  so  as  to  give  it  a 
whiiliiig  motion  when  shot  from  the  cross-bow. 

vir'-ga,  s.    [ViBGE.l 

t  vir -gal,  ('.  [Lat.  virga  =&  rod,  a  switch.] 
Made  oV  twigs. 

"Cioqueniitiine  and  his  frightful  spouse  flourish 
their  virdai  sceptres." — 0.  A.  Sola  :  Atnerica  HePisitfd, 
ii.  37. 

vir'-ga-lo6,  s.    [Virgoleuse.] 

'  vir'-g^te,  '^.  [Lat.  virga  =  a  rod  ;  in  Low 
Lat.  a  nieasuie  of  land  ;  cf.  Eng.  rod  and  ])ole.] 
A  yard  of  land  (q.v.). 

"  Elizabeth  Montacute.  .  , possessed llnept/v7.Irfl,^bo^lt 
the  year  laW— 7".  Wartvii :  Hist.  Kiddingion,  p.  4o. 

vir'-gate,  vir-gat'-ed.  «.     [Lat.    vlrgatiis 
=  nia'de  of  twigs  ;  virga  =  a  rod.] 
Bot.  :  Twiggy;  producing  many  twigs. 

■  virge,  ii;.  [Lat.  virga  =  a.Tod.]  A  mace;  a 
wand  of  oftice. 


'  vir'-ger,  s.    [Verger.] 

vir-gil'-i-a,  s.  [Named  after  the  Latin  poet 
Virgil,  B.C.*  70-19,  whose  Georgics  contain  ob- 
servations interesting  to  botanists.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Sophores.  Calyx  un- 
equally tive-toothed ;  two  lower  petals  com- 
bined from  the  middle  to  tlie  tip,  and  curved 
like  a  beak ;  stamens  ten,  free ;  legumes 
leathery,  indehiscent.  Virgilia  cujiensis  is  a 
tree  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  high,  which  giows 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Its  wood  is  used 
for  yokes,  spars,  &c.,  but  it  is  liable  to  be 
attacked  by  worms. 

Vir-gil'-i-an,  a.    [See  def.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Maro  Pnblius  Virgilius 
(Virgil),  the  I^tiu  poet,  born  about  B.C.  70, 
died  B.r.  19. 

2.  Resembling  or  in  the  style  of  Virgil. 
vir'-gin,    vlr-gine,*vep-gyn,*vlr-gyn, 

s.  &  u.  (O.  Fr.  virgine(Fi\  vier-ge),  fi-om  Lat. 
rirgln^.m,  accus.  of  virgo=  a  virgin  ;  Sj).  vir- 
ge n  ;  Port,  virgem  ;  Ital.  virginc,  ivrgine.] 


A.  Ai  ^-iihstaiUife: 

*  1.  A  mail  who  has  preservetl  bis  chastity. 

"Thi^-  is  Jon  eiianeeliflt  ooii  of  thfi  iliwlpUit  of  t)ie 
Lord,  the  which  \Rnvtri/i/iivUoviuoHiMl.''—n't/vliffe: 
/'i-.r.  to  Jon. 

2.  A  woman  who  has  preserved  her  chastity  ; 
a  maiden  of  inviolate  chastity. 

■"Tlie  dniiihet  was  very  fivir  and  a  ricy*/!."— ffc/»^«*i 
\\i\.  10, 

3.  An  insect  producing  eggs  from  which 
young  come  forth,  though  there  has  been  no 
ji'cundationby  the  male.  [Parthenoqenksis.) 

1.  The  sign  or  constellation  Virgo  (q.\'.). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pure,  chaste,  undefiled. 

■  I'arrioii.  goditesn  of  the  night, 
TlioiW  that  blew  thy  oir-jm  knit'ht." 

.Shitkesi'. :  Miu-h  Ado.  \    '■■. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  virgin  ;  becoming  a  virgin ; 
maidenly,  modest. 

"  Ros«il  over  with  the  virgin  criin&oii  •f  modesty. ' 
Shakesp.:  Henry  Y.,  s .  2. 

3.  Untouched,  unsullied,  fresh,  new,  un- 
mixed. 

"I  h:»\>'  fiiuiid  pirgin  enith  iu  the  peat-niavshi!.  of 
(  lir.-liiif,  ■—  tyoudwttrd. 

1.  Unsullied,  pure. 

■■  The  white  cold  virgin  snow  ui>on  my  heart," 

ti/tctkeip.  :  Tempest,  iv. 

'  .5.  Undelivered;  not  yet  a  mother. 
"  Ceres  iu  her  prime, 
Yet  virgin  of  Proserpina  from  .Tove." 

Milton:  P.  I..  i\   :!!>5. 

"0.  Pure,  uncoloxu'ed. 

'■  The  virgin  lillie  aud  the  primrose  true. ' 

Spenser:  Kpithalnuiion, 

I  Th':  Virgin,  Tht  Blessed  Virgin  :  The 
Vii^'iti  Mary,  the  mutlur  of  Our  Lord. 

virgin-bom,  «.      Born  of  a  virgin.    (Ap- 

pli.^d  to  Oui  Lord.) 

'virgin-knot,.^.  Maidenly  cbaslity  in 
allusion  to  the  girdle  worn  by  Greek  .nid 
Roman  virgins  when  of  marriageable  age. 
(Shah:sp. :  Tempest,  iv.  L) 

virgin-oil,  5.  The  substance  which  flows 
lirM  froia  the  pulp  of  the  ripe  juice  of  tlie 
nliv  wh'jii  expressed.    (Ogilvie.) 

virgin- worship,  s.    Mariolatry  (q.v.), 

"  My  husiiif^s  is  to  copy  that  omiasiuu,  as  I  til Id 

ill  llie  oi'iKisite  c.ise  have  copied  the  iiitrodui'tiun  xf 
iirgm-ifHirship  into  the  original  tale."— C  Kingsh-y  : 
Si'titf's  Tragedy.     (Illtrod.) 

virgin's  bower,  s, 

Jk-t. :  Clematis  Vit'dfxt,  C.  Flammul'i,  anil 
stiNi''  other  species  of  the  same  genus, 

virgin's   "•*^^>r.   5,     A  cosmetic,  one  in- 

mc'li'z'iit  ol'  which  is  benzoin. 

virgin's  tree,  .•;. 

Jl'  '.  :   <t('<s(i/rasFarth€no.nilon. 


[SASSAl-itVW.J 

To    play    the 


vir-gin,     ■,(.      [Virgin,  ^\] 
virgin;  to  be  or  remain  chastti 

"My  true  lip 
y.'ii  ti   'irgin'd  it  eer  since." 

fi'hahesp. :  Coriolmins,  v.  :;. 

vir'-gin-al,  vir'-gin-aU,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  rir- 
giiioJ,  iVum  Lat.  virginali^,  from  ytrjo,  genit. 
rirginis  =.  a  virgin.] 

'  A.  As  mlj. :   Pertaining  to  or  becoming  a 
vij  gin  ;  pure,  chaste,  maidenly. 

"  Where  Kentle  coiir4  and  gracious  delight 
She  to  tliem  made  with  inildn&ssv  virgiimU." 
fipenser:  l\  Q.,  II,  ix,  20. 

B.  As  substantive : 

,l/(wi'.- :  A  stringed  instrument  played  by 
means  of  a  key- 
bi.,ard,    like    the 
modern     piano- 
forte.    It    was 
in  form  like  a 
box,  or  desk  of 
wood  without 
legs    or   sup- 
ports, and 


VIROINAI- 


was  usually  placed  upon  a  table  or  stand.  The 
strings  weie  of  met^d,  one  for  each  nnte,  ;uid 
the   -^'v:nil  was  made  by  means  of  picce.s  of 


fete,  fat,  lire,  amidst,  what,  fSll,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pme,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,     se,  oe  ^  e;  ey  «=  a:  qu  =  kw. 


virginal— virtual 


405 


.uill,  wliiileboiie,  leather,  or  occHsioimlly 
.  laslic  iiictAl,  .itta':hc(l  to  slips  of  wood  Ciilled 
■■jarks,"  wliich  were  providcl  with  im-tal 
viiviiiys.  The  oomjuss  was  about  tlivpi'  oc- 
•;'[v.'s.  The  vivi^inul  was  a  kind  of  ubloiii; 
^I'imiot,  and  the  i>recursor  of  the  harpsichord, 
iiitw  suiierseJed  by  the  pianoforte.  Th'-  torni 
fi,-fjinah,&  \n\ir  of  eiigianls,  is  an  old  dual 
{a'i  in  oi-gitns,  retjitls,  a  pair  of  orifans)  si^nify- 
itijjasi-ailuation  or  seijueuee.    (Cf.  «  jx^ur  <]f 

*rir-gin-al,  '■.''.  [Vircinai.,  s.]  To  tap  ur 
,  ;,•  ;  to  strike  as  on  a  virginal. 

"Still  iur<iiniiUiiiff 
r|K,„  his  i«lii.."         .ViaAryi.  ;    Winfrrs  T'tlc,  1-  2. 

'  vir  -gin  hood, '  vir  -gin-head,  «.  [Eng. 
:-..iiu;  -loj-Zi,  'hMil]  The  condition  of  a 
vii^'in ;  virginity. 

•■  But  tlioii,  my  cirl,  bow  will  thy  virghihcod 
0-jiicluile  itself  hi  nKirriape  fittiimly  ¥  ' 

/:.  troicitiny  :  B'datution'i  Advetititre. 

Vir  gin'-i-a,  .'>■-  [Lat.  vii-f}O^Q&\\\t,virglnis  = 
,*  uiijin,  ill  lionour  of  Queen  Elizabeth  of 
-Kn-landOJJS-1003).] 

1.  One  of  the  states  of  Xortli  America. 

i>.  A  largely-used  kind  of  tobacco,  grown 
:iiid  nuinufactured  in  Virginia. 

X  .Utron.:  [Asteroid,  60]. 

Virginia-rose,  s. 

l-'t. :  li'pini'.s  luOnis. 

Vir  gin'-i-an,  «.  &  v-^.    [See  dcf.] 

A,  .U  niij.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  state  of 
Vii,c;inia. 

B,  As  suhst, :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
V:i:;tnia. 

Virginian-creeper,  ^. 

/.-',.•     Ahipeloji^^i.^    h'\lt:mi:€a,    a    shrubby 
jul'cr;  eull<-d  also  the  American  Joy. 

Virginian-deer,  ^. 

/.<i'jL :  t'trcns  cirglaiacus,  the  "common" 
.h-rr  of  North  Anieriea.  It  is  slightly  smalk-r 
Than  the  Fallow  Deer  (q.v.);  reddish-yellow 
:n  sunniier,  light  gray  in  winter  ;  antJers 
'iii-ervine;  tail  about  a  foot  and  a  half  long. 
■J'h''se  deer  are  timid  and  wild,  and  therefore 
•  loitiesticated  with  difficulty.  Their  flesh 
'..inierly  constituted  the  staple  food  of  the 
■.'.;itive  Indians. 

Virginian  eared-owl,  s. 

"iKtfh.:  I'vAf)  virguiMUKs,  ii  large  species 
-■.iiiiinon  lAcr  tlie  northern  states  of  the  Ameri- 
can Union.  Lergtli  about  two  feet;  reddish- 
lii'iiwn  on  upper  surface,  mottled  with  blaek, 
-.uid  covered  with  regular  bands  of  the  same 
htic,  lighter  beneath;  throat  white;  beak 
iuid  chaws  black. 

Virginian-hemp,  s. 

/;-.'. ;  .!<',(('/(i  '^luinabina.     [AcsiDA.] 

Virginian-opossum,  s. 

,;.«•/. :  Di'J''li->hiis  ciriiinMinuii,  the  Common 
I  ijuissrun.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a  domestic 
■;,t  ;  liiMd  long,  lar;;e,  and  pointed,  ending  in 
a  iiak.-il  snout.  Hair  long,  soft,  and  woolly, 
uiiiiisli  at  the  r«»ts  and  brownish  at  the  tips, 
Jiving  the  animal  a  du^ky  appearance. 

Virginian-poke,  -. 

ii'-'. :  I'h'jtuh'O-a  i!rr».,n{,-a.     [PhvTOLACCA.] 

Virginian-poplar,  .9. 

i::-r. :  The  genus  Liri»xlendron  (q.v.). 
Virginian-quail,  &-. 

",iiifji.:0rt'j.c  i-ii'fnidanKs;  ranging  from 
i'anada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Plumage  red- 
.ii>]i  brown  above,  whitish  yellow  beneath, 
:.i;iil:ed  with  darker  shades;  a  white  and  a 
bla<-k  band  arross  the  brow,  white  patch  on 
I  111-  throat.     Length  about  nine  inches. 

Virginian-sSlk,  >. 

'; .'.  ;  /''■'  />/'«.v.  fjnr.v.     [Periploca.] 

Virginian  snake -root,  s. 

': .'. ;  l'''l!i[i<''"-  -^'.ii'iji'.     [Senega.] 
Virginian-Stock,  >-. 
Hot. :  Mt'.h-oliiiU'.  tiiarttiiiw,  a  crucifer  with 
violt-t  flowers  gi'owing  in  the  south  of  Europe. 

vir-gin'-lC,  ".  (Eng.  ilrgin(Uin);  -k.]  (See 
ifl.  uf  couipotuid.) 

virginic-acid,  &-. 

'  !'•  lit. :  A  reddish-yellow  oil  obtained  by 
luat  in;;  lln-  fat-oil  of  the  Virginian  senega-ront 
•o  \HW.     It  has  a  strong  odour,  and  a  sharp 


t;isti\  is  insoluble   in   wattt,   bii*    soluble  in 
al'.-ohol  and  ether. 

vir  gin  i-tj?,  *  vlr-gin-i-tee.  '  virgin- 
i-tie,  >".  |Fr.  viiginitCy  fiom  Lid.  virtiini- 
;.''<  (It,  ac«'us.  of  /in/unfa*',  from  rui/ii,  gtinit. 
i-irglnis  =a  virgin.]  The  statf  or  condition 
of  a  virgin;  virginhood;  inviolate  chastity; 
iiiaidenhoiwL 


■  vir'-gin-l^,  n.  [Kng.  rtrj/id; -/y.]  Befitting 
or  hi-condng  a  virgin  ;  maidenly. 

■'  I'd  W'f  the  enclosure  mill  tnbeniacle  i>(  the  virginly 
cli;«titU-."— ('((«/  -■  Luke  xxiv. 

vir' -go,  ■<.    [Lat.  =a  virgin.] 

Aairoit. :  The  Virgin  :  (1)  One  of  the  twelve 
ancient  zodiacal  constellations.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Bootes  and  Coma  Beren- 
ii'-'s ;  on  the  south  by  Corvus,  Ci-atur, 
and  Hydra.  Its  principal  star,  oVirginis,  is 
L'ulled  Vs])ica  Viiginis  (q.v.),  or  simply  Spica. 
It,  is  iu  the  hand  of  the  imaginary  virgin 
which  holds  ears  of  corn,  typifying  the  har- 
vest wliich  took  place  in  Greece  while  the 
sun  passed  through  this  part  of  the  ecliptic. 
i(L')].  The  next  most  remarkable  star  in 
Virgo  is  Vindomiatrix  (q.v.).  (U)  The  sixth 
si-n  of  Mm!  zo<liac  (tip).  The  sun  enters  it 
about  An-.  '2;i,  and  leaves  it  about  Sept.  23. 

virgo-intacta,  phr. 
L-if :  A  pure  virgin. 

vir'-go-leuse,  s.  [Fr.  virgoukiisc,  from  Vir- 
goulee,  a  village  neai-  Limoges  in  Fran.-e.]  A 
variety  of  i>ear  ;  the  virgaloo. 

Vxr-gU-lar'-l-a,  s.  [Lat.  cirgHla-a.  little 
rod.]' 

/W.:  A  ;;einis  of  Pennatulidfe(q.v.).  Shaft 
•■longate.  slender,  naked  below,  pinnated 
above.     Pinnie  small,  unarmed. 

^  vir'-gule,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vlrguJa  =(1)  a 
little  rod,  (2)  a  critical  or  accentual  mark, 
dimin.  from  virga  =  a  rod.]    A  comma. 

'■  111  the  MS9.  r>f  Chaucer  the  line  is  Jilwaya  broken 
l>y  .1  cxesiinv  in  the  middle,  which  is  pointed  liy  s  vh- 
•juler—NaUam  :  Lit.  of  Jtiddle  Ayvs,  i.  593. 


vir  gul'-tate. 


[ViRCULE.]    Rod -shaped. 


vir-giil'-tum,  s.     [Lat.,  contract  from  virgu- 
}>'tin,i  =  a  bnsli,  a  thicket,  from  rirgnhi  =  a 
small  wand.] 
J!of. :  A  voung  slender  branch  of  a  tree  or 

shrnb. 

Vir'-id,  '^.    [Lat.  viridiSj  from  r((t'o  =  to  be 
green.]    Green,  verdant, 

"  The  virid  ninrjarani."         Crompton.     I  Wtbster.  I 

*  vir-i-de8'-9en9e,  s.  [Eng.  ciiiikscen(t) ; 
■r>:]   The  .[uality  or  state  of  being  viridescent. 

vir-i-des'-^ent,  n.    [Lat.  L-t/'irf(5  =  green.] 
Slightly  green ;  greenish. 

vi-rid'-ic,  o.  [Lat.  oli'id(is)  =  green  ;  suff.  -ic] 
Green.     (^See  compound.) 

viridic-acid,  s. 

Chnn. :  Produced  by  oxidation  of  caffeo- 
tannii;  acid  in  presence  of  ammonia.  The 
■;ieen  colour  formed  is  precipitated  by  a  salt 
of  lead,  and  the  lea<l  compound  decomposed 
witlisniphydric-acid.  On  evaporation  it  forms 
agrcen  anmrphous  mass,  very  soluble  in  water. 

vir'-i-^ui,  s.  I  Lai.  t.'ir£(?(is)=  green  ;  suff. 
■ill.]    ICHLoiiornvM,.] 

vir'-i-dine,  ■>■.       [Lat.  ;-tciff(ts)=  gi^en  ;  snfi'. 

-ine.\ 

Chem. :  Ci-^UigN.  A  member  of  the  pyj-idine 
group  of  organic  Imses  obtained  from  coal-tar 
and  distinguished  by  their  int^)lerable  odour. 
Boiling  point,  S^O^l'sp.  gr.  =:1'017.  Is  slightly 
soluble  in  water,  easily  iu  alcohol  and  ^■tller. 

Yjj.'_i_(lite,  ^■.  [Lat,  i;ii'a((i«)  =  gi'een  ;  suff. 
■iteiMiii.).} 

Mill. :  A  name  given  by  Vogelsang  to  the 
green  decomposition  products  found  in  many 
rocks,  which  are  essentially  hydrated  silicates 
of  protoxide  of  iron  and  magnesia. 

"  vi-rid'-i-ty,  s.  [Lat.  ririditfi-'i,  from  i-lriili< 
=  green.)  Greenness,  verdure;  the  colour  of 
fresh  vegetation  ;  freshness. 

"The  nniile  nmintfiiiieth  it  selfe  lonRest  in  viridlt// 
riiid  \  igor.  ot  uU  ytlier  fruits.—/*.  a»lland    Piutarch, 


*  vir'-id-ness,  s.  [Eng,  virUl;  -iic&s.]  Virid- 
ity, gl■t■■■llIU■S^, 

vir' -lie,  vir '-He,  y.   [Fr.  yiri(  =  virile,  manly, 

from  I-it.  ciiUis,  from  cir=.&  man,  ft  hero; 
(•o;4n.  w  ith  Gr.  tjpwy  (fttrus,  for  t*rr6s)=  alieru  ; 
^SaItsc.  (•urt=  a  hero,  heroic  ;  Zend.  i;iitt  =  Ji 
hem;  Irish/t(ir  =  a  man;  Goth,  ust'tr;  A.S. 
i'vr;  O.  H.  Ger.  it'cr.]    (VinTur-J 

\.  IVrtaining  to  a  man  as  opposed  to  a 
woman  ;  bidonging  to  the  male  sex. 

"  If  there  \k,  any  ch;4riu  to  overcoitie  lunn  Aiid  aU  hii 
r'lrUe  virtues,  "th  woimui  th»t  dow  affect  it  ■'—>*«/(- 
hiun :  ItiSfjourse  on  Luke  xiv.  20. 

2.  Pertaining  to  procreation  ;  procreativt;. 

"The  knot  which  dHiilitat^-d  and  enferhli^  hi« 
I'irilc  inclliiiitionH.'— /'.  Jii-:aut :  Ureik  *  Armtniiin 
Vhnrrhvs,  \>.  ai4. 

3.  Becoming  or  oharaeteristii-  of  a  man  ; 
maseuline,  manly  ;  not  puerile  or  effeminate;. 

"His  instrument  hroke  for  want  of  .-i  firm  anil  even 
linnd  to  u<ie  it— It.  nirih\  devote^I  niAftt«r  to  i)rul<mK  tht> 
>itr:i\i\.  —S'-ribiicr's  Ma'jaiint.  May.  1680,  ii.  I2<. 

vir-il-es'-9en9e, -9.     [Lat.  yiriits  =  virile.] 
Mc'K:  That  condition  in  an  aged   woman 
when  slie  assumes  certain  of  the  » Jiaiactei- 
isties  of  the  man.     (DnnglUun.) 

•^  vi-ril'-i-tSr,  s.  [Fr.  firifif?,  [from  T>at,  ■ 
r(r(7(7«(ffiji,  accus.  of  cirilitus,  from  viiili$=- 
virile  0|. v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  virile; 
manhood;  the  state  of  one  of  the  male  sex 
who  has  arrived  at  the  maturity  and  strength 
of  a  man  and  has  the  power  of  procreation. 

2.  The  power  of  ]»rocr«fation  ;  the  organs  of 
procreation. 

"  For  i'.iatr.'\te«l  animiila  iii  every  "iiwciea  lire  longer 
live*l  tlian  tbey  which  retamed  their  vintirla."— 
lir'uvne :  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  iii.,  lIi.  ix. 

3.  Character,  conduct,  or  habits  of  a  man  ; 
masculine  conduct  or  action. 

'■  The  Iftdy  nmde  generous  advances  to  the  l-onlers  of 
virility."— Juhieson :  /I'lmtUr. 

i.  Manly  appearance. 

"  Yet  rould  they  never  ohwrve  aud  keep  the  iiriliti/ 
of  visage,  ftutl  lyoidike  look  of  his  [Alexnuderl"— 
/>.  U.jll-iml:  Plutarch.  \>,  1,038. 

*  vi-rip'-O-tent,  ".  [Lat.  etc,  genit.  fu  i—  a 
man,  aud  fi--tnis,  genit.  jx)t€nt is  =  a.\i\e,  jiotent 
(n.v.),]     Fit  for  a  husband ;  mamageable. 

"  He  would  not  sulTer  his  noiiae  to  marrie  hir,  being 
not  of  ripe  yeftres  nor  niripoteut  or  luariable,'— //oii;i- 
slu-il:  Ilenrii  11.  (lui.  lUV). 

*  vir-mil-ion,  5.  &  a.    [Vermiliox.J  * 

vi-role',  s'.  [Fr.,  from  ciixr  =  Xo  turn,  to 
veer.] 

Ihw.  :  The  hoop,  ring,  or  inoutlipiece  of  the 
bugle  i>r  hunting-horn. 

vi-roled ,  vi-roUed',  «.   [Eng.  vlrolie) ;  -ea.] 
Uni:  :  Api'lied  to  the  garnishings  of  the 
bugle-liorn,   being  the  rings  or  rims   which 
surround  it  at  various  parts. 

v'ir'-6se,  ".  [Lat.  virosiiSt  from  vims  =  poison, 
virus.  I 
■  \.  Oi-d.  Lang. :  Poisonous. 
2,  Bot. :  Emitting  a  fetid  odour. 


vir-tu. 


[Vf.ktu.1 


vir'-tu-al,  «.  (Fr.  I'lHitely  as  if  from  a  LaL 
rii-tualis,  from  i'ir(t(s  =  virtue  (f].v.);  Hp.  & 
Poi't.  viitnal;  Ital.  olrtuak.] 

1,  Having  the  powerof  acting  grof  invisible 
efficacy  without  the  material  or  sensible  jiart ; 
proceeding  from  or  characterized  by  trans- 
ference of  virtue,  that  is,  force,  energy,  or  in- 
fluence. 


2.  Being  in  essence  or  eft'ect.  not  in  fact ; 
not  actual,  but  equivalent,  so  far  as  ettect  is 
eoncerned. 

"  It  •.'lutatns  u)l :  not  only  iu  general,  but  in  ^|>eci.-tl ; 
not  only  ciifuaf,  but  actual. "—Ajii.  Tai/tor :  Diama- 
sirrfrti'it  I'-'y.ri/,  J  a. 

*  3.  Potential. 

"  ( •!iu«-i-8  t-ither  real  or  virtual."—  iraterliud  n'orkt. 
iv.  41-;. 

virtual-focus,  ->-. 

Opti'--; :  The  point  from  which  rays  which 
havt'  lK*eu  r'.inlere<t  divergent  by  reMt-ction  or 
rt'fraetioii  appear  to  issue. 

virtual -force,  ^-. 

I'h;isi.--<:  A  potential  force;  a  force  which, 
if  exerted,  would  be  capable  of  producing 
certain  effi-i-tv,  as  distinguished  (rom  onu 
actually  in  op-jration. 


boil,  b^;  pout,  j^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9liin,  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  'tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin ;  -tion,  -fion  =  *h""     -cious,  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.     ble,    die,  &c.  =  hel,  dcL 


virtuality— vis 


virtual' Imago, 


I.ttlre  to  th^  .Urrotion  of 
'i-<\>rtllii£  M  til*  r»vi(  iJUt 
■  T  dtv«rK«iit-     111  t)»!i  ttnt 


, .  .xhu'iilo  ill  the  MiiiA  iMillit. 

(  ■  .-t  iw  1(  tho  rays  iinwroleil 

(I  ,1  t  I  j.iiiiv  ill. I  \:  -..•  all  iiiin);e.  But  tin-  liiiiitir 
Im<  mi<  rMU  vTljilriu'V.  tlif>  luiiiiliuui'  rn>»  do  Hot  vuiuv 
(rxiii  tln-«Ui<T»UU'tif  llipiiilm>r;  this  R|»|>e*nnici*  Is 
.-.IliHl  ttn-  rirtuni  im.i^f.  The  iiiiiwM  tit  n,--*!  olijtvta 
iin-(ii*\^l  liy  vltnr  mtm>r«  i»rv  of  tlils  kind."— Wtiitof .' 
>•^.•^^^(«i,  .(ainrm),  }  NJti. 

virtual  velocity,  ■<-. 

ilnii.  :  Tin-  vi-lMi-Uy  which  a  l>«»ly  in  eqni- 
litiHiitn  would  nctiiiilly  ai-qxiirv  during  tht* 
rn>t  instant  i>f  iU  iin'tion  in  rase  of  the  eiiui- 
liliriinii  beliv-'  dis(«rl»o»l.  The  i'rop4>«ition 
known  ns  thf  Piiiicipk-  of  Viitiml  Vekwitits 
is  IhuN  sMUhI  : 

'■.>ui.|HKv  .■»  dV^lcm  uf  f.trcei*  in  wi>>ilibriiiiii.  mid 
in., Kin.-  tlir  i«.liil»  ».f  «i.i«lioMtiuu  of  tlie  force  t». 
uudiivo  very  Bllif lit diBi'lHiviiifiiU.  Uuii  tlit'filcoumiciU 
Mini  .i(  Ihv  iinxlm-tn  t'f  Mich  f.n>-e  into  it»  virtuiil 
\«l.»i-ity  vimi»li«i;  itiid.  txmvorwjly.  If  thi»  «"m  vn- 
ni«lio>  ft>r  Kit  iKt*»ft<lr  dU|iUc«iueut3.  the  8>-at«iu  of 
IvMN^  l»  III  f^iuHll'tiiim.' 
SiiliIMwo  that  A  is  the  point  of  application  of 

a  force  r ;  troncoive  the  point  a  to  be  moved  in 

any  direction  to  a  new  position,  «,  at  a  very 

slight  distance,  and  from  <i  draw  a  perpen- 

<lieiilar,  a}\  on  the  line  of  action  of  the  force 

p;  then  Ai)isciiUetl  ^ 

thn  virtual  vehieily 

of  the  point  a  with         ^.^ 

TCSp<*Pt  to  thf  foree    h..^     I 

p;   and    tht-  c*>iu- **^ 

pU'l*'  plira^e  is  at 


P 


-^--P 


brpvinted,  sonu-linies  into  "the  virtual  vein- 
clly  of  the  ]H»int  a."  and  sometimes  into  *'thL- 
virtual  velocity  of  the  force  p."  The  virtual 
velocity  is  considered  to  be  positive  or  nega- 
tive aecording  as  j>  falls  in  the  direction  of  p 
or  in  the  opposite  direction.  Tiuis  in  the 
figure  the  virtual  velocity  is  positive,    (7'l((^ 

vir-tu-iil-i-ti^.    ver-tu-al-i-ty,  ^.    [Eng. 

ritiiiiti :  -it'j.] 

1.  The  qiuUity  or  state  of  beiug  virtual  or 
not  actual. 

'  2.  Potentiality ;  potential  existence. 

"So  ill uu* grain  of  tome  .  .  .  there  Heth  dormimt 
thir  *^it'tiialitii  ft  uinny  otlicr,"— Bi-otPrtf."  I'ltlguf  £y- 
.Y.if.-j.  hk.  vil"..  vli.  ti. 

vir  tu-ol-ly.  ■  ver  tu  ally.  odv.  [Eng. 
vrtiuil;  -hi.]  in  a  virtual  manner;  in  etfect 
or  officaey.  if  not  in  actuality  ;  in  effect 
t.!iou:^h  not  materially  ;  practically. 

•■The  He-Mti.'\li  m.v.  yet  rirlHolli/,  though  not  yet. 
toriKiraily.  .imi'iik-st  llieni."— Sector."  iiVrwwiM.  vol.  li.. 
»cr.  16. 

•  Vir'-tu-ate,  v.t.  lEng.  virtii{e);  -aU.]  To 
make  ettlcacious  ;  to  give  virtue  or  efficacy  t<i. 

"  Mcdf:«  lion  invokes  the>  GAith,  air?,  winds,  nioun- 
UuiiH.  Ac.  .-v«  I'itlier  iiroduclufi;  or  flrtuathiy  uiHi;icall 
iiiEfiilu'iit,'-'  —  iifimfy* ;  Ovul ;  MetmnitriihoMit  vii. 
(NVit<-.t 

vir-tue, "  vcr-tu, "  ver-tue»  *  ver-tew,  s. 

[Fr.  rertu,  from  Lat.  virtiUcm,  acciis.  of  virlus 
=  manly  excellence,  capacity,  worth;  from 
rn=amun;  Sp.  turturf;  Port,  lirtude;  Ital. 
v-:i:),  vrrtii.]    [Virile.] 

'  1.  Manly  strength  or  coui-age ;  bravery, 
va|oin-. 

■■Tru»t  to  thy  9iii((le  rirtuc'     SJiuXfsp,  :  tear.  v.  S. 

2.  Active  quality  or  iwwer ;  an  inherent 
power  ;  property  capable  of  producing  certain 
etfccts  :  strength,  force,  etlicacy.  (Frequently 
applied  iv  nii-dicinal  power  or  efficacy.) 

"  The  rjr-f  IK-  of  your  eye  must  brenk  my  oath." 
iihitke4t». :  Lore  a  Latxiur's  Lvit,  v.  'L 

*  3.  Secret  apeney ;  etlicacy.  without  visible 
or  maU-riul  action. 

"  She  moves  the  botly.  which  she  doth  iMxsse^  ; 
Yot  au  \K\i\.  toucheti).  but  by  rirfiitt'j  toucli." 

Dariea. 

'  4.  The  essence ;  the  very  substance  or 
best  i>art  of  a  thing. 

"  Pity  U  the  virtue  of  the  Inw." 

Shaketp. :  Timon,  lit.  &. 

•  5.  A  great  deed ;  a  mighty  work ;  a 
miracle, 

"Tluiunp  Jbe«u.<i  Idgiui  t*i  seye  repreef  to  citees  in 
whtchc  ful  luiuiy  r«rtii«  of  biui  wereu  dou."— iru- 
4Hfc  :  3/tilthete  \i.  2». 

6.  Moral  gooilness ;  the  practice  of  moral 
duties,  and  abstention  from  vice;  a  confor- 
mity of  life  and  conversation  to  the  moral 
law  ;  uprljthtness,  rectitude,  morality.  (Tlie 
opposite  of  xict-.) 

"Tfaf  fxeniiiL^r)'  desire  of  re^Iatiug  our  thoughts 
Mud  pursuita  by  risht  princlptes,  con.'itltutcs  rirttit.' 
—Cogan :  On  tht  Pattiont.  pt.  i..  cb.  ii. 


7.  A  i»artlcular  moral  excellence. 

"  Be  t^  her  ririuet  very  kind. 
\  Bv  to  her  fAUlt«  a  Itttle  blind." 

Prior  ■  KnffliMh  Padlock. 

8.  Specif.,  feiuale  purity  ;  chastity. 

•'  Aiijjelo  hitd  never  the  puri>0!te  to  corrupt  her ; 
only  he  hAth  iiiiulc  mi  iwnMiy  of  her  rirlitf.  —Snakeip. . 
Mft'iiiire  for  i/fii''urt;  Hi   1. 

1 9.  Any  good  quality,  merit,  or  accomplish- 
ment ;  any  excellence. 

"  I  can  »iin:,  weave,  new,  nud  dunce, 
With  other  virlurt.'        Shakvt/i.     I'erU^cs.  iv.  0. 

•  10.  *>ue  of  the  ordeis  of  the  celestial 
hierarchy.  They  aiv  gcuernlly  represented 
in  art  as'  angels  in  complete  armour,  I'caring 
pennons  and  battle-axes. 

■■  Hear,  nil  ve  Angels,  Progeny  of  Light. 
Tlironos.  Uoniiuatlons. PriucedoniN  >  irtuft.  Powers. 
Hilton:  P.  I...  V.  GOI. 

If  (1)  Otrdhxnl  virtues:  A  name  for  justice, 
prudence,  temperance,  and  fortitude. 

(2)  hi  virliie  of,  t  %  virlue  of:  By  or 
through  the  efficacy  or  authority. 

"  You  may  suspect  hiui. 
By  Pirtue  qf  your  offlt«,  to  bo  no  true  ui.ui." 

Stiakegp.  r  itiich  Ado,  111.  S. 

(3)  Screii  yrincipal  virtties:  [Sevex,  %  (0)]. 

(4)  Tiuological  virtues:  [Theological-vir- 
tues]. 

*  virtue  -  proof,   n.      Irresistible  in  or 

thiMugh  virtue. 

"  No  veil 

She  netileil.  Hrtur  proof.'       Milton:  P.  L..  v.  894. 

■  vir'-tued.  -.  lEng.  virinie):  -ed.\  Endued 
with  soiiir  power  or  virtue.     LVirtue,  .*.  :i.J 

■  H;ith  tilt;  virtuctl  steel  s  power  to  move?" 

i^Hiirla:  Emblems,  V.  iv  ::. 

■vir-tuel^,  v.t.  [Eng.  virttw;  -fi.]  To 
give  virtue  to. 

••  It  is  this  which  pirtuejies  einotiou.  even  though 
thei*  l>e  nuthititj  virtuous  which  is  not  volnut.iry,'  — 
Chitbiiers:  C{f»stit»ition  of  Man.  pt.  n. 

*  vir'-tue-less,    '  ver-tue-lesse,    *  ver- 

tU'lesse,  (I.     lEiig.  virtue;  -le:>s.\ 

1.  Destitute  of  virtue,  efficacy,  or  oi'erating 
qualities. 

"  I'irltileti  she  w  islied  alt  her1>s  .-uid  cliaruis. 
Wherewith  f  also  uieu  inct«ase  their  luitieuts'  harms. " 
Fair/n^. 

2.  Destitute  of  excellence  or  merit  ;  value- 
less. 

"  They  depraiiwl  the  uame  of  Jeaus,  as  a  thyny  fcr- 
tttlcsstr.  —  fttal :  JUarkeix. 

3.  Destitute  of  virtue  or  moral  goodness ; 
vicious,  wicked. 

"  Wlio  soknoweth  how  nought  aud  tvrtitteue  he  is>" 
—  tV.i/.-  Jlnrkc  li. 

*  vir-tu-OS'-i-ty,  s.    [Eng.  virtuos(p);  -ity.} 

1.  The  study  of  some  branch  of  tiie  fine 
ai-ts. 

"  I  have  been  culttvatiug  some  virtuosities,"— Ccn- 
tHry  Maguziiu:  Juue,  188a,  p.  280. 

2.  Lovers  of  the  fine  art-s  collectively  ;  the 
virtuosi.    (Curli/le.) 

vir-tu-6-sd  (pi.  vir-tu-o -si),  5.  [ltal.= 
(a.)  virtuous,  iearued,  (s.)  a  person  skilled  in 
the  fine  arts,  from  Lat.  virtus  =  virtue  (q.v.).l 
A  man  skilled  in  the  fine  arts,  as  paiutiuj;^ 
music,  or  sculpture ;  a  skilled  performer  ou 
some  musical  instrument;  a  connoisseur  of 
antiquities,  curiosities,  aud  the  like. 

"  Will  had  picked  up  a  small  pebble  of  ao  otld  a 
make.  th«t  he  said  he  would  present  it  to  a  friend  of 
his,  an  eminent  rirtuitso.' — Aaaiso'i :  Spectator,  Kol  "T. 

*  vir-tU-6'-s6-Slup,s.  [Eug.  virtuoso;  -ship.] 
The  pxii'suitd  or  occupation  of  a  virtuoso. 

"  Let  us  view  philosoiihy,  like  mere  rirtuosoship.  in 
it.s  usual  tweer.' — Shu/letimrj/ :  Chttractcristics :  Misc.. 


vir'-tu-ous.  *ver-tu-ous.  'ver-tu-os, 

•  ver-tu-OUSC,  o.  [Fr.  vertueux,  from  Low 
Lilt,  viriitosi'f,  from  Lat.  rn(iw=  virtue  (q.  v.); 
Sp..  Port.,  &  Ital.  n*j'(»oso.l 

'  I.  Brave,  valiaut,  valorous,  uuinlj',  strong. 

"  I  kuow  too  well  your  rirluous  spirit." 

C/iap'iiaM:  Gcutlcitan  Vsfier,  i.  l. 

*2.  StrouLT,  mighty. 

"Then  will  I  to   Olympus'  t»>p  our  rirtuous  empire 
bind."  Chapman:  Jlomer ;  Iliad  \ixi. 'ii. 

3.  Efficacious  by  inhei-eut  quaUtic-: ;  having 
singular  qualities  or  powers ;  potent,  power- 
ful ;  full  of  vu-tue. 

"  It  is  a  wine  of  pirtumit  i>o«er*. 
My  mother  made  it  of  wild  flowera." 

Coleridge :  ChristaM.  L 

4,  Havingexcelleutqualities;  specif., chaste, 
pure,  unspotted.    (Applied  to  women.) 

"Mistress  Fonl.  the  honest  wom.'Ui.  the  modest 
wife,  the  nrtuou*  creature,  that  hath  the  jealous  fool 
to  her  buabaud."— 5AaJtM^. ."  Merrj/  tVip«,  iv.  2. 


5.  Morally  good  ;  acting  in  conformity  with 
the  moral  law  ;  practising  the  moral  law  and 
al»staiiHng  ffom  vice^  upright. 

"  Virtuous  and  vicious  every  wan  must  l>e. 
Few  in  tlie  extreme,  hut  all  ht  the  de(:ree." 

Pope:  Kitiiff  ou  JUini.  li.  £SI. 

6.  Bein^  or  done  in  conformity  with  the 
moi-al  or  divine  law. 

'■  Blcs^^ings  ever  wait  on  rirtuous  deeils," 

Coiiiirvri::  Hoitptiwj  firide.  v.  12. 

vir  -  tu  -  ous  -  ly,  ^ver-tu-ous-ly.  nr/r. 
lEii;^.*rJ?7u9»^';  -ly.X  In  a  virtuous  manner? 
in  confoiiuity  with  the  mural  or  divine  law  or 
with  duty. 

"  Meu  outflit  in  all  reasou  to  lire  piously  nud  virtu- 
outln  in  the  woild."— CTdrJte;  On  the  Attributes. 
Ilutrod.) 

vir'-ta-oiis-ness,  *  ver-tu-ous-ness,  ^. 

lEng."  riitnvns;  ■nisi.]     Tlir  qualily  or  st.-rt^- 

of  being  virtuous. 

"All  resembled  theyr  mother  in  eyi-elleiit  bcautie. 
but  they  resembled  uot  their  fatliei  in  hunestie  aud 
ivrtitousnett.'—OoldKn  Bokc,  ell.  \9i\vlii. 

vir'-u-len9e,  .^.  [Fr.  viruhnce,  from  L:tt. 
viru'huti'a,  from  rir«/cJi<HS  =  virulen^  (q-v.>; 
Sp.  &  Port,  virnhaciu ;  Ital.  I'trKfeiira.j 

1.  Lit, :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  viru- 
lent or  extremely  poisonous,  venomous,  or 
injurious  to  life. 

"A  general  dejectiou  in'cvailed  amongst  us,  which 
nddtd  much  to  tlie  virul<ntes  of  the  disease."— .</no«  ; 
Vot/iiiti-s,  bk.  i..  ch.  X. 

2.  f(^.  .-Extreme  acrimony,  bitterness,  or 
malignity. 

"The  rirulc'ice  of  party  hesitates  not  to  represent 
royalty  itbelf  in  sitiuitioiis  which  must  reader  it  con- 
temptible,'—A'hoj  :  tVinlcr  £penings,  even.  27. 

vir'-u-leii-9y,  s.  [Eng.  viruUncie);  -»/.) 
Virulence. 

"  The  errors  of  men  may  be  sufficiently  refuted 
without  ftttiricat  cirulvucif."  —  Barrow:  Sermons, 
ii.l.  i.,  ser.  29. 

vir-U-lent,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  viruletitns  = 
poisouo'us,  from  rirHs  =  slime,  poison;  Sp., 
Port.,  &  Ital.  virnknto.] 

1.  Lit. :  Full  of  virus  or  i«^ison  ;  extremely 
poisonous,  venomous,  or  actively  injurious  to 
life. 

"Of  a  virulent  aud  stiukiug  smell."—/'.  Holland: 
Ptiiiic,  bk.  xxiv,.  ch.  xvi. 

2.  Fig. :  Extreftx^ly  bitter,  acrimonious,  or 
malignant:  as,  a  viruient  speech. 

*  vir'-u-lent-ed,  ti.  [Eng.  virulent;  -cd.] 
Filled'with  virulence  or  venom. 

"  Ceruiii  spirits  viriilfur^td  from  the  tuward  hu- 
mor. —Fftlhitnt  :  /icsolivs,  pt.  U.,  res.  56. 

vir'-U-lent-ly,  «rfc.  [Eng.  i-intUnt ;  -ly.]  In 
a  virulent  nuinner ;  poisonously ;  venomously ; 
fatally  ;  with  acrimony  or  malignity. 

vir-iis,  .<.     [Lat.  =slime,  poison.} 

1.  Lit.  (C  PUtkoL :  (1)  Any  oi-gauic  poison ; 
any  contagious  or  noxious  matter,  .as  the  pus 
fi'om  an  ulcer,  the  venom  of  a  suake  or  scor- 
pion. (2)  The  matter,  uuappreciable  by  the 
senses,  which,  introduced  into  the  system, 
generates  a  speciHc  disease  :  a?,  the  variolous 
or  the  syphilitic  rims.  In  this  second  sense 
it  dots  not  include  the  poison  of  a  serjient, 
which  is  a  natural  secretion,  while  a  virus 
is  the  result  of  some  morbid  aafciou.  ou  the 
system. 

2.  Fifj. :  Virulence  ;  extreme  acrimony  or 
malignity. 

vis  (1),  ^^.      [L:it.,  i>l.    virts.]      Force,   power, 
strength,  energy,  vigour. 
%  1.  I'is  acceleratrij- :  Accelerating  foi-ce. 

2.  Vis  impressa :  Impressed  force;  that  is, 
the  force  exerted  as  iu  moving  a  body  or  in 
changing  its  direction. 

3.  Vis  iiiertiw: 

(1)  Lit.  :  The  resistance  of  matter,  as  when 
a  body  at  rest  is  set  in  motion,  or  a  body  in 
motion  is  brought  to  rest,  or  has  its  motion 
changed  eitliier  iu  direction  or  velocity. 

(2)  Fig. :  The  resistance  offered  by  the  in- 
nate inertness  of  pei"sons,  or  their  unwilling- 
ness to  alter  habits,  or  that  which  is 
established. 

4.  Vis  medicatrix  natur<e  : 
Therapeutics:  The  power  which  nature  has 

(unaided  by  a  physician)  of  effecting  cures. 

"The  body  possesses  a  perfectly  m.irvellous  i-ower 
whereby  it  protects  itself  ajcaiust  disetases.  wanls  otf 
some,  cures  in  the  best  jmd  s^ieediest  way  uniuy  of 
those  that  have  set  iu.  aud  by  a  process  of  its  owu 
brings  others  more  slowly  to  a  favourable  issue.  This 
iiiuate  power  is  called  the  vit  nnftins  fneilicatrix.''— 
lirtgors/ :  Consp.  Jledicinit  2htor<:tic^t  (ed.  5th)  |  65. 


^tc,  f^t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :   wc,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :   | 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cut),  ciire,  9.mte,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  ■ 


0,  pot, 
kw. 


VIS— vise 


4oT 


5.  i'ismortua:  Dead  fuvce ;  furce  doing  no 
work,  but  nieioly  proiUiciiig  invssurt;,  ii-s  a 
body  at  rest. 

G.  yis  ncrn'M  :  TUc  propt-rty  of  Mjerves 
l»y  wliich  they  Convey  stUiiuli  to  muse-lcs. 
{Qnttitt.) 

7.  i'i$  vim  :  Living  force  ;  the  forc^  of  a 
body  moving  ag-ainst  re»isl;uice,  or  doing 
work.  It  i^  uxpre-ssed  by  the  product  of 'thu 
nuiss  of  ii  body  niuUiplied  by  tlie  sci'iare  of  its 
velocity. 

vis  (2),  s.  [Kr.  =a  visage,  from  L:it.  visum, 
iKCus.  of  visun  =  tlie  vision,  sight.]  IVisagk.] 
facv.     C^nly  Ms.cd  in  th(,'  phrase  visnt-vh.) 

Vis -a  vis  (i-n-n.  viz-a-vi'),  adc.  k  s. 
[Vv.  =  U\cv  ti'  f.ict'.j 

A.  'As  adiK:  In  a  position  facing  eaeb 
ullier  ;  standing  or  sitting  face  to  face. 

B.  As  sHb»tant'nv : 

1.  One  wlio  or  that  which  i.s  opposite  to  or 
faee  to  face  with  another;  speeillcally,  one 
whn  fiiees  another  in  certain  dances,  as  in  a 
tpiadriUe. 

■•  Miss    Blnucht,-    wns  imleeil    tlif   fU-thfis  ut   Miss 

2.  A  light  town  ciuriage  ffi-  two  persons, 
who  are  seatetl  opposite  each  other,  instead  of 
^ule  by  side. 

"  Could  tlie  stige  b«  a  Iiirge  m-ii-nut, 
.    IlTOiTVed  tin-  the  uuliohrd  'Unl  svunt 

II.  &  J.  Smith  :  K'JtKled  Addixnaes,  i\  1C5- 

vi'-sa,  ^■.     l-VisE.]     A  vise. 

"  Were  iiiiaMe  tu  ubUiii  tlie  RiiisiiUi  vita  at  Stuck- 
h<jlm:—FiclU,  April  4.  1965. 

vi  -§a,  v.t.    IVisA,  s.]    To  vise. 

vis  -age  (age  as  ig),  •  vys-age,  ..     [I'l.. 

tiom  ;'/i'  —  t)ie  visage.  fjiCf.  from  L;it.  vi^^nm, 
.(ieu.->.  of  riaits  =  thg  vision,  sight  ;  lieiiee, 
look,  mien,  f;iee ;  prop.  pa.  par.  uf  i'iWto  =  to 
^ee.]  Tlic  face,  countenance,  or  look  of  ;i 
l-ersou  cu-  animal.  (Mainly  api'lied  tu  human 
beings,) 

■•  Rtnieseiitliiy  eitlter  it  liumiui  visage,  or  that  of 
smiif  animal."— CouA:.-  Third  \'u!/wj<\  bk.  iv.,  ch.  l. 

vis  -age  (age  as  ig),  v.t.  [Visacje,  s.]  To 
hniit  ui  1,K(.'  a  tiling. 

vis  -aged  (aged  a.^  igd).  '  vys  aged,  (t. 

[kng.  r(.s<(!/(.) ;  -ct/.l  Having  a  visage,  coun- 
tenance, or  htok  of  a  particular  type. 

"Griiu  vimgfd  wjirhath  amui^tiril  bis  wrinkled  fnmt." 
aft(iAr,*/>. ;  liichard  ill.,  i.  1. 

vis   ard,  .■^.     O'isob.]    Amask,  a  vizor. 

•  vis   ard,  v.t.    [VisARr>,  s.j    To  mask. 

'  vis-ca'-9e-SB,  s.  [Slod.  Lat.  visc(;ttm);  Uit. 
t..iii.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -uvea:] 

]:bl.  :  An  order  of  Epigynons  Exugens.  alli- 
am-e  Asurales.  propu.-5ed  I'v  Miiirs  fur  the  re- 
cfption  of  Viseum  and  it.-,  immediate  allies, 
uhieh  he  considered  more  akin  to  bHutalaeeit 
than  tu  Loranthaceie.  Lindley  leaves  the 
;^i'iiera  in  Loranthaceie. 

vis-ca  -911a,  s     [Span.] 

/•■oi :  lAUjostomiis  trkhoductuin^.  a  stout- 
bnilt  rodent,  resembling  a  Marmot,  fioni 
tighteen  inches  to  two  feet  lung,  exelnsive  of 
the  tail,  whieh  is  from  six  to  eight  inches* 
Four  digits  on  the  foie,  and  three  on  the  hind 
limbs,  the  latter  fuinishud  with  long,  coiu- 


presseil,  and  pointed  nail.s  ;  multle  broad,  and 
covered  with  avelvet-Uke  cuiit  of  brown  hair; 
fur  mottled  gray  above,  yellowish-white  be- 
neath ;  dark  band  on  eacb  cheek,  a  white 
hand  on  muzzle,  running  liack  ou  eacb  side 
aliiu)st  as  far  as  the  eye.  They  are  noetiunal, 
and  resemble  Rabbits  in  tbcir  movements, 
but  arc  less  active.     They  are  found  on  the 


Pampas,  from  Buenos  Ayres  to  Patagonia. 
These  animals  have  the  strange  habit  of  drag- 
ging all  sorts  of  hard  and  ajiparently  useless 
objects  to  the  nn>ntli  of  then-  burrow,  where 
bones,  stones,  thistle-stalks,  and  lumps  of 
earth  may  be  found  collected  into  a  large  lieap. 
sufficient,  according  to  Darwin,  to  till  a  wheel- 
barrgw. 

vis-caut'-s^hin  (au  as  tf^),  s.  [Formed 
from  Kng.  fiscotK-^,  and  Ger.  kautschitk  ( =; 
caoutclioue),  with  sutV.  -in.] 

Chem. :  The  portii>n  of  crude  viscin  which 
is  insoluble  in  alcohol  And  etlier;  sp.  gr.  Ol»7S. 
It  is  the  substance  to  which  bird-lime  owes 
its  adhesive  i)roperties,  and  is  iusiduble  in 
aleohi'I  and  ether.  Heated  to  120',  it  has  the 
consisteney  of  olive  oil. 

vis'-^ene,  >-.  [Lat.  vUc(um)  =  birdlime  ;  sufl'. 
■nH.\ 

t'ltcin. :  A  mobile,  yellowish  oil,  obtained  by 
the  dry  distillation  of  viscin.  It  has  a  sp.  gr. 
uf  0-s:»,  and  distils  almost  completely  at  li-Jl-'. 

Vis'-^er-a,  ^.  ^1.  [Lat.,  pi.  of  viscus  =  an  eii- 
tnul.j 

Anut. :  The  contents  of  the  great  cavities  uf 
the  b(Kly,  as  of  the  skull,  chest,  and  abdo- 
men, but  in  popular  language  restricted  to  the 
organs  of  the  thorax  and  ;ibdomen  ;  the  bowels ; 
the  entrails. 

vis'-5er-al,  a.    [Visceka.] 

1.  Lit.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  viscei-a. 

"  Xu  ap[>ejiiiiiii.'e  uf  pitceral  dUunse  cuuld  be  di:>- 
cuvcred.'— /Vt/*/,  Aim.  i7.  1887. 

*2.  i-''!/.  ••  Having  line  sensibility;  sensi- 
tive, tender. 

"  Love  is  uf  all  otlivt  the  iiuiKist  niid  iiiwit  fuvtml 
iirfeotiuii ;  mid  theiefyro  caUed  by  tlie  iii»i>otle  '  bowela 
..£  love.'"— fi//.  Xft/'ioids:  On  the  Pmiiouf,  cb.  xi. 

Visceral-arch,  >. 

Auat.  d  Embrjio!.  (/'/.) :  A  series  of  i-arallel 
ridgt's  at  tlie  sides  of  and  behind  the  mouth, 
transversely  to  the  axis  of  the  body.  The 
intervals  between  them,  widen  into  clefts. 

"  vis'-cer-ate,  c.t.  [Viscera.]  Tu  eviseerate 
Ol-v.)- 

vis'-^id,  ".  [Fr.  fiicide,  from  Lat.  riscidus 
:=  elaniniy,  like  bird-lime,  from  vn^ciim  — 
nnstletoe^  birdlime.]  Sticky  or  adhering,  and 
having  a  ropy. or  glutinous  consistency  ;  senii- 
Huid  and  sticky  ;  clammy. 

"  Gross  (n'seii/'humoiu-a," — i\'i4ei»an :  Siirtifri/,  bk.  ii,, 
cli.  ix. 

viscid -i-ty,  ■  vis-cid-i-tie,  ^^    [Fr.  vis- 

ciditi;  from  iv'^scu/e  =  viscid.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of   being   viscid; 
glutiuousuess,  .stickiness,  elaiuininess. 
" To  lueiid  viscidity  of  blood."      Gi-cen  :  The :ij'!e:". 
•  2.  Glutinous  concretion. 
*'  CjitliJirtics  of  uieruurials  preciyitJite  tin.-  fisri-l •'••.. ■i 
by  tbeir  dtyi.ticitj.  —Floyer. 

vis'-9in,  s.     [Lat.  visciynn);  -tu.] 

Ckcm.:  A  waxy  substanee,  the  principal 
constituent  of  bird-lime,  extracti-d  Ironi  the 
stalks,  leaves,  anil  berries  of  the  mistletoe. 
It  is  clear,  colourless,  inodorous,  and  tustc- 
less.  insoluble  in  water,  but  slightly  soluble 
in  alcoiiol,  has  the  consistency  of  honey  at 
ordinary  temperatures,  but  becomes  more 
fluid  at  30^  Heated  to  100\  it  is  as  fluid  as 
almond  oil. 

vi3'-9m-6l,  s.     [Eng.  viscin;  -ol.] 

Chem.  :  A  fragrant  oil  preiKxred  by  nnxing 
viscene  with  soihi-ley,  anil  distilling  the  re- 
suiting  crystalline  mass  with  water. 

'  vis~c6n'-ti-el.  <.    IVkontiel.] 

vis-cos-im  -e-ter,  .-.     [Eng.  viscosi(ty),  aiul 

metLr.\ 

Chem.  :  A  name  given  by  Dollfus  to  an 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  viscosity  of 
colouring  liquids  thickened  with  gum,  by 
comparing  the  time  required  by  a  given  quan- 
tity of  the  liquid  to  pass  through  a  cerUun 
aperture,  with  that  reipiired  by  an  eiiual  quan- 
tity of  water.     (Watts.) 

vis-cos -i-ty,  *  vls-cos-i-tie,  s.  [Fr.  ci^- 
cosilr,  from  Lat.  ciscosus  =  viscous  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  viscous  ; 
.stii-kiness,  glutinousness,  adhesiveness,  vis- 
cidity, tenacity. 

"The  air  Ijeing  mixed  with  the  aiiiiiiitl  fluids,  deter- 
mines their  OMiiditioii  aa  to  rarity,  deuaity,  mct-ti'y. 
tKUuiiy."— A  rbitC ft  not. 


2.  A  glutinous  or  viscuus  buily  ur  sub- 
stance. 

•■  A  teuiu'iw  emiiimtloii,  or  coiit limed  effluvium.  nf'<*r 
NuiiiK  dUtauie.  n-tn*feth  miti-  Itwlf.  ;«»  IH  obwi  Vii'l'- 
iu  dmi'."'  of  (tyiuj'x  mid  .leiiiluiil  vinvtittvt.  '—ttmivtu 

vis'-coiint (s silent). '  vl-cont, *  vi-co^nt, 
vl-counte*   •vy-oouht,  s.     [Fr.   <- 

voiitt:  ;  O.  Fr.  lisLonlty  from  Lat.  viceuoiitil'ix. 
aceu.>.  of  viiriinius  =  one  who  tills  the  phu e 
of  a  count  or  earl :  vtve  =  iu  the  place  of,  and 
Qomes  =  a  companion,  a  count,  an  earl.] 

•  I.  An  olHcei"  who  supj'lied  the  placi-  of 
the  coiuit  or  earl,  and  acted  as  his  deputy  iu 
the  nianugem,Mit  of  tin-  aMair.-*  of  the  county, 
iu  reality  tilling  the  olllee  uf  shi-rilf. 

"The  oiacont,  called  either  |irueouiei>  or  vieeL-uMie.t. 
iu  time  liiott  iimierued  in  the  couittie  viuler  the  c-Hile." 
—Uuliiished  .■  Desa:  EiKjIatul.  bk,  ii.,  eh.  v. 
2.  A  degree  ur  title  of  nobility  ranking  m-xt 
below  an  earl,  anil  abuve  a  baron.  It  is  thr 
most  recently  established  Knglish  title  of 
nobility,  having  been  tii-st  conferred  by  letter^i 
pateutfroni  Hi-nry  VI.  on  John  Lt»rd  Beau- 
niunt,  iu  A.n.  1  14ii.     Thu  title  of  viscouut  is 


IMS    CoUONi;i. 


frequently  held  in  England  as  the  second  title 
of  an  earl,  and  is  borne  by  the  ehkst  son  as  a 
courtesy  title  during  the  life  of  his  father. 
The  coronet  of  a  viscount  of  England  is  com- 
posed of  a  circle  of  gohi,  chased,  having  on 
the  edge  twelve,  fourteen,  or  sixteen  pearls  ; 
the  cap  of  crimson  velvet,  turned  up  with 
ermine,  and, closed  at  the  top  with  a  rich 
tassel  of  gold. 

3.  Au  officer  of  the  Crown  in  Jersey,  wli-_> 
performs  the  duties  of  an  English  eonuu-r. 
He  has  a  depuly  viscouid,  wlio  acts  in  his 
absence. 

ViS-CO^nt'-ess  (is  as  i),  s.  [Eng.  nVeuCii'; 
■iiss.]  The  wife  ui  a  viscount  ;  a  peeress  of 
the  fourth  degree  of  nobility. 

vls'^^count  -  ship,  vis  -  coilnt  -  y.  vis- 
count-9y    (is   ;ts  i),   .s.      [Eng.    r.^o.-.' ; 

-^hii>,  -c//,  -ij.\  The  quality,  rank,  or  d".gr<.L' 
of  a  viscount. 

"  If  a  barony  umde  hlui  a  Couservative.  what  would 
be  the  etl'ect  of  a  viacuuiitff  !  "—IhtUy  A'cirs,  Jivu.  1,  ISBii. 

Vis-coiis,  I'.  [Lat.  viscosni>,  from  viseum  = 
bird-IiuR'.J  Glutinous,  sticky,  adhesive,  visiid. 

'■  Full  "t  a  Riov-e  and  cmyKV  htiuior."— /*.  HolUfi  ' 

rtuih:  bk,  .\\i,.  >'h.  Will. 

viscous-fermentation,  .«. 

Chem.:  A  change  laought  about  in  sacili  i 
rine  solutions  by  the  aid  of  a  particular  u  ■ 
nu-nt,  consisting  of  an  aggregation  of  sin,:;!. 
cells,  each  containing  a  single  bright  nucleu>. 
The  product  of  fermentation  is  a  gum-like 
ropy  substance,  the  presence  of  which  in  a 
solution  has  the  power  of  arresting  ordiuary 
.   or  vinous  fermentation. 

vis'-coiis-ness, .';.  [Eng.  viscous;  •nrss.'\  The 
ipiidity  or  state  of  being  viscous;  viscidity, 
A  iscusily. 

vis -cum,  ^'^.     [Lat.  =the  mistletoe.] 

Dt^t. :  Mistletiie ;  a  genus  of  Loranthaee.i- 
(q.v.).  Leaves  opposite,  wlntrled.  or  wantini; ; 
tlowei's  utnsexual ;  males  with  the  calyx  ob- 
solete, four  jietals,  ovate,  fleshy,  united  at  the 
base,  and  bearing  each  a  single  anther,  adnate 
with  its  upper  surface.  Fertile  flowers,  with 
a  superior  calyx  having  an  obscure  maigin  : 
four  erect,  ovate,  very  nunute  petals,  and  a 
sessile  stigma.  Known  ajiecies  believed  to  be 
abunt  100  (Sir  ./.  JUmher)  ;  from  hot  and  tem- 
pt i  ate  climates.  One,  Viseum  alhum,  the 
nnstletoe(q.v.),  is  British. 

vis'-ciis,  .^.    [Lat.] 

Aiiat :  An  entrail  ;  tme  of  the  content^s  o" 
the  head,  thorax,  or  abdomen.     [Viscera,! 

"vise  (1),  Vese,  s.  [Fr.  bise  =  the  north 
wind.]  A  blast  uf  wind  ;  a  storm,  a  conuno- 
tiun. 


boil,  t>6y;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9liin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  -  t 
-eian,  -tian  =  shau.    -tion,    sion  ^  shun;  -tion,  -slon  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.    -ble.  -die,  itc.  =  bel,  deL 


4oK 


vise— visit 


vi'-M  (2),  5.  IKr.,  |ni.  jmr.  of  risrr—  In  ]'Ut  ii 
\  isf  tn,  ivtiin  Uit.  fhiu<,  \m.  jwir.  uf  fiVfi  =  t'l 
-in-. I  An  iiuIorsonR'nt  uunU:  iipim  a  imssport 
l.y  t)i»'  pniporly(!nnstitiiU'ii  .HUllioiily,  wliftlu-r 
aiiiliUHsuiKir,  oiHisiil,  ttv  j)oIii.T,  sliowiiiy  tliat 
!'  has  Ik'i'II  exuiiiiiiL'J  uiul  touiicl  currccl. 

vije  Cl),  s.    [Vice,  s,) 

"  vi  ^e,  '-'.t.  |VisE  (2),  .'*.]  To  imta  vifsu  un  ; 
'<<  •'\aiiii)ii_-  :in<I  imloisc,  us  u  (tiiss|iiii't. 

Vish-noo,  Vish'-nn,  &-.  L^>ii».,  from  fU  = 
It"  iiitiT,  tn  pcivatle.J 

linthiititnUiii :  The  sec«r.1  person  of  the 
T!ii>ilfni  Hindoo  Triiiitirti  (l-v.).  When  hf 
iirst  apiH'ars  in  Vedii^  thnt-s,  !ie  is  simply  the 
liod  of  the  Stniiin;;  Fivnianient,  the  youn;;''r 
liiotherof  Iiitlnt,  nnil  inferior  to  him  in  di;.'- 
iiity.  By  the  litiu-  that  the  epic  poems,  the 
Ilinnayaua  and  tlie  Mahabhaiat,  were  eoiii- 
]M_>Ked,  Vis)iiU)o  hail  made  a  uimsidenLble  ad- 
varire  to  his  present  position,  tlie  full  attain- 
ment of  whieh,  however,  was  leserved  iV»r 
the  i)eriod  of  llic  I*nraiias.  One  of  thest- 
liooks  is  called  tlie  Vishnoo  Pui-ana.  He  is 
legJiiihMl  as  the  member  <if  the  Triad  whose 
special  function  is  to  preserve.  To  do  this 
lie  nine  times  suecessively  became  incarnate, 
and  will  do  so  once  moi'C.  The  hrst  time 
lie  apj»eared,  it  was  as  a  tish  to  warn  a  right- 
eous king,  >h»nu,  of  an  apjioachinp;  deluge, 
iind  save  the  saereil  Vedas  from  being  lost. 
His  second  appearance  was  as  a  tortoise  to 
f^upport  thf  wnrM,  while  the  gods  and  god- 
ii-ssrs  chnnicd  tlie  sea;  the  third,  as  a  boar, 
To  lift  up  the  subnieiged  w  -rid  on  his  tusks; 
Ihe  fiiurth,  as  a  man-lion,  to  tear  to  pieees 
;in  impious  king;  the  Ilfth,  as  a  dwarf,  t<i 
reeover  for  the  gods  their  supremacy  lost  l>y 
iheii'  negieet ;  the  sixth,  as  Parasurama,  to 
wash  away  the  sins  of  the  earth  by  the  tle- 
■^tructinii  of  the  Kshatriya  race — piolably  un 
illusion  to  the  historie  fact  that  when  the 
Aryan  Hrahuian  and  Kshatriya  warriors  liad 
well  t'stablisheil  themselves  in  India,  jeal- 
■ousies  arose  lietween  them,  and  tlie  Kshatriyas 
wei-e  vanquished,  and  in  large  measure  de- 
stroyed, by  the  Hrahmans;  the  seventh,  was 
.as  Rama,  the  hero  of  tlie  Ramayana  ;  th«' 
"ighth,  as  Kiishna ;  the  ninth,  as  Hnoddha; 
and  the  tenth,  as  Kalki,  or  the  White  Horse, 
is  still  to  come.  When  it  arrives,  Vishnoo 
-sliall  ai)pear  on  a  white  horse,  with  a  drawn 
sword,  wherewith  he  shall  destroy  the  wicked, 
a!id  thus  prepare  the  way  for  a  renovated 
world.  Vjshnoo  himself  is  generally  repre- 
sented as  a  dark-blue  man,  with  four  arms, 
the  first  holding  a  war-club,  the  second  a 
conch-shell,  the  thii'd  a  quoit-like  weajion 
called  Chakra,  aiMl  the  fourth  a  water-Hlj. 
His  two  most  popular  incarnations  are  as 
Rama  and  Krishna.  His  most  euthusiastio 
3olloWGi-s  are  generally  drawn  from  the  middle 
•■lasses  of  Hindoo  society.  His  mark  on  their 
Soreheads  is  a  trident,  with  a  yellow  fork  in 
Hie  centre,  and  a  white  one  on  each  side. 
,Many  monastic  sects  worehip  him  almost 
exelusively.     [Vaishxava.] 

vis-l-bil'-i-ty,  s.  [Fr.  visibilite.]  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  visible  or  perceivable  by 
the  eye  ;  iierceptibility,  conspieuousncss. 

"  Dei>iut  liiui  that  Imtli  Uu  colnur  or  figure,  no  imrt'i 
in>r  I>odj-,  110  acciUfiits  or  viKibititn."~lip,  I'ajlur  : 
Rule  qf  C'oiimuenve,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  li. 

vif -i-l>le» '  vys-y-ble.  n.  &  s.    [Fr.,  from 
I.at.  ci^lbilis,  Uu\n  i'i.-<iis,  pa.  par.  of  ru?to  = 
losee;  Sp.  I'isiUc;  ital.  visibile.] 
A*  As  (uljei:tive  : 

1.  Perceivable  by  the  sight;  eajjable  nf 
being  seen  ;  perceptible  by  the  eye  ;  in  view. 

"  The  vUibtc  world,  the  proijer  object  of  sitilit.  is  uot 
f^xtenml.  Imt  in  the  miu6.  —/ieitl:  On  the  Mind, 
ch.  vi.,  S  n. 

2.  Apparent,  open,  conspicuous. 

"Thovigh  Ilia  nctinnn  weiv  not  vixihlc." 

i<hakvKp.:  Ctimbeliw.  iii,  4. 

B.  .-I^"  stihd. :  That  which  is  or  can  be  seen 
by  the  eye. 

"The  iimtliematical  consideration  of  vinilile  fiirine. 
wliieh  we  sliall  call  tlm  geometry  of  viaible»"—Keid: 
Oil  the  Mind.  uh.  vi.,  S8. 

Visible  Church, .«. 

Thvul. :  Tlie  Church,  as  seen  by  man,  not 
.-IS  it  appears  to  Uod.  It  includes  the  whole 
body  of  professing  Cliristians,  snnie  nf  them 
legenei-ate,  others  lunegenerate ;  tlu'  twii 
-lasses  commingled,  as  were  the  wheat  ami 
Tares  mentioned  in  the  parable  (Matt.  xiii. 
■J4-:J0).  It  is  distingni.shed  from  the  Invisible 
Ohureb,   consisting  only  of  the  regenerate; 


but  who  an'  worthy  «>l'  this  designation  is 
known  only  to  God.  (Cf.  1  Kings  xix.  10,  H, 
IS.) 

visible-horizon.  -.  The-  liu.-  that  boun-ls 

:hr  Mght. 

visible -Speech.  >■.  A  term  npplied  by 
its  inventor.  Pint.  .\.  Melville  IJell,  to  a 
system  of  alphattf  Ileal  characters  desigm-il  to 
repix'.seut  every  lln^sible  articulate  utu-ranee 
of  the  organs  of  spee.h.  eaeh  nr^an  and  each 
mode  of  speech  having  its  ajiiiropriate  symbnl. 
By  means  of  this  system  the  deaf  and  dumb 
ai-e  taught  to  sjieak. 

vxs-i-ble-ness,  .*■.  [Eiv^.  visible ; -m-ss.]  The 
i'uality  ur  state  of  being  visible  ;  visibility. 

vis-i-bly.  vys-y-bly,  (»?i'.  [Bw^.  vi^iblif); 
■/,v.J 

1.  Ill  a  visible  manner;  so  as  to  be  per- 
reivable  by  the  eye ;  openly,  manifestly, 
plainly,  perceptibly. 

"By  the  head  we  make  known  more  viniblif  our  site- 
idioatiou^,  our  thruuteniugs." — Dryden.    {Tudd.) 

2.  X'lainly,  clearly,  evidently,  manifestly. 

•'Viniblij  lieiiefioial  to  all."— iocAf  .■  Human  t'uU'-r- 
slitiid,,  bk.  i.,  cli.  iii. 

vi§'-ie,  viz'-ie,  i-.  [Fr.  cisic  =  an  aim,  taking 
a  sight  at,  from   vis<:r=i to  aim,   to  mark.) 

[ViSK.] 

1.  The  aim  taken  at  an  object,  as  by  one 
about  to  shoot. 

2.  A  scrutinizing  view  or  look. 

3.  The  knot  or  sight  on  the  muzzle  of  a 
gun  by  which  aim  is  taken. 

^  Scotch  in  all  its  senses. 

vx-sier',  >■.    [Vizikk.] 

Vis'-i-goth, -i.  fSeedef.)  One  of  the  Western 
(ioths,  or  that  branch  of  the  Gothic  tribes 
which  settled  in  Dacia,  as  distinguished  from 
the  Ostrogoths,  or  Eastern  Goths.  [Ostro- 
^.oTn.] 

Vis-i-g6th'-ic»  f.     [Eng.   ViMfjoth;  ■i<\']     Of 

ur  pertaining  to  the  Visigoths. 

vis-ion (s  as  zh),   vis-1-oun, '  vys-y-on, 

'  vys^ion,  s.  [Fr.  \iision  =  a  vision,  sight, 
from  Lat.  visioncni,  accus.  of  ?'tsio  =  sight, 
IVoni  visuSy  pa.  par,  of  rt(/eo  =  to  sec;  cogn, 
with  Sansc.  vid  =  to  know;  Goth.  &  A.S. 
I'-Uoii;  Eng.  vjlt,  wot.] 

1.  The  act  of  seeing  external  objects  ;  actual 
sight. 

"  The  intuitive  oixion  of  God  in  the  world  to  come.  * 
—Hooker:  Ecclcs.  Politie,  bk.  i.,  S  11. 

2.  The  faculty  of  seeing  ;  that  power  or 
t\iculty  by  which  we  perceive  the  forms  and 
C'dours  of  objects  through  the  sense  of  sight ; 
sight. 

"And  these  pioturea,  x>ropa^ated  by  motion  atoiiL; 
the  fibres  of  the  optivk  nerves  nito  the  brain,  iwe  tlic 
cause  of  nUioii.'SewtQn  ;  Opticka. 

3.  That  which  is  seen  or  perceived  by  the 
eye  ;  an  object  of  sight. 

4.  Specif.,  that  which  is  seen-  otherwise 
than  by  the  ordinary  sight,  or  the  i-ational 
eye  ;  a  superiiatui'al,  projihetic,  or  imaginary 
appeamnce ;  something  seen  in  a  trance, 
dream,  ecstasy,  or  the  like ;  a  phantom,  a 
spectre,  an  ai)parition. 

"  Upon  the  foot  of  this  construction,  it  ia  siipposed 
that  Isaiiih  in  prophetic  dream  or  vigioti  heard  UimI 
si>e.iking  to  him  (like  ;is  St.  Peter  heard  a  voice,  and 
sjiw  a  viiioti,  while  he  lay  in  a  trance),  and  that  in  i<lea 
lie  transacted  all  that  God  so  ordered  him  to  do."— 
\t'aCerland  :   iVorkii,  vi.  '22'i. 

5.  Anything  unreal  or  imaginary  ;  a  crea- 
tion of  fancy. 

%  Vision  is  the  act  of  seeing  or  the  thing 
seen ;  apparition,  the  thing  that  appears. 
Vision,  signifying  a  thing  seen,  is  taken  for  a 
suiternatural  exertion  of  the  vision;  apjxiri- 
tion  refers  us  to  the  object  seen,  which  may 
be  true  or  false,  acconling  to  the  manner  in 
whicli  it  presents  itself.  Joseph  was  warnetl 
by  a  vision  to  fly  into  Egypt ;  Mary  Ma.ualalen 
was  informed  of  the  resurrection  by  an  njijxn-i- 
tion;  feverish  people  often  think  they  see 
fisioHs;  timid  and  credulous  people  some- 
times take  trees  and  posts  for  n/»j)rn-(7((>»s. 
Strictly  sp^iking,  a  phantom  is  a  false  i'p,iifr!- 
tion,  or  the  appearance  of  a  thing  otherwise 
than  it  really  is  ;  thus  the  ignis-fatuiis,  ur 
will-o'-the-wisp,  is  a  phantom.  A  sjm-tiv  is  the 
apparition  of  any  spiritual  being;  a  (ihnat  is 
the  spirit  of  a  dead  per.son  appearing  lo  the 
living.     (Crahh.) 


(j)  Aic  of  vision: 

Astivit:  An  arc  whieh  mea.sure.4  the  Ie:i'«t 
distiuice  at  which,  after  siuiset,  a  lixed  slai 
or  j)lanet  emerging  from  the  sun's  lays  be- 
comes visible. 

(2)  Ikatijic  vision:  [Beatific], 

(3)  JJtrect  (ur  simple)  vision  : 

Optics:  "Vision  iierfomied  by  means  of  rays 
passing  directly  or  in  straight  lines  from  tfip 
ladiant  point  to  the  eye.  The  distance  at 
whieh  objects  can  be  seen  with  the  grriitest, 
distinctness  varies  in  different  individuals, 
;ind  in  the  same  individual  it  is  often  ditb-i- 
eiit  in  the  two  eyes.  For  small  objects,  sneh 
as  oidinaty  print,  itisfrom  fourteen  Ut  liftem 
in  jhes  in  normal  cases. 

(4)  Field  of  vision.: 

*  -  Optics :  The  same  as  Fidtl  of  view  i<i.\.). 

(0)  liejkcted  vision : 

Optics:  Vision  performed  by  means  nf  rays 
reflected  as  by  mirrors. 

('0  Jiefiactiid  vision: 

Optirs:  Vision  performed  by  means  nf  rays 
i-ofiacted  or  deviated  by  passing  throngli 
niedinms  of  difterent  densities. 

■  vis -ion  (saszh),  v.t.  [Vision,  3.]  To  see 
iis  m  a  vision  ;  to  perceive  by  the  eye  of  the 
intellect  or  imagination. 

■■  We  in  the  iitoriiin^'  eyed  the  |)le.tsatit  (ieldi 
Vkioited  before."         /Soiithci/ :  Jon  no/. I  ir,  viii. 


vis-ion-al  (s  as  zh),  ». 

•aL]    Pertaining  or  relutiiif 


[Eng.  vision, 
to  vision. 


vis'-ion-ar-i-ness  (5  as  zh),  .s.    [Eng. 

riaionary;   -ness.]      The   quality   or   stale    n| 
being  visionary. 


[Eng. 


■  loii  ; 


vis  -ion-ar-^ir  (s  as  zh),  < 

-Lt  nj.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  visions  ;  .'ippropriat^; 
In  or  characterized  by  the  appearance  td 
viiii'jiis. 

"At  the  fiiS/oHiir;/ Jiour  .  .  . 
.Angelic  harps  are  in  fall  concert  hc.ivd." 

2'homioii:  Sanunvr,  oH',, 

2.  Existing  in  imaginatitm  only  ;  nnl,  i-eal  ; 
imaginary;  having  no  real  or  solid  foumhi- 
ti'>n  ;  unsubstantial. 

"Oni'  victories  only  led  lis  to  furtlicr  visiunavy 
lii'us]iecta."— .Sic</f. 

3.  Affected  by  phantoms  or  fancies  ;  dis- 
posed to  receive  impressions  on  the  imagina- 
tion; apt  to  receive  and  acton  mere  fanei'-s 
or  wjiiuis,  as  if  they  were  realities  ;  disposed 
or  given  to  day-dreaming,  fanciful  themit  s, 
or  the  like. 

^  \.  Spectral. 

*'  On  the  neighbouring  plain 
Lay  hcai»9  ol  vieionar//  solditfia  alain,  ' 

Di-t/den:  Tyrtiunic  Loi'i\  i.  l. 

B.  Ji  sahstantive : 

'  1.  One  who  sees  vi.sions  or  unreal  sights. 

2.  One  who  fonns  imjiractieabljior  quixotie 
scliemes  ;  one  given  to  day-dreaming,  fanrjlnl 
theories,  or  the  like. 

"liljme  celebmted  writ«rBot  our  own  country,  wli.i, 
\v:tliaU  their  gooil  sense  .-md  gt;niiii.'<,  were  i'm<o/m*-(' v 
■  ■11  the  subject  of  education.  —Knox:  A'cruirA'K  '..* 
urammat-  Hchools. 

•  vxs'-idned(s as zh),^.    [Eng.  vision, s. ;  -.«/. ] 

1.  Seen  in  a  vision  or  dream;  formed  by 
the  fancy  ;  visionary,  spectral. 

"  For  them  no  visioncd  terrora  daunt " 

ficQtt.     iAitiiaiutttlr,} 

2.  Having  the  power  of  seeing  visions  ; 
'in.'e,  inspired, 

■  » til !  not  the  t'isimnid  ])oet  in  his  dreams  .  .  . 
Sii  fair,  no  bright,  bo  wild  a  ahaiw 
ll.itb  yot  lieheld.-  fihelUu  :  Queen  Mab.  i. 

*  vis  -ion-ist  (g  as  zh),  -5.   [Eng.  vision ;  -(.•i^.j 
'On    ivlio  sees  or  believes  he  sees  visions;  a 


li. 


l.elj>: 


■  in  visions. 


vis -ion-less   (s  as  zh),  o.     [Eng.  cisimi  ; 
■''_*..]    Destitute  of  vision  ;  blind. 

vis-it,  "vls-yt,  v.t.  &  L  [Fr.  visiter,  U-um 
I,at.  <itio=to  go  to  see,  to  visit,  fi-eq.  of 
ci60  =  to  snirvcy,  from  visas,  pa.  pnr.  of  vlik» 
=  CO  see;  op.  &  Port,  visitur ;  Ital.  visitme.] 

A.  Tian:iitive: 

1 ,  To  go,  or  come  to  see  (a  jiersou  or  object), 
in  the  way  of  friendship,  business,  curiosity, 
CHieuiony,  duty,  or  the  like  ;  to  call  upon  ;  to 
pay  a  visit  to. 

"  Thw,  Sion,  and  the  flowery  brooks  lieneath, 
N  it'Mly  I  i/iaie."  MUtun  :  J'.  L..  liL  3'2. 


late,  lat,  i^e,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  riarine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  w^li;  work,  who,  son;  mut^  cub,  eiire,  UElte.  cur.  rule.  faU:  try,  Syrian,     a;.  00  -^  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Uw. 


visit— visor 


459 


2.  To  conip  ami  atteiifl  ou,  as  on  one  iu 
sii-kiiess.     {Mutt.  XXV.  3ij.) 

3.  To  come  or  go  to  generally ;  to  call  nt ; 
to  enter,  to  frequent :  as,  Swallows  visit  this 
country  in  the  summer. 

i.  Toatteiulon;  to  accompany;  to  follow. 

"  It  (sicifii)  seldom  iu«7«  sorrow," 

Sh>ik'jsp.  :  Tempett,  U.  1. 

o.  To  go  or  C'Mne  ti»,  as  for  purposes  of  in- 
eiwction,  supervision,  examination,  correction 
of  iibnses,  or  the  like  :  as,  A  bishop  visits  his 
diocese. 

ti.  To  artlict,  (o  overtake,  to  attack. 

"  Ere  lie  by  siokiiesatind  been  vUUed." 

.•aiukt-sp. :  I  Henry  I  W.  iv.  1. 

7.  In  Seriptural  language,  to  send  a  jutlg- 
ment  from  heaven  upon,  whether  for  tlie 
jiurpose  of  punisliing,  chastising,  or  afflicting, 
or  of  Cdiiilorting,  encouraging,  or  consoling. 

"Tlierefore  hast  thou  vU'itM  and  destroyed  tbeiii." 
—  /s'liiih  xxvi.  W. 

8,  To  intlict  punishment  for. 

"Tlie  911)9  of  my  mother  should  be  visited  upou  lue. ' 
—S/*aKeBp. :  MerciMut  of  Venice,  iii.  5. 

"9.  To  attack  in  a  hostile  manner. 

"  Ere  the  king 
DiBiuias  \na  [wwor.  he  iiieitiia  to  otjiit  us." 

Shake4p. :  1  Henry  i\'..  iv.  4. 

B.  JiitraiisLtive : 

'  1.  To  examine,  to  inspect,  to  see. 
"fEvel  .  .  .  wciit  forth  auioiig  her fruitanud  flowers, 
To  visit  how  they  iirosiwr'd." 

Jiilton  :  P.  L..  Viii.  45. 

2.  To  practise  calling  on  or  visiting  otliers  ; 
to  keep  up  friendly  intercourse,  by  making 
vi-iits  or  calls  at  the  houses  of  friends  i.ir 
I'-Iatives. 

vis-it,  s.     [Fr.  clsitt\]    [Visit,  i\] 

1.  The  act  of  visitiuLj,  or  going  to  see  a  jier- 
siin,  place,  or  tiling;  a  call ;  a  short  stay  of 
!i'i<-mlship,  '.-eieniony,  business,  duty,  cu- 
riosity, or  the  like. 

"  In  risitt 
Like  those  of  angels,  short  and  far  between." 

ft/'iir:  The  Gr-ire.  ii.  ."•*;:. 

2.  A  formal  or  ofiicial  visit  or  inspection; 
a  visitation. 

•i  (1)  night  of  vi^it :  [Visitation,  II.  2]. 
(J)  To  iKiij  a  visit:  To  visit.    [Visit,  v.,  A. 
1..  B.  LM 

*  visit-day,  ^•.  A  day  on  which  a  laijy  in 
SML-iely  was  "  at  home  "  to  receive  callers. 

"  On  vinit-days  ahe  bears 
To  wtunt  her  fiUy  (lights  of  Kinple  stairs." 

Parnell :  Jilegy  to  an  Old  Heaitf,!/. 

'  Vis'-it-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  visit;  -able]  Liable 
i-r  •iiil)ject  to  be  visited. 

"'All  hospitils  bidlt  since  tbe  Refurmiitioii  m-e 
rtfif.tble  by  tlie  kiny  or  Lord  Cliiiucellor."— Jj/Jife. 

■fVis  i-tan'-dine,  •;.  (Fr.  See  extract.]  A 
nun  of  the  Order  of  the  Visitation.  tVisiT.\- 
noN,  "1(1).] 

"Mauy  houses  of  '  Vif-irandinen'—ao  these  nun^  are 
raUeil  in  France— soon  ^robe."—Aitdis  <1-  AriiotU  :  Val/i. 
Ot.:l..  p.  S47. 

*  vis'  it-ant,  ((.  &  s.  [Lat.  visitans,  pr.  par. 
ill  ri-iito  =  to  visit  (i|.v.).] 

A.  As  (ulj. :  Acting  the  part  of  a  visitor  ; 
jiaying  a  visit. 

■■  He  knew  the  rooks  which  augeU  haunt 
On  the  niountaiua  oisUmit.' 
IVordiworth :  Sang  at  the  Fcait  of  Brougham  Custl-^. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  visits  ;  one  who 
^'oes  or  comes  to  visit  or  see  another  ;  a  visitor ; 
one  who  is  a  guest  in  the  honse  of  another. 

"  The  great  y(it((Oi(approiich"d." 

MiUon:  P.I.,  xi.  225. 

vi^-l-ta'-tion,  >■,  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  visitatloacm. 
aceus.  of  visitatio,  from  visiiaiuSy  pa.  par.  of 
!'(S((o=  to  visit  Ot-v.).] 

1.  Onlinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  act  of  visiting  or  of  paying  a  visit ; 
a  visit. 

"  To  pay  Bohonitn  the  visitation." 

Siuikfup. :   Winter's  Talc.  i.  ]. 

2.  Specilically,  a  formal  or  official  visit  paid 
IK-ritKlically  by  a  superior,  inspecting,  or 
snpi|iiitending  nffioer,  or  other  duly  qualified 
.-iiitliniity,  to  acorjjoration,  college,  church,  or 
tlir  like,  for  the  purpose  of  c\amining  into 
tilt:;  maimer  in  whicli  the  business  of  the  cor- 
jKii-ation  or  body  is  carried  on,  how  its  laws 
and  regulations  arc  observed,  and  the  like. 

"  '  will  you  Buhniit,'  ^Irl  the  bifiho|^>.  '  toour  viiHa- 
tiouf'—JJaratihty :  Hi*t.  fnj.,  ch.  viii. 

•3.  The  object  of  a  visit. 

"  O  flowera. 
My  early  vUiiiition  and  my  lo^t." 

.1/(7^0)1  -  P.  I.,  xi.  iTo. 
4.  A  special  dispensation  or  judgment  SLUt 


from  In.'aven ;  a  communicjition  of  divine 
favour  <H-giiodncss,  but  more  usually  of  divine 
indignatinn  and  retribution  ;  <livine  chastise- 
ment or  althction  ;  retributive  affliction  i>r 
trouble. 

"  Whi*t  will  yi-  do  in  the  dny  nf  rigif.ition,  and  in 
the  desolation  which  .ihall  come  from  imt  '—Ixaith 
\.  :i. 

II.  TcchiiictiUji: 

1.  Eixlt.f :  An  atniual  assembly,  chiefly  of 
clergy  ami  rhurcbwardeiis,  willed  together  at 
one  or  more  convenient  centres  for  the  pur- 
pose of  admitting  churchwardens  elect  to 
office,  of  itceiving  ))reHeutiuents,  and  of  ofti- 
cially  reviewing  the  condition  of  parishes,  and 
of  the  dioce.sc  or  archdeact>nry,  in  a  cbai-ge 
by  the  bishop  or  archdeacon,  founded  »m 
answers  to  the  enquiries  of  the  bishop  to 
the  clergy,  antl  of  the  arehdeacon  to  church- 
wardens, and  frequently  embodying  digests 
of  recent  Acts  of  Parliament  bearing  on  sub- 
jects of  interest  to  the  Church.  The  areli- 
deacou  holds  his  visitation  annually,  but 
delivers  no  charge  when  the  bishop  is  "on 
vi-;itatinu ; "  the  bishop,  for  the  most  part, 
tri'Minially.  These  assemblies  are  always  very 
largt'ly  attended  by  the  clergy,  and  much 
more  by  eluncliwardens  than  was  the  case  a 
few  years  siiice. 

2.  Inteniat.  Law:  The  act  of  a  naval  com- 
mander who  visits  or  enters  on  btjaid  a  vessel 
belonging  to  another  state,  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  her  cliaracter  and  object,  but  with- 
out ehiimingor  exercising  the  right  of  searcli. 
The  right  of  performing  this  act  is  called  tlie 
UIght  of  Visit,  or  Right  of  Visitation. 

t  (1)  OriUv  of  tlie  Visitatimi:  An  Order  of 
nuns,  founded  at  Annecy,  in  1010,  under  the 
direction  of  St.  P'lancis  de  Sales,  then  Bishop 
of  Geneva,  by  St.  Jane  Frances  de  Chantal. 
As  the  object  of  the  bishop  was  to  make  it 
possible  for  invalid  ladies  to  join  this  new 
body,  the  rule,  which  was  a  modified  form  of 
the  rule  of  St.  Augustine,  included  few  c-u- 
poral  austerities.  At  first  there  was  no  en- 
closure, so  tliat  the  nuns  could  visit  the  sick 
in  their  own  homes  ;  but  the  rule  of  enclosure 
was  adopted  in  lOlS,  Tlie  order  has  two 
housfs  ill  England— at  Waliner  and  Westbury- 
on-Trym. 

(2)  Jiight  nf  Vbtitation : 

liitern-ut.  Lav?:  [Visitation,  II.  2.]. 

(;i)  VisiintiQii  of  the  Sick : 

E<:dfs.  :  An  office  of  tlie  Anglican  Church 
for  the  coinfurt  and  consolation  of  sick 
jiersons.  It  is  founded  on  the  offices  of 
ancient  liturgies,  omitting  the  formal  pro- 
cession of  the  priest  and  his  clerks  to  the 
iiouse  of  the  sick,  the  saying  of  the  Peniten- 
tial Psalms,  and  the  anointing  with  oil.  With 
these  exceptions,  it  is  substantially  the  same 
as  Extreme  Unction  (q.v.).  The  form  for 
anointing  was  inserted  in  tlie  Prayer  Book  i.it 
1049,  but  was  omitted  in  that  of  1552. 

(4)  Visilatinii  of  the  Virgin  Mary: 

Ecdcs. :  A  festival,  celebrated  on  July  '2, 
instituted  in  tiie  middle  of  the  fourteenth 
century  by  Pope  Urban,  to  commemorate  the 
Virgin's  visit  (Luke  i.  39— .OU)  to  Elizabeth, 
the  mother  of  John  the  Baptist. 

vi^-i-ta-tbr'-i-al,  a.  [Lat.  visihUor  =  a 
visito)' ;  Eng.  adj.  sutf.  -iaL]  IVisitation.) 
P.rtaiuing  or  relating  to  a  judicial  visitor  .-i 
visitation. 

■'  \  nltitiitnrin!  power  of  vast  ntid  uudeSued  extent. " 
~Ma<-autay  :  Hitt.  Eiig.,  ch.  i. 

vi-site',  ,^%  [Fr.]  A  light  cape  or  short  cloak 
<d'  lace  or  silk  worn  by  ladies  in  summer. 

vis'-it-er,  ■•*.     [Eng.  visit,  \.',  •er.\    One  who 
visits  ;  a  visitor. 

vi^'-it-mg,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Visit,  r.] 

A.  -l^'  /"'.  j'dr. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  a<lj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  visits  ; 
empowered  or  authorized  to  make  visits  ;  as, 
a  cisitintf  committee. 

C.  As  sub-'itontive: 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  paying  a  \  isit  or 
visits. 

2.  Prompting,  influence,  attack,  fit. 

"  That  no  e-jiuininctious  vititings  of  nature 
Shake  my  fell  purpoMc."      Shakntp. :  Macbeth,  i   .' 

visiting-ant,  .«. 

Z'ol.  :  Aii-'tnmn  rt/xv /is,  the  Driver-ant  (q.v.). 

visiting- book,  s.  A  book  in  which  are 
wiilti'ii  the  names  of  persons  to  be  visited. 


visiting-card,  -''.     A  snvill  card,  bearing 

ones  iiaiii*'.  it"'.,  to  Ik*  left  on  making  calls  or 
paying  \isilv. 

vi^'  it  OP,  'Vis -it  our.  ".  [Fi'.  visitf.ur, 
Iroiii  ri-nt'  r  =  tr)  visit.] 

1.  One  who  visits  ;  one  who  makes  a  visit 
or  call  ;  a  visiter. 

"  Distiii^uishtng  the  familiar  friend  or  relation  from 
the  most  uiuilish  eititi>r."—Tuttnr,  No.  105. 

2.  A  superior  or  officer  authorized  to  make 
a  visitation  of  a  corporation  or  any  institution 
for  the  ]iuvposc  of  seeing  that  the  laws  and 
regulations  are  observed,  or  that  tlie  duties 
and  conditions  pi-escribed  by  the  founder  or 
by  law  art;  duly  iierformed  and  executed. 

"  After  they  had  diAoharged  bishopH,  they  ogreetl  to 
have  sujierinteintents,  coininiftHioneiH.  .ind  wibjf-f."— 
Jlolinnhtd  :  J/lt(<jric  oj  SMttand  (ttu.  list). 

'  vij-x-tbr'-i  al,  a.  [Eng.  vis-itor;  -ial\  Visi- 
tatorial. 

'■  All  archdeacon  ha«  oinitorinj  powei  in  parUhea."— 
Afiliffe:  Parvrgon, 

*  vis'-it-reSS,  s.    [Eng.  visit ; -rms.\    A  female 

\'isiLor. 

"Kociilv.  I  fear.  dUI  the  eye  of  the  vi»itrt'$x  pierce 
the  younu;  iMWtor's  heart."— Charlotte  Brontii :  Jane 
Enrc,  ch.  xxxji. 

'  'ns'-ive,  a.  [Fr.  visify  from  Lat.  -oisiis,  \r.\. 
])ar.  of  f("./ty  =  to  «ee ;  Sp..  Port.,  &  Ual. 
ri»ivo.\  Pertaining  to  the  power  of  seeing; 
visual. 

"Our  vitivt  Ijenius."— fi;j.  Uall  0/  Prophanvnesxt, 
l.k.  i.,  5  5. 

vis'-mi-a,  V.  [Named  after  M.  de  Visme,  a 
merchant  in  Lisb<m.l 

/;()^  ;  A  g'Mius  of  Klodefli.  Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  quadrangular  blanches,  o]q)osit*?  eritiie 
leaves,  humetimes  with  glandular  dots,  and 
terminal  cymes  of  yellow  or  greenish  tlowers. 
Sepals  live  or  four ;  petals  as  many,  usually 
villous  ou  the  inside,  and  with  black  glandular 
dots  ;  stamens  many,  in  five  bundles  ;  fruit  a 
berry,  with  live  cells  and  many  seeds.  Known 
species  more  than  twenty,  the  majority  fiom 
tropical  America,  the  rest  from  tropical  Africa. 
V'ismixi  gnii'.acnsLt  is  a  small  Mexican  and 
Guianan  tree,  about  eight  fct-t  high,  with 
ovate-lanceolate  acuminal-e  leaves,  dilated  at 
the  base,  siiMolh  above,  rufous  beneath.  The 
bark,  leaves,  aM<l  fruit,  when  wounded,  yield 
a  gum-resin,  '::;iUed  in  commerce  American 
Gummi-ijutta,  which,  when  dry,  becomes 
hard  and  resembles  gamboge.  It  is  given 
in  medicine  as  a  jiurgative.  V.  micraut}ta  and 
r.  hia'ifero,  n\so  yield  a  drastic  gum-resin  like 
gamboge.    [Elodea,  2.] 

"Visne,  '».  [Norm.  Fr.,  from  Lat.  viciuia—  a 
neighbourhood,  from  viclii,iLS=  neighbouring.] 
Neiglibourhood.     [Venue.] 

■  vi^'-nd-mxe.  "  vis'-no m^,  ^•.     [See  def.] 

A  tuiruplioii  of. physiognomy  (i|.v.). 
"Tiiou  out  <A  tune.  |MiUut-'iiut:iitg  slave,  sjiit  in  hit 
tignoin-/.'      Htauiit.  .t  Plet.  ,   i^'vineit  /"/ctMed,  iv.  i. 

t  vi'-son,  ^^    [See  d«f.] 

i^ooL  :  Tlie  French-Canadian  name  of  the 
American  Mink  (futorius  vison).  H  is  used 
also  in  Engli-ih  books. 

vi^'  -  or,  viz  -  or,  vis'  -  ard,  viz  -  ard, 
-  vi§ -er,  ■  vis  ere,  *  vis-our, "  vis~iire. 
vys-ere,  ■^-  I  Fr.  r/.-^tc/r,  fnnn  i  is  =  the 
l:u:e,  Iidui  Uil.  t  isKHt,  accus.  of  ci-sKs  =  sight. 
[Vision.]  Sp.  viscru ;  Port.  ci^kIiu  ;  llai. 
visiera.} 

*  1.  A  liead  - 
piece  or  mask 
used  for  conceal- 
ment or  disguise. 

"  A  ni.'in  in  a  vii'ir. 
and  .ictint;  the  |uirt, 
uf  :i  king  m  a  play, 
—Jiilton:  lUr.  v/ltu- 
People  o/  tnglunU. 
Ac 

2.  Old  Arm.  : 
Tliat  part  of  a 
helmet  which  de 
lends  the  face, ami 
which  can  be  lift- 
ed up  and  down 
at  pleasure  ;  it  is 
perforated  with 
holes  for  seeing  and  breathing. 

"The  CycI'ipH  a  people  of  Sicily,  rem.orkahle  for 
cruelty,  mivht,  perbaiM,  in  their  wtira  uac  a  hendplece, 
or  Pi2or."—iiroonte  :  Otli/xseg. 

3.  The  fore  i>art  of  a  cap,  projecting  over 
and  protecting  the  eyes. 


IIELMIT   w;  I  I 


boil,  bo^:  po^t.  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  ben^;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  ^enophon,  espst.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  ~  ahan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -^ion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.     ble,  -die,  &.c.  _  bel,  deL 


4t50 


visored— vitelline 


'  I.  A  iiiuik  or  Uis^uist'  jjfiifniUy. 

L-.  thu>  wiv-  lit.l  tl..-  trr.  ht-rlu.' 

<;  ..CT     C.  A.,  l.k.  U. 

vlBor-bearer,  vizor  bqaxer*  '^. 

urnith. :  A  nii|iiil;ii-  iiiinie  fur  any  species  "f 
the  iii-mis  AujinsUs,  from  the  fnutastit-  ar- 
ruiigt'tiient  of  the  feathers  of  thv  l»i-ail.  'I'tv.i 
8|»ecit's  are  known.  Aiojiistes  sttjiirrbiis  ami  .-l. 
liiiiutcfttUu.-',  both  from  lirHZll. 

'  vtsOT-niask,  s.  Apru!^titiite,a:jtnin:[>i-t. 

'*Tli«  rimrr-mntlt  ttiitt  veutumi  her  hnlfcmwii," 
J.  OuhU:   l'trfi(«  Bftra^rii.    (K|>Uut;uc.) 

vi^'-ored,  f.    [Kuj;.  visor;   -ed.]      Wearing;  a 
\i3(^>r;  inaiikud,  ilU^uiseU,  concealed. 


■  vis'-6r-^,  a.  (Lat.  vi^HA  =:!tight.]  Visuul  ; 
hiiViiig  power  of  vision. 

"  The  on'tlo  Dervrs  kikI  tba  piivr^  »iAtitM."—A<iaim  : 
Horkt,  il.  379. 

Tis'-t9^  s.     [Ital.  =  sight,  a  pros|»ect.  a  view, 

funi.  of  visto,  pa.  par.  of  veihic  =  to  see,  from 
Lat.  vitleo.]  A  view  or  prospect  throtigli  an 
avenue,  aa  between  rows  of  trees  ;  hence, 
applied  to  the  ti*ees  or  other  objects  forming 
the  avenue. 

■'An  intffnuIiiRblo  vixl-t  of  tret;  truuka  ou  Iwth 
Mae>. '— /'iel<f.  F«b.  *.  liJ«S. 

•viS'to,  !!.    IVwT.\.]    A  vista;  a  prospect. 

••  Then  Ml  beside  this  glude  aiid  vUto. 
You'd  Bee  nymphs  lyiug  like  OtHsto." 

Uaj/  :  To  a  I'vttnff  IaiiIii. 

vis'-U-al,  'vi5'-U-aU  (or^aszll),  «.  [Fr. 
t'lVtm/.'fiom  I-aU  'visttalis  =  pertaining  to  the 
sight,  from  yi*-M5  =  sight,  vision  (q.v.) ;  Sp. 
&.  Port,  visual;  Ital.  t'W((a/e.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  sight  or  seeing  ;  used 
in  sifjht  or  seeing  ;  serving  as  the  iustrunient 
of  seeing. 

"  Vittutt  beiiois  r«fmct«d  thiMUgh  anothei'3  eye,"— 
Dritnlon  :  toly  Ulbion.    |Tu  Lliu  Iteiulvr' 

•2.  Visible;  perceptible  by  tlie  sight. 

"  Mniiy  reiiiKi'knble  iMrticuliir^  thut  ntleiided  hia 
first  i«-reeiJtii»in  nmi  tudEiiiuiit.s  \m  oUuttl  ithiec^."— 
ISuik-^:  Sat>li">e  .£■  He'tuli/nl.  §  U5. 

visual-angle,  s.    [Optic-anole,  1.] 

visual-cone,  s-. 

PiirspL'ct. :  A  cune  whose  vertex  is  at  the 
point  of  sight. 

visual-plane,  .^. 

iv/s|*t.:(. ;  Any  plane  passing  tUrongli  the 
puiut  of  sight. 

visual'point,  s. 

/V:/>/>ci  f. :  A  pi.iiit  in  the  horizontil  line  in 
whicii  all  the  visual  rays  unite. 

visual-purple,  ^. 

Flifhi'.'l.  :  A  pigment,  of  a  purple  colour, 
occurring  in  the  retina  of  some  Vertebiutes. 
Under  the  action  of  light,  it  becomes  first 
what  Foster  proposes  to  call  a  visual  yellow, 
and  then  a  visual  white.  {Foster:  Pkysiol. 
(c_i.  4th),  p.  517.) 

visual-rays,  >-.  pi 

<'pti'.<:    Iliiys  of  light,   imagined  to  come 

frutii  the  "I'j'-ut  to  the  eye. 

visual-white,  s.    [Visual-pcbple.] 
visual  yellow,  s.    [Visu.vl-purple.] 

•  vis-u-al  -x-ty  {<>r  s  as  zh),  5.  [Eng.  visual  ; 
-il'li.]    A  sight;  a  glimpse. 

"We  imiat  .  .  .  caUh  n  few  mure  Pttuatities."— 
Carlyte:  Mitcell..  Iv.  242. 

vi§-u-al-ize,  vi^'-u-al  i^e  (or  vis  as 

Vizh),  c.t.  &  (.     [Eng.  risiud;  -i:.;  -ise.]' 

'  A.  Tniii^. :  To  make  visual  or  visible. 

"  What,  i»  tliiB  me?  A  Voice,  n  Motion,  an  Appear- 
ance—Kumv  euibuUicil  vitutilineU  iden  iu  the  eternal 
uiiuii."— Carl s/lc:  SaHor  Retartui,  bk.  L,  ch.  viii. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  call  up  a  nientd  image  or 
pirtuie  witha  distinctness'api>roaching actual 
vision. 

"All  this  is  difflcnlt  to  unilerstniHl  by  the  great 
majorityofperaouswhociiunul  mim/iM." — Atht'iueum, 
March  34,  U90. 

Vi'-siis,  s.     [Lat  =a  seeing,  a  lOoking.] 
Luii- :  View  or  inspection.    (Coivel.) 

vi-ta-9e-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  vit{is);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -acwe.l 

Bot. :  Vineworts ;  an  oixler  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  BerbeiaU's.  Scrambling, 
climbing  shrubs  with  tuniicl  separable  joints, 
or  ert-ct  buj.bes  ;  woody   tissue  liaving  laige. 


dotted  ducts,  at  certain  seasons  ptniring  forth 
sap.  Leaves  simple  or  compound,  the  lower 
ones  opposite,  the  upper  alternate  ;  peduncles 
racemose,  often  oppositti,  the  leaves  sometimes 
changed  into  tendrils  ;  (lowei-s  snm-',  green, 
in  thyrses,  umbels,  or  panicles ;  calyx  small, 
its  margin  nearly  entire ;  petals  four  or  live, 
inserted  in  a  disc  surroumliuL;  the  ovary  ; 
stamens  equal  iti  number  to  tlie  petals  and 
itpposite  them,  also  inserted  in  the  disc  ;  style 
one,  very  short;  stigma  simple;  ovary  su- 
perior, two  to  six-celled  ;  ovules  erect,  de- 
finite ill  number;  berry  roun<l,  pulpy,  often 
bv  abortion  one-celled  ;  seeds  lour  or  five, 
long.  Found  in  the  East  Indies  and  other 
warm  countries.  Tribes  two,  Vitete  and  Leeie  ; 
known  genera  seven  ;  species  2iJ0.    (Lindley.) 


'  vit-aillc. 


(Victuals.] 


vi  -tal.  ■  vi  -tall,  '  vy-tall.  «.  &  '*.  [Fr. 
viUt'l,  from  Lat.  i'(7((i(.<  =  pertaining  to  life, 
from  viUi  =  life  ;  vitu  is  proh.  sliort  for  re 
vita,  and  allied  to  vivo  =  to  live  ;  Si».  &  Port. 
vital ;  lUi\.  vitale.] 

A.  vis  iuljectii\' : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  life,  animal  or  vege- 
table. 

"  Wlien  I  have  iihick'd  the  rose 
I  cauuut  give  it  vitul  giuwtti  asivin.' 

StuikeviJ. :  OUtello,  v.  2. 

2.  Contributing  to  life  ;  necessary  to  or 
sui'porting  life. 

"  His  enfeebled  sprlght 
Gan  3Uck  tlils  vitult  aire  intu  liis  brest." 

Upeimer :  F.  f^.,  II.  vii.  Co. 

3.  Containing  life  ;  life-giving. 

'•  Vital  spark  of  lieavenly  flame. 
Quit,  oh  quit  thia  uiorttU  fnime." 

Popv :  lining  Christian  tu  hit  SkiuI. 

4.  Being  the  seat  of  life  ;  being  that  on 
whicli  life  depends  :  as,  To  be  wounded  iu  a 
vital  part  of  the  body. 

5.  Viable  (q.v.). 

"  Pytlincui-aa  and  Hippocrates  uot  only  affirm  the 
bii-th  of  the  seventh  muuth  to  be  vital." — Broume. 

6.  Very  nei;es3ary  or  important ;  indispen- 
sable, esscLitial. 

B.  As  sithst.  :  [Vitals]. 

vital-affinity,  i.  • 

Chum.  iC-  rity^siol. :  The  change  in  the  chemi- 
cal qualities  in  tile  nutrient  material  of  a 
plant  or  animal  after  the  former  has  acquired 
determinate  form. 

*  vital-air,  s.     An  old  name  for  oxygen, 

as  essential  tu  animal  life. 

vital -capacity,  s,    [Vital-volume.] 

vital  '  contractility,  s.  [Contract- 
ility, 1].] 

vital  fluid,  s. 

Bot.:  Latex  (q.v.).    (>ichultz.) 

vital-force,  >.     [Vitality,  II.] 

vital-functions,  -s.  pi.  Those  functions 
or  facultit;s  of  tlie  body  on  whicli  life  iirtme- 
diately  tlepends.  as  respiration,  the  circula- 
tion of  the  bli.'ud,  &c. 

Vital-principle,  ^. 

Biol. :  The  principle  which,  in  association 
with  matter,  as  in  oiganized  bodies,  controls 
its  manifestations  andjaroperties.  Nothing  is 
known  of  it.  except  as  a  force  in  connection 
with  organization.     {Carpenter.) 

Vital-vessels,  s.  pi. 

Lot.  :  LaticiferuU.s  tissue  (q.v.).     (Svhitlt.:.) 

Vital-volume,  vital-capacity,  .^. 

Physiol.  :  Dr.  Hutclnnson's  name  for  the 
quantity  of  air  expired  from  the  lungs  after 
the  most  complete  inspiration.  It  always  in- 
creases with  stature,  and  is  measured  by  the 
spirometer  (q.v.). 

*  vi-tal'-ic,  a.    [Eng.  vital;  -Ic]    Of  or  per- 
taining to  life  ;  vital. 

"Snocesaive  elevations  of  mfufic  character."— /•oe  .* 
Eureka  (  n'orks.  1864),  iL  l"w. 

vi'-tal-i^m,  s.     [Eng.  vital;  -ism.] 

Biol. :  The  doctrine  which  holds  that  the 
vital  principle  or  vitality  is  something  dis- 
tinct from  physical  forces. 

vi'-tal-ist,  5.  &  a.     [Eng.  vital;  -ist.] 

A.  -'Is  subst. :  A  believer  or  supporter  of 
Vitalism  (q.v.). 

"The  development  of  Biological  Science  haa  pro- 
gressed contemporaneously  with  the  successive  vic- 
tories filled  by  the  physicista  over  the  I'itaHsts."— 
A'ichohon:  Zoolojjj  (ed.  1h7h).  p.  U-, 


B.  As  (uljectivc : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Vitalism  (q.v.). 

2.  Of   or    pertaining    to   the  Germ-theory 
Ol.v.). 

■■  Ladtly  there  ii  the  vitafiM  theory,  which  haa  of 
late  yeni^  reoeiveil  »■•.>  much  support  from  experijiienttt 
ciirrivd  out  by  .'  utteiir.  This  tlieury  ti(ke.t  for  ijiuiitvd 
tliat  tUeru  are  in  the  air  nuiubciles*  gurniis  or  spurcH  of 
the  lowest  forms  of  phiut  and  animnl  life;  it  is  the 
germiniitiun  of  these  spores  in  the  fernientini;  sub- 
ataiic'c  which  brings  al>4fitt  those  change:*  kuowu  a» 
fenauntative." — Carpenter :  Aiiim.  Ph{fuul.,  p.  OS. 

vi-t31'-i-ty,  s.     [Lat.  vitalitasy  from  vltalis  ^ 
vital  (q.v.).] 
L  Vnlinary  Langxagc : 
1.  The  state  of  showing  vital  powers  or  ca- 
pacities ;  the  principle  of  animation  or  of  life. 

"  Whether    that    motion,    pitalitj/.  and    owrutiou. 


2.  .Animation  ;  manifesUition  of  life  or  last- 
in^iness ;  life :  as,  an  institution  devoid  of 
vitiilitn. 

II.  Biol.  :  (See  extract). 

"Considered  ap:irt  from  the  plieiiomemt  of  cnti- 
suiouaiiess,  the  phenoineiia  of  hfe  are  all  clepeii<teiit 
upon  the  working  of  the  same  ))hysicHl  and  i.'hi.-iiiii.'iil 
totixs  as  those  which  are  active  in  tlie  cest  uf  the 
Morlil.  It  majy ,  be  convenient  tu  n«e  the  terms 
'  I'Uitfiti/'  and  'vital  forctt'«to  denote  the  causes  oi 
cei'tiLiii  ^;reat  groups  of  natural  operations,  iia  we  em- 
ploy the  names  ol  "  electricity '  and  "  electrical  furce  ' 
to  denote  others  ;  but  it  ceases  to  be  proper  tu  ili>  .»u. 
if  suoh  a  name  impliee  the  absurd  assumption  tli:it 
either  "electricity"  or  ' niVUit//'  are  entitien  plajiiiti 
the  part  of  elfifieut  oauaes  of  electrical  or  vital  phcuo- 
iiieivu'^Bujilfi/  :  Anal.  Invei-t.  Anim.,  p.  3. 

vi-tal-i-za'-tion,  s.  [Eng,  vitaliz{t);  -atioii.) 
Ihe  act  or  process  of  vitalizing  ;  the  act  of  in- 
fusing the  vital  principle, 

vi'-tal-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  vital;  -ize.\  To  give 
life  "to  ;  to  infuse  the  vital  principle  into  ;  to 
animate. 

"Organic  assimilatiou  .  .  .  is  a  force  which  not  only 
produces  motion  aud  chemical  change,  but  also 
vitalizes  the  matter  on  which  it  acts,"—  Mhcwall :  Jlist. 
Siientijic  Ideas,  IL  215. 

vi-tal-ly,  adv.    [Eng,  vital;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  vital  manner ;  so  as  to  give  or  re- 
ceive life. 

'•  New  particles  of  matter  vitally  united  to  the  living 
plant."— iocte .'  Unman  Undent  a  nil.,  bk.  ii.,  eh.  xxvli. 

2.  Essentially,  indispensably. 

3.  In  a  manner  aftecting  the  very  existence 
of  a  thing;  in  a  highly  important  manner  or 
degree. 

"  Those  whose  interests  were  mure  vitally  atlVcted,  ' 
—Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  22,  18Bo. 

vi'-talj,  s.  pi.    [Vital.] 

1.  The  iuterual  parts  or  organs  of  animals 
tssential  to  life.    (Used  vaguely  or  generally.) 

"  The  inexhaustible  repOitt 
Drawu  £i-om  his  vital«." 

Wordeuvrth  :  Excursion,  bk.  vi. 

*  2.  The  parts  of  a  complex  whole  essential 
to  its  life,  existence,  or  souudness. 

■'  Those  seditious  principles  have  shot  their  poyson- 
ou3  arrows  into  the  viLilti  <ii  the  publick  body."— 
aiaiivill :  Semwn-i. 

vi'-te-SB,  s-  pi-  [Mod.  Lat.  vil{is);  Lat.  feni. 
pi.  adj.  sutf,  -tae.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  tribe  of  Vitaeeaj  (q.v.). 
Tendrils  present,  petals  distinct,  stamens  also 
distinct;  ovules  in  pairs. 

*  vit'-el-Iar-y,    s.     [Lat.  vitellns  =  the   yolk 

of  an  egg.]    Tlie  place  where  the  yolk  of  an 
egg  swims  iu  the  wliite. 

"  The  vlteliary,  or  place  of  the  yolk,  is  very  high."— 
Browne:  Vulgar  Erroum,  bk,  lii,,  ch.  xxviii. 

vi-tel'-U-Cle,  s.  [Dimin,  from  Lat.  vitdlus 
(q.v.).] 

B'lul. :  The  bag  developed  round  the  food- 
yolk,  or  that  part  of  the  yolk  not  convei'ted 
into  the  germ-mass  and  enibryo.  The  con- 
stricted part  at  which  it  is  continued  into  tlie 
wall  of  the  intestinal  canal  is  called  the  Vitel- 
line duct. 

*  vi-tel'-lin,  ^.     [Eng.  vitdKiis);  -in,  -inc.] 

Che.'ii.  :  A  name  formerly  ijiven  to  thfe  albu 
minoidal  substance  of  the  yolk  of  birds'  eggs, 
now  known  to  be  a  mixture  of  albumin  aud 
casein. 

vi-tel'-Une,  c    [Vitelll's.] 

1.  Of  or  pertiiining  to  the  yolk  of  eggs, 
uiore  especially  to  the  deutoplasm, 

2.  Coloured  like  tlie  yolk  of  an  egg ;  dull 
yellow,  just  turning  to  red, 

vitelUne-duct,  .*.    [Vitellicli:.] 


f^te.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Hw, 


vitellus— vitrified 


-)i 


vltelUne-membrane. .-:. 


Aunt.:  Thf  rinii,  ImnstKiroiit,  vesic\il«r 
iiieinliiaue  **iin'Miiiiiliii;:  the  ynlk  of  an  c^g  ; 
ilir  yolk-sac.     Callfti  also  /oiui  peUttciihi. 

vi-tel'-lus,  >■.    [Lat.=  the  yolk  of  an  esi:A 

1.  Auat. :  Tli<?  yolk  of  nn  ovum  or  ej:y:.  It 
sa  mass  of  iji-aiiular  ina;toi)]iisiii  tilling  tlie 

-.  fsidf,  ami  havinj;  siisjUMujIeii  in  it  a  multi- 
•iiile  of  oil-ijlobules  of  variable  size.  It  ooii- 
::iins  also  the  gorminal  vesicle  (q. v.)  and  the 
^fvniinal  s]iot  or  macula. 

2.  I'of. :  G:prtncr's  name  for  n  fleshy  sac 
intcriuised    lictwet-n    tlie    .ilbunirii    and    tlo- 

'VuIk,  ami  onvclojiinj;  the  latter  llnbort 
Uiowu  fonml  that  it  was  the  sac  of  the  am- 
nion in  a  thickenetl  state. 

vi'-tex,  s.  [Lat.  =  the  chaste  tree.  (See  def.)] 
I',"l.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Vitice^.  Calyx 
short,  camimnuhite,  live-toothed ;  corolla 
irrc^'ular,  flve-lobeil,  somewhat  labiate;  sta- 
mens four,  didynanious :  fruit  a  ghibular 
berry,  covered  at; its  base  by  the  calyx,  and 

,  containing  four  onl•-s^■^•ded  cells.  I'itex 
Aifinis-castvs  :s  the  ehnsti'-tree,  a  native  of 
Southern  Efimi.e.  It  hasdigitate  leaves,  willi 
five  to  seven  leaflets.  1^-agraut  flowers,  aud 
globular  fruits  with  an  acrid  and  aromatic 
taste.  (AoNCs-CASTr-s.)  V'ttex  trifolla,  the 
Wild  Pepper,  is  a  small  tree  or  shrub,  wild  in 
Imiiaand  Burmali.  The  roots  yield  a  sweet, 
greenish  oil.  It  is  believed  that  an  oil  <au  be 
extracted  also  from  the  seeds.  The  plant  is 
anodyne,  diuretic,  and  emmenagogue.  i'itex 
Xi:ffHiulo  is  a  sbiub  with'  pretty  bine  flowers 
found, in  India,  Ceylon,. and  Cochin  China.  Its 
ashes  are  largely  used  as  an  alkali  in  dyeing. 
Its  root  is  eousidereil  by  tlie  Hindoos  to  be 
tonic,  febvjfugal,  and  expectorant,  and  its 
leaves  aromatic,  tonic,  and  veiinifngal  ;  the 
dried  fruits  are  also  venhifugal.  A  jiillow 
stuffed  with  the  leaves  is  said  to  lelieve  head- 
ache, and  a  vapcuir  bath  prepared  with  them 
is  employed  in  Mysore  in  fever,  catarrh, 
and  rheumatisni.  The  bark  aud  roots  of  V. 
?et(eo.ri//'J'),-a  large  deciduous  tree  from  India 
aud  Burniah,  are  astringent ;  its  fruit  is  eaten 
by  the  Burmese.  Mr.  E.  B.  Manson  believes 
that  its  Wood  and  that  of  J',  nltissima,  the 
latter  a  large  Indian  tree,  would  be  useful  for 
furniture.  The  bark  of  V.  2'aruma  is  given  in 
Brazil  in  syphilitic  affections. 

•vit'-i-ate,  "vic'-i-ate  (it,  ic  as  ish),  v.f. 
[Lat.  riti<it'<<,  i>a.  par.  of  i-itio=to  deprave, 
t.i  injure,  to  sitoil,  from  citluni  =  vice.] 
IVlCE,  1.] 

1.  To  render  vicious,  faulty,  or  imperfect; 
to  impair,  to  deprave,  to  spoil. 

"  Tliuse  Hie  sucli  ns  most  couiiiioulj-  owe  their  being 
to  a  vitiittitl  tnste,"—\yoUasro7> :  iiel'tgion  of  Mature, 
§>. 

2.  To  injure  or  impair  the  quality  or  sub- 
stance of;  to  render  noxious  or  injurious  to 
liealth. 

"  Tbe  letlial  gas  .  .  .  uas  jrradUHlly  vitiittiiii}  ami  dis- 
iilaciiig  the  wruiuary  atun'Bplieie. '— Z><"///  throniclt, 
Jan.  IC,  18«S. 

3.  To  cause  to  fail  of  effect,  either  wholly 
or  in  part ;  to  render  invalid  or  of  no  effect ; 
to  destroy  the  validity  or  binding  force  of,  as 
of  a  legal  instiuuient ;  to  iiivaliJate,  to  annul. 

"A  tmii8]K)sitioii  of  the  order  of  the  sacraaieiiUil 
words,  iti  some  iiieii's  o|iiiiiou,  vitiates  bajitism.  "^ 
.iytiffn:  Parergon. 

*  vit  -i-ate,  •  vic'-x-ate  (it,  ic  as  ish),  ". 

[Lat.  c^itKit'u^.]  [ViriATE,  c]  Vitiated,  de- 
praved, tainted,  infected. 

■'Scripture  .idultt^'rute  and  viciate  with  false  glusea 
and  wroiiij  exposicioiis."— J/twt';  H'«j-A:m,  p.  ca^*. 

vit-i-a'-tion  (it  as  ish),  s.  [Lat.  viUatiov, 
from    r'tiirtu.%  pa.  jiar.  of  viti(j  =  to  vitiate 

(q.V.).] 

1.  The  act  of  vitiating,  depraving,  impair- 
ing, spoiling,  or  corrupting;  the  st^ite  of 
being  vitiated. 

"The  foresaid  exteiuiatiou  of  the  liody  is  imputed 
to  the  bluod's  rltiation  by  mnlizn  putrid  vapours 
smokiiiK  throughout  the  vessels.' —//.irppy.-  (*n  Con- 
sumption. 

2.  A  rendering  invalid  or  of  no  ettect ;  in- 
validation. 

"Vi-ti9'-e-SB,  s.  j>?.  [Mod.  Lat.  vitex  (q.v.), 
genit.  vitk{is);  Lat.  feni.  pi.  ftdj.  suff.  -en:} 

Hot. :  A  tribe  of  Veibenactw.  Inflorescence 
cymose,  ovules  laterally  attached. 


vi-tic*-u-la,  .«.    [Lat. 
from  vi'tis  (qv.).] 
Lot.  :  The  same  as  Vine, 


a  little  vine,  dimin. 
(Fuchs.)- 


Vl-tic'~U-l6se,  ".     (Mod.  Ltt.  ritUulosus.] 
Bill. :  Furnished  with  vlticulae. 

f  vit'-i-CUl-ture,  s.  (Fr.,  from  Lat,  vitis  = 
a  vim',  aud'  cult  lira  =  culture,  cultivatiuu.] 
The  eultuie  or  (^diivation  of  the  vine. 

"  The  di.-vehipiinyii't  of  Piiifulture  in  R\im\a."— Daily 
Tt'tegrntih.  Uol.  -r..  ISt-T. 

tvit-i-ciil'-tu-rist,  .«.  [Eng.  vitlmltitiie) : 
-ts/.]  One  engaged  in  the  cultui-e  or  cultiva- 
tion of  the  vine  ;  a  vine-grower. 

"The  holiest  viticntturmt  whose  ironey  Qiiiiiiliy 
li(.iTOMod."—ro(cn  it  Coimfr^^oHrHfif  (.Sidney).  Ucc.  V. 
lS^5,  p.  l.iSi 

vi-til'-i-go,  -«.  ILat.  =  tetter.  Named  from 
Lat.  ritiilns  =  a  calf,  from  the  glistening,  veal- 
likc  appearance  of  the  skin  in  this  disease.] 

I'uthoL  :  A  rare  skin  disease,  order  Tuber- 
cula.  It  is  qbai-acterized  by  the  occurrence 
of  more  or  less  feriilaneiit,  smooth,  white, 
shining  tubercles  on  the  ears,  neck,  face,  or 
on  the  grciiter  part  of  the  body,  with  shiniiig 
jwipulie  intermixed.  It  is  sometimes  accom- 
panied or  I'roduced  by  dernn cement  of  tbe 
liver. 

*■  vit-i-lit'-i-gate,  r.i.  [nat.  viWiHgatuin, 
sup.  of  ritHinn,  from  rUium=  vice,  and  litiijn 
=  to  quarrel.]  [LiTir.ATE.]  To  contend  in  law 
litigiously  or  vexatit)usly. 

■  vit-i-lit-i-ga'-tion,  s.  (Vitllitioate.] 
Vexatious  or  iiuarrelsiuue  litigation. 

"  I'll  force  you,  by  rinht  ratiociuation. 
To  leave  your  Pili/iCisJ'ttion." 

Butler  :  lludibras,  I.  iii.  1,2C1. 

•  vit-i-6s'-i-ty  (it  as  ish),  s.  [Lat.  viti- 
lisitn^,  fntni  ritimiis  —  vicious  (q.v.). J  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  vicious  ;  depravity, 
corruption. 

'■  Unless  it  were  justly  chargeable  upon  the  vitiosity 
or  d'-feet  of  its  prfutipleB  or  rules."— /VctfdcH  :  Seniwii 
at  (•r-tifvitrs  Funeral. 

vi'-tlous,  TX'-tious-ly,  vi'-tious-ness. 

(See  Vicious,  Viciolslv,  A:c.) 

vi'-tis,  s.     (Lat.  =  a  vine.] 

1.  Hot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  tribe  Viteje 
and  the  order  Vitaceiv.  Calyx  generally  hve- 
toothed  ;  petals  five,  cohering  at  the  tip,  fall- 
ing off  without  separating;  stamens  five; 
style  wanting ;  berry  two-celled  ;  cells  four- 
seeded,  tlie  seeds  often  abortive.  CIimV)iny 
jilauts  with  tendrils  opposite  the  leaves, 
which  are  either  simple,  undivided,  or  lobed, 
or  are  compound.  Natives  of  Asia  and  Noith 
America.  VitLi  viuifent  is  the  Vine  (q.v.).  I'. 
inilica,  which  grows  in  the  west  of  tbe 
peninsula,  from  the  Koukan  sonthwai"ds,  has 
a  round  fruit  about  as  large  as  a  currant.  I'. 
lanuta.  from  the  HiniaJayas,  &c.,  has  a  purple 
fruit  tlie  size  of  a  pea,  tlie  leaves  and  young 
shoots  of  V.  qiiadraiiqularis,  another  Indian 

,  species,  are  ])o\vdered  and  given  by  the 
Hindoos  in  bowel  eomiilaints.  Every  part  of 
V.  setosa,  alSo  from  India,  is  acrid,  and  the 
leaves  tojisted  and  oiled  are  applied  in   India 

.    to  indolent  tumours  to  bring  on  suppuration. 

2.  Pahvohol. :  A  species,  I'i^is  hritnnuica,  is 
in  the  Bovey  Tracey  Oligocene  (?)  beds,  and 
three  others  in  the  Jliocene.    {Ktkeridge.) 

t  vit'-re-a,  5.  pi.  [Neut.  pi.  of  Lat,  vitreits  = 
glassy,  from  i'i7rj(;u  =  glass.] 

Z'jol. :  An  old  synonym  of  Hexactiuellidai 
(q.v,). 

vit-re-6-,  pre/.      (Vitreous.]    Of,  pertiiming 

to,  oj-  resembling  glass. 

vitreo-electric,  «.  Containing  nr  ex- 
hibiting positive  electricity  (q.v.). 

vit'-re-oiis,  0.  [Lat.  vitreus,  ritriits=  glassy, 
fiom  /(/;■(( HI  =  glass,  prop,  vidtr^ivi  =  an  in- 
strument or  material  for  seeing  with,  from 
video  =  to  see  ;  Fr.  vitre;  Sp.  &  Port,  vitrco.] 

1.  Of  or  pei-taining  to  glass  ;  obtained  from 
glass. 

2.  Consisting  or  coinpo-sed  of  glass. 

'A.  Resembling  glass;  glassy.  Used  in  de- 
scribing the  lustre  of  various  minerals  and 
rocks. 

^  Vitreous  copper  =  Chalcocite ;  Vitreous 
silver  =  Argentite. 

vitreous  body  or  humour,  s. 

.\iin!.  :  A  body  or  liuinour  occupying  the 
centre  of  the  eyei>ali.  It  is  ol  gelatinous  con- 
sistency, is  quite  j)elUu-irl,  and  constitutes 
four-fifths  of  the  eyeball.  It  is  surrounded 
except  front  by  a  hyaloid  membrane. 


vitreous -electricity.  ■-'■ 
/•;/.v/.  .-   To-iriv  cl-rtrieity  (q.v.i 

Vitreous  foraminlfera, «. 

Ziiol.  :  I'Mr.niimifcm  with  a  glassy  test. 

vitreous  fusion,  .<.     The  intern)ed*ate, 

sort  couilitioh    i.f  iron,  gla-ss,   &c.   between 
rigidity  and  tbiiility.. 

vitreous-rocks.  .*.  /-/. 

J'eti-nl.:  A  cla>s  of  eruptive  rocks  having 
glassy  lustre.  coiicln^idal  fracture,  and  only 
single  refr.-ielinn.  Tlicy  are  obsidian,  i>itch- 
stone,  I'eihic.  |.uiiiicc,  and  ta'.'bylyte. 

vitreous  sponges,  s.jd.    (Vitkea  l 

vitreous  table,  -". 

.iiint.  r'lUf-  inner  talile  or  bony  layer  of  the 
cranium.     It  is  close-gi-ained,  shining,  harit, 
■  and  brittlji, 

vit'-re-ous-ness,  s.  [Eug.  vitreous:  -ness.] 
The  <iualily  or  state  of  being  vitreous;  re* 
scinblaui'c  to  glass. 

vi-tres-9en5e,  s.  [Eng.  viiicsreu{t) ;  -<•«.] 
The  iiuality  or  state  of  being  vitrescent ; 
a  tendency  to  become  gla.'s.sy ;  susceptibility 
of  being  formed  into  glass  ;  glassiness. 

vi-tres'-^ent,  a.  (Lat.  yVnnu^  glass.]  Tend- 
ing to  become  glass  or  glassy  ;  suscei^tible  of 
being  I'onncd  into  glass. 

vi-tres'-9i-ble,  a.  (Lat.  ri(r»?ii=  glass.] 
Cajiable  of  being  vitrified  ;  \itriflable. 

vit'-ric,  n.  (Lat.  H(;'(m7ji)  =  glass  ;  Eng.  adj. 
sufl.  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  fused  com- 
liounds  in  which  silex  predominates,  such  as 
glass  and  some  of  the  enamels,  in  contia- 
distinction  to  ceramic. 

vit-rx-fac'-tion,  s.  (Lat.  17/ nnii  =  glass, 
autl  /ff-fir  =  to  make.]  The  art,  in-oce.ss,  or 
Mperatii'ii  of  vitrifying,  or  of  converting  into 
gla-ss,  or  a  glassy  sultstance,  by  heat. 

*  vit'-ri-fS,c-ture,  s.    [Vitrifaction.]    The 

manufacture  of  glass. 

vit'-ri-fi-a-ble,  n.  [Eng.  vitri/n :  ■(d>J€.] 
Capable  of  being  vitrified  or  converted  into 
glass  by  heat  and  fusion. 

"  I  remarked  that  at  Dun  Mac  SuioL-bain  itself  tlie 
material--*  of  tlie  hill  itself  were  not  fitrifi'tfrli:."~.\fnc- 
cullo<:h  :  lli'jhhnids  Jt  Western  Islei  of  .Seo'litml,  i.  292. 

vitrifiable  -  colours,  ->;■  pi-  Metallic 
pigments  which  become  vitrified  when  laid 
on  surfaces.  Such  are  used  in  enamels,  pot- 
tery, and  stained  glass. 

•  vi-trif'-ic-a-ble.  n.  [Eng.  vitrify ;  c  con- 
nect., and  sutV.  -ahk.]  Capable  of  being  con- 
verted into  gl.tss  ;  vitrifiable. 

'  vi-trif -i-cate,  v.t.  (Lat.  vitntm  =  glass, 
and/«LiO  —  to  make.]  To  convert  into  glass 
or  a  glassy  substance  ;  to  vitrify. 

"  We  have  glasses  of  divew  kinds,  aud  amonpst 
them  souie  of  metals  eitrijicatefl,  aud  other  mate- 
vin\s."—H-ic»n :  .\'cw  .Utantis. 

vit-ri-fi-ca'-tion,  s.  (Fr.]  [Vitrificate,] 
The  act  or  process  of  converting  into  glass 
by  means  of  heat. 

"Therefore  vitrification  ninketb  bodies  brittle."— 
Rrownc  -  Vulgar  Errour$,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  v. 

vit'-ri-fied,  jia.  par.  &  a.    [Vitrify.] 

A,  .-l;>-  pit.  iKU\  :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  ^s  adj. :  Converted  into  glass  or  a 
glassy  substance. 

vitrified-forts,  s.  pi.  A  class  of  pre- 
historic hill  fortresses,  princi)>ally  found  on 
the  ciests  of  Iiills  in  the  Scotch  Highlands,  but 
occurring  also  in  France,  the  walls  of  which 
are  i>artially  or  entirely  transformeil  into  a 
glassy  substance.  The  Scotch  vitrified  forts 
were  first  made  known,  in  1777,  in  a  series  of 
published,  letters  to  Ci.  C.  M.,  Esq.,  Kdin- 
burgh,  by  >lr.  John  Williams,  a  civil  engineer, 
who  was  then  conducting  mining  operations 
in  the  Scottish  Higlilands  nmbT  the  Bo:iiii  of 
Annexed  [i.e..  Forfeited]  Estates.  Williams's 
discovery  was  first  doubted,  then  discussion 
arose  whether  the  vit ritied  forts  were  cNtinct 
volcanoes  or  artificial  productions.  Now  the 
volcanic  hyiKithesis  is  quite  exploderl,  and  the 
erections  are  regaixleil  as  old  forts.  Their 
vitrification  seems  to  have  been  intentional, 
aud  to  have  been  facilitated  by  the  cnqiloy- 
ment  of  rocks  easy  of  fusion,  such  as  gnuiite, 
limestone,   &c.,  these  being    often    brought 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo^l ;  cat,  9011,  chorus.  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  i. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shaii.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhdn.      cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^c.  —  bel,  del. 


462 


vitrilbrm— Vive 


tH.iM  a  distance  when  lews  fitsibh-  nicks  niit^ht 
)iave  easily  becu  obtained  fitun  the  vi(init>. 

vit'-ri-form,  n.  tl'«*'-  ritrum  =  ^luss,  aiiiL 
,",„((!  =.  finiii. I  Having  the  form  or  appenr- 
:irice  I'f  i^lass  ;  rosemblnn:  glass. 

vit-ri-fy,  i:t.  &  t.     [Fr.  ritrijkr,  fioni  Lat. 
'/nn-f  =j.'Inss,  and /«no  (pass. /«*)=  to  make.) 
A.  Tions.:    Ti»  convei-t    into   glass    or    a 
glassy  substance  by  beat  and  fusitiu. 

B*  tiitraus. :  To  become  glass ;  to  he  O'n- 
\ei1ed  into  ghis^. 

"  Bmulra  »e  we  inetata  will  vitrifi/."  —  Bacon  : 
Phyti'-lt'jicitt  /:e>niiini. 

vi-tri'-na,  5.  [U<i\.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  vifr'nn 
^  glass. f 

Xool. :  Glass-^nail;  a  genus  of  Ilelicida', 
with  eiglity-seveu  species,  most  abundnnt  in 
northern  jiart.'*  of  the  Old  World.  Shell  ini- 
Iierforate,  very  thin,  depressed ;  spire  short, 
last  whorl  lai-ge  ;  aniniid  elongiiled,  ton  large 
tor  conipletf  rctraftiun  into.slieIl.  The  species 
are  octasionallv  aitinuil-feeders,  like  the  slugs. 

vit'-ri-dl,  •  vit-ri-ole,  .•;.  fFr.  ritrh!:  Prov. 
■■'•triote :  ?Sp.  &  T'Tt.  ritrinlo ;  ltii\.  ritriiiolo; 
how  Lat.  vitriolinii.  from  Lat.  rT7r»7H  =  glass. 
Xanicd  jierhaps  from  its  colour  and  Irans- 
lucency.] 

Chem. :  An  old  name  forsiripbates.  stiU  often 
used  in  commerce,  and  sometimes  erroneously 
applied  to  Bulphnric  acid.  The  vitriols  are 
'listin^'uished  by  their  coloui"s  or  the  metals 
thi-y  ruiitaiii  :  White,  or  Zine  Vitriol;  Green, 
ov  Iron  \  itrii'l ;  Lead  and  Nickel  Vitriols,  &e. 

%  Oil  of  viirivl :  [SrLPHunic-ACiD]. 

vitriol -ochre,  -;. 

Mill.  :  The  saint-  :i--  Glockerite  (q.v.). 

vitriol-throwing,  ^i. 

\.  Lit.:  The  act  nf  throwing  vitriol  in  the 
fai-e  of  a  person  as  an  act  of  private  vengeance. 
2.  Fi(t' :  Violent  abuse, 

"This  sort  of  vitrioltliynipinsf  is  iirit  even  effective  as 
cuiitruveroj. '■—«?.  Jitmens  Vaiettv,  Det.  i:[.  1987. 

\  vif-ri-6-late.  r.f.  (En^'.  vitriol : -ate.]  To 
roiivert  intd  a  \  ihm],  as  jidii  pyiites,  by  the 
absiirpticMi  ot  (lxy^'(■!l.  which  reduces  the  iron 
To  an  o.xide  and  the  sulphur  to sulj'luuir  acid. 
Thus,  the  sulphide  of  iion,  whcu  \itriolated, 
becomes  sulphate  of  iron,  oi-  green  \itritd. 

vit'-ri-6-late,  vit -ri-6-lat-ed,  e.     [Vit- 

KIOLATE,  v.] 

1.  Converted  into  a  sulphate  or  a  vitriol. 

"Avifriolate  or  coi>i)eroBe  quality." — Brotene:  !'?(?- 
■jar  Krrours.  bk.  vi.,  cli.  xti. 

2.  Impregnated  with  vitriol. 

"  Iron  m.ii/  he  disai.lved  tiy  any  tni-t,  salt,  or  rltrio- 
Jatcd  Wiiter,  ' — Itacon  ■  i'h;islolognnt  iienmhis. 

vit-ri-o-la'-tion,  -■'•.  (Vitriolatf:,  r.]  The 
act  or  prnccss  of  cm'erting  into  a  sulphate 
rir  a  vitriol. 

vit-ri-ol'-lC,  a.     [Eng.  vitriol :  -ic] 

1.  Lit. :  Pertaining  to  vitriol ;  having  the 
qualities  of  vitriol  ;  obtained  from  vitriol. 

"  A  vitriolic  aiibatuice,  tiutiitg  like  alum,"— Coot  : 
second  Voynge.  bk.  it.,  (.h.  x. 

2.  i'ig.t  Sharp,  biting,  bitter,  malignant. 

"FoUoMed  by  one  of   Mr.  L '»  pniigeiit  t'itri"lic 

•lischnrges  of  undiluted  Kathc.illaiii.'  — £"t'f»H»3  stuntl- 
■ird,  Oct.  3.  16P5. 

'  vit'-ri-6-line,  ".  (Eng.  ritrinl;  -inc.]  Of, 
l>ertaining  to,  or  resembling  vitriol ;  vitriolic. 

"  lu  a  moorisb,  bo^feie  (irouiul  nriNetli  a  Sprinjr  of  ,i 
mtrioHtie  tAnt  :\miMoui:'—Fttller:  IVorthiea;  It'/Zr*. 
iL  4&3. 

vit'-ri-o-liz-a-ble,  o.  [Eng.  ritrioliz(e): 
■ohle.]  Capable  of  being  vitriolized  or  con- 
verted intii  a  vitriol. 

Vit-ri-o-li-za-tiou,  s.  [Eng.  ritrioliz(e); 
■■ifir>}i.]  The  act  or  process  of  vitriolizing ; 
vitriitiatioii. 

vit'-ri-6-lize,  v.t.    (Eng.  ritrioJ :  -i:e.] 

1.  To  convert  into  a  vitriol  ;  to  vitriolate. 

2.  To  poiaon  or  injm-e  with  vitriol. 

••The  Jury  dill  not  heUevt-  that  the  child  from  tlie 
?aine  uiotiAe  '■irriurtsxt  hiuiselV—Hnily  ycw»,  Jttnich 
l.^,  1*S6. 

vi-tri'-o-lous,  a.  [Eng.  ri7r('o?;  -ovs.]  Con- 
taining vitriol ;  vitriolic. 

vi'-tro.  s.     [Ital..  from  Lat.   r/f,i',)(  =  glass.] 

(See  cniiipounfl.) 

Vitro   de   trino,    5.       Ueticulated- glass 


vit'-rO'type,  s.      iLat.    vitrunL  =  glass,   and 

Eng. ////..■.] 

I'hnt.  :  A  name  given  to  the  processes  which 
invnlve  the  jjrmluction  of  collodion  lilni  j'ic- 
tures  on  glass. 

Vi-tru'-vi-an,  ".  (See  def.l  Of  nr  pertaining 
to  Marcus'  \  ill  u\  ins  I'nllio,  a  celebntted 
Unman  aichiteet,  born  ab"Ut  SO  b.c. 

vltrnvian  scroll.  '. 

Arch.:  A  vaii'-d  and  fanciful  arebitectural 
ornament  naiiied 
after  VitruviuH, 
and  eciusistiiig  of  a 
series  of  i-unvnlu- 
ted  scrolls.  [ViT- 
KUViAS.  It  oceiirs 


VITKIIVIAN  SCKOll.. 


frequently  in  friezes  of  the  Composite  order. 

Vit'-ta  (pi.  Vif-t«).  s.    [Lat.] 

1.  Ortf.  Lang.  :  A  head-band,  lillet,  or  gar- 
land ;  specif.,  among  the  ancient  Greeks  anrl 
Romans,  a  ribbon  or  fillet  used  as  a  decoration 
of  sacred  persons  or  things,  as  of  priests, 
victims,  altars,  statiies,^id  the  like. 

2.  BtjtuviiiPL): 

(1)  The  clavate  vessels  of  oil  occurring 
in  the  fruits  of  the  Umbelliferie.  They  are 
not  generally  visible  except  on  making  a 
transverse  section  of  the-fruit. 

(2)  Internal  projections  or  inflections  of  the 
valves  cd'  Diatoms.  They  form  imperfect 
septa,  and  ajipearas  dark  lines. 

vit'-tate,  (I.     [Lat.  vitttifiis.  from  vltti'.] 

*  1.  OnL  Laiifj. :  Provided   with  a  vitta  nr 

vittie. 
2.  Bet. :  Striped,  having  hmgitudinai  stripes 

of  a  colour  dittering  from  the  gruunu  tint. 

vi-tU-U'-na,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  I'ifiih' 
=  t'be  Goiiiless  of  Victory,  of  Exultatioii. 
(Maci-oh. :  Sat.  iii.  2.)] 

Pidn-oiit.  :  A  genus  of  Orthida*,  from  the 
Devonian  of  New  York.  Shell  resembling 
that  of  Troj'idoleiitus,  but  the  derdal  pro- 
cesses are  not  cremdated  nur  distinctly  separ- 
ated fioni  the  area,  as  in  tliat  genus. 

•  vit-U-line,  «.  [Lat.  rituUntis,  from  vitnhts 
=  a  calf.]    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  calf 

or  veal. 

"A  tloul)1e  allowaiite  of  vitiilhie  hr&ina."—LoKeU ■' 
Among  mi/  Books,  p.  167. 

"  vi-tu'-per-a-hle,  a.  [Lat.  ritupmtbilis, 
from  viti'j'ero  —  to  vituperate.]  Deserving  of 
or  liable  to  vituperation  or  abuse  ;  blame- 
worthy, censurable. 

"  vi-tu'~per-ate,  r.t.  [Lat.  riticperatas,Y,\. 
I-ar.  uf  ritupcro  =  to  censure,  abuse;  prop. 
=  to  find  fault :  vitivm.  —  fardt.  and  pnro  = 
to  prepare.]  To  find  fault  with  abusively  ;  to 
blame  with  abusive  language ;  to  abuse  vei- 
I'ally ;  to  rate. 

vi-tu-per-a'-tion,   *  vi-tu-per  a-cy-on, 

5.  [Fr.  vituperation,  from  Lat.  riiUi>erutione)n, 
accus.  of  vitvperatio,  from  rituperotus,  pa.  par. 
of  fitupero  =  to  vitnpei-ate  (q.v.).]  The  act 
of  vituperating  or  abusing ;  abuse,  railing, 
rating. 

'■  When  a  man  becomes  iiiitractable.  siitl  iiinccea- 
sible,  )>y  fiercriiesit  and  ^ride,  then  {•Umitfratiun  cuuiea 
upon  hini.  and  privatiuu  of  honour  follows  hiiu,"— 
Dottnc  :  Bist.  of  the  Sej/t,  p.  165. 

vi-tU'-pcr-a-tive,  a.  [Eng.  vitv]ierof(e)  ; 
■ive.\  Serving  to  vitupeiate ;  containing  or 
characteiized  by  abuse  ;  abusive. 

"  The  vifiiperirtifc  style  of  hia  patron." — Atacautay : 
Bisf.  Eng..  cli.  iv. 

vi-tu'-per-a-tive-ly,  (utr.  (Eng.  vitupera- 
tive;  -ly.]  In  a  vituperative  or  abusive  man- 
ner; with  vitupei-ation  or  abuse  ;  abusively. 

vi-tu'-per-a-tor,  s.  [Lat.]  One  who  vitu- 
peiates  or  jilmses  verbally  ;  a  railer,  a  re\iler. 

■  vi-tU-per'-i-ous,  CT.  [Vituperate.]  Worthy 
of  vituperation  ;  blameworthy,  disgraceful. 

■'  It  is  intituled  w  ith  a  vifitpfrous  and  vile  name."— 
She/ton-   iMiU  (Quixote,  pt.  iv..  cii.  vi. 

vi'-va,  inter}.  [Ital.]  An  Italian  exclamation 
of  applause  or  joy,  equivalent  to  the  French 
Vive  (q.v.). 

%  Sometimes  used  substantively:  as,  He 
I»assed  andd  the  rtr«s  of  the  peoiile. 

vi-va'-ce  (C  as  ^h),  adv.     [Ital.] 

jl/i'sji  :  Briskly  ;  a  directioTi  that  the  i>as,-.age 


to  winch  it  is  prefixed  l.s  to  be  performed  in  a 
brisk,  lively  manner. 

vi-va'-Ciou8,  n.  [Lat.  vivar,  genit.  viracis  = 
tenaeious  of  life,  vigorous,  from  vivus=  alive  ; 
Fr.  ii  Ital.  vivace;  Sp.  jf'rrtJ.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Attaining  to  a  great  age  ;  lotig-lived  ; 
tenacious  of  life. 

"  Hitherto  the  Ent'Iiuh  IttahnpH  h.ive  been  fiiutvioiin 
iiliufut  tu  wonder.  For  neceKsfttily  |ire-Miiiie(l  k'f  ^'(k«1 
>eara  before  entering  on  their  office  in  the  lii-st  yenr  ol 
Qneeu  Kliz-ibetli,  it  tviu  much  thnt  but  ti\e  dieil 
liir  the  first  twenty  .vears  ol  her  reigu,"— ^><(/er . 
Church  Bislorj/,  bk.  ix.,  §  xxvii. 

2.  Lively,  active,  sprightly,  gay  ;  proceed- 
ing from  or  characterized  by  vivacity. 

"  Hi»  freistures  note— and  hark  i  his  toue&  of  voice 
Are  hU  eiviuioua  as  hii>  mien  and  Iwokh," 

M  iiritswortli  .■  Lxcursiim,  bk.  \  ii. 

IL  Botuny : 

1.  Lively ;  possessing  tenacity  of  life,  as  the 
roots  of  various  thistles.    (Loudon.) 

2.  Living  tlirouglutut  tlie  winter,  or  from 
year  to  year  ;  perennial.    {CofMirich.) 

vi-va'-cious-ly,  adt>.  {Ew^.  viruciuu.^.;  -hi.] 
In  a  vivacious  or  sprightly  manner;  uiib 
spriglitliness  or  vivacity. 

vi-va'-cious-ness, s.  [Eng.  viracin},.^:-ness.] 
*1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  longdived; 
longevity. 

"  Such  their  fleetneese,  they  will  outrun  many 
horses'  vivacioustieMc,  they  outlive  luDSt  men. "  — 
FiiUcr  :   iVorthiet  ;  Dei'onthire. 

2.  Sprightliness,  vivacity,  liveliness. 

vi-va9'-l-t^,  .s.  {Fr.  vivacite  :  from  Lat.  r!v<'- 
cifidtiit,  accus.  of  viracitas  =  natural  vigoui. 
from  (■*(■((.»,  genit.  riro(/s=  tenacious  ol  lite. 
%  igorous  ;  Sp.  rivacidad  ;  Port,  viixicidmle  : 
Ital.  rivacitu.]    [Viv.\cious.] 

'  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  long-liveil 
or  tenacious  of  life  ;  longevity;  length  of  lite. 

"  James  Sands,  of  Horl.>urii,  in  this  cuunty,  it  must 
remarkable  for  his  I'ipucitt/.  (or  he  liveil  14o  yejiif.'  — 
Fuller:   tyoi-thi-^s ;  .stiiffordshire. 

2.  Liveliness  of  manner  or  character ; 
spiiglitliness  of  temper  or  behaviour  ;  ainma- 
tiou,  cheerfalness,  briskness. 

"  He  had  great  vivacit!/  in  hia  fancy,  as  may  nppear 
by  his  inclination  to  i>oetry." — liuniel :  Lite  tif  half. 

vi-van-di-ere',  s.  [Fr.,  fern,  of  vivandier, 
from  Ital.  rivnjidiere  =  a  suer,  from  vtvamla 
=  food.]  [Viand.]  A  woman  attached  ti* 
French  and.other  continental  regiments,  who 
sells  provisions  and  liquor.  Their  llre^s  In 
generally  a  umdittcation  of  that  of  tlie  leyi- 
nient  to  which  they  are  attached. 

vi-var-i-um,  s.  [Lat.  from  virus  =  alive.] 
A  place  aititieially  piepared,  in  which  land 
animals,  &e.,  are  kept  alive,  in  as  nearly  as 
possible  theirnatui'alstate,asapark,a  waireu. 
or  the  like.     [Aquarium.] 


^  vi'-var-^,  s.    [Lat.  rirariinK.]    A  vivarium 

(q.v-).' 

"  Tlmt  cage  and  rirarg 
Of  fowjs  and  bejists .' 

Voimr  :  Progrtu  of  the  iyoul. 

vi'-vat  {t  silent),  interj.  (Fr.,  from  Lat.  vivat. 
3rd  pers.  sing.  pies,  subjunctive  of  vivo  =  to 
live. J  May  he  (or  she)  live  ;  long  live  ;  an  ex- 
clamation of  applause  or  joy ;  a  viva.  It  is 
sometimes  used  as  a  substantive. 

"  Behold  him  everywhere  welcomed  with  vii-nt»  or 
awe-stnick  silence."— CaWyfe.*  JliicettaHeout  Essays: 
Count  Ctigliostru. 

vi'-va  v6'-ce,  phr,  [Lat.  =with  the  living 
voice.]    By  woixl  of  mouth  ;  orally. 

"  Answers  to  (piestions  .  .  .  sfaaU,  instead  of  being 
given  vii'fi  voce.  Ite  printed  with  tlie  yvie3."~0ailg 
3'etegrifph,  April  18.  1888. 

%  It  is  often  used  adjectively  :  as,  a  vii-r't 
rocfexamination,  and  sometimes  substantively, 
as  in  the  example. 

"  Attiiinnients  Avbich  can  be  tested  by  written  ques- 
tiuiifland  PiiHl-poces  and  be  estimated  iu  mmks."— ^/. 
J<int,a»  Giuette.  April  10.  1638. 

ViV-dgi,   S.      [VlFDA.] 

*  vive,  ".     [Fr.,  fcm.  otvif;  Lat.  rii~us  =  alive.] 
*  1.  Lively,  vivacious,  bright. 

'■  Svlvester  gives  it  this  tnie  and  rice  descrI[ition, ' — 
Berbert  :  Travels,  p.  4. 

"  2.  Forcible ;  spirited. 

"He  [Jasper  Ooligiii]  by  a  rji-f  (the  <to  reads  tiffl^i) 
and  forcible  persuasion  movetl  him  [Clmrles  the  Sth] 
ti.  a  war  upon  Flanders."— Brtcow  .  (hi  HVfr  tuith  S/tain. 

3.  Bright,  clear,  distinct.     {Scotch.) 


l^te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
or.  w^re,  wolf;  worU,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  <e  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw, 


Vive  —vivisection 


46;j 


vive,  lutcrj.  |Kr.,  fniiii  vivr'- :  L;it.  ,  i  r.  =  t<t 
li\.-.l  Lom-j:  livi-;  MU'cess  tn  :  as,  J'in-  le  roi 
=  long  live  the  king. 

■  vive'-lj^,  odi\  [Kuii.  rin\  a.;  -hi.\  In  a 
lively,  bright,  ur  imimuteil  -slyh'  or  iiumner. 

" proviiiu  ftiHl  (Ifscilt'iiig  llie  wirpet.-  ii(k»\e  ao 

,■„■<■'>/,"— Hrii  JonS'Mi  :  .VeK  Inu.     (AiKmiiiriit.I 

'vi-ven-9y',  s.  [Lat.  riims,  pr.  par.  of  nro 
=  tn"livf.l  .Alanner  of  suppcrting  or  coii- 
timiiug  life,  or  vegetiition, 

•A  aistlnct  iiiul  tinll»i>ntiib!e  »Jiy  of  fivenci/:'— 
/trou'iif  :  Viilsar  A'n-oiirt,  bk,  ii..  cli.  1. 

vi-ver'-ra,  .'j.    [Lat.  =  a  ferret.] 

/or-/. :  Civet-cat ;  the  type  tlL-mis  ot  Viver- 
liiiio  («i.v.),  with  Die  range  of  the  family. 
Hoily  elongated  and  eninpressed  ;  head  pointed 
in  front,  ears  rather  sinall ;  extremities  j-Iiort, 
\Wi  small  and  rounded;  toes  short,  the  on 
.■;uli  foot;  tail  moderate  or  long;  a  pair  of 
liir;,'e  ghunUiIar  follicles,  situated  on  the  peri- 
neum, in  both  sexes,  and  secreting  in  most 
species  an  oily  substanee.  of  a  penetrating 
o.iour.  All  the  species  are  extremely  active, 
li.  ICC,  and  rapacious,  and  feed  chiefly  on 
small  mammals  and  birds.  The  genus  is  an 
extensive  one,  and  is  often  dividetl  into 
L^ioups,  to  which  some  naturalists  give  generic 
riiiik.  The  chief  are  (1)  Viverra  proper,  in- 
ehuiing  the  largest  species,  l-'nr  rather  long 
and  loose,  ami  elongated  in  the  meilian  line 
of  the  neck  and  back,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of 
crest  or  mane.  (2)  Viverricula,  and  (;i)Genetta, 
ciiutaining  smaller  species,  dilfcring  slightly 
rnjm  the  hrst  group  in  dentition. 

vi-ver'-ra-viis,  .*'■  [Mod.  Lat.  viveniu),  and 
Lat.  ariis  —  an  ancestor.]    lVi\  immi'-t:,  "J. J 

vi-ver-ric'-U-la,  ^■.  [Mod.  Lat.,dimin.  fr<^tni 
riirrra  M-'^-)"J    *l  VlviiluiA.) 

vi-ver-ri-dse,  .•;.  K-  l^*'"*-  t-^f-  rim-r((i); 
hal.  lem.  pi.  ad.j.  siitf.  -/</"■. | 

1.  ZooL:  A  family  of  Carnivorrms  Mammals, 
section  ^KUiroidea,  eontined  to  the  Old  World  ; 
p.  ai.  9  or  -J.  M,  f  or  H  ;  digits  usually  :;.  but 
the  pollcx  or  hallux,  or  botli,  may  be  wanting. 
There  arc  three  snb-fanulies  :  Cryptoproetinie, 
Viverrina:-,  and  Herpestiiiie. 

2.  Pala-oiit.  :  The  family  commences  in  the 
Koeene,  in  which  formntion  in  America  Viver- 
r;i\iis  oeeuis. 

vi-ver-ri'-nae,  s.  }il  [Jb-d.  Lat.  rirerrio); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  ad.j.  sutf.  -inu'.\ 

/.oi>\.  :  The  typical  sub-family  of  Viverridjc 
((|.\.),  with  several  genera,  having  approxi- 
mately llie  range  of  the  family. 

vi-ver'-rine,  o.  &  .■■■.    [\'ivf;RuiN-^L-.i 

A.,'A^<uij. :  Of,  beloiiging  to,  or  resembling 
the  subdan'iity  Yiverrime  or  the  genus  Viverra. 

"  A  ciiiiuHii  ottoi'.like  uioditiciitKii)  ol  the  Viv^-rine 
ty\-i\'- £ncuc.  Urtt.  («<i.  3tti).  xv.  -l^IG. 

B,  As  stihst. :  Any  individual  of  tlie  sub- 
family Viverrinw  or  the  genus  Viverra  (q. v.). 

"  All  tlie  essential  chjiincters  ...  of  a  Vivcii'iiir.' — 
Pn.f.  Pitrkcr.  iu  ViisicU's  ,\'at.  Itisf..  ii.  80. 

vlvcrrine-cat,  s. 

/mil.  :  Fl-Us  virernua,  a  large  Tiger-cat, 
from  India.  Kars  small  and  blunt,  fur  coarse 
and  dull,  lienbs  short  and  strong  ;  snout  nar- 
row, ami  drawn  iiut  like  that  of  a  Civet, 
whence  the  specific  name  ;  eolourgray,  lighter 
beneath,  banded  and  spotted  with  black. 
The  slvuU  is  remarkable  from  the  fact  that 
the  ortiit  is  coini>leted  behind  by  lione,  which 
is  i|nite  exceptional  among  the  Carnivora. 

viverrine-dasyure,  s-. 

Zool. :  A  variety  of  Dnyniniia  in(ni(]e(  fiom 
New  South  Wales  and  Van  l)ieman's  Land. 
(Jenerat  colour  black,  brown,  or  gray ;  head  and 
body  spotted  with  white,  under  parts  white. 

viv'-ers,  s.  [Fr.  j-'jwvs=  provisions,  vitua'.s, 
Imm  I'ivrc :  Lat.  rim  =  to  live.]  Food,  eat- 
ables, provisions,  victuals.    (Scotch.) 

vives,  s.  [  Fr.  £(T(  t'P.«,  from  rive  =  lively,  biisk  ; 
ean  \-iie  =  running  water,  because  the  animals 
are  said  to  contract  this  complaint  throiij,'h 
drinking  running  water.     {I.Htn:)']     [Fives.] 

viv-i-a'-ni-a,  ^.  [Named  after  Signor  Viviana, 
iM.Lt.,  a  botanist  of  Genoa.] 

Dot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Viviaiuaceae  Oi-v.). 
Undershrubs-  iivith  opjwsite  ovatfl  leaves, 
covered  beneath  with  white  down,  and  terminal 
panicles  of  white,  pink,  or  purple  flowers. 
Xatives  of  Chili  and  Brazil. 


viv-i-a-ni-a'-ce-aB,  s.  ;>^    (Mod.  Lat.  viri- 
viii{a):  Lat.  fem.  pi.  ad.j.  snH.  -mra-.] 

lU't.  :  Vivianiads  ;  an  order  of  Ilypogynons 
Kxogins.  alliance  Malviiles.  Ili-rbs  or  under- 
shrubs, with  opposite  or  whorlcil.  cxslipidatr 
leaves,  often  hoary  on  their  lower  side  with 
tiown.  Flowers  in  panicles  or  eoiymbs,  white. 
red,  or  pink.  Calyx  ten-ribbed,  with  live 
divisions  ;  petals  live,  with  claws  often  re- 
nniining,  after  withering  around  the  ovary  ; 
.stamens  ten  ;  filaments  distinct ;  anthers  two- 
celled  ;  stigmas  three,  sessile ;  ovary  free, 
three-celled  ;  ovules  two  in  ^ach  cell,  one 
ascending,  the  other  suspendetl ;  capsule 
threc-lobed,  three-celled  ;  seeds  ronghish. 
Natives  of  Chili  and  the  South  of  Itrazil. 
Known  genera  four,  species  tlfteen.  {Undlrii.) 

viv-i-a'-ni-S.d,  s.   [Mod.  Lat.  ririan^a);  Eng. 
snir.  -<r</.! 

lift.  (!•!.):  Tlie  order  Vivianiaceu-  (i\.\.). 
(LiiuUeii.) 

viv'-i-an-ite,  .^.     [After  the  English  mineral- 
ogist, J.  G.  Vivian  ;  snfl".  -itf  (Min.).} 

Mill.  :  A  mineral  crystallizing  in  the  mono- 
clinic  system,  but  sometimes  occurring  in  an 
earthy  form.  Hardness.  1'5  to  *J ;  sp.  gi'. 
•J'5S  to  2'G8;  hibtre  on  cleavage  faces  pearly, 
others  vitreous;  colourless  when  pure,  but, 
owing  to  the  rapid  oxidation  of  the  iron, 
changing  to  blue  or  green;  transparent  to 
translucent.  Compos.  :  phosphoric  acid, 
•2s*;i ;  prtdoxide  of  iron,  4:V0;  water,  28-7  = 
KKi,  which  is  equivalent  to  the  formula 
:!FeO,P03+SHO. 

viv'-id,  0.    [Lat.  riViT/»s  =  animated,  true  to 
life,   from  rii'iis  =  alive  ;    Fr.  vivUie;    Itnl. 

L  Exhibiting  the  appearance  of  life  or  fresh- 
ness ;  clear,  bright,  fresh,  lively;  lifelike, 
strong,  intense. 

"A  bed  lit  tuliiis  iireseuts  only  ft  Klave  iif  rivid 
u'i\imn."—Kiii>.t :   Whitm-  Ei't-uingn.  even.  T. 

2.  Forming  lirilliant  images,  or  i)ainting  in 
bright  colours;  life-like,  striking,  realistic; 
giving  a  striking  or  life-like  character  or  ac- 
count. 

'■  Btiiig  niimite  witlmut  being  dull,  mid  vivitl  with- 
out undue  ditt\i8l\eue93."— /M*/^  Tvlv>iriiph,  Uec.  I'J. 

Vi-vid'-i-ty,  ^.  lEng.  virid ;  -itii.]  The 
quality  or  slale  of  being  vivitt  ;  vividness. 

viv'-id-ly,  (flit:    [Eng.  r(W(?;  -/(/.} 

1.  ill  a  vivid  manner;  with  .strength  or  in- 
tensity. 

"  Full  lift  the  iiiimceiit  aufiVrer  sees 
Too  Lltiiily.  fffis  too  riviiUy," 

W urdmvorfh  :  Exi-nrtion,  bk.  iv. 

2.  In  blight,  clear,  or  glowing  colours  ;  in  a 
striking  or  realistic  manner  ;  so  as  to  present 
a  life-like  jiictuie  to  the  mind;  as,  a  scene 
cii'idhj  described. 

Viv'-id-ness,  -•'.     [Eng.  vivid  :  -iiess.] 

\.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vivid  ; 
li\'eliness,  vivacity,  sprightliness,  intensitj . 

"  I'iie  vividncM  oiilie'iT  scarlet  colour."— Zt*o7,v  7'el>'- 
Ifrtiph,  Auy.  20,  188.^ 

2.  Strength  of  colouring;  strikingncss  ;  as, 
tlic  vividness  of  a  description, 

vi-vif' -ic,  •  vi-vif -ick.  •  vi-vif'-ic-al, 

a.  [Lat.  vii'i^fii'tis,  from  rivut<  =  alive,  and 
fui-io  (pass,  Jio)  =  to  make.)  [Vivifv,]  Giving 
life,  making  alive  ;  vivifying. 

•'Without  whose  wilutary  mid  viviftck  Iwiims  all 
niotioii,  liiitli  aniiiial.  \  itnl,  and  iiatuml.  would 
speedily  cease,"— /;*j.v  .-  Ov  the  Creattou,  pt,  i. 

•  vi-vif -i-cant,  «.    [Lat.  vin'jicavs,  pr.  par. 

of  (■(r(/tco  ="to  vivify  (q.v.).]  Vivitlc,  vivi- 
fying. 

"Wliioh  hath  no  i^i-fffr/inf  nor  quicking  power."— 
/'.  Holland:  J'liilarcti,  |i.  685. 

'  vi-vif -i-cate,  r.t.     [Lat,   virifiadiis,    pa. 
par.  of  vii'ijico  =  to  vivify  (q.v,).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  give  life  to  ;  to  animate, 
to  vivify. 

"God  rivifiintm  and  .actuates  the  whole  world." — 
Mnre  :  /'l,ih.:i..,,hictil  CnbbnUt.  ch.  L 

2.  Ohi  vhnix.  :  To  restore  or  reduce  to  the- 
natural  or  to  a  metallic  state,  as  metal  from 
an  oxide,  solution,  or  the  like  ;  to  revive. 

*  viv-i-f i-ca'-tion»  s.     (Fr.]     [Vivificate.] 

The  act  of^i^■ifying  or  giving  life;  the  state 
of  being  vivified  ;  the  act  of  vivificating  ;  re- 
vi\al. 

"Tlie  nature  of  tnvificafion  '\»  very  worthy  the  en. 
f|iiiry,'— Bdcf.d  ;  Mat.  Bist..  5  fiM. 


' viv-i-fi-ca-tive,  o.  (Eng.  vivijiaitir) : 
•in:]  Tending  or  able  t/i  vivify,  animate,  or 
give  life  ;  capable  oC  vi\  it>  ing. 

"That    low.^'i-   ,fit:ir.i:-    i>iUini>U-  of    blx  aoul  did 

flow  nltiHl)i.   —Mottf:   i'hih'»<i/>lililll  ('1161x1/(1,  ch.  I. 

Viv-i-fy,  '  VlV-i-fle,  r.t.  &  /.  [Fi\  r(ri>r, 
from  Lat.  Ciri/O'i,  Irom  i'lrns  =  alive,  ami 
fdciii  (pass,  Jio)  =■  to  make.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  endue  with  life;  to  animate, 
to  quicken  ;  to  give  life  to. 

"  (iut-wornia.  n»  soon  oh  vit>tflfd,  creep  into  thir 
ntuiiiach  fur  nutriment."— /Aov'// .  On  Cuintniit/ilion. 

B.  liitraihs.:  To  impart  life  or  animation; 
to  (luicken. 

"  Whii-h  should  Hhew.  thatniiow  Itnth  in  it  n  secret 
t\ainitlt;  for  i-lutt  It  could  lianlly  riri/li:'  —  Oavoii  . 
.\at.  Hht.,  5  6;io. 

*  vi-vip'-ar-a.  s.  vl-    [N'<nt.  pi.  of  Lat.  r< 

I  i  I'll  I'll  S.]      [Vl\  Il'AKOUS.  1 

/on!.:  De  Blainvdle's  name  for  the  Mam- 
malia (q.v.). 

Viv-i-p&r'-i-ty.  ■'-■.  [Eng.  viviiHir(nvs);  -iti/.l 
■file  quality,  state,  or  character  of  being  vivi- 
parous.    (.See  extract  under  Ovm-auitv.) 

vi-vip-a-roiis,  «.  [Lat.  vivijMtms,  from 
ririu' =  aUve,  and  j-ario  =  to  bring  forth.] 

1,  Ord.  Lung,  d:  ZntiU  :  Pmthicing  yonng 
alive.  The  term  is  used  in  the  two  following 
^enses ; 

(1)  Of  those  animals  in  which  the  chorion, 
or  external  tunic  of  the  ovum,  contracts  n. 
vascular  adhesion  to  the  utcnis. 

"It  la  not  very  ea«y  to  conceive  a  more  evidently 
l)ro3iiective  cuiitrlvauue  than  that  whii-h.  in  all  vii'i- 
jiiiroiis  aiilniaU,  ia  fnunil  in  the  milk  of  the  fpmalt:- 
liareiit."— /'((/ii//.-  .\iif.  Thvi-l.,  cli.  xlv. 

('_')  Of  those  animals  the  y(mng  of  which  are 
extricated  from  their  egg-coveriiigs  in  the  ovi- 
duct and  produced  alive. 

2.  Dot. :  Bearing  young  plants  in  place  of 
flowers  and  seeds,  as  Mtnim  coTulca.  There 
are  some  viviparous  ferns,  as  Aaplcnivni  hul- 
hij'vrum.     [Bulbil,  Gkmma.] 

viviparous -blenny,  .s. 

Irhthij.:  Z-arirs  ririparnx,  a.  species  about 
a  foot  loiig,  e'jMimoii  oil  the  European  side 
of  the  Atlantic,  ranging  into  the  German. 
Ocean  antl  the  Baltic.  The  female  produces 
her  young  alive,  and  the.'^e  are  so  well  de- 
veloped at  their  birth  that  they  immediately 
swim  about  lalmost  as  bcdiUy  as  the  adults. 
From  two  to  three  hundred  are  produced  by 
one  female,  aiul  diiectl.\*  l«-rore  parturition 
the  abdomen  is  so  distended  that  it  is  impo.s- 
sible  to  touch  it  without  causing  sr)me  of  tlie- 
young  to  be  extruded.     [Zoarcks.] 

viviparous -fisbes*  >.  v^. 

Irhthij.  :  Fishes,  the  female  of  which  pro- 
duce their  young  alive,  as  the  lesult  of  actual 
congress,  tiie  males  in  most  cases  being  fur- 
nished with  intromitteiit  organs.  Among 
these  are  many  of  the  Chondropterypians,  the 
families  Embiotocithe,  many  of  the  Blenni- 
iiia-  and  Cyprinodontidu-,  ami  se^-eral  Loplio- 
branchs. 

viviparous-larva, .'-. 

Eiitom.  :    The    larv:i    of  tlic   genus    Miastor 

(q.v.). 
viviparous  lizard,  ^^ 

Ziiol.  :  LaiTitii  ririiMini,  a  Biitish  species, 
from  four  to  six  inches  long.  The  colours  and 
markings  vary  greatly  ;  the  general  ground  tint 
of  the  upper  parts  is  a  greenish-brown  dotted 
with  black  ;  the  under  surface  in  the  male 
bright  orange  sjiotted  with  black,  in  the 
female  pale  grayish-green. 

vi-vip'-a-roU8-ly,  oiir.  [Eng.  i-irijtarons ; 
-lij.\     In  a  \ivipai'ons  manner. 

vi-vip'-a-rous-ness,  .'=.  [Eng.  ririjxironx : 
■  vr<s.]  The  qiialily.  state,  or  character  of 
being  \i\  ijiaruus  ;  \i\  iparity. 

viv-i  per-^ep -tion,  s.  [Lat.  vinis-=uV\\f. 
and  Eng. /"■*e»'/;^'(i;/.]  The  jierception  of  the 
processes  of  vital  functions  in  theii'  natm;il 
action.  (Opposed  to  idiservatiou  '  by  vi\  i- 
section.)    (-/.  a.  Will:  ill  mm.) 

■  viv'-i-sect,  v.t.  [Vi\isection.]  To  dissect 
while  still  living. 

"The  great  physlolo^Ut  .  .  .  ia  repreaeiited  stand- 
ing, and  at  hia  feet  a  httle  ndihit  waiting  to  l»e  vini- 
Hi-cfed."—.Sf.  Jamci'tHavtte,  Feb.  '.t.  1HB«." 

viv-i-sec'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  7'ir7f.'»  =  alive,  and 
^i-vtiii  —  a  cutting,  a  section  (q.v.).] 


boil,  bop-;  poiit,  jo^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  ~  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -slon  =  '^h""     -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  deL 


•id 


vivisectional— vocation 


Sutuml  ScUtirr: 

1  A  tiTtn  di'iiotiiip,  in  its  strict  siK'nilioa- 
tion,  tlie  ili^sociiuii  of  living  milnuils.  but 
iH)vmliirIv  cniploytni  to  tleimt*'  the  iiractice  of 
••■rf..rnii"iij;oji*r(itinn8  xvitlithu  knife  on  liviui; 
aiiiin:il<.  with  tlip  viow  (1)  of,  inei-caain^ 
I.livsi..l..-i.'jil  knowU'dgi-;  fJ)  of  convt!I■t^l^ 
>).*''C"iliiivf  into  iwsitive  com-lnsion  ;  ami  (:0 
,'t  ac'i'iiriiij;  iiianniil  «lcxlfiity  in  oiienitiv.' 
siir,;orv.  In  thin  last  fwnw  vivisection  i-; 
j.rinciiially  i-niilliuii  to  tlie  Frem-h  voteiinin-y 
selioola.  Uv  I'ioiogist.i  tlic  t"ini  is  ext^-'ncli-d 
t.>  inchule  tlif  i».'if«innanet'  of  nil  snt'ntili<- 
vxiieriments  of  a  kiml  cal.vnlatiil  to  intlicl 
)>aiu  upon  livinj;  animals,  an«l  liavinj;  for  their 
«t\»ifi-t  the  investigiition  of  the  hiws  wliich 
(lovoni  life,  tlie  proiosses  of  dtseasi',  thenction 
of  heat  ana  coM,  ixnsons,  iind  therapcutit- 
n'nicdiea.  Tlic  praetict  appt-ars  to  have  been 
liitr.MinetMl  by  the  Alexandrian  S.-IimoI  in  the 
f-mrth  ce^itury  B.r.  ;  and  to  tliis  pracliee  we 
tiwe.  ainting  nianv  other  bonefits,  thr  liiscovciy 
..f  the  circnlation  of  the  blood  by  Harvey; 
the  treatment  of  aneurijsni  by  ligutnres  by 
Hunter ;  the  distinction  of  tlie  sensory  and 
luotur  nerves  by  Bell  ;  the  introduction  of 
clilor..f<inii  ;  and  the  improved  (mitment  of 
cerebral  diseases  which  i-esnlted  fioin  the  re- 
searehes  of  Brown-r^eipiard  and  Heinard. 
Among  tlie  ehief  invesligatoi-s  by  this  uiethud 
..f  research  at  the  present  day  are  Burdoii- 
Sanderson,  Greenfeld,  and  Klein,  in  Knyland ; 
I'ast.'ur  in  France,  and  Koch  in  (Germany.  By 
the  Vivisection  Act  (passed  187ii)  experiments 
on  living  animals  can  only  be  undertaken  by 
tliose  teachei-s  of  physiology  who  have  ob- 
tained a  Government  licence  ;  and  vivisectois 
►renei&lly  admit  the  necessity  of  observing  the 
following  conditions:  (1)  That  the  experi- 
menter should  be  a  skilled  anatomist  and 
physiologist;  (-•)  That  amesthetii-s  should  be 
used  where  possible  ;  and  (3)  That  wlien  a 
physiologieal  fact  has  been  determined,  exhi- 
bitions of  the  experiments  by  which  they  were 
det+'miined  are  unnecessary  and,  tlierefore, 
nnjustilKible.  An  Anti- vivisection  Society 
was  founded  in  1S75  and  another  in  1870. 
(Haydn.) 

2.  Any  painful  scientific   experiment  per- 
formed upon  a  living  aninuU. 

"  We  must  cfpiicliitlc  thivl  vivitvctions  aie  not  justili- 
.'ilile  tor  tlic  iiiero  niatrucLtoii  of  ordinary  atuUeuts.*'— 
U'fgtiui utter  /:cvk-w.  Jim..  18CB.  p.  150. 

Vlv-i-sec'-tion-al»  n.  lEng.  vivisection ; -uL] 
Of  or  pei-taiiiing  to  vivisection  (q.v.)* 

"  It  is  inipossiljle  l>y  vlvUcctiotml  exiieriineut  tu 
know  which  uiicinscoincftl  elemouta  of  the  tiasncB  »( 
the  niiiin^il  we  dt'sirDy."— Wat nUniter  JtevU-w,  Jnii., 

iftc-;,  i>.  118. 

viv-i-8ec'-tion-ist>  .<.  [Eug.  vivmctio>i ; 
-Ut.]  One  who  practises  or  upholds  vivi- 
section ;  a  vi\isector. 

"  Then  we  are  introduced  to  a  certain  viirUecdouUt." 
—Echo.  Sci-t.  8.  1885. 

Viv'-i-sec-tor,  s.  (Lat.  i;u'MS  =  alive,  and 
^Yc(<»-  =  a  cutter.]  [Sector.]  One  who  prac- 
tises vivisection. 

"  It  ie  i.hvionsly  impoMiWe  ...  to  yichl  the  re- 
tiuirnl  trust  ni  the  vivi»ectort."—Ctintempoi'ar]/  Ue- 
I'U-ic.  Feb.  IS^T.  p.  34C. 

vix'-en,  s.  [The  fern,  of  fox;  cf.  Ger.  fUdisin, 
feni.'of /wdi5  =  a  fox.  This  is  the  only  sur- 
viving instance  of  the  old  Knglish  mode  of 
foiniing  the  feminine  by  adding  the  sutf.  -^.i 
to  the  luaseuline.] 

1.  Lit. :  A  she-fox. 

"Thece,  from  their  size,  are  not  ilifficult  to  over- 
conn*,  esveciiilly  if  dog  utid  uixeii  hunt  in  coniiiany."— 
St.  Jamcsi  lluzrtte,  Feb.  IW,  1887. 

2.  Fiffuratively: 

'  (1)  An  ill-tempered,  snarling  man. 
(2)  A   turbulent,   quarrelsome    woman  ;    a 
tenimgant,  a  scold. 

■■ '  Thnt  miiy  be  very  honourable  in  you,'  answered 
the  iiertiunctous  vixen."— Macautut/ :  Stkt.  £ng., 
ch.  XV. 

vix'-en-xsh,  a.  [Eng.  vixen  ;  -wft-l  Pertain- 
ing \'}  or  resembling  a  vixen  ;  ill-tempered, 
cross. 

"  .So  Toiu  Smart  and  his  clay-coloured  gi(r  with  tho 
red  wheels,  mid  the  vixenish  inare  with  the  fast  l>ncv, 
went  oil  together."— fltcfccHi .-  PUkiolck,  cb  xiv. 

vix'-en-ly,  c.  [Eng.  vixen;  -bj.]  Having 
the  qualities  of  a  vixen  ;  ill-tempered,  snap- 
pisii. 

viz^  fonj.  [See  def.]  A  c<uitraction  of  vide- 
licet (q.v.). 

Ti'-za-ment, .«.    [See  def,]    A  corrupticm  of 
advisement..    {Shakesp. :  Mcvry  Il'tcty,  i.  1.) 


•  vla-ard.  s.    [Vmou.] 

'  viz  -ard,  v.t.    [Vizard,  ^.1    To  mask. 

"  UegrwH  bainji  vizanieti, 
Ttio  iinworthiiit  i.bi»wii  nn  fivlrly  iu  the  miwk." 
S'litk-'ip. :  Trollut  <t  Cr*i»ida,  1.  3. 

•  viz-ca'-9lia.  s.    [Viscac-b.\.] 

vi~zler',  vi-zir',  vi-^ler",  s.  [Arab,  ivuzir 
—  u  i-.iuuseilor  of  slati*.  mini.ster,  vioegorent, 

■  nrig.=  a  porter,  hence,  one  who  bears  the 
bunlen  of  state  alTairs,  from  ivazant  =  to  bear 
a  burden,  to  support,  to  sustain.]  The  title 
nf  a  high  political  oHicer  iu  tlie  Turliish  em- 
pii-e  and  other  Muhammadan  states.  The 
title  is  given  in  Turkey  to  tlie  heads  of  the 
various  ministerial  depailments  into  which 
the  divan  or  ministerial  council  is  divided, 
and  to  all  pashas  of  three  tails.  The  prime- 
minister,  or  president  of  the  divan,  is  styled 
the  grand  vizier,  vizier-azam  or  sadr-azani. 
In  India  vizier  was  the  title  of  the  highest 
ollieer  at  the  Mogul  court  at  Delhi ;  and 
nawaV)-vizier  ultimately  became  the  heredi- 
tary title  in  the  dynasty  ruling  at  Uude. 

vi - zier'- ate,  *■.  [Eng.  vizier;  'ate.]  The 
ulKce,  state,  or  authority  of  a  vizier. 

Vi-zier'-i-al,  «.  [Eng.  vizier;  -lal.]  Of,  per- 
taining to,"  or  issued  by  a  vizier. 

viz'-6r,  s.    [Visor.] 

viz -or,  t'.t.  [Vizor,  s.]  To  cover  with  or  as 
with  a  vizor  ;  to  n>ask. 

vlac'-ke  vark,  s.    [Dut.] 

ZooL:  The  name  given  by  the  Dutch  colu- 
nists  of  8outli  Africa  to  PhacochcETUS  ctkio- 
yi(V»A\     [Wart-bog.] 

V'-moth.  s.    [See  def.] 

Entom. :  Halia  wavaria,  a  rather  common 
British  geometer  moth,  family  Maearidie. 
Antenna?  of  the  male  pectinated,  those  of  the 
female  simple.  Wings  gray,  tinged  with  a 
faint  iridescence  or  purple  gloss;  the  fore 
wings  streaked,  and  having  four  conspicuous 
spots,  the  second  one  shaped  like  a  V,  whence 
the  name.  Tlie  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  goose- 
berry. 

VO-and-zei'-a,  s.  [From  the  Malagasy  name.] 

hot. :   A  genus  of  Phaseolese.      Voand^eia 

snhtarnuica  has  at  last   subterranean    fruit. 

It  is  a  native  of  Africa,  but  is  cultivated  also 

ill  America  for  its  eatiible  seeds  and  legumes. 

VOC'-a-We,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  voaibulum  = 
an  appellation,  designation,  or  name,  from 
i-O'o  =  to  call,  from  vox;  genit.  fO(;ti  =  the 
voice  (q.v.).]  A  word,  a  term,  a  name ; 
specif.,  a  word  considered  as"  composed  of 
certain  sounds  or  letters,  witliout  regaid  to 
its  meaning. 

"To  conjure  with  the  mat'lc  vocables  'peace,' 
'liberty,"  and  ■huniauity."'— /Jui^i/  Telegraph,   Oct., 

isa5. 

v6-Ca*b'-ll-lar-y,  s.     [Fi".    vocahuhurej   from 

vocahh  =  a  vocable  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  list  or'  collection  of  the  words  of  a 
language,  arranged  in  alphabetical  order,  and 
briefly  explained  ;  a  dictionary,  a  lexicon,  a 
word-book. 

■*  A  vocabulai'i/  made  after  this  fashion  would  with 
more  ease,  and  in  lesit  time,  tench  the  true  significa- 
tion of  many  teiDis." — Lock*::  Uumau  Cndeystniid., 
bk.  iii.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  The  sum  or  stock  of  word.<!  used  in  a 
language ;  the  range  of  words  employed  in  ;i 
particular  profession,  trade,  or  branch  vf 
science. 

"Their  structure  nud  vovitbulari;  have  been  fully 
illustiated  by  Schiefuer  and  F.  H'uller.'—Atheiiceui'i, 
Dec.  20.  1884. 

^  For  the  difference  between  vocabidarya.nt\ 

dirtionanj,  see  Dictionarv. 

^ vo-cab'-u-list.  s.  (Eug.  vambul(arn):  -ist.) 
Tlie  writer  or  eoini'iler  of  a  vocabulary. 

VO'-cal,  *vd'-call,  ^t.  &  ;;.     (Fr.  vocal,  from 
Lat."rocaii's=:souorous,  vocal,  from  vox,  genit. 
vocis=:  the  voice.] 
A.  As  adjective: 
I.  Ordinary  Lungnage  : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  voice  or  speech  ; 
uttered  or  delivered  with  tlic  voice. 

"  The  liells  uf  Rylatoiie  seemed  !<•  !«iy  .  .  . 
With  i-octt(  music,  '0.n»  vs  avdk  !"" 

H'ortUworrJt :  M'hit^  Doe,  vii. 

2.  Having  a  voice ;  endowed  with,  or  as  if 
■with  a  voice. 


II.  Technically: 

1.  Phonetics: 

(1)  Uttered  with  voice,  a3  distinct  from 
breath  ;  voiced,  sonant.  (Said  of  cei-tiiiu  let- 
ters, as  z  as  distinguished  from  s,  or  v  as  dis- 
tinguislied  fromy.)    [Voirn,  s.,  II.  4.) 

(2)  Having  a  vowel  character ;  vowel. 

2.  Music: 

(1)  For  or  by  the  voice.  (Only  applied  to 
music  intended  to  bo  sung.) 

(2)  Applied  to  compositions  so  written  as  to 
be  easy  and  ettective  foi-  the  voice. 

(3)  Applied  to  the  singing  quality  of  tone 
obtained  from  an  instrument. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Hmnan  Church:  A  man  who  has  a  right  to 
vote  in  certain  elections. 

vocal-chords,  vocal-corda,  s.  pi. 

Anai. :  The  inferior  tliyro-aryteiioid  liga- 
ments ;  clastic  membranes,  the  edges  nf  which 
form  the  side  of  the  glottis.  Tliey  are  attached 
iu  front  to  the  thyroid  cartilage,  and  end 
behind  in  a  process  of  the  ai7tenoid  cartilages. 
They  nearly  close  the  aperture  ol'  the  wind- 
pipe. (For  the  use  of  the  voi-al  chords  see 
VuiCE,  s.,  II.  1.)  In  addition  to  tlicni  there  are 
upper  or  false  vocal  chords,  which  are  nut 
immediate} v  concerned  in  the  pi'oduction  uf 
tli<-  voice.     [Vo^CE,  s.,  II.  1.] 

vocal-tube»  s. 

Anat.:  The  part  of  the  air-passages  above 
the  inferior  ligaments  of  the  larynx,  incUidiiig 
the  passages  through  the  mouth  and  nostril.-.. 
{Dunglisoa.) 

vd-cal'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  vocal;  -ic]  Relating, 
pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of  vowel  sounds. 

"  Take  the  word  few,  iu  which  it  has  only  a  vocati-- 
sound."— A'lWe  .-  PhUologti  of  Eiifftixh  UtHyiuigc,  5  l-'^- 

VO'-cal-ism,  s.     [Eng.  vocaX;  -isni.\ 

1.  The  exercise  of  the  vocal  organs;  vocaliza- 
tion. , 

"  There  is  one  dialect  of  our  fumlly  which  is  dis- 
tinguished for  such  a  voc>iU»m,  and  that  i»  MuiJo- 
Gothic.'— farfe.-  PhiMogg  of  Jingltsh  Tongue.  5  IW. 

2.  A  vocalic  sound. 

"To  utter  such  thick-lipped  vocalUms  as  Mo,sos."— 
Earlti:  PhUologg.  §  126, 

vo'-cal-ist,  s.  [Eng.  vocal;  -int.]  A  vocal 
musician  ;  a  singer,  as  opposed  to  an  instru- 
mental performer. 

*  vd-cal'-i-ty»  s.    [Eng.  vocal;  -ity.] 

1.  Tlie  quality  or  sUite  of  being  utteral>lL- 
by  the  voice. 

"  Smoothness  and  freeneas  of  vocaUty."— Holder. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  a  vowel ;  vocalic 
character. 

vd-cal-i-za'-tion,  vo  cal  i-sa-tion,  i. 

[Eng.  vocalizie),  vocalls(c);  -atioii.\ 
I.  Ordinary  Langtiage: 

1.  The  act  of  vocalizing  ;  the  state  of  being 
vocalized. 

2.  The  formation  and  utterance  of  vocal 
sounds. 

II.  M  usic : 

1.  Control  of  the  voice  and  vocal  sounds. 

2.  Method  of  producing  and  phrasing  notes 
with  the  voice. 

■'  Sot  merely  was  her  vncaJiiation  beyond  reproach, 
Imt  her  actUig  was  quite  np  to  the  same  high  level."— 
UuUi/  Tetegritph,  Feb.  A,  1SS5. 

vo'-cal-ize,  vo'-cal-xse,  v.t.    [Fr.  vocaliser, 

from"  vocal  —  vocar(q.v.).] 

1.  To  form  into  voice  ;  to  make  vocal. 

"  It  la  one  thing  to  give  an  iinfulso  to  hrtath  ivlone  ; 
another  thinu:  to  vocalize  that  breath." — llolUct: 

2.  To  utter  with  voice,  and  nut  merely 
breatli ;  to  make  sonant. 

VO-cal-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  vocal;  -hi.) 

1.  Ill  a  vocal  manner  ;  with  voice  ;  with  an 
audible  sound. 

2.  In  words  ;  verbally. 

••  We  .  .  .  commemorate  meu^Uly,  vociiUn,  and 
loammlly  .  .  .  the  death  and  burial  of  Clirlst  our 
ljOTd."—traterland:   H'orks,  vii).  2-22. 

3.  As  regards  vowels  or  vocalic  sounds. 

"  SyUahles  which  are  cocallu  of  the  lowest  cousidei-a- 
tion."— fiir/c-  PhUologg  of  EnglUh  Torigiu:  5  C47. 

vo'-cal-ness,  5.  [Eng.  vocal;  -jh'ss.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  vocal ;  vocality. 

vd-ca'-tion,  5.  [Fr.,  from  I,at.  voaiti»nem, 
accus.  uf  vocalio~A  calling,  bidding,  invita- 


f5.te»  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    ce,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  Uw. 


vocational— voice 


4CG 


liMii,  troin  i^>4iitHS,  iw.  i»ar.  of  roco  =  to  call. 
Ih.iii  mx,  gfiiit.   i-scts  =  tlie  voic** ;  tip.  volv- 
ciou ;  port.  vocAuTt« ;  I(al.  v<K<t:ioiu.\ 
L  Uniinary  Ijiuffungt : 

1.  A  calling  or  <lesi;^ation  to  a  poi'ticiilar 
state,  jTofessioii,  uv  business  ;  a  summons,  an 
ii^unction,  a  call. 

2.  One's  calling,  ]>roft'ssion,  business,  eiri- 
ploynient,  trade,  or  occupr.tion. 

"  If  tii)ue»ty  )>i>  (he  heArt,  iiidnstry  is  the  riKht  bniid 
vt  every  vo9atinM."~  Harrou :  S-'rrnong,  vol.  lil.,  »f r.  K 

II.  .Scriytrmc  <t  Rcidesiol. :  The  Greek  word 
(itAiffis)  so  ti-anslateii  in  Epli.  iv.  1,  but  gen- 
erally in  tlie  Authoii^ied  Version  rendered 
"  eaUinj;."  is  applied  to  the  position  of  all 
Chiistiaii  men.  (t?ee  extract.)  In  a  more 
lestiM'Itd  .sense  the  term  is  taken  for  that 
"disiKisition  of  Divine  Pmvidence  when^liy 
persons  are  invited  to  serve  God  in  some 
special  state,"  e.g.,  as  clerics,  or  (in  thr 
Rom;rn  Chureh)  as  religious,  (.Calling,  C 
II.  I.,  Rkliuious,  B.l 

"  KtOtfive  "iir  sopplicatioiis  and  prayers,  whiuh  we 
I'H^i'  before  thee  for  a]1  tistntt^  vi  tiieu  iit  thy  lioly 
Lhiivoli,  thiit  every  lueuiliiT  of  the  s»iiie.  iu  bU  rwa- 
ritn  Hiid  iiiiuiBtr;.  inny  truly  i""^'  g'xily  s«jve  thee,"— 
.•^coiid  Coiieclfor  Uood  Friday. 

*  VO-ca'-tiOB-al,    a.      [Eng.   vocation;    -aL] 

Pertainiug  or  relating  to  a  vocation  or  occu- 
jiation. 

"S;tilMn>  are  a  clft3s  ftpjirt,  hut  only  iu  a  vocational 
stuae.'— /M«/^  r«/«!/rc(/)/i,  JiUi.  2.  1886. 

voc-a-'Kve,  u.  &  s.  [Lat.  vocativus.  from 
i<x«.' («,  pa.  par.  of  voco  =  to  call ;  Fr.  vocatif; 
Sp.,  Port.,  ifc  Ital.  vQcativo.'\ 

A,  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  calling 
or  adiiressiiig  by  name  ;  appellative.  Applied 
to  the  grammatical  case  of  nouns  in  which  a 
pei-son  or  thing  is  addressed. 

B.  As  sitbst.  :  A  tenn  of  address;  specif., 
in  gnunraar,  that  case  which  is  employed  iu 
calling  upon  a  person  or  thing. 

"  This  ilocunieut,  iuterspersed  with  cereiooiilil  roci- 
?(i"»— 'O  Most  High  Prince'  'U  Mib'hty  Emi>ergr  l" 
~l)-tilij  Telegraph,  October  I.  1685. 

■  voch  -y-a,  >\    [Vouhvsia.] 

v6ch-y-a'-5e-SB,  vo-chy§-i-a'-9e-»,  ?.  pi 

1M'"1.    Lat.   *  i»»t'fti/(a),    vi»-k>isH(.t) ;    Lat.  fern. 
i-1.  ;i.dj.  suff.  -((f«F.] 

B"t.  :  Vochyads  ;  an  Girder  of  Hypogynons 
Exogens,  alliance  Sapindales.  Trees  or  shrubs 
witli  opposite  branehe.s,  four-angled  when 
young.  Jjeaves  normally  ojtposite,  the  upper 
ones  sometimes  alternate,  with  glands  or  two 
stipules  at  their  base  ;  flowers  generally  in 
terminal  (^auicles  or  large  gaily-coloured  ra- 
<'*^mes;  sejials  four  to  live,  unequal  in  size, 
The  upiwr  one  the  largest  and  haviug  a  spur  ; 
jM'tals  one,  two.  three,  or  live,  unequal ;  sta- 
mens one  to  live,  generally  opposite  to  the 
petals,  most  of  them  sterile,  but  one  liaving  a 
four-relled  fertile  anther;  style  one;  stigma 
'•ne ;  ovary  three-celled,  each  with  one,  two, 
or  many  ovules  ;  (capsule  three-angled,  three- 
i-elled,  three- valved,  or  occasionally  one- 
celled,  one- seeded ;  seerl  usually  winged. 
Natives  of  tropical  America. 

voch-y-ad,  ;;.     [Mod.  Lat.    vochif(sia) ;  Eng. 
s'ltl".  -ml.] 
Bvt.  (ri.):  The  Vo("hyaee:e  (q.v.).     (Lindleij.) 

v6-ch^-i-a. '  v6oh'-y-a,  s.  [From  vochy, 
the  Giiianan  name  of  Vuchysia  guianeiisis.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Vocliyacese  (q.v.). 
Tropical  American  trees  with  ovate  entire 
leaves,  opposite  or  vertitillate.  Flowers  in 
]ianii!les.  yellow  or  orange,  with  a  smell  of 
violets;  <alyx  five-cleft, one  segment  spuiTetl ; 
petals  tlu'-e,  one  larger  than  the  others;  sta- 
mens three;  capsule  tiiaiignlar,  with  three 
cells,  each  containing  a  one-winged  seed. 

*  v6-cif '-er-an9e,  s.    [Eng.  vocijeranit) ;  -ce.] 

Noise,  rlamour. 

"  All  >ii-'w  i»  ^s  ntngle,  abuse,  .iinl  ovciferanre." 

A'.  HrnwiUny  :  Matter  I/ityues  of  iitixe-Ootha,. 

'  VO-^if' -cr-ant,  a.  [Lat.  vociferatis,  pr. 
par.  of  i-ocijero  —  to  vociferate  (q.v.).]  Vo- 
ciferating, clamorous,  vociferous. 


v6-9if'-er-ate,  y.t.  &  t.  [Lat.  voci/eiatus, 
pa.  par.  of  voci/eror,  from  vox,  genit.  vocis 
=  the  voice,  and  fero  =  to  bear,  to  lift  up.] 

A.  7n(ran.s. ;  To  cry  out  loudly  ;  to  bawl ; 
to  exclaim  loudly  ;  to  shout  out. 

"  ThroaKh  the  ranks  vociferating,  call'd 
*"       His  TroJaJiB  oil."         Cowpi-r :  Homer :  Iliad  xv. 


B.  T>-"ns. :  To  utter  with  a  loud  or  clamor- 
ous voice  ;  to  shout?  out. 

•'The  iHKir  plfl>cijut,  though  tie  in«y  vocifer-ite  the 
wiinl  ltl>t;rtw.  ItiiuwM  not  liuw  t'l  give  it  ftii  «irrt.-tu.-tl 

siii.iH>it,  -Kii-ix    fss  i:,g.  :.■.!.  SL 
v6-9if-er-a -tion, '  vo-clf-er-a-cy-on,  . 

|Fr.  vicifci'ftiim,  tiT>ni  Lat.  vuriji^i-itti'iitfin, 
accus.  of  i'ocijeratio=.skn  outcry.)  [Vocifk- 
RATE.]  'I'lie  aut  «f  vociferating  ;  a  vioh>nt 
outcry ;  a  clamorous  or  vehement  uttenmce 
of  the  voice. 

•'  The  voci/trttttous  of  emoMou  or  of  \ta*u."—Di/roii  : 
ChiUie  BarvUI.  iv.    (Note  ■i.) 

•  v6-9if' -er-a-tor,  s.  [Lat.,  from  vncijh-atiis, 
jia.  par.  of  voci/ero  =  to  vociferate  (q.v.).j 
One  wlui  vociferates;  a  clamorous  shouter. 

"He  iletleii   the   woi/eratorx  to  dg  their  wor§t"— 
/kiUi/  yuleffritjjh.  OcU.her27.  IBSr. 

•  vd-9if-er-6s'-i-t:y,  -■^.  [Eng.  i>QHferoi<.^ : 
■ify.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vociferous  ; 
clamorousness. 

"In    ita   natiTe  twaugiug  vociffr'>siti/."  —  Carlffte: 
Miitxll,  iv.  91. 

v6-9tt'-er-OUS,  ".  [Eng.  voci/€r(ate) :  -ons.] 
Littering  a  lou<l  mjise  ;  crying  out  or  shouting 
veheujently  ;  bawling,  clamorous. 

"  W*iit  no  \^»^  vo^i/nrout  iu   hia  harungne." — Cook: 
Thirti  tijyt^e.  hk.  in.,  ch.  xiii. 

v6-9if -er-Oiis-l^,  «-/(•.  [Eng.  mrifemus ; 
-!y.]  Ill  a  vociferous  manner;  with  great 
noise  or  elanmtir. 

'  To-fir-er-ons-ness,  s.  [Eng.  iw*/erou«; 
-'if?.v.j  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vociferous; 
nt)isiuess.  clamorousness. 

'  VOC'-u-lar,  (I.  [Lat.  voj,  genit.  rods  =  the 
\oii;e.i    Vocal. 

Dickens  : 


Oh 


The  aeries  of  vocitlar  exdatuUious." 
per  Ttaitt,  ch.  vU. 


*VOC'-llle,  s.  [A  dimin.  from  Lat.  vox,  genit. 
rock-!  =  the  voice. ]  A  faint  or  weak  sound  of 
the  voice,  as  that  made  in  separating  the  lips 
ill  pronoTini.'ing  the  letters  p,  /,  oj-  /:. 

v6d'-ka,  <-  [Rusfi.]  An  intoxicating  spirit 
distille'd  from  I'ye,  and  much  used  in  Russia. 

v6e,  s.  [Icel.  roV.]  An  inlet,  bay,  or  creek. 
(Orkmy  £  Sketlami.) 

"  In  the  w»fj(  of  Orkiiey,  Haco, 

Thou  Uidat  spiead  thy  |>riiieful  BHil." 
Blackic  :  Lrtys  of  UighUinda  A  lit-aitds,  p.  60. 

vcelk'-ncr-ite  (ce  a.s  e),  s.  [After  Captain 
V.ilkner;  sutf.  -(7e  (.l/:;i*.).] 

Mill. :  A  tah.-like  mineral,  occurring  mas- 
sive and  foliate<l  with  yellow  serpentine,  at 
Suarum,  Norway,  and  at  .Zlatoust,  Urals. 
Crystallization,  hexagonal.  Hardness,  20  ; 
sp.  gr.  2*04;  colour,  white;  lustre,  pearly; 
fee!,  greasy ;  translucent  to  transparerit. 
Compos.  :  alumina,  IG'S;  magnesia,  3&"2  ; 
water,  44'0  =  100,  yielding  the  formula 
AloO3,3H0+0Mg0H0+6H0. 

v6 -gie»  <:^  [Etym.  doubtful;  perhaps  eon- 
iit'cted  with  vogue  (q.v.).]  Vain,  meiry,  cheer- 
ful, well-pleased.     {Scotch.) 


vo'-gle. 


[Etyni.  doubtful.] 


.Mtn. :  A  cavity  in  a  lode  or  vein,  a  vugg  or 
ingle. 

vdg'-li-^n-ite,  s.  [Named  after  Dr.  J.  F. 
Vogl,  of  Bohemia.] 

Mia.:  A  mineral  occuning  in  globulai-  or 
eavtliy  eneniStations  on  uraiiinite  (q.v.). 
Soft.  Colour  and  streak,  shades  of  green. 
(Jomjios. ;  a  basic  sulplmteof  uranium.  Found 
near  Joachinisthal,  Bohemia. 

VOg-lite,  S.      [VOGLIANITE.] 

Mill.  :  The  name  given  to  aggregations  of 
rlmiiiboidal  scales  occurring  implanted  on 
uraninite  at  Joachinisthal,  Bohemia.  Lustre, 
pt-arly  ;  colour,  emerald-  to  grass-green.  An 
analysis  yielded  carbonic  acid,  •2i5*41  ;  pro- 
toxide of  uranium,  37'0;  lime,  14*09;  jirotoxide 
of  copi-er,  8-4U  ;  water,  l:i-yo  =  H9-S0,  which 
yields  the  formula  2U0CO'. -t- 2CaOCO-^  + 
3CuO,2CO.^+14HO. 

vogue,  s.  [Pr.  =  vogue,  sway,  authority, 
power,  fa-^^hion  ;  lit  =  the  swaying  motion  of 
a  ship,  hence  its  sway,  drift,  or  course ;  prop, 
pa.  par.  of  vo^iKr  =  to  aail,  from  Ital.  vuga  = 
the  sti'oke  of  an  oar  iu  the  water,  from  vogare 
=  to  row,  from  Ger.  wogen  =  to  fluctuate,  t<) 
be  in  motion  ;  0.  H.  Ger.  wagon,  from  tmifa  =a 
■wave  ;  Sp.  boga  =  the  act  of  rowing  ;  esiar  en 
boga  ■=  to  be  in  vogue.)    [Wao,  v,] 


-  1,  Sway,  currency,  prevalent  use,  jKiwer, 
or  authority. 

"  riiuHiJeriitit  thevv  *« ruuUK  tioii.- w>  gtvat  h  mvu« 
ftiiioiigtiiti  i«|»lrt«.'— .Sfi'.v/itf-'  Eccln.  Sttuxyr. :  1  i/orir 

l»lt.   IMU}. 

2.  Tiie  mode  or  fjwhion  p^.'vnlent  at  any 
l>ai'ticular  time;  p'tpnlm-  reception  for  the 
tinif  :  popular  repute  oi- t-stiiDAtinn. 

"  Tlie  tvfliir  ut  thv  htiii^oiu  in  I'liris  wrt.i  tittDBledt." 
— /Mi7.y  TfUifraph.  .IIwuli  16.  IBM. 

1!  Now  gcnemily  use*!  in  the  phi'8»e  iti 
vu'jue  :  as,  the  fasliion  now  in  imgrte. 

v6i9e,  'vois,  'voyce,  'voys,  i.    |0.  Pr. 

i?ot.f  (Fr.   fo/.r)  =  a   voice,    ^ound,    trom    Ijit. 
voieiii,  accus.  of  rox  =  the  voi..-t- ;  of.  Wans,  rac/t 
to  speak  ;  vacfuvs=  speech.] 
I.  (J  nil  nary  Language: 

1.  The  sound  uttered  by  the  mouths  of 
living  i-reatures,  whether  men  or  the  lowur 
animals ;  especially,  human  utterances  iu 
speaking,  singing,  or  otherwise ;  the  sound. 
made  when  a  person  speaks  or  nintts. 

"  VVithiu  Buch  iliBUvuce  aa  a  ooicv  may  r^ach." 

Couiper  :  ilvnur  ;  ftdguef/ xii. 

2.  A  particular  mode  or  character  of  speak- 
ing i>r  of  sounds  uttered  :  as,  a  loud  i'0iic,al6w 
voicK. 

3.  The  faculty  or  power  of  speaking  «r  sing- 
ing ;  speech  :  as.  To  lose  one's  you*. 

4.  A  sovnid  produced  by  an  inanimate  ob- 
ject, and  regarded  as  representing  the  voice 
of  an  intelligent  being;  souud  emitted:  as, 
the  voice  of  a  trumiiet. 

5.  Anything  analogous  to  huirtwn  speech, 
whicli  conveys  impressions  to  any  of  the 
Senses. 

"  I'liwortby  be  the  roice  of  Fkikc  tw  li*ar. 
That  sweeteat  music  to  »»  houcHt  ear' 

Pope:  Bortu-v,  n&i.  ii. 

*  6.  A  word,  a  tenn,  a  vocable. 
7.  Language,  words,  speech, 

■'  No  man  cond<^  know 
Uis  speche  ue  his  voi$,  though  lueu  it  hvrj." 

Chauwr  :  V.  T.  I,:n4. 

*  8.  That  which  Is  said  or  spoken;  talk, 
report. 

"  The  common  voice,  I  see,  is  verliietl 
Of  thee."  Shakctp.  :  Seuri/  VIIL.  v.  a. 

*  9.  Opinion  expressed  ;  judgment. 

■"  The  ooice  vi  Christtndoiu. 

a'AuAcay.. .  JJciirj/  Yill..  il.  1. 

10.  The  right  of  expressing  an  opinion  or 
judgment;  a  vote,  a  suttrage. 

'■  The  one  thing  which  the  labotirer  wants  is  a  voic* 
iu  the  muua^emeut  uf  the  wurkbua>>e."~A'c/i«,  Aitril 
21.  Id6«. 

11.  A  wish,  order,  or  injunction  expressed 
or  made  known  iu  any  way;  a  conni[Knd,'a 
precept. 

■'  Ye  would  not  be  obedient  to  the  voivo  of  the  Lord 
your  God."— Z>t'u/.  viii  20. 

*  12.  One  who  speaks;  a  speaker. 

'•  A  potent  voic€  of  PHrliauieut. " 

Tennyaon:  Jit  Memo? iam,  cx.ii.  11. 

II.  Tecluiically : 

1.  I'hysiol  :  A  souud  emitted  from  the 
larynx  (q.v.),  which  is  the  organ  of  voice.  To 
produce  it  a  blast  of  all',  diiven  by  a  more 'or 
less  prolonged  expiratory  movement,  throws 
the  vocal  cords  (q.v.)  into  vil)ration,  they 
again  imparting  their  vibrations  to  t)ie  column 
of  air  above  them.  When  a  -not*-  is  to  be 
uttered  the  vocal  cords  become  ivnaltel  to 
each  other,  and  thus  more  easily  vibrate 
by  a  moderate  blast  of  air.  The  true  voc^I 
cords  and  the  parts  of  the  larynx  which 
a.Tect  them  constitute  the  essential  vocal  a p- 
jtai-atus,  whilst  the  parts  ajjove-viz.,  the 
\eutrii-les  of  the  larjmx  with  the  false  vocal 
Cords,  the  pharynx,  and  the  cavity  of  the 
month— constitute  a  resonance  tube.  In  a 
voice  are  to  l»e  distinguished  loiidnt-ss  and 
pitcii,  the  former  dependent  <ni  Ihi'  strength 
of  the  expiratory  blast,  the  hitter  on  the 
length  and  degree  of  tension  of  the  vocjtl  eoi-d. 
The  shrill  voice  of  a  child  arises  fiinii  the  shoi-t- 
ness  of  its  coras  in  infancy;  soprano,  tenor, 
and  baritone  voices  also  depend  respectively 
on  the  length  of  the  conls,  those  of  a  mau> 
being  about  one-third  longer  titan  those  of 
a  woman  or  of  a  boy.  The  breaking  of  the 
voice  at  pul*rty  arises  fiom  the  rai>i*l  de- 
velopment of  the  larynx. 

2.  Gram. :  That  form  of  the  verb  or  body  of 
inflections  which  shows  the  relation  of  the 
subject  of  the  affirmation  or  predication  to  the 
action  expressed  by  tlie  verb.  InF*ngIT»h  ami 
many  other  languages  there  are  two  voices — 
active  and  passive  (see  these  words) ;  in  Gi'eck 
and  some  other  languages  there  is  a  third 
voice — the  middle  (q.v.). 


bSU,  X}6y ;  poiit,  jo^l ;  cat»  9011,  chorus,  9hiii,  ben^h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    ph  =  1 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -^ion,  -sion  —  zhnn.    -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  =  shus.    -hie,  -die,  <kc.  =  bel,  d$L 


318 


4G6 


voice— voire 


'X  Millie:  Voices  may  Ihj  arranjiod  in  six 
'irilcrs  or  cliisws.  ttrcordiii};  to  gravity  or 
nnit^Mie.'iti,  viz.,  tlii'  bitss,  barytniu',  U'lior,  alto, 
orcnntmlto.  iipv/o-.sopmno,  ami  soprano  (see 
thi'sc  worils).  The  fii-st  three  are  tlie  niitunil 
voiws  (if  iiten,  »iul  the  seeuuil  three  tliose  «f 
wiHiieii.  The  coiiiiMSvS  or  range  of  iiuteii  is 
•  lilfenMit  in  each  voice,  but  it  i»  not  eonipnss 
alone  which  deteniiines  the  class  to  which  any 
v«>ice  iiiuv  belong,  as  I'ery  frequently  a  bary- 
tone ([naiity  of  voice  is  limited  to  the  ran;;<' 
of  a  Ixiiis,  and  a  tenor  4uatity  to  the  compass 
of  a  kirytone. 

i.  I'hnnetirs:  Suiind  nttered  with  resonance 
of  the  vocal  rhords.  and  not  with  a  mere 
emission  of  breath  ;  sonunt  ntterance. 

H  ■  (I)  III  -fit/  coifv;  In  my  name.  (>ihake.^p. : 
MettJiitir  for  -Vcm.'JKiv,  i,  y.) 

(•1)  lyitk  one  voire :  Unanimously. 

"  Tlir  Orceklfih  lu-ml*.  uhicli.  with  ohc  voice. 
t'tll  .\L;<uiriiiui>ii  hLvid  iiiul  iccut^m!." 

.sA'(Acj/j.     Troitus  *  t'rttnUht.  I.  3, 

vmpc,  *  voyce,  <■./.  &  i.    [Voice,  s.\ 
A.  Tiaiifiitiir  : 

*  1.  To  give  utterance  to;  to  speak  of;  to 
announce,  to  report,  to  rumour. 

"  Id  tliU  th*Atlu-niAn  itiiiiioii,  whom  the  woild 
I'ojc'rfBo  resnrilfully  ?"    SfiiiK<-stJ.  ;  Timon,  iv.  ". 

2.  To  fit  for  producing  the  proper  sounds; 
to  ix'gulate  the  tone  of:  as,  To  voice  the  pipes 
of  an  organ. 

•3.  To  nominate;  to  adjudge  by  vote;  to 
Tote. 

"  M.-iiIe  ynii,  nj^iitiHt  the  grain. 
To  viicc  Iilm  c-ou»ul."     ishtikcx/j. :  Voriohttuig.  i\.  3. 

•B.  Inlraiisitivf: 

1.  To  clamour,  to  make  outcries. 

"  8tir  not  iiiiestioiiTi  of  jurisUlctiou  ;  Mid  rather 
xaaume  thy  right  in  siltuce  tUiui  voice  it  with  cl.iim»." 

—BitCO}!. 

2.  To  vote. 

"The  people'*  ])ower  of  voicing  in  councils."— fl/i, 
Tnytor:  Spitcopucu  Atserted,  5  41. 

vm9ed.  *voyced,  va.  par.  &  a.    [Voice,  n] 

A.  -!•;  v"'.  ;x'r.  (rSee  the  verb). 

B,  Asc.djfctiv  : 

I.  Ordimtv)!  Liuign("je: 

I.  Having  a  voice. 

'•  Tliat's  EryUiKa, 
Or  some  angel  viic'U  like  her." 

Denham.    (Todd,) 

•  2.  Spoken  of. 

'*  Much  voi/ced  iii  common  discourse  for  their  pro- 
hiibility  to  such  preferuieut." — Fuller :  U'ortlties ; 
tienefal. 

II.  riionetics:  Uttered  with  voice.  [Voice, 
.^.,  11.4.] 

voi^e'-ful.  •  voyce-fuU»  a.  [Eng.  voice,  s. ; 
-/ii'l.]     Htiviiiga  voice;  vocal. 

"  The  Iliad  ant!  the  Odysaee 
Ilise  ti)  the  swelling  of  the  voiceful  sea." 
Coleridge  :  Fancy  in  A'u'.  _ 

voi^e'-less,  o.     [Eng.  voice;  -less.] 

1.  Having  no  voice  ;  .silent. 

"  But  the  tomb,  the  end  of  raortrtlity.  is  voic-^as 
still.  "—.s'eri6»i (•)•■«  Jfa;jazine.  May,  ISSO,  p,  U4. 

2.  Having  no  vote  or  right  of  judging. 

3.  Not  sounded  with  voice.  [Voice,  s.,  II,  4.] 

■  Mtmy  of  the  tiiial  voice  consonants  become  either 
rxitr-efff*  or  whispered."— Siceef  .■  J/ist.  EivjlitJi  Houndt, 
p.  'J. 

■*  voice '-less-ness,  ■■••.  [Eng.  voiceless;  -ness.] 
The  ((iiality  or  .state  of  being  voiceless;  si- 
lence. 

"  r  have  no  riyht  to  acck  a  hldiiiK-pl'^ce  within  the 
l>nle  of  her  iwasesitions  by  keeping  her  in  a  condition 
ui  noicrlifgimetR." — n'.  E.  Ot<idttone,  in  a  letter  iu  Life 
<.r  lt}>.  iVilbcr/orcc,  ii.  35^ 

voi9  -ing,  jn*.  jHir.  &  s.    [Voice,  v.] 

A.  As  j)r.  per. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  suhstanlii'e : 

'  I.  Ord.  Jauuj.  :  The  aet  of  using  the  voice  ; 
rai.siiig  of  a  rumour,  report,  or  the  like ;  ex- 
lue-ssing  in  words. 

"Sweet  and  solemn  foiiinn  of  nature's  meanings."— 
arnbner't  Magazine,  Oct..  ISVS.  p.  80C. 

•1.  Music:  In  the  construction  of  organ- 
I-ilK-.H,  paring  away  the  upper  edge  of  the 
Itlock  in  a  wooden  mouth-pii»e,  opposite  to 
the  lip  which  imparts  tlie  vibration  to  the  air 
i.s.suing  from  the  ]>latt;  of  wind  (q.v.).  The 
npiH'r  edge  is  oblii|Ui-ly  .serrated,  to  divide  llie 
i.ssuing  .stream  of  air.  tlie  result  of  which  is  to 
jirevent  a  chirping  at  the  commencement  of 
the  note.  The  voicing  of  the  metallic  mouth- 
pipe  is  by  making  parallel  notches  on  the 
li'-vclled  surface  of  the  lip  at  an  angle  with 
tin-  axis  of  the  pipe. 


void,  •  voldo.   '  voyd,   '  voyde,  *<-  tt  .•;. 

HI.   I'r.   /■■'i'lf,  crnr/c  (Fr.  rtJ.-)  —  void,  empty, 
I  join  l^t.  riditnin.Ui-i-nii.  of  rM/»«5=^de(nived, 
biTeft,  wastv,  empty.]    [Widow.) 
A-  Asiuljn-tire: 

1.  Empty;  not  containing  matter;  not  oc- 
cupied ;  unlUled,  vH<^ant. 

'•  The  earth  was  without  form  and  voM."—Oen.  i.  2. 

2.  Having  no  holder,  possessor,  or  incum- 
bent ;  vacant,  unfilled. 

"To  Bujjply  divers  great  offices,  that  had  Iweii  long 
void."—Citvuicn:  Kemaint. 

3.  Being  without ;  de.stitute,  wanting,  with 
out,  free.    (Followed  by  o/ before  an  object,) 

"A  conscience  void  qf  offence  toward  tiod."— .-(ifi 
XX  Iv.  10. 

*  4.  Separated  from,  without. 

"To  tflive  when  he  were  vomic  ul  hU  company."— 
Fabiian  :  Vhrouiicle  ;  lUchard  I.  (an.  1198). 

"5.  Not  taken  up  witli  business;  unoccu- 
pied, leisure. 

'■  I  chain  him  in  my  study,  that  at  void  bourn 
I  may  run  over  the  atory  of  his  country." 

Matsingcr.    (AnnnndaJe.) 

*6.  Unsubstantial,  unreal,  imaginary. 

"  Senseless,  lifeless  I  idol  void  and  vain  ! " 

Fope  :  VinicitKl.  il,  40, 

7.  Having  no  legal  or  binding  force  ;  null; 
not  effectual  to  bind  parties,  or  to  convey  or 
support  a  right :  as,  A  contract  gained  by 
fraud  is  I'oiiJ. 

If  A  transaction  is  7wd  when  it  is  a  mere 
nullity,  and  iMcai>able  of  confirmation ;  where- 
as a  vaidabh  transaction  is  one  which  may  be 
either  avoided  or  confirmed  ex  }M)st  facto. 

*  8.  Ineffectual;  not  having  efTect. 

"  My  word  .  .  .  «hall  not  return  unto  nie  void,  but 
it  shall  acconijdish  that  which  I  pleaae,"— /«i(i((/t  Iv.  U. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  An  empty  space  ;  a  vacuum. 

"  They  have  left  .in  aching  void 
The  world  can  never  till." 

Cowper  :  Walking  with  God. 

*  2.  The  last  course  or  remove ;  the  dessert. 
"There   was  a  void  of  apice-platea  and  wine."— 

Coronation  of  Anne  Bolcyn,    {Sng.  Garner,  u.  50.) 

1[  To  make  void: 

(1)  To  render  useless  or  of  no  effect. 

"  Deceitful  Warwick  !  it  was  thy  device 
By  this  alliance  ta  make  void  my  suit." 

SItakesp.  :  3  Be»ry  VL.  iii,  3. 

(2)  To  treat  as  of  uo  force  or  impoi-tance  ; 
to  disregard. 

'■  It  is  time  for  thee.  Lord,  to  work,  for  they  have 
viaili:  I'uitl  thy  V.w.."— Psalm  cxix.  120. 

void-Space,  .<. 

I'hijs.  :  A  vacuum  (q.v.). 

void,     voyd,  r.t.  &  i.     [O.  Fr.  voider,  vnider, 
from  vnide  =  void  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitii'e : 

*1.  To  make  or  leave  empty  or  vataut;  to 
quit,  to  leave. 

"  All  such  aa  eyther  by  aiclcnes  or  age  were  uuneces- 
saiy  for  the  warres,  should  voi<i  the  towue."—  GohUu-jc : 
CtBSnr.  fol.  230, 

■  2.  To  clear,  to  empty,  to  free. 

"  The  parlauieut.  shall  void  her  ujiper  howAc  of  the 
same  annoyances." — Hilton  :  Reformation  in  En-ilaitd, 
bk.  ii. 

3.  To  discharge  ;  to  empty. 

"  He  doth  voydc  into  it  the  trenchers  that  lyeth 
under  tlie  knyues  poynt."— ic/and  :  Coltegtnnea,  vi.  11. 

i.  To  eniit  or  throw  out ;    to  discharge  ; 
speeilically,  to  evacuate  from  the  bowels. 
"  You,  that  did  void  your  rheum  upon  my  beard," 
Vhakesfj. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  i.  3, 

*  5.  To  cast  away  from  one's  self ;  to  divest 
one's  self  of.     (liarraw.) 

*6.  To  avoid,  to  shuu. 

"  Of  nil  the  men  i'  the  world 
I  would  have  voided  thee." 

Shnkesp.:  Coriolanus.  iv.  5,  {ed.  IC43.I 

7,  To  invalidate;  to  make  void  or  null ;  to 
annul ;  to  nullify. 

"To  void  the  security  that  w.ia  at  any  time  given 
for  money  so  borrowed."— C/arcnrfon  .■  /list,  of  /ic- 
boHiun.  ' 

8.  To  make  or  declare  vacant ;  to  vacate. 

"  A  wholesale  system  of  voiding  seats."- fliri/v  Tele- 
graph.  Dec.  IT,  IBSii. 

B.  Intra  IIS. ;  To  be  emitted  or  evacuated. 

"By  the  use  of  emulaioiis,  and  frequent  emollient 
injections,  hl<i  urine  voided  more  easily."— M'f5i'»i(in 
.snrgcr.'/. 

Void'-a-ble,  «.    [Eng.  void,  v. ;  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  voided  or  evacuated. 

2.  Capable  of  being  annulled  or  confirmed 
[Void,  o.,  7.  •[.] 

"No  marriage  is  voidable  by  the  ecclesi-osticil  law, 
unless  for  the  canonical  impediments  nf  pre- 


ntract."- /i/iicfr*(oHe  .■  Comment. 


ipedim 
bk,  i.. 


•  void'  an9e.  -■■■.     (Eng.  void,  v.  ;  -tojce.] 

1.  llir  a.i  of  voiding,  emptying,   or  eva- 
cuating. 

"  Voidancc  of  y'  ahe  had  etou."— J/orc  .■    Work'-t. 
p.  V.M. 

2.  The   act    of  ejecting    from  a  benefice  ; 
ejection. 

3.  The    state    of    being    void    or    vacant  . 
vacancy. 

i.  The  act  of  easting  away  or  getting  rid  of. 

"What  pains  they  re(|Uire  in  the  voidanceot  fond 
cowcvMn." —Barrow :  Isermons,  vol.  iii„  ser.  IB, 

5.  Evasion  ;  subterfuge. 
'  voide,  ".  &  V.    [Void.] 

void'-ed,  jw.  ixir.  ka.     (Void,  v.\ 

A.  As  ixi.  iwr. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

I,  Ordinary/ Lanrjuage : 

1,  Emitted  ;  evacuated. 

2.  Annulled  ;  nuliilied. 

II.  Her. :  Applied  to  a  charge  or  ordinary- 
pierced  througli,  or  bav-   

ing  tlie    inner   jiart  cut  ^~ 
away,   so  that  the   fieltt 
appears,  and  nothing  re- 
mains of  the  charge  but 
its  outer  edges. 


Gil 


voider,  '  voyd-er,  5. 

[Eng.  roid,  v.  ;  -er.] 

*  I.  Ord  iiiovy  Lan- 

9^'"0^  '  CROSS    VOIDEtt. 

1,  One    who    or   that 

whicli  voids,  empties,  vacates,  annuls,  or  nul- 
lities. 

2.  A  tray  or  basket  in  which  utensils  m 
dishes  no  longer  required  nt  table  are  carried 
away;  specifically,  a  baslcet  in  which  broken 
meat  was  carried  from  the  table. 

"  For  other  glorious  shields 
e  me  a  voider." 

lieamn.  &  Flet. :   IVoman  Hater,  i.  3. 

t  II.  Her.  :  C)ne  of  tlit  ordinaries,  whosr 
figure  is  niueh  like  that  of  the  fiaiich  (q.v.)., 
but  is  not  quite  so  circular  towards  the  centra 
of  the  field. 

void -ing,    *voyd-lng,  j>r.  i>ar.,  «.,  4;  s. 

IVoir..  r.\ 

A.  &  B.  .1.*  i>r.  jMY.  &  jmrtici}^.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  sidjstantii'e : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  of  that  whicU 
voids. 

"The  annulline  or  voiding  of  marviayeB  made  un- 
lawfully,"—/(/i,  Hall:  Cases  of  Conictencc,  ciise  m, 
dec.  *. 

*  2.  That  which  is  voided ;  a.  fr.igment,  a 
remnant  ;  voided  matter.  (Ilackiuyt :  I'oyages, 
ii.  ()'.».) 

'  voiding -knife,  s.  A  knife  used  t(- 
collect  fiagnients  of  food  to  put  into  a  voider. 

*  void -ness,  *  void-nesse,  s.    [Eng.  void, 

a.  ;  -ncs,.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  \oiLl,  empty, 
or  vacant;  emptiness. 

"  Through  him  the  colli  began  tocnuet  heate  .  .  . 
And  voidjteste  to  seeke  fiiTi  ii;itietie-" 

Spenaer:  Colin  Vloni  a  vmnc  home  againe 

2.  The  state  of  being  null  and  void;  nul- 
lity, inefficiency. 

3.  Want  of  substantiality. 


i.  A  void,  a  vacuum. 

"  The  sehoole  of  Pythagoras  holdeth  that  there  is  » 
voidnesse  without  the  world."—/*.  Uulland :  Plutarch. 
p.  071. 

voig'-tite,  .■.-.      I  After   Herr  Voigt,  of  Saxe- 
Weimar  ;  suft'.  -ilc  {Min.).'\ 

Min.  :  A  mica-like  mineral,  ocenning  in  ;r 
pegmatite  near  Ilmenau,  Thuriiigia.  Hard- 
ness, 2  to  ;i ;  sj).  gi*.  2'01 ;  lustre,  pearly: 
colour,  leek-green,  but  moie  often  brownish. 
Compos.  :  the  same  as  that  of  biotite  (q.v.). 
with  tlLC  additiiHi  of  water.  Dana  suggests 
that  it  is  probably  the  latter  mineral  hydrated. 

"voire  (as  vwar)  dire,  .s.    (O.  Fr.=  to  say 
the  truth,  from  Lat.  vennn  dicere.] 

Law:  An  oath  administered  to  a  witness 
either  before  or  after  being  sworn  in  chief, 
requiring  him  to  speak  the  truth,  or  make 
tiiie  answers  in  reference  to  matters  enquired 
of,  to  ascertain  his  interest  in  the  cause  as 
affecting  his  competency.    {Greenleaf.) 


latD,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
oi',  wore,  wolf.  work.  who.  son ;  mute,  ciib.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule.  fuU ;  try.  Syrian.    «.  09  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


voisinage— volcanic 


467 


"v6i-sin-age  (age  as  Jg),  >-.  [Fr.,  from 
nnsin  =  iiej>;hl«nn in.L^,  trom  Ijit.  vicinus.] 
Ni-iglibniirliouU,  vicuia^'f. 

"The  presliyttTB  th,»t  ouni- fnun  Epheaua  nnd  the 
visinaye."—/!//.  Titylor :  Kpifc-jpnc;i  Auerted.  i-i\. 

■  voi'-ture,  s.  [Fr..  from  Hal.  lettuni  (q.v.).J 
LVkctuke.J    a  i-ani.ige. 

"  Tliey  uuijht  tw  una  exercise  by  i-oiturr  or  carriiige. " 
—Arbuthitot. 

'  VOl'-a-ble,  a.  [Prob.  for  roltibl'-  (i].v.),  which 
is  tlie*iviniiii-of  Ihe  fuliosand  srcuii'l  inmitn, 
or  a  coinage  from  liUt.  rolo  =  to  Hy.)  Ximblc- 
wittcM.    {Shnle^p. :  Love's  iMhour's  Lost,  iii.) 

'  vd-la'-cious,  (X.  [I^at.  rolo  =  to  fly.]  Apt 
ur  lit  to  tiy. 

'  VO~lage,  a.  tFr.,  from  mlcr  ;  Lat.  rolo  =  to 
tly.l     LifAht,  RiiUly,  tickle.    (Chaucer.) 

vo-la'-ille  (/?c  siicTit),  s.    [Fr.] 
Vool-cry:  Cliicken,  fowl. 
1i  Su]<irmf  dr.  i'oIaWf :  The  white  meat  of 
tlu'  breast.     IVf.lootic.I 

v6'-lant.  a.  &  s.    (Fr.,  pr.  i>ar.  of  i'o?er;  Lat. 
i-nlo'=  to  fly.] 
A.  vis  adjective: 

*  I.  OnJinai'ij  Ixijujuuge  : 

1.  Passing  through  the  air  ;  flying. 

"In  muniier  of  a  «t«r  t'o/ft(i(  in  the  Hir.'*— P.  I/oi- 
laud:  Plutarch,  \k  52o. 

2.  Freely  circulating  or  passing  from  place 
to  place ;  current. 

"The  EiigUah  silver  m.t*  now  oiiiTent,  anil  our  gold 
volant  iu  the  F<.'|>e'a  court,  —t-'nlh-): 

3.  Light  ami  quick  ;  nimble,  active,  rapiO. 

"BIhul  British  b-irds  with  m/.ki/ touch 
Traverse  loquiiciousstrinKS. "      ./.  Phili/i« :  CUler.  ii. 

II,  Her.:  Applied  to  a  bird,  &c.,  rejue- 
sent^d  as  flying  or  having  the  wings  spread 
as  in  flight. 

'  B.  As  svbsf. :  A  shuttlecock ;  hence,  one 
who  fluctuates  between  two  parties ;  a 
trimmei'. 

"The  Dutch  hadActett  Ih^volajif.'—.Vorlh:  Exnmeii, 

p.  ■l:^. 

*  volant-piece,  s. 

Oh!  Ariii.  :  An  extra  j^late  of  metal  aflixcil 
to  the  front  of  a 
knight's  helmet, 
and  screwed  to  the 
grawie  f/an/p,  which 
covered  the  breast. 
It  was  chiefly  user! 
in  tournaments,  and 
being  made  witli  a 
sharp  siilient  angle, 
the  lance  of  the  op- 
ponent, unless  pro- 
vided witli  a  coro- 
nel,  was  almost  cer- 
t-iun  to  glance  ofl. 

Vol-a-puk',  s.  I Frwii  two  words  in  the 
new'  languiige,  vol  =  world,  universe,  and 
p((fc  =  speech,  discourse,  language.]  An  at- 
tempt to  foriu  a  universal  language  by 
Johaun  Maria  Schleyer,  a  German  priest, 
by  a  selection  of  words  from  most  of  the 
European  languages,  English  in  particular. 
Tlie  ditticulties  of  pronunciation  are  obvi- 
ated by  making  f-acli  letter  have  only  one 
sound,  and  words  are  always  written  as  tliey 
are  pronounced,  and  pronounced  as  they 
are  written.  The  ;ilphabct  consists  of  twenty- 
seven  letters,  eiglil  being  vowels  and  nine- 
teen consonants.  The  consonants  are  sounded 
as  in  English,  with  the  exeeption  of  c,  which 
always  has  thes(nmd  of  r/ias  iu  child ;j,  which 
always  has  tlie  sound  of  sh,  as  in  shcule ;  and 
g,  which  is  always  hard ;  h  is  used  as  an 
aspirate.  The  accent  is  invariably  on  the  last 
syllable,  and  to  the  simple  French  cuustrnc- 
tion  is  added  the  advantage  of  only  one  con- 
jugation, and  there  are  no  irregular  verbs  or 
artificial  genders.  Tlie  method  of  derivation  is 
always  the  same.  The  adjectives,  verbs,  and 
adverbs  being  regularly  formed  from  the  sub- 
stantiveand  analogous  in  termination,  a  know- 
ledge of  all  the  nouns  practically  means  the 
acciuirement  of  the  language.  IC  becomes  v, 
and,  for  the  benefit  of  eastern  peoples  to 
whom  the  pronunciation  of  r  is  always  a 
stumbling-block,  I  is  generally  substituted 
for  it.  The  woids  are  gent-rally  reduced  to 
one  syllabic:  thus  /rii  =  father,  dot  (Lat. 
dolor)  =  pain,  gnu  (Ger.  gans)  =  goose.  Nouns 
have  but  one  deilfiision  and  only  four  c.nses; 
gendiT  is  indicated  by  the  prefix  of:  thus, 
//(/*■/  =  sfhoolma.it cr.  t'/-^(/r/  =  sehoolmistiess. 


AtUoctives  are  formed  by  adding  ik  to  tlie 
substantives,  and  adverbs  by  adding  o  to  the 
ailjectives  :  thus,  /aw  =  glory,  /awnA:  =  glo- 
rious, famiko  —  gloriously. 

"  Thin  much  niiiy  he  (wid  for  Volnpiik,  thiit  nlthoincli 
it  is  uiily  u  yenr  or  two  niiiL-e  it  wiwi  tlrst  liivent4.-il, 
Siiii.iHH)  jitTMiin!*  art-  alrendy  said  to  he  u.iiug  it.'— I'ull 
Malt  U.ui-tff.  tVl..  28.  IflSS. 

Vol-a-puU-ist,  s.  [Eng.  Volapvk:  -ist.]  An 
advileute  of  the  adoption  of  VoIapUk  as  a 
universal  language,  by  means  of  which  men 
speaking  ditferent  languages  may  correspond 
with  each  other. 

"  The  I'otapilkists  have  thirteen  newspapers  in  tliffer- 
ent  iMiTtA  of  the  world,  printed  in  the  new  idiom."— 
I'all  Matt  iiazette,  Feb.  -28.  1»8». 

VO'-lar,  rt.    [Lat.  vola  =  the  palm  of  the  hand.] 
Anat.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  pahu  of  the 
hand  :  as,  the  volar  artery. 

'  v6'-lar-y,  ■*«■.    [Voi.euv.I    a  bird-cage,  large 

eu(tng*h  lor  birds  to  fly  about  in. 

"And  nowait-'*  i..'iiit.'nt  -.uui  solitary. 
Like  the  foraiikiii  turtk'  in  the  votary." 

lien  Juiison  :  Acw  Inn,  v.  i. 

Vol'-a-tU©,   a.  &  s.     [Fr.  rolatil,  from   Lat. 
i-i>la'tilis,  from  foiaAT/5  =  flight,  from  r-o/o  =  to 
fly;  Sp.  &  Port,  volatil;  Ital.  volatile.] 
A.  --Is  adjective : 

*  1.  Passing  through  the  air  on  wings ; 
flying. 

"There  ia  no  creature  only  volatile,  or  no  flying 
aniuijil  Imt  hath  leet  as  well  as  wlaga."— A'(i// ;  On  the 
CriutCion. 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  evaporating  or 
of  passing  oH"  by  spontaneous  evaporation  ; 
diftusing  more  or  less  freely  in  the  atmo- 
sphere, as  alcohol,  ether,  essential  oils,  &e. 

3.  Lively,  sprightly,  brisk,  gay;  hence, 
hekle,  apt  to  change  ;  thoughtless,  giddy. 

"Gay,  volatile,  ingenious,  quick  to  learn." 

Wordsworth:  Excurshn,  bk.  vi. 

*  4.  Tiansient ;  not  permanent ;  not  lasting. 

"  Vnlatilc.  an»J  fugitive  instances  of  repentance.  "— 
fl/i.  Taylor :  (}f  tia^ntance,  ch.  v..  §  6. 

*  B.  As  siibst. :  A  winged  creature. 

"  Fonre  footid  beestis  nnd  crepimte  beestis  and  vola- 
liUs  of  heucnc."—  Wiivlifft :  UeUis  \\. 

volatile -liquids,  s.  vl.     [Liquid,  s.,  L 
1.  ■(.] 
volatile -Oils,  ';.  vl. 

Cliiiiit.:  K.-^senluil  oils;  oils  which  can  be 
distilled  without  decomposition.  They  are 
classed  under  two  heads  ;  mineral  and  vege- 
table ;  the  former  being  composed  of  cajbon 
and  hydrogen,  and  generically  known  as  para- 
flins.  The  vegetable  oils,  which  are  generally 
procured  by  distilling  the  odoriferous  sub- 
stance with  water,  may  be  divided  into  three 
great  classes  :  (1)  Oils  composed  of  carbon 
and  liydrogen  (binary  volatile  oils),  of  which 
oil  of  turpentine  may  be  considered  the  type  ; 
('2)  oils  containing  carbon,  hydrogen,  and 
oxygen  (oxygenated  oils),  which  include  most 
of  tliose  used  in  medicine  and  perfumery; 
and  (:i)  oils  containing  sulphur  (sulphur- 
etted oils),  characterised  by  their  extreme 
pungency  and  suffocating  odour,  such  as  oil 
of  mustard,  assafoetida,  &c.  The  volatile  oils 
are  generally  more  limpid  and  less  unctuous 
than  the  fixed  oils,  and  are  almost  colourless 
after  rectification.  They  are  soluble  in  alco- 
hol and  ether,  slightly  soluble  in  water,  and 
mix  in  all  proportions  with  the  fixed  oils. 

volatile -salts,  S.21L    [Sal-volatile.] 

* vol'-a-tile-ness,  s.  [Eng.  volatile;  -nesA.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  volatile;  vola- 
tility. 

"  The  animal  H|>irit9  cannot,  by  reason  of  their  aub- 
tility  and  votatilencss,  be  diiicuvered  to  the  aense.'*— 
—Hale. 

Vol-a-til'-i-t3?,  s.  [Fr.  volatilite,  from  volatil 
~  v(datile  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  volatile  ; 
disposition  to  evaporate ;  that  quality  of  a 
substance  which  disposes  it  to  ditt'use  itself 
more  or  less  rajiidly  iu  the  atmosphere ; 
capability  of  ditfnsing,  evaporating,  or  dissi- 
pating at  ordinary  atmospheric  temjieratures. 

"That  pure.  eIal>orated  fiil,  which,  by  reason  of  its 
extreme  volatility,  exlialea  spoutaneoualy."— .<r&wfA- 

710t, 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  volatile, 
fligi'ty,  giddy,  or  fickle  ;  fiightiness,  thought- 
lessness ;  light  or  thouglitless  behaviour. 

vdl-a-til-iz'-a-We,  a.  [Eng.  voUaiz{c); 
-nbli:.]    CajiabU-'of  being  volatilized. 

vol-a-til-i'Za'  Cion,  n.     [Eng.   volatiliz(e) : 


■ation.]  The  actor  proccas  of  volatilizing  or 
rendering  volotile  ;  the  8t*»te  of  being  vola- 
tilized. 

"The  volatilUatUm  o(  the  uUt  o(  iaxiiix."—BogU : 
W'orkt,  li.  1'2S. 

vol' -a-tQ-ize,  r.t.  [Eng.  x'olatilie);  -ize.]  To 
render  volatile  ;  to  cause  t«i  exhale,  evaporate, 
or  pass  ofl"  in  vapour  or  invisible  effluvia,  and 
to  rise  and  float  in  the  air. 

"  Many  loaria-d  men  .  .  .  di>  not  think  It  credibls 
that  at  least  corporal  ){t>ld  Hhould  be  volalitUe^  hj 
■luickBllver."— //oi(/c  .■   Workt.  i.  Ma. 

vol-au-vent  (as  vol-6-van)»  s.     [Fr.  =  » 

pufl'  of  \\  iiid.] 

Cook.  :  A  raised  pie  made  with  a  case  of  very 
light  and  rich  jmit'  paste  ;  a  kind  of  enlarged 
and  highly-ornamented  patty. 

vdl-borth-ite,  s.     [Aft^r  Dr.   A.   Volljorth  ; 

snti;  ■itr{Miu.).] 

Mil).  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  small  tabular 
erysUiIs  on  a  sandstone  of  the  Permian  for- 
mation in  the  Urals.  Crystidlization,  hexa- 
gouid  ;  hardness,  '^  to  30  ;  sp.  gr.  :i'&5  ;  lustre. 
pearly ;  colour,  olive-green,  citron-yellow ; 
stnai;,  yellowish-green.  Analyses  made  by 
Geidh  gave  results  which  justified  the  follow- 
ing formula:  (Cu.Iia.Ca^tV.^Og  +  SCuHoOj  4- 
l:iaq.,  which  requires,  vanadic  acid,  10'tj3  ; 
protoxide  of  copper,  38*41  ;  baryta,  6-17; 
lime.  (5-77  ;  water,  *Ji)-02=  100. 

*  vol-ca'-IU-^n,  a.  [Eng.  voican{o),  -ian.\ 
Gf,  jiertaining  to,  or  resembling  a  volcano ; 
volcanic. 

"  .\  deep  volcaniaii  yellow.**        Keats:  Lamia. 

VOl-C^n'-ic,  a.  [Fr.  volcanique.]  Pertaining 
to  a  Aolcano  ;  proceeding  from  or  produced 
by  a  volcano  ;  resembling  a  volcano. 

"  Ita  aituittion  ia  rom.iutic,  at  the  loot  of  a  voteaiiic 
niountaui."— ^Vc/cV.  Feh.  4.  IBSS. 

volcanic-action,  s. 

dcol. :  Tlie  influence  exerted  by  the  heated 
interior  of  the  earth  on  its  external  covering. 
{Lydl.)     [VfLCANisM.] 

volcanio-ash,  5. 

Petrul.  :  An  ash-like  substance  derived  from 
theattritiou  of  volcanic  scoria  by  the  explosion 
of  steam  and  gases  in  volcanic  craters.  The 
indurated  volcanic  ashes  of  early  geological 
periods  have  had  a  similar  origin. 

volcanic-bomb.  s. 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  to  semi-fused,  rounded, 
masses  of  rocks,  of  various  mineral  composi- 
tion, sometimes  ejected  during  volcanic  erup- 
tions.   [Bomb,  II.  2.] 

volcanic -breccia. .':. 

Petrol. :  A  brrccia  formed  by  the  consolida- 
tion of  angular  tiagments  of  volcanic  rocks. 
(Lyell.) 

volcanic -dike,  s.    [Dike,  s.,  IL  l.l 

volcanic-foci,  5.  pi. 

C.eol. :  The  subterranean  centres  of  action  in 
volcanoes,  where  the  heat  is  supposed  to  Ijc 
in  the  higliest  degree  of  energy.    {Lyell.) 

volcanic -glass,  ':. 

PdroJ.  :  The  same  as  GasiDLVN  (q.v.). 
voleanlc-mud,  >.    [Mova.] 

volcanic  regions,  s.  pi. 

(!i-"l.  i(-  n-'iui. :  Gfrtain  regions  of  the  worM 
tlirdiighout  which  volcanic  and  earthquake 
action  specially  prevails.  They  run  in  lines. 
The  region  of  the  Andes  extends  from  lat.  43' 
South  to  2^  North  ;  that  of  Mexico  follow.s, 
then  that  of  the  West  Tmiies.  Another  extend;* 
from  the  Aleutian  Islands  to  the  Moluccas 
and  the  Isles  of  Sunda,  another  from  Central 
Asia  to  the  Canary  Islands  and  the  Azoivs. 
There  is  one  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  hav- 
ing its  chief  focus  at  Santorin,  known  to  have 
been  active  at  intervals  for  t«o  thousand 
years ;  then  that  of  Italy  and  Sicily,  having 
vents  in  Etna,  Vesuvius,  and  Ischia.  On-r 
region  is  in  Iceland,  with  Hecla  as  its  chief 
vent.  Volcanoes  are  generally  near  the  sea. 
Jorullo,  in  Mexico,  is.  liowever,  an  exceptiiju, 
being  120  miles  from  the  nearest  ocean. 

volcanic -rocks,  '«■  pi. 

Gfol. :  Rocks  whirh  have  been  produced  at 
or  near  tlie  surface  uf  the  earth  in  ancient  or 
modern  times  by  the  action  of  subterranean 
heat,  by  water,  and  pressure.  (Lyell.)  Tliey 
form  one  of  the  leading  divisions  of  rocks,  and 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat.  9ell.  chorus,  9lun,  bengh;  go.  gem;  tbin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenopbon,  c^ist.    -ing. 
-cion,  -tian  =  sban.    -tion.  -slon  =  sbun;  -tlon.  -§ion  =;  zbiin.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  :^  bel,  del, 


468 


volcanically— volley 


rrtieiiible  Plutmiic  r.M:ks  (i\.\.)  m  Wiug  gener- 
allv  iiiistialiil»'<I  and  ar8iitute  of  fossils,  but 
aie  .lisliii^;inslic«i  from  tlicm.  Volcanic 
ar«  inurv  |>iirtiall.v  tltstri- 

bllUMl    timil    aqULHUW     Q 
rucks.    OliI  volcanit: 
rocks  are  so  nearly 
nieiiticul  witli  the     i. 
))t<MUict.s  of  mml- 
crii  vule.iiioes,that    ^  / 
tht*  two  were  uii- 
(Iniibtedly  pro- 
iliic*.-«I  in  a  siiiii- 
Kif  nmtnier.  The 
I'-adiiit;   vulca- 
nic i-ock»  are 
liarta)t,aii<teji- 
itr.  ;in<l  tra 
cUyU-. 

volcanic-  volcanic  bocks 

sand,  S.  j^,  ,^^  Cti«caH4.  Hain*  Uu  Atom 

GeoL.  :    Sand  Itore.  fui/^-U^ms.  France). 

ejected  from  a  a.  Rirthy  tnwhyte :  ft.  Tuff,  with 

/i-ftf^^r      Uilif-  pmiiue.   4c.;  c.   Angitic   iihoiia- 

Cl-»l«r.     liail  |j^     ^    lUaaltio  brmicia;  e.  Ba- 

fers  from  ash  (^n^  i,ij;i,y  lerniKiuous;  /.  Tra- 

)D     having    a  cbytii:  tulL 
coarser  j^rain. 

The  puzzolana  of  Naples  is  volcamc-sand. 

▼olcanlc-soll.  s.  Soil  largely  consisting 
©f  the  decomposed  products  of  eruption.  It 
is  wt-ll  a.lai)ied  for  winc-growiiig. 

'  vol-C&n'-ic-al-ly,  ad^}.  [Bng.  volcanic; 
•ai,  -ly.]     Like  a  vuh^ano. 

■■  Bljwteil  (launder  vt/lcamcalli/."—Cartfflc:  fferoes, 
lect,  lv..p.  ItC. 

Vol-Can-iC'-i-tj?',  s.  [Eng.  volmnlc;  -ity.] 
The  quaUty  or  state  of  being  volcanic ;  volcanic 
power. 

vdl'-can-islXI*  ■?-  [Ens- volcan^o) ; -imn.]  Vul- 
caiiifity. 

Tol'~can-ist,  s.    [Eng.  volcan(o):  -ist.] 

1.  One  veraed  in  the  history  and  phenomena 
(>f  volcanoes. 

2.  A  vuleanist  (q.v.). 

vdl'-can-ite  (1),  s.    [Eng.  volcan(o) ;  suff.  -ite 
(Mill').] 
Min. :  The  same  as  Pyroxene  (q.v.). 

vol'-can-ite  (2),  s.  [After  the  island  Volcano, 
where  first  found  ;  sutf.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  sulphur  containing 
stlenium,  found  in  stalactitic  forms  and  as  an 
encrustation.    Colour,  orange  or  brownish. 

•  v6l-C&Il'-i-t^»  s.  [Eng.  voUia7i(fi):  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  volcanic,  or  of  vol- 
•     canic  origin. 

Vol-can-i-za'-tlon,  s.  lEng.  mlcajii2(e) ; 
■  ialim.]  Theact  or  power  of  volcanizing  ;  the 
■-tate  of  being  volcanized. 

v6l'-can-ize,  v.t.  [Bug.  voh^n(o):  -ize.]  To 
subject  to,  or  cause  to  undergo  volcanic  heat 
and  be  affected  by  its  action. 

v6l-ca'-ll6»  s.  [Ital.  volcaTW,  i^ulcano,  from 
I>at.  Volcanus,  VulcaniLS  [Vulcan]  ;  Sp.  &  Fr. 
vohun.] 

1.  Geol. :  A  more  or  less  perfectly  conical  hill 
or  mountain  formed  by  the  successive  accumu- 
lations of  ejected  matter  in  a  st;ite  of  incan- 
descence or  high  heat,  and  having  one  ur 
more  channels  of  communication.  (Lyell.) 
Volcanoes  are  of  three  kinds  :  Active,  Dor- 
mant, and  Extinct.  An  active  volcano  is  one 
which  still  continues  at  intervals  to  break 
into  eruptions.  A  dormant  volcano  is  one 
which  after  being  quiescent  for  a  long  inter- 
val, as  if  its  fires  W'-re  extinct,  then  breaks 
torth  anew.  An  extinct  volcano  is  one  not 
kncwn  to  have  been  in  eruption  since  niiin 
ha.s  been  upon  the  earth.  The  connection  be- 
tween earthquakes  and  volcanoes  is  so  close 
that  intense  seismic  action  occurs  only  in  the 
regions  where  volcanoes  exist.  [Volcasic- 
HKOioss.]  Earthqu:ikea  often  precede  vol- 
canic eruptions,  and  become  less  violent  when 
the  volcano  in  the  vicinity  break.s  forth,  as  if 
the  explosive  material  struggling  to  obtain 
J 'Kim  for  expansion  produced  the  earthquake, 
:ind  found  vent  in  the  volcanu.  Tims  a  vol- 
(;a.no  is  a  natural  safety-valve,  and  saves 
vastly  more  human  lives  than  it  destroys. 
Tlie  following  is  the  hypothetic.tl  genesis  of  a 
Volcano.  Some  seismic  convulsion  produces 
.1  deep  fissure  in  the  ground,  eounnnnicating 
beneath  with  a  lake  of  molten  matter.     From 


this  ajierture  lavii  Hows  forth,  showers  of 
scoria-  or  ashe.s,  dust,  and  sand  are  hurleil 
into  the  air,  b.>iUiig  water  rides  in  enormous 
jets,  steam  and  various  ga.ses  ascend.  Certjiin 
uf  these  materials,  such  as  the  ashes,  the 
■and,  and  the  dust  falling  around  the  apei- 
ture,  form  a  tiny  eminence,  the  sides  of  which 
slope  at  the  highest  angle  at  which  falling 
material  can  rest  without  sliding  to  the 
bottom.  Bvthis  process  repented  an  indehnite 
numher  of  times  a  hill  tends  to  arise  of  a 
conical  form,  and  the  Ilssure,  whatever  its 
original  form,  t^i  become  a  round  crater.  The 
tii-st  tlow  of  lava  from  a  liasure  on  a  plain 
would  be  nearly  horizontal,  but,  as  tliere 
arose  a  volcanic  cone  of  material  which, 
tliough  loose  at  lirst  would  tend  to  cohere,  it 
w.mld  descend  the  shqie  at  an  angle.  Earth- 
quakes continually  upheave  regions  or  dis- 
tricts, and  might  aid  in  raising  the  smail 
volcano  to  a  higlier  elevatiou  above  the  sea. 
Similar  action  might  in  certain  cases  produce 
what  have  been  called  "craters  of  elevation," 
but  those  of  eruption  are  far  more  numerous. 
Then  wlien  the  volcano  becomes  elevated  the 
pressure  of  the  lava  is  so  great  as  to  break 
through  the  side  of  the  crater,  and  allow  the 
molten  mass  to  escape  by  a  fresh  apertuie, 
around  which  a  mitior  cone  is  produced. 
Eighty  such  minor  cones  are  known  on  the 
flanks  of  Etna.  The  top  of  a  volcano  may 
also  fall  in  and  disappear.  A  small  volcano 
may  arise  in  a  night,  as  did  Monte  Nuovo  450 
feet  higli,  in  the  Phlegi»an  fields  near  Naples, 
in  lo3S,  but  an  immense  lapse  of  time  is 
needful  to  build  up  such  a  mountain  as  Etna 
(height  10,874  feet)  or  Cotopaxi  (18,858  feet). 
About  three  hundred  active  volcanoes  are 
known.  Besides  these  there  are  submarine 
volcanoes,  which  occasionally  come  to  the 
surface  of  the  sea,  as  did  Graham's  Island,  in 
the  Mediterranean  near  Sicily,  in  1831.  Vol- 
canoes have  existed  in  all  bygone  geological 
ages.  Arthur's  Seat,  near  Edinburgh,  is  an 
old  volcano,  its  summit  being  formed  by  lava 
formerly  tilling  the  hollow  of  the  crater,  but 
from  which  the  softer  material  of  the  cone  has 
in  some  submergence  been  washed  away. 

2.  Astron.. :  There  are  numerous  and  large 
extinct  volcanoes  in  the  moon  (q.v.). 

*  v6l-ca'-nd-isin»  s.  [Eng.  volcan.{o);  -is^wi.] 
Eruptiveness. 

■'  Blaze  out,  as  wjisteful  oolc'tnaism  to  scorch  and 
couaume."— CaWtffe .   Past  £  Present,  bk.  ii.,  cli.  x. 

*vdle(l),  s.  [Fr.,  from  voler  (Lat.  uoZo)  =  to 
fly,  to  dart  upon,  as  a  bird  of  prey.]  A  deal 
at  cards  that  draws  all  the  tricks. 

"  Aud  at  backgaimiion  moi-tify  my  soul 
That  pauts  for  h)o.  or  flutteis  at  a  vo/e." 

Colman:  Epilogue  to  Hchoolfor  iicanddt. 

vole  (2),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful :  perhaps  a  cor- 
ruption of  wold  =  field,  plain,  and  hence  = 
tield-mouse.] 

Zool.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  Arvicolinie,  a  sub-family  of  Muridse,  with 
three  genera — Arvicola,  Fiber,  and  Myodes. 
They  are  mouse  or  rat-like  rodents  of  a  rather 
stout  build,  with  the  limbs  and  tail  of  mode- 
rate length,  or  short,  and  the  latter  more 
hairy  than  in  the  true  Murines  ;  the  ears  are 
short,  often  nearly  concealed  beneath  the  fur. 
[Water-vole.]  Several  species  range  over 
Central  Europe  and  into  Western  Asia,  but 
the  voles  are  most  abundant  (both  as  species 
and  individuals)  in  the  nortliern  and  north- 
western parts  of  North  America.  (Fur  the 
British  species  see  Arvicola.) 

♦vole,  v.t.    tVOLE(l),  s.] 

Cards :  To  win  all  the  tricks  by  a  vole. 

*v6-lee',  s.     [Fr.  =a  flight,  from  voler  =  to 

fly-l 

Music :  A  rapid  flight  or  succession  of  notes. 

*  VO'-lent-ly,  ade.     [Lat.  Rolens,  pr.   i)ar.   of 

volo  =  to  wish.]    Willingly. 

■■  Riiii  so  vol^ntly,  ai  violently  to  the  brink  of  it."— 
Adiiim  :    WorKt,  l.  237. 

*vd'-ler-y,  s.  [Fr.  voU'ere  =  an  aviary,  a 
pigeon -house,  from  voUr  =  to  fly.] 

1.  A  large  bird-c:ige  in  which  bti'ds  have 
room  to  fly  ;  a  volary. 

2.  A  flight  of  birds. 

"  An  old  boy  at  his  first  appearance  ...  is  sure  tu 
draw  uu  him  the  ?yei  and  chirping  of  the  whole  town 
voler//.  "—Locke  :  0/  Etlucacioit.  i  94. 

vol'-et  ((  silent),  5.     [Fr.,  from  voler  =  to  fly.] 
*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  gauze  veil  worn  by  ladies 
at  the  back  of  the  head  in  tlie  Middle  Ages. 


2.  Paint.  :  A  term  applied  to  the  win^s  or 
shutUMs  of  a  picture,  fortuing  a  triptych. 

*v61ge.  s.  [Lat.  rulgus.]  [Vulgar.]  The  vul- 
gar ;  the  moll. 

■  We  must  sjjeak  with  the  valge,  aud  think  witli  llie 
^f,•l^^ti.'  —FuUer  :   It'oitAJM ;  Li/iulun. 

VOl'-ger-ite,  s.  [After  G.  H.  O.  Volger ;  sutT. 
•  ilr(M,u.):] 

Milt.  :  An  oxide  of  antimony  occurring 
massive  or  pulverulent.  Colour,  white.  Com- 
pos. ;  oxygen,  1!>*S ;  antimony,  58-ii ;  wat^r, 
•Jl-8  =  KJO,  with  the  formula  SbOc  +  5HU. 

*v6l'-it-a-l>le,  (t.  [Eng.  uolat(Ue):'abU\]  Ca- 
llable »jf 'being  volatilized.' 

"This   volitablf  spirit  i^   aooii   a\ieix\."  —  Dapkini  : 
Hermoria  ;  John  i\i.  5. 

^  vol-i-ta'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  voli^,  freq.  from 
(Wrj  =;  to  fly.]  The  act  or  state  of  flying; 
flight. 

'■  Birds  or  fl^iiiKaniuiala  are  .  .  .  oulypi-one  in  the 
act  of  otilitation.  —Biviffng :  I'uigar  Erroun.  bk.  iv., 


*VO-li'-tient(tiassll),<t.  [Volition.]  Having 
piiwer  to  "will  ;  exercising  tfie  will  ;  willing. 

-  What  I  do 
1  d>j  volitient.  not  uliedieut' 

£.  B.  ISrownirUj  :  Draiiui  o/  Erih: 

VO-li'-tioll,  s.  [Fr.,  from  a  supiiosed  Low 
Lat.  tfoii(ioiit/n.,  accus.  of  volitio,  from  Lat.  hjIo 
=  to  wish.] 

1.  The  a(;t  of  willing ;  the  exercise  of  the 
will ;  theact  of  determining  choice  or  of  form- 
ing a  fiurpose. 

'■'Jtie  actual  exercise  of  that  power,   by  dirfctiuu: 
any  pJirticalav  action,  or  ItcjforljQjtrauce  is  tli/il  win 
we  call  oolitio'i.  or  wiUiug."— iocAt: .-  Jfum--  '■'■'• 
stantiing,  bk.  ii.,  oli.  xxi. 

2.  The  power  of  willing ;  will. 


I  {  ii'ler- 


*  VO-li'-tlon-al,  a.  [Eng.  volition  ;  -al.]  Per- 
tiiining  or  rela'ting  to  volition. 

"  To  acquire  a  proper  oolltioiial  control  over  the 
current  oi  thought."— r*croi-i«  Magazine.  Nov..  IS66, 
p.  as. 

*v6r-i-tive,  o.     [Volition.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Having  the  power  to  will ;  exercising 
volitiim 

'•  They  do  not  only  perfect  the  intellectual  f.^culty. 
liut  they  also  perfect  Uk-  volittve  faculty." —tftt/e  .■ 
Ufiij  of  Mankind,  p.  0, 

2.  Originating  in  the  will. 

II,  Gram. ;  Used  in  expressing  a  wish  or 
permission  :  as,  a  vulitive  proposition. 

t  vol-i-tor'-e^  s.pl  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat. 
vulito  =  to  fly  to  and  fro,  to  flutter.] 

Urnith. :  In  Owen's  cl.issification  an  order 
nf  Birds  moving  solely  by  flight ;  skeleton 
light  and  highly  pneumatic  ;  sternum  with  a 
simple  manubrium,  in  most  with  two  notches 
on  each  side  ;  intestinal  ceeca  usually  absent 
or  large,  wings  powerful,  in  some  long  ami 
pointed;  legs  small  and  weak.  They  are 
monogamous,  and  nest  in  holes  of  trees  or  in 
the  eai'tli ;  head  large,  gape  wide ;  food  taken 
on  the  wing.  The  order  includes  Owen's  fami- 
lies :— CypselidiE,  Trochilidfe,  Caprinmlgidie, 
Ti-ogonida'.,  Prionitidie,  Meropidie,  Galbulid;e, 
Coraciacids,  Capitonida;,  Alcedinidie,  and  Bu- 
cerotidie 

v6l-ka-mer'-i-a,  s.  [Named  after  John  G. 
Volkanier,  a  Gerinan  botanist,  who  published 
a  flora  of  Nuremberg  in  1700.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Viticete  (q.v.).  Akin  to 
Clerodendrun,  bntliaviug  fleshy  or  corky  fruil 
with  two  stones,,  each  two-celled.  Known 
species  two,  one  from  tropical  America,  tlie 
other  from  Nubia.  Both  have  white  ftitwers 
in  cymes. 

vdlk-m^n'-ni-a,  s.  [Named  after  Volkman:,. 
Its  discoverer.] 

PaUeobot. :  A  genus  of  Equisetaceie,  from 
the  Coal  Measures.  They  have  verticillate 
leaves,  and  at  their  extremities  cones,  and 
are  supposed  to  be  Asterophyllites  in  fructifi- 
cation. 

vol' -ley,  ^  vor-liy,  *'.  [Fr.  voUe  =  a  flight,  a 
volley,  a  flight  of  birds,  from  Lat.  volata, 
fern,  of  volat/ns,  pa.  par.  of  volo  =  to  fly  ;  Ital. 
volata  =  a  flight,  a  volley.] 

1.  A  flight  of  missiles,  as  of  shot,  arrows, 
&c.  ;  a  simultaneous  discharge  of  a  number  of 
missiles,  as  small-arms. 

•■  Welcometi  one  auuther  with  a  thundering  vnll''<i  'jf 
s\\iA."—Jrackluj/r     I'oi/'tges.  iii.  82. 


Site^  i&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  cb  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


volley— volume 


4(>9 


2.  A  noisy  or  explosive  burst  ur  eiiiission  uf 
many  tilings  at  once. 

■'  lU-  were  au  irou-honrtcd  felluw,  in  my  Jiidjfiiieut, 
thnt  wmihl  not  cwdit  hiiu  mwii  this  votleu  of  onths. 
—  ^c"  JoiU'fit :  Ki-eru  Man  ant  i^  h\$  Hnuumr,  Iv.  4. 

3.  {In  Tennis  tO  Other  Half  daniM):  A  return 
of  till!  ball  before  it  touches  the  groiuid.  A 
return  itnnieilijitely  after  tlie  ball  has  touched 
the  ttround  is  called  a  Half-volley. 

«I  (1)  llcUf-voUey:  [Voixey,  s.,  3.] 
*  (2)  On  Uie  voUey:  At  random. 

vdl-ley,  t'.t.  &  i.    [VoLLEv,  s.] 

A.  T'uns. :  To  discharge  in,  or  as  in  a  v.-l- 
1.  V. 

"  He  atrove,  with  ralt^nctl  tlirent  iiiul  Imii." 

Scott :  ffoftffftp.  V.  3^. 

"  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  ilisclmrge  at  once,  or  in  a  volley. 

"  Cfiimoii  to  light  of  thpiu  .  .  . 
Voilcu'd  and  thmider'ii." 
Tennijbon:  Chmtje  <>/  thf  Light  arinmlc. 

2.  To  sound  like  a  volley  of  artillery. 

■•  Aud  there  the  volleying  thuiitleni  pour.' 

Bs/ro»  :  tiicyf  of  Corinth,  ii. 

3.  (In  Tennis,  .fr.) :  To  return  a  ball  before 
it  touches  the  gfound.    [Volley,  s.,  :i.\ 

•  vol  OW,  v.t.    [A.S.  jiUwian.]    To  baptize. 

Vdlt(l),  *'.     [Fi"-  folle,  from  Lat.  voliUu,  feni.  of 
vMitus,  pa.  par.  of  i'y/ro  =  to  turn.  [Vault,  s.\ 

1.  Manege:  A  round  or  a  circular  tread  ;  a 
■iait  of  two  treads,  made  by  a  horse  goin-^' 
sideways  round  a  centre,  so  tliat  these  tw.. 
treads  make  parallel  tracks— the  one  which  is 
made  by  the  fore  feet  larger,  anrl  tlie  other  by 
the  hinder  feet  smaller— the  shouhlfrs  bt-jtring 
outwards,  aud  the  croup  approacliiiig  towards 
the  centre.    (Farrier's  Diet.)    [Demivult.J 

2.  Fencuig :  A  sudden  movement  or  leap  to 
avoid  a  thrust. 

volt  (2),  5.     [Named  in  honoiu-  of  Alessandro 
Volta.l    [Voltaic] 

Elei't. :  The  unit  which  expresses  ditTerence 
of  I'otential.  Anelectrical  current  is  in  many 
respects  analogous  to  a  How  of  water.  The 
fundamental  unit  (Unit.  •[  4.)  is  erne  of  mere 
quantity,  the  Coulomb,  and  merely  expresses 
sutficient  current  to  do  a  certain  amount  of 
work.  But  the  same  quantity  of  water  would 
flow  through  a  large  pipe  at  one  inch  per 
second,  and  tlirough  one  half  the  diameter  at 
four  inches  per  second.  Hence  we  get  the 
unit  expressing  quantity  per  second  (tliL' 
ampere) ;  and  tliirdly,  as  a  greater  pressure  or 
force  is  required  to  drive  water  at  a  given  rate 
per  second  through  a  snndl  pipe,  or  greater 
resistance,  si)  as  to  maintain  a  given  quantity 
per  second,  in  electrical  currents  we  have  this 
force  or  pressure,  considered  as  the  ditferenee 
of  potential  or  electrical  pressure  at  the  two 
ends  of  the  circuit  of  wire.  The  resistance  of 
a  wire  to  the  passage  of  a  current  is  measnied 
in  ohms  (units),  and  a  volt  is  the  diflerence  uf 
potential  required  to  drive  an  ettective  cur- 
rent of  one  amp6re  through  a  wire  iuteiposing 
the  resistance  of  one  ohm. 

VOl'-ta  (pi.  v6l'-te).  s.  [Ital.  =a  turn,  from 
Lat.  valuta.]     [VotT  (1).] 

Mu:iic :  A  direction  that  the  part  is  to  lie 
lepeated  one,  two,  or  more  times  ;  as,  i'na 
C'lKa  =  one  repeat;  due  volte  =  two  repeats. 

v61-ta-,  iJ'>/.     [See  def.J    Voltaic  (q.v.). 

t  volta- electric,  a.  Galvanic  ;  pertain- 
111;^  to  or  i.r"dueed  by  galvanism  (q.v. J, 

volta-electrometer,  s.   [Voltameter.  ] 

•  vol-tag-ra-phy,  .^    [Eng.  volta,  and  Gr. 

ypd-i>to  i'jn'i'ho)  =  to   writ«,   to  draw.]      The 
art  uf  elrctrolypy. 

v6l-ta  -ic,  a.  [See  def.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Aless;indro  Volta,  an  Italian  physician  (1745- 

\S-2l>).       [VuLTAISM.] 

voltaic-pile,  ^-.    [Pile(1),  s.,  ii.  i.  (i).] 

t  Vol-tair'-ism.  t  Vol-taire'-ism,  .^.  [.See 
di't-l  Tlie  principles  or  jiraetices  of  Frani;nis- 
Jlai  ie  Aiouet  (1G04-I77S),  better  known  as 
Voltaire.  He  was  a  bitter  opponent  of  Chiis- 
Tianity,  which  he  assailed  with  merciless  ridi- 
cule ;  hence  the  word  has  come  to  mean  any 
kind  of  mocking  scepticism. 

"  Truly  if  Christi.'vuity  he  the  highest  tustance  of 
Hero-worahiii,  then  we  nmy  find  here  in  Vollaiyvisiu 
jiio  of  the  li}Vfast."—Carlj/le  :  Heroes,  lect.  L 

v6l'-ta-ism,  s.     [See  def.] 

I'lii/sii-s:  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  Gal- 


vanism (q.v.),  from  the  fact  that  Volt:i's  ex- 
planations of  Galvani's  experiments  on  frogs 
led  to  the  correct  appreciation  of  the  source 
of  ttie  cleetricity  so  generated. 

vdl-ta-ite.  j*.  [After  the  eminent  j'hysicist 
A.  Volta;  sutf.  -iteiMin.).] 

Mlti. :  An  isonu^tric  mineral  occurring  in 
octahedrons,  cubes,  and  other  forms,  at  the 
Soifatara,  near  Naples.  Lustre,  resinous ; 
colour,  dull  green  to  brown  or  black  ;  streak, 
grayisli-green  ;  opaque.  Compos.  :  a  hydnited 
sulphate  of  sesqui-  and  protoxide  of  iron, 
with  the  formula,  FeOSUa  -+-  FcoOaSSOa  -^- 
24HO. 

vol -tarn' -e-ter,  s.  [Pref.  volta-,  and  Eng. 
uvtcr.] 

Elect. :  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
work,  and  thus  indirectly  the  strength,  of  a 
vtdtaic  current.  Tliis  is  done  by  the  amount 
of  eleeti-o-chemieal  decomposition,  a  certain 
current  reducing  a  certain  amount  of  hydro- 
gen from  water,  silver  or  copper  fi'om  their 
salts,  &c.  This  must  not  be  confounded  with 
Voltmeter  (q.v.). 

'  v6l'-ta-plast,  s.  [Pref.  volta-,  and  Gr.  irAao-- 
TO?  (/f?f"'.-.7'is)  —  moulded,  from  TrAdo-o-w  (pla^so) 
=  to  mould.]  A  voltaic  battery  specifically 
adapted  for  the  electrotyping  process. 

'  vol'-ta-type,  s.  [Pref.  volta-,  aud  Eng.  type.] 
Au  electrotype  (q.v.). 

vol'-ti,  V.  i.    (Ital.,  imper.  of  voltare  =  to  turn.] 

[VOLT(l).J 

Music :  A  direction  to  turn  over  the  leaf ; 
as,  Volti  subito  =  turn  over  the  leaf  quickly. 

vol-ti'-geur  (g  as  zh),  s.  [Fr.,  from  voltiger 
=  t<.i  \ault  (4.\ .).  1 

^  1.  A  leaper,  a  vaulter,  a  tumbler. 

2.  A  foot-soldier  in  a  select  company  of 
every  regiment  of  French  infantry.  They 
were  established  by  Xapideon  during  his  uon- 
sulate.  Their  duties,  exercises,  and  equip- 
ment are  similar  to  those  of  the  English  light 
companies. 

vdlt*me-ter,  ■•;.  [Eng.  volt  (2),  and  nieter.] 
Elect,:  Any  instrument  for  measuring  the 
X'ressure,  electromotive  force,  or  difl'erence 
of  potentials  at  the  ends  of  an  electric  cur- 
rent. The  gold-leaf  electroscope  is  a  kind  of 
voltmeter,  but  will  only  measure  large  differ- 
ences of  potential.  If  the  terminals  are  con- 
nected with  flat  plates  arranged  parallel  to 
each  other,  one  of  which  is  movable,  the 
attractive  force  between  the  plates  at  a  given 
small  distance  will  be  a  voltmeter.  This 
method  is  loo  coarse  for  ordinary  currents, 
luit  a  modification  of  it  is  employed  in  Thom- 
son's quadrant  electrometer.  In  Cardews 
voltmeter  the  heating  etlect  of  the  current  in 
a  wire,  which  varies  with  the  electromotive 
force,  and  is  measured  by  the  expansion  pro- 
duced, is  employed.  In  the  majority  of  in- 
struments the  electro-magnetic  action  is  em- 
ployed in  some  form  of  galvanometer.  These 
are  more  usually  wound  to  act  as  ammeters, 
but  if  wound  with  very  thin  wire  the  high 
resistance  allows  the  electromotive  force  re- 
quired to  drive  a  certain  current  through 
them  to  be  callibrated  and  delioted  in  volts. 
Such  instruments  are  adjusted  or  callibrated 
by  comparison  with  a  "standard"  voltaic 
cell  or  voltameter. 

v6lt'-zi-a,  s.  [Named  after  Voltz,  of  Stras- 
burg.l 

Pakeobot.:  A  genus  of  Coniferie,  consisting 
of  lofty  trees  with  pinnated  branches,  having 
on  all  sides  sessile  leaves,  in  form  and  imbri- 
cation like  those  of  Araucaiia.  It  has  also 
affinities  to  the  Cypress.  Found  in  the 
Permian  and  the  Trias  of  Britain  and  Ger- 


v6ltz'-ine,  voltz'-ite.  s.  [After  the  French 
mining  engineer  Voltz  ;  sutf.  -ine,  -ite  (Miii.).] 
Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  mammillary 
groups  of  globules,  having  a  concentric 
lamellar  structure,  optically  uniaxal.  Hard- 
ness, 4  to  4*5  ;  sp.  gr.  a-Oti  to  S*S1 ;  lustre, 
greasy,  sometimes  pearly  on  a  cleavage  sur- 
face ;  colour,  yellowish,  brownish.  Coiiq^os.  : 
an  oxysulphide  of  zinc,  with  the  formula 
4ZnS  +  ZiiO,  which  represents:  sulphide  nl 
zinc,  82'73  ;  protoxide  of  zinc,  17*27  =  100. 

v6-lu'-bi-late,  vol'-u-bile.  a.    [Voluble.] 
Hot. :  Twining,  voluble. 


vSl-u-bU'-M^.  "  vol-u-bU-i-tie,  «.    n  i. 

vohiliititr,   from   Liit,    v-ilnbilitalrin,   a(^u^.   ui 
votnhilitiis,  from  ro/uftifw  =  voluble  (ij. v.). 

"  1.  A  rolling  or  revolving;  aptness  to  mil 
or  revolve  ;  revolution,  ^ 

"Thi-  world  with  coiithiuall  votubilitle  luid  tiiniltii,' 
Hhiiut."— /*.  Uotland :  Plinie.  hk.  Ii. 

'  2.  Liableness  to  revolution  or  changf  ; 
mutability. 

"  And  this  volubility  at  liiiiuiui  iitThlrn  1h  thv  Juilt: 
nieiitof  Pritvltiuiice,  lu  tbepuiiinhmcutof  oiiitreaslun. ' 
—L'/ittrauge. 

3.  The  ipiality  or  stde  ttf  bein'<  voluble  in 
speech  ;  over-great  readiness  of  the  tongue  in 
speaking ;  excessive  fluency  of  speech  ;  gar- 
rulousness. 

"Thd  shtiiimlumf  vnhibiltr,/  with  which  he  uttcreJ 
falitchooils. " — ilacaulny  :  ilitt.  Eng..  ch.  vi. 

v6l'-U-We,  ('.  [Fr.  =  easily  turned  or  rolled, 
fickle,  glib,  from  Lat.  voliibilcm,  accus.  of  I'ol- 
ulnlis  r=  easily  turned  about,  from  volulns,  pa. 
par.  of  volvo  =  to  turn,  to  roll;  Sp.  volnbie; 
Ital.  t'olubile.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

"  1.  Formetl  so  as  to  roll  or  revolve  ea»ii}  ; 
apt  to  roll  or  revolve  ;  rotating. 

"iThLB  leas  noluble  earth."  Milton  :  /'.  /..,  iv.  ;.'.ti. 

*2.  Changeable,  fickle,  mutable. 

"  Alinoat  iiuts 
Fiiitli  In  a  fever.  KUtl  deities  ahme 
t'ohtblv  chauce."        Two  A'oblc  Kiuimen.  i,  2. 

*3.  Of  fluent  speech,  without  conveying' 
the  imputation  that  there  was  a  deficiency  of 
thought  in  what  was  said. 

"He  [Archhishup  Abbot] WAS  [>aiiiful,  stOHt.  stverf 
ag,'tinatl»nl  nmnuers,  of  a  Bravea»d»o/«Woelu<juenci;. ' 
—1/ucket :  Life  of  WiUiama,  pt.  i.,  p.  05. 

\.  Characterized  by  an  excessive  flow  of 
words,  or  by  glibness  of  speech  ;  speakiiii; 
with  over-great  fluency  ;  glib. 

"All  old  CoioinnnUt  here  interrupted  the  volnbie 
iary.'— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  10.  18S6. 

II.  Lot.:  Twining  (q.v.). 

•  vdl'-u-ble-liess,  s.  [Eng.  voluble;  -iie.v^.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  voluble ;  volu- 
bility. 

v6l'-u-bly»  (i(h\  [Eng.  vohib(le);  -ly.]  In  a 
vulu'hle  lU  over-fluent  manner  ;  with  volu- 
bility. 

*  vol -U -eel' -la,  s.     [Dimin.    from  Lat.  voluccr 

=  flying,  winged.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Syrphida',  akin  t.- 
Syrphus,  but  stouter  aud  less  gaily  coloured. 
The  larvie  are  wrinkled,  and  have  on  eacL 
side  a  double  row  of  short  spines,  while  at  tli-^ 
extremity  are  four  to  six  longer  spines  at 
ranged  in  a  radiated  manner.  Beneath  ai- 
six  pairs  of  tubercles  with  claws,  which  serv.- 
as  prolegs.  They  reside  in  the  nests  of  bumbl-- 
bees,  on  tlie  young  of  which  they  feed.  Tin- 
perfect  insect  resembles  a  Bombus.  This  i> 
especially  the  case  with  a  Britisli  speci"'s, 
Volucclla  bombylan.%  which  is  about  half  au 
inch  long,  black,  and  haii'y. 

VOl'-ume,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  voUnnen  =  a  roll, 
a  scroll  ;  hence,  a  book  written  on  a  jiarch- 
inent  roll ;  from  the  same  root  as  volutua,  pa. 
par.  of  i'o/ro  =  to  roll;  Sp.  voluinen;  Ital.  & 
Port,  volnme.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Something  rolled  or  convolved ;  a  con 
volution,  a  coil,  a  fold,  a  wreath,  a  roll,  as  a 
fold  of  a  serpent,  or  the  like. 

"  Til'  Inachiaus  \iew  the  alaiu  with  vaat  earpriae. 
Her  twisting  folumi-jt,  and  her  rolling  i-yea." 

Pope:  Statiua:  Thebaid,  i.  7% 

2.  Specially,  a  written  document  (as  of 
parchment,  papyrus,  &c.),  rolled  up  in  a  con- 
venient form  for  preservation  or  use  ;  a  rnll. 
a  scroll.  The  books  of  the  ancients  were-roll.- 
wound  round  a  stick,  called  an  ninbilicns,  h< 
the  extremities  of  which,  called  the  et..rnnLi 
(or  horns)  was  attached  a  label  bearing  Hi-- 
name  of  the  author,  &c.  The  whole  was 
placed  in  a  wrajiper,  and  geiu'mlly  anointeil 
with  oil  of  cedar-wood  to  protect  it  from  tht 
attacks  of  insects. 

3.  Hence,  apiilied  to  a  collection  of  print*^.i 
sheets  bound  together,  whether  containing  t 
single  complete  work,  part  of  a  work,  t)r  mor^ 
than  one  work  ;  a  book,  a  tome.  In  a  narrower 
sense,  that  part  of  an  extc-nded  work  which  is 
bound  together  in  one  cover  :  as,  a  book  iu 
three  voliivies. 

"  The  miscreant  hishop  of  Sjialatto  wrote  Iwinert 
Polnmea  agniiist  the  ^o\K."—.Vilton  :   A»i>nad.  wjuon 
/iemottflrant'«  Defence.    (PoatscripUl 
,  4.  The  space  occupied   by  a  botty  ;  dinioii- 


boil,  b^ ;  poiit,  jo^l ;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  9liin,  bench  ;  so*  gem ;  thin,  this  :  sin,  as  :  expect,  ^enophon,  exist,    ph  =  C 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan,    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin ;  -tion,  -slou  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  ic.  =  bet  del. 


470 


volume  —voluntary 


Hioiis  in  length,  brcudth,  hiiU  depth  ;  coiui^ss, 
luttps.  bulk. 

5.  in  )  •  A  Ki-ca!  deal.  (Chiefly  in  the  plirase, 
Tu  siH-ak  iWui.M^i  =  that  suys  a  great  deul, 
that  H  full  of  meaning.) 

■  -Tlier*!"  'Antl  tlicm  I'  m  he  tnwd  Alwut.  ami 
«.i»Ud  hi*  hand.  U»ld  wb»t  wriU-w  me  ftW  t"  tciiu 
'n.lumri:    -echo.  Jmi.  4,  168:. 

IL  TtK-hnicalli/: 

1.  Chem.  :  The  volume  uf  an  irregular  body 
iiiav  Im)  found  f^ni  its  weight  and  sjiecilic 
j;ravity  ;  that  is  to  say,  the  weight  nf  a  umt 
volume.  If  It'  be  the  weight  of  the  I.o<ly  m 
grammes,  and  a  its  specillc  gravity,  the  Irac- 
tion  -  gives  its  volume  in  cubic  centinietrrs. 
Tlie  caiwcities  of  vessels  arc  det^-rmined  by 
lillMig  them  with  water  or  mei-cury  from  a 
uieusuring-tube,  or  other  vessel  whose  caiweity 
is  j.reviously  known  ;  or,  when  vt-ry  great 
accui-a«-y  is  required,  by  determining  the  weight 
of  water  or  mercury,  at  the  standard  tempera- 
ture, which  tills  the  vessel.    (ir««5.) 

2.  Music :  A  term  applied  to  the  power  :unl 
quality  of  the  tone  of  a  voice  or  instrumiiit, 
(-r  of  a  ooinbination  of  sounds. 

3.  I'hn$k\<i:  The  volume  of  a  body  may  be 
Tcai  or  apparent ;  the  former  is  the  portion  of 
space  actually  occupied  by  the  matter  of 
which  the  body  is  composed,  the  latter  is  the 
*uui  of  its  real  volume  and  the  total  volume 
of  its  ptn-fs.  The  real  volume  is  invariable. 
the  apparent  vidume  can  be  altered  in  various 
ways  ;  for  instance,  it  diminishes  as  a  rule 
oil  the  solidification  of  the  body.     {Hanot.) 

K  (1)  Atomic  rolutiu::  [Atomic]. 

(:;)  Vnit  of  rolnnic:  The  volume  of  the  cube 
roiislructed  on  the  unit  of  length.  (Lveictt : 
The  C.  G,  .S.  iiysttm  of  Units,  p.  1.) 

'vdl'-ume.   tt.;.     [VoLrsiE,  s.\    To  swell;  to 
use  in  bulk  ci  volume. 

■■  The  miglity  steam  which  M)I«wn«Iiifih 
Fmui  their  proud  iiostiils  bums  the  very  nir. 

ISyroit :  The  Oc/ormed  1  ram/onMd,  i.  C 

TOl'Umedt  a.    (Eng.  volmaie);  -cd.] 

"  1.  Having  the  form  of  a  roundetl  mass  ;  in 
volumes  ;  forming  volumes  or  rounded  masses ; 
consisting  of  moving  or  rolling  masses. 

■'  With  rolmned  smoke  that  slowly  grew 
To  oue  wiiite  eky  of  buI|>1iui-ous  hue." 

Byron:  HiL'ge  of  Corinth,  vii. 

2.  Consisting  of  so  many  volumes.  (Used 
in  composition  :  as,  a  tlu-ee- vohimcd  novel,  &c.) 

v6l-u-men-om'-e-ter,  vol-u-mom'- 
e-ter,  ■■;.  [Lat.  voUmi'in  =  a  volume,  and 
Eny.  meter.]  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  volume  of  a  solid  body  by  the  (juantity 
of  a  liquid  or  of  the  air  which  it  displaces, 
and  thence  also  for  determining  its  spL-cilic 
gi-avity,  A  very  simple  volumenometer 
tousists  of  a  globular  flask  with  a  nar- 
row neck,  about  twelve  inches  long,  ami 
graduated  from  below  upwards  to  indicate 
grains  of  water.  The  flask  has  a  tubulure, 
accurately  fitted  witli  a  ground  stopper  for 
admitting  the  solid  body  to  be  measured. 
The  instrument  being  Idled  to  the  mark  0^  on 
the  neck  with  a  liquid,  as  water,  which  does 
not  act  upon  the  solid,  it  is  inclined  on  one 
*ide,  the  stopper  removed,  and  the  solid  body 
introduced.  The  stopper  is  then  replaced, 
and  the  number  of  divisions  through  winch 
tlie  liquid  is  raised  in  the  stem  gives  at  once 
llie  volume  of  the  body  in  grain-measures. 

vol-u-men-om'-e-try,  s.  [Eng.  rolumeno- 
mith- ;  -I/.]  The  act  or  art  of  determining  the 
vi.lumes  or  space  occupietl  by  bodies  ;  applied 
generally,  however,  only  to  solid  bodies  ; 
stereometry. 

v61-u-met'-ric,  o.    [Eng.  volume,  and  metric.] 

L'fum. :  Pertaining  to  or  performed  by  mua- 

suied  volumes   uf  sliiiidard   solutions   of  re- 

i.gcnts. 

TOlumetric-analysis^  s.    [ANALvsiMi.] 

VOl-U-met'-ric-al-lJ', arir.  [Ei^^. volumetric; 

■i'[ :  -ly.]    By  V'lluuiftric  analysis. 

vo  lu'-min-ouSt  «■    [I^t.  vobiminosus^  from 

■  ■I'luMcn,  genit.  fyiHjniuw  =  a  volume  (q.v.)  ; 
Fi.  colnmiiuux.] 

*  1.  Consisting  of  many  folds,  coils,  or 
convolutions.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  ii.  002.) 

2.  Of  great  volume,  bulk,  or  size ;  bulky, 
massive,  extensive,  large. 

•■  I  am  not  bu  vofutninous  laid  vast, 
But  there  are  lines,  wherewith  I  might  be  eiiihiacM." 
Ben  Joiisoii :   Underwoods. 


3.  Having  written  much;  having  produced 
many  or  bulky  bouks  ;  hence,  copious,  difluse  ; 
as,  a  voUimiii'ms  writi'r. 

VO-lu'-mln-OUS-lj^.  adv.  [Eng.  voluniimHS ; 
■hi.]  In  a  voluminous  manner;  in  many 
volumes  ;  vei-y  copiously  or  difl'usely. 

"They  iiisiBt*-.!  on  thuiii  «■>  constantly  and  xo  volu- 
initi<iiUl!/.''—IMin'j/'roki.- :  fruirnifi'ts  of  E**a.u»,  E  *J. 

vo-lu'-min-oiis  ness,  .^.  [Eng.  (•y/((»t^»o((J{; 
1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  voluminous  ; 
bulkiness. 

"The  Biiakc'e  aJauiantine  mlumiiutnuka*:' 

Slicllesf  :  A  Viston  of  thv  Sea. 

2.  Co])iousness,  difTuseness. 

"Iliri  works  mount  to  that  voltiminoutiieM  they 
>,ave  very  nmch  by  repctitiona."— /Jodwe^-'  Lcttvris  »/ 
.idvicir,  let.  2. 

*  Vol-U-mist,  s.  [Eng.  voJumie);  -t^t.]  A 
writer  nf  a  volume  or  volumes;  an  author. 

••  Hot  potiimiita  and  cold  bishops.'— .W.7fou  .  Aiii- 
7uad.  iifon  tiemomtrnnCs  U.-ft-mx.    (Post.) 


vol-u-mom -e-ter. 


[Volumenometer.] 


v6l-un-tar-i-ly,  •  vol-un-tar-i-lie, 
•  VOl-un-tar-y-ly,  (ulc  (Eng.  robnitaoj  ; 
-III]  In  a  voluntary  manner;  of  one's  own 
free  will  or  choice  ;  spontaneously ;  without 
being  moved,  influenced,  or  compelled  by 
others  ;  freely. 

"God  acta  not  neiiessarily,  but  uo(uiifo>-i7i/."—C?a»*ftc ; 
On  the  Pauions.  prop.  12. 

vol'-un-tar-i-ncss,  s.    [Eng.  vohuitary; 

-nfss.] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  voluntary 
or  endowed  with  the  power  of  choosing,  will- 
ing, or  determining. 

2.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  done  or  pro- 
duced  voluntarily  or  of  free  will  and  choice  : 
as,  the  voluiUarincss  of  an  action  or  gift. 

*  v6l-un-tar'-i-ous,  a.  [Lat.  volunturlus.] 
Vuluntary,  free. 

■■.Men  -'f  rr-Iuiifarious  wil  witbsitte  that  heuens 
gouerneth.'— r/mtuci*--  Test,  of  Love,  ii. 

*  vol-iin-tar'-i-ous-ly,  adr.  [Eng.  cohm- 
tarious;  -ly.]    Voluntarily,  willingly. 

"Most  uleasantly  and  voluntarioiisl.v  to  bear  the 
yoke  of  nis  most  conifovtJible  conimaudmeuts."— 
istri/i>e:  £ccles.  JIcvi. ;  Edw.  17.  (an.  1550). 

voV-iiii-tar-^,  '  vol-un-tar-ie,  a.,  ah-., 

k  s.  [O.  Fr.  voUnitaire  :  Fr.  roloutaire,  irum 
Lat.  volnntarids=^  voluntary,  from  voluntas  = 
freewill,  from  volnns,  an  old  form  of  rolcns, 
pr.  par.  of  volo  =  to  wish,  to  be  willing ;  Sp. 
&  Port,  vohtniario;  Ital.  colontarit^] 

A.  -'Is  adjevtice: 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Unrestrained  by  any  external  influence, 
force,ori!iterference ;  notcompelled,]irompteil, 
or  suggested  by  another ;  acting  of  ones  oi- 
its  own  free  will,  choice,  or  accord  ;  .sponta- 
neous, free. 

"Almyghtye  God  of  his  ovnie  voluntarye  will."— 
Fisher  :  .SCft'K  Patiliues  ;  Dc  Pro/itiidti. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  will  ;  d<Hie  or  pro- 
duced of  one's  own  free  will,  accord,  or 
choice  ;  spontaneous. 

"An  action  is  neither  good  nor  evil,  unless  it  be 
voh<}Uary  and  chosen." — Bp.  Taytor :  Jinlc  of  Cun- 
scieiice,  bk.  iv..  ch.  i. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  will ;  subject  to,  c<ni- 
trolled,  or  regulated  by  the  will  :  as,  the 
voluntary  motions  of  animals. 

\.  Endowed  with  the  power  of  willing,  or 
of  acting  of  one's  own  free  will  or  choice,  or 
according  to  one's  own  judgment. 

"  God  did  not  work  as  a  necessary,  but  .-.  voluntarj/ 
nsent."— Hooker. 

5.  Done  by  design  or  intentionally  ;  inten- 
tional, designed,  intended,  purposed ;  not 
accidental. 

"  Giving  myself  a  voluntary  wouml." 

Shakesp. :  Julius  C'tesur,  ii.  1. 

6.  Of,  pertaining,  or  relating  to  voluntary- 
ism,  or    the  doctrines   of  the    voluntaries. 

[C.  n.  L] 

"What  D/ituiiffirfi  churches  have  done. and  ale  doirc 
ill  sustaiuiliL'  theii  "Wii  woi^liiji  and  niiniHtrv.'  — 
£riiiih  UtiarU)'!/  A't-riiic,  Ivii.  4;..    (1873.) 

II.  Law :  Accordinj;  to  the  will,  conspiit,  or 
agreement  ol  a  party  ;  without  a  valualiU' 
(but  possibly  witli  a  good)  consideration  ; 
gratuitous,  trt!e. 

*  B.  As  mlv. :  Voluntarily ;  of  one's  own 
free  will  or  choice. 

"  I  serve  here  voluntart/.'—Shaltetii. :  Tri'itus  i  Cris- 
lida,  ii.  X 


•  C.  .-Is  niiUstantim : 

I.  iird.  ;.<iu</. ;  One  who  engages  in  any  .ict 
or  allair  of  his  own  free  will  and  choii-e  ;  » 
volunteer. 

■■Rjuih.  ineonBidei^t**,  fiery  wfiinrnrtw.' 

.•ih'tkvip.  :  King  John.  il. 

II.  Tedtiiiai.ll I/: 

1.  Ecdcs. :  One  who  holds  the  tenets  of  Vo- 
luntaryism (<i.v.). 

"He  thinks  that  in  everj'  district  where  the  Votiin- 
tariea  are  tlic  uiajority  the  fabric  and  the  enduwhienl 
uf  t)ie  ("hurch  slimild  I»e  made  over  to  tlie  Genevan 
Freshyterians."— S;.  Jamrs's  Otuclte,  Matcli  7,  18iW. 

2.  Music :  An  organ  solo  played  before, 
during,  or  after  any  office  of  the  Clmich  ; 
hence,  called  respectively  introiluctin-y, 
middle,  or  concluding.  Such  solos  were  for- 
merly, and  are  often  now  niipreniedit.ated,  oi 
improvisations,  as  the  name  voluntary  seems 
to  imply. 

"Tlie  vergers  aeeined  to  have  settled  aiiinng  them 
selves  that  no  visitor  t*i  the  aldiey  has  a  ritlit  to  liear 
tliecuucludiugi'o/WHfurif."— A"lwiliiiffA(aH(i<tr«(,  JnlLia, 
1886. 

If  At  vohaituni:  Voluntarily,  by  an  effort 
of  will.    (Ceiif.  liiH.) 

"  I'yrces  culilies  were  too  strong  (or  all  alilidotea. 
and  wunieus  (latteries  too  forceable  to  resist  iir  r  'liitt- 
turic'—iirecmr :  -VViier  Too  Late  (Woriis,  ed.  ilyce, 
Introd.,  p.  xii.l. 

voluntary-affidavit  (oi  oath),  . 

haw.  An  allidavit  (or  oalli)  maile  in  an 
cxtra-.inilicial  mattor,  .ir  in  a  case  for  which 
the  law  has  not  piovidid. 

voluntary-controversy,  s. 

Churdi  Hist. :  A  controversy  which  arose  in 
Siiitland  in  1831  with  regard  to  the  mutual 
relations  which  should  subsist  between  the 
Civil  Goveinnient  and  the  Church.  About  the 
year  17si)  a  member  of  the  Burgher  denomina- 
tion [BiRciiEn)  ]iublishcd  a  pamphlet,  in 
which  he  ad  vocal  ed  what  is  now  called  Voiuii- 
tarvisiii  (q.v.),  and  in  May,  1795,  proposed  a 
inoditication  of  the  Confession  of  Faith  in 
crinformity  with  the  new  view.s.  The  Synod 
ultimately  granted  the  prayer  of  the  petition, 
a  minority  withdrawing  in  1709  and  becoming 
known  as  the  OUl  Light  Burghers.  The  same 
change  of  views  appeareil  with  similar  results 
somewhat  later  among  the  Antiburghers.  In 
May,  1)504,  they  superseded  their  "  Act  and 
Testimony,"  which  was  in  favour  of  Estab- 
lishments, by  the  "  Narrative  and  Testi- 
mony," the  acceptance  of  which  Ihey  made 
a  condition  of  Communion.  Four  minis- 
ters withdrawing  in  ISOO,  formed  them- 
selves into  the  Constitutional  Associate 
Presbytery.  The  two  denouiinations,  which 
had  oil  one  point  modihed  then:  creed,  joining 
in  1820,  became  the  United  Secession.  Uji  till 
this  time,  and  for  .some  years  subsequently, 
the  Voluntary  Controversy  had  attracted  little 
notice,  but  in  IStil  it  began  to  excite  great 
attention  t.hroughont  Scotlanil-,  the  leadiug 
ministers  of  the  Established  Church  on  the 
one  hand,  and  those  of  the  United  Seces- 
sion on  the  other,  carrying  it  on  with  llie 
greatest  ardour.  The  controversy  had  far- 
Veaching  consequences.  To  a  certain  extent 
it  was  to  strengthen  the  Established  Presby- 
terian Church  on  jioints  on  which  its  "  volun- 
tary '  assailants  had  declared  it  weak  that 
Dr.  Chalmers  proposed  the  Veto  Act  (q.v.), 
with  the  unexpected  result  of  ultimately  pro- 
ducing the  Disruption.  In  the  contest  on  the 
part  of  English  Nnncoiitovmists  for  "religious 
equality  '  they  maintain  essentially  the  same 
view.i  as  the  Scottish  United  Secessionists  did 
in  the  Voluntary  Controverey.     [Liberatiox- 

SOCIETY.! 

voluntary- conveyance,  s. 

Lnic:  A  ii.nvcvani  e  which  may  be  made 
merely  uu  a  good,  Imt  not  a  laliiable  con- 
sideration.     IVOLISTARV.  A.  11.] 

voluntary- grantee,  s. 

7.r/ic;  The  grantee  in  a  volunlary  convey- 
ance. 
voluntary-jurisdiction,  s. 

Lriic:  A  juiisilu-liiin  exercised  in  matters 
admitting  of  no  opposition  or  question,  and 
thcrefoie  cognisable  by  any  judge,  in  any 
place,  on  any  lawful  day. 

voluntary  muscles,  .«.  pi. 

Aiuit.  ,f  HijisliJ.  :  Muscles  excited  by  the 
sliiiinlns  of  the  will  or  volition  acting  on  them 
tlii'iii^h  tlic  nerves,  though  some  of  tlieui 
haliitilally,  and  all  of  them  occasionally,  act 
also  under  the  influence    of   other  stimuli. 


ate,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pme,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fuU ;  try.  Syrian,    ae.  oe  -  c ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


voluntaryism— volutilithes 


471 


They  arc  ttu-  muscli's  nf  loc<muttioii,  ifspira- 
tinn,  yX[ii-es!>ion,  and  some  others.    (VHctiu.) 

voluntary-partition,  s. 

!.ii>'' :  A  laititinii  ai-complished  by  iimtiinl 
:i^r.','Miriit.  a-; -listiiic'l  from  "Hit:  nhtaiiied  hy 
llK- jii-i-iiifiit  nl'.-i  coriit.     {C>,it.  Diet.) 

TOluntary-prlnoiple,  ^.   The  i-rinciple 

.'f  V'lluiitaryism  (<\.\.) 

voluntary-schools,  ^■.  }•!.  Tublic  rU'- 
iiicMtary  si-Iin.ils  maiia^j.il  by  vuluntary  bodies 
(mainly  n-liginus),  the  c<*st  of  such  schools 
being  imrtly  defrayi-d  by  voluntary  subscrip- 
tions. Until  1870  all  elementary  schools  w.io 
<if  this  nature.  In  that  year,  however,  educa- 
tion was  Hiade  compulsory  by  the  Educatii.tn 
Act,  and  board  schools  came  into  existence. 
In  1902  an  Education  Bill  was  [Kissed  throw- 
in;;  the  cost  of  niaintcnaiii-e  of  all,  lioaid  or 
ynUuiIary,  elemeiilaiy  schools  upon  the  rates. 

voluntary-waste,  s. 

Lair:  Waste  which  is  the  result  of  the  volun- 
tary ael  of  the  tenant  of  property;  as  where  lie 
ruts  <I)\vii  timber,  pulls  ilown  a  wall,  or  the 
like,  without  the  consent  of  the  proprietor. 

vol'-  iin  -  tar  -  y  -  ism,   s.    [Eng.   volu  ntn  r </ ; 

tl.  Onl.  Lang.  :  Spontaneity  (q.v.). 

2.  Thfol.  ,e  Chmrh  Hist. :  Tlie  view  or  tenet 
that  the  Chureli  should  derive  its  support 
only  from  the  voluntary  contributions  of  it-s 
nieiubers,  and  cannot,  without  becoming  a 
j«rty  to  political  injustice,  losing  its  own 
liberty.  Jt"^*  running  the  risk  of  having  its 
j.urity  corrupted,  ask  or  accept  establishment, 
fiidownient,  or  financial  support  from  the 
stiite,  or  from  inferior  civil  authorities, 
i'arrieil  out  with  logical  rigour,  voluntaryism 
should  also  decline  to  permit  its  churches  and 
Sunday-si'hool  buildings  to  be  exempt  from 
the  payment  of  rates.  This  extreme  view  is 
vntertiiined  only  by  individuals  :  the  immense 
mass  of  those  who  jirofess  Voluntaryism  hold 
that  this  limited  amount  of  supiwrt  or  endow- 
iuent  is  indirect,  and  need  not  be  rejected. 
I  Voluntary -CONTROVERSY.] 

"  Elflewlicre  in  ScotlamI  the  wiine  conviction  has 
ied  U>  a  fnrewell  to  establishment,  HMtl  to  .-(,  polnntary- 
ism  more  cuiisolidnted  than  any  other  in  Euruiw."— 
i'aH  Mall  Gazette,  Aug.  21,  1884. 

VOl'-un-tar-y-ist,  s.  lEng.  volnntarii;  -isL] 
Cue  \\  ho  btlieves  in  or  ailvocate.s  volunlary- 
ism.  isp.  in  religion  ;  an  ad\ofate  of  such 
^olu^talyism. 

vol'-iin-ta-tive,  ><.  [h:it.  m^ni/fo-,  genit. 
r(>lanUiHi-*)=the  will;  Eug.  mlj.  suH'.  -ivc] 
Voluntary. 

•  vol'-iin-te,  *  vol'-un-tee,  s.    [Voluxtv.] 

VOl-un-teer',  ■-■.  -fc  ".  [Fr.  rolinttaire  —  a 
\olunteer,  from  I>at.  cu^int^oiHS  =  voluntary 

(a-v.).] 

A-  A'S  suhstanticc: 

1.  One  who  enters  into  any  service,  or  un- 
deiiakcs  any  duty  of  his  own  free  will. 

■'  Honest  instinct  comes  a  i^lunteer." 

Fopc :  Essuy  on  Man.  iii,  S8. 

2.  SpeciJically,  one  who  of  his  own  free  will 
nlJers  his  services  to  the  state  in  a  military 
capacity,  without  the  stij>ulation  of  pay  in- 
other  substantial  reward.  The  oldest  volun- 
teer corps  in  England  istlie  Honourable  Artil- 
lery Company  of  London,  whose  charter  dates 
from  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  In  1794,  and 
again  in  1S03,  when  there  were  fears  of  an  in- 
vasion of  England  by  France,  volunteers  were 
railed  for,  and  it  was  estimated  that  a  force  of 
.'".00,000  men  coidd  have  bfcn  put  into  the 
field.  After  the  collapse  of  Napoleon  at 
Waterloo,  no  thought  was  given  to  the  subject 
till  1.S.37,  when,  in  consequence  of  a  feeling 
that  the  national  defences  were  insufhcieut, 
several  voluiite-^r  cori>.s  were  formed.  These 
were  all  Uitle  Volunteers,  but  in  subsequent 
years  Artillery  and  Engineer  Volunteer  corps, 
and,  finally,  Naval  Volunteers  were  formed 
in  London,  Liverpool,  kc.  Each  corps  is  prti- 
vided  by  Government  with  conijittent  in- 
structors, arms,  and  a  part  of  their  ammuni- 
tion, together  .with- a  certain  sum  of  money, 
calculated  on  the  number  of  elticients  in  each. 
Any  ^Wunteer  failing  to  make  himself  effi- 
cient, unless  prevented  by  illness  or  some 
nihei'  valiil  reason,  is  liable  to  pay  to  the  corjis 
the  anirmut  of  the  giant  lost  tluough  failure 
to  qualify. 


B.  As  tu/j.  :  Entering  into  any  service,  or 
uiidert-aking  any  duty  of  one's  own  free  will  ; 
consisting  of  volunteers. 

"  A  volunleer  lorce  o(  nearly  a.t'OO  otllceia  ami  nun 
w  ill  l<e  ciifc-nBed."— /Jiii/tf  Tclet/faph.  March  -JS,  loss, 

vol  iln-teer',  v.t.  &  i.    [Vou'ntekr,  s.] 

A-  Tniiis. :  To  oiler  or  bestow  voluntarily, 
or  of  one's  own  free  will  and  choice. 

"  Anent.t  who  had  already  voluntt<:red  their  services 
jiKaiitHt  him."— fltnii'oiuoii."  Poettutcr,  iii.  l.  (Xot**.t 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  offer  one's  service  volun- 
lai  ily ;  specilically,  to  offer  to  serve  as  a 
volunteer. 

■■  You'll  need  an  eiiiiiiMig«  for  oohmtfcriiin." 

Dryden:  Kituj  Arthur.    (ProM 

'vol'  iin-tj^,  " vol'-un-te,  ^^  [Fr.  ro^oji^-.] 
Fir.-will. 

■'  of  his  owiie  mere  ooluiite  and  Ire  vrslV— Fabian  : 
C/irviiydc  ;  /itchard  II.  (an,  1399). 

•  vol'-u-pere,  .s.    [O.  Fr.]    A  cap,  a  night-cap. 

■  Hire  wUxXje  volu  per  e."  Chaucer:  C.  T.,  3,24L 

vo-lup'-tu-a-ry,  s.  &  «.  [Fr.  voluptuaire, 
fioiu  Lat.  tvi/i(/((i(uruts  =  devottd  to  pleasure, 
fr<un  voluptas  =  pleasure,  from  colo  —  to  wisli.] 

A,  --Is  iubst. :  One  who  is  wholly  given  to 
luxury  or  the  gratification  of  the  appetite  and 
other  sensual  pleasures. 

"In  ]H)verty  and  exile  he  ruse  from  a  voluptunrj/ 
imXai  a  hero."— .l/ucai((ay;  Hist.  Kng..  ch.  xiv. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Wholly  given  or  devoted  to 
pleasure;  vcduptuous. 

"  Art  vithiptuary.  wliicli  Taoitas  truly  called  cm- 
iiitu9  Itmcus." —liacoii :  Adi:  of  Letiru..  bk.  ii. 

'  vd-liip'-tU-ate,  v.t.  [\^i.  volni>ias=.y,\e&' 
sure.)    To  convert  or  devote  to  pleasure. 

"Tis  i\atcliing  and  lalwur  that  potuptuate  reiwse 
and  siet'l'  "—''»''"'""»  ■'  /iesotavt,  iZ. 

•  vo-lup-tuos  i  ty,  '  vo-lup-tu-os-i- 

tie,  ■  vo-lup-tu-os-y-te,  s.  [Lat.  ioiui<- 
tuosiis  =  U\\\  of  pleasure,  voluptuous  (q.v.).J 
A  disposition  to  indulge  in  sensual  pleasiues; 
Voluptuousness. 

"In  the  tender  wittes  be  sparkes  of  voluptuotUy."— 
Elyot :  lioccruuur,  bk,  i.,  oh.  vi. 

VO-lup'-tU-OUS,  ((.  [Fr.  voluptMctiXy  from 
I^tt.  votu]iti(osns  =  full  of  pleasure,  from  vo- 
hil'tfts  =  pleasure,  from  volo  =  to  wish  ;  Sp.  & 

I'nit.  volii]>tnoso.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  proceeding  from,  or  based 
nu  si'usual  pleasure. 

■■  That  love  ne  dmve  you  uat  to  done  this  dede 
But  lust  voluptuoi<$." 

Chaucer :  Troilus  .t  CrcsKide,  v. 

2.  Contributing  to  sensual  jdeasure  ;  ex- 
citing, or  tending  to  excite,  sensual  desires  ; 
gratifying  the  senses;  sensual;  as  roltq^uous 
charms. 

3.  Passed  or  spent  in  sensual  pleasures. 

"  Soften  il  with  i)le.isure  and  voluptuous  life." 

Milton  :  .inntson  Ayoniita,  534. 

4.  GiviMi  or  devoted  to  sensual  pleasures  or 
gratifications;  sensual. 

"The    jolly    :\.\u\    luiluptuous    livers."— Altcrburi/ : 

Si.-riit<jiif.  Mil.  i\.  ser.  4. 

VO-lup'-tU-oiis-ly,  ndv.  [Eng.  voluptuous; 
-lit.]  In  a  voluptuous  manner;  with  free  in- 
dulgence in  sensual  pleasures;  luxuriously, 
sensually. 

"Heritikes  sain  they  chosen  life  bestial,  that  rolup- 
fuous/j/c  lyuen." — Chaucer:  Tcitament  of  Loun,  bk.  li. 

vo-lup'-tu-ous  ness,  *  vo-lup-tu-ous- 
nes,  >,  (Eng.  riilui'titoiis^ :  -/c'ss.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  voluptuous,  ni  adUictetl  to 
free  indulgence  in  sensual  i)leasures ;  luxu- 
riousness,  sensuality. 

"Sunk  ill  voluptiioiisnets  .ind  indolence."— J/wf. 
iiuluif :  lli«t,  t:n<f..  ch.  ix, 

'  vo-liip'-t^,  •  vo-lup-tie,  s.  [Lat.  voluptus 
—  jiltasure.l  VoluptU'iusuess.  (.Sir  T.  Elyot : 
duifnujui,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  xix.) 

Vol'-us-pa,  «.  [Properly  the  lay  or  song  of 
the  Vblva*  a  Scandinavian  propiietess,  but 
applied  in  error  by  Sir  W.  Scott  to  the  pro- 
jihetcss  herself.]  A  Scandinavian  prophetess 
or  sibyl. 

v6-lu'-ta,  ■;.      [Lat.,  fem.  of  vobUus,  pa.  par. 
of  rolvo'=^  to  roll,] 
•  1.  Arch. :  A  volute  (q.v.). 

'■  Thei'e  aie  also  volutan  in  the  Corinthian  and  com- 
pounded capitids."— A'l'f/tfH;  Architecture. 

2.  Zool.  A  Palifont.  :  The  type-genus  of 
Volntidie,  with  seventy  recent  species  from 
the  West  Indies,  Cnpe  lloni.  West  Africa, 
Australia.  Java,  and  Chili,  and  eighty  fossil 
species,    from   the  Chalk    onward,   but    the 


genus  is  mainly  Tertiary  and  recent.  Shell 
vcntri.-(»se,  thick  ;  spire  short,  ai^x  mam- 
millated  ;  aperture  large,  deeply  not^.hed  tu 
front;  colunielhi  with  several  plaits  ;  oihu- 
culum  present  in  a  few  si>ecies.  There  ;iir 
many  sub-genera;  the  most  imi'ortant  is  Vo- 
lutilithes, in  which  the  plaits  of  the  columella 
are  indistinct,  with  one  recent  siwcics;  fossil 
in  the  Eocene. 

vol'-ii-ta-ry,  n.     \\M,   folutw,   p«.  iiar,  of 
toh-'j  =  it}  roll.]    (See  cumiKiund.) 

volutary- press,   s.      A   clainmiug-ina. 

rhii,e(q.v.). 

•  v6l-u-ta'-tion.    ^.      lUt.   loh'tatio,  from 

rtiliitnftiSf  pa.  ijar.  of  votlU",  fie(|Ueut.  of  pofwi 
(pa.  [tar.  voUitus)^  t»)  roll.]  Tin*  act  of  stat^- 
of  rolling  or  wallowing,  as  of  a  l>ody  on  the 
earth. 

"In  tlie  se,i.  when  the  storm  in  dvir,  there  rcuiahnt 
still  an  inwani  workiuK  and  vultitation."—Op.  Ihy- 
Holds  :  On  the  Paxsioiit,  cii,  xii. 

Vol-Ute',  «.  &■  5.    [Fr.,  from  Lat,  voluta,  fmi. 
of  volutus,  pa.  jiar.  of  volru^  to  roll.] 

A.  As  adjective : 
Hot. :  Rolled  up. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Arch.:  A  kind 
of  spiral  scroll  used 
in  Ionic,  Corinthian, 

and  Composite capi-       j^^^,,      ,  n  ai, -..i>>wn.. 
tals,  of  which  it  is  a  v.a.i  ;U. 

principal  ornament. 

The  number  of  volutes  in  the  Ionic  order  is 
f<mr.  In  the  Corinthian  and  {."ompositeoiiJei's 
they  are  more  numerous,  in  flu-  fru'mer  being 
accompanied  by  smaller  ones,  calle<i  helices. 
Called  also  voluta. 

2.  Znol. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Vo- 
luta (q.v.). 

volute -compasses,  *  pi.   a  chviftsman's 

(ouipasst-s  ill  whicli  flic  legs  are  gradually  ex- 
panded, su  as  to  trace  a  spiral. 

volute -Spring,  s.  A  htlical  spriiig(q.v.). 

volute- wheel,  s. 

1.  A  volute-shaped  shell,  that  iu  rewihing 
presents     its 


juiin^;  intij  the  buckeLa: 
Waste  wat*;r. 

of  the  wheel  is  surrounded  by  a  voluteshaiMMl 
casing  or  scroll,  which  confines  the  water 
against  the  wheel.    (See  illu.sti-atiou.) 

v6-lut'-ed,  ".    [Eng.  volnt(e);  -cd.] 

Af'-h. :  Having  a  volute  or  spiral  scroll. 

t  vol-U-tel'-la,  s.     [Mod.  L,it,,  dimin.  from 
voliit'i  (q.v.).  ]■ 
Zdol.  :  I)'<Jibigny's  nanu-  f'U  Vtihita  (q.v.). 

v6-lu'-ti-dfle,  i".  p/.  [Mod.  Lat.  r»hit(a);  Lat 
lem.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -ido:] 

L  ZooL :  A  family  of  Siphonostomatons 
GastL'iopods.  Woodward  enumerates  liv« 
g.nt'ra  (Voluta,  Cyinba,  Jlitra.  Volvaiia,  and 
.Mur^'iii'lla),  to  which  Tate  adds  Coliimltellinn, 
whiili  Woodward  reckons  a  sub-gf-nus  o( 
Colunibella,  ofthc  Buceinida".  Shellturreted 
or  convolute;  aperture  notched  in  *^ront  ; 
columella  obliquely  iilaited  ;  no  opeiciiium. 
Animal  with  a  recurved  siphon;  foot  v*-ry 
huge,  partly  hiding  che  shell ;  maufh;  often 
lobrd  and  reflectetl  over  the  shell  ;  eyi>s  on 
tiiitai  lis  nr  near  their  base.  The  living  mnu- 
ln'is  art-  rliielly  from  warm  seas,  and  are  often 
iiiiiaikalile  for  their  brilliant  coloration. 

2.  I'ai'iont.:  The  family  appears  lal.-  in  Ihe 
Chalk,  but  is  abundant  iu  the  Teitiarii-s,  aiid 
attains  its  maximum  iu  recent  times. 

vo-lu'-ti-litll-e^,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.  volutOj  and 

Gr.  Ai^o?  {litho-i)  =  a  sttine.J     [VoI.UTA,  2.] 


hSUt  bo^ ;  pout,  j6^1 ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  ^hin,  bcngb ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a§ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -mg. 
-cian,    tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  — shun;    tion,  -sion  — zhiln.      cious.    tious,    sious  ~  shus.     blc.    die,  iV.-.  =  bel,  dcL 


472 


volution— vortex 


*V^  \il  tton,  «.  [Lat.  tvlutio,  fn>iii  Vitlutu^f, 
l>i.  |Mii  of  r  •'r"-  to  roll.)  A  spirn)  turn,  n 
cuiiVMlutioii.  ;i  ix'\olutioii. 

"  Tli»  iiwllt  polutii'M  Mid  tlif  eiioruiima  tnhi.* 

*  VJ^lU   tite.    {.    [Mod.    Lat.   rolut(a);    sutf. 

■it'.]      A  tossxi  Volllta.      (VOLl'TA,  2.1 

vdl-va,  V     |[jftt.  =  a  wnipittT,  a  covering.! 
/w.  ;    rill-  iiiVuluQro-Hke  Uise  of  tho  stipe 
of  A>?trii-iih.     (trigiiiuUy  it  was  a  bag  uiivk1i>j»- 
iiij;  tltf  whoU-  plant,  wliioli,  however,  uUmgiit- 
injj,  liiirMt  thtwiri^h  i^  leaving;  it  torn. 

vdl-var'~i-^  .  tM<Hl.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  nvni  = 
a  wiapiiti,  from  i*olco  =;  to  i-olLj 

ZooL  £  ralwont. :  Agenusof  Volutidfl^Cq.v.}, 
wit^i  twcriti  -Hint'  recent  species,  from  tri'iiieal 

.Slits.  Slicli  cyliiulrit-al,  convolute ;  spire 
minute,  aptrture  ImiK  and  narrow;  columella 
with  IhriMt  Mblique  plaiti«  in  front.  Fosnil  in 
llie  K'livne  of  Ijritain  and  France. 

•^v6lve.  '\f.  (Lot.  votvo  =  to  roll,  to  turn.] 
lit  tui  II  ..ver.  (lin-ners:  Froissart;  Cron.  Pref.) 

vdl-vo-^in-e-ao,  s.  W-  (Mod.  Lat.  volvox, 
f^enit  voiwiiis):  Lat.  fem;  pi.  adj.  suflT.  -ete.] 

Bot.  :  A  family  of  Confervace*.  i>lac^d  by 
EhrenlierK  under  his  Infu.soria,  but  ivliich 
SielKtId,  Williamson,  Busk,  and  Cohn  Imvc 
shown  t«i  lie coufervoid  Algft'.  Nearly  niient- 
scopie  plants,  composed  of  many  zoospore- 
like  bodies  a«.Hoeiated  into  spherical  or  quad- 
rangular c<donie.s,  the  sejwrate  nieniln.'rs  of 
which,  eniiiiect^d  or  held  together  in  various 
ways  by  eell  nienibi-anes,  retain  theii'  distinct 
individuality  for  all  purposes  of  nutrition, 
growth,  and  reproduction.  They  are  inhabi- 
tants of  fre.Hhwat^-r  ponds,  in  whieh  tlie  whole 
eolony  iscinrted  in  a  circular  and  piugressive 
ninvement  b>  the  vibratile  nu)tinn  nf  the  cilia, 
which  pro.ji'ct  from  the  separate  individuals 
through  the  joHy  into  the  water.  They  ex- 
hibit in  their  maturity  the  characters  of  the 
tr;iii:sit'iry  zoo-Hpores  of  other  confervoids. 

vol' -vox.  N-.  [Lat.  i'o/i'o=:to  roll.  Named 
from  it,s  rotary  motion.    (See  def.).] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Volvocinea? 
(q.v.),  with  (>ni^  species,  I'oloox  glohotor.  To 
the  naked  fye  it  resembles  a  minute  pale- 
gi-eeu  globulf  tloating  about  in  the  water. 
Under  the  microscope  it  is  seen  to  be  a  spheri- 
cal nien»brauous  sac,  studded  with  innum- 
eralde  green  points,  really  apertures  giving 
exit  to  cilia,  which  enable  it  to  roll  over  and 
over  in  tlie  water.  Within  the  sac  are  various 
deuM?  glol)ulei>,  iteuerally  green  in  summer, 
but  often  of  an  orange-colour  in  autumn  and 

■  early  winter.  They  are  zonspnre-like  bodies, 
each  bending  a  pair  of  cilia  through  sejwrate 
orifices.  Tliere  i.s  a  reddish-brown  spot  and  a 
(Contractile  vaeuole.  Found  abundantly  in  elear 
[loots  on  open  commons  and  siniil.'ir  localities. 

VoV-VU'lus,  s.  [Lat.  volvo  =  xo  roll,  to  turn 
jubuut.  I 

i'dfhol. :  The  ileac  passion,  because  it  was 
•  sup]iosed  to  arise  from  a  twitching  of  the 

■  bowuln. 

*vdine>  -<!.    (Lat.  romo  =  to  vomit.]    Vomit. 


vd'-mer,  ■;.    [Lat.  =  a  ploughshare.] 

1,  (.""ii/;*.  Aiiat.  :  A  small  thin  bone  in  the 
median  luie,  forming  the  posterior  and  prin- 
cipal portion  of  the  partition  between  the 
nostrils  ill  man.     It  exhibits  many  modifica- 

■  tions  ill  the  different  classes  of  Vertebrata.  In 
Fishes  an  important  character  is  the  presence 
6r  abjienoe  of  te«th  on  the  -vomer  (that  is, 
along  the  middle  line  of  the  roof  of  the 
mouth).  Tiie  hone  is  so  named  from  the  faet 
that  in  man  it  Ix-ars  some  resemblance  to  a 
ploiighslmre.    [Btym.J 

2.  Palo-oiit.:  A  genus  of  Carangidre,  alUed 
toCnranx,  from  the  Chalk  of  Comen  in  Istria. 

v6'-m6r-ine,  a.  [Eng.  vtymer ; -inc.]  Of  or 
pr-rtainmg  to  the  vomer;  situated  on  the 
V'MMcr.     {(ivnther.) 

vom  -ic,  '/.    [Vomica.!    Purulent,  uherous. 
vomic-nnt.    ?.      The    nut   of   Slrt/rhnos 

jY»J-  Viiinico.      |NlX-V0MJCA,    STRVCHNOS.] 

vom  -i-cgt,  s.     [Lat.  =  a  sore,  a  boil.] 
.  ,       S'liZtbol. :  Au  absce.ss  in  the  suKstanee  of  the 

lungs   produced   by  the  resolution  uf  tuber- 

r-l'^s. 


'vom-lng,  "vom  jmg,  *.  (Vome.j  Vomit- 
in;.;;  vomit.    (Ill/'  •'/'  :    ftr.  xlviii.  oli.) 

vom  it,  ■  vom-ete.  vo-myt,  v.i.  &  t.    [Lat. 

c.uj.r..,  front  vnnitii.-i—  a  Vomiting,  vomit(q. v.); 
Sp.  ^;  I'tnt.  rvinil'if  :  Ital.  I'Oirii/oJY.) 

A.  Intmns. ;  To  eject  the  contents  of  the 
stomach  by  the  mouth  ;  to  spew,  to  puke. 

1.  IM. :  To  throw  up  or  eject  from  the 
stomat-h  by  the  mouth  ;  to  spew  out.  (Often 
with  np,jhrth,  oT  out.)     , 

■•ThutlBli  vomited  otrt  Jonah  ui>uu  tlu- dry  l^'"!-"— 
Jomth  It.  10. 

2.  Fia. :  To  eject  or  discharge,  as  from  a 
hollow  "place  ;  to  belch  out. 

"The  volcHiiu,  which  watt  about  f"»ir  miles  to  the 
WMt  o(  VIS,  i<(.initrit  11)1  vast  iiu.iiititics  "f  tire  mill 
smoke."— Coo*  ■  .VcoHrf  t'offcff,  hk.  iii,.  ch.  v. 

vom'-it,  *vom-ite.  'vom-yte,   -.     [Lat. 

itmiitus  =  vomit,  prop.  pa.  par.  of  fojno  =  to 
vouiit ;  cogn.  with  Gr.  e)u.w  (emd)  =  to  vomit  • 
Sansc.  vam  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  \H^mUo.\ 

1.  The  matter  ejected  from  the  stomach  in 
vomiting,     {^tienser:  F.  Q.,  1.  i.  '20.) 

2.  A  medicine  or  other  preparation  which 
causes  the  stomach  to  discharge  its  contents ; 
an  emetic.     (Ailnithiwt-.) 

*f|  r.hrk  vomit:  [Black- vomit]. 
vomit-nut,  '=.    [Vomic-nut.j 

vom-it-ihg,  j>r.  par.,  a.,  &s.     [Vomit,  s.] 

A.  A  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  partictp.  adj. :  (See 
tli.^  veil.). 

C,  A!>  stibstaRlive : 

1.  The  act  of  ejecting  the  contents  of  tlie 
stomach  by  the  mouth. 

%  Vomiting  is  generally  preceded  by  feelings 
of  nausea,  during  which  theie  is  a  copious 
flow  of  saliva  into  the  mouth.  This  being 
swallowed  carries  down  with  it  a  certain 
quantity  of  air,  which,  assisting  in  the  open- 
ing of  the  cardiac  sphincter,  facilitates  the 
discharge  of  the  contents  of  the  stomach. 
Theie  generally  follows  ineft'ectnal  retching, 
during  which  tliere  is  a  deep  inspiration,  by 
whieh  the  diaphragm  is  tin  iist  down  as  low 
as  possible  against  the  stoniai-li,  the  lower 
ribs  being  at  the  same  time  drawn  in.  Then 
there  is  a  siulden  expiratory  conti-action  of 
the  alidnminal  walls,  so  that  the  stomach  is 
compressed  without,  and  its  contents  sent  up 
the  oesophagus.  The  primary  origin  of  vomit- 
ing may  be  ga.stric  or  cerebral. 

2.  That  whieh  is  vomited ;  vomit. 

"  Ami  whj-  iii.iy  uot  Pfinciroiie  as  weU  bid  his  ser- 
vants .  .  .  huUl  the  ohnlice  to  beastly  vomitings*  "— 
B/j.  Tuy/ur :  Jiule  <tf  VaiucU'iivi',  bk,  iv.,  cli,  i. 

*  vo-nu'-tion,  s.    [Lat.  vomitio,  from  vomitus.] 
B  [Vomit,  s.]    The  act  or  power  of  vomiting. 

"  If  the  stomach  hw\  wanted  the  faculty  of  vomitio)i, 
they  had  inevitably  died."—(lretv:  Cosmo.  Sacra. 

*  vom'-i-tive,  a,      [Fr.  vomiti/.]    Causing  to 

vomit ;  emetic. 

"  Glass  of  autitnouy  ."ind  crociia  met;iIlorum.  being 
either  uf  them  infused  iu  a  gieat  i)n>]M(rtiou  of  wiiie. 
will  itiake  it  fomitive.'—Soi/Ie  .    Work*,  iii.  671, 

VO-mi'-tO,  s.  [Sp.  voviit.]  [Vomit.  .^.  %.]  The 
yellow  fever  in  its  worst  form,  when  it  is 
usually  attended  with  black  vomit. 

v6m'-i-tdr-y,  *  vom-i-tor-ie,  c.  it^.    [Lat. 

voinitorivs  =  causing  ^■omiting  ;  vomiting: 
hence  voinitoritt  (neut.  pi.),  passages  in  a 
theatre,  by  which  people  entered  and  came 
out,  from  rovw  =  tc*  vomit.] 

*  A.  As  a<1J. :  Causing  vtuniting  ;  emetic. 

"  By  taking  voviHoriei  privately."' — Baroey  :  On 
Consumption. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  L  An  emetic. 

"  Usually  takeu  to  the  foresaid  weight,  with  bonev. 
for;*  pomitorU:"—r.  HoUHud :  Plinie,  bk.  xxvi.,  ch.  vii. 

2.  Ari:h. :  An  opening,  gate,  or  door,  in  an 
ancient  theatre  or  amphitheatre,  whicli  gave 
ingi-ess  and  egres.s  to  the  spectators. 

"  Sixty-four  vomitories  .  ,  .  poured  forth  the  im. 
meuse  multitude,"— G(')6f)» -■  fiecline  A  Fail,  ch.  xii. 

*  v6m-i-tU-ri'-tion,  s.     [As  if  from  a  Lat. 

roj/it/"/H),dtsiderativefrom  roMw7('=to  voinit.) 

1.  An  mellectual  attempt  to  vomit  ;  a 
retching. 

2.  The  vomiting  of  but  little  matter  ;  vomit- 
ing with  little  effort. 

Vo6-do6,  Vaudoux  (as  Vo-do),  ^.  &  n. 

[Native  African  =  th  ■  all-poweifnl  and  super- 
natural being,  the  non-veiioiitous  serpent  on 


whom  depend  all  the  events  which  lake  place 
in  the  world.  (Sjiencer  67,  John:  Jltij/ti,  p. 
liitj.)  Mr.  Newell  (.iHifr.  .foiw.  FolL'torr,  No.  1) 
suggests  that  the .  word  is  a  corruption  of 
Vaudois  (q.v.),  but  the  suggestirtn  lias  found 
little  favour  among  Knglish  anthropologists.] 

A.  As  suhstanHvf : 

1.  (See  extract.) 

"Ah  (fi-uemlty  understood,  roodoo  uu-ans  the  per- 
sist«ucv.  ill  Hayti.  uf  aboiiiiii.-ible  uia^ic.  luysterieif, 
and  uaiiiii)mlit(ui.  lij\iuj;lit  0]i(,'iiially  frixn  Africa."— 
Oaf/y  yiicK.  June,  ij.  ISee. 

2.  A  negro  sorcerer  or  witch  who  practises 
hum.m  sacrilice  and  canuibalisni 

"  Mr.  Newcll's  ca^e  would  be  atroiiger  if  he  could 
show  that  the  Vaudoises  weie  iu:cuseci;  like  the  I'oo- 
doo9,  uf  serjient-worship." — hnily  ffeuv,.  June  IS,  1866. 

B.  As  nOj. :  Belon<;'ir-;  to,  eonnected  with, 
or  practising  a  system  of  magic,  human  sacri- 
lice, and  cannil)alism.     [A.  1.] 

"There  are  two  sects  whicli  follow  the  Vaudoux 
worahip."— .S/M-nf-er  .v/.  Johtt     Ha^ti,  p.  IBS, 

v6-ra'-cious,  a.  [Lat.  T'or«j-.  genit.  mracis 
=  greedy,  voracious,  from  vnro  =  to  devour; 
Fr.  &  Ital.  vorace  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  vofoz.] 

1.  Greedy  in  eating;  eating  fotxl  in  large 
quantities  ;  ravenous,  gluttonous. 

"  They  are  very  voracSotts.  aud  wi'l  dispatch  a  car- 
cass ill  a  trice." — Damyicr  :  Vowoffei  (an.  1CT6K 

2.  Marked  by  voracity  or  greediness. 

"They  .^re  men  of  nvoracious  appetite,  but  no  tafite.'* 
Addison  :  Spectato}-.  No.  462. 

3.  Ready  to  swallow  up  or  devour:  a.s,  a 
voravious  gulf. 

4.  Rapacious. 

v6-ra'-ci0US-ly,  "t?^'.  [Eng.  trorac'ovs  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  Miraciuus  iitauner;  with  greedy  appetite  ; 
ravenously. 

v6-ra'-cious-ness,  *-.  [Eng.  vomcious ; 
■iie^s.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  voracious  ; 
greediness  of  appetite  ;  ravenousness,  voracity. 

"  DistiuguisliiU!'  himself  by  .n  poraciousness  of  fif- 
petite."— 7'fl«(.-»-.  ^o.  255. 

v6-ra9'-i-ty,  ^  vo-raC-i-tie,  .^.  [Fr.  vora- 
cWJ,  from  Lat.  voracitoteui,  accus.  of  roraci"(as, 
from  vorax  =  voracious  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  voracious  ; 
ra\enousness  ;  voraciousness. 

"  What  a  uatiire  is  that  which  feedeth  the  most 
greedie  voradlir  iu  the  whole  world.'—/'.  Uoltaml  : 
Plhiie,  bk.  ii..  ch.  cvii. 

2.  Rapacity,  gi'eed. 

"  Who  tbeu  shall  check  bU  roracit/i.  nr  calm  his 
revenge?"—/*/).  Taylor  :  Hermous,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  18. 

'  VO-rag'-m-oiJs,  o.  [Lat.  roragrnosus,  from 
vvvqi',  genit.  vorayinis  =  a  deep  and  almost 
bottomless  abyss,  from  roro  =  to  devour, 
to  swallow  up.]-  Uf  or  pertaining  to  a  gulf  or 
whirli'ool ;  hence,  devouring,  swallowing. 

"  A  cavern's  jaws.  por«f/i»oiut  and  vast." 

Mallet:  Aiuyiitor  A  T/itrodora.  i. 

*  v6-ra'-g6,  s.    [Lat.]    A  gulf,  an  abyss. 

"  The  famous  Sicilian  swiunier  diving  into  the  i'r>r<;t- 
ffo*  and  broken  rocks  by  Chai-ybdis."— /froicnc  .■  Tract 
xiii..  §  2. 

VOr'-ant,  n.  [Lat.  vorans,  pr.  par.  of  vo}'a  = 
to  devour.] 

Ilfi:  :  Devouring.  (Applied  to  an  animal 
depicted  as  devouring  another.) 

v6-rau'-lite  (au  as  6w),  .^.    [After  Vorau, 
Styria,  where  fouml,  and  Gr.  At'flo?  (lithos)  =  a 
stone;  Ger.  vonivlitb.\ 
Mill. :  The  same  as  Lazulite  (q.v.). 

vor -hau -ser-ite  (au  as  6^),  5.  [After 
J.  Vorhauser;  buff.  -iff  (Mi, i.).] 

Mill. :  A  resinous  variety  of  the  mineral 
Serpentine  (q.v.),  of  a  brown  to  greenish-black 
colour.  Hardness,  o"."> ;  .-sp.  ffr.  2"4o.  Founil 
in  the  Fk-uiis  Valh-y,  Tyrol. 

vor-tex  (pi.  vor-ti-ce§,  vor -tex-es),  ■-■ 

[Lat.  vortcj,  ccrtex,  from  rerto=  to  turn.] 

Pkysi.cs :  The  form  assumed  when  any  portion 
of  a  fluid  is  set  rotating  on  an  axis  ;  a  whirling' 
or  circular  motion  of  any  fluid,  either  nf  water 
or  air,  forming  a  kind  of  cavity  in  the  ci^i'tre 
of  the  circle,  and  in  some  instances  drawing  up 
the  water  or  absorbing  other  things.  Eddies, 
whirlpools,  watt-vsp«juts,  whiiiwind.s,  &c.,  are 
familiar  examples. 
*  ^  Descartes's  vortices : 
Astron.  if:  Physics  :  An  hypothesis  proposed 
by  Rene  Descartes  (a.d.  l.")'Jij-l(J50)  to  account 
for  the  movements  of  the  heavenly  bodies.  He 
supposed  space  filled  with  Huid  matter,  and 
that  each  lixed  star  or  planet  exerted  some 


i&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cuh,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  f&U ;  try,  Syrian,     se.  ce  =^  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


vortical— vouch 


47<i 


iiitliu'iiee  on  the  niaiU-r  for  a  cfilain  iUstancc 
rmuid  itj^elf;  thisspjtce  he  called  its  "heaven." 
The  sun's  heuvcii  was  moved  arouud  it  after 
the  manner  of  a  vortex  or  whirlpool,  carry- 
ing with  it  the  planet-s,  around  which  their 
heavens  moved  u.s  minor  vortices.  Newton 
controveited  the  Cartesian  view,  which  long 
retaitled  t)ie  acceptance  of  tlie  gravitation 
theory  on  the  Continent. 

vortex-atom,  .-■. 

Plntsics:  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
ultimate  parts  uf  matter  which,  on  the  Vortex- 
theory  of  Sir  W.  Thomson,  may  be  incon- 
ceivably small  vortices  in  the  ether. 

vortex-ring.  ^<. 

}'li>isii-s:  A  Vvirlical  molecular  filament  or 
column  r-'turtiiii;;  into  it-self  so  as  to  form  a  ring 
oomposi-ilola  number  of  small  rotating  circles 
placet!  side  by  side.  All  such  rings  have  two 
motions  :  a  motion  of  translation,  and  a  vor- 
tical motion;  but  the  vortical  motion  of  the 
inner  portions  of  the  rin^  appears  to  coincide 
with  the  motion  of  translation,  whilst  that  of 
the  outer  portions  is  in  a  contrary  direction 
to  it.  Vortex-rings  may  be  made  in  a  glass  of 
water  by  dropping  milk  or  ink  into  it,  but 
the  rings  arc  so  small  that  the  only  motion 
perceptible  is  that  whieh  uarries  them  to  the 
bottom  of  the  glass.  The  simplest  method  of 
showing  vort^'X-rings  in  air  is  to  take  an 
ordinary  nnitcli-box  and  make  a  small  round 
liole  in  one  end  ;  in  the  inner  portion  of  the 
box  put  a  little  di  j  tobacco,  light  it,  and  close 
the  bos.  Uy  giving'  the  end  of  the  box  oppo- 
■  site  the  hole  a  .smart  tap  with  the  finger,  tiny 
smoke-rings  will  issue  from  the  orifice.  It 
should  be  borne  In  mind  that  the  smoke  lias 
.nothing  to  do  with  the  vortex,  which  is  in 
the  air — the  smoke  only  renders  it  visible. 

vortex-theory,  s.    [Vortex- atom.] 

vortex- wheel,  vortex  water-wheel, 

s.  A  kind  nl  turbine  in  which  tin-  water 
enters  tangeniially  at  tlie  surface  ami  is  dis- 
charged at  the  centre. 

vor'-ti-cal,  *  vor'-tS-caU.  «.  [Lat.  vortex, 
genit.  vo'rlicis  =  tt  vortex  (q.v.).J  Pertaining 
'to  or  resembling  a  vortex ;  whirling,  re- 
volving. 

"  It  is  uot  !x  in:igiieticAl  power,  nor  tbe  effect  of  a 
vortical  luutiou. ' — Bentley  :  .iermons. 

*  vor'-ti-cal-ly,  rt(/r.  [Eng.  vortical;  -hj.} 
In  a  vortical  manner ;  with  a  whirling  or  re- 
volving motion. 

VOr-ti-jel'-la*  .■;.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimiii.  from 
Lat.  roller  {s\.\.).] 

ZooL:  Bell-auimalcule;  the  type-genus  of 
Vorticellina  (q.v.),  with  numerous  species 
from  salt  and  fresli  water.  Attached  poste- 
riorly by  a  simple,  undivided,  contractile 
thread-like  jJedicle,  enclosing  an  elastic  mus- 
cular tibrilla,  and  assuming  on  contraction  a 
much  shortened  and  usually  corkscrew-like 
contour.  (See  illustration  under  Bell-ani- 
malcule.) The  adoral  system  consists  (jf  a 
spirally  convolute,  ciliary  wreath,  the  riglit 
limb  of  which  descends  into  the  oral  or  ves- 
tibular fossa,  the  left  obliquely  elevated  and 
encircling  the  rotatory  or  ciliary  disc ;  oral 
fossa  on  ventral  side,  contiuiied  into  a  con- 
spicuous pharynx. 

vor-ti-gel'-lid,  vor-ti-9el-li-d^ii,  5. 

IVoRTiCELLiD.*;.)  Any  individual  of  tbe  Vor- 
ticellidae  (<i.v.).  {.■<avllk  Kent :  In^fusvria, 
n.  071.) 

VOr-ti-9el'-li-dflB,  .«.p/.  [Mod.  Lat.  vorti- 
c.el!((t):  Lat.  leni.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idfc] 

Zoo!.:  A  t.iiiiily  of  Peritriclious  Infusoria, 
with  three  sub-families;  Vorticellina,  Vagini- 
coliua,  and  (iptirvdina.  .^innialcules  seden- 
tary or  attached,  front  salt  or  fresh  water, 
ovate,  campanulate.  or  sub-cylindrical  ;  oral 
aperture  ternnnal,  eccentric,  associated  with 
a  spiral  fringe  of  adoral  cilia,  the  right  limb 
of  which  descciuis  into  the  oral  aperture,  the 
left  limb  encircling  a  more  or  less  elevated, 
protrusible,  and  retractile  ciliary  disc.  They 
increase  by  fission,  by  the  conjugation  of  two 
dissimilar  zooids,  the  one  (male?)  minute  and 
migrant,  the  other  (female  ?)  normal  and 
sedentary,  and  by  tlie  development  out  of  the 
endoplast  of  miaute  free-swimming  germs. 

vor-ti-5el-U'-na,  s.  pJ.     [Mod.  Lat.  votU- 
tW/((f) ;  Lat.  iHMif.  pi.  adj.  .sutf.  -ina.] 
Zool.  :  A  sub-family  of  Vorticellidn',  with 


eleven    gciuia.       Auiliialeules     naked,     long, 
sessile. 

VOr'-tl-^e^,  s.  pi.     [Vi)RTKX.] 

•^vor-ti-clal  (ci  as  sh),  c    [Vortical.] 

Whiiliiig,  vitrlieal  (,«i.v.). 

*■  Cvcbc  ami  »oi-iiiiii|jly  |{ynitiii|{  or  vorticial  move- 
nieuta."— Foe ;  £iirfka  iiVorlcf  lB6i|,  11.  :i03. 

VOr'-ti~cdse,  t.  FLat.  vortex,  genit.  vorticis  = 
a  vnrtex(q.v.).j  'iVhirling,  vortical,  revolving. 

'  vor-tig'-in-ous,  u.  [Vortex.]  Having  a 
motion  revolving  round  an  axis  or  centre  ; 
vortical. 

"  Llftiug  tilgh  Ids  Hiigry  tide 
I'ortiifinotu."  Cotoper:  Jttftuvr ;  Iliad  xxi. 

VOS'-gite,  s.  [After  the  Vosges,  where  found  ; 
sutf.  -itelMiiL).} 

Min.  :  An  altereil  labradorite  found  in  a 
porphyritic  rock.  Sp.  gr.  T7"l ;  colour,  white 
to  -^reciiisli  or  bluish  ;  lustre,  greasy. 

v6'-tar-ess.  "  vot -ress,  >'.  [Eng.  votar}/ : 
•*(S^.\  A  female  \oLary  ;  a  female  devoted  to 
any  service,  worship,  or  state  of  life. 

"Thy  votreti  from  my  tender  years  I  am." 

Ih-Hiien  :  I'alavivn  *  .IrciVe,  iii.  225. 

'  vo'-tar-ist,  s.    [Eng.  votary  ;  -is/.]  A  votary. 

"A  study  which  every  volaria  of  tbe  dramatic 
muses    oueht    to    pay  att^ittiuQ   and    respect   to."— 

v6'-tar-y, '  vo-tar-ie,  «.  &  s.  [Lat.  vpt(um) 
=  a Vow;  Eng.  sutt".  -ary.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Consecrated  by  a  vow  or  pro- 
mise ;  consequent  on  a  vow  ;  devoted,  votive. 

"  Votary  reso\ailon  is  uiadeeciuii»olIenttocu3tome." 
— Baco7t :  Mstays ;  0/ Custom. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  is  devoted,  conse- 
crated, or  pronused  under  a  vow  ;  heuce.more 
generally,  one  who  is  ilevoted,  given,  or  ad- 
dicted to  some  particular  worship,  service, 
study,  or  the  like  ;  a  devotee. 

"The  Actes  of  English  t'otarieti,  comprehendyuge 
their  vuchiiste  inractiees  mid  exKiiiples  by  all  aijes." — 
/Sttte  :  English  Vutnyies.     iFref.) 

vote,  s.     [Lat,   rotum  =a  vow,  a  wisli,  prop, 
neut.  sing,  of  votus,  pa.  par.  of  voveo  =■  to  vow 
(q.v.);  FY,  vote;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  voto.] 
*  \.  An  ardent  wish  ;  a  prayer,  a  suffrage. 

2.  The  expression  of  a  decided  wish,  opinion, 
desire,  will,  preference,  or  choice  in  regard  to 
any  measure  proposed  or  to  any  candidate 
put  forward,  in  which  the  person  voting  has 
an  interest  with  others,  eitlier  in  passing  or 
rejecting  a  proposed  law,  rule,  regulation, 
&c.,  or  iu  electing  or  rejecting  a  proposed 
candidate  for  any  particular  office  or  po;,t. 
Votes  of  this  sort  can  be  given  iu  various 
ways,  as  by  raising  the  hand,  by  word  of 
mouth  {vivCi  voce),  by  ballot,  by  a  ticket,  &c.  ; 
suffrage. 

"Bishops  gire  not  their  votes  by  blood  in  iMiili.i. 
meiit.  but  by  au  office  anuext  to  them,  wliiuh  beiiiu 
tikeu  away  they  ceaae  to  vote,  therefore  there  is  nut 
the  same  re.isou  for  tlieni  at  for  temporal  lords."— 
Selden :  Ttible  Talk.  p.  11. 

3.  Expression  of  will  by  a  majority  ;  result 
of  voting  ;  decision  by  some  expression  of  the 
minds  of  a  number. 

1.  That  by  means  of  which  will,  preference, 
or  decision  is  given  in  elections  or  in  deciding 
l)ropositions,  as  a  ballot,  a  ticket,  »fec. 

5.  That  which  is  voted,  given,  granted, 
allowed,  or  conveyed  by  the  will  of  a  majority  ; 
a  thing  conferred  or  granted  by  vote  ;  a  grant 

"Then  a  I'otc  of  thanks  was  moved  to  the  mayor  for 
his  able  couduct  Iu  the  chair."— /'(c-tc»is :  Pickwick, 
ch.  xiii. 

6.  Votes  collectively  ;  votes  given. 

"  Alluding  to  the  large  lunuuiit  of  tlie  illiterate  vote 
in  Ireland."— flci*7i/  ChronicU;  April  2U,  1888. 

vote,  v.i.&t.     (Fr.  voter.]    [Vote,  s.\ 

A.  Infrans. :  To  give  a  vote  ;  to  express  or 
signify  the  mind,  will,  or  preference,  as  by 
ballot,  a  ticket,  or  other  autliorized  means,  in 
electing  candidates  to  any  office  or  post,  or  in 
passing  or  rejecting  motions,  laws,  regula- 
tions, or  the  like,  or  in  deciding  upon  any 
l)roposition,  in  which  one  has  an  interest  with 
others. 

"A  more  di^intereBt«d  net  of  men  than  those  who 
bail  ]>roniidc^d  t<>  i-'iti-  for  him,  never  existed  oo  eattb. " 
—  Dickens  :  Pickwick,  ch.  xllL 

B*  Transitive  : 

1.  To  choose  by  suffrage  ;  to  elect  by  some 
expression  of  will. 

2.  To  enact  or  establish  by  vote  or  by  some 
expression  of  will. 

"But  the  late  long  lasting  parliament  iy>fM  it  a 
monopoly."- /'u/^er  .-    fVorthics ;   yorkshire. 


X  To  grant,  allow,  or  confer  by  vote  or  ex- 
pression of  will.    . 
i.  To  declare  ;  to  set  down  ;  to  characterize. 

"  It  Inm  com*?  to  bo  vat«d  ratlmr  m  vultcar  thing  to  l>e 
maiTlvd  by  bimus  at  ali."— /Juf/^  Ttt^jfraph,  Jllarch  2ii. 
IfWtS. 

*v6te'-less,  «.  [Kng.  vote,  «. ;  -ie^s.]  Not 
liaving  or  not  entitled  to  a  vote. 

"A  Kiiiikll  liiiot  of  the  poMeu  have  gatbered."— 
/>'tili/  T>tvjriitih.  .Maich  a-;.  IBSi. 

v6t'-er,  s.  [Eng.  rof(f),  V.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
has  or  is  legally  entitled  to  vote  or  give  his 
suU'rage  ;  an  elector,     [Rkqistration,  ^  4.] 

"  Ueain  having  lieen  made  use  uf  by  the  voters 
among  the  .Vtheiiiniis  In  the  cboicu  of  magliitruteb. "— 
/■.(//<<-,  No.  24i;. 

VOt -ing,  vr.  pur.  or  a.    [Vote,  v.\ 

voting-paper,  ^.  A  paper  by  means  of 
wbii  Ii  a  viittM'  gives  his  vote  ;  a  balloting- 
pap-r ;  particularly,  under  the  Ballot  Act  of 
ISTii,  a  i)uj'er  used  in  voting  by  ballot  in  the 
i.lection  of  members  of  i>arliament,  of  muni- 
cipal corporations,  members  of  local  boards, 
and  the  like.  8ucli  papers  are  used  only 
where  the  number  of  persons  nominated  ex- 
ceeds the  number  of  vacancies;  they  contain 
a  list  of  the  camlidates  ai|diabetically  arranged* 
and  are  Hlled  up  by  the  voter  either  secretly 
by  affixing  a  mark  to  the  names  of  the- candi- 
dates he  voles  for,  as  in  the  case  of  parlia- 
mentary elections,  or  openly  by  prefixing  his 
initials  to  the  names,  as  in  the  election  fur 
boards  of  guardians,  &c. 

^  By  24  &  25  Vict.,  cap.  53,  it  was  enacted 
that  votes  at  Parliamentary  elections  for  the 
English  universities  may  be  recorded  by 
means  of  voting-papers  signed  by  the  voter 
brfore  a  magi-strate  to  whom  he  is  known. 
Tlie  same  privilege  was  extrndi''!  by  ;a  k  3'2 
Vict.,  cap.  48,  §  3l»,  to  voters  for  Parliann'ntary 
elections  in  connection  witli  the  f>coltish  uni- 
versities. 

"VOt'-ist,  .'.  [Eng.  rotie);  -ist.]  One  who 
makes  a  vow  ;  a  vower. 

"A  poore  woman,  votltt  of  revenge." 

VhapMtan  :  liiusy  It  .inibuit,  iiL 

v6-tive,  «.  [Lat.  votivus,  from  votum=& 
vow  ;  Fr.  rotif;  tip.  &  Port,  votivo.] 

1.  Given,  paid,  or  consecrated  iu  conse- 
quence or  in  fultilment  of  a  vow. 

"  So  that  the  old  man's  life  defcribed.  waa  seen 
As  iu  a  vutive  table  iu  liis  liues." 

lien  Jviison  :  Poetaster.    (Diftl.) 

"  2.  Observed  or  practised  in  consequence 
or  in  fultilment  of  a  vow. 

■'  \'r.rive  iktixtiueuce  some  constitutions  may  endure." 
—/■Vlfhitm:  /i'ewli'es,  i.  85. 

votive 'Xnass,  s.    [Mass  (2),  s.,  1]  iti.) 

votive-medal,  ^.  A  medal  struck  in 
grali'tul  comiiRiuoration  of  some  auspicious 
event,  as  a  victory,  the  recovery  of  a  prince- 
from  illness.  i'\:c. 

votive -offering,  ^.    An  ex-voto  (q.v.). 

*  VO'-tive-ly,   adi\     [Eng.  votiifie);   -ly.]     In 

a  votive  manner  ;  by  vow. 

*  v6 -tive-ness,  s.    [Eng.  votive ;  -ness.]    The 

quality  ur  slate  of  being  votive. 

*v6t'-ress,  .-;.    [Votap.ess.] 

VOUCb,  v.t.  &  i.  [Norm.  Fr.  voucher  =  to  vouch, 
citf,  or  call  in  aid  in  a  suit,  from  Lat.  ro(:o  = 
to  call,  to  call  upon,  to  summon,  from  vox, 
gemt.  viicis  =  the  voice.] 
A.  Transitive : 

I,  Ordinary  Language: 

'  1.  To  call  to  witness ;  to  obtest ;  to  call 
upon. 

"  Do  allege  the  aaine  historied  aud  eouch«  laa  t 
mought  sayl  to  tlieyr  i*ide  the  Hutoritie  of  tbe 
writers.  "—AY^uf-  Uawriiuur,  bk.  lii.,  cb.  xxiv. 

"  2.  To  warrant;  to  be  surety  for;  to 
answer  for  ;  t^  gmirantee. 

"  T'onc'icd  by  the  concurrent  teatimouy  of  uu&us- 
i>ected  witnesses," —  Locke  :  Human  Understamt, 
bk.  iv..  ch.  xvi. 

3.  To  assert,  to  maintain,  to  affirm,  to  at- 
test, to  witness. 

"  What  cnn  yon  vouch  ngaiuAt  hi^n?" 

Shakvsp. :  Jlcusurc  /or  Measure,  v. 

*  i.  To  support ;  to  back  up  ;  to  follow  up. 

"  Bold  words  vouched  with  a  deed  so  bold." 

ililton:  /'.  /-..  V.  Cf.. 

II.  !,aw :  To  call  or  summon  into  court  to 
warrant  and  defend,  ov  to  make  good  a  war- 
ranty of  title. 

•'  He  vHiclu-s  tbe  t«naut  in  tail,  who  mourhet  over 
the  ci'luuion  voucliei'    —IfhicKtri-'if  :  VomntetU. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  ^hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a§;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  f. 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.      tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -§ ion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sioifs  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  v'tc.  -  bel,  deL 


474 


vouch— vowel 


B«  Intran-iitive: 

L  Onli miry  Language: 

•  1.  T«>  lK';ir  witness;  to  give  testimony  or 

attcNtatiuii. 

"(VmcA  with  me,  heaven. 

Shukfip. :  Othclto.  1.  :i 

2.  To  nnswor  ;  to  Iw  surety  or  gnuvaiitei-. 

■Tiidl  lh«  KlecUir  of  Hiuiovor  MiMl  mh'-A  f'^r  tl.r 
truth  ul  whul  iJio  h«th  nolwiuiily  ufflniieil.  —.•iwui. 

3.  To  mainUiin,  to  assert,  to  aver,  to  iitllrni. 

■•  A  nuiii  that  iicvcr  yet 
Dill,  aa  he  p-.ifhfu.  mUrejiort  yuiir  Brace. 

Shitkttp.:  Jieafurv/or  Jlai»ure,\. 

n.  tail} :  To  give  evidenee  of  a  warranty  ol' 
title! 
■V^Ch,  s.    [Vourii,  r.]    Approving  or  attest- 
;ii-  vni.-c;  wan-ant,  attestation,  testimony. 

'^' Wlwt  iiral«o  .oHliWt  tliou  bestow  on  a  Jc.wrviiis 
Moiiwm  lii.lewi;  oin-  thnt.  lii  the  authority  of  1  i-r 
iiirrll.  flhl  (iistly  I'lit  on  the  cuiieA  ui  very  luaiKC 
ilHiUI'—StuikfAlt. :  utfuUii,  ii.  1. 

•  vonclie,  v.t.  &  (.    (VoL-LH,  ;■.] 

vo^ch-ee',  s.    lEng.  vouch,  v. ;  -tc.) 

/<(.<■;  Tlie  p.-rson  vouched  or  simMmmed  in 
;i  wi  it  of  right. 

votifh'-er,  s.    [Eng.  i^jfu-/',  v.  ;  -er.] 
I.  Ort/iiictry  /.(iH5(m(/'- : 

1.  One  who  vouehes  or  gives  witness  nr 
att^^station  to  anything. 

'■  I  shall  havi?  many  vouchers,  who  will  be  reiuly  ti- 
justify  uie."'-fl«»-.i«(:  Life  of  Sir  M.  Hale. 

2.  A  book,  paper,  ordoeument  which  serves 
to  vouch  for  or  guanmtee  the  truth  of  ac- 
counts, or  to  contirni  and  establish  facts  of 
any  kind  ;  si>ecif.,  the  written  evidence  of  the 
payment  of  a  debt,  as  a  discliarged  account 
and  the  like. 

3.  A  guarantee;  testimony,  witness. 

"The  stuiiii)  is  a  mark,  and  ii  publick  vouchn-.  thnt 
a  piece  of  siicli  ileuomiiiatiou  ia  of  such  a  weight.  — 
_/.»«■*('. 

II.  Laxo: 

1.  The  tenant  in  a  writ  of  right;  one  who 
.alls  in  another  to  establish  his  warranty  of 
title.  In  i-onininu  rfct)Vuries  there  may  be  a 
single  vouclier  or  double  vouchers. 

2.  (See  extract). 

"  Voucher  i^  the  calling  in  of  some  jjeraoii  to  answer 
the  action,  that  hath  warranted  the  title  to  the  tenant 
ur  defendant."— WofKrojfe;  Comment.,  bk.  iii.,  eli.  2i'. 

* voiicll'-iiient,  -';.  [Rng.  vouch;  -niGiiL]  A 
solemn  assertion  or  .h-claration. 

"ThL'ir  rawh'ui'nr  ),y  their  honour  in  that  tryal  is 
not  an  oiitli."— //at-Act :  Life  of  Williams,  i.  77. 

VOU9h'-or,  .«.     lEng.  vouch,  v. ;  -or.] 
I.o>r:  Tlie  sani''  as  Vnrrtu:R.  TT.  1. 

vou$h-safe',  '  vouche  safe,  vouche- 
salve.  "  vouch  save,  vouch  en  sauf, 
•vouche  sauf,  "  vouche-saufe,  r.t.  A:  i. 

[Prop,  two  woriis,  i-nitch  ya/*.' =  tu  vouch  or 
^viirrant  as  sale,  to  guarantcL',  to  grant.] 
(V<JU(-H,  t\] 

A.  Transitive : 

*  I.  .4^  (1(10  words:  To  grant,  to  allow. 

'■  So  Philip  ifl  wild,  on  that  wise  we  it  take 
Aa  ye  haf  Hia<l  present,  the  kyng  voufhM  it  Kaw.'' 
iiohcrt  rfc  Brunne,  p.  ilCO. 
II.  As  one  ivonl : 

1.  To  condescend  to  grant ;  to  concede ;  to 
grant  in  conilescensiou. 

"  she  eouchsufes  no  notice." 

Shakenp. :  Ci/mbt^line,  ii.  .1. 

*  2.  To  receive  or  accept  in  condescension  ; 
to  deign  to  receive. 

"  Tlpon  which  better  jMvrt  o\ir  prayers  come  in 
If  thou  vouchtii/c  them." 

Shakesp. :  King  John.  iii.  1. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  I.  As  tivo  ivortls: 

1.  To  guarantee  ;  to  be  surety. 

■•  But  wold  ye  *tiuc}ien  niiM/upon  snrt«e 
Two  ycic  or  three  for  to  respiten  me." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  ll.BSfi 

2.  To  grant,  to  concede,  to  agree. 

"  I'owc'ie  iaitf  that  bis  aoue  hire  wedHe." 

Willmm  of  Patnriif.  1.449. 

II.  -Is  one  word:  To  deign,  to  condescend, 
lo  yield. 

"  Vouchsafe  tn  alight  thy  ateed." 

Shakesp. :   Veu us  i-  Adonis,  13. 

"  vo^9h-8afe'-ment.  s.  [Eng.  vouciisa/c; 
-mcnt.]  The  act  of  vouchsafing;  tliat  which 
is  vouchsafed ;  a  grant  or  concession  in  con- 
dcicension. 

"Anil  that  Ood  is  in  him  of  a  truth.  In  a  Bpeclal 
way  of  niauifentatiou  and  vouchsafemeiit."—Olanidll : 
Senaoiii.  ser.  l. 


*  VOUlge  (g  US  zh),  s.     [0.  Fr.  VHuhje,  vonijc. 
Origin  doohtliil.l 

uld  Ann. :  A  langue-de-bojuf  (q.v.). 

•  VOUre,  r.t.     iLat.   roro.]     To  devour.     (IC.v- 
,/(/(;  2  Kings  xviii.  8.) 

voussoir  (as  vos-swar),  s.     I'''"-,  f'""" 

nnissare  =  1h.-  nirvatun'  of  a  vault,  from  a 
verb  wussrr  (sui.posi-d  Low  Lat.  volutin)  -  to 
make  roumi,  IVtun  Lat.  volnim,  pa.  par.  ot 
volco  =  to  turn] 

Arch.  :  One  of  the  stones  whieh  immediately 
form  the  arch  of  a  briJge,  vault,  &c.,  and  are 
ahv:iys  cut 
in<ne  or  h'ss 
in  the  shaiK- 
of  a  truui-at- 
eti  i)yr.-nnid 
or  wedge. 
The  under  _^ 
siiies  of  the  ^i 

VOMSSnirS  j(^^H  (jy  WATERLO0-8RIIKIB. 

form  the  in-  ^  ^    Vou&soirs;  6.  Kejfttone; 

t  r  a  d  o  s    O  r  c  c.  Intrados  or  aotfit. 

snftit  of  the 

arch  and  the  upper  sides  the  extrados.     ine 
middle  voussoir  is  called  the  keystone  of  the 
arcli. 
•  vou-ter-y, .''.  [Avoutkrie.]  Adultery.  {Wfi- 
flifi  :  .Icirmiak  xvii.  -JT.] 

VOTtr,  *  VOU,  *  vowe,  .^.  [O.  Fr,  vou,  vo,  veii 
(Fr.  v(cu)  =  a  vow,  from  Lat.  votuvi  —  a  thing 
vowed,  a  vow,;  prop.  neut.  sing,  of  veins,  ]>a. 
par.  of  vQveo  =  to  promise,  to  vow ;  Sp.  &  Ital. 
roto.  Vote  and  vow  are  doublets,  ^i-oiyisa 
conipound  from  voiv,  by  the  prefixing  of  a-  = 
Lat.  arf.J  [Avow.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  solemn  jiromise  ;  a  kind  of  promissory 
oath  made  to  God,  or  to  some  deity,  to  per- 
form some  act,  or  to  dedicate  to  the  deity 
Siimething  of  value,  on  the  fultiment  of  cer- 
tain conditions,  or  in  the  event  of  the  vower 
receiving  something  specially  desired,  as  re- 
covery from  illness,  deliverance  from  danger, 
success  in  an  enterprise,  or  the  like. 

"A  vow,  being  a  promise  ni.ide  solemnly  to  Gnd. 
partakes  of  the  nature  of  an  oath."— .Sccfter  ;  ll'orA*. 
vol.  vi..  lect  2D. 

2.  A  solemn  promise  to  follow  out  some 
line  of  coiiduet,  or  to  consecrate  or  devote 
one's  self,  wholly  or  in  part,  for  a  longer  or 
sliorter  tinie,  to  some  act  or  service. 

3.  A  solemn  promise  or  declaration  of  fidelity 
and  constancy. 

■■  It  is  the  hour  when  lovers'  voios 
Seem  sweet  in  every  whispered  word. ' 

Bi/ron:  /'arisiii-t.  i. 

•  4.  A  solemn  asseveration  or  declaration. 


'  To  entertain  my  vows  of  thanks  and  praise." 

Shake^p.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  iv.  9. 

II.  Eccles.  &  Church  Hist. :  A  special  i*ro- 
luise  made  to  God  to  do  or  forego  something 
for  the  promotion  of  his  glory.  The  sub- 
ject-matter must  always  consist  of  *' a  greater 
good,"  in  ecclesiastical  language  "  de  bono 
ineliori."  The  practice  of  making  vows  ap- 
pears in  the  religious  history  of  all  races  in 
any  degree  civilized.  It  entered  largely  into 
the  Mosaic  Dispensation  (Gen.  xxviii.  20-22 ; 
Lev.  xvii.  2;  Num.  xxx.  2,  &c.).  In  Deut. 
xxiii.  21,  the  necessity  of  fulfilling  a  vow  is 
insisted  on  (cf.  Eccles.  v.  4,  5),  but  in  the 
following  verse  it  is  pointed  out  that  there  is 
no  sin  in  forljearing  to  make  a  vow.  The 
practice  contiimed  among  the  Jews  in  New 
Testament  times  (Acts  xviii.  18).  With  the 
rise  of  monachism(q.v.),  vows  to  observe  the 
mangelical  councils  of  voluntary  poverty, 
perpetual  chastity,  and  entire  obedience,  be- 
came common  and  prevailed  in  the  Church 
till  the  Reformation,  when  the  Reformers 
taught  that,  since  it  was  the  duty  of  every 
man  to  devote  himself  and  all  his  possessions 
to  the  service  of  God,  vows  were  unnecessary. 
Vows,  however,  still  enter  largely  into  the 
religious  system  of  the  Roman  Church.  To 
the  three  vows  (poverty,  chastity,  au'l  (diedi- 
ence)  taken  by  all  religious  [Relkuous,  B.J,  a 
fourth,  that  of  stability  (=  remaining  in  the 
order)  is  sometimes  added.  In  addition  to 
these  there  are  private  vows — of  chastity,  pil- 
grimage, &c.  Vows  are  of  two  kimls  :  simple 
and  solemn,  the  difference  between  them 
being  that  the  latter  are  instituted  as  sucli, 
and  accepted  as  irrevocable  by  the  Church, 
and  they  constitute  one  of  the  marks  of  a 
religious  order  as  distiiiguished  from  a  con- 
gregation [Ordrr,  s.,  If  (0)].  Simple  and 
solemn  vows  differ  also  in  their  efl'ects.    A 


simple  vow  makes  marriage  unlawful,  and  de- 
prives the  i>erson  who  lias  made  it  of  a  right 
to  use  any  property  he  may  possess  ;  a  solemn 
vow  niali'es  marriage  invalid,  and  takes  away 
all  dominion  over  property.  Solemn  and  cer- 
tain simple  vows,  as  those  of  chastity  and  of 
greatri'  pilgrimage,  can  only  lie  dispensed  by 
the  Tope,  or  by  a  superior  six'cially  delegated 
for  the  ]uiri>osi' ;  Imt  most  of  the  simple  vows 
can  be  itispeiiserl  by  the  bishop  of  the  dioeese 
in  whi»;h  the  person  who  has  made  the  vow 
iesi<h;s. 

*  vow-breach,  '  vow-break,  s.    The 

breaking  of  u  \'ow  or  vows. 

■■  Snrnltire  and  i-.u-breuk  in  Ananias  and  Sapphir* 
uindL-  thfiji  ili-.L-nO  qiiiik  into  Ihulr  ijravfs."- Jt-icwii* 

To.'ilui- .   It<jt;i  /><ii"!t. 

'  vow-breaker,  ^^    One  who  breaks  Ids 

vow  ol*  \'o\\S. 

"  And  tliis  ;n  that  liuly  bishop  Paphnutina.  whome 
thet-e  i-iiiiiiiMliiMl  i-i>w.hfeakcr>t  preteiide  to  lit-  their 
proet.1111  fill  tlifire  Vhl:iuful  iitiuitHjea."— yfifc/f  .  JJi:- 
fence  of  Apul',<i,' .  ]..  itl'J. 

*  vow-fellow,  >■.  Oi.e  who  is  bound  by 
the  same  vm\\. 

■■  Vvic-fclluu's  with  this  vulnoiis  king." 

Shakcup, :  Lot-ca  LaUour's  Lost,  ii. 

v6^,  ^  vowe,     vow-en,  (.(.  &  i.    [u.  Fr. 

i-on-,  (Fi.  <-(.»(/■).]     iVow,  s.\ 

A,  rn'^'sHin:: 

1,  T-j  i.roinise  solemnly;  to  give,  conse- 
crate, or  dedicate  by  a  vow  or  solemn  pro- 
mise, as  to  God  or  a  deity. 

■■  When  thou  i'owctt  a  vow  defer  not  to  pay  it  .  .  . 
twiy  that  wliich  thou  hast  dowi'ii"— A'cc/ea.  v.  4. 

2.  Til  threaten  or  denounce  solemnly  or 
upon  oath. 

"  That  he  way  i>oui  revenge  on  him." 

ahakesp. :  Kapti  of  Lucrece.  1,179, 

B.  Intransificc : 

1.  To  make  a  vow  or  solenni  promise  ;  to 
bind  one's  self  by  a  vow. 

"  He  tliiit  vows  never  to  have  an  ill  thought,  never 
to  coimiiit  an  error,  hath  taken  a  eoui-se,  tliat  Ins 
little  iiiliiinities  shall  hecome  critneti."—Bp.  Taylor: 
.Sernious,  vul.  L,  ser.  14. 

2.  To  asseverate  or  protest  solemnly. 

"  We  heard  him  swear  and  itow  to  God, 
He  came  but  to  the  duke  of  Ijiwicaster 

SliAkfsp. :  1  //i-Hi-tf  J  I'.,  IV.  3. 

vowed,  i^a.  pur.  &  a.    [Vow,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  /»«/•.:  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Devoted,  consecrated,  or  dedicated  by  a 
vow. 
■■  Never  faith  could  hold,  if  not  to  heauty  oowcd." 

Shakcsp, :  J'assiouatc  I'ilgrint,  58. 

*  2.  Continued  by  oath  ;  sworn  to. 

•■  With  a  mtced  contract." 

.Shakcsp.:  Measure  for  Measure,  v. 

3.  Sworn,  constant,  inveterate,  contirmed. 

"ITIiel  vowed  foe  of  my  felicitie." 

,v,t'"S';'--"  >'■  v.,  I.""-  19- 

v6^-el,  *  vow-ell,  .^  A:  «.    [Fi'-  voi)elU  =  9. 
vowel,  from  Lat.  cocaiem,  accus.  of  vocalis  = 
sounding,  vocal  (q.v.);  Sp.  vomt ;  Port,  vagal; 
Ital.  vocalt.] 
A.  As  substiintiix: 

1.  Asounrl  that  is  uttered  by  simply  open- 
ing the  mouth  or  vocal  organs  ;  a  sound  pro- 
duced by  the  vibration  of  the  vocal  chords. 
The  piteh  or  t»>ne  of  a  vowel  is  determined  by 
the  vocal  chords,  but  its  quality  depends  upon 
the  configuration  of  the  mouth  or  buccal  tul)C 
.4,  i,  and  "  are  by  phihdogists  called  the 
prinntivc  vowels,  and  from  them  all  the  va- 
rious vowel  sounds  in  the  Aryan  languages 
have  been  developed.  A  vowel  ditTers  from  a 
consonaiii  in  lliat  the  former  can  be  pro- 
nounced by  itself,  while  a  consonant  requii-es 
the  aid  of  a  vowel  to  be  sounded  with  it. 
While  there  are  only  five  vowels,  i.e.,  chai-ac- 
tevs  representing  such  sounds,  there  are  four- 
teen vowel  and  live  diphthongal  sounds  in 
Englisli. 

"  Fm'  the  furmation  of  the  tlnce  principal  vou-els 
we  give  the-  iutiirior  of  the  mouth  two  t-xtreme  posi- 
tions. Ju  om-  we  round  the  lips  and  draw  di.wii  tlie 
tongue  «o  thut  tlie  tavity  of  the  mouth  assnmi'M  the 
sliaprof  a  l.ittli'  without  a  neck,  and  we  pronomioe  «. 
In  thf  iitli.'i  «(■  (liuiow  the  lips  and  draw  up  tlie 
tongue  :li  liiiih  :.-  p'.^'^ible.  so  that  the  buucal  tul>e  re- 
preseiitH  .i  lii.ttl.'  «itli  a  very  wide  neck,  and  we  pro- 
nounce i  I. IS  ill  KiiiK-h  and  Genniinf.  If  the  hlKs  are 
wide  open,  and  tlit-  tonsue  lies  Hat  ami  in  its  natm-al 
position,  we  pronounce  a.  Between  these  three  ele- 
mentary articulations  there  is  au  Indefinite  variety  of 
vowel  s.)und'.  — .U«iT>s :  Hint.  Outlines  of  English 
Accidcn'f.  S  47, 

2.  A  letter  or  character  representing  such  a 
sound. 
B.  As  cdj.  :  Tertaining  to  a  vowel ;  vocal. 
vowel-points,  s.  pi    [Point,  s.,  H  1(3.] 


fate.  lat.  fSre.  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son ;  itaiite,  cub,  ciirc,  anite,  cur,  rule,  full :  try,  Syrian,     ae.  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


vowelish— vulgar 


475 


•  v^^-el-ish,  a.     [Kng.  vowel ;  -ish.]    01"  tlio 
nature  of  a  vowel. 

■■Tli(«  piintT  IM  nlwnys  voivi-tith.  oven  wlicio  it  leJuU 
tlie    Mnvcl     ill    liny    syllnble."— /(.ju    Joiuon :    Hiit/lU/h 


[EiJj;.    vou-d;  'istn.]      Tin 


*  VOW  -el-ism, 

.       liSr  ..fvnw<'ls. 

'  viSw-elled,  <(.     (Bng.  i-owd;'ed.]    Furni^lifl 
with  or  coiitaiuiiitj  vowels. 

"  rauses,  uuleiR-e.  and  well  poweti'd  words." 

JJrj/ttcii :  To  the  £'art  qf  lioKvmmun. 

vow'-er,  >■.    lEng.roi'*,  s. ;  -cr.]  One  who  inakL-s 
a  vow  ur  vows. 

■'Tlie  gyftf  .  .  .  not  pnimyseil  to  that   kynde  of 

rou:-rs:'—H,ite  :  Afiolo'jii:     (Pref.). 

"  VO\ir'-eS8,  •  VOW-eSSe,  5.     |Eng.  roic;  -f.s>.J 

A  wciiiKiTi  who  has  UaUeii  a  vow  ;  a  nun. 

"  III  tliHt  elitirche  aUo  lieth  this  ladie.  Iiuriei)  .  .  . 
ill  tliL-  liuKit  o(  H  vowist."—ifolliisUv<i:  Dcwri/jCiuii  of 
/:,i,jl(iml,  bk.  ii.,cli.  iii. 

*  vo^'-less,  '  vo^-lesse. ".    [Eng.  vow,  s. ; 
-!fs.<.]    Fri'r  IViini,  (.11  imt  bound  by,  a  vow  nr 

V  iWS. 

'■  Ho  hath  dime  with  their  owne  vowes,  juid  now  ili?- 
Krciiilit  til  iia  ;  whom  he  confeusea  i-owlfSH'!." — /If. 
Hall .   /{uiiuiir  0/  Oic  Married  Ctcraic,  §  17. 

VOX,  ^.     [Lat.  —  a  voice.]    A  voice. 

vox  angelica,  s.    [Lat.] 

Music :  An  organ-stop  consisting  of  two 
ranks  of  pipes  of  small  scale  and  delicate 
tiuality  of  tone,  one  of  which  is  tuned  slightly 
sharp,  in  order  to  produce  a  wavy  and  tremu- 
lous sound.  Called  also  I'oix  celeste,  unda 
(iK'r/.s-,  &c. 

vox-humana,  .«.    [Lat.] 

Mtisir:  A  rt'ed  stop  in  the  organ  intended 
tn  imitate  the  sounds  of  the  hnman  voice, 
ctiiisistiug  of  a  large  reed  and  short  tube  ; 
rallied  rnir  huiiwna  in  Italian,  voix  hfimaiiie  in 
Frfiicli,  and  also  <i nth  ropoglossa. 

voy  -age,  '  ve-age,  '  vi-age,  '  vy-age,  s. 

[U.  Fr.  VL-ingc  (Vr.  royagt),  from  Lat.  inaticuni 
—  provisions  w  retiuisites  fora  jouruey  ;  from 
fi(itii:ii.-i  -  pertaining  to  a  journey,  from  via  = 
a  way,  a  .journey;  Ital.  t-ioiigio ;  ,Sp.  viage ; 
VroY.  viatgc]  [Wav.] 
'LA  journey,  whether  by  land  or  by  sea. 

"  Tu  Scuttaiid  now  he  foudea.  to  redy  hia  tyiagc." 
Robert  de  Brunn>^,  \>.  ;114. 

2.  A  journey  or  passing  by  sea  or  water 
friim  one  jthice  or  country  to  another,  espe- 
liallya  journey  by  water  to  a  place  far  distant. 

"  3.  The  practice  orliabit  of  travelling,  eype- 
'ially  from  one  country  to  another. 

"All  nations  have  intetknow  ledge  of  one  another, 
I'y  voyage  into  foreign  iiarts,  or  utmngera  that  come 
ti>  iiwui."— Bacon. 

*  i.  Any  course  or  way  taken  ;  an  attempt ; 
;iii  undertaking,  an  f:nte^pri:^(•. 

"  If  tw  sliould  intend  this  voi/agi:  towards  my  wife." 
—Sb'tki'sp. :  .Verry  Wioes,  ii.  1.' 

II  One  of  the  most  remarkable  voyages  <if 
-•mticiuity  was  that  of  Solomon  and  Hiran^s 
navigatois  to  India,  or  some  place  to  which 
its  productions  were  brought.  The  names 
of  the  apes,  peacocks,  &c.,  obtained  are  Ma- 
labar words,  which  suggests  that  South- 
Westerii  India  itself  was  visited.  An  explor- 
ing expedition  sent  out  by  Pharaoh  Nech<» 
about  t)04  B.C.  is  said  to  have  sailed  round 
Africa.  The  Periphis  of  Hanno  the  Car- 
thaginian, B.C.  400,  was  also  a  great  nautical 
exploit.  The  discovery  of  Atuerica  by  Co- 
Juinbus  H1V2.  and  the  iiassage  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  by  Vasco  de  Gania,  witli  his  ulti- 
mate arrival  in  Tndia  (a.d.  1497),  constitute 
two  of  tlie  greatest  nautical  enterprises  of 
modern  times.  After  these  rank  the  expedi- 
tions which  circumnavigated  the  globe  |Cir- 
cuMNAvnjATon]  and  those  for  the  discovery  of 
the  XorMi-East  and  North-West  passages. 
{North-East,  K  ;  North-Wb.st,  X] 
■  V^-age,  r. /.  & /.  [Fv.  voijngej\'\  [Voyage,  s.] 

A.  Inlniiis.:  To  travel;  to  make  a  journey 
or  \  riyagc  ;  to  travel  by  water. 

"Life  Ii.-itli  not  I'in  unexpensive  in  leavnine,  and 
aoyifjiii'j  n\t\>\\i."—MUtuii  .  Apo/./or  Smecff/iniuiux,  §8. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  travel  or  pass  over  ;  to 
t'-^^t-rsc.  -i.iil,,,.!,. 

\'oi/a'tU  th'  unicil,  vast  houniMe^<4  ileep." 

JUtlou  :  i:  J..,  \.  *71. 

*  Voy -age-able,   ".      [Eng.    rotfagc;    -able.] 

Citp-ibl'-  of  being  tiavelled  or  sailed   over; 
uavigaitle. 


voy -ag-er. 


[Eng.    i'omfg(c) ;    -cr.  j     One 


wlio  travels  oj-  ]iasses  by  \\:iter  from  one  place 
or  country  to  another. 

"  Lont  shall  the  tiayager,  with  th'  Ionian  Mail, 
Hxil  the  bri(;lit  cUnie  of  battleand  of  snnt:." 

lii/roii :  C'hiltic  Harold,  ii.  yi, 

v6y'-a-geur  (g  as  zh),  .••■.  [Fr.]  A  traveller  ; 
spt-citically  applied  in  Canada  to  a  class  of 
men  employed  by  the  fur  companies  in  ti-ans- 
[)orling  goods  by  the  rivers  and  across  the 
land  to  and  from  the  remote  stations  of  the 
north-west.  They  arc  nearly  all  Fieni-h 
Canadians  or  half-breeds.  A  numticr  of  thcni 
wcie  employed  by  the  British  government  in 
transporting  stores,  izv.,  up  the  Nile,  in  tlie 
expedition  for  the  relief  of  Khartoum,  in  1SS4. 

"  Over  one  hundred  whalebnata  are  ut  Geniai  awmt- 
ing  the  retiu-n  of  foi/ttijviirs  to  start"— /*<(«  Mali 
linzfttc.  Nov.  25,  1884. 

VOj^-'-al,  VO^'-ol,  s.     (Viol  (2),  s.] 

voy'-ra,  ^^    [The  Guianan  name  of  one  species.] 

Hot. :  A  parasitic  genus  of  Gentianciie,  akin 

to  the  Orobanchacejc.      They   grow   on  the 

trunks  of  old  trees.     The  tuberous  roots  of 

r.  rosea  are  eaten  in  Guiana  liko  potatoes. 

V'-piig,  .T.     [See  def.] 

EiUoin.  :  JCnpttliecia  coromtta,  a  pug-nintli 
(q.v.).  The  fore  wings  are  green  with  numer- 
ous black  and  pale  markings,  the  most  con- 
si)icuous  of  which  is  a  V-shaped  black  mark, 
wlicnee  the  name.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on 
the  traveller's  joy,  the  agrimony,  the  golden 
lod,  and  the  wild  angelica. 

vraisemblance  (as  vra-§an-blans),    >. 

[Fr.J     An  appearance  of  truth. 

vreck'-ite,  .'^.  [After  Ben  Bhreck,  or  Vreek, 
near  Tongue,  Sutherland,  where  found  ;  sutf. 
-ite  (Miii.),'} 

Mill. :  A  soft,  granular  mineral  occurring  as 
a  coating  on  crystals  of  quartz.  Colour,  light 
apple-green.  An  analysis  yielded ;  silica, 
34'92  ;  alun)ina,  T'lii;  sesquioxide  of  iron, 
12"71  ;  protoxide  of  iron,  2"11  ;  protoxide  of 
manganese,  0'41  ;  lim-^  Iti'OS  ;  magnesia,  S'2() ; 
water,  17-77  =  99*42. 

VUgg.  VUgh,  s.     [Etyni.  doubtful.] 

Mill.  :  A  cavity ;  a  hollow  in  a  rock,  or  in 


a  lode; 


gle. 


Vul'-cau,  s.     LLat.  Vukaiins.] 

1.  Ihiiii.  Aiitiij. :  The  god  who  presided  over 
the  working  of  metals.  He  was  the  son  of 
Jupiter,  who,  incensed  at  his  interference  on 
the  part  of  his  mother,  Juno,  cast  lum  out  of 
heaven  ;  he  fell  in  the  isle  of  Leiiinos,  and 
broke  his  leg  in  the  fall.  He  was  the  patron 
of  armourers  and  workers  in  metal.  Tlieie 
is  about  the  character  of  Vulcan  much  of  the 
usual  confusion  belonging  toGreek  mythology. 
Cicero  nientioiis  three  Vulcans,  besides  the 
son  of  jQ])iter;  <me,  the  child  of  Uranus; 
another,  nf  Nilus,  who  reigned  in  Egypt;  a 
thii-'i  of  Mitnalius.  A  peculiarity  attending 
the  worship  of  Vulcan  was,  that  the  victims 
were  wholly  consumed,  in  reference  to  his 
character  as  god  of  tire.  In  sculpture  he  is 
represented  as  bearded,  with  a  liammer  and 
]iincers,  and  a  pointed  cap.  He  had  under 
him,  as  workmen,  the  Cyclopes,  whose  work- 
shop was  on  Mount  Etna,  where  thunderbolts 
were  forged.  He  is  identilied  with  the  Greek 
Hephaesk)s. 

*  2.  Astron. :  The  name  given  to  a  planet, 
imaginary  or  real,  between  the  Sun  and 
Mercury.  On  Marcli  26, 1S59,  M.  Lescarbault, 
a  village  physician  of  Orgeres,  Eure-et-Loire, 
France,  saw  or  fancied  that  he  saw  a  small  dark 
planet-like  body  pass  across  the  sun's  disc.  In 
September  the  alleged  discovery  reached  Le- 
verrier,  who  eagerly  grasped  it,  as  he  had 
jtreviously  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
motions  of  Mercury  were  atfected  by  the  jier- 
turbation  of  a  planet  between  it  and  the  sun. 
He  even  went  so  far  as  hypothetically  to  cah;u- 
late  the  elements  of  the  new  planet.  M.  Liais 
stated  that  he  was  examining  the  sun  at  the 
very  moment  of  M.  Ivescarbault's  supposed 
discovery,  and  was  certain  that  no  dark  body 
passed  across  the  disc.  The  planet  was  called 
by  anticipation  Vidcan,  but  its  existence  still 
remains    unconfirmed.      (Dunlcin :    Midnight 

Vul-ca'-ni-an,  n.   [Lat.  Vukanins,  from  Vul- 
raiuK  —  Vub-au.) 
I.  Ordiutirti  Language: 
1.  Pertaining  to  Vulcan  ;  formed  by  Vulcan. 

"Therii/rnn/an  panoply  which  Achilles  lent  to  his 
feebler  friend."— .l/fic«((/ai/.-  I/Ur.  Kn-} ,  cb.  vii 


2.  Of  or  jiertaiuing  to  V'llcaiiocs  ;  volcanic. 
II.  Uf'!.:  Of,  pertaining,  or  relating  to  the 
genlogKMl  iheory  of  the  Vulcauists. 

vul  C4n -iC.  '(.     I  Kng.  I'ntntii;  .ic.\ 

1.  <  »f  'If  pertaining  t^i  Vulcan. 

2.  VoIiMiiie ;  vuhanian. 

Vul-can-i9-i-ty,  .s-.  (Eng.  mlranic;  -i7i/. ) 
Tlie  (pmlity  tir  .state  of  l)eiiig  vulcanic  or  vol- 
canic ;  vulcaiiie  power  or  action  ;  volcanicity. 

VUl'-can  !^m,  x.    (Eng.  Vulcnn;  -ism.] 

iJeol. :  A  1  ..]h'(!live  term  for  the  phenomena 
ilue  to  intei  iial  lire  or  heat,  as  volcanoes,  hot 
springs,  &«-. 

"  A  i^raiiilor  phiLse  of  puti-miUm  than  that  now  din- 
I'layod  eitliiT  by  Vi*i.uvius  -iv  Utn:ln."  —  Chitmburt' 
Journal.  Tfli  27,  IBSe. 

VUl'-can  ist,  •;.  (Lat.  Vnh-miiis  =  (I)  the  god 
oMire;  (J)  tire.] 

iteol. :  One  who  attributed  to  igneousagcncy 
the  formal  i(m  of  various  rocks,  notably  basalt, 
&c.,  supposed  l«y  tlie  .Vciitnnists,  led  by 
Werner  (I7rj0-is]7),  to  have  been  deiiosited 
from  a  chaotic  aciucuus  Huid.  The  contro- 
versy became  vehement,  and  the  two  parties 
degenerated  into  warring  factions,  the  Vul- 
can ist  liypolliesis  nitiinalely  holding  the  lield. 
Called  also  PlutfUiists.     [Giioi,oi;v,  1.;  Hcr- 

TONIAN-TUKonV,  WfRNKRIAN.] 

"The  bittiT  .oiitruversif-  ..f  the  Xeptunlsts  and 
VulcaHUfi'.'—/iroii;, .   thtr  tmtli  i  iti  Story,  i.  Vj. 

vul'-can-ite,  -.    [Eng.  vnlMn:  -He.] 

1,  Ord.l'i.iij.:  A  hard  ami  non-elastic  va- 
riety of  vulcanized  rubber,  u.snl  for  ntaking 
combs,  dental  jilates,  and  nnmenius  other 
objects.  It  contains  from  ;ni  to  (ju  percent, 
more  sulphur,  ami  is  subjected  to  a  higher 
and  more  pnjiongcd  heat  in  curing  than  or- 
dinary vulcanized  rubber.  It  is  of  a  brownish- 
black  Colour,  is  hard  and  tough,  cuts  easily, 
is  susceptible  of  a  good  jiolish,  and  is  not 
aflecteil  by  water  or  any  of  the  otlier  caout- 
chouc sohenls.  It  cv'dves  a  considerable 
amount  of  electricity  when  rubbed,  and  is 
hence  much  used  in  the  construction  of  elec- 
tric machines. 

2.  Petrol. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Py- 
roxene (ri.v.). 

vul-can-i-za-tion,  s.  [Eng.  vulcaniz{e) ; 
-titiiui.\  TIk-  aet.  Ml"  piijcess  of  vulcanizing,  or 
of  treating  caniitrhouc  or  india-rubber  with 
some  form  of  snl|iliur.  to  ellect certain  changes 
in  its  pinjierlii's,  as  to  render  it  insensible  to 
atmosiiln-ric  changes,  increase  its  durability, 
and  adapt  ii  tor  \arious  purposes  in  the  arts. 
This  was  oiigjnally  etlectecl  by  dipping  the 
rubber  in  melted  sulphur,  and  heating  it  to 
nearly  300^.  Several  ot.ln-r  methods  have 
been  employefl.  The  substance  thus  formed 
is  elastic  at  all  temperatures,  cannot  be  dis- 
solved by  the  ordinary  solvents,  and  resists 
the  etfects  of  heat  within  a  considerable  range 
of  temperature,  \ulcanized  india-rubber  is 
largely  usetl  for  many  useful  purposes,  as  for 
waterproofing  clolli.  for  boots,  shoes,  mats, 
toys,  belting,  butlers,  wln^el-tires,  washers, 
valves,  pipes,  tire  hose,  medical  and  surgical 
appliances,  kc.     (VrLCANirr..  ] 

vul'-cail-ize,  r.t.  [Eng.  vnknn:  -izc.]  To 
treat  by  the  jirocess  of  vulcanization,  as  india- 
rubber. 

VUl'-Can-ized,  pa.  imr.^k.  c.     (VlM.CANlZE.] 

vulcanized  India  rubber,  -^.     India- 

laibber  suli,i''i'teii  ji.  fin.-  i>r.)cess  of  vuleailiza- 
tion  (q.v.). 

viil'-can-iz-er,  ■-'.  [Eng.  vMlmnizie) ;  -er.] 
one  who  or  that  which  vulcanizes  ;  specifi- 
cally,the  apparatus  used  in  vulcanizing  india- 
rubber. 

'viil-ca-n6,  s.    [Vouanc] 

*  viil-can  61 -o-gist, .«.  \TS.u^.vnlmnolng{ii) : 
-ist.]  One  who  .studies  ur  is  versed  in  \\x\- 
canology ;  a  volcanist. 

^  vul-can-ol'-o-gy,  s.  [Eng.  v\dcano  =  :i 
volcano  ;  sntl.  -••hujii.] 

Physics :  That  rlepartnient  of  natural  seience 
which  concerns  itself  with  igneous  pheno- 
mena, as  volcanoes,  hot  springs,  &c. 

"Under  yiilranolofj}/ he  treats  of  the  volcanic  orup- 
tions  during  the  two  years."— .Valiirr,  Oct.  22,  1885, 
p.  CII9. 

vul'-gar,  " 


[Fr.  riilgnire—\'\\]gfiT,  com- 

boil,  boy;  pout,  j6^1;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin.  benoh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  cscpect.  Xenophon,  e^ist.    -ing* 
-cian,    tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =^ shun;  -tion,  -§lon  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^^v.  =  bel.  del. 


47C 


vulgarian— vulpes 


moil.  fr..iii  IM.  riil'joris.  from  i-,i/!Ti«=  the 
common  iH'ople.  lit.  =  a  ltowiI  or  tliroiii;  : 
li.ilii  same  root  »s  Saiise.  mrga  =  a  troop; 
rmjii  =  a  llock.ii  licitl,  a  multitude ;  tug.  iirnr.] 
A.  As  ii</>fciinf  ; 

1.  or  or  perlaining  to  tlie  common  people  ; 
jili-liei.iii. 

■•  T«lk  like  the  putsnr  sort  of  mw-ket-ineu." 

Shakttp.  :  i  ffenrn  1 1..  Ill   i. 

2.  Cliaracteiidtic  of  or  suiting  the  eoininon 
jieople  ;  as.  i-ufj/or  sports,  vulgar  life. 

3.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to,  or  eliarac- 
teristic  of  the  lower  or  less  reflne.l  classes ; 
unrelllied  ;  hence,  somewliat  coarse ;  rude, 
boorish,  low. 

•'SUleaiiJcheup  ^l  fH/ffircompjiiiy  " 

Shakap. :  1  ttrtiri/  /I ..  ill  =■ 

4.  Common,  ordinarv  ;  in  general  use  ; 
hence,  vernacular,  nsitioniil. 

■  nrr  to  tnko  o.tr?  Hint  thi*  child  Iw  hronKlitJo 


tbe  llihl...i.  to  W  cuiilirmetn.y  Into. »'_  --  - 
«y  tlu-  tr,-.J.  Uie  LorJ »  Pmyer.  nuil  the  len  Loin- 
TiiniKliiiciif  ill  tliv  nilfj.ir  tongue.  ■—«(.!>*  uTCononiii 
/*r.i.ver  ;  urder  q'  ltnpli»m. 

•5.  Oriliiiary,  eomiiionplace  ;  of  ordiiwry 
or  coinmou  oeeunenoe. 

"  .\»  commou 
A»  luiy.  the  most  ni/.'Wi-  thiug  to  aeUBe."'  _ 

gfiukelp. :  ffamlet.  1.  2. 

■  C.  flowering  one's  self,  with  loss  of  dignity 
or  self-respect ;  makiUK  one's  self  too  cheap. 
••  Be  thou  lamiliiir.  but  by  no  means  ""W?''" 

Shnkasp. :  H:imlet.  i.  :i. 

« 7.  or  corammi  or  general  circulation  ; 
commonly  bruited  ;  public. 

"  A  ful'jar  coninieut  will  he  made  of  it." 

Slutktip.  :  Comedy  of  Error*,  ill.  L 
•8.  Consisting  of  common  persons. 

"Tlie  vulgnr  heaps  of  slaughter."— /lomifer. 
'  B.  Asauhstantive  : 

1.  One  of  the  eommou  people;  a  vulgar 
person. 

"  As  bad  as  those  that  imtfrarg  give  boldest  titles." 
Shakesp.:   fVinters  ToTf.  ii.  I 

2.  The  vernacular  tongue  or  coiuiuoii  lan- 
guage of  a  country. 

•' AlMvudon— which  is  in  the  milsar,  leave.'— 
.SAaAe«p. ."  .1*  Kow  /.(*e  It.  V.  1. 

K  Tliemlgar:  The  common  people  collec- 
tively ;  the '  uneducated  or  unrefined  class  of 
people. 

"  Drive  .away  the  viiJffar  from  the  streets." 

Shakcip. :  Juliu*  Ctxiiir,  i.  1. 

vulgar-era, .«.    The  common  era  used  by 
i.hii^tiaiis,  dutulg  from  the  birth  of  Christ. 
vulgar-fraction,  s.    [Fkaction,  II.] 
vul-gar -i-an,  «■  i:  s,    [Eng.  vulgar  ;  -iaii.] 
•  A.  -1^  '"'./■  •■  Vulgar. 


B.  -1-^  subst.:  A  vulgar  person  ;  particularly 
a  rich  person  with  low  or  vulgar  ideas. 

"Degenerated  into  a  ailly  vul{!aria»."—.Sifih)ier'3 
M.iSfa:nie.  Aug  .  1890.  p.  608. 

VUl'-gar-i^m,  s.     (Eng.  vulgar;  -ism.] 

1.  Coarseness,  rudeness,  or  grossness  of 
manners  or  language  ;  vulgarity- 

•■  [Fletcher]  .  .  .  has  never  descended  to  vidti'trism 
or  atfected  obscurity."— P.  Fletcher:  Pise.  £cf..  1. 
(Note.l 

2.  A  vulgar  phrase  or  expression. 

"All  riilijitrixiiif.  solecisms,  and  barbarisms,  in  the 
conversations  of  hoys  .  .  .  must  be  noticed  and  cor- 
rected."—A'hoj  ;  Liberal  Education.  §  14. 

viil-gar'-i-ty,  s.    (Eng.  vulgar;  ■ilij.] 

'  1.  Tlie  quality  la-  state  of  being  vulgar ; 
mean  condition  of  lite. 

2.  Coarseness,  grossness,  or  clownishness  of 
manners  or  language  ;  acts  of  low  inauuei-s  or 
coarseness. 

"The  reprobate  vutijaritn  of  the  frequenters  of 
Partholoioew  Fair."— flen  Jomon  :  Bttrlhotomcw  Fair. 
Ii.  1.    (Note  by  Gilford.) 

"  3.  The  vulgar ;  tlie  comiuou  people  ;  the 
mob. 

"The  mere  eidfjaritji  (like  swine)  are  prone  to  cry 
out  more  for  a  little  bite  by  the  eare  than  for  all  the 
si.riltdnessof  sin. '— (Jn'Oicn  ;  Tears"/ the  Church,  1>.  3. 
IPrel.l 

vul-gar-i-za'-tion,  s.  [Eng.  vulgariz(e); 
-t(io?t.]  Tlie  act  or  process  of  making  com- 
mon or  vulgar. 

"  The  rM/!/(trf;ao'oii  of  Rossetti  has  been  going  on  for 
some  time  pa^l  with  really  remarkable  success."- 
Pall  MnU  Ua^tfe,  .\iirll  19.  1887. 

vul-gar-ize,  vul-gar-ije,  v.t.  &  i.    [Eng. 
vulgar ;  -tre.j 
A.  Trails. :  To  make  vulgar  or  common. 

"  He  .  .  .  reduces  and  v^tlfjarizet  the  standard  of  his 
OWTl  work."— dcWfriior's  Magazine,  Dec,  1878.  p.  297. 


B.  /lifraii.s. :    To  net  in  a  vulgar  or  low 
manner  ;  to  lower  or  debase  one's  self. 
"  Nor  ever  may  descend  to  vulgarise. 
Or  be  lielow  the  sphere  of  her  abode. 

/><in/el ;  To  La<l</  -lone  Clifford. 

vai'-gar-l3^,  •  vul-gare-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
mU.iui-;  -ly.] 

1 1  In  a  vulgar,  common,  or  ordinary  iniiii- 
ner;  commonly,  oldinaiily  ;  among  the  com- 
mon people. 

■•  There  is  a  laige  cave  on  the  said  iiiount,  which  is 
vatoarly  believed  to  contain  hidden  tseasures  — 
Orimi* :  CUirs  Jt  ceineleries  0/  Elruria.  I.  5G. 

2  In  a  vulgar,  coarse,  rude,  or  clownisli 
imiiiner;  rudely,  coarsely  :  as,  To  speak  rut- 
garly. 

'  3.  Publicly ;  before  all  the  peoiile  ;  openly. 

■■  So  viilti'trhi  and  personally  accused." 

.\hiikesp. .  Measarc/ar  JHeasure,  v. 

•  vul'-gar-ness,  s.  [Eng.  jmijinr;  -iicss.) 
The  .[iialityor state ofbeing vulgar;  vulgarity. 

Vul'-gate,  .«.  [Lat.  ii;i(jai«s=  general,  com- 
mon,  pa.  liar,  of  i'ui90  =  to  make  common, 
general,  or  universal;  iilUffi(s  =  a  crowd,  the 
public] 

Biblital  I'crsions:  The  most  celebrated  and 
most  widely  ililtused  version  of  the  Bible  into 
the  Latin  language.     It  is  believed  to  have 
been  made  by  St.  Jerome,  who  was  born  in 
Dalmatia  a.d.  32S),  and  died  at  Bethleliem  a.d. 
420.    The  early  Church  seems  for  a  consider- 
able time  to  have  consisted  mainly  of  members 
who  spoke   Greek,  and  the  necessity   for   a 
Latin  version  of*the  Scriptures  was  first  felt 
in    Northern    Africa.      One    or    more    Latin 
translations  were  made  in  that  quarter,  which 
after  a  time   were  superaeded  by  the   Italic 
Version  (q.v.).     In  38a  Pope  Damasus  urged 
Jerome  to  revise  the  Latin  version  of  the  New 
Testament  by  the  Greek   original.      Under- 
taking the  work,  he  found  inniiinnabli'  lalse 
readings,  interpolations,  and  corruptions,  and 
though  he  acted  cautiously  to  avoid  alariiiliig 
the  ignorant  and  the  timid,  his  version  was  a 
great  advance  on  its  predecessors.     He  next 
revised  the  Latin  version  of  the  Old  Testament 
by  the  aid  of  the  Greek  Septuagint.     Finally 
acquiring  the  Hebrew  tongue  after  he  was 
forty-five  years  of  age,  he  translated  the  Old 
Testament  directly  from  the  original  language. 
Although  his  version  had  at  first  to  encounter 
the  hostile  clamours  of  the  ignorant,  it  made 
way  by  its  own  merits,  without  much  assist- 
ance from  authority,  through  the  whole  Latin- 
speaking   portion    of    ancient   Christendom. 
Gradually,  however,  the  text  was  corrupted, 
and  recel'isions  became  needful.  One  was  com- 
menced   A.D.   about    802  by  Alcuin    at    the 
instance  of  Charlemagne,  a  second  by  Laii- 
franc.  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  a.d.  about 
1089,  and  there  were  others.     The  invention 
of  printing  led  to  the  immediate  issue  about 
1455  of  the  Maaariu  Vulgate,  printed  at  Mainz 
by   Gutenberg    and    Post,    others    following 
at  intervals.     In  1546  a  commission  appointed 
by  the  Council  of  Trent  reported   that  the 
text  of  the  Vulgate  was  very  corrupt.    In  1587 
an  edition  of  the  Vulgate  appeared,  the  proof- 
sheets   of  which  were    partly  corrected   by 
Pope    Sixtus   v.,   who    used    his    authority 
to  procure  acceptance   for  the  work.     But 
further  study  showed  that  many  of  the  at- 
tempted emendations    were    erroneous,    and 
there  was  a  further  revision  by  Toletus  under 
the  auspices  of  Pope.  Clement  VIII.     It  was 
issued  in  1592,  and  is  the  authorised  edition 
in     the     Roman     Church.        It     bears    the 
name  of  both  pontitls,  being  entitled  "Biblia 
Sacra  Latina  Vulg.itte  editionis  Sixti   V.  et 
dementis  VIII."     Wyclitfe's  version  of  the 
Bible  was  made  from  "the  V'ulgate  ;  and  thus 
that  version  has  att'ected  the  Authorised  ver- 
sion, as   it  has  those  published  in  the  lan- 
guages of  Western  Europe.     A  large  number 
of  the  theological  terms  now  in  use,  such  as 
"sacrament,"  "justification,"  &c..  have  been 
adopted  from  the  Latin  of  the  Vulgate. 

"The  Latih  Cliurcli  found  iu  the  Vulgate  tin  instru- 
ment for  reaching  all  hearts  and  guiding  all  tongnes  " 
—J.  .S.  Brewer :  English  Studies,  p.  345. 

t  Hence  sometimes  applied  to  the  ordinary 
text  of  any  author. 

"  Let  us  pass  from  'The  Tempest"  to  the  'Comed>^ 
of  Errors.'  V.  ii..  '  My  heavy  burden  are  delivered  ' 
So  tlie  folio,  and  rightly.  The  vulgiUe  gives '  burdens.' 
reduplicating  the  idural."— A'oBsa  4  (ittcries.  May  19. 
1888.  p.  382. 

viilned,  a.     [Lat.  vulnns  =  a  wound.] 

Her.  :  An  epithet  applied  to  any  .animal 
that  is  wcunded  and  bleeding  :  as,  a  hind's 
head  vuliied. 


„blr 


vul-ner-a-bil'-i-ty,  s.   (Kul 
-ifi/.J    The' quality  or  state  of  being  vulner- 
able ;  vulnerableness. 

■•  Vuhierabililu  by  an  enemy's  ballets."— flti'i/  Tele- 
gr.tph.  Sept.  22.  1886.  ^ 

VUl'-ner-a-ble,  a.  [Lat.  OTl(iifi-(l!<iii.<,  from 
vulnns,  genit.  raincris  =  a  wound;  Sp.  I'lti- 
luralih ;  Ital.  vulnerabile.]' 

1.  Capable  of  being  wounded ;  susceptible 
of  or  liable  to  wounds  or  external  injuries. 

"Seeking  where  he  was  euhterable  most." 

Couiper :  Homer ,-  Iliad  xxn. 

2.  Liable  to  injury  ;  subject  to  be  affected 
injuriously. 

"If  you  arc  ra/iierafcfe  in  your  character  you  wiU  be 
deeply  wouudcd. "— A'liox  :  Essau  85. 
•  3.  Wounding. 

"To  throw  the  cuhierable  and  inevitable  dnrte."— 
Ilarl.  MiS'-elL,  v.  440. 

vul'-ner-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  nilnerahle: 
-iiess.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vulner- 
able ;  vulnerability. 

vul'-ner-a-ry, '  vul-ner-a-rie,  n.  &  s. 

[Lat.  rn(iimii-j«s=  pertaining  to  a  *ound  or 
wounds,   from    I'lidiiis,    genit.    vahieris  —  a 
wound  ;  Fr.  vnlneT(xirt.\ 
At  -4s  atljecVive : 

1,  Useful  in  healing  wounds  ;  .adapted  tc 
the  cure  of  external  injuries. 

"The  vuluerary  herbs  and  surgical  art  of  the 
country."— C'ooifc.-  First  Vagage.  bk.  il..  ch.  ix. 

-  2.  Causing  wounds  ;  wounding. 
"  The  aspect  of  his  eye.aloue  does  sometimes  become 
not  only  vulnerary,  but  mortal.  "-/'eKAain ."  Resolves. 
pt  ii..  res.  58. 

B.  .4s  suiisf.  ;  Any  plant,  drug,  or  composi- 
tion useful  in  the  cure  of  wounds  or  external 
injuries ;  as  certain  uuguents,  balsams,  and 
the  like. 


balsamic  vulnerary,  heal  the  sore  which 
Lkle."— A"?|i 


"  Like  .  ,  _  , 

opposition  would  cause  to  raiil 
Philosopby,  §  :)s. 


-A'jioa:.-  CAriseiii 


•vul'-ner-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  mlneratus,  pa.  par. 
of  vnluero  =  to  wound,  from  tiMiniis.  genit. 
rultti-ris  =  a  wound.]    To  wound,  to  injure. 

"  'I'hou  thy  chastitie  didst  viduerate." 

Davies :  M'ittes  Pilgrimage,  p.  17. 

'  vul-ner-a'-tion,  s.    [Volnekate.J 

1.  The  act  of  wounding  or  injuring. 

2.  The  state  of  being  wounded  or  injured  ; 
a  wound. 

"  lie  speaks  of  the  son  of  God.  which  was  to  he  the 
son  of  511111,  and  by  our  nature  liable  to  eufnei'afioo. 
—Pearson :  On  the' Creed,  alt.  4. 

'  vul'-ner-ose,  a.  [Lat.  vulnns,  genit.  r»'- 
),fri.^  =  a  wound.]  Full  of  wounds;  having 
wounds ;  wounded. 

•vul-nif-ic,  '  vul-nif -ic-giU  a.  [Lat. 
ru/;iiis  =  a  wound,  and  fac'io  (pass. /o)  =  to 
niaUe.]    Causing  wounds. 

VUln'-mg,  H.     [Lat.  i'i(!ni(s  =  a  wound.] 

ffei'.  .•  Wounding  ;  a  term  applied  particu- 
larly to  the  [lelican,  which  is  always  depicted 
as  wounding  or  piercing  her  breast.  (See 
illustration  under  Pelican.) 

*  vul-pan'-ser,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  vulpes  (q.v.), 
and  Lat.  ii/tscT  =  a  goose.) 

Oruith.  :  A  lapsed  synonym  of  Tadorna 
(q.v.). 

viil'-pa-VUS,  .s.  [Mod.  Lat.  vulpes  (q.v.),  and 
Lat.  livus  =  an  ancestor.] 

Zaoi.  :  A  genus  of  Cauida;,  from  the  Eocene 
of  Nortli  America. 

vul-pec'-u-la,  s.     [Lat.  =  a  little  fox,  dimin. 
from   rulpes  (q.v.).J     (See   etyiu.   aud    com- 
pound.) 
vulpecula-ct  anser,  s. 

^sfron.  .•  The  Fox  and  the  Goose  ;  a  modern 
constellation  between  Aquila  and  Cygnus  in- 
troduced in  the  sixteenth  century  by  Hevelius. 
Bode  registers  within  its  limits  127  small 
stars. 

•  vul-pec'-u-lar,  a.    [Lat.  imipeciiio,  dimin. 

from  i'i((iits=a  fox.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
fox  ;  vulpine. 

t  VUl'-pef ,  s.     [Lat.  =  a  fox.] 

Zool. :  An  old  genus  of  Canida;,  having  for 
its  type  Ohm's  tiujpes  (t  Vulpes  vulgaris),  the 
Common  Fox.  It  is  now  generally  made  a 
sub-genus  of  Canis  (q.v.).  Tlie  species  or 
varieties  are  numerous  and  widely-distributea 
over  North  America,  the  South  of  India,  and 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  -what,  fall,  fatlier;  ive,  Tvet,  here,  camel,  her,  tbere;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  miite,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  riile,  full:  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  <iu  =  Uw. 


vulpic— W 


477 


Afritra.     They  liuvr  tlu- tail  r.U)l!ic»I  with  suft 
fur  ami  hmg  hair  uniformly  niixctl.      [Vri,- 

TAVUS,  Vl'LPINE-SEBlES.] 

viil'-pic,  (I.     (Mod.  Lat.  (Cetrarin)  vuli^hut) ; 
sutr.  -ii-.]  Contained  in  or  derived  from  Cttiitrhi 


vulpic  acid.  ^. 

I  In  in.:  i'itilin**.v  Vuipiilic  at-id.  An  acid 
ncnnTing  in  the  lirhen  Cetitfs-ia  vitlpinu.  The 
lichen  is  niarerated  with  warm  water,  in 
presence  of  milk  of  lime,  the  cxtitn-t  treated 
with  hydrochlorii!  ai-id,  and  the  floceiih-nt 
precipitiite  of  vuli>ic  acid  iiurified  by  re-cry s- 
talli/-ttion  from  boiling  alcohol  or  ether.  It 
separates  from  ether  in  transparent  yelh'w 
needles,  is  nearly  insoluble  in  water  an<l  absi.- 
luti-  alcohol,  more  easily  soluble  in  ether,  and 
ni.-lts  at  lOU  .    Its  salts  are  of  no  importance, 

vul  pi-9ide,  vul  -pe-^ide,  s.    [Lat.  tmJi>es 
=  a  lox,  and  n(*<^(.iu  com  p.  -cUio)  =  to  kill.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  killing  a  fox.  otlier- 
wise  than  by  hunting.  Such  an  act  is  eon- 
sidered  by  fox-hunters  as  extremely  unsports- 
manlike and  disgraceful. 

■■  The  word  valpiihU-  hf\s  been  created  to  ileiioiuiLe 
;i  iiniBt  hatvtl  crime."— ForCiiifThn!/  Iteview,  Dec,  Uf>% 

2.  One  who  kills  a  fox,  otherwise  than  by 
liuntiu!^  it. 

■Ttieir  fatlier  bore  llet  us  liupe  fiilaelyl  tlie  tiwfiil 
ii'lHit©  of  beiiia  a  vulpfcid*:"—PnU  Mall  Utw'ttv, 
Nov.  11,  1884. 

VUl'-pine,  «.     [Lat.  tN(/ju'<M(>',  from  nt}i>ps=n 

fux.l 

1.  Of,  peitaininj;  to,  or  characteristic  of  a 
{•^•s.  ;  reseinbliiiy;  a  ft)X. 

"  A  siitgiilnr  iustiuice  uf  mtl/ihie  sagncity  uiid  diiriuu 
uos  wituesaed.'— /"iWi*.  Oct  a.  1SS5. 

2.  Crafty,  cunning. 

vulpine  -  opossum.  ~.     [Vvuinf-pha- 

vulpine  phalanger. .'. 

/.iiiiL:  I'hifhttujiAta  riilpfctdiis,  an  Australian 
Marsupial,  resembling  a  fox  in  appeni-ance, 
but  loMch  inferior  in  si^e,  being  only  two  ft^et 


LriNL-rilALANi 


]"ng  exclusive  of  the  tail,  which  is  some 
lifteen  inches  more.  Upper  parts  covered 
with  dark  gray  fur,  lighter  beneath.  Called 
idsu  Vulpine  and  Brush-tailed  Opossum. 

vulpine -series,  s. 

/ool.  :  Onu  of  tlie  two  sections  into  whicli 
Huxley  diviihs  thr  gr-niis  Canis.  It  includes 
Vulpes  (with  Uiocyon,  (,q.v.),  and  Leucoi^yon 
{dnty)  =  ('.  hnjopus,  the  Arctic  Fox)  and  Feu- 
iiecus.     Called  also  the  Ahipecoid  series. 

•  VUl -pin-ism.  5.  [Eng.  rulpin(e) ;  -ism.] 
The  (lUiility'*  of  being  vulp:ue  ;  craft,  artftd- 
ness,  cunning,     {Carlyh.) 

Viil-pin-ite.  .■*.  [After  Vulpino,  Loinbardy, 
where  found  ;  sun.  -i(e  (il/in.).] 

Uin. :  Agranular  variety  of  anhydrite  (q. v.). 
Sometimes  used  for  ornamental  purposes, 

viil-pu'-lic,  (1.    [Vui.err.| 

vul'-pu-lin, s'.  [Eng.  r((/^)((;((t'); -ill.]  [Vi-Lrir- 
A<;iLi.]' 

vul'-tur,  s.     [Lat.=  a  vulture  (q.v.).] 

Oinith.  ;  Vulture  (q.v.);  the  type-genus  of 
VuUurinae,  witli  one  .species,  I'tiltur  monuchiis,, 
ranging  over  Spain  and  N(U'th  Africa,  tlu'ongh 
Nepaul  to  China,  north  of  Ningpo.  Bill 
moderate,  thick,  higher  than  broad,  booker!  ; 
nostrils  in  cere,  naked,  vei+ical ;  wings  long  ; 
tail  moderate,  rounded  ;  tarsi  strong,  reticu- 
lated, with  small  scales. 

viil'-ture.  s.  [Lat.  ntltiii=a  vulture,  lit. = 
a  I'lucker  or  tearer,  fr<>m  the  same  root  as 
vdl'j  {\)&.  t.  vulsi)  =  to  pUu'k,  to  tear.] 


GRIFFON    VIILTUBE. 


1.  Lit.  d  On\itli.  :  A  I'opnlar  name  for  any 
;s|n-eies  of  the  Vnlturitbe  (q.v.).  They  are 
huge  birds  of  repulsive  habits  and  appearance, 
but  extremely  useful,  since  they  perforin  the 
ottice  of  aeiivengers  in  the  warm  oonntries 
which  they  inhatiit.  They  feed  on  the  ground, 
where  they  walk  with  comparative  ease,  their 
large  feet  being  well  titled  for  progiession. 
Cnlike  eagles,  they 
do  n<)t  carry  tbod  t,o 
llieir  young,  but  de 
vtiurthe  carrion  and 
fei'd  their  nestlings 
1  ly  regurgitating  food 
from  their  crop.  It 
has  long  been  a 
\  exed  question  as  to 
wliether  they  dis- 
cover their  prey  by 
sight  or  by  smell, 
and  experiiuonts 
show  that  they  pos- 
sess both  senses  in 
an  exti'aordinary  de- 
gi-ee,  but  the  balance 
of  evidence  goes  tn 
jH'ove  that  they  gen- 
erally find  their  food 
by  sight.  The  chief 
species  are  ;  The 
Black  Vulture  (Vvlhir  vwnaahns),  the  Gi-iffciu 
nr  Fulvous  Vulture  (Gupsfulvus),  the  Sociable 
o?"  Eared  Vulture  Otoijiips  auricular  is),  the 
Nubian  Vulture  (0.  mibiciis),  the  Egyi>tian 
Vulture  (Neophron  perc noptems),  umi  the  King 
Vulture  {Sarcorhamphus  papa).  The  Gritfon 
Vulture  and  the  Egyptian  Vulture  have  oc- 
curred accidentally  in  the  British  Islands, 
and  are  therefore  classed  as  British  Birds. 
<!!ipn'eh(s  barbatus,  the  Bearded  Vulture,  does 
not  belong  to  the  modern  family. 

2.  Fifi.:  A  i)erson  of  a  rapa*'.ions  disposition. 

"  Ye  dr«([B  vl  buKenesf,  VHtturfs  ainon^t  iiieii. 
That  tyre  mioii  tlie  licnrts  of  ceueroiia  sijiiit.-;." 

lii'itti'm.  <t  fiet.  :  Honest  Man's  Furtiim;  ii. 

3.  Si:ni)tMn-: 

(1)  Heb.  n;-1  {dntjyah),  HN-l  {dadh).  Pro- 
bably not  a  real  vulture,  but  a  species  of 
Kite,  jn-rliiips  Milvus  ater.  (Lev.  xi.  14  ; 
Dent.  xiv.  \[i;  Isa.  xxxiv.  15.) 

(2)  n^W  (anydh).  Probably  Milvus  renalis. 
(Job  xxviii.  7.) 

VUl-tiir'-i-dse,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  vuUur ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  •Ida;.] 

<jn>,itli. :  Vultures;  a  family  of  Accipitres, 
with  two  sub-families,  Vulturina-  and  Sarco- 
ilianiphina-  (both  which  see).  Bill  moderate, 
rulnien  straight  at  base,  constricted  in  front 
of  cere,  curved  towards  the  tip  ;  upper  man- 
dible with  margin  sinuate;  nostrils  with  a 
biiny  septum  ;  tarsi  reticulate,  scmietiiues 
hirsute  or  send-hirsute ;  middle  toe  the 
longest,  outer  toes  conjoined  at  base  by  a 
membrane ;  claws  slightly  curved,  obtuse. 
In  most  of  the  species  the  head  and  upper 
part  of  the  neck  are  uaked  or  beset  with 
scattered  jdumnles  ;  eyes  sniTOunded  by  the 
flattened  face,  not  placed  in  a  depression 
under  exseit  plumes. 

Viil-tU-ri'-nse.  s.  pi.  [Jlotl.  Lat.  indtur  ;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  ;h1J,  sutl'.  -iiui:.] 

ih'iiith.:  (.lid  World  Vultures;  the  typical 
sub-fainily  of  Vulturida*  (q.v.),  with  the  cha- 
racters of  the  family.  There  are  six  genera, 
with  sixteen  species,  entirely  confined  to  the 
<.Hd  World. 

VUl'-tur-ine,  a.  [Lat.  ndturiuvs,  from  rtd- 
/((/■  =■  a  vulture  (q.v.).]  Belonging  or  per- 
taining to  the  vulture;  having/ the  qualities 
of  or  resembling  a  vulture. 

"  No  rustic  wlio  saw  tlie  fowl  could  have  fniled  to 
notice  its  vulturine  head  and  bare  iieck."  —  Daittf 
Tchnraph,  Nov.  11.  1885. 

vulturine  sea-eagle,  s. 

(Jrnith.:  i.'!ii>iihi'.-n.(i  angolensis,  from  the 
west  coast  of  Africa.  Called  also  the  Angola 
Vulture,  from  its  habitat. 

■  viil'-tur-isll,  ('■  (Eng.  indtinie)  :  -ish.]  Like 
a  vultu'i-e  ;  rai)acious. 

"  Of  teiiu>er  moat  accipitrM,  hawkish,  nqutliiie,  not 
tu  say  vulturlih."—C'arlyh :  .Mlxcell.,  iv.  245. 

•vul'-tur-ism.s-.  (Eng.  vulUir{p)^  •ism.]  The 
altitude,  nature,  or  character  of  a  ^iilture  ; 
rajiacity. 

"  Theii;  owUsinn.  viOtHrinnt.  to  nu  incredible  ex- 
tent, will  diHapiicar  by  and  hy. ' ~Varlylc  :  Past  A 
/'remtit,  bk.  ii..  ch.  xvii. 


•  vul -tur-ous, ".    (Kiig.  i'M/fHr(t); -oa;*.)  Like 
a  vulture;  vnlturish,  rapacious. 

"  A  rultiimtu  iiiitnrr  which  riuklv  niu«lwtli  out, 
Mn\  hn«tllv  flyt-tti  Inward,  and  Kivivllly  ftwdulh  on 
Knirl'<u.  "—liarrow  .'  Hvniutiu,  vol.  it,  uttr.  xx. 

vulva,  s.    [Lat.] 

1.  Aiuit.:  The  fissure  in  the  external  parts 
of  generation  in  the  female,  extending  li"m 
the  iiio)is  veifrris  U^  the  anus. 

2.  Zool.  :  A  long  and  consideiii^jle  de^)res- 
sion,  often  ocmrring  behind  tln^  sumnut  u! 
bivalve  shells,  at  the  dorsal  part^if  the  ex- 
ternal surface. 

vul   var.  ((.     [Lat.  iudv(a):  Eng.  stifl'.  -«r.J 

M-:i.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  vulva, 

vul    vi  form,  a.    [Lat.  vulvaiq.v.),  and/urma 

=  I..rm.] 

r.ut. :  Like  a  cleft  with  projecting  edges,  as 
the  jiappus  of  the  geuus  Jielampodiuin. 

vul-vi'-tis,  ".     (Lat.  iudv(a):  sufl".  ■ilis.\ 

I'litkol.:  Intlaniniation  of  the  vulva.  It  may 
be  simple,  follicular,  or  gangrenous. 

viil-v6-,  pre/.     [Lat.  i'^i^ca  (ci.v.).]     Of  or  be- 

l"iiging  to  the  ^■ul^■a. 

vulvo- Uterine,  a. 

Anaf.  :  Of  tir  b.lunging  to  the  utenis  and 
the  vulva,  as  the  vuivo-*terine  canal  =  the 
vagina. 

vulvo' vaginal,  n. 

.v.'-/.  ;  of  or  belonging  to  the  vagina  and 
the  vul\a,  a.s  tin  '((/ro-ruyiuu/ glands. 

"  vy9e,  ^.    [Vice.] 

vy-ing.  pr.par.&,a.     [Vie.) 

vy-ing-ly,    "dr.      (Eng.    vyiny ;    -hj.]      In    a 
vying  manner;  emulously. 


w. 

W,  the  twenty-third  letter  nf  the  English 
alplialiet.  It  takes  its  form  and  its  name  from 
the  uitiou  of  two  V's,  the  character  V  having 
formerly  the  name  and  force  of  U.  [U,  V.] 
The  name  "  double  u  "  is  not,  howevei-,  a 
very  suitable  one,  being  given  to  the  letter 
from  its  form  or  composition,  and  not  from 
its  sound.  In  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet  W 
liad  a  distinctive  character  of  its  owu,  the 
modern  letter  being  aiiopted  in  the  thirteenth 
century.  W  rei>resents  two  sounds  :  (1)  the 
distinctive  sound  properly  belonging  to  it, 
being  that  which  it  has  at  the  beginning  of  a 
syllable,  and  when  followed  by  a  vowel,  as  in 
N'fts,  u-dl,  vme,  forward^  housework,  &c. ;  (•_*) 
at  the  end  uf  syllables,  in  which  position  it  is 
always  preceded  by  a  vowel,  it  has  either  no 
force  at  all  (or  almost  only  serves  to  lengthen 
the  vowel),  as  in /aw,  paw,  grow,  lawful,  lie., 
or  it  forms  the  second  element  in  a  diphthong, 
as  in  few,  new,  tiow,  vow,  &c.,  being  in  sucli 
cases  really  a  vowel,  and  equivalent  to  the  it 
in  bo^tgh,  neutral,  &c.  It  is  formed  by  open- 
ing the  mouth  with  ariose,  circular contigura- 
tiiin  of  the  lips,  the  organs  liaving  exactly  the 
same  position  as  they  have  in  pronuuncing 
the  no  in  foot.  W  is  hence  often  spoken  of  as 
n  vowel  ;  but  it  is  not  so,  as  may  be  seen 
by  conntaring  woo,  wood,  and  iwomau,  in  which 
v  is  not  equivalent  to  oo.  W  is  now  silent  in 
many  words  and  positions  :  (1)  in  words,  as 
in  gunwale,  boatsirain,  answer,  sword,  two, 
twopence,  &c.  ;  (2)  when  initial  and  followed 
by  r,  as  in  wrap,  u^rite,  lorong,  &c.  (It. is, 
however,  still  sounded  in  this  position  in  Scot- 
land.) The  initial  i'7/,  in  Anglo-Saxon,  hw,  i>s 
in  who  (A.S.  hva),  whelp  (A.S.  hwelp),  had 
(irigiiially  a  guttural  sound,  as  seen  in  the 
acMfcii  ijiihat  —  what,  ijidiun  =■  when,  &c.  It 
repriseiits  the  cognate  Icelandic  Ac,  ami  Latin 
initial  «/*(.  In  Scotland,  at  the  inesent  day,  a 
very  decided  guttural  sound  is  heard  in  such 
words  as  what,  whale,  &e.,  and  in  Aberdeen 
the  guttural  has  become  /,  as  in  fat  =  what. 
In  English  pronunciation,  in  initial  i'/(,  the 
wis  silent  in  who,  \ohovi;  in  other  words  it 
is  generally  pronounced  with  a  slight  aspira- 
tion after  it,  as  in  when,  what,  m'/mc/i,  though 
there  is  often  a  tendency  to  suppress  the  h 
and  i)ronounce  iwpureand  simide.  The  Anglo- 
Saxon  initial  simnd  wl  has  become  simple  /. 
as  in   lisp;  A.S.    wUnp.     W   has   di.sappeared 


boil,  bo^ ;  po^t,  jifvtrl ;  cat,  9eU.  chorus.  9hin.  benph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  o^ist.    ph  =  C 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -<ile,  Aic.  =  bel,  deL 


478 


wa'— wadsetter 


fnini  Boiiio  «<ir<l.-.,  ns  from  w.-r  =  A.h.  nw; 
foiir=  A.S.  frtttrrr;  tn-e  =  A.S.  Irfin;  /.««  = 
A.S.  kiinm:  It  liiis  crept  into  irhfle  and  Its 
dorivativi'S  =  A.S.  I"'K  ''"'*  so  irlntop=:  Kr. 
houitr.  n  Ims  di'Mippiaivil  from  llii'  i,-i>nibmii- 
tioiis,  (ic.  tliw,  ami  .M''.  a-i  '"»'«  =  A.S.  (ii'uc  ; 
/Aunr;  =  A.K.  Ihnun'j  ;  .ti'sler  =  A.M.  sii'isffr, 
siriiitrr:  sucli  =  A.S.  sicifo.  It  represents  v  in 
j»riii'inWf  =  Fr.  pcrmiclic,  Lat.  iKi-ii-iiicn  ; 
and  i;  in  law  =  A.S.  to'iii  ;  .«"(•  =  A.S.  s«i(c  ; 
rfiiu'ii  =  A.S.  tlngian;  mi'i-rom  =  A.S.  menrg, 
&c. ;  so  Kt(/i-"  =  O.  Fr.  auiiffn;  gnfn,  ,Lat. 
ijii/nim.  Cominj:  tt-furo  an  <r,  the  molten  gives 
tlie  n.wel  an  i  M'lind,  as  in  hvI,  ivollou;  4c 

W.  As  an  initial,  is  nsod  for  West,  as  in 
iliarts  :  W.S.W.  =  Wesi-Sunth-Wcst,  &c. 

W,  As  a  8ynil»ol.  is  used  : 

hi  chem. ;  For  tlic  clemout  Tunijsteu  (Wol- 
fram). 

wa',  s.     (Seedef.l     A  wall  (q.v.).     (tcakh.) 
"  8tJ»t«ly  stepiwii  he  eiwt  the  mm' ■' 

Scott :  H'.iM'Wei/.  ch.  xln. 

wab'-ble,  wob  -Me,  i--!-  (A  woakened  form 
of  iniifiilr,  a  frequent,  of  ('■(i;i=to  flntltl',  tn  l.eat 
Ihe  »in'.!s;  cf.  Low  Ger.  imlibchl,  nimhbebi  =- 
to  wabble;  Prov.  Enj;.  '/i«(!)(ic  =  abog,  aquag- 
nnre.]  To  ini-line  to  the  one  side  and  then  to 
the  other  alternately,  as  awheel,  top,  spindle, 
or  other  rotating  body,  when  not  properly 
lalanced  ;  to  move  in  the  manner  of  a  rotating 
disc,  when  its  plane  vibi-ates  from  side  to 
side  ;  to  rock,  to  \  acillate,  to  move  unsteadily. 
"The  wabblhi'n.-i  the  shot,  owiiie  tu  the  iinperfect 

tit.  h;i3   t^-u  tlie  ^Te.it  ili:iw Ittck,"— rmw'l.  Oct.  '21. 

ISTG. 

wab'-ble.  wobble,  >.  [Wahbi.k,  r.\  A 
roeking.  niicMii  ii.oti.  .11,  as  ofa  wheel  unevenly 
hung,  or  ol  a  top  imperfertly  balameil. 

wabble-saw,  .«.  A  circular  saw  hung 
out  ol  true  OT.  its  arbour.  Used  in  cutting 
d'lvetiiil  slots,  mortises,  &c. 

wab'-bler,  .<.  (Eng.  7ra!/W(c); -f/-.]  One  win. 
or  that  whieh  wabbles  ;  .speeilically,  a  drunken 
cutter  (q.v.). 

wab'-bli?.  wob -bly,  ".  [V.n'^.  mWif) ;  -nA 
Inclined  to  woMile  ;  shaky,  rocking,  unsteady. 

wa'-bron,  wa  -bert,  s.    [W.A.VBnEAD.1 

wab'-ster,  <     |\Vi,iwter.1  A  webster;  weaver. 

(.Sin(<-)|.) 

"  The  like  '1  time  grit  men  wndlia  mind  the  lilte  o" 
me.  a  puivwafijfer  lloOy."— Scort;  Holy  Hvn.  ch.  xxvi. 

wacb-en-dor'-fe-SB  (<t  w  as  v),  s.  )>'. 
IMod.  L:it.  ••'n.h>..:bjrJ\Ui):  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj. 
sutf.  -eu-.l 

Hot. :  A  trill-  of  Liliaceie  or  of  Hivmodo- 
raeeie. 

wact-«n-dor  -f  i-a  (or  w  as  v),  s.  (Named 
after  E.  .T.  Warli.r.il'ovf  (1702-17JS),  Professor 
of  Uotauy  at  Ltreeht.) 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Wachendnrfeie 
(q.v.).  Herbs',  often  hairy,  with  a  tuberous 
ihizome  ;  narrowl)'  elliptical  leaves,  often 
nerved,  the  larger  ones  'adical ;  stem  round, 
with  bracts  and  small  leaves;  Howers  in  a 
terminal  panicle,  purplish-red  or  yellow ; 
perianth  six-cleft,  in  two  divisions ;  stamens 
six  theoretically,  but  three  are  abortive  and 
sometimes  wanting.  From  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  WuchrmloH'w  thiirsifloni,  Tall-flowering 
Wachendorfla,  is  grown  in  greenliouses,  or,  in 
tine  seasons,  in  the  open  air.  It  has  line 
golden-coloured  flowers.  Se\en  other  species 
are  cultivatci  in  Britain. 

wlicfc'-e,  s.    ISee  def.] 

I'elrol.  :  A  name  in  use  among  German 
Tiiiners  and  quarrynien,andadopted  by  Werner. 
It  includes  the  tiitls  of  igneous  rocks  of  various 
geologieal  age>,  and  also  rocks  of  similar  origin 
so  far  deconiiK).sed  as  to  render  them  almost 
e;irthy,  which  made  their  identification  before 
the  application  of  the  microseope  exceedingly 
dimcult. 

w&ck-en-it -ic,  c.    [Wackh.] 

I'etrol.  :  Partaking  of  the  n.ature  of  a  wacke 
(qv.). 

wick-en-rod'-ite,  s.    tEtym.  df>ubtful; 
prob.  after  one  Wackenrode  ;  sutl'.  -ifc  (illiit.).] 
Af  ill. .'  A  variety  of  w.ad,  said  to  contain  1'2'3.S 
per  cent,  of  protoxide  tif  lead.     [Waij  (4).] 

wad  (1),  "  wadde,  >■.    [Sw,  nuhl  —  wadding  ; 
O.  S\v.    ifYjf'  =  clothing,    cloth,    stiltl  :    Icel. 


mdlii-  =  stnir,  onlv  in  the  conip.  vmlhmul  - 
wadinal   (q.v.);    Dan.   ml  =  wadding ;  Ger. 
vdCle  =  wadding,   wad;    nvllcii  =  to   dress 
cloth,  to  wad  ;  iial  =  cloth.]    [Weed  (■->),  s.l 
•  1.  A  bundle,  as  of  hay. 

"  When  it  Ihinllie*!  is  cut  dowlie.  ninke  it  Into  f«t'/< 
or  Ixittlert  iiiftiili'iiliil.  iind  so  burle  tlieiii  at  the  rwota 
ot  tree»."— /'.  noltuiid:  rlmie,  bk.  xviL.  eh.  IX. 

2.  A  soft  mass  of  some  flbrous  material, 
such  as  hay,  tow,  cotton-wool,  or  other  yield- 
ing substance,  used  for  various  purposes,  such 
as  stojiping  npaii  opciiing,stu1ting  an  interior, 
or  the  like. 

3.  Specilicallv,  a  small  mass  of  soft  or  flexi- 
ble material,  snih  as  tow,  paper,  old  rope- 
yarn,  etc.,  used  to  hold  the  charge  in  position 
at  the  rear  of  the  chamber  of  a  gun  or  lo 
prevent  windage.  Wads  for  ordnance  are  ot 
various  kinds.  For  small-arms  the  wad  is 
usually  a  disk  of  felt,  punched  by  a  circular 
wad-cutter. 

wad-book,  •■■■.  A  spiral  tool  for  wilhdraw- 
ing  wads  ;  a  worm. 

wad-punch,  .-■.  -^  tubular  steel  punch 
iLsed  lor  inttiii'.;  '.juu-wads,  Arc.  A  similar 
punch  is  used  by  kather-workers  and  others. 

wad  (2),  ».  [A.S.  in'd  =  a  pledge  ;  O.  Dut. 
wcihk  =  a  pledge,  a  pawn  ;  Icel.  tidh ;  Sw. 
rail;  Ger.  welh:]  [Wed.]  A  wager,  pledge, 
hostage,  stake.    (.Sto/di.) 

'  wad  (3),  s.     [Wo.vD.J 
wad  (I),  wadd,  s.    [-V  provincial  word.] 
Miut:iv}ogii : 

1.  A  name  given  to  certain  liydrated  man- 
ganese oxides  of  variable  composition  and 
physical  characters.  Hardness,  O'o  to  C  ;  sp. 
gr.  ;l  to  4-20.  Dana  makes  three  sub-groups  : 
(1)  Maiiganesian,or  Bog  Mangauese(Groroilite, 
Reissacherite,  and  Oiiatite)  :  (2)  Cobaltiferous, 
or  Asbolile  (Oae.ii-ldore) ;  and  (:i)  Cupriferous, 
or  Lampadite  (IVlokunite). 

2.  A  provincial  name  for  Graphite  (q.v.). 

wad,  i-.ttnl.     [Seedef.l     Would.     {Scotch.) 
"  O  Willi  sniiie  power  the  jlUtie  gie  U3 
To  bee  ourselb  iia  itheis  see  us.  " 

Bitrna:  To  a  Louse. 

wadd),  ^^^    tWAD(l),s.] 

1.  To  form  into  a  wad  or  watUling ;  to  make 
wadding  of. 

2.  To  stuff  or  line  with  wadding,  as  a  dress. 
to  give  more  roundness  or  ftdiiess  to  tlie 
figure,  or  to  keep  out  the  cold,  or  the  like. 

3.  To  put  a  wad  into ;  to  furnish  with  a 
Wild  :  as,  To  wad  a  lirearni. 

"1.  To  stuff  generally. 

"  His  skill  witli  aiitiHr  being  waihJeiJ. 
Witli  lim'iil  Ihea  liis  entinils  bumed.' 

Voupvr:  Vci-Verf.  iv. 

wad  (2).  v.t.  [Wai>  (2),  s.]  To  wager,  to  stake, 
to  pledge. 

■■  V\\  wad  my  Ijfst  buckskin?.  —Sco^.  (Uiy  Mnnyier- 
ing.  I'll,  xxxii. 

wadd,  s.     [Wad  (4).] 

wad-die,  wad'-dj^,  s.  [See  def.]  An  Aus- 
tialian  name  f"ru  thick  club. 

"  Herbuabiiiul  quiets  her  with  a  tip  of  liis  ivadilic" 
— C.  Kingdeii  :  Two  Years  Ago,  ch.  xiii. 

wad'-ding,  .^.    lEng.  u-ad  (1),  s.  ;  -hvj.] 

1.  The  materials  for  wads;  any  soft,  flexible 
substance  of  which  wads  may  be  made. 

2.  A  spongy  web  of  cotton  wool  made  by 
the  carding-machine,  and  attached  by  a  coat 
of  size  to  tissue-paper,  or  treated  on  one  side 
with  a  film  of  glue  or  gelatine.  It  is  used  for 
stutting  various  parts  of  articles  of  dres.s. 

3.  A  kind  of  soft,  loosely  woven  stuff  u.sed 
by  tailors, 

wad'-dle,  s.  [Waddle,  rJ]  The  act  or  habit 
(.f  wnddling  ;  a  waddling,  rockiug  gait. 

wad'-dle,  vA.  &  t.  [A  freq.  from  7(;(((/e(q.v.).] 
A.  Intrans. :  To  rock  or  sway  from  -side  to 
side  in  walking ;  to  move  with  short,  quick 
steps,  swaying  the  body  from  side  to  side ; 
to  walk  in  a  tottering  or  wabbling  fashion  ;  to 
toddle. 

"It  knows  it  cftiiiiot  move  fast  .  .  .  ftiul  scorra  to 
tlo  more  thiui  lOftdUUe  away  luoJer.itely."— 0(n7,tf  2'</f- 
grafih,  Sept.  2'.".  1886. 

*  B.  Trnxs.  :  To  tread  down  by  wading  or 
waddling  through,  as  high  grass, 

"  They  trend  :uul  waddle  all  the  gooflly  grnsa, 
Thiit  ill  tlie  Held  there  acurce  a  fonier  wna 
Left  flee  by  theili."       Drai/ton  :  The  Moon-Ciiir 


wad'-dler,  t-.    [Eng.  wadi{l{e) ;  -er.}    Onr  w \\<> 

w:iitdles. 

wad  -dlingi  /"'•  i'f"*-  cr  '^-    [Waddle,  v.] 

wad~dling-ly,  miv.  [Eng.  vxtddlinn :  -/'/-l 
Witli  a  watldliiig  or  rocking  gait. 

wade,  '  wad-en,  r.i.  &  ^  [A.S.  vadun 
(pa.  t.  u'i'tl)—t<y  wade,  to  trudge,  to  gn  ;  cn^n. 
with  Dut.  iraikn  —  to  wade,  to  ford  ;  Icel, 
vadha  (I'U.  t  vodh)  —  to  wade  ; ■vadh  —  a  ford  ; 
Dan.  nide ;  Sw.  vadfi ;  O.  H.  Ger.  votnn 
(pu.  t.  WHQt) ;  Ger.  ww/cn  =  to  wade  ;  vnf  =  a 
ford;  Lat.  farfo=  to  go;  vudnvi  =  VL  ford,  a 
shallow.) 

A.  Intransitive : 

-  1.  To  gii,  to  pass. 

"  Wlmii  iiiiuht  i«  ji'iiied  unto  crueltee, 
AIjis  !  to  ilepe  wol  tht  veniine  wade." 

Cluniccr:  C.  T..  14,413. 

2.  To  walk  or  pa.ss  through  any  substance 
tluit  iuipedes  the  free  motion  of  the  limbs  ; 
to  ntuve  step-wise  through  a  fluid  or  .semi- 
tiiiid  medium,  as  water,  snow,  mud,  &c. 

'■Furese*?inc  a  necessity  of  wndhig  throusli  rivers 
frequently  iu  uur  land-iiiarcli.  — /i(itM;/(cc ;  Voyu-jvs 
(an.  I6til ). 

3.  To  move  or  pass  with  diflifidty  and 
labour  ;  to  make  way  against  or  through  ob- 
stacles or  embarrassments  ;  to  struggle 
through. 

"Which  Bpeak  a  mint]  not  all  deffmdpcl, 
Even  by  the  ciiniea  througli  which  it  witded." 

Byron  :  (iiuour. 

B.  Trans.:  To  pass  through  or  across  by 
watling;  to  ford, 

"  While  liis  friend,  the  strong  man  Kwaainil, 
Swain  the  deeps,  the  shallows  ivuded." 

Loiiff/cUow :  Illawafha,  \'ii. 

wade,  s.     [Wade,  v.]    The  act  of  wading. 

'■  It  w;i3  .-i  wade  of  fully  a  mile,  and  every  now  MncI 
then  the  water  just  touched  the  ponies'  bellies."— 
FifUl,  April  4,  1885. 

wad'-er,  s.    [Eng.  ifad(c),  \.  ;  -ci\] 
I,  U  rd  I  nary  Language  : 

1.  One  wlio  wades. 

2.  A  pair  of  long,  water-proof  boots  used  by 
sportsmen  for  wading  through  water. 

"  Wadt-rg  are  of  as  luuch  service  on  the  swampy 
ground  round  the  pool  as  for  actually  reaching  tisli 
rising  some  way  ont."— Field,  Sept.  11,  1896. 

II.  Zooi.  (PI):  "Wading  Birds.  The  name 
is  sometimes  confined  to  the  families  Ciiaia- 
driid;e  and  Scolopacidw. 

Wad-hurst.  5.    [See  def.] 

CfTif/.  :  A  parish  and  market  town  of  Eiig- 
hind,  county  Sussex. 
Wadhurst-clay,  s. 

UeuL  :  A  sub-division  (the  second  fnun  th-^ 
top)  of  the  Hastings  Sand.  Towards  its  bas.- 
there  are  nodules  and  thin  beds  of  Clay  Iron- 
stinie.  which,  from  the  time  of  Henry  III. 
till  the  first  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury, furnished  the  chief  iron-ore  smelted  in 
England. 

wad'-ixig,  i"'.  p(f''-  or  o.     [Wade,  v.] 
wading-birds,  s.  2*1. 

Uniith.  :  A  jM.pular  name  f(ir  the  Gr.iIIre  nr 
Grallat(»ns  (q.v.).  In  many  classifiiviTions 
the  Linmean  name  (Gralla.-)  is  now  lovived. 

^  wad-ling,  s.     [Wattle.1    a  wattled  fence. 

{Tns.<vr:  H^sbandrit;  p.  S3.) 

wad'-mal,  wad'-maal,  wad- moll,  .'t- 

[Icel,  a[///(»(d/  =  wadmal;  mdh,  rodli,  mdli — 
a  piece  uf  stuff,  cloth  as  it  leaves  the  Inuni ; 
Sw.  vadmal :  Dan.  vadmil.]  A  kind  of  very 
coarse  and  thick  woollen  cloth. 

"Cootes  of  wndntoU  ,and  course  grose  clothe."— 
Bernfrs :  Froissarl ;  Croni/cte.  vol.  ii..  ch.  ccxv. 

wad' -mill,  •'.    [Etym.  doubtful;  cf.  iradmal.^ 

(See  C'unpound.) 

wadmill-tilt,  .-■.     A  ct.\ering  for  a  ticld- 

gnn  and  carriage  tVirmerly  used  in  the  Ihiti^ti 

service.     Length,  Hft.  Oin. ;   brcadtli,  lift. 

Gin.  ;  weight,  00 lbs. 
wad'-na,  r.i.    [See  def.]  Would  not.   (SrotcJi  } 

"  iritdiiii  hac  ventured  upon  the  Halket-head  craigs. 
after  sun-dnwu.'  — .Sco/f  .■  AuH'jiiarff,  ch.  vii. 

^  wad'-set,  *  wad'-sett,  s.  (Eng.  &  Scotch 
)crtc/  =  a  pled-je,  and  act  =  to  place,  to  sert.l 
An  old  Scots  Law  term  for  a  niort^^ge  or 
bund  and  disposition  iu  security. 

wad'-set-ter,  s.    [Eng.  wadset;  -er.] 
ticots  Lftiv :  One  who  holds  by  a  wadset. 


f&te.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  faU.  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go.  p5t, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son :  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule.  fuU ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  ^  Utt. 


wady— wage 


47J 


wad'-y,  s.  lArub.  iif'nl!  =  i]\f  rliaiHii-1  of  a 
river.  ;i  rjiviiu-.  a  vallfy.)  Tin-  olianncl  of  ii 
w;iterconi-sc  which  is  dry.  t-xci-pt  in  tlie 
iiiiuy  seaiion  ;  a  watercovirsi' ;  a  striain. 

wae  (I),  s.    [Wui;.l    (:<cotch.) 

•  wae  (2),  s.    [Wave,  y.] 

wae'  ful.  n.    IWoefil.!    (><■-.(<■;,.) 

wae'  some,  i.  (Scotdi  >'■'"  ~  woe  ;  suit. 
^.-oin.-.  I     Wuoful.  sad.    (.H-ofcA.) 

I'll.  XX,  w 

wae'-SUCks,  nit^-J.  IScotcli  vae  (l),  s.,  ami 
^if/.T.J     Alas  !  *.>  till-  I'ity.     {Srotrh.) 

"  H'.icnirAjt ,'  fur  liini  tliat  t^eU  iiae  lass." 

/(urm.-  The  Uol If  Fair. 

waf;  wa£E;  n.  [Prol>.  a  variant  of  ('-('(/(q-v.).] 
Worthless,  insi';nilic-aut,  I'altry,   low,   mean. 

"la  it  not  nil  oJdIiUe  tliiuv  tliat  illsn  »'<<" carle  in 
tlto  eouiitry  Iins  -h  suii  sutl  beir."— .Sc.-o»  .'  ('»;/  J/<(iijj*.*'- 

wa  fer,  wafre,  '  waf-fre,     wa-fur,  \ 

[d,  Vv.  inniiiY,  niiuitn.  '!<[{[,-,:;  Fr.  t/((i(/(r, 
truni  O.  Diit.  <r,(,7;c/^;i  wulfr;  l>ut.  irajd : 
I.ow  OtT.  i('((/'7»  =  watVrs;  Ger.  vafffl~ii 
waftT  ;  Dan.  (v//fp/  ;  Sw.  n'!J7ff^  Prob.  named 
front  a  .s«]ipost-il  rescml -lance  to  a  liouc-y- 
coml) ;  cf.  Ger.  vahr  —  a  honoyeomb,  a  cake 
of  wax. I  A  thin  cake  or  leaf  of  paste,  gene- 
rally disc-slinped  ;  applied  specitieally  to— 

(I)  A  .small,  tliiii.  sweet  cake,  made  of  flour, 
cream,  \vliilc  wiuf,  and  lump  sugar,  and 
tlavoured  witU  eirmamwii. 

"Tlif  flue  t-ike*.  ivife>'s.  ixiuX  mnrtlnjaiues.  nrtiri- 
ci^lly  Cidvwl,"— /'-  tif^tmid  ■  /•IhiU'.hk.  xix..  cli.  iv. 

('J)  A  tliin  adhesive  disc  of  dried  paste  used 
for  sealing  letter?;,  fastening  documents  toge- 
ther, and  the  like  ;  made  of  flour,  mixed  with 
water,  guni,  autl'sonu' non-poisonous  colouring 
matter.  Transparent  wafers  arc  made  by  dis- 
.solving  line  glue  or  isinglass  with  Bueh 
(piantity  of  water  that  the  solution  when 
cold,  sliall  be  <*f  proper  consistency. 

(:i)  A  term  .Implied  by  protestants  to  the 
saininiiiital  bread  used  by  Roman  Catholics 
in  till'  Eneharist  ;  a  tliin  circular  portion  of 
unleavened  bread,  generally  stamped  with 
the  Chri.stian  nu'iioj^nim,  the  cross.  <ir  other 
saciotl  symbol. 

wafer-cake,  .«.    A  thin  rake,  a  wafer. 

"  Fi>i-  ii:*tlit  .111-  >tr:\\i3,  men's  faitlis  iue  wnter-cakes." 
iffniKeSp. :  fttiit'u  }'.,  ii.  J. 

wafer-irons,  -.  >■''.  A  piiu-er-shaped  iu- 
slrmiii-nt,  the  I'l,'>  I'f  which  teiiuinate  in  flat 
bhides  iiluint  twelve-  inches  lung,  by  nine  in 
breadth,  used  f"r  making  wafers.  The  blades 
are  heated  in  a  coke  tnv.  tlie  paste  is  then 
put  between  tlieni,  and  by  jiie.ssnre  formed 
into  a  thin  sheet  oi  paste,  from  which  discs  of 
the  desired  sizf  are  cut  out  with  a  punch. 

*  wafer-woxnan,  .■-■.  A  woman  whti  sold 
wafiM's.  Sneh  uunieii  were  often  employed  in 
luve  aflairs  and  intiigues. 

"  Twas  no  set  meetiug, 
tVrtiinly.  for  tliere  w:i.siiu  nra/ei'-teuiiinn  with  her 
TliCMe  three  days.' 

Beaum.  .{■  tlet.:  Wuiuaii-Jiiitci:  ii.  1. 

wa'-fer,  v.f.    [Wakkr.  s.] 

1.  To  seal  or  close  with  a  wafer. 

"  Put  it  into  lii.t  jiocket.  ivnfi-rrii,  ami  re.itly  for  the 
General  Post." — Dirkvns:  Phkii-h-k.  cli.  xwiii. 

2.cTo  attach  or  fasten  with  a  wafer. 


*  wa'-fer-er, '  waf-frer,  ■•;.  [Eng.  vxtfer,  s. ; 
-cr.  ]  A  man  win.  made  <>r  sold  wafers,  Tliey 
appear  to  havi-  l>een  employed  as  go-betweens 
in   love  afl'airs  and  iutiigues.      [Cf.  AVafi:h- 

WOMAN.] 

"A  lOiiffrer  with  w.itrre?. '         P.  Ptoivmiiit,  [i,  25:i. 

'  waferestre.  ■  wafrestre,  s.  lEng.  v-afn-. 
and  Irni.  suH.  -'^,.1  A  wuinau  who  snld 
wat~'T.-<. 

"  W>  te  G"il,  ([iiatli  ;i  imfrrstve." 

P.  Ploii'iunn,  p.  Ii'. 

waflf  (1),  5.  [A  variant  of  i'-/Mjr(4.v.),]  Ablast. 
(.Sfo/i7(.) 

"A  cold  waff  -i  « ind."— .■^o^ff ;  Ih'avt  of  Mhltothiaii. 
cti.  xxxix.  • 

waflF(2),  s.     [The  same  wonl  as  uvfe  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  waving;   a  signal  made  by 
waving. 

2.  A  hasty  motion. 

3.  A  slight  stroke  from  a  soft  body. 


4.  Sudden  builily  ailmeid. 
U  Scutch  in  all  its  senses. 

wa^  (■.(.  [\V.\Ff,  s.]  To  wave,  to  .shake. 
iSvotch.) 

"  Willi  wyiiil  v!n£l»g  \i\»  hiiir^  lowsit  u(  tres." 

Iton'jla-H  :  Virgil:  .UntiU  i.  "•\'>. 

waf  -fle,  .-•'.  [Dut.  wa/d  ;  O.  Dut.  UHicJJel ; 
(icr.  u-affd=zix  wafer  (q.v.).J  A  tldn  adic 
bakt'd  h.ad  and  rolled,  or  a  soft  indented 
cake  l'ak>il  in  an  iron  utensil  on  coals. 

wafBe-iron.  ■•'•.  A  cooking-utensil  having 
two  hinged  portions  *o  contain  batter,  whirh 
is  fiuickly  cooked  by  the  I'clatively  large  sur- 
face of  healed  iron,  owing  to  square  pmji-c- 
tioiis  which  make  cavities  in  the  batter-cudie. 

waf -fie,  >\i.  (KLym.  doubtful;  prob.  of  ono- 
mat(qmetic  origin.]    (See  extract.) 

■'  Out  they  went  iutu  the  hieak  bitterness,  the  dogs 
rinntiiik'  bciure  them,  Htid.  as  the  people  say. '  wnffiimj  ' 
— tlmt  \^,  HnurtiugHUd  whining— m  their  eagerness  to 
b'ft  <.u,  — /'<i*7'/  Tcti'-jrnph.  March  3,  1888. 


^  wa  foure. 


[Wafer.] 


waft,  r.t.  &  /.  [A  variant  of  n'a(?e,  v.,  formed 
by  taking  the  pa.  t.,  waveil  (corrupted  to  ivuft 
by  I'apitl  pronunciation),  as  the  infinitive 
mood  of  a  new  verb ;  thus  Shakespeare  has 
vit/t  both  for  the  pa.  t.  and  pa.  par.  of  vave 
(see  Merchuntof  IV/ifoe,  v., and  KiiujJohu,  ii.) ; 
cf.  Mod.  Eug.  hoist,  which  is  due  to  hoheil, 
pa.  t.  of  Mid.  Eng.  hoise,  and  Mod.  Eng.  gmft. 
doe  tit  ijwffcd,  i>a.  t.  of  Mid.  Eng.  (jmff ;  cf 
also  Scotch  iw/=  to  wave,  to  shake.] 

A.  TmnsUicc: 

^  1.  To  Iwckon  to  ;  to  make  a  signal  to  ;  to 
give  notice  to  or  call  the  attention  of  by 
waving  something. 

"Bnt^  soft,  who  waf  It  lis  yonder!" 

Stiakfgp. :  Comedg  of  Errors,  ii.  2, 

*2.  To  cast  or  turn  quickly. 

"  WaftUtg  his  eyes  to  the  contmry." 

Shakesp. :   Winter's  Tale,  i.  2. 

3.  To  bear  or  carry  through  a  fluid  or 
bnnyant  medium;  to  bear  or  convey  through 
the  air  or  sea. 


'4.  To  buoy  up  ;  to  cause  to  float ;  to  keep 
from  sinking. 

■■  Their  lungs  being  able  to  waft  up  their  bodies."— 
/{rcuviif :  Vitlffar  Hrronrn. 

*B.  lutiuns.  :  To  move  or  pass  as  in  a 
buoyant  medium  ;  to  float. 

"  And  now  the  shouts  wufl  near  the  citadel." 

Drydt;,!.    (Toild.) 
waft,  .^.      [WAfT,  v.] 

I.  Ordlimnj  Lamjnuge: 

I.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  wafts  ; 
a  sweep. 

"  2.  A  breath  or  current,  as  of  air. 

"One  wide  ivit/l."  Thomgou :  Winter,  271. 

3.  (See  extract). 

■■  M.ide  ns  well  ns  he  conld  a  hoat,  or  rather  a  waft. 
wlierewitli  li*;  wafted  over  the  drivurs."—  Smith  :  Lives 
('/  Hiiihwtii/men,  m.  74. 

II.  Naut. :  A  tlag  stopped  at  the  head  and 
middle  portions,  hoisted  as  a  signal.  The 
meaning  of  the  signal  varies  according  to  the 
I)Iace  where  it  is  hoisted;  at  the  main,  peak, 
kr.    {Also  spelt  t'.'/ip//'.) 

*  waft-age,  .';.     [Eng.  waff,   v.;    -age.]     The 

act  of  wafting  ;  tlfesiate  of  being  wafted  ;  con- 
veyance or  transportation  through  a  buoyant 
medium,  as  air,  water,  &c. 

**  Like  a  strange  soul  upon  the  Stygi.in  banks. 
Slrtyintj  for  witftii;}e.' 

Shakvsp.  :  TroUus  £  Crrssida,  iii.  2. 

*  waft'-er,  s.    [Eng.  waft,  v. ;  -er.] 

1,  One  wlio  or  that  which  wafts  or  trans- 
ports. 

"The  wafte.r  of  the sonis  to  bliss  or  hane." 

JSeaum,  i-  Flet.  :  Mad  Lover,  iv.  l. 

2.  A  boat  for  passage. 

'A.  A  blunted  sword,  formerly  used  in  mili- 
faiy  exercises  and  sword-and-buckler  play. 
{Mcjirkk.)    [But  see  note  s.v.  Waster,  A.  3.] 

*  waft' -or,  ■'-.    [Wafter.] 

"  waft'  -ure,  .^-.  (Eng.  waft ;  -ure.]  The  act  of 
waving." 

"  V\'ith  an  anijry  wifture  of  your  hand." 

Hhaktsp. :  Julius  Casar,  ii.  1. 

wag,  "  wagge,  ;■. '.  &  t.  [O.  Sw.  wnqoa  =  to 
wag,  to  fluctuate  ;  voiffia  =  (s.)  a  cradle,  (v.)  to 
rock  a  cradle;  Sw.  ni(iqa  =  (s.)d  cradle,  (v.) 
to  rock  a  cradle  ;  Icel.  cufiga  =  a  cradle  ;  Dan. 
vmi<if'  =(s.)  a  cradle,  (v.)  to  roek  a  cradle. 
Allied  to  A.S.  i',y/(7'V'h  —  to  move,  to  rock,  to 
vacillate  ;  Eng.  wciyh  and  waggon.] 


A.  Intrniisitifi- : 

1.  Tu  move  backwards  and  fnrwards,  up 
and  di'wn,  nr  fiom  sido  to  side  alternately,  as 
it  eonneeted  with  A  larger  bedy  by  a  JMitit, 
pivot,  or  any  flexible  alUichiiH-nt  ;  to  oscil- 
late, to  i-ock,  to  swing  nr  svMiy  ;  to  vibrate-. 

■  Ills  head  waniird  u|i  and  d>»»ii." 

tifiakm/'. :  Unite  uf  t.urrtcti,  l,40«i. 

2.  To  be  in  motion  ;  to  stii',  to  move. 

"  Tit-nible  and  utarl  at  wagnhig  of  a  iitrsw." 

lihakrtp.  :  lUdt.n-il  III..  IIL  5. 

*  3.  To  make  progress ;  to  progress,  to  con- 
tinue. 

"  Tims  may  \vc  w.  quoth  lie.  how  the  «  oi  Id  u>ny»." 
.sJuikrnp. .  At  y4Ht  i.iki-  It,  tl.  7. 

"  4.  To  move  olV  or  away  ;  to  pacic  ott";  to 
In-  oH'  or  gone. 

"LVnic,  iieiglihoui".  we  muNt  Mviff." 

'  'Cotcper:   Veitrlt/ Dlttrttt. 

B.  Tri'iis.  :  To  cause  t^  move  np  and  <k)wn, 
backs\aids  and  forwards,  or  frtmi  side  to  side 
alternately,  as  a  small  body  jointed  or  at- 
tached to  a  larger  body  by  a  Joint,  pivot,  or 
any  flexible  attachment ;  to  cause  tc)  oscillate, 
ruck,  .surge,  or  vibrate  ;  to  shake.  It  is  often 
used  with  an  idea  of  playfulness,  sportiveness^ 
mockery  or  derision. 

"  Let  me  see  the  protidust 
He.  that  dares  most,  hut  «m(;7  his  nnger  at  thee." 
Shakesp. :  llenra  17//.,  v.  3. 

W&g,  s.    [Wac,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  wagging  or  shaking  ;  a  shake: 
as,  To  give  a  v:ag  of  one's  head. 

2.  One  who  makes,  or  is  in  the  habit  of 
making  jokes  ;  one  wlm  is  of  a  nn-rry,  frolic- 
some, or  humorous  disposition  ;  a  droll,  hu- 
morous fellow ;  a  liumourist.  a  wit,  a  joker. 
Formerly  applied  to  a  person  whit  indulged 
in  coarse,  low,  or  broad  humour  or  butfoonen , 
such  as  practical  jokes,  &c. 

■'  \  ivnff  is  the  hist  order  ere«  of  i>retenders  to  wit 
audgood  humour."— 7'after,  No.  161. 

^  In  this  meaning  the  word  is  jirobably  ais 
abbiev  iatiuii  of  Wag-halter  (q.v.). 

'  wag 'halter,  ■•■.  A  eonunon  term  for  a 
rogue  or  gallows-bird  ;  one  who  is  likely  to- 
wag  in  a  lialter;  a  rascal.  (Cf.  Scotch  liempie 
=  one  fond  of  merry,  frolicsome  jiranks,  a 
joker  ;  lit.  =  (me  lifted  for  a  hempen  rope.) 

wage,  ^wagen,  r.t.  &  ;.  [O.  Fr.  wager, 
!'";'''",  y"f/"'=  'o  i)h.'dge,  from  Low  Lat. 
i''f/(/("(j  —  to  pledge,  \niu\  iiuiUus,  va(iinm=.a. 
]>ledge,  from  Goth,  innii  =  a  pledge  ;  gawadjon 
~  to  pledge.  Gage  and  xmge  arc  doublets.! 
[Wi:d.] 
A.  Trausitice: 

*  1.  To  put  to  the  hazard  or  risk  of  an  event ; 
to  stake,  to  pledge,  to  bet,  to  wag-er,  to  risk. 

"  I    will   ivitj/e    against   your   gold,    gold   to    it."— 
Shakesp. :  Cyinbdiiit;  i.  5. 

*  2.  To  hazard,  to  attempt,  to  risk  ;  to  ven- 
ture on ;  to  encounter. 

"Dared  him  to  wage  this  battle  at  Pharsali.o." 
Shakesp.  r  Anton;/  ^  Cleopatra,  iii.  '. 

3.  To  engage  in,  as  in  a  contest;  to  carry 
on,  as  a  war  ;  to  undei-take. 


Cow  per :  Olne;/  Itt/mnt,  xlvi. 

*  \.  To  hire  for  pay;  to  engage  for  wages; 
to  employ. 

'■  If  thei  wage  men  to  weiTe."    Piers  Ploioniatl.  p.  405. 

*  5.  To  set  to  hire  ;  to  hire  or  let  out. 

"  Thou  .  .  .  mnflt  foage 
Thv  workes  for  wtalth,  and  life  lor  C'ld  enpige," 
.Spenser:  F.  q..  II.  vii.  18. 

*  6.  To  pay  wages  to  ;  to  pay  the  wages  of. 

"  Wanting  money  to  waije  his  souldiera,"— /*r^nHe : 
Aiiti/Ktthiv,  ]>.  77. 

"^  B.  Intraiisltire : 

1.  To  bind  or  engage  one's  self  by  a  pledge  ; 
to  go  bail. 

"  I  wil  wage  for  wrong,  he  wil  do  H'i  namore." 

Piers  I'townian,  B,  iv.  96. 

2.  To  be  opposed  as  a  stake  ;  to  be  equal ; 
to  balance. 

"Tlie  commodity  wages  not  witli  the  danger.'— 
&/Mkesp.  :  PerivU-f,  iv.  'j. 

3.  To  be  opposed  in  combat ;  to  contend, 
to  strive. 

"Choose  to  wn</«  against  the  enmity  o"  the  air." 
S/takesp. :  Lear,  ".  i. 

H  "  To  «■«£/«  one's  lavj: 
Uivy:  (See  extract). 

"  Wtien  an  action  of  dvbt  is  hroui;ht  against  one.  as 
f'lr  niont^y  or  chattels  left  or  lent  ihv  defendant,  the 
defendant  may  wage  his  lair;  that  is.  swear,  ami 
(crtain  iwrsons  with  him,  that  he  owes  nothing  to  the 
plaiutitl'in  manner  a^  he  hath  declari'd.  The  otter  t» 
iii.ike  the  oath  is  called  wa^er  of  law.  and  when  it  i* 
aL-i-oitiiilLshed,  it  is  called  the  makiugordoiug  of  law." 
—/llount. 


hoUt  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus.  9liin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-clan,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -blje,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


wage— waggon 


wage-work,  -■>".  L;il»oiir  Im-  which  money 
IS  mill. 

"  Oltl  fulk  Willie  their  tInM 
For  wnilort  »it«r  llwtr  wit/e-vnrk  \b  done." 

Ttinavton:  CvmiHif  nf  Arthur. 

wage,  i.  [O.  Fr.  rmi/f,  fM<;«  =  a  gag*',  ple<lge, 
gUiinniU'o,  fnmi  icugcr,  jpii^fr,  (jagUr  =  to  wagy 
{.,.v.).J 

•  I.  A  giHjtt',  tt  pledge,  a  stake. 

"  TliB  olrtii  kiiltittt.  which  wiwht  that  warlike  w<vje. 
IHwUiiivHl  to  \mv»v  Ui0  uieeii  \w  Muiin«  in  finy. 

ripenter:  J-\  Q.,  1.  iv.  aS'. 

2.  Hire  ;  iwiy  ft»"  services.  (Xuw  generally 
used  ill  the  plural.) 

"Ilk  iikHii  thiiHToft  hie  toa'je." 

Jtobi^rt  tUi  aruriM.  p.  il% 

*  wage  -dom,  ■•.  lEng.  wage,  s. ;  -dom.]  The 
-\  <i.rit  uf  paying  wages  for  work  done. 

"By  the  sulwtltHtioii  of  ImUiatriRl  piirtuersliip  in 
(■liKO  ot  ifaye./wii<.'*-Aii'i/  Vhyuiicle,  Sept.  7.  lUsA. 

W&g'-el,  ■■<■  [Ktyni.  doubtful.  Not  Jound  in 
LejCHUH  C0niu-lSrit.\ 

Oniith.  :  According  to  Willughby  (Ornith., 
p.  340),  the  Great  Blaek-backed  Gull  (Lamg 
huirinu^).  Willughby  was  followed  by  Pen- 
nant, who  afterwaixis  changed  his  opinion, 
an<l  in  his  Arctir  Zoology  (ii.  243).  describes 
the  Wiigel  as  the  yonngof  the  "Herring Gull," 
the  Linnieaii  I.nni:^  Jiisfis,  the  Lt;sser  Black- 
l.;i>)<rd  (inli  of  modern  ornithology. 

wage  -less,  (f.    [Rng.  wage,  s. ;  -less.] 
1.  Not  receiving  wages. 

•  2.  Not  jiaying  wages. 

■■  Tithelease.  tftx-lwse,  wapelexae.  rightlesse." 

Si/tvesler:  Job  rrinm/})tant.  iii.  ISf. 

'wage -ling,  >•.    (Eng.  wage,  s. ;  dimin.  snil". 

-i''yy</.|     A  hireling. 

■■  Deoeivers.  wolves.  wa'jvUngz,  Jmlasea."— Ba7e: 
svlvct  Wvrks,  p.  4:jy. 

wag- er,  ^wa- jour,   s.     [O.   Fr.    imgeu/e, 
gagenre,  fi'om  Low  Lat.  wadiatiira,  from  wa- 
'•llatns,  pa.  par.  of  lytw/to  =  to  wage  (q.v.).J 
I.  Ordinat-y  Language : 

1.  Something  deposited,  staked,  or  hazarded 
I  in  the  event  of  a  contest  or  some  unsettled 
ipiestion  ;  something  staked  by  each  of  two 
jiersons  in  support  of  his  own  opinion  con- 
oerning  a  future  or  an  unknown  event;  a 
stake.  The  party  whose  opinion  proves  to  be 
correct  receives  what  lias  b^en  staked  by 
hotli.  By  statutes  of  England.  Scotland, 
and  the  United  States,  all  contracts  or  agree- 
ments, whether  in  writing  or  parole,  depend- 
ing on  wagers,  are  nidi  and  void,  and  the 
wager  or  nnniey  due  thereon  cannot  be  re- 
covered ill  a  couit  of  law.  A  wager  lost  is. 
therefore,  only  a  debt  of  honour. 

"  For  most  men  ItlU  by  lu^ini;  reuJeied  sa^ei) 
WiU  biiuk  their  own  opininus  with  a  wajer." 

f{j/ron:  Beppo,  xxvii. 

2.  An  oijcasion  upon  which  two  persons 
make  a  bet ;  a  bet. 

3.  That  on  which  bets  are  laid  ;  the  subject 
of  a  bet. 

II.  Laio :  An  otfer  to  make  oath  of  inno- 
cence, or  of  non-indebtedness;  or  the  act  of 
making  oath,  together  with  the  oaths  of  eleven 
comjiurgators,  to  foitify  the  defendant's  oath. 

H  0)  '  li'ttger  of  battle:  [Battle]. 

*  (2)  Wager  qf  law  : 

Law :  A  mode  of  trial  whereby,  in  an  action 
for  debt  brought  upon  a  simple  contract  be- 
tween the  parties  without  any  deed  or  record, 
the  defendant  miglit  dischaige  himself  by 
taking  an  oath  that  he  owed  not  the  plaintiff 
auytliiiig  ;  but  he  was  required  to  biiug  witli 
liini  eleven  persons  of  his  neighbours,  ca,lled 
Compurgators,  who  were  to  avow  upon  their 
iiath  that  they  believed  in  their  consciences 
that  lie  declared  the  truth.  [See  extract 
under  Wage,  v.,  If.] 

wager-poUcy,  s.     [Policy  (2),  s.,  %.} 

wag'-er,  v.t.  &  i.    [Wageh,  s.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  stake,  hazard,  or  risk  on 
the  issue  of  some  event,  or  on  some  question 
to  be  decided,  or  on  some  casualty ;  to  bet, 
to  stake. 

"  I'd  uxiger  twenty  pounds 
That.  U  he  ia  iilive,  he  has  it  yet." 

M'tinttuiorth :  The  Brothers. 

B.  liUrc  ..s.  ;  To  make  a  wager  or  wagers; 
to  bet. 

■■  I  durst  to  wager  she  is  honest." 
'V  Shiikesji.  :  Othello,  iv.  2. 

•  wag'-er-er,  s.     [Eng.  vmger,  V. ;  -en]    One 
who  wagers  or  bets. 

"  It  will  be  very  ubliginir  if  yoo  pleKse  to  take  notice 
of  wig'Tcrx.  '—Adduon :  :ipe>:rator.  No.  145. 


wag -er  mg.  /»■.  pur.  .u 
wagering  policy. 


:.       (WaoHU,   I'.  1 

[Policy (2),  .■*.,!.. 


wag^  -  69. 


IWacje,  .n-.]     The  jKiyment 


for  u'oik  done  or  services  performed;  Ih' 
price  paid  for  labour;  the  return  made  or 
compensation  paid  to  those  employed  to 
I)errorm  any  kind  of  labour  or  service  by 
their  employers ;  hire,  pay,  recompense, 
meed.  The  rate  of  wages  is  determined  by  the 
ratio  whicli  the  aipital,  for  the  inoductive  use 
<pf  whifdi  labour  is  sought,  Ijears  to  the  num- 
ber of  liiboureis  seeking  that  kind  of  employ- 
ment. When  the  capital  increases  more 
rapidly  than  the  labouring  pojpulation  of  a 
country,  wages  rise ;  when  it  increases  more 
slowly,  they  fall.  But  in  Great  Britiin,  and 
most  countries,  the  rise  of  wages  produces  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  marriages  and,  in 
due  time,  of  i>opulation,  with  the  result  of 
nltiniately  causing  wages  again  to  fall.  All 
attempts  to  lix  wages  by  law  are  inoperative 
and  mischievous.  The  effort  was  made,  in 
tlie  reign  of  Edward  III.  (1350),  on  the  jiart  of 
capitalists,  after  the  Black  Death,  in  134tj,  had 
swept  away  so  large  ii  part  of  the  population, 
both  in  Britain  and  the  continent,  that  wages 
ii.irurally  and  greatly  rose.  [Labourer,  T|.] 
J'Ztliirts  of  the  same  kind  were  made  at  inter- 
vals, the  last  being  in  the  reign  of  George  III. 
If,  on  the  other  hand,  .the  capitalist  were 
required  by  law  to  give  higlier  wages  than  tike 
natural  law  of  supply  and  demand  fixed,  his 
motive  for  continuing  to  carry  on  his  business 
would  beccmie  less  potent,  or  might  wholly 
cease,  and  ultimate  injury  Vie  done  to  those 
whom  it  was  sought  to  benefit.     [Truck.] 

"The  produce  of  labour  constitutes  tlie  uaturHl 
recomi>euse  or  wuije^s  of  Libour."  — «hj((A  ,'  IVealth  of 
yatiuiis,  bk.  i..  ch.  viii. 

*|[  Although  a  plural,  wages  sometimes  has 
the  verb  in  the  singular. 

"  The  wages  of  aiu  is  death." — itomann  vi.  23. 

T[  IVages  in  ordinary  language  is  restricted 
to  the  payment  for  mechanical  or  mus- 
cular labour,  and  especially  to  that  which  is 
ordinarily  paid  at  short  stated  intervals,  as 
weekly,  fortnightly,  &c.,  to  workuien.  Strictly 
speaking,  however,  the  term  icages  compre- 
hends as  well  the  pay  of  officers,  the  ft-es  of 
barristeis,  medical  men,  &c.,  the  salary  of 
clerks,  the  stipends  of  clergymen,  as  the  re- 
muneration for  mechanical  labour. 

wages-fund,  s. 

Polit.  Econ. :  (See  extract). 

"  A  fund  theoretic!il!y  assumed  to  exist,  and  out  of 
which  wages  nre  p;iid.  Practically,  also,  auch  a  fund 
is  known  to  exist,  from  the  fact  that  wages  are  actu- 
.Llly  paid  out  of  it.  It  is  made  up  of  two  principal 
items.  (1)  A  portion  of  the  produce  of  iMist  labour; 
and  (i)  credit  l>aaed  on  the  auticipatiou  of  the  profits 
of  future  labour.  But  the  absolute  amount  of  the 
wu;j'S-fund  is  never  accurately  known,  iuid  it  is  pio- 
batily  never  the  same  for  two  days  together." — Bitheit : 
Counting -U'lnsc  Dictionary. 

*  wages-less,  a.  Not  receiving  wages  ; 
unpiiid.    (Lyituii:  Pelham,  ch.  xlix.) 

■  waget,  ('.  or  s.  [Prob.  the  same  as  Watch et 
(q.v.).]  Li-iht-blue,  or  cloth  of  a  light-blue 
colour.    (Chaucer.) 

■wag'-ger-y,  s.  [Eng.  loag,  s. ;  -ery.]  The 
mannei',  jictious,  or  pranks  of  a  wag;  mis- 
chievous merriment ;  frolicstune  humour ; 
sportive  trick  or  gaiety ;  jocular  sayings  or 
doing ;  pleasantry. 

"  He  became  a  mark  for  the  insolent  deriaion  of 
fops  and  the  grave  icaff^ery  of  TeniplRrs."— .U«crtu(OK," 
Hist.  Eng.,  ch,  iii. 

wag'-gish,  a.     [Eng.  wag,  s.  ;  -ish.] 

1,  Like  a  wag;  full  of  mischievous  merri- 
ment, frolicsome  humour,  and  pleasantry ; 
roguish  in  merriment  or  good  hunnmr. 

"As  waggish  boys  in  t'aine  themselves  forswear." 
HhakeSp. :  Midjnimmer  Xight't  /Jreuvi,  i.  1. 

2.  Done,  made,  or  laid  in  waggery  or  for 
sport ;  sportive,  frolicsome,  humorous,  plea- 
sant. 

"  And  own  the  Spftiiish  did  a,  waggith  thing. 
Who  cropt  our  ears,  and  sent  them  to  the  king." 
Pope  :  EpiL  to  Sat.,  dial.  1. 

wag'-gish-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  v.'aggish;  -hj.]  In 
a  waggish  manner;  in  sport  or  frolic ;  sport- 
ively. 

'•  Now  we  are  in  private,  let's  wanton  it  a  little,  and 
tjUk  waggishly." — Ben  Jonson  :  Silent  Woman,  v.  l. 

wag'-gish-ness,  s.  [Eng.  wo-ggish;  -ness.] 
Tlif'  quality  oi-  state  of  being  ivaggish  ;  frolic- 
some merriment ;  pleasantry,  jocularity,  hu- 
mour. 

"For  the  sake  of  his  n'a:igiih»eii  I  requeatwl  that  he 
would  sup[>Iy  me  with  a  couple  of  speciiiiena  of  his 
best  bi-and."— fl'(t///  Tefeijrajih,  March  1,  |!*8fi, 


W&g'-gle,   i'-'-  &  t-     L-^  fretiuent.    from    wag 
in.v.).] 

A,  liitrans.:  To  move  with  a  wagging  ino- 
liun  ;  to  wag  or  sway  from  side  to  side  quickly 
and  frequently. 

"  The  crow  tvaggling  along  the  shore." 

May  :  Lucun  ;  I'hartaUu.  v.  • 

B.  Trails.:  To  cause  to  wag  i|uicU]y  and 
frequently;  to  wag  or  move  one  way  and 
another. 

wag'-gle,  .^.    IWacole,  c]    A  ipiick,  frenuent 
wagging  or  movement  one  way  and  anothei . 

"  And  whenever  a  putf  of  wind  went  by  tlie  hat  on 
the  head  stirred  ominously,  the  aleeves  li:ul  11  dieadfuj 
tvagale."— Daily  Telegra/jli,  Sept.  3.  1880. 

Wag'-gon,  wag-on,  ^■.     IDut.   wngen,  cogn. 
with  A.S.  ("((■(/((  =  ;t  wain  (q.v.);  Icel.  &  Sw. 
voifii ;  O.  H.  Ger.  wogan.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  four-wheeled  vehicle  for  the  traiispnrt 
(if  goods,  freight,  and  produce.  The  onlinary 
English  waggon  is  a  strong,  heavy  vehicle, 
drawn  by  two  horses  yoked  abreast.  The 
fore-wheels  are  smaller  than  the  hiud-whoels, 
iind  their  axle  is  swivelled  to  the  body  of  the 
vehicle,  so  as  to  facilitate  turning.  Most 
waggons  are  supplied  with  strong  springs,  on 
account  of  the  weight  of  the  veiiiclc,  and  to 
make  up  fi>r  the  absence  of  the  steadying 
jiower  of  the  horses,  who  expend  their  force 
in  pulling  only,  the  weight  being  distributed 
over  the  four  wheels.  A  vehicle  on  four 
wheels  of  equal  diameter  i.-i  of  lighter  draught 
than  one  ill  which  the  fore-wheels  are  smaller 
than  the  liiiid-wheels,  unless  the  load  is  dis- 
tributed on  the  wheels  in  proportion  to  their 
diameter.  Common  examples  of  the  waggon 
are  the  Inewer's  dray,  the  agricultural  wain, 
and  the  railway  lorry.  Carriers'  waggons  are 
generally  provided  with  wooden  bows,  over 
which  can  be  stretched  a  covering  of  heavy 
canvas  or  otlier  material,  so  as  to  ]U'otect  the 
goods  carried  from  rain,  &c.  The  ends  of  the 
bows  are  inserted  in  staples  on  each  side  of 
the  vehicle,  so  that  cover  and  bows  can  be  re- 
moved when  not  required. 

■■  One  of  the  wheeles  of  the  wagon  wherin  1  was, 
brake,  s  ■  that  by  that  meaues  tlie  other  wagoia  went 
afore,' — llackluyt :  Voyages,  iii.  4ii4. 

2.  An  o]ieii,  four-wheeled  vehicle  for  the 
conveyance  of  goods  on  railways;  a  truck. 
{Anier,) 

*  3.  A  chariot. 

"  Phiebna  pure 
"  lu  western  wauea  his  weary  waggmi  did  reeure." 
apcnscr:  F.  q..  1.  v.  44. 

II.  GuUlbcating :  A  tool  having  four  edg<.-s 
of  cane  mounted  in  a  frame,  and  used  to  trbii 
the  edges  of  gold-leaf  to  a  size  for  a  book  ; 
that  is,  about  3^  inches  on  a  side.  The  cane 
is  used  in  preference  to  steel,  as  the  gold  does 
not  adhere  to  it. 

waggon-boiler,  s. 

>itcaiii-eiig.  :  A  boiler  having  a  semicircular 
tup  and  flat  or  concave  bottom.  So  called 
from  the  reseinbbtnce  of  its  shape  to  that  of  a 
waggon  covered  with  its  tilt. 

*  waggon-borough,  'wagon- 
borough,  •<.  The  part  of  a  camp  iu  whicli 
tlie  \\'iig.-''Nis  and  baggage  are  kept. 

■'  Wc  (.iitieiiched  our  carriages  and  wti>jgon.bQrough." 
—faH-n:  A'TfCilition  to  Scotland  11548). 

waggon -bow,  s.  An  arch-shaped  slat 
with  its  ends  planted  in  staples  on  tlie  waggon- 
bed  sides.     Used  to  elevate  the  tilt  or  c^ver. 

waggon-ceiling,  .«. 

Jirii.  :  A  ceiling  of  a  cylindrical  form. 

w^aggon-coupling,  ^s.  A  coupling  for 
att.;icliiiig  the  hind  axle  to  the  fore.  Known 
also  as  a  leacli  or  perch  in  carriages. 

waggon-drag,  s.    [Drag,  s.,  II.  3.] 

waggon -hammer,  .s-.  The  vertical  bolt 
which  eoiniects  the  double-tree  to  the  tongue,- 
and  upon  \\  liicli  the  double-tree  swings. 

waggon-headed,  ". 

Arch.  :  Having  an  arched  oi'  semicircular 
top  or  heail,  like  the  cover  or  tilt  of  a  waggon 
when  stretched  over  the  bows  ;  round-arched  : 
IIS,  a  mtij.juii'headcd  ceiling,  roof,  or  vault. 

waggon-jack,  5.  A  jack  for  lifting  the 
wheels  of  a  waggon  clear  of  thegromnl.  that 
the  wheels  may  be  removed  and  the  S2>indie 
greased.     The  varieties  are  numerous. 

waggon-lock,  s.  A  contrivance  to  bring 
a  friition  itn  the  wheels  of  a  waggon,  to  re- 
tard its  motion  in  descending  hills. 


f^te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  vre,  w^et,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  ignite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kWo 


waggon— wailingly 


■isi 


waggon-master,  ■^.  A  person  who  Iih^ 
Jiai'iir  «il  one  or  m.'ro  wjiggims  ;  uspueiaUy.  an 
iitlici-r  ill  cliJir^c  vi  waggoiLS  in  ii  niilitaiy 
•lain. 

waggon  roofed,  <>. 

.l)>-h,  :  Maviii-  ;i  si'inii-irciilar  or  waj^i^on- 
htatltd  roof. 

waggon -tipper,  --.  A  device  for  tiltiiii,' 
a  \va,u'L;i>ii  111  opkr  to  iluiiip  its  load. 

waggon-train,  <.  A  train,  service,  or 
uUfcUiin  of  \vagy;ous,  drauy;lit-aninials.  Arc, 
organized  for  a  special  purpose;  especially, 
the  collection  of  wajigons,  &c.,  aceonipanyiii;^ 
iM  ariiiv,  to  convi'y  provisions,  amniuiiitiun, 
the  >irU,  u-<.iin'U'il,'i;c. 

waggon- wright,  >.   A  wright  who  makes 

wag-gon,  wag -on,  rj.  &  !.    [Wav.c.os.  s.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  coiivey  or  transi)ort  in  a 
wat,'j4nn  or  waggons. 

B,  Iiiirans.:  To  eon\'fy  or  transport  i^nods 
in  a  waggon  or  wvig^on-;. 

wag-gon-age,  wag-on-age,  .<.  [l::ng. 
i'-ujijoit,;  -uj/t.] 

1.  Money  paid  for  the  conveyance  of  g<ioiIs 
:n  waggons. 

2.  A  collection  of  waggons. 

'  Wagona^ie.  provemler.  and  two  or  three  tiietes  uf 
..union.'  —Vnr<ylt\ 

wag  -gon-er,  wig'-6n-er, ^^  [Eng,  vxti}>j<:u ; 

-"■J 

I.  Ordismry  Langnage : 

I.  One  who  drives  or  leads  a  waggon ;  a 
waggon-drivci-. 

"The   itnqpouei't.    drove    off  ;it    full    aiiecd. '— J/ii-,-- 
■tulny  :  /list.  Kii'j.,  i-'li.  v. 

•  '1.  A  uliarioteer. 

■  Stiib  tlieiii.  ur  tear  tlieiii  -hi  thy  clmriot-wheels ; 
And  then  I'll  coiiitf,  mid  be  thy  icag'jniier." 

Shnkfip. :  7'itus  .i  ndroiiiciiK.  v,  2. 

3.  A  constellation,   Charles'  Wain.    [Ursa 

AIAJOR.] 

•*  By  this,  the  Xortheiu  wn/'i/icr  li.i«l  set 
Ilis  seiieiifuld  teiiie  behind  the  ^tedfjiat  star." 

SiJcii^cr:  F.  'i.,  I.  ii.  1. 

II.  Astinn.:   (1)  The  constellation  Auriga; 

(:')  The  Coiistellalioii  Bootes  (q.V.). 

'  wag'-gon-ess,  wag'-on-ess.  s.  [Eng. 
(caijijoit;  -ess.]  A  female  waggoner,  driver,  or 
charioteer.    (An  improper  formation.) 

'■  Her  u'ltijijriHKSS  wjvs  she  thiit  ii;iiiits  the  air." 

VlHipmiiit  :  //■/mer:  Hind  v.  34S. 


wag  -  gon  -  ette',  wag-6n-ette', 

liiiiiin.  ttoiii  ('■(('/yen  (ii.\.).j 


\\  ACnONETlE. 

Vehkhs:  A  kind  of  four-wheeled  pleasure- 
carriage  of  ligiit  construction. 

"  There  was  a  l.irge  loifjgottette  of  varuished  t>;iU,"— 
Black:  I'rinccu  of  Thtih;  ch.  1 

'  wag'-gon-rjr,  *  wag'-6n-ry,  s.  [Bng. 
iriujini ;  -;'/.)  (Joiuvyance  by  means  of  wag- 
gons; wa^^iiiis  collectively. 


wa'-gite  (or  w  as  v).  s.     ["After  Herr  Waga 
of  Warsaw;  suff.  -UciMin.).^ 

Min. :  A  concretionary  variety  of  zinc  .sili- 
cate front  the  Urals. 

■  wag'-moire,  •?.    (Eng.  tmg,  and  mire.)    A 
.|uagniiie  (([.v.).    (.^pt user :  Shep.  Cat.;  Sept.) 

wag'-ner-ite,  s.    [After  Herr  Wagner  :  suff. 
it.- {Min.).] 

Mill.  .  A  rare  mineral  occnrritig  in  veins  of 
'piartz  in  clay-siate  at  Hollgraben,  near 
Wertk-n  Salzlmrg.  Hardness,  o  to  5-o  ;  sp. 
?«  3"Oo8;  lustre,  vitreous;  (colour,  shades  of 
yellow,  grayish  ;  streak,  white  ;  brittle.  Com- 
jios.  ;  Pliosphoric  acid,  4^8;  mairnesia.  :;7-l  ; 


thn.niie,  11-7;  hiagiiesitim,  7'4  =100=  lo  the 
I.Tmnln  (.MgO);sl'()6  +  MgF. 

lPag'-6n,  iti".     [WAO(iON,  &C.1 

•wig' -pas-tie,  t.     [Eng.  n-oij,  v.,  and  jxisty.] 
A  r"giu-,  an  urchin. 


w&g'-tail,  ■;.     (Eng.  irng,  v.,  and  tail.] 

1.  7.(7.  .(:  tiriiith. :  A  popular  name  for  any 
species  of  the  genus  Molacilla,  called  more 
fully  Water- Wagtail.  They  are  active,  grace- 
ful birds,  of  sober  plumage,  black,  white,  and 
gray  being  the  prevailing  colours.  They  fic- 
([uent  grass-plota,  the  edges  of  ponds,  and  the 
sandy  banks  of  rivers,  in  search  of  their  in- 
sect food,  and  may  be  readily  known  by  their 
restless  activity  and  ceaseless  motion  of  their 
tails,  whence  tlieir  scientific  and  popular 
name.  (Motacilla,  "Water- wagtail.] 
*2.  Fiif.  :  A  pert  person. 

"  Spare  lue  my  gray  beard,  you  wagt-iU." 

Shakc»iJ. :  Lear,  it.  2. 

wagtail -fantail,  ^. 

iji  uilh.  :  liliiin'liini  inntaciUoides,  an  Aus- 
t  ralian  Itird,  about  hve  inches  lung,  and  closely 
le.senibliiig  the  I'ied  Wagtail  (Motacilla  lugu- 
'i/i?),  wlience  the  pojuilar  and  specific  names. 

"w&g'-tail,  ■  wag-tayl,  e.L  [Eng.  u-ag, 
and  t'ul.i     To  tlnttcr. 

"  Fmiiii  busli  to  biisli,  W'vrtiiifllitg  here  and  there." 
iiyluvUcr  :  The  Troithivt,  ji.  137. 

wah,  wha,  *•.    [See  extract.] 

ZovL :  Ailunis/nlgeus.     [Paxda.] 

"  It  ...  is  fretioeiitly  diacoveied  by  its  loud  c(»  or 
--■.ill,  reseiiibliiii;  the  word  wlui.  often  repeatiug'the 
-^»iiie.  Hence  i^  derived  one  of  the  locill  names  by 
"hull  it  i-s  known.  "—A^^.  Vyclop.  {.\at.  tUst.),  iv.  iSi.;. 

Wa-ha'-bi,  Wa-ha'-bee,  ^*.  [Named  after 
Abdiil-Widdiab  =  the  servant  of  Him  who 
gives  everything.] 

MuhamuMdanisniiPl.):  A  sect  founded  by 
Abihd  Wahliab,  born  towards  the  end  of 
tlie  seveiit*'enth  century,  near  Der'aiych,  the 
capital  of  Xe.jd,  in  Arabia.  During  the  Saracen 
period  the  lluhammadan  sacred  places  were 
in  Ar;ib  custody.  When  the  Saracen  was 
succei*<led  by  the  Turkish  power  they  j'assed 
over  into  Turkish  keej^ing.  It  is  obligatory 
on  every  Musalman  who  can  afford  the  ex- 
pense, to  make  a  pilgrimage  to  JMecca  at  least 
once  in  his  life.  The  Arabs  were  greatly 
scandalized  by  the  liioral  laxity  of  soTiie  uf 
the  pilgrims,  and  it  became  painfully  ap- 
parent that  even  the  best  of  them  had  largely 
departed  from  the  purity  of  the  faith,  accord- 
ing divine  honours  to  Sluhanimad,  elevating 
Tradition  to  the  same  level  as  revealed  scrip- 
Tuiv,  ami  ipiietly  ignoring  any  precept  of  the 
Koran  which  required  self-denial  for  its  per- 
ftu-mance.  Abdul  Wahhab  felt  it  a  duty  to 
make  a  determined  eflort  to  restore  Jluham- 
madanism  to  its  pristine  purity,  and  the  most 
earnest  .Moslems  gradually  became  his  fol- 
lowers. Converting  to  his  views  Muhammad 
Ilm  Saud.  tlie  i)Owerftd  Slieikh  of  Der'aiyeh, 
whose  daughter  he  married,  he  induced  his 
father-in-law  to  draw  the  sword  for  the  esta- 
blishment of  a  jmre  Muhanimadan  theocracy. 
The  Bedouins  flocked  to  his  standard  ;  the 
towns  of  Arabia,  less  inclined  to  adopt  the  new 
faith,  had  to  be  conquered.  The  Pasha  of 
Bagdad,  a.d.  1748  and  1749,  somewhat  re- 
tarded, but  did  not  permanently  arrest  their 
progress.  In  a.d.  17ti5  (1172  of  the  Hegira), 
the  father-in-law  died,  and  on  June  14,  17S7 
(A.  H.  1205),  the  revivalist  or  reformer.  Tlie 
former  wa.s  succeeded  by  his  son,  Abdul-Aziz. 
In  17'J7  the  Wahabees  pillaged  the  town  and 
tomb  of  Husein  ;  in  1S03  they  cajjtured 
Mecca,  and  in  1804  Medina,  where  tliey 
plundered  the  tomb  of  ]V[uhammad  himself. 
By  this  time  Abdul-Aziz  had  been  succeeded 
by  his  son  t^aud,  by  whose  orders  the  Khootba 
(jmblic  i»rayei)  was  no  longer  allowed  to  be 
otfered  in  the  name  of  the  Sultan.  With  the 
exception  of  the  territory  subject  to  the  Imam 
of  Muscat,  all  Arabia  now  submitted  to  the 
Waliabees.  They  also  captured  some  Arabic 
towns  on  the  coast  of  Persia,  and  Waha- 
bee  i>irates  infested  tlie  Persian  Gulf.  In 
1809  these  pirates  were  .severely  punislied  by 
the  British,  in  conjunction  with  the  Imam 
of  Muscat.  The  same  year  Meliemet  Ali, 
Pasha  of  Egypt,  prepared  to  attack  them. 
In  1.S12  he  took  Medina,  and  in  ISKl  !Mecca. 
In  1SU>  Ibrahim  Pasha,  the  son  of  Mehemet 
Ali,  assiuiied  the  eommand  of  the  Egyptian 
fn>op<,  jiiii],  .■iitfiiiti.'  Aiabia,  took  Der"aiyeh 


ill  IMS, and  captiuing  Abdullah,  .S4iii  and  suc- 
cessor of  Sand,  M'lit  him  to  Coiistiintin«n>lc, 
where  lie  was  beheaded.  In  1K27.  lH;i4,  l»:i8, 
and  is:i'.)  the  Wahabees  attempted  t«  excite  ivi- 
siM  rt-ctions,  and  re<|uired  continual  vigilance 
lioiu  Kgyjit.  In  1.S02  and  ly*J3  Palgrave  foimd 
Iheiu  inuiiercMis  in  Arabia.  Tlie  Wuhabee 
movement  is  not  now  conline<l  to  Arabia  ;  it 
has  spread  throughout  the  Muhamnmilan 
world,  and  thtnigh  quiescent  at  present,  still 
possesses  vigorous  life,  and  will  doubtless 
again  from  time  to  time  break  forth.  Many 
a(lherents  of  the  .sect  are  believed  to  exist  in 
India,  Patna  being  consldertid  one  of  their 
strongholds. 

Wa-ha'~bi-xsm,   Wa-ha-bee-i^m,   j. 

[En;;.  Wuhahi,*Wahahiv  ;  -isui.]  lln- rioctrines, 
I>iinciplcs,  and  practices  of  the  Wahabis. 

*  wah  len-ber'-gi-a  (or  was v),  .^.  (Named 

after  George  Wahlenb'erg,  M.D.,  author  of  the 
Flora  o/Jaijuib.] 

But. :  An  old  genua  of  Campanulacew,  re- 
diicefl  liy  Sir  .1.  Hooker  to  a  suh-gciius  of 
Caiujiaiiula.  Waltlnibergia  hedr.raccu  is  now 
r.n.ijxii'ul.i  halawru.  "The  flowers  of  »r. 
(irainiiiijiom  i\rc  used  by  tlie  mountaineers  of 
Southern  Euro])e  for  epilepsy,  and  IF.  linarioi- 
des  in  Chili  for  pains  in  the  bowels. 

'  waid,  i"'.  per.  or  a.     [Wkich.] 

waif,  weif,  ^-t.  &.  a.  [O.  Fr.  waif,  gai/=a. 
thing  lost  and  not  claimed,  from  led.  i;et/  = 
anytliing  flapping  about,  as  the  liu  of  a  seal  ; 
reiju  =  toshake.  to  vibrate.)     |Waki',  Waivk.] 

A.  As  substuittive : 

I,  Ordimiry  Laitguufje : 

1.  Anytliing  found  astray  oi'  lying  witliout 
an  owner;  anything  blown  by  the  wind  or 
drifted  in  by  the  ocean  ;  a  thing  in-eservijd  or 
coming  as  by  chance  ;  a  stray  or  odd  piece  or 
article. 

2.  A  wanderer  ;  a  poor,  neglected,  homeless 
wretch. 

II.  Law  : 

1.  Goods  of  which  the  owner  is  not  known. 

2.  Such  goods  as  a  thief,  when  piii-sued, 
tlnows  away  to  prevent  being  apprehemlcd. 
They  belong  to  the  crown,  unless  the  owtier 
takes  the  necessary  slejis  for  prosecuting  and 
convicting  the  thief. 

B.  As  culj,:  Vagabond,  worthless,  ignoble, 
mean.     (Scotch.) 

•f  Il'aj^  and  strays :  The  homeles.s  poor. 

■^  waift,  6-.  [Eng.  luoi/,  with  excrescent  t,  due 
to  the  pa.  par.  vaived.]    A  waif. 

"  Fur  that  a  waift,  the  wliicli  by  fortnne  came 
Upyu  yuur  seas,  lie  Llnini'd  as  ipropertie." 

Spenti-r:  /'.  <^..  IV.  xii.  31. 

wail(i).  'waile.  '  wayl,  ■  wayle,  *weil, 

*  Weyl.  >:t.  k  >.  [Icel.  <■<(■/,(,  nila.  (W(/  =  to 
wail  ;  orig.  =  to  cry  woe;  from  rii\  n-i  =  woe  ! 
(interj.) ;  cf.  Ital.  giiajolare,  guairt  =  to  wail, 
cry  woe;  from  gmti  =  woe  !;  Goth,  u-ut  = 
woe  ! :  cf.  also  Wav.ment.J 

A,  Trans.:  To  lament  over,  to  bewail,  to 
mourn. 

"  She  toaiis  tbe  abseuce  of  her  lord," 

Mason :  KlfrhUu 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  express  sorrow  audibly  ; 
to  lament,  to  mourn. 

"  Nor  tvait'd  his  father  o'er  th*  untinkcly  dentl." 
I'opt:  :  flomer  ;  Oitysipy  XXlV.  3<5. 

wail  (2),  v.t.     [Wale  (2),  v.] 

wail,  s.  [Wail,  v.]  Loud  lamentation  or 
weeping  ;  mourning  or  sorrow  audibly  cx- 
pressetl. 

"  Around  the  woodi" 
She  sighs  her  song,  whi.  h  with  hei  mul  rcaoinid." 
ThmuiUDi. 

wail'-er,  ■':.  (Eng.  xcaU(\\  v.  -cr.)  One  who 
wails  or  laments  violently. 

*  wail'-ful,  ■  waile-fall,  n.    fEng.  xmiU  s. ; 

•full.]     Sorrowful,  muuiutul,  sail. 

■'  You  must  lay  lime,  to  tangle  ber  demireB, 
By  wnilftU  wnuetw." 

tihakfgp.  :  Two  Uvittoinen.  Hi.  2. 

wail'-ing,  pr.  par.,  o.,  ic  s.    [Wail  (1),  v,\ 

A.  iV  B.  As  pr.  par.  d;  part  kip.  udj. :  (Sec 
the  verb). 

B,  As  suhtt.  :  The  act  of  expressing  grief, 
sorrow,  or  lamentation  audibly;  violent  or 
loud  lamentation. 

"  I  bade  my  liarii's  wild  wailing*  flow."' 

Siyyll .  Olviifinlnn 

wail'-ihg-ly, '"/f.     (Eng.  voiUiig:  -hi.]    In  a 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  cell,  choms.  9liin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    pn  =  £ 
-cian,  -tian^shan.    -tlon,  -sion^shun;    tion,  -sion  =  zhnn.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.      ble,    die,  -vc    ^  bel,  deL 


319 


4S2 


wailment  —wait 


wftiliii'^    iiiaiiti'T;    with   wailing  an-l   laimMi- 

tAllnll. 

'  wall-mSnt.  >-.  (Eng.  wail  (1),  v.  ;  -mei::.] 
W.iiiitiu'.  LinKMilation. 

■■  M  il.*v  of  f  lilmrnf  to  nil  that  nn  yet  miboni."— 
J/acK--t .  '/.</.■ '.'/  tyUlhimt.  U.  K4. 

*  wail' -ment,  v.i.  IWailmkst,  5.]  T<>  hi- 
iiiL'iit,  to  wail. 

"Tlitrefare  well  may  I  u-nUmtnt" 

T'/h*ey  :  l.m-rint.  11.  2. 

f  Perhaps  a  misprint  for  waimeat  (4. v.). 

*  wail-ster,  .1.  [Enn.  "'"<'  (l).  v.  ;  feiu.  sutr. 
-..f.r .  1  A  WMiiian  who  wails  or  laiiiuiits  ;  a  IV- 
iitai>'  iHi.>vi)iit^r. 

*  wai -ment.  r.i.    (Wavmest.] 

wain,  'waine,  'wayn,  .<■  [A.S.  vwrin, 
i-.c,  ^a  warn;  r.-n.  \\\X\\  Uiit.  ibmjcn  ■=  n. 
wji-.'ii  («i.v.);  O.  fiax.  imyaH ;  Icel.  rnj;ii; 
Dan.  v\vt :  Sw.  vugn  ;  O.  U.  Ger.  mtgan; 
Ger.  \va<jat.\ 

I.  Afniir-whceleil  vehicle  for  the  transporfci- 
liiHi  of  goods,  com,  hay,  &f.  ;  ;i  waggon. 

"Theix-  lP>in  tliestiuburut  liayflelU  lioim-wanl creeps 
The  loadnl  tcniit"  Cof/ier  :  Tusk,  1.  2J5. 

•2.  A  chariot. 

••  Tn;ml»Iiiig  lie  stood  l)efore  tlie  goldeii  wnin. 
I     And  buw'5  to  ilU3t  the  lioiioura  of  hi*  nmiie." 

I'opc:  UdHter  ;  /fi<ul  xix.  448. 

3.  A  coustellation  ;  CharU's"  Wain  ;  Ursa 
Major. 

'  wain-bote»  s.  An  allowance  of  timher 
for  wiiggons  and  carts. 

wain-house,  5.  A  house  or  shed  fur 
waggons  and  carts. 

wain-rope,  5.  A  rope  for  yoking  animal.s 
tn.  or  binding  a  load  to  a  wain  or  waggon  ;  a 
c'ut-rnpe. 

■•Oxen  ami  Hvi*H-rope< cannot  hale  them  together," 
—.•ili.tKes/j. :  Twirlfth  .Myhc,  in.  2. 

^wain.  "waine,  r.t.    [Waix,  s.] 

1.  To  fetch  or  convey  in  a  wain  or  waggon. 

"  If  any  you  see 
Good  servant  fordairie  house,  ivahteher  tome  " 
Tiissa- :  l/itsbaudrie.  ii.  107. 

2.  To  waft. 

"  So  swift  they  waim-d  her  through  the  light." 

3.  To  raise,  to  lift. 

wain'-a-ble,  n.  [Eng.  v.-ain,  v. ;  -able.]  Capa- 
ble of  iK-ing  tilled  ;  as,  ivainabk  land. 

'wain -age.  s.  [Eng.  wain,  .s. ;  -age.]  The 
lindiii;^  of  c;irriages  or  vehicles  for  carrying 
goods.    (Cf.  Gaisage,  2.] 

*  walne,  s.  &  v.    [Wain,  s.  &  v.] 

*  wain -man,  ^^.  [Eng.  iraiH,  s.,  and  wfo!.]  A 

Witggi.'iu-r. 

■nrain'-SCOt,  s.  tl*ut.  vmffen-sclmt  =  wainscot; 
Low  Ger.  'nvupnsrhnt  =  \he  best  kind  of  oak 
timber,  well-grained,  and  without  knots.  The 
Dutch  word  is  from  vofipu  -=  a  waggon,  a  car- 
riage, a  coacli,  and  i>diQt  =  a  partition,  a 
wainspot.l 

■  1.  A  tine  kind  of  foreign  oak  timber,  not 
liable  to  warp  or  cast,  and  working  freely 
undtT  the  tool. 

'■  A  wedge  of  tcainfcr^t  is  fittest  and  most  proper  for 
cle.iviu^  of  ail  onkeu  t.tee."—l'rquhnrt :  Tracts,  p.  158. 

2.  A  wooden  lining  or  casing  of  the  walls 
of  apartnient.s,  usually  made  in  panels,  and 
so  calle'l  because  the  panelling  was  originally 
made  of  the  oak  timber  known  as  wainscot. 

"The  mouse 
Eeluiiil  the  mouldering  waimcof  shriek'd,' 

Teiiitt/soti :  JUaria»a. 

wainscot -moth,  s. 

Entowologn : 

1.  Leucanifi  pallens,  a  very  common  British 
niKht-moth,  having  tlie  fore  wings  pale  ochre- 
yellow,  with  the  veins  paler,  and  three  faint 
dark  dots ;  hind  wings  whitish  or  very  jiale 
gray.  Expansion  of  wings  an  inch  and  a 
quarter.  The  cattrpillar  feeds  in  spring  on 
A'amats  grasses.  The  Wainscot  moths  fre- 
•  pieiit  marshy  localitifs,  and  as  a  rule  measure 
alviut  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings. 

2.  (/'/.):  The  family  Leucauida- (q.v.). 

Wain'-SCOt,  r.(.    [Wainscot,  .«.] 
1.  To  line  with  wainscotting. 
"  Miialck  aouudeth  better  in  chiimbers  wainscotted, 
than  hanged."— firtt'oM. 

*  2.  To  line  with  different  materials. 


Waln'-SCOt-ting.  ■■■•.  (Eng.  vuiitscnt ;  -iiig.] 
Waiiisri'l.  "I-  tlie  material  used  for  it. 

"  t)f  liUI  ttiriii  liiddnd  thewnffiiro/roif^of  bitistudy." 
^Hurnvt      /.><•  of  Jlntc. 

wain'-WTlght  (;//<  silent),  .s.  [Kng.  uHtm,s., 
and  H-ri<jlit.\     A  waggon-wright. 

wair,  r.t,  [leef.  vn-ja  —  to  invest,  to  lay  out, 
to  elnthe,  to  wiap,  to  wear.]  To  lay  out ;  to 
expend  ;  to  waste,  to  stiuandcr.     Qycotch.) 

"walr,    .s.      [Etyni.   doubtful.]     A  piece   of 

timber  two  yards  long,   and  a  foot  broad. 

{liaihif.) 
waise,  weise.   wey^e,   v.t.     [icel.    i-Un ; 

Ger.  weiseii  =  to  show,  to  teach.]    To  lead,  to 

direct.     (S<:otdi.) 

waist,  *  wast,  'waste,  .';.  [From  A.s. 
"  (n»*/,  '  icirst.  first  III  ^fuiu\,  shape,  hjinie, 
from  wm.n:n  =  ti'  grow,  to  wax  (q.v.);  Icel. 
rc'r(r  =  statiuT,  .shape,  from  W(j«(  =  to  grow  ; 
Uan.  vaxt;  Sw.  r((-£(  =  growth,  size.] 
*1.  Shape,  figure,  form. 

2.  That  part  of  the  human  body  which  i.s 
immediiitely  below  the  ribs  or  thorax ;  the 
small  part  of  tlie  body  between  the  tlioiax 
and  hips. 

"  A  Koiie  of  sweet  bells 
Round  the  maist  of  some  f.iii'  Indian  diun-er. 

Jttoore  :  Liyht  of  the  Harem. 

3.  The  middle  part  of  various  objects ; 
specitiually,  in  a  ship,  the  midship  part  be- 


.SHIP,    SHOWING   WAIST. 

tween  the  forecastle  and  quarter-deck,  or  the 
main  and  fore  hatchways,  or  the  half-deck 
and  galley. 

"  The  waist  of  a  ship  ot  this  kind  is  an  hollow  apace 
of  about  five  feet  in  depth,  contained  between  the 
elevations  of  the  quarter-deck  and  the  forecAstle,  and 
having  the  upper  deck  for  its  liase,  or  phitforiu."— 
Fnlconer  :  Shipwreck,  ii.    (Note  37.) 

*  4,  Something  bound,  or  fastened  round 
the  waist ;  a  girdle. 

"  1  might  have  civen  thee  for  thy  pains 
Ten  silver  shekels  and  a  golden  waist." 

G.  Peelc :  David  &  liethsabe. 

*  5.  The  middle. 

"  This  WI13  about  the  waste  of  dny." 

/,o(T.s  ,/  Ilvro  i-  Lcamlcr,  p.  114. 

waist-belt,  '  waste-belt,  .';.     A  belt 
Worn  round  the  waist. 
"  III  write  a  plaj',  says  one,  for  I  ha'.e  got 
A  broad-brim'd  hat,  and  waste-belt  towards  .iplot." 
Drt/den:  1  Coiigifesf  of  dranada.    (Prol.) 

waist-block.  .■>.  a  bulwark  sheave  in 
the  waist  of  a  vessel. 

waist-deep.  n.  or  mlr.  So  deep  as  to 
reach  ujt  tu  the  waist. 

"  The  eager  Knight  leap'd  in  the  sef* 
Wuif-t-iii-eii.  and  first  on  shore  was  he." 

Scott  :  Lord  of  the  IsU-S.'.v.  14. 

waist-tree,  ^i. 

Xaut.:  A  rough-tree  or  spar  placed  along 
the  waist  in  place  of  bulwarks. 

Waist'-b^d,  s.     [Eng.  tmist,  and  Jmiuf.] 

1.  The  band  or  upper  part  of  breei-hes, 
trousers,  or  pantaloons,  which  enconipas.^es 
the  waist. 

2.  A  sash-band  worn  by  la<lies  round  tli<- 
waist ;  a  waist-belt, 

waist'-cloth,  .'!.    [Eng.  vaist,  and  cloth.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  cloth  or  wrapper  worn 
about  the  waist ;  specifically,  a  cotton  wi  a^iper 
so  worn  by  natives  of  India. 

2.  Naut.  :  A  covering  of  canvas  or  tarpaul- 
ing  for  the  hammocks,  stowed  in  the  gang- 
ways, between  tlie  quarter-deck  and  the  fore- 
castle. 

waist-coat, '  waste-coat, '  wast-coate, 

.s'.     lEng.  viii^^t,  and  a-at.] 

1,  A  short  coat  or  -arment  without  sleeves, 


worn  under  the  vest,.T:m'ering  the  wai-^*,  and 
extending  only  to  tlie  hips  ;  a  vest. 

"  Twas  (I  «ad  fiight  before  they  mareh'd  from  liouio 
To  aee  our  warriuiM  in  re*l  wnsleroarK.' 

Ifryaen  :  MarriiKje  li  hi-. Mode.    {I  rol.) 

*  2.  A  similar  garment,  formerly  worn  by 
women.  When  worn  without  a  gown,  or 
U|iper  dress,  the  waistcoat  was  considered 
the  mark  of  a  mad  or  proHigate  woman. 

'  waist  -c6at-eer,  .v.  [Eng.  wai&tcont ;  -eer.] 
A  woman  u  III!  wears  a  waistcoat ;  specifically, 
a  low,  profligate  woman  ;  a  strumiiet. 

"  I  knew  you  a  tcaisfcoafeer  in  the  garden  alleys."— 
A/auiriffcr:  City  Aiadum,  Hi.  1. 

waist' -er,  s.    [Eng.  waist ;  -er.] 

Sitiit.:  An  inexperienced  or  broken-down 
.seaman,  such  as  used  to  be  placed  in  the  waist 
of  a  man-of-war  to  do  duty  not  ref|u:riuy; 
much  exertion  or  a  knowledge  of  seamanship  ;. 
a  green  hand. 

wait,  *  waite,  r.i.  &  t.  [O.  Fr.  vaitfr,  imitier, 
ilditiT,  f/o(7i'tr  (Fr.  (n'p''f)  =  to  watch,  to  mark, 
to  heed,  to  note,  to  lie  in  wait  for,  from  O.  H.  Ger, 
wahta :  M.  H..Ger.ivahte;  Ger. T.'ac/i(e=a guard, 
a  watch;  vjachtej' —  a,  watchman;  Icel.  vahta 
=  to  watch,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  wahJien  ;  Ger.. 
vmcheii  =  to  be  brisk,  to  be  awake ;  cogn. 
with  A.S.  uucian,  wacaii  ■=  to  watch,  to  wake.] 
A-  Intransitive : 

1.  To  stay  or  rest  in  expectation  or  patience  ; 
to  stop  or  remain  stationary,  or  in  a  state  of 
quiescence,  expectation,  or  inaction,  as  till 
^lie  arrival  of  some  person  or  thing,  or  till  tin-. 
proper  moment  or  favourable  opportunity  for 
action,  or  till  freedom  for  action  has  been 
given. 

"All  things  come  round  to  him  who  will  but  wiit." 
Lotinfello'W :  btiident's  Tate. 

2.  To  be  ready  to  serve;  to  serve  ;  to  re- 
main in  readiness  to  execute  the  oiders  of  a 
person  ;  to  perform  the  duties  of  a  servant  or 
attendant. 

*  3.  To  be  In  attendance ;  to  follow  or  ac- 
company a  person. 

Vt'ait  cloae.  I  will  not  see  him," 

Shahesf)  :  2  Henry  VI.,  i.  2. 

4.  To  wait  at  table.     [%  2.] 
B.  Tnnisitive : 

1.  To  stay  or  wait  for ;  to  rest  or  remain  il^ 
expectition  of  the  arrival  of, 

"  Wait  the  season  and  obaerve  the  times." 

Shakesy.  .■  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  v  2. 

2.  To  defer,  to  put  off.  to  postpone.  (Said 
colloquially  of  a  meal :  as,  To  wait  dinner  for 
a  person.) 

*3.  To  attend  ;  to  accompany  or  follow. 

"  She  ra.a(le  a  mannerly  excuse  to  stay. 
Proffering  the  Hind  to  imit  her  half  the  way." 
nriiden  :  Uiml  &  I'nuther,  i.  h^T. 

*1.  To  attend  as  a  con.sequence  of ;  to  fol- 
low, to  await,  to  accomjiany. 

"  Such  doom 
Waits  luxury."  Philips,     {roihl.} 

^  *  1.  To  U'uit  attendance :  To  be  or  wait  iit 
attendance,    (i^hake^p. :  Tivion,  i.  1.) 

2.  To  wait  at  table :  To  attend  on  persons  at 
table  and  supply  their  wants. 

"  A  parcel  of  soldiers  robbed  a  fnnnerof  his  poultry, 
and  then  made  him  teait  at  table."— Swift. 

3.  To  wait  on  (or  vpon)  : 

(1)  To  attend  on  or  upon  as  a  servant ;  to 
perform  menial  services  for;  to  pay  servile 
attendance  to. 

"  I  must  v<ait  on  myself,  must  I  ?  "Shakcsp.  r 
Merry  Wives,  i.  1. 

(2)  To  attend  ;  to  go  to  see ;  to  visit  on 
business  or  for  ceremony. 

"After  some  inferior  agenta  hsd  expostulated  with 
her  in  vain.  Shrewsbury  waited  on  her.'—J/acauluw: 
Hist.  Enff..  ch.  XV. 

(3)  To  attend,  accompany  or  follow  as  a 
result  or  consequence;  to  be  attacheil  or 
united  to;  t«beassociatedwith;  to  accompany. 

"  Respect  and  reason  totiit  on  wrinkled  age.' 

Sliaiesp-  :  Kapeof  Lucrece,  273. 

(4)  To  attend. 

*'  Heralds,  viiit  07t  us  !  "    fihakcsp. :  I  Henry  VL,  i.  I. 

*  (5)  To  look  watchfully. 

"  It  is  a  point  of  ciuining  to  wait  upon   him  with 
whom  you  ajwak.  with  your  eye.  as  the  Jesuits  give  it 
in  precept,' "—flttcon. 
*(6)  To  attend  to  ;  to  perform. 

"  Aaron  and  hwsons  .  ,  .  shall  wait  on  their  priest's 
office," — A'lon&cj-s  iii.  10. 

*  (7)  To  be  ready  to  serve  ;  to  obey. 

*'  Ifea.  let  none  that  wiirt  on  thee  be  .tshametl."— 
PsaJm  XXV.  3, 

(5)  To  be  directed  towards ;  to  look  tx>- 
wards, 

"  The  eyes  of  all  wait  upon  Thee."— Psalm  cxlv.  15 


f^te,  f3.t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine ;   go,  pot^ 
or,  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son ;  mute,  ciib,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  oe  -  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


wait— Wakemanites 


.483 


wait.   •  waite,    ■  wayghte,    '  wayte,   5. 

[it.  Kr.    inntf,  v<>infr.\     [W.Mi.  c.) 
■  1.  \  walclmuin.  a  spy. 

"  III'  sett  liis  ipiiitcs  bi  tlie  atrete." 

Curtor  Jlitndi.  Il.SII. 

*  2.  One  of  a  body  of  nihistrt'ls  or  imisicnl 
watulimt'iiattnclit'd  tot  lie  liousehnUlsof  kinj^s 
and  othiT  grciit  pei-^nns,  wlio  paratled  an  as- 
signed district  simnding  tlie  lumis  at  iitghr. 
Until  vt-ry  recently  the  Waits  of  the  City  of 
■\Vestniinstei'  were  regnlarly  sworn  before  the 
"Courtof  Burgesses."  Many  cities .ind  towns, 
both  English  and  foreign,  encouraged  and 
licensed  their  wait^,  Exeter  among  other  places 
having  a  reguhu-  company  as  early  as  the  year 
1401).  As  a  plural,  the  word  was  soinetiinos 
iisfd  to  descrilx;  those  who  acted  as  the  town 
imisi.-ians,  liut  wlin  did  not  do  duty  as  watcli- 
nicn,  and  any  rnnipany  of  performers  whi*n 
enipluyi'd  ;is"  serenaders.  The  instruments 
used  were  a  speeies  of  hautboys,  called  also 
shawms,  and  from  their  use  "  waits." 

"  The  iruits  often  help  him  through  hia  courtship  ; 
iitiJ  111V  fi-ieml  Uaiiistei-  hiis  tulil  iiie  lie  w;i3  prufl'eivd 
In -■  hiiiiiht'il  i>oiiii(li)  by  'I  young  fellow,  U'  phiy  but 
,.ji,>  iiuitir  uiuIiT  the  window  of  ii  latly,  thiit  wiis  ii 
k-i.Mt  fill  1 11  IK',  but  mure  cruel  thiiuonlinaiy."— 7Vi((cj'. 

3.  One  of  a  band  of  persons  who  promenade 
tlie  streets  during  the  night  and  early  morning 
abnut  Cluistinas  or  New  Year,  performing 
music  appropriate  to  the  season. 

4.  The  act  of  waiting  for  some  person  or 
thing  ;  as,  he  had  a  long  ivait. 

1  (1)  To  lie  hi  vait :  [Lie  (2),  v.,  %  i:.]. 
(■J)  To  hni  in, it :  [Lw,  v.,  ^  32). 

wait'-er,  '  wayt-er,;'.    [Eng.  iralt,  v. ;  -cr.] 

1.  One  who  waits  ;  one  wlio  remains  in  the 
expectation  nf  the  hai>pening  of  sotne  event, 
or  the  arrival  of  some  pei-sons,  opportmiity, 
time,  or  the  liUe. 

2.  A  male  attendant  on  the  guests  in  a 
botel,  inn,  or  other  place  of  public  entert^iin- 
ment. 

"  Entering  the  tJivern  where  we  met  every  evening. 
I  found  the  tr,iiters  remitted  their  countlRis.-tuce."— 
/:au,bler.  No.  23. 

3.  A  vessel  or  tray  on  which  plates,  dishes, 
&e.,  are  carried  ;  a  salver,  a  sewer. 

4.  The  person  in  cliarge  of  the  gate  of  a  city. 

(Sivtch.) 

wait'-ing,  *wayt-ing,  2*>'-  I'f""-.  "-  ^  s. 

[Wait,  v.\ 

A.  As  pr.  jntr. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  Asculj.:  Serving,  attending;  in  attend- 
ance. 

C.  Assuhst, :  The  act  or  state  of  staying  in 
expectation  ;  attendance. 

•f  I)i.v'nitii)(i :  In  attendance!  as.  Lords  i}i 
V'difiti'j,  iittiLcrs  of  tlif  nival  luMisrhnM, 

waiting-maid,  waiting- woman,  s. 

A  female  servant  wlju  waits  un  a  lady  ;  a  ni.iid. 
■■  A  aaiting.tpomnii  was  generally  cousidei'eil  as  the 
nioet  suitable  helpmate  for  a  i>arsou.' — Mdvintlay  : 
Hitt.  Knri.,  eh.  iii. 

*  waiting -vassal,  s.    An  attendant. 

*■  Whfii  vi.ur  i':uter>.  r.r  \a\iv  waiting-vassnJs 
H,tvi'd..iie.i.iinuk,n  slaughter." 

Shakesp.  :  liiduird  JIl.,  il.  1. 

•  wait'-ing-lSr, 'f'r.  {¥.\\%.  waiting  ;  -hj.]  By 
waiting. 

wait-ress.  '  wait'-er-ess,  .■:.  [En^.  v-a  iter  : 
-c.ss-.l  A  female  attendant  in  a  hotel,  inn,  or 
otlier  place  of  jmblic  entertainment. 


waits,  s.  />^     [Wait,  s.] 

'  waive, .''.    [Waif.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  waif;  a  poor,  homeless 
wretch  ;  a  castaway. 

2.  Law:  A  woman  put  outof  the  protection 
of  the  law. 

waive,  *  weive,    ^'weyve,   ^  wave,  v.t. 

[<").  Fr.  vaivcr,  gnesvei'  —  to  waive,  refuse, 
abandon,  to  give  over,  to  resign;  from  Icel. 
vei/a  =  to  vibrate,  to  swing  about,  to  move 
to  and  fro  loosely  ;  Xorw.  reiva  =  to  swing 
about ;  O.  H.  Ger.  jrcibun  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  iwibcii, 
vniben  =  to  Huctiiate,  to  .'iwing  about ;  O.  Fr. 
vnif,  wayrc,  gai/=  a  waif;  Low  Lat.  vavio 
=  to  waive  ;  wayrium  =  a  waif.] 

I.  Ordinarii  Language  : 

'  I.  To  remove;  to  push  aside. 

'2.  To  .shun,  to  forsake,  to  abandon,  to 
diSL-rt.    (t.'oivcr:  C.  A.,  ii.) 


3.  To  abamhm  or  relinquish  for  a  time  ;  to 
defer  for  the  present  ;  to  forego ;  not  to  in- 
sist on. 

"  But  let  ua  waiof  the  queBtt'iQ  cX  Faymeut."— 
t^tp^-x  :  ttitlor//  0/  /'hiloso/jfti/,  l.  lU. 

■  4,  Ti>  move,  to  turn  aside. 

"  Tlnni  by  whom  he  wjls  decetve<I 
Uf  love,  and  fr<.im  his  puri>uae  weivir:!' 

Uoiovr:  C.  J.,  ii. 

IL  Law: 

1.  T'>  tlirow  away,  as  a  thief,  stolen  goods 
in  his  Hight. 

"  Wtiifs.  bona  itfaviofa.  are  gooda  stolen  and  waifetl, 
or  thrown  away  hy  the  tliief  in  his  tliglit,  i«T  fear  of 
iK'ing  aiipreheudea."— 0/ticA;«fone'  Cojitment.,  bk.  I., 
cli.  8. 

2.  To  put  ont  of  the  protection  of  the  law, 
as  a  woman. 

waiv'-er,  .^.     [Eng.  iran<^),  v.;  -er.] 

1.  Comm.  :  The  discharge  by  the  holder  of 
a  bill,  or  note,  of  any  one  or  more  of  the 
parties  to  it.  [CoNsiDEnATioN.]  It  may  be 
given  by  word  of  mouth  in  the  presence  of 
witnesses,  or  in  writing. 

2.  Law: 

(1)  The  act  of  waiving;  the  pas.sing  by  or 
declining  to  accept  a  thing.  (Applied  to  an 
estate,  or  to  auytliiiig  conveyed  to  a  man,  also 
t'>  a  plea,  A:c.) 

(2)  The  legal  process  by  which  a  woman  is 
voire't,  or  put  out  of  the  protection  of  the  law. 


wai  -wode,  vai'-vode. 


[Waywode.] 


wake,  'wak-i-en  (jm.  t.  *  wook,  imke, 
*  ivakal),  v.i.  &  t.  [A..S.  wacan  —  to  arise, 
to  come  to  life,  to  be  born  (pa.  t.  woe,  pa.  par. 
uuceii);  wuciau  =  to  wake,  to  watch  (pa.  t. 
vurode,  7vacede);  cogn.  with  Goth.  waka)i{\ta. 
t.  wok,  pa.  par.  ivakans)  =  to  wake,  to  watch  : 
wakj(m  =  io  wake  from  sleep;  Dut.  waken; 
Icel.  vaka ;  Dan.  vaage ;  Sw.  vaka;  Ger. 
wuchen.] 

A,  Intransilive : 

*  1.  To  watch,  to  keep  watch. 

"  Hir  frendea  fulle  faate  waited  .iboute  and  ivokp." 
/iobeft  (fe  Brunne,  p.  ISJ. 

*  3.  To  be  vigilant  or  watcliful. 

3.  To  be  awake  ;  to  continue  awake  ;  not  to 
sleep. 

"  Troilua  ill  night  for  aorow  woke." 

Chaucer :  TroUns  it-  CresxiUa,  bk.  v. 

4.  To  be  excited  or  roused  from  sleep  ;  to 
cease  to  sleep  ;  to  awake  ;  to  be  awakened. 

"  I  only  waked  to  aob  and  8crer.m." 

Scott  :  Ltuiy  of  the  Lake.  iv.  22. 

"  5.  To  be  in  a  state  of  activity  ;  not  to  be 
quiescent. 

"  To  keep  thy  sharp  woes  waking." 

ahiikfap. :  tiupe  ofLncrece,  I.IM. 

'  6.  To  be  alive  ;  to  be  qnick  ;  to  live. 

"  Tbe  last  assizes  keep. 
For  those  who  wiike  and  those  who  sleep." 

Dryden:  Mrs.  A.  Killi-jrew,  x. 

*  7.  To  be  put  in  action  or  motion  ;  to  be 
excited  from  a  dormant  or  inactive  state. 

"  To  fan  the  earth  now  wak'd."    Atilton :  P.  £.,  x.  94. 

*8.  To  sit  up  for  amusement;  to  hold  a 
nightly  revel. 

"  The  king  doth  wfltcto-uight  and  takes  his  rouse." 
Shakesp. :  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

B,  T ravjiltive : 

1.  To  rouse  from  sleep'  to  awake. 

"  Waked  with  note  of  fire." 

Scott:  Lord  of  the  Tslex,  iv,  20. 

2.  To  arouse,  to  excite  ;  to  put  in  motion 
or  action. 

"  To  wtike  the  note  of  mirth." 

Svott:  Lay  of  the  Last  Jlinstrel,  vl,  29. 

3.  To  disturb. 

"  No  murmur  waked  the  solemn  still." 

Scotl :  Ladi/  of  the  Lake,  iii.  25. 

4.  To  bring  to  life  again,  as  from  the  sleep 
of  death  ;  to  revive,  to  reanimate. 

"Swells  the  high  trump  that  wnkt-it  the  dead." 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  vi.  31. 

5.  To  watch  prior  to  burial,  as  a  dead  body; 
to  hold  a  wake  for. 

wake  (1),  s.  [A.S.  wacu,  in  comp.  niht-wacu 
=  a  niglit-wake.] 

"  I,  The  act  of  waking  or  of  being  awake  ; 
the  state  of  not  sleeping  or  of  being  awake. 

"  Milking  such  difference  'twixt  wake  and  sleep." 
HhakfBp.  :  I  tlenru  IW,  iii.  1. 

*2.  The  state  of  forbearing  sleep,  espe- 
cially for  a  solemn  or  religious  or  festive 
purpose  ;  a  vigil ;  specif.,  the  feast  of  the 
dedication  of  a  parish  church,  kejit  by  watch- 
ing nil  night.  Each  church  on  its  consecra- 
tion was  dedicated  to  some  particular  saint, 
and  when  the  anniversary  of  the  day  of  con- 


secration came  miui'I.  Iln-  parish  wake  wa-s 
held  ;  and  in  many  pjiri^hes  a  second  wake 
was  held  on  the  birthday  nf  the  saint.  Tents 
were  ei"ected  in  the  churchyard  to  supply 
refreshments  tn  the  eruwd  ou  the  morrow, 
which  was  kept  as  a  public  holiday.  The 
original  motive  of  devotion  and  reverence 
was  soon  lost  at  these  meetings,  which  de- 
generated into  mere  fairs  or  markets,  cha- 
racterized by  merry-making,  and  nften  dis- 
graced by  riot  and  dissipation  ;  hence  the 
term  cjune  to  mean  merry-making  generally  ; 
a  festive  gathering. 

"  Some  pretty  fellow. 

With  a  clean  strength  thiit  inivkaa  cudKell  well. 

And  diuicea  at  a  wake,  ami  ttlayit  at  nliie-hotes," 

limium.  A  Flet. :  Captain,  i.  2. 

3.  The  watching  of  a  dead  body  prior  to 
burial  by  the  friends  and  neighbours  of  the 
dtceiised.  Such  a  custom  was  formerly  pre- 
\ah'iit  in  Scotland,  and  is  'still  (MimuKUi  in 
li-eland.  It  probably  originated  in  a  super- 
stitious notion  with  respect  to  the  danger  of 
a  dead  body  being  carried  ofl'  by  some  of  the 
agents  of  tlie  invisible  world,  or  exposed  to 
tlie  ravages  of  brute  animals.  Though  pro- 
fessedly held  for  the  indulgence  of  reverential 
.sorrow,  wakes  are  too  often  converted  into 
drunken  and  riotmis  orgies. 

"The  first  time  I  knew  him  w.ia  at  my  mother'a 
wnke.'^—Criikfr     t'niry  LegeniU  of  Ireland,  ji.  du. 

wake-at-noon,  .■^. 

Hot.  :  Ornifhogidnin  nmhellalum.  (nrittcn£ 
Ilolhnid.) 

wake-robin,  &'■ 

Ikif.:  Anna  inanifafum.     [AlU'M.] 

^  wake-time,  s.  The  time  during  wliich 
one  is  awake.    {E.  B.  Browning.) 

wake  (2),  s.  [Icel.  r'yfc(genit.  sing,  and  noui. 
pi.  viili-itr)  =  :i  hole,  an  opening  in  ice;  Sw. 
r(ik  =  nil  opening  in  ice;  Norw.  vok :  Dan. 
vaage;  Dut.  wak ;  original  meaning  a  moist 
or  wet  Iplace  ;  Icel.  rokr  =.  moist ;  vijkva  = 
(v.)  to  moisten,  (s.)  moisture ;  Fr.  ouaicJie, 
oiiage,  houache  =.  the  wake  of  a  ship.) 

1.  A  row  of  green  damp  grass.    (I^rov.) 

2.  The  track  left  by  a  ship  in  the  water, 
formed  by  the  meeting  of  the  water,  which 
rushes  from  each  side  to  fill  the  space  made 
by  the  ship  in  passing  through  it.  This  track 
can  be  seen  to  a  considerable  distance  bcliind 
the  ship's  stern,  being  smoother  than  the 
rest  of  the  sea. 

"In  a  atnrm  they  will  hover  close  under  the  shipa 
ctern.  In  tlie  wake  of  the  ahl|»  (as 'tis  cHlled)  or  tin; 
amoothnesH  which  the  ahip's  piLsaiug  has  uinde  on  the 
wea.." ~ Dumpier  :  Voyaget  \\\ii.  169»J. 

3.  A  track  generally ;  a  line  following  some- 
thing else. 

"  A  tori>edo  could  be  sent  so  closely  in  the  wake  of 
another  as  to  take  instAnt  advantage  of  the  opening 
ni.'ule  in  the  netting."— Z>«i7y  Tcleaiaph.  Sept.  25, 
1886. 

wake'fal,  "wake- fall,  a.  [Eng.  vm)ce 
(1).  s,  ;  ->//.] 

1.  Watchful,  vigilant. 

"  Intermit  no  watch 
Agaiiiat  a  wakeful  foe."  Milton :  P.  L..  ii.  463. 

2.  Keeping  awake,  not  sleeping ;  not  dis- 
posed to  sleep. 

"All  night  long  I  lie 
Tossing  and  wakifnl." 

Matthew  Arnold :  Sohrab  rf  Huitum. 

*  3.  Rousing  from,  or  as  from  sleep. 

"The  Kjatc/ff^rump  of  doom  must  thunder  through 
the  deep."  Milton  :  Ode  ct«  the  yaticiti/. 


wake -fully,  adv. 

a  wakeful  manner ; 
fulness. 


MUton :  Ode  » 

[Kng.  wakeful;  -hj.]    In 
witli  watching  or  watch- 


"To  have  care  of  the  watch,  which  he  knew  his  own 
fenr  would  make  hiin  very  wakefutty  perform.'  — 
Sidney:  Arcadia,  bk.  in. 

Wake'-ftil-ness,  .«.  [Eng.  wakeful;  -uesa.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  wakeful ;  watcli- 
fiihie.ss.     [In.somnia.1 

'  wake'-man,  ^.  [Eng.  jm/.-e,  and  maji.]  The 
cliief  magis"trat«  of  the  town  of  Ripon,  York- 
shire.   (Crabb.) 

Wake -man-ite^.  s,  pi.    [Seedef.] 

Church  Hist.  ;  A  small  party  of  fanuticsi 
existing  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  U.8.A  , 
in  1855,  who  regarded  an  old  and  apiiaientiy 
insane  woman,  named  Rhoda  Wakeman,  as  a 
divinely-commissioned  prophetess,  who  had 
been  raised  from  the  dead.  At  her  bidding, 
.some  of  her  fidlowers  murdered  a  small  farmer, 
Justus  Matthews,  who,  she  said,  was  pos- 
sessed by  an  evil  sph'it     The   unfortunate 


^6il,  boy ;  poiit,  jo^l ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorns.  9hin,  ben^h ;  go,  gem ;  ttiin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenoplion,  exist,    -ing, 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tlous,  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -dlo,  &.c.  =  bel,  del. 


481 


waken— walk 


iiwn  wiUiiiglv  submitted  to  the  sciittJiice  pro- 
nounce^l  bvthe  pseiuio-inoplii'tfws,  but  the 
exUncUon  of  the  sect  foHuweU  as  a  matter  ■>! 

walC-en.  'wakenon.  •wakno,  'wak- 
non,  I'.r.  A:  t.  [A.a.  u'tvoutn-lo  arise,  to 
u-  arwus.a  :  ;iUk-a  to  i.-.u(ih  =  to  wake  (q.v.) ; 
Icfl.  mknti  =  to  become  awake;  Sw.  ntkim  ; 
Dau.  vaagne  ;  Goth,  guivnknan.] 

A*  hitratisitiiv  : 

1.  To  wake ;  to  cease  fVom  sleeping  ;  to  bo 
awake  neil. 

'•  H«  bigau  to  tpokru:'  n^weloK  2.1C<- 

'  2.  To  lie  or  keep  awake  ;  not  to  sleep  ;  to 
wotch. 

■  Look  with  the  eyes  o(  heivveii  that  nightly  waken 
Ti>  view  the  woiulera  of  the  gliirlous  Miiki-i'. 

Benum.  *  Flcl. :  J/'<»/  loVi-r.  v. 
B-  TninsitiLV : 

1.  To  excite  or  arouse  from  sleep;  toawakeii. 

■■  A  liiMi  urakeiml  uu*  o*  sl?*p.' — /«A<iri«A  iv.  l. 

2.  Tt>  excit*^  or  stir  up  to  action  or  moti"n  ; 
'.o  rouse. 

■  It  w«B  in-c«*wary  thiit  .  .  .  the  drowslueMOf  heM- 
Uttou taliould bcj witkftted into reaolve."  —idler,  >o.  4X 

3.  To  excite,  to  produce  ;  to  call  fortli. 

"Thvy.  .  .  uraJteH  mptures  lilgh." 

MUi^n:  P.  /,..  iii.  3C&. 

'wak'-en,  a.  [Waken,  v.]  Awake;  not 
>lti-i'ing  ;  watchful. 

But  tlmt  grief  keep*  me  waken,  I  should  sleep. ' 
Marlowe.    {Annandalv.) 

Wak-en-er,  s.  [Eng.  waken,  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  wakens,  or  arouses  from 
sleep. 

-wak-en-ing,  pr.  par.,  n.,  &  5.    [Waken,  c] 

A.  vS:  B.  As  pr.  par.  ds  particip.  adj. :  (See 

the  verb). 

C.  As  sitbst. :  The  act  of  one  who  wakens  ; 
ail  awakening. 

•i  IViikemiig  of  a  process : 

!^cots  Law:  The  reviving;  of  a  process,  in 
which,  after  calling:  a  summons,  no  judicial 
proceeding  takes  place  for  a  year  and  a  day, 
tiie  process  being  thus  said  to  fall  asleep. 

wak'-er,  vS.    [Eng.  ivak(e),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  watches;  one  who  is  wakeful 
or  watchful. 

'■  The  water  goBe.  the  cuckowe  ever  mikiiid." 

Chaucer:  Atieuiblie  of  Foulei. 

2.  One  who  wakes  or  rouses  from  sleep  ;  an 
awake  ner. 

3.  One  who  attends  at  or  takes  part  in  a 
wake. 

•wake- rife,  wauk-rife.  a.    [Eng.  wake 

U),  s.  ;  -rip:.]     Wakeful. 


wak  ing, 'wak-yng.  "  wak-ynge,  ;'r. 

I'dr.,  c.,  &  s.     [Wake,  v.\ 

A.  vis  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  (uljectioe  : 

1.  Being  awake;  not  asleep;  not  sleeping. 

"When  woes  the  waking  sense  filoiie  assail." 

Pope:  Homer;  Odnttey  xx.  99. 

2.  Rousing  from  sleep;  exciting  to  action 
or  motion. 

3.  Awakening  ;  becoming  awake. 

4.  Coming  at  the  time  of  awakenini^. 

■■  Fair  pladwom 
ThoiHioi 

C.  As  substantive : 

•  1.  The  act  or  state  of  watching ;  a  watch. 

'■  In  the  fourthe  wakj/ngof  the  iiyglit  he  cRin  to  hem 
walkynge  above  the  see.'  —  iVyvtiffe ;  ifatthcw  xiv. 

•  2.  The  state  or  period  of  being  awake. 
"  The  time  it  wimteth  uicht  and  d.'»y. 

Aud  steleth  from  us,  what  prively  aleping. 
And  what  thurgh  uegltgeiice  in  our  teakiug." 

Chauecr:  C.  T.,  4,4«. 

3.  Tlie  act  of  holding  a  wake  or  of  watching 
the  dead. 

waking-hours,  s.  pi.    The  hours  during 
wliicli  one  is  awake. 

wal'-a-ite,  «.    [Valaitk.] 

'  wa-la-wa,  •nUrj.    [Mid.  Eng.  wo,  h,  vr>'.] 
Ala.s,  webway  (q.v.). 

Wai-cher-en  (ch  guttural),  s.    [See  def.] 
Ccog. :  The  most  westerly  island  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Scheldt. 

•  Walcheren-fever,  s. 

T'athoL  :  Remittent  fevei-  which  caused  the 


death  of  alxmt  7,000  British  troops  wlien  an 
army  encamped  in  the  marshes  of  Waleheren 
in  i.soy. 

walCh'-i-a.  s.  [Xamwl  after  J.  E.  E.  Walch 
(172J-177S),  a  German, theologian  aud  natu- 
ralist.] 

Palaobot. :  A  genus  of  Coniferous  trees  akin 
to  the  Cypress.  It  has  short  leaves.  One 
speeies  is  in  the  Permian,  one  in  the  Trias, 
and  one  in  the  Jurassic  rocks  of  England. 
The  best  known  species  is  the  Permian  one, 
li'akhia  pini/ormis. 

wal'-ch^-ite,  s.  [After  Walchow,  Moravia, 
where  found  ;  sutf.  -itc  (Miii.).} 

Min. :  A  native  resin,  occurring  in  yellow 
translucent  to  opaque  masses  in  a  brown  coal. 
Hardness,  1-5  to  2;  sp.  gr.  TO  to  1-009. 
Compos.:  carbon,  80*41;  hydrogen,  lOMiO; 
oxygen,  S-93=  100. 

walck-e-na'-er-a,  s.  [From  Walekenaer, 
author  of  a  work  on  spiders.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Theridiidte,  having  the 
portion  of  the  cephalothorax  which  bears  the 
eyes  more  or  less  elevated.  Type  WalcIceTiaera 
(wtiminata.  a  small  spider  found  under  stones 
and  on  rails  in  England. 

Wal-den'-se§. Val-den-se?. s. pi  [Named 
From  Peter  Waldo,  their  alleged  founder, 
born  at  Vaux  (Lat.  U'aUluni)  on  the  Rhone, 
early  in  the  twelfth  century.] 

Cliurch  Hist. ;  A  sect  which  for  many  cen- 
turies has  maintained  its  independence  of  the 
Church  of  Rome,  from   which   it  ditfers  in 
tenets  and  government.     Its  chief  seats  have 
long  been  in  the  three  liigli  valleys  of  Pied- 
mont, situated  in  the  Cottian  Alps,  on  the 
Italian  side  of  the  main  chain,  but  so  near 
the   gi-eat  pass  between    France    and  Italy, 
that  French  as  well  as   Italian  is  spoken  in 
the   valleys.      They  claim   to  have  arisen   in 
apostolic    times,    niaintiiiniiig   an    unbroken 
succession  of  bishops,  but  the  claim  is  un- 
founded, and    they    probably  derived    their 
origin  from  Peter  Waldo  [see  etym.],  a  rich 
merchant  of  Lyons,  and  deeply  pious  man, 
who  at  first  had  no  desire  to  depart  from 
the  tenets  of  the  Roman  Church,  but  simply 
aimed   at  deepening  the  religions  feeling  of 
its  adherents.     He  was  ultimately  brought 
into   collision    with  the   Church  authorities 
wlien,   in  and  after  1160,   he  had  the  four 
gospels  translated  from  Latin   into  Fi-ench, 
and  adopted  the  view  that  it  was  lawful  fur 
laymen    to    preach.      His    opinions    spread 
rapidly ;  his  followers,  like  himself,  not  at 
first   greatly  differing  in  doctrine  from  the 
Church  of  Rome.    According  to  Comba  {Hist, 
ik  Vaudois  d'ltalie)  they  had  no  distinctive 
Waldensian  literature,  nor  any  wide  religious 
influence,  until  after  they  had  been  influenced 
by  the  teaching  of  Wyclilfe  and  his  disciple 
Huss.    [Hussites.]    M.  Montet  (/fi^'/oire  Lit- 
teraire  des  Vaudois)  divides  Waldensian  litera- 
ture   into    three  periods :    (1)   The  Catholic 
peciod,  during  which  the  dogmas  and  prac- 
tices of  the  Church  were  accepted.    (2)  The 
Hussite  period,  in  which  the  Pope  is  fiercely 
attacked,    the    Sacraments    are    invalid    by 
reason  of  the  wickedness  of  the  priests,  and 
there  is  a  strong  leaning  towards  the  Uni- 
versal Priesthood.  (3)    Tlie  Calvinistic  period, 
marked  by  falsification  of  documents,  forgery, 
and  mutiiation,  with  the  object  of  showing 
that  the  Waldensian  is  a  Christian  body  which 
had  descended  from  Apostolic  times,  preserv- 
ing their  faith  through  the  ages  in  primitive 
form.     This  fiction  Jl.  Montet  has  destroyed, 
though,  as  he  acknowledges,   the    late  Mr. 
Henry   Bradshaw   had    already  exposed   the 
real  character  of  some  of  the  documents  ad- 
duced.   After  the  Reformation,  persecution, 
which  had  already  been  directed  against  them 
became   more   fierce.      Numbers   were    slain 
"by  Francis  I.,  of  France,  in  1545  and  1546, 
hy  the  Duke  of  Savoy  iu  1560,  and  by  Charles 
Emmanuel   II.  in  Ifi.'iS.     Other  persecutions 
followed  in  1663,  1604,  and  1686,  great  sym- 
pathy for  the  sufferers  being  shown  by  Pro- 
testant nations,  especially  by  England  dur- 
ing the  Protectorate.     Gi'adually  the  Walden- 
sians  obtained  toleration  ;  on  December  15, 
1853,   they  received  permission  from  Victor 
Emmanuel  II.  to  erect  a  church  in  Turin,  and 
it  is  probable  tliat  they  will  unite  with  the 
Free  Church  of  Italy.     The  services  are  of 
the  plainest  type  of  Genevan  Piotestantism, 
the  peojde  only  joining  in  the  occasional  sing- 
ing of  a  hymn. 


Wal-den'-si-aii«  a.  &s.    [\V ALzzitai-:^.] 

A.  As  'I'lj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Wauien- 
sesM.v.). 

■*  It  Would  appeiur  that  only  after  Luther's  declara- 
tiou  iu  favour  ■)f  cleriail  iiiarriage  did  the  astetic 
life  L-eaae  l<>  hu  u  )>art  oi  the  iVnlUetuiiiii  doctrine."— 
Athen(rit>n,  April  7,  1888.  p.  430. 

B.  A.^  .-iiibst.:  Any  peraon  holding  WaMen- 
sian  doctrines. 

■'  What  iH  known  oi  the  earlier  Vaudois  writinsa 
nhowa  thnt  the  \Viilfh-ii.iiiing  were  far  mure  likely  to 
adopt  >ui  vxiitthi^  Catholic  translation  than  U}  orlgiii- 
at«^  one  t-n   the i lusc Ives."— ^rA«(«eu»i,  April  7,    Ib^w. 

p.  i2j. 

wald'-grave,  a.    [Ger.  wald  =  a  forest,  and 

ijnij  =  a  ruler.  I    [Grieve,  s.,  Weald.]    In  tlie 
old  German    Empire,  a   head  forest-ranger. 

[WlLDGRAVE.j 

wald'-heim-ite,  s.  [AfterWaldheim,  Saxony, 
wht^re  luuiid  ;  suit.  ■Ue{Miii.).'] 

Mill.  :  An  altered  mineral,  resembling  the 
actinulite  variety  of  hornblende  found  in 
serpentine.  It  contains  over  12  per  cent,  of 
soda,  whicli  suggests  a  relationship  to  arfved- 
sonite  (q.v.).     {Dami.) 

Wald'-i^m,  s.  [Named  from  Peter  Waldo.] 
[Walde.vseh.] 

Chiirdi  Hist.:  The  doctrines  of  tlie  Wal- 
denses  (q.v.). 

■•  other  points  of  \FaJdi$m  appear  equally  to  want 
the  genuine  Bpiritao.1  baaia." — Athenwum,  April  7. 1888. 

wald'-wol-le  (w  as  v),  .«.  [Ger.  =  wood 
wool.]    Pine-iieedle  wool  (q.v.). 

wale  (1),  s.  [A.S.  w(du  (pi.  ira?a)  =  a  weal, 
a  mark  of  a  blow ;  eogn.  with  O.  Fries,  walu 
=  a  ro<i,  a  wand  ;  Icel.  voir  (genit.  calar)  =  a 
round  stick,  a  staff;  Sw.  diaL  vai  =  a  round 
stick,  a  cudgel,  a  flail-handle  ;  Goth.  waliis  = 
a  start".] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  streali  or  stripe  produced  by  the  stroke 
of  a  rod  or  whip  ou  animal  flesh. 

"The  wales,  lutirks.  scats  and  cicatrices."—/'.  Hol- 
land :  Plutarch,  p.  HO. 

2.  A  ridge  or  streak  rising  above  the  surface 
of  cloth. 

"  Thou  art  rougher  far 
Aud  of  a  coarser  wale." 

fieaum.  &  Flct.:  Four  Plays  in  One. 

3.  A  timber  bolted  to  a  row  of  jiiles  to 
secure  them  together  and  in  position. 

II.  Shipwright.:  A  wide  plank  at  certain 
portions  of  a  ship's  side,  extending  from  stem 
to  stern,  and  describing  the  curve  "'f  the 
strokes. 

wale-knot,  wall-knot,  s. 

Xaiit.:  A  particular  sort  of  lai-ge  knot, 
raised  upon  the  end  of  a  rope  by  untwisting 
the  strands  and  interweaving  them  amongst 
each  othei-.  It  is  made  so  that  it  cannot  slip, 
aud  serves  for  sheets,  tackles,  aud  stoppers. 

wale-piece,  s.  a  horizontal  timber  of  a 
quay  or  jetty,  bolted  to  the  vertical  timbers, 
or  stLUrtld  by  anchor-rods  to  the  masonry,  to 
leceive  the  impact  of  vessels  coming  or  lying 
alongside. 

t  wale-wort,  s.    [Wallwort.] 

wale  (2),  5.  [Wale  (2),  v.]  The  act  of  choosing; 
a  chnice  ;  a  person  or  thing  that  is  excellent ; 
the  ]uck,  the  best.     {Scotch.) 

"  The  Bertrams  were  aye  the  «'ti?e  o'  the  country 
aide.  — .SwW.  Uity  Mauncring,  cii.  Iv, 

wale  (I),  v.t.  [Wale  (l).  s,]  To  mark  with 
wales  or  stripes. 

wale  (2),   v.t.     [Icel.  velja;  Dan.  rahje ;  Sw. 
jo/jn  ;  Ger.  wahkn  ;  Goth,  tbaljan  =  to  choose 
or  select;   Icel.   val ;   Ger.  v'oid  —  a.  choice.] 
To  choose,  to  select,  to  pick  out.     {Scotch.) 
"  An'  likp  a  godly  elect  bairji 
He  9  u'lUeU  us  out  a  trae  aiie." 

Bums:  The  Ordination. 

wal-hal'-la,  s.     [Valhalla.] 

wa'-lie,  wa-lie.  u.  [Wale  (2),  v.]  Amph, 
large,  excellent. 

••  Clap  ill  hi3  walie  nitjve  a  lilnde. ' 

Burns  :  'J"  a  U<mgti. 


wa-lise. 


[Valise.]    {Scotch.) 


walk   {I  silent),   "walck,   *walcke, 

*  Tiralke  (pa.  t.  walked,  ^  welk,  pa.  par. 
irnlh'd,  "  iral>:c),  r.i.  &  t.  [A.S.  wealcan  (pa.  t. 
ivcolc,  pa.  par.  wenlcf:n)  =  to  roll,  to  toss  one-- 
self  about,  to  rove  about ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
ivalken  =  to  work  or  make  a  hat ;  O.  Dut, 
walcken  =  to   press   or   squeeze  ;    Icel.    vaika. 


f5.te,  fSt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  f^ll,  father:  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try, 


:  pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  maHne;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  :=  kw. 


walk— walking 


4So 


volhi  =  to  rnll,  to  stamii.  to  roll  about  ;  mlk 
a  tossing  about;  Sw.  valla  =  tu  roll,  to  full, 
to  work  ;  Dau.  valke  =  tn  full,  to  mill  ;  Ger. 
walkeii  =  to  M\ ;  O.  H.  Gcr.  loalchun  =  to  full, 
to  roll  or  move  about ;  Lat.  volvo  —  to  roll.] 

A,  Intmnsitivt: 

1.  To  ailvaiice  by  alternate  sti-i»s,  setting' 
one  foot  bufore  thu  otlicr,  witluml  running,  or 
so  that  one  foot  is  set  down  bi-lorc  tlu'  otlu-r  is 
taken  up  ;  to  step  along.    {Wycliff  :  Marl:  ii.) 

2.  To  go  or  travel  on  foot;  to  ramble; 
especially,  to  move  or  go  on  foot  for  recreative 
exercise  or  the  like. 

■'Will  you  watk  with  nif  "liout  the  town  * " 

Shaketp. :  Vumedu  of  Jk'rrors,  i.  .:. 

3.  To  go,  to  come,  to  step. 

"  Pmy  you.  tvalk  near.' 

:^aketp.:  7'(»iior(  q/'  Athene,  u.  2. 

4.  To  move  about  as  a  spirit  or  spectre,  or 
as  une  in  a  state  of  somnanibniisni. 

"Thesuiritfio*  thedeatl  lu^y  wn/t  Aifaiu. " 

ShaJicsp.  :  Winter's  Tale,  iii.  X 

5   To  move  off;  to  push  off;  to  depart. 

(Cvlloq.) 

6.  To  live,  act,  and  behave  in  any  particular 
manner;  to  conduet  one's  self;  to  pursue  a 
particular  course  of  life.    {Mimh  vi.  b.) 

•  7.  To  act,  to  n>ovc. 

"  III  him  the  spirit  of  n  hero  valk'd." 

iVordsicarth :  Kxcnrsion,  bk.  ^  ii. 

•  8.  To  be  in  aetiou  or  motion  ;  to  act,  tu 
wag.    (Spaiser:  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  5.) 

•  9.  To  roll,  to  turn. 

"  Hia  mUiiig  eies  dhi  never  reat  in  pliice. 
But  walkte  eachwbere  (or  feare  oi  liiii  ui3chiiiiiii.-e." 
Spenser:  F.  f^..  III.  xii.  15. 

•  10.  To  revolve,  to  tm-u. 

"  Fiyiii  euery  coast  tliat  heaueu  wnlks  nbout, 
Uiiue  thither  come  the  nohle  martiaU  crew." 

Spenser:  /'.  y,,  1.  vii.  4?. 

•  U.  To  be  Stirling  ;  to  be  or  go  abroad ;  to 
mix  in  society. 

"  Tis  i>ity  that  thou  liveat 
To  walk  where  any  honest  men  resort," 

Shakv3p.  :  Comaly  of  Errors,  v. 

B.  Transitivt: 

1.  To  pass  through,  over,  along,  or  upon. 
"  She  loaVcs  the  w-iters  like  .i  thing  of  life." 

/iay-vn:  Corsair,  i.  't. 

%  An  elliptical  use,  in,  throwjh,  i:c.,  being 
omitted. 

2.  To  cause  to  walk  or  step  slowly;  to  lead, 
drive,  or  ride  with  a  slow  pace, 

"To  walk  my  auibliug  eekliug." — Sliakeip. :  Merry 
Wiwxof  Wimlfor,  ii.  2, 

3.  To  subject  to  the  process  of  fulling;  to 
full.    (Scotch.) 

"  Tlint  the  walker,  aud  fuller  shall  truly  icalke.  full 
thirke,  .in<l  norke  every  webbe  of  woollen  yanie.'*— 
Ruifal:  Villi,  of  btal.  Hen.  VIH.  (.-in.  6J. 

-1,  To  train,  as  a  young  foxliound. 
"  ReturueJ  his  thauks  to  those  who  had  vutlked 
imi'pies."— /Vrfti.  Aug.  27,  1887. 

5.  To  complete  or  perform  by  walking. 

"About  the  reAlm  she  walks  her  dreadful  round." 
Pope  :  Slatiiu  :  Thebaid.'A-J. 

6.  To  frequent,  as  a  prostitute.  [Street- 
walking.] 

"The  otiier  prisoner  w.%5  in  tlic  hubit  "f  mdkinff  the 
Qu.-»dr«ut. '— *t.  James's  OmctU;  July  -2,  ISS7. 

%  1.  7'o  icalk  into : 

(1)  To  scold  severely  ".  to  give  a  drubbing  or 
severe  punishment  to.    (Golhq.) 

(•2)  To  devour ;  to  eat  up.   (Colloq.  or  slang.) 

2.  To  walk  over :  In  rncing,  to  go  over  a  race- 
course at  a  walk  or  at  one's  leisure.  (Said  of 
a  horse  which  alone  comes  to  the  starting- 
post  out  of  all  the  entries,  and  has  only  to  go 
over  the  course  to  be  entitled  to  the  prize.) 

"He  then  jiroceeded  to  iPttlk  over  the  imaginary 
course  f-ir  the  iniagiu.try  iil^te/'— /''(e.'rf,  Aug,  13.  188T. 

*3.  To  icalk  alone :  To  be  an  outcast  ;  to  be 
forsaken  or  shunned. 

"To  walk  alone,  like  one  that  had  the  pestilence." 
Sliakesp  :  Twj  Oetitlemfn,  ii.  1. 

i.  To  walk  the  kospitaJs:  To  attend  the 
medical  and  surgical  practice  of  a  genera' 
hospital,  as  a  student,  under  one  or  more  of 
the  regular  staff  of  physicians  or  surgeons 
attaclied  to  such  hospital. 

"You  never  see  a  poatlmy  in  that  'ere  hospital  as 
you  KulkiU." ^ hickens :  Pickwick,  ch.  IL 

5,  To  walk  Hie  plank:  [Plank,  :>.,  H]. 
walk  (/  silent),  s.    ["Walk,  t'.J 

1.  The  act  of  walking. 

•'  ftfy  very  walk  should  be  a  jig."— .^Tiatesp.  ;  Twelfth 
Xiflht.  \.  3, 

2.  The  pace  of  one  who  walkb  :  as,  He  went 
at  a  walk. 

3.  The  act  of  walking  for  re- reation,  exer- 
cise, or  the  like. 


■1.  Manner  of  wiilking;  giiil,  step,  carringo. 

"  MuriJheua,  of  aU  his  num'ruu*  train.  expreM'd 
The  ahaue  of  man,  antl  liuitated  heat 
The  vntfk"  Jtrydtn.    (TwW.I 

5.  The  length  of  way  or  circuit  through 
whicli  one  walks.    {Shukesp.:  Macbeth,  iii,  3.) 

G.  A  piece  of  ground  lit  to  walk  or  stroll  on  ; 
a  place  in  which  one  is  accustomed  to  walk. 

7.  A  place  laid  out  or  set  ajtart  for  walking ; 
an  avenue,  promenade,  pathway,  or  the  like  : 

(1)  An  avenue  set  with  trees,  or  laid  out  in 
a  grove  or  wood.  (Shakesp. :  Twelfth  Sight, 
ii.  5.) 

(:i)  A  garden-iMith. 

8.  The  state  of  being  in  training,  as  a  young 
hound. 

"Tlie  puppies  have  been  taken  in  from  toalk.— 
Pall  Malt  OazeCte.  Oct,  13.  1882. 

9.  A  rope-walk. 

10.  A  district  habitually  served  by  a  hawkt-r 
or  itinerant  vondor  of  any  commodity:  as,  a 
niilkmau's  walk. 

U.  A  district  or  piece  of  ground  in  whicli 
animals  gra/ie ;  a  tract  of  some  extent  whert^ 
sheep  feed;  a  pasture  for  sheep;  a  sheep- 
walk,  a  sheep-run. 

*12.  In  the  London  Royal  Exchange,  any 
portion  of  the  ambulatory  wliich  is  specially 
frequented  b\-  merchants  or  traders  to  some 
particular  country.    (Shnmonds.) 

*  13.  Manner  or  course,  as  of  life ;  way  of 
living  :  as,  a  person's  i('«?^-aud  convei-sation. 

*11.  Intercourse. 

"  Oh  !  for  a  closer  walk  with  God." 

C'opper :  Olney  Hymn»,  i. 

15.  Space,  range  ;  sphere  of  action ;  a  de- 
partment, as  of  art,  science,  or  literature. 

"  To  achieve  fame  in  thu  hi^'her  walks  of  .irt,"— '.'irs. 
sell's  Trrhmcal  f-Mucator.  pt.  xi..  p.  Sia. 

*  walk -mill,   '  waulke-mill,  ^.     a 

foUing-niill. 

"A  waulke  mill  or  fullers  worke-hoiise, "— /•.  l/^-l- 
lamt :  Plitiie,  bk.  xxxv.,  ch.  xL 

walk-over,  s.  In  racing,  the  traversing 
of  the  course  by  a  horse  which  is  the  only 
starter  ;  hence, "an  easy  victory;  a  victory 
without  opposition, 

"In  ciaeii  wliere  no  second  horse  exists  m  mciiig 
law.  either  fur  wnnt  of  placiJig  or  by  J-eason  of  a  wulk- 

oi',T."—Fi--hi,  JiUieUa,  13sr. 

walk'-a-ble  (lU  as  k),  a.    (Eng.  walk  ;  -ohh.] 
Fit  forValking  :  capable  of  being  walked  over. 

"Your  now  tcalkabte  roads  had  not  roused  your 
spirit."— .Sirt^r ;  letter  Co  Sheridan,  vol.  ii  ,  p.  12. 

Walk'-er  (l  silent),   s.      [Various  persons  so 
named,] 

Walker's  battery,  .':. 

Elect. :  A  battery  resembling  Smee's  battery 
(q.v.),  except  that  the  eleitro-negative  plate 
is  gas  graphite  or  platinized  graphite.  It  is 
excited  by  dilute  sulphuric  acid.    (Gannt.) 

t  Walker's  earth,  .';. 

Geol. :  The  name  given  in  Herefordshire  to 
an  unctuous  fuller's  earth,  occurring  iu  beds 
separating  the  Ayiuestry  or  Ludlow  limestone 
(Upper  Hilurian).  It  tends  to  decay  and 
produce  landslips.    {MitrchUoa :  SUuria.) 

walk'-er  (/  silent),  s.    [Eng.  walk,  v. ;  -er.] 
1.  One  who  walks  ;  a  pedestrian. 
"They  are  not  always  the  less  pleasanttothe  walk'T 
vT  si>ectntoT."— /leffnohls  :  Discourses,  No.  is. 

*  2.  That  with  which  one  walks  ;  a  foot. 

"Lame  Mulciber,  his  im'Aw* quite  miegrown. " 
Chapman  :  Homer  :  Iliad  xx.  afi. 

*^.  Forest  Laic  :  An  officer  appoiated  to 
walk  over  a  certain  space  for  inspection  ;  a 
forester. 

*  4.  One  who  departs  himself  in  a  particular 
manner. 

5.  One  who  walks  or  fulls  cloth  ;  a  fuller, 
(See  extract  under  Walk,  v.,  B.  3.) 

6.  One  wlio  trains  young  hounds. 

"In  giviug  the  toaat  'Success  to  foxnunting,  nnd 
the  puppy  walkers  ot  England,'  '~Fielil.  Aug.  27,  18*7. 

%  Walker!  or  Hookey  Walker!  A  slang  ex- 
clamation of  incredulity,  when  »  story  is  told 
or  a  statement  made  which  is  known  or  be- 
lieved to  be  false.  The  origin  of  the  expres- 
sion is  much  disputed,  and  was  discus:iied  at 
length  in  Notes  tt  Querks.  There  are  three  ex- 
planations of  the  phrase  :  (1)  That  many  years 
ago  there  was  an  aqnilin«'-nosed  .Jew  named 
Walker,  a  popular  lecturer  on  astronomy,  who, 
telescope  in  hand,  iuviteil  his  pupils  to  "  take 
a  sight  ■'  at  the  moon  and  stars.  The  phrase 
struck  his  schoolboy  au'litory,  who  frequently 
"toukasiirht"  withthe  gesture  of  outstretched 


arm  and  ailjustment  to  nose  and  eye  ;  (2)  tli:il 
Ilonkey  Walker  waa  a  Londini  magistral"'  nf 
divadcl  acuteness  and  incredulity,  wlms-- 
h"i.tked  n<»se  gave  the  title  of  "  beak  "  to  all 
l»is  succes.sois  ;  (3)  that  J<din  Walker  was  an 
out-door  clerk  in  a  bnsiiu'ss  house  in  Chr'ait- 
side.  "  Ohl  Jack,"  who  had  a.  hooked  imse, 
was  a  -Spy  u|>on  tlie  employes,  who  were  aU\»y< 
throwing  discredit  on  his  reports,  so  thnl  m 
time  his  word  was  disbelieved  aud  his  uecu- 
pation  ceased.    (Slang  Diet.) 

walk -er-ite  (/  silent),  s.     [After  Dr.  Walker 
of  Edinburgli ;  sntf.  ■ite(Min.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  Pectolite  (q.v.), 

Walk'-er-ite^  (i  silent),  s.  pi.    [See  def,! 

Church  Hist. :  An  Irish  bo<ly  of  Saiuh-ma- 
nians,  est^iblished  by  a  minister  nami'd  Walk*-r, 
who  seceded  from  the  original  body  early  in 
the  nineteenth  century. 

walk'-ing  (/  silent),  "walck-ynge. "  walk- 
ynge,  /".  pa,-.,  a.,  &  6-.    (Walk,  r.] 

A.  it  B.  As  pr.  par.  ik,  particip.  adj. :  (Sej; 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Tlie  act  of  one  who  walks. 

2.  A  mode  or  manner  of  living ;  course  '>/ 
life.    (Dent,  ii,  7.) 

3.  The  act  or  process  of  fulling  cloth, 

%  In  walking,  the  centre  of  gravity  in  snr 
cessive  steps  describes  a  series  of  consenitiv.' 
curves,  with  their  convexities  upwards,  very 
much  resembling  tlie  line  of  flight  oi  mar.v 
birds.  The  movement  of  the  top  of  the  htu^l 
is  similar  to  that  traced  by  the  centre  of 
gravity.    (Foster:  Physiol.) 

walking-beam,  s.    [Bk.\m  (l),  5.,  II.  :^J 

walking-cane,  a.    A  walking-stick  madt: 

of  caiM'. 

walking-fern,  s. 

Bot. :  Liicop<KUum  aloprcuroiiie.f,  a  North 
American  species.    {Loudon.) 

walking-fish,  »-. 

Irhthii. :  A  pMpular  name  for  any  sp./ci*-'^  '■'." 
tlieOpinocepli:ilid;e  (q.v  ). 

walking-gentleman,  «-. 

Thmt.  :  An  actor  who  tills  subordinale 
parts  requiring  a  geutlemanly  appearance. 

walking-lady,  d\ 

Thi:i.if. :  A  lady  who  tills  parts  analogous  to 
those  taken  by  a  walking  gentleman. 

walking-leaf.  s. 

Bot.  :  Co  ini't"Soriis  rhizophyllus. 
walking-leaves,  s.  pi.    [Lkaf- insects.] 
walking- St a£E;  .«.    A  walking-stick. 
walking-stick,  $. 

1.  0/''.  Lowj.:  A  staff  or  stick  carried  id 
the  hand  fursuiqn>it  oramusement  in  walkiui^. 


"  You  mavtake  me  iu  with  a  wnlkinij.stirk. 
Even  when  vou  i>le.*we.   atul  hoM  nie  will 

,  *  Flft.     Hfjgar't  liiiah. 


I  i-a-k 


threa.l. "      "  Bcdmr, 

2.  Entom.  :  A 
popular  name  for 
any  species  of  the 
family  Phasmidiw 
(q.v.),  from  the  fact 
that  they  are  desti- 
tute of  wings,  and 
resemble  dry  twig:< 
so  closely  that,  ex- 
cept for  their  in*i- 
tion.  it  is  ditficult 
to  believe  they  are 
really  alive.  They 
are  natives  of  sub- 
tropical and  llie 
wanner  temperate 
regions,  and  walk 
gently  among  the 
branches  of  trees, 
reposing  in  thesim, 
with  their  long,  an- 
tennie  like  legs  stretched  out  in  fmnt.  Lalh:  1 
also  Animated  Sticks,  Walking  Straws,  &>■. 

Walkiiyj-stick  insect:  [Walking-stick,  2.J. 

walking-straw, 

Entom. :  Any  species  of  the  family  Phaa- 
midie  (q.v.);  specif.  Acrnphylla  (Pha^tma)  titun, 
a  gigantic  species  from  New  South  Wales. 

walking-ticket,  walking-paper,  ^ 

An  order  In  ItNne  an  ollice  ;   an  order  uf.!- 
missal.     (.'^Idii'i.) 


WALKINU-STKK     JN.-jKC; 


boil,  boy ;  po^t,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  fhin,  bengh :  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  a^ ;  expect.  Xenophon.  ea^ist.    ph  =  t 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,    sion  =  2hun,    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  J:c.  —  bel,  del. 


486 


walkyr— wallenia 


walking  tyrant,  j.    ICHRYSOLonius.] 

walking  wheel,  .'.  ^ 

1.  A  i»iiK>iiitter(q.v.). 

2  A  cylindtT  whicli  is  made  to  rt-volvi- 
aNuil  an  'axle  bv  the  weiglit  of  men  or  anitiials 
climbing  bv  steps  either  its  iiit«mal  or  ex- 
t^-nial  ixTi|»hery.  Emuloyeil  for  tlie  puipose 
vt  raisiin;  water,  griiidiiij;  corn,  and  various 
other  operations  lor  which  a  moving;  puwtr 
is  re<uuied.    [Tread-whekl.] 

wal-kS^r,  >■.    IV  ALKY  Ft,] 

wall  (1).  •  wal,  •  wallo,  -•.  lA.S.  lw^^  weall 
-  i\  i\iiiii'iirt  of  eartli,  a  wall  of  stone,  Ironi 
I>at.  raUum  =  a.  rampart,  from  I'aUiis  =  ti 
st-ake,  a  pale,  a  jwilisaile  ;  Wei.  gwul  =  a  niui- 
part ;  Dut.  wal;  Sw.  vail;  Ger.  unll.] 
I.  f  > nit  nary  Lang^iiage  : 

1.  A  work  or  stniL'tui-e  of  stone,  brick,  m- 
Biiiiilar  material,  raised  to  some  lieight,  and 
serving  to  inclose  a  space,  form  a  division, 
support  superincumbt-nt  weights,  form  a 
defence,  shelter,  or  security;  one  of  the  up- 
right inclosing  sides  of  a  building  or  room  ; 
a  solid  and  permanent  inclosing  fence,  as 
around  a  tleld,  a  park,  a  town,  or  the  like. 

"They  gave  them  also  tliir  help  to  build  r  new  wal', 
uot  .'f  r.irth  ns  the  foriuer,  but  o(  atoue."—MiHon: 
Ni$t.  £n-j.,  bk.  iii. 

2.  A  rampart ;  a  fortified  enceinte  or  bar- 
rier.   (Generally  in  the  plural.) 

'■  Why  Bhouia  1  war  without  the  wam  of  Troy, 
fliat  fliiU  »ufh  cruel  battle  here  within?' 

Sttakfsp. :  Troilui  *  Vressidn,  i.  1. 

3.  Anything  resembling  a  wall :  as,  a  wvU 
of  armed  men. 

*  4.  A  defence ;  a  means  of  security  or  pro- 
tection. 

•'  They  were  a  wnll  unto  us  both  by  uight  and  day" 
—1  SamuH  x.x\.  16. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Mining:  The  rock  inclosing  a  vein.  The 
upper  and  lower  portions  are  known  as  the 
roof  and  floor  respectively.  Where  the  dip 
is  considerable,  the  upper  boundary  is  the 
hanging-wall,  and  the  lower  the  foot- wall. 

2.  Naut. :  A  large  knot  worked  on  the  end 
of  a  rope  ;  as  of  a  man-rope,  for  instance. 

t  *  (1)  To  go  to  the  \vall:  To  get  the  worst 
of  a  contest. 

•'Thiit  shews  theea  weak  slave;  for  the  weakest ^ocs 
to  tfte  icalt."—Shak€sp. :  Rotneo  A-  Juliet,  I  1. 

(2)  To  hang  hy  the  wall:  To  hang  up  neg- 
lected ;  hence,  not  to  be  made  use  of. 

"  I  am  richer  thau  to  Itang  by  the  wtilts." 

Shakesp.  :  Cymbeliiie,  iii,  4. 

*  (3)  To  pnshipv  thrust)  to  the  ivall :  To  force 
to  give  place  ;  to  crush  by  superior  power. 

"Women,  being  the  weaker  vessels,  .ire  ever  ihriisl 
to  the  icalL"— Shake ap. :  liomeo  *  Juliet,  i.  1. 

*  (4)  To  take  tlie  u-all  of:  To  get  the  better  of. 

•"I  will  take  the  wall  qf  any  man  or  inaid."— 
fPutketp. :  Romeo  A  JuHet,  i.  1. 

wall-barley,  s. 

lint. :  //onifidntontruiiOH,  a  species  with  long 
Tijittle  a.wns,  which  stiek  in  the  throat  of  the 
tattle  wliich  fet-d  upon  thein. 

wall-bearing,  *<. 

Much. :  A  bearing  for  receiving  a  shaft  when 
entering  ur  passing  through  a  wall. 

wall-box,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  box  let  into  a  wall  for  the 
reception  of  letters  for  post. 

2.  Mach.  :  A  device  for  supporting  a  plnin- 
mer-block  in  which  a  shaft  rests  in  i>assing 
throngh  a  wall.  It  consists  of  a  rectangular 
L-ast-iion  frame,  having  arrangements  for  re- 
ceiving and  holding  the  box  in  fixed  position. 

wall-butterfly,  s. 

Entom. :  Lasiomvmta  inega^ra  (Stainti'n'),  Piif' 
arga  viegf^ra  (Newman),  a  Biitisli  buttcrtly. 
Wings  fulvous,  with  dark-bruwn  markings ; 
the  fore  ones  with  a  black  spot  having  a  white 
centre,  and  the  hind  ones  with  three  similar 
spots  and  the  rudiments  of  a  fourth.  Cater- 
jiillar  green,  with  two  yellowish  lines  on  each 
side  ;  the  head  and  the  tail  reddish.  It  feeds 
un  Timothy-grass. 

wall-clamp,  s.  A  brace  or  tic  to  hold 
v.alls  together,  or  the  two  parts  of  a  double 
wall,  to  prevent  spreading. 

wall-creeper,  s. 

Ornith. :  Ticliodroina  muraria,  a  native  of 
southern  and  centr;il  Europe.  It  frequents 
walls  and  perpendicular  rocks  in  prefeience 
to   trees,   tlie   favourite   resort  of  the  genus 


Certhia.  It  is  a  very  pretty  bird,  about  six 
inches  long;  idumage  light  gray,  with  bright 
crimscm  on  the  slnmlders,  the  larger  wing- 
coveits,  and  the  inner  webs  of  the  secondaries  ; 
the  rest  of  the  wings  black  ;  tail  black,  tipped 
with  white.  Called  also  Spider-catcher,  from 
its  habit  of  feeding  mi  spiders  and  insects 
{W'ilhtghbu.  0 rn ithuhg y  {i^ti.  Ray),  p.  14:i). 

wall-cress,  s.     [Cress,  s.,  H  (32).] 

wall-desk,  s.  A  bracket-desk  -ittached 
tua  wall. 

wall-fern,  $■ 

Hot. :  I'oli/padiiuii  vulgare. 

wall-flruit,  ''.  l-'iuit  grown  on  trees 
planted  and  tntim-d  against  a  wall. 

wall-germander,  s. 

Lot.  :  Teiicrium  Chamn^ilrys. 

wall-ink,  5. 

Lot.:  Veronica  Beccabunga.    [Brooklime.! 

wall-knot,  s.    [Wale-ksot.] 
wall-lettuce,  s. 

Bot. :  Uuttica  (finiuerly  Prenanthes) nmralis. 
It  is  an  annual  or  biennial,  one  to  three  feet 
high,  with  narrow  membranous  leaves  and 
yellow  flowers.  Found  on  old  walls  and  in 
locky  copses. 

wall-lizard,  s. 

Zoology : 

1.  Lacerta  muralis,  common  in  the  south  of 
Europe. 

2.  Any  species  of  GeckotidiB(q.v.).  [Gecko.] 

t  wall-ne^vt,  ?.     An  unidentified  reptile. 

"  poor  Tom  ;  that  eats  .  .  .  the  wall-newt  and  the 
water."— /J/idtes^".  •'  Leur,  iii.  4. 

wall-paper,  s.     Paper-hangings. 
wall-pellitory,  s.    [Pellitory,  t  (2).] 
wall-pennywort,  s. 

Bot.:  Cotyledon  Uinbilicus.     [Cotvledon.] 

wall-pepper,  s. 

Bot. :  Sednm  acre.     [Sedum.] 
wall-piece,    s.      A    i.>iece     of    artillery 
mounted  ou  a  wall. 

wall-plate,  s. 

1.  Building : 

(1)  A  piece  of  timber  let  into  a  wall  to  serve 
as  a  bearing  for  the  ends  of  the  joists. 

(2)  A  raising-plate  (q.v.). 

2.  Mach. :  The  vertical  back-plate  of  a 
plummer-block  bracket,  for  attachment  to 
tlie  wall  or  post. 

wall-rocket,  s. 

Bot. :  Diplotaxis  tenui/olia.    [Diplotaxis.] 

wall-rue,  s. 

Bot. :  Asplenium  Ruta-muraria,  a  British 
fern,  with  the  wiry  stipes  black  below,  fronds 
one  to  two  inches  long,  recurved,  often  del- 
toid, bipinnate.     Found  on  walls  and  rocks. 

wall- saltpetre,  s.  A  popular  name  for 
Nitrucalcitc  (q.v.). 

wall-sided,  a. 

Naut.  :  Said  uf  a  ship  with  upright  sides 
above  the  water-line ;  in  contradistinction  to 
the  term  tumbling-home,  in  which  the  ship 
bulges  below,  and  has  less  beam  at  the  upper 
deck  than  at  the  water-line. 

wall-spleenwort,  .^. 

Bot. :  Aspleniiim  TrichomaneSy  a  British 
fern,  with  the  stipes  brown  above,  black 
below,  the  frond  six  to  twelve  inches  high, 
linear  pinnate,  with  fifteen  to  forty  pinnse. 

wall-Spring,  5.  A  spring  of  water 
issuing  h\nn  stiatified  rocks. 

wall-tent,  s.  a  tent  or  marquee  with 
upright  sides. 

wall-tree,  s. 

Hort. :  A  fruit,-tree  nailed  to  the  wall  for 
the  better  exposure  of  the  fruit  to  the  sun, 
for  the  radiation  of  the  heat  of  the  wall,  and 
for  protection  from  high  winds. 

Trail-washer,  s.  A  large  plate  at  the 
end  of  a  tie-rod  to  extend  the  external  bear- 
ing. They  are  known  as  bonnets,  stars,  S's, 
according  to  shape. 

wall-wasp,  s. 

Entom. :  (Jdyncrus  jwrietum.    [Odynerus.] 


waU  (2), 


fWELI-,   S.J 


wall  (3),  •■;.     llcel.  n((7/  =  a  Ijeam,  a  beam  or 
disease  in  the  cyc.l    (See  compound  ) 

wall-eye,    waule-eye.  *wlial-eie, 
Whall  eye,  s.     An  ey<-  in  whicli  Ihr  iris  is 

of  ii  very  light  gray  or  whitish  coloui.     (Said 

c(mimonIy  uf  horses.) 

"  A  imir  of  wntl-ei/es  in  n  face  forced. " 

Hen  Janaon  :  CfftHhitis  Uevcli,  v.  2. 

wall  eyed,  a. 

1,  Having  an  eye,  the  iris  of  which  is  of  a 
very  light  gray  or  whitish  colour.  (Sai<l  of 
horses.) 

2.  Having  eyes  with  an  undue  proportion 
of  white;  having  the  white  of  the  eye  very 
large  and  distorted,  or  on  one  side.    iPror.) 

'■  3.  Glaring-eyed,  fierce-eyed. 

"  Wall-eyed  wrath  or  staring  riii:e." 

ahukesp. :  Aiit'j  John,  iv,  3. 

wall,  r.t.     IWali,,  5.1 

*  1.  To  inclose  with  or  as  with  a  wall  (U- 

walls. 

"AnU'hloun, 
That  with  liis  singing  wtiHett  the  tlt*e." 

Chatuer:  C.  T.,  IT.wr 

**  2.  To  defend  by  or  as  by  walls  ;  to  foi  tity. 

■■  WiiUvd  by  nature  'gainst  Inv.-ulei-s  wkuic." 

Speiiier:  F.  (I.  IV.  x   « 

'  3.  To  obstruct,  or  hinder,  as  by  a  wall 
opposed. 

'■  To  wall  thee  from  the  liberty  of  flight. " 

Khakesj).  :  1  Henri/  VI.,  iv.  2. 

"  4.  To  till  Up  with  a  wall. 
5.  In  university  slang,  To  gate  (q.v.). 
Wal'-la-ba,  <.     [Guianan  name]    [Eperua.] 
Wallaba-tree,  .s. 

Uot.  :  Epnini  J'alcKta. 

wal'-lg-by,    whal'-la-by,    wal -la-bee, 

s.     [See  extract.] 

Zool. :  Any  individual  or  species  of  the  genus 
or  sub-genus  Halmaturus  (q,v.). 

"Tlie  kangaroos  of  this  Bet:tion  have  also  the  innfBe 
nuked,  but  they  are  rather  smaller  species  (tbaii 
those  of  Macropua  ]Hoi)er  and  of  the  sub-genna 
OsphiaiiterJ.  freiiueiiters  of  forests  aud  dense  ini- 
iwiittiable  bushes  and  scrubs,  and  hence  often  cnUed 
liiishk:int'ariii)3,  though  a  uative  name  '  wallah)/'  is 
nn«  gtiit-rally  applied  to  them,  "—i'lictfc.  Brit.  (ed.  Oth), 
xiii.  diu. 

War-lach,  «.  jWallachia.]  AWallacliian; 
the  language  spoken  by  the  Wallachians. 

Wal-iach'-i-an,  a.  &  .«.     [See  def.] 

A,  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Wallachia, 
its  language,  rtr  inhabitants. 

B.  As  suhiitantive : 

1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Wallachia. 

2.  The  language  spoken  1  -y  the  Wallachians ; 
that  dialect  of  the  Romau'-e  languages  spoken 
HI  Wallachia  and  Mi-ldavia. 

Wallachian-sheep,  s. 

Zool. :  A  variety  of  Ovis  aries,  remarkable 
for  the  enormous  development  of  its  horns, 
wliich  resemble  those  of  the  Koodoo.  The 
Heece  is  composed  of  a  soft  woolly  undercoat, 
covered  with  and  protected  by  long  drooping 
hair.  Natives  of  Western  Asia  and  the  adja- 
cent portions  of  Europe  ;  common  in  Wal- 
lachia, Hungary,  and  Crete.  Called  also  the 
Cretan  shee]). 

-wal'-lah.  Si//.  [Hind.,Malinttta,  &c.]  The 
agent  'in  doing  anything,  as  Ghodiica/Zc  or 
Gallon R'trZ/c/t  =  a  horse-keeper,  one  who  looks 
after  a  horse;  Competition-ica^^t/f,  one  who 
has  succeeded  in  a  competitive  examination. 
(Anglo-Inditfn.) 

wal'-la-ro6,  ^^     [Native  Australian  word.] 
Zool. :   The  name  applied   in  Australia  to 
various  species  of  kangaroo. 

walled,  ('.  [Eng.  irail  (1),  s. ;  -ed,]  Provided 
with  a  wall  or  walls;  inclosed  or  fortified 
with  walls  ;  fortiticd. 

■'  The  cities  arc  great,  aud  walled  up  to  heaven."— 

liL-utrroiiomn  i.  'JS, 

walled-area.  ^^. 

Mvtall.  :  All  ore-roasting  space  inclosed  by 
three  walls,  or  by  four,  with  the  exception  of 
a  doorway. 

Wal-le'-ni-a,  s.  [Named  after  an  Irishman, 
Matthew  Wallen,  who  helped  P.  Browne  with 
liis  Natural  History  of  Jainaica.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Myrsinacea?,  tribe  Ardisi- 
e;e.     Shrubs  with  the  leaves  leathery,  entire  ; 


f^te,  f^t,  f^e,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son ;  mnt^^  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se.  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


waller— walrus 


487 


tlow^rs  ill  trrmiiml  ]i.iiiicle^ ;  rnlyx  c-ain- 
paiiulHte,  I'uur-tudtlii'il  ;  cunlla  tuliuiiir,  lour- 
jartt'tl ;  staiiR-iis  f<iuv  ;  fniit  niiiinl,  Hi'sliy. 
l-'ouTul  ill  tropical  Atiierica.  The  sl'lhIs  mT 
ll'ulUniu  l<iur(ft)lia  are  pei'pery. 

wall'-er,  x.  [Eng.  wall  (l),  v. ;  -ei:]  One  who 
iiiiiMs  wallK. 

wall-er -i-an,  wall-er'-i-an  ite,  >.  [Aft<  r 

f  he  Swedisli  riiiiit;iali>'^ist  Walleriiis  ;  sul!'.  -mi, 
Mill.  :  A  variety  uf  Ahniiiiiuus  Homltli'iidf 

('].V.). 

■wal'-let,  ■  wal-et.  '  watel,  .f.  (The  same 
ui'nl  as  iciittU  Oi.v.):  cf.  t;er.  ((■«/  =  cloth  ; 
/'■f(/.sf«/,.  vntlsdck  =  a  wallet;  O.  Sw.  ivud  = 
tli'tli  ;  Kii}^'.  im(/.] 

1.  A  bag  or  sack  for  eoutJiiiiiiig  articles 
%\liicli  a  person  cairies  with  liiin,  as  a  bay 
Vnr  canyinj;  the  necessaries  for  a  journey  or 
march  ;  a  knapsack  or  pedlar's  or  beggar's 
C'lick,  biiiulle,  or  bag. 

"  He  eiiteretl  into  a  long  gallerj',  where  he  laitl  tlown 
ill),  wall cl."~.iiU( iidn  :  Spccfatoi;  No.  289. 

2.  A  pocket-book  for  money.    (Amrr.) 

3.  Anything  jnotuberant  and  swagging. 

"Whose  thmnts  hnU  haii^'iiig  nt  them 
n'li/Icfj  of  flesh,"         .Shukcsfj. :  Tcmpcsl.  iil.  3. 

4.  A  supply. 

"  An  fiUl  tnipiier,  who  hml  ft  good  wnUvt  of  stories 
fi'i-  the  cjiuii>-nre. '■— (iViAu-,  iu  Macntillan's  Jlugtuiiu; 
July.  lb»l,  p.  X\7. 

■  wal-let-eer",  ^■.  [Eng.  wallet;  -eer.]  One 
nil.)  liL-ars  a  wallet;  one  who  travels  with  a 
wallet  ur  knapsack. 

Wall'-fl6^-er,  s.     [Eng.  wall,  andfiowa:] 

1.  LUci nil !/  £  Botany : 

(1)  The  genus  Cheiranthus,  and  spec.  Clieir- 
onthns  Vluiri.  It  is  a  perentiial  crucifer,  with 
-•I  stem  slirubby  below,  ad  pressed  bipar- 
tite hairs,  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  leaves, 
large  racemed  flowers  having  petals  with  long 
claws,  a  four-angled  pod,  and  seeds  shoitly 
winged  above.  Watson  considers  it  an  alien 
in  Britain.  Its  beauty  and  line  smell  have 
leil  to  its  introduction  into  Biitish  gardens, 
where  it  has  run  into  many  varieties,  marked 
by  the  diversity  of  their  colours,  most  of  tlieiu 
being  of  a  rich  brown,  or  yellow,  or  varie- 
•gated  with  purple  and  yellow,  and  in  general 
avitli  double  flowers. 

(2)  Bnu-isica  Clieiranthus,  a  sub-species  of 
ffj.  iiioiLcnsis.  It  is  hispid,  with  a  branched 
and  leafy  stem,  and  is  gi'own  in  Jersey  and 
Al'ierney. 

(:{)  Munulfu  Cheiranthus.  It  is  a  Scrophu- 
lai  laceous  jijant  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
introduced  into  British  gardens  in  1795. 

2.  Fifj.  :  A  person  who  at  a  ball  looks  on 
witlioiit  dancing;  either  from  choice  or  in- 
jibility  to  obtain  a  partner.    (Colloq.) 

"  The  inaiOeii  wallflotoers  of  the  room 
Admire  tlie  freshness  of  his  bluom." 

J'rtied :  Coutity  Ball. 

wall'-ing,  .«.  [Eng.  n-all  (1).  s. ;  -ing.]  Walls 
in  general ;  material  for  walls. 

■'  A  lew  steps  from  the  gate  of  the  tow«  is  another 
l>it  of  the  ancient  u>ajfi(ip[  of  NejJete."— Z>e(iu«;  Cities 
A  Ctiuilcries  of  £trtiria,  i.  83. 

*  wall'-niit,  s.    [Walnut.] 

Wal-loon',  s.  &  rt.  [A  name  given  by  the 
TtMituns  to  the  Celts  of  Flanders  and  the  Isle 
of  Walcheren  ;  from  the  same  root  as  A.S. 
/;ccalh  =  foreign  ;  Ger.  wiilsche  =  foreign  ;  O.  II. 
Ger.  icalak  =  a  foreigner.]  [Walnut,  Welsh.] 
A.  As  substantive: 

1.  One  of  the  descendants  of  the  old  Gallic 
Belgie,  who  occupy  the  Belgian  provinces  of 
aiainauU,  Liege  and  Nanuu',  Snuthern  Bra- 
bant, Western  Luxembourg,  and  a  few  villages 
in  Rlienish  Prussia. 

2.  The  laTiguage  spoken  in  these  provinces ; 
it  is  a  dialect  or  patois  of  French,  with  a  great 
proportion  of  Gallic  words  preserved  in  it. 

B«  As  Oilj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Walloons. 

Walloon  Protestants,  ':.  j^l 

Chur-k  Hist. :  A  branch  of  the  French 
Calvinij^ts,  who  settled  in  the  Netherlands  at 
the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  in 
H5S5.  They  are  gradnally  dying  out  as  a 
separate  body. 

^al  -lop.  i-.i.  &  t.  [A  doublet  of  guUop  (q.v.), 
fntin  A.8.  wadhui;  O.  Fris.  walla;  Low  Ger. 
walkn  =  to  boil. J 


A.  Intransitict: : 

1.  To  Imil  with  a  continued  bubbling  or 
heaving  and  rolling  of  the  liquid  accompanied 
with  noise.    {Proc.) 

2.  'J'o  mr)ve  quickly  with  great  effort :  to 
gallop.    (Prov.) 

B,  Tmnsitice : 

1.  To  castigate,  to  flog  ;  t>i  thrash  soundly  ; 
to  drub. 

"Tryinj:  to  get  at  ii  gooii  phioe  to  tvallop  you  with 
his  fenile."— .SiTiftfier'a  J/ni/atim:,  Nov.,  18SS,  i>,  7li. 

2.  To  tumble  over;  to  dash  down.     (^Pwv.) 

wal'-lop,  .s.    lW.\LLor,  v.] 

1.  A  (jnick  motion  with  much  agitation  or 
eflbrt.    (Prov.) 

2.  A  seveie  blow.    (Slang  X"  Pray.) 

wal'-lop-er,  s.     |Eng.  n'allojj ;  .er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  whieh  wallops. 

2.  A  pot-walloper  (q.v.). 

wal-ldw(l),    i\L     IWallow,  r».]     To  wither, 
In  lade,  t(,  siidi,  todr<H)]>.     (/■-.„■.) 

wal'-low,  '  wal-ew,  '  wal  ow,  'walwe, 

/■-  (.  <fe  (.    (A.S.  icenUcian  —  to  roll  round ;  cogn. 
with  Gotli.  irahrjaii  =  to  loll ;  Lat.  volvo.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  roll  one's  body  on  the  ground,  in 
mire,  or  in  other  substance ;  to  tumble  and 
roll  in  anything  soft. 

"The  sow  that  wiillowcth  in  the  inire."— Gilpin  : 
Sernwiis.  vol.  i.,  ser.  2o, 

2.  To  roll  or  toss  about. 

"  And  heiidcd  dol)>hin9  play:  part,  huge  of  bnlk. 
IWillouriiii/  unwieldy."  Millon:  J'.  L.,  vii.  4L 

*  3,  To  live  in  tilth  or  gross  vice. 
^B.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  roll. 

■■  He  wnlewitle  a  gret  stoon  tu  tlie  dore  of  the  hiriel 
A  went  avvey."— K'tf<.7</re  .*  Matthcui  t,\\'\\. 

2.  To  roll  about  on  the  ground,  in  mire,  or 
the  like. 


*  wal'-low,  s.     [Wallow  (li),  v.]    A  kind  of 

rolling  walk. 

"One  taught  the  tosa.  and  one  thp  French  nevi  wallmv." 
nryden:  Mau  of  Mode.    (Epilogue.) 

wal'-low,  a.      [A.S.  wealg ;  Icel.  vaJgr,  vdhjr 
=  lukewarm.]    Insipid,  tasteless.    (Prov.) 

wal'-16w-er,  s.     [Eng.  wallow  (2),  v.  ;  -£■/'.] 

1,  One  who  or  that  wliicli  wallows. 

"  Eternal  wallowers  in  Circi-'s  sty." 

Seoille:  Unit,  of  Juvcndt. 

2.  A  lantern-wheel  (q.v.). 

•  wal'-low  ish,  *  wal-ow-yshe,  a.    [Eng. 

iruUow  ;  -ish.]     Insipid,  flat,  nauseous. 


wall^'-end,  ^.  [See  dcf.]  A  superior  variety 
of  Eiij^lisli  eoal,  so  called  from  having  been  dug 
at  Wallsend,  on  the  Tyne,  near  the  spot  where 
the  wall  of  Severus  ended.  The  original  mines 
have  long  been  exhausted. 

wall -wort,  wale- wort,  s.  [A.S.  ickI  = 
slau;:hti;r,  from  growing  at  the  village  of 
>>lauglilerlnid,  in  Wiltshire,  where,  it  is  said, 
a  Danish  army  was  destroyed  ;  or  from  A.S. 
wcalh  =  foreign.     (Prior.y] 

But.:  (1)  Parietaria  officinalis  [PEi,tnoRY]; 
(2)  .Seiluin  acre  (Stonecrop]  ;  (;i)  Sambucus 
A7Mt/»i' [Dankwort];  (4)  Cot yhiloih  Umbilicus. 

wal'-ly-drai-gle,    wal'-ly-drag-gle,    s. 

[Etyni.  doiibUul  ;  perliaps  -.-  th.-  (|n-<is  of  the 
waMet.]  The  youngest  bird  in  a  nest,  and 
hence  used  for  any  feeble  ill-grown  creature. 
(Scotch.) 

"And  wives  Mi'  their  rocks  ami  distaffs,  the  very 

■nail i/draiijlci  o' the  country  side."— .S'co«:   Hob  Jloy, 

I'll,  xx^iiv. 

*  walm,  v.i.    [Whelm.]    To  rise. 

■"AsniukiH  funi*>   ivnlmeth  up  with  manv  turnings 
like  waves."— y.  Holtand :  I'liuic,  bk-  ii.,  ch,  xliii. 

walm'-sted-tite  {I  silent),  .';.     [After  the 
Swedish  chemist  Walmstedt  ;  suff. -i(c(Jl/i;i.).] 
-l/iH.  :  A  variety  of  Breunnerite  (q.v.).  con- 
taining nearly  2  per  cent,   of  ]n'otoxide  of 
manganese.     Fouml  in  the  Hartz  iIount;iins. 

*wal-note,  s.     [Walnut.] 

wal'-niit,    wal-not,   '  wal-note,  s.  &  a. 

(Lit.  —  foreign  nut,  from  A.S.  inalh  =  foreign, 
and  /(/!!((  — anut;   cogn.  with  Dut.  icalnoot ; 


O.  Out.  -uKilnote  ;  Icel.  talk  not ;  Dan.  viUutnt ; 
Sw.  vahiiit ;  Ger.  toaUnu^,  waLfche  nuss.) 

A.  As  snhsfantivc: 

1.  But.  :  Any  species  ftr  tree  of  the  genus 
Jnglans,  specif.  Jnglans  reyia  (the  Connnon 
Walnut),  (tr  its  fruit.  The  Otinmon  Walnut 
is  a  large  tree  with  a  thick  trunk  and  deeply 
furrowed  bark,  strong,  spreading  branches, 
leaves  with  from  live  to  nine  oval,  glabrous, 
sliglitly  serrated,  yellowish  -green  leaflets, 
wlii.Ii,  when  bruised,  give  forth  a  strong  aro- 
matic odour.  The  fruit  has  a  fleshy  husk 
enelo.sing  the  nut,  which  has  a  hard  shell 
and  two  valves;  when  young  it  is  jiickled 
with  the  husk ;  when  more  mature,  it  is  used 
as  a  dessert  fruit.  Tlie  walnut  is  a  native  of 
Ghilan  in  Persia,  immediately  south  of  the 
Caspian  Sea,  the  north-western  Himalayas, 
]iart  of  China,  Ac.  It  was  enltivate*!  by  the 
Romans  in  the  first  century  a.d,,  or  farlier, 
for  its  wood  anrl  its  fruit.  In  ine<lia:val  times 
it  was  largely  cultivaled  on  the  continent  and 
in  Brita.in  lor  its  wood,  which  was  held  to  be 
the  best  known  till  mahogany  was  discovered, 
and  is  still  exceedingly  prized  fm-  gunstocks, 
though  it  is  now  imported  into  Eunq^e  for 
this  purpose  fi'om  Asia,  with  another  species, 
J.  nigra,  from  America. 

2.  Coiinn.  :  The  wood  of  the  walnut-tree;  it 
is  of  great  value  as  a  cabinet  and  furnitiu*e 
material,  being  very  durable,  and  taking  a 
line  polish. 

B.  As  ailj. :  Made  of  the  wood  c.f  the  wal- 
nut-tree :  as,  a  walnut  table. 

walnut-oil.  .^  The  oil  obtained  from 
the  albumen  of  the  seed  of  the  walnut-tree 
by  reducing  them  to  a  pulp,  and  subjecting 
them  to  pressure,  flrst  with  and  then  without 
heat.  In  Cashmere  the  oil  is  largely  used  in 
cookery  and  as  an  illuminant,  but  in  Europe 
it  is  not  much  employed  for  food,  the  taste 
being  offensive  to  many  persons. 

walnut-tree,  ^^    [Wal.nit,  A.  i.] 

walnut  wood,  ^■.  &  a. 

A.  As  sub.it, :  The  wood  of  the  walnut-trcu 

(q.v.). 

B.  As  ailj, :  Made  of  the  wood  of  the  wal- 
nut-tree :  as,  a  walnut-ivood  table. 

wal-purg' ine,  wal-purg-ite  (w  as  v), 

.■>.    [After  the  Walpurgis-Iode,  iu  which  it  was 
found  ;  sufl".  -Ine,  -ite  (Min.).^ 

Mill. :  A  triclinic  mineral,  occurring  in 
thin,  scale-like  crystals,  with  various  other 
uranium  comiiounds,  at  the  Weisser  Hirsch 
mine,  near  Schneeberg,  Saxony.  Sp.  gr.  58  ; 
lustre,  somewhatadamantinetogreasy ;  colour, 
wax-yellow.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated  arsenate 
of  bismuth  and  uranium,  with  tlie  suggested 
formula  4R.j();,As05  -h  oHO,  in  which  K.O3  = 
the  oxides  of  bismuth  and  uranium. 

Wal-purg'-is  (W  as  V),  s.    [See  compound.] 

Walpurgis-night,  *-.  The  eve  of  Jlay 
1,  which  has  become  associated  with  some 
of  the  most  popular  witch  superstitions  of 
Germany,  though  its  connection  with  Wal- 
purgis,  Walpurga,  or  Walburga,  a  female  saint 
of  the  eighth  century,  is  not  satisfactorily 
accounted  for.  her  feast  falling  jirojierly  on 
Feb.  25.  On  this  night  the  witches  were  sup- 
posed to  ride  on  broomsticks  and  he-goats 
to  some  appointed  rejulezvous,  such  as  the 
Brockcn,  the  highest  point  of  the  Hartz  Moun- 
tains, where  they  held  high  festival  with  their 
master,  the  devil. 

wal'-rus,  5.  [Orig.  from  Scandinavian  ;  cogn. 
with  Sw.  vallro.-is;  Dan.  hvalros;  Icel.  (in  an 
inverted  form)  kross-hvalr  =  a  horse-whale, 
tlie  name  being  given  (it  is  suggested)  from 
the  noise  made  by  the  animal  sometimes 
resembling  a  neigh;  A.S.  hors-whivl  =  liorse- 
whale,  a  walrus.    (Hkeat.)] 

Zool.  :  Trichechus  rosnuirus ;  called  also  the 
Morse,  Sea-horse,  and  Sea-cow.  Tin-  Walrus 
is  now  conttned  to  the  regions  within  the 
Arctic  Circle,  though  its  extinct.  ancest.<ns 
had  a  much  wider  geogi-aphical  range.  It  is  a 
large  carnivorous  marine  mammal,  ordinarily 
from  ten  to  twelve  feet  long,  with  a  girtli  nf 
nearly  as  much  ;  "  it  is  said  that  it  souietimes 
attiiinsa  length  of  twenty  feet"  {Van  Hoeven); 
muzzle  abruptly  truncated,  with  long  and  re- 
markably strong  bristly  moustaches ;  small 
eyes;  external  ear  wanting,  thcni.;li  ihi-  oiitice 
is  distinctly  visible  ;  b^dy  large  au'l  sack-like, 
tapering  towards  the  tail;  hind  limbs  short, 
connected  by  a  membrane  which  co\ers  the 


I>6il,  bo^ ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat.  9ell.  chorus,  yhin,  henph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -  iiig. 
-Qian,  -tiau  =  shan,    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -gion  ^  zhiin,     clous,  -tious,    slous  -  shus.    -hie,  -die,  -ic.  =^  hel,  deL 


4SS 


wait— wand 


tail,  fore  limit'*  stmns  aii«l  stunipy.  Jill  with 
live  .Ikits  Tin-  hide  is  of  a  tawiiy-l»n»wn 
CMlunr.  wiih  ilUlloulty  iK-netrateii  l>y  l-iillets. 
iiml  has  Kvti  lik.Mit-.l  to  a  tmigli,  flexihU-  coat 
■if  mail.  TIk-  upp-r  i-aiiincs  aiv  dt-vfhuietl  in 
a<li>lt.s  of  both  sfxi's  into  iinmeii-te  tusks,  each 
fiiiiii  lifieeu  iiichfs  to  two  fiet  Ioiik,  and 
wnnhinj;  t*n  imhumIs  and  u|>wariis.  In  some 
individuals  tlu-  points  couvyiiie  towaitls  «ii<l 
in  othoi-s  they  diverge  from  tttch  other.  This 
was  oiR-  ivaaon  why  Frenu'iy  wished  to 
adopt  two  species  ;  but  Simdevall  has  shown 
Ihnt  -scarcely  two  skulls  can  be  fxainiiied 
withont  minute  difterences  in  the  size  and 
direction  of  the  tusks  being  perceived.  The 
ni.»>t  important  function  of  these  tusks  is 
digging  shell-tlsh,  the  favourite  food  of  the 
Walrus,  out  of  the  lianks  and  nuid  of  shoal- 
water.  TheynreaUo  employed  tn  raise  the*  body 
out  of  the  water,  by  digging  thein  into  ice- 
tines,  which  prol>ably  gave  rise  to  the  legend 
«if  tlie  Uosmariuo  (q.v.) ;  and  they  form 
t«MTii)lo  weapons  of  ottence,  as  by  a  quick  turn 
<»f  the  neck  the  animal  can  strike  upwards, 
downwards,  or  sideways  with  equal  dexterity. 
Walruses  are  gri*garious.  and  are  found  on  the 
sea-shore  and  on  ice-floes  ;  some  keep  guard 
whilst  those  of  the  main  body  sleep,  and  -when 
danger  threatens  the  sentinelsawake  the  others 
by  bellowing.  They  are  snid  to  be  monogamous, 
and  the  female  brings  forth  at  nine  months 
one  calf,  usually  on  the  ice-tloes.  In  disposi- 
tion they  are  quiet  and  inotfensive,  unless 
attacked  or  during  the  love-season,  or  if  their 
young  are  in  danger,  when  they  become 
desperately  aggressive,  and  t'lu'iously  attack 
the  huritei's  oti  the  ice  or  in  their  boats.  The 
area  of  the  Walrus  and  its  numbers,  owing  to 
reckless  slaughter  by  sealers  and  wlialers,  are 
fast  df'creaaing,  and  the  few  remaining  seek 
uiifrequenteil  spots  in  high  latitudes  inacces- 
sible to  sealers.  At  one  time  there  was  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  Walrus-liunting,  but  it  is 
now  at  a  very  low  ebb  :  the  tusks  alone  have 
any  commercial  value  at  the  present  time  ; 
but  formerly  Walrus-hides  were  used  for 
various  purposes,  such  as  machine-bands,  i&c. 
A  living  specimen  was  brought  alive  to  Hol- 
land in  liil-2;  and  two  specimens  have  been 
pj-orured  for  the  Zoological  Gardens,  Regent's 
Park,  LondoH,  but  both  died  soon  after  being 
brought  to  their  new  quarters. 

*  wait,  a.  (A.S.  Tyra-((  =  unsteady ;  unwealt  = 
steady,  from  wextltan  =  to  roll.] 

Na^a. :  An  old  tenn  equivalent  to  crank. 
(Smyth.) 

'Walt»i'.i.  [Walt,  a.]  ToroUover;  to  totter, 
to  fall,  to  throw,  to  rush.     [Welter.] 

wal'-ter,  v.i.     (Walt,  a.] 
1.  To  roll,  to  welter. 
"  Wbereiii  the  aiuuer  wairtrrfA  and  wrappetb  hym 
Belfe,  aa  .1  aowe  wnloweth  iii  the  atyukyiig  gorepit,"'— 
/■'aher  :  Sci'i-n  I'sulmcs;  Pa  vi. 

2.  To  upset ;  to  be  overturned. 
walth,  »\     [Wealth.]    Plenty,  riches,  wealth. 

'•  Pepiterconi,  we  bae  waUh  of  them." — Scott:  Anti- 
quary, ch.  xi. 

Wal'-tham  (th  as  t).  s.    [See  def.] 
(I'f  '•>.  :  Wa!th;im  Abbt-y,  in  Essex. 

Waltham  Black  Act,  s.    [Black  Act.] 

wal-ther  -i-a  (w  as  v,  th  as  t),  s.  (Xamed 
aft/;r  Prof.  A.  Walther  of  Leipsic] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Hermannese.  Herbs  or 
shrubs  with  serrated  leaves,  some  stellate 
hairs,  and  axillary  or  terminal  heads  generally 
of  yellow  flowers.  Calyx  jiersistent,  cam- 
I'anulate,  five-cleft,  surro'unded  by  a  one-  to 
thre'^leaveil  deciduous  involucel ;  petals  five, 
stalked ;  style  somewhat  lateral ;  stignm 
fringed  or  tubercled  ;  fruit  capsular.  U'al- 
theria  DmimiHaha,  which  abounds  in  muci- 
lage, is  n.sed  in  Brazil  in  diseases  of  the  chest, 
and  exteriially  as  an  application  to  wounds  ; 
and  \V.  o»irt-(r.'iva  in  Surinam  in  fevers. 

wal'-ther-ite  (w  as  v,  th  as  t).  .^.  [Et>-m. 
doubtiiil,  but  prob.  after  one  Walther;  sufl". 
-ite  (Min.).} 

Aft  II.  ;  Probably  a  variety  of  Bismutite 
(q.v.) ;  an  undetermined  niineral. 

Wal-t6n,s.     [Seedef.] 

fkng.  :  Walton-011-the-Xaze  in  Essex. 
Walton-crag,  5. 

'fcr>u  :  A  bed  of  ci-ag  exi.sting  at  Walton-on- 
the-Xaze.    It  i;*  considered  to  be  the  oldest 


portiou  of  the  Hed  Crag,  and  to  liave  been 
<iepo!.iied  while  the  climate  was  warn\er  than 
it  iiMUiediiilely  afterwards  became. 

wal  -tron.  ^.    [Etym.  doubtful. l    The  walrus. 

'■  Vhv  ini.ne,  or  tcaltrou,  i»  fftUed  the  i^i'ifhyrae.  "— 

wal  -t^,  fl.  [Eng.  xmli,  a.  ;  -</.]  Unstt>ady, 
cnink.    (Said  of  a  vessel.) 

waltz,  s.    (A  shortened  form  of  Ger.  walzcr  = 
a  jig,  a  waltz,  from  \mlseyi  =  to  roll,  to  revolve, 
to  waltz ;  cogn.  with  A.S.  itwa/tan  =  to  roll,  to 
twist.] 
Music : 

1.  A  dance  said  to  have  oiiginated  in  Bohe- 
mia, now  of  almost  universal  ailoption.  It  is 
IKirformed  by  couples,  who.  almost  embracing 
each  other,  swing  round  the  room  wiXh  a 
wliirling  n»otion.  It  was  introduced  into 
England  in  1S13. 

2.  The  music  composed  for  such  a  dance. 
Tlie  time  is  of  triple  measure  in  crotchets  or 
quavers,  and  consists  of  eight  or  sixteen  bar 
piirases.  Jlodern  waltz-writers  frequently  add 
to  the  original  dance-form  an  introduction 
and  coda.  The  "  Vienna  "  waltz  is  character- 
ized by  a  rapid  movement  and  strict  unbroken 
time.  Liindler  are  slower  and  more  dignified 
than  the  waltz.  "  Classicjil  waltzes  "  are  com- 
positions in  waltz-form  intended  for  set  pieces, 
not  for  (lance  tunes.  In  them  gi-eater  scope 
is  given  to  the  composer  and  performer  than 
is  compatible  with  the  rhythm  of  the  dance. 

waltz,  v.i.     [Waltz,  s.] 

1.  To  dancea  waltz. 

2.  To  move  as  in  a  waltz  :  to  trip. 

waltz -er.  s.  [Eng.  wait:,  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
danctrs  a  waltz. 

wal'-u-e-wite  (w  as  v),  s.  [After  the 
Russian  minister  P.  A.  von  Waluew;  suff".  -ite 
iMin.).} 

Min.:  A  variety  of  Xanthophyllite  (q.v.), 
occurring  in  exceedingly  well-defined  crystals 
associated  with  perofskite  and  other  mineral 
species  at  the  Nikola.je-Maxiiniliauowsk  mine, 
near  Achmatowsk,  Urals. 

*walwe,  v.i.    [Wallow,  s.] 

wa'-ly,  wa'-lie,  *wale,  a.  ks.  [Perhaps 
from  wait  (O.  Icel.  va():  O.  H.  Ger.  wala  = 
choice(s.),-Goth.  r((?is  =  choice  (a.).]    {Scotch.) 

A.  As  atljective: 

1.  Beautiful,  excellent,  choice. 

"  The  wale  burde."  Gawaane,  1,010. 

2.  Large,  ample,  strong. 

B.  As  snbst, :  Something  pretty  ;  an  orna- 
ment, a  gewgaw. 

wa'-ly,  interj.  [A  shortened  form  of  A.S.  k-o- 
Id-iva  =  welaway  (q.v.).]  Alas  !  welaway  ! 
(Scotch.) 

'wam-bais,  5.    [Gambeson.] 

warn  -  We,  •  warn-  mle,  *  warn  -  mel. 
*  wam-le,  *'.'•  [Dan.  vamk  =  i>>  nauseate, 
to  become  squeamish  ;  vnmjne!  =  nauseous ; 
Icel.  vfjnna  =  to  nauseate,  to  loathe  ;  iwma  = 
nausea.] 

1.  To  rumble,  heave,  or  be  affected  with 
nausea.    (Said  of  the  stomach.) 

"Theu  sliivll  ye  sometime  see  there  some  otber,  Ac. 
thevr  boUye  frete,  their  stomake  wambJe.' — S'n'T. 
More  :  tt'orkes,  p.  322. 

3.  To  move  irregularly  to  and  fro  ;  to  roll, 
to  wriggle. 

"  Wheu  your  cold  salnds  without  salt  op  vinegar 
Be  vmnibling  iu  yowr  atoitificha," 

Beatini.  *  Ftet- :  Mnd  Lover,  i. 

3.  To  move  in  an  undulating,  serpentine,  or 
eel-like  manner  ;  to  wriggle.    (Prov.) 

*  wamble-cropped,  a.  Lit.,  sick  at 
the  stomucli ;  hence,  fig. ,  wretched,  humiliated. 

wam'-ble,  jf.  [Wamble,  u.]  A  heaving  or 
rumbling  in  the  stomach  ;  a  feeling  of  uausea ; 
squeamishness. 

"  Diaaolveth  iacontinently  all  v>ambfei"— P.  Bot' 
land:  Plutarch,  p.  575. 

*wam-brace.  y.    [Vambrace.] 

wame,  ^.  [A.S.  rvumb  =  the  belly,  the  stomach, 
the  womb.]  The  womb,  belly.  (Lit.  &  Jig.). 
(Scotch.) 

"  At  the  bftck  oE  the  dyke,  in  a  wealth  o'  snaw.  or  in 
the  wame  o'  a  wave,  what  aignifles  how  the  auld  gaber- 
lu»ziedies?"~SroW;  Antiquitrfi,  ch.  vii. 


wame'-fu'.  wame-fou',  •-•.  [Scotch  mim> 
=  womb,  and  -/"',  -/'"■  =  full.]  A  bellv  full. 
(Sa4rh.) 

"  This  may  do— maiVn  do.  Sir.  wl'  them  wha 

Mniiu  pleaiie  jthe  ereKt  folk  (or  n  wnnffoii ." 
Burns  :  ,4  Dedication;  To  (iavin  Hamilton.  Epj. 


[Wamble,  v.\ 


warn  mel,  wam-mle. 


wam-pee .  ^^.    [Chine 
lioL,  itc.  .•  The 
fruit     of    Coolid 
pniictnto.      It    is 
a    round     berry 
about  the  size  of  y*  y^ 
a    pigeon's    egg,   v  jf^ 
with     five    or    a 
smaller    number 
of  cells.      It    is 
highly  esteemed 
in  China  and  the 
Intlian  Archipeb 


wamp'-ista,  v.t.     [Etym.  wamill. 

doubtful.]     To  toss  about 
in  a  frantic,  threatening  manner ;  to  wave  vio- 
lently ;  to  flourish,  to  brandish.      (Scotch.) 

"  It's  fearsome  V>:oth  to  see  aud  hear  her  when  she 
irampishes  abuut  her  arms."  —  Scott :  Antt-iUary, 
ch.  xxxix. 

wam'-pum,  s.  [From  Amer.-Indian  wampvm, 
vjompoh},  from  Massachusetts  womju  ;  Dela- 
ware wdpi  =  white.]  Small  beads  made  of 
shells,  used  by  the  American  Indians  as 
money;  or  wrought  into  belts,  &c.,  as  an 
ornament, 

"  Clad  from  head  tofoot  in  trnmpitm." 

Longfeltotc:  Hittwatha.  ix. 

wan,  (.1.  [A.S.  vonn,  i/'ojni  =  dark,  black; 
original  di>ubtful,  prob.  from  wonn,  wonn  ;  pa. 
t.  of  vnnaan  —  to  toil,  to  strive,  to  contend  ; 
hence  the  original  meaning  would  be,  worn 
out  with  toil,  tired  out,  and  so  worn  out  or 
pallid  with  sleeplessness.] 

1.  Having  a  pale  or  sickly  hue  ;  pallid,  pale, 
languid  of  look. 

"  The  woman  also  looked  {),ile  aiul  H-aii. '— B»»ij/a»i  .* 
Pit'jrims  Progress,  pt   ii. 

2.  Pale,  white. 

"  With  the  wan  niuon  overheatl, " 

Lon0eUow :  Beleaguered  Cif't. 

3.  Black,  gloomy.  (Applied  to  water, 
streams,  pools,  &c.    (Scotch.) 

wan-thriven,  a.    Stunted,  decayed  ;  in 

a  state  uf  decline.     (Scotch.) 

•wan,  v.t.  &  ;.    [Wan,  n.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  or  render  wan  or  pale. 

B.  Intraus.:  To  become  wan  or  pale. 

"  Ail  his  \-isage  wanned,"    Shnkesp.  :  Hainlef.  ii.  2. 

wan,  pvrt.  &pii.jXf.r.  of  c.     [Wis,  v.]    (Scotch.) 

wan'-9han-9$",  a.  [A  corrupt,  of  unckancfj 
(q.v.).]     Unlucky.    (Sa>trh.) 

"  Some  tcanchanci/  person — I  susjtect  John  Heather- 
blatter  the  auld  gamekeeper."  —  Scott :  tt'aoerleif, 
ch.  Ixiv. 

wand,  s.  [Icel.  riindr  (genit.  vandar)  =  a 
wand,  a  switch  ;  O.  Sw,  nxiJid  ,*  Dan.  vaand  ; 
Goth,  n-andns.  From  O.  Scand,  wand,  ra^id, 
pa.  t.  of  O.  Sw.  wiiulu  ;  Icel.  vimla  ;  Dan. 
riurfe  =  to  wind  (q.v.).] 
1,  A  small  stick,  staff,  or  rod. 


2.  -A.  rod  (u-  staff,  having  some  special  n^< 
or  character :  as — 

(1)  A  rod  used  by  conjurers,  diviners,  or 
magicians. 

"  If  I  but  wave  this  toand 
Your  nerves  are  all  chained  up  iu  alabaster." 

Sfilton  :  Comu*,  659, 

(-2)  A  staff  of  authority. 

"Then  the  Oirrigidor  li.iultig  an  officer  with  him 
which  bare  a  white  uand  iu  his  haud,  sityd  .  .  .  yeeKl 
yuurselfe."-Wf(ct/ii/// .-   f'oi/ages.  ii.  tl8 

(3)  A  small  baton,  forming  part  t>f  the  in- 
signia of  tlie  niessenger  of  a  court  lU"  ju.stiir 
in  Scotland,  and  which  he  must  exhibit  beli'r-- 
ni.iking  a  caption ;  called  more  fully  a  wand 
of  peace. 

"The  legal  officer,  confronted  with  him  of  the  mili- 
tary, griisiml  %»*ith  one  doubtful  Iwud  the  greasy 
bludgeon  which  was  to  enforce  his  authoiity.  and 
with  the  other  produced  his  short  otiicial  baton, 
tipped  with  silver,  and  hariug  a  movable  ring  upon 
it— "Captaiu  iM'Intyre.— Sir,  I  have  iio  uaarrel  -i^'ith 
you.— but  if  you  interrupt  me  iu  my  duty,  I  will 
break  the  icund  of  pence,  and  declare  uiys«?U  de- 
forced.' .  .  And  he  slid  bis  euigmatiujil  ring  from  outr 
end  of  the  baton  to  the  other,  being  the  appropriate 
symbol  of  his  having  been  forcibly  interrupted  in  tht- 
discharge  of  his  duty,"— -Sc-oK ;  Autiqu-try,  ih.  xlii. 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  f^,  father :  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine :  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who.  son  ;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cui",  rule,  full :  try,  Syrian.    ^,  ce  =  e  ;  ey  =  a :  qu  =  Hw. 


wander — want 


4S9 


•  wand-like,  «■    Lila-  a  wd  or  siiiff. 

■  Hir  sliil"!.'  t..  «ii  inch  ;  a»  ira.i.l'*- stmiBllt ; 

nran-der,    •  wan-dren,   -  wan-dri-en. 

Ti    &   (      |A.^S.   mimlrUm,  a  fiViH>ent.   from 

-  to  walk  ;   Oer.  imiuWii  =  to  waiuier,   u 
travel,  to  «-»lk-,  Dau.  n..«ir;;  Sw.  raiufra  ; 
O.  Dut.  iraiud're".  1 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  ran.ble  hci-e  and  tl>«■^ ;vitl.o"  »ny 
certain  conrse  nr  oliject  m  view  ;  to  travel  or 
",  me  f.^n.  place  to.,.laoe  witi.ont  any  fixec 
i,ur|.o,se  nr  .lestinatioii ;  to  rove,  i.auge,  oi 
roam  aliout ;  to  stroll,  to  stray. 

••They  «<i.i,(or«i  lu  the  wiljeru«»s  iu  »  sditarj 

2.  To  leave  one's  home  or  settled  I'lace  ot 
abode  ;  to  migrate. 

••  Wten  and  cause.l  me  to  m.mltr  f.viu  lay  ("tl.ers 
house  ■■—fic'iMi*  XX.  i:i. 

3.  To  deiart  or  stray  from  any  settled 
course  or  path;  to  bo  astray,  as  from  the 
paths  of  duty  ;  to  stray,  to  err,  to  devnvte. 

•■  O  let  iiie  U"t  mndcr  ffoii.  thy  oommMull.ieuta.  - 
Psalm  ..xK.  10.  , 

4    To  he  dehrions  ;   not  to   he  under  the 
..uidauce  of  reason  :  as,  The  mind  u-uuders. 
°  5   To  digress  from  the  subject  in  hand. 

•B  Tmns.-  To  wander  over;  tn  travel, 
rnam.'or  .stroll  over  nr  thnmah,  without  .iny 
flxed  course,  object,  or  destination. 

•■  Forty  dnj«  Elijah  without  food 
"•«"■'"■■''  *'"'  '•'"""  ''f',;..n  :  P.  «..  L  m 

wan-der-er,  »wan-dre-er,  s.     lEug. 
i<-uu(-hr  ;  -fir.l 

1  One  who  wanders:  one  who  travels 
about,  having  no  Used  home  or  place  of  abode. 

-The  youth,  obedient  to  his  sire  s  m"'"!.'""''' 
Sets  off  a  immlerer  into  foreign  l""'';.-  ., 

•2.  One  who  wanders   or  strays  from  the 
path  of  duly. 
wandering,   •  wan -dring,   ■  wan- 
drynge.  i>r.  jwr.,  «.,  4;  <.     iW.\Nt.t;p..l 

A.  A^rr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.:  Given  to  wander;  roaming, 
roving,  unsettled. 


•  wan -der-ment,  s.  (Eng.  minder  ;  ■menl.] 
The  aet  .11  slutf  of  wandering. 

•'  u.-iuiH  lUid  HJiecie"  loiii,'  since  harefoote  weut 
U,x,u  their  teu.toe.  lu  "^l;!' -'<"■  Sr«.  ».  >. 

wan-der-06  ,  wan-der-u;,  ».  (Fr.  O.iaii- 
deron,  from  n'and.rn,  tlie  Cingalese  lorin  of 
Hind.  iKimiin-=  a  monkey.) 

Zoology: 

1  McuMciis  siVeiiiLs,  from  the  south  nf  Hin- 
dostan.  espeeiallv  the  cmintry  bordering  the 
Jlalabar  const.  It  is  about  two  feet  111  length, 
tail  ten  to  twelve  inclie-s.  The  ^^:lndelMu^ 
have  long,  slim  bodies,  covered  witli  deei- 
black  hair,  tail  of  the  same  colour,  tutted. 
The  head  looks  very  large,  because  of  a  mane, 


13. 


■'  \or  shall  one  wandering  thought  of  uiine 
At  such,  our  Prolihefa  will,  rernie  . 

Huron  :  Bridf  vf  AbgdM.  \ 

C,  As  sntistanttve: 

1    A  roamins  or  travelling  ab-ut  without  a 
fixed  course,  object,  nr  destination. 
■•Through  ten  years    ,mm!rri„g.  ^;fj}"""f\.\'"' 
yeai-V  war."        /'";'*•  ■  Homer  ;  0d,'j3say  xm.  J1.S. 

2.  Aberration  ;  deviation  from  rectitude ;  a 
straying  or  .swerving  from  the  path  of  duty. 

••  H  any  wall's  easenieas  ot  glory  h;is  luade  hmiover; 
see  the  way  to  it,  let  him  uow  lecovei  his  «.u.icler.ii|M. 
—Dect'/oJ  Piet!/. 

3.  A  roving  or  straying  of  the  mind   or 
thoiights ;  mental  aberration. 

■•  Suited  to  my  lu-eseut  wandering$  of  thought.'  — 
Sndgrll :  S/'frUi'lor.  No.  425. 

i.  Iiidiilgeiiee  in  digressions  or  dtsituisitions 
foreign  tu  the  subject  in  hand. 

•1  Tke   U'linderimi  Jrw :   A  legendary  cha- 
racter,  condemned  to  wander  from  place  to 
place  till  the  Day  of  Judgment.     Accoriling 
to  one  version,  that  of  Matthew  Pans  (C/innn 
St     ilhan's  Abhril),  he  w.is  Cartnphilus,  the 
doorkeeper    of   the    Judgment   H.-ill,   in  the 
service  of  Pontius  Pilate,  and  struck  our  Lord 
as  he  led  him  Inrlh,  saying.  ''Get  on  faster, 
Jesus  '  ■■  whereupnn  onr  Lord  replied,      I  ani 
oniii",  but  thou  Shalt  tarry  till  I  eome  again. 
Another  le-end  is  that  Jesus,  inessed  down 
with  the  weight  of  his  cross,  stopi>eil  to  rest 
at  the  door  ot  niie  Ahasiierus,  a  cnbbler.    The 
craftsman  pushe'l  him  away,  swing,      Get 
off'    Awav  with  you,  away  !       Our  Lord  re- 
plied. "Truly  I  go  away,  and  that  quickly, 
but  tarrv  thou  till  1  coine."    A  lliird  legen.l 
savs  tlua't  it  was  the  cnbbler  who  haled  Jesus 
before  the  judginent  .seat  of  Pilate  saying  to 
liim     •■Faitei'T  Jesus,   fa.ster!"    The  legend 
has  f.irmecl  the   l.asis   of   many  p.wms  and 
novels. 


W.4SDEB00.    {Macacus  sileims.) 


or  ruff  and  beard  which  sticks  out  round  the 
face.  This  mass  of  long  hair  is  either  gia>  or 
white,  and  adds  to  the  sly  look  of  the  briuid 
face,  soft  dull  eyes,  and  broad  muzzle.  The 
naine  is  misleading,  as  jUucaciis  silenus  is  not 
a  native  of  Cevlon.  Mr.  Blanforil  (Proc.  ^ool. 
Soc  1SS7  p.  15-23)  proposed  to  substitute  tor 
it  tiie  name  Lion-tailed  Monkey,  used  by 
Pennant. 

2  Any  species  of  the  genus  Semiiopitlieciis 
(q.v.).  .S.  iii'Siiius  is  the  Great  Wander.... 
[Maha.) 

•■The  name  wandern  has  cluug  to  the  Mal'.n-.r 
>f oukey  ever  since  [the  publication  ol  Eutrou  >  .>..'■ 
K.J;  hut  really  kpolies.  as  Teuipletou.  KelaaU 
Temieut.  and  others  £ave  shown,  to  the  Ceylo  e=e 
Seiuuoi,itheci,  and  was  riglitly  employed  for  tho.e 
auluials  by  Kuox  and  Kay."-Proc.  Zoal.  Soc.  13s.. 
p.  6'2:l. 

•wand' -3^,  ".     tEng.  wand;  -i/.l    Long  and 

flexible,  like  a  wand. 
wane,  "walne,  «wayne,!'.i.  &(.  [A.S.ira«- 
i„„  „■„„,„„  =  to  .lecreas..,  to  gi'.iw  less,  from 
ii.(„'i  ,™u  =  deficient ;  eogn.  with  Icel.raira 
=  to  diminish,  from  pniir  =lacking.  wanting  ; 
O  H.  Ger.  &.  M.  H.  Ger.  wanon,  wniu'il  =  to 
wane,  from  lean  =  deficient.]  [Waist.) 
A.  Intransitive : 

1   To  "row  less ;  to  be  diminished ;  to  .le- 
crease  ;  applied  especially  to  tlie  illuminate.l 
portion  of  the  moon,  as  opposed  to  wax. 
••states  thrive  or  wither,  xs  moom  wax  and  ira" J^" 

2.  To  become  shorter. 

■•Xightiranei.  OKiug:  'tis  time.'?'' '.'"P  ;"  ,.. 
*  Longfeltiitc :  Mutirian't  Tale,  vi. 

3.  To  decline,  to  fail,  to  sink  ;  to  approaih 

the  end.  . ,  , 

'•  rm  n'ain'"7  111  ills  favour. 

Brj/den :  AH .f"r  Love.  iU. 

-  B.  Trn  lis. :  To  cause  to  decrease. 

wane,  "  waine,  '■.    (Wake,  v.] 

1    Til.'  decrease  of  the  illuminated  part  of 
the' moon  to  the  spectator's  eye. 

••  He  is  iu  the  n,aae."-Sliateip. :  Midmmmer  mghl  . 
Brram.  v. 

2.  Decline,    failure,  diminution,  decrease, 

declension.  .     „ 

•■  Iu  heriprtiie  of  pride. 

Drayton:  Poty-Otbion.  &.  1.. 

wa'-ney,  s.  [Etym.  doubtf)il.l  The  featber- 
e,h"  w  acute  angiihir  edge  of  a  slab-boar.l. 
cut  from  a  round  log  without  previous  squar- 
ing, or  obtained  in  the  process  of  squaring. 

•wang(l),  s.  [A.S.  u<(ing :  lce\.  rungr.]  A 
fiel.l. 

•  wane  (")  '  wong.  s.  [A.S  wange,  vmwe, 
«.*,/=  the  cheek,  the  jaw  ;  O.H.Ger.  wanga  ; 
Icel.  ranffi.) 

1.  The  jaw,  the  jaw-bone,  the  cheek-bone. 

2.  The  same  as  Wanq-tooth  (q.v.). 

••  our  manciple  I  lio]*  he  wo]  be  .led.     ., 
Swi,  weikes  ay  the  wangr,  in  his  lied 

Chaucer:  C.  /..  4,".it. 


•  wang  -tooth,    •  wang  -totli,  .-.     A 

clieek-t..i.tli  or  grimier. 

•■  out  ol  a  u>anglolti  .l.ran;  aie.n  a  weljf^" 

wiln-ga-la,  •wftia-gld,  s.    rGuianan  na,„e.| 

The    seeds' ut.  .s'i'.sii ni .' nl    oricnialr.      ilSESAMb- 
OIL.) 

w&ne'-an.  «.  [Amer.  Indian.)  A  name  ap- 
jilied  ,1",  Maine,  United  States,  to  a  lumlieiers 
boat  for  carrying  tools,  provisions,  to;. 

-wiing-er,  «.  (A.S.  vnngere,  from  iraii-If  = 
a  cheek,  a  jaw.)    A  pillow  for  the  cheek. 

■■Hi.  briilhte  helm  wa.  hi.,;™;^»j;„  „,^„, 

wang  -hee,  whang  -hee,  s.  iXative  name.) 

Hot   ■    1'linllo.iluctni,.   ni(ira.  a  bamboo    im- 

ii.irtel    perhaps  with  others  of  file  genus, 

into  Englaiiil  from  China  and  Japan  to  be 

made  int.)  walking-sticks. 

•wan'-hope,  .<.     (A.S.  ieaii  =  deficient,  ami 

liofie.  1 
L  Despair;  want  or  absence  of  hope. 
•■  Wanhopeoi  helpe  Is  throughout  ine  rouue  true, 
lie,^'— C/i(iMcer ;  Testament  0/  Locc,  bk.  u. 

2.  Vain  hope";  delusion. 

••  I  male  l.ilnse  in  the  f..olish  iraiiiow  linuigiue  we) 
ot  so,,;;  usurer '-CTi.i(oue,-:  Tramlalion  0}  ilor,^ 
anooiitnn  II.  all. 

wan' -horn,  <.  (A  corrupt,  of  Siamese  nanie., 
All  uni.lentilied  species  ot  Kvempferia  (q.v.). 

•  wan  -i-on,  -  wan  i-and,  '  wan  -ni-6n. 

.s  (Pr.ib.  v-anioiul  is  the  (.rigiiiul  ami  ci- 
rect  f.iriii,  being  the  northern  form  of  the  pi. 
par  of  A.S.  TOaiiinii  =  to  wane  (ci.v.)  ;  hence. 
in  the  wn iiict mi  =  in  the  waning,  ami  vnlli  " 
n-anion  =  witli  diminution,  detriment,  or  ill- 
luck.)  A  niisfoitiine  .ir  calamity;  a  curse, 
mischief.  (Chieflv  used  as  an  imprecation  111 
the  phrases.  With  a  mnnion,  ll'tiiiioiiscii  !(oii.> 

••111  teach  you  to  take  pface  of  t™'"'"^',',?,";'";';'' 
with  a  leiniiuoii  to  you.'  -ttrWe'i  ■'  l>  >td  batlant.  ill, 

wan-kle,  «.  [A.S.  wnnml  =  unstable  ;  O.  & 
Pn.v  Ger.  ii'aii;.c(  =  tottering  ;  ito /!,).'(' u  =  t.. 
totter.)  Weak,  unstable  ;  not  to  be  depelide.l 
on.     (.Vo;'(/i  o/i,'ii!;(<iiM(.) 

wan-le  (le  as  el),  a.    [Wanni.e.) 

wan -luck,  -•i.  (A.S.  icu  a  =  deficient,  and  Eng. 
/ic'A.I    Want  of  luck;  unluckiness. 

*  wan'-ljr,  adv.    (Eng.  ie«ii ;  ■(!/•! 

1.  In  a  wan  or  pale  manner. 

2.  Wastingly.  ,     , 
■•  Il'dii/Mdid  displace 

The  rose-iuixt  lilies  iu  her  lovely  face. ' 
iigleester  :  Da  Hartas.  lifth  day.  first  week.  1.025. 

•  wanned,  '  wannyd,  ■'.  [Eng.  u'nii :  -td.] 
Made  or  become  wan  ..r  (lale  ;  pule,  wan. 

••  Whoom  deth  boo  storu  wyth  his  .mnmnf  hewe. 
Hath  now  pursuyd. "    Fabaan  :  Chronncte  luu,  14SJ., 

wan'-ness,  s.  [Eng.  wan  :  -iie,ss.)  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  wan  or  pale  ;  paleness. 

"The  cnuiplextou  was  pale,  even    to   K-cintiess,  — 
Li/noa  :  U'.dctptiin.  ch.  xii. 


wandering-albatross. 

(.i,-iii(;i.  :  Diomrdm  «ii(o.:,..     lALB-lTKOSS.) 

wan-der-mg-ly,  •  wan -dring-ly.  "'''• 
(Eng.  wandering:  dy.\  In  a  wandering, 
roving,  or  unsettled  manner. 

•■  Your  shafts  of  fort'iiie  .  .  . 
Yet  giaiice  full  <»»"<-"'!"^j^l^:  ',  p„,„„,  „,.  3. 

-clan,    tian  =  shan.    -tion.    sion  =  shun,  -^lon,    sion     iuux..  


"  wan  -ni-6n,  s.    (Waxion.) 

•  wan  -nish,  a.  (Eng.  icon  ;  -is'i.)  Some- 
what wan  or  pale  ;  of  a  pale  hue. 

•■  No  tree  lu  all  the  grove  but  has  Its  charms. 
-ih..uKl.  each  il-<  hue  peculiar:  paler  some 
Ai.J  ,.i  a  iminiHI.  gniy.  Oneper :  Talk:  I.  ». 

wan -nle,  wan-le  (le  as  ol),  «.    [Cf.  Icel. 

vu-idigr  =  hopeful,    line.)      Active,    strong, 
healthy.    (Scotch.) 

'•  And  grew  up  to  he  a  flue  wanle  fellow.'  —Scott : 

Anlhiwtrn.  .'h.  x.viv. 

wan -rest- full,  n.  [A.S.  traR  =  deficient, 
ami  Eng.  re»'/«'.|     Restless.    (Seotch.) 

••An'  may  they  uever  learn  the  gates. 

Of  ither  vile.  wii/n'Mr/H  pets,  

Burns  :  Death  of  Poor  Manic. 

want,  •  wonte,  a.  &  s.  [leel.  ra.if,  neut.  ..I 
ivni'=  lacking,  deficient;  must  =  ivant  . 
inuM  =  to  want.  From  the  same  root  a.~ 
imiic  (q.v.).] 

•A.  As  adj.:  Wanting,  deficient.  (Oini.'- 
iiiiii,  14,308.) 

B.  vis  sidjstantire : 

1.  The  state  or  condition  nf  not  having  :  the 
condition  of  being  without  anything  ;  lack. 

■  Evil  19  wrought  by  leant  ot  th.iught. 
Aa  well  as  want  ot  heart.  , 

J/"od:  Laslut  Dream. 

2.  Absence,  scarcity,  lack  ;  deficiency. 

■■  Worth  makes  the  man.  and  wtinf  of  it  the  f*h"W." 
/'.,;,-■  .■  Kssa'J  on  Man.  iv.  l"i. 


490 


want —wapentake 


.1  Occasion  for  sometliiog;  iittHj.  ncct'Rsity. 

"  To  ■upi)ly  tt.p  riK  «*iit»«  "f  luy  Irieiid  ' 

.•ikak*»iK  .   Merchant  iif  »'«»nW,  t.  S. 

4.  The  staU  «r  comlitinn  of  bt-ing  without 
ineanK  ;  in'iiiiry,  indigviK-e,  i»oveity. 

"  Want  iitnko  u»  kuow  th«  i»ric«  of  wlwl  wp  avilr.  * 
Orn  JontOH  :  Prince  itrnry*  Itarrirri. 

5.  Tlmt    which    is  not    possestted,   hut    is 
Bectsunry  or  desired  for  use  or  jiU-asuri'. 


"  Wft&t'grace.  s.     A  reprobate. 

'■  Want  u  trutir  j/rucr  ty  (xrfonne  tlie  ilredr." 

/Urici     Mirrvcittmat,  p.  J". 

•  want-wit.  :f.  A  person  destitute  of  wit 
or  sfiise  ;  a  fool. 

"  ^)iicli  A  tciintifit  MiliicM  luakes  of  inr, 
l'l.at  1  Lnv<?  luuch  ailu  U>  know  uiysclf.  ' 

sh'i*ttp. :  Merchitiit  o/  f'enicf,  i.  I. 

want,    ■  wante,   v.t.  &   L     [Icei.    vautu.] 

[Want,  s.l 

1.  To  Itc  without;  to  be  destitute  of;  to 
lack  ;  not  to  have. 

■•  ThoM  h»iipy  i>lacea  thou  biwt  deigued  awhile 
To  want.''  Milton     P.  I.,  v.  3CS. 

2.  To  be  detloient  in ;  to  be  larking  in 
n'sj)ect  of  or  to  the  amount  of;  to  fall  or 
come  short  in. 

3.  To  have  o<5casion  for.  as  something  to- 
quisite,  necessary,  useful,  proper,  or  de- 
sirable ;  to  need,  to  require. 

■■  He  urrsi!tt»Hl  in  remainiug  where  he  was  not 
u>a'iUd:  -  Jlitcuuiai/ :  nut.  F.ng..  cb.  xvU. 

4.  To  feel  a  desire  for,  as  for  sometliing 
absent,  uocdetl,  lost,  or  the  like  ;  to  feel  the 
need  of ;  to  wish  or  long  for ;  to  desire,  to 
crave. 

"  I  wiirif  more  uucles  here  to  wdo'tiie  uie." 

.SA.itr«*..  -   /iivlturU  III.,  iii.  1. 

5.  To  desire  to  speak,  or  to  do  business 
with  ;  to  ilesire  the  presence  or  assistance  of. 

B.  Intiansitivt: 

1.  To  l>e  lacking  or  wanting  ;  to  be  absent. 

•"There  iixtittetl  leysure  not  only  to  place  theyiii 
Tuder  tlieyr  aute-sitiit«.  '>ut  also  tu  put  mU  theyr 
ukuls,"— WoWiiitfe.-  Catar,  fol.  57. 

2.  To  be  deficient :  not  to  be  sufficient ;  not 
to  come  \i\>  to  a  (-ertain  standard  ;  to  fail ;  to 
come  or  run  slioi-t. 

■'  There  wantcth  but  a  ine^n  to  fill  your  sotig," 

iDuikenp.  :  Tico  Gentlemen,  I  2. 

3.  To  be  missed  ;  not  to  be  present. 

"  Graiiivorou9.iniuialaha\-e  a  long  colon  imd  crEcnni, 
which  iu  carnivorous  are  wanting.  —Arbuthtiot :  On 
Alhnenti. 

4.  To  be  in  want;  to  suffer  indigence  <jr  want. 

"  Why  fihoalil  you  leant  f  Behold,  the  e.-»rth  hath  roots ; 
Within  this  mile  break  forth  a  hundred  spriuffa." 
Shakesp,  :  Tttnon,  iv.  3. 

5.  To  be  desirous  or  disposed  ;  to  wish  :  its, 
He  does  not  icant  to  go.    {Coltoq.) 

TI  To  he.  wanted:  A  euphemistic  phrase, 
.signifying  that  the  person  refeired  to  is  being 
souglit  for  by  the  police  on  some  charj;c, 

"Two  men  supposed  to  be  on  boardof  aveaael  whii^h 
was  loading  at  Hehbiim  Coal  staitheH,  loeri^  tvtnt>U 
ill  Geniiany  for  murder,"— Z>ai7y  Telegraph,  Ueu  19, 

'  want  (2),  s.  [O,  Fr.  want  (Fr.  fjant\  from 
Low  Lat.  wantus,  from  the  Teutonic ;  let-l. 
vdttr  ;  Dan.  tatUe  ;  Sw,  toante.]    A  glove. 

'  want  (3).  s.  [A.S.  waml;  Prov.  Ger.  rvcnd.] 
An  old  name  for  the  mole  or  moldwarii. 

'Wa*n*t,  V.  O.VX.  [See  def.]  A  colloquial  and 
vulgar  contraction  of  was  not. 

'  want'-age.  s.  [Eng.  imnt  (1).  s.  ;  -age] 
That  wliich  is  wanting  ;  dcticieiicy. 

■  wanf-cr,  s.  (Eng.  icant,  v.;  -er.]  One 
who  is  in  want  or  need. 

"The  waiiters  are  despised  of  God  and  man.'' 

Jiarict :  Scourife  of  Full y,  p.  21. 

' wan-thriT'-en,  «.  [.A.S.  iraji  =  delicient, 
and  Eng.  tkri\:c\\..\  Stunted,  decayed ;  in  a 
state  of  decay  or  decline,    {Scotch.) 

"And  what  am  I  but  a  poor,  wasted  toiinthrifen 
tree.  d«(t   up  hy  ihe  loots?"— Scoff ;   I/eart  (if  Mid- 


totfiian,  ch,  xx. 


*  want'- less.  *  want- les,  n.  [Eng.  vxint 
(I),  s. ;  ■/^^■*.|  Having  nu  want;  abundant, 
fruitful. 

"Tbe  ictnttft  couiitie*.  E*se\.  Kent." 
l\-.,rner  :  .ilbionn  Eii-jhu.d.  bk,  iii,,  ^^^,  xi%-. 

wan- ton,  'wan -toon,  *wan-towen, 
'  wan-towne,  «.  &  .'j.  [A.8.  i"(fji  =  <ieti- 
cient,  and  towe.n,  for  torfcn,  pa.  par.  of  te6n-= 
to  draw,  to  educate,  to  bring  up;  hence,  the 
original  meaning  is  unreclaimed,  uneducated, 


not  takeu  iu  baud    by  a  master.]    [Wam  , 
Tco,  v.\ 

Am  As  (uljtdiot: 

'  1.  Unruly,  dissipated,  wild. 

"  He  .  .  .  Hjwociate  vnto  hym  certeyn  wnnton  per- 
Buite*.  ft  bet«  his  umyitUT."-Fabj/aH :  Chronf/de,  ch. 
cxxvil. 

2.  indulging  the  natural  appetites  or  im- 
itulses  witliout  restraint ;  licentious,  disso- 
lute. 

3.  Unrestrained  by  the  rules  of  chastity; 
laseivious,  lewd,  lustful,  licentious. 

"  Prowiird  by  nature,  enemy  to  i>eace, 
lAscivious.  wanton." 

Shaketp. ;  I  Henry  Vi.,  iii.  1. 

4.  Characterized  or  marked  by  licentious- 
ness or  lewdness  ;  lewd. 

•'  To  do  blni  manton  rites,  which  cost  them  woe.' 

Mitton:  P.  L..  1.  iU. 

5.  Moving,  wandering,  or  roving  about  in 
gaiety  or  sport ;  jilayful,  frolicsome,  sportive. 

"AH  icaHfOHHsa  child,  skipplni,' and  vain." 

ah/tketp.  :  Love's  Lnbour's  Lmt,  v.  2, 

*  6.  Moving  or  tlying  loosely  ;  hanging  or 
playing  freely. 

■*  Treasee  ...  In  wanton  ringlets  wav'd." 

Milton:  /'.  L.,\V.  306. 

7.  Causing  loose  movements  ;  fresh,  brisk. 

"  Now  hoist  the  sail,  and  let  the  streamers  flout 
UiMiu  the  wanton  breeze. "      Cotopcr  :  Tatk,  ii.  IRJ. 

8.  Running  to  excess;  unrestrained,  loose. 
"  9.  Light,  trifling,  idle. 

"  Every  idle,  nice,  and  wanton  reason." 

ahakvip. :  2  /fcnri/  IV.,  Iv.  1. 

*  10.  Luxuriant  in  growth  ;  over-fertile  or 
abundant ;  rank,  luxurious. 

"  What  we  by  day  .  .  .  prop  or  bind. 
One  night  or  two  with  wanton  growth  derides, 
Tending  to  wild."  Milton:  P.  /..,  ix.  211. 

11,  Arising  from  or  characterized  by  ex- 
treme foolhardiness  or  recklessness,  or  fi'oiii 
an  utter  disregard  of  right  or  consequences. 

"  A  wanton  or  injurious  exercise  of  this  great  pre* 
Tiientive.'—Bliickxtone r  Comment.,  bk,  i.,  ch.  7. 

B.  As  suhsUtntive : 

1.  A  lewd  person  ;  a  lascivious  man  or  wo- 
man. 

"  To  lip  a  wanton  iu  a  secure  couch." 

.Shakrsp.  :  Othetlo.  iv.  1. 

*  2.  A  merry,  frolicsome  rogue ;  a  sportive 
creature ;  a  trifler. 

'•  The  simrtive  wanton  pleas'd  with  some  new  plav.  ' 
Pope:  Homer;  Jtiad  xv.  418. 

3.  A  pampered,  petted  ereatuie ;  one  brought 
up  iu  luxury ;  an  effeminate  person ;  one 
spoiled  by  indulgence. 

"  A  beardless  hoy,  a  cockered,  silken  wnnton." 

Shakcsp.  :  Jiiny  John,  V.  1, 

t  wan'-ton,  v.L  k  L    [Wanton,  «.] 
A*  Intransitive : 

1.  To  sport  or  dally  in  lewdness  or  licen- 
tiousness ;  t<J  sport  lasciviously. 

•■  To  toy,  to  want/in,  dally,  smile,  and  jest." 

S'lakisp.  :  Venus  A  Adonis,  106. 

2.  To  frolic  ;  to  play  sportively. 

•■  Now  wanton  d  lost  in  flags  and  reeds. 
Now  starting  into  sight." 

Cowper:  Dog  A  Watcr-Uly. 

3.  To  grow  luxuriantly. 

"  Nature  here 
Wanton  d  a."*  in  lier  prime,  and  play'd  at  will 
Her  virgin  fancies."'  Milton  :  P.  L.,  v.  295. 

B.  Transitive: 

1,  To  make  wanton. 


2.  To  spend  or  waste  in  wantonness. 

"  Hee  wanton*  away  his  life  foolishly,  that,  when  he 
is  well,  will  Uke  phy.sick  to  make  him  sick." — Up. 
Bail:  ftefeat  of  Crueltie. 

*  wan'-tdn-ing,  s.    [Eng.  wanton;  -ing.] 

1.  The  act  of  jdaying  the  wanton. 

2.  A  wanton. 


*  wan'-ton-ize,  t'.i.    [Eng.  w'rtJi/o?i;-irp.]    To 
frolic  ;  t-j  wanton  ;  to  play  the  wanton. 

"  The  prettie  rill  a  place  espies 
Where  with  the  pebbles  she  would  wantonize." 

Browne  :  Britanniat  Pastorals,  i.  4. 

wan'-tdn-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  wanton^  a. ;  -?//.] 

1.  In  a  wanton  manner ;  lasciviously,  lewdly, 
sportively,  frolirsomely,  playfully,  carelessly. 

"This  carrion-flesh  which  thou  wnntonti/  infectest 
with  the  f.-dse  colouis  of  thy  pride."— fl/i.  Ball: 
Pharisnismc  &  Christ ianitie. 

2.  With  utter  disregard  of  the  consequences ; 
recklessly. 

"  A  iilafnie  so  little  to  be  fear'd, 
,         As  to  be  wanton!)/  incnrr'd." 

Cowper:  Mutual  Forbearance. 


wan  ~  ton    ness.     wan-tones.   *  wan- 
ton  esse,      wan  ton   nesse,   *  wan- 

tOUn-eSSe,    -■.      IKn-.   r;:nt:.in,  u.  \   -uiss:.] 

•  1.  Tile  ([luility  or  state  of  being  wanton  ; 
licenee  ;  clisregar<l  of  restraint. 

"To  abuse  nil  acts  of   graue,  and  turn  them   iutii 
wanlonnfSs."—KingCharlet:  Fikon  Hasilike. 

2.  Licentiousness,  lewdness,  Insciviuusness. 

3.  Sportiveness,      froliesumeness,      gaiety, 
sport. 

"  Youiic;  gentlemen  would  be  lU  sad  as  night. 


:ihakesi}.  :  K in j  John,  iv.  L 


Only  lor  u 

•  4.  Etfcminacy. 

"  Somwhat  he  li.H]>etl  for  his  uiantonneue. 
To  make  his  English  swete  ugtun  Ins  tonge.' 

Chaiuer:  C.  T..  2CC.    (Prol.J 

5.  An  utter  disregard  of  consequences  or 
right ;  recklessness  ;  as,  the  irantunness  of  an 
attack. 

6.  A  wanton  or  outrageous  act. 

"  It  were  ft  want<inne*s.  and  would  demand 
Severe  reproof."     Wordsworth  :  Exeumion,  bk.  i. 

*  wan-trust,  "  wan-truste,  s.    [A.S,  wan 

=  delicient,  and  Eng.  fr»sf.]     Distrust. 

"  I  saie  not  these  thynges  fur  no  wmtmste  that  1 
hnve.  —Chiincer:  Testament  of  Booe,  bk.  t. 

*  want'-y  (1),  s.  [Eng.  waiit  (.3),  s.  ;  -i/.]  A 
mole  ;  n  moldwarp. 

"Sunie  creatures,  albeit  they  he  nhvaies  covered 
within  the  giound,  yet  live  ami  breath  nevertheless, 
and  namely  the  wanty  or  mold- war  pes. '— /'.  Holland  : 
Pliiiie,  bk.  ix.,  ch.  vii, 

want'-y  (2).  s.  [Cf.  Dut.  want  =  cordnge. 
tackling.]  A  leather  tie  or  rope  ;  a  binad 
girth  nf  leather  by  which  the  load  is  bound 
upon  the  back  of  a  beast.    (Prov.) 

"  A  imiuiell  and  want!/,  pack  a.'uldle.  and  ped." 

Tiisser:  Husbandrj/  Fnrnitnre,  p.  11. 

*  wanze,  v.i.  [A.S.  vxt>tsinn,  fiom  waniatt^ 
to  wane  (q.v.).]  To  wane,  to  waste,  to  wither. 

"  Many  l)ewrayed  themselves  to  be  time-servers,  and 
wanzcd  away  to  nothing,  as  f.ost  as  ever  they  seemed  to 
come  furw'iird," — lio-jers :  Saanuin  the  Syrian. 

wan'-zey,  van'-zey,  .-t.    [See  def.  I 

L'lt.  :  An  Abyssinian  name  for  Cordia 
abyssinica. 

wap  (1),  (■.(.  &  (.  [A  variant  of  whap;  Mid. 
Eng.  qnapiien  —  to  palpitate.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  strike  or  knock  against;  to  beat. 
{Proc.) 

2.  To  wallop  ;  to  give  a  beating  to  ;  to 
wliop.    (Collofi.) 

*  3.  To  have  sexual  intercourse  with. 

4.  To  throw  quickly  ;  to  toss.    {Scotch.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  flutter ;  to  beat  the  wings 
violently.    (Prov.) 

wap,  s.  [Wap(1),  v.]  a  throw;  a  quick  and 
smart  stroke.    {Scotch.) 

"  wap,  v.i.     [Yap.]    To  yelp,  to  yap  (q.v.). 

"  'Tis  the  little  tonppint]  of  small  dogs  thiit  stiif  up 
the  cniel  mastives," — Cotton  Mather:  A  Omionrse  un 
l\itchcr-i/l  led.  ICSOl,  p.  24. 

wap'-a-cut,    wap-a-cuth  a,    s.      [Xoith 

Aliier.  Induin  name.] 

Ornith. :  The  Snowy  Owl  (q.v.). 
"  3Ir.  Hutchins,  in  his  inaiiiiscript  observntiuns  ou 
the  habits  of  l)irda  in  the  Hudson's  Bay  territory, 
says  of  his  'Spotted  Owl'  or  "  Wapaenthn.'  that  it 
'  makes  n  nest  m  the  dry  gromids,'  and  '  lays  from  tive 
to  ten  ei.'gs  in  Slay,'  ...  I  think  there  cannot  lie 
much  duuiit  that  it  was  the  Snowy  0\v\."—Pi  of.  A't «■• 
ton,  in  Prov.  Zool.  Soc.  ItiCl,  p.  334. 

wap'-a-to6,  s.    [Wappatoc] 

~  waped,  a.  [Awhape.]  Crushed  by  misery  ; 
d'lwiicast,  dejected,  rueful. 

wa -pen-shaw,  wa'-pin-schaw,  .^■.    [Lit. 

a  w-;ij.nti->lin\v. J  An  aiqieanince  or  review  of 
I'ersniis  under  arms,  nia<le  fuiiiierly  at  certiiin 
times  in  evei'y  district.  These  exhibitions,  or 
meetings,  were  not  designed  for  military  exer- 
cises, but  only  for  showing  that  the  lieges 
were  properly  provided  with  arms.  The  name 
has  been  revived  in  some  quartei*s,  and  ap- 
plied to  the  periodical  gatherings  of  the 
volunteer  corps  of  a  more  or  less  wide  dis- 
trict for  review,  inspection,  shooting  com- 
petitions, and  the  like.    {Scotch.) 

wa'-pen-take,  wa'-pen-tac,  s.    [A.S. 

■ivif'pciigctwce  (dat,)=:a  distiict,  a  wapentake, 
nomin.  wd-pengetiPc,  icif'imntdc ;  Low  Lat.  wa- 
pcntac,  loapoitagium,  from  Jce\.  rdp)uttak  =^  a 
weapon-taking  or  touching;  hence,  a  vote  of 
consent    so    expressed,  and,    lastly,  a    sub- 


fa.te,  f^t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  -we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cuh.  ciire,  nnite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oa  =^  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  Uw. 


wapiti— war 


491 


division  of  a  shiie  in  the  Diinish  jiart  ctf 
England  corresponding  t<>  the  hundred  in 
other  parts;  fiinu  icel.  (■«;'/!«, genit.  pi.  oi  vapn 
=  a  weapon,  aiul  Uik  =  a  taking,  a  liold,  a 
gnis]t,  from  taka  =  to  take,  to  seize,  to  grasp,  to 
touch.  The  name  is  di-rived  from  the  custom 
of  the  chiefs  ui  a  particular  district  niet'ting 
on  a  certain  tlay  at  a  specilled  siM>t,  when  the 
head  chief,  alighting  from  his  hoi-se,  raised 
his  spear  in  the  air,  and  the  inferior  chiefs, 
also  on  foot,  touched  this  spear  with  their 
lances,  and  so  acknowledged  their  fealty.]  A 
name  formerly  given  in  some  of  the  iiorlhern 
shires  of  England,  and  still  retained  in  York- 
shire, to  a  terriUirial  division  of  the  county 
<'orresponding  to  the  Imndred  of  the  southern 
<.'o  unties. 

"The  huiulrwl  ami  the  impeiitakc  is  .ill  one.  as  I 
reaJ  in  Boine,  ami  hy  this  diviBlun  not  »  tmmo  iipper- 
tiiieiit  Ut  i\  wt  iitiiiiber  ut  tuwllt^!t  ifor  then  «n  hun- 
Un'il<i  oboulil  be  of  eiiual  iiiinntitie)  but  a  liuiitnl 
juriHiiicttou,"  —  llotiHshfd  :  Dacript.  tug.,  bk.  ii., 
lb.  iv. 

wip'-i-ti,  5.     [North  Anier.  Indian.] 

Zool. :  Cervus  cmnnhnsiSy  a  native  of  North 
America,  raiiging  fnnn  Carolina  to  5ti-57°  N. 
latitude.  It  is  closely  allied  to,  but  consider- 
ably larger  than  the  Stag  (q.v.),  standing 
about  tifty-four  inches  at  the  shoulder.  Yel- 
lowish brown  on  upper  parts  ;  sides  gray, 
long  coarse  hair  in  front  of  neck,  like  a  dew- 
lap; antlers  large,  brow-tine  duplicated.  It 
freipieuts  low  grounds,  or  woody  tracts  near 
savannahs  or  marshes.  The  venison  is  of 
little  value,  iis  it  is  coarse  and  dry  ;  but  the 
hide  makes  excellent  leather.  Called  al?^o, 
but  erroneously,  the  Elk  and  Gray  Moose. 

fVapp,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Sunt.:  A  leader  on  the  end  of  a  pendant, 
acting  as  a  fair-leader. 

Trip' -pa-tod,  s.     [See  def.] 

/>•»/. ;  The  name  given  by  the  Indians  "f 
ni'rlh-westeru  America  to:  (1)  the  tubers  of 
Saiyaturin  littomlis,  which  they  eat;  {'2)  to 
the  potato.     (I'icus.  o/  Hot.) 

T7&ppe,  .'•'.     [Wappet.] 

*  wip'-pened,  n.  [See  def.]  A  word  only 
l"uud  in  the  passage  given  below,  and  of 
doubtful  origin  and  meaning  ;  one  suggestion 
is  that  it  is  connected  with  vap,  in  the  old 
sense  of,  to  have  sexual  intercourse.  A  pro- 
jiosed  emendation  is  wappeied  (q.v.). 

■■This  [gold]  it  ia 
That  makes  the  loappenrd  w  idow  wed  ngain." 
S/iakcap.:  2'iinoit.  Iv.  3. 

T7ap'-per,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  name 
given  to  the  smaller  species  of  river-gudgeon. 

■C7ap'-per,  ;■./.  [Afreq.  from  ivap(q.\.);  Dut. 
u-ttpfH-ren  =to  waver,  to  fluctuate,  to  vacillate.] 
To  move  (juickly  and  trcnuilously,  as  from 
natural  infirmity  ;  tototter,  to  twitter,  to  blink. 

"  But  still  he  stole  hia  (ace  to  set  awrye. 
Ami  iciippvring  turned  up  his  white  of  eye." 

JJirrour/or  Jfa>fisirtitrs. 

wapper-eyed,  ".  Having  eyes  that 
in..vc  in  a  quick,  trenmlous  manner.    {Prov.) 

wap'-pered,  fi.  [Wapper,  v.]  Restless,  fa- 
tigued, worn  out.    (Prov.) 

wip'-pet,  s.  [See  def.]  A  kind  of  cur,  said 
to  lie  so  nainerl  from  his  yelping  voice.  (Prov.) 

wap'-pler-ite  (W  as  v),  .'^.  [After  Herr 
Wappler  of  Dresden  ;  sutl'.  -itc  (Min.).^ 

Mill. :  A  magnesian-pharmacolite  crystal- 
lizing in  the  triclinic  system.  Crystals  small, 
sometimes  in  globular  encrustations.  Hard- 
ness, 2  to  '2"5 ;  sp.  gr.  2'4S ;  colour,  white; 
lustre,  vitreous.  Compos. :  a  hydrated  arsenate 
of  lime  and  magnesia,  the  mean  of  two  analyses 
yielding  the  formula  2CaOAsO,T  +  SH  where 
some  of  the  lime  is  replaced  by  magnesia. 
Found  at  Joachimsthal,  Bohenua. 

war,  •  warre,  *  wcrre,     wyrre,  s.    [An 

Englisli  word.  aiii)oaringiii  the  Laws  of  Canute, 
De  Porcsta,  §  0.  Cogn.  with  O.  Fr.  iverre  (Fr. 
tju€rre\  from  O.  H.  Ger.  icerra  =  vexation, 
strife,  confusion,  broil  ;  wcrreu  =  to  bring 
into  confusion,  to  entangle,  to  embroil ;  O.  Dan. 
werre  =  war,  hostility,  from  werrcn,  rerwerren 
=  to  embroil,  to  bring  into  disorder  or  con- 
fusion ;  Dut.  icar  =  entanglement,  confusion  ; 
uarreii  =to  disturb,  to  embroil.] 

1.  A  contest  between  nations  and  states 
(International  War),  or  between  parties  in 
the  same  state  (Civil  War),  cariied  on  by 
force  of  arms,  and  resorted  to  either  for  pur- 


jioses  of  advantage  or  of  revenge.  The  one 
party  possesses,  or  takes  possession  of  some- 
thing which  the  other  has  resolved  to  seize,  or 
has  iiillii'ted  some  real  or  supiHised  injury  on 
till'  olhir,  which  he  determines  to  punish  by 
tlie  iiilliction  of  a  corresponding  chastise- 
ment. Formerly,  war  was  waged  at  the  will 
i)f  despofic  nu)narchs ;  now  wars  usually 
arise,  in  the  first  instance,  fi-om  disputes 
ciinecrning  tcnitorial  possessions  and  front- 
iers, unjust  ilealings  with  the  citizens  of  one 
state  by  another,  questions  of  race  and  senti- 
ment, jealousy  of  military  pi-estige,  or  mere 
lust  of  conquest.  Civil  wars  arise  from 
the  claims  of  rival  competitors  for  the  su- 
IMTiue  power  in  a  state,  or  for  the  establish- 
ment of  some  impoi-tant  point  connected 
with  civil  or  religious  liberty.  In  all  cases, 
the  object  of  each  contending  party  is  to 
'Icstroy  the  power  of  the  other  by  defeat- 
ing .11-  dispersing  his  ariuy  or  navy,  by  the 
nreupation  of  some  imj^ortant  part  of  his 
ciiuiitry.  such  as  the  Ciipital,  or  principal  ad- 
Tiiinistrative  and  commercial  centres,  or  the 
ruin  of  his  commerce,  thus  cutting  otl"  his 
sources  of  reruperatii'n  in  nun,  money,  and 
material.  An  international  or  public  war  can 
only  be  authorised  by  the  sovereign  power  of 
1  hi-  nat  ions,  and  previous  to  the  commencement 
of  hostilities  it  is  now  usual  for  the  state 
taking  the  initiative  to  issue  a  declaration  of 
war,  whi(di  usually  takes  the  form  of  an  ex- 
planatory manifesto  addressed  to  neutral 
states.  An  aggressive  or  offensive  war  is  one 
'■ariied  into  the  territory  of  a  hitherto  friendly 
I'uu'er  ;  and  a  defensive  war  is  one  carried  on 
to  resist  such  aggression.  Certain  laws, 
usages,  or  rights  of  war  are  recognised  by  in- 
ternational law.  By  such  laws  it  is  allowable 
to  seize  and  de-stroy  the  persons  or  property 
I  if  armed  enemies,  to  stop  up  all  their  cha;iucls 
nf  trathc  or  suj'ply,  and  to  appropriate  eveiy- 
iliiiig  in  an  enemy's  country  necessary  for  the 
MijJitriit  or  subsistence  of  the  invading  army- 
<  »n  the  other  hand,  though  an  enemy  may 
lawfully  be  starved  int<i  a  surrender,  wound- 
ing, except  in  battle,  mutilation,  and  all  cruel 
and  wanton  devastation,  are  contrary  to  the 
usages  of  war,  as  are  also  the  bombarding  of 
a  defenceless  town,  tiring  on  a  hospital,  the  use 
of  poison  in  any  way,  or  tortui'e  to  extt^rt  in- 
formation from  an  enemy,  [Succession,  ^(T).] 
"  tTnon  the  same  principle  also  the  sole  prerogative 
of  niakiiig  war  and  jieaoe  is  vested  in  the  omwn.  For 
the  right  uf  making  war,  which  by  nature  subsisted  iu 
tvery  individual,  is  given  up  by  aU  private  i>ersoiis 
f  h.'it'eiitir  into  BLuiety,  and  ia  vested  in  the  sovereign 
l><.-\\t^T."—iilacKstouc:  Comntctit.,  bk.  i.,  ch.  7. 

2,  Any  contest. 

"  Excel  U9  in  this  wordy  tear." 

Pope :  Homer ;  Iliad  xx. 

3.  The  profession  of  arms  ;  the  art  of  war. 

"Nation  shall  not  lift    up  sword  against  nation, 
neither  shall  they  learu  ipurauy  more."— Isaiah  ii.  4. 
•  i.  Instruments  of  war.    (Poetical.) 

"  The  god  of  love  inhabits  there, 
With  all  his  rage,  and  dre.id,  aud  grief,  and  care ; 
His  uumplemeut  of  stores  aud  total  icar." 

Prior,    irodd) 

*o.  Forces,  army.    (PiyficaL) 

"  On  their  embattled  ranks  the  waves  return. 
And  overwhelm  their  wur." 

liilton  :  P.  I.,  xii.  2H. 

6.  A  state  of  hostility  or  violent  opposition  ; 
a  hostile  act  or  action  ;  hostility,  enmity, 

"  Duncan's  lioraes 
Tum'd  wild  in  nature,  broke  their  stalls,  flung  out, 
rOTitending  'gainst  ol>edienoe,  as  they  wunhl 
Make  war  with  muii."        ShaketfK  :  J/acbetfi.  ii.  i. 

^  The  word  is  sometimes  used  in  the  plural 
fi>rni  with  the  same  siguilication  as  it  lias  iu 
the  singular. 

"  Is  Signlor  Montanto  returned  from  the  wars  * " 
Shakegp,  :  Jtuch  Ado,  i.  1. 

^  (1)  Articles  of  war :  [Article]. 

(2)  Civil  war:  [Civil]. 

(:j)  Council  of  war:  [Council]. 

(4)  Ilohj  u-ar :  A  war  undertaken  from  reli- 
gious motives  ;  a  crusade  :  as,  the  wai's  under- 
taken to  deliver  the  Holy  Land  from  intidels. 

(^)  Honours  of  war :  [Honour,  s.]. 

(0)  Wars  of  the  Hoses :  [Rose]. 

'' war-captain,  s.     A  general. 

■'  Flairs  'in  graves,  and  great  war-captains 
Uri.-'ping  t)oth  the  earth  and  hejiven  I  " 

toii'j/cUow:  Hiawatha,  xiv. 

war-chariot,  ^•.    [Chariot,  A.  l.] 
war-cloak.  ,•;.    Amibtary  cloak. 

■■  But  the  rude  litter,  roughly  spread 
With  war-cloaks,  is  her  noniely  l>ed," 
^  Moore  :  Lalla  JiooKh. 

War-Olnb,  5.  a  club  used  by  savages  in  war. 

"  L>aden  with  war-clubs,  bows  ami  arrows." 

Lori'i/elloie  :  Uiawalha,  xv. 


'  war- craft. 


The  art  or  science   of 


"  ilc  bnd  ntlli-ori  who  did  keu  the  icar.<rra/t.' — 
fulUr:    Wurlhirt;  /.*4»oi«A(>y.  1.  iW. 

war-cry,  .s-.  .V  cry  or  phrase  used  in  war 
for  nmtuid  recogniti^ni  and  encouiagemenl;  a 
short,  pithy  expifssiun  or  phrase  used  in  com- 
mon by  alHidy  of  troops  or  the  like  iu  chargiu]; 
an  enemy.  "St.  (Jeoi-ge  for  England"  was 
the  English  war-cry. 

"  And  tlib  var-rrj/  wan  forgotten." 

Loitg/tllow:  titatcttlha,  xlll. 

wai*-danoe,  ■«. 

1.  A  dauer  engaged  in  by  savages,  before  a 

warlike  i-.\)M  dition 
L'.  A  daiiec  MUiulaliug  a  battle. 

war -department,  &-.  That  deimrtmcnt 
of  the  guvei  ument  which  is  chaige«l  with  the 
maintenance,  dii-ection,  auil  erticiency  of  the 
forces  of  a  state. 

war-drum,  s.    A  militAry  drum. 

"'  Till  llic  war'drtnn  thnibbud  no  Iniicpr." 

r<-nillison  :  Lnc}i$tr}/  ilati,  13T, 

"  war-field,  5.    A  battle-tield. 

■Tl. 

*war-fiame,  »■.  A  beacon-lire  placed 
tm  an  iiniiicnce  to  rouse  the  inhabitants  of  tt 
county  or  district  in  case  of  invasion  or 
attack  ;  a  tire-sigual. 

*  war-£^arron,  s.    A  war-horse  ;  a  jade 

used  in  war.     (Cavlyle.) 

"  war-gear,  s.  Accoutrements  or  equip- 
ment for  war. 

"Armed  himeelf  with  .til  his  wur-fffar." 

Lonn/cllow :  Hiawatha,  \x. 

war- god,  5. 

Anthrvp.:  The  personified  spirit  of  tribal 
war;  a  deity  snpptised  to  watch  over  tribal  or 
national  interests  in  time  of  war.  In  some 
cases  the  war-god  seems  to  have  been  the 
cliief  deity  ;  in  classic  times  the  war-gods 
(Ares  and  Mars)  were  among  the  superior 
gods ;  the  Jews  seem  to  have  conceived  that 
the  function  of  a  war-god  was  a  lilting  attri- 
bute of  Jehovah  (cf.  2  Sam.  xvii.  4&) ;  and 
traces  of  this  mode  of  thought  linger  in  the 
familiar  expression,  The  God  of  Battles. 

"Polynesia  ia  a  region  where  quite  an  asflortment  of 
tcar-godB  nmy  be  collected."— J'.'/ftfr :  Prim.  Cult.  {ed. 
ie:3).  ii   307. 

war-horse,  s.  A  horse  used  in  war;  a 
charger  ;  a  trooper's  horse. 

"  On  liuniislied  hooves  his  H-nr-ftoritc  troUe." 

reniiytou  :  Ladij  of  .fhatott.  ili.  29. 

*  war-man,  .".    A  warrior. 

■■  The  sweet  war-man  ia  dead  and  rotten.'*— iSAaA:«<;'. .' 

*  war-marked,  «.  Bearing  the  marks 
or  traces  of  war  ;  approved  in  war ;  veteran. 

"  Distract  your  army,  w  lilch  doth  most  consist 
Of  war-»iarked  fuutincn." 

Shake$p.  :  Antomj  A  Vtcoputra,  iii.  3. 

+  war-minister,  .t.  A  minister  charged 
with  iir  distinguished  for  military  administra- 
tion. 

"Its  new  name  of  Pittsburgh  couinieniorateB  the 
triumphs  of  the  great  war-miiinter.'—  Taylor :  Word* 
A  I'tacet  IISTSI,  cli.  ii 

*  war-monger,  -i.  One  who  makes  a 
trade  -r  pintrssion  of  war;  a  mercenary  sol- 
dier.    {Si^n^i-r:  F.  (J.,  III.  x.  '20.) 

t  war-music,  s.    Jlilitary  music. 

"  Ami  I  thiit  pmted  pe.-ne.  whon  llrsl  I  heard 
H'ar music,  felt  the  blind  wild  Iwaitt  of  force." 
Tennyson:  Princeu,  v.  256. 

"  war-note,  s.    A  war-cry, 

"  The  warifitPci  Lochlel.  which  AMiyii's  hills 
Uiive  hwinl."  Hyroii :  ChiUtc  Harold,  ill.  26.   ' 

war-office,  s.  A  public  ofhce  or  depart- 
ment in  which  military  alTairs  are  superin- 
tended or  administered  ;  it  is  presided  over 
by  the  Secretary  of  State  for  War,  assisted  by 
one  parliamentary  and  one  permanent  under- 
secretary of  state.  It  is  subdivided  into  three 
departments— military,  ordnance,  and  finan- 
cial, under  the  control  respectively  of  the 
conimander-in-chief.  the  surveyor-general  of 
the  ordnance,  and  the  Unancial  secretary. 

war-paint,  $. 

1.  Lit.  :  Paint  put  on  the  face  and  other 
parts  of  the  body  by  North  .Vmerican  Indians 
and  other  savages  on  going  to  war,  with  the 
object  of  making  their  appearance  more  ter- 
rible to  their  enemies. 

"  Tainted  was  he  with  his  tcar-painlg, 
Strijies  of  yellow,  red.  and  niurc." 

Lotijfcllow  :  Htawalfta,  viil. 


b^l,  boS^ :  poilt,  j6^1 ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  ben^h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  ^enophon,  c^st.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tlon,  -^lon  =  zhun.    -oions,  -tioos,  -sions  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  b^l,  del. 


49-: 


war— ward 


2.  Fiit.:  Olllcitil  costuriit- ;  applied  ftlso  lo 

-sir  Wlllimit  Jrinirr.  in  his  vir-iutlHt  nx  PreilJeiit 
(.1  tlK-  K-yitl  <'.>11c|{«  K.I  Phj»lcliui9."-;ff.  Jiimi's 
0  ,:^tf<:  Alill  ^:  IJW*. 

war-path.  >.  T)ie  route  or  path  taken 
ou  iiinuii  tu  wiir ;  a  wiirlike  expedition  or  t?x- 
cuislou.'  (Used  i-liii-tly  in  regard  to  North 
Aiiu'ricaii  Indians.) 

U  On  the  wnr-j>uth  :  On  a  hostile  or  warlike 
expi-ditioii  ;  lu-noe,  coUoquially,  about  to 
iiiiikf  an  attack  on  an  adversary  or  iiieasurt-. 

war-song,  ■•>■  a  song  having  war  or  war- 
like di-eds  for  Us  subject;  a  patriotic  sony 
inritiii-  to  war;  uiore  specif.,  such  a  sonj; 
suhj;  l»y  soldiers  about  tn  charge  the  foe  or  at 
a  war-dance. 

"When  tw.i  of  thvw  cftnoe«.  in  which  there  inight 
hv  »li<uit  »l\tv  iiieii.  cftiiie  nenr  eiioujth  to  luaki-  t'>'v">- 
Bclvcs  \Ki\r\l.  tlu-y  nuiitf  their  mtr-song.  —Cook  :  i-init 


.  bk. 


.  h..cti. 


'  war -thought,  .•^.  A  thought  of  war; 
niinti.d  ivthcti"!!,  cnnsideration,  or  delibera- 
tion. 

■war-wasted,  ■'.  Wasted  by  war;  <li-- 
v.istatvd. 

•war -wearied,  •>.  Wearied  by  war; 
fatj-^ii.'d  Willi  li;,'litiu-i. 

■■  Tde  li tiniMi'  ciiptiiiit  there 

nr>ii<9  bloody  sweat  fmiu  his  war-^emried  liiiibB." 
.Shakes/'.:  I  Ilenrti  l'/..  Iv.  4- 

war -whoop,  i=.  A  shout  or  yell  raised 
in  presence  of  the  enemy;  a  shout  such  as 
Indians  rnise  wlien  entering  into  battle. 
(Ollen  used  ti-^nratively.) 

"  The  awful  aouml  of  the  wnr^whuop." 

Lonff/eUow:  Miles  Utandith.  vll, 

war-worn,  ((.  Worn  witli  military  service. 

"Their  gesture  9;ul. 
luvfst  iu  liiuk  lean  ch^'eks  ami  imirwurn  cuata." 
Shaken}.'-  Henry  I'.,  Iv. 

war,  *  warre,  "werre,  *wer-rei-en,  v.i. 

&  t.     [A.8.  wrrkn,] 

A.  liitraiisUlve  : 

1.  T«)  make  or  carry  on  war  ;  to  carry  on  or 
engage  in  hostilities. 

■■  (;elou  A(t«r  he  hmX  luost  vaHautly  zoarred  against 
tlieOirth»isiui'i"fl"— ''■  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p.  447. 

2.  To  contend  ;  to  strive  violently ;  to  be 
in  a  state  of  violent  opposition. 

"All  the  ^earring  winds  that  sweep  the  slty." 

Dryden :   Virgil ;  (ieorgic  1.  432. 

B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  make  war  upon  ;  to  fight  against. 

"To  teerre  each  other  ami  to  slea."     Oower  :  C.  A.  ill. 

2.  To  carry  on,  as  warfare  or  a  contest. 

"  That  thuu  by  them  mightest  war  a  good  warfare." 
—1  TimoOiij  i.  18. 

war'-a-tah,  war'-ra-tah,  s.    [Native  Aus- 
trniiiui  luime.i     [T^:Lul'^:A.) 

war -hie  (I),  *wer-bel-en,  *wer-hle, 

v.t.  k  i.  [O.  Fr.  m-rhkr  =  to  quaver  with  the 
voice,  to  speak  iu  a  high  tone,  from  M.  11. 
Ger.  werhdeti;  Ger.  wirbeln ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
htcerbaii  =to  be  I'usy,  to  set  in  movement 
to  whirl,  to  warble.  iVarble  and  vhi^i  are 
doublets.] 

A.  Trnnsitive: 

1.  To  utter  or  .sing  in  a  trilling,  quavering, 
or  vibrating  manner;  to  modulate  with  turns 
or  variations. 

"  Such  notes  as  warbled  to  the  stviug, 
Drew  ivou  teai's  down  Plutos  cheeli." 

Mill07i :  II  Pcnserogo,  IOC. 


2.  To  sing  or  carol  generally. 

*'  Warbling  thtf  Grecian  woes  with  harp  and  voice." 
Pofje :  Unmer ;  Odffsseff  i.  44(i. 

*  3.  To  cause  to  vibrate  or  quaver. 

"  Follow  iiie  as  I  sing 
And  tovic-h  the  warbled  string." 

JUUton :  Arcades,  S7. 
B.  I lUra^isitive : 

1.  To  sitig  with  sweetly  flowing,  flexible, 
trilling  notes;  to  carol  or  sing  with  smoothly 
gliding  notes  ;  to  trill. 

"  By  tht  ui)jlitin(;ale  warbling  nigh." 

Oowp'r:  Catharhm. 

2.  To  have  a  trilling,  quavenng,  or  vibrating 
sound  ;  to  be  produced  with  free,  smooth,  and 
rapid  modulations  in  pitch;  to  be  uttered  in 
flowing,  gliding,  flexible  melody. 

"  Such  strains  ne'er  u'ur'de  in  the  linnet's  thro.vt." 
Guv  -  Shcpherd'g  Week.  ill.  Ci. 

3.  To  give  out  a  smooth,  flowing  sound. 

'■  The  gentle  warbling  wind  low  nuswured  to  all." 
iil>enger:  F.  q..  II.  xll.  71. 

*4.  To  shake,  to  quaver,  to  wobble. 

"  It  but  flnnts  tn  our  brains  ;  we  but  warble  about 
iV—Andreipr»  ■   Workn.  i.  15. 


war'-ble  (2),  v.t.  &  i.    tEtym.  doubtful.] 

t'lihoiiry:  To  cross  the  wings  upon  the  buuk. 

war-ble  (1),   *wer-beUe,  wer-ble,   ^. 

iWAiatLK(l),  v.]  A  soft,  sweet  Uuw  nf  melo- 
.li.ius  .sounds  ;  a  strain  of  clear,  rapidly  ut- 
tered, gliding  tunes  ;  atrilling,  flexible  melody ; 
a  carol,  a  song. 

"  All  kinds  of  birds  ywnmght 
Well  tune  tlii'lr  vuice  with  ««o-W(f  muhU,  ii»  Natuif 
liHtli  thuiii  Inuiihl  ■' 

.•>»rr'i/ .   ilui'i.i;/  lifjied  the  Power  i>/  l.ov. 

war'-ble  (2),  *  war'-blet,  s.    [Etym.  doubt- 
fuL] 

Farriery:  Oneof  tliose  small,  hard  tumours 
on  the  backs  of  horses  occasioned  by  the  heat 
of  the  saddle  in  travelling,  or  by  the  uneasi- 
ness of  its  situation  ;  also  a  siiuU  tumour 
produced  by  the  larva?  of  the  gadfly  on  the 
backs  of  liorscs.  cattle,  &c. 

■'  He  was  either  suHerlng  from  wnrhlcf,  or  another 
form  of  skiu  eruption."— /^«0.v  Telegraph.  Sept  7, 1885. 

warble-fly,  ^■.    The  gadfly. 

■•  Ariioiiif  the  pests  was  uained  the  ox-hot.  or  warhle- 
ft,/  wliK-li  MissOnuerod  has  recently  investigatetl.  — 
%uhi  Chronich:  May  5,  ls3S. 

war' -bier,  &•.     [Eng.  imrbl(e):  -er.] 

I.  Urd.  Lang.  :  One  who  or  that  which  war- 
bles ;  a  singer,  a  songster.  (Applied  espe- 
cially to  birds.) 

■'  Ten  thousand  warblers  cheer  the  day  and  one 
The  livelong  night."  Cowper  :  Task,  i.  200. 

IX.  Ornith.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
SylviidiP  (q.v.),  many  of  which,  however,  are 
better  known  bv  other  popular  names,  as  the 
Nightingale,  Blaekeap.  Chiffcliafl",  Hedge- 
sparrow,  &c.  ;  while  others  receive  the  name 
Warbler  with  some  qualifying  epithet,  as  the 
Reed-warbler,  Dartford  Warbler,  &c.  Most  of 
the  latter  belonged  to  the  old  genus  Sylvia, 
now  divided,  and  a  list  of  the  British  species 
will  be  found  under  Sylvia,  2.  Many  of  the 
Sylviinse  (q.v.),  sometimes  called  True  War- 
blers, are  distinguished  for  the  sweetness  and 
compass  of  their  vocal  power  ;  in  some  of  the 
other  sub-families  the  popular  name  has  no 
special  signitiCiince— e.?.,  in  the  case  of  the 
Hedge-Sparrow.  Most  of  the  British  Warblers 
are  of  sober,  or  even  dull,  plumage,  but  some 
of  the  Australian  species  are  brilliantly  co- 
loured. 

war'-bling,  pr.par.,  a.,  &s.     [Warbli:  (1),  v.] 
A,  &  B.  As  pr.  jxir.  £  particip.  lulj. :    (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As.  suhst.  :  A  singing  with  sweetly  flow- 
ing, flexible,  or  trilling  notes  ;  a  warble,  a 
carol,  a  song. 

"  And  thou,  whose  faint   warblings   my   weakness 

OAu  tell, 
Farewell,  my  loved  harp  !  mylast  treasure,  farewell  . 
Scott:  Last  Words  of  Cadieallon,  vi. 

war'-bling-lj?,  fdv.  [Eng.  vxirbUufj;  -bj.] 
In  a  warbling  manner. 

-ward,  suff.  [A.S.  -weard,  as  iu  (oiveard  =  to- 
ward (q.v.);  Icel.  -oerdhr;  Gotli.  -imirth:^  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  -wert,  -wart ;  Lat.  ver3\is.  So  alsi^ 
■  wards,  from  A.S.  -weardes,  where  -es  is  a 
genitivalsurtix,  giving  an  adverbial  force  ;  Ger. 
-warts;  Dut.  -iccmrfs.]  A  common  suttix,  de- 
noting the  direction  towards  which  a  person 
or  thing  tends  :  as,  wpward,  backiyard,  fur- 
ward,  homeu'tn-rf,  frojyartf,  &c. 

"That  eche  of  you  to  shorten  with  youre  way. 
In  this  viaye,  shal  telleu  tales  tway, 
To  Canterbury-u'drrf."  Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  'W. 

ward,  ^warde,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  weardimi  = 
to  keep,  to  watch  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  VfU'dlm  — 
to  warrant ;  M.  H.  Ger.  warden;  Ger.  fiirten 
=  to  watch,  from  which,  through  the  French, 
comes  the  Eng.  guard  (q.v.).J 

A.  Transitive : 

*  1.  To  watch  over  ;  to  keep  in  safety  ;  to 
guard. 


'  Whose  porch,  that  most  magnificke  did  anpeare, 
Stoo'-l  open  wyde  to  all  men  day  and  night. 
Yet  wariled  well  by  one  of  mickle  might." 


Stoo'-l  open  wyde  to  all  men  day  and 

"  le  of  mickle  ni  „ 

Spenser:  F.  Q.,  V.  ix.  21 

2.  To  defend,  to  protect. 

"  A  hand  th.tt  warded  him 
From  thousand  dangei-s." 

Shakesp. :  Titus  Andronicns.  iii,  I. 

3.  To  fend  off ;  to  repel ;  to  turn  aside,  as 
anything  misehievnusthatapproaches,  (Gener- 
ally followed  by  -)/.) 

"  up  and  down  he  traverses  his  ground  ; 
Now  wards  a  ftjlling  blow,  now  striken  again. 

Danhl.    {Todd  t 

4.  To  line,  to  cover,  as  a  dog  a  bitch. 

"  She  used  to  live  in  kennel  with  my  beagles,  and 
when  about  ,i  year  old  came  in  season,  and  was  mirdetl 
in  kennel  l>y  one  of  the  hounds  "—/*/<■;(;,  March  17,  13S8, 


*  B.  fntransitive : 

1.  To  be  vigilant ;  to  keep  watch  or  guard  ; 
to  guard. 

2.  To  act  on  the  defensive  with  a  weapon ; 
to  defend  or  guard  one's  self. 

"  Full  oft  the  rivals  met,  and  neither  spfir'd 
His  utmost  force,  and  e«ch  forgot  to  ward.' 

Drj/Uen  :  Puiamon  &  Arci'e,  ill.  020, 

3.  To  lodge  ;  to  be  lodged. 

"  His  mt'uue  warded  in  Base  Btileine  that  night."— 
Fabi/an:  >:i-oiii/ali- ;  ffeiiri/  17//.  (an.  16*5). 

ward,  '  warde,  s.  [A.S.  vmtrd  =  a  guard, 
a  watchman  ;  a  guarding,  a  watching  :  protec- 
tion ;  cogn.  witli  leel.  vordhr,  genit.  vardhar  = 
(1)  a  watcher,  a  watchman  ;  (2)  a  watch  ;  Gei. 
wart  =a  wnrder  ;  Gotli.  ivards==.  a  keeper  ;  in 
the  compound,  danraivurds  =  &  doorkeeper.] 

I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  watching  or  guarding  ;  watch, 
guard. 

■•  Some  of  the  soldiers  are  employeit  in  keepim? 
watch  and  ward  for  the  security  o(  private  men,"— 
Dampier:   Voyages  (sin.  16^%). 

*  2.  Care,  protection,  charge. 

•'  He  toke  the  childe  into  hia  warde." 

Oower:  C.  A..  Hi. 

*  3.  Means  of  guarding  ;  protection,  de- 
fence, preservation. 

"The  best  wai-d  of  mine  honour  is  rewarding  my 
dependents."— .'Sftrtftesp.  .'  Love's  Labour'*  Lost,  iii- 

"^  4.  A  person,  or  body  of  persons,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  guard,  protect,  or  defend  ;  a  guard- 
ing or  defensive  force  ;  a  garrison. 

"  The  asaieged  castle'a  ward 
Their  stedfast  atouds  cfid  mightily  maintaine. " 
Spemer  :  F.  Q..  II.  xi.  15. 

5.  That  which  defends  or  protects  ;  defence. 

"  Oh  !  not  corselet's  ward  .  .  . 
Could  he  thy  mjmly  bosom's  guai-d," 

Mod:  Marmion,  vi.  5. 

6.  A  guarding  or  defensive  motion  or  posi- 
tion, as  in  fencing  or  the  like;  a  parrying  or 
turning  aside,  or  intercepting  of  a  blow, 
thrust,  itc. 

"Strokes,   wounds,    wards,  weapons,    all   they  did 
deapifle."  Spenser  :  F.  U-,  IV.  iii,  36, 

*  7.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  under  a 
guardian  ;  the  state  of  being  iu  the  custody, 
confinement,  or  charge  of  a  guard,  warder,  or 
keeper ;  custody. 

"  He  put  them  in  ward  in  the  house  of  the  captain 
of  the  guard."— Genesis  xl.  3. 

8.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  under  the 
care  of  a  guardian  or  protector;  control, 
guardianship,  wardship,  privilege. 

"  I  must  atteud  his  majesty's  command,  to  whom  I 
am  now  in  ward."Shakesp  :  All's  Well,  i.  1. 

9.  Guardianship;  right  of  guardianship. 

"  It  is  also  inconvenient,  in  Ireland,  that  the  wards 
and  man-riages  ui  gentlemen's  children  should  lie  iu 
the  dispusiil  of  any  of  those  lords, "—S/xjHSer  ;  State  of 
Ireland. 

10.  One  who  or  that  which  is  guarded,  or 
is  under  watch,  control,  or  care  ;  specifically, 
a  minor  or  person  under  guardianship, 

li  *(1)  In  feudalkiio:  The  heir  of  the  king's 
tenant,  in  cajnte,  during  liis  nonage. 

(-2)  A  minor  uuder  the  iirotection  of  the 
Court  of  Chancery,  generally  called  a  Ward  iu 
Chancery,  or  a  Ward  of  Court.  For  the  due 
protection  of  such  wards  the  court  has  power 
to  appoint  a  proper  guardian,  where  there  is 
none,  or  to  remove,  whenever  sufficient  cause 
is  shown,  a  guardian,  no  matter  by  whom  ap- 
pointed ;  but  in  all  cases  there  must  be  pro- 
perty. The  court  has  also  full  power  to  use 
vigilant  care  over  the  conduct  of  the  guardians, 
to  see  that  the  wards  are  duly  maintained  and 
educated  ;  and  should  any  one  marry  a  ward 
of  court  without  the  sanction  of  the  court, 
even  with  the  consent  of  the  guardian,  he 
may  be  committed  to  prison  for  contempt, 
and  be  kept  there  till  he  consents  to  such  a 
settlement  as  the  court  may  direct. 

11.  A  certain  division,  section  or  quarter  of 
a  town  or  city,  such  as  is  under  the  charge  of 
an  alderman,  or  is  constituted  for  the  conve- 
nient transaction  of  local  public  business 
through  committees  appointed  by  the  inhabit- 
ants. 

■■  Makes  all  the  matches  and  the  marriage  fe.ists 
Within  the  ward." 

Bea  Jo)isoii  :   Alagnetic  Lady.  1. 1. 

12.  A  territorial  subdivision  of  some  English 
counties,  as  Westmoreland,  Cumberland,  and 
Durham,  equivalent  to  the  hundred  of  the 
midland  counties. 

*  13.  A  division  of  a  forest. 
14.  One  of  the  apartments  into    which   a 
hospital  is  divided. 

"  A  qujirter  of  an  hour  later  witness  left  the  ivard 
—Daily  Chronicle,  May  21,  1S8S. 


&te,  fat,  fare,  ^midst,  what,  fall,  Datber;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  miite,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  Uw. 


wardage— wareless 


IL  LocksiiiWUng : 

1.  A  curved  ritlj^'e  of  metal  inside  a  lock 
which  opposes  an  obstacle  to  the  passage  of 
a  key  which  is  not  coriespnndingly  notched. 

2.  The  notches  or  slots  in  a  key  are  also 
called  key  u-nnf-s  somewhat  in  violation  of  the 
meaning  of  the  term. 

"She  t«ok  the  iCKtrd*  in  wnx  before  tlie  fire," 

Po/m:  Jaiiuarff  A  J/iiy,  &10. 

•  ward-oom,  <. 

",'./  /./';/.  /..(»' :  Tlie  duty  uf  keeping  wateh 
and  ward  witli  a  horn  [Lat.  coniu]  in  time  of 
daiiLj;fr  to  hlow  on  the  approach  of  a  foe. 

■ward  penny,  «. 

<jid  E,uj.  Law:  TliesanieasWARDAi^r;  (n-v.)- 

ward-room,  ^-. 

yant.:  A  enbin,  on  board  large  ships  of 
war,  for  the  accommndation  of  ofticers  rank- 
ing as  lieutenants.  Used  also  adjectively  :  as, 
irard-iiuim  mess,  martl-room  steward. 

■  ward-staff,  .•■■.  A  cnstable's  or  watch- 
man ^  -statf. 

"  ward-age  (age  a.s  ig),  .•;.     lEng.  ward,  s.  ; 
■<r?t.l 

Old  Eng.  Law :  Money  paid  and  contiibiitid 
to  wattdi  and  ward. 

'  wardcorps,  ■  ward-e-corps,  s.   [O.  Fr. 

('■((('J*  =  watfli,  waid,  and  au-fs  (_Lat.  COi-pvs) 
=  a  budy.]    A  body-guard. 
"  TUougli  thou  pray  Ai-gua  with  Lis  huiidred  eyeu 
To  be  iiy  wn  rdecorps.  fts  he  cnu  best." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  5,941. 

•  warde-mote,  i.    [W.^rpmote.] 

ward  -  en,      ward-  ein,   *  ward  -  eyn, 

*  Ward-un,  -■>".  [O.  Fr.  u-ttrdeiit,  gtirdeia, 
fforihuii  —  a  warden,  a  guartUan,  from  a-ardcr 
=  to  guard.  Cf.  Low  Lat.  gardianvs  =  a 
giiaixliiin.] 

L  Ordinary  Lang^iaye : 

1.  A  guard,  a  watchman,  a  keeper,  a  guar- 
dian. 


2.  A  chief  or  principal  officer;  a  keeper,  a 
licad  official,  a  piineipal. 

"  A  fraternity  of  bretlireii  aiul  sisters,  with  a  aar- 
deti,  or  maater."— /'(•«««»(  ,-  Journey  from  Chester  to 
London,  p.  203. 

3.  A  churchwarden  (q.v.). 

'  4.  A  kind  of  pear,  so  called  because  it 
would  keep  long  without  rotting.  It  was 
principally  used  for  roasting  or  baking. 

*'  Ox-obeek  when  hot,  auil  ward^iu  bnk'd.  some  cry." 
Kin)} :  On  Cookery. 

II.  EccUs. :  The  title  given  to  the  heads  nf 
some  colleges  and  schools  and  to  the  superiors 
of  some  conventual  churches. 

^    (1)  Lord    Warden  o/  the    C'i7itfite- ports : 

[ClNQfE-PoftTS]. 

(■J)  U'nrd'.-n.  of  the  Marches  :  [March  (1),  s.]. 

warden-pie,  s.  A  pie  made  of  warden 
pears,  baked  or  stewed,  without  crust,  and 
coloured  with  satTron. 

"  I  must  have  saffrou  tn  colour  the  warden-piet." — 
.Sh.ikixp.  ,    i\iiiti-rg  TiUe.  iv.  8. 

warden-raid,  5.  An  inroad  commanded 
by  [lie  Warden  of  the  Maiches  in  person. 

"  '  Ami  by  uiy  faitli,'  the  g.ite-wRvd  eaid. 
'  I  think  'twill  prove  n.  Wardt-ti-raid:  " 

Scott :  J^iy  of  the  Lust  Jfhutrel,  iv.  4. 

war  -den-ship,  •  war'-den-ry,  s.     [Eng. 

trarikn  ;  -ship,  -rii.] 
1.  The  office  of  a  warden. 


2.  Tlie  jurisdiction  rif  a  warden. 

■■  All  throutfh  the  western  wardenrii." 

^.ciitt :  Lttf/  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  iv. 

ward'-er,  s.    [Eng.  imrd,  v. ;  -fr.] 

1.  One  who  wards  or  keeps  ;  a  keeper,  a 
guard. 

■■  The  loardert  of  the  gate  but  scarce  maiutniu 
Th'  unequal  couibiit,  niid  resist  in  vain." 

Dryden:  Vir'jH;  .Kueid  W.  ih\. 

*  2.  A  truncheon  or  staff  of  authority  ear- 
lied  by  a  king,  commander-in-chief,  or  other 
iiiipoi-tant  dignitary,  by  which  signals  were 
given  :  as,  the  throwing  down  of  it  was  a 
:signal  to  stop  proceedings,  the  raising  it  a 
signal  to  charge,  or  the  like. 

"  Tiike  thou  my  wnrdrr  as  the  queen 
And  umpire  of  the  mnrtinl  scene." 

Svoti :  itridiit  of  Triermain,  U.  20. 


war-der  ere. 


(WARrirn.l 


"  ward'-er-C8S,  ji.  [Eng.  warder;  -esii.]  A 
feuiale  uarder. 

"  On  une  occjinlon  8he  met  thu  ward«re$»  aa  she  wiu 
leJivmK  the  prluoii."— Ak;Ao,  Bept.  2i,  1887. 

*  ward'  hold-xng,  s.     [Eng.  ward,  and  hold- 

ing.]  Tlie  ancient  ndbtary  teimre  in  Scot- 
land, by  whicii  vassals  were  at  lli'st  obliged  to 
serve  their  superior  in  war  as  often  as  his 
occasion  called  for  it. 

ward-i-an,  a.  [See  def.]  A  term  applied  to 
an  air-tight  enclosure,  with  glass  sides  and 
top,  for  preserving  or  transporting  )ilauts,  &e. ; 
after  ilie  inventor,  Mr.  K.  13.  Ward,  tn  whom 
the  idea  of  constructing  them  lirst  suggested 
itself  by  observations  made  in  1829. 

■■  Tlie  Calcutta  Garden  sent  uut  .  .  .  forty-two  It'ur- 
dhttt  i-ases  "t  plants  to  fureign  oouiitiies."— iV.Kurc. 
■March  15.  I8h8.  p.  470. 

ward'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [Ward,  v.] 

warding-file.  s.  A  flat  lile,  having  a 
(lUiSlaiit  thickness,  and  only  eut  ujion  the 
edges.  Used  in  tiling  tlie  ward-uotches  in  keys. 

'  ward' -less,  «.  [Eng.  wa?*?,  v. ;  -less.]  That 
caiiimt  be  warded  oil'  or  avoided. 

"  He  g^ivcs  like  destiiiv  ii  w-irdli-nn  blow, " 

Dii/Uf'i  :  JttPeiHil  IX. 

ward'-mote.  *  warde-moot,  *  warde- 
mote,  ^^  [Eng,  icard,  and  )aote  (A.S.  vmt)  — 
a  meeting.]  A  meeting  of  the  inluibitants  of 
a  ward.  The  term  is  still  used  in  Ltnidon. 
Called  also  formerly  a  Wardmote  Court,  In- 
quest, or  Quest. 

■  VoT  of  the  wardmote  quest,  he  better  can 
Tilt  mvsleiy,  tb;ni  tin-  Lci  itK'  l:iw." 

tkn  ./',..«.-.  .    M.,^iut,c  Lady.  \.  1. 

ward-robe  (1),  '  warde-robe,  5.  (O.  Fi-. 
icarderobet  garderohc,  from  warder  =  to  v,'a.i\\, 
keep,  preserve,  and  robe  =  a  robe.] 

1,  A  place  in  which  wearing  apparel  is 
kept.  Often  applied  to  a  piece  of  furniture, 
resembling  a  press  or  cupboard,  in  which 
dresses  are  hung  up. 

"Hereof  be  h-igsaud  quilts  made,  and  those  if  they 
be  laid  in  a  wardrobe  amuugst  clothes  aud  appareli. 
causeth  them  to  smell  aweet.'— /*.  IloUitnd:  Plinie, 
bk,  xxi.,  ch.  xix. 

2.  Wearing  apparel  in  general. 

"  111  murder  all  his  wardrobe,  piece  by  piece." 

Shuketp.  :  I  Henry  IV.,  V,  3. 

*  3.  The  same  as  Wardrope  (q.v.). 

*  ward'-rob-er,    s.     [Eng.    y-a rdroh{e)  ;   -er.] 

Thf  keeper  <.>\  a  wai'lmbt.'. 

*  ward-rope,  *  ward'-robe  (2),  5.  [Fr. 
garderohe.]  A  privy ;  a  house  of  office ;  a 
water-closet. 

"  In  a  wardro/ie  they  him  threwe." 

Chuircer:  C.  T.,  1S.502. 

ward -Ship,  *  warde-shyppe,  s.    [Eng. 

icard  ;  -skip.] 

1.  The  office  of  a  ward  or  guardian  ;  care 
and  i)rotection  of  a  ward  ;  right  of  guardian- 
ship ;  guardianship. 

"The  teartlship  consisted  in  havinp  the  custody  of 
the  body  and  lauds  of  such  heir-'—fllackstoiic:  Com- 
tnent.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  5. 

2.  Tlie  state  or  condition  of  being  a  ward  or 
under  guardianship  ;  pupilage. 

"  It  was  the  wisest  act  that  ever  I  did  in  my  teard- 
):hip."—Seii  Joiison:  Bartholomew  Fair,  iii.  1. 

*  wards'-man,  i-.  [Eng.  vmrd,  and  man.] 
Que  wliu  Iceeps  watch  and  ward  ;  a  guard. 

"  ward'-wit,  s.  [First  element.  Eng.  ward; 
second,  doubtful.] 

Lav:  The  state  of  being  quit  of  giving 
money  for  the  keeping  of  wards.    (Spelman.) 

t  ware,  prct.  of  v.     [Wear,  v.] 

"  ware  (1).  'war,  «.     [A.S.  icaT  =  cautions. 

wary  (q.v.).] 
1.  Cautious,  wary. 


2.  On    one's    guard  ;    watchful ;    provided 
against. 

"  Of  whom  he  thon  wnrc  also."— 2  Timothy  iv.  15. 

t  "ware   (2),  n.     [A  shortened  form  of  awari- 
(q.v.). J     Aware,  conscious, 

"  Thou  overheard'st  ere  I  was  ware 
My  tnie  love's  pMsion  " 

Shakcsp. :  Romeo  *  Juliet,  il.  £. 

ware  (1),  v.t.     [Ware  (Ti),  a.]    To  take  heed 
to  ;  to  guard  against ;  to  beware  of 

"  A  shiifnfd,  sullen,  nnd  uiicerlftin  li);ht. 
That  dances  thruu^li  the  cluiuls.  luid  hhutn  a^ain, 
Then  fi'are  !•.  lisiv'  tcmpcat  on  the  main  '" 

Drydrii.     {T-idd.\ 


ware  (2),  v.t.    [WnAit,  c.j 

ware   CO,    v.t.     [Wair,   v.\     To  cxpuud,  tn 

spend.     {Smtch.) 

"  T»  ware  at  any  tyme  n  conplo  of  sliyllyuge*  uu  it 
new  bvvir."—A»chitm  :  Toxop/tUtu,  p.  lit. 

ware  (l),  s.  [A.s.  ware  (pi.  iwrit)  =  wtitch, 
wares  ;  eogn.  with  Uut.  (wuir=:a  ware,  a  coui- 
nindity  ;  Icel.  vara  =  wares  ;  Dan.  iHire  ;  Sw. 
vara;  Ger.  waare.]  Articles  of  merchandise  ; 
goods,  commodities;  manufactures  of  a  par- 
ticular kind.  Properly  a  collective  lumn,  as 
in  the  compounds  hardivniY,  tiniwire,  china- 
ware,  &c.,  but  generally  used  in  the  plural 
form  when  articles  fur  sale  of  diflcrent  kinds 
are  iiieaut. 

"  A  L-a]>ricliius  man  of  tanhlon  niipht  soiuetlntes 
preff  r  foreign  wares,  merctv  brcaime  they  wcr«  fuiclglt," 
-.■Muilh:   WmUhqf  Nations,  bk.  i\'.,  cit.  11. 

ware  (2),  .•<.    [Etyin.  doubtful.]   (See  example.) 

"To  be  111  a  position  to  nupply  Ihu  rnonnously- 
iiicri-asiiiij  demand  now  t-\i»ting,  and  l:ickiii|i  a  fall  of 
'spilt,'  they  have  ti>  buy  '  hnHiil,'  '  lialf-wtrc,'  and 
■  ware,'  frum  thwir  neighh<nii-H  uTi  tlio  uypoull^.-  Essex 
shore.  Tbejte  i\rv  the  technical  uamcit  of  thi.-  youii^; 
uyater  in  [in  vnrlous  stngra  until  it  arrives  at  a  mar- 
ketable ft^K,  which  is  from  tliri-e  Ui  flvt*  ycai*.  wheli  it 
1."  called  an  oyster  and  sold." — Evening  Standard, 
Feb.  H.  1868. 

ware  (3),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful;  perhaps  the 
same  as  Ware  (1),  *•.  =  saleable  stufl".]  A 
trade  name  for  a  certain  size  of  jiotatues. 

"  In  onler  to  come  under  the  head  of  witre,  the 
tubei*!)  must  l»e  too  large  to  pass  through  a  rhldle,  the 
then  tliey  are  called  middlings. " — Dailff  Teleyraph, 
boles  uf  which  are  l^  iu.  equate— if  they  do  go  through, 
Sept.  11.  1&86. 

'  ware   (4),    ■  warre,    '  werre,  s.     [A.S. 

ww.rr.]     A  toiigli  or  hard  kliut  in  a  tree. 
"  Kessynnyt  sji  is  in  the  wwr  thu  pip." 

Jioifjliu:   Viiyil ;  .Knetd  xiL 

ware  (5),  s.  [A.s.  imr ;  Dut.  wier  =  sea- 
weed.]   Sea-ware  (q.v.). 

•  ware'-ful,  a.  [Eng.  laare  (1),  a.;  -julL] 
Cautious,  wary,  watchful. 

*  ware -ful-ness,  ■■^.  [Eng.  loarefnl;  -jw««.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  wareful  or 
wary  ;  wariness,  cautiousness. 

"  His  eyes  are  curious,  search  but  vail'd  with  utar^ul- 
Jteu."  ^iidiiey :  Arcadia,  bk.  ii. 

ware'  -  house,  s.  [Eng.  ware  (I),  s.,  and 
/(Oiwc]  A  house  or  building  in  which  wares 
or  goods  are  kept :  as, 

(1)  A  store  for  the  safe  keeping  of  goods. 

(2)  A  building  iu  which  imported  goods,  on 
which  customs  duties  have  not  been  paid,  are 
stored. 

"  When  a  man  hath  bought  a  parcel  of  couimodl. 
ties,  he  sets  his  mark  upon  them,  to  distluguiFb  them 
from  the  rest  iu  the  wareh-)tue.'—Ii/j.  Jlail:  6ermon 
on  L'phesians  iv.  30. 

(.s)  A  stfire  for  the  sale  of  goods  wholesale ; 
also,  often,  a  large  retail  establishment. 

warehouse-man,  s. 

1.  One  who  keeps  or  is  engaged  in  a  ware- 
house. 

2.  A  wholesale  dealer  iu  goods. 

ware'-house»  v.t.    [Warehouse,  s.J 

1.  Tu  dejiusit  or  secure  in  a  warehouse. 

2.  To  place  in  the  government  warehouses  or 
custom-house  stores  to  be  keiH  until  the 
duties  are  paid. 

ware'-hous-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Wahe- 

UOUSK,   I'.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  siih^t. :  The  act  of  placing  goods  in  a 
warehniisi-  or  in  a  custom-tiuuse  store. 

warehousing -system,  ."t. 

Comm.:  A  customs  regulation,  by  which 
imported  goods  may  be  lodged  in  public  or 
bonded  warehouses,  at  a  reasonable  rent, 
witbotit  payment  of  the  dutie.s  on  importa- 
tion, until  they  be  witlidrawn  for  home  eon- 
suitii'tinii,  thus  lessening:  the  jiressure  of  the 
duties,  which  would  r)therwise  cripple  the 
Iiurchasing  power  of  the  merchant.  On  goods 
u-exported  no  duty  is  charged. 

■  ware-less.  *  ware-lesse, a.  [Bug.  wart 
(1).  a.  ;  -/..S..1 

1.  L'nwary,  incautious,  unaware. 

"  Both  they  vrnvise,  and  mirelrsne  of  the  enlll 
That  by  theiuseluea.  vutv  them^ielue-*  lit  wroui;ht" 
Upcmer:  f.  y..  IV.  ii.  8.  (j 

2.  Heedless. 

"  His  owiie  mouth  that  spake  so  wnrelrue  word," 
Speatrr     F.  l^.,  V.  v.  17. 


boU,  bo^;  pout,  joi^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  —  £ 
-cian,  -tian—  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -^on  —  zhun.    -oious,  -tious.  -slous  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  fee.  =  hel,  del. 


494 


warely— warm 


3.  Suflerod  or  txjwricnced  unawares;  uu- 
ex|H'cte<i. 

"  Wlicii  ho  waktoutof  hid  tearfl>-u>'  |»iiit." 

^Sp^nnT.   y.  v..  V.  i.  ti, 

'wiire-l3^,  adr.  [Eng.  imir  (1).  a.;  -/.v.! 
Cautiously,  warily.  {Spenser:  h'.  <?.,  I.  xii. 
3U.) 

-once,-'!-     [Low  Lat.  twnin/ia,  r^mjifu/, 
iVoniVt-nKs^  trut  ;  Fr.  Qarance.    {Prior.)] 
liot. :  Madder  (q.v.). 

ware  room.  ■•"-  [K"!-'-  wvnr  (i).  s.,  and  i-oom.] 
A  n'oiii  III  which  aitictes  are  stored  or  otlered 

war  -fUro,  •^.     [Kn^j.  war,  and  /tire  =  a  jour- 
ney. 1 
•  1,  A  warlike  or  military  expedition. 

•■Ami  tlif  kyiit;*-  of  Scotti-s  weiil*  iiit'»  the  wylde 
Scottysli*.  bU-HHw  hr  «ii.*  iiiit  in  Kt«»»i  p-yiit  tu  riOc  ii 
M«r/(irf."— ««-nwj.-  Froiss'trl :  Crottijde.  vol.  ii,.  cli. 
xiit. 

2.  Miliary  sen- ice ;  military  life:  contest 
or  strugglp  carried  uii  betwi:en  enemies  ;  hos- 
tilities; war. 

"The  Phllistiiiea  cathcred  tlieir  armiaa  together  £"i- 
M^i r/(i rr."— 1  ifamuel  \xvlii.  1, 

3.  Contest,  strugjcle. 

"Thp  weftpona  of  our  warfare  are  not  cftrunl.  — 
1  Corinth,  X.  4. 

*  war-fare,  r.i.  [Warfare,  $.]  To  parry  nn 
war;  to  engage  in  or  wage  war;  to  leail  a 
military  life  ;  to  struggle  ;  to  conteml. 

"  Tliat  wna  the  only  iimulet.  in  th.it  crednlmis  wir 
firhi;j  ;isv,  to  escape  djingera  hi  luittk-a. '— Omit/i'"  ; 

'  war'-fSr-er,  «.  [Ens.  varfar(c):  -er.]  One 
eiiguyed  in  war  or  warfare  ;  a  waninr. 

'  WOr'-fleld.  ^■.  [Eng.  ler^r.  and  ftehL]  The 
held  of  war  ov  battle  ;  a  battle-held. 

war -gear,  .'•.     [Prob.  =T'wtr,  and  gear.] 

Mining:  A  general  term  for  tools,  timbers, 
rnpes,  and  everything  belonging  to  a  mine. 
Orml(.) 

*  war-ha'-We,  fj.  (Eng.  v^nr,  and  hohle,  hahih: 
=  al>K'.]     Fit  h-rwar;  warlike,  military. 

'■  Tlif  weary  Britons,  whose  ivnrhabl--  youth 
Wn^  by  M.iximirtn  lately  ltd  iiway." 

Spruser:  F.  Q..  II.  x.  C2. 

*  wa-ri-an-gle,  ;:.  [O.  Low  Ger.  vargingel: 
O.  H.  Ger.  irarchengil ;  Ger.  vurg-engel  =■  a. 
shrike  or  iHitcher-binl,  from  viirgcn  =  to 
ohoke,  to  kill.)    A  shrike  or  butcher-bird. 

"*  war-ice,  r.t.  &  ?.    [Warish.] 

VrSLt'-i--l^,(t(h-.  [Eng.  fr«i,)/;  -hi-]  111  a  wary 
manner;  cautiously  ;  with  caiitiDU,  care,  and 
foresight. 

"  ni  nmke  sure  for  line  .  .  . 
Warih/  guarding;  tlmt  which  I  liave  got," 

MarlotBf :  Jirtocf  Mattd.  i.  1. 

*  war'-i-ment,  >.  [Eng.  varii ;  -went.]  Wari- 
ness, caution,  care,  heed. 

■■  Tln^y  were  tdl  with  so  good  ivnrimfnC 
Or  w.irded,  or  a%'oyded  .uid  let  g"*- 

SpeugtT.  F.  Q  .  IV,  iii.  IT. 

War'-i-neSS.  ■^.  [Eng.  irary;  -jiess.]  The 
finality  m-  state  of  being  wary  ;  caution,  fore- 
sight ;  piuilent  care  in  foreseeing  and  guard- 
ing against  evil  or  danger. 

"Look  with  great  caution  and  irarine-U  on  those 
pecnliaritieH  or  iirominent  i)arts,  which  at  first  forte 
theiuselvea  upon  view." — Hnynolilt:  Discotusfs.  No.  vi. 

war'-ing-ton-ite,  war'-ring-tdn-ite,  s. 

[After  Warington  Smyth  ;  sutf.  -ifr  (Miii.).^ 

Mill.  :  A  variety  of  Bmchantite  (q.v.), 
of  palf  green  cnlour,  occurring  in  doubly 
curved,  wedge-shaped  crystals  at  the  Fowey 
Consols  mine,  Cornwall. 

*  war'-ish, '  war-Ice.  *  war-issh-en,  v.t. 

&  i.  [O.  Fr.  'ir(tj-i^s(tiif,  (jnri.-^saiit,  \\r.  par.  of 
n-arir,  garir  =  to  keep,  to  prutect,  to  heal; 
Fr.  gifcrir.]     (Warisos.) 

A.  Trails.:  To  defend  or  protect  from ;  to 
heal,  to  cure. 

•■  \V<irlnh  and  cure  tht-  stiiicing  of  serpents  "— 
P.  HoUand:  Plinie.  bk.  vH,.  ch.  ii. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  liealed  ;  to  recover. 

"Your  doughter  shall  wnthh  and  escape." 

Cliaucer:  Tate  of  Jfetibeii*. 

*  war' i  son, '  war-e-son,  •  war-i-soim> 

'  ^Par-ri-SOB,  s.  \l>.  Fr.  vnrismi,  gnrison 
=  surety,  saiety,  pruvision,  healing",  from 
varir,  gii}'ir=tn  keep,  to  protect,  to  heal; 
Fr.  g7icrir:=  to  heal ;  Goth,  v-urjan  =  to  for- 
bid, to  keep  off  from  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  verjnn  =  to 
prot-ect ;  Ger.  vchren  =  to  defend,  to  restrain  ; 


O.  Dut.  i^ren  —  to  keep,  to  guard.     Fr''i  tlu- 
same  root  as  wary  (q.v,).J 
\.  Protection. 

"  W*r  thorn  hym  and   ys  men  In  fair  (wirwon  he 
l.ruKhte."  Jiobcrt  o/ UlottceSter.  l>.  lU. 

2.  A  reward. 

•■  Tlire  hundred  marka  he  hette  unto  his  umrUoun 
Tlv.a  »  ith  hiui  Bo  luetU-.  »ir  bring  lii»  hede  to  t-'Uii. 
Robert  dt  Brunne,  p.  3-i5. 

wark.  s.    t^VoRK.i   (Scotch.) 

war- l£a- moo'- wee,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Niiii't.:  A  canoe  with  outriggers,  used  at 
Point  deGalle,  Ceylon.  It  is  generally  manned 
by  four  or  hve  Lascars,  who  sit  grouped  to- 
gether   for    hours   at  tlif   eii<l    of  the    lever, 


warkamoowee. 

adding  or  taking  away  a  man  according  to  the 
strength  of  the  wind.  These  canoes  often 
sail  ten  miles  an  liour,  and  their  owners  will 
venture,  even  through  very  high  winds,  as 
far  as  twenty  to  twenty-five  miles  from  land 
fur  the  purpose  of  fishing,  or  to  carry  fruit  to 
vessels  in  tlie  offing. 


*  warke. 


[Work.] 


wark'-loom,  wark'-lume,  5.  [Eng.  wark 
=  work,  and  /io»i  =  a  tool.]  A  tool  to  work 
with.     {Scotrh.) 

"  The  best  witrklinne  i'  the  house  .  .  , 
Is  instuut  made  no  worth  a  louae."" 

Hums  :  AddrcAS  to  the  Dei!. 

*  war-lawe,  s.  [A.S.  wf^rloga  =  one  who  lies 
against  the  truth,  a  traitor,  from  u'ffcr  =  the 
truth,  and  }oga  =  a  liar,  from  leogaii,  pa.  par. 
logc)i=to  lie.]  A  deceiver.  (A  Flounnan's 
Crede,  783.) 

warld,  s.     [World.]    (Scotch.) 

war-like,  «.     [Eng.  lypr,  and  UJ:e.] 

L  Fit  for  war ;  disposed  or  inclined  to  war  : 
as,  a  u-arlH:e  nation. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  war ;  military. 

"  Him  titey  served  in  war. 
And  bini  in  peace,  for  sjike  of  rcfrlike  deeds." 

CotPfjer :  Tusk,  v.  W4. 

3.  Having  a  maitial  appearance  ;  having 
the  appe^irance  or  qualities  of  a  soldier  ; 
soldierlike. 

i.  Becoming  a  soldier  or  an  enemy  ;  hostile. 

"  The  warlike  tone  again  he  took." 

Ocott :  Rokebu,  v.  13. 

5.  Fit  for  use  or  service  in  war. 

"■  Argos  the  fair,  for  wurlikc  steeds  renown'd." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  vi.  130. 

* war'-like-ness,  -''.  [Eng.  warlike:  -^tess.] 
Thf  qu;i!itv  or  state  of  being  warlike  ;  war- 
like dispositidii  or  charactei". 

"Bravenesa    of     mind     and     iPfirUlceness.'Sir    E. 
Sandys. 

^W&.r'-ling,  5.  [A  word  of  doubtful  origin, 
oreurring  only  in  the  proverb  quoted  ;  per- 
haps coined  from  vor,  in  imitation  of  darling, 
and  meaning  one  often  quarrelled  with.]  (See 
etym.) 


war  -lock  (1).  '  war-luck,  *  war-loghe. 

.';.  &  a.      [A.S.  vrrrloga  —  a  traitor.]      [Wak- 
LAWE.  ] 

A.  As  STihst. :  A  man  presumed  to  liave 
obtained  supernatural  knowledge  and  power 
by  supposed  compact  with  evil  spirits ;  a 
wizard. 

"  Gae  to  six  feet  deep — and  a  warlork'g  grave  should- 
na' be  an  inch  niair." — Scoll :  Bride  of  Lummertrtotit; 
ch,  xxiv. 

*B,  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  war- 
locks ;  impish. 


war-lock  (2),  war-lok,  s.     [Etym.  doubt- 
tut.  ,: 
!!•  t.  :  .^iniipis  nigra. 

*  TVar  -lock-ry',  s.  [Eng.  imrlorl-  (2);  -n/.J 
The  condition  or  practices  of  a  warlock  ;  im- 
pishness. 

"The  true  m.irk  of  warlockry."       Joanna  /iaillie. 

*  war'-ly  (1),  f.    [Eng.  i('ar(?(f)  =  world  ;  -!y.] 

Woildly.     (Svotch.) 

"  Awa'  ye  selfish  trartt/  race." 

Burns  :  Kpittle  to  J.  Lapraik. 

*  war'-ly  (2),  o.    [Eng.  war;  -ly.]    "Warlike. 

"Tlie  eile  iif  Hnutyngdon  also  this  yere  was  sent 
intu  tTituute  with  a  wuriy  company." — Fabj/an  . 
Chr.oi-  (an.  14X(t. 

warm. '  w^arme, "'  wharme.  a.  Sc  s.    [A.S 

veonn:  cogn.  with  Dut.  warm  ;  Icel.  i-armr  : 
Dan.  &  Sw.  rarm ;  Ger.  warm;  cf.  Goth. 
('•(';(/ij«/)  =to  warm;  Gr.  flepfio?  (thermos)  =^ 
liot ;  yanse.  gharma  =  heat.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Having  or  containing  heat  in  a  moderate 
degree  ;  neither  c(dd  nor  hot. 

2.  Having  the  sensation  of  heat  ;  feeling 
one's  self  hot;  glowing,  tlushed,  heated. 

"Tlie  bfKly  is  jcarjrte  by  the  heate,  which  is  in  tlie 
body."— ^ooAer.-  Dineourte  ofJitstifii-atiun.  §  5. 

3.  Caused  by  the  sun  to  have  a  high  tem- 
perature ;  having  a  prevalence  of  hot  wea- 
tlier ;  subject  to  heat:  as,  a  warm  day,  a 
warm  climate. 

4.  Full  of  zeal,  ardour,  or  affection ;  zealous, 
ardent,  enthusiastic  :  as,  a  warm  supporter. 

5.  Full  of  welcome  or  affection. 

"  Not  unrejoiced  to  see  him  once  .igain, 

IVarm  w;is  bis  welcome  to  the  hamits  of  men." 
Byron  :  Lara,  i.  T. 

6.  Somewhat  ardent  or  excitable ;  easily 
excited  ;  irritable,  hot. 

"  With  lively  spirits  and  wnnn  passions  to  misleait 
them."— Secfter;  Sermons,  vol.  ii.,  ser,  3. 

7.  Stirred  up ;  somewhat  hot  or  excited  ; 
nettled :  as,  He  becomes  warm  when  couti-a- 
dicted. 

8.  Furious,  violent,  animated,  brisk,  keen. 

"  Welcome,  day-light ;  we  shall  have  wni^n  work  ont." 
fJrj/den :  Spanish  Friar. 

* 9.  Vigorous,  hvely,  sprightly;  full  of 
activity  or  life. 

'■  Now  warm  iu  youth,  now  with 'ring  in  my  bloom." 
Pope :  Abelard  .C  Kloiga,  07. 

10.  Strong,  forcible.  (Said  of  language.). 
(CoUoq.  or  slang.) 

11.  Causing  or  producing  ease  and  comfort ; 
said  of  wealth  or  of  a  "wealthy  person;  com- 
fortable circumstances,  moderate  riches;  mo- 
derately rich,  well-off.    (Colloq.) 

12.  Being  close  upon  tlie  discovery  of  some- 
thing searched  or  hunted  for.     (CoUog.) 

B.  As  suhstantire : 

1,  A  warming,  a  heating :  as.  To  have  ai 
gotid  tvarm.     (Colloq.) 

2.  Warmth,  heat. 

"The  winters  hurt  recovers  with  the  joarm." 
Siirrei/  :  Jlnriii'i  Endi-aroitred  fo  subdue  hut  Passion. 

warm-blooded,  a.  Having  warm  blood. 

JVana-hlooded  animals,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  A  popular  term  applied  to  Owen's 
Ha-matotherma  (q.v.),  which  includes  Mam- 
mals and  Birds,  in  all  of  which  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  blood  exceeds  that  of  the  medium 
in  which  the  animals  live.  In  man  and  in  the 
ox  the  mean  temperature  of  the  interior  of  the 
body  is  100°,  in  the  mouse  00°,  in  the  whale 
103°;  in  birds  it  ranges  from  106-112°  F.  In 
hibernating  animals  there  is  commonly  a  loss 
of  from  ir  to  12°  during  their  winter-sleep, 
ami  in  the  liat  the  temperature  fulls  as  low  as 
40-""  F.  at  tliis  period. 

warm-colours,  s.  ^)^ 

Paint.:  Such  coloui-s  as  have  yellow,  or 
yellow-red,  for  their  basis  ;  as  opposed  to  cold 
colours,  such  as  blue  and  its  compounds. 

*  warm.-headed,  «.  Easily  excited,  ex- 
citable ;  somewhat  hot-headed  ;  fanciful. 

"The  adviintage  will  be  on  the  irarm-headeii  m.in'a 
side."— iocAf- 

warm-sided,  a. 

Nunt. :  Mounting  heavy  metal.  (Said  of  a 
ship  or  fort.     (Coltoq.) 

warm- tints,  5.  pi.  Modifications  of- 
warm-colours. 

"warm-Tritli,  adv.  A  slang  abbreviation 
for  "  With  warm  water  aud  sugar." 


I^te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we.  wet.  here,  «;amel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    £3,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


warm— warp 


495 


[.\.^.  if':ai'miaii.\ 


warm,  "warme,  v.t.  & 

t\V,\KM.  <'.) 

A,  Tnuisiticc: 

1.  To  make  warm  :  to  comnuniioatf  a  mo- 
derate degree  of  heat  to. 

"Bcfuretlio  stniiie  Iwith  tcarmM  t\\o  nyrv"— Hack- 

2.  To  make  earnest,  anient,  or  ciitlmsiastic  ; 
to  interest ;  to  excite  anlour  or  zeal  in ;  to 
stir  up,  to  excite,  to  anxise. 

■■  To  K'<ir»i  tlie.-'e  slow  iiveiiRers  of  the  se.i,* 

af/rtnt:  (oijur.  1.  13. 

3.  To  animate,  to  enliven,  to  inspirit ;  to 
give  life  aiKl  colour  to ;  to  cause  to  glow. 

'■  It  would  wirin  Lis  spirit*."  

ShnKrsf,. :  Anl<'»l/  *  Vlaopatra,  ui.  IS. 

B,  Iiitvansitife : 

1.  To  become  warm  or  moderately  heated  ; 
to  warm  one's  self. 

"There  sliidl  not  l>e  .1  coal  to  warm  At,"—T8aiah 
x\\U.  M. 

'J.  To  become  warm,  ardent,  zealiuis,  or 
aniiiialed  ;  to  be  iiiHamed,  excited,  or  quick- 
ened. 

'■  His  lienrt  nlwaiya  ir<iy>>-tl  towjmls  the  uiilmm'y'" 
— JAioiM/.itf :  Uitt.  i'li;/..  ch.  x. 

warm'-er,  .•>■.  [Eng.  verm,  v. ;  -'■»•.]  One  wlm 
or  ih.it  which  warms  ;  specitieally,  a  warming 
ain'aiiitus  for  a  room,  kc. 

'  warm'-ful,  "warme-ful,".    [Eng.  vanu; 

'/"'(').]     IJiving  warmth  or  heat. 

■  A  iir.iiiUUi>u  .  .  .  curl'il  with  uHirmi^fiO  imt>." 

Chai.imtn:  Hj-ht :  lUnil.  X. 

warm'-heart-ed  {ea  as  a),  a.  [Eng-  xvarm, 
and  heurtoL] 

1.  Havinga  warm  heart:  having  a  disposi- 
tittn  that  readily  shows  affeetioo,  friendship, 
or  interest ;  having  a  kiud'y  heart  ur  feelings. 

2.  Characterized  by  v.avmheartedness. 

warm-lieart-ed-ness(eaas  a),  5.    [Eng. 

var„ih.>n-tn) :  -/(.■>s.l  T!iv  ipiaUty  ur  state  of 
bfing  wamdiearttd  ;  uarmtli  or  kindliness  of 
disposili.iii. 

■■  His  i.i.ivfil  braverj- and  well-known  aannJicarted- 
m-f^    -l'-(U  Mull  Uaz«tU.  Feb.  7.  laSS. 

warm -ihg,  j"".  v^^'->  «.»,&?•    [Warm,  r.] 
A.  &  B.  As  3>r.  ixir.  &  particip.  cuij. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C,  Assiib.<t.:  The  act  of  making  warm;  the 
state  of  becoming  warm  or  warmer. 

warming-pan,  5. 

1.  Lit. :  A  covered  pan  containing  hot  coals 
for  airing  and  warming  a  lied. 

2.  Fi(i.  :  A  persou  put  into  an  office,  situa- 
titni,  orjiost  to  hold  it  temporarily  till  another 
become  qualified  for  it.     {Slang.) 

"  It  is  nut  nsiml  to  inform  a  man  that  you  propose 
til  nse  him  ns  i\  W(irmi}i^-p'Hi.  howe^ei  e\ceUently 
suiteil  he  m.ty  Iw  for  such  .1  purpose,  '—/'n//  Mull  Hit- 
zette.  Jail.  21,  1833. 

warm-ly,  "warme-ly,  adv.  lEng;  mti-<a, 
a.  ;  -hj.] 

*  1.  In  a  warm  manner;  with  warmth  or 
moderate  heat. 

2.  With  warmtli  of  feeling;  ardently,  ear- 
nestly, vigorously  ;  as.  He  spoke  mirmly. 

warm  -ness,   *  warme  -  nesse.  5.     [Eng. 

ii-'iriit  :  -iics!>.\  Tlie  quality  or  stale  of  being 
warm  ;  warnith. 

'  Tlie  teartiiiirise  of  the  we.itber  brought  it  out  of 
the  giouiui.'  — t't/d/  -■  JIttrk  iv. 

war -mot,  s.  (Etym.  doubtful;  perhaps  a 
(.nriiipl.  iif  woruncood.] 

J:->t.  :   Arleinisi"  Ah$l,ithinm. 

warmth,  *'wermthe.  -s.    [Eng.  u-arm;  -ih.] 
I.  iiriliitarii  Ldufiuti'je : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  warm  ; 
moderate  or  gentle  heat ;  the  sensation  of  heat. 

"  He  tnketh  wai'nUh  and  heat  by  the  coles  of  the 
wicked  Je\ye3."—Cdal :  Lukt- xxiv. 

2.  A  stateof  warm,  lively,  orexcited feelings ; 
ardour,  zeal,  earnestness,  fervour,  enthusiasm, 
intensity. 

"  What  wftrinth  la  there  in  your  affection  towanls 
any  of  these  princely  suitors."— .S/i«*«//. -■  Merchant 
of  yenice,  i.  2. 

3.  Cordiality,  geniality  ;  hearty  kindness  or 
good  feeling;  warmheartedness. 

"  Agrajsp 
Having  the  wn7-m/ft  .ind  niuscle  of  the  heart." 

Truni/Kon  .    .ii/lmer»  F'fld.  ISO. 

4.  Vigour,  heat,  forcibleness,  strong  feeling. 

■■Thepi-e»t  ^raniiM  and  eiierg;>'  of  expression  with 
which   they  declare   their  coiivictiou."— B/^.  Honlcy  ; 
ii.,  fer 


II.  I'lilnt.:  That  glowing  erteet  which  arises 
fi  1.111  tlie  use  of  warm  colours  (q.v.)  in  paint- 
ing, and  of  transparent  colours  in  the  pr.'- 
c^*s^  ol  glazing.   (Opposed  to  leaden  coldness.) 

warmth-less,  o.  [Eng.  tntruith :  ■/'-.«) 
l)<.-%tiiiile  ot  warmtli  ;  not  rommuuieating 
warmth. 

warn,    warne,  'wam-en,  "  weme,  v.t. 

(A.S.  ivMniian,  imrniau  =- (I)  to  take  hetd, 
(2)  to  warn  ;  from  ireurii  =a  refusal,  denial, 
iibstai-le  ;  original  meaning  =  a  guarding  or 
defence  ;  ef.  leel.  vorn  =  a  defence  ;  cogn.  with 
leel.  mrna  =  to  warn  off,  to  lefuse,  to  abstain 
from  ;  Sw.  winui^to  warn  ;  Ger.  ivarnen.] 

*  1.  To  forbid,  to  deny,  to  refuse. 

"  He  i»  to  grett-  a  nigard  th»t  wol  locritr 
A  man  to  liglit  u  caudel  at  hia  lauterne." 

Chaucer:  C.  J'..  5,916. 
2.  To  ward  oflf. 

3.  To  make  ware  or  aware ;  to  give  notice 
to  ;  to  inform  beforehand. 

■'  Juflt  Simeon  and  iiroiihetlo  Anna,  warn'd 
By  vision."  Jfiltoit :  /'.  A'.,  i.  253. 

4.  To  give  notice  to  of  approaching  or  prob- 
able evil  or  danger,  so  that  it  may  be  avoided  ; 
to  caution  against  anything  that  UKiy  prove 
dangerous  or  hurtful. 

■■  Dr.  Solauder  himself  was  tlie  first  who  fonnd  the 
inclination,  a^ainat  which  he  had  wanicfl  others,  irre- 
sistible.""—Cooft  -■  Firtt  Voyage,  bk.  i.,  ch.  iv. 

*  5.  To  admonish  as  to  any  duty  ;  to  ex- 
postnlate  with. 

"  Warn  them  that  are  unruly."— 1  Theu.  v.  14. 

6.  To  notify  by  authority;  to  order,  to 
direct. 

"  Euery  cytezyn  learnud  to  haue  his  barneys  by 
\\ym:'—fnl>!iift:  Chrunt/cle  (mi.  1:30). 

"  7.  To  notify  ;  to  give  notice  to ;  to  inform, 
to  summon. 

"  Out  of  your  liostelrie  I  saw  you  ride. 
And  teuriicd  here  my  lord  and  soverain." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  16.059. 

*  %  God  warn  its:  God  guard  us  !  Gotl  forbid  ! 

"For  lovers  lacking— Corf  warn  iisf  matter."  — 
!ihiif;ei>i'. :  As  Vou  tike  it,  iv.  1. 

warn'-er,  s.    [Eng.  warn;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  warns  or  ad- 
monishes. 

*  2.  Apparently  some  kind  of  dish. 

■■  The  first  course  at  my  lonlea  table  in  the  great 
hall.  Fii-st,  a  wariter.  conveye<l  npon  a  rounde 
IXMjrde,"— /.c/a«(/ ;  Coll.  InthroniMtion  of  Warham. 

war  -  ner' - 1  -  a,  s.      [Xamed  after  Richard 
WariHT.   ITll-lTTo,  resilient  at  Woodford,  in 
Essex,  and  author  of  I'hnitfe  Woodford ieiises.] 
Dot. :  The  same  as  Hydrastis  (q.v.). 

*  war-nes, "  war-nesse,  s.  [Eng.  ware  (i), 
a.;  -((Ci-^-.J  Wariness,  caution,  foresight, 
wisdom. 

■'  Isi-ael  i^  a  folk  without  counsel,  and  without  tear- 

„P^S,-,  ■_  n '//(■,' <;/rc-    Denteronouiy  xxxil,  2?, 

'  wamestore,  *  wamstour,  '  warn  - 
stor,  "  warncsture,  .^.  [Warsise.]  Store, 
numlier. 

•'  In   eche  stude  liev  setto  these  strong  warmcsture 

and  tr.id.  — /;'^6'-/-(  c/  Olwct-ster.  p.  91. 

~  wamestore.  *  wamestoore,  r.t.  [Warne- 

STOKE,  s.]     To  store,  to  furnish. 

"Over  alle  thinges  ye  ehnln  do  your  diligence  to 
kepe  yoni-e  itersone.  and  to  wttriiegtorc  your  house."— 
Chaucer:  Tale  of  Melibeiu. 

warn -ing,  '  warn-yng,  v.  ixn-.,  a.,  &  s. 
[Warn.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.:  Giving  notice  beforehand;  ad- 
monishing, cautioning. 

"  To-day  the  WarnhiiJ  Spirit  hear." 

Scott:  Chase,  ix. 

C.  As  siOjstuntire : 

1.  The  act  of  cautioning  against  impending 
or  probable  ill  or  danger. 

"  Preserve  your  line.    This  w/imi**!/ comes  of  you  ; 
And  Tioia  atjiiid:*  iu  your  vrotection  now. ' 

Siirrey  :  Virgil;  .Eneis,  ii. 

2.  The  act  of  admonishing  against  evil  prac- 
tices or  habits. 

3.  Previous  notice. 

•■  To  be  o\\.  foot  at  an  hour's  warning." 

HJinkesp.:  CoriolaniLi.  iv.  0. 

4.  Specitically,  notice  to  quit  given  by  an 
employer  to  a  servant,  or  by  a  servant  to  an 
employer. 

"  We'll  tKjth  ?ivewar>iii>g  immediately  "—Coie»ian  ; 
Man  of  /tiisini-M,  iv. 

5.  A  summons,  a  calling,  a  bidding. 

"  Athi«[the  cock'sl  wat-/n'rtf/  .  .  . 
The  erring  sinrit  hies  to  his  confine  " 

fiha/cnii.  :  Uamh'f.  i.  1. 


G.  That  which  warn.s  or  lidnHmishe.H;  that 
which  serves  to  warn. 

"  A   wtrninj  t"  tlow  that  come  afUT."— tt«ny«n  ; 

I'ihjrimt  ri-tr^SM.  )it     U, 

warning  piece,  >-. 

■  1.  (jnl.  l.'i'iih  :  A  gmi  lired  to  give  warning. 

"  U|>on  the  »hootliig  of  the  lint  wjrninspiece,"— 
Ihylin. 

2.  llorol. :  An  oscillating  piece  in  the  striking 
parts  of  a  clock  which  is  aetunt*^!  by  a  i)in  on 
the  hour-wheel,  so  as  to  rek*ase  the  tly,  which 
causes  a  rustling  noise  before  the  striking. 

wamlng-stone,  •'.    [See  extract.] 

•■  Tilt'  bikLTH  in  .lur  toiinty  take  a  certain  peblilp. 
v.\\w\\  tlu-v  (.lit  in  tin- vriulture  of  their  oven,  whioli 
tlteycrtli  iht'  wiirniinhtf"ne,  for  when  that  i!i  whlttf 
the  oven  is  hotf— .^"(-r^y ."  MH.  Uitt.  of  WUU. 

warning-wheel.  .«. 

HoruL  :  That  wheel  in  a  clock  which  pro- 
duces an  audible  sound  at  a  certain  lime  be- 
fore striking. 

warn-ihg-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  iwrtiu);/; -/,v.]  In 
a  warning  nianner. 

"  He,  liowevor,  somowhat  wiritingly  writes."— fcAo, 

May  5,  ias8." 

'  war-nise,  *  war-nlsh,  "  war-i^ys,  v.f. 
[Garnish.]  To  store;  to  furnish  with  pro- 
visions, stores,  itc. 

"His  wynes  were  tlier  leid.  and  warititnl  that  cite  ' 
Itoltert  cte  aninm;  \'.  -i-. 

warp,  *  warpe,  s.  [A.S.  T-enrp  =  a  wari'. 
from  wearjy,  pa.  t.  of  n'eorjxni  =  to  throw,  to 
cast;  cogn.  with  Icel.  varp  =  a.  casting,  x 
throwing,  from  i-arp,  pa.  t.  of  verpa  =  to 
throw  ;  Dan.  varp  =  a  warp(naut.)  ;  Sw.  i-arjj  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  war/,  from  war/,  pa.  t.  of  wer/eii 
—  to  throw  ;  Ger.  wer/te.] 
■"I.  Oi'diiuiry  Lau'jiiaoe : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  3. 

2.  The  state  of  being  warped  or  twisted  ;. 
the  twist  of  wool  in  drying. 

"  Your  hair  wove  into  many  a  curious  warp." 

Bcaum.  *  Ftcf. :  Faithftit  Shephei-de»t.  ii. 

3.  Young  prematurely  cast,  as  a  colt,  a  calf, 
a  lamb,  &c.      {Prov.) 

i.  Four  of  tlsh.  especially  of  herrings ;. 
hence,  applied  to  four  of  anything,    {Prov.) 

"Not   a    lonvpc    of   weeks   forerunning."  — AtMAtf.' 

L'-iitfn  .seiiff'-. 

II.   Tech  Iliad} ij  ; 

1.  Agriculture : 

(1)  An  irrigating  process  to  cover  the  land 
with  alluvial  sediment ;  an  alluvial  deposit 
of  water  artificially  introduced  into  low  lands. 
(Sometimes  used  attributively.) 

(2)  (PL):  Distinct  pieces  of  ploughed  land 
separateil  by  the  furrows.    (Halliwell.) 

2.  Geol. :  The  alluvial  sediment  deposited 
by  rivers,  and  which  is  used  for  the  purpose 
descril>ed  under  II.  1. 

"The  sediment  cjdled  warp,  which  siibeides  from 
the  nmddy  water  of  the  Hunil»er  and  other  rivers.— 
Lyvll:  I'rinc.  ff  Ueology,  ch.  xix. 

3.  Nant.  :  A  rope  smaller  than  a  cable.  It 
is  used  in  towing,  or  in  moving  a  ship  by  at- 
tachment to  an  anchor  or  post. 

"  As*  we  shorted  vpon  ye  aaid  warpe  the  anker  came' 
home."— /Au'Wiifff  '   Voyaijet.  i.  2". 

i.  Wvaritt'j:  The  threads  running  the  long 
way  of  a  fabric.  The  threads  of  the  warji 
are"  wound  on  the  warp -beam,  and  are 
carried  up  and  down  by  the  heddles  of  the 
harness,  forming  a  track  called  the  shcl, 
along  which  the  shuttle  flies,  leaving  tlie 
weft,  woof,  or  tilling,  as  it  is  variously  called. 
The  warp  is  known  also  as  the  twist  or  the- 
chain,  and  in  silk  as  organzine. 

warp  beam,  .''. 

H'r-iriii') :  The  rDJler  on  which  the  warp  is 
wound,  and  fmiii  wliieh  it  is  payed  off  as  tli'- 
weaving  pr()cei'il-s. 

warp'frame,  warp -net  firame.  -.    A 

warp-machini-  (q.v.). 

warp-lace.  .■^.  Lace  having  a  warp  which 
is  crnssfd  ubliipudy  by  two  weft-threads. 

warp-maclline,  ''.  A  laee-making  ma- 
eliine  having  a  tliread  for  each  ne^'dle. 

warp-thread,  s.  One  of  the  threads 
fnrming  tin'  wjirp. 

warp,  '  warpe,  '■.'.  &  i.  [Icel.  var}ia=^io- 
tlirow,  to  east,  from  rfn7>  —  a  throwing,  a 
easting,  a  w.irp  (q.v.).  Cf.  Sw.  V(irpa :  Dan. 
var}w.=.to  warp  a  ship,  from  Sw.  rarp^the- 
draught  of  a  net ;  Dan.  wrj»  —  a  warp  ;  raryi- 
aitlcfr  =  a  warp-anchor  or  kedge.l    [Warp,  .■;.) 


liSiL,  tooy :  pout,  jo^l :  cat,  ^eU,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this :  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
Huan.  -tian  ^  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  l>el,  deL 


warpage— warrant 


A.  T.-o..;rU:: 

*  1.  T»'  till""',  t(>ca»t. 

"  Ful  ••»>«  It  VAM  ful  IOU4l«  kl<l 

U(  U»v<-lifk.  how  h«  loiir/j  tlia  aUiii 

Ou«r  the  luiulctiriwrk-hoii."  /IiiKtok.  l.MI 

*  2.  To  lay,  ns  an  e^. 

"To  tnir^  Ml  eiw»*.     Ofuwi  p-mere."—JianiiK  tV.-'i- 

•3.  Tuscii-l  <mt  ;  tiMittor. 

4.  To  tuni  or  twist,  uut  >*(  shape,  or  out  of 
a  strai;;lit  direction,  by  t<»ntnielioii  ;  as,  The 
hi-at  i>r  X\iv  still  will  uMc;.  limber. 

5.  Ti'  ttini  nsiile  fmtii  the  truo  line  or  direc- 
tion ;  to  pervert  ;  to  cause  to  bend  ur  deviate. 

■■  T  luloru  tlw. «Ut«. 
But  uot  It  teirp  or  chalice  It," 

Cvwiier  :  Tatk,  v.  c*:t. 

6.  To  cast  (yonng)  prematurely,  as  cattle, 
sheep,  &c.     (i*#^r.) 

*  7.  To  weave,  lo  fabricate,  to  contrive,  to 
plot. 

"  Why  d(»tlt  he  iiilwhief  mir/}/ 

SleriiholdA  Uopkitu:  Psainu. 

'  8.  To  flianj;e  in  j;enei'al. 

■'  Thuiirfh  tli..u  the  wsttrt  uxirp, 
Thy  -Unit  U  not  m»  shivrp 
.\»  ttituii  raiuuutwr'J  not-" 
^akttp.:  Ai  i'ou  Lt*«/t.iL  7.    (Song.) 

II.  Tcchnkully: 

1.  A'jr'u:  :  To  fertilize,  as  poor  or  barren 
land,  by  means  of  artitlcial  inundation  from 
rivers  which  hold  lary;e  quantities  of  earthy 
matter,  or  warn  Oi-v.),  in  suMpeiision.  The 
operation,  which  consists  in  enclosing  a  boJy 
or  sheet  of  water  till  the  sediment  it  holds  in 
suspension  has  been  dep<jsiled,  can  only  be 
can-ied  out  on  tlat,  low-lying  tracts  which 
may  be  readily  submerged.  This  system  was 
lirs't  systematically  pmctiscd  <m  tlie  banks  of 
the  Trent,  Onse.aiul  other  rivers  which  empty 
themselves  into  the  estuary  of  the  Humber. 

2.  ^tuif.:  To  tow  or  move  with  a  line  or 
warp  attached  to  buoys,  to  anchors,  or  to 
.ither  ships,  &c.,  by  means  of  wliich  a  ship  is 
drawn  usually  in  a  bending  course  or  with 
various  turns. 

"We  tcarji^tl  the  ship  in  again,  .ind  let  go  the 
aucliur  iu  furty  uiiefiitlium." — Antuu:  )'otf(«tfe«,  ok.  ii., 

3.  Roiie-nmking :  To  run.  as  yani,  oflf  the 
winches  into  hulks  to  be  tarred. 

B,  Intransitive: 

I.  Onlinai'y  Lawjiiage: 

1.  To  turn,  twist,  or  be  twisted  or  turned 
out  of  a  straight  line  or  direction. 

"W(hkI  thAt  oirbetb  and  wurpcth  v/ith  the  fire." — 
P.  JtoUanU:  PtiUarch,  p.  5S1. 

2.  To  turn  or  incline  from  a  straight  line  or 
f-uurse  ;  to  deviate,  to  swerve. 

"  There's  am-  coiuiiiission, 
Froiu  whicb  we  wouM  nut  hove  you  witrp." 

S}iakt^$p. :  Metuure  for  Meumire,  i.  1. 

3.  To  change  for  the  worse;  to  turn  in  a 
wrong  direction, 

"  My  (ftvour  here  Wgius  to  warp." 

Sluiktup. :   ^^'^llter's  Tale.  i.  2, 

*  4.  To  fly  with  a  bending  or  waving  mo- 
tion ;  to  turn  and  wave  like  a  flock  of  birds  or 
insects. 

*'  LocusU,  \earping  on  the  eastern  wind." 

Milton:  P.  L.,  \.  341. 

5.  To  slink  ;  to  cast  the  young  preinatmely, 
as  cattle,  sheep,  &c.     (/Vuc.) 

*  C.  To  be  in  process  of  formation  ;  to  be  in 
preparation. 

"She  HC(ni(iint«(l  the  Oreeko  iiiidertiand  with  this 
treason,  whicli  was  a  tottrpini/  agaiuat  them." — /'.  j/ol- 
iaiid:  Plutarch,  p.  409. 

XL  Ttxhnically : 

1.  Maiiitf.  :  To  wind  yarn  off  bobbins  ;  to 
form  the  warp  of  a  web. 

2.  Niuit. :  To  work  a  ship  forwards  by 
means  of  a  warp  or  rope, 

"  Out  of  the  ro.id  Boon  shall  the  vessel  warp." 

Siiirc!/:  I'irgU;  ^ne'uliv. 

warp'-age  (age  as  ig),  s.  [Eng.  icarp;  -age.] 
The  act  of  warping;  also,  a  charge  per  ton 
MKide  on  shipping  in  some  harbours. 

■warped,  pa.  par.  &  a.    (Warp,  v.] 

A.  .U  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B*  --Is  adjective: 

1.  Twisted  or  turned  out  of  a  straight  line 
or  out  of  shape,  as  timber,  by  the  heat  of  the 
sun  ;  crooked,  gnarled. 

■'  Now  to  the  oalc's  warped  roots  he  clings." 

Hcott :  Jtokeby,  ii.  14. 

*  2.  Curved. 

*•  Restore  the  god  that  they  by  ship  had  brought 
lu  «'«rjoe(i  keels."        Sarrrj/ :  I'irffile ;  .£neia  iL 


3.  Twisted  Iiom  llu-  tine  course  or  direo 
tiun ;  purverttid,  unnatural. 

'■  Scripture  wurp'il  Crom  iu  intout." 

Cowpcr:  l'ro>jr<s»  of  Srror,  437. 

'  1.  Malignant. 

"  HtTo'ii  another,  whose  leurpeJ  looks  proclaim 
Wlitit  Btore  her  heart  is  made  on." 

Shaktup.  :  Lear,  lii.  6. 

warp'-er»  s.     [Eng.  wurp,  v.  ;  ■'•r.] 

1.  One  wlio  or  that  which  warps  or  distorts. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  prepares  the 
warp  of  webs  for  weaving. 

warp  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    (Wakp,  v.] 

A.  vV  B,  As  pr.  par.  d:  pitrticip.  (ulj.  :  (See 
the  v<-rb). 
C.  As  suhstantive : 

1.  Oni.  Lang. :  The  act  of  twisting  or  bend- 
ing ;  the  state  of  being  twisted  or  warped. 

2.  Atjrtc. :  The  process  of  reclaiming  land 
on  estuaries,  liva  system  of  banks  and  sluices, 
by  winch  tid.-\vat«Vs  are  retained  until  they 
have  <leiiosited  tlielr  sr.Um.-nt,  and  then  dis- 
charged and  renewed  until  the  wliole  level  of 
the  surface  is  permanently  elevated. 

"Egypt,  or  rather  Lower  Egypt,  well  named  "The 
River  Laud,'  hits  iieen  tmnsformed  from  its  original 
cuiidltiun  ijf  a  sandy  desert  l>y  tlie  niiid-liearing  Nile, 
which,  overtiipping  its  sources,  has  for  ages  deposited 
deep  layere  of  .■illuvium,  and  crentej  une  of  the  most 
fertile  cnuntties  iu  the  world  by  the  Banie  process  as 
that  wlitcli.  artificially  ijroduced.  is  called  in  Llncohi- 
shiie  tvitrpiii'l." — lUuat.  London  Jicws,  July  30,  lti5i:i, 
p.  113. 

warping-bank,  a'.  A  bank  or  mound 
of  earth  raised  round  a  lieUl  for  retnining  the 
water  K-t  in  lor  the  jiurpose  of  enriching  the 
land  with  the  warp  or  sediment. 

warping-hook,  s. 

1.  The  brace  for  twisting  yarn  in  the  rope- 
walk. 

2.  A  hook  for  hanging  the  yarn  on  when 
warjiiug  into  hauls  for  tarring. 

warping-jack,  ^■.    A  heck-box  ('i.v.). 

warping-mill,  warping-macliine,^-. 

}\'n'n.ni:  An  appar;ttiis  for  laying  out  tlie 
threads  ut  a  waiji  and  di\id!iig  tlieni  into  two 
sets, 

warping-penny,  *•.  Money  paid  to  the 
weaver  by  the  spinner  on  laying  on  the  warp. 
(Prov.) 

warping-post,  s.  A  strong  post  used 
in  warj'ing  lope-yarn. 

'  wax'-plunie,  5.  [Eng.  war,  and  plume] 
A  plume  worn  iu  war. 

war-proof,  a.  &  s.     [Eng.  war,  and  proof.] 

A,  As  (ulj.:  Able  to  resist  a  warlike  attack. 

B.  .4s  snbst. :  Valour  tried  by  ur  proved  in 
war  ;  tried  or  proved  valoiu". 

"  Ou,  on,  yon  noblest  English, 
Whose  blood  is  fet  from  fatliers  of  learproof." 

ahaketp.:  Jleniy  V.,  iii.  1. 

war'-ra-gal,  s.  [See  def.]  One  of  the  native 
Australian  names  for  the  Dingo  (q.v.). 

war -ran,  r.i.  &  ^     [Warrant.]    (Scotch.) 

war'-ran-diye,  s.    [Warrant,] 

Scots  Lav: :  The  obligation  by  which  a  party 
conveying  a  subject  or  right  is  bound  to 
indemnify  the  grantee,  disponee,  or  receiver 
of  the  right  in  case  of  eviction  or  of  real 
claims  or  burdens  being  made  effectual  against 
the  sulyeet,  arising  out  of  obligations  or  trans- 
actions antecedent  to  the  date  of  the  convey- 
ance. Warrandice  is  either  persor.al  or  real. 
Personal  warrandice  is  that  by  which  the 
grantee  and  his  heirs  are  bound  personally. 
Real  warrandice  is  that  by  which  certain 
lands,  called  warrandice  lauds,  are  made  over 
eventually  in  sec-uiity  of  the  lands  conveyed. 

%irar'-rant,  "war-ent-en,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr. 
waranlir  (Fr.  garantir)  =  to  warrant,  gua- 
rantee,  from    warant,    tjiuirunt  =  u    warrant 

(q.V.).]       [GlTARANTEE.j 

A,  Transitive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  give  an  assurance,  guarantee,  or 
surety  to ;  to  guarantee  or  assure  .against 
harm,  loss,  or  injury  ;  to  secure. 

"  By  the  vow  of  mine  order  I  w^irrant  you." 

^ifuikesp.:  .Measure for  Mtnturc,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  give  authority  or  power  to  do  or  for- 
bear anything,  by  which  the  person  autho- 
rized is  secured  or  held  harmless  from  any 
loss  or  damage  arising  from  the  act. 


3.  Ti'  suppfvl  by  aulhoiity  or  proof;  to 
justify,  to  sanction,  to  allow,  to  support. 

"No  part  of  his  life  tearrautt  us  in  ascribing  his 
conduct  to  any  exalted  motive."— Jl/urau/u^.  Hitt, 
Jing.,  ch.  xxii. 

4.  To  furnish  sullicient  grounds  or  evidence 
to  ;  to  satisty. 

"Could  all  luy  travels  wurran*  me  they  live." 
sitaketp.  :  Vionvily  of  Errors,  i.  1. 

5.  To  give  one's  word  for  or  concerning ;  to 
guarantee  ;  to  assure. 

"A  noble  fellow,  I  warrtntt  him." 

Shaketp.  :  Corioliimn.  v,  2. 

6.  To  justify  in  an  act  or  action;  to  sanc- 
tion. 

"If  theslty 
iVarraiit  thee  not  to  go  for  Jtaly," 

,1/(11/ :  Litcnn  :  PnargitUa,  v. 

7.  To  declare  with  assurance  ;  to  assert  as 
undoubted  ;  to  pledge  one's  word  concerning. 
(Used  in  asseverations,  and  followed  by  a 
clause.) 

"What  a  galled  neck  have  we  herel  Look  ye. 
mine's  as  smooth  as  silk,  I  tcamtnt  ye."— /.'A'ntrioijje. 

*  8.  To  mark  as  safe  ;  to  guarantee  to  be 
safe. 

"  Iu  a  place 
Less  warranted  than  this,  or  less  secure." 

MHIon :  C'l'tnu*.  327. 

*  9.  To  avow,  to  acknowledge  ;  to  make 
good  ;  to  defend. 

"  That  in  their  cguutry  did  tliem  that  disgrace. 
We  fear  to  warrant  in  our  native  place," 

Utiakesp.  :  'J'roittis  <1'  Creatida,  ii,  2. 
II.  Law: 

1.  To  secure  to,  as  a  grantee  an  est^ite 
granted  ;  to  assui'e. 

2.  T<i  secure  to,  as  to  a  jjurchaser  of  goods 
the  title  to  ihe  same,  or  to  indemnify  him 
against  loss. 

3.  To  give  a  pledge  or  assurance  in  regard 
to  :  as,  To  warrant  goods  to  be  as  represented. 

Wakrantv.] 

"  But,  with  regard  to  the  gooduess  of  the  wares  so 
purchased,  the  vendor  is  not  bouud  to  answer,  uult;s9 
lie  exiiiessly  warnmta  them  to  be  sound  and  good."— 
iitackstone :  Coininviit.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  16. 

B.  Intrans.:  To  give  a  warranty;  a  gua- 
rantii-e. 

"  Prudent  people  are  just  as  chjiry  of  wtrnnithig  at 
auction  sis  when  theysell  by  private  contract.  —Field, 
il.irch  17.  ISSS. 

war- rant,  ^war-raunt,  *  war -ant,  s. 

[O.  Fr.*  «'oraH(,  guorant,  garont=^\\  \\a\\i\\i\., 
a  supporter,  a  defender  ;  Low  Lat.  warantiim, 
warraiituin,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  icarjan,  werjaii  ; 
M.  H.  Ger.  wern,  wcren;  Ger.  ivehren=.  to 
protect,  to  give  heed,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  wara  ; 
M.  H,  Ger.  (i'ur  =  heed,  care.]  [Wary.] 
I.  Oni i nary  Language  : 

1.  An  act,  instrument,  or  obligation  liy 
which  one  person  authorizes  another  tn  do 
something  wliich  he  h»s  not  otherwise  a  right 
to  tlo ;  an  act  or  instrument  investing  one 
with  a  certain  right  or  authority. 

"And  haue  hym  thiike  letter  rad, 
Whiche  he  them  sent  for  warrtnt." 

Vvwer :  C.  A,,  ii. 

2.  Hence,  anything  which  authorizes  or 
justifies  an  act ;  authorization. 

"  Bertram  brings  warrant  to  secure 
His  treasures.  ^cott :  liokeby,  i.  3*. 

3.  That  which  secures ;  assurance  giveu ; 
surety,  pledge,  guai-antee. 

"  His  worth  is  warrant  for  his  welcome." 

Shakexp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  it.  4. 

*  4.  A  voucher  ;  that  which  attests  or 
proves ;  an  attestation. 

"Any  bill,  warranty  quittance,  or  obligation."— 
&hakvjsp. .   Merry  Wives,  i.  l. 

0.  An  instrument  or  negotiable  writing 
authorizing  a  person  to  receive  money  or 
other  things :  as,  a  dividend  warrant,  a  dock 
warrant. 

*  6.  Right,  legality,  lawfulness,  allowance. 

"There's  warrant  in  that  theft." 

bhaketp. :  Macbeth,  ii.  a. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Law:  An  instrument  giving  power  to 
arrest  or  execute  an  offender." 

■'Truly,  sir,  I  would  desire  you  to  cl«i>  into  your 
prayers ;  for.  lo'ik  you,  the  warrant 's  come."— 
Shakfsp. :  Meatnve  for  Measure,  iv,  3. 

2.  MIL  (£■  Niiral :  A  writ  or  authority  infe- 
rior to  a  comniission.     [Warrant-offrer.J 

^  (1)  Distrcss-ivarrant : 

Law:  A  warrant  issued  for  raising  a  sum 
of  money  upon  the  goods  of  a  party  specitied 
in  the  warrant. 

(2)  Citinral'warrant:  [Gener.al-warr.antJ. 

warrant  of  arrest,  s. 

Law:   An   iiistrumi'ut   issued   by  a  justice 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;    we»  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wplt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  ipiite.  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


warrantable— wart 


4;)7 


of  the  peace  fnr  the  apprehension  of  those 
accused  nr  suspecti-fl  of  crimes.  A  warrant 
may  also  be  issued  fc)r  bringing  before  a  court 
a  person  who  lias  refused  to  attend  as  a 
witness  wljt-n  siiniiuoiied. 

warrant  of  attorney,  >-. 

//( w : 

t  1.  An  authority  by  which  one  person 
authorises  anotlier  to  act  for  liinx  in  a  certain 
matter. 

2.  An  instrument  by  which  a  person  autho- 
rises ani'tJit'i  ti>  cmfcssjud^'ment  against  liim 
in  an  lo-tinu  fur  a  certain  amount  named  in 
tlie  covenant  of  attorney.  It  is  generally  given 
as  .security  by  one  who  is  about  to  borrow 
money.  If  necessaiy  the  creditor  obtains 
jndnnicnt  witluiut  the  delay,  expense,  and 
risk  nl"  :ni  artJiMi. 

warrant  of  commitment,  ^^. 

Uur :  A  written  autliority  committing  a 
person  to  prison. 

\rarrant  -  officer,  s.  An  officer  next 
i^'lnw  a  ci'iiiiiiissioiied  olfieer,  acting  under  a 
warrant  from  a  department  of  state,  and  not 
under  a  commission,  as  a  gunner  or  boatswain 
in  the  navy, a  master-gunner  or  quarterniiister- 
sergeant  in  tlie  army. 

war'-rant-a-ble,  o.    [Eng.  warrant :  -able.] 

1.  CapalUe  of  lieing  warranted;  justifiable. 
liefensibU-.  lawful. 

"Tli»t  error  vtnt  not  grcAt,  Imt  nlw^ys  excus^ible,  if 
not  wamintiiMe." — Bp.  Taylor:  Diss,  from  Pvper-/. 
\<U  li.  I)k.  ii..  $6. 

2.  Oi  sutficient  age  to  be  hunted. 

"The  first,  thuiigli  n  wnrritntttfile  Bbig.  was  mui.li 
the  siiiHllcr  .leer  ..f  tlie  t«",  '— f/VW,  Sept.  2i.  ld»7. 

war'-rant-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  warraiit- 
(iW(';  -iu-^<.]  The  qualiry  or  state  of  beif.g 
warrantable  or  justifiable. 

"Tlic  tcarrantabieneti  of  this  jiractice  may  be  iii- 
fcrreil  from  -a  pjirity  uf  reasoii." — Barrow:  Sertnom. 
vul.  I  ,  ^er.  1. 

war  rant-a-Wy,  adv.  [Eng.  warrantab(le) ; 
-in.]  In  a  warrantable  or  justifiable  manner 
or  degree ;  justifiably. 

"(.kiiiiMtiiil  luve  .  .  .  nifiy  t>e  warranlubly  excuaeJ 
to  retire  from  the  ileceptiou  of  what  it  justly  seeks."— 
Milton:  Tttriu-hordon. 

•  war-rant-ee,  s.  [Eng.  imrm/t^- -ee.]  The 
person  to  wlioui  land  or  other  thing  is  war- 
lante^l. 

war'-rant-er,  .•;.     [Eng.  warranty  V. ;  -er.j 

1.  One  wlio  warrants  ;  one  who  gives  au- 
thority or  legally  empowers. 

2.  One  wlio  assures  or  covenants  to  assure  ; 
(uie  who  contnurt^  to  secure  another  in  a  right 
lu*  to  make  good  any  defect  of  title  or  quality  ; 
(lue  who  guarantees;  a  guarantor. 

"  I  iitAnd  warranter  of  tlie  ei'eiit 
Fliiciiig  my  honour  auil  my  heul  iu  pledge." 

ColerUlge :  Piccolomini,  i   12. 

•wa^-^ant-ise,'war■-^ant-ize,^^^  [Eng. 
ininant ;  -lo-ts-'re.]  To  warrant,  to  assure, 
to  guarantee. 

"  In  regard  hereof  you  wil  vndertake  to  wttrrantizc 
«nd  make  good  vutu  vs  those  peiialties."— tfacWuyt  , 
Vo'jtiya.  i.  144. 

'  war'-rant-ise,  'war'-rant-izcs.  [W.\r- 
ranti.se,  r.) 

1.  Authority,  security,  warranty,  guarantee. 

"  There  is  such  strength  and  varrantUe  of  skill.  " 
Shake*p-  :  Sonnet  15.1. 

2.  Authorization,  allowance. 

"  Her  obsequies  have  been  its  far  enlarged 
.■\3  Vre  have  warrantise." 

Shaketp.  :  Uamlet.  v.  l. 

war-rant-or',  s.  [Eng.  vmrmnt,  -or.]  On.- 
wlio  warrants  ;  the  correlative  of  warrantee. 

war  -ranty,  '  war  -  raunt  -  y,  *  war  - 
rant-ie,  s.     [O.  Fr.  ivarantle,  garaniie.] 

I.  Ord  I  net  ry  Language : 

'  1.  Authority,  wan-ant,  justificatory  man- 
date or  precept. 

"  From  your  love  I  have  a  wamtnfy 
To  uiiburden  all  my  plots  aud  purjioses.  " 

atiaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  \    \. 

'  2.  Security,  assurance,  guarantee,  warrant. 

"  The  matter  was  first  shewed  niee  by  a  light  felowe. 
who  cuulde  not  briuK  auye  witiit-^  or  warraiajf  of  bis 
Ule."— flrc/uto  .-  tjuintiua  Cnrltus.  fol.  l«. 

Laiu : 

1.  A  promise  or  covenant  by  deed,  made  by 
the  bargainer,  for  himself  and  his  heirs,  to 
warrant  or  secure  the  bargainee  and  his  heirs 
against  all  nu-n  in  the  enj'iyment  of  an  estate 


or  other  thing  granted.  The  use  of  warranties 
in  coriveyamres  has  Umg  been  superseded  by 
covenants*  for  title,  wiiereby,  asthecovenanter 
engages  for  his  executors  and  administrators, 
his  iwrsonal  as  well  as  liis  real  a.ssets  are  an- 
swerable for  the  performance  of  the  covenant. 
2.  .\ny  promise  (express  or  implied  by  law, 
according  to  circnmstjinces)  from  a  vendor  to 
a  purchaser,  that  the  thing  sold  is  the  vendor's 
to  sell,  and  is  good  and  fit  for  use,  or  at  least 
for  such  use  as  the  purchaser  intends  to  make 
of  it.  Warranties  in  insurance  are  absolute 
conditions,  non-compliance  with  which  voids 
the  insurance.  When  express,  these  warranties 
should  appear  in  the  policy,  but  there  are 
certjiin  implied  warranties. 

"  Some  few  years  ago,  &u  i1l.julvised  cnbmJin  brought 
an  action  in  one  of  the  Suiwrior  Courts  to  contend 
thttt  <iui«t  in  harnes.s  Involved  a  warn-unlsf  of  sound- 
ness. "—/'i((W.  March  17,  lass. 

'  war'-rant-j^,  v.t.  [WARftAsrv,  s.]  To  war- 
rant, to 'guarantee. 

war'-ra-tah«  •■>■.    [Waratab.] 

war-ray',  *war-rey',  *wer-rel-en,  y.^ 

[O.  Fr.  werrcier,  werrier  (Fr.  guerroyer),  from 
vern-  (Fr.  guerre)  =  war.]  To  make  war 
upon  ;  to  wage  war  with  ;  to  lay  waste. 

"  The  Christiau  lords  warrnid  the  Eastren  land." 
Fairefax  :  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  i.  6. 

■  warre,  .■^.    [War.] 

■  warre,  n.     [A.S.  wmrra.}    Wor.se. 

"  When  the  worlde  woxe  old,  it  woxe  learre  old." 
Spenser  :  F.  <?..  IV.  viii,  31. 

war-ree',  s.     [Native  name.]    [Taguicati.] 
war-ren,  '  war-eine.  s.    [O.  Fr.  imrenne, 

nn-'-nne,  rarene  (Fr.  garenne),  from  Low  Lat. 
vnrenna  =  a  preserve  for  rabbits,  hares,  or 
lisli,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  waTian^=  to  protect,  to 
keep,  to  preserve  ;  cf.  Dut.  warande  =  a  park.] 
I.  Ordi}iary  Language: 

1.  A  piece  of  ground  appropriated  to  the 
breeding  and  i)re.servation  of  game  or  rabbits. 

"  Waster  than  a  warren' 

Tvnnyson  :  Antphion.  4. 

2.  A  preserve  for  fish  in  a  nver. 

II.  Law:  A  franchise  or  place  jirivileged 
by  prescription  or  grant  from  the  crown  for 
keeping  beasts  and  fowls  of  warren,  which  are 
hares,  rabbits,  partridges,  and  pheasants, 
though  some  add  quails,  woodcocks,  and 
water-fowl.  The  svarren  is  the  next  franchise 
in  degree  to  the  park,  and  a  forest,  which  is 
the  higliest  in  dignity,  comprehends  a  chase, 
a  p.irk,  and  a  free-warren. 

war  -ren-er,    *  war-in-er,     *  wam-er, 

*war-yn-er,  s.  [Eng.  vKtrren  ;  -cr.]  The 
keeper  of  a  warren. 

■■  A  Inr/e  army  of  professional  toarreners  and  rabbit- 
catoher*."— Mti/i/  Telegraph,  Feb.  5,  IHiS. 

"  warriangle,  5.    (Wariangle.] 

"  war-rie, '  war-ie,  *  ^^ar-i-en»  *  war-y, 

r.t.  [A..S.  irergUm  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  wergen  ;  Goth. 
giiirfirijjaii  =  to  eurse.]  To  curse,  to  execrate, 
tn  sueak  ill  of,  to  abuse. 

war' -ring,  pr.  par.&a,    [War,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  jMir. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  ^-1.^  adjective: 

1.  Engaged  in  war;  fighting. 

"  To  view  the  warring  deities," 

Pope  :  Uomer  ;  lUad  v.  165. 

'  2.  Conflicting,  adverse,  antagonistic  :  as, 
warring  opinions. 

war -ri-dr,  '  war-ri-onr,  *war-ry-our, 
■  wer-re-OUr,  s.  [O.  Fr.  Wf:rri'?nr,  guer- 
rii'iir,  from  werre  =  war.] 

1.  A  soldier ;  a  fighting-man  ;  a  man  engaged 
in  military  life. 

"  Must  I  the  warriors  weep, 
Whelin'd  in  the  bottom  of  the  monstrous  deep?" 
Pope:  Homer;  Odyssey  iv.  658. 

2.  A  brave  man ;  a  good  soldier. 

warrior-ant,  s. 

Kntom. :  For miai  sanguinea  {or sangubiaria), 
not  uncommon  in  some  parts  of  England.  It 
keeps  workers  of  other  species  in  its  nest. 

warrior's  belt,  s. 

t  Astron. :  The  belt  of  Orion. 

•war'-ri-or-ess,    *  war-ri-our-esse,   .?. 

(Eng.  irarruir;  -ess.]     A  female  warrior. 
"  That  utarrioitretse  with  haughty  crest 
Did  forth  iaaue  aU  reiidy  for  the  fight." 

Spenfer  :  F,  Q..  V.  vit.  27. 


'War'-rish,'!.  [Eng.  u\tr :  ■i.<h.]  Militant. 
warlike. 

"  Att.'ick  her  t«mple  with  their  gunsao  •MirriiA." 
iVotcott :  r.  Pindar,  p.  aiW, 

*  war  -ri-S^n,  s.  [As  though  from  warry  and 
sound.]    A  note  of  assault,  a  Iwttlo-cry. 

"  straight  they  sound  their  •enrrUon.' 

Scotl     hiv  of  the  Last  Jtinttrrt.  iv. 

war'-rl  war'-ri,  .•^.  [Native  name.]  A  kind 
of  fan  made  by  the  natives  of  Guiana  fn)m 
the  leaves  of  the  acuyuru  [>alm  {Astrocaryum 
acuUatiim). 

*war'-scdt,  s.  [Eng.  imr  and  scot.\  A  con- 
tribvition  towards  war;  a  war-tax. 

warse,  a.    [Worsb.]    {Scotch.) 

war-ship,  ^•.  [Eng.  war,  and  ship.]  A  ship 
constructed  for  taking  part  in  naval  warfare  ; 
11  mau-of-war. 


warst,  < 


[Worst.]     (Sa>t-'h.) 


wars-tie.  war-sell,  wras-tle,  s.   &  v. 

[Wrestlb,  5.  &,  v.]    {Scotch.) 

wart,  *  wert,  '  werte,  s.  [A.  S.  wearte,  cogn, 
with  Dut.  wrat :  O.  Dut.  warte,  wmtte  ;  Icel. 
varta :  V&n.vorte;  Sw.  varta  ;  Ger.  warzej] 
I.  Ordinary  iM-nguage : 

1.  Iu  the  same  sense  as  II.  I. 

"  The  great  wart  on  my  left  arm.' — Stutketp. :  Corn- 
edy  of  Errors,  iil.  2. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  wart :  as, 

(1)  A  spongy  excrescence  on  the  binder 
pasterns  of  a  liorse. 

(2)  A  roundish  glandule  on  the  surface  of 
plants. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  d:  Surg.  (PI.):  Excrescences  or 
small  tumours  on  the  skin,  consisting  of  hy- 
pertrophied  cutaneous  papillae,  either  with 
each  papilla  separate  and  merely  covered  with 
thin  cuticle,  or  with  a  bundle  of  them  bound 
together  by  hard,  scaly  epithelium.  They  are 
generally  conical,  with  a  radiated  structure, 
are  hard,  insensible,  and  darker  than  the  sur- 
rounding paits.  They  may  be  caused  by 
whatever  irritates  the  skin,  and  may  occur 
singly  or  in  groups,  generally  on  the  hands 
or  fingers ;  and  are  most  common  in  young 
people.  They  may  in  general  be  cured  by 
attention  to  cleanliness  and  by  the  application 
of  some  caustic,  or  may  be  removed  by  a  jiair 
of  curved  scissors,  and  the  wound  afterwards 
dressed  with  a  lotion.  Sometimes  they  dis- 
appear if  stimulated  strongly.  Warts  on  the 
faces  of  old  people,  and  those  produced  by 
soot  on  chimney-sweeps,  are  mostly  forms  of 
epithelial  cancer.  Called  also  Vegetations  and 
Verruca?. 

2.  Bot. :  [Vkrruca.  1.]. 
wart-cress,  s. 

Bot. :  Seuf'biera  Coronopns  {—  Coronopns 
liuellii).  So  named  from  its  wart-shaped  fruit. 

wart-herb,  s. 

Bot. :  Rhynchosia  minima. 

wart-hog,  s. 

Zoo!. :  A  popular  name  for  either  of  the 
species  of  the  genus  Phacocltrerns  (<i.v.),  from 
the  protuberances  under  the  eyes.  Tlie  Afriom 
wart-hog  {Phttcochmrits  (uliantwt),  a  native  of 
Abyssinia  and  the  cen* 
tral  regions  of  Africa, 
the  coast  of  Guinea, 
and  Mozambique,  is 
about  foiii-  feet 
long,  with  a 
naked,  slemier 
tail  of  twidve 
inches ;  it  is 
sparsely  c(iv- 
ered  witli  | 
liglit-brown 
bristles,  and 
has  a  long, 
stiff  mane 
extending 
from  between 
the  ears  along  the  neck  and  hack.  Another 
species  (P.  mthioplcus),  the  Macke  Vark  of  tlie 
Dutch  colonists  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
inhaV>it-s  the  South  of  Africa,  and  differs  from 
the  tirst  species  chiefly  in  having  the  facial 
warts  more  fully  developed  in  its  peculiarly- 
shaped  head.  Both  species  are  hunted,  aild 
their  flesh  is  in  high  esteem. 

n^rt-shaped,  a.    [Verruccforu.] 


HEAD  OF  WART-HOO. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  j6^1 ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  5hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^dst.   ph  =  f. 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.     tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -gion  =  zhnn.    -cious,  -tions,  -siona  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  del 


320 


498 


■warted— wash 


wartsnokes,  s.  ft. 
/,.,)  ■  ri„  t.Miilv  Acniclionlidae,  consisting 
oflwoii.n,,i...iliir.ucuoU8Colilbrirorm8n«ke8 
fonuerl V  Kn.ui..-d  with  tl,e  Hydropt,id«),  from 
I  ■  "nul  region.  They  are  no-'-veoonft-us 
,,d  v,v.i«.ous;  the  Uiil  ,sjprehens.lf  and 
t  e  iKHly  and  head  are  covered  with  wartlike 
scale.,  which  do  not  overlap.  One  .•<?«<:.««. 
CUr/ndrus   j)nmuUUu.<,   is  aquatic.      lAtKO- 

CUOKDON.l 

wart-spnrge,  wart- weed.  s. 

IM.:  Kiiphnrbia  lUUoscopia.  So  named  from 
its  Wing  used  to  remove  warts. 
wArt'-od,  a.    (Eng.  irort ;  -ed.] 

Ii.it. :  Covered  with  wart-like  protuberances. 

■  warth,   s.     (Probably  the   same  word   as 
ward,  s.)  ^  *i 

Law:   .\   customary    payment  for   castle 
t  guard.     iCowd.) 

wart-leBS,  o.    (Eng.  u.ar(;-l«is.]    Free  from 

warts. 
•wart-let,  s.    lEng.  wort;  dimin.  suff.  -(cM 
Zool  •  A  fanciful  name  for  several  species  of 
Actinia.      It  never    came  into  general    u«e- 
(Uosst:  ActiwilogUi  BrUannica,  p.  ^Ub.) 

wart'-wort, .'.    [Eng.  wart,  and  viort.] 

'  IM  ■  (1)  fiup'ioriiia  IMioscapia  IWakt- 
WKED]  :  (2)  StntltUra  Coronojim;  (3)  (.Mwlo- 
rtium  Diajits. 

wart'-y,  "•    lEng-  mciH :  -».] 

1.  overgrown  with  warts  ;  full  of  or  covered 
with  warts. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  a  wart. 
•  3.  Rough,  as  though  covered  with  warts; 

'■  I  never  look  to  see 
Deiiue,  or  tby  leaWtf  liteivility.  . 

Berrick:  ffesficrtd^s.u2.. 

warty-faced  honey-eater,  s.    [Wat 

TLE-BlKli.l 

war-wick-ite  (second  w  silent),  s  [After 
Warwick,  orange  Co.,  Sew  York,  where  '«  is 
said  to  have  been  found  ;  sufT.  -i(e  (A/iii.J.J 

Min  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  slender 
rhombic  prisms  in  granular  limestone,  near 
EdenviUe,  New  York.  Hardness,  34  ;  sp.  gr., 
a-19  to  3-43:  lustre,  somewhat  metallic  to 
vitreous  ;  colour,  dark-brown,  with  sometimes 
a  copper-red  tint;  streak,  bluish  -  black  , 
brittle:  Compos.,  a  borotitanate  of  magnesia 
and  iron. 

•  war'-wolfd),  '-    [Werewolf.] 

•  war  -wolf  (2),  "  war-wolfe,  s.  (Eng. 
irar,  aud'iio'/.l  An  old  military  engine.  (See 
extract  under  Vaist-muhe.) 

wax'-y  *  war'-ie,  n.  [A.S.  wier  =  cautious ; 
cogii.  'with  Icel.  mrr:  Dan.  &  Sw.  rar  ; 
Goth,  wars ;  cf.  O.  H.  Gor.  xmra  =  heed 
caution  ;  Ger.  gewahr  =  aware.  The  original 
form  is  leore  (q.v.).] 

1  Cautious  or  suspicious  of  danger ;  care- 
fully watching  and  guarding  against  decep- 
tion, artilices,  and  dangers;  ever  on  ones 
guard  ;  circumspect,  prudent,  wily. 

n  The  warv  Trojan  shrinke."       ... 

Pope  :  Homer :  Ihad  vm.  303. 

2.  Guarded;  careful  as  to  doing  m-  not 
doing  something. 

•vOlliers  t-rew  tmru  in  their  praisee  o(  one,  »lio 
set.  toonreat  a  value  on  tlieui.--.<*iwon  ■  SprHator. 

.  asCharacterized    by    caution;    proceeding 
from,c«utioii ;  guarded. 

'••He  is'nU.ve,  and  i>e  ui")n  earth  ;  and  therefore  It 
lieho>  eth  .Mr.  word!  to  l>e  mry  and  fe».  -Hooker. 


•  war-y,  '.war-ie. 


[Wabrie.] 


was,  v.l.  .  (A'.S.- icesa7t  =  to  be,  whence  pr. 
imlie.  .sing^'wo^j^  lurtirc,  lyiES,  pi.  ifieraii,  tt'fP- 
rii/.,  or  iiiifi'inC;  ;..pr.  subi.  sing,  uittre,  jd. 
viiireii.  u'l^rou-.-'COgn.- ■with  JDut.  iii«CTi=to 
lie  ;  pr.  indie,  sing.  u'«s,  ioaart,njas,  pi.  waren, 
wn'arl,  vnren  :  sub|.  sing,  vrare,  wareb,  ware, 
pi.  mirrn,  viaret,  Kvcreii ;  Icel.  i'errt=to_be; 
indie,  sing.  va%  tifir/,  tjns,  pi.  ifintm,  vdnd, 
rirv. :  subj.  sing,  i-olra.  rterir,  iio^ri.  pi.  vrerlm, 
vfrrit,  va^ri ;  ■Dan..t'ra:re  =:  to  be  ;  indie,  sing. 
&  pi.  liar;  subj.  sing.  &  pi.  vasre;  Sw.  vara  = 
to  be  ;  indie,  sing,  var,  pi.  tioro,  roren,  voro ; 
subj  sing,  foro,  pi.  rore,  voren,  voro;  Goth. 
i/iisan  =  to.be,  to  dwell,  to  remain;  pa.  t. 
indie,  sing.  i««,  imst,  was;  dual  tocsm,  wesiifs, 
pi.    wr.s\im,  wesulh,  xresvn ;  subj.  sing.  wes;0)i, 


tcesfiV,  msi ;  dual  utsciu-a,  wKidi,  pi.  i/-t.*("i", 
iwMcilA.  iwseina  ;  Gcr-  pa.  t.  sing,  icar,  vwcst 
or  i«irs(,  war,  pi.  li-urca,  waret,  unren  ;  subj. 
sing-  .rare,   .mr«(  or  wirst,  tmrf.  pi.  varm 
wArel.  u.'/trcn.    The  original  ineanilig  was  thus 
to  dwell,  to  remain  ;  cf.  Sans,  ws  =  *«  d»cl  , 
remain,  live;  Gr.  icrrv  (as(«)=  a  'i™''"l"5 
nlace,  a  city.     In  the  second  person  the  A.S. 
form  was    »*re,    whence    Eng.   »e«,    as  in 
•■  Thou  iccrc  bctraied  ■'  (CT.(n.c«r  :  C.  I .,  14,690  • 
yy„^t  was  formed  (by  analogy  with  i<t«()  from 
the  dialectal  was.  which  was  P™^ably  iioitl  ■ 
erii      When  <i(ni  came  to  be  used  for  Ihoi:,  the 
plira.se  .«ou  "t«.s    took  the  place  "f  "'''«  J™*' 
and  is  very  common  m  writings  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century  ;  cf.  /  has,  I  is,  ye  «."'?".«■) 
I  Were  1    The  past  tense  of  the  verb  to  be  .  as 
1  .ni-sthou  t«is(  (or  icert),  he  was;  we,  you, 
or  they  uiere. 
•n  Sometimes  used  elliptically  for  there  Ms. 

•■  In  war.  «irn never  lion  raced  more  fierce. 

r>eaie,  "»»  never  gentle  lanjb  more  mill. 
'         '  Shahesp. :  Ittchard  II..  ii.  1- 

wase  (1),  s.    [Icel.  vasi  ;  Sw.  vase  =  a  sheaf.l 

1    A  wisp  or  rude  cushion  put  on  the  head 

by'poi-ters,  &c.,  to  soften  the  pressure  of  a 

load.    (Prof.)  , ,    ,  ,  . 

2.  A  wisporbottleothayorstraw.  (.->co(c/i.) 

•wa?e  (2),  .'^.    [OoEE.) 

wash,    waisch,    wasoh-en,  'wasshe, 

-  weach-en  (pa.  t.    ^  wesh,  ^  wessh,     wishc 

•  icosch,   '  moshe,   '  wash^,    wasUd  ;  pa.   par. 

•  u-aschen,  *  mshen,  washed,  *  wesshyil),  v.l. 
&  i  [A.S.  uKMcaH,  waxan  (pa.  t.  ifosc,  icor  ; 
pa  par.  wascen,  icojscen) ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
wassehen  ;  Icel.  &  S  w  rnsha  ;  Dan.  i-ashe ;  Ger. 
wascheii  (pa.  t.  wuseli,  pa.  par.  rjcicusr/n'ii).  J 

A.  Traiisitive : 

I.  Ord'umry  Language : 

1  To  cleanse  by  ablution  ;  to  free  from  iin- 
Tjurities  or  foreign  matter  by  dipping,  rubbing, 
or  passing  through  water  ;  to  apply  water  or 
other  liquid  to  for  the  purpose  of  cleansing  ; 
to  scour,  scrub,  or  the  like  with  water  or 
other  liquid.    {Matthew  xxvii.  24.) 

2  Hence  to  free  from  the  stains  of  guilt, 
sin,'  corruption,  or  the  like;  to  purify,  to 
cleanse.    (.Revelation  i.  10.) 

3  To  cover  with  water  or  other  liquid  ;  to 
fall'  upon  and  moisten  ;  to  overHow  ;  to  flow 
or  dash  against ;  to  sweep  or  How  over  or 
along. 

■■  That  vast  ehore  ii»i<v<i  with  th-  t.irthest  sea 

Sfiakesp.  :  lionu-t  A  jK/tt-r.  n.  - 

4  To  remove  by  ablution  or  by  the  cleansing 
action  of  water  or  other  liquid  ;  to  dispel  by 
washing,  or  as  by  washing,  literally  or  hgura- 
tively.    (Used  with  away,  out,  off,  &c.) 

"  •■  Cain  ha«i  alrc-idy  shed  a  brothers  lilwod  ; 
The  deluge  wifcsVd  it  01^. ' 

Cowper :  Tivtk,  v.  209. 

5.  To  overwhelm  and  sweep  away  or  carry 
off  by  or  as  by  a  rush  of  water. 

••  The  tide  will  wia^ftyou  off.'^ 

Shakesp. :  3  //cnr.v  1"/..  v.  4. 

6.  To  cover  with  a  watery  or  thin  coat  of 
colour  ;  to  tint  lightly  or  slightly. 

7.  To  overlay  with  a  thin  coat  of  metal  :  as. 
To  wash  copper  or  brass  with  gold. 

8.  To  moisten,  to  wet. 
••  H'ojA^d  with  a  cold.  KTwy  mist/*  , 

LovgfeUow:  MtleK  Standta/i.  1. 

II.  .Viii.  *  Metall. :  To  separate  from  the 
eartiiy  and  lighter  matters  by  the  action  of 
water  :  as,  To  wash  ores. 

B.  /n/ra?ist(iye; 

1.  To  perform  the  act  of  ablution  on  one's 
self.    (An  elliptical  use.) 

2.  To  perform  the  act  or  business  of  cleaning 
clothes  by  washing  them  in  water. 

■■  She  can  waih  and  acoaT."^Shake£p.  :  Tieo  GeiUie. 
men,  iti.  1. 

wash,  s.  &  a.    [Wash,  i-.] 
A.  As  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Langwige: 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  washing  or  of 
cleansing  by  water  ;  ablution. 

2.  The  state  of  being  washed. 

3.  The  quantity  of  clothes,  linen,  or  the 
like  washed  at  one  time. 

4.  The  flow  or  sweep  of  a  body  of  water  ;  a 
dashing  against  or  rushing  over,  as  of  the  tide 
or  waves. 

Katie  w.alkB 
By  the  long  toalh  of  AUBti-:ilasian  aeaa,'" 

Teimi/Boit  -•  T'le  Brook. 


5  The  rough  water  left  behind  by  a  rowing- 
boat,  a  steam-launch,  steamer,  or  the  like. 

••The  uxul,  that  might  have  daniaged  'he  'Urt  of 
the  Thames  clew.'— /lai'j/  Telegraph.  Seiit.  16.  18«_ 

6  A  piece  of  ground  washeil  by  the  action 
of  the  sea  or  river,  or  sometimes  overflowed 
and  sometimes  left  dry ;  a  shallow  part  ol  a 
river  or  of  an  arm  of  the  sea ;  also,  a  morass, 
a  marsli,  a  bog,  a  quagmire. 

'•These  Llucolu  WHSft^i  have  devoured  them." 
.Shnkesp.  :  htit'j  John.  v.  6. 

7  Substances  collected  and  deposited  by 
the' action  of  water,  such  as  alluvium  and  the 
like.     (Wabp,  s.,  II.  1.  2  1 

■■  The  w<ith  of  pastures,  tieida.  com  nions.  and  roads, 
where  rainwater  hath  a  long  time  settled.  1.  of  great 
advanUgetoall  land." —Mortimer :  Httibaudrg 

8  Waste  liquor,  consisting  of  the  reflisc  of 
fooil  collected  frinn  the  washed  dishes  ot 
the  kitchen,  and  often  used  as  fobd  tor  pigs  ; 
swill,  swillings. 

'•The  stillness  of  a  sow  at  her  waih:'—fiouth:  .Ser. 
ittoiu,  vol.  i.,  ser.  1. 

9  A  liquid  preparation  with  which  the  sur- 
face ot  anything  is  washed,  painted,  tinted, 
coated,  smeared,  moistened,  or  the  like  :  as, 

(1)  A  liquid  used  for  toilet  purposes,  such 
as  a  cosmetic,  a  liquid  dentifrice,  a  hair- 
wash,  &e. 

"He  tried  all  manner  of  wathes  to  bring  him  to  a 
better  comj.lexiou ;  hut  tliet»!  was  no  good  to  bedoiie. 
—L'£straiige. 

(2)  A  medical  preparation  for  external  ap- 
plication ;  a  lotion. 

(3)  A  thin  coating  of  colour  spread  nvei 
surfaces  of  a  painting. 

(4)  A  thin  coat  of  metal  applied  to  any- 
thing for  beauty  or  preservation. 

••Imasination  sUmps  signification  ulK>n  his  face, 
and  tells  the  people  he  is  U.  go  for  so  much,  who  often- 
times l«ing  deceived  l,y  the  «....'..  never. Jiamuie  the 
metal,  but  take  him  upon  content.  — toHier. 

10.  The  blade  of  an  oar. 

11.  A  measure  for  shell-flsh.    (See  extract.) 
•■  Each  smack  takes  with  her  for  the  voy-age  about 

(orty  «..).  ..f  whelks,  the  m.ift  helns  "..rf^"'"'  ""■,"; 
sure  whioli  holds  twenty-one  cpiarts  and  a   pint   ol 
water-"~t'MMe«'s  Aat.  Hist.,  v.  ert. 
IL  Distilling: 

1  Fermented  Wort.  It  usually  contains 
from  4  to  7  per  cent,  of  alcohol  by  weight. 
Tlie  .alcohol  is  hist  recovered  from  the  wash 
bv  distillation,  and  the  crude  product  puri- 
fied by  a  second  distillation— the  fliiished 
article  being  neutral  alcohol,  whiskey  or 
rum,  according  to  the  ingredients  from  wliicli 
the  wort  was  obtained. 

2  A  mixture  of  dunder,  molasses,  sciim- 
niiiigs,  and  water  used  in  the  West  Indies 
for  distillation.    (Bryan  Edwards.) 

-  B.  As  adj. :  Washy,  weak. 

••  They're  only  made  for  handsome  view,  not  handling ; 
Their  bodies  of  ao  weak  and  tc.titt  a  temper. 

Heaam.  i  Flet. :  Hotiducfi.  iv.  1- 

wash-back,  s.  (Back  ('2),  .<-,  B.  11.) 
•wash-ball,  «•  A  ball  of  soap  to 
used  ill  washing  the  hands  or  face. 

he  said  he 


111 


••  I  asked  a  poor  man  how  he  did 
like  a  W'tih-bntl.  alw;iys  in  decay 


-Surirt. 


A  wash-liand  basin  (q.v.). 
A  batlet  (q.v.). 


wash-basin, 
wash  beetle, 
wash-board, 

I  Ord.  l.inin.:  A  board  or  slab  with  a 
ribbed  surfacelor  washing  clothes  on.  They 
are  made  of  wood,  of  corrugated  ziiic,  earth- 
enware, vulcanized  rubber,  &c. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  t'orj). ;  A  skirting  around  the  lower  jiart 
of  the  wall  of  an  apartment. 

2.  Miiiiiii; :  A  place  in  which  ore  is  washed. 

••We  have  bad  the  best  show  ot  gold  on  the  .eri«ft 
boiir.t."—ilo)icy  iliirket  Hevfc:  Nov.  7.  I8S3. 

3.  .\aut. :  A  hoard  above  the  gunwale  of  a 
boat  to  keep  the  water  from  washing  over. 

wash  bottle,  s. 

Chun.  :  An  apparatus  of  great  utility  in 
analytical  chemistry,  used  for  delivering  a 
flue  jet  or  stream  of  liquid  on  to  a  precipitate 
for  the  purpose  of  wasliiiig  it,  or  for  renioviiig 
any  residue  of  a  solution  or  solid  particles 
from  one  vessel  to  another.  It  consists  ol  a 
flask  of  hard  glass,  fitted  with  a  cork  or  india- 
rubber  stopper  perforated  in  two  places. 
Through  each  perforation  is  passed  a  piece  ol 
bent  glass  tubing,  one  being  earned  to  within 
half  an  inch  of  the  bottom  of  the  flask,  and 
the  portion  of  tubing  outside  drawn  to  a  hue 
open  point.  The  other  tube  is  carried  just 
within  the  bottle,  and  it  is  to  the  outer  end 


ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fSll,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wpU;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule.  fuU:  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


washable— wassail 


■VJ'J 


of  tills  that  the  lips  ai>*  applied  hi  blowiiij; 
into  tlie  H]'paialu,s  in  orUei- to  expel  the  liquid 
contained  in  it,  wattir,  aU-oliol,  or  ether,  as 
the  case  may  be. 

wash-^lding.  >.     Water-^ilding  (q-v.)- 

wash  -  hand    basin,  v-:.     A  basin    for 

wash-hand  stand,  s.     A  wash  staml 

(M-V.). 

wash  hole,  ■<■ 

Mniinti:  A  pLu-0  wheiv  the  refuse  is  thrown. 

wash-house,  <.    (WASHeovsii.) 

wash-leather,  >-.  Split  sheep-skins  pie- 
Iiurf<l  with  111!  HI  the  niaiinerul'  i-haiiiois,  ami 
used  fur  domestic  piu[>oses,  as  cleaning  glass 
or  plate,  polishin-^  luasses,  and  the  like  ;  also 
alunied  or  Iniil  leather  for  regimental  belts. 
(Also  used  attributively.) 

"Tlic  tjreeugrocer  put  mi  a  jviir  of  wash-leaf !irr 
t;loV(-,^  t.i  Imiidthe  ^lilies  witli."— />ic*fi«  :  Pickvick. 
ch.  xxxvii. 

wash-off,  a. 

Calico-print.  :  A  term  applied  to  certain 
oolnurs  or  dyes  wliich  will  Jiot  stand  washing; ; 
iuu'itive. 

wash-pot,  •;. 

1,  A  vessel  in  which  anything  is  washed. 
"  Betiuld  •*c\en  comely  blooiuiutf  youths  iippeftr. 

Ami  iu  their  baiid)  seven  golden  teusU-pota  bear, ' 
Cotoli^l/. 

2.  An  iron  pot  eontainiug  melted  grain  tin, 
into  which  iron  plates  are  dipped  after  a  dij) 
in  the  tin-pot  (q.  v.),  and  draining. 

wash-Stand,  s*.  A  piece  of  furniture  for 
liLiIdinL:  the  ewer  or  pitcher,  basin,  &c.,  for 
washing  the  [KTson, 

wash-tnb,  s.  A  tub  in  which  clothes 
are  washed. 

"  wash-woman,  5.     a  washerwoman. 

"  Y>^ii  woiiIJ  stMiuer  be  t.iken  for  lier  leoih- woman.' 
—  Miss  Our iicy :  L'petiiui,  vol.  i..  let.  14, 

wash'- a  -  hie,  a.  (Eng.  iv<isk,  v.  ;  -pMe.] 
Oipable  nf  being  washed  without  injury  to 
tlie  fabric  or  colour. 

'■  It  has  li  iwrfectly  euiootli.  flesh-coloured,  watluMe 
surtAce."—Oaily  TvU'jraph.  MHrch  9, 1889. 

•  wash'-en,  pa.  par.  or  «.    [Wash,  y.] 
wash  -er,  s.    [E«g.  wash,  v. ;  -er.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  washes;  a  washer- 
woman ;  a  laundress. 

"Quickly  is  his  iHUiidress.  his  washer,  .lud  hi^ 
wriuger."— A'Aatesp.  .■  Merry  Wioes,  i.  2. 

2.  Applied  todoniesticapparatus  for  cleans- 
ing :  as,  window- uias/ter,  dish-ifosfter,  vege- 
table-ifiti/tcr,  &c. 

3.  A  pavement-plug,  where  a  hose  niay  Ix- 
attached  to  water  the  street. 

4.  A  contrivance  fi>r  precipitating  smoke  or 
fumes  by  a  shower  of  water. 

IL  Tc(.7i  n  ically  : 

1.  Mitch.  :  A  ring  of  metal  or  wood  whicli 
slips  over  a  bolt,  and  ujion  which  the  nut  is 
screwe<l  fast.  Washers  are  also  placed  be- 
neath bolt-heads,  and  form  packing  between 
surfaces  which  aie  screwed  together. 

2.  Mining  :  An  apparatus  for  washing  ores. 

3.  Paper-making:  A  rag-engine  (q. v.). 

i.  Plumb. :  A  bottom  outlet  in  cisterns,  &c. 

washer-hoop,  .«.  A  gasket  between  the 
flange  and  curb  of  a  water-wheel. 

washer-man,   s.    A  man  who   washes 

rlotltCri. 

washer  -  woman,  s.  A  woman  whu 
washes  clothes  for  hire  ;  a  laundress. 

V^ash'-ho^se,  s.     [Eng.  wash,  and  house.] 

1.  A  building  furnished  with  boilers,  tubs, 
i.tc.,  for  washing  clothes  ;  a  laundry, 

2.  A  roum  in  a  house  where  the  dislies,  &c., 
are  washed  ;  a  scullery. 

wash'-i-ba,  &-.    [Guianan.] 

Bot.  Jl  Coiiim. :  A  strong,  hard,  durable,  and 
elastic  wood,  from  Guiana,  much  used  by  the 
Indians  for  making  Imws.  (Trms.  of  Bot.)  It 
has  not  been  identified. 

t  wash'-i-ness,  *■.  [Eng.  vashy  ;  -ness.]  Tlie 
quality  or  state  of  being  washy,  watery,  or 


wash'-ing.  '  wasch-jokg.  *  washynge, 

•  waSSh-ynge,  pr.  ixtr.,  a.,  A:  .-..     [Wash,  ('.] 
A«  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  veib). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Used  in  o*-  intended  for  the  act  or  pro- 
cess of  cleansing  by  water. 

*  2.  Swashing  (?). 

"To  give  hui-  but  h  tcathiug  blow." 

Itvaum.  *  ricC. :  Wild  Uoo4e  Cliate.  v.  i. 

C.  A  s  su  bsta  n  t  i  I'c  : 

1.  The  act  of  cleansing  by  water  ;  ablution. 

2.  The  clothes  washed,  especially  those 
washed  at  one  time  ;  a  wash. 

3.  The  results  or  product  of  the  washing  of 
oies. 

washing-engine,  .'^. 

1'iii.H  r-inakiit>j  :  A  rag-engine  (q. v.). 

washing-horn,  ^.  The  sounding  of  a 
liiirii  fill-  washing  liffore  dinner,  aeustoni  still 
wbsrrvt'd  in  the  'lY-mple.     (IVlutrtun.) 

washing-house,  s.    A  washhouse. 

washing-machine,  »'.    A  machine  for 

ileansing  linen,  clnthes,  itc,  with  water  and 
soap.  There  are  numerous  varieties,  the 
general  feature  of  ail  being  that  the  clothes 
are  agitated  by  artitieial  means  in  a  vessel 
containing  water,  soap,  &c. 

washing-powder,  s.  A  preparation  of 
soda-ash  and  Scotch  soda  much  used  in  wash- 
ing clotlies. 

washing-stufi;  s. 

Mining:  Any  stuff  or  matrix  containing 
sufficient  gold  to  pay  for  washing  it. 

Wash' -ing- ton- xte,  y.     [^After  Washington, 
Connecticut,   U.S.A.,  where  found;  suff.  -itc 
(Min.).-] 
Mln. :  A  variety  of  Menaccanite  (q.v.). 

wash -wort,  s.     [Eng.  uxish,  and  wort.] 
Bot.  :  The  genus  Ulva. 

wash'-^,  *  wash-ie,  a.     [Eng.  wash;  -y.] 

*  I.   Water.\',  damp,  moist. 

"  Aud  ou  the  WMshy  ooze  deep  chaJiuelB  wore." 

iiaton:  P.  L.,  vii.  303. 

2.  Too  much  diluted  ;  watery,  weak,  thin. 

■■  The  Ilrst  shall  be  ji  palish  oleariiess,  evenly  and 
fliiioothly  siireatl,  not  over-thiii  aud  washu.  but  of  a 
pretty  solid  cousisteiice."—  Wottvn  :  Jteinuius,  it.  70. 

3.  Wanting  in  solidity,  substantialness, 
strength,  stamina,  or  the  like  ;  feeble,  worth- 
less. 

■'  Our  women  are  but  washu  toys." 
Drt/dcii :  Union  of  Companies.    (Epilogue.) 

W^a'-site,  s.  [Eng.  wasium;  sufl".  -i(e  (.Vti(.).] 
Mill.  :  A  mineral  of  a  brownish-black  colour 
re.sembling  allanite,  found  on  the  island  of 
Rousholm,  near  Stockholm.  It  contains 
silicji,  alumina,  yttria,  sesquioxide  of  iron, 
cerium,  didymium,  calcium,  manganese,  &c., 
with  a  supposed  new  metal  (wasiuni) ;  a  doubt- 
ful species. 

"  wa'-^i-um,  s.  [Named  in  honour  of  Gus- 
tavus  Vasa,  who  delivered  Sweden  from  the 
yoke  of  the  Danes  in  1523.] 

Chem. :  A  supposed  new  metal,  whicli  on 
examination  proved  to  be  Thorina  (q.v,). 

wasp.  *  waspe,  s'.  [A.S.  wi^ps;  cogn.  with 
O.  H.  (ler.  wcjidj  wa/sd;  Ger.  wespe ;  Lat. 
vcspa  ;  Litbuan.  wapsu,  =  a  gadfly  ;  Russ.  osa 
=:a  wasp.] 

1.  Lit.  tt  Ent&rti. :  Any  species  of  the  genus 
Vespa  or  of  the  family  Vespidai  (q.v.),  particu- 
larly the  Common  Wasp,  Vespa  vulgaris,  a 
native  of  Great  Britain.  It  lives  in  a  hole  in 
the  ground,  generally  about  six  inches  bem-ath 
the  surlace,  approached  by  a  crooked  entrance 
of  abuut  an  inch  in  diameter.  This  passage 
leads  to  a  subterianean  room,  in  which  is  the 
vespiary  made  of  gray  paper  or  pasteboard  in 
layers  one  above  the  other,  and  constitutinga 
ball  of  thirteen  crfrmrteen  inches  in  diameter, 
and  pierced  with  two  round  holes,  through 
which  the  wasps  trome  in  and  go  out.  The  in- 
terior is  occu jtied  by  horizontal  tiers  of  combs, 
like  floors  in  a  house,  supported  by  columns, 
and  with  passages  between.  Each  cell  is 
hexagonal,  as  in  the  combs  of  bees,  but  the 
material  is  paper.  These  tiers  of  cells  are 
built  in  succession,  the  upper  ones  first. 
Sexually,  wasps  are  of  three  kinds,  males, 
females,  and  neuters,  the  two  latter  armed 
with  an  exceedingly  venomous  sting.  The 
last  are  the  workers  in  the  hive  ;  they  also  go 


out  to  bring  in  provisioim  for  tlie  comninnity. 
Wasps  are  nearly  omnivorous,  feeding  on 
honey,  jam,  fruit,  butcher's  meat,  and  any 
insects  which  they  can  overpower.  A  ahaii* 
of  these  viands  is  given  to  the  mahts  and 
females,  whose  work  lies  more  in  the  vewpiary. 
The  combs  of  a  largo  nest  may  anmunt  U> 
rifteen  or  sixteen  thousand.  In  llu.'se  the 
females,  which  arc  few  in  number,  deposit 
eggs,  hatched  in  eight  days  into  liirv;i'. 
These  again  go  int<)  the  chrysalis  state  in 
twelve  or  fourteen  days  nun'e,  and  in  ten 
more  ai-e  perfect  insects.  The  males  do  no 
work.  Most  of  the  workers  and  all  the  males 
die  at  the  approach  of  winter,  ami  in  tlf 
spring  ejich  surviving  female,  having  been 
impregnated  in  autumn,  looks  out  for  a  suit 
able  place  to  form  a  new  vespiary.  A  waspN 
nest  may  be  destroyed  by  burning  sulphur  in- 
side the  hole.  The  economy  of  the  othei 
social  wasps  is  essentially  the  same,  whethci', 
like  Vesp<i  holsatiai  (V.  brituanica),  they  build 
a  nest  of  paj)er  in  trees,  or,  like  the  foreign 
P(distc.'^,  place  their  combs  in  trees  or  bushes 
without  a  papery  defence.  The  economy  of 
the  solitary  wasps  is  essentially  that  of  theii 
type,  (Jdynerus  (q.v.),  diflering  only  in  the 
material  and  locality  of  their  nests,  some  build- 
ing them  nf  clay  or  agglutinated  sand,  and 
attaching  them  to  or  placing  them  in  holes  m 
walls,  whilst  a  few  burrow  in  .sandy  grouinl. 

(EUMENID.€.] 

*  2.  Fig. :  A  person  ehai-acterized  by  ill- 
nature,  petulance,  peevishness,  irritability, 
or  petty  malignity. 

"Come,  come,  you  uniip:  Y  fHitb,  yon  .ire,  tou 
angry,"— Sftotesp.  .•  Taming  <if  the  Shrew,  it.  2. 

t  wasp-hee,  s. 

Eutoiit. :  A  cuckoo  bee.    [Xomada.] 

^rasp-heetle,  ^^. 

Entoiii. :  Clytus  anetis.     [Clytus.] 
wasp-fly,  6. 

Entom.  :  Chrysotoxuni  fasciolaturn,  a  two- 
winged  insect  of  the  family  Syrphida,-,  some- 
what resfMubling  a  wasp  in  having  yellow 
spots  on  a  black  body.     It  is  British. 

'  wasp-StUXig,  a.  Stung  by  a  wa-sp ; 
hence,  highly  irritated. 

"  Why,  what  a  watp-stitng  and  iiapHtient  fool 
Alt  thou,  to  bre-tlL  into  thia  wonian'tt  niOMl." 

Stiakeap,  :  1  Henry  I ''.,  i.  3, 

*  wasp-tongued,  a,  WaspLsli,  snappish, 

]ictulant. 

wasp-ish,  a.     [Eng.  wasp;  -ish.] 

1.  Resembling  a  wasp  in  form;  liaving  a 
slender  waist,  like  a  wasp. 

2.  Quick  to  resent  any  trifle,  injury,  or 
affront ;  snappish,  petulant,  in-itable,  irascible. 

"  He  [S.  Jerome]  was  naturally  a  waspilh  and  hot 
-n\-AU."~Bp.  Ball:  Episcopacy  by  Divine  Itight,  pt,  ii,. 
§  id. 

3.  Marked  or  characterized  by  snappishness 
or  petulance. 

"  A  ppijse  Dunciad.  tpnspish  and  unfair,  but  full  .if 
ckveniesH."— .Si;i/./(ffrj;  .Vuyazinv,  May.  1880.  p,  lie. 

*  waspish-headed,  a.  Irritable,  petu- 
lant, irascible. 


■'  Her  waspish-headed  son  has  broke  his 

Shakrtp.  :  Tempe.it,  iv.  1. 

*  wasp'  -  ish  -  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  waspish  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  was|ti.sii  or  snappish  manner;  petulantly, 
peevishly,  snappishly. 

*  wasp'-ish-ness,  s.  [Eng.  waspish;  -ncss.] 
Tlie  (juably  or  state  of  being  waspish  or  snap- 
pi>li  ;  snappisloH-ss,  peiulam-e,  i)eevi«hness. 

was'-sall.  was  hael.  was -sail,  'was- 
sayl,    '  was  -sel,    •  was  sey'l,  s.   &   a. 

(Lit.  =  be  of  good  health,  from  A.S.  wes~  be 
thou,  iniper.  sing,  nf  rresan  =  to  be,  and  kdl 
=  whole;  Irel.  Aei/i=  whole,  hide  (q.v.).  The 
legend  is  that  Uowena  presented  a  cup  to 
Vortigcrn,  with  the  word.s  wins  kdl.  and  that 
Vortigern,  who  knew  no  English,  was  told  to 
reply  by  saying  driiic  hdl.) 

A,  As  substantive : 

*  1.  A  form  of  salutation  in  drinking. 

"  A-kne  til  the  kyug  heo  seyde.  li.pd  kyiig.  wuucvl." 
Robert  of  Uloucestcr.  p.  IIT. 

2.  A  festive  occasion  or  meeting  wherf 
drinking  and  pledging  of  healths  are  induIgeJ 
in  ;  a  drinking-bout,  a  carouse. 

"  And  soon  in  uierry  ivauail,  he  .  .  . 
PenU  hifl  loud  song."        tic<At :  Rakeby.  lit  15. 

3.  Tlie  liquor  used  on  such  occasions, 
esiweially  about  Christitia-s  or  the  New  Yeai. 
It  consists  of  ale  (sometimes  wine),  sweetened 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jd^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as:  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-eian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  —  shun;  -tion,  -^ion  —  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.      ble.  -die,  A:c.  -  bel,  del 


590 


wassail— waster 


witli  Hii^ar,  and  tlavniireti  witli  nutmeg,  cin- 
uaiiion,  cloves,  t-uojitvU  appU's,  &c.  Called 
also  Liiiiili's  Wool. 


"  A  trajf^  of  cwmI  nltf.~ 
ftitnii     .iiicirntSonfi:  Varrolf^ra  tt'atMl  Botel. 


•  4.  A  iiiKiTy  drinking-aonp. 

•■  TliK  I  IcU  you.  U  our  Jolly  tratsri. 
And  for  twvUtli-iittllit  more  iiivet  too  " 

Hen  Jonton  :  CSriamtu  .Va*que. 

B.  Anulj.  :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  cminectcd 
with  w;is<inl  or  festivities  ;  convivial  :  as,  a 

v'jssnil  r.iri.ll.-. 

wassail  boat,  .•'.  Ajovial  drinking-bout. 
wassail  bowl,  *  wassel-boul,  *  was 

SCl-bOWl,  s.  A  liir-e  IjuwI.  in  wliirh  llic 
w;i--<iil  \v;is  Tiiixt.'d  and  pKiCfl  un  Hit*  tal'U- 
beftur  a  iVslive  cniiipaiiy.  It  was  an  old  cus- 
tom t"  K'^  aliDUt  with  such  a  bowl,  conUiirung 
was.sail.  iit  the  time  of  the  New  Year,  itc, 
sin^inj;  a  festival  song,  and  drinking  the 
health  of  the  inhabitants  and  collecting  money 
to  replenish  tlie  bowl.  In  some  parts  of  Kiig- 
land  the  wassail-bowl  still  api>ears  at  Christ- 
ni:is. 

"  A  ijiishty  tcauflbowf  ho  trtok." 

Arott :  Murmion.  i-  15. 

WOSSail-CUP,  ■•=.     A  cup  from  which  was- 
sail wiis  <h'unk. 

was  -soil-er,  s.  [Eng.  vnssaU,  v.  ;  -ei\]  One 
who  Joins  ill  a  wassail  or  drinking-feast ;  a 
toper,  a  feaster,  a  reveller. 

"  I  Rm  no  aattaiter  ; 
('•>■■) iiiiouL  me  in  nil  aeiviee  wive  the  Hacchaiit's. " 
/luron  :  &trda>iap<ilut,  ii.  1. 

*  was  sail,  '  w^-sal,  v.i.  (Wassail,  s.] 
'l\>  liold  :i  merry  di  inkiiig-nieeting  ;  to  attend 
at  wjissaiis  ;  to  tope. 

"  Spending  nil  the  day,  and  good  part  of  the  night. 


*  was'-ser-mSn,  s.  (Ger.  —  wateiman.]  A 
•sea-iuonster  in  tin-  shape  of  a  man. 

"  Tlie  priesly  Wattej^n/tii  that  makes  hia  game 
Tlie  liyiug  shipa  with  swiftness  to  jmraue." 

Spemer :  F.  U-.  I*-  xii.  24. 

wast.  I'.J.  (See  def.]  The  second  person 
:iiii;^iilar  of  )t'a5(q.v.). 

'  wast'-age.  s.  (Eng.  w(Kf(e):  -(igeA  Some- 
thing wasted;  waste;  loss  by  use,  decay, 
le;ikaL.'e,  and  the  like. 

waste,  v.t.  k  i.  [O.  Fr.  wa$Ur=  to  lay  waste, 
lo\\:iste,  fromLat.  i^c($to;  Fv.gdter.]  [Waste, a.] 

A,  Transitive : 

I.  Ordiiiary  Language : 

1.  To  bring  to  ruin;  to  devastate,  to  deso- 
late, to  ruin,  to  destrov. 


2.  To  diminish  by  continued  loss ;  to  wear 
away  gradually  ;  to  consume,  to  spend,  to 
iLse  up. 

'■  Feed  the  Are  that  waste*  thy  powers  away." 

Cowper  :  /ittiremeHt,  264. 

3.  To  expend  without  valuable  return ;  to 
si)end  vainly,  foolishly,  or  uselessly  ;  to  em- 
ploy or  use  prodigally,  unnecessarily,  care- 
lessly, or  lavishly  ;  to  squander. 

■'  Tliey  that  folily  loast^n  and  dispenden  the  goodes 
thiit  they  hnu."— Chaucer  :  Tale  of  Melibeua. 

IL  Law:  To  damage,  injure,  or  impair,  as 
an  estate,  voluntarily,  or  by  allowing  the 
buildings,  fences,  or  the  like,  to  go  to  decay. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  grow  less  or  diminish  in  bulk,  sub- 
stance, strength,  value,  or  the  like;  to  de- 
rrease  gradually ;  to  dwindle ;  to  be  con- 
sumed.    (Often  with  awai/.) 

"  E'en  while  he  lives,  he  warf«  with  secret  woe." 
F  Pope  :  Homer;  Iliad  viii.  &15. 

2.  To  bring  down  one's  weight  to  a  certain 

point. 

•'  Wjisting  as  most  Jockeys  «visfe  la  the  sorest  pos- 
hihle  way  to  prevent  anyone  tatled  upon  for  exertion 
doing  himself  iustice."— Referee,  Dec.  12.  ISSt 

■waste,  'wast,  a.  &  s.  (O.  Fr.  wast  (in  the 
jihrase  faire  ^vast  —  to  lay  waste),  gast,  gaste  = 
waste,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  waste  =  a  waste  ;  wasten 
=  to  Uy  waste,  from  Lat.  vastvs  =  waste, 
desolate,  va.'^t ;  cf.  A.S.  tcesfe  =  waste.] 
A.  vis  adjective: 

1.  Devastated,  ravaged,  ruined,  spoiled, 
desolated. 

"  The  Lord  maketh  the  earth  empty,  and  maketh  it 
watte,  and  turneth  it  upside  down.'  —Isaiah  xxiv.  l. 

2.  Resembling  a  desert  or  wilderness  ;  deso- 
late, wild,  dreary  ;  bare  and  dismal. 

"He  found  him  in  a  desert  land,  ivnd  In  the  wnste 
bowling  wildemeaii."— /teufertmomy  xxxli,  10. 


3.  N<tt  tilled  or  cultivated  ;  producing  no 
crops  or  wood  :  as,  waste  land. 

4.  Spojlcil,  injured,  or  rendered  unlit  for  its 
originrtl  or  intended  use  in  the  process  of 
manufacture,  handling,  employment,  or  the 
like  ;  rejected  from  the  material  reserved  for 
a  desired  purpose  ;  of  little  or  no  value  ; 
refuse  :  as,  waste  paper. 

•5.  Lost  for  want  of  occupiers  or  usage; 
superfluous,  exuberant. 

••  strangled  with  her  wmte  fertility.' 

Milton :  Comut.  729. 

'6.  In  a  state  of  ruin  or  decay;  ruinous, 
decayed. 

"  tVrtayiie  oUle  watt  and  broken  howeses."— Wcrrurs 
Frois.<art:  Cronycle.  vol.  i..  ch.  ccUix. 
B.  As  substaiiiive : 
*  I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  wasting  ;  the  state  or  process 
of  being  wasted  ;  the  act  of  spoiling,  ruining, 
or  devastating  ;  destruction,  devastation. 

"  ■Rainut  him,  whose  wrongs  give  edgewnto  the  swords. 
That  make  such  waste  in  brief  mi>rtality." 

Shakesft. :  Henry  V.,  i.  2. 

2.  The  act  of  squandtring  or  spending 
lavishly  or  wastefully. 

"If  you  had  made  wiTS^f  of  all  I  have." 

Shakesp.  :  Merchant  of  Vetiice,  i.  I. 

3.  Gradual  decrease  in  bulk,  quantity, 
strength,  value,  <tc.,  from  the  effects  of  time 
or  use  ;  consumption,  loss. 

"Beauty's  waste  hath  in  the  world  an  end. ' 

Shakesp. :  Sonticf  0. 

i.  That  which  is  or  has  been  made  waste  or 
desolate ;  a  waste,  devastated,  or  desert  region  ; 
a  wilderness,  a  desert. 

"An  unpeopled  tract  of  mountain  waste," 

n'ordswortti  :  Sxcursion,  bk.  vii. 

5.  Hence,  an  unoccupied  place  or  space  ;  a 
dreary  void. 

"  111  the  dead  iraste  and  middle  of  the  night." 

Shakesp. :  ffanUet,  i.  2. 

6.  Untilled  or  uncultivated  ground  ;  a  tract 
of  land  not  in  a  state  of  cultivation,  and  pro- 
ducing little  or  no  vegetation  or  wood. 

"  His  tall  miU  that  whistled  on  the  waste." 

Tennyson:  Knoch  Arden,  34o, 

7.  The  refuse  of  a  factory  or  shop  :  as— 

(1)  Broken  or  spoiled  castings  which  go  to 
the  heap  to  be  remelted. 

(2)  The  refuse  of  wool,  cotton,  or  silk,  re- 
sulting from  the  working  of  the  fibi'e.  (Useil 
as  swabs  for  wiping  machinery,  as  an  ab- 
sorbent in  railway  axle-boxes,  &e.). 

(3)  Paper  scraps  of  an  office,  printing-office, 
bookliinding  establishment,  &c. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Hydra^dics: 

(1)  A  contrivance  for  allowing  the  escape  of 
sui'plns  water,  as  the  was(e-weir,  loaste-pit, 
or  waste  sluice  of  a  reservoir. 

(2)  The  water  so  escaping ;  through  a  gate, 
for  instance,  ratlier  than  into  the  mill-race  or 
penstock. 

(3)  Overflow  water  from  a  sink  or  trap.  A 
pipe  for  running  waste-water  from  a  bath, 
standing  wash-tub,  or  sink. 

2.  Mining:  A  vacant  space  in  the  gob  or 
goaf;  old  workings. 

3.  Law:  Spoil,  destruction,  or  injury  done 
to  houses,  woods,  farms,  lands,  &c.,  by  a 
tenant  for  life  or  for  years,  to  tlie  prejudice 
of  the  heir,  or  of  him  in  revei-sion  or  re- 
mainder. Waste  is  voluntary,  as  by  felling 
timber,  pulling  down  houses,  &c. ;  or  i)ermis- 
sive,  as  the  sutfering  of  damage  to  accrue  for 
want  of  doing  the  necessary  acts  to  keep 
buildings  and  lands  in  order.  Whatever  doe^ 
a  lasting  damage  to  the  freehold  is  a  vjaste. 

%  1.  To  lay  waste  :  To  render  desolate  ;  to 
devastate,  to  ruin. 

2.  To  run  to  waste :  To  become  useless,  ex- 
hausted, or  sjioiled  from  want  of  proper  man- 
agement, attention,  care,  skill,  or  the  like  ;  to 
become  lost  for  any  useful  purpose. 

waste-basket,  s.    [iVaste-paper  basket.] 

waste-board,  s.  The  same  as  Wash- 
board, "J. 

waste-book,  s.  A  book  containing  a 
regular  account  of  a  merchant's  transactions, 
set  down  in  the  order  of  time  in  which  they 
took  place,  previous  to  their  being  carried,  in 
book-keeping  by  double  entry  to  the  journal, 
or  in  simple  entry  to  the  ledger  ;  a  day-book. 

'  waste-gate,  s.  a  gate  to  allow  the  pas- 
sage of  surplus  water  from  a  pond  or  canal. 


'  waste-good,  s.  A  prodigal,  a  spend- 
thriK. 

"Tliia  tin*!  .  .  .  i'<  a  (t'ds/f-.'/o'xi  and  a  spendthrift."— 
Ortvnr  .    (^iii/'f-jr  an  I /ixt.irl  Courtier. 

waste-lands,  .^'.  ;•/.  I-ands  left  in  their 
natural  condition  because  they  are  not  worth 
cultivating,  or  because  their  owner  has  not 
capital  enough  to  turn  them  to  proper  ac- 
count. 

waste-paper,  >■.    Spoiled  or  used  paper. 

Waste-paper  basket:  A  small  wicker  basket, 
used  in  offices,  &c.,  to  hold  waste  or  worth- 
less papers. 

waste-pipe.    >■.       A  discharge-pipe    for 

superfluous  wnter. 

waste-steam  pipe,  s. 

Steaiii-eii'ihi.  :  Tlie  pipe  leading  from  the 
safety-vahi-  to  the  atmosphere. 

*  waste -thrift,  s.    A  si>endthrift. 

waste-trap,  ■?.  A  form  of  trap  for  allow- 
ing surplus  water  to  escape  without  permitting 
air  to  pass  in  the  other  direction. 

waste-water  pipe,  s. 

Steam-ntgin.  :  The  pipe  for  carrying  off  the 
surplus  water  from  the  hot-well. 

waste-weir,  .<.  A  cut  in  the  side  of  a 
canal  for  carrying  ofT  surplus  water. 

wast'-ed,  }*((.  par.  &  a.     [Waste,  v.] 

A.  -1-^  jHi.  par  .:  (See  the  verb), 

B.  As  adjectii'e : 

*  1.  Laid  waste  ;  made  waste  or  desolate  ; 
devastated. 

■■  As  mount'iin  waves  from  wasted  lands. 
Sweep  back  to  ocean  blue." 

Scott :  Marmion.  vL  31. 

2.  Spent  or  consumed  recklessly  or  to  no 
use  ;  squandered. 

3.  Diminished  in  bulk,  quantity,  size,  or 
the  like  ;  worn  away. 

"  Watted-,  wrinkled,  old.  and  ugly." 

LonijfeUuw  :  Hiawath'i,  sii. 

waste -ful,  *  waste -full,  ''wast-ful,  a. 

[Eng.  waste;  -full.] 

1.  Full  of  or  causing  waste  or  ruin  ;  de- 
structive to  property  or  to  anything  of  value  ; 
ruinous. 

"  Once  more  attend  !  avert  the  wasteful  woe." 

Pope:  ffotner  :  Iliad  i.  5M. 

2.  Spending  that  which  is  valuable  reck- 
lessly, unnecessarily,  or  foolishly;  lavish, 
prodigaL 

■"The  wastfful  expenditure  of  the  court."— J/«c- 
aulau'  Hist.  Eng.,  cb.  iiL 

*3.  Lying  waste  ;  desolate,  waste. 

"  His  chosen  people  he  did  blesa 
In  the  wasteful  w  ildeniess." 

Miltim :  Psalm  cxxxvi. 

waste' -ful-ly.  *  wast-ful-ly,  adv,  [Eng. 
wasteful :  -ly.]  In  a  wasteful  manner  ;  lavishly, 
prodigally. 

"  Her  lavish  band  is  wastefully  profuse." 

Drydeii :  Auieixjzehe. 

waste -ful-ness,    *  waste-ful-ncsse,  ,^. 

[Eng.  wasteful  ;  -ness.]      The  quality  or  state 
of  being  wasteful ;  lavishness,  prodigality. 

*was'-tel,  *was-tell,  s.  [O.  Fr.  wastei, 
gastel  (Fr.  gdteau)i=a.  cake,  from  M.  H.  Ger. 
wftsfe/ =  a  kind  of  bread.]  A  kind  of  hne 
white  bread,  inferior  only  to  the  finest  (called 
simnel-bread),  and  formerly  in  common  use 
among  the  more  wealthy  and  luxurious  of  the 
iiiiddle  classes. 

"  wastel-bread,    *  wastel-brede,   s. 

The  same  as  Wastkl. 


*"  wastelcake,  *  wastell-cake, .":.    A 
cake  of  w;istel-bread. 

*  waste' -less,  a.  [Eng.  waste;  -Jess.]  In- 
capable of  being  wasted,  consumed,  or  ex- 
pended ;  inexhaustible. 

"  From  their  wasteleM  treasures  heap  rewards 
Mure  out  of  grace  than  merit  on  us  mortals." 

Man      The  Heir.  iv. 

*  waste' -neSS,  s.  [Eng.  waste;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  waste ;  solitude, 
desolation. 

"  She  of  nouKht  afraid. 
Through  woods  andwart^ncis  wide  uim  daily  sough L" 
HipeJiser :  F.  '/..  I-  iii.  ;'■ 

wast'-er,  *  wast-our,  s.  [Eng.  %vaste,  v. ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Lavfjnage : 
l.'One  who  or  that  which  wastes,  squaii- 


fate,  fSt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  fatber ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wplt  w^ork.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  'quite,  cur,  rule,  fiill;  try,  Syrian,    je,  ce  —  e;  ey  =  a:  qu  =  kw- 


■wasting— watch 


501 


nf  others  ;  a  wutchimui  or  buily  of  watcliiuen; 
a  sentry,  a  sentinel,  a  t^uard. 

"  To  Iniii  tlittt  cRUUot  au  iimuh  a."  eiee,  to  dlBchorge 
th«  wtttce  ul  wiitcA."— itouWi ;  Scmio/u,  VOi.  i.,  «er.  6. 

5.  In  the  sani'2  sense  as  II.  1. 

G.  The  [wriod  of  time  during  which  one  per- 
son, or  a  body  of  jiersous,  wateh  or  stand  sku- 
H\\c\.  or  llie  time  trom  one  rt^Uef  of  sentinels 
to  ;itiother;  hence,  ap^died  to  a  division  of 
the  niyht  wlien  the  precautionary  setting  of  a 
watch  is  more  generally  necessary.  Anioniist 
tin-  Romans,  the  time  from  sunset  to  sminse 
was  divided  into  f.jur  equal  spaces  or  watclifs. 
si:vt;i-ally  disliuguislied  ils  first,  second,  third, 
and  fourth  watches,  each  containing  three 
hours  ;  but  these  hours  varied  in  length,  being 
longest  in  winter  and  shortest  in  summer,  and 
tlie  watch  contained  three  of  our  hours  only  at 
tiieeiininoxes.  ThcGreeksalsudividi'drh.'ni^lit 
into  four  watches.  The  proper  Jewish  rcikuii- 
ing  lecognized  only  three  of  these  wutchcs, 
the  Urst,  from  sunset  till  about  10  p.m.,  the 
the  second,  or  middle  watch,  from  10  p.m.  to 
2  a.m.,  and  the  third,  or  morning  watch,  from 
2  a.m.  to  sunrise.  After  the  establishment  of 
tlie  Rnman  power,  the  watches  were  incrensed 
in  number  to  four,  which  were  known  as  tirst, 
seeoml,  &,e.,  or  as  even,  midnight,  co.-k-crow- 
ing,  and  morning,  the  watches  tenninating 
respectively  at  0  p.m.,  midnight,  3  a.m.,  and 
iJa.m.  (Exotlus  xiv.  24,  Judges  vii.  19,  Mat- 
thew xiv.  25,  Mark  xiii.  35.) 

7.  Any  contrivance  by  which  the  progress 
of  time  is  perceived  and  measured  :  as, 

'  (1)  A  candle  marked  out  into  sections, 
each  of  which  denoted  a  certain  portion  of 
time  in  burning. 

"  Give  iiitt  a  toatcli."    Shnketp.  :  /iichard  III.,  v.  3. 

(2)  A  time-keeper  actuated  by  a  spring,  and 
capable  of  being  carried  on  the  person.  The 
essential  dillerence  between  a  clock  and  a 
watch  has  been  defined  to  be  th;it  the  latter 
will  run  in  any  position,  but  the  former  in  a 
vertical  position  only.  Since  the  invention  of 
the  cheap  spring-cl<ick  this  definition  nuist  be 
abandoned.  Another  characteristic  which  was 
formerly  distinguishing  was  that  the  watch 
escapement  was  always  controlled  by  a  balance- 
wheel  and  sjiiing,  while  the  clock  escapement 
was  generally  governed  by  a  pendulum. 
Watches  are  said  to  have  been  invented  at 
Nuremberg,  about  the  end  of  the  tifteenth  or 
begiiming  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The 
essential  portions  of  a  watch  are  the  dial,  on 
which  the  hours,  nuimtes,  and  seconds  are 
marked,  tlie  liands,  which  by  their  movement 
round  tlie  dial  point  out  the  time,  the  train  of 
wlieels,  which  carry  round  the  hands,  &.C., 
the  baianci;,  which  regulates  the  motion  of 
the  wheels,  and  the  mainspring,  whose  elastic 
force  produces  the  motion  of  the  wlnde 
machinery.  Tlie  works  are  inclosed  in  a  case 
uf  metal,  usually  silver  or  gold.  The  shape  is 
now  universally  circular  and  fiat,  so  as  to  be 
easily  carried  in  the  pocket.  The  early  watches 
had  but  one  hand,  and  required  winding  twice 
a  day.  The  spring  was  at  tirst  merely  a 
straight  piece  of  steel,  not  coiled.  A  spring 
to  regulate  the  balance  was  hrst  applied  by 
Dr.  liooke.  1058;  this  was  at  tirst  made 
straight,  but  soon  improved  by  making  it  of 
spiral  form.  A  repeating-watch,  or  repeater, 
has  a  small  bell,  gong,  or  other  sounding  ob- 
ject, on  which  tiie  hours,  half-hours,  quarters, 
Ac,  are  struck  on  the  compression  of  a  spring. 
The  most  perfect  form  of  watch  is  the  clu-ono- 
meter  (ii.v.). 
*8.  The  place  where  a  watch  is  set  or  kept. 
"  I  must  to  the  wiilcJi."S!iakeap.  :  Othello,  ii.  3. 

II.  Techiucaily : 

1.  Nautic(U : 

(1)  The  period  of  time  occupied  by  each 
])art  of  a  sliip's  crew  alternately  while  on 
duty.  This  period  is  one  of  four  hours,  the 
reckoning  beginning  at  noon  or  midnight. 
But  in  order  to  prevent  the  constant  falling  of 
the  same  watch  to  the  same  portion  of  the 
crew,  the  time  between  4  p.m.  and  8  p.m.  is 
dividetl  into  two  short  watches  of  two  hours 
eacli,  technically  know  n  as  dog-watches.  Thus, 
tlie  watch  from  12  noon  to  4  p.m  is  the  lirst 
afternoon  watch  ;  that  from  4  y.m.  toO  p.m. 
the  lirst  dog-watch  ;  and  that  from  6  p.m.  to 
8  p.m.  the  second  dog-watch;  from  8  p.m.  to 
midnight  is  the  tirst  night  watch;  from  mid- 
night to  4  a.m.  the  middle  watch  ;  from  4  a.m. 
to  8  a.m.  tlie  morningwatch  ;  and  from  8  a.m. 
to  noon  the  forenoon  watch.  When  this  alterna- 
tion of  watches  is  kei>t  uji  during  the  twenty- 
four   hiiuis,    it  is   termed    having  watch  and 


ders,  or  consumes  extravagantly  ;  a  prodigal, 
a  spendthrift. 

"  If  LuouUiis  wen-  not  n  unttter,  »ml  «  dtrlicntt! 
given  tu  »wlly.clie«i-e."— /■•  UoUwiU  :  fluUirch,  p.  301. 

2.  An  excrescence  in  the  siiuH"  of  a  CJindle, 
which  causes  it  tii  run  to  waste.  Also  e;illed 
a  thief.     {CoUo»i.) 

•  3.  A  kind  of  cudgel;  a  blunt  swoi-d  used 
as  a  foil. 

■'  With  A  good  toa»ler  Im  so  iiiortilied  this  old  Ad|4iii 
ul  hl»  twu-iii.lftw  »»|uire,  lliat  he  ntwU-d  no  utU.r 
IH-imiioe  thf\U  ihi9."-ilarinift'>n:  Urirf  Virw  of  th,- 
C/mrcfi,  ji.  2-2. 

U  In  this  seuse  perhaps  a  misprint  fnr 
K'lijltr  (q.v.). 

4.  A  kind  of  barbed  spear  or  trident  used 
for  stiiking  lish.  Called  also  a  Leister.  (6co(c/i.) 

II.  Fuuml. :  A  cjisting  which  is  spoiled  and 
sent  t«)  the  scrap-heap. 
wast'-ing,  pr.  /xir.,  «.,  &  s.     [Waste,  v.] 

A.  Aspr.  ixir. ;  (See  the  verb). 

B.  vis  adjective: 

1.  Desolating;  laying  waste ;  devastating, 
ruinous. 

■'  Watliiiff  Are,  and  dying  groaii." 

:icolt:  Jtarmion,  vi.  31. 

2.  Wearing  out,  consuming,  enfeebling. 

"  IffMfiny  yetirs."        Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  \\.&M. 

C.  -Is  sxhst. :  Waste  ;  specif.,  the  act  of  re- 
ducing ont^'s  weight  below  what  it  should 
normally  be. 

•'  Iteitlh  from  coiiaumptioii  is  uot  lui  uini3UMl  end  for 
.HJotki-v.  whose  cuiistiliitioii  is  often  injured  hy  the 
pmL-ticv  »t  '  woitiuij.'  iu  order  t-i  ride  Ht  lUi  uuua- 
tiu-Hlly  light  weight.*— Jidiiuiuri/.  Dec.  i:j.  ISST. 

wasting -palsy,  ■^. 

i'athut. :  The  name  given  by  Dr.  W.  Roberts 
to  palsy  characterized  by  degeneration  and 
loss  of  volume  ami  power  of  the  voluntary 
mnscU's  without  any  liiniinution  of  the  sensi- 
bility or  the  intelligence. 

*  wast-or,  '  wast-our,  s.    [W.^stek.] 

wast'-rel,  '  was'-tor-el,  *■.    [W.xste.] 

'  1.  Anything  c:ist  away  as  bad  or  useless  ; 
any  waste  substance  ;  refuse,  rubbish. 

2.  Anything  allowed  to  run  to  waste  or  to 
remain  neglected  :  as, 

(1)  Waste  land  ;  common. 

■■  Their  [tynners]  workea.  hoth  atreiime  and  hmd.  lie 
either  iu  seueral  or  iu  unutrell,  that  is,  in  enclosed 
grounds  or  iu  i:otuiuuiiB.'  —Carcui:  Sitrvi-!/  u/  Coriitvull, 
lol.  la 

(2)  A  neglected  child  ;  a  street  Arab. 

"Sending  out  uot  unutrels.  paupers,  and  uwer-do- 
weHs,  but  capable  niechauiLS  and  labunrcva,  to  Aus- 
ti-^ilitt.'— /J<n7i/  Tflegruph.  March  liO,  issti. 

(3)  A  profligate.    {Prov.) 
wast-rie,  wast'-er-ie,  *  wast-rye,  ^.  & 

«.     iKng.  ints.U  ;  -rif,  -ry.] 

A*  As  snbst. :  Prodigality,  wastefulness. 
(Scotch.) 

-  B.  As  adj. :  Wa.steful,  destructive. 

"Thf  iMjpenud  his  wu«(r3/e  workers."— Bale -■  Select 
Horkj.  p.  i:». 

•  "wkt  (1),  .•'.  [Compare  Tom,  applied  to  a  cat, 
yeit  to  an  ass,  &c.J  An  old  familiar  name  for 
a  hare.     (Dniyloii:  PoUj-Olbioit,  s.  22.) 

wat  (2>,  ■■•■.  (See  def.J  A  Siamese  term  for  a 
sacred  place,  within  which  are  pagodas,  mo- 
nasteries, idols,  tanks,  &c. 

wat,  ".    [Wet,  a.] 

1.  Wet. 

2.  Addicted  to  drinking  ;  thirsty.    (Scotrh.) 

wat,  v.t.    [WiT,  I'.]    (Scotch.) 

watQh,  '  wacche,  s.  [A.S.  w(Boce  =  a  watch, 
from  R'uc'uui  —  to  watcli,  from  wacaii  =  to 
wake  (q.v.).J 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  The  state  of  being  awake  ;  forbearance 
of  sleep  ;  wakefulness,  watchfulness. 

*'  Fell  into  a  sadness,  then  into  A  fust. 
Theuce  to  u  watch.'       shnkKtp. :  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  watching;  a  keeping 
awake  for  the  purpose  of  attending,  guarding, 
preserving,  or  the  like ;  attendance  without 
sleep;  vigilance,  vigil. 

"  Had  your  teatch  heen  good. 
This  sudden  uiiBchieE  never  Hould  have  f;tl)en." 

Shukeap. :  I  Ueiiry  VI..  ii.  1. 

•  3.  Vigilance  ;  close  observation  or  atten- 
tion. 

"  Follow  her  close,  give  her  good  wtleU, 
I  i^nty  you."  Shakexp.:  Uutnlet,  iv.  0. 

4.  A  per.soii  or  number  of  ]>ersons  set  for  a 
guard  over  the  jiersous,  property,  '}v  interests 

boil,  boy ;  pout,  jd^l ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus.  9liiii,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  af ;  eicpect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  t 
-cian.  'tian  ^  shan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  ^  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  i:c.  =  bel.  deL 


watch,  iu  distinction  from  keeping  alt  hands  at 

work  tluring  oner  more,  watches.  An  anchor- 
watch  is  a  small  watch  composed  of  one  or 
two  men  set  to  look  after  the  ship  while  at 
anchor  or  in  port. 

(2)  A  certain  portion  of  the  olllcers  and 
ci-uw  of  aship  whotogetlnn- att^'Ud  to  working 
her  for  a  certain  iwriod.  [0).j  Tlie  crew  ol 
every  ship  while  at  sea  is  generally  divided 
iuto  two  portions — the  starboard-wat<:h,  which 
in  the  merchant  service  is  the  captain's 
watch,  ami  is  often  commanded  by  the  second 
mate  ;  and  the  port-watch,  which  in  the  mer- 
chant service  is  commanded  by  the  Ilist  niati*. 
In  the  navy  these  watches  are  commanded  by 
the  lieutenants  successively. 

2.  Pottery:  A  trial  piece  of  flre-clay  so 
placed  in  a  ]iottery-kiln  as  to  be  reatJily  with- 
drawn, to  enable  the  workmen  to  judge  of  the 
heat  of  the  lire  and  the  condition  of  the  ware. 

•I  (1)  The  Black  Watch:  [Ulack  Watcu.] 

('_>)  Watch  aiul  ward:  Tiie  ancient  custom 
of  watching  by  night  mid  by  day  in  towns  and 
cities.  A  distinction  was  drawn  V)etween  the 
terms  watch  and  vmrd,  the  former  being  ap- 
plied to  watching  and  gunrding  by  night.  :ind 
the  hitter  to  watching  an<l  guarding  by  day  ; 
hence,  the  expression,  ivatch  and  »'<ir(i  denotes 
a  constant  watching  and  guarding  by  day  and 
night. 

watch-alarm,  s.    (Alarm-watuh.) 

watch-barrel,  s.  The  brass  box  in  a 
watch  .  oiitainin^'  tin;  mainspring. 

watch-bell,  s. 

Xaut.  :  A  large  bell  in  ships  which  is  struck, 
when  the  half-hourglass  is  run  out,  to  make 
known  the  time  or  division  of  the  watch. 

watch-bill,  s. 

Xaut.  :  A  list  "if  the  oRicers  and  crew  of  a 
ship  who  are  appointed  to  the  watch,  together 
with  the  several  stations  to  which  each  man 
belongs. 

~  watch- birth,  s.    A  midwife. 

■•  Th'  etenml  witchliirthtoi  tliy  sacred  wit," 

.Sylvetter:  The  Jlautiificencc.  1,197. 

"  watch-box,  s.     A  sentry-box. 
watch-case,  s. 

1.  The  ease  of  a  watch. 
■  2.  A  word  of  doubtful  meaning  occurring 
in  Shakespeaie  : 

•■  O  thou  dull  Eod  :  why  licat  thou  with  tlie  vile 
In  lunthsoine  beds,  and  leayest  the  kindly  couch 
A  wutch-cate  or  a  cuiumou  larum-bell  ¥" 

2  I/enr/i  /!'.,  lii.  I. 

Schmidt  (Lexicon)  thinks  it  =  sentry-box. 
Hannier  considers  that  it  "alludes  to  the 
watchman  set  in  garrison  towns  upon  some 
eminence,  attending  upon  an  alarum-bell, 
which  was  to  ring  out  in  case  of  lire  or  any 
approaching  danger.  lie  had  a  case  or  box 
to  shelter  him  from  the  weather. 

watch-clock,  a-. 

1.  Au  electromagnetic  watch-clock  (q.v.). 

2.  An  alarum. 

"The  early  watch-dork  of  the  sloathfull  Blet'iRT." 
Si/tDestvr:  Jlandic  Cra/U.  105. 

watch-dog,  :^.  A  dog  kept  to  watch  and 
guard  piemisesor  projierty,  and  to  give  notice 
of  intruders  by  liarklugand  the  like. 

watch-fire,  s.  A  ftre  kept  up  during  the 
night  as  a  .signal,  or  for  the  use  of  a  watch, 

guard,  sentinels,  iic. 

•'  Aii'l  wif  Ih  their  thoUHaml  tvatch-fires 

The  iiii.luiKlit  »ky  was  red." 
M.irauUii/ :  Uattlc    u/  t/t*  luko   Itej/iUue.ix. 

watch-glass,  >. 

1.  On/.  L'Muj.  :  A  concavo-convex  glass  for 
covering  the  face  of  a  watch. 

2.  Noiit.:  An  hour  or  lialMiour  glass  used 
oil  bnard  ships  to  measure  the  time  of  a  watch 
on  dci-k. 

watch-guard,  «■.  A  chain,  cord,  ribbon, 
&c.,  by  wlin-h  a  watch  is  attached  to  the 
person. 

watch-gun,  ^. 

yaiit.  :  The  gun  which  is  tired  on  board 
ships  of  war  at  the  setting  of  the  watch  in 
the  evening  and  relieving  it  in  the  morning. 

watch  house,  6-. 

1.  A  house  in  which  a  watch  or  guanl  is 
placed. 

■■  Uiwii  thewftUes  every  niglit  *1^«  wntch«  nft«viic 
men  in  teatch-Uotue*.  foievery  uralch-hwue  flvc  luvn. 

—  Uivkhi'jt      Voynge'.u.  1' ■■. 


602 


watch— water 


t*.  A  liousi'  wliPit'  the  ni^'htwatrhiiien  as- 
■t'luMf  previou*  to  tlif  hour  on  which  they 
critf'i  oil  thfir  resi»ective  beats,  nntl  wh*Tt' 
(lihturliors  of  the  \^!Ave,  t^vUrd  by  thiiii  during; 
lh«'  night  ar*  Iwlged  and  kept  in  custotly  till 
tin-  Hu'iiiin:,'.  whfn  they  arc  I'lxmght  before  :i 
lii.i;;i->tt:iit*  ;  ;t  l.ick-up. 

watch  Jewel,  .^.    fJKWKi.,  s.,  11.] 

watch  Uey,  ■"-  An  instrument  with  ;i 
siH'kfi  t.'  rit  III'*  fu.see  sqnaro  or  winding  arbor 
or;i  w,.t.  ]i.  ulirivlty  tlie  watch  is  wound. 

watch  light,  .-■.  A  li;;ht  useil  while  sit- 
ting 11]'  IT  w;itching  during  the  ni^'ht.  espe- 
cially, in  former  times,  a  candle  with  a  rush 
wick. 

■■  li ,   .■»  ilo/rii  iKiuiid  of  iratch-UyMt  (wi  tha  wr- 

vruilv   -  .(•f.(i«.'i     Tlw  ttriimmfr. 

watch-night,  ':.  Amongst  rert-dn  reli- 
gious scil-s  the  Inst  ni^ht  of  the  ye;tr.  on  whieli 
0^-caf.ion  services  are  held  till  the  advent  of 
tlie  new  year. 

'  watoh  -  paper,  s.  An  old-fashioned 
fancy  ornament  nr  thin  tissue  lining  for  the 
insicie  of  rt  watiliM-ase. 

watch-pocket,  >'.  A  small  pocket  in  a 
dress  (Mr  carryiu','  a  watch ;  also  a  similar 
puckrl  ill  the  'head-curtain  of  a  bed,  or  the 
like, 

"  watch- rate,  >•■    Arat«  authorised  to  be 

ievie-i  in   Kh;;land  for  watching  and  lighting 
a  i>ansli  oi-  lini'Mii^h. 

watch  regulator,  '.  [Rrollator,  H. 
-•■  (')■  1 

watch  spring,    .    [Main-spring,  1.] 

watch-tackle,    .    [Tail-tackle.] 

watch  tower,  . . 

1.  An  elevated  tower  on  which  a  sentinel  is 
placed  tn  watch  for  enemies,  the  approach  of 
danj;er,  or  the  like. 

'  2.  A  light-house. 

"  The  use  of  tins  teatrh-tower  is  tn  3hi»w  light  J 


l-iiitli'.iiie 


-P.  llnHnnd:  PUnie.  bk.  xxxvi  ,  cb 


watch-work,  watch-works.  >. 

Hoi'H. :  'I'lu'  nuichinery  of  a  watcli. 

watQh,     *  wacche.     "  watche,    v.i.   &  t. 

[Watch,  .s-.j 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  be  awake  ;  to  be  or  continue  without 
sleep  ;  to  keep  vigil. 

"  They  tlmt  watch  see  time  how  alow  it  ci-eeps." 

Shakesp.  :  Rape  of  Lncrece.  1.575. 

2.  To  be  attentive,  circumspect,  or  vigilant  ; 
to  keepclose  observation ;  to  notice  carefull\  ; 
to  give  heed. 

*'  Watch  thou  iu  all  tiiiogs."— 2  Timothy  iv.  1, 

3.  To  act  as  a  watchman,  guard,  sentinel,  or 
the  like  ;  ti'  keep  watch  or  guard. 

l  To  look  forward  with  expectation ;  to  be 
expectant ;  to  wait. 

"  My  Roul  w.iiteth  for  the  Lord,  more  than  they  that 
filch  for  the  morning."— /*«a/iTi  cxxx.  6. 

5.  To  act  as  an  attendant  or  nurse  on  the 
.sink  by  nij;ht ;  to  remain  awake  to  give  at- 
tendance, a.ssistance,  or  the  like. 

"Tliiit  I  mit'ht  sitaU  night  xad  watch  with  you." 
Shaketp.  :  King  John.  iv.  l. 

6.  To  float  on  the  surface  of  the  w.ater.  (Said 
l>y  seamen  of  a  buoy.) 

B.  TransHive: 

I.  Onlinary  Language  : 

1.  To  look  with  close  attention  atorou  ;  to 
keep  carefully  and  constantly  in  view  or  under 
supervision  ;  to  keep  a  sharp  look  out  over  or 
on  ;  to  keep  an  eye  on  ;  to  observe  or  regard 
with  vigilance  and  care. 

■' They  wiff(cA«/  him  and  aent  forth  Bjiies  .  .  -  that 
they  might  take  hold  of  bis  worda."— iwftc  xv.  20. 

2.  To  have  in  charge  or  keeping ;  to  tend, 
to  guard. 

■'  HhepherUea  abydyng  io  the  feide,  aod  watchynge 
their  flocke  by  night"— /.wAc  ii.  9  (1551). 

3.  To  look  for,  to  wait  for,  to  await. 

••  We  will  stand  and  watch  your  pleasure." 

Shakes}K  ;  Julius  Cceaar,  iv.  3. 

'  4.  To  surpri.se  and  baffle. 

•■I  think  we  h!i\t  watched  you  now. "  Shakesp.  : 
3trr>!i  Whft,  V.  5. 

n.  Falconry:  To  keep  awake;  to  keep  from 
Bleep,  a.s  a  hawk,  for  the  purpose  of  exhaust- 
ing and  turning  it. 

"  I'll  teatrh  him  tume,  and  t-iJk  him  out  of  patience." 
:0>akesp.  :  Othello.  Hi.  ,1. 

T  (1)  To  v^ntch  out:  To  observe  carefully 


the  outgoinft  or  departure  ol.  {Dickens  :  Oliver 
Tirist,  ch.  xlii.) 

(2)  To  vat'h  ovfr :  To  be  carefully  (d>servant 
of;  t«i  guard  from  error,  danger,  or  slipping. 

watQh'-er,  s.     [Kng.  ivutoh,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  watches  or  keeps  guard ;  a 
guard. 

"Oh  the  (ronteni  .  .  .  were  set  wntchemen  ami 
watcher*  in  dyuen  u\nuni:n."—Oeniefi :  FroUiart : 
C'n>nvclr,  vol.  0..  ch.  xllx. 

2.  One  who  lies  awake. 

"  Get  on  your  niithtgown,  leat  ocfwlon  call  us, 
Aud  Bhow  ua  to  be  rcatchers." 

Shakcip. :  Macbeth.  II.  2. 

3.  One  who  attends  upon  the  -sick  by  night. 

"  X,  a  failf  d  irtMtcher  by  thy  pillow," 

MtUthctc  Arnold:  Trutram  *  /i^-uW,  ii. 

4.  One  who  tdiserves  closely  ;  a  close  ob- 
server. 

"Then  fplt  I  like  aorae  wntcher  of  the  skies. 
Wlitii  a  new  planet  swinia  mto  liU  ken." 

Seat*:  Sotmet  11. 

*wat^h-et,  *wag'-et,  a.  &  s.     [Etnu. 

doubtful ;  jicrhaps  from  a  Low  Lat.  icadio  = 
to  dye  with  woad.  from  Ger.  waul  =  woad.] 

A.  .-Is  otlj.  :  Blue,  pale  blue. 

"  Grim  Auster,  drooping  all  with  dew. 
In  niantle  clad  of  watchet  hue." 

n'«r(o/i  .■  Orfe  on  Approach  of  Sitntmer. 

B.  As  snhst. :  A  blue  or  pale  blue  colour  or 
tint. 

"HeJre  see  we  watchet  deepened  with  a  blewe." 
Hraicne  :  BritaTiiuim  PantoraU.  ii.  ". 

watQh'-ful.  *  watche-fiU, "  wat^h  -full. 

a.  [Eng.  irotvh  ;  ■fal{t).'\  Full  of  watch  oi 
vigilance ;  vigilant,  ob-servant  ;  careful  to 
observe ;  cautious,  waiy.  (Followed  by  of 
before  a  thing  to  be  regulated,  and  by  aguin^t 
before  a  thing  to  be  avoided.) 

"  His  watrhful  dfg."  Thommn  :  Summer,  407. 

WatQh--ful-ly,  ch-.  [Eng.  vatchfnl;  -1,1.] 
In  a  watdifui  manner  ;  witli  watchfulness  or 
vigilance  :  vigilantly,  heedfuliy ;  with  cau- 
tious observance  and  consideration. 

"He  muat  watchfuUii  look  to  hl3  o\m  steps.— 
Barrow:  Sermont,  voL  liu,  ser.  10. 

watQh'-ful-ness,  '  watch-fUl-nesse,  > 

[Eng.  watdt/itl :  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  watchful  oi 
wakeful ;  wakefulness,  sleeplessness. 

*'  Watcltfnlneis,  sometimea  called  a  coma  vigil,  often 
precedes  too  great  sleepiness." — Arbitthnot :  On  Diet. 

2.  Vigilance,  heed ;  careful  and  diligent 
observation  against  danger,  mistakes,  oi- 
misconduct ;  heedfiilness,  wariness,  cautious- 
ness. 

"  To  demand  the  strongest  exhortations  to  care  and 
loatchf Illness,  "—ifilpiii :  Hermom,  voL  t,  hint  19. 

watch  ing,  pr.  jxtr.,  «.,  &  s.    [Watch,  v.] 
A.  ".V  B.  As  pr.  j>ar.  &  particij^.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  snbst. :  The  act  or  state  of  one  who 
watches ;  watehfuluess,  wakefulness. 

■■  Returning  home  from  the  vatchings.' 

Longfeiiow:  Evangeline,  ii.  5. 

watoh'-mak-er,  5.  [Eng.  tvatch,  s.,  and 
vwker.]  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
and  repair  watches  and  clocks. 

Smithing  comprehends  all  trades  which  use  forge 


watchmaker's  glass,  $■  A  double  con- 
vex lens  set  in  a  tubular  socket,  adapted  to 
be  held  to  the  eye  by  the  contraction  of  tlie 
orbital  muscles. 

watch'- mok-ihg,  s.  [Eng.  watch,  s.,  and 
makinij.]  The  art  or  operation  of  making 
watches ;  the  business  or  profession  K*i  a 
watchmaker. 

watch  -  man,  *  w^atche  -  man,  >.     [Eng. 

■iratdi,  s.,  and  m(n'.\ 

1.  A  person  set  to  keep  watch  ;  a  guard,  a 
sentinel. 

"  M'atcliman.  what  of  the  nighti"— Isaiah  xxi.  ll. 

2.  One  wlio  guards  the  streets  of  a  city  or 
town,  or  a  large  building  by  night.  Thc'old 
London  watchmen,  or  Charleys,  were  very  iu- 
efiicient.  They  were  rejilaced  by  the  police 
in  1S29.     [Cha'klev,  Police,  s.] 

3.  One  who  watches  over  or  guards  any- 
thing. 

"The  special  watchmen  of  our  EnglLih  weal." 

Shakesp. :  1  Henry  IV,,  iii,  5. 

*  watch'-ment,  s.  [Eng.  walch,  s. ;  -mKut.] 
A  state  of  vigilance. 


wat^h'-word,  '  watche-word,  .^.    (Eng 

vxttcfi,  and  vord.] 

1.  The  word  given  t^  .si-ntinels.  and  to  such 
as  have  ocea.sion  to  visit  tlie  guaids,  used  as 
a  signal  l»y  whicii  a  friend  may  Vie  known 
from  an  enemy,  or  a  person  who  has  a  right 
to  pass  the  watch  from  one  who  ha.-s  not ;  a 
countersign,  a  password,  a  parole. 

2.  Hence,  any  preconcerted  indication  or  '\ 
direction  eagerly  watched  for,  as  a  signal  for 
action. 

"  AH  have  their  ears  upright,  waiting  wh«n  tlie 
tcntcJnrord  shall  route,  that  ihcy  hIiouIu  arUe  into 
rebellion."— .S/wiMcr.-  State  of  Ireland. 

3.  A  word  used  as  a  motto,  as  expressive  of 
a  piinciple  or  rule  of  action. 

"  Shouting  the  watchword  of  PrugreB-t  and  Enlighten- 
ment."—«.  H.  Lewes.  Aristotle.    (Pref.  p.  vii.) 

wa'-ter,  s.  [A.S.  wo'ter;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
valrr  :  O.  H.  Ger.  vvjzar,  uHissar ;  Ger.  was- 
ser.  From  another  root  come  the  Scandina- 
vian forms :  as  Icel.  vat^i  ;  Dan.  v(tnd ;  Sw. 
valten  ;  Goth.  wato{xi\.v:atna).  Cf.  Russ.  wrfa; 
Gr.  i'huip  {hndor) ;  Lat.  nnda  ;  Sansc.  iidan.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  clear,  colourless,  transparent  liquid, 
destitute  of  taste  and  smell,  aud  possessing 
a  neutral  reaction.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
important  and  most  widely-distributed  sub- 
stances in  nature,  occurring  universally  in 
one  or  other  of  its  three  physical  stjites — 
liquid,  solid,  or  gaseous.  As  a  liquid  it  con- 
stitutes the  great  mass  of  the  oceans,  rivers, 
and  lakes,  which  cover  nearly  three-fourths  of 
the  earth's  surface ;  in  the  solid  state  it  exists 
permanently  iu  the  form  of  ice  or  snow  in 
the  polar  regions  ;  and  as  a  vapour  is  a  con- 
stituent of  the  aerial  envelope  of  the  eartli. 
aud  the  exhalatiftns  of  volcanoes  and  boiling 
springs.  It  occurs  in  combination  in  many 
mineral  substances,  and  also  in  organic  bodies, 
animals  and  plants  containing  from  80  to  90 
per  cent.  Water  is  the  most  efficient  of  all 
solvents,  there  being  few  substances  which 
are  not,  to  some  extent,  afTected  by  it,  betice 
natural  waters  never  occur  absoUitely  pure. 
but  contain  in  solution  more  ">r  U-s.s  of  the 
constituents  of  the  strata  through  whicli  they 
have  passed.  Rain-water  contains  substances 
delived  iu  minute  quantities  from  the  atmo- 
sphere, such  as  ammonia,  nitrate  of  ammonia, 
carbonic  acid,  nitrous  and  sulphurous  aci<ls. 
Spring-water  always  contains  a  much  larger 
proportion  of  dissolved  substances  than  rain- 
water. When  this  is  so  highly  charged  with  sa- 
line or  gaseous  constituents,  as  to  have  a  pecu- 
liar taste  or  smell,  and  is  unhtted  for  ordinary 
use,  it  is  called  mineral-water(q.v.),  and  when 
the  amount  of  these  constituents  do  not  sen- 
sibly aflect  its  taste,  &c.,  it  is  described  as 
fresh-water.  Sea-water  is  essentially  a  mineral 
water,  its  saline  constituents  consisting  of 
the  chlorides  and  sulphates  of  sodium,  po- 
tassium, magnesium,  and  calcium,  together 
with  minute  quantities  of  silica,  bromine, 
iodine,  phosphoric  acid,  &c.  The  total  solid 
ucmtents  of  sea-water  in  mid-ocean  varies 
fi(im  30  to  40  grnis.  jier  litre,  being  largest 
near  the  equator  and  smallest  near  the  poles. 

2.  Water  collected  in  a  body,  as  the  ocean, 
a  sea,  a  lake,  a  river ;  any  collection  of  water. 

"The  annihilating  waters  ro.ir 
Above  what  they  have  done." 

Buron:  Heaven  X-  Earth.  \.  a. 

3.  Water  from  the  heavens  ;  rain. 

"  By  Budden  flooils  and  f;dl  of  waters." 

Shakesp. :  /iichard  III.,  iv.  4. 

4.  Applied  to  other  fluids,  liquid  secretions, 
humours,  &c.,  as : 

(1)  Teai-s. 

' '  Then  they  seemed  all  to  be  glad,  but  the  waferatood 
iu  their  eye^.'—liunyan  :  Pilgrim's  Proyrett.  pt.  ii. 

(2)  Urine. 

"  Carry  his  zcater  to  the  wise  woman." 

Shctkcsp.  :  Ttoelfth  Sight,  iii.  4. 

5.  Applied  to  the  colour  or  lustre  of  a 
diamond  or  pearl,  and  occasionally  of  other 
precious  stones :  as,  a  diamond  of  the  first 
water— i.e.,  one  x^^i'f^t^tly  pure  and  trans- 
parent. 

"The  diamonds  of  a  most  proved  *m?<T." 

Shakesp. :  Pericles,  iii-  2. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Cliem.  :  HoO.  Water  was  long  i-egarded 
as  an  element,  but  towai'ds  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  centui-y  it  was  shown  by  Lavoisier 
to  be  a  compound,  and  to  consist  of  two  parts 
by  weight  of  hydrogen  to  sixteen  of  oxygen, 
or  two  volumes  of  hydrogen  to  one  of  oxygen. 
"When  pure  it  is  free  from  taste  and  smell,  ami 
at  ordinary  pressure  is  liquid  between  0^  and 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mutej  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rale,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  —  kw. 


water 


503 


100^.  boils  at  100'.  and  freezes  at  0',  exv«ind- 
iiig  to  the  extent  of  one-eleventh  of  its  voUiiue. 
The  quantity  ot  heat  ntisorl^ed  in  the  nieitin^ 
of  ice  is  sufficient  to  raise  the  teinpeniture  of 
an  equal  wei-jht  of  water  7ll'-^  and  tin- 
quantity  of  heat  rentlered  latent  by  water  at 
JOO^.  beconiinj;  vapour,  would  raise  the  tem- 
perature of  water  a':i7  times  as  much  as  from 
0'  to  ll»0^  Water  is  825  times  heavier  than 
air,  and  wlu-n  converted  into  st«am  expands  to 
nearly  l.tiOO  volumes.  One  cubic  centimetre 
at  4",  and  tinder  a  pressure  of  TtiO  mm.  of 
nn'fctny,  wt'ighs  15--iy2;".40  ^nains,  or  one 
granmie.  the  unit  of  \vei>;lit  in  the  metric 
system. 

2.  Covim.:  Slock  issued  without  any  pro- 
vision being  made  for  the  payment  of  interest 
then'on. 

"  But  it  is  said  by  the  chnirtnun  of  the  Committee 
on  Public  Flujuicp.  that  '  more  thwi  half  of  tliia  stock 
ta  uHi/ci*.  .iiid  could  uut  hxve  iiniie  into  exiateuce  had 
not  this  h'.i3inea.i  been  superior  to  the  coulrot  of  cum- 
IHititiou.*"— S(.  James's  ilazette,  Juue  H,  18*8. 

X  C'foL  :  Water  is  one  of  the  two  most 
]«>tent  a'^encies  in  working  geological  changes 
■  Ml  the  earth's  surface.  In  most  cases  it  acts 
in  direct  antagonism  to  the  other  very  pottnt 
cause,  tire.  Every  river  descending  a  moun- 
tain-slope, or  crossing  a  plain,  to  reacli  the 
ocean  carries  with  it.  especially  after  heavy 
rain,  abundant  sediment,  as  dt»es  every  tribu- 
tary great  or  small.  Much  of  this  sediment 
reaches  the  sea,  where,  if  the  water  be  deep,  it 
is  lost  for  a  time,  while,  if  the  water  be  shal- 
low, it  may  gradually  build  up  a  delta,  which 
an  earthquake  shock  may  convert  into  land 
fully  reclaimed  from  the  ocean.  The  boulders, 
gi-avel,  &c.,  too  heavy  to  be  transported  so 
far,  are  arranged  according  to  their  weight. 
the  heaviest  faH.ng  tirst.  The  expansion  of 
water  when  it  fieezes  in  the  crevices  of  roeks 
ennbles  it  in  many  cases  tu  rend  them  asun<ler, 
and  Itavc  them  of  more  manageable  size  to  be 
tmnsported.     [Aqueous.  B.  4.] 

4.  Lav  :  Land  is  held  to  include  water,  but 
not  water  land.  If  the  possession  of  a  lake 
be  disputed,  the  action  must  be  brought,  not 
for  so  many  acrea  of  water,  but  for  so  many 
aci-es  of  land  covered  with  water. 

IT  (1)  Aerated  v^atcr :  Carbonated  water. 
[Cabbosated.] 

(-2)  Hard  u-atcr :  [Hakd.  22.]. 

(.S)  Mineral  waters:  [Mineral], 

(4)  Soft  water  :  [Sot-T,  A.  14.]. 

"(5)  Stro}ig  waters:  [Strong-waters] 

((J)  To  hold  imter:  [Hold,  v.,  %  13.]. 

(7)  To  keep  above  iiKitcr,  To  keep  one's  head 

ahitve  water :  To  manage  to  struggle  through 

or  overcome  tinancial  difficulties. 

"A  mimberof  stru^ltng  men.  who  have  managed 
to  keep  above  ica^er  during  the  bad  seasona,  muab  now 
(JO  under."— f»e/d,  Oct.  3. 1883, 

(5)  Water  of  crystallization :  [Crystalliza- 
tion, t.] 

(9)  Water  on  the  brain.  Water  in  the  head  : 
Path. :  A  popular  name  for  Hydrocephalus 

(q.V.). 

•(10)  iVherc  the  water  sticks:  The  point  in 
dispute. 

"That  the  reader  may  see  clearly  tehere  the  water 
sticks  between  aa.'^liruinhutt:    ii'orkt,  ii.  356. 

water-agrimony,  .s. 

Hut.  :  liideiis  tripartita.  (Prior.)  It  grows 
ill  watery  places. 

water-aloe,  $. 

Hot. :  ."^trntiotes  aloides. 

water-analysis,  s. 

Chem. :  The  estimation  of  the  dissolved 
contents  of  water  under  the  three  heads 
of  gaseous,  mineral,  and  organic  matter, 
the  latter  including  Hoating  microcosms ; 
but  the  term  more  generally  refers,  in  the 
ease  of  potable  waters,  tu  the  detennination 
of  the  organic  matter  and  total  mineral 
residue,  without  the  separation  of  the  latter 
into  its  constituent  parts.  No  process  of 
analysis  does  more  than  estimate  the  relative 
amount  of  organic  matter ;  nor,  excepting  by 
the  aid  of  the  microscope,  is  any  attempt  made 
tu  differentiate  between  what  is  harmless 
and  what  is  jiresumably  hurtful.  Wanklyn's 
method  involves  the  estimation  of  the  aui- 
nmnia  luodueeil  by  boiling  with  permanganate 
.'f  ]i(itash,  and  the  amount  of  oxygen  con- 
sumed as  shown  by  the  reduction  of  the  per- 
nianganate.  Frankland  proceeds  to  determine 
the  organic  nitrogen  and  carbon,  and  from  the 
results  arrives  at  his  conclusions  respecting 
the  purity  uf  the  water.    Tidy  allows  the  per- 


manganate to  react  on  the  water  at  common 
temperatures,  and  determines  the  loss  of  per- 
manganate at  the  end  of  one  hour  and  three 
hours  respectively.  Wliichever  method  is 
adopted,  there  are  certain  minimum  limits 
below  which  a  water  is  considered  good,  and 
above  wiiieli  it  is  regarded  as  either  of  doubt- 
ful quality  or  likely  to  prove  injurious.  The 
statement  of  the  various  limits  and  attendant 
circumstances  connected  with  the  source  of 
the  water  supply,  and  which  go  to  qualify  the 
results  obtained,  are  to  be  found  described  at 
length  by  tlie  authors  referred  to  in  their 
published  methods  of  analysis. 

water-anchor,  b. 

yaiit.  :  A  drag-anchor  (q.v.). 

water-antelope,  ^'. 

1.  [Watkr-buck], 

2.  (PL):  A  comprehensive  name  for  the 
genus  Eleotragus  and  its  allies,  from  the  fact 
that  most  of  the  species  abound  in  marshy 
districts  on  the  banks  of  the  African  rivers. 

water-apple,  ^^ 

Bot.  :  The  Custard-apple  (q.v.). 

water-avens,  s.    [Avens.] 

water-back,  s.  A  permanent  reservoir 
at  the  back  of  a  stove  or  range,  to  utilize  the 
heat  of  the  fire  in  keeping  a  supply  of  hot 
water. 

water-baillfi;  s. 

1.  A  custom-house  officer  in  a  port  town  for 
searching  ships. 

'  2.  An  officer  of  the  London  corporation 
who  saw  to  the  observance  of  the  statutes 
and  byelaws  applicable  to  the  river  Thames. 

3.  An  officer  employed  to  watch  a  fishing- 
river  tu  prevent  poaching. 

water-balance,  £■  An  oscillating  pen- 
dulous frame,  having  a  series  of  troughs  in 
vertical  series  and  inclined  in  alternate  direc- 
tions, so  that,  as  the  frame  oscillates,  the 
water  dipped  by  the  lower  one  shall  be  poured 
into  the  next  above,  which,  on  the  return 
nii'tion,  shall  pour  it  into  the  next,  and  so  on. 

water-barometer,  s.  A  barometer  in 
which  water  is  employed  instead  of  mercury 
for  indicating  the  fluctuations  in  atmospheric 
density. 

water-barrel,  d\ 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  water-cask. 

2.  Mining :  A  large  wrought-iron  barrel 
with  a  self-acting  valve  in  the  bottom,  used 
in  drawing  water  where  there  are  no  pumps. 

water-barrow,  s.  A  two-wheeled  bar- 
row, provided  with  a  tank  mounted  on  trun- 
nions.    U.sed  by  gardeners  and  others. 

water-bath.  s. 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1,  A  bath  of  fresh  or  salt  water,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  vapour-bath. 

2.  A  bain-marie. 

II.  Chem.:  A  copper  vessel,  having  the  upper 
cover  perforated  with  circular  openings  from 
two  to  three  inches  in  diameter.  When  in 
use  it  is  nearly  tilled  with  wat«r,  which  is 
kept  boiling  by  means  of  a  gas-burner,  and 
the  metallic  or  porcelain  basin  containing  the 
liquid  intended  to  be  evaporated  is  placed 
over  the  openings  mentioned  above. 

water-battery,  s. 

Elfd. :  A  voltaic  battery  in  which  water  is 
the  liquid  used  tu  excite  electric  action. 

"  water-baylage,  s.    (See  extract.) 

'•  Wiit''r-hiiijlii'ji^,  .» tax  demanded  upon  all  t^ooda  by 
the  Cay,  iitiiHjited  and  exported."— /"ez-ii*  ■  IHar^. 
Jan,  -0.  166»-'J. 

water-bean,  ^^. 

Bot.  (PL):  The  order  Nelumbiacese  (q.v,). 
(Liiidle7j.) 

water-bearer,  5. 

AslroH.  :  Aquarius  (q.v.). 

water-bearing,  s. 

Mach.  :  A  eontrivance  in  which  water  nr 
steam  pressure  is  employed  to  counterbalance 
the  downward  ]'ressure  upon  a  rotating  shaft, 
thereby  obviating  Uiction. 

water-bears,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  Sloth -animalcules  (q.v,). 


water-bed,  $. 

1.  A  iwd  eoniposed  of  wat«r,  inclosed  in  a 
caoutchouc  cjise.  On  thi.s  bed  all  seusibia 
pressure  on  any  part  of  the  body  is  removed. 
so  that  bed-sores  are  averted,  and  great  relief 
from  suffering  afforded. 

*  2.  A  bed  on  board  ship. 

•'  I  w.'ui  forced  to  return*  to  my  water-bed. " Sand jfl : 
Tnivts.  \:  2T. 

water -beetles,  s.  pi. 

F.ntiviu  :  The  llydradcphnga  (q.v.). 

water-bellows,  ^.  a  form  of  blowing- 
inacliinc  cunsisting  of  two  or  more  inverti-d 
vessels  suspended  from  the  ends  uf  a  working- 
beam,  and  alternately  rising  and  falling  tii 
the  cisterns,  which  are  nearly  full  of  water. 
Induction  and  eduction  pipes  pass  from  btdow 
upward  into  the  cisterns,  their  upper  n|H'n 
ends  being  above  the  level  of  the  water.  Thu 
induction-pipes  have  valves  on  the  top,  and 
the  eduction-pipes  have  valves  at  the  buttum, 
so  that  the  air  cannot  pass  in  the  wrong  di- 
rection. 

water-betony.  s. 

Bot.:  Scrophularia  a^iuatica.    (Prior.) 

Water-betony  moth  : 

Entom. :  A  British  Night-moth,  Cucullia 
scrophulari^v.  Fore-wings  pale  ochre,  with  a 
dark-brown  stripe,  tlie  hinder  margin  with 
two  whitish  crescents.  Caterpillar  greenish- 
white,  feeding  on  Scrophularia  nodosa  and 
^'.  uiiuatica,  &c. 

water- bewitched,  s.  A  term  applied 
to  any  very  weak  liquid  or  greatly  diluted 
drink. 

"  As  for  the  broth,  it  w.v»  nothing  but  a  little  water- 
bewitched."— Bailey  .   Apoph.  of  Erasmus,  p.  376. 

water-birds,  s.  i)l. 

Omith.  :  A  general  term  for  the  Wading 
and  Swimming  Birds  taken  together. 

water-blinks,  s. 

Bot.  :  Montia  fontana. 

water-boatmen,  s.pl.    [NoTONEcriD^.] 

water-borne,  a.  Borne  by  the  water ; 
floated  ;  having  water  sufficient  to  float. 

water-bosh,  s.  A  metallic  basin  in  a 
puddling  or  boiling  furnace,  which  is  made 
double,  so  that  water  may  circulate  there- 
through to  protect  the  furnace  from  the  de- 
structive action  of  heat  and  cinder. 

water-bottle,  s.  a  glass  toilet- bot  tie  ; 
a  bottle  for  holding  water  at  table. 

nrater-brash,  s.  A  form  of  indigestion  ; 
called  also  Water-qualm.     [Pyrosis.] 

'  water  -  break,  s.  a  little  wave;  a 
ripple. 

"  Dancing  down  thy  water-breaks." 

Wordsworth:  Sonnets. 

xvater-bridge,  5. 

steam. :  A  low  vertical  partition  at  the  back 
of  a  furnace  to  deflect  the  flame  upward. 

water-buck,  water-antelope,  a. 

Zool.  :  Kobiis  ellipsipr)jm.nus,  a  large  ante- 
lope from  South  Africa.  Ground  colour  dark 
rusty  iron-gray  or  grayi.sh-brown,  with  an 
ftliptical  white  patch  near  the  root  of  the  tail, 
it  stands  about  four  fet-t  and  a  half  high  at 
the  shoulders. 

water-buckler,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  liydiopeUis  (q.v,), 

water-budget,  water-bouget,  5. 

Her. :  \  heraldic  device  intended  to  repre- 
sent a  vessel,  or  rather  two 
vessels,  connected  by  a  yoke, 
anciently  used  by  soldiers  for 
carrying  water  in  long  marches 
and  across  deserts  ;  and  also 
by  water-carriers  to  convey 
water  from  the  conduits  to 
the  houses  of  the  citizens.  It 
is  a  bearing  frequent  in  Eng- 
lish coat-armour.     [Bouoet.] 

water-bugs.  s.  pi. 

Entom. :  A  poiuilar  name  for  the  Hjsdrocores 

(q.v.), 

water-butt,  s.  A  large  open-headed  cask, 
usually  set  upon  end  in  an  outhouse  or  close 
to  a  dwelling,  and  serving  as  a  reservoir  for 
rain  ur  pump-water. 

water -caltraps  or  caltrops,  s. 

BoL  :  The  genus  Trapa  (q.v.). 


WATER- BU  DO  Sr. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  ceU,  cborns,  9hln,  benQb;  go,  gem:  tbln,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  e^t,     ing. 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zbun,    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  sbus.    -ble,  -die.  &c  =  bel,  del. 


504 


water 


water-can,  5. 

I'-iUiity  : 

(1)  Nuphar  tuUti.  So  nainctl  from  tlie  shape 
of  tlie  sewl-vessels.    (Prior.) 

(2)  Niimph<ra  ulba.    (Britten  tt  Holland.) 
water-canker,  s. 

I'iithvl.  :  L'loerative  stomatitis.    [Noma.] 

water-carpet,  a-. 

K'lt'-nii. :  A  Itiitish  geomet<?r  moth.  Cidaria 
miffumata,  of  which  two  varieties  exist.  The 
fore  winjis  i"  holh  are  very  glossy,  the  former 
with  two  thf  latter  witli  one  shade  of  brown. 

water-carriage, »-. 

1.  Tmnsportatiou  or  conveyance  by  water. 
■  2.  Jliaiis  of  conveyance  by  water;  a  vessel 
orl^oat. 

water  carrier,  ■^. 

1.  One  who  conveys  water  from  the  con- 
duits, wells,  Ac,  to  the  houses  of  the  citizens. 

2.  A  form  of  wat«r-elevator  in  whieli  the 
bucket  lifted  from  the  well  or  cistern  is  trans- 
ported »)u  wires  to  the  liouse  at  a  considerable 
distance. 

3.  A  grip  or  furrow  for  conveying  water 
over  land, 

■■Gri|i9  and  tciter^arriers  pervade  the  whole  area 
of  tbis  rivrr-lvuiii."— /•(cW,  Feb.  13, 18M. 

water-cart,  s.  A  cart  carrj'ing  water 
for  sale,  or  for  watering  streets,  gardens, 
Ac.  In  the  latter  ease  it  contains  a  large 
tank,  at  the  end  of  wliich  runs  a  pipe  per- 
forated with  small  holes,  through  which  the 
water  is  sprinkled  on  the  streets,  &c. 

water-caslE,  s.  A  large  strong,  hooped 
baiTel,  used  in  sliips  for  holding  water  for  use 
on  board. 

'  water-caster,  .'^.    A  urinalist  (q.v.). 

•"  A  face  with  rubies  mixed  like  alai/aster. 
Wastes  macb  in  pbysicke  and  Iter  water-caxter." 
Taylor  {The  Water -poet). 

water-cement,  s.  A  cement  which  pos- 
sesses the  projjerty  of  hardening  under  water, 
and  is  therefore  employed  in  structures  which 
are  built  under  water,  and  also  for  lining 
cisterns,  coating  damp  walls  on  basement 
stories,  ir. 

w^ater-cbats,  s.  pi. 

Ontitli.  :  Swainson's  name  for  the  Fluvi- 
colin*  (q.v.). 

water-cbestnut,  s. 

Hot.  ;  Trapa  naUms.  The  English  name  is 
translated  from  the  French  Marron  d'eau. 

water-chickweed,  s. 

Bo!.  :  Movl'w  JnaUmn. 

water -chrysolite,  s.    [Bottle-stoke.] 
water-cicadas,  «.  pi. 

Entom. :  Tin.-  ^ame  as  Water-boatmes. 
(Swaiiison.) 

water-clock,  s.  An  instrument  to  indi- 
cate the  tiiii'-  by  the  passage  of  water  into  or 
from  a  \'e.s?;tl.     (Clepsvdka.] 

water-closet,  s.  A  commode  with  water 
supply  to  flush  the  basin,  carry  off  the  con- 
tents, and  prevent  the  rise  of  sewer-gas. 

water-colour,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  colour  carefully  ground  up  with  water 
and  isinglass,  or  other  mucilage,  instead  of 
oil.  Water-colours  are  often  prepared  in  the 
form  of  small  cakes  dried  hard,  which  can  be 
ru>)bed  on  a  moistened  palette  when  wanted. 
Moist  water-colours  in  a  senu-fluid  state  are 
also  used.  They  are  generally  kept  in  metal 
tubes,  which  preserve  them  from  becoming 
dry  and  liard. 

"  Such  water-colourt.  to  impaint  his  cause." 

:ihaMeip. :  l  Henry  IV..  v.  l. 

2.  A  water-colour  painting. 

"The  icater-cotourt  exhibited  by  Mr.  Gifford  are 
remarkable  for  nicely  of  observation."— Scr/iHer's 
Magazine.  Sept.,  18T8.  p.  313. 

B.  As  adj. :  Painted  or  executed  in  water- 
colours. 

Wattr-colmtr  painting  : 

1.  The  art  of  painting  in  water-colours. 

2.  A  painting  executed  in  water-colours. 

water-colourist.  water-colorist,  s. 

One  who  piaints  in  water  coloins. 

■■  Instead  of  hazarding  agaiu  his  reputation  as  a 
irate r-folorift  after  the  success  of  last  year."— Scr/it- 
fier't  iiifjazine.  Sept.,  16T8.  p.  313, 


water-coliunn,  .":.  A  column  or  pillar 
i.f  water. 

"  Kisiiij:  like  water-ciUtmtu  from  the  sea  " 

ISyrou  :  VhUde  Harold,  iv.  \i. 

water-course,  .*;.    [Watercoubse.] 

water-craft,  s.  Vessels  or  boats  plying 
OI:  wali-i. 

t  water-crake,  s. 

Ornith.:  The  Water-ousel  (q.v.).  (IVillughby : 
Ornithology  (cd.  Kay),  p.  141t.) 

water-crane,  >■-  A  goose-neck  apparatus 
for  supplying  water  from  an  elevated  tank  to 
the  ten<ler  of  a  locomotive-engine. 

t  water-crow,  s. 

Uni  ititology  : 

1.  [See  extract  under  Ousel,  s.,  %  (2)J. 

2.  IWater-turkry.] 
water-crowfoot,  ■''. 

Bot. :  Ranu7icnhis  aqnatilis.  The  stein  is 
submersed,  the  leaves  beneath  the  water  being 
capillaceously  multifid,  those  which  float  txilid 
nr  tripartite,"  with  cut  or  crenat«d  lobes,  tlie 
petals  white.  Common  in  lakes,  ponds,  and 
ditelies.  flowering  from  May  to  August. 

water-cup,  s. 

Bot.  :  Tlie  genus  Hydrocotyle  (q.v.). 

water-cure,  s.  The  same  as  Hydro- 
pathy (q.v.). 

water-deck,  5. 

Mil. :  A  painted  piece  of  canvas  used  for 
covering  the  saddle  and  bridle,  girths,  iic.  of 
a  dragoon's  horse.     (Amiaiulale.) 

water-deer,  s. 

Zool. :  Hydropotes  inerniis,  a  small  deer  from 
China.  It  is  about  the  size  of  the  Muntjac 
(q.v.),  which  it  resembles  in  having  the  n]ii)er 
canines  developed  into  tusks,  but  there  is  uu 
tuft  on  the  head.     Colour  light  red-biown. 

water-deerlet,  s. 

Zool. :  Tragiilus  aguaticiis,  from  Sierra  Leone 
and  the  Gambia  district.  Coat  deep  glossy 
brown,  with  longitudinal  white  stripes,  and 
irregularly  spotted  with  white. 

water-deity,  5.   , 

Anthrop. :  A  deity  supposed  to  preside  over 
-some  rivei-,  sea.  or  lake.  (See  extract  under 
Water- WORSHIPPER.) 

water-demon,  5. 

Anthrop. :  A  demon  supposed  to  inhabit 
the  water.  (See  extract  under  Water-kelpie.) 

water-devil,  s. 

Entom.  :  Hydrous  or  Hydrophilus  picens. 
So  named  apparently  from  its  large  size,  its 
}>itchy  colour,  and  its  predatory  tendencies. 

water-dock,  .';. 

Bot.  :  Runicx  Hydrolapathum,  a  large,  erect 
blanched  dock,  three  to  six  feet  high,  growing 
in  Britain  in  ditches  and  by  river-sides. 

*  water-doctor,  s. 

1.  A  uriualist  (q.v.). 

2.  A  hydropathist. 
water-dog,  s. 

1.  A  dog  accustomed  to  the  water,  and 
liaving  considerable  swimming  powers  ;  speci- 
lically,  a  water-spaniel  (q.v.). 

2.  A  name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  United 
States  to  various  species  of  salamanders. 

3.  A  name  for  small,  irregular,  floating 
clouds  in  a  rainy  season,  supposed  to  indicate 
rain.    (Prov.  &.  Scotch.) 

i.  A  sailor,  especially,  an  old  sailor ;  an  old 
salt.    (Colloq.)    [Sea-doo,  3.] 

water-drain,  5.  A  drain  or  channel  for 
carrying  off  water. 

water-drainage,  s.  The  draining  off  of 
water. 

water-dressing,  s. 

Sury.:  The  treatment  of  wounds  and  ulcers 
by  the  application  of  water,  or  of  dressings 
saturated  with  water  only. 

water-drop,  $.  A  drop  of  water  ;  hence, 
a  tear,     (Skakesp. :  Lear,  ii.  4.) 

water-dropwort,  s.    [CEnanthe.] 

water-elder,  s. 

Bot.:  VihurnuviOpnlus.  (Prior.)  [Gl'elder- 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  fall ;  try. 


water -elephant,  .-^.    A  name  sometiniL'S 

jiivtMi  U'  riir  liippopntamus. 

^vater-elevator,  :i. 

1.  A  contrivance  for  raising  buckets  in 
wells.     The  forms  are  various. 

2.  An  elevator  for  warehouses  and  otiier 
buildings,  operated  by  water  acting  through 
the  medium  of  gravity  or  by  hydraulic  pres- 
-sure. 

water-engine,  ^':. 

1.  An  engine  driven  by  water,  as  a  water- 
wheel.  The  term  is  somewhat  more  defmitely 
applied  to  an  engine  in  which  water  under 
jiiessure  of  a  head  acts  upon  a  j'iston. 

2.  An  engine  to  raise  water. 

water-ermine,  s. 

Entom. :  A  Briti.sh  Tiger  moth,  ^rc(w  iirtimt. 
Wings  white,  the  fore  pair  each  with  a  black 
dot ;  head  and  thorax  white,  body  yellow, 
the  tip  snowy  white,  with  a  row  of  black 
spots  down  the  back  and  one  on  each  .side. 
Caterpillar  black,  very  liairy.  It  feeds  in 
marshy  places  on  mint,  willow-herb,  &c.,  con- 
cealing itself  on  the  under  .side  of  the  leaves. 
The  moth  appears  in  June. 

water-featherfoil,  '. 

Bot. :  Hottonia  palustris.     (I'nor.) 

water-fennel,  s. 

Botany  : 

1.  (Eiianthe  Phellandrinin.    (Prior.) 

2.  Callitriche  verua.     (Britten  £  Holland.) 

[WATi':R-STARWORT.] 

water-fern,  s. 

Bot.:  (1)  Osmvnda  reyalis;  (2)  Ceratopteris 
thalictroides.  Its  fronils  are  boiled  and  eaten 
in  the  Indian  Archipelago. 

water-fight,  s.     a  naval  engagement. 

■■-Such  .1  v.irious  and  floating  water-iight."— Milton : 
Bist.  EiiijUiiiii.  bli.  ii. 

water-fire,  s. 

Bot. :  Bergia  amvianioldcs,  a  species  of  water- 
pepper  found  on  the  border-s  of  Indian  tanks. 
The  trivial  name  is  translated  from  the  Tamil 
^eer-mel-ne  ripoo. 

water-flag,  s. 

Bot.  :  Iris  Pseudaconis. 

water-flannel,  s. 

Bot^Jiy: 

1.  Conferva  crispato,  one  of  the  Confervas 
forming  beds  of  entangled  tiiaments  on  the 
sui'face  of  water.     [Crow-silk.] 

2.  Water-net  (q.v.). 

water-flea,  s. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
Branchiopoda  (q.v.). 

water-float,  s.  a  device  in  a  cistern, 
boiler,  &c.,  which,  floating  on  the  water, 
actuates  a  valve. 

\irater-flood,  -■'■.  A  flood  of  water ;  an 
inundati'iii, 

water-flower,  .s. 

Bot.  :  Gtinn  rindt'.    (Britten  d;  Holland.) 

'  water-flowing,  «.  Flowing  like  water ; 
streaming. 

■■  My  mercy  dried  their  mater -Jiowing  tears-* 

Shakesp.  :  S  ffeitrg  VI.,  iv.  8. 

water-fly,  s. 

1.  DrdiiMii ;t  Language  <t  EiUonwlogy : 

(1)  The  genus  Perla  (q.v.).  Applied  loosely 
to  any  winged  insect  frequenting  the  surface 
of  water. 

(2)  The  genus  Gyrinus  (q.v.). 

•  2.  Fig.  :  Used  as  an  emblem  of  emptiness 
aud  vanity. 

"Dost  know  this  icater-Jlj/ f  "— Shakesp. :  Hamlet. 
V.  2. 

water-fowl,  d. 

1.  A  bird  that  frequents  the  water,  or  lives 
about  rivers,  lakes,  or  in  or  near  the  sea ;  an 
aquatic  fowl.  The  term  is  generally  applied 
to  web-footed  birds,  but  is  also  used  of 
herons,  plovers,  and  other  birds  that  frequent 
rivers,  lakes,  and  the  sea-shore. 

2.  Such  birds  collectively  ;  wild  fowl. 

*  ivater-fox,  s.  A  name  given  to  the 
carp,  on  account  of  its  sujiposed  cunning. 

".As  the  carp  is  accounted  the  water-fox  for  his 
cuniiiiig.su  the  roach  is  Hceounted  the  water-sheep." 
—  IValtun:  Angler. 

pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 

Syrian,    ae.  oe  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


water 


505 


water- ftame,  s.  a  nnme  given  to  the 
spiiiiiiiii^-jcniiy,  fruiii  tbe  fact  that  at  tlrst  it 
was  (Iiiveii  by  wutt-r. 

'  water-ftirrow,  v.t.  To  drain  hy  draw- 
ing; fmrnws  ;iLriiss  the  ridyes  in  tlic  h)west 
piirt  uf  tlie  j^ruiind. 

■'  H'atfr-ftirrote  tliy  Brintiid. 
That  rniue.  wheo  it  cuiaetb,  uiiiy  run  Mwny  ruuml." 
Tuuer:  Jluttnitntrie,  p.  46. 

water-farrow,  s. 

Agric. :  A  channel,  fuiTow.  or  jj;i'ip  for  con- 
ducting water  IVdiii  tlie  land  ;  a  watercourse. 
water-gage.  s.    iWatkr-galge.] 

i^'ater  gall,  ■. 

1.  A  ravjiy  iii:ide  in  the  earth  by  a  torrent 
of  wat^Ji". 

2.  An  apiicarance  in  the  sky  known  from 
experieni^  to  presage  the  appi-oaeh  of  rain  ; 
a  i-ainbow-coloured  spot  ;  an  imperfectly 
funned,  or  a  secondary  rainbow;  a  weather- 
gull. 

"  These  »ater-gnU»  .  .  .  foretell  new  storms. 

Shakcsp.  :  Jiape  of  tacrece,  1,589. 

water- gang.  5.  A  trench  oi-  course  for 
coiivfyiii;^'  a  sticani  of  water. 

water-gas,  s.  Gas  obtained  by  the  de- 
cmiipusitinii  <if  water.  Water  in  the  form  of 
sltam  is  passed  over  red-hot  coke,  resolving 
it  into  hydrogen  and  carbonic  oxide,  the 
oxygen  being  absorbed.  The  hydrogen  and 
carbonic  oxide  are  then  passed  through  a 
retort,  in  which  carbonaceous  matter,  such  as 
resin,  is  undergoing  decomposition,  absorbing 
therefrom  suthcient  carbon  to  render  it  lu- 
minous when  burnt. 

water-gate,  *-.    A  water  plug  or  valve. 

water-gauge,  » 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  wall  or  bank  to  restrain 
or  hold  back  water. 

2.  Steam-titfiLn.  :  An  instrument  or  attach- 
ment to  a  steam-boiler  to  indicate  the  depth  of 
water  therein. 

water-gavel,  5. 

Law:  A  rent  paid  for  lisliing  or  any  other 
benefit  derived  from  some  river. 

water-germander,  s. 

Hot.  :  Tcttcriiihi  ScordLuui. 

water-gilder,  s.  One  who  practises  the 
art  of  water-gilding  (q.v.). 

water-gilding,  s.  A  mode  of  gilding 
by  an  amalgam  in  which  the  articles  are 
jiickled  and  then  dipped  in  or  brushed  with  a 
dilute  solution  of  nitrate  of  mercury  and  gold, 
called  quick-water,  which  leaves  a  tjlni  of 
amalgam  on  the  surface.  After  dipping,  the 
articles  are  exposed  to  heat  in  a  cage  within  a 
furnace,  and  the  iticicuiy  is  thus  driven  otf. 
The  gold  surface  is  then  polished  with  a  blood- 
stone burnislier. 


water- gladiole,  6. 

Lot.  :  Tlie  g'-ims  Butomus, 


(Gerarde.) 


water-glass,  »-. 

•  1,  A  water  clock  or  clepsydra. 
2.  Soluble  glass  (q-V.). 
water-god,  s. 

Anthiup. :  (fiee  extract). 

"  Divine  spriugs.  streams,  and  lakes,  water-spirits, 
deities  concenied  with  tiie  olouds  and  Dtiii,  are  Ire- 
■lut^iit,  and  many  detnils  uf  tbeiii  are  cited  here,  but  1 
luive  not  ftuocceiled  iu  finding  auione  the  lower  races 
any  divinity  wlmse  attributes,  fairly  criticised,  will 
tibow  bini  ur  her  to  be  an  original  and  absulute  elt;- 
luentiil  \yiiter-<fod."—Tylor:  Prim,  Cult.  fed.  IST^),  ii. 
aT4. 

water-gruel,  s.  A  liquid  food  composed 
of  wal'M-  and  a  small  portion  of  me^l  or  other 
farinaccvuis  substance  boiled  and  seasoned 
with  salt. 

"  I  cmld  eat  inatey-gruel  with  thee  a  mouth  fur  this 
jest,"— ^e»i  Joiison  :  CynOiia's  Heve!»,  ii  1. 

water-gut,  s. 

hot. :  The  genus  Enteromorpha  (<i.v.). 

water-hammer,  s.    (See  extract.) 

"Ill  ;i  v;iuiiiiin.  )i'>At;ver.  Uqiiids  fall  like  solids 
without  si-iJiiniliuii  *ii  tlieir  uiokcults.  The  water- 
hi/nirwr  illiintratcji  this:  the  iuatrunieiit  coii^iists  of  a 
thick  ifliiss  tube  about  a  foot  long.  IihU  tilled  with 
WHter,  the  air  having'  t>eeii  expelled  by  ebullition 
previous  to  closiin;  one  extremity  with  the  blow-pipe. 
When  HUch  a  tube  is  sudiltiity  invttted,  the  water 
falls  ill  one  undivided  iiia&s  against  the  other  ex- 
tremity of  the  tube,  and  iipMJucea  a  sharp,  dr>  Bound. 
re>iemblink,' tliat  ^^ltl<T)t  uccomiJJinies  the  shock  of  two 
Buiid  bi'ilies."— .1  tkiiiMni :  Garwft  Physia,  %  77. 

water-hemlock,  s. 

Hot. :  The  genus  Cicnta  (q.v.). 


water-hemp,  s. 

Hot. :  Bidens  trtparliUi. 
ll'ater'hemp  agrinwtiy  : 
not. :  (1)  (Water-hemp.]     (2)  The   Uemp- 
agriniony  (q.v.). 

water-hen,  s. 

Ornith. :  linllintUus  ckloropus,  generally  dis- 
Iributfd  tliroughout  the  British  Islands,  and, 
as  a  rule,  resident.  l>ength  of  male  about 
thirteen  iuehe?^;  back,  wings,  rump,  and  tail 
rich  dark  olive-browu ;  head,  neck,  breast, 
and  sides  dark  slate-gray ;  thighs  and  Hanks 
streaked  with  white  ;  belly  and  vent  grayish 
white ;  under  tail-coverts  white  ;  beak  yellow- 
isli,  becoming  red,  as  Pennant  notes,  isi  th« 
breeding  season  ;  naked  patch  ou  forehead 
red;  red  garter  above  tarsal  joint;  legs  and 
toes  gieenish-yellow,  elaws  dark-brown.  The 
ftinaie  rather  larger  and  more  vividly-coloured 
than  the  mah'.  They  frequent  ponds  covered 
with  aquatic  herbage,  overgrown  watercourses, 
and  the  banks  of  slow  rivers,  swinmiing  and 
diving  with  facility,  assisted  by  an  expansion 
ot*  t!i'-  iiH-iiibraiie  along  the  sides  uf  the  toe.s. 

water  hog,  ^. 

Zoologif : 

1.  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of  Pota- 
mocho;rus  (q.v.). 

"The  species  of  Potamochocrus  freiiueut  swampy 
grouDda,  luid  aoinetimes  receive  the  name  of  water- 
/log.'—Chamben's  Encyi:,  (ed.  I8fi8),  3C  73. 

2.  The  genus  Hydrochoirus  (q.v.). 
water-hole,  s. 

Miniioj:  A  sump  (q.v.) 
water-horehound,  s. 

Bot.  :  LyLopus  eitropifus. 

water-horsetail,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Chara  (q.v.). 
water-hyssop,  &-. 

Bot.  :  tlraliula  officinalis. 
water-inch,  •;. 

Hiidio.nl. :  A  measure  of  water  equal  t>i  the 
quantity  disebarged  iu  the  twenty-four  hours 
through  a  circub,r  opening  of  one  inch  dia- 
meter leading  from  a  reservoir  under  the  least 
pressure,  that  is  when  the  water  is  only  so 
high  as  to  cover  the  oritice.  This  quantity 
is  500  cubic  feet  very  nearly. 

water  -  indicator,  s.     A  water-gauge 
(q-v.). 
water  injector,  «.      A  form  of  pump 

used  nil  stt.-aiii  liuileis. 

water-kelple,  s. 

Aiithiop,  ;  A  water-spirit  (q.v.). 

"That confusion  between  the  spiritual  water-deiuou 
and  the  material  water-monster,  which  runs  ou  into 
the  midstof  European  mythology  in  such  conceptions 
its  that  of  the  wnter.kf.lpte  and  the  sea-serpeut." — 
Tutor:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1&731,  U.  210. 

'  water-lade,  s.    A  gutter,  a  drain. 

"The  icatcr-laUcs  [were]  stopped  op."—/'.  Bolland 
C'tintdeii,  \i.  'i\. 

water-laid,  «.  Coiled  "against  the  sun," 
that  is,  over  to  the  left :  as,  a  wattr-laid  rope. 

water-leaf,  s. 

Bot.  :  (1)  The  genus  Hydrophylluin  ;  (2) 
Rhodynieiila  pahnutu. 

water-leg.  •;.  A  vertical  water-tube  in  a 
steam-boiler,  connecting  otlier  water-spaces, 
and  crossing  a  flue-space  by  which  its  con- 
tents are  heated. 

water-lemon,  .^. 

Bot.:   i'(U^.^iJloni  lanrijhiin. 

water-lentil,  water-lens,  ^^. 

Bot.  :  The  -ei.ns  Lenma  (q.v.). 

water-lettuce,  s-. 

Bot.  :  rhtl'i  stratiotes.     (U'c.^t  Indian.) 

water-level.  >. 

1.  Tlie  level  formed  by  the  surface  of  still 
watei'. 

2.  A  levelling  instrument  in  which  water  is 
employed  in.stead  of  spirit.  It  consists  of  a 
metal  tube,  bent  at  both  ends,  in  which  are 
ntted  glass  tubes.  It  is  placed  on  a  tripod, 
and  water  jioured  in  until  it  rises  in  both  legs. 
When  the  liquid  is  at  rest,  the  level  of  the 
water  in  >i(.th  tubes  is  the  same  ;  that  is,  they 
are  botli  in  Tin-  same  horizontal  plane. 

water  lily,  ^. 

Lot.:  Tlie  popular  name  for  various  plants  of 


the  order  Nympha-acea*,  the  resemb^ance  ol 
whi«-h  to  tlic  Liliuni,  or  true  lily  genus,  is  not 
chise.  Ili'-y  belli;;  cxogenousand  it  endogenoHs. 
The  White  Water-lily  in  SympluKt  alba,  tlie 
Yellow  Water-lily,  Nnphtir  lutfo. 
"  When'HiiK'ii^t  the  vnttfr-lili^ 
I'iabiK-kuh.  the  lirNUt.  wvre  Miiliiig." 

lAnis/Mlow :  Hiawittha.  xvlL 

w^atcr-lime,  >.    Hydraulic  lime. 

water  line,  ^. 

1.  -^hiphnUd.  :  (Jiieof  the  ship's  lines  drawn 
parallel  with  the  surface  of  the  water,  at 
varying  heights.  In  tlie  sheer  plan  they  are 
straight  and  horizontal ;  in  the  half-breadth 
plan  they  show  the  form  of  the  ship  at  the 
successive  heights  marked  by  the  water-lines 
iu  the  sheer  plan.     |  Key-model.] 

2.  Naut.  :  The  line  up  t')  which  the  hull  of 
a  vessel  is  submerged  in  the  water. 

water-lizards,  &-.  pi. 

Zout. :  The  ."Stnuitorida;  or  Vamnidie  (q.v.). 
water-locust,  s. 

Bot. :  fJkditsrhia  monosperma^  the  Suump 
Locust-tree  (q.v.). 

water-lotus,  s. 

Bot. :  Ndiuuhinin  speciosum. 

water-lute,  j.    An  air-trap  (q.v.). 

water-mark,  s. 

I.  Oidinaiif  Lnngiutyc: 

1,  The  mark  or  limit  of  the  rise  <d  a  flood  ; 
the  mark  indicating  the  rise  aud  fall  of  the 
tide. 

2.  The  same  as  W.\ter-line  (q.v.). 

IL  I'aper-makiiig :  Any  distinguishing  de- 
vice or  devices  indelibly  stamped  in  the  sub- 
stance of  a  sheet  of  paper  while  yet  in  a  damp 
or  pulpy  condition.  The  device  representing 
the  water-mark  is  stamped  in  the  tine  wire 
gauze  of  the  nmuld  itself.  The  design  is 
engraved  on  a  block,  from  which  an  electro- 
type impression  is  taken  ;  a  matrix,  or  mould, 
is  similarly  formed  from  this.  These  are  sub- 
.sequently  mounted  up<^in  blocks  of  lead  or 
guttapercha,  to  enable  them  to  withstand  the 
necessary  pressure,  and  serve  as  a  caineo  and 
intaglio  die,  between  which  the  sheet  of  wire 
gauze  IS  placed  to  receive  an  impression  in  a 
stamping-press.  The  water-marks  used  by 
the  earlier  paper-makers  have  given  names  to 
several  of  the  present  standaid  sizes  of  paper, 
as  poi,  foolscap,  crown,  elephant,  fan,  post, 
the  last  dating  from  the  year  UJTO  (when  a 
general  post-office  was  established  iu  England), 
and  formerly  bearing  the  device  of  a  post- 
man's horn ;  the  lirst  was  in  use  at  least  as 
early  as  lo30. 

"  The  waCer-uuirk  on  Mr.  Deuisun's  manuM;rtpt  con- 
sists of  an  open  ha.iiil."~Athen<Bum,  May  a.  1634,  p.  563. 

water-meadow,  ^■.  a  meadow  capable 
of  bting  kept  111  a  ^tate  of  fertility  by  lieing 
flooded  with  water  at  certain  seasons  from 
au  adjoining  stream.  Generally  applied  to 
meadows  interseeted  by  channels,  which,  by 
means  of  dams,  can  at  any  time  be  made  to 
overflow  the  land. 

*  crater-measure,  s.  A  measure  for- 
merly iu  use  for  articles  brought  by  water,  as 
coals,  oysteis,  &c.  The  busliei  iised  for  this 
purpose  was  larger  than  the  Winchester  bushel 
by  about  three  gallons. 

crater- measurer,  <. 

Eiitrnii.  {/v.);  A  booU-iiame  for  the  Hydro- 
metridie  (q.v.). 

water-melon,  ^. 

Bot. :  CitruHus  vulgaris  (=  CucHinis  Vitnd- 
lus).  The  leaves  are  deeply  lobed  and  gasherl ; 
the  fruit  large,  round,  with  a  spotted  rind; 
cold,  watery,  pink  or  white  flesh,  and  black 
see<ls.  It  is  cultivated  in  India,  China,  .bipan, 
the  Eastern  Peninsula,  Egypt.  6n'.,  for  its 
juice,  which  is  cool  and  refreshing,  l;ut  some- 
what insipid.  It  is  the  nielon  of  >5cripture. 
[Melon,  'J.J 

water-meter,  ^-. 

1.  A  contii\anee  for  measuring  the  aun-unt 
of  water  received  or  discliaiged  thr<»ugii  an 
oriflce.    There  are  numerous  varieties. 

2.  An  instrument  for  determining  theamount 
of  water  evaporated  in  a  given  time,  as  frmn  u 
steam-boiler. 

water-mice,  s.  pi. 

ZooL  :  The  genus  Hydromys  (q.v.),  some- 
times elevaUd  to  a  sub-lamily  (Ilydromyime). 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  ceU.  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  escpect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f, 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhiin.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -bl^,  -die,  ^c  =  bel,  deL 


50b 


water 


Thf  •»|irt"if»  an-  Mimll  mt-like  anhiml«  of  sleu- 
<kM   fcnii,  Willi  Inn-  tails  ami  short  limbs; 
tiHV".  i<arti!iUy  wt-ldK-il. 
water -milfoil,  >. 

/nif. :  Mt,n«jtfi>i!him  irrticUlatum. 

water-mill.  ^^^    A  mill  whose  inacliin^ry 

i>  iiH'V.-l  l-y  tl;*-  ai;ciicy  of  water. 

water-mint,  »'. 

/;..'.  .-  Mtfitlui  fi't'intica,  a  mint  having  th.- 
lf;i\«s  u\:ii.-,  serrale,  stalked,  the  flowers 
tU-n."*-'  ill  terminal  ohtuse  headii  or  spikes,  or 
miiiK-tiiiies  ill  rciuiitt-  axillary  whorls.  It  i^ 
fft'-inent  l>y  the  ^i^le  of  rivers  and  marshes  in 
Britain. 
water-mites.  ■:.  }>^.  [Hydrachsii>.\.] 
water  mocassin-snake,  ^.    (Watf.h- 

Vll'h  ii.  J 

water-mole.    -    iDickuill.) 

water- monster,  :^. 

1,  ijni.  l.iunj. :  Any  huge  mariiif  animal. 
(See  extract  under  Watkk-kelpik.) 

2.  Anthn^p.:  A  water-spirit  (q. v.). 

•■  AmoiiK  thp  Sirmx  IiidianB  it  is  'Uug-talie.'  tlie 
vnttrmofttrr.  tlint  drwwiia  his  victim*  lU  flood  iT 
rai>ul."— Tif'or.   t'rlm.  Citlf.  (cii.  1S73).  i.  110. 

water-moss,  -^■ 

Hot.  :   I'ontinali:^  a lUlpyretica. 

water-motor,  s.  An  application  of  the 
WHter-wheel  to  dimiestic  purposes,  .such  as 
running  sewing-machines,  organs,  &(^,  by 
watfr  from  tlie  CHstomary  mains.    (Avicr.) 

water-mnrrain,  s.  A  kind  of  murrain 
atlfctiii^'  cattle. 

water-net.  .^i. 

Hot.  :  ilitiiradictijon  ntricuUxtuvi,  a  confer- 
vuid  al^al,  constituting  a  tubular  net  with 
pi  iit;ii;<'iial  or  liexagoiial  meshes  and  vivipar- 
iiLis  articu!ation.s.  It  tloats  on  water.  Rare 
in  Eii'^land,  but  occurs  on  the  pond  in  the 
*.ll  Butaiiital  Gardens  at  Cambridge. 

water-newt,  5.    [Triton,  -2.] 

water-nixie,  ?.  a  water-spirit ;  an  elf 
iniiabiting  the  water.     {Prov.) 

■  The  shallowness  uf  a  water-nixie's  soul  may  have 
I  <  Irirm  until  she  lietwuiea  didjictic."— ff'-or^c  Eliot: 
JliMleinttrch.  ch.  Ixiv. 

water-nut,  *.    A  Singhara-nut  (q.v.). 
water-nymph,  s. 

1.  B<A.  :  Tlie  genus  Nyinphpea. 

2.  Mii'hnl.  :  A  naiad  (q.v.). 

water-opossum,  s.    [Yapock.] 

'  water-ordeal,  s.  An  ancient  form  of 
trial  by  means  of  water.    [Ordeal,  Witch.] 

water-ousel,  s.    [Ocskl,  5.,  U  f2).] 

water -oven,  s. 

f_7tf?».  .-  An  apparatus  employed  for  drying 
substanees,  at  or  near  the  teiuperature  of 
boiling  water,  without  the  vessel  containing 
them  coining  in  contact  with  the  vapour  of 
water,  as  in  the  case  of  the  open  water-bath. 
It  consists  usually  of  an  oblong  copper  vessel, 
surrounded  with  a  jncket  of  the  same  metal, 
the  intervening  space  being  nearly  filled  with 
water,  which  is  kept  continuously  at  the 
boiling-point  by  means  of  a  gas-burner  placed 
under  tlie  apparatus.  The  steam  gen'.'rated 
in  the  interior  is  condensed  by  passing  through 
a  lengthened  vertical  pipe,  by  means  of  which 
the  water  again  returns  to  the  vessel.  If  it 
is  desired  to  attain  a  heat  rather  over  10U%  a 
little  salt  is  dissoh  ed  in  the  water  contained 
in  the  apparatus. 

water-packer,  ?. 

}l'eU-b(>ring :  A  cap  on  the  top  of  a  pipe  to 
exclude  surface-water. 

water-padda,  s. 

/(■"/.  :  P.rericeps  gibbosns,  a  toad  from  the 
Cap.-  r>f  Good  Hope.  Upper  surface  with 
small  warts,  belly  granulate.  Brown  above, 
with  a  broad,  brownish-yellow,  serrated  dor- 
sal band  ;  an  obsolete  lateral  streak  of  the 
same  coUmr, 

water-parsnip,  5. 

Bui. :  sium  l"!ifii!iiiiii. 

•  water-parting,  a-,    a  watershed  (q.v.). 
water-pepper,  s. 

Dnfan,,: 

1.  Folygoninti  I!;id>'opiper. 


'2,  Klatine  Hydropii}er. 

3.  (/■'.):  The  Elatinaceje.    iLituHey.) 

water-pig.  5. 

/fun/.  .    I'lu'  genua  Hydrocha-rus  (q.v.). 

water-pillar,  s. 

1.  Oni.  Lang. :  A  waterspout  («i.v.). 

2.  Mttch. :  A  water-crane  (q.v.) 

water-pimpernel,  s. 

Bot.  :  Vcrnnlrd  lUxoilmnga.    (Brooklime.1 

water-pipe,  s.  A  pipe  for  the  convey- 
ance of  waier.     (Pipe,  s.] 

water-pipit,  5. 

Oruith. :  Anthiisspipoletta  (misprinted  sphio- 
letta  in  Linn.:  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12th,  i.  -iSS), 
.1  native  of  the  centre  and  south  of  Eurupc. 
north  Africa,  ranging  into  Asia  as  far  as 
China.  It  is  about  seven  inches  long  ;  plumage 
grayish-brown  above,  slightly  mottled  with 
darker  streaks  along  the  middle  of  each 
feather;  warm  vinaceous  buff  on  throat  and 
brejist,  becoming  lighter  on  belly.  A  few- 
specimens  have  strayed  to  Britain. 

water-pitcher,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Laiifj. :  A  pitcher  for  holding  water. 

2.  Pot.  (PL):  A  popular  name  for  the  8ar- 
raeeniace;t  (q.v.).  Named  from  the  pitchers 
ronstitnted  by  the  hollow  urn-shaped  petioles. 

water-plant,  s. 

Bot. :  A  plant  growing  in  the  water,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  terrestrial  and  an  aerial 
plant. 

water-plantain,  s. 

Bot. :  Altsuia  Plantago. 

water-plate,  s.  A  plate  with  a  double 
bottom  liiled  with  hot  water  to  keep  food 
warm. 

"This  kiud  ui  dish  above  all.  requires  ti>  be  served 
up  hot.  or  sent  off  in  water-plates,  that  your  friend 
in;iy  have  it  ahnost  as  warm  as  yourself."— C.  Lamb 
Essays  of  Elia  ;  Distant  Correspondence. 

water-platter,  s. 

But.:  Victoria  regia. 

water-poise,  s.  A  hydrometer,  or  in- 
strument for  ascertaining  the  speeitie  gravity 
of  different  liquids. 

water-pot,  s. 

1.  A  vessel  for  holding  or  conveying  water. 

"  There  were  set  six  water-pots  of  atone."— yoftn  ii.  6. 

2.  A  watering-pot. 

*  3.  A  chamber-pot. 

water-power,  ^.  The  power  of  water 
employed,  or  capable  of  being  employed,  as  a 
prime  mover  in  machinery. 

water-pox,  s. 

PathU.:  Varicella  (q.v.). 

water -press,  ^.  A  hydrostatic-press 
(q.v.). 

water-privilege,  s. 

1,  The  right  to  use  running  water  to  turn 
machinery. 

2.  A  stream  or  body  of  water  capable  of 
beitig  utilized  in  driving  machinery. 

ivater  -  propeller,  5.  A  rotarv-pump 
(q.v.). 

water -pump.  s.  An  air-pump  in  which 
a  falling  or  driven  body  of  water  is  made  the 
means  of  inducing  an  exhaust  current  of  air, 
or  air  and  steam,  from  a  room,  a  vacuum-pan, 
a  condenser,  &c. 

Water-purpie,  s.  Veronica  Beccahungu, 
found  in  moist  places.  [Brooklime.]  Ac- 
cording to  Jamieson,  the  latter  element  in 
the  compound  has  reference  to  the  colour  of 
the  flowers.    {Scotch.) 

water-purslane.  .^. 

Bat.  :  The  genus  Peidis  (q.v.). 

■^  water  -  quake,  s.  A  disturbance  of 
water  prtKluced  by  vulcanic  action. 

"  Wittlesnii-re  .  .  .  duth  smnetiines  .  .  .  rise  teiii- 
pestuoiisly,  lift  it  were,  into  violent  wuter-nutiket."— 
P.  Holland:  Camden.  \>.  500, 

water-qualm,  s.  The  same  as  Water- 
brash  (q.v.). 

"  water-quintain,  5.  A  tilt  on  the  ice. 
{Utrutt.) 

water-rabhit,  s. 

Zool. :  Lcpu6  vqnaticus,a.n  American  species, 


most  abundant  in  the  swampy  tracts  bi.rder- 
ingfpTi  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  in  the 
south-western  States,  whence  it  is  also  called 
the  Swamp  Hare.  It  is  an  excellent  swimmer, 
and  subsists  chiefly  on  the  roots  of  aquatic 
plants.  Fur  dark  grayish-brown  above,  white 
below,  coarse  in  texture  ;  ears  and  tail  long. 

water-radish,  s. 

Pot. :  i\ ' I !.t  11  rtiu in  aniphibinm,  a.  Britiah  plant, 
two  tn  fiiiir  feet  higli,  with  pinnatitid  leaves 
and  yellow  flowers,  growing  in  wet  places, 
and  flowering  from  June  to  September. 

water-roil,  .s. 

iji  iiiih. :  PoUw<  aqnotinis,  generally  dis- 
tributed over  Knrope,  and  fairly  common  in 
Britain,  though  not  often  seen,  from  its  shy, 
retired  liabits.  The  male  is  about  eleven 
inches  in  length,  female  somewhat  smaller; 
general  plumage  brown,  streaked  with  black  ; 
lores  and  eyebrows,  sides  of  face,  and  under- 
l)arts  slaty-gray.  It  frequents  marshes  and 
bogs,  aud  swims  and  dives  well,  but  is  bad  on 
the  wing.     It  is  a  delicious  bird  for  the  table. 

water-ram.  5.  A  machine  for  raising 
water  ;  a  hydraulic  ram. 

urater-rat.  s. 

Lit.  d:  Zool.  :  A  common  but  misleading 
I-'ipular  name  for  ArricoUi  amphiMus,  the 
Water-vole  (q.v.). 

water-rate,  s.    A  rate  or  charge  for  the 

supply  id"  uiitt-i. 

water-rattle,  ». 

Zool. :  Crotalu:^  adamavtens,  the  Diamond 
Rattlesnake.  It  often  reaches  eight  teet  in 
length ;  yellowish-brown  with  dark  brown 
spots,  belly  yellowish,  tail  black  or  barred 
with  black.  Found  in  damp  and  shady  places 
in  North  Carolina  and  Texas,  and  varieties  of 
it  range  into  California  and  Mexico.  It  is  ex- 
ceedingly poisonous. 

w^ater-reed.  ^^ 

Ji'jt.  :  The  yiiius  Arundo  (q.v.). 
water-retting,  s.    [RErriNc] 
water-rice,  .5. 

P-t.  :  //izaiiia  «<iuatica. 
water-rites,  s.pl. 

Anthrop.  :  Rites  connected  with  water-wor- 
ship (q.v,). 

"  Elsewhere  iu  Europe,  the  list  of  stiU-exiatiiig 
loater-ritcs  may  be  exteoded."  —  Tylor :  Prim.  ViUt. 
(ed.  I37al.  it  -214. 

water-rocket,  5. 

1.  Ord.  Lv.au. :  A  kind  of  firework  to  be  dis- 
charged in  the  water. 

2.  Bot, :  Sisymbrium  sylvestre. 
water-room,  ^. 

SteuiiL-eng.  :  The  space  in  a  steam-boiler  oc- 
cupied by  water,  as  distinct  from  that  which 
contains  steam. 

water-rose,  5. 

Eot. :  Nymphcca  alba :  (2)  Nuphar  httea. 

w^ater-rot,  i\t.  To  rot  or  ret  by  steeping 
iu  water. 

'  water-rug,  3.    A  species  of  dog. 

"  Shouijlis,  water-rugs  aud  demi wolves  are  clept 
All  by  the  name  of  dogs." 

atiakcsp.  :  Macbeth,  iii.  1- 

water-sail,  ;•-. 

Kaut.  :  A  sail  set  in  very  light  airs  and 
smooth  water,  below  the  lower  studding-sail 
booms  and  next  to  the  water. 

water- salamander,  ^-. 

Zool. :  A  Ufwt  (q.\ .). 

water -sallow,  .^.     [Water-willow.] 

water-sapphire,  s. 

Min. :  A  jeweller's  name  ftir  the  transparent 
variety  of  lolite  (q.v.),  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  Oriental  Sapphire  (Corundum). 

water -scorpions,  ■.  pi.  [Nepio.i:. 
N'epa.) 

water-screw,  5.  An  Archimedean  screw 
(q.v.). 

^vater-sheep,  :>'.  [See  extract  under 
Water-fox.] 

water-Shell,  s. 

Ordn. :  A  common  shell  or  cast-iron  cylinder 
filled  with  water,  into  which  is  fitted  a  small 
cylinder  containing  a  quarter,  or,  at  the  niost, 


&te,  fat,  f^e.  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib.  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    le,  00  —  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  —  kw. 


water 


607 


half  an  Huiu-i'  of  gim-cottou  ;  ii  is  Ihni  hn- 
iiioticiilly  sealed  ;  a  few  j;rain*  of  fiiliniiiati-  «»t" 
iiuTCiiry  are  pUicctl  between  the  ;riin-r(ttt(Mi 
anil  tlie  fuse,  and,  as  soon  as  the  I.itter  is 
liftod,  the  >hell  is  reatly  for  tiring. 

water-shield,  .-:. 

ISotnny: 

1.  The  genus  Hy<lnn»eltia. 

2.  (/'/.)■  Th'- order  Cabombacea;(q.v.X 
water-sboot,  .<:. 

1.  A  sprig  or  shoot  from  the  root  or  stock 
of  a  tree.    {Vwv.) 

2.  A  woodtMi  trough  for  discharging  water 
fronial.niMiii^'.    (dviU.) 

water-shrew.  .-<. 

KooL  :  Crossopus  fodii-iis,  cominon  over  the 
rontinent  of  Europe  as  far  north  ns  the  Baltie, 
I'Mind  in  many  parts  of  Britain.  Imt  not 
known  to  oceiir  in  Ireliind.  About  tliree 
inches  long,  tail  two  inches;  generally  black 
above  and  white  beneatli ;  but  there  is  great 
variation  in  the  colour  of  different  specimens, 
some  of  which  liave  been  described  as  distinct 
.sjHjcies.     [Oared-shrew.] 

*  water-shut,  .«.    A  well-cover. 

"  A  larK*".  wvll  juiiwred  stone,  which  he  would  cut 
Ti.  '4*'r\e  lin  rttyle,  nv  fur  some  trtitirr-x/nit." 

hrotrmr :  Sritttiiriia's  Pattorala. 

waterside.  .^■.    [Watersiue.) 
water-sky.  s.    [For  def.  see  extract.] 

"  Navigators  can  juilge  ff  the  extent  of  ice  beyoud 
the  horizf^n  by  -i  pecidinr  glistening  of  tlie  ntiuosiiben- 
knuwti  Jis  the  iLV-biink  ;  over  open  w.-^ter  theskj-looks 
dark  ami  in  known  as  tC'ttev-tkt/."—liipl<'ff  *  fiaiin  . 
Amer.  f'tjclop.,  xiit  tiS;;, 

water-Slater,  £. 

Znni.  :  The  -enus  Asellus. 

water-snail.  ■-:. 

1.  iliidr. :  A  si'iral  pump  (q.v.). 

2  Zool.  (PL):  A  general  name  for  snails 
inhabiting  water,  as  the  Lininreidse.  It  is 
oppo.seil  to  the  term  Laud  Snails,  ;is  the 
Helicida-. 

water-snake.  .":. 

Zoolofjij : 

1.  Tni}ilt!uit>-t''s  niiti-lx.     [SXAKE.] 

2.  Any  indivi.hial  of  the  Hydrophidie  (q.\'.). 

*  water-soak.  i\t.  To  soaU  or  fill  the 
inter.-- 1 ices  ot  uitli  waiter. 

water -socks.  ^. 

Bot.  :  Niim}<h  n,  ,ilh„.     (Britten  £■  Holland.) 

*  water-sodden,  c  Soaked  and  soft- 
■ened  in  watfi'. 

water-soldier,  n. 

B.'t'iuu: 

1.  The  genus  Stratiotes  (q.v.);  spec,  S. 
aloidf.<. 

2.  }''-*''i(  pt7-ntintr.'^.    (Loudon.) 

water -spaniel,  s.     [Spaniel.  A.  1.  (2).] 
water-speedwell,  j^. 
Bot.:  reronica  iiutritima. 
water-spider,  .«. 

1,  Kntnm. :  The  genus  Hydroinetra  (q.v.). 

2.  /on!. :  Tlie  Diving-spider  (q.v.).  Applied 
al.>u  to  any  of  the  Natantes  (q.v.). 

water-spike,  ';. 

Bot.  :  The  gt-nns  Potamogetoii  (q.v.). 
water-Spirit,  s. 

Avthrop. :  A  spirit  supposed  to  reside  in 
Jakes,  rivers,  and  the  sea.  Water-spirits  were 
believed  to  be  the  active  agents  in  all  cases 
of  drowning  and  shipwreek,  andtn  avenge  the 
rescue  of  drowning  persons  on  their  rescuers. 
Hence  arose  the  widespread  superstition  that 
it  was  unlucky  to  save  a  shipwrecked  person 
or  one  who  had  fallen  into  the  water.  (Cf. 
.Si'ott :  Pirate,  ch.  \-ii.)  The  belief  in  water- 
spirits  was  almost  universal  at  an  early  stage 
of  culture,  and  still  lingers  in  a  poetic  form 
on  the  liaiiks  of  the  Rhine.  (Cf.  Heine's 
Lorelei).  [Watku-wurship.  See  also  extract 
under  Waterman,  II.] 

"  From  tlii^  point  of  view,  it  is  ob\inits  that,  to 
)).-ir<::  a  sinking  man  is  to  anntch  a  victim  from  the 
vt-ry  clntches  of  tlie  toiiter-npirit,  a  rash  detiance  of 
<1tity  wbicb  wnuhl  hardly  pa&s  unavenged."— Tjiffor; 
thrinu  CuU.  led.  18::{),  i.  110. 

water-sprite,  s.  A  sprite  or  spirit  in- 
habiting th-;  water. 

■■  -Is  if  it  dodped  ;i  viter-xprite." 

C-leri'lpr  ■  Ancieiit  .\fnrha-r. 


•  water-standing,  n.    Perpetually  tiUed 

with  '-Mrs  ;  wi-t. 

'    >1  >i.;-  Ml  111  iilinn  ^  ii-ittrr'ttnndii.-yeyt." 

Sh'tketi'.  .-  2  Uetiry  X't.,  v.  «. 

water  starwort,  s. 

/>!-'. ;  Tin-  common  name  of  British  plants 
of  the  genus  CftUitriclu'.     [Starwoki.] 

•  water-Stead,  j;.  Au  old  name  for  the 
bed  t>f  a  river.     (Smytli.) 

water-supply.  ^.  The  amount  of  water 
supplied  to  ;i  community  for  drinking,  culin- 
ary, detergent,  and  other  purposes :  as,  the 
imtn--svpjihj  of  a  town. 

water-tabby,  s. 

7'.'  M  '-  :  A  waved  silk  stuff.     [Tabbv.] 

water-table,  ^<. 

.In'i.  ;  A  coping  or  projecting-stone  tti  shed 
the  WfT.  Water-tables  occur  on  the  various 
stagi's  uf  buttresses,  tops  of  battlements,  (tc. 

water-tank,  .«.  A  fixed  cistern  on  shore 
or  a  metal  receiver  on  board  ship  for  holding 
water,    (sivivmnds.) 

water-tap,  5.  A  tap  or  cock  by  which 
water  may  be  drawn  from  any  supply. 

water-tath,  s.  [Tath,  a  provincial  term 
f(u-  eow's  orsheep's  dung  dropped  in  a  pasture  ; 
hence,  the  luxuriant  grass  gi'owing  about  such 
dung  ;  Icel.  tiUh  =  dung  ;  tatha  =  hay  of  a 
dunged  tield.]  Coarse,  rank  grass  growing  in 
wet  ground,  and  supposed  to  be  injurious  to 
sheep.     (I'rov.) 

water-thermometer,  ^.  An  instrument 

ill  which  \\:i''-r  is  --Ml-itituti-ti  for  mercury,  for 
ascertaining  tlie  jpit-d.-.^-  degree  of  temi)erature 
at  which  water  attains  its  maximum  density. 
This  is  at  39-2'  Fahr..  or  4°  Cent..,  and  from 
that  iM)int  downwards  to  32'  Fahr.,  orO'  Cent., 
or  the  freezing-point,  it  expands,  and  it  also 
expands  from  the  same  point  upwards  to  '2V2' 
Fnhr.,  or  lO'i'  Cent.,  or  the  boiling-point. 

•water-thief,?.      A  pirate.      {Shakesp.: 

Merdiniif  0/  I'l-nire,  i.  3.) 

water-thyme,  .<:. 

Bot.  :  Tlie  genns  Anacharis  (q.v.),  and  espe- 
cially A."{irharis  alsiiiustruvi. 

water-tick,  s. 

Zoo!. :  The  same  as  Water-spidkr,  1.  (q.v.). 
water-tight,  a.    [Watertight.] 
t  water-tofana,  s.    [AQrA-ToFASA.] 
'water-torch,  s. 

Bot. :  Tupha  Intifolia. 
water-tree.  5. 

!:<-t.  :  Tetrarera  alni/otia,  a  tree  about  six- 
teen feet  high,  with  yellow  flowers,  growing 
in  Guinea.  The  Red  Water-tree  is  Eiijthro- 
phla:jivi  ginniense. 

water-trefoil,  ^«. 

Bot.:  Mcnii'inthcs  trifoliata.   [Menvaxthes.] 

water-trunk.  :i.  A  square  rain-water 
pipf. 

water-tupelo,  ^■ 

Bot. :  Nynsa  denticuhito..  It  is  a  large  tree, 
growing  in  the  Southern  States  of  America, 
and  yielding  a  fruit  sometimes  made  into  a 
l>reser\'e. 

water-turkey,  s. 

Ornith.  :   Plotns  anhinga. 

■'  This  bird  ia  a  constant  resident  in  Florida,  and 
the  lower  partis  of  Louisiana,  Alabama,  and  Georgia  ; 
in  H|>ring  it  goea  np  as  far  north  as  North  Ou-oIoih, 
breeding;  iiloni;  t)ie  cdost:  in  those  vArions  lucalitiea 
it  benra  the  ujitne  of  wAter  crow.  Grecian  Indj-.  wmm- 
Uirki-y.  and    conuor.int."  —  Jiiplei/   d-   Oamt ;    .imcr. 

water-tuyere,  water-twyer,  >. 

Metall.:  A  tuyere  so  construeted  that  cold 
water  is  made  to  tlow  in  a  continuous  stream 
around  a  lilast  of  air. 

water-twist,  .s. 

Cotton ■riuniu/.  :  Yarn  made  by  the  water- 
frame  (<[.V.), 

water-twyer,  •.    [Water-tcvere.I 
water -vascular,  a. 

Biol. :  A  term  applied  to  a  system  of  canals 
in  the  Annuloidea.  They  communicate  with 
the  exterior,  and  open  internally  into  the 
perivisceral  cavity.  Their  function  is  not 
certainly  known,  but  they  are  probably  excre- 
tory and  respinitory. 


water-vine,  k. 

li"t>iini: 

1.  I'kijlocrrnr  ftiganlen,  a  large  climher  oc- 
currinn  in  Martiiban.  The  wood,  which  iii 
soft  and  porous,  discharges  when  wounded  a 
quantity  of  pure,  tasteless,  and  whidesoni-i 
tluid,  drunk  by  the  natives. 

2.  Tetifirera  jxytuttjria,  a  climber  about 
twenty  feet  long,  with  yellow  flowers.  A 
native  of  Sierra  Ivcone. 

water-violet,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Ilottonia  (q.v.). 
water-viper,  j;. 

Zool.:  Cenchris  pisciiwrus ;  a  venomoiH 
snake,  about  forty-four  inches  long,  rangin;; 
over  the  southern  states  of  the  American 
Union  from  the  Carolinas  to  Texas.  Greenish 
brown,  yellowish  (Ui  sides,  banded  with  hlack- 
ish-br(»wn.  C^alled  also  Cotton  Mouth  and 
Water  Mociiswin  Snake. 

water-vole,  s. 

Zool.  :  Arvicola  aviphibiu-'i,  popularly  known 
as  the  AVater-rat.  It  is  a  small  rodent,  about 
a  foot  long,  uf  which  the  tail  occupies  nearly 
five  inches.  Fur  thick  and  shining,  rich  red- 
dish-brown above,  yellowish-gray  beneath. 
These  animals  haunt  the  banks  of  rivers  atid 
ponds,  and,  though  the  feet  are  not  webbed, 
swim  with  facility  not  only  on  the  surface, 
but  below  the  water.  They  have  been  ar- 
cused  of  destroying  tish-spawn,  and  feeding 
on  young  fish  and  even  on  ducklings,  !>ut  the 
charge  is  probalily  unfounded,  as  their  fond 
appears  to  be  entirely  vegetable.  Common  in 
England,  throughout  Europe  and  Asia,  to 
China.  There  is  a  black  variety,  common  in 
Scotland  and  some  i)arts  of  England,  which 
has  been  described  as  a  distinct  species  (A. 
atrn). 

water-wa£ftail,  <?. 

Ornithology : 

1.  The  Pied  Wagtail,  Motacilla  Inguhris,  a 
well-known  British  bird.  Ijcngth  about  seven 
inches :  IVirehead,  cheeks,  sides  of  neck,  and 
lower  parts  pure  white ;  back  and  sides  ash 
colour,  the  rest  black  ;  wing-coverts  black, 
biudeied  with  white,  two  outer  tail-feathers 
white.  In  winter  the  black  patch  on  throat 
is  diminished  to  a  cirelet. 

2.  (I'l.):  Any  species  of  the  genus  Motacilla 
as  distinguished  from  Budyte?.  (ipV.). 

water-w^ash,  s. 

Bot.:  Thegf-iius  LTlva((|.v.). 
Tirater-w^ay,  >-. 

L  Ordinari/  Louyuagc  : 

1.  That  part  of  a  river,  arm  of  the  .sea.  i<-., 
through  which  vessels  enter  or  depart;  tlie 
fair-way. 

2.  A  navigable  stream,  canal,  or  the  like. 

"  They  have  decided  to  lay  down  light  rails  alou^; 
the  banks  of  this  wat^r-way,  which  ia  their  own  pro- 
perty, and  to  tow  the  barges  with  ftnmll  ^teain-euptne* 
instead  of  with  \\ones."~DaUy  Chronicle,  May  4,  1388. 

II.  Shiphuild.  :  A  strake  on  the  inside  of  a 
vessel  above  the  ends  of  the  beams.  It  is 
bolted  downward  through  the  beam  and  shelf, 
and  laterally  through  the  fiittock  and  plank- 
ing. It  is  also  secured  by  a  fore-and-aft  dowel 
to  the  beam.  It  forms  a  channel  to  lead  the 
water  U>  the  scuppers.  In  iron  vessels  the 
water-ways  assume  many  ditferent  forms. 

"  a  good^^lzed  stem  locker  and  water-ivai/g,"-~fiel<i, 
Feb.  11,  ISS?. 

'  water-weak,  o.  Weak  as  water  ;  very 
feeble. 

'■  If  lustif  now,  forthwith  ain  teater-vmak." 

liaviet:  Jtntet  Isacrificc,  \\  10. 

water-weed,  s. 

Bot.  :  A  coiiiniou  name  for  aquatic  planta 
generally,  but  aj)plied  specific;tlly  to  AnarMi- 
ris  (ifsinwitnim,  or  Water-thyme. 

water-wheel,  .«. 

H>idronlii:s  : 

1.  A  kind  of  wheel  for  raising  water  in  large 
quantities. 

2.  A  wheel  moved  by  water,  and  employed 
to  turn  machinery.  There  are  four  principal 
kinds  of  water-wheels  -the  overshot  wheel, 
the  undershot  wheel,  the  breast  wheel,  and 
the  turbine  (see  these  terms). 

3.  The  paddle-wheel  of  a  steamer. 
water-willow,  s. 

Hot. :  .■<alix  O'lmttica,  called  also  Water- 
s;illow. 


boil,  boy :  pout,  jowl ;  cat.  9ell.  chorus,  ^hin,  ben^h ;  go.  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^dst.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tiau  -  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhiin.    -cious.  -tious,  -sieos  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  kr.  -  bel,  deL 


SOS 


water— watermamma 


water-wing*  ^-  A  wall  t-reeted  on  tlie 
liuiik  .'I  ;\  rivt-r.  iitxt  lo  n  britlne.  to  stcurt'  thi- 
ftjuiulatioiis  fruiii  tlif  actiou  of  the  cuntiit, 

water-wlthe,  *. 

Ii't. :  I'itU  airihmi,  a  s\>fcivs  from  the  West 
Iti.lii-s. 
water-wood.  *. 

l!'>l.  :  ChiinorrhU  cyinoM. 

water-work.  ■•■.    IWaterwork.] 
water  worm,  s. 

/.a.,l. :  A  i»>iiular  iiyine  for  any  of  the  Nai- 

water-worn,  a.  Worn  by  the  action  df 
wiit'-i  ;  espcciiilly  smoothed  by  the  force  or 
action  of  luiiniug  Wiiter,  or  water  in  motion  : 
a^,  wntcr'tcora  pebbles. 

water-^rorship,  a. 

CoutiKtr.  Hdig. :  A  branch  of  Natur.  -wor- 
ship ('[.v.),  formerly  conimuii  among  Aryan 
nations,  and  still  practised  by  races  of  low 
culture.  No  race  st^enis  to  liave  risen  to  tiie 
abstrattt  conception  of  water  as  an  elenu'iit, 
but  seas,  rivers,  and  lakes  were  all  separatfly 
wnrsbipped.      (Holy-well,  Lake-wokshu', 

RiVER-GOD.j 

■'  A(ric-adiai>l>iv*  well  tlu-  riten  ot  toaU-r-ieorthip:  — 
T^l.,r     fri»:  Cult.  (e.i.  1^7J^.  11.211. 

water-worshipper,  s. 

Anthri/p. :  One  who  pays  divine  honours  to 
water.    [  \V  ate  r- wonsH  i  p.  ] 

•■  It  by  no  mejiiis  followa.  however,  that  the  siivnye 
wittir-worshipft-r*  ahowld  iiecessatily  hiivf  general- 
ized  their  Ideas,  iiud  iiiissed  beyond  their  iijirticular 
wftt*T-dfittea  to  arrive  iit  the  conception  of  a  general 
dfity  )iri-^idiiit'  "ver  water  as  an  eleuitnt.'— 7Vor  ; 
JTi.x.  Cult.  (ed.  1^73).  ii.  274. 

•  water-worth,  ■■5.    An  aiiuavalent  (q.v.)- 

"They  are  thus  arranged  iiccording  to  the  number 
of  niuJecules  of  attached  wat^r.  or  in  what  might  be 
called  their  'aquavaleiit-'i,  it  this  exjiression  were  not 
loo  syniphonlous  with  'eijuivalentij.'  Say.  therefore. 
■ieat,.r-wortfis.''—Pro/.  F.  (iulhrie.  in  Trans.  Fhys. 
.Sirt.-.,  L-judoii.  pt.  ii. 

water-wraith,  s.  A  supposed  water- 
spirit,  whose  appearance  prognosticates  deatli 
or  woe  to  the  person  seeing  it. 

•■  The  water-wraith  wa«  sliriekim;." 

CainpbvU:  Lord  UlliuaVuiiyliter. 

water-yam,  s. 

Lut.  :  Tilt:  Lattice-leaf  (q.v.). 

wa-tcr,  v.t.&  i.    lA.S.  iwefrwu.)    [Water,  s.] 

A,  Tnuuiltive : 
I,  Literally : 

1.  To  irrigate;  to  overflow  with  water;  1" 
wet  with  water. 

"Thou  aowedst  thy  seed,  and  watercUtt  it.'—Mu- 
terofiomy  xi.  10. 

2.  To  supply  with  water  or  streams  of  wat(;r. 

3.  To  supply  with  water  for  drink. 

■'AiriDjt  and  touterinn  our  master's  grey  imd."— 
Steele  :  .Spectator,  No.  aix 

4.  To  soak  or  steep  in  water. 

"To  foresee  tliwt  neither  the  yarue  be  burnt  in  ttr- 
ring,  nor  the  lieiniie  rutted  in  the  water iui/.'—Z/iuk- 
hi>/t  :  Vy/yages,  i,  ^*9*. 
IL  Fig.:  To  add  stock  to  lliatalreailyis-siK^-d 
by  a  company  or  state,  without  making  any 
additional  provision  for  the  payment  of  inter- 
est un  the  same.    {Comm.  Slung.)    [Water, 

"Tliose  which  rehite  to  the  betrayal  of  trusts,  the 
watering  of  stocks." — Scribner's  ^agazittt.  Uet.,  1G7S, 
j>.  896. 

B.  Intransitive : 
I.  Literally : 

1.  To  shed  water  or  liquid  matter. 

"  II  thine  eyes  can  water  for  his  deiith. ' 

Shakeg/'. :  3  Henry  VI.,  i,  4. 

2.  To  make  water  ;  to  void  urine. 

3.  To  get  or  take  in  water. 

'*  Raleigh  having  thus  hiiid<Hl,  Hfter  he  had  watereil, 
iiiarchtfd  forward  with  bi&  uiKU.~—CatHden :  lln:. 
FAuah,-th.  bk.  iv, 

*  4.  To  drink  ;  to  swallow  liquid. 

"When  yon  hrcithe  hi  your  waleriinj  they  cry 
'  hem  !"*— .SA«for«/j.  ;  1  Henry  /!',,  ii.  4. 

5.  To  gather  saliva,  as  a  symptom  of  appe- 
tite ;  hence,  to  have  a  longing  desire. 
"A  Sx'uuiHrd'a  mouth  so  watfri-d." 

tihakitt/.  ,■  I'erUlea.  iv.  2. 

II.  fig- :  To  weaken  anything  by  or  as  by 
the  addition  of  water.     [A.  II.] 

"  But  the  Attorney-General  .  .  .  interixjsed  with  a 
watvrifig  .imendnient."— fiai/i/  Xewi,  June  14.  1S88. 

water-age  (age  as  ig),  .«.     [Eng.  imter; 

-i(|/'.,      3[uncy    paid    "iui    transpoTtation    by 
walfi. 


wa"-tered,  jfi.  yxer.  k  a.    [Water,  ;■.] 

A.  -1'  7"'.  J*«'"-  •■  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  atljft:ticv : 

1.  Ord.  Uiug. :  Wetted  with  water. 

2.  Fabric:  vVpplied  to  stufl's  whit-h  have 
bet-n  subjected  to  a  process  by  which  the  sui- 
face  assumes  a  variety  of  shades,  as  if  the 
rlolh  were  covt-red  with  a  multitude  of  waving 
and  intersecting  lines. 

wa'- ter  -  course,    s.    [Eng.    water,   s.,   and 
course.] 
I.  Ordinary  Uitigvage: 

1.  A  stream  of  water ;  a  brook,  a  river. 

2.  A  channel  or  canal  made  for  the  convey- 
ance of  water. 

•■  For  scowrlng  the  watervotirst-s  thorow  the  cities." 
Hcaiim.  A  FUt   :  Pruphiteif.  Ul    1. 

n.  Law :  A  right  to  the  benetit  or  flow  of  a 
river  or  stream,  including  that  of  having  the 
course  of  the  stream  kept  free  from  any  inter- 
ruption or  disturbance  to  the  prejudice  of  tlie 
piopriet<jr  by  the  acts  of  persons  without  his 
own  leriitory,  whether  owing  to  the  diversion 
of  the  watir,  or  to  its  obstruction  or  pollution. 

wa'-ter-cress,  s.  [Eng.  water,  s.,  and  cress.] 
Bot.  .1"  (-'"inm. :  Nasturtium  officinale,  an 
aquatic  plant,  having  pinnate  leaves,  with 
live  to  seven  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  be- 
ing the  largest  and  roundest,  all  somewhat 
succulent ;  petals  twice  as  large  as  the  calyx, 
white,  the  pods  linear.  It  is  common  in 
Great  Britain  in  brooks  and  rivulets,  flowering 
from  May  to  October,  and  is  largely  used  at 
'table  as  a  salad  plant.     [NAbTURTiUM.] 

*  wa'-ter-er,  s.  [Eng.  water,  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  waters ;  one  who  seeks  or 
procures  water. 

"The  natives  kept  perpetually  harassing  our 
leufercrs  with  stones."— Cout:  TTiircl  Voyage,  ok.  v.. 
ch.  iv. 

wa'-ter-Iall,  s.     [Eng.  imter,  and/aii.] 

1.  A  fall  or  perpendicular  descent  of  the 
water  of  a  river  or  stream,  or  a  descent  nearly 
perpendicular;  a  cascade,  a  cataract. 

•■  But  it  is  nut  to  list  to  the  wa'er/att 
That  Parisina  leaves  her  hall." 

Byron :  Parisina,  ii. 

^  A  waterfall  tends  slowly  to  recede  up  the 
stream  on  which  it  exists.  This  retrogression 
is  greatly  aided  wlien  the  strata  consist  of 
alternate  hard  and  soft  beds  dipping  up  the 
stream.  The  running  water  and  the  spray  soon 
seoop  out  the  soft  beds,  leaving  the  harder 
ones  without  adequate  support,  and  causing 
masses  of  them  to  fall  from  time  to  time.  As 
the  waterfall  recedes,  a  gorge  is  left  on  the 
parts  of  tlie  stream  fiom  which  it  has  gradu- 
ally moved  back.  The  gorge  below  the  falls 
of  Niagara  produced  by  the  recession  of  the 
great  cataract  extends  seven  miles,  and  must, 
as  Sir  Charles  Lyell  has  shown,  have  require'! 
some  thousand  yciirs  for  its  excavation.  A 
similar  gorge  on  the  Rhine,  from  Bingen  to 
Rolandseck,  cut  by  a  now  departed  waterfall, 
is  sixty  miles  long.  Just  beneath  the  water- 
fall there  is  a  hole  like  a  "swallow-hole."  It 
is  often  called  a  kettle.  It  has  a  spiral  form, 
and  may  be  four  times  as  ileep  as  wide,  or  of 
less  proportion.  It  is  excavated  by  an  eddy 
carrying  round  pebbles. 

2.  A  neckcloth  or  scarf  that  comes  down 
over  the  breast. 

"  Tn  «  gaudy-figured  sntin  waistcoatand  water/all  of 
the  sjinn;  matenal."— i/wyftes."  Tom  Drown  at  Oxford, 

ch.  XXV  i. 

wa'- ter  -  i  -  ness,  5.  [Eng.  watery;  ~ness.\ 
The  quality  or  sUite  of  being  watery. 

"  Waterineti  auit  turgidity  of  the  cyvs-'—Arltuthnot. 

wa'-ter-ing,  pr.  p(.i,r.y  u.,  &  s.     [Water,  i.] 
A.  &  B.  --Is  pr.  par.  <t-  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  overflowing,  sprinkling,  or 
wetting  with  water. 

2.  The  act  of  supi)lying  with  water  for 
drinking  or  other  purposes  ;  the  act  of  getting 
or  taking  in  water. 

"  [Bees]  near  the  city  walls  their  wuf'ring  take  " 
Dri/deit:  Virgil;  Gcorgic  iv.il62. 

3.  The  act  or  state  of  shedding  water  or 
liquid  matter. 

"  Applied  unto  the  eyes,  for  to  stay  their  continuall 
teateriHg."—P.  Holland:  PUtiie,  bk.  xxiii..  ch.  iv. 

4.  The  place  where  water  is  supplied  or 
procured ;  a  watering-place. 

0.  The  process  of  giving  a  wavy  or  wave- 


like appearaucc  to  anything  ;  a  mode  of  orna- 
mentation wliereby  a  wave- pattern  is  pro- 
duci.-d,  or  where  the  article  subjected  to  the 
process  is  made  to  exhibit  a  wavy  lustre  and 
ditterent  plays  of  light ;  specif.  ; 

(1)  Fabric:  A  process  (said  to  have  been 
invented  by  Octavius  May.  at  Lyons,  in  the 
seventeenth  century)  of  giving  a  wave-like  ap- 
Iiearancu  lo  fabrics,  by  ]>assiiig  them  between 
metallic  rollers  variously  engraved,  which, 
bearing  unequally  upon  the  stufl,  render  thu 
surface  unequal,  sous  to  reflect  the  light  dif- 
ferently. 

(2)  The  wave-like  markings  so  produced. 

"Some  of  these  are  mnde  in  waterul  silk,  the  viuter- 
ingxut  which  are  arranged  in  r-ither  narrow  stripes." 
— Daily  TeUyra/ih.  Dec.  8.  1B8". 

(3)  A  similar  eftect  j^roduced  on  metiil,  as 
on  a  sword-blade,  by  welding  together  various 
((ualilies  of  steel. 

(4)  A  similar  oftcct  pro<luced  in  house- 
])aintiug  by  wiping  the  grouml  with  a  dry 
lirusli.  iu  a  flowing  or  irregulaj'  manner,  while 
wet  with  colour. 

6.  Steeping  (q.v.). 
watering-call,  £. 

Mil. :  A  call  or  sound  of  a  trumpet  on  which 
tlic  cavalry  assemble  to  water  their  horses. 
watering-can,  s.    A  watering-pot  (q.v. ). 
watering-cart,  s.    A  water-cart  (q.v.). 
watering-place,  s. 

1.  A  place  wliere  water  may  be  procuied, 
as  for  caltle,  a  ship,  &c. 

"  In  Australia,  special  wateT-demona  infest  pnnls 
and  watering-places."— Tylor :  Prim.  Call.  (ed.  I87;t), 
ii.  '2\i'j. 

2.  A  town  or  place  to  which  people  resort 
at  certain  seasons,  in  urder  to  drink  mineral 
waters,  or  for  bathing,  as  at  tlie  seaside. 

watering-pot,  s.  A  hand-vessel,  with 
a  rose,  for  sprinkling  water  on  plants  and  the 
like  ;  a  watering-can,  a  water-pot. 

WaUring-pot  shell : 

ZooL  :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Asper- 
gillum.  The  minute  valves  at  the  extremity 
of  the  tube  bear  some  resemblance  to  the  rose 
of  a  watering-pot. 

watering-trough, ^^  A  tiougli  at  wliieh 
horses  or  cattle  t-lrink. 

*  wa  -  ter  -ish,    '  wat  -  er  -iahe.  " .     [Eng. 

water;  -ish.] 
I.  Literally: 

1.  Somewhat  or  rather  watery  ;  resembling 
water  ;  thin  as  a  liquor. 

"  Fed  upoD  such  nice  and  waferi^fi  diet." 

Shtik£ti>.  :  Ottiellrt,  iii.  3. 

2.  Moist,  damp,  humid,  wet. 

"  Not  all  the  dukes  of  mtteriult  Buitjundy." 

!ihai:egi>.      Lear,  i.  1. 

II.  Fig.  :  Weak,  insipid,  poor. 

■•The  vnsHuoiiryand  waCeruhel^ttte  of  Moses  lawe." 
—  L'dal:  John  ii. 

* wa'-ter-ish-ness, s.  [Eng..)m/o/is/i;  -ne^ss.] 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  waterish. 

■'  Water ighnets,  which  is  like  the  seiosity  of  our 
blood.'' — Floyer. 

Wa'-ter-land-er^,  s.  pi.    [See  def.l 

Cliiii-rh  Hist.:  A  name  given  to  the  less 
ri^id  portion  of  the  Mennonites,  because  the 
iiuii-.rity  of  thein  beloii^'ed  to  a  district  called 
Waterland,  in  the  north  of  Holland.  They 
are  alnm.st  exactlv  .similar  in  their  principles 
to  the  English  Baptists,  They  are  s*tmetimes 
ealled  .Inliaiiuites.  from  Han  (— J<'lni)  de  Rys, 
une  of  their  leaders  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

wa-ter-less,  "  wa -ter-lesse,  a.     [Eng. 
water;  -less.]    Destitute  of  water ;  dry. 

"The  parched  earth  will  be  more  waterless  thnn 
ever."— /V<;W,  Jan.  21.  ISt-S. 

wa'-ter-logged,  a.  [Eng.  water;  log;  -^td.] 
Lying  like  a  log  on  the  water.  (Said  of  a 
sliip,  when  by  leaking  and  receiving  a  great 
quantity  of  water  into  her  hold  she  has  be- 
come so  heavy  as  to  be  nearly  if  not  altogether 
unmaiiageuble,  though  still  keeping  afloat;) 

wa- ter -mam -ma,    *-.      [Eng.    water,    and 

)naiitiui>.] 
Aiithrop. :  A  water-spirit  (q.v.). 
■'They  have  also  dreadful  stories  concerning  a 
horrible  beast  called  the  watrrmammti.  which,  wlien 
it  liiippens  to  t-ike  a  9pit«  against  a  eauoe.  rises  out  of 
til.-  liver,  and.  in  the  most  unrelenting  maimer  po«. 
sible.  carries  iKjth  can.ie  and  Indian^  ih.wn  to  the 
|..itl.jm  with  it.  and  there  desfrov'^  them.*  — » (I'er- 
[..,,  ■    IVandrrii-js;   First  J'.nrueu.  .li.  i. 


fate.  fat,  l^e,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go.  pot; 
or,  wore.  "woVL,  work,  who,  son ;  mnt&  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;.  qii.  —  Uw. 


waterman— wattle 


509 


^tra'-ter-man,  s.    [Eng.  voter,  and  man.] 
I.  itrdhiar;/  Lavgufigf  : 

1.  ihic  who  manages  water-craft;  a  boat- 
man, m  ferryman  ;  one  who  plies  for  hire  on 
rivers,  &c. 

"  Tlu'y  oi-di-rod  th*  mitt-rmen  ti.  let  fiiU  their  onin 
more  gently.  "—/>'•*<''*'•  ■  t.'wti/s:  Uf  ItrmnntU-  P-iSir. 

2.  A  man  who  wails  at  a  cab-stand  for  tlir 
pnrposc  of  supplying  the  liorses  witli  wiitor, 
iMlling  the  cabmen  when  absent,  and  the  like, 
for  which  he  receives  a  small  tVe  from  the 
oiien. 

"  ■  Here  vou  nre.  sir.'  shouted  n  stiTiiigf  spccimcii  vf 
the  luitiiTtii  mce.  iii  a  wickclotli  fimt,  mul  aiiron  of  thi- 
Krtiiie.  why.  with  n  hm&s  Ul»el  mui  miinbvr  rmiinl  hi-. 
iKH-k.  looked  as  if  he  were  fatalogued  in  aoine  conrc- 
tioii  of  rurities.  Thiswaa  t\w  tcatcfmiiu."—Dickt'in(: 
I'ivkfirk,  ch.  ii. 

n.  A»f!i]-op.:  A  wat«r-den)on. 

■■  In  Bohciiiiii,  a  recent  iiCfonnt  (18641  say*  tlmt  the 
llahermen  in  Bohemia  ito  not  Venture  to  snatch  « 
(Irwwning  iiiiin  from  Ihuw.-iters.  They  fear  tlmt  the 
trittmnnn  (i.r,  water-denionf  would  tiike  away  their 
iufk  in  flshiug.  mul  drown  theuiselvea  at  tin-  Ih-at  on- 
l>#rtunity.'-r.tf/or:  Pri.n,  Cult.  led.  1873).  i.  IW. 

waterman's  knot,  .".    A  snilor's  mode 

nl"  1mti(1iii|j;  ;i  mpc  to  ;i  pust  or  bollard. 

'  wa'-ter -man-ship,  .^.  (Eng.  watermau: 
■ship.)  The  art,  skill,  or  science  of  managini; 
a  boat. 

"  Wntermftiigfiip  is  not  acquired  in  a  i\n.y."—Fn-Jit, 
Dec.  12.  las... 

■vra'-ter-proof,  a.  &  s.  [Eng.  water,  and 
proof.  1 

A.  As  adj. :  Impervious  to  water;  so  firm 
and  compact  as  to  resist  water :  as,  prater- 
;»roo/ cloth,  leather,  Ac.  Many  solntions  and 
<-oinpositions  have  been  employed  for  the  pur- 
jiose  of  rendering  cloth.  &c..  waterproof,  but 
itidiarubber  has  now  nearly  supei*seded  all 
other  agents. 

"  My  waterproof  coat  did  not  keep  me  dry."— Field. 
Aiiril  4.  1885. 

B.  As  subst. :  Cloth  rendered  impervious  to 
water;  specif.,  a  C(»at,  eloak,  or  other  article 
of  dn'>s  made  of  sucli  material. 

wa'-ter-proof,  v.t.     (Waterproof,  a.] 

1.  To  render  impervious  to  water,  as  cloth, 
leather,  &c. 

2.  To  dress  or  WTap  in  a  waterproof. 

•'Those  v.-ho  were  not  waterproofed  were  decidedly 
•wet."— F'll  I.  Dec.  17.  19ST. 

wa'-ter-proof-ing,  s.  [Eng.  imterproof; 
■ing.\ 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  rendering  water- 
proof or  impervious  to  water. 

2.  Any  substance,  as  caoutchouc,  a  solution 
of  soap  and  alum,  or  of  isinglass  with  infusion 
of  galls,  for  rendering  cloth,  leather,  &c., 
impervious  to  water. 

wa' -  ter  -  scape,  s.  [Formed  from  Eng. 
water,  s.,  on  analogy  of  landscape  (q.v.).]  A 
painting  representing  a  scene  on  a  river  or 
lake  or  ut  sea. 

"  Tlie  new  Asisociate  wilt  seud  to  the  Academy  a 
picture  rei)reaeutiug  a  Scotch  iraterscape." — Pall-  Mall 
f;i,2<-fii\  Miirch  20,  1381. 

wa'-ter-shed,  s.  [Eug.  vrnter,  s.,  and  shed.] 
(WHi:i.(U.  s.l 

I'll  IIS.  (kog.  :  A  dividing  line,  generally 
foiiiu'd  by  a  mountain  range,  running  between 
adiaci.'nt  rivers,  seas,  lakes,  &c.,  and  repre- 
senting the  limit  from  wliicli  water  natnially 
tluus  in  opposite  directions.  When  a  water- 
shi-d  easts  its  water  in  more  than  two  diiT'.-- 
iiKiis,  it  is  said  to  be  quaquaversal. 

wa'-ter-side,s-  [Eng.  i''f(?pr,  §.,andsi(?''.]  Tlie 
briidv  of  water  ;  the  bank  or  margin  of  a  river, 
stream,  lake,  &c.  ;  the  sea-shore. 

"He  now  departed  from  the  iraterxide  in  tr.in. 
HiuUity:'— Goldsmith :  Etsap  X 

%  .Sometimes  used  attributively. 
wa'-ter-spaut,  s.    [Eng.  n-ater,  s.,  and  ;;;>*»((/.] 

Mctfor. :  A  remarkable  phenomenon  occur- 
ring for  the  most  part  at  sea,  but  occasion- 
ally on  land,  thougli  generally  in  this  latter 
case  in  the  neighbonrhof)d  of  water.  A  water- 
spout at  sea  is  usually  formed  in  the  f<dlow- 
ing  manner  :  a  dense  cloud  projects  from  its 
centre  a  body  of  vapour,  in  form  something 
like  a  sugar-loaf  with  tlie  point  downward. 
Thi.-*  cone  is  agitated  by  tlie  wind  until  it 
assumes  a  spiral  form,  and  gradually  dips 
more  and  more  towards  the  sea,  where  a 
second  cone  is  formed  having  its  point  up- 
waril.  The  clouds  aluive  and  the  water  be- 
low are  violently  agitated  by  the  physical 
influences  at  work.    Suddenly  the  descending 


and  ascending  cones  of  water  nr  vapour  meet 
in  mid-air,  and  form  one  united  pillar  which 
moves  onward  vertically  in  culni  weather,  but 
obliipiely  to  the  horizon  when  acted  on  liy 
the  wind.  The  junctifui  of  the  two  cones  is 
generally  accompanied  by  an  electric  Hash. 
After  continuing  in  this  form  for  a  short 
time  the  waterspout  bui*sts.  in  some  eases 
with  terrilic  violence,  and  to  the  destruction 
of  anything  in  the  vicinity.  Many  a  shiji 
has  been  overwlielmed  in  this  manner,  and 
sunk  in  a  moment  with  all  on  Imard.  In 
Novi-mbi  r.  is.'i.').  live  vessels  were  destroyed 
by  ;t  wulrrspout  in  the  harbour  of  Tunis. 
Waterspouls  tin  land  are  cmies  or  pillars  of 
vajinnr  d-'sci-iiditig  from  tlie  clouds.  Land 
watcrs]K.nis  are  usually  very  destructive  in 
their  cllects,  and  have  often' occurred  in  the 
Uritish  Isles.  On  Au^g.  yo,  18V8,  the  town 
of  Miskolcz,  in  Hungary,  was  destroyed  by  a 
waterspout  with  consttlerable  loss  of  life. 
These  phenoinetia  me,  however,  more  com- 
mon in  India  than  in  Europe.  One  which 
occurred  at  Oum-Oum,  near  Calcutta,  was 
ascertained  to  be  l.TiOO  f.et  in  height,  and  it 
deluged  half  a  square  mile  of  territory  to  a 
deptli  of  six  inches.  The  cause  of  tbc-^e  phe- 
nomena has  been  assumed  to  be  (1)  electri- 
city; (2)  vortical  motion;  or(:i)a  conibinatii)n 
of  these  causes.  M.  Weylicr  has,  however, 
succeeded  in  iM'odiiciiig  them  artillcially,  and 
his  nietliod  shows  that  \  ortical  moti(Ui  is  the 
great  factor  in  the  jiroductiou  of  waterspouts. 
By  means  of  a  rotating  tourniquet  placed 
over  cold  water,  an  aiirial  eddy  is  caused 
which  draws  up  the  water,  in  the  form  of  a 
spout  composed  of  drops,  to  a  considerabli- 
height ;  when  the  water  is  heated  a  c'early 
deiined  waterspout  is  seen.  With  from  1,500 
to  2,000  rotations  per  minute,  the  vapour  from 
heated  water  condenses  into  a  visible  sheath, 
enveloping  a  clearly  (ielined  and  rarefied  nu- 
cleus, conical,  and  tapering  downwards.  As 
in  natural  marine  spouts,  water-drops  are 
carried  up  and  thrown  out  beyond  the  influ- 
ence of  the  upward  current. 

wa'-ter-tight  (gh  silent),  a.  (Eng.  vrnfcr, 
and  thjht.]  So  tight  as  to  retain  or  not  to 
admit  water. 

■■  SuiEciently  tentertifjht  for  use  without  caulking." 
—Cnuk  :  First  I'oi/age,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xviii. 

wa'-ter-work, s.  [Eng.  w«(er,  s., &ndwork,  s.J 

*  1.  Cloth  painted  with  water-colour,  size, 
or  distemper,  sometimes  used  for  hangings, 
instead  of  tapestry,  and  for  tents. 

"For  thy  walls  a  pretty  slight  drollery,  or  the  Ger- 
man hunting  iu  irafenrork,  ia  wortn  ii  thousand  of 
these  bed-hangings,  and  these  fly-bitten  tapestries,"— 
iAtUi-jip.  .■  ;i  lienry  /!'..  ii.  1. 

2.  Ornamental  wall-painting  in  distemper. 
{Weale.) 

3.  Plural: 

(1)  A  term  commonly  applied  to  the  aggre- 
gate of  the  constructions  and  appliances  for 
the  collection,  preservation,  and  distribution 
of  water  for  domestic  purjioses,  for  the  work- 
ing of  machinery,  or  the  like,  for  the  use  of 
communities. 

*  (2)  The  structure  or  structures  in  which  a 
spout.  Jet,  or  shower  of  water  is  jiroduced ; 
also,  an  ornamental  fountain  or  fountains  ; 
also,  an  exhibition  or  exhibitions  of  the  play 
of  fountains.    {Dp.  Wilkin^.) 

(5)  The  urinary  organs  (q.v.).    (Slang.) 

wa'-ter-wdrt,  s.    [Eng.  water,  s.,  and  wort.] 
Botany : 

1.  (Sing):  (I)  The  genus  Elatine  (q.v.),  spec. 
E.  Hydropiper ;  (2)  AspleiUum  Trichomfines. 
(Britten  (£  Holland.) 

2.  (PL):  The  order  Philydraceie  (q.v.). 
(Lindky.) 

wa'-ter-^,  *  wa-ter-ie»  a.   (Eng.  iratf.  s. ; 

'!/.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  water. 

2.  Resembling  water;  thin  or  transparent, 
like  water. 

3.  Consisting  of  water. 

•'  When  Phtebe  doth  behold 
Her  silver  visage  in  the  wateru  glass," 

Shakeep,:  MuUuminer  Night's  Dream,  i.  l, 

4.  Filled  with  water  ;  aboiuiding  with  water. 

"  This  gross  wateru  immpkin." 

.shaketp. :  Merrn  Wiveit.  iii.  ;i. 

o.  Hence,  tasteless,  insipid,  vapid. 

'•  The  opinion  Vieing  that  they  .are  more  watrru 
when  cfn)ked  than  auy  other  kind."  — />(i»7.v  Telegraph. 


6.  Filled  with  tears  ;  tearful,  weeping. 

"  Her  fvit  rff  vyw 
Bout  oil  (lie  «'(irlh  ■■ 

Hetium.  *  FM.     Maitft  Tragrdfi,  f. 

7.  Running  with  any  liquitl  secretion    or 

humour. 

"  To  utay  the  running  nnd  trateria  tye*."~P.  Hot. 
Initit :  I'Unie.  bk.  xxh.  cli.  xix. 

*  8.  Having  a  longing  or  vehement  desire  ; 

vehemently  desiring ;  watering. 

■'  When  that  tin*  wntcrft  palan>  taAtca  hidved 
I.4>ve'B  thrirc  repiireil  nmrtar," 

.<hake»p. :'  Iroilut  ^  Creuida.  ill.  2. 
II,  ll'r.  :  A  term  sometimes  nsi-d  for  Onde 
(q.v.). 
watery-flounder.  -<. 
Irlillni.  :  -\  popiihu  name  for  the  American 
or  Spnitcil  Tiirbot,  Rhi'iiilms  maculatus     It  is 
from  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  long,  and  re- 
.sembles  the  Hrill  more  than  any  other  Euro- 
pean lisli.     It  occurs  along  tlie  coast  of  New 
England  and  the  middle  states,  and  is  exL-el- 
lent  eating.     (IHphy  ,V  Dana.) 

watery-fusion,  ». 

Cbnn.  :  The  dissolving  of  a  salt  in  its  own 
water  of  crystallization  on  heating. 

wat-SO'-ni-a,  >.  [Named  by  Miller  after  bis 
fiicnil.  Dr.  \Viii.  Watson,  a  London  aiiothe- 
cary.  ] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Iridace^,  closely  akin  to 
Gladiolus.  The  species,  which  are  many,  are 
natives  of  the  Cajie  of  Good  Hope.  Several 
are  cultivated  in  British  greenhouses.  W'al- 
snnia  brevifolw-]\a,ii  blossoms  of  micaceous  hue, 
which  glitter  in  the  sun  ;  W.  meximv/t  is  also 
very  sluiwy;  Ii'.  irUUfolia  is  a  border  plant. 

watt,  s.  (After  .lames  Walt  (1730-1819),  the 
celebrated  engineer.] 

Elect. :  (See  extract).  [Unit,  II.  3.  (2), 
4.  (-).] 

"Dr.  Siemens  brought  forward  the  proi»o8iiIs  con- 
tained in  Ilia  presidential  luldress  for  noine  ailditiotu 
li>  the  list  of  '  practical  unit* '  employed  by  eiec- 
Iricinns.  Two  of  his  units  were  uimniinounly  ap- 
iniived— namely,  (I)  the  waft,  which  is  the  r;»te  of 
doing  work  when  a  current  of  one  niupL're  pjisses 
tlirou^'h  a  reaistain'e  of  one  i)hin.  .  . .  One  hurae  power 
iH  ei|u;il  to  740  iPittts.'—Alhcitteitin.  Sept,  2,  1882. 

watte' -Vill-ite,  s.  [After  M.  V.  Watteville, 
of  Paris  ;  sutl.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  very  minute 
acicular  crystals,  forming  flnely  tibrous  aggre- 
gates ;  crystallization,  uncertain  ;  sp.  gr.,  1*81  ; 
colour,  white  ;  lustre,  silky.  Compos.  :  essen- 
tially a  hydrated  sulphate  of  lime,  soila, 
potash,  magnesia,  yielding  the  typical  form  ula , 
RSO4  +  2aq. 

wat  tie,  *  wat-el,  *  wat-le,  s.  [A.s.  watci, 

iratnl,    the   <uiginal    sense    being    something 
twined  or  woven   togetlier,  a  hurdle  woven 
with  twigs,  a  bag  of  woven  stuff;  hence,  the 
baggy  flesh  on  a  bird's  neck.    (Skeat.)^ 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  hurdle  made  of  interwoven  rods  or 
wands. 

"  No  hearth  thp  fire,  uo  vent  the  smoke  receives. 
Tlie  walls  ale  iruttlvt.  and  the  covering'  leaves." 
Scott :  Poacher. 

2.  A  rod  laid  on  a  roof  to  support  the 
thateh.     (Simvionds.) 

3.  A  twig,  a  wand.    (Scotch.) 

"  Nae  whip  nor  spur,  hut  just  a  teattle 
O'  snugh  or  hazel." 
Burnt:  Auld  Farmer  to  hit  .iiild  .Varf. 

4.  The  fleshy  lolie  that  grows  under  the 
throat  of  the  domestic  fowl,  or  any  appendage 
of  the  like  kind,  as  an  excrescence  about  the 
mouth  of  some  fishes. 

"  Nor  are  htn  comb  and  his  wattiet  in  vain,  for  they 
are  an  ornament  Incoming  his  martial  spirit."— .l/nrc  . 
Antidote  agaiiitt  Atheitm,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xi, 

II.  Bot. :  A  colonial  Australian  and  Tas- 
manian  name  loosely  applied  to  various  spe- 
cies of  Acaci.i.  Black  Wattle  is  (1)  Acacia 
decurrens,  (2)  A.  iiwlli^!<i)7ia ;  Green  Wattle  is 
also  A.  dectirrciL)!,  axiil  Silver  Wattle,  ^1,  7)io/- 
lissima.  The  AVattle  of  Tasmania  is  .1.  deal- 
hata.     Called  also  Wattles.     [Watti.k-kauk.] 

^  Wattle  and  danb :  The  name  given  to  a 
rough  method  of  constructing  cottages.  It 
consists  of  twigs  interwoven  and  covered  with 
mud  or  clav. 


wattle-bark,  s.  The  bark  of  various 
Australian  Acacias,  spec.  Acacia  dfcurrens, 
A.  uudaywxijlon,  A.  dealbata,  A.  Jloributida, 
and  A.  affinis.  It  is  largely  exported  to 
Europe  to  be  used  in  dyeing,  and  the  trees 


boil,  bo^:  pout,  joT^l;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hiii,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^t.    ph  =  C 
-cian,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tlon,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^on  —  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


610 


wattle— wave 


an'  so  l.irjiely  destroyed  to  nirnisli  it  that 
vast  tracts  uf  Acacia  forest  in  Austriilia  aie 
iiuw  left  bore.  A.  tUcurretis  is  cultiviiteil  for 
ilA  baik  ill  the  Neil^lierry  Uills  uiid  some 
other  iKirts  of  India ;  btit  the  ordinary  Iiuliaii 
wattle-bark  is  funjislieil  hy  A.  anthica. 

wattle-bird,  5. 

1.  MttipJuuja  j'hrygia  {=  AiithiH^hani  curttit 
•  uUtUi).  Culled  also  Wattled  and  Warty-fuced 
Honey-eater.     [MELtiMiAUA.) 

1».  The  Brush-turkey  (ii. v.). 

irattle-orow,  >. 

iirnith.(H.):  Swaiuson's  imine  for  the  Glaii- 
copnue  (ti.v.), 

wattle -turkey,  '-. 

ormik. :  Thi'  Uiusli-tnrkry  (q-v.). 

wattle -wood,  ». 

IM.:  I.iilut  Ihamnia. 

wattle-work,  *■-     Wiiker-work. 
"Tlie  )iuts  wcrv  pr>jl«bly  iiiuit  Keiieritly  iiitulc  ot 
tifittteif.rk,  like  those  of  the  SwIm  lakea"— //mrAiiM.' 
f.itrli/  JJ<i,i  in  Hrilain.  vli.  vlli. 

wat'-tte,  'wat-el-en,  vj.    [Wattlk.  .•;.] 

1.  To  Itiiid  Willi  t\vij;;s. 

•■Anil  iM(eIi>JcliitiuitI  w«lly.Ie  liit." 

I'iera  I'lowjUtiMiL,  p.  383. 

2.  To  twist,  to  interweave,  to  interlace,  tti 
phiit ;  to  form  into  a  kind  of  net- work  with 
ncxible  briindies. 

"  The  nlilea  niiii  tup  M  the  huuse  lue  AUeil  up  witU 
boughs  cuorsuly  teatU^  between  the  polea" — 
iMim/iier  :   Voyaffet  {an.  IC'Jl). 

3.  To  form  by  interwoven  twigs. 

"  Hla  u"tt't<:J  cotea  the  shephoard  plaot^." 

Wartfii .  0J«  u/i  the  A//praach  af  Spring. 

wattled  (le  us  el),  a.     [Eng.  imUl(_e);  -ed.] 

1.  Old.  I.ami.  (C  Zool. :  Furnished  with 
wattles.     [Waitle,  s.,  I.  4.] 

"  The  loatlied  cucka  strut  to  «nil  fro." 

Longftitow:  77i«  Wayside  Inn.     (Prelude. ) 

2.  Bot. :  Having  processes  like  the  wattles 
of  a  cock,  as  lihiuaathiLf  ahxtrohphn^i. 

wattled  and  combed,  ". 

//-r.  ;  Said  of  a  .-oek,  wlu-n  the  yills  and 
iiiiiil'  ai>'  Uniie  of  a  dillereiit  tincture  from 
Tliat  oftlie  bo.iy. 

wattled  bird  of  paradise,  a. 

Ornith. :  Paradigalla  caruiiculatUy  from  New- 
Guinea. 

wattled  boney-eater, 

BIKt'.) 


[Wattle- 
wat'-tling,  *  wat'-lihg,  s.    [Eng.  wattl{e) ; 


1.  Thr    .I't    of    plaiting    or    interweaving 
boughs  or  twigs  together. 

2.  The  framework  so  formed. 

'•  Miule    with    a     iPfiWim/    of    c-iJies    or   sticks,"— 
I>amint:r  :   youag<'a{M\.  1688.) 


[Wobble.]    To  swing,  to  reel. 


wau'-ble, 

{Scotch.) 

"  An'  mil  them  till  they  tC  <iiil  inanblf." 

liumt:  AuUi  Farmer  to  his  AiUtl  Han'. 

wauch,waagb  (eft,  gh  guttural),  «.  (Cf. 
Icel.  I'l-Oijr  ■=  lukewarm  ;  A.S.  wtalg.]  Un- 
pleasant to  the  taste  or  sinell ;  nauseous,  bad, 
wortldes^. 

waucbt,  waugbt  {ck,  gk  guttural),  s.  [A 
variant  nf  ifunght,  itself  a  variant  o{  guajf.]  A 
large  draught  of  any  liquid.     {Scotch.) 

"'T(n,'ie  them  a  u>ai(j;/(r  u' drink  aud  a  bannock."— 
Sr'>Cl     Old  M<irt<iUly,  th,  iv. 

wauf,  waufi;  .^.     [Wave.I    a  wave,  a  flap. 

■Dcil  .<.  w'tuff  of  hia  coat-tail  could  1  see."— .So'.*K  .- 
Iltart  './  MUllct/tiiin,  ch.  li. 

wauk'-rife,  a.  [Scotch  imu/j=  wake  :  -riYc.l 
Wakeful. 

"  Wnil  through  th*  .Ire;u-y  niiduisht  hour 
Till  wiiikri/e  morn  !'" 
Biirtu:  Elegy  on  Captain  Jfender$on. 

waul  (1),  v.i.  [From  the  sound  made.]   To  cry 

as  a  cat ;  to  squall. 

waul  (2),  v.i.     [WawlC2).] 

waur,  a.     [See  dcf.J    Worse.    (Scotch.) 

■"Vntiity  :itid   waun'  said  the  Dominie.""— ScoH  ■ 
Gu;/  Jlaniicring.  cb.  v. 

waur.  I'.;.  [Waub,  a.]  To  overcome,  to  worst. 
(Scotch.) 

'"Whs  like  to  be  wiureU  nfort'-  the  seaaioii  for  want 
•  pf  apajwr. "— Sco(£.-  Autiquita.  vh.  iv. 


wave,  if.    (Wavk,  v.\ 

I.  Ordinary  Lunguagc : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  us  II. 

"'  lie  that  «rHVar«th  !»  like  a  ufiw  of  t)ie  xea  dnvvu 
w  itli  thu  wind  luid  t<wsod."— JarncA  i.  C. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  wav«  in  character 
or  appearance ;  as— 

( 1 )  One  of  a  series  of  undulating  inequalities 
on  a  surface  ;  ftn  undulation  ;  a  swelling  out- 
line. 

•"  without  whose  nuniberleaa  waoe»  or  cutIb,  which 
tiniinlly  arise  from  sand-hole^  a  Utile  emoothcd  in 
IMjIlshlutf  witli  putty."— .V(u)f Of). 

(2)  The  undulating  streak  or  line  of  lustre 
on  cloth,  watered  and  ealeudcred. 

(3)  Anything  which  advances  and  recedes, 
rises  jiud  falls,  comes  and  goes,  or  increases 
and  diuiinishes  with  some  degree  of  regular 
recurrence,  like  a  wave  :  as,  a  wave  of  preju- 
dice, a  iravc  tif  popularity,  &c. 

3.  Water.     (I'octiad.) 

"  By  the  salt  tcaiv  of  the  Mediterranean.'" 

ahtiket/j. :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  v.  1. 

•  4,  A  throng  of  people  borne  along  together. 
(Shaice^tp. :  Cyiiibdim,  v.  3.) 

o.  A  waving  or  undulating  motion  ;  a  signal 
made  by  waving  the  hand,  a  flag,  or  the  like. 

II.  Phgsics:  An  undulation;  a  movement 
which,  though  it  seems  progressive,  is  in 
reality  only  up  and  down,  or,  to  a  certain 
extent,  to  and  fro,  though  it  is  transmitted 
to  a  distaui^e  by  the  fact  that  at  each  suc- 
cessive point  the  otherwise  similar  motion 
of  a  single  particle  takes  place  a  little 
later  in  time  =  the  time  which  it  takes  for 
the  motion  to  be  communicated  from  the 
preceding  moving  particle.  Waves  exist  in 
water,  in  air  (sound-waves),  in  ether  (light- 
waves), &,c.  [Sound,  Undulatory-theorv.1 
A  wave  upon  the  <ii>en  ocean  alternately 
rises  into  a  ridge  and  sinks  into  a  depres- 
sion (the  trough  of  the  sea).  Anything  float- 
ing, sjiy  a  quantity  of  sargasso  sea-weed,  rises 
on  a  billow  and  sinks  again  as  the  wave 
falls,  without  otherwise  changing  its  place. 
Even  the  undulatory  movement  affects  the 
water  only  to  a  few  feet  in  depth,  where, 
unless  there  are  submarine  cuiTents,  all  is 
still.  When  a  wave  comes  inshore  and  eaters 
a  narrow  gulf,  it  becomes  atiected  b<ith  by  the 
return  of  the  reflex  waves  from  its  sides  and 
tlie  friction  of  the  bottom,  if  tlie  water  be 
shallow,  so  that  instead  of  a  movement  mainly 
up  ami  down,  it  now  becomes  progressive,  and 
breaks  in  a  series  of  billows  on  the  sands  or 
rocks.  In  the  former  case  the  water  runs 
up  the  sund,  and  then  recedes  considerably 
before  the  next  wave  comes  in.  Sea  waves 
are  mainly  caused  by  the  wind.  If  a  breeze 
blowing  t)ff  the  shore  cause  ripples  near  the 
land,  these  will  rise  higher  tlie  farther  they 
are  from  the  shore  if  the  cause  which  biought 
them  into  being  continues  to  operate.  Out 
ou  the  open  ocean  they  rise  to  some  feet  in 
elevation,  but  it  is  a  great  exaggeration  to  call 
tliem  "mountains  high":  they  have,  how- 
ever, been  witnessed  approximately  sixty  feet 
fioin  trough  to  summit  in  the  Atlantic. 
When  they  rise  into  a  sharp  ridge,  and 
the  wind  is  strong,  they  crest  river,  break, 
and  fall  on  the  leeward  side  with  abund- 
ant spray;  but  this  does  not  occur  on  the 
ocean  to  the  same  extent  as  near  shore.  The 
force  of  waves  is  so  great  that,  geologically 
viewed,  they  are  a  potent  force  in  altering  the 
conformation  of  coasts.  Wieu  in  a  storm 
they  break  with  transcendent  force  on  a 
slioie  they  scoop  out  soft  shales  into  caves, 
allowing  the  harder  rocks  above  in  time  to 
fall  in,  or  tliey  break  off  portions  of  those 
harder  rocks  themselves,  besides  grinding 
again.st  each  other  any  fallen  slabs  which  may 
ali&idy  be  lying  on  the  beach. 

wave-borne,  n.  Borne  or  carried  on  <ir 
by  the  waves. 

wave-breast,  s. 

Jii'laisiii:  The  breast  of  an  animal  which 
lias  been  offered  in  saerilice  used  as  a  wav^^- 
offeriug  (q.v.). 

wave-len^h,  s.  The  distance  between 
the  crests  of  two  ailjacent  waves,  or  between 
tlie  lowest  parts  of  the  depressions  on  each 
side  of  a  wave. 

wave-line  principle,  ;. 

Ship-build. :  The  principle  of  building  ships 
with  contours  scientitically  adapted  to  the 
cin-vcs  of  the  sea- waves  they  have  to  tr«vei.se. 
It    was   introduced   by  Mr.  Scott  Ru.-^sidl   in 


consequence  of  experiments  made  by  bjili  in 
1834.  Two  years  later  a  Committee  of  the 
British  Association  was  appointed  to  report 
on  the  subject.  The  principle  is  now  gene- 
rally adopted. 

wave-loaf,  s. 

J uitaUiii :  A  hxif  for  a  wave-offering  (ii-v.). 
wave-moths,  a-,  pi. 

Kntoiii. :  The  Acidalidse,  a  family  of  Geo- 
meter Moths. 

wave-motion,  s.  Motion  in  curves  alter- 
nately cnncave  and  convex,  like  that  of  the 
waves  of  tlie  sea  ;  undulatory  motion. 

^vave- offering,  s. 

Judaism:  Heb.  nD13ri  (U'liuphah)  =  agita- 
tion, tumult,  a  wave-offering,  from  n^3  {nuph) 
=  to  agitate,  to  wave.  An  offering  which  is 
believed  by  the  Rabbis  to  have  been  waved 
to  the  four  points  of  the  compass,  "before 
the  Lord,"  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his 
sovereignty  over  the  earth.  It  is  often  com- 
bined with  the  similar  heave-offering,  believed 
to  have  been  waved  upwards  as  an  acknow- 
ledgment of  his  rule  over  heaven.  It  is  con- 
nected also  with  the  peace-offering,  of  whieli 
it,  as  a  rule,  constituted  a  part.  When  an 
animal  was  presented  in  sacritice,  the  shoulder 
was  often  offered  as  a  heave-offering  and  the 
breast  as  wave-offering.  [Wave-bueast.J  Botli 
afterwards  became  the  perquisites  of  the 
priests.  On  the  secoud  day  of  the  Passover 
a  sheaf  was  waved.  At  Pentecost  two 
lambs  of  the  first  year  were  to  be  offered  as 
a  peace-offeiing,  and  both  were  to  be  waved, 
(Lev.  X.  14,  xxiii.  11-15,  20;  Numb.  vi.  20, 
xviii.  11.) 


wave-path,  s. 

Pbijsics:  Any  radial  line  along  which  an 
eartlniuake  is  propagated  from  its  origin. 
[Seismic-centre.] 

wave-Shell,  s. 

Physics:  One  of  the  waves  of  alternate  con> 
pression  and  expansion,  prop-igated  during  an 
earthquake  in  all  directions  from  the  seismic 
centre  to  the  eartli's  surface.  Theoretically 
these  should  have  the  form  of  concentric 
shells;  but,  as  the  earth's  crust  is  made  up 
of  rocks  varying  greatly  in  density  aud  elas- 
ticity, the  waves  will  necessarily  have  greater 
velocity  in  one  direction  than  in  another, 
whilst  the  transit  uf  the  wave  may  be  inter- 
rupted by  breach  of  continuity  in  "the  trans- 
mitting medium.     (Encyc.  Brit.) 

wave-trap,  s. 

lliidr.  Eng. :  A  widening  inward  of  the  sides 
of  piers,  to  afford  space  for  storm-waves  u  hich 
roll  in  at  the  entrance  to  spread  and  extend 
themselves. 

wave-wine,  s. 

Bot.:  Co )i volvulus,  or  Calystegia  septum,  and 
Coiirolrulus  arveiisis.     (liritten  di  HoUaiul.) 

wave-worn,  «.    Worn  by  the  waves. 

"  The  waec-worn  horns  of  the  echoing  bank." 

Tennyson:  Dying  bwan,  39. 

wave  (1),  V.i.  &  t.  [A.S.  wajian  ;  cogu.  with 
O.  Icel.  vafa,  vafra,  vajta  =  to  waver ;  va/l  = 
hesitation;  vdjii,  vofa,  ra/a  =  to  swing,  to 
vibrate  ;  AI.  H.  Ger.  waheti=  to  wave  ;  axihe- 
ren,  wahelen,  webelen  =  to  tlnctnate.] 

A>  liitratLsitive : 

1.  To  be  n^oved  loosely  one  way  and  the 
other  ;  to  play  loosely  ;  to  float,  to  "flutter. 

"  Those  fntciueu  .  .  .  saw  the  baners  and  etasderdes 
wave  witli  the  wyude."'- flcr^era  .■  Fcoissart ;  Cronycie, 
vol.  i.,  ch.  ciii, 

t  2.  To  be  moved  as  a  signal ;  to  beckon. 
*  3.  To  waver  ;  to  be  in  an  unsettled  state  ; 
to  hesitate,  to  fluctuate. 

■'  Ke\oaved  iudifTerently  betwixt  doing  them  neither 
good  nor  \xa.rni."—iihaK^iap. :  Coriatutina.  ii.  2. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  move  one  way  and  tlie  other  ;  to  move 
to  and  fri) ;  to  blandish. 

"  King  Helenus  wtipd  high  the  Thracian  bhide," 
i'ope  :  Homer ;  Iliad  xiii.  lae. 

t  2.  To  signify,  command,  or  denote  by  a 
waving  motion  ;  to  iu'licate  by  a  wave  of  tlie 
hand  or  the  like  ;  to  give  a  waving  signal  for. 

"  she  spoke,  and  bowing  loaved 
Dismissal."'  Teimuton  :  Princess,  li.  S^. 

*3.  To  i-aise  into  irregularities  of  surface. 
*4.  To  waft;  to  bear  or  carry  thiough  a 
buoyant  medium. 


ate.  at.  fare    amidst,  what.  fail,  fether;   wd,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine:  go,  pot, 
"*•  '^°"-  '"^"^  ^'"■''-  •""»<»•  «°°:  ™Ste-  cab,  ciire.  ^nUe.  cur,  rule.  fiiU:  try,  Syrian,     a;,  oe  =  e:  ey  =  a:  qu  =  Uw. 


wave— wax 


511 


5.  To  attract  tho  attention  of,  or  to  direct, 
l»y  a  wavinj;  motiuu  ;  to  sij^n.tl  by  waving  tlif 
liatid  or  thtf  like  ;  to  beckon. 

"  ItfO;irt;j  lue  lurth  itgnin  ;— I'll  fullow  if 

Sfmkesp.:  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

•  wave  {■!),  v.t,     [Waive.] 

•  wave,  }>rtt.  o/v.     [Weave.] 

waved,  ;«.  par.  &  a.    [Wave  (1),  c] 

A.  .-Is  pa.  par. :  (See  Che  verb). 

B.  .^s  aiijective: 

I.  Onlinary  Laufjitagc : 
1.  Moved  to  and  fro,  or  oni;  way  and  the 
oilier ;  brandished. 

"  2.  Variegated  in  lustre  ;  watered. 

■•  The  W'lpeel  wstcr  cliHiiielot  woo  from  tin-  U'giiuiiiig 
estiTiiu'tt  tile  rklieat  and  bnivost  wpHi-iiig.  "— /'.  Hot- 
lanU:  Plinie,  Ijk.  vUi..  cli.  xlvUL 

H.  Technically: 

I.  Bot. :  [Undulatep,  2.]. 

'.;.  I'^iitom. :  HaviTig  the  marpin  of  the  body 
iiident^'d  with  a  series  or  succession  ot' arched 
sof^uiputs  or  incif^ions. 

;j.  //.  r. :  The  same  as  Onde  (q.v.). 

waved  black  moth,  <. 

Entom.  :  A  British  Geometer  moth,  liolctohia 
fnliffinaria.  Prevalent  colour,  smoky  brown, 
witii  a  bla'-k  wavy  line.  Taken  uL-casioually 
in  kitcht;!!.-,  bill  IS  rare. 

waved-<;arpet,  s. 

Entoin.  :  Asthe>iasylmta,&  British  Geometer 
moth,  of  a  pale-gifl.y  colour  with  darJier  zv^- 
zag  lines. 

waved -pazTakeet,  s.    (Shell-parra- 

KEF.T.] 

waved-umbre,  >. 

Entom.:  A  Biitish Geometer  moth,  Hemeio- 
phila  abruptaria,  of  the  family  Boarmida;.  The 
wings  are  <.»chreous,  with  brown  or  blaekish 
markings,  their  expansion  about  an  incli  ami 
a  half.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  lilac  and 
privet.  Found  in  the  south  of  England,  in 
Ireland,  &.c. 

'  wave'-Iess»  a.  [Eng.  ivave,  s.  ;  -I^'^s.]  Free 
Iriiiii  waves;  not  waving;  not  disturbed  or 
agitated ;  still. 

•  wave'-let,  s.  [En^.^vave,  s.  ;diinin.  s:itl'. 
-let.]    A  little  wave ;  a  ripple  on  waiei-. 

"  How  its  WiiveieU  laugh  and  glisten." 

Long/flloio:  OrinKlii-j  S-zii)/. 

wave'-like»  a.  [Eng.  wave,  s.,  and  UI.c]  Like 
or  resembling  a  wave  or  waves. 

wa'-vell-ite,  «.  [After  Dr.  Wavell,  who  dis- 
covered it ;  sutf.  -Ue  (.Ui/i.).] 

Mill. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  mostly 
occurring  in  globular  or  hemispherical  groups 
of  radiating  crystjils.  Hardness,  3"25  to  4; 
sp.  gr.,  2'337 ;  lustre,  vitreous,  sometimes 
resinous ;  colour,  white,  shades  of  yellow, 
green,  gi"ay,  brown,  black.  Compos.  :  plios- 
jihoric  acid,  34*4;  alumina,  37"3 ;  water,  l'S:; 
=  100,  which  is  equivalent  to  the  formula, 
:iAl.>03*2P05  -t-  12HO. 

wav'-er,  v.l.  [A  freq.  from  wave  (1),  v.  ;  A. 8. 
Wi-vfre  =  wandering,  restless  ;  cogn.  with  Icel. 
vofra  =■  to  hover  about ;  Norw.  vavra  =  to 
flap  about.] 

1.  To  play  or  move  here  and  there,  or  to 
and  fro  ;  to  move  one  way  and  thu  other;  to 
ll  utter. 

"  It  todoers  as  long  as  it  is  free,  and  is  at  rest  when 
it  can  clioust;  iiu  myrt'." — Up.  Taylor:  Seruioiis.  vol.  iii.. 
Her.  7. 

2.  To  be  unsettled  in  opinion  ;  to  be  unde- 
teiniined  ;tolluctuate,to  hesitate,  to  vacillate. 

■■  His  authority  and  examiile  Itad  induced  some  of 
hi*  brelhieu,  wlm  had  at  first  wavered,  to  resign  their 
btuetttes."— J/'ii,ni(/<i// .'  lUtt.  Eng.,  ch.  xvii. 

'  3.  To  be  in  danger  of  falling  or  failing  ;  to 
totter,  to  reel. 

"  Tlinuffh  it  were  waveruiig€!i,\iA  in  dauugerto  fall," 
— >"ir  T.  Etyot :  tiooeritour.  I»k.  i..  cb.  xi. 

wav'-er,  s.  [Prob.  from  wave,  s.]  A  sapling 
III'  yuaiig  timber-tree.    {Evdyn.) 

wav'-er-er,  s.  [Eng.  waver,  v.;  -'^r.j  One 
will*  wavers,  hesitates,  or  vacillates  ;  one  who 
is  unsettled  in  opinion. 

'•  But  come,  yooug  uiaoerer,  come,  go  with  me" 

Shakap. :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  ii.  3. 

waV-er-ing,  pr.  ixu:,  «.,  &s.\  [Waver,  v.] 
A.  &.  B.  As  pr.  jxir.  (£■  particip.  Oil  J.:  (See 
the  verb). 

"  It"  tPareriiig  imatre  llicre." 

Lou;jfvllow  :  The  lirtiigf. 


C  As  siibst. :  Doubt;  unsettled  state  oi 
mind. 

"  The  people  wer  in  a  wavering."— Cdal :  Luke  vL 

wav'-er-ing-lj?,  adv.  [Eng.  vxtveruig;  -ly.] 
In  a  wavering,  hesit;iting,  or  vacillating  man- 
ner :  with  liesitation,  doubt,  or  vacillation. 

"  Lokc  not  KUPeWnjr'ir  about  you."— t/dal:  I  i*cf cr, 
ch.  V. 

wav'-er-ibag-ness,  s.  [Eng.  u-ayeriiiy;  -ncss.] 
The  qualitynr  staU^  of  being  wavering  ;  hesi- 
ITition,  doubt,  vacillation. 

"  Tliij  iDitferiiigiiftB  of  our  cupidities."— .Vunf'tydv  ; 
/h-'pouti-  EiMys.     (Pref.) 

wave'-son,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful,  but  prob. 
connerted  with  imi/"  rather  than  waix,]  A 
U-nn  applied  t^j goods  which,  aft*rr shipwreck, 
appear  Moating  <in  the  sea. 

'wav'-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  wavy;  -ness.]  'Die 
■  piality  or  state  of  being  wavy.  ■ 

•  wav'-ure,  s.  [Eng.  imt-e  (2),  v.  ;  -ttrc]  The 
act  of  waiving  or  putting  off. 

wav'-y,  '  wav-ie,  a.    [Eng.  wav{c),  s.  ;  -y.J 

1.  Onliiuinj  Ijuujuafie: 

*  1.  Rising  or  swelling  in  waves;  full   <'i' 
waves. 
"Thirtio  hollow  bottom'd  barks  divide  the  waoic  ^eiw." 
Chapman.    iTodU.I 

2.  Showing  undulations  or  fluctuations  -^f 
ariiy  kind  ;  rising  and  falling  as  in  waves  ;  mov- 
ing or  playing  to  and  fro. 

■'  Loun  wavjf  wreaths 
Of  flowers."  CotDptr:  Tusk,  v.  15^. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Bot.  :  [Undulated,  2.]. 

2.  Her. :  Onde  (q.  v.). 

'  wawe,  5.  [Icel.  vdgr ;  Dan.  t-ofc ;  Ger.  icagc.] 
.\  wave. 

"Tbei  wcreu  dryueu  hidir  and  thidirwith  wawis.' 
—  H'.i/cliffv :  Lake  viii. 

*wawl  (1),  'Wawle,  v.l.  [Prob.  a  variant 
nf  (CMt/.l     To  cry,  to  wail. 

■'Tlie  first  time  that  we  Buiell  the  hit. 
We  witivle  and  ciy, '  :s/fikegp. :  Lear,  iv,  ■;. 

wawl(2).  waul  (2).  v.L  [ProK  allied  to  A.S. 
irraht'iaii;  Eng.  li'uUow.]  To  look  wildly  ;  to 
roll  the  eyes,     {.imtrh.) 

waw'-ly,  tf.    {Walv.] 

wax,  .^.    [A.S.  vKox ;  cogn.  with  Dnjb.  wa.< : 
Icid.  &  Sw.  vox;  Dan.  vox;  Ger.  wuchs ;  Russ. 
i'<i.s7j* ;  Lith.  irassfats.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  same  as  Sealing-wa.'c  (q.v.). 

2.  Cerumen  (q.v.). 

3.  A  rage.    (Schoolboys'  slang.) 

"  She's  in  a  terrible  wax.'—ff.  KingtUy :  KnveiisKov. 
ch.  V. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Bot. :  Any  substance  more  or  less  resem- 
bling beeswax.  Secretions  or  excretions  of  sucli 
a  kind  exist  as  a  delicate  bloom  on  the  plum  ; 
as  dense  agglomerations  of  rods  or  needles 
on  the  leaf  of  the  rye ;  as  simple  coatings  !']■ 
granules  on  the  "frosted"  leaves  of  many 
lilies,  as  coatings  of  rods  standing  vertically 
on  the  surface  of  the  cuticle,  as  on  the  leaves 
of,  the  banana,  or  as  incrustations,  as  ni 
Opnntia.     (_Thome.) 

2.  Cfiem.  :  A  term  originally  restricted  t^i 
beeswax,  but  now  extended  to  various  bodies 
possessing  similar  characters,  found  widely 
diffused  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  occurring 
as  a  coating  on  various  parts  of  plants,  as 
leaves,  fruits,  &c.  They  contain  but  a  small 
proportion  of  oxygen,  and  appear  to  consist 
of  the  higher  members  of  the  fatty  acids, 
combined  with  alcohol  radicals.  At  ordinary 
temperatures  they  are  niore  or  less  hard, 
become  soft  when  warmed,  and  melt  below 
100^ ;  insoluble  in  water,  slightly  stdiible  in 
alcohol,  but  soluble  in  ether,  in  chloroform, 
and  in  the  fixed  and  volatile  oils.  [Beeswax, 
Chinese-wax,  Mineral-wax,  Spermaceti.] 

3.  Manuf.  &  Conim. :  Vegetable  wax  is  be- 
lieved to  have  been  used  for  candles  in  China 
earlier  than  in  Europe.  Itwa.s  first  employed 
in  KnglaTid  for  the  purpose  in  the  twelfth 
century. 

4.  Phami. :  Wax  is  emollient  and  demul- 
cent; it  is  useci  in  the  preparation  of  oint- 
ments, plastiis,  &c. 

w^ax-basket,  5.  A  fancy  basket  made 
of  wire  and  ci'ated  with  wax.     (.^iimnionds.) 


wax  bill.  -.    [Waxbill,] 

wax  candle,  >'■    A  candle  made  of  wax. 

'  wax-chandler,  .<.    A  maker  or  seller 

-r  W;i.\-.;nMllrs. 

wax  cloth,  >.    A  popular  but  erroneous 

iianif  1..r  llnMr-elnlh  (q.v.). 

wax-oluster,  .«. 

Bot.:  liaultittiia  htJtpida,  The  berries  are 
white,  with  «  tasle  somewhat  like  that  of  the 
gooseberry,  but  more  bitt^^r.  Found  in  Tas- 
mania. 

wax-coal.  -. 

.Min.  :  The  same  as  Pyroi)issite  (q.v.). 

wax-doU,  s.   A  eliild's  doll  nnide  entirely 

iti  partly  uf  wax. 

wax-end,  waxed -end.  ^.  A  shoe- 
maker's sewing-Umad  euv<Tc-d  with  resin 
(shoemaker's  wax),  and  having  a  bristle  fas- 
tened at  the  end,  to  enable  it  to  lead  through 
the  hole  made  by  the  awl. 

^vax  flower,  s- 

1.  iJrd.  Li.xng.  :  An  artilicial  Howi-r  made  tif 

2.  Bot.:  I'lnsia  insignis.     [Cli'sia.] 
wax-insect,  ^. 

Entom. :  Coccus  sinensis,  or  Pda,  a  small 
white  insect,  a  native  of  China,  valuable  on 
account  of  the  wax  it  in-ofluces.  Jt  feeds 
i-hierty  on  a  kind  of  sumaeh  {llkus  succada- 
iicnin),  and  the  wax  is  deposited  ou  the 
branches  as  a  coating  which  resembles  hoar- 
frost. This  is  sci'aped  off  and  used  for  making 
randies.     [Cervl-ckrotate.] 

*  wax-kernel,  'i.  A  kind  of  concretion 
in  tlie  tlesh. 

■'A  (i.nt.iiifl  ill  lit-r  neck  was  much  inflaiiiwi.  and 
iii;iiiy  wajikerneU  abuut  it."—  H'hrmtin  :  .Siirvfr.v. 

"wax-light.  .■«.     A  taper  made  of  wax. 

wax-modelling,  s.    The  act  or  art  of 

making  mudfls  and  figures  in  wax.  Calle<l 
also  the  Ceioplastic  Art.  The  process  has 
been  generally  supeiseded  by  that  of  clay  and 
sand  modelling,  though  wax  is  still  employed 
by  silvcismiths. 

wux-moth,  S-. 

Entnw.:  Any  iuiiividual  of  the  family  Gal- 
lerid:e  (q.v.);  specif.,  dalleria  mellonella,  the 
larva  of  which  feeds  on  wax  in  hives. 

wax-myrtle,  ^. 

Bot. :  Myrica  cerifera.  [Bavberrv,  2, 
Candleberry,  Myrtle.) 

wax-opal,  A'. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  opal,  presenting  a  waxy 
lustre  on  fracture  surfaces. 

wax-painting,    >-.     The   same    as    En- 

CALSTK  -PAINllN.;  ('[-V-)- 

wux-palm,  ^. 

But. :  Huiiil)i)ldfs  name  for  Ceroxylon  andi- 
i-'ihi,  a  fine  palm,  growing  in  the  Andes  of 
Xew  Grenada,  near  the  sources  of  the  Magda- 
lena  and  Cauca  rivers.  It  has  a  straight  stem, 
somewhat  thicker  at  its  middle  part  than 
above  <u'  below,  and  terminating  above  in  a 
tuft  of  six  or  eight  large  pinnate  leaves.  The 
flowers,  which  are  polygamous. are  in  luinicles, 
the  calyx  uf  three  small  scjiles,  tin'  petals 
three,  the  stamens  numerous,  with  short  lihi- 
nients  ;  the  fruit,  a  small  ronnil  drupe  with 
a  single  seed.  The  trunk  is  covered  by  a 
coating  of  wax,  which  exudes  fiom  the  space 
between  the  insertion  of  the  leaves.  Aci-ord- 
ing  to  Vauquelin,  tliis  wax  is  a  i-onereti-  in- 
flannuable  substance,  consisting  of  one-third 
of  actual  wax  and  two-thirds  of  resin. 

wax-paper,  s.  a  kind  of  paper  lu'epaied 
Iiy  spreading  over  its  surface  a  coating  made 
oi"  white  wax,  liirprntine,  and  sper.mart-ti. 

*  "wax-red,  ».  Of  n  biiglit-rcd  colour, 
resembling  that  of  sealing-wax. 

"Set  thy  sctil-mnriuii)  on  my  wax-mt  tipw." 

Slutkfrp.  :   I'cniiM  t  .ItlunU,  51)^. 

^wax-scot,  5.  A  duty  anciently  pai'l 
twic  a  yt-ar  towards  the  charge  of  wax- 
candles  ill  i-hurches. 

waxtree,  a-. 

1.  A  nami-  common  to  jdants  of  the  genus 
Visinia  (q.v.).  The  wax-tree  of  Guiana  is 
Vismia  guiatUJUiis :  that  of  Cayenne,  V.caynx- 
ensis.  These,  with  all  other  species  of  the 
genus,  yield  a  waxy  or  resinous  juice. 


boil,  bo^;  po^t,  jor^l;  cat,  9eU.  chorus,  9hin,  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tlan  ~  shan.    -tion.  -sion  -  shun:  -tlon,  -^ion  =  zhun.    -cioua.  -tious.  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  A:c.  =  bel.  deL 


612 


wax— way 


0  UauslruM  lucidiim.  A  kind  of  vcsot.i>>lc- 
wax  i^  «i''.  to  l»-  obtained  from  it  in  Uhina. 

wax  wing.  ^.    |W\xnisfi.| 

wax  work, 

L  I'f.li.iiti'j  h'H'jilfHf' 

1  Work  cxfcni.il  in  w.ix.  esp.,  j;pii«s 
f.irciiwl  ill  wax  in  imitation  of  real  beiiijjs  . 
also,  .luatoniieal  i)iepa™''<"'*'  '?  '*"V  "«»•■''< 
of  n  lilt,  lloKors.  ic.  Tlie  art  of  nioaflins  in 
wax  is  very  ancient;  the  Romans  «seatosi/t 
lip  wax  inuiKesof  tlieir  aiiee.stors  in  tlie  atrium 
of  tlieir  houses.    (SoKiisl ;  Jug.,  iv.  0.) 

o  ll-l)-  An  exhibition  of  wax  Hgiires  leine- 
sentiiiK  eelebratcil  or  notorious  charaeU-rs ; 
the  place  where  a  collection  of  such  h-vires 
is  exiiiliited. 

■•  ir.ti-irerlK  1»  the  kliul  ol  » l>iuiiiM«  as  n  mall  got- 
„«„l  to  and  Iricudly  » itli.  aftor  a  maimer.  -Scnbmr  . 
tf.i'Mriri^.  Aug..  1917.  p.  «7. 

II  Hot  ■  Cftaslrus .icaiiJfiis.anative Of  ^ol■tll 
.\iiieVica.  Tlie  n.inie  is  given  from  the  scarlet 
r.ivering  of  the  seeds.    [Celastkus.! 

wax-worker,  s. 

1.  ( III,;  w  hu  works  ill  wax ;  a  maker  of  wax- 
work. 

2.  A  liec  which  makes  wax. 

wax  (1),  f.t.  [Wax,  s.]  To  smear  or  rub  with 
wax  ;  to  apply  wax  to ;  to  treat  or  join  with 
wax. 


"I'l 


~iiiil  in  tlitir  U'llKtli,  and  lonx^^d  with  C!\vv." 
nniih-n     ni'id  ;  Metamori>hmf»  i. 


wax  <-').  ■  waxe.  •  wex  (pa.  t.  vmed,  vw, 
•  vvz  ■  pa.  par.  maeil.  '  iraxen,''waeii,'  mxen), 
V  i.  [A.S.  ireiudii  (pa.  t.  we6r,  pa.  par.  gc- 
veaxen):  cogn.  with  Uut.  i«is.«ii;  Icel.  raxa; 
Dan.  riKK ;  Sw.  ciixa  ;  Gcr.  jmclisen  :  Goth. 
joali'ojan.  From  the  same  root  eoiiic  Lat. 
ojigw  =  to  increase  ;  vigea  =  to  flourish  ;  bug. 
eke,  vigour,  &C.1 

1    To  increase  in  size  ;  to  become  larger ;  to 
grow.   (Voioper:  Nature  Unimvaind  by  Time.) 
2.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another ;  to 
become. 

■'We  may  observe  it  growing  with  .age.  wixiiijj 
Wgser  and  ttniufev.' —  Siirroa :  Sermoiu.  vol.  i.. 
3er."l- 

wax'-bill,  .•^.    [Eng.  u'ttx,  and  bill  (1).] 

Oruith.  ■  A  popular  name  for  Swainson's 
"eiius  Estrclda,  from  the  waxy-red  colour  of 
their  bills.  Eslrelda aniamlami,  is  the  Red,  and 
f.  formosa  the  Green  Waxbill. 

■■  lu  the  form  of  their  beak  the  K'atltilh  M  Blyth 
cill.s  them.deviate  tow.arda  the  Finches  and  Linnets. 
— Jerrfoii  :' Birtlt  of  India,  ii.  359. 

w&x'-en,  u.    (Eng.  wax,  s. ;  -eit.l 

1.  Made  or  consisting  of  wax. 

■'  Wittun  the  cave  the  cluateiiug  bees  attend 
Their  iraxen  works,  or  from  the  rirtif  depen-l. 

Pope:  Boiner ;  Odysseu  xin.  lul. 

2.  Covered  with  wax  ;  waxed  over. 
'■  To  bitch  the  waxen  flooring  some  contrive." 

Dryden  :  t'irgil :  Oeoryic  iv.  2;;?. 

»  3.  Resembling  wax  ;  soft  as  wax  ;  im- 
pressible,   (^iliakesp.:  Iiapeo/Lua-ea:,l,iW.) 

waxen -chatterer,  s. 

iiniitli.:  The  Bohemian  Waxwing  (q.v.). 

wax-er,  s.  [Eng.  u-ox  (l),  y;  -er.]  One  who 
iir  that  which  waxes;  specif.,  an  attaehmeut 
to  wax  the  thread  in  a  sewing  machine  used 
for  shoeiiiaking,  harness-making,  &e. 

wax-i-ness,  .s.  [Eng.  waxy:-mss.]  The 
ciuality  or  state  of  being  waxy. 

wax'-ing,  v'-  par.,  a.,  <t  s.    [Wax  (1),  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  it  jxirticip.  adj. :  (.See 
the  verb). 
C.  A^  ^iihslatitive : 

1.  The  process  of  finishing  leatlier. 

2.  The  treatment  of  thread  with  soft  wax 
in  the  sewing-machine  for  boots  and  shoes. 

3.  The  process  of  stopping  out  colours  in 
calico-printing. 

wax- wing,  s.     [Eng.  tcoj:,  s..  and  ie(»;f.l 

ijrnith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Ampelis  (=  t  Bombycilla),  from  the 
fact  that  in  two  of  the  three  species  the  second- 
ary and  tertiary  quills  terminate  in  horny  ex- 
pansions of  the  shaft,  somewhat  resembling 
pieces  of  red  sealing-wax.  Amjielis  garrulll, 
the  European  or  Bohemian  Waxwiii„'  (q.v.), 
and  A.  cednrum,  the  American  Waxwing  or 
Cedar-bird  (q.v.),  have  these  spots ;  but  they 
are  absent  in  A.  ph(£nicoptera,  the  Asiatic  or 
Japanese  Waxwing. 


wiix--i^,  ■  yr&K-ef,  «.    [Eng.  wax,  s. :  -i/.l 

I.  Ordiiuirii  himjuage: 

1.  Made  or  consisting  of  wax ;  abounding 
in  wax. 

2.  Resembling  wax  in  appearance,  softness, 
plasticity,  impressibility,  or  the  like  ;  hence, 
yielding,  plialile,  impressionable. 

"  Kii  la  aorvlle  lb  imitation.  imJCtf  to  perawasinns." 
lip.  Itatl :  Cttaracteristns.  bk.  ii. 

3.  Angry,  cross.    (Schoolboys'  slang.) 

"1  could  make  him  a  little  .raij  with  iije,"- 
niekfnt:  Uteati  /route,  ch.  xxiv. 

n  llol  •  Having  the  texture  and  colour  ol 
new'  wax.  as  the  pollen  masses  of  various 
orihids.     [CKn.M-EOUs.] 

traxy-degeneratlon,  s. 

Pulhol  ■  The  transformation  of  the  liver  into 
a  tough  substance  resembling  yellow  wax,  the 
ori'an  increasing  ultimately  m  weight  till  it 
weitdis  eight  or  nine  instead  of  three  to  lour 
pounds  The  disease  is  constitutional,  conies 
,.11  insidiously,  and  is  incurable.  Called  also 
Amyloid,  Albuminous,  Lardaceous,  or  bcro- 
fiilous  Degeneration  of  the  Liver. 

waxy-inflltration,  s. 

Pathol. :  The  infiltration  of  waxy  matter  into 
any  organ  of  the  body.  The  most  highly-de- 
veloped and  dangerous  form  of  it  is  waxy 
degeneration  of  the  liver  (q.v.). 

waxy-kidney,  s. 

Palhul. :  A  kidney  affected  by  lardaceous 
disease  (q.v.). 
waxy-yellow,  a.  &  s. 
Bot. :  Dull  yellow  with  a  soft  mixture  of 
reddish-brown. 
'way  (1),  *waye,  v.t.    [Weigh.] 
'  way  (2),  l>.(.  &  i.    [Way,  S.J 

A.  Traiisitive: 

1.  To  go  in  ;  to  proceed  along. 

2.  To  go  or  journey  to. 
3  To  put  in  the  way  ;  to  teach  to  go  in  tlie 

way  ;  to  break  to  the  road.    (Said  of  horses.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  journey,  to  travel,  to  go. 
••  On  a  time,  as  they  together  tcove;'.;'  ,. 

Spenser:  /^.  €-.  I^.  "■  I- 

way,  waye,  •  wey,  *  weye,  s.  [A.S.  weg ; 
cogn.  witli  Dut.  weg;  leel.  vegr ;  Dan  »et; 
Sw.  viig ;  O.  H.  Ger.  mec ;  Ger.  weg :  Goth. 
wigs;  Lat.  via;  Sansc.  valia  =  a.  road,  from 
vuh  —  to  carry.) 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1  A  track  or  path  along  which  one  goes, 
passes,  or  journeys ;  a  place  for  passage  ;  a 
path,  road,  route,  street,  or  passage  ot  any 
kind. 

"A  very  great  multitude  spread  their  garments  in 

the  ,ua!/."~Mtttcheu,  xxi.  8. 

-  2.  Passage,  passing. 

■*  Shut  the  doors  against  ilia  way." 

Siiahesp.  :  Comedy  of  Errors,  iv.  3. 

3    A  going,  moving,  or  passing  from  one 
place  toanother;  progression, transit,  jouruey. 
•■The  Lord  .  .  .  prosper  thy  way."— ffene^i»  xxiv.  40. 
I.  Path  or  course  in  life.    (Prov.  xiii.  15). 

5.  Length  of  space  ;  distance. 
"  'Tis  but  a  little  way  that  I  can  bring  you." 

Shalceip. :  Olfielll,,  ni.  4- 

6.  Direction  of  motion,  progress,  or  travel ; 
course  ;  relative  position  or  motion  to  or  from 
a  certain  point ;  tendency  of  action. 

"  He  turns  hia  lips  another  way." 

Shake»p.  :  Vetius  A  Ado,m,  90. 

7.  The  means  iTy  which  anything  is  reached, 
attained,  obtained,  or  accomplished ;  pro- 
ceeding, course,  scheme,  plan,  device. 

■■My  best  way  is  to  creep  under  hia  gaberdine." 
Shafcesp. :  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

8.  Method  or  manner  of  proceeding  ;  mode, 
fashion,  style. 

"  Aa  when  two  pilgrims  in  a  forest  stray, 
Both  may  be  lost,  but  each  in  his  own  way." 

Cowper :  Hope,  27T. 

*  9.  Character,  kind,  tendency. 

■'  Men  of  his  loay  should  be  most  liberal. '■ 

Shakesp. :  Henry  YItL,  i.  3. 

10.  Usual  mode  of  action  or  conduct ;  mode 
of  dealing  ;  method  ot  life  or  action  ;  regular 
or  habitual  course  or  scheme  of  life  ;  habit. 

■'  All  flesh  had  corrupted  his  way  upon  the  earth.'— 
Genesis  vi.  12. 

11.  Resolved  plan  or  mode  of  action  ;  course 
determined  on  or  chosen  as  one's  own  ;  parti- 
cular will  or  humour. 

"  If  I  had  my  ,eay. 
He  had  mewed  in  flames  at  home,  not  in  the  senate." 
Ben  Juns.jn  :  Catiline,  ii.  3. 


ate,  fat,  ISre,  amidst,  what,  ISU,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full :  ti-y. 


r2.  lii^spect,  point,  view. 

"Vou  wrong  me  erery  leay." 

Shakesp.  :  Julius  C«<ae.  iv.  5. 

13.  Sphere  of  observation. 

■■The  general  oflloers  and  the  pnblic  ministers  that 
fell  in  my  way  were  generally  subject  to  the  gout.  — 
Temple, 

II.  Nautical : 

I.  Progress  or  motion  through  the  water; 
as,  a  vessel  under  ti'tri;. 

2  Speed,  motive  power :  as.  The  boat  had 
a  good  deal  of  way  on  when  the  accident  oc- 
curreil. 

3.  Plural: 

(1)  lUlLOE-WAV]. 

(•2)  Balks  or  skids  for  rolling  up  weights  or 
for  sliding  them  down. 

%  Way  and  ways  are  used  in  certain  phrases 
in  the  sense  of  wise. 

"  But  if  he  shall  any  ways  make  them  void  .after  he 
hath  heard  them,  then  he  shall  bear  her  iniquity.' — 
Jfnnibers  xxx.  15. 

H  Way  is  both  general  and  indefinite : 
manner  and  ■method  are  species  of  the  way 
chosen  by  design ;  the  c&ursc  and  the  mean^ 
are  the  way  which  we  puraue  in  our  moral 
conduct. 

H  1.  By  the  loay ;  [By,  C.  9.). 

2.  By  way  of: 

(1)  By  the  route  or  road  of:  as,  To  travel 
by  way  of  Paris. 

(2)  For  the  purpose  of ;  as  being ;  to  serve 
for  or  in  lieu  of:  as,  He  said  this  by  way  of 
introduction. 

3.  Come  your  uxty,  Come  your  vxiys :  Come, 
come  on ;  a  phrase  often  used  as  an  encou- 
ragement or  invitation  to  approach  or  accom- 
pany the  speaker. 

'■  Come  your  way,  air."— Shaketp. :  Measure/or  Mea- 
sure, iii.  2. 

4.  Coveredway,  Covert  way:  [Covered-way.  1 

5.  In  the  family  way  :  [Family-way]. 

6.  In  the  way ;  In  a  position  to  obstruct  or 
binder ;  of  such  a  nature  as  to  obstruct, 
hinder,  or  impede;  as.  He  is  always  in  the 
way. 

7.  Jit  the  uxiy  of: 

(1)  So  as  to  meet,  fall  in  with,  or  gain  ;  as. 
He  put  me  in  the  way  of  doing  business. 

(2)  In  respect  of ;  as  regards. 

'■what  my  tongue  cm  do  oi  (ft  e  wa.v^tT  flattery." 
Sfiakesp. :  Coriolanus,  ni.  2. 

S.  Milky  way:  [Galaxy]. 

9.  On  the  way:  In  going,  travelling,  or  pass- 
ing along ;  hence,  in  a  state  of  progression 
or  advancement  towards  completiou  or  ae- 
compUshinent. 

"  You  should  have  been  well  on  your  way  to  York." 
SItukesp. :  2  Henry  II.,  IL  1. 

10.  Out  of  the  way  : 

(1)  Not  in  the  proper  course ;  in  such  a 
position  or  condition  as  to  pass  or  miss  one's 
object;  iu  such  a  place  or  state  as  to  be 
hindered,  impeded,  incommoded,  or  pre- 
vented. 

■'  Men  who  go  out  of  tlu,  way  to  hint  free  things, 
must  be  guilty  of  absurdity  or  rudeness."— AicA«rri. 
son  :  Clarissa. 

(■2)  Not  in  its  proper  place,  or  where  it  can 
be  found  or  met  with  ;  hence,  concealed,  lost, 
hidden,  gone. 

■■Is 't  lost?  is 't  gone!  speak,  ia  ir  oi((  o/rte  wa^/^" 
Shakesp. :  Othello,  ill.  4. 

(3)  Not  in  the  usual,  ordinary,  or  regular 
course  ;  out  of  the  beaten  track  ;  hence,  un- 
usual, extraordinary,  reuiarkahle,  striking, 
notable  ;  as.  That  is  nothing  out  of  tlie  way. 
{Colloq.) 

(4)  Used  as  an  order  to  make  room. 

"Out  of  the  way,  I  say.^'         shakesp.     Tcnpest,  i.  \. 

11.  Right  of  way: 

Law:  A  privilege  which  an  individual  or 
a  particular  description  of  individuals  may 
have  of  going  over  another's  grounds,  subject 
to  certain  conditions  or  sanctioned  by  the 
custom  bv  virtue  of  which  the  right  exists. 
A  right  of  way  may  be  claimed  by  prescrip- 
tion and  immemorial  usage,  such  right  being 
absolute  and  indefeasable  if  proved  to  be  used 
down  to  the  time  of  the  commencement  of  the 
action.  It  may  also  be  granted  by  special 
permission,  as  when  the  owner  of  lands  grants 
to  another  liberty  of  passing  over  his  grounds 
in  order  to  go  to  eluiich,  market,  or  the  like, 
in  which  case  the  gift  is  confined  to  the 
grantee  alone,  and  dies  with  him.  Again,  .i 
right  of  way  may  arise  by  act  and  operation 
of  law,  as    when  a  man  grants  a  piece  ol 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


wayboard— we 


513 


:Ai'_iuid  In  tlie  inkUtlo  of  his  ticKl  he  at  the 
saiiu'  tacitly  aud  iiiipUoUly  t;iants  a  way  to 
i:onu'  at  it. 

12.  To  f/u'c  mil/:  [Give,  ^  23.]. 

13.  To  'jti  uHf's  aay  (or  ways)  :  To  take  oiii-'s 
Ueraiturc  ;  to  depart;  to  jjo  oil".  (Often  used 
as  implying  reproach.) 

"Go  thy  Mitys.  I  begin  ty  l«  aweary  of  thee.' — 
Shakup.:  Ml$  Wetl.iv.l. 

14.  To  tjo  the  loaif  of  alt  p:sh  (or  of  all  the 
tarth):  To  die.    (I  Kings  ii.  2.) 

15.  To  }uice  way,  To  have  ones  way :  To  have 
free  scope. 

'■  Lvt  tilm  ArtPt!  hit  wiiif."—ShakMp. :  AU't  IVeit.  iii.  6. 

16.  To  hold  one's  way:  To  keepone's  course ; 
to  go  on  ;  nut  to  stop. 

17.  To  Imd  the  way  :  To  be  the  lirst  or  most 
advanced  in  a  iiiarch,  procession,  progress,  or 
the  like  ;  to  act  the  partof  a  leader,  guide,  &c. 

18.  To  make  one's  wan:  To  advance  siic- 
cessfnlly  ;  to  find  and  pursue  a  successful 
career  ;  "to  prosper  ;  to  advance  in  life  by  one's 
own  exertions. 

19.  To  male  way:  [Make,  v.,  %  30.]. 

20.  To  tiike  one's  own  ivay :  To  follow  one's 
own  fancy,  opinion.  i>lan,  or  inclination. 

"  Take  !/our  OKH  way-'—Shttkcsp. :  Cyvtbi-tine,  i.  5, 

21.  To  take  one's  way  :  To  start ;  to  set  out. 

"  Take  your  way  tor  liuiue." 

:ihaketp.  :  AlVa  tVeU,  ii.  b. 

22.  li'ay  o/ the  rounds  : 

Fort. :  A  space  left  for  the  i)assage  rouii<l 
between  a  rampart  and  the  wall  uf  a  fortifieil 
town. 

23.  )Fays  and  iwans  : 

■*(1)  Methods,  resources,  facilities. 

"Thcu  eyther  pryuce  auuglit  the  wages  *  intMin/j 
howe  eyther  o£  theym  myglit  dysconteut  uther."— 
Fabyitn  :  Ci-onyct^  (au.  1335), 

(*2)  Specif,  in  legislation,  means  of  raising 
money  ;  resources  vf  revenue.  In  this  sense 
generally  in  the  expression. 

Committee  of  U'ays  and  Means  =  a  Com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Commons,  which  (1) 
considers  any  proposals  as  to  taxes  or  duties 
submitted  to  it  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
*  he<lutT ;  and  (2)  votes  sums  of  money  from 
the  Consolidated  Fund  to  make  good  the 
supplies  granted  for  the  nuiintenanee  of  the 
services  of  the  year. 

*  way-baggage,  5.  The  baggage  or  lug- 
gage of  a  way-passenger  on  a  railroad  or  in  a 
stage-coach. 

*  way-beaten,  a.     Way-worn,  tired. 

■■This  wtiiz-bciif-.n  couple,  master  nud  man."— Jar- 
lis  :  Outt  '^MJjToff,  )it.  ii.,  l)k.  iv.,  ch.  \-ii, 

way-bennet,  way- bent,  s. 

Bvt.:  llordLtiia  miirinuin.     [Wall-e.\rley.] 

way-bill,  .«:.  A  list  of  the  names  of  pas- 
sengers wlio  are  carried  in  a  public  convey- 
ance, or  the  description  of  goods  sent  with  a 
common  eariicr  by  laud. 

*  way-bound,  a.  Hindered  or  prevented 
from  imi'suing  one's  journey,  as  by  snow  or 
the  like. 


"To  t«ll  how  poor  trarellers are  way-bound." 
Teh'jraph.  Dec.  29,  Uhi. 


-Daily 


"  way-door,  cs.    A  street-door. 

"  Ou  his  itniy-door  fix  the  hunietl  head." 

ISp.  Ball :  JSatiret,  IIL  iv.  7. 

way-end,  *-. 

Mining:  A  teini  applied  in  iron-stone  mines 
to  that  part  of  the  face  where  the  road  enters. 

way-farer,  -^.    IWavfarer.] 

way-gate.  5. 

1,  The  tail-race  of  a  mill, 

2.  Kight..fway.    (Scotch.) 

"  He  [Irving]  took  me  iuto  his  library  . .  .  Hiid  said, 
<:heerily  flinging  uut  hia  ariUB:  'f  pun  .ill  these  vnu 
ha\e  win  mid  wty-ftate.'  !in  expreaeive  Anuniiaiile 
phrase  u£  tlie  comi'Ietest  welcome,"— Ca/'fj/Zt;  Jiemi- 
7iUcenvcs.  i-  K'l. 

way-grass,  s. 

Dot. :  Folygoniuii  ai'icnlare. 
way-leave,  s.    Right-of-way. 

"Another  thing  that  is  remarkable  is  their  way- 
learea :  for  wbeu  men  liave  pieces  uf  ground  between 
the  coUiery  and  the  river,  tltey  sell  leave  to  leiui  coals 
over  their  Krouud."— A'orfft .-  Lord  Guilford,  i.  265. 

*  way-maker,   .'-.     One   who   makes   a 
way  ;  a  prc<ursor. 

*'  ]\'iti/-initkera  ...  to  the  restitiitiou  of  the  evan- 
gelical iriitli.'— Zip,  Bail. 

*  way-marU, .«.   A  mark  to  guide  persons 
in  travelling.     {Voicpur:  Prog,  of  Error,  117.) 


way  measurer. 


[Odometkh.J 


way-pane.  s.    A  slip  left  for  cartage  in 

wjitcri'il  hill- 1, 

way-passenger,  .■*.  A  passenger  picked 
up  by  Ih'-  w.iy— th;it  is,  one  taken  up  at  some 
place  intcruu*iiaU^  between  the  reguiai"  or 
principal  sti'pping-phices  or  stations. 

way-post,  s.     A  linger-post. 

"  You  caiiie  to  a  place  where  three  croiw.rua<,U  divide. 
Wittiuiit  liny  ituty-post  stuck  up  by  tlie  side," 

llarhum  :  inyoldtby  Leg.  :  St.  /lomwoTd. 

way- shaft,  6\ 

st'-nni-^ii'i. :  A  shaft  in  a  lever-beam  engine 
whieli  aciu;ites  the  slide-valve, 

way-station,  .s.  An  int-er mediate  sta- 
tion on  a  r;ulr«iud.     {.inier.) 

way-thistle,  s. 

B'f.  :  Cardnus  or  Cnicus  arven^is. 
way-thorn,  s. 

Dot. :  Jlli"iiiaus  cathailicns. 

way-warden,  *■.  The  surveyor  of  a  road 
or  liighway.  (ll'liiti-. :  Selbornc,  lett.  xxviii. 
To  Hon.  Ik  tiarrington.) 

way'-board,  5.     [Eng.  way,  and  hoard.] 

Mining  cf  (Jeol. :  A  milling  term  now  some- 
wliat  extensively  adopted  by  geologists  to 
'lesignate  the  bands  or  layers  separating 
ttiicker  strata,  and  marking  the  line  at  wlticli 
the  latter  tend  to  separate.  Thus  thick  Ix^ds 
uf  limestone,  or  of  sandstone,  may  be  Sf par- 
rated  by  thin  layers  of  shale,     {i'age.) 

way-bread,  s.      [A.S.    weg-brwde,   from  its 
^ruwnig  by  tlie  wayside.] 
Dot.  :  Dhintago  major. 

'  way-fare,  r.L  [Bug.  way,  s.,  and  fare,  v.] 
To  travel,  tu  journey. 

"  A  certain  Lacuniuii  us  he  u-ayfared  came  unto  x 
place  wheie  there  d^^elt  au  old  frieud  of  hia."— /*.  Bol. 
laud:  FltUardi,  p.  auo. 

•way-fare,.^.    IW.wfare,  v.\    The  act  of 

travelling  or  journeying  ;  travel. 

way'-far-er,  s.  [Eng.  woyfar(e);  -er.]  One 
who  travels  or  jounieys  ;  a  traveller. 

"  Fre'Hieiiti^d  with  many  ifny/arcrx.'—Carew  :  Sur- 
vey o/  Curnwalt.  till.  Oil. 

way"- far  -  ing,  *  wai-far-ing,  *way- 
fair-yng,  i'.  tt  5.     [Eng.  trayfaiie);  -ing.] 

A.  As  tn/j. :  Travelling,  journeying;  being 
on  a  journey. 

■■  To  compell  euen  wayftiiryng  meune  to  &tay 
nhether  they  will  ur  iiM."—Uoldiiige :  Cixmr,  fol.  37. 

t  B.  As  suti.st.:  Journey,  pilgrimage. 

"  And  way  worn  seemed  lie  with  life's  wayfariuy." 
A.  C.  Hwinburiie  :  Tristram  of  Lyoneaae,  iL 

wayfaring-tree,  s. 

Bot. :  Viburnnni  Lantana,  a  large  and  much- 
branched  sluub,  six  to  twenty  tix-t  high,  the 
yuuug  shoots  veiy  downy.  Leaves  elliptic, 
cordate  at  the  base,  serrate,  veined,  downy 
beneath,  the  pubescence  being  stellate'; 
llowers  white,  in  large  dense  cymes  ;  berry 
purplish-black.  Found  in  England  in  woods 
and  hedges,  especially  on  a  chalky  or  lime- 
stone soil.     It  llowers  in  May  and  June. 

way'-go-ing,  «.  [Eng.  %cay,  s.,  and  going.] 
Going  away,  departing ;  of,  pertaining  to,  or 

beluii;4ing  t<j  one  who  goes  away. 

waygoing-crop,  s.  The  crop  which  is 
t;iken  from  the  land  the  year  the  tenant 
leaves  it.     Called  also  Out-going  crop. 

way' -  goose,  s.  [Wayzgoose.]  The  same  as 
\Vavz(_;uose,  ;S.  (q.v.). 

■'  The  way-'joosci  were  always  kept  about  Partholo- 
iii.  u  lidu  ;  Mud  till  the  maater- printer  h:ive  niveuthis 
.•■■nz-'ioffa  the  jnurneviuen  do  not  use  t^i  work  hv 
I  :,i..lt(- lit;ht."— C.  B.'rimpertey:  Divt.  Printers  i 
/•i  nifiwi.  p.  510. 

way -lay',  way'- lay,  v.t.  [Eng.  vay,  s., 
and  /(///. I  Tu  wiiUli  insidiously  in  the  way, 
with  a  view  to  rob,  seize,  or  slay  ;  to  beset  by 
the  way. 

,  "A  dancing  shape,  an  inin^-e  gay. 

To  haunt,  to  startle,  and  tvayhiy.' 

Wordsworth  ;  Poenig  of  the  Inuigitiatiun. 

way-lay -er,  way-lay-er,  s.  [Eng.  way- 
lay;  -er.}  One  who  wayl.iys  ;  one  who  waits 
for  another  in  ambush,  witli  a  view  to  rub, 
seize,  or  slay  him. 

•way -less,  a.  [Eng.  way,  s. ;  -less.]  Having 
no  way,  road,  or  patli ;  pathless,  traekless. 

"Her  through  tlie  waylens  woods  of  C«rditrtocunv.-y." 
Drayton  :  Vuly-Olbiou,  4  5. 


'way-ment,  'wai'  mSnt,  v.i.    \o.  iv. 

I'-itiincnt'  r,  a  variaiii  nf  laiui^nterz.  to  lanieiil.] 
To  hiMieuI,  to  bewad. 

"  With  that  KlitK  nept  mid  wuftiUle  tenyuvntr^. ' 
.Vjnrfij'  r  ,*  Tear*  of  the  .Uute*.  ^■&. 

'  way'-ment,  a\  tWAVMKNT,  t'.j  Lamenta- 
tion, wailing. 

"  Fit  ptttle  iif  tho  vuX  tp<iytiwnt 
Which  Urpheua  for  Kurydlce  did  iiiakf.' 

Sfiensrr  :  /Cuiixs  if  Time.  :j!?0. 

'  way  -mcnt-ing.  •  way-mont-yngo,  :.-. 
[Waymknt,  v.]    U.ijienlaUcMi,  lamenting. 

"  That  h)  thl.1  wurhl  nys  creature  lyvyuKo. 
Thiit  herde  Huch  iinotbi-r  wtytufntyityr.' 

fluntcer :  V.  T.,  '.-■1 

way'-side,  s,  &  o.     (Eng.  Hut.y,  s.,  and  side.\ 

A.  .is  subst.  :  The  side  uf  the  road  or  way  ; 
tin-  border  or  edge  of  a  highway. 

■'It   stood  also    hanl    by  tlio   teaygidt'."—Baityiin: 
Pilgrim's  Progreat,  pt.  i. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  i>ertaining  to  the  .-(icle  of 
a  road  ;  situated  ou,  lying  near,  or  growing 
on  the  wayside  :  as,  a  tmyside  inn,  a  vxiijside 
flower. 

way-ward,  *  wei-ward,   *  wey-ward, 

((.  [A  headless  I'liin  uf  iweiimrd  —  ;tway- 
ward  ;  thus  traywaid  =.iwayward,  i.e.,  turned 
away,  perverse.     {Skrnt.)} 

1.  Perverse,  frowanl ;  full  of  i)eevish  ca- 
prices or  whims  ;  capricious,  obstinate. 

"Make  their  wbo^e  behi^  a  teayward  and  un<^ik-'ty 
condition."— ^t-efe ;  Spectator,  No.  20^. 

2.  Growing  or  running  where  nut  wanted. 

■'  Send  its  rough  teaywanl  root«  hi  uU  direction*.  — 
iimithson  :  Useful  Book  for  Farmert,  p.  32, 

*  way' -ward -l3^,  adv.  [Eng.  wayward;  ■!;/.] 
In  a  wayward  manner;  perversely,  fi-owardly. 

"  }\'ai/iourtiIy  proud  ;  .-vud  tlicn-lorc  bwl>l.  bic.mr^i.- 
extremely  inulty.'—.'iiduri/. 

way-ward-ness,  •  wei-ward- nesse,  '•. 

lEng.  wayward;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  wayward  ;  perverseness,  frowaidiiess. 

"Her  rather  ag^rra\;itine  loay  ward  net*  atid  wilful- 
uess."— AWio.  Miirch  6,  v>*w. 

'^way-wise,  a.  [Eng.  uuy,  s..  and  (ruse,  a.] 
Expert  in'*linding  or  keeping  the  way. 

*  wuy-wi^-er,  ii.  [Uer.  wegweiser  =  a  guide, 
from  weg  =  way,  and  wnisen  =  to  diri'ct.)  Au 
instrument  for  measuring  the  distance  whicii 
one  has  travelled  on  a  road  ;  un  odometei'  or 
pedometer.     {Kvtlyn  :  Diary,  Aug.  t},  lii,V>.) 

*way-w6de,  "wai-wdde,  s.  [I'ol.  & 
Russ.  u'o^fit'ot/a  =  army-leader,  from  W'H  =  an 
army,  and  wodit  =  lo  lead,]  A  name  inigi- 
nally  given  to  military  eominandeis  in  variuna 
Slavonic  countries,  and  afterwiirds  to  go- 
vernors of  towns  and  pruviuce.-:.  It  was 
borne  for  a  time  by  the  inlers  of  Mohlavia 
:md  Wallachia.  wlio  .--Mbsequently  t^iok  the 
title  of  liospodar. 

'  way-TPOde-ship, ;?.  [Eng.  waywode  ;  -ship.] 
The  oHice  or  jurisdiction  of  a  waywode. 

t  way-worn,  a.  [Eng.  tmi/,  s.,  and  worn.] 
Wearied  by  travelling ;  tired.  [See  extiact 
under  Wayfaring,  B.] 

way -wort,  s.     [Eng.  way,  and  ivort.) 
Bot. :  Anagallis  arvcnsis. 

wayz'-goose,  s.    tSe»*  <lef.  3.1 
*  1.  A  stubble-goose.     {Bailey.) 
'  2.    Au  entertainment  given  to  journey- 
men at  the  beginning  of  winter.     (Bailey.) 

3.  An  annual  dinner  of  the  i^ersons  em- 
ployed in  a  printing-oflice ;  a  printer's  bean- 
feast. Timperley  (Diet.  Printers  d-  Printing, 
p.  5i(j)  says  :  "The  derivation  uf  this  teriu  is 
not  generally  known.  It  is  fioin  the  old  Eng- 
lish word  ways,  stubble.  A  stubble  goose 
is  a  known  dainty  in  our  days.  A  wayz-gunse 
was  the  head  dish  at  the  annual  feast  of  the 
forefathers  of  our  fraternity." 

we,  pers.  pron.  [A.S.  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  w!j ; 
Icel.  tvir,  nrr ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  in;  Ger.  wi'r; 
Goth,  weis.]  The  plural  of  the  first  personal 
pronoun  :  I  an<l  another,  or  others  ;  1  and  he 
or  slie,  or  I  and  they. 

^  1.  U'c  is  often  used  indefinitely,  or 
vaguely,  like  they,  in  the  sense  of  people 
generally,  the  world,  &c.,  and  coriespunding 
to  the  French  on  and  the  German  man.  lii 
this  use  ice  differs  fnun  they  in  thht  by  using 
it  the  speaker  identities  himself  more  or  less 
directly  with  the  statement,  whereas  the  u.so 
of  they  does  not  imply  any  such  iden  till  ration. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  yell,  choms.  yhin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f, 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.      tion,    siou  -  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zh in.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shds.    -ble,    die,  A:c.  =  bel.  dcL 


321 


514 


weak— weal 


•*.  HV  is  frfipitntly  ii^*'**  *»>'  iiuUviiltiiib,  ns 
wlit.Hs.  iiuthuij*,  and  thf  Ilki>,  when  alludiiit^ 
U*  tli.'insrlvi'ri.  in  onk-r  to  nvoia  any  appeal - 
aiKv  of  fpitisiii,  wliicli  wotilil  arise  from  tlie 
ton  constant  nw  of  the  pronoun  I.  U'f  is 
also  u^^''.l  liy  kind's  antl  oMut  potentates  in 
ortWiiil  ilncnint-nts.  It  is  said  to  have  Ihhu 
lli-st  no  used  by  KinK  John  (1*JU4-15). 

■•  HV  cliiinii-  >"»>,  oil  «lU>'li»t»v  to  iivn-M'lI, 
'IV  hi.ld  >Hiir  «l;iiit!liUTiiij;  luiiul-  •' 

.sA<iA.*/'. .  I  //.•»<■•/  r/..  ill-  >■ 

weak,  *  weake.  walk,  '  welk.  *  weke. 
'wycke,  'wyke,  ".  (leel.  veiir,  vi-tihr, 
i^U.r^  wcuk  ;  .Sw.  vck  ;  Han.  jy^=i  pliant; 
A.S.  ir«'— pliant,  weak,  easily  bent;  Dut. 
vxtk:  Gtr.  v'drh.  The  ori^'inal  meaning  was 
yiclUins.  yivinj;  way  easily  ;  d'.  Icel.  rikjn 
(pa.  t.  viih;  pa.  \>&r.  vikinn)  =  to  tuin,  to  turn 
aside  ;  A.B.  iciaui  (pa.  t.  ctic.  pa.  par.  vnceu) 
«;to  give  way;  Ger.  v.vkhcn  (pa.  t.  v'idi,  pa, 
par.  riftfichen)  =  Xo  give  way;  Gr.  cIkw  (ei7.'.>, 
for  Wifco)  =  t"  yield,  to  give  way.  From  the 
same  root  come  vick  and  firkcr.] 

1.  Wanting  or  deticicnt  in  phy:jical  strcny;tli ; 
as— 

(1)  Pelicient  in  bodily  strength  ;  not  able 
to  do  severe  or  difficult  tasks  or  work,  or  to 
raise  bi-avy  weights,  or  the  like;  wanting  in 
rnbUHtness  or  vigour  ;  feeble,  exhausted  ;  nut 
strong;  inlirin,  .sickly. 

"  Uim  to  bf  ytt  irfttk  aud  wV-iiy  well  she  knew." 
,s>rns«-:  /'.  Q.,  I.  ix.  20. 

('2)  Not  able  to  sustain  a  heavy  weight, 
pressure,  or  strain. 

"  A  iimiitGl  lioug  her  fast  l>y 
Uikjii  jv  bench  iccake  aud  smnll." 

/iomaunt  (jf  tlic  A'ose. 

(;0  Not  having  the  l>arts  firmly  united  or 
adhesive ;  easily  broken  or  separated  into 
pieces  ;  brittle  :  as,  a  irmk  vessel. 

(4)  Not  stitT:  jiliaut,  easily  bending,  soft; 
as,  the  jveak  stem  of  a  plant. 

(5)  Not  al)le  to  resist  onset  or  attack ;  easily 
sui-Biounted  or  overcome  :  as,  a  weak  fortress. 

2.  Unfit  for  purposes  of  attack  or  de- 
fence, either  from  want  of  numbers,  training, 
courage,  or  other  martial  resources  ;  nut 
strong  in  arms  ;  too  small  in  numbers  or  in- 
sufficiently prepared  :  as,  a  weak  force. 

3.  Not  strongly  or  numerously  supplied  ; 
not  holding  a  large  number. 

*•  Bc'inR  weak  in  trumps,  you  should  play  the  tvuiup 
next  ill  value  to  the  turu-up."— /'icM,  Dec.  12,  18S5. 

4.  DeTicient  in  force  of  utterance  or  sound  ; 
baving  little  volume,  loudness,  or  sonoroii.>- 
ness :  as,  a  weak  voice. 

5.  Wanting  in  ability  to  perform  its  func- 
tions or  otfice ;  powerless  in  operation ;  in- 
cffieacious  ;  deficient  in  functional  energy, 
activity,  or  force. 

"Goes  n^inst  my  trcak  stonuich." 

SliakcBp. :  Heiiry  V.,  iii.  2. 

6.  Not  abundantly  or  suftieiently  impreg- 
natcfl  with  the  essential  required,  or  with  the 
usual  ingredients,  or  with  stimulating  oi- 
nourishing  substances  or  properties;  not  of 
the  usual  strength ;  poor:  as,  weafc  tea,  v:enk 
ale,  &c. 

7.  Not  poss^'ssing  moral  or  mental  strength, 
vigom*,  or  energy  ;  deficient  in  strength  ot 
intellect  or  judgment;  wanting  in  strength  nf 
mind  or  resolution. 

■'  If  they  were  weak  enough  to  recall  him.  tht- j 
would  soon  have  to  depose  hiui  Hg;\.iu."—Macanla a  , 
Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xii. 

8.  Having  imperfect  mental  faculties  ; 
foolish,  silly,  fatuous,  stupid. 

*■  To  d.'dly  much  w  ith  pubjects  mean  and  low. 
rrove*i  that  the  mind  is  weak,  or  makes  it  so. " 
CoiQpcr:  Table  Talk,  .s4:>, 

9.  Not  having  acquired  full  confidence  ni' 
conviction  ;  not  firmly  settled  or  established  ; 
wavering,  vacillating. 

"  Him  thnt  is  irrak  in  the  faith  receire  ye.  but  not 
to  doubtful  di'iputfttions." — Hornans  xiv.  l. 

10.  Deficient  in  steadiness  or  firnniess  ;  not 
abln  to  resist  temptation,  persuasion,  urgency, 
or  the  like  ;  easily  mo^ed,  impressed,  or  over- 
come. 

"  Wicked  and  thence  iveak." 

Milton:  P.  L.,  iv,  856. 

11.  Resulting  from  or  indicating  wan*,  of 
jufigment,  iliscernnient,  or  fii'niness  ;.  arising 
from  or  characterized  by  want  of  mor^l  cour- 
age, of  self-denial  or  of  determination  ;  inju- 
dicious :  as,  a  wmk  compliance. 

1*2.  Not  having  effective  or  prevailing  power  ; 
not  potent ;  inefficacious. 

"  My  nucieiit  incantatkmi  are  t"o  wetk' 

Shakeep.  :  1  llcnry'X'l.,  v.  ". 


\X  Not  having  power  to  convince  :  notsui>- 
ported  by  the  lorce  of  reason  or  truth  ;  nn- 
snstained,  controvertible. 

'■  ir.viJI;cr  reiwonn  tlwu  thtw  would  liavo  HRtisflwl 
tlie  Whiipi  who  formed  the  majority  of  the  Pnvy 
t'oiuicll.  — jWui''i"/«ff .  Hitt.  i:na.,  ch.  xi. 

li.  Not  founded  in  right  or  justice;  not 
easily  defensible. 

"  My  titlf'B  w(!iik."       I'ihakcBp.  :  3  Henry  VI.,  i.  i. 
1.5.  Deficient  in  jKiwer  or  vigour  of  expns 
.sion  ;  not  having  pith,  pregnancy,  or  point  ; 
as,  a  weak  style. 

IG.  Slight,  inconsiderable,  little,  petty. 

'•  This  weeik  and  icUc  theme." 

Shnkffp. :  Sluimmmer  Hight  t  lircam.  v. 

II.  timm. :  A  term  applied  to  verbs  the 
past  tense  and  past  iiarticiple  of  which  are 
formed  by  the  addition  of  -erf,  -d ;  as,  I  love, 
I  hirii;  opposed  to  strong  verbs  (q.v.).  Also 
applied  to  nouns  the  jilurals  of  whicli  are 
formed  by  the  addition  of  -s,  -cs. 

'  -weak-built,  a.     ill-founded. 

■■  Vet  ever  t*»  obtain  bis  will  resolving. 
Thoiwh  M'mJl-J.to7fho|ieJi,  persuade  him  toabstaimni;. 
Shukivp.  :  tlnpe  of  Lucrccc,  \'M. 

weak-eyed,  a.     Ilaving  weak  eyes. 
weak-fish,  s.    [SQUirrKAouE.] 
weak-headed,  n.    Having  a  weak  head 

or  intelh.t. 

'  weak-hearted,  a.  Having  little  cum- 
;ige  :  spiritle.ss, 

"  More  miaeriea  and  greater  far 
Than  luy  wcak-hcarUii  enemies  dare  oftei." 

tHiakvsp. :  4fc)ir!/  Vllt.,  iii  2. 

■  weak-hinged,  n.     Weak,  ill-founded. 
"  Not  ablp  to  pnMluce  more  airnsatiou  , 
Than  your  own  wnk  hinged  fancy." 

Sfiakcap.  :  Winfcr'n  Title,  ii.  ;:. 

weak-kneed,  c-  Having  weak  knee.s  ; 
lienre,  fig.,  giving  way  easily  ;  not  strong  ot 
mind  or  resolution  ;  weak. 

"Such  another  ^geak-kiircd  effort  .  .  .  will  lead  to 
no  5ood  result."— S(.  James's  Oazette.  Jan.  1*.  I8«e. 

weak-made,  a.  Having  by  nature  little 
sirenglli  ;  weak,  feeble. 

••  Those  prond  lords,  to  blame. 
Make  wi'nk-}iiiidc  wuinen  tenants  to  their  shaiiie' 
i<htik<'Sp. :  liape  of  Lucrcce.  l.'lt>'~>. 

weak-minded,  «.  Feeble  in  mind  or 
resolution. 

weak-mindedness,  .';.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  weak-miuded ;  irresolution,  in- 
decision. 

"  Brook  uo  continuance  of  tpeak-mindcdness." 

IVordtworth  :  To  B.  f{.  Haydon,  Esq. 

weak-side,  5.  That  side  or  asjiect  of  a 
person's  character  or  dis|iosition  by  which  lie 
is  most  easily  afi'ected  or  influenced. 

"  To  quell  the  tyrant  love,  and  guard  thy  heart 
On  this  weak  side,  where  most  our  natuie  fails." 
Addison  :  Cafo. 

weak-sighted,  a.     Having  weak  sight. 

weak-spirited,  «.  Having  a  weak  or 
timorous  spirit ;  pusillanimous. 

''weak,  '  wek-en,  v.t.  &  i.    [A.S.  v:d:can, 

A,  Trans. :  To  make  weak  ;  to  weaken. 

"  It  .  .  .  weaketh  our  hcrtes  in  vertuee."— GoWoi 
Bnke.  let.  3. 

B,  IiitraTis.:  To  become  weak;  to  lose 
streiigtli ;  to  abat«. 

■•  Soiiiwliat  t«  icckeu  gnu  the  paine." 

Ohaucer:  Trotlus  A-  Creaide.  iv. 

weak' -en,  v.t.  &  i.    [Eng.  weak,  a. ;  -en.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  weak  ;  to  lessen  the 
strength  of ;  to  deprive  of  strength  ;  to  de- 
bilitate ;  to  lessen  the  force,  power,  or  autho- 
rity of. 

*■  HowHti"angelyia  the  foroeof  this  motive  iceaketted 
by  those  who  make  ChriBt  a  mere  man.' — Alterburii : 
Herynoii.'t.  vol.  iii.,  ser.  S. 

B.  IMtuiis.  :  To  become  weak  or  weaker; 
to  lose  strength. 

"  lii.s  notion  traikens."  hhukesp. :  Lear,  i.  4. 

weak-en-er,  *  weak'-ner,  s.  [Eng.  wmken ; 
-er.]    One  who  or  that  which  weakens. 

"Huge  helps  to  piety,  great  wcakncrs  of  &in." — 
South  :  Senuonn.  vol.  v\..  eer,  11. 

weak'-en-ing,  ■pr.  jmr.  &  a.    [Weaken.] 

A.  As  pr.  jxir. ;  (See  the  verb). 

B.  -Is  a<lj. :  Having  the  property  or  quality 
of  reducing  strength  :  as,  a  weakening  disease. 

weak'-ish,  a.    [Eng.  weak,  a. ;  -ish.]    Souie- 
wlut  weak  ;  rather  weak. 

*  weak'-ish-ness,  s.    lEng.  weak  ish  ;  -»r.v^.j 


The  quality  or  state  of  being  weakish  ;  sligl.l; 
wtMkiie.ss, 

weak -ling,  *weak  lyng,  s.  &  u.    fEng. 

weak ;  -liny.] 
t  A.  As  .tuhst. :  A  weak  or  feeble  person. 

"ThiH  «a»  a  feat  not  to  he  attempted  by  a  m-  •!;■ 
I i Jiff. "—Field.  April  4,  llsSr-. 

■  B.  As  adj.  :  We^ik,  feeble. 

"  He  [  EflchinesI  was  but  iveakli}i(i,  aud  very  tendi  i  ' 
—.Vort/i:  /•liitarcli,  p.  TuiJ. 

weak'-ly,  '  weake -ly,  cuie.  &  a.    [Eng. 
.weak,  a.  ;  -/i/,J 

A,  Asadi'erh  : 

1.  In  a  weak  manner;  with  little  physii'ii 
strength;  feebly,  faintly;  not  strongly  <■; 
forcibly. 

2.  With  want  of  efficacy  ;  « ith  little  or  i.  i 
result. 

3.  With  feebleness  of  mind  or  intellect ;  in- 
discreetly, injudiciously. 

"  Plato . .  ,  veaklff  advises  men  to  ^vor^hip  inferiyov 
godii, d.'enious  and  Ri>'irits."— Clarke :  On  the  Etideiu-  ^, 
piui..  6. 

B.  As  adj. :  Not  strong  of  constitution  i  r 
growth  ;  weak,  infirm. 

■'Th:in   be  tempted   to  plant  a   ivvakly  growev. 
I'idil.  Oct.  15.  IbtfT. 

weak'-ness,   weake -nesse,  s.     [Eiu. 

weak;  -tiess.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  weak  ;  want 
of  physical  strength  ;  want  of  force  or  vigour  : 
feebleness,  infirmity. 

"  The  Wf'oftiK*** of  mhie  eyes." 

mliaketp. :  Julius  Ca>mr,  iv.  %. 

2.  Want  of  mental  ormoral  strength  ;  want, 
of  moral  courage,  resolution,  or  strength  mI 
will ;  irresolution. 

"  }Y etikuvs.'!  to  resiat 
Philistian  gold."  Milton :  damson  Agomstcs,  SoO 

3.  Want  of  spLriteduess,  life,  or  sx>rightlt- 
uess. 

"  New  graces  yeajly  like  thy  works  display. 
Soft  w  ithbut  tpe'iknesa,  without  glaring  gay." 

ifopo:  EpiHtU  to  ilr,  Jvrvas.  d^. 

"^i.  Want  of  moral  force  or  iuHuence  upon 
the  mind  ;  want  of  cogency. 

"  She  seems  to  be  conscious  of  the  tccaktiess  of  thust 
testiinonieB."— riWofsoii. 

5.  A  fall  in  price. 

"Thetrjide  there,  in  fact,  hae  l>een  rather  inclineil 
to  harden    than   ehow  weakness."— Daily  Chronivle. 

May  2d.  188J. 

6.  A  defect,  failing,  or  fault ;  a  foible :  as, 
Every  one  has  his  weakiiess.  (In  this  sense-  it 
takes  a  plural.) 

"weal  (1),  *wele,  '^weale,  s.    [A.S.  weia, 

wealn,  weoJa  —  opulence,  prosperity,  ^\eal, 
from  vel  =  well  (q.v.) ;  cogn.  with  Dan.  I'd  — 
weal,  welfare;  Sw.  rul ;  O.  H.  Ger.  wM. 
wola,  wolo  ;  Ger.  wohl.] 

1.  A  sound,  healthy,  or  prosperous  stat-'. 
whether  of  persons  or  things;  the  state  ol 
being  well;  welfare,  prosperity. 

"  By  every  chief  who  fought  or  fi;ll, ' 
For  Albion  s  iivnl  in  battle  buhl." 

Scott:  liard'ti  Incantation. 

*2.  The  body  politic;  the  state,  the  cotn- 
mcn  wealth. 

"  The  special  watchmen  of  our  English  toeal." 

Shakesji. :  i  H,mry  VI.,  iii.  1. 
%  The  public,  ge-nfral,  or  coinvwn  weal  t  Tim 
well-being,  welfare,  or  prosperity  of  the  com- 
munity, state,  or  society. 

"  A  foe  to  the  jmblic  weaiJ' 

Hhakcsp.  :  C'uriolaims,  iii,  1. 

^  weal-balanced,  a.  Kept  in  just  pro- 
portion by  reasons  of  state. 

"  By  cold  gradation  and  weal-hnlnnced  form." 
,'>h'ikesj>.  ■  .Ilea  an  re  for  Slcasurc,  iv.  .'; 

■  weal  -  public  *  weal-publick. 

The  public  weaL  ;  tlie  commonwealth. 
"  Set  upon  spoil  on  either  part  they  were. 
Whilst  the  weal-publick  they  in  pieces  teju-." 

Drayton:  MisericJi  of  Queen  Margaret. 

^  'wealS-man,  s.  A  man  who  consults  li 
professis  to  consult  the  public  weal. 

"  Meeting  iv,  u  such  ircits-men  »s  you  are." 

.Shnkcap.  :  Coriolantui,  ii.  l 

weal  (2).  ^  wheal, .".    [A.S.  wohi.]    The  nm; ;; 
of  a  stripe  ;  a  wale  (q.v.). 

"  Like  wart3  or  weals  it  hangs  uiwn  her  skin." 
/Ion  in: 

'  weal  (1),  V.t.     [Wf,.\l  (1),  s.]     To  promote 
the  we;U  or  welfare  of. 

•'weal  (2),  *wale,  v.t.  (We.u.  (2),  s.]  To 
mark  with  weals  or  stripes. 

"Thy  sacred  body  v.m  strippe<l  of  thy  Hivnoent.H, 
and  wafedwLth  bloody striDea-'—Bp.  Unit:  Vontetnpl., 
bk.  I  v. 


f^te.  f^t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:   wc,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  potf 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  w^ho,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  rinite,  cur,  rule,  fill:  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  =;  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  —  kw. 


wealaway— wear 


51.3 


•  weal'-a-way,  intn-j.    [Welawa v.J 
weald.  *  wald,  *  wait,  wold.  -  weeld,  ^. 

|A.S.  urnl,/^  u\dil  =  :i  wouil,  a  forest;  i:u;;ii. 
with  ().  U.  Gcr.  mtlt :  Gtr.  vxtl-L]  [Woi.i-.  | 
A  I'ioce  of  open  forest -land  ;  a  wiiody  jiliice  or 
wootly  waste  ;  a  wold. 

^  As  a  proi>er  name  it  is  applied  t^i  a  valley 
or  tract  of  country  lyiuj;  between  the  north 
and  south  downs  of  Kt-nt  and  Sussex. 

Weald-clay,  5. 

fM  p/.  .•  Till-  np[)er  strutuni  or  series  of  strata 
of  tin'  W.aldcn  foiinalion.  It  is  about  l.OdO 
feet  thick,  and,  with  the  exception  of  its 
upper  jiortion,  which  is  flnvio-niarine,  is  »if 
fieshwuter  oriijin.  It  constituted  the  delta  of 
a  sifat  river,  which,  slowly  subsided  till  at 
]eni,'th  the  ocean  was  let  in.  The  delta  was 
inhabited  by  Kreat  Sauiians,  of  the  genera 
lyuani.doti.  Hypbihiphodon,  Pelorosaurus, 
i_)ViiJthi'psis,  and  HykL'osaurus.  These,  be- 
ccMiiiiLi  suliuicr.L^ed  as  the  delta  sank,  became 
imbedded,  not  in  the  Weald  clay,  but  iu  tlie 
overlying  Kmtish  Rag  whieh  succeeded  the 
clay,  and  rests  on  it  conformably.  Through- 
out the  clay  itself  are  casts  of  Cyprides,  and 
there  are  occasional  bands  of  Sussex  marble 
composed  almost  entirely  of  a  species  of  Palu- 
dina.  The  Weald  clay  constitutes  a  valh  y 
between  the  elevated  ridges  of  the  Hastings 
ISand  and  tlie  chalk  downs  of  Kent,  Surrey, 
Hampshire,  and  Sussex,  from  Hythe  by  Tini- 
bridge,  Hartin^^'combe,  and  Hailshani  to  Pev- 
cnsey. 

Weald  -en.  a.  &  s.    (Eng.  u-eahl:  -en.] 

A.  A.'i  ihIJ.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  weald  ; 
spfcilieally,  pertaining  to  the  weald  of  Kent 
and  Sussex,  or  to  the  formation  described 
under  U. 

B.  As  anbstantive : 

Geol. :  A  formation  or  group  of  rocks  con- 
sisting; of  clay,  shale,  sand,  sandstones,  grits, 
and  liniestnnes,  eonstituting  the  lowest  part 
of  the  Cataceuus  system.  In  18^3  Mr.  Gideon 
Algernon  Mantell  (afterwards  Dr.  Mantell, 
F.R.S.)  correctly  showed  that  it  was  of  tlu- 
viatile  origig,  though  intercalated  between 
marine  Oolite  below,  and  Greensand,  also 
marine,  above.  The  name,  Wealden  Forma- 
tion, was  lirst  introduced  by  Mantell,  to 
whom  it  had  been  suggested  by  his  friend 
J.  P.  Martin,  Esq.,  of  Pulborough.  Tlie 
WeaUlen  has  been  generally  divided  into  the 
Weald  Clay,  constituting  the  upper  beds, 
the  Hastings  Sand  in  the  middle,  and  Pur- 
beck  beds  below ;  but  the  Purbeck  beds 
are  now  considered  to  be  Oolite,  or  to 
be  intej-mediate  between  the  Oolite  and  the 
Wealden.  The  thickness  of  the  true  Wealden 
formation  in  Swanage  Bay,  where  it  is  most 
highly  developed,  may  be  2,000  feet.  Its 
fauna  consists  of  great  reptiles,  fishes  of  the 
genus  Lepidotus,  and  freshwater  molluscs. 
Physa,  Linunea,  &c.  ;  its  flora  of  Conifers, 
Cycads,  aiul  Feins,  but  no  Dicotyledonous 
Angiosperms.  The  delta  of  the  old  Wealden 
river  has  been  traced  about  two  hundretl 
miles  from  east  to  west,  and  a  hundred  miles 
from  north  to  south.  Much  has  been  swept 
away  by  denudation.  The  Quorra  or  Niger  in 
Afiica  covers  25,000  square  miles  ;  the  Weal- 
den river  therefore  probably  approached,  and 
may  possibly  have  exceeded  it  in  magnitude. 
It  drained  a  large  part  of  a  continent,  tlie  area 
and  exact  situation  of  which  are  unknown. 
The  Wealden  of  Hanover  and  Westphalia  con- 
stitutes the  delta  of  a  second  river  distinct 
from  the  lirst.    [Weald-clay,  Hastings-sasd, 

PURBECK-BKl'S.] 

*weald'-xsh.  a.  (Eng.  weald;  -ish.]  Of  or 
belonging  to  a  weald,  and  especially  to  the 
weald  of  Kent  and  Sussex. 

"  The  tevaldith  uxAU-'—fuder  •  Woitlues  :  Ke»t. 

*weal'-ful,  *  weale-full, ».  [Eng.  K-eaim 
and  full.]    Happy.  ^  ^' 

•'  To  telle  tlio  jerkea  with  joy,  thiit  joy  tli>  bring 
Is  botli  a  tccale/tilt  awd  a  h  oIuU  tLiiig." 

Davles :  Holy  Uoode,  !>.  i:;. 

I  wealth,  'wealthe/ welthe.s.    [Eng.  u-eai 

(1),  s.  ;  -tk;  cf.  health,  frmu  hcol,  dmrth,  from 
tfea r,  &c  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  ft't'We  =  luxurv, 
from  v:el  —  well  (adv.).] 

1.  Ordinory  lAingunge: 

^\.  Weal,  prosperity,  welfare,  eternal  hap- 
piness. 

"  Let  no  man  seek  his  owu.  but  everj*  man  another's 
vseatth.  — I  Corinth,  x.  2t. 

2.  A  collective  term  for  riches  ;   material 
possessions  in  all  their  variety  ;  large  posses- 


sions of  money,  goods,  or  lands  ;  that  abund- 
ance of  worldly  eatiit<Mvhich  exceeds  the  state 
of  the  greater  part  of  the  comnuuiity  ;  atllu- 
euce,  opulem-c. 

"  Tli:it  h-ealth  consl.ts  hi  iiioiii-y  or  in  K'*Ut  Jiuil 
jtllvpr.  is  apoijular  notion."— .VhuTA;  Wealth  of. Yationn, 
bk.  iv..ch,  i, 

3.  Abundance,  atlluence,  profusion. 

"  With  new  woinler  uow  lu-  viuwa  .  .  . 
In  narrow  room  iiftturca  wliole  uwalth.  yea  more. 
A  heav'u  ou  eartli."  Milton  :  I'.  /,.,  Iv.  207. 

II.  I'olU.  Ecoii. :  A  term  embracing  all  and 
only  sueh  objects  as  have  utility  and  can 
be  approitriated  in  exclusive  possession,  and 
tlieninic  exchaiigfil.  Political  economists 
rniisider  labour  as  the  only  source  of  wealth  ; 
and  political  ecoiioiiiy  treats  mainly  of  the 
means  of  promoting  the  increase  of  "national 
wcjltli,  and  of  removing  obstructions  to  its 
develnjinient. 

'  wealth -fill,       wealth  full,     /.      [Eng. 

Krnlth  :  -full.]  Full  ot  wi'altli  or  happiness; 
prosperous. 

"  Likelie  rigbte  wel  to  prosper  in  wealthfnU  place."— 
More:  Works,  p.  39. 

"  wealth'-ftU-l^,  o(?r.  [Eng.  tcmlthful ;  -hj.] 
In  prosperity  or  happiness  ;  jirosperously.  " 

•■  r..  Ie;ul  thy  life  we-ilthfullifr—Vivea  :  Instruct,  of 
,1  CUristiati    Womuii.  bk.  iL.  c1i.  U. 

wealth'-i-ly.  udf.  [Eng.  wmlthn ;  -lij.]  In 
a  wealthy  manner  ;  in  the  midst  of  wealth  or 
riches  ;  richly. 

"  I  c^me  ti>  wive  it  wealthUy  in  Pjulim." 

Shakt'ip. :  Titmittg  o/ the  Shrew,  i.  2. 

wealth'-i-ness,  "  welth-i-nes,  s-.     (Eng. 

imdlhn  :  -iiess.]  The  .luality  or  state  of  being 
wealthy;  riches,  opulence. 

"This  in  tract  of  tyme  lunde  liiin  welthy.  aiid  by 

nieiiue  of  this   teetchintt  ensued  i»ryde."  —  Fabyan  : 

Chronycle,  ch.  Ivi. 

wealth' -y,  ^'  welth-y,  a.    [Eng.  xcealth ;  -y.] 
1.  Havii:g  wealth  or  riches ;  having  large 
possessions  in  lands,  goods,  money,  or  securi- 
ties, or  larger  than  the  generality  of  people; 
rich  opulent,  attluent. 

"  I  will  be  married  to  a  wealth!/  widow 
Ere  three  days  pasjj." 

Shakesp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  iv.  2, 

*2.  Rich  in  any  sense,  as  in  beauty,  uina- 
ment,  endowments,  &c. 
*  3.  Large  in  point  of  value  ;  ample. 

"  Her  dowry  wealihy." 

Shiikfsp. :  Taming  qfthe  Shrew,  iv.  5. 

wean,  ''wene,  v.t.  [A.S.  wenian—  to  ac- 
custom ;  dwenian  =  to  wean  ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
n-eiineii  =  to  accustom,  to  inure  ;  aftvennoi  = 
to  wean  ;  Icel.  tvnja  =  to  accustom  ;  Dan. 
raune=  to  accustom;  Sw.  m7ija=to  accus- 
tom ;  vdnja  af=  to  wean  ;  0.  H,  Ger.  wenjan, 
ivcnnaii :  M.  H.  Ger.  vKimi;  Ger.  gewQhnen  = 
to  accwBUnn  ;  eiitwiihnoh  =■  to  wean.  From 
the  same  root  as  wont,  s.  (q.v.).] 

1.  Lit.  :  To  separate  fiom  the  breast,  or  from 
the  mother's  milk  as  food ;  to  aecu.stnm  ami 
reconcile  as  a  child  or  other  young  animal  to 
a  want  or  deprivation  of  the  breast  ;  to  ab- 
lactate. 

"  And  she  was  nean'd~-\  never  shnll  forget  it,— 
Of  aU  the  days  of  the  year  upou  that  day." 

Shakesp.  :  Romeo  it  Juliet,  i,  3. 

2.  Fig. :  To  detach  or  alienate,  as  the  affec- 
tions from  any  object  of  desire  ;  to  reconcile 
to  the  want  or  loss  of  anything  ;  to  disengage 
from  any  habit,  former  pureuit,  or  enjoyment. 

"  It  was  the  sight  of  thy  dear  cross 
Firat  wean'd  my  soul  from  eartlily  things." 

Cowper :  Olney  Hiftmu.  \\\i. 

'wean,^.    [Weax,  c] 

1.  A  child ;  a  little  one.    {Scotch.) 

"Tlie  puir  doggie  balanced  itsell  asone  of  the  w«(t/(j 
wild  liac  done."— .ScoH  ."  Guy  Mannerinff,  cb.  .\lv. 

2,  An  infant,  a  weanling.    (Prov.) 
weaned,  j«.  par.  or  a.     [Weak,  v.] 

^  wean'-ed-neSS,  .^.     [Kn^.  ireaned  ;   -ness.] 

1.  Lit.  :  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
separated  from  the  breitst. 

2.  Fig. :  Detachment. 

"  li'eanedness  from  and  weailnesa  of  (be  wnrM."— 
Cotton  Mather  :  Mfinorabte  t'ruvidenve.s  (ed.  16SD).  p.  S5. 

*  wean'-el,    •  wean-ell,    *  wen-nell,  .■». 

[Eng.  n-ean:-cl.]     All  animal  newly  weaned  ; 
a  weanling. 

"  A  Iamb,  or  a  kid.  or  a  wfanct  waat.' 
Spenser:  ShepheitnU  Calender;  Septviii'jer. 

Wean  -ing,  pr.  par.  ota.    [Weax,  i\] 
weaning-brash,  s. 

Med. :  A  severe  form  of  diarrhoea,  whieh 
supervenes  at  times  on  weaning. 


t  wean'-ling,  ^■.  .k  a.    [Eng,  wean,  s.  ;  ■liinj.] 

A.  vis  subst.  :  A  child  or  other  animal 
iM'wly  weaned. 

B.  As  tidj. :  Newly  weaned. 

"  Hiuc,  ilm  falrmt  haiidn.  took  freedom  tint  iixln  tbaiu 
A  tiwinlin!/  child." 
A.  CSwiitburue:  Litany  of  Satiom :  Oreeef. 

weap'  on  (nras  wep'n),  *wap  en,  *wep- 

cn.  ■  wep-on,  •'.     (.\.S.  vd-jxm  -  a  weaiM.ii, 
.shield,  .uhword;  eogii.  with  Dut.  wajwu;  led. 
rdpn  ;  Uan.  vaahen ;  Sw.  rajwn  :  O.  II.  (Jer. 
WQfau,  wappeti;  Ger.  \vaffc ;  Goth,  wejma.} 
I.  0 yd inury  Language: 

1.  .\n  instrument  of  otfence  ;  jiarticularly 
any  instrument  used,  or  designed  to  be  used, 
in  destroying  or  annoying  an  enemy,  a.s  a 
sword,  a  dagger,  a  rifle,  a  cannon,  a  club,  or 
the  like. 

"  Fnll  ou  the  ahield'x  romid  boa*  the  weapon  rmin." 
Pope:  J/omer;  Iliad  xliL  aw. 

2.  An  instrument  for  contest  <u-  for  comtwl- 
ing  enemies,  either  for  oflenee  or  defence ; 
anything  that  maybe  used  as  a  help  ur  arm 
in  a  contest. 

"The  chief  weapon  of  the  Commons  had  tie«n  the 
power  of  the  pni-se."— J/am«fa,v  .■  Ilite.  JCng..  ch.  xi. 

II.  Lot.:  Any  processor  structure  by  which 
a  plant  is  defended,  spec,  a  thorn  or  in-ickle. 

*  weapon-salve,  -■;.  A  salve  which  was 
supposed  to  cure  a  wound  by  Iwing  applied  Ut 
the  weapon  which  had  caused  it.     [Svupa- 

THETIC-POWDER.] 

"That  the  symimtlietick  powder  and  the  wenpan- 
iinliv  constantly  iwrforin  what  ia  promised,  1  leav« 
iitheis  to  believe."— /fo^/e. 

weapon-schaw, .''.   A  wapenshaw  (tj.v.). 

■'  Already  vn  dark  Ruberslaw 
Tlie  DiiukI.us  hulUs  his  weapon  srhate." 

Scott      La  II  of  the  La»t  Minstrel,  iv,  25. 

■  weapon -smith,  s.  One  who  makes 
weapdii^  i_pf  war  ;  an  armourer. 

weap'-oned,  •  weapned,    wep  oned,  a. 

(Eng.  mapon  ;  -((/.]    Funiisln-d  wiiii  a  uiajuju 
or  weapons  ;  armed,  equipped. 

"SUtnd  you  up 
Shielded  and  helmed,  and  weaponed  with  the  Iryth," 
Coleridge  :  J'ivcvloinini.  i.  7. 

weap -on-less,  •  weap-on-lesse, «.  (Eng. 
/'v,f/H',/ ;  -/,-;,-■.]  Having  wo  weapon  or  ainui ; 
unarmed. 

"  In  self-defence,  with  a  warriui'.s  brnw. 
Ue  stood,  uor  tccapoid-'ts  wii»  now," 

iVordiworth  .    }yhite  Doe,  v. 

^  weap'-on-ry,  s.  [Eng.  m*ojw»,  s. ;  -^-^.i 
Weapons  in  general. 

wear  (I),  '  weare,  'weren  (pa.  t.  ♦cxirr, 
''  K'cret?,  *  wvix,  pa.  par.  u-orn),  v.t.  &  i.  l.\.S. 
weiian  {pa.,  t.  tvtrroiie);  cogn.  with  Icel.  vT/'t 
=:to  wear;  O.  H.  Ger.  wcrian  ;  Goth,  wa^jiiit. 
=  to  clothe.  From  the  same  root  comes  rest.[ 
A*  Transitive  : 

1.  To  carry  covering  tho  brtdy,  asclotiies; 
to  be  dressed  in. 

"  Men  toearinffihe  same  tartan,  imd  attjiclied  to  cbe 
same  lurti.  were  arrayed  against  e.ioh  other."— Jfac- 
aiiiay :  Biet.  Eng..  cb.  xiiL 

2.  To  carry  appendant  to  the  bodv,  as  onia- 
ments,  a  sword,  &c. 

"  This  jewel  ; 
Accept,  juid  wear  it.  kind  my  lord." 

Sfiakcsp.:  Tinioii.  i.  2. 

•  3.  1  o  carry,  to  bear. 

"  Where  the  waap  doth  icear  hia  sting," 

Shakesp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  iL 

4.  To  allow  to  grow  in  a  particular  fashion. 

"  If  any  uf  the  fhinese  is  found  wearing  long  Iwir 
in   nmia,  he  forfeits  hia  head."— /Jampio*-.-    Voyage* 

5.  To  consume  by  frequent  or  habitual  use  ; 
to  deteriorate,  waste  away,  or  use  up,  as 
clothes. 

6.  To  wa.ste  or  impair  by  rubbing  or  attri- 
tion ;  to  le-ssen  or  consume  by  constant  action 
upon  :  to  destroy  by  degrees  ;  to  waste  away. 

"  When  water-droiM  have  toorn  the  stones  of  Troy  * 
Shakesp. :  Ti-olltu  A  Crettida,  iii.  u. 

*  7.  Hence,  to  weary,  to  exhaust,  to  fatigue. 

"To  iwflr  J  our  gentle  hmbs  in  my  art'airs." 

Shaketp. :  Alls  h;u,  v.  l 

*8.  To  efface  from  the  memory  ;  to  forget. 

"Thb  few  d.nys"  wonder  will  be  quickly  worn." 

Shakvfp.  .■  2  Henry  IV,.  ii.  *, 

9.  To  cause  or  protluce  by  constant  perciis- 
siou  or  attrition  ;  to  form  by  C()ntinnal  attri- 
tion :  as,  A  constant  current  of  water  wtU 
wear  a  channel  in  stone. 

10.  To  have  or  present  an  appearance  of;  to 
bear,  to  t^rry,  to  exhibit,. 

"  He  JMrtr*  the  roae  of  youth  tiimn  hlni." 

Shak«*p. :  Antony  A  Chvputra,  iii.  11 


boil,  boy  :  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus, 
-cian,    tian  -■=  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun 


9hiu,  ben^h ;  go.  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect*  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
;  -tion,  -^ion  =  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious,  -slous  ^  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  ~  bel.  deL 


61 P 


wear— weasel 


II  T»>  bring  iibout  Km<Hi;illy  ;  to  alTfCt  by 
(Iciiuvs  ;  bciiio,  t«  cause  to  think  or  act  in  a 
certain  ilirection,  way,  or  line.  (Oflon  with 
ill  or  into,) 

"TrinU  tt^nr  u«  iuta  a,  UklnR  o(  what,  iHwlWy.  in 
the  tint  r«*»y  diapIoiweU  U»."— tecfc^. 

'  12.  To  consume,  puss,  or  speml  tediously. 
(Folluweil  by  aiHit/,) 

■•Whdt  inA»k>.  vthiit  lUiiCM. 
To  <#*rtr  av.%»  tlili  loiiK  nfo  «t  threo  hour*. 
SA<i*««p- .  Ji/W«*miwr  A'ighti  nrearn,  v.  i. 

B.  /u(fcnii-i*iw: 

1.  To  Iw  unilei-going  Ki^ft'ltia^  impairment  or 
tiiniiiiution;  to  waste  grailually  ;  to  dhnmish 
or  liass  away  by  attrition,  use,  or  time. 

'■Though  uiRrble  wf^ir  with  rilnlnK" 

Sh.ikti»r-  ■  /•'"/'«  1''  /."trnw.  &''0 

2.  To  pass  away,  a.*t  time  ;  often  with  an 
idea  of  tediousuess.  (Followed  by  amnj,  nj), 
out,  Ac.) 

"The  ili*y  mart  audS/.'-Bunyan:  Pilgrim's  I'ro- 
gT*u,  ii. 

•3.  To  l>c  worn  appendant  to  the  body  ;  to 
be  the  fashion. 

"Lik^  the  liroofh  aii.l  th?  toothpick,  which  wear 
not  now."'— aTkiJU*/)      AU'*  »>".  *■  i- 
'  4.  To  become  tit  by  wearing,  as  a  garnienl . 

"S.>  iee<triiK\\e,  to  him. 
So  Mwnyfl  she  level  in  her  hiwhaiid'a  ''eftf  t." 

'  HhaUtp.  :  Twelfth  XigM.  11.  4. 

5.  To  liust  in  wearing:  as,  Thi's  cloth  will 
not  wear. 

6.  To  move  or  advance  slowly ;  to  make 
gradual  pi  tigress. 

'  7.  To  beconu',  to  grow. 

■'  The  Si«inlnril8  b-;pfin  to  ware  weary,  for  winter 
drewou."— BtTHC'*-  Fruisfart :  Cronucle,  i.  S.l. 

^  1.  To  wear  away:  To  impair,  diminisli. 
or  destroy  by  gradual  attrition  or  imper- 
ceptible aetion. 

2.  To  wear  off: 

(1)  Trans. :  To  remove  or  diminish  by  atlri- 
tion  ;  to  rub  off. 

(2)  Intraiu. :  To  pass  away  by  degrees. 

3.  To  wear  out : 
(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  render  useless  by  wearing ;  to  wear 
till  useless. 
(6)  To  waste,  destroy,  or  consume  by  degrees. 

"  Wear  out  thy  youth  with  shapelesa  idleueas." 
Shukcsp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  l  1. 

(.')  To  harass,  to  exhaust. 
'•  He  shall  w«ar  out  the  saintA."— Daniel  vU.  25. 
(d)  To  waste  or  consume  the  strength  of. 

■■  This  very  rev'rent  lecher.  nuit«  worn  out 
With  rheumatisms,  mid  cripiiled  with  his  gout/ 
J.  Dt'!/<ti^n.jii'U. :  Juvenal,  xiv.  7'!. 

(•2)  Intraiis. :  To  become  useless  from  wear. 

"They  showed  him  all  manner  of  furniture  which 
their  Lord  had  provided  for  pUgi-inia.  as  sword,  shield, 
helmet,  breaatplwte,  all-prayer,  and  ahoea  that  would 
not  wear  otU."—Butiyan  :  Pilrfrim's  Progrest,  pt  L 

4.  To  wear  the  breeches:  To  be  the  master. 
(Said  of  a  husband  or  wife.) 

"  You  must  not  look  to  be  my  Mr.  Sir. 
Xor  tilk  i'  the  bouaeas  though  you  More  eA«6reeWif.<. 
No.  rtor  command  in  anythlug." 

Oeaitm.  i  ftct.  :  liule  a  Wife  &  have  a  Wifr,  ii, 

5.  To  wear  well  (or  ill) : 

(1)  To  be  wasted  away  or  worn  out  slowly 
(or  quickly)  ;  to  last  a  long  (or  short)  time  in 
use  ;  to  be  affected  by  time  or  use  with  dilti- 
culty  (or  ease). 

(2)  To  look  well'  (or  ill)  for  one's  years. 
(Colloq.) 

-wear  (2),  v.t.  &  i.     [The  same  word  as  Veer 
W-v.)-] 
yavticai : 

A.  Trans:  To  bring  on  the  other  tack  by 
turning  the  vessel  round  stern  to  the  wind. 

■'  We  were  obtiKed  in  the  afternoon  to  wear  ship."— 
Aiisjii:   Voyages,  bk.  i.,  ch.  viii. 

B.  Intram. :   To  come  round  on  the  other 

t.ick. 

wear  (3),  v.t.    [A.S,  werian;  cogn.  with  Icel. 
irrja  :  Dan.  Vfurge ;  Goth,  warjan.] 

1.  To  guard,  to  watch,  to  defend. 

2.  Toward  off;  to  prevent  from  approaching 
or  entering  :  as,  To  wectr  a  wolf  from  sheep. 

wear(l),  s.    [Wear  (1),  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  wearing;  the  state  of  being 
worn  :  as,  I  have  this  coat  in  wear. 

2.  Diminution  by  attrition,  use,  time,  or 
tl»c  like  :  as,  the  wrar  and  tear  of  a  dress. 

*  3.  That  which  is  worn  ;  the  style  of  dress  ; 
hence,  fashion,  vogue. 

"  Motley  8  the  only  wear." 

Skake$p. :  As  You  Like  It,  ii.  7. 


^  Wmr  ami  tmr :  The  loss  arising  from 
wearing;  the  waste,  diminution,  decay,  or  in- 
jury which  anything  .sustains  by  being  used.  ^ 

"In  thi>wr<ir.*.»d(e'»ro(coln.Rnd  in  that  of  plate," 
—HmUh  :   n'l-iiltA  of  .Vatiuiu.  bk.  i..  ch.  v. 

wear  (2).  s.    iWeir.] 

wear-a-We,  a.  &  s.    lEng.  wear;  -able.] 

A.  As  uilj. :  Capable  of  being  worn  ;  fit  t<i 
be  worn. 

B.  -Is  subst.  :  Anything  capable  of  being 
worn  ;  dress. 

wear'-cr,  s.     [Bng.  luearil),  v.;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  wears  or  carries  on  or  append- 
ant' to  the  Ijudy ;  one  who  has  something  on 
his  body. 

'■  Were  1  the  wearer  of  AutouiuB"  beard." 

.Shukvs/J.  :  Antony  <t  Cleopatra,  h.  2. 

2.  That  whicli  wears,  wastes,  or  diminishes. 

*  wear'-i-a-ble,   a.      [Eng.   weary;   -ahk.] 

Capable  of  becoming  wearied  or  fatigued. 

•  wear'-i-fiil,  a.     [Rng.  weary  ; -fuKD-X    ^"^1 

of  weariness  ;  causing  weariness  ;  wearisome. 

'■  It  was  of  course  su^'gested  by  the  Jubilee ;  but, 
coutiined  no  direct  reference  to  that  weurtful  word. 
—AlhcntBUVl,  Aug.  13,  1MS7.  p.  222. 

* wear'-i-fiil-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  weariful;  -ly.] 
In  a  weariful  or  wuarying  manner ;  weari- 
somely. 

wear'-i-less,  a.  [Eng.  weary;  -less.]  Un- 
tiring, incessant,  indefatigable. 

"Wise  by  wearilea  observation."— I-owetl;  Amon;/ 
My  Book*,  p.  171. 

wear'-i-ly,  *  wer-y-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  weary. 

a.  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  wearied  or  fatigued  manner ;  like 
one  wearied. 

2.  So  as  to  weary  or  fatigue  ;  wearisomely. 

wear'-i-ness,  *  wer-i-nesse,  *wcr-y- 
nysse,  *  weyr-y-nesse,  ».  lEug.  wearn, 
a,  ;  -utv^i".] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  weary  or 
fatigued  ;  lassitude  or  exhaustion  of  strength 
induced  by  labour  or  exertion  ;  fatigue. 

■'  At  length  with  weai-in-'mt  juid  wine  oppressed  ; 
They  rise  from  titble,  and  withdmw  to  rest." 

Dryden:  Ovid;  Metamorphoses  xii. 

2.  Uneasiness  proceeding  from  monotonous 
continuance  ;  ennui,  tedium,  languor. 

■■  Mabuly— in  part.  I  fear,  provoked 
By  wearinen,  of  life," 

Wordsworth:  Excursion,  bk.  ii. 

3.  Wearisomeness,  tediousuess,  fatigue. 

"The  more  remained  out  of  the  weariness  and 
fatigue  of  their  late  miLrchea."— CTar^irfo?!. 

wear'-ing,  j>^-  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Wear  (1),  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (8ee  the  verb), 

B.  As  adj. :  Applied  to  what  is  worn ;  tit 
for  wearing  :  as,  wearing  apparel. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  carrying  ou  or  ap- 
pendant to  the  body  ;  the  state  of  having  ou, 
as  clothes. 

'■  And  they  do  so  commend  and  approve  my  apparel, 
with  my  judicious  wearing  uf  it.  it  "a  above  wonder.  — 
Ben  JonsoH  :  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  2. 

2.  That  which  is  worn  ;  dress,  clothes,  gar- 
ments. 

"The  waved  water  ch.imelot,  was  from  the  begin- 
ning esteemed  the  ricliest  and  bravest  wearing.  —P. 
lloUand:  PUnie,  bk.  viii..  ch.  xUx. 

wear'-ish,  *  wer-ish,  "  wer-islie, '  wer- 
yshe,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful;  prob. connected 
with  ireury  (q.v.).] 

1.  Wizened,  shrunk,  withered. 

'■  Behind  the  goodly  hoi-ae  he  placed  a  little  wearish 
maii.aud  seeming  to  sight  to  h.'ive  but  small  strength." 
—yorCh:  Plutarch,  p.  4'JJ. 

2.  Mischievous,  evil-disposed,  malicious, 
shrewish. 

"A  wretched  MaarwAelfe."    Spenser  :F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  34. 

3.  Worthless;  of  naught. 

"  Being  ouerwhelmed  with  werishc  opinions. ■  — 
Ud<U :  Matthew  v. 

wear'-i-some,  o.  [Eng.  weary,  a.  ;  -some.] 
Causing  weariness  ;  tiresome,  fatiguing,  tedi- 
ous, irksome,  monotonous,  wearying. 

"  The  march  of  the  preceding  night  hml  been  weari- 
some.'—Mactiulay  :  Hist.  Bng.,  ch.  v. 

wear'- i  -  some  -  ly,  oAv.  [Eng.  wearisonne; 
-ly.]  In  a  wearisome  manner  ;  so  as  to  cause 
weariness  ;  tediously. 


wear  -  i  -  some  -  ncss,  *  wear  -  i  -  some 

neSSe,    -•'■.       lEn^'.     Wfu-isinne ;     -iics.--.  |       TIm' 
ijuality  or  state  of  being  wearisome  ;  tiresoni- 
ness,  tediousncss. 

"But  no  worthy  enterprise  c;in  bo  done  by  us  willi 
out  coiitinuall  plodding  and  wvarisomeneis.'  —Mill/u 
Tetrachord'in. 

wear'-y,  *wear-ie,  "wer-i,  "wer-ie, 
•  Tver-y,  a.  |A.S.  weriu  =  tired  ;  cogu.  with 
(X  Sax.  wurUj  =  weary,  as  aiii/t-iy(iri(/=  fatigued 
with  a  journey;  O.II.Ger.  woraa.  According  t> 
Skeat  connected  with  A.S.  wOriaii  —  to  wan- 
der, to  travel,  from  w6r  =  a  moor  or  swampy 
place  ;  hence,  the  orig.  meaning  was  to  tramp 
over  wet  or  swampy  places,  the  most  likely 
to  cause  fatigue.  W6r  is  identitied  by  Skeat 
with  xo6s,  Km"  =  ooze  ;  so  that  wtrig  =  w6si\\ 
—  bedaubed  with  mire ;  draggled  ;  cf.  Icel.  uos 
=  ooze,  wetness,  toil,  fatigue.] 

1.  Having  the  strength  much  exhausted  by 
labour  or  violent  exertion  ;  having  the 
strength,  endurance,  patience,  or  the  like 
worn  out ;  tired,  fatigued,  exhausted, 

"  The  weary  wanderer  sunk  to  rest." 

Pope:  Homer;  Odi/ssc;/ \i.  1. 

2.  Impatient  of  the  continuance  of  some- 
thing iiainful.  tedious,  irksome,  or  the  like; 
disgusted,  sick. 

■' 1  !\,m  weary  ot  this  charge."    Hhakcsp.  :  Tlmon,  iii.4, 

3.  Causing  fatigue  or  tedium;  tiresome, 
wearisome,  irksome. 

"Their  weary  hours  the  warders  wore," 

Scott :  Jiokeby,  v.  3. 

*  4.  Causing  disgust  or  loathing ;  hateful, 
odious. 

"The  weariestMiiX  most  loathed  worldly  life." 

bhakesp.  :  Measure  /or  Measure,  iii.  1. 

5.  Feeble,  sick,  puny.     {Prov.  £  Scotch.) 

wear'-y,  v.t.  &.  i.    [Weary,  a.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  make  weary ;  to  reduce  or  exhaust 
the  strength  or  endurance  of;  to  tire,  to 
fatigue,  to  exhaust. 

"  Many  hauiug  a  lung  time  wearied  their  siuies, 
chose  rather  to  cist  their  targets  out  of  their  bauds." 
(Joldiiige  :  Ccesar,  fol.  19. 

2.  To  exhaust  the  patience  of;  to  make 
impatient  of  continuance.      ' 

"Till  God  at  last. 
Wearied  with  their  iui^iuities,  withdraw 
His  presence."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  xii.  107. 

*  3.  To  harass  by  soiuething  irksome. 


B.  Intram.:  To  become  weary,  tired,  or 
fatigued  ;  to  tire  ;  to  become  impatient  of 
continuance. 

H  To  weary  out:  To  subdue  or  exhaust  by 
fatigue  or  irksouieness. 

wcar'-y,  s.     [A.S.  wer^  =  a  curse. 1  A  ciirsu. 

(Only  used  in  the  phrase  ''Wmry  fa'  you," 

"Mmri/    on   you,"    Jtc.  =  a  curse  ou  you.) 

(Scotch.) 

wear-y-fr.l, «.    [W^.^riful.] 

wea  -^and, "  wea'-zon,  *  we-sand,  '  we- 
sande,  *  we-zand,  .'''.  [A.S.  n-ascud,  wiO- 
sviul  =  the  gullet,  prob.  pr.  par.  of  wlieeze 
(q.v.),  and  so  =  the  wheezing-thing  ;  cogn. 
with  U.  Fries,  waseiule,  wasaiide ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
weisunt;  M.  H.  Ger.  wel^ant.}  The  windpipe 
or  trachea. 

"  The  fiend  go  down  my  weasand  with  a  bare  blade 
at  hisbelt."— Ac-y«.-  Ilab  Koy,  vU.  xxxvi. 

wea-§el,  *we-sel»  'we  sele»  *we-zill, 

s.  [A.S.  wesle;  cogn.  with  Dut.  wezel ;  Icel. 
visla;  Dan.  vcesd ;  S\v.  vessla ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
vi^ala,  ivisela ;  Ger.  wiesel.  Prob.  from  the 
same  root  as  WiziiN  (q.v.).] 

I.  Literally: 

1.  Zool.  :  The  genus  Putorius ;  specif.,  Pit- 
tortus  vulgaris,  the  Common  Weasel.  Length 
about  twelve  inches,  of  which  the  tail  occupies 
nearly  a  quarter.  Body  extremely  slenderand 
arched,  head  small  and  tlatteued,  eyes  black 
and  remarkably  quick  and  lively,  ears  short 
and  rounded  ;  the  neck  is  long,  being  but  little 
shorter  than  the  trunk  and  very  flexible  ;  tail 
short  and  without  a  terminal  tuft  of  hair; 
legs  short  and  furred  to  end  of  toes.  Upper 
part  light  reddish-brown,  under  surface  quite 
white.  It  feeds  on  mice  and  rats,  moles  and 
small  birds,  and,  according  to  Bell  (Brit. 
Qwuinqyids,  p.  183),  it  would  appear  that  this 
animal  ouglit  rather  to  be  fostered  as  a  de- 
stroyer of  vermin  than  extirpated  as  a  noxious 
depredator.  Occasionally  tlie  weasel  becomes 
white    in    winter,    though    the    Uil  always 


Late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  miite,  ciil>,  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule.  fuU ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  ==  kw. 


weaselsnout— weather 


.17 


irtains  itsrcililisli  tinge,  ns  that  of  the  Eniiiiie 
tines  its  black  tip.  In  this  white  stage  the 
Wi-asel  is  the  Mtistela  nivalis  of  lAmuvwti. 

•2.  C^rnifh. :  A  bird  which  Browne  calls 
Mu.'itcht  ivriegata.  Probably  the  Sinew  (q.  v.)  ; 
Mtrifiisalbfllus,  the  M.  mttsttlaris  of  Ovsuer. 

"  Divers  ntUer  surts  of  dlve-fowl  .  .  .  the  VHriegateil 
or  iiarty-euloiin-d  w  turrt,  so  oiillcil  from  the  reseiii- 
t)lniK-e  it  benretliuuto  a  wviisel  In  the  tieiul.  "—/fruw/t6. 
liinls  of  An,-/otk. 

*  11.  Fi^. :  A  lean,  mean,  sneaking  fellow. 

"  Tlw  ueaS'l  Scot 
C.imes  siii'iikinf."  >'litikusp.  ;  Henry  I*.,  i.  2. 

weasel-coot,  *•.     [Weasel,  I.  (2).] 

weasel-faced,  o.  Having  a  sharp,  thin 
fucr.  Hive  a  ucas,-!. 

weasel-fish,  ■.<-     [Whistle-fish.] 

weasel-lemur,  s. 

ZuiA. :  U'pUfniur  iints/eUntis.    [Lepilemi'R.] 

*  weasel-ling,  "  weazel-ling,  .«. 

h'hth!,.:  Probably  th.-  Five-beardeil  R<x-k- 
ling,  Motclla  inustel'!,  thr  (iadus  vutstila  of 
I.iiinKUS. 

"  Mitstirhi  mariti't,  CiilU-d  liy  aouie  a  weazi^l-fiitn. 
whicb,  siiltvil  mill  dried,  becuniua  a  good  Lenten  disli.  ' 
—Urowif :  .Y-jr/iilk  /'(s/(<X 

wea -§el-snoui,  s.    (Eng.  weasel  and  snmiL] 
Named  from  tlic  form  of  tlie  corolla.] 
f'ot. :  The  sub-genus  Galeobdolon  (q.v.). 

*  wea^'-i-ness,  '  weas-y-nes,  s.  (Eng. 
vea-fif  ;  -nfiw.)  Tlie  quabty  or  state  of  being 
weasy ;  carnal  pride. 

"  But  he  ac-kiiowlediEed  not  God  to  be  tlie  aiictoi- 
of  tliem,  And  tlitrefoie  of  pryde  and  wi-assfites  giUK- 
liiuiselfe  vp  vnto  his  owue  luatis."— jotfc'  £xpos.  uf 
Ditnitl,  ch.  xi. 

*wea§'-y,  a.  [Lit.  =  wheezing  or  breathing 
liaid,  fruiii  being  putTed  np  with  high  and  good 
living.]    Gluttonous,  sensual. 

"  Iliey  wexed  iccfwyand  f;itte,  iia  saith  the  song  uf 
Moses."— yoytr;  Expos,  of  Daniel,  ch.  iv. 

weath'-er,  "wed-er, '  wed-re,  *\(red-yr, 

>■.*:«.  [A.S.  KV./cr;  ro^'r,.  with  Dut.  ir..h-r; 
leel.  cwJ/u-;  Dan.  Tt(r;  S\v.  mi/t/- ;  O.  H.  (Jer, 
v:etar  ;  Ger.  wetter  =  weather;  gricitter  =  a 
storm  ;  cf.  Icel.  ktnd-vidhri  =  a  land-wind  ; 
heidh-vidhri  =  briglit  weather;  Lith.  vrtra 
=  a  storm,  stormy  weather  ;  Russ.  vieter,  rietr' 
=  wind,  breeze.  From  the  same  root  as  Wind 
(l),s.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordiuavy  Language : 

1.  A  general  term  for  tlie  atmospheric  con- 
ditions, or  the  state  of  the  air,  with  special 
reference  to  the  questions  of  cold  or  heat, 
pressure,  dryness,  humidity,  presence  or  ab- 
sence of  rain,  oecurrence  of  sunshine,  or  any 
other  meteorological  phenomena :  as  warm 
iceather,  dry  weather,  wet  weather,  stormy 
iveathevy  hazy  iceather,  &e.  The  si-ience  which 
investigates  the  causes  of  tliese  elianges  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  attempts  to  trace  them  to 
their  origin  is  called  Meteorology  (q.v.). 

"  When  the  wind  la  thus  settled,  we  liiive  commonly 
i&\T  weather."— Dampier :  Discourte  of  Winds,  cb.  i. 

%  In  some  tropical  countries  the  seasons 
are  so  regular  that  the  weather  for  any  par- 
ticular month  may  be  predicted  long  before- 
hand without  any  considerable  liability  to 
error.  For  instance,  it  may  ^safely  be  said 
that  from  November  1  to  June  I  in  Central 
India  there  will  be  only  two  or  three  rainy 
days,  wliile  between  June  15  and  Sejitember 
15  there  will  be  few  days  that  are  not  rainy. 
(Monsoon.  tSEAsoN.J  rrediction  in  any  par- 
ticular year  in  tein]ierate  climates,  esin^cially 
in  Great  Britain,  is  much  more  liable  tu 
error,  though  on  a  series  of  years  there  is 
tolerable  uniformity,  so  that  such  expressions 
have  arisen  as  Manli  winds,  April  showers, 
and  November  fogs.  The  popular  belief  that 
the  weather  can  be  ]>redicted  by  noting  the 
changes  of  the  moon  is  erroneous.  Most 
otlicr  popular  notions  regarding  weather  signs 
are  more  or  less  accurate.  In  predicting 
the  weather  in  Great  Britain  th.^  meteorolo- 
gists labour  under  this  great  disadvantage, 
that  the  approach,  say,  of  a  depression  from 
the  Atlantic,  the  ordinary  precursor  uf  a 
stoi-m,  cannot  be  telegraphed  till  it  has 
reached  the  west  coast  of  Ireland.  If,  on  the 
contrary,  a  storm  crossing  North  America 
from  the  south-wvst  be  nntving  towards  New 
Y<irk,  its  progress  can  be  telegraphed  to  that 
city  whenever  it  reaches  the  Pacilic  shores  of 
America. 

'  2.  Change  of  the  state  of  the  air. 


*  3.  llenec,  lig.,  vicissitude,  change  of  con- 
dition. 


*4.    A  liglit    rain,  a    shower.     {H'ydiffe : 
Deuteronomy  xxxli.  *J.) 
•5.  Wind. 
"  6.  A  storm,  a  tempest. 

"  Ku;iritig  louder  thnn  lh(>  sea  or  weather." 

MiUci/'.  .■  H'iuler's  Tale.  lil.  s. 

*7.  Bad,  wet,  or  inelenient  weather. 

"  SoyriKe  this  byssliop  « itb  liia  coniiKiny  syttyng  In 
the  UHuler.'—Fabt/itu  :  Chrouycft;  ch,  Ixxxiil. 

8.  The  inclination  or  obliquity  of  the  sails 
of  a  windmill  to  the  plane  of  revolution. 

II.  Nuut. :  The  side  of  the  vessel  exposed 
to  the  wind;  in  contradistinction  to  the  lee 
or  leeward  side,  which  is  away  from  the 
wind. 

B.  As  adjective  : 

Naul. :  Towards  the  wind  ;  windward.  (Used 
frequently  in  comjiosition  :  as,  weather-quar- 
ter, iveather-^auge,  &c.) 

Tl  "(1)  Tn  make  fair  weather :  To  flatter  ;  to 
conciliate  by  fair  words  and  a  show  of  friend- 
ship.    [Faib  weather,  2.] 

"  I  must  make  fair  wenthcr  yet  dwlille. " 

Sltakenp.  :  •!  Henry  17..  v.  1. 

(2)  To  VMle  good  (or  bad)  weather : 
Knul.  :  To  behave  well  (or  ill)  in  a  stojin  ; 
to  ship  little  (or  much)  water. 

weather-anchor,  s. 

Nmit.  .'  Tlie  anclior  lying  to  windward,  by 
which  the  ship  rides  when  moored. 

weather-beaten,  «.  Beaten  by  the 
wind  ;  seasoned  by  exposure  to  all  sorts  of 
weather. 

■■  iVcather-beaten  old  seaiiieu  who  had  risen  from 
being  cabin-boys  to  be  Adniiiala."— .lAican^a//;  Hint. 
Eng.,  eh.  xv. 

T  It  is  probable  that  weather-beaten  should 
really  be  weather-bitten  (q.v.).  In  some  cases 
it  is  undoubtedly  a  corruption  of  the  latter 
word  :  as  in  Shakesp.  :  Winter's  Tale,  v.  2  :— 

"  Liiie  a  weather-bitten  conduit." 

weather-bit,    "weather-bitten,  a. 

[Cf.  .Sw,  i-a(/cr?'i(eH  =  weatiier-bitten  ;  Norw. 
rfffcrbiti'ii.]  Bitten,  nipped,  or  frozen  by  the 
weather.     [Wkather-bkaten.] 

•  weather-blown,  a.  Weather-beaten ; 
exposed. 

"  strong  £ulspe  that  for  height  13  weather-blmvtL" 
Chapman:  Homer;  //(arfii.  532. 

weather-board,  r.t.  To  nail  boards 
iipuii.  as  nil  a  nx'f  t>r  sifle  of  .1  liouse,  laj*- 
ping  one  over  another,  in  order  to  prevent 
laiu,  snow.  Ac,  from  penetrating  it. 

weather-board,  s. 

1.  NaiitimI : 

(1)  That  side  of  a  ship  which  i-s  towards  the 
wind  ;  the  windward  side. 

(•2)  A  ]iiece  of  plank  placed  in  tlie  ports  of 
a  ship  when  laid  up  in  oixiiuary,  and  serving 
as  a  protection  from  bad  weatlier.  They  are 
tixed  in  an  inclined  jwsition,  so  as  to  turn  ott" 
the  rain  without  preventing  the  circulation 
of  air. 

2.  Build.  (PL): 
Weather-boarding 

(q.v.). 

weather  - 
boarding,  s. 

Boards  nailed 
with  a  lap  on  each 
other  to  prevent 
the  jienetration  of 
rain,  snow.  &c.,  as 
on  roofs,  the  sides 
of  hoiisi.-,s,  Ac. 


weather 


UuUSE,    WITH   WEATHER-BOARDS, 

boarding  gauge,  5.    [BoARDiNo-aAUGE.] 

weather  -  bound,  a.      Delayed  or  re- 

sti'aiiicd  fiuui  s.iiling  by  bad  weather. 

weather-bow,  s. 

N<:nit.  :  Tin;  side  of  a  ship's  bow  that  is  to 
windward. 

weather -box, «.  A  kind  of  hygrometer, 
usually  in  tlie  shape  of  a  toy  house,  in  which 
certain  mechanical  results  from  the  weight  or 
lixture  of  materials  due  to  dampness  are  made 
to  move  a  figure  oi-  pair  of  figures— a  man  and 
a  woman  on  a  poised  arm,  for  instance,  so 
tliat  the  former  advances  from  his  porch  iu 
wet,  and  the  latter  in  dry  weather. 


weather  breeder,  >.  A  line  day  wlueh 
i-  >uiq...s.d  t"  pn.s.igt'  loul  weather.    (/Vor.) 

weather-cloth,  s. 

Naut.  :  A  long  jiicce  of  canvas  or  tarpauling 
used  to  pr.-.si-rve  the  hiunmorks  from  ininry 
I'y  the  weatlu-r.  when  .stowed,  or  to  defend 
per.M-n:*  fi'ini  liie  wind  and  spray. 

weather  cock, .«;.  &  r.    iWEATnERcocK.) 

*  weather- driven,  a.  Driven  by  winds 
orst-irms;  l..reed  by  stress  of  weather. 

"  Philip,  dining  bin  voyiigc  towardu  8|Min,  waa 
mathvi--Urit>en  uilo  Weymouth.*— C<irew.-  tSunvu  of 
Curnwail. 

weather-eye,  s.  The  eve  that  looks  at 
the  sky  t^i  lorecast  the  W':ather. 

H  Til  hep  one's  ircathercyi:  open  (or  aimke) : 
To  be  sharply  on  one's  guard  ;  to  have  orkeeii 
one's  wits  aliout  one.     {Slang.) 

•  weather-fend,  v.t.  To  defend  or  shel- 
ter from  the  weather. 

■■  Tlte  liiut  yiMVe,  wliitli  ieeather-/fmtii  your  cell." 
:ihake*p  :  J'empfit.  v.  1. 

weather-fish,  i-. 

h-hihij.  :  Mistjurnus  /ossilis,  called  also  the 
Mud-Iish  and  Thunder-fish.  It  is  about  a 
foot  in  length,  dark-brown  abftve,  Hecked  willi 
black  ;  abdomen  orange,  with  black  spots.  In 
Germany  and  Austria  it  is  regarded  as  a 
weather-prophet,  because  it  usually  comes  to 
the  surface  about  twenty-four  hours  before  bari 
weather,  and  moves  aliout  with  unusual  energy. 
This  habit  has  sometimes  led  to  its  bring  coi'i 
liuc'l  in  a  glass  globe  as  an  animated  baro- 
metei.     (-So'/cf/:  licshiiHiter  Fishes  of  Eur'jpe.) 

weather-gage,  s.    [Weather-oauoe.] 

weather-gall,  ^\     The  same  as  Wateu- 

UALL  (q.v.). 

weather-gauge,  weather-gage,  s. 

1.  Lit.  (i- Naut. :  The  advantage  of  the  wind  ; 
specifically  the  position  or  station  of  one  ship 
to  tlie  windward  of  anothei-. 

■■Take  a  tinn  round  the  kick  o"  the  hill  to  gain  the 
wind  uli  them  :  and  wiieu  tl.ouatgot  the  tnather  yujc 
tliou  niayst  drive  them  before  thee  hh  gently  an  su 
many  innocent  lambs."— Sc(>«  :  ivanhoe.  cu.  i. 

"  2.  Fig. :  Advantage  of  position  ;  superior- 
ity, vantage. 

'■  Were  the  line 
Of  Rokeby  once  combined  with  luliie. 
I  gain  the  weather-gaije  of  fate  T 

Scott :  Rokeby,  vi  i\. 

weather-gaw,  s.    [Weather-gall.] 

weather-glass,  >. 

I'lnjsioi:  A  popular  name  for  a  baroinet** 
(q.v.),  the  weather  indications  of  which  are 
often  graduated  thus  ; — 


Height, 
Ijl    inches  . 


Alarge  ..Eoliaii  harj'. 


State  of  the  weather. 

..  Very  dry. 

3o| Settled  weather. 

w\ Fine  weather. 

lio        Variable. 

'i^i      „         Rain  or  wind. 

-'*j      ..         Much  ruin. 

-^        Tempejit. 

weather-gleam,  s.  A  i)eculiar  clear 
.sky  near  the  horizon.    {I'rov.) 

■■  Vou  have  marked  the  lighting  of  the  sky  ]u«t 
above  the  horizon  wlien  cloudhare  about  t'-  breiik  up 
and  disappear.  V\'hatevei'  naiue  you  gave  it  you 
would  hardly  improve  on  that  of  the  tveuther-i/hai^ 
which  iu  some  of  oiir  dialects  it  beHrs."— Trench  : 
Enytiih  Past  A  Present.  Icct.  5. 

'^  weather  -  hardened,  a.  Weather- 
beaten  ;  seasoned  by  exjiostire  to  the  weather. 

"A    connteii;iiice    iiftllurltardeneil    aa    it    wjis."— 

Hoiilhru  :   /l-.^rtor,  tii,  i\. 

I  weather-harp,  s. 

(Rossilrr.) 

"  weather-headed,  a.  Having  a  sheep- 
ish h'lik.      (Srotrh.) 

"Tliat  oM  leeathcr-heailed  iooV—Conrfreve:  Lone 
for  Love,  ii,  7. 

%  Probably  a  corruption  of  wether-headed. 
weather- helm,  5. 

Kintt.  :  .\  sliip  is  said  to  carry  a  weather- 
liclni,  wiun,  owing  to  lier  having  a  tendency 
to  giip'^,  the  helm  reciuires  to  be  kept  a  little 
to  windward,  ora-wealhcr,  in  order  to  previ-nt 
her  licad  from  coming  up  in  the  wind  when 
sailing  close-lianled. 

'  weather  -  house,  5.     A  weather-box 

(q.v.).     (Ourprr:   Ta.-^l.;  1.  211.) 

weather-line,  .'^.  The  line  where  the 
trunk  uf  a  tree  touches  and  rises  above  the 
soil,  and  is  thus  exposed  to  the  weather. 

'■  The  weather-Zine.  Just  by  the  surface  of  the  earth. 
where  the  durability  of  limlier  is  )>ut  tu  Ihe  severest 
test."-.l/Hrfif  .■  I'o/'.  finiUe  to  Hie  Obs.  (/  .Vndov. 


boil,  boy;  poiit,  jowl;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus   9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  e^^ist.    ph  =  f. 
-cian,  -tiau  —  shau.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun  ■,  -fion,  -sion  —  zhun.    -clous,  -tiou^,  -sious  =  shiis.    -ble.  -die,  kc.  =  bel,  deL 


518 


weather—weaver 


wcatlior  mouldings,  ».  ;>'. 
jrrfi.  ■  l>ri(>-st<'iifs  (.rciinoi'ii'S  ovcra  "loor, 
ii.uii.ua  t"  Ihniw  nil'  the  mill. 

weather-proof,  n.  Pinof  »};ainst  thr 
wcHtli*  r  :  a\ilf  to  atVonl  ailiMimit*?  protection 
fff^instn  teiiiiMjsl  or  to  pass  through  oiieuiiiii- 
juriU. 

•».ir  »*rW«  not  w^ther-proo/.'—Qttarie*:  Ilht.  of 
J..>,LiS.  K  1.  !■- 

weather-prophet,   s.     One  who  fore- 

t.-lK  c-!iiiii.i;  \v.;itTnT ;  one  who  is  weather- 
V.  r-j'. 

weather- quarter,  '^. 

>.»»(. .-  The  qimrter  of  a  ship  which  is  im 
the  windward  side. 

weather-roll.  ^^ 

S.ft(.:  Tlie  roll  of  ft  ship  to  the  windward 
III  :i  h.Mvy  bt-a,  upon  the  bourns.    (Opposed  tn 

weather-Bhore.  s. 

.V.iiii. :  Tlie  shore  which  lies  to  windward  of 
a  vhip. 

weather-side,  .«. 

St\ut.  :  Tliat  side  of  a  ship  under  sail  upon 
wJiirh  the  wind  blows,  or  which  is  to  wind- 
Tiard. 

'  w«ather-8py,  ■*••.  An  astrologer ;  one 
■who  forett.-Us  Uie  weather  ;  a  weather-prophet. 

*■  j>  (railing  tcfath'-rnpij. '  Donne  :  Satire  i. 

weather  -  Stain,    f^.      A  stain  or  mark 
raustd  by  cNpnsure  to  tlie  weather. 
"  With  tc<-nthfT^tainM  upon  the  wall. 
And  stairways  worn,  and  crnzy  doora." 

Longi/eUow :  Wayside  Iim.    (Prel.) 

weather-Strip,  >■.  a  piece  of  hoard, 
mM^-r.  or  the  lil;e,  whieh  closer,  accurately 
Ihc  spare  h-'tween  the  shut  door  and  the 
llni.^hold. 

weather  tide,  s. 

yaiit. :  The  tide  which  sets  against  the  lee- 
side  of  a  ship,  impelling  her  to  windward. 

weather-tiling.  ^«. 

Euild. :  Tiling  placed  in  vertical  position  on 
the  side  of  a  house. 

*  weather-vane,  ■'=.  A  vane ;  a  weather- 
cock. 

weather-wind.  5. 
lixf.  :  Convolndus  srpium. 

weather-wise,  a.  Wise  or  skilful  in 
foreseeing  or  predicting  changes  of  the 
weather. 

"After  I   perceaued   them    to   be  locather-wisc."— 

ffoj-kluiit :   Vo!ia<jci.  i.  2SL 

'  weather-wiser,  s.  Soruething  which 
pre<iicts  or  foreshows  the  weather. 

"The  flowers  of  pimpernel,  the  opening  and  phut- 
111*;;  of  which  are  the  countryman's  ttieatherwiicr."— 
Iterh'im:  Phyiico-rheoL,  bk.  x. 

*  iveather-work,  s.  Defence  or  pro- 
vision ajjainst  the  wind,  se^,  &c. 

"T1.1  <^«ulk  the  decks  and  inside  iceattier-ivorkx  ot  the 
■hips^"— Cottt  ■  Third  Voyagfi,  bk.  i..  ch.  iii. 

weather-worn.  ".  Worn  by  the  action 
<tr  or  by  exposure  to  the  weather  ;  weathered. 

*  weather-wraeU,  s.  Something  dam- 
aged by  exposure  to  the  weather. 

"  You  need  not  mlstriiat 
A  ireather- wrack," 
Beaiiiiu  *  Flet. :   M'tt  at  Several  Weapons.  U. 

weath'-er.  v.t.  &  i.    [Weather,  s.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  OnVniary  Langttagc : 

*  1.  To  air  ;  to  expose  to  the  air. 

"  Bearing  through  his  wide  empire  of  the  aire 
To  teeather  his  brode  sniles," 

tipetticr:  F.  Q.,  V.  ix.  42. 

2.  To  bear  up  against  and  overcome,  as 
danger  or  difficulty  ;  to  sustain  tlie  effects  of 
or  pass  throuj^li  without  permanent  injury  or 
loss  :  as.  To  u-eather  <lift*.cuUies. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  fj'eol. :  To  cause  to  alter  in  colour,  cohe- 
rence, or  composition,  and  to  decay  througli 
the  influence  of  the  weather.  (Spec,  in  the  pa. 
and  pr.  par.)  [Weathkrkd,  II.  2.,  Weatheei- 
INC,  II.  2.] 

2,  Nantical : 

(I)  To  sail  to  the  windward  of;  to  pass  to 
windward. 

*'  Whilst  Arethusn  was  on  this  (i>ort)  tick.  Xeptune 
YtoTn  rnnnj  again  and  tceatherpd  her,  thus  becoming 
leading  vessel  again. "—/VeW,  Sept.  4,  le^ii. 


(2)  To  l>ear  up  again.st  antl  come  through, 
ttiongh  with  ditliculty.  (Said  of  a  ship  in  a 
storm,  as  also  of  a  capUdn  or  pilot.) 

■'  Many  »  rough  ai'a  had  he  teeather'd  In  her." 

TvHui/mn:  Knock  Ard«n,  135. 

B.  Intransitive : 

denl. :  To  undergo  alteration  tending  to 
decomposition,  to  decay  by  the  action  of  the 
weather. 

*i  1.  To  weather  a  point : 

(1)  Xavt. :  To  gain  a  point  toward  the 
wind,  as  a  ship. 

(2)  Fio-  ■■  To  gain  or  accomplish  a  point 
against  oppwition. 

•'\Vc  have  Jieeii  tueginft  a  great  while  against  the 
Btreuni.  and  have  almost  w^itlwred  our  point:  •■<■ 
BtreU-h  or  two  more  will   do    tlio   work.  —Addmon. 

{TfMld.) 

2.  To  ivmthcr  out :  To  endure  ;  to  hold  out 
to  the  end  against. 

"  When  we  have  piLSs'd  these  gloomy  hours. 
And  wcatlMred  out  the  storm  that  beaU  uiwn  us. 
AddiiOiu    iTottd.) 

weath'-er-cock,  *  wed-yr-cok.  s.    [Eng. 
wea'thfr,  and  cock,  s.] 

1,  Lit.  :  A  vane  ;  a  weather-vane;  a  figure 
placed  on  the  top  of  a  spire,  steeple,  roof,  or 
tlu-  like,  whieh  turns  with  the  wind,  and 
shows  its  direction.  So  called  because  the 
iTgure  of  a  cock,  as  an  emblem  of  vigilance, 
was  a  favourite  form  of  vane. 

"  He  S.IW  the  gilded  tpeafhcrrock 
Bwim  iu  the  moonlight  ita  he  passed." 

loug/etlcrtc:  Landlords  Tate. 

2.  Fig.  .-Any  person  or  thing  that  turns  easily 
and  frequently  ;  a  fickle,  inconstant  person. 

■■■Where  bad  you  this  pretty  wpathercoek  t '  'I 
cannot  tell  what  the  dickens  hla  name  is  my  husband 
had  him  of  'Shakenp. :  Merry  Wives,  iii.  2. 

"weath'-er-cock,  v.t.     [Weathercock,  s.] 
To  serve  as  a  weathercock  to  or  upon. 

'■  Whfise  blazing  wy  vern  weathercocked  the  spire." 
Tennyton:  A yhiter'a  Fit-Id.  17. 

weath'-ered.  a.     [Eng.  iccar/ier;  -erf.] 

I,  Ont.  lAing. :  Seasoned  by  exposure  to  the 
weatlier ;  weather-beaten. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch, :  Applied  to  surfaces  which  have  a 
small  slope  or  inclination  given  to  them  to 
prevent  water  lodging  on  them,  as  window- 
.sills,  the  tops  of  classic  cornices,  and  the 
upper  surface  of  most  flat  stone-work. 

'■So  much  of  the  outer  surface  as  protrudes  from 
the  wall  is  weathered,  or  sloped  off  to  carry  the  water 
a.wRy."~CasseU's  Teuhmi^al  EdiKator,  pL  xi,,  p.  23L 

2.  Geoh  :  Altered  and  more  or  less  decom- 
posed, disintegrated,  or  decayed  through  the 
operation  of  the  w^eather. 

weath'-er  ing.  '  wed-er-ynge,  s.    [Eng. 

ivea'ther ;  -ing.] 
"  I,  Ord.  Lang. :  Weather. 

"Which  would  haue  bene,  with  the  wfiatherinij 
which  we  had.  ten  or  twelve  dayes  worke, "— //«f*- 
luyt :  Voyages,  iii.  515. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Arch, :  The  act  of  giving  an  inclination, 
or  the  inclination  given  to  a  surface  so  as  to 
enable  it  to  throw  off  water. 

2.  Geol. :  The  disintegration  and  decay  of 
rocks  under  the  influence  of  the  weather.  Tlie 
alternations  of  heat  and  cold  often  make  rocks 
brittle.  The  freezing  of  water  within  their 
interstices  also  has  a  destructive  etfect.  When 
roeks  are  composed  of  two  or  more  minerals, 
which  expand  differently  when  heated,  and 
contract  differently  when  they  become  cold, 
a  powerful  destructive  agency  is  established. 
The  carbon  dioxide  of  the  air  acts  on  rocks 
containing  lime,  ami  rain  and  wind  remove 
the  bicarbonate.  Wind  also  at  times  raises 
sand,  which  scours  the  rocks  and  somewhat 
wastes  them  away.    (Lyell.) 

weath'-er-U-ness,  s.  [Eng.  v.^eailm'hj ;  -ness.] 
Naut. :    The    quality    or    state    of    being 
weatherly. 

"The  properties  in  a  yacht  which  govern  speed  or 
9oentherUneui.--'Fiv/tl,  April  4.  1885. 

weath'-er-ly,  o.     [Eng.  veathcr;  dy.] 

Naiit.  :  Applied  to  a  ship  when  she  holds  a 
good  wind ;  that  is,  when  she  presents  so 
great  a  lateral  resistance  to  the  water,  when 
close-hauled,  that  she  makes  very  little  leeway. 

"  It  wa.s  conalderetl  desirable  she  should  [tossess 
more  weatherly  power."— /'(eW,  Feb.  11,  1888. 

weath'-er- most.  a.     [Eng.  weather;  -most.] 
N'o't. :  Being  furthest  to  the  windwaiil. 

"The  tpeitthennoit  portion  of  the  sail  exercises  very 
little  power  on  tlie  ship.'— Field.  Feb.  25,  1688. 


*  weath-er-Ol'-O-gy.  s.  [Eng.  weather; 
-idogy.]  A  liuitiorously  coined  word  to  expifsu 
the  science  of  the  weather.     (liyron.) 

weave  (1),  '  weve  (pa.  t.  ■  wnf,  •  weaved, 
wuv\  pa.  par.  •  tveavt'd,  woven,  *  irovnn),  v.t. 
&  i.  [A.S.  trefan  (j»a.  t.  uurf,  yta..  par.  we/en) ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  wcveii ;  Icel.  i'f/«  (pa.  t.  ?vi/. 
pa.  par.  ofinn);  Dan.  vwvc ;  Sw.  ve/va;  Ger. 
vrben  (pa.  t.  v.-oh,  pa.  par.  gewoben);  Sansc'. 
ru,  ve,  vap.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  form  by  the  interlacing  of  anything 
flexible,  such  as  threads,  yarns,  Hlanients,  or 
strips  of  different  materials  ;  to  form  by  tex- 
ture, or  by  the  insertion  and  interlacing  of 
one  part  of  a  material  within  another. 

"The  women  loove  hangings  for  the  grove."— 2  A'oij75 
xxiii.  7. 

2.  To  form  a  texture  with ;  to  interlace  or 
intertwine  so  as  to  form  a  fabric. 

•■  When  she  toeaved  the  sleided  eilk." 

Sliakeap. :  Periclet.  iv.    (Cliorus.t 

3.  To  ent^vine  ;  to  unite  by  interniixtuie  or 
close  connection  ;  to  unite  closely  or  inti- 
mately. 

"  Those  [notions]  which  are  supjmsed  ipoi'^n  into  tho 
very  principles  of  their  being."— /.octc ;  Human  Un- 
derstand., bk.  i.,  ch.  ii. 

*  4.  To  contrive,  fabricate,  or  constrnet  with 
design  or  elaborate  care  :  as,  To  weave  a  plot. 
B-  Intransitive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  practise  weaving;  to  work  with  .i 
loom. 

"Whether  they  be  .  .  .  spinning,  loenvhig,  Rowing, 
or  brushiug." — Vioes  :  Instruct,  of  a  Christian  Wotnan, 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  X, 

2.  To  become  woven  or  interwoven. 

"  The  amorous  vine  which  in  the  elm  still  iveat>ci." 
W.  llroiotte, 

II.  Manege :  To  make  a  motion  of  the  head, 
neck,  and  body  from  side  to  side,  like  the 
shuttle  of  a  weaver.    (Said  of  a  horse.) 

*  weave  (2),  v.i.  &  (.    [Wave,  v.\ 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  wave,  to  float,  to  fluctu- 
ate, to  waver. 

"Twixt  life  and  death,  long  to  and  fro  she  uyaped," 
apenser:  F.  (i-  V.  v.  10. 

B.  Trans. :  To  wave,  to  shake,  to  brandish. 
'■  Shaking  a  pike  .  .  .  and  tveaoing  them  amaine."— 

JJaukltiyt :  Voyages,  iii.  bG6. 

'  weaved,  /-ret.  &  pa.  ]xir.  of  V.    [Weave  (1),  v.] 

■'-'  (1), 


weav-er.    weyv-er,  s.    [Eug 

er.] 


I.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  wlio  weaves  ;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  weave  cloth,  &c 

"  Then  weawrs  stretch  your  Htays  upon  the  weft." 
Dryden:  Virgil;  Gtorgici.'iil. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Ornith. :  A  weaver-bird  (q.v.). 

'  ••  Weavers  prefer  to  build  on  trees  where  the  louR 
slender  twigs  droop  towards  the  ground,  and  so  afford 
a  nice  vertical  slender  .supiJort." — A'ature,  May  31, 
1888,  p.  104. 

2.  Zool.  (PI):  The  Tubiteloe  (q.T.).     (Grif- 

Jiths:  Cuvicr,  xiii.  404.) 

weaver-bird.  5. 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  family  Ploceida?  (q.v.).  Both  tlie  scien- 
tific and  trivial  names  of  these  birds  liave 
reference  to  the  remarkable 
strufture  of  their  nests. 
The  Weaver-birds  are  large 
finches,  with  somewhat 
elongated  bodies,  moder- 
ate wings,  long  tails,  and 
very  bright  coats,  the  lat- 
ter often  varied  in  the 
breeding  season.  Yellow 
and  yellowish-red  are  the 
prevailing  tints,  but  spe- 
cies occur  in  which  black, 
red,  white,  or  gray  pre- 
dominates. The  Weaver- 
birds  are  extremely  social, 
and  many  of  the  species 
live  in  large  colonies  dur- 
ing the  iieriod  of  incuba- 
tion. The  nests  of  the  va- 
rious species  differ  consi- 
derably in  shape  and  gen- 
ci-al  structure,  some  (as 
the  genus  Oriolinus),  build- 
ing a  separate  nest  for  the  male,  while  the  fe- 
male sits  in  another  on  her  eggs,  till  relieved 
by  her  mate  ;  others  again  cont;iin  mor-^  than 
one  chamber,  as  that  of  the  Golden  Weaver- 
bird, /'/oce»5<7rt/&'j/rt;  while  the  Social  Weaver- 


MAHALI   ■WEAVER-BIBD 
tPloccus  taha)  and 


ate.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pme,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  —  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


weaveress— wecht 


519 


hinls,  Ploa:>(s  or  Phihvtcrus  smihs,  construct 
-111  utiil>rellii-like  roof,  under  which  from  SOO 
to  1,000  seiiitiiite  nests  have  been  found.  lint 
in  all  cases  flbre.s,  slender  twigs,  or  blades  of 
j;riiss  are  the  iiiuteriuls  en)|doyed,  the  wlmh' 
bfiii";  ti^'htly  woven,  after  Imving  been  ren- 
'irrrd  more  Hexibld  urul  adhesive  by  the  ap- 
plication of  saliva.  The  nests  themselves 
consist  of  ii  more  or  less  yloVmlar  portion, 
elongated  into  a  tube  helow,  with  tlie  entrance 
;it  the  bottom  or  at  the  side.  They  are  very 
i^enerally  suspended  at  the  extremities  of 
bmiiclies,  and  often  over  water,  probably  as 
affording  security  against  monkeys,  snakes, 
and  otlier  enemies.  The  .Mahali  Weaver-bird 
(I'locnis  Ufha)  is  said  to  insert  thorns  into 
its  nest,  as  a  further  protection  against 
marauders.  It  is  a  notewortliy  fact  that  the 
iiolden  Weaver-bird  has  l)egun  to  build  on  the 
t^degrapli-wiivs  l)y  the  side  of  the  railway  in 
Natal,  owing  to  the  mpid  destruction  of  the 
■willows  before  advancing  civilization  (Stttiin:, 
May  31,  18SS). 

weaver-finch,  .". 

(hnith  :    Any   individual   of  the    rioceidii' 
(■1-v.). 

"  The  Ploceidar.  or  tt'eats-r-fiiirhcx,  sire  esijecinlly  oha- 
I'aotei'istic  of  tlio  Ethiupiiui  regiuii." — Wathtce :  Ueog. 
Digt.  Anhnah.  ii.  2dn. 

weaver-fish,  >■.    iWrevER.] 
weaver's  shuttle,  s. 

Zool. :    (ii-nltoii  I'olvtt.     The  popular  name 
lias  reference  to  its  shape. 


■ess.]    A 


■  weav -er-ess,  s.    [Eng.   weaver, 
female  weaver. 

"  III  tlie  liojiilt  of  ml  nricieiit  weaver  and  tccai'eress~ 
— ./.  n.  iiliinr :  IIM.  of  Duraleu.  UC2. 

Tveav'-mg,  "wev-yng,  pr.  par.,  o.,  &  i\ 
l\Vt:AVE(l),  ('.] 

A.&  B.  As  2>r.  jKir.  £  parli'-ip.  oiJj.:  (.See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  snlist.:  The  act  of  one  who  weaves ; 
1he  act  or  process  of  proflucius  cloth,  iJtc., 
by  the  combination  of  flexible  fibres.  It  is 
an  art  of  very  remote  antiquity.  The  frame 
or  apparatus  on  which  cloth  is  woven  is 
"termed  a  Ioom(q.v.).  Inall  kinds  of  weaving, 
whether  plain  or  lignred,  one  system  of 
tlireads,  called  the  woof  or  weft,  is  made  to 
]»ass  alternately  under  and  over  another 
system  of  threiids  called  the  warp,  web,  or 
■chain.  The  essential  operation  of  weaving  is 
the  successive  raising  of  certain  tlireads  of 
the  warp,  and  the  depression  of  others  for  the 
reception  of  the  weft  shot.  This  operation 
is  called  shedding.  The  web,  which  is  of  any 
convenient  length,  is  kejtt  stretched  betweeii 
two  parallel  beams,  fixed  horizontally  bi.tw<-.-ii 
upright  stan<huds.  The  one  beam,"on  whicli 
the  warp  is  wound,  is  called  the  yarn-roll,  and 
The  other  on  which  the  cloth  is  wound,  the 
cloth-beam  or  roll.  The  weft-shot  is  intro- 
<lneed  or  carried  through  the  shed  by  the 
shuttle.  AVeaving  is  performed  by  hand  on 
liand-looms,  and  by  steam  or  other  motive 
power  on  power-looms.  In  its  most  gene- 
ral sense,  the  term  comprehends  not  only 
tlie  making  of  those  textile  fabrics  pre- 
pared in  the  loom,  but  also  net-work,  lace- 
work,  &c.  Wliere  the  colour  of  the  yarn  in 
warp  and  weft  is  the  .same,  the  process  is 
called  plain  weaving,  and  the  result  is  a 
fabric  of  uniform  colour,  in  which  the  warp 
and  weft  threads  regularly  interlace.  Pat- 
tern weaving  consists  either  in  using  differ- 
ent colours  in  warp  or  weft  or  in  both,  or  in 
weaving  with  more  complicated  machines,  or 
iu  combining  both  variations.  Double  weav- 
ing consists  in  weaving  two  webs  simulta- 
neously one  above  the  other,  and  interweaving 
tlie  two  at  intervals  so  as  to  form  a  double 
cloth.  Kidderminster  or  Scotch  carpeting 
is  the  chief  example  of  this  process.  Pile 
weaving  is  the  process  by  which  fabrics  like 
\elvet,  velveteen,  cortluroy,  and  Turkish  car- 
pets are  produced,  [Loom  (1),  Jacqi'.ard.] 
1  Thon-h  skins  of  animals  formed  the  chief 

■  Intliiii:;  material  in  the  Stone  Age,  yet  the  arts 

■  if  spinning  and  weaving  were  practised, 
spindle-whorls  and  fabrics  (the  material  is 
llax,  hemp  being  unknown)  having  been  found 
in  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings  of  that  period. 
The  art  of  weaving  seems  to  have  existed  in 
(Jhina  and  in  India  from  a  remote  period  of 
antiquity.  It  is  also  represented  in  sculp- 
ture on  the  Egyptian  monuments  at  Thebes. 
Women,  many  of  them  slaves  or  devotees  at- 
tached to  temples,  wove  fabrics  iu  Greece  and 
Rome,  while  in  Egyptthe  work  was  iwrformed 


by  men.  The  primeval  lo.nns  were  every- 
wliere  rude,  but  tho  Hiiirlnns,  with  humble 
machines,  turn  out  cxeelleul  fabrics.  In  1132 
and  l:i'.il  continental  weavei-s  settled  in  Eng- 
land. Ill  I7;i8,  Mr.  Charles  Wyatt,  of  Birming- 
liain,  and  Mr.  Lewis  Paul,  a  foreigner  with 
whom  he  was  iu  partnership,  took  out  a  patent 
for  spinning  V)y  means  of  rollers,  as  did  Ark- 
wright  in  I"Ou.  The  fust  j.ower  loom  for 
cotton-weaving  was  est^ablisln'd  in  Glasgow  in 
17!)8.  In  ISOl,  Jaeqnard  exhibited  in  Paris 
the  loom  called  after  him.  In  1801),  .John 
Henthcoat,  a  stock hig-weaver,  invented  tlie 
bobbin-net  machine. 

weaz'~ en,  n,  [.\.S.  un-mian  -=  to  becoui'- 
dry;  Ici-l.  rL>!H*t=  to  wither,  from  visinn  = 
wirliered,  i)alsied,  dried  up ;  Dan.  &  Sw. 
rissfti  =  withered  ;  Sw.  vissna  =  to  fade  ; 
<>.  H.  Ger.  lucsareii  =■  to  dry.]  Thin,  lean, 
wizeiieil,  witliered. 

•■  HiA  8li;i<luwy  fiiriire  rtinl  dark   tocuzcn  tace.'—Ir- 

weazen-faced, «.  Wizen-faced,  withered. 

"The  iliwr  .  .  .  wo.-i  opuned,  ami  a  little  blear-eyed, 
ii-r<uen-favit  ancient  iimu  c;iiiie  creeping  out,"— 
/>irKi;iis  ■  Martin  ChuztUmt,  cli.  xi. 

web,  webbe,  s.  [A.S.  i-vT^*;,  imh;  cogn. 
with  Dtit.  j''f/>,  wehhe  ;  Iccl.  rcfr,  genit.  vejjar; 
Han.  i-a-c  ;  iivr.vaf:  O.  H.  Ger.  imppi,  wappi  ; 
Ger.  gewebe.  From  the  siimo  root  as  weave 
(q.v.).] 
I.  I'frtlimtrff  Language : 

1.  Tliat  which  is  woven  ;  the  piece  of  cloth 
woven  iu  a  loom  ;  a  texture. 

"To  coiiii>ete  with  the  costlier  wfita  turueJ  out  at 
.Suitaltields.  '—Staiitlitrit,  OcL  ao.  ls(>5. 

2.  A  piece  of  linen  cloth. 

:?,  Tlie  plexus  of  very  dedicate  threads  or 
lilanients  which  a  spider  spins,  and  which 
serves  as  a  web  to  catch  flies  and  other  insects 
for  its  food ;  a  cobweb. 

"Over  them  Arsichiie  liigh  di.l  lii't 
Her  cimuiug  web,  aud  spreiul  lier  auhtile  net." 

Xjtenscr:  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  28. 

J.  Hence,  tig.,  anything  carefully  contrived 
and  artfully  put  together  or  woven,  as  a  plot, 
scheme,  or  trap. 

"  What  a  tingled  weft  we  weive 
When  first  we  pnicti^e  to  deceive." 

iSoo((.-  Jtiirmioti,  vi,  IT. 

5.  Something  resembling  a  web  or  sheet  of 
cloth  ;  specif.,  a  large  roll  of  paper  such  as  is 
used  in  the  web-press  for  newspapers  and 
the  like. 

6.  Applied  to  any  plain,  flat  surface  ;  as — 
(1)  A  sheet  or  thin  plate  of  metal. 

"And  tliere  with  stittely  i)oiiii>e  by  heni>e3  they  weiid, 
And  Clu-i3tmn3  abiine  roUe  up  in  loebg  of  led.  ' 

rtiire/(ix-'  Oo<lfri-y  nf  Boulogne,  viii.  20. 

*(2)  The  blade  of  a  swoid. 

"  Ttie  brittle  locb  of  that  vicli  sword,  he  thought. 
W;i3  broke  through  hardnesseof  the  counties sheehl.' 
Fitire/ax:  Uoilfrcj  of  Boulogne,  vii.  ^, 

(3)  The  plate,  or  its  equivalent,  in  a  beam 
or  girder  which  connects  the  upper  and  lower 
liat  plates  or  laterally  extending  portions. 

"  This  interval  was  atreut(thened  by  horizontal  webs 
of  iron  plates."— />«i7tf  Telejrapli.  .March  22.  183S. 

(4)  The  corresponding  portion  between  the 
tread  and  foot  of  a  railway-rail. 

(5)  That  portion  of  a  wheel,  as  of  a  railway- 
carriage,  which  extends  between  the  hub  and 
tlie  rim,  occupying  the  space  where  spokes 
would  be  iu  an  ordinary  wJic.I. 

('I)  The  blade  of  a  .saw. 

(7^  In  vehicles,  a  stout  b.ind  of  t-extile  fabric, 
used  as  -Straps  to  limit  the  .-xtensiou  of  the 
lnH)d. 

(S)  Th.it  poi-tion  of  an  ordinary  anvil  which 
i-i  of  reduced  size  below  the  heiKl,  and  from 
which  the  divergent  liorns  proceed. 

('.I)  The  solid  i>ortion  of  t  h-'  bit  of  a  key. 

(10)  The  arm  of  a  crank  connecting  the 
shaft  and  the  wrist. 

(11)  Tlie  thin  sharp  part  «d'  the  coulter  of  a 
plough. 

n.  Teduikalhj  : 

1.  Entom. :  The  term  web  is  sometimes  used 
of  the  silky  sheath  formed  by  various  cater- 
])illars  witiiin  tho  rolled  leaves  constructed 
for  their  liabitatiou  autl  def.iice,  the  cocoon  of 
the  silkworm,  &c. 

2.  OniUh.  :  A  membrane  iu  the  Swimming 
Birds,  uniting  the  three  anterior  toes,  and  in 
one  order  (the  Steganopotle.s)  extending  also 
along  the  si<le  of  the  foot  to  the  great  toe. 
Iu  a  nulimentary  form  tlie  w..b  is  found  also 
in  some  waders. 


3.  Ziiol.:  rhietly  iu  the  sense  I.  3.  All 
spiders  do  not  weave  webs,  and  those  which 
do  vary  in  the  more  or  ]i;ss  ivgular  form  of 
the  web  proilncerl.  Two  of  the  tlnest  weavci-s 
lire  the  GanU-n  Spi<ler,  A/tfim  diailtvta,  the 
web  of  whifdi  is  of  a  rlne  geometric  form,  and 
liie  L'onunon  Ibuise  Spider,  jlnouit  tloinrntica. 
ISriNSiiunr.  1  Used  also  of  the  membranes 
between  the  digits  of  some  animals  which  are 
speiiiiljy  adapted  for  swimming,  or  are  am- 
phibious, as  the  Ornithoi'hynchus,  the  Otter, 
.■^ome  breeds  ol  Dogs,  the  Crocodiles,  and  tho 
Water-lizards. 

1[  Web  awl  pin,  Pin  ami  web :  Tlie  same  as 
I'iv(l).  s.,  I.  '.). 

web  eye,  ■. 

I'atlhJ.  :  A  .li-i.-ase  of  the  eye  arising  from  a 
lilm  sntliising  if  ;  caligo. 

web'fingered,  «.     Having  the  fingci's 

united  by  a  membrane. 

"  He  wiii.  It  )R  wiid,  weh.fnoteil  naturiUy.  ftnrt  par- 
tiaUy    iiKbfiituvrtnl."  ~  JIuj/lu-w :    London   Lubviir   * 

web  foot,  a.  A  foot  the  toes  of  which 
are  united  by  a  web  or  membrane. 

web  footed,   t.    Having  web-feet ;  p.ilini. 

ped. 

"  \\:h.f...,l.;l  f.n^is  A-  not  live  i-oiiHtivntlv  nvoii  the 
land,  imr  tvnr  to  vnUv  thf  wmUt.  —/.•.(,/ .  (jn  t'lrCf.u- 
tioit. 

web  press,  web  printing-machine, 

>'.     A  printing-niuchine  whicli  takes  ils  jiaper 
from  the  web  or  roll. 


web -saw. 


A  framc-.saw  (q.v.). 


web  wheel,  ^•.  A  wheel  in  which  the 
hub  and  I  iin  are  connected  by  a  wel»  or  plate, 
which  is  sonu'times  peifuratcd. 

web,  v.t.  IWkb,  s.]  To  cover  with  or  as  with 
a  web ;  to  envelop. 

""  webbe,  s.  [A.S.  uthba.]  A  weaver,  a  web- 
ber.    {Chaucer  :  V.  2\,  304.) 

webbed,  a.  [Eng.  u^b,  s.  ;  •ed.)  Having  the 
toes  united  by  a  membrane  or  web :  a.s,  The 
n'ehbcd  feet  of  a  goose  or  duck. 

'  web'-ber,  .t.     (Rug.  ici:b;  -er.]    A  weaver. 

web'-bing,  s.  [Eng.  web,  s.;  -ing.]  A  woven 
band  of  cotton  or  tlax,  generally  striped  and 
used  for  girths,  straining-pieces  of  saddles, 
surcingles,  bed-bottoms,  &c. 

"  web'-by,  a.  [Eng.  iw6,  s.  ;  -y.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  a  web  ;  consisting  of  or  resem- 
bling a  web. 

"  Bats  on  tlieir  Wthby  wings  in  darkneiw  inovo." 
CniMh::  Fiir.ih  n,<fitier. 

twe-ber(wasv), .--.  [Wilhebn  Eduard  Weber 
(horn  iyo4),  Professor  of  Physics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Giittirigen.] 

K}yt,u)-m(uj}H'tU-s:  A  conUnnb.  rUsiT.  IT  4. 
(l).l 

Weber's  Law,  a 

Ph;i^l»l.  :  There  is  always  a  constant  ratio 
between  the  strength  of  the  stimulus  and  the 
intensity  of  the  sensations.  Tlie  stronger  tho 
stimulus  already  applied,  the  stronger  must 
be  the  increase  of  the  stimulus  iu  order  to 
cause  a  pereei>tible  increase  of  tlie  sensation. 

'  web'-less,  «.  [Eng.  iceb,  s. ;  -less.]  Without 
wehs;  hence,  standing  idle. 

•'  O  er  stm  and  M'.;6/r.w  looms." 

h'tnijHlf;/:  .'iiiiitC's  Tragiiti/.  ii.  1. 

Web'-sky-ite  (W  as  v),  s.  [  Afbu-  Prof.  Web- 
sky,  of  Uerliu  ;  sutf.  -itc  (Min.).] 

Min.:  An  amorphous  mineral  occurring  in 
tlieolivine-diabase(pala'opicrite)  of  Amelose. 
Biedenkopf,  Hesse.  Hardness,  3*0;  sp.gr., 
1771;  colour,  pitch-black,  in  thin  splinters, 
bright-green  ;  streak,  brownish-green.  Com- 
pos., a  hydi-flted  silicate  of  magnesia  with 
snmeiron  protoxide.  An  analy.sis  yielded  the 
formula  H,iR4Si;j()i:;  -f  i-.H-.o,  where  U  =  Mg. 
and  Fe. 

*"  web'-ster,  *  webbe-ster,  s.  I  A.S.  veb- 
brsh-e  =  n  female  weaver,  from  "  uvfiftft  =  a 
weaver,  and  fern.  sufl".  -stcr  (q.v.). )    A  weaver. 

"  M'lbbesters  and  walkers,  and  wynnors  with  h.-inden." 
i'im  Ploifinan,  p.  II. 

web-ster-ite,  s.      FAaer  ^Ir.  Webster,  who 
toinid  it  in  Sussex;  sutf.  •ilr(Min.).] 
Mia. :  The  .same  as  ALfJii.viTE  (<l.v.)t 

wecht  ('■/(.  guttural),  .<!.  [A.S.  n-egau  =  to  lift, 
to  carry.]    [Weigh,  r.] 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9eU.  chorus,  9hin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    -lUg. 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -blc,  -die,  .^c.  =  bel,  deL 


wed— Wedgwood 


I.  An  iiistrunu'iit  for  wiimnwiiif:  corn  made 
]!■  tti-  I'.tnn  uf  a  sicvf,  Imt  witlumt  lioK's. 
■■  .Mwt  fAlii  wrul  lo  tlie  Iwini  giwn 
1\*  »»lu  threo  KVt'Afi  i>"  iiJwtlitiijr." 

Jlurtu:  i/iiltovir.-it. 

'  ■_'.  A  sort  of  tanittoui  iiu'. 

w6d,  'weddo,  •  wed-den,  vj.  &  i.    [A.s. 

ir.J.n.ui  -  to  i'l<-.lg«',  to  tii;<age,  from  icejl  =n 
]i]cdj;r;  cogn.  witli  iHit.  u'€(lden=  to  Uy  a 
WiK''-'*.  f"*"»  O.  Dut.  iw/.?»'  =  a  pledge,  a 
I  iiwn  ;  Ictl.  vedhja  =  to  wagt-r,  from  vrdk  =  a 
I.U-ili:f  ;  Pan.  rediP  =  to  wager  ;  Sw.  vo>lja  = 
to  aitpt--al.  from  rod  =  a  bet,  an  appeal  ;  Ger. 
trftifn  =  to  wager,  from  vette  =  a  wager  ;  CJotli. 
iliHf\idjf>n  =  to  pledge,  to  betrotli,  from  vndi 
==  )i  pledge  ;  Lat.  i'(w  (;j;enit.  i-adis)  =  a  pledge ; 
<-r.  Litli.  u'csti,  v\\  i.  im/u  =  lo  marry,  to 
t.ike  lionie  a  bride;  banso.  vo(?/<(i  =  a  bride. 
I'rom  same  root  as  xvtige,  tmger,  gage.] 

A.  V'rtniWfiiv : 

1.  Tn  marry,  to  take  in  mamage ;  to  tnke 

as  husband  or  wife. 

'■TlK'pmiwtour  in  thU  loinl  twrfrfecfethoa  wyf.  " 
/{oberC  (tf  GloHcettcr,  p.  76. 

2.  To  join  in  marringe  ;  to  give  in  wedlock. 

••  In  Sjnwiusa  wna  1  boru :  mid  tofd  ^ 
Ulitu  a  wwuuiii,  linpity  but  for  me." 

Shakftfi. :  Vumtnly  of  Krrom.  i.  I, 

3.  To  join  or  attach  one's  self  or  itself  to 

*■  Tliey  led  tlie  vine 
To  «rc<I  her  ehii."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  v.  215. 

4.  To  unite  closely  in  aflVction  ;  to  attach 
firmly  by  passion,  inclination,  or  prejudice. 

••  Ageil  kiiiys,  uxdded  to  will,  tliat  work  without  advicf." 
burreif.  I'liraphrase  on  Jiixlcsittstes.  in. 

•  5.  To  unite  for  ever  or  insepiirably. 

"  Thou  art  wcdiivd  to  calamity." 

:ihakap. :  iiomco  £  JuUtt,  iii.  3. 

6.  To  unite  generally. 

"The  ease  with  which,  when  iii  proiier  mood,  he 
cotild  ably  teed  the  tone  to  the  word."— /Jii'V^  Tele- 
ifnifh.  Jan.  30,  1982. 

"  7.  To  espouse  ;  to  take  part  with. 

■"Tli^y  i>08itlvely  and  concernedly  iteiUled  his 
(■r\  ii3t.  ■  —  Cttiriiiiloii. 

B.  Intr&ns. :  To  marry  ;  to  contract  matri- 
mony. 

"  Men  shtilden  leeddrn  after  liir  eatite. 
Fui  youth  and  eJdf  lb  otten  at  delmte." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  3.230. 

*wed,  'wedde,s.   (.A.S.  I'-ed.]    [Wed,  v.]    A 

plf.i-.v  :i  ].;i\vti,  a  security. 

■   Ami  tliuahia  trnith  he  leyth  towedde" 

Oower:  C.  A  .  i. 

wed  -ded,  jw.  par.  &.  o.    [Wed,  r.] 

A.  Ai  }K%.  por. :  (See  tlie  verb). 

B,  An  adjective : 

1.  Married;  united  in  marriage. 

*  Ltt  wealth,  let  honour,  wait  the  ^nedded  dame," 
ro)ie  :  Elmm  to  Abvlard,  ". 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  matrimony  ;  as, 
ircd(/i  '7  life,  tvtdded  bliss. 

3.  Intimately  united, .joined,  or  attached  by 
interest,  passion,  or  prejudice. 

"  But  man  in  general,  ivedili'd  to  the  world,  despises 
its  vail  fChrlstiauityJ."— 6"i(i>»i ;  Sermons,  vol.  i.. 
htnl,2. 


wed  der. 


|Wi:rHi;i:.l 


wed -ding,  •  wed-dyng,  jt.  7>nr.,  a.,  &  s. 

[\Vt;i..  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  .^1^  adj. :  Pertaining  to  or  used  at  a 
wedding  or  weddings. 

"  If  she  affirmed  herself  a  virgin,  she  must  on  her 
tortl'lhnf  day,  and  in  her  wcddiuff  ctuathes.  perfoiui 
the  teremuny  of  going  alone  into  the  den,  and  stay  an 
huiir  with  the  lion.**." — Swifl. 

C.  Aa  snbst. :  Marriage,  nuptials  ;  nuptial 
ccn-mony  or  festivities. 

^  Sihrr  iceddin'f.  Golden  vfeddiiiff,  Diamnnd 
v^pthling :  The  celebrations  of  the  twenty- fifth, 
llflirth,  and  sixtieth  anniversaries  of  a  wed- 
ding. 

wedding -bed,  .«.  The  bed  of  a  newly- 
niavjirtl  jiuir  ;  a  unplial-bed. 

wedding-cake,  s.  a  cake  covered  with 
icing,  and  riilily  decorated.  It  is  cut  by  the 
bride  dniing  the  wedding  breakfast  and  dis- 
trilinlcrl  to  the  gnosis,  portions  of  it  being 
afli-rwards  .sent  tc  rdtsent  friends. 

weddlng-card,  .•-.  One  of  a  set  of  cards, 
containing  tlie  ii;inics  of  a  newl\ -married 
Couple,  sent  to  fricmls  to  announce  the  wed- 
iling.  and  to  st;'*e  when  they  will  be  at  home 
to  leceivc  calls  of  i-ongiutulation. 

wedding- clothes,  .«.  ?>/.  Garments  to 
bit  worn  by  a  bride  or  bridegroom  at  the  mar- 
riygt*  ceremony. 


wedding  -day,  ■".  The  day  of  marriage, 
or  Its  annivci-'iiry. 

•'  r.-in^inuw  1b  oiir  ivt^ddina-dny." 

Cowper :  John  QHpin. 

wedding -dower,  s.  A  nuuTiage  por- 
tion. 

"Let  her  Iwiuity  he  her  it^ddtna-dnwer." 

Shakoifi.  .■  Two  Ofiitlemen,  \U.  1. 

wedding-favour,  ^.  A  bunch  of  white 
ribbon-;,  or  a  ro.sette,  &e.,  worn  by  guests 
attending  a  wc'iding. 

wedding-feast, .«.  A  feast  or  entertain- 
ment pri>viiK-d  by  the  guests  at  a  wedding. 

wedding -knot,  .<:. 

Kniit. :  A  tie  fur  uniting  the  looped  ends  of 
two  ropes. 

wedding-ring,  s.  A  phn'n  gold  ring 
planed  by  llie  hridrgrcmm  on  the  third  finger 
of  the  left  hand  of  the  bride  during  the  mar- 
riage ccreniuuy. 

'  wede  (I),  ,'=.    [Wked  (1),  s.] 

•  wede  (2),  s.    [A.S.  wmh,  weed  =a  garment.] 
A  garment  ;  clothing,  apparel.     [Weed  (2).  s.) 

■■HiSfiidtlierfeltie  uiessa^eraiu  iwueremonue  jwct/f." 
Jlobert  qf  Utoucetter,  p.  165. 

we-del'-i-a  (W  as  v),  s.    [Named  after  George 
Wolfgang  Wedel,  a  German  botanist.] 

Bot  :  A  genus  of  Heliopsidese.  Herbs  or 
nndershrubs  with  serrate  or  three-cleft  leaves 
and  yellow  ladiate  and  composite  flowers, 
with  a  pappus  of  toothed  or  hairy  scales. 
Natives  of  America.  The  leaves  of  U'edelia 
calendulacea,  a  comiiosite  with  a  slight  eam- 
phoraceous  smell,  are  used  in  India  as  a  hair- 
dye  and  to  promote  the  growth  of  hnir.  In  Lo- 
hardagga,  in  Bengal,  the  root  is  pounded,  and 
gives  a^black  dye  with  salts  of  iron.  (Calcutta 
Exhib.  Report.)  The  leaves  are  considered  to 
be  tonic  and  alterative ;  the  seeds,  flowers, 
and  leaves  in  decoction  are  deobstruent. 

wedge  (1),  *wegge,  s.  [A.S.  7cecf/ =  a  mass 
of  metal,  a  wedge  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  wtf/,  wigge 
=  a  wedge;  leel.  veggr ;  Dan.  vasgge ;  Sw. 
vigg ;  O.  H.  Ger.  weklci,  weggi :  M.  H.  Ger, 
wecke  =  a  wedge.  From  the  same  root  as  loag.] 
1.  A  piece  of  wood  or  metal,  thick  at  one 
end  and  tapering  to  a  thin  edge  at  the  other. 
It  is  a  body  contained  under  two  trianguhir 
and  three  rectangular  sui'fiiccs.  The  wedge  is 
one  of  the  mechanical  powers,  and  is  used  fur 
splitting  wood,  rocks,  &c.,  for  exerting  great 
pressure,  as  in  the  oil-press  [Wedge-press), 
and  for  raising  immense  weights,  as  when  a 
ship  is  raised  by 
weilges  driven  un- 
der the  keel.  All 
cutting  and  pene- 
trating i  n  s  t  r  n  - 
mi'uts,  as  knives, 
swords,  cliisels, 
razors,  axes,  nails, 
])ins,  needles,  &c., 
may  be  considered 
as  weilges,  the  an- 
gle of  the  wedge 
being  in  such  cases 
more  or  less  acute, 
according    to    the 

purpose  for  which  it  is  intended.  In  the  dia- 
gram, A  B  c  is  an  isosceles  wedge  introduced 
into  a  cleft  d  f  e,  pnwi-r  being  aj-plied  at  the 
point  H,  in  the  centre  of  a  b.  The  resist- 
ance on  each  side  and  the  ]>ower  may  be 
considered  as  three  forces  in  equilibrium,  and 
meeting  in  a  point  c.  The  sides  of  the  tri- 
angle ABC  are  severally  perpendieuhir  to  the 
directions  of  the  three  forces,  and  therefore, 
p  :  iR  ;  :  AB  :  ac,  or  the  power  is  to  the  total 
resistance  as  half  the  back  of  the  wedge  is 
to  the  side  of  the  wedge.  The  mechanical 
power  of  the  wedge  is  increased  by  making  the 
angle  of  penetration  more  acute.  But  no  certain 
theory  can  be  laid  down  concerning  the  power 
of  the  wedge,  since  being  usually  produced 
by  the  percussion  of  a  hammer,  mallet,  &c., 
every  stroke  of  which  causes  a  tremor  in  the 
wedge,  the  resistance  at  the  sides  is  for  the 
instant  thrown  off. 

"  Forth  goes  the  woodman  ...  to  wield  thif  axe 
And  drive  the  tofdgi;  in  yonder  forest  drear." 

Cotfper:  Task,  v.  m. 

*  2.  A  mass  of  metal,  especially  one  in  the 
shape  of  a  wetlge. 

"  A  wc(lS7c  of  gold  of  fifty  shekels  weight."— yo8/*(fr» 
vii.  21. 

3.  Something  in  the  shape  of  a  wedge. 
"  Tlie  legion  when  they  saw  their  time,  bursting  out 
like  a  violent  wcdjjr,   i|uiekly  broke  and   diH>i<<ated 
what  o[ti>o»ed  them.*  —Jdilton :  Hist,  of  Brilaiu,  bk.  ii. 


^  The  thin  (or  small)  rntl  of  the  urdge :    A 

term    used   lignrati>'ely  to  express  the   tirst 

move,  api'jireiitly  of  little    importance,  but 

destined  ov  cjilcuhited  ultimately  to  lead  to 

,  important  results. 

wedge -bills,  s.  pi.    [Schistes.] 

wedge  press,  s.  A  form  of  press,  more 
used  (orrnerly  I  h:ui  now.  for  expressing  oil 
from  crnsheil  wct-ils. 

wedge-shaped,  a. 

1.  (trd.I.ang.:  Havingtheshapeof  a  wedge; 
cuneiform. 

2.  Vol.:  Cuneate  (4. v.). 
iredgc-shapcd  charw'.tcr :  [Cuneiform]. 

wedge-tailed  eagle,  ^-. 

Oriiilh.  :  I'mtitus  audar.  from  Australia. 
Back  and  sides  rust-colour,  rest  of  body 
blackish  brown  ;  feathers  of  wings  and  upper 
tail-coverts  tipped  with  pale-brown. 

wedge-wise,  aAv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
wedge. 

■'  And  thna  wcdgc-wite  by  little  and  little  they 
spread  ijiuiwlev  and  broader  beUind."  —  P.  Holland  : 


PI  ill 


.  bk,  s.,  ch.  XX 


wedge  (2),  s.  [Seedef.J  In  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity a  name  given  to  tlie  insln  who  stands  last 
in  the  list  of  the  classical  tripos;  said  to  be 
taken  from  the  name  {iVedgwood)  of  the  man 
who  occupied  this  place  on  the  first  list  in 
1824.  (Also  called  Wooden-wedge.)  [«poon, 
s.,  l!  (4)-] 

wedge,  v.t.     [Wedge  (I),  s.] 

*  1.  To  cleave  with  a  wedge  or  wedges;  ta 
rive.     {Lit.  £  fig.) 

"  When  uiy  heart. 
As  locd'jed  with  a  eigh,  would  ri\  e  in  twain." 

Shafccs//.  ■'  Truitas  i  Crcsfidit,  i.  L 

2.  To  drive  in  a  wedge;  to  crowd  in;  to 
compress. 

"  M'ed'jed  in  one  Ijody  like  a  flight  of  cranes." 

Pupe  ■  //outer;  Iliad  xvii,  846. 

♦  3.  To  force,  as  a  wedge  forces  its  way. 
"  Part  .  .  .  r;ing"d  in  figure,  wcdffe  their  way 

Intelligent  of  seiisoua."        Milfan  :  P.  /..,  vii.  426. 

4,  To  fasten  with  a  wedge,  or  with  wedges, 

"  ^yed'Je  oi\  the  keenest  scythes. 
And  give  us  steeds  that  snort  ngninst  tne  foe." 
A.  Philips.    [Todd,] 

0.  To  fix  in  the  manner  of  a  wedge. 

"They  often  find  great  lunu'S  wedged  betweeu  the 
rocks  as  if  it  naturally  grew  there."— />ti7rt;«(fr  .'  Voy- 
aget{i\u.  l-jSM, 

wedg'-ihg,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Wedoe,  r.] 
A.  >fc  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  j)ar(ic(>.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

Pottery:  Tlie  process  of  dividing  a  lump 
of  clay  and  dashing  the  parts  together  in  a 
direction  ditlerent  from  its  former  contact. 
It  brings  the  mass  to  a  ImMogeneons  condition, 
develops  plasticity,  and  expels  air-bnbbles. 

Wedg  -wood,  Wedge  -wood,  5.  (See  com- 
pounds.] 

•*  Wedgwood -pyrometer,  .^. 

Physics  :  A  i»yrometer  in  which  tempera- 
ture was  ascertained  by  the  contraction  ol 
baked  clay,  measnred  before  and  after  its  suli- 
jection  to"  the  action  of  heat.  It  was  not  trust- 
worthy, for  clay  exposed  for  a  long  period  to 
a  moderate  amount  of  heat  will  be  as  niudi 
reduced  in  bulk  as  by  jui  inten.sely  high  teui- 
jiei-ature  lontinned  for  a  brief  period. 

Wedgwood-ware,  s. 

Pottery  :  A  ])eculiar  kind  of  ware  first  made 
by  Josiah  Wi'dgwond  (1730-96),  in  which 
artistic  designs  and  treatment  ;ire  .ioined  to 
mechanical  juhI  technical  excellence.  Piof. 
Church  thus  enumerat^es  the  several  varieties 
or  "bodies"  of  the  ware  in  the  order  of  in- 
vention or  improvement:  1.  Cream-coloured 
ware,  called  Queen's  ware,  in  various  hues  ol 
cream-colour,  saffron,  and  straw.  2.  Egyp- 
tian black,  or  basaltes  ware,  used  for  seals, 
plaques,  iife-size  busts,  medallion  portiaits. 
&c.  3.  Red  ware,  or  Rosso  anticn,  not  cfpial 
in  quality  of  colour  or  fineness  of  grain  to  tlie 
earlier  work  of  .Tuhn  Philip  Elers.  of  Brail- 
well  Wood.  4.  White  semi-porcehdn,  or  fin-, 
stoneware,  difiering  from  the  white. jasjicr  in 
its  pale  straw-colnured  qr  grayish  hue,  and  in 
its  waxlikc  smooth  surface  and  subtransbi- 
cency.  5.  Variegated  ware,  of  two  kind.-^. 
one  acream-cohmredbody,  marbled,  mottle'!, 
or  spangled  with  divers  colours  upon  the 
surface  and  under  the  glaze;  the   other  an 


fStc.  fat,  fare,  simidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t» 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  ce  -  e :  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


-a 
CO 


S?   ^ 


m 
o 
a 


=   ^ 


o 
o 

D 


1    ^ 


if 


wedgy -weedy 


b-n 


iniprovcil  kind  of  a^ate  warp,  in  M-Iiicli  tlu^ 
coloured  cluys  in  Itnnds,  twists,  stripps,  ftiul 
waves  cnnstitntfd  the  entire  snbstnnce.  0. 
Jasper  wine,  in  wliieli  tlie  chief  triumphs  of 
M'f.l:^'wood  weie  wmn^ht,  resoniblin^  out- 
waniiy  tin*  lincst  of  liis  wliite  terru-cottn  and 
spnii-purcelaiii  bodies.  One  nf  his  earliest 
recipos  tor  tiiis  last-named  ware  was,  in  per- 
c<Mit^ij;e,  barytes,  57-1  ;  clay,  'iS'^  ;  Hint,  i»-5  ; 
barinm  cail.(vnate,  48;  the  novelty  nf  these 
components  beiny  the  use  of  the  barytes  and 
barinm  cnrbnmite.  A  very  little  cobalt  was 
occasionally  added,  even  to  the  wliite  jasper 
ware,  to  neutralize  the  yellowish  hue,  and  In- 
introducing  a  little  Cornish  stone  or  otlur 
felspathic  material  it  became  less  opaque 
and  nioie  wax-like.  There  are  seven  colours 
in  this  ware  besides  the  white— blue  of  various 
siiades,  lilac,  pink,  sage-green,  olive-gret-n, 
yi'llow.and  black— and  it  is  remarkable  for  thi- 
absence  of  bul<bles  and  holes,  the  flatness  of 
the  field,  and  the  uniformity  of  grain.  It  was 
produced  in  nnniborless  forms— cameos-  in- 
taglios, porti-ait  niedallinns.  statuettes,  vases, 
&e.,and  the  yellow  variety  is  rare.  Wedg- 
wood's artistic  work  consists  not  only  in 
copies  of  antique  gems  and  in  the  adaptation 
of  antique  designs,  but  in  the  original  }n'oduc- 
tions  of  many  English  and  foreign  draughts- 
men and  modelh-rs :  foremost  among  the 
former  must  be  placed  the  great  artist  Flax- 
man.  His  chief  mark  is  tlie  name  '*  Wedg- 
wood," impressed  in  Roman  characters  in  the 
jiaste  before  liring.  the  size  of  the  letters  rang- 
ing from  J  to  ^..  of  an  inch  in  height.  During 
Ids  partnership  with  Bentley  the  name  of  the 
latter  was  conjoined  to  his  own.  In  some 
cases  the  word  "Etruria"  isadded.  Tlie  name 
*'Josiah  Wedgwoofl,"  with  a  date  beneath, 
belongs  to  a  time  when  the  works  at  Etruria 
—still  carried  on  by  the  direct  descendants 
of  Josiah  Wedgwood  —  wen-  ruled  by  the 
son  of  the  founder;  now  the  simjde  nanie 
Wedgwood  (a  trade  mark)  only  is  used.  Small 
marks,  chietly  those  of  workmen,  are  found  on 
pieces  of  ohl  Wedgwood  ware  ;  Miss  Sleteyaid 
gives  no  fewer  than  one  hundred  of  these, 
but  Wedgwood — like  too  many  other  manu- 
facturers, both  past  and  present— suppressed 
as  far  as  possible  such  indications  of  the  iiidi- 
viduality  of  his  designers. 

*  wedg'-y.  a.  [Eng.  )rerlgc{\),  s.  ;  -?/.]  Wedge- 
shaped  ;  like  a  wedge. 

■'  Pii5il)eil  hin  wc(/i/vsiinut  iiitt)  tlic  strnw  sulijnceut." 
—I.n»d»r.     n.iinitiiulih:)  ' 

wedlock,  wed-lok,  wedloke,  s.  [A.S. 
veiVal^a  jdedge,  from  ctt/^a  }dedge,  and 
ldc=  sport,  a  gilt,  in  token  of  pleastne,  hence, 
the  gift  given  to  a  bride.  The  reference  is  to 
the  practice  of  giving  a  present  to  the  bride 
on  the  morning  after  marriage;  cf.  Ger.  inoi-- 
gcngabe—  a  nuptial  (lit.  =  morning)  gift.] 

*  1.  Marriage,  matrimony. 

"  Eowetli  yome  nekke  umler  tlie  lilisful  3-ok  .  .  , 
"Vt'IucIi  that  men  ck'iieii  si>ousnile  or  wcihiA;" 

Cbnttcer:  C.  T.,  T.HK. 

2.  The  marrie<l  state. 

"  I  i)rfty"*l  for  cliiKlreii.  .iiul  tltouglit  bnrreimess 
111  in-d/otft  areiiroacb." 

Alilton :  Samson  Affonistfs,  ;!5. 

*  3.  A  wife. 

"  Whicli  of  tliese  is  tliy  wedtork,  Meiielftiis?  tliy 
Helen,  tliy  Liurtoe?  tlmt  we  luny  do  her  lioiiom*,  iii;iil 
boy,"— Be»i  Junton  :  rortaster,  iv.  l. 

*4,  Slarriage  vows. 

"  Howe  be  it  abe  kept  but  euyll  tbe  s:icrnineiit  of 
uiatriiiioiiy,  but  brake  her  ivefttoki:" — liii'ttert :  t'roii- 
tart :  Cronydv,  vol.  i..  ch  xxi, 

TI  Sometimes  used  adjectively. 

"  Whiles  a  wfiiU'ick  hymn  we  8iii([. 
Feed  yourselvei*  with  (luestimiiiie." 

t^h-tkvs)!. :  At  roll  Like  It,  v.  4. 

*  wedlock-bands,  S.J)/.  Marriage.  {Mil- 
Ion  :  Samsnn  A>junistes,  VI8O.) 

*  wedlock-bound,  a.  Married.  {Mil- 
to)i:  F.  L.,  X.  ;xr..) 

*  wedlock-treachery,  s.  An  offence 
against  the  marriage  tie  ;  aclultery.  •{Milton  : 
Sinnsoii  Aijonistes,  1,009.) 

*wed'-l6ck,  rj.  [Wedlock,  s.]  Tounite  in 
maniage  ;  to  mairy. 

•■  3Iaii  thus  wcilhnlied'—Mino)i.    {Aiinaudalf  ) 

Wednesday  (is  Wens -day),  *  Wednys 

day,  .<;.  [A.tS.  IIV/*,(/(/-r;y  ^  the  d;iy  ol  |(V,- 
(k)i(q.v.);  I)ut.  W'ueusdwj ;  Iccl.  Mhincilwjr  ; 
Sw.  &  Dan.  on.tdag,  for  othnsilotj.]  The  fourtli 
day  of  the  week  ;  the  day  following  Tuesday. 

"Ill  the  worshyii  of  the  which  K'"1  [WoJeiiJ,  the 
tbirde  fervall  diiye  in  the  u'fke  they  iinmeil  n\w/Mc.. 
tl<f/.  whiehciitthifiday  wccall  \VeUiiytila!f.'--Fabiiiif 
(hrunf/ch;  ch.  Iwxiii. 


WOO,  '  we,  ."*.  »^'  ".  [T''e  Scandinavian  form  of 
Kn;;.  way,  derived  from  Dan.  i'fi ;  Sw.  rag: 
Icel.  irgr  =  a  way.  That  the  constant  asso- 
ciation of /(»/t'  with  wc{=  way)  should  lead 
to  the  supposition  that  the  words  little  and 
vef  are  synonymous  seems  natural  euougli. 
(.S/.t«/.).] 

*  A.  As  auhstantive  : 

1.  A  bit. 

"Bohvml  hira  littfU  wf< 
It  foil."  Hurbour:  /IrnC'',  xvii.  eTT. 

2.  A  little  time  ;  a  moment.    {Scotch.) 
B.  A^atlj.  :  Small,  little.    (C0//07.) 

"  I  made  nil  R  tr^f  bit  mlntite  of  nn  ftnte-nuptinl 
coiitiMCt."— .S'coff  .■    Wtipcrlt'!/,  ch.  lx\i. 

weed(l),  "wede  {\\  s.  [A.S.  ire6d,  in6d; 
O.  Sax.  wiod  ;  Uut.  viedc] 

I.  Lit.  :  A  geneial  name  for  any  useless  or 
tioublesome  plant ;  a  term  applied  indetinitely 
und  generally  to  any  plant,  or  botiinical  spe- 
cies growing  where'  it  is  not  wanted,  and 
either  of  no  nse  to  man,  or  absolutely  in- 
jurious to  crops,  &c. 

"  No  uniss,  herb,  leftf,  or  weed," 

.yidftt-'s;',  ;   t'cnuf  A  Aclnnix,  1,065. 

^  Among  the  chief  weeds  in  British  grain 
cro])3  are  Sinapis  arvensis,  Raphanus  lUipha- 
nistrnmy  I'opaver  JiJut'iis,  Centnurca  Cijaitvs, 
SoHchus  oleracejis,  Agrostenima  Githago,  and 
Avena  fatim :  among  tliose  in  pasture,  lUi- 
VMiicultiS  at^rls,  R.  rcpms,  and  R.  bnlbosus ; 
.Sniecio  Jacoba'it,  with  the  thistles  and  the 
docks. 

II.  Figuratively : 

1.  Any  useless  or  troublesome  subetance, 
especially  such  as  is  mixed  with  or  is  inju- 
rious to  more  valuable  substances  ;  ajiytbing 
worthless  or  trashy. 

2.  AsoiTy,  worthless  animal,  useless  for  the 
breeding  of  stock  ;  especially  a  leggj,  loose- 
bodied  horse  ;  a  race-horse,  having  the  appear- 
ance of,  but  lacking  all  the  qualities  of  a 
thoiouglibred. 

"  No  doulit  there  are  idi-iity  of  wfctls  among  their 
'  moljs,'  bred  aliuoat  wild."— «;<>((  ■,  Nov.  9.  19S5. 

3.  A  cigar,  or  tobacco  generally.    {Shnig.) 

'  weed-fish,  s.  An  unidentitled  hsb  men- 
tioned by  Browne  {Norfolk  Fishes).  He  de- 
scribes if  as  "somewhat  like  a  haddock,  but 
laiger,  and  drier  meat." 

weed-grown,  a.   Overgrown  with  weeds. 

nreed-hook,  s.    A  weeding-hook  (q.v.). 

'■  ill  Slay  ^et  n  wfcd-tionk.  a  ciutth.  and  a  glove, 
And  Heed  out  sueh  weeds  as  tbf  torn  doth  not  love  " 
2'usser:  /liis'janJne. 

weed  (2),  *  wede  (2),  ♦weede,  -'j.  [A..s. 
n-ikdc,  ira'd  =  a  garment ;  cogn.  with  O.  Fries. 
wede,  wed;  O.Sax.  vddi;  O.  Dut.  wmle ;  Icel. 
vddh  =  a  piece  of  cloth,  a  garment ;  O.  U.  Ger. 
■icdt,  wot  =  clothing,  armour;  cf.  Goth,  gan-i- 
dan,  pa.  t.  gawath ;  O.  H.  Ger.  ivetitn  =  to 
bind  together;  Zend.  rn(?/i  =  to  clothe.  From 
the  same  root  as  weave,  vnlhy,  xmttte,  wind 
(•■i).  v.] 

*  1.  An  outer  or  uppei-  garment. 

"  Another  of  the  Plmvisaicidl  sorte  goyng  in  ji  whili- 
wetie."—t'cl'il:  /.n/cv  xix. 

*2.  Any  garment ;  an  article  of  dress  ;  dress. 

"  They  wh'i,  to  be  Ktue  of  Paradise, 
l>j  iiiy  put  00  the  wceUt  of  Uouiiido." 

Jlittun:  P.  L.,  iii.  479. 

3.  An  article  of  dress  worn  in  token  of 
morirning ;  mourning-dress  ;  mourning.  (Xow 
only  used  in  the  plural,  and  applied  speeili- 
cally  to  the  niourningdress  of  a  widow.) 

weed  (3).  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  A  general  name  for  any  sudilen  illness 
tiotn  odd  or  relajise.  usually  accompanied  liy 
febrile  symptoms,  which  attacks  females  after 
continenient  rjr  during  nursing.     {Scotdi.) 

2.  A  similar  difeea.sc  in  horses. 

"  It  ia  well  known  that  iiu  ordinary  case  of  stmngles 
or  ii.'is;i.l  gleet  is  often  reimrted  as  |,'hinder».  and  aeom- 
uiiiiiattHok  of  Weed  iis  imxy.'  —J-'trtd,  Uec    17.  I^ST. 

weed,  * wead, '  wed-en,  "weede,  v.t.  \-  i. 

IWi;ed  (1),  A. ;  Dut.  v.itdtiii ;  Low  Ger.  irakn.\ 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  free  from  weeds  or  noxious  and  useless 
idants ;  to  clear  away  the  weeds  from  ;  to 
clear  of  weeds. 

"  Founile  hyin  we'idi/vj  of  by?  gi'onndf."— Bri?H<?tt . 
Q,nti'"K  Cnrtin*.  p.  fii». 

2.  To  takeaway,  as  weeds  or  noxious  ]'lant-< ; 
to  remove  wliatVs  injurious,  otl'ensive,  or  ut*- 
.seemly  ;  to  extirjiate. 

"  Each  word  .  ,  .  hath  wreded  from  my  heart 
A  root  of  ancient  emy." 

J^hnl-^sp.  :   Cori'jldiiitg.   iv.  5. 


3.  To  free  fnuii  anylhinghurtful  orofTenslve, 

"  HetrvM'ifci/  the  klnfidoin  of  mui-Ii  a*  wure  devoted  to 
KhOatin,  and  maniimlzfd  it  fioiii  tb>it  liio*t  diingeroUH 
e<'nf*deni"j."— //"trW  ;    I'uc  W  f'orrtt, 

i.  To  jtick  out  and  reject,  as  useless,  ofTen- 
sive,  or  injurious. 

B,  IntrniK.:  To  root  up  and   clear  nway 

weeds  from  any  ground. 

"  TIkto  art)  a  (iroat  iinmber  of  uogro  ulave*  brouglit 
from  other  jcut*  of  tbe  wmld,  koiiio  of  whieli  are 
ciintlnually  wvdin'j,  \\\y\u\uf.  itnil  looking  after  it.'  — 
liatn^'ivr  :   i'oj'i^/f*  {tin.  Ifl9i; 

weed'- bind,  *■.     [Eng.  withwiiid{>)  J 

H'-i. :  Co  a  volvulus  arveyisis  and  C.  septum. 

'  weed'-ed,  «.  [Eng.  wced;-ed.]  Overgrown 
with  weeds. 

"  U'Lvdi'd  ami  worn  tbe  ancient  thatch 
Uli'in  the  lonely  iiioatod  KrunKO-" 

Tennytfiu  :  Murl'ina. 

weed'-or,    s.    [Eng.  weed,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  weeds,  or  frees  from  anything 
noxious,  useless,  or  injurious  ;  an  extirpator. 

"A  wi-edero\ii  of  Ultf  proud  advernarlcB, 
A  libcml  rewnrder  oi  Iuh  frlendn." 

Shakcip.  :  Jtichard  HI..  \.  S. 

2.  A  weeding  tool. 

wceder  clips,  n-.  Weeding-sliears.(.Sco/cA.) 

"  weed  -er-y,  >.    I  Kng.  iveed  (1),  s. ;  -crj/.J 

1.  Weeds. 

"A  place  rU  covered  o'er 
With  clinging  nettles  and  encb  ipefderi/." 

Move  :  Life  of  Soul,  li.  HI- 

2.  A  place  full  of  weeds. 

weed-l-ness,  s.  lEng.  weedy:  -luss.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  weedy,  or  overgrown 
with  weeds. 

"  Weedittess  In  a  luwn  is  commonly  the  effect  of 
l>overty  in  tbe  aoil."— /VeW,  March  17.  1888. 

weed'-ing,  v'-  J"""*-.  «-.  ^  «•    IWeed,  v.] 

A.  &  B,  As  pv.  i'nir.  li-  particip.  odj. :  (See 
the  \erb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  net  of  clearing  away  weeds,  or  any- 
thing noxious  or  injurious. 

■■  nVec//)',?  alone,  uulciia  tliegni<is  is  encouraged  by 
lUjeral  manuring,  will  not  cure  it."— Field,  March  17, 

1S88, 

'2.  Weeds. 

■'  He  weeds  the  corn,  and  still  let^  prow  the  trecdhiff." 
>7niA(«/i.  ;  Love's  L'tbonr's  Lott,  i.  l. 

weeding-chisel,  s.  a  tool  with  a  di- 
vided chisel-point  fur  cutting  the  roots  ot 
large  weeds  within  the  ground. 

weeding-forceps,  s.  pL   An  instrument 

for  pulling  up  soiiil'  soils  of  plants  in  weed- 
ing, as  tlii^^tles. 

weeding-fork,  s.  A  strong,  three- 
pmiiiit-d   fiiik,    used    in  clearing   ground   ot 

weeds. 

weeding-hoe,  s.     A  hoe  used  in  weeding 

gnuuiit. 

'weeding-hook,  s.  A  book  us<(l  for 
cutting  aua\  or  extirpating  wee<ls. 

weeding-iron,  .-.    Tlie  same  as  Wekd- 

INIMOUK  Ol-V.). 

weeding  -  pincers,    >■■  pi     [W^eedinu- 

FOUt.  I  I'S.] 

weeding-rhim, .?.  An  implement, some- 
what like  tiie  fi-ame  of  a  whvndbarrow,  used 
foi-  tearing  up  weeds  or  sumiucr-fallows,  &c. 
{I'rov.) 

wee  ding -shears,  ^.  pL   Shears  used  for 

cultnig  weeds. 

wee  ding -tongs,   ■■i.  ph     Tiic   same    as 

Wi:i;DlNt;-Fitm  El'.s  (,q.v.). 

weeding-tool,  s.  Any  implement  for 
pulling  lip,  digging-up,  or  cutting  weeds. 

'  ■weed' -less,  a.  [Eng.  weed  (l),  s. ;  -less.] 
Free  from  weeds  or  noxious  matter. 

"  So  many  tueedlvK  iwi-adi'^es  he. 
Whiirli  of  thcuiHclvett  i>roduee  no  veiiomouH  biu." 
/JitJitie  :  A  mttnnif  of  the  ll'orW,  i. 

weed-wind,  .s.    (Stre def.] 

r.oi.  :  A  conuptiou  of  Withwind  (q.v.). 
{Prior.) 

weed'-j^  (1),  a.    (Eng,  weed  (1),  s. ;  -y.] 
•  1.  Consisting  of  weeds. 

"  Her  weedu  troidiles."        Shakf/it. :  llumttt,  iv.  7. 

2.  Abounding  with  weeds. 

"  By  wecdti  lii^il  or  |)e)<tiU<ntiaI  swamji." 

Wi-rdsworth  :  Hxcurtioti,  hk.  vi. 

3.  Not  of  good   blood  or  breeding;  lank, 


boil,  bo^;  pout,  30^/1;  c?-t,  ^ell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f, 
-cian,  -^tian  ~  slian.     tion.    sion  —  Elidii ;  -tion,    siou  -  zli^lu.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  i'^-.  ^  hcl,  deL 


weedy —weeping 


Ihin,  ami  Umji-lej^fil  ;  lien.-c,  worthless,  us 
fur  brtH'tniii;  <ir  lacitig  imrposes.  (Probably 
fruiii  growing  nmk  like  a  weed.) 

'■  The  MuK^r  AiiBli-ftlimi  yuuUi.  w«y  twtween  ten  mid 
nixtvt'u  ycnrn,  lii*"  a  loiuleiicy.  lui  I  Iikvo  bfiorB  lilntcil, 
!o  becoiiiu    lwiiB-l«'svi''l.   KVCi/ff.   aiiJ   '  loilky.'"'— //rii/tf 

■  wecd'-y  (2).  't.    IKng.  »r«i('2),s. ;  -y.l  Chul 
III  wi-o<is  01-  widow's  mourning. 

•■»h<!  Vina  n»  uwt^fy  tut  In  thu  mrly  duvs  of  her 
mounnm;."— /iiVAfiK.     (AnnttiKUtn.) 

weefit,  .f.;>'-    [Seedef.] 

Timber  Tmde  :  A  name  given  in  some  jiarts 
of  till!'  rnuntry  to  wlmt  are  more  commonly 
t.-inifil  biri.lersOi.v.).  Tlicy  are  called  wecfs, 
Irom  weave,  bfinuse  tliey  are  used  in  weaving 
niiitenals  t.'^^-tlicr,  cspt'WaUy  in  L-ititi'-niaking. 
{fiiuUf  Titt'ii-  Journal.) 

-week,    weeko,    wcke.  '  wike,    woke. 
'  wonke,  *  wycke,  *  wyke,  -    (A.s. ./'«., 

r'icK,    I'Ktf,    u'Hcu:   cogn.    witli    Dut.    icirl: : 
Icel.    viht;    Sw.    trcka:   O.    H.   Gn:    icd'hn, 
r.vhha;  M.  II.  Ger.  tcoche ;  Dan.  ng*:] 
I.  Oniinary  IxiiigtKujv : 

1.  The  space  of  seven  days  ;  the  spaee  from 
-.neSunday.  Monday,  &r..tn another:  the  must 
-ihviousand  coiiveiuent  division  of  the  iiatii- 
lal  or  lunar  month.  The  division  of  time 
into  weeks  was  not  found  among  the  abori- 
gines of  Anieriea  when  the  New  World  was 
discovered,  nor  did  it  exist  among  the 
Polynesians,  the  Japanese,  or,  it  is  now  be- 
lieved, the  Chinese.  It  is  nearly  univer- 
sal in  Inilia,  and  wa.<i  found  thoroughly 
rooted  when  tlie  first  Christians  went  to  that 
country.  So  has  it  bteu  from  a  period  of 
high  antiquity  in  Srandinavia,  the  names  of 
the  several  tlays  being  connected  with  iden- 
tically the  same  planets  in  the  two  regions ; 
so  that,  if  at  noon  on  Sunday  in  Sweden  one 
■could  be  transpoiled  in  a  moment  to  India,  he 
would  find  it  Aditwar  (=  Sunday)  there,  and 
so  of  any  other  day  in  the  week.  The  Hebrews, 
and  it  is  tliought  the  other  Semites,  had 
the  institution  of  weeks  III.],  the  days  appa- 
rently being  simply  nutiibered  lirst,  seconil, 
third,  &c.  During  the  early  centuries  of  their 
history  the  Greeks  and  the  Romans  had  not 
the  institution  of  weeks,  there  having  been 
ancient  forgery  in  connection  with  Homer's 
oft-quoted  passages  on  the  subject.  Dion 
-Oassius,  in  the  second  century  after  Christ 
iUist.,  xxxvii.  18),  considered  that  the  week 
with  the  planetary  names  of  the  days  had 
been  introduced  into  Rome  only  recently, 
;md  from  Egypt  Tlie  establishtnent  of  Chi'is- 
tianity  under  ConstuUine  confirmed  the 
cliange,  and  thence  tlie  mijitcnary  division  of 
time  spread  to  the  whole  Christian,  and 
-subsequently  to  the  Muhammadan,  woild. 
One  school  of  theologians  attributes  the  wide 
juevalence  of  septenary  institutions  to  the 
Sabbath  having  been  .divinely  instituted  at 
ihe  Creation ;  another  regards  the  week  as  a 
fourth  part  of  a  lunar  nnmth. 

*  2.  Applied  to  the  week-days,  or  working- 
«iays,  as  op|>osed  to  Sundays. 

"  Divide  the  SuiidHy  fruin  the  wvcA." 

ShiiktSf).  :  Jlaniti-r.  i.  J. 

n.  Script. :  In  Genesis  ii.  "J,  :i,  the  reason  why 
1he  division  of  time  into  weeks  began  is  stated 
to  be  that  God  oecupied  six  days  in  the  work 
i}f  creation,  and  rested  upon  the  seventh  day, 
which  he  consequently  hallowed.  Seven  from 
this  time  fortli  constantly  occurs,  and  ob- 
viously becomes  a  sacred  number.  (Cf.  Gen. 
iv.  15,  vii.  2,  xxi.  28,  xxix.  IS,  20,  xxxiii.  ;J, 
&e.)  Traces  of  division  of  tiuie  into  weeks 
appear  in  Gen.  vii.  4,  viii.  10,  12,  &c.,  till  tlie 
Kabbath  (q.v.)  is  mentioned  by  n.ime  (Kxml. 
xvi.  2;i,  20).  A  week  of  weeks  (=  4\)  days)  was 
also  recognized.  [^  (1).]  The  first  <lay  nf 
the  seventh  month  was  a  Sablafh  (Lev.  xxiii. 
24),  and  the  whole  month  was  somewhat 
sacred,  being  little  more  than  a  succession  ot 
feasts  and  Sablaths  (verses  27,  28,  34,  :iii,  &e.). 
The  seventh  year  was  sacred,  the  very  land 
<^)btaining  Sabbatie  rest  (Kxod.  xxiii.  11,  Lev. 
XXV.  1-7,  Dcut.  XV.  \i,  12);  and  after  seven 
times  seven  years  came  the  Jubilee(q.v.)  (Lev. 
XXV.  S-55).  Seventy,  as  having  seven  for  one 
of  its  factors,  was  sacred  (Exod.  xxiv.  1),  and 
seventy  weeks  constttuted  %  prophetic  period. 
(Dan.  ix.  24-27). 

«I  1.  Fiast  of  Weeks: 

Jewish  A  nil 'J. :  A  nanie  for  the  Feast  of 
Pentecost  (q.v.)  (Deut.  xvi.  0,  10). 

2.  Passion-vxek  : 

(1)  The  same  as  Holy-week  (q.v.)- 


t  (2)  Sometimes,  and  moi-e  correctly,  ap- 
idied  lo  the  week  which  begins  with  tlie  tlftli 
Sunday  in  Lent,  beeanse  on  that  day  tlie 
nioj-e  solemn  comnieuHuation  of  the  I'assion 
begins. 

(;l)  This  (or  that)  <Uu/  week:  On  the  same  day 
a  week  i)reviously  or  afterwards  ;  on  the  corre- 
sponding day  in  tlic  preceding  or  succeeding 
week. 

week-day,  ■•;.  Any  day  of  the  week  ex- 
cept the  Sunday.    (Olteii  used  attributively.) 

"  Tftktfs  uiM>ii  liiu.««l(  t.)  I'e  the  weok-'iny  i-re-Kln-r.  " 
—  7/.<«.*.'raff;  i:>i-jliih  l!aiiionrutt :  Swift. 

week'-ly,  «.,  <«ir.,  &  jj.    [Eng.  loeek;  Jy.] 
A-  As  adjective : 

*  I.  Pertaining  to  a  week  or  week-days. 

■•  Put  their  Gltiiiiih  iiaiiu-a  uvoii  oiii-  wfekly  tlnys." 
Drayton  :  I'vly-Utbion,  a.  11. 

2.  Continuing  or  lasting  for  a  week  ;  pro- 
duced within  a  week. 

3.  Coming,  Iiappening,  produced,  or  done 
once  a  week. 

"  So  lived  our  sires,  *>>r  doctoi-s  lennied  to  kill. 
.And  multiplied  with  theins.  tin.-  weeklu  bill." 

Uri/ilvn  :  To  John  Oridfii,  £'«(/. 

B,  As  adi\  :  Oneu  a  week  ;  in  or  by  weekly 
periods  ;  each  week  ;  week  by  week. 

"These  are  obliged  to  iierforin  divine  woi-ship  in 
their  turns  inwiWy/.  and  me  soiiietinieu  ctUled  hebtlu- 
uiiulitl  ca3inus."—,igHjfi::  I'arenjon. 

C.  -4s  subst. :  A  newspaper  or  periodicr.l 
published  once  a  week. 

"A  fiirintia  onslaught  upon  the  company  in  one  of 
the  fiiianeiiil  tocvkUi^s.'—JiaUn   Telvgraph,  Sept.    17, 

IWi. 

weel  (1),  *  wel,  'wele,  s.    [A.S.  md;  o. 

Dut,  tiaeL]    A  wliirlpool. 

weel  (2),  weel'-y,  *  weele,  ^■.  [Prob.  fi  om 
lieing  made  of  iritlous  (q.v.).J  A  kind  of  trap 
or  suaic  for  lish  made  of  twigs. 

"These  rushes  arc  iiseil  to  make  leajisaiid  weehfai- 
fishei-s  -it  sea.  and  tine  aud  daintie  wicker  vesaels." — 
f.  I/olland:  I'Uitie,  bk.  \\\..  ch.  xviii. 

weel  (3),  5.     IWkal  (1),  s.]    {Scotch.) 

weel,  adv.     [Well,  ndv.]    (Scotch.) 

weem,  s.  [Etyin.  doubtful.]  An  earth-house 
(q.v.).    (Scotch.) 

ween,  *  "wene,  v.i.  [A.S.  u'enan  =  to  imagine, 
to  hope,  to  expect,  from  wcft  =  expectation, 
suppo.sition,  hope;  cogu.  with  Dut.  vaneii  ~ 
to  fancy,  from  ivaan  —  conjecture  ;  leel.  raiia 
=  to  hope,  from  van  =  expectation  ;  Ger. 
vdhneii,  irom  icahii;  O.  H.  Ger,  »'d(i  =  expec- 
tation ;  Goth,  wcnjiui  =  to  expect,  from  veiis 
=  expectation.  From  the  same  root  as  icjjj.] 
To  be  of  opinion  ;  to  liave  the  idea  or  notion ; 
to  imagine,  to  think,  to  believe,  to  fancy. 
(Now  only  used  in  jjoetry.) 

"  Thy  father,  in  pity  of  my  bird  distress. 
Levied  an  aniiy.  wc'-iiinij  Ut  redeem 
And  reiu'ital  lue  in  t^e  diadem." 

.■ihake»i>.  :  1  Henry  VS.,  ii.  5. 

weep,  "  weepe, '  wepe  (pa.  t.  '  ira-p,  irep, 
>'-i:p(,  '  ii'op,  '  iroji'\  "  urjite),  v.i.  i;  (.  [A.S. 
iri'paii  (pa.  t.  weop)  —  lit.  to  raise  an  outcry, 
from  1^0^)  =  a  clamour,  outcry,  lament,  coj^n. 
with  O.  Sax.  xvopian  =  to  raise  an  outcry, 
from  vop  =  an  outcry  ;  Goth.  t':opjaii  =  to 
cry  out ;  O.  H.  Ger.  wnofa}i=to  lament,  to 
weep,  from  v:uo/,  i('h«/=  an  outcry;  Icel. 
apa=^to  shout,  to  cry,  from  op  =  a  shout; 
Russ.  vopitc  =  to  sob,  to  lament,  to  wail ; 
Sausc.  vag  =  to  cry,  to  liowl ;  Eng.  voice.] 
A,  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  express  sorrow,  grief,  &c.,  by  an 
outcry. 

"A  voice  was  herd  an  high  wccpyngc  &  myche 
weilynge." — Wycliffe:  Mutthcw  ii. 

2.  To  express  sorrow,  grief,  anguish,  &c., 
by  shedding  tears. 

"  She  wolde  wepe  if  that  she  sjiw  a  mous 
Caughte  iu  a  tiappe."       Chaucer  :  C.  T..  Trol.  H5. 

^  3.  To  lament,  to  complain. 

"  They  weep  unto  me.  sayiug,  Give  us  flesh  that  we 
may  eat."— Aionftcrs  xl.  13. 

i.  To  let  fall  drops ;  to  drop  water  ;  hence, 
to  rain. 

"When  heaven dyth  (wrp.dothuottlieeRi-th«i'eiflnw," 
.shakmp. :  "'itus  Androtiicut,  iii.  1. 

"^  5.  To  drop  or  flow  as  tears. 

"The blood  weeps  from  my  heart." 

Shakeap. :  2  Henry  I V.,  iv.  A. 

"  6.  To  give  out  moisture  ;  to  be  very  damp. 

"  Rye-gniss  grows  ou  clayey  and  loeepiny  grounds."  — 

*  7.  To  fall  as  a  tear. 

"  Many  a  dry  drop  seemed  a  wpephig  tear," 

Shukcsp. :  Jiitpe  (•/  Lucreci;  l,Z~o. 


'  8.  To  have  the  branches  droojiin;;  or 
Iianging  downwards,  as  if  in  sorrow;  to  be 
pendent ;  to  droop  :  as,  a  weeping  tree. 

■  9.  To  overflow,  to  run. 

"  When  our  vaults,  have  wept 
With  dninken  Bplltli  of  wine." 

tihiikcgp, :  Tlmon,  ii.  '1, 

10.  To  shed  tear-like  drojw  (»f  sap  from  a 
wounded  branch.  Used  especially  of  the 
gi-aiie-vine. 

■^  B,  Transitive: 

1.  To  lamenl;,  to  bewail,  to  benman. 

"  She  weep*  Troy's  jiainted  wofs." 

Shnkaap-'  />'ti/M-  vf  /.itcrere,  \,i02. 

2.  To  shed  or  let  fall  drop  by  dro[t,  as  tears  ; 
to  jxiur  forth  in  drops. 

"My  heart  tcept  blood.'— S/tnAr*/^.'   Winter's  Ta'c. 

3.  To  celebrate  by  weeping  or  shedding 
tears. 

4.  To  spend  or  consume  in  tears  or  in  weep- 
ing ;  to  wear  out  or  exhaust  by  weeping ;  to 
get  rid  of  by  weeping.  (Usually  followed  by 
away,  out,  from,  &c.) 

"1  could  weep 
My  spirit/A'irt  mine  eyes." 

fihakc»p. :  Jiiliux  Cwsar,  iv.  3. 

0.  To  form  or  province  by  shedding  tears. 

"We  vow  to  wei;p  seas,  live  in  fire,  eat  rooks."  — 
Sluikusp. :  TroHus  *  Crvfaidd.  iii.  :;. 

6.  To  extinguish  by  shedding  tears  over. 
(Followed  by  oid.) 

"  In  comiMissiou  wi'rp  the  Are  ottt." 

Shakotj:  :  liichard  II.,  \.  l. 

'  weep'-a-ble,  o..  [Eng.  veep;  -able.]  Ex- 
eiting  or  (;alliug  for  tears  ;  lamentable,  griev- 
ous. 

weep'-er,  s.     lEng.  weep;  -er.] 
'  I.  Ordinary  Li'ngaaije: 

1.  One  who  weeps ;  one  who  sheds  tears ;  a 
mourner. 

"  The  sides  of  the  tombs  are  often  embellished  with 
figures  of  the  otTspriug  of  tlie  deceased ;  fre(jue»tly 
with  figures  of  muuruers,  plenrers,  or  td-epem,  geiie- 
rally  iu  monastic  habits,  as  whole  convents  were  wont 
and  still  are  accustomed,  iu  Oitholie  countries)  t'*  iwiir 
out  their  pious  inhabitant.'^  to  form  processions  at  the 
funerals  of  the  great."— /"c/JiittMi ;  Lundun. 

2.  A  sort  of  white  linen  cnft",  border,  or 
band  on  a  dress,  worn  as  a  token  of  mourn- 
ing. 

"The  Lord  Chancellor  and  most  of  the  Queen's 
Counsel  appearing  .at  the  bar  of  the  Hiinse  of  L<ints 
yesterday  wore  their  mourning  robes  and  bands,  witli 
weepers  on  their  sleeves.  "—AA'/kj,  March  la,  ISrtS. 

3.  A  long  hat-band  of  crape  or  cloth  woiii 
by  males  at  a  funei-ul. 

11,  Zool.  :  Ceb".s  ruijucinus,  from  f^ouLh 
America. 

-  weep'-fdl,  a.  [Ew^. .  ueep ;  -Mil).^  Full 
of  Weeping ;  grieving. 

weep- ing,  wep - ing,  '  wep - inge, 
'  wep-yng, '  wep-ynge,  j>r.  par.y  o.,  &  s. 
l\Vt:i:i-.J 

A.  v't  B,  Ai  pr.  par.  &■  jarttcip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C,  .-I^  sitbst.  :  The  act  of  one  wlio  weeps; 
laiiientation,  mourning. 

"  Fastings,  tccfplngs,  and  austerities,". 

Dodaley  :  tteUyion. 

weeping-ash,  •>•- 

r.nf.  (£■  Hort. :  Vraxlnm excelsior,  var.  penduUu 
Tlie  branches  grow  downward,  and  constitute 
a  natural  arbour.  It  is  said  to  have  been  jiro- 
diieed  accidentally  iu  Cambridgeshire. 

weeping-birch,  «. 

Tint  £  Jlort. :  A  species  of  birch,  BetitJa 
peiiilida,  ditfering  from  the  common  Betiila 
alba  in  having  drooping  branches,  in  the 
smoothness  of  its  ynung  shoots,  &c  Common 
in  various  parts  of  Europe. 

•■  Where  weepitig-birrJi  aud  willow  round. 
With  their  long  fibres  sweep  the  grouud." 

.•icolt :  Liulff  lifthc  Lake.  i.  25. 

*  'weeping-cross,  s.  A  cross,  often  of 
stone,  ereeted  on  or  by  the  side  of  a  highway, 
where  penitents  particularly  uflered  their 
deA'otions. 

•I  *  To  return  (or  come  home)  hy  Weeping 
Cross:  To  meet  with  a  painful  deleat  in  any 
enterprise;  to  l>e  worsted  ;  to  repent  sorrow- 
fully for  having  taken  a  certain  course  or 
having  engaged  in  a  paiticular  undertaking. 

weeping-monkey,  ^.    [Wlkpeb,  II.] 

*  weeping-ripe,  <(.  Kipe  or  re;uly  for 
weeping. 

"  They  were  all  in  lamentable  cases  ; 
^Z^.-^        The  king  was  weeping-ripe  for  a  KOi>d  word." 


Shakes  p.  : 


H  Labours  Lost, 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  :=  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


weepingly— weigher 


VJ:J 


■weeping-rock,  -•■.  A  itormis  rock  Iroui 
T\liicli  \v;it.i  f\ii.|>--  or  triL-kles. 

weeping -sprinif,  «.  A  Epring  tliat 
sliiwly  iiisiMi;ii";^i's  water. 

weeping-tree,  jr. 

Bot.  tV  Hurt. :  A  gcncnil  name  for  a  tree  with 
pendulous  bniiiclies.  In  most  cases  it  is  ii 
variety    of    mw     with    erect    or    pprenjliiij; 

bmnetio,-^. 

weeplng-willow^,  x. 

Lut. :  Salix  l»i}ifihinu-ii,  a  willow  witli  tlcli- 
cate  penduhius  bnmehes,  fancifully  supiMised 
to  resemble  Ions,  dishevelled  liair  like  that  tit 
the  Jewish  captives  by  the  rivers  of  Babylon. 
(Psalm  cxxxvii.  1,2.)  It  has  lanceolate,  aeunii- 
nate,  finely- serrate  lejives.  It  is  indi;;enou-i 
in  China,  on  the  Euphrates  and  some  other 
livers  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  in  the  North  of 
Africa.  It  is  cultivated  iii  Great  Britain  and 
'•n  the  Continent  for  its  elegance  and  its 
Kiiored  associations. 

-  weep'-ing-ly,  *  wep  yng-ly,  mlv.  [En-,'. 
ii'ccping;  -I'l.l  In  a  weeping  manner;  with 
weeping;  with  teats. 

"fSliel  ufpini'jly  luwl  shewed  hym  all  her  iieilc  nini 
)  e-iyiiesae." — Bcrnurs :  Froissurt ;  Croitycle,  vol.  i., 
ch.  vil. 

'weer-ish,  »f.    [Wkarish.] 

*  wee -sel,  ^'.     [Cf.  Prov.  Ger.  wcfslinfj,  wai.tef, 

t'il<il  ~  tlie  gullet  of  animals  that  chew  the 
cud.]     The  weiisand. 

"  The  niAstilfa  of  our  land  slialJ  worry  ye. 
Aud  pull  tlie  tan-seU  fi'uin  your  gieedy  tllro.^ts. " 
O.  Pcvte  ■  IMiPid  *  BetttsaOf. 

•weet(l),  *wete  (pa.  t.  wot),  v.i.  [Wir,  v.] 
To  know  ;  to  be  informed  ;  to  wit. 

"Ye  wt'-n  t.hftt  nit'ir  tweyn  dayes,  Paskesclml  be 
ma:ul." — tt'i/cliffe :  Matthew  xxvi. 

*weet(2),  r.(.     [Wkt,  c] 

nvectt  s.     [Weet  (2),  v.]    R;iiu,  moisture,  wet. 

[^■■••trh.) 

"Weef-ing,  pr.  par,  ore.     [Weet(1),  r.] 

■  weet  -ing-l^,  *  wet-ing-ly, '  wet-yng- 
lye,  adv.  [Eng.  wdithj ;  -/</.]  Kn-nsingly, 
consciously,  wittingly. 

"Yi  we  se  .  .  .  Chriatea  iustitucioo  broken,  mid 
Hvtiu'jlye  reay\R  it,  we  make  ourselfea  p.nrtakei's  i>f 
the  cryuie."— /"r^th.'  Consideration  of  the  Sacramfitt, 
\}.  75. 

•  weet'less,  '  weete-lesse,  o.    [Eng.  imt 

(1),  v.;  -U-ss.] 

1,  Unknowing,  ignorant,  unthinking,  un- 
conscious. 

"  stay,  stay,  air  kuiglit  for  loue  of  God  abstiine. 
From  that  vunares  yee  u>efHesse  do  intend." 

Sp«Hier:  F^Q  .  VI,  viii.  17. 

2.  Unknown;  not  understood  ;  unmeaning. 
wee-ver,  s.     [The  same  word  as  Viper  and 

WVVERN  (q.V.).]       [QUAVIVER.J 

Ichthy,:  The  popular  name  of  two  Biitish 
tishes :  Trachinus  drct£Oy  the  Greater,  ami  7'. 
vipera,  the  Lesser  Weever.  The  first,  whicli 
is  the  rarer  of  the  two,  is  from  twelve  to 
eighteen  inches  long,  and  an  excellent  fond- 
tisb ;  the  second,  which  is  from  four  to  live 
inches  long,  is  connnon  on  the  Lincolnshire 
and  Norfolk  coasts.  These  fish  have  the 
power  of  inflicting  painful  wounds  with  their 
dorsal  aud  opercular  spines.  Jso  special 
organ  for  the  secretion  of  poison  has  been 
found,  but  the  mucus  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
spines  has  decidedly  poisonous  properties. 
ITie  dorsal  spines  and  the  spine  on  the  oper- 
culum have  a  deep  double  groove  in  which 
the  mucus  lodges,  and  by  which  it  is  intro- 
duced into  punctured  wounds. 

■wee -vil.  "  we-vel,  *  wi-uel,  ''  we-vyl, 

wy-vel,  ■^.  [A.S.  wifet,  u'l.bit=iL  kind  of 
beetle  ;  Ia>w  G.t.  i:  O.  Uut.  wevel;  O.  H.  Ger. 
ifibil,  v'ibcl  ;  Lith.  wabaUis.] 

Entom. :  The  popular  English  name  for  aiiy 
l>eetle  of  the  family  Curculionidae,  and  especi- 
ally those  which  force  themselves  on  notice 
by  damage  done  by  their  larvae,  and  some- 
times also  by  themselves,  in  fields,  granaries, 
&c.  IthtjiichiUs  betuU,  a  small  blue  or  green 
glossy  beetle,  attacks  the  vine  and  the  pear- 
tree  ;  Jt.  alliarUn,  a  still  smaller  one,  attacks 
the  leaves  of  fruit  trees  in  general ;  and  li. 
cuprciis,  the  shoots  and  the  fiuit  of  the  plum 
and  the  apricot.  Nemoicus  oblongus  feeds  on 
the  young  leaves  of  finiit  trees ;  Hylobiit.i 
abietis  and  Pissndes  notatiis,  on  the  wood  of 
the  pine  ;  Calandra  granaiia,  on  the  grain  in 


granaries;  O  »^<r,J//J^7lH.s•  u.'isihiiU^  and  (.".  i-o/i- 
tmctits,  on  the  leaves  of  turnips,  and  there 
are  many  othei-s.  The  Nut  Weevil  is  Iktlnuintis 
ini--um  ;  the  Rice  Weevil,  A'tiop/iiiris  ori/^c;. 

wce'villed,  c  lEng.  uvevil;  -td,]  Infested 
by  wi!e\  lis. 

'WCe'-vfl-ly,  a.  [Eng.  uxevil;  -y.]  Infested 
with  weevils ;  weevilled. 

wee  -zel,  s.    [Weasel.] 

■  weft,  prct.  n/r.    [Wave,  v.] 

*weft  (1),  >-.     [Waif.] 

1.  A  thing  waived,  castaway,  or  abandoned  ; 
a  waif  or  sti-ay. 

"  A  iw&thumous  edition,  ]n  wlilcli  also  I  ohall  ein- 
boily  some  Mv/raaud  strnya.'— .Soiif/icy  .'  LeKcrt,  iv.  660. 

'J.  A  hoiueloss  wanderer;  a  waif. 

iveft  (2),  5.  [Wave,  v.]  A  sigyal  made  by 
waving. 

•  weft  (3).  .^.    [Waft.]    A  gentle  blast. 

"The  8troiigest  eort  of  smells  are  best  iu  a  w^/Y Rfar 
•nX." —Bacon. 

weft  (4),  s.  [A.S.  weft,  u^efta,  from  wefan-=to 
weave;  cogn.  with  Icel.  vk/Iv,  vipta,  vi/ta. 
The  woof  or  piling  of  cloth,  running  from 
selvage  to  selvage. 

■*  But  fair  fa'  tbe  weaver  that  wrought  the  ice/t  ot." 
~Scott :  Bob  Boj/,  ch.  xxxi. 

weft-fork,  .^. 

li'eacing : 

1.  An  instrument  used  in  certain  kinds  of 
looms,  where  the  filling  is  laid  in,  one  piece 
at  a  time. 

2.  An  arrangement  for  stopping  the  loom 
if  the  weft-thread  should  break  or  fail. 

weft-hook,  5. 

lymviiifj  :  A  hook  for  drawing  in  the  tilling 
in  the  case  of  slat-weaving  looms  and  some 
forms  of  narrow-waie  and  ribbon  loonis. 

*  weft-age,  >•.    [Eng.  vc/t  (4),  s.  ;  -age.]    Tex- 

tur»' ;  tiif  weft. 

"The  whole  raiiscles,  as  they  lie  upon  the  bones, 
nitght  be  truly  tanned:  wheretiy  tbe  iveftage  of  the 
Hbres     iiii';lit     more    easily     be    obi-ei  ved. '—  Grew  : 


*  wefte,  pa.  par.  of  v.     [Waive.] 

'  we'-g6-tl]^m,  s.  [Formed  from  v:e  on 
analogy  of  eiioiistn  (q.v.).]  Frequent  or  ex- 
cessive use  of  the  pronoun  ice  ;  weism. 

■■  Individual  merit  would  no  longer  be  inci-ged,  as  it 
is  uow,  iu  what  ia  called  the  wf/oCism  of  the  press," — 
ff.  J.  Jennings:  CuriosUiet  qf  Criticism,  p.  156. 

,*  wehr'-geld,  5.    [Wergild.]  • 

wehr'-lite,  .^.  [After  a.  Welnle,  who  analysed 
llie     two    minerals   thus    named ;    sutf.    -ite 

Mineralogy : 

1.  A  mineral  resembling  tetradymite  (q.v.). 
Crystallization,  hexagonal ;  hardness,  1  to  ii ; 
sp.  gr.,  8*44  ;  lustre,  bright  metallic;  colour, 
light  steel-gray.  An  analysis  yielded,  tellu- 
rium, 29*74;  sulphur,  2':J:i ;  bismuth,  61'1.>; 
silver,  2"07  =  95'29,  which  yields  the  formula, 
Bi(Te.S).     Found  at  Deutsch  Pilsen,  Hungary. 

2.  The  same  as  Lievrite  (q.v.). 

wei-ge'-U-a,  wei'-gel-a  (w  as  v),  5. 

[Named  after  C.  E.  Wt-igtl,  author  of  Obsertv- 
tiones  Botaniciy,  published  in  1772.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Lonicereie,  sometimes 
merged  into  Diervilla,  but  distinguished  from 
it  by  its  winged  seeds,  and  its  crust^iceons 
seed  vessel.  Ornamental  jdants  with  roseate 
or  white  flowers,  from  China  and  Japan,  now 
cultivated  in  British  gardens. 

weigh  (gh  siknt),  -^  wegb-en.  *  wei-en, 
*  weye,   '  weyen,    '  weygh,   r.t.   &   i. 

(A.S.  (t't-<;((/i  =  to  cany,  to  bear,  to  move; 
eogn.  with  But.  n-egen  —  to  weigh;  Icel.  rcgn 
=  to  move,  to  carry,  to  lift,  to  weigh;  Ban. 
ivie  =  to  weigh  ;  Sw.  vdga  =  to  weigh  ;  O.  H. 
Ger.  wegau  =  to  move  ;  Ger.  wegeii  =  to  move  ; 
v:iegei>.  =  to  move  gently,  to  rock;  wtt^evt  = 
to  weigh  ;  Lat.  velto  =  to  can-j'.) 
A,  Transitive  : 

1.  To  lift,  to  raise ;  to  bear  up. 

"  With  that,  their  anchors  he  commands  to  weigh." 
I'opc     Burner;  OdynsofXV.  i'JO. 

2.  To  examine  by  a  balance,  so  as  to  ascer- 
tain the  weight  or  heaviness  of;  to  determine 
or  ascertain  the  heaviness  of  by  showing  then 


lelalion  to  the  weighbi  of  other  liodics  wtii>-li 
arc  known,  or  which  are  o-ssumed  as  gcnerjil 
standards  of  weight :  as.  To  vcigh  tia,  To 

t'-eigh  gold,  Ac. 

3.  Tn  be  equivalent  to  in  weight:  as,  That 
vei'jln  five  iKJUnds, 

'  4.  To  pay,  allot,  take,  or  give  by  weight. 

"Tlicy  iwltiftwl  (..r  luy  price  thirty  phvM  of  bI1*it.* 
—Zeehnri-ih  x\.  12. 

0.  To  consider  or  examine  for  the  jmrp'ise 
of  funning  an  opinion  or  coming  to  a  e«HM*bi. 
sion  ;  to  estimate  deliberately  and  miiturely  ; 
to  balance  in  the  mind  ;  to  reflect  on  cnre* 
fully  ;  to  compare  iu  the  mind. 

"  ltVi.'//Wri9  diligently  the  natnre  and  tnipnrtJinix'of 
the  nndertAKhiK  III  which  yon  xre  lUxiut  to  eitt[aKe."~ 
Hecker:  .Vcnii'iii ;  /nstnictioni  In  Cantiitlafet. 

'  6.  To  consider  as  worthy  of  notice ;  to 
make  account  of;  to  care  for  ;  to  reganl. 
."My  person,  which  I  wi-i'o'i  not." 

Shake»p, :  henry  VIII.,  v.  1. 

"  7.  To  estimate,  to  esteem,  to  value,  to 
account. 

"  Her  worth  that  he  does  loeiiih  too  li^ht." 

tifuikesp,  i  All's  M'ctl.  lii.  i. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  have  weight. 

"How  heavy  weighs  my  lord  !" 

.Sfutietp.  :  Anton}/  A  Cleopntra.  iv.  .'., 

2.  To  lie  considered  as  important ;  to  eany 
weight  ;  to  have  weight  in  the  intellectual 
balance. 

■' Your  vows  to  her  and  me  .  .  .  will  even  wc^'j^A." 
Shnketp. :  JlicUummer  .Vight'i  Bream,  iii.  ;!. 

3.  To  raise  the  anchor.    (An  elliptic  u.se.) 

4.  To  bear  heavily  ;  t^^  press  hard. 

"That  perilouK  stuff 
Which  itKiffhs  upon  the  heart." 

.ShaUsp. :  Macbeth,  v.  3. 

*  5.  To  be  depressed ;  to  sink. 

■'  Her  heart  tocifffts  sadly."    Shakesp. :  All's  tPeW,  iii,  2. 

*  6.  To  consider,  to  reflect. 

"The  soldier  less  weighing,  becaufie  less  koowin^, 
clumuured  tn  be  led  on  ngainst  any  d,iuger."— .l/t/foft.' 
J/iAt.  Eng.,  bk.  iii. 

1  To  weigh  doiuii. : 
1.  Traiisitive  : 

(1)  To  oppress  with  weight  or  heaviness;  (o 
overburden. 

"  Thou  [sleepl  no  more  wilt  tveigh  mine  eyelids  rfowit. ' 
Shnkerp.  :  2  Henry  IV.,  iii.  1 

(•J)  To  preponderate  over. 

"He  ifwighi  King  Rich.ird  down." 

.^hakesp.  :  Hichanl  II„  iii.  4. 

'  2.  Iniran.^. :  To  sink  by  its  own  weight 
or  burden, 

weigh  ((//t  silent)  (1),  3.  [Weigh,  r.]  A  certain 
quantity  or  nu>asure  estimated  by  weight ;  a 
measure  of  weight.     [Wev.] 

weigh -bank,  weigh -hawk,  s.    The 

beam  of  a  balanee  f'^r  weighing;  hence,  in 
pliUTd  =  a  pair  of  scales,     (^"trh.) 

"C.tpering  in  the  air  in  a  piiirof  tteigh-banks,  now 
i:ii.  now  duwu." — Soott  :  Bedgauntlvt,  ch.  xxlv. 

weigh-board,  s. 

Mining  :  Clay  intersecting  the  vein. 

weigh-bridge,  s.  A  scale  for  weighing; 
loaded  vehicles. 

weigh-house,  5.  A  builJing  (generally 
iii  a  public  character)  at  or  iu  which  goods 
arc  «  eiglied  by  suitable  apparatus. 

weigh-lOCk.  ^\  A  canal-lock  at  which 
bargi's  are  weighed, and  their  tonnage  st'ttie<l. 

weigh'Shaft,  :i. 

Strajn-engine :  Tlie  rocking-shaft  used  in 
working  the  slide-valves  by  the  eccentric. 

weigh  (gh  silent)  (2),  5.     [See  def.) 

X'lut.  :  A  corruptiru)  of  way  (used  only  in 
till-  phrase,  Undrr  iceigh,  as  a  .ship  nmhr 
I'-eigli — i.e.,  making  way  hy  aid  of  its  soils, 
paddles,  propeller,  &c. 

weigh'-a  ble  (gh  silent),  a.  [Fng.  vei'jh,  v.  ; 
■ii>'!'.\     Capable  of  being  weighed. 

weigh-age  (as  wa'-ag),  5.  [Eng.  veigh,  v.; 
•:'•!■'.]     A  nite  or  toll  paid  for  weighing  goods. 

W^eighed  (gh  silent),  pa.  jxir.  &  a.  [Wi:n:ii   c.J 
A.  As  jKi.  par. :  (Sec  the  verb). 
'  B,  AAadj,:  Experienced. 

"  In  na  embiusy  of  weiE;ht.  choice  wa.1  m.-^de  of  some 
Aid  iM-ntoii  of  known  exirerlence.  nnd  not  of  a  yuuug 
man,  not  wcigluid  iu  state  in&tterx"— Bacon. 

weigh'-er  (;//i  silent),  s.  (Eng.  veigh,  v.  ;  er.] 
Our  whil  or  tli;it  wliieh  weighs;  an  orticer 
apiiuinlfd  to  wtigh  guods  or  to  test  weights. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bcngh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion«  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  v^c.  -  bel,  deL 


6-J4 


weighing— weise 


weigh -ing    0'''    J^ilt'iit),   pr.    jxtr.,  a.,  A    s. 

(Wt.KiH,   I.) 

A.  A  B.  vis  pr,  jyir.  ,f  jiar(in/J.  m/j. :  (Sec 
tlif  verb). 

C.  As  suttstantitr : 

i.  The  act  of  ascertaining  the  weight  of 
goixls. 

2.  As  lunrl)  as  is  weighed  at  once  ;  as,  tx 

KYt'ihi  !•)  t'f  beef 

welgb lug- cage.  s.  A  cn(>e  in  which 
livf  atiiniiils  iniiy  be  conveniently  weighed, 
»s  piiTs,  sli'  fp,  talvt'S,  &i\ 

weighing  -  house,    s.      Tlie    same    as 

WKi.ili-iK'lsf:  (q.V.). 

weighing -machine,  s.  A  machine  for 
tisceilaitiin);  the  weij,'ht  of  any  objert  ;  a  com- 
mon balance,  a  spring  bahuK-e,  a  steelyard, 
or  the  like.  The  term  is,  however,  generally 
applied  to  machines  whi'-h  are  einplnyed  to 
ascortiin  the  weight  of  heavy  Imdie.s,  such  as 
those  used  for  determining  the  weight  of 
Kwded  vohiides,  machines  for  weigliing  cattle. 
or  heavy  goods,  such  as  large  casks,  Itales,  or 
the  like.  Home  are  constructed  on  tlie  prin- 
ciple of  the  lever  or  steelyard,  others  on  that 
of  a  combination  of  levere,  and  others  on  that 
of  the  spring  Iwlance. 

weight.  •  waight  (oh  silent),  •  wayght, 
*weght,      wcyght,     wight,   s.     \.\.^. 

ijucthl;    vo^u.    with   O.   Dut.   wicht,  ueiridtt  : 
Dut.  gewigt;  Ger.  gewkht;  Icel.  V(stt ;  Dan. 
vcpgt  ;'Sw.  vigt,]    IWeioh,  v.] 
L  Offtinary  Language  : 

1.  That  property  of  bodies  tlirough  which 
tiny  tend  towards  the  centre  of  the  earth; 
gravity. 

2.  The  measure  of  the  force  of  gravity,  as 
determined  for  any  particular  body  ;  in  a 
popular  sense,  the  amount  wliicli  any  body 
weighs;  the  quantity  of  matter  as  estimated 
by  the  Italance,  or  expressed  numeiically 
with  ref-irence  to  some  stimdard  unit. 

"  The  iPf ighr  of  an  hair  will  turn  the  scales  lietneeii 
tlielr  iivwlnfup<iis."— SA(ii<;5p.  ■  2  Henry  JV.,  ii.  4. 

3.  A  piece  (usually)  of  met^l  of  known 
gravity,  and  used  with  scales  to  determine 
the  gravity  of  other  bodies. 

4.  A  particular  scale,  system,  or  mode  of 
ascertaining  the  relative  heaviness  of  bodies: 
as,  troy  veight,  avoirdupois  weight,  &e. 
Weights  vary  according  to  the  eoiiuuodity 
they  are  intended  to  weigh.  Tluis  the  follow- 
ing are  all  in  use  :  (1)  The  grain,  computed 
decimally,  for  scientific  purposes  ;  (2)  troy 
weight  ;  (3)  troy  ounce,  with  decimal  mul- 
tiples and  divisions,  called  bullion  weight  : 
(4)  bankers'  weights  for  sovereigns  ;  (5)  apo- 
thecaries' weight ;  (0)  Diamond  weight  and 
pearl  weight,  including  the  carat ;  (7)  Avoir- 
dupois weight ;  (8)  weights  for  hay  and 
straw  ;  (P)  wool-weights,  using  as  factors  2, 
'^,  7. 13,  and  their  multiples;  (10)  coal- weights, 
decimal  numbers  1,  'o,  -2,  '1,  -05,  -025.  Be- 
sides these  the  gramme,  Ac,  of  French  metric 
system,  aie  used  by  many  scientists.  There 
are  also  ten  different  stones.  A  stone  of  wool 
at  Darlington  is  18  lbs.  ;  a  stone  of  flax  at 
Downpatrick  is  24  lbs.  ;  a  stone  of  fla.\  at 
Uelfast  is  162  lbs,  and  also  24ilbs.  The 
hundred  weight  may  mean  lOOlbs.,  112  lbs., 
or  120  lbs.  A  pound  weight  varies  in  the 
avoirdupois  and  the  troy. 

5.  A  heavy  mass  ;  something  heavy. 

"A  mnn  leapeth  better  with  weiifhft  iu  hU  haiuU 
than  without."— BacoH  .■  Natural  tfisfon/. 

6.  In  clocks,  one  of  two  masses  of  metal 
which  by  their  weight  actuate  the  machinery. 

7.  Pressure,  burden,  load. 

"Burdened  with  like  weight  o(  paiu." 

Sliakegp. :  Comedt/  of  Ei-rors.  ii.  1. 

8.  Importance,  consequence,  moment,  im- 
pressivcncss. 

"  Such  a  poiut  of  weight,  so  uear  mine  honour,"' 
Sha'cesp.:  Ilenrn  VHI..  iji.  l. 

9.  Power,  influence,  imimrtance,  considera- 
tion. 

"If  any  man  o(  wfifjUt,  loyal,  able,  and  well  in- 
formed, would  rei«ir  lo  Siiint  Gi^nnHiiis  anil  exittaiii 
theat«teof  tilings,  his  ninjeaty  would  cfwilv  be  con- 
vinced."—.l/«f(iM/«.v.-  llift.  Ku3 ,  ch.  xii. 

n.  TeckniciUy : 

I.  Physics:  The  measure  of  the  force  of  a  bydy 
acted  ()n  by  giavitation  ;  the  downward  pies- 
sure  of  a  bo'iy  thus  acted  upon.  As  it  is  ]n-u- 
duced  by  the  influence  of  gravity  on  all  the 
particles  of  the  body,  it  isjiropurtioiied  to  ilie 
quantity  of  m-Ttter  in  the  body.  Weight  ob- 
viously exists  in  solids  and  liquids  ;  it  docs  so 


also  iu  gases,  though  their  extreme  fluidity 
and  expansibility  may  seem  to  suggest  the 
contrarv.  Weight  being  produced  by  the 
action  (if  gravity,  it  slijrhtly  in'-reasci  as  the 
body  is  removed  from  the  equator  towards  the 
pole.s  owing  to  the  flattening  of  the  earth  in 
the  latter  region  ;  the  diminished  speed  at 
wliich  the  earth  rotate.-  in  high  latitudes  has 
a  similar  influence  ;  a  body  also  weighs  less 
on  a  mountain  top  than  on  a  plain,  being  at  a 
greater  distance  from  the  earth's  mass,  it  is 
also  slightlv  atfeeted  by  the  temperature  of 
the  air  and  Its  barometric  pressuie.  [Dknsitv, 
Gkavitv.] 

2.  Mech. :  The  resistance  which  in  a  r.ia- 
chine  has  to  be  overcome  by  the  power ;  in 
the  simpler  mechanical  powers,  as  the  lever, 
wheel  and  axle,  I'ulley,  and  the  like,  usually 
the  lieavy  body  that  is  set  in  motion  or  held 
in  equilibrium  by  the  power. 

3.  Pathol. :  A  sensation  of  heaviness  or 
pressure  over  the  whole  body,  or  any  portion 
of  it:  as,  a  u-eight  on  the  stomach.  In  the 
case  of  tlie  organ  just  mentioned,  this  gene- 
rally arises  from  undigested  food. 

^  Dead  veight :  A  heavy,  oppressive,  or 
greatly  impeding  burden. 

weight- carrier,  s.  A  horse  stout  and 
strong  enough  to  carry  a  heavy  rider. 

"  Fifteen     irri^Iir-mi'fiert.     including    Red*ikin."'— 

weight-nail,  '?. 

Navt,  :  A  nail  heavier  than  a  deck-nail,  and 
used  for  fastening  buttons,  cleats,  &c. 

weight-rest,  s. 

LatliL'  :  A  rest  which  is  held  steadily  upon 
the  shears  by  a  weidit  suspended  beneath. 

weight -thermometer,  f^. 

Instruineiit.-i :  A  ^l;iss  cylinder  to  which  is 
joined  a  bent  capillary  glass  tube,  open  at 
the  end.  It  is  weighed  liist  empty,  and  then 
when  tilled  with  mercury,  the  sulitraction  of 
the  smaller  from  the  larger  number  gives  the 
weight  of  the  mercury.  It  is  then  raised  to 
a  known  temperature,  when  a  certain  quan- 
tity of  the  expanding  mercury  passes  out. 
From  this  the  temperature  can  be  deduced. 

weight  {gh  silent),  v.t.  [Wkight,  s.]  To  add 
or  attach  a  weight  or  weights  to  ;  to  load  with 
additional  weight ;  to  cause  to  carry  addi 
tional  weight ;  to  add  to  the  heaviness  of. 

"D.irk  arts  arc  in  certain  quarters  practised  to  a 
lamentaijie  extent  in  dis^nisin);  and  weighting  teas.  " — 
Dail;i  Tclr'/nipli.  June  24,  18&G. 

weight'-ed  (oh  silent),  j'n.  par.  or  a.   [WEiniir, 

V-] 

•  weighted-lathe,  .';.  A  lathe  in  winch 
the  rest  is  held  <l<'\\ n  innily  on  the  shears  by 
a  suspended  weight. 

weight'-i-l^,  (gh  silent),  adv.    [Eng.  weighty  ; 

1.  In  a  weighty  mniiner ;  heavily,  ponder- 
ously. 

2.  With  force,  influence,  or  iinpressiveness  ; 
with  moral  power  or  force  ;  seriotisly,  im- 
pressively. 

■■  Is  his  poetry  the  worse,  because  be  makes  his 
agents  apeak  weight ily  and  senteiitiMUsly  y"—Broo»u-  : 
On  the  Odyssv;!. 

weight '-i-ness  (gh  silent),  s.   LEng.  veightij ; 

-ncss.  1 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  weighty ; 
heaviness,  gravity,  ponderosity,  weight. 

"  The  cave  in  which  these  bearei*  lay  sleeping:  soand, 
W.ia  but  of  earth,  and  w  ilh  her  iceijhtincsi 
Upon  them  feb."  S,pcnspr  :  /tiiines  of  Time. 

2.  Solidity,  force,  impressiveness;  power  of 
convincing :  as,  the  weightiness  of  an  argument. 

3.  Importance. 

"Before  adue  ex.imination  be  made  proportionable 
to  the  Wfifihtini-u  of  the  matter."— ioctf  .■  On  Human 
Cnderatmnl.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xxi. 

W^ight'-ihg  (gh  silent),  s.  [Eng.  iveight ;  -ing.] 
Found. :  The  act  of  holding  down  the  flasks 
in  which  the  mould  has  been  made  so  as  to 
resist  the  upward  pressure  of  the  metal. 

*  weight -less  (;;/t  silent),  a.     [Eng.  weight  : 

-kss.] 

1.  Having  no  weight;  light,  imponderable. 

"  Lib'ht  and  weiffMlcts  down 
Perforce  must  move." 

Shaf.etip.  :  2  Jlenry  TV.,  iv.  4. 

2.  Of  no  importance  or  consideration. 

"And  80  [they]  are  oft-times  emboldned  to  rcmle 
upon  them  as  from  al'ifte  very  «c.ike  and  wri^ithnge 

discouraes."— fi/".  IJatl:  Apot.  ti^nmst  Droic}ti\rs,  §  l. 


weight' -ment  (;//i  silent),  s.  [En*  v-ighf : 
-mt'iif.]    The  act  of  weighing. 

"  Ai'ffpti'd  aft'-r  full  examination,  approval,  .in.l 
ifei<f'i( •Ill-lit  by  the  rcRl'umU'iitH.'"- 2'(ih«,  April  9,  K^iii. 

weighf-y,  *  waight'-^  (gh  silent). 
'  wayght-y,  «-     [En-,  veight,  a.  ;  -y.] 

1.  Uaving  or  being  of  great  weight  ;  heavy,, 
ponderous. 

•'  It  Is  too  weiQhtti  for  your  grace  to  wear." 

Shalftp. :  llicharil  III..  Hi.  1. 

2.  Important,  serious,  momentous;  of  great 
importance. 

"  Will  you  go 
To  clve  your  censures  in  this  wviahty  btisinesA." 

Shnkfsp.  :  Ilichard  lit..  Ii.  2. 

3.  Calculated  or  adapted  to  turn  the  scale 
in  the  mind  ;  convincing,  cogent,  forcible. 

"My  rea^oiiB  are  both  good  and  loeighty." 

Sha/cegp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  i.  1. 

4.  Burdensome  ;  hard  to  bear. 

"  The  carea  of  empire  are  great,  and  the  burthen, 
which  lies  upon  the  shoulders  of  princes,  very  ivcighty" 
—Attvrbury  :  Se->-^non$,  vol.  i.,  eer.  8. 

*5.  Grave  or  serious  in  aspect. 

*  6.  Entitled  to  authority  on  account  of  ex- 
perience, ability,  or  chaiacter. 

*  7.  Rigorous,  severe. 

"  If.  after  two  days'  shine.  Athens  contains  thee 
Attend  our  weightier  judgment." 

Khnkftp.  :  Timon.  lii.  S, 

well,  wiel,  s.  [A.S.  wrrj :  0.  Dut.  waeh]  A 
small  whirljtool.     (Scotch.) 

"  (Ilaviui'res  o*  the  HielanUera,  and  the  deep  waters 
.■nul  nrit.s  I-  tlie  Avuiulow.  "—.Sco/J  ;  Jiob  Itoy,  ch.  xxw. 

wein-man'-ne-se  (w  as  v),   s.  pK     [Mod. 
Lat.  weinviunn{ia);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ec.] 
Bat. :  A  tribe  of  Cnnoniaceae  (q.v.). 

wein-man'-ni-a  (w  as  v),  s.  [Named  after 
John  Wm.  Weinmann,  a  Ratisbon  apothecary 
and  botanist,  who  about  1750  published  his 
rhyfnnthoza  loonographica.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Weinmanneie 
(q.v.).  Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees,  with  reti- 
culated petioles,  compound  or  simple  leaves, 
calyx  four-parted,  petals  four,  .stamens  eight, 
an  hypogynous  disk,  fruit  a  many-seeded 
capsule.  About  forty  species  are  known,  from 
South  America,  South  Africa,  Madagascar, 
New  Zealand,  &c.  The  bark  is  astritigent  ; 
that  of  one  sjiecies  is  used  in  Peru  for  tannins 
leather,  and  for  adulteiating  Peruvian  bark 
(q.v.),  and  that  of  W.  tinctoria  is  employed  in 
Bourbon  for  dyeing  red. 

weir,  "wear,  *  wer,  5.  [A.S.  ■icer  =  a  weir, 
a  dam  ;  lit.  =  a  defence,  and  allied  to  werian 
=  to  defend,  to  protect ;  feel.  vUrr  =  a  fenced- 
in  landing-place  ;  re?- =  a  fishing-station  ;  Ger. 
vehr  =  a  defence  ;  wehren  =  to  defend  ;  niiihl- 
wehr—  a  mill-dam.] 

1.  A  dam  across  a  stream  to  raise  the  level 
of  the  water  above  it.  The  water  may  be 
conducted  to  a  mill,  a  sluice,  or  a  Msh-trap. 

"  A  pleasant  rumour  smote  the  ear. 
Like  water  rushing  through  a  weir." 
Loiigfeilow  :  Talvt  of  a  M'ai/siitc  Jnn.    (Prelude.) 

2.  A  fence  or  enclosure  of  stakes,  twigs,  or 
nets,  set  in  a  stream,  or  in  a  bay  or  inlet  of 
the  sea,  to  catch  tish. 

weird,  *  wierd,  *  wirde,  •  wyrde,  .*.  &  a. 

[A.S.  vyrd,  wird,  wurd  —  fate,  destiny  ;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  widhr  =  fate  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  vurth  = 
fate,  death,  from  tlie  same  root  as  A.S.  n-eord- 
han  :  Icel.  verdha ;  Ger.  werden  =  to  become.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Fate,  destiny ;  formerly,  one  of  the 
Noms  or  Fates. 


2.  A  spell,  a  charm. 
B,  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  connected  with  fate  or 
destiny  ;  influencing  or  able  to  intluence  fate. 

2.  Relating  to  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
witchcraft ;  supenialural,  unearthly,  wild  ; 
suggestive  of  un earth liness. 

"  Those  sweet,  low  tones,  tb.at  seemed  like  a  weird  in- 
cant;itiou."  Longfellow :  EvnngeXine,  ii.  4. 

weird' -ness,  s.  [Eng.  weird ;  -»fcfs.l  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  weird ;  unearthli- 
ness,  eeriness. 

"Minglinc  in  daintiest  f.-whion  the  weirdncss  of 
fairy  hue  wtthwhat  Parisians  call  the  latest  'ciy  of 
actuality."  "—fiai/y  Chronicle.  Feb.  23,  1888. 

weise,  "weize,  v.t.  [Icel.  I'isa;  Dan.  I'isc ; 
Oer,  ireiscn  =  to  show,  to  point  out,  to  indi- 
c.ite.]    To  direct,  to  guide,  to  turn,  to  incline. 

(Srotch.) 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pme,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  muts.  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  ciir,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Uw. 


weism— well 


626 


Tre'-ism,  5.   [Kng- w^^.' -is'«.  I   The  excessive  or 
too  tVequeiit  use  of  llie  pronoun  we ;  wi-gotism. 

•weiss'-i-a  (w  as  V),  ■■!.     IXauied  after  F.  W. 
Wt'iss,  a  iiiTiiian  botanist.) 
/;o^  ;  Tlie  tyiuciil  genus  of  Weissiei  (q.v.). 

weiss-i-e-i  (W as  v),  .*.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  iceis- 
^H'O :  l.itt.  iiuisc.  pi.  adj.  suit",  -ei.] 

IM. :  An  order  or  a  tribe  of  Pleurocarpons 
Mosses,  havirij,'  leaves  of  elose  texture,  an 
erect  equal  capsule,  a  peristome  either  absent 
or  with  sixteen  teetli,  and  a  diuudiate  veil. 
Several  species  are  founil  in  Britain,  (lieikcley.) 

■weis8' ig-ite  (w  as  v),  s.     [After  Weissig, 
ije:ir  Diisden.  where  I'.iund  ;  sutf.  -He  (.Win).] 
Mill.  :  X  variety  of  orthoclasc  felspar  oc- 
curring in  very  small  whitish  twinned  crystals 
in  cavities  of  an  atnygdaloldal  rock. 

■weiss'-ite  (w  lus  v),  s.    [After  the  crystal- 
l..'.;niplier,  I'rof.   Weiss,  of  Berlin ;   sutf.  -ite 

Slin. :  An  altered  fcu-ni  of  lolite  (q.v,),  re- 
sembling I'ahliniite  in  most  of  its  characters, 
and  included  by  Dana  under  that  species. 

■  welve  (1),  I'.f.  *  I.    [W.MVE.] 

■  welve  (li),  I'.l.    (Weave.) 
■./.      iWmz.l      To  drive   with   force. 


■  weke,  ". 
•  weke,  s. 

'  Wel,  ndv. 


[Weak.I 
[Week.] 
[Well.) 


weize, 

"  I  liiwl  wr^izcU  tho  bIui^  througb  hiui,  though  I  am 
but  sic  (I  little  fecklesa  body."'— Sc(/« :  Qui/  JIanner- 
inij,  uh.  \xxii. 


wel'-a-way,  *  weal-a-way,  intcrj.  [A.S. 
('•(i  id  Hvi  =  \\<ie  !  lo  !  woe  !]  Au  exclaiiiatioii 
i)f  sorruw,  grief,  or  despair ;  alas !  Often 
corrupted  into  wcMadaif. 

"  All^u  !  Cull stam ice.  tlmu  lie  li:is  iio  chfiiupiuuu, 
Ne  fighte  cJUistnw  iiiit,  ao  W-lnway  !" 

Chattcer;  C.  T.,  5,052. 

Welch,  ".  &  s.    (Welsh,  a.] 
welch-er,  s.     [Welsiier.] 
Welch-man,  j-.    [Welshman.] 
welcome,   •  wel-com,  *  wil-kome,  .s.. 

a.,  &  intei'j.  [A.S.  wilcuma  =■  one  who  conie^= 
so  as  to  please  another,  from  wil-,  pref.,  allied 
to  loilla  =  will,  pleasure,  and  cunui  =  a  comer, 
froiri  cumaii  =  to  come  ;  cogu.  with  Ger.  wil- 
kovimeii  ~  wcli'ome  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  ivUiicomo, 
from  irilljn  =  will,  pk-asure,  and  komeii  (Ger. 
A'owwwfi)  =  to  come,  'ihe  change  in  meaning 
was  due  to  Icel.  ife/ioHU)ui=:  welcome,  from 
vel  =  well,  and  komiiin,  jia.  par.  of  koma  =  to 
come  ;  Dan.  velkomvicn  —  welcome  ;  Sw.  viil- 
kominen.  (Skeat.y] 
A,  As  substantive : 

1.  A  salutation  of  a  new-comer. 

"  Tlieir  sliuut  uf  irelcoine,  ahriU  aud  wide. 
Shook  the  ebcep  uiuuutKiu'a  steiuly  side." 

HcuCt :  LaUg  nf  the  Lake,  iii.  31. 

2.  A  kind  reception  of  a  guest  or  new-comer. 

"  Whoe'er  hiis  tnivelleJ  life's  dull  round, 
Where'er  his  st^ige^  uiny  have  heeu. 
M.iy  sigh  to  thiiik  he  still  bus  fouud 
II IS  wdiiuest  wvlciimc  nt  au  iuii." 
Shciittone :  Lines  H'viltvit  on  Winiiow  qf  an  Inn. 

C  As  itiljective : 

1.  Received  with  pleasure  or  gladness  ;  ad- 
mitted willingly  to  one's  house,  entertain- 
ment, or  company. 

"  When  the  ylad  aoul  ia    made   Heaven's   wefcvme 
guest. "  Cow/ter :  Pnigrett  qf  Error.  105. 

2.  Producinggladness  or  pleasure;  pleasing, 
grateful. 

3.  A  term  of  courtesy  implying  readiness  to 
serve  another,  the  grantiug  of  a  libei-ty,  free- 
dom to  have  and  enjoy,  and  the  like. 

"  "Lord  Ublicaue.  a  woid.' 
"With  me?  aud  welcome.'" 

Shakeap. :  Periclet.  iL  4. 

C.  Ai  intcrj.  :  A  word  used  in  welcoming 
or  saluting  a  new-comer. 

'■  He  \taved  hia  buiitamaii's  cap  on  high. 
C'ried,  '  H'elconu;  welcome,  iiohle  lord  ! ' " 

Scott:  The  C/itue.  vii. 

If  Welcoine  to  our  House: 
Bot. :  Euphorbia  Cyjuirissias. 

wel'-come,  i'.^    [Welcome,  $.] 

1.  To  salute,  as  a  new-comer,  with  kind- 
ness ;  to  receive  with  kintluess  oi-  hospitality. 

"  I  wai.  .iboard  twice  or  thrice,  aud  very  kindly  wcl 
corned."— Itiimfier :  Voya-jta,  (an.  1682). 


2.  To  receive  with  pleasuie  ;  to  be  pleased 
with. 

"  A  brow  unbent  that  HeeiuinJ  U>  walt^tmn  woe. 

fifutki-»j>. :  liaptt  \tf  Lucrec-;  l,W3. 

•  wel-Come-l3^,  adv.  [Phig.  uvk-onn: ;  lij.] 
In  a  welcouH'  manner.     (AimaruluU.) 

wcl'  -  come  ~  ness*  '  wel  -  com  -  ncss.  >. 

(Kng.  I'vlojmr :  -lU'.ss.]  Tlic  iiuality  "i  slate 
of  being  welcome;  agree;ibleness,  gratdul- 
ness. 

"  Yi-t  will  they  rcAlly  still  continue  new.  not  only 
upon  the  scores  of  tholr  iptjlcomeueia.  hut  hy  their  per- 
petunlly  ei[ual,  hecaiiHu  infinite,  dUtoJice  frain  a 
[leiiod.   -/fo.v/f.-    iVorkt,  1.  391. 

wel'-com-er,  *-.  (Eng.  welcom(f);  -er.]  One 
who  welcomes;  one  who  bids  welcome;  one 
who  receives  with  kindness  or  pleasure. 

"Farewell,  thou  »<ifiil  MT^o/mr  ..f  nlory." 

,ih>ikcj(j<. :  /:ic/iurit  III.,  iv.  I. 

weld  (1),   *  welde.    '  wold,    "  wolde,  .-. 

(Skeat  ■Itelieves  it  an  Knglish  word,  perhajis 
from  wdl,  s.,  because  it  is  boiled  for  dyeing. 
Scotch  wald ;  Ger.  wau ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  van; 
Dul.  wouw:  Fr.  gamle ;  Ital,  gmulo;  Port. 
giuilde,  ifaiala;  Sp.  I'tnahla.  Malin  identities 
it  with  tvoiul,  from  which,  however,  it  is  ilis- 
tinet.] 

Bot.  :  Jkseda  LuteoUi.  It  is  a  branched 
Mignonette,  two  or  three  feet  high,  with 
liut^ar,  lanceolate,  undivided  leaves,  long 
spike-like  racemes  of  tlowers,  three  to  live 
yellow  petals,  four  se]>als,  and  three  stigimis. 
It  is  wild  in  waste  places  in  England  in  clay 
or  chalk  soils,  is  common  in  Ireland,  but 
doubtfully  indigenous  in  Scotland.  It  occurs 
also  in  Eurojie,  western  Asia  and  northern 
Africa,  and  has  been  introduced  into  the 
United  States.  It  yields  a  yellow  dye.  -V 
jiaiiit  is  also  made  from  it  called  Dutch  pink. 
Dyers"  greening  weld  is  Genista  liiictoria. 
[Dyer'.s-weed,  2;  Kesed^.]  ■ 

weld  (2),  s.  [Wei.d,  t'.J  The  junction  of  metals 
by  heating  and  hamineiing  the  parts.  It 
differs  from  soldering  and  brazing  in  that  no 
more  fusible  metal  is  made  to  form  a  bond  of 
union  between  the  parts.  The  partial  fusion 
of  the  parts  may  be  assisted  by  a  flux,  borax 
for  instance.  Great  pressure  may  make  a  j'er- 
fectweld  without  applied  heat.  It  is  probable 
that  heat  isdcvduiied  at  the  point  of  junction. 

*  weld  (1),  *  welde,  r.f.    [Wield.] 

weld  (2),  ('./.  [Prop,  i'.v//,  the  d  being  excies- 
ccnt,  tlie  word  being  a  particular  use  of  the 
vci'b  irell  —  (1)  to  boil  up,  (2)  to  spring  up  as 
a  fount  lin,  (:J)  to  heat  to  a  high  degree,  (4)  to 
beat  heated  iron  ;  cf.  Sw.  valla  (lit.  ■=  to  well) 
=  to  weld  ;  Dut.  welleii  =  to  boll,  to  unite, 
t.i  weld.] 

1.  1,(7.  :  To  unite  or  join  together,  as  two 
I'ieces  of  metal,  by  hammering  or  compressing 
them  after  they  have  been  raised  to  a  great 
heat.  The  pressuie  is  applicable  to  but  few 
of  the  metals,  iron  fortunately  being  pre-emi- 
nent among  these.  Platinum  also  jiossesses 
this  property,  which  is  utilized  in  fomiing 
the  granules  in  which  it  is  received  from  its 
sources  of  production  into  masses  of  sufficient 
size  to  be  piactically  useful  in  the  arts.  Horn, 
tortoiseshell,  and  a  few  other  substances  may 
also  be  joined  by  welding. 

2.  Fig. :  To  unite  very  closely. 

"  To  weld  the  three  kingdoms  into  au  Inseparahle 
union  uf  Heutiiuent  aud  heart,,  aa  well  as  of  interest." 
—  Weekllf  Echo.  SepL  5.  1885. 

weld'-a-ble,  a.  lEng.  v:dd  (2),  v.  ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  welded. 

"Steel,  like  wrought  inui,  pOBseaacs  the  iniportjiiit 
quality  <.f  being  ifn-hii^liJ'—CasscU's  Technical  EUu- 
calur,  I't.  .\ii.,  p.  B56. 

weld'-ed,  /"'.  par.  or  a.    [Weld  (2),  i\] 

welded'tuhe.  ^•.  A  gas  or  water-jiip^f 
made  of  a  sk-ip  bent  to  a  circular  form,  raised 
to  a  welding-heat  in  au  appropriate  furnace, 
and  as  it  leaves,  almost  at  a  point  of  fusion, 
it  is  dragged  by  the  chain  of  a  draw-bench 
through  a  pair  of  bell-mouthed  jaws.  These 
are  opened  at  the  moment  of  introducing  the 
end  of  the  skelp,  which  is  welded  without  the 
agency  of  a  mandrel. 

*weld'-er  (I),  s.  [Eng.  weld(\),  V.  ;  -er.]  In 
Ireland,  a  manager ;  an  actual  occupant ;  a 
tenant  of  land  under  a  middleman  or  series  of 
middlemen. 

"  Such  tuiinediate  t«naut«  have  others  under  them, 
and  »o  a  third  ami  fourth  in  Kubunli nation,  till  it 
CO  ill  ex  to  the  wefitcr,  as  tliey  call  liini.  who  sits  at  a 
rack-rent,  and  livea  miserably."— Sun/^ ;  Agaimt  the 
Power  of  Biihnpf. 


weld' -or  (2),  i!.    (Eng.  tce/t/(2),  v. ;  -cr.]    One 

who  Welds. 

welding,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &».    [Weld  (2),  t:\ 
A.  iV  B.  As  pr.  par,  iH  j^fticip.  adj. :  (Se« 

the  verb}. 

C.  .1.''  snlist. :  Tho  jirocess  of  tinlMng  two 
pieces  of  a  fusible  material  together  by  ham- 
mering or  by  louipression  while  softened  by 
heat. 

welding  heat,  .«.  The  heat  necesMary 
for  welding  two  pieces  of  metal;  8i>eci II rally, 
the  white  heat  to  which  iron  bars  are  broHght 
when  about  to  undergo  this  process. 

weldlng-machlne,  ^.     .\  machine  for 

uniting  the  edges  of  plates  I'reviously  bent, 
so  as  to  lap  within  a  ehanilxT  when  tliey  are 
exposed  t<»  a  gas-Ilame,  and  from  whicli  Ihey 
]iass  to  the  rolls  or  hanuner  which  completes 
the  joint. 

welding-swage,  s.  A  block  or  fullitig- 
tool  for  as.si:5iiiiy  Um  closure  of  a  welded  joint 

weld-wort,  s.     [Eng.  mid  (1),  and  ivort.] 
/.W.    (/v.)  :     The   order   Resedacea?    (q.v.). 
Culled  also  in  English  Resedads.    (Lindley.) 

[Eng.  tycW(l),  v.  ;  -y.]    Wieldy, 


'  weld  y,  a. 

active. 


•  weld  ynge.  5.      [Weld  (l),  t:]     Power,  go- 
vernance, duection. 

"  Ve  brivo  them  in  youre  might  and  lu  youro  wt-W- 
ynfft:"—C'tiauccr :  Talc  of  .Melibem. 

"wele,  adv.     [Well,  at/f.) 
*wele,  .s.    [Weal.] 

ele-ful,  ((.    [We,\li-ul.] 


relc-ful-ness,    ^^       [Mid.    Eng.    wele/iU; 
-ias.f.J     Happiness,  prosperity,  good  fortune. 

*welew,  I'.i.  [  Prob.  the  same  word  as  welk 
(q.v.).J    To  fade,  to  wither. 

"W'liaiine  the  sunue  roos  up  it  uti-lcwiitc  for  hcte. 
and  It  drlcde  up."—  Wyciiffis :  Mark  Iv. 

wel'-fare,  s.  [Eng.  kt/Z,  adv.,  and/rtre.]  Tho 
state  of  faring  well ;  a  state  of  exemption 
from  misfortune,  trouble,  (calamity,  or  evil ; 
the  enjoyment  of  health  and  prosperity  ;  well- 
being,  success,  prosperity. 

"  We  have  been  praying  fur  our  hu!s)>auds'  tcelfart," 
— tihitkesp. :  Jlerchanco/  ycinc;  v, 

"wel-ful,  a.    [Wealfuu] 

*  welk,  *  welke.  v.i.  &  (.  [Dut.  &  Ger.  wel- 
l:,_n.  =  to  wither,  to  fade;  from  loeifc  =  dry, 
lean.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  fade,  to  wither. 

2.  To  decline,  to  set,  to  fall,  to  wane. 

"  When  ruddy  Phtebus  gins  to  weike  in  neat." 

Spemer:  f.  y..  I.  L  23. 

B,  Transitive: 

1.  To  fade,  to  wither. 

2.  To  contract,  to  shorten. 

"  Now  snd  winter  toiifked  hatb  the  dity." 

Upenier:  Hl'epheards  Calender;  Aovembar, 

'welk,  s.    [Wuelk.] 

^  welked  (1),  a.  [Welk,  v.]  Faded,  declined, 
waned,  set. 

"  By  that  the  wrlked  Fhceb'is  gnu  avntle 
Uis  we.'u-ie  wjiine." 

S/zctunr:  ."ihi-pheardit  Calciuler;  Jan. 

welked  (2),  a.    (Whei.ked.i 

welkin.  *wel-ken,  ^wel  kine.  "  wel- 
kne, '  wel-kene,  "  weolcene,  *  wolcne, 

■  WOlkue,^.  &('.      [  A. S.  )co/r,n(- clouds;  pi. 
ofimlirii.  =acIoud  ;  O.  .Sux.  wnlhi.,,  .-  <).  H.  ^.ier. 

volchan;    Ger.  tcolh:.     Origin    cluubtful,   per- 
haps from  wealcan  =  to  roll,  to  walk.) 

A.  Assiibst.:  The  sky;  the  vault  of  heaven. 
(Nosv  only  used  in  poetry.) 

"  Black  stormy  clouds  deform "d  the  tm-lki>tM  face. 
Aiid  from  beneath  waa  heard  a  wailing  wound." 

fhontiuu:  Cu$tle  Iff  /Hdolcnce,  u.  H, 

*B.  A.^adj.:  Sky-blue. 

■•  Louk  on  mo  with  your  tovlkin  eye.' 

ah^tkegjt. :   Winters  Tale.  1.  -i. 

well.  '  wel,  ^welle.  s.  [A.s.  fdla,  well, 
«•(,//((,  ivnUf.  loi/ll,  from  n'eallau  (pa.  t.  nrnl, 
I'a.  par.  wvallen)  =  to  wt-U  up,  to  boil;  cogii. 
with  Icel.  veil  =  ebullition,  from  rdla  =  to 
well,  to  bctil  (pa.  t.  mill) ;  Dut.  irrl  =  a  spring ; 
Dan.  v(eld  =  &  spring;  Ger.  uvlUn  =a  wiive, 
fiom  walleii^  to  undulate,  to  boil,  to  bubble 
up.] 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl:  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9hin,  hench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  c^ist.    ph  =  £ 
clan,  -tian  =  ohan.    -tion.  -sion  —  shun;  -tion,  -sion  — zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  —  bel,  d^L 


526 


well 


I.  *trtiinnry  Umguage : 

1.  I.itritiUy: 

(1)  A  spring,  rt  fountain  ;  water  issuing  from 
till-  earth. 

"0(  urifej  iwet*  und  cold  yriou." 

Ritbcrt  ef  Ulouccttfr.  p.  I. 

('_'>  An  nrtilicial  structure  from  wlitcli  a 
Mipply  of  wjitcr  is  nitlained  for  (lomt'stic.  i>r 
I'thcr  purposes  ;  a  slmft  dus  or  bored  iti  tlif 
j;n'un<t  to  olitain  water,  nnd  waUo<l  or  lined 
with  bricks,  &c.,  to  prevent  the  ciiving  in  nt 
tlie  sides. 

"Tlic  book  of  tfCuesEs  (the  most  veiiembte  iiioiiu- 
luvutof  niitli|utty.  coiiaiderrd  merely  with  n  view  t<i 
hlitoo'J.  »'ll  funilsh  u»  with  rrwiuoiit  liu)t«mf-i  <>( 
vlolriit  cwiitt'iitiiniH  concrmiii),;  feeii» ;  thi'  fXfUislve 
imiiMrrty  •>(  wlilt-h  u|it>vitni  to  hnve  be^n  i-MtnbliilitHl  In 
the  llntt  diCKi-r  ur  i>ri-u|vtnt,  even  In  mu-li  iiInceswhtTB 
the  1,'roiiiiil  luid  livrUiyi-  rouiHlUtd  yot  iu  l-uihuioii."— 
mackttfiu-     Cumnftit..  bk.  it.  ch.  1. 

(3)  A  similar  structure  or  shaft  sunk  into 
the  earth  to  procure  oil,  brine,  &c. 

2.  Fi'jtii'ttivchj: 

(I)  A  sprin;!,  p  source,  an  origin. 


(2)  The  space  in  a  law-court,  imnifdialfly 
in  front  of  the  judges'  bench,  occupied  by 
counsel,  &c. 

(3)  Tlie  hollow  part  between  the  seats  of  a 
jaunting-car,  used  for  holding  luggage,  &c. 

♦  (4)  (See  extract.) 

'•  A  ti>'-lt.  in  the  laiiguaee  of  those  sens,  denotes  one 
of  the  wlitrl|nH»Ia,  or  clrculiir  eddies,  which  wheel  (inU 
boil  with  nBtoiil.'-hiiig  strength,  niid  are  very  dnn- 
gcrous."— .ScoM;  Pirate,  ch.  xxxviiL    (Note.) 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  The  space  in  a  building  in  which 
winding-stairs  are  j)liieed,  usually  lighted 
lium  the  ro(»f ;  sometimes  limited  to  the  open 
siwce  In  the  middle  of  a  winding-staircase,  or 
to  the  opening  in  the  middle  of  a  staircase 
buill  romid  a  hollow  newel.  Called  also  a 
Well-hole  and  Wei  I -staircase. 

2.  Mil.  mining:  An  excavation  in  the  earth, 
with  liranclics  or  galleries  running  out  of  it. 

3.  Mining:  The  lower  part  of  a  furnace 
into  whiih  the  water  falls. 

4.  yautlcal : 

(1)  A  partition  to  enclose  the  pumps  from 
the  bolt<im  totiie  lower  decks,  to  render  them 
accessible,  and  prevent  their  being  damaged, 

(2)  A  com partmentinafishiug- vessel,  formed 
by  bulkheads  properly  strengthened  andtiglit- 
ened  off,  having  the  bottom  perforated  with 
holes,  to  give  free  admission  to  the  water,  so 
that  lish  may  be  kept  alive  therein. 

•[  (1)  Aiitsimt  well:  [Artesian-well]. 
{D  Dark  well :  {Dakk-well]. 
(:i)  Mineral  well :  A  well  containing  mineral 
waters.     [Mineral-w.vtebs.J 

lirell-boat,  s.  A  fishing-boat  having  a 
will  in  it  to  c(nivey  fish  alive  to  market. 
{\\LiA.,s.,B.-i{-2).:\ 

well-borer,  .«.  One  who  or  that  which 
di,'-  or  bores  for  water;  a  well-digger  or 
m;d;.r. 

'well-bucket,  .^.  A  vessel  used  for  draw- 
ing water  from  a  well. 

well-deck,  s. 

\<nit.  :  An  oi>en  s^ace  in  a  ship  between 
the  forecastle  and  poop.  (Used  also  adjec- 
tively.) 

"Tlie  objection  to  the  irell-d^ck  ship  is  not  due  to 
»triict)inil  form,  but  to  the  simple  point  whether,  if  a 
«e;i  nhould  flood  the  hollow  between  her  forecistle  iind 
hfi-  |Kiop,  her  capacity  of  buoyancy  is  equal  to  thr 
8ii|i|]uTt  of  this  .-kdilitionnl  load  of  tons  upon  tons 
weiyht  of  water."— A I  i/;/  Telegraph,  March  22,  1B86. 

well  drain,  s. 

1.  A  dr;iin  or  vent  for  water,  somewhat  like 
a  pit  or  well,  serving  to  discharge  the  water 
of  wet  land. 

2.  A  drain  leading  to  a  well. 

'  well-drain,  v.t.  To  drain,  as  land,  by 
means  of  wells  ur  pits,  which  receive  the 
water,  ami  IVnni  which  it  is  discharged  by 
means  of  machinery. 

well-dressing,  .-f. 

Aiithrop. :  An  old  custom  observed  at  Tis- 
sington,  in  Derbyshire,  of  dressing  the  wells 
and  springs  with  flowers  on  Ascension  Day. 
After  morning  prayer,  a  procession  is  formed, 
headed  by  the  clergymen,  and  the  wells  aie 
visited  and  prayers  offered  and  hymns  sung 
at  each  well.  The  custom  is  .said  t-o  commeni(> 
rate  a  fearful  drought  which  visited  Derby- 
shire in  the  sununer  of  1015,   during  which 


time  the  wells  of  Tissingt^'U  tlowetl  as  usual. 
More  piobably  it  is  a  survival  of  water-wor- 
ship (q.  v.). 

"  Id  coiiHvquence  of  its  queatiouable  origin,  whether 
Pagiiu  or  I'oplHh,  we  hixw  lu-jtrd  nmne  good  but  stntit- 
IrMM-d  i>eople  (.inKkMnn  tliu  ti>fU-ilrct*in>j  greatly." — 
i'hnmbers:  Book  i>/  l>ays,  i.  5',>7. 

well- flowering,  s. 

Anthrop. :  Well-dressing  (4. v.). 

"The  pure  spiivkllnK  water  .  .  .  makes  this  feaat  of 
the  wctl'/towt-riifj  uno  of  the  mo«t  beautiful  of  nil  the 
iild  custi>ms  that  art:  left  in  '  merrie  Knglnml,'"— 
Vhatntn-rt  :  li-iok  i]f  Ihifis,  i.  5i)6. 

well-grass,  t  well-kerse.  ^\ 

Bot.  :  Xastvrtiuni  ojficinale.     {Scutch.) 

well-head,  .•«.  The  source,  head,  or  origin 
of  a  river,  Ac.  ;  a  spring  of  water. 

"Up  ti)  the  sa'Ulle-^irLh»  in  a  well-JwuI.  as  the 
fiprin^s  aro  called," — Htvtl :  Old  Mortaliti/,  ch.  xv. 

well-hole,  .^. 

1.  On.l.  Lang.  :  A  cavity  which  receives  a 
counterbalancing  weight  in  some  mechanical 
contrivances. 

2.  .I't/(.  ;  The  same  as  Well,  s.,  II.  1. 

''  well-kerse,  -s.    [Well-orass.] 

well-paeking,  5.  A  bag  of  flaxseed  — 
known  as  a  seetibag— or  some  other  mateiia! 
placed  around  a  well-tube  in  an  oil-well  to 
isolate  the  oil-bearing  strata  from  water  above 
or  below. 

well-room,  s. 

1.  A  room  built  over  a  spring,  or  to  which 
its  waters  are  conducted,  and  where  they  are 
drunk. 

2.  A  place  in  the  bottom  of  a  boat  whei-e 
the  water  is  collected,  and  where  it  is  thrown 
out  with  a  sccnp. 

well-sinker,  s.  One  who  digs  or  sinks 
wells. 

well-sinking,  s.  The  operation  of  sink- 
ing or  di.:;^in:^'  wells;  the  act  or  jjiocess  of 
boring  fur  water. 

*  well-spring,  ^•.  A  source  of  continual 
supply. 


well~st  air  case,  s.    [Well,  s.,  II.  i.] 

well-Sweep,  '■.    A  swape  or  swipe  f-ir  a 

well. 

well-trap.  s.    A  stink-trap. 

■well-tube  point,  s.  An  auger  or  spear- 
point  at  the  bottom  end  of  a  perforated  tube 
for  a  driven  well. 

well-UPater,  s.  The  water  which  flows 
into  a  well  from  subterraneous  springs  ;  water 
drawn  from  a  well. 

*  well,  *  welle,  r.i.  &  t.     [A.S.  n-elkin,  w)jllan.] 
[Well,  s.] 

A,  Intrans.  :  To  spring;  to  issue  forth,  as 
water  from  the  earth  or  a  spring  ;  to  flow. 

"Blood  that  welled  from  out  the  wound," 

Dri/den :  Virgil ;  ^£neid  x.  1,1B4. 

B.  Trans. :  To  pour  forth,  as  from  a  well. 

"  To  her  people  wealth  they  forth  do  welt. 
And  health  to  e\'ery  foreign  nation." 

Spenser:  F.  V-.  IL  x.  26. 

■well,  wel,  (lilv.  &  o.  [A.S.  wc/,  well;  cogn, 
with,  "Dni.wd;  Icel.  vel,val;  Dan.  vel ;  Sw. 
veil ;  Goth,  waila  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  wela,  wola  ;  Gev. 
vohl,  wol.  From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  volo  = 
to  wish;  Gr.  /3oiJAo)Ltat  (bonlomai) ■=  to  wish  ; 
Sansc.  vara  =  better;  vara  =  a  wish  ;  I'ri  =■ 
to  choose  ;  Eng.  will,  wmU  and  wealth.] 
A*  As  adverb : 

1.  In  a  proper  or  light  manner  ;  justly;  not 
ill  or  wickedly. 

iin  lieth  at  the  door."— 

2.  Justly,  fairly,  excusably,  reasonably. 

"He  might,  indeed,  well  be  appalled." — Mat-nutay : 
Bist.  Eng.,  ch,  ix. 

3.  In  a  satisfactory  manner ;  happily,  for- 
tunately. 

"We  prosper  weK  in  otir  return."— SAaAenp. .-  ''>.»( 
pest,  it.  1. 

4.  Satisfactorily,  properly. 

"  A  toell  proportioned  steed." 

Shakesp.:  Venu^i  d:  Adonis,  2i0. 

5.  To  or  in  a  sufficient  degree  ;  adequately, 
fully,  perfectly. 

"  Let  us  go  «p  at  once  and  ]>oese3a  it:  for  we  are 
■ufit  rthle  to  overcome  it.'—Ifu)n£*!rs  xiii.  ;J0. 

6.  ThorongJily,  fully  :  as,  Let  the  cloth  be 
well  cleaned. 


7.  Sullicicntly,  abundantly,  amply. 

"  The  plain  of  Jordan  .  .  .  wjia  well  watered  every- 
where."—fie'ies'*  xiii.  10, 

8.  Very  much;  greatly;  to  a  degree  that 
gives  pleasure. 

"  I  can  be  weH  conteuteil," 

iShakesp.  :  Venus  *  AUoni*.  .M:i. 

9.  Favourably ;  with  praise  oroummendatinn. 

"  All  the  world  speaks  toe^  of  yo\i."—I'opc.    (Todd.) 

10.  Conveniently,  suitably,  advantageously, 
easily  :  as,  I  cannot  well  go  to-day. 

11.  Skilfully  ;  with  due  art :  as,  The  work  is 
veil  done. 

»12.  Quite,  fully. 

"  Wet  nine-and-tweuty  in  a  compagiite. ' 

Chancfv :  ('.  T.,  prol.  25. 

13.  Far;  considerably;  not  a  little. 

"  Abrahimi  nnd  Sarah  were  old,  and  iPcU  stricken  iu 
aye."— (■'(■«ei(i«  xviii.  11. 

B,  An  adjective: 

*1.  Acting  in  accordance  with  right;  up- 
right, just. 

"The  prestis  that  ben  iplV  goueruouris."— ir</cf h^*? .■ 
1  Timothy  v. 

2.  Just,  right,  proi)er:  as,  It  was  v.-ell  to  df> 
this. 

3.  In  accordance  with  wish  or  desire  ;  satis- 
factory, fortunate;  as  it  should  be. 

"  It  was  well  with  us  in  Egypt."— .V(i»(ie/"«  xi.  18. 

4.  Satisfactory. 

"  To  mar  the  subject  that  liefore  was  well. ' 

Shakesp. :  Sonnet  103. 

5.  Being  in  health ;  having  a  sound  lnjdy 
with  a  regidar  performance  of  the  natural  and 
])roper  functions  of  all  the  organs  ;  not  ailing, 
diseased,  or  sick ;  healthy. 

"You  look  not  well." 
Shakegp.  :  Jferchant  of  Venice,  i.  1. 

6.  Comfortable ;  uotsuffering  inconvenience  ; 
satisfied. 

"  '  Will 't  please  your  woi'sbip  to  come  in  ? '  '  No,  1 
th.ink  you,  heartily ;  I  am  very  ivell.'  '—Shakesp. . 
Merry  Wives,  i,  1. 

^7.  Being  in  favour ;  favoured. 

"He  was  tvell  with  Henry  the  Fourth."— /irwdiiH. 
I  Todd.) 

^8.  At  rest;  free  from  the  cares  of  the 
woild  ;  happy.    (Said  of  the  dead.) 

"  \Ve  use  to  say  the  dead  are  totsU."  t 

Shakesp.  :  Antony  .t  Cleopatra,  ii,  5. 

%  Well  is  now  always  used  juedicatively ; 
it  is  therefore  frequently  dithcult  to  decide 
when  it  is  used  as  an  adjective  and  when  as 
an  adverb.  It  is  sometimes  used  substan- 
tively, as  in  the  example. 

'•  Well  be  with  you,  gentlemen."- iftaie*/).  .■  Ifamlet, 

^  (1)  As  well:  Rather  right,  cuuveuient,  or 
proper  than  otherwise ;  as,  It  may  be  as  iirlf 
logo. 

(2)  .-is  well  (ts  :  Together  with  ;  one  as  much 
as  the  other. 

"Coptoa  was  the  magazine  of  all  the  trade  from 
Ethiopia,  by  the  Nile,  tts  well  as  of  those  L-omiiKJih- 
tiea  that  came  from  the  west  by  Alexandria.*— .^r- 
butJinot  :  On  Coins. 

*  (3)  7*0  leave  (or  let)  well  alone :  Tn  be  cnn- 
tent  with  circumstances. 

(4)  If'ell  enough :  In  a  moderate  degree  nr 
manner ;  fairly,  satisfactorily,  sutliciently 
well :  as,  He  acted  well  enough. 

^  ('>)  Well  to  live:  Ha\ing  a  competence; 
well-otf. 

"His  father  .  .  .  ia  well  to  UBe."—Sltakcsp. :  Mer- 
chant of  Venice,  ii.  2, 

(6)  Used  elliptically  for  "It  is  well,"  and  as 
an  expression  of  satisfaction,  acquiescence,  or 
concession,  and  sometimes  as  a  mere  expletive, 
or  to  avoid  abruptness  :  as,  ll'ell,  itahall  be  so. 

^  Well  is  used  in  combination  with  many 
words,  principally  adjectives  and  adverbs,  ti> 
express  wliat  is  right,  fit,  laudable,  satisfac- 
tory, or  not  defective.  The  meanings  of  many 
of  these  compounds  are  sufficiently  obvious, 
as  u'ell-desiffneil,  well-aiij7<stvdy  vr.ll-directeil,  &c. 

■  well  -  according,  a.  Agreeing  well ; 
in  accord. 

"  Blest  nrt'  the  e.irlj  hearts  ;md  gentle  hands 
Thnt  niiii^ilf  tlit-ie  in  ipcll-according  IniudB." 

Byron:  Lara,  i.  20. 

*  well-acqnainted.  a-.  Having  intimate 
knowledge  or  personal  knowledge  ;  well- 
kniiwn. 

"  There  's  not  a  man  I  meet,  but  doth  salute  nie 
j\s  if  I  were  thfir  ivefl-anpuiiijtcd  friend." 

.^Iixkisp.  :  Cometly  <•/  Errtns.  iv,  3. 

well-advised,  a.  Under  good  advice; 
advisedly. 

"  My  granilsire,  leell-advised.  hath  sent  ta'  mo 
The  gootlliest  weapons  of  his  armoury. 

Shakesp.:  Titus  Andrunievs.  it.  2. 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fSll,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pxne,  pit,  s'ire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son  :  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kWc 


well 


527 


■  well-a-near,  aih:    Alnmst. 

Dot-s  fall  in  tnwnU  with  her  fo-ir" 

tf/ii»AVi«/>. :  I'l-rielti.  Hi. 

•well  '  apparelled,   */.      Well  -diessed, 

aduniril. 

"  iVeUnrfit-j-Uffi  April." 

6'iiikisp.  :  Hoiiieo  .^  Jtitiet,  i.  'i. 

well-appointed.  «.  I-'uUy  :iriiiuil  or 
tMHiip[)eii  ;  fully  invjiHrfd  fur  siTVifO. 

"  lu  biui  thy  wfit-apfwhtf'^l  pioxj-  see." 

Cotc/ff:  Tiroriniiiin,  676. 

•  well  -  approved,   ".     Of  proved   <>r 

!;iH>\vn  skill. 

'■Tlu-ri-  .l«.-lt  .-kUi  imt  f:\T  fn.iu  tlieiice  oiu-  -Mr. 
skill.  1111  h!il!.-ii(  luiil  *ei'if-'ii'l"^"'^(i  pliysiciftii.  — 
iiiini/aii:  I'll'/rhit's  I'rogrvn,  pt.  li. 

well-armed,   a.     Well   furnishoti   with 
aims  or  weapons  of  oflbiice  or  defence. 
'■  But  AJax,  i.*IiiiyinB  iit  hi.i  hJirdy  deed, 
Tlie  wrH-armrU  UreekH  to  Agnuieiiinou  letid." 

I'ope  :  //uKtic  ;  Hind  vii.  y7t>. 

•  well~at tempered,  o.  Well  ret^ulntca 
(M-  ]i;irim'Nizeil.     {Trntit/son  ;   Od«  o)t  M'tllhuj' 

well-authenticate d,  ".    f^upporU-d  by 

f^oiid  ;iiitliLiiit>'. 

well-balanced,  "      Iti;.'litly  or  properly 

l.:il;Hi. ■.■.!. 

"  .Villi  tlif  wffr.!/(il.i>icf'l  wc.rld  i>u  lunges  liuiiy 
.Villi  iiiat  tliL-  d.iik  rxiiudiitioiis  deep." 

JJiiroti .  o-if  on  tif  Xath'ity. 

well-beliaved,  a. 

1.  or  good  behaviour;  courteous  iti  iiiauiur. 
"  2.  lieeominj;,  decent. 

•■(;Rve  such  orderly  anil  jer/Z-ii-ftntr*!  reproof  to  .-ill 
UKciiiiieliueaa,"'— .SA(rX'*^;>.  ;  .Vrrrv  Wives  of  Wiiithur, 
u.  1. 

^Evell -beloved,  a.    Greatly  beloved. 

•■  Uiiw  Imppily  lie  lives,  how  leell-beloviut." 

S/iiiArx/i.  :  Tipo  VfTtttcmcn  of  r«-«»iii,  i.  ?,. 

'  well-beseeming,  c    Well  beeoming. 

"  ItuHif  H  roy;il  empress, 
Uiifiiiiiish'.l  i.f  h.T  ifcll-b>rsermiifj  tioup," 

S/i'il,c»fK  :  Titfit  Antlroniviis,  ii.  :J. 

well-born,  «.     Of  g'n.d  birtli ;  nut  of 

Mieau  or  low  birth. 

well-bought,  a.    Won  by  hard  exertion. 

"C'l'iupit'-.t'-''  ii<flt-f)oifjti'  wreath." 

.-icitr:  /k»i  «..</tj(L-A-,  xiii.    (t'oiicl.) 

'well-breathed,  ".  of  good  bottom; 
Iijwiii^  goiiil  wind. 

■'  I'lif  if.-U-brfiith'd  l)cAKlo  driws  tt»'  flyhie  f.iwii." 
/■(*/«•,    tfificr  ;  Jliad  xxii,  1i\. 

well-bred,  a. 

\.  (»f  ynod  bi'ccding;  icdned  in  manners; 
politf,  cultivated. 
•'  s,iy  whftt  strange  motive,  iruddess  !  could  couijiel 
A  irefhOrcd  Lord  t'  astsmilt  ii  goiitle  Uelle  ?  " 

Pope :  Jiiipe  of  the  Lock.  i.  e. 

2.  Of  flood  In-ced,  Ktock,  or  race;  well- 
born. Applied  e.speeially  to  hor.ses,  and  other 
dniHe.stic  animal.'^,  whieh  have  descemled  from 
a  lace  of  ancestoi's  Uiat  have  through  several 
generations  possessed  in  a  high  degree  the 
properties  which  it  is  the  great  object  of  the 
breeiler  to  attain. 

\pell  -  chosen,  "      .S>-lected  with  good 

.i!Hi;,'nii.-nt. 

"Ilia   toeU-choseu   Lndc  '  — .s/j.tttfsp.  ,■    \l  Benry  VI., 

IV     1. 

well-complexioned,  '.  Having  a  good 
(■('iiiplexion. 

well-concerted,  n.  Designed  or  planmil 
witli  skill. 

'■  With  ipcU-ciiurrrtril  .-trt  to  end  his  woes." 

i'opc  •  l/o'itrr :  Odffssei/ xxiii,  3^,. 

well-conditioned,  n. 

1.  Oni.  Lanrj. :  Being  in  a  good  or  whole- 
snii:e  frame  of  mind  or  body. 

"  See,  iii  this  ivcU-condition  d  souI  .1  tliird." 

Wordsworth  .  JCxcuraion,  bk.  v. 

2.  Siivfj. :  Being  ia  a  state  tending  to  health  : 
as,  a  riipli-ajmlitiAjiied  wound  or  sore. 

well-conducted,  o. 

1.  i'roperly  eonductctl,  led  on,  or  managed  : 
as,  a  jm;//-cou</uc/r(i  expedition. 

2.  Being  of  good  moral  conduct ;  behaving 
or  acting  well :  as,  a  well-conducted  boy. 

well-conned,  a.  Oart^fully  or  attentively 
i'x;iiiiined. 

"  From  me.  tlma  nnrture4l.  ilodit  thou  ask 
The  cl.'Uj-tic  poet's  tofU-cmtncd  tiistc." 

ticoU:  Haf^uoit,  iiL    (iDtrml.) 

'  well-consenting,  n.     In  complete  ae- 

ro'M. 

"  Let  both  unit<>,  wilh  tceU-con&enting  mind." 

I'upc :  Homer:  Hiad '\.'',0. 


well  -  content,   well  -  contented,  ". 

Satistlrd.  liappy. 

"  ll  tliou  sniviv.'  my  u<ll  ••i-il'  „r,;(iU\\.  ' 

fUitik'-ip. :  .'sonnet  '.i'l. 

*  well-couchcd,  c     L'lannea  with  skill; 
craltv.  arttiil. 


'  well-dealing,  a.    l-'air  in  dealing  with 
others ;  honest, 

"  To  merchuntii,  out  well-dfating  eountrymeu." 

S/iaketp. :  Cotnetly  of  Krrors,  1.  1, 

well -; defined,  n.     Clearly  delined.  cx- 
pl;iiiiril,   r.r  m;irktd   out  :    as,  a  well-dcjined 


well-derived,  n.  Good  by  biith  and 
drsernt. 

■'  Mv  SI. 11  iiirrupt.s  ii  tell -deri  red  nature." 

^h'tk'np, :  AH  Wells  that  Ends  WcU.  iii.  2. 

well  -  deserving,  ».  Full  of  merit ; 
worthy. 

"  I'll  gl%-e  thrice  so  much  Lind 
To  any  iivU.daivrDiiiff  friend." 

Shukexp. :  I  Henry  IV..  iii.  1. 

'  well-desired,  n.  Much  sought  and 
invite.i.    (.^ImU^p. :  Othello,  ii.  1.) 

well-directed,  «.      Proporly  or  rightly 

aildrcss.Ml. 

"They  hr.Mthfd  in  fnith  their  tool t -directed  prayers." 
Vowjicr  :  BxpostidatioTt.  i'M. 

well-disciplined, «.  Well-traiued ;  kept 
under  good  discipline. 

"Thf  iK>wer  of  self-government  which  ia  charnt-ter. 
istic  of  men  tmlned  in  well-disciplined  camps."— 
.\huatdaii :  Hist,  Kmj.,  cli.  v. 

well-disposed,  a.     Being  of  a  right  or 
l.iir  dispi.sitiuii  ;  well-atfeeted,  loyal,  true. 
"  Yiiii  lii-i-  a  tlil>^^ulnd  leel  I -disposed  hearts," 

Shiikcsp.  .   /Cichard  II..  il.  1. 

well  -  disputed,  a.  Well  contested  or 
lought. 

"  t'urs'd  be  the  man  (e'en  private  Greeks  would  say) 
Who  dares  desert  tni»  uieU-disptited  day." 

I'ope:  Homer;  Iliad  xvii.  470. 

well-doer,  .■-'.  One  wlio  performs  jightly 
lii>  iiinral  and  social  duties. 

ivell-doing,  8.  &  a. 

A.  As  .'^ubst.  :  Right  performance  of  duties  ; 
iipright  conduct. 

B.  -!.■*  adj.:  Acting  uprightly:  upright; 
ai.'<iuitting  one's  self  well. 

"  I  am  safe,  nut  fur  my  own  deserts,  but  thuse 
Uf  H  well-doimj  Sire.' 

Byron  :  Iteareit  ^  Earth,  i.  3. 

^  well  famed,  a.     Famous. 

"  My  if'll /allied  lord  of  Troy,  no  leas  to  jon." 

.ihitkcsp.  :  Troilus  &  Vressida.  iv.  .1. 

well-favoured,  well-far'd,  -well- 

fa'ur'd.  ('.    Ilandsoiue  ;  wi-ll-fornied  ;  ph-a.-iing 
to  the  eye. 

"The  boy  w.ts  in  very  mean  clothes,  but  of  a  fresli 

and  well-favoured  countenance." — ISu-nyan:  I'itgrims 

ProjreM.  pt.  ii. 

* 'well  -  feasted.  «.  Having  enjoyed  a 
good  feast. 

"  Lord.'*  .-ire  lordliest  in  their  wine; 
And  the  leeH-feimted  priest  then  suonest  tired 
With  zeal,"  Hilton:  Samson  Agonistes,  1,113. 

well-fed,  il.  Supplied  with  good  food  in 
plenty. 

"  And  well  fed  sheep  and  sable  oxen  slay." 

Popt-  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xxlii.  205. 

well-filled,   ".     Plentifully  supplied  or 

fiirui.slied. 

"  He  left  no  veil  filled  trea.sury," 
Loii'jfclh'w :  Ci-plasde  Manrique.    (Trans.! 

well-forewarning,  a.  Giving  good 
or  true  warning.  {Sliakcsp.:  2  Henry  VL,  iii. 
-'■) 

well-forged,  a.  Well  duvised  or  con- 
trived. 

"  He  achwdeU  us  lu  a  well-forged  tale." 

Hcott :  liokeby,  vi.  9. 

well-formed,  o.  Based  or  foundeti  on 
true  principles. 

"  Hence  it  Is  evident,  that  in  a  tnell-fftnned  edr.cn- 
tion,  a  course  of  history  ahonlil  ever  precede  a  cmirse 
of  etliica."—OoldfTtilh:  Polite  I.eavnhi'i,  ch,  xili. 

well  -  fought,    *  well  -  foughten,  c. 

Bravely  fought. 

"  To  toil  and  strugijle  thruuch  the  teellfoitijht  day." 
Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xtli.  i. 

*  well -found,  a.  atanding  the  test; 
tiit.'d,  api)roveil. 

■■  The  present  cnnsul,  .lud  last  general 
In  our  toillfound  succenses." 

Sfutkeiit. :  Coriolanui.  v.  2. 

well-founded,  a.  Founded  or  based  on 
true  or  sure  grounds. 


Uaving  good  or 


*  well-govomed,  n.     Well-nuinncw.'d. 

"  ,\nil,  t>'  Kiy  truth.  Verona  Itnttrsof  hi  in, 
lu  lit-  Ji  \  lrtuou»  ikiKl  toeil-joeeriid  vouth  " 

.■h.ikesp.  :  Komeo  Jt  Juliet.  I.  %. 

■  well  graced,  c     In  favour,  popular. 

"  .\((er  It  ttell-iinireit  lictiir  Iriiveti  the  KtAtte." 

Shakesp,  .  Iliihard  II..  v.  ;. 

well-grounded,   a.       Baseil    on    goml 

-lonn.U;  «.-U-tnuiided. 

'  well  havencd.  ».  Having  good  har- 
bours. 

"  As  n  gallant  bark  fruni  Albhm'H  couit  .  .  . 
Shoo»  Into  purt  at  nume  weU-liafeii'U  isle." 

Cowper  :  .My  iloUier't  Picture. 

well-informed,  c     Correctly  inf()rined  ; 

well  t'urnisheit  witli  udonnation  ;  intelligent. 
"  The  mind  wax  teell -inform' d.  tlio  luuwIoiiB  held 
SLilmrdlnatr, '  Cowper :  Talk.  il.  715. 

well -instructed,  n.     Well  taught. 

"  lliit   l.-t  till-  vii>.i-  uiid  leelt-innrnirted  hnud 

Oine  taiie  tin.  hIkII  beneath  his  just  comniand.' 
Cowitcr:  V'lni'ersiUion,  W-i, 

well-intentioned,  a. 

hoU'iurabU-  intmlions. 

"  He  ahwiy^  di'^icnutinl  tlione  Dntchnien  who  had 
^.li.l  theni^elvi-ii  t.j  Fi.-ince  as  the  ludl-tntcntioncd 
I,.,it>."— .l/,inn'/'(.7:  llii-t.  /;»(/.,  ch.  xli. 

well-judged,  ".    Estimated,  calculated, 

or  judged  correctly. 

"  The  well-judged  iiurcliHse.  and  the  tfitt 
Thatgnieed  his  lutter'<l  store." 
Cowjirr:  0;i  the  Burning  of  Lord  Mansfield's  Library. 

well-judging,  n.  Having  good  judg- 
m-ni.  iliscerumriit,  or  observation. 

"  Si>  it  in.  wliL'ii  the  mind  h  endued 
With  a  well-Judging  ia-ite  from  alwve." 

Cowper:  Calharina. 

well-knit,  a.  Strongly  compacted  ;  hav- 
ing .1  tirm  or  strong  frame. 

"O  well-knit  Samsun  !  Ntri>ng-Jolnt««l  Saiiisou  !" — 
filinkesp.  :  Love's  Labours  Lost.  i.  2. 

well-known,  «.  Fully  or  genemlly 
kuuwn  or  arknowledgeil. 

'■  No  voiif,  ivll-knoien  through  many  ."v  tlay, 
Tuh|>'-»lv  th.-  hi>t.  th.'  partiny  word." 

Maore  :  l'aradi»e  ^  thei  Peri. 

'well-laboured,  n.  Worketloir wrought 
with  care. 

"  And,  last,  a  large,  trell-labour'd  liowl  had  place." 
Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xxiv.1>ti7. 

*  well -labouring,  n.    Wnridng  hard  and 

sueeessrully. 

"  Wtinsc  well  labouring  award 
Had  Ihri'L'  time.-^  ^laLn  th' apiieHmnce  uf  the  king," 
Shakesp.:  2  Uetiry  /!'.,  i.  I. 

'  well-learned,  «.  Full  of  Icai-ning  ; 
learned. 

■■  Well-learned  bislioiis." 

Sluikesp. :  Ulchard  lit,,  iii.  I. 

"  well  -  liking,  a.  Good-conditioned  ; 
plump. 

"They  ^il--"  AmW  bring  forth,  moro  fruit  in  their 
aso  :  and  j.hall  be  f.it  and  wcll-lfkimi."— Psalm  xcii.  li. 
(Prayer  Book.) 

well-lodged,  a.  Havijig  suitable  lodg- 
ing or  abode. 

"  A  miud  uvU -lodged and  mnwiilitie  of  course." 

Vowper:  TaMc  7atk,  i2\. 

well-looking,  a.  Of  fairly  good  appeai-- 
anci'. 

"A  «'c//7'i.iA /(I/;  animal.  —Dickens.    lAnnitndale.) 

'  well-lost,  (t.    Lost  in  a  gixnl  cause. 
"  Would  your  hi>nour 
But  give  me  leave  to  trj'  Bucoewi.  I'd  venture 
The  well-lost  life  of  min«  on  his  giraco's  cure." 
ahakchp. :  All's  Well,  i.  s. 

*  well-loved,    ''.      Much-lr)ved  ;  well-lx'- 

Invc.i.     ('Iriniiison  :  r/.'/s-Ts,  :!">.) 

well-mannered,  a.  WelM)rcd  ;  polite, 
courteous,  complaisant. 

"  A  noble  «oul  i^  ln'tter  pleased  with  a  zenlnun  vindi- 
cator of  liberty,  than  witha  tem|>orlzlng  iwet.  or  n<H'- 
I  ••luiiiTvd  ^•l^\i'ci■^i\ll.\e." —Orydeu  :  Jtirenal.    (Dedic.) 

'  well-meaner,  s.    Cue  wliose  intention 

i.goud, 
"  Well-meaners  thiuk  no  harm  :  but  for  the  rest. 
Things  sacred  they  iwrvert,  and  alienee  ia  tin-  liest." 
In-yiten.     {T-Mld.! 

^vell-meaning,  n.      Having  good  int<.'n- 

ti.Mw;  wi-ll-jiit.-ntjoneil. 

•■  5!y  broUier  Utuster,  plain  well-meaning  f^iml.'' 

Shakcsp.  :  liiehard  IL.  II.  1. 

well-meant,    n.      Rightly    or    honestly 
nit-aiit   or  intended  ;  sincere  ;    said  or  done 
with  good  intent. 
"  Unw  oft,  my  brother,  thy  reprriaeh  I  l>ear, 
i-'or  wurds  leell-nieanf.  and  sentiment^  nlnnre." 

Pope:  Ilvner;  Iliad  xii.2ie. 

'  well -measured,  a.  Writt<'n  in  true 
measure  or  metre.     (ililtoTi:  Honiiet  \'.i.) 


boil,  bo^;  pout,  jotVI;  cat.  9eU.  chorus,  9hin,  bengh;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a§;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion.  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious,    tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  dcL 


^•is 


well— welladay 


well-met,  inter],     A  term  ^r  sjiltitatiuii ; 
hull ! 

"  Ouc«  uiura  to  (Uy  wW/-mW.  tlbU->it|i«r'«l  IuhIh.' 
.•ihiikftt.  :  tiiiij  Juhn,  tv.  J.- 

'well-minded,  <t.     Well  disposed,  woU- 
iiuMUiii;;  ;  loyal. 

"  M  lit  mi'Kl'il  CUreiu-e.  tw  thou  fortunate." 

.ViaAtJ/j. :  a  Uenrg  I'/.,  iv.  3 

well  moulded,  >i.     Of  good  fmmc  ;  pru- 
{HM  Liuii.itely  bmlt  or  gitnvn. 

"  A  quJck  bniuvtt«,  itKll-mouidtd." 

Ti-nnyton:  Princvu.  U.  ai. 

'well-natured,  a.  GotHl-iiatured,  kindly 

*■  (Ml  tlipir  li(>'  111.1  k'rlcvwus  bunlen  lies, 

Wliu  iirv  *n.7-/i.il(iri/.  tciu|it;mt«,  luul  wise  " 

I>e'ihain:  Old  .*•/*:  5^- 

woU-nigh,  *  wol-nigb,  adv.     Almnst, 
iit^rly. 

•■  ilnd  K-jkol-y's  favour  vell-nigh  won." 

Score  Rokebi/.  Iv.  H, 

well-off,  <i.     In  a  good  condition  or  cir- 
.  tnnat;uicts,  v.specially  us  regards  pniperty. 

well-oiled,  'i.    Supplied  witli  abuudance 
'il  (111  ;  licncf,  smuotli,  Il:ittering. 

■■  I  WM  ooiirtpoii!..  evtry  plirjise  \ce.U.iiU«il 
An  iniiiiS  o.iilil  btf ;  y«t  luaiilou-uiwk  I  pniy  d 
Cuiii-caliiienL"  Tcnnyton:  PritKess.  iii.  117. 

well-ordorcd,  «.    Riglitly  or  correctly 
ordered,  rt-gnl.iteil,  or  goverued. 

•'The  iipiilmiiir  that  other  veople'a  reaaoii  gives  to 
virtuous  tiiid  nvll'onU'md  actious,  Is  the  proper  guide 
vt  chlklreii."— Aoctf  .-  L'ducatiun. 

well-paid,  ".     Receiving  good  pay  for 
serx'ices  rcndiiud. 

"  Hia  baiiiitTfl,  aud  hia  welt-paid  ranks." 

Shttin-^p. :  Antony  k  Cteapatra,  til.  1, 

well-painted,  c 

1.  Wkilfidly  painted. 

•  2.  Artfully  feigned  or  simulated. 

"  Proceed  you  in  your  tenrs.— 
Voui-eruiug  tliis.  air.— O  iccll-paiuCcd  passion  1" 

.Siuiketp.  :  OfhellQ,  iv.  h 

well-paired,  a.    Well-nmtched. 

"  Kfuiu  tlie-fe  the  KnU-fxiir'd  mules  we  ahull  receive," 
Pope:  JI<fmef ;  (Hlj/iSey  xv,  38. 

well-pleased,  a.     Well-satisfied  ;  fully 
pleased. 
"  W^t-pWat'd  the  Thunderer  snw  their  earnest  care." 
Pope :  Homer ;  liiad  xv.  176. 

'  well-pleasedness,  5.    The  quality  or 

state  of  ln-iiiy;  well- pleased  ;  satisfaction. 

'  well-pleasing,  s.  &  a. 

A.  A<  .snljst.  :  The  act  of  pleasing  or  satis- 

l'.\i"^'. 

"The  fruits  of  unity,  next  unto  tlie  weU-plaiitin<i  of 
U>>d,  which  is  «U  tu  all,  are  towards  tliuae  that  »re 
without  the  church  ;  the  other  toward  those  that  are 


nUilii 


-/f«c-' 


B.  As  adj. :  PUasing,  gratifying. 

"Tlie  exercise  of  the  offices  of  charity  is  always  wi-U- 
pU'itiii'j  to  (Jud,  and  honourable amoug men.  ■—.K^tfc 
Oiirii. 

'  well-pUghted,   a.     Well  or  properly 
folded.    {Si>iin6<:r.)    (Plight  (2),  v.] 

■  well-poised,  a.    Carefully  weiglied  or 
con-sitiered. 

■'  Uts  v>vU-poUed  estimate  of  right  and  wrong." 

Cowper :  Hope,  61L 

*  well-practised,  a.    Experienced. 

"  Your  locti-practited.  wise  directioua" 

Shakesp. :  2  Ileiiry  IV,,  v.  2. 

well-proportioned,  a.     Well-shaped ; 
^vell■fo^nled  ;  having  good  proportions. 

"  His  wflt-proporlhii'd  beard  made  rough  and  rugged." 
Shakeip.  :  2  Senry  I'/.,  iii.  2. 

*  well-proved,  a.   Tried,  tested,  proved. 

"  A  toell-prw'd  cjisyue,  with  leather  braces  bound." 
Po/te  :  Jlomer  ;  Iliad  X.  309. 

well-read,  a.  Having  extensive  reading  ; 
WL'U  instructed  iu  books. 

'  well-reeved,  a.  Carefully  fastened  by 
reeving.    lREfc:vE(l),  c] 

"  And  oh  !  the  little  warlike  world  within  I 
The  well-rccved  guns,  the  netted  canopy." 

Byron  :  ChUde  Barutd,  il.  18, 

well-refined,  a.     Polished  in  a  hij;h  de- 
gree ;  free  ficin  ;iny  rudeness  or  impropnety. 
■•  To  iverv  hymn  that  able  spirit  afTords, 
In  jiohsh  d  foiiu  of  uieU-r^fineii  pen." 

Shakesp.  :  Sonnet  85. 

well-regulated,  a.      Conducted  un<ler 

good  rcgulalmiis ;  well-ordered. 

well  -  remembered,  a.  Folly  or  per- 
feetly  retained  in  tlie  memory. 

"  Vftiu  wish  I  i(  chance  some  n't^Uremnmbcr'd  face, 
Some  Old  companion  of  my  early  race," 

Byron:  ChildUh  lircollectioM. 


well-reputed,   ".     Of  good  repute  or 
reputation ;  respected. 

"  Gentle  Lucettn.  Bt  me  with  such  weeds 
Afl  umy  lK-.*»H?m  »ou»e  ufU-rtpitlrd  p;ige." 

Shtiketp.  .   Twi/  OcHllemen  »f  iVruixi.  il.  7. 

*  well-respected,  «. 

1.  Highly  respected  or  esteemed. 

2.  Ruled  by  reasonable  considerations. 

"  If  u:cH'ri:»p€^l»d  honour  hid  me  on." 

ShixkKtp. :  1  ffoiiry  li'.,  iv.  a. 

"  well  sailing,   u.     Moving  or  passing 
swil'lly  by  m.uns  uf  sails;  swiftly  sailing. 

'■  irt-//-ii.u/ii('/»liip.<.Jiinll)ouiiteouawlndii.  have  brought 
TliiM  kliiy  to  Th;irsu«."        :ihuke»p.:  Pi-riclc*.  iv.  4. 

"  well  -  saying,  s.     The  use  of  good, 
proper,  tu-  kind  words. 

"  And  ever  may  your  highness  yoke  together, 
As  I  will  lend  you  cause,  my  doing  well 
\\  ith  my  tccU-sayi'i-j." 

S/titk^fsp. :  Henry  Vll!.,  hi.  2. 

"  well-seeing,  a.    Having  good  or  sharp 
sight ;  quick-sighted. 

"  O  cunning  I>ove,  with  teai^s  thou  keeii'st  me  blind, 
Lest  eyes  wfU-sveing  thy  foul  faults  ahould  lind," 
Shakctp. :  Sonnet  US. 

*  well-seeming,  a.     Having  a  good  or 
fair  appearance. 

"  O  bejivy  lightness  !  serious  vanity  ! 
Misshapen  chaos  of  weH-seeminu  forms  1" 

Skake$p.  :  liomeo  A  Ja!i<;t.  i.  1. 

*  well  -  seen,    a.      Accomplished,    well- 
versed,  well-approved. 

"  WiU.acen  and  deeply  read," 

Beaumont  Jt  Fletcher.    iAnnandalc.i 

well-set,  a. 

1.  Fiindy  set ;  properly  placed  or  arranged. 
"  iDsteiLd  of  tBcliavt  hair,  baldness."— /said/*  iii.  21. 

2.  Having  good  and  strong  parts  or  propor- 
tions. 

*  well-skiUed,  «.    Skilful. 

"  The  uvllskiUvU  workman." 

Shakesp. :  Jiape  of  Lucrece,  1,520. 

*  xvell-sped,  a.     Having  good  success  ; 

SUeCeS^ful. 

well-spent,  a.     Spent  or  passed  in  vir- 
tue ;  spent  iir  used  to  the  best  advantage. 

"  What  a  reire.'^liiiit'iit  then  will  it  he,  tu  look  back 
upon  a  tvell'fpcitt  life  ! " — Calamy  :  Sertnons. 

*  well-spoken,  a.     speaking  with  grace 
or  eloquence ;  eloquent. 

"  As  of  11  knight  welt-spoken,  neat,  and  tine," 

Shakesp.:  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  i.  2. 

*  well-spread,  '  w^ell-spred,  a.  Wide, 
broad,  extensive. 

"  Proud  of  hia  well-tiirend  walla  he  views  his  trees, 
That  meet  no  barren  interval  between," 

Couper :  Tusk,  iii.  WS. 

well  -  Stored,   a.      Fully    furnished    or 
stocked ;  well-provided. 

"  The  weil'Stor'd  (luiver  on  his  shoulders  huug." 
Pojje :  Homer  ;  IlUid  xv.  alio. 

well-sung,  ft.     Widely  or  properly  sung 

ur  L'L-lebi'uted.     {Pope  :  Eloisa  d:  Abelard,  :i6o.) 

*  well-thewed,  a. 

1.  Having  strung  limbs  and  muscles. 

2.  Distinguished  for  or  characterized  by 
msdoni, 

■■  To  nought  more  Thenot,  my  mind  is  bent. 
Than  to  hear  novells  of  his  devibe. 
They  l>ene  so  toell-thewed  and  so  wise." 

Spenser:  Shepheards  Calender;  t'ebmary. 

well-timbered,  a. 

1.  Lit.:  Filled  with  growing  trees. 
■'A  tDvll-tinilivred  lawn. "— 3'imes,  Oct.  30,  1875. 

*  2.  Fig. :  Well-built ;  having  strong  limbs  ; 
stui'dy. 

■•  There's  Orimaldi,  the  soldier,  a  very  well-timbered 
Unow.-~Ford  :  'Tis  Pity,  L 

well-timed,  a. 

1.  Done  or  given  at  a  proper  time  ;  oppor- 
tune, timely. 

"There  is  too  often  the  truest  tenderness  in  well- 
timed  {:oiteci\<3U."—Ool(Umith  :  Tlie  Bee.  No,  G. 

2.  Keeping  good  time. 

"  The  well-timed  oars 
With  suundiu;^  strokes  divide  the  sparkling  waves." 
.^mith.    {Todd.) 

well-to-do,  a.  In  good  circumstances  ; 
well-otr. 

"A  welltii-do  farmer  .  ,  .  was  fired  at  throuvh  the 
window  of  hia  parlour."—^.  Jamet'i  Uazette,  May  ll, 
18S7. 

H  Thz  well-to-do :  People  in  good  circum- 
stances ;  the  middle  classes. 

"  Most  of  the  Bethnal-green  house-hovels,  let  off  iu 
rooms  occupied  by  adults  and  children  of  all  liges,  pro- 
duce more  than  is  paid  (or  many  a  residence  of  the 
well-to-do."— Eeho,  Nov,  30,  1S86. 


'  well-to-do-ness,  *-.  Prosperity  ;  goud 
circumstances. 

"  Men  of  all  cr»ft«  Aud  varying  degreea  of  w<-lltn. 
do-t»e*t  dl-'>ve  up  together."— flu i/v  Tvlryraph,  Nov,  25, 

18S5. 

*  well-took,  a.  Well  taken,  well  under- 
gone. 

"  Meantime,  we  thank  you  for  your  wi^tl  took  labour." 
ShakeKp. :  ilamltt,  ti.  J. 

well-tried,  a.     Tried,  tested,  approved. 

"  Conllrm'd  by  long  experience  of  thy  worth 
And  wclJ-trifd  virtues."        C'mtipfr:  Ta.tk,  i.  U8. 

well- trod,  well-trodden,  a.     Fre- 

quenlly  tioddt-ii  ur  walked  on  or  over. 

'well-tuned,  a.  in  tune;  melodious, 
harmonious. 

'■  If  the  true  concord  of  leclLtun^d  ttmuids. 
By  luiious  miurled,  do  offend  tlilue  enr. " 

fihiikegp. :  .-'iiiiiivr  3. 

"  well-turned,  a.  Skilfully  turiie<t  or 
tlnished. 

"  Broad  njiread  his  sliouhiers,  and  hie  nervous  thighs. 
By  Just  degrees,  like  well-tum'd  columns,  rise." 

Pope:  Homier;  Ody»tfff  xviii.  77. 

*  well-urged,  a.     Ably  uiged  or  argued. 

"  Now  the  heart  lie  shakes. 
And  now  with  wi-ll-urg'd  sense  th'  eiilighteii'd  juilg- 
ment  t^ike>."     Thomson  :  Coitlc  of  Iiidotence,  i.  67. 

well-used,  «.  In  frequent  use  ;  uften 
used. 

•'  Where  the  well-tijted  plough 
Lies  ill  the  furrow,"  Thomgoii :  Spring,  M. 

•*  well -warranted,  « .  Pioved  to  be  good 
and  trustworthy ;  approved. 

"  You,  my  noble  and  well -warranted  cousin." 

Shnkesp.  :  Measura  for  Jfeaaurt;  v.  1. 

well-weighed,  a.    Carefully  considered. 

■•The  ••■eU-weiiiheil  aud  prmleut  letter  of  William 
v/a&r-:\«.\."—Mai:aulay:  Hijif,  Eii'j.,  t:ii.  viii. 

*  well-weighing,  a.  Weighing  heavily  ; 
of  great  weight. 

"  VVIiL-thcr  he  thinks  it  were  not  possible,  with  ifrll- 
weiijhiii'j  sums  of  Ko'd,  to  corrupt  him  to  a  revolt  '— 
:ihukfsp.  :  Alia  Well.  iv.  3. 

*  well-ivelcome,  <t.  Extremely  wel- 
come,    (.i hakes}}. :  Comedy  of  Errors,  ii.  2.) 

*  "well-willer,  .>\  One  who  means  well  or 
kindly  ;  a  well-wisher. 

"I  beseech  you,  be  luled  by  your  well-wilhr^."— 
Shakexp.  :  J/crry  IVives.  i.  1 

'  weU-willing,  a.  Meaning  or  wishing 
well ;  propitious. 

^well-willingness,  s.  Good  i-r  kind 
feelings  ;  willingness. 

'■  I  nioniste  you  to  conien  with  wel-wUliiignesiC.'  — 
iif/cliffe:  £cclns..  Proi.  p.  123. 

*  well-willy,  a.    Favourable,  jiropitious. 

"  Venus  I  luene,  the  wetl-wiliy  plauate." 

fhmucer:  TroUus  ■.i  CrasiUa.  iii.  1,257. 

*  ivell-wish,  s.  A  wish  of  happiness;  a 
kinil  or  kindly  wish. 

"Let  it  not  enter  into  the  heart  of  .nny  one.  that 
hath  a  ioelt-wixh  for  his  friends  or  posterity,  t'l  think 
of  a  peace  with  France,  till  the  Spunish  monavcliy  he 
entirely  torn  from  it,'— Addison. 

'  well-'wished,    <.t.     Attended  by  yjod 

ui.shes  ;  beloved. 

"  The  general,  subject  to  n,  well-wished  king. 
Quit  their  own  part,  and  in  obse>iuioii8  fondness. 
Crowd  to  iiis  presence," 

Shakesp.:  Measure  for  Measure,  ii,  4, 

well-wisher,  .?.  One  who  wishes  well  to 
annther;  une  who  is  friendlily  disposed  or 
inclined. 

"His  huzaj-dous  journey  has  got  \uM\y  well-wishers 
to  his  \ynys."—Bunyan  :  Pilgrim's  l*rogress,  pt.  ii, 

well-won,  a.  Hanlly  earned  ;  honestly 
gained. 

"  He  liatis  our  sacred  nation,  and  he  rails 
On  lue.  my  bargains,  and  my  toetl-wnn  thrift." 

Shakesp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  i.  3. 

well -worded,  «.  Couched  in  proper 
terms. 

"  Glad  at  e/ich  weV-worded  answer." 
Longfellow :  Children  of  the  Lord's  Supper. 

well-worn,  a. 

1.  Much  worn  or  used  ;  old.     (Lit.  d:fig.) 

"  X  well-worn  pathway  courted  us  " 

Tennyson:  Gardener's  batighter.  108. 

2.  Becoming. 

"  He  showed  not  deference  or  disdain. 
But  that  u-cll-worn  reserve  which  proved  he  knew 
No  sympathy  with  that  familiar  crew," 

Byton  :  Lara,  i.  27. 

well-woven,  «.  skilfully  contrived  or 
planned.    (See  extract  under  WELL-cofCHED.) 

*  well'-a-day,  inter},     [a  corruption  of  wel- 
((»•(./(/ (q.  v.).]     Alas!  lackaday  !  welaway  ! 
"When,  welladay,  we  could  scarce  help  ourselves.' 
—Shakesp. :  Pericles,  ii.  1. 


iate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there: 
or.  wbi  s.  T70lf.  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try, 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  oe  —  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


wellbeing— wen 


529 


well'  -be-ing,  s.  [\<\\'a.  v>-!l,  adv.,  and  being.] 
^V(lt;i:i\  li.ipiijnoss.  prospfrit)*. 

"0|.;i..vtmii-iy  I   liiul   ;i  tlro.iiu  vt  t\w  tcftl-bettvr  ot 
tin  liii^i'iiiU."— BuHj/a.t .   Pilgrim  t  Proyrtu.  pt.  il. 

well'-fare»  s.    [Wki.faue.] 

well'  ing-ton,  .■;.  [Niimcd  after  the  great 
Dnkr  nf  \VrtliH';tnii.|  A  kind  of  long-le^,'*;'-''! 
Unit,  iiiiH-h  uuru  Iiy  luuu  in  the  lirst  lialf  <•! 
tlJt*  iiiih'trtiith  century. 

"  vomiiioii  \\'eUiii^[<>*u  turn  Rouieo  bnuta. " 

Kcatt:  Jtiidern  Low. 

'  welling-td'-ni-a,  .■;.    [Wkllisgtox.] 

lint.in'i-. 

1.  An  i>I()  m-nus  of  Abieteie,  founded  l>y 
Lindley  for  the  reception  of  Wellingtoiiui 
giijitntfii.  of  North-Western  America.  Some 
Iransatliintic  botanists,  thinking  that  so  splen- 

iid  a  tree,  growing  in  tlie  Western  Continent, 
shonhl  he  dcJicated  t^»  the  memory  of  an 
American  rather  tlian  ot  a  British  hero,  altered 
tlio  name  t"  Wasliintitania.  It  is  now,  how- 
ever, eiJiisidered  to  be  iiientical  with  Sequoia 

(q.V.).      [MAMMOTH-TKf.t;.] 

2.  A  synonym  of  Meliosma  (n.\'.). 

•  well'-ness,  s.  fEny.  nrH,  a. ;  -wss.]  The 
state  ol  In  ii.^  well  or  in  good  health.    {Hood.) 

Welsh,  *  Walsh.  *  Welch,  o.  &  s.    [A.S. 

valise,  nvlisc,  from  vro'lh  =  a  foreigner.] 
[Walnut.] 

A.  ^s  adj.  :  Pertaining  to  Wales  or  its  m- 
hahitant:». 

B.  As  s^iihstantive : 

1,  The  language  spoken  by  Welsh  people. 
It  is  a  member  of  the  Celtic  fjimily  of  lan- 
guages, and  forms  with  the  Breton  and  the 
now  extinct  Cornish  language  the  group 
known  as  the  Cymric.  It  is  noted  for  its 
remarkable  rapacity  of  forming  compounds. 

2.  (/'■'.};  The  people  of  Wales  roUectively. 
Welsh  Calvinistic  Methodists,  ^%  pi. 
Kccleswi.  (t  Church  Hist. :   A  name  for  tlie 

Calvinistic  Methodists  (q.v.),  the  great  ma- 
jority of  whose  congregations,  ai-e  in  Wales, 
and  cfuisist  in  large  measure  of  members 
speaking  tlie  Welsh  tongue. 

Welsh  clear-wing,  6\ 

Eutom.:  A  Hiitisli  Hawk-moth,  Trochiliinn 
sraliirfnymi-.  f.iiiiiil  in  Wales,  the  caterpillar 
feeding  ni:  hin-laruod. 

Welsh-flannel,  -s.  a  very  fine  kind  of 
Hannel.  chietly  hand-made,  from  the  fleeces  of 
tin'  slieej'  (if  tlie  Welsh  mountains. 

*  Welsh-glaive,  s.  An  ancient  military 
weapon  nf  tlie  bill  kind,  but  having,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  cuttiug-blade,  a  hook  at  the  back. 

Welsh- groin,  s. 

Arch. :  A  groin  formed  by  the  intersection 
of  twiJ  cylindrical  vaults,  of  which  one  is  of 
less  hei;,dit  tlian  the  other. 

•  Welsh-hook.  s.    The  same  as  Welsh- 

OLAIVK  ((i-V.). 

"Swore  the  devil  lii-i  true  liegeman  ui»on  the  cross 
of  a  Wi!Uh-k<?ok."~Shakcsi'. :  I  Jlenry  [V.,  U.  4. 

*  Welsh-main.  .';.  A  match  at  cock- 
fighting,  where  all  must  fight  to  death. 

"No  a>t  wiHild  Rtiiiid  a  fairer chniice  of  winning  a 
iyelsh-mai>i."—Sutif/icii     /h'Cfur:  Cats  of  (rreta  Hall. 

Welsh-mortgage,  ^^  A  mortgage  in 
which  tliere  is  no  jtroviso  or  condition  for  re- 
payment at  any  time.  The  agreement  is  that 
tlie  moitgagee  to  whom  the  estate  is  con- 
veyed shall  receive  the  lents  till  his  debt  is 
paid,  and  iu  such  case  the  moi"tgagor  is  en- 
titled ti>  redeem  at  any  time. 

Welsh-mutton,  s.  Aclioieeand  delicate 
kinil  of  mntttjn  olitaiTied  from  a  small  breed 
of  .sheep  fed  on  the  Welsh  mountains. 

Welsh-onion,  s.  (Lit.  =  the  foreign 
onion.)  A  name  i^iven  to  Allltim  fistulosum. 
It  has  a  wry  small  bulb,  but  large,  succulent, 
listulur  leaves,  which  have  a  sti<jng  flavour. 
It  is  sown  in  autumn,  as  a  scallion  or  spring 
salad  onion,  and  is  ready  for  use  by  spring. 

•  Welsh-parsley,  s.  A  burlesque  name 
foi'  hemp,  <•]■  the  lialters  made  of  it. 

Welsh-poppy,  s. 

Bot.  :  Mrriuioiisi:^  cdvibrica,  so  named  because 
it  gruw~i  ill  Wales.     [Meconopsis.] 

Welsh  rabbit,  s.    [Rabbit.] 

Welsh-wig,  s.  A  worsted  cap.  (Sim- 
mo  ndc.) 


welsh,  r.t.  &  i.     [Etym.  doubtful. 1 

A.  Trans. :  To  cheat  by  receiving  sums 
staked  as  licts  upon  horse-races,  and  tlien  de- 
camping when  tliu  race  is  over. 

"  He  ntitkes  liis  money  with  one  of  the  bouk-inakfr- 
wlioin  h«  hiiJs  BBeti  at  liia  Htniid  for  mmiy  v«iu-».  with 
thu  c-ertiiliity  thiit  hu  wiU  veceln;  hiu  Mtiiuiiig.'<.  iiml 
run  tiu  riHk  uf  buing  '  uyi/4/ii-(/'— which  Mould  imitnihU 
i>e  his  fjit*-  on  i\u  Engll«h  niti-L-ouiae— if  lif  l>e  mttutv  oV 
lucky  i-iiiiugh  to  ajMt  the  right  horat:."—Haili/  Tilc- 
•jrtt/'li.  MiirJii  12.  1887. 

B.  latrinis. :  To  act  as  a  welsher. 

■'T"o  mt-n  .  .  .  were  convicted  of  itvJshi)v/  nt 
Ascot  r.iie."."— />«»Y.v  Tclfijraph,  Jan.  *.  1888. 

welsh'-er,  "  wel^?h'-er,  s.  [Eng.  wthh,  v. ; 
-i^r.]  A  professional  betting-man  who  receives 
the  sums  staked  by  persons  wishing  to  back 
particular  horses,  and  does  not  pay  ifhe  loses. 

"The  ijuhlic  haa  nlways  understood  that  the  law 
cannot  be  iiiadti  t*i  touch  a  *  welahfr  ; '  aud  hence  It  i« 
that  forclhlv  measures  are  often  taken  to  inflict 
priviite  \eii.i:eance."— AV.  Jampis  liazffte,  June  2,  1897. 

Welsh' -man,  .v.    [Kng.  nv/,s//,  a.,  and  man.] 

A  iiatt\c  ufilie  principality  of  Wales. 

■  wel-some,  wel-sum,  a.     [Eng.  well,  a., 

and  .sii(/((,j     Wrll,  jirosperous.     (iVyclife.) 

*  wel'-some-ly,  *  wel-sum-li,  adv.  [Eng. 
ryJso iiw  :  -hi.]     In  prospL-rily. 

■*  I  shall  lie  turned  ageu  u/el«ui>tli." —  Wi/cli^f  : 
Genesis  wvili.  il. 

welt,  *welte.  s.  [Wei.  gwald  =  a  hem,  a 
welt;  gu'iUtes  =  the  welt  of  a  shoe  ;  giraldu 
=  to  welt,  to  hem ;  gtvaltesio  =  to  form  a 
welt ;  Gael.  h(dt  =  a  welt  of  a  shoe,  a  border  ; 
balfaich  =  a  welt,  a  belt,  a  border  ;  Ii".  holt  =. 
a  belt,  a  welt,  a  border;  baltavh  =  wrlted, 
striped;  /'((^f«(//(  =  a  welt,  a  border,  the  welt 
of  a  shoe.  | 
♦I,  Ord.  Ltuig. :  A  border,  a  hem,  a  fringe. 

"Ill  phrenaie,  wherein  men  are  bestranght  of  their 
right  wtls.  to  have  a  care  of  the  akirta.  fringes,  nutl 
tceftx  of  their  garuienta,  that  they  be  iu  good  order." — 
P.  tionii.id:  Pliiiie.  bk.  va.  ch.  li. 
n.  Technically  : 

i.  Her.:  A  narrow  border  to  an  ordinui-y 
or  charge. 

2.  Knitting-viach.  :  A  flap  of  work  (as  a 
heel-piece)  disengaged  laterally  and  knittol 
separately  from  the  main  body,  and  subse- 
quently .joined  thereto  by  re-engagement  of 
loops  or  by  hand-knitting. 

3.  Sheet-iron  work:  A  strip  riveted  to  two 
contiguous  port.ions  which  form  a  butt-joint, 
as  distinguished  from  a  lap  or  turned  joint. 

4.  Ship-build.:  A  strip  forming  an  addi- 
tional thickness  laid  over  a  seam  or  joint,  or 
placed  in  an  angle  to  strengthen  it.  Applied 
to  a  furm  of  back-strip  which  covers  a  flush 
joint. 

5.  Shoevmking :  A  strip  of  leather  around 
the  shoe,  between  the  upper  and  the  sole. 

"  If  the  welts  were  made  to  project  well  beyond  the 
tops,  the  latter  could  be  dubbiaed. '— /Ve/i(,  Feb.   ll, 

18S9. 

welt-cutter.  5. 

Sh'x-mitkiiiij  :  A  machine  to  cut  the  notches 
in  tlie  edge  uf  the  welt  to  iiermit  it  to  be  bent 
around  and  laid  smoothly  at  the  toe. 

welt-machine,  ^-. 

Shoemuking :  A  machine  to  cut  leather, 
cloth,  &c.,  into  a  series  of  parallel  strips,  to 
be  used  as  welts  in  side-seaming. 

welt-Shoulders,  s.  pi. 

Leather  :  Cul  ried  leather  fit  for  the  welts  of 
boots  and  slnn-s. 

welt-trimmer,  s.  A  cutting-tool  for 
trimming  the  welts  of  shoes. 

welt  (1),  v.t.  [Welt,  s.]  To  furnish  with  a 
welt ;  to  fi.K  a  welt  on  ;  to  ornament  with  a 
welt. 

"  Tlie  bodies  and  sleeves  of  green  velvet,  welted  with 
white  siitin."— S'lf^fo/j ;  Don  fiuixoU,  pt.  iii..  ch.  xili. 

"^  welt  (2),  *welte,  v.i.    [Wilt,  v.] 

welt-ed,  «.     [Welt  (2),  v.] 

1.  Ord.  lAtiig.  :  Uopy  or  stringy.    (Prov.) 

2,  Bot.  :  Flaccid,  drooping,  as  Cardans 
acaiithoides. 

welt*-er.  'walt-er,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  frequent, 
finm  Mid.  Eng.  wulteii  =  to  roll  over,  to  over- 
turn, t^)  totter,  to  fall,  to  rush,  from  A.S. 
wraltun,  iirgltan  ~  to  roll  round  ;  cogn.  with 
Icel.  velta  ((pa.  t.  velt)  —  to  roll  ;  veltask  = 
to  rotate  ;  Dan.  va-lte  =  to  roll,  to  overturn  ; 
Sw.  (v/7/r((  =  t(j  roll,  to  wallow,  to  wt-lter, 
fiequent.  from  I'altn  =  to  roll;  Ger.  vahcii  = 


to  roll,  t't  wallow,  t<»  welter,  from  I'nhen  =to 
roll;  Goth.  Hmniltjau  =  to  subvert.I  (Waltz.] 

A.  Intrttusilii'r  : 

1.  To  roll,  as  (he  l>ody  of  an  ani  rial ;  to 
tumbli-  about  ;  especially  to  roll  or  wallow  in 
some  foul  matter,  aa  mud,  tilth,  IdiKid,  &c. 

'■  A  pur|dt>  flood 
Fhiwa  from  the  trunk  that  tM>/frr«  hi  the  blu<nl. ' 
ftrjKlrri  .■  firffil ;  .Kneld  Ix.  417. 

•2.  To  rise  and  fall,  as  waves;  to  tumble 
over,  as  bilhiw». 
•  B.  TntU!<i(ivr: 

1.  To  cause  to  rise  and  fall  as  waves;  to 
toss  about. 

"  And  fonm>'  Nereiu  .  .  . 
From  Ixittom  depth  doth  tetttre  up  the  mm." 

Surrey:  Virffll ;  ./,"»irW  il.  *IT. 

2.  'Tt>  make  or  force,  as  liy  wallowing  or 
moving  through  something  foul  or  liqiiid. 
(Carlifle.) 

welt'-er,  s.    [Weltkr,  i-.] 

1.  That   in  which  one  welters;  mud,  tilth, 
slime,  or  the  like. 
■^  2.  Confnsidji. 

"I  leave  the  whole  Imi.iiirm^  In  a  frightful  weUei\'-~ 
Carlijle:  fWnrh  lieeol..  pt.  iil..  hk.  Iv.,  ch.  ill. 

11  U.sed  adjectively  in  horse-racing,  and 
applied  to  the  heaviest  weighted  race  of  the 
meeting.  (In  old  racing  lists  the  word  is 
swfUer.) 

Wel-witsohO'i  wasv), s.  [See  compound.] 

Welwitsch's  bat,  s. 

Z>'.,l, :  re.-^j'ertilii.  (f  Scotophibis)  jrelwitarhii, 
a  bat  of  variegated  colours— brown,  orange, 
yellow,  and  black— descril'ed  by  Gray  from  a 
specimen  sent  from  Angola  by  Dr.  Welwitsch. 

wel-witSCh -i-a  (cr  w  as  v).  v.  [Xamed 
from  its  disi.-(iven-r.  Ur.  Welwitsch  an  Afriean 
explorer,  whn  died  in  iSTi'.j 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Gnetin-ea-,  with  but  one 
known  species.  U't-hritsrhitt  iiiirabilis.  It 
rises  finm  the  .sand  in  which  it  grows,  putting 
forth  two  rotyludonary  leavi-s,  which  ultimate- 
ly become  about  six  feet  long,  or  rather  more, 
coriaceous  and  ragged.  No  other  leaves  fol- 
low, but  the  connecting  stem  increases  horizon- 
tally  both 
above  and 
below  the 
inserti<in  of 
the  leaves, 
which  it 
clasps  in  a 
marginal 
slit  or  lav- 
ity.  From 
the  upi)er 
side  of  the 
stem  at  tlic  i 
base  of  the 
leaves  there  I 
are  annually 
developed 


^^^ 

^ 

Jif  j;^  .■^■-  >■_  '-'^    ^^^  "^- 

fc?**^ 

^■K|^^;;>s«rfx^ 

^^^^A^£''^ 

■■■-  ■■*» 

s:^;i2^'''  -*v.r"- 

^f^4:..«^ 

^«^ 

^^'.l'-^'Z_     '"'"      V-'V>' 

* 

WELWITSCHIA    MIRABILIS. 


several  dichotomous  stems  six  inches  toa  foot 
high,  articulated,  and  with  two  small  opjiosite 
stales  at  each  joint,  the  several  branches  ter- 
minated by  obhmg  cones.  These  contain  two 
kinds  of  flowers:  one  hcrmaphrmlite  and  the 
other  female,  with  naked  "vules.  To  a  certain 
extent  the  plant  connects  Gymnosperms  witli 
Angiosperms.  It  grows  in  sandy  deserts  in 
Africa  between  14-'Jo'  S.,  and  attains  a  great 
age,  some  specimens  being  estimated  as  at 
least  one  hundred  years  old. 

'wem  (1).    '  wemme,  s.    [A.S.  icem,  wavi, 
ioamiii.]    A  sp.it,  a  sear,  a  fault,  a  blemish. 

"That    thdu    kei*e   the    cominaudeuient    without 
we>nme."~\yi/tii^f:  1  Timufh'j  vi. 


■wem  (2). 


[W\MK.l 


wem,    'wem -my,    r.t.     [.\.s.  wemvmn.] 
|\Vi:m,  .%]     To  ciuriipt.  to  vitiate,  to  dedlc. 
"He  wolde  thys  teridrethviig  ufrmmy  (oule  y-non." 
Hubert  uf  (ilouceiter,  p.  206. 

'wem'-less,  'wemme-les.  a.  [Eng.  vnn 
(i).  s.  :  -/.->>■. I  i-'n  ..  Ill, in  spnt  or  blemish; 
spotk'ss,  imnuuuiatr. 

'■  And  thi.ii,  vtrj(inei/--mimrfM." 

Chiturr-r:  C.  T..  15,516. 

*wemmed,  *wembde,  a.  (Eng.  wv^id),  s. ; 
-tv/.J  spotted,  marked  with  spi»ts  orblemis-hes. 

"The  verle  crounes  uid  Bceptcn*  of  h«-»it  inoiiarka. 
and  princes  hail  bene  ruslle.  icrmbde.  niid  warjidt?  with 
olilinion."-/>n((((  .-  Horace;  Arte  of  Poetrit.    \titdir.) 

wen,  wenne,  <.  [A.S.  vcnn  ;  cogn.  with  Out. 
veil  ;  Low.  Ger.  wem ;  Piov.  Ger.  wenne, 
ivchne,  irti,n.] 


hSa,  Xi6y;  po^t.  jowl;  cat.  9eU,  choms,  9hin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect.  Xenophon,  e^st.    pn  -  f. 
-Cian.  -tian  -  slian,    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin ;  -tlon.  -§ion  -  zhon.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus,    -ble,    die,  A:c.  =  bel,  deL 


630 


wench— Wer  nerian 


1.  Onl.  htng.  itSitrij.:  A  tumour  in  the 
fonii  i)f  11  IwKor  cyst  varying  in  tin;  cbaiactor 
nf  it.s  contents.  miU  ttccnn-int;  on  scJine  purt  of 
tlu'  Innimn  Uwly,  very  frequently  in  the  nixk. 
IGoiTitt:.)  Sonif  an*  lllled  witli  a  thin  fetid 
brown  ItiiiU,  int<'rsii«'rseU  witli  tlakes  of 
rihrnni,  sonic  nl  serum,  othei-s  of  rulcareous 
niiitler,  in-  of  ti  black  Ilnid,  or,  us  in  the  wusi* 
of  their  occunvnce  near  tlie  eyebrows,  even  of 
hiiir.  They  can  only  be  removed  by  a  surgical 
o]m;  ration. 

2.  fig. :  An  excrescence. 

"I  do  Allow  tliln  Hwn  t'l  )w  lui  fiinillmr  with  me  a* 
my  dog,"-  Shakcsp. :  i  Hmrg  /!',,  it.  '1. 

wSn^ta,  *  wen^he,  >■.     (Fro]>.  tcawlid,  from 
•  A.S.  ircnrU- ~  i\  maid,   a  daujjibter ;  allied  t^> 

icf  »»■«'/,  wru'A''  —  weak  ;  wancol,  woucol  =  tot- 
tery, unstable  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  tmnkd  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
ii-iinrhal ;  l*rov.  Ger.  wankel  =  tottering,  un- 
stable ;  Ger.  im»fc«ii  =  to  totter  to  reel,  to 
stjijiuer,  to  waddle.] 

1,  .\  geiieraltcrni  fora  young  girl  or  woman; 
a  maid. 

"  Bt'Ar  thou  iiiy  hAiiU.   nwect  wcucA.   between  thy 
tocth. '    Sluikesp.  :  Titiit  Audrouio^x,  iii.  1. 

2.  Now  generally  applied  to  a  bold,  forward 
girl ;  a  girl  of  loose  irharacter. 

•■  But  the  rude  WirncA  her  answered  nonght  at  all." 
Spens«r:  F.  <;.,  I.  iii.  11. 

3.  A  mistress. 

■'  He  .  .  .  0(111  Inform  yon  from  which  of  the  French 
kniK"  ipciirheti  i.nr  wives  nml  cianghtera  hud  this  nnvn- 
iicrul  curlhifc'  tht-lr  hair."— i««eii? -■  Upactator,  No.  2. 

4,  A  black  or  coloured  female  servant;  a 
njgress.    (^Amcr.) 

wencb-like,  <i.     Becoming  or  appropiiate 
to  a  wench  ;  wimianish. 
■■  Dii  not  play  in  tpt-nclt-liki-  words  with  that 
"Wlikli  IS  HI)  stfrluus. "     Sluiktsp. :  Cymbeline.  iv.  2, 

*  wengh,  v.i.    [Wfnch.  s.J    To  commit  forni- 
cation. 

"  Oiren  he  wns  exceedingly  to  wenching." — P.  Hol- 
land :  riiiiUr.  hk.  XXXV.,  ch.  x. 


"  wen^be. 


[Wench.  1 


*  wen^h-er,  s.      [Eng.  wench,  v.  ;  -er.]     One 
wln)  wenches  ;  afoniicator  ;  a  lecherous  man. 

"The  fellow  that  was  a  great  uiencJier."Selden  : 
Table  Talk;  Clergy. 

'  wenph'-ing.rf.  [Eng.  wencA; -1^(7.]  Running 
after  wnnien  of  loose  character;  lecherous. 


"  wenQh'-less,  a.  [Eng,  \iiendi ;  -less.]  Hav- 
ing no  wenches  or  women  of  loose  character. 
{Special  culnagc.) 

"  We  lost  too  much  luouey  this  mart,  by  being  too 
wcrtchleiS," — shake$p.  :  Pericles,  iv,  3. 

wend,  I'.i.  &  t.  [A.S.  wendan  =  (1)  to  turn, 
to  go,  from  wand,  pa.  t.  of  windan  =  to  wind  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  weiiden  =  to  turn,  to  tack  ; 
lce\.vetula=  wend,  turn,  change  ;  Dan.  vende  ; 
Sw.  viiiuUi;  Goth,  loandjan;  Ger.  v}eHdtn.\ 

A.  Intransitioe : 

*  1.  To  turn  round. 

"The  lesser  l-shipl  will  turn  h(T   broadside  twn;e. 
before  the  gieater  chu  tQCnd  oi\c^."~ Raleigh. 

2.  To  go,  to  pass,  to  travel;  to  take  one's 
way. 

"  For  know  th»t  on  a  pilgrinntge 
Wend  I,  luy  comrade  and  this  pa^e." 

.  Hcutt ;  Lordo/thc  Isles,  iii.  24. 

B.  Transitive : 

'  1.  To  undertake,  as  a  journey  ;  to  accom- 
plish in  travel. 

"Uncompanied,  great  voyages  to  teend." 

Surfci/ :   Virgil ;  ^neid  iv. 

2.  To  go,  to  direct,  to  turn. 

"  Now  bai'k  they  wend  thei  r  watery  way." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  ii.  2C. 

*  wend  (I),  .^.  [Wend,  u.]  A  certain  quantity 
•  ij  riicuit  of  ground. 

Wend  (or  vr  as  v)»  (2),  Vend«  s. .  [See  def.] 
Due  of  a  powei  ful  Slavic  people,  now  absorbed 
in  the  German  race,  which  formerly  inhabited 
th<*  north  and  east  of  Germany.  A  remnant  of 
Mifiii  still  remains  in  the  eastern  district  of 
S;i(  lis.'ii-Altenburg  and  in  tlie  eouutry  between 
tin-  Vistula  and  the  Persante. 

wende,  v.l.    [Wend,  v.\ 

Wend'-xc  (or  w  as  v).  s.  (Eng.  Wend  (2),  s. ; 
('•.)  Tlie  language  of  the  Wt-nds.  It  belongs 
*<i  t)ip  Slavonic  gronj)  of  the  Aryan  fannly  of 

languages. 

Wend- ish  (or  w as  v)» u  &  s.   [Eng.  Wnid (2), 

s.  ;  -/.s/j.j 


A,  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  t^>  the  Wends. 

B.  As  subst. :  Tlie  same  as  Wenpic. 

wend-l^'-di-a  (or  w  as  v)»  -s'.  [Named 
all.r  Henry  I,udovi<-ns  Wnidland,  Curator  of 
Uir  Botanic  Garden  at  Hanover.] 

Hot.  :  A  ge.nus  of  Hedyotid:e.  East  Indian 
trees  or  shrubs,  with  terminal  panicles  of 
small  wliite  (lowers  and  capsular  fruit.  Wend- 
landia  tincloria,  a  small,  handsome  tree  with 
Iftige,  crowded  panicles  of  small,  white,  .sweet- 
scented  (lowers,  foun<l  in  forests  in  India  and 
liunnah,  is  used  as  a  mordant  in  dyeing.  The 
leaves  of  »'.  MserUi  are  given  in  parts  of  India 
to  cattle  as  fodder. 

*  wene»  s.     [Wenk,  v.i    Guess,  conjecture. 

'  wene,  v.l.    [Wekn.] 

wen'-x-vel,  wen-i-wel,  5.    [Ceylonese.] 

Hot. :  [CosciNiuM]. 

Wen'^lock,  s.    [See  def.) 

Hmg.  :  A  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough  in  Shropshire. 

Wenlock  formation  or  group,  s. 

(lenl. :  A  formation  of  Upper  Silurian  age, 
innnediately  succeeding  the  Llandovery- for- 
mation, and  having  above  it  the  Ludlow-for- 
mation.  If  the  Llandovery  beds,  which  are 
of  a  transition  character,  be  made  to  constitute 
the  base  of  the  Upper  Silurian,  then  the  Wen- 
lock-formation  is  its  centre.  It  is  well  de- 
veloped in  the  vicinity  of  Wenlock,  and  is 
considered  to  be  above  four  thousand  feet  in 
thickness.  There  are  two  divisions ;  (1)  the 
more  ancient,  the  Wool hojie -limestone  and 
Shale,  the  Tarannon-shale,  and  tlie  Denbigh- 
shire Grits ;  ("2)  the  Wenlock-limestone  and 
Shale.  The  Woolhope  Limestone  and  Shale 
occur  at  Woolhope,  Malvern,  &c.  [Wool- 
hope.]  Their  thickness  is  150  feet.  [For  Ta- 
rannon  Shales,  see  Tauannon.]  The  Denbigh- 
shire Grits  constitute  mountain  ranges  there 
and  in  South  Wales,  and  on  deccnnposingform 
a  sterile  soil.  The  Wenlock-shale  is  often  soft, 
so  as  to  constitute  a  kind  of  mudstone  rich  in 
crinoidea,  corals,  brachiopods,  &c.  It  is  about 
1,400  feet  thick.  The  Wenlock,  or  Dudley, 
Limestone  is  about  150  feet  thick.  It  forms 
a  continuous  ridge  in  Shropshire  for  about 
twenty  miles  from  south-west  to  north-east, 
with  corals,  encrinites,  and  trilobites.  [Dud- 
ley.] It  is  of  a  concretionary  nature,  some 
of  the  concretions,  locally  termed  ballstones, 
being  eighty  feet  in  diameter.  The  whole 
Wenlock  fauna  consists  of  171  genera  and 
530  species.  Of  these  there  are  76  species  of 
Actiuozoa,  IJ8  of  Echinodermata,  78  of  Crus- 
tacea, 101  of  Brachiopoda,  44  of  Lamelli- 
brancliiata,  and  109  of  other  classes.  The 
Wenlock-forniation  is  represented  abroad  at 
Niagara,  &c. 

Wenlock-limestone,    s.     [VVenlock- 

FORMATION.] 

Wenlock-shale,   s.     [Wenlock-foema- 

TIUN.] 

"  wen'-nel,  5.  [Weanel.]  A  newly-weaned 
animal. 

'■  Pinch  never  thy  wenneU  of  water  or  meat, 
If  ever  ye  hope  to  have  them  good  neat." 

Tiixser :  nutbnudry:  .Vay. 

"wen'-nish,  '■wen'-n^,  ft.    [Eng.  wen;  -y.] 
Having  tlie  nature  ur  appearance  of  a  wen. 
■■  A  wt^iniiah  tuniuiir  grown  on  his  t\iiah."—/ielit]ui(F 
IVoltunuina),  p.  434. 

went,  pret.  <C  old  pa.  par.  of  v.     [Wend,  i\] 
A.  As  pret. :  The  past  tense  of  wend,  and 
now  used  as  the  past  tense  of  go. 

"  Sunk  was  his  heart :  his  colour  loottund  caine." 
Pope:  Homer;  Itind  xxiv.iiS. 

'  B.  As  pa.  ]xir.  of  ivend  :  [Wend,  ^^]. 

'  went,  s.  [Wend.]  A  way,  a  passage ;  a 
tuniiiiL;  backwards  and  forwards. 

■■  Karre  under  ground  from  that  of  living  went  .  .  . 
Tht'ir  dreadful  dwelling  is." 

Spenser:  F.  Q..  IV.  ij.  47. 

wen'-tle-trap,  s.  [Ger.  icendeltreppe  =  wind- 
ing stairs,  from  the  shape  of  the  species.] 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  the  genus  Scala- 
ria  (q.v).  Those  in  which  the  whorls  are  close 
are  called  by  collectors  False  Wentletraps  ; 
those  in  which  they  are  contiguous  are  known 
as  True  Wentletraps.  Of  the  former,  some  are 
found  in  noithern  seas,  and  one,  SccUaria 
conimnnis,  occurs  on  the  British  coast  ;  the 
latter  are  all  natives  of  warm  sea.  One,  the 
Precious   Wentletrap  (5.    pretiosa),   from   the 


south-east  of  Asia,  was  formerly  in  suck 
esteem  that  a  very  line  specimen  is  said  ^j]lavc 
sold  for  200  guineas,  though 
good  shells  may  now  be 
bought  for  a  few  shillings. 
It  is  about  two  inches  long, 
snow-white  or  i»ale  flesh- 
coloureil,  with  eight  sepa- 
rated w^nu'ls. 

"  wep,  pri't.  of  >K     [Week! 

*wepe-ly,  n.  [Mid.  Eng, 
wepe=  weep;  -/)/•]  Causing 
weeping  or  tears  ;  pathetic, 
lamentable. 

*  wep-en,  >-.    IWi:ai'on.] 
wept,  /'/■'/.  &  pit.  par.  of  v.    [Weep.] 

'  wep-yng,  pr.  pur.  &  s.    [Weepino.] 

*  wercUe,  *.  &  r.    (Work.] 

were,  v.i.  [Was.]  The  jilural  of  tms.  Used 
as  the  indicative  past  tense  i)luial  of  the  verb 
to  be,  and  the  pa.st  or  imperfect  subjunctive. 

*  were  (l),  ?.    [Weir.] 
*were  (2),.-.    (War.] 

*  were  (3),  .^-.  [See  def.]  Tlic  same  a^  Wi:ki:- 
niLD  (4. v.). 

*  were,  '■■^    [Wear,  v.] 

*  were'-geld,  '  were'-gild,  *  wer" -gild, 

*  wehr'-geld,  *-.  (A.S.  irer>jihl,  from  wer  = 
a  man,  and  gild,  geld  =  payment,  compeiisii- 
tiun  ...  a  guild.] 

Anglo-Saxon  Law:  A  kind  of  tine  for  man- 
slaughter and  other  ollencesagainst  tlie  jiersctii. 
on  payment  of  which  the  ottemler  was  cleared 
from  any  furthei' liability  or  punishment.  The 
tine  (U'  i:onipeiisation  <Iuo  from  the  nflender 
varied  in  amount  according  to  liis  rank  and 
station  and  that  of  the  person  killed  or  in- 
jured, and  also  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
injury.  It  was  ui  general  paid  to  the  relatives 
of  the  person  killed,  or,  in  the  ea.se  of  a 
wound  oi-  other  Vwdily  harm,  to  the  jierson 
injured  ;  but,  if  the  cause  was  brought  liefon- 
the  community,  the  plaintift"  only  recei\eil 
part  of  the  line,  the  community,  or  the  kiii;_', 
when  there  was  one,  receiving  the  other  li;iil. 

"The  Roman  '  conviva  Regis'  .  .  .  Wits  estinnt.-l  :ii 
his  weregild  at  half  the  price  of  the  Brnli;ii  i;,i!  \i\- 
trustiou.  the  highest  known  class  at  the  Mfi-n  (ii-i;tii 
court,  and  above  the  coiuiiiou  atuOial  pruprtet<>i,  — 
HtiU'im:  Middle  Ages. 

"  'were'-gild,  s.    [Were(;ei.i>.] 
^  weren,  ikI.    [Were,  v.] 


were-na,  i'. 


[See  def.]    Were  not.    (Smirh. 


"I  trow,  gin  ye  werena  hliuded  wi*  the  gi;n'>   unl 
fiiv.iiii.'*.  :iiia  servifts  and  enjoyments,  .md   iinpl.y- 


were'-wolf,  '  wer-wolf,  s.  [A.S.  "-en-wuij, 

from  irer=.ii  man,  and  irnlf=!X  wolf;  cogn. 
with  Ger.  wahrivolf;  M.  H.  Ger.  wt^nvolf.] 

Antkrop.:  A  person  supposed  to  have  the 
power  of  transforming  himself  at  certain 
seasons  into  a  wolf,  and  assuming  all  the 
ferocity  of  that  animal,  joined  to  the  practice 
of  disinterring  and  feeding  on  dead    hodns. 

[LVCANTHROPIA,  LVCANTBROPV.]      Ill  I{iiIl;.im.i 

tlie  legends  of  werewolves  arc  iiiextrnMl'iy 
mixed  upwith  those  of  the  vampires  |Va.\ii'1i;i  , 
A.  1. 1,],  and  the  same  sign-- the  meeting  of  llie 
eyebrows,  as  if  the  soul  were  about  to  taki- 
flight  to  enter  some  other  body — is  held  to  lie 
r'onclusi^■e  evidence  that  a  iwrson  belongs  to 
one  of  these  classes. 

"  The  Budas  of  Abyssinia  .  .  .  are  at  once  the 
smiths  and  ijotters,  8t'rcerer,i  .-xiid  uxrewilvft  of  their 
il\ati\cX."—Tylor :  I'nm.  Cult.  (cd.  1873),  i.  lia. 


lEng.  iverewolf; 


i  were '-wolf  ism, ; 

Lycaiithmpy  (n'v.). 

"Tr.iditiiinal  belief  in  werewnfjism  mtist.  however, 
have  lemained  long  in  the  popular  mind.*— .S.  /J 
Gould:   iW-ie-niolivs,  <jli.  viii. 

\ffer-ish,  a.    [Wearish.] 

*  werke.  s.  &  v.    [Work,  5.  &  v.] 

*  werne,  '■■?.     [Warn.] 

Wer-ner'-i-an,  a.  [See  def.]  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  Abraham  Gottlob  Werner,  one  of  the 
founders  of  geoli'gieal  science.  He  was  born 
on  Sept.  25,  1750,  at  Weslau  on  the  Queiss,  in 
Upper  Lausitz,  where  his  father  was  snperin 


tote,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tSll,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son :  miite,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  ciir.  rule,  fiill ;  try,  Syrian,    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw- 


wernerite— ■westringia 


531 


temleiit  of  a  foundry.  In  1774  Werner  pub- 
lishetl  a  little  work  wlilcli  revohit ionised  t)ie 
science  of  initiemio^y  and  led  to  his  being  ap- 
pointed in  1775  PndVssorof  Mincndi'i^y  in  tlio 
School  of  Mines  at  Freilnirg.  He  introduced 
the  geoln^'icil  use  tif  the  woni  "  fornintion," 
and  tan<;ht  that  tlie  exterior  of  the  earth  con- 
sist-s  of  a  series  of  such  formations  arranged 
in  dcterniinati'  order.  He  was  tin?  author  of 
the  Neptuniun  Tlieory  or  Hypothesis  (q.v.). 
He  died  on  June  HO,  1S17. 

wer'-ner-xte,  ■-•.     (After  the  ceh>hrat*'»I  ininer- 
aloj;ist  A.  a.  Werner  ;  sutV.  -itciMin.).  ] 

Mill.:  A  name  originally  given  by  d'Andrada 
to  Houw  minerals  from  Norway  which  subse- 
(piently  were  found  to  vary  in  chemical  coni- 
]josition,  and  are  now  known  as  the  scapolites, 
wernerite  being  retjiiued  for  the  natue  of  a 
member  of  the  group.  CrystiUiization,  tetra- 
gonal;  haniness,  Ti  to  6;  sp.gr.,  '2'6'i  to  '^S; 
lustre,  vitreous  when  pure,  otherwise  jiearly 
to  resinous;  fracture  sub-conchoidal.  Coni- 
pi)s..  owing  to  its  liability  to  alteration,  some- 
what variable,  the  mean  being:  silica,  48 "4 ; 
alumina,  28"5;  lime,  18*1  ;  soda,  5*0  =  100, 
with  the  formula  (S(CaONaO>j  +  ^AloOs)^ 
.SSi{1.j  -f  SiO^.  Dana  includes  in  this  species 
Nultidlitf,  Chelmsfoidite,  and  Glaucolite,  and 
ay  altered  forms,  Atheriastite,  Stroganovite, 
Algerit«,  Wilsonite,  Terenite,  Micarelle,  and 
Gabmnite  (see  these  words). 

•  werre,  •^.    [War,  s.] 

'  wer-reie,  v.t.    [Warbav,  y.] 


*  werse,  't.  &  a<h- 


(Worse.] 


wersh,  waxsch.  n.  [Prob.  the  same  as 
Wi:arish.] 

1.  Insipid,  tasteless. 

2.  Delicate;  having  a  pale  and  sickly  look. 

"  werst,  *  werste,  «.    [Worst,  a.  ] 

wert,  y.i.  [See  def.]  Tin;  second  i)erson  sin- 
gular of  were.     [Wehi:  (1),  v.] 

werth'-e-man-ite  (werth  as  vert),  5. 

[After  a".  Wevtheman  ;  -(Vf  (,Vi/i.),] 

Mill.  :  A  massive  mineral  related  to  alumin- 
ite(q.v.);  sp.gr.,  2-80  ;eolourwhite.  Compos. : 
a  hydrated  sulphate  of  alumina,  c.j;.,  sulphuric 
acid,  34  50;  alumina,  45'0;  sesqnioxide  of 
iron,  1"25  ;  wattT,  19*25  =  100,  which  gives 
the  formula  AloSOg  -f  3aq.  :  this  ditfers  from 
aluniinite  in  containing  less  water.  Found 
in  a  bed  of  clay  near  Cliacliapoyas,  Pern. 

*  wertherian  (as  ver-ter'-i-^n),  n.  [After 
thr  hfin  of  Goethe's  .Sorrftiwii/ H'cr^tr.]  Senti- 
mental, nambypamby. 

*  wer'-y,  u.     [Weary,  «.] 

*  we'-^tand,  s.    [Weasand. 

we'^e,  o.i.     [See  def.]    We  shall.    {Scotch.) 

"  Weel.  W(?el,  tce'te  no  diHimtu  that  e'euiiow.  — 
."■■."ff  .    Antiquarif,  ch,  xli. 

■  wesh,  '  weshe,  pret.  of  v.     (Wash,  i\] 

'  we-Sil,  i-.     [Weasand.]    The  windpipe. 

Wes'-ley-an,  «.  &  s.    [See  def.] 
Ecclesiolo(j>j  (&  Church  History  : 

A.  Asatlj.:  Of  or  belongingto  John  Wesley 
or  the  sect  founded  by  him.  [Weslevan 
Methodism.] 

B.  Assubst.:  A  Wesleyan  Methodist(q.v.). 
Wesleyan  Methodism,  s. 

Krrjrsiol.  .f  i-ltunh  Hist.:  Tlie  largest  and 
most  importiint  Methodist  denomination,  and 
the  ]iarnnt  of  some  smaller  religious  bodies 
now  independent  of  its  government.  [Me- 
inoiiWM.l 

Wesleyan  Methodist,  s. 

JCcclesiol.  (t  f'kiirrh  Hist.:  A  member  or 
adherent  of  Wesleyan  Methodism  (q. v.).  Usr-rl 
also  adjrctively  in  the  same  sense  as  Wes- 
leyan, A.  (q.v.). 

Wes'-ley-an-i§in,  s.    |Eng.  U'eski/un;  -ism.] 
Churrk  Hist. :  The  doctrines  and  polity  of 
the  Wesleyans;  Methodism  (q.v.). 

"To  the  liJHtorinii  of  Wftteyanitm  the  volame  is 
little  stiurt  at  JmilBpeiiBttble."— ^rAM*(pu»n.  Nov.  20. 
Ifl^T,  |>.  706. 

west,  s.,  a.,  &.  arfe.  [A.S.  icesi,  inesto ti  = -west- 
ward  ;  eogn.  with  Dut.  u-cst{!i.  &  adv.);  Icel. 


vestr  =  the  west ;  Dan.  k  Sw.  ce,Ht  =  the  west ; 
(ier.  m:st;  tV.  ouoit.  Piobiibly  the  allusion 
is  to  the  apparent  rcsting-plaee  or  abiding- 
phi. e  of  tlie  sun  at  night,  h'rom  the  same 
root  as  Sanse.  vas  =  to  dwell,  to  pass  tlie 
Might ;  Icel.  utX  =  an  abode,  a  dwelling,  a 
lodging-iilacc  ;  vista  —  to  lodge  ;  Gr.  aarv 
{(Uytn)  =  a  city  ;  toirepos  (htsptms)  =  evening  ; 
Lat.  ft'spei'.) 
A.  As  siihstantive: 

1.  Olio  of  the  four  cardinal  jioinls,  exactly 
opposite  to  the  east ;  a  point  towards  the 
sunset,  mi<lway  between  the  north  and  south 
poles  of  the  heavens  ;  that  point  of  the  hori- 
zon in  which  the  sun  appears  to  set  at  tlie 
equinox;  the  intersection  of  tht;  prime  ver- 
tical with  the  horizon  on  that  side  where  tlio 
siui  sels.  In  a  less  strict  sense,  the  region  ..!' 
tln'  heavens  near  a  point  where  the  sun  sets 
when  in  the  equator. 

"  Frum  wett  lier  sileut  fourau  advance." 

JliUon:  I'.  /,..  vili.  103. 

2.  The  region,  ti-act,  country,  or  locality 
lying  opposite  to  the  east,  or  sitnated  nearer 
the  west  point  than  another  point  of  reckon- 
ing, as  America  with  regard  to  England. 

"  Tliu  utuioHt  comer  ut  the  tverit." 

Shakcsp.  :  King  John,  ii. 

■  3.  A   wind  coming  or  blowing  from  the 

Wi;st. 

"A  south  west  blow  on  ye." 

Sha/tesp. :  Tempest,  1.  2. 

B*  As  adjective : 

1.  Being  in  the  west  or  lying  towards  the 
west.     {Xmiihers  xxxiv.  G.) 

2.  Coming,  moving,  or  blowing  from  the 
we^t  or  western  region  ;  westerly. 

C.  As  mlo.  :  Towards  the  west;  at  the 
westward  ;  more  westward. 

"  iVi-it  of  tliia  fore-^t." 

.sh'i/cfi/j.  :  2  Henry  IV.,  iv.  1. 

1(  I.  Eiiipiir.  of  the  West:  The  western  por- 
titin  of  the  Roman  Empire,  the  capital  of 
whicli  was  Rome,  when  the  Empire  was 
dividetl  between  his  two  sous,  Honorius  and 
Arcadius,  by  Theodosius  in  a.d.  395. 

2.  Thf  irV.^fi'mL- The  ari.stocratic  or  fashion- 
able quartiM-  of  London,  and  of  many  other 
cities.     (Olteii  used  adjectively.) 

West  Afirican  river-shrew,  .-. 

Zi^i'L:  r»t,tmn<j„/,'  irloj.     [  PutaMugale.] 

West  Indian,  a. 

Ha'ij.  :  <Jt'  or  prrt^ining  to  the  West  Indies 
(q.v.). 

West  liulian  h'lrejly : 

KiUom. :  Pyrophorus  iioctiliicus.  [Pvro- 
rnoiu's.] 

West  Indies,  s.  ,>l. 

i<i:u<j.  :  An  archipelago  of  Islands,  the  An- 
tdles,  extending  from  the  Gulf  of  Florida  to 
the  Gulf  of  Paria,  just  north  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea.  They  are  so  named  because  when  tirst 
they  were  discovered  they  were  supposed  to 
lie  near  India.  When  the  ernir  was  discovered 
the  distinctive  names  East  Indies  (q.v.)  and 
West  Indies  arose. 

■  west,  e.i.     [West,  s.] 

1.  To  pass  to  the  west ;  to  set,  as  the  sun. 
■■  I'wice  lintli  lie  rUeii  where  be  now  doth  uM-st." 

apvittt'r.F  (i..y.i.    (Iiitiod.) 

2.  To  assume  a  westerly  direction ;  to  change 
to  the  west. 

*•  If  thp  wind  viules  lowarils  the  north  of  the  west, 

lii^  ii-r-tt i /III  wiW  111-  Loiisidenible,"— C'oot.'/'/rjir  Voyage, 
Ilk.  I.,  ill.  \'\. 

west'-an-ite,  .s-.      [After  Weslaua,   Sweden, 
where'found;  suft".  -ittiMin.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  radiated 
crystalline  masses,  sometimes  in  prismatic 
riystals,  with  pyrophyllite.  Hardness,  2-5; 
.i.jonr,  brick-red.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated 
silii-iitc  of  alumina;  probably  an  altered  tibro- 
lit-  (q.v.). 

'  wesf-er,   v.i.     [Eng.  west;   -(r.)     To  tend 
towards  the  west. 

■■  Nur  |)HUaeil  till  in  the  wotvring  sun 
We  Slit  together  on  the  bejicb.  ""^ 

Brownitttj:  Pararetsui.  \v. 

west'-er-l^, '(.  &  adv.    [Eng.  w^stei-in);  -ly.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Being  or  situated  towards  the  we.^t ; 
situated  in  the  western  region. 

"These  billn  give  ns  a.  view  of  tlio  moflt  eHst^rly, 
••'iiitberly.  nnd  wetterly  \m.vU  of  Eiiglaud,"— (Jr.iifjif  .- 

mn»  of  Moruttitu. 

2.  Coming  from  the  westward. 

"  The  wind  wiis  wntterty."— Field,  Sept.  i,  1880. 


B.  -Is  adv.  :  Tending,  niuving,  or  going  to- 
wards the  we.st  :  as,  A  man  travelling  westerly. 

west'-ern.      wcast  erne,  a.    [Eng.  tvest; 

•t:in.\ 

1.  Being  or  situated  in  the  west,  or  in  the 
region  nearly  in  the  direction  of  west ;  lying 
or  being  iu  that  quarter  where  the  sun  sotH. 

"  At  thw  uvufrrti  gate." 
Jtr^Urti :  /'ii/utticiri  *  .tn-ttr.  111.  8M. 

2.  Moving  towarils  the  west,  or  towards  the 
point  where  the  sun  sets:  as,  A  ship  saiU  a 
western  course. 

3.  Coming  or  proceeding  fi'om  the  west :  as, 

a  wisttrii  wind. 

Western-church,  *. 

Ckurch  Hist,:  Tlie  I^itin.  as  distinguished 
from  the  Greek  church ;  the  Koman  Church. 
[Eastkrn-cuurch.] 

west'-em-er,  s.  [Kng.  ivcstem;  -er.]  A 
native  or  inhabitant  of  the  west. 

west'-ern- most,  a.     [Eng.  umtem;  -mosl.] 
Farthest  towar<ls  the  west ;  most  western. 
"This  ifc,<t.r,i>ni,st  mid  liiiihent  of  the  tbtee  nrairie 
plateaux.  "—/VcW.  Jiiii,  21.  1S88. 

west'-ing,  f.  [Eng.  ivest;  -ing.]  Space  or 
distance  westward  ;  space  reckoned  from  one 
point  to  another  westward  of  it;  specif.,  in 
navigation,  the  differenei!  of  longitude  made 
by  a  ship  when  sailing  to  the  westward  ;  the 
departure  of  a  cnurse  when  the  coui'.se  lies  to 
the  west  of  north. 

*  west' -ling,  '  weste-ling,  ".  &  ..    [Eng. 

west;  -Unit.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Coming  from  the  west ;  westerly. 

■■  And  yf  hyt  be  .-i  colde  we»teliiig  wynde  nnd  n  ilarlte 
I'jwryiM),'  day.  than  wyl  the  lyNcbc  coinniynly  bite  nil 
day.'  —linmt;  Juliana  Hcrm-m  ;  Boo/;  uf  .i  i,;flin<j. 

B.  As  sHhst.  :  An  inhabitant  of  tlie  west ; 
one  who  inhabits  a  western  country  or  dis- 
trict. 

West' -min -ster,  .s.  [Ecdes.  Ud.  iVesi- 
iiionasti.ricn.'yis.  Piobubly  the  Abbey  was  so 
named  to  distinguish  it  from  the  monastery  of 
East  Minster,  formerly  situated  on  what  is 
now  called  Tower  Uill.] 

Gcog.  :  A  celebrated  abbey,  with  the  adja- 
cent  region,  a  "city,"  joining  the  City  "of 
Ltmdon  at  the  spot  formerly  marked  by  Temple 
Bar.  The  City  of  Westni'inster  was  created 
by  Henry  VIII. 

Westminster  Assembly.  •;. 

Hist. :  Anasscmbly  of  divines,  lay  assessors, 
&c.,  which  met  iu  obedience  to  an  ordinance 
of  the  Lords  and  Commons,  issued  June  12. 
1043— 

"  For  the  ualling  of  an  assembly  nf  Iffirn.'.!  ;iiid 
codly  divines  to  bo  consulted  witli  l>v  tiit-  I';,  i  hnn-nt 
lor  theaettliny  of  the  Kovomiin-iit  ;iu.l  til.ii^-v  ,,i  the 
Cburch  of  EuKlfind.  niid  for  vIll.hl;^tlIl^•  ..ml  il.-nrim.- 
of  the  doctrine  of  the  said  Church  fton.  hitsvusiei- 
aioDs  and  niteriiretatious." 

A  hundred  and  twenty  clergymen,  with  ten 
lords  and  twenty  commoners,  or  lay  assessors, 
were  nominated  to  carry  out  the  ordinance. 
The  meeting  was  forbidden  by  the  king  on 
June  22,  but  no  notice  was  taken  ()f  the  pro- 
hibition. On  July  1  sixty-nine  of  the  nomi- 
nated members  attended  in  Henry  VI I, 's 
Chapel  in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  the  as- 
sembly began.  They  sat  l,l(J:s  times,  their 
last  meeting  being  on  Feb.  '22,  1(J4!J.  On  Sept. 
Ifl,  1043,  commissioners  arriverl  from  the 
Church  of  Scotland  to  aid  iu  the  deliberations. 
On  April  20,  1043,  the  As.senibly  submitted 
to  Parliament  a  Direetnrv  lor  Pnhli(f  Wor- 
.ship;  between  Oct.,  I  luul'Xov.  I'll,  Hi44,  tlio 
Confession  of  Faith,  in  two  iiorlions  [Confks- 
8ION,  III.  4  (2)]  ;  on  Nov.  .0,  H;47.  the  Sh.n-fer 
Catechism  (q.v.);  and  on  Sept.  15,  HJ48,  the 
Longer  Catechism.  The  great  majority  of  the 
members  were  Presbyterians,  a  small  but 
active  body  were  Inde|)endent-s,  and  a  yet 
smaller  one,  but  containing  able  men,  were 
Erastians.  The  Parliament  itself  was  Eras- 
tian,  and,  though  accepting  and  ratifying  tlio 
productions  of  the  Assembly,  did  not  aUow 
the  spiritual  independenoe  which  the  majority 
of  its  members  earnestly  desired  to  obtain. 
[Presbyterian.] 

west'- most,    «.     [Eng.    ivcst,  and    most.] 
Kaithest  to  the  westward. 


'west'-ren,  r.i.      [Westkrn.]      To  m..ve  to- 
wards the  west.     (Chaucer:  Troilus,  hk.  ii.) 

west-rin'-gi-a,  .«.      [Named  after  S)r.  West- 
ring,  physician  to  the  king  of  Sweden.) 


boil,  h6^i  poiit,  j<S^l;  cat.  9ell,  «hom8»  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a§;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist, 
-cian,  -tian  —  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun:  -tion,  -^ion  =  zhiuu    -cioas.  -tious.    sious  -  shus.      ble,    die.  .^ 


ing. 
bpl,  deL 


.M'i 


westward— whale 


llof.  :  A  s^nu^of  Prodlantliei-oiti.  Australmn 
«hrul>;^.  one  U>  thref  feet  high,  with  entire 
tf:i\.s.  ;i  t"U-nerve<l  calyx,  labiutt  llowers,  in 
wlmil,  vi  thrtMi  or  four;  four  stamens,  only 
tw.-  .  f  tlu-ni  fertll'\  AlKmt  tt-n  snecU-s  are 
kuowii. 

west -ward.   ■  west  -  warde,  'H^^  A:  ^. 

lA.S.  ,'-^?.«V'i"'.l 

A.  A<  ailv. :  Towanls  the  west. 

'"  T..uriiwl  (lotru*w»rde  uid  K«ite»arde  to  the  rjver 

B.  A  SI '>s.'. ;  The  coiiutry  or  district  lying 
tiwarvls  thf  west. 

*  west  -ward-lj^,  n<'i'.     (Eng.  nystward;  -hi.] 

Ill  :i  iiiiectii.il  toward  the  west ;  westward. 

"  If  our  luVM  tniut,  and  wufK-anl/y  iWcliue. 

'IV>  iiir  thou  falsely  ttiluo. 

And  1  tw  thvt  mine  nc  tioin  fhM  dUffiiise.' 

ItvtiHv  :  l.^cfint  tipou  the  ^ihadot". 

west-ward^  adv.  [Eng.  westimrd,  with 
:tihf rbial  suff.  ?.l    Westward. 

'  west-y,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.l    Dizzy,  ton- 

fused. 

"  While*  he  lie*  wallowing,  with  a  vfttn  heiid.' 
Bp.  Batl:  Hatiret.  iv.  1. 

wet,  •  weet,  n.  &  s.  [a.S.  iv^.t:  eogn.  with 
Icel.  vcitr;  Dan.  vaad :  Sw.  vSt.  From  the 
same  root  as  vxtter  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Containing  water ;  soaked  or  drenched 
with  water ;  humid. 

2.  Consisting  of  water  or  fluid. 

3.  Rainy,  drizzly,  very  damp;  as,  wet 
weather. 

4.  Having  consuijied  a  good  deal  of  liquor  ; 
dri:nk. 

•■  When  my  lost  lover  the  tall  ship  ascends, 
With  muaic  gay.  and  wet  with  jovial  friends." 

Prior.    (AntianUulf.) 

B,  As  sidistantii-e : 

1.  Wat+'r  or  wetness  ;  moisture  or  humidity 
in  considei-able  quantity. 

*   Now  the  sun,  with  more  effectual  beams, 
Hiul  cheer'd  the  face  of  th'  earth,  and  dry'd  the  wet 
From  drooping  plant"  Milton :  P.  X..  iv.  430. 

2.  Rainy  weather  ;  rain. 

"Tliisillstennierd  meaaengerof  wef.' 

:ihaKt!ip.  :  Alls  W'eU  Hull  £ml»  Well,  i.  3. 

3.  A  drink,  a  dram :  as.  To  have  a  loet.  (Slang.) 
*^   With  a  wet  finger:  A  proverbial  ex- 
pression  of  doubtful  origin,  and  probably 
meaning  vnth  en-s^. 

"  A  ixiiter  niiyht  fetfh  hiin  irith  a  ic-erfinyer."-~J)€kkcr. 

wet-1)iilb  thermometer,  5.    [HvaRo- 

MKTER.] 

wet-compress.  --. 

Theropt'utirs:  A  tnmpress  of  two  or  three 
folds  of  thin  flannel  or  calico,  wrung  out  in 
cold  water,  laid  upon  the  abdttmen,  and  covered 
with  gutUi  peicha  or  iinpeniieable  cloth.  It 
is  beneficial  in  irungestion  of  the  liver. 

wet-dock,  5.  A  tidal  or  shipping  dock. 
In  tiie  basin  the  water  is  maintained  at  sucli  a 
hi;ight  as  to  float  the  vessels  therein  at  all 
times.  The  dock  is  connected  by  a  lock  with 
the  navigable  waters,  and  the  gates  maintain 
the  level  of  water  in  the  basin  irrespective  of 
tilt'  water  outside,     [Lock  (1),  s.,  II.  3.  (1).] 

wet-nurse,  ■'^.  A  woman  who  uurses  and 
;-uckleo  a  chiKI  n<>t  her  uwu. 

wet-press,  .^. 

Paper-vtaking :  The  second  press  in  wliieh 
hand-making  j>aper  is  compacted  and  partially 
drained  of  its  water. 

wet-puddling,  .^ 

M^Md!. :  lh>:  same  as  Pig-boiling  (q.v.). 

*  wet-quaker,  ■*-  A  quaker  who  is  not 
lery  strict  in  tlie  observances  of  his  sect. 

*'  8ociniatis  and  Preshyteriana, 
Quakers  and  wef-vuuAvr*  or  merry -ones," 

H'ard:  England  a  Kvformatitm.  p.  175. 

wet-sheet  packing,  s. 

Tfiprnp'-iiti'-.'^ :  Tlie  packing  or  envelopment 
^f  a  patierit  in  a  slu-et  dipj'ed  in  cold  ov  tepid 
water  and  well  wrung  out.  Round  this  a 
blatdiet  is  rolled,  and  other  blankets  added 
abo\e.  The  jtatient  is  usually  thrown  into  a 
h'-althful  perspiration,    [Hvdropathv.) 

*  wet-shot,  n.     Shot  up  by  or  from  a  wet 

>' il  ;  growing  in  damp  or  wet  land.     (I'rov.) 

wet,  "wete,  *wetten,  v.t.    [a.S.  uvf^uiu.] 
I.   Lit. :  To  make  wet  ;    to  moisten,  drench, 


or  soak  with  water  or  other  liquid  ;  to  dip  or 
steep  in  a  liquid. 

•■  Never  a  white  wing,  vrelted  hy  the  wave, 
Yt"t  darrd  to  iwar." 

Hyron  :  aeaven  *  Earth,  1.  :t. 

*  2.  Fif7.  ;  To  moisten  with  drink. 
^  r<>  wet  one's  whistle:  LWhistle,  s.]. 


'  wete, ' 


(Wet,  a.\ 


wete  CD.  v.t.    [Wet,  v.] 


•  wete  (2),  . 


[Weet.] 


weth-er  (I).  ■■=.  [A.s.  wedher;  cofeoi.  with 
o's.  wetUar,  witluir  ;  Icel.  vedhr ;  Dslti,  vmkr, 
voider;  Sw,  vadur ;  Ger.  widdtr ;  O.  H.  Ger, 
widar;  Goth.  u'i(An(s  =  a  lamb ;  Lat.  Vilnius 
=  a  calf ;  Sausc,  vatsa.]    A  castrated  ram. 

•  weth'-er  (2),  s.    [Weather.] 

weth-er-ol'-li-a,  .■^.  (Named  by  Bowerbank 
af'ttr  his  friend,  N.  T.  Wetlieiell.  of  Highgate, 
wlio  had  long  studied  the  London  Clay.] 

I'tUwohi't. :  A  genus  of  fossil  fruits  from  the 
London  Clay.  The  pericarp  was  three-,  four-, 
or  five-celled,  eacli  cell  with  a  single  seed  en- 
closed within  a  thin  compressed  sac,  pubes- 
cent internallj*.  Sac  surrounded  by  cellular 
tissue,  which  was  divided  into  two  lobes  as  the 
fruit  expanded.  Seeds  pendulous,  nearly  three 
times  as  long  as  broad,  compressed  sideways, 
attached  to  a  central  placenta  by  a  short 
funiculus;  testa  reticulated.  Only  known 
species,  li'etherellia  varia^nlis,  the  most  abun- 
dant of  the  Sheppey  fossil  fruits,  locally  known 
as  Coffee.  {Bowerbank:  Fossils  of  the  London 
Clay.) 

'  wet  -ing,  -••■.    [Wete  (2),  v.]    Knowledge, 

wet'-ness,  '.    [Eng.  wet,  a. ;  -ness,] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wet,  either 
by  being  soaked  on  drenched  with  liquor,  or 
by  having  a  liquid  adhering  to  it  ;  humidity. 

"The  tcetnesg  of  these  bottoms  often  spoils  them 
for  corn." — Mortimer:  Hitsba7uiry. 

2.  A  moist  state  of  the  atmosphere  ;  a  state 
of  being  rainy,  foggy,  or  misty  :  as,  the  wet- 
ness of  the  weather. 

3.  Wet  matter ;  moisture. 

wet  -shod.  *  wet-schode,  '^whet-shod,  a. 

[En-,    ii-'-t,  and  y/(t)rf.]      Wet    over    the  feet  ; 
iiaving  the  feet  wet  with  the  shoes  or  boots  on. 

•■  So  he  went  over  at  last,  not  much  above  zeetihod." 
— Bniinan :  Pilgrim's  Progress,  pt.  it. 

■  "wet'-tish,  a.     [Eng.  wet,  a. ;  -is/t.j    Some- 

what wet ;  moist,  humid, 

■  weve(l).  v.t.     [Weave.] 

•  weve  (2),  v.t.    [Waive.] 

'  wex,  v.t.  or  i.     [Wax,  v.\ 

'  wey  (I),  *  weye  (1),  s.    [Way,  s.] 

wey  (2).  '  weye  (2),  5.  [A.s.  wa'ge,  from  wceg-, 
stem  of  pa.  t.  of  wegciii  =  to  bear,  to  carry,  to 
weigli.l  A  certain  weight  or  measure."  A 
wey  of  wool  is  G\  tods,  or  IS2  lbs.  ;  of  butter 
from  2  cwt.  to  3  ewt.  ;  of  oats  and  barley  4S 
bushels ;  of  wheat  5  quarters ;  of  cheese 
224  lbs.  ;  of  salt  40  bushels,  each  50  lbs. 
{Simmonds.) 

wey'-ther-no^,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Dot.:  Pyrethnim  Parthenium.   (Brit,  d:  Holl.) 
'  weyve,  v.t.  or  i.    [Wave,  v.] 
wez'-and,  5.    [Weasand.] 
wha,  prr.h.    [Who.]    (Scotch.) 
wha,  .^.    [Wah.] 
whaap.  whap,  s.    [Whaup.] 
whcick,  r.t.  &  J.     [The  same  word  as  thwack 

(q.v.).] 

A.  Trims. :  To  thwack,  to  thrash  ;  to  give 
a  heavy  and  sounding  blow  to. 

"  Father  whacks  her  and  the  children  in  turns,"— 
Field,  Sept.  24,  1887. 

B.  Iiitnuis. :  To  strike  or  continue  striking 
anything  with  heavy  sounding  blows. 

"Yet  the  Flannigans  and  the  Murphys  paid  no  heed 
to  him.  but  whacked  away  at  e-ieh  other  with  in- 
creasing vigour." — iJaily  Telegraph,  Feb.  21,  1888. 

whS,Ck,  s.    [Whack,  v.] 

1,  A  heavy  sounding  blow  ;  a  thwack. 

■■  A  blow  descended  .  .  .  it  wnsr.  toftoc*."— BitrAa7n.- 
Ingoldsby  Legends  (Ladu  I{oh'"'iri), 


2.  A  large  piece  ;  a  share,  a  portion.  (Shng.) 

"  ThU  young  bachelor  had  taken  his  sb.-irt  t « Jmt  li« 
called  his  irh-ieki  of  plesiaure."— rAocAefity .  :ikabby- 
genteei  Story,  ch.  v, 

Wh&ck'-er,  s,  [Whack.]  Something  tin- 
commonly  large  ;  a  whopper ;  a  great  He. 
(Slang.) 

"  Good  half-pounders  every  one.  with  an  occasional 
whacker  of  t^-U  ounces.*'— ^Vcfrf.  Nov,  U.  1887. 

whd.ck'-ing,  n.  [Whack.]  Very  large  or  big ; 
wijopping. 

'whal'-zle,  v.i.  [A  frequent,  from  wheeze 
(.l.v.).j    To  wheeze.    (Scotch.) 

"But  sax  Scotch  miles  thou  try't  their  mettle. 
An'  gart  them  whaide." 
Bums  :  Aidd  Fanner  to  his  Auht  Mare. 

whale,  *whal,  *qual,  s.  [A,S.  hvurj ; 
cogn.  witli  Dut.  K'('/ris(7j.  =  whale-fish  ;  Icel. 
hvalr ;  Dan.  &  few.  hvnl ;  Ger.  wal,  tvaUfisch.] 
1,  Zool. :  The  popular  name  of  any  species  or 
individual  of  the  modern  order  Cetacea  (the 
Cetacea  Ordinaria  of  older  writers).  [Cetacea.  | 
The  head  is  genemlly  large,  and  in  some 
species  constitutes  more  tlian  one-third  of  the 
entire  length  ;  mouth  always  wide,  with  stift', 
immobile  lips  ;  fore  limbs  reduced  to  flattened 
fin-like  paddles,  no  external  traces  of  hind 
limbs,  though  sometimes  the  vestige  of  a 
femur  is  present  in  the  shape  of  a  nodule  nf 
bone  about  the  size  of  a  waluut.  Immediately 
below  the  skin  is  a  thick  layer  of  fat,  held  to- 
gether by  fibrous  tissue,  constituting  the 
blubber  [Blubber,  s.,  2.);  and  in  nearly  all 
there  is  a  dorsal  fin.  The  eye  is  small ;  there 
is  no  external  ear,  but  a  minute  auditory 
aperture,  and  the  nostrils,  which  are  usually 
called  "  blowholes,"  are  situated  on  the  top 
of  the  head,  except  in  the  Sperm  Whale,  which 
has  them  at  the  extremity  of  the  snout. 
Whales  are  found  in  all  seas,  and  some,  like 
the  Beluga  (q.v.),  ascend  large  rivers.  All 
pass  their  lives  in  water,  and  are  absolutely 
helpless  on  land.  They  rise  frequently  to 
the  surface  to  breathe,  and  usually  expose  the 
highest  part  of  the  head  where  the  nostrils 
are  situated.  The  so-called  "  spouting  "  of  the 
whale  is  only  the  ordinary  act  of  breathing. 
When  the  animal  rises  to  the  surface  it 
forcibly  expels  from  the  lungs  the  air  taken 
in  at  the  last  previous  inspiration,  which  is  of 
course  heated  and  loaded  with  watery  vapour. 
As  this  rapidly  condenses  when  expelled,  it 
forms  a  column  of  spray,  wliich  has  been  er- 
roneously assumed  to  be  water  taken  in  by 
the  mouth  and  ejected  by  the  nostrils.  In 
hunting  the  wliale  the  harpoon  may  pierce 
the  lungs  or  air-passages,  and  then  a  column 
of  blood  may  be  forced  high  in  the  air  tlivough 
the  nostrils,  but — making  due  allowance  for 
the  different  methods  of  breathing— similar 
result  follows  wounds  iu  the  respiratory 
organs  of  other  mammals.  All  the  Cetacea 
prey  on  living  food  of  some  kind— chiefly  tish. 
small  floating  Crustacea,  pteropods,  and 
squids.  The  genus  Orca  alone  attacks  and 
devours  other  warm-blooded  animals,  such  as 
seals  and  individuals  of  its  own  order.  Whales 
are  for  the  most  jart  timid,  inoffensive 
animals,  active  and  aflectionate,  especially 
the  cows  towards  their  calves,  of  which  they 
produce  but  one,  or  rarely  two,  at  a  time. 
They  generally  swim  in  herds,  or  "schools," 
though  some  species  have  been  met  with 
singly  or  in  pairs.  In  size  they  differ  greatly  : 
some  of  the  Delphiuidie  are  onh'  abtiut  four 
feet  in  length,  while  the  gigantic  Wiierm-whale, 
orCachalot(q,v.),  reaches  some  fifty  feet, which 
appears  to  be  never  greatly  exceeded  in  this 
species,  though  stories  are  told  of  animals  near- 
ly double  as  long,  and  Bula-noptera  sibhaldii, 
probably  tlie  largest  living  whale,  attains  the 
length  uf  eighty  feet.  Popularly  the  name  is 
used  in  a  more  restricted  sense  than  that  in 
which  it  is  employed  scientifically.  The 
members  of  the  Platanistidte  and  Delphiu- 
idie are  called  Fresli water  Dolphins  and 
True  Dolphins  respectively,  though  the  Pilot- 
whale,  the  Beluga,  or  White  Whale,  and  the 
Narwhal  belong  to  the  latter  family.  The 
great  commercial  value  of  the  oil  which  fU 
the  Cetacea  yield,  and  the  special  jn'oducts  of 
some — whalebone,  spermaceti,  ivory — subject 
them  to  relentless  persecution,  which  has 
vastly  diminished  their  nuinbei-s.  According 
to  Nature  (June  14,  188S),  in  the  whale-fish- 
eries iu  the  north  of  Norway,  '*oidy  forty 
animals  had  been  captured  by  the  end  of 
April,  18SS.  against  200  last  year.  It  is  main- 
tained that  the  present  wholesale  slaughter 
carried  out  by  Norwegian  and  Russian 
steamers,  equipped  Avith  harpoon  guns,  will 


ate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go.  p6t, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  ciib.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    ae,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


whalo— what 


(eventually  extirpate  thcst;  animals,  ami  muih' 
uieasure  "f'V  their  preservation  is  ((.iitrni- 
phited."  The  Higlit  Whale,  or  Gii'eiihui.i 
Whale  (Dahmia  mysticetus),  tlie  chief  nl.jcet. 
uf  pvn-suit  of  the  whalers,  is  i^ontined  t<>  the 
Arctic  regions.  It  was  forinerly  thon^jht  to 
fxtend  to  the  Antarctic  circle.  Imt  the  Cape 
nr  Southern  Whalo  (B.  «ws(/((/(>)  is  now  t'fi'L-- 
rally  admitted  to  specilic  distinction.  Tlie 
tornnir  is  from  sixty  to  seventy  feet  long, 
velvety  black  above,  witli  the  lower  parts 
white;  the  latter  somewhat  smaller  and  uf  a 
uniform  black.  Other  species  are  the  Biscay 
Whale  (i>\  biscayensis),  the  object  of  a  lishery 
by  the  Basques  down  to  the  end  of  the 
.  ighteenth  century:  the  Japan  wliale  (/i. 
li'ponictt),  and  the  South  Pacific  whale  (i>\ 
antipodtirum).  Thev  are  exeeedingly  alike  in 
habit,  and  they  do  not  ditfer  greatly  in  ap- 
pearance. [Humpbacked-whales,  Physetek, 
II.,  KoiwuAL,  Zeuglodon.] 

2.  .Script. ;  The  rendering  of  Gr.  lei^ros  (kHoi^) 
=  any  sea  monster  or  large  Itsh,  in  Matt.  xii. 
40.  in  the  A.  V.,  and  in  the  text  (nnl  the 
mai-'in)of  the  R.  V.  It  was  taken  from  the 
SeptTtaAnt  of  Jonah  ii.  1,  11-  The  Hebrew 
has  Muiply  h'-ni  31  ((hio  7<u/fto0  =  great  tish  ; 
prob..bly  the  White  Shaik  (q.v.). 

%  Very  like  a  whale:  A  phrase  applied  to 
;niytliing  very  improbable,  and  denoting  dis- 
l>rii(  f  in  wliat  is  stated.  (Shakesp. :  Hamht, 
ill.  1'.) 

whale-bird,  ^'. 

";  nitholoijy : 

1.  A  popular  name  for  Prion  vUtatns, 
eallcd  also  the  Duck  Petrel,  peculiar  to  the 
Mintlieni  hemisphere.  Length,  about  ten 
inciies  ;  plumage  light  grayish-blue  on  back, 
jiearly  wliite  beneath. 

2.  Fhalaropus fulicari'us.    [Phalarope.] 

"Mr.  Kuuilieu  inentious  seeing  several  flucks  cf 
*;rt'y  Phaltiropee  about  two  hubUred  miles  otf  the 
c..rtatof  Liiljrador,  sit  which  yilucetlmy  were  kuowu  as 
tlie  WhaU-birtl,Uoin  the  habifthey  have  of  following 
ihe  whales,  ami  nnpruachiiig  cluaely  wheu  they  blow, 
m  ord^r  to  catch  the  siuull  iustrcts  thut  are  disturbed. 
—  IK.  Swai/sland  :  riimiliar  Wild  Bird*,  iii.  120. 

whale-boat,  ^«. 

>!aat.  :  A  clinker-built  boat,  sharp  at  botli 
cuds,  generally  from  twenty  to  twenty-eight 
leet  in  length,  and  rather  deep  for  its  width. 
It  pulls  four  or  six  oars,  and  is  steered  by  an 
ii;ir  ;  the  ends  have  a  considerable  sheer. 

whale-calf,  i'.    The  young  of  tlie  whale. 

whale-fin,  s.  A  name  commonly  given 
,11  comuierc  to  whalebone  (q.v.). 

*  whale-fish,  f.    a  whale. 

■■  By  what  ii.niie  a  whnlcfish  is  to  be  called  in  our 

X-,\i'^uti."—Uaek'.iiijt:   I'ujfuytrs,  i.  oC8. 

whale-fishery,  ^-. 

1.  The  lishing  for  or  occupation  of  catching 
whales. 
1'.  A  part  of  the  ocean  where  whale-fishing 

1-  r;irritd  nil. 

whale-fishing,  s.  The  act  or  occupation 

'  t   i:ulelniig  \vhak's. 

whale-headed  stork,  -^. 

iirnith. :  Ikdinnkejis  rtx.  Called  also  the 
??hoe-bird. 

whale-louse,  s. 

Zoot.  :  The  popular  name  ol  the  genus  Cy- 
anius  (q.v.).  The  .species  are  pa.'asitic  on  Ce- 
lacea,  attaehing  themselves  to  the  skin  by 
means  of  their  claws.  Cyamus  cell  is  said  to 
infest  the  Scombrid*. 

whale-ship,  s.  A  ship  engaged  in  wbale- 
h^hin-. 

'  A-;  far  H3  the  wluile-iihii 
ii-jfi'llMw:  Discoverer oj 

'  whale-shot,  s.     An  old  name  for  spei- 

iiuu'.-ti. 

"  whale's  bone,  5.  An  old  term  for 
iv.M-y,  piiliups  troin  the  circuiiistancc  that  tin- 
ivory  of  Western  Europe  in  the  Middle  Ages 
was  the  tooth  of  the  walrus,  which  may  have 
lieeii  confounded  with  tlie  whale.  {2<ar?3.) 
"  To  show  his  teeth  as  whit«  as  whale  tb<nie." 

IShakcip. :  Love's  Labiairi  Lost.  v.  ;. 

whale,  f.(.  [A  variant  of  wale  (q.v.).]  To 
lash  with  stripes ;  to  thrash,  to  beat,  to 
whack. 

whale' -bone,  s.  [Eng.  x^lmle,  s.,  and  horn.]  A 
liornysubst;im-<',  occurring  in  long,  thin  plates, 
!i  iii^ed  at  the  edges,  and  acting  as  a  strainer 
to  detain  the  whale's  food  when  the  animal 


ejects  the  watt-r  which  it  has  swallowed  with 
the  medusa'  and  small  fry  which  constitute 
its  food.  The  principal  source  of  wlialebone 
is  the  "  right  whale, '  so  called,  the  lialwim 
mysticetus  or  au^tndis.  Some  300  of  these 
plates  are  found  in  tlie  mouth  of  an  adult 
whale,  and  vary  from  ttm  to  tifteeu  feet  in 
Irii-tli.  Being  very  flexible,  strong,  elastic, 
;iiid  light,  wlialebone  is  employed  for  many 
imriinses,  as  for  ribs  to  umbrellas  and  parasols, 
i.ir  stilleniug  ladies'  corsets,  &c.  Also,  and 
more  piopirly,  called  baleen. 

whalebone -whales,  ■->.  ft.' 
Zuul  :   The  Mysta(!oci'ti  (q.v.).     More  pro- 
perly called  Baleen  Whales. 

whale'-man,  s-  [Eng.  iohak,  s.,  and  yiui/i.] 
A  man  ..inployed  in  whale-Iishing. 

Whal'-er,  s.     [Eng.  whalie),  s. ;  ■cr.\ 

1.  A  person  employed  in  whale-fishing;  a 
whaleman. 

2.  A  ship  employed  in  the  whale-lishery. 

Whal'-ing,  a.  &  .■>-.     [Eng.  wkalic),  s.  ;  -Iwj.] 

A.  -4s  adj. :    Pertaining    to  or   connected 
with  fishing  for  whales  :  as,  a  it'/taiiug  voyage. 

B.  .-Is  siihst. :  The  act  or  occupation  of  fish- 
ing for  whales. 

whall,  whaul,  s.  [Prob.  tlie  same  as  uoall 
111  u\ai-€ijed  (q.v.).]  A  disease  of  the  eyes; 
glaucoma. 

whal' -la-bee,  s.    [Wallaby.] 

■  whal'-l^,  •  wha'-lS^,  n.  [Eng.  whall;  -y.] 
uf  a  greenish-white  colour. 

*  Whaiy  eyes,  the  sign  of  jealousy." 

Upenser:  F.  V-,  I.  jv.  S4. 

whalp,  o.i.     [Whelp,  t'.]    {Scotch.) 

whame,  6-.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  tly  of  the 
genus  Tabanus  (q.v.)  ;  the  breeze  or  burrel-fly. 

"  The  tvhamc.  or  burrel-fly.  id  vexatioaa  to  horses  in 
summer."— ZJer/iui/ij.  Pliysico- Theology. 

TPham'-mel,   whem'-mel,   whum'-mle, 

(•./.      [Whemmle.]      To    turn    upside    down. 
U'rov.) 

wham'-pee,  .^.    [Wampee.] 

wham'-ple,  *■.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  stroke, 
a  sliisli.    (Scotch.) 

Let  me  hae  a  whample  at  him."— Sco«.'  Bride  of 


Lau. 


,  ch. 


whang,  s.     [A  variant  of  thong  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  leather  string,  a  thong. 

2.  Toughleatheradapted  for  strings, thongs, 
belt-lacing,  Aic.  ;  calf-hide  commonly. 

3.  Something  large ;  a  large  slice  or  piece. 
{Scotch.) 

"  Wi'  sweet-milk  eheeae  iu  naonie  a  whang. 
Au'  farls,  hak'd  wi'  butter." 

Burns ;  HqI^  Fair. 

whang,  v.t.  [Whang,  a.\  To  beat,  to  flog. 
{Vrov.) 

whang-hee,  s.    [WANtJHEE.] 

whap,  wap,  v.t.  &  l.  [Cf.  Low  Ger.  ({uahhdn 
—  to  palpitate  ;  Welsh  clwivp  =  a  sudden 
stroke  ;  chwapio=  to  strike,  to  slap.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  beat,  to  strike. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  plump  suddenly  down,  as 
on  the  floor ;  to  fiop ;  to  turn  suddenly. 
{CoUoq.) 

whap,  S-.    [Whai*,  v.] 

1.  A  heavy  blow. 

2.  A  sudden  plump  :  as,  He  came  down 
with  a  whap.     {CoUoq.) 

whap'-per,  s.  [Eng.  uj/iop ;  -er.]  Something 
very  large  or  out  of  the  way ;   a  whopper. 

{Shui'j.) 

whap'-ping,  «■  [Eng.  yKhap;  -i/w/.]  Very 
lar-e  ur  out  of  the  way  ;  whopping,    (Slang.) 

whar,  whaur,  ("'c.    [Where.]    (Siioi-.-h.) 

whari;  •  warf,  *  wharfe  (pi.  wharfs, 
wharves),  i-.  [A.y.  hweif=a.  dam  or  bank 
to  keep  uut  water,  from  Aitcur/,  pa.  t.  of 
hwi'urfiiii  =  to  turn,  to  turn  about ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  tverf=a.  wharf,  a  yard;  Icel.  hvar/=a. 
turning  away,  a  shelter,  from  hwarf,  pa.  t.  of 
hver/a  =  to  turn  ;  Dan.  mr/t  =  a  wharf,  a 
dockyard;  Sw.  vurf-^a.  shipbuiMcr's  yard; 
().  Sw.  hwar/y  from  kwtr/ica  =  to  turn,  to  re- 
turn.    The  original  meaning  seems  tlius  to 


have  been  a  turning  01  turning-place  ;  bene* 
applied  to  ]i<Iam  or eiiibnnkment  which  served 
to  turn  away  or  aside  the  water.] 
I.  Ordinary  Langvuge: 

I.  A  landing-place  for  cai-jtoes  ;  a  soil  of 
quay,  constructed  of  wood  or  stone,  on  the 
margin  of  a  river,  harbour,  or  roadsteiid, 
alongside  which  ships  or  l»argui>  are  brought 
to  discharge  or  take  in  cargo. 

"Nmr  the  town  a  vhar/  of  woo<l  in  run  out  I"  » 
proiwr  dUUnce  lor  the  couvciitoiicv  0/  hiiidtii|[  aiid 
sblpplUK  goodu."— <7o»t  .■  Firit  Vogagc,  1»k.  111.,  ch.  xl*. 

•  2.  The  bank  of  a  river  or  the  shore  of  a 

sea. 

'•  The  fat  weed 
That  roots  itself  In  caw  nn  Lelhe  ivfuxrf." 

Hhakrtif. :  Itanil't.  :.    ■ 

II.  Laiv:  Wharfs  are  of  two  kinds,  viz.. 

1.  Legal  wharfs:  Certain  wharfs  in  all  s.a- 
portrt  appointed  by  coinmission  from  tlio 
Court  of  Exchequer  or  kvalized  by  Act  uf 
Parliament. 

2.  Sufferance  wMrfs:  ISi3FFerance-whari-J. 

wbarf-boat,  s.  A  kind  of  boat  monred 
on  a  river,  and  used  as  a  substitute  for  a 
wharf  where  the  rise  of  the  water  is  so  vari- 
able ;ls  to  render  a  fixe<l  wliarf  unserviceable. 

•  wharf,  v.t.    (Wharf,  s.\ 

1.  I'o  guard  or  secure  by  a  wharf  or  (inn 
wall  of  limber  or  stone.    [W'hakfini;,  2.] 

"  Two  ehus  ...  set  on  the  very  brink  of  A  ditch  .  . . 
wharfcd  with  a  wall  of  a  brick  .-iud  a  half  iu  thick 
uesB. '■—£«!(*"  .'  Hylta,  bk.  i..  ch.  11. 

2.  To  place  or  lodge  on  a  wharf. 

wharf -age,  s.     [Eng.  wharf;  -age.} 

1.  The  duty  or  toll  paid  lor  the  jnivilege  ol 
using  a  wliarf  for  loading  or  discharging 
cargo. 

"  Without  paying  wharfage,  iioutige,  or  panna«c.  — 
llackluyt:  KovajM.  i.  136. 

2.  A  wharf  or  wharfs  collectively  ;  a  lino  of 
wharfs. 

"  The  niiiasive  stoue  wharfapc  that  lines  the  glorious 
river.— .ScrWfHcr'a  .MagazitK,  August,  1880,  p.  569. 

wharf'-ing,  s.    lEng.  wharf;  -ing.'\ 

*  1.  Ord.  Imu'!.  :  A  strurture  in  the  form  of 
a  wharf;  maleriaU  of  wliii  h  a  wharf  is  cim- 
struetcd;  wharfs  iu  general.    {Eoelyn.) 

2.  Hydr.-eng.:  A  mode  of  faeing  sea-walls 
and  embankments  by  means  of  driving  up- 
right planks  in  the  manner  of  sheet-piles,  thr 
iniiits  being  baclted  by  other  planks,  aod  tho 
"whole  secured  by  land-ties  and  tightly-driven 
earth  in  tlie  rear. 

wharf -in-ger,  s.  [Acorrupt. of  jc/iar/ager; 
cf.  i/iwsiHycc,  pt-issengcfy  &c.]  A  person  who 
owns  or  has  the  charge  of  a  wharl. 

'■  Mr.  Winkle  is  a  wh^irAnger,  sir.  at  the  cunul.  fir" 
—DickciiS  :  I'ickwi'rk.  ch.  I. 

'^  wharle, '  nrharl'-ing,  .^.  [Prob.  from  tin* 
sound.]  Inability  to  pronounce  the  letter  r; 
a  burr. 

"  The  Noi-thnniberL-ind  R,  or  Wharle."— JDi/oe :  Tour 
thro'  Ureal  Britain,  iii.  233. 

Wharp,  s.  [See  def.]  A  local  name  for  Trent 
sand  (11. v.). 

t  wharre,  s.    [Wei.  chweYu=-  austere,  bitter.] 
B'A.  :  The  crab-apple  tree. 

Whar'-ton,  .-■.  [See  def.]  The  discoverer  of 
the  duet  and  j-lly  which  follow. 

Wharton's  duct,  s. 

Aaat.  :  Tht;  duet  of  the  submaxillary  gland. 

Wharton's  jelly,  5. 

Anat. :  Jelly-like  connective;  or  mucous 
tissue,  occurring  iit  an  early  stage  of  embryonic 
development. 

Wharve^.  s.  pi.     [Wharf,  s.) 

whase,  j"'"-.  pro.i.    [Whose.]    (Scotch.) 

ivhat,    •  whatte,    )yron.,  adv.,  &  .«.      [.\.ii. 

;nwi:(,  neut.  of  /nru=  who  (q.v.);  eogii.  with 
Dut,  wat ;  Icel.  hvat;  Dan.  hvad ;  Sw.  kvad ; 
Ger.  wra.s-;  Lat.  quitl;  Gotli.  hwata.] 

A.  -1^  pronovn: 

I.  An  interrogative  pronoun,  used  in  a  cor- 
responding manner  to  wJio,  iu  asking  questions 
as  to  things,  cireu instances,  event,s,  ideas,  &c., 
and  as  to  individuality,  quantity,  kiml,  and 
the  like.     Used — 

(1)  Substantively: 

'■  tVtuit  seeat  thoti  iu  the  grouud?" 

Shaketp.  :  t'etiut  ±  AdonlM,  W^. 


boil,  \iad;  pout,  jowl:  cat.  9eU.  chorns,  911m,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    pb  -  f, 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.     tion,  -sion  =  sbun ;  -tion.  -jion  =  zbun.    -cioms,  -tious.  -sious  =  sbus.    -ble.  -die,  kc.  =  Uel,  del. 


whatabouta— wheat 


(:;)  Adject i rehi : 

•■  H'hat  sn-ut  a»iiB*r  JwbIU  «iwn  my  suit?" 

a.  Usitl  ftbsoluUly  iti  intiiulucing  aquef*  ion 
<>mpliatically,  nr  simu-w  hut  in  thp  inaniKr  of 
All  iun*rjection,  and  ((luivalent  to  "  I>n  you 
nioan  to  say  tliatr"  "  Can  it  bt-  that  ? "  or  tht- 
like 

"  ll'Anr.  could  jre-  not  wntch  with  me  oue  hour*"— 
U-itthrv  xxvl.40. 

;{.  Ust'il  to  introduce  an  intensive  or  ein- 
pliiitic  j>hrasi'  or  exclamation. 

(1)  Ailjectivcly  =  how  great!  how  cxtraov- 
'I I  nary  I  how  n-niarkable  ! 

•■  UAdf  n  xiRht  it  vuMi' 

Shaketp.:  Venut  A  Adomi.'-i*^. 

(2)  AdverhioUy  =  to  what  a  degree  !  to  what 
:m  extent !  how  greatly  !  how  remarkably  ! 

•■  lyiutt  flue  chRiigtf  la  in  t!ie  iimsio  '." 

Shakf*t>.  T  Tift  lientlfinen.  iv.  C. 

4.  Having  the  force  of  a  romiiound  relative 
Iironoun. 

(1)  Siiitstantively  =  the  thin-,'  (f'-'  tlungs) 
which,  that  which. 

*■  Controlllnfi  what  he  wiw  controlled  with." 

.•ihakesp.:  Venuf  A- Adotns.  i70. 

(2)  Adjectively  =  the  .  .  .  which,  the  sort 
of  thing  .  .  .  which,  such  ...  as. 

•■  ICAnf  strenfith  I  I'Ave  is  mine  ow;ii-'; 

fihaie^p.:  Tempett.    (Epilogut-.l 

(:i)  Referring  to  a  precreding  substantive  = 
that  (or  those)  which,  such  :us. 

"  Urnw  no  awords  but  what  luv  snncttfled." 

fihakeip.  :  2  Ilenrij  /!'.,  iv.  ^. 

r..  Used  for  who,  but  only  in  the  predicate 

"  nAnMsthisnmidY"  Shahesp. :  Tvmpett,  \- 

Q.  What  thing  or  person  soe%-er ;  whatever 
or  wlmevi-r,  whatsoever  or  whosoever. 

•■  Ik-  Khat  thou  wilt,  thou  Hrt  my  piisouer." 

Shakesp. :  1  Ucnrti  VI.,  v.  S. 

7.  r.irtly  by  :  partly  in  consequence  of. 
(Now  always  followed  by  ivith.) 

•  ■  ivriiit  with  the  \mr,  ichat  with  the  .sweat,  witat  with 
(III-  g.-iUows.  and  what  with  ]iovevty.  I  am  ciistoiu- 
!.l.iiirik-"— S/i'tA''*?).  .■  Mcatiirc/or  Jlfrasuri^.i.^. 

y.  Used  clliptically.  in  certain  phrases,  as— 
(1)  What  if  =  wltjit   would   be   the   conse- 
(lutiice  if?  what  will  it  matter  if?  what  would 
you  say  if? 

•'  nhat  if  this  mixture  do  not  work  .it  aU  ?  " 

:ihakeap. :  Romeo  &  Juliet,  iv,  S. 

(•J)  H7m(  o/  =  what  fidlows  from?  wliy  do 
you  mention?  what  is  the  matter  with? 

'•  All  this  l3  80,  but  wh'it  (/this  niy  lord  ?  " 

^hakesp.:  Sfuch  Ado,  iv.  I. 

*1  In  tlio  expression,  WUit  of  the  night? 
(Isa.  xxi.  11)  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  the  word 
"part,"  so  that  the  inquio'  is,  What  remaiu:> 
of  the  night?  Huw  much  of  it  is  past? 
The  Vulgate,  however  {Quid  de  vocte  ?)  follows 
thf  commoner  but  less  correct  interpretation. 
What  tidings  as  to  the  state  of  the  night? 

0)  Uence,  IHrnf  o/ (/<«/?=  no  matter,  never 
iiiiud. 

"  The  night  is  spent,  wliy,  vohat  of  that  f '" 

ahakesp. :  Venus  &  Adonis,  (17. 

(4)  U'lint  thovgh  =  what  does  it  matter 
thimgh?grantingorsupposingtliat;  admitting 
that. 

•■  IVh'it  though  cAre  killed  a  cat,"— .Stotcij).  ;  Much 
Ado.  V.  1. 

'^  Also  used  alone  =  no  matter,  never 
niind,  it  is  all  one. 

■■  But  what  thmight  courage!" 

tihakesp  :  An  Vou  Like  It,  ill.  3. 

0.  In  such  ob.sok'te  or  poetical  phrases  as 
v>hiit  tiuw,  what  (Joy,  xvhat  hour,  &c.,  vhaf  — 
at  the  time,  day,  &c.,  when. 

"  I  made  thee  miserable. 
What  time  I  threw  the  people's  sutfmges 
On  him."        Shakfsp. :  Titug  Andronictu,  iv. ;; 

10.  In  such  phrases  as  I'll  tell  you  u^mt,  &c., 
v'lmt  cither  anticipates  the  succeeding  .state 
ineut,  or  is  used  to  lay  some  stress  on  wh:it 
is  .'ihout  to  be  stated,  and  not  as  of  merely  in- 
t  n  kI  ucing  a  clause  communicating  informatioii. 

•  B,  As  adverb  : 

1.  Fm"  what  purpose  ;  why. 

"  M'A«r  t*ll  j'ou  me  of  it  *  " 

ahakegp.  :  2  Henry  IV..  i  2. 

2.  In  or  to  a  certain  degree. 

*■  And  thenBhe  a  llttU-  ?4-AnrsmiUngsaid.  {pauiUtper 
•ir-riricnK)." — Chaucer:  fioccii/s,  bk.  iv. 

'  C  As  sitbstantive : 

1.  .Something,  thing,  stuff. 

"  Come  dowue.  .ind  lenriie  the  little  what. 
That  Thoiiialin  win  saiue." 

Spenser:  Shepheards  Cal^'ndcr ;  Jti!tj. 

2.  A  certain  quantity. 

"  Then  the  kynge  anoue  called  his  seruaut,  th^t 
liadde  but  one  lofe  and  a  lytell  vrhatte  ot  wyne."— 
Fahnttn  :  Chroni/cie,  eh.  clxxil. 


Ti  (1)  A'  /.HOI"  vhat's  2L'hat:  To  knt>w  tin- 
nature  of  things  ;  to  have  a  sufficient  know- 
ledge, judgment,  or  experience  ;  to  Ik"  know- 
ing,   (slang.)    (Udal :  Uoister  Doister,  i.  -2.) 

'  (•»)  n'hnt  else?  (elliptical  for  What  elsrmu 
'■*•?):  A  phrase  formerly  used  as  a  strong 
;i(tirmative,  as  if  equivalent  to  "Could  you 
imagine  anything  elst*  to  lie  the  case  ': " 

(;t)  II'/t(f(  hn!  An  exelainatitm  of  calling. 

(4)  IVhnt  not  :  A  term  used  in  cfuicludiiig 
;in  enumeration  of  several  articles,  or  particu- 
lars, and  forming  an  abbreviateil  or  elliptical 
clause,  generally  equivalent  to  "  What  may  I 
not  adil  or  mention  ?"  "et  cetera." 

(.^>)  ll'haf.-i  hiit  (its)  mnne?  What  do  yon 
mil  it  ?  &c. :  Colloquial  jdirases,  generally 
used  to  signify  that  the  speaker  cannot  supply 
;i  di'Iiuite  name  for  some  person  or  thing,  or 
that  the  name  has  slipped  his  memory,  oi 
that  the  person  or  thing  is  of  so  trivial  conse- 
quence as  not  to  be  deserving  of -a  specific 
name.  The  phrase  is  often  formed  into  a 
compound,  as.  Tell  Mr.  IVhat's-his-navie  to 
come. 

"Wbat-llke,  c  Of  what  kind,  appear- 
ance, or  character. 

■  what-a-bouts. '"/r.  [Eug.  i'7i((/,  andu'io"/.] 
Dii  wliaf  business. 

■'  MiEht  know  uf  .ill  my  goings  ou,  and  tvhf/tahoittr 
.ind    wlieieabouts    froirt  Henry  Taylor."  —  Houthcy  : 


Letters,  i 


.  ITO. 


what-e'er',  prov.  [See  def.]  A  contracted 
form  of  irhatei^er,  used  iu  jioetry. 

"  He  Htrikea  whate'er  is  in  his  way." 

Shakesp. :   Vmug  A  Adonit.  '',2;;. 

what-ev'-er,  prou.     [Eng.  vhat,  and  em:] 

1.  .'<iil>.sta.,tfirr!y :  Anything  soever  that ;  be 
it  what  it  may  that :  tlie  thing  or  things  of 
any  kind  that ;  all  that. 

"  Whate'er  is  is  right" 

Pope  :  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  145. 

2.  Adjectively:  Of  any  kind  soever ;  no  mat- 
ter what. 

"  Whatever  occasion  keeps  him  from  us  now." 

Shakesp.  :  2  I/cjirn  I'/.,  iii.  l. 

3.  I)}terrooativeh( :     What    iu     the    world. 

(Cnlln.i.) 

'  What'-ness,  ■--     [Eng.  what:  -ncss.} 
Mctaph.:  A  quiddity. 

"  Pressingfor  definition,  you  never  get  much  further 
tli.'tn  thiiteiu-h  given  quiddity  means  a  certain  ^"/k* f- 
ves!^."—F'ytni;ihtlii  Jieview,  March,  186T,  p.  :135. 

what-not*  s,  [Eng.  M'/ia(,  and^iof.J  A  piece 
or  stand  of  furniture,  having  shelves  for 
papers,  books,  &c.  ;  an  etagere. 

*  What'-ao,  a.  or  pron.  [Eng.  v.-haf,  and  so.] 
Whatsoever  (q.v.). 

What-s6-e*er',  jn-o?) .  [See  def.]  A  contracted 
form  of  ■J/'/^a^sop('(■r,  used  in  poetry. 

"  To  doom  the  offenders,  irhntsoe'er  they  be.' 

Shakesp. :  Richard  III.,  lU.  4. 

what-so-ev'-er,  a.  [Eng.  what,  so,  and  cvw.] 
No  matter  what  thing  or  things  ;  a  more  em- 
I'hatic  wt.rd  than  whatever^  an<l  like  it  used 
adjectively  or  substantively. 

"And  into  wAnfsopppr  city  or  town  ye  shall  enter, 
inquire  who  iu  it  i^  worthy." — Sfatthew  x.  11. 

whaup,  'Whaap,  s.     [Etjan.  doubtful ;  per- 
haps from  its  cry.    See  extract.] 
Orniih. :  The  Curlew  (q.v.). 

"  In  Scotland,  where  it  is  Kenerallydistributed  during- 
the  breeding  season  in  suitable  localities,  frequentin;; 
the  coiists  during  the  rest  of  the  year,  the  curlew  i'* 
c.illed  a  irAfirt/i,  t>r  n-haup,  which  i:i  Janileson'a  Scot- 
tish Dictioniuy  is  s;iUI  ti>  lie  a  name  for  a  goblin,  sui^- 
po3ed  to  CO  .■\lKtut  luider  the  eaves  of  houses  aflei 
nigbtf.'ill.  having  a  long  be.ik,"— I'rtrrtfW  ,■  Brit.  Birth 
(ed.  4th).  iii.  501,  502. 

wheal  (1),  3.  [Corn,  hnel  —  3.  mine.]  A  nunc, 
especially  a  tin-mine. 

wheal  (2).  •'.    [Weal.] 

1.  A  weal  or  wale. 

2.  A  pimple  or  pustule. 
wheal-worm,  6.    The  harvest-bng(q.v.). 

wheat,  '  whete,  .•-.  [A.S.  hvmtr ;  Icel.  hveiti : 
Sw.  hn-tf ;  Dan.  Arerfc  ;  Dut.  ■J^'oYr,  veit;  Goth. 
hvaiti,  hvaiteis;  Ger.  ifeizen;  n'ohni.  N.Tmed 
from  its  white  colour,  which  distinguishes  it 
from  rye,- and  from  the  black  oats  and  the 
black  barley  of  Northern  Asia.] 

Bot.:  Triticjiiii  vulgare,  an  annual  cereal 
grass,  possessing  a  four-cornered  imbricated 
spike,  with  four-flowered  spikelets,  haviu:.: 
their  valves  ventricose,  ovate,  truncate,  nui- 


erouate,  compressed  under  the  apex,  the  nerve 
siimewhat  pioiinneiit.  Its  native  country  is 
not  known,  I'ut  has  been  supposed  to  be  Persia 
orSiheria.  The  plant  may  have  beeusoaltered 
by  cultivation  as  now  to  be  very  ditfereut 
from  the  ]»areut.  Fabre  and  Prof.  Buekmau 
think  that  it  may  have  been  developed  from 
:/Egilops  (q.v.),  a  genus  allied  t<)  Triticum, 
though  ilenfrey  objects  to  this  identilication. 
Wheat  was  cultivated  froni  an  early  period  iu 
Egypt  and  the  neighbouring  countries  [2.],  as 
also  by  the  Greeks,  the  Romans,  &c.  Now  it 
lias  spread  over  a  gi'eat  part  of  the  world, 
Uourishing,  in  climates  considerably  difl'ering 
fmm  each  other.  In  the  European  and  Asiatic 
zone,  which  includes  France,  Euglaiul  and 
part  of  Scotland,  part  of  Germany,  Hungary, 
tlie  Crimea,  Mount  Caucasus,  and  part  of 
Central  Asia,  wheat  is  almost  the  only  cereal 
cultivated  ;  in  a  zone  a  little  further  north  it 
is  .issociated  with  rye.  Two  leading  sub- 
species or  marked  varieties  exist.— T)(7iV(nji 
(vstivani  and  T.  Inihrnnnn.  There  are  also 
many  aub-\'tirieties.  IJrdten  and  Holland  con- 
sider the  following  the  most  important  Eng- 
iisli  kintis  ;— Heanled.  or  Clog-wheat,  grown 
chicHy  in  Eat-t  Angli:i  ;  Cuiie-wheat.  ^'rown 
generally  ;  Liurgau-wlieat,  from  Kent ;  White- 
wheat,  Spring-wheat  (called  also,  by  Lyle, 
March-wheat  and  Summer- wheat).  Winter- 
wheat,  Egyptian-wheat  iTriticinn  com pns,*. urn 
of  LinnaL-us),  and  Spelt-wheat  (Triticum  siKlta 
of  Linuieus).  It  is  cultivated  for  its  grain, 
which,  after  the  removal  of  the  husks,  is 
ground  into  flour.  It  is  liable  to  be  attacked 
by  minute  fuugals,  the  larvte  of  certain  undges 
(see  the  compounds),  and  a  little  woiiu  {An- 
ijiiillida  tritici). 

(2)  .Scn;)^  :  (I)  T^^^  (rhhittah),  (Gen.  xxx. 
14);  (■_')  i:  (hrn).  or  "IS  (hnr)  (Amos  v.  II, 
viii.  5) ;  (3)  ]31  {dagan)  (Num.  xviii.  12) ;  <4) 
rv\D'^,(ni<hoth)(PTOV.  xxvii.  22). 

wheat-harley,  >■■    I  N'a  kf.o-  ba  k  i.f  v. ) 

wheat-drill,  s.    [Grain-drili,.| 

wheat-ear,  s.    An  ear  of  wheat. 

wheat-eel,  s.  A  disease  in  wheat,  railed 
also  Ear-cockle  and  Purples. 

wheat-fly,  s. 

Entoiii.  :  Cecidomyia  tritici:  a  yellow  and 
orange  coloured  two-winged  fly,  aboutn  tenth 
of  an  inch  long,  with  black  eyes,  the  tVmide 
of  wliich  deposits  her  eggs  in  the  heart  <d'  the 
wheat  blossom.  These  eggs  soon  give  exit  to 
yellow  or  orange- coloured  larvje,  popularly 
known  as  red  maggots,  which  feed  un  the 
reproductive  organs  of  the  plant,  preventing 
tlic  seed  from  coming  to  i>erfection.  When 
fnll-rown  they  descend  the  stem,  and  undergo 
theii  tian^fi.rmation  into  the  chrysalis  state 
in  tlu'  eartli. 

wheat  grass,  s. 

/;<>/. :  Viu  inus  species  of  Triticum  (q.v.). 

wheat-midge,  v 

Entamnlogii : 

1.  Cecidomyia  tritici.     [Wheat-fly.] 

2.  Lasioptera  ohfusc^M.  It  is  a  small,  two- 
winged  fly  of  a  black  colour,  with  habits  like 
those  of  No.  1. 

wheat-mildew, .';. 

Hot.  :  I'nrciina.  graviinia.     (Rust,  s.,  II.] 

wheat-moth,  n. 

Eut(un.  :  The  Graiu-motli  (q.v.). 

wheat-Starch,  ^''. 

Micros.  :  The  starch  or  flour  of  wheat,  fre- 
quently used  iu 
the  adulteration 
of  mustard,  pep- 
per, &c.  It  can 
l)e  readily  identi- 
fied by  the  micro- 
scope, the  larger 
granules  being 
round  and  slightly 
flattened  on  one 
side,  the  smaller 
ones,  when  exam- 
ined by  a  high 
power,  being  dis- 
tiiictly  angular. 
Each  granule  has 
a  hilniu,  or  central  spot,  and  many  of  the 
larger  ones  exhibit  faintly  marked  concentric 
rings. 


wheat-starch. 

(Mngniiied  lOo  diameters.) 


late,  fat,  f^e,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  w^olf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  nnite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  —  Uw. 


wheatear— wheel 


5-6t> 


Wiieat'-ear,  s.  rKlyi.i.  chmlitful.  Tin-  iiiinif 
Ills  Iiciii  explained  fioiii  the  arrival  of  the 
hint  '■  when  tiu- wheat  is  in  the  env;  but  tho 
reason  is  faUaoions  ;  f-n-  tin-  wkeatear  arrives 
in  Britain  befiuv  that  periml,  or,  nccordin^^  to 
l-'uller  (M'orf/ti'cv:  Siissex),  "because  fattest 
wlien  wheat  is  ripe,  whereon  it  feeds."  Sonw 
ronnect  the  name  with  A.S.  /nivff  =  keen,  a 
supposed  keenness  of  liearinj;  being  suggested 
by  tlie  decided  timrkiug  of  tlie  feathers  near 
1  lie  auditory  aiM-rtures.  Halliwell  gives  Line. 
ii'hitte.r  =  to  cifinphiin.  Smollett  [Travels, 
lett.  iii.)  says  the  name  is  corrupted  from 
vhiit'-nrse,  which  is  supported  by  the  Frem-h 
name  rul  blaiic,  and  the  English  names  IVhitt- 
tail.  White-rump.] 

Ornith.:  Saricohi  (cnnnthc ;  called  also  the 
Kallow-ehat  and  Fallow-Hneh.  A  well-known 
llritish  visitant,  arriving  about  the  early  jiart 
■  •I  March  and  remaining  till  the  end  of  auUinm. 
Leiii;rli  about  six  inches;  upper  parts  light 
silver-u'ray,  with  jiateh  of  white  on  rump  ; 
iliiill-b-,tthers,  enverts,  middle  tail-featliers, 
and  tips  of  reetrices  (which  are  white),  deep 
black  ;  black  streak  from  edge  of  beak  to  ear, 
enveloping  the  eye  and  spreading  to  ear- 
coverts  ;  breast,  orange-bnlf;  belly,  white. 
These  birds  are  in  excellent  condition  in 
August  and  September,  and  many  thousands 
are  taken  in  traps  every  year  for  the  table, 
under  the  name  of  British  Ortolans. 

"The  ic/u-itti'nf  ia  iiuother  early  visitor.  It  is  aup- 
i".ised  to  Iw  the  Laurentea  'se.i-blne  bird  of  March.' 
Iiut  1  belii-ve  he  has  never  ap<jkeii  cauclusifety  Oil  the 
IMiii (.■■—.■>(,  James's  Gazette,  March  d,  1887. 

wheat'-en,  a.  [Ewg.  wheat;  -en.}  Made  of 
wheat ;  obtained  from  wheat. 

"  His  iliet  waa  of  wheate-ii  bread, 
Auil  milk,  and  oata,  and  straw." 

Cuwper  :  Epltat>h  vn  a  Hare. 

Wheat -Stone,  v.  [See  def.]  SirC.  Wheat- 
stone,  till'  electrician  (180:i-75). 

Wheatstone's  bridge,  ?.     [Eleltric- 

^;l:lD(i^:,] 

*  vrheder,  i>ron.  or  conj.    [Whether.] 

whee-dle,  v.t.  &  i.  [According  to  Skeat. 
probably  for  wetdle,  from  Ger.  iredebi  =  to 
w.ag  the  tail,  to  fan,  from  n>edd=  a  fan,  a 
tail,  a  brush  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  umkl ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
irndol  =  a  tail.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  entice  with  soft  words  ;  to  gain  over 
by  coaxing  and  flattery  ;  to  coax,  to  cajole,  to 
flatter. 

"  A  fox  stood  licking  of  his  lips  at  the  cock,  and 
irhccd/iinr  him  to  get  him  down."— i"£«(raij.?e ;  Fnblei. 

2.  To  gain  or  procure  by  flattery  or  coaxing. 

"  I  have  already  a  deed  of  settlement  of  the  heat 
partof  her  estate,  which  I  wheedled  out  of  her;  and 
that  yon  shall  jMirt-kke  at  If^naf'—Congreve:  Way  of 
thu  iVorld,  iii. 

3.  To  gain  from  by  coaxing  or  flattery.  (Fol- 
lowed by  out  o/before  the  thing  gained.) 

'■  He  tch€edl--il  Tillotson  otif  of  some  money."— . Vac- 
)i"t<i!/ :  /list.  Buy.,  ch.  xviii, 

B.  Intrans.:  To  flatter,  to  coax,  to  cajole. 

"  A  laughing,  toying,  wheedling,  whimp'rinR  she," 
Rowe  :  Jane  Short;  i. 

whee'-dle,  .«?.  [Wheedli:,  v.]  Enticement, 
louxing,  rtattery. 

Wheed'-ler.  s.  [Eng.  whmll(e),  v. ;  -er,]  One 
\\li"  whei-dies,  coaxes,  or  cajoles. 

wheed  -ling,  pr.  par.ya.^  &  s.    [Wheedle,  v.] 
A.  A-  B.  -4s  pr.  par,  rf-  particij^  adj. :  (See 
the  verl,). 

C.  Asmbst.:  Coaxing,  flattering,  cajoling. 

"By  inurm'ring.  toheediina.  stratagem,  and  force  " 
Pope:   tt'iff  0/ Bath,  IG-j. 

wheed' -ling-ly,  adr.  [Eim.  wkeedtinfj ;  -hj.) 
In  a  wheedling  manner;  with  coaxinir  or 
flattery.  ^ 

"  "Cant  you  do  nothios  for  him?"  ahe  anid  whei'd- 
f,n[ihi"—J.  A-.  Le  Fanu :  In  a  lUtits  Darkly,  i.  243. 

wheel,  'weol.  'wheele.  s.  [A.S.  hireol, 
h"rnl,l.  Ini-foirnl ;  co^u.  witit  Di\t.  vHel ;  Icel. 
hjn/ ;  Dan.  hull:  aw.  hjiiL] 

I.  Ordiimry  Language: 

1.  A  circular  frame  or  solid  disc  turning  on 
an  axis.  The  essential  feature  of  a  wheel  is 
rotation,  partial  or  entire.  Its  motion  may  be 
intermittent,  osciUatmy,  or  continuous.  Its 
forjTi  may  be  circular  or  otherwise;  its  con- 
tom-  regular  nv  irregular.  Its  function  may 
be  to  transmit  nmtiou  or  to  modify  it.  Its 
application  may  necessitate  cogs  of  a  given 
ft>rm.  or  it  may  be  smooth,  its  surface  being 
free  from  contact  with  other  portions  of  the   j 


maehine.  It  may  be  hollow,  for  the  convey- 
ance or  measurement  of  fluids;  or  it  niwy  in- 
the  nnmns  of  propulsicui  of  tbiids;  or  con- 
versely it  may  be  propelled  by  them.  It  may 
form  a  support,  and.  by  rotation,  be  unxde  eftec- 
tive  in  assisting  transportation.  As  used  for 
vehicles,  the  wheel  hascast*ironhub(nave)and 
tire,  and  wrought-imu  or  wooden  spokes.  The 
felly  has  holes  flaiing  t^J  the  outside,  so  as  to 
liold  the  ends  of  tlie  spokes,  which  liave conical 
hcadslo  tit  tlicHp.riin.:>-.  The  innerendsofthe 
spokes  pass  through  tlie  outer  rim  of  the  hul*, 
and  are  secured  by  nuts.  The  insertion  of  tho 
spokes  in  circles  near  the  ends  of  the  hubs 
gives  them  an  extended  base  or  bearing,  and 
strengthens  the  wheel  against  lateral  strain. 
Wheels  receive  different  names  according  ti) 
the  purpose  for  which  they  are  used  :  as,  bal- 
a>u:e.- wheel,  cog-wlteel,  crnwn-wheclt  fly-wheel, 
paddle-wheel,  pinioii-wheil,  scape-wheel,  trend- 
irheet,  turbine,  &c..  which  will  be  found  de- 
scribed under  their  respective  heads. 

2.  A  machine  for  sjiinning  yarn  or  threail  ; 
a  spinning-wheel  (q.v.). 

"  I  see  the  eldeiit  daughter  at  her  wheel. 
t^piuuiug  amain."        n'ordsivurth  :  li.r<arsi»n,  vi. 

3.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

i.  An  apparatus,  machine,  instrument,  or 
other  object  having  a  wheel-like  shape,  or  the 
essential  feature  of  which  is  a  wheel :  as— 

(1)  The  revolving  disc  used  by  potters  in 
modelling  ;  a  potter's  wheel. 

"  Then  I  went  down  t'»  the  potter's  bonse,  and,  he- 
hold,  he  wrought  a  work  on   the  wheels."— Jeremiah 

xviii.  :;. 

(2)  An  instrument  of  torture  formerly  used 
for  criminals  of  the  most  atrocious  class.  In 
some  places  it  consisted  of  a  carriage -wheel, 
on  which  the  criminal  was  placed  with  his 
face  upwards,  aud  his  legs  and  aiins  extended 
along  the  spokes.  On  tlie  wheel  being  moved 
round,  the  executioner  broke  the  victim's 
limbs  by  successive  blows  with  a  hammer  or 
iron  bar,  and  after  a  more  or  less  protracted 
interval  put  an  end  to  his  suflerings  by  two 
or  three  severe  blows,  called  coups  de  grdct- 
(mercy-strokes)  on  the  chest  or  stomach,  or 
by  strangling  him.  In  Germany  its  use  lin- 
gered down  to  the  commcDcement  of  the  nine- 
teeiith  century. 

"  Let  them  pull  all  about  mine  ears,  present  me 
Death  on  the  ivhetl,  or  at  wild  hoi-sea"  heels." 

Shakeip. :  Cnriolaiuu.  iit  2. 

*  (3)  A  circular  body,  a  disc,  an  orb. 

*  (4)  A  carriage,  a  chariot. 

"  A  carbuncle  of  Phoebua"  icheel." 

Shakesp.  -■  Cyinbeliiie,  V.  ,1. 

t  5.  A  circular  motion  ;  a  revolution  ;  rota- 
tion, circumgyration. 

"  According  to  the  common  vicl^itude  aud  wheel  of 
things,  the  proud  -ind  the  insolent,  after  long  tram- 
pling upon  others,  come  at  length  to  he  trampled  upon 
themselves." — South. 

6.  One  <if  the  attributes  of  Fortune  as  the 
emblem  of  mutability. 

"The  giddy  round  of  Fortime's  teheel." 

Shnkesp.  :  Henry  F',.  iii.  6. 

*  7.  The  burden  or  refrain  of  a  ballad. 

"  You  must  sing  a-down,  a-down, 
All  you  call  htm  ^i-down-a. 
O,  how  the  wheel  becomes  it  l" 

Shiikesp. :  Hamlet,  iv.  5. 
II.  Technicalbj : 

1,  Xaut,  :  A  tiller-wheel;  a  steering-wheel 
(q.v.). 

2.  Pijrotechnies :  A  firework  of  a  circular 
shape,  which,  while  burning,  revolves  on  an 
axis  by  the  action  of  the  escaping  gas, 

^  1.  To  break  upon  the  wheel :  To  subject  to 
the  imuishment  described  under  Wheel,  s., 
I.  4.  ('>). 

2.  To  break  a  fly  (butterfly,  £c.)  on  the  whefl  : 

(1)  To  subject  to  a  punishment  (mt  of  all 
proportiim  to  the  gravity  of  the  oft'cnce  an<l 
importance  of  the  offender. 

(2)  To  employ  great  means  or  exertions  for 
trifling  ends. 

3.  To  put  one's  shoulder  to  the  wheel :  [.Shoul- 
DEK,  s.]. 

4.  Wheel  and  axle:  A  modihcation  of  tlie 
lever  (q.v.),  and  one  of  the  mechanical  powers. 
Its  most  simple  form  is  a  cylindrical  axle,  tm 
which  a  concentric  wheel  is  lirmly  fastened, 
the  whole  being  suspended  horizontally.  When 
this  power  is  employed  to  raise  heavy  weights, 
the  weight  is  attached  to  a  rope  wound  round 
the  axle,  and  the  power  applied  U>  a  rope 
placed  iu  the  grooved  rim  of  the  wlieel,  or  lo 
a  handle  lixed  at  right  angles  to  the  rim  ol 
the  wheel,  fur  which  an  ordinary  winch  may 
be  substinited.     From  the  diagrani  it  will  bV* 


TltAKMVKlUKHKll 


seen  that  this  machine  is  a  lever,  the  extremi- 
ties of  which  aie  not  points  as  in  the  normal 
form  [Levek,  s.],  but  the  cirrumfertMicc  of  thtf 
circles  (the  wheel  and  the 
axle),  whose  radii  are  r  a, 
CB  respt^ctively.  Hence  the 
power  and  the  weight  are 
not  attached  to  particular 
points  in  tb,?se  circumfer- 
ences, but  to  cords  wound 
round  them  ;  and  the  imagin- 
ary simpk*  lever  .v  b  (formed 
by  joining  the  points  a,  b, 
where  the  cords  become  tan- 
gents to  the  circles)  remains 
unaltered  in  position  and  , 
magnitude.  The  conditions  ufwiiKKLjjiOAJCLit. 
of  equilibrium  are  that  f  x 
c  A  =  w  X  c  B ;  or,  since  the  circumferencea 
of  circles  are  proportional  to  their  radii,  that 
p  ;  w  :  :  circumference  of  the  axle  :  tlic  cir- 
cumference of  the  wheel  (or,  if  a  winch  is  em- 
ployed, the  circumference  of  the  revolution 
described  by  the  power). 

5,  Wheel  of  life  :  [Zl>^r^ROPEl. 

6.  ii'hn'ls  within  »'/MC?:i:  A  coniplication  of 
circumstances,  motives,  influences,  or  tho 
like. 

wheel-animalcules,  ^.  pi  [  Roti  i-gba.  ] 

"  wheel-band,  s.    Tlie  tire  of  a  wheel. 

"  DiH|>itri<led   from   the  horses'   huof»,  and  (rom  tlio 
wheei-ban(Cs  beat." 

Chit/iin'tn  :  Honi^r ;  IlUul  xi,  Wf>. 

wheel-barometer,  ■''.    [Bahomkti:r.1 

wheel-barrow,  *  wheele -barrow,  ^\ 

A  sort  of  hand-machine,  con,sisting  of  a  frame 
with  two  handles  or  trams,  and  frequently  a 
box,  supported  on  a  single  wheel  and  rolled  by 
a  single  individual. 

"  VVho  [Flemmings]  had  brought  their  UoFBei*  and 
cartes,  .lud  wheele-barrowvg.  and  plunkes  (or  their  bar- 
K.wt-d  U>  runue  v|>ou."— J7acUuy(.'  Vayaget,  Hi.  BBS. 

wheel-bird,  s. 

Ornith. :  One  of  the  many  popular  names  of 
the  Goatsucker  (Capi-imulgiis  eumjwus).  It 
has  reference  to  the  fancied  resemblance  of 
the  note  of  the  bird  to  the  noise  of  a  spinning- 
wheel. 

wheel-boat,  ^'.  A  boat  with  wheels,  to 
be  used  either  on  water  or  on  inclined  planes 
or  railways. 

wheel-bng,  ^•.    [Arilvs.] 

wheel-carriage,  s.  A  carriage  moved 
on  wheels,  as  a  coach,  gig,  waggon,  cart,  rail- 
way carriage,  &c. 

wheel-chair,  *•.  A  bath-chair ;  an  in- 
valid's chair. 

wheel-coulter,  s. 

Agric. :  A  sharp-edged  wheel  running  in 
advance  of  the  breast  of  the  plough,  to  cut 
the  sod  or  weeds  in  the  line  of  the  furrow.  It 
has  long  been  used  in  the  fen-lands. 

wheel-cutting,  s.  The  operation  of  cut- 
ting the  teeth  in  the  wheels  used  by  watch 
and  clock  makers,  and  for  other  mechanical 
purposes. 

wheel-fire,    .'J.      A  fire  encompassing  a 

emcible  without  touching  it. 

wheel-guard  plate,  .s. 

Ordn.  :  An  iron  guard  on  each  side  of  the 
stock  of  a  held  or  siege  gun-carriage,  to  prevent 
its  being  chafed  by  the  wheels  when  turning. 
Used  also  on  carriages. 

wheel-horse, .''.    The  same  as  Whkeler. 

"  The  wheelhorge  rider  of  one  of  the  cnptiu'ed 
Federal  teams  took  in  the  sltuntiou  at  a.  glauo)."— 
Field.  Sept.  4,  1S8B. 

wheel-house,  .«. 

Naut. :  A  kind  of  round  house,  built  over 
the  steering-wheel  in  large  ships,  for  the  shel- 
t*_T  of  the  steersman. 

wheel-jack, ...  A  lifting-jack  with  a  low 
toe,  to  catch  beneath  the  tire  of  a  wheel. 

wheel  -  lathe,  s.  A  lathe  for  tumiug 
Tailway-wheels  and  other  large  work. 

wheel-lock,  .s. 

1.  Flrtorms:  .V  form  of  lock  consisting  of 
a   ltnT(»wed    wheel    of   steel,   whose  friction 
against  a  piece  of  Hint  produced  sparks  which 
ignited  the  priming. 
2.  Locksmithing :  A  letter-lock  (q.v.). 
wheel-ore, -s.     [Ger.  nidelcr:.\ 
Mill.:    A    name   given    by    the    aiiner.-^   of 


boil,  bojr;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9011,  chorus,  9hiu,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-«ian,  -tian  =  shan.     tion,  -sion  =  shun :    tion,  -sion  ^  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  ^c.  ~  bel,  del- 


536 


Kapnik,  Hangao*.  t«  a  \-ariuty  of  Bonmonitc 
(q.v.)  ucciirriiig  itj  wlif^l-likf  jinnips  of 
cryHt.Hls. 

wheol'plt.  *.  A  walleii  linU'  for  tlie  licm  y 
tly-wli"!  "l  a  tmin  of  rolls,  tie. 

wheel-plough*  >• 

1.  A  plou^Ii  siii>|».«rtv(l  in  iwit  by  a  wheel  or 
wlurls  as  a  ganyt'  <tt  ik-pth. 

2.  A  plough  with  a  whffl  in  the  spme  he* 
twi'i-n  tlie  lati'lside  ami  iiiiiu!rt-lM«inl,  and  rr- 
diuinj;  the  frii.-rioii  of  the  plough  by  bearing 
th.'  weight. 

wheel-raco,  .*.     Tlic  place  in  wliich  a 

watiT-whi'-l  i>  lixed. 

wheel-rope,  s. 

.Y(ii(/.;  A  ro])0  rove  through  a  block  on 
each  side  of  tlie  decU,  and  Ud  round  th*-  barrel 
of  the  steering-wheel  to  asf^ist  in  steering. 
Chains  are  now  lum-h  more  eomnionly  used 
for  the  purpus<-. 

wheel-shaped,  c  t^haped  like  a  wheel ; 
rnt.,t.-(.i.v.). 

wheel-swarf,  s.  A  clayey  cement  or 
putty,  iindu  in  Sheffield  from  the  dust  derived 
froui"  abrasion  of  the  grindstones,  and  used  in 
furnaces  where  steel  is  luauufaetnrcd  for  coat- 
ing the  layers  of  iron  and  charcoal. 

wheel-tire,  s.  Tlie  iron  band  which  en- 
circles a  wiioden  wheel.    [Tire  (2),  s.] 

wheel-train,  .<f.  A  number  of  wheels  so 
arranLT'l  that  the  revolution  of  one  causes 
the  rLVi'iutioii  of  all. 

wheel-window,  s. 

Gofhn  Arcli.  :  A  circular  window  with  radia- 
ting niullions  resembling  the  spokes  of  a 
wheel.     IRosE-wiNDOW.J 

wheel -work,  s.  Tlie  combination  of 
wheels  which  conimimicate  motion  to  one 
another  in  macliinery,  the  motion  being  com- 
municated from  the  one  wheel  to  the  oilier  by 
belts  or  straps  passing  over  the  circumferences 
of  both,  or  by  teeth  cut  in  those  circumferences 
and  working  in  one  another,  or  by  cogs.  The 
most  familiar  examples  of  wheel-work  are  to 
be  found  in  clocks  and  watches. 

'  wheel-'wom,  a.     Worn  by  the  action 
or  traffti;  of  wlieeled  vehicles. 
"Tlie  cburiote  bounding  in lier  wheeUtoom  etreetE," 
Cowpcr  :  Ezpostulafton,  21. 

Wheel,  r.t.  &  I.     [Wheel  (1),  s.] 

A,  Tratisitivc  : 

1.  To  cause  to  turn  on  an  axis,  pivot,  centre, 
or  the  like  ;  to  cause  to  revolve  or  rotate  ;  to 
give  a  circular  motion  to  ;  to  turn  round  ;  to 
whirl. 

2.  To  convey  on  wheels,  or  in  a  vehicle 
mounted  on  wheels  :  as,  To  wJicel  a  load  of 
hay,  earth,  &c. 

3.  To  make  or  perform  in  a  circle  ;  to  give 
a  ciicular  direction  to. 

"  The  fierce  m»Ucioiis  foe. 
Wheeling  round  hia  watchful  flight.'* 

Cowper :  Olney  Bymtu,  xxiv. 

4.  To  provide  or  furnish  with  a  wheel  or 
wheels :  as,  To  wheel  a  cart. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  turn  on,  or  as  on,  an  axis  ;  to  revolve, 
to  rotate. 

"The  moon  can-ied  about  the  earth  always  shows 
the  B.-uiie  face  to  us,  not  once  wheeUiiff  upon  her  own 
centre,'  —Bentletf. 

2.  To  change  direction  ;  as  though  by 
moving  on  an  axis  or  pivot. 

"  Thns  step  by  step,  where'er  the  Trojan  wJtceVd, 

There  swift  Achilles  compasu'd  round  the  field. " 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xxii.  249. 

3.  To  make  a  circular  or  spiral  flight. 

■'  The  sea-bird  urAt-Wui?  round  it,  with  the  din 
Of  wings."  tortgfcUow:  The  Liyhthotiie. 

i.  To  ride  a  bicycle  or  tricycle. 

"  One  ynnng  girl  .  .  .  was  attended  by  a  youth  on  a 
bicycle,  who  wheeled  attentively  at  her  aide."— 
Centurn  Maffazinc,  Sept.,  18!ji4,  p.  643. 

*5.  To  roll  forward  or  along. 

*■  Thunder  mixed  with  hail. 
Hail  mixed  with  fire,  must  rend  the  Egyptian  Blcy, 
And  wheel  on  the  earth,  devouring  where  it  rolls." 
Milton:  P.  L.,  xji.  1S3. 

*  6.  To  turn  or  change  in  opinion ;  to  take 
a  different  side  or  course. 

"In  the  chance  at  the  ReBtoratinn.  they  wAeci'dabout 
and  acted  like  Protei."— H'ood :  AUiencB  Oxon..  vol  ii. 

*  7.  To  fetch  or  compass  ;  hence,  to  wander 
about. 

"  1  was  forced  to  wlieel 
Three  or  four  miles  about." 

Sli'tlutp. :  Coriolaiiua,  i.  c. 


wheel— whelp 

wheel' -ag;e,  >.    iKng.  wlwcl,  s.  ;  .f*j;f.j    Duty  , 
■  >r  tnll  p:iiil  for  wheeled  vehicles  passing  oTcr 
certain  ground. 

wheeled,  «.  [Eng.  vhcel,  s.  ;  ■('(/.]  Having 
wh'-i'U  ;  conveyed  or  supported  on  wheels. 

■•,\t  all  tlnien  olaborate  oxhlbltions  are  made  on 
,ihr.i.:d  \i:\ilcle».'—Scrilnters  Jtat/azhie,  Aug.,  ISi'-K 
p.  .111. 

wheel'-er,  s.    [Eng.  wheel,  v.;  -cr.] 
1.  One  who  wheels. 
-  2.  One  who  makes  wheels  ;  a  wheelwright. 

3.  A  wheel-horse,  or  the  hor.se  next  the 
wheels  of  a  carriage. 

4.  A  worker  on  sewed  muslin. 

Wheel -er-ite,  s.  [After  Lieut.  G.  M. 
Wlieeler;  suff.  -ite  {Min.).} 

Min. :  A  resin  occurring  in  lignite  beds  of 
Cretaceous  age  in  northern  New  Mexico.  A 
mean  of  two  analyses  yielded  :  carbon,  72*97  ; 
hydrogen,  7*92 ;  agreeing  with  the  formula 
litC'sHgO),  where  n  equals  5  or  6. 

■  wheel'  -  er  -  y,  5.  [Eng.  wheel,  s.  ;  -enj.] 
Cii'cumg>'ratinn,  revolution. 

"  With  L-urlings  and  .  .  .  twirls  and  wheeler  its." 
Barham  :  Ingoldtb;/  Legends  ;  The  Truants. 

wheel'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Wheel,  v.] 

A.  As  pr,  par.,  £  particip.  adj. :  (See  the 
verb). 

B.  As.'s^ihst.  :  The  act  or  practice  of  riding 
a  bicycle  or  tricycle. 

wheel'-leBS,  a.  [Eng,  wlted,  s. ;  -less.]  Des- 
titute of  wheels ;  ^vithout  wheels. 

"The  broken-down,  tehcclleit.  shaftless  buggies."— 
Thiil!/  Telegraph,  March  20,  1886. 

wheel-man,  s.  [Eng.  wheel,  s.,  and  ijmu.] 
OuK-  wlio  uses  a  bicycle  or  tricycle  ;  a  cyclist. 

■■  As  teheefynen  nowadays  so  greatly  abound,  the 
landlords  profit  by  this  arraugement"— Cenrur*/ 
Magazine.  Sept,,  1884,  p.  646. 

wheel- wright  (gh  silent),  ♦  wheele- 
wright,  ^^  [Eng.  wheel,  and  vrlght.]  A 
man  wliose  occupation  is  to  make  wheels  and 
wheeled  carriages. 

•y  The  WlieelwTights  are  one  of  the  London 
Companies.     They  were  incorporated  in  1670. 

*  wheel'-y,  rt.  [Eng.  wheel,  s.  ;  -y.]  Circu- 
lar ;  suitable  for  rotation. 

"  Give  a  whecly  form 
To  the  expected  grinder."        J.  Pftilips :  Cider,  ii. 

wheen,  s.  [A.S.  hwene,  hwiem.]  A  parcel  ; 
a  number  of  persons  or  things  ;  a  quantity. 
(Scotch.) 

"  I  have  six  terriers  at  hame,  forbye  twa  couple  of 
slow-hunds.  five  grews,  and  a  leheen  other  dogs.  "— 
Scott:  Guy  Mannering,  ch.  xxii. 

wheeze,  f;.  [Wheeze,  v.]  A  joke,  anecdote, 
or  dialogue  not  strictly  connected  with  a 
piece  that  is  being  played,  but  introduced  by 
an  actor  sometimes  with  the  assistance  and 
for  the  benefit  of  others.  Applied  also  to  the 
dialogues  between  the  songs  at  nigger  enter- 
tainments, and  to  the  jokes  of  circus  clowns. 
\Theat.  slang.) 

"The  man  who  propounds  conundrums  to  pnzzle 
'Brudder  Bones.'  and  puts  on  the  most  solemn  air 
of  attention  while  the  comic  men  spin  out  their 
'  teJieezes.'  '■— Referee.  May  1.  1867. 

wheeze,  ^whes-en,  v.i.  [A.S.  Jiwesan;  cf. 
Icel.  hvcpsa  =  to  hiss;  Dan.  hvcese  =  ix)  hiss, 
to  wheeze.  Prob.  akin  to  weasand,  whisper, 
and  whistle.]  To  breathe  hard  and  with  an 
audible  sound,  as  a  person  affected  with 
asthma. 

"Catarrhs,  loads  o' gravel  i' the  back,  lethargies,  cold 
palsies,  raw  eyes,  dirt-rotten  livers,  wheezing  lungB."— 
."Piakesp.  :  Troilut  &  Crexfida,  v.  L 

wheez'-y,  «■  &  «■     [Eng.  w}ieez(e);  -y.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Affected  with  or  characterized 
by  wheezing.  (Used  either  of  a  person  or  of 
his  voice.) 

B.  As  suhst. :  A  free  translation  of  V'inde- 
■mimre  (Vintage),  the  first  month  of  the  French 
•Republican  year. 


wheft. 


[Waft,  s.,  IL] 


whelk  (1),  ^     [A  dimin.  from  v^heal  (2)  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  small  pustule  or  pimple,  especially  on 
the  face ;  an  eruptive  protuberance  ;  any 
similar  protuberance. 

"His  face  is  all  bubukles  and  whelks,  and   knobs, 
and  flames  o'  fire." — Shakesp.  :  Henry  V.,  iii.  6. 

2.  The  skin  disease  technically  known  as 
Acne  or  Lyco.sis. 


whell£  (2),  •  'wilk,  ■  wylke,  a.  f  a.s.  wUoc^ 
weolue,  weluc;  allied  to  u«rrt/c«n  =  to  roll,  to 
walk  (q.v.).  Named  from  its  convoluted 
shell.    {Skcat.yj 

Zoology : 

•1.  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of  the 
genus  Buecinum  (q.v.);  specif.,  the  Common 
Whelk  (Bnrciiiviii  Hiulatinn),  called  in  Bet- 
land  the  Buckie,  or  Bucky.  It  is  one  of  the 
commonest  n)<ilhisc.s  of  the  northern  parts  of 
the  northern  liemispiiere,  occurring  from  low- 
water  mark  to  loo  fathoms.  Shell  grayish  or 
brownish  white,  with  numerous  raised  ridges 
and  spiral  striae.  The  uhelk  is  nmch  used  as 
an  article  of  food  by  the  poorer  classes;  it  is 
boiled  and  eaten  with  vinegar  and  pepper. 

2.  The  Periwinkle.  (In  tliis  sense  the 
spelling  is  generally  Wilk.)  [Littorixa, 
Periwinklk,  1.) 

whelk-tingle,  s. 

Zool.  :  Nassa  retictilala,  the  Dog-whelk. 
These  Gasteropods  bore  into  shells  of  oysters 
with  their  rasp-like  tongues,  and  do  great 
damage  to  the  beds.  Cominoii  on  the  English 
coast  at  low  w.itcr. 

^whelked,ct.  [Eng.  it'7tdfc(I),s. ; -trf.]  Marked 
with  whelks  or  protuberances. 

"  HoniB  whelked  and  waved  like  th"  cnridged  sea. " 
Shake»p. .  At'ar,  iv.  6. 

^  whelk'-y,  o.  [Eng.  wlielk(2),  s. ;  -y.]  Shelly; 
in  the  shell. 

"  Ne  uutrht  ihe  irln-tk//  |>earle>i  esteenieth  hee. " 
.sprn^'-r:  yrrgit :  linat. 

whelm,  *  whelm-en,  *  whelm-yn,  i\t.  &  <". 
[A  modification  of  Mid.  Eng.  whelveyi,  hvetj^ 
=  to  overwhelm;  cf.  Dan.  /ti;«7i'c  =  to  arch, 
to  vault  over.  The  final  vi  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  whelm,  verb,  is  really  formed  from 
a  substantive  whdm ;  and  tlic  substantive 
whelm  stands  for  whelfm,  whicli  was  simply 
unpronounceable,  so  that  the  /  was  perforce 
dropped.    {Skeai.)} 

A.  Transitivv : 

L  Literally : 

I,  To  overwhelm,  to  engulf,  to  subinei-ge ; 
to  cover  by  immersion  in  something  that  en- 
velops on  all  sides. 

"She  ia  my  prize,  or  ocean  wlu-lm  than  .ill ! " 

Shakesp, :  Merry  Wives,  ii.  2. 

*2.  To  throw  or  place  over,  so  as  to  cover. 

"  No  bodie  lighteth  .i  candle  (saieth  he!  and  hidetb 
it  in  a  priuie  derke  corner,  or  couereth  itby  whelmin;t 
a  busheU  ouer  it," — Udal:  Luke  xi. 

II.  Fig. :  To  overwhelm,  to  brush,  to  ruin, 
to  destroy. 

"  Some  accidentilgust  of  opposition  .  .  . 
O'erturns  the  fabrick  of  presuuiptuou;)  reason. 
And  whelms  the  swelling  architect  lieneath  it." 
Johnson  :  Irene,  ii.  & 

*  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  overturn. 

2.  To  swell  up,  to  boil  up. 

"  The  water  is  euer  fresh  and  newe 
That  whelnteth  vp,  with  wanes  bright" 

Itonmunt  o/tht-  Rote. 

3.  To  rise  round  so  as  to  submerge  or  engulf. 

"The  waves  wheliiid  over  him. 
And  helpless  jn  his  heavy  arms  he  drownd." 

Dryden:  Don  Sebastian,  u  1. 

whelp,  *  whelpe,  ■•-■.     [A.S.  Jiwelp ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.   welp;  Icel.    hcdpr;    Dan.   hvnlp ;  Sw. 
valp;  O.  Swed.  hwalp;  M.H.Ger.  we(f.] 
L  Ordinary  Lang nage  : 

1.  Literally : 

(1)  The  young  of  a  dog ;  a  pup  ;  a  puppy. 

"  The  rest  iu  shape  a  boagle's  whelp  tliroughuut." 
Hryden  :  Cock  .C  Fox,  120. 

(2)  The  young  of  a  beast  of  prey. 

"  A  bear  robbed  of  her  w7iclp8.''—2  Satnucl  xviL  8. 

2,  Fig. :  A  son ;  a  young  man.  (Used  in 
contempt  or  sportiveness.) 

"  Two  of  thy  lohelpt,  fell  curs  of  bloody  kind." 

ahaketp.  :  Tittit  Atidronicus,  ii.  3. 

II.  Nautical: 

*  1.  A  species  of  .ship,  probably  of  a  small 
kind. 

"Aboard  one  of  the  king's  ships  called  the  ninth 
whelp."— lirereton  :  Traoels,  p.  164. 

2.  One  of  the  inclined  bars  on  a  capstan  or 
windlass,  upon  which  the  hawser  or  cable  is 
wound. 

whelp,  v.L  &t.     [Whelp,  s.] 

A.  Infrans.  :  To  bring  forth  young.  (Said 
of  bitches  and  .some  beasts  of  prey.) 

"  A  lioness  hath  whelped  iu  the  sti-eets. 
And  graves  have  yawn'd," 

tihfikr-sp.:  Jntiug  Ctttnr,  )i.2. 

B.  Tra)is.:  To  bring  forth,  as  a  bitch  or 


£ite,  f^t,  Hire,  ^.niidst,  what,  f^ll,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.     «e,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


whelpless— wherethrough 


537 


lioness  does:  lit-nce  to  bring fortli  or  produce. 
(Saidincoiitcmj)t.) 

"  Tliuu  hait  tcliH/ieil  ft  dog." 

ahakusp. :  Timon.  ii.  2. 

whelp'  less,  a,  [Kixg..  wkclp,  s.  ;  -kss.]  Hftv- 
iii-  nn  uli.'lps  ;  dejiriVL-d  of  her  whelps. 

"Tlif  living-  rti-e 
Hint  hniinU  the  tii:iess  in  bi-r  »f '<»■//./«■«  iiv. 

/;.vf>.ii      t-ir-.!.  11.25. 

when.  'whan,  'whanne,  * whenne,  ftdr. 
(A.S.  htraitiu;  hiroiint-;  co^n.  with  O.  Dut. 
('tin;  Goth,  huan  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  hvunne;  Ger. 
4'-aHii.  Oiii^iimlly  a  cj»senfthe  iiiterrogativt- 
pmnoun.  ftim  =  \vlio;cf.  Goth.  hmuiK,  Htmis. 
iiiasc.  of /i(m^=:  who;Lat.'iH'())i=  when,  IVniii 
f^uis=  who.) 

1.  At  wliiit  or  which  time.  (Used  interro- 
gatively.) 

"  When  Bhnll  theie  things  he?"— J/««A*w  xxiv.  S. 

2.  At  wlmt  or  which  time.  (Not  interro- 
gatively), as,  I  do  not  know  tchen  he  will 
come. 

3.  At  the  ti?iie  that;  at  or  just  alter  tint 
moment  that.    (Used  relatively.) 

•'  He  bnth  it  when  he  ciumot  use  it" 

Shai>e»/J. .  Ritpc  of  Lucrecc,  &52. 

4.  At  which  time  (the  subordinate  clause 
being  logically  the  main  proposition) 

"  The  time  was  nnce  wlten  thou  uuui>;ed  wouUl'st 
vuw, "  Shakesp.  :  Comvdyqf  Krrors.i'i.'L 

0.  At  the  same  time  that ;  while;  while  on 
the  <*<>iiti;iry  ;  while,  instead,  wliereas.  (Used 
in  the  manner  of  a  conjunction  to  introduce 
an  adversative  clause  or  a  phrase  implying  a 
contrast.) 

"  Vou  rub  the  sore 
Whe»  you  ahi'uld  biini?  the  \»laster." 

Shakvsp.  :  Tempest,  ii.  1. 

6.  Which  time;  then.    (Used  elliptically  as 
a  substantive,  and  preceded  hy  since  or  till.) 
"  Tilt  ich^n  go  seek  thy  fortune." 

SitiUtcsp. ."  7'roilits  <t  Cressida,  v.  6. 

^  7.  Elliptically  used  as  an  exclamation  of 
impatience. 

"  UVit'K .'  Lutius.  when  I  aw.ike.  I  say  I" 

Shakesp.  :  JuUtis  Ccesar,  ii.  1. 

^  Wiien  wiis  formerly  often  followed  by  as 
and  that,  without  any  real  change  in  the  mean- 
ing. In  the  case  of  us  the  two  words  were  often 
s'pelt  as  one.     [When.\s.] 

•■  ivhen  as  his  mother  Mary  was  espoused  to  Joseph," 
—  .\fnttheivi.  IS. 

Wken'-as,  ndv.     [Eng.  v:hi:ii,  and  iis.] 

1.  When. 

"  Whenas  the  Palmer  carae  iu  ball." 

ScotC:  Mamiion,  i.  28. 

*2.  Whereas. 

'■  UVfjcj*  if  they  would  imi'iire  into  themselves  they 
would  tmil  uo  such  matter."— B((fT'>w. 

wben9e,  '^whennes,  *whens,(trZi'.  [From 
A.S.  hn-anan,  hiranon  —  whence,  with  tlie 
adverbial  suthx.  -cs,  ns  in  tiricc  (=  tvnes),  vpafs 
(jieiUs),  hence  (^=hennes),  from  A.S.  lu:ono-n  = 
lience).] 

1.  From  what  place.   (Used  interrogatively.) 

"  Whence  came  you  *  "— Shaftesp. ;  Two  Gentlemen  of 
VcTonOr,  iv.  1, 

2.  From  what  or  which  source,  origin,  cause, 
premises,  antecedents,  principles,  parts,  "r 
the  like;  how,    (Used  interrogatively.) 

■•  Whence  hath  this  mau  this  wisdom?  "—J/aMcw 
xiii.  M. 

3.  From  wliich  place. 

"Go  .  .  . 

To  Rijme,  wTifns  that  she  came.' 

Oovoer:  C,  A.,  ii. 

4.  From  whicli  source,  origin,  cause,  pie- 
niises,  antecedents,  principles,  facts,  or  tlie 
like. 

"  I  have  shown  whence  the  uii<Jerstnii(tiug  iiiiiy  get 
all  the  ideas  it  has." — Locke. 

5.  For  which  cause ;  wherefore. 

"Recent  urine,  tlistilled  with  n  fixed  alkali,  is  turned 
into  an  alkaline  nature  ;  whi-nvc  alkaline  salt*,  taken 
into  a  hutnnn  hody,  have  the  power  of.  tuniing  its 
betiigu  iuUts  iutw  dery  and  volatile."— .<r6i((ftHoE  ;  On 
Aliment  B. 

^  (1)  i^ro)n  u'ftcnce :  A  pleonastic  expression 
often  met  with  in  literature,  and  rather  moie 
emjihatic  than  the  simjile  whence. 


'(2)   Of  vUrnce:    A  pleonastic  expre.ssion 
equivalent  to  whence. 

"  He  ask'd  hie  ?iiide, 
Wh.ttand  of  whcnc  wns  he  who  vre&s'd  the  hero's 
Bulc?"  Oryden:  Virgil:  -i'ncirf  vi.  1.192, 

*  when9e'-f6rtli,  t"/i*.      [Eng.  irftcncc,    and 

fortli.]     FoiHi  riniii  wiiich  phice. 

"  \y h-  I'viforth  issues  a  warlike  steed  in  sighL" 
Sfcuier :  Muiopotmox. 

when9e-s6-ev'-er,  whence- so-e'er',  adv 


(Eng.  whence;  so,  and  ci'tr.]  From  wliat  place 
soever  ;  from  wliat  cause  or  source  soever. 

"Tothene  otuotiouH,  wbencetne'er  they  cvn\«  .  .  . 
I  would  (;lve  utterance."  ^  Wurdticvrth :  Jleelttu. 

"  whenp-ev'-er,  adv.    [Eng.  ichence, audei'er.] 

Whencesoever. 

when-eV-er,  when-e'er'.mii-.  [Eng.  ir'jcu. 
and  ..t'cr.l  At  whiit  ever  time  ;  at  what  time 
?,ii.-ver. 

*  whezmes.   'dv.    [Whenck,] 

wheu-so-ev'-er,  cdi:  [Eng.  vhen;  .?o,  and 
I  ci  r.J    At  wliat  time  soever ;  whenever. 

■*  Whensoci-t-r  yv  will,  yc  may  do  them  good."— .tfurfc 
\iv.  7. 

'wher,  (tdv.  oYconj,  [Seedef.)  A  contracted 
form  of  tvhcther  {q.v.).    iU'ycliffe:  John  vii.) 

where,  'wher,  (tdv.  [A.S.  hiravy  hicKr,  a 
di'iivutivc  of  /iicd  =  who;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
trwir;  Icel.  hvar ;  Dan.  hvor ;  Sw.  7irar; 
().  H.  Ger.  hicdr ;  31.  H.  Ger.  wdr;  wd;  Ger. 
ico;  Goth,  hwur.] 

1.  At  or  in  which  place.  (Used  interroga- 
tively.) 

•'  Where  am  I !  "        Shaketp. :  Vemis  &  Adonii.  A03. 

2.  In  what  position,  situation,  circum- 
stances, or  the  like.    (Used  interrogatively.) 

3.  At  or  in  which  place.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  1  kuow  where  you  are."" 

Sliaketp. :  As  Vou,  Like  2t.  \.  2, 

4.  In  what  case,  position,  circumstances, 
or  the  like.     (Used  relatively.)- 

5.  To  which  place,  whither.  (Used  interro- 
gatively.) 

•'  Where  ninn'sfthou  so  faat?"— Sftntes/*. .'  Comedy 
of  f^rrors.  iii.  2. 

(J.  Wliither.     (Used  relatively.) 

•■  Ay,  but  to  die,  and  go  we  kuow  not  where." 

ShaAesp.:  Measure  for  Aleasurc,  iii.  1. 

7.  Wherever. 

"  Attend  me  wlwrc  I  wheel." 

Shakesp.  :  Coriolanns,  v.  7. 

*8.  Wliereas.     (Used  as  a  conjunction.) 

"  And  tehere  thou  now  exactest  the  penalty  .  .  . 
Thou  wUt  uot  only  loose  the  forfeiture." 

iHiakesp.  :  Mercliaiitof  I'cvikc,  iv.  1. 

9.  From  what  place  or  source  ;  whence. 

■'  Wtiere  have  you  this  ?    Tis  false  !  ' 

Sliakesp.  :  Antony  i-  Cleopatra,  ii,  1. 

^  (1)  Jilicre  is  sometimes  found  used  as  a 
substantive  =  place,  situation,  position,  &c. 

"  Thou  loaest  here,  a  better  wht-re  to  find." 

Shakesp.  :  Lear,  L  1, 

(2)  IVliere  is  largely  compounded  with  pre- 
positions, as  irhereby,  ivherein,  &c. 

where' -a-b out,  adv.   [Eng.  u-here,  and  about.] 

1.  About  or  near  where  ;  near  what  or  which 
place.  (Used  interrogatively),  as,  Whereahmit 
did  you  drop  it? 

2.  Near  what  or  which  place.  (Used  rela- 
tively.) 

"  It  is  one,  said  he.  that  cornea  from  tehereabout  I 
dwelt."— fiunvrt" -■  Pilgrim's  Progress,  pt,  ii. 

*  3.  Conreniing  which;  about  which;  on 
what  purpose  ;  why. 

■•  Let  uo  man  know  anj-thing  of  the  busiuess  where- 
about I  8«nd  thee."— 1  .'iamuel  xxL  2- 

^  JVhereaTyout  is  frequently  used  as  a  sub- 
stantive. 

■•  Hear  not  my  steps,  which  way  lliey  walk,  for  fear 
The  very  stoues  prate  of  my  whereabout. " 

Shakesp.  :  Macbeth.,  ii.  1, 

where' -a- bouts,  adv.  [Eng.  y^liereahont, 
witli  tlir  ;idverbial  suft'.  -s.]  Near  what  or 
which  place;  whereabout.  (Used  interroga- 
tively, relatively,  or  as  a  substantive,  in  the 
same  manner  as  whi: reabmit.) 

where-a§',  ''onj.     [Eng.  where,  and  as.] 

1.  While  on  the  contrary;  the  fact  or  case 
really  being  that ;  while  in  fact. 

"  Are  not  those  found  to  be  the  greatest  zealuts  who 
fire  most  notoriously  ignorant?  whereas  true  ze;tl 
should  always  beciu  with  true  knowledge."— .s^jco*  : 
Sermons. 

2.  The  thing  being  so  that ;  considering  that 
things  are  so.  Implying  an  admission  of  facts, 
sometimes  followed  by  a  different  statement, 
and  sometimes  by  inferences  or  something 
consequent,  as  in  the  law  style,  where  a  pre- 
amble introduces  a  law. 

"  Wht-rcm  wara  are  generally  causes  of  poverty,  the 
special  nature  of  this  war  with  Spain,  if  made  by  sea, 
j»  likely  ^.  lie  a  lucrative  war."— iBncow. 

*  3.  Where.  (In  this  sense  often  written  as 
two  words.) 

"  At  last  he  spide,  whereas  that  wofull  nquire 
.  .  .  L.iy  tombied  in  the  mire." 

Speiucr:  F.  Q-.  III.  vii.  45, 


where-&t',  adv.    |Eng.  toftcr^,  anda^.l 

*  1.  At  what,     (U«ed   interrogativel.v  :  as, 
H'hercat  aiv  you  otVended?) 
2.  At  which.    (Used  relatiwly.) 
■*  Whertat  she  wouder'd  niuvh." 

Sjtenier:  F.  (/..  MI.  i»      • 

Where-by',  adv.     [Eng.  fhfrt,  and  Uy.} 
1.  By  wliat.    (Used  interrogatively.) 

■  n-Acretyshan  I  kuow  Ihla?*'— iu*«  l.  !R 

•I.  I3y  which.    (Use<l  relatively.) 

■*  The  niennK  te/irretiu  1  \i\v,' 

shiikc*p.  :  Merchant  nf  Venice,  \\. 

Wher-e'er',  m\v.  [See  def.]  A  coMtraclcd  form 

of  i(7n'JCi'er  (q.v.). 

where-fore,  m?r.  &  cohj.    [Eng.  tyftcrc.  and 

/■•'■.] 

A.  An  v.dvcrh : 

1.  For  what  or  which  reason  ;  wliy.    (Used 
interrogatively.) 

"  Wher^oro  hast  thou  rent  tby  cIoUioh!"— 'J  tiingt 
V.  8. 

2.  For  which  n'ason.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  Wherefore  by  their  fniits  ye  Rhall  know  them.  — 
Matt,  vii,  20. 

3.  For  what  purpose ;  why, 

■'  Whcrr/ore  was  I  honi?" 

Shakeip. :  llichard  //.,  ii.  3. 

B.  As  conj.:  Accordingly;  so;  in  conse- 
(lUence  of  which. 

^  Wherefore  is  sontctimcs  used  as  a  sub- 
stantive =  a  reason  why. 

■■  Disjmte  learnedly  the  whys  and  wherefores." 

nrauni.  *  FM. :  Jtalc  a  Wife,  .tc.,  iii. 

where-in',  *  wher-in,  adv.  (Eng.  wherr, 
and  ut.] 

1.  In  what  time,  place,  respect,  &c.    (Used 
interrogatively.) 

"  Wherein  have  you  been  galled  by  the  kini:  ?  * 

Shakesp. :  2  Henry  /»'..  iv.  i. 

2.  In  which  ;  in  which  thing,  time,  respect, 
book,  &c.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  Hath  for  him  selfe  his  chare  araied 

Wherin  he  wolde  ride."        Uower:  C.  A.,  i. 

^phere-in-to',  adc.     [Eng.  where,  and  Intti.] 

1.  Into  wliat.     (Used  interrogatively.) 

2.  Into  which.     (Used  relatively.) 

'■  Where's  the  jL-vlaee  letiereinto  foul  thingn 
Bometimes  intrude  nut  f  " 

Shakesp. :  Othello,  iii-  3. 

'  where'-neSS,  s-  I^ng.  wlwrc;  -iiess.]  The 
quality  or  .state  of  having  a  place  or  position  ; 
ubieatioii. 

"  A  point  liath  no  diniensions,  but  only  a  whcrcnest, 
and  is  next  to  notbiuv."— O'rt'io ."  Covnoloffia. 

where-of  (fas  v),  *  wher-ofi;  adv.    [Kng. 

ichtrf-,  ;ind  <</.] 

1,  or  what  or  which.  (Used  interrogatively.) 

■■  Whereof  are  you  made?"        Shakesp.  :  Sonnet  5.'i. 

2.  Of  which.    (Used  relatively.) 

"Who  at  his  hand 
Have  Dotbiiic  nierit(.-d.  nor  can  )>erlorin 
Auybt  tehereof  he  hath  need." 

Milton:  P.  L,  iv.  410. 

where-on.',  adv.     [Eng.  where,  and  on.] 

1.  (Ml  what  or  which.  (Used  interrogatively.) 

■■  Whervon  do  you  look?''     Shakesp. :  JIamtet,  fii.  4. 

2.  On  which.     (Used  relatively.) 

"  Iiifeuled  be  the  air  irhereon  they  ride  " 

Shakesp. :  Maeheth.  iv.  I. 

*  Where-out ,  ndv.     [Eng.  where,  and  mtt.] 

1.  Out  uf    wliich  or  what.      (Used  inter- 
rogatively.) 

2.  Out  of  which,    (Used  relatively.) 

"  Where  no  leaf  bloomis  or  bluflhes 
Save  this  whereout  she  crunheii 
For  dead  men  deadly  wine." 
A.  V.  Swinburne  :  Harden  of  Proserphie. 

*  where'-s6,  odv.  [Eng.  v^hcrc,  and  so.]  The 
same  as  WnrKt-soEVEii  (q.v.). 

where-s6-e'er',  adv.  [See  def.]  A  contracted 

form  of  Wnt:RivSOEVF,u(q.v.). 

where- SO- ev'-er,  "-'r.    [Eng.  where;  so,  and 

tier.] 

1.  In  what  place  soever;  in  whatever  place. 

"  (.'onqurroi-*.  who  le:ive  behind      < 
Xothing  but  ruin,  wheresoe'er  they  rove." 

Milton:  P.  ff..  iii.  79. 

•  2.  To  what  place  soever  ;  whithei-soever. 

"  Tlie  noise  pun«ufj«  me  whcrcioe'cr  I  go." 

Dryden.    ITmIU.) 

'  where -thro  Ugh'  (?/t  silent),    adv.     [Eng. 
trhrrc.   and    thn.i,,,}).]      Through   whicli ;    by 
rea.son  of  wliich. 
"  Deep    double    shells    leTierfthrough   the  eye  (lower 
peers."  A.  t.  Swtnbume:  Kondef. 


boil,  boy;  poiit,  jowl;  cat.  cell,  chorus,  9hlii,  bexkph;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^t.    ph  =  C 
-cian.  -tian  ~  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  «tc.  —  bel,  dcL 


r)38 


whereto— whiblen 


wbere-tO'.  m/r.     [Eiig.  tvhfre,  aud  (o.] 

1.  To  what  ;    to  what  end.     (L'scd  intii- 
ui;;alivt-ly.) 

'•  HAerffot^-itdiftll  this? 

aheitnp. :  Mid*umm«r  JVightt  Dremm,  UI.  1 

2.  To  wliicli.    (Used  relatively.) 

•■  Whrrcti'  up  li»vc  alrettdy  atUiined."— P'ii/.  111.  K. 

•  where -iixi-tn\  nWr.  (Eng.  w/i^re,  amlnx^V.] 
Wlirivuiilo;  to  what. 

■  \\\-  know  U  wltereuntH  it  iloth  amount.*' 

tihnkr$p. :  Lope'a  tabour't  Lott,  v.  2. 

Wlier0*lin'-t6»  adv.     lEug.  vhere,  ;uul  unto.] 
I.  To  what ;  to  what  uiul  or  purposu.  (Used 
iiilrriosatively.) 

i.  To  which  :  after  which.  (Used  intcr- 
ii'j;atively.) 

where -tip -fin',  adv.     [Eng.  wlurfy  and  upon.] 
1.  Ut>i'ii ;  after  or  in  eousequence  of  what. 
(INnl  iiitriTogjitively.) 
'1.  Upon  which  (thing). 
:i.  In  consequence  of  or  immediately  after 
wliirh. 

■  Tin-  tovviiMiten  mutiuied.  iiiid  sent  to  Essex  ;  where- 
upon  Ik-  tmiif  thither."— C"/"re»rfOM. 

Wher-ev-er,  adv.     [Eng.    irhere,  and  pivr.] 
At  or  in  wliatever  plact. 

"  Feiir  not  timt  time,  where'er  we  rove, 
in-  lOist'iice,  shall  abate  my  love." 

Cotvper:  To  Delta. 

where-with',  adv.     [Eng.  tvhere,  and  u-ith.) 

1.  With  what  or  which.  (Used  interroga- 
tively.) 

■■  WhnctpUh  Bhall  I  Mive  UneW'—Judffei  vi.  15. 

2.  With  which.    (Used  relatively.) 

"The  lave  vherewUh  thou  h;iat  ]ovei\  me." —  John 

where-with-al,  odi:  &  conj.    [Eng.  ivhere, 

A.  yl5  «(/('.:  With  which  or  what;  where- 
with. 

■'  iviirrctoithalHhnWv/ehe clothed^ "—Miittlnii'  ii.  21. 

B,  Asconj.:  Upon  which;  whert-upun. 

■■  M'hereii'ithaU  uiito  the  hartes  forest  he  fleetli." 
li'i/al:  The  Lover  for  Shame-fast Ui^ts.  .('■ 

^  Often  nsed  substantively  with  tlie  deti- 
nitc  article  in  the  .sense  of  means,  and  espe- 
cially of  pecuniary  means. 

•■  M.   .    however,    had    not   the  ipherewithnl  to 

fiiriiitli  H  uiivvriBge  poitioii  of  seven  camels."— Otu/j/ 
Tclc^irui'h.  Dec.  6,  1887. 

■  wherne.  a.    IQukrn.]    A  handmill. 

■  Nil  hiuida  aieon  the  whenic.  and  her  finKeiw  u" 
flif  (list  ill."— /Jf.  Cfarke:  Sermons,  i>.  472. 

'  wUer'-ret,   "  whir-ret,    v.t.    [A  frt-q.  (jf 

r/./nr(q.v.).J 

1.  To  hurry,  to  trouble,  to  tease. 

"  Don't  keep  wherredng  me  with  your  nc.useii.'*L\  "— 
liickernaff:  hoiv  in  a  Vitfur/e.  i.  5. 

2.  To  give  a  blow  on  the  ear  to. 

'  wher-ret,  '  whir' -ret,  5.  [Wherrkt,  i-.] 
A  blow  or  box  on  the  ear. 

"  How  meekly 
Thirt  other  fellow  here  receives  his  lohirril." 

Henntn.  d-  Flet.  :  Nin-  Valour,  iv. 

wher'-rjr  (U."  wher-y,  *  whir-ry,  s.  ( Icel. 
A ^.r/r  — shifty,  crank  (said  uf  a  ship);  Xnrw. 
hvn-v  =  crank,  unsteady,  swift,  from  Icel. 
hrcrfa  (|«.  t.  hrarf)=  to  turn.] 

1.  A  light,  shallow  boat,  seated  for  passen- 
gers, and  plying  on  rivers. 

"  James  was  conveyed  to  Millhank,  where  lie  croRsetl 
the  Thames  in  a  wherry."  —  Macaulay  :  Biit.  F.nth. 
irli,  ix. 

2.  A  light,  half-decked  fishing  vesypl  u.sed 
111  different  parts  ofGreat  Britain  and  Ireland. 

wher'-ry"  (2),  .';.  [Wei.  c/n(tej'U'=  bitter.l  A 
liijuor  made  from  the  pulp  of  cvab-apples 
aftfr  the  verjuice  is  expressed.  (Sometimes 
called  Crab-wherry.)    (Frov.) 

wher'-ry-man,  -v.  [Eng.  u-hemj  (l),  a;ul 
mnii.]    <_iin-  who  rows  a  wherry. 

*  wher-through,  adv.    [Whebethrough.] 

'  wherve,  s.  [A.S.  /nreor/fot  =  to  roll.]  A 
balance  (?). 

"  So  fine,  »o  round,  and  even  a  thread  ehe [the  spider] 
ctpiiiiie^.  hiui^iitg  thereunto  hei'aelfc,  and  using  t^ie 
weight  ol  her  owiie  bodie  iiistead  of  ii  wfierve. '— /'. 
Uiitlaml:  I'Unic,  bk.  xi.,  ch.  xxiv. 

'  wher-with,  ndr.    [Wherewith.] 

whet, '  whette, '  whet-ten,  ct.  [A.S.  inwt- 
fan  ■=  In  sharpen,  from  )t}r(tt  =  keen,  bold, 
brave,  from  ().  Wax.  hivat  =  sharp,  keen  ;  cogn. 
with  Out. 'ife(/«H  =  to  sharpen  ;  IceL/((Wjf/  = 


to  sharpen,  to  encourage,  from  7iro/r  =  bold, 
active,  vlgorout*;  Sw.  %mttja=  to  whet;  Ger. 
itvtzru  :  O.  H.  Ger.  hwazan,  from  huras  — 
sharp.] 

1.  Literaily : 

(1)  To  sharpen  ;  to  make  sharp  by  rubbing 
on  a  stone  or  similar  sub.stance. 

'•  The  bows  they  bend,  and  the  knives  they  whrt." 
Scott :  Lady  of  thv  Laki;  iv.  -25, 

(2)  To  rub  with  or  on  a  stone  or  similar  sub- 
stance for  the  i»uriiose  of  sharpening. 

(;j)  To  Bhari)en  generally. 

'■  Here  roamo  the  wolf,  the  eagle  whet*  hislwjtk." 
Uyruit:  ChtfUc  ilui'iUl.  u.  «. 

2.  Figurntivelii : 

(I)  To  make  sharp,  keen,  or  eager  ;  to  ex- 
cite, to  stimulate. 

"  The  usual  prefaces  amongst  such  (.eople  ti>  whet 
each  other's  tonraye.'"— C7arc»(/""  .  UehtJiim  &  I'oltcy. 
ch.  tx. 

♦(2)  To  provoke;  to  make  angry  or  acri- 
monious. 

'•  Since  Casaius  first  dirt  whet  me  agaiudt  Cajiwir." 
Sbakesp.  :  Juliiu  Casnr,  ii.  1. 

*  If  To  v'het  on.  To  whet  forward:  To  ui-ge 
on  ;  to  instigate. 

"  ir/ie(  on  Warwick  to  this  enterprise." 

Slutkcap. :  ^  Henry   17,1.2. 

•  whet.  .^.    [Whet,  r.l 

1.  The  act  uf  wlietting  or  sharpening  by 
friction. 

2.  Something  which  whets  or  stimulate.'*  the 
appetite. 

"  All  iv'iv  tahle  is  a  certfiin  whet ; 
You  wuuld  not  think  bow  heartily  he'll  eat" 
Drydcii  :  Juvouul  xi, 

wheth'-er,     weth-er,   "whed-ir,  jno/j.. 

adj',  &  <n,i}.  (A.S.  Itir(nlher=  which  of  twtt; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  hrnrr ;  M.  H.  Ger.  medcr : 
O.H.  {ii.-v.  liwedar ;  Goth,  hiratliar.  Foiined 
with  comparative  sultix  from  Inrd  =  who.) 

A.  Aspron. :  Which  of  two  ;  whicli  one  ol 
two.    (Used  interrogatively  and  relati^'ely.) 
'•  tt'hfthn-oi  those  twain  did  the  will  of  his  father  V" 
—  M'trtheu'  \\i.  -M, 

~  B,  As  adj. :  Wliich  of  two. 

'■  And  so  wrought. 
That  when  the  father  bini  hetlionght. 
And  sighe  to  whether  side  it  drouth." 

Gower  :  ('.  A.,  \i. 
C.  As  coijnnction  : 
"  1.  Used  as  the  sign  of  a  question. 
"  IVhethfr  is  not  this  the  aone  of  a  carpenter  y  "— 
Wycliffe:  Matthcjv  x\i\. 

2.  Whicli  of  two  or  more  alternatives  ;  used 
to  introduce  the  livst  of  a  series  of  alternative 
clauses,  the  suct^ceding  clause  or  clauses 
being  connected  by  or  or  by  or  whether. 

"Thou  shalt  apenk  my  words  unto  them,  w-'ip""''' 
they  will  hear,  or  whether  they  willforhear,'— A:ic/i.-i(.'/ 

%  (1)  Sometimes  the  correlative  clause  is 
simply  a  negative. 

•■  You  have  said  :  but  whether  wisely  or  no.  let  the 
forest  judge."— Sftaftc*^. ;  As  you  Like  It.  iii.  2. 

(2)  In  many  cases,  where  the  second  of  two 
alternatives  is  the  mere  negative  of  the  first, 
the  second  is  omitted,  and  whether  stands 
without  any  correlative,  and  has  simiily  the 
force  of  if. 

"  And  now  who  knows 
But  you,  Lorenzo,  whether  1  am  yours  Y" 

Shakeup- :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ii.  C. 

%  Whether  or  no:  In  either  alternative  :  as, 
I  will  go  whether  or  no. 
'  wheth'-er,  adv.    [Whither.] 

wheth'-er-ihg,  -s    [Etym.  doubtful.]     The 
retentinii  uf  the  after-birth  in  cows. 

whet'-ile,  «.    [See  def.] 

Ornifh.  :  A  woodpecker  (q.v.). 

"  In  some  counties  a  Woodpecker  is  called  a  *  Whet- 
He.'  aud  in  others  a  '  Woodwale.'— two  words  which 
seem  to  have  the  a.ime  derivation.  The  first  has  been 
supposed  to  be  merely  a  corruiition  of  whittle- a 
knife-formerly  written  •whyteV;  but  a  still  more 
ancient  form  of  this  word  is  'tbwitel.' which  renders 
the  conjecture  very  unlikely.  On  the  other  baud. 
■Woodwale.'  ur  'Wood  wall."  may  be  traced  from  "  Wit- 
w.ill.'  aa  fonnd  in  Hollyband'a  />ic(to)ia7v>— cognate 
with  the  Luw-Diilch  ]yfedewticl,  and  the  Old-Gennau 
IVitfevaal  ...  of  which  Whetile  is  but  mi  ea-sy  cor- 
ruiition;  and  it  i.s  certain  that,  whatever  the  second 
ayllable  may  mean,  the  first  fa  only  wood—ui  oh! 
Ant'lo-Saxon  widu  ...  In  some  form  or  other  tin- 
word  occurs  not  nnfreyueutly  iu  old  poems."— I'Mi-rc// . 
Hi  if.  Lirds  led.  -Ith).  ii.  461,  462. 

whet'-slate,  ■^.     (Eng.  whet,  v.,  and  skitr.\ 

[Wiu;r.-,TuNK,  II.] 
whet-stone,  s.     [A.H. hvatstdn .]    [Whet,  r.J 
I.  OriUtiury  Lnvf/nage: 
1,  Lit.  :   A  piece  of  stone,  usu.-dly  a  rect- 
angular slab,     used    for  sharpening   cutlery 
or  tools.    Scythe-stones  are  bellied,  and  taper 


toward  the  ends.  Many  varieties  of  stone, 
I'specially  of  the  slaty  kinds,  arc  more  or  less 
|i<rl.-(tly  adapted  for  the  purpose.  Some,  hovv- 
i-ver,  are  jieiuliarly suited  for  inijiarting  a  tine 
edge  to  tools,  command  a  high  jirice,  and  are 
generally  used  in  the  workshop  as  iiilstones. 

"  Id  rather.  1, 
Be  like  a  whetxtone.  that  ;iii  edt'ccan  |iut 
On  steel,  thoiisb  t  Melf  be  doll  aud  cannot  cut," 

/icH  .hiiisiMi :  lliirace  ;  Art  of  J'octry. 

2.  Fig-  '  Anything  which  sharpens,  excites, 
or  stimulates. 

II.  I'tttrol.  :  A  siliceous  clay-slate,  compact 
and  of  homogeneous  texture.  Used  for  sharp- 
ening edge-tools.  Called  also  Whetslate  and 
Whetstone-slate. 

*II  "  To  give  tlie  whetstone.  To  deserve  tite  whet- 
stone :  Old  plirases,  in  which  the  whetstone 
is  associated  with  lying,  and  regarded  as  the 
propel'  premium  for  accomplishment  in  that 
ait. 

whetstone -Slate,  5.    [Whetstone,  II.] 

■  whette.  v.t.    [Whet,  v.] 

whet'-ter,  .^■.     [Eng.  whet,  V,  ;  -rr.] 

1.  (_)iic  who  or  that  which  whets,  sharpens, 
or  stimulates. 

"  The  air  uitou  Baiistead  Downs  is  nothing  to  it  for 
a  whetter ;  yet  i  never  see  it,  but  the  spirit  of  famine 
.ippctkrs  to  me." — Courirevc:  Love  fur  Love,  i. 

•2.  One  who  indulges  in  whets  or  drams ; 
a  tippler  ;  a  dram-drinker. 

■■  The  wketf-r  is  obliged  to  refresh  himself  every  mo- 
ment with  a  liquor  as  the  snufT-taker  with  a  powder.  " 
-.S7<-r7f  •  Tatler.  No.  141. 

whew  (ew  as  u),  inter},  or  s.  [From  the 
sound  ma<le.l  A  sound  exiiressive  of  astonish- 
ment, aversion,  or  contempt. 

"  Lepel   suppressed  a  whew."  —  Hannay :  Sinifteton 

Fi-nteiioy. 

whew  -  duck,     ^'^^      [See    extract    under 

WiiiavKK.l 

whew  (ew  as  u),  v.l  [Whew,  inter].]  To 
whistle  with  a  shnll  pipe,  as  ])lovers.     {Prov.) 

whew^-ell-ite  (whew  a^  hu),  s.  [After 
the   late   I'luf.   Wliewell  of  Cambridge  ;   suff. 

-i/^(WNi.).] 

Min. :  A  rare  monoclinic  mineral  occurring 
in  well-defined,  mostly  twinned  crystals  on 
calcitc  (q.v.),  of  unknown  loeality,  though 
suggested  by  Quenstedt,  from  Hungary.  Hard- 
ness, 2  ;j  to  2*75 ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  sub- 
resinous  ;  brittle  ;  fracture,  conclioidal. 
Compos.  ;  an  oxalate  of  lime. 


whew'-er  (ew  as  u),  s.   [Eng.  v^hew,  v. ;  -e;-.] 
Ornitk. :  The  widgeon  (q.v.). 

■'  The  note  of  the  Widgeon  ia  a  shrill  whistle,  and  iu 
aoMie  parts  of  £ui;land  it  is  iu  coiiseyuence  cilled  the 
Wbewduck  aud  Whewer.'—i'arrcU :  Itrit.  Birds  (ed. 
4th),  iv.  400. 

whey,  5.  [A.S.  hwceg:  cogn.  with  Dut.  hut, 
wei ;  cf.  Wei.  chwig  =  whey  fermented  with 
.■iour  herbs.] 

1.  Ord.  Uing. :  The  serum  or  watery  part  of 
milk  separated  from  the  more  thick  or  coagn- 
lable  part,  especially  iu  the  process  of  making 
cheese,  in  whicli  process  the  thick  part  is 
termed  curd,  and  the  thin  whey.  Various 
preparations  of  whey  are  medicinally  used  as 
sudorifics. 

"Insight  of  the  fields  aud  castles  which  they  re- 
garded as  theirown,  they  had  been  glad  to  be  invited 
by  a  i)easaut  to  ^lartake  of  his  iche;/  aud  his  potatoes." 
—JUacaulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xii. 

2.  Chem. :  [SebUHR,  2.]. 

*  whey  -  face,  s.     A  pale-faced  person. 

(Used  ill  eutitenipt.) 

■   \\  hat  soldiers,  wJieirface  i  " 

Shtikesp. :  Macbeth,  v.  a. 

*  whey-faced,  «.    Pale-faced. 

■  .\^  in.uiy  ;r/;fj/-/accrfgirl5."— JSicfturtfaoH.'  darista. 

whey-ey,  a.  [Eng.  w/iej/.'-cy.]  Of  tlie nature 
uf  whey  ;  lesembling  whey. 

"  In  seiidiiiK  down  fhewheuey  part  of  the  blood  to 
the  reiuea." — tlaconr  A'al.  Hi-it- 

Whey'-ish,a.  [En^.  it-hey;  -ish.}  Resembling 
whev  ;  A\lieyey. 

"  Wretched  he  that  quaffs 
Siuh  W.f.'/is7i  li'iuors."  J.  Philips:  Vider,i. 

whey'-ish-ness,  s.  [Eng.  wheyish  ,-  -ncss.] 
TIk-  quality  <ir  state  of  being  wheyish. 

-  whih'-len,  'whib'-lin,  s.  [Etym.  doubt- 
ful.j    A  ennueh. 

"  God's  luv  very  life,  he's  a  very  mandrake,  or  eNe 
(Cod  bless  us)  one  of  those  tvhibtins :  aud  that's  worse. 
Jhikker:  Hum'St  Whore. 


late.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  k w. 


which— whiggarchy 


6o9 


wlii^h. '  whUk.  '  wich, '  wuch, '  whlcbe. 

'With.G,p''iiv.  (A.S.  luHlc,  hu-elc,  liwplc,  a 
contracted  fciini  of  /ii'-j/iV  =  why-likp,  from 
hnn,  hvrj  •=  \vli>  (fioin  Imu  =.  who),  and  lie  = 
like;  cogn.  with  <>.  JS:ix.  InrHik,  fr<nii  }nH  = 
wliy,  au'Wf/i  =  like  ;  4>.  Fries,  hvrlik,  hi'-elh; 
hurl:;  Out.  urlk  ;  Ici-l.  /o-i/i/.r  =  of  what  kind, 
froni/(7'(.  idstrmm-iital  cascnf/ivtrr  =who,  ami 
likr  —  like ;  Dan.  hvillcu  (masc).  hvilket 
(ucut.);  Sw.  hvUKeii.  liritKet ;  Ger.  welcher  ; 
O.  H.Ger.  livrclik,  from /i mto  =  how, and  /i7:  = 
like;  Gotli.  Jiircleihv,  from  /n/r  inslruiiu-ntal 
case  of  liuxix  =  who,  and  Iriks  —  like  ;  Lat. 
fjVdUg  =  of  what  sort.  As  an  intenoL;ativi' 
pronntin,  vhich  is  used  of  any  jjendi'i-.  but  lis 
a  relative  it  is  now  only  neutt-r. ) 

1.  An  inttTi'ogative  pronoun,  by  which  one 
or  unite  out  of  ;i  number  of  pei^ons  or  things, 
frctiuentty  one  out  of  two,  is  inqnired  for 
or  is  desired  to  he  poJnttd  out  or  detinitively 
describeil. 

■■  H7iiV/(  yf  ymi  coiiviucvth  ine  of  sin  1 " — John  viii.  4G. 

2.  A  rehitive  pronoun,  serving  as  the  neuter 
of  irho,  and  having  as  its  antecetlent  one  or 
nmi-e  persons  or  tilings.  It  is  now  confined 
to  things;  such  expressions  as  "Our  father 
which  art  in  lieaven  "  being  now  obsolete, 
fcionietinies  the  antecedent  is  a  clause  or  sen- 
tence :  as,  He  is  ill.  vhich  I  am  sorry  for. 

3.  Used  adjectively,  or  with  a  noun,  the 
relative  coming  before  the  noun. 

'■  What  !  loliilkc  w;iy  L*  lie  no"^?  hegftii  to  me. " 

Cfiauccr:  C.  T.,  4,iirG. 

A.  Used  as  an  indefinite  pronoun,  standing 
for  ivhichvrrr,  any  one  which,  that  vhirh,  tho^i: 
v>hich,  or  the  like  :  as,  Take  which  you  please. 

\  (1)  Which  was  formerly  frequently  pre- 
<vil,.-d  by  thf. 

"Du  tlify  iiiit  lilasiilienie  that  worthy  ii.ime  by  ^Ae 
which  ye  nii*  iJilled  ?"—yam<«  ii.  7. 

(•J)  Mltich  wa.-i  formerly  sometimes  followed 
by  cs  or  that,  with  the  effect  of  emphasis  or 
definitcness. 

(3)  It  was  also  sometimes  followed  by  tlie 
indefinite  article. 

"  I  Bh.ill  him  telleii  whivhe  .1  gret  huiioiir 
It  is."  Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  C,8T5. 

(4)  Which  is  irhich  :  Which  is  the  one  and 
wiiicli  the  other.  A  ]>hrase  comnionly  used 
to  cletiote  inability  to  distinguish  betweeti  two 
persons  or  things. 

(0)  Which  sometimes  had  whose  as  its  geni- 
tive- 

■'  Of  iitaiiH  firet  (lUoVwdit-me,  and  the  fruit 
or  th;it  forhiddeu  trev.  u-hone  tiiorbil  t;u>te 
liioiight  dt^Ath  into  the  world." 

aiiito)t  ■  P.  I...  i.  2. 

whi9h-eV-er,  wliijh-sd-ev'-er,  ;'""• 
[Eiig.  vyhich  ;  -crcr,  -sucrer.]  Whether  one  nr 
the  otlier ;  no  matter  which.  (Used  both  as 
;m  adjective  and  a  noun  :  as,  Take  irhichrrer 
toad  you  please;  whichever  of  the  roads  he 
takes. 

t  whick'-en,  ^.    [Wicken.] 

Whid,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.  Cf.  Welsh  c/m'mY 
—  a  quiek  turn.) 

1.  The  motion  of  a  hare  running  btit  not 
frightened. 

2.  A  lie.    (liiirns:  Death  £  Dr.  Hornbook.) 

whid,  v.i.    [WiwD.l    (Scotch.) 
J.  To  whisk;  to  move  nimbly. 

■'  An'  morning  |x>UNiie  whidtliii'  Been." 

Burns :  To  J.  LtipmiK-. 
2.  To  he,  to  fib. 

whi'-dali,  why  -dah,  >-.    [Native  name.] 
Crn^j. :  A  nt.nitinif   iiruvince  of  Dahomey, 
on  the  IJi-ht  ..f  ik-niii. 

whidah-bird,  whydah-bird,  ,•-. 

Ornith.:  The  Widow-bird  (/'((/»«  -paradisea), 
or  Broad-shafted  Whidah-biid,  from  equator- 
ial West  Africa.  Male  black  on  head,  back, 
and  tail ;  brilliant  red  upon  the  nape  and 
lower  parts  of  the  bnily ;  female  brownish 
yellow  on  head,  breast  and  bordei-s  of  wings 
rost^  colour.  Length  of  body  about  five 
inches,  tail  eleven  inc'hes;  female  somewhat 
smaller.  The  song  is  .'impie  but  pleasing, 
and  these  birds  are  brought  to  Euro])*-  in 
considerable  numbers  and  sold  as  eage  birds. 
They  are  generally  called  by  rlealers  Birds  of 
l*aiadise,  and  sometimes  Paradise  Widow- 
birds.  Used  in  a  wider  sense  of  any  species 
of  the  genus  Vidua  (q.v.).  The  name  Widow- 
bird,  or  Widow,  is  also  applied  with  a  quali- 
fying epithet  to  allied  genera;  the  species 
of  Coliusi)a.sser  being    popularly   known   as 


Mourning  Widows,  and  the  singh'  species  of 
Chera  {Chna  ra//rn)  us  the  Long-tailed  Widow- 
bird. 

whidah-finch,  whydaw-finch,  '^. 

Onnthohuiii : 

1,  The  Whidah-bird  (q.v.). 

"  The  bird  on  the  wins  it<  the  whtnt'ih-fineb,  reniiirk 
able  for  thf  vni.rmon«  phnnen  witli  whiiMi  the  tnU  ui 
the  lunle  bird  ii dL-cur»ted  iluriiig  the  biitrd inc  scjuun." 
—  Wallace:  ticy.  Dim.  AnimtiU.  I.  261, 

2.  Any  species  of  the  genus  Vidua,  eonsisl- 
ing  of  tropical  and  South-African  finches,  wiUi 
long  wings  and  a  bi»at-.shaped  tail,  the  twn 
middle  feath'-rs  of  wliicli  becoitie  excessivel> 
lengthenid  in  the  male  in  the  breedin- 
season,  and  drop  otf  when  incubation  is  o\er. 
Mr>st  of  the  species  seek  their  food  on  the 
gronnil,  generally  subsisting  on  grass  seeds 
ami  insects ;  but  they  pass  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  breeding  .season  among  the 
branches  of  trees,  as  afibrding  the  most  con- 
venient situation  for  the  bestowal  of  their 
aVmormally  long  tiiils,  whilst  some  are  found 
inhabiting  the  reedy  parts  of  the  continent  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  great  rivers.  Their 
nests  closely  resemble  those  of  the  Weaver- 
birds.  The  best  known  species  are  the  ridmi 
jxinuUsea  [Widow-bird]  and  V.  nnfthrurhiiv- 
chns,  the  Red-billed  Whidah-flnch,  which  is 
somewhat  smaller. 

'  whid-er,  o.i:Jr.    [Whither.] 

'  whid-er-ward,  o/h\    [Wuituerwaud.] 

wbifi^  '  weffe,  s.  [An  imitative  word.  Cf 
j'ujf,  ■i)i/n',  (fr. ;  cogn.  with  Welsh  chw>ff=a 
whitf,  a  pulf;  chunjfis  =  tu  piilf;  chimff  =  ii 
gust ;  Dan.  ri/f  =  a  putf,  a  gust ;  Ger.  jufi-iit^, 
used  to  denote  a  sudden,  explosive  sound.l 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  sudden  expulsion  of  smoke,  or  the 
like,  from  the  inouth  ;  a  pufl. 

"  Tiie  8kip|>er  he  blew  ■■!  whiff  from  his  i>ii'e. 
And  a  scunifiil  hiiigb  Irtughed  he." 

LoufifcUoir :   Wrivk  of  the  Hesperm. 

2.  A  short  blast  or  gust  of  air ;  a  gust  of 
air  conveying  some  smell. 

••  A  wJiiff 
Of  stale  dekiuch.  forth  ia-suitig  from  the  sties 
That  Law  h.ib  licensed."        Coiepcr:  Tmk,  iv.  459. 

3.  A  hasty  view;  a  glimpse.    {Prov.) 

4.  A  name  used  at  Oxford  and  other  places 
on  the  Thames  for  a  light  kind  of  outrigt;i'.i 
boat.  It  is  timber -built  throughout,  t\n\^ 
differing  from  a  skiff,  which  is  a  lacing-boat. 
usually  of  cedar,  antl  covered  with  canvas  for 
some  distance  at  the  bow  and  stern. 

II.  h-hthy.:  [MAiiv-s(»Lt:]. 

whifif,  c.t.     (Whiff,  s.] 

1.  To  pulf;  to  emit  in  puffs  or  whiffs. 

2.  To  consume  in  whiffs  ;  to  smoke. 

3.  To  blow  ;  to  carry  on  the  wind. 

"The  ainoke  took  him  [Emijedocle-').  ;ind  whifl  him 


*  4.  To  carry,  as  by  a  slight  blast  or  puff  of 
wind ;  to  blow. 

"  It  was  scornfully  wJiiffed  aaide."— C'uW^fc  ;  French 
/{enji..  lit,  i,.  bit,  v.,  ch.  ii. 

*  5.  To  drink ;    to   consume  by  drinking. 
(Perliaps  in  this  sense  confomided  with  ijno._ff.) 


*  whlf'-fet.  -••■.     [Eng.  u^hiffy  s. ;  dimin.  suft". 
-(■/.)     A  little  whitf. 

whifiT-ing.  i.    [Whiff.]    A  mode  of  fi.shing 
for  bass,  mackerel,  iwllack,  &c.  (See  extract.) 

"  Whiffing,  the  process  of  elowly  towing  the  bait 
(Hciillin^  or  pulling  iii  the  known  haunts  of  the  6shi. " 
—  Field.  Dee.  26,  1*85. 

whif -fle,  V.i.  &  t.    [A  frequent,  from  vfhif,  v. 
(q.v.).  J 
A.  IntravsUife: 
1.  To  veer  about  as  the  wind  ilce.s. 

"  If  tlif  winds  ifA(;jHc  about  to  the  south."— /tompiVr; 
Disc,  of  n'iiit/»,  ch,  vi. 

*  2.  To  change  from  one  opinion  or  course 
to  another  ;  to  use  evasions ;  to  i)revaricate  ; 
to  be  fickle  and  unsteady. 

"  For,  jnst  as  iut'rest  whiffled  on  his  mind. 
He  Anat<»liaus  Ivft.  or  Thnuiitiis  Join'd." 

Haite:  tUtlogiiu. 

*  3.  To  drink,  to  {piafl'. 

*  B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  disperse  with  a  whifl' or  puff;  to  blow 
away;  to  scatter,  to  dissipate. 

"  Whiffle  aw.iy  these  truths,"— J/orr 

2.  To  shake  or  wave  quickly. 


whif  -fle.  s.  [A  dimin.  from  whiff,  s.  (q.v.).] 
.\  nfi-  oi  .•.mail  lUite. 

whlflBe-tree.  «■  A  Ur  to  which  the 
ti-aces  of  an  aniniftl's  harness  are  connected, 
and  whereby  the  vehicle  is  drawn  ;  a  whippte- 
tree.  The  terms  sin-^le,  double,  and  tieble 
Iree  an-  nmre  convenient,  and  expi-essive  of 
their  e;tp:icity. 

Whif-fler,  *.     [Eng.  whiffle,  s.  ;  -rr.] 

1.  One  who  whiltles ;  one  who  frequently 
changes  his  opinions  or  course  ;  one  who  uses 
shifls  ox  evflsions  in  argument ;  a  tickle  or 
uiistrady  person  ;  a  Iiitler. 

2.  A  piper  or  lifer. 

3.  A  wand-ljearer  to  head  a  procession  ;  an 
officer  who  led  the  way  in  processions,  and 
who  cleared  the  way  by  blowing  a  horn  <tr 
trumpet;  any  person  who  led  the  way  in  a 
)>rocession. 

*■  Wliifflers  .originally  headed  armlen  or  prftconioitu 
:ir.  tifers  '.r  i'i|n'n*:  in  jiroeeM  of  time  the  woni 
•rbipm.  M  hicli  bail  iilw.iys  Iwen  mteil  In  the  iwmte  of  n 
nti-i,  1  uiie  Im  ^^jtflLi(y  any  ]>erHon  who  went  liefoiT  in 
,t  I'lL'Lc-isiou.'  — //oiuf.   1  lluttrationi  uf  Shakcfjjcare. 

%  Hence,  a  harbinger  of  any  kind.  (!Seo 
extract  under  SnoKiNi;-aoEs,  IL  1.) 

Whig  (1),  s.    {Whey.I 

'  I.  Aeidnlatcdwhej',  sometimes  mixed  with 
buttermilk  and  sweet  herbs,  used,  as  a  cooling 
beverage,    (/'ror.) 

"  With  leeks  and  onions,  whig  and  whey.' 

lireton:   Works  of  a  young  Wit. 
2.   Whey.     (Scotch.) 

whig  (2),  ■  wtUgg,  s.  &  a.  [For  etyui.  s.e  ex- 
tract.] 

A,  As  snbsta}itive : 

Eng.  Hist.:  A  term  applied  to  tlie  num- 
bers of  one  of  the  great  political  parties  in 
(ireat  Britain.  Originally  it  was  a  Scottish 
term,  and  appears  to  ha\'e  been  first  used  in 
Scotland  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  in 
England  in  that  of  Charles  IL  According  to 
ilishoii  Unrnet's  account  (Oxm  Tivicti,  bk.  i.) 
of  the  origin  t>f  the  won! : 

"The  ponth-wp^t  eountiea  of  ficotland  Imve  Keldom 
ftri  enough  to  nerve  them  all  the  ymr  round,  and  tin- 
iK.itlit'rn  iiartJ*  prodvicing  more  than  tlicv  UHed,  tlioae 
111  till-  ivcht  went  in  annimer  to  Imv  :it  l.iitli  tin-  .-t.ire.t 
tliat  lame  from  the  nurtli.  From'  tbt-  w..nl  whi-fjnm. 
lined  in  driving  their  hoi-sen,  all  that  diDVt-  v»ere  lalleil 
the  ii'liigiiatnors.  coiitnict«U  into  whipn.  Isiiw  in  the 
-    -r  liefore  the  news  came  down  of  diike  Uamtlton*!! 


dffeat.   the  minister^  animated  thi^lr   |>eiij>ie 
imd  march  to  Edinburgh  :  and  they  came  U|>.  i 
Mit;  on  the  lie.ad  of  their  |iarishea.  with  an  nitht 
(ury.  imiying  and  preaL-hinij  all  the  way  nn  they 
Tlie  mari|uis  of  Argyle  ,-md  lits  iwrtv  eaim 


of 

.  _, -..    . jd'htadwl 

them,  they  being  about  6.000.  Thiw  wuk  lyilK-il  the 
' Wliiggjtinurs  Inroad";  and  ever  after  that  all  who 
0|ipoNed  the  court  came  ui  contempt  to  )je  v^dled 
whiffs. 

From  Scotland  the  term  was  transferied  t" 
England,  and  was  applied  to  the  jioHtieal 
party  opprised  to  the  Tories.  It  was  first 
assumed  as  a  party  name  by  those  who  were 
chiefly  instrumental  in  placing  William  III.  nu 
the  throne.  As  a  political  term  it  has  now 
almost  fallen  out  of  use,  being  superseded  by 
the  term  Liberal,  the  more  extreme  members 
of  which  ])arty  have  assumed  the  name  of 
Kadicals.  [Liberal,  Radical,  Tory,  Whkja- 
MORE.)  Another  explanation  is  generally 
given— as,  for  instance,  by  Macaulay--that 
Whig  was  derived  from  wheg  =  whey  [Wiiia 
(1)2,].  and  was  intended  to  stigmatise  the 
temper  of  the  Covenantei"s  soured  by  oppres- 
sion. Skeat  considers  this  incorrect,  and 
aecei)ts  Burnet's  etymology,  as  given  in  the 
extract  above. 

B.  As  (ulj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Whigs  ;  comj>osed  of  or  proposed  by  Whigs. 

"Attached    to    the    WJiii/   \inHy."—iiiirkc:   Appeal 
from  the  A'c?p  to  (he  Old  Whifft. 

whig,  v.i.  &  t.  [Prob.  connected  with  A.S. 
yecgi'.n  =  to  move,  to  agitate,  to  move  along.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  move  at  an  easy  and  steady       ' 
pace  ;  to  Jog  along. 

"Was  vhi'jainy  cnuiuly  aw.V  haiue." — iicoU:    Utty 
Mannering,  ch.  xxiv. 

B.  Trans. :  To  urge  forward,  as  a  horse. 
«[  Scotch  in  both  u^es. 

whig'-a-mbre,  whig  -ga-more,  .>'.  [Wiixi, 
.'•.]  A  whig  ;  a  term  of  contempt  applied  to  a 
Scotch  Presbyterian. 

"  It  l»n:i  Cold  fur  my  health  to  come  in  the  gate  o* 
till-    I'-hr/'tui-rc    IxiilU-    bodies.' —Sco« ."    /lob  Hoy.    th. 


whigamores'  raid, 

II.  -.] 


whig -gar-chy. 


[Engagement, 

[Formed  from  whig,  s., 


boU,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat.  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a§;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    -ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shazi.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  g^^^"",    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  dcL 


540 


whiggery— whimsicality 


on  niiuluL'y  vi  oliijinvttit^  Ac]    tiovcniiiicnt  by 
Whigs. 

"  Thry  will  not  rei-oi;»li>'^  luiy  Koverumviit  In  Or^nt 
](rl1  ilii  liiit  ifhiomirvhg  viily,"—:>%ei/t :  Conduct  <if  t/u- 
.mir*.    lAM'tmltx.) 

whig'-ger-i^,  s.  (Eng.  whig,  s. ;  -cry.]  Tlie 
iniiiciplts  III"  tlif  Wliigs  ;  Whiggisin. 

Whig'-gisll,  <i.     [Kng.   whig,  s. ;  -isk.]    Per- 

taiiiint:  or  lelatiiig  to  Wliiys;  iHiiliiking  of  the 

l»riin:i|>Ies  of  Wiiigs  ;  cliaraeteriatic  of  Wliigs. 

"A  |>urtion  of  tli«  TorleM,  with  their  uUl  leiidt-r. 

I>i\itl>>-.  Kt  tlivtr  httul.  Wkru  to  hoUI  tt'hSgffish  lau- 

}:\ingt:."—  JJ'tcmilaj/ :  lHat.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

whig'-gish-lSr,  (cir.  {^u-^.  ichiggish;  -hj.}  In 
a  \v|i)^'^i;ili  iiiauiK-i'. 

whig'-gi^m,  s.  (Kng.  whig^  s.  ;  -ism.]  Tin.' 
l)iiin;iples  uf  the  Wliigs  ;  wliiggery. 

"  And,  though  he  hiid  iicvtr  1>eeu  fHctlous.  liis  poli- 
tK-M  upliiliius  liail  H  tiiiKe  uf  Whii}Qisiii,"—Macaulaij: 
nut.  £»!/.,  ch.  viii. 

•  whig* -ling,  s.  (Eng.  I'i'u'f/,  s. ;  dimin.  suft". 
■liiiii.]  A  jiitty  or  i  u  sign  ilk-ail  t  Whig.  (Used 
ill  conttMiipt.) 

whig-ma-leer'-ie. .«.  &  <•.  [Etyiu.  doubtfulj 
A.  As   subset.  :   A  trinket,  a   nicknack,  a 
whim.    (Scutth.) 

'Niuie  o'  yere  tchiipitalcen'cs  and  curlieworlies.'— 


Srott:  liob  Hot/,  tih.  xix 
B.  An  aOj. :  Dealing 
si  till. 


in  ginicracks ;  whini- 


while,  *  whil,  "  whyle,  '  wyle,  s.  &  conj. 
(.\.fS.  hiril=.a.  tinit? ;  cn^'i;,  witli  Icfl.  kvila  = 
a  place  i)f  rest,  ii  bed  ;  Itiui.  A'/;*;  =  rt^st ;  Sw. 
hcila  =  rest;  O  H.  Gcr.  hunla ;  Ger.  icHle ; 
Goth.  hweila  =  ii  time,  season;  and  per]iaps 
also  with  Ljit.  <juics  =  rest.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  time ;  a  space  of  time ;  especially  a 
short  space  of  time  during  which  sometliiiig 
luippens,  or  is  to  liappen,  or  be  done. 

"  I  for  a  while  will  leave  you." 

Slutkcsp.  :  Measure  fuT  Measure,  v. 

*  2.  A  turn,  a  return.  {Wtjcliffc:  1  Kings 
xxiv.  -JO.) 

B.  As  conjunction : 

1.  During  the  time  that  :  as,  WhiU  I  write 
you  sleep. 

2.  As  long  as  ;  whilst. 

■■  Use  your  lueiuory  ;  you  will  seasihly  experience  a 

fimdiinl  impruveuieut,  while  you  take  caie  uot  to  over. 
06A\.\t:  —  WatU. 

3.  At  the  same  time  that. 

"  Painfully  to  pore  upon  a  book 
To  seek  the  tight  of  truth  :  while  truth  the  while 
Doth  fHlsely  blind  the  eyesight  of  his  look. 

Sliakesp.  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  i.  l. 

*  i.  Till. 

•■  While  then,  God  be  with  you  l" 

Shakesp.  :  Macbeth,  iii,  1. 
H  (1)  The  while  :  During  the  time  that  some- 
thing else  is  going  on  ;  iu  the  meantime. 

"  Put  ou  the  gown  t7ic  while." 
Shak^Sfj.  :  Merry  Wives  (tf  Windsor,  iv.  2. 

(2)  Worthwhile:  Worth  the  expenditure  of 
time  which  would  he  required  ;  worth  tlie 
time,  pains,  labour,  or  expense  involved. 

*  (:j)  While  was  formerly  used  in  exclama- 
tions of  grief:  as,  Alas,  the  while! 

while,  v.t,  &  i.    [While,  s.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  pass  pleasantly,  or  without 
languor,  irksomeness,  or  weariness.  (Usually 
followe(l  by  away.) 

"  Here  iu  seclusiou,  aa  a  widow  inny. 
The  lovely  lady  whih-d  the  bout's  awav.' 

LunfffeUow  :  Student's  Tale. 

*  2.  To  Spend. 

'•  To  wJiile  so  much  time  iu  jwrusiug  this  disquisi- 
tion."—/'ci/j/e.-  Aneetlotes.  i>.  229. 

*  B,  Intrans.  :  To  loiter;  to  pass  slowly, 

"Til  ii:Lsa  away  the  whiUtiff  luomeuts."— ,S(ee?c ; 
.•<fc,tii(or.  No.  522. 

•  While' -mele,  adv.  [Eng.  tvhUe,  and  sufT. 
■ludc,  as  in  pieeemoa/,  &c.]    By  turns. 

!^Ten  thousand  by  eche  moneth  whUemele."—Wi/- 


vliffa :  a  kings  v. 

^  While' -ness, ; 


[Eng.  iuhHc  ; -ness.'l  Change. 


■'  Aiientis  whom  is  . 
iicss  ur  tyuie." — Wi/elii) 

''  whil-ere',  '  whyle-are,  adv.  [Eng.  while, 
iuiil  (/t'.j  A  littl.-  time  ago  or  before;  some 
time  ago;  erewliile. 

"  Let  US  be  jucund.     Will  you  troll  the  catch 
You  taught  me  but  whiferef  " 

aiiitkesp.  .•  Tmnpctt,  iii.  2, 

whiles,  adv.    [Eng.  while,  with  adverbial  sutf. 


'  1.  While  ;  durin,i:tlie  tinie  that;  as  long  as  ; 
at  tlie  same  time  that. 

"  tl7u7<';i  Imn  nioNt  mighty  lather  on  a  hill 
Stood  suilllng."  Shitkctp. :  ilftiry  V.,  V.  2. 

2.  Sometimes  ;  at  times.    {Scotch.) 

"  For  a'  the  nonsense  uta^k;otH  that  ye  lehi'es  liikf 
tnti»  your  hwij."— Sco((  ,'  Antiijuaru,  ch.  wxviii. 

whil'-ing,  pr.  jxtr.  or  a.     [While,  v.] 

'  whlUng-tlme,  s.    A  time  of  waiting. 

"  The  uhilitKj-time,  the  giithei'Ing  together  and 
waiting  a  Iittl«  before  dinner,  is  the  niodt  awkwardly 
|ias.ied  away  of  any  in  the  foiir-and-twenty  horn.*."— 
Steele:  spcetator.  No.  4«. 

wlulk,  .'.    [Whelk.] 

whilk,  pron.     [Which.]    (Scotch.) 

Whil'-ly,  v.t.  [Prob.  connected  with  whet:dh' 
((J. v.).  J    To  cajole  by  wlieedliiig;  to  whillywha. 

whil'-ly-wha,  whil'-ly- whaw,  v.t.  k    i. 

[Whilly.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  cajole,  to  wheedle ;  to  de- 
lude by  specious  pretences. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  utter  ca.iolery  or  wheed- 
ling speeches.    (Scotch.) 

whil'-ly-wha,  whil'-li-whaw,  s.  &  u. 

[Whillywha,  v.] 

A.  ^-15  substantive : 

1.  Idle  cajoling  speeches  ;  flummery. 

"  Lenrn  the  way  of  hlawing  in  a  wumiui's  lug  wi'  a 
your  whillt/whai !  "Scott :  Old  Mortntity.  ch.  v. 

2,  A  shuffler. 

"  You  soon  be^u  to  sus]>eeta  whillywha."— J.  Wil- 
son :  Nodes  Atnbroaiance,  \.  ll'J. 

B.  As  adj. :  Characterized  by  cajolery  ;  not 
to  be  depended  on. 

wlul'-om,  '^  whil'-oxne,  *  whyl-ome,  <nh\ 
[A.^>.  hwilum,  (\a.t.  of  hu-il  =  ii  wliile.]  Fttr- 
merly,  once,  of  old,  yrewhile. 

"  On  sloping  mounds,  or  in  the  vale  beneath. 
Are  domes  where  whilotae  kings  did  make  repair." 
Byron  :  C'hildc  Harold,  i.  22. 

whilst,  ^whilest,  adv.  [Eng.  whiles,  with 
excrescent  t,  as  in  amidst,  amongst,  &c.] 
Wliile. 

"  Whilst  your  great  gooduet^s.  out  of  holy  pity. 
Absolved  him  with  an  axe." 

Shakesp. :  Henry  VIJI.,  iii.  2. 

*t  Th^  whilst: 


(1)  In  the  meantime. 

"ill    call  s 

yi^ht.  iv.  2. 

(2)  While. 


"  ill    call  Sir  Toby  the  whilst."~Shakisp :   TweUth 

yfjht.  iv.  2. 


'■  The  whilst,  amuh'd,  you  hear." 

Thomson:  Castle  of  Indolence,  i 


IB. 


whim  (1),  o.     [Icel.  hvbna  =  to  wander  with 

the  eyes,  as  a  silly  person  ;  vim  =  giddiness, 
folly.]  A  sudden  turn  or  start  of  the  mind  ; 
a  sudden  fancy  ;  a  freak,  a  caprice. 

"  Touching  thy  harp  as  the  wIiIju  cjime  on  thee." 
Mutthew  A  mold :  £mpedoctes  on  Stita. 

%  For  the  ditference  between  freak  and 
whim,  see  Fkeak. 

whim  (2),  5.  [Etyni.  doubtful.]  A  hoisting- 
device  operated  by  horse-power,  to  wind  a 
rope  and  drawakibble  or  bucket  from  a  mine. 
The  rope  is  passed  over  a  pulley  and  around  ,i 
drum  on  a  vertical  shaft  provided  with  a 
cross-bar,  to  which  a  pair  of  traces  is  con- 
nected.   (Also  written  whin.) 

H  Whim  is  used  locally  =  mine,  s.  Thus 
Tully  Whim,  in  the  Isle  of  Purbeck=  Tuliy 
Mine. 

'whim-gin,  s. 

Mininn  :  Tlie  same  as  Whim  (I). 
whim-rope,  s. 

Mining:  A  rope  by  which  the  kibble  is 
attached  to  the  winding-engine  or  whim. 

Whim-Shaft.  .^. 

Mining:  The  shaft  by  which  the  stuff  i.s 
drawn  out  of  a  mine. 

*  whim,  v.t.  &  t.    [Whim  (X),  s.] 

A.  Iiiirans.:  To  indulge  in  whims;  to  be 
subject  to  whims  or  capricious  fancies  ;  to  be 
giddy.    (Congrevc  :  Way  of  the  World,  iv.) 

B.  Trans. :  To  influence  by  whims  or  odd 
fancies. 

"How  he  came  to  be  tohimmed  off  from  It,  as  his 
expression  was."— It'ard.'  Life  of  Dr.  JJenry  More. 

whiim'-ble,  s.    [Wimble.] 

whim'-brel,  s.  [Etym.  not  apparent :  prob. 
from  the  cry  of  the  bird.     Cf.  titierd.'l 

Ornith. :  Numenins  phmopus,  widely  di.*;tri- 
buted  from  the  north  of  Europe  and  Asia  to 


the  nortli  of  Africa  and  India,  visiting  En;;- 
land  in  its  spring  and  autumn  mitral  ions, 
nccasionally  breeding  in  theShftland  Ishmds. 
It  resembles  the  Curlew  (q.v.),  but  is  .smaller, 
and  has  a  proportionately  shorter  bill ;  length 
of  male  sixteen  inches,  female  somewhat 
larger.  Plumage  bright  ash-colour,  witli 
streaks  of  brown  on  neck  and  breast ;  a  baml 
of  yellowish-white  on  middle  of  head,  with  a 
wider  brown  band  on  each  side;  lielly  and 
abdomen  white;  feathers  of  back  ami  scapu- 
lars deep  brown  in  the  middle,  bonlejcd  wilh 
brighter  brown  ;  tail  ashy-brown,  with  oblitiue 
bruwn  bands;  bill  blackish,  inclining  to  n-l 
at  base;  feet  lead-cohmr.  The  Whimbivl  i-- 
probably  the  "Curlow-knave "  of  the  old 
Household  Books ;  its  flesh  is  still  esteemed 
for  the  table,  and  its  eggs  are  as  highly 
valued  as  those  of  the  plover. 

'  Whim'-ling,  *-.  [Eng.  n-him  (1),  s.  ;  dii.iiti 
sufl'.  -ling.]    A  person  full  of  wliims. 

"Go,  whiviling,  and  fetch  two  or  tbrcf  grntinL' 
loaves  out  of  the  kitching."— tfcdiim.  &  J-'lef.:  Co/- 
eomb,  iv, 

"■whim 'my,  a.  [Eng.  ('7((;;t(l),  s. ;  -y.]  Full 
nf  wliims;  whimsical,  capricious. 

"Tbehtiuly  of  Rabbinical  literature  either  flods  a 
luiiii  whiinini/,  or  make.s  liini  so." — Coleridge. 

■  w&impe,"whympe,  v.i.  [LowGer.  wemeru, 

Ger.  wimmern  =  to  whimper.]    Tu  whimper. 

"There  shall  be  intract#ibi)es,  that  will  whimfje  and 
whine. "— Latimer :  Ser.  be/ure  Edu\  YL,  ]VIiu'ch  22. 

whim' -per,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  frequent,  fiom 
•.rhhapc  (q.v.).] 

A,  Intrans. :  To  cry  with  a  low  whiniii.^ 
loice ;  to  whine. 

"  The  father  by  his  authority  shoald  always  stoii 
this  sort  of  crying,  and  silence  their  whinijnring."— 
Loeke:  On  Edueallon. 

B,  Trans. :  To  utter  in  a  low,  whining 
tone  :  as,  To  whimper  out  complaints. 

Whim'-per,  s.  [Whimper,;:.]  A  low,  peevish 
111-  whining  cry. 

"The  fii-st  whimper  was  borne  upon  our  ears."— 
Field,  April  4,  18B6. 

■fj  To  be  on  the  whimper :  To  be  in  a  peevish, 
cjyiiig  state.    (Collog.) 

Whim'-per-er,  s.  [Eug.  whimper,  v.;  -er.] 
<_)ne  \\li'>  whimpers. 

whim.'-per-ihg,  pr.par.,  a.,  &  *.    [Whimper. 

v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  pnrticip.  adj.  ;  (See 
the  verb.) 

C,  As  subst. :  A  low,  muttered  cry ;  a 
whimper. 

"  What  was  there  in  thy  purse,  thou  keep'st  such  a 
whimpering .'"— lien  Junson:  Gipsies  Metamorphosed. 

■  whim'-pled  (le    as  el),    a.      [Prob.   con- 

nected with  (vhimpcr.]   tUstorted  with  crying. 

"This  whimpled,  whining,  purblind,  w.ayward  boy." 
Shakesp, :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  iii.  1. 

*whim'-§ey  (1),  .*.  [Norw.  Icv'ua^a  :  Dan. 
vini$c^=to  skip;  juniii  from  one  tiling  to 
another.]  [Whim  (1),  s.]  A  whim,  a  freak, 
a  caprice,  an  odd  fancy. 

"  I  call  feel 
A  uhimseg  in  iiiy  blood."        Ben  Jonson  :  V-^Jpone. 

whim'-sey  (2),  s.    [Whim  (2),  s.] 

1.  Miniuij:  An  engine  used  to  draw  up 
coals  ;  tlie  term  is  particularly  applied  to  the 
old  atmospheric  engines. 

2.  A  small  warehouse-crane  for  lifting  goods 
to  the  uppei-  storeys. 

'whim'-^ey,  ('./.  [Whimsey  (1),  s.]  To  lill 
witli  whiniseys  or  whims. 

"To  have  a  man's  brains  whij/isicii  with  his  wealth." 
—Deaam.  A  Flet. :  Rule  a  Wife  &  have  a  »'//.•. 

'whim'-sic-al,  a.     [Eng.  whi}ns(cy);  -(•■a7.] 

1.  Full  of  whims ;  capricious ;  having  fanci- 
ful or  ciipricious  fancies;  odd. 

"  If  still,  from  false  pride,  your  paugs  she  deride. 
This  whinuicul  vii^iu  foi-get." 

Byron  :  HejAy  to  some  Verses. 

2.  Strange,  curious,  freakish. 

"Offeringa  u'/ujnaicuMiisult  to  the  government."— 
Mitenitlitu  :  Jli*f.  Hug.,  ch.  V. 

3.  Odd  in  appearance  ;  fanciful,  fantastic. 

"  I  am  not  for  adding  to  the  beautiful  edifices  of 
nature,  nor  for  raising  any  whimsieal  supers tructmu 
upon  hei*  iiXivn^."— Addison  :  ,'ipecCator,  So,  ss, 

Whim-si-cal'-i-tj?,  s.  [Eug.  whbnskul;  -cfy.] 
Whimsicalness. 

"The  iphimxicality  of  my  fathers  brain  wim  far 
from  havinir  the  whole  honour  of  thh.'—.'itertie: 
Tristram  .'ibandg,  vol.  iii..  ch.  xxxiii. 


ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  riile,  fuU;  try, 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a :  qu  =  kw. 


whimsically— whip 


541 


whim'  -91-cal-ly,  aih:  [Eog.  vkimsifaf :  -hj.] 
Ill  :i  wliimsioiil  miiimtT ;  oddly,  frfakishly, 
I.inla^tieally. 

"Tln'ro  is  iM.t.  i.«?rhiii.s,  n  more  H>Ai>nifra//vdi8in.-\I 
ll^iiitt  111  lint iiu-.—l.XdJMiitA;  ThoOee,  Nu.  I.  Ilutnxl.l 

whim'>si-cal-ness»  s.  [Eng.  vhimsmd  : 
•iic^.i  'TIh'  .iu;ilitv  or  istate  cf  beiuy  wliitu- 
Mtiil ;  uhiiii>iical  disposition  ;  odd  teiiiiier. 

•■  Kverv  out-  vnIm-«  Mr.  Pinw:  one  for  .  .  .  aiiothcr 
Un  hH  ii-hi}mictihie*s.'—I*ope :  Letter  (o  Atr.  Btoutif. 


'  whim'  sj^. 


[W'tllMSEY.J 


*  whim-wham,  >■-     (A  reduplication  of  Eiijr. 
irliixi  (1),  s.|    A  plaything,  :i  toy,  a  whim,  :t 
l;tney. 
••  Tlu'y'll  pull  ye  !vll  t«  iitecea  for  your  w/iiJXtpAaifs." 
Beaum,  A  FM. :  Little  Tfti.f. 

whin  (1),  ■:.  [Wei.  c/dyyii  =  (l)  weeds,  (2)  ;i 
wceil  (S'Aiv'f.)  Prior  suggests  Dau.  hven  = 
Imtit  i!;iass.] 

1.  Hotany : 

(I)  One  cf  the  popular  names  for  tin' 
j,'enns  Ulex,  and  especially  for  Ulex  euroi^n'iis. 
It  is  tiie  conimou  name  of  that  species  in 
Scotland. 

If  Used  in  the  pliu'al  for  whin-bushes  grow- 
ing;, as  they  do,  gre-iariously,  so  jls  to  cover  a 
laij^-er  or  smaller  s\Kicv  with  a  thorny  brake. 

"  Mr.  Lniillny  drew  his  tee  shot  audgot  :imuiig  the 
vhiiinr—Fictd,  Oct.  .1.  18H5. 

t  (2)  Onnn  is  arrensis. 

2.  I'rtrnl.  :  Whinstone  Oi-v.)- 

whin-axe,  -'•-.     An  iiistrument  used  fur 

r\tir|iatm^'  whin  fruiii  land. 

whin-berry,  >. 

Hot.:    Tlie  ;J:.■nu^   \'aec.iiiinni,   speciallv  r. 

•  whin-bird,  5. 

Ortiith.  :  An  unidentified  bird ;  probably 
tht'  whiuchat  (n-v.). 

"Orent  variety  cf  tiiiclieb  niid  otlier  small  Inrils, 
whereof  one  very  .siidiU.  iiined  n.  tnhin-bh-tt,  lUJirkpil 
« ith  five  yellow  s.]n.ts.  aurt  lesser  thiiu  iv  wren."— 
nroimif  :  Norfolk  /Itnfs. 

whin-bruiser,  s.  a  machine  for  cutting 
and  lirui^ini,'  (urze  or   whins  for  fodder  for 

r;ittlr. 

whin  <2).   .-.     (Etvm.  doubtful.]    The  sani.  ;i^ 

\VHIAl(ti). 

whin  (^\   ■-     [Wheen,  a.] 

wlun'-9hat,  .".  [Eng.  irhin  (1),  and  chctt.] 
Ornith. :  Saxicola  rnbetra,  closely  allied  to 
;nul  externally  resembling  the  Stonechat  (q.v.), 
from  which  it  may  be  readily  distinguished 
by  th(!  white  streaks  on  the  head  and  neek,  by 
the  absence  of  white  on  the  wing-coverts,  and 
by  the  border  of  rusty  yellow  on  the  feathers 
t'fthe  uppL-r  parts.  [Cf.  extract  under  Whin- 
itiRD.i  It  arrives  in  England  about  the  end 
"i  April,  and  nests  on  the  ground,  laying  four 
t<\  six  bluish-green  eggs,  and  producing  twvi 
liidoils  in  the  season.  Length  about  live 
ini'.lies. 

whine,  '*.'.  (A.S.  hvjinan;  cogn.  with  Icel. 
vhiim  =  to  whiz,  to  whir;  Dan.  hvine  =  to 
whistle,  to  whine  ;  Sw.  hvina  =  to  whistle  ;  cf. 
Icel.  fci;eii((f  =  to  wail;  Goth,  kumuiou  =  to 
nmurn  ;  Sansc.  kran  =  to  buzz.] 

1.  To  express  sorrow,  distress,  or  complaint 
by  a  plaintive,  drawling  cry;  to  moan;  to 
complain  in  a  mean  or  unmanly  way. 

"  'Tis  true.  1  cuiild  uot  whine  nor  sifjli. 
1  know  Imt  toobtatu  or  die." 

Byron  ■  TheGiaf.i.r. 

2.  To  make  a  similar  noise.  (Said  of  dogs 
ami  other  animals.) 

"  [  like  a  iloK.  could  ))ite n^  we'd  as  whitie." 

Fofic  :   Wife  of  Bnth's  PTologue.  \h1. 

'Whine,  '>.  [Whine,  I'.J  A  drawling,  plaintive 
tone ;  the  nasal,  puerile  tone  of  mean  com- 
plaint ;  mean  or  unmanly  complaint. 

"  The  c-mt  and  wfljij*' of  a  mendicant."— ro-zan  .-  On 


■  !■! 


.  ch.  iii. 


whin  -er,  s.     [Eng.  v'hin{e),  v. ;  -er.]    One  who 

WllilMS. 

"Thpnert  "f  whiiiem  or  s^rumblern  (for  ft  deserves 
t"  l>c  it-uiiiitttzed  hy  110  very  hoiioumhle  linme).  fur 
iiinhi'-H  Ti  ;ery  pinver  aubject  (or  ridicule,"— A'jjoa:.- 
Ifhtt.-f  Itvr.nna*,  even.  H. 

whinge.  ■■.'.    (Whixe,  r.]    Towhine   (Scotch.) 

■  If  miy  whiif^ish  wliinr/in'  «ot, 
T"  t.l;uiie  inior  Matthew  dare  ni.in." 
/ii'r„s     i:i.-'j;,  n„  Cn/it.  ffe'utcrson.    (The  Eplt>iph.) 

whiEg-er,  >-.    [WHiNVAnii.]    A.sort  of  hanger 


used  as  a  knif*^  at    lueals  and  m  broils  ;  a 
poniard,    (iicotch.) 


tW  utlu-r.'— scoff  .*  fild  Mortulit^, 


"  Wi"  thu   pistol  ami  the  xehlngpr  la  the  tao  liaj 
.and  the    nihle    in    ' 

i-h.  Mv. 


whin'-ing,       whyn-lng,    i-r.  ixir.  or   (t. 
[Whini:.  .■.] 

whin'-ing-l3?,  mh'.    [Eng.  whining ;  -bj.]    In 
a  whining  manner. 

whin'-ny,  <<.    [Eng.  v.'h\n{l),  s. ;  -j/.l 
1.  Aliounding  in  whins  or  furze -bus  lies. 


2.  Abounding  in  ov  resembling  whinstone. 

whin'-ny,  v.L  [An  imitative  wonl  ;  cf.  Eng. 
vhiiip,  and  Lat.  /(i/ijuo  =  to  whinny.)  To 
utter  the  sound  of  a  horse  ;  to  neigh. 

"  And  tho  he  were  mh  naked  j«  my  nail, 
Yet  he  could  lehinn;/  then,  and  wag  the  tail." 

liranton  :  The  MooirCut/- 

Whin  -njr,  i-.  [Waixsv,  v.\  The  act  of  whin- 
nying; a  neigh. 

whin  stone,  quhin-stane,  '  quhyn- 
Stane,  ^■.  (Etym.  duul.ttul  ;  I'rob.  Irum  En-. 
w/ini  (1),  and  stonf.] 

Petrol. :  A  term  used  in  Scotland  as  synony- 
mous with  greenstone  (n-v.),  but  applied  by 
miners  and  quarryinen  to  any  hard,  resisting 
rock  which  comes  in  the  way  of  their  opera- 
tions.   (Vage.) 

'  Whin-yard,   '  whin'-i-ard,   ■^.      [Etym. 

doubtful ;' perhaps  froni  A!rs.  iritnuin  =  to 
tight ;  and  geanl  =  a  rod,  a  yard.]  A  sword 
or  hangei'. 


whip,     whip-pen,  'whyp-pyn,  './.  M  i. 

(Oiigiiial  meaning,  to  nu'vc  i;ipiiUy  ;  ef.  Dut. 
ivijijicii-  =  to  skip,  to  hasten,  tn  ttog ;  Low 
Ger.  viftpcn,  iinippen  =  to  go  up  and  down, 
as  on  it  seesaw;  Dan.  vipjic  —  t-**  seesaw,  to 
rock  :  tSw.  vijypa  =  to  wag.  to  jerk,  to  flog  ; 
Ger.  wip2)ai  =  to  move  up  and  down,  to  see- 
saw, to  flog;  Gael,  cnip  =  a  whip;  Wei. 
chii'ip  —  a  quick  turn  ;  clnrlpio  =  to  move 
briskly  or  nimbly.  The  /(,  therefore,  appeal's 
not  to  have  belonged  to  the  word  originally.] 

A.  Transitive : 

I.  Ordinary  Langttafie : 

1.  To  move  suddenly  and  quickly ;  to  take 
or  seize  with  a  sudden  motion  ;  to  snateli ; 
to  carry,  convey,  or  move  suddenly  and  ra- 
pidly. (Generally  followed  by  a  preposition, 
as  (n'7(?/,  off',  out,  «j),  &c.) 

"  The  sultan,  furious,  called  a  iiuitt-,  and  said. 
'  U  Musta,  sti-aightway  whip  tut:  o/fhis  head."" 
T.  B.  AUt.'ich:  The  World's  Way. 

2.  To  make  to  turn  or  rotate  with  lashes  : 
as.  To  whip  a  top. 

3.  To  strike  with  a  whip  or  lash,  or  with 
anything  tough  and  flexible  ;  to  lash. 

"  Wee  were  constrained  to  heat  and  whip  on  our 
\u>VAi6S."~ffa<:kluut:  Vonit'ieK,  i.  Il'J. 

4.  To  furnish  with  a  whip,  scourge,  birch, 
or  the  like;  to  flog. 

"  Let  tlieni  be  whipp'd  through  every  in.arket  town, 
till  they  came  to  Berwick,  wlieuce  they  came." — 
Sfitikcup, :  2  Hi'nry  I'/.,  ii.  1. 

5.  To  drive  with  lashes. 

"  Colli*  hie  nit  ion  like  an  Aii^el  came, 
And  whii>p'd\M'  ofl'eudliig  Adam  out  of  hiin." 

Shiik'Sp.  :  Henry  v.,  i.  l, 

*6.  To  thrash;  to  beat  out,  as  grain,  by 
striking  :  as,  To  whip  wheat. 

*  7.  Tp  lash  in  a  figurative  sense;  to  treat 
with  cutting  severity,  as  with  sarcasm,  abuse, 
or  the  like. 

"  Wilt  thou  w7A(>thiue  own  f.-uiltn  in  other  men?" 
&hitkf»p.  :  rinioH,  V.  1. 

8.  To  beat  into  a  froth,  ns  eggs,  cream,  &c., 
with  a  whisk,  fork,  spoon,  or  the  like. 

9.  To  fish  by  casting  a  line  on  a  stream. 
[Flvfishino.] 

10.  Tobeat,  to  overcome,  to  surpa.ss.  {Anu-r. 
sliuuj.) 

*  11.  To  sew  slightly ;  to  form  into  gathers  ; 
as,  To  whip  a  ruftle. 

12.  To  sew  over  and  over,  as  the  two  sel- 
v.iges  i)f  stutfs  stitched  togetlier. 

11.  Kant. :  To  hoist  or  purchase  by  means 
of  a  rope  passed  through  a  single  pulley. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  move  or  turn  nimbly;  to  start  sud- 
denly and  run  ;  to  turn  and  run. 

"In  ficht  he  «et«  up  his  taile,  ami  whipn  ahonte. 
tumiiiK  his  tatle  to  the  eiiemie."— /*.  HoflnnU  :  fliiih; 
bk.  \  iii.,  ch,  \xiv-. 


2.  i^t'i'  extract). 

•'  Mhu  and  Scully  robbed  a  nalh>r  hi  Dnvoiisliire- 
atrw^t.  ami  Scully  was  ifulUy  uf  what  !■  known  tit 
Billiii)f!>ifltt«  ftK  vhtpiiina~tlint  If.  IwUii;  nit*:r|iret«^, 
keepliiit  i>nrt  of  tUe  liluiidcr."  —  /'«(/  Mnll  Unutte. 
I'l-b.  I.  I9sd. 

11  1,  To  jvhip  in  : 

(1)  Intransitive  ; 

(<()  To  act  as  whipper-in  Oj.v.). 


('j)  To  como  last. 

" u'hipprd  in,  and  t^i  the  imt^nUhiiieiit  of  every 

one  an  eKtrauiiIlnikiy  stand  waa  mndt-.' — /)iil/y  Tflt^ 
Sraph.  July  1.  188S. 

(2)  Tram.  :  To  keep  from  scattering,  a.s 
hounds  in  a  hunt;  hence,  to  bring  or  keep 
the  members  of  a  party  together,  as  in  a  legis- 
lative assembly, 

2.  Tv  irhip  off:  To  dii\e  hounds  olTa  scent. 

"  The  difficult  nature  of  the  covert,  and  the  fact 
that  they  wei-e  running  in  vU-w,  prevented  houmU 
belus  whipped  ojfnl  the  ouUiet."— /VoW,  April  A,  ISSk 

3.  '/''.>  v.^hip  the  cat : 

(1)  To  practise  the  most  pinching  parshnony. 
(I'rov.) 

(2)  To  work  from  house  to  house  by  the 
day,  as  a  tailor,  dressmaker,  carpenter,  or  the 
like,     (/Vor.) 

"  Mr.  Hut;h  Hallburton  dilat«8  upon  the  cuntom  of 
'  irhippinij  the  vat'—i.v..  ^Vlll'knl^  for  people  at  tlieir 
lioLHcH.  iM  was  once  th>-\«uiitof  Scottish  tailora.  A 
minister  who  filh  aiiotheiH  pulpit  {for  a  coiisidera- 
tnm)  Is  eipially  said  to  '  tlog  pouss.'"— .>f.  ./aniei'i  tia- 
zrtt'-.  ,M;i>   -1.   IKHH 

whip,  whippe,  ■.    [Wmr,  v.] 

I,  Oniiiuirn  I.iiHijtaiijc  : 

1.  An  instrument  used  for  di-iving  hnrsea 
and  other  animals,  or  for  correction  ;  com- 
monly consisting  of  a  handle,  a  thong  of  plait^nl 
leather,  and  a  lash  of  plaited  hemp  or  other 
tibie.  Fieiiuently.  howt^ver,  the  handle  and 
thong  are  in  one  jiiece,  forming  a  tapering 
flexible  rod;  riding-whips  are  made  in  this 
way.  I 

"To  thy  speed  add  wings, 
Lertt  with  a  «■*(';>  of  scorpions  I  puiitue 
Thy  lingriug."  Milton:  P.  L..  ii.  TOl. 

2.  A  coachman,  or  driver  of  a  carriage. 

"  None  of  the  Loudon  whips  .  .  .  wear  wigs  now,"— 
Sheridan:  Rivals,  i.  1. 

3.  A  whipper-in. 

"The  first  whip  was  unlucky  in  meetiuf:  with  a 
n.aHty  nccldettt  some  two  or  three  weeks  ha,v)t."— Field, 
Oct.  15.  1887. 

4.  An  endless  line,  used  in  saving  life  from 
a  wreek. 

"The  toh'ip  paasea  rapidly  toward  the  wreck,  .ind 
arriving  there  the  Hailontm.ake  fast  the  tail-block  iu 
accordance  with  the  directions  on  the  tully-board,  .and 
sliow  a  signal  to  the  &in>xe."— Scribjier's  Magazine, 
Jail,  1880,  p.  3:i0. 

5.  A  flag  used  for  signalling. 

6.  Tlie  arm  of  a  windmill,  on  which  a  sail  is 
extended  ;  also  the  length  of  the  arm  reckoned 
from  the  shaft. 

II.  Tech  n  ically : 

1.  Kavt.  :  A  form  of  hoisting-tackle.  \ 
single  whip  is  the  most  simple  piireliase  in 
use.  If  the  fall  of  the  rope  of  a  single  whip 
be  splieed  round  the  bloek  of  another  whip,  it 
becomes  whi[>  on  whip,  or  whip  and  runner. 
Thus  two  single  blocks  afford  the  same  pur- 
chase as  a  tackle  having  adouble  and  a  single 
block,  with  much  less  friction. 

2.  Parliamentary: 

(I)  A  member  who  performs  the  important 
duties  of  looking  after  the  interests  of  his 
party,  and  who  secures  the  attendance  of  as 
many  members  as  possible  at  an  important 
division. 

"  'I'hf  Mberal  whips  have  Issued  asomewhat  similar 
iitviUitioii. "—/'«//  Mall  Uaztitlo.  Nov.  u.  18B2. 

(■J)  A  call  made  upon  the  meml>ers  of  a 
party  to  attend  in  their  places  at  a  certain 
time,  as  when  an  important  divisiou  is  ex- 
pected. 

"Urijetit  "■'htpit  liave  been  issued  by  both  aides." — 
J'nlt  .Uuil  0'i:.llt;  Nov.  ».  1882. 

'*  %  Used  as  an  exclamation  =  immediately. 
"  Ymi  ii' •  11  I  siioner  chose  In,  but.  whip!  you  .tre  n» 
proul  a-s  the  uovil."— (V<(((»i-rtJ .'  Gotham  Klertion. 

%  (1)  The  v?hip  withsij.  ;,lnn{js :  [Six,  T  (2)]. 

(•_*)  ll'hlp  anil  ili:rry : 

Miitiny:  An  arrangement  for  raising  the 
kibble,  by  means  of  a  rope  meiely  pa.ssing 
over  a  pulley  and  attached  to  a  horse, 

(\i)  U'hip  ami  runner  :  [Whip,  s.,  II.  1.]. 

(4)  Whip  and  ninir :  With  the  greatest  haste. 

"  Each  mt-tunch  pidrinick 
Came  whip  and  xpnr.mu}  da-<)i'<l  thru'  thin  and  thick.' 
/'o/'c      fhinriart.  Iv.  l'j7. 


b&il,  boy;  po^t,  j^l;  cat.  9eU,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-cian.  -tlan  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  -tr.  =  bel,  deL 


542 


whipcan— whir 


whipcord,  s. 

1.  i'nl.  lMi\'t.:  Aliaitl-lwistcUcordof  wliicli 
U»hvf>  for  whips  nre  made. 

■'  O  fwr  A  Uish  of  iehip-corti."—Bcn  Jonsott :  Tate  (>/  u 
Tub.  ii.  I. 

2.  7'or. :  The  guuus  Chordiiria. 

•  whlp-cordy,  't.  l^ik^i  whip-con)  ;  siij- 
,  \vy,  iiinscular. 

■■Tll.■l•l^h^>l^^volnle^(^IIly  l»:Ue.llut  tchiff-Cvrdt/.'-tit'. 
Uilt>,rf'trce.  in  Life.  ii.  UOC. 

whlp-orane,  ■<.  A  nane  of  siiuple  cuii- 
stniclioii,  for  whippiiij,'  or  quickly  lioistiii;: 
ijuoii-s  iu  unloading  vi-sst*!^. 

wbip-graft,  j^. 

//.)i/.  :  A  -.'i-aft  made  l>y 
ruttiuLjthe scion  and  stock 
in  i\  sloping;  direction,  so 
as  to  tit  each  other,  and 
by  inst'rtinf!  a  tongue  in 
the  seion  into  a  slit  on  the 
stock. 

Whip-graft,  v.t.  To 
Sratt  by  tlie  method  de- 
scribed     under     Whip  • 

gmff.  .S-.  (q-V.). 

whip-hand,  s.     The       wuip-gr.aft. 
hand  ill  wliich  the  whip 
is  held  in  riding  or  driving ;  hence,  fig.,  power, 
advantige. 

%  To  <}t't  or  have  the  whip-hand  of:  To  get 
or  have  the  advantage  over. 

"A  Bcheiiie  lo  get  the  ivhip-haitd  of  the  owner."  — 
fi'-lU,  Dec.  24,  1887. 

*  whip-king,  s.  A  ruler  of  kings ;  a 
king-maker. 

■■  Ricli;iril    Nev 


lh.it  tehip-kina."  —  P.   Uo'.hy 


whip-lash,  s. 

1.  Oit/.  Lang.:  Thelash  or  stiiking  end  of  a 
whip. 

ave  u 

2.  }•'•!. ."  Clioida Jilnm. 

whip-maker,  5.    One  who  makes  wliii)s. 

whip-net,  5.  A  simi)le  form  of  network 
I'jtl.ri.'  produ.fd  in  tlie  loom  by  a  systematic 

cmsvitig  111"  tilt'  wiirps. 

whip-on  whip,  >.    iWinr,  s.,  II.  1.] 
Whip-poor- Will,  ;.. 

Oniith. :  Caprim  ulgus(A  ntrostonius)vociJencs, 
a  Goatsucker  conuuon  in  the  eastern  parts  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  about  t«n  inches 
long;  plumage  tawny  brown,  much  mottled 
and  indistinctly  marked  witli  small  transverse 
bands,  top  of  the  head  streaked  with  black, 
and  a   narrow  ^_,^ 

white  collar  on  "  ^^^'' 

throat.       The  ':  \f^'  '  '  ■■ 

popular   nam-^        ^  -^-\"'' 

of  the  bird  is 
derived  from 
the  cry,  which 
beai-s  some  re- 
semblance to 
these  words. 
Nuttall  {Orni- 
thol.  United 
States)  says 
that  "  in  the 
lower  part  of 
the  state  of 
Delaware     he 

found  these  birds  troublesoniely  abundant  in 
the  breeding  season,  .so  that  tlie  reiterated 
echoes  of  *  whip-poor-will,  *\vhip-peri-will," 
issuing  from  several  birds  at  the  same  time, 
occasioned  such  a  confused  vociferation  as  at 
lirst  to  banish  sleep."  Tlie  habits  of  the  bird 
are  like  those  of  the  European  Goatsueker. 

tCAPRlMULGUS.l 

whip-ray,  s.  The  samt;  as  STiNt;-P.AV. 
'^0  callt-d  tVmii  its  long  and  slender  tail. 

whip -roll,  s. 

IVmi'infj :  A  r-iller  or  bar  over  which  tlie 
yarn  passes  from  the  yarn-ljeam  to  tin;  reed. 
Bv  the  piessuie  nii  the  whip-roU  the  rate  of 
let-oir  (q.v)  IS  adjusted. 

whip-round,  ^^  A  <:ollection  nv  sub- 
scription aniDUg  friends  or  neighbours. 

"[Herjiieiylilitnirfl,  wliokiicwthivtslielnuliioniKiiey, 
iii:^tiCi>tT'il  11  ivhip-rottnd,  niul  auou  ritisetl  tlie  iiect^nsiiiy 
Auiuuut"— i'c'fo,  Nov.  Z-i,  18fi:. 

whip-saw,  .«.  A  tliiu,  uanow  saw-blade, 
strained  in  a  frame,  and  used  as  a  compass- 
.siw  in  following  curved  lines. 


WIIIP-I'OOR-WILL. 


whlp-shaped,  «.    shaped  like  the  lash 

iif  a  whip.       [Fl.A.iKLLIFORM.] 

whip-snake,  ^. 

ZooL  :  Any  siwcies  of  the  family  Dryiopliid:*. 
They  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  their 
excessively  slender  back  and  tail,  which  has 
been  compared  to  the  thong  of  a  whip,  and 
long  and  narrow  head,  which  ends  in  a  pro- 
truding rostral  shield  or  in  a  llexible  snuut. 
They  are  arboreal  in  habit,  usually  green  in 
cohmr,  and  f.-fd  oti  birds  and  liz;uds.  Wallace 
]mts  the  grn.ra  at  live  and  the  species  at 
lifte.-ii.  all  Ir.im  the  troiiical  regions. 

whip-socket,  s.  A  pocket,  usually  on 
the  edge  of  the  dash-board,  to  hold  the  whip. 

"  whip-Staff,  s. 

Navt. :  A  piece  of  wood  fastened  to  the 
helm,  whicli  the  steersman  holds  iu  his  hand 
t-.i  move  the  helm  and  turn  the  ship.  {Bailey.) 


A  whip-stock. 

The  handle  of  a  whip ;  a 


whip  Stalk, 

whip -stick, 

whip-stocli. 

whip-Stitch,  v.t. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  sew  slightly  ;  to  whip. 

2.  Agrlc. :  To  half-plough  or  rafter  (q.v.). 
(}'iov.) 

whlp-stitch,  £. 

'  1.  A  tailor.    (In  contempt.) 

'  2.  A  hasty  composition.    (_Drydefi.) 

3.  Agrir.  :  A  sort  of  half-ploughing,  other- 
wise called  raftering.     (Prov.) 

whip-Stock,   .■^.     The  rod  or  handle  to 
which  the  lash  of  a  whip  is  fastened. 


Whip-Tom- Kelly,  s. 

Ornlth. :  Vuxosylviacalidris,  a  native  of  the 
West  Indian  Islands;  plumage  olive-brown 
above,  under  parts  white,  top  of  head  ash- 
coloured.     [ViREOSVI.VIA.] 

••  This  binl.  iu  Brown's  History  of  Javutica.  is  ealletl 
Whip-tont-kelly,  from  the  supiKnied  resemblance  of  its 
notes  to  these  articulate  souuils,  and  tins  lJo^ml.1r 
lipyellatiou  lias  been  given  it  by  voiious  otber  writers. 
Mr.  Goase,  however,  in  bis  Birds  <^  Jamaica,  calls  tbis 
bird  ■  John-to-whit,'  .lud  can  tiud  nu  reBeuiblaiice  in 
its  notes  to  the  words  referred  t<}."—Oaird,  iirewer,  A 
fud0way  :  Birds  of  North  America,  i.  aui. 

whip-tongue,  5. 

Hot. :  G'aliuvi  Apariiie.     [Goosegrass.] 

whip-worm,  s. 

Zool :  Any  species  of  the  genus  Tricho- 
cephalus  (ti.v.). 

"  They  -iie  sometimes  called  whip-wormt.  the  thick- 
ened body  auswerine  to  the  handle  of  the  whip."— 
(fuaiti :  Diet.  Med.  led.  188a).  p.  1,659. 

*  whip'-can,  s.     [Eng.   whip,  and  am.]     A 
boon  companion  ;  a  hard  drinker. 

"He  would  prrtve  a  singular  whi/jcati."—  L'r-jtihart  : 
Kabelaii.  bk.  i.,  cli.  viii. 

*  Whip'-cat, '(.  lEiig.  u'/a_p,  andcaf.]  Drunken. 

■■  With  mhiijcat  bowling  they  kept  np  a  merry  carous- 
iiii;."  .'ita Ill/hurst :  Vir'jil;  .Encidin.  3C'. 

whip'-crop,  ^".     [Eng.  whip^  and  crop,  s.  (1).] 

iUit.:  (1)  Pyrns  Ai'm  ;    ('J)    Vihnrnum  Lau- 

fana;{3)Vihi(riini>iiJpnlHs.  {Crltttad-  Holhtml.) 

whip-jack,  ^  whippe-jack,  s.  [Eng. 
•rhip,  and  Jai:k.]  A  vagabond  who  begged  for 
.ilms  as  a  distiessed  seaman  ;  hence,  a  general 
term  of  reproach  or  contempt. 

".One  Bonner  (a  bare  whippeJack)."—.Vuitlattd:  lie- 
formation,  p.  74. 

whip'-mas-ter,  s.  [Eng.  tvkip,  and  master.] 
A  flugger. 

"  He  is  a  ^Teater  whipmoitcr  than  Busby  himself," 
— Bailey     Aiiopli.  of  ErtLsvius,  P-  Sfi. 

whip'-per,  5.    [Eng.  lohip,  v.  ;  -er.] 
I.  Ordinary  Ixinguage  : 

1.  One  who  whips,  particularly  one  who  in- 
flicts the  penalty  of  legal  flogging  or  whip- 
ping. 

2.  A  coal-whipper  (q.v.). 

"  3.  Something  superexcellent. 

"This  relique  here  is  a  whipperC'Scnaood :  Four 
P.'s. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Church  Hist. :  The  Flagellants  (q.v.). 

"A  brood  of  mad  hereticks.  which  arose  in  the 
church;  whom  they  called  Flagelluutes,  'the  «i/ii>- 
pers."—Bjj.  Hall:  Women's  Vail. 

2.  Spinning:  A  simple  kind  of  willow  or 
willy. 


whipper~in,  s. 

1.  Hunting:  A  man  employed  to  keep  the 
hounds  fjoni  wandering,  and  to  whip  tlicm  i[i 
if  necessary  to  the  line  of  scent. 

"Ue  wiiM  .  .  .  made  what  .tiinrt^men  call  v^iippci 
in."—Fieldin'j  :  Joseph  Aiiilri.-ivs,  bk.  i.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  Pari. :  The  sanw-  as  Whip,  s. 

whipper-snapper,  *-.  An  iusignilieant^ 
diminutive  per.--ou  ;  a  whipster. 

"  There  spoke  uii  a  brisk  little  somebody. 
Critic  and  whipprr-itnappcr  in  a  i'ag« 
To  set  thiiit,'»  right." 

A'.  Brown  ill  ft :  Balan.*t  ion' a  Adventure. 

•t  Often  used  adje>*tively. 

"A  psircel  of  whipper-snapper  sparks.'— >VeWi hi; ; 
Josi'ph  Andrews,  bk.  iv.,  cli.  vi, 

whip'-ping,  jrr.  jHir.,  «.,  &  .«.     [Whip,  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <£■  parlitij}.  adj.  :  (See 

the  verb). 
C,  A.^  snb.^t. :  The  act  of  punishing  with  a 

whip  ;  the  act  of  flogging ;  the  punishment 

inflicted. 

"  Do  not  flay  bim  who  deserves  .iloue 
A  whipping  fur  the  fault  that  he  hath  done." 

Crcceh  :  llotaee;  Sat.,  ih.  1. 

^  In  mediieval  times  iu  England  the  punish- 
ment of  whipping  was  inflicted  on  persons  of 
low  rank  convicted  of  petty  larceny  and  other 
small  offences.  By  Act  1  George  1\'.,  c.  67, 
this  punishment  was  abolished  iu  the  case 
of  women.  By  24  &  2-5  Vict.,  c.  90-100, 
boys  below  sixteen  years  (ild  are  liable  to 
be  whii^ped ;  25  Vict.,  c.  IS,  limits  the  num- 
ber of  .strokes  to  twelve,  with  a  birch-rod,  for 
a  boy  under  twelve  years  old.  The  Act 
26  &  27  Vict.,  c.  44,  extends  whijiinng  to 
males  of  any  age  convicted  of  robbery  with 
violence,  such  as  garroting.  The  criminal  may 
be  whipped  once,  twice,  or  three  times.  If  he 
be  under  sixteen,  the  number  of  .strokes  in- 
flicted at  each  whipping  must  not  exceed 
twenty-tive  ;  if  he  be  above  sixteen,  they  must 
not  exceed  flfty. 

'  whipping-boy,  s.  A  l»y  fcn-merly  edu- 
cated witli  a  jtrnice  and  punished  iu  his  stead. 
(Fuller  :  Church  Hist.,  ii.  :>S2.) 

^  whipping-cheer,  s.  Flogging,  flagel- 
lation, cliastiscuient. 

"She  shall  h;ive  whi/i/iiii'i-'jlieer  enough,  I  wnrniiit 
her."—SliakiiS/>.  :  ■!  Henry  }\'.,  v.  4, 

^  Whipping-crust,  s.    (See  extract.) 

■'  111  i;ive  thee  white  wine,  red  wine  .  .  .  maliiiHey 
and  whipping-eriist ." — Marlowe:  Doctor  Faitalus.  ii.  a. 

whipping-hoist,  s-.  A  steam  hoisting 
de\'ice  for  use  in  buildings,  &c. 

whipping  -  post,  ^\  a  post  to  wiiich 
ofl'enders  were  tied  when  whipped. 

^  whipping  -  snapping,  «.  lusignili- 
cant,  diminutive. 

■"All  sorts  of  whippiiiff'Siiappitif/  Tom  Thumbs."— 
TJttirkeray :  liounilaOout  Papers,  xv. 

whipping-top,  ^\  A  boy's  top  made  to 
spin  by  whipping. 

TPhip'-ple,    ^  Whyp-ple,   a.      TA   fieiiuent. 

from  irli!p{q.\:).']     (See  .:onip'nni'l.) 

whipple-tree.  *  whippe-tree, 
♦  whipul-tree, '  whypple-tree, .. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  Swingle-tree  (q.v.). 
•  2.  Bot.:  A  tree  suitable  to  be  employed 
for  making  a  swingle-tree. 

"  Maple,  tholu,  beech,  hazel,  yew.  whipuhtree." 

Chaiu:er:  C.  T.,  2,a25, 

^  Skeat  says,  "Whether  Chaucer  here 
speaks  seriously,  or  whether  there  was  a 
special  tree  whence  whipple-trees  were  made, 
and  wliich  was  named  from  them,  we  cannoi 

cert;uuly  say." 

*  whlp'-py,  JS.  [Whip,  c]  A  girl  or  youn,^ 
woman,  especially  a  forward,  pert  young 
woman 

'  whip -Ster,  s.  [Eng.  whip;  -atcr.)  A  nimble 
jnnng  fellow  ;  a  sharp  fellow.  (Useil  with 
some  degiee  of  contempt.) 

"  Every  puny  whipster  uets  my  sword." 

.ihaU-'p. .-  Othello,  V.  2. 

Whipt,  pa.  par.  or  «.    [Whip,  v.\ 

whir,  v.i.  &  t.  [Prob.  imitative,  like  lohiz. 
Cf.  Dan.  /n?irre  =  to  whirl,  twirl;  Sw.  dial. 
hxcirra.] 

A.  Intram.  :  To  whiz,  to  fly,  dart,  revolve, 
or  otherwise  move  quickly  with  a  whizzing  or 
buzzing  sound. 

"  Whirring  thmce,  a-  if  alarm 'il." 

Thomson:  Spring,  GOi 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pme.  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciih,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


whir— whisk 


643 


"  B.  Trans. :  To  )iurry  away  with  a  whizzill^; 
noise. 

"  tyfiirrinff  ine  Iroiii  my  fiii'mK" 

*AiiAr«/j, ;  I'vriclcs.  iv.  I . 

whir,  '  whirr,  *■.  [Whir,  v.]  A  winning  or 
wliizziiig  s.mu'l. 

■■Tin-  Willi-  !>iiuulUiiir(>iin  ichirr  of  sliouUIci-cil  iiiu8- 
i<ets."--Vttrli/lr :  j-'rench  KckoI.,  i>L  ii.,  l»k.  ii.,  cU.  iti. 

whirl,  *  whyrle,  v.t.  &  i.  [For  whirjte,  from 
Icel.  hvirjla  =  to  whir!,  frfqiieiit.  of  hverjh 
(pa.  t.  hvar/)  ■=■  to  turn  rouiiil ;  qu-^w.  with 
Dut. /iviry/<;  =  towhii'l ;  Sw.  Arir/"ftf=  to  whirl ; 
hv<irj'=  a  turn  ;  O.  Dut.  wervelen;  Ger.  ivirbclii 
=  to  whirl.) 

A.  Tninsitife: 

1.  Toturnrotnui  or  cause  to  revolve  rapidly  ; 
ti!)  turn  with  velointy. 

"The  Meliatgii»  whirled  down  its  bridges  to  tlio 
MciiHe."— ,I/(U(i(''«tf .  //(«(.  fCnff.,  ch.  six. 

2.  To  i*arry  away  or  remove  by  something 
that  turns  round  ;  as,  He  was  whirled  away  in 
his  carriage. 

3.  To  carry  along  rapidly ;  to  hurry. 

■■  Uiilift<?d  by  the  bhist.  ainl  ahirttd 
Along  the  HJgliway  of  th»;  world, " 

Lfjiii^elloio:  Uotden  Legend,  ii. 

B.  I  lit  lan^iti  I'c  : 

1.  To  revolve  or  rotate  rapidly  ;  to  turn 
round  with  velocity  ;  to  move  round  rapidly. 

"The  wftter  as  it  were  whirl hiff  and  overfallini;,  as  it 
it  wer»?  the  fall  of  aoiiie  (jieut  water  througli  a  Ijridge." 
—  Hiukluyt:  Voyaijvs,  i\\.  WX 

2.  To  move  along  swiftly. 

"  I'll  come  lOid  be  thy  w;iggoner, 
And  whirl  along  with  thee  about  the  globe." 

fihiiketp. :  Titus  Andritnicus,  v.  C. 

whirl,  'whirle,  •;.    [Whirl,  v.l 
I.  Onliunnj  Language: 
1.  A  turning  with    rapidity    or   velority ; 
rapid  rotation  or  circumvolution  ;  qnicii  gyra- 
tion. 

"  Stuun'd  in  the  tohirU  and  breathless  with  the  fall," 
Pope  :  Hmner ;  Itiud  xv.  23. 

*  2.  Something  that  moves  with  a  whirling 
motion. 

'  3.  A  spinning-wheel. 


II.  Technically: 

1.  BoL  (C  Zool. :  [Whorl,  II.]. 

2.  Jtopeiiwklng : 

(1)  A  reel  by  which  a  strand  of  himip  or  a 
gut  is  twisted  in  the  process  of  manufacture, 
(J)  A  rope-winch  (q.v.). 

*  whirl-about,  5. 

1.  Something  that  whirls  about  with  velo- 
city ;  a  whirligig. 

2.  A  whirl-whale  (q.v.). 

■■  Sh.ill  I  omit  the  inoustrous  whirl-about  t " 
Sijliteslcr  :  /Ju  U-irltis  ;  tlfth  day.  first  week,  88. 

*  whirl-bat,  •;.  Any  thing  moved  rapidly 
round  to  give  a  blow.  It  is  frequently  used 
by  tin*  poets  fur  the  ancient  cestus. 

"  The  tchirl-bat's  filling  blow  they  niinblv  shun." 
Creedi:  Trauslationof  J/atiHitu. 

•  whirl-blast,  s.  A  whirling  blast  of 
wind  ;  a  whirlwind. 

".\  whirl-blntt  from  behind  the  hill." 

Wordiworth:  Pociiutof  the  F,i<ic<j. 

"  whirl-bone,  "'  whirle-bone.  >^. 

1.  The  bnne  of  a  ball-and-S'»ck.t.  juint,  as  in 
tlie  hip. 

"The  hollow  hetehell  or  tehirle-bonu*  of  their  hips. 
Klxjiit  which  their  hucklebouea  tiirne.  '—P.  Holhuid  : 
I'tiiiif,  bk.  xxviii..  ch   xi. 

2.  Tlie  patella  ;  the  knee-cap. 
Whirl -current,  -. 

Physics  :  A  current  of  air  or  water  liaving  a 
circular  or  whirling  motion,  as  in  a  whirlwind 
or  waterspout. 

"  Broiicht  within  the  influence  of  the  K?itrl--iir- 
rviila."—.Valurc,  May.  31.  I8&a,  i>,  lo5. 

•  \phirl-fire,  >-.    Electn.-  iluid. 

The  wliirlcfire's  cr.-ickinc  fl.'iah." 

SytcfMer:  The  I.tmv.  l.oil. 


'  whirl-pit. 


A  whirlpool. 


■'Ilie  deepest  tchirhfiit  of  the  rav'iioua  seas." 
lien  Joiis'in:  Jivei-u  Jtun  uiit  i>/  his  Itutnour,  ii.  2. 

*  Whirl  -  puff,   '  whirle  -  puff,  or.    A 

wliirhviiid. 
■■  It  ijj 
;■  //..*f.n.,(     /'/(.(,.■.  bk.  ii..  ch.xlvni. 

*  whirl-water,  v.    A  waterspout  (q.v.). 

*  whirl  -  whale,  ^■.    A  nion.stpr  of  the 
whale  species;  a  whul-jibout ;  a  whirlpool. 

"Another  Bwallo' 


whirl'-er,  s.     [Eng.  whirl,  v. ;  -»r.]    One  who 
or  that  which  whirls  ;  specif., 

(1)  One  of  the  rotating  hooks  on  which  tin- 
end  of  a  bunch  of  hempen  Iibrus  is  secured, 
and  by  which  it  is  twisted  into  yarn  as  lln- 
man  recedes  backwai-d  from  it,  jiaying  out  tlic 
hemp  as  he  goes. 

(2)  A  revolving  top,  invented  byTroughton, 
to  serve  as  an  artiticial  horizon. 

*  whirl'-i-c6te,  .•;.      [Whirl.]      Au   ancient 
open  lar  ur  chariot. 

whirl-i-gig,  '  whirl-y-g:igge,  ^^     [Eng. 

ichirl,  and  gig.] 
I.  Ordinary  Languagi: : 

1.  LiteraUy : 

(1)  A  toy  which  children  spin  or  whirl 
round. 

"  Ho  found  that  marblea  taught  him  pcrcuasion,  and 
ichirliffigs  the  axis  in  peritrochio."— .<  rbuthnot  A.Pope : 
Marlinux  iicribteru$. 

(2)  A  fl-ame,  with  wooden  horses  or  seats, 
on  which  persons  are  whirled  around  as  au 
amusement. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  revolution,  a  rotation. 

"And  thus  the  tohirligig  of  time  brings  in  hia  re- 
venges. "—A'ftattut/j.  :  Twelfth  Night,  v.  1. 

*  (2)  A  caprice,  a  whim. 

"  The  whirligigs  of  women."  —  Seaum.  <t  Ftel.  : 
Caroit'ttion,  ill. 

II,  Technically : 

1.  Afilit.  Antiq.  :  An  instrument  for  punish- 
ing petty  otfenders,  as  a  kind  of  wooden  cage, 
turning  on  a  pivot,  in  which  the  culprit  was 
wliirled  round  with  great  velocity. 

whirligig-beetle,  <. 

Entom. :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Gyrin- 
id:«.  Named  from  their  extraordinary  mode 
of  locomotion — a  rajud  skimming  in  circles  or 
curves  over  the  surface  of  the  water.  Used 
specially    of    (lyrinus     natator.      [Gvimnls, 

Wll!HLW]G.] 

Whirl'-ing,  pr.  par.  ova.     [Whirl,  c] 

whirling  -  machine,  &-.  The  same  as 
\Vhihlisi;-taflk,  1. 

Whirling-plant,  6. 

But.  :  DL\s]ii':>iUu)n  gyrans. 

whirling-table,  '. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  machine  contrived  for  the 
purpose  of  exhibiting  the  principal  effects  of 
centripetal  or  centrifugal  forces  when  bodies 
revolve  in  the  circumference  of  circles  or  on 
an  axis. 

2.  Pottcnj :    A    thro  wing- table.      [Poti'er'.s 

WHEKL.] 

whirl'  -  pool,  *  whirl  -  pole,  '  whirle  - 
poole,  .^.     I  Eng.  wIutI,  andiwoi.] 

1.  < I rd.  1m ng,  £■  Hydrology :  Aspot  in  a  river 
or  in  tlie  sea  in  which,  through  obstructions 
to  flowing  water,  produced  liy  banks,  islands, 
rocks,  or  by  winds  or  currents,  a  rotatory 
motion  is  imparted  to  the  moving  fluid.  Re- 
volutions of  such  a  nature,  on  a  minute  scale, 
may  be  seen  on  nearly  every  streamlet ;  but 
the  term  whirlpool  is  used  almost  exclusively 
of  tlie  same  phenomenon  on  a  large  seale.  There 
is  a  tendency  to  vortical  motion  below  most 
waterfalls.  The  Macdstrom,  which  obtained 
such  celebrity,  i.sin  large  measure  mythic.  A 
.strong  tida[  current  runs  between  the  islands 
of  Moskbe  and  Warae,  where  it  exists,  at  one 
time  from  north  to  south,  at  another  iu  tlie 
reverse  direction.  When  the  wind  acts  ob- 
liquely on  the  tidal  current,  a  certain  a]>proacli 
to  vortical  motion  may  be  discerned,  but 
there  is  no  genuine  whirl.  Itis  the  s;nne  with 
the  classic  whirlpool  alleged  to  exist  between 
Scyllaand  Charybdis.  There  is  a  tmuult  of 
waters  in  stormy  weather,  but  nothing  more. 
The  whirlpool  of  Cory  vrechan,  or  Corrievreken, 
alluded  to  by  Scott  (Lord  of  the  Isles,  iv.  11)  is 
situated  between  the  north  of  Jura  and  the 
little  island  of  Scarba  in  the  Hebrides.  The 
strong  current  wliich  runs  tlirough  the  chan- 
nel between  the  two  islands  encounters  a 
pyramidal  rock  rising  to  within  fifteen  fathoms 
of  the  surface,  and,  becoming  deflected  from 
tlic  straight  course,  takes  a  circular  form. 

-  2.  ZooL:  A  kind  of  whale  ;  a  whirl-whale. 

"The  ork.  whirlponl,  wh.ile,  or  hutAiig  iihyNeter." 
fifftveiter  .■  Jiii  Barton,  fifth  d.-iy,  Ilrst  week. 

whirl'-wig,  s.     [Eng.  v.'hirl,  and  A.S.  wiega, 
a  kind  of  insect,  a  si>ccies  of  bug  or  beetle,  &c.| 
EatoDi.  :  diirinus  natator.     [Gviunus.] 


whirl'-wind,  *  whyrle-wynde,  s.    (icei. 

hvirjihHndr  ;  Dan.  hvimlcind  ;  Sw.   hvirjiwl- 
viml.] 

1.  Lit.  .t-  Meteor. ;  A  violent  wind  moving 
spirally,  as  if  revolving  round  an  axis,  which 
has  at  the  same  time  pmgressivo  motion. 
Whirlwinds  are  produced  by  two  currents  of 
air  proeeeding  in  different  directions,  and  thi' 
coursi-  of  the  whirlwind  is  determined  by  llir 
strongei-  of  the  two  current.s.  Thus,  supi>oK- 
ing  a  whirlwind  to  arise  from  a  north  wind 
blowing  somewhat  to  the  west  of  a  scmlh 
wind,  when  the  outer  currents  come  in  eon- 
tact  if  the  north  wind  is  the  stronger,  the 
direction  of  the  whirl  would  be  north,  west, 
south,  ea.st;  but  the  whirl-current  will  move  in 
a  contrary  direction  if  the  south  wind  he  the 
•stronger.  Whirlwinds  often  originate  in  the 
tropics,  especially  in  flat,  sandy  districts, 
dining  the  liot  season.  The  gi'oinid  becoming 
iniequally  heated  by  the  sun,  gives  rise  to 
ascending  columns  of  heated  air,  which  re- 
sult in  whirl-currents  drawing  uji  larue  clouds 
of  dust.  [Simoom.]  Whirlwinds  frequently 
occur  in  the  South  of  Europe,  where  they  do 
great  damage  to  tiie  vines  and  otlier  crops, 
but  they  are  comparatively  rare  in  Britain. 
[Watbrspout.] 

"  In  this  dire  season,  oft  the  whirlwind's  wint; 
Swecjis  up  the  burden  of  whole  wintry  phiiiiH 
At  ouo  wide  waft."  Thomsoti:   Winter.^:'. 

2,  Fig.  :  A  violent  rush. 

"  The  deer  was  flying  through  the  piirk.  followed  hy 
the  whirlwind  of  hounds  and  huutein."— J/(ic(l«?(iy  ; 
lliit.  Hn-j..  ch.  xxi, 

*  whirl'-y-hAt.  5.    [Whirlbat.] 
whir'-ret.  whir'-it,  whir'-ick,  >.   [Whkh- 

UET,  S.] 

Whir'-ring,  ,?.  [Whir,  v.]  Tlic  sound  of 
something  that  whirs;  a  whiz,  as  the  harsh 
not*  of  the  Nightjar.  (Macgillivray :  Brit. 
Birds,  iii.  641.) 

whir'-ry,  i\t.  &  L    [Whir,  v.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  hurry  ofl". 

'•  They  are  gaun  to  whirry  awa  Mr.  Henry,  aud  a' 
\vi'  your  nash.gab,  dell  be  wi"  it."~Scott :  Old  Mor- 
tiilifi/,  ch.  viii. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  fly  rapidly  with  noise ;  to 
hurry,  to  whir. 

Whiy-tle,  5.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  i)crforated 
steel  platti  through  which  pipe  or  wire  is 
drawn  to  reduce  its  diameter.    {Knight.) 

whisht,  s.    [Whist.]    Silence. 

*r  2'o  Iwld  one's  whisht :  To  be  silent. 

"  Ye  needua  doubt,  I  held  mff  n-hinhr." 

Hums :  Thti  yisioti. 

Wlusk  (1),  *  wisk,  5.     [Whisk,  j;.] 

1.  The  act  of  whisking  ;  a  rapid,  sweeping 
nnitiou,  as  of  something  light,  a  sudden  jiuir 
01'  gale. 

2.  A  small  bunch  of  grass,  straw,  hair,  «»)■ 
the  like,  used  as  a  brush  ;  hence,  a  small  brush 
111-  besom. 

■'  If  you  break  any  china  with  the  toj)  of  the  ichUk 
ou  the  man  tie- tree,  sather  up  the  fragmenta."— .Swift  : 
Instructions  to  Servants. 

^  Sometimes  used  spec,  for  the  flower- 
spikes  of  Sorghum  vulgare,  used  for  this  pur- 
pose.    (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

3.  An  instrument  for  rapidly  agitating  or 
whisking  certain  articles,  as  cream,  eggs,  &e. 

"  The  white  of  an  egs.  though  in  jiait  traiiatmrent, 
yet  Iwlng  lonj;  agit.tted^  witli  nwhitk  or  Hpoon.  losea  it-* 
tia  ns  1  >H  ivi  1  cy . " — Sonic . 

*  4.  Part  of  a  woman's  dress  ;  a  Uiinl  <if 
tippet  or  cape. 

"We-iring  a  lawn  whisk  iiiste«<l  of  a  point  d.- 
Venice."— Sir /.  ChUd  :  IHionrte  on  Trad;-. 

5.  A  cooper's  plane  for  levelling  the  chimes 
of  casks. 

6.  An  impertinent,  light  fellow.    (Pror.) 

'whisk  (2).  $.  [See  dcf.]  A  corruption  ..f 
Whist  (q.v.). 

"  Whose  name  Is  Whitk,  whose  treat  a  toast  in  »ai-k.  ' 
Po/ie  :  KpitlU-  to  .Mr*.  Olonnl. 

whisk,  •  whysk,  v.t.  A  f.  [Prop,  to  brush 
or  sweep  ailing'  lapiiUy,  frnm  Dan.  rislce  =  Xti 
wipe,  to  rnb,  to  sponge,  from  risk  =  a  wisp,  a 
lubber ;  S\v.  riska=tii  wipe,  to  sjionge,  to 
wag  the  t^iil,  from  ri.^ka  =  n  whisk;  Icel.  rink 
=  a  wisp  of  hay  or  tiie  like;  Ger.  wi«ch  —  a 
whisk.  From  the  same  root  as  ivtush  (q.v.).  J 
A-  Tra}isitive: 

1.  To  sweeji,  bru.sh,  or  agitato  with  a  liglil, 
rapid  motion  :  as.  To  whisk  tlust  from  u  table, 
t<i  ("/it.sA-  eggs. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9liin,  ben^h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  es^lst.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -bio.  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


.544 


whisker— whist 


2.  To  move  nimbly,  as  when  one  sweeps ;  to 

iuok:  with  ii  nipid  swooping  motion. 

"  lie  tlv»l  wnlks  ill  t:r»y.  tehiikl'it;  lili>  rUlliig  rod."— 
Be'tftm.  x  Flet.  .■  \obtt^  Oeiitlftnan,  il, 

3.  To  rarry  otT  suddenly  and  rapidiy. 
(Usiiiilly  follovvod  hyawau,  o/,  or  up.) 

"To  sw"  tliroc  rowaof  com^lipave*  siiddeiil)'  whistceJ 
•..p  into  thv  Rir."— /Wt/jr  Telr<jraph,  Sept.  IT.  18!i5. 

B.  Intram. :  To  move  rapidly  and  nimbly. 
"  Hv  wno  wAiiilrlfiff  ntuufC.  with  liLs  tall  stnamUig. ' 

Wbisk'-er,  '.  [Eng.  ic/a'.U-  (l),  s. ;  -er,  from 
t!n*  n-.eiiiMance  to  a  suiall  brush.] 

L  urilii-arif  Lawjuttije : 

"  I.  One  who  or  timt  wliich  whisks,  «-!■ 
tni'ves  alon^  in  a  rapid  sweeping  motion. 

'  2.  A  moustache. 

3.  (W.):  The  long  hair  growing  on  the 
chet'ks  of  a  man. 

%  Whiskera  exist  also  in  some  monkeys. 

4.  (FL):  Tlie  bristly  hairs  growin-;  on  the 
upper  lip  of  a  cat,  or  other  animal,  at  each 
side.     [ViBR[ss.«.] 

"  Efttliyi  tiger:*  fleali  jnves  one  courage  ;  but  unless 
the  takiikerji  are  flrat  singed  off,  the  tiger's  spirit  will 
haunt  you.'— S^.  Jamet't  Gaullv.  May  10.  1939. 

II.  Kitiit.  (/'/.):  Projecting  booms  at  the 
bows,  to  spread  the  guy.s  of  the  jib-boom. 

wbis -kered,  rr.    [Eug.  ivhUker;  -ed.] 

1.     Furnished     with     whiskers;      wearing 
wlii>kiT-->.    {i.'nwper :  CoIuhrioiL) 
■  2.  FkUiiR-d  into  whiskers, 
whiskered-bat,  .^. 

Zool.  :  f'espertilio  vvjstitcinus,  inhabitiu^^ 
Ceutral  Europe,  and  widely  distributed 
throughout  Asia,  occurring  occasionally  iis 
EnnUiud.  It  is  a  small  bat,  dark  chestnut- 
brown  above,  ashy-brown  beneath;  the  hairs 
ou  the  upper  lip  are  lunger  than  the  rest, 
whence  the  .vpt-ciJic  and  popular  n.■\me^. 

whiskered-tern,  .^. 

'  ^?,  'th  :  .^tfrna  leucopareUt. 

*  whis'-ker-^,  a.  [Eng.  irhisker ; -y.]  Having 
ir  \\>'anng  whiskers  ;  whiskered. 

whis-ket,  s.    lEtym.  doubtful.] 

1.  A  basket.    (/Voc.) 

2.  A  small  lathe  for  turning  wooden  pins. 

whis-key  (l),   whis'-ky   (1),    5.      [Gael. 

!/! -:.,>'h.n fiui  -\\-:iti;v  of  lift-,  whiskey.]  [Us- 
i^i  Ki-.M  i,H.]  All  ardent  spirit,  distilled 
generally  from  barley,  but  sometimes  also 
from  wheat,  rye,  sugar,  molasses,  &c.  Tliere 
are  two  varieties— viz.,  malt- whiskey  and 
L'rai II -whiskey.  The  former  is  of  finer  quality, 
and  made  principally  from  malted  barley  or 
here,  and  sometimes,  thougli  rarely,  from  rye. 
The  latter  is  cheaper  but  stronger,  and  is 
niadf-  from  various  substances,  as  sugar,  mo- 
las,-ifs.  potatoes,  but  principally  from  un- 
malteil  grain,  as  Indian  corn,  barley,  oats,  &c., 
ilried  and  ground  up.  If  kept  sufficiently 
long.  It  is  equal  in  quality  to  malt-whiskey. 

whis-key  (2),  whis-ky  (2),  .<.     [See  the 

conipL'iuui  ami  extra'/t.) 

whiskey-jack,  *■. 

ihuitli.  :  f/iij-cj/^-  r(i)uidensis  (Linn.),  the 
Moor-bad,  or  Canada  Jay. 

"  These  birds  are  known  throughout  the  fir 
couutries  by  the  uniiic  of  iyhiitkes/-Jack,  not  fivm  ;iin 
suutiosed  predilection  for  that  bevent^e.  but  |U'" 
b.ibly  ,  .  .  from  a  corruption  of  the  Indina  n;iinu  i"i 
these  birds.  Wiss-lca-cliuii.  which  hus  been  coutintfl 
into  Wliiskey-Jolin.  mid  thence  iiitu  tVhiiikrij-Jiicli,  ~ 
/laird,  llrewfr,  A  liidywai/:  .Worth  Anwriciiii  liir-l ■. 
11.  [im. 

wMs -key  (3).  whxs-ky  (3),  £.     [A  corrup- 


tion of  hritsclika.]     (Britz.-jka.]    A  kind 
one-horse  chaise ;  a  Tim-whiskey. 

"  Thy  co^h  of  liackiiej-.  whuke^,  one-hnrse  cli.iir. 

And  humblest  pig  throuijh  smidrv  snbmlis  wlm 

Duron  :  Chil.l--  llm-hl.  i.  •:  > 


whis  'key-f ied,  whis'-kj^-fied.  a.  [Eng. 
,''/m;-;,'.j/ (1),  iWif\W.-.7  (1);  :">'^]  subjected  to 
tho  upcration  of  whiskey  ;  intoxicated. 

"  The  two  ivfiijkeufipii  gentlemen  iirc  up  with  licr.  "— 
1 /I'tcK-vray  :  Vh-'jfmttnt,  ch.  xxxviii. 

whisk' -ing,  j'r.  p((f-.  &a,    [Whisk,  v.\ 

A.  -K-;  jn:  jjar. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  A^  adjective: 

1.  Sweeping  along  lightly  and  rapidly. 

2.  Great,  large.    (Pror.) 

whisp.  •.    f\Vi>i-,  1 

whis-per,  ■  whisper-en.  '  whis-per- 

yn,  !■.(■.  A:  t.  [O.  Northumbrian  hwisprion  ; 
cogn.  with  A.S.  hwistlian  =  to  whistk*; 
O.  Dut.  wisperen,  u'is]iek>i  =  to  whisper  ;  Ger. 
wispeln  ;  Icel.  hvUkra  ;  Sw.  hviskti  =  Dan. 
hviske;  Eng.  ivhisHe.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  speak  softly  or  in  a  low  tone  ;  to 
.-^peak  witliout  uttering  voice  or  sonant  breatli ; 
to  speak  witli  a  low  voice,  so  as  not  to  be 
heard  but  by  the  ear  close  to  the  speaker. 

2.  To  converse  iu  whispers. 

"  Juno  and  Ceres  ?Mi«^r  seriously." 

ShakeBp,  :  Tempest,  iv   1. 

3.  To  make  a  low,  sibilant  sound. 

"  E:tcli  U'ltisperinif  wind  hath  power  now  to  fray,' 
Surret/:  Virffit ;  .t'neiil  ii. 

'  I.  To  speak  under  the  breath,  as  one  pl<.'t- 
ting,  speaking  of,  or  insinuating  mischief;  to 
devise  mischief  in  whispers. 

'■  To  whisper  and  conspire  against  my  youth.' 

ahakeap. :  Two  Oeutlemcn,  i.  il. 

B.  Transitive: 

'  I.  To  speak  to  or  address  in  a  whisper  or 
li.w  \('ice. 

'*  Whisper  her  ear  nad  tell  her." 

Shakeap.:  i/uch  Ado,  iii.  1. 

"  2.  To  inform  quietly  or  privately. 

"  To  whisper  him,  that  there  was  no  auch  pa»saje  in 
Hoiuerl" —  Pope:  Homer;  Odyggey.  (Pogtwript./ 

3.  To  utter  in  a  low  and  not  vocal  tone  ;  t" 
say  under  the  breath. 

"  She  whispers  in  his  eara  a  heavy  tale." 

Shakvap  :  Venus  t^  Adonis.  1,125. 

i.  To  mention  or  speak  about  privately  and 
cuuridentially. 

"  It  was  at  the  same  time  whispered  <i3  a  giviit 
ar^LTet  that  he  meruit  to  retire  .-iltogether  from  IJmai- 
ii-:s3."—Jfacaula2/  2  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xv. 

'  b.  To  prompt  secretly. 

"  He  c.tme  to  whisper  Wolsey  " 

ahaketp. ;  2Ienr;i  Vlll.,  i.  l. 

whis-per,  5.     [Whisper,  i\\ 

1.  A  low,  soft,  sibilant  voice  ;  the  utterance 
<.f  wt-rds  without  any  vocal  sound. 

■■  And  gently  oped  the  door,  and  3p.»ke 
In  whimpers— tm'ez  was  voice  so  sweet  1 " 

lii/roii  :  Jfazcppit.  \ix.. 

2.  Words  uttered  by  whispering :  iienie, 
something  cummutiicated  stealthily  or.-secretly. 

"  Full  weU  the  bu^y  lohisner  circliup  round 
Cuiivo'd  tbedisiiuU  tidings  when  he  frownd." 
Onldsmith :  Deserted  t'Htu-ji',  •2<}2. 

3.  A  low,  sibilant  sound :  as,  the  wliisperg 
of  the  wind. 

i.  A  hint,  a  suggestion,  an  insinuation. 

"  Xever  h:id  they  breathed  a  w7jij^cr  against  arbi- 
trary power." — Macaulaif :   Hist-  Eng  ,  ch.  xl 

wlus-per-er,  >■.     [Eng.  whisper,  v.  ;  -er.] 
1.  One  who  wliispcrs. 

"Next  to  thesa  bawlers,  is  a  troublesome  creature 
'ho  comes  with  the  air  of  your  friend  and  your  inti- 


2.  One  who    tells  secrets  or   mischievous 
coiiiuiunications  ;  a  secret  slanderer. 

"  A  finward  man  soweth  strife:  .md  a  whispenr 
riei.;iriteth  cliief  iritiida." — Proverbs  xvi.  29. 

■•  3.  A  conveyer  of  secret  iufonuation ;    a 
>r^crtl  a.,'«-:it,  a  spy. 

"  whis -per-hood,  .*.  [Eng.  whisper;  -hood.] 
The  ?tati-  of  being  a  whisper  ;  a  time  when  a 
ramour  is  tirst  suggested  or  insinuated. 

■■  I  know  a  lie,  that  now  disturbed  half  the  kingdom 
wi:h  its  uoise  ...  I  can  remember  its  ichisperhood." 
—.•^ii-ifi:  Examiner,  2fo.  15. 

whis-per-ing,   '  whys -per- ynge,  rr. 

i"!-.,  [(.,  &,  s.    [Whisper,  v.] 

A.  .-l.-  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  A^  adjective  : 

I.  Speaking  iu  whispers. 
*2.  Making  secret    insinuations    of   evil  ; 
backbiting. 

3.  Making  a  soft,  low,  sibilant  sound. 

"  Soft  vhi.iperiti'j  rilra  .ihall  lull  thee  to  repose  '. " 
C/wp'-r     EU'jy  on  the  Jp/jro'ich  nf  Sprin-j. 


C,  As  suhst.  :  The  act  of  one  who  whispers  ; 
a  whisper. 

%  Wliispering  is  speech  without  any  em- 
ployment of  the  vocal  chords,  and  is  effected 
chiefly  by  the  lips    and  tongue.      {Foster: 

Phusio!.) 

whispering-gallery,  'whisperlng- 
dome,  .^.  A  giillerv  or  dnnii'  ol'  an  I'lliptu-al 
or  circular  form,  in  which  faint  sounds  con- 
veyed around  the  interior  wall  may  be  readily 
heard,  wliile  the  same  are  inaudilde  elsewhere 
in  the  interior.  Thus  in  an  elliptical  i-hamber 
if  a  person  standing  iu  one  of  the  foci  speak 
in  a  whisper,  he  will  be  heard  distinctly  by  a 
person  standing  in  the  other  focus,  altiiough 
the  same  sound  would  not  bo  audible  at  the 
same  distance  under  any  other  circumstances 
or  at  any  other  place  in  the  chamber.  There 
is  a  \Vliispering  Gallery  at  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral, London,  and  anotht-r  at  Gloucester 
Cathedral. 

"  W'hisperinij  (fallericx  are  formed  of  smooth  wall' 
having  .i  continuous  curved  form.  The  uiouth  of  tin- 
speaker  is  presented  at  one  point,  and  the  ear  of  thv 
liearer  at  another  and  distant  puiut.  In  this  ciwe.  the 
sound  is  successively  reflected  from  one  point  to 
the  other  until  it  reaches  the  e:t,T."— Atkinson  :  tianot's 
Physics.  S  234. 

"  Whi8'-per-ing-ly»  odr.  [Eng.  whispering: 
■iy.]  In  a  whispering  manner  ;  in  a  whisiier 
or  low  voice. 

"He  said  to  Hopeful,  whitperingty,  'There  is  more 
hope  of  a  fool  thiku  of  \nta.'"—Bunyan ;  Pitgroii^ 
Pro'ji-ess.  pt.  i. 

'  Whis'-per-oiis-lj^,  odv.  [Eng.  vMi^per  ; 
'Ous;  -hj.]    In  a  whisper  ;  whisperingly. 

"The  Duchess  .  .  .  gabbles  on  whisperous! >/.'  — 
Lytton:  What  wUl  he  do  with  it  I  bk.  v..  ch.  viii, 

whis'-Sle,  I'.  &  s.     (Whistle,  v.  &,  s.] 

^plust»  iuterj.,  a.,  &  s.  [A  slight  sound,  ex- 
pressive of  the  breathing  or  whispering  of 
some  one  approaching;  cf.  Lat.  s7.' =  hist ; 
Ger.  st!  bst!  pst!  =■  liush,  hist.] 

*  A.  vis  inter}.  :  Hush  !  silence  !  be  still ! 

"  H'A)«(,  wanton,  still  ye." — Lodge:  Eaphues :  Golden 
Legacie. 

*  B.  As  ctdj. :  Not  speaking  ;  not  making  a 
noise  ;  mute,  quiet,  stiil.  (Geneially  used  as 
a  predicate.) 

"  Underneath  a  hill 
Far  from  the  town,  (where  aU  is  whist  and  stilll." 
Marlowe  :  Hero  <t  Leander.  aest  i. 

C,  As  suhst.:  A  game  at  cards,  so  calletl 
from  the  silence  necessary  to  play  it  atten- 
tively and  correctly.  It  was  formerly  also 
called  whisk.  It  is  played  by  four  persons, 
two  of  whom  are  partners  against  the  other 
two.  The  full  pack  of  tifty-two  cards  is 
used,  thirteen  being  dealt  out  to  each  player 
in  order,  the  dealer  beginning  with  the  player 
at  his  left,  and  dealing  from  left  to  right.  The 
last  card  dealt  is  turned  face  up  on  the 
table,  and  is  called  the  trump  card  ;  the 
suit  to  which  it  belongs  has  for  the  hand 
the  privilege  of  taking  or  being  superior  to 
any  card  of  any  other  suit.  The  cards  rank 
in  value  as  follows ;  ace  (the  highest),  king, 
queen,  knave,  ten,  nine,  eight,  and  so  on. 
The  game  is  commenced  by  the  jilayer  on  the 
left  hand  of  the  dealer  laying  one  card  face 
upwards  on  the  table,  this  being  called  lead- 
ing off;  the  player  on  his  left  theu  jtlays  a 
card  of  the  same  suit  (if  he  lias  one),  and  is 
followed  similarly  by  the  player  on  his  left. 
When  all  have  played,  the  person  who  has 
played  the  highest  card  takes  up  the  four 
cards  played,  these  constituting  what  is 
termed  a  trick.  If  a  player  has  no  card  of  the 
suit  led  otl',  he  may  play  one  of  any  other 
suit.  The  winner  of  the  Hrst  trick  then  leads 
off  witli  any  card  he  pleases  for  the  second 
trick,  the  winner  of  which  becomes  the  leader 
of  the  thii-d  trick,  and  so  on.  The  score  is 
taken  as  follows  when  the  hand  is  played 
out  :  the  partners  who  conjointly  have  won 
the  majority  out  <»f  the  thirteen  tricks,  score 
one  point  for  every  trick  over  six.  The  ace, 
king,  queen,  and  knave  are  called  honours, 
and  the  partners  who  hold  between  them 
three  of  these  cards  score  two  points,  and  if 
they  hold  all  of  them  they  score  four  points  ; 
this  is  technically  known  as  scoring  two  (or 
four)  by  honours.  If  each  side  holds  two  of 
these  cards,  honours  are  said  to  be  divided. 
In  long  whist  (now  becoming  obsolete)  ten 
points  make  a  game  ;  in  short  whist  only  five 
l)oints  are  required,  and  in  this  it  is  usual  to 
count  by  tricks  alone.  A  rubber  consists  of 
three  games,  and  is  won  by  the  partners  who 
score  two  of  them.  If  one  side  wins  the  tirst 
two  games  the  third  is  not  played  out.    There 


l^te,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who.  son  :  mute,  cub.  cure,  xjnite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    se.  ce  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


whist— white 


aiv  Si  V.  r.il  Mioflitiiutiiiiis  of  tlic  game,  such  as 
snl.i  ulnst,  thirc-liaii'l  Ml  wliist,  &c. 

*■  With  rl.vuitf  hy  U->r\T'.-.  ami  epic  liUiik  liy  Hojie: 
Nut  lilia  wUu^o  IH.VO'.  »f  still  milieUl  by  w/titt, 
Rcijulrei  no  sacnnl  tlKMiiv  to  1ml  ua  Hat." 

'whist,  v.i.kt.     [WnisT,  iiiterj.] 

A.  IntTans.:  To  be  or  become  silent,  mute, 
or  still. 

■'Tlioy  lehitted i\\\:'       Surret/:  rirffil:  .fineW  li.  l. 

B.  Tmns.:  To  make  silent,  mute,  or  still ; 
to  husti. 

Whis'-tle  (tie  as  el),  v.i.  &  t.  [A,S.  hwistlan, 
hi'\s!lian:  mj^n.with  Dan.  Ar(5^f  =  to  whistle, 
t'>  hiss  ;  Sw.  hiHssla  =  to  whistle.  A  word  of 
iiiiitiitive  origin,  like  whisper,  whis,  &c.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  a  musical  sound  with  the  lips 
aii'l  hreath  without  using  the  vocal  cords  ;  the 
Jmllow  of  tlio  mouth  forming  a  resoiiance-bux. 

"  ■  Hjivtf,  then,  thy  wisli !  —lie  wM$lU\l  shrill." 

Scott :  Ladg  o/  ih«  Uikc,  v.  0. 

2.  To  utter  a  more  or  less  shrill  or  piercing 
souii'l,  or  series  of  sounds,  as  a  bird. 

"  The  bliickbiril  wliisth-s  from  the  thorny  bmke." 
ThomS'Jtt :  iSpriuj/.  'HH, 

3.  To  produce  a  sounci  or  sounds  by  means 
of  a  I'articular  kind  of  wind  instruuieiit  (nr 
whistle)  or  by  means  of  steam  forced  thruiiglt 
a  small  oritice. 

J.  To  sound  shrill  or  like  a  pipe. 

■"Tlie  wilJ  winds  whittle,  nml  the  billows  ruar." 
Pope:  tiotrurr  ;  Ud/fsst'i/  vii.  357. 

5,  To  c;iuse  a  sharp,  shrill  sound. 

"  A  bullet  whistled  o'er  his  head." 

Bj/ron:  The  Giaour. 

B.  Trunsitii-e : 

1.  To  form,  utter,  or  modulate  by  whistling. 

2,  To  call,  direct,  or  signal  by  a  wliistle. 

""  He  cist  utriiis  fi'ien'ls,  usa  hiuitsmaii  hi»  pnck, 
For  he  knew,  when  he  pleased,  he  could  ichistle  them 
back."  UoUtsinith  :  Jietalitttion.  107. 

•f  *  (1)  To  go  whistle:  To  go  to  the  deuce. 
*"  Yotir  fame  is  secure,  let  the  crltlca  <ro  whistle." 
Xhenslone :  Poet  Jt  the  Dun. 

(2)  To  ichistk  for  a  wind:  A  superstitious 
practice  amongst  old  sailors  of  whistling  dur- 
ing a  calin  to  obtain  a  breeze.  Such  men,  on 
the  contrary,  will  not  whistle  dnriug  a  storm. 

*(3)  To  U'his'koff: 

Falconry :  To  send  off  by  a  whistle  ;  to 
send  from  the  fist  in  search  of  prey  ;  hence, 
to  dismiss  or  send  away  generally  ;  to  dismiss. 
Hawks  were  always  let  tly  against  the  wind  : 
if  they  flew  with  the  wind  beliind  tliem  they 
seldom  returned.  If,  therefore,  a  hawk  was 
for  any  reason  to  be  dismissed  or  abandoned 
she  was  let  olVdowu  the  wind. 

'■  If  I  could  prove  her  haggard. 
Though  that  her  jesnes  were  niv  dear  heart  at  rings, 
Id  wkL^th:  her  off.  and  let  her  down  the  wind. 
To  prey  at  fortune.  "  Shakesp. :  OlheUo,  iii,  3. 

^his'-tle  (tie  as  el),  5.     [Whistle,  v.] 

1.  A  more  in-  less  piercing  sound  proiluced 
by  forcing  the  breath  through  a  small  open- 
ing formed  by  contracting  tlie  lips. 

2.  Any  similar  sound  :  as — 

(1)  The  sharp  nr  shrill  note  of  a  bird. 

{'2)  A  similar  sound  produced  by  an  instru- 
ment ;  as.  the  whistle  of  a  locomotive,  or  fog- 
signal. 

(3)  A  sound  made  by  the  wind,  or  by  a 
body  passing  rapidly  through  the  air  :  as,  the 
whistle  of  a  bullet. 

3.  An  instnnuent  or  apparatus  for  produc- 
ing such  a  sound  :  as — 

(1)  A  small  tin  or  wooden  pipe,  iiierced 
witli  holes,  and  used  as  a  musical  toy. 

(2)  A  small  instrument  used  for  signalling, 
&c.,  by  buatswaias,  pnlicenieu.  sportsmen,  &c. 

(3)  Tlie  instrument  sounded  by  escaping 
steuH,  used  for  signalling  on  railway  engines, 
fiteam-sbips,  and  the  like. 

1.  The  niouth  or  throat ;  used  principally 
in  the  slang  phrase.  To  wtt  one's  whistle  =  to 
take  a  dmuglit  or  draw. 

"  }Iy  whittle  once  wH 
"  I'll  pipe  liiin  sui'b  a  pavoii." 

Beium.  *  FU-L:  Mad  Lover,  li. 

If  (1)  At  o)ie's  whistle :  Ready  at  one's  call. 

"Ready  at  hi*  tohistU  to  Hiray  theuisolves  round 
bim  in  aniiB  it^alnat  th«  coiuituiniier  iu  chief." — J/ac- 
aulat/ :  lliit.  A'n^.,  cli.  xili. 

(2)  To  pity  for  one's  whistle,  to  pay  dear  for 
one's  whistle:  To  pay  a  high  price  for  what 
one  fancies  ;  to  jiay  dearly  for  indulging  one's 
whim,  c^iprice,  fancy,  or  the  like.  The  allu- 
sion is  to  a  story  told  by  Dr.  Franklin  of  his 
nephew,  who    set    his  mind  on  a  common 


whistle,  which  he  bought  of  u  boy  for  four 
times  its  value. 

"If  n  luau  UkM  to  do  It,  he  niunt  pay  for  hit 
te}tfstle."~(i.  Kltol:  VanU-t  IJervnda.  ch.  xxw. 

(:'.)  Worth  the  wliistk  :  Worth  calling,  worth 
inviting  ;  worth  notice.  The  dog  is  worth  the 
pains  of  whistling  for.  Thus  Ileywood,  in 
one  of  his  dialognea,  consisting  entirely  of 
proverbs,  says,  "  It  is  a  poor  dog  that  is  not 
worth  the  tohistUng."  Goneril  says  to  Albany— 
"  I  have  beeD  worth  the  whuHe," 

Hhakeap. :  tear,  Iv,  2. 

"  ^hisUe-drunk,  «.   Completely  drunk. 

"  III-  wjis  indued,  acL-ordiuK  to  the  vulyar  plimse, 
whiille-dnnik."— yielding  :  Tom  Jouns.  bk.  xii.,  cU.  ii. 

Whistle -fish,  ^-. 

hitthii.  :  Mxtella  tricirrhata,  the  Tliree- 
bearded  Ilockling.  Pennant  says  the  name 
was  applied  to  the  fish  because  "  the  Cornish 
fishermen  whistle  when  desirous  of  taking 
this  lish,  as  if  by  that  they  facilitated  its 
capture."    (See  extract.) 

"  I  belie%-e.  indeed,  that  while  preserving  the  sound 
of  the  name,  the  term  hiu  been  ehaiigeil,  niid  a  vrry 
ditTerent  word  siibatltutetl.  and  that  fur  whitlU-fixh 
we  ought  to  read  Wfiticl-jUh  Both  tlie  Three  and 
Five-bearded  Rockliui;a  were  called  mu^tt-hi  from  the 
days  of  Pliny  to  tlurtie  of  K.mdek't.  and  thence  to  the 
[Ueseut  time,"—  I'ujtc/;  .■  Itritish  Fishes,  i.  577. 

'  whistle-tankard,  :;.  A  t^ankard  fitted 
with  a  whistle,  so  arranged  as  to  sound  when 
tlie  vessel  was  emptied,  thus  warning  tiie 
drawer  that  more  liquor  was  required. 

Whisf-ler  {t  silent),  s.     [Kng.  whistl{e);  -er.] 
I.  Oniinary  Languaije : 

1.  One  who  whistles. 

"  The  prize  was  a  (,'uinea,  to  Ire  conferred  upon  the 
ableiit  whiftfcr,  who  could  whistle  clearest,  and  ^o 
through  his  tutie  without  hwi^hUtg,"— A ddiion  :  IHpec- 
tutor.  No,  179. 

2.  A  broken-winded  horse  ;  a  roarer. 

"Tlie  latter  of  whom  is  spoken  of  as  a  uon-st-iyer 
and  a  whistler."~Field,  Aug.  '^7,  1887. 

3.  The  keeper  of  an  unlicensed  spirit  shop. 
[Whistle,  v.,  ^  (2),  Whistle-tankard.] 

"The  turnkeys  knows  beforehand,  and  gives  the 
wonl  to  the  whinders,  and  you  may  wbiatle  for  it 
weu  you  go  to  look."— /^ic*#»u:  J'iekH^ck.  eh.  xlv. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Ornithology : 

(1)  [Rattle-wino.] 

(2)  The  Green  Plover.     [Plover,  1.  (1).] 

2.  Zool. :  Ardomys  prtiinosa,  the  Hoary 
Marmot.  It  is  about  two  feet  long,  exclusive 
of  the  tail.  Common  in  the  north-western 
parts  of  America. 

Whist'-ling  (( silent),  jjr.^wr.  or  a.   (Whistle. 

*  whistling-shop,  .^.  A  place  in  whicli 
spirits  are  sold  without  a  licence,  (Slang 
Diet.) 

"  a  whittling-Khop,  sir.  ia  where  they  sell  spirits."-;- 
Dickcns:  Pickwick,  ch.  xlv, 

whistling-swan,  4\ 

Ornltli.  :  Ci/gnus  imtsicus.  [Hooper  (2), 
Swan,  U.  2.]  " 

*Whi3t'-ly,  ^wist-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  n-hlst ; 
-dj.]    Silently;  iu  silence 

■■  .stood  wislli/  watching'  for  the  herd's  approach. " 
.Irdeit  of  FafKr»hion,  1,699. 

whit,  •  wit,  *  wight,  s.  ( I'roperiy  wiht,  from 
A. 8.  v;iht  =(1)  a  person,  a  wight,  (2)  a  whit, 
a  bit ;  so  «tyi/i(  —  auglit ;  ndwiht  =  naught.] 
[Wight,  5.J 

•  1.  A  space  of  time. 

"  She  waa  falle  aslepc  a  litll  wi'jht." 

Chaucer;  C.  T..  ^,2SI. 

2.  A  jot,  an  iota,  a  point;  the  smallest  part 
or  particle  imaginable  ;  used  adverbi;dly,  and 
generally  with  a  negative. 

"  He  was  very  much  the  worse  man  for  it,  hut  uo 
tehit   the  worse  painter,"—  lip.   Taylor:  Hale  of  Con- 


white,  *  whit,  "  whighte.  '  whyt, 
*TPhyte,  wyte,  m.  k  s.  [a.s.  kiHt ;  co^mi. 
with  Dut.  wit;  Icel.  hrifr;  Dan.  hvid  ;  Sw. 
hvit;  Goth,  hweils ;  O.  H.  Gcr.  hwi2 ;  Ger. 
welss ;  Sansc.  ^veta  =  white,  from  ^vit  =  to  be 
white,  to  shine.] 
A,  As  adjective: 

1.  Being  of  the  colour  of  pure  snow ;  not 
tinged  or  tinted  with  any  of  the  proper  colours 
or  their  eompnunds  ;  the  opposite  to  black, 
dark,  or  coloured. 

"  The  next  to  him  was  drewcd  in  n  lar^te  white  wig 
and  a  black  cnwut."— (loltUittith  :  Kttn/it.  i. 

2.  Destitute  of  colour  in  the  cheeks,  or  of 


the  tinge  of  blout) -colour  ;  p;de,  imllid  ;  blo>>d- 
less,  a.1  from  fear  or  cowanlice. 

"  To  turu  whilf  luid  ■wood." 

.•ih-ikrtp.  :  Coit*iflaint,  809. 

3.  Having  the  colour  of  purity  ;  pure,  clean, 
spotless,  stainless  ;  free  fnun  spot  or  guilt.  ' 

"Culuniny  the  whltrtt  virtue  itrikva." 

:ihiiketp. :  UetUur«for  Mettiura,  Hi.  3. 

4.  Gray,  grayish -white,  silvery  or  hoary,  as 
from  age,  grief,  fear,  &c. 

"  Their  horile!i  wereu  horo  mic)  vhtU:" 

Ootevr:  C.A.,l 
•"5.  Fair,  specious. 

"  For  all  your  worries  whit^." 

Chtiucer.    l.titnandnte.) 

"G.  Lueky,  favourable,  happy.  (ALiitinisin.) 
"  On  tho  whole  the  bominie  rcckunrd  tblti  ai  oue  o( 

the  tohite  days  of  his  life."— i!fcK<r( .'  Ouu  JJunturing. 

IH'vbtter.) 

B.  As  substantive  : 
I,  Ordinary  IxuiQuagc : 

1.  One  of  the  natural  colours  of  bodies. 
[White-licht.] 

"  How  white  and  red  each  other  did  destroy." 

Shakctp.  :  Vcmit  •!*  .idonit,  310. 

2.  Something,  or  a  part  of  something,  having 
the  colour  of  snow  :  as — 

*  (1)  The  central  part  in  the  butt  in  archery, 
which  was  foinierly  painted  white  ;  tlie  centre 
or  mark  at  whieh  ;i  missile  is  aimed  ;  hence, 
that  whicli  is  aimed  at;  a  murk, 

"  The  immortality  of  my  fame  In  the  white  I  shoot 
at."        ilKUtinjer  :  Emperor <if  thv  Fait.  iv.  4. 

(2)  The  albumen  of  an  egg;  the  peducid, 
viscous  fluid  which  surrounds  the  yolk  ;  also 
the  name  given  sometimes  to  the  correspond- 
ing part  of  a  seed,  or  the  farinaceous  matter 
surrounding  the  embryo. 

"  The  yolke  of  the  egee  can  not  be  without  the 
whi/ti;  nor  the  wh^te  without  the  yolke,"— /(erncra  .■ 
Froisaurt ;  Croii.'/cle.  vol,  ti ,  cli.  xlit. 

(3)  That  part  of  the  Ijall  of  the  eye  surround- 
ing the  iris  or  coloured  part. 

*'  'I'urna  up  th'  white  v  the  eye  to  hl.t  discourse.' 
SliakKtp. ;  Coriulanut.  iv.  5. 

(4)  A  member  of  the  white  race  of  mankind. 

3.  Plurnl:  [Whites]. 

II.  Eniom.  (PL):  The  sub-family  Pieridi. 
The  lilack-veined  Wliite  is  ,l;*ri('(a  iTu/rtv/i ;  the 
Green-chequered,  I'ieris  daplidice  ;  the  Green- 
veined,  P.  napi ;  the  Large  While,  P.  hrassica: ; 
the  Marbled  White,  Melanagria  gidalhea ;  the 
Siiinll  White,  Pieris  rapce ;  and  the  Wood 
White,  Leucophasia  sinapis. 

^  (1)  /;i  tlie  white  :  (Sec  extract). 

"  It  may  be  here  explained  that  in  the  while  is  a 
cjihinet-niakiug  term  for  uupoliahed  good". "— A'c^o, 
Nov.  an.  1886, 

(2)  White  softening  of  the  brain: 

Piitkol. :  [Softening]. 

1[  White  -  antiinonial  ore  =  V(dentinite ; 
White-arsenic  =  Arsenolitc  ;  White  -  cojiperas 
=  Goslarite  and  Cotiuimbite  ;  White-copper  ore 
=  Kyrosite;  White-garnet  =  Leucite;  White- 
iron  pyrites  =  MurcasHe ;  White-lead  ore  = 
Cerussite ;  White  -  nickel  =  Hammelsbergite  ; 
White-tel.urium  =Si/iyeja(e;  White-vitriol  = 
Goslord:. 

white-admiral,  $. 

Kntom. :  I.itaenitis  Camilla  (OT  Sibylla).  [Ad- 
miral, C,  2.] 

white-amphisb£ena,  ■'. 

Zool.  :  Amphishtvna  alba,  ei^'liteen  to  twenty 
inches  long,  and  about  as  thick  as  a  man's 
linger.     [AMpniSB.ENiD.c] 

white-antimony,  s.    [Valentinite.] 

Tvhite-ants,  .<,  i^l 

Eiitom.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
Termitidie  (q.v.).  The  resemblance  to  the 
ants,  Formicidic,  &c.,  is  in  the  general  aspect, 
their  life  in  social  connnuuities,  the  appear- 
ance at  certain  times  of  many  winged  indi- 
viduals, and  the  nature  of  the  habitatioD.s. 
But  they  belong  to  dillerent  orders,  the  vena- 
tion of  the  wings  beingdifterent.  A  whiteant 
looks  not  unlike  a  sott  iiuinature  earwig,  but 
without  the  forceps.  White  ants  constitute 
the  most  destructive  in.tect  pest  to  be  found 
in  tlie  tropics.  They  do  not  attjick  human 
beings,  tiieir  ravages  being  eonlined  to  pro- 
perty. They  make  tlieir  way  into  houses 
through  some  minute  aperture  whieh  they 
have  themselves  formed  in  the  tloor  or  in  the 
wall.  Up  to  the  moment  of  emergence  they 
give  no  indication  of  their  existence,  and 
when  they  come  forth,  which  they  do  iuthou- 
,sands,  they  take  every  means  in  thtir  power 
to  shun  observation,  while  busily  engaged  in 
destructive    work.      Nothing    external    may 


boil,  hSy :  p6^t,  j^l ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go^  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as  :  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  —  t^ 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  -ve.  _  bel,  del. 


.23 


fi46 


white 


rx'vv.il  tilt'  fiii-t  that  tlip  joists  or  rafters  on 
whii'h  tht-y  have  bt-fii  opcniting  nre  weakt-iu'd 
uud  ifinifietl  iinsufy  by  btiiij;  all  picici-'d  in- 
ttriiJillj-  with  their  gftllirii-s.  If  they  c;iii 
rtU-ct  an  entrance  into  a  library  they  brin^ 
lip  iniiil  and  ronstruct  tminels  with  it  so  as 
to  i;lue  one  btKjk  to  nuotht-r,  and  eat  awny 
the  leather  or  cloth  by  which  the  boards  were 
aHixtHi  t'k  the  book  itself,  besides  rounding' 
«H'  the  ant,'les  of  a  number  of  the  volnnies. 
What^-ver  is  in  danjjer  of  them  is  jdacod  r»u  a 
(jiblp  or  friime,  the  leys  nf  wliii-h  re>t  nn  stone 
htiiiidb,  surrounded  by  water;  but  sooner  oi 
lat(!r  the  native  servant  forgets  to  repleiiisli 
the  water,  the  white  ants  immediately  takin;,' 
advantage  i»f  the  neglect,  w  they  attempt  to 
.swim.  iSiinie  perish,  wliile  the  survivors  pass 
the  fosse  on  the  dead  bodies  of  their  com- 
rades, and  are  soon  at  work.  Every  historical 
(locumeut  in  India  is  in  danger  from  these 
destructive  civatui-es.  Trof.  Drunimoud  sug- 
gest-*) that  white  ants  probably  render  the 
s;ime  service  in  the  tropics  which  earthworms 
do  in  temiKTate  lands. 

wbite-arsenic.  >.    [.^usenioi's-uxide.I 

white  ash,  '. 

Hot.:  (1)  An  Ainerieau  tree,  Fraj;(Ji»s amerf- 
aimi  :  (•_')  Pyrxs  AvcUiWria.  {Britten  £  Uol- 
Uind.) 

white  ash  herb,  ■  . 

V.ut.:  .V'i<>i'<H\iv'in-  I'ofitfgiaria.      {liriltcn  d' 

floll.i^'u.) 

white -back,  .';. 

J:of.  :  roptihis  alfxT.  N'amedfrom  the  white 
colon:  -if  the  leaves  on  tiicir  lower  side. 

white-backed  coly,  &'■ 

Oniith.:  tolins  capeusis,  fvom  South  Africa. 
Length  about  fourt<H.'n  inclies ;  ash-coloured, 
rum]<  and  lower  back  glossed  with  red,  white 
line  (Ixirdeied  on  each  side  by  a  broader  black 
one)  f!'f«n\  shoulders  to  rump. 

white-backed  skunk,  5. 

/nil!. :  Mcphiti.-:  (or  Spilofiali:)  pJito^nvs,  from 
•South  America,  Mi.xico.  and  tlie  .south-weat 
of  tlie  United  States.  It  is  larger  than  the 
CoMiiiion  Skunk,  from  which  it  is  also  dis- 
tinguished by  its  short  white  tail. 

white -barred  clearwing,  .';. 

lu't--^"}'. :  A  Hiitish  IlawU  Motli.  Trorhiliinn 
splinnf'.>''m4-  (Stainton)  =  .'icsia  spheiji/onnls. 
(Ncirman.)  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  stem 
ol  the  ;rlder. 

white-bay,  s. 

lU''   :  Ma'j.'K'liii  {fJcurn.     (Ogih-ic.) 

white-beam,  ^. 

l:ot.  :  I'lp-ii.^  Arin.  Named  from  the  white 
diuvn  on  the  ymng  slloot^  and  the  luidersidc 
of  tlie  leaves, 

Tvhite-bear,  '. 

/i(inl. :  I'r.tus  vtdritiinvs,  the  Polar  Bear 
Ol  vX  The  name  is  somewliatof  a  misnomer, 
as  only  tlie  young  bears  aie  really  while,  the 
iur  in  aduils  changing  to  a  creamy  tint, 
wliencf  Scotch  whalers  sometimes  call  tins 
aninial  tlie  limwnie. 

white-beard,  ^.  A  man  having  a  white 
or  gi;i}  l»i-ard  ;  u  gray-beard  ;  an  old  man. 

^      "  lP'''i7.-fcf(i)(/s  liave  ;irineil  their  thin  .iiiil  hnirless 
n'lilpa.  "  .sha/^eKp,  :  likhttrd  //..  iii.  :;. 

white -bearded,  (•■  Having  a  white  or 
giay  l.>eard. 

■'  Our  H-hite-bectMcil  Fntrinrclia  (iie<I." 

tinvu  :  Heavgii  dr  £nrtU.  i.  3. 

MTi  ite-heariJed  vionVeii : 
Zoo!. :    .^pM  nojiitliecns    nestor,   a   native    of 
CcyloT.. 

white-beech,  s. 

/^^^  :  Fanv-^  .•^iilroi;,-!!.  \'ar.  avwricno. 

white-bellied  sea-eagle,  s. 

Oniirh.:  }lu}i".'iii^  lr,.r>.,}(tstrr,  from  Aus- 
tralia and  the  Molu<e;i>.  ranging  to  India  and 
Cochin  China. 

white-bellied  seal.  s. 

ZooK  :    M<'„nrhu^  „!hir.  „!n:      tMONK-.?E.\L.] 

white-bellied  water-mouse,  e. 

y.ooJ.:  II;uin'],i}is  Inimanstrr,  :i  small  rat-like 
rodent  from  New  Sontli  Wales  and  Van  Die- 
man's  liainl. 

white~ben.  >. 


white-bismuth,  s. 

Chcm.  .1  0""/i  .  .■  iiisiiiuth  subnitratc.    [Hi-. 
MiTH, ;;.] 
white-blaze,  •■    (White-i-ace.] 
white-blow,    . 

lint. :  (1)  Dnilni  verna  ;  ('J)  Sfuifraon  Criihu- 
tifUtes. 

^  white-bonnet,  ••■.  A  fictitious  or  sham 
bidder  ;itsalr.s  I>>  auction  ;  a  ]mtti-r. 

white-bordered  butterfly,  .'. 

h'ntont. :  Vnnr^.sn  antiopn,  a  rare  British  but- 
terfly, better  known  as  the  Camberwell  Beauty. 
Wings  purplish  chocolate,  with  broad  whitish 
hind  margins,  and  a  broad  black  l)and  with 
six  or  seven  blue  spots  on  each  wing,  the 
fore  pair  also  with  two  whitish  spots.  Cat«r- 
pillar  spinous,  black,  dotted  with  white,  and 
with  a  red  spot  on  each  segment  from  the 
fourth  to  the  eU\  enth  ;  it  feeds  on  Salix  alba. 

white-bottle,  «. 

Lot.:  .Si/fiio  iiifiata.  So  named  to  distin- 
guish it  from  the  BUic-bottle,  Ccntaurcu 
Cyanvs. 

white-boy,  white-boyism, s.  [Wnrn:- 

IK.V,    WhITI  llnVlSM.l 

white-brant,  6\ 

Oniith.  :  Th.' Snow-goose  (q. v.). 

white-brass,  s.  An  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc,  with  sutticicnt  of  the  latter,  or  of  nickel, 
lead,  &c.,  to  gi\  e  it  a  white  colour. 

white-bream,  s. 

Ichthij. :  Ahnniiis  bliccd,  a  British  and  Euro- 
]nan  specic>.  It  is  about  a  foot  long,  silvery 
white,  soiuctio'cs  with  a  bluish  tinge. 

t  white-breasted,  a.     Having  a  wliite 

breast  or  bosi>it].     (Tcnniison  :  (i'ltoiic,  50.) 

White-Brethren,  .'=.  pi 

Clin  rrh  Ji int. :  A  body  of  enthusiasts  who 
appeared  in  Italy  at  the  beginning  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  and,  under  the  leadership  of 
n  priest  claiming  to  be  Elias,  declared  a  cru- 
sade against  the  Turks  in  order  to  obtain  pos- 
session of  the  Holy  Land.  They  were  met  at 
Viterbo  by  tlie  Papal  troops,  jind  were  dis- 
persed. Their  leader  was  carried  to  Rome 
where  lie  was  burnt  as  a  heretic  in  1403. 

white -brindled  moth.  5. 

Entum.  :  .V  ruiiiiiion  Euylish  moth,  Scopnla 
olicalis.  Fi>re  wings  dark-gmy,  with  a  white 
blotch  and  spots.  Larva  transparent,  feeding 
on  various  low  plants. 

white-bristle,  .^    [Splenic-fever,  3.] 

white-bug,  s.     An  insect  which  in.jni  s 

\  ines  and  Mmir  fther  species  oX  fruit.  (Amcr.) 

white-butterfly,  ?. 

Kiitiim.  (n.):  Tlic  genus  Pieris,  or  the  sub- 
family Pieridi  {'[.v.). 

white  cabbage-butterfly,  .4. 

r.ti/'on.:  Tin-  L'l.'iuis  Pieris  ((i-v.). 

white -campion,  .<. 

Eot. :  Lychnis  resprrtina.  The  flowers  are 
fragrant  in  the  evening.  It  grows  in  lields, 
under  hedgerows,  &c. 

whitecandlewood,  f. 

IM. :  A}ii>iyis  tojifrra,  a  large  tree  with  jiln- 
Jiate  leaves  ami  bunches  of  purple  jiear-shaped 
fruits,  tasting  like  the  balsam  of  copaiba. 
The  .juice  of  the  tree  is  as  black  as  ink  ;  its 
wood  has  a  pleasant  smell  and  takes  a  tine 
polish.     It  grows  in  the  Carolinas.    [Janca.] 

white-canons.  ■;.  ?/. 
Church  IHf^t.  :  A  popular  name  for  tlic  Pic- 
monstratensians. 

white-cap,  .<. 

1.  P.ct.  :  Aanrlcus  arvmisis.     IAoaeicus.] 

2.  /<"/.:    Tin-  Tree  Sparrow  or  Mountain 

Spairow,  }'iini''i'  vioiitoiui. 

white-caterpillar,  s. 

Eniom..:    Tin-   larva  of  the    Magpie   Moth 
(q.v.). 
white-cedar,  s. 

Hot. :  (1)  Ci'pjvssKs  thyoides  ;(*:)  f.Tdlfi  A'cda- 
rnch. 

white-ccntaury,  s. 

Dot. :  C--utii'iir,t  nUxi,  a  native  of  Soutlirrn 
Europe. 


white -chalk,  £. 

V.rol,:  [Chalk,  A.  II.  'J.  (1).]. 

white-clergy,  s. 

Ecchsiol.  d'  Church  Hist.  :  The  parish  priests 
in  Russia,  as  tlistinguished  from  the  blacli 
clergy  or  monks. 

white-cloud  Illuminator,  5. 

Microscopy  :  A  reflector  to  illuminate  an  ob- 
ject with  a  subdued  white  light,  such  as  is 
obtained  from  a  bright  white  cloud.  In  place 
of  a  plane  min-or,  a  surface  ctf  poiuided  glass 
or  plaster  of  Paris  is  used. 

white-clover.  ^^ 

Bot. :  Trifolium  repens,  a  perennial  creeping 
plant,  sometimes  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  tlip 
leatlets  olwvate  or  obcordate,  tonthed,  some- 
times with  a  semilunar  band  at  their  base; 
tlowere  white  or  somewhat  roseate, 

white-coat,  s.    (See  extract.) 

"The  )iheiiuiiieiioii  xo  i-Jtrefullj-  ilesL-iibed  by  liin* 
was  Miini'ly  .1  '^rhite-t'itat,'  or  young  six- weekB-olilseiil," 
—lUarkiciwd'n  Jitinazinc.  July.  I8;;l,  l>.  :•*. 

white-cola,  s. 

Hot. :  The  .seeds  of  Stercnliu  marrncariui. 
They  are  very  bitter,  and  are  used  by  the 
negroes  of  the  Guinea  coast  as  a  comliment. 
[Cola.] 

white-colon,  ^-. 

Eiitom. :  Miwtrslru  olhicoloit,  a  British  Nigiit- 
nioth.  The  wings  are  dark-tirown,  niottleil 
and  marbled  with  darker  colours.  The  cater- 
pillar feeds  on  lettuce,  &C. 

white-copper,  s.  White  tombac,  [Tom- 
bac.] 

'white-corpuscles.  .■''.  pL  [Cunrr.-i  r.i:. 
II. -J.  (D.i 

white-crested  plantain-eater,  .^. 

Ornith. :  Corythaix  viusophaga.    [MrsoriiA- 

GIS.C] 

'white-crime,  '-■.  An  oflence  against  tlie 
law  whicli  is  md  condemned  by  the  feeling  of 
the  community. 

"At  ineseiit,  wliainii  Irishuiitu  iBacciise<l  in  Irt-l'iin^ 
of  what  is  cnlled  aw/i/fe-crHiif  by  hia  fenu\v-cuuiitr\ - 
men  (suih,  for  instance,  ne  the  niunlei'  of  a  care  tukn 
or  a  lainllordl  the  tlitficiilty  is  not  only  with  the  itii> 
but  witli  the  wituesses."— S(.  James's  U'tzcttc.  May  '21, 
lay:. 

white-crop,  c'^. 

Agric. :  A  term  applied  to  grain  crops,  as 
wheat,  barley,  oats,  and  rye,  which  whiten  or 
lose  tlieir  colour  as  they  ripen,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  green-crop,  ]■(_»(  it-CIOp,  &o. 

white -cross  knight,  '^.  A  Kniglit 
Hospitaller.  The  (n'der  woie  a  white  cross  to- 
distinguish  them  from  the  Knight  Templars, 
who  wore  a  red  one. 

White-cross  Society,  .';.  A  society 
instituted  in  or  about  18S3,  at  Bishop  Auck- 
land, to  urge  upon  nien  the  obligation  of 
per.sonal  purity;  to  raise  the  tone  of  public 
opinion  upon  questions  of  morality ;  and  to 
inculcate  a  respect  for  womanhood. 

white-dammar,  ^. 

Hut.  (I  Coiiiui.:  A  gum  resin  produced  by 
Voter  ill  iiidlai.     [Vateria.] 

white-deal,  .s.     The  timber  of  Abies  ex- 

cf/.-n. 


white-ear, 

>r  Wheatrai-. 


A  bird,   the   Fallow-finclk 


white- elephant,  .":. 

\.  Lit.  iV  Zool.  :  An  elephant  affected  with 
albinism.  Such  animals  appear  to  have  beein 
known  to  the  ancients  {.iCiian.  iii,  46;  //or. 
Ep.  ii.  1.  195).  They  are  highly  esteemed  by 
sonie  eastern  potentates,  and  are  considered 
.sacred  in  Siani.  A  specimen  jmrchased  by 
Mr.  Barnum  from  King  Theebaw  of  Bnrmali 
arrived  in  England  in  January,  1884,  and  was- 
deposited  in  the  Zoologii-al  Gardens  before 
being  taken  to  America.  It  stood  seven  feet 
and  a  half  high,  and  the  face,  ears,  front  of 
trunk,  fore  feet,  and  part  of  breast  were  of  a 
light  asli  colour. 

2.  Fig. :  A  present  which  does  one  Hinch 
more  harm  than  good,  or  more  generally  any 
nominal  advantai^'e  wliich  has  this  effect.  It; 
is  geueially  reported  that  when  the  king  of 
Siam  desires  to  ruin  iiny  one,  be  makes  hinr  a 
present  of  a  wliite  elephant  11.].  The  sacred 
aidnial  has  an  enornicuis  appetite,  and,  being 
SMcred,  it  is  a  crime  to  let  it  die,  so  that  the 
gift  geneially  entails  ruin  on  the  recipient. 


f5,te.  ^t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :   we,  wet,  hero,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wolf,  worli.  who,  soa;  mut?,  cub,  ciii'e,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,     se,  03  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


white 


o\r 


white -ermine.  ^. 

Kni'im. :  .■'iHlo-^-mia  menthastrt.  (Stiitvton.) 
Airtia  vunlhustri.  (Stwmaji.)  One  of  the 
ClieloniiUv  (;i]>iirnxi?iiut<-ly  =  Arctiida',  q.v.). 
Fore  wings,  yrllowisli  wliito,  with  fourcurvt'tl, 
transverse  rows  of  bhick  spots;  liind  wings 
wliite,  .si)r)t*i'd  with  black.  Expansion  of 
wings,  \\  or  IJ  inolies.  Abdomen  yellow, 
with  M;u'k  spots.  r.arva  .black,  with  long 
l.iiirs  ;   it  fccils  on  various  low  plants. 

white  eye,  >. 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  spc<-ies  of 
ilosterops  ('i.v.).  from  the  fart  that  the  eyes 
arc  cncireleil  with  compact  wliite  feathers. 

t  white-eyed,  «.  Having  pale,  lustre- 
less .'yes.     {'I\iiiiy.<oii:  Palace  of  A rt^  231K) 

Hliile-fyeUiluck: 

Ornith.  :  FulUjula  iiyroca,  allied  to  the 
i^ochanl  (q.v.),  but  <listingnished  from  it  by 
having  tliu  iri<bs  white,  and  a  broad  white  bar 
(m  the  wing.  An  Irreu'ular  winter  and  si'iinj^ 
visitor  to  liritain,  iniiicipally  oeeiinin;^  on 
the  ■■ast  coast. 

white -eyelid    monkey,    ^.      [Man- 

OAKKV.] 

white-face,  white-blaze,  s.  A  white 
mark  in  the  fiireliead  of  a  horse,  descending 
almost  to  the  nose. 

white-£aced,  a. 

1.  Ila\ing  a  white  or  pale  face,  as  from 
fear,  grief,  ilhiess,  or  tlie  like  ;  i>ale-faced. 

2.  Having  a  white  front,  surface,  or  aspect. 

"Tliftt  iMile,  tli.it  tohite-face<l  aliore. 
Whose  (utit  »]nuua  hack  the  ocean's  roariii^  tidps." 
ahakesfi. :  Khi^  Joint,  i\.  1. 

Jl'hite-fticeil  duck : 

Ornith. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
female  of  the  Seaup,  from  its  having  a  white 
Uind,  whieh  ;,'rows  broader  with  age,  at  the 
base  i»f  the  bill.      L««-'AtF  (-i)-! 

t  white-favoured,  n.  Wearing  or  decked 
with  white  rosettes  or  favours.  (Tfitiii^sou  : 
In  Memvriam,  Cone.  90.) 

white- feather,  5.  The  symbol  of  coward- 
ice, a  term  introduced  in  the  days  when  eoek- 
(ighting  wns  in  vo:.;ue.  As  a  gamecock  has  no 
white  feathers,  a  white  featlier  was  a  proof 
th.it  the  biid  was  not  game.  (Generally  used 
in  the  phrases,  To  show  the  white-feather,  To 
hinr  a  white  feather  in  one's  wing.) 

white-film,  ■^.  a  white  tilm  growing  over 
tlie  e.\es  (<f  sheep  and  causing  blindness. 

white-fiorin,  >-. 

}:nt.:  Aijrnsti-s  ulba. 
white-fish,  s. 

I.  Oitl.  Utng.  :  A  general  term  for  whitings 
anct  IiaddocUs. 
IL  Ichtkyologii : 

1.  A  iiopular  name  for  the  genus  Leuciscus. 
((iiinther  :  Study  of  Fishes,  p.  iSlO.) 

2.  An  American  name  for  the  genus  Core- 
gontis.     {(Hinther  :  Study  of  Fishes,  p.  (.148.) 

white  -  flowered,  o.  Bearing  whitf 
flowers.     {T''Hn>js'i)i:  Godiva,  Ou.) 

white-flag,  s. 

1.  A  fliig  of  truce. 

2.  The  flag  i»f  France  under  the  Bourbons. 
The  tield  was  white,  with  the  royal  arms  on 
an  escutcheon,  surmounted  by  a  crowu. 

w^hite  flux,  s. 

M'iidl. :  A  compound  of  potassic  carbonate 
and  nitre. 

white-foot,  s-.  A  white  mark  on  the  foot 
of  a  horse,  between  the  fetlock  and  the  coflln. 

white -footed  hapalote,  '-. 

Zool. :  llnpidotis  tilhipr-^^  from  the  moiuitain- 
ous  p:irts  of  Xi'w  South  W;des.  It  is  about 
the  size  of  a  rat.  smoky  brown  in  colour,  with 
the  feet  and  belly  white. 

white  footed  mouse, $.  [Deer-moisk.! 

■  White  Friars,    .  yl. 

CUiirrh  Hist.:  A  popular  English  name  in 
I>n-r{ef(»rniation  times  for  the  friars  of  Our 
Lady  of  Mount  Carmel,  now  generally  known 
as  Carmelites.  The  mirru*  hail  reference  to 
III.-  f;.et  that  tliey  wore  over  the  brown  habit 
a  white  scapular  and  cloak.  [Carmeliti:, 
f>(  ATULAIt,  B.  l.J 

"They  were  repogiii7*«I  nx  one  of   the  Memlicaiit 

onltrn  :  ouraiicesturB  knew  them  ns  tlie  iVhitr  r,i,trx." 

—AiiJii  i  Artioitt:  Cith.  1)%,!.,  j..  i-i. 


white-fronted  lemur,  >. 

Zoul.  :  Ij'viur  all'ifrons,  from  Madagascar. 
It  is  casilydistinguished  by  the  broad  band  of 
white  fur  eucircliug  the  forehead,  ehccks,  and 
ears. 

white-gohy,  .<:. 

Irhthji. :  lAttnincnlus  }ieUticidns,a  very  small 
(Joby.  connuon  in  some  localities  in  the 
British  Islands  and  in  Europe.  It  is  distin- 
guished by  its  transparent  body,  wide  mouth. 
and  single  row  of  teeth.  It  lives  luit  one 
year,  and  is  the  only  known  instanc-e  of  what 
may  be  called  an  "  annual  "  vertebrate.  The 
sjiawning  season  is  June  and  July  ;  the  eggs 
are  hatched  in  August,  and  the  young  lish 
attain  tli-ir  full  growth  between  October  and 
Iteceuilwr.  In  July  and  August  the  adults 
die  olf,  and  by  September  r>nlv  the  fry  arc  to 
be  found.     {Guuthvr  :  Study  of  Fishes.) 

White-grouse,  white -ptarmigan.  ^^ 

Ornith.  :  l.ayjiu.-^  albits.     [ WiLLOW-cuu.nsi;.] 

white-gum,   .>■-      A  kind    of   gum-rash, 

stri'jihiilKs  (dhiilus,  in  which  the  pimples  are 
small,  hard,  and  whitish.     [Strophull's.] 

white -gunpowder,  s.  a  blasting  mix- 
ture compostd  of  ehlorate  of  jiotash,  dried 
lernx'yauidti  of  potassium  and  sugar.  It  is 
now  rarely  used  owing  to  its  liability  to  ex- 
plode during  manufacture,  transport,  or  the 
IHve. 

white-haired,   o.      Having  white  hair. 

(Teni)iisuii  :  Tithoiiiis,  S.) 

white-handed,  a. 

1.  Lit,  :  Iia\  iiig  white  hands. 

'■  ]\'hih-h<iiiilfd  iiiistrtss.  one  aweet  wonl  with  tht-e." 
MuAesju.  ;  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  V.  U. 

2.  Fiij. :  Having  clean  or  unstained  hands  ; 
free  from  guilt. 

While-handed  gibbon  :  [L.\R-GIBB0N]. 

whlte-hass,  s.  Sausages  stufled  with 
oatmeal  and  suet.     (Scotch.) 

"There  is  black-pudding  and  wft*7e-fiiM«— try  wliilk 
ye  like  beat."— SratC :  Ilri'le  of  Lam nier moor,  eh.  xii. 

White  Hats,  >.  //. 

lli.-^t.  :  Thf  name  given  to  a  democratic 
faetiou  which,  couimenciug  in  1377  at  Ghent, 
the  next  year  rose  in  revolt,  and  continued  to 
give  trouble  till  the  accession  of  Philip  II.  of 
Burgundy  in  13S4. 

white-head,  .^. 

Ikit.  :  i'lutln-itiviii  Ilysterophorus,  from  Ja- 
maica. 

white  headed  duck.  .<. 

Ornith. : Erisinatura leneorvphaln,  from sonth- 
eastern  Europe  and  northern  Africa.  [Stiff- 
tailed  DrcKs.] 

white-headed  saki,  .^.    [Saki.] 

white  headed  titmouse, .«. 

Ornith.:  A  n;ime  sometimes  given  to  a 
species  of  Acrednhi,  from   Scandinavia  and 


white-homed,  «.  Having  white  hotns. 
(See  extract  under  WniTE-llooVED.) 

white-horse,  s. 

lint. :  Portlandia  grandiftonit  a  Janjaica 
plant. 

white-horses,  s.  pf.     A  name  given  to 

tossing,  whiti-toppt'd  waves. 

"Tlie  l«»y  '"  II""'  cuilhut  ind  writhing  in  Kftlte- 
ft.,,  „.,    _{■.  A'."y*/«v/.  ill  Li/e,  i.  IM. 

white-indigo,  .1.    {Indioogen.] 

white-iron,  ^  Thin  sheet-iron  covci'cd 
uilli  a  coalnr^  of  tin. 

white  lady,  >. 

liot.  :  The  Snowdrop  (q.v.).  Britten  k  Hol- 
land .give,  this  on  the  authority  of  Ouida  iu 

Strafhmnrc. 

white-land,  .*.  A  tcmgh,  clayey  soil,  of 
a  whitish  hue  when  dry,  but  blackish  after  rain. 

white  laurel,  s.    [Heaver-trkk.] 

white -lead,  .-*.  A  dense  white  powtler, 
insoluble  in  water,  but  easily  dissolved  in 
dilute  nitric  or  acetic  a(;id  ;  extensively  em- 
ployed in  painting.     [Ceruse,  1.,  Lead-cau- 

BONATF,  1.) 

white  leaf  tree,  1. 

J'>of.  :  Fyrns  Aria.  {Fvdyn.)  Named  from 
tlie  silvery  uiider-surlace  of  the  leaves. 

white -leather,  ^■.    [Whitleatheb,  i.) 
white  leg,  s. 

t'athol. :   l*hliv;niasia  dolens  (q.v.). 
white  legged,  ".     Having  white  legs. 
white  leprosy,  ^. 

PaJhoI. :  Leprosy  eharactcrii^ed  by  uiorbid 
whiteness  of  the  skin.  (-J  Kings  v,  "JT ;  ef. 
also  Exod.  Iv.  <j.)  Heb.  DS^y  {tsu-rd-dth)  from 
ins  (tsara)  =  (1)  to  prostrate;  (2)  to  afTecf. 
with  leprosy.  Probably  the  tuberculated 
variety  of  Ftfi'htintinsis  iirora.  It  tloes  not 
exactly  coiiespond  to  Hie  ancient  deseiiptiou, 
but  disea.ses  often  somewhat  alter  their  char- 
acter. It  is  still  characterized  at  one  stage 
by  white  spot-s,  and  the  change  to  white  of 
the  hair  of  the  liend  and  beard,  but  the  whole 
sinface  of  the  skin  is  not  white.  There  is  alsi* 
a  leucnp;ithic  sub-variety  of  the  non-tuber- 
eidatcd  leprosy,  in  which  there  are  white 
spots  or  blotches  on  the  skin.     [KLErH.isn- 

ASIS,  LeI'ROSV.) 

'  White  Lias,  v. 

<!>T'I. :  The  name  given  by  Mr.  William 
Smith  1^1  ceitain  creani-coloiued  linu-stones 
in  the  West  of  Kuglaud,  since  shown  by  Mr. 
Charles  Moore  to  belong  to  the  Rlnetic  forma- 
tion. 

white-lie,  s.  A  lie  for  which  some  kind 
of  excuse  can  be  made  ;  a  false  statenient 
made  in  the  interest  of  peace,  reeonciliatiuii, 
harmless  sport,  or  the  like  ;  a  harmless  or 
non-malicious  falsehood  ;  a  pious  fmud.  [Cf. 
White-crime,  White- witch.) 

"Sir  George  hus  told  me  fi  Vie—moftite-tir  lie  savR. 
l>Tit  I  hate  a  while-lie."— Jfad.  D'Arbtay:  Outrn.  iv.  2S;. 

white-light,  ^-. 

Office:  The  apparently  simple  sensation 
Avhieh  is  nevertheless  really  iirodui'etl  on  the, 
retina  by  a  certain  mixture  of  colours.  Onli- 
narily  white  light  is  composed  of  the  whole  of 
the  visible  colouis  of  the  spectrum,  as  in  sun- 
light; and  the  fact  of  white  resulting  froni 
this  mixture  can  be  denmnstrated  iu  maJiy 
ways,  as  by  re-nuiting  the  spectrnl  colours 
themselves,  or  by  revi.tlving  rajiidly  a  disc 
[Newton's  disc)  painted  witli  the  colours  iu 
separate  sectors.  A  simihir  mixture  of  pig- 
ments fails,  partly  because  the  pigments  them- 
selves are  never  pure  colours,  and  jiartly  and 
chiefly  because  pigments  act  ratlier  as  al)- 
sorbents  of  the  light  reflected  from  the  paper 
or  other  colours  tiuderncnth  than  as  additional 
illuminating  ci>I.;ut"3.  White  light  can,  how- 
ever, be  also  compounded  of  three,  or  of  imly 
two  colours,  which  are  then  called  eoniple- 
inentary  colours.  Such  white  is  <inile  un- 
distiuguishable  by  the  eye  from  white  coiu- 
p(MUi(led  of  idl  the  colours  ;  and  hence  it 
follows  that  the  eye  is  not  an  ultimate  appeal 
in  such  matters,  but  is  easily  deceived  by 
apparently  similar  total  results  really  coni- 
jiounded  of  quite  different  materials.  The 
same  applies  to  colours,  which  can  also  Ims 
imitated  so  far  as  the  eye  can  judge,  but 
analysis  by  the  prism  reveals  the  dilfercnt 
cnnipositiou  of  the  light  instantly. 

boU,  boy :  pout,  jo^l ;  cat.  9ell,  chorus,  ^hin,  ben^h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect.  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tlon,    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -gion  =  zhiin.    -cious.  -tious.    sious  -  shus.     ble.  -die.  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


titmice. 

A.  White-lieadC'd  Titiiiuusu;  u.  Long-tailed  Titmouse. 

(Jeiiiiauy,  in  which  the  whole  of  the  head  is 
white.  '  it  is  closely  iiUied  to.  ifimt  i.h-utical 
with,  the  Loiig-t;iilfd  Titmouse,  Ai-rcdida  cau- 
ilidi'  (t/V(/».s  mudatns). 

white-heat,  .v.  That  degree  of  heat  at 
whi{h  bodirs  leeonie  incandescent  and  appear 
wliite  from  the  bright  glow  which  they  euiit. 

white-hellebore,  s.  (Hellebore,  1, 
\'ku vn;i  M.| 

white  herring,  -<.  The  common  herring, 
fi'sh  ni-  .s;ilti-d,  but  not  smoked  for  preserva- 
tion, as  disiiiiguished  from  red-herring. 

white-hoop,  .^. 

/.'"'. ;  A  Jamaica  name  for  Tournefortia 
hitohr. 

'  white-hooved,  a.   Having  white  Imofs. 

'■  A  ]ft-l)l;ick  i;i>at.  wliile-linnieil,  irhi'e.Jinnrrrl." 

Tennyson  :  <£iionc,  HO. 

white-horehound,  ^^    [Marri  nuM.i 


548 


wcite 


white  IU7.  «• 

H-t.:  l.iiiuiH  mmlidum.    [Lilium,  ^.] 

whtto  llmo,  s.  A  solution  or  preparatiiui 
of  liiui-  ii-i''t  I'M'  wliitewasliiug ;  n  variety  of 
wliitewusli, 

whlte-llmed,  a.  WhitewaslieJ,  or  plas- 
t.ivii  with  liiiK-. 

■'  Yr  tchitr-liijmU  v:ti\U  '.  ye  Rlobous©  i>aliitetl  nlffna  t " 
.sAtiJttf4/i. .'  ntus  AnUrttniciu,  iv.  H. 

white  line,  £■ 

1.  Vi-inf.:  A  blank  space  between  lines  uf 
typo. 

2.  S<tu(. :  An  untarred  coitl  or  rope. 
white  line  dart,  s. 

Knl'mi. :  A  very  t-ominon  British  Night  Moth, 
A'jiotLstrUici.  Wings,  dark-brown,  varied  by 
brown  of  paler  tint.  The  caterpillir  feeds  on 
garden  weods  and  vegetables. 
white  lipped  peccary,  s.  [Peccarv.] 
'  white-listed,  ■'.  Having  white  stripes 
or  li>.ls  till  a  diiktr  giuund.  (Tennyson: 
Mtrrlin  .e  I'iri'-n,  7S8.) 

*  white -livered,  a.  CowaitUy,  pusillani- 
mous. 

■■  n'hitc-liver'd  nmagate.  what  doth  lie  tliere  ?" 

Shakeap. :  Richnrtl  III.,  iv.  4. 

1i  From  tlie  old  notion  that  cowaidly  per- 
sons had  pale-coloured  or  bloodless  livers. 

■'  How  many  cowards  .  .  .  inward  searched 

fltUe  lieert  nthiCc  us  milk." 
",  Sh'ikesp. :  Merchant  0/  Venice,  Hi.  2, 

white-magic,  s.     [Magic,  %  (5)-] 
white -manganese,  5.    An  ore  of  man- 
ganese ;  carbonate  of  manganese. 

white-marked  moth,  s. 

Entoni.  :  A  British  Xight-moth,  Tteniocampa 
hurngrupha.  Fore  winj^s  of  a  brick-dust  colour, 
with  spots  and  dots ;  hind  wings  pale  red- 
dish brown.  Occasionally  seen  in  March  and 
April  on  the  catkins  of  the  sallow,  but  is  rare. 

white-meat,  5. 

1.  Food  conipi^sed  of  milk,  cheese,  butter, 
eggs,  and  the  like. 

"  The  coimtry-inen  who  fed  on  white  meats  made  of 
milk."— C(if?id«ij  ■  l/isl   (i.  Elizabeth  (an.  1585). 

2.  Certain  delicate  flesh  used  for  food,  as 
poultry,  rabbits,  veal,  and  the  like.  {Sini- 
monOs. ) 

white-metal,  s. 

1.  A  term  usually  applied  to  an  alloy  in 
whicli  zinc,  tin,  nickel,  or  lead  is  in  such 
quantity  as  to  give  it  a  white  colour. 

2.  Any  of  the  soft  metals,  usually  of  a  light 
colour,  used  for  bearings  in  machinery. 

'  white -money,  .'i.    Silver  coin. 

white-mould,  >;■ 

Lot.  {/'/.);  Tlie  Mncedines  (q.v.). 
white-mouse,  s. 

Zool. :  An  albino  variety  of  the  Common 
Mouse  (,Uit.-t  miiscuhts).     [Mouse,  s.,  II.  3.] 

White -mustard,  s. 

Bot.  :  Brassirii  or  Siimpis  alba.  It  is  hispid, 
with  reflexed  hairs,  the  stem  one  to  three 
feet  high,  the  leaves  lyrato-pinnatifid  or  i»in- 
nate,  tlie  flowers  yellow.  Found  in  HeUls  in 
England  or  cultivated.  Watson  believes  it  a 
colonist. 

^vhltenecked  otary,  s. 

Zool.:  Otaria  albicoUis  (Neophoca  lobata. 
Gray),  from  Australia.  Adult  males  from 
eight  to  nine  feet  long,  and  larger  specimens 
are  said  to  occur.  Face,  neck,  under-surface, 
back,  and  sides  blackish -brown,  passing  into 
slaty-gray  on  the  extremities  ;  hinder  half  of 
the  crown,  nape,  and  back  of  neck  rieh  fawm. 
Called  also  Australian  Sea  Lion,  Giny's  Aus- 
tralian Hair  Seal,  and,  from  the  peculiar  light 
colour  on  the  head,  Cowled  and  Counsellor 
Seal. 

white-noddy,  whlte-tem,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Gyrji--^  anoHda,  from  the  South 
Pacific.  The  plumage  is  pure  white  and  of 
silky  softness,  wlienec  it  is  also  called  the 
Silky  Tern. 

white-nosed  monkey,  s.    [Vacltikg- 

MOSKEV.] 

White-nun,  s.    The  Smew  Oj-v.). 
white -oak,  5. 

/.'"/. ;  (1)  Qvi-rcus  pediincitlata ;  (2)  Q,  alba; 
(3)  In  New  South  Wales,  Cas^mrina  leptodada. 


White  Penitents,  .<c.  pi. 
Church  Hist. :  Tin-  Wliite  Brethren  (q.v.). 
White -pepper,  .>-.    [Peitkb,  s.,  2.] 
white  pine,  ^. 

JUUiDiy  li  Cuiumcrclal . 

1.  Finns  Strobns  It  is  the  AmeriiAn  tree 
best  adapted  for  masts.  Called  also  the  Wey- 
niotilh  Pine. 

•2.  Finns  T(eda.     [PiNUS.l 

white-pinion  spotted  moth,  £. 

Entom. :  A  British  Geometer  Moth  (Cfji-iicia 
taminalu),  with  white  wings.  Tlie  caterpillar, 
which  is  green  or  purple-brown,  feeds  on  the 
wild  eherry. 

White-point.  '^. 

Ent^om:  A_  British  Night-moth,    Lencania 
albipjincta. 
white-poplar,  s.    [Abele,  Populus.] 
white-poppy,  s. 
Bot.  :  I'apavi:!'  soynni/erum,.     [Pap.aver.] 

'Whlte-pOt.  i^.  A  kind  of  dish  made  of 
milk,  sliced  rolls,  eggs,  sugar,  &c.,  bake»l  in  a 
pot  or  in  a  bowl  placed  in  a  quick  oven. 

"Cornwall  squalj-yye.  and  Devon  white-pot  brings." 
King  :  On  Cookery. 

white- potherb,  s. 

Bot. :    I'ah'riiuu'lla  oUtoria. 

irhite-precipitate,  s. 

Chfm.  :  (XH.jHg")Cl.  A  mnionio-chloride  of 
mercury.  Discovered  by  Raymond  LuUy  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  and  obtained  by  adding 
ammonia  to  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate 
t;  lereuric  chloride).  It  is  a  heavy  white 
powder,  inodorous,  but  possessing  a  metallic 
taste  ;  insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and  ether, 
and  easily  decomposed  by  heat.  It  is  a  vio- 
lent poison,  but  is  used  in  iiharinacy  in  the 
form  of  an  ointment,  as  a  stimulating  applica- 
tion in  chronic  skin  diseases,  and  for  tlie 
destruction  of  lli.-e. 

white  prominent-moth,  s. 

Entom.  :  A  Britisli  moth,  2^otodonta  tricolor. 
Fore  wings  white,  with  black  spots;  hind 
wings  light  and  spotless. 

white -pudding.  5. 

1.  A  I'udding  made  of  milk,  eggs,  flour, 
and  butter. 

2.  A  kind  of  sausage  made  in  Scotland  of 
oatmeal  mixed  with  suet,  seasoned  with  i>epper 
and  salt,  and  stuffed  into  a  proper  intestine. 

white-pyrites,  s.    [White,  U.) 

White  Quakers,  s.  pi. 

Chun.-h  Hist.:  The  name  given  to  those 
Quakers  who  seeeded  from  the  Irish  body 
about  1840,  from  their  habit  of  dressing  in 
wliite.  They  form  a  small  connnunUy,  chiefly 
confined  to  Dublin.  Blunt  says  they  are 
"Antinomiaiis  of  the  woist  description." 

white-rag  worm,  5.    [Lurg.J 

white-rent,  s. 

1.  In  Devon  and  Cornwall  a  rent  or  duty  or 
eightpence  payable  by  every  tinner  to  the 
Duke  of  Cornwall,  as  lord  of  the  soil. 

2.  A  kind  of  rent  paid  in  silver,  or  white- 
money. 

Tirhite -rhinoceros, ."-.    [Rhinoceros,  1. 

White  Ribbon  Gospel  Army,  ^. 

Church  Hi.'^t. :  A  religious  sect  or  Christian 
society  giving  special  attention  to  moral 
purity.  Tliey  first  registered  places  of  wor- 
ship in  1884. 

white-robed,  a. 

1.  Wearing  white  robes. 

"Tlie  white-rohed  choir  atteudaiit" 
Wonltworth :  Thanktgiving  Ode.  Jan.  18,  1816. 

*  2.  White  with  foam  or  spray. 

'■  When  ciii>ioiis  rains  have  niaf,'Tiifled  tbe  streams 
Ilitua  Imiii]  and  white-robed  waterfall." 

Wordawoith  '  Excurxion,  bk.  iii. 

white  root,  s. 

Bot. :  rnliKiuiiittHm  o£icinale. 
white-rope,  .s.     [White-line,  2.] 
white-rose.  ^•. 

Bot.  :  Tlip  popular  name  for  any  rose  of 
which  the  bloom  is  white.     [Rose,  s.,  ^  (2).] 

White-rot,  s. 

Bot.  :    (1)   One   of  the  popular  names  for 


the  genus  Hydrocotyle  (q.v.);  (>)  Pinguicula 
ruignri.-i. 

white-rubber,  ^•.  Caoutchouc  mixed 
with  such  (luautity  of  any  white  pigment  as 
to  give  a  dead  wldte  colour  to  it.  The  in- 
gredients are  added  in  combination  with  std- 
]ihur,  sn  as  to  make  a  white  vulcanite  (q.v.) 
when  heat  is  apnlied. 

white-rump,  white-tall.  s.    [Wheat- 

i:ak,  Klyiii.] 

white-rust,  5.    [Cvstopus,  l.j 

white-salt,  s.  Salt  dried  and  calcined ; 
decrepitated  salt. 

white  satin,  ^-. 

1.  0^7.  Lanij.:  Gin.     {Slang.) 

2.  Entom. :  .Slllpnotia  salicis,  one  of  the  Li- 
paridiK.  Wings  satiny-white,  somewhat  tians- 
jiarent ;  expansion  of  wings,  two  inches. 
Larva  whitish,  tubL-icU-iI,  fet-ding  on  I'Oplars 
and  willows. 

white-shafted  fantail,  s. 

Oraith.  :  Bhijndiii'a  albiscapa, 

irhite-shark,  .-:. 

Jchthy.  :  Carclmriu^  irnhjaris,  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  formidable  of  the  family. 
It  is  a  native  of  tropical  and  sub-tropical 
seas,  and  has  occasiunally  strayed  to  the 
Britisli  coast.  Specimens  have  been  known 
to  attain  a  length  of  thirty  feet ;  ashen-brown 
above,  white  below. 

white-sheep,  s.  pi. 

Hist. :  An  appellation  given  to  the  Turko- 
mans who  conquered  Persia  about  146S,  Imt 
were  expelled  in  1501.  Named  from  their 
Imving  a  white  sheep  on  their  banner, 

White-Skin,  a.  &  .$. 

A.  As  adj.:  Made  of  a  white  skin. 

"  L:iy  aside  your  white-tkin  wrapper." 

/.onfcllow  :  // i a wafha,  vii. 

B.  As  suhst. :  A  member  of  the  white  race 
of  mankind  ;  a  white. 

"  The  whole  nee  of  whiteskins  .  .  .  capahle  uf  mas- 
tering the  de;idly  science.  '—/YeW,  Feb.  4,  I56S. 

white-smut,  s. 

Vty.  Pathol.  :  The  white  slime  occurring  on 
hvacinth  bulbs  aflected  with  hyacinth  pest 
(q.v.). 

white-Spot,  6. 

Entmnolog'i  : 

1.  A  British  Night  Moth,  Dianthcsciu  alhi- 
macnla.  Fore  wings  smoky  black,  tinged 
with  olive,  and  with  black  and  white  mark- 
ings.   The  caterpillar  feeds  on  Silene  mitans. 

2.  A  British  Moth,  Ennychia  octonutcidata. 
Found  in  recently  cleared  places  in  woods. 

white-spotted  pinion,  s. 

Eatn.n.  :  A  British  Night  Moth,  Cosmia 
diffinis.  Foie  wings  reddish  brown  ;  hind 
wings  grayish  brown,  fringed.  The  cater- 
pillar feeds  on  elm. 

white-spotted  pug,  s. 

Entom.  :  A  British  Geometer  Moth,  Eiipi- 
thecia  albipunctatu.  Wings  brown  speckled 
with  a  darker  colour.  The  caterpillar  feeds 
on  the  blossoms  of  Angelica  sylvcstris  and 
Heracknm  Sphondyliuni. 

white-spruce,  .';. 

Bot.  :  Abl':.<  alba.     [Spruck-fib.] 

white-spur,  ;-■. 
Her.  :  A  kind  of  esquire.    (Cowel.) 
White-squall,  .-•.     [Siji-all,  s.,  %  (3).] 
w^hite  stony-corals,  s.  pi.     [Madee- 

P0R.\R1A.] 

white-Stork,  s. 

Ornith.:  Ciconia  alba.     [Stork.] 

^irhite-stufir,  5. 

Gilding  :  A  composition  of  size  and  whiting 
used  by  gilders  to  cover  woodwork  on  which 
gold-leaf  is  to  be  laid. 

white-Sundays,  s.  pi. 

Bot. :  Narcissus  piocticiis.     (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

^vhlte-swelling,  5. 

Fathol.  :  A  pnpular  name  for  Fhlegynasia 
(lolens  (q.v.).  S'l  named  because  the  colour  of 
the  skin  remains  unaltered  notwithstanding 
the  inflammation. 

white-tail,  s.     [White-rump.] 


^te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  1^,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
Or.  wove,  wolf;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


white    whites 


5-1  y 


white-tailed  eagle,  s.    [K.ujle  (1),  % 

(M).  . 

white-tailed  gnu,  .-. 

ZitoL  :  Cittoblrjxts  tiiiii,  till'  Cotnmon  Gnu,  as 
distin^uislicd  limn'  C.  gorgon,  the  Biindled 
Gnu,  in  which  thf  tail  is  hlack. 

white-tailed  mole.  ^'. 

Zo'il. :     TuljHi    Uiicuf",    an    Indian   siiecic;;. 
cln.sfly  alhtil  to  the  Cntnnion  Mole,  but  dillor- 
ing  in\U*ntilion  fVoni  the  genus  Talpa  (q.v.) 
white-tern.  ^.    (Wihtk-soddy.) 
whitethorn,  >.     [Whitethorn,] 
white-throat,  >•.    [Whiththroat.] 
white-throated  monitor,  s. 
//.'■/. ;  Monitor  alho'jularis,  a  large  terrestrial 
spfcie-s  trt'in  S"utli  AlVica. 

white-throated  sparrow,  *■.    [Zono- 

IKICIIIA   ] 

white-tincture,  ■-".  A  jjreparatlon  which 
tlif  alcluniists  believetl  would  turn  any  of  the 
liaser  metals  into  silver. 

white-tips,  s.  pL 

Ornith.  :  The  genus  Urosticte  (q.T.)- 
White-tombac,  .^.    [Tombac] 
white -tree,  s. 

B"t.  :  M'l'iknca  Lenaulendron ;  an  East 
Iniiiaii  evergreen  tree,  with  alternate,  long, 
lanceolate,  acuminated,  falcate,  three  to  tive- 
nerved  leaves,  the  floweiing  branches  pen- 
dulous, the  flowers  in  spikes.  Cultivated  in 
Britain  as  a  stove  plant. 

•  white-upturned,  «.  Turned  up  so  ns 
to  show  the  wlute  {Shakesp. :  Romeo  £ 
Jiili':t,  ii.  ~.) 

White-vine,  •;. 

Dot.  :  CleimUi^  Vitalha.  [Clematis,  Tra- 
veller's JOY  (1).] 

white-vitriol,  s.    [Zinc-sulphate.] 

white -wagtail,  .^. 

Ornith.:  MutHcilU'.  olha,  a  British  summer 
visitant.  The  beak  is  broader  than  in  the 
Pied  Wagtail  {M.  hnjnbris,  or  \ i/arrcUii),  and 
in  its  sunnner  plumage  the  White  Wagtail  has 
only  the  throat  and  head  black,  while  in  the 
Pied  Wagtail  tliat  colour  extends  over  the 
whole  ut'tlie  head,  chest,  and  neck. 

white-walled,  c.    Having  white  walls. 

(Bipon  :  l''ri-<i-i,i''r  of  ChiUo7i,  xiii.) 

white-walnut,  s.    [Butternut.] 

white-wash,  .-^  &  r.  [Whitewash,  s.  &  v.] 

White-water,  s.  A  dangerous  disease 
atfecting  sheeii. 

white  water-lily,  5. 

Hot. :  Nymphira  alba.     [Nymph^ea.] 

white-wave,  .s. 

Entom. :  A  coiumou  British  Geometer  Moth, 
Caheria  pusuria.  Fore  wings  white,  dusted 
with  gray,  and  with  three  equidistant  gray 
lines,  cateri)illar  feeding  on  birch. 

white-wax,  s.    Bleached  beeswax. 

white-weed,  y. 

Hot. :  (1)  Chnjsaiitlteimim  Leucanthemnm ;  (2) 
Attthrisciis  siilvestris ;  (3)  Achillea  Ptanukfi. 
(BHtten  £  Hollawl.) 

white-whale,  ^.    [Beluga,  2.] 

white  wild  vine,  s. 

Bot. :  Bryonia  liloim.  [Bryony,  I.  1.]  So 
named  to  distinguish  it  from  Black  bryony 

(q-v.). 
white -willow,  s. 

Dot.  :  s.ili.,:  allMi.     [Salix.] 

white-wine,  :?. 

1.  Any  wine  of  a  clear  transparent  colour, 
I'Mrdeiing  un  white,  as  madeira,  sheiTy,  &c. 
opposed  to  wine  of  a  deep  red  colour,  as  port 
or  \mrgundy. 

t  2.  Gin.    {.■Slung.) 

"  If  be  wiiiild  call  tliat  first  of  goes 
By  that  ^tfUteeler  uume— white-wine," 

IlnndaU's  IHary.    (1820.) 

white-winged  chough,  s. 

Ornith. :  (yjrr.oraj:  viehtnorhamphvs,  the  sole 
siiecies  of  tlie  genus,  from  Australia. 

White-winged  crossbill,  s. 

Oniith.  :    !■  .ria    l'iucojiU:ra ;    an    American 


species  wliieh  has  uiciisinnidly  occurred  in 
Britain.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  Conuuon 
Crossbill  by  the  wings  being  barrcil  with 
white,  find  Irom  l.oxia  bijasciata,  the  Two- 
barrrd  Crossbill,  by  the  smaller  size  of  the 
white  bail*. 

white-winged  lark,  s. 

Oniirh.:  .Mvlditociirii^iha  {\  Ahmdu)  sibirica, 
a  native  of  Asiatic  Russia,  mnging  into 
Kuropc,  and  reeoided  once  in  England.  It 
is  of  stouter  build  than  the  Skylark  ((|.v.), 
and  has  the  primaries  edged  with  dull  white. 
Little  is  known  of  its  habits. 

white-%vitch, ,«.  A  witch  or  wizard  said 
tn  exert  supernatural  powers  for  good  and  imt 
fcr  evil  purposes.     IWitchcrafi\] 

"  TlnTc  it  iiiviitiuu  of  creiilurcs  thiit  tliey  c^ll  white- 
u-itdi>-i.,  which  do  only  good  turns  for  tliuii'  iifipli- 
Ixairs ,"— ('(.r('»i  Mather:  A  /liscourxe  on  H'if c'i<-i «/r 
(eii.  168L'),  i<   b. 

white -'Wizard,  5.    [White-witch.] 
white-wolf,  s.    [Wolf.J 
White  wood,  s. 

Hot. :  (1)  A  term  applied  to  a  large  number 
of  trees,  as  Tilia  americuiia,  LiHodendrou 
tulipifera,  and  the  genus  Petrobium,  sper. 
retrobiiivi  arhoretiin,  from  St.  Helena ;  (-) 
The  Alburnum  (q.v.). 

U'hitc-W'jod  bark:  [Canella-bark]. 

w^hite-worm,  ^s. 

Kiitom.  :  The  larva  of  the  Cockcliafer  (q.v.). 
'  white.  ■  whyte,  v.t.  &  i.    [White,  a.] 

A.  'rransitivt : 

1.  Lit.:  To  make  white;  to  whiten,  tu 
whitewash. 

"  It  ia  to  be  supiiused  your  paflsioii  hiith  sufficiently 
whitedyouT  lace."— Ben  Jinison  :  C'lfUChia's  iieeelt,  iii.3. 

2.  Fig, :  To  ghjss  over. 

"  W'hit'st  over  all  liis  vices." 

Beuum.  A  FM. :  Bloody  liruthers,  iv.  1, 

B.  Intratis.  :  To  grow  or  become  white  ;  to 
whiten. 

white-bait,  s.     [Eng.  white,  and  bait.] 

lchthijL<lugy : 

1.  A  small  fish  to  which  specific  and,  by 
s(tme  authorities,  generic  distinction  has  been 
given  ;  iu  the  lirst  case  as  Cluxfea  alba,  in  the 
second  as  liogcnia  alba,  now  known  to  be  the 
fry  of  the  herring  (CVwpea  harengus).  White- 
bait are  caught  chiefly  in  the  estuary  of  the 
Thames,  and  are  not  uncommon  in  the  Firth 
of  Forth.  The  fishery  begins  in  April  and 
lasts  till  September,  bag-nets  sunk  four  or 
five  feet  below  the  water  being  employed.  The 
whitebait  brought  to  market  are  from  three 
to  four  inches  long,  pale  ashy-green  above, 
silvery-white  beneath.  They  are  of  exquisite 
flavour,  and  Greeuwicb  and  Blackwall  are 
noted  for  whitebait  dinners.  English  Cabinet 
Ministers  for  some  years  had  a  wliitebait 
dinner  at  Greeuwich  before  the  prorogation  of 
Parliauieut  in  the  autumn.  These  dinners 
ceased  for  a  time  in  1SS3,  but  were  revived  in 
1S94,  when  the  members  of  Lord  Rosebery's 
ministry  dined  togellier  at  Greeuwich. 

2.  A  local  name  for  Salanx  cJiinetisis,  called 
also  J)i]\inesc  Whitebait.     [Salanx.) 

white'-boy,  ■■'■.     [Etym.  in  sense  1.,  doubtful ; 
in  sense  l'.,  see  extract.] 

'  I.  An  old  term  of  endearment  applied  to 
a  favourite  son,  dependant,  or  the  like ;  a 
darling. 

"  Out-  of  Ofid's  whiteboyn." — Dunyan.    (AnnandaXe.) 

2.  A  member uf  a  secret agnuian association 
organized  in  Ireland  about  ITO'J  or  17)30.  It 
was  composed  of  starving  labourers,  evicted 
tenants,  and  otliers  in  a  like  situation,  who 
assembled  at  night  to  destroy  the  property  of 
harsh  lantllords,  or  their  agents,  the  Pro- 
testant clergy,  tax  or  tithe  collectors,  and 
otliers  who  had  made  themselves  obnoxious 
in  the  locality.  In  many  eases  they  even  went 
to  the  extreme  of  murder. 

"The  WhiteboyssoityXeA  tbemselves  because  during 
their  iioctunuil  excursions  they  covered  tbeir  usual 
attire  with  white  shirts.  Thta  disguise  wa&  used  prin- 
cipally to  eniible  them  while  scouring  through  tlie 
darkuess  to  recugniae  eiich  other.  The  H7(t7e6c^ji  made 
Wivrostensiblyngniiiat  the  exaction  of  tithes." — Banitn. 
i.iiiHa'flulv.) 

%  Wali'ole  {Letters,  iii.  250)  applies  the  term 
to  London  rioters. 

White'-boj^-i^m,  s.     [Eng.  whiteboy;  -ism.] 
The  principles  or  practices  of  the  Whiteboys. 

White' -^hap-el,  s.    [Seedef.]    A  district  in 
the  eu^t  of  London. 


Whltechapel-cart,  v.     A  light,  two- 

wheeletl  spring  cart,  such  as  is  used  by 
gntcers,  biiti-liers,  &c.,  for  delivering  gocjds  to 
their  customers.  Often  called  Chapel-cart 
or  Whitei-bapel. 

'wlut'-ed,   ♦  whit -id,   •  whyt-ed,  '«. 

[White,  v.]  Made  wlute  externally  ;  whitened. 

"  Tlianrie   PduI   scido  to  bliu,  thou   wHitid  wh,\."— 
WycliffK:  l>cdiM  Tt\\\\. 

t  White-field'-i-an^, :;.  pi.    [See  def.j 

I'hitnh  Jlisf.  :  Tlie  foUoworH  of  George 
Whiteliehi  (1714-70),  who  separated  from  the 
Wesleys  iu  1741  on  the  question  of  personal 
election,  and  established  (he  Calvinistic 
Methodists  (q.v.).  In  1748  Wliilelleld  became 
chaplain  to  the  (Countess  of  Huntingdon,  and 
since  then  the  name  Whitelieldian  has  fallen 
into  disuse.     [Huntingdon,  U-] 

'  white-flaw, s.    [Whitflaw.j 

'  white -ly,  a.  [Eng.  white;  -/i/.]  Like  or 
appioaelung  white  in  colour;  whitish,  whitey, 
pale. 

"You  lmv«  his  tohitoli/\iiolt-"—Biirit/a7i:   /'i/'jrinis 
Progress,  i>t.  il, 

whit' -en,  ct.  &  :.     [Eng.  u'hit(c);  -en.] 

A,  Trans. ;  To  make  white,  as  by  the  aj*- 
plicatiou  of  colouring  niatttiv  ;  to  bleach,  to 
blanch. 

"  And  human  bones  yet  whi/cn  ull  the  Bfouud." 

/'ope:  Statiua;  Tltcbaid  1.  Sitl. 

B,  Intrajis.  :  To  grow  or  become  white. 

"The  waves  roll  ivhitoniixj  to  the  liuid." 

Scott :  Bard's  Incantation. 

Whit -ened,  pa.  jmr.  or  «,    [Whiten,  v.] 
I.  Uni.  Lang.:  (See  the  verb). 
IL  Botany : 

1.  Covered  with  a  very  opaque  while 
powder,  as  the  leaves  of  many  cotyledons. 

2.  (0/colour):  Slightly  covered  with  while 
upon  a  darker  ground. 

Whit'-en-er,  s.  [Eng.  v:h  iten  ;  -er.  ]  One  who 
or  tliat  wliich  whitens  or  bleaclies. 

white' '  ness,  *  white  -  nesse,  *  why t  - 
nesse,  .^.     [Eng.  white,  a.  ;  -ntss.\ 

1.  Tlie  quality  ijv  state  of  being  white ; 
wliite  colour ;  freedom  from  or  absence  of 
colour,  darkuess,  or  obscurity. 

"  It  fell  short  of  the  natui-al  whiteness  of  the  lily." 
— Bp.  Taylor :  Rule  o/  Conscience,  bk,  iii.,  ch.  iv. 

If  Whiteness  in  animals  inhabiting  snowy 
regions  is  advantageous,  and  probably  arose 
from  natural  selection.  The  same  colour  iu 
birds  resident  in  a  warm  country  is  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  detrimental,  as  rendering  them 
more  conspicuous  to  their  enemies.  It  pro- 
bably arose  in  such  birds  as  the  egrets  from 
sexual  selection.  {Darwin:  Descent  of  Man, 
(ed.  2nd),  pp.  494,  542.) 

2.  Want  of  a  sanguineous  tinge  in  the  face  ; 
paleness,  as  from  grief,  illness,  terror,  or  the 
like. 

"  A  milky  whitcuexa  spreads  upon  her  cheeks." 

Lottg/elU/w .  Blind  Otrl  of  Vattal-Caim. 

3.  Purity,  cleanness;  freedom  from  stain, 
bleinisli,  or  guilt. 

white' -ning,  jir.  jmr.,  a.,  &  s.     [Whiten.] 
A,  &^  B.   As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :   (See 
the  verb). 

C,  As  substantive : 

I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  making  white  ;  the  state  of 
becoming  white. 

2.  The  same  as  Whiting  (q.v.). 

II.  Leather:  Tlie  process  of  cleaning  hidrs 
by  passing  a  knife  with  a  line  edge  lightly 
over  the  flesh  side. 

whitening-Stone,  $. 

1.  A  sharpening  and  polishing  stone  u.si.-d 
by  eutlers. 

2.  A  finishing  grindstone  of  particularly 
fine  texture.     {Simnwiids.) 

Whites,  s.  pi.     [White,  a.] 

1.  Tlie  same  as  Leucorrhcka  (q.v.). 

2.  A  superior  kind  of  flour  made  fmm  while 
wheat. 

3.  Cloth  goods  of  a  plain  white  colour. 

"  Long  cloths  for  the  Turlcey  trade,  called  t*nlt»bury 
whites.' —Dr/oe :  Tour  thro'  Great  Britain.  1.  aS*. 

*  4.  Wlute  vestments. 

"The  Dean  of  our  chappeli  ...  in  blA  xchitea." — 
llci/lin  ,   Life  of  Laud,  i:  ::C2. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  choms,  9hin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t, 
-ciar..    tian  ^  shan.     tiou,    sion  —  shun ;  -tion.  -sion  =  ^^""     -cious,  -tious.  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


ifoO 


whitesmith— whitster 


5.  A  cricket  or  boutiug  suit  of  white  tiaimel. 

■■  I'lilwB  »  itijui  can  cuiuliliir  fy'Jl"B  ■"'**  iKwitiug.  he 
vhoviKI  nevrr  ,  .  .  riilw  Ills  inacbiuu  lu  Uflutci.  —Oi- 
ryW«ntf  .SV«.  July  M.  liW8,  p.  IC. 

tJ.  Tlie  whit«  of  tin;  eyes. 

•■  hlftitiK-  up  both  his  hiiudn  naiil  vUtes  to  bcuvcii,  — 
Barnani  :  Life  of  t/rglin.  l>.  cUxx. 

wbito -smith,  ^.     [Kng.  tehik,  luid  .*m/^/i.l 

1.  A  tiiisiiiith. 

2.  A  worker  in  iron  who  finishes  otf  (tr 
j'uUslies  the  work,  in  ilistinctioti  fi-om  those 
who  fur^c  it. 

White'-Ster,  s.  [Eng.  white;  suft.  -sfer.]  A 
Mcaclitr,  ;i  wliitster.     (I'rov.) 

white'-stone.  ^-.  [Eng.  wiiUe,  and  stone.]  A 
II.. pillar  nam.-  for  a  kind  of  granite  with  albite 
in  its  loiiiihjsition. 

White'-tbom,  .••■.     lEn^.  ichitc,  and  thorn.] 
IM  :    Th.'  Hawthorn  (q.v.).     So  called  to 
distiiigiiisli  it  from  thn  IJlackthorn  (q.v.)- 


,  white,  aud  throat.] 


GREATER  WHITETHROAT. 


white-throat,  «.    [Enj 

OrjtHhi'loij'i  ; 

1.  The  pojxihir  name  of  two  British  summer 
Tisitants:  <.:iirriiQ.i  clnrir.},  the  (Jreatcr,  and 
*'.  siilrifthi,  the  Les-ser  VVliittthroat.  The 
Vornier  is  eoninion  duiin;^  the  summer  over 
thepreat'.-r  pai  t 
..f  Enjilandand 
Ireland  ;  length 
rather  more 
than  five  in- 
ches ;  plumage 
variuus  shades 
t»fbrown, breast 
and  bell  y 
b  r  o  w  n  i  s  li  - 
white,  tinged 
with  rose-(^o- 
loxir  in  t  li  e 
male.  It  feeds 
nn  berries  and 
insects,  and 
makes  an  excel- 
lent cage-bird, 
as  tiie  song  is 

sweet  and  lively.  The  Leaser  Whitethrr>at. 
which  is  rather  smaller,  is  also  a  summer 
visitor.  Plumage  on  upper  surface  shades  of 
Ijrownish  gray  ;  under  surface  white,  with  yel- 
lowish red  on  breast. 

2.  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
Leucochloris,  a  genus  of  Humming-birds, 
with  one  speeies  (LeucocMoris  aUticollis),  from 
Brazil.  Tail  rounded  ;  bill  longer  than  the 
head  and  somewhat  curved  ;  tarsi  clothed. 

White'-wash,  s.     [Eng.  white,  and  xvash.]    A 
wash    or    liquid    composition   for   whitening 
anytliing  ;  as, 
^  (1)  A  wash  for  making  the  skin  fair, 

lISll.- 

(2)  A  mixture  of  lime  and  water  used  for 
whitening  walls.  Its  extreme  whiteness  is 
.'sometimes  moderated  by  a  little  black  or 
other  colour.  An  addition  of  size  renders  it 
more  durable. 

"  The  walls  were  covereil  with  whitewash  ...  a 
lavniirite  decomtioii  in  this  island  from  time  imiue- 
iiKjiial. ■■—■/.  S.  Brejoer:  EntjUaJi  Studia,  \i.  4;i5. 

white'-wash,  v.t.    [WniTEWAEH,  s.] 

I.  Lit.:    To  whitf'u    with    whitewash;    to 
cover  with  a  white  liquid  composition. 
n.  Figuratively : 

1.  To  make  white  or  pure  ;  to  free  or  clear 
from  imputations;  to  restore  the  reputation 
of. 

"  Attempts  to  wJiltewasJi  the  character  of  Richard  III. 
.  .  .  have  Ijeeii  frequent."  —  iVi>ti-x  i-  Queries,  Nov.  28, 
ieR5,  p.  i;t9. 

2.  To  clear,  as  an  insolvent  or  bankrupt  of 
his  debts  by  going  through  the  Bankrui'tcy 
Court. 

"The  impecunious  man  could  get  the  Bankruptcy 

vhite'-wash-er,   s.     [Eng.   whitewash,  v.  ; 
-«/■.] 

1.  Lit. :  One  who  whitewaslies  the  walls  or 
ceilings  of  rooms,  &c. 

2.  Fig.  :  One  who  clears  or  restores  the 
reputation  nf  a  person,  or  gives  a  true  account 
of  an  event  generally  misrepresented. 

'■  If  the  Sicilian  Vespers  .  .  .  have  not  as  yet  tjiken 
tbfir  place  in  the  record  of  virtue,  it  is  prob.iblv  he. 
cause  the  whitewather  has  l>ecn  ti>o  tiuay  u(Kin  other 
unaertaklnga,"— .St.  James*  Gitz-'tte.  March  i:,  1888. 


white'-wash-ing,  ->;.    [Eng.  whitewash  ;  -//<(/,] 

1.  I  it. :  The  aet  or  business  of  whitewashing 
ceilings,  walks,  A:c. 

2.  Fig.  :  The  aet  of  restoring  or  clearing 
the  leputation  of  a  person  or  giving  a  true 
aeeonnt  of  an  event  whieh  has  been  mis- 
represented. 

"I  have  uot  aimed  nMotivther  ntn  trJtifi'uiajiJtiiig  of 
BrnniweU  Brout^,"— ^ carffimy,  Nov,  lit,  16B5,  p.  'di-2. 

white'-wort,  s.    [Eng.  ivhite,  and  wort.] 

r-it.  :  (1)  Malrimria  Parlhenium  [Fever- 
Fi:w]   and   M.    ChamomiUa;    (2)  Polygonatum 

villi t ijlo rii })i  iiud  1'.  ojjicinnle. 

whit -ey-bp6^n, whit'-^-br^n, «.  [Eng. 
tchite,  and  brown.]  Of  a  colour  between 
white  and  brown. 

"The  Kwaina  are  tlothetl  in  'aniock  frocks  of  wttitei/- 

brown  t\vii\>htit,'"— A fhfiiizum,  March  -1,  188^. 

Whit'  -  flaw,    ■  whick'  -  flaw,   *  whit  - 

flowe,  .'■.  [A  coriti])t.  of  quid:-Jtaa\]  A  whit- 
low (q.v.).  {IVisetiiHu:  .Surgery,  bk.  i.,  eh.  xi,) 

whith'-er,  *  whid-er,  •  whid-ir,  *  whid- 

or,  ailv.  [A.S.  h/i'idrr,  hiriidi-r ;  cogn.  with 
Goth,  hwadre  =  whither,  aud  closely  allied  to 
whether  (<i.v.).] 

1.  To  what  or  which  place.  (Used  interro- 
gatively.) 

*•  Vile  miscreant  (said  he)  tvliither  dost  thon  flie  ?  " 
tipeyiser:  >'.  V-.  H-  vi.  39. 

2.  To  wliich  place.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  That  lord  advanced  to  Winchester,  whitlirr  sir 
John  Berkeley  brought  him  two  regiments  more  of 
foot."— (.7it7T'/i</oH  ;  Vioil  IVar. 

*  3.  To  what  point  or  degree  ;  how  far. 

"  n'hithor  at  length  wilt  thou  abuae  our  patience  ?  " 
Ben  Joii&un :  Catiline. 

^  This  is  a  literal  translation  of  Cicero's 
words  in  liis  First  Oi'ation  against  Catiline. 
*'Quousque  tandem  abutere  patieiitia  nostra:'" 

i.  Whithersoever. 


^  Where  is  now  commonly  used  in  the  plare 
of  whither:  as,  JHiere  are  you  going?  Whither 
is  retained  for  the  more  serious  or  elevated 
style,  or  where  precision  is  required. 

whith'-er-ev-er,  *  whid-ir-ev-er,  <"/, . 
[Eng.  whither,  and  ever.]  Whithersoever, 
{Wydiffe:  Markxiv.) 

^  whith'-er-so-ev-er,  adv.  [Eng.  whither : 
so,  and  ever.]  To  wliat  place  soever  ;  to  what- 
ever place. 


'  whith' -  er  -  ward,   ^  whid-er -ward, 

*  Wed-er-Warde,    adv.      [Eng.    whither; 
-ward.]     Tiiward  what  or  which  place. 

"[Uclaxeth  of  hire  whiderward  she  weiite," 

Chaucer :  C.  T..  ll.si.i. 

whit'-ihg,  *  whyt-ynge.  .'=.     [Eng.  whii<-, 

with  termination  of  a  verbal  noun  in  sense  1, 
and  with  dimin.  sulf.  -i^ig  in  sense  '2.J 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Fine  chalk  jjulverized  aud 
freed  from  all  impurities  by  elutriation.  It 
is  used  in  whitewashing,  distemper  jiainting, 
cleaning  plate,  &c. 

"When  you  clean  your  plate,  leave  the  whiting/ 
plainly  to  be  seen  iuall  the  chinks,  "—.ifti//?;  Directtuni 
to  Servants. 

2.  Ichthy. :  Gadits  merlangus  (t  Merlangns 
tmlgar(s),  usually  from  twelve  to  sixteen  inches 
long,  and  from  a  pound  to  a  pound  aud  a 
half  in  weight,  though  far  larger  specimens 
have  been  taken.  Dusky  yellow  on  the  back, 
sides  paler,  belly  silvery  white.  The  whiting 
is  met  with  on  all  the  coasts  of  Northern 
Europe,  and  is  caught  in  great  numbers  with 
hook  and  line,  especially  on  the  coasts  of  the 
British  Channel,  and  in  the  West  of  Irelanti, 
but  is  rarer  on  the  Scotch  coasts.  The  lisli 
derives  its  English  name  from  the  inarly 
whiteness  of  its  flesh,  which  is  highly 
esteemed,  and  large  quantities  of  which  are 
salted  and  dried.  Couch's  Wluting  ((iadus 
poutasson,  i Merlang^is  albus)  is  less  connnon. 
It  is  more  slender  than  the  Common  Whiting, 
and  the  upper  jaw  is  a  little  longer  than  the 
lower. 

*  Whiting-mop,  s. 

1.  A  young  whiting. 

"  They  will  swim  youthen-  mea-sures,  like  whithni- 
vwps,  as  if  their  feet  were  tins," — Beaa^n.  J:  rtvt.  : 
l.Diie's  Cure,  ii,  2. 

2.  A  fair  lass  ;  a  pretty  girl. 

"  I  have  a  stomach,  and  would  content  myself 
With  this  pretty  whitinginnp." 

Masiinger.     {Webster.) 


Whiting-pollach,  .s\     The  .same  as  Poi.- 

l.A.K   (q.\.). 

Whiting  pout,  s. 

hhthy. :  Godits  Ihscus  (t  Mnrrhun  ln.sr,<)^  a 
well-known  British  tish,  fairly  eouimnn  \n\ 
many  parts  of  the  coast.  Cuhmr,  light  brown, 
with  dark  cross-bands ;  weight  rarely  ex- 
ceeding live  pounds. 

■'  From  a  dark  spot  at  the  origin  of  the  pector:.!  iln 
in  which  it  resembles  tli.-  wlnliiij.'.  one  of  it"  m..  r 
ctimnuui  names  in  whitinQ/umr .  and  from  n  .-'inju:.., 
power  of  inflatinga  nic  niiiraiic  »liii.-b  covers  ili.  ,  >,  . 
and  other  jiarta  about  tiio  luiid,  \kbich,  wlieii  iin,s 
ti  intended,  ha\f  the  aiipeatancv  of  hbulderti,  it  in 
railed  Pout,  Bib.  Blens,  aud  Blinds."— J'urrc// ;  Itrit- 
ish  Fishes,  i.  Ml. 

Whiting  -  time.    s.      Bleaching    time. 

(Shakesp.  :  Merry  M'/jt^,  iii.  3.) 

whit'-ish,  ('.  [Eng.  v'hitis),  a.  ;  -(«/».]  8onie- 
what  wliite  ;  rather  white  ;  white  iu  a  mode- 
rate degree. 

■■  I  have  by  contusion  obtained  whitiah  powders  of 
granatL'3.  &e.'— Boyle  :    ll'orki,  i.  7»a. 

whit'-ish-ness,  5.  [Eng.  vhitish ; -tms.]  The 
tiuality  or  state  of  being  whitish  or  somewhat 
white, 

'■  A  very  considembledetirce  of  whitisIiness."—/Jijt/le. 

Whit'-leath-er,  s.     [Ejig.  white,  and  leather.] 

1.  Leather  dressed  with  alum;  white 
leather. 

'■  Her  lips  as  dry  as  good  whitleather." 

SiKkliny  :  A  lipfomied  Mintrets. 

2.  Paxwax  (q.v.). 

Whit'-ling,  s.  [Eng.  v'hite,  and  diniin.  .sull. 
■ling.]     The  young  of  the  bull-trout. 

"  If  I  am  uot  niiaUiken.  large  miautities  of  young 
salmon  are  to  be  found  among  our  lierling.ur  m'A/'/ijj.'/, 
as  many  ciUI  them,  before  turuinij  |ie&l.  '—Field,  Oct. 
lb.  1887. 

whit'-16w,  5.  [A  corruption  of  quidc-fiaw, 
i.e.,  a  Jlaiv  or  flaking  off  of  the  skin  in  the 
neighliourhood  of  the  quick,  (u-  sensitive  jiart, 
of  the  finger  round  the  nail.  The  form  whii-k- 
/fdi'' (—quick-flaw)  is  still  used  in  the  North 
of  England,  and  whitjlaw  and  whitfiovx  are 
old  forms.] 

Surg. :  Inflammation arisingiu  the  phalange.^ 
of  the  tinger.s,  or  more  rarely  of  the  toes, 
and  generally  advancing  to  supjiuration. 
Its  seat  may  l)e  in  the  skin,  in  the  tendons, 
in  the  periosteum,  or  in  the  cellular  tissue 
under  the  nail,  or  may  attect  the  bone.  The 
deeper  it  is  seated  the  nmre  troublesome  and 
even  dangerous  it  is.  It  may  arise  sjion- 
taneously  or  be  caused  by  the  prick  of  a 
needle,  a  pin,  or  a  thorn,  and  a  burning, 
shooting  pain  and  swelling  arise.  In  aggra- 
vated i.-ases  the  iuflanuuation  extends  up  the 
arm,  and  sometimes  caries  of  the  bone  takes 
])lace.  As  a  rule  a  whitlow  requires  surgical 
treatment,  for  which  it  is  inconveniently  situ- 
ated when  it  occurs  under  the  nail.  [Onv- 
tuiA,   Pahonvchia.] 

whitlow^-grass.  ». 

But. :  The  gi-uus  Draba. 

Whit'-16w-w6rt,  .s.    [Eng.  whitlou;  and  wart.] 
liot.  :  Tlie  genus  Paronychia  (q.v.). 

Whit-mon'-day,  s.  [From  white  and  Mon- 
day, to  niatcli  ]l'kitsunday  (q.v.).J  The  day 
following  Wliitsunday;  the  Monday  in  AVhil- 
sun-week.  Also  called  Whitsun-Monday.  II. 
isa  Hankdioliday(q.v.)in  England  and  Ireland. 

Whit'-ney-ite, s.  [After  Pi-of.  J.  D.  Whitnev; 
sutf.  -iteiMin.).^ 

Min. :  A  massive  mineral,  tarnishing  rapidly 
on  exposure.  Hardness,  3-3 ;  sp.  gr.,  S,*24(3  to 
8-471  ;  fracture,  submetallic  when  fi-esli  frac- 
tured ;  colour,  before  exposure,  pale  reddish- 
white,  often  iridescent,  opaque ;  niallenble. 
Compos.:  arsenic,  11*64;  copper,  SS'3(i=:  H'O, 
witli  formula  CugAso. 

whit'-ret, '  whit'-tret,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful, 
perhaps  from  Icel.  hvat(r)  —  quick,  bnlil, 
active,  and  rati  =  a  traveller,  occurring  in  tlie 
Icelandic  naiue  of  the  squirrel,  ratatHskr.]  The 
.Scotch  name  for  the  weasel. 


■  Whit-son,*'.    [WHiTstm.] 

whit'-SOUr,  s.     [Prob.  froiu  ichite  aud  sour.] 
A  sort  of  apple. 

'  whit'-Ster,  s.     [Eng.  v'kit(c),  and  sufl'.  -ster.] 
A  wliitener,  a  bleacher, 

"  Carry  it  among  the  »f/(((K^c7's  in  Datchet  mead."— 
Shakesp.  :  Merry  Wires,  iii,  Z. 


l&te,  fat,  fere,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  miite,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    je,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


whitsul— whole 


dbl 


'  whit'-sul,  .f.  [Krig.  iohU(e),  and  Mid.  Eng. 
s.iid^  s'uil  =  11  relish  eateu  with  brond.)  (See 
ixtiact.) 

"  Their  meat  whs  wTtitniU,  na  they  ciUl  it;  uainely. 
iriilk,  sniir  tnilk.  cliefiw,  curds,  liutter,"— CurcM)  .■  -Sur- 
fey  of  CoriiH'iil/. 

Whit'-sim,  ■  Whit'-son, «'.  [An  abhrevia- 
inMi  of  n'hitsiiihhiii  (,M-v.).  I  IVrtainiiig.  n-- 
l.itiiig  In,  or  ol.srr\fil  at,  Whitsuntide.  ((Jene- 
'.iilly  usi'd  in  compositinn.) 

••  Metliiiiks.  I  i>Iiiy  !\s  I  have  seeu  them  do 
lu  Whiffuii  jctstonils." 

fihakesfj.:  Winter't  Tale,  iv.  3. 

•I  n'hitsuiL  Muntlay,  irhitstui  Tuesdny,  ilv. 
Tlie  Monday,  Tiu'sday,  &c.,  in  AVI litsun- week. 

Wliitsun  ale.  "  Whitson-ale.  5.    a 

r.'^lival  tV.iniiTly  li'-ld  at  Whitsniitiii.-  by  the 
inhabitants  nf  llif  various  imnslies  who  met 
in  ur  near  a  large  biiin  in  the  \'icinity  of  the 
oiiurcli,  and  leasted  and  engaged  in  various 
u'unies  and  siiort-s. 

Whitsun  -  farthings.  '  Whitson- 
farthingS,  >.  i'L  Tin' same  as  Pi;nti:(Ostai.s 
(M.V.). 

Wliitsun  lady,     Whitson  lady,  >. 

'I'Ik-  Iradiii,:,'  (fiuab.'  character  in  the  merry- 
makings at:  Whitsuntide. 

Whitsun-lord,  "  Whltson-lord,  y. 

The  master  of  the  Whitsuntide  revels. 

"  Autiqiie  nntvcvbs  ihawii  from  WhiUoii'tordt." 
lien  Jonsuu  :  Tule  of  u  Tub.    (Frul.) 

Whitsun -week,  *•■.  The  week  in  wliieh 
■\Vliitsmnlay  occurs;  Whitsuntide. 

Whit  -  siin  -  day,  Whit-  siin  -  day, 
■  Whit-son-daie,  ■■^.  [ Lit.  =  ii'hitc  ."^tduhiii, 
\yi]n  A.>>.  hirild  Snnintii.-dirg  —  White  Sunday  ; 
cf.  Icel.  hvitUJiun iLH-dagr  =^  White  Sunday; 
Jiirita-daga  (lit.  =  white  days),  a  name  for 
Whitsun-week,  wliich  was  also  called  TivUa- 
iliKja-vika  =  AVhitedays-week,  an*ihvitasuniiii- 
'liigs-  vika  =  Whitsunday's- week  ;  so  also 
>forw.  Lvitsiuimlng  (lit.  =  White  Sunday)  = 
Whitsunday,  and  kcU sunn- vika  =  Whitsun- 
week.  The  name  was  derived  from  the  irhiti- 
•garments  worn  on  that  day  by  candidates  lor 
Mrdination  and  children  presented  for  bap- 
tism. The  older  name  was  Pentecost  (q.v.). 
{Skeaty] 

1.  The  seventh  Sunday  after  Easter;  a 
festival  of  tlie  Church  in  commemoration  of 
the  descent  of  the  Holy  Spirit  on  the  day  of 
■Pentecost. 

•J.  In  Scotland  the  name  given  to  one  of  the 
term-days  (May  15,  or  May  2ii,  old  style),  in 
wliicli  rents,  annuities,  nnuisters'  stipends, 
ttc.,  aie  paid,  servants  are  engaged  and  paid, 
iind  the  like.  The  Whitsunday  removal  term 
ill  the  towns  is  now  legally  fixed  for  May  *2S. 

Whit' -  sun  -  tide,   s.     [Eng.  Whiisuuiday) : 

-ti-h\]  Tlie  week  commencing  with  Whitsun- 
day (i|.v.),  especially  Whitsunday,  Whitmon- 
day,  and  tlie  Tuesday  innnediately  following. 
[Whitsun.] 

-whit'-taw,  whit'-taw-er,  s.  [Eng.  whit(e), 
and  taw,  tawtr.]  A  worker  in  white  leather  ; 
a  saddler.     (Pror.) 

"  McGoby  the  whittaw.  otherwise  saddler."— Gcoj-j^c 
l\li<}t :  Ail'tiii  Bode,  ch.  vi. 

whit'-ten,  >'.  fProb.  from  white,  a.  (q.v.).] 
(See  co'miiouiul.) 

whltten-tree.  s. 

}Jot. :  Vihunium  Opuliis.  The  name  is  used 
also  in  some  parts  of  England  for  V.  Lantana. 
{Written  it  HullaiuL) 

whit'-tie  what'-tie,  s.  [A  reduplicated 
tonn  liased  on  irheet-irheet,  an  imitation  of  the 
]ii|'ing  note  uttered  by  birds  when  fondling 
-■a. ■bother.] 

1.  Vague  shuifling-  or  cajoling  language. 

2.  A  person  who  employs  cajolery  or  other 
deceptive  means  to  gain  an  end. 

^[  Scotch  in  both  senses. 

whit'-tie  what'-tie,  vJ.  [Whittie  l^^AT- 
riK,  s.]  To  waste  time  by  vague  cajoling 
hiiiguage  ;  to  talk  frivolously ;  to  shilly-shally. 
{Srotch.) 

"What,  are  ye  wJtittie  lehattieing  about?"— Scott : 
I'irtUe,  cb.  vi. 

whit'-tle  (1),  .<;.  [A  corruption  of  ^fti/'ifcirz  a 
knife,  from  thivitan=.  io  cut,  to  pare.]  A 
knife.     {Prov.) 

"The  rmle  whittlct  f.ibricatcil  there  had  lieen  snhl 
:ill  over  the  kingdom."— .1/rt.'ni(?'itf  ;  ITitst.  /."yi;/..  ch.  Hi. 


whlt'-tle  (2),  'whitel.  s.  [A.S.  hwUel  =  a. 
blanket,  lit.  =a  small,  whit'-  thing,  from  hwU 
=  white  ;  cogn.  with  Icrl.  k^utlU  =  a  whittle, 
from  /((•((»■=  white  ;  Norw.  k'trtel,  from  kirt.] 
A  double  blanket,  worn  by  west -country 
women  over  the  shoulders  like  a  cloak. 

Whittle  shawl,  s.  A  line  kerseymere 
sliawl  boiii'-red  with  fringes. 

whit-tle,   *  whitle,    v.t.  &.   i.     iWhitti.f. 
(I),  ■•<.l 
A*  Tniitsitifc : 
■^  1.  Litcralbj : 

(1)  To  cut  or  di-ess  with  a  knife. 

(2)  To  edge,  to  sharpen. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  reduce  by  degrees. 

"  Tho  ohjtict  Vioa  yeiur  by  year  to  tohiftle  down  the 
hmdiord'a  ihiea,  ftnd  by  tliiis  eiihAUciiit'  the  value  of 
till!  tenants'  right,  to  eatahliali  ultiiniit«ly  n  claim  for 
the  absolute  abulitiou  of  reut."—Staii<tard,  Feb.  12, 

B.  I iitruiisitivc : 

1.  I. if. :  To  cut  xip  a  pieee  of  wood  with  a 
knife. 

"The  word  as  well  :vs  the  practice  of  whittliwj  for 
am  useiuent  is  80  much  more  counuou  with  ua.  especially 
iu  New  Eiitjhmd,  than  in  the  old  country,  that  its  use 
may  not  improperly  be  regarded  .is  aa  Americauism." 
—Hartlm. 

2.  Fig. ."  To  confess  on  the  gallows.  (Slang.) 

■Til  ,sei-  \,iii:illdaianM  \ifi:\K  I  will  wh.rth-" 

*  whit -tied,      whit' -led   (le   as   el),   «. 

1  WurnxE,  ('.]    Allected  with  drink  ;  drunk. 

"Cortaiii  Chiaiia  .  .  .  chaiK-ed  t^»  l>e  well  vihUtlcd 
and  .stark  dniuk."— /•.  UallauU:  J'lutarfh.  p.  387. 

whit-tret,  >-.    [Whitret.] 

Whit'-Wall,   -•!.      [WlTWALL.1 

ih-iuth.:  The  same  as  Witwall,  1.  (q.v.). 
(Y-MKII.,  Yaki'ingale.] 


Whit-worth,  ^•.     [Sec  compounds.] 

Whitworth-ball,  s.   [WmTwoRTH-crx.] 
Whitworth-gun,  s. 

Oidu.  :  A  wrought  iron  or, afterwards,  steel 
gun  invented  by  Mr.  "Whitworth.  It  had  a 
hexagonal  spiral  bore,  the  angles  of  which 
were  rounded  otf,  and  tired  a  projectile  (some- 
times called  the  Whitworth-ball),  the  middle 

h 


SLCTION   OF   WIUTWORTB    GIN. 


p;irt  of  which  fitted  the  bore,  but  the  rear 
jiart  tapered  somewhat,  and  did  not  touch  the 
rifling,  while  the  point  was  rounded.  Both 
muzzle-loading  and  breech-loading  patterns 
were  made.  There  was  very  little  windage, 
and  good  ranges  were  obtained. 

whit'-y-hrown,  o,    [Whiteybrown.] 

whiz,  r.i.  [An  imitative  word,  allied  to 
irlii^itle :  r-t".  li-el.  /(('(.ssa  =  to  liiss.]  To  make 
a  liuiiuiiiii^'  or  liissiug  sound,  like  an  arrow  or 
\k\\\  tiying'llirongli  tlie  air. 

"The  exhiiliitious,  whizzing  in  the  air." 

Sliiikesp. :  Julius  Canaj;  ii.  1. 

whiz,  >■-  tWHiz,  )■.]  A  humming  or  Iiissing 
sound. 


Whiz'-le  (le  as  el),  v.i.     [A  fretpient.  fioin 
"■'"■-  ('t-^'-)-]     To  whiz,  to  whistle. 

■■Tlie  »  in>ls  thrungli  peratchinck  narrolye  whizUun." 
UtanyhuTSt :  Vir</il:  .,£iieid,  i.  M. 

whiz'-zing,  jir.2i(f.r.  or  rr.     [Whiz,  v.] 

whiz'-zing-ly.  '"/'■■  [Eng.  v:hizzin(s;  -hj.] 
With  a  wliiz/.ing  sound. 

who  ("*  silent)  (poss.  whose,  uccus.  u-huni),  prov. 
[A.S.  htni,  =  who  (interrogative),  masc.  & 
fein. ;  hica-i,  neut.  ;  gen.  hicirs,  for  all  genders, 
dat.  /iimiit,  huu1-m,  accus.,  masc.  &  fem, 
htcone,  neut.  hioo-t,  instrumental  /*"/,  hwfi 
(Eng.  why):  cogn.  with  Dut.  *eti:=who;  wot 
=  what ;  (eifJt.v  =  whose ;  »utj(.  =  whom  (dat. 
&  attcus.)  ;  Ircl.  hvn'r,  hir.r  =  whtt :  hvat  = 
what  ;     htrrs  ■=  whose  ;     tivij'im  —  whom 


(masi?.),  pi.  hccrii- ;  Dan.  hvn—  who;  kt<iil  = 
what;  Afc'ts  =  whoso ;  Arcwi  =  whom  (dat.  &. 
accus.);  Sw.  hvf>ii:=  who,  whom  ;  h>-<tU  = 
what ;  /tccHW,  hi'nrs  =.  whose  ;  Ger.  lotr  —  who ; 
K'OA^  =  what ;  wcsscn^  !('&«  =  whose;  'fcHt  — to 
whom  ;  ivai  =  whom  (accus.) ;  <i»>th.  nom. 
hwas,  htco,  ft.im  (or  /ti«i(a),  genit.  /iirw,  hmzns^ 
hivis,  dat.  hwammn,  hicizai,  huHnnuut,  aceu3. 
hivarui,  hu'o,  htca  (or  himt<t),  instrumental 
hive,  pi.  hvai,  &c. ;  Ir.  &  Gael,  ro  ;  Wei.  pwy ; 
Lat.  qttis,  qi(o!,  nuid ;  Russ.  t/o,  c7t(o  =  who, 
wliat ;  Lith.  has  =  who  ;  Sansi*.  kns  —  who  ; 
kini=  what ;  kam  =  whom.  "  Formerly  who, 
what,  which  were  not  relative  but  intciToga- 
tive  pronouns;  vhich,  wliose,  icUoni  occur  as 
relatives  as  early  as  the  eml  of  the  twelfth 
century,  but  who  not  until  tlie  fourterntb 
century,  and  was  not  in  common  usr  bdon- 
the  sixteenth  century."  (Morris:  libit.  Out- 
Vines  of  Kng.  Accitttnurj  §  iss.)  In  genuine 
idiomatic  Scotch  vho,  ar  u?/((t  (in(du«lingalso 
the  possessive  and  objective),  is  slill  only  an 
interrogative,  that,  or  'at,  being  the  relative.) 
A  relative  and  interrogative  pronoun,  always 
used  substantively  (that  is,  not  joineii  to  a 
noun),  and  referring  to  one  or  more  persons. 
It  is  uninflei.'ted  for  number,  but  has  wlutsc 
for  its  possessive,  and  ly/imji  for  the  objective, 

1.  As  an  interrogative  pronoun  =  what  per 
son  or  persons? 

"  tVlio  hath  woe?  who  hath  sorrow?  wAohatbeon- 
teutiona?" — Provcrbn  xxlii.  29. 

2.  As  a  relative  pronoun  =  that. 

'*  Happy  the  man,  and  hajipy  lie  alone, 
Ue  who  can  oil]  to-ilay  his  own." 

lirydcH :  Imtt.  Horace,  hk.  iii.,  ode  29. 

3.  Vsed  elliptiadhj  =  he  (or  they)  who. 

"  11' Ao  stcjils  my  purse  steals  trash." 

Sfuikap. :  Othello,  iii.  :i. 

4.  Whoever. 

"  Let  it  be  ivho  it  Ifl." 

Xhakf^p. :  Jttliujs  Ctesar,  i.  A. 

■|  Who  is  used  as  a  relative  referring  to  per- 
sons, ivhich  to  things,  an<l  th^it  to  t-iiher  indif- 
ferently. It'Aoand  ichty-h  an'  used  in  two  ways  : 
(1)  To  connect  two  co-ordinate  seiitenci's:  as, 
I  met  a  man  who  told  me ;  1  read  the  book 
tvhirh  pleased  me.  Each  of  these  sentences 
could  be  tui'iied  into  two  propositions;  as,  I 
met  a  man  ami  he  told  me;  I  read  the  book 
and  it  pleased  me.  (2)  To  introduce  subor- 
dinate or  adjectival  clauses :  as,  The  lM)ok  iohii.-h 
you  are  reading  ;  the  man  who  told  me.  In 
these  cases  who  and  which  cannot  be  turned 
into  and  he  or  ami  it. 

•f  As  who  should  saij :  As  if  one  shouhl  say ; 
as  one  who  said. 

"  Hope  throws  a  generous  contempt  npon  ill  usage. 

and  loukn  like  a  hamlsoiiiu  detlance  of  a  niiefortune; 

ax   who   xhould  sit;/,  yon  .ire  Komewbat  trouDlesome 

now,   hut    I  ah.ill   om«iuer    you. '— Co/iit'r ;     .iifninsl 

/icgpnir. 

whoa,  e:ccla)ii.  [From  the  sound  uttered.] 
:stop  !  stand  still ! 

^  who  -biib,  s.    [Whoobub.] 

'  whode,  s.     [Hood.]    A  hood. 

"A  foxes  t,iyle  for  a  acepture.  ami  a,  wliodc  with  two 
eaves."— Adfc.  t:uglish  Votari4;s,  p.  HA. 

Who-ev'-er  (w  silent),  ;iroH.  [Eng.  who,  and 
eirr.]  Anyone  without  exception  who;  no 
matter  who  ;  any  per.sou  whatever. 

'■  ir/iocwr  doth  to  temiienince  appiv 
His  stedfast  life."  Spenser:  F.  y..  II.  v.  1. 

whole   Uo  silent),     hoi,    '  hole.   *  wholl, 

'  Wholle,  a.  &  ;s.  [Properly  spelt  h-h,  the 
original  sense  being  hale  or  sound.  Tin"  spell- 
ing hole  continued  in  use  to  the  Iwginning  of 
the  sixteenth  century.  For  the  inelixed  to 
cf.  w/io(  =  hot  (Spenser:  F.  q.,  U.  i.  58); 
whore  =  bore  ;  whode  =  hood,  &c.  A.S.  hdl  = 
whole  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  heel ;  Icel.  heill;  Dan. 
heel;  Sw.  hcl;  Ger.  liell;  Goth,  hails;  Gr. 
KoAoy  (kalos)  =  excellent,  good,  hale  ;  Sansc. 
hUza  =  healthy,  hale.  11  hole  and  hale  are 
doublets,  the  latter  being  from  the  Icel.  heill.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Hale  and  sound;  iu  a  healthy  state  ;  re- 
stored to  a  sound  state ;  healed. 


2.  Unimpaired,  uninjured. 

■*  My  life  is  yet  whole  in  me."— 2  Samwl  i.  v. 

3.  Not  broken,  not  fractured,   iiitaet :   as. 
The  plate  is  still  whole. 

4.  Complete,  entire;  not  defectivi'  or  im- 
peifect ;  having  all  its  parts. 

"  "Hafltany  more  of  this;'    "The  irlnttr.  liuti,  man.*" 
^ShakcK/f. :  Tempest,  li.  '2. 

o.  Containing  the  total  number  or  amount ; 
comprising  all  the  parts,  units,  di\i>ioiis,  &c. 


boil,  bo^^;  poiit,  jowl;  cat,  9CII,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ~  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.      cious,    tlous,    sious  =  shus.    -blc.    die,  -ve.  -  bel,  del. 


552 


wholeness— whoremonger 


thni  iimko  up  an   ag'„'regttte  total ;  all   the. 
(liiiiL-rally  pivtfUcU  by  the.) 

•'  \Vli«fv  Mtuiiw  whotv  linvtf  Kunk. ' 

MiltoH.   /'.  I.,  11.594. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1,  All  fiitire  tiling  ;  a  tiling  comitlct«  in  all 
its  imrlK.  units,  Ac. ;  a  tiling  eoiupK^tif  in 
itsflf:  tlH'cntirv  or  total  assemblages  of  jviils; 
all  of  a  tliiuir,  williout  deduetiuii,  dci't'ct,  or 
exception  ;  tliu  fntirt-ty. 

"  l.>ivv.  tlint  of  exvry  woinau'ii  Iiwti-t 
Will  Liivc  tlir  whole.  kuiI  nut  K  ptrt." 

Lang/ellow  :  Ooldtn  Leyend,  iv. 

2.  A  coni(«leto  system  ;  a  completu  and 
rt'gular  mmliination  of  partes. 

"  All  arv  l>ut  iwii  U  uf  (iiic  stupetidous  *ehn}«. 
VVliiMV  bdily  NiitHtr  ia.  ami  Ood  thi*  «uitl." 

I'npe:  Eisay  on  Mifit.  I.  2C7. 

^  HVift/f  cxcUiJes  subtraction;  entire  ex- 
clutlos  divi^iitn  ;  compUti:  exehnles  dellciency  : 
H  i('/(o/e  oninge  lias  nothing  taken  fi'om  it ;  an 
entirf  nrange  is  not  yet  cut;  and  a  compute 
oraiig"  is  grown  to  ils  full  size  ;  it  is  possible, 
therefore,  for  a  thing  to  be  whole  and  not 
entire :  and  to  be  both,  and  yet  not  couipUle  : 
an  orange  cut  into  parts  is  whole  while  all  the 
I>arts  n-main  together,  but  it  is  not  entire: 
lietice  we  speak  of  a  whole  house,  an  cnttrn 
set,  and  a  complete  book.  Tho  wholeness  or 
integrity  of  a  thing  is  destroyed  at  one's 
pleasuit  ;  the  completeness  depends  upon  cir- 
cninstauces.    {Crabb.) 

•  K  (1)  Bij  whole  sale;  By  the  whole:  Whole- 
sale. 

••  If  tlie  currier  boHglit  not  leather  bj/  the  whole." 
Oreenc:   fiiiip  fr>r  an  Upstart  Courtier. 

(•1)  i'/inntfif  n-hole :  All  things  considered  ; 
taking  all  things  into  account ;  upon  a  review 
of  the  wliole  matter  ;  altogether. 

wholc-and-lialf  compass,  s.  Bisect- 
ingdividers  (q.^*.). 

whole-blood,  ^^. 

/.'Mr:  IJloud  in  descent  which  is  derived 
fioiii  Ilii,'  same  j'air  of  ancestors. 

whole 'boofed,  a.  Haviug  an  undivided 
hoof;  sulidungulate. 

whole-length,  a.  &  s. 

A,  A.^  adjfctlvc  : 

1.  Extending  from  end  to  end. 

2.  Full  length  ;  as,  a  v^liole-length  portrait. 

B,  Assuhst.  .■  A  portrait  or  statue  exhibiting 

the  \vlu.tle  tigure. 

whole -meal,  s.  Flour  produced  by 
grinding  wheat,  deprived  of  a  portion  of  its 
lm.sk,  between  steel  rollers,  it  is  recom- 
mended a.s  possessing  greater  nutritive  pro- 
perties than  ordinary  floui'.  (Used  also 
adjectively  ;  as,  v^hole-ineai  bread. 

whole -number.  .■^.    An  integer  (q.v.). 

whole -skinned,  c  Uninjured  ;  whole 
and  sound. 

"  He  is  ivhole-tkin'd.  lins  no  hurt  yet." 
Beaum.  £  Flet. :  Itute  a  ti'i/e&  have  a  MV/c.  i, 

whdle'-ness  ()/;  silent),  s.  [EtiQ.  whole  ; -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  whole,  entire, 
comiilrlr,  or  sound  ;  entirety,  totality,  com- 
plete! les.s. 

Whole'-sale  {w. silent),  s.,  a.,  &.  adv.  [Eng. 
whole,  and  sale,  originally  two  words.] 

A.  As  subst. :  The  sale  of  goods  by  the 
l»iece  or  large  quantities,  as  distinguished  from 
retail  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adjective : 
I.  Literally: 

1.  Buying  or  selling  by  the  piece  or  large 
quantities. 

"  A  considerable  vhotegale  iiierclumt  in  the  same 
place."— .S(H(/;i ;  Wealth  of  iYiitio7is,  bk.  i.,  ch.  x. 

2.  Pertaining  to  trarle  by  the  piece  or  large 
quantities  :  as,  The  wholesale  price. 

11.  Fig. :  In  gr-eat  quantities  ;  extensive,  in- 
discriminate ;  as,  ivholesale  slaughter. 

C.  -^l5  adv. :  By  the  piece  or  in  large  quan- 
tities ;  as,  To  sell  goods  wholesale. 

1[  />'(/  ickolesale :  In  the  mass  ;  in  great 
quaidities;  hence,  without  due  discrimination 
or  distinction. 

"  Some   from  vanity  or   envy,  despise  a   Taluable 

book,  and   throw  couteui])t  "  

^\'a(ts. 


'.  upon  it  by  loholeialc."— 


wh61e'-8dme("silent),  *hole-soine,  "hol- 
som,  *  hol-SUm,  a.     [Icel.  ImUamr  =■  salu- 
tary, frniu  /(('(//  =  whole  (q.v.).] 
1.  Tending   to    promote  health  ;    favouring 


health;    healthful,     lieallby,  salutaiy,    salu- 
brious: as,  wholesome  iiir  or  diet. 

■■  With  ipAo/f»«iiir*>TUiis,  driiya,  and  holy  pniyprs." 
Shakiip.  :  Vvinedn  uf  Errors,  v.  i. 

•2.  Healthy,  sound. 

"  Like  H  iiiildcwt'd  fAi 
Blft»tlng  Ilia  u'/ia/Mmif  bvutlicr." 

Shakesp.:  Jlamlet.  iit.  4. 
3.  Contributing  to  the  health  of  the  mind  ; 
promoting    or  favouring  morals,  religion,  w 
prosperity ;  souml,  salutaiy. 

■■  Tho  stvio  i>(  the  best  writom  of  whulfSomc  fictioit.' 
—liuUii  I'etrgruph,  March  Zl,  Ibflfl. 

'  4.  Pros]ierous. 

*•  When  thou  Bhalt  see  thy  whulesome  days  again," 
Shakcsp. :  Macbeth.  Iv.  3. 

*  5.  Reasonable. 

"  T  cannot  make  you  a  who/esome  auawer;  uiy  wit's 
dlaciwed."— aAuAe«/>.  .'  Hanilet.^ii.  '2. 

'  6.  Salutary,  profitable,  advantageous,  suit- 
able. 

'•  It  seems  nut  meet  nor  wholenome  to  my  iilaue." 
.ShakesjK  :  Othello.  1.  l. 

whole -some-l^  (w  silent),  *  whol-som- 
ly,  m/r.  lEng.  wholesome;  -ly.]  In  a  whole- 
some or  salutary  manner. 

"  It  is  seaflouable  and  good,  aud  may  v?hoUo])il>/  feade 
the  flucke  of  Jeaus  Christ."  — Ba/«  ;  Apologic.  io\.  42, 

whole'-some-ness  («'  silent),  s.  [Eng. 
wholesome;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wholesome 
or  of  contributing  to  or  promoting  health  ; 
salubrity. 

"Th€  tvholeiomenett  of  his  meat  or  drink."— LocJte; 
Human  t'uderttatidinff.  bk.  iv..  ch.  xi. 

2.  Conduciveness  to  the  health  of  the  mind  ; 
salutariness ;  tendency  or  power  to  promote 
morals,  religion,  or  prosperity :  as,  the  whole- 
someness  of  advice  given. 

whol'-ly  (>"  silent),  'hol-ly,  "  holy, 
'whol-y,  'whol-lye,  rt(/t'.   LEng.  u-hoi{i): 

1.  Eutirelj',  completely. 

"  I  was  not  wholly  without  my  share. "—Coo*  .■  First 
Voyage,  bk.  i,,  eh.  iv. 

2.  Totally,  entirely,  fully,  exclusively. 

■■  Eve 
"  Intent  now  whoUy  on  ber  tiiste." 

Milton  ■   P.  L.,  i\.  7B6. 

whom  (if  silent),  *  whome,  vron.  [A.s. 
hwdm.]  The  objective  (originally  the  dative) 
of  who  (q.v.). 

whom'-ble,  whom-le    (le    as  el),   v.t. 

[Apparently   a  \aiiant   of  whelm  (q.v.).J     To 
whebn,  to  overturn,  to  o'\'er\vlielm.     {Scotch.) 
"  I  thiuk  I  see  the  coble  whomblcd  keel  uv."- 5co«.- 
Anti^uari/,  ch.  xl. 

•  whom'-ev-er  (w  silent),  pron.     [Eng.  whom, 

and  erer.]    The  objective  of  ivhoever  (q.v.). 

"  ir?io»»«'er  they  axideu." — M'j/ctiffe'  Mark  w. 

*  Wh6m'-s6  (w  silent),  jn'oii.     [Eng.  whom,  and 

so.]     Whomsoever. 

"  Cruelly  duth  wound  whomso  she  wills." 

Spenser:  F  <^.,  V.  \\i.  36. 

wh6m-s6-ev'-er  (w  silent),  *  whome-so- 
ev-er,  pron.  [Eng.  lehmn ;  so,  and  ever.]  Any 
person  whatever.    (Objective  oi  whosoever.) 

"  With  Tii/(om.!ocwr  thou  fiudest  thy  goods,  let  hiiu 
not  live."— 6'i-Ht'S(S  xxxi.  3-I. 

"whoo-biib  ("-  silent),    *  who  -  bub,  .^. 

[Wiiuop.]     A  hubbub  (q.v.). 

"  All  the  cliaml.)ermaid-''  in  sueh  a  whobub." 

Hcaicn.  <f  Flet.  :  Moiisieitr  TJiomas,  iv.  2. 

whoop,  "  whoope,5.     [Whoop,  v.] 

1,  A  cry  of  excitement,  encouragement,  en- 
thusiasm, vengeance,  terroi',  or  the  like. 

■'  Let  tiieni  bi-eathe  a  uhile,  and  then, 
CYy  whoop,  aud  set  them  on  again." 

Butler :  Hudibrai,  I.  ii. 

2.  A  hooping  or  liooting  cry  or  noise. 

"The  whoop  of  tbe  crane." 

Longfeltow :  Erungeline,  ii.  2. 

*  3.  A  popular  name  for  the  hoopoe  (q.v.), 
from  its  cry  [Upupa],  whence  Browne  (Birds 
of  Norfolk)  calls  it  the  Hoope-bird.  Cotgrave 
calls  it  "a  sort  of  dunghill  cock,  that  loves 
to  nestle  in  man's  ordure,"  a  fable  borrowed 
from  classic  natural  history.  The  habits  of 
the  bird  during  incubation,  in  leaving  its  nest 
in  a  filthy  condition,  have  contributed  to  give 
currency  to  the  story,  and  for  this  reason  it 
is  sometimes  called  the  Uung-bird. 

"  As  copyed  and  high-crested  as  uiarisb  '*'hiipps."  — 
Urquhart :  Jiabelais,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xii. 

whoop,  *houp-en,  v.i.&t.     [Propf  dy /ioo^), 
.    the  vj  being  excrescent,  as  in  ivhole  (q.  \)  ;  Fr. 

houper  — to  call,  shout;  cf.  Goth.  hwo^^un  = 

tu  boast.) 


A,  Intrnm. :  To  shout  or  cry  out  with  a 
loud,  clear  voice;  to  call  out  loudlj*,  as  in 
excitement ;  to  lialloo. 

"  Swaniii tic  and  w/inripf  1)17,  and  Nhouting  out sunlchoa 
of  the  avn\i^."—/iaili/  Teiej/raph.  March  i!i  1S88. 

"  B.  Trans.:  To  insult  with  shouts;  to 
drive  with  shouts. 

"  SviHer'd  me  by  thu  voice  of  ulavcii  to  be 
lt'/i(tr>//(/ out  of  Rome." 

Hhitkcip.:  Coriolanu*.  Iv.  5. 

whoop' -er,  5.     [Hooper  ('2),  Swan,  II.  'J.] 

whoop'-iiig,  pr.  2>ar.  or  a.     [Whoop,  v.] 

A,  As  pr.  par. :  (Sec  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Swooping  (?). 

■•  And  a  whooping  billow  swept  the  crew 
Like  icicles  from  her  deck." 

Long/eltow:   Wreck  of  the  Hesperus. 

whooping-cough,  ."^.    [Hooping-cough.] 

■  whoot,  (■.'.  ^  t.  [Here,  as  in  whoop,  the  w  is 
extn-SL-ent,  the  pruper  form  being  hoot  (q.v.).] 

A,  Intrans.:  To  hoot;  to  make  a  huotiug 
noise.    {Bcainn.  it  Flet. :  }ypanish,  Cnratc.  ii.  4.) 

B.  Trans. :  To  hoot  ;  to  drive  with  lioots. 

"  I  would  five  the  boys  leJive  to  whoot  nie  ont  o'  the 
parisli."- Zfodtod.  *  Flet.  :  Rale  a  Wi/e,  ic,  i. 

whop,  I'.t.  &  i".    [Whap.] 

A,  Trans. :  To  strike,  to  beat. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  fall  or  come  down  sud- 
denly ;  to  plump  down. 

whop,  s.  [Whop,  ».]  A  sudden  blow  or  fall. 
{Colluq.  or  slang.) 

whop' -per,  s.  [W^hop,  v.,  from  the  association 
of  idea  of  greatness  or  size  with  a  heavy  blow  ; 
cf.  whucher,  thumper,  &,c.] 

1.  One  who  whops. 

2.  Something  uncommonly  large,  especially 
a  monstrous  lie.    (Colloq.  ot  slanij.) 

"  Not  conteut  with  twu'iuhoppers,  ,ia  Mi-.  Jo  t!;iri;ery 
miftbt  cmII  them,  ^urtees  goes  ou  to  iu^eiit  a  iK'ilectly 
incredible  ber.tldic  bearing. "  — Sf.  Jatness  Gazettv. 
M.'xrcb  2.  ISSS. 

whop  -ping,  <(.     [Whapi'ing.1 

whore  (it- silent),  'hore,  ;;.  [The  w  is  ex- 
crescent, as  in  whole  (q.v.);  Icel.  hora  =  an 
adulteress,  from  /itiir  —  an  adulterer  ;  hor  = 
adultery;  Dan.  hore  ;  Sw.  hora;  Dut.  hoer; 
O.  H.  Ger.  hiiora  ;  Ger.  hnre  ;  Goth,  hvrs  —  an 
adulterer.  Prob.  connected  with  Lat,  cams 
=  dear,  beloved  ;  so  that  the  original  meaning 
would  be  "  lover."] 

1.  A  woman  who  prostitutes  her  body  for 
hire  ;  a  harlot,  a  prostitute,  a  coui-tezan,  a 
strumpet. 

2.  Awomnn  of  gross  unchastity  or  lewdness; 
an  adulteress  or  fornicatress. 

whore  (w  silent),  v.i.  &.  t.     [Wiioni:,  s.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  fornicate  ;  to  ha\e  unlawful 

Sfxual  intercourse.    (Dryden :  Juv.,  xvi.  04.) 
'  B.  Trans. :   To  debauch ;  to  have  sexual 

intercourse  with. 

■■  TImu  keptst  nie  brave  at  court,  aud  whor'd  me, 

Tlit-ii  luaii  ieil  lie."' 

Oeuuiii.  d-  /'/(■,'.  .    Maids  TnKjKdij,  v. 

wh6re'-d6m(xi'silent),*hor-dom,' whore- 
dome,  s.     [Icel.  hordomr ;  Sw.  hordom.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Fornication  ;  the  i)iaetice  of 
unlawful  commerce  with  the  other  sex.  It  is 
applied  to  either  sex,  aud  to  any  kind  of  illicit 
commerce. 

2.  Script.  :  The  desertion  of  the  woi"ship  of 
the  true  God  for  that  of  idols ;  idolatry. 

"  O  Epbraim,  thou  committest  whoredom,  aud  Itirael 
is  defiled."— //osea  v.  M. 

"whbre'-mas-ter  (if  silent),  s.  [Eng.  whore, 
s.,  and  vntstpr.\ 

1.  Uue  who  procures  or  keeps  whores  for 
otlier-s ;  a  pimp. 

2.  One  who  converses  with  prostitutes  ;  a 
whoremonger. 

"  The  deputy  cannot  abide  a  ichorcinasCer." —^ 
Shakesp. :  Measure/or  Jlettsurc,  iii.  2. 

*  whore'-mas-ter-ly  (w  silent),  a.  [Eng. 
wkoreiiuistcr ;  -ly.]  Having  the  character  or 
disposition  of  a  whoremaster;  lecherous,  lewd» 
libidinous. 


whore -mon-ger  (»•  silent),  s.  [Eng.  whore, 
and  monger.]  Uue  who  has  to  do  with  whores  ; 
a  fornicator,  a  whoremaster,  a  leeher. 

'•  Slaves  to  a  most  filthye  whore,  .md  to  her  whore- 
dome  aUd  whoremongers."  —  Bale  :  Euyli^  Votaries. 
(Pref.J 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine ;   ge,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wol^  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  ignite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


whoremonging— wicked 


ooJ 


whore -mong-ing  (w  silent),  s.  IKng. 
ivltuit„u'u<j{ii),  -ii"j.]     Koniicutiuii,  whoniig. 

"  Netlier  Imiiv  they  uiyudo  of  (iiiytliius  L-Ues.  tliau 
vpoii  wkoiiinouiniij.  Jiiid  uthei  kyuaw  ut  wtekoduea. ' 
—  (/Ual  :  2/V(ar. 

whbre'-son  ("■  sik-ut),  '  whor-son,  5.  &  u. 

{VM'A.  (('/tore,  auU  son.] 

A.  Assubst.:  A  bastanl  ;  a  \voi\l  useil  in 
ronteumt  or  iu  coarse  faiiiiliarity,  and  without 
fXiictuess  of  meaning,',  and  sonielimus  even  in 
a  kind  of  loarse  tondt'ini'ss. 

"  Well  said  ;  a  luorry  tchomou,  )in  '." 

S/ttiKvn/'. :  JivnufoJiJitlict.  iv,4. 

B.  As  adj. :  Bastard-liko,  mean,  -scurvy. 
(Used  in  contcniia,  dislike,  or  coarso  fa- 
miliarity.) 

"  A  ivhurvitjn  doK.  tlmt  shall  imlter  thus  wltli  us." 
ShakcMp.:  Troilus  A  CriSsUUi.  ii.  3. 

whor'-ing  (ic  silent),  5.     [Whore,  v.] 

1.  Ord.  Uing^:  Fornication  ;  the  conversing 
with  whores.   * 

2.  Script. :  The  practice  of  idolatry. 

"  They  slmll  uo  more  offer  their  siicritlees  iiuto 
devils,  iittui-  wliointLey  have  goue  s.  whoritty.'—Lav. 
xvil.  T. 

whor'-ish  (('•  silent),  a.  lEn^'.  whore;  -ish.] 
Adilicti^d  to  wiiuriu^  or  unlawful  sexual  inter- 
con  ise  ;  iiicoittineul,  lewd,  unchaste. 

"1  Ytm,  like  a  lecher,  out  o£  whorish  loins 
Breed  your  iuheritora. " 

&Jiakctp.  :  7'roUus  dt  Cressida.  iv.  1. 

■  whbr'-ish-ly  (it* silent),  adv.  [Eny.  whorish; 
■hi.\    In  ;i  whorisii  or  lewd  manner;  lewdly. 

'  whbr' ish-ness  (w  silent),  •whor-ysU- 
nesse,  ••■.  IEhl,'.  whorish  :  -ness.]  Thequality 
Ml-  state  uf  being  whorish  ;  tin;  character  of  a 
whore  or  lewd  wuman. 

"  Miirke  how  iiblioiuiuiible  whorifshuctie  ...  is 
aiiauiiccd  of  that  wliurish  Rome  ehurclic,  to  the  yi-eiit 
l)leiiiY.Oi\)iSe  of  yodly  manyage."— /tufe;  English  Vo- 
MWf.4.  iuT.  li. 

whorl,    'wharl,  *wharle.     whorle,  s. 

[A  contraction  lor  wharrvl,  whored,  as  sliowu 
in  the  Prompt.  Pan:,  "  ir/toncy^  whorwhil, 
whorle  of  a  spyiulyl,  Vcrtebriivi."  The  A.H. 
name  was  hweorj'a,  from  hweor/un  =  to  turn  ; 
cf.  wharf  and  ivhirL  The  imrticnlar  form 
whorl  may  have  been  borrowed  from  O.  Dut. 
and  introduced  by  the  Flemish  weavers  ;  cf. 
O.  Dut.  warvel  =  a  spinniny-whirle  (Ucxham); 
also  worvelen  =  to  turn,  to  reel,  to  twiue. 
[Skeat.y] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  volution  or  turn  of  the  spire  of  a  uni- 
valve shell. 

■'  See  whiit  ii  l<ively  sbell. 
Made  ho  fairly  well. 
With  delit-'utu  spire  aud  whorl." 

TeJinyson  :  Maud,  ii.  2. 

2.  The  fly  of  a  spindle,  generally  made  of 
wnnil,  snnietime.s  of  hard  sttmo. 

II.  Bot.  :  A  ring  of  organs  all  un  the  same 
plane.     The  same  as  Verticil. 

whorled,  a. 

witli  wliurls 


[Eug.  xoho  and  s\j.\ 


[Eng.  whorl, 
veitieillate. 

lEng.  xchorl ; 


-ed.]      Furnished 
•er.]    A  whirling- 


whorl -er,  5 

Ltlile(ii.v.). 

whom,  .s.  [Eng.  horn  with  excrescent  w,  as 
ill  irhuh:  iq.v.).]    A  horn.    (Scotrh.) 

".\iid  loomed  dnwii  the  creature's  tbroiit  wi'  aue 
ii-h'>rii."—fic'M:  Heart  of  Midlothinn,  ch.  xxviii. 

whort,  .■<.  [An  abbreviation  of  whortle,  or 
whortlebciTiflq.v.).^  The  fruit  ofthe  whortle- 
berry, or  the  shrub  itself. 

Whor'-tle,   s.      [A.S.    wyrtU.]     The  whoitle- 

berryOi.v.). 

whor -tle-ber-ry, "  whur'-tle-ber-ry^s. 

[iV.IS.  ir!irtil  =  ii  small  shrub,  dimin.    of  ii'urt 
a  wort  (4. v.),  and  Eng.  heiTy.] 

Bot. :  The  genus  Vacciniuni,  spec.  (1)  Fhc- 
cinium  Myrtillus,  the  Bilberry  (Q-v.).,  and  V. 
Vitis-Idfva,  the  Crowberry  ;  (2)  Ojcycoccos  pa- 
htstris. 

who^e  (w  silent),  **  whos,  pron.  [A.S. hwo^s.] 
The  possessive  or  genitive  case  of  who  or 
which.  (Applied  either  to  persons  or  things, 
and  used  interrogatively  or  relatively.) 

"  nVi'jic  tongue  is  music  now  7" 

stittketp. :  i'enut  i  Adonis,  1,0"T. 

whoige-SO-ev'-er  (w  silent),  pj'on.  [Eng. 
ivkose  ;  so,  and  ever.]  Of  whatever  person  ;  the 
possessive  or  genitive  of  whosoever  (q.v.). 

"  Whosaoever  sius  ye  remit,  they  are  remitted  ;  and 
whoxetoctfer  sius  ye  retaiu,  they  ai'e  retaiued. "— i/Qh» 
XX,  2a. 


who' -SO  (((■  siUint),  pnvn. 
Whuever,  whosoever. 

"  Now  urtioio  &ei-th  not.  that  hla  laughter  is  moru 
iiiiulde  than  the  laughter  uf  the  mad  uaii,  I  hold  him 
madder  than  tlicy  both."— Sir  T.  iloro:   ICorAw,  i>.  IJ. 

Wh6-s6-ev'-er  (ly  silent),  pron.  [Eng.  whi; 
so,  and  ever.]  Wlioever,  whatever  person,  any 
persiin,  whatever  that. 

"  Wtiosoi-evr  will,  let  liim  take  of  the  water  uf  life 
fretly."— A'ei'.  xxil.  17. 

whot,  "whote,  *  whott,  a,  [Eng.  hot, 
with  excrescent  if,  as  in  (t'/n>/(i  (q.v.).]  Hut. 
(Brcnde  :  i^uintus  Curtius,  fol.  01). 

\irhum'-inle,  v.i.  [Afreq.  fromw/te/i)((q.v.).] 
T"i  uvcrwhelni,  to  turn  over,  to  turn  up.side- 
down. 

Your   hiKh-flylng  dominie    bodie   who   whumlca 
.  .  s  .  ..     .^  ^^^j^  .    ,j,^j^   Cfingle'i  Lvj,   «h. 

An  over- 


outriiilit.' 

XVI. 

whum'-mle. 


igh  flying 


turniu 


,  an 


[Whummlk, 
ver  throw. 


'•  N;ii,'  iK'uljt.  uau  doubt ;  a>;,  ay,  it's  an  awfu  wlmm- 
intc."~;ScvU:  Kub  Jioi/,  cli.  xxii. 

whun'-stane,  s.    [See  def.]   The  Scotch  furni 
uf  Whinstoue  (q.v.).     {Bums  :  Holy  Fair.) 

whur,    v.i.     [A  variant  of  lehir  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  make  a  whirring  sound;  to  make  a 
rough  sound,  as  one  who  pronounces  the  letter 
r  with  too  iiuich  force  ;  to  birr. 

2.  To  make  a  growling  or  snarling  noise 
like  a  dog. 

whur,  "whurr,  .•^.    IWhvr,  v.] 

1.  Tlie  sound  of  a  body  moving  through  the 
air  with  great  velocity. 

2.  A  whirl,  a  turn. 
"  They  flapt  th?  door  full  in  my  fnce,  ami  t? 


such  ! 
ii.  I. 


u'liitrr  here."- 


■  \'aiibur<jh  :  Jaurnei/  to  Lutidmt, 

forward  in  haste : 


3.  A  driving  or  pressinj^ 
hurry. 
"  Wliippe  and  ic/no-jc  .  .  .  never  made  yood  fiu-i e." 
(/d<il :  Jtoititvr./Joiatei;  i.  a. 

whur'-ry,  i'.^.  [Eng.  whur;  -//.]  To  move 
With  haste;  to  whisk  along  quickly ;  to  liurry. 

Whurt,  ^^     [WuoRT.]    A  whortleberry. 

why,  "whi,  adv.,  intcrj.,  &  s.  [Properly  the 
instruiuental  ease  of  who,  aud  accordingly 
tre<iiHutly  preceded  by  the  prep,  for;  A.S. 
hwi,  hw^,hwig;  instruni.  case  of  /iU'«=\vlio, 
fur  h  wiij  =  why  ;  cogn.  with  Icel,  hvi  =  why ; 
allied  to  /u'CJT=  who,  hvat  =  who  ;  Dan.  hvi; 
Sw.  hvi;  O.  H.  Cier.  hwiii,  wiu,  hiu,  instrum. 
ease  of  hwcr  (Ger.  wer)  =  who  ;  Goth,  hve  ; 
instruni.  case  of  /tftw  =  who.  How  is  closely 
related  to  why.] 

A.  .15  adverb: 

1.  For  what  cause,  reason,  or  purpose. 
(Used  int«rrogatively.) 

"  Turn  ye.  turn  ye  .  .  .  for  loAy  will  yedie?  "—Ezckicl 
xxxiii.  11. 

^  In  such  sentences  as,  '*  I  know  not  it-Ai/," 
why  is  the  indirect  or  dependent  interrogative. 

2.  For  which  reason,  cause,  or  purpose  ; 
fur  what,  for  which.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  To  Scotland  for  to  eo.  to  wite  why  &  what  wise, 
Ther  kyug  &  other  mo  withsaid  him  his  seruise." 
Robert  de  Brunne,  \>.  271. 

B.  -'Is  iiiterjedioii : 

1.  Used  eniidiatically,  or  almost  as  an  ex- 
pletive to  enliven  the  speech,  especially  when 
suiiiethiug  new  is  perceived  or  comes  into  the 
iniud. 

"  Whence  is  thisV  w/itf,  from  that  essential  suibible- 
uesa  wliich  obedience  has  to  the  relation  wliloh  i^  be- 
tween a  rational  creatui-e  and  hia  Creator."— .So wf/f. 

*  2.  Used  as  a  call  or  exclamation. 

"  H7(^,  Jeanica.  Imiy!     H'hj/.  Jessicn'." 

ShakesiJ.  :  Merchant  qf  I'enice,  ii.  5. 

C.  As  subst. :  The  reason,  cause,  or  purpose 
of  anything. 

"  The  why—thii  where— what  boots  it  now  tc  tell." 
liyron  :^CorMiir,  i.  14. 

^  W  hy  so  :  ~ 

(1)  For  what  reason,  wherefore,  why. 

"Aud  tch//  to.  my  lord?" 

ahakctp. :   Winter's  Tale,  ii.  1. 

(2)  An  expression  of  content  or  of  unwilling 
acquiescence. 

"  Why  so  !   Go  all  which  way  It  will." 

Shakap. :  lUchard  II..  ii.  2. 

why,s.    [Icel.  kviga  =  a  youug cow.]    A  young 
heifer.     (Prov.) 


why  -dah,  s. 
whyle^,  adv. 


[Whidah.] 

[W'UILES.] 


'why' -not,  A.     [Eng.  (Wiy,  adv.,  and  in>(.] 

1.  A  vi.)lent  and  peremptory  proceeding. 
(ButUr:  Uadibras,  II.  ii.  Oii«.) 

2.  Any  sudden  or  ntiexpected  event  or  turn  ; 
a  dilemma. 

".Sow.  dumc  Sally.  I  have  you  at  A  whytKjf  — 
IHchardson:  tiir  V.  UraiiUUon,  v!.  ISO. 

wi\  prep.     [See  def.)    With.    (Scotch.) 

"  The  auld  gamekeciicr,  tliut.  wjia  out  wi'  mc  in  tlio 
year '15."— A'ooH  ;  il'aveH«!/,  cU.  Ixtv. 

Wi9h,  S.      [WntH  i'2).] 

wicht  inc,  wicht  -l^-ite,  s.  [After  Wiclity, 

Wichtis,    Finland,    where    found ;    suff.    -rte 
(Mill.).} 

Mill.  :  A  massive  mineral  with  rectangular 
cleavages.  Hardness,  above  O'U  ;  sp.gr.,  3*03  ; 
lustre,  dull;  colour,  bliick.  Compos.  :  u  sili- 
cate of  alumina,  lime,  iron,  magnesia,  &c.  A 
doubtful  species. 

-wick,  -Wi9h,  ^nf.  [A..S.  wic  =  a  village,  town^ 
Uoiu  Lat.  r(r.i(.',-  =  a  village.)  A  comniuu  ele- 
ment in  English  place-names,  as  in  Wanvii;/.', 
Sandtftc/i,  &c.,  and  denoting  village,  town. 


[Icel.   vik=:a  creek, 


bav. 


wick  (1),  5 
harbour.] 

1.  An  upen  bay.    (Shetland.) 

2.  A  brine-pit.     [Wvch(2).J 

3.  In  the  game  of  curling,  a  narrow  port  or 
passage  iu  the  rink  ur  course  flanked  by  the 
stones  of  those  who  ha\  e  played  before. 

4.  As  an  element  in  place-names  =  (1)  a  bay 
or  creek,  as  in  Gi'eenica7i,-  (2)  a  brine-pit,  as- 
iu  Xanl(Cft7f,  DiuiliC(c/(,  &c. 

wick  (2).  wicke,  •  weik»  *  weeke^ 
'  weyke,  '  wike»  .■'.  [A.s.  invca,  wa:u, 
cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  wiccke  =  a  wick  ;  Low  Uur. 
wcke—  lint;  Dan.  ra'f^c  =  a  wick;  Sw.  vclcc  r 
O.  H.  Ger.  wieche,  loeche.  The  original  mean- 
ing is  the  soft  or  pliant  part,  and  the  word  is 
closely  allied  to  weak  (q.v.).]  A  bundle  of 
flbres  to  lead  oil  to  the  flame,  where  the  ojl  is 
evolved  as  gas  to  maintain  combustion.  It 
acts  by  capillary  attraction,  and  usually  con- 
sists of  a  bundle  of  soft-spun  cotton  threads. 
■■  The  pith  whereof  [rutihes]  wheu  the  rind  is  i>illed. 

maketh  ivicko  for  watch-caudlca."- 7*.  JIuUauU:  i'liitn. 

bk.  xvi.,  ch.  xxxvll. 

wick,  V.I.    [Wick  (1),  5.] 

Carlin.'j:  To  strike  a  stone  in  an  ubli'iue 
direction. 

*  WicUe,  a.     [WicKKD.] 

wick-ed  (1),  '  wicke,  **  wik,   "  wikke, 
*  wlk-kcd,  ■  wick-id,  '  wick-ide.  ■<. 

[Orig.  a  pa.  par.,  —  rendered  i-vil,  as  if  tmni 
a  verb  wihkcn  =  to  niaUe  evil,  fruni  wlkl.-r  — 
evil,  originally  a  substantive  =  A.S.  wicvo  — 
a  wizard,  ivicce  =  a  witch.] 

1.  Evil  in  principle  or  practice;  deviating 
from  the  divine  law  ;  addicted  to  evil  or  vice ; 
sinful,  immoral,  liud,  wnnig,  iniquit<ms.  .\p- 
plied  both  to  i>ersons  and  things,  aud  compre- 
hending everything  that  is  contrary  to  the 
moral  law. 

■■  Thore  is  no  peace,  saith  the  Lord,  unto  the  wicked." 
—Isa'uth  xlviii.  i2. 

2.  Mischievous  ;  prone  or  disposed  to  niis- 
chief ;  roguish. 

"  That  same  wicked  bastnnl  of  Venus." 

Shakcsp. :  As  I'ou  Like  It.  Iv.  1. 

*  3.  Hurtful,  pernicious,  baneful,  cursed. 

"  A»  wick'd  dew  ivi  e'er  my  motln-r  bruHli  d 
With  raven's  feather  fi-oin  unwholi-aoiuo  (on." 
tihakiBp. :  Totupent.  i.  i. 

*  4.  Inhabited  by  or  belonging  to  wickedj 
persons. 

"  Vet  not  for  thy  advice  or  threats  1  fly 
These  teickcd  tonta  devoted." 

MiUon:  P.  L.,  v.  81HI. 

n[(l)  The  mcked: 

.Script.:  One  of  the  two  great  classes  into 
which,  Mil  moral  and  .sciipturalconsideiatinns, 
tlie  Hible  divides  all  mankind,  or  at  least  all 
who  have  had  opportunities  of  becoming  ac- 
quainted with  revelation.  No  third  or  inter- 
mediate class  is  recognised  ;  nor  do  the  two 
great  classes  in  any  way  shade  into  each  other. 
Tlie  primary  error  of  the  wicked  is  tliat  they 
contemn  God  (Psalm  x.  l:i)  and  will  nut 
seek  him.  They  plot  and  carry  out  evil 
projects  (P.salni  ix.  lii,  xi.  2),  and  hence  the 
Lord  is  far  from  tlieni  (Fro\-.  xv.  20),  and  is 
angry  with  them  every  day  (Psalm  vii.  11).  A. 
last  the  wicked  shall  "be  severed  from  the  just 
and  cast  into  "a  furnace  of  lire,"  in  other 
words  the  place  uf  woe  (Xlatt.  xiii.  40,  50). 


hoil,  boy ;  pout,  jdwl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin.  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-cian,  -tian  —  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^on  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -blc,  -die,  ^c.  —  bel,  deL 


o54 


wicked— widely 


(2)  The  Wickfd  HibU :  An  edition  piiblisht^<i 
A.D.  ItW'i,  by  llarberaiit!  Liicjis,  in  which  tli-' 
word  not  is  imiitttnl  from  tlie  seventh  Com- 
niandiiifnU 

•I  For  till!  tUlVerence  between  u-klal  .ind 
hul,  sec  Had. 

Tocked  (■_»).  "■  IKns.  trick  (-2),  s. :  sufi".  -nt.] 
l"iirtii»h'-tl  with  a  wick.  Cliictiy  in  composi- 
tion :  as,  a  two- wirktd  lanip. 

•wick'-ed-ly,  udv.  [Enj;.  wicked;  -ly.]  In  a 
wicked  manner  ;  in  a  manner  or  witli  motives 
conti-ary  to  the  moral  or  divine  law ;  viciously ; 
iniqnitously  ;  crim-inaily. 

'■  But  tliey.  wlio  get  leirkedl »/,  epeiitl  for  tlio  iiifi-'t 


1.1.  ■ 


,  lect.  JC. 


wick'-ed-ness,  '  wlk-ked-nes,  '  wik- 
ked-nesse,  *  wick-ed-nesse,  '  wick 

id-neSSe»  ^.     [Eliy.  wicked;  ■ncs.-'.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wieUed  ; 
depravity  or  corruption  of  heart;  sinfulness; 
a  depraved  or  corrupt  disposition  or  heart. 

•' All  this  arose  fi-uiu  iuflrmity.  not  mikchnnx."— 
Seeker:  Works,  vol.  i..  ser.  9. 

2.  Departure  from  the  divine  law  ;  evil 
pi-actices  ;  vice,  immorality,  crime,  sin. 

3.  A  wicked  thing  or  act ;  an  act  of  iiiifiuity 
or  immorality. 

■•  What   tcickfidness  ia  this  that  is  done  aiii.nisst 
j-yu?"— ^"i/yfs  Jtx.  12. 
•  4.  Wicked  persons  ;  the  wicked. 

'•  Those  tfiita  thou  SAWvat  so  pleasjxiit.  wer«  the  tents 
Vi  ieick<:<liu-Sf.'  Milton  :  F.  L..  \\.  y^'i- 

wick'-en,  wig-gin,  s.    [A.S.  \cm^  v:{cw.m.\ 
But.  :  1 'lints  Auciijiaria. 
wicken-tree,  ^■.    [Wickex.] 

wick  -er,  •  wik-er, '  wik-ir,  wyk-yr, 
wyck-er,  ^.  &  <f.  [From  the  sanu'  loot  as 
weak  (q.v.),  and  lieni;e  =  a  pliant  twi;^' ;  ef. 
O.  Svv.  wika  =  to  bend,  whence  week  =  a  fold  ; 
vi€kIa  =  to  fohl.  to  wrap  up;  Sw.  dialects 
vekare,  vekkcr,  vikkcr^  the  sweet  biiy-leaved 
willow  (Salix  itentandra),  from  veka  =to  bend ; 
Dan.  dialects  viitje,  vogger,  rcgre  =  a  pliant 
ro<l,  a  witliy  ;  twj/t  r,  va-ggcr  =  a  willow  ;  Ger. 
"ickd  =  a  roll.] 
~  A.  Ai  substantive  : 

1.  A  small  pliant  twig  ;  an  osier  ;  a  withe. 

"Which  hoops  sire  knit  as  with  u>ickcrt,"—}yood : 
^thetiCB  Oxoit..  i. 

2.  A  piece  of  wiL-ker-wnrk ;  spcciiically,  a 
"Wicker  basket. 

"  E-uli  hnviiij;  n  white  wicker  overhriiniiietl 
With  Aiirila  tender  yuun^liugs." 

Kt^aia:  £'mli,iiiio>i,  i. 

3.  A  twig  or  branch  used  as  a  mark  ;  a 
Avithe. 

B.  As  adj. :  Made  of  plaited  twigs  or  osiers  ; 
eovei'ed  with  wicker-work. 

"  High  111  wirkcr-baskets  heaiAl." 

Pope :  Homer;  Odi/ssvi/  ix.  2:':t. 

wicker-work,  s.    A  texture  of  twigs  ; 

iMskrt-work. 

■■B:L-^ki^t9  .  .  .  \fry  neatly  made  of  ivickcr-icorl,."— 
f'lok :  First  Vouage.Mi.  i.,  ch,  x. 

wick'-ered,  (^'.     lEug.   vnclxr ;  -erf.]     Made 
or  covered  with  wicker-work. 


wick'-et,  *  wlk-et,  ^  wyck-et,  s.    [O.  Kr. 

i<;ikff,  viffuct  (Fr.  iiuidut)  —  a  wicket;  lit.  =  a 
small  turning  thing,  fnmi  leei.  z'ikinn,  jui. 
par.  of  vikja  =  to  move,  to  turn ;  Sw.  i-iku  =  to 
give  way  ;  A.S.  wican  =  to  give  way  ;  O.  Dut. 
ifickct  =  a  wicket,  from  wickea  =  to  shake  or 
wag.J  [Weak.] 
I.  Ordinary  Laiujuage : 

1.  A  small  gate  or  doorway,  especially  a 
small  door  or  gate  forming  part  of  a  larger 
one. 

**  And  now  Snint  Peter  at  heaveu's  wicket  seeniR 
To  wait  them."  Milton  :  I'.  L.,  iii.  4S4. 

2.  A  hole  in  a  door  tlirough  which  to  eoni- 
nmnicate  without  opening  the  door,  or  through 
which  to  view  i>ersons  or  objects  without. 

-  3.  The  mouth. 

"  Least  quickly  her  wicket  eeeme  e.iBie  to  oiie." 
Tutxcr  :  Hmbantlric.  \>.  169. 

i.  Agate,  formed  like  a  buttertty-valve,  in 
the  chute  of  a  water-wheel,  to  graduate  the 
amount  of  water  passing  to  the  wheel.  It  has 
a  central  spindle  with  a  wing  on  each  side. 

II.  Cricket : 

1.  The  ob.]'eft  at  whi(:h  the  bowler  direcis 
liiii  ball,  and  before  but  a  little  to  one  side  of 


which  the  batsman  or  striker  stands.  It  con- 
sists of  three  stumps,  having  two  bails  set  in 
grooves  on  their  tops.     [Ckicket.] 

"  Flush "d  with  his  r»ys,  be'ieath  the  mwntlde  aim. 
In  rival  iMindc,  between  the  wicketi  run." 

Bi/ron :  ChUdWt  tCecoltectiont. 

2.  The  ground  on  which  the  wickets  are 
pitched. 

"  The  clnb  on  ii  good  wicket,  and  in  such  ideaaimt 
weiilher.  ni/iy  be  s«id  to  have  been  disposed  of  chejiply 
for  155  runs.  —/'ieW,  July  2a.  1887. 

3.  A  batsman. 

••In  .iU,  the  \nit  wicket  added  75  ruuf^'Staittlaitt. 
July  11.  18S8. 

wicket-door,  .-.  The  same  as  Wkket, 
I.  1. 

■  Tlir..u.;h  the  low  wicket-d(mr  they  gliile."" 

Scott :  Hoktbff.  y.  2?. 

wicket-gate,  .s.    A  small  gate  ;  a  wicket. 

■"  I  iiTu  L'oim*  to  yonder  wicket-gate  hefoie  inc." — 
lin. Ill/an  :  "j'thirinis  Fro<frt'Si:,  i. 

Wicket-keeper,  5. 

Cricket :  The  player  who  stands  behind  the 
wicket  to  sto]i  such  balls  as  may  pass  the 
batsman,  and  to  put  the  wicket  down  when 
the  striker  is  out  of  his  ground. 

WXCk'-ing,  s.  [Eng.  wick  (2),  s.  ;  -ing.]  The 
material,  especially  loosely  braided  cotton 
thread,  of  whicli  wicks  are  made. 

wick'-less.  -■'.  [Eng.  wick  (2),  s.;  -less.] 
Destitute  of  or  having  no  wick  :  as,  a  wickless 
lamp. 

wick-strce  -mi-a,  wik-stro'-mi-a,  ,•?. 

[Named  after  Wickstra'Ui,  a  Swedish  botanist 
(17Sii-lSiO).] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Thymelacere.  Slirnbs  and 
small  trees  witli  deciduous  leaves,  axillary 
racemes  or  spikes  of  small  flowers,  a  Ibur- 
lobed  calyx,  eight  stamens,  an  ovary  with 
four  small 

scales  below    rr-^.  ?Vv 

it,  and  a  bac- 
cate fruit  with 
n  u  m  e  r  o  u  s 
seeds  imbed- 
ded in  the 
pulp.  Wick- 
stroniiia  Indi- 
ra is  found 
not  in  India, 
but  on  the 
coasts  of  Aus- 
tralia and  the 
South  Sea  Is- 
lands. The 
libres  of  the 
bark  are  made 
int*i  lishing-lines,  nets,  and  cordage,  by  the 
people  of  Fiji.  Its  bark  is  used  externally 
for  wounds  and  internally  for  coughs.  An 
inferior  sort  of  paper  and  rope  is  made  from 
ir.  cirnatc  in  Kuniaon,  in  India. 

Wic  -liff-ite,  Wick -liff-ite,  s.    [Wvcliff- 

llE.] 

wic'-6-pSr,  s.     [Native  name  (?).] 
Bot. :  Dirca  judustris.     [Dirca.] 

wid'-d^,  s.      [A  variant  of  withy  (q.v.).J     A   | 
rope ;  more  es]^ecially  a  rope  made  of  withs  or 
willows;  a  halter;  the  gallows.    (Scotch.) 

wide,  '  Tvld,  *  wyde,  «.,  (uh\,  &  s.     [A.s. 
iriil :  eogn.  with  Dut.  ivijd;  leel.  vidhr ;  Sw. 
&  Dan.  ind;  Gcr.  weit ;  6.  H.  Ger.  vlt.] 
A,  As  adjective : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Having  a  gi'eat  or  considerable  distance 
or  extent  across  or  between  the  sides  ;  broad  ; 
opposed  to  narrow, 

"  Wide  is  the  g.ate  .ind  broad  is  the  way  th;tt  le.ideth 
to  destruction."— J/artftfw  vii.  13. 

2.  Having  a  great  extent  every  way  ;  bioad, 
vast,  extensive. 

"  For  notliing  this  wide  universe  I  call 
Save  thou,  my  rose  :  in  it  thon  art  my  all." 

Shakevp. :  Sonnet  110. 

3.  Broad  to  a  certain  degree ;  of  a  certain 
size  or  measure  across  or  between  the  sides  : 
as,  three  feet  wide, 

4.  Comprehensive;  extensive ;  not  narrow 
or  limited. 

"  Wide  in  soul  and  bold  of  toneiie.' 

Tenn^ion:  2'wo  Voicen,  1C4. 

5.  Very  great :  as.  There  is  a  wide  dirtereuce 
between  the  two. 

6.  Capacious ;  holding  much. 

•'  Weed  wide  enough  to  wi-ap  a  fairy  in." 

.'^utkcsji.  :  Midsummer  .M^ht's  />rviiin,  ii,l. 


WI(-K.--TRCEMlA    INDICA. 
1.   Flower.        2.   Fruit, 


7,  Failiii;^  To  hit  &  mark;  deviating  from 
the  right  line  ;  hence  remote  or  distant  fi"m 
anytliing.  as  truth,  jnopriety,  &v.  :  as,  The 
stJitement  is  wide  of  the  truth. 

*  8.  l''ar  from  what  is  pleasant  or  agreeable 
to  desire. 

"  It  would  Iw  tcide  with  the  Wst  of  uh  if  the  eye  of 
God  sliiiuld  l'H>k  iMckw.ird  to  our  futnitv  entiite." — 
Jip.  Hull:  Vontcmp,;  HnlMb. 

*9.  ApiMirent,  open,  obvious. 

■■  With  more  wider  Ol\\i\  more  nvort  te-t.*' 

.shakctr.  :  (ith.ll-,  i.  a. 

IL  Cricket :  Said  of  a  ball  which  is  bowled 
.so  far  to  one  side  of  the  wicki-t  that  the 
Ijatsmau  lainnot  reach  it  with  his  bat ;  such  a 
ball  counts  one  against  the  .'?idc  of  the  bowkr 
by  whom  it  is  delivered. 
•    B.  .!■••  adverb: 

1.  So  as  to  liave  a  great  extent  or  space 
from  one  side  to  another,  or  so  as  to  form  a 
great  opening. 

•■  The  door  he  oi>en.<i  Wrfc," 

Sfutketp. :  linpe  ••/  Lticrece,  359. 

2.  To  a  great  distance  (>r  extent;  far  ami 
near.    (Krequcntly  in  conjunction  with/Kc.) 

■"  I' roves  thee  fur  and  wide  h  brL-ad  gt»ose."  — 
S/mkr»/>. :  j:oni':o  *  Juliet,  ii.  4. 

"3.  At  a  distance;  apart. 

"A  little  Jridf 
Th'-i  e  was  a  lioly  chnivl  edify 'd." 

Speiiaer :  F.  V..  I.  i.  34. 

\.  Willi  great  extent;  widely.  (Used  chiefly 
in  coiiii'osition,  as  toirfe-extendcd,  I'-u^e-spread- 
ii'g.  A-c.) 

5.  Far  from  the  mark  or  from  the  jmrpose  ; 
si»  as  to  miss  the  aim  ;  so  as  to  ilcviate  from 
the  point  aimed  at:  as,  lie  shot  i'*i(/c  of  the 
target. 

'  G.  Ib'uiid  about,  but  at  a  little  distance. 

"  Hini  besiile 
Mil  iijjed  wife,  wiUimauy  otbei>  ivide." 

apcnScr:  /'.  V-.  ^  I-  '''■  18. 
C.   -I^  .tilbtitaiUivc: 

~^1,  Ord.I.ang.:  Wideness  ;  wiillli,  extent, 
breailth. 

■■  Enii>tine53."uid  the  \ai-t  iriih^ 
Oi  th:it  iibyss."         Tenitf/eoii :  livj  Vuices.  ll-.'. 

2.  Criilvt :  A  ball  bowled  so  far  to  one  side 
of  the  wicket  that  tlie  batsman  cmnot  reach 
it  with  his  bat.  Such  a  ball  counts  one 
against  the  side  nf  the  bowler  liy  whom  it  is 
delivered,  and  is  leckoncd  one  of  the  extras, 
tlie  others  being  byes  and  no-balls. 

•J  Obviiuis compounds:  li'idc-c.rte)ided,wide- 
Jhniii,  i'-h'r.,fitt';-ing^  &c. 

ivide  awake,  v..  &.  d\ 

A,  -l-i  '"'j.  ■  Having  one's  eyes  open  ;  on  IIk' 
alert ;  ready,  prepared  ;  keen,  sharp,  knowing. 
{Colloii.  ov  slan^.y 

"Otu*  L'overnor's  wide-awnkc,  he  if."  —  Dickciis  : 
SkctL-f/'S  b;i  Boz;   Wttkins  Tottle. 

B.  As  :>ifh6t. :  A  kind  of  soft  felt  hat  with  a 
broad  brim  turned  up  all  round. 

"  When  Kffendie  will  wear  wide-meakes  when  in 
imiiU:—Il>iU.'/  Tvlegruph.  Feb.  28, 1897. 

'  wide-chapped,  a.  Opening  the  mouth 
wjitc  :  Iia\iii:^'  a  \\ide  month. 


■■Thi 


f  'dKchappcd  rascal." 

iHiakffp.  :  Tenipesl,  i.  1. 


wide  gauge,  - 

i;'i'':-<"i-j:ii-t.  :  The  same  as  Bkoad-gaiok. 
ItiAi-.i:,  -,.  il.  :.] 

wide  -  mouthed,    a.      Ha\  ing    a    wide 

m'tulli  "I-  Dpi.-iiing. 

■■  W.iim  by  the  wide-tnnuthed  firciilace." 

Longfellow  :  A'l'tfn'jeiine.  i.  2. 

^  wide-skirted,  a.  Having  wide  borders: 
extensive. 

"  Witli  ii!ciit(-<ius  rivera  and  tcide-skirted  meads. ' 
Sliakefp. :  Lear,  i,  1. 

wide  spread,  a. 

1.  SpKU'i  to  , I  great  distance  ;  extended. 

■   U.I 

2.  DitTused  or  spread  over  a  wide  extent; 
extensive. 

'■riiii^  iJil'  forth  a  ivide-spicad  movemcut  in  .\ribi:i. 
eanvin-    with    it  the  CHliyh  h\uiseU."-ih.,/y   Tele- 

*^ wide-stretched,  rt.    Large;  extensive. 
(Shoh-r-  ■  H'''-' "  ''-.  J'-  4.) 
•wide- where,  ^'dc.     Widely;   far  and 

near. 

wide'-ly,  odr.     [Eng.  wide;  -bj.] 

1.  In  a  wide  manner  or  degree  ;  with  great 
extent  each  way  ;  far  and  wide  ;  extensively. 

■'  The  IniKe  size  and  venerable  nge  of  the  trees,  the 
beauty  of  the  Kardeiia,  the  abundance  of  the  spriuga, 
were  widfly  iMaeA."—Miicaiitay  :  Bitt.  Kni/.,  ch.  X. 


iate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  por, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se.  oe      c ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


widen— wieldless 


•  2.  So  as  to  leave  a  wiile  space  lietweon. 

■I  WiiUli/  shun  tbe  Lllyhwin  stVuiiI." 

Dritilen:  Virgil:  .i"«tf<<f  Ui.  «T. 

3.  Very  much  ;  to  a  great  degree  or  extent. 

"Theiv  temiJers  Jifftu-^J  widehy."—Mn':iHihiy:  Uht. 
F.ixj.,  ch.  xi. 

J.  Remotely,  far. 

■•The  light  which  the  remote  J"«rts  of  truth  will 
ii\\v  to  one  .iiiutlier.  will  so  Assiet  liis  JuUguieiit,  thiit 
he  will  selduiii  be  icide/i/  out."— lacfx. 

wid-en,  i\t.  &  i.     [Eng.  tcUi(c)  ;  -en.] 

A,  TivHsilii-e : 

1.  To  make  wUle ;  to  caiise  to  extend  in 
Iireadtli ;  to  canse  to  spread  ;  to  increase  in 
width ;  to  enlarge. 

"To  widen  the  nmvket,  (uid  to  luirrow  the  compHi- 
tiMU-'—SmiCh:  M'enilh  qfyalious.  bk.  i..  ch.  xi. 

•2.  To  throw  open. 
•  ■  So  now  the  itatefl  are  ope ;  mow  prove  coixl  seconds  ; 
Tis  for  the  lollowere  fortune  uide/in  them." 

S/uUifSfj.  :  CorioUinu*,  i.  4. 

B.  Tntmiis. :  To  grow  or  become  wide  nr 
\\  ider  ;  to  enUirge,  to  spread  ;  to  extend  itself. 

"The  geni-nil  tendency  of  schism  is  to  iciiteii."— 
M^Kui'liiff :  Hist.  An<;.,  ill.  xi. 

-wide'-ness,  ^  wyde-nesse.  5.    [Eng.  v.-idc ; 

1.  The  quality  or  Bt;ite  of  being  wide,  or 
■j.rf':\i  in  extent  from  side  to  side  ;  breadtli, 
width 

"Wheras  the  rochea  cessed.  there  Iwgaune  a  dike  of 
,1  wouiulerfiiM  deapth  wid  {ou<i€nesst:"—Brcnd.e : 
<iniHtus  CurCiitS.  fu.  3:17. 

2.  Lai-ge  or  wide  extent  in  every  direction  : 
as,  the  iclilencss  of  the  ocean. 

3.  Greatness,  extent :  as,  the  vUhncss  of 
iiilkM-eiice  between  two  things. 

widg'-eon,  s.    [Wiokox.] 

Tvid  dw(l),  *wed-ew,  wid-dow,  wid- 
ewe,  "  wid-iwe, '  wid-we,  wyd-ewe, 
wyd-dowe,  ^.  [A.S.  'widwe,  ifcodntre,  wtidtre, 
i'-i"lif.i'x,  wydewc ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  weiliiwe ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  wit-uiua,  tviUica,  v-'ititva;  Ger. 
■irittve;  Gotli.  u-iduwu,  widoiro;  Lat,  vidua, 
fern,  of  v-uluus  =  deprived  of,  bereft  (whence 
Eng.  void);  Ital.  vtdova ;  Sp.  vtuda :  Fr. 
veuve;  Welsh  gweddw;  Russ.  vdova:  >>ansc. 
ridhavd.]  A  woman  who  has  lost  her  liusband 
by  death,  and  also  remains  unmarried. 

*'  There  e;uue  ii  certrtin  poor  widoio,  Hod  she  threw  in 
two  mites,  which  make  «.  fcu-thiiiR. ' — Mark  xii.  Yl. 

•i  Often  used  adjectively  : 
1.  Widowed. 

"Tliia  iff/rfoio  lady.'  Shakcfp. :  King  John,  ii. 

'2.  Bereaved  of  its  mate. 

■'  A  ifi.loic  bird  s-it  mourning  for  her  Io%-e." 

Shelley :  A  Sou'j. 

~  widow-bench,  s. 

Law  :  That  share  which  a  widow  is  allowed 
of  lier  hnsband'.s  estate  beside  her  jointuic. 
inimvton.) 

-  \Fidow  -  bewitched,  s.  A  woman 
si'parated  I'min  her  husband  ;  a  grass-widow. 

"  Wlio'd  li.i'  thought  of  yor  husband  .  ,  .  makin'  ;i. 
moonlight  flittin'  and  leavin'  yo'  to  he  a  widow-be- 
teiuIieit."—Mrs.  Caak-ill:  Syleia's  Lovers,  ch.  xxxix. 

widow-burning,  s. 

Anthroj'. :  Tlie  same  as  Suttee,  1,  (q.v.). 

"Thid    looks    like   a    mitigated   Eurvival   from  nu 
--   '       ' -Tylur: 

101. 

widow-duck,  s. 

Ornith. :  Dendrocygim  viduata,  ranging  frotn 
South  America  to  Africa.  Length  almut 
eighteeuiiiehes;  fitce  and  throat  white  ;  bacU 
of  head,  nape,  and  sides  of  neck  bright  reddisli- 
brown  ;  sides  of  breast  and  back  reddish-olive, 
darkly  spotted  and  marked  ;  lower  back,  centre 
of  tail,  and  under  side  below  the  breast  black  ; 
sides  grayish-white,  sti'iiied  with  dark  brown  ; 
upper  wing-eoveits  reddish -brown,  secondary 
<luiUs  olive-brown  with  green  edges  ;  quills 
and  tail-feathers  greenish-black.  According 
to  Schomburgk  (Reiscu,  i.  407,  iii.  7(>2),  tlie 
natives  ofBritishGuianacall  this  bird  rii-sis-s(, 
from  its  cry.     [Viclssy-duck.] 

ividow-hunter,  .^.  One  ^vlio  seeks  or 
cnurts  widows  for  their  fortunes. 

"Tli.^  tc'd'nr-hi'ijf'-rs  al«iit  tonii  often  afford  them 

yrcat  di\errtioi)."— ,iii  liwii, 

"  widow^  -  maker,  s.     One  who  makes 
widows  bybeieaving  women  of  their  husbands. 
"  That  T  lunst  draw  this  metal  from  luy  side. 
I'o  be  a  widow-maker."    aJtakusp. :  King  John,  v.  2. 

widow-monkey,  ?. 

y.nol. :  CtdUtlirit  lngni.<!,  from  South  Ame- 
rica.    It  has  been  coitipared  to  a  diminutive 


black  dig  with  a  white  face;  the  neck  and 
fore  limbs  are  also  white,  and  this  disposition 
of  colour  has  given  rise  to  the  po]'uIar  name 
bestowed  on 
tlie  animal 
by  the   Cre- 
oles, who  see 
in  the  wlnle- 
ness    of    11m- 
face,  neck, 
aud     arms 
some  resem- 
blance to  tin- 
veil,  liand- 
kerchief,  and 
gloves    woiii  ^-^ 
by  widows  of 
t  h  ei  r  o  w  11 
race. 

widow- 
sacrifice. 


WIDOW-MOM 


Anthrop.  :  A  fonii  of  funeral-sacritice  in 
which  the  widow  was  slain  or  induced  to  com- 
mit suicide  so  that  she  might  be  buried  with 
lier  husband  and  accompany  him  to  the  world 
of  spirits.  This  practice  is  mentioned  as 
existing  among  the  Greeks  by  Euripides 
(SuppL,  0S3)  and  Pausanias  (iv.  2),  and  from 
Cicsar  (de  Bello  Gall.,  vi.  10)  it  may  be  in- 
ferred that  it  existed  also  in  Gaul.  Widow- 
sacritice  is  still  the  custom  in  many  African 
tribes  ;  traces  of  it  may  be  found  in  China ;  it 
lingered  till  late  in  the  tirst  half  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  in  Fiji,  and,  though  abolished 
by  law  in  British  India  in  IS^it,  is  not  yet 
abandoned.    [Sutteb,  1.] 

'*ti' idotP-iocHficc  is  found  in  various  regions  of  the 
world  under  a  low  state  of  civilization,  and  this  titi 
with  the  hypotheeia  of  its  having  belonged  to  the 
Aryan  race  while  yet  in  an  early  and  barbarous  condi- 
tion."—7V/?or.-  J'rim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  i.  167. 

wldow-wail«  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  The  genus  Cneorum,  and  specially 
Cmorum  tricoccos  ;  t  (2)  FTitillaria  Mdea'jri^. 

"  widow's  chamber,  s.  The  apparel  and 
furniture  of  the  bedcliamber  of  the  widow  of 
a  London  freeman,  to  wliich  she  was  formerly 

entitled. 

widow's  man,  s.    (See  extract.) 

"  Widowx  men  are  iin.aginary  sitilors,  borne  on  the 
books,  and  receiving  pay  aud  prize-money  which  ia 
appropriated  to  Greenwich  Hospital," — Marrynt :  I'cter 
,Sim/jle,  ch-  vii.    (Note.) 

widow's  port,  s.  An  inferior  kiml  of 
port  wine. 

"  We  have  all  heard  of  widow  s  port,  and  of  the  in- 
stinctive dreail  all  perBons  who  have  any  respect  for 
their  health  have  for  it."~TimeK,  iu  Brewer:  I'ltrase 
&  Fable. 

widow's  terce,  s.    [Terce.  4.] 


wid'-ow  (2), 


[See  compound.] 


Widow-bird,  s. 

Onuth.  :  The  Whidah-bird  (q.v.). 

"The  name  Widow-bird  ia  altot;ether  .in  erroneous 
title,  although  it  ia  supposed  by  many  i>ei-8iins  U>  have 
been  ^iveii  to  the  bird  on  account  of  its  ihnk  colour 
.■Liid  long  train,  aa  well  as  iu  consequence  of  its  e\i- 
dently  disconsolate  state  when  the  beautiful  tail- 
feathers  have  fallen  off  after  the  breeding  season  .  .  . 
In  pointof  fact,  however,  the  projier  name  is  Whidah- 
bird.  a  title  tli.-it  waa  originally  given  to  it  by  the 
Portuguese,  because  the  Hrst  specimens  that  were 
brought  to  Europe  came  from  the  kingdom  of  Whidali. 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa."— M'oorf  .■  Ilhis.  A«r, 
l/ist.,  ii.  ■157. 

wid'-ow,  v.t.     [Widow  (1),  s.] 

1.  To  reduce  to  the  state  or  condition  of  a 
widow  ;  to  bereave  of  a  husband. 

"  In  this  city  he 
Hath  itridowed  and  unchilded  niauy  a  one." 

ShakcKp. :  Coriolaiius,  v.  C. 

*  2.  To  endow  with  a  widow's  right. 

"  For  his  possessions. 
We  do  instate  and  widow  you  withal." 

b'kakcsp. :  Measure  for  Measure,  v. 

3.  To  strip  or  bereave  of  anything  good  ;  to 
bereave  generally. 

"  Trees  of  their  shrivell'd  fruits 
Are  widow'd."  Philips :  Cider. 

^  4.  To  be  a  widow  to ;  to  survive  as  the 
widow  of. 

"Let  me  be  married  to  three  kuiga  in  aforetiooti. 
and  widow  them  all."— SAakcKp. ."  Antony  it  Cleopatni. 

wid'-owetl,  po..  par.  &  a.    [Widow,  v.] 

A.  .-Is  pa.  par, :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  adjective: 

L  Reduced  to  or  being  in  the  state  or  posi- 
tion of  a  widow  ;  bereft  of  her  liusband. 

"The  daughter  of  a  widowed  hoasekeeinei:"— Daily 
Telegraph,  March  2-J.  ISfi!-. 


2.  Deprived  of  support. 

■■  Hees  thee  like  the  weak,  and  widnw'd  vine. 
Wiiidlni;  thy  hhuthihE  tvudriUuVr  tlie  plain.' 

Jltuoii :  Ode  to  /ntli-jH-ndcitee. 

:i.  Pertaining  to  a  widow. 

*■  SIci-pU'MU  .  ,  .  in  her  now  widow'd  h«l," 

May:  /.uenn  ;  Phartnli<i\. 

wid -ow-er,    •  wid  ew  cr,    "  lyid-wcr, 

■  \vyd  ew  er,    •  wyd  ow  er,   >.     IKn^. 

r-M/m-d),  s.  ;   .,■,-,  1 

1.  A  man  who  has  lost  his  wife  by  dealh 
and  remains  unmarried. 

tell  pr 

V  garlimd  for  bin  nake," 
Stutketp. :  3  Jtiiiry  VI..  iii.  S. 

•  2.  (See  extract). 

"  Let  there  be  midowerx.  which  yon  oall  rel^everp, 
appointed  everywhere  to  the  chnruh-iiervlce."'— fl/i. 
//lit I :  ApoUxjlv  ayainst  Urownitlt,  5  13. 

'  wid'-6w-er-h00d,s.  {^wg.widotver ;  -ho'id.] 
'I'lie  state  vi  a  widower. 

■  wid'-ow-hood.  'wid-ow-hed,  wid- 
ewe-hode.    •  wyd -ow  head,   ^.     iEn^. 

/'■/,/,„r(l),   ,.  ;    -hand.] 

1.  Tlie  state  of  a  woman  wlio  has  lost  her 
husband  by  death  and  remains  unmanied  ; 
the  state  or  condition  of  a  widow  ;  the  time 
during  which  a  widow  remains  unmarried. 

■■  tied,  that  helped  her  iu  her  widowhood." 

Tennytonz  Dorn,  III. 

*  2.  Estate  settled  on  a  widow. 

■■  For  that  dowrj".  I'll  a-'^ure  her  of 
Her  widowhood^  be  it  that  she  survives  mv. 
Ill  all  my  lands." 

.S'ft«Ai'ji/j.  .■  Tnyning  of  the  Shrew,  ii. 

'  wid'-dw-ljr,  n.  [Eng.  widow;  -ly.]  Like  a 
widow;  becoming  a  widow. 

width,  s.  [Eng.  wUKe);  -th.]  Breadth,  wide- 
ness  ;  the  extent  of  a  thing  across  or  Irom 
side  to  side. 

"  From  the  width  of  many  a  gaping  wound. 
Tiieie's  m;uiy  a  skuI  into  the  air  must  tlj.  " 

Drayl'jn  :  Battle  of  Ayincotirt. 

wid'-u-al,  ■  wyd-U-al,  a.  (Widow,  (1),  s.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  widow  ;  vidual. 

"The  estate  of  wydual  clennesse."— fla(€.-  Aiml^yie. 

•wielt     weel,  "  wele,  s.    [Weil.] 

wield,  '  weld,  •  welde,  v.t.  [A.S.  gewddan, 
ijcwyldan  =  to  have  jiower  over,  from  utaldan. 
(pa.  t.  veold,  pa.  par.  toeidden)  =  to  liave 
power  over,  to  govern,  to  rule,  to  possess ; 
cogn.  witli  Icel.  valda  =  to  wield  ;  Dan.  vohb', 
Jhvvolde  =  to  occasion  ;  Sw.  valla  (for  rdlda)  — 
to  occasion  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  UKdtan  =  to  dispi)f>e, 
to  manage,  to  rule  ;  Ger.  tvalUn;  Goth,  xvuldau. 
From  the  same  root  as  Lnt.  vako=-in  be 
strong ;  Eng.  valid.^ 

'  1.  To  possess,  to  enjoy. 

"  No  childe  had  heneuer,  his  heritage  myght  to  weiide, 
Welth  inou  to  wcldc,  vntille  liia  lyue's  eiide." 

Jiubert  de  ISniune,  p.  In. 

•  2.  To  rule,  to  govern,  to  command. 

"  For  so  hette  S.  Dunstan,  he  suld  alle  his  lyne 
Witli  werre  his  lond  we/de.  &  with  his  suerd  strj  ue." 
Jioberl  dc  lirnnne,  p.  it}. 

■^  3.  To  sway,  to  intluence. 

"  Whose  resistless  eloquence 
Wielded  at  will  that  fierce  deniociatie." 

Milton:  y.  A'.,  iv.  2C9. 

*  4.  To  possess,  to  keep. 

■■  Nile  ye  welde  gold  neither  silver  ne  money  iu 
youie  girdils."—  H'ycliffc  :  Matlfn-w  x- 

5.  To  have  the  management  or  employment 
of ;  to  manage,  to  employ. 

"  Edward  the  Tliird  being  dead,  bad  left  this  child  .  .  . 
The  crowu  and  sceptre  of  this  realm  to  wield." 

Daniel:  Cii'd  Wars.i. 

6.  To  handle ;  to  use  or  employ  with  the 
liand.    (Often  used  humorously.) 

"Biise  Hungarian  wight,  wilt  thou  the  spigot  wield  J" 
Shake$p. :  Merry  Wires  of  Windsor,  i.  3. 

7.  To  use  with  full  command  or  power,  as  a 
thing  not  too  heavy  for  tlie  holder ;  t"  huld 
aloft  or  swing  freely  with  the  arm. 

"  For,  tmine<)  abroad  his  arms  to  wield, 
Fitz-Jaines'a  blade  waa  sword  and  shield. " 

.VcoH  -■  Lady  of  the  Luke.  v.  15. 

"  wield'-9.-ble,  a.  [Eng.  u-ield ;  -ohle.]  Ca- 
llable of  being  wielded. 

'  wield -ange,  s.     [Eng.  ^cield ;  -ance.]    The 

act  or  power  of  wielding. 

"This  spiritual  edge  sliall  either  tunie  .igahie.  or 
(through  our  weake  weildaneci  not  enter  the  stub- 
bum  e  and  thick  hide  of  obdured  hea.rlB."—Bp.  Halt : 
.V.  J'aul's  Combat,  pt.  ii.    f  A  Sermon.) 

wield -er,  s.  [Eng.  widd,  v. ;  -fr.]  One  who 
\\  ield.s  or  manages. 

'  wield' -  less,  '  weeld-lesse,  a.    [Eng. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a§ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ~  shiin;  -tion,  -gion  =  ^^""     -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bcl,  del. 


66  li 


wieldsome— wild 


witht :  -les-t.]    Not  to  bo  wioldeil ;  unmanagc- 
abK',  uiiwioUly. 

•'  The  wtlgbt  ot  IllB  owiic  weetdtrtM!  uilcht." 

SiKii$er ;  /".  <i.,  iV.  in.  19. 

•wield -some,  a.  tEnj;.  wield;  -some.]  Ca- 
pable oi  bting  t-asily  wieldiid  or  innnaged. 

"  Tliv  fiicioii  ivjks  mure  Htntuiittii  to  tht>  wiui^v  Brlt- 
oiis,  iniU  the  uioulug  luoro  rwly  ftud  u'ieliUoint."-~ 
Ouldiii(f:  Citsar.tol.  luo. 

'wield' -Sr,  <i.  [Eiig.  wield;  -i/.)  Capiible  of 
bfiii;;  wielded  or  iiianuged ;  manageable, 
wifldiibU-.  (Now  ouly  in  Iho  compuiind  un- 
li  ieUiy{t\.v.). 

"  So  fnshe,  so  yong,  so  weldy  sremiMl  bo." 

Vhaucet:  TiviUtS  J:  Cr4$tida,  It, 

wler.  s.    IWeib.] 

•  wier'-S^  (1),  (t.    iWiHY.] 

'wier-y  (2),  a.  tA.S.  w>.er  =  a  place  fur 
catching  or  keeping  lish.]    Wet,  moist. 

•wif.  •'.     [WiKK.] 

wife,  ■  wlf,  *  wyf,  •  wyfe  (pi.  wives,  *  v^yees), 
.V.  IA.S-  'cy.'  cogn.  with  Dut.  wy/=  a  woman, 
a  wife;  Icel.  ri/;  Uan.  viv ;  Ger.  weib ; 
O.  11.  Ger.  it'i/.]    OVf)MAN.) 

1.  A  wunian  lawfully  ni:trried  ;  a  woman 
whu  is  united  to  ii  man  in  the  lawful  bonds 
of  wedlock  ;  a  married  woman.  (The  correla- 
tive o{  husband,) 

"  By  miirriaye  the  imsljimd  ftud  ivifc  are  one  person 
in  l!i\v"—BluckstOHe:  Commentaries,  bk.  i.,  cb.  15. 

2.  A  woman  of  mature  age,  that  is  or  mi^lit 
be  married.  (Commonly  so  api)lied  in  Sc<it- 
land.  In  literature  now  only  used  in  this 
sense  in  compounds,  as  fisli-wt/e,  ale-(y(/e.) 

"  I  find  thee  a  wise  young  wife." 
Beatim.  J-  Flet. :  Ride  a  Wife  i  haee  a  W\fe.  ii. 

^  For  the  legal  relations  between  husband 
and  wife,  see  Marriage.  II.  2.,  and  Marriiid 
Women's  Propcrtij  Act.     [Married,  %] 

*  wife-"bound,  n.     Devoted  or  tied  down 
to  a  wilV- :  wilL'-iidden. 
•■  A  w''f<:-bo>'mi  mail,  now  dost  thou  rear  the  walla 
Of  hiyli  Oirtbn.ge'f "      Surrey.   Virgile ;  .Bneiiix 

wife-carle,  s.  A  man  who  busies  liiiu- 
self  abouthousehold  afl'airs,  orwomeu's  work. 
{Scutch.) 

"  An'  ye  will  be  a  wife-carli-.  jmd  buy  flsh  at  your  ivin 
bauds." — .Scoff:  Anti'jituri/,  lIi.  \iv. 

wife -ridden,  «.  Unduly  influenced, 
coiiMiianded,  or  ruled  by  a  wife. 

■■  Listen  not  to  those  sngca  who  advise  you  always  to 
.scoiii  the  counsel  of  a  woman,  and  if  you  comply  with 
her  rciiuestpronouuce  yuu  wife-ridden." — Mrs.  Piuui. 

wife -hood,    *wife~hode,  s.     [Eng.  wife; 

■livi-il.]    The  state,  cunditinu,  or  character  of 
a  wilV. 

"  Veriwt  wifehood  and  pure  lowliheaii" 

Tennffson  :  Isabel,  12. 

wife -less,  *wif-less,  "wyfe-les,  *wyf- 

les,  a.     [Eng.  wi/t'/  -Icsn.]     Having   no  wife; 
witliout  a  wife  ;  unmarried. 

"  ir//e/e«and  helrlesa." 

I'eunysun:  Elaine,  l.Zfil- 

wife'-like,  a.  [Eng.  wife,  and  like.}  Having 
the  characteristics  or  qualities  of  a  woman  ; 
womanly, 

"  WifeltkezuwBxnm^Mi." 

Hhakeep. :  Benrn  VIII..  ii.  4. 

•  wife'-ly,  "  wif-ly,  '  wyve-ly,  a.  [Eng. 
wife ;  -hi.]     Like  a  wife  ;  becoming  a  wife. 

'■  AH  the  tenderness  of  wifelj/  love." 

Oryden:  Amphitryon.  Hi, 

•wlf-hood,  s.    [Wifehood.] 

•  wif-les,  a.     [Wifeless.] 
•wif-ly,  <•.    [Wifely.] 

•  wig  (1),  •  wigg,  s.  [Dut.  wegge  —  a  kind  of 
cake  <ir  baf;  Ger.  week,  lyecfce  =a  roll  of 
bread;  perhaps  originally  of  a  wedg'e  shape.  ] 
[Wedge.]    A  sort  of  cake. 

"  Home  to  the  only  leuten  supper  I  have  had  of 
wi'j'js  aud  ale."— Pe/j^i  ,■  Diary,  April  8,  \(,ii. 

wig  (2),  s,  [A  shortened  form  of  periioig 
(q.v.).]  An  artificial  covering  for  the  head, 
used  generally  to  conceal  baldness,  but  for- 
merly worn  as  a  faslnonable  means  of  decora- 
tion. Wigs  are  usually  made  to  imitate  the 
natural  hair ;  but  curled  wigs  are  worn  pro- 
fessionally by  judges  and  lawyers,  and  some- 
times by  servants  in  livery.  They  are  also 
much  used  on  the  stage  for  disguise. 

"  Cato'3  long  ivij,  fluw'r'd  kowu,  and  Iac<iuer'd  chair." 
/•opt ;  Imitation  of  Horace,  ii. 

wig-block,  s.     A  block,  or  shaped  piece 

of  \\'.Mni,  fur  titling  wigs  on. 


wlg-tree,  s. 

Bot. :  Itltus  Cotinus, 

wiSf  ''■'■    1^*0.  *'■)    To  rate,  to  scold. 

•'So  iilarmed  at  the  prospect  of  being  wtgged  from 
home,"— A'cAo,  March  26,  X»ss. 

wig'-an,  s.  [Prob.  from  the  town  of  Wigan, 
in  Lancashire.]  An  upen,  canvas-like  fabric, 
used  as  a  stitfening  in  the  lower  ends  of  the 
legs  of  pantaloons,  and  as  a  akirt-protcctur 
on  the  lower  inside  surface  wliich  drags  on 
the  pavement.  It  is  sometimes  sold  in  strips, 
tlute<l,  and  attached  to  a  baud. 

wig-eon.  t  widg'-eon, s.  [Probably  French  ; 
cf.  O.  Fr.  vigion,  vingeoii,  gingeoii  =  Fr.  can- 
ard sijjinir  =  the  wigeou.]    [Wiiew-duck.] 

i.  Ornith. :  Any  species  or  individual  of  the 
genus  Mareca  (q.v.),  specif.,  Marcca  penelope, 
a  British  winter  visitant,  a  few  remaining  to 
breed  in  tlie  north  of  Scotland,  though  theii' 
ordinary  breeding  places  are  still  farther 
north.  "  Length  about  eighteen  inches ;  the 
male  has  the  forehead  aud  top  of  head  white, 
cheeks  and  hind  part  of  the  neck  reddish- 
chestnut,  upper  parts  grayish  white,  irregu- 
larly zigzagged  with  black  ;  wing-coverts 
wtiite  tipped  with  black,  primaries  dark 
brown,  speculum  green,  edged  with  blaek  ; 
throat  rufous,  breast  and  belly  white;  the 
female  has  sober  jilumage  of  various  shades 
of  brown.  The  wigeon  is  one  of  the  coiumou- 
est  ducks  of  the  extreme  noith  of  Europe, 
frequenting  gmssy  swamps,  lakes,  and  rivers, 
and  feeding  in  the  daytime,  chiefly  on  aquatic 
vegetiition.  The  American  wigeon  (Mareaa 
f.iiiericana)  is  larger  than  the  European  or 
Common  Wigeon,  and  has  the  upper  parts 
tiuely  waved  transversely  with  black  and 
reddish-brown,  top  of  head  and  under  parts 
white.  It  breeds  ehietiy  in  tlie  northern  parts 
of  America,  and  is  commou  in  winter  on  the 
coasts  of  the  United  States  and  in  the  rice- 
tields.  It  is  an  occasional  but  rare  British 
\  isitor.  The  flesh  of  both  species  is  esteemed 
lor  the  table. 

^  2.  Fig. :  (From  the  Avigeou  being  sup- 
posed to  be  a  foolish  bird.)  A  fool,  a  silly 
fellow.     [Goose.] 

'•  Tlie  apostles  of  their  fierce  religion, 
Like  Mahomefs,  were  ass  and  wigeon' 

liatler:  Uadibras,  1.  i.  231. 

wigged,  a.  [Eng.  wig;  -cd.]  Having  the 
head  covered  with  a  wig ;  wearing  a  wig  ;  be- 

wigged. 

*Wig'-ger-y,  s.     [Eng.  wig;  -eri/.] 

1.  False  hair. 

"  From  the  nature  of  the  vfiggeries  that  she  wore," 
—  TroHope :  Last  Chronicle  of  Barset,  ch,  xxiv. 

2.  Empty  formality  ;  red-tapeism. 

"  Amid  such  mountain  of  wigffcrtet  and  folly." — 
Carhjlt-   Past  S:  PreseiU,  bk.  ii.,  cb.  xvii. 

wig'-ging,  s.  [Wio,  v.}  A  rating,  a  scolding, 
a  reiuike,    especially  one   given    in    public. 

{Shuuj.) 

wig-gle,  r.i.     [See  def.]    To  wriggle.     {Prov.) 

'  wigher,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To  neigh, 
tu  whinny.     {Bcauni.  £  Flct.,  in  Annandalc.) 

wight  (1),  (gh   silent),    ^  wyght,   *wyht, 

s.  [A.S.  wlht,  wuht,  ivyht  =^  a  creature,  an 
animal,  a  person,  a  thing  ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
ivicht  =  a  child  ;  Icel.  iwttr  =  a  wight ;  VQ:!ta 
=  a  whit;  Dan.  vci'tle  =  an  elf;  Ger.  wit- lit  \ 
Goth,  waihts  (fern.),  waiht  (neut.)  =  a  whit, 
a  thing.     Wight  and  lohit  are  doublets.] 

*  1.  A  preternatural  or  supernatural  creat- 
ture  or  being. 

■'  The  poet  Homer  spe.iketh   of  no  guirlands    aud 

ch:iplfts  but  duet-;,  the  celestiall  A:  heavenly  wii/^i^s." 
— /'.  IlolUtnd:  Pliuit-.  bk.  .\vi..  yzh.  iv, 

2.  A  human  being,  a  creature,  a  person, 
either  male  or  female. 


*  3.  A    moment,  an  instant,    a  portion  of 
time. 

'  Wight  (2),  5.     [Weiqht-I 

'  wight.  *  wyght  igh  silent),  a.  [IceL  vigr 
=  in  fighting  condition,  serviceable  for  war, 
fnun  rty  =  war,  vegn.  —  io  tight;  A.S.  wig  = 
war;  Sw.  I'lgr  =  nimble,  agile,  active;  vigt  = 
nimbly  ;  A.S.  wiglic—  warlike.] 

1.  Fit  for  war ;   warlike  ;   martial ;  distin- 
guished by  prowess.  {Robert  de  Brumte,  p.^H.) 

2.  Nimble,  active,  agile. 

"  He  was  so  nimble  and  so  wiriht." 

Spenser:  Shepiieariis  Calender  ;  March. 


wight'-i-g.  (gk  silent),  s,  [Named  after  Dr, 
Wight,  th'e  Indian  botanist.]  . 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cheloneie.  Only  known 
species,  Wightia  ioineiUosa,  an  immense  tree, 
clinging  by  means  of  aerial  roots  to  the  stems 
on  which  it  is  a  j)arasite,  and  rising  into  the 
iiir  with  masses  of  pink  flowers.  It  is  found 
in  the  forests  of  Sikkini  and  Bhootan,  in  the 
zone  from  three  to  seven  thousand  feet  in  ele- 
vation, and  is  used  for  making  Buddhist  idols. 
{Cakutta  Kxhih.  Hep.) 

'  wight' -ly  (gh  silent),  adv.     [Eng.  wight,  a.  ; 

■iy-\ 

1.  stoutly;  with  strength,  power,  or 
prowess. 

2.  Nimbly,  actively,  quickly. 

•■  For  day,  that  was,  is  iBirthtly  past. 
And  now  at  earst  the  dirke  niglit  thou  bast." 
Spenser:  .ilu'pheavds  Calender;  September 

■wag' -less,  a.  [Eng.  wig;  -less.]  Without  a 
wig  ;  having  no  wig. 

"Though  u'it/less,  with  bia  caxsock  torn." 

Colnian:   t'ai/uiies  Vindicated,  }^.  206. 

wig'-mak-er,  s.  [Eng.  wig,  and  maker.]  One 
who-se  occupation  is  to  make  wigs. 

*  wig'-reve,  .s.  [A.S.  wig-geri'fa,  from  wig  = 
a  village,  a  dwelling,  and  f/t'/'e/a  =  a  reeve 
(q.  v.),  j"  A  hamlet  bailifl"  or  steward. 

■^  wig'-wag, ".  &  s.  [Formed  Iiy  reduplication 
frum  Wag,  s.]    [Wao,  v.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Writhing,  wriggling. 

"  His  midil  embracing  with  wigwag  circuled  hoop. 
ing."  stanyhurst :  Virgil ;  ^neid  ii.  230. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  rubbing-iusti-ument  used 
ui'Oii  and  driven  by  a  watchnmker's  lathe. 

wig-wam,s.  [Algonquin  ivi-k  =  his  house  or 
dwelling-place  ;  with  possessive  and  locative 
aflixes,  wck<m-oin-ut  ■=  in  his  (or  their)  house  ; 
L-nntiacted  liy  the  English  tn  wezkwam  and 


u-igiram.  (Webster.)]  An  Indian  hut  or  cabin. 
They  are  generally  of  a  conical  shape,  formed 
uf  bark  or  mats  laid  over  stakes  planted  in 
the  ground,  and  converging  towards  the  top, 
where  there  is  an  opening  for  the  escape  of 
the  smoke. 

"  In  the  wigwam  dimly  ltght«d." 

Longfellow:  Hiawatha.  \ix. 

wike  (1),  s.  [A  contracted  form  of  wicker 
(q.v.).]  A  temporary  mark,  as  with  a  twig 
or  tree  branchlet,  used  to  divide  swatlis  to  be 
mown  in  commons,  &c.    Called  also  Wicker. 

{Vrav.) 

^  wike  (2),  s.    [A.S.  wig.]    X  home,  a  dwelling, 

a  house. 


•  Wike  (3).  i 
'  \rikke.  a. 


[Week.] 
[Wicked.] 


*  wil,  v.t.  &  i.     [Will.] 

Wil'-bur-ite§.  s.  pi.    [See  def.] 

Ck  urch  Hist.  :  A  section  of  AmerieaD 
Quakers  named  from  their  leader,  John 
Williur,  who  separated  from  the  main  body  in 
tlie  lirst  half  of  the  nineteenth  centui-j'  on  the 
ground  that  the  Quakers  were  abandoning 
their  original  principles. 

wild,  *  wielde.  *  wilde.  *  wyld,*  wylde, 

a.  &.  s.  [A.S.  wild;  cogn.  with  Dut.  wild — 
proud,  savage  ;  Icel.  vUlr  (for  vildr)  =  wild, 
bewildered,  confused;  Dan.  &  Sw.  vild;  O.  H. 
Ger.  wikli ;  Ger.  wild  ;  Goth.  wiWicis.  From 
the  same  root  as  will.] 

A,  As  adjectii^e : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Living  in  a  state  of  nature ;  inhabiting 


f&te.  f^t,  f^e,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  mArine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son :  miite.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  an  =  kw. 


wild 


tbe  forest  or  open  P.oUl ;  not  turned  or  domes- 
tk-ated ;  roviiij^,  wandering. 

"  Sl«i>9  I>y  lUy  more  tlinii  the  wifil  cnt." 

Sfinkt'sp.  :  Mcrcliitnt  of  f'nnii-e,  i\.  f>. 

2.  Savage,  uncivilized,  furious,  sanguinary. 
(Used  of  [levsons  or  actions.) 

"  Tilt;  Wild  scotch,  na  they  were  soinetiines  calU-il. " 
— J/ucrtM/nj/.'  Hi*t-  tCnff.,  ch.  i. 

3.  Growing  or  produeed  witliont  eidture ; 
prniluced  by  miture  unassisted  or  by  wild 
.animals ;  not  cultivated ;  native :  as,  )'-(7'/ 
rtriwers. 

I.  Desert,  umrultivated,  uniuliabited. 

"  To  tiAre  the  forest^  wilil  " 
litKikntf. :  MiiUiimmfr  Sii/lU'g  Dream,  ii.  I 

0.  Tmbulfut,  k-mpestuous,  stormy,  furious. 

'■  The  tciia  wnlcra. "  Shakegp.  :  Trtnjmf.  i.  2 

6.  Vinlently  agitated  or  disturbed  in  nund 
or  tlie  like. 

■■  While  men's  iiiiiuls  are  iPihV 

SJtnkfip.  :  2  llmiry  IV.,  i.  1. 

7.  Violent,  disorderly,  unregulated. 
"Then  the  light  hecame  iriUl  mid  tumultuous."— 

Muoudan :  Hixt.  Eitg.,  ch.  xii. 

8.  Violent,  furious,  inordinate,  passionate. 

"  Deapemte,  wihl.  and  furiuus," 

aliiiki-sp.  ;  /iicharU  lit.,  iv.  4. 

9.  Unreasonable,  extravagant. 

■'  It  was  exaggerated  by  the  iriVrf  hopes  of  one  party 
and  hy  the  wild  fears  of  the  other."— J/ucait^d'/  ■  Hist. 
Eng.,  ch.  xiii. 

10.  Loose  or  disorderly  in  conduct ;  going 
lieyond  due  bounds;  ungoverned.  (Sometimes 
used  in  a  bad  .sense,  but  fiequeutly  as  a  term 
of  light  reproach  =  giddy,  wanton,  frolicsome. ) 

••  He  kept  company  with  the  wild  Prince  and  Foiiis." 
—Shaketp.  :  Meii'ji  Wives,  iii.  2. 

II,  Reckless ;  incautious ;  rash ;  incon- 
siderate ;  not  in  accordance  with  reason  or 
prudence  :  as,  a  wild  adventure. 

12.  Bewildered,  distracted,  mad. 

"  Your  looks  are  pale  and  wild." 

aiiiikcsp. :  Jioineo  &  Jiilivt,  \.  1. 

13.  Indicating  or  proceeding  from  strong 
■excitement. 

"  Wild  and  whirling  words." 

Sltak€Sp. :  HamJct,  i.  5. 

14.  Wanting  order,  regularity,  or  com- 
posure in  any  manner  ;  irregular,  eccentric, 
ffantastic,  extravagant,  inordinate. 

"  So  wild  in  their  .ittlre." 

Shakesp. :  Macbftfi.  i,  .1. 

15.  Anxiously  eager;  anient  to  pui'sue,  per- 
fuiin,  or  obtain. 

16.  Not  allowing  a  person  to  approach  :  as. 
The  gi'ouse  were  wild, 

11.  Botanii : 

1.  Growing  in  a  state  of  nature. 

2.  Having  a  certain  resemblance  to  some 
other  plant,  but  inferior  to  it  in  appearance. 

^  Used  adverbially  =  wildly. 

"  If  I  chance  to  talk  a  little  wUd.  forgive  nie." 
Shakesp.:  Bnnry  !'///-.  I.  ■». 

*  B.  As  siihstuntive  : 

1.  A  dt^sert ;  an  uninhabited  or  uncultivated 
tract  or  region  ;  a  forest  or  sandy  desert ;  a 
wilderness. 

"  We  sometimea 
Who  dwell  thia  wild."  Milton  :  P.  12. ,  i.  3:n. 

2.  Tlie  same  as  Weald  (q.v.). 

"  A  franklin  in  the  wild  of  Kent."— Sftalts*/).  ■  1 
Hniry  /!'.,  ii.  I. 

*y  1.  To  run  wild: 

(1)  To  escape  from  cultivation  and  grow  ni 
a  wild  state. 

(2)  To  grow  wild  or  savage ;  to  take  to 
vicious  courses  or  a  loose  way  of  living. 

(3)  To  become  extravagant :  as,  He  lets  liis 
imagination  run  wild. 

2.  A  iriJil  ^hot :  A  random  or  chance  shot. 
wild-animals,  s  pi.    [Fer-«  Natur.e.] 
wild-apple.  >-.     [Cr.vb-apple.] 
\iald  artichoke,  '■ 
Ikit. :  Chiopovdoii  Acaitthiiim. 
wild-ass,  5. 

1.  Zool. :  The  popnlarname  of  three  Species  of 
the  genus  Equus  :  Eqiats  hcmionus,  the  Kiang 
or  Djiggetai  (q.v.);  E.  onager  [Onager,  2], 
and  E.  keniipfius,  nearly  akin  to  the  second 
form,  of  which  perhaps  it  is  only  a  variety. 
They  are  characteristic  of  the  deserts  of  the 
Paliearctic  region  from  Nortli  Africa  and  Syria 
to  Western  India,  Mongolia,  and  Manelmria. 
They  are  all  lai-ger  than  the  Domestic  Ass 
(Eqinis  asinus),  which  they  greatly  exeel  in 
speed. 

2.  Script.  :  (1)  Heb.  -\^^V  (arodh),  Job 
xxxix.  0  ;  Dan.  v.  21.     It  seems  correctly  trans- 


Jaterl  both  in  the  A.V.  and  K.V.  It  is  from 
Tiy  (firiidh)  =  to  floe,  in  Syriai-  and  Kthinpic 
=  to  be  indomitable.  ("J)  N"^S  (i>crc),  JoV'.  vi. 
5,  xi.  12,  xxiv.  5,  xxxix.  j,  G.  From  N*i2 
(para)  =  to  run  quic'dy.  This  may  be  tlui 
same  animal  as  No.  1.,  or  may  be  tlie  Djig- 
getai. 

wild-basil,  s. 

Hot. :  Calamintha  Clliwpodium  (=  CUnopo- 
(Uutii  I'ulijtire).     I  Basil  (5).] 

wild-bean,  s. 

Ih'l. :  Ai-Iks  tidu'rosfi.  a  papilionaceous  plant, 
a  nativi'  lif  the  United  States.  The  root  con- 
sists of  small  eatable  tubers. 

Wild-beast,  <-;. 

1.  Lit. :  An  undoniestic-iited  or  savage  ani- 
mal. 

2.  Fig. :  An  overpowering  passion  or  emo- 
tion. 

"  The  Wind  wiUl-bfnif  of  force 
Whose  home  Is  in  tht;  sinews  of  a  man." 

ToimytoH  :  PHnceu,  v.  25G. 

wild-bees,  ^^.  pi. 

Entnm. :  Bees  living  in  a  state  of  nature,  as 
distinguished  from  tlmse  domiciled  by  the 
contrivance  of  man  in  hives.  Both  social 
and  siilitaiy  wild  bees  are  fcnnid  in  Biitain. 
Tlie  latter,  though  pretty  luimerous  in  genera 
and  species,  attract  little  attention,  wliile  the 
most  unnbservant  are  familiar  with  the  social 
bees  of  the  genus  Bonibus  (q.v.). 

wild-beet,  s. 

B'lt.  :  Stotlce  Limnnimn. 

wild-birds,  s.  pi.  Hirils  not  domesticated; 
specif.,  birds  included  in  the  schedule  of  the 
Wild  Birds  Protection  Act.     {^.] 

^  U'iUl  Birds  Protection  Act:  An  Act  pro- 
hibiting the  taking  or  killing  of  any  wild 
tpjrd  between  Marcli  1  and  August  1  in  each 
year,  except  by  the  owner  or  occupier  of  land 
on  whicli  such  wild  bird  is  found,  or  by  a 
person  authorized  by  such  owner  or  occupier, 
and  the  having  or  exposing  for  sale  any  wild 
bird  so  killed  or  taken  after  March  15  (and 
before  August  1)  in  each  year.  The  penalty  is 
a  fine  recoverable  summarily.  The  schedule 
coni]trises  upwards  of  eighty  species  ;  but 
on  the  application  of  local  authorities,  the 
Secretary  of  State  in  England  and  Wales,  the 
Secretary  for  Scotland  in  Scotland,  or  the  Lord- 
Lieutenant  in  Ireland,  has  power  to  place  any 
wild  bird  under  the  Protection  Act,  and  to 
vary  or  abolish  the  close-time  of  any  bird  or 
birds  in  any  county  by  order  to  be  published 
in  the  Gazette. 

wUd-blite,  s. 

Boi. :  Aiiwrantlnis  Blitum,. 

wild-boar,  s.     [Boar  (1),  s.,  A.  1.  t-l 
Wild-boar's  tree :  The  name  given  in  San 
Domingo  to  Hedwigia  h(d samifcra. 

*  wild-brain,  •■'.  A  harebrain  or  scatter- 
brain.     (Middlcfoa  :   A  Mad  World,  i.  1.) 

wild-bugloss,  ^. 

But.  :  Tlie  genus  or  sub-genus  Lycopsis 
(q.v.).  Spec.  L.  arveiisls.     [Bugluss.] 

wild -cat,  $. 

ZdoI.  :  Felis  catus,  common  in  Europe,  the 
nortli  of  Asia,  and  Nepaul ;  rare  in  the  south 
of  England,  common  on  the  Border,  and 
abundant  in  the  north  of  Scotland  and  lie- 
land.  It  is  much  larger  and  more  stoutly 
built  than  the  domestic  species ;  fur  gray, 
imdining  to  yellow  on  the  face,  and  nearly 
white  on  the  belly  ;  black  Ijand  on  back  from 
which  transverse  dark  gray  bands  pi  oceed,  fad- 
ing as  they  reach  tlie  under  surface  ;  tail  thick, 
rin;,'ed  with  gray  and  black.  WiM  cats  arc 
exceedingly  savage,  and  if  wounded  will  attack 
man.  They  breed  freely  with  the  domestic 
species. 

wild-celery,  s    [Apium.] 

wild-chamomile,  s. 

Bot.  :    Mnfricaria    ChamoiniUn.      [Matri- 

CAKIA.l 

wild-cherry,  s. 

Bot. :  The  fruit  of  various  species  of  Prunus, 
spec,  in  England  Prunus  Cerasiis.  sub-species 
Aviu))},  the  Gean,  and  in  America  P.  virffiniaua, 
P.  pettmylvanicu  ami  P.  serotina.  Thefirstand 
third  have  ra<;eniosc  flowers,  the  third  has 
peduncles  snb-umbcllute  or  solitary,  the  first 
has  black,  and  the  second  and  third  have  red 
drupes. 


wild  cinchona. 


ttomt. 


wild-cinnamon,  s. 

Boi.:  (I)  t\>,><Ua  alha  ICvnt.m.aI;  (2)  Mijr- 
tun  rorinii-a,  an  evergreen  tree  about  thirty 
feel  higli  with  white  tiowers,  a  native  of  His- 

paiiiola. 

wild  clove-tree,  s. 

P,.>r  :  M<i-'>'.<.fris. 

wild  colowort,  s. 

But. :  I'.n's^iiu  »h-racfa,  var.  sylvestrii. 
Wild-cucumber,  s. 

B-'t. :  The  squirting  cucumber  (q.v  ) 

wild  cumin,  5. 

I'-ot.  :  l.<niti;-i,t  cuminoidi'it,  a  small  annual 
unjlielljler  tVoni  Southern  and  Eastern  Europe 

wild  dog.  s. 

1.  Zonl. :  A  feral  dog,  such  as  Canis  dingo, 
the  Australian,  or  C.  primo;vus,  the  Indian 
wiUl-dog.    [Dingo.] 

2.  A  pariah-dog  (q.v.). 

'•  Tho  u'ild-dn'i  howls  n>r  the  fouut.iln's  hrlin. 
With  hiilHcd  thirst,  and  f.iinine  Kriin." 

Burnu  :  The  Oiaottr. 

wild  duck,  ■-■. 

urnith.:  Aiia.<  hoskas  (\  hoschas),  widely  dis- 
tributed in  temjwrate  anil  arctic  regions, 
known  ns  a  bird  of  passage  all  over  Europe, 
and  visiting  Britain  in  the  winter,  many  re- 
maining to  breed.  Length  of  male  about 
twenty-four  inches  ;  head  and  neck  rich  shin- 
ing green,  collar  pure  white  ;  back  cJiestnut- 
brr)wn,  deepening  into  black  on  upper  tail- 
coverts  ;  four  central  tail-feathers  velvety- 
blaek  and  curled,  the  rest  ashen  gray,  edged 
with  white;  greater  wing-coverts  with  bold 
white  bar,  and  tipped  with  velvet-black  ; 
wings  purple,  white,  and  velvet-black  ;  upper 
l>ait  of  breast  dark  chestnut,  rest  of  under- 
surface  grayish-white,  pencilled  under  wings 
with  dark  gray  lines.  Female  somewhat 
smaller;  plumage  various  shades  of  brown. 
The  wild  duck  is  the  stock  whence  all  Hie 
breeds  of  the  domesticated  duck  have  sprung. 
It  pairs  when  free,  but  becomes  polygamous 
on  domestication. 

wild  -  fire,  *  wilde  -  fyre,  '  wylde  - 
fur,  s. 

1.  A  composition  of  inllammahle  materials, 
readily  catcliing  fire  and  liartl  to  be  extin- 
guished ;  Greek  fire. 

2.  A  kind  of  lightning  unaccompanied  by 
thunder. 

3.  A  name  for  erysipelas ;  also  a  name  for 
JAchen  circumscriptu?,  an  eruidive  disease, 
consisting  of  clusters  or  patches  of  papiihe. 

4.  A  name  given  to  a  disease  of  sheep, 
attended  with  inflammation  of  the  skin. 

]rild-flrc  rash: 

Pathol. :  A  popular  name  for  a  variety  of 
stitiphidiis  (q.v.),  .S.  volnticus,  in  which  the 
papula-  form  circular  patches,  coming  out 
successively  in  diflerent  jiarts  nf  the  body. 

wild-fowl,  s.  A  general  name  for  birds 
of  various  species  whicli  are  pursued  as  game, 
but  more  particularly  a]>plied  to  birds  of  the 
oi'der  Grallatores  and  Natatores  ;  water-fowl. 

wild-fVinged,  «-     Irregularly  bordered. 

t  wild -germander,  .^, 

Bot.  :  Tturrimii  Scoiodonia. 

wild-ginger,  s. 

Bot.  :  Asarum  ca.nadcn<;f.  It  has  broadly 
reniform  leaves  in  twos,  and  a  woolly,  deeply 
tripartite  calyx. 

wild-goat,  5. 

Xord.  :  A  pi>ptdar  name  for  any  undomesti- 
cated  Species  of  the  genus  Capra,  many  of 
whicli  have  been  erected  inti)  separate  genera 
by  some  authorities.  They  are  :  Capra  pijrcn- 
(lira  (Spanish  Ibex),  C.  ibex  (the  Ibex,  q.v.), 
('.  iV'jogrus,  C.  caucasica,  C.  iiinaitica(ihe  Sin- 
aitic  Ibex),  C.  walie,  C.  "ibirica,  C.  fnlconeri 
(t  viegaccros,  the  Marklioor  q.v.),  C.  janlauica, 
(till-  Tahr,  q.v.),  and  C.  hylocrius  (the  Neil- 
ghcrry  Ibex). 

wild-goose,  ^. 

1.  Lit.  £  Oniith. :  Anser  ferns  (or  cinereus\ 
the  only  spe(;ics  indigenous  in  Britain,  and 
tlie  stock  from  which  the  domestic  race  is 
derived.  In  fornicr  days  it  bred  extensively 
in  the  Pen  country,  but  since  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth    century   it  has   migrated   north- 


hoil^  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  :^^-enophon,  exist,    ph  =  C 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  d?l. 


.'>J8 


wildebeest— wildness 


w;ii<!,  ami  now  hm-'U  h]xirinj;ly  in  the  Hish- 
l:iij>lM  .'iiul  in  til*'  Ilfl»iUU*«.  nirely  ocmniiig 
III  Kiislaini  o-s  u  visitor.    IGi>osk,  s.,  11.  1.] 

t  2.  fio-  (/''■)•■  A  t.-rni  applifd  tn  the  ic- 
cniiUs  for  thi*  liish  Hitt,'iulc  in  thf  service  uf 
l-niuee  in  the  seventt-enth  iwid  eighteenth 
rrnturifs. 

■■  Tlip  teildgftte  are  coming  nt  leiigtli  "Vr  the  w;» 
Ami  KIrliiii.  grtfvn  EIriim  once  uior«  itlmll  i>e  Irt-e.  ' 
.1/.  J.  tiiirrjf:  7"A«  WiUtffei-iie  {Spirit  <tf  tha  Sulio,,). 

ir;/(/.(7-to.<c  chase:  The  pursnit  of  any- 
tliiiifi  in  ij-nomncc  of  the  course  it  will  take  ; 
hriiee,  :i  foolish  pursuit  or  enterprise.  Ae- 
»c)nling  to  l>yre,  a  wihl-goose  ehase  was  a 
kinci  of  horse-race,  in  whicli  two  horses  weie 
started  toiiether,  and  whichever  riiler  eouUl 
^et  the  lead,  the  other  was  uMi-Jied  to  follow 
him  over  whatever  ground  he  chose  to  go. 

"  It  our  wlU  run  ttie  leild-i/'inAi-  chtun'.  I  h:ivc  tluiit'  ; 
f.>r  tliiiU  liMt  more  of  tin-  «lt<I.K.H«K'  in  one  of  tliy 
wits,    tlmii    I    lijur    in    iny   whole  live.  '— M'i*«/>, 

/:n„.,-n.tJlllirt.  li.  4. 

ivlld  honey,  «.  Houey  made  by  wild 
bees,  that,  is  by  heos  not  kept  by  man. 

wlld-horse.  .*:. 

Zool.  :  Any  iiiidoinej.tlcated  individual  of 
the  siH'Cies  E<iiiii.-i  cat)aihi.^.  Aeeording  t«> 
Darwin,  no  abovijrinal  or  truly  wihl  horse  is 
known,  and  the  lieids  of  so-called  wild  horses 
in  Asia  are  ]n'obahly,  as  tliose  in  America  and 
Australia  are  eeiUiuly,  descended  fioiii  an- 
cestors which  escaped  from  the  control  of  man. 

■wild   hunt,   S.      [WlLD-HUNTSMAX.] 

wild  huntsman.  .<:. 
Aiiiiirap.:  Tlie  principal  fiftui-e  in  an  Aryan 
atorni-myth,  in  which  tin-  phenomena  of  a 
tempejit  are  representee!  as  incidents  in  a 
Imnt  or  chase.  (Tlie  legend  was  popularized 
by  Scot t  in  his  117/'/  lliintsiiiaji,  an  imitation 
of  Biirger's  Ji'ildc  Ji'ifrr.) 

"Tlie  i(e»s;iiit  who  keeps  xip  ill  fireside  talk  tlie 
inemrnv  I'f  the  IViM  ttuntuniaii,  Wodeiiiner,  the 
(;i.iiiil  Vciienr  of  F..nljiiiiehleau,  Heme  the  hmiter 
nf  Windsor  Fcnest,  hiw  iilnios-t  lost  the  siitnifleance 
of  this  grand  old  atorin-myth.  By  mere  force  of  tra- 
dition, the  name  of  the  '  Wish  '  or  '  Wusli '  hounds  of 
the  Wild  llmiUman  Irn-s  been  preserved  through  the 
west  of  Hincl.'iiid  ;  the  words  iniiat  for  iiges  pitst  hiive 
lost  their  niejuiiiig  ainong  the  couiitry-folK,  thougli 
we  may  pliiinly  recoi{iiise  in  them  Woden's  ancient 
well-known  name,  ohl  Gernuni  '  Wiin^ili  '  As  of  old, 
the  Hejiveii  god  drives  the  cluud.^  l^efme  him  iu  r.-iginj- 
teoipest across  the  sky,  while,  iJile  withm  the  cottage 
walla  the  tale-teller  nn«  ittiiiKly  descrihes,  In  personal 
Jegendnry  shai*.  this  sjuiie  Wild  Hnnt  of  tlie  Storm." 
—Tjilor:  i'ri-m.  Cttlt.  (ed.  187a).  ii.  a62. 

wild-hyacinth,  i^. 

JUj!.:  ^V(7/((  iiutoif<.     [Hyacinth,  I.  2.] 

wild-lndigo,  y. 

7;o^  :  Ikt,ili-^i".  tivctoria,  a  papilionaceous 
plant  with  yelUnv  Howers,  growing  in  North 
America.  It  yields  an  inferior  kind  of  indigo. 
The  root  and  leaves  are  considered  to  l>o 
astringent  and  antiseptic. 

wild-land.  s.  T-and  not  cultivated,  or 
in  a  state  tliat  renders  it  unfit  for  cultivation  ; 
land  lying  waste  or  unoccupied. 

wild-leek,  ^-. 

Hot.  :  AUitiiaampeloprasam. 
wild-lemon,  s. 

liof. :  I'odophiilhtm -pcIMum.  [May-apple,  1 .] 

wild-lichen«  5. 

rathol. :  Lichen  agrtus,  the  most  severe 
form  of  lichen.  It  commences  with  fever, 
then  inflamed  papulje  follow,  which  go  on  to 
furfiiraceous  desquamation  or  fissures  in  the 
skin,  Bending  forth  a  sero-purulent  fluid.  Mild 
eases  hist  a  fortnight,  more  severe  ones  seve- 
ral months.    [Licukn,  '_*.] 

wild'lime,  d\ 

r>ot. :  AiuUtntiu,  vwHophyUa,  a  shrub  with 
white,  flowers,  belonging  to  the  Aurantiace;e. 
Its  wood,  which  is  heavy,  closely  grained, 
and  yellow,  is  used  on  the  Coromandel  coast 
for  cabinet  purposes. 

wild-liquorice,  -■;. 

£'•(■(.:  (1)  UnoiUs  an-c)isis :  (2)  [Abrus]. 
■  wild-mare,  ■■•'.    An  untamed  mare. 
1  To  ri'k  the  wild  marc:   To  play  at  see- 
saw.    (Shnke.-'i:  :  •*  Ilennj  11'.,  ii.  4.) 

wild -oat,  s. 

Hot.:  (1)  A  vena  fat  na.     [Oat,  1.]    (2)  Ar- 
rhenathernm  elatior  (=  A.  avenacenm.) 
%  To  S01U  one's  irild  ot'ts  :  [Oat]. 
wild  olive,  s. 

I'vt.  :  (1)  [Ei-.'EAc-Nus] ;  (2)  Daphne  Thipup- 
hra,  a  Spanisli  shrub,  about  three  feet  high. 


with  y.dlow  flowers;  (:i)  /*/ij«  Cotiiius.     IFfs- 
Tir,  2,1 

wild-parsnip.  .-«. 

Hot. :  jV's^naiv  sotiva.     [Parsnip.] 

wild-pepper,  .-f. 

Jli.t.  :   Vif'.r  trifolia. 

wild-pigeon,  ■*.    [Passengek-pioeox.] 

wild-pine,  s. 

Hot. :  TiUondsio.  7itricn!uta. 
wild -plantain,  s. 

r.ct. :  The  nanif  given  in  North  America 
and  Brazil  to  various  species  of  Canna,  spec, 
r,  iKitfi'.'^.  I',  hidiot,  and  C.coccinea.    {London.) 

wild-purslane,  s. 

Bot. :  Euphorbia  Pcj^is,  an  annual  glabrous 
species  of  spurge,  with  dimidiate,  cordate, 
sub-entire  leaves.  Rare  on  the  sandy  shores 
iif  England,  more  common  on  those  of  Conti- 
nental Europe. 

wild-radish,  .';■ 

Bnf. :  Haphnniis  nnphfivhtrinn.  It  has  white 
or  stiaw-eulouii^d  flowers,  and  occurs  as  a 
weed  in  cinnheMs. 

wild-rhubarb,  s. 

Jkit. :  Ikijonia  obliqva. 

wild-rlce,  s.    [Zizaxia.] 
wild-rosemary,  ^^. 

l!of.:  (1)  Crotoii  CascarWa  (West  Indian). 
Called  also  Sweet-wood  bark  and  Eleutheria 
b;irk.     (2)  A  ■variety  of  Andromeda  poll follu. 

wild-service  tree,  a 

r,ot.:  I'r.nis  tormimilif.     [Service-tree,  2.] 

wild-Sheep,  ^. 

ZooL  :  Any  uudomesticated  species  of  the 
genus  Ovis.  They  are  distinguished  by  their 
greater  size,  massive  horns  present  in  lioth 
sexes,  shorter  tail,  and  in  some  cases  by  a 
beard  and  mane.  The  most  noteworthy  are 
the  Wild  Sheep  of  the  alpine  ranges  and 
plateaux  of  central  Asia  {OvU  kardini  and  0. 
mnmnn),  the  Wild  Sheep  of  Kamtchatka  and 
north-western  America  (0.  vivalh),  the  Mou- 
flon  of  Corsica  and  Sardinia  (0.  vuislmon),  the 
Burrhel  or  Blue  Wild  Sheep  of  the  Himalayas 
(0.  7i(fhnTft),  the  Barbary  Sheep  {0.  im(jt'l('- 
phvs),  and  Marco  Polo's  Sheep  (0.  poll)  Irom 
Centnd  A^ia. 

wild-spanlard,  .^■ 

Hot.:  (1)  AciphyUa  squarrosa ;  (2)  A.  Co- 
letisol. 

wild-succory,  s.  [Chicory,  Cichorium]. 

wild-swan,  .'■■.    [Hooper  (2),  Swan,  II.  2,] 

wild-tamarind,  ^';. 

Bot, :  The  geiuis  Dialium  (=  Codariuni),  be- 
longing to  the  Cynometrete  (q.v.). 

wild-tansy.  5. 

Bot. :  Potentilla  anserina.     [Silver-weed,] 

wild-thyme,  s. 

Bot.:  Th)ji)Uis  SerpijUura.     [Thymus.] 

wild-turkey,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Mehagrls  gallopavo.    [Turkey.] 

wild-vine,  s. 

But.:  I'ifis  Labrusca,  a  North  American 
vine,  with  broadly  cordate,  angularly  sub- 
lobed  leaves,  tomentose  beneath,  small  ra- 
cemes of  tlowers,  and  large  berries,  inferior 
in  value  to  those  of  the  true  vine. 

wild  -  Williams,  wild  sweet  -  Wil- 
liams. -''.  pi. 

Bot. :  Liirhnls  Flos-cucnlL 

'  Wild-wind,  5.     A  hurricane. 

"Then  h.ippened  .-tii  Hirecano  or  wil(l-win<l,"—FiiJ- 
ler:   Worthies;  Kssex,  \.  'i-iA. 

'  wild-ivood,  «.  Pertaining  or  relating 
to  wild,  uncultivated,  or  unfrequented  woods  : 
as,  wild-wood  flowers.     (Burns.) 

wil'-de-beest,  s.    [Dut.  =  wild-ox.] 

Znol.  :The  name  given  bythe  Dutch  colonists 
at  the  Cape  to  the  White-tailed  Gnu  (q.v.). 

*  wil'-der,  v.t.  [A  shortened  form  of  hewildn- 
(q.v.).]  To  cause  to  lose  the  way  or  track  ;  to 
jiuzzle  with  mazes  or  difficulties  ;  to  bewilder. 

"  The  wUdered  tra'"^ller  seea  her  glide." 

Scott :  Cadyow  Castte. 

*  wil'-dered,  pa.  par.  or  a.     [Wilder.] 


*  wil -dered-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  irildcred  ;   -///.] 

In  a  uildrird  or  bewildered  maimer  ;  wildly, 
bewildeii'dlj. 

**  wfl'-der-ment,  k.  [A  shortened  form  of 
hcirildr}-iiif}>t{n.y.).]  Ilewilderiueiit.  coidiisioii. 

"  And  Biiiiti:hed  her  hreathleas  frtnn  Vieneath 
This  iPildcrmfnC  of  wreck  iind  ileath." 

Moore:  The  /■'irc-U'iirs'iii/iten. 

wil'-der-ness.  *  xvil-der-nesse,  "  wyl- 
der-nes.  '  wyl-der-nesse,  ^.  [For  wU- 
dt-niiirssr,  tVnni  Mid.  Kng,  irihlmie  —  a  wilder 
ness,  from  A.S.  irildrrii  (imt.  found)  =  wild, 
desert,  fnun  t''iid(^—  h  wild  animal,  ;i  siMnti'iieit 
form  of  vild  dear  —  wild  deer,  a  wiM  anunal  ; 
Put.  vulderuis ;  Dan.  vihiuis ;  Ger.  vildnit-.'i 
=  a  wilderness,] 

1.  A  tract  of  laud  uninhabited  or  niuulti- 
vated  ;  a  desert ;  a  wide,  barren  place,  whether 
lorest  or  plain. 

*'  Would  God  we  had  died  in  tliis  iHldniieii." — 
.Vinnttcrs  xiv.  ;:. 

2.  A  wild  ;  a  waste  of  any  kind. 

"  Environ'd  with  a  7cUdcrnrM  of  sea." 

Shaficsf:  :  TiTut  Aiidromciis,  iii.  1. 

3.  A  scene  of  disorder  or  confusion. 

"  The  rest  appcirs  a  rvilderneKS  of  strange 
But  gay  confusion."  Cotpper:  Task.  iv.  T9. 

"  4.  Wildness,  confusion. 

"  The  p,ith3  and  bow'ra  doobt  not  but  our  joint  hniiils 
Will  keep  from  ivitdvriH-»8  with  eitae." 

Milton:  P.  L..  ix.  2<S. 

*  5.  A  portion  of  a  garden  set  apart  for 
things  tn  grow  in  uuehecked  luxuriance. 

6.  A  confused  or  bewildering  mass,  henp,  or 
collection. 

"  We  Jire  not  encumbered  with  a  wildemcis  of  fish- 
ing itupedimenta," — Field,  Oct.  \^,  1687. 

*  wild' -grave,  s.     [Ger.  vlldgraf,  from  vlhf 

=  game,  wild  animals,  and  nraf—a  count,  a 
ree^■e.]  A  head  forcst-keeiier  in  Germany ;  au 
official  having  the  superiuteudeiice  of  the- 
game  in  a  forest. 

"A  feildffrave.  or  keeper  of  a  royal  forest,  named 
FitlkeiibmK."— Soo/(;  Th- Ch.ist:    INutcJ 

*  wild'-ihg,  a.  &  s.     [Eng.  wild ;  -ing.] 

A,  As  adj.  :  Growing  wild  ;  wild ;  not  cul- 
tivated or  domesticated. 

"  Thine  .ire  these  early  wilding  flowers." 

tihff/ej/ :  Quei-ii  Jlitb.    (Dedic.) 

B.  As  snbsto  ati re : 

1.  A  plant  that  is  wild  or  grows  without 
cultivation,  as  a  crab-apple. 

"There  is  a  kind  of  crab  tree  also  or  7vildinff,  that  in 
like  manner  bearetlt  twice  n  yeere."  — /•.  HotUnid: 
Pliiiie,  bk.  xvi,,  ch.  xxvii. 

2.  The  fruit  of  such  a  plant. 

•■  Oft  from  the  forest  triMfnps  he  did  bring. 
Whose  sides  emijoxpled  were  with  smiliiifj  red." 
Speuser:  F.  Q..  111.  vii.  17. 

wild'-ish,  a.  [Kng.  mild;  -ish.]  Somewhat 
or  rather  wild. 

"He  is  a  little  wildisti,  they  sny."  —  l^icftardv^'t : 
Pamela,  i.  129. 

wild'-lj^,  adv.     [Eng.  wild;  -hj.] 

1.  In  a  wild  manner  or  state  ;  without  cul- 
tivation. 

"That  which gro we »p»/tWi/ of  iteelfia worth  nothing.  ' 
—More. 

2.  In  a  rough,  rude,  or  uncultivated  man- 
ner or  fashion. 

"  Friaont'i's  wild!;/  overgrown  with  hair." 

Hhiikct/i. :  Ile^nrij  \'.,  v.  2. 

3.  Savagely,  fiercely  ;  as,  Tc  rage  wildly. 

4.  In  a  disordered,  perturbed,  or  agitated 
manner  ;  with  perturbation  or  distraction. 

"You  who  with  hagyai'd  ^yes  stare  wifdt!/  oii  me," 
Howe:  Ambitions  Stepnnother,  ii. 

5.  Without  attention  or  care;  heedlessly^ 
fnolishly,  recklessly. 

"  I  imittle  something  too  wUdlu" 

aimkesp. :  Tempest,  iii,  1. 

6.  Capriciously,  extravagjintly,  irmtionally. 

"Who  is  there  so  wUdtv  sceptical  i\s  to  qnestioik 
whether  the Bnn  shall  rise  in  the  east?"— H'i'Am/s. 

*  7.  Without  keeping  witliiii  due  bounds; 
wantonly. 

"  Tliei  in'yht  hai-c  li^ed  in  other  |.lacfs  wiMfii  ^nd 
«:nitnnlj.' -Of/c/'r  ;   Figure  l.i;,l/;/c  .^crmoi/S.  ser.  ill. 

wild  -  ness,  '  wylde  -  nesse,  *  wyld  - 
nesse,  .•'.     [Eng.  viUl ;  -»c.s,s.] 

1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  wild,  un- 
tiimeil,  or  uudomesticated, 

2.  The  state  of  being  uueultivaied,  wild,  or 
waste. 

3.  Unchecked  or  u:sor;ier!y  growth,  as  of  :; 
plant. 

"  Vineyards  .  .  .  fallows  prew  to  rcildnesf." 

lihiikesp. :  Henry  *'.,  \.  2. 


l&te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  ner.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine:  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  oe  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  Uw, 


wile— will 


550 


4.  Irregularity  of  nmnnei-s ;  licontioiisnoss. 

"  Pnite  to  me  ot  the  triHnets  (>(  liit  ywiitli.  "— 
Uhaki-fip. :  •:  //.  .H-.V  JW.  l.i.  J. 

5.  Savageiifss,  litTceueds. 

'■Wilder  tu  him  than  tljifra  in  their  wildwu" 

.sAukftp, :  /.'(i/w  o/  I.urrt'ce,  yHO. 

■  6.  Want  of  Sf)ber  judgrneut  or  discretion. 

"Onryoutbsniitl  tci/rfti'*J<  nhnll  nu  whit  .ii>i>e(ir." 
ShukfBi'.  :  Julius  firaur,  U.  1. 

7.  Alienation  of  mind;  distraction,  mad- 
Dess. 

*'  t  (K.  wish. 
Thftt  your  Kond  bentities  l>e  the  hiippy  niuse 
Of  Hiiiiilots  leiHnesK,'  Sfnikejit>. :  itainlft.  iii.  1. 

8.  The  (jiiality  of  bping  undisciplined  or 
not  subjected  t<i  metluHl  or  rules. 

9.  Kxtravagance,  unreasonaldeness:  as,  tin- 
vlldness  of  a  scheme, 

10.  A  wild,  extravagant,  or  disorderly 
action. 

"To  retnonatrnt«  with  ftuthority  and  effect  against 
their  e\t:es,ses  iiiid  wtldneMra." — Scvker  :   il'orks,  v.  471'. 

wile,  '  wylc,  .■■■.  [A.S.  vhI,  vHe;  eofin.  with 
[(■(■I.  (■(■/,  virl—an  artitice,  craft,  triuk,  wih". 
U'il--  and  guile  are  doublets.]  [(U-ile,  .«.]  A 
trick  iir  sti-at^igem  practised  fur  ensunring  or 
deception  ;  a  sly,  insidious  artitice. 

"Thy  lonka,  thy  ciiDnin<;.  and  thy  mli's." 

H'<ir<ix«>arth     J'oems  on  the  Affectinvs. 

wile,  v.t.    [WiLB,  5.] 

'  1.  Todeeeive,  to  beguile,  to  trick,  to  imiiose 
oil. 

"He  Malbeccoes  hnlfen  eye  did  wHf." 

liifeiist-r :  t\  U.,  III.  X.  5. 

2.  To  cajole,  to  wheedle.    (.SVo^/j.) 

3.  To  draw  or  turn  away,  as  by  diverting 
the  mind  ;  to  cause  to  pass  pleasantly ;  to 
while  away. 

"  In  talk  -ind  sport  they  wilrd  awny 
The  luoniing  of  that  summer  day." 

Scott :  Lad;/  of  the  Lake,  ii.  2". 

wil'-ftil,  '  wyl-fal»  *  wylle-ful,  a.    [Enj;. 

,rm{\):   -/nil.] 

'  1.  Voluntaiy  ;  dono  ><i  ;>ui]frtd  voluntarily 
or  by  design  ;  in  accordance  with  one's  free  will. 

"To  follow  Christ  and  his  .Tpostlea  in  wilful 
po  V  erty ."—  Fttxe. 

2.  Intentional ;  done  by  desi.s^n. 

"  Can  there  he  wUfuUifr  destruction," 

nriiian.  A  Ftet.  :  Sice  ralour.  v.  2. 

3.  Governed  by  the  will,  without  listening 
to  reasou  ;  not  to  bo  moved  frnni  one's  notions, 
inclin:itions,  purpo.ses,  or  the  like  by  counsel, 
advice,  coniniands,  instructions,  &c.  ;  obsti- 
nate, perverse,  inflexible. 

"  What  menus  this  wilful  silence?" 

Shakes/j.  :  RichnrU  III.,  iii.  7. 

"  4.  Willing;,  pleased,  ready. 

"  When  wiiUs  are  so  wiff'itto  hear  without  warning." 
.Shakes/'.  :  Midsntnmcr  yig/rt's  Jh'eain,  v. 

^5. .Regardless,  reckless. 

"  Like  ft  wUfiil  l«oy.  that  whicli  T  owe  \%  lo-st  " 

fihakinp. :  Minhunt  ../  ]'ciuci-.  i.  I. 

wil-fiil-ly.     *wil-ftil-li.       wyl-ful-ly, 

luii:     iKiig.  vUJal;  -hj.\ 

*\.  Of  free  will;  voluntarily. 

"  Fe<leyf  the  Hock,  of  Cod  that  is  among  yon.  and 
purvey  ye.  not  .-vs  coiistreyued  but  icilfiilli."—  W^jcliffe  : 
1  I'vtrrWi. 

t2.  iJy  design;  intentionally;  (jf  set  purpose. 

"  \Yi1faUy  iimke  thyaelf  a  wretched  thrall." 

Spenser  :  F.  q.,  II.  vi,  17. 

3.  In  a  wilful,  obstinate,  or  perverse  man- 
ner ;  stubbornly,  obstinately. 

"Why   thou  at;aim.t  the   church  so  wilfuUy  dost 

^piiiu."  iShakenp.  :  King  John,  iii.  i. 

*  i.  Witli  willingness  or  pleasure  ;  gladly. 

"  And  w'hiuine  we  caiiien  to  Jerusalem  britheren 
resseyuydeii  ua  wilfu(ti."-'\V!icHffi- :  Dettis  xxi. 

wil'-ful-ncss.  'will'  fulness,  c  [Eng. 
,rili»; :  ./,-s,s-.| 

1.  The  quality  or  .statu  u!  being  wilful,  nb- 
stiuate.or  perverse  ;  self-will,  obstinacy,  stub- 
bornness. 

"There  was  latent  in  her  character  a  hereditary 
wUfulnets."—  Muraulai/  :  iliat.  Eiiff.,  ch.  vii. 

2.  The  charact*T  of  being  done  with  intent 
or  design  ;  intention. 

wil'-helm-ite,  s.    [Willemite.] 

'^  wi'-li-ly,  ath:  [Eng.  wily:  -7//.]  In  a  wily, 
i-uiniing,  or  crafty  tuanner ;  by  stratagem  or 
ai-titirt' ;  craftily. 

"They  did  w..rk  witUy.-—J(}ih}in  is.  4. 

wi'-U-ness,  ■«.  lEng.  ?/-'7/^ :  -ness.}  The 
tpiality  or  state  of  being  wily;  craftiness, 
cunning,  guile. 

"  Let  them  he  taken  in  the  '  nifty  tcttiiiess  that  they 
hav(^  imajiined."— /'jif(fii)  \.  '2. 


wilk. 


[WnEi.K.] 


will  (1),  '  Wllle»  s.    [A.S.  u-illa,  fl'om  u'iUan=. 
tu  wisli,  to  will  (q.v.) ;  cogn.  with  D«t>  i('i7 ; 
leel.  vHi;  Dan.  vUlie;  Sw.  inlja ;  Ger.  willc ; 
Uuss.  rolia  ;  Lat,  roliinttiH.] 
I.  Ordinnry  Lamjuoge : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2.  (1). 

2.  The  act  of  willing;  the  art  of  determin- 
ing, deciding,  or  making  choice  ;  volition. 

3.  The  det^Tniinatitm  or  i-hoice  of  one  pos- 
sessing authority ;  discretionary  pleasure, 
eomniand,  decree;  divine  determination. 

"Thy  irill  be  dom.:"—MatthrH'  vl.  10. 

4.  Arbitrary  power,  disposal,  or  authority  ; 
absolute  power  to  control,  determine  or 
dispose. 

"  WboBO  tri'ff  stands  but  mineV 

iHfiah'sp.:  1  Jtenri/  VT.,  i.  X 

5.  Strong  wish  or  inclination  ;  desire,  in- 
tention, disposition,  pleasure. 

"  My  will  in  something  sorted  with  hia  wish." 

ShakfSfi.  :  Tico  {ientlemen,  i.  3. 

6.  That  which  is  strongly  desired  or  wished 
for :  as,  He  hnd  his  ii'Ul, 

II.  Ti'fhuically : 

1.  Lair:  The  legal  declaration  of  a  man's 
intentions  as  to  the  dispusal  of  his  projierty 
alter  his  death  ;  a  testanient.  lu  England, 
no  will  is  valid  uidess  it  be  in  writing  and 
signed  at  the  foot  or  end  by  the  testator,  ((r 
by  some  person  in  his  iiresence  and  by  his 
direetion.  yueh  signature  must  further  be 
made  ur  acknowledged  by  the  testator  in  the 
presence  of  two  or  nmre  persons  who  in  his 
presence,  and  in  the  presence  of  each  other, 
nuist  sign  their  names  as  witnesses.  An  es- 
eeption  is  made  in  the  case  of  soldiers  on 
active  service  anil  mariners,  who  have  power 
to  make  nuncupative  wills.  [Nuncupative.] 
In  Scotland,  formerly  only  pereonal  propeity 
could  be  disposed  of  by  will,  real  property 
Tpeing  conveyed  by  a  disposition  or  deed  in 
which  the  testator's  life-rent  in  the  subject 
was  reserved  ;  but  heritable  property  can  now 
be  so  disposed  of.  The  law  fpf  the  United 
States  agrees  substantially  with  that  of 
England. 

"  The  statute  1  Vict.,  c.  S6,  tmviug  repealed  the  act  of 
Geo,  II,,  re-enacts  and  extends  fiouie  of  its  provisionw. 
It  avuiil-  bciinests,  not  onlytoan  attesting  witness. 
but  tu  111,'  IniHbnnd  or  wife  of  such  witness  ;  and  ex- 
|.r.-s<lv  lunviilis  that  the  incompetency  of  a  witness 
topiiA,-  Ml'-  execution  of'i\,itii}/,  shall  not  render  it 
liiv;ili.l.  it  f'lrther  eimcts  that  any  creditor,  nr  tlie 
wife  or  l.iisl.;.ii(iuf  ;,nv  .rc.litnr.  win  .^,.  ilfbr.is  ch;irL-.'d 
iiimt.  tlir  |'i-"l"Ttvd..;is,-ii  nr  beijueathfd  bi"  tli--  ,r./!. 
niav  be  a.lniitlrd  U.  prn%e  the  t- \eciitii.ii  th.Ti-i.t  :i^  an 
.■ittiMtin^:  MitiieHs  ;  and  thatan  t^xecutor  uf  a  will  may 
be  admitted  to  |>rove  its  execution,  a  jKiint  on  which 
some  douhta  had  previously  existed," — Blackstoite  : 
Commnit.,  bk.  il..  cli. 'i". 

2.  rhihmphy : 

(1)  Though  the  word  will  has  often  been 
used,  as  it  popularly  is,  in  two  senses— the 
pr.wcr  of  the  mind  which  enables  a  person  to 
ehofise  between  two  courses  of  action,  and  the 
actual  exercise  of  that  power — strict  reasouers 
separate  these  n)eaniiigs,  calling  the  former 
will  and  the  latter  volition.  Will  in  this 
limited  .sense  is  that  mental  jtower  or  faculty 
by  which,  of  two  or  niore  objects  of  desire 
iir  courses  of  action  presented  to  it,  it 
chooses  one,  rejecting  the  other  or  others. 
To  what  extent  this  power  of  selection  is 
arbitrary,  or  is  the  result  of  necessity,  has 
been  for  ages  a  subject  of  controversy.  [Free- 
wii.i..]  Tlie  division  of  the  mental  powers 
whi(;h  came  down  from  antiquity,  and  was 
most  generally  adopted  by  philosophers,  was 
into  the  powers  bflougini^'tn  the  understand- 
ing, and  IhnwL-  bch.nging  tn  the  vill.  Reid 
adopted  it,  thougli  considering  it  not  quite 
logical.  "Under  the  fill,"  he  says,  "we 
{■omprehend  our  active  powers,  and  all  that 
lead  to  action  or  intiuence  the  mind  to 
act,  such  as  appetites,  passions,  affections." 
{I'Jssdys  on  the  InteUecttml  Powers  of  Man, 
essay  1,  ch.  ii.,  §  1,  'J.)  Brown  denounced 
this  classilicatiou  as  very  illogical,  con- 
sidering that  the  will  was  not  in  any  way 
iipposed  to  the  intellect,  but  exercised  in  the 
intellectual  department  an  empire  almost  as 
wide  as  in  that  which  was  allotted  to  itself. 
"We  reason,"  he  says,  "and  plan  and  in- 
vent, at  least  as  voluntarily  as  we  esteem  or 
hat4',  or  hope  or  fear  "  {Vhiloi^ophy  of  the  llvmon 
Mind,  sect.  xvi.).  The  term  Active  Puwers 
used  by  Reid  is  a  synonym  for  the  will. 

(2)  The  conceptiun  of  will  is  taken  by 
Schopctihauer  (17SS-1S0U)  in  a  far  broader 
sense  than  tliat  given  to  it  by  common  usage. 
He  includes  in  it  not  only  cimf^cious  desire, 
but  also  nncnnscintis  instinct,  and  the  forces 


which  manifest  themselves  ill  inorganic  natiue. 
As  iiiti-nnedirite  bd  ween  t lie  one  nnivi-rsal  Will 
an<l  tile  indivlduJiU  in  whieli  it  appears,  Ikj 
po.sits,  following  the  **xanii>le  of  IMato,  \a- 
ri<ius  ideas,  which  are  Die  stages  uf  the 
objeetilication  of  will.  His  ethiciil  leqniie- 
meiits  are  sympathy  witli  tlie  MiMciing  xshich 
is  connected  with  .ill  (ilijeclillciition-,  ..f  tl>'- 
will  to  live,  and  the  inoililicatiMn,  not  <«f  lit., 
but  rather  of  the  will  to  li^i'.  thrmij^h  nsceli- 
cism.  The  wnild,  in  his  system,  i.s  the  wor-t 
of  all  jiossiblc  worlds;  s.vinpatliy  jillcvlates. 
suffering,  while  asceticisni  dcsliciys  it  by  ile- 
stroying  the  will  tn  live,  in  the  midst  of  life. 
In  Its  negation  uf  the  sensnons  nature  in  man, 
without  positive  <b-lciniiualinn  of  the  trm- 
end  of  spiritual  life,  Sclin|H  nliauer's  teaching 
resembles  the  Uuddhist  doetrine  of  NirviUKi. 
(Ucbenreij.) 

H  (1)  At  irili :  At  pleasure:  as,  To  lioM  an- 
estate  or  olHco  at  iriU,  i.e.,  to  enjoy  the  pov. 
session  during  the  i)Icasine  of  aiiothci',  and  t^'- 
be  liable  to  lie  onsted  al  any  lime  by  hini. 

(U)  Gnoil-irill :  IGooriwii.i.]. 

(H)  I'o  hair  one's  will :  To  obtain  what  oiie 
desires  ;  to  be  able  to  act  as  one  wishes. 

(4)  To  wotIc  one's  will:  To  act  absolnlelv 
according  to  one's  will,  wish,  pleasure,  .-r 
discretion  ;  to  do  or  be  able  to  do  exactly  as 
one  fancies. 

(j)  With  a  will:  With  willingness,  ideasure. 
and  zeal  ;  with  all  one's  heart ;  heartily. 

*  wlll-less.  ('.     Iiivohnitary. 

".T.iii,  blind  .lutvand  witl-U-m  it-siynation."— fli'.'i- 

will-worship*  .<.  Worshiji  ac;cordiiig 
to  one's  own  laiicy  ;  Worship  imposed  nierei\' 
by  human  will,  not  on  divine  authority  ; 
supererogatory  worshiii. 

"  Which    thim:^  Imve  indeed  a  show   of  wi»dom   in 

jciiru:.,-shij.:--< ,.i.  ii,  -i. 

'will-worshipper.  .•;.  (.)ije  wiio  pmr- 
tises  will-worship. 

"  He  that  Hays,  God  is  rightly  woi-»htni>eil  by  an  ni-t 
or  ceremony  conceruinp  uliicn  himself  hath  no  w.iy 
expressed  his  pleasure,  is  .HUjierstilioun  or  a  iciH-Ufr- 
shipper."— Up.  I'ln/tor:  /liili'fifCongcifnvi;  bk.  ii..  ch.iii. 


[See  lief.]      An  abbreviation  i<i 


wiU  (2), 
William. 

willo'  the  wisp,  will  with  a  wisp,  *. 

1.  Onl.  J.any.:  An  Ignis  falMtis  (.[.v .). 

2.  Hot, :  Tremella  Nosioc. 

will  (pres.  I  will,  *  I  vhiI,  tliou  ictlliat,  lli"ii 
ii'ilt  {rh  v.i.  ifc  nifj.),  he  wills,  lie  (you,  we,  the\  > 
will;  pa.  t.  would,  *  wohlc),  v.i.,  t.,  &  an,. 
[A.S.  fillan,  wylhni  (pa.  t.  wnlde,  pi.  iroldmiy 
ivohliiii,  irolilinij ;  co^'ii.  with  Hut.  vilhn  ;  Icct. 

'  rilja  (]»a.  t.  vilihi) ;  Han.  v\Uv  ;  Sw.  riljo  ;  (Jei. 
imllcn  (pr.  t.  irill,  ]y,i.  t.  wvllfe) ;  Goth,  wiljitu 
(pa.  t.  u'ilda);  Lat.  volo  (Intin.  relle,  pa.  1_ 
roliii):  Gr.  ^ov\onat.  (Itoidomo i)  =  Ut  wish,  to 
desire;  Sansc.  rri  =  to  choose,  to  select,  to 
prefer.  From  the  same  root  come  well,  ad\ ., 
weal,  ii'ilf}d,  wild,  volvntary,  Ac] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  determine  by  an  act  of  choice;  1o 
form  a  wish  or  volition  ;  to  exercise  an  act  of 
tlie  will ;  to  decide. 

"  Not  so  the  king  of  men  ;  he  tvili'd  to  stay," 

/'o/ie :  Homer;  Odynen  iW.  17.'^. 

2.  To  desire,  to  wish. 

■' Nevertheless,  not  as  I  will,  hnt  as  thou  teill."— 
Matfln-ie  xxvl.  3!t. 

3.  To  be  willing;  to  consent. 

"  Lord,  if  thou  wilt,  thou  canst  innke  me  clean."— 
Matthew  \ in.  1. 

^  4.  To  dispose  of  one's  effects  by  will  or 
testament ;  to  make  one's  will. 

B.  Transitive: 

I.  To  determine  by  an  act  of  choice  ;  to  de- 
cide ;  to  ordain  ;  to  fiu'iu  n  volition  of. 


2.  To  have  an  intention,  purpose,  or  desire 
of;  to  desire,  to  wish,  to  intend. 

"  Not  wilting  any  further  conference." 

tihiikeip, ;  a  Ilcnrji  17.,  ii.  2. 

•  3.  To  be  inclined,  resolved,  or  anxious  to 
havi' ;  to  desire. 

"There,  there,  Hortensio.  Will  yon  any  wife? 

ShaKe»p.  ;   Taming  of  the  S'ireir,  i.  1, 

^  4.  To  convey  or  express  a  command  or 
authoritative  instructions  to;  to  direct,  to 
order. 

"  Tlivy  willed  me  sav  »i>." 

Hhakttp.:  Ilenrt/  VIII.,  ill.  1. 

*  5.  To  desire  or  wish  to  produce  or  cau^e  ; 
to  be  anxious  for. 


boil,  b^ :  po^t,  jowl :  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  ben^h ;  go,  gem :  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-oian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.    sion  —  shun :    tion.  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -blc,  -die,  ^e.  -^  bel.  dcL 


oCO 


willcoxite— willow 


G.  To  ilisiM.se  of  by  testament ;  to  give  ns  a 
le^.'^ry ;  to  bequeath. 

^  In  tlie  two  following  uses  directly  from 
tho  nomi.    [Will,  *2.1 

C.  As  nti  auxiliitry  verh  ; 

1,  A  word  denoting  either  simple  fiitnvity 
or  futurity  coinliined  with  volition,  according 
t.>  llie  subject  o(  tho  verb. 

"  I  Atii  your  wife.  If  you  ipVJ  iimrry  me." 

.s'A'iA-M/>.  •  Tfinpfst.  111.  1. 

(1)  In  the  first  person  sinjiular  and  plural, 
1  (we)  vHll,  the  verbilenotrs  williugness,  con- 
s<-iit,  intention,  rteterminntion,  or  fixed  pur- 
pose, thus  dillVring  from  shoU,  which  in  tho 
tlrst  I'crson  denotes  simjile  futurity :  as,  1 
u'ill  go,  if  yon  wish  it,  I  wiU  speak,  if  I 
please.  (2)  In  the  second  and  tliird  persons. 
will  denotes  simple  futurity  or  certainty,  the 
idea  of  volition,  purpose,  or  wish  being  lost : 
as.  He  will  certainly  come. 

2.  irouhl  stands  in  the  same  relation  to  will 
,ns  shonhl  to  shall,  and  is  mainly  employed  in 
subjunctive,  conditional,  or  optitive  senses, 
in  the  last  case  having  often  tlie  functions 
and  Un-cc  of  an  iudei>endent  verb :  as, 

(1)  Subjunctive  or  conditional: 

"  Biwrkwanl  she  thrust  liim  iis  slit  iconlU  he  thrust." 
S/fikitp. :  Vemu  *  AdonU.  41. 

(2)  OpttUlve: 

•'  I  tMitld  my  vjiliant  mastei-  wouhl  destroy  thee."— 
.SA/iicji/).  ;  Ti-i'npvtl.  iii.  2- 

(:!)  Also  used,  by  omission  of  the  pronoun, 
as  an  exclamation  of  wish,  prayer,  or  desire. 
■*  Would  to  Got!  we  had  died  in  'EsT\?^"—Exodut 
xvi.  a. 
11  In  such  sentences  as,  /(  wouUl  seem,  It 
tcould  appear,  &c.,  would  retains  almost  no- 
thing of  fonditionality,   having  merely  the 
«ffect  of  softening  a  direct  statement.    WouM 
sometimes  is  used  to  express  a  habit  or  cus- 
toni:   as,   He  would  read  all  day.     In  such 
sentences  as,  He  would  go,  and  you  see  the 
result,  would  has  nearly  the  force  of  a  simple 
past  imiicative,  but  is  more  emphatic.     Will 
anil  would  were  fonnerly  used  elliptically  with 
adverbs  and  prepositional  phrases  to  express 
motion  or  change  of  place,  where  we  should 
tiow  say  will  go,  woidd  go,  or  the  like. 
"  I'll  uevor  to  sea  again." 

Shaketp.  :  Merry  Wive*,  W.  1. 

A  similar  elliptical  use  occurs  in  such  phrases 
as :  Whnt  would  you  ?  =  What  would  you  have, 
do,  or  wish? 

•wiU'-cox-ite,  s.  [After  Col.  Joseph  Willcox ; 
sntf.  -iff%] 

Mia. :  A  talc-like  mineral  occurring  as  a 
coating  on  corundum,  and  probably  resulting 
from  its  alteration.  Colour,  white  to  grcenish- 
or  grayish-white  ;  lustre,  pearly.  Compos.  : 
a  silicate  of  alumina,  magnesia,  soda,  potash, 
sesqui-  and  protoxides  of  iron. 

'WiU-de-ndxt''-i-a,  s.  [Named  after  Charles 
Lnuis  WilM.-iiow  (170o-lSl2),  Prof,  of  Botany 
at  Beiliu.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Restiaceas  from  South 
Africa.  Stems  rushlike,  leafless,  flowers 
direeious. 

"Will'-em-ite,  ■';.  r-A^^^^^r  William  I.,  King  of 
tlie  Netherlands  ;  suff.  -ite  {Min.). 

Min. :  A  mineral  belonging  to  the  group  of 
Unisilicates  of  Dana.  Crystallization,  rhom- 
bohedral.  Hardness,  o*5  ;  sp.  gr.,  3'S9  to  4*1S  ; 
lustre,  vitreous  to  resinous ;  colour,  pale 
iioney-yellow,  greenish-yellow,  apple-green, 
flesh-red.  Compos.  :  silica,  27'1  ;  oxide  of 
zinc,  72-9  =  100,  corresponding  to  the  forinuhi 
(ZnO)i>Si02. 

*  wiU'-er,  '  wyll-er,  s.     [Eng.  will,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  wills, 

"Ctst  a  >;liiiic(;  oil  two  considerations;  Bret.  What 
the  wiU  is.  to  whi^-h,  secouiUy,  who  the  iciUer  is.  to 
whom  we  luuat  aiiUiuit."— Barrow :  Sermotis,  vol.  iii., 
ser.  4. 

2.  Oue  who  entertains  a  wish  or  feeling. 
(Oidy  ill  composition  :  as,  an  iU-(m7?er.) 

wil'-let,  s.  [Named  from  its  cry,  which  has 
been  syllabled  plll-iciU-wiHet.  (Bainl,  Brewer, 
<t-  Ridijiuaij ;  Water  Bird^  of  North  America,  i. 
2S8.)J 

Ornith.  ;  Sumpheniia  semipahnata,  a  wading 
bird  widely  distributed  over  America.  Length 
from  fifteen  to  seventeen  inches;  plumage 
light  brownish-gi-ay  above,  with  irregular 
blackish  markings,  white  beneath,  inclining 
to  ash  colour  on  fore-neck  and  buff  on  side. 
In  the  winter  the  markings  become  faint  or 
disappear. 


No  aiiouts  of  blood  run  willing  from  a  tree." 

Dryden. 


'  wiU-f^l.  •  will  fully,  ■  wUl-ful  ness. 

\e.     IWii.i-TL,  A:i-.) 

wni'-iams-it©  (1  as  y)  (1),   .^.      [After  Jlr. 

WilHiiins  of  T.-xas,  Pennsylvania,  who  found 
it;  suff.  -He  {Min.).] 

Min.  :  An  apple-green  variety  of  Serpentine 
(q.v.).    Owes  its  colour  to  the  presence  of 
nickel. 
will-iams-ite  (i  as  y)  (2),  *.    [Willemite.] 

wiU-iam-so  ni-a  (1  as  y).  s.  [Named 
alter  Win.  C.  Williamson,  LL.IJ.,  F.R.S.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany  in  Owens  College,  Manchester.] 

Pala'ohot.  :  A  genus  of  Cycads.  Three 
species  are  found  in  the  Lower  Jurassic 
rocks  of  England. 

wil'-Ue-waught  (gh  guttural),    s.      [First 
element  dnubttul,  second  prob.  Gael.   A:   Ii-. 
ci(('c/(  =  cup.)    [Quaff.]    A  copious  draught 
of  liquor.     (iScotch.) 
"  And  we'll  tjik  a  riglit  guid  wUUewawjht 
For  .\uld  Liuig  Syue. '       Burnt :  Auld  Lang  Syne. 

will-ing,''wiU-yng.*wyU-yng.rt.  [Eng. 

,'.•17/ ;  -ing.\ 

1.  Ready  to  do,  grant,  or  concede  ;  having 
the  mind  inclined  to  anything ;  not  disposed 
to  refuse;  not  averse;  inclined  to  comply; 
consenting,  complying,  ready. 

"  I  ti'ouhle  thee  too  uuich,  but  thou  art  willing." 
Shakesp. :  Julius  Casar,  i\\  3. 

*  2.  Pleased,  contented,  gratified. 

■*  He  strays  with  willinq  sport  to  the  wild  ocean.' 
atuikesp,  :  Two  (jcntlemen,  ii.  7. 

*  3.  Received,  accepted,  given,  or  submitted 
to  of  free  choice  or  will ;  voluntary. 

"  What  Ktlliug  ransom  he  will  give." 

Sltakvip. :  Henry  I'.,  iii,  5. 

*  i.  Spontaneous,  self-niovini 
"  No  siiouts  of  blood  run  wilW 

*  5.  Favourable,  propitious 
'•  Mount  the  decks,  and  call  the  wilUnq  winds." 

P-pe:  Homer  :  Odyssey  ix.  665. 

*  willing-hearted,  a.  Well-disposed; 
having  a  willing  or  ready  mind  or  disposition  ; 
rciidily  consenting. 

"  Thev  came,  Ijoth  men  .lud  women,  as  many  as 
were  willing-hearted,"— Exodus  xxxv.  22- 

wa'-ling-ly»  adv.     [Eng.  willing;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  willing  manner;  with  willingness  ; 
voluntarily  ;  of  one's  own  free  clioice. 

"  To  give  up  willivgly  that  noble  title." 

S/iakesp. :  Benry  Vlll..  iii.  1. 

2.  Readily,  gladly. 

"  Thou  kuowest  how  willingly  effect  the  match." 
Shakesp.:  Two  Gentlemen,  Hi.  2. 

*3.  On  purpose  ;  knowingly. 

"  still  thou  inifitakest.  or  else  commifat  thy  kna- 
veries wiUiivjly."  —  Sluikcsp. :  Midsummer  .YiglU's 
Dreinn.  iii.  2. 

wil -ling-nesp, .''.  {^\\^.  willing ;  -iiess.^  The 
quality  ur  state  of  being  willing;  freedom 
froni  reluctance;  readiness;  free  choice  or 
consent  of  the  will. 

wU'-lock,  s.     [See  extract.] 

Ornith. :  The  young  of  Uria  troile,  the  Com- 
mon Guillemot, 

"  The  cry  of  the  youug  Guillemot  ia  tcillock.  willi>'-k, 
whence  its  loe.il  name,  and  the  same  is  viohiiblv  the 
origin  oi  the  French  derived  Guilleuiot for  tin?  adult; 
a  term  seldom  enndoyed  by  the  tishernien  and  tliff- 
men,  exceidini;  wiien  speaking  to  strangers."— r<tJ-- 
rdl :  Brit.  Birdx  fed.  ■1th),  iv.  72. 

wil-lougli-be'-a  (gh  silent),  s.     [Willugh- 

EEIA.] 

wil'-lOW,  *  wil-OW,  *wilwe,  s.  [A.S.  welig; 
cngn.  with  O.  Dut.  wilge ;  DixU  wilg;  Low 
GeV.  wUge.  From  the  same  root  as  iraifc,  wel- 
kin, and  withy.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit.  (fi  Bot.:  Any  species  of  the  genus 
Salix  (q.v.).  U.sed  also  in  a  more  limited 
sense  for  any  Salix  which  is  not  known  as 
an  osier  or  a  sallow.  [Osier,  Sallow.]  Some 
of  the  willows  in  the  limited  sense  furnish 
good  timber.  The  Bedford  willow,  Salix  Rus- 
sclliana,  a  variety  of  S.  fragilis,  the  Crack 
Willow  or  Withy,  is  a  tree  sometimes  attain- 
ing fifty  feet  in"  height,  and  twelve  in  girth. 
It  was  first  brought  into  notice  by  the  Duke 
of  Bedford,  whence  its  name,  and  is  very  valu- 
able for  its  timber,  the  bark  containing  much 
tannin,  and  a  larger  amount  of  salicine  (q.v.) 
than  any  other  of  the  genus.  Another  valu- 
able tiniber  tree  is  .s".  alba,  the  Huntingdon  or 
White  Willow.     It  is  eighty  feet  high,  with  a 


girth  of  twenty  feet.  Tho  timber  is  used  for 
earpcntry  and  for  fuel,  and  the  bark  fur  tan- 
ning.    [Salix.] 

2.  Fitjnrativehj : 

*  (1)  Mourning. 

"  We  see  ycnir  willow  and  are  sorry  for  't. 
And  tliough  it  be  n  wedding  we  are  bnU  mriurncr«t," 
Beaum.  4  flet. :  yight   Walkrr.  t. 

•     (2)  In  cricketing  slang,  the  bat,  so  calhd 
from  the  material  of  which  it  is  made. 
n.  Technically : 

1.  Weaving:  A  machine  for  cleaning  cotton, 
wool,  or  heinp;  a  devil.      [Devil,  s.,  II.,  :j. 

(1).] 

"  The  term  wiUow  is  said  to  have  l)een  derived  from 
thf  fict  tlint  (It  tbeeJU-lyfurmBof  the  niachinoacylln- 

(Ir  i.  :i[  11 1  I     V  '  iL'i'  was  used.     It  is  more  than  iirobablo 

tlni  Ml.    I -  ,l,.-rive<Hiom  the  willow-wands  where- 

M  ,tli  I  '<■■■  ■•\  '■  I'  wiis  beaten,  to  loosen  it  mid  eject  the 
iiiiimian;-.,  inti.re  the  invention  of  machinery  for  the 
jjurpuse."— A"H(y/i(  .■  l)ii:t.  Mechanics. 

2.  Script. :  Probably  the  Oleander  (q.v.). 
*•[  7".t  »•<■('/■  //((■  irillow:  Tnassumemourning 

or  grieve  for  a  Inst  lover. 

willow-beauty,  s. 

Enioin. :  A  British  Geometer*mo1h,  Boarmia 
rhomhoidaria.  Wings  grayish-brown,  with  a 
darker  spot  and  lines.  The  caterpillar  is  very 
cumnion  in  .September  on  roses,  plums,  &c. 

willow- fly,  s. 

Entnm.:  {\)  ChloroperJa  viridis  ;  ('2)  Neviura 
variegata.     [Peblid.k.] 

willow-gall,  s. 

r>q.  I'lithul.:  A  ^iiU  produced  on  willows 
by  the  puncture  of  a  dipterous  insect,  Ceci- 
domifia  strobilina,  in  the  leaf  buds,  which 
cau.st'S  arrest  of  growth  so  that  the  stem 
scarcely  develops,  and  the  leaves  are  crowded 
together  into  a  close  rosette.     iThome.) 

willow-ground,  s.     A  piece  of  marshy 

grnund  ill  wliicli  osiers  are  cultivated  ;  nu 
osier  betl. 

willow-grouse,  .^. 

EntoM.  :  I.agnpus  alhus,  from  the  northern 
portions  of  both  hemispheres.  It  resembles 
the  Ptarmigan  in  plumage,  and,  like  that  spe- 
cies, becomes  white  in  winter.  Called  also 
Wliitc  Gi'ouse  and  White  Ptarmigan. 

"  With  us  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  assume 
the  wliite  winter  plumage  like  its  cimt'eners  ;  and  yet 
there  c.in  be  no  question  that  our  bird  is  the  local 
representative  of  the  white  willow-grouse  which  rnx^gea 
over  the  whole  of  Northern  Euroiic."  —  S(.  Ja7ites's 
Gdzvtti'.  Jim  ■:,  1S87. 

willow-herb,  s, 

Butany : 

1.  The  genus  Epilobium  and  specially  E. 
angusti folium;  called  more  fully  the  Rose- 
bay  willow  lierb,  or  simply  the  Rose-bay.  It 
is  a  tall  undershrub,  four  to  six  feet  high, 
with  scattered  lance<date,  or  linear  lanceolate, 
veined,  glabrous,  willow-like  leaves,  tliree  to 
six  inches  long,  (whence  its  name),  irregular, 
rose-purple  flowers  an  inch  in  diameter.  It 
is  found  by  moist  river-sides  and  copses, 
chiefly  in  Scotland,  also  on  the  continent 
of  Europe,  in  temperate  Asia,  and  North 
America.  Ale  and  vinegar  are  made  in  Kamt- 
chatka  from  the  fermentation  of  the  pith 
dried  and  boiled  ;  the  young  leaves  are  some- 
times eaten,  the  mature  ones  are  narcotic. 
From  the  scent  of  its  flowers  the  plant  is 
sometimes  called  Apple  Pie. 

2.  Lysimachia  imlgaris. 
*  willow-lark,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  Sedge-warbler.  (Pennant:  Brit. 
Zool,  ed.  17GS,  ii.  241.) 

willow- leaves,  5.  ?>?. 
.■istron.  :    Another    name    for    Rice-giains 
(q.v.).     [Sl-N.] 

willow-moth,  s. 

Ent'im.  :  Corodrina  cubicularis,  a  common 
British  NiL,'ht-moth,  called  by  Newman  the 
Pale  Jlottled  Willow  Moth.  Fore  wings 
ochrey  gray,  witli  two  dark  spots  on  the 
costa ;  hind  wings  white,  with  a  dark  brown 
line  on  the  posterior  margin.  The  cater- 
pillar, which  is  small  at  harvest  time,  be- 
comes housed  with  the  grain,  the  peas,  &c., 
and  doing  immense  damage.  It  changes  to  a 
chrysalis  iu  May. 

willow-oak,  5. 

Bot. :  Querciu^i  Phellos.  Leaves  smooth, 
membranous,  linear,  lanceolate,  point^-d,  en- 
tire ;  acorn  roundish.  A  large  tree  with 
strong  coarse    tiuiber,   growing    in    swampy 


£ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  worU,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     as,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


willow— win 


661 


forests    iwaT    (tV   fl*»titliern    shores    of    the 
Vnito.I  i^intcH. 

wUlow-pattexn,  .•^.  a  well-known  pat- 
torn  for  stone  ;iinl  porcdain  ware,  gennaily 
rxecut^'ilin^larkbluo.  in  imitiitionof  a  rhiin'sr 
(losii:n.  The  iiamc  is  taken  from  a  wiUo\v-tiP<', 
whicli  is  a  luommeiit  object  iu  the  design. 

willow- thorn,  & 

fi'-f.:  Jlippophar  rhainnoUUs.  So  named 
because  it  is  a  thorny  shrub  with  the  Imhit  of 
a  willi'W. 

willow  warbler,  .-.    I W illow- wren. ] 

willow  weed,  *• 

But.:  ;i)  lyihruM  .Sulicarkt :  (2)  various 
sjiecifs  of  Polygonum,  specially  P.  taixtthi- 
/ol'unn. 

willow  wren,  willow  warbler,  s. 

(u-uith.:  rhiillusrj>pits  (iSiilviu)  trochilu^; 
rallied  also  the  Willow-warhler,  and  Yellow- 
wren,  from  the  localities  it  frequents  and  the 
t;v.neral  eolour  of  its  plmnagtt.  Length  about 
live  imlu'S  ;  dull  olive-green  on  the  iii'per 
jiart  of  the  Iwdy  ;  ehin,  throat,  and  breast 
velliiwish  white  ;  abdomen  nearly  pure  white. 
'file  Willow-wren  generally  arrives  in  England 
about  the  middle  of  April,  and  soon  after 
hegins  to  couple.  The  nest  is  placed  on  the 
i^mnnd,  most  commonly  against  a  bank 
amotigst  long  grass  or  weeds,  bat  often  at  the 
foot  of  a  bush,  and,  like  that  of  the  Wood- 
wren,  isciivered  with  a  dome  having  a  rather 
widr  hole  iu  the  side,  whence  this  species  and 
its  c.ingeueis  are  called  iu  niany  ^lart-s  of  the 
i-ou)jtry  "  Uven-hirds."  The  willow-wren  is  a 
graceful,  active  bird,  flitting  restlessly  fi'nn 
twig  U^  twig,  and  the  song  is  loud  and  sweet. 

wil-16w,  wH'-ly,  v.t.  [Willow,  s.]  To 
upni  uiid  cleanse,  as  cotton,  by  means  of  a 
willow. 

"  \Vli«Ti  tlie  cotton  has  been  williiwed.  '—Morninij 
ChrunkU.  Oct.  2^,  1659. 

iwil'-lowed,  «.  {£.iv^.  ivUloiv  ; -cd.]  Abonnd- 
ing  or  plaiitt'd  witli  willows. 

"  AUiu^  tliy  wiUl  fiinl  vUlowed  ahoxe." 

Sfott :  Ln'i  of  the  Last  Mitutrcl,  iv. 

wil'-ldw-er,  *■.  [Eng.  willow,  v. ;  -er.]  The 
s,niii'  as  Willow,  s.,  B.  2. 

*  T^il'-lOW-iSll,  •'-  [Eng.  wlUou\  s.  ;  ■ish.'\  Re- 
sembling tlie  willow  ;  of  the  colour  of  willow. 

■■  Make  bis  body  with  greenish  coloxired  crewel 
«r  wiUowiih  colour.  —)^'tiI(o«  .-  Angler,  pt.  i..  ch,  v. 

wil' -low- wort,  s.    [Eng.  w'lllmv,  and  vwrt,] 

lU.l.uni: 

1.  LiisiDUuhia  culgai'is. 

2.  (/v.):  The  order  Salicaccje.    (Lindk>/.) 

wil'-ldw-3^,  a.     lEng.  willoio,  s.  ;  -y.] 

1.  Abounding  with  willows. 

"  Wliere  wii^oip^Cauiue  lingers  with  delight!" 

Gray:  Ode  for  Music. 

2.  Resembling  a  willow;  flexible,  drooping, 

pensile,  graceful. 

wa-lugb-bel'-a,     wil-loiigh-bei'-a    (gk 

silent),  .•;.  [Named  by  Dr.  Roxburgh  after 
Francis  Willughby,  F.R.B.,  naturalist  (ItiliS- 
1672).] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genns  of  Willughbeiefe 
(q.v.).  Milky  plants  with  opposite  leaves 
and  tendrils,  and  axillary  and  terminal  cymes 
nf  Jluwers,  with  salver-shaped  corollas.  Fruit 
about  the  size  of  an  orange,  the  pulp  with 
many  seeds  enclosed.  IVillughheia  ecbtlis,  a 
large  climber  found  in  the  forests  of  Chitt.a- 
goiig,  has  eat;ible  fruits.  This  species,  and 
II'.  min-tulninicn  yield  caoutchouc. 

wil-lugh-bei'-e-ae,    *  wil-lougb-bei'-se 

((jh  siltMit).  s.  ,jL  [Mod.  hat.  wiUiiijhheiio) ;  Lat. 
lY^iu.  I'l.  adj.  soil".  -ete.J 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Apocynace:>p. 

wil'-ly,  s.  [A  corruption  of  Willow  (q.v.).] 
A  willower  (q.v.). 

wil-1^,  v.t.    [Willow,  y.] 

will'-yart,  wil' -yard,  s.  [From  wild,  a.] 
Wild,  strange,  unaccountable,  shy.     (Saitch.) 

•■  Ell,  -inK  Init  hiiiiiiiii  nature's  a.  wilUul  auU  milyard 
thiUL'  "  — .Scu((  ;  Antujiuiry.  ch.  xxv. 

wil'-l^  nil'-ly,  7>hr.  lEng.  will,  v.,  and  nilL] 
Will  he  or  will  he  not;  will  ye  or  will  ye  not. 

•wilne,    v.t.     [A.S.  wHnian.]      To  will;   to 


wil'-sdme,  rt.  (In  sense  1,  from  Eng.  will,  s.  ; 
in  sense  2,  jierhaps  from  Eng.  will,  v.;  butcf. 
Jcel.  viUr  =  astray  ;  in  sense  3,  probably  from 
Eng.  ivdl,  a.] 

1.  Obstinate,  stubborn,  wilful. 

2.  Doubtful,  uncertain. 

3.  Fat,  indolent. 

'  wil -some-ness,    '  wil-sum-nesse,  £. 

(Eng.  mil,  s.,  -somi;  -ness.]  Wilfulness,  obsti- 
nacy.   (IVydiffe:  Ecdiis.  xxxi.  40.) 

WU'-son,  s.  (See  def.]  A  celebrated  Scotch 
naturalist  (1760-1813),  author  of  American 
Ornithology. 

Wilson's  petrel,  s. 

Oinlth.  :  Oo'tiniti-<  oceanicus. 

Wilson's  phalarope,  •^.    IPhalarope.] 

\nl'-sdn-ite,  a.  [Aft^'r  Dr.  Wilson,  who  first 
found  it ;  sutf.  -ite  {Min.}. 

Mill: :  A  massive  mineral  yielding  square 
I)risms  liy  cleavage.  Hardness,  3"5  ;  ep.  gr., 
2-7ti  to  2-7H;  lustre,  vitreous  to  pearly;  colour, 
niMish-white  to  rose- or  peach-blossom  red. 
Aiialy.ses  imlicate  that  it  is  an  altered  sca- 
pnlit^'.  Occurs  at  Bathurst,  Canada  ;  and  in 
northern  New  York. 

wilt,  I'.i.  &  /.      [Prob.   a  corruption    of  welk 

(q.V.).J 

A.  Intratis. :  To  fade,  to  decay,  to  drop,  to 
wither,  as  flowers  that  have  been  plucked. 

"  He  i>o8itiveIv  withered  np,  ahrivelled  away,  and 
:Llmost  vanlBheil  from  mortal  sight,  like  an  uprooted 
weed  that  lies  wUtimj  in  the  eun.  '—Batcthorn  .Scarlet 
Letter,  xxiv, 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  wither  or  become 
languid,  as  a  plant  ;  hence  figuratively,  to 
destroy  the  energy  or  vigour  of;  to  depress. 

%  Provincial  and  American. 

Wilt,  v-i-  [See  def.}  The  second  person  sin- 
gular oi'will,  V.  (q.v.). 

Wil'-ton,  s.    [See  def.] 

deog.  :  The  name  of  a  town  in  Wilt-shire. 

Wilton -carpet,  5.     A  carpet  made  like 

Hruss. -Is,  <'Xf''ptiii;^  that  the  wire  is  flattened 
instead  nf  b.Mug  round,  a7id  has  a  groove  along 
the  upjier  surface,  which  acts  as  a  director 
for  the  knife  by  which  the  loops  are  cut  and 
the  wire  liberated.  So  culled  from  the  place 
of  it.s  manfacture. 

wil'-u-ite,  s.     [After  the  River  Wilui,  Asiatic 
Russia,  where  tbund  ;  siitf.  -it€(Min.).] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  name  applied  to  a  variety  of  Idocrase 
(q.v.),  occurring  in  well-defined  doubly- 
tenninated  cryst;ds  in  achtaragdite  (q.v.). 

2.  The  same  as  Grossulaeite  (q.v.). 

wi'-ly,  «.     lEng.  mile;  -y.]     U-sing  or  capable 
of  using  wiles  ;  subtle,  cunning,  crafty,  sly. 
"  Fitz-JamcB  knew  every  wily  train 
A  Ia*ly'B  flckle  heart  to  gain." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  iv,  IP. 

wim'-ble.  *  wim-bil,  *  wim'-bel,  *wyni- 

byl,  ^^-  [Dan.  vimnui  —  an  auger,  a  toi)l  for 
boring,  a  ]iaral]el  form  to,  or  a  familiar  pro- 
nunciation of  riiw/d  =  something  of  a  spiral 
shape,  from  vhule,  Sw.  vinda;  Ger.  wi'nden  = 
to  wind,  to  turn, to  twist ;  hence,  a  wimble  =  a 
winder  or  turner ;  cf.  O.  Dut.  wemehn  =  to 
pierce  or  Ixire  with  a  wimble;  wejne  =  a 
wimble,  Gtmbht  or  gimlet  is  a  dimin.  from 
ii'hnhlf.] 

M^-ch. :  The  old-fashioned  name  of  the  gim- 
let, then  of  the  brace  ;  a  brace  used  by  marble- 
workers  in  drilling  holes. 

•'  [They]  ply  the  wimble  some  huge  beam  to  bore.** 
J'ope  .    Iluincr  ;  Odyssey,  i.v.  458. 

wim'-ble,  *  wym-bel-yn,  •  wym-mel- 

yn,  i'.(.  [Wimble,  s.  Cf.  O.  Dut  iL'emeleii  = 
to  pierce  or  Iwre  witli  an  auger.]  To  bore 
with,  or  as  with,  a  wimble  or  auger. 

"The  soldifi- .  .  .  m'rtftJcrf  a  hole  into  the  coffiu  that 
M.is  V.\.if-e^t."— Herbert :  Menu  King  Charles  /.,  p.  121. 

*  wim'-ble,  a.  [Connect,  with  Sw.  vimmel, 
in  comp.  tnmmfUauitig  =  giddy,  whimsical.] 
[Whim  (1),  n.]    Active,  nimble,  quick. 

"  He  WU8  80  wimble  ami  so  wight, 
From  iKniyh  t-)  l.outh  he  leajieJ  light, 

Hpetuer:  Shepheard*  Calender:  March. 

wim'-br^l,  s.    [Whimbbel.] 

*  wi'-mot,  f.-.     [See  def.] 

Bnt. :  A  corruption  of  Guimauve  (q.v.). 


WlMf 


:d  . 


nff'-fk.) 


•iijfirtd 


iivcntual 


uit«  (jf 


wlm'-ple,  •  wim'-p^l,  ».  fA.R.  imm/W; 
cogn.  with  Put.  unmpel  =  a  stnann-r,  a  pen- 
dant ;  leel.  mmpill .  Dan,  Ji  Sw.  v impel ;  Ger. 
wimptl  =  a  penmm  (whene.-  Fr.  guimpe,  Eng. 
9imp).\ 

1 1,  A  cu- 
voring  of 
silk  or  lin- 
en for  the 
neck,  eliin. 
and  sides 
of  the  face, 
worn  usu- 
ally out  of 
doors.  It 
was  often 
bound  on 
the  for. 
head  by  a 
filletof 
gold,  ])lain 
or  set  with 
jewels,  or 
by  a  band 

of  silk.     It  is  still  retninei 
dress  for  nuns. 

"Tht)  Lord  will  take  away  th'-  .'l 
apparel,  and  the  wimpleg." — isai-th  i 

"*  2.  A  pendant,  pennon,  tlag,  or  streamer. 
3.  A  winding  or  fold.     (Scotch.) 

■' Thfre'8  aye  u  mimnle  in  .1  lawyer's  ripw."— ficoW; 
//(■iirf  qf  Midlothian,  ch,  xxiv. 

*  wim'-ple,  v.f.  &  I.    [Wimple,  s.] 

A.  Transitive : 
I.  Literally : 

1.  To  cover,  as  with  a  wimple  or  vail. 

2.  To  lay  in  plaits  or  folds  ;  to  draw  down 
in  folds.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  1.  i.  -1.) 

II.  Fig.  :  To  hoodwink. 

"  This  wimpled,  whining,  purblind,  wayward  I>oy." 
Sliakctp.  :  Lopt's  Lfibour'e  Lett.  IH.  1. 

B,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  laid  in  wimples  or  folds. 

"  With  a  veil  that  wimpled  every  whera" 

&peniicr:  /'.  Q.,  VII.  vii.  5. 

2.  To  meander.    (Scotch.) 

"  Among  the  bonie,  winding  banks, 
Where  Dwn  rina,  wimp/in,  clear," 

Huriis :  UaUoiocen. 

3.  To  resemble  or  suggest  wimples ;  to 
ripple,  as  a  brook. 

"The  pathless  wild,  and  wiinpling  burn."' 

Burns    Scottish  Nong. 

win,  *  winne.  *  win-nen,  •  wynne  (pa.  t. 

*  wan,  *  ivanne,  icon,  pa.  par.  iixyii.  *  iconmin), 
v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  winiuiii  =  to  fight,  to  labour, 
to  endure  (pa.  t.  wann,  pa.  par.  wunnen) ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  winncn  (pa.  t.  ivon,  pa.  par.  gcioon- 
TiCTi);  leel.  vinna(\)a.  t.  vann,  pa.  par.  U7i7ii?i) 
=  to  work,  toil,  win  ;  Dan.  vinde  (for  yinne) ; 
Sw.  vinna;  O.  H.  Ger.  winimn  ;  Ger.  gewin- 
nen  =  to  fight,  to  strive,  to  earn,  to  suffer ; 
Goth,  wlnnan  (pa.  t.  ivann,  pa.  par.  vmnwtus) 
=  to  Rutfer.] 

A,  Transitii'e : 

I,  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  gain  by  proving  one's  self  superior  in 
a  contest;  to  earn  or  procure  by  proving 
one's  self  the  best  in  a  competition  ;  to  be 
victorious  in  ;  to  gain  as  victor.  (Followed 
hy  from  oro/whena  person  is  mentioned  from 
whom  something  is  gained.) 

"To  win  this  easy  niat-ch," 

Shfikeif.  :  h'iiKj  John.  v.  2. 

2.  To  gain  or  obtain  in  anj  way,  bnt  espe- 
cially implying  exertion,  ell'urt,  or  struggle  ; 
to  earn  for  one's  self. 

"  Her  husband's  fame  teon  in  the  fields." 

Shake4p. :  Ii<tpe  of  Lucrece,  107. 

3.  In  a  more  limited  sense,  to  gain  by  fight- 
ing, to  get  jiossession  of  by  conf|Uest. 

"To  loin  hack  their  covmtry  by  their  aworda."— 
Arnold  ■  Hist,  of  limne.  i.  116. 

4.  To  earn  or  gain  by  toil  or  as  the  reward 
of  labour. 

"  He  kept  th.i.t  he  won  iu  the  pef«Lilene«!, 
For  gold  in  physic  is  a  cordial." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,Ui.    (Pro).) 

*  5.  To  accomplish  by  effort ;  as,  To  win 
one's  way. 

*  6.  To  attain  or  reach  t«,  as  a  goal,  by 
effort  or  struggle  ;  to  gain,  as  the  end  of  one's 
jouniey. 


•  7.  To  come  up  to  ;  to  overtake,  to  reach. 

"  Even  in  the  iwreb  he  did  him  urin.' 

SpcuMr:  r.  v.,  VI,  L  2:1, 

8.  To  gain  to  one's  side  or  i>arty,  as  by 


ran,  boy;  pdat.  i.S*l;  cat,  ceU,  chorus,  5W11.  lien?li;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a?;  expect.  Xenophon,  eylst.    ph  =  t 
-cian.-tian  =  8han.    -tion, -sion  =  shun ; -tion, -jion  =  zhun.    -clouB, -Uons. -8iou8  =  shiis.   -We, -die.  &c.  =  bel.  del. 


324 


6U2 


win— wind 


Holjcitatiun  or  other  influence ;  to  gain  over  ; 
to  priKMire  the  favour  or  support  of,  a»  for  a 
caust*  wlm-h  onu  ha^i  at  heiirt.     (Generally 

followed  l*y  oiyr.) 

"  Pnty  heaven  she  teiii  bim.* 

SAiJCtsp. :  Meaturt/itr  Mta*ur«.  li.  i 

a.  To  attract,  to  please. 

■'  Hu  fnci>  wuuf  th»t  duubtful  ktuti 
Tluit  teim  the  e>e  &d»;  Rokeby,  v.  16. 

10.  To  allure  to  kindness  or  cnmptiaucc  ;  tn 
bMO)^  to  a  favourable  or  compliant  state  of 
luinJ;  to  j^ain  or  ubtain,  especially  by  solici- 
tation or  cuurtsliip. 

"(ieiitle  Uiouftrt.  and  thenflor*  to  l*  won.' 

Shaketft. .  Sonnet  41. 

■  11.  To  prevail  on  ;  to  induce. 

"GKUUut  your  grace  loin  lier  to  tmicy  liiui?" 

ShukeAft. :  Two  Uendemni,  Hi.  1. 

n.  Minifuj :  To  obtain  as  the  result  of  min- 
ing ui>emtions  :  as,  To  win  ore,  to  witi  coal. 
JB.  littraytsitive  : 

1.  To  1)(!  superior  in  a  contest  or  struggle  ; 
to  be  victorious  ;  to  gain  the  victory  ;  to  be  or 
prove  successful, 

"  ThAt  IS  not  the  cry  of  men  who  are  goiug  to  irfn." 
—Mtacaulaj/  ■'  //«'-  A'lj;.,  ch.  xiii. 

2.  To  attain  or  arrive  at  any  particular 
state  or  degree  ;  to  become,  to  get.  (Always 
with  an  accompanying  word,  as  an  adjective 
or  ])repo9ition  :  as.  To  win  loose,  to  win  free, 
to  win  at,  to  icin  away.)    (Scotch.) 

"  Vera  weel ;  Now  ye  maun  get  to  Beasy'a  Aiiroti, 
that's  the  uiuckle  braid  tiat  blue  ataiie— and  theu,  I 
think,  wi'  your  help  and  tlie  tow  tot;ether,  I'll  win  at 
ye."~.Scof(  ;  Anti'/uari/,  ch.  vii. 

•  IT  To  vnn  an  (or  upon)  : 

1.  To  gain  favour  or  influence. 

"  You  express  yourself  very  desirous  tu  win  upon 
the  judgiueiit  of  your  tuaster.'  — fiuport. 

2.  To  gain  ground  on. 

"The  rabble  .  .  .  will  in  time  uin  upon  |>ower." 

Sf'aketp. :  Coriolanut,  t,  I. 

win  (1),  s.  [Win,  v.\  A  success,  a  victory  ; 
as,  To  score  a  iviti. 

win  (2),  *.     [Wind,  s.]    {Scotch.) 

Win,  v.t  [Win  (2),  s.l  To  dry,  as  corn,  hay, 
or  the  like,  by  exposure  to  the  air. 

win 96.  '  wlnche.  *  winse,  '  winch. 
'  wyn-syn,    '  wynche,    '  vryus^,    '  ■  '■ 

[n.  Fi.  u-unhtr,  n-it  luuiid,  but  necessarily 
the  okler  form  of  guinchir,  gncnchir  =  to 
wriggle,  wince,  from  M.  H.  Ger.  wenken,  wen- 
cheit  =  to  wince,  from  wane  ~  a  start  aside, 
from  M.  H.  Ger.  wank,  pa.  t.  of  ivinken  =  to 
move  aside,  to  nod  ;  cogn.  with  Eug.  wink 
(n.v.Kj 

•  1.  To  kick. 

"Paul,  whom  the  Lord  hadde  chosuii,  long  tyme 
wifiishl^  ftgeu  the  prickeS'—Wycliffe :  Prolog  on  the 
De-lei  of  Apoitles. 

2.  To  twist,  shrink,  or  turn,  as  in  pain  or 
uneasiness ;  to  shrink,  as  from  a  blow  or 
pain  ;  to  start  back. 

"Three  hundred  and  seventeen  stripen  were  in- 
flicted; but  the  BUllerer  never  icmcec/." — Macatttai/ : 
nut.  F.n-j.,  ch.  \i. 

win9e  (1),  s.  [Wince,  r.)  The  act  of  one 
who  winces;  a  start  or  shrinking,  as  from 
pain. 

Win9e  (2),  winze,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  An 
oath.    {Scotch.)    {Burns:  Halloween,  xxiii.) 

win9e  (3),  s.    [A.S.  wince.l 

Diieiu-j,  (£c.  :  A  reel  placed  over  the  division- 
wati  between  two  pits,  so  as  to  draw  the  cloth 
from  eitlier,  discharging  it  into  the  other. 
aceoirliiifiC  as  the  handle  is  turned.  The 
wincing-machine  is  a  succession  of  winces 
over  which  the  cloth  passes  continuously  over 
reels  dipping  into  tanks  placed  in  succession, 
and  holding  a  mordant,  a  dye,  soap-sucls, 
solution  of  bleaching- powder,  a  chemical  solu- 
tion of  any  kind,  or  water.  The  tanks  ai'e 
called  wince-pits  or  wince-pots. 

wince-pit,  wince-pot.  5.  [Wince  (3),  s.  ] 

win9'-er,  .^.  (Eng.  winc(e),  V. ;  -er.)  One  who 
winces,  slirinks,  or  kicks. 

"  A   sluveuly   winccr  of   a    oi.nfutation."— J/(/(o»i 
Apology /or  Hmectymnuus.    (Pref.) 

Win'-^e^,  5.  [Probablya  corruption  of  linseij- 
woohey,  the  successive  steps  being  liiisey- 
liHnsey,  then  winsey  or  lyuu^y  alone.] 

Fabrir:  A  strong  and  durable  cloth,  plain 
or  twilled,  comi>nsed  of  a  cotton  warp  and  a 
woollen  weft.  It  is  much  worn  by  women 
as  skirtings  and  petticoats,  and  a  lighter  class 
is  uiied  for  men's  shirts. 


wingh  (1).  '  wlnche,  *  wynche.  .s.  [a.s 
wince:  cf.  M.  H.  Ger.  it'fj(w  =  a  bending  or 
crooking.) 

1.  The  crank,  projecting  handle,  or  lever  by 
wliich  the  axis  of-  a  revolving  machine  is 
turned,  as  in  the  windlass,  grindstone,  &c. 

2.  A  reel  on  a  lishing-rod. 

3.  The  most  simple  foiiu  of  hoisting- 
inacliine,  consisting  of  a  roller  on  which  the 
rope  is  wound,  the  turning-power  being  a 
crank.  It  has  many  modifications  in  respect 
of  its  adaptation  to  cranes  and  derricks.  In- 
creased power  is  obtained  by  placing  a  large 
spur-wjieel  on  t!»e  rolier-shaft  and  turning  it 
by  a  innion  on  the  crank-shaft.  When  on  a 
movable  frame,  with  drum  and  gearing,  and 
adapted  for  hauling  in  the  fall  of  the  hoisting- 
tackle  of  derricks,  &.C.,  it  is  called  a  crab 
(q.v.). 

wingh  (2),  5.  [A  corruption  of  wince  (1),  s.] 
A  kick,  as  from  impatience  or  fretfulness,  as 
of  a  horse  ;  a  twist  or  turn. 

"  The  mule  .  .  ,  within  two  or  three  winchei  over- 
threw hiui."—Shelton  :  lion  Quixote,  pt.  IL.  ch.  L 

Wingh,  v.i.  [Winch  (2),  s.]  To  kick  with  im- 
patience ;  to  shrink,  to  wince. 

Win'-9hes-ter  (1),  s.     [See  def.] 

1.  Ueog. :  The  name  of  the  capital  city  of 
Hampshire. 

*  2.  A  Winchester  pint,  i.e.,  a  quart. 

"  .Se.-*l'd  lyinchester  of  three-peuuy  guzzle."  — T. 
Brown  :    Works,  ii.  180. 

*  Winchester-bushel,  s.  A  dry  mea- 
sure used  in  England  from  the  time  of  Henry 
VII.  to  the  year  ISlie,  wlieu  the  imperial 
bushel  was  made  the  standard  measure.  It 
contained  2150'4'2  cubic  inches. 

*  Winchester-goose,  s.  A  cant  term 
for  a  venereal  sore,  said  to  have  originated 
from  the  public  stew*  in  Sontliwark  being 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  bishop  of  Win- 
chester.    {SJutkesp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  i,  3.) 

Winchester-measure,  5.     The  same 

as  WlNCHEsTER-Bl'SHEL  (q.V.). 

Win'-9hes-tir  (2),  5.  [See  def.  and  com- 
I>ound,]    The  name  of  the  inventor. 

Winchester -rifle,  Winchester  re- 
peating-rifle,  .^. 

Fii-e-uihis :  A  magazine-rifle  tlie  reserve 
chamber  of  which  contains  seventeen  car- 
tridges, which  can  be  discharged  in  as  many 
seconds. 

Win9-ing,  n.  [Eng.  wiiice  (3),  s.  ;  -ing.]  [See 
compound.] 

wincing-machine,  5.    [Wince  (3),  s.] 

*  win'-co-pipe,  .^.    [Wink-a-peep.I 

wind  (in  poetry  often  wind)  (1),  *  wlnde, 
*  wynd,  '  wynde,  .•;.  [A.S.  vind  ;  c^gn. 
with  Dut.  wind;  Icel.  viiidr;  Dan.  &l  Sw. 
viiid;  O.  H.  Ger.  wint ;  Goth,  winds,  wi}iths ; 
Ger.  wind;  Lat.  ventus;  Welsh  gwynt;  from 
the  Sansc.  root  i^d  —  to  blow.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  A  direction  from  which  the  wind  may 
blow  ;  a  point  of  the  compass,  especially  one 
of  the  cardinal  points. 

"  Come  from  the  four  winds,  O  breath,  aud  breathe 
upon  these  &\&iu.'—Ezekiel  xxxvii,  9. 

3.  Air  artificially  set  in  motion  from  any 
force  or  action. 

"  With  the  whiff  and  wind  of  his  fell  sword  '' 
Shakesp. .   Otfiello,  tii.  3. 

1.  The  lungs  or  organs  of  breathing. 

■'  Blow    till    thou    burst    thy    win(t."—Shakes/K 
Tempest,  i.  1, 

5.  Power  of  respiration  ;  lung-^wwer;  breath. 

"  la  not  your  voice  broken?  your  wind  abort?"— 
Shakejtp.  :  2  Henry  /('..  i.  2. 

*  6.  Breath  modulitted  by  the  respiratory 
organs  f)r  by  an  instrument. 

"  Their  instruments  were  various  in  their  kind  ; 
Some  for  the  bow,  and  some  for  breathing  wijid  " 
/fryden  :  i-'lower  *  Laif,  357. 

7.  Air  impregnated  with  animal  odour  or 
scent. 

"  To  save  his  life  he  leapt  into  the  main. 
But  tbere,  i\\xi  '.  he  could  uu  safely  lind, 
A  pack  of  doj;-fish  had  him  in  the  wind." 

Swift.    (Todd.) 

S.  Air  or  gas  generated  in  the  stomach  or 
bowels  ;  flatulence. 

9.  A  disease  of  sheep  in  wliich  the  intestines 
are  distended  with  air,  or  rather  affected  with 


a  violent  intlamniatiun.  It  occjirM  immediately 

after  shearing. 

10.  That  part  of  the  body  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  stomach,  a  blow  on  which  causea 
temporary  inability  to  breathe.     {Slaiuj.) 

11.  Anything  light  or  insignificant  as  wind, 
such  as  empty  or  idle  worths,  idle  threats,  un- 
meaning talk,  or  the  like. 

"  atop  in  your  wirid.' 

Shakesp. :  Coniedy  of  Errort,  t  2. 

•  12.  A  sigh. 

"Storming  her  world  with  sorrow's  wok/ .ami  n*iu.' 
Sfuiketp.  :  Complaint  of  n  boxer,  7. 

IL  Meteor. :  A  current  of  air  moving  in  the 
atmosphere  in  any  direction  or  with  any  veloc- 
ity. Winds  are  produced  by  vaiiatiims  of 
temperature  in  ditterent  latitudes,  or  al  dif- 
ferent portions  of  the  same  latitude.  Heated 
air  tends  to  ascend,  and,  to  prevent  a  void 
from  arising  in  the  hnver  portion  of  the  atmo- 
splu're  from  wliicli  it  lias  ascendccl,  a  current 
of  air  colder,  and  therefore  denser,  takes  its 
place.  This  phenomenon  is  most  obvious  in 
the  tropics,  from  which  hot  larefied  air  is 
ever  ascending,  one  part  towaids  the  North- 
ern, and  the  other  towards  the  Southern 
Pole.  From  these  two  regions,  cold  currents 
of  air  proceed  near  the  surface  of  the  ground 
or  the  ocean  to  supply  the  threatened  void. 
Were  the  earth  at  rest,  the  hot  currents  would 
depart  from,  and  the  cold  currents  strike 
tlie  e(iuator  at  right  angles,  but  owing  to  the 
rotation  of  the  earth  from  west  to  east,  more 
quickly  than  its  friction  can  carry  the  atmo- 
sphere with  it,  the  latter  is  somewhat  de- 
flected to  the  westward,  the  hot  current 
leaving  and  the  cold  one  striking  the  equa- 
torial line  at  an  oblique  instead  of  a  right 
angle.  As  the  circles  to  be  traversed  by  the 
rotating  sphere  or  spheroi<l  vary  in  magni- 
tude i[i  every  latitude,  cyclones  tend  to  be 
generated  wliich  rotate  in  one  direction,  when 
they  aiise  to  the  north,  and  in  another  when 
they  are  generated  south  of  the  equator. 
[CvcLONK.]  The  heat  of  the  vertical  or  nearly- 
vertical  sun  rarefies  the  atmosphere  in  the 
tropics  over  both  kind  and  water,  not,  how- 
ever, to  the  same  extent.  Land  is  easily 
heated  during  the  day  and  cooled  during  the 
night.  Water  is  less  easily  changed  in  tem- 
perature, hence  every  tropical  island  is  like  a 
separate  furnace,  at  work  during  the  day 
rarefying  the  air  and  sending  it  upwards, 
whilst,  falling  below  the  teinpeiature  of  the 
ocean  during  the  night,  it  modifies,  suspends, 
or  reverses  the  process,  e.s|tecially  if  tlie 
absence  of  clouds  make  radiation  great. 
Hence,  land  and  sea  breezes  arise  ;  the  former 
blowing  during  the  day  from  the  sea  to  the 
land,  the  latter  during  the  night  in  a  con- 
trary direction.  Next,  every  high  mountain 
is  a  refrigerating  apparatus,  capable  of  send- 
ing down  its  slope  cooled  air  on  all  its 
sides,  and  consequently  from  every  point  of 
the  compass.  Even  apart  from  these  local 
complications,  the  higher  the  heated  air 
wiiich  ascends  from  the  tropics  rises,  the 
colder  the  atmospheric  region  into  which 
it  enters ;  it  therefore  ultimately  part^i  with 
the  caloric  which  enabled  it  to  ascend,  and 
begins  to  fall,  while  the  cold  polar  currents 
blowing  towards  the  equator  become  heated, 
especially  where  their  course  is  over  the  land, 
and  ascend.  Observation  shows  that  in  con- 
sequence of  these  causes,  there  are  eight  prin- 
cipal directions  in  which  winds  blow;  from 
the  north,  the  north-east,  the  east,  the  south- 
east, the  south,  the  soutli-west,  the  west  an<l 
the  north-west.  A  nm-th  wind  is  one  which 
blows  from  the  north,  not  one  blowing  to 
that  region,  and  so  with  tlie  others.  Classi- 
fied according  to  the  direction  in  which  they 
blow,  winds  are  divided  into  Hegulai,  I'eri- 
odical,  and  Variable  Winds.  The  hrst  are 
winds  which  blow  all  the  year  nmud  in  the 
same  direction,  ,xs  the  Trade  winds;  the 
second  those  which  blow  regularly  at  the 
same  seasons  ami  the  .-.anic  hours  of  the 
day,  as  the  monsoons,  tlie  land  and  sea 
breezes,  and  the  simoom;  the  third,  which 
blow  sometimes  in  one  direction  and  some- 
times in  another,  as  the  prevalent  winds  of 
the  temperate  nnd  arctic  zones.  The  direc- 
tion of  the  wind  is  easily  ascertained  by  a 
vane.  The  average  velocity  of  the  winds  in 
southern  England  and  the  north  of  France  is 
eighteen  to  twenty  feet  in  a  second  ;  if  the 
^vlocity  is  six  or  seven  feet  the  wind  is 
'ooderate,  if  thirty  or  thirty-five  it  is  fresh, 
if  sixty  or  seventy  it  is  strong,  if  eighty  or 
ninety  it  is  a  tempest,  if  ninety  to  120  it  is  a 
hurricane,    [Anemomctbr.] 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  tk\l,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pme,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    sb,  oe  =  e;  ey  ^  a:  qu  =  kw. 


ffSifi-x  A\oty  £\^^ 


WIND  INSTRUMENTS. 

I.  African  Horn,  made  out  of  an  elephant's  tusk.    2.  Pandean-pipes,  made  of  bamboo  bound  together  with  vegetable  fibre. 

3.  Cheng.      4.  Serpent.      5.  Bassoon  llate  i8th  century^.  6.  Flute  (early  19th  century).      7.  English  Military  Bugle.      8.  Simple 
form  of  Church  Organ  (after  Street),  blown  at  the  back. 

74 


wind 


\}o6 


•[  1.  Between  witul  and  water  : 

(1)  Lit.:  That  part  of  a  ship's  side  or  bot- 
tom which  frecpieiitly  rises  above  the  surface 
o(  the  water  through  the  rolling  of  the  vessel 
or  by  fluctuation  ot  the  water's  surface.  Any 
breach  etleeted  by  a  shot  in  this  part  Js 
(.specially  dangerous. 

(2)  Fig. :  Any  part  or  point  genemlly  where 
a  blow  or  attack  will  most  etfectually  injure. 

2.  Down  tlif  wiiul : 

(1)  Lit. :  In  the  direction  of  and  moving 
with  the  wind. 

■  (-')  Fig. :  Towards  ruin,  decay,  or  adver- 
sity. 

'•  A  nmn  thrvt  had  n  great  veneration  for  nil  iin;ij;e 
til  lih  liouse.  fouud  that  the  more  be  prayeil  to  it  ti> 
prosper  hliu  in  the  world,  the  more  he  went  down  the 
iciiiii  ati\l."—t'Eitrange. 

3.  How  (or  which  way)  the  wind  blows  (or 
lies) : 

(1)  Lit.  :  The  direction  or  velocity  of  the 
wind. 

(•J)  Fig. :  The  position  or  state  of  affairs ; 
hiiw  things  are  going  on,  or  are  likely  to  turn 
out. 

"  Indicationa  are  not  wanting  to  show  which  aay  the 
wind  blows."— Field.  Oct.  17,  1835. 

4.  In  th,:  wind's  eye:  /h  the  teeth  of  the  wind: 
Toward  the  direct  point  fiom  which  the  wind 
blows  ;  in  a  direction  exactly  opposite  to  that 
of  the  wind. 

5.  Second  wind:  [Seconekwind]. 

tJ.  Threesheetsin  (Aewufd:  Tipsy,  unsteady 
from  drink.    (Slang.)    [Sheet,  s.,  Tf  (1).] 

7.  To  he  in  the  ivlnd:  To  be  about  or  likely 
to  liapptii  :  to  be  within  the  region  of  surmise 
(ir  snspiiion :  as,  Tliere  is  something  in  the 
wind  now.    (Colloq.) 

8.  To  carry  the  wind: 

Manige:  To  toss  the  nose  as  high  as  the 
ears.    (Said  of  a  horse.) 

9.  To  get  ti>ind  :  [Get  (2),  v.,  t  29.,  30.1. 

*  10.  To  have  tlie  wind  of:  To  keep  a  strict 
watch  on. 

■"  My  son  and  I  will  have  the  wind  of  you." 

Shakesf/.  :  Titus  Androniciit,  \v.  2. 

11.  To  raise  the  wind :  [Raise,  y.,  H  (7)J. 

12.  To  sail  close  to  the  wind  : 

(1)  Lit.  £  Naut.  :  To  s;iil  with  the  ship's 
head  as  near  to  the  wind  as  to  till  the  sails 
without  shaking  them  ;  to  sail  as  much  against 
tlie  direction  of  the  wind  as  possible. 

{'!)  Fig. :  To  border  or  act  very  closely  upon 
dishonesty  or  indecency. 

'  13.  To  sow  the  wind  and  rea p the  whirlwind : 
To  act  wrongly  and  recklessly  with  the  result 
of  future  punishment  for  such  conduct  {Hosea, 
viii.  7.) 

^  U.  To  take  wind  :  To  get  wind  (q.v.). 

"The  design  ,  ,  .  might  ha.ve  taken  wind."— /forth: 
life  of  Lord  Guilford,  i.  lOl, 

15.  To  take  the  wind  ont  of  oyie's  sails:  To 
circumvent;  to  get  or  take  an  advantage  of, 
as  by  one  vessel  sailing  between  the  wind  and 
another  vessel. 

*  It).  Wind  of  a  bull:  [WiND-coNTUSioN.] 

wind-band,  s. 

1.  A  band  of  musicians  who  play  only  or 
principally  on  wind  instruments. 

2.  The  part  of  an  orchestra  which  consists 
of  wind-instruments. 

wind-barrow,  s.     [Wind-carriage.] 

*  wind-beam,  s. 

Build.  :  Formerly  a  cross-beam  used  in  the 
principals  of  roofs,  occupying  the  situation  of 
the  collar  in  modern  king-post  roofs. 

xidnd-berry,  5. 

J:nt.  :   I'ljiciniiaii  Myrtillus. 

wind -bill,  ^^. 

Scots  Law :  An  accoinnindation-bill  ;  a  bill 
of  exchange  granted,  witliout  value  having 
been  received  by  the  acceptors,  for  the  purpose 
ot  iai>ing  money  by  discount. 

wind-bore,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lajij. :  The  extremity  of  the  suction- 
pipe  of  a  pump,  usually  covered  with  a  per- 
forat^^d  plate  to  prevent  the  intrusion  of 
foreign  substances. 

2.  Min.  :  The  pump  at  the  bottom  of  a  set 
of  pumps. 

*  wind-break,  r.t.  To  break  the  wind  of, 

'■  1  «'iiii.i  jri>tdbr.'itk  n  mule  to  vie  burdens  with 
ht^r  '~F-irU.    {.\n>iand.iU\) 


"wind-broken, ".  lh(.ken-witidcd(q.v.). 

wind  car,  wind  barrow,  ^^    A  car  01 

barrow  driven  wholly  or  partially  by  the 
wind.  The  Chinese  have  sails  on  barrows,  to 
be  used  when  the  wind  is  favourable. 

•  wind- changing,  a.  Changing  like  tlie 
wind  ;  lu-kk',    inconstant. 

'■  iViud-cli'tii'/ni'J  Wiiriv  ilk  now  can  change  no  more." 
bhakesi'. :  a  Hvnry  %'I.,  v.  1. 

wind-chest,  s. 

Music:  Au  air-tight  box  in  an  organ  or 
other  wind-instrument  played  by  keys,  into 
which  the  air  is  received  from  the  witid-truuk, 
and  from  which  air  is  admittedby  valve-ways 
through  the  channels  of  the  sound-board,  to 
the  air-<lucts  communicating  with  the  respec- 
tive pipes. 

t  wind-contusion,  s. 

Mint.  Surg. :  A  name  formerly  applied  to 
any  iiittirnat  injuiy  produced  by  a  shot  or 
bullet  without  any  external  mark  of  violence, 
the  injury  itself  being  erroneously  attributed 
to  what  was  called  "the  wind  of  the  ball," 
i.e.,  air  violently  displaced  by  tlie  velocity  of 
a  projectile.  It  is  now  known  that  such  in- 
juries are  produced  either  by  spent  balls  or 
by  projectiles  striking  the  body  at  an  oblique 
angle,  when  the  skin  does  not  always  give 
way,  though  deep-seated  structures,  such  as 
the  nmscles.  or  large  organs,  as  the  liver,  may 
be  completely  ruptured  or  crushed. 

wind-cutter,  s. 

Music:  In  au  organ-pipe,  the  lip  or  edge 
against  which  the  issuing  sheet  of  air  im- 
pinges. The  vibration  thereby  imparted  is 
communicated  to  the  column  of  air  in  the 
pipe,  jiroducing  a  musical  note  whose  piteli 
is  determined  by  the  length  ctf  the  pipe,  the 
quality  of  the  tone  by  the  size  of  the  pipe 
and  the  material  of  which  it  is  made,  &c. ,  &c. 

wind-dropsy,  s.  A  swelling  of  the 
belly  lioiu  wind  in  the  intestines  ;  tymi>anitis. 

wind-egg,  s.  An  imperfect  egg ;  such 
eggs  are  often  produced  by  hens  which  have 
been  injured  or  are  growing  old.  They  are 
frequently  destitute  of  a  siiell,  being  sur- 
rounded only  by  a  skin  or  membrane,  or 
sometimes  by  a  very  thin  shell. 

•■  Sound  etigs  aiiik,  and  such  as  are  addled  8«ini  :  as 
do  also  tlioae  ttrmed  hypeiieniin.  or  wind-eoifs" ~ 
lirownft :    Vvtijar  Krronrs.     {Todd.) 

wind-flower,  .v. 

B»(.  :  (1)  The  genus  Anemone  (q.v.).  (2)  '7c(j- 
tiaua  Pnniinonanthc.  It  has  an  ujiright  stem 
four  to  six  or  eight  inches  high,  and  terminal 
or  axillary  flowers  deep  blue,  with  tive  broad 
greenish  lines.  It  grows  in  moist  heathy 
places  in  several  parts  of  England.  Called 
also  Marsh  Gentian.     [Gentian.] 

wind-furnace,  n.    a  blast-furnace  (q.v.). 

wind-gall,  s.  A  soft  tumour  on  the  fet- 
lock joints  of  a  horse. 

"  His  horse  ,  .  .  full  of  wind-nails  and  raied  with 
sp!iviuB."—Shaketp.'  Taniitt;/ o/'(he  Shrew,  Hi.  2. 

wind-gauge,  t  wind-gage,  s. 

1.  An  i[istrument  for  measuring  the  velocity 
and  force  of  the  wind  ;  an  anemometer  (q.v.). 

2.  An  apparatus  or  contrivance  for  measur- 
ing or  indicating  the  amount  of  the  pressure 
of  wind  in  the  wind-chest  of  au  organ. 

wind-god,  s. 

Anthroj).  :  A  deity  presiding  over  the  wind. 
This  might  be  one  of  the  principal  gods,  as 
j^lus,  of  classic  mythology  (Homer :  Odyssey 
X.,  Virgil :  /En.  i.),  with  minor  deities  subject 
to  him  ;  or  one  of  the  minor  deities,  as  among 
the  North  Americiin  Indians  of  the  present 
day.     (See  Longfellmo's  So7ig  of  Hiawatlia.) 

"In  the  polytheism  of  the  lower  as  of  the  hicher 
racea  the  wind-Qods  are  no  nnknown  figures."— y/Jur  ; 
Prim.  ridt.  (ed.  1873|,  IS.  066. 

'  Wind-^g^un,  *■.  A  gun  discharged  by  the 
force  of  compressed  air;  an  air-gun.  (Pojie: 
Dunciml,  i.  LSI.) 

wind-hatch,  .<'. 

Mining:  The  opening  or  place  where  the 
ore  is  taken  out  of  the  earth. 

wind-hole,  ■'^■ 

Min.  :  A  shaft  or  sump  sunk  to  convey  air  ; 
an  air-shaft. 

wind-instrument,  d. 

Music :  An  instrument  played  by  wind 
forced  into  pipes  or  through  reeds,  by  means 
of  bellows,  or  directly  from  the  mouth  of  the 


performer.  An  or^au  contains  both  tl^^e 
(Hue)  and  reod  jiipes  ;  harmoniums  and  Anicri- 
e^in  organs  contain  free-reeds.  Flutes,  nl-oes, 
clarinets,  and  bussoons  in  an  oridiestra  are 
called  the  wor.d-wind  in  opposition  to  the 
brass-wind  instruments,  such  lis  trumpets, 
horns,  and  tromliont's. 

wind -mill,  ■■".    iw'incjmeli..  ] 

wind- plant,  v. 


ifniorosa, 
a.     A  jmrnp  driven  by  a 


wind  pump, 

wind-wlir.l. 

wind  rode.  ". 

Naut.  :  Tlic  same  as  Tide-rode  (q.v.). 
wind-rose,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  A  card  or  talil-,  with  lines 
corresponding  to  the  points  nf  the  compjtss, 
showing  the  connection  of  the  wind  with  the 
barometer,  &c. 

2.  Bot, :  (I)  liicmeria  hyhrida.  [R(EMERia,J 
(2)  Pa-paver  Argenione,  aliriti.sh  poppy  with 
small  Howers,  having  narrow  scarlet  petals 
and  a  clavat«  cajisule,  hispid,  with  erect 
bristles  ;  crunmon  in  English  cornfields. 

wind- row,  s. 

1.  A  TOW  or  line  of  hay  raked  together  for 
the  purpose  of  being  rolled  into  cocks  or 
heaps;  also  sheaves  of  corn  set  up  in  u  row 
one  against  another,  in  order  that  the  wind 
may  blow  between  them. 

"The  grasse  .  .  .  nnist  he  tedded,  brought  into 
wind-rowet,  and  turned  eflsoone.i  with  the  aunue.  ' — 
P.  Holland:  PUuie,  hit.  xviii.,  ch.  xxviil. 

2.  The  green  border  of  a  field  dug  up  in 
order  to  carry  the  earth  on  other  land  to  meud 
it. 

3.  A  row  of  peats  set  up  for  drying,  or  a 
row  of  pieces  of  turf,  sod,  or  sward,  cut  in 
paring  and  burning. 

wind-row,  v.t.  To  rake  or  gather  into 
wind-rows. 

Wind-sail,  s. 

1.  Naut.  :  A  canvas 
tube  used  as  a  wind- 
conductor,  having  its  . 
open  mouth  jiresented 
towards  the  wind,  or  in 
the  direction  of  motion, 
as  on  lutard  asteamship, 
where  it  is  used  to  di- 
rect a  current  of  air 
down  into  the  engitie- 
room  to  moderate  the 
intense  heat  and  im- 
prove the  draught  of 
the  (Ires.  Tlie  wind-sail  is  used  quite  com- 
monly on  ships  to  ventilate  and  cool  the 
cabins  and  "  'tween  decks,"  especially  on 
board  vessels  in  tropical  climates. 

2.  One  of  the  vanes  or  sails  of  a  windmill. 
wind-shake,  *  wind-shock,  6\ 

Veg.  Pa  thill. ;  Anemosis,  a  condition  of 
timber  which  has  caused  it  to  part  asnndei 
at  the  circular  lines  of  junction  connecting 
the  several  zones  of  wood.  The  defect  is  not 
discovered  till  the  timber  is  felled,  for  there 
is  no  external  evidence  of  its  existence.  Wind- 
shake  is  popularly  attributed  to  the  agitation 
produced  by  violent  winds,  but  Berkeley 
thinks  it  more  probable  that  it  arises  from 
lightning  or  from  frost. 

■■  The  «i*nrf-<ftor*:  isa  hnifae  and  shiver  thronghoul 
the  tree,  though    not    constantly  visihle.' — JFce/^n  ; 

*  wind-Shaked,  c  Driven  and  agitated 
by  the  wimi. 

"Thmoind-th'iked  mjrge."       Shaketp. :  OthnUo,  ii.  I. 

'* wind-shaken,  a,  Tremblingand  t<itteri 
ing  in  the  wind. 

"  The  iMik  not  to  He  wind-»hnki'n.' 

Shake»f'.      Cnriolaniix,  v.  1. 

*Tirlnd  shock,  >.    (Winp  shake.] 

*  wind-side,  >■.    The  windward  side. 
'  ^rind  sucker,  -. 

1.  Lit.  .f  Ornith.:  A  windhover  (q.v.). 

2.  Fig, :  A  person  ready  to  pounce  on  any 
person  or  on  any  blemish  or  weak  point. 

*  wind-swift,  ".     Swift  as  the  wind. 

■■  Th.n  inn-  hiith  the  whul-gu-ift  ("nitld  wUig*  " 

Shak^itp.  .   Jlontriy  .t  Juliet,  11.  h. 

'  wind-tight,  <i.  So  tight  as  to  exclude 
the  wind. 

"CkittjiKe-f  not  high  hniU,  yet  M(in/-<(i;/*f  and  water- 
tight."—/f;>.  /t.tll     JiemaiuJ,  p.  46. 


WIND-SAIL. 


boil,  ha^ ;  pd^t,  jowl ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bengh ; 


go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^ 
-cian.  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -jion  =  zhvin.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious 


expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 

=  shus.    -blc,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  dcL 


6ti4 


wind— windiness 


wind-trunlt.  ^-. 

.V.ci.-;  Till'  air-diict  which  conducts  air 
from  thf  bcUows  to  tlie  wind-chcst  of  an 
ur^'au  ■>r  similar  instruiiieiit. 

wind -way,  «. 

Mfiiiaij  :  A  passngf  for  air. 

wlnd-wheel»  s.  A  wheel  acted  upon  by 
the  wind  utuI  used  ti>  cmiiiiiunieale  power. 
Anioiij^  its  familiar  applications  are  the  wind- 
B'.ill,  wiiid-puuip,  jpid  iiiicniometer. 

'  wind-worn,  «.  Worn  or  battered  by 
the  wind  or  weather. 

"  H-*  itniid-uforn  bAttlcmentu  are  i:oii<-." 

Byron:  ChUdis  llaraUI.  iii,  22. 

'wind  (2),  s.  (Wind  (2),  v.]  A  winding',  a 
lui  tiiiig,  a  bend  ;  as,  The  road  takes  a  n-ind  to 
Xhr  ri^iht.    ■ 

Wind  (1)  (pa.  t.  wijuifd),  vj.    IWind(I),  s.] 

1.  To  give  wind  to  with  the  mouth;  to 
blow  ;  to  sound  by  blowin;;. 

"  EacH  to  Loch  Rhh/k'h  iiiiirRiQ  durinf: : 
Tbdt  bluet  wiu  wiiuie<l  *>y  tlie  KiuK ! " 

SoolC :  lord  ctf  the  ftlet,  iv.  IB. 

%  In  this  sense  the  word  is  pronounced 
zviiid,  and  the  pa.  t.  is  commonly  ivouiid, 
throuj^h  confusion  with  Wind  (2),  -v. 

2.  To  perceive  or  follow  by  the  wind  or 
.scent ;  to  scent ;  to  nose,  as  a  hound. 

"  Uuluckily  they  heard  or  winded  us  before  we  saw 
them."— /VWrf.  Feb.  ll,  1888. 

3.  To  expose  to  the  wiad  ;  to  winnow,  to 
ventilate. 

4.  To  drive,  ride,  or  cause  to  run  fast,  so  a.s 
t«  render  scant  of  wind  or  breath ;  to  put  out 
of  breatli. 

5.  To  rest,  as  a  horse,  so  as  to  enable  him 
to  recover  his  breath  or  wind ;  to  breathe. 

^  To  wind  a  ship: 

Naul.  :  To  bring  it  round  until  the  head 
occujiies  the  place  where  the  stern  was,  so 
that  the  wind  may  strike  the  opposite  side. 

wind  (2)  (pa.  t.  *  wand,  '  wond,  *  tetJided, 
ifoumi,  pa.  par.  wound,  *  wonde,  *  u.'unden, 
v.t.  ii.  i.  [A.S.  windan  (pa.  t.  waiid,  wo)id,  pa. 
par.  wuniUn)',  cogn,  with  Dut.  winden;  Icel. 
siiida;  Dan.  vinde  ;  Sw.  vinda  =  to  squint; 
O.  H.  Ger.  winfan ;  Ger,  windendia..  t.  wtDtd,  pa. 
liar,  tji'-wunden) ;  Goth,  windan  (in  composi- 
tion). From  the  same  root  come  totady  wander, 
ntotuler,  wand,  &c.] 

A-  Transitive: 

L  Orditiary  Language : 

1.  To  turn  in  this  and  that  direction  ;  to 
cause  to  turn  or  move  in  vaiious  directions. 


2.  To  turn  round  on  an  axis  or  some  lixed 
^ject ;  to  form  coils  or  convolutions  of  round 
something ;  to  twine,  to  twist,  to  wreathe  ;  to 
roil  rouiMl ;  to  form  into  a  ball. 

"  To-morrow  I  must  be  Pippa  who  ttriads  silk 
The  whole  year  round." 

H.  Brown  ititt :  Pippa  Passes,  ii. 

3.  The  same  as  To  wiiwiitp  (iii.):  as,  To 
a  watch. 


nnd 


4.  To  entwist,  to  enfold,  to  encircle. 


"  I  will  toind  thee  in  mine  arms." 
Shaketp.  :  J/idsummer  A'igM'i  Dream,  iv.  1. 

*  5.  To  pursue  by  following  the  twinings  or 
windings  of;  to  chase  by  winding, 

*  6.  To  turn  by  shifts  or  expedients. 

"  He  eudeavours  to  ieind  and  turn  himeeU  every 
way  to  evade  its  forct;." — Waterlajijd, 

*  7.  To  introduce  by  insinuation  ;  to  worm. 

"  To  wind 
Yourseli  into  a  power  tyrannical. " 

Shaketp. :  Coriulanus,  iii.  Z. 

*  8.  To  change  or  vary  at  will ;  to  bend  or 
turn  to  one's  pleasure ;  hence,  to  exercise 
complete  control  over. 

"He  might  wind  and  turn  our  constitution  at  his 
■pleviauT^"— Addison. 

'  IL  Naut. :  To  warp. 

"  The  Holl.iuders  .  .  .  layd  out  haulsere,  and  wou*td 
themselues  out  of  the  way  of  v&.'—Backiuift:  Vogaget, 
iii.  710. 

B.  IiiXransUivt : 

1.  To  turn,  to  change,  to  twist. 

2.  To  turn  or  coil  round  something:  as, 
Vines  wiTid  round  a  pole. 

3.  To  have  a  circular  or  spii-al  direction. 

4.  To  turn,  twist,  or  bend  ;  to  have  a  course 
marked  by  bendings  or  windings ;  to  meander. 

"  He  took  the  path  that  winded  to  the  cave.' 

Pope  ■  Uamer  ;  Udy&sey  v.  71. 

5.  To  advance  or  make  one's  way  by  bend- 


ings or  windings  ;    to    move    in    a  winding 
course. 

"  At  daybreak  wintliny  througli  the  wood." 

Onron  :  .ifuzepjm,  xii. 

6.  To  have  a  twisting  or  uneven  surface,  or 
a  surface  who.se  parts  do  not  lie  in  the  saiiu' 
plane,  as  a  piece  of  wood. 

*  7.  To  fetch  a  compass  ;  to  make  an  in- 
direct advance. 

"Siwud  but  time 
To  iffind  about  my  love  witli  circumstniioe  " 

Sh>ik''»,K  :  A/cr,hu,U  of  Venice,  i.  1. 

^  1.  To  wind  off :  To  unwind,  to  uncoil. 

*  2.  To  wind  out  of:  To  be  extricated  ;  to 
escape. 

"To  wind  himself  out  of  tlie  labyrinth  he  was  in." 
— tVurendon. 

3.  To  wind  up : 

(1)  Transitive: 

(«)  To  coil  up  into  a  small  compa.ss  or  ball, 
a.s  a  skein  of  thread  ;  to  form  into  a  ball  or 
coil  round  a  bobbiu,  reel,  or  the  like. 

(6)  To  tighten,  as  the  strings  of  certain 
musical  instruments,  so  as  to  bring  them  tn 
the  proper  pitch  ;  to  put  in  tune  by  stretching 
tlie  strings  over  the  pegs. 

"  Wind  tip  the  slacken'd  strings  of  thy  !ute." 

Waller:  Chloris  &  JJylas. 

(c)  To  bring  into  a  state  of  renewed  or 
eontinued  motion,  as  a  watch,  clock,  or  the 
like,  by  coiling  anew  the  spring  or  drawing  up 
the  weights. 

"  I  fruwii  the  while,  and  perchance  wind  up  my 
watth.  or  i)lay  with  some  rich  jewel." —MaAf*//.  ; 
Twelfth  Night,  ii.  5. 

(rf)  To  bring  to  a  conclusion,  as  a  speech 
or  operation  ;  to  arrange  for  a  tinal  settlement 
of,  as  a  business  ;  specif.,  in  law,  to  close  a 
business  or  company,  balance  the  accounts, 
and  distribute  the  assets :  as.  The  company 
was  ordered  to  be  w(mnd  up. 

*  (e.)  To  restore  to  harmimy  or  concord  ;  to 
bring  to  a  natural  or  healtliy  state. 

"  Tb'  unchanged  and  jtUTiug  senses,  O  wind  up. 
Of  this  child-chiuiged  father." 

Shakesp.:  Lear,  iv.  T. 

(/)  To  bring  to  a  state  of  great  tension ; 
to  subject  to  severe  strain  or  excitement ;  to 
put  on  the  stretch. 

"Thus  they  wound  up  his  temper  to  a  iiitoh,  and 
treacherously  made  use  of  that  inhrmity.*'— .>lUer6ury. 

*  (l7)  To  raise  or  bring  to  a  certain  state 
or  stage  by  degrees  ;  to  incite. 

"  These  he  did  so  wind  up  to  his  purpose,  that  they 
withdrew  from  the  court." — Hayward. 

*  {h)  To  prepare  for  continued  movement, 
action,  or  activity  ;  to  arrange  or  adapt  for 
continued  operation  ;  to  give  fresh  or  con- 
tinued activity  or  energy  to ;  to  restore  to 
original  vigour  or  order. 

"  Fate  seemed  to  wind  him  up  for  fourscore  years." 
Dryden.    (Todd.) 

(2)  lntra'}is. :  To  come  to  a  conclusion  ;  to 
conclude,  to  finish. 

*■  Juflt  like  the  winding  up  of  some  design 
Well  form'd,  upon  the  crowded  theatre." 

Dryden  :  Love  Triumphant,  v. 

wind-up,  s.  The  conclusion,  settlement, 
or  final  adjustment  of  any  matter,  as  of  a 
speech,  business,  meeting,  entertainment,  or 
the  like  ;  the  close. 

"There  wiU  be  four  days'  more  sport  this  week  in 
the  Midlands,  with  a  wind-up  at  Saudowu  Piirk." — 
Daiiy  Telegraph.  Se|tt.  5.  188;. 

*  win-dace,  *  wyn-dace,  s.   [See  del.]  Old 

forms  of  wiiKllass  (1). 

Wind'-age,  s.     [Eng.  wind  (l),  s. ;  -age.] 

1.  Ordnance: 

(1)  The  difference  between  the  bore  of  the 
gun  and  the  diameter  of  the  shot  tired  there- 
from. It  varies  from  15  inches  to  9  inches  for 
spherical  projectiles.  Ritled  guns  are  intended 
to  avoid  windage,  various  kinds  of  paeking 
and  sabots  being  used  to  fill  up  the  space 
around  the  projectile. 

"  In  the  case  of  muzzle. loaders  a  certain  amount  of 
cltarance  or  'windage'  has  to  be  allowed  for  ' — Daily 
Jfews,  Oct.  19,  1886. 

(2)  The  rush  or  concussion  of  the  air  pro- 
ductnl  by  the  rapid  passage  of  a  shot. 

(3)  The  influence  of  the  wind  in  deflecting  a 
missile,  as  a  ball,  arrow,  or  the  like,  from  its   ! 
direct  path  or  aside  from  the  point  or  object   ' 
at  which  it  is  aimed  ;  also,  the  amount  or  ex-   , 
tent  of  such  deflection.  ] 

2.  Surg. :  The  same  as  Wind-contusion 
(q.v.). 

wind'-bag.  .<.    [Eng.  wind  (1),  s.,  and  bag.] 
A  bag  inflated  with  wind  or  air :  hence,  figura- 


tively, a  man  of  mere  words;  an  empty,  noisy 
lueteiider. 

*  wind-ball,  s.  [Eng.  wind  (1),  s.,  and  ball.] 
A  ball  inflated  with  an-. 

"  Puffeil   up.  as  it  were  a  u>iitdbal(."  —  PutUnham: 
Enjiiih  PoeJin:  bk,  iii,,  ch.  vi. 

wind'-boihld,  a.  [Eng.  wind  (l),  s.,  and 
buund,  a.J  I'lcveuted  from  sailing  by  contrary 
winds. 

"  No  matter  though  this  fleet  be  lost. 
Or  that  lie  winUbound  lai  the  cmiat." 

Prior:  Mercury  A  Cupid. 

*  wind -brda9h,  s.  [First  element  Eng. 
wiiul;  second  prohably  a  corruption  of  Ger. 
braUche  —  A  viola  or  tenor  violin.]  A  hurdy- 
gurdy  or  vielle. 

"  EndeJtvouring  to  fumble  out  a  due  sonata  upon  a 
windbroixch."—T.  Brown:   Works,  iL  234. 

"  winde  (1),  v.i.    [Wind  (2),  r.j 

*  TTinde  (2),  v.i.     [Wend,  v.] 

Wind'-er  (1),  5.  [Eng.  wind  (l).  v. ;  -tr.]  A 
blow  which  deprives  one  of  breath.    {Slang.) 

wind'-er  (2),  s.  [Eng.  wind  (2),  v.  ;  -cr.J  One 
who  or  that  which  winds  ;  specifically  : 

(1)  A  machine  for  winding  yarn,  cotton,  or 
silk  on  reels,  shuttles,  bobbins,  &c.  [Bobbin- 
windier.] 

(2)  A  person  who  winds  cotton,  yam,  thi-ead, 
or  the  like. 

"  Wherein  the   winder  shows  his  workmanship  so 
rare."  Drayton:  Poly-Olbton,  a,  6. 

(3)  A  jdant  that  winds  or  twists  itself  round 
others. 


(4)  An  instrument  for  winding  up  a  machine 
worked  by  springs. 

"  To  keep  troublesome  servants  out  of  the  kitchen, 
leave  the  winder  sticking  on  the  ihck."Swift :  Direc- 
tions to  Servants. 

(5)  The  winding-step  of  a  staircase, 

Wind'-«r,  v.t.     [Wind  (1),  s.] 

1,  To  fan  ;  to  clean  grain  with  a  fan.  (Prov.) 
*  2.  To  wither,  to  fade,  to  fall. 


Win'-der-mere,  5.    [See  def.] 

t!fog. :  Tht  name  of  a  parish  and  lake  eight 
niilfs  north  of  Kendal,  Westmoreland,  Eng- 
land. 

Wlndermere-charr,  j-. 

Ichthy. :  Salnio  willuglLbit. 

wind'-i^ll«  s.     [Eng.  wind  (1),  s.,  and  full.] 
I.  Literally : 

1.  Something  blown  down  by  the  wind,  as 
fruit  from  a  tree,  or  trees  in  a  forest. 

"Crossing  tracts  of  burnt  timber  or  wi*irf/<tU.s,  where 
the  huge  logs  lay  piled  over  eaL*ti  other  in  inextricable 
confusion."— /\t/d,  Feb.  17.  1887. 

2.  A  violent  gust  of  wind  rushing  from 
coast  ranges  and  mountains  to  the  sea. 

3.  The  track  of  a  whirlwind  or  tornado  in  a 
forest  where  the  trees  are  laid  prostiale. 
{Amer.) 

"  These  wintlfalli  were  ereat  places  for  rabbits  aud 
partridges."— //ammo7id .-  Wild  .Vortltcrtt  Scenes,  p.  220. 

II.  Fig. :  An  unexpected  piece  of  gootl  for- 
tune, as  an  unexpected  legacy. 

"  As  a  body,  the  farmers  fouud  the  rinden'^st  a 
windfall." — liritish  Quarterly  /ieview,  Ivii.  2Vd.  (1673.) 

*  wind'-fall-en,  «.     [Eng.  wind  (l),  s.,  and 
fallen,]     Blown  down  by  the  wind. 
"  Windfallen  sticks."       Drayton:  Pcly-Olbiou,  s.  Ii 

wind'-hov-er,  s.    [Eng.  xoind,  s. ;  and  hover, 
V.    (See  extract.)] 

Oruith.  :  Falco  tinmtnculus.  By  many 
authorities  it  has  been  separated  from  the 
genus  Falco,  and  made  the  type  of  a  genus, 
Tinnunculus.  with  the  specific  name  alau- 
cUirlus.    [Kestrel.] 

"  It  has  actjuired  the  name  of  windhooer  from  its 
habit  uf  renianiiug  with  outspread  tail  suspended  in 
the  air.  the  head  on  tht^se  occasions  always  txiinting 
to  windward  :  an<l  it  is  also  called  Stonegall  or  Stan- 
■ne\.\."—yarTcll:  Brit.  iJirtia  (ed.  4th).  i.  7y. 

nHnd -i-ness,  *  wlnd-i-nesse,  ;;.     (Eng. 

windfi :  -nc^.^.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  windy  or 
tempestuous  ;  boisterousness  :  as,  The  wladi- 
iiess  of  the  weather. 

2,  Fulness  of  wind  ;  flatulency. 


f&te,  fat.  flare,  amidst,  what,  Jail,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wqU,  work,  who,  son ;  mutc^,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae.  ce  =  e ;  cy  —  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


M— -■'" — y^  Dormer. 


75 


WINDOWS. 


i 


winding— 'Window 


bCb 


3.  Temiency  to  pmdiice  wind  or  flatulency. 

"S«9iin  loses-HoiiteM-liiit  nt  its  whidiiiest  by  decoct- 
ing."—Bacwti  ;  jVaf,  Hittnr'i.  • 

•  4.  Tutuoiir;  pulfiiiess. 

"  TI16  swellinc  tffindineiia  of  liitn-li  kuuwledgc"— 
BrereuMXt  :  tin  lAHi-jumjf. 

wind'-ing,  '  wynd  jnige,  v-  i*'"-.  «-.  &«• 
[Wind(i]),  v.! 

A.  Aspr.j)ar.  :  (S.r  the  verb). 

B.  Asatlj.:  Turning;  twisting;  bending; 
rrooked.    {Pope:  Homer:  Iliitd  xviii.  600.) 

C.  As  sitbstantivr : 

I,  Ordiyuiry  f.an'jiiii'jf  : 

1.  The  act  of  twisting,  curling,  or  hrnding. 

2.  A  turn  or  turning ;  .1  bend  ;  a  curve ; 
flexure ;  meander. 

"  A  hill  wliich  Iook§  down  ou  thi-  windings  of  the 
Seine."— Stacautay:  Hitt.  iPn,-;,  cli.  x. 

3.  A  twist  in  nny  surface,  so  that  all  its 
parts  do  nut  li'-  in  ihe  same  plane  ;  the  same 
as  casting  or  warping.     {GivUt.) 

II.  Naut.  :  A  call  by  the  boatswain's 
whistle. 

Winding  engine*  5. 

Mill. :  A  linisting  steam-engine  employed  to 
draw  up  ore.  <s;c..  from  a  mine. 

winding-macliine.  .;.     [Winder  (2),  s. 
winding  sheet,  ■  wyndynge-shete, 

1.  The  sheet  in  which  a  corpse  is  wrapped. 

"  I  look  mi'ni  ye  like  my  winditig-thcet. 
The  cofBii  ul  my  ^eatueas,  nay,  oiy  grave." 

lit-aum.  A  Flct.  :  Prophetess,  v.  a. 

2.  A  piece  of  tallow  or  wax  hanging  down 
from  a  burning  candle.  Regarded  by  the 
superstitious  as  uii  diuen  of  death. 

winding -Stairs.  ■-•;.  pi.  Stairs  ascending 
in  a  spiral  liiir  around  a  solid  or  open  newel. 

Winding -Sticks,  .s.  pj. 

Joinen/ :  Two  sticks  or  strips  of  wood 
placed  across  the  two  ends  of  a  board  to 
ascertain  uliethcr  it  is  a  plane  surface,  or  if 

it  warps  nr  wiinK. 

winding  tackle.  . 

Naut. :  Apurcliaseof  one  fixed  three-sheave 
block,  and  a  movable  double  or  treble  block, 
suspended  from  a  lower-mast  head,  and  used 
in  getting  in  or  off  heavy  freight,  stores,  or 
armament. 

wind'-ing-lj^,  odv.     [Eng.  winding ;  -bj.]  In 
a  w  iiiding.  circuitous,  or  meandering  manner. 

wind -lass  (1).    *wind-ase,   ^wind-as, 
*  wind  las.     wind-lasse.  *wynd-ace, 

.f.  [The  sp'-lliiig  IS  a  (.■ornii.tiim  due  tu  popular 
etymology  (as  if  tr<im  wind  (2),  v.,  and  lace), 
and  to  (^nnfusinu  with  viiidlass  (2),  s.  (q.v.). 
From  Icel.  vlndnss  =  a  windlass,  lit.  ^  a 
winding-pole,  from  vinda  =  to  wind,  and  asa 
—-  a  pole,  rafter,  yard  of  a  sail,  &c. ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  v'imhi--^,  and  O.  Dut.  windaes  —a. 
windlass.  The  I  is  therefore  excrescent,  and 
may  have  crept  in  through  the  iutlueuce  of 
windlc  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  machine  for  raising  weights,  such 
as  coals,  from  a  pit,  consisting  of  a  cylin- 
der or  Miller  moving  on  an  axle  supported 
on  a  frame,  and  turned  by  levers  inserted  in 
square  holes  cut  in  the  cylinder,  or  by  a  crank 
fitted  on  to  one  or  both  ends  of  the  axle.  The 
eml  of  a  rope  or  chain  is  attached  to  the 
cylinder,  and  the  other  to  the  weight,  wliich 
is  raiseil  by  the  rope  beinc  shortened  in  I'ass- 
ing  round  the  roller.  Smaller  hoisting engims 
turned  by  cranks  are  called  winches.  [Winxh, 
(1),  s.]  The  windlass  used  on  board  ships  for 
raising  the  anchor  or  obtaining  a  purchase  on 
other  occasions,  consists  of  a  large  hori/ontal 
roller  juurnaled  in  standards  (windlass-bitts), 
and  rotated  by  handspikes  or  other  means.  It 
differs  from  the  rai-stan  principally  in  the 
horiznntality  of  its  axis.  The  windlass  is  a 
modilication  of  the  wheel  and  axle  (q.v.). 

"  The  iphiitlasx  is  a  sort  of  Urge  roller,  used  to  wind 
in  the  cal)te  or  lien ve  ui*  the  atichor."  ~  Falconer  : 
Shipwrevk.  ch.  i.,  note  3. 

2.  A  handle  by  which  anything  is  turned  ; 
specifically,  a  w  iuih-like  contrivance  for  bend- 
ing the  arblast,  or  crossbow  (q.v.). 

"The  ni'hliiat  wnn  a  croBslMtw.  the  windlace  the 
niacliiiie  usei)  in  liendhigtlint  weaiMJii.'— Acof(.-  leait- 
hoe.  ch,  xwiti      (N'ot«.) 

Windlass-bitts,  .•••.  [Windlass  (1),  s.,  1., 
Um-.l 


•  wind'-lass  (2),     ■  wind-lace,    •  wlnd- 

lassc.  •  wind-lesse,  .s.  lApparently  com- 
liiniridid  of  trimi  (2),  and  /^i/"?,  the  old  sense 
of  which  was  a  snare  or  bit  of  twisteU  string. j 

1.  A  circuit ;  a  circular  way,  route,  or 
course ;  a  circle,  a  compass. 

"  Dlcldintr  them  fetcbc  n  wintUasie  ft  greate  waye 
al>out" — Uoldinijo:  CcBtar,  fol.  "(Xi. 

2.  Any  indirect  or  artful  course ;  art  and 
contrivance  ;  indirect  advances  ;  shift,  sub- 
tleties. 

"  And  thtix  do  wu  of  wiailoiit  and  of  nmch, 
With  windlace*  and  with  lusaya  of  biivi." 

Shaketp.:  llamlet.il.  1. 

'  wind-lass (1),  v,t.  or  i.  {Windlass H),  s.} 
To  use  a  windlass;  to  raise  something  by,  or 
as  by  a  windlass. 

"  N'ineof  our  windtatsing  will  ever  bring  her  iii'."— 
Misi  Eil-jcio<jrth :  Iliten,  oh.  xiv. 

•  wind-lass  (2),  v.i.    [Windlass  (2),  s.\ 

1.  To  take,  a  circuitous  path ;  to  fetch  a 
compass. 

"  A  skilful  wiMKlnmau  by  winUloMing  pre«eut.ly 
^et^ayboot.  which,  without  tiikin^  a  couipasB.  .  .  lie 
could  never  bavu  obtained." — Hatnmond. 

2.  To  adopt  an  indirect,  artful,  or.  cunning 
course  ;  to  have  recourse  to  shiftsor  subtleties. 

"  She  is  not  »o  much  at  lelnurc  as  to  windtoM  or  uste 
craft  to  sivtiafy  t\ieui.'—BaTnmtmd. 

"  Wind  latch,  >-.     [Windlass,  s.] 

"  win  -die,  '  win-del,  ^.  [A.S.  wlndel  =  a 
woven  basket,  a  reel,* from  windan  =to  wind 
(q-v.)O 
*  1.  A  winch,  wheel  and  axle,  or  windlass. 
2.  A  kind  of  reel;  a  turning- frame  upon 
which  yarn  is  put  to  be  wound  ofl'.  (Scott : 
Pirate,  ch.  vii.) 

windle  -  strae,    windle  -  straw,   s. 

[A.S.  ii'inilflstrcow,  froui  winde!,  aiidstreow  = 
straw  (q.v.). J 
Botantf: 

1.  Crested  dog's-tail  grass  ;  bent  grass. 

"  I  had  rather  that  the  riga  of  Tillietudleiu  bare 
notliing  but  windle-straes."  —  ScoU :  OUi  ilortalUy, 
ch.  %-ii. 

2.  (/v.) ;  The  old  stalks  of  various  species 
of  grass  (Britten  £  Holland),  specially  (I)  ''y- 
nosurn^  crititMus,  (2)  the  Spreailing  Silky  I3ent 
Grass  (Aiirostis  or  Apcra  iSjuca-venti). 

•  iraid-less,  ""  wind-lesse,  a.    [Eng.  ivLnd 

(1),  s.;  -/......] 

1.  Free  from  or  unaffected  by  wind  ;  calm, 
sniooth. 

2.  Wanting  or  having  lost  the  wind ;  out  of 
breath ;  breathless. 

"  Tlie  wearte  hounds  at  laat  retire, 

Wtndlcsae."      Fairfax:  Godjrey  of  Boulogne,  \ii. 

'  wind' -lift,  i".  [Pr<ib.  from  Eng.  vnnd  (2), 
v.,  and  ////.]    A  windlass. 

■*  The  author  intends  no  good  in  ail  this,  but  brings 
it  in  as  a  windltft  to  heave  up  a  gross  scandal." — 
A'ltrth  :  Examcn,  p.  :I54. 

wind'  -  mill,  wind  -  muUe,  '  wynd  - 
mylle,  5.     [Eng.  wind{\),  s.,  ami  w.ilL] 

1.  Lit.:  A  mill  which  receives  its  motion  by 
the  wind  acting  on  sails,  and  wluch  is  used 
for  grinding  grain,  raising  or  pumping  water, 
and  other  purposes.  When  wind  is  emydoyed 
as  the  first  mover  of  machinery,  it  may  be  ap- 
plied in  two  ways :  (1)  by  receiving  it  upon 
sails  which  are  nearly  vertical,  and  which 
give  motion  to  an  axis  nearly  horizontal,  iu 


SECTIOK   OF  UI'l'Lk 
PART    OP    WINDMILL. 


which  case  the  ma- 
chine is  called 
vertical  windmill ; 
or  ("2)  by  receiving 
it  upon  vertical 
sails  whidi  move 
in  a  liorizontal 
plane,     and     give  '^ 

irioiion  to  a  vertical  axis,  in  which  case  it  is 
Ciill'd  u  horizontal  windmill.  Sometimes  the 
whole  mill  is  made  to  turn  upon  a  strong 
vertical  post,  and  is  then  called  a  post  mill ; 
but  more  commoidy  the  roof  or  head  (k)  only 
revolvp.s,  carrying  with  it  the  wind-wheel  and 
its  shaft,  this  weight  being  supported  on  fric- 
tion rollers.     In  the  cut,  which  is  a  section  of 


the   upper  part  of  a  vertical  windmilU  tho 

sails  or  vam'S  AA  arc  attached  by  tlie  fmmes 
to  the  extremities  of  the  principal  axis  or 
wind-shaft  (n),  which  is  set  nearly  liori7-on- 
tally,  80  that  the  sails  revolve  In  a  plane 
nearly  vertical,  and  give  motion  U»  the  driving- 
wheel  (<:).  which  in  it^  turn  Pomniunicjit*« 
motion  to  tho  shaft  (n)  and  the  machinery 
connoeted  with  it.  As  it  i.s  necessary  that 
the  extremity  of  the  wind-shaft  must  always 
be  placed  su  "as  to  point  to  the  quarter  from 
which  the  wind  bhiws,  ahirge  vane  or  weather- 
cock (y)  is  i»laccd  on  the  side  which  Is 
O[)posite  the  sails,  thus  turning  them  always 
to  the  wind.  Hut  in  large  mills  the  motion  is 
regulated  by  a  stuall  supplementary  wind- 
wheel,  a  pair  of  sails  oci-npying  the  jdace  of 
the  vane,  and  situated  at  right  anglea  to  the 
principal  wind-wheel.  When  the  windmill  is 
in  its  giroper  p<}sition  with  the  shaft  imrallel 
to  the  wind,  tlie.se  supplementary  sails  do  not 
turn;  but  when  the  wind  changes  they  are 
immediately  brouglit  into  action,  and,  by 
turning  a  series  of  wheel-work,  they  gradually 
bring  round  the  head  to  its  proper  jMisition 
On  account  of  tlie  inconstant  nature  of  the 
motion  of  the  wind,  it  is  necessarj'  to  uiake 
some  provision  for  accommodating  the  resist- 
ance of  the  sails  to  the  degree  of  violence  with 
which  the  wind  blows.  Tliis  is  done  by 
clothing  and  unclothing  the  sails;  that  is,  by 
covering  with  canvas  or  thin  boards  a  greater 
orBuialler  portion  of  the  frame  of  the  sails 
according  to  the  force  of  tlie  wind. 

•  2.  Fig. :  A  visionary  project  or  scheme  ,  a 
fancy ;  a  chims^ra, 

■■  He  lived  and  died  with  general  ooanclla  In  his 
pate,  with  irindinills  of  union  tc  concord  Uome  and 
England.  England  and  K^niii-.  <ierinany  with  them 
both."~//act<r    Lijeof  WiUUtrn*.  i.  lo*-'. 

windmill- cap,  ■■>■.  The  movable  upper 
stoiy  of  tlic  wiuil-whei-l  whidi  turns  to  pre- 
sent the  sails  iu  the  direction  ut  the  wind. 

windmill-plant,  .^. 

}kd. :  licsiiiodiniii-  i/,'/;-(f/(.v. 

^nndmill  propeller,  >.  An  applica- 
tion ol  a    wind-wheel  to  the  propulsion  of  a 

b.Mt. 

•  wind -mil-ly,  c  [Eng.  windmill;  -y.] 
Abounding  with  windmills. 

"  A  vrindmUly  country  thi».  though  the  windinilln 
are  no  damp  and  rickety." — IHckena  :  UncommereUU 
Traveller,  xxv. 

"^  win'-dore,  >".  [Eng.  nriml  (1),  s.,and  dore  = 
door,  from  an  idea  that  windouf  was  a  corrnp- 
tion  of  these  words.)    A  window. 

"  Nature  ba.f  made  man's  heart  no  v>indorca. 
To  publiab  wli.it  be  doe-"  within  duorM  " 

/hitler  :  iludU/ro*.  I.  ii.  ZU. 

win-  dow,  win  -  dowe,  '  win  -  doge, 
*  win-dohe,  '  wyn-dow,  *  wyn-dowe, 

.^.  (Lit.  vind-cyc,  i.e.,  an  eye  or  hole  for  the 
wind  to  enter  at  ;  an  opening  for  air  and 
light  (rf.  A.S.  edgdura  =  eye-door).  From 
Icel.  vindauga=:a.  window,  lit.  =  wind-eye, 
from  vindr  =  wind,  and  auga  =  an  eye  ;cugn. 
with  Dan.  vlndere  =  a  window  ;  cf,  vind  — 
wind,  and  oic  =  an  eye.l 

I.  !At.  £  Arch. :  An  opening  in  the  wall  of  a 
building,  originally  for  ventilation  ;  afterwards 
an  aperture  (or  the  admission  of  light,  pro- 
tected by  mica,  oih-d  linen,  horn-paper,  or 
glass.  In  modern  bouses  this  opening  is 
usually  capable  of  being  opened  and  shut, 
either  by  casements  or  sashes,  except  in  tire 
case  of  large  shops,  or  the  like.  The  sushcs 
contain  panes  of  glass,  which  aie  made  of 
various  sizes,  and  slide  in  frames.     [Dookle- 

WIN«,  DOUBLK-WINDOW,  JaMB,   IjISTEL,  SILL.] 
"But    110ft!   what  light    througli    yonder  ieindoie 

breaks? "        Shahvtp.  :  Jtomeo  fiJultvt,  iL.  3.  p 

II.  Figuratively: 
1.  An  ajierture  or  opening    resembling  a 

wiinlow,  or  suggestive  of  a  window. 

"  The  uTindnto  of  my  heart,  mine  eye  ' 

ShaKes/t.  :  Lopc'a  /.uimur*  lA>»t,  v.  i. 

'2.  The  sash  or  other  thing  that  covers  an 
aperture. 

"  To  thee  I  commend  my  watchfol  soul 
Ere  !  let  fall  the  windotet  of  inlue  fvea." 

ShakcKp.:  Jiirhard  If  I.,  v,  X 

•  3.  A  figure  fonue<I  by  lines  crossing  each 
other,  as  in  a  lattice-window, 

"The  fftvourlto  .  .  .  makes greitt  clatt«r, 
TUl  be  has  windowt  vu  bis  brr-td  and  butter" 
King :  On  CooA'<Ty. 

•  4.  A  blank  space  in  a  writing. 

"That  your  ~»id  coUtctiou  luive  a  «fifirf/>wex|)*dient 
*     '    '  ■■    '■     nm^r:  Works, 


hSU,  bo^ :  poiit,  jowl ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9Mn,  benph :  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  :  sin,  as  :  expect,  ^enophon,  exist,    ph  ==  £ 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -$ion  ~  ^^>""t    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  —  hel.  del. 


&66 


Window— wine 


window -bar. »-. 

I.  /.<f.  :  i»ji.  ..I"  the  Imrs  of  a  wiiuluw-siish 
or  hiUiee. 

*  2.  Fi(i.  (i'l.):  Luttice-wuik  on  a  woman's 
stomaL-lier  (q.v.>. 

"  Those  iiink-|uii>8 
rii»t  tliriiu):li  llic  KiuUow-bttri  bore  «t  mi'u'seyeB." 
Sitakffli.  ;  7^ittiuH  qf  Athens,  iv.  .'f. 

urin do W- blind,  -s.  a  curtain,  sliaUe,  or 
sliutU-r  to  close  the  win(Jr)W  against  li^ht,  or 
t<>  make  it  safe  against  intnisioii. 

wlndoW-bOle,  s.  The  part  of  a  cotta^i- 
wiu'li'u  that  is  llUed  by  a  wooden  blind. 
(N..f(7(.) 

■'  Liki-  Mailiil.lxjirscrowJy.  when  he  set  it  out  at 

the  a-tiidoic-ti<,ti:'  ^Scolt  :  Jiob  /tuj/.ch.  XXV, 

wlndoiP-oleaner, .«:. 

1.  A  person  whose  business  it  is  to  clean 
wiiKlows. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  cleaning  windows. 

window-curtain,.-^,  a  ourtain,  usually 
oniuriieiital.  iiuug  uvt^r  the  window  reeess  in- 
side a  room. 

window-dnty,  s.    [Window-tax.] 

window- n'ame,  s.  Tlie  frame  of  a 
\Miidnw  wiiifli  r^■^•eive.s  and  holds  the  sashes. 

window-glass,  --■.     Glass  for  wiudow.s, 

f'tiuiiinKT  111  ijiiality  than  plate-glass. 

window-jack,  s.  A  scaffold  for  c;ir- 
penters,  painters,  or  cleaners,  enabling  them 
1o  reach  tlie  outside  of  the  window.  The  frame 
has  pivoted  brace-bars  to  rest  against  the  out- 
sific  of  the  house,  and  huld-fasts  hinged  to  an 
adjustable  bloek ;  these  rest  against  tlie  inside 
ut  Ttie  \\in<lnw-frame. 

wlndow-sash,  s.    [Sash  (2),  s.,  1.] 

window-seat,  s.  A  seat  in  the  recess  of 
a  window. 

"Chair,  window-seat,  ainl  shelf." 

iV ortiewurth  :  Sxcttrsion,  bk.  ii. 

window-shade,  £.  A  rolling  or  project- 
ing blind  or  siin-sliatle  sometnnes  transparent 
(»r  painted,  at  other  times  canvas  on  spring 
roUeis  ;  a  winduw-bliud. 

Window-Shell.  .^.    [Placuna.] 

window-shutter, s.  [Shutter,  *■.,  II.  1.] 

window-sill,  s.    (Sill  (1),  s.,  I.  l.] 

wlndow^-tax,  'window-duty.  .'i.  A 
tax  I'll nit-riy  imposed  in  Britain  (»ii  all  win- 
dowsin  li'nises  (latterly  above  six  in  number). 
It  was  abdUshed  in  1851.  a  tax  on  houses 
above  a  certain  lental  being  substituted. 

'  win'-ddw,  v.t.     [Window,  s.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  windows. 

2.  To  set  or  j'lace  in  or  at  a  window. 

■■  Woiildut  thuu  he  unndow'U  iu  grewt  Rome,  ami  see 
Thy  iuiist*r  thus?' 

!ihak«tp.  :  Antony  <t  Cleopatra,  iv.  12. 

Win-dowed,  a.     [Eng.  windofi\  s.  ;  -*;(?,] 

1,  Lit.:  Furnished  with  or  liaving  a  window 
or  windows. 

"The  whole  room  was  irindowed  Toand  about." — 
Keliquim  Wottoniaua,  p.  46. 

*  2.  Fig.  :  Having  many  openings  or  rents. 

"  Your  loop'd  and  ivindow'd  raggediieas." 

Shakesp. :  Lear,  iii.  4. 

*  win'-dOW-less,  a.     [Eng.  window,  s. ;  -less.] 

Destitute  of  a  window  or  windows. 

"  Naked  walls  and  windowlesa  rooma." — H.  Brooke  : 
Fool  of  <iunlity.  i.  a77. 

*  win'-ddw-y,  n.  [Eng.  window,  s.  ;  -y.] 
Having  little  crossings  like  the  sashes  of  a 
window. 

"  strangling  snare,  or  iffindowy  net." 

Donne :  The  Bait. 

wind' -pipe,  s.    [Eng.  wind  (1),  s.,  and  pipe.] 

1.  Aiiat, :  The  trachea  (q.v.). 

2.  Mining:  A  pipe  for  conveyiug  air  into  a 


Wlnd'-sor,  5.    [See  def.] 

ikvr:. :  A  town  in  Berkshire,  England. 
Windsor-bean.  s.    [Bean,  s.,  a.  I.  1.] 
Windsor  chair,  ^. 

1.  a  kind  of  strong,  plain,  polished  cliair, 
made  entirely  of  wood,  seat  and  back. 

2.  A  sort  of  low  wheel- carriage. 

*  Windsor-knight,  s.  One  of  a  body  of 
military  pensioners  having  their  residence 
within  Ihe  precincts  of  Windsor  Castle.    They 


are  imw  called  Military  Knights  of  Windsoi", 
ami  sunietuiK's  Poui-  Kniglits  of  Windsor. 

windsor-soap,  -s^.  A  kind  of  line-seented 
.soap,  formerly  nianufactui-ed  chiefly  at  Wind- 
sor. 

Wind-ward,  cuh-.,  a.,  &  s.   [Eng.  wiiid(\),  s. ; 

•want.]    ' 

A.  -is  adv. :  Towards  or  in  the  direction  of 
the  wind. 

B.  As  adj. :  Being  on  the  side  towards  the 
point  from  which  the  wind  blows. 

C.  As  subst.  :  The  point  or  direction  from 
which  the  wind  blows. 

*  H  To  lay  an  anchor  to  the  windioard:  A 
ligurative  expression  meaning  to  adopt  early 
measures  for  success  or  security. 

'  wind'-ward^,  't>ii\  &is.     [Eng.  windward, 
Willi  advcib.  sutf.  'i>.] 

A,  As  adv.:  Windward. 

B.  As  subst.  :  The  windward. 

"  We  weyed  and  turned  to  the  witidwards." — Hack- 
luiit      I'-j'/iiges,  i.  276. 

wind  -w^eed,    *  wind-weede,    s.      [Eng. 

wind  (2),  s.,  and  icttd.] 

Hot. :  Polygonum  Convolvuhts,  the  Climbing 
Bindweed.     Common  in  British  corn-fields. 

[POLVUONUM.] 

wind'-Sr,  *  wind-ie,  a.  [Eng.  wind  (1),  s. ;  -y.] 

I.  Literally: 

1.  Consisting  of  wind  ;  resembling  wind. 

"Blown  with  thewiitdu  tempest  of  my  soul." 

Shaketjf.  :  'i  Henry  VI.,  iu  5. 

2.  Tempestuous,  boistei-ous,  stormy. 

"  When  a  toinUte  tempest  bluweth  liie."' 

^ipenser  :  F.  V..  II.  viii.  48 

3.  Exposed  to  or  beaten  by  the  wind. 

"  Overhead  .  .  . 
Rises  Pilatus,  with  his  windy  piues." 

Longfellow :  Golden  Legend,  v, 

4.  Next  to  the  wind  ;  windward. 

"Still  you  keep  o'  tlie  windy  side  o'  the  law." — 
Shaketp. :  Twelfth  Night,  iii.  A. 

5.  Tending  to  generate  wind  or  gas  on  the 
stomach  ;  flatulent. 

"  Iu  such  a  windy  colic,  water  is  the  best  remedy 
after  a  surfeit  of  ix\xit."—Arbuthnot :  On  Aliments. 

6.  Caused  or  attended  by  wind  or  flatulence  ; 
troubled  with  wind  in  the  stomach, 

n.  Figuratively: 

*  1.  Applied  to  words  and  sighs  as  reseui- 
bliug  the  wind. 

*■  With  her  windy  sighs." 

Shakesp.  :  Venus  £  Adonis,  51. 

*  2.  Empty,  airy,  vain. 

"The  windy  satisfaction  of  tlie  tongue." 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyssey  iv.  1,092. 

3.  Vain,  vaunting  ;  given  to  boasting  or 
bragging.     {Scoti-h. ) 

*  windy -footed,  a.     Swift  as  tlie  wind. 

"The  windy-footfd  tlAiae." 

Chapman  :  Homer;  Iliad  xv.  163, 

wine,  *  win,  ^wyn,  *\(ryne,  s.  [A.S.  wnu, 
from  Lat.  viiiUHi=.\/\ini\  cogn.  with  Goth. 
wein;  O.  H.  Ger.  win;  Icel,  vin ;  Dut.  wijn; 
Ger.  'wein;  Sw.  vin;  Dan.  viin;  Gr.  oii-os 
(oi/ios)  =  wine  ;  olvr)  (pine)  =  the  vine ;  O.  Ir. 
/in=  wine.  From  the  same  root  as  withy.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  The  juice  of  certain  fruits  prepared  in 
imitation  of  wine  obtained  from  grapes,  but 
distinguished  by  naming  the  source  from 
wlieiice  obtained  :  as,  gooseberry  loine,  currant 
vine,  &c. 

3.  The  unfermented  juice  of  certain  plants  : 
as,  palm  wine. 

*  4.  The  effects  of  drinking  wine  in  excess ; 
intoxication. 

"  Noah  awoke  from  his  wine."— Genesis  ix.  2-1. 

*  5.  The  act  of  drinking  wine  or  intoxicating 
liquors. 

"Who  hath  redness  of  eyes?  They  that  tarry  long 
at  the  wine." — Proverbs  xxiii.  29,  30. 

6.  A  wine  party  at  one  of  the  English  Uni- 
versities. 

■'  It  is  be  who  presides  at  the  wine  given  to  cele- 
brate Jack's  rise  to  tlie  Peerage,  though  surely  such  a 
wine  was  never  given  at  Oxford  iu  any  geutlemau'ti 
room."— fcAo.  Sept.  S.  1887. 

II.  Teclinically: 

1.  Chem, :  The  fermented  juice  of  the  grape. 
The  must  or  expressed  juice  of  the  grapes 
has  a  density  of  from  lOGS'O  to  1154"0,  and  con- 
tains from  15  to  33  per  cent,  of  sugar.  It 
developes  within  itself  the  yeast  necessary  for 


the  fermentative  process,  and  the  action  is 
allowed  to  iiroeeed  until  nearly  all  the  sugar 
has  been  eliangeu  into  ahroiiol  and  carbonic 
anhydride.  The  stronger  wines,  sucii  as 
•sherry  and  port,  are  nearly  always  fortified 
for  foreign  markets  by  the  addition  of  refined 
alcolnd.  The  lerin  wine  is  also  applied  to 
\arinus  fei'inented  extracts  of  fruit — e.g.,  cur- 
rant and  elderberry  wines.  Besides  alcolnd, 
wine  contains  sugar,  bitartrate  of  potash, 
odoriferous  matter,  with  small  quantities  of 
tannin,  gum,  acetic  and  malic  acids,  lime,  &(u 
'I'he  specific  gmvity  of  wine  varies  from  "070 
to  1"046.  The  following  ])roportions  of  alcohol 
iiave  been  found  in  wines  of  the  under-men- 
tioned descriptions  :— 

Per  cent. 

by  weight. 
Port  (average) 
Sherry 


Per  cent, 
by  weight. 

Hfick      Ei-60 

.,    Kudesheimer  »'40 

Claret    9-78 

(Ordimiire)  8-99 

Gooseberry 9"S0 

Orange   9"oo 

Elderberry  ... 


.  le-so 

-  1537 
Madeira  (titrong)       ..    16-90 

Marsala        14"00 

Sautenie       ...    .  .     ...  ll'-M 

Burgundy  (average)  ,.  11"20 
Chauipayne         1000 

2.  Pharm.  (PL) :  Medicinal  preparations  in 
some  respects  resembling  wine.  Sherry  is 
generally  employed  as  the  menstruum.  There 
is  thus  less  alcohol  in  them  than  in  tinctures 
(q.v.),  but  enough  to  prevent  their  decompo- 
sitiou. 

^  (1)  Oil  of  ici7ie:  Ethereal  oil,  a  reputed 
anodyne,  but  only  used  in  the  preparation 
of  otlier  compounds. 

(2)  Quinine  wine:  SheiTy  holding  sulphate 
of  quiuine  in  solution. 

(3)  Spirit  of  wine:  Alcohol  (q.v.). 

(4)  Wine  of  Iron  {Vinum  fcrri):  [Steel- 
wine], 

*  wine-bag,  .*;. 

1,  A  wine-skin  (<i.v.). 

2.  A  person  wlm  indulges  frequently  and  to 
excess  iu  wine,    (t'olloq.) 

wine-I>eiTy,  wimberry,  s. 

Botiiny : 

1.  Various  species  of  Ribes,  spec.  Rihes 
'nibj-um,  R.  nigrum,  and R.  (Jrossularia.  (Britten 
d:-  Holland.) 

2.  V'accinum  Vitis-Idaia  (Britten  &  Holland) 
and  V.  Myrtillus.  The  last-named  species  is 
so  called  because  wine  was  formerly  made 
from  it  in  England,  as  it  still  is  in  Russia. 
(Prior.) 

wrine -biscuit,  ■-'.  A  light  biscuit  served 
with  wine. 

wine-cask,  *■.  A  cask  in  which  ^\ine  is 
or  has  been  kept. 

wine-cellar,  5.  An  apiartment  or  cellar 
for  storing  wine.  They  are  generally  ur.der- 
giouud  iu  the  basement  of  a  house,  so  as  to 
keep  the  wine  cool,  and  at  au  equal  tempei-a- 
ture. 

Wine-coloured,  a.    Vinaceous  (q.v.). 

wine-cooler,  s.  A  tub  or  bath  in  wliich 
bottles  of  wine  are  surrounded  by  ice  to 
render  the  contents  more  palatable  in  warm 
weather.  They  are  made  of  various  materials. 
An  ordinary  variety  cousist.s  of  a  porous 
vessel  of  earthenware,  which,  being  dipped  iu 
water  absorbs  a  considerable  quantity  of  it. 
A  bottle  of  wine  being  placed  in  tlie  vessel, 
the  evaporation  which  takes  place  from  the 
vessel  abstracts  heat  from  the  wine.  Wine- 
coolers  for  the  table  are  made  of  silver  or 
plated  metal,  and  liave  ice  placed  iu  them. 

wine- fancier,  s.  A  connoisseur  of  wines. 

wine- fat,  s.  The  vat  or  vessel  intowJiich 
the  liituiT  flows  from  the  wine-press. 

•■Wherefore  art  thou  red  iu  thine  apparel,  and  thy 
"i  In  tiiiii  wine-fat  t" — 

t  wine-flask,  s.  A  flask  or  bottle  of 
wine. 

"  The  wiiic-jtask  lying  lout-hed  iu  moss." 

Tennyson:  In  Mcmoriam.  IxXJiviii.  44. 

wine-glass,  .-^.  A  small  glass  from  \\'hich 
wine  i.s  drunk. 

wine-grower,  5.  One  who  culti\ates  a 
vineyard  and  makes  wine;  a  proprietor  of  a 
vineyard. 

wlne-growing,  s.  Tlie  cultivation  of 
vineyards  lor  tlic  purpose  of  making  wine. 

"  Winf-'iroifiii'j  m   British  Colonies."— A'f,   James's 
Gaz-tte,  .tune  13.  leeS- 

*  wine-heated,  n.  Affected  or  excited 
by  wine.     (Tcnwjsnn  :  Enid,  1,*200.) 


I&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  welf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


wine— wing 


Obi 


wine-making,  t.    The  act  or  process  of 


■  wine-marc, .-.    IMauc  (2),  ^.i    (See  ex- 
tract.) 

"For  as  maiiy  ((.tajwsI  as  liave  lieu  among  wtne- 
nuirc.  or  tlif  rcfust^ ..(  feeruelfl  it  skjtiH  remaining  niter 
the  pr-'ftse.   iin-   hiiiifull  t«  tlie  lieaii."— /'.  i/oilanrf  : 


/•/.« 


^■t.. 


*  wine-measare,  vS.  An  old  EnglisJi 
irioasurc  hy  wliii-li  wines  and  spirits  were 
s(dd.  Ill  this  measure  the  gallon  contained 
'231  cnliic  inches,  and  was  to  the  imperial 
st.iml;irii  j.'aIlou  as  j  to  (5  nearly. 

wine -merchant,  ;;.     A  mercliant  who 

dfals  111  wiiirs. 


*  Wine- offer ing, 

<.(■  win.'. 


A  sacrificial  offering 


Wine-overtaken,  wine-o'ertaken, 

a.     Iiitoxiiatod  with  wine. 

■  Now  the  Sntyre,  cliaiiged  to  ilevils. 
Frighten  luurbtle  wine-o'erlaken." 

Lo^njffUow :  Drinking  So»g. 

wine-palm,  -';.  Any  palm  from  which 
palm-wine  is  obtained.     [Palm-wine.] 

wine-press,  s.  A  machine,  apparatus, 
or  phiL-e  in  wliiih  the  juice  is  pressed  out  of 
grapes.  The  wine-press  of  the  Bible  was  a 
vat,  in  which  the  juice  was  expressed  by  the 
feet  of  men  who  trample<l  the  fruit  therein, 
staining  their  legs  and  garments  with  the 
colour  of  the  must. 

wine-sap,  ^'.  A  mucli-esteemed  American 
apple. 

wine-Skin.  .*.  A  bottle  or  bag  of  skin 
used  in  various  countries  for  carrying  wine 
(<-f.  Matt.  ix.  17.  Mark  ii.  22,  Luke  v.  37). 

wine-Stone,  s.  A  deposit  of  crude  tartar 
oraigal,  which  settles  on  the  sides  and  bot- 
toms of  wine-casks. 

wine-taster, .'. 

1.  A  person  employed  to  taste  and  judge 
th<_-  (piality,  kc,  of  wines  for  purchasers. 

2.  A  valinch  (q.v.).  A  burette  will  answer 
fur  taking  a  sample  from  a  bottle. 

wine-vault,  ^. 

1.  A  vault  in  which  wine  is  stored  in  casks. 

2.  A  name  fiequently  assumed  by  public- 
houses  Avhere  the  wine  and  other  liquors  are 
served  at  tlie  bar  or  at  tables.  (Generally  in 
the  plural  form.) 

"  A  veculiiir  fragrance  was  borne  ujwn  the  breeze  as 
if  a  luissing  fiiiry  had  hiccoughed,  and  had  previously 
Wen  to  :i  icinevauUt.'—Dickiyna:  Martin  Chuzzlemt, 
eh,  XXV, 

wine-warrant,  s.  A  warrant  to  the 
keeper  of  a  bondt-d  warehouse  for  the  delivery 
of  wine. 


wine-Turhey,  j 

and  water. 


A  mixture  of  wine,  milk, 


*  wine,  vJ.  [Wjne,  s.]  To  supply  or  provide 
with  wine. 

f  wine'-bib-'ber,  ^•^.  [Eng.  wine,  s.,  and  bib- 
hcr.]  Ont-  wiio  drinks  much  wine  ;  a  great 
drinker. 

t  wine'-bib-bing,  s.  [Eng.  wine,  s.,  and 
bibbing.]  Tlie  practice  of  indulging  freely  in 
wine. 

'■  He  was  not  content  with  lectaring  and  vtitebibbivff. 
liut  niuBt  Alsd  take  to  conBpiring."— G.  B.  L^wet :  Jtist. 
<•/  Philosophy,  ii.  41. 

wine'-sour,  .';.    [Eng.  wine,  s.,  and  smrr  (1).] 
Bot.  &  Hort. :  A  variety  of  Prumis  domestim, 
the  Willi  Plum. 

iving.    •  wenge,    '  ^vlnge,    *  wyng, 
"  wynge,   s.     [Ufl.    vangr^a.  wing;    Dan. 
&   Sw,    vinge.      A  nasalized  form  from    the 
same  root  as  wa^g  (q.v.).] 
I.  Ordinary  lAingiiage: 

1.  Litcndly : 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  3. 

(2)  The  act  or  manner  of  flying ;  passage  by 
flying ;  flight. 

"■The  crow  makes  wing  to  the  zodky  wood. " 

Hhakngp. :  Macbeth,  iii.  2. 

*  {-.i)  A  bird. 

"  To  whose  Bomui  ch.ifite  vrings  obey." 
^     „  !ihake»p, :  Phenix  A  TurtU,  4. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  Something  which  moves  with  a  wing- 
like  motion,  or  which   reeeives  a  win;;-like 


motion  from  the  action  of  the  air,  as  a  fan 
used  to  winnow  grain,  the  vane  nr  sail  of  a 
windmill,  the  feather  of  an  arrow,  the  sail  of 
a  ship,  A:c. 

*  (2)  Applied  to  the  front  leg  or  slir>ulder  of 
some  <iuadrupeds. 

"SmJleatourw(>ij;o(  a  rabbit. "—/■«(?.'»■.'  Worthitt  • 
Norfolk,  ii.  124. 

(3)  A  leaf  of  a  gat<3  or  double-door. 

(4)  Used  emblematically  of 

(«)  Swiftness,  or  of  anything  that  carries 
the  mind  upwards  or  along ;  means  of  flight 
or  rapid  motion:  as,  Fear  lent  wings  to  his 
flight. 

*  {b)  Care  or  protection.  (Often  used  in  the 
plural.) 

"Ill  the  shadow  of  thy  urlngi  wiU  I  rejoice."— Pjicilm 
Ixiil,  ;, 

(5)  A  shoulder-knot  or  small  epaulette. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Architecture: 

(1)  A  side  projection  of  a  building  on  om; 
side  of  the  central  or  main  portion. 

(2)  A  wing- wall  (q.v.). 

2.  Bot.:  [Ala,  II.  1.]. 

3.  Comparative  Anatomy: 

(1)  One  of  the  organs  of  flight  in  Insects. 
The  wings,  of  which  there  are  normally  two 
pairs,  are  extensions  of  the  thorax,  developed 
from  sac-like  dilatations  of  the  integument, 
which  come  in  contact  and  adhere  when  thi' 
insect  has  arrived  at  maturity.  They  are 
traversed  and  supported  by  nervures.  [Ner- 
vuRE,  3.]  The  wings  of  Insects  differ  greatly 
in  their  character,  and  form  a  criterion  for 
classification.     [Insecta.] 

(2)  One  of  the  anterior  limbs  of  Birds,  which 
are  homologous  with  the  fore  limbs  of  tlie 
Mammalia.  Thewingis  support^^d  bythearm 
(/ii(Wier((6),fore-arni(c(i(^L(i(s),  and  hand  (w(i;(i/>), 
and  is  normally  furnished  througlmut  ilsh'n;;lli 
with  a  range  of  elastic  quills  greatly  txt<.inliiig 


1.    BONES   AND   2.    FEATHERS   OF  WING    OK   BIBI'. 


1.  «.  HumeruB :  b.  Ciiljitus;  c.  Ulna:  d.  Riulius;  r. 
Mauus,  or  hand  ;  /.  Carpus ;  ff,  ft, «.  Metacarpus  ;  A. 
PoUex.  or  thumb:  I.  Second  digit;  ?n.  Third  digit. 

2.  A.  Feathers  of  the  luaiius,  or  primary  quills;  b. 
Feather^  of  tlie  cuhitua.  or  Becondary  <|uins;  c.  Co- 
verts of  the  mauus,  or  primary-coverts;  d.  Lesser 
primary-coverts;  e.  Coverts  of  the  cubitus,  or  ee- 
condary -co verts ;  f.  Median  coverts  ;  i;.  Lesser  co- 
verts ;  B.  Feathers  of  the  thumb,  or  bfistard  wing. 

its  surface  and  consequent  resistance  to  the 
air.  In  the  vast  majority  of  the  Carinatfe  the 
wings  are  true  organs  of  flight,  but  in  the  Ini- 
pennes  they  are  modified  to  serve  as  swimming 
organs,  when  the  feathers  with  which  they  are 
covered  closely  resemble  scales  (Penguin,  1.] ; 
in  the  Ratitie  they  are  mere  aids  in  running, 
as  in  the  ostriches,  or  are  functionless,  as  in 
the  Apterygidae. 

(3)  The  term  wing  is  loosely  applied  to  the 
wing-membrane  (q.v.)  of  Bat.s  and  of  the  ex- 
tinct Pterodactyls.     [Pata(;ium.] 

4.  Fort. :  The  longer  side  of  a  crown  or 
horn  work  uniting  it  to  the  main  work. 

+  5.  Geol. :  One  of  the  slopes  of  an  anticlinal. 

6.  Hydraulic  Engineering : 

(1)  An  extension  endways  of  a  dam,  some- 
times at  an  angle  witli  the  main  portion. 

(2)  A  side  dam  on  a  river  shore  to  contract 
the  channel. 

7.  Mack. :  A  thin,  broad  projection,  as  the 
wings  of  a  gudgeon,  which  keep  it  from  turn- 
ing in  the  wooden  shaft  of  which  it  forms  the 

pivot.      (WiNG-GUDGEON.] 

8.  Mint.:  One  of  the  extreme  divisions  or 
two  side-bodies  of  an  army,  regiment,  &c. 

9.  Milling:  A  strip,  commonly  of  leather, 
attached  to  the  skirt  of  the  runner  to  sweep 
the  meal  into  the  spout. 

10.  Agric. :  The  portion  of  a  ploughshare 
which  cuts  the  bottom  of  the  furrow. 

11.  Shipbuilding: 

(1)  The  sponson  (q.v.). 

(2)  [Wing-passage.] 

12.  Theat. :  One  of  the  side.s  of  the  stage  of 
a   theatre ;    also,    one    of    tlie    li^ng,    narrow 


semes  which  All  up  tho  picture  on  the  side!  of 
the  stage. 

"Thn  otficml  rri>ort  on  the  Are  rtaten  that  it  was 
cauM-il  by  til*-  uiiigt  catchlne  Qrv  from  »  V!hh  )ot. 
whereby  the  whole  nf  the  nct-nery  on  the  ntiiKe  wm 
nliiiont  InnnedlaU-ly  nfttTWHrdN  cuvelo|H'd  In  llaruu*." 
—Echo,  March  24.  1H88. 

13.  Vehicles:  The  side  or  displavrd  portion 
of  a  dashboard, 
U  1.  On  or  -upon  tlie  unng : 

(1)  Flying;  inflight. 

*'  Birds  are  aaid  to  l»tr  (nirly  uuToeroun  nud  ntronn 
upon  fAw  ieing'^liiiily  Telegraph,  Sept.  3,  1W5. 

(2)  Speeding  to  the  object ;  on  the  roa<K 

"  When  1  htul  ween  thin  hot  love  om  the  wing." 

Shaketp.  :  llumh-t.  11.  2. 

2.  Vjwn  the  wings  of  the  wind:  With  the 
utmost  speed  or  haste. 

3.  Wing  and  wing : 

Nant. :  Said  of  a  fore-and-aft  vt-ssel  going 
before  the  wind,  with  her  fore-sail  hauled  over 
Ut  imv  side  au'I  main-sail  t«.i  the  other  side. 

wing-case.  s.    (Klytros.  i.) 

inng-compass.  n.  A  joiner's  compass 
with  an  arr-sli,iped  i>ieee  which  passes  through 
the  opposite  t'-;,'  ;iiid  is  clamped  by  ;i  set-screw. 

wing-cover,  .-..    [Elytron,  1.1 

wing'Coverts,  s.  pi. 

Coinji.  Aiiat.:  The  smaller  wing-feathers  of 
birds;  the  tectrices.  [See  illustration  2  under 
Wing,  *■.,  11.  M.  (-J),] 

*  wing-footed,  a. 

1,  Having  wings  on  the  feet ;  hence,  swift- 
footed. 

"  Wing/ootcd  ineesenger  of  Jove's  comianiid." 

Cov'prr :  £legu  il. 

2.  Swift ;  moving  or  passing  with  rapidity  : 
as,  wing-foottd  time. 

Tring  -  gudgeon,  .".  A  metallic  shaft, 
formid-  a  journal  for  water  or  other  wheels 
having  woudeii  axli-s.  The  wings  are  let  int-o 
the  ends  of  the  wood  andeontined  by  wrought- 
iron  bands,  put  on  hot,  which  become  tight 
by  shrinking. 

wing-handed,  a. 

Znnl.  :  Clieiropterous  CO-v.)* 

"The  animals  )>eli<nKing  to  th\B  wing-handed  family 
i-inhnice  thi>«ewhiiti  euuie  under  the  genuH  VeapertlHo 
■  ■t  Linna'us-.— iH-/.  Cyclop.  iZiwl),  i.  9eZ 

wing- membrane,  .'i. 

Comp.  Anot.  :  The  thin,  leathery  membrane 
which  extends  between  the  fore  and  hind 
limbs  of  bats. 

wing-passage,  s. 

shipbuiUl. :  A  i>assage-way  around  the  cabins 
of  the  orlop-deck  in  ships  of  war,  to  allow 
access  to  the  ship's  side  for  repairing  during 

action. 

wing-rail.  •;.     [Guard-rail  ] 
Wing-Shell,  s. 

t  1.  An  elytron.    (Grew.)    [Elytron,  l.J 
2.  ZooL  :  A  popular  name  for  any  animal  or 

shell  of  the  families  Aviculida;  or  Strombidie, 

or  of  the  class  Pteropoda. 

wing-stroke,  .'f.  The  stroke  or  sweep  of 
a  wing. 

*  wing-swift,  '1.     Of  rapid  flight. 
wing-transom,  .^    [Transom,  s.,  4.1 

wing-wale.  >. 

Skiphuihl.  :  The  sponson-rim  (q.v.).  [Winq, 
s.,  II.  11.] 

wing-wall,  s.  One  of  the  lateral  walls 
of  an  abutment,  which  form  a  sujijiort  and 
protection  thereto,  to  ])revent  the  aeress  of 
water  to  tho  rear  and  act  as  breast^walls  to 
snpjiort  the  bank. 

wing,  ''./.  &  (.    [Wino,  s.] 
A*  Transitive  : 

1.  To  furnish  with  wings  ;  to  ennlilo  to  fly, 

2.  To  enable  or  e,ause  to  move  with  celerity, 
as  in  flight, 

•■  My  dreaming  fear  with  storms  hath  xcinft'd  the  wind. ' 
Byron  :  Vorsair.  I.  \i. 

3.  To  sui)ply  with  -side  parts  or  divisions, 
as  an  army,  a  house,  &c. 

■'  The  main  battle  ... 
Shall  be  well  winged  Mith  our  chiefott  honw. 

Shtikmp. :  Jiirtuird  III..  \.  X 

4.  Tn  transport  by  flight ;  to  cause  to  fly, 
as  on  wings.     (In  this  sense,  reflexively.) 

"  F'T  ttiis  he  tving'd  him  back  " 

.l/o..r--.     VrileU  Prt.phH  of  Khnritt.^an. 


boil,  t>6^;  poiit,  jd^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,      ing. 
-cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun;  -tion,  -§ion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.    -hie.  -die,  iV'-.  -  bel,  del. 


568 


winged— winnow 


I 


5.  To  traverso  in  dying;  to  move  or  pa^s 
tlirougb  ill  Higlit. 

■■Thi'cr.»w»iiiiJ  chwugbi  that  winjf  the  inidwny  air/ 
Hhttkftf. :  Lear,  iv.  6. 

G.  To  diiTCt  in  flight  or  by  flying;  to  pass 
over  witli  grc;it  rapidity. 

"Thellrat  1">1J  javelin  .  .  .  wina'd  lUcouree.' 
Poptf:  Hom^r :  Iliad.  xiv.iSfi. 

7.  To  cut  otr  the  wing  or  wings  of. 

8.  To  wound  with  shot  in  the  wing  ;  by  ox- 
tcnsion.  to  disable  a  bird  without  killing  it. 

"  Thi-  Olio  I  kuucked  over  wiw  only  winged."— i'Sf Id, 
l>ac  I'J.  IftrtS. 

9.  Te  disable  a  limb  of;  to  wound  in  the 

lirin. 

'"AU  ri^lit,'  tsxid  Hr.  tjiiod^rass,  *be  steady  and 
(ffiouhim  "  — /iM-Ar'i«;  Pickuridc,  cli.  ii. 

B.  irUran-^. :  To  fly  ;  to  exert  the  power  of 
aight. 

•■  Ciiclwvii  vultuTM,  sulkUy  winffinff  over  the  flat. ' 
— «<jW.  Dec  17.  1887. 

t  To  unwj  a  flight:  To  proceed  by  flying  ; 
to  fly. 

winged,  a.     [Eng.  wing^  s.  ;  -ed.J 
L  Ori.liiuiT^  Language: 

I.  Furnished  with  wings. 

■■  Whom  tlu*  iving'd  harpy,  awlft  Fodarge,  bore," 
Pope  :  Homer  :  Iliad  xvi.  184. 

'2.  Fanned  with  wings;  swarming  with 
wings. 

"The  tvinged  air  dark  with  plumes." 

Milton :  Comus,  'SO. 
3.  Feathered,  as  an  arrow. 
*  4.  S'lariiig  on  wings  or  as  on  wings  ;  soar- 
ing, lofty,  elevated,  sublime. 

•■  How  ti'iii'jed  lUe  a»;ntimeiit  that  virtue  is  to  be  fol- 
lowed fur  it.s  o«ii  ttake.  beciiuae  its  esseuce  is  divine."— 
/.  S.  Har/^jot.    (  Webster,] 

5.  Swift,  rapid;  passing  or  moving  quickly. 

"  Tiiose  winged  words  like  arrows  sped." 

Baron  :  Bride  of  Abydoa.  i.  S. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Bot.  £  Zool.  :  Alated  (q.v.). 

2.  Her. :  Represented  with  wings,  or  ha\ing 
wings  of  a  dillerent  colour  from  the  body. 

winged-bull.  s. 

Arch. :  An  architectural  decoration  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  in  ancient  Assyrian  temples, 
where  winged  human-headed  bulls  and  lions 
of  colossal  size  usually  guarded  the  portals. 
They  were  evidently  typical  of  the  union  of 
the  greatest  intellectual  and  physical  powers. 

winged  horse,  ;>.    [Pegasus.] 

winged-lion, .-.  The  symbol  of  the  evan- 
gelist 8t.  Mark,  adopted  as  the  heraldic 
device  of  the  Venetian  republic,   when    St. 


WINQKD    LION. 

Mark  supplanted  St.  Theodore  as  the  patron 
saint  of  Venice.  A  celebrated  bronze  figure 
of  the  winged  lion  of  St.  Mark,  surmounting  a 
magnificent  red  granite  column  formed  out  of 
a  single  block,  stands  iu  the  Fiazzetta  of  St. 
Mark  at  Venice. 

winged-pea,  s. 

Bot.  :   Tetragonolobus  edulis. 

LOBUS.] 


[Tetraoono- 


wing'-er,  s.    [Wing,  s.] 

Naut.  ;  A  smaller  water-cask  stowed  in  a 
vessel's  hold  where  the  sides  contract  fore 
and  aft,  and  are  relatively  smaller  thau  those 
amidships. 

wing* -less,  a.     [Eng.  uyiiig ;  -less.]     Having 
iii>  wings.     Used  in  Natural  Science — 

(.1)  Of  birds  in  which  the  forelimbs  are  ab- 
sent, as  was  probably  the  case  in  the  genera 
Dinornis  and  Meionornis. 

"  Prof.    Newton  thinks  that  they  were  absolutely 
irinijless-'—lVallace  :  Geog.  Dist.  Anim.,  ii.  368. 


{'!)  Of  birds  ill  which  the  forelim'us  ar-  rudi- 
mentary and  unfitted  for  flight.  These  include 
all  the  Struthiones  (q.v.),  and  the  Impenne.^. 
or  Penguins.  Often  applied  specifically  to 
the  Apterygida:*(q.v.). 

"  A  piiiHT  wiw  reail  ou  wiui/lets  bliils." ^yatttrc. 
May  14.  1HB5,  \t.  40. 

(:i)  Of  insects,  as  a  translation  of  Aptera 
(q.v.);  more  generally  applied  to  those  forin.s 
in  which  the  wings  are  rudimentary  or  want- 
ing owing  to  sex  or  modification  of  sex. 

wing* -let,-*;.  [Eng,  wing,  «. ;  dimin.  sutf.  -let.l 
A  little  wing,  specitically,  the  bastard  wing  of 
a  bird,  or  the  rudimentary  wing  of  some  in- 
sects. 

"  Wlieu  lie  took  otf  the  winylets,  either  wholly  or 
partially,  the  huzzinif  ceased."— A'ij-itf  <t  Upcnce  :  En- 
tmnology,  ii.  3S2. 

*  wing'-j^,  a.     [Eng.  wing,  s. ;  -?/.] 

1.  Having  wings.  (The  Globe  edition  ot 
Spenser  reads  wiriged.) 

"  Pale  of  hue  aud  vfingy  heeled." 

bpenser:  F,  Q.,  III.  xii.  12. 

2.  Rapid,  swift. 

"  With  wingy  speed  outstrip  the  eAstern  wind." 

Additon  :  OtHd  ;  Story  of  Phitcton. 

3.  Soaring  as  if  on  wings  ;  airy,  volatile, 
vain. 

■■  Those  mm' H3tf  uiysteries  and  airy  subtleties  iu  reli- 
gion."—tfrvw/W  .■  Heligio  Medici,  sect.  % 

wink,  *  winke, '  wynk.  *  wynke,  v.  i.  &  t. 

[A,S.  urinciau- ;  cogu.  with  »;ancoi  =  waver- 
ing, and  Eng.  xveiich  (q.v.);  O.  Dut.  -winckeyi, 
weiickeiL  =  to  wink  ;  xvanckel  =  unsteady  ; 
loatick  =  a  moment,  an  instant,  lit,  =  the 
twinkling  of  an  eye;  Icel.  vanka  =  to  wink, 
to  rove  ;  Dan.  vinke  =  to  beckon;  Sw.  vinka 
=  to  beckon,  to  wink;  M.  H.  Ger.  luinken  ; 
Ger.  winken  =  to  nod,  to  make  a  sign.  From 
the  same  root  come  wince,  loiTich,  winkle.} 

A.  Intransitive : 
I.  Literally: 

I.  To  close  aud  open  the  eyelids  ((uickly 
and  involuntarily  ;  to  blink,  to  nictitate. 

"  I  have  not  vnnked  since  I  saw  these  sights."— 
Shaketp.:  Winter's  Tale,  ui.Z. 

*  2.  To  close  the  eyes ;  to  shut  the  eyelids 
so  as  not  to  see. 

"  And  I  will  wink ;  ao  shaU  the  day  seetu  night." 
Shukesp.  :  i'enus  J:  Adonis,  121. 

3.  To  give  a  significant  sign  by  a  motion  of 
the  eyelids. 

"  You  saw  my  iiiiister  wink  and  laugh  upon  you?" 
Sftatcetp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  iv.  4. 

II.  Figiiratire(;i : 

1.  To  twiukle ;  to  glimmer  with  dubious 
light. 

"  The  tapers  wink,  the  chieftains  shrink." 

Byron  ."  Oscar  of  Alva. 

2.  To  seem  or  aflfect  not  to  see  ;  to  wilfully 
shut  the  eyes  or  take  uo  notice  ;  to  over- 
look, as  something  not  perfectly  agreeable, 
or  which  one  does  not  wish  to  see  ;  to  con- 
nive.   (Followed  by  at.) 

"  And  the  times  of  this  ignorance  God  winked  at." 
—Acts  xvii.  30. 

B.  Trans. :  To  close  and  open  rapidly,  as 
the  eyelids  :  as,  to  xinnk  one's  eye. 

vrink,  s.    [Wink,  r.] 

1.  The  act  of  closing  the  eyelids  rapidly. 

'■  As  well  as  the  wink  of  au  eye." 

Ben  Jonson  :  Cynthia's  Bevels,  \.  X 

2.  A  bint  or  sign  giveu  by  shutting  the  eye 
with  a  significant  cast. 


■  Nod,  mnk,  and  laughter  all  were  o'er," 
Scott :  Lord  of  the  Isles,  i 


31. 


3.  No  more  time  than  is  necessary  to  shut 
the  eyes. 

"  Xq  a  wink  the  £al3e  love  turns  to  hate." 

Tennyson  :  Aterlin  A  Viineti,  701. 

^  Forty  vjinks:  A  short  nap.  (Colloiniial  <£■ 
humorous.) 

wink-a-peep,  wink-and-peep,  .f. 

Bot. :  Tlie  Scarlet  Pimpernel,  Anagallis  ar- 
vensis.  So  named  because  the  flower  closes 
or  winks  on  damp  days,  while  opening  or 
peeping  again  when  the  weather  becomes  fine. 
Called  also  Wineopipe.    (Britten  £  Holland.) 

wink'-er,  s.     [Eng.  wink,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  winks. 

"  A  set  of  noddera.  winkers,  .ind  whispecers,  whose 
business  is  to  strangle  all  others  ot&prtug  of  wit  in 
their  birth."- Popf.     {Todd.) 

2,  A  blinker  (q.v.). 

t  winker-muscle,  -'!.     (See  extract.) 

"  The  iKfil  I'^iittt  <A  att^iLlinient  of  the  ioinker~mus- 
ele  {ni-lii.'iihiri'i  fri'iicbrariiin]  is  to  the  inntir  side  of 
the  niii  uf  the  ufljiU  ' — lourii.  Anthrop.  Instil.,  iv.  244. 
(Note.) 


wink'-ing,  ■pr.  jwr.,  a.,  &  .9.    [Wink,  v.\ 

A,  &  B.  Aspr.  -par.  £particip.  adj.  :  (Siv  the 

verb). 
C.  As  svbst,  :  The  actof  oue  whc  wiuUs;  a 

wink. 

^  Like  winking:  Very  rapidly  ;  very  quickly 

and  with  vigour.    (Colloq.) 

"  Nixl  away  at  him,  if  you  plejiHe,  like  winking."— 
Dickcni :  iirent  KTjmrtiUiong,  ch.  xxi. 

*  Wink'-ing-ly,  lulr.       [Eng.    u-inkitui ;    -ly.] 

Like  one   wlio  winks  ;   with  the  eye  alninst 
closed, 

"  He  vieweth  it  winkingly,  as  those  do  th.At  :ire  jiui  - 
\>\iiuX."~Peachain  :  On  Drawing. 

win'~kle,  j*.  (A.S.  vmuAe.}  A  kiu.l  of  .shell- 
fish ;  the  periwinkle, 

wink'-ler-ite,  5.  [After  Dr.  C.  Winkler ;  suff. 
-ite  (3ft7i,).] 

Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral  oecmring 
with  various  other  species  at  Pria,  ne^r 
Motril,  Spain.  Hardness,  i'O;  sp.  gr.,  y4a2; 
colour,  bluish-  to  violet-black  ;  stre^,  dark- 
brown  ;  fracture,  conchoidal.  Analyses 
showetl  a  compound  of  an  arsenate  of  cobalt 
and  cupper  mixed  with  a  carbonate.  A  very 
doubtful  species. 

wink'-worth-ite,  s.  [After-  Winkwoi-th, 
Nova  Scotia,  where  found  ;  auft".  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  described  by  H.  How  as 
occurring  in  nodules  imbedded  in  gypsum. 
Haixiness,  2  to  3;  lustre,  glistening;  colourless 
to  white.  Analyses  yield  varying  pro  pn  it  ions 
of  sulphuric,  boracic  and  silicic  acids,  with 
the  lime  and.  water  fairly  constant.  Probably 
a  mixture. 

win-le,  ^«.  [See  def.]  A  corruption  of  wimlU 
(q.v.). 

win'-ng.,  c'-.  [Guianan  name.)  A  layer  of  the 
dried  bark  of  Lecythis  Ollaria,  used  in  Guiana 
us  wrappers  for  cigarettes.    (Treas.  of  I'.ut.) 

win'-na,  wun'-na,  v.i.  (See  def.J  Will  not. 
(Scotch'.) 

*  win'-na-ble,  a.   [Eng.  wni  ;  -tit/e.]   Capable 

of  being*  won  or  gained. 


"  winne.  v.t.  &  i.    [Win,  v.\ 

win'-ner,  s.  [Eng.  win,  v. ;  -er.']  One  who 
wins  or  gains  by  success  in  any  contest  or 
competition ;  a  victor. 

" The  event 
Is  yet  to  name  the  loinner." 

Shakesp.  :  Cymbeiinr.  in.  5. 

win'-ning,  *  \pyn-nynge,  ;»'■.  por..  n.,  &  s. 

[Win,  v.] 
A«  --Is  p7\  par, :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Attractive  ;  adapted  to  gaia 
favour ;  charming. 

'•  Her  aoiile,  her  speech,  with  winning  sw.iy." 

ScoU :  Lady  i-/  the  Lake.  li.  10. 

C,  As  suhstantivc : 

L  Ordimiry  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  gaining. 

"The  winning  and  hnaU  ruine  of  Nuuiautia. '— P. 
Holland:  Pliuie,  bk.  xxxiiL,  ch,  xi. 

2.  Tlie  sum  won  in  any  game  or  competition. 
(Usually  in  the  plural.) 

"  A  friendly  trial  of  skill,  .-^nd  the  leinninjs  to  he 
laid  out  iu  aa  eutertaiumeut,"  —  (7o»ijrr«w.  Double 
Dealer,  ii. 

II.  Mining : 

1.  A  new  opening.    [Coal-mining,  B.] 

2.  A  portion  of  a  coal-field  to  be  worked. 

winning-hazard,  s.    [Hazaed,  s.,  II.] 

winning-post,  s.  A  post  or  goal  in  a 
race-ciiurse,  the  passing  of  which  determines 
tlie  issue  of  the  race. 

Win'-ning-lj^,  adv.  [Eng.  ivinning;  -ly.]  In 
a  winning  or  attractive  maimer;  cliarmingly. 

win'-nock,  win-dock,  s.  [See  def.]  A 
window.     (Scotch.) 

TFin'-now.    'winde-wen,   '  wyne-wen, 

WlnO'W,  iKt,  Sc  i.  [A.S.  V'indu'iaji,  fii>iii 
v'ind  =  wind  (1),  s,  ;  cf.  Icel.  vinza,  from  vixdr 
—  wind;  Lat.  vcniilo,  from  ?'C7t(us=  wiml.) 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit.:  Toseparateanddrive  the  chaff  from 
by  means  of  wind. 

"  In  the  sun  your  golden  grain  displivy. 
Aud  thrash  it  out  and  nniui-it"  it  hy  dnv.  ' 

fh-udeit      Vtrii'  .   Oror,iv  i.  hi\ 


f%te»  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  ^U,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  thSre ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  mx,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woU;  work,  who,  son :  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full :  try,  Syrian.    £e,  <e  -  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


winnower— wintry 


;'»G9 


2.  FiiittrxUiivJ}! : 

'  (1)  To  fan  ;  to  beat  us  with  wings. 

"  Witli  quick  Imi 
H'tniiouw  the  buxom  all."        Mtltan  :  P.  L.,  v.  270. 

(2)  To  cxiuniiic ;  to  «ift ;  to  try,  as  fnr  tin- 
purpose  of  s('iKiratiiig  falsehood  Itoni  truth. 
good  from  bad. 

"  IfHomc  be  friemls.  ^ 
They  may  witli  v-'we  1>g  whinoir'ft." 

Dryden  :  Von  Si-bairSan.  i\.  I. 

B.  Intraus.:  To  scpavato  chaff  from  coin. 
■'  (r.HMow  iiwt  Willi  cVf  O'  wind."— £■«/«*.  v.  o. 

win'-now-er,  .••.      |Kng.  ioinnow  :  -er.)    One 
w  No  ^^Mlllo^v.s  ;  a  winnowing  machine. 

'  .\in  ti'intiowr  \>uurgvtli  the  cliaff  from  the  coriio." 
—  L'Uul  J  Lukf.     (I'rel.J 

win'-now-ing,  pr.  pur.ova.    [Winnow.] 

winnowing  machine*  ,•;.  A  machine 
in  whicii  jiiiiin  is  cli-un^t'd  from  chatl",  dirt, 
i^rass-siTiIs,  (Inst,  &c.,  tiy  lieing  subjected  to 
;i  slinking  ;ii-liiin  on  riiidles  and  sieves  in 
smiTssion,  wiiilst.  an  artiticial  blast  of  wind 
is  dii\'cti  against  it  on  and  through  the  sieves, 
and  a-s  it  falls  IVnni  on*^  to  another. 

w[n'-r6w,  .■'■.  iSr  ;'.    (Win'd-row'.I 


win  -sey. 


IWlNrtV.I 


win' -some,  *  win'-som,  «.  [A. 8.  wniisiiia 
=  delightful,  troin  wi/n  =  joy,  delight,  from 
v'idi-,  stem  of  p;i.  par.  of  wimum  =to  win, 
with  snff.  -sntm—  Eng.  -some.] 

1.  Lively;  pretty;  of  engaging  appearan<'e  ; 
attractive. 


2.  Cheerful,  merry,  gay.    (Prov.) 

\Hn'-s6me-neS8,  s.  [Eng.  imnsonie;  -ness.] 
Tlie  i|iiality  (n- state  t>f  being  winsome;  attrac- 
tivene.ss,  winniugness. 

win'-ter  (f).  '  wyn-ter,  s.  &  a.  [A.S.  winter 
=  a  winter,  a  year  (pi.  winter,  wintm)\  cogn. 
with  Dut.  v'iiit^r ;  Icel.  ivtr ;  O.  Icel.  vetlr, 
rittr;  Dan.  &  Sw.  tniUcr;  O,  H.  Ger.  win  tar ; 
Ger.  winter ;  Goth,  wintnis.  Probably  a 
nasalised  form  allied  to  wet  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  suhstardive : 

1.  Tlie  cold  season  of  the  year.  Astrono- 
mically considered,  winter  begins  in  nortliern 
latitudes  when  the  sun  enters  the  sign  of 
Capricorn,  or  at  the  solstice  about  December 
21.  and  ends  at  tlie  equinox  in  March  ;  but 
in  its  ordinary  sense  it  is  taken  to  include  the 
months  of  December,  January,  and  February. 
[Skason,  1.1 

"  ICiHter's  not  gone  yet,  if  the  wild  geese  fly  tli.it  way. ' 
ahafcesp. :  Lear,  ii.  i. 

2.  A  year.  The  part  being  used  (in  the 
saute  sense  as  summer)  for  the  whole. 

"  He  seemed  some  seventy  winters  old." 

-Sco«:  Lai/  of  tlie  Last  Mhistrei,  ii.  10. 

*  3.  Used  as  an  emblem  of  any  cheerless 
situation,  as  poverty,  misfortune,  destitution, 
old  age,  or  death. 

"  Now  U  tbe  viintrr  of  our  diacoutent 
M>ide  glorious  suiiiuier  by  this  sun  of  York," 

Ahakcep. :  Uivhard  III.,  i.  1. 

4.  The  part  of  a  printing-press  wliich  sus- 
tains the  carriage. 

5.  An  implement  made  to  hang  on  the  front 
of  a  grate  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  a  tea- 
kettle or  the  like  warm. 

G.  The  last  portion  of  corn  brought  home  at 
the  end  of  harvest,  or  the  state  of  having  all 
the  grain  on  a  farm  reaped  and  inned  ;  also, 
the  rural  feast  lield  in  celebration  of  tJhe  in- 
gathering of  the  crop.    (Scotch.) 

B.  -4s  oijj.  :  Pertaining,  relating,  or  suit- 
able to  wintt-r ;  winterly;  wintry. 

'   WiTii^r    Knriiieiit'i  .  .  .   ure    tiiially    put    oq    mie 
."ide.'— /J((j7.v  Ti-tegrnpk.  Miircli  1;'..  1&8S. 

Winter-aconite, ». 

liot.  :  The  genus  Eranthis  (q.v.);  specially 
iE".  hfienialis.  So  called  from  flowering  in 
midwinter.    {Prior.) 

printer-apple,  s.  An  apple  that  keeps 
will  in  winter,  or  that  does  not  ripen  till 
winter. 

Winter-assizes,  '.  pi- 

Loir:  Assizes  in-M  in  winter.  The  Winter 
Assizes  Act,  '.i'.K  4i>  \'ict.,  e.  07,  allows  counties 
to  be  combined  b>  Order  of  Council  for  winter 
assizes,  that  piismeia  may  more  sjicedily  be 
brought  to  tri.il. 

winter -barley,  .-.  A  kind  of  barley 
sown  in  uutunm. 


*  winter  beaten,  u.  Harassed  by 
wintry  or  se\ere  weather. 

"  Iliit  owiii-  fi-i'iti'r  fn-iir,'t>  Hwkc,' — 6/i«'H*rr .  .sAf/i- 
hi-avh  CiUciidei;;  Jan.  (Arj;.) 

winter -bloom,  ^. 

Itiit. :  Uaiiuiineli.-i  vtrijinii'^i.  8o  named  W- 
cause  its  flowers  appear  lat*-  in  autumn,  while 
the  leaves  are  falling.    [Hamamelis.] 

winter -cherry,  9. 

liut.tnn: 

1.  I'ln/.-iiilis  Alkr-h'iigi ;  a  downy  herb,  with 
a  creeping,  pen*nnial  root,  i>vate,  deltoid 
leaves,  an  inflated,  i-eddish -yellow  calyx,  n 
campanulat+srotate  corolla  of  a  dirty  white 
colour,  and  ji  red  fruit.  So  named  from  its 
red,  cherry-like  berry,  so  conspicuous  in  win- 
ter.   (Prior.)    (Alkekengi,  Phvsalis.] 

2.  Soktnitm  Pseudo-cajisicuiii . 

3.  Cardiospemiinn   Halicacabuvi.     [Cardio 

Sl'KKMll.M.  1 

winter-circuit,  s. 

Iaiv  :  A  circuit  tor  the  holding  of  winter 
a>si:<r.s  (.(.v.). 

Winter-citron,  ^.    A  sort  of  pear. 

winter-clad.  o.     Clothed  for  winter  ; 
warmly  clad.     {Tennyson:  Prince^fs,  ii.  105.) 

wlnter-congb,  s.  A  popular  name  for 
chnuiic  bronchi t is.    [Bronchitis.] 

winter-crack,  s. 

Hot. :  A  snuill  green  plum  or  bullace,  which 
ripens  very  late. 

winter -cress,  s. 

But.  :   The    genus    Barbarea,    specially  B. 

p/VerOX.      [BELLKrSLE-CRESS.l 

winter-crop,  s.  A  crop  which  will  stand 
the  severe  cold  of  winter,  or  which  may  be 
converted  into  fodder  during  the  winter. 

winter-fallow,  s.  Ground  that  is  fal- 
lowed in  winter. 

t  wlnter-fauvette.  5. 

Oriiirh. :  The  genus  Accentor  (q.v.). 

Winter  -  garden,  ■';.  An  ornamental 
garden  fur  winter,  entirely  or  partially  co- 
vered ill. 

winter-grape,  s. 

Bot.  :  I'itls  coniifolia,  a  North  American 
species  of  vine,  with  cordate  lesives.  It  is 
one  of  the  Pox-grapes.    [Kox-grai'e.J 

winter- greens,  *■•  pi.  A  comprehensive 
name  fur  such  greens  as  are  in  season  in  the 
winter  month.s.  The  chief  are  broccoli,  Brus- 
sels sprouts,  and  Scutch  kale. 

*  winter-ground,  v.f.  To  protect  from 
the  ineleinency  of  the  winter  season,  like  a 
plant  covered  with  straw  or  the  like. 

"  Furred  mo3S  besides  to  vriuter-ground  thy  cors**." 
Sfiakctp.  :  Cy/tbclirtc,  iv.  2. 

*  winter-gull,  winter-mew,  s. 

Ornith.  :  [See  extract]. 

**  Tlie  Coniuiott  Gull  { Larus  caniuj  in  the  immature 
atatv  Ima  been  deHcribe^l  by  the  unnie  of  the  It'infer- 
OuU."— Pennant  :  Brit.  ZuoL.  iL  182. 

winter-hellebore,  s. 

Bot.  :  Eriuilhi.-'  Iniumuli^.  [Winter-aconite.] 

winter-kill.  v.t.  To  kill  by  the  inclem- 
ency of  the  weather  in  winter  ;  as,  To  winter- 
kill  wheat  or  clover.     (Am^r.) 

t  winter-lodge,  nrinter-lodgment.  s. 

Iii}(.  :  A  bud  or  bulb  protecting  an  emb;  vo 
or  very  yuung  shoot  from  injury  dui'ing  tlie 
winter.     [Hibernacle,  II.  1.] 

'  \rinter-love,  s.  Cold,  conventional,  or 
insinceie  love. 


winter-moth,  .''. 

Entmii. :  A  Briti.^h  Geometer  Moth,  Cheima- 
tobia  bntmata,  one  of  the  Larentidie.  Fore 
wings  of  the  male  grayish,  tinged  with,  ochre  ; 
hind  wings  pale ;  wings  of  the  female  so 
short  as  ti»  be  unadapted  for  flight. 

winter -ova,  winter -eggs.  ^.  ;/. 

[SL'MMER-OVA.] 

winter-pear.  *■.  Any  pear  that  keeps 
well  iu  winter,  or  that  riiiens  in  winter. 

*  winter-proud. '  winter-prowd.  ". 

Tou  grei*n  and   luxmi.int  in  winter.     (/'.  //"/- 
}-nid  ;  Pliiiic,  bk.  xvii.  ch.  ii.) 


winter-quarters,  ^.  7''-  The  cimirt^MN 
uf  an  aiiny  lunnig  the  winter  ;  a  winter  iv«i- 
denee  or  htation. 

winter-rig.  r.t.  To  plough  iu  ridgi-s  and 
Kt  be  (allow  in  winter.    (I'rov.) 

'  ^irintor  settle,  f.      A  winter  wat  or 

dwi'lling;  wint-t  tjuarters.     (frrenuirx.) 

winter  solstice,  &    [fSousnci:.! 

winter  spice,  s. 

/Ai?.  :    I'ltiiHonanthus   fragrans.       (4'himu\- 

ANTHl  .S.J 

winter -sweet,  ». 

Bot. :  The  genus  Origanum,  spec.  o.  hera- 
choticnvi,  a  maijorum  with  white  Howers  from 
Southern  iMuopr, 

winter-wood.  ■'. 

But.  :  A  po[)ular  name  for  any  small  weed 
in  corn  which  survives  and  flourishes  during 
the  winter,  as  StrlUiria  vuulia  (Chickweed), 
J'ci'onica  hcderi/nlia,  &c.  'I'he  last-named 
.species  is  HO  called  fr(un  it-s  being  the  weed 
which  spreads  most  in  wititer.     (Prior.) 

winter  -  Wheat.   >-.       Wheat    sown    in 

autumn. 

win'-ter,  "  wyn-ter,  '  wyn-tre,  '.'  &  i- 

l  Winter  (1),  s.) 

A.  rmTi.i.  .•  To  keep,  feed,  manage,  or  main- 
tain during  the  winter. 


B.  Intmn.f. :  To  pass  the  winter;  to  hiber- 
nate.   (Isaiah  xviii.  G.) 

Win'-ter  (2),  .*;.    [Winter*. ]  (See  compound.) 

Winter's  bark,  s.    [DaiMv-s.] 

'  TOin'-ter-a,  >.  ( Named  after  William  Wint«'r, 
a  capUun  in  the  lioyal  Navy,  who  .sailed  round 
the  world  with  Sir  Francis  Drake.] 
Bot. :  A  synonym  of  Drimys  (q.v.). 

Win'-ter-b^r-ry,  i.  [Eng.  wuUer  (l).  and 
berry.) 

Bot.  :  (1)  The  genus  Priaos  (ci-v.);  (2)  Hex 
viontatux. 

win-ter'-e-»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  I^t.  vnnter{a); 
Lat.  teni.  pi.  adj.  sutT.  -eit:.] 

But. :  A  tribe  of  Magmdiacea?.  Carpels 
whorled  in  a  single  row  ;  leaves  with  pellucid 
dots,  and  often  exstipulate. 

t  win'-ter-er.  s.  [Eng.  winter,  v.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  retires  to  winter  quarters. 

"  Luxurk-s  deni<-d  tu  the  winterer  on  board  Btup."— 
.Itlientrum,  MorcU  5,  mb6,  ]i.  ^13. 

win  -ter-green»  j».   [Eng.  vfiiUer,  and  rjreen,] 
Botany : 

1.  (SiTig.):  (I)  Tlie  genus  Pyrola  (q.v.); 
(2)  The  genus  TrienUdis  (q.v.);  (3)  Uaui- 
thcria  i)rocumbens. 

2.  (PL):  The  order  Pyrolacea:  (q.v.).  (Lind- 
i^y-) 

win-ter-ing,  -•;.    [Eng.  winter;  -inrf.] 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  winters. 

2.  Food  or  fodder  to  support  cattle  during 
the  winter. 

Win'-ter-ljr,  n.  [Enp.  ntint&r  (\),  8.;  -h/.] 
Such  as  is  suitable  to  winter;  of  a  wintry 
kind  ;  wintry,  cheerless,  uncomfortable,  cold. 

"Tlif  air  growing  more  vnntcrly." — Camden:    UUt. 
EUiabeth  (an.  \b\)h). 

t  win'-ter-tide,   s.       [Eng.  winter,  s.,    ;uid 
/id*'.]     Winter  ;  the  winter  season. 
"  Fruit* 
Wliicli  in  vrintert idr  t.\\nU  nUir 
The  black  wirtli  with  nidlaiiw.' 

Tetinyimii ;  OUt'  (u  Mcmorii.  u. 

win'-^ter-^,  M.  [Eng.  H'tiUer(l),  s.  ;  -y.]  Like 
or  suitable  t(»  winter;  wintry. 

win' -tie,  v.i.  [Prob.  connected  with  to  iriHd.J 
To  stagger,  to  reel ;  to  roll  or  tumble  gently 
over.    (Scotdi.) 

win'-tle,  s.  [WiNTi.E,  t'.]  A  etaggering  mo-, 
tion  ;  a  gentle  rolling  tumble. 

|HeJ  tunililVI  Ml  II  wititle."        Bums:  Ballotfcn 

*  win'-trous,  «.  [Eng.  vinter;  -utis.]  Wintry, 
stormy. 

"The  uiorv  toinlrouM  the  BeA^oii  ot  life  hntli  l»eu.  "— 

T.  lioyd 

^Fin-try,  a.    [Eng.  winter;    -y.\    Of  or  per- 


boU,  bo^;  i>a&t.  jd^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^^t.    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =^  shun;  -tion,  -sion  ^  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shU8.    -ble,  -die,  .^e.  :_  bel,  del. 


670 


winy— wiredrawer 


tiiiiiiiij:  to  wiritiT ;  of  the  nature  of  wiiit4.T  ; 
tjriniial,  hycinnl,  wintery,  uxM,  cheerless. 

"  111  iPiHtri/  Ofixi  to  fi'cl  »<>  I'liill.' 

Cuieptr:  To  Mart/. 

•■wui-f,  II.  [Eng.  wia(f):  -y.]  Having  the 
luituu',  tatite,  or  qualities  of  wine. 

"Siij  wbvther  tlie  uielouB  will  iiut  l>e  uturc  witij/."— 
Bacon. 

winze  (1),  *,     [Icel.  vinza  =-  to  winnow  (q.v.).] 
Mihiiuj : 

1.  A  sliiift  sunk  from  one  level  to  anotlier 
fur  ciiiiiitinnication  or  ventilation. 

2.  A  wheel  and  axle  for  hoisting. 

winze  {2),  s.  (Etyni.  rlnubtful.]  A  curse,  an 
imprecation.    (Scotch.) 

wipe,  '  wype,  f.r.  [A.S.  i(jiptau  =  to  wipe, 
fintn  a  hyiiothetical  wip  =  a  wisp  of  straw ; 
if.  Low  OtT.  i/'i>p=a  wisp  of  struw,  a  rag 
to  wipf  anything  with.]    [Wisp.] 

1.  To  rul)  with  soinetliing  soft  for  cleaning  ; 
to  clean  by  gentle  rubbing. 

"  Hire  over  lipiw  wi/>eit  ehe  ho  dene." 

Chiiucer:  V.  T.,  13^.    (Prol.) 

2.  To  strike  or  brush  otl'  gently.  (Often 
with  away,/romj  off,  up,  Ac.) 

"  Wipimj  the  tears  from  her  »ut1\iBeil  eyea." 

Sptnser:  t\  y.,  III.  vii.  10. 

'3.  To  (tleanse,  as  from  evil  practices  or 
a])uses.     ("J  Kings  xxi.  13.) 
■I.  To  etfat-e,  to  obliterate,  to  remove. 

"Oiie  wlio  will  wipe  your  sorrow  from  your  eyes." 
Thoriuon  :  Castle  qf  Indolence,  ii.  70. 

•j.  To  cheat,  to  ilefraud,  to  trick.    (With 

(Mt.) 

"  The  next  bordering  lords  commonly  encroach  one 
u)xin  iitiotlier,  as  one  in  tttroiiger,  or  lie  still  in  wait  to 
«■(>«  theui  out  of  their  ]fLudB."~Spiytiter :  State  nf 
Irelamt. 

IT  I.  To  wipe  away :  To  remove  by  rubbing 
or  tersion ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  remove,  to 
remove  or  take  away  generally. 

2.  To  iuipe  one's  eye  : 

(1)  Trans. :  To  slioot  game  which  another 
has  missed  ;  hence,  to  obtain  an  advantage  by 
superior  activity.    (Slang.) 

(2)  Intraiis:  To  take  another  drink.  (Slang.) 

3.  To  icipe  out:  To  efface,  to  obliterate. 

"  Death,  which  wipex  out  man. 
Finds  him  with  many  ;iu  unaolved  idaii.*' 

.ifatthew  Arnold :  llfsi<j nation. 

wipe  (I),  s.     [Wipe,  y.] 

1.  The  act  of  rubbing  for  tlie  purpose  uf 
rluaning. 

2.  A  blow,  a  stroke,  (Sltuig.) 

*3.  A  gibe,  a  sneer  ;  a  severe  sarcasm. 

"  To  ti'ueli  with  a  satiric  vripf. 
That  symbol  of  thy  power,  the  ]iipe." 

Cowper:  To  Hev.  William  Bull, 

*  -I,  A  mark  or  note  of  infamy  ;  a  brand. 

■"Worse  than  a  slavish  wipe  or  hirth-honr'a  Idot." 
Shiikesp. :  Jiiipe  of  Lucrece,  5;iT. 

5.  A  handkerchief.    (SUing.) 

■'  Thin  here  warmeiit's  prigged  your  wipv" 
Barham:  ivgoldsby  Ltgi-ntls;  The  Forlorn  One. 

wipe  (2),  s.  [Sw.  vipa  =  the  lapwing ;  Dan. 
oibe:  Scotch  n'^eep,  peesweep  {from  the  cry).  J 
The  lapwing  or  peewit  (q.v.).     (Prov.) 

wip-er,  ^\     [Eug.  wii>(e),  v.  ;  -er.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  wipes. 

2.  That  which  is  used  for  wiping. 

"  And  the  wipers  for  their  noses." 

Ben  Jonson  :  Miuqite  o/ Owlet. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  <l/acft. :  A  cam  wliich  projects  from  a 
horizontal  shaft  and  acts  periodically  upon  a 
toe  whose  elevation  lifts  the  valve-rod  and 
puppet-valve.  The  wiper  has  usually  a  rotary 
reciprocation ;  when  the  rotary  motion  is 
continuous,  it  becomes  a  wiper-wheel  (q.v.), 
which  may  have  a  number  of  cams  acting  con- 
secutively in  the  course  of  a  revolution. 

2.  Small-arms  :  A  worm  or  sponge. 
Wiper-wheel,  s. 

M(u:h.  :  A  cam-wheel  placed  below  the 
sliank  of  ii  tilt-liainmer  to  lift  it  periodically, 
allowing  it  to  fall  by  its  own  weight.  The 
motion  is  found  in  uiany  other  machines, 
such  as  stamping-niills  for  ore  and  stone,  &c. 

wire,  *  wier,  "  wir,  *  wyer,  *  wyr, 
■  wyre,  ■■-.  (AS.  wir  =  a  wire;  cogn.  with 
Icel.  rirr  =  wire;  Sw,  vire  =  to  wind,  to  twist; 
cf.  O.  H.  Ger.  wiara,  M.  H.  Ger.  wiere  =  an 
nrnament  of  refined  gold  ;  Lat.  ortVe  =  arm- 


\ets  of   metal;    Iceh   rirat-ir/a  =  wire-work, 
.'ilagree-work.l 

1.  A  metallic  rod,  thread,  or  lilanient  of 
small  and  uniform  diametei'.  The  largest  size, 
numbered  mmo, -of  the  Hirmingham  wire- 
gauge,  has  a  diameter  of -454  inch  ;  but  smaller 
sizes  even  than  this,  except  when  drawn  out 
to  considerable  lengths,  are  generally  known 
as  bars  or  rods.  Lea*i-wiie  for  the  maimfac- 
ture  of  bullets  may  considerably  exceed  the 
above  diameter.  Wire  is  usually  cylindrical, 
but  it  is  also  nijule  of  various  other  forms,  as 
oval,  half-round,  Sfpiare,  antl  triangular,  and 
of  Tuore  complicateil  shapes  for  small  pinions  ; 
for  forming  the  pattern  on  blocks  used  in 
calicio-printing,  and  for  other  purposes. 

"  With  golden  wire  to  weave  her  curled  head." 
."ipenter:  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  T. 

2.  Used  absolutely  for  telegraph  wire,  and 
hence,  colloquially,  applied  to  the  telegraph 
itself  ;  as.  To  send  a  message  by  wire. 

3.  Hence  applied  to  a  message  sent  by  tele- 
graph ;  a  telegram  ;   as.  He  sent  mo  a  tvire. 

(CoUoq.) 

4.  Used  in  hunting  language  for  wire-fencing. 

5.  A  pickpocket.    (Slang.) 

Ti  Wire  of  Lapland :  A  shining  .slender  sub- 
stance made  from  the  sinews  of  the  reindeer, 
soaked  in  water,  beaten,  and  spun  into 
thi-ead.  Being  then  coated  with  tin,  it  is 
used  by  the  Laplanders  to  embroider  their 
clothes.  (Ogilvie.) 

wire -bent,  5. 

Bot :  Nardns  stricta. 

wire-bridge,  s.  A  bridge  suspended  by 
cables  made  of  wire. 

wire -cartridge,  >•'.  A  cartridge  for 
fowling  in  which  tlie  charge  of  shot  has  wiiv 
ligaments. 

wire-cloth,  s.  A  fabric  whose  woof  and 
Weft  are  uf  wire  ;  the  siue  of  the  wire,  the 
.shape  and  sizes  of  the  meshes,  being  adapted 
to  the  uses  of  the  completed  screen,  sifter,  or 
sieve,  or  the  character  of  the  machine  in  which 
it  is  to  be  useii. 

wire-edge,  .<.  A  thin  wire-like  edge, 
formed  on  a  cutting  tool  by  over  sharpening 
it  on  one  side. 

wire-fence,  wire-fencing,  s.  A  fen-e 
made  of  parallel  strands  of  wire,  generally 
galvanized,  straiiie<l  between  upright  posts 
placed  at  suitable  distances  apart.  Of  late 
years  wire-fencing  has  to  a  considerable  extent 
taken  the  jilaceof  tlie  old  quick  hedges,  being 
easily  transferred  from  place  to  jdace.  so  as  to 
inclose  dillerent  portions  of  ground  at  different 
times  as  required.  It  also  has  tlie  advantages 
of  being  durable  and  of  overshadowing  or 
occupying  no  cultivable  ground. 

wire-gauge,  s.  A  gauge  for  measuring 
the  thickness  of  wire  and  sheet-metals.  It  is 
usually  a  plate  of  steel  liaving  a  series  of  aper- 
tures around  its  edge,  each  coriesponding  in 
width  to  tlie  diameter  of  wire  of  a  certain 
number. 

wire-gauze,  .''.     A  fine,  close  quality  in 

wire-<-lnt.li. 

Wire -grass,  y. 

Bot. :  A  iiauie  given  to  Elensine  indlca  and 
Poa  couipressa. 

wire-grate,  s.  A  grate  or  contrivance 
of  line  wire-work,  used  to  keep  insects  out  of 
vineries,  hothouses,  &c. 

Wire-grub,  s.    [Wire-worm.] 

wire-guard,  s.  A  framework  of  wire- 
netting  used  as  a  guard  in  front  of  a  fire. 

wire-heel,  s.  A  defect  and  disease  in  the 
feet  of  a  horse  or  other  beast. 

wire-iron,  s.    Black  rod-iron  for  drawing 

into  wire.     {Simmonds.) 

wire-mattress,  5.  A  mattress  having  a 
web  uf  wire-cbtth  or  chain  stretched  in  a 
frame  for  supporting  a  bed. 

wire-micrometer,  s.  A  micrometer 
having  spider  lines  or  very  fine  wires  across 
the  field.  The  wires  are  arrangeil  in  parallel 
and  intersecting  series,  and  some  are  mov- 
able by  screws.     [MicRo.MmER-s(  rew.] 

wire-netting,  s.  A  texture  of  wvrt- 
coarser  than  wire-gauze  and  wire-clotli. 

wire-puller,  s.  One  who  pulls  the  wires, 
as  <if  a  pupjict :  hence,  one  who  opi'iatcs  by 


secret  means  ;  one  who,  being  himself  behind 
tlie  srenes  and  unknown,  exercises  a  powerful 
inllueuce,  especially  in  political  affairs  ;  an 
iutriguei-. 

"  All  ohMcure  knot  of  local  wire-pullert.  who  atyle 
themselves  an  »ii»'iv:\i\.\Aijii."~Obaervvr,  ^ept.  'JT,  1H85. 

wire-pulling,  s.  The  act  of  pulling  the 
wires,  as  of  ii  pup|ift:  hence,  secret  infineiice 
or  management ;  intrigue. 

"  Disgusted  with  the  aniount  of  wire-piillUr/  wliich 
has  been  carried  on  of  late  hy  the  iinuieroiis  commit- 
tees."-/Jfit/y  Tftfl/raph.  Nov.  1.  1885. 

wire-road,  s.    [Wire-tramwav.] 

wire-rope,  s.  A  collection  of  wires 
twisted  ur  bound  together,  so  as  to  act  in 
unison  in  resisting  a  strain.  It  is  composed 
of  strands  of  untwisted  hard  wire  laid  spirally 
around  a  central  core  of  hemp  or  wire  ;  a 
number  of  these  strands,  without  any  addi- 
tional twist  being  i)laced  around  a  hempen 
Core,  form  the  lope. 

■wire -tramway,  s.  A  mode  of  convey- 
ance by  or  upon  a  wire  supptu-ted  ou  posts. 
Called  also  Wire-road  and  Wire- way. 

\irire-twist,  s.  A  kind  of  guu-barrel 
made  of  a  ribbon  of  iron  and  steel,  coiled 
around  a  niamlrel  and  welded.  The  ribbon  is 
made  by  welding  together  lamina  of  iron  and 
steel  or  two  qualities  of  iron,  and  drawing  the 
same  between  rollers  into  a  ribbon. 

wire-way,  s.     [Wire-tramwav.] 

Wire-wheel,  s.  a  bmsh-wlieel  made  of 
wire,  iron,  lU'  lirass,  instead  of  bristles,  used 
for  cleaning  and  scratching  metals,  prepaia- 
toi-y  to  gilding  or  silvering,  or  matting 
polished  metallic  surfaces. 

■wire-work,  5.  Any  kind  of  fabric  made 
of  iron. 

"wire-worUer,  *■■  One  who  manufactures 
artieles  fmm  wiie. 

Wire-worm,   wire-grub,   s.      [Wire- 

WUKM.] 

"wire-wove,  a.  A  term  applied  to  a  paiier 
nf  fine  quality  and  glazed,  used  ehietly  for 
letter-paper. 

'■  Wrapped  up  in  hot-|  ressed  and  wire-wove  paper.'' 
~K?tox  :  Ei&ay  No.  i;4. 

wire,  v.t.  &  i.    [Wire,  *•.] 

A,  Transitive : 

1.  To  bind  with  wire  ;  to  appiy  wire  to  :  as, 
To  wire  a  cork. 

2.  To  put  upon  a  wire  :  as,  To  wire  beads. 

3.  To  form  of  wire  ;  to  insert  wire  in. 

"  Almottt  every  fence  seems  to  be  wired."— Field, 
April  4.  1885. 

4.  To  snare  by  means  of  a  wire  ;  as,  To  wire 
birds.     [WiEER.] 

5.  To  send  by  telegrapli,  as  a  message  ;  to 
telegraph. 

■■  Scarcely  hail  the  news  been  wired  from  Newmar- 
ket."—Bid///  Teh-fjraph,  Oct.  6,  1885. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  How  in  currents,  as  thin  as  wire. 

"Then  in  small  streams  {through  all  the  isle  wiring).'" 
P.  Fletcher:  i'uipU  /stand,  vi. 

2.  To  communicate  by  means  of  the  tele- 
graph;  to  telegraph. 

"The  Admiralty  wired  to  the  Plymouth  Division 
Royal  }A-Atitit:s."—Dail!/  Telegraph,  Dec.  8,  1897. 

H  To  wire  in:  To  apply  one's  self  closely 
anil  perseveringly  to  anything  ;  to  set  to  with 
vigour  ;  to  press  forwai'd  with  a  view  to  hav- 
ing a  share.     (Slang.) 

wire-draw,  *w^ier-draw,  v.t.  [Eng.  wire, 
and  draw.\ 
I,  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  Lit.  :  To  form  into  wire,  as  a  metal,  by 
forcibly  ]Hilling  through  a  series  of  holes, 
gradually  decreasing  in  diameter. 

*  2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  To  draw  out  into  length  ;  to  elongate. 

(2)  To  draw  or  spin  out  to  great  length  or 
tenuity  :  as,  To  wiredraw  an  argument. 

(3)  To  draw  by  act  or  violence  ;  to  twist. 

"  Ncir  «m  I  for  forcing,  or  wiredrawing  toe  senae  of 
the  tfi\t."~Sonth :  ."Pennons,  vol   v..  acr.  li. 

II.  Stcam-eng. :  To  draw  oH,  as  steam, 
thr<mgh  narrow  ports,  tluis  waiting  part  of 
its  eflect. 

wire'  draw-er,  *  wier-draw-er.  s.  [Eng. 

7f((T,  ;iiid  <li-ai'-fr.]    One  \vlni.li:nvs  metal  into 
wire,      irininni' :    Ti.'^f.  Lxrr,  l.k.   iii.) 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib.  cure,  i^te.  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


wiredrawing — wise 


671 


wire  -draw-ing,  pr,  por.,  a.,  &  .<:.    iWirk- 

IPKAW.] 

A.  vV  B.  As  pr.  par.  ii  partkip.  mlj. :  (Sec 
lin'  vub). 

C.  A » substantive: 

1.  Lit. :  The  act  or  process  of  drawiiijj  metal 
iiil^i  wire.  The  nietal  to  be  extended  is  Ilrst 
huinnieied  into  a  bar  or  rod.  The  rods,  from 
4  to  i,  inclt  in  dijuiieter,  receivi-d  from  the 
rolling-mills  in  bundles,  are  lieated  and  re- 
rolled  in  grooved  rollers,  one  above  the  other, 
no  that  the  iTid  runs  from  the  Jirst  roll  to  the 
serniid,  and  so  "U,  withciut  ri.'he;itinj^'.  The 
rollers  run  with  yreat  mpidity,  reducinj;  the 
rod  to  a  eoarse  wire,  which  is  then  passed 
through  the  successive  holes  in  the  draw- 
jdate,  a  (lat  piece  <)f  liard  steel  having  holes 
corresponding  to  the  various  numbers  or  sizfs 
of  wire.  The  best  are  made  of  a  combined 
plate  of  highly-tempered  steel  and  wiiiuo;ijt. 
iron.  T1h>  holes  ai-e  tapering,  the  smallest 
opfuing  l>eing  on  the  steel  side  through  which 
the  wire  Ilrst  enters.  [Uraw-plate.]  Very  line 
gold  and  platinum  wires,  used  for  the  spider- 
lines  of  teh-seopes,  are  formed  by  coating  tlie 
inetal  with  silver,  which  is  then  diawn  down 
to  a  great  tenuity,  after  which  the  silver  coat- 
ing is  renu)ved  by  nitric  acid,  leaving  an 
almost  invisible  interior  wire,  which  has  been 
so  attenuated  that  a  mile  in  length  weighed 
only  a  grain.  Wiredrawing  seems  to  have 
arisen  at  Augsburg  or  Nuremberg  in  the  four- 
teenth century.  In  1403  and  1484  the  inipor- 
tiition  of  iron  wire  into  England,  was  pro- 
hibited. The  manufacture  was  soon  after 
attempted  in  England,  but  did  not  make  much 
progress  till  a  patent  was  granted,  in  1565,  to 
eeilain  Dutchmen  and  Germans  to  carry  it 
and  some  other  processes  out.  The  lirst 
English  wire  mill  was  set  up  at  Sheen,  near 
Itichmond,  by  a  Dutchman  in  1602. 

2.  Fifj. :  The  act  of  drawing  out  an  argu- 
nuiit  nr  discussion  to  prolixity  and  attenua- 
tion by  useless  refinements,  distinctions,  dis- 
quisitions, and  the  like. 

wire-drawn,  pa.  jxfr.  &  a.    [Wiredraw.] 

A,  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  .4s adjective: 

1.  Ord.  Lanrj.:  Drawn  out  or  extended  to 
prolixity,  as  au  argument,  &c. 

2.  Steam:  A  term  applied  to  the  condition  of 
Kte:ini  when  the  pipes  or  ports  leading  to  the 
cylinder  have  not  sufficient  carrying  capacity. 

t  ■wir'-er,  s.  [Eng.  wlr{e),  V.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
uses  a  wire ;  specif.,  cue  who  snares  game. 
IWiRL.  v.,  X.  4.) 

"The  nightly  wircr  of  their inuuceut  hure." 

Tt'iiitifsijn  :  Ayhner's  Field,  iW. 

wire- worm,  ^^  [Eng.  wire,  and  worm.] 
[See  def.J 

Entom.  £  Agric. :  The  name  given  by 
farmers  and  others  to  a  kind  of  vermiform 
larva,  long,  slender,  cylindrical,  and  some- 
what rigid.  Most  wireworms  are  the  larv;e  of 
the  Elateridfe.  Some  live  in  rotten  stumps 
of  trees,  others  gnaw  roots  of  kitchen  garden 
and  other  plants,  cereals,  grass  on  lawns,  &c. 
Sonic  of  them  live  in  the  larva  state  for  three 
years.  The  most  conuuon  British  wireworin 
is  the  larva  of  Cataphagiis  sputator.  The  last 
segment  of  the  body  is  long,  entire,  and  wire- 
like.  It  is  believed  that  the  form  of  this 
species  suggested  the  prelix  wire  in  the  name 
wireworm.  It  attacks  the  loots  of  lettuces, 
eating  them  as  far  as  the  collar,  with  the 
effect  of  killing  the  plant.  Agriotes  linefUus 
similarly  devours  the  roots  of  the  oat,  causing 
the  leaves  to  wither  and  the  plant  to  die.  The 
larva  of  Hanirhipus  segetis  feeds  on  the  root.s 
of  plants  with  I'he  same  destructive  effect. 
The  rook,  the  d'.>mesl;c  fowl,  and  the  mole  are 
natural  foes  of  the  wircwoi-ms.  The  name  is 
sometimes  applied  t«  the  Iiilidre. 

wir'-i-ness,  -f.  [Eng.  vnry;  -iiess.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  wiry. 

wir'-ing,  /t.  jmr.  or  a.     [Wire,  r.] 

wiring-maclline,  s.  An  apparatus  for 
securing  a  soda-wattr  or  other  bottle  while 
the  ciirk  is  being  wired. 

■  wir -ry,  v.t.     [Worry,  v.] 

wir'-y,  ■  wier-y, '  wir-ie, «.    [Eng.  tvir(e), 
s. ;  -.'/.] 
1.  .Made  of  wire;  like  wire. 

"  KetiQiug  ber  yellow  looks,  like  wiric  gold." 

Spcttxer  :  Jiuhns  v/  Timi;  10. 


2.  Lean  but  sinewy  ;  tough. 


wis,  adv.  [See  def.]  A  fictitious  verb  given 
in  many  dictionaries,  with  a  pa.  t.  wist,  and 
with  the  meanings  to  know,  to  be  aware,  to 
think,  &c.  The  niisf  ike  arose  from  the  adverb 
iwis,  yi(us=  certainly,  in  which  the  prehx 
(like  most  other  prctlxes)  was  frequently  writ- 
t*;n  apart  from  the  rest  of  the  word,  and  not 
infrequently  the  i  was  represented  by  a  capi- 
tal /,  so  that  it  apj)eured  as  /  wi^t.  Hence  the 
/  has  been  mistaken  for  the  tirst  jKTsonal 
pronoun,  and  the  verb  wis  created.    [Vwis.) 

WiS-alls,  wis-omes,  s  [Etym.  doubltul.) 
'J  h  ■  i.  iives  and  lops  of  carrots  and  parsnips. 
{I -roc.) 

wi^'-ard,  >-.    [Wizahij.] 

wis'  -  dom.    '  wis  -  dam,    *  wys  -  dome. 

'  wyse-dome,    5.     [A.S.    wisilvm,   from    >ri6 
—  WIS.-,  and  suit,  -doni  =  Eng.  dixnn  ^  juiig- 

nicnt ;  Icel.  vladomr;  Sw.  visdoiii;  Dan.  vi»- 

doviy  viisdoyii.] 

*  I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wise  :  the 
power  or  faculty  of  seeing  into  the  heart  of 
things  and  of  forming  the  littest  and  best 
judgment  in  any  matter  presented  for  con- 
sideration ;  knowledge  and  the  capacity  to 
make  due  use  of  it;  knowledge  of  or  the 
capacity  to  discern  the  best  ends  and  the  best 
means  ;  a  combination  of  discernment,  judg- 
ment, sagacity,  or  similar  powers  with  know- 
ledge, especially  that  knowledge  which  is 
gained  from  experience.  (It  is  often  nearly 
synonymous  with  discretion,  sagacity,  or  pru- 
dtiu:e,  and  frequently  it  implies  little  more 
than  sound  common-sense,  jierfect  soundness 
of  mind  or  intellect,  and  hence  is  often  op- 
posed tii  folly.) 

"  Show  yuur  wisdom,  daughter, 
In  your  close  patieuce." 

Hhaketp. :  Jteaeure /or  .Ueature.  iv.  3. 

2.  Human  learning,  science,  knowledge,  eru- 
dition ;  knowledge  of  arts  and  sciences. 

"  Moses  waa  learned  m  all  the  wisdom  of  the 
Egy|itiau8.""— .^c(*  vii.  22. 

*  3.  Quickness  of  intellect ;  readiness  of 
apinehension  ;  dexterity  in  execution. 

"  111  the  hearts  of  all  that  are  wise  hearted  1  have 
l>ut  wisdom  that  they  may  make  all  that  \  have  com- 
uiaiided  thee."— i'xcHfoj  xxxL  7. 

*  4.  Natural  instinct  and  sagacity. 

"God  hath  deprived  her  [the  |>eacock]  of  wisdom. 
neither  hath  he  iiuiiarted  to  her  uudei-stJiudiug,"— 
Job  xxxix.  17. 

*  5.  With  a  possessive  pronoun,  used  as  a 
title  of  respect.  (Cf.  your  highness,  your  wor- 
ship, &c.) 

■■  Uuder  such  a  religious  orderly  GoverDmeiit,  as 
f/our  Wisdom^s,  upon  the  abolishing  of  E|>isco|tacv, 
slial!  please  to  erect  among  us."— IK.  Prynne :  Anti- 
puthie,  p.  11. 

11.  Script.:  Right  judgment  concerning  re- 
ligious and  moral  truth  ;  ti  ue  religion  ;  piety  ; 
the  knowledge  and  fear  of  God  and  sincere 
and  uniform  obedience  to  his  commands. 

■"So  teach  us  to  nunil)er  nur  diiys,  that  we  may 
ajiply  our  heaits  unto  wi»dom."—Paalm  xc.  12. 

TI  (1)  77te  Wisdom  of  Solomon  : 

Apocrypha  :  An  apocryphal  book,  named  in 
Gr.  Soff>i.'a  SuAwjuuii'  {Sojihiii  Saldmoii),  or  2aAo- 
fxiot'Tos  (Sahmantos),  generally  placed  sixth  iu 
order  between  "the  rest  of  Esther  "  and  Ec- 
clesiasticus.  Its  author  jirofesses  that  he 
is  a  king  (vii.  1-0;  ix.  7),  and  son  of  a 
worthy  father,  also  a  king  (12).  He  himself 
jirayed  to  God  for  wisdom  and  received  it, 
wealth  being  superadded  (vii.  7-13).  God 
directed  him  to  build  a  temple  on  the  holy 
mount  on  the  model  of  the  Tabernacle  (ix.  S.J, 
from  all  which  it  is  obvious  that  the  autlior 
claims  to  be  Solomon,  the  son  of  David,  King 
of  Israel.  The  book  is  now  divided  into  nine- 
teen chapters.  The  lirst  of  these  exln-its 
judges  to  love  righteousness,  and  comm-'iids 
wisdom  to  them  and  others.  Tlie  second  de- 
nounces the  unbelief  of  the  ungodly,  and 
traces  to  this  source  the  wickedness  of  their 
lives.  The  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  point  out 
that  for  the  righteous  there  is  a  happy  future, 
whilst  an  opposite  destiny  awaits  tlie  wiek-d. 
Cliapters  vi.-ix.  highly  commend  wisdnm. 
Portions  of  them  resemlple  corresponding  ex- 
hortations and  descriptions  in  the  Books  of 
Proverbs  (cf.  Wisd.  vi.  12-15  with  Prnv. 
viii.  17-21  ;  ix.  D  with  Prov.  viii.  25-30).  The 
advantages  of  wisdom  are  shown  in  cliai>ters 
x.-xii.  by  illustrations  taken  from  the  history 
recorded  in  the  Pentateuch  (it  is  remarkable 


tliat  the  autlmrjidds  no  mure  modern  exam- 
ples). In  cha|)terK  xiii.-xv.  the  folly  nf 
idoljitry  is  exliibited  in  language  of  great 
beauty  iintl  luic4-,  an<l  a  philosophic  ex- 
planation of  ils  nrigin  is  attemnti'd.  (Cf. 
Wisd.  xiii.  ll-Hl  with  Isaiah  xliv.  12-20). 
The  last  four  chapters  contrast  the  provi- 
dence which  watches  over  the  wise  and  the 
■  i-ious  with  the  judgments  which  overtake 
idolaters  and  the  ungodly,  historical  illus- 
tratinns,  as  before,  being  derived  solely  fnnu 
the  Mosaic  writings.  Though  the  book  in 
called  "The  Wisdom  of  Solomon."  tln-ie  is  no 
reason  to  believe  that  he  was  its  author.  It 
was  composed  <irigiTially  in  Greek,  pml-ably 
by  some  Jew  resident  in  Alexandria.  It  in- 
corporates words  from  the  tSeptuagint  version 
of  Isaiah  iii.  Id,  xliv.  20(circ.  h.c  2«4-24il).  and 
theielnre  was  subsequent  to  that  date.  Th-- 
ApM.',tle  Paul  was  evidently  acquainted  witU 
this  book  (cf.  Wisd.  xiv.  21-27  with  Rom. 
i.  I'l-;i2  ;  Wisd.  xv,  7  with  linni.  ix.  21  ;  Wiad. 
ix.  1.0  with  1  Cor.  xv.  6y,  and  2  Cop.  v.  1.  and 
Wisd.  v.  17-20  with  Ejihes.  vi.  11-17).  It  is  not 
intliieiiccd  by  Pliilo  (K.c.  20  to  a.o.  40  (?),  and 
in  all  likelihood  was  earlier  than  his  era.  Its 
more  probable  date  was  B.C.  lOO  to  .>0,  or  inon; 
ajqiroximately  u.r.  120  t*i  SO.  If  these  <late-s 
are  nearly  correct,  then  Wisdom  is  the  most 
ancientJewish  book  except  Daniel  (xii.  2,  :j),  in 
which  the  doct  line  of  rewards  and  punishments 
in  a  future  state  is  clearly  set  f<nth  ;  but  it 
diflers  from  Daniel  in  teaching  the  iinmortidity 
of  the  soul,  without  reference  to  the  resurrec- 
tion of  the  body.  It  is  the  first  book  which 
identifies  the  .serpent  which  tempted  Eve  with 
the  Devil  (ef.  Wisd.  ii.  24  with  Gen.  iii.  ]-.'>. 
14,  John  viii.  44,  and  Rev.  xii.  9,  xx.  10).  No 
one  can  study  the  Book  of  Wisdom  without  en- 
tertaining high  respect  for  its  author,  and  de- 
riving profit  from  his  ethical  teachings.  For 
thoughtful  and  beautiful  sentiments  .see  i.  4,  0 ; 
iv.  s, n;  vi.  IS;  xvii,  11,  12,  &c. 

(2)  The  Wisdom  of  Jesus,  tlie  sonofSLradi: 

Apui-njjilin :  [En.LEsiAsTicus]. 

wisdom-tooth,  6-.  The  popular  name  fur 
the  third  molar  in  each  jaw.  [Tooth,  *.,  II. 
1.]  They  api)ear  between  tlie  ages  of  seven- 
teen and  twenty-tive,  when  a  person  may  l>e 
presumed  to  have  attained  some  degree  of 
experience  or  wisdom. 

"He's     iioane     cut     hiw    wisdom-lceth    yet."  —  iirt, 
Gaskell:  Si/h'i.t's  /,<.,:rf,  ,h.  x\i. 

wise,  '  wis,  ■  wys,  *  wyde,  a.  &  s.  lA.s. 
wis;  cogu.  with  Dut.  wijs ;  Icel.  viss ;  Dan. 
riis;  Kw.  vis;  O.  H.  Gcr.  wisi;  Ger.  vxise : 
Goth,  weis,  in  comp.  uniims=  unwise.  From 
the  same  root  as  wit  =  to  know ;  hence,  u 
wise  man  =  a  knowing  man,  one  full  of  kn<)w- 
ledge.] 
A,  .15  adjective  : 

1.  Having  the  power  or  faculty  of  discern- 
ing or  judging  correctly,  or  of  discriminating 
and  judging  between  what  is  true  and  what  is 
false,  betweeu  what  is  proper  and  what  is 
imi)roper;  possessed  of  discernment,  judg- 
ment, and  discretion;  endowed  with  or  show- 
ing sound  judgment. 

"  What  the  wite  powers  deny  un  for  our  Rood." 

ii/tii>ct:sp.  :  Antotit/  it  Cleopatra,  ii.  1. 

2.  Discreet,  sagacious,  prudent,  sensible. 

"Five  of  them  [the  ten  virginnj  were  vitc,  and  tivp 
of  them  were  toulinh."—  Atattfu.^w  xxv.  2, 

3.  Characterized  by  sound  judgment,  dis- 
cernment, or  discrimination  ;  dictate<l  or 
guided  by  wisdom  ;  contiiining  wisdom  ;  judi- 
cious :  as,  a  wise  act,  a  wi^i  saying. 

4.  Becoming  or  befitting  a  wise  man  ;  sjge, 
grave,  serious,  solemn. 

"One  rininR.  emiueiit 
Iu  wite  deport,  8p;^ke  much  of  right  and  wioug." 
MilUin  :  />.  i..  xi.  066. 

5.  Learned,  erudite,  kmiwing,  enlightened. 

6.  Practically  or  experimentally  knowing  or 
acquainted  ;  experienced,  versed,  skilled,  dex- 
terous, skilful. 

"  In  these  nlix-  sharp  yuilleU  of  the  law. 
Good  faith,  I  am  no  uf*Vr  than  a  daw." 

■'^hakcsp  :  1  Ucnry  VI..  ii.  4. 

7.  Calculating,  crafty,  cunning,  subtle,  wary, 
wily. 


8.  Godly,  pious,  religious. 

"From  A  child  thou  h.iHt  known  the  ftoly  Scxlp- 
tures.  which  are  able  to  uiakc  thee  vtite  uiito  b»Iv&. 
tion."'— 2  Timothy  iii.  16. 

'  ^  Used  adverbially :  Wisely,  sagaciously, 
prudently. 

"  Thou  speakest  wifr  than  thou  art  ware  of." 

:>haJieBp.  :  Ax  you  Lifm  it,  il.  4. 


boil,  boy;  poiit,  jo^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  05;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing, 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,    sion  =  zhun.     clous,  -tious,  -sious  ~  shus.    -blc,    die,  .V'        bel,  deL 


672 


wise— wisker 


•  B.  Ai  siiM. :  Wisdom.    {Millon.) 

^  jNVirr  titf  wiser  (orsimilar  pliraso^) :  Witli- 
out  finy  iiitrUi;;eiice  ur  intVniii.iti"n ;  still  in 
UtU'r  i^;nor.ince. 

•  wlse-hearted,  n.  Wlsi-,  sUilful,  ex- 
perienced, dcxtt'ioiis. 

"And  cv»T>'  tpisf-hrart^  nmwg  you  Blmll  ctfiiio. 
nnd   uwk."  nil  tlmt    Uto    Lord    lititli  coiiuimiidwl.  — 

'  Wise-lilce,  o.  Resfinblin?  that  wlii'-h 
is  wisL-  or  sensible  ;  judicious.    {Scotch.) 

wise-man,  ^^  A  nmu  skilled  in  hidden 
ai  t^  ;  a  snitervr,  a  wizard. 

•I  vny  y<"i  Ull  whrre  thp  triir-iruin.  tli* 


llMtlb.   -^iv/. 


Old  t\  ivc$  I'lttv,  1>.  **■>. 


'  wise-woman,  -'■. 

1.  A  wiinian  sUiUfd  in  hiddi*n  arts  ;  a  witch, 
a  soi't'ciess. 

"  Pniy  wiia't  not  the  whe-wonian  ut  Brentford?"— 
t:Ji<tfcc)ip.  :  Merry  H'iw.  iv,  5. 

2.  A  midwife.    {Scotch.) 

*]\  In  sense  2,  purhaiis  a  direct  tvan.slation  of 
Fr.  mge-femtrw..  and  thus  a  relic  of  tlie  old 
connection  between  France  and  Scotland. 

wise,  s.  [A.S.  wise;  cogn.  with  Dut.  ^rijs; 
Irel.  -ri-s  in  comp.  odAnms  =  otherwise  ; 
Han.  viis;  Sw.  vis;  O.  H.  Ger.  wmi ;  Ger. 
weise.  Wise  and  pHfiT  arc  doublets.]  Mannei' ; 
way  of  being  or  acting;  mode,  s'"-"^*^- 

"  It  thundered  and  liyiitened  in  moat  fctirful  wise." 
—  Runifttn  :  fiVjrim't  Progress,  pt.  i. 

%  As  an  independent  word  wise  is  now  obso- 
lete, except  iu  such  phrases  as  in  any  vnse,  itt 
no  wise,  on  this  wise,  &c. 

■'He  shall  »M  110  wise  lose  hln  imwaixI'  —M.tftlieio 
X.  A2. 

In  composition  it  is  often  used,  as  in  like- 
wise, otheru'ise,  lengthnNSf,  when  it  has  tlie 
same  force  as  -vtiys.  as  lengtluwys. 

*  TI  To  make  wise :  To  make  show  or  pre- 
tence ;  to  pretend,  to  feign. 

'■Tliey  mntle  wise  Jis  if  the  Rods  of  the  wowls  .  .  . 
should  iipiieiir  mid  recite  thu^e  verges."— /'H«f»tAani  ; 

wise'-a-cre  (ere  as  ker),  5.  [O.  Dut.  vnjs- 
seKjer  =  a  wise-sayer,  from  Ger.  weissager,  fmm 
M.  H.  Ger.  wisiigdn,  wizsct'icn,  wissuge)i  =  A 
soothsayer,  a  prophet,  liom  uu^ai/o  =  a  pro- 
phet, from  O.  H.  Ger.  irimn  :  A.S.  witun (ha,t. 
video)  =  to  see.  Hence  the  true  meaning  is  a 
sootlisaver ;  the  U.  H.  Ger.  wizago  corre- 
sponding to  A.S.  luilega,  witiga  —a  prophet.] 

*  1.  A  learned  or  wise  man  ;  a  sayer  of  wise 
things. 

"Pytliiigorfia  lerned  iiiUL-he,  .  .  .  becotmaiug  a 
iiiyglitye  w^/neacre." — Lctaiid. 

2.  One  who  makes  pretensions  to  great 
learning;  or  wisdom;  hence,  contemptuously 
or  ironically,  a  would-be  wise  person,  a  fool, 
a  simpleton. 

'■  There  ivere.  at  that  time,  on  the  bench  of  justioea 
many  Sir  Fiiul  Eitln-i-sidtiH,  hscd,  unfeeling,  auper. 
stitious  u'iseiicrea."—Den  Jwimut ;  The  Ucuil  is  an  Ass. 
V.  5.     iNote  1.) 

' 'wise'-ling,  s.  [Eng.  wUie  ;  dimin.  sutf. 
-ling.]  One  who  pretends  to  be  wise  ;  u  wise- 
acre. 

"Thpae  wiap/iHfl'i,  that  show  tlieiuHulves  fools  ill  so 
3[)eaking."— UoHTje;  tifptiiagint,  p.  2H. 

wxse'-ljr,  *wis-liche,  'wise-li.  luiv. 
[Eng.  wise,  a.  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  wise,  discreet,  or  prudent  manner ; 
with  wisdom,  prudence,  oi"  di-scretion ;  pru- 
dently, judiciously. 

"  Of  one  th.^t  loved  not  wiseln,  but  too  well." 

Hhakeap. :  Othctlo,  v.  ■!. 

2.  Craftily,  cunningly ;  with  art  or  strata- 
gem. 

•■  Let  ua  deal  wisely  with  them,  lest  they  multi[jly 
.  .  .  and  fight  iigninstua."— JFa:orfi(s  i.  10. 

wis-ened,  c    IWizlned.] 

'wise'-ness.  *  wise-nesse,  s.  [Eng.  vise, 
a.  ;  -»ess.l     Wisdom. 

"And  tliou  se  a  wise  niiiu,  for  his  goodnesse  and 
wisf^if»8ti  wolt  thou  nut  do  liyui  worship  If  ■'—CVufitCfiJ"  ; 

Tl.■~^<tltm■■„t  of  l.»i-i-.  l.k,  li. 

wi-ser-ine,  wri'-ser  ite  (wasv),  s.    [After 
Hf  rr  Wiser  of  Zurich  ;  suit',  -ite  (Afui.).] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  name  given  by  Kenngott  to  a  mineial 
occurring  in  small  .square  prisms  with  square 
pyramids  implanted  on  crystals  of  iron-glance 
("eisenrose*  ).    The  satne  as  Xknotime  (q.v.). 

2.  A  mineral  occurring  in  somewhat  com- 
plex erystal-f(prms  sent  to  Klein  under  this 
name  was  found  to  l>c  Anatase  (q.v.).     Found 


implanted    on  the  sides  of   llssurcs  of   the 
schists  of  the  Binnenthal,  Wallis,  Switzerland. 
3.  The  same  as  Khodochbosite  (q.v.). 

wish,  '  wische,  '  wisshe.  r.i.  &  t.  [AS. 
irihani,  iW>ci"(  —  to  wish,  fi-om  wusc  —  a. 
wish  (q.v.);  cogn.  with  \)ut.  wenschen ;  Icel. 
ivskj'i :  Dan.  bnskc ;  Mw.  onska  :  O.  H.  Ger. 
wuitsean:  Ger.  wHnschnt.  An  n  appears 
therefore  to  liave  been  lost  from  the  English 
wonl,  the  proper  form  of  which  should  be 
i"()'s/(.  From  the  .same  root  as  Sansc.  van  — 
to  ask  ;  Eng.  vnn  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  have  a  wish  or  desire  ;  to  cherish  a 
liesire,  either  for  what  is,  or  for  wliat  is  not 
supposed  to  be  attainable  ;  to  long.  (Followed 
by /or  before  the  object  desired.) 

"  Tlie  aweets  we  wish/or." 

altakcap. :  liapc  of  Lucrece,  867. 

2.  To  be  disposed  or  inclined ;  to  have 
certain  feelings  (with  well  or  ill) :  as,  He  wishes 
well  (or  ill)  towards  you. 

*  3.  To  hope  or  fear  in  a  slight  degree,  or 
with  a  preponderance  of  fear  over  hope. 

••  I  wish  it  mav  not  iirove  aome  ominous  foretoken 
of  miafortuue,  to  have  met  with  auch  a  miser  aa  1 
am.  "—.Siitue//. 

B.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  desire  ;  to  long  lor. 


2.  Followed  by  an  infinitive  or  clause. 

••  I  wish  above  all  things  that  thou  iiiayest  prosper." 
— z  John  '2. 

3.  To  frame  or  express  a  desire  or  wish  con- 
cerning ;  to  desire  to  be  (with  words  complet- 
ing the  senseX 

■'He  could  wish  himself  in  Thames."— SAaie*;*..- 
Henry  V.,  iv.  1. 

■i.  To  imprecate  or  call  down  upon;  to  in- 
voke. 

"Let  them  be  driven  backward,  and  put  to  ahame 
that  wish  me  e\i\."—l'salm  xl.  U. 

*  5.  To  ask,  to  desire,  to  invite,  to  request, 
to  bid. 

■■  I  will  wish  thee  never  more  to  dance." 

iihakvf}).:  Lovi-'a  Liibour's  Lost,  v,  2, 

*  fj.  To  recommend  ;  to  commit  to  another's 
cisntidenee,  kindness,  or  <are  with  favouring 
representations ;  to  eoniniend  with  a  view  to 
the  acceptance  of. 

'■  If  I  can  by  any  means  light  on  a  fit  man  to  teach 
her  that  wherein  she  delivrhta.  I  will  wish  him  to  her 
fiither.'— A'/mic-'i/J.  ■"  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  i.  1, 

wisll,    ■  WUSCh,  s.     [A.S.  wiiSG :  cogn.  with 
O.  Dut.  wiinsch;  Icel.  osk ;  O.  H.  Ger.  ^muisc; 
Ger.  wunsch.] 
I.  0 nli wiry  Lav guage: 

1.  A  desire,  a  longing,  a  hankering  after. 

"  Thy  wish  was  father,  Harry,  to  that  thought." 
Shakfsp. :  2  Henry  I W.  iv.  4. 

2.  An  expression  of  desire;  a  request,  a 
petition  ;  an  expression  of  a  kind  interest  in 
the  welfare  of  others,  or  an  imprecation  upon 
them. 

'•  Blistered  be  thy  tongue. 
For  such  a  wish." 

Shakesp. :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  iii.  2. 

3.  That  which  is  desired  or  wished  for  ;  the 

object  of  desire. 

"  Be  Rssur'd  .  .  . 
Thy  wish,  exactly  to  thy  heart's  desire." 

JIUloti :  P.  L„  viii.  45L 

II.  Corn.}yar.  lieOg. :  A  word  often  occurring 
in  ancient  Teutonu-  mythology,  and  used  to 
signify  the  sum-total  of  well-being  and  blessed- 
ness, the  fulness.  In  the  Middle  Age  Wish 
(Wunsch)  appears  to  have  been  personitied  by 
the  poets  as  a  mighty  creative  being.  (See 
extract.) 

"  That  Wish  was  pereonified.  and  very  boldly  by  the 
Christian  poets,  is  abundantly  proved.  That  he  wjlm 
ever  believed  in  as  a  iieraon.  even  iu  heathen  timei^, 
is,  to  my  thinking,  far  from  clear.  I  believe  aoiue 
German  scholars  regard  the  notion  as  little  better 
than  a  mare'»  ueat.'^— O rim m :  Dent,  ilythot.  (Eng. 
ed  (.  1.  IVi.    (Translator's  note.) 

wish-bone,  s.    [Wlshino-bone.] 
wish-child.  ^. 

Aiithropology : 

1.  An  adopted  child. 

2.  The  child  of  a  wish-wife  (q.v.).  (Grimm.) 
wish-maiden,  s. 

Anthro}). :  A  valkyr  (q.v.). 

"  The  Norae  Odiiiu  too  haa  these  marvellous  children 
and  wish-niaid'^ns  in  hia  train.'— GWmm  ;  Dcut. 
Jfythol-  (Eng.  ed.),  i.  US. 

Wish-wife,  s. 

Anthropology : 

1.  A  female  deity;  especially  one  acting  as 


a  liandmaid  to  the  gods,  and  as  a  revealcr  and 
guardian  to  men. 

2.  A  supernatural  being  whose  presence  her 
mortal  lover  can  procure  by  wi.shing  for  it. 
(Gnmm.) 

"*  wish'-a-We,  a.  [Eng.  wish,  v.  ;  -able.] 
Capable'  or  worthy  of  being  wished  for  or 
desired ;  desirable. 

"The  glad  aud  wishable  tidiugcti  of  saUiaciou."- 
rdal :  Luke  iv. 

wished,  pa.  par-  or  a.     [Wish,  v.] 

*wish'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  wished  :  -ly.]  Ac- 
cording to  desire. 

"  Wliat  could  bavehapiwned  untw  hint  more  wished- 
ly.  than  with  hia  great  honour  to  keep  the  town  atill  J " 
—Knollcs :  Hist,  of  Turkes. 

wish'-er,  s.  [Eng.  loish,  v. ;  -er,]  One  who 
wishes  ;  one  who  expresses  a  wish  or  desire. 

"  Wishers  were  ever  fools." 

Shakes}'.  .■  Antony  £  Cleopatra,  iv.  i:i. 

wish'-fiil.  ^  wish'-fiill,  a.    [Eng.  wish  (i), 

s.  ;  -JnlL] 

1.  Having  or  cherishing  wishes  ;  desirous 
(followed  by  of  before  the  object  of  desire) : 
as.  To  be  wishful  of  one's  company. 

2.  Showing,  or  arising  from  desire ;  longing, 
wistful. 

"  Yet  thro"  the  gate  they  cast  a  withfnl  eye." 

Thomson  :  Caxlle  of  Indolence,  i.  21. 

*  3.  Desirable  ;  exciting  wishes  or  desire. 

"  And  fortb  her  bringing  to  the  joyous  light. 
Whereof  she  long  had  lackt  the  wiahfull  sight." 
Spenser  :  F.  V-.  VI.  xi.  5it. 

•  wish'-ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  wishful;  -ly.]  In 
a  wishful  manner;  with  strong  or  ardent  de- 
sire ;  earnestly,  wistfully 

•■  I  aat  liHjking  wishfully  at  the  clock.'"— /d/cr.  No.  67. 

'  wish'-fiil-neSS,  ^*.  [Eng.  v.n:>hful;  -ness.\ 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  wishful ;  long- 
ing ;  strong  iu  anient  desire. 

"Sadness  aud  softness,  hopefulness,  wislifnlnrss" 
T'aylur :  Isaac  Comcniis,  iii.  1, 

wish'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Wish,  v.] 
A.  &  B,  .-Is  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj.  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  Anthrop.  :  Connected  with  or  bestowed 
by  Wish  [Wish,  s.,  II.];  bestowing  the  be.st 
that  the  heart  can  wish.  The  expression  is 
borrowed  from  Scandinavian  and  Teutonic 
jiiytlit'logy,  though  the  idea  is  found  in  the 
fnik -tales  of  many  other  races.  Grimm  (Dent. 
Mythol.)  identifies  the  unshing  purse  of  Fortu- 
natus,  which  was  never  empty,  with  the 
Cornucopia;  his  ^fishing  cap,  which  trans- 
ported him  from  place  to  place,  with  the 
petasus  of  Hermes  ;  and  iu  the  wishing  rod, 
credited  with  the  power  of  enabling  its  owner 
to  discover  and  obtain  gold  or  other  treasure 
buried  in  tlie  earth,  he  sees  a  reference  to  the 
Caduceus. 

C  ^5  suhst. :  A  wish,  a  desire;  the  ex- 
pression of  a  wish. 

"  Her  loDginys,  vnshingt,  hopes,  all  finished  l>e. " 
Davies .'  Immort.  of  the  Soul,  xxx, 

wishing-bone,   wish-bone,   $.      The 

forked  bone  iu  a  fowls  breast ;    the  merry- 
thought (q.v.). 

wishing-cap,  s.     [Wishing,  2.) 

wishing-purse,  5.    [Wishing,  2.] 

wishing-rod,  s.    [Wishing,  2.] 

^  wish'-ly,  *  wishe-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  wish  (i), 
s. ;  -ly.]    Earnestly. 

"Pure  better  and  more  wishcly  with  his  olde  eyen 
■vpon  Saynt  Johns  yhospell  "—Sir  T.  More  :  Workcs.  p. 

I.IIH. 

wish' -ton -wish,  s.    [North  Amer.  Indian.] 
ZooL:    Cyjwniys   ludovicianus.      (liitiley  d; 
Da7ia.)    [Prairie-dog.] 

t  wish'-wash,  s.  [A  reduplication  of  wash.] 
Any  weak  thin  liquor  for  drinking. 

wish'-y-wash-y,  a.  &  s.  [A  reduplication 
of  ukxshy.] 

A,  As  adj.:  Very  tliin,  weak,  and  poor; 
originally  applied  to  bquids ;  hence  poor, 
feeble,  wanting  in  substance  or  body. 

"  If  you  are  a  Coffin,  you  are  sawn  out  of  no  wishf/- 
trashy  elm  \ioA\d:'—Kingsley :   Westward  Ho!  ch.  viii. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  sort  of  thin,  weak,  or 
poor  liquor.     (Collo'i.) 

*  wis'-ker,  5.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  lie. 

••Suppose  I  tell  her  some  damned  wisker."— Plantui 
made  En;}lish.  p.  9. 


fate,  lat,  fare,  g,mldst,  what,  f^U,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son:  mute,  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,     se.  ce  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


wisket— wit 


573 


*wis'-ket,  ».  lEtyni.  doubtful.]  A  basket. 
{I'rov.) 

■  "wi&'-ly,  if-fr,  [Icel.  I'iJj*-  =  certain,  from  vita 
=  to  kuDW.J    [Wit,  v.]    Surely,  certainly. 

"  Vet  «iui*!io  Mf  lit  mill  God  wot.  so  beu  mo, 
TJirtt  wciipn  leUli/  th-it  it  Iw  not  so.' 

Cfuiucr:  C.  T..  9.3S'.. 

wisp.  "  wips,   •  wispe.   '  wesp,  '  wysp, 

N.  5  As  ill  otlinr  Cii.si.'S  wliere  sp  ami  j>s  are 
inU'ichaii"eti,  the  spelling  with  ps  is  tlie  older; 
I'l".  hasp,  clasp,  n\'sp,  &c.  The  A.S.  fnrin  would 
be  icips,  but  it  doe.s  not  occur  ;  and  the  final 
.1  is  tovmativf,  trips  being  closely  connected 
with  iripc.  We  hnd  also  Low  Ger.  icwrp  =  u 
wisp  .  .  .  Sw.  dial.  r(;ip  =  an  ear  of  rye,  also 
a  little  slieaf  or  bundle.    (SkaU.)^ 

1.  A  bundle  of  straw,  hay,  or  other  like 
substance. 

"  He  hnd  died  on  h  tcisp  of  straw  without  inediLnl 
Atteiulaiice."— ifavau/.iy  ;  ffUt.  £iig.,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  A  whisk,  a  small  besom  or  broom. 
.'J.  An  igiiis-fatuus  or  will-o'-the-wisp. 

"  Tlic  witp  tliiit  flickers  where  no  foot  cau  tread." 
Teiiiifiaon  :  I'rincess.    (Prul.  04.) 

'  4.  A  disease  in  bullocks. 

■  wisp-led»  a.      Led  away  by  a  will-o*- 

llit-wi.-^p  nr  idle  fancy. 

"  Fiir  loo  clear-sighted  to  be  wisp-led." — Jfincteenth 
f  tntur;/.  Sei>t..  IbSl.  1>.  lliC. 

wisp,  I'.t.    [Wisr,  .>■.] 

I.  To  brush  or  dress,  as  with  a  wisp. 
'2.  To  rumple.    (Pror.) 

'wisp'-en,  a.  [Eng.  wisp;  -en.]  Made  of  a 
wisp  ur  wisps  of  straw  or  some  similar  sub- 
stance. 

"  ^^he  liHth  .ilre.'Uly  put  ou  her  teispen  garland."— (7. 
ll-irfey      PitrteB  fitiptrerogativii. 

wis-sad'-u-la,  ^^    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Malve*.  Involucre  none  ; 
calyx  five-pailite ;  petals  live;  capsule  live- 
celled  ;  seeds  reniform.  Shrubs  from  the 
tropics  of  Asia  and  America.  Wissadula 
rostrata  is  a  native  of  the  Malay  Peninsula, 
Java,  tropical  Africa  and  America,  and  is 
cultivated  in  Ceylon  and  India.  The  bark 
abo\inds  in  useful  flaxen  libres  ;  it  also  yields 
a  ^'ood  ht^nip. 

■wisse,  'wise,  o.t.  [A.S.  irwian-;  O.  Low. 
(itT.  u-i^-aa;  Icel.  visa;  O.  H.  Ger.  wisan., 
■ivi^mn.]    To  teach,  to  sliow,  to  instruct. 

•■  Or  we  deport  I  ahn.1  thee  ao  wel  wiese. 
That  of  uiio  houB  ue  stiaJt  thou  never  niisse." 

Chancer :  C.  T..  6,991 

Wist,  pret.  kpa.  par.  of  v.     [Wit,  i\] 

wis-tar-i-a,  s.  [Named  after  Caspar  Wistar 
(1701-1818),'  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Galege:e.  Climbing  shrubs, 
witli  pinnate  leaves,  and  axillary  and  terminal 
racenies  of  lilac-coloured  flowei-s.  Two  species 
are  cultivated  in  Britain,  Wistaria  chiiunsis. 
from  China,  and  W.  Jrutescens,  from  North 
Aui  erica. 

*  WiSte,  pt'd.  &.  pa.  par.  of  v.     [WlT,  ^.J 

wist'-ful,  «.  [-\  word  of  doubtful  origin. 
According  to  Skeat  it  is  nothing  more  than  a 
eorruption  of  wishful,  which  was  once  com- 
mon, and  which  it  has  supplanted.  The 
change  in  form  is  probably  due  to  confusion 
with  u-istly,  which  was  itself  a  corniption  of 
Mid.  Eng.  wLshj  (q.v.).] 

1.  Eanie-stly  or  eagerly  attentive  ;  carefully 
or  anxiously  observant. 

"  These  wistful  myriads  eye  their  prey." 

Scolt :  Don  Roderick,  Cone.  v. 

2.  Full  of  thought;  pensive,  contempla- 
tive, thoughtfuL 

"  Why,  Grubbiuol,  doat  thou  so  wistful  seem?" 
Qay:  Pastorals,  Friday  1, 

3.  Pensive  or  melancholy  from  the  absence 
or  want  of  something  ;  earnest  from  a  feeling 
of  desire ;  longing. 

"  I  cast  iiiajiy  a  wut/ul,  taelancholy  look  towardfl  the 
fea-'—.-iwi/C.     {Todd.} 

Wist'-ful-l3^,a(/p.     [EnQ.  wistful ;  -ly.] 

\.  In  a  wistful  manner;  longingly,  wish- 
fully. 

"    tt'UtftUlu  tthe  raised 
Her  head  from  off  her  piUow  to  look  forth." 

W ordsuyjrth :  Ejxwrsion.  bk.  i. 
2.  Eanie.stly.  attentively. 
?,.  Tli'iuglitfuUy,  musingly,  pensively 

tTiSt'-ful-ness,  ^';.  [Eng.  wistful ;  -ntss.]  The 
ijuality  or  state  of  being  wistful. 


twis'-ti  tl,    >^.      [OUISTITI.] 

*  wist-lcss,«.    [Eng.  inV, •-?«.'«.]  Unknowing. 

"  WittUu  what  I  dill,  half  from  the  sheath 
Di-ew  the  wolI'tcmiKTcJ  bhtde." 

S-juthey:  Joan<if.irv,  bk.  i, 

■  wist'-l^,  adv.     [Wistful.] 

1.  ttbservingly,     attentively,      earnestly, 
elo.sely. 

"  A  wild  iKAHt  .  .  .  doth  stAiid  full  agniust  the  do^ 
tttnrrf  when  it  rlseth,  loukcth  wUtlv  upon  it."—/'. 
JMIaiid:  Pllnic,hk.  ii.,ch.  xl. 

2.  Wistfully,  longingly.     (A  doubtful  use.) 

wit,  *  wit-en,  •  xritte,  •  wy-ten  (pr.  t. 
wot,  wost,  wot;  pi.  icitcii ;  y&.  t.  *  wist,  *  wisfe, 
" w>ist,*ivot,  pa.  par.  wist),v.i.  or  /.  fA.S. 
witan  =  to  know  (pr.  t.  ic  wdt,  thv,  wast,  he 
■ivdt ;  pi.  wi^m ;  subj.  sing,  wite,  pi.  witon ; 
pa.  t.  wistc,  wisse ;  '2nd  pers.  wisses,  pi.  wislon  ; 
pa.  par.  wist).  Allied  to  iHtan  =  to  see  (pa.  t. 
wilt;  pi.  witon).  It  is  clear  that  ic  u-dt  is 
really  an  old  past  tense  (pi-ob.  of  loitnn),  used 
as  a  present,  causing  the  necessity  of  creating 
a  new  past  tense,  wisse,  or  wiste  which  is, 
however,  ()f  great  antiquity  .  .  .  Tlie  gerund 
is  to  witanne,  whence  Mod.  English  In 
wit.  Cogu.  with  Dut  weten  (p.  t.  mst, 
pa.  par.  geweten);  Icel.  vita  (pr.  t.  ret(;pa.  t. 
vissa;  pa,  par.  v^itadhr)  ;  Dan.  vide  (pr.  t. 
restl ;  pa.  t.  vidste;  pa.  par.  vidst);  Sw.  veta 
(pr.  t.  vet :  pa.  t.  vtsste ;  pa.  par.  veten)  ;  Ger. 
nissoh  (pr.  t.  wciss;  pa.  t.  wusstc;  pa.  pai". 
<}>iiiissty;  Goth,  iritan  (pr.  t.  wait ;  pa.  t.  icissa); 
Lat.  video—  to  sec  ;  Gr.  iSeiv  (idein)  =  to  see  ; 
olfia  (oida)  =  I  know  ;  Sansc.  vid  =  to  per- 
ceive, to  know.  IVit  is  the  inlin.  mood  ;  to 
irit  (as  in  "  We  do  you  to  wit ")  is  the  gerund  ; 
wot  is  the  1st  and  ;ird  pere.  of  the  present 
indicative,  tlie  :in\  person  being  often  cor- 
ruptly written  wottetk;  u-ost  (later  form  wot- 
ft-.>7)  is  the  2nd  pers.  sing,  of  the  .same  tense  ; 
iristi:  (later  wist),  is  the  pa.  t.,  and  wist  is  the 
pa.  i>ar.     (Skeat.)] 

1.  To    know,  to   learn;   to  be  or  become 
aware.  (Used  either  wither  withoutanobject.) 

(1)  Infinitive: 

"  And  his  sister  stood  afar  off  to  wit  what  would  be 
done  unto  him."— Exodus  n.  i. 

(2)  rresciit  tense : 

"  I  vrot  well  where  he  is  " 

filutkesp. :  Kortieo  &  Juliet,  iii,  2, 

(3)  Past  tense  : 


(4)  Present  participle : 

"  As  vnttinir  I  no  othi-r  oonifovt  have." 

Sltak*:sp. :  1  Henry  VI..  ii.  5. 

T[  To  wit  is  used  chiefly  to  eall  attention  to 
something  particular,  or  as  introductory  to 
a  detailed  statement  of  what  has  just  before 
been  mentioned  generally,  and  as  equivalent 
to  namely :  as,  Tliere  were  three  present,  (o 
wit,  Mr.  Green,  Mr.  Black,  and  Mr.  Brown. 

*2.  To  joke. 

"  Bristowdoth  pretend  to  wU  itouhispulpit-libelL" 
—Hcylin  :  Life  of  Laud,  \i.  200. 

wit,  *witte,  '^^yt,  s.  [A.S,  trt(=  know- 
ledge, from  witan  =  to  know  ;  cogn.  with  Icel. 
vit;  Dan.  vid;  Sw.  vctt;  O.  H.  Ger.  wiggi; 
Ger.  witz.]    [Wit,  v.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

'  1.  Knowledge,  understanding. 

"  Aa  couceruyn^e  maticioujsneti,  be  chyldren.  but  lu 
wyt  be  perfucte."— 1  Corintk.  xiv.  20.     (1551.) 

2.  The  mental  powers;  intellect;  intel- 
lectual power. 

"  My  urit  untraiued  in  any  kind  of  art  " 

Shakesp.  :  1  Henry  VI.,  i.  2. 

3.  A  superior  degree  of  intelligence  or  under- 
standing ;  bright  reasoning  powers  ;  wisdom, 
sagarity. 

"  If  I  might  teach  thee  vrit,  better  it  were. 
Though  uot  to  love,  yet,  love,  to  tell  me  so." 

Shakesp.  :  Sonnet  140. 

4.  Common  sense  ;  sense. 

"  I  have  the  tott  to  think  my  master  is  a  kind  of 
kniive."— SA«A«/). :  Two  Oentlonen,  iii.  l. 

5.  Imaginative  and  inventive  faculty ;  power 
of  invention;  contrivance,  ingenuity. 

"  Past  the  wit  of  man  to  s.iy  what  dream  it  ww. 

ShaJcesp. :  Midsummer  .Mght'a  ftream  iv.  l. 

6.  The  power  of  original  combination  under 
the  influence  of  the  imagination. 

"  Men  who  have  a  great  deal  of  wit,  and  pronipt 
memiTies.  have  not  always  the  clearest  hidijment,  it 
deei^est  rctson." — Locke:  Hum.  Underst.,  ok.  il.,ch.  xi. 

7.  The  faculty  of  associating  ideas  in  a  new 
and  ingenious,  and  at  the  same  time  natural 
and  pleasing  way,  exhiliiled  in  apt  language 
and  felicitous  combination  of  words  anil 
thoughts,  by  which  unexpected  resemblances 


between  things  apparently  nnliko  are  vividly 
set  before  tho  mind,  ho  a.s  t()  jiroduco  a  shoek 
of  pleasant  .Hurpri.<io  ;  facetiuusness. 

"  Tnin  wit  la  nature  to  ndvantaue  drrat. 
What  oft  was  thoiitfht,  hut  no  er  *<>  yv\}  cxpreaL" 
I'opo:  Ktsnyon  Ciiticittn,  U.  07. 

^  Perliaps  the  clearest  detliiitt<)n  of  wit 
Wf.uld  lie,  that  it  is  a  combination  of  idca-H 
whicli  i-rcjitcs  a  feeling  of  surprise  at  the 
nnexpcctt'il  congrnity  of  things  appnrcntly 
incongruous.  Hence  it  wuuM  st-efii  to  be  the 
power  of  fompavison  that,  eit-ates  wit ;  but 
there  are  many  unexp-ctrd  comhinatioiiK  nf 
this  chaiacter,  whieh,  as  Sydney  Smith  justly 
observes,  wnuhl  bo  witty  if  they  were  not 
sublime  or  beautiful.  A  strong  sense  of  gran- 
deur or  beauty  overpowers  or  takes  away  the 
sense  of  wit.  He  instances  the  idea  tn  Canip- 
bell's  Lo*;/(ici— "Coming  events  vnst  their 
sliadows  before  "—which,  as  he  remarks,  would 
be  witty  if  it  were  not  subliine.  The  awe  and 
revreticc  awakened  by  the  highest  sulijects 
ciiTinected  with  our  t'aith  also  destroy  the 
impression  of  wit  ;  but  in  the  works  of  many 
of  our  most  eminent  r('ligir)us  WTiters,  ami 
even  in  the -Scriptiues,  maybe  found  happy 
combinations,  which,  but  for  the  sanctity  of 
the  subject,  would  awaken  the  sense  of  wit. 
An  unexpected  titness,  then,  seems  to  form 
the  essence  of  wit ;  and  as  the  same  writer 
we  have  referred  to  observes,  among  the  un- 
educated and  children  the  same  kind  of  feeling 
is  often  awakened  by  a  combination  of  things 
as  well  as  of  thoughts,  such  as  the  putting 
together  of  a  i)uzzlc.    (Trench:  Sytionj/ms.) 

8.  One  who  has  genius,  fancy,  or  humour; 
a  person  of  learning  and  retlned  ideas  ;  an  ac- 
complished scholar. 

"  He  did  not,  however,  in  the  least  affect  the  cham«- 
ter  of  a  wit  or  of  an  omtor,"— J/acmi/t/v  -"  "t"*',  A'ng., 
th.  vii. 

9.  In  modern  usage  one  distinguished  or 
noted  for  briglit  or  amusing  sayings ;  a 
humorist. 

•■  The  wifs  and  the  Piiritflna  had  never  been  oii 
friendly  terms."— .1/ficau/a,v  .■  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  Hi. 

10.  (PL):  The  understanding,  the  intellect. 

"  His  «fi/9  are  not  so  blunt." 

Sfi'ikt!$p.  :  .Much  Ado.  iii.  6. 

11.  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  (1)  llyoscyamus  luteus  ;  (2)  Nicotiana 
rustica.     (Britten  X  Holland.)    [Tobacco.] 

2.  Phrenol.  :  The  faculty  which  disposes  its 
possessor  to  mirtlifulncss.  Alone,  or  in  com- 
bination with  other  faculties,  it  produces  the 
tendency  to  miith,  humour,  satire,  &c.  Spurz- 
heim  <;IasBilied  it  with  the  affective  fHCulties. 
Gall  and  Combe  considered  it  intellectual. 
It  is  situated  on  the  upper  i»art  of  the  fore- 
head, towards  one  side. 

^  1.  At  one's  nrits'  end:  At  a  complete  loss 
what  further  steps  or  measures  to  adopt ; 
having  exhausted  the  last  known  plan  or 
contrivance. 

"  Now  your  counsels. 
For  I  am  .it  my  wits'  tnd.' 

Ocatttn.  *  Flet..-  Had  Loper,  iv. 

*2.  The,  five  wits:  An  old  expression,  some- 
times used  for  the  live  senses,  but  ofteuer 
detincd  common  wit,  imagination,  fantasy, 
estimation,  niemory. 

"  My  lio€  wits  nor  my  five  aensefl  can 
Dissuade  one  foolish  heart  from  serving  thee." 
^Hnikcsp.:  Koiinet  \\\. 

'  wit-cracker,  s.  One  who  breaks  jests; 
a  joker. 

"A  eolIoKe  of  vnt-crackt^it  cannot  flout  me  out  of 
my  humour."— .SAafctyp..*  J/ucA  Ado,  V.  9. 

*  wit-craft,  5. 

1.  Art  of  reasomng  ;  logic. 

2.  Contrivance,  invention,  wit. 

"  Be  WHS  no  body  that  could  not  hammer  out  of  hia 
iinme  ati  invention  by  this  wittraft,  and  picture  It 
actordiiife'ly."— CanMfcrt  ."  /icmains. 

'  ivit-jar,  .■^.    A  head. 

'  Itr,  Ihilf     .  .  hiiH  liruiight  mo  back  my  wH-Jnr,''^ 


Kn-hardiL 


<  lu 


vlii.  240. 


•  wit-snapper,  s.    One  who  affects  wit. 

■■  (loodly    I"rd,    wlint    a   wi(.snapj>cr   ATo   youl"— 
yfiaK'ip.  :  iltrchiiut  of  Venice,  iii.  S. 

■  'wit-Starved,  a.  Barren  of  wit ;  desti- 
tut<;  of  genius. 

'  wit-tooth,  -';.  A  wisdom-tooth  (q.v.). 
(/'.  ilollaiul :  Pliny,  bk.  xii.,  ch.  xxv.) 

*  \nt-wantoii,  a.    Over  subtle. 

■■  Wit-waiUon  me\i: '—FuiUr:  Church  UitL,  xiv.  <. 

"  wit- worm,  5.  One  tliat  feeds  on  wit ;  a 
canker  of  wit. 

"ThuRtoc 


b^l,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  ^hln,  bexk^h;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  ==  i; 
-oian,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  ~  shun;  -(ion,  -§ion  --  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  -kc.  —  bel,  d^ 


574 


witan— ■witenagemot 


■nrit-an,  ».  |A.S.  =  tlie  wise  incu.l  The 
Wm-ii!ii;ilic"t  Ol.v.)- 

wit«Ii  (1),  •  wloohe,  *  'wltche.  s.  [A.S. 
iric<«=a  wizjird  ;  wur*  =  a  witeli.  It'icce  is 
till'  fem.  of  luia-n,  ami  wicca  is  !i  corniptimi  of 
lei/l/d,  a  eoniiiMiii  abbreviated  form  ipf  mitiga 
tpitemi  =  ti  prnpliet,  snotlisayer,  wizjird  .  .  . 
ttom  icilaii.  =  to  see.  Cf.  Icel.  vilki  =  a  wizard, 
whence  vilka  =  to  bewitch.  Tlic  Icel.  vitki  is 
from  vilu  =  to  know,  as  A.S.  wilga,  orlK-  =  a 
seer,  is  from  iiii<(iii.  =  to  see,  allied  to  wilim  = 
t«  know.    (.s;,eiK.)l    [Wiseacre.) 

*  1.  A  man  given  to  the  black  art ;  a  sorcerer, 
a  wi/ai'il. 

"Tliert.  wm  A  m»n  In  tliHt  citie  wliose  ninut;  was 
Syiiioiiut  ft  KFicc/..-."-  H-jiflijri'  ■■  -<(•'«  Vlil.  9. 

•>.  A  woman  supposed  to  have  formed  a 
conipiict  with  the  devil  or  with  evil  spirits, 
and  by  their  means  to  be  enabled  to  operBto 
siipernatiirally  ;  a  sorceress. 

3.  A  term  of  reproach  for  an  old  and  ugly 
woniiin,  with  no  reference  to  the  practice  of 
sorcery. 

■■  foul  wrinkled    witch,  wlmt   iiiakeat   tliou    ill   luy 
aightr"  ahnifcrt/'. ;  lilchard  III.,  i.  3. 

4.  A  liewitchin;;  or  charming  young  woman  ; 
a  woman  ]iosscssed  of  bewitching  or  fascinat- 
ing attractions. 

•i  To  be  110  wilch :  To  be  rather  stupid  ;  to 
lie  not  very  clever. 

"The  editor  M  ckftvly  110  w(fi*'»  ata  riiIille."—CVo-/i//e; 
Jfisci^rt..  ill.  51. 

witch-balls,  .i.  ?>'.  Interwoven  masses 
of  the  stems  of  heriiaceous  [ilants,  often  met 
with  cm  the  steppes  of  Tartary.   (Trem.  of  Bot.) 

'  wltch-flnder,  s.  A  professional  dis- 
coverer <if  witches :  one  whose  services  were 
taken  advantage  of  formerly  when  the  iirose- 
i  ntion  of  so-calleil  witches  was  in  vogue. 

■■  A  iiotorioua  wltch-Jintl^r  iu  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. Mfttthew  Hopkins  .  .  .  hanired  one  year  no  lea» 
than  sixty  reputed  witches  in  his  own  county  of 
E^KX."—Adilis  i  Arnold  :  fatb.  Diet.  p.  S&4. 

nltch-hag,  ». 

Ornilh.  :  A  local  name  for  the  Swallow (q. v.) 
iti  Caitliness. 

'•  Amoiiu  the  superstitiuuaof  Cftithnesa.  the  Swallow 
n  called  ■  It'(r,7i-/i(i7.'  They  say  that  if  a  swallow  dies 
under  tlie  arm  of  a  person  it  immediately  becomes 
|ial-alyz.-'l.  Is  it  because  of  the  s;tuie  euiierstitioii 
that  ill  s.uiie  parts  of  England  the  innocent  Swift  Is 
lalleil  •  the  Develiii '  ?  "— ,S,  Smiles :  Robert  Diek.  p.  97. 

witch-meal,  s.  The  powdery  pollen  of 
I.itcoiiodiuiii  davatuvi,  or  Club-moss.    [Lvco- 

CODIUM.] 

witch-meat,  s.    [Witches'  butter,  2.  ] 

*  irttch-note,  .^.    A  weird  note  or  sound. 

(*o«;  GUiifiiiUu.) 

Witch-ointment,  s.  An  ointment  made 
of  repulsive  ingredients  and  sujiposed  to  pos- 
sess magical  powers. 

"The  iiiediieval  7Pifch-oiTifmentt  which  Iirought 
visionary  l)eini:s  into  the  presence  of  the  iiatlent, 
tr.ms|iorted  hiiii  to  the  witciies'  aalibiith,  enabled  tiiiii 
to  turn  into  a  lieaat, "— ri/tor;  Pritn.  CiUt.  (ed.  187;il. 
II.  ila. 

t  \ritch-ridden,  «.  Ridden  or  tormented 
liy  witches.     [HAa-KlDDEN.] 

'  witch-irolf,  s.    A  werewolf  (q.v.). 

in  English 

witQh  (2),  wyfh  (l),  .-•.  [A.S.  wice  =  a  kind 
of  tree.]  A  kind  of  tree,  probably  a  witch- 
elm  or  witch-hazel. 

witch-elm,  wych-elm,  s. 

I'r't.  :  Uhmiii  m'mtiuw.  It  is  a  large  tree 
eighty  to  a  huiuired  feet  high;  the  trunk 
with  an  occasional  girth  of  fifty  feet ;  the 
twigs  pubescent,  the  leaves  doubly  or  trebly 
serrate,  the  stamens  four  to  six  with  jiurple 
anthers,  the  seed  in  the  centre  of  the  oblong 
or  sub-orbieular  samara.  Indigenous  in  the 
north  of  England  and  in  Scotland,  and  the 
only  truly  British  species  of  the  genus.  Called 
also  the  Scotch  or  Mountain  Elm. 

witch-hazel,  wych-hazel,  $. 

Hohiinj : 

1.  The  genus  Hamamelis  (q,v.);  specif., 
HamamelU  virginica.  It  is  a  shrub  from  eight 
to  twelve  feet  high,  with  large,  -alternate,  ob- 
ovate,  acut^,  dentate  leaves  and  axilhiry  clus- 
tered yellow  flowers.  It  grows  in  nio.st  woods 
in  North  America,  flowering  in  October  and 
November. 

2.  (PL):  The  order  Hamamelidaceic  (q.v.). 
{Lhtdley.) 

3.  The  Witeh-elni  (q.v.). 


witch-tree,  s.    The  Mounlaiu-ash  (q.v.). 

witch,   r.t.     [.V.S.  Kiicciaii.'.    [WiTcii,  s.|    To 
bewitch,  to  fascinate,  to  enchant. 
"Am  I  not  iritcJiil  like  herf  or  tlion  not  false  like 
hilar"  Shuketp. :  2  Ilcnrn  I /..  in. -J. 

wit<?h' -  craft,  •  wltche  -  craft,  s.    I  A.S. 

irirrrrnrjl,  from  ll'iccc  =  a  witcli,  and  cnifi^ 
crtift.  art.l 

1.  The  practices  of  witches  ;  a  su]i"ruatural 
power  which  persons  were  foitneily  siijiposnl 
to  obtain  by  entering  into  a  comp.iet  with 
the  devil.  The  t:onipact  was  sometimes  ex- 
press, whether  oral  or  written,  when  the 
witch  abjured  God  and  Christ,  and  dedicated 
herself  wholly  to  the  evil  one ;  or  only  im- 
plied, when  she  actually  engaged  in  his  ser- 
vice, practised  infernal  arts,  and  renounced 
the  sacraments  of  the  church.  The  express 
compact  was  sometimes  solemnly  conlirmed 
at  a  general  meeting,  at  which  the  devil  pre- 
sided, and  sometimes  privately  made  by  the 
witch  signing  the  articles  of  agreement  with 
her  own  blood,  or  by  the  devil  WTiting  her 
name  in  his  "black  book."  Tlie  contract 
was  sometimes  of  indefinite  duration,  ,nt  other 
times  for  a  certain  number  of  years.  The 
witch  was  bound  to  be  obedient  to  the 
devil  in  everything,  while  the  other  paity 
to  the  .act  delivered  to  the  witch  an  imp,  or 
familiar  spirit,  to  be  ready  at  call  and  to  do 
whatever  was  directed.  (Fly,  ,s.,  I.  1.  (5), 
t.]  He  further  engaged  that  thoy  should 
want  for  nothing,  and  be  able  to  as- 
sume whatever  shape  they  pleased  to  visit 
and  torment  their  enemies  and  accomplish 
their  infernal  ends.  The  belief  in  witchcraft 
is  of  great  antiquity.  The  punishment  for 
witchcraft  was  death,  generally  by  burning. 
The  number  of  people  put  to  death  in  Eng- 
land has  been  estimated  at  about  30,000. 
Statutes  were  passed  against  witchcraft  in  the 
reigns  of  Henry  VI.,  Henry  VII.  (1541), 
Elizabetli  (ISliS),  and  James  I.  (1004).  During 
the  sitting  of  the  Long  Parliament  3,000  per- 
sons are  said  to  have  been  executed  on  the 
charge  of  witchcraft.  Judicial  convictions 
were  checked  chiefly  by  the  firmness  of  Judge 
Holt,  who  in  about  ten  trials,  from  lCfl4  to 
1701,  charged  the  juries  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  cause  them  to  bring  in  verdicts  of  acquittal. 
The  first  law  against  witchcraft  in  Scotland 
was  passed  in  101)3.  The  last  victims  in  Eng- 
land were  Mrs.  Uickes  and  her  daughter  nine 
years  of  age,  executed  in  1716,  and  the  last  in 
Scotland  suffered  in  1722.  Prosecution  for 
witchcraft  was  abolished  both  in  England  and 
Scotland  by  9  George  It.  c.  5  (173B),  which 
made  all  persons  pretending  to  use  the  same 
punishable  by  imprisonment.  By  a  subse 
quent  Act,  passed  in  the  reign  of  George  IV., 
they  were  made  punishable  as  rogues  and 
vagabonds.  Witches  were  supposed  to  be 
able,  with  the  assistance  of  the  devil,  not  only 
to  foretell  events,  but  to  produce  mice  and 
vermin,  to  deprive  men  and  animals,  by  touch- 
ing them  or  merely  breathing  on  them,  of 
their  natural  powers,  and  to  afflict  them  with 
diseases,  to  raise  storms,  &c.,  to  change  them- 
selves into  cats  and  other  beasts,  &c.  General 
assemblies  of  witches,  called  "Witches'  Sab- 
baths," were  held  yearly,  or  oftener,  at  which 
they  appeared  entirely  naked,  and  besmeared 
with  an  ointment  made  from  the  bodies  of  un- 
baptized  infants.  To  these  meetings  they  were 
supposed  to  ride  from  great  distances  on  broom- 
sticks, pokers,  goats,  hogs,  or  dogs,  the  devil 
taking  the  chair^under  theform  of  a  goat.  Here 
they  did  homage  to  their  master,  and  offered 
him  .sacriHces  of  young  children,  &c.,  and 
practised  all  sorts  of  license  until  cock-crow- 
ing. Neophytes  were  introduced  to  the  devil 
at  these  meetings,  and  received  his  mark  on 
their  bodies,  in  token  that  they  had  sold  their 
souls  to  him.    [Walpurgis-night.] 

2.  Power  more  than  ordinary  or  natural ; 
irresistible  influence  ;  fascination. 

•'  She  loved  me  for  the  danijers  I  had  pass'd  ; 
And  1  loved  her  that  she  did  pity  them. 
This  only  is  the  toitehcra/t  I  have  used." 

Shake^p. :  Othello,  i.  a 

t  witQh-en,  s.    [Wicken.] 

witph'-er-jr,  s.    [Eng.  witch  (1),  s.  ;  -mj.] 
1 1.  Sorcery,  enchantment,  witchcraft. 
"Immured  in  cypress  shades  a  sorcerer  dwells  .  .  . 
Deep-skilled  iu  all  bis  tuotber's  witcheries." 

Milton:  Connts.  5S3. 

2.  Fascination;    irresistible   or   entrancing 
influence. 

"  A  mask  that  leaves  but  one  eye  free, 
To  do  its  best  at  wUcherii.' 

Moore:  Li^ht  of  the  tlnrem. 


wit^h'-es.  s.  vL    [Witch  (1).  s.] 

witches*  besoms,  s.  pi. 

Uvt.  :  TIh-  tiiftt'l  laiiM-hcs  prmlnc.^rl  iM>..n 
the  Silver  l-'ir  l\v  tlu^  at  lark  .if  a  fuhi^us,  l'vi>- 
ilei"iniu))i  datiiuun. 

witches*  butter,  ^. 

1.  Tlic  popular  name  for  a  faiit;ius,  Exidia 
(}laniliflom;  dark  brown  or  Mack,  ami  of 
jelly  like  consistence,  with  auiall,  glamlular 
points  above  and  a  rouyh  surface  below. 

2.  The  gonus  Trenu-Ua  (q.v.),  and  spec. 
T.  Nostoc.  Named  from  its  buttery  appear- 
ance and  it:^  rapid  ^'rowth  in  the  night. 
{Frior.)    Culhd  also  Witch-meat. 

witches'  milk,  s. 

r,i>t.  :   a  ipj'iiri.'i  vulgaris. 

witches'  sabbath,  .^.  A  m.cturnal  meet- 
in*;  of  witches,  such  as  is  described  under 
Witclicraft,  1.  (q.v.).  The  accounts  of  these 
meetings  winch  liave  come  down  to  ns  are 
either  purely  imaginary,  or  based  on  traditions 
of  old  pagan  rites.  (Cf.  Milton:  t'umus,  530- 
36.) 

•■  Tlio  first  among  iiiedia;vjil  writera  to  notice  tlie 
witch-s'  siihbiitn  was  Rt-giui',  iibbi)t  of  Prume.  at  the 
begiiiiiiug  of  tlte  tenth  century  ;  lie  aixMika  of  "  wicked 
women,'  wlio  any  that  they  utteud  Kieat  meetings  by 
night.  '  with  Dliuift,  the  goddess  of  the  pagiviia,  ami 
do  ht-r  hidaiiig.  ' — Idtlis  *  Amotd  :  Cath.  Did..  I'.  864. 

t  witches'  thimble.  -. 

Hot. :  Silene  Duiritiimi. 

wit^h'-et,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  kind  of 
plane,  with  a  conical  aperture  and  inclined 
knife,  which  reduces  to  roundness  a  bar  which 
is  rotiited  as  it  is  pa.ssed  therethrough. 

witph'-ing,  a.  [Witch,  v.]  Bewitching,  en- 
chanting, fascinating. 

"  All  shall  combine  their  witching  ^lowera  to  steep 
My  couverfa  3i>irit  in  that  sofUjiiing  tranue." 

Moore:   Veileii  Prophot. 

witQh'-ing-ly,  ndv.  [Eng.  vnU:hin>j ;  -hj.] 
In  a  b.-\vitcliing,  fascinating,  or  enehiinting 
manner. 

"  'Ihere  eke  the  soft  delights,  that  witrhinghj 
luatil  a  wanton  sweetneas  through  the  breaat  " 
Thomson  :  CnsUc  of  In-lolenct;  i.  6. 

*  witgh'-mon-ger,  s.  [Eng.  witch  (i),  s.. 
and  monijev.]     A  believer  in  witchcraft. 

"It  is  iiaturall  to  uimaturall  ueoiile,  ;uid  peculiar 
unto  witchmotigeri  to  pursue  the  puure.'— rt.  .S'-uf.- 
The  fHscovery  of  Witchcraft.  (Epislh;  to  Lord  Maii- 
wuod.) 

*wite  (1),  ^  wyte,  r.t.  [A.S.  u-itan=to 
punish,  to  blame;  v:ite=i\  punislunent,  a 
tine  ;  cogn.  with  lee!,  vita  —  to  tine  :  viti  =  a 
line,  punishment;  Dut.  wijten=io  impute; 
jri/Zi;  =  imputation.]  To  blame,  to  censure, 
to  reproach. 

■■  And  sooth  to  Ray  it  i**  foolehflrdie  thing. 
Raalily  to  wytcn  creatures  so  diiiine." 
_  Sitenser  :  Colin  Clout. 

'  wite  (2),  v.t.     [Wit.  v.] 

•■■  wite  (1).  .s.    [WiTE  (1).  v.] 

1.  A  punishment,  pain,  pei:alty,  or  mulct ; 
a  fine. 

2.  Blame,  censure,  reproach. 

■■  Sires,  let  lue  have  tlie  wilr." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T,  10.4-22. 

*  wite  (2),  ,s-.     [Wit,  s.] 

*wite-less,  '  wite-lesse,  (<.  lEng.  irite{i), 
s.  ;  -less.]     ISlanieles.s, 

"  Ne  tall  Willy  wite  the  leitelruK-  lieurdgrooiiie."' 
Spciiscr  :  .'i/iiplieiiri.f'i  Caleiidt-r  :  Au-jiist. 

wit- en-ag-e-mot,  wit- en-dg-e-indte, 

s.  (A.S.  ■witetut-gewot  =  iin  assembly  uf  wise 
men,  from  utiteiui,  gen.  pi.  of  vfita  =  a.  wise 
man  ;  vntaii  —  to  know,  and  gemot  —  a  meet- 
ing, an  assembly,  a  moot.l 

Eng.  HiU.  :  Amongst  t-lie  Anglo-tiaxous 
the  great  national  or  general  assembly  which 
met  annually  or  oftener,  wherever  the  king 
kept  Ids  Christmas,  Easter,  or  Whitsuntide, 
as  well  to  do  private  justice  as  to  consult 
upon  imblic  business.  It  was  composed  of 
theathelings,  or  princes,  ealdormeu,  ornobles, 
the  large  landowners,  the  principal  ecelcsia-s- 
tics,  Ac.  They  formed  the  highest  court  of 
judicature  in  the  kingdom,  and  their  concur- 
rence was  necessary  t(i  give  validity  tu  laws, 
and  treaties  with  foreign  states.  Tliev  had 
even  power  to  elect  the  king,  and  if  the  throne 
passed  to  the  heir  of  the  late  king,  the  new 
.sovereign  had  to  be  recognized  formally  by 
the  witenagemot  at  a  meeting  assembled  for 
the  purpose. 


late,  ^t,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fSll,  Cather ;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  mfirine :  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son :  mute,  cub,  ciire,  nnite.  eur.  rule.  fuU ;  try.  Syrian,    se.  ee  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


witful— wither 


"wif-fdl,a.  [Eiig.  mil,  s.,  aud -/kH.)  Full  i.f 
wit,  knowloiigc,  or  wisdom  ;  wise  ;  linowiuK  ■ 
sensible. 

■■  Ti»  iMiuiii^-  miraculous  that  yiriir  dull  and  lilltid 
wurahljp  should  fco  Hodainly  turn  l«jth  mgiilful  aud 
ypit/at.  —VitapuKin  .   31at,iuv  of  SliMtv  Temple. 

nrith,  fnp.  |.\.S.  vidh  =  with,  ami  also  often 
iigiiinst  (a  sense  still  I)resiTved  in  sncll  phluses 
as  to  li-ht  with  =  to  tislit  ti'jainsi);  cogu.  with 
leel.  i-ulk  =  against,  bv.  at,  with  Dan.  veil  = 
by,  at;  Sw.  W(/ =  neiir,  by,  at.  Il'i(/i  h:is  to 
a  gre.it  extent  taken  the  place  of  A.S.  and 
,Miti.  Eng.  mid  =  with,  which  is  now  obsolete.] 
[WiTHKKs.]  A  preposition  or  particle  used  to 
denote,  indicate,  designate,  or  express  : 

(1)  Competition,  antagonism,  or  opposition. 

"  His  face  still  c..iub*tliiij  urifh  teafB." 

Mutav/y. .-  Itietiard  II.,  v.  2. 

(2)  A  being  together  or  in  the  ciiinpauy  of; 
eon.panioiiship  ;  company  ;  identity  of  place. 

"  I  lingered  toith  you  at  your  aliogi.' 

Sliakfty. :  Vumedy  tif  Krrvrs,  iii.  1. 

(!i)  Mutual  action  or  sufl'eriug;  association 
or  union  in  action,  jnirpuse,  thought,  feeling, 
or  the  like  ;  ]iartiiersliip ;  intercourse  ;  sym- 
lathy. 

"  leiM  thee  she  tjilks.  with  thee  she  iiioaus  ; 
With  thee  slie  siiihs.  with  tiiee  siie  Kioiiiis ;" 
With  thee  she  sjiys  :  ■Farewell  iiiiitei,nu  !  ' " 
Surtfij:  tiescripl.  qf  f/m  state  ,.f  Ih.-  Lotei: 

(4)  Junction  or  coiiimuoity  ;  concomitance  ; 
consequence,  append,age,  addition ;  acces- 
sories, accompaniments. 

"  A  tougue  irith  a  tang." 

Sliakegp. :  Tempest,  ii,  2. 

(3)  Simultaneousness ;  iileutity  of  time  or 
iiuniediate  succession. 

■■  The  world  hath  eliding  teitli  thy  life." 

Skakeap. :   t'eniiit  ,f  .iitonij,  Iz 

(6)  A  being  on  the  side  or  in  favour  of; 
sympathy,  assistance,  friendship,  partisan- 
ship. 

•  He  tliat  is  not  MitA  ine  is  against  me."— J/n/rAt-ic 

(7)  Holding  a  place  in  the  estimation, 
"pinion.  consideration,judgmeut.  or  thoughts  ■ 
upon. 

■■  Such  arguments  had  invincible  folce  with  those 
Mgaii  philo30i>hers  whobecame  Christians '—.<,/di5^,, 
{Tixid.f 

(8)  A  means. 

'■  I'll  smother  thee  with  kisses  " 

ahakeap. :  Veiiut  A  .\<t<mis.  18. 

*  (!>)  Before  means  of  nourishment.  =  on  or 
upon 


•■  To  dine  and  sup  with  water  .-uid  blaij.  —stutkcsp.  ■ 
Jleitittre/'/r  Jfeuturr,  iv.  J, 

(10)  A  cause. 

'  fi'.t"''"'  «';'*,''"l'ful  shsme:  she.  with  her  tears. 
Uoth  quench  the  maiden  buiiiing  of  his  cheeks." 

.•iltitketp. .    feniis  £  Ailonis.  49. 

*  (11)  An  external  agency  by  which  an  effect 
IS  proifucecl,  at  one  time  usually  (and  at 
present  exclusively)  expressed  by  the  lueno- 
sitioD  by. 

"  Brought  with  armed  men  back  to  MesHimi. ' 

tihaketp.  :  Jiuch  Alio.  v.  i. 

(IL>)  Corresiiondeni:e,  comparison,  likeness. 

"  Weigh  oath  with  oath." 
Shakeap.  :  Miiiauhimtfr  .\ight'a  bremii.  iii.  i 

*  (13)  Sometimes  =  like. 

'■  .As  if  with  f:iice  she  would  change  my  sh.ii>e  " 
Shukrtp.  :  1  Heiri-;i  r/..  v.  3. 

*  (14)  At ;  in  consequeuce  of. 

"  I  feel  remorse  in  myself  with  his  words  " 

.'ihakesp.  :  2  Henry  It.,  iv.  7. 
H  By,  v-itli,  and  through  are  closely  allied 
in  many  of  their  uses,  and  it  is  difficult  to  lay 
.lown  a  rule  by  which  their  uses  may  be  dis- 
tinguished. For  the  difference  between  with 
.ind  l,y,  see  Bv.  Trench  (Hynoiiirms)  further 
discriminates  between  theiu  as  follows  : 

iZ.H'T'J"":"  "  "i^'"  '""^  '"  implied  .as  proceeding 
Irmn  two  causes,  the  remote  and  oiiginal  cause  la  es- 
imssed  l.y  the  use  of  6,v,  and  the  iimnediate*,e  by 


wM.   For  instance ;  The  tree  was  cut  down  4»  a  wood 
man  with  mi  axe.    If  we  said.  S,  an  axe.  it  would  im- 
Illy  aon.e  free  a..;ency  on  the  part  of  the  axe.     II,,),  a 
the  other  hand,  would  imply  that  the 
t   .an  unconseioas    iiistruineiit    in    the 
On  the  other  hand,  whenever  a 
plied,  we  use  the  word  tiy.     In 


woodiuaiL. 

wofHlinan , 

tree's  destiuction. 
conscious  aceiit  ia  i 
geiienl.  with  is 


-„     ,  .  i-r-^l'*^'''  "'^'  ""ly  when  a  conscious 

agent  is  supiK>sed,  t.utwhen  the  agent  isiafraoinlied  to 
a  certain  dejiree  lu  our  own  n,ind,s.  fi-um  ite  aclion 
beilig  apiiarently  voluntaiy.     Bi,  and  with  are  <.ftei 

used  when  no  a.'wot  i..  ^..-.i.....  ..*  ,..., .  -.     .'."'" 

is  said  to 


r ,-■, .nplished  hy  ceitaiu  ineiins.     But'  i 

thiscase.ft.tf  implies  that  the  im 
vruh.  onlv  that  tin 


'edareessei 

1  aiding  our  ende.iv- 

- — .     y..  ..- 3..„,c»,i,n  ilitTerent  from  the  otiier 

Word,  mentii.ued.  It  .,ltei,  implies  that  the  io.m,. 
used  lire  the  apiHilnUd  channels  tor  the  c.nveyance  of 
'fl?  'If"  "f  >"l'ant.ge  s|«.i6e.l :  as.  I  he.ar.l  the  ne». 
UiTT^  k  ""^  '^"" '    '■**^*^^®**  aremittancerAron;//! 

1  iri»i  chilli:  Pregnant ;  in  the  fiimily  wav. 


With,  .<.     IWmri:.] 

•  with-al',  '  with  all,  "  with  alle,  "./.'  i; 

I'rip.     Iling.  ii-if/i  anil  all.     U  has  taken  the 
place  of  A.S.  mid  talU  =  with  all,  wholly.] 

A.  .-1^  adverb : 

'  1.  With  the  rest,  together ;  with  that  or 
this. 

"  He  Will  acarce  la;  pleased  withal." 

tihakeap.  :  Two  Uentteitwn,  ii.  7. 
2.  At  the  same  time  ;  togctlier  with  tliis  or 
that ;  in  addition  ;  further. 

,"i*'','l •*,'',"'''?'''.■'•''•«'''■'''"  "'"  Klijah  ha.1  ,loue. 
.iiul  withai  how  he  had  siaiu  all  the  prophet*  with  the 
sword.  —1  htugt  xix.  I. 

B.  .-1.1  j)rp;i. :  With.  Used  after  relatives  ..r 
equivalent  words,  being  separated  from  tin- 
object  and  jilaced  at  the  end  of  a  sentence  or 
clause. 

,7H'-'"i'''  "'."«"'  *''•"  l>e  boly  to  praiae  the  Lord 
witnat.  — i>p.  XIX.  23. 

with-am-ito,  s.     [After   Dr.   Withain,  who 
discovered  it ;  suff.  -iu  (.l/iii.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Epidole  ((i.v.)of  a  car- 
mine-red colour  ;  strongly  plcochroic.  Uai-d- 
ness.  6  to  ti-i;  sp.  gr.,  3-137.  Found  iu 
acicular  crystals  iu  a  trap  rock  at  Gleucoe, 
Argyleshlre. 

''Itlia-'U-a.    s.      [A    genus    founded    by 
1  auquy,  who  omits  to  state  why  he  so  named 

Hot  :  A  genus  of  Physalea-.     (lilyx  cam- 
paniilate,  live-toothed  ;  corolla  campanulate 
the  hmb  live-partite ;  stamens  live,  inserted 
in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,   not  prominent' 
beny  enclosed  iu  the  enlarged  calyx,   two- 
celled,  with  several  sub-reniform  seeds.   Small 
.shruhs,  cliielly  from  Spain  and   the  Canary 
Islands.     Withmiia  coaqulum,  a  small  Afghan 
and  Indian  shrub,  prodm-es  small  berries,  used 
by  the  natives  in  coagulating  milk  to  make  it 
into  cheese.  Tliedried  fruit,  which  is  alterative 
and  diuretic,  is  given  iu  India  in  dyspepsia 
Hatuleut  cohc,   and    chronic    liver   diseases 
Tlie  root  of    W.  sonuifera,  another    Indian 
species,  is  considered  to  he  tonic,  alterative 
and  aphrodisiac,  narcotic  and  diuretic,  and 
dcdi.striient ;    it  is   given    iu   India  in   con- 
sMiii|itioii,  debility,  and  marasmus  ;  the  leaves 
whici,  ai.,  very  bitter,  are  prescribed  in  fevers, 
ami  tlie  truit  as  a  diuretic ;  the  ground  root 
and  leaves  are  used  as  an  external  application 
m  carbuncles,  ulcers,  and  painful  swellings. 
(VuhiUlu  Eihih.  lUporl.) 

*  With-bear',  v.t.     (Eng.  ioUh,  and  tear.]    To 
bnug  togctlier.     QVycUge:  ImiaJt,  Ixii.  il.) 

'  With^hild',  r.t.    [Eng.  with,  and  cAiW.]  To 
get  with  child. 

Withvhilitt  each  moment  his  owiie  Uwfull  wife  " 
.bi/lpeat'-r  •  lilt  Bartus:  second  d.ay.  first  week.  ;i;mi. 

*  with-dranght  (aught  is  aft),  <.    lEng. 

i/u^/i  =  Hgiiiii.st,  kick,  ,ind  ilratti]hl.\  With- 
tlrawal. 

"  A  withdrauijht  of  all  Gods  favours."— H'«rd  &■>-. 
tnoiu,  p.  H5. 

■With-draW'  (pa.   t.   mtMrew,    *  willulnugh, 

•  wWidrum,  pa.  par.  *  wUhdrawen,  witlulrii  ini), 
v.t.  &  I.  [Eng.  with  =  against,  in  an  opposite 
direction,  and  draw,  v.] 

A.  Trims, :  To  draw  back  or  iu  an  opposite 
direction  :  as 

1.  To  cause  to  return  or  move,  as  from  nn 
.advanced  position  ;  to  move,  take,  or  remove 
back  or  away. 

"The  great  multitude  was  withdraweii  and  re- 
t<.uiiiydtc)theyroccupacyons."_/'aJ.»,„i.  Chronfele: 
vharlet  Ml.  (an.  1380). 

2.  To  take  back,  as  something  that  has 
been  given,  conferred,  or  enjoyed. 

"The  witiidriiwing  of  his  lai-our  and  grace.  '—IKtraC  • 
Letter  to  his  Son. 

3.  Tci  retract,  to  recall,  as  a  promise,  threat 
chaigc. 

"  'Vouldst  thou  withdraw  itfthy  vow]»" 

.Shiikesp.  :  Itomva  i  Juliet,  ii.  2. 

4.  To  t;ike  lack  or  away  from  a  state  of 
being  used. 

_   "  Whenever  he  employs  any  t»art  of  it  in  maiiiUin. 

mg  unproductive  hands  of  anvlciiid.  that  imrt  is  from 

that  niunieiit  mrtrfmrn,  from  Ids  capital.  "-.Smiw . ■ 

IKemtA  o/An(*a/is.  hk.  it.  ch  iii. 
B.  Intrtitvs.  ;  To  retire  from  or  quit  a  com- 
pany or  place  ;  to  go  away  ;  to  step  backward 
or  aside  ;  to  retire,  to  retreat,  to  recede. 

ulV-^l'T  "!f  °'""''  "'■''''  '"""'rawiao.-Stuikap.  : 
Meantrc/or  Meiuure.  lii.  2.  .-  /- 

H  In  this  sen.se  often  used  reflexively. 

■•From    whence    he    privily    trUhdrew   hiouci/."— 


S76 


Wifh-draw-al,  ...  [Eng.  wUMmK;  .al.\ 
lie  art  .if  vvillidiawing  or  taking  back  ;  a  re 
calling  ;  rcliactalion  :  as,  the  wixhdrawal  of 
a  protuise  or  threat. 

■I  ii'ithdrauitttu/ajuror: 

Imh'  :  The  withdrawal  ofa  jurviimn  by  (■on- 
sent  I.f  tlie  litigants  when  the  jiiry  of  which 
lie  is  one  cannot  agree  on  a  veniict.  In  such 
a  case  the  matter  is  left  undecided,  anil  cjlcli 
side  pay.s  its  own  costs. 


with -draw -«r,  s. 

tine  who  withdraws. 


[Eng.    withdraw;    -er.J 


l>oil.  hoy;  pout,  j6*l;  cat,  9011,  chorus, 
cian.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun 


"  He  was  iiot  a  wiilulrawer  of  the  com  hut  a  seller.' 
—IJuired:  Traiu.  i-.f  <  o;,e  |  IMOJ. 

with-draw-ing,  pr,  par.  or«.  (Withokaw.j 

lictl eating,  receding. 

•'  Your  hilbi  .and  lung  wUhdrawiitff  vale*.' 

Thotruoa  :  Spring,  67. 

*  wlthdrawlng-room,  s.  A  diawin  ■■ 
room  (q.v.).  " 

.of'"''  "",';"'"'■":>■  Kci'tleuian,  a  hall,  a  great  lairh.ur. 
With  a  ie,(AJr„.ci,i^.,-„o„..  with  a  kitchen,  bitterie. 
and  other  conveiileucie.s,  u  sutticlent.'-J/ortOarr  ' 
uiitoaiidrii. 

'  Wlth-draW-ment,    .■.•.       [Eng.    withdraw- 
-tiitnt.]    The  act  of  withdrawing  ;  withdrawal' 

t^%t[X'TiT'  '"  "■"  «""«'■■-'■■"<'-■"    "" 

Withdrawn .  ■  with-draw-en,  i«.  pur.  or 

".      [WlTHOHAVi.l 

withe,     with.      •  withthe,     •  wltthe 
wythe,  s.    [Wuuv.j 

I,  Ordinary  Language  ; 

1.  A  tough,  flexible  branch  or  twig  used  in 
binding  things  together;  a  willow  or  osier 
twig. 

hariw,'th'.iSJ,i"*'°Vi"' " '"'  "P'^""  '•'"•■  »'"■  '""""1 

nam  With  mthea.  ^Iturnpmr :  toi/agct  (an.  IKS*). 

2.  A  baud  or  tie  umdo  of  a  twisted  flexible 
.sapling. 

3.  A  llexible  handle  to  a  cold-chisel,  setter 
or  toiler.  ' 

4.  A  band,  tie,  or  bond  generally. 

••  These  cords  Slid  WflAas  w ill  hold  ujen's  c«iucleni»a 
when  force  attends  and  twn.ts  them."-A'(nj  Charia 

Q.  Technically : 

1.  Kuut.  :  A  ring  or  boom-iron,  by  which  a 
beam  is  set  out  or  in  on  its  principal  spar. 

2.  liuilil.  :  A  wall  dividing  two  Hues  iu  a 
stack  of  chimneys. 

withe-rod.  s. 

Bol.  :  Viburnum  nudvm,  a  shrub  eight  or 
ten  feet  hlgli.  Leaves  oval-oblong,  reticii 
lated  beneath,  their  margin  revolute  and 
obscurely  creuulate  ;  petioles  naked  ;  llowci.s 
in  pale  yellow  cymes  ;  berries  blue.  Foiin.l 
in  swamps  iu  North  America. 

•■withe,  c.f.  [Withe,  .s-.l  To  bind  with  withes 
or  tivigs. 

1  .'l',**^'!'  ''"',*  T'l'.'.'-  »liJ  yee  sliHll  see  him  withj.  and 
halter  d  and  atak  t  and  Ijaited  to  death."-/!,,.  //„,/ 
It'/eut  of  Cruettie  ' 

with'-er,  -  wid-ren,  r.i.  &  i.  (a  variant  of 
wealhrr,  so  that  to  willier  =  to  expose  to  the 
weather.] 

A.  Tian.sitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  T.i  cause  to  fade  and  become  dry,  as  bv 
expo.snrc  to  th.^  weather;  to  make  sapless 
and  shrunken  ;  to  dry  uji. 

"  Decay  d  by  lime,  or  wither'd  hy  a  frost." 

Cowper:  The  Viaedietinn 

2.  To  cause  to  shrink,  wrinkle,  or  di-cay  f..i 
want  of  animal  moisture;  to  cause  to  lo-,. 
blooiii;  to  .shrivel  up;  to  cause  to  have  a 
wrinkled  or  slirii.-lled  skin  or  mu.scles. 

«Jtt7,T,t. """' " '"°'' ''"'  ■■''  '■"'"'  "•"'•"■"'  - 

II.  Fig.:  Iu  blight,  injure,  or  ,lcsti„v  „s 
by  some  malign  or  baleful  inlluence  ■  to  I'lbct 
fatally  by  malevolence ;  to  cause  to  wrish  ,.r 
languish  generally. 

•■  Ev  11  wilh  .1  look  she  wilheri  all  the  bold." 

''ope :  Hotter ;  IJilytae^  xii.  IM. 

B.  Intran^itire : 

1.  To  lose  the  sap  or  juice  ;  to  dry  and 
.slinvi-l  up ;  to  lose  fi-eshiicss  and  bloom  •  to 
fade,  to  dry  up. 

"  When  I  have  pluek'd  thy  r,>se 
I  cann.,t  elve  it  vital  growth  again  : 
It  nee^ds  must  willun-."        .Sfc,*a„. ..  Olhrllo.  v.  J. 

2.  To  become  dry  and  wrinkled,  as  from 
loss  or  want  of  animal  moistuiu ;  to  h„e 
pristine   freshness,    vigour,   bloom,  softness 


5lun,  hcngh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  asTe^^^  Xenopnon,  exist.~-ing 
:  -tion,    aion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious.    sious  =  shus.     blc.    die.  ,v.     -  hel.  deL 


676 


siiKMitliiii-Hs,  or  the  like,  as  from  ago  or  dis- 
I'aw  ;  !■*>  tlt'cay. 

-- AdurrfbcowlllwtrAtrr;  afullcy«  will  wax  hollow: 
h(it  »  r<KHl  he«rt.  Kftto.  is  tlie  nuu  nnd  tho  iiioou."— 
.v'..itrt/>. .-  Utmrjf  r..  V.  a. 

•  X  To  decay  penoraUy ;  to  decline,  to  lan- 
guish ;  to  lade  or  pass  away. 

■*0  wither'd  tnitli." 

titutkftp-  :  7'roi/iM  *  CrfUida.  v.  2. 

With'er  (I),  ';.    (Withe.) 

Thnfjcr-tmde:  A  name  given  in  some  parts 
nf  the  cnuntry  to  what  are  more  eommonly 
t'Tim-vl  bimlers  (q.v.). 

with'-er  (2),  s.     [Withers.) 

Tirither-band,  ^.  A  piece  of  iron  which 
rs  hiiil  umk-r  a  saitdh*.  alwut  four  fingers  above 
tlie  hoi-se's  withers,  to  keep  the  two  pieces  of 
wood  tight  that  form  the  bow.  {Farrkrs' 
Diifioruiry.) 

wither-wrung,  a.  Injured  or  hurt  in 
llif  witlu-rs,  as  a  horse. 

ivith-ered,  p*.  par.  era.    [Wither,  j*.] 

*  with'-ered-ness,  s.   lEng.  ttnthered  :  -naw.] 

Uw  iiuality  or  slate  of  being  withered,  literally 
or  liguiatively. 

"The  dead  vUJterednctg  of  good  affections."— fip. 
JlaU  :  Cone  ;  Foot  ^  BeVi&da, 

'  witll'-er-ing,  jw.  par.  or  a.     (Wither,  v.  J 

1.  Ord.  Ixung, ;  Causing  to  fade  or  wither ; 
blasting,  blighting,  or  destroying,  as  by  some 
malign  or  baleful  influence. 

"  How  mauy  a  epirit  bom  to  bless 
Has  Slink  oeoeath  thjit  withering  name." 

Moore:  Fire-Wor&h'tjyperi. 

2.  Bot. :  Fading  though  not  falling  off  until 
the  part  which  bears  it  is  perfected,  as  the 
flowera  of  Orobanche. 

Witll'-er-ing-i-a,  s.  TNamed  after  Dr.  Wra. 
Withering,  M.D.',  F.R.6.  (1741-179SI),  author 
■  ►fa  BotanUal  Arrangement  of  the  Vegetables  of 
drciU  Crtfaia  (1776).] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Solanefe.  Calyx  urceolate- 
oanii^janulate,  four  to  five  cleft ;  corolla  ro- 
tate, the  tube  shoii,  the  limb  four  or  five 
cleft ;  stiimens  four  or  five  ;  berry  two-celled, 
many  seeded.  Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  mostly 
South  American,  though  one  species  is  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  About  twenty  are 
known.  They  are  not  veiy  handsome,  and 
have  not  been  introduced  into  greenhouses. 
The  Peruvian  Indians  are  said  to  boil  the 
roots  of  WithcTlnoUi  mviitmia  as  an  ingredient 
in  sun  p. 

with'-er-ing-ly,  fl<if.  [Eng.  vnthering ;  -ly.] 
ill  u  withering  manner;  perishingly. 

"  But  we  must  Maiider  triUt'iringly, 
In  other  Uuds  to  die." 

Byron :  The  Wild  Gmetle. 

with'-er-ite,  «.  [After  Dr.  Withering ;  snflf. 
-:U{Min.).-\ 

Mill. :  A  mineral  extensively  mined  near 
Hexhaiu,  Northumberland  ;  occurring  in  many 
nther  localities,  but  mostly  in  small  quantities. 
Crystallization,  ortliorhombie,  but  mostly 
found  massive.  Hardness,  3  to  3"75  ;  sp.  gr., 
4-29  to  4-35;  lustre,  vitreous;  colour  and 
streak,  white ;  sub-transparent  to  translucent. 
Compos. :  carbonic  acid,  22"3  ;  bar>'ta,  77'7  = 
100,  which  yields  the  fonjuila  BaOCO  .  Used 
in  the  manufacture  of  plate-glass,  adultera- 
tion of  white  lead,  and  in  sugar  refining. 

*  ■with'-er-ling,  s.     [Eng.  ■iPither,\.;  dimin. 

Kulf.  -Ihuj.^    One  who  is  withered  or  decrepit. 

"  We  iQQst  ne<les  well  know  that  all  these  braunches 
'■i  beretikea  .  .  .  seme  thei  uener  so  freshe  &  grene, 
iii*^  ytt  in  dede  but  toitheTling(x.'—^ir  T.  More  : 
irortcs.  p.  16*. 

*  with'-er-n&m,  s.     [A.S.   widfieriidni,  from 

ii-'tdhcr  —  against,  and  vdm  =  a  taking  or 
seizing,  from  nam,  pa.  L  of  nima7i=  to  take.] 
Ixiw :  An  unlawful  distress  or  forbidden 
taking,  as  of  a  thing  distrained  out  of  the 
country,  so  that  the  Sheriff"  cannot  upon  the 
replevin  make  deliverance  thereof  to  the 
party  distrained.  Also,  the  reprisal  of  other 
tattle  or  goods  in  lieu  of  those  that  have  been 
unjustly  taken,  eloined,  or  otherwise  with- 
hnlden.  The  cattle  or  goods  thus  taken  are 
said  to  be  taken  in  withernam.  All  this  prac- 
tice is  obsolete  since  1846. 

Tnitll'-ers,  s.  pi.  [A.S.  wtdAre  =  resistance, 
from  wuy«'r  =  against,  an  extended  form  of 
iriflh  =  against,  with  (q.v.).  So  called  because 
It  is  tlie  part  which  tlie  hor.se  opposes  to  his 
load,  on  wtiich  the  stress  of  the  collar  comes 


xrither— withoutside 

ill  drawing  ;  ef.  tier,  wulerrnit  ~  the  withers 
of  a  horse  from  loidcr,  old  spidliug  of  urwder 
=  against  and  rw(=an  elevated  I'lace,  the 
withers  of  a  horse.]  The  junction  of  the 
shoulder-bones  of  a  horse,  forming  an  eleva- 
tion at  the  bottom  of  the  neck  and  mane. 

■'Till-  i>fH'r  Jade  is  wrung  in  the  tBillirrt."~hhake»p.  : 
I   llinru  IV..  li.  1. 

*  with'-er-sake,  •■■.  lEtym.  doubtful.]  An 
apostate  or  pcilidious  renegade.    (Coioel.) 

with'-er-Sllins,  acir.  [A.S.  um?ftw  — against, 
and  sunne  =  tifc  sun.]  Against  the  sun  ;  in  a 
direction  contrary  to  the  motion  of  the  sun  ; 
from  right  to  left.     {><rotch.) 

*  with'go'.  v.t.     (Eng.  mth  —  against,  and  go.] 

To'go  against ;  to  act  in  opposition  to. 

"Es.-iu  who  . .  .  did  «rtf/iffo  his  birthright. "—Barrow  ; 
8ermoii$,  voL  iii.,  ser.  15. 

^  In  the  extract  the  meaning  seems  to  be, 
to  forego. 

"^  With-Iianlt,  pret,  of  v.     [Withhold.] 

witll-lield',  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.  [With- 
hold.] 

withhold',   ^with-holde,  *wyth-hold 

(pa.  t.  *  withhxddy  "  irithhauii,  withhehl,  pa. 
par.  *  withholde,  '  mthlMldeii,  ttnthheld),  o.t. 
[Eng.  imth  =  against,  back,  and  hold.] 

1.  To  hold  or  keep  back ;  to  restrain ;  to 
keep  from  action. 

"Employing  it  in.  or  toUhJtolding  it  from  any  par- 
ticular .'u:tion."—iocA€  .■  Human  Understand.,  bk.  ii., 
ch.  xxi. 

2.  To  keep  back  ;  to  restrain  ;  not  to  grant. 

"  Who  never  hast  a  good  wiltOieUl, 
Or  wilt  withhold  from  me." 

Cowper  :  Otney  fff/mnt,  xliv. 

*3.  To  keep,  to  maintain. 

'■  To  seken  him  a  chanterie  for  soules. 
Or  with  a  brotherhede  to  be  vnthholde." 

Chawer:  C.  T..  514,     (Prol.) 

*  With-hold'-en,  pa.  par.  of  v.     [Withhold.] 

with-hold'-er,  s.  [Eng,  wUJUicld ;  -er.]  One 
who  withholds. 

"  That  which  is  there  threatened,  happened  to  this 
tcithholder."  — Stephens :  Addition  to  Spetman  on 
Kacritege.  p.  138. 

*  with -hold'- ment,  s.  [Eng.  wWihold ; 
■me'iU.]     Tlie  act  of  withholding. 

with-in'  ""with-ixme.  *Tvlth-ynne,  prep. 

&il  adv.  [A.S.  uyidkimuni,  from  m(iA=  against, 
back,  and  innan.,  an  advexbial  formation  from 
in  =  in.] 

A.  As  prepos-Uion : 

1.  In  the  inner  or  interior  parte  of;  inside 
of.     The  opposite  of  without. 

"  Satan  honsed  within  this  man." 

khakeep. :  Conu^dy  I'f  Errors,  iv.  4. 

2.  In  the  limits,  range,  reach,  or  comjiass 
of;  not  beyond;  used  of  place,  distance, 
length,  time,  orquantity.  Hence,  specifically, 
applied^ 

(1)  To  place,  distance,  or  length  =  not  far- 
ther than  ;  not  of  greater  length  or  distance 
than  ;  not  beyond. 

"  Within  a  mile  of  my  court." 

Hhakefp.  :  Lone  $  Labour's  Lost,  i.  1. 

(2)  To  time  =  not  longer  a^o  than ;  not  later 
than  ;  not  in  a  longer  time  than. 

"A  blind  man  icUhi^i  this  half-hour  hath  received 
his  sight."— .SAaAesp.  .'  2  Benry  I'/,,  ii.  1, 

(3)  To  quantity  =  not  exceeding :  as,  To 
live  icithin  one's  income. 

3.  In  the  reach  of;  in. 

"Come  not  within  his  danger  by  thy  wilL" 

Shakesp. :   Vtiius  &  Adonis.  639, 

4.  Inside  or  comprehended  by  the  scope, 
limits,  reach,  or  influence  of;  circumscribed 
by  ;  not  beyond,  not  exceeding,  not  over- 
stepping, or  the  like. 

"Were  every  action  concluded  within  itself,  and 
drew  no  consequences  after  it,  we  should  ondoubtetUy 
never  err  in  our  choice  of  good."— /.octe. 

*5.  In. 

"  Lead  these  testy  rivals  so  attraj; 

As  one  come  nut  within  anuther't;  way." 
Hhake^p. :  Midsummer  SigJu's  Dreani,  iii.  2. 

B.  -4^  adverb : 

I.  In  the  interior  or  inner  parts;  internally  ; 
especially— 

(1)  In  the  house  ;  indoors,  at  home. 

"Who's  wlthi7i  there?"— 6AttA«p.  .-  Merry  Wiees. 
i.  4. 

(2)  In  the  mind,  heart,  or  soul. 

"And  our  souls  .-tre  speaking  sc  much  wakin,  that 
they  despise  all  foreigii  couversation."— i/rydt-n  .- 
State  i'f  Innocence. 


*2.  Used  in  calling  for  servants,  or  persona 
in  the  vicinity. 

"  Soiiip  wine,  withtn  there." 

l<linkrnp.:  Antotty  A  Cleopatra,  iii.  11. 

^  From  vnthin :    From    the    inside;  from 
within  door  ;  from  the  heart  or  mind. 
•*  Tliese  as  thy  guards  from  outward  harms  are  Rent ; 
Ills/i-ow*  within  thy  ri.-iiauu  must  prevent." 

Orytien.     \Todd.) 

*with-in -forth,  *  with-ynae-forth,  ado, 
[En;,',  within,  a.\\^i  j„ilk.}  Witliin,  inside,  in- 
U'lnally.     Userl- 

1.  Of  material  objecta ;  internally  ;  on  the 

inside. 

"  Pharisee  dense  the  cuppe  and  the  plat«r  w'thmine- 
forth,  that  that  is  withoutfurth  bo  innatl  clene."  — 
Wycliffc:  Mott.  xxiii. 

2.  In  the  heart,  mind,  or  soul. 

"  Beware  uf  the  false  prophetea  that  conic  to  you  tn 
the  clothince  of  shepe.  .ind  yet  withivforth  been  raueu- 
ouB  wolues.^'— Sir  T.  More  :   Woi-kes,  p.  'J8L 

*  ^th-in'-side,  adv.     [En,^.  within,  and  side.] 

In  the  inner  oi'  interior  parts. 

■■  The  teeth  may  be  better  seen  withinside."—!<harp. 

without'^  * with-oute,    * with-out-en, 

*  with-ut-en,  prep.,  adv.,  &  couj.  [A.S. 
HVAlhutan  =  on  the  outside  of,  from  widh  = 
against,  back,  and  titan,  an  adverbial  forma- 
tion from  tit-=  out  (q.T.).] 

A.  As  pi'eposition  : 

1.  On  or  at  the  outside  or  exterior  of;  out 
of.    (Opposed  to  icithiji.) 

"  Without  the  bed  her  other  fair  hand  was." 

Shiikesp.  :  /iapc  of  Lucrcc;,  393. 

2.  Out  of  the'  limits,  compass,  range,  or 
reach  of ;  beyond. 

"  Without  the  peril  of  the  Athenian  Ian." 
ShaJcesp.:  Midstunnier  Wight's  Dream,  iii.  1. 

3.  With  exemption  from. 

'■  The  great  lords  of  Ireland  informed  the  king  that 
the  Irishry  might  not  denaturalized  withuut  damage 
to  themselves  or  the  crown.""— /tatrics.-  Ireland. 

4.  Supposing  the  negation  or  omission  of. 

**  Withotif  the  sepaintiou  of  the  two  monarchies, 
the  most  advant-igeous  terms  from  the  French  mu^t 
end  in  our  destruction.'— ,4 d(i/5o«. 

5.  Not  having  or  not  being  with ;  in  ab- 
s»rnce  or  destitution  of;  in  separation  fiom  ; 
deprived  of  ;  not  having  use  or  employment 
of;  independent  or  exclusively  of. 

"Abide  with  me  from  inoni  till  eve. 
VoT  without  tltee  I  coimot  live." 

Keble:  Evening  tJt/mn. 

^  Colloquially,  the  object  is  frequiiitiy 
omitted  after  without  (prep.),  especially  in 
such  phrases  as,  to  do  without,  to  go  untlmut : 
as,  Tliey  will  give  me  no  assistance,  so  I  must 
do  (or  go)  without. 

B.  As  adverb : 

1.  On  the  outside  ;  outwardly,  externally. 

"  Pitch  the  ark  within  luid  without." — Genesis  vs.  14. 

2.  Out  of  doors  ;  outside. 

"  Behold  thy  mother  ,iud  thy  brethren  stand  mith- 
out,  desiring  to  speak  with  ihee."— Matthew  xii.  47. 

3.  As  regards  external  acts  ;  externally. 

"  H'iCwuf  unspotted,  innoueut  within, 
She  f Cited  no  danger,  for  she  knew  uo  sin." 

Dryden:  JI<nd  &  PatUher,  i.  3, 

C.  Asconj.  :  Unless,  except 

"  Marry,  not  without  the  prince  be  willing."— 
Shakesp. :  Much  Ado,  iii.  3. 

^  In  this  sense  rarely  used  by  correct 
writers. 

^  (I)  From  wUhout :  From  the  outside  ;  op- 
poseil  to  from  unthin:  as,  Sounds  from  vdf  ho  ut 
readied  tlieir  ears. 

(2)  WUhout  i7iipeachm€  lit  of  waste: 

Law:  A  reservation  often  made  to  a  tenant 
for  life  that  no  one  shall  sue  him  for  involun- 
tary waste,  though  this  does  not  sliield  him 
from  an  action  if  he  commit  malicious  waste. 

(3)  Without  prejudice :  [Prejudice,  s.  1f]- 

(4)  Without  recourse  to  vie: 

Law:  A  phrase  used  by  an  agent  who  en- 
dorses a  bill  or  note  for  his  principal.  It  is 
intended  to  protect  him  from  personal  lia- 
bility. 

*  without- door,  o.  Being  out  of  doors ; 
outward  ;  external. 

"  Her  without-di/or  form.' 

.Shakesp. :   Wittter'a  Tate,  ii.  L 

*  with-^t'-en,  prep.  &  tulv.     (WrrHouT] 

*  with-OUt'-forth,  adr.  [Eng.  without,  &u<\ 
forth.]  Outside,  externally,  exteriorly.  [With- 
iNFORTH  (1),  Extr.] 

with-oiit'-side,  ad  v.  [Eng.  without,  and  side.] 
Outside,  externally.     [Withinside.] 


fate,  f^t,  f^e,  amidst,  what,  f^ll,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  "wol^  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  au  =  tw- 


withaain— wittingite 


577 


with  sain. 


[WiTlKAY.I 


*  Tvith-save',  *  ^nt-safe',  v.t.  •r  i.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  ooiithiiujs.]    To  voauhsufe. 

"  B^'Aocliiii^  bia  exeelsi',  lii^'b,  luid  mtonuit  runiiistid, 
that   III-   wiiis'de    igifa/e  tu    ^aut    tUis   in:   tbut," — 

with  say.  '  with-sei-en,  'with-sajm, 
"  \irith-scye.  iKt.  (A. 8.  wUlk  —  against,  uiid 
seA^gan  =  to  s:ty.|    To  eoiitnidict.  to  deny. 


-  with-say  -er,    "  with-sei-cr,  s.     [Eng. 

iL-ith^ay  ;  -fr.\    An  opponent. 

"That  hfl  be  layeti  to  much  atyre  iu  holsum  d'lC- 
tryuf.  niul  tlio  vithsei*^ri8  t«  with  8t«ude."—  Wycl^e  : 
Ep.,  p.  ea.    (Fret) 

with-set',    v.t.     (EnR.    with  —  against,  aud 
s*t'\    To  set  against;  to  oppose. 

"Ther  wny  he  thaaii  wifhseUe." 

liobert  de  Bniime,  p.  'M7. 

withstand',  * with-stond-en,  v.t.  &  i. 
lA.S.  icii{h^tan<lan.  from  mdk=  against,  aud 
.•itniHtau  =  to  stand.) 

A.  Trans. :  To  stand  up  against ;  to  resist 
either  physical  or  niond  force  ;  to  oppose. 

"  Oft  tlie  wintry  aejis,  aud  southern  wimla 
Withstood  their  passage  home." 

DryiUn:  Virgil;  J^neidit  152. 

B.  Iiitrana.:  To  resist;  to  make  a  stand; 
to  be  in  resistance. 

•'  Alle  wirlutondcti  t«  hyin  he  slugh  in  the  mouth  of 
the  swerd.  ■—  ifi/vUffe    Judith  ii.  16. 

with'Stand'-er,  .^.  [Eng.  wWistand;  -er.] 
One  who  withstands,  opposes,  or  resists;  an 
opposer  or  opponeuti. 

"  Sileoce  every  b«Id  iinthstander." 

Dadsloy  :  Rex  et  fontifex. 

With-Stood  (/^rtf^  (&?)(!.  par.  of  v.  [Withstand.  ] 

writh'-wind,  *  ^th'-wine,  *with'-er- 
wine,  •  with'-y^-wind,  *  with'-y-wine, 

,^.     [Eng.  with  =:  a  withy  (q. v.),  and  vUtd  (;l), 

V.) 

Botany : 

1.  (0/  Ihe  jirst  form):  (1)  The  Woodbine 
(1'V-)  '  (-)  Coiivolimlus  arvensis;  (3)  C.  sepiion. 

2.  {Of  the  other  fonns) :  Polygonum  Convol- 
v(da--<.    {Britten  £  Holland.} 

■with-y,  witti'-y,  s.  &  a.  [A.S.  widkig—  a 
wiUow,  a  twig  of  a  willow  ;  cogn.  with  Icel, 
vidhja  =  a  withy  ;  I'irf/t  —  a  witli ;  vidhir  =  a 
willow;  Dan.  ridie  =:  a.  willow,  aa  osier;  Sw. 
mde  =  a  willow,  vidja  —  a  willow-twig; 
O.  H,  Ger,  andd  —  a  willow ;  Ger.  wekte. 
Allied  to  Gr.  Irea  (Ufxi.)  =  a  willow ;  Lat.  vitis 
=  a  vine  ;  Russ.  vite  =  to  twine,  plait.] 

A.  As  substnntive : 

I.  Ordiiuiry  Language : 

1.  A  large  species  of  willow. 

"I  have  been  toltl  t>t  a  mth;/  treeto  beseeo  some- 
where iu  Barkshire  which  ia  increased  to  a  most  tre- 
iueudoii3  bulk."— i>Wy«.  Si/{jhi,  ch.  ykIv, 

2.  A  withe,  a  twig,  an  osier. 

3.  A  halter  made  of  twigs. 
II.  Botany : 

1.  One  of  the  names  for  Salix  fra^ilis, 
a  large  tree,  eighty  or  ninety  feet  high,  with  a 
girth  sometinies  amounting  to  twenty.  Tlie 
leaves,  which  are  more  or  le-ss  lanceolate,  with 
half-cordate  stipules,  are  downy  when  young. 
The  spreading  catkins  appear  in  April  and 
May.  Called  also  the  Crack-willow,  tliis  name 
and  the  Latin  specitic  name,  fragilis,  both 
referring  to  the  fact  that  the  twigs  are  very 
fragile  at  their  junction  with  the  bi-anches. 
it  grows  in  marshy  localities  in  England 
iuid  Scotland,  the  European  continent,  and 
Western  Asia.  The  name  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  genus  Salix  (q.v.), 

2.  LoMrpitium  SUer.  It  has  bipinnate 
glabrous  leaves,  the  leaves  ef  the  involucre 
and  the  involucela  linear- lanceolate  slightly 
:iwned,  the  fruit  narrow.  A  native  of  the 
South  of  Europe.     [Laserpitium.] 

B.  .4s  aij. :  Made  of  withies  ;  like  a  witliy  ; 
flexible  and  tough. 

"  Tliirsil  trom  withi/  prison,  as  he  iiaea, 
Lets  out  hi:^  flock." 

/'.  Flvtcher  :  Purple  Island,  iiL 

Withy-woody,  s.     The  siime  as  Withy, 

A.    I.  s.  (q.v.). 

"^ wit-less.  *wit-lesse,  *wyt-lesse,   «. 

[Eng.  tmt,  s. ;    less.i 

1.  Destitute  of  wit  or  nnderstaudiiig  ;  want- 

-  mg  in  sense;  stupid,  ignorant,  thoughtless. 
(.Spensrr  :  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  3.) 


2.  Proceeding  from  or  characterizwi  by  folly 
or  scDselossne.ss  ;  foolish,  unwist*,  stupid. 

"  Lender  nni\  louder  did  bo  Hhuut 
With  kUUu  hoiH)  t"  bring  her  uemr,' 

Wordswirrth  :  A/oOicr's  lifturti. 

*  wit-less-Iy,    "  wit-les-ly,  ada.      (Eng. 

tpUlv^;  -ly.]    lua  witless,  senacU'ss,  or  stupid 
manner;  without  judgmentor  under'sfcinding. 
'■  I  have  tranit^recis'd  all  ){i>odn»«.  ir(//.»/_v 
Raiti'd  iiiliiu  own  uurau  fruuj  pofltoiity.'  ' 

ili-num.  ,tr  Flet. :  Moral  Ht'iirttvitlatiottt. 

'  Wit'-less-ness,  s.  [Eng,  witless;  -H&B.l 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  witless  ;  want  of 
judgment,  understanding,  or  seiiae. 

"  Where  wilfnl  witli^agnest  doth  not  bur  ugtiluat  it."— 
Sandys  :  Stat^  of  UHigion. 

*  wit' -ling,    .<.      [Eng.  wit,  s.  ;   dimin.    eufl". 

-/i"t^]    A  pretender  to  wit ;  one  who  has  little 
wit  or  nnderstandiug. 

"  Light  witlings  may  sueer  na  they  pleftse."— £tac*(«  / 
Sef/.fulturo,  p.  8&, 

*  wit'-mon-ger,  s.    [Eng.  vHt,  and  monger.] 

One  wlio  indulges  in  wit  of  a  poor  kind ;  a 
would-be  wit ;  a  witling. 

"The  maiii  wUmonger  surviving  to  the  (uuatical 
party."— (Food  :  Athefim  Oxon.,  voL  ii. 

*  wit-nen,  y.i.  [Witness.]  To  testify.  {An- 
cren  Riwle,  p.  30.) 

wit'-ness,  ^wit-nesse,   *w3rt-nesse,   s. 

[A.S.  witiies,  gewitne.^,  from  witnii  =  to  know  ; 
cogn,  with  Icel.  vitiui ;  Dan,  vidne  =  to  testify.] 
I.  Ord'nmry  Language : 

1.  Attestation  of  a  fact  or  event ;  testimony, 
evidence. 

"  Ye  sent  unto  John,  and  he  bare  wUneta  auto  the 
truth.  "—yoAn  v.  33. 

2.  That  whieh  furnishes  evidence,  testi- 
mony, or  proof. 

"Tills  heap  is  a  w(7Ht'Sg  between  me  ajid  thee  this 
day."— tf cues («  xxxi.  48. 

3.  One  who  knows  or  sees  anything ;  one 
who  is  personally  present  and  sees  anything. 

"  Many  professing  to  be  original  ■witneues  of  the 
t'hristian  miracles.  —Paley :  Eeideiices  of  Christianity, 
voL  i.     (Introd.) 

II.  Law: 

1.  One  who  sees  the  execution  of  an  instru- 
ment, and  subscribes  it  for  the  purpose  of 
confirming  its  authenticity  by  his  testimony  ; 
one  who  signs  his  name  as  evidence  of  tlie 
genuineness  of  the  signature  of  another. 

2.  One  who  gives  evidence  or  testimony 
under  oath  or  affirmation  in  a  judicial  pro- 
ceeding. 

"  Evidence  of  writings  be  shewed,  witnesses  be 
sworn,  and  beard  before  them." — Smith:  Common- 
wealth, bk.  ii..  ch.  xviii. 

^  (1)  Witness  when  used  as  a  predicate  after 
the  verb  to  he  can  be  used  in  the  singular 
form,  though  the  subject  or  nominative  is 
plural. 

"  Heaven  and  thoughts  are  mitness." 

Shii/cesp. :  Afi-riluint  nf  Venice,  ii.  6. 

*  (2)  With  a  witness :  Effectually  ;  to  a  great 
degree  ;  with  a  vengeance  ;  palpably,  grossly. 

"  Here  'b  packing  urith  a  witness." 

.Shitkesp. :  Tami7ig  of  the  Shrew,  v.  1. 

wit'-ness.  '  wlt-ness-en,  v.t.  &  i.  [Wit- 
Nfc.-ss,  ;;.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

*  1.  To  give  or  bear  witness  or  testimony 
to  ;  to  attest ;  tx:i  testify. 

agaJustthee." 

^  2.  To  give  or  serve  as  evidence  or  token 
of;  to  substantiate;  to  prove. 

"  To  thee  I  send  this  written  embassage. 
To  witness  duty,  not  to  show  my  wit." 

Shakesp, :  Sonnet  34. 

*  3.  To  foretell,  to  presage,  to  foretoken. 

"  The  sun  sets  weeping  in  the  lowly  west. 

Witnessing  sioTtuR  to  come,  woe.  and  unrest," 
Hhakesp.  :  Richard  II..  ii.  4, 

4.  To  see  the  execution  of  and  subscribe  as 
an  instrument,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing 
its  authenticity  :  as.  To  witness  a  will. 

5.  To  see  or  know  by  personal  presence  ;  to 
be  a  witness  of  or  to. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  bear  testimony  ;  to  testify; 
to  give  evidence. 

isthim."— lff**i^,t 

If  (1)  iVitufss  is  often  used  aa  an  optative  or 
im^H?rative,  in  many  cases  with  inversion. 

"  Heftven  witni'M 
I  have  been  to  you  a  true  aud  faithful  wife  " 
Shakesp. :  Henry  Vlll.,  iL  i. 

(2)  It  is  sometimes  followed  by  with. 

"  God  Mritncss  icith  me  .  .  .  how  cold  it  struck  my 
heart  — !>hakcsp.  :  2  Henry  IV.,  iv.  5. 


'  Wit'-ness-cr,  *.  (Eng.  in^nts^  .•*,  ;  -*r.  |  'Hut 
wlio  gives  or  bears  witneuy  or  tctfthitoDv  ;  u 

witness. 

"  Ho  wan  now  m  well  beco»«  a  eonaUat  mitntufr 
of    tho    paMluu    of    L'hriaf— Jfarrtn ;    Mnrriaqr  ••/ 

*  wit-safe',  t\t.  or  %.    [WrposAVK.I 

wit-sen'-f-a,  5.  (Named  after  Wichola.-*  Wit- 
sen,  a  Dutcii  patron  of  botany.] 

Bol. :  A  genus  of  Iridacou;,  closely  akin  U\ 
Iris.  They  are  natives  of  tho  Capo  of  Good 
Hope.  IVitsenia  corymbosa  is  a  luvoiirite  in 
greenhouses.  The  stem  of  iV.  maura  is  sjiid 
to  abound  in  .saccharine  juice. 

*  Wit'-stand,  s.  [Eng.  vrit,  and  dtand.]  Tlio 
state  of  being  at  one's  wits'  end, 

1[  To  be  at  a  wUsUind  =  to  be  at  u  staadstill 
from  not  knowing  what  to  do. 

"They  wrre  of  a  witHtnnd.  aud  e*uM  rtaeb  uo 
f  urtbor."— aucAcf.-  Life  of  WUliami.  i.  ifts 

"  witte.  s.    [Wit,  s.] 

wit'-ted,  a.  (Eng.  wit,  a. ;  -ed.}  Uaviug  wit, 
sense,  or  understanding.     Used  in  coTupesi- 

tion,  as  a  qiuvk-witted  boy. 

*  wit'-ten-ag-e-mote,  s.    [WnBNAi^EMor.j 

wit'-ter^,  s.  pi.  [The  same  a.s  witheis  =  tliat 
which  opposes  or  resists  the  arrow  from  being 
drawu  back.]  Tlie  barb  of  a  spear,  tishing- 
hook,  or  the  like.    {:Scoteh.) 

"  He  deserved  his  paiks  for 't— to  put  •«!  the  light 
when  the  flub  was  ou  one's  witters."— Scott :  Vuv  ban- 
nering, ch,  jtxvL 

*  "wit'-ti-cSs-ter,  s.  [From  wUty^  on  analogy 
of  poetaster,  &c.]  A  mean,  poor,  ©r  pretended 
wit ;  a  witling. 

"  The  mention  of  a  nobleman  aeeius  ^uite  .lUfHcient 
.to  arouse  the  spleen  of  our  uritticatter."— Hilton. 
[Latham.) 

witt'-ich-en-ite.  witt'-ich-i^p.  ;w  as  v). 

s.  [After  Wittiehen,  Baden,  where  found; 
suff.  -ite.] 

Min.:  A  mineral  belonging  to  the  sulpho- 
bismutite  section  of  the  sulpharsenite  and 
sulphantimonite  group.  Crystallization,  ortho- 
rhombic,  though  occurring  mostly  massive. 
Hardness,  3-5;  sp.  gr.,  -iS  to  'j;  lustre, 
metallic  ;  colour,  steel-gray,  tarnishing  on  ex- 
posure ;  streak,  black.  Compos. :  sulphur, 
19-44  ;  bismuth,  42-U  ;  copper,  38-45,  which 
yields  the  formula  3CuS -^  BigS^ ;  umither 
analysis  gives  the  formula  3(CuFeS  +  (BioS.3. 

wit'-ti-9i9m,  s.  [Eng.  vitty  ;  0  connect.,  and 
suit",  -kvm.]  A  witty  sentence,  phiuse,  or  re- 
maik  ;  an  observation  characterized  by  wit 

"  Tis  no  great  wonder  that  such  -a  tbreo-iettered 
man  as  you  should  make  such  a  leilticism  of  three 
letters."— J/*Vron.-  Defetv^e  of  the  English  People,  ch.  ii. 

H  Dryden  is  in  error  in  saying  as  he  ilid 
that  he  coined  this  word:  "A  mighty  "-(7- 
tici-STn  (if  you  will  pardon  a  new  word)  .  .  ." 
— State  of  Innocence,    (Pref.) 

*  wit'-ti-fied.  n.  (Eng.  m(i2/;-/y, -ed.)  Hav- 
ing wit  ;  clever,  witty. 

"  These  were  .  .  .  di3i>eraed  to  tbo«c  vAUified  ladiea 
who  were  willing  to  come  iuto  the  order."- .VorfA 
Life  of  Lord  Guilford,  i.  59. 

wit'-ti-ly,  adv.     (Eng.  v.nUy  :  ■ht.\ 

"  1.  Ingeniously,  cunningly,  artfully 

"  But  is  there  any  other  l-ejist  that  liVM, 
Who  his  own  harm  so  mttity  coulrivea*"' 

lirydtn.    iloiid.) 

2.  In  a  witty  manner ;  with  wit ;  witli  a 
witty  turn  or  phrase;  with  an  ingenious  and 
amusing  association  of  ideas. 

"  This  raring  uiKm  antiquity  in  matter.  H-jmo,* 
has  wf/^/y/ described.'— /.ocAc-  C-nduct  of  thr  I'nder- 
standing.  &  •^4. 

wit'-ti-ness,  *  wit-ti-nesse,  y.  [Eng.  »/■;//«.■ 

-TrfS.*.] 

1.  Ingenuity,  cunning,  art,  artfuiii,.-s, 
skill. 

"  Deserueth  bis  wlrtine'se  hi  deui^iug,  hiji  pitltl- 
neaa  in  uttering,  his  |.astoral  rudeness.'- .'<^n<'*r  .■ 
Epilogue  to  Master  Harvey, 

2.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  witty. 

•  3.  An  artful,  clever,  or  ingenious  tU'vic-. 

"The  thini  in  the  discoloured  mantle  .■■r'ii'igl'Nl  .iti 
over,  is  Euphantastf,  a  weil-concelted  «pif/iHr.MV-/f..j. 
Jimsiin  :  Cynthia's  Ueie's.  v.  3. 

wit'-ting,  weet'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  «.  (Wit,  v.] 

witt'-ing-ite,  .S-.  [.VftfT  Wittingi.  in  Storkyro, 
Finland,  where  found  ;  sutf.  -ite  {Min.). 
Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral,  apx^rently 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  cell,  cboms.  9hin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin, 
cian,  -tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shiin ;  -tion,  -^ior^  ^  ?;tiiin     -cioiis,  -tioxis, 


as ;  expeet,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  —  f. 
ious  =  shus.    -ble,  -dlz-  ie.  v-  bel.  deL 


67S 


wittingly— woehlerite 


n'sultinjr  I'nnn  the  altcnitioii  of  rhodonite 
(q.v.)-  O'iNiHJS.  :  a  hydniletl  silicate  of  the 
proto-  ;iinl  .sesquioxides  ul'  miingMnese  and 
ii-nii.  A  ihnibtful  species.  Grouped  by  Dana 
with  Neotokite  (q.v.). 

wit'-ting-ly,  af/y.  [Kng.  xHUing ; -ty.]  Know- 
iiigly ;  with  Icuowledge  or  design ;  of  set 
purjutse. 

•'  Oiiitliiit'  liis  li.iinU  wittingly. "—Ci-n.  xlvfli,  H, 

t  wit-tol,  ■  wit-tall,  *  whit-tol,  ^.     [A 

woni  of  doubtful  origin.  Imt  ]»rob;il.ly  the 
same  as  wUwall  or  woodicaU,  old  names  for  a 
bird  into  whose  nest  the  cm^kno  dropped  her 
eggs;  cf.  ff»//=  (l)a  bird,  (2)a8irapli*tim.]  A 
cuckold;  one  wlio  knows  of  his  wife's  inti- 
delity,  and  submits  to  it. 

•*  Ami  secret  inteUiceiice  wax  atill  tinnsmitted  from 

thtt  nriUol  to  tbe  adulteress."— J/(ic<iuf<xjf;  Jli^t.  Ktig., 

ch. ix. 

•  wit'-tol,  v.t.  [WiTTOL,  s.]  To  make  a  wittol 
or  cuckold  of. 

"  He  would  wittol  me." 

Daveniiort :  Ctff/  Match,  i.  l. 

^  Wit-tol-ly*  «•  [Eng.  wittol;  -y.]  Like  a 
wittid  or  cuckuld  ;  cuckoldly. 

■■  Tile  jeiilyuB  wiitul/y  knave  liath  masses  of  money. " 
— SftuA's/).  .-  Merry  Wiivs.  ii.  2, 

^tts.  i-.  lEtyni.  doubtful.]  Tin  ore  from  the 
slaniping-Ili)or. 

Wit'-ty,  ^  wit-tie,  a.  [A.S.  witig,  wittig.] 
[Wrr.s.] 

^  1.  Possessed  of  wit,  understanding,  judg- 
ment, orsense;  able,  intellectually consideri'd. 

"  I  confess  uotwitliatandiug,  with  the  icitfifff  of  the 
school  divines,  that  if  we  speak  of  strict  justice  liod 
could  no  wiiy  liavel>eeu  hound  to  requite  in;ui 'a  lulu mrs 
iu  so  iarge  and  ample  a  muniier.'  —/looker :  /.VWfS. 
/"olity,  bk.  j.,  ch.  xi. 

*  2.  Ingenious  ;  clever ;  skilfully  or  cleverly 
devised. 

"It  will  becoin"  much  colder  tliaii  it  was  before, 
which  1  assure  yuu  came  first  from  a  most  wittie  and 
subtile  invention."— i",  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  xxxi., 
ch.  iii. 

*  3.  Wise,  discreet. 

"It  is  the  wittient  partition  that  ever  I  heard  dis- 
course."—S/iaAfs/J.  -■  Midgiimiiier  /fight's  lircam,  v. 

4,  Possessed  of  wit ;  smartly  or  cleverly 
facetious  or  humorous;  brilliant,  sparkling, 
and  original  in  expressing  amusiug  notions  or 
ideas ;  re:id,v  with  strikingly  novel,  clever, 
shiewd,  or  amusing  sayings,  or  with  sharp 
repartee;  hence,  sometimes,  sarcastic,  satirical. 
(Said  of  persons.) 

"The  affectation  therefore  nf  being  wi'Kv  by  spread- 
ing falsehoods  is  by  no  means  au  alluw.'ible  vanity." — 
Seeker    Sermons,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  8. 

5.  Characterized  by  or  pregnant  with  wit  or 
liuniour  ;  marked  by  or  consisting  of  brilliant, 
spai'Uliug,  or  ingenious  ideas  or  notions ; 
smartly  and  facetiously  conceived  orexpressed. 

"  Nor  taint  his  speech  with  meannesses,  desigu'd 
By  footman  Tom  for  witti/  and  refined." 

Cowpi^r:  Tirocinium. 

t  wit'-wall,  s.      [See  extract    under  Wood- 

\V.\L1..] 

Oniith.  :  A  popular  name  for  : 

1.  The  Golden  Oriole  (q.v.). 

"  Of  quite  other  origin,  however,  are  certain  names 
t'iveu  tu  this  species  [Oriolus  f/albula,  the  Gulden 
Oriole]  in  Germany,  uf  which  'Weidwall'  and  'Wit- 
well'  will  serve  as  examples.  With  those  is  clearly 
cognate  the  English  yvitwal^,  though  when  this  is 
nowadays  used  ht  all  it  is  applied  to  the  Gieeu  Wood- 
pecker,  probably  .is the  bird  which  by  its  colour  most 
reciilled  to  our  Teutonic  forefathers  the  contim^ntAl 
species  so  familiar  to  them."— i'arreU .  Hrit.  liirda 
(ed.  4tli),  i.  235. 

2.  The  Greater  Spotted  Woodpecker.  [Wood- 
pecker.] 

"This  bird  has  several  names  in  English  ...  It  is 
veiv  ^ciiei-^dly  called  the  Pied;Wood|>ecker.  and  more 
111.  ills  tlif  French  Pie,  Wood  Pin,  Spickel  (possibly  a 
diiJiiiiiitneof  Speight),  a-s  well  as  HickwiiU  and  Wit- 
witll;  which  it  lias  in  ooiiimon  with  the  other  British 
V:;ioJDeckcrs."~J"rirre/i.-  /irit.  Jiirds  ind.  4th).  ii.  471. 

*  wit'-wan-ton,  a.  &  s.  [Eng.  wity  and 
■wantuii.] 

A.  -4s  adj. :  Inclined  to  indulge  in  idle, 
foDlisli,  or  irreverent  speculations  or  fancies; 
over  subtle. 

"  How  dangerous  it  Is  for  such  witannton  men  to 
dance  with  their  nice  distinctions  on  such  mysticall 
precipicea."— /"M/Z^r ,   Cliurch  Hitt..  X.  iv.  4. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  indulges  in  idle, 
fnnlish,  or  irreverent  speculations  or  fancies. 

"All  epicures,  imtican'ont.  atheists."— 5tf?ties(cr. 

"  xirit' -wan-ton,  vA.  [Witwanton,  a.]  To 
indulge  in  vain,  sportive,  or  over-subtle  fan- 
cies ;  to  speculate  idly  or  irreverently. 


•  wive,  t'.i.  »Si  (•     [Wife.] 

A.  Intraiis. :  To  marrj'. 

"  [To]  eat,  drink,  and  wive." 

Byron  :  Ueaven  *  Earth,  i.  3, 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  marry  ;  to  take  for  a  wife. 

"  I  had  rather  he  should  shrive  me  tlwn  toivc  me." 
Sltakegp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  i,  2. 

2.  To  match  to  a  wife ;  to  provide  with  a 
wife. 

"  My  fate  would  have  me  tviv'tl." 

^Ttakcxp. :  Othello,  iii,  4. 

'  wive'-hood,  -s-.  (Eng.  vrivc ;  -hood.]  The 
state  or  condition  of  a  wife;  wifehood;  be- 
liaviour  becoming  a  wife. 

'  wive'-less,  *wive-lesse,    wyve-lesse, 

«.     (Eng.  wive;  -kss.]     Haviii;^  no  wife;  wife- 
less. 

"So  that  they  in  their  7vivch-M!<e  state  nmne  into 
open  abominations."— .ffotnHies;  0/  Matrimonj/. 

'  wive'-ly,  *  wyve-ly,  «.    (Eng.  wive;  -hi.] 

Pertaining  to  or  becoming  a  wife  ;  wifely. 
"By  wi/ueTy  iove."— Udat :  1  Corinthimiji  vii. 

wi'-ver,  wi'-vern,  s.    [Wyvern.] 
wive§,  .'^.  pi     [Wife.] 

wiz  -ard,  wis'-ard, '  wys-ar, '  wys-ard, 

rf.  &L  a.  [Ot  Fr.  'wischuTd,  not  found,  but 
necessarily  the  older  spelling  of  guischard, 
guiscart  =  prudent,  .sagacious,  cunning,  from 
Icel.  OTc/tr  =  clever,  knowing,  with  Fr.  suff. 
-arti  =  0.  H.  Ger.  -hart,  guis-hart,  Eng.  -Jiard. 
The  Icel.  vizhr  is  for  vitshr,  from  t^ita— to 
know,  to  wit  (q.v.).] 
A.  As  stihstantirt : 

*  1.  A  wise  man,  a  sage. 

"Those  Egyptian  wizards  old 
Which  in  star-read  were  wont  have  best  insight," 
Spenser:  F.  q..  V,  i.    (lutrod.) 

2.  One  who  is  skilled  in  the  occult  sciences  ; 
an  adept  in  the  black  art ;  one  supposed  to 
possess  supernatural  powers,  generally  from 
having  leagued  himself  with  the  evil  one  ;  a 
sorcerer,  an  enchanter. 

"  The  prophecte."  of  wizards  old." 

Waller     Virgil ;  ^Encid,  iv. 

3.  Hence,  in  popular  modern  language,  one 
skilled  in  legerdemain,  a  conjuror,  a  juggler. 

*  B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Haunted  or  frequented  by  wizards. 

"  Sever'd  from  the  haunts  of  men 
By  a  wide,  deep,  and  wiziird  glen." 

Moore :  Th*-  Fire-  Worshippers 

2.  Enchanting,  charming. 

"  The  wizard  song  at  distance  died. 
As  if  iu  ether  borne  .istvay." 

Scott:  Bridal  of  Triermain,  iiL  25. 

'  "wiz'-ard-l^,  a.  (Eng.  wizard;  -ly.]  Per- 
taining to  or  characteristic  of  a  wizard  or 
wizards. 

'  wiz'-ard-r3^,  -••■.  [Eng.  wizard;  -rij.]  The 
art  or  I'lactices  of  wizards  ;  sorcery,  enchant- 
ment, conjuring. 

wiz'-en,  '  wis-en-en,  o.  [A.s.  visnian  — 
to  become  dry ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  visna  =  to 
wither  ;  visinn  =  withered,  palsied,  dried-iip  ; 
Dan.  &  Sw.  visseii  =  withered  ;  Sw.  vissna  = 
to  fade.)  Hard,  dry,  and  shrivelled  ;  withered, 
weazen,  dried-up. 

"He  is  a  gay,  little.  mr«i  old  man,"— Jfad.  B'  Arblai/ : 
f liar  I/,  V.  2ij'j, 

wiz'-en,  wiz'-zen,  v.t.  [Wizen,  a.]  To 
wither  ;  to  dry  up  ;  to  shrivel.    (Scaidi.) 


wizen-faced,  a.  Having  a  thin,  shrivelled 

face. 

wiz'-en,  wiz-zen,  >';.    [Weasand.] 

■  wlappe,  *  wlap-pen,  r.t.    (L.'vp,  v.]    To 

wrap,  tu  fold. 

"  Ve.icliulenfyndeayonge  child  wlappid  in  clotlii.-j. " 
—  Wytliffe:  Lukeii. 

*  wlat-some,  «.    (A.S.  lolatte  =  loathing,  dis- 
gust.]   Loathsome  (q.v.). 

"^  w6,  s.  &  a.     [Woe.] 

wda,  c^clam.     [Whoa.] 

WOad,  *  wad,  *  WOd,  s.  (A.S.  wdd,  waad; 
cogu.  with  Dut.  weedc ;  Dan.  raid,  veid  ;  Sw. 
veide ;  M.  H.  Ger.  welt,  weid ';  Ger.  waid, 
veid;  O.  Fr.  vaide,  waisde^  gaide;  Fr.  guide; 
Lat.  vitrutn^:  woad.] 
Botany  : 
1.  The  genus  Isatis,  and  spec.  /.  tivctoria. 


It  is  from  one  ti)  three  feet  high,  with  the  radi- 
cal leaves  oblong  creiiate,  those  nf  the  Ktem  sn- 
gittute,  the  (lowers  yellow,  and  the  fruit  about 
three  times  longer  than  broad.  [Ihatis.]  li 
was  formerly  a  favourite  bluedye  in  Englan.l. 

2.  Iteseda  Lutcola.  rWELD(l).]  Withering 
caUs  this  Wild  Woad. 

3,  Genista  tinctoria.     [Genista..* 

WOad-miU,  .s.  A  mill  for  bruising  iind 
preparing  woad. 

nroad-waxen,  .<:. 

Hot.  :  iknista  tinctoria.     (Genista.^ 

*  woad'-ed,  «.    [Eng.  wood  ;  -m." 

1.  Dyed  or  coloured  blue  with  woau. 

"  Man 
Tattood  or  woadcii,  winter-clad  in  skins." 

7'eiiJiifson  :  I'riticesf,  ii.  IOC. 

2.  Extracted  or  preimred  from  woad. 

"  The  setup  blues  have  made  strangers  loathe  the 
ii'i.aUed  bliits  '—  Ward :  Sermoiu,  p,  77. 

woch-em'-ite  (w  as  v),  s.  [After  Lake 
W<ii-ljein,  Styiia,  near  which  it  was  found  ; 
sutl.  -ite  (jl/^)t.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Beauxite  (q.v.)  contain- 
ing very  little  oxide  of  iron.  Till  recent!.\ 
this  mineral  and  Beauxite  have  been  used  a^ 
some  of  the  sources  of  the  metal  aluminium. 

*  WOde.  *  wood,  n,  (A.S-  wud.l  Mad,  furious, 
violent . 

"  He  stirred  his  hoi-se,  as  he  were  tcode." 

Scott :  Thomai  the  Jlhymer,  ii. 

*  WOde,  s.     [Wood.] 

wode -whistle, 

Bof.  :  Coniuin,  vuitndatum.     (UuUinrll.) 

"  wode,  v.i.    [Wode,  a.]    To  grow  or  become 

mad. 

*wdde'-geld,  5.  [Mid.  Eng.  wode—  wood, 
and  gdd,  .s.]    A  geld  or  payment  for  wood. 

*wode-wale,  ^.    [Woodwale.] 

■  wod'-ness,  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  wod,-  —  mad  ;  -ocss.] 

Madii.-.ss. 

woe,  *  w^o,  "  woo,  s.  &  o.  [A.S.  wd  =  wo 
(intcrj.  &  adv.)  ;  wm  =  woe  (subst.)  ;  cogu. 
with  Dut.  w&e.  (interj.  &  subst.) ;  Icel.  vei 
(interj.) ;  Dan.  r-ec  (interj.  in  subst.)  ;  Goth. 
loai  (interj.);  Lat.  vm  (interj.);  Gr.  ovai 
{puaV).'\ 

A,  As  sithst.  :  Grief,  sorrow,  misery  ;  heavy 
calamity. 

"  One  100c  is  post :  and  behold  there  oometh  two 
icneii  more  hereatteT."— /ievetation  ix,  IC. 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Sad,  sorrowful,  wretched, 
miserable. 

"  Woe  w*:is  the  knight  at  this  severe  command." 

Drijd,-n:   Wife  of  Bath  8  Tali\  108. 

H  (1)  JI'o«is  frequently  used  as  an  exclama- 
tion of  grief  or  sorrow;  in  such  cases  the 
noun  or  pronoun  following  is  in  the  dative 
case,  to  being  omitted. 

"  M'oc  is  me,  for  I  am  imdone." — Itaiah  vi.  5. 

(2)  Woe  is  also  used  in  denunciations, 
either  with  the  optative  mood  of  a  verb,  or 
alone,  and  thus  as  an  interjection. 

"  Woe  be  unto  the  pastors  that  destroy  and  si-atter 
the  sheep," — Jeremiah  \xiii.  l. 

(3)  Woe  if'or//i  =  woe  be  to.     [Worth,  r.] 

'■  My  royal  miatress'  favour  towards  me. 

Woe-worth  ye,  sir,  ye  have  poyson'd,  blasted." 

Benum,  &  Ftet:  Loyal  Stfluect,  iv.  2. 

*  woe-wearied,  n.  Wearied  out  with 
grief. 

"  My  iruf-n-ruj'i'-d  tongue  is  mute  and  dumb." 

Shakcsp. :  llichard  HI..  \v.  4. 

woe-'worn,    u.      Worn  or   marked  by  ^ 
grief. 

"  In  lively  mood  he  spoke,  to  wile 
From  Wilfrids  woe-ieorn  cheek  a  smile," 

Scott:  liokeby,  v.  14. 

woe'-be-gone,   *woe-be-gon,   «.     [Eng. 

viii\  and  /)('f7"»,  pa.  \i:\v.  of  M.E.  lH:g(.m  =  to  go 
alidut,  to  .surround  ~  A.S.  hegdn,  from  he=by, 
and  gdn  =  to  go.]  U\'erwhelmed  or  disti-acteil 
with  woe  ;  immersed  in  grief  and  snrrcw. 

"  His  sad  motherseeing  his  sore  plight. 
Was  greatlv  woebegon,  mid  \M\i  tu  ieare." 

Spenser:  F.  if.,  iii.  7.  2o. 
WOe'-ful,   tf.      [WOFUL.] 

woeh'-ler  ite  (w  as  v),  .<.  [After  the  chem- 
ist Friedrirli  Wohler  of  Gottiugen  ;  suff.  -ite 
(Min.).-] 

Min. :  A  monoclinic  mineral,  oeturring  in 
crystals,  mostly  tabxdar  in  habit,  and  also 
giamdar.  Hardness,  55  ;  sp.  gr.,  ;V41 ;  lustre, 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  "wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  ^nite,  ^ur,  rule,  luU ;  try. 


:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,     se,  ce  -  e ;  ey  ^  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


woelchite—WolflBan 


;>/i 


vitreous  ;  colour,  sliades  of  yellow,  sometimes 
brownish ;  transparent  to  sub-translucent. 
Compos. :  essentially  a  columbn-silk-ate  of 
zirconia,  lime,  and  soda.  Occnr.s  in  zircon- 
syenite  on  the  islands  of  the  Langesund  Fiord, 
Norway. 

woelch-ite  (W  ns  v),  ^^     [After  W'ilch,  Ca- 
rinUiiii,  wht-n-  found;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'\ 

Mill. :  An  altered  variety  of  Mouninnite 
(ij-v.),  in  which  Rammelaberg  olitained  as  a 
mean  of  several  analyses:  sulphur,  ]t;-si  ; 
antimony,  24-41;  lead,  15'oi>;  copper,  4L*">i;i ; 
iron,  0  3(1  luo. 

woe'-sdme,  ".  [Eng.  woe;  -soitu-.]  Sad, 
snn-uwfiU,  Lirievous. 


•  woft. 


iiiir.  of  r. 


iW'Ari.I 


WO -ful,  woe -ful,     wo  full,  '  woe  full, 

n.     [Eng.  tuoe;  -full.] 

1.  P^ull  of  woe  or  grief;    distressed   with 
grief,  sorrow,  or  calamity  ;  afflicted,  sorrowful. 

"  Tlie  wqful'st  mnu  thut  ever  liv'tl  in  Rnine  !" 

Shakesp.  :  Titua  AndroHiijut.  iii.  l. 

2.  Expressing  woe  or  grief ;  sad. 

"  A  wufiil  tiitty."        Shakcsp, :  Vemcs  i-  Aitoitis,  WC. 

3.  Att^mled  with  woe,  distress,  or  calamit>'. 

"  Moat  lameutable  flfiy  !  most  tifofuliiny.' 

Shakisp.  :  JioiDfo  AJttUet,  v.  o 

i.  Wretched,  paltry,  mean,  poor. 

"  Whitt  too/itl  Htufl'this  madrigal  would  be." 

I'opc  :  Ess'tn  on  CrUicism,  41S. 

wo'-ful-ly.  w6e'-ful-ly,  udi\    [Eng.  iw/c?. 

1.  In  a  woful  manner  ;  sorrowfully  ;  mouiii- 
fuUy,  sadly,  lamentably. 

'■  Thei  hertle 
How  wofiilli/  this  oatise  ferde." 

Oowcr  :  C.  A.,  li. 

2.  Wretchedly,  misfrably,  poorly,  extremely. 

■•  Witli  a  wind  faUiu^'  wofuUy  light,  they  were  aeut 
ou  the  third  lOMutl."— Field,  Sept.  J,  1886, 

wo'-ful-ness,  •woe'-fiil-ness,  *-.  [Eng.  wo- 
ful, iroi-f'n! :  -TWis.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
bfing  woeful. 

■■  One.  whom  like  ivofulneM  impressed  deepe. 
Uath  made  tit  mate  thy  wretched  case  tu  heare." 
Spenser:  Baphnaala. 


woi-wode,    woj-wo'-da   (oj 

I  Wavwodk.] 


6i), 


wol. 


[Will,  v.] 


wol-chon'-sko-ite,  s.  [After  AI.  Wolchon- 
sU{yj  of  Russia  ;  o  connect.  ;  suff.  -lie  {Mln.)/] 
Mill.  :  An  amorphous  mineral  of  dark-green 
Colour.  Analyses  discordant;  but  it  appears 
to  be  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina,  chroniuni, 
and  iron  sescunoxides.     A  doubtful  speeies. 

*  wold,  "^  wolde,  i->ret.  of  v.     [Will,  v.] 

wold  (1), '  wolde,  '  wonlde,  ft.  f  A.S.  vmih), 
wald  —  a  wood,  a  forest ;  cngn.  with  O.  Sax.  & 
O.  Fries,  wald  =  a  wood  :  O.  H.  Ger.  malt  ; 
Ger.  wald;  Icel.  roZh' =  a  lield,  a  plain.  iVold 
and  tvmld  .ire  doublets.]    [Weald.] 

1.  A  wood,  a  forest. 

"  We  must  hold  by  wood  and  woUJ." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  iv.  12. 

2.  An  open  country  ;  a  weald  ;  a  plain. 

3.  A  low  hill,  a  down  ;  in  the  plural,  a  hilly 
district,  or  a  range  of  hills. 

"Whoaeeenota  great  difference  betwixt  thewolrfa 
in  Lincolnshire  and  the  ivmt"— Burton:  Aiuit.  vf 
M.'lun..  \>.  m. 


wold  (■-'). 


[Wkld.] 


*w^olde,    wold-en,  pret.  r>f  v.    [Will,  c] 
+  wolds,  t  woulds,  '^.    [Weld.] 

w^olf,    *wolfe,  'woulfe  (pi.   wolves).    . 

[A  S.  inilfiiA.  vvdfa.-<) ;  cogii.  witli  iMit.  A.  G''i'. 
irolf:  Ic.'l.  nlfr(=vulfr):  Dan.  iilo;  Sw.  »//; 
Goth,  lutilfs;  Russ.   volL' ;  Gr.   Auitos   (lukos) : 
Lat.  lupus;  Sansc.  iTika.] 
L  Ordinary  iMiigjutge : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  11.  3. 

2,  A  small  white  maggot  or  worm  which 
infests  granaries. 

3.  A  tubei<ru]ar  excrescence  which  r.Tpidly 
oats  away  the  flesh.    [Lupus.] 

4,  A  term  of  opjirobrium  especially  applictl 
lo  a  person  noted  for  ravenousness,  rapacity, 
cineUy,  cunning,  or  the  like. 

■'  Kesinfd  is  Urlfaua  from  the  English  tvofvet," 

Shaknap.:  l  Henri/  VL,  i.  ti. 

11.  Technically: 

1.  Cotton-vianvf. :   A    beating    or   opening 


machine,  for  tearing  ai)art  the  tussoc^ks  of 
I'otton  as  delivered  in  the  bale.  It  is  a  i)re- 
liininary  operation,  by  which  dust  and  trash 
are  rendered  separable  and  the  libre  deliveinl 
in  a  more  downy  condition,  so  as  to  subse- 
quently form  a  lap. 
t  2.  Micsic : 

(1)  A  term  aj)plied  to  the  }iar.sh,  howling 
sound  of  certain  chords  of  keyed  instruments, 
particularly  the  organ,  when  tuned  by  any 
form  of  unequal  temperament. 

(2)  A  wolf-note  (q.v.). 

3.  Zool. :  Caiiis  lupus,  of  wliich  there  art' 
many  varieties,  by  sonic  autliorilies  raiso'l  to 
specificrank,  but  th.'diiti-n'ncr.s  brtween  them 
are  slight  and  uniniiKirtant,  and  luobitbly  juo- 
duced  by  climate  and  surroundings.  Tlu- 
t'ommon  Wolf  is  about  live  U'vt  from  tin- 
snout  to  the  tip  of  the  tail,  wliieli  is  about 
twenty  inches  long;  height  at  shoulder  abovd 
thirty-two  inches;  hair  dark  yellowish-^n'ay, 
sometimes  almost  black,  long  and  coarse  in 
the  northern  varieties,  and  sliorter  in  those 
whicli  are  found  in  warm  climates ;  tail  droop- 
ing ;  ears  upriglit  and  pointed ;  eyes  set 
obliquely.  TIiu  wolf  is  swift,  and  preys  on 
sheep  and  calves,  associating  in  packs  to  run 
downdeeraud  other  animals;  rarely  attacking 
man  unless  hard  pressed  by  hunger,  when  it 
becomes  very  <langerous.  The  geographical 
range  is  very  wide,  and  it  is  common  in 
Europe,  though  it  has  lieen  extinct  in  England 
since  the  end  of  the  Itfteenth  century.  Tlie 
last  wolf  is  said  to  have  been  killed  in  Scot- 
land by  Sir  Ewen  Camertm,  in  1680,  and 
wolves  lingered  in  Ireland  for  at  least  thirty 
years  later.  Of  the  other  varieties  the  chief 
are  the  Black  Wolf  of  Southern  Europe  ;  the 
Indian  Wolf  (C.  ixilUpes) ;  the  White  Wolf  (L'. 
lan.iijer)  and  a  variety  with  black  shaggy  fur 
(C.  iiiger),  from  Tibet ;  the  North  American 
\Vol{ (C.  occidentfdis  :=^  Lupiis gTUeus),  differing 
chiefly  from  the  Common  Wolf  in  having  ttuer, 
denser,  and  longer  fur,  and  very  broad  feet, 
enabling  it  to  tr:ivel  easily  over  tlie  snow  ;  the 
White  Wolf  (lupiu!  albus),  the  Pied  Wolf  (L. 
sficte),  the  Dusky  Wolf  (/..  nuh'dus);  and  the 
Bla(;k  Wolf  (L.  atcr),  all  from  North  America. 
[Red-wolf.]  The  Prairie-wolf,  or  Coyote 
Canis  latraiis),  found  from  Mexico  northwai'ds 
to  the  Saskatchewan,  is  probably  a  di.stinct 
species.  It  is  much  smaller  than  the  Common 
Wolf,  the  body  and  head  together  measuring 
only  about  three  fe.  t,and  tlie  (ail  some  fifteen 
iiK-hes  ;  colour  dull  yiilowis)i-gray,  clouded 
with  black.  They  hunt  in  packs,  and  can 
utter  a  short,  snapping  bark,  while  the  only 
-sound  made  by  true  wolves  is  a  prolonged 
howl. 

Tj  1.  Dark  as  a  n-olf's  mouth  (or  throat): 
Pitch-dark. 

2.  To  cry  wolf:  To  raise  a  false  alarm.  In 
allusion  to  the  shepherd-boy  in  the  fable,  who 
used  to  cry  "  Wolf  !  "  merely  to  make  fun  of 
the  neighbours,  but  when  at  last  the  wolf 
cnme  no  one  would  believe  hinu 

*  3.  To  have  a  wolf  by  the  ears  :  [See  extract]. 

"He  that  dejila  with  nieu's  aftectioua  hatli  a  tool/ 
f/f/  the  ears ;  if  we  B|jeak  of  jjeaue,  they  wax  Wi'iutoii  ; 
if  we  reprove,  they  growdeapurate."— .-Idanw;  Works, 
iii.  249. 

"-  4.  To  have  a  v-olf  in  the  st<yniach :  To  be 
ravenously  hungry. 

5.  To  keep  the  wolf  from  the  door:  To  keep 
out  or  off  hunger  or  want. 

6.  To  see  a  trolf:  To  lose  one's  voice.  The 
ancients  used  to  say  tiiat  if  a  man  saw  a  wolf 
before  the  wolf  saw  him  he  became  dumb,  at 
least  for  a  time.    (Virgil,  Eel.  ix.) 

wolf-berry,  >-. 

Bot.  :  Symphurirarpns  occidentalis.  It  is  a 
shrub  four  to  six  feet  high,  with  dense  axillary 
spikes  of  drooping  flowers  ;  a  native  of 
Canada. 

wolf-dog,  J. 

Zoology : 

1.  A  variety  of  Canis  familiaris,  used  for 
hunting ;  formerly  abundant  in  Norway  and 
Sweden,  but  is  now  almost  entirely  confined 
to  Spain.  It  is  of  large  size,  little,  if  any, 
smaller  than  the  mastifl'  (q.v.),  nose  pointed, 
ears  erect,  hair  Imig  and  silky,  usually  white, 
with  large  jiatehes  of  brown  ;  tail  curled  over 
the  back. 

2.  A  dog  bred  from  a  wolf  and  a  common 
dog.  The  ottspring  are  fertile  inter  se.  (Vera 
Sluiio.) 

wolf-fish,  s.    [Sea-wolf.] 


*  wolf-month,  s.  The  Saxon  naiiiu  for 
.Tanviaiy,  hecunsu  "  peojile  arc  wont  alway.s  in 
th;d  numth  to  be  in  more  danger  of  being  do- 
voinerl  by  wolves  than  in  any  other."    (Ktr- 

sUvaii.) 

wolf -not,  s.  A  kind  of  net  used  in  lishing, 
^^  tiicli  takes  great  uunibei's. 

wolf -note,  »-. 

-I/hsiV;  a  harsh  sound  occurring  in  Ktriiig 
instruments  owing  to  defective  vibration  uii 
one  or  more  notes  of  the  scale. 

"  By  H  wroiiK  arrnngi'nu-nt  vt  the  twund-iiwftiir  h^t- 
bar  wlirtt  iiro  ciUcit  wtlf-witM  urn  iiri*ducetl.  anil  when 
piecrnt  thoy  may  gi-nwruHy  bo  cured  by  the  pru|iei- 
mljnstnicnt  of  tlie  biir  or  poat."— A'.  11.  Altvn:  Hotin 
Makiiiii.  V.  U9. 

wolf-spider,  .<;. 

/"nl.  (/■/.);    riie  L>cosida.'(q.v.). 

wolfs  bane,  ^. 

Botany : 

1.  One  of  the  names  of  the  genus  A»:oiti- 
tum,  spec,  of  ,-1.  Xapelhis,  A.  I.yctotomun,  and 
-'1.  iHjndiiuim.     (Piixton.) 

2.  Arnim  montana.     [AnsicA.] 

;i.    f':rffnthishyn,uins.     (linftrn   <(:  JJotfaiiU.) 

wolTs  claw,  wolf's  foot,  >. 

Hot.  :  Club-moss,  Lycopodium  clamtum,  .i 
cryptogamous  plant  of  the  genus  Lyropodiuiii. 
So  named  from  the  claw-like  ends  of  the 
trailing  stem.     (Prior.) 

wolf's  fist,  .4. 

Bnt.  :  I.ii'-.ipfrdoH  liovisla. 

wolf's  foot,  s.     [Wolf's  claw.] 

wolf's  milk,  s. 

Jiot. :  Tlie  genus  Euphorbia,  spec.  K.  IlfUo- 
scopui.  Probably  named  from  tJie  acrid  quali- 
tie.-iof  the  milk. 

wolf's  peach,  a. 

Hot.  :  The  Tomato  (q.v.). 

wolf,  ?'.(.     (Wolf,  s.]    To  devour  raveimusly. 

"  Wolfing  dowu  some  food  preparatory  to  llsbliii;."— 
Fu^ht,  April  4.  1885. 

Wolf-ach-ite,  s.      [After   Wolfach,   Baden, 
wliere  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.). 

Min.  :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  oecnrring 
in  small  crystals  encrusting  Niekeline  (q.v.). 
Iliudiiess,  a-5;sp.  gr.,  6'372;  lustre,  mctjillic; 
colour,  silver-  to  tin-white;  streak,  bhick. 
An  analysis  yielded  :  sulphur,  1443  ;  arsenic, 
:3S-46;  antimony,  13-17;  lead,  i:yz\  silver, 
012  ;  iron,  371  ;  nickel,  29'.53  10074,  which 
the  same  composition  as  the  cubic  Corynite 
(q.v.),  so  tJiat  the  compound  is  dimorphr)us. 

wolflf'-i-a,  s.      [Named  after  S.  F.  Wollf,  a 
writer  on  the  botimical  genus  Lemna.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Pistiaceae,  akin  to  Leinna. 
Frond  oblong  or  subglobose,  clett  near  the 
base,  rootless,  spathe  none,  flowers  bursting 
through  the  frond,  anther  one,  sessile,  one- 
celled,  style  short,  utricle  spherieal,  induhis- 
cent,  with  one  erect  seed.  Only  known 
species,  Wolffia  arrhizit,  found  in  ponds  in 
England,  jiarts  of  the  European  continent, 
and  Western  Africa. 

WolflT-i-an,  Wolf'-i-an,  a.  &.  s.  [For  ctym. 
see  def.  aiid  compound.) 

A.  As  (ulj.  :  Of,  belonging  to,  projtosed,  or 
discovered  by  any  person  of  tlie  name  of 
Wolfl"  or  Wolf,  especially  those  mentioned  in 
the  couj pounds  (q.v.). 

B.  vis  sidi.<(. :  An  adherent  or  defender  of 
the  Wolffian  philosophy.     [Wolkkianism.] 

hud  Kilt  bold  of  u  auiiiM)    girinctple 
inihi.U<ju."~H'alUtcc  :  Kant.  p.  H7- 


"Tlif   H'offio 
only  reijiiiiiiig 

Wolfiian-bodles,  s.  pi. 

I'omp.  A7iat. :  Two  itnpor^nt  organs  in  the 
vertebrate  embryo,  serving  the  pur-jiosc  i^f 
temponiry  kidneys,  fromTvhich  the  true  kid- 
neys are  developeii,  except  in  the  Kjshes. 
They  consist  of  a  series  of  blind  a|'i>cnd.iges, 
secreting  a  fluid  which  is  conveyed  by  a  iluct 
on  ench  sitle  into  the  allantois.  In  man,  the 
Woltliiin  bodies  make  their  appearance  towan Is 
tlie  hrst  month  of  embryonic  life,  decreasing 
about  the  begitming  of  ihe  third  month,  the 
true  kidneys  increasing  in  a  corresj  onding 
ratio, 

Wolfian  theory  or  hypothesis,  s. 

IliM'Th'  rritirisin  :  A  theory  or  !i\  |MiIhesJs 
publislied  by  P'redrich  August  Wolf  (iT.W^ 
1824),  tlie  most  distinguished  German  elassieal 


bSJl,  hS^ ;  po^t.  jowl ;  cat,  5ell,  chorus,  9hin,  ben^h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as ;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -mg, 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,    sion  -  shun ;  -tion,  -$ion  =  zhun.    -cious,    tious,  -sious  ~  shus.    -ble,  -die,  a:c.  ~  bel,  del. 


580 


Wolffianism— woman 


s(A«l:ir  of  his  tiint-.  in  the  I'rcili-^omena  to  his 
Kccomi  edition  of  Hoii.er,  sent  forth  in  171M  or 
ITV.  to  thi'  etrt-ct  tlmt  not  nu-rcly  weix'  the 
UinH  and  O^/vs.s.  m  c<.iiip'»f^i''l  by  (UtTt-reut  p«)ets, 
hut  that  each  ft  thest-  coinpofiitions  was  put 
touethtr  froni  >.anH.ls  prt'st-rvca  m  the  mem- 
ory of  itiiionuit  niiustrils  or  rhaps<Klist3  bc- 
i.irc  writinj;  wiis  known  in  OreotT,  the  poems 
T.tkin"  their  present  form  after  wriling  was 
introjnced  in  ilie  sixth  century  b,c.  Wolfs 
views  attained  to  great  celebrity,  and  an  effoi-t 
cm  the  part  of  Hcyne  to  claim  priority  in 
tht^ir  discovery  failed  of  etTect.  Tliey  not  nierely 
afleetf.d  Uonieric  and  other  historic  criticism 
penn.infnllv»  Imt  gave  an  impulse  to  the  ra- 
i.ioialistic  freatinent  of  Scripture  which  has 
fi«t  yet  passed  away.     (Ciiorizontks.I 

WplflT-i-an-ism,  Wolf    i-an-i^m,    s. 

iKiig.  li'oljlanil),  Woljian  :  -isiii.\ 

Philoa. :  Tlie  svstein  dcv.-U.ped  from  Leib- 
nitzianism  {q.v.%  by  Christian  Woltl".  [WoLFf- 
lAN,  A.)  He  apprnpriated  tlie  cnneeptions  of 
l/eibiiitz.  and,  niodityinii  tliem  to  some  extent, 
Itrouylit  them  into  nearer  agreement  with  the 
'irditiary  conceptions  of  things.  He  denied 
perceptions  to  all  monads  winch  were  not 
souls  (Monad,  1.].  accepted  the  doctrine  of 
pre-established  liarmony  only  as  a  permissible 
hypothesis,  and  refused  to  exelude  the  possi- 
bility of  the  interaction  of  soul  and  body. 
Hedivideii  metaphysics  intoontoloj;y(treating 
of  tlie  existiMit  in  general),  rational  i>syehulogy 
(of  the  soul  as  a  simple,  non-extende<l  sub- 
stance), cosmology  (dealing  with  the  world  as  a 
whole),  and  rational  tlieology  (treating  of  the 
existence  and  attributes  of  God).  His  moral 
principle  was  the  idea  f>f  perfection  ;  and  he 
hanght  that  to  labourfor  our  own  perfection  and 
tliat  of  others  is  the  law  of  our  rational  nature. 


'■  The  most  iufluential  opponent  of  Wof^anii 
i.Mt>J  ethica  on  the  will  of  God  as  a  Iftwgiver."- 
rpcff.   Nisf,  Philos.  (Eng.  ed.).  ii.  117. 


I'eber- 


Wpir-iah,  0.     [Eng.  wnlf;  ~ish.] 

1.  Like  a  wolf ;  having  the  qualities  or  form 
•f  a  wolf. 

■'  She'll  flay  thy  vmtfish  viaage." 

S/ttttxtp. :  Lear.  i.  4. 

'*,  Ravenously  hungry.    (^Amer.) 

wolf '-ish-ly,  nrfr.  [Eng.  n-ftJjish;  -/,'/.!  In  a 
\Volli--.li  manner  ;  like  a  wolf. 

■  fvolf '-kin,  ;•'.  [Eng.  lyo?/,  s.  :  dimiii.  suff. 
-k,ui.\     A  young  or  small  wolf. 

"  Kite  Mud  kestrel,  wolf  ftiid  woi/kiii." 

Ti-'i»!/son  ■  Snadirea.  15. 

-  wolf '-ling,  .->.  (Eng.  wolf,  s. ;  dimiri.  suff. 
li'v'j.]     A  young  wolf. 

••  frfl/lints  .  .  .  who  would  gn>w  to  be  wolves.  '— 
CarUjle     t'r.  Rerol,  pt.  iii„  bk.  v..  eh.  iii. 

wolf  ram  (1).  wolf -ram-ine  (1),  wolf - 
ram-ite,  ^^.  [An  ancient  German  miner's 
■ame,  derived  fi'nm  tlie  Lupi  Sp^iwa  of  Agri- 
cola  (Foss.  25.'),  1546);  suff.  -ine,  -ite  (Min.); 
Pr.  .-icheelinfcrrnghLe.] 

Min-. :  A  mineral  occun*iug  mostly  in  tin- 
(iroducing  districts,  sometimes  in  abundance, 
to  the  detriment  of  the  tin  ores.  Ciystalliza- 
tiou,  orthorhombic,  but  usually  found  lamel- 
lar, massive.  Hardness,  5  to  5"5  ;  sp.  gr.,  7"1  to 
7'.').^) ;  lustre,  submetallic ;  colour  and  streak, 
reddish-brown  to  black,  opaque.  Compos.  : 
.1  tungstate  of  iron  and  manganese,  the  pro- 
(•rtions  of  which  are  variable,  aud  lead  to 
differing  formulte,  though  most  can  be  repre- 
sented by  2FeOW03  +  SMnOWOs,  yr  -iFe 
WOi  +  MnOWOs. 

wolT-ram  (2),  >.    [Ti-ngsten.] 

wolfram- ochre»  $.    tTusosTiTE.] 
wolf -ram-ine,  ^^     (Eng.  wolfrain  (2),  sutf. 

'n,r.] 

Min..  :  Tiingstic  ochre  (q.v.). 

WOlfar-berg-ite,  s.    [After  WolfsI>er;,'.  Hartz, 
^.  li>'re  tuiind  ;  sulf.  -jfc  {Min.).  . 
Mineralooy : 

1.  The  same  as  Chaux>stibite  (q.v.). 

2.  Capillary  and  massive  forms  of  Jameson- 
ite  (q.v.). 

wpir-skin,  .^.  &  a.    [Eng.  wolf,  s.,  and  skin.] 

A,  As  subst. :  The  skin  or  hide  of  a  wtdf. 

B,  --!.■;  adj. :  Made  of  the  skin  of  a  wolf. 

"  In  moi/tkin  Test 
Here  roving  wild.'  M'ordtvorfh  :  Sotinett. 

Wol'-las-ton,   «.      [Woll.vstosite.]     (See 
<^tym.  and  compounds.) 


Wollaston's  battery,  .s. 

Eh:ct.:  A  galvanic  biitUiry  so  arranged  that 
all  the  plates  can  be  at  once  lifted  from  the 
liquid  in  the  cells  so  as  to  stop  the  action  of 
the  batterj'. 

Wollaston's  donblet.  s. 

Optica!  In.^tnnn.  :  Two  plano-convex  lenses 
used  in  place  of  one  very  convergent  lens  in  a 
microscope.  The  plane  face  of  each  lens  is 
turned  to  the  object. 

Wollaston's  prism,  s. 

i>ptical  Iiistrum. :  A  camera  lucida,  alone  or 
titted  to  a  microscope. 

woll'-as-ton-ite,    ^■.     [After   the  English 
Jliemist,  W.  H    Wollaston  (1766-1828),  the  dis- 
coverer of  palladium  and  rhodium ;  suff.  -ite 
{Min.).'] 
Mineralogy: 

1.  A  mineral  belonging  to  the  group 
of  bisilicates.  Crystallization,  mouoclinic. 
though  crystals  are  somewhat  rare,  the  min- 
eral occurring  more  frequently  in  masses  with 
distinct  cleavages.  Hardness,  4-5  to  5 ;  sp, 
gr.,  2'7S  to  2-9;  lustre,  vitreous;  colour, 
white  to  gray.  Compos.:  silica,  51'7;  Ihne, 
48-3  =  100.  which  yields  the  formula,  CaOSiOs- 
Good  crystals  are  found  in  the  old  volcanic 
bombs  of  Monte  Somma,  Vesuvius,  and  occa- 
sionally in  the  granular  limestone  of  Czik- 
lowa,  Hungary. 

2.  The  same  as  Pectolite  (q.v.). 

woll-on-gong'-ite,  5.  [After  Wollongong, 
New  South  Wales,  where  it  was  stated  to  have 
been  found  ;  suff.  -He  {Min.).] 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  a  bituminous  shale 
occurring  in  cubical  blocks  without  lamina- 
tion.    Liversidge  refers  it  to  Ttu-banite  (q.v.). 

wol'-nyn,  5.  [Etym.  doubtful;  prob.  a  Hun- 
garian local  name.] 

Afi?i. :  A  variety  of  Barite  (q.v.)  occurring 
in  ciystals  lengthened  in  the  direction  of  the 
vertical  axis.  First  announced  from  Betler, 
Hungary. 

wol'-ver-ene,  wol'-ver-ine,  s.     [Formed 
from  Eng.  tvol/  (q.v.),  from  the  exaggerated 
accounts  of  the  ferocity  of  the  animal.] 
Zool.  :  Gulo  Ivscits.     [Glutton,  It.  1.] 

"  In  those  v-ist  and   still  unmapped   wildernesses 
may  be  found  the  grty  fox,  the  niuak-ox,  the  nius- 


Quash,  the  ermine,  and  the  reolverine.  of  whom  Mr.  A. 
Pendarves  Vivian,  M.P.,  says  that,  although  not 
bigger  than  a  marten-cat.  be  is  so  ferocious  as  often  to 
intimidate  a  hear.  '  Tbe  wolverioe  goes,*  says  thisi  ex- 
perienced traveller,  'by  m.-ui>'  local  names— such  as 
"skuuk.bear,"  "corky-joe,"  and  " go-for-dog "— and  is 
nipidly  becoming  scarce  in  the  more  frequented 
regions.  Hunters  relat*  wonderful  stories  of  his  fero- 
city.""—ftu7i/  Telegraph.  May  8.  1888. 

wolves,  S.  pi.     [WOI.F.] 
*  wolves'  thistle,  s. 

Hot.  :  Carlimi  aauilis.     (Briiten  &  IloUanil.) 
WOlv'-isll,  a.     [Eng.  T/'ri/c(f-s);  -ish.}    Resem- 
bling ;i  wolf;  wolfish. 

•■  Although  a  teofphh  case  he  weares, " 

Ben  Jotison  :  Poetaster,  s.  fl. 

wol-^n'-ite,   .*:.      [After  Volhynia,  or  Wol- 
liyitia,  where  found  ;  suff.  -itf  {Petrol.).] 

Peirol.  :  A  name  given  to  a  rock  consisting 
of  a  sphernlitic  oligoclase  and  acicular  horn- 
blende ;  enclosing,  as  accessory  minerals,  mag- 
netite and  pyrites. 

worn -an,    *  wlm  -  man,    '  wim  -  mon, 

*  wum-man,    '  wom-man  (pi.    vomni, 

*  weni*''!,  ■*  irijmmeii),  ■<.  [A.S.  vi/man  —  a 
wife-man  (pi.  wifmen,  \rimm*ni).  By  assimi- 
lation wlfrnan  became  viimmaii  in  the  tentli 
century.  Cf.  ?amwrts  =  A.S.  hlofma-sse;  leman 
=  A.S.  leofman,  &e.    The  change  of  vowel  was 


due  to  the  preceding  w,  as  in  A.8.  widu,  later 
u'»rfit=  a  wood.l 

1.  The  female  of  tlie  human  race;  an  adult  or 
gro^vn  up  female,  as  distinguished  from  a  girL 

"  The  rib,  which  tho  i«rd  God  had  tiken  (luui  tbe 
man.  made  he  a  u)u7nitn."—0ene»ia  iL  -ii. 

*  2.  A  wife.    (Sltakesp.:  I  Henry  /I'.,  ii.  3.) 

3.  A  female  attendant  on  a  person  of  rank. 

"  Sir  ThoiiiJts  Rulleu's  daughter— 
The  Viscount  Kochford-one  of  her  hij!hneHH'  iromcn." 
Shfiketr  :  Henri/  ''///..  v.  1, 

4.  Applied  to  a  person  of  timid  or  cowardly 
disposition. 

^  1.  U'onwii  of  the  vxyrld : 

(1)  A  woman  skilled  in  the  ways  of  the 
world  ;  one  engrossed  in  society  or  fashionable 
society. 

*  (2)  A  married  woman.  (Shakesp.  As  You 
Wzc  It,  v.  3.) 

2.  To  play  (or  act)  tJic  woman :  To  weep  ;  to 
give  w.iy. 

woman -bom.  a.  Born  of  a  woman. 
(Coirper :  Charity,  181.) 

'  woman-built,  a.      Built    by   women. 

{Tennysii})  :  Princef^s,  iv.  466.) 

t  woman  -  conqnered.  a.  Conquered 
or  overcome  by  a  woman.  {Tenin/son:  Prin- 
cess, iii.  :;;;3.) 

t  woman- conqueror,  i^.  a  female  con- 
queror.    {Tvnuyson- :  Frinwss,  iii.  333.) 

*  w^oman-grown.  o.  Grown  up  to  wo- 
manhood.    {Tennyson:  Aylmer's  Field,  lOS.) 

t  woman-guard,  s.  a  guard  of  women. 
{Tennyson  :  Fnnee&i,  iv.  040.) 

woman-hater,  s.  One  who  has  an  aver- 
sion towards  tlie  female  sex. 

"  Brand  mt-  fur  a  looinaii-katerf  "  Sic'tft. 

*  woman-head,  s.    Womanhood. 

■'  Moneil  M  ith  a  soft  heart  of  woman-head."~Oold^ii 
Boke.  ch    \. 

'woman-post,  s.  A  female  post  or 
messenger. 

•■  Whiit  witman-pnst  is  thisf 

:ihakesp. :  Kiii^  John,  L 

woman-queller,   ;•■      One  who    kills 
women. 

"Thou  art ...  a  man-queller  aud  a  troman-gttetier." 
iihakvsp. :  2  Benry  11'..  Ii.  I. 

'  w^oman-statue,  s.     A  female  statue. 

{Tennyson  :  Prinass,  i.  -JOT.) 

'  woman-tired,  o.    Henpecked. 

"  Dotard,  thou  art  ipoman-tired." 

S/iakeep.:  H' infer  a  Tale,  it  3. 

t  woman-vested,  a.  Clothed  like  a 
woman  ;  wearing  women's  clothes.  {Tenny- 
son :  Prince-'^s,  i.  lO.'J.) 

woman-w^arrior,  >.    A  female  warrior. 

■■  Thou  ironiautc'trrior  with  the  curling  hair." 

Pope  :  Bonier  ;  Iliad  xi,  492. 

woman-worship.  ?.  Excessive  rever- 
enL-e  i>aid  to  women.  It  is  closely  connected 
with  the  worship  of  female  divinities,  which 
proViably  is  a  development  from  Nature-wor- 
ship, in  whieh  the  Eartli  was  personified  as  a 
fruitful  mother.  Great  reverence  for  women 
has  always  been  a  chai-act  eristic  of  the  Teutonic 
nations,  and  was  ijeculiarly  prevalent  in  tlie 
ages  of  chivalry.  Grimm  {Devt.  Myth.,  Eng. 
ed.,  i.  398)  gives  some  remarkable  formulse  of 
chivalry  ("  by  all  women's  honour."  *'  for  the 
sake  of  all  women."  &c.)  in  which  this  rever- 
ence is  clearly  shown. 

"'  He  thus  becomes  the  type  of  the  husbands  of  the 
Middle-Age.  and  of  the  vmnan-worship  of  chivalry. 
\Von\an-iDorship.  "the  honour  due  to  tlie  weaker 
vessel '  is  indewi  of  God,  aud  woe  to  the  nation  and  to 
the  man  in  whom  it  dies."— C  Ktngiley :  Saiut's 
Tragid^.    (introd.l 

*  wom  -an*  c.t.    [W'omas,  ,';.] 

1.  Tu  act  the  i>art  of  a  woman.  (With  an 
indetinite  it.) 

"  My  daughter  Silvia,  how  she  would 
Have  teomaned  it."  Daniel. 

2.  To  cause  to  act  like  a  woman  ;  to  subdue 
to  weakness  like  a  woman. 

•  I  have  felt  ao  roauy  quirks  of  joy  and  grief. 
That  the  tirat  face  of  neither,  ou  the  start. 
Cau  levtnan  me  unto  't."  ,  . 

.Sft(i*«3U.  .■  All's  Weli.  ni.  2. 

3.  To  unite  to.  or  accompany  by  a  woman. 

"  I  do  attend  here  on  the  general ; 
And  tliink  it  no  addition,  nor  my  wiah. 
To  h:ive  hiui  see  Uii-  wo'nun'd." 

Shakeip. :  Othello,  lu.  4. 

4.  To  call  woman  in  an  abusive  manner. 

"  She  cal  led  her  another  time  fat-face.  aud  uwman'd 
her  miwt  vi.>leiitly."— /ilic-AaJitsuM--  Piimfhi.  h   '^i'^. 


Sate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  taJh  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wood,  work,  who,  son ;  mnte,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try, 


;  pine,  pit    sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian.    »,  ce  =:  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


womanhead— wonder 


fiKl 


'  worn -an  head,    "wo-xnan-hed,   ^wo- 

XELan-bcde,     .     iKii;^',  woman  ;  -liiH'/.\     \Vn- 
niaiihu'ni. 

"  Thou  gloiy  of  womanftctl,  thou  fuiro  May. " 

Chatu^er:  C.  T.,  5,27*J. 

"  wom'-an-hood,  ^-i.    [Eng.  woman;  -ho<xl.\ 

1.  llio state, diameter, or collectivo qualities 

«)lit  woman. 

2.  W'liiiori  collectively. 

vrom'-an-isli,  a.  [Kng.  woman;  -Uh.]  Suit- 
able t<)  a  woman  ;  liaving  the  charactnp  or 
qualities  ol'  a  woman  ;  efl'eminate.  (Often 
used  in  a  contemptuous  sense. 

■'  Wumnuish    eiitrcatiua   auil    laiuunt-itioiiM."— Jf«c- 
■iiihiv:  llif.  K>iii..':\u  v. 

'  woxnanisli-lLeaxted,  ft.     £tl'emiuate> 

soft,  timid. 

■•  So  fall  of  cbildidh  fear. 
Aad  womani*h-}i«*trtvd." 

BfituiH,  A  Flet. :  Love's  Cure,  iii.  i. 

■  Wom'-an-isll-lSr,  itdi\  [Eng.  wonwais/t  ; 
■Ifj.]  Ill  a  womanish  manner ;  like  a  woman  ; 
effeminately. 

"  His  hair  curled  and    toomanishly   dishevel  ml." — 
Cotnment,  on  Chaucer  (16^),  p.  18, 

^  wom'-an-ish-ness,  s-.  fEng.  loomaiti^h ; 
•juv-js.]  Till-  imalityrstatoof  bfing  womanish  ; 
effeminacy. 


*Wom'-an-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  loomau;  -i^e.]  To 
niakr  like  a  woman  ;  to  make  effeminate. 

'    !'■•  \  iti.-ite  their  morals,  to  womanize  their  3itirit«.  ' 

worn' -an -kind,     wom-an-kynde,    . 

lEiig.  iroiiuni,  ami  kiitil,  s.] 

1.  Women  collectively;  the  female  sex;  tlie 
race  <if  women. 

"  O  dearest !  most  rever'd  of  womankind  I " 

Pope:  Jf»m^'r  ;  Odyney  xviL  aO. 

2.  A  body  of  women,  especially  in  a  house- 
liold.    (CnUoq.  or  huinorous.) 

wom'-aji-less,  a.  [Eng.  ioonum  ;  -less.] 
Destitute  of  woman. 

wom'-an-like,  a.  [Eng.  ioouudi  ;  -like.] 
Lik'-a  wuniau  ;  womanly.  (Tennyson  ;  Mau<l, 
I.  iii.  J.) 

wom'-an-li-nesSy '^'^  (Eng.  womanly;  -ness.] 
Tiie  quality  or  state  of  being  womanly  ;  wo- 
manly nature  or  qualities. 

"  The  power  she  jwssesaea  liesin  her  iponianlinou."— 
.■itamlaril,  Dec.  17,  1887. 

W9m'-an-ly,  a.  &,  ode.    [Eng.  tvonutn,  s. ;  -/y.] 
A.  .-t.s-  oAj.  :  Becoming  or  suited  to  a  wo- 
man ;  feminine  ;  not  masculine,  not  childish. 

"The  perfection  uf  wojitunly  beauty." — Globe.  March 


*  B,  As  adv. 
like  a  woman. 


In  the  manner  of  a  woman  ; 


"  Lullaby  can  I  siug  too. 
As  womanly  as  can  the  best,"  Uascolgne. 

w6mb(& silent),* wombe, * waznbe, s.  [A.S. 
'r(Uft6,(yo»i^  =  rlie  belly  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  iwu/t 
=  the  belly  of  a  tish  ;  Icel.  vdinh=  the  belly, 
especially  of  a  beast ;  Dan.  mm ;  Sw.  vamb, 
vdmm :  O.  H.  Ger.  wamjx'. ;  Ger.  wamjie, 
iiumme  ;  Goth,  wamha.] 
"  1.  The  stomacli,  tlie  belly. 

".\ud  he  covetide  to  HIlo  his  womfiti  of  the  Coddls 
that  the  liOjjgis  eeten,  aud  iiu  luau  eaf  hvui."— 
WijcUff.: :  Luke  xv.  16. 

2.  The  uterus  of  a  woman. 

"Y  blessed  be  the  moder  loomb  tiitit  hyni.to  luouue  here," 
Robert  of  (llvucester,  p.  boe. 

'3.  The  place  where  anytliiug  is  produced. 

"  Undoubted  sigu 
That  in  Lis  wvinb  w;is  iiid  nifltallic:  ore." 

Milton;  P.  L..  i.  G73. 

••1.  Any  large  or  deep  cavity  that  receives 
or  contains  anything. 

"The  fatiil  cannon's  toomb." 

S>tal:r*/j. ;  Jtomeo  &  Juliet,  v.  1, 

*  womb  (b  silent),  v.t.    [Womb,  s.]    To  inclose, 
to  contain  ;  to  hold  in  .secret. 

"  Not  fur  all  the  sun  sees,  or 
The  close  earth  ioomJis,  will  I  break  my  oatb." 

Shakesp.  :  iVititcr's  Tale,  iv.  4. 

*  womb-brother,  >■.  A  brother-uterine  ; 
a  biothi-r  on  the  mother's  side,  but  by  a  dif- 
ferent father. 

,  ifiornb-brot/wr  to  Kiag  Heury 
tVorthies ;  Ilttrtfurd.  i.  427. 

worn' -bit,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Xool. :  I'hascolomy.f  wombat,  a  burrowing 
marsupial  from  Australia  and  V.iu  Dieman's 
L;ind,  and  the  islands  of  Ba.ss's  Strait.     It  is 


from  two  t<>  three  feet  long,  with  a  siiort  tail ; 
of  clumsy  form,  with  stout  limbs  and  a  bhint 
muzzle  ;  coat  thick,  of  long,  coarse,  brownish- 
gray,  woolly  hair ;  head  large,  Hat,  bnjail, 
witii  small  eyes  and  ears  :  fore  feet  with  tivi- 
and  hind  feet  with  four  digits  ;  stdeshroml 
aud  nuked.  The  dentition  resenihle«  that  of 
the   Rodentia,  especially    in    the  chisel-like 


incisors.  The  Wombat  is  nocturnal  in  habit, 
a  vegetable  feeder,  digging  up  roots  with  its 
claws.  It  is  of  small  intelligence,  but  is 
gentle,  and  capable  of  domestication  to  a 
limited  extent.  It  is  hunted  for  its  flesh, 
which  is  highly  esteemed,  and  is  said  to  le- 
semblc  pork. 

'  womb'-y  {1}  silent),  «.  [Eng.  womh,  s.  ;  -y.] 
Hollow,  capacious. 

"That  caves  and  woiidiy  vaiiltages  of  France." 

Shakexp. :  Henry  V.,  ii.  \. 

women  (as  wim'-min),  5.  pi.     [Woman.] 

women's  rights,  ^■.  pi.  The  name  given 
to  the  claims  advanced  on  behalf  of  women 
who  demand  that  their  sex  shall,  as  far  as 
possible,  be  put  on  a  footing  of  legal  and 
social  equality  with  men.  The  agitation  for 
women's  rights  dates  from  1851,  and  was  the 
result  of  an  article  on  the  subject  in  the 
Westminster  Review  of  that  year  by  John 
Stuart  Mill.  Women  (;laim  the  right  to  vote 
at  all  political  elections  on  the  ground  that, 
when  householders,  they  pay  rates  and  taxes, 
and  therefore  ought  not  to  "be  denied  a  voir-e 
in  deciding  how  local  and  imperial  revenues 
should  be  spent.  They  also  desire  to  share 
with  men  all  the  educational  endowments  of 
the  country — to  enter  suitable  trades  and  pro- 
fessions ou  the  same  tenns  as  men — to  change 
the  laws  of  marriage  and  divorce,  in  the 
making  of  which  they  have  no  voice,  and 
which,  they  contend,  press  with  unequal 
severity  upon  them.  In  England  women 
possess  the  municipal,  hut  not  the  parlia- 
meut;iry  franchise,  and  there  is  a  general 
tendency  in  Europe  and  America  to  admit 
women  to  some,  if  not  all,  of  the  Ijenefits 
of  University  education,  and  to  the  practice 
of  medicine. 

womenkind  (as  wim' -  mm  -  kind),    ^. 

[Eng.  women,  and  kind,  s.]  The  same  as 
Womankind,  2.  (q.v.). 

"  Nobody  need  fear  to  tiikr-  his  womenkhid  to  the 
smallest  .-uid  meanest  of  suburban  Taxts.—Hefcrci:. 
Aug.  29,  I98ti. 

won,  pret.  &  [M.  par.  of  v.     [Win,  s.] 

won,  *'wone,  '  won-en,  v.t.  [A.S.  iminian 
=  to  dwfll  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  nnd  =  to  dwell.) 

1.  To  dwell. 

"There's  auld  Rob  Morris  that  tooua  in  yon  glen." 
Bums :  A  old  Hob  Jtorrit. 

2.  To  he  accustomed.     [Wont,  v.] 
won,    wone,  >.    [Won,  v.} 

1.  A  dwelling,  a  habitation. 

"  The  solitary  won 
of  dreiuled  beasts,  the  Lybian  I1oq*s  moan." 

Beaumont :  Psyche. 

2.  Custom,  habit. 

"  To  liven  in  ilebt  was  ever  his  uwiht." 

Chaticer  :  Troilus  ■fr  Crcuida,  M?.     (Prol.) 

'  WOnde,  r.l.  {A.H.  wandian^  frovw  winilaii=. 
to  wind  or  turn  away.]  To  turn  away  or 
desist  through  fear  ;  to  fear,  Ui  revere. 

"  Love  woll  love,  for  no  might  will  it  wonde." 
Chaucer:  Lcjt^nd  of  Umxl  Women;  iJldo.  1,1^. 

Won'-der,  .'>■..  «..  &  adv.  [A.S.  u;HHdor=a 
portent;  cogn.  with  Dnt.  wonder;  Icel.  ii/w/r 
(for  cu/Wr) ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  under;  O.  II.  Ger. 
wuntar ;  Ger.  umiider.  From  the  same  root 
as  A.y.  wiiulan  =  to  wind,  so  that  the  original 
sense  is  awe,  lit.  that  from  which  one  turns 
aside,  nr  that  which  is  turned  from.] 


A.  As  jiibsUuUivt : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Sometliing  which  excites  a  reeling  tf 
surprise  combined  with  admiration  or  awe ; 
something  stnmge,  wonderful,  or  niarvelloiiM  . 
ii  marvel,  a  miracle,  a  cause  of  wonder,  a 
prodigy, 

"Bo  yuu  in  the  iwrk  alxmt  iiildntBht.  at  lieiiMn 
oak,  and  yoil  sliaU  »«<  tounder»."—linuJCC*p.  :  ilvrru 
Witxa.  V.  I. 

2.  That  emotion  which  is  excited  by  novelty, 
or  the  presentation  t*)  the  mind  or  Kigbt  tf 
.something  new,  unusual,  strange,  great,  ex- 
traordinary, not  well  understood,  or  inexplic- 
able, or  that  anests  the  attention  l>y  iWi 
novelty,  giandeur,  orinexplicableness.  "\V«b- 
licr  expresses  less  than  astonishiicnt,  awl 
■inch  less  than  amazi^ment. 

"  For  my  part  I  am  hu  attired  in  vnndor, 
I  know  not  what  to  wiy." 

Shakt'tp. :  Aluch  Adv.  iv.  i. 

1  Darwin  (Descent  of  Mun,  pt.  i.,  ch.  iii.) 
•■onsiders  that  all  animals  feci  wonder. 

3.  Adinii-ation. 

"  In  Hilent  wonder  of  tttUl-gaxintt  uyex." 

Shttkai/i. :  liapK  iif  Lueretti,  M 

II,  FkrenoL  :  One  of  tlie  sentiments  in  Hit- 
system  of  SpurKheini.  It  tends  to  make  mi;n 
eager  to  see  whatever  is  wonderful,  and  *♦ 
create  belief  in  the  supernatural.  Its  organ 
IS  situated  on  each  side  of  the  head,  not  lai 
Irum  the  summit,  between  ideality  and  h«|)e. 
Called  also  Marvellousness.     [PiiKKNOLOdV-i 

*B.  As  adj. :  Wonderful. 

■  There  spron);e  atioue  i>erav«ntiirv 
Of  flowvnt  such  a  wonder  niBht.*" 

Oower     C.  A.,   i. 

C,  As  adv.  :  Wonderfully,  marvellonsly. 

"  Beuigue  he  was  and  woddfr  dili^ont," 

Chaucer:  C.  T.  4hU.     0'r«l) 

T[  (1)  A  ninedays'  imnder  :  Somethingwhitb 
•iiiUBes  sensation  lor  a  short  time,  and  is  (Ik'h 
forgotten. 

(2)  Sere  ft  v>onders  of  the  world : 

jiTUi^.;  The  Pyramids  of  Egypt ;  the  Ha^fv 
ing  Gardens  of  Babylon  ;  the  Tomb  of  Klaus*- 
los  ;  the  Temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesns;  th^ 
Colossus  of  Rhodes ;  the  statue  of  'Avuk  by 
Phidias,  the  Pharos  of  Egypt,  or  tlic  Pala«o 
of  Cyrus  cemented  with  gold. 

(3)  Womlerofthc  World: 
Bot.  :  I'aTUu:  (Jinseng. 

wonder-maze,    v.f.     To  astenirth,  to 

amaze. 

'RometinaeK  with  words  that  loontU-r-maied  men.  ' 
/laoicn :   Wittea  Pilijrima'je,  \>.  &1. 

'  wonder-rap,  v.t.  To  seize  or  strike 
with  wonder. 

'  O  sight  of  force,  to  wondcr-rau  all  eyw*.  ' 

Daries:  Mutes  Saf:ri}l<»,  p.  27. 

wonder-Stone,  .--. 

'•'col. :  A  bed  occurring  in  the  lied  Marl, 
near  Wells,  Somersetshire,  and  described  as  "a 
beautiful  breccia,  consisting  of  yellow,  trauH- 
parent  crystals  of  ciirbonate  of  lime,  dissemi- 
nated through  a  dark-nd,  e;u-Uiy  dolonriti!.*' 
{Woudv^trd:  Geol.  Kmj.  .t  WnLes,  p.  V.M).) 

wonder-stricken,  a.  Struck  with  w*b- 
der,  astonishment,  or  amazement. 

t  wonder-waiting,  «.  Expecting  fitan-- 
'liing  w.iiiderfnl.     {Special  coinafje.) 
"  And  little  Wilhclmine  lookn  up 
With  «w«i<fcr-w(ii(i»ij7  cycH." 

.Sauthey :  AJier  BUnhcitii 

'  wonder-worker,  .  One  who  porf«r«f; 

wondi'Ts  Ml-  W'liuIcrUiI  tilings. 

wonder-working, «.    Doing  wtndrr;; 
or  surprising  thin-^s. 

'^  wonder- wounded,  a.  Hti-uck  with 
wonder  or  surprise  ;  amazed. 

"  l,i)ie  wonder-wounded  hcarom." 

Hhtikcfp.  :  JIamlft,  v.  1. 

won  -der,  *  ^Tun-der,  "  won  dre,  ».'  &  t. 

]A.^.  iimndrian.]     [Wondkr,  s.] 
A.  Introitsiticj  : 

1.  To  he  struck  with  w(nidei  oi  surprise ; 
to  marvel:  to  be  amazed.  (Eollowfd  by  «ii. 
and  formerly  also  by  of,  on,  or  with.) 

"  I  wonder  o/ their  being  here  together." 
Shakesp. :  Midsummrr  .Viffht  s  Dream,  Iv.  I, 

2.  To  look  with  or  feel  admiration ;  to 
admire. 

"  Nor  did  I  wonder  at  the  lily'H  whtt«." 

ShakcKp. :  Sonnet  'jk. 

3.  To  entertain  or  feel  some  4lonbt  or 
f-uriosity  about ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  expectation, 
mingled  with  doubt  and  slight  anxiety:  as,  I 
tooHAUr  if  he  will  arrive  in  time. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  j<J^l ;  cat.  9ell,  chorus,  ^hin,  benph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a§ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  -  1 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,    sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  A:c,  -  bel,  dcL 


582 


wondered— wood 


H  ;  vK'vtifv,  often  =  1  should  like  to  know 

■■  A  boy  or  «  child.  I  wmder." 

SlUtK-rtfh  :  H'inlr-r't  Tntf,  iU.  Z. 

"B,  TiansUivr: 

1,  To  be  curious  about ;  to  wisli  to  know. 

"  Ijik«  old  AC(|uniutauoe  in  a  trnucv, 
Mtl  hr  (rom  lioinc.  vt/ml^-rinn ewli  other's  chance." 
S/tafic*/'.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece.  l,^96, 

2.  To  strike  with  wonder;  to  surprLsc,  to 

"  Shr  liiui  a  HpdAtiveneiia  thitt  teonders   me  still 
ii>- •TV." —Jlad,  D'Arbla}i:  Diarff.  ir.  U7S. 

11  Wo  fl</»(irc  what  is  excellent,  noble, 
j;lurious,  eminent;  we  are  surprised  simply 
at  whnt  is  tinej-jKCted:  we  u-o»rfej- at  what  is 
i-Khaordinniy,  lotty,  j-'ieat,  or  striking,  al- 
llioutili  it  may  not  be  unexpected.    {Trench.) 

'  won'-dered,  o.  r.Eng.  wonder : -ed.]  Having' 
(ii-rrornied  wonders;  having  the  power  of  per- 
iVuniiiig  wonders;  wonder-working. 

"  Sci  rare  n  wtmdered  fnther." 

S/iaAcsp.  .■  Tempegt.  iv. 

won'-der-er,  s.  lEng.  K-ondcr,  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  uoikIits. 

w6n'-der-fld^-er,  ,<f.  [Ger.  wunderbluvie.] 
Avfhrop.:  A  popular  name  in  Teutonic 
fnlU-tale.s  for  a  flower  endowed  with  miracu- 
lous power,  e^speeirtlly  with  regard  to  the  (Us- 
coveiy  of  bmied  treasure.  Grimm  thinks 
Miat  the  name:  Forget-me-not  applied  to  the 
CJeriuamlei-  Spt-edwell  and  Myosotis  has  refer- 
ence to  this  supposed  miraculous  power,  and 
that  tlici  "sentimental"  explanation  came 
later.    (Sec  extract.) 

■"Tlif  fnlk-t-ik-*  tiimitly  call  it  a  beautiful  womirr- 
ftn>f.T,  whicli  tin-  favoui-ed  (teraou  finds  and  sti.-ka  in 
Ills  li.'it :  ail  Jit  "lice  entrance  nud  exit  stmd  opi-n  fui 
liiin  U»  tile  tre.'wiiri.'  o(  the  mountain.  It  inside  the 
,  r.-iverii  he  haa  tilled  his  pockets,  and  bewilderfd  at  the 
Niyht  uf  the  vnhmhlea.  had  laid  aside  his  h.tt,  a  warn- 
ihg  voice  rings  in  lii.i  ear  as  hedejiarts.  Forget  not  the 
hest !  .  .  .  In  a  twinkling  all  has  disappeared,  and  the 
mad  is  nevci  t.o  he  found  again." — Uriinm  :  />fiit. 
MlithoK  (Eng.  ed,).  iij.  'CI.  !»:2, 

won'  der-ful,  *  won-der-fol, "  won-dir- 
ful,    ■  won-der-vol,    '  woun-der-fiiU, 

(..  A  <«/»>.     [Kng.  mnuhr:  -full.] 

A.  A^odj.:  Adapted  or  of  a  nature  tu  ex- 
cite wonder,  surprise,  or  admiration;  sur- 
prising, astonislung,  marvellous,  strange. 

'*Thini;»too  ivvntln'/id  for  me.  which  I  knew  not.  ' 
—.Inli  xlii.  3. 

B.  As  adv.  :  Wonderfully.  (Now  a  vulgar 
use.    See  example.) 

**  The  house  which  I  am  about  to  build  shall  be  iron- 
itrrfitl  great."— 2  Chrotiiclct  11  0. 

won'-der-ful-ly", ndT-.  [Eng.  vioiider/ul ;  -ly.] 
In  a  woiiderlul  manner  or  degree  ;  in  a  man- 
ner or  {h\cree  to  excite  wonder,  surprise,  or 
admiration  ;  marvellously,  remarkably. 

*'  Ciiid  h»dwo»(£er/ii7/.v  brought  this  precious  volume 
t»  li^ht  "— .Unciinlay :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xi. 

won'-der-fful-ness,  s.  [Eng.  wonderful : 
iM.sN  i  riie  iiuality  vv  state  of  being  wonder- 
lul,  .suiprising.  ur  marvellous. 


"Th»  perceptioi 
heauty  in  objectjt. 
ti-m.    (Arc.) 


of  greatness,  or  Jconder/ithiras,  or 
— Akenside  :  Pleasures  of  Imagiim- 


'won'-der  ing,  yr.  par.  or  a.    [Wonder,  i\\ 

won'- der-ing-ly,    ndv.        [Eng.  wondering  ; 
■ly.\    Jn  a  wondering  manner ;  with  wonder. 

"  Lnoking  tit  his  friend  W(mderingl!i-"—Fenn  :  Man 
villi  a  Sh/iUoi",  cli.  xlvi. 

won'-der -land,  .<.    [Eng.  wonder,  and  land.] 
A  laii't  »v  iniiiitiy  of  marvels  or  wonders. 

•*  I..),  I'.i  nee  in  uonfh'rhfnd  is  unite  at  home." 

Wolcott :  H.  Pindar,  p.  ISfi. 

'w6n-der-ly»  *  won-der-lich,  orfr.  [A.S. 
wi'iiderlic  =  wonder-like.]    Wonderfully. 

"  Myn  herte  is  wonderl;/  begone 
With  t  uuusaile,  whereof  witte  is  one." 

Gower :  C.  A.,  iii. 

won'-der-ment,  s.    [Kug.  vmider  ;  -ment.] 

1.  Woiuk'r,  surprise,  astonishment,  amaze- 
niciit. 

*'  And  all  the  common  sights  they  view 
Their  teondcrment  engage." 

iScott :  MarmioTi.  ii.  2. 

2.  .Somelliing  wonderful,  strange,  or  mar- 
vellous ;  a  wonder. 

"  A  chap  dont  need  to  go  to  foreign  parts  to  come 
acrost  ii>oniirnTunf«."—DaHr/  Telefira/jh,  Sept,  4.  ISS-'i. 

*  won'-der-ous,  a.    [Wondrous.] 

'  won'-ders,  adv.  &  a.    [Eng.  wonder,  with 
a-iveibja!  silff.  ■$.] 
A.  As  fidv. :  Wonderfully,  exceedingly. 

"  ironrfwsdere- " 
CTianrcr:  Tesr,iv>eiit  af  !.*>»•  v,  bk.  ii. 


B.  vis  f'O.  ;   Wouderful.  wondrous. 

■'  Ve  lie  %e</ndcTt  mejl."        kkeUou :  Maffitificem-e,  Ok: 

'  won'-ders-ly*  odr.  [Eng.  tronders:  -(y.] 
Wonderfully,  wondrou.slv.  (Sir  T.  More  : 
KorA-f.s  p.  i:t4.) 

wdn'-der~striick,  f.  [Eng.  wonder,  and 
strii'k.]  Strui'k  with  wonder,  admiratioii, 
and  surprise;  wonder-stricken. 

"  Ascanius.  wonderiitrHck  to  see 
That  itnnge  of  hix  tliinl  pletr." 

Drffden  :   Virffil ;  .Sneid  ix.  3i»c. 

won  -der- work,  ^';.  [Eng.  wonder,  and  iwrA.) 
A  wiiTiderful  or  marvellous  work  or  action  ; 
a  nuuvel,  a  wonder. 

"  The  looitdcrtoorKs  of  Uod  and  Nature's  hand."' 
Bj/roii  :  C/iihlc  Harold,  iii.  V>. 

won'-droiis.  ^  won'-der-ous,  n.  &  adv.  [A 

cuirui'liiiu  of  thf  earlier  wonders  (q.v.).  1 

A.  vis  iidj.  :  t>uch  as  to  excite  wonder,  sur- 
prise, or  adniirati'ui ;  wonderful,  marvellous, 
strange. 

"  That  I  may  .  .  .  tellof  aU  thy  tcoudroui  works." 
—Psalm  xxvl.  7. 

B.  As  adv.:  In  a  wonderful  or  surprising 
manner  or  degree  ;  wonderfully,  surprisingly, 
remarkably,  exceedingly. 

"  Thia  universal  frame  thus  wondrout  fair." 

Cowpcr :  /ietirvmcnt. 

won  -drous-ly.  '  w6n'-der-ous-ly,  (idr. 

[A  cori-upti)ui  of  the  earlier  vonderslii  (q.v.).] 

1.  In  a  wonderful  manner  or  degi'ee  ;  won- 
derfully. 

■'  The  erle  .  .  .  fortyfieil  it  ironderoiulj/." 

Fabyan  :  Cronyclir. 

2.  In  a  strange  manner. 

"  Then  ued'cLnes  teondrmtsly  compo3*d  the  skilfnl 
leech  apply  d."  Chapman.    {Tndd.) 

won'-drous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  iwiw/rOTts ;  -ne^s.] 
Tile  quality  or  state  of  being  wondrous  or 
wonderlul ;  wnnderfulness. 

wone,    ^vonne,  s.    tWosE,  v.] 

1.  A  liwelling,  a  habitation. 

"  Nis  iiota  tile  yet  within  our  wanes." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  r.CSS. 

2.  Habit,  custont.  wont. 

wone,  ^wonne,  i-.i.  [A.S.  wun{aii=: to 
dwell,  to  remain,  to  eoutiuueiu:  fireinmia7i.=to 
be  accustomed;  ;'.'«««=  custom,  use  ;  cogn. 
with  M.  H.  Ger.  gcwonen  =  to  be  used  to, 
gevonlich  =  customary ;  Ger.  gewohn(yn=  to 
be  used  to, pa.  par.  gevjohnt  =  wont;  wohnm 
=  to  dwell.]  [Wont,  a.  &  v.] 
1.  To  dwell,  to  reside. 


2.  Tn  be  accustomed  or  wont. 

-'woned,  fl.    [Wone,  i-.]    Accustomed,  wont. 
"  Th(»u  wert  aye  woncd  ech  louer  reprehend." 

Chancer:  TroilitsJt  Crexsida.  i  5U. 

*Wong,  s.     [A.S.]    Afield.    (Spehnan.) 

w6n-ga  w6n'-ga,  .s.    [Native  name.] 

Ornith.  :  l.'itn'Stur.io  pkato.,  a  large  Austra- 
lian jiigi-on,  iioteii  for  the  delicacy  of  its  flesh. 
Length  about  lifteen  inches ;  mantle  gray, 
brow,  throat,  and  under-surface  white,  sidfs 
of  head  light  gray ;  bridles,  a  triangular  pati-h, 
and  two  broad  liues  on  upper  part  of  head 
black  ;  feathers  on  sides  with  dark  triangular 
metallic  spots,  anterior  wing-featliers  bi-own, 
outer  tail-feathers  white  at  tip,  lower  tail- 
coverts  dark  brown,  beconung  lighter  at  tips  ; 
beak  iiurplish-Vjlack.  feet  reddisli.  According 
to  Gould  the  bird  is  confined  to  the  south- 
eastern portion  of  Australia. 

wong'-shy    wong-sky,  i.      [Chin.]     The 

Cluuese  name  for  t  h.  jmd.-  ytXGardcnia  grand'- 
flora,  which  yield  a  hiri^'e  quantity  of  a  yellow 
colouring  matter.  Theaqueous  extract  colours 
wool  and  silk  without  mordants  ;  cotton  must 
first  be  mordanted  with  a  tin  solution. 


won -ing,    "won-ning,   ?.      [Wone,  t.] 
Dwelling,  habitation. 

"  His  H'otmiti-7  w;iafiil  fayre  upon  an  lieth" 

CTiai/ccr;  C:  T..  609.    (Prol.) 

*  wonning-place,  s.    A  dwelling-place. 

"  They  had  reserved  for  me  this  wonnin'j-ptace." 
Surr^  :  Virnil ;  ^-t'neid  ii. 

wonne,  trret.  &pa.  par,  of  v.    [Win,  v.] 
w^onne,  r.i.  &s.    [Wone,  v.  &  s.] 
won-ner,  a.    [Wonder.]    (Scotch.) 

w6n*t,  r.(.     [See  def.]    A  contraction  of  woU 

vfA  —  Avill  not. 


wont.  '  woont,  ".  &  ».  [prop,  the  pa.  i«r. 
(if  wen  =  to  dwell,  having  taken  the  idace  of 
waned,  from  A.^?.  vmnian.  =  to  dwell,  to  re- 
main, to  continue  in  ;  gevfuniuH  =  to  dwell, 
to  be  aceust-omed  to;  allied  to  u-c/tc  =  cus- 
tom, use.  Cf.  Icel.  raiir  =  accustomed  ;  ixini 
=  a  usage ;  i>enja  =  to  accustom  ;  M.  H.  Ger. 
g&vjoii :  O.  H.  Ger.  giwon  =  accustomed ; 
M.  H.  Ger.  gcwon  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  giwona  =  usage.] 
[Wone.  v.] 

A.  .4s  adj. :  Accustomed ;  having  a  certain 
habit,  custom,  or  usage  ;  using  or  doing  cus- 
tomarily. 

"  That  betirTth,  my  sire  was  icon/  to  gtmce." 

Scott :  Rokebv.  v.  1 1. 

B.  As  sithst.  (for  wonr,  s.,  by  confusion  with 
wont,  a.)  :  Custom,  habit,  use,  usage. 

"Wherein  the  spirit  held  his  loont  in  walk.' 

Shfikcsp. :  Hamiit,  i.  ^. 

wont,  "  wonte,  '■.''.  &  t.    [Wont.  «.| 
A.  Intransitive  : 

1,  To  be  wont  or  accusttimed ;  to  be  used 
or  haijituated  ;  to  use. 

"Of  me  that  wonted  to  rejuice." 

Surrey  :  State  of  his  Jfi.ul,  in:. 

*  2.  To  dwell,  to  reside,  to  inhabit. 

"The  king's  fisher  teonl*  commouly  hj-  the  water 
side  aud  nestles  in  hollow  bauk&." — L'Entrauge. 

*  B.  Tran.?. :  To  accustom,  to  habituate,  to 
use. 

"Tliuse  that  iu  youth  have  wonted  themselves  to 
the  loa<l  of  less  sins." — Ad<ims  :  fVorka,  i.  354. 

w6nt'-ed,  j>a.  jwj-.  &  a.  [Wost,  v.  Wonted 
i.s  a  double  formation  =  woned-ed.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1,  Customary,  or  familiar  by  being  fre- 
quently done,  used,  frequented,  enjoinetl,  ex- 
perienced, or  the  like  ;  habitual,  usual. 

"  Montague  spoke  with  even  more  than  his  tooutctl 
ability." — Macaiilay :  Hist.  Eitg.,  ch.  xxiv. 

*  2.  Accustomed ;  made  or  having  become 
familiar  by  using,  frequenting,  or  the  like ; 
used. 

"She  was  wonted,  to  the  place,  and  would  unt  \e- 
laore."—!.'  Estrange. 

'  w6nt-ed-ness,  ^-.  [Eng.  ivonttd;  -ne^s.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  wonted,  accus- 
tomed, or  habituated. 

"  My  judtfmeut  biassed  wth  prejudice  or  looiitcdncss 
of  opinion,  ■ — King  Charles  :  Eikon  fiasUikc. 

*  wont -less,  *  wont-lesse,  u.  [Eng.  wont, 
s.  ;  -h'ss.]     Unaccu.stoiiied,  unused,  unusual, 

"  What  wotittcss  fury  dci3t  thou  now  inspire." 

>V't-/Mcr  .■  Hyiniu:  in  Honour  of  ISiiiutii: 

wo6,  wo,  *  woghe,  *  wowe^  '"  wow-en, 

"  irouwe,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  wugian,  acvii/mii. 
=  to  woo  ;  lit.  =  to  bend,  to  incline  ;  lienee, 
to  incline  another  towards  one's  self;  from 
v^oh  (stem  wog-,  pi.  wogc)  =  bent,  curved, 
crooked;  v:6h=3k  bending  aside,  a  turning 
aside.] 

A,  Transitive : 

1.  To  court ;  to  solicit  in  love. 

"  When  she  was  young  you  ipoo'rf  her." 

Hhakegp. :   M'iiiCer't  Tale.  y.  3. 

*  2.  To  invite  with  importunity  ;  t<i  solicit; 
to  try  to  prevail  on  or  induce  to  do  some- 
thiug. 

"  Hath  a  himdred  times  tooo'd  me  to  steal  it. 

Shakesp.  :  Othdlo.  ill.   ■ 

3.  To  seek  to  gain  or  bring  about ;  to  invite. 

"  Moo  your  own  destruction." 

S7utht:ip.  :  Henry  VIII..  v.  L 

B.  It'tronsitive : 

1.  To  court ;  to  make  love. 

*'  f-'arelesa  to  please,  with  insolence  ye  leoo.'"' 

Pope:  Homer ;  Odyssey  xviii.  ^20. 

2.  To  ask,  to  solicit,  to  seek. 

"  Sing  and  let  me  woo  no  more." 

Shakesp. .'  Much  Ado,  it.  s. 

woo,  .^.     [Wool.]    (Scotch.) 

wood,  wod,  *wode,  a.  [A.S.  wod  — 
mad,  1  aging:  cogu.  with  Icel.  d(?/tr  =  raging, 
frantic  ;  Goth,  n-od-s  —  mad  ;  Dut.  woeilc  = 
madness  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  wuot ;  Ger.  wuth  ;  Lat. 
rates  =  a  prophet.]  Mad,  furious,  fiantic, 
raging. 

"Flemyuges.  lyke  woorftygres."— F«6j/an,'  Ci'onycic 
(an-  IK'?  I. 

wood,  '  WOde,  s.  [A.S.  wudn,  orig.  widu ; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  vidhr  —  a.  tree,  wood;  Dan. 
red ;  Sw.  ted ;  M.  H.  Ger.  wife ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
vntn  ;  Irish  Jiodh  =  a  wood,  a  tree  ;  flodais  = 
shrubs,  underwood ;  Gael.  Jiodh  =  timber, 
wood,  a  wilderness  ;  Jiodhmh  =  shrubs  ;  Welsli 
nwfidd  =  trees  ;  giniddeli  =  bushes,  brakes.) 


-ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  ijnite,  cur,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =^  kw. 


wood 


583 


I.  Ordinary  Laji^iage  : 

I.  Literally: 

(1)  A  lar^'i"  and  tliick  collection  of  growiiij,' 
trees ;  a  forest. 

"  Fn-m  IlHilhy  I  rvxle  thr.msh  sioim-  woods."— Pfi' 
iiaiit :  Joumea/rom  Chcttcr,  li.  3M. 

(■_')  The  substance  of  trees.  [!!.  l.J 
(;!)  Timber;  the  trunks  or  main  stems  of 
trees  which  attain  such  dinieusinns  as  to  be 
tit  forarchitot^tnral  aiul  other  purposes.  (In 
\\\\s  seu:^e  the  word  denotes  not  only  standing 
trees  suitable  fur  buildings,  &c.,  but  also  such 
trees    cut  into  beams»   rafters,  planks,   &c. 

ITlMBKK.j 

•  2.  Fitj, :  A  crowded  mass  or  collection  of 
anything";  a  forest.  (The  Lat.  sytni  =  a 
wood,  is  used  in  the  same  manner.) 

■  A  Itlaze  of  bucklers  and  a  wood  ol  ai>enr8." 

Pope,-  Homer;  Odymy  xxii.  161. 

II.  Technically: 

1.    Ai-t  :    [WOOD-KNOBAVING]. 

'1.  JM.,  Vepet.  PhyaioL,  tCc:  Botanists  use  the 
liini  wt>od  in  two  senses:  first,  the  portion 
«if  the  stem  and  branches  which  intervenes 
between  the  pitli  and  the  bark,  without  re- 
ference to  whether  it  is  hard  or  soft ;  and 
second,  the  hard  portion  of  the  stem  and 
branches  of  a  tree  or  slirub,  the  soft  sul)stauee 
existinjc  in  similar  situations  in  an  herb  being 
denied  the  name  of  wood.  No  wood  exists  in 
the  embryo  of  an  exogen,  which  at  the  outset 
eonsists  wholly  of  cellular  tissue.  Soon  after 
it  has  germinated,  however,  line  ligneous 
libres  dt--scend  from  the  cotyledons  to  the 
radicle,  meeting  in  the  centre  of  the  embryo, 
and  constituting  a  fine  ligneous  axis.  Some- 
what similarly,  each  leaf,  after  the  tree  or 
shrub  has  grown,  sends  down  elaborated  sap, 
which  forms  a  layer,  slicath,  or  ring  <if  cam- 
bium inside  the  bark.  [Cambium.]  The  cam- 
bium layer  generates  fibro-vascular  bundles, 
the  inner  portiou  being  woody  [XylemJ  and 
the  outer  portion  less  solid.  [Bast,  Phloem.] 
At  first  tlie  buudles  are  separate  from  each 
other,  but  ultimately  they  unite  and  consti- 
tute a  hollow  cylinder  aiound  the  central  pith. 
This  process  continuing,  especially  in  spring, 
new  wood  is  abided  around  the  old,  and  being 
sfifter  than  that  previously  existing,  is  called 
alburnum  or  sap-wuod,  the  other  being  de- 
nominated duramen,  or  heart- wood  (q.v.). 
The  intermission  of  growth  iu  winter  leaves 
a  circular  mark  on  the  stem,  well  seen  in  a 
cmss  section,  thus  giving  rise  to  a  series  of 
annual  zones.  [Zone.]  Exogenous  wood  is 
traversed  by  medullary  i-ays(q.v.).  In  woody 
cndogens,  such  as  palms,  there  is  no  proper 
4-ambiuni  layer,  nor  is  there  a  central  pith,  but 
the  fibro-vascidar  bundles  are  separated  from 
tach  other,  and  may  be  seen  on  a  cross  sec- 
tion scattered  irregularly  over  the  whole 
breadth  of  the  stem,  but  more  numerous, 
closer  together,  and  harder  near  the  circum- 
ference than  towards  the  centre.  In  the 
stems  of  the  woody  acrogens  (Tree-ferns)  there 
is  a  circle  of  fibro-vascular  bundles  not  far 
from  the  exterior  of  the  stem.  The  cross- 
section  shews  these  to  be,  as  a  rule,  united  in 
pairs.     [FossiL-wooD,  Silicified-wood.) 

3.  Her. :  The  same  as  Hurst  (q.v.). 

4.  Music  (PI.) :  That  class  of  wiud-instru- 
nients  constructed  of  wood,  ivory,  or  the 
like,  the  principal  of  which  arc  the  flutes, 
oboes,  clarinets,  bassoons,  &c.,  iu  contra- 
ilistinction  to  the  strings  aud  brass. 

^[  (1)  Coimiiissioners  of  U'ood^  X'  Forests :  A 
department  of  the  British  Government,  called 
more  fully  the  Board  of  Conuuissioners  of 
Woods,  Forests,  Land-revenues,  Works,  and 
ISuildings.  It  was  established  by  2&.'.i  Wm. 
IV.,  c.  1.  It  is  divided  into  a  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  His  Majesty's  Woods,  Forests, 
and  Land-revenues,  and  a  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners of  His  Majesty's  Works  and  Public 
lluildings.  The  former  look  after  the  forests 
pioperly  so  called,  the  latter  have  the  manage- 
ment of  the  royal  parks  and  the  royal  palaces. 

(■J)  Drawn  from  tlie  wood :  Drawn  from  the 
'■ask.  Applied  to  wines  and  beers  which  are 
supplied  to  the  consumer  direct  from  the  cask. 

(3)  IFi/w  in  the  wood  :  Wine  in  cask,  as  dis- 
lingnished  from  wine  bottled  or  decanted. 

wood-acid,  i.    [Wood-vineoar-J 

wood-almond,  s. 

Bot. :  Hippocratea  coniosa.     [Hippocratea.] 

wood-anemone,  s. 

Ii"f.  :  Annnutit^  Jiniiorn!;n.  Rootstock  hori- 
zoiiuil,    wo'jdy  ;    l>_-:ives    trifoliate,    with    the 


K-afiets  few,  lanceolate,  lobed,  and  cut,  remote 
from  the  llower  ;  iuvohnrre  siinilur  to  their 
petiolate,  stem  with  a  single  tlower  on  a  sc-ape, 
sepals  six,  rarely  five  to  nine,  resembling 
petals,  sometimes  tinged  on  the  outside  with 
purple  ;  point  of  acheuo  not  feathery.  Com- 
mon in  Britain  in  moist  woods  and  jmstures. 
on  mountain  sides,  &c.,  Uowering  from  Mareh 
to  June. 

ipood-aiitv  s. 

Entom.  :  Formica  rt^fit,  an  exceedingly  com- 
mon British  species.  Head  and  thorax  rusty 
red,  witli  a  blackish-brown  tinge  in  parts, 
legs  and  abdomen  of  the  latter  hue ;  tht; 
largest  workers  are  about  a  quarter  of  an  intli 
long.  Found  in  wood.s,  where  it  heaps  up  a 
gi'eat  mass  of  vegetiible  fragments,  benealli 
which  the  nest  is  continued  in  a  great  extent 
of  subterranean  passages  and  chambers.  The 
wood-ant  possesses  no  sting,  but  has  the 
power  of  ejecting  its  acid  secretion  to  keep 
enemies  at  a  distanee. 

wood-apple.  ■ . 

Bot. :  Ferviiia  EUpkanttivt.     [Feronia,  o.\ 

wood-ashes,  a.  pi.  The  remains  of  burned 
wood  or  plants. 

wood-avens,  ^. 

Bot.:  ti't-aiii  inUiiiu'dium,  a-hyhrid  between 
G.  tirbuiium  and  G.  rivak,  not  uncommon  in 
Britain  in  damp  woods. 

wood-baboon,  .s. 

Zool.  :  C!/n>jccph<{lus  leucoplia-iiSt  allied  t«, 
but  smaller  than  the  Mandrill  (q.v.).  It  is  a 
native  of  the  coast  of  Guinea ;  fur  greenisli, 
whitish  beneath ;  callosities  scarlet.  Called  also 
Cinereous  Baboon,  Drill,  and  Yellow  Baboon. 

wood-bird,  s.    A  bird  which  lives  in  the 

woods. 

"  Tilt;  wood-birds  ceased  from  sUigiug." 

Longfellow:  Siawatlia,  vL 

wood-blade,  ^. 

Bot.  ;  Ltizulu  sylvaticc. 

wood -boring,    a.      Capable  of   boring 
through  wood. 
Wood-boring  shrimp : 
Zool. :  CJiilura  terebrans. 

*  wood-bom,  '  wood-borne,  a.  Bom 

in  the  woods. 

■"Tilt;  wood-borne  pt-ujilc  fuU  before  her  flat." 

Spenser:  F.  Q..  1.  vi.  16. 

wood-bound,  «.  Encumbered  with  tall, 
woody  hedgerows. 

wood-brick,  -.    [Woodes-brick.] 

wood-butterfly,  s. 

Eiituut.  :  The  genus  Lasiommata  (q.v.). 
wood-carpet,  &. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  floor-covering  made  of 
slats,  or  more  ornamental  shapes,  glued  or 
cemented  upon  a  cloth  backing. 

2.  Eiiiom.  :  A  British  Geometer  Moth,  Mt- 
lanippe  rivata,  common  in  the  south  of  Eng- 
land. Pore  wings  gray,  with  a  broad  dark 
gray  central  band.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on 
Galium  Mollugo. 

wood-carving,  £. 

1.  The  art  or  process  of  carving  wood  into 
ornamental  figures  or  of  decorating  wood  by 
carving  on  it. 

2.  A  device  or  figure  carved  on  or  out  of 

wood. 

wood-cell,  wood-fibre,  :<. 

Bot.  :  A  cell  or  libre  of  the  type  Prosen- 
chyma  (q.v,).  Such  cells  are  always  fusiform, 
thickened,  lignified,  unbranched,  aud,  as  a 
rule,  furnished  with  very  small,  bordered 
l)its.     Called  also  Libriform-cells.     {Thwiie.) 

wood-charcoal,  ^.    [Charcoal.] 

^  wood-choir,  .<.  A  chorus  of  birds  in  a 
wood.     (Coleridge. ) 

w^ood-copper,  ^^    [Olivenite.] 

^vood-com,  s.  A  certain  quantity  of 
grain  paid  by  the  tenants  of  some  manors  to 
the  lord,  for  the  liberty  of  picking  up  dried  or 
broken  wood. 

*  wood-cracker,  s. 

Ornith.  :  (See  extract.) 

•'  He  iPlotI  writes  (Xut.  Hist.  OxfordtJt.,  p.  173)  of  a 
liird  '  soioetinies  seeu,  but  uftener  beard  in  tho  F.irk 
jit  Woodstock,  froiu  thu  noise  th:it.  it  uinkes  ccm- 
iiiouly  caUed  the  Woodcracl:er  :  deacribeil  to  me  (fur 
I  had  not  the  liappincs:!  to  ^e«  it)  to  iiu  about  the  lik'- 
iie^  of  a  siuirruw,   ^^ith  a  l>lue  ImlcU  luid  a  reddiali 


breiut,  &  wido  mouth,  nnd  »  luti^  bill,  which  it  pubi 
httu  n  cmck  or  sitliitU-r  of  n  mttcii  bou^^b  of  n  Utf, 
mid  luiikva  It  iioJBv  aa  if  It  wi,-ru  rtmdlu^  iiaiiiidiT,  with 
ibitl  violuiico,  tliiit  tho  iioIm)  tuuy  im  hviuiX  ut  li-4i>tl 
twulvi^  >curc  yurun.  nomu  luivu  vcuiuriril  tu  Huy  .t  uillv. 
from  tho  placo.'  It  will  Ui  bmu  thjtt  thu  l>irJ  dr- 
Hc-rilied  \tt(ait  Nuthatch,  but  ttio  ttutMi  mm  ii<>  doubt 
ui^mIi-  by  II  wowlix-ikcr."— )'<ii-r*H.  tirft.  Birdt  (wl. 
trb'.  .1.  h:      .Note  i.) 

wood  craft,  a-.    [Woodcrait.) 
wood-cricket,  ^\    [NfiMOBitm.] 
wood  crowfoot,  s. 

Hot.  :  .l/i.,;;u„,  HM/iorosH.    (i'rtor.) 

wood-crowned,    a.     Crowned  or   sur- 

niounU'd  by  woods. 

"  The  w<>f»i-cr:ivii,i  cWVCt  thiit  o'er  the  lak«  nwllue,"' 
W urdncorth :  /»i»cripUvc  iAMctirt 

wood- culver,  «.  The  wood-pigeon. 
(Pruv.) 

ivood-Ciit,  s.  An  engraving  oq  wood,  ur 
a  i)rint  or  iinpiession  from  such  eugrnving. 

wood-cutter,  s. 

1.  One  who  cuts  wood  or  timber. 

2.  One  who  makes  wood-cuts ;  an  engraver 

on  wood. 

wood-cutting,  s. 

1.  The  aet  or  employment  of  Cutting  wood 
or  timber  by  means  of  saws  or  by  the  appli- 
cation of  knife-edge  macluncry. 

2.  Wood-engraving  (q.v.). 

"  It  i»  vexutious  to  oeo  luuoh  good  vood-chUling  bf- 
fitowed  ou  such  poor  luid  tuexpi^taive  dfikwing}*."  — 
i'all  JfaU  tiasette.  Sept.  5.  18S4. 

wood-demon,  ^. 

Anlhrup.  :  A  demon  supposed  to  inhabit 
woods  aud  to  jjrey  on  travellers.     [PoRBsr- 

SPIRITS.] 

"  The  terrific  cry  of  the  toood-dein"n  is  heArd  in  tho 
Fiulaud  forest.'— ri//«r.-  /Vint.  CuU.  (ed.  187a).  it  T£L 

wood-dove,  ;;.    The  Wood-pigeoii  (q.v.). 

wood-drinl£,  s.  A  decoction  or  infusioN 
of  medicinal  woods,  as  sassafras. 

■"The  drinking  elder-wine  or  wood-dnnkj  are  vwy 
ubt^tuL'—flofffr :  On  tfic  Humour*. 

wood-duck,  >.    [Summer-duck.] 

wood-engraver,  6.  An  artist  who  en- 
graves on  wooii. 

wood-engraving,  ..  The  art  of  en- 
graving upon  wood  blocks  for  printing  pur- 
poses. It  is  mainly  employed  in  j.ictoriul  illus- 
tration, and  has  the  advantage  over  migi-avings 
ou  copper  and  steel  tliat  the  illustrations  aud 
letter-press  can  be  set  up  and  prmted  logeLbei'. 
The  blocks  ou  which  tlie  engravings  arc  made 
are  prepared  from  box  wood  for  all  fine  work, 
.lud.from  pear  or  other  close-grained  wood  for 
larger  work.  A  very  fine  suiface  is  given  to 
the  block  upon  which  the  subject  to  be  en- 
graved is  di-awn  or  photographed.  The  work 
\A  executed  by  gravers  of  various  shapes,  the 
principle  of  the  art  beiug  that  the  lines  in- 
tended to  appear  when  printed  are  left  stand- 
ing, all  the  white  parts  being  cut  away.  In 
steel  and  copper-plate  engraving  the  principle 
is  reversed,  the  lines  intended  to  appear  being 
cut  into  the  pkite. 

wood  everlasting-pea,  ^. 

Bot. :  LathiintR  sylvcstri'-.  Called  also  tJie 
Narrow-leaved  Everlasting  Pea.  It  has  large, 
greenish  flowers,  with  purple  veins,  and  is 
found  wild  in  the  middle  and  south  of  England. 

wood-fiend,  6\ 

Anthrop. :  A  wood-demon  (q.v.). 

"  The  grcupd  of  malicious  woot^fitndt  au  abvioiuly 
devised  to  account  for  the  myatenouii  itiduences  that 
lieset  the  fureat  waudorer."— ry/or .  Prim.  Cult.  (ed. 
1373).  U.  222. 

WOOd-fretter.  s.  Au  insect  or  worm 
that  tats  inti'  wood. 

wood-gas,  s.    Carburett«d  hydrogen  ob- 

tainrd  IVoni  wood. 

wood-gear,  s.  Cog-wheels  of  wood  ; 
used  sometimes  in  roughly-made  cider  milks 
and  presses,  &c.,  and  formerly  in  clock.s. 
Apj'le,  pear,  dog,  and  box  wood  are  good 
timber  for  the  purpose. 

'  wood-geld,  s. 

Jaiu):  The  money  paid  for  the  cuttmg  •! 
wood  within  a  fun-st. 

wood-germander,   >.      Tlie   .s-nue    lh 

WooD-SACE  (<l.  v.). 

wood-gnat,  ^. 

Entom. :  Cidcx  H^'^/^or'y,>J^^,  a  British  .apecieis. 


b«l,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  ben^h;  go,  gem:  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin ;  -tiou,  -sion  ~  zhun.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c  ^  bel,  d^L 


584 


wood 


iveods,  but  does  not  come  into 


(t  froqiiciits 

'  'wood'god,  ".    A  sylvan  deity. 

'  n.-viit"<i^.  luitl  tuttyrco,  aiul  swift  dryndvA." 

Uptftucr:  I'irffU:  Unat. 

wood-grass,  s. 

HH. :  <I)  .Sorj/ftum,  or  Andropogoii  nuians  ; 
{"i)  Lvzula  sylmtiai. 

wood-grinder,  «'.  A  machine  for  rasp- 
m^    \'-iiuiii'ii    blocks,    to    niaki!     piipiir-imlit. 

iWooU-fAPEIl.) 

wood-grouse,  •.  The  Capercailzie (q. v.)- 

wood-lianging,  ^'.  Thin  veneci'  on  ;i 
^pLT  baclviiit;,  to  be  uscil  as  wall-paper. 
(AiHcr.) 

wood-ben,  »'. 

fVnuiA. :  The  genus  Ocydronuis  (q.v.). 

wood-bole,  ■'«'.  A  place  where  wood  is 
•^tiMed  or  laid  up. 

"  Ooufuuiiili-d,  t«  the  (l»rk  ri'cess  I  fly 
Ot  v<oo<Ui"l<:"  Philips.    (Todd.) 

wood  hoopoes.  ■  ■  i>i. 

Ornith.:  Th<ij,'cnus  Irrisor,  snmetiuies  placed 
witii  the  Upupidac,  but,  by  some  authorities, 
rnist'd  t«  the  rank  of  a  fainily,  Irrisoridae. 
Tltero  :ue  twelve  species,  strictly  confiued  to 
Africa,  ranging  from  Abyssinia  to  the  west 
c»ast,  and  Kouth  to  Cape  Colony.  Bill  curved  ; 
tail  very  long  and  strongly  graduated  ;  dark, 
inet;dlic  plumage,  inclining  more  or  less  to 
black.  They  form  a  connecting  link  between 
the  true  Hoopoea  and  the  Hombills. 

wood-house,  s. 

,1.  A  liousc  or  shed  in  which  wood  is  de- 
jwtit^d  and  nheltered  from  the  weather. 
2.  A  house  constiuct<--d  of  wood. 
wood  humble-bee,  &. 
Rtitom. :  Boi/ibits  lucornm. 
wood-ibises,  s.  pi. 

Oriiiih.  :  The  genus  Tantalus  (q.v.). 
wood-iron,  s. 

Mm. :  A  variety  of  limonite  (q.v.)  having  a 
structure  resembling  that  of  wootl. 

wood-Ianrel,  s. 

B«(. :  Daphne  laxt/rcoU/..     (Prior.) 
wood-layer,  .". 

Bet. :  A  young  oak  or  other  timber  plant 
laid  dowB  among  the  hawthorn,  whitethorn, 
orotJier  smaller  trees  planted  to  make  hedges. 

'wood-leaf,  s.     A  leaf  gathered  in  the 

w»ods.     {,sha.k4is-p.  :  Cuinbcline,  iv.  2.) 

wood-leopard  moth.  .<;. 

Entom..  :  A  IJrilish  Moth,  Zeu^cra  (EsciUi. 
Wings  white,  hall-tratispaient,  with  bluish- 
black  spots,  the  fore  onas  the  brighter.  Thorax 
white,  with  three  bluish-black  .spots  on  each 
side;  abdomen  bluish-black,  with  wliitc.  scales. 
Expansion  of  wings,  in  tlie  male  two  inches, 
in  the  female  two  and  a  half.  Caterpillar 
yellow,  with  shining  black  .spots  ;  it  feeds  on 
the  elm,  the  hor.se-chestnut,  the  pear,  the 
apple,  &c.  Common  iu  many  partsof  tlngland. 

wood-lily,  .":. 

Oot. :  Convidlarm  'fiiajalis,  the  Sweet-scented 
Lily  of  the  Valley.    (Prior.)    [Convallaria. ] 

wood-lock,  .^. 

Naut. :  A  block  in  the  scores  of  the  stem- 
post  to  keep  the  rudder  from  lifting  off  its 
hearings, 

wood-louse,  s. 

Zool. :  Any  species  or  individual  of  the 
family  Oniscidse  (q.v.).    (Armadillo,  2.] 

'  WOOd-meil,  s.    Wadmall  (q.v.)- 

wood-mite,  5. 

Zool.  (PI):  The  fiinily  Oribatidffi. 

*  wood-monger,  .«.  A  wood-seller ;  a 
dealer  in  wood. 

"One  Smith,  a  9vood-moHger  of  Westuii aster."— 
tVotto7i :  Htjmains,  p.  6*7. 

wood-moss,  ■?.     Moss  growing  on  wood. 

*  wood -mote,  i-.  The  ancient  name  of 
tbi-  loicst  cnurt,  now  the  Court  of  Attach- 
ment, otherwise  called  the  Forty-Days  Court. 

wood-mouse,  s. 

Zool.  :  Mns  sylvatlcuSy  the  Long-tailed  Field 
Mouse,  common  over  the  temperate  parts  of 
Europe  and  Asia.     It  is  a  little  larger  than 


the  Common  Mouse,  with  a  proportionately 
longer  tail ;  yellowish-brown  on  upper  sur- 
face, wliitish  beneath. 

wood-naphtha,  .-<'. 

i'hrm. :  Tlu'  neutral  crude  distillaU'  ob- 
tained from  the  products  of  the  destructive 
distillation  of  wood.  It  contains  from  7S  to 
85  per  cent,  of  pure  wood  spirit,  or  metliylic 
alcohol,  f)  to  10  per  cent,  of  acetone,  with  much 
smaller  proportions  of  creosote,  aldehyde,  hy- 
drocarbon oils,  and  other  substances  that  are 
but  little  known.  In  its  most  rectiiied  con- 
dition it  possesses  a  speciJic  giavity  of  '830. 

wood-nightshade,  >.  |  Woody-night- 
shade.) 

*  wood-note,  s.  A  wild  or  natural  note, 
like  that  of  a  forest  bird,  as  the  wood-lark, 
thrush,  or  nightingale. 

"  Sweetast  Shakespeare,  Fancy'a  child. 
Warble  liis  native  wood-noten  wild." 

Milton:  L' Allegro.  134. 

wood-nut,  s. 

Bot.  :  Cori/lus  Avellana.    [Hazel.] 

wood-nymph,  .s-. 

1.  Onl.  Lung.:  A  dryad  (q.v.). 


2.  Ornith.  (P^):  The  genus  Thalurania  (q.v.). 

*  wood-offering,  .s.  Wood  burnt  on  the 
altar, 

"  We  cast  the  lots  for  the  wood^offering."~Neh.  x.  34. 

wood-oil,  s.  An  oil  produced  by  several 
Burmese  trees,  spec,  by  Dipterocarpus  Icevis 
and  7^.  turhiiuUiis.     [Dipterocarpus-balsam.] 

ipood-opal,  5. 

Min. :  An  opal  form  of  silica  which  has 
gradually  replaced  the  organic  structures  of 
trees ;  a  pseudomorph  of  a  mineral  after  a 
veget;ible  structure. 

wood-owl,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Syr- 
nium  (q.v.). 

w^ood-paper,  s.  Paper  made  of  wood 
reduced  to  a  pulp  by  mechanical  or  chemical 
means  ;  more  ut#xally  by  a  combination  of  the 
two. 

wood-pavement,  a'.  Pavement  coui- 
posed  of  blocks  of  woi>d.  It  was  first  laid 
down  in  London  expeii mentally  in  1839,  but 
was  soon  again  taken  up.  Another  trial  was 
made  in  1S72-3,  and  now  (1904)  it  is  employed 
in  London  and  iu  many  other  cities  and  towns. 

wood-pea,  s. 

Bot.  :  Orobus  tuberosus  =  Lathyrus  Tnacro- 
rrhunis. 

wood-pie,  s.  A  name  given  to  the  great 
spotted  woodpecker,  Picus  viajor. 

wood-pigeon,  s.    [Woodpigeon.] 

wood-pile,  s.     A  stack  of  wood  piled  up 

for  fuel. 

wood-rat,  s. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Neotoma  (q.v.).  Neot'vna 
floridana,  the  Common  Wood-rat,  is  called 
also  the  Florida  Rat.  JV.  rinerea  is  the  Bushy- 
tailed  Wood  Rat. 

wood-reed,  wood  small-reed,  .^. 

Bot.  :  Calamagrostis  Epigeios.  It  is  two  to 
six  feet  high,  with  very  long,  flat,  scabrid 
leaves,  glaucous  beneath,  and  panicles  of 
purplish-brown  flowers.  (Calamagrostis. J 
So  named  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Pool- 
reed,  Phrafimites  coynrnunis. 

wood-roof,  wood-rnfffS.  [Woodruff.] 

wood-rush,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  germs  Luzula  (q.v.). 

wood-sage.  s. 

Bot.  :  Teucrium  Scorodonia.  It  is  one  to 
two  feet  high,  with  oblong  ovate,  very  much 
wrinkled  leaves,  green  on  both  sides,  and 
downy  ;  inflorescence  in  one-sided  lateral  or 
terminal  racemes  of  yellowish-wlute  flowers. 
It  i.s  extremely  bitter,  and  has  been  used  as  a 
substitute  for  hops.  It  is  common  iu  Great 
Britain  in  woods  and  dry  stony  places,  and  is 
found  also  on  the  European  continent  and  iu 
North  Africa. 

*  wood-sale,  s.    The  act  of  selling  wood. 
Wood-sale  tiine :  The  time  for  selling  wood. 

"  A  Kort  of  lusty  bib-men  aiit 
In  ivood-tale  time  ti>  sell  a  cups  by  grejit." 

iS.v^oe-ster  .■  Tftc  Captaincs,  i>-  24;!. 


wood-sandpiper,  .^. 

Ornith.:  TotamiE  glaretlu,  a  rare  British 
visitor.  It  JsaI>out  ten  inches  long;  general 
plumage  shades  of  browM  above,  spotted  and 
barred  with  white ;  under  surface  grayisli- 
white  to  white. 

WOOd-sare,  :      Cuckoo-spit  (((.v.). 

"The  froth  called  tPtodrtuure,  being  likt  a.  kiiiO  ■■( 
spittle,  is  found  upon  bprba,  att  lavender  and  sage.'  — 
Bacon. 

WOOd-SCre^,  ::.  A  metallic  screw  for 
carpenters'  and  joiners'  use  ia  securing  pieces 
of  work  together. 

*  wood-sere,  s.  &  «. 

A.  As  siibst. :  The  time  when  there  is  no 
sap  in  the  tree. 

"  From  May  t*  October  leave  croypiug,  for  why. 

In  wood-gere.  whatever  thoa  crop|>eDt  sliall  die. " 
THtsSer:  Five  Mundred  I'oinit »/ Good  ffusbaiidiy. 

B.  As  adj. :  JSpongy,  loose. 

"  The  soil  ...  is  a  i>o«r  tooodr^erc  land  very  nnturid 
for  the  produotioB  ol  oaJw  eei>eciaUy."~.<M6rrt/  ■  MIk- 
cell.,  p.  -in. 

wood-sbock,  .s. 
Zool. :  [Pbkan,  2.J. 
wood-shrikes,  s.  fi.    (Prionopid,«.| 

wood-skin,  «.  A  large  canoe  used  by 
the  Indians  of  Guiana,  made  from  the  bark  of 
the  purple-heart  tree  and  tlie  .siuiari  or  locust 
tree.  Some  of  these  canoes  are  so  large  as  t*i 
carry  twenty  to  twenty-five  persons.  (Sim- 
monds.) 

wood-soot,  *.  Sootfrom  burnt  wmkL  K 
is  useful  as  a  manure. 

wood-sorrel,  '^  wood-sore,     wood 
sour,  *  wood-soiper,  .•;. 
Bot :  The  geau-s  Oxalis,  spec.  o.  ocdoselfa. 

[OXALIS.j 

wood-speck,  s. 

Ornith. :  A  local  same  for  a  Woudpeckei' 
(q-v.). 

"  Of  pictis  trtartius,  the  woodspock.  many  kiuds."— 
Broumc:  Norfolk  Bird£. 

wood-spirit«  s.    [MBrnvLic-ALcoHOL.l 
wood-spite,  s. 

Ornith. :  A  local  name  for  a  Woodpeekeir 
(q.v.>. 

"  The  tail  consisis  of  t<;ii  forithers  only,  as  in  WwmI 
spites."—  Wlllughbu :  VmuUtologif  (eii.  Rftyj,  p.  145. 

wood-spnrge,  ^■ 

Bot.:  Euphorbia  Characias,  the  Upright 
Red-spurge. 

wood-stamp,  a.  An  engraved  or  carved 
stamp  foinied  of  a  block  of  wood,  to  impress 
figures  or  colours  on  fabrics. 

wood-star,  5. 

Ornith.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  Humming- 
bird of  the  genera  Chietoccrcus,  Doricha,  or 
Myrtis. 

wood-Stone,  .'^. 

Mill.:  A  chert  (q.v.)  whicli  has  replaced 
wood. 

wood-Stops,  s.  pi. 

Miisic:  Organ  stops,  the  pipes  of  wliicli  aic 
of  wood. 

wood-strawberry,  s. 

Bot.  :  Fragaria  vesca.  Called  also  Wild- 
strawberry.    [Frag ARIA,  Strawberrv.] 

wood-swallow,  5. 

Ornith. :  The  same  as  SwALLOw-suiti  ue 
(q.v.).  The  Comnum  Wood-swallow  is  Arta- 
iiius  sordidiis. 

wood-swift,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  Moth,  Heplalus  syluiiius. 
Fore  wiugs  dull  orange,  with  indistinct  darker 
niarkingsand  an  oblique  white  streak.  Though 
the  moth  is  common  iu  parts  of  England,  the 
CMterpillar  is  uulinown.  Called  also  the 
Evening  Swift.    [Swift,  C.  li.  2.] 

wood-tar,  n.     Tar  obtained  from  wood. 

wood-tiger,  w^ood-tiger  motb,  ». 

Entom.:  A  British  Tiger  Moth,  Nancoph ila 
plantaginis.     [Nemeophila.J 

-wood-tin,  s. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Cassiterite  (q.v.),  with 
concentric  and  fibrous  structure. 

wood-vetch,  s. 

Pot.  :  VicUi  S7/Ivaiica ;  a  species  with 
bianclied    tendrils   and    white    tlowei-s  with 


<&te,  i3.t,  f^ire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wolf,  work,  w^io,  son;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    £e,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


wood— wooden 


585 


bluu  veins.     Fimiul  iu  Great  Britaia  !■  i«cky 

W(>(hJ.s,  but  is  niri'. 

wood-Vine,  ^. 

liuf.:   lW>ion.„  f/M)/.vi. 

wood-vinegar,  -.    iVinkcak.i 
wood-^valker.  s. 

Ao,){. :    A  ]K'iniliir  iiiinn;  lor  tlie  gfmis  Ilyln 
bales,   of   whinli  it  is  a  liteial  tiaiislati*>ii. 

[GlHHUN,  HVL(lliATh„s.) 

"Ak'i'imti  iif  Ajirw,  niniietirm-s  called  Wood-walker x 
'- ihoir  iwtuniHhiiig  utility  in  swingiuir  from  tret- 


.K^ner.  CjfcUijt., 


.  7'JC. 


to  Irrr.'-/; (/>/<-</  .t-  /hi, 

wood-warbler,  *■. 

Ornithology: 

t  1.  Tlie  Wood-wreii  (q.v.). 

2.    (/v.):    [.M.MUTlLTlD.t]. 

'  wood- ward,  s.  A  woodreeve,  a  forestt^i . 

■'Hf  H«i-,l  til  riilt-  U<  the  woods,  liiid  visit  all  tli« 
copiiices.  iiiiil  luik  thti  ivtioU-iOiirU  aevenii  questionH."— 
Dr.  Pi'iM.- :  Life  w/  H'sh-ip  Ward,  j).  76. 

wood-wasp,  »-. 

Ejitom.  :  Vesi>a  sylvestris.  It  builds  an  oval 
nest,  which  it  susjiends  from  tlte  brancli  of  a 
trt-e. 

wood-witch,  s. 

Hot.:  I'hallua  impudicus.     [Phallus,  -2.] 

wood-work,  s.  Work  formed  of  wood ; 
that  part  •>]'  uuy  structure  which  is  composed 

of  Wun.i. 


wood-worm. 


A  worm  that  is  bred  in 


wood-wren,  .*. 

orn  itli. :  I'liiillovypv.-i  sibilntrix  (t  Sijltur  syl- 
ru'o/u),  a  summer  visitant  toBiitain,orten  con- 
foiHuied  with  tSie  Willuw-wnn  (q.v,),  from 
which,  however,  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its 
larger  wings, a  broad  sti-eak  of  sulplmi-yellow 
over  the  eye  and  ear-coverts,  and  its  plumage, 
which  is  green  above  and  wliite  below.  It 
differs,  also,  from  most  of  the  Warblers  in 
eating  neither  fruit  nor  berries,  but  subsisting 
on  insects  or  their  larvae.  The  nest  is  oval, 
(lomed,  and  placed  on  the  ground  ;  eggs  six, 
tians parent,  white,  thickly  spotted  with  dark- 
ptuplish-brown. 

wood  (2),  5.     [WoAr..] 

wood-waxen,  s.    [Woad-waxen.] 

wood  (1),  v.t.  &  (.    [Wood  (1),  s.] 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  supply  with  wood  ;  to  get  in  supplies 
of  wood  for. 

"  Our  next  emplofmeiit  was  woadhtg  and  watering 
our  sqitidrun."— .4 hsjh  :  Voyagt'S,  Uk.  i..  cb.  \. 

*  2.  To  hide  or  place  in  a  wood. 

"Wfe  liiiided,  and  faire  niid  eAsily  followed  for  a 
Buiiil  tiiuo  iifttr  tliuiii.  wbu  had  wooiliU  tht^iiiselves  we 
know  nut  where."— ^(tcA/Mj/(.'   Vot/ages,  iii.  25a. 

'  B.  Intram. :  To  take  in  or  get  supplies  of 
Wood. 

"CuDtiDued  their  wooding  and  waterilig  till  the 
eth."— .4mi>»;  Voj/iifffii.  bk.  iii.,  cli.  x. 

*Wo6d  (-2),  •wode,  v.i.     [Wood,  a.]    To  h- 

or  iti;t.  as  nni.'  mad  ;  to  rave. 

■  Hi^  lUireth  and  woUtlh  in  his  advertence." 

Chain:.,-:  c.  T.,  IS.Ki^ 

wood  -bine,  wood'-bynd, "  wod-bynde, 

s. '  [A.S.  mukbindt  =  ivy,  because  it  bind.s  or 
winds  round  ti'ees.J 
Lotiniy : 

1.  The  Honeysuckle  (q.v.). 

2.  Polygonum  ConviilvitUiS.  It  is  one  t-n 
four  feet  long,  has  an  angular  twhiing  stem, 
and  cordate  sagittiite  leaves,  found  in  fields 
and  waste  places  in  Britain. 

wood'-bur-y~tijpe,  s.  [Named  from  the 
iiivriiliir  of  tliL-  [ircjcesa,  Mr.  Woodbury,  a 
Lifiuduii  plnttographer.I 

Plwtog  :  A  method  of  obtaining  perma- 
nent impressions  from  a  photograph.  A 
lilm  of  bichroniatized  gelatine  on  a  sheet  of 
glass  is  exposed  under  a  photographic  nega- 
tive, and  the  portion  unacted  upon  by  the 
light  washed  away  with  watei'i  leaving  the 
printed  paits  in  relief.  After  drying  it  is  laid 
on  a  iierfectly  tiat  metitUic  plate,  and  a  sheet 
of  lead  pressed  down  upon  it  by  a  i»owerful 
press,  an  exact  mould  being  thus  obtained. 
A  viscous  solution  of  gelatine  mixed  with  a 
suiall  proprtrtion  of  a  pigment  or  dye  is  next 
pour<.-il  rjM-r  tlie  iiiouUl,  and  a  sheet  of  strongly 
sized  pajKT  plaicilon  t'^paiid  firmly  sqiieezeti. 
<.>n    earetuUy    removing   llie    paper   a    perfect 


UDCUUCK, 


inipiT,ssion  is  obtained,  and  this  is  lixed  by 
iiiniii'ibing  in  a  stronp  solution  of  alum.  .\ny 
nuiubcr  ot  eopicji  may  be  obtained  from  the 
s;inie  nii)uld. 

wood'  9liat,  s.  [Kng.  ('^oo./(l),  s.,  and  chat.] 
Onittk.  :  lAinitis  uuricnlatas,  an  African 
Hhrike,  rangin"  from  the  Mcditeininean  tx^i  the 
Capo  of  Good  Hope,  and  visiting  Europe,  and 
oi;c:isionaily  Britain,  in  the  sinnmer.  The 
popular  name  is  misleading,  as  the  bird  has 
no  ullinity  with  the  Chats,  and  to  avoid  confu- 
sion some  authors  call  it  the  WotHli-hat-shi  ike. 
Length  rather  more  than  seven  inches  ;  uppiT 
parts  mostly  black,  crown  of  head  and  nape 
<;liostnnt-red,  outer  tail  feathers,  spots  on 
Willis,  streak  above  the  base  of  bill  on  each 
side,  and  inidcr  surfaee  white. 

woodchat-sbrilce,  s.    [Wooucuat.] 
wood -^buck, >>.  [Eng.  wool/ ;  second  element 
dtmbUuL] 

Zool. :  Arctomys  monax,  a  small  American 
burrowing  rodent,  ranging  from  the  CaroUnas 
to  Hudsim's 
Bay,  and  west- 
ward from  the 
Atlantic  coast 
to  Missouri, 
Iowa,  and 
Hi  nncsota. 
l^cngth  from  il  J 
fifteen  to  />/// 
eighteen  '  ^ 
inches;  blactk- 
ish  or  grizzled 
on  upjMjr  sur- 
face, chestnut- 
red  below  ; 
body  stout, 
head  broad 
and  flat,  legs 
short  and 
thick.  The  Woodehuck  is  a  vegetable  feeder, 
and  may  be  easily  tamed.  Called  also  the 
Ground-hog. 

WOOd'-COal,  s.     [Eng.  wood  (I),  s..  and  coal.] 
Charcoal  ;  also  liguite  or  brown-coal. 

wood-cock,  s.    [A.S.  imducoc] 

1.  Ornith. :  Scolopax  nisticula  (the  ncstvcola 
of  Linmeus  is  a  misscript;  cf.  Pliny:  N.  //., 
X.  54,  in  some  editions  38) ;  distributed  over 
Europe,  the  north  of  Asia,  and  as  far  East  as 
Japan,  visiting  Britain  in  October  and  depart- 
ing in  March,  though  some  remain  to  breed, 
and  the  number  is  yearly  increasing.  The 
Woodcock  is  about  thirteen  inches  long ;  upper 
surface  varied  with  ruddy,  yellowish,  and  ash 
tints,  and  marked  with  great  black  spots; 
lower  party  yellowish-red  with  brown  zigzags ; 
quills  strij'ed  with  red  and  black  on  their  ex- 
ternal barbs,  tail-feathers  terminated  above 
with  gray  and  below  witli  white.  The  female 
is  rather  larger  and  stoHter  than  the  male. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  traits  ibout  the 
Woodcock  is  the  fact  of  its  occjisionally  con- 
veying its  young  through  the  air;  which  i,s 
done  by  only  one  or  two  other  birds.  The 
fact  was  known  in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century;  but  Whit*  (lett.  xxxi.,  to  Pennant) 
rightly  surmised  that  Scopoli  erred  in  su]'- 
po^ing  that  the  young  one  was  conveyed 
either  by  or  iu  the  bilL  It  is  just  as  erro- 
neous, however,  to  substitute  the  claws,  as 
some  have  done,  for  the  bill.  When  the 
parent  bird  wishes  to  convey  her  young  one 
from  a  place  of  danger  to  one  of  safety,  the 
tiny  thing  is  gently  jtressed  between  the  feet 
and  against  the  breast,  the  aid  of  the  bill  only 
being  lesorted  to  when  the  burden  has  been 
hastily  taken  up.  The  American  Woodcock, 
Fhilohda  viinvr,  is  a  smaller  bird,  but  re- 
sembles the  European  species  in  plumage  and 
habit,  and,  like  it,  is  esteemed  for  the  table. 

2.  Zool.  :  A  collectors'  name  for  some 
species  of  the  genus  Murex  (q.v.),  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  spines  or  the  elongated 
tube  to  the  bill  of  the  Woodcock.  Murex 
ttnnispiiia  is  the  Thorny  Woodcock,  and  M. 
haustdluTti  the  Woodcock's  (or  Snipe's)  Head. 

3.  Ft(j. :  A  simpleton  ;  in  allusion  to  the 
ease  with  which  a  wofnlcock  allows  itself  to 
be  taken  in  springes  or  nets  set  iu  the  glades. 

■*  But  if  I  knew  whi-n  you  come  next  a  bunting-, 
lie  have  a  tstrunt^cr  noose  to  bold  the  io>>oUcocK." 
Beaum.  i  Ftet.:  Scornful  Lady,  iv, 

^  Springes  to  aitch  woodcocks:  Arts  to  en- 
trap simplicity.     {^Sliakesp. :  Hamlet,  i.  -i.) 

ivoodcock-eye,  ^^.  A  name  for  a  snap- 
hook. 


woodcock  fish,  v. 

I'hthii.:  f'rntrisrtL-^  •u'<iU}f»u,  the  'i'ruinprt- 
li.-^h.  Sir  Thomas  Broivnt-  (fi/  li'iHh^'s.  ,(■>■)  cjilK 
it  a  Sea-woodcock. 

woodcock-owl,  -. 

ih-nith. :  Asioacciiiitrinus(\OtiuibrmchyotH>-), 
the  yhort-earcd  Owl. 

"  A  Inxgc  }iroportion  of  thn  vxainplrH  hccii  in  thix 
conntry  nro  wintor  vlHJtork  Ihatcoiiio  from  thu  uurUi 
of  Kiiro|H!  In  October.  kuiI  bavv  in  cviu-wineuw  hvxu 
lallwl  Woodtyxk-nwtt/'—rarreU-  Brit.  /finf«(ol.  *Ud. 
i.  tea. 

woodcock-pilot,  s. 

i'nu'tli.:  JiiyiduscrisUUiUi.  jiJoLDKN-ciiKtTKi* 

WKKN.J 

"The  nilcratlnt:  bodian  am  uninillr  precodod  by 
flocks  of  tiny  Koldcrefil^ :  and  no  Invanalilv  Ik  thiii 
rulo  that  the  latter  )ia' 
piluU."—.st.  J.tiii.iiii  i; 

woodcock  sbell,  <.    [Wooix;o(jk,  2.] 

'  woodcock's  head,  ^.  A  tobacco  piiK*, 
from  the  fad  that  tlie  early  English  pipes 
were  oJt:Cn  made  in  that  foiin. 


■■  I  hftve  not  the  brtvith  of  a  nHmdourk'a  head." 
Jojuon  :  Kvery  Mu*i  out  of  his  Humour,  til.  a. 


W.rH 


wood' -craft,  -v.    [Kng.  «'<w(i(l),  H.,an<J  iTti/l.] 

1.  Arboriculture  ;  scientific  forestry. 

"I  know  thlu  may  havo  be<-ii  dono  Iu  tioiruany. 
u'heru  vjoiif^c^/ i»u  sciuucv  :  but  I  havo  novvr  lii.-.ird 
of  its  having  been  tiveii  RiiggKntvU  hi  Kntiland."— 
St.  Jarruu'a  flamtte.  May  '25,  n<n<>. 

2.  Skill  in  aiiything  which  pertains  to  the 
woods  or  forest;  skill  in  the  chase,  ewpecially 
in  hunting  deer,  finding  a  trade  ttirough  a 
forest,  \.c. 

"  I  do  not  know  what  we  ftfaonld  b«VQ  doiMt  without 
the  handy  Indi.'iii  uxKnUTitft  of  tho  gulden,  which  n'>w 
.:iin«  gr.-«tly  til  tiic  rwwue."— .sW-ifrniV«  JUu'jaznu-. 
\\l^.  IS".  1-.  5IJ0. 

wood'-ed,  «.    [Eng.  wood{\),  s.  ;  -ei/.) 
1.  Lit, :  Supplied  or  covered  with  wood. 

"  U«^inoto  among  tho  tooottcd  hilU.' 
Lon0iAlow  :  TiAa^m.  H'myaidc  Jitn.    (PreL) 

*2.  Fi^. :  Crowded;  Udck  as  trecH  in  a 
wood. 

"Th«  hilla  are  woo<lrd  with  their  partiaouA.' 

lieaum,  *  J'lct. :  BuiiUiica,  i,  2. 

wood'~en(l),  •  wod-den,  o.    [Eng.  wot/  (ij, 
s. ;  -c/i.j 

1.  Lit. :  Made  of  wood  ;  consisting  or  coin- 
posed  of  wood. 

"They  weare  their  hatre  fceU  eu  the  top  like  :i 
wreath  of  hay,  and  put  a  wnoUfn  iiinno  within  it.  oi 
any  other  such  Uiiu);  iu^Usud  •f  a  uoUc"— i/uol:Ju </(  - 
Voya-jfs,  p.  'liy.i. 

2.  b'igiinUivdy  : 

(1)  Stifl",  ungainly,  clumsy,  awkward. 

"  Wlieu  a  hold  man  is  out  uf  ci<nnten.UK-e,  he  in.iii(« 
a  very  wooden  tlgure  on  it."—CoUier :  On  t'onjidcnc:. 

(2)  Spiritless,  cxpresaioules-s.  (Sec  extract 
under  WoouKNNtss.) 

wooden -brick,  wood -brick,  s.     A 

brick-sliaped  block  built  into  a  wall  to  .'ifioni 
nail-hold  in  securing  the  inside  wood-wiu'k. 

wooden-clock,  ^'.  A  clock  in  which  th'- 
case,  a  large  part  t»f  the  machinery,  Ac,  an- 
made  of  wood. 

^pooden  -  headed,    a.     Htupid,  dense, 

thick-headed  ;  dull  of  apprehension. 

'  wooden-horse,    . 

1.  A  ship. 

"Milford  Haven,  the  ihit-f  titiUjlo  for  hia  uh,odcu 
?Mrses."~FuUer  :   K'orr/ti>«,  oh.  vi. 

2.  An  erection  made  of  planks  nailed  to- 
gether so  a.s  to  form  a  sharp  riilge,  on  which 
soldiers  were  set  astride  as  a  j)uiiisliment,  witli 
muskets  tied  to  theii-  legs.  The  practice  has 
long  been  discontinued. 

wooden-leg.  •;.  An  artificial  log  mail.-  of 
wood. 

wooden  -  pavement,    \     [  Wood-pw  r- 

MENT.J 

wooden-screw,  s.  A  screw  of  wood, 
such  as  IS  used  in  the  clamping-jaw  of  a 
carpent»_r's  lieiicli. 

wooden-spoon,  s. 

1.  Lit. :  A  spoon  made  of  wood  and  used 
for  culinary  purposes. 

2.  Fig. :  [Si-oun,  s.,  ^  (4)J. 

""  wooden  -  shoes,  .s\  j>!.  An  old  nick- 
name for  Freni'liiuni,  in  reference  to  Uil* 
•sabots  worn  by  tlmm, 

■  Knund  lit-'atlii  ajul  wmHl'-iishiH-*  aroiitnnilillK  Joke*." 
A  dditon  :   Drum  tner.    l  I'rol.  I 


wooden -type,    s 

Wood,  for  post'is,  iScc. 


Large  type,  cut  in 


bSilv  b^ :  pout,  jo^l ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect.  Xenophon,  c^ist.    ph  —  ff, 
-eian,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion.  -^ion  —  zhiin.    -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.      ble,    die,  \c.  —  bel,  dpL 


oS-; 


wooden— woodsnipe 


woodan-wall,  ■•=.     The  side  of  a  sliii'; 

«i  Whfu  AtlH'dS  waa  in  iiiiinineiit  danger 
tVnni  the  Persiiius,  4Sa  B.C.,  durinft  the  in- 
viision  of  Xerxes,  the  oracle  at  Delphi  wua 
consulted,  and,  intiiuatinf;  that  the  city  and 
country  were  doomed  to  ruiu,  added  that^- 
wheu  all  was  h)st,  a  wooden  wall  .shnuld 
still  slieltcr  her  citizens.  The  Atlieni;ui 
voiin;^'  men  interpreted  "a  woodeu  wall'  to 
sifrnify  ships ;  Theniistocles,  who  had  prob- 
ably influenced  the  oniele  to  utter  tin*  predic- 
tion or  coMusel  it  had  given,  was  of  the  saine 
opinion ;  faith  was  put  in  the  navy,  and  the 
result  was  the  great  vintory  of  Salamis.  It 
was  from  this  incident  that  the  expression, 
'•The  wooden  walls  of  Kngh'-nd,"  arose. 

wooden-ware,  s.  A  specihc  term  for 
vi-.>«.i.'-,  su.'h  us  bowls,  platters,  spoons,  butter- 
piitits,  .Vc.  turned  from  wood  ;  wooden  articles 
ol"  nuruhundise. 

wooden-wedge,  ;;.    [Wedge  (2),  s.] 


wooden-wing,  ^. 

Naiif. :  A  hu'-board. 

*  wood' -631(2),  a.     [Eng.  wood,  a. ;  -e^i.]    Mad. 
"A  do2  in  the  wooti  or  ft  wooden  dog."       . 

I'cele:  OldWices  Tale,  i.  I. 

"  wood'-en-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  woodeu  (1);  -ly.] 

In  aVoodcn  manner ;  clumsily,  stiffly,  stupidly. 

■  How  wooiUnlii  h«  would  excuse  himself."— iVorfA  .■ 
Li/c  uf  Lord  Guil/ord,  ii.  22. 

1  wood'-en-ness,  ■'•■.  [Eng.  wooden  (1) ;  -ness.  ] 
Wniil  of  spirit  or  expression ;  clumsiness, 
awkwardness. 

■One  of  thoui  bas  produced  more  wooden  p.igt^s 
than  hU  other  living  writers  (of  the  same  rnnk)  put 
together ;  but  fortunately  the  uroodennesa  does  little 
or  no  ha.Tm."—C(fntemporary  Review,  April,  18.«.  p. 
iM". 

^  wood' -fall,  s.  [Eng.  wood  (1),  s.,  and/rt»,  s.] 
A  fall  or  cutting  of  timber. 

"  The  wood^falls  this  year  do  not  amouut  to  half  the 

WOOd-fdr'-di-a»  s.  [Named  after  J.  Wond- 
foid,  who  wrutti  an  account  of  the  plants 
round  Edinburgh  in  1S24.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Lythrucea?,  now  separated 
from  Grislea,  of  which  it  was  formerly  con- 
sidered u  synonym.  Woodfordia  C  Orislea) 
tmuiitosa  or  fioribiinda,  common  in  India,  has 
a  much -bra  iicbed  stem,  sessile  lanceolate 
leaves,  covei-od  beneath  with  wliite  {town,  and 
axillary  cymes  of  beautiful  scarlet  or  purple 
flowers  in  immense  profusion.  It  yields  a 
gum  like  gum-tragacauth.  The  flowers, 
with  alum  for  a  mordant,  give  a  red  dye. 
occasionally  used  in  India  for  silk.  The 
leaves  and  flowers,  together  with  the  bark  of 
Zizvphus  xylopyra,  are  employed  in  tanning. 
Medicinally  the  dried  flowers  are  stimulant 
and  astringent ;  they  are  used  by  Hindoo 
doctors  simply  in  bowel  complaints,  with 
curdled  milk  in  dysentery,  and  with  honey 
iu  menorrhagia,  also  as  an  external  appli- 
cation in  haemorrhages  and  in  ulcers. 

*  wood -bead,   '  wode-hede,  s.     [Eng. 

irood,  a.  ;  -hmd.]     Madness,  fury. 

■  Lucifer  fel  for  ins  iroodkede."        ffampolc  :  Psalms. 

wood'-hew-er  (ew  as  u),  s.  [Eng.  wood,  s., 
and  heiver.] 

Ornithology : 

1.  A  popular  name  for  the  genus  Xiphoco- 
laptes  (q.v.).  Xlphocolaptes  emigratis  is  the 
Northern  Woodhewer. 

2  (PI.):  The  sub-family  Dendrocolaptinae 
(q.v.). 

wood'-ie,  WUd'-dS^,  s.  [Wood,  s.,  or,  per- 
ha'ps,  u  corruption  of  witJie  (q.v.).]  The  gal- 
lows ;  also  a  withe,  or  rope  of  twisted  wands, 
in  which  malefactors  seeui  formerly  to  liave 
been  hanged. 

"  Half  the  country  will  see  how  ye'll  grace  the 
woodie"— Scott :  iiuy  Miinncriinj.  ch.  xxviii. 

wood'-i-nes3,  *  wood-i-nesse,  s.  [Eng. 
woody;  -iiess.}  The  quality  or  stiite  of  being 
woody. 

"  Now  ve  shall  meet  with  some  fruita.  that  neither 
without  in  shell,  uor  witliin  forth  iu  keiuell.  hiive  any 
of  this  ivooUineist\"—P.  l/otUmd :  Plink,  bk.  xv..  ch. 
:txviii. 

*  wood'-ish,  0.  [Eng.  o}ood  (1),  s. ;  -isli.] 
Sylvan. 

"The  many  mirthful  jests. and  wanton  woorfiaft sports." 
Druiiton  :  Polif-Olbion,  a.  II. 

*WOOd'-l£em,  .*?■    [Eng.  m>od(\),  s.,and  kern.] 


A  rohbii'  who  infe-sts  wuods  ;  a  forest-haunting 
bandit.     (/'.  iloiland.) 

wood'-land,  s.  &  a.    [Bug.  wood  (1),  s..  and 

la'i.l.] 

A.  ^1^  s'l^rf-  •■  Land  covered  with  woods  : 
land  on  which  trees  are  suHered  to  grow, 
either  fur  fuel  or  timber. 

"  Whtu  mute  in  the  v>oodtalld^l  thine  echoes  «baU  die." 
Kcutt:  Lust  tVord*  of  Cadwallon.  I. 

B.  As  tidj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  woods ; 
sylvan. 

"  Shut  to  Olympus  from  the  woodland  shade." 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Odysaeu  K.  369. 

woodland- caribou,  a. 

Zool. :  A  large  variety  of  Taraiidits  rangifer. 
It  is  confined  to  the  southern  and  more  woody 
parts  of  the  fur  countries  of  Noith  America. 
[Caribou,  Reindeer.] 

*  wood'-land-er,  s.     [Eng.  luoodlaTid;  -ei-.] 
A  dwfUer'in  the  woodlands. 

'■  Friend  and  fellow  tnoodlander." 

Keats  :  Endj/tnioJi.  ii.  843. 

wood' -lark,  s.  [Eng.  wood  (1),  s.,  and  lark.] 
Ornitk. :  Alauda  arborea,  diff"ering  chiefly 
from  thf  Skylark  (q.v.)  in  its  smaller  size,  its 
shorter  tall,  more  distinctly  marked  breast, 
and  a  conspicuous  light-coloured  streak  ex- 
tending over  each  eye  and  the  ear-coverts. 
It  is  locally  distributed  in  England,  oceurrmg 
chiefly  in  East  Anglia,  migrating  southward 
in  winter ;  rare  in  Scotland,  and  a  winter 
visitant  to  Iix-land.  Its  note  has  neither  the 
power  nor  variety  of  the  Skylark,  but  is 
superior  in  quality  of  tone  and  is  longer  in 
duration.  The  nest  is  composed  of  grasses, 
moss,  and  hair,  placed  on  the  ground ;  eggs 
usually  four  or  five,  white  covered  with  little 
red-brown  spots. 

"  High  in  air,  and  pois'd  upon  his  wings 
Unseen,  the  soft  euamour'd  Woodlark  sings." 
Gilbert  MTi/ft;  tVatiiralist's  Suynnier-Eveniiia  H  atk, 

*  wood' -less,  a.  [Eng.  wooti  (l),s.;-fcss.]  Des- 
titute of  woods  ;  without  timber. 

•'Arable  and  woody  and  .  .  .  woodless  laud."— 
Fuller:   Worthies;  Sur/olk,  ii.  124. 

^  wood'-less-ness,  s.    [Eng.  ^voodless ;  -iiess.\ 
The'quality  or  state  of  being  woodless. 

*  wo6d'-ly,  *  wode-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  wood,  a. ; 
-bj.]    Madly,  furiously. 

"  The  liishups  therfore  and  their  seniautea.  with  a 
great  stieie  and  ahoue  cried  looodly  out:  Crucifie 
him,  crucifie  him."— f/t/at :  John  xix. 

*  wood'-mai-den,  s.  [Eng.  wood  (I),  s.,  and 
maiden.]    A  wood-nymph,  a  dryad. 

"  Such  as  Atoadiiadea 
Were  cleped  woodmaideus." 

Romaunt  of  the  Rose. 

wood-man,  t  wood^'-man,  5,   [Eng.  wood 

(1),  s.,  aiid  man.] 

1.  A  forest  ofticer  appointed  to  take  care  of 
the  king's  woods  ;  a  forester. 

*  2.  A  sportsman,  a  hunter. 

"  He's  a  better  woodman  than  thou  takeat  him  for," 
-^Skakesp. :  Measure/or  Measure,  iv.  S. 

3.  One  who  lives  iu  the  woods. 

■■They  lend  a  certaiu  domestic  charm  to  the  lonely 
hat  that  makea  the  solitJiry  woodsman  feel  he  is  not 
alone."— 5er (6 Iter's  Magazine,  August,  1677.  p.  423. 

4.  One  who  fells  timber  ;  a  wood-cutter. 

"  Thou  woodmnn  and  forrayer  both,  see  thou  neither 
cut  nor  lop  trees."—/*.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  xviii.,  ch 
xxxiiL 

^  wood'-ness,  ^  wode-nes,  *  w#d-nesse, 
•  wood-nesse,  s.  [Eng.  wood,  a.  ;  -nes$.] 
Madness,  fury,  passion,  anger. 

"His  fortune  turned  his  wrath  into  vioodnes."— 
Brevdv:  fluintus  Curtius,  fol.  'J. 

■  wood' -peck,  s.  [Eng.  wood  (1),  s.,  s-wdpeck, 
v.]  'Tlie  woodpecker  (q.v.). 

"  Nor  woodpecks  uor  the  swallow  harbour  near." 
Addison:  Virffil;  Qeorgiciv.  V>. 

wood'-peck-er,  s.  [Eng.  wood  (l),  s.,  aud 
pecter.] 

Ornith. :  The  popular  name  of  the  old  Lin- 
naean  genus  Picus,  now  greatly  divided.  Wood- 
peckers have  a  slender  body,  powerful  beak, 
and  proti-usile  tongue,  which  is  sharp,  b.arbed, 
and  ]iointed,  and  covered  with  a  glutinous 
secretion  derived  from  glands  iu  the  throat, 
this  coating  being  renewed  every  time  the 
tongue  is  drawn  within  the  bill.  The  tail  is 
stiff,  and  serves  as  a  support  when  the  birds 
are  clinging  to  the  branches  or  stems  of  trees. 
The  plumage  is  generally  «-'f  strongly  con- 
trasted colours,  black  and  white,  or  green  and 
yellow,  with  red  marks  about  the  heail.  Wood- 
peckers are  very  widL'ly  distributed,  bntaboand 


chiefly  iu  warm  climates.  They  arc  solitary 
in  habit,  and  live  in  the  deptlis  of  forests. 
Fruits,  seeds,  and  insects  constitute  their 
food,  and  in  pursuit  of  the  latter  they  exhibit 
wonderful  dexterity,  clii'nbing  with  astonisli- 
ing  quickness  on  the  trunks  and  branches  of 
trees,  and  when,  by  tapping  with  their  bills, 
a  rotten  place  has  been  discovered,  they  dig 
vigorously  in  search  of  tlie  grubs  or  larva; 
beneath  the  bark.  The  common  notion  that 
they  are  injurious  to  trees  is  erroneous,  as 
they  do  more  good  by  preventing  the  ravages 
of  insects  than  harm  by  their  pecking.  They 
roost  and  breed  in  hollow  trunks,  or  holes  iu 
trees,  enlarged  by  their  strong,  sharp  bills; 
the  eggs,  whicli  are  white,  smooth,  and  glossy, 
vary  considerably  in  number,  and  are  deposited 
on  a  bed  of  chips  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole. 
British  species  tlu-ee :  Gecinns  viridis,  the 
Green  Woodpecker ;  Dendrocopus  vutjor,  the 
Greater,  and  D.  minor,  the  Lesser  Spotted 
Woodpecker. 

wood' -pig-eon,  5.     [Eng.  wood  (1),  s.,  and 

■pigeon.] 

Ornithology : 

1.  Coluniba  palunibus,  a  well-known  bird 
common  in  the  British  Isles  and  distributed 
generally  over  Europe.  Length  about  seven- 
teen or  eighteen  inches  ;  head,  ehtn,  and  part 
of  neck  blue-gray,  rest  of  neck  and  breast 
purple-red;  bare  skin  at  base  of  bill  nearly 
white;  feathers  on  side  of  neck  tipped  with 
white  so  as  to  form  portions  of  oblique  rings  ; 
upper  parts  and  wings  slaty  bluish-gray ; 
plumage  of  hen  less  brilliant.  Varieties  more 
'  or  less  spotted  with  white  often  occur,  and 
perfect  albinos  are  sometimes  met  with.  The 
food  of  the  Woodpigeon  consists  of  corn  aud 
grain,  beL-chmast,  peas,  tares,  acorns,  the 
young  shoots  of  turnip-tops,  and  spring-sown 
corn ;  and,  as  these  birds  make  no  return  to 
the  farmer  by  destroying  his  insect  foes,  their 
rapid  increase  is  a  source  of  grave  anxiety  to 
agriculturists.  The  nest  of  the  Woodpigeon 
is  a  mere  platform  of  loose  sticks,  so  care- 
lessly constructed  that  eggs  and  young  birds 
are  often  blown  therefrom  and  destroyed. 
The  e.ggs  are  always  two  in  number,  white  and 
oval  ;  two  and  sometimes  three  broods  are 
produced  in  tlie  year.  Tlie  ordinary  flight  is 
very  strong  and  rajiid,  and.  if  disturbed,  the 
bird  springs  into  the  air  with  a  peculiar  Hap- 
ping of  the  wings,  which  may  be  heard  at  a 
considerable  distance. 
*  2.  Colu7)iha  amis. 

■'  As  to  the  wild  woodpigeon.  the  (Enas,  or  Vina-jo.  of 
Ray,  I  am  much  of  your  mind;  and  see  no  reason  for 
making  it  the  origin  of  the  common  house  dove  ;  but 
suppose  those  that  have  advanced  that  opinion  may 
have  been  misled  by  .inother  appellation  often  given 
to  the  (Enas,  which  is  tliat  of  stock-dove."— It^Atftf.' 
^elborn-.  lett.  xliv.    {To  Pennant.) 

wood'-reeve,  s.  [Eng.  wood{\),  s.,  audreei-e.) 
A  steward  or  overseer  of  a  wood. 

"But  there  w.is  no  woodreei'e  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  so  the  English  woods  were  voted  to  destruc* 
tion.'  -.•>?.  Jamci's  Gazette,  May  25,  1886. 

WOOd'-rdck,  s.  [Eng.  wood  (l),  s.,  and  rook.\ 
A  name  for  liguiform  asbestos. 

wood-ruif,  1  wood-rowe,  twood-row- 
ei.  ~  WOd-ruffe,  s.  [A.S.  wiukro/c,  wndur- 
cfe  ~  Aspencla  odorata,  &c. ;  rofc  doubtful. 
Probably  the  reference  is  to  the  ruft'  round 
the  stem  formed  by  the  verticillate  leaves.] 

Bot. :  The  genus  Asperula  (q.v.),  and  spe- 
cially the  Sweet  Woodrutf,  A.'iperula  odorata. 
It  is  highly  fragrant  when  dried,  aud  is  con- 
sidered a  diuretic.  Another  species,  .-f.  cy- 
tmnchina,  is  somewhat  astringent. 

wood'-§l-a,  s.  [Named  after  Joseph  Woods 
(1776-1SG4)  author  of  2"he  Tourist's  Flora.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Polypodea;.  Ferns  with 
pinnate  fronds,  scattered,  roundish  soil, 
liaviug  beneath  them  a  cup-shaped  inv(duci'e, 
ultimately  cut  at  the  edge  into  many  often 
capillary  segments.  Known  species  fourteen  ; 
from  the  eastern  hemisphere  and  North 
America.  Two  are  British  :  IVoodsiif  hyper- 
borea,  the  Round-leaved,  and  W.  ilveiu^is,  the 
Oblong  Woodsia.  The  tiist  has  a  linear, 
lanceolate,  pinnate  frond,  with  few  broad, 
ovate,  cordate,  entire  lobes;  the  second  a 
broadly-lanceolate  fi'ond,  with  m:iny  o\ate- 
obIf>ug,  obtuse,  deeply-piniiatiliil  lobes.  Both 
are  Alpine  ferns. 

t  woods'-man,  y.    [\Y'>uij.man.] 
t  wood' -snipe,  ^■.  [Eng.  i(?oo(Hl),s-.andA-a'>('.l 
Oniilk. :    An    old    English    name   for   the 


late.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father;   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine:  go.  pot, 
OT.  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  miite.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  riile.  full;  try,  Syrian,    as,  ce  -  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


woodsy— wool 


587 


Woodcock,  to  (listinguisli  it  fl'ointhe  Common 

"  Ni'tlinii  woodcocks  wiis  nt  ime  tiiiiotlR-  comniim 
wiiy  of  t:tkiiie  tliotu  :  fiT  Hii-\  li;i\.';ii»;ivs  ln.-fii  hit: lily 
«8totimG<l  :ifl  food.  Aitnlifi  hivUmhI  .^i  i  ;ii>tiirc  h^i*  liy 
'Bins'  iiiul  'spvinges  :'  .m.I  it  \Min;ii>.-riii  ilnti.  m  (  iim.--h 

past  tllC  'tCOOiittlinr'   M:h  .■.ili.-'liifl-f.l  :i   stiitiiil  Mnl.    — 
Sf.  JavH-x's  Giizctte,  Marcli  U,  1SS7. 

woods'-^,  c.  (Rnj;.  vnorls,  pi.  of  wooil  (1), 
s. ;  -;/.|  ndoiiging  to  or  asociatcd  with 
woods.    (/I  Hie?'.) 

*  wood'- wal.   '  woode  -wale,  '  wude- 

wale,  '  "WUd-wal,  .*.  [For  etym.  and  do!', 
sec  exlmct  under  WnKTlLE.] 

wood- ward' *i-a,  s.  [Named  after  Thomas 
.((■'nkin.sim  Woodward,  an  EDglish  botanist.  | 

1.  Hot. :  A  genus  of  Polypodeie.  Suri 
linear,  oblong,  or  sub-lunate,  with  an  indn- 
sium.  l''oiind  in  Madeira,  India,  Japan,  Aus- 
tralia, and  the  South  Sea  Islands. 

2.  Palcvobot. :  Occurs  in  the  Oligocene  and 
Miocene  of  Great  Britain  and  the  European 
contiiK-nl.     (Ethcruloe.) 

wood'-ward-ite.  5.  [Aft^r  Dr.  S.  P.  Wood- 
ward, of  tint  British  Museum  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 
Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  botryoiilal 
groujis  on  the  walls  of  a  level  of  an  aban- 
iloncd  mine  in  Cornwall.  Colour,  rich  tur- 
qiii'ise-  to  greenish-blue.  Described  by  Churcli. 
4'(nii]ios. :  a  hydrated  sulphate  of  alumina  and 
protoxide  of  copper.  Subsequent  analyses 
apiiear  to  indicate  that  it  is  a  mixture.  Dana 
puts  it  as  a  sub-species  of  Cyanotrichite(ii. v.). 

wood'  y,  '  wood'-ie,  n.    [Eng.  wood  (l),  s. ; 

-v-'l 
L  Ordinarii  Language: 

1.  Abounding  with  wood  or  woods ;  well 
wooded. 

"  Four  times  ten  days  I've  pass'd 
Waiid'riiig  this  ivoodu  maze." 

Milton:  P.  Ji..u.Zie. 

2.  Consistingorcomposedofwood;  ligneous. 

"  in  tlie  wniitti/  \invt»  of  plants,  which  .ire  their 
boiiPH.  tho  piincii>lcs  .ire  so  compounded  as  to  make 
thcui  Ik'Jiiblf  without  joints,  and  also  elastick."— 
Oreu: 

3.  Of  tlic  nature  of  wood. 

"Hcrlia  i>it-  those  phints  whose  stalks  are  soft,  and 
ii:iv..  II  it  I  iii^  woody  iu  them,  as  grass  and  hemlock." 
-  /      '        / '.  'n-nts  Xiit.  Philos.,  ch.  ix. 

■  1.  I  .(I, lining  to,  connected  with,  or  iu- 
hahiling  the  woods  ;  sylvan. 

"Tlic  woody  uymphs,  fair  Hama<Iryade3." 

Spenser:  F.  Q.,  I.  vi.  18. 

II,  Ik'f.  :  Having  tlie  texture  of  wood. 
woody-fibre,  woody-tissue,  s. 

Uul.  :  Fibrt:  or  tissue,  consisting  of  very 
long,  thin  membranous  tubes,  tapering  at 
each  end  ;  the  tissue  of  which  wood  is  com- 
posfd  ;  IMr  ufnichyma  (q.v.). 

woody-nightshade,  .^. 

/;<'/.  ;  A  coniiuuu  name  for  Solnnum  Did- 
aimara.     [BnTKu-.swEET,  Solancm.] 

woody-Stem,  s. 

Hot. :  A  stem  which  lias  tlie  hardness  and 
texture  of  ordinary  wood,  that  of  a  tree  or  ot 
a  shrub,  as  distinguished  from  a  herbaceous 
stalk  or  stem. 

wooed,  i"i.  par.  or  a.     [Woo.J 

wod'-er,  *  wo-er,  *  wow-er,  *  wow-ere, 

s.  [A.S.  vixjerc,  from  i'/o(/i((/i  =  to  woo(q.v.).] 
One  wlio  wooes  ;  one  who  courts  or  solicits  in 
love  ;  a  suitor. 


wooer  -bah,  s.  The  garter  knot  below 
tlu'  knc('  with  a  couple  of  loops.  (Scotch.) 
{Hutiis :  Halloween.) 

woof,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  Mid.  Eng.  oof,  due  to 
a  supposed  derivation  from  lyerti'e,  with  which 
it  is  ulliniately  connected;  A.S.  otcef—a 
wonf;  also  ocf?',  dme^,  frequently  contracted 
to  db.  These  words  are  compounds,  eontiiin- 
ing  the  prefix  a  or  6,  shortened  forms  of  on  :=. 
on;  so  that  nnf=on-wcf,  i.e.,  on-wcb  =:=  the 
web  that  is  laid  on  or  thrown  across  the  first 
set  of  threads  or  warp.  (Skeat.)']  [We.vve, 
Wm--i-.  I 

1.  The  threads  that  cross  the  warp  ;  the 
weft. 

*  2.  Cloth  ;  hence,  fig.,  texture. 

"i>(  iii:i»Hy  Stygian  laoof."    Thwneun:  Summer,  1,686. 

'  woof'-y,  o.  [Eng.  ivoof:  -y.]  Having  a  close 
texture  ;  dense  :  as,  a  v.mifi/  cloud. 


woo'-gur-a,  >;.  fNative  Japanese  name(?).1 
(S.vrtym.anddef.) 

woogura-mole,  s. 

XnoL :  A  Japanese  mole,  Talpa  looogura, 
like  its  Europi'an  congener,  butwith  the  snout 
pnnbiced  and  the  fur  of  a  ilingy  or  tawny 
ccliiur. 

wo6'-ing,  pi:  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Woo.] 

A.  A.'i  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  luij. :  Acting  as  one  who  wooe»i  ; 
courting. 

C.  As  suhst. :  The  act  of  soliciting  in  love  ; 
courting ;  soliciting. 

"  Uis  wealth  bad  laviiihed  been,  his  subatance  sp^nt. 
To  woo  and  lose,  since  ill  hi«  waotnjaped," 

Lona/cllow :  Student's  Talc 

*  woo'  ihg-ly,  firfr.  [En^.  wooijig  :  -ly.]  In 
a  UM..jii;^'  iiKinner;  enticingly ;  invitingly ; 
wil  li  piTsuasion  to  stay. 

"  Heaven's  breath 
Smells  wooingly  here."         Shahesp.  :  Macbeth,  i.  <',, 

wool,  *  wol,  *  wolle,  *  wulle,  "^  wonle,  s. 

[A.M.  wiiW,  -md ;  cogn,  witli  Dut.  wol:  Iccl, 
ull  (for  vull);  Dan.  uld ;  Sw.  ull :  O.  H.  Ger. 
■H'oi2a;Ger.  wolle;  Goth,  wulla;  Lith.  wUiia: 
Russ.  volna;  Sanse.  tintd  =  wool ;  Lat.  rillvs 
-=■  shaggy  hair  ;  vellus  =  a  fleece  ;  Gr.  eptor, 
etpos  {prion,  ci:ros)  =  wool.] 

1.  The  fleece  of  the  sheep ;  the  soft  hair 
which  grows  on  sheep  and  some  other  animals, 
as  the  alpaca,  the  vicugna,  some  species  of 
goats,  &c.,  which  in  fineness  somewhat  ap- 
proaches to  fur.  The  distinction  between 
wool  and  hair  is  not  radical,  one  being  but  a 
modification  of  the  other.  Wool  is  softer, 
more  curled  and  twisted,  and  more  flexible 
than  hair,  and  possesses  iu  a  much  greater 
degree  the  remarkable  property  of  felting. 
The  wool  of  the  same  animal  diflers  much  on 
the  various  parts  of  the  body :  that  on  tlie 
back,  shoulders,  and  sides  is  the  best.  Ac- 
cording to  its  quality  wool  is  divided  into 
diftert^nt  sorts,  which  receive  different  names. 
Atliret'fiiM  classification  into  primes,  seconds, 
and  Ihinls  is  pretty  general  in  this  country; 
but  snmt^tinii's  the  wool  of  a  single  tleeee  is 
divided  into  as  many  as  ten  sorts.  Wool  is 
also  divided  into  two  classes,  known  as  short 
or  carding  wool,  which  seldom  exceeds  three 
or  four  inches  in  length,  and  long  or  combing 
wool,  varying  in  lengtli  from  four  to  eight; 
inches.  The  finest  wools  are  of  short  staple, 
and  the  coarser  wools  usually  of  long  staple. 
English-bred  shee[i  produce  a  good,  strong 
combing  wool,  that  of  the  Scotch  breed  is 
somewliat  harsher  and  coarser.  The  Saxon 
merinos  have  long  been  considered  the  most 
valuable  in  point  of  fineness  of  fibre.  The 
wool  of  the  alpaca  is  superior  to  the  wool  of 
English  slieep  iu  length,  softness,  and  pli- 
ability, and  is  used  for  many  purposes  for 
which  silk  was  formerly  used.  The  wool  of 
the  llama  is  shorter  and  more  xough.  The 
chief  supply  of  wool  for  the  British  market  is 
obtained  from  Australia,  ftouth  America,  and 
South  Africa. 

•f  During  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  a  duty 
was  impose<l  on  tlie  exportation  of  Britisli 
wool,  and,  after  some  vicissitudes  of  taxation, 
its  despatch  to  foreign  countries  was  aVt.so- 
lutely  prohibited  in  ItitiO,  the  idea  being  enter- 
tained that  the  wool  of  England  was  superior 
to  any  obtained  abroad,  and  that  if  the  raw 
material  were  kept  at  home  the  world  would 
be  obliged  to  take  tlie  finished  manufacture. 
In  1S25  the  restriction  was  swept  away,  with 
the  usual  result  of  aiding  rather  than  imped- 
ing the  prosperity  of  the  woollen  manufacture 
(q.v.). 

2.  Less  strictly  applied  to  someother  kinds 
of  hair,  and  especially  to  shoi-t,  thick  hair, 
crisp  and  curled,  liko  the  hair  of  a  negro. 

*'  In  the  cauldron  boil  and  l>ake  ; 
Eye  of  newt  Jiud  too  of  f  ro^. 
Wool  of  bat  .and  tongue  of  dog." 

Shakcsp.  :  Macbeth,  iv.  I. 

3.  Any  fibrous  or  fleecy  substance  resefia- 
bliug  wool ;  specifically 

(1)  In  Bot. :  A  term  sometimes  applied  to 
line  vegetable  fibre  such  as  is  found  within 
a  seed-vessel.     [Woolly.] 

(2)  Mctall. :  A  slag  of  iron  blown  by  steam 
into  a  fibrous  form. 

(3)  Tlie  rawniaterial  [l.]  spun  intoa  yarn  or 
thread,  and  used  for  knitting  or  needlework. 
[If  (I)-] 

^(1)  Fancy  wool:  The  name  given  to  the 
varieties  of  wool  used  for  fancy  arti(des  of 
dress  or  house  decoration.    The  chief  kinds 


are :  Ucrlin  wool,  double  and  single,  used 
chiefly  for  wixdwork  (tj.v.);  fleecy  wonls ; 
Seotch  fingering,  for  knitting  socks  and 
stockings;  Shetland  wool,  fim-  ami  tightly 
twisted  ;  Pyreuean  and  Zephyr  wool. 

(2)  Great  ay  and  little  moot:  Great  noise  am! 
disturljance  out  of  all  proportion  to  useful  re- 
sults ;  much  ado  about  nothing, 

"  Of  tMtio  nwii  iinportancf'  full 
Kxctaiid,  ■  tireat  cr^/  ami  tittle  leoot  t ' " 

lVolc<}lt:  P.  Pindar,  p.  i-;.v 

wool-ball,  »•.  A  ball  or  mass  of  wool; 
specifically,  a  small  1«U  of  wool  fouiul  fre- 
quently iu  the  stomachs  of  sheep  and  oilier 
wool-bearing  animals. 

wool  bearing,  o.    Producing  wool. 

wool-burler,  5.  A  person  who  removes 
the  burs  or  little  knots  from  wool  or  woollen 
cloth. 

wool-burring,  s.     The  act  of  teasing 

uoid  with  I'lii  IS  or  teasels. 

wool  carder,  .s.    One  who  cards  wool. 

wool-carding,  6-.  An  early  process  in 
woolltit  manufacturo  for  disentangling  or 
tearing  apart  the  tussocks  of  wool,  and  laying 
the  fibres  parallel,  preparatory  to  spinning. 
It  is  only  the  short  staple  wools  that  are  sub- 
mitted to  this  operation,  the  long  staple 
wtiols  being  comlied. 

wool-coznbor,  i'.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  comb  wool. 

"  Half  a  down  woal-combert,  iierhaps.  are  iieueesftry 
to  ke^p  a  tbiiuiiaiid  splnnem  ana  weavera  at  work."— 
Smith:  iVc'ilt/i  "/  Xatiom,  bk.  i.,  ch.  x- 

WOOl-COmbing,  .■■•.  The  act  or  process  of 
combing  wool,  generally  ot  the  long  stapled 
kind,  for  the  purpose  of  worsted  manufacture. 
The  wool-combing  machine  separates  the  long 
from  the  short  fibres  of  the  wool.  Thi-  long 
fibres  are  also  laid  in  rt;gular  order,  so  tliat 
they  can  be  readily  spun  into  yarn.  Lister*.-* 
apparatus  clears  the  Iwig  fibres  by  drawing 
them  through  a  series  of  teeth  by  means  of  a 
inpper.  A  i^)air  of  .jaws  seizes  a  mouthful  of 
wool,  and  conveys  it  into  a  carrier,  which,  in 
its  turn,  deposits  upon  the  comb  a  biusli. 
pressing  it  down  ou  the  teeth  to  a  pKtpcr 
depth.  Having  cleared  one  end  of  the  staph-, 
it  transfers  the  uncleared  end  to  the  rotating 
comb,  from  which  it  is  extracted  by  drawing- 
rollers.  The  noils  are  removed  from  the 
comb  by  another  set  of  rollers.  The  long, 
cleared  wool  is  delivered  in  a  continuous 
sliver  from  the  machine  at  one  point,  the  noil 
being  passed  away  at  another. 

*  wool-driver,  s.     One  who  buys  w.r.d 

and  carrii's  it  to  market. 

wool-dyed,  c.  Dyed  in  the  form  of  wo.d 
or  yarn  before  being  made  into  cloth. 

wool-gathering,  ;;.  The  act  of  gatlni 
iug  wool ;  now  applied  proverbially  or  figura- 
tively to  tile  indulgence  of  idle  fancies ;  a 
foolish  or  fruitless  pursuit.  The  allusion  is 
probably  to  the  practice  of  gathering  the 
tufts  of  wool  to  be  found  ou  shrubs,  hedges, 
&c.,  which  necessitates  much  wandering 
about  with  little  result. 

"  Hi3  wits  were  a  wool-^athorinn  us  tliey  say.'"— flwr. 
tort :  A  iHitumy  of  Melancholy,  pt  i.,  §  i 

wool-grower,  >■.  A  person  who  breeds 
sheep  fi.'r  the  production  of  wool. 

wool  -  growing,  .-■.  The  business  of 
breeding  slieep  for  the  production  of  wool. 

wool-ball,  ^\  A  trade  market  in  the 
woollen  districts.     {Simnwnds,) 

wool-man,  '■.    A  dealer  in  wool. 

wool-mill,  J-.  A  mill  or  factory  bir 
manufacturing  wool  and  woollen  cloth. 

WOOl-moter,  s.  A  person  employed  in 
picking  wool  and  freeing  it  from  lumps  of 
pitch  and  other  impurities.    {SiMiiwnds.) 

wool-packer,  s.  One  who  puts  up  wool 
into  packs  or  bales  ;  also,  a  machine  for  com- 
pressing and  tying  fleeces. 

wool-picker,  a*.  A  machine  for  burring 
wool. 

wool  scribbler,  s.    The  same  as  Wool- 

LEN-SCRIlliJLER  (»l.V.). 

wool -shears,  .':.  An  instrument  for 
shearing  sheep. 

wool-Staple,  s. 

1.  A  eiiy  ur  town  where  wool  used  to  be 
biouglit  to  the  king's  staple  for  s;ile. 


boiL  boy;  poUt.  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus.  9hin.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist.    -Ing. 
-cian,    tian  =  shan.    -tiou.  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -jion  =  zhun.    -«ious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  dcL 


5«S 

J.    111.'  iibrt'  or  pile  of  wool.     (..St.M'LE.j 

wool  Stapler, .. 

1.  A  ilealfir  iu  wool. 

2.  A  wi)oI-snrter(q.v.). 
wool-thlstle,  .V. 

/;,',:  r-n-'ii'ii^  rriupkorus  {liritlcn  &  IIol- 
;.(;nO  .'Stuiii  iimcli  brancheii,  furroweil,  two 
lift,  hi'^h;  leaves  seiiii-ainplrxiiMiul,  but  not 
•  irciuTfiit,  white  and  cottniiy,  white  benealli, 
piniiritirnl,  spiiuMis  and  hairy,  head  very  larf^c, 
wmtlly,  involuere  globose ;  (lowers  pale  purple, 
antliei-s  bine.  Foaml  in  Eii^^land,  but  local  ; 
youn;;  parts  cooked  and  eaten  ;is  salad.  Called 
;iisn  till-  WnoUy-beaded  Thistle. 

wool -tree,  s. 

i:-if.  :  llie  t;enus  Eriodeiulron  (q.v.). 

wool-winder,  •-■.  A  person  employed  to 
wind  or  make  up  wool  into  bundles  to  be 
packed  for  sale. 

wodld,  vA.  [Dut.  woekii  —  to  wind,  to  wrap.] 
Nuut.:  To  wrap;  particularly  to  wind  a 
rope  round  a  mast  or  yard  when  made  of  two 
or  more  pieces,  at  the  place  where  they  are 
lished,  foi-  the  purpose  of  coiitiniug  and  sup- 
jiorting  tlieni. 

woold.  s.     [Weld  (I).J 

wodld -er.A-.    [Eug.  \ooold;  -tM-.] 

1.  Saitt. :  A  stick  used  for  tightly  winding  a 
rope  round  another  object,  as  in  tishing  a  spar. 

2.  Rapc-inaking :  One  of  tlxe  handles  of  the 
top.     ITop,  s.,  II.  3.] 

WOOld'-ihg,  pti.  par.y  a.,  &.  s.     [Woold,  y.] 
A.  -v  B.  -4s  ■pa.  par.  &  partlcip.  adj.:  (See 
the  verb). 
C-  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  winding,  as  a  rojte,  round  a 
mast. 

2.  A  ro[>e  used  for  binding  masts  and  spars. 

WOoV-en,  ^c.     [Woollen,  &c.] 

•  wo9l'-fel,  5.  [Eng.  wool,  and  fdl,  s.]  A  skin 
or  fell  wiUi  tlie  wool ;  a  skin  from  which  the 
wool  has  not  been  removed. 

'■  Wool  and  woolfels  were  ever  of  Iittl«r  value  iu  this 
V.\u^i\om.'—Datfies:  On  In-land. 

•  wool' -fist, s.     [Eng.  toool,  an<l7iA^]     A  term 

of  reproach.  Nares  suggests  that  it  may  have 
originally  meant  sheep-stealer,  or  purloiner  of 
wool. 

"  Ont,  you  sous'd  garnet,  you  woolfint  I  begone,  I  bay." 
—Prut,  to  Wily  ISegutled. 

Wool-hope,  ^\    {See  def.] 

'iro.f.  :  A  valley  near  Hereford. 

Woolhope-limestone  and  shale,  s. 

ili^of.  :  Tlie  lowest  ralciireous  ine-lnber  of  the 
U[)pt-r  Silurian  Rocks,  largely  dt^veioped  at 
Wooihope,  and  found  also  un  the  western 
rt;inks  of  the  Malvrn  Hills  and  May  Hill, 
near  Gloucester,  at  Walsall  and  Great  Bai-  in 
Staffordshire,  and  in  Radnorshire.  It  con- 
t;iins  remains  of  twenty-tive  species  of  fossil 
Crustacea,  chiefly  Trilobites,  lifty-nine  Brachi- 
o))ods,  eight  Gasteropo<ls.  three  Pteropods, 
andtliree  Ceplialojiods.    (Etheridije.) 

WOoUed,  a.  [En.i,'.  wool;  -ud.]  Having  wool. 
I'sed  in  coioposition,  as  a  Wne-awolled  sheep. 

wool  len,  *  wopl'-CB,  *  wol-len,  a.  & 

[.\..S.  vnilkti,  from  it>i>l,  wull=  wool.] 

A.  As  ifdjective  : 

1.  Made  of  wool;  consisting  of  wool. 

"  The  woollen  coat  .  .  .  which  covers  the  day  la- 
bourer."—Anf  A.-  \Vi:altTi  of  nations,  bk.  i.,  ch.  i. 

2.  Pertaining  to  wool. 

*  3.  Clad  in  the  rough,  homespun  serges  of 
former  times,  as  opposed  to  the  silk,  velvet, 
and  line  linen  of  the  wealthier  classes ;  hence, 
coarse,  boorish,  rustic,  vulgar. 

"  WooV'-n  vassals,  things  created 
To  buy  aiid  sell  with  gioata." 

Sliukes/i.  :  Coriolanug,  ili.  2. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Cloth  maile  of  wool,  such  as 
blanketings,  serges,  Hannels,  tweeds,  broad- 
cilotli,  and  the  like. 

"The  best  twoiterMaresold  ft  third  cheaper.  "—i7a(7« 
T'-ln/raph,  Dec.  8,  188;. 

2.  }ivt. :  Verbasaiiii  Tkapsvx.  [Verbascom.] 
■■  r.xrud  ill  .■■aolif.n  :  [Flannel,  A.  I.  3.]. 

woollen- draper,  s.  A  retail  dealer  in 
woollen  rlotb.  tlaiiu.-k,  and  the  like. 


woold— Woolwich 


woollen-manufacture,  ^^.  Tlir  act  ••( 
IiiriningWMol  into  cloth  and  stutf.  Tin-  fabrics 
wnvfii  iVom  slioil  wonls  are  distinctively 
called  woollens;  thos.-  from  long  wools  are 
termed  worsteds.  |\Vorstkd.]  The  manu- 
facture of  cloth  W!t.s  known  to  the  ancient 
(ireeks,  Romans,  the  Hindoos,  the  Jews,  &c. 
(Lev.  xiii.  47,  48,  xix.  li» ;  Dent.  xxii.  11),  but 
among  these  petjple  it  was  chiefly  a  domestic 
niainifacture.  In  all  pnibability  the  Romans 
lirst  introduced  it  into  Uritain.  There  is  little 
historic  mention  of  it  Inrfore  the  thirteenth 
century.  Edward  III.  improved  the  manu- 
facture by  inviting  over  Flemings,  who  were 
more  sUilful  in  it  tlian  the  English  of  that 
time.  During  subsequent  centuries  unwise 
legislation,  such  as  limiting  the  industry  tu 
particular  towns,  retarded  its  progress;  be- 
sides which  it  was  hampered  by  enactments 
equally  unenlightened  regarding  wool.  [Wool. 
II. J  Notwithstanding  all  ditficulties,  it  ulti- 
mately rooted  itself  deeply,  especially  m 
Yorkshire,  and  of  the  textile  arts  is  now 
second  only  to  the  cotton  manufacture.  In 
1902  the  exports  of  woollen  manufactures 
were  valued  at  £15,204,000,  being  exceeded 
only  by  the  export  of  cotton  manufactures, 
value  £65,054,000,  and  iron  and  steel  manu- 
factures, including  a  certain  amount  of  the 
raw  material,  £24,545,000. 

woollen-printer,  s.  A  workman  who 
impresses  patterns  or  colours  on  woollen  or 
mixed  fabrics. 

\roollen-scribhIer,  s.  A  machine  for 
combing  or  preparing  wool  into  thin,  downy, 
translucent  layers,  preparatoi7  to  spinning. 
(Sivimonds.) 

WOOl-len-ette',  j*.       [Eng.    woollen ;   dimin. 
snff.  -itte.] 

lud/ric:  A  thin  woollen  stutf. 

wool'-li-ness,  V.     [Eng.  imolly;  -iiess.]    The 
<in':ility  or  state  of  being  wuolly. 

^ffOol'-ly,  a.     [Eng.  wool;  -ly.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Consisting  of  wool. 

"  The  wann  and  woolly  fleece  that  cloath'J  herniur- 
tierer."  Drydt:n  :  Ovid;  iletam.  xv. 

2.  Resembling  wool. 

•'  My  fleece  of  woolly  hair,  that  uow  uncurls." 

Shakesp. :  7'itiis  Androiiicitu,  ii.  3. 

3.  Clothed  or  covered  with  wool. 

"  First  down  he  sits,  to  milk  the  loooUy  dams." 
Pope  //outer;  Odyssfy  ix.  4i>.i. 

4.  Covered  with  a  fleecy  substance  resem- 
bling wool.  (Ben  Jonsoit:  Forest;  I'o  Pen^- 
hurst.) 

IL  Bot.  :  Of  the  nature  or  appearance  of 
wool ;  covered  witli  long,  dense,  curled  and 
jnatted  hairs,  as  the  steni  and  leaves  of  Ver- 
ba.'iv.init  Tluipstts. 

woolly-bear,  s. 

Enfom. :  A  jiopular  name  for  the  caterpillar 
of  the  Tiger-ninth  (q.v.). 

woolly-butt,  .s. 

Bot.:  Evcttlifptus  luugijolia  and  E.  vlminalis. 
(Treas.  of  Bot.) 

w^oolly-clieetali,  &. 

ZooL  :  Fulis  lanai  (or  Cyncelnrns  jiibata,  var. 
/««««),  a  variety,  if  not  a  distinct  species, 
from  South  Africa.  It  ditl'ers  from  the  Cheetah 
in  having  woolly  hair,  and  the  spots  and  face- 
mark  brown  instead  of  black. 

woolly-elephant,  . 

Zuot. :  Elepluts  pri7iti(ji.'iLiiis.     [Mammoth.] 

woolly-lialred,  a. 

AiUhrop,  :  Having  hair  more  or  less  resem- 
bling wool.     (Ulotjiichi.] 

"  No  wooUy-haired  nation  has  ever  had  .in  important 
'hintory.'  "—BacckH:  Jiist.  Creation  (Eng.  ed.),  ii.  310. 

woolly-head,  ^.     A  negro.     So  called 

from  his  wool-like  hair. 

woolly-headed   thistle,    ^.      [Wool- 

TIIISTLK.] 

woolly-indris,  woolly-lemur,  ^. 

Zool.  :  Iiulris  lanigeT,  from  Madagascar  and 
the  adjacent  islands.  The  body  is  about 
eighteen  inches  long,  the  tail  two-thirds  as 
much.  The  general  tint  is  a  more  or  less 
rusty  brown,  with  a  whitish  band  on  the  fore- 
head. 

^roolly-macaco,  ^. 

Zool.  :  Leviur  morigoz,  a  native  of  Madagas- 
car. Ueneral  colour  of  fur  reddish-gray,  crown 


of  head.  lace,  and  chin  black,  black  sluak  vii 
■     lorchead  and  across  crown,  cliceks  iniii-gray. 

woolly-maki,  .s.    iWoolly-indrih.j 

wooUy-monUey,  .     [  Laijo n  m  i  x .  j 

woolly- rhinoceros,  s. 

Pakeont. :  Rhinoceros  tichorhiits,  probably 
the  best  known  form  of  the  extinct  Uhim)C'- 
roses,  specimens  having  been  founcl  tmboddoil 
in  iee.  The  skin  was  without  folds  and 
covered  with  hair  and  wool  ;  there  were  two 
horns,  the  anterior  one  being  of  remarkable 
size,  and  the  nostrils  were  separated  by  a 
complete  bony  partition.  The  geograiihicaj 
range  of  the  Woolly  Jthinoccros  wjis  over  the, 
northern  latitudes  of  Europe  and  A.sia,  but, 
inilike  the  Alammotli,  it  did  not  cross  lleli- 
ring's  Straits.  Its  remains  are  first  fonini  m 
ihe  Sliocene. 

'wool'-pack,  *  wol-pak,  5.    [Eng.  wool,  ami 
j^u'k.  ] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  A  pack  •t  bag  of  wool; 
specilically,  a  bale  or  bundle  weighing  240 
pounds.    {Rohert  0/  Glonceatery  p.  430.) 

2.  Geol.  (PL):  A  local  name  for  large  coi, 
c.retionary  masses  of  good  limestone,  occurring 
in  beds  of  impure  earthy  limestone  and  shale 
in  the  Wenlock  formation.  Some  of  them 
near  Wenlock  have,  according  to  Murchisun, 
a  diameter  of  eiglity  feet.  Called  also  Ball- 
stones.  (Woodward:  Geol.  Eng.it' IVules,-^.  ^>'}.) 

wool -sack,  *  wolle-sak,  s.    [Eng.  iim'/,  ^ . 
and  ifw-A.-.] 

1.  A  sack  or  bag  of  wool. 

2.  The  seat  of  the  Lord  Chancellor  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  It  is  a  large,  square  bag  of 
wool,  without  back  or  arms,  and  covered  with 
green  cloth. 

"  In  the  reign  of  Queen  Eli^ibetb  an  Act  of  P.-u-lct 
lueut  was  passe<.l  to  prevent  the  exportation  of  wool ; 
aud  that  this  source  of  our  national  wealth  mi^lit  l»e 
kejtt  constajitly  in  mind,  taoolsacks  were  placed  in  the 
House  of  Peers,  whereon  the  judges  sat.  Hence  tlu- 
Lord  Chancellor,  who  presides  in  the  House  of  Lord.-, 
is  said  to  '  sit  ou  the  woolsack,'  or  to  be  '  apt'oiuted  tu 
the  ioooUack,' " — Brewer  :  Diet.  Phrase  &  /•'nbU. 

'"  woolsack-pie,  ^.    A  kind  of  pic  made 

and  sold  at  til ■!  "  Wnolsack,"  an  old  London 
ordinary.  Ciilli'rd  ^uys  that  it  was  of  low  re- 
putation, and  a  Woolsack  pie  may  therefore  = 
'.;oai"se  fare.    (BenJonson:  Alchemist,  v.  2.) 


wool'-sey,  ^•.     [See  def.] 
linsey-woolsey  (q.v.). 


An  abbreviation  of 


wool'-sort-er,  s.  [Eng.  wool,  s.,  and  sorter.] 
A 'person  who  sorts  wools  according  to  their 
qualities.     [Wool,  s.  (1).]  ; 

woolsorters'  disease,  6-. 

Pathol.  :  A  kind  of  malignant  pustule  which 
often  atlects  persons  who  handle  the  wool  of 
animals  which  have  died  from  splenic  fever. 

"A  death  from  woaltorters'  disease  has  occurred  in 
Bradford."— Z)a«7tf  News,  Dec.  2,  1887. 

wool-stock,  s.  [Eng.  wool,  s.,  an<l  stock.] 
A  iieavy  wooden  hammer,  used  in  fulling  ehith.  ■ 

'  wool- ward,  '  wolle-ward,  ""  wol- 
ward,  *  wol-warde,  a.  [Eng.  wool,  s., 
nnd  «?«/■(?=  towards,  as  in  houiewuTd,  &c.j 
Dressed  in  wool  only,  without  linen.  Often 
enjoined  in  the  pre-Re formation  times  as  an 
act  of  penance.  (The  literal  meaning  is  "  liav- 
ing  the  skin  toward  or  next  the  wool.") 

'•  The  naked  truth  of  it  is.  I  have  no  shirt ;  I  ^o 
woolward  for  penAU\:i'."—Shakesp. :  Lofe's  Labonr't 
IjOSt,  V.  -J. 

"  woolward-going,  s.  The  act  or  jtrae- 
tice  of  wearing  woollen  garments  next  the 
skin  in  place  of  linen,  as  an  act  of  penance. 

'■  Their  watching,  fa.stiug,  loool-ward-jjoiti'j,  and  lisniK 
,it  midniu;ht."— r.Mnrfo/*. 

■Woor-w[9h  (second  w  silent),  s.  [See  def.) 
Geog. :  A  parisli  and  market  to-wn  about  nine 
miles  eiist-suuth-east  of  London.  The  town  is 
the  seat  of  a  great  Government  arsenal,  Thi- 
Royal  Dockyard  has  been  disused  since  ISCO. 
•[  Woolwich  and  Reading  Beds: 
Geol. :  A  series  of  Lower  Eocene  beds  for- 
merly called  the  Plastic  Clay  ('i.v.).  With 
the  exception  of  tlie  Thanet  Sands  (q.v.),  they 
are  the  oldest  Englisli  Tertiarit^.  They  occur 
in  England  both^in  the  London  and  llani]!- 
shire  basins,  the  Thanet  Sands  underlyin;; 
them  in  the  former,  but  being  absi-ut  from  Hit- 
latter  area.  In  the  London  basin  they  are  .seen 
chiefly  at  Blackheath,  Woolwich,  and  Read- 
ing. The  strata  consist  of  mottled  elays  .^ntl 
sand  with  lignite,  and  one  horizon  contain^ 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  miite,  cub,  ciire,  ^nite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


woolwork— wordy 


o89 


rolled  fiiiil  i>ebbles  derived  from  the  clialk. 
I'lic  Woolwich  and  Re;iding  hcds  are  of  fiv>li- 
\vMf.Rr,  fstuarino,  and  niariiio  origin.  An 
Kocciio  river  Ihiwod  from  tlie  south-west  into 
the  Thames  at  Woolwich,  liaving  in  it  various 
.shells,  Unios,  Pahulinas,  Cyrenas,  &c.,  with 
plant  remains  of  Ficiis,  Luiu'us,  &e.  In  the 
lowest  beds,  which  are  more  marine,  banks 
of  Oysters  (f's/mi  bdloviciiui)  occur.  The 
fauna  comprises  72  genera  and  123  species. 
Among  tliem  are  turtles  and  a  mammal  (Cory- 
phodon).  The  Plastic  clay  exists  in  the  Paris 
h:isjn,  with  the  same  remains. 

woolwork,.':,  ('''ns-  "'w'. ''*"d  "^'■^"■l  NeetUe- 
work  cXf.euled  willi  wool  on  eauvas. 

'  woon,  v.i.     [Won,  v.] 

'  WOOnt.  ".      iWoNT,  a.] 

woo  ra-ly»  woo'-ra-li,  .s.    [CrB.^m  ) 

*  woo?,  •  woose,  s.  [A.S.  wdse,  uwt'=  ooze 
(({.v.).  I     Ooze. 

"Tlic  .HguiRh  V'O'ii--  of  Kent  Hud  Essex.'— Hoirelt : 
\'iniiti-utioH  of  //imief/ (lai). 

■  wod^'-^^,  a.  [A.S.  wusig,  from  u'6se=oozc.] 
<  •'>/y,  moist. 

"  Wlint  ia  alioelHe  butii  foul  tooosu  iHHrsli?" 

Drayton :  Poly-Olbion.  a.  as. 

'  w^oot,  ".I.     [Wot.] 

wootz,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  verj- superior 
quality  of  steel,  made  in  the  East  Indies,  and 
imported  into  America  and  Europe  for  superior 
edge-tools.  It  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
thec'Iehratt'd  sword-blades  of  the  East.  Pro- 
fessor Faraday  attributed  its  excellence  to  the 
presence  of  a  small  quantity  of  ahuuinium, 
hut  otlier  analyses  show  no  trace  of  alumin- 
ium. Wootz  is  believed  to  be  made  by  a 
process  direct  from  the  ore. 

woo'  yen,  yu'-en,  .f.    [Chinese  name.] 

7,oo{.  :  JIuhbatL's  pileatus,  a  Gibbon  (q.v.), 
from  a  small  island  near  Camboja.  Little  is 
known  of  the  habits  of  this  species,  the 
individuals  of  which  differ  greatly  in  color- 
:ition  at  different  periods  of  their  lives.  The 
young  are  uniformly  of  a  dirty  white  ;  females 
white,  brownisli-white  on  back,  with  a  large 
black  spot  on  the  head  and  chest ;  males 
idack,  back  of  head,  body,  and  legs  grayish. 
Ther(.  is  a  stutfed  specimen  in  the  British 
Museum  (Natm-al  History),  South  Kensing- 
ton, I^ondoQ, 

wop,  .■'^     [Whoi-.] 

wor  -ble§i,  .■..  pi.    [Warbles,  s.] 

word,  *  worde.  s.  [A.S.  word ;  cogn.  with 
Out.  woonl ;  b-el.  ordk  (for  vord) ;  Dan.  &  Sw. 
(>;■(/;  Ger.  jvort :  Goth,  wuiu'd ;  IaL  verbmn  ; 
Lithuan.  wartios  =  a  name.  Word  smd  verb 
are  doublets.] 

1.  A  single  articulate  sound  or  a  combina- 
tion of  articulate  sounds  or  syllables  uttered 
Ity  the  human  voice,  and  by  custom  expressing 
a.n  idea  or  ideas  ;  a  vocable  ;  a  term  ;  a  sin-xli- 
component  part  of  a  language  or  of  huniaii 
speecli  ;  a  constituent  part  of  a  sentence. 

'•  L'poti  a  nearer  approach.  I  find  that  there  is  so 
cloHc  »  coiiuexioii  between  ide;is  nud  words  ;  and  our 
:>h3tiact  ideaa  and  ceneral  tcords  have  s«  constant  a 
relation  one  to  another,  that  it  is  impo^ible  to  s|>eak 
clearly  and  distinctly  of  our  knowledge,  which  all 
con^i-stt  ill  proprtsltions,  without  coueideriug,  first  the 
nature,  use,  and  sisjiiificatioii  of  language."— Zrf)c A: c  ; 
Uutn.   Understanding,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xxxiii. 

2.  The  letter,  or  letters,  or  other  characters, 
written  or  printed  which  represent  such  a 
vocable. 

X  {PI):  Speech,  language. 

"  8peak  fair  words." 

ShaJcesp. ;   Vcntt^  A  Adonis,  206. 

4.  Speech  exchanged ;  conversation,  dis- 
cour.ie,  talk. 

"  TliR  friars  .-itid  you  must  hiive  a  toord  anou." 
Sk<tkesp. :  Mctnnre  for  Mfosure,  v. 

,'i.  Conjmunication,  information,  tidings, 
rufssage,  account  (without  an  article,  and 
only  in  the  singular). 

"  To  send.hiin  iford.  they'll  meet  him. " 

Shakisp. :  Merry  Wifft.  W.  4. 

6.  A  term  or  phrase  of  command  ;  an  order, 
an  injimction,  a  direction,  a  command. 

"  BrutUH  giive  the  iwrd  too  early. " 

khiikear. :  Julius  Ctstar,  v,  3. 

7.  A  password,  a  watchword,  a  signal,  a 
mott^j  ;  a  distinctive  or  important  term  or 
pluase  adopte.d  as  a  signal  or  a  shiblK>leth. 

"  Now  t^i  my  imrd. 
It  is  '  Adieu.'  "  hhah-sp.  .  Hinnht.  i.  o. 


8.  A  t<M-m  or  phrase  implying  or  contaming 
an  assertion,  declaratitm.  promise,  or  the 
like,  which  involves  the  faith  or  honour  of 
the  uttcrer  of  it :  asaurauer,  promise,  atllrma- 
tiou.    (With  possessive  pronouns.) 

"  No,  hy  my  word ;— a  burly  Kfooin 
ile  Heeins."  Scoit  :  lad^  of  (A*  Ati&^,  v.  n, 

■^  9.  A  brief  or  pithy  remark  or  saying ;  a 
proverb,  a  motto. 

"The  old  word  i>i,  'What  the  eye  views  not  tbo  heart 
nil's  not."  ■■—«;'-  ""If. 

10.  Terms  or  jdinxses  interchangetl  express- 
ivi^  of  anger,  contention,  reproach,  or  the 
like.  (Used  in  the  plural,  and  generally 
qualified  by  adjectives,  such  as  high.  hot. 
shirp,  harsh^  or  the  like.) 

"  Some  toords  there  grew  'twlxt  Somer9(*t  and  me 
Cihttkesp.  .■  1  Hfnru  ('/,,  ii.  ;■ 

*\  1.  A  ward  and  a  hlaw:  Immediate  action  ; 
a  threat  and  its  immediate  execution  ;  extreme 
promptitude  in  action. 

'*  I  lind  there  it*  nothing;  but  a  word  and  a  bt'"i' 
viith  you."— Swi/t :  Poliy  Vonvertation,  i 

1  Also  used  adjeetively. 

"(.'alliuK  him  a  toord-und-attlow  miui."—Mr$.  Trol- 
l^pe :  JUichael  Armtlronsr,  ch.  Iv, 

2.  By  wwd  of  mouth  :  By  actual  speaking  ; 
orally  ;  viva  \oce. 

3.  Good  vxivd,  *  Oood  v.^onls :  Favourable 
account  or  mention  ;  commendation,  praise  ; 
expressed  good  opinion. 

"To  apeak  a  good  toord  to  Miatreos  Aiuie  Page  fi>r 
my  muster.  "Shakrgp. :  Mi-rrj/  fyifen,  i.  4. 

4.  Ill  a  word.  In  one  word :  In  one  short 
sentence;  briefly;  in  short;  to  sum  up;  in 
tine. 

"  In  a  tpord  .  .  - 
He  is  complete  in  feature  and  in  mind." 

Shaketp.  :  Two  Genttmnm,  ii.  4, 

*  5.  hi  word :  In  mere  phrasetdogy  ;  in 
speech  only  ;  in  mere  seeming  or  profession. 

"Let  us  not  love  in  word,  neither  in  tongue,  hut  iu 
deed  and  in  truth."—!  John  iii.  l(t. 

6.  The  Word : 

(1)  The  Scriptures,  or  any  part  of  them. 

"The  sword  and  thf  wi.rd.'  Do  you  study  them 
both,  master  jMirson?"— i'ftoic*;!. .  Merry  Wiuei.  i\\.  1. 

(2)  The  second  person  of  the  Trinity ;  the 
Logos  (q.v.). 


7.  To  eat  oiie's  word^ :  To  retract  what  one 
has  said. 

■■  I  w  ill  not  tiat  m't  words." 

Shakftp,  :  Much  ,(ri«.  v.  4. 

8.  To  ho  re  a  7ri>rd  with  a  person  :  To  have  a 
conversation  with  him. 

"  The  geiiemU  would  hai'C  some  ivordii." 

Shtike«p.  :  Jitliwt  Ca*ar.  v.  i. 

*  Jt.  With  a  word.  At  n  iivrd  :  In  short ;  in  a 
word. 

10.  Word  for  word :  In  the  exact  wonls  or 
terms  ;  verbatim,  exactly  :  as.  He  re[>eated 
tlie  message  word  for  word. 

word-book,  s.  [Cf.  tier,  worterbuch  =  a 
dictionary,  from  vorter,  pi.  of  worf  —  a  word, 
;ind  6ur/i.  =  a  Iwok.]  A  dictionary,  a  vocabu- 
lary, a  lexicon. 

'  word-bound,  o.  Restrained  or  re- 
stiictcd  in  spi-t-ch  ;  unable  or  unwilling  to 
express  ones  ^telf;  bound  by  one's  word. 

"  tVord-ftoiind  hv  is  not'. 
Hell  tell  It  nilliiiyly."  Jotinnti  Bitillie. 

'  word-building.  .>;.  The  formation,  con- 
struction, or  composition  <it'  words ;  the  pro- 
cess of  fornnng  or  making  words. 

•  word-catcher,  a.  One  who  cavils  at 
words  or  syllable^i. 

"  Gach  wight  who  reads  uot.  and  but  hchus  and  apellti. 
E>ich  icovd-calvhcr  that  lives  on  syllables," 

Pope :  Kpistif  to  A  rbnthnot. 

'  'word -monger, .-..  one  wim  uses  many 
words  ;  a  verhiilist. 

"The  work  of  a  |>aradoxiCRt  word-nionffi-r  who  did 
not  know  what  he  wa*  writing  a1>out."— AatVv  TV/e- 
'iraph,  Dec.  8.  18«T. 

word-painter,  .■-•.  One  who  is  gifted 
with  the  puwtT  of  depicting  scenes  or  events 
in  a  peculiarly  graphic  or  vivid  manner;  om- 
who  affects  great  picturesqueness  of  style. 

word-painting,  s.  The  art  of  depicting 
or  describing  scenes  or  events  in  words  so  as 
to  bring  them  vividly  and  distinctly  befitre 
the  mind. 

word-picture,  ,>•■.  A  vivid  and  accurate 
description  of  any  scene  or  event,  so  that  it 
is  brought  cicurly  before  the  mind,  as  in  a 
picture. 

word-square,  v.  A  square  formed  by  a 
si-iii-s  of  wonls  so  arranged  that  the  letters 


To  argue,  to  wrangle,  to 


speU  each  of  the  wordH  when  read  across  or 
lownwanU :  as, 


word  warrior,  '■.    one  who  strives  or 

quibble>  abnut,  wordn.     (Hnxter.) 

word,  ■  word-en,  v,i.  &  t.    [Wonn,  .•;.] 
'  A.  Intraiis, :  To  speak,  to  argue. 

"  Settu  hyni  on  Iwnche*. 
Aud  wordfden  wel  wymll  .^  gret  whllo  togldere*," 
/'.  riowinan.  Iv.  4«. 

B.  TranMtire: 

!.  To  express  in  words  ;  to  phiuse,  ^'  style. 
(Now  only  in  the  pa.  par.) 

"  Complaining  In  a  H|K'ech  weU  wordfd,"     • 
Cowper :  The  f'oet.  thi'  Oyttrr,  &  Siintitlm  Plant. 

'  2.  To  produce  an  effect  on  by  words  ;  to 
ply  or  overpower  with  words. 

"If  one  were  to  bo  worded  to  death.  Italian  i>i  the 
ntteat  language.  In  regard  of  the  fluency  and  nuf  liiewi 
ol  iV— Howell:  UtUrrt,  bk.  J.,  let.  Vi. 

•  3.  To  flatter,  to  cajole. 

"  He  word*  nte,  girln,  he  word*  mu,  that  I  should  not 
Be  nohli-  to  myself." 

Shakesp.  .■  Antonf/  *  Vlcop<Urit,  v.  2. 

*  4.  To  make  or  unmake  by  a  word  or  com- 
mand. 

"  Him  .  .  ,  who  could  word  hnivcn  and  eiirth  out  ot 
nothing,  and  can  wheu  he  iileaiteB  word  them  into 
nothing  ngiUu." — South. 

'  %  To  word  U : 
dispute. 

"  He  that  descends  not  to  word  it  with  a  )ihrew,  dm'^ 
worse  than  beat  her." — L'Kttran-fi-. 

'  wdrd'-er,  5.  [Eng.  word  ;  -er.]  A  si>eaker, 
a  writer. 

"We  could  not  say  aj*  niuuh  of  our  high  wordrrt.'— 
WhidfK-k  ■  Manners  of  fA*-  fJuffUgh.  p,  359. 

"  WOrd'-i-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  wordy;  -ly.]  In  a 
wordy  or  verbose  maimer. 

'  WOrd'-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  wordy ;  -nfss.]  Tlie 
quality  or  state  of  being  wordy  or  verbose  ; 

verbosity. 

word'-ing.  .%    (Eng.  word:  -iny.] 

1.  The  act  of  expressing  in  words. 

"  Whether  hiH  e\temj«irary  loordinp  might  not  be  a 
■ieEect.  and  the  like.""— /W/  .■  Life  of  J/amnutnd.  5  X 

2.  The  manner  in  whicli  anything  is  ex- 
pressed in  words. 

"  Objection  waa  mlsed  by  a  senator  to  the  wording 
of  the  fi>urth  clause."— fln (7//  Teiegrap:*,  Feb.  14,  1885. 

■  word'-ish,  ('.  [Eng.  word;  -ish.]  Respect- 
ing W(»rds  ;  verbal. 

■'  In  these  wordinh  testimouies  (aa  he  will  uill 
t  he  m|.  "—ffa 711  mond  .-   Works.  iL  167. 

■  w6rd'~ish~ness.  n.    [Eng.  loordish  ;  -nf-w.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wordish. 

2.  Veibusity. 

"The  truth  they  hide  hv  their  dark  MwrdiVi neM. " 
Di-jby  :  On  liodies.     (Fref.) 

*  word' -less,  a.  [Eng.  word;  -less.]  Not 
tising  words  ;  not  speaking  ;  silent,  speechle.ss. 

"  Her  joy  with  heaved-up  hands  she  doth  exprees. 
And,  i/virrf^cM.  so  greeli  heaven  for  his  success," 

SInikfBp. :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  112. 

*  word^-man,  s.  [Eng.  words,  and  man.] 
(hip  whoaltarhes  undue  importance  to  words; 
one  who  deals  in  mere  words  ;  ;i  verbalist. 

■'  Some  speculative  wordtman'' —liushnelL 

'  words' -man-ship,  >'^.  [Eng.  vx>rdsnmn  : 
-.-■hiiK]'  Kii-'wledi^e  or  command  of  words; 
tluency. 

"  word' -Spite,  «.  (Eng.  word,  and  spifc] 
Abusive. 

"A  flillyyet  ferocious  H'ordtpite<i)iRin\.''—Palgrai'e 
niU.  .Von;i.  Jb  England,  il.  58L 

word'-strife,  s.    [Eng.  word,  and  strife.) 
Dispute  about  words. 

"The  end  of  tbi«  .  .  word^rife.''—Back«t:  Life  cJ 
WiUmm»,  ii.  16T. 

word'-Sr  (1),  a.    [Eng.  word;  -j/.] 

1.  Cimsi.sting  of  words  ;  verbal. 

"  ThuH  in  a  wordy  war  their  touguen  dis|ilii)' 
More  tierce  inti-nts.  |>reludtng  to  the  frny." 

Cowp^r :  /fomrr;  Odyttry  xviii.  40. 

2.  Containing  many  words ;  full  of  words; 
difl'nse. 

"  In  this  their  wordy  aud  wearisome  volume."—//^. 
Hall:  Anmoer  to  Vindiatfittn  of  !*mrctyn*nuiu. 

3.  Uaiiig  many  Words  ;  verbose,  prolix. 

"  A  w^rrf.v  orati>r  .  .  .  making  a  niainilticent  9|>eeuh 
ftdl  of  vaiu  promises,"- .V/)ecf(tror.    {To'id.i 

4.  Pertaining  or  rehiting  to  words. 

"  Uo|>tf  to  win  the  tpordy  race  " 

Byron  ,    A  Cn/Zcj/c  Kjurnination. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  j<Swl ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus.  9liin,  ben^h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f: 
-cian,    tian  --^-  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -tion,    ^ion  —  ^t^nw,    -cioua.  -tious,  -sious  —  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  .tc.  —  bel,  deL 


590 


wordy— work 


wor'-dy  (2),  o.    [Wouthy.]    {^Scotch.) 

wore*  ,'•:■(.  ■/  r.    OVeab,  r.] 

work,  ■  wcrch  en,    wirch-en,     werke. 
•wirke,  woixh  en,  worke.  woorch- 

en  (I'll.  t.  worktdf  in-uiujlit,  pit.  iiar.  worked, 
wroii'jbt),  v.L  &  t.  [A.S.  toyrcaii,  wirmn. 
vcm'tn   (pa.  t.    uwhtt;    i)a.    par.    ijcworhi).] 

[WoKK,  s.] 

A,  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  exertion  for  some  end  or  pui- 
\utsv;  It)  en^aj^e  in  or  be  employed  on  Home 
task,  labour,  duty,  or  the  like  ;  to  be  occupied 
ill  the  performance  of  some  operation,  pro- 
cess, or  undertaking  ;  to  labour,  to  toil. 

"ThU  w«  coimiiaudL-U  you.  i(  ftuy  would  nut  work, 
neither  stiould  \iv  e.it."— 2  Thcas.  iii.  10. 

2.  To  use  elTorts  for  attaining  some  ob^ject  or 
aim  ;  to  strive,  to  labour ;  to  exert  one  s  self. 

"  I  will  work 
To  l>vl»g  tbis  matter  to  the  wished  end." 

Shakffp.:  1  Jlvnri/  VI.,  iii.  3. 

3.  To  be  customarily  engaged  or  employed 
in  any  business,  trade,  profession,  employ- 
ment, or  till*  like;  to  be  in  employment;  to 
liold  a  situation  ;  to  be  occupied  as  a  worker  ; 
to  perform  tlie  duties  of  a  workman,  man  of 
business,  &c.    (Isaiah  xix.  9.) 

4.  To  be  in  motion,  operation,  or  activity  ; 
to  keep  up  a  continuous  movement  or  action  ; 
to  act,  to  operate :  as,  A  machine  works  well. 

5.  To  have  or  take  etfect ;  to  operate ;  to 
exercise  influence ;  to  be  effective ;  to  produce 
an  effect. 

"  All  tilings  work  together  for  good  to  them  that 
love  OihI." — /iumnns  viii.  23. 

*  6.  To  be  in  a  condition  of  strong,  violent, 
or  severe  exertion  ;  to  be  agitated  or  tossed 
about ;  to  toil,  to  heave,  to  strain. 

'■The  aea  wrought  luiJ  was  tempestuous."— i/o;j« ft 
i.  11. 

7.  To  travel ;  used  of  conveyances  and  o\' 
their  drivers  :  as,  This  train  iuorfcsfrom  King's 
Cross  to  Hatfield ;  this  busman  works  from 
Hammeismitb  to  Liverpool  Street. 

8.  To  make  way  laboriously  and  slowly ;  t<) 
make  progress  with  great  exertion  and  ditti- 
culty  ;  to  pi'oceed  with  a  severe  struggle. 
(Generally  followed  by  adverbs,  such  as  along, 
(loiuny  into,  out,  thrmujh,  &c.) 

"All  [vftchtsl  workiutf  into  Start  Bay  to  avoid  the 

tide."— Fifiti,  aept.  4,  isac. 

9.  To  ferment,  as  liquors. 

"  If  in  tlie  wort  of  beer,  while  It  ivorketh,  before  it 
be  tunned,  the  bun"age  be  often  clumged  with  frenh, 
It  will  iii.'tke  a  ttovtreigu  diink  for  melancholy. " — 
Bacon:  Satural  ffUtory. 

10.  To  operate  or  act,  as  a  purgative  or 
catliartic  ;  to  act  internally,  as  a  medicine. 

"  Most  jjurges  he-it  a  little :  and  all  of  them  work 
beat  .  .  .  in  w;irn»  weathw." — drew:  Cosmotoifia. 

11.  To  succeed  in  practice ;  to  act  satis- 
factorily :  as.  The  plan  will  not  work.  (Colloq.) 

B.  TiaiisUive : 

1.  To  bestow  labour,  toil,  or  exertion  upon  ; 
to  convert  to  or  prepare  for  use  by  labour  or 
effort. 

2.  To  extract  useful  materials  or  products 
from  by  labour, 

"  Aiiil  given  the  reiisoa  why  they  forbear  to  work 
tbeui  |iuiues|  nt  that  time,  and  when  they  left  otf 
from  Working  t\tem."—Kaleigh. 

3.  To  produce,  accomplish,  or  acquire  by 
labour,  toil,  or  exertion  ;  to  effect,  to  perform, 

"  The  change  sh.ill  jdease,  nor  shall  it  matter  anght 
Who  works  the  wonder,  if  it  be  but  wioughl." 

Cowper  :  CunvtirsaCion,  &4C. 

*  i.  To  be  the  cause  of ;  to  etlect ;  to  bring 
about. 

'■  Our  light  affliction,  which  is  bnt  for  a  luoment, 
worki-th  for  us  a  far  mure  exceeding  and  eternal  weight 
of  glory."— 2  Corinth,  iv.  17. 

5.  To  put  or  set  iu  motion,  action,  or  exer- 
tion ;  tu  keep  busy,  or  in  a  stale  of  activity. 

"  Put  forth  thy  utmost  strength,  loork  every  nerve." 
Addison:  C'tttu,  i,  l, 

6.  To  direct  the  action  of;  to  manage,  to 
handle  :  as,  To  lOork  an  engine  or  a  ship. 

7.  To  transact,  to  manage,  to  can-y  out. 

"  SAlomou  saitb:  H' eric  all  thinges  by  conseil,  and 
thou  Shalt  never  reiwnte."— Tuie  of  Jfelibeus. 

8.  To  bring  by  action  or  motion  to  any 
state,  the  state  being  expressed  by  an  adjective 
or  other  word. 

•■  .Sfi  the  pure  limpid  stream,  when  foul  with  »taius  .  .  . 
Works  itself  clear  "  Addison:  Ctito.  L  L 

9.  To  attain  or  make  by  continuous  and 
severe  labour,  exertion,  strng!;;le,  or  striving; 
to  force  gradually  and  with  labour  or  exertion. 

"  Within  that  dome  as  yet  Decay 
Uath  slowly  work'U  her  cankering  way." 

Byrtin:  The  GitMur. 


10.  To  .solve ;  to  work  out :  as,  To  loork  a 
sum.    {CoUoq.) 

*  U.  To  influence  by  continued  prompting, 
urging,  or  like  means*;  to  gaiu  over;  to  pre- 
vail upon  ;  to  lead  ;  to  induce. 

"  What  you  would  work  me  to,  I  liave  some  aim." 
Shakesp.  :  JtiUus  CtBSar,  i.  2. 

12.  To  make  into  shape ;  to  form,  to  fashion, 
to  mould :  as,  To  n-ork  clay. 

13.  To  embroider. 

*'  A  piiitceas  wrought  it  [a  handkerchief)  me." 

Shakcsp.  :  King  John.  iv.  I. 

14.  To  operate  upon,  as  a  purgative  or 
cathartic ;  to  purge. 

*  15.  To  excite  by  degrees  ;  to  act  upon  so 
as  to  throw  into  a  state  of  perturbation  or 
agitation  ;  to  agitate  violently. 

'■  Some  passion  that  works  him  strongly." 

Shaktsp.  :  Tempest,  iv. 

16.  To  cause  to  ferment,  as  liquor. 

51  1.  To  work  against:  To  act  in  opposition 
to  ;  to  oppose  actively. 

2.  Tfj  work  ill, : 

(1)  Iiitraiis.  :  To  intermix,  to  unite,  to  fit 
in,  to  agree. 

"  Our  routes  will  work  in  excellently  with  those  of 
the  Australian  explorers  in  1B81  and  lS82."-—AthcneeuTii, 
Dec.  20,  1881. 

(2)  TraTisltive : 

(a)  To  intermix,  as  one  material  with 
another,  in  the  process  of  manufacture  or  the 
like ;  to  interlace,  to  weave  in :  as,  To  work 
bad  yarn  in  with  good. 

(b)  To  cause  to  enter  or  penetrate  by  con- 
tinued effort :  as.  The  tool  was  slowly  loorked  in. 

3.  To  work  into : 

(1)  The  same  as  To  work  in,  (2)  (b). 

(2)  To  introduce  artfully  and  gradually  ;  to 
insinuate  :  as,  He  worked  himself  into  favour. 

*  (3)  To  alter  or  change  by  a  gradual  pro- 
cess. 

"  This  imperious  man  will  work  ub  all 
From  princes  into  pages." 

aiiakt^sp. :  Henry  VIII.,  ii.  2. 

i.  To  work  off:  To  remove  or  get  rid  of,  as 
by  contiuued  labour,  exertion,  or  by  some 
gradual  process:  as,  [To  iwrfc  o^  the  impurities 
of  a.  liquor  by  fermentation. 

5.  To  work  on  (or  upon) :  To  act  on  ;  to 
exercise  an  influence  on ;  to  influence,  to  ex- 
cite, to  charm. 

6.  To  work  one's  passage : 

Xaut. :  To  give  one's  work  or  services  as  an 
equivalent  for  passage-money. 

7.  To  work  one's  xoay :  To  progress,  to  suc- 
ceed, to  advance. 

8.  To  work  out: 

(1)  Intrans. :  To  result  in  practice. 

"  Reforms,  which  looked  very  well  on  paper,  but 
did  not  teork  out  very  well." — Daily  Chronicle,  Dec.  8, 
1887. 

(2)  Transitive:  ■ 

(a)  To  effect  by  continued  labour  or  exer- 
tion ;  to  accomplish. 

"  iVork  out  your  own  salvation  with  fear  and 
tiemhViug."— PhUippiana  ii.  IS- 

(6)  To  solve,  as  a  problem. 

**  M. — .  Malvolio;  M.— why.  that  begins  my  name  ; 
Did  not  I  say  he  would  work  it  out  t " 

Sh^kesp. :  Twelfth  Night,  ii.  5, 

(c)  To  exhaust  by  drawing  or  extracting  all 
the  useful  material  from :  "as,  The  mine  was 
quite  worked  out. 

*  ((/)  To  eflace,  to  erase. 

■'  Tears  of  joy  for  your  returning  spilt. 
Work  out  and  expiate  our  former  guilt," 

Dry  den,    {Todd.) 

9-  To  work  up : 

(1)  Intrans. :  To  make  way  upwards ;  to 
rise. 

(2)  Transitive : 

(a)  To  make  up ;  to  convert ;  to  make  into 
shape. 

"  Tubular-shaped  blossoms  .  .  .  are  of  great  value 
for  working  up  in  bouquets."— /'ield.  Oct.  3,  1835. 

(b)  To  stir  up,  to  excite,  to  raise,  to  agitate. 

"  This  lake  resembles  a  sea  when  worked  up  by 
storms."- -1  ddison.    ( Todd. ) 

(c)  To  use  up  in  the  process  of  manufacture 
or  the  like  ;  to  expend  or  utilize  in  any  work  : 
as.  We  have  worked  up  all  our  material. 

(d)  To  expand,  to  enlarge,  to  elaborate :  as. 
To  work  up  an  article  or  story. 

(e)  To  learn  or  gain  a  knowledge  of  by 
study  :  as.  To  work  up  a  subject. 

*</)  To  exhaust  the  strength  or  energy  of 
by  too  heavy  or  continuous  toil ;  to  weary 
or  fatigue  by  hard  work  ;  to  wear  out. 


work,    'warke,    *werk,    'werke, 

'  WOOrk^  .^■.     [A.S.  vx'orc,  icon:,  urn: :  cogn. 
with  Dut,  wcrk  ;  Icel.  vcrk ;  Dan.  va-r/: ;  Sw. 
vcrk ;  O.  H.  Ger.  v;erch,  wei'ah ;  Gcr,  wcrk.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Exertion  of  strength,  energy,  or  other 
faculty,  physical  or  mental  ;  effort  or  activity 
directed  to  some  purpose  or  end  ;  toil,  labour, 
employment, 

"  All  at  her  tvork  the  village  maiden  sings." 

/I.  Giffard:  CoiitcJnpUUion. 

2.  The  matter  or  business  upon  whicli  one 
is  engaged,  employed,  or  labouring  ;  that  upon 
which  labour  is  expended ;  that  which  en- 
gages one's  time  or  attention  ;  any  business  or 
project  upon  which  one  is  employed  or  en- 
gaged ;  an  undertaking,  an  enterprise,  a  task. 

"  I  have  work  in  hand  th.T.t  you  yet  know  not  of." 
Shakcsp. :  Merchant  of  i'enicii,  iii.  4. 

3.  That  which  is  done  ;  that  which  proceeds 
from  agency ;  an  action,  deed,  feat,  achieve- 
ment, or  performance ;  an  act  done. 

•'  The  workx  which  the  Father  hath  given  me  to 
finish,"— ^o'ln  v.  36. 

I.  That  which  is  made,  manufactured,  or 
proiluced ;  an  article,  piece  of  goods,  fabric, 
or  structure  produced  ;  a  product  of  nature  or 
art. 

"  The  worker  from  the  work  distinct  w.hs  known." 
Pope:  Essay  on  Man,  iii, ;::;». 

5.  Specifically  applied  to, 

(1)  That  which  is  produced  by  mental  labour ; 
a  literary  or  artistic  performauce  or  composi- 
tion :  as,  the  works  of  Shakespeare. 

(2)  Embroidery ;  flowers  or  figures  worked 
with  the  needle ;  needlework. 

"  This  is  some  minx's  token,  and  1  must  t,Tke  out 
the  work,"—Shak^sp.:  OtheUo,  iv.  1. 

(3)  An  extensive  engineering  structure,  as  a 
dock,  biidge,  embankment,  fortification,  or 
the  like. 

"  I  will  be  Avalking  on  the  works." 

Shakesp.:  Othello,  iii.  2. 

6.  An  industrial  or  manufacturing  establisli- 
ment ;  an  establishment  where  labour  is  cai'- 
ried  on  extensively  or  in  different  depart- 
ments ;  a  factory.  (Generally  in  the  plural : 
as,  gas-iyoris,  iron-Jt'orArs,  &c.) 

*  7.  Manner  of  working  ;  management, 
treatment. 

"  It  is  pleasant  to  see  what  leork  our  adversaries 
make  with  this  imioceut  cauou." — Stiltini/fieet. 

II.  Teclinically : 

1.  Mech,  :  The  overcoming  of  resistance; 
the  result  of  one  force  overcoming  another ; 
the  act  of  producing  a  change  of  configuration 
in  a  system  in  opposition  to  a  force  which 
resists  that  change.  In  England  the  unit  of 
work  is  taken  as  a  weight  of  one  pound  lifted 
one  foot, 

"Iu  all  cases  in  which  we  are  accustomed  to  speak 
of  work  being  done — whether  by  men.  horse-powcv,  or 
steam-power,  and  however  v.i.riuU3  the  products  may 
be  iu  ditferent  cases— the  physical  part  of  the  process 
consists  solely  in  producing  or  changing  motion,  or  iu 
keeping  up  motion  in  opposition  to  resistance,  or  in  a 
combination  of  these  actions." — Atkinson:  Uanot ; 
Physics,  §  60. 

2.  Min.  :  Ores  before  they  are  cleaned  or 
dressed. 

3.  Script,  (t  Tkeol.:  In  Rom.  xi.  0,  work  is 
used  in  the  singular  as  opposed  to  grace; 
much  more  frequently  tlie  term  is  plural 
(works),  and  often  constitutes  an  antithesis 
to  faith  (Rom.  iii.  27).  Sometimes  the  exjires- 
sion  is  "  the  works  of  the  law  "  (Rom.  ix.  32), 
also  "dead  works"  which  require  to  be  re- 
pented of  (Heb.  vi.  1,  ix.  14).  A  fundamental 
distinction  is  drawn  between  the  works  of  tlie 
flesh  (Gal.  v.  19-21)  and  the  fruit  of  tlie 
spirit  (22-23).  The  Protestant  doctrine  is, 
that  man  is  justified  by  faith  made  manifest 
by  works  (Rom.  iii.  28,  cf.  James  ii.  17-20) 
but  is  judged  by  works  (Matt.  xvi.  27 ; 
XXV.  3l-4ti),  those  which  are  the  fruit  of 
faith  being  acceptable  to  God  (Rom.  vi.  1-23, 
viii.  1-4 ;  Heb.  xi.  5),  those  not  having 
this  origin  being  unaci^eptable  (Heb.  xi.  ti). 
Cf.  the  twelfth,  thirteenth,  and  fourteentli 
of  the  Thirty-niue  Articles,  the  Confession 
of  Faith,  ch.  xvi.,  &c.  A  controversy  arose 
in  the  sixteenth  century  on  the  necessity 
of  good  works  to  salvation.  Melanchthon 
was  accustomed  to  admit  this  necessity.  Tlie 
more  rigid  Lutherans  considered  his  views  on 
the  subject  a  departure  from  those  of  their 
master.  Major,  in  1552,  defended  Melanch- 
thon's  opinion  against  Nicholas  Amstlorf,  who 
maintained  tliat  good  works  are  pernicious  to 
salvation.  Major  made  a  partial  retractation, 
and  in  1577  the  controversy  was  terminated 
by  the  Formula  of  Concord.     [Formula,  t., 


late,  lat,  f^e,  amidst,  what,  ^1,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  w-tif.  v^ork.  who.  son;  mute,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fiill:  try,  Syrian*     ae,  cb  =  e;  ey  =  a:  qu  =  kw. 


*|  Work  is  the  gunenil  tenii,  as  including 
that  whicli  c;ills  for  the  exertion  of  o\ir 
strength  :  Utboiw  tlitlcrs  from  it  in  the  degrt^e 
of  exertion  required,  it  is  hard  loorlc;  (oii  ex- 
presses a  still  higher  degree  of  painful  exer- 
tion ;  (irK'/*7erv  implies  a  mean  and  degrading 
work,  and  is  the  lot  of  those  lowest  in  society. 
Work  is  more  or  less  voluntary,  but  a  task  is 
■tvorl:  imposed  hy  others. 

worlc-bag,  i".  A  small  bag  used  by  ladies 
in  which  t'>  U'-ep  tlioir  needlework,  &c.  ;  a 
retieiile. 

work-box,  >■.  A  box  used  to  keep  small 
jiitnes  of  nicdlfwork,  and  litted  with  a  tray 
1o  emitain  lu'-'dh-s,  cotton,  i:c. 

work-day,  s.     A  working-day  (4. v.). 

•  work-fellow,  s.  One  engaged  in  the 
same  wuik  wilii  anotlier. 

"1 

"work-folk,  work-folks,  .  pi.  Per- 
sons engaged  in  manual  laboui". 

•'  Our  ioork-fcfks  like  fiii'iners  Uid  live. " 
Ballad,  quoted  iu  J/acaiUas/:  HUt.  Enff..  ch.  iii. 

work-people,workiiig-people,  .-^.  j'l. 
People  eiig;ige<-l  in  work  or  labour,  ^specially 
in  manual  labour, 

■•  Very  few  of  the  'sweated'  work-people  of  Londmi 
have  Come  forward  to  assist  the  Committee."—.')/. 
James's  Gazette,  Aug.  4. 1S88. 

work-table,  s.  A  sraall  table  containing 
drawers  and  otlier  conveniences  in  whicli 
ladies  keep  their  needlework,  cotton,  A:c. 

Work'-a-ble, «.    [Eng.  work;  -nhle.]    Capable 
of  hi'iiig  worked  ;  fit  for  or  worth  working. 

"Nut  ijiauy  onlersat  iportnft/e  rates  were  laid  before 
Spiuuer*.  "— Z*'u7*/  Cltro^nicte.  Feb.  21,  1S88. 

w6rk'-a-day,  *  work'-i-day,  s.  &  a.   [Eng. 
u-'irk,  a'nd  diiy.] 
'  A.  As  suhst. :  A  working-day. 
"  For  thy  stke  J  riiiisb  tbis  tcorkuiat/." — Ben  Jousq/i  : 
Case  is  Altered,  iv.  a. 

B.  As  a/fj. :  Working-day,  every-day  ;  plod- 
ding, toiling. 

w6rk'-er,  *  wcrk-er,  *  worch-er,  s.  [Eug. 

('■ork  :  -cr.] 

1.  Onl.  Ixiiig.  :  One  who  or  that  which 
works,  perlonus,  acts,  or  does;  a  laboui'er,  a 
toiler,  a  performer.  ■" 

"  He  wiis.'i,  ioorker  iu  silver.'  —Heynolds :  A  Journey 
to  Pliititlcrs  i-  Holland. 

2.  Entom.  :  The  same  as  Neuter.  B.  II.  3. 

*w6rk-ful,  a.     [Eng.  work,  and  -fiiU.]    Full 
ol"  wi<rk  or  designed  for  work. 

"  Vou  siw  iiothiiiu:  iu  Oaketowa,  but  what  waa 
severely  iiy''rf^u!."—£Hckens:  Hard  Thites,  ch.  V. 

work-house,  * woorke-house,  s.    [Eng. 
xvork  and  hou^e.] 

•  1.  A  house  for  work  ;  a  manufactory,  a 
factory. 

'■  Those  eniploved  in  every  diflerent  branch  "f  the 
woilt  cun  ofteu  be  cc^lected  into  the  same  workhouse. 
aud  placed  at  once  under  the  view  of  the  apectator-" — 
Smith  :   WeaUh  of  .V.(tio»«,  bk.  i.,  ch.  i. 

2.  A  house  in  which  paupers  are  lodged, 
and  those  of  them  who  are  able-bodied  are 
compelled  to  work.  Workhouses  were  origin- 
ally erected  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  in 
order  to  compel  rogues  and  vagabonds  to 
work  for  a  living.  The  Act  9  George  I.,  c. 
vii.,  entitled  tlie  churchwardens  or  overseers 
of  the  poor,  with  the  consent  of  the  majority 
of  the  inhabitants,  to  establish  workhouses 
liir  lud-ing  and  maintaining  the  poor.  In 
rnnscipK'iice  of  the  abuse  of  the  out-door 
system  of  relief,  the  Act  4  &  5  William  IV,,  c. 
Ixxvi.,  waa  i)assed,  by  which  commissioners 
were  appoirded  and  empowered  to  cause  work- 
houses to  be  built,  altered,  or  enlarged,  and  to 
frame  bye-laws  for  tlieir  management,  to  be 
enforijed  by  the  magistrates.  [Union,  s.,  I. 
5.  (2).]  Orders  for  admission  to  the  work- 
house are  given  by  the  Boards  of  Guardians, 
overseers,  or  relieving  officers;  but  in  cases 
of  necessity  admission  must  be  given  without 
an  ordiT.  By  34  and  35  Victoria,  e.  rviii.,  the 
guaidians  of  every  vmion  are  bound  to  provide 
casual  wards,  with  sncli  tittings  as  the  Local 
Government  Board  consider-^  necessary,  for 
the  acconnuodation  of  the  casual  poor.  Every 
workhouse  has  to  keep  a  register  of  religious 
creeiis.  The  inmates  of  workhouses  are  nut 
allowed  to  go  out  and  in  at  pleasure,  and  the 
able-bodied  are  compelled  to  work  wlien  re- 
quired. Married  persons  are  separated,  unless 
both  are  over  sixty  years  of  age.  Religious 
and  secular  instruction  is  supplied,  and  wliole- 


some  food  and  sulhcieut  cUithing  provided. 
The  maintenance,  control,  and  .sanitary  ap- 
pliances of  workhouses  are  under  the  control 
of  the  Local  Government  Hoard.  In  Scotland 
worklmuses  are  designated  poor-houses,  and 
by  the  Act  S&  9  Victoria,  c.  Ixxxii.,  they  were 
placed  under  a  board  of  supervision  in  Edin- 
burgh, by  whom  all  plans  for  their  erection 
and  maintenance  must  be  approved. 

3.  .V  gaol,  a  house  of  correction.     {Amci .) 

worlC-mg,     "  irerk'lng,    '  Tvorch  ing, 
•  worch-yng,   *  worch-ynge,  '  work- 

yj^S^*  /"■•  J*^'-.  "•)  --^  ■'"•      [WOKK,   v.] 

A.  .L^■  ]>r.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Fingaged  in  work  ;  devoted  to  bodily 
labour  :  as,  the  workuig  classes. 

2.  Laborious,  industrious  ;  diligent  in  one's 
calling. 

3.  Taking  an  active  part  in  a  business  :  as, 
a  ivorkiny  partner. 

1.  Connected  with  or  pertaining  to  the 
working  or  carrying  on  of  anything,  as  of  a 
business,  &c. 

"  If  working  expenses  can'be  cat  down  without sacri- 
rti^e  of  etftcieuey."  — /Jatfff  Telegraph,  July  26.  1888. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  labouring  ;  work,  labour. 

2.  Fermentation. 

3.  Movement,  operation. 

'•  And  now  the  SL-uret  aorkhiys  of  my  braiu 
Stand  all  reveal'd."  Howe:  Royal  Convert,  \. 

4.  The  keeping  in  action  or  employment. 

■  The  results  to  hand  of  the  flrat  mouth's  working." 
—  Itaily  Chronicle,  Dec.  8.  1S>S7. 

working-class,  s.  A  collective  name 
for  tliose  who  earn  their  living  by  manual 
labour,  such  as  mechanics,  labourers,  &e., 
will)  work  for  weekly  wages.  (Generally  used 
in  the  plural.) 

working- day,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  subatantive : 

1.  Any  day  upon  which  work  is  ordinarily 
performed,  as  distinguished  from  Sundays 
and  holidays. 

"  Will  you  have  me?" 

■'  No,  my  lord,  unless  I  might  have  another  for 
working-itai/s." — Shakesp.  :  MiuJt  Ado,  ti.  l. 

2.  That  part  of  the  day  devoted  or  allotted 
to  work  or  lalwur;  the  time  each  day  in  which 
work  is  actually  carried  on  :  as,  a  working-day 
of  eight  hours. 

B.  As  adj. :  Relating  to  days  upon  which 
work  is  done,  as  opposed  to  Sundays  and  holi- 
days; hence  every-day,  plodding,  ordinary, 
common. 

"  O.  how  full  of  briars  is  this  working-day  world  '. " — 
Shaketp.  :  As  I'ou,  Like  It,  i.  3. 

working-dra^^ng,  s.  A  drawing  or 
plan,  as  of  the  wliole  or  jiart  of  a  structure, 
macliine,  or  the  like,  drawn  to  a  specified 
scale,  and  in  such  detail  as  to  form  a  guide 
for  the  construction  of  the  object  represented, 

*  working-house,  s.  A  workshop,  a 
factory. 

"  In  the  iiiiick  forge  and  working-house  of  thought, 
How  Loudon  doth  pour  out  her  citizeuB  t " 

Sliakesp.:  Henry  V.,v.    (Introd.) 

working-man,  s.  One  who  lives  by 
manual  labour  ;  a  mechanic. 

"  Discussiou  and  declamation  about  the  condition  of 
the  working-maiu''—Uaca\ilas:  Hist.  £ng.,  ch,  iii. 

working-party,  s. 

Mil. :  A  party  of  soldiers  told  off  to  some 
piece  of  work  foreign  to  their  ordinary  duties. 
Men  so  employed  receive  a  small  sum,  gene- 
rally fourpcncc,  extra  daily. 

working-point,  s. 

Mack. :  That  part  of  a  machine  at  which  the 
etfect  required  is  produced. 

wdrk'-lests,  «.     [Eng.  work;  -less.] 

1.  Witliout  work;  having  no  work  to  do; 
unemployed. 

"  The  worklesi.  the  thriftleas,  and  the  worthless."— 
Contemporary  /leview,  Feb..  1B88. 

*  2.  Without  works ;  not  carried  out  or 
exemplified  by  works. 

"Itaiieaketh  playnly  against  his  ydle  workeleste 
faith."— .Sir  T.  More:    Workes.  i>.  ill. 

work'  -  man.    *  wark  -  man,      werke  - 

man,  &.    '[Eng.  icurk,  ami  num.] 

1.  Any  man  employeti  in  work  or  labour; 
especially,  one  engaged  in  manual  labour;  a 
toiler,  a  labourer,  a  worker.  The  term  is 
ottcn    restricted    to   handicraftsmen,   as   me- 


chanics, artisans.  &!•.,  so  an  to  exclude  un- 
skilled laboureis,  farmhands,  ^c 

"  The  wjrk'nan  worthy  in  hl«  bin'," 

Chaucrr  :  C.  T.,  I.iM. 

2.  Used  by  way  of  eniinence  to  designate  a 

skilful  artificer  or  operator. 

work  -mgn-like,  '  worke- man -like,  ". 

&  (it/r.     [Eng.  irorhnan  ;  ■iik'.\ 

A.  As  adj. :  Like  or  becoming  a  skiUul 
workman ;  skilful,  well-performed,  made,  or 
done. 

B.  As  adv. :  Workmanly  (q.v.). 

"ITliey]  doe  inutm  their  llesb.  both  legzca,  nriiics 
Aiid  hi ii\lv.t,  na  war kemanlike,  u  a  Jcrtciuiiiaker  wltli 
vspiukoth  a  Ivrkiu."  ~  Hackluyt :  Vuyngc*,  vol.  HI., 
11.  StM. 

"  w6rk'-man-ly,  n.  Scailv.    [Eng.  workvum  : 

■b,.\ 

A.  As  adj. :  Workmanlike  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adv.  :  In  a  skilful  or  workmanlike 
manner,    (f.  J I  nil  and  :  J'tvtarch,  p.  H>1-) 

work -man-ship,   '  werke- man-shy p, 

S.      ( l')ng.   tnirknui It  :   -^hiji.] 

1.  The  art  or  skill  of  u  W'trkinaii  ;  the  exe- 
cution or  manner  of  making  anything  ;  opera- 
tive skill. 

"  A  silver  urn  that  full  bIx  measures  held. 
By  none  iu  weight  or  work-nunithip  f'xo-U'd." 

Popt;:  Homer;  Iti'iU  ^xiii.  SCO. 

2.  The  result  or  objects  produced  by  a  work- 
man, artificer,  or  opci'ator. 

"The  ininie<liate  voorkt'tnnthip  of  Go»i.."—l!iitrigh 
History  of  the  World. 

*  upork'-mas-ter,    *  work-mais-ter,     . 

[Eng.  iriirky  and  \njista\\  Tlie  authoi .  pni- 
ducer,  designer,  or  performer  of  a  work,  es- 
pecially of  a  great  or  iinpinlant  work  ;  a  \w\- 
son  well  .skilled  in  work  ;  a  skilful  woilim.iu. 

"  Fair  angel,  thy  desire,  which  tends  to  know 
The  works  uf  God,  tlierehy  to  i^'lorify 
The  great  workmastcr,  Ie:td3  to  no  excess  ' 

Jtilton:  P.  /,..  ill.  C'JC. 

'  work -mis-tress,  '  worke-mls-tresse, 

s.  [Eng.  u-nrk,  and  mi'^iitss.]  A  ;■  iii;ilc  .in- 
thor,  designei-,  producer,  or  performer  of  any 
work. 

"  Dame  Nature  (the  mother  and  workemistreMe  ..f 
all  thin l; a).-—/-.  Holland :  Plinie,  bk.  xx\i.,  ch.  i. 

work'-room,  s.  [Eng.  vork,  and  rooui.]  A 
room  in  a  house  or  factory  in  which  women 
are  employed. 

"It  is  nob  unfrequently  tlie  case  that  in  sniiill. 
unhealthy  toorkrooms  women  have  to  work  lor  nion- 
than  fourteen  hours  per  dieiu."— /'ui(  Halt  UnZ'-'li: 
Nov.  15,  1887. 

WOrk'-shop,  s.  [Eng.  work,  and  sAop.l  A 
shop  or  building  where  a  workman,  mechanic, 
or  artificer,  or  a  nimiber  of  them,  carry  <iii 
their  work  ;  a  place  where  any  work  or  handi- 
cratt  is  carried  on. 
T[  National   Workshop:  [Nation.al- wokk- 

SHOP]. 

*  work-some,  ^i.     [Eng 

dustrious. 

"  So,  through  seut  of  blood,  to  equ.ility.  fru^ntHty, 
worktome  blessedness.  "—C'urttf/o :  French  Ureol..  pt. 
iir.,bk.  vi..cli.  vi. 

work-woman,  ^■.     [Eng.  iwrk.  and  wnuian.] 
1.  A  woman  who  performs  or  is  engaged  iu 

any  work. 

*  2.  A     woman     skilled     in      necdh-vx.n-k. 

(Spenser.) 

*  w6rk'-y-day,  ^.  &l  a.  [.\  corruption  <.f 
v:o rki ng-da  >j  (q. v. ).  j 

A.  Assvh<it.  :  .Vdaydevoted  to  thcordiiuiry 
business  of  life  ;  a  working-day. 

"  Holydays.  ifhaply  she  weregoue, 
Like  toorkydnun.  i  wisb'd  would  M>on  be  done." 

Gay:  Shepherd's  H'eaA;  .Vund"!,. 

B.  As  adj.:  Working-day;  i)lodding,  pi  ■  • 
saic,  ordinary. 

world,  *  werld,  '  worlde,  '  werd. 
•ward,  *  wordle,  5.  [a.s.  mmuUi. 
trcorold,  woruUi,  worold,  world;  eogn.  with 
Dut.  wercld ;  Icel.  ceroid ;  Dan.  ccrdni  ; 
Sw.  verld ;  O.  H.  Ger.  werait,  tDt'rotd ; 
M.  H.  Ger.  wcrlt ;  Ger.  wdt.  Tlie  cognate 
fornus  show  clearly  that  the  word  is  a  cotnpo- 
site  one.  It  is  cotii posed  of  Icel.  ixrr : 
O.  H.  Ger.  imr;  A.S.  urr;  G6th.  mtiiV  =a 
man  ;  cogu.  with  Lat.  fir  =  a  man  ;  and  of 
Icel.  dill ;  A.S.  yldo  =  an  age ;  M.  Kng.  clde  = 
old  age  .  .  .  Tims  tlie  right  sense  is  "age  of 
man,"  or  "course  of  life,  eXi>erienco  <if  lif  . 
usages  of  life,"  ^c.     (Skeat.y] 


work,  -some.]     In- 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,      ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,    tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.    die,  \c,      bcl,  dcL 


592 


world— worm 


1.  Tbo  whole  syslom  of  crcuted  things ;  the 
wliole  creatiou ;  the  univei-se ;  all  createfl 
existuiicc. 

"The  %MTtd  bAth  oudiuK  with  thj  life." 

tihakcMi^.  :  I'tmiiJ  A  Adonit,  1& 

2.  Any  celestial  orb  or  iilanetiiry  body,  f6- 
pecialiy  cuusidcred  as  i«'opled,  and  as  tlie 
scone  of  interests  kindred  to  ibose  ot mankind. 

■'B#(oro  lii»  |.reneiiee.  at  whose  awful  throue 
All  IreiuWe  iii  oil  tattrlda,  except  our  uwu.- 

Cvtoi^r:  Comertalion,  600 

3.  The  earth  and  all  created  things  thereon  ; 
the  terraqueoua  globe. 

"  S«  ho  the  tBiirld 
Built  on  circuiiifluous  water*  oilm," 

MiUon:  P.  L..  v it.  270. 

4.  That  portion  of  the  globe  which  is  known 
to  any  one,  or  is  contemplated  by  any  one  ;  a 
largo  portion  or  division  of  the  globe  :  as, 
the  Old  IKorW  (=  tin;  Bastern  hemisphere), 
the  New  World  (=  the  Western  hemisphere). 

*5.  A  part  of  the  earth  ;  a  country,  a  re- 
gion, a  district. 
"Where  amll  whcre's  mylord?  whatworWis  thia?" 
Shakesp. :  Pericles.  Hi.  2. 

6.  The  eaith  considered  as  the  scene  of 
man's  present  existence,  or  the  sphere  of 
human  actiuti  ;  the  present  state  of  existence. 

••  That  «;is  the  true  life'ht  which  lightetb  every  loan 
that  coroeth  iuto  the  loorld"  -John  l  9. 

7.  Any  stat«  or  sphere  of  existence ;  any 
wide  scene  of  life  or  action :  as,  a  future 
v'orld,  the  world  to  come. 

8.  Tlie  inhabitants  of  this  world  in  general ; 
luiiiianity,  mankind  ;  the  human  race. 

■'  One  t<-ucb  of  iiAtore  makes  the  whole  world  kin." 
Shakesp. :  TroUua  <&  Crcssida,  lit  C 

9.  People  generally  ;  the  public  ;  society  ; 
tiic  people  amongst  whom  we  live. 

"  The  world  will  hold  thee  in  disdain." 

SJtitkesp.  :  Venus  J:  Adotns.lial^ 

10.  A  certain  class,  section,  or  portion  of 
mankind  considered  as  a  separate  or  indepen- 
dent whole  ;  a  number  or  body  of  people  united 
lu  a  common  faith,  aim,  interest,  pursuit,  or 
the  like  :  aa,  the  religious  world,  the  heathen 
v'orld,  the  literary  world. 

11.  Public  or  social  life  ;  intercourse  with 
Olio's  fellow-men  ;  society. 

"  Ueuce  banished,  is  biiuished  from  the  world." 

Shakeep.  :  Roineo  &  Juliet,  ilL  ^. 

12.  Tl)at  which  jiertains  to  the  earth  or  to  the 
pre-seutstate  of  existence  only  ;  secular  affairs  ; 
a  secular  life  ;  tlie  concerns  of  this  life,  as 
distinguished  from  those  of  the  lif^  to  come  ; 
worldly  pursuits  or  interests. 

"  L'jve  not  the  world,  neither  the  thiuga  that  are  in 
the  world." — 1  John  ii.  15, 

13-  That  portion  of  mankind  which  is  de- 
voted to  worldly  or  secular  affairs  ;  thost-  who 
are  exclusively  interested  in  the  atfaiis  of  this 
life  ;  people  who  are  concerned  merely  for  the 
interests  und  pleasures  of  this  life ;  the  un- 
godly or  unregenerate  portion  of  mankind. 

"  I  iiray  not  for  the  world,  but  for  them  which  thou 
haat  given  iut:."—John  xvii,  9, 

14.  The  ways  and  manners  of  mankind  ;  the 
habits,  customs,  and  usages  of  society  ;  social 
life  in  its  various  aspects. 

"  To  know  the  world  I  a  modern  phrase 
Fur  vi^ita.  ombre,  balls,  and  plays." 

SwifU    {Todd.) 

15.  A  course  of  life  ;  a  career. 

"  Persons  of  conscience  will  be  afraid  to  begin  the 
nxirld  unjustly." — Richardson:  Clarissa. 

16.  The  current  of  events,  especially  as 
atlfctingan  Individual ;  circumstances,  aftairs, 
paiticuiarly  those  closely  relating  to  ones 
self.     (Colloq.) 

"  How  goes  the  world  with  thee  t " 

Shtxkesp.:  Jiichard  JJl.,  iii.  2. 

17.  Any  sphere  of  more  or  less  complexity 
or  development,  cliaracterized  by  harmony, 
order,  or  completeness  ;  anything  forming  an 
organic  whole  ;  a  microcosm. 

"  In  hit)  little  world  of  man." 

S/iakegp.  :  Lear,  iii.  1. 

18.  Sphere  ;  domain  ;  province  ;  region  :  as, 
the  uxyrld  of  letters,  the  icforld  of  art. 

19.  Used  as  an  emblem  of  immensity  ;  a 
great  number,  quantity,  degree,  or  measure. 

"  A  world  of  tornieutb  thou'jh  I  ahonld  endure.' 
tihukesp.  ;  Love's  Labours  Lost.  v.  2. 

20.  Used  in  emphatic  phrastis,  and  expressing 
wonder,  astonishment,  surprise,  perplexity, 
or  tlie  like  :  as.  What  in  the  world  am  I  to  do? 
How  in  the  world  shall  I  get  there  ? 

II  1,  AU  the  vx>rld.  The  whole  world: 

(1)  The  whole  area  of  the  earth. 

"  AU  Uu:  world  '»  a  stage." 

ahakcsp.     J  s  ffvii  Like  It.  ii.  7. 

(2)  The  sum  uf  all  that  the  world  contains  ; 


the  representative  or  equivalent  of  all  worldly 
possessions  :  as,  She  is  idl  tlie  world  to  me. 
(3)  Mankind  collectively;  everybody. 

"  Tin  the  duke's  plejtsure. 
Whose  dia|"«ition.  alt  thf  world  well  knows. 
Will  not  be  rubh'd  nor  etopu'd." 

8hakt\ij'.     Leir,  ii.  -J. 

2.  All  tlie  i(K>rld  and  his  wife :  Everybody ; 
sometimes  =  everybody  worth  mentioning. 

"There  waa  till  the  world  and  his  wi/e."^Swift  • 
Polite  Cimvertation,  convers.  iii. 

3,  For  all  Uie  world :  In  comparisons  = 
exactly,  preeis(*ly,  in  all  respects. 

"  He  was,  /or  till  the  world,  exactly  like  a  forked 
radish."  —Shakesp. :  •!  Henry  IV.,  iii.  S. 

*  i.  It  is  a  world  to  see :  It  is  a  treat  to  bee. 

'"TIsa  worldtosee  .  .  .  how  tame  a  meocock  wretch 
can  make  the  curateet  shrew,"— S?*aAeep.  ■  Taming  of 
the  Shrew,  ii. 

5.  Rose  of  tlie  World  : 

Bot. :  Camellia  japon Lea.    [Camellia. 1 

6.  The  world's  end:  The  most  remote  or 
distant  part  of  the  earth. 

*  7.  To  go  to  the  world :  To  get  married. 

"  Thus  fffyes  every  one  to  the  world,  but  I— I  may  sit 
in  a  corner,  ami  cry,  beitrh-ho  for  a  husband." — 
Shakesp. :  l^uch  Ado  Ab^tit  jfothing,  ii,  1. 

Tf  Hence  the  phrase  a  woman  of  the  world  = 
a  married  woman.  (Shakesp. :  As  You  Like  It, 
V.  3.) 

8.  World  witJimit  end :  To  all  eternity ; 
eternally,  everlastingly. 

^  Used  adjectively  by  Shakespeare  —  inti- 
nit>e,  endless. 


World-£ngIish»  >.  The  name  given  by 
Mr.  Melville  Bell  to  a  new  phonetic  system  of 
spelling  the  Kuglish  language,  so  as  to  render 
its  acquirement  by  foreignei"s  more  easy,  and 
to  make  it  available  for  international  use. 

"  The  author  has.  tber-*fore,  endeavoured  to  make 
his  *  World- English '  as  little  unlike  '  literary  English  ' 
as  possible  (even  mnkine  considerable  ttacn^cea  of 
phonetic  precision  for  tliia  purpose),  »o  that  the 
traubitiou  from  the  one  to  the  other  may  t*  rendered 
easier.-— jKAeniBum.  Sept.  1,  1888.  p.  23". 

*  world-hardened*   a.      Hardened    in 

heart  by  the  love  of  worldly  things. 

*  world-stiarer^  s.  One  of  a  company 
of  persons  who  have  divided  the  sovereignty 
of  the  world  between  them.  {Special  coiiiage.) 
Applied  to  the  triumvirs  Antony,  Caesar,  and 
Lepidus. 

"  Tiie^  three  toorld-xharers.  these  competitors." 
.Shakesp.  J  AiUonj/  *  Cleopatra,  ii,  T, 

world-snake,  s. 

AtUhrop. :  The  Midhgards-onnr,  an  enormous 
serpent  which,  according  to  the  Edda,  lies 
in  the  deep  sea,  biting  its  own  tail,  and 
encircling  the  earth. 

world-tree,  ^. 

Anthrop. :  A  mytliical  ash  (ast/-  Yg/jd ia.vUs), 
whicli  in  Scandinavian  mythology  is  supposed 
to  link  bell,  earth,  and  heaven  together.  Some 
writers  see  in  this  myth  a  distortion  of  the 
Story  of  the  Cross,  but  the  translator  of 
Grimm  {DeiU.  Myth.  ii.  708)  says  "  it  were  a 
far  likelier  theory,  that  tloating  heathen  tra- 
ditions of  the  world-tree,  soon  after  the  con- 
version in  Germany,  France,  or  England, 
attached  themselves  to  an  object  of  Christian 
faith  just  as  heatlien  temples  and  holy  places 
were  converted  into  Christian  ones." 

*  world-wearied,  a.  Wearied  or  tired 
of  this  world. 

■■  And  sh^ke  the  yoke  of  inaaupicioua  atar? 
From  this  iporld-wearied  flesK" 

Shakesp. :  Romeo  J:  Juiiet,  v.  X 

world-wide,  a.  Extending  over  or  per- 
vading all  the    world;    widely    spread:    as, 

■)Oi'rld-wide  fame. 

"  world,  c.t.  [World,  ^-.j  To  introduce  into 
the  world. 

■*  Like  lightning,  it  tau  strike  the  child  in  the 
womb,  aud  Kill  it  ere  'tis  worlded,  when  the  mother 
ahall  remain  uuhiiTt.'^Feliharu  :  Resolves,  Ux.  1. 

w6rld'-li-ness,  *  world-Jy-nes, .-.  [Eug. 
worldly  ;  -ness.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
worldly,  or  of  being  devoted  to  temporal  gain, 
advantage,  or  pleasure  ;  an  unduly  strong 
passion  or  craving  for  the  good  tilings  of  this 
world,  to  the  exclusion  cf  a  desire  for  the 
good  things  of  the  world  to  come  ;  worldly- 
mindedness. 

"  Supposing  we  are  clear  both  of  worlillines^  and 
vanity,  still  what  can  we  .-iuswer  with  respect  to  plea- 
sure ?  "—iSecAt;/- .  Sermons,  vol.  iv  .  sex.  1. 

world- Ung,  *  worlde  -  ling,  s.  [Eng. 
KK'dd  ;  -ling.)  One  wlio  is  devoted  exclasively 


t"  the  affairs  and  interests  of  this  world  ;  one 
whose  whole  mind  is  bent  on  gaining  teniporal 
possessions,  advantages,  or  pleasures ;  one 
whose  thoughts  are  entirely  taken  up  with 
the  atlairs  of  this  world  to  the  exclusion  of 
those  of  the  world  to  come. 

'•  The  heart  must 

Leap  kindly  Imck  to  krndnetu<.  thouuh  (ti8gui>t 

Hath  weaud  it  from  all  loorldliwjs.' 

Byron  :  ChUde  Ilnrold.  iii.  5». 

World'-ljr,  a.  &  odv.     tA.S.  -ifeoruWUc] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  present 
world  or  to  the  present  state  of  existence  ; 
temporal,  secular,  human. 

"  Secure  from  worldly  chances  and  mit-hapa." 

ShaJcesp. :  Titus  AndronicuM,  i.  i 

2.  Devoted  to,  interested  in,  or  connected 
with  the  present  world,  its  allairs,  interests, 
cares,  or  enjoyments,  to  tlie  exclusion  of  those 
of  the  world  to  come  ;  desirous  of  tenipoiul 
advantages,  gain,  or  enjoyments  only  ;  cirthly, 
as  opposed  to  heavenly  or  spiritual ;  carnal  ; 
sordid.    (tSaid  of  persons  and  tilings.) 

"  The  manifesto,  indecent  and  intolerant  ixs  w:is  it« 
tone,  was,  in  the  view  of  these  fanatics,  a  cowardly 
:tnd  worldly  performance."— -l/ttcau/dj/;  i/isL  t'n>r.. 
ch.  V. 

•^  B.  As  adv.  :  In  a  worldly  manner;  with 
relation  to  this  life. 

worldly-minded,  «.  Devoted  to  the 
acquisition  of  worldly  or  temporal  possessions, 
gain,  or  pleasures  ;  carnal-minded. 

vrorldly-mindedness,  s.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  worldly-minded;  an  unduly 
strong  iiassion  or  craving  for  the  good  things 
of  this  life  to  tlie  exclusion  of  piety  and  atten- 
tion to  spiritual  concerns. 

"  We  are  full  of  worldly ■mindedneiii."—Bp.  Sander- 
son :  Sermons,  j).  148. 

worldly-wise,  a.  Wise  with  regard  to 
matters  of  the  world.  (Usually  in  a  deprecia- 
tory sense.) 

"  The  inexperienced  bvide  is  taught  by  ber  worldly- 
leise  instructrese  how  to  get  her  way." — St.  Jamvu't 
Gazette,  Jan.  24. 1888. 

worm,  '^'  WOrme,  s.  ii  «.  [A.S.  vyyrm  =  a 
worm,  a  snake,  a  dragon  :  cogu.  with  Dut. 
worm  ;  Icel.  ormr  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  orm  (for  vorni) ; 
Ger.  wunti ;  Goth,  waunns ;  Lat.  vermis  ; 
Lith.  kirmis  =  a  worm  ;  O.  Ir.  criuvi  =  a 
worm;  Ir.  crLumt=3,  maggot;  Sansc.  krinii 
=  a  worm  (whence  crimson  and  carmine).  An 
initial  guttural  has  been  lost.] 

A.  As  substaiitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

""  (1)  Applied  to  creeping  things  of  all  sorts ; 
a  reptile,  a  serpent,  a  snake. 

■■  There  c;mie  a.  viptr  out  of  the  heat  and  lenpt  on 
his  hand.  When  the  men  of  the  country  3;uv  the 
ivorii)  hang  on  hiu  hand,  they  said.  This  ni:ui  must 
needs  be  a  murderer."— 3'j «</«;<.■:  Acts  xxviii.  3,  4. 

(2)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

(3)  Applied  loosely  to  any  small  creeping 
animal,  entirely  wanting  feet,  or  having  very 
short  ones,  including  the  larvie  or  grubs  of 
certain  insects,  as  caterpillars,  maggots,  &c.  ; 
intestinal  parasites,  as  the  tapeworm,  thread- 
worm, &c. ;  certain  lacertilians,  as  the  blind- 
worm,  &c. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  Used  as  an  epithet  of  scorn,  disgust,  or 
contempt,  sometimes  of  contemptuous  pity  ; 
a  poor,  grovelling,  debased,  despised  creature. 

"  Poor  wurni,  thou  art  infected." 

Siiakcsp. :  Tempest,  iii.  1. 

("2)  Applied  to  one  who  silently,  slowly,  and 
persistently  worksorstudies:  as,abook)rc)rm. 

(:i)  Applied  to  something  that  slowly  and 
silently  eats  or  works  its  way  internally  to  the 
destruction  or  pain  of  the  object  atlected  :  as— 

(a)  The  emblem  of  corruption,  decay,  or 
deiith. 

•'  Thus  chides  she  Death. 
Orim-griuning  ghost,  ejuth's  loonn.   what  dost  thou 
me«Ji?"  Shakesp.:  VetiusJt  Adouit.'J'M. 

(&)  An  emblem  of  the  gnawing  torments  of 
conscience  ;  remorse. 

"The  worm  of  conscience  still  be^aw  thy  auul." 
SJutkesp. .   Richard  III.,  i.  3. 

(4)  Anything  resembling  a  worm  in  api)ear- 
ance,  especially  wlien  in  motion ;  anything 
vermicular  or  spiral :  as— 

(a)  The  spiral  of  a  corks(-rew, 

(6)  The  thread  on  tlie  shaft  or  core  of  a  screw. 

(c)  A  sharp-pointed  spiral  tool,  used  for 
boring  soft  rock  ;  tliat  which  is  too  hard  to  be 
pierced  by  the  auger,  but  not  liard  enough  to 
require  the  jumper. 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  ciib,  ciire.  ignite,  cur,  rule,  full:  try,  Syrian,     se.  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw- 


worm— wormwood 


rjj3 


(i/)  A  spiral  wire  on  tlie  end  of  the  raninul 
or  laiinnor,  tor  withdrawing  a  cliarge  ;  a  wad- 
hook. 

(c)  A  spiral  pipe  in  a  condenser;  a  continu- 
ation of  the  necli  or  beak. 

(J)  A  small  vermicular  ligament  under  tlio 
tongue  of  a  tlog.  This  ligament  is  frequently 
cut  oiit  when  the  auiuial  is  young,  for  the 
purpose  of  cheeking  a  disposition  to  gnuw  at 
everything.  The  operation  was  formerly  sup- 
posed to  check  rabies  or  madness. 

■*  III  ili'gs  .  .  .  the  womx  mny  hctii  by  its  eliisticity. 
jinil  tliat  uf  its  aliCHtli.  iu  the  net  of  liipiiiiig. "— Ok'ch  .■ 
AiKitomy  of  Vertebrates,  iii.  197. 

II.  TechnU'tilly: 

1.  Hool.  ;  Any  individual  of  the  phylum 
Venues  (q.v.).  They  difi'er  greatly  in  out- 
ward appearance,  and  in  habits,  and  very 
many  arc  parasitic  in  other  animals.  They 
<lo  not  move  by  means  of  articulated  limbs, 
nor  is  the  body  jointed  like  that  of  a  crusta- 
cean or  an  insect.  But  whatever  shape  the 
body  may  assume,  it  is  composed  of  incom- 
plete segments,  the  majority  of  which  are 
similnr,  and  is  more  or  less  ringed  externally. 
Tlio  segments  are  provided  with  offensive  and 
locomotive  organs  on  both  sides,  and  usually 
with  a  special  excretory  organ  opejiing  from 
witliin.  There  is  a  water-system  communicat- 
ing with  the  perivisceral  cavity  and  with  the 
outside.  The  digestive  system  is  often  faiily 
developed,  but  in  some  parasites  it  is  want- 
ing, and  these  arc  nourislied  by  absorption 
through  the  body  walls.  A  kind  of  circula- 
tory system  is  sometimes  present,  as  are 
special  organs  of  resi>iration,  such  as  the 
branchial  lilanients  of  the  Terebellidai ;  but 
both  are  also  often  absent.  Tlie  nervous  systeni 
may  consist  of  a  cord  round  the  oesophagus, 
with  ganglia  above  and  below,  and  a  gangli- 
onic cord  along  the  ventral  surface  witliin  ; 
or  tlicre  may  be  but  faint  traces  of  the  sys- 
tem. Sense-organs  may  exist  in  a  rudiment- 
ary condition.  The  organs  and  structures  of 
the  body  are,  to  a  great  extent,  the  same  on 
both  sides,  and  hence  there  is  bilateral  sym- 
metry. 

2.  Patliol. :  Many  species  of  intestinal 
worms  infest  the  human  frame.  The  cliief 
are  Trlchocephaliis  dispai;  the  Long  Tliread- 
worm  [TRicHOCEfHALUs]  ;  Ascaris  lionhri- 
cohlt-%  the  Large  Round  Worm  [AscARl^i;] ; 
Oxtjurls  veriiUaikiris  [Oxvuris],  the  Small 
Threadworm,  Sclerostonw ,  or  Aiichylostoma 
diiodtiimU  [Sclerostoma]  ;  Tasnia  solium,  T. 
mcdioranellata,  and  Bothriocephahis  laius  [Tape- 
worm]. 

B,  As  ailj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  worms ; 
piOLiuccd  by  worms  ;  as,  worm  fever. 

worm-bark,  s.     [Surinam-bark.] 

worm-burrow,  s. 

f/fi.'/.  ;  [Suolu'e]. 

worm-cast,  -s.  A  small  intestine-shaped 
tiiass  of  ciirth  \'oided,  often  on  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  by  the  earthworm  after  all  the 
JigL'stible  matter  has  been  extracted  from  it. 

•  worm-eat,  v.t.  To  gnaw  or  perforate, 
as  worms  do  ;  hence,  to  impair  by  a  slow,  in- 
sidious process. 

"  Lenve  uff  these  vanities  which  worm-eat  your 
tmiiii.  '—Jitrfie  :  IXjh  i^titjcati!,  pt.  ii.,  bk,  iv,,  ch.  x. 

'  worm-eat,  k.  Worm-eaten,  old,  worth- 
less. 

'■  }yorni-eat  stories  of  old  times," 

Up.  Hall :  satins,  i.  4. 

worm-eaten,  '  worme-eaten,  u. 

1.  Lit.:  Gnawiid  by  worms  ;  having  a  num- 
ber of  internal  cavities  made  by  worms. 

■'  Aliaouiles  seoiiiyiigdrie  without  :uid  wounnc'eatcn 
witliin." — Golden  Soke,  let.  iv. 

*2.  Fi'j.:  Old,  worn-out,  worthless. 

■■  Tilings  among  the  Greeks,  which  Jintlquity  had 
worn  out  of  kuowledge.  were  called  ogygia,  which  we 
«ill  wonn-eiitcn,  or  of  defaced  d,ite."— /7a;t'<<//j.  Jlist. 
of  the  World. 

*  worm-eatenness,  s.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  W'irm-caten  ;  rottenness. 

worm-fence,  s.  A  zigzag  fence  made  by 
I'laeing  the  ends  of  the  rails  upon  each  other  ; 
-sumetimes  called  a  snake-fence. 

worm -fever,  s.  A  popula'-  name  for  in- 
fantile remittent  fever. 

worm-gear,  s. 

Mack. :  A  combination  consisting  of  an  end- 
less screw  and  spirally-toothed  wheel ;  used 
for  transmitting  rotary  motion  from  one  shaft 
to  anotlier,  placed  at  right  angles  to  it. 


worm-grass,  ». 

Botany : 

1.  The  genus  Spigolia  (^.v.),  specially  .^. 
iiuinlandica. 

2.  Se(ii(»iai/(«wt.  a  stonecropwith  the  lluwer- 
less  stems  i)rostrate,  tin?  Ilovvering  one,  which 
is  six  or  ten  inches  long,  erect,  the  flowers  in 
cymes,  white.  Found  in  Britain  either  wihi 
or  an  escape  from  gardens.  It  is  reputed  to 
be  an  anthelmiutic. 

worm-hole,  «.  a  hole  made  by  the 
gnawing  of  a  worm. 

"I'lckil  Ir.jm  thu  wormhohs  of  lung-vAUlah'd  diiys." 
^ihakvij:  :  lionry  V.,  ii.  \, 

worm-like,  a.  Resembling  a  worm  ; 
vcjiiuculur,  spii'ul. 

worm-oil,  s.  An  oil  obtained  from  the 
seeds  of  Chninjiodinm  untheliiiinticum.  It  is  a 
poweiful  aitthclniiutic. 

worm-powder,  s.  a  jiowder  used  for 
expelling  worms  from  the  intestinal  canal,  or 
other  cavities  of  the  body. 

worm  safe,  s.  An  apparatus  to  enabU- 
the  spccilic  gravity  of  spirits  to  be  ascer- 
taiiie.l,  as  tlioy  How  from  the  still,  without 
witlidrauiiig  any  portion  thereof. 

worm-shaped,  a.    Vermicular  (q.v^). 

irunii-Ji'ipcd.  cnteipUtars :  [Vermiformes]. 

worm-Shell, »-. 

/•'■>!. :  Any  species  of  the  genus  Vermctus, 
so  called  from  their  long,  twisted  shape. 

worm-tea,  s.  a  decoction  of  some  plant, 
generally  a  bitter  plant,  used  as  an  anthel- 
mintic. 

worm-track,  «. 

Gad.  £  PalaoHt.  :  [Helm:inthite,  Lithich- 
nozoa]. 

worm-wheel,  ,'^. 

Miirh.  :  A  wheel  which  gears  with  an  end- 
lcs?s  M.iew  or  worm,  either  receiving  or  im- 
parting motion. 

worms  -  meat,  *  wormes  -  meate,  s. 

Dead  flesli ;  carri(jn. 

"  How  iu  a  bit  of  wortnes-niearc  caustthou  raigue?" 
Davies:  Muses  Hacrifice,  p.  IC. 

worm,  v.i.  &  (.    [Worm,  s.] 

A,  Intransitive : 

1,  To  advance  by  wriggling. 

"  And  worming  all  about  his  soul  they  clung," 
tf.  Fletcher:  Christ's  Trium/jh. 

*  2.  To  work  slowly,  gi-adually,  and  secretly. 

"  Sly,  sneaking,  worming  souls." 

Lloyil:  Chariti/, 

^  In  this  sense  often  used  reflexively  to 
signify  a  slow,  insidious,  or  insinuating  pro- 
gress :  as,  To  worm  one's  self  into  favour. 

B.  Tra)isitive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  To  free  from  worms. 

■'  The  weeding  Aud  worming  of  every  bed."— Milton. 
{Latham.} 

*  2.  To  effect  by  slow,  insidious,  or  stealthy 
means;  specilically,  to  extract,  remove,  or 
expel,  or  the  like,  by  underhand  means  con- 
tinued perseveringly.  (Generally  witli  from 
or  oat.) 

"  They  find  themselves  wormed  out  of  all  power  hy 
11  new  spawn  of  independents. "—tfu'i/f. 

3.  To  cut  the  vermicular  ligament  from 
under  the  tongue  uf.  [  Worm,  A.  I.  2.  (4)  (/).] 

"  Every  one  that  keeneth  a  dog  should  have  him 
wormed.'  —Mortimer :  ViMbandri/. 

4.  To  remove  the  charge,  &c.,  from,  as  from 
a  gun,  cannon,  &c.,  by  means  of  a  worm. 
[Worm,  s.,  A.  I.  *2(4)(rO.] 

II.  AVni/. :  To  wind  roi)e,  yarn,  or  other  ma- 
terial, spirally  round,  between  tlie  strands  of, 
as  of  a  cable  ;  or  to  wind  with  spun  yarn,  as 
a  smalltT  rope ;  an  operation  performed  for 
the  purpose  of  rendering  the  surface  smooth 
for  parcelling  and  serving, 

wormed,  u.  [Eng.  worm;  -ed.]  Bored  or 
penetrated  by  worms  ;  worm-eateu. 

wor'-mi-a,  if.  [Named  after  Olaus  Wormius, 
.^^D.,  a  "Danish  i)hilosopher  and  naturalist 
(15S8-1654).] 

Bot.:  A  genus  of  Dilleneie.  Trees  with 
large  thick  leaves,  entire  or  toothed,  and  la- 
ceines  of  yellow  or  white  flowers.  Known 
species  eight,  ranging  from  Madagascar  to 
Australia.  The  nuts  of  Wormia  triqnetra,  a 
Ceylouese  tree,  yield  an  oil. 


wor'-mi-an,  >i.    IWokmia.]    Of,  pertaining 

I",  or  (liscuvcrcd  by  Wormius. 

wormlan-bones,  i>\  pi. 

Amii. :  [TuiQrETRAj. 

Worm'-ing,  s.     [Eng.  worm:  -tnij.l 

1.  y>tnt. :  Filling  up  the  sp.iccs  Ijetween  the 
strands  of  rope  with  spun-yarn  ;  the  malciial 
used  in  the  operation.     [Worm,  y.,  II  | 

•2.  The  turning  of  the  thread  ou  the  barrel 
of  ;i  Wood-screw.  '  ■' 

worming-pot,  $. 

rotttni :  A  pnt  for  the  ornanifntation  of 
pottery  in  the  lathe,  by  tlie  exudation  of 
coluui  u[)on  tlic  ware  as  it  rotates. 

^  worm-ish,  «.  (Eng.  irorm  :  -iVi.]  W.rm- 
like. 

"  III  9wh  a'Bhftdow.  or  mttier  pit  of  .InrkneM,  tho 
M)urj«M/(  Jiiaukluj  Uvea."— *'W»ioy:  Arctuliu,  p.  lOi. 

*  worm -ling,  s.  [Eng.  worm^K. ;  "limin.  sulf. 
'/in<j.\  A  duiiinutive  from  woini  ;  a  little 
wonii  ;  hence,  u  Weak,  mean,  despicable  crea- 
ture. 

"  A  dustv  toormling!  dost  thou  Ktrivc  uiiil  Htand 
With  hcJiveu'H  hi(,'li  Monju-chV" 

Si/locster:  IfuBartas;  Tlte  fmi/ostarc. 

worm'-seed,  ii.     [Eng.  worm,  and  seed.] 

Dot.  ii  Comm.  :  A  name  applied  to  various 
plants,  the  seeds  of  which  aie  considered  to 
be  anthelmintic,  spec.  : 

1.  Artemisia  maritima,  a  composite  with 
the  leaves  white  and  cottony  Ikcneath,  the 
tlower-heads  cottony.  It  grows  in  Britain,  in 
India,  &c.  The  heads  are  nse<l  in  India  as 
anthelmintics,  deobstruents,  and  stomachic 
tonics.  Poultices  made  from  them  arc  applied 
to  relieve  the  pain  eaused  hy  tlie  stings  of 
insects. 

2.  Artemlsa  Santoniai,  a  Siberian  species 
which  furnishes  Santonin  (q.v.). 

3.  Arttmisia  Valdiano.  The  flower  heads  of 
.4.  j;(t/((Ka  and  other  Artemisias  are  similarly 
used.  • 

1.  Amhrina  anthdmintica :  [Amerina]. 

5.  Erysimum  cheiranthoidcs :  [EuvsimumI. 

6.  Spigelia  marilaiuUca  and  S,  Anthelmia. 

[PlNK-ROOT,  WORM-t:RASS.] 

^  Spanish  Woniiseed  i^  ikdogcton  tainarisci- 
folium,  a  chenopud. 

wormseed-oil,  s. 

L'hem.  :  A  pale  yellow  oil,  obtained  by  dis- 
tilling wormseed  with  water.  Jt  has  a  pun- 
gent odour,  an  aromatic,  burning  taste,  sp.  gi-. 
t)-930,  is  slightly  soluble  in  water,  very  soluble 
in  alcoliol  and  ether,  and  boils  at  iW\  In 
contact  with  air,  it  thickens  and  darkens  in 
colour,  and,  when  heated  with  strong  nitrle 
acid,  is  converted  into  a  resin. 

w^ormseed 

[EkV.SIML'M.J 


treacle    mustard. 


worm'-iil,  s.  [Pi-obably  a  corruption  of  v^orin- 
-ill.]  A  sore  or  tumour  on  the  backs  of  eattlc 
caused  by  the  larva  of  an  insect  which  punc- 
tures the  skin  aiul  deposits  its  eggs.  Called 
also  Warble,  Wonial,  or  Wornil, 

worm' -wood,    *  werm-ode,   *  woume- 

wood.    .S-.    '(A.8.      inrulnd  :     c.i.jil.     \\>iU      U;ui. 

Hxrmoet;  Ger.  wcriiDdh  ;  i  >.  H.  (_;u-.  ivermnClc, 
werirnxLotii,  wermuuta ;  JI.  II.  (jci-.  wermuote. 
The  modern  form  of  the  word  is  doubly  cor- 
rupt, as  there  is  no  connection  with  either 
vonii  or  vjood.  The  true  division  of  the  A.S. 
ivcrmod  is  tcer  -  mod. 
"The  coniponnd  irer- 
mod  unquestionably 
means  ware-mootly  or 
'  mind  -  preserver,"  and 
points  back  to  some 
primitive  belief  as  to 
the  curative  properties 
of  tlie  plant  in  mental 
aff"ections."(5te«r.)The 
change  in  the  foi-m  of 
the  word  was  probably 
influenced  by  the  fact 
that  the  plant  was  used 
as  a  remedy  for  worms 
iu  the  intestines.] 

I.  Literally : 

I.  Bot. :  The  genus 
Arti-'inisia ;  specif.,  A. 
Absinthium.  The  stem  is  one  to  three  feet 
hfgh,  grooved,  and  angled;  the  leaves  silky 
on   both    sides,   twice  or    thrice    ]>innatilid. 


ARTEMISIA   AflStKTBIt'M, 


boil,  b^;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  eajist.    ph  -  f, 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  -  bel,  del. 


326 


61)4 


wormy— worship 


(lotted ;  tilt;  yellow  tlitwers  in  raceines,  the 
hejids  tlrunphig,  silky,  the  outer  (lowers  fei- 
tih'.  It  is  wild  in  Britain  in  various  waste 
places,  also  in  Continental  Euroi)e,  the  North 
of  Africa,  an-l  "Sovth  America.  It  is  a  power- 
ful iiitter  stomacliic  and  tonic,  useful  iu 
atoiiir  dyspepsia,  and  to  flavour  drinks.  It  is 
also  an  aritliolmintic.  [Absinth,  Absinthin.) 
Tlif  wormwood  of  commerce  is  derived  from 
this  siiecies  and  A.  chinensis. 

2.  Kntom. :  A  British  Night-moth,  CucuU!" 
absinthii,  gray  with  black  spots.  The  cater- 
pillar ferds  on  wormwood,  Ai-temisia  Ahsin- 
tkiiim.  Rare,  and  found  chiefly  in  Devon  and 
Cornwall. 

n.  J'^i'J-  •  Used  as  an  emblem  of  bitterness. 

••  Weod  this  tcarmtood  from  your  fruitful  bmiii  " 
ith'tki-sp.  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost.  v.  2, 

wormwood-pug,  s. 

Eatom.  :  A  British  Geometer  Moth.  Eitpi- 
thoiaubsinthiata.  Browuish  gray,  with  black 
and  white  spots.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on 
Artemisia  Absinthium. 

;7drm'-jr,  *worm-ie,'i.   [Eng.  worm,s.;  -;/.] 
1,  Cnnt;itniii;^'  a  \\<nni  or  worms;  abounding 
with  woruis. 

'■  Under  covert  of  the  wonny  grouiul" 

Wordsworth  :  LxviivBioit.  bk.  iii. 

*2.  Earthly,  grovellini;,  worldly. 

"  A  JHstoiutenipt  of  sonliil  Hiid  tporm]/  affections." 
—lip.  tieyiiaUts:  On  the  J'assioiis,  ch.  xxxvii. 

'  3.  Associated  with  worms  or  the  grave ; 
grave-like. 

"  A  weary,  wormy  dntkness," 

£.  B.  Browning.    {AiinandaJe.) 

worn,  pa.  jxn-.  &  a.    [Wear,  v.] 

A.  As  jKt.  2mr. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  (uljectivc : 

1.  Damaged  or  injured  by  wear. 

2.  WL-arifd.  exhausted. 

worn-out. «. 

1.  Quite  consumed,  destroyed,  or  much  in- 
iured  by  wear. 

"  Those  hangings  with  tlieir  worn-out  graces," 

Cow/ier:  Mutual  forbearance. 

2.  Exhausted,  wearied. 
*  3.  Past,  gone. 

"  This  pattern  of  the  worn-out  age," 

Shalu-ap. :  liafu  of  Lncrece,  1,350. 

wor'-nal.  wor'-nil,  s.  [Etyni.  doubtful.] 
The  saint-  as  WoRMLTLXq.v.). 

w6r'-rie-c6\t',  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  warien,  warric, 
irorrte  =to  cuisf,  and  cow  (Icel.  A'fi^a  =  to 
frighten)  =  a  liobgublin.]  A  hobgoblin,  a 
bugbeaf,  a  scarecrow,  a  devil.    {Scotch.) 

"  Wha  was  to  hae  keepit  awa  the  worriccow,  I  trow 
—ay,  and  the  elves  ami  gy re-carl iugs  fiae  the  boiiny 
bair)i,gr;tcel)ewi'it?"— .'icwff.-  euy  Mannerinff,  i:)x..m. 

w6r'-ri-er,  s.  [Eng.  irorry,  v.; -cr.]  One  who 
w<jrries,  harasses,  or  annoys. 

"  Mure  niaterrnl  and  t'oar^er  sort  of  dxinous  ohm- 
ceived  tlie  worrier  of  nouls."— S^ie user :  On  Prodiyivn. 

p.  1?2'J  (l(i6j). 

"  wor'-ri-ment,  s.  [Eng.  woiry;  -ment.] 
Trouble,  anxiety,  worry. 

*  wor'-ri-some,  a.  [Eng.  worry:  -some.] 
Causing  trouble,  auxiety,  or  worry.    (Prov.) 

"  Cume  in  at  oirce  with  that  worrisojne  cougU  of 
yum-8."— A'.  D.  Btackmorc:  Lonta  Ooone.  ch.  xlv. 

wor'-rit,  (-.(.  or  i.  [A  corrupt,  of  worry  (q.v.).] 
To    \vt)rry,'  to    vex,    to   harass,    to    annoy. 

wor-rit,  s.      [Woruit,   r.]     Worry,   anxiety, 

ti-uulil.'.     (CoUoq,) 

wor  -ry.  "  wer-ew,  *  wer-reye,  •  wir- 
ry,  wir  i  en,  wir-wen,  *  w^or-o- 
wen,  •  wyr-wyn,  r.f.  ic  i.  [A.S.  wyrgan, 
in  coinp.  uirynjiDi  =  to  harm  ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  worgen  =  to  strangle,  whence  worg  — 
quinsy ;  O.  Fries,  werjia,  ivrigia  —  to  strangle  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  vmrga)i  =  to  strangle,  to  suftbcate, 
to  choke  ;  Ger.  wiirgen.  From  the  same  root  as 
Mid.  Eng.  jwirien  =  to  curse;  A.S.  wergiau, 
ivenjan.] 
A.  Trotisitive : 

1.  To  seize  by  tlie  throat  with  the  teeth  ;  to 
tear  with  the  teeth,  as  dogs  when  fighting  ;  to 
strangle;  to  choke;  to  lacerate;  to  injure 
badly  or  kill  by  repeated  biting,  shaking,  and 
the  like. 

"  III  mote  he  thrive  !  and  may  his  hogges  .  .  . 
Be  ever  worried  by  our  dogges ! " 

Browne  :  Sheplieard's  Pipe,  eel.  iii. 

2.  To  tease  ;  to  trouble  ;  to  harass  with  im- 


portunity or  with  care  ami  anxiety ;  to  bother, 
to  vex,  to  persecute. 

'■  Witness  when  I  vim  wnrried  with  thy  peali*." 
Milton  :  ikimton  AgonUtes.  uoi). 

3.  To  fatigue  ;   to  liai-ass  with  labour  ;   to 
wear  out. 
B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  engaged  in  tearing  and  mangling 
with  the  teeth  ;  to  tight,  as  dogs. 

2.  To  be  unduly  anxious  or  troubled  ;  to  be 
iu  a  state  of  solicitude,  anxiety,  disquietude,  or 
pain  ;  to  make  one's  self  anxious  or  harassed  ; 
to  fret. 

3.  To  be  suffocated  by  something  stopping 
the  windpipe;  to  choke.    {Scotch.) 

wor'-ry,  s.    [Wobrv,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  worrying  or  tearing  with  the 
teeth  ;  the  act  of  lacerating  or  killing  by 
biting. 

2.  Perplexity,  trouble,  anxiety,  solicitude ; 
harassing  turmoil :  as,  the  cares  and  luorries 
of  life. 

w6r'-ry-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [Worry,  v.) 

w6r'-ry-ing-ly,  adr.  [Eng.  worrying  ;  -hj.] 
In  a  worrying  manner  ;  so  as  to  worry,  harass, 
tease,  or  annoy. 

worse,  ♦wers(f«?('.),  *  wors(«(?c.),  *wurs 

{adv.),  *werse  (".),  *  WUrse  {a.),  a.,  adv. 
&  5.  [A.>5.  wyrs  (adv.),  luyrsa,  wirsa  (a.); 
cogn.  with  O.S.  wirs  (adv.),  wirsa  (a.);  U. 
Fries,  wirsa,  wersa  (a.) ;  Icel.  t'crr  (adv.), 
verri  (a.);  Dan.  ra'rrc  (a.);  Sw.  vdrre  (a.); 
M.  H.  Ger.  %virs  (adv.),  loirser  (a.) ;  Goth. 
wairs  (adv.),  wairsiza  (a.).  We  also  find 
Mid.  Eng.  werre,  worre,  Scandinavian  forms 
due  to  assimilation.  Worse  is  from  the  same 
root  as  vxir.  The  s  is  part  of  the  root,  and 
worse  does  duty  for  woiser,  which  was  in 
actual  use  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  is 
i  still  used  by  the  vulgar ;  similarly,  worst 
(i^.v.)  is  short  for  worsest.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Bad  or  ill  in  a  comparative  degree  ;  more 
bad  or  evil ;  more  depraved  or  corrupt. 

"Evil  men  and  seducers  shall  wax  loorse  and  worse." 
—2  Titnothr/  iii.  13. 

2.  Having  good  qualities  in  a  less  degree  ; 
of  less  value,  inferior;  less  perfect,  less  good. 
(Applied  to  moral,  pliysieal,  or  acquired 
qualities.) 

"The  commodity  of  the  distant  country  is  of  a 
worse  quality  than  that  of  the  neai'  vue.'—timith: 
Wealth  of  .Ytttions.  bk.  iv.,  ch,  viii. 

3.  More  unwell,  more  sick  ;  in  a  poorerstate 
of  health. 

"She  .  .  .  was  nothing  bettered,  but  rather  grew 
worse."— JIi irk  v.  20. 

4.  In  a  less  favourable  position  or  state  ; 
more  ill  off. 

"They  were  no  w}rse 
Than  they  are  now."        Hhakesp.     Tempest,  ii.  l. 

B.  As  adverb : 

1.  In  a  manner  or  degree  more  evil  or  bad. 

"  We  will  de;il  worse  with  thee  than  with  them."— 
Genesis  xix.  9. 

2.  In  a  lower  or  inferior  degree  ;  less  well. 
"The  English  women  of  that  generation  were  de- 
cidedly worse  educated  than  they  have  been  at  any 
uther  time."— J/itcait/dff  ;  Hist.  En(f.,  ch.  iii. 

3.  With  notions  of  evil  =  in  a  greater  man- 
ner or  degree ;  more. 

"  I'll  startle  you  worse  than  the  sacring-hell." 

Shakesp.  :  Ucnrg  VIII..  iii.  2. 

C  As  substantive : 

1.  With  the :  Loss,  di.sadvautage,  defeat ; 
inferior  state  or  condition. 

"The  situation  of  tlie  Qu.aker  differed  from  that  of 
other  (iisaeuters,  and  diHered  tov  the  warsv.'—Jf-ic- 
aiduif :  Hist.  Kng.,  eh.  xi. 

2.  Some  person  or  thing  less  good  or  de- 
sirable. 

"There  will  a  roor*ccome  in  his  |ilace." 

Slmkcsp.  :  Julius  Ctxsar,  iii,  2. 

^  (1)  To  go  to  the  worse  ;  To  be  defeated  ;  to 
get  the  worst. 

*  (2)  To  put  to  the  worse :  To  defeat,  to  dis- 
comfort, to  worst. 

"They  were  put  to  the  worse  before  Isr.i.el.'*— 
1  t^hronic'es  xix.  19. 

*  worse,  v.t.    [Worse,  a.]    To  discomfit;  to 
put  to  disadvantage  ;  to  worst, 

"  Perhaps  more  valid  arms  ,  .  . 
May  aevve  to  betUu-  us,  and  warxa  our  foes." 

Milton:  P.  L..  vi.  440. 

wors'-en,  vA.  k.  i.     [Eng.  worse;  -sti.] 
A.  'J  ransitive  : 
1.  To  worse  ;  to  make  worse. 

"  It  worsens  and  slugs  the  moat  learned."— J/i //on  * 
Of  /;•  format  ion  in  England,  bk.  i. 


2.  To  obtain  advantiige  of  or  over  ;  to  worst. 

(.S,„/^/„',V.) 

B.  I nfrant'. :  To  deteriorate ;  to  becon:a 
worsts. 

"  Are  wc  to  Im*  permitted  to  t.ake  our  fair  share  in 
thu  Ki^'wing  induHtriid  Inlxmrs  of  the  world,  Hud  t" 
ieH]>  our  fair  slinre  of  their  reward  ;  or  is  our  iiuaition 
going  to  worsen  relatively  to  tlmt  of  other  nations,  t>* 
even  to  worsen  nbaolntely  ?"'— /ff.  IJon.  A.  J.  Balfour 
I;viyn:mic  Notes  on  Insular  free  Trade,  I'jua. 

'  wors'-en-ing,  ,".     [Worsln.]     The  act  er 
state  of'growing  worse. 

WOrs'-er,   a.   or   udr.      (WnnsE,   a.]      Worse. 

(It  is  not  now  used  exeept  ui  vnl.L;ar  .speech.) 

•  \r6rs  -  er  -  ness,  "  wore  -  er  -  nesse,  ^ 

[Eng.  worser ;  -ncss.]     The  state  or  quality  ^f 
being  worse. 
"  In   heats  and   colds   extremities   is  loarstrrnessc  in 

ueitlK-r." 

Warner:  Albion's  Kii'jiand.  I>k.  xiii,,  ch.  7^. 

wor'-ship, '  wir-scliip, "  wor-shyppe,  ■■;. 

[Short for  ivorthship ;  A..S.  wtordhscipt,  ivyrdJi- 
st':7Jf  =  honour,  from  weordh,  «JH7-d/i=  worth) . 
honourable,  and  suff.  -scipe  {=  Eng.  -ship).] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  stat*  of  being  wortliy  ; 
excellence  of  character ;  dignity,  worth, 
worthiness.     {Shakesp. :  Ricluird  111.,  i.  1.) 

*  2.  Honour. 

■'  Fur  Solomon  sjiyth  :  It  is  a  gret  worship  to  a  m.iti 
ti>  keiie  him  fro  uoiae  and  stril."— CAawcer  ;  Tali:  / 
Metibcus. 

*3.  Reverence,  honour,  respect. 

"Then  shalt  thou  have  worshipiu  the  presence  of 
them  that  sit  at  meat  with  thee."— iiite  xiv.  10, 

4.  A  title  of  respect  or  lionour,  used  in  ail- 
dressing  certain  magistrates,  and  others  of 
rank  and  .statiou.  (Sometimes  used  ironically.) 

"  If  he  had  done  or  s.aid  anj'thing  amiss,  he  desired 
their  worjfAipi  to  think  it  wiis  his  infirmity." — Shakvsp  : 
Julias  Ccesar,  i.  2. 

*  5.  Honour,  celebration. 

"The  images,  whiche  tlie  seuatours  of  olde  tyme 
hadde  .ireyd  iu  worshyppe  of  theyr  victories.  "— 
Fabyan  :  Chroni/cle.  cli.  Ixix. 

6.  The  act  of  performing  devotional  acts  in 
honour  of;  especially,  the  actof  paying  divine 
luiuours  to  the  .Supreme  Being  ;  the  reverence 
and  homage  paid  to  him  in  religious  exercises, 
consisting  iu  adoration,  coufession,  prayer, 
thanksgiving,  and  the  like. 

"  If  the  worship  of  God  be  a  duty  of  religion,  public 
worship  is  a  necessary  iuatitutiou." — Paley  :  Moral 
Philosophy,  bk.  v.,  §  4. 

7.  Obsequious  or  submissive  respect;  uu- 
bounded  admiration;  loving  or  admiring  de- 
votion ;  as,  \\evo-worship. 

*  worship  -  worthy,  a.  Worthy  or  de- 
serving of  honour  or  respect ;  worsliipfni. 

"  Then  were  the  wisest  of  the  people  w'>rsl'.i/>- 
rvorth;/."—IIackJuyt:  Voyn^es.  i.  126. 

wor'-ship,  "  worth-schip-en,  '  wor- 
schip,  '  wor-shep-en,  *  wor-schipe, 
'wor-shyp,  "wor-shyppe,  v.t.  A  i. 
[Worship,  s.J 

A.  Transitive : 

"  1.  To  pay  honour  to  ;  to  honour.  (See- 
extract  under  A.  2.) 

2.  To  treat  or  regard  with  reverence,  re- 
spect, or  admiration. 

"A  phrase  in  one  of  our  occasional  Services,  'with 
my  body  I  thee  worship,' hns  perplexed  and  sometimes 
ottended  those  who  were  uuaci|UamteU  with  the  early 
uses  of  the  word,  and  thus  with  the  intention  of  the 
actual  framei-9  uf  thatService.  Clearly  iu  oui-  modem 
sense  of 'Moriftfp,' this  lauguage  would  be  inadny-.- 
bible.  But  '  worship  '  or  '  worthship '  meant '  honour ' 
iu  our  early  English,  and  'to  worship'  to  honour, 
tliis  meaning  of  "worship*  still  very  harmlessly  sur- 
viving in  ■  worshipful,'  and  iu  the  title  of  '  your  wor- 
ship' addressed  to  the  magistrate  on  the  bench.  f»o 
little  was  it  restrained  of  old  to  the  honour  wliicii 
m;iii  is  bound  to  pay  to  Ood.  that  it  is  employed  by 
Wjtliffe  to  express  the  houour  which  God  will  render 
ti.  iiis  faithful  servants  and  friends.  Thus  our  Lords 
duihuation.  "If  any  man  serve  Me.  him  will  my 
Father  honour.'  in  Wycliffe's  translation  reads  thus. 
■  If  any  man  serve  Me.  my  Father  nhRllwor^Aiphim. 
—  Trench  :  English  Past  <t  Present,  lect.  vii. 

3.  To  pay  divine  honours  to ;  to  adore ;  to 
reverence  with  supreme  respect  aud  veueia- 
tion  ;  to  perform  religions  service  to. 

"They  went  aud  served  other  gods,  and  worshippc  I 
thi:m."—Deati-rononi!/  xxix.  UG. 

4.  To  love  or  admire  inordinately  ;  to  de- 
vote one's  self  to ;  to  idolize,  to  adore ;  to 
treat  as  divine. 

"  With  bended  knees  1  daily  iPurshi/i  her." 

Careiv.    [Todd.i 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  love  or  admire  a  person  inordinately. 

"I  h.ave  loved,  aud  waited,  aud  worshipped  in  silence.' 
Longfellow :  Miles  Slandish,  iii. 

2.  To  perform  acts  of  worship  or  adoration ; 
to  perform  religions  services. 


tate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    33,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Uw. 


worshipability — worthy 


6Uo 


•  wor-sliip-a-bil-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  worship- 
uble ;  -itij.]  Till'  quality  or  state  of  being 
worthy  to  be  worshipped  ;  the  capability  of 
being  wnrshippt'd.    {Coleridge.) 

•  w6r'-ship-a-ble, '(.  [Eng.  nm-ship :  -able.] 
Ciipable  or  worthy  of  being  woitshipped. 

•  w6r -ship-er,  >.     [WousmrrF.u.] 

wor -ship-ful.  ■  wor -ship-full,  'wur- 
ship-full.  .(.     IKiig-  wnr.<hip;  •/»//.] 

1.  Chiiniing  respect ;  worthy  i>f  h'>nour  from 
its  character  or  dignity  ;  honourable. 

•■Whan  thou  ahiUt  he  desirwl  to  .iiiy  iPiiiship/uil 
se.\t,"-~Cdal:  Liikr  xiv. 

2.  A  term  of  respect  specially  applied  to 
magistrates  and  cirporate  bodies.  (Some- 
times a  term  of  ironical  respect.) 

"  wor -ship-ful-ly,  *  woor-ship-ful-lye. 

n.  [Kng.  inyrslilr/x!  :  -/)/.]  lu  a  worshipful 
manner;  respeetlully,  hnnourably. 

••  Aud  see  hnw  uv'trshipfnUye  he  shjill  hee  bronghte 
tu  churche."— .So'  T.  Mure  :   tt'orkes,  i>.  ;u. 

•  wor'-shxp-ful-ness,  s.    [Eng.  worship/u! : 

■vess.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wor- 
shipful. 

•  wdr'-shlp-less,  n.      [Eng.  worship;  -less.] 

Destitute  of  worshippers. 
"  Hi.w  lone  ).\-  tvraiits  slritl  thy  IjukI  he  trod  '. 
Hovi  lout'  Thy  temple  ic<trshipli-M.  O  Cod ! " 

Byron  :  On  Jordan'i  Banks. 

wor -ship-per,  '  wor-ship-er,  *  wor- 
schip-er,  *  wor-shyp  per,  >.  [Eng. 
vorship,  y.  ;  -rr.]  Oiw  wh'^  worships;  oue 
who  pays  di\  iiie  honours  to  any  being ;  one 
who  adores. 

"  T,  so  long 
A  worshi/ijier  of  N:itnre,  hither  came," 

}\'ortUworth :  TinU-rn  Ahbe>j. 

%  A  small  sect,  calling  themselves  "Wor- 
shippers of  God,"  api>eared  for  the  first  time 
in  the  Registrar-GeneraVs  returns  for  the 
year  ISSO. 

worst,  'werst  (((tii.), '^werste,  ^worste 

((f.).  a.,  n,i,:,  &  >-.  [A.S.  \njr$t  (adv.);  wijrsta 
(a.),  a  contraction  of  wyrsestu,  vnjrrestu ; 
cogn.  with  O.  Sax.  wirsista  (a.) ;  Icel.  verst 
(adv.);  verstr  (a.);  Dan.  va-rst :  Sw.  viirst ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  wrisist,  tvrisest,  wrist.  Worst  is 
thus  for  tro?-5e5(.l    [Worse.] 

A.  -■Is  adjective : 

1.  Bad  in  the  highest  degree,  morally  or 
physically. 

"  Thou  hadst  not  been  bom  the  worst  of  men." 
Shaketp.  :  Timon,  iv.  3. 

2.  Ofthe  least  value  or  worth;  most  inferior. 

B.  As  adverb: 

1.  In  the  most  inferior  manner  or  degree ; 
woise  than  all  others. 

2.  Most  or  least,  according  to  the  sense 
expressed  by  the  verb. 

"  When  thou  didst  hate  him  loortt." 

Shakesfi. :  Julius  Casar,  iv.  3, 

C.  As  siibst. :  That  which  is  most  evil  or 
bad  ;  the  most  inferior,  evil,  severe,  aggra- 
vated, or  calamitous  state  or  condition. 
(Usually  with  flu-.) 

"  So  almll  I  tisle  the  worst  of  fortune's  might." 

Shakesp. :  Sonnet  CKt. 

%  "  (1)  At  the  i'-orst :  In  the  most  evil  state  ; 
at  the  greatest  disadvantage. 

'■  Thou  Iiast  me.  if  thou  hast  ine,  at  the  loorst." 

Shaktrsp. :  Henri/  I*,  v.  2. 

(2)  To  do  one's  worst :  To  do  the  greatest 
harm  or  injury  in  one's  power. 

•(3)  To  put  to  the  worst:  To  inflict  defeat 
on  ;  t>o  disconifit,  to  worst. 

worst,  r.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  xri/rsian^  with  excrescent 
t,  as  in  amongst,  whilst,  &c.] 

A.  Trauit. :  To  get  tlie  advantage  or  the 
better  of  in  contest;  to  defeat,  to  discomfit, 
to  overthrow. 

"  A  conflict  in  which  they  .ire  pretty  sure  to  be 
Wonted."— Daily  Chronicle,  Sept.  7,  1885. 

*  B,  Intrajis. :  To  grow  or  become  worse  ; 
to  deteriorate. 

"  Anne  hageard,  Mary  coarse,  every  face  in  the 
neichbourhood  womtin'i." — Miss  Austen:  Perswision, 
ch.i. 

worst -ed  ('siU  lit),  T^orst-ede,  *  wor- 
Stid,  -  WOS-ted.  s-.  &  -'.  [Xamcd  afti^r  the 
t^'wu  of  }Vortited,  now  inndaid,  nortli  of  Nor- 
wich, in  Norfolk,  where  it  was  first  manutac- 
tured.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  variety  of  woollen  yam,  or 
thread,  spun  from  long  staple  wool,  which 
has  been  combed,  and  which,  in  the  spinning. 


is  twisted  haifler  tlian  ordinary.  It  is  knitted 
or  woven  into  stockings,  carpets,  &c. 

"  Woollen  yam   nnd  ivorsted  are  prohibited  to  hm 

exiMTtvd."— Smith  :  M'ealth  of  .Vatiuti*.  hk.  Iv,,  ch.  vlli. 

B.  As  adj. :   Consisting  of  worsted  ;  made 

of  worsted  yam  :  as,  worsted  stockings,  iror- 

stfd  work. 

wort  (1).  'worte  (1),    *  wurte,  ?.     [A.S. 

i'-,,rf ;  eogn.  with  O.  Sax.  irurt  ;  O.  Dut.  imrte  ; 
Icel.  nrt  (for  vnrt),  jurt  ;  Dan.  urt ;  Sw.  nrt  : 
Ger.  Wiirz ;  Goth,  waurts.  Closely  allied  to 
vnrt  and  root,  il'ort  appears  in  a  number  of 
compounds,  of  which  it  forms  the  last  ele- 
ment :  as,  mugH'or/,  &c.]  [Orch.\rd.] 
1.  A  plant,  a  herb. 

"  Aud  ill  a  heddc  of  icaites  stitle  lie  lJ4y, 
Till  it  w.ia  i>as.ied  undern  of  the  dny. ' 

Chauc«r :  V.  T..  IS.KS. 

•2,  A  plant  ofthe  cabbage  kind. 

3.   I'arciniiim  MyrtiUus.     Called  also  Worts. 

wort  (2),  *  worte  (2),  s.  [Prob.  only  a  par- 
ticular application  of  wort  (1),  meaning  an 
infusion  like  that  of  herbs  when  boiled  :  cngn. 
with  O.  Dut.  wort  =  wort ;  Low  Ger.  wort  ; 
Icel.  virtr  ;  Norw.  i-yrt,  viirt ;  Sw.  vort :  Ger. 
bierwurse  =  beer-wort.] 

Chem.  :  The  saccharine  extract  obtained 
from  malt,  barley,  and  other  grain,  by  mash- 
ing with  water.  It  is  a  complex  mixture  of 
saccharine  bodies,  some  existing  in  the  grain 
and  others  formed  in  the  process  of  brewing. 
It  varies  in  quality,  but  the  following  per- 
centage represents  the  average  composition 
of  brewer's  wort,  reckoned  on  the  dry  solid 
matter :  Maltose,  64  ;  dextrin,  10 ;  cane  and 
invert  sugars,  1^;  albimieu  and  mineral 
matters,  S. 

worth.  *worthe,  "  worth -en,  r.i.    [A.S. 

ireordhan,  wurdhan,  wyrdhaii  (pa.t.  wenrdh, 
pi.  ivitrthii)  =  to  become;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
imrdeii  (pa.  t.  werd  ;  pa.  par.  geworden) ;  Icel. 
vcrdha  (pa.  t.  vardh;  pa.  par.  ordhinn)-=  to  be- 
come, to  happen,  to  come  to  pass  ;  Dan.  vorde  : 
Sw.  rarda ;  O.  H.  Ger.  werdan;  Ger.  werden  ; 
Goth,  xvairtluin  (pa.t.  warth ; -pa.,  par.  wanr- 
tJians) ;  Lat.  irrto  =  to  turn.]  To  become; 
to  be. 

"  My  ioye  ia  turned  into  strife. 
Tluit  sober  I  shall  never  loorthe." 

Gower. :  C  A.,  v. 

IT  Now  only  used  in  the  phrases,  Woe 
worth  the  day !  Woe  worth  the  man!  in  which 
the  verb  is  in  the  imperative  mood,  and  the 
noun  in  the  dative,  the  phrase  being  equivalent 
to  Woe  he  to  C/w  day,  &c. 

"  Woe  worth  the  ch.iae.  icoe  worth  the  clay 
That  costs  thy  life,  my  gallant  gray." 

^cott  .   Lady  ofthe  Lake,  i.  9. 

worth,  *worthe,  *wurth,fl.  &s.  [A.s. 
weordh,  unirdh  =  (a.)  honourable,  (s.)  value  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  waard  (a.),  waarde  (s.);  Lat. 
verdhr  (a.),  verdh  (s.)  ;  Dan.  I'an-d  (a.  &  s.); 
Sw.  vdrd(a,.),  vorde  (s.);  M.  H.  Ger.  iwrf(a.  & 
s.);  Ger.  wertk  (a.  &  s.) ;  Goth,  wairths  (a.  & 
s.).     Allied  to  A.S.  tcarit  =  wares,  valuables.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Honourable,  estimable. 

"  The  more  that  a  mau  con.  the  more  worth  he  ys," 
nobert  of  Gloucester,  p.  364. 

*2.  Valuable,  precious. 

•■  To  guard  a  thing  not  ours  nor  worth  to  us." 

Shakcsp.  :  Troilua  i  Cresaida.  iL  £. 

3.  Equal  in  value  to  ;  equal  in  price  to. 

"  A  score  of  good  ewes  may  be  worth  ten  pouuds." — 
Shakfip.  :  2  Henry  IV.,  iii.  2, 

4.  Equal  in  possessions  to ;  having  estate 
to  the  value  of;  possessing. 

*■  To  ennoble  those 
Th.it  scarce  .sume  two  days  since  were  worth  a  noble." 
ahakesp.  :  /lichtinl  III.,  i.  a. 

5.  Deserving,  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 

"  To  reign  is  worth  ambition,  though  in  Hell.' 
Milton:  P.  L..  i.  362. 

B.  As  siihstniitive  : 

1.  That  quality  of  a  thing  which  makes  it 
valuable;  value;  hence,  value  expressed  in 
a  standard,  as  money,  price,  rate.  Thus  the 
worth  of  commodities  is  usually  the  price 
which  they  will  fetch  ;  but  the  price  is  not 
always  the  worth. 

"  I  should  have  lost  the  worth  of  It  in  gold." 

Shakesp,  ■   Cyinbeline,  ii.  4. 

2.  That  which  one  is  worth ;  possessions, 
substance,  wealth. 

"  They  are  but  hegicnrs  that  can  count  their  toorth." 
Shakes}}. :  liomeo  .t  Juliet,  ii.  6. 

3.  Value  in  respect  of  moral  or  mental 
qualities;  desert,  merit,  worthiness,  excel- 
lence. 

"  }\'orth  makes  the  man.  aud  want  of  It  the  fellow." 
Pope:  Essay  on  Man,  iv,  202. 


4.  Importance,  valuable  qualities,  worthi- 
ness, excellence.    (Applied  to  things.) 

"  A  lMtt«r'd  weed  of  small  warth  held,*' 

tihuketp. :  Sont.et  2. 

'  WOrth'-ful,  n.     [Kng.  worth,  s.  ;  •/"//.]    Full 
ol  wiuth  ;  worthy. 

*  wor -thi-less,   *  wor-thi-les.  a.    [Eng. 

v^othy;  -less.]     Undeserving,  unworthy. 

"  The  Justice  that  so  hlH  prouilHc  conipllnheth 
For  his  word  s  miMv  to  tcorthif--ss  desert.'" 

Wyat :  The  Author. 

w6r-thi-l^,   ♦  wor-the-ly.    adv.      [Eng. 
worthy;  -/»/.] 

1.  Inaworthy  manner ;  suitably  ;  according 
to  deserts. 

"  Who  can  ...  in  tears  iMwail  them  worfhUj/." 

Surrtjf  :  I'irffii ;  .tineui,  ii. 

2.  Suitably,  excellently. 

"  TliMU  find  thy  meaner  fclluws  y.nir  l;i«t  service 
bid  worthily  ivrfuriii."  Sliiik''iii>.  :  Tempest,  v. 

wor  -thi-ness,  *  wor-thi-nesae,  s.   [Eng. 

icortfiy  ;  -?w'W.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  worthy  or 
well  deserved;  merit;  desert. 

"  The  prayers  which  our  Saviour  made  were,  for  his 
own  worthiness,  accepted." — ffooker  :  Acclei.  Polity. 

2.  Excellence,  dignity,  virtue. 

"  He  is  a  good  one.  aud  hts  wirthinets 
Does  chKlleiiKe  much  resiwct." 

Shakesp.:  Othello,  ii.  1. 

worth' -ite,  .*.     [After  the  Russian  mineralo- 
gist. Fried.  Worth  ;  sutl".  -ite  (3/j».).] 

Mill. :  An  altered  variety  of  Fibrolite  (q.v.) 
found  near  St.  Petersburg. 

worth'-less,  a.     [Eng.  worth  ;  -hs^.] 

1.  Having  or  being  of  no  worth  or  value  ; 
valueless. 

"  This  frail  and  worthless  trunk. " 

Shakesp. :  Henry  P..  iii.  6, 

2.  Having  no  value  of  character  or  virtue  ; 
having  no  dignity  or  excellence  ;  mean  ;  con- 
temptible. 

"  The  moat  wortA?eJi«  persons  on  whom  he  has  con- 
ferred yreat  benetits."— J/(ic-«((fatf  .■  Jlist.  Eng  ,  ch.  xx. 

3.  Having  no  merit  or  desert. 

"  Ye.  then,  my  works,  uo  longer  vain. 
Aud  icorthleas  deeiu'd  by  me  '. " 

Cowper :  Ode  to  Mr.  Joh  n  Honne. 

*  4.  Futile,  vain,  idle.    , 

"  How  I  scorn  his  wirthlen  threat*." 

SlMkesp. :  3  Ucnri/  I"/.,  i.  1, 

*  5.  Unworthy  ;  not  deserving. 

'■  A  peeviah  schoolboy,  worthless  of  such  honour." 
Shakesp.  :  Julius  Ctvaar,  v.  l. 

*  w6rth-less-ly,  rc^/t'.    [Eng.  worthless;  -ly.] 
In  a  worthless  manner. 

worth  -less-ness,  s.    [Eng.  worthless ;  -ncss.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  worthless 
or  of  no  value  ;  want  or  absence  of  value  or. 
worth  ;  want  of  useful  qualities. 

"  The'  rottenness  of , the  bricks  and  the  teorth  lets  nets 
ofthe  mortar."— fiat/tf  Telegraph.  March  5,  1887. 

2.  Want  of  excellence  or  dignity. 

"  Justly  the  price  of  worthlessneis  they  i)aid. " 

Pope:  Homer;  Od'/asei/  xxii.  4.'i4. 

wor  -thy,  *  wor-thi,  *  wor-thie,  a.  &  s. 

[Icel.*  verdhugr  =  worthy  ;  A.S.  weordhig  =  an 
estate,  a  farm.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

'  1.  Having  worth  or  value  ;  valuable. 

^  "  No  worthier  than  the  dust  ' 

Shakcsp. :  JuHtta  (Wtar,  iit  1. 

2.  Valuable,  noble,  estimable. 

"  I  have  dune  thee  worthy  aevvice." 

Shakesi:  .   Tempest,  L  C 

3.  Deserving  of  praise  ;  excellent. 

"  Endowed  with  worthy  iiualities." 

Shakesp  :  Two  Uentlentcn.  v.  4. 

4.  Deserving ;  such  as  merits ;  having 
equivalent  qualities  or  value,  in  a  good  as 
well  as  a  bad  sense.  Often  followed  by  o/bc- 
fore  the  thing  deserved  or  compared  ;  some- 
times by  thxit,  sometimes  by  an  infinitive,  and 
sometimes  by  an  accusative. 

"  More  worthy  I  to  be  beloved  of  tliee" 

Shakrsp. :  Sonnet  150, 

*  5.  Well  deserved ;  in  a  good  as  well  as  in 
a  bad  sense. 

"  Doing  loorthy  vengeance  on  thyself." 

Shakesp. :  Richard  III.,  i.  2. 

*  6.  Well-founded ;  legitimate,  rightful, 
justifiable. 

"  As  worthy  cause  I  have  to  fear." 

Shakesp. :  Othello,  iii.  3. 

'7.  Fit;  suitable;  convenient;  proper; 
having  qualities  suited  to. 

"  It  is  more  worthu  to  leap  in  oursclvea. 
Than  tarry  till  they  push  us." 

Shakesp.  :  Jutiu-i  Casar,  v.  6. 


boU,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  gell,  chorus,  chin,  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  e^ist.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin:  -tlon,  -sioa  ~  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -cUe»  ^c.  —  bel,  d^L 


596 


worthy— wraith 


B.  As  substaiitiiv : 

*  1.  Anything  of  worth  or  excellence. 

"  111  her  fiitr  cheek 
WbelT  Mveral  worlhiet  uiiikc  one  iliguity. 

lAttkftp.  :  Love's  Labour'*  Ln*t,  iv.  8. 

2,  A  person  of  eminent  worth  ;  n  pereon 
(iistinsnisheil  for  useful  orestiujable  qualities. 
(SoiiiL'tiiHcs  used  ironically.) 

•'  At  tlicac  scMODB  Uld  these  vuliaut  iporthu-t  wiiteh 
fatm  tu.  KUii  did  «tm  contiiiunlly  aasault  hiiu."— fiw"- 
yiin.  PUffrim't  Prcgn-u.  pt  ii. 

3.  A  term  npplie;!  humorously  or  colloqvii- 
ally  to  a  local  celebrity;  a  character;  an 
eccentric. 

«I  The  Xine  Worthies :  [Nine,  If  (6)]. 

wor-thy.  t'.(.  IWorthy,  a.]  To  render 
wortfiy  ;  to  exalt  into  a  hero  ;  t^  aggrandise. 

"  He  conjunct  tripp'd  me  behind: 
Ami  put  upon  lilui  such  a  de«l  ot  man, 
TliRt  W(>rfft(odhiin."  Slia/cssp,:  Uar  il   2. 

•  wost,  pr.  t.  of  V.     [Wit,  v.] 

•  wot,  •  wote.  v.t.  or  i.    [Wit,  v.]    To  know. 

-  Ami  now.  bicthreii,  I  wot  that  through  ignorance 
ye  Jui  It-  —.icttui.  17. 

woud,  *.    [Weld(1).J 
would  {I  silent),  rn7.  o/  v.     [WtLL,  v.] 
would-be,  a.  &  s. 

A,  As  adj.:  Wishing  to  be  or  appear; 
vainly  pretending  to  be. 

••  A  icouMbe  sntirist,  a  liired  buffoon." 

/itfron  :  EnglUh  Sards  *  Scolch  HcvieKers. 

*  B,  As  mhst. :  A  vain  pretender;  one  who 
affects  or  wishes  to  appear  something  which 
he  is  not. 

"  A  dozen  would-be's  ol  the  modem  day. " 

Cowper :  Converiation  612. 

•  would'-ihg  (l  silent),  5.    [Eng.  xooidd ;  -ing.] 

Eiiiution  of  desire ;   propension,  inclination, 
velleity. 

*■  As  well  [19  to  continue  the  wouldinga  of  the  spirit." 
—Bammmd. 

•  would' -ing-ness  il  sileut),  s.   [Eng.  would- 

ing  ■  -n-'si'.]    Willingness,  desire,  inclination. 

Woulfe,    .'^.      [For  etyni.  and  def.  see  com- 
pound,j 
Woulfe's  bottle,  ^■ 

Chem. :  A  bottle  with  two  or  more  apertures, 
intended  for  the  generation  of  gases  or  for 
cleansing  the  same  by  allowing  them  to  pass 
through  certain  solutions  contained  in  the 
bottle.  The  apertures  are  fitted  with  per- 
forated corks  through  which  are  passed  glass 
tubes  arranged  in  the  manner  most  suitable 
for  the  particular  operation  to  which  the 
bottle  may  be  applied.  Tlie  bottle  was  in- 
vented by  and  named  after  Peter  Woulfe, 
F.R.S.,  a  London  chemist,  who  died  in  ISOO.} 

wound,  *  wounde,  s.  [A.S.  wniid,  cogn. 
with  Dut.  v.'ond,  wonde;  leel.  mid  (for  vund) ; 
Dan.  vundi- ;  0.  H.  Ger.  icunta ;  Ger.  wundc 
=  a  wountl,  ii-HHti  =  wounded  ;  Goth,  ivinids 
=  wounded.  Formed  from  the  pa.  par.  of 
the  strong  verb  signifying  "to  fight,"  or 
"suffer,"  represented  in  A.S.  by  winnan  = 
to  strive,  to  fight,  to  suffer;  pa.  par.  wunnen. 
(Skcat.)^ 

1.  A  breach  or  rupture  of  the  skin  and  flesh 
of  an  animal  caused  by  violence,  or,  in  surgi- 
cal phrase,  a  solution  of  continuity  in  any  of 
the  soft  parts  of  the  body  occasioned  by  ex- 
ternal violence,  and  attended  with  a  greater 
or  less  amount  of  bleeding.  Wounds  are  clas- 
sified as  follows : 

(1)  Cuts,  incisions,  or  incised  wounds,  pro- 
duced by  sharp-edged  instruments. 

(2)  Stabs  or  punctured  wounds,  made  by 
the  thrusts  of  pointed  weapons. 

(3)  Contused  wounds,  produced  by  the  vio- 
lent application  of  hard,  blunt,  obtuse  bodies 
to  the  soft  parts. 

(4)  Lacerated  wounds,  in  which  there  is 
tearing  or  laceration,  as  by  some  rough  in- 
strument. 

(5)  Gunshot  wounds. 

(6)  Poisoned  wounds,  wounds  complicated 
with  the  introduction  of  some  poison  ur 
venom  into  the  part. 

"  Where  sharp  the  pang,  and  uioital  is  the  v>ound.~ 
Pope:  Bomer  ;  /Zidd  xiii.  719. 

•f  Wounds  which  have  severed  only  muscles 
and  the  blood-vessels  and  nerves  connected 
■with  them  heal  more  easily  than  those  which 
affert  the  tendons.  As  a  mle  wounds  made 
by  a  sharp  weapon  or  instrument  heal  more 
quickly  than  bruises  produced  by  the  blow  of 


a  weapon  which  is  Mnnt ;  as,  for  instance,  a 
club.  When  an  artery  is  severeil,  bright  red 
blood  is  ejected  by  spurtji ;  when  a  vein  is  cut, 
dark  blood  comes  forth  more  slowly.  lu 
either  case  nature  makes  immediate  etlorts  to 
rei»air  the  injury.  Even  in  the  case  of  an 
artery,  the  blood  after  a  time  tends  to  flow 
less  freely,  and  an  external  coaguluin  to  be 
formed  which  ultimately  stops  its  effusion. 
The  object  of  the  surgeon  is  to  stop  the 
flow  of  blood,  to  bring  together  the  severed 
portions  of  a  vessel  and  keep  them  togelhoi 
till  nature  re-unites  them,  using  applmiucs 
tn  prevent  the  access  of  the  atmospheric  air 
with  it-s  myriads  of  germs.  In  unfavourable 
cases  tetanus  results,  or  pya-mia,  or  both 

2.  Any  injury  to  the  liark  and  wood  of 
a  tree,  or  of  tlie  bark  and  substtince  of  other 
plants. 

3.  Any  hurt,  pain,  or  injury :  as,  a  wound 
to  credit  or  reputation.  Especially  applied 
to  the  pangs  of  love. 

"  And  gives  our  heart  a  wound  that  nothing  heals" 
Cowper :  Death  o/  Damon. 

wound-rocket,  s. 

Bot. :  Burharea  vulgaris.  So  named  because 
it  was  reputed  good  for  wounds. 

wound,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  w^indian,  from  umnd 
=  a  wound.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  hurt  by  violence  ;  to  inflict  a  wound 
on ;  to  cut,  slash,  stab,  or  lacerate ;  to 
damage ;  to  injure. 

"  He  was  wounded  lor  our  transgressions."— /Jaia ft 
lili.  5. 

*  2.  Applied  to  senseless  or  inanimate 
things. 

■•  The  bearing:  eaith  with  his  hard  hoof  he  wounds. 
Shakesp. :  Venus  <t  Adonis,  267. 

3.  To  hurt  the  feelings  of;  to  pain. 

"  When  ye  sin  against  the  weaker  brethren  and 
wound  their  weak  consciences  ye  sin  agninst  Christ. " 
1  Corinthians  viii.  12. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  inflict  hurt,  or  injure, 
either  in  a  physical  or  moral  sense. 

"  Willing  to  leound  and  yet  afraid  to  strike." 

Pope  :  Satires,  203.    (Prol.^ 

wo^nd,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.     [Wind  (2),  v.] 

*  wound' -a-ble,  a.  (Eng.  wound,  v. ;  -able.] 
Callable  of  being  wounded ;  liable  to  be 
wounded  ;  vulnerable. 

"  So  woundabie  is  the  dragon  under  the  left  whig." 
—Fuller:  Church  Bist.,  IV.  i.  5. 

w6und'-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [Wound,  v.]    [Ge- 

Nt:\A-i_nNVENTION.] 

w6und'-er,  s.  [Eng.  wound,  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  or  tliat  which  wounds. 

*  w6und'-i-ly,  adv.  ['Eng.  woundy ;  -ly.]  To 
a  woundy  degree  ;  excessively. 

"  Richard  Penlake  repeated  the  vow. 
For  ivoundili/  sick  was  he," 

Soiithej/.    1.4  nna  udale.  I 

wound' -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Wound,  r.] 
A.  &  B,  -4s  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  -4s  mhst. :  Hurt,  injury,  wound. 

■•  I  h.ive  slain  a  nian  to  my  woundittff,  and  a  young 
mau  to  my  hurt."— Genesis,  iv.  23. 

*  WOUnd'-lesS,  a.     [Eng.  wound,  s. ;  -less.] 

1.  Without  a  wound  ;  free  from  hurt  or 
injury  ;  unwounded. 

"  And  some  who,  grasp'd  by  those  that  die. 
Sink  wonndless  with  tbeni." 

Moore:  Flre-woTshippers. 

2.  Unwoxmding;  harmless. 

"  Xot  a  dart  fell  woundfess  there." 

Sotithey :  Joan  of  Arc,  viii. 

3.  Invulnerable. 

"  Hit  the  woundhis  air."      Shakenp. :  Hamlet,  ir.  1. 

wound'-wdrt,  s.  [Eng.  wouujd,  s.,  and  wort 
(I)-] 

Bot.  :  (1)  The  genus  Staehys  (q.v.) ;  specif, 
S.  germanica^  the  soft  downy  leaves  of  which 
were  used  instead  of  lint  for  dressing  wounds 
(Prior).  (2)  AnthyUis  Vvlneraria.  (.?)  Soli- 
dago  I'irgaurea.  (4)  Chrysanthemvvi  Leucayi- 
theminn.  (5)  Symphytum  officinale  {Britten  <£ 
Holland). 

wound-worth,  5.     [Woundwort (?).] 
Bot.:  Liiibum  Brownei. 

*  WOUnd'-y,  a.     [Eng.  wound,  s. ;  -y.] 

1.  Causing  or  inflicting  wounds. 

"  A  boy  tliat  shoots 
From  ladies'  eyes  euch  mortal  woundu  darts." 

B<iod:  Love. 


2.  Excessive  (sometimes  used  adverbially). 

'■  'Tis  «  woundft  hiudrauce  to  a  jioor  uian  that  Uvea 
liy  hJB  \».\mvk\\"—L' Ettranife. 

wou  -rail,  woo'-ra-ri,  wo6-ra-li, 
WOO  ra-ly,  woo-ra-ra,  s.    fJ' kai'ii.] 

wove,  i'i\:t.  ur^nf.  par.  of  v.     [Wi;avk.] 

wove  ('-r  woven)  paper,  ••;.  Writing 
papei  made  by  band  in  a  wiie  ^'auze  mould,  in 
wliich  tlie  wii'es  cross  each  other  as  in  a  woven 
I'abric,  so  that  the  surface  of  the  paper  pre- 
sents a  uniform  aj)pear;mce,  being  without 
water-mark  and  apj>arently  without  lines. 
The  name  is  also  given  to  nntchine-made  paper 
I'lesenting  the  same  appearance. 

woven  (as  wov'n),  pa.  par.  or  a.     [Wuave.J 

WO\^,  exclam.  [From  the  sound  made.]  An 
exclamation  of  pleasure  or  wonder.    (Scotch.) 

"  And,  waw.  Tarn  saw  au  unco  sight  1" 

Hums:  Tain  o' Shanter. 
WOW-WO^  i. 

Z'-ol. :  The  Silvery  Gibbon  (q.v.).  So  named 
fiuiu  its  cry. 

'  wowe,  v.t.  or  i.    [Woo.] 

wowf,  a.  [Cf.  A.S.  wojian  =  to  dote,  to  rave  ; 
Icel.  Wi;^i(r=;a  stammering,  a  being  confused.] 
Wayward  ;  wild  ;  unreclaimed  ;  disordered  in 
intellect.     (Scotch.) 

"  Wow/—sl  wee  bit  by  the  East  Nook  or  sae ;  it"  s  a 
coniiunn  cH-ie— the  ae  hah'  of  the  warld  thinks  the 
titlii-r  daft."— .S'-orr .■  J{edgauutlet,  ch.  viii, 

*  WOX,  '  WOX'-en,  pa.  par.  of  V.     [Wax,  r.] 

*  WOXe,  prct.  of  V.     [Wax,  v.\ 

g^^  Initial  w  is  always  silent  before  r. 

wrack  (l), "  wracke,  *  wrak,  s.  [The  same 
word  as  wreck  {(\.\.)\  cogn.  with  Dut.  wrak  = 
a  wreck,  cracked,  broken  ;  Icel.  rek  (for  frefc), 
rcki  =  anything  drifted  or  driven  ashore,  from 
r^ta  (for  i'rcta)  =  to  drive;  Dan.  rr«y=  wreck; 
Sw.  vrak  =  wreck,  refuse,  trash.] 

*  1.  Destruction  of  a  ship  by  winds  or  rocks, 
or  by  the  force  of  the  waves;  wreck  ;  ship 
wreck. 

"  .Seamen  parting  in  a  geiieml  tcravk. 
Whfii  lii'st  tlie  loosen  I  iig  planks  iiegin  to  ci-ack." 
Dryden:  2  Conquest  of  Granada,  iii. 

•  2.  Ruin,  destruction. 

' '  Hence  grew  the  general  wrack  and  masBacre," 
Shakesp. ;  1  Benry  VI.,  i.  1. 

3.  Sea-weed  thrown  ashore.     [Sea-wrack.] 

wrack-grass,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  same  as  Gras.swrack  (q.v.). 

wrack  (2),  .^.     [Rack  (4),  s.\    A  thin,  flying 

cloud  ;  ;i  rack. 

wrack,  v.t.     [Wrack  (1),  s.\ 

■  1.  To  destroy  by  the  force  of  the  waves; 
to  wreck. 

"  Supposing  that  they  sjiw  the  Dukes  ship  wracM," 
Dryden :  Tempest,  i. 

2.  To  tease,  to  vex,  to  torment. 

"  I'll  cross  him,  and  wrack  him,  until  I  heartbreak 
him."        Burm:  What  Can  a  young  Lassie  f 

*  wracke,  s.    [Wrack  (1),  s.] 

*  wrack -ful,  a.  [Eng.  wrack  (1),  s.  ;  -full.] 
Ruiutius,  destructive. 

"  What  wanton  horrors  marked  their  wraek/ul  path  !" 
Scott:  Bon  Jiuderick,  vi,     (Cone.) 

*  wr^ck'-Some,  a.  [Eng.  wrack  (1),  s. ; 
-some.)     Destructive,  ruinous. 


t  wrack -wort,  s.     [Eng.    wmck  (1),  s.,  and 

wort.] 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Fucus.    (Paxton,) 

*  wraie,  *  wray,  v.t.    [A.S.  luregan.] 

1.  To  betray,  to  discover. 

2,  To  accuse. 

*  wrai'-er,   *  wrei-er,   *  wray-er,  5. 

[Wraie.]    A  traitor;  an  accuser. 

wralk,  s.     [Wrack  (1).]     (.■^cutch.) 

wrain,  s.    [Etyiu.  doubtful.]    [See  compound.] 

wrain-bolt,  s.    [Wrinq-bolt.] 

wrain-sta£f,  s.     [Wring-staff.] 

wraith,  warth,  s.  [icel.  vdrdhr,  gen. 
m /•(//(((;'=:  a  guardian,  from  vprdha  =  to  guard; 
cogn.  with  Eng.  icani  (q.v.).]   An  apparition  ; 


lato,  fat,  fere,  amidst,  what,  f^,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
cr,  wore,  w^lf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


wrang— wreak 


&97 


the  ghost  ul"  a  person  appearing  before  death. 
(Scotrh.) 

"She  was  uncertain  if  it  were  tha  gii»y,  or  btr 
wraith."— Scotl :   Guji  Jlamteriii^,  cb.  X. 

wrang,  pret.  of  p.    PIVbing.1 

■wrang,  mlv.^  a.,  &  s,    (Wbosg,  a.]    (Scotch.) 

wrah  -gle,  v.L  &  (.  (A  frequeut.  from  wrliuj, 
fornu'd  from  u'muj7,  pa.  t.  of  A.S.  wringan  = 
to  press.  TIius  tho  original  sense  was  to  keep 
on  presshijr,  to  urge,  and  Jieuce,  to  argue 
vehemently;  cf.  Dan.  vringle  =  to  twist,  to 
entangle.] 
A.  Tiifransitive : 

1.  To  dispute  or  argue  angrily  and  noisily  ; 
to  quarrel  peevishly  or  noisily ;  to  brawl. 

"  To  tcranyle  about  lulls  (or  the  iocloaijig  of  moors." 
—J/ticaulii!f':  HisUEng..  ch.  s:ix. 

*2.  To  ei.gage  in  discussion  and  disput;ition  ; 
to  ai-gue.  to  debate ;  hence  formerly  in  some 
nuiversities,  to  dispute  publicly ;  to  defend  or 
oppose  a  thesis  by  ai-gunieut. 

*B,  Tmiis.  :  To  involve  in  contention, 
(luarrel.  or  dispute. 

wran'-gle,  5.  [Wrangle,  r.]  An  angry  and 
noisy  dispute  or  quarrel ;  an  altercation. 

"  The  giving  the  priest  a  right  to  tlie  title,  would 
protUice  liiw-suita  and  wratiyles.'—Sioi/t, 

wran  -gler,  s.    [Eug.  loranglifi),  v.  ;  -er.] 

*  1.  One  who  wrangles  or  disputes  ;  a  de- 
bater, a  discusser. 

■■  I  burn  to  set  the  iniprisou'd  tormtgU'rs  free." 

Cotejjer  :  T<uk,  iv..  34. 

2.  An  angry  or  noisy  disputant ;  a  brawler. 

"  irniri^/t-rs  anil  yrefuU  folke  should  not  be  iudges 
ouer  the  i>e.'\siUIe. '— ffoWei  B'-ke,  let.  13. 

*  3.  Ao  opponent,  an  adversary. 

"  He  hath  in.ide  a  m:vtch  with  such  a  wrangler. 
Tbnt  all  the  courts  of  Fiance  will  be  disturbd 
With  chaces."  Shakesp.  :  Henri/  l'..  i.  2. 

■  4.  At  Cambridge  Univei-sity,  the  name  given 
to  those  who  are  placed  in  the  first  class  in 
the  tirst  or  elementary  portion  of  the  public 
examination  for  honours  in  pure  and  mixed 
mathematics,  commonly  called  the  Mathe- 
matical Tripos,  those  placed  in  the  second 
class  being  known  as  Senior  Optimes,  and 
those  in  tlie  third  class  as  Junior  Optimes. 
Up  to  and  including  the  year  1SS2,  the 
student  wlio  took  alfsolutely  the  first  place 
in  the  Mathematical  Trijtos  used  to  be  termed 
Senior  Wrangler;  those  who  came  next  to 
him  being  second,  tliird,  fourth,  &.C.,  wran- 
glers. Since  then  the  title  has  been  given  to 
the  student  who  takes  the  first  ]'lace  in  part 
I.  of  the  Mathematical  Tripos.  The  name  is 
derived  from  tlie  publiL-  disi>utations,  in  which 
caudi'lates  for  degrees  were  formerly  required 
to  exhibit  their  powei-s. 

wran-gler-ship,s.  [Eng.  wrangler;  -ship.] 
Ill  Caiiiliridj^e University,  the lionour conferred 
I'll    IlidSf    who    are    placed    in    the   list    of 

wi-uii-Icvs. 

\Fran -gle-some,  «.  [Eng.  vmnvgle;  -some.] 
CjiuiUfls'jnie,  c:onteiitious.    (Pror.) 

wran  -glihg,  2>r.  par.,  a.,  &  5.    [Wrakgle,  r.] 
A.  ^'  B.  As  p>\  par.  <£■  itarticip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  vis  substantive : 

*  1.  A  debate  ;  a  discussion. 

"  The  disputrttioiia  jit  Oxford  «re  now  indeed  merely 
foriuHl;  but  the  icrangHngi  at  Citiobridge  still  con- 
tinue."—/Tn^jr/  Winter  Eoeniugt,  Evtru.  70. 

2,  Xoisy  quanelliug  or  dispute  ;  altercation. 

"  WraiiijHng  aoou  changes  a  home  to  helL" 

Lon'j/ellotD  :  Anuie  of  Tharaa. 

"wran-kle,  v.i.    [Rankle.]    To  rankle. 

"  Vet  tit'  in-i.ird  touch  th."vt  wouude<l  honour  bears, 
Kestfi  closely  tcraiikliny,  luid  can  timt  uu  ease." 

Itaniel :  CicU  H'arj,  iii. 

wrap  (1),  wrappe,  v.t.  [Formed  by  meta- 
thesis from  warp  (q.v.),  the  sense  being  due, 
probably  to  the  folding  together  of  a  tishing- 
net ;  cf.  Icel.  rarp=  tiie  cast  of  a  net  ;  varpa 
=  a  cast,  also  the  net  itself ;  Sw.  dial,  i-arjft 
=  a  fine  herring-net.] 

1.  To  winder  fold  together;  to  arrange  so 
as  to  cover  something.  (Generally  with 
about,  round,  or  the  like.) 

"  The  napkin  .  .  .  wrapped  together  in  a  ptice  by 
Itself."— Joft/i  jtsL  ". 

2.  To  envelop,  to  muffle ;  to  cover  with 
something  thrown  or  wound  round.  (Fre- 
quently with  v/>.) 

-     "  \Veai>ou9  wrapped  al>out  with  lines." 

ShnJcrtp.  :  Titus  Andi^mi  -ut.  iv   2. 


3.  Tu  envcloii,  to  surround. 

"  Wrat>j4»g  thy  cUllii  hi  vmri'Ie  clow." 

Sv^t :  Ladji  f/the  L^ikv,  Hi.  24. 

i.  To  conceal  by  involving  or  enveloping  ; 
to  liide  in  a  mass  of  dilfeivnt  charucter ;  to 
cover  vip  or  involve  generally. 

"  Uuiientiibly  ierapp\t  iu  two-fold  uigbL" 

M'ur(/#w»rtA  .■  Sounds  to  liberty. 

*  wrap-rascal«  s.  An  old  term  for  a 
coarse  over-coat. 

'  wrap  (2),  v.t.  [A  misspelling  for  rap.]  (Rap 
(2),  v.\  To  snatch  up,  to  transport ;  to  put 
in  an  ecstacy. 

"  Wrapped  lu  araaie,  the  matrons  wildly  stare." 

Drjfden  :  Virgil;  -Eiieid  v.  6*0. 

wrap,  s.  [Wrap(1),  f.)  An  article  of  dress 
intended  to  be  wrapped  round  a  person  on  a 
journey,  &c. ;  a  wrapper.  In  the  plural  the 
term  is  applied  collectively  to  all  coverings, 
in  addition  to  the  usual  clothing,  used  as  a 
defence  against  the  weather,  as  cloaks,  shawls, 
rugs,  &c. 

"For  the  last'five  or  six  days  we  have  been  looking 
to  our  furs  and  icra/n." — FifUt,  Feb.  25,  1888. 

'wrap-page,  s.     [Eng.  u'mp(l),  v, ;  -age.] 

1.  The  act  of  wrapping. 

"  Odd  things  are  met  with  in  the  papers  used 
by  shopkeepers  for  terappa'je." — JJt/rtitner  Collins: 
Thoiiahtt  in  Sfs/  Garden,  i.  is;. 

2.  That  which,  WTaps,  or  envelops  ;  a  cover- 
ing, a  wrapper. 

"  Under  what  thousand  gold  icrappajex  aud  cloaks 
of  dfti'kness  Roj^ty  muat  involve  hs<:lI."—Carlytc: 
French  Revol..  pt.  iL,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  iv. 

3.  Something  wrapped  up  ;  a  parcel. 

"This  paper  wrappage  was  taken  on  by  train  to 
Stalyhridife.  — Zttii/y  Telegraph,  Nov.  19.  1333. 

wrap'-per,  s.     [Eng.  wrap  (l),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  wraps. 

2.  That  in  which  anything  is  wrapped  or 
inclosed  ;  that  which  is  wrapped  round  any- 
thing ;  an  envelope,  an  outer  covering. 

"  My  arms  were  pressed  to  my  sides,  and  mj'  legs 
closed  together  by  so  many  wrappers,  that  I  looked 
like    an  Egyptian  uiuinmy."  ~~  Addison :  Spectator, 

Ko.  90. 

3.  A  loose  over  or  upper  garment ;  applied 
sometimes  to  a  lady's  dressing-gown  or  the 
like,  aud  sometimesto  a  loose  overcoat. 

"  X  quickly  found  that  Nitellii  passed  her  time  V>e- 
tween  finery  and  dirt,  aud  was  always  iu  a  wrapper. 
nightcap,  aud  slippers,  when  she  was  not  decorated 
for  immediate  show." — /iambter,  'So.  115. 

wrap-ping,  pr.par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Wrap  (1),  v.] 

A,  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  adj. :  Used  or  designed  for  wrapping 
or  covering  :  as,  wraj^ping  'p&pev. 

C  As  subst. :  That  in  which  anything  is 
wrapped  ;  a  wrapper. 

wrasse,  s.     [Wel.  gwradien  y  vior.] 
Ichthyology : 

1.  Any  species  or  individual  of  the  family 
Labridje  (q.v.). 

"  The  un-atses  are  a  larye  family  oE  littoral  fishes."— 
Ounther :  itudff  of  fishes,  p.  535. 

2.  Any  species  or  individual  of  the  genus 
Labrus  (q.v.).  The  general  form  of  the  body 
re.-5einbles  tiiat  of  the  perch,  except  that  the 
back  is  straighter  ;  tliere  is  a  single  long  dor- 
.sal,  and  the  venti-als  are  placed  under  the 
pectorals  ;  coloration  usually  very  brilliant ; 


BALLAN   WRASSE. 

flesh  of  very  little  value  for  food.  The  Wrasses 
frequent  rocky  shores,  usually  going  in  small 
shoals,  and  often  concealing  themselves  under 
seaweed.  They  feed  on  small  Crustacea,  mol- 
luscs, and  marine  worms.  Two  species  are 
British— the  Ballan  VTrasse  (q.v.),  aud  the 
Red  Wrasse  (q.v.).  The  young  fish  differ  from 
adult  specimens  in  having  the  prseoperculum 
serrated. 

*  wras-tel-er,  s.    [Wrastle.]    A  ivrestler. 

"  Tlie  best  toraateler  that  ever  here  cam." 

Cf.auccr:  C.  T..  2*>.    (Prol.) 


wr^-tle  (tleasel),*.  iWiu^n-LK.)  (/^roi.) 
wrath,  •  wraththe,  "  wroth.  '  wrothe, 

.-i.  A;  '(.  [l).  Nortlimiihriaii  tvradhn,  wntdhilho 
=■  wrath ;  A.S.  HT<i<//i.  =  wrathful ;  Uau.  6i 
Sw.  vredt;  from  vrcd  =  wrathful ;  lecl.  rtidhi 
(for  vrtidhi),  from  r«dr  =  wratliful.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Violent  anger;  vehement  exasperation  or 
indignation. 

"  AchiHw"  tcrat't.  to  On-ece  llio  direful  sprluj. 
Of  Woe*  uunuwbor«d,  Ue»vviily  KiMideM.  hIu);  ! 
Pope :  livtncr ;  iliuU  I.  L 

'2.  Rage,  extreme   passiuu ;    Impetuosity. 
(Applied  to  things.) 

"They  are  iu  tlie  very  wrath  of  love.'— 3»o*Mp.  ; 
As  i-QU  like  it.  V.  2. 

•3.  The  effects  of  anger;  the  just  punish' 
ment  of  an  offence  or  crime. 

"  He  is  the  luinlster  of  God.  a  revenger  to  execute 
ierath  ui>on  htm  that  doetti  evil.*— yfrjtiiaiu  xlli.  1. 

B,  .^5  oi-IJ.:   Wroth,   wrathful;    violently 
angry. 

"  Kisse  me,  quod  she.  wc  beu  no  leuger  wrath." 

Chttucer  :  C.  T..  C,922. 

*  wrath,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  wrijulhian.]  [Wrath,  s.] 

A.  Trails. ;    To  make  wrath  or  wrathful ; 
to  anger. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  or  become  WTath  or 

angry. 


**  wrath'-en,    r.(.      [Eng.    va-atli;   -en.]     To 
make  wra'th  or  wrathful. 


wrath  -ful,  *  wrath  -full, '  wroth-fUUe, 

(1.     [Eug.  wrath,  s. ;  -fulL] 

1.  Full  of  wrath  ;  violently  angry  ;  greatly 
incensed. 

"Destined  by  the  wrath/tit  goda  to  die." 

Dryden  :  Virgil ;  jSneid  ii.  X'i. 

2.  Proceeding  or  springing  from  wrath  ;  ex- 
pressive of  or  characterized  by  wiuth. 

"  Him  thus  upbraiding,  with  a  wrathful  look." 

Pvpe :  Uo^ner  ;  Iliad  v.  1,091 

*  3.  Wielded  with  fury. 

"Like  lightuiug  swift  the  wrathful  falchion  dew," 
/•tf/tc ;  Homer ;  Iliad  x,  5'il. 

wrath-fdl-ly,  •  wrathe-ful-ly.  adv. 
[Eng.  wrathfid  ;  -ly.]  lu  a  wrathful  manner; 
with  violent  anger  or  indignation  ;  furiously. 

"  And,  gentle  friends. 
Let's  kill  him  boldly,  but  not  wrathfully  ; 
Let's  carve  hina  as  a  diah  fit  for  the  gods." 

Shakfsp.  :  Julius  Ccesur.  it  1. 

wrath -fulness,  *  wrath-fnl-nesse,   .*. 

[Eng.  vntfhf'il :  -nes.^.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  wrathful ;  wrath. 

"  Wrathful itess  ia  voyded  out.  aud  gentleuea  anJ 

niekeuea  ia  inatede  thereof  tnfuaed."— t'dal.'   luix- 

(Pref.) 

wrath -X-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  wratky  ;  -hj.]  With 
great  anger;  wratlifully.    {Colloq.) 

"  wrath  -ing.    *  wrathth-yng,  s.      [Eng. 

vrafh  ;  -ing.]  Tlit-  act  of  nuikiug  wratU  or 
augiy ;  provocation. 

"Wyli  yhe  hardne  yonre  hertia,  as  lu  wraththyng, 
lyk  the  dai  of  temptaciouii  in  the  iieierU'  —  Wyciife- 
Uebrews  ill.  S. 

*  wrath-less,  a,  [Eng.  lyrafA,  s. ; -tess.]  Free 
fruiu  wi-ath  or  anger. 

"  Before  his  feet  so  aheep  aud  liona  lay, 
Fe.vrlesa&ud  wmthlcsf.  while  they  heard  blm  play  " 
Waller  :  Of  the  CvunUsa  lif  Carlitle- 

wrath'-y,  o.  (Eng.  wrath^  s.  ;  -y.]  Very 
anL'r>'  ur  wratli.     {Colloq.) 

*wrawe,  *wraw,  a.  [Probably  connected 
with  icrath.]    Angry,  peevish,  cross,  wrath. 

•'  With  this  apeehe  the  coke  waxed  all  vfrav." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T..  !«,»«. 

*  wrawl,   *wrall,   'wraule,   v.i.     (Dan. 

vraaU  =^Xo  bawl,  to  roar;  rra7e=to  cry,  to 
weep,  t'.»  moan.]  To  cry  as  a  cat ;  to  waul,  to 
whine,  to  moan. 

"  Cits  tliat  tprawUng  still  did  co'-" 

Spenrer  :  F.  (^  .  VI.  xii.  27. 

*  wraw  -ness,  •  wraw-nesse,  s.  [Eug. 
u-raw  ;  -)U'^.]     Peevishness,  frowardness. 

"  He  doth  all  thingn  with  aimoye,  ami  with  wraw 
jtfti'.;  sh^kiiesse,  and  excuaation.  with  idelueaae  aud 
unlust.*— OiaMt-er;  Parson's  Ttile. 

'wray,  *wrey,  v.t.  [A.S.  tvrigan.]  [Be- 
WRAv.]    To  betray,  to  disclose. 

'■  Tl.  Uk.  wight  thou  Shalt  my  couatll  wrei/." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  J,S04. 

wreak  (1).  ■  wreck,  *wreke(pa,  t,  'wrak, 

wrmk'.'d,   I'a.   p.ir.   irrmkcd,  *  wrcken,  •  wroke. 


boil,  bd^;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  i^eU,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exaat.    ph  =  t 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  iic  -  bel,  deL 


wreak— wren 


^icroken),  v.t.  [A.S.  wrecan  — to  wreak  re- 
venge, tu  punisli,  orig.  to  drive,  to  urge,  to 
impel  (pa.  t.  xcn^c,  pa.  par.-  ifrrceii);  cngn.  with 
Dut.  icreken  =  to  avenge  ;  Icel.  rekaifor  vrektt) 
=  to  (hive,  to  thrust,  to  repel,  to  wreak  ven- 
geance on  ;  Sw.  vriika  =  to  reject,  to  refuse,  to 
throw  ;  Ger.  nichen  =  to  avenge  ;  Goth,  wrikan 
=  to  wreak  vengeance  on,  to  persecute.  From 
the  same  root  as  Lat.  urqeo  =  to  press,  to  urge 
on]  [Wrack,  Wreck,  Wretch.] 
1.  To  execute,  to  ioflict ;  to  hurl  or  drive. 

••  Wreak  my  vfiigeance  on  oiie  ^ilty  land.' 

Pope:  Uoincr;  Iliad  xviii.  430, 

1 2.  Tu  revenge. 

"Uu  lier  own  son  to  icT^ak  her  brother's  dentt." 

Popt:  Iloiner:  Uiadix.CU. 

*3.  To  avenge. 

'■  Of  fftls  Edlik  (ayr  wild  he  him  v>reke' 

Robert  de  Bruniic.  \\  4C. 

'  wreak  (2),  v.t.     [Reek.]    To  care,  to  reek. 

•'  (He]  little  tcrtaks  to  find  the  way  to  he-vvu 
By  duiiig  deeds  of  hosi.itftlUy." 

fihakfip. :  At  You  LUce  It.  n.  4. 

"  wreak, '  wreche» '  wreke,  s.   (A.S.  nm*-, 

jcracu  =  revenge,  punishment.]    [Wreak,  v.] 

1.  Revenge,  vengeance. 

"  And  what  aii  if 
His  sorrow  have  bo  ovcrwhelm'd  his  wits. 
Shall  we  )je  thus  .ifflicted  in  his  wreaks. 
His  fits,  his  frenzy,  and  his  bitterness* 

Shaktip. :  Titus  Androiiictis,  iV.  i. 

2.  Furious  passion  ;  resentment,  fury. 

■'  For  in  the  holy  temple  have  I  sworu 
Urea*  of  his  villainy." 

G.  PeeU:  David  £  Bethtahe. 

•wreak'-er,  s.    [Eng.  lyreafc  (l),  v.  ;  -er.]    An 

avenger. 

■  Ami  of  our  bones  some  wredker  may  there  spring. " 
Surrey  :   Virgil  ;  .£rn:kl  iv. 

■  wreak-ful,  *  wreke-fal.  o.    [Eng.  wnak, 
s.  ;  -/ui?.]    Revengeful,  angry. 

"  Working  wreakful  veiigeatice  on  thy  foes." 

Hhakeap. ,-  Titiu  Audroniuus,  v.  2. 

"  wreak'-less,  a.     [Eng.  \vrmk{2),  V-  ',  -Itss.] 
CarL-Iess,  reckless. 

•■.Si.  flies  the  irrcaklcu  shepherd  from  the  wolf." 
tihakenp.  ■'  3  Henri/  VI..  v.  6. 

wreath,  'wreathe,    s.     [A.S.  irr/^J/i  =  a 
twisted   liancl.  a  bandage,  from  nmklh  pa.  t. 
of  in-idimn  =  to  writhe,  to  twist.]    [Writhe.] 
I.  Ordiaanj  Langiiarje: 

1.  Sometliing  twisted  or  curled. 

.  "  He  ...  of  his  tortuous  train 

r     Curled  many  a  wanton  wreath  iu  sight  of  Eve." 

Milton:  I'.L..  ix.  517. 

2.  A  garland,  a  chaplet ;  an  ornamental 
bandageto  be  worn  on  the  head. 

"A  myrtle  wreathe  she  wore." 

Congrevc:  Orid  :  Art  nf  Li.ve.  in. 

II.  //(T.;  The  roll 
or  chaplet  above 
the  helmet,  on 
whicli  the  crest  is 
usually  borne.  It 
is  supposed  to  con- 
sist of  the  twisted 
garland  of  cloth  by 
which  the  knightly 
crest  was  affixed  or 
held  to  the  helmet 
iu  mediieval  time.s, 
and  was  formed  of 
two  colours,  being 
those  of  the  prin- 
cipal colours  of  the 
arms,  which  are 
twisted  alternate- 
ly. Wreaths  may 
also  be  circular, 
but  the  straight  wreath  is  the  more  common. 

wreath-shell,  5. 

ZooL  :  The  same  as  Screw-shell  (q. v.). 

wreathe,  wreath,  v.t.  &  i.    [Wreath,  5.] 
A.  Transitive  : 
^  1.  To  writhe,  to  twist,  to  curl. 

■  I'd  wreath  in  spires  my  body  round." 

Oay:  Achclous  Jc  Hercules. 

2.  To  form  into  a  wreath ;  to  make  or 
fashion  by  twining,  twisting,  or  winding  the 
parts  of  together. 

"  Around  her  forehead  that  shines  so  bright 
They  icreathv  a  wreath  of  rosea  white." 

Praed :  legend  o/  the  Drachenfelt. 

3.  To  entwine,  to  intertwine,  to  interweave  ; 
to  wind  or  twine  together. 

"  Cables    braided    threefold  .  .   .   together    wreathed 
sure."  Hurrey .  Paraphrase  on  Eecles.,  civ. 

4.  To  Surround  with  a  wreath  or  with  any- 
thing twisted  or  twined;  to  twist,  twine,  or 
fold  round. 

"*  For  thee  she  feeds  her  hair, 
And  with  thy  winding'  ivy  vreafhei  ber  Ijiiice."" 
Drydt:-!.     {Todd.) 


0.  To  surround  or  encircle,  as  a  wreath  or 
garland  does  ;  to  form  or  become  a  wreath 
round ;  to  encircle. 

■■  In  the  flowers  that  wreathe  the  8i>arkling  liowl 
Fell  rtdders  hiss. "  Prior:  Pleasure,  HO. 

B.  Intmns. :  To  be  interwoven  or  in- 
twined  ;  to  twine. 

"  Go  ;  dash  the  roses  from  thy  brow- 
Gray  hairs  but  poorly  wreathe  with  them  " 

Byron:  To  BnUhuzzur. 

wreathed,  j>n.  par.  &,  re.     [Wreathe.] 

A.  As  jxi.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  .^5  adjej:tive: 

1.  Formed  into  a  wreath  or  curls  ;  curling. 

*"  A  cloud  of  smoke, 
Wrcath'd,  fragrant,  from  the  pipe."' 

Thomson:  Autumn.  53G. 

2.  Twisted,  convoluted. 

"  Or  bear  old  Triton  blow  his  tereatJicd  horn." 

Wordsworth  .   Miscellaiieotts  Sonnets. 

wreathed-column,  >:. 

Arch. :  A  column  twisted  iu  the  form  of  a 
sci'ew. 

*  "Wreath'-en,  pa-  par.  or  a.  [Wreathe.] 
Wreathed,  twisted,  intertwined  or  intertwin- 
ing. 

"We  have  in  scripture  express  mention  'de  tortia 
crinibns,"  of  wreathen  hair,  that  is  for  the  nonce, 
forced  to  c\\t\."— Latimer. 

"  wreath'-less,  re.  [En^.u-reath;  -less.]  Des- 
titute of  a  wreath  or  wreatlis. 

*  wreath'-y,  a.     [Eng.  wreaih;  -y.] 

1.  Covered  or  surrounded  with  a  wreath  or 
wreaths  ;  wreathed. 

■■  [They]  howl  about  the  hills,  and  shake  the  wrcathy 
spear."  Dryden:   Virgil;  .Eneid  iv.  438. 

2.  Resembling  a  wreath,  forming  a  wreath. 

""  Around  his  loins  the  verdant  cincture  spreads, 
A  wreathy  foliage  and  concealing  shades." 

Pope:  Bomer ;  Odyssey  vL  152. 

3.  Twisted,  curled,  spiral. 

"  That  which  is  preserved  at  St  Dennis,  ne.ir  Paris, 
hath  wreathy  spires."— BroiCHC.'  Vulgar  Errours,  bk. 
iii.,  eh.  xxiii. 

wreck (1),  *  wrd.ck  (1).  s.  [A.S.  xonec  =  expul- 
sion, banishment,  misery,  from  lurmc^  pa. 
tense  of  \irrecati  =  to  drive,  to  wreak  (q.v.); 
cogn.  with  Dut.  wrak  =  wreck ;  vrak  = 
broken;  Icel.  rek  (for  vrek),  reA:i=  anything 
drifted  or  driven  ashore,  from  rekti  —  to  drive  ; 
Dan.  vrag  =  wreck ;  Sw.  vrak  =  refuse, 
trash,  \vreck.  The  literal  sense  is  "that  whicli 
is  drifted  or  driven  asliore,"  hence,  it  pro- 
perly means  pieces  of  ships  drifted  ashore, 
also  icrack  or  seaweed.  Wreck  and  wrack  are 
doublets.] 
I.  Literally: 

1.  The  destruction  of  a  ship  by  being  driven 
ashore,  dashed  against  rocks,  foundered  by 
stress  of  weather,  or  the  like  ;  shipwreck. 

2.  The  ruins  of  a  ship  stranded ;  a  vessel 
dashed  against  rocks  or  land,  and  broken  or 
otherwise  destroyed,  or  totally  crippled  or 
injured  by  violence  or  fracture ;  any  ship  or 
goods  diiven  ashore,  or  found  deserted  at 
sea  in  an  unmanageable  condition  ;  specif.,  in 
law,  goods,  &c.,  which  after  a  shipwreck  have 
been  thrown  ashore  by  the  sea,  as  distin- 
guished from  flotsam,  jetsam,  and  ligan  (see 
these  words).  Goods  cast  ashore  after  ship- 
wreck are  the  property  of  the  crown,  or  in 
some  cases  of  the  lord  of  the  manor,  if  not 
claimed  within  a  year  and  a  day. 

■'  The  constable  of  the  castle  doun  is  fare 
To  seen  this  wrecke,  and  al  the  ship  he  sought, " 
Chaucer:  C.  T., 4.031. 

3.  [Wrack,  (1).]    (Scotch.) 
IL  Figuratively : 

1.  Destruction  or  ruin  generally;  dissolu- 
tion, especially  by  violence. 

""  He  labour'd  in  his  country's  wreek." 

Shakesp.:  Macbeth,  i.  3. 

2.  The  remains  of  anything  destroyed, 
ruined,  fatally  injured,  or  wasted  away. 

'■  Three  were  in  a  dungeon  cast, 
Of  whom  this  wreck  is  left  the  last. " 

Byron:  Prisoner (tf  Chillon,  v.  I. 

^  Receivers  of  ic recks  :  [Receiver,  1[  (2)]. 

wreck- comxmssion,  s. 

Laic:  A  court  established  to  investigate 
the  causes  of  the  several  shipwrecks  which 
occur  from  time  to  time.  It  hrst  sat  Oct.  30, 
1S76. 

wreck-free,  «.  Exempted  from  the  for- 
feiture of  shipwrecked  goods  and  vessels,  as 
the  Cinque-ports— a  privilege  granted  to  them 
by  a  charter  of  Edward  I. 

"wreck- master,  s.    An  official  appointed 


to  take  charge  of  goods,  &c.,  ca.st  ashore  after 
a  shipwreck. 

*  wreck -threatening,  a.  Threaten- 
ing shipwreck  and  ruin.  {Shakesp.  :  Iin}ie  of 
Lucrcce,  590.) 

wreck  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    (Wreck  (1),  s.] 
A,  T raiisitive  : 
I,  Literally : 

1.  To  destroy  or  cast  away,  as  a  vessel,  by 
violence,  collision,  or  the  like  ;  to  destroy  by 
driving  against  the  shore,  rocks,  &c. :  as,  The 
vessel  was  wrecked  off  this  coast. 

2.  To  cause  to  suffer  shipwreck. 

'■  Wrej:ked  on  the  very  island  we  but  a  few  da>B 
Wfore  so  ardently  wished  to  be  at."— Coot;  Second 
Voyage,  bk.  i.,  oh.  x.  j 

II,  Figuraticely: 

1.  To  destroy,  to  pull  to  pieces. 

"  A  mob  collected  and  iii:trched  through  the  street. 
wrecking  two  of  the  heiiUb  ofticea  find  smashing  Ihu 
windows  of  the  \H)lice  sLition. "— /;aj7i/  Telegraplt, 
Sept.  ai",  1885. 

2.  To  ruiu  or  destroy  generally ;  to  ruin  the 
prospects  of. 

'■  Wreck  the  Franchise  BxW.''^. Morning  Post,  Feb.  5, 
1S85. 

*  B.  Jiitro.ns. :  To  s\iffer  wreck  or  ruiu  ;  ti> 
be  shipwrecked. 

'"  Rocks  whereon  greatest  men  have  often  torecVd." 
Milton:  P.  /;.,  ii.  2to. 

wreck-fish,  s. 

Ichtky. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Foly- 
prion  ccniium,  the  Stone-bass  (q.v.),  from  tliu 
circumstance  that  it  often  comes  iu  witli  frag- 
ments of  wreck.  It  is  very  common  round 
:Madeira  and  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  ranges 
south  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Length 
about  -sixteen  inches :  dark  purplish  brown 
above,  silvery  wlnte  beneath. 

*  wreck  (2),  v.t.     [Wreak  (l),  v.] 

wreck  (2),  s.     [Rack  (2).] 

Mdtiiig:  A  kind  of  frame  or  tal'lc ;  a  rack, 

wreck  (3),  5.     [Wreak,  ^^] 

wreck-age,  5.     [Eug.  irreck[l);  -age.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  wrecking ;  the  state  of  being 
wrecked. 

2.  The  ruins  or  remains  of  a  sliip  or  cargo 
that  has  been  wrecked ;  material  cast  up  by, 
or  floated  on  the  sea  from  a  wrecked  vessel ; 
wrecked  material  generally. 

"A  large  quantity  of  wreckayic  i  a  reported  to  be 
floating  about  the  fhauuel"— Daily  Telegraph,  Nov 

25,  1887. 

*  wrecke  (1),  s.   [A.S.  wrca-.]  Revenge,  venge- 

ance.    (Fahyan:  Chronycle,  ch.  xxxi.) 

"  wrecke  (2),  s.    [Wretch.] 

wreck-er,  5.    [Eng.  lofcfc  (i),  s. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  plunders  the  wrecks  of  vessels. 

2.  One  who,  by  showing  delusive  lights  or 
other  means,  causes  ships  to  go  out  of  their 
course  and  be  cast  ashore,  so  that  he  may 
obtain  plunder  from  the  wreck. 

3.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  remove  the 
cargo  from  a  wrecked  vessel,  or  to  assist  in 
recovering  it  when  washed  out,  for  the  benefit 
of  the  owners  and  underwriters  ;  also  a  vessel 
employed  in  this  occupation. 

*  wreck-fil,  «.  [Eng.  tm-eck  (1),  s. ;  -/»Z(0.] 
Causing  wreck,  ruin,  or  destruction  ;  ruinous, 
destructive. 

"  The  wrcckfiil  storms  that  cloud  the  brow  of  war." 
Scott :  tndfi  of  the  Luke,  V.  L 

wreck'ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [Wreck  (I),  v.] 

wrecking -car,  s.  A  car  or  carriage 
carrying  contrivances  for  removing  obstruc- 
tions from  the  track,  such  as  wrecked  cars  or 
locomotives,  fallen  rocks  or  trees.    (Ainer.) 

"wren,  *  "wrenne,  s.  [.\.S.  irrenna,  wrdiuia, 
=  lit.,  the  lascivious  bird  ;  A.S.  lyrtfene  =  la.s- 
civious;  cogn.  with  Dan.  trnis/;  =  proud ;  Sw. 
vreiisk  =  not  castrated  (said  of  horses).  The 
form  of  the  root  is  icriii-  =  to  neigh  (as  a 
hoi-se),  to  squeal  (;is  a  pig),  used  of  various 
animals,  and,  as  applied  to  the  wren,  it  may 
be  taken  =  to  chirp,  to  twitter.] 

Ornithology : 

1.  The  popular  name  for  any  of  the  Troglo- 
dytidK  (q.v.),  especially  Troglodytes  parvubts, 
the  Common  Wren,  widely  dispei-sed  over 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  ranging  through 
Europe  to  the  North  of  Afiica  and  Asia. 
Length  about  four  inches;   O'lour  rich  red- 


fSte,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woU;  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


wrench— wretched 


5U9 


(lish-brown,  iialing  on  the  umler-surfiice,  and 
■darkening  into  ilnsky  brown  uitnn  tin-  qtiill- 
feathers  of  the  wing  and  tail.  The  uutfr  wt-bs 
of  the  wing-eovcrtii  are  sprinkled  with  rcd- 
■dish-brown  spots,  and  there  are  burs  of  tlie 
same  liuc  on  the  short  tAil-l'eiithcrs.  Bill 
slender,  rather  long  in  projiortion  to  the  size 
of  tlie  biitl.  TIic  nest  is  large,  generally  oval, 
■and  dome-shaped  at  the  toi>,  with  a  small  hole 
at  oiitt  end  or  in  the  side.    (See  extract.) 

"The  n'reu  li.is  a  ciirious  luiUit  wliich  iloes  not 
seem  ns  yvt  to  1>e  wttistnctorit^  exiiltuned,  tlmiiKli 
uioat  nuthurs  im\t  Itad  something  to  sjiy  HlKtut  iU 
Near  any  iiii'*icii|)ieil  nest  iimy  geiiemlly  Ih?  fouiiil  one 
or  inure  np-its  uf  imin-rfect  const nirtiuii,  Tlie  wide- 
aunnil  lietii-f  in  th^  tMiuitry  is  thivt  tliev  Jue  liiiilt  by 
the  male  Ijinl  i"i  Ins  -iwu  l.-l^'iui,' at  niglit.  niul  hence 


nests.' 


-J'.i 


tliey  are  cuutiiiuiily 

rttt :  lirilish  itirdt  led.  4th).  i.  -mj. 

2.  The  name  is  also  apidied  to  several  of 
the  Sylviidie,  with  which  tlie  Common  Wren 
was  t'oniierly  classed.  Regains  crUUitus  is  tlie 
Golden-crested,  and  R.  iguicapillus  the  Fire- 
4_Tested  Wren,  &c. 

wren-boy,  *'.  One  of  a  party  of  persons 
wlio  go  out  to  lamt  the  Wren  on  Chiistnias- 
>lay.     [WRENNii:(:-DA'i".] 

"  On  the  foiluwins  diiy,  tlie  fe.ist  of  St.  Stephen,  tlie 
(lent!  bird,  Iuuik  hy  the  k'S  Iwtweeii  two  huups, 
crossed  »t  rii;ht  uiifles,  JUid  ileeked  witli  rihlwiis.  wns 
ijvrried  aboiit  l>y  the  l\' rcu-b»;/!;.'  —  i'arreU :  lint. 
£irds  {ed.  4th).  i.  if.h. 

wren-lUce  spine-tail,  s. 

Vrnlth. :  Syiuillaxis  troglodytoides.      JSynal- 

LAXIS.] 

wren-tit.  s. 

Oniith. :  Chnma:a  fusciata,  a.  small  bird  from 
the  coast  region  of  California.  It  was  dis- 
covered and  described  by  Dr.  Gambel,  of 
Philadelphia,  U.S.A.,  who  gave  it  its  popular 
wame  because  it  seemed  to  combine  within 
itself  the  principal  characteristics  of  the  Wren 
and  the  Titmouse.  (Baird,  Brewer^  £  Ridg- 
icay  :  North  American  Birds,  i.  S4.) 

wrengli,  •wrenche,  *  wrinche,  r.t.  [A.S. 

wrtiKxni  =  tt'  deceive.]     [Wuenuh,  s.] 
I,  Literally : 

1.  To  pull  with  a  twist ;  to  wrest,  twist,  or 
force  by  violence. 

"  Wrench  his  sword  from  him," 

Shakisp. :  Olhcllo,  v.  2. 

2.  To  bite  with  a  twisting  movement  of  the 
head. 

■'  E,ach  mau  runs  hia  liorse,  with  fixed  eyes  and  uotes 
Which  dog  first  turns  the  hare,  which  fii-stthe  other 

coats. 
They  wrench  her  once  or  twice,  ere  she  a  turn  will 

take."  Drayton:  Poly-Olb'ion,  8.  23. 

*  3.  To  strain,  to  sprain. 

"  You  wrenched  your  foot  against  a  stoue,  aud  were 
■forced  to  stay."— Swift. 

*  4.  To  affect  with  extreme  pain  or  anguish ; 
to  rack. 

"  Tlirough  the  apace 
Of  twelve  ensuiug  days  his  fi-ame  was  wrenched." 
Wordsworth.    {Annandale.) 

II.  Figuratively : 

1,  To  drag  or  extort  by  violence. 

"  Wrenching  from  ruined  lowland  swaiu 
His  herds  aud  harvest  re.ired  in  vain." 

Scoll :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  v.  6. 

*  2.  To  pervert,  to  twist,  to  wrest. 

"  irreHcfctJij/the  true  cause  the  false  way."— Sftatojtp  : 
2  Bcnry  11'.,  »i.  1. 

TPren^h,  *  wrenche,  *  wrenk, '  wrenke, 
•wrinche,  .v.    [A.y.  ('■/■c/uv-,  icyc/R' =  ^uiie, 

fraud,  deceit.  Allied  to  icriiiy  (i\.v.),  and  Cier. 
i'erreiiA.-C(t  =  to  wrench  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  rcnkeu  ; 
Ger.  ruuA;  =  an  intrigue,  trick,  artifice,  and 
■(provincial ly)  crookedness.] 

*  1.  Deceit,  fraud. 

"  Forsiker  this  the  sothe  wei,  withouteneny  wrsHcft." 
Jiobert  of  til<nicester,  \>.  55. 

*  2.  Stratagem,  trick,  artfulness. 

"  The  worlde  is  so  malicious,  th.it  yf  wee  take  not 
heede  to  prepare  against  hia  wrlnchct,  it  ■will  ouer- 
tlirowe  vs.  '—Golden  iiokc,  let.  '-i. 

3.  A  violent  twist ;  a  pull  with  twisting. 

"  If  one  straiue  make  them  not  confesse.  let  them 
l«e  stretched  but  one  wrench  higher."— ^;j.  Hull: 
Cont. :  The  Arke  i  Dagon. 

4.  A  bite  given  with  a  twisting  movement  of 
llie  head. 

"  Tlie  white  nicked  up  on  the  inside  for  two  or  three 
ivrenchea  and  the  WiW.'— Field,  Jan.  2S.  1S8-2. 

5.  A  sprain  ;  an  injury  by  twisting,  as  in  a 
joint. 

"  The  foot  being  injured  by  a  wrench,  the  whole  leg 
thereby  losea  its  streugth,"- i«o*e. 

*  6.  A  means  of  compulsion. 

*■  To  make  his  profit  of  this  business  of  .  .  ,  Nivpies 
as  a  wrench  .-viid  mean  for  peace." — Bacon  :  Henry  I'll. 

1.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  Ijar  having 
jaws  adapted  to  catch  upon  tlie  head  of  a  bolt 


or  upon  a  nut  to  ttun  it,  or  to  hold  the  latter 
from  turning  in  some  cases  when  tlie  bult  is 
being  rotiited.  Some  have  a  variety  of  juws 
to  suit  diderent  sizes  of  nuts  and  bi)lts. 

wrench-hammer,  .-<-.  A  hammer  having 
a  nunuMi'  niLiiilnr  to  I'urm  a  spanner. 

wren'-nihg,  s.  [Eng.  wren;  •ing.l  Chasing 
llic  wren  (m-v.).    (See  compound.) 

\trrennlng-day,  s. 

Folk-lif :  Till-  name  given  in  the  soutli  of 
Ireland  to  St.  Stephen's  Day  (Dec.  20),  i>n 
which  it  was  formerly  the  custom  t«>  hunt,  the 
wren,  and  bear  its  body  in  procession  from 
house  to  house,  soliciting  euiitributions  to- 
wards the  cost  of  a  imrry-ntuking.  Various 
accounts  areciven  of  I  In-  ori-in  nf  tliis  custom, 
but  as  in  Celtic  myfhnlngy  the  wren  was  re- 
garded as  having  brought  lire  Imin  heavni  fm- 
the  use  of  man,  and  as  .somewliat  similar  rus- 
toms  exist  in  many  other  places,  it  is  probable 
that  this  hunting  the  wren  had  once  a  mystic 
meaning  in  connection  with  the  great  festive 
season  of  the  first  twelve  nights  of  the  sun's 
return  from  the  winter  solstice,  and  that  the 
killing  of  the  bird  was  originally  sacrificial. 

wrest,  '  wrast,  v.t.  &,  i.  [A.S.  wrctstaiL  — 
t<i  twist  torcibly  ;  wrffst  =  firm,  strong,  from 
irrddh,  pa.  t.  of  n'ridhan  =  to  writhe  (<i.v.); 
logn.  with  Icel.  rci«(a  =  to  wrest;  Dan.  yrisfe.] 
[Wrestle.] 

A.  Tra)isitive: 

I.  Literally  : 

I.  To  twist;  to  wrench  ;  to  move  from  a 
fixed  position  by  the  application  of  a  violent 
twisting  force. 

"  Lest  He.av'ii  should  wreit  it  from  my  idle  hmitl." 
lioiee :  Tamerlane,  iv. 

•  2.  To  tune,  as  with  a  wrest. 

II.  Figuratively : 

1.  To  extort  or  bring  out,  as  by  a  twisting, 
wrenching,  or  painful  force  ;  to  obtain  or  ex- 
tort, as  by  torture,  violence,  or  force. 

"  Fate  has  wrcited  the  confession  from  me." 

Addison  :  Cato,  i\.  1. 

2.  To  subject  to  an  improper  sti-ain ;  to 
apply  luijustifiably  to  a  difterent  or  improper 
use ;  to  turn  from  truth  or  twist  from  the 
natural  or  proper  meaning  by  violence ;  to 
pervert,  to  distort. 

'■  Two  or  thre  tcxtes  wrongfully  wreatcd.'—A  Bokc 
TTUidc  by  John  Fryth,  fol.  33. 

*B.  Intrans.  :  To  wrestle,  to  contend. 

"  Thei . .  .  wrested  against  the  truth  of  a  long  time." 
—B/j.  Gardner:  Of  True  Obedience,  fol.  33. 

^  In  this  sen.se  perhaps  a  misprint  for 
wrestle  (q.v.). 

wrest,  s.    [Wrest,  v.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  The  act  of  one  who  wrests  or  wrenches  ; 
a  wrench,  a  twist. 

"  Adown  he  kest  it  with  so  puissant  wrest. 
That  Imck  again  it  did  aloft  rebound." 

Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II.  xL  42. 

'  2.  Distortion,  perveision. 

"  What  necdeth  this  wrest,  to  tlraw  out  from  us  an 
accusation  o£  foreign  cliurchesl"— Booker ;  Eecles. 
Folilie. 

3.  An  instrument  of  the  wrench,  screw-key, 
or  spanner  kind  ;  a  turning-instrument,  such 
as  a  wrench,  tuning  -  key,  bedstead  -  key, 
spanner,  &c. 

"  A  bond  that  kuitteth.  or  rather  a  wrest  that 
stniiueth  and  atretcheth  l>euevoltiitce  to  the  utmost." 
—P.  Holland  :  Flutarch.  p.  4. 

II.  Hydraxd.  :  The  partition  in  a  water- 
wheel  by  which  the  form  of  the  buckets  is  de- 
termined. 

*  wrest-beer,  s.     Some  kind  of  beer. 

"  Just  as  in  brewing  wrest-beer  there's  a  great  deal 
of  business  in  grinding  the  malt ;  aud  that  spoils  any 
man's  cloath.'i  that  comes  near  it ;  then  it  must  be 
maah'd,  then  comes  a  fellow  in  and  drinks  of  the  wort, 
and  he's  drunk  ;  then  they  keeji  a  huge  iiuarter  wlieu 
they  carry  it  into  the  cellar,  and  a  twelvemonth  after 
'tisi  delicate  t\ue  heer."—SetUen :  Tablc-Tutk ;  Parlia- 
rtient. 

wrest'-cr,  s.  [Eng.  wrest,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
wrests. 

"  Yet  bl.iuie  not  the  claricorde,  the  wrestcr  doth 
wrong"  SkcUon:  A  Claricorde. 

wres'-tle,  *  wr&s'-tle  (tie  as  el),  wrax- 

\e,c.i.kt.  [A  frequnit.  from  irri'.'^t  (q.v.); 
A.S.  writstlian,  wraxllan  ;  cogn.  witli  O.  Dut. 
wrostcUn,  worstelen  =^  io  wrestle.] 

A.  J ntransiiive : 

1.  To  contend  by  grappling  with  and  trying 
to  throw  flown  another  ;  to  strive  with  arms 
extended  ;is  two  men  who  seize  each  other  by 


arms  or  body,  each  endeavouring  to  throw  the 
other  by  tripping  him  up,  or  throwing  liim  oil' 
his  balance. 


•  2.  To  struggle,  to  contend,  to  vie.   ' 

"  I'll  icrettU  with  you  lu  my  streugth  of  love." 
Stiaketp. :  Antony  Jt  Cleopatra,  Hi.  i. 

"  3.  To  contend  ;  to  be  opposed  to  each 
other. 

"  U'reirrifi'/ winds,  outof  dia^iented  whirl 
Uellght  themHrlvea." 

Surrey:   VirgUe  ;  .£nels,  bk.  ii. 

'  1.  To  strive  earnestly  by  means  of  suppli- 
e;itiiiii  ;  to  iiwke  earnest  suiiplication. 

B.  Traits. :  To  contend  with  in  wrestling. 

wres'-tle  (tie  as  el),  s.  (Wucstle,  v.\  A 
bouL  at  wrestling;  a  wrestling- match. 

"  Whom  In  a  wrestle  the  glnnt  catL-biug  aloft,  with 
a  terrible  hugg  broke  three  of  his  tioa."~ Milton  : 
Hist.  En-j.,  bk.T. 

wrest'-ler,  wr&st-ler,  \{t  silent),  s.  [A.S. 
»i',-o\st!fn-.\  One  wlio  wrestles;  one  who  is 
skilled  in  wrestling. 

"  [Hc|  CJilIa  the  wrestlers  to  the  level  uinds." 

Pufio:  Homer;  Iliad  xxiii.  815. 

wrest'  -  ling   (/    silent),  pr.  jxir.,  a.,   &   s. 

[WlU:.sTLK,   f.] 

A-  "t  B.  As  pr.  par.  d:p(trtii\  adj. :  (See  the 
verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act,  practice,  or  exercise  of  contend- 
ing, as  of  two  men,  who,  with  extended  arms, 
seize  each  other  by  the  arras  or  body,  amJ  en- 
deavour each  to  throw  the  other  by  tripping 
up  his  heels  or  twitching  him  off  his  balance. 

"  In  which  wrestlynge  ye  (le-iunt  brake  a  rybbe  in 
ye  aide  of  Corneua. "— /"aft^u h  .-  Vhronycle,  ch.  it. 

'  2.  A  winding. 

"  The  river  having  with  a  great  turniug  compasse 
after  much  wrestling  gotten  out  towards  the  north." — 
/'.  Holland:  Camden,  p.  2T0. 

wretch.  *  wrecche, '  wreche,  •  wretche, 

,■<.  [A.S.  wrt'-m,  icnrixu,  vrtra  =  an  outcast, 
an  exile;  lit.  =  one  driven  out,  from  wrecaii 
to  drive  out,  to  persecute,  to  wreak  (q.v.) ;  cf. 
iwfec  =  exile.]    IWrkak(I),  y.,  Wreck  (1),  s.] 

1.  A  miserable  person  ;  one  who  is  sunk  in 
the  deepest  woe  or  distress  ;  one  who  is  ex- 
tremely miserable  or  unhappy. 

'■  The  wretch  that  lies  in  woe." 

Shakcsp. :  MidsiDumer  Sight's  Dreain,  v. 

2.  A  despicable  character ;  a  worthless  mor- 
tal ;  a  mean,  base,  or  ^■ile  person. 

"  His  staggering  feet  deny 
The  coward  wretch  the  |irivilege  to  fly. " 

Pope:  Homer:  Odyssey  xviii.  284. 

3.  Often  used  by  way  of  slight  or  ironical 
pity  or  contempt. 

"  Poor  naked  wretches,  wheresoe'er  you  are. 
That  bide  the  i>elting  of  this  pitiless  storm." 
.Shakesp. :  Lear,  Hi.  4. 

*4.  Used  as  a  word  of  tenderness  mingled 
with  pity. 

"  Excellent  wretch  f    Perdition  ratvh  my  aoni 
But  I  do  l.ive  thcf.''       Shakes//.      Othello,  iii    3. 

*  wret9h'-c6ck,    wreth'-cock,  'wreth- 

oclt,  i.  [See  def.]  Apparently  a  coinage  by 
Jonson,  from  Eng.  wntch,  and  cock,  and 
meaning  a  stunted,  imperfect  creature  : — 

"Tlie  famous  imp  yet  grew  a  wrctchcock;  and  tho 
for  seven  years  together  he  were  very  carefully  cirried 
at  his  mother's  l>aok,  yet  look^  as  if  he  never  said  hin 
qninqueuuium."— .Viij!(/(ic  q/  Gipsies. 

Gifford  (note  in  loc.)  believes  the  true  reading 
to  be  ivrethcock,  and  says:—"  In  every  huge 
breed  of  domestic  fowls  there  is  usually  a 
miserable  little  stunted  creature  .  .  .  This 
unfortunate  abortive  tho  good  wives  call  a 
wrelhfock ;  and  this  is  all  the  mystery." 
Skelton  {Elinour  Rumming)  uses  the  word 
irrethnckes  in  the  sense  of,  miserable,  starved 
goslings. 

wretph  ed,  *  wrecched,  "  wrechede, 
*  wrecchid,  '  wretchede.     wrech-id, 

«.     [Eng.  wretch;  -id.] 

*  1.  Originally,  wicked  as  well  as  miserable 
in  person  or  circumstances. 

"  Nero  reigned  after  this  Claudius,  of  alle  meo 
wrechidest.'—Capgrave  :  Chronicle  of  Kngland,  p.  fit 

2.  Miserable,  unhappy  ;  sunk  indeepattlic- 
tiim,  distress,  or  woe,  as  from  want,  anxiety, 
ur  grief. 

"  0  wretched  husliand  of  a  wretched  wife !" 

Pvpe:  Homer:  Iliad  xxll.  608. 

3.  Characterized  or  accompanied  by  misery, 
unhappiness,  or  woe;  calamitous,  miserable, 
pitiable,  atrtictive. 

"Unhappy,  wret^u'.d.  hateful  tlay." 

thakesp. ;  liumco  ±  Juliet,  iv.  i. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  c:yist.    ~ing. 
-ciaa,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -$ion  —  -^h""     -cious,  -tious,    sious  —  shus.    -hie,  -die,  ^c.  —  hel,  deL 


600 


wretchedly— wringly 


4.  Wtnthl.'ss.  iKiltry,  sorry ;  very  poor  or 
lucuii ;  {'ontt'iuittiblw. 

"lAlFi-oti^i  lunic  is  the  iiioit  wrttchird  ih\ng 
Tliiit  tu  CLiuU'iiii>t  otu  viupty  scribbk-ro  lirlDg. 

Jloicomiiton, 

•5.  Uefii)ioabU',  hateful,  abominable. 
■'  Tbf  itr.'Uheil,  bloudy.  antl  naurjiiun  bojir." 

Shakcsi'. :  liich'ird  III.,  v.  3. 

G.  Extrt'iiiely  uiicoinfovtable  or  unpleasant : 
as,  'frnivfl'U  w.-atlKi .     {VuHoq.) 

wrct^li -ed-1^,  '  wrecch-ed-lyclie,  h'Ic. 
iEtig.  uur(di'-'i;  -lyA 

1.  Ill  a  wretcliud  or  miserable  luannL-r ; 
niisi-rably,  uiilmppily. 

"  lu  .111  liill  huw  wrelchedli/  he  ileid." 

Vhaacer:  C.  T.,  H.601. 

2.  Mcatily,  poorly,  contemptibly,  despicably. 
"  ThonrgutueuL  of  a  mind  wretchedl;/  dtjgenenitL-. "— 

Harrow:  Kcrmjiis,  vol.  lU-.  &er.  I'J. 

3.  Ill  an  inferior,  poor,  or  unskilful  manner. 
'• iiiiide  Iiett<jr  I'licu,  tUoush  viretchedli/  hiiiidled." 

—Fhld.  Ui!c   IT.  1387. 

wretch'-  ed  -  ness,  s.   [Eng.  wretched ;  -ness.  ] 

1.  TIu-  unalitv  orstite  of  being  wretched  or 
miseriilik- :  ii'is»M-y  ;  extreme  uuliappiness  or 
distress. 

'•  0  the  fierce  tcr^tcheftness  that  glory  brings  U8 1  " 
:ihtkt!sp.  :  Timott,  iv.  2. 

2.  Mcaiiiie.s.s,  despicableness. 

3.  W<iitlilfssii'_'ss,  inferiority:  as,thQwrekh- 
ediies^  of. I  performance. 

4.  ExtiOHie  discomfort  or  unpleasantness  : 
as,  the  ivretckedness  of  the  weather.     (.Colloq.) 

*wretch-ful.    *  wrccche-fol,  a.     tEug. 

wretch:  -/'//(OO     Wretched. 

"Thou  wwt  iijt  that  tUoii  art  a  wxeccbe  .iiid 
lercwhf/'!  '— Ty  /'jfc;  A  pi?caUps  in. 

*  wretch. -less,  a-    [A  corrupt,  of^  retchless,  or 

reckless;  cf.  ui-mh(2),  v.]    Reckless. 

;  "  Wresting  with  :i  tvretchless,  careless,  iiidevout 
9(>lrit."— fl/;,  Taylor:  Hermons,  vol.  i..  sev.  H. 

*  wretch'  -less-ly,   ad  v.      [Eng.    wrdchless  ; 

-ly.]    "U'-clilesslj-.  carelessly. 

V     ■•CiiiaeJ  .111'   All   tht-y  that  &>^  the  Lord's  buaiuess 
ViretchO:^itj. '—>>!'■;/ ji-     Tract  bh<--wiiij,-S:c. 

*  wretoh-less-ness,  *  wretch -les-nes, 

s.  [Eng.  v)rctchks^ ;  -ness.]  Recklessness, 
carelesiiuess. 

f  "  It  commonly  eud.i  lu  a  wretchlessness  of  spirit  to 
be  mauifeated  on  our  denth-bed:-."— fi/".  Taylor  :  Ser- 
mons, vol,  ii.,  sel.  M, 

wreth'-cock,  '  wreth  -ock,  s.    [Wrigtch- 

COCK.) 

*wreye,  ■*-    [Wrav-I 

*,wrie  (0.  v.t.  [A.S.  wrlgan.]  To  array,  to 
cover,  t(i  cloak. 

"  Tlii-iish  I  him  wrtV  a  night  and  make  him  wjinii  " 
Chaucer:  C.  T ,  7.101. 

*wrie(2).  ^wrye,  r.L  [Wry,  a.]  To  twist, 
to  bend. 

"  Tlitiik  bilk3  nho  ten  times  worse,  and  leryos  aud 
wrisgltfH.  " 

llemim   if-  FIct.  :  H'omnn'*  Prise,  iii.  1. 

*  wrig,  '  wrigge,  '  wrygge,  v.i.  [Cf.  A.S. 
wthfifiii  —  Ui  iin|>el.  t)  inovt;  forward;  Miii. 
Eiij;.  vu-ikkc  =  iv  twist  to  and  fro.]  To  wrig- 
gle ;  to  ri'.b  or  move  to  and  fro. 

"  The  bore  his  taile  -.oryiffjes 
Ajialust  the  high  tench." 

uMli/it :  Elinour  Rumminj. 

wrig'-gle»  ''  Tirrig-le,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  freq.  frum 
lorUj  (i(.v.);.cf.  Oat.  frij/'K/cit  =  to  wrig:j;le  ; 
freq.  from  lorVckeii  =  to  stir  or  move  tu  and 
fro  ;  Uaii.  vrikk-  =  to  wriggle  ;  Sw.  vrkha  =. 
to  to  III  to  and  fro.l 

A.  IntrunsilliK  : 

1.  Lit. :  To  turn,  twist,  or  move  the  body  to 
and  fro  with  short  motions  like  a  worm  lir  an 
eel;  to  move  witli  writhing  contortions  ur 
twistings  of  the  body. 

"  The  wrlijyUn:/  try  aoou  fill  the  creelts  nrouuil." 
Cowper :  Progress  of  Error.  4B0. 

2.  Fig. :  To  proceed  in  a  mean,  grovelling, 
or  desiiicablf  manner;  to  gain  one's  end  by 
paltry  sliil'ts  oi-  schemes;  to  make  way  by 
contemptibly  artifice  or  contrivance. 

"  All  atteiiutt  to  use  the  technical Jtii;!*  of  the  law  to 
vfriaal-  out  of  hJH  aareemeut.— /^<eM,  Feb.  ig,  138:. 

B.  Tr.nisitive : 

1.  To  put  into  a  wriggling  motion  ;  to  intro- 
duce by  writhing  or  twisting. 

"  A.  alim,  Ihin-giittcd  foit    mad*.-   a  hard  shift  to 
wrifiyle  his  buUy  into  it  hen-roost.*' — L' Eatranye. 

2.  To  effect  by  wriggling. 

"To  wriffijlL-  hia  Wiiy  between  the  rows. "  — Z>(ii/y 
Tclaaraph.  March  32,  1868. 


"  wrig'-gle, '(.    [WiiindLK,  r.]    Pliant,  flexible. 

"  .Mv  ra^ikva  ronboa  all  shiver  ami  shake  .  .  . 
Tncy  wont  in  the  wind  wagg  tboir  wrivjle  taila, 
I'erkc  as  a  iieacouk,  but  now  it  avails.*  -^ 

Upensur :  ShepheartU  Calender;  February. 

wrig'-gler,  5.     [Eng.  wriggl{e),  v. ;  -cr.^ 

1.  One  who  wriggles. 

2.  One  "who  works  himself  forward,  or  seeks 
to  attain  his  end  by  continued  employment  of 
low.  petty,  or  base  means. 

"  Id  spito  of  all  the  wriijqlers  into  placo." 

Cowper  :  Tirocinimn.  \'ii. 

Wright (j/'i silent),  "wrighte, i*.  {K.'A.wiirhtH 
=  a  workman,  a  maker,  a  creator,  from  wyrht 
=  a  deed,  work,  with  suff.  -a,  of  the  agent,  as 
in7[M)ifft  =  ahunter.  From  wj/rcaji  =  to  work  ; 
cogn.  with  O.  Sax.  witr/)ito=a  wright,  from 
wurht  =  a  deed,  from  wirklan  =  to  work ; 
().  H.  Ger.  wtirhto  =  a  wright,  from  wuruht, 
wiiralU=a.  work,  merit,  from  wtirchan=to 
work.]  One  who  is  occupied  in  some  kind  of 
mechanical  business  ;  an  artiticer ;  a  work- 
man, especially  in  Scotland  and  some  parts 
of  England  ;  a  worker  in  wood,  a  carpenter. 
The  use  of  the  word  is  now  almost  entirely 
confined  to  compounds,  as  shipwright,  wheel- 
wright,  phxywrigkty  &c. 

"  Wri'jhtes  that  hit  wroghten  was  non  ysaved." 

P.  Plowman,  p.  190. 

wright'-e-se  {gh,  silent),  s.  fd.  [Mod.  Lat. 
wright{ia);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ecs.] 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Apocynacete,  with  a  double 
ovary  and  comose  seeds. 

wright' -i-a  (gh  silent),  s.  [Named  after  Mr. 
William  Wright (1740-1327),  M.D.,  F.R.S.,&c., 
a  Scotch  botanist  resident  in  Jamaica.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Wrightete  (q.v.) 
Calyx  five-parted ;  corolla  salver-shaped,  the 
throat  with  ten  divided  scales ;  stamens  ex- 
serted  ;  anthers  sagittate;  follicles  distinct  or 
combined.  IVrlghtia  tinctoria  is  a  small  tree, 
a  native  of  Rajputana  and  Centraland  Southern 
India.  The  seeds  are  said  to  be  used  in  dye- 
hig,  and  the  leaves,  with  the  seeds  of  Cassia 
Tora,  to  yield  an  iudigo  colour.  U'.  tomen- 
tosa.  a  small,  deciduous  tree,  growing  in 
India  and  Barmah,  has  a  yellow  juice,  which, 
mixed  with  water,  produces  a  permanent  yel- 
low dye.  It  is  used  by  the  Nepaulese  to  stop 
bleeding,  and  the  l>ark  is  given  as  an  antidote 
to  snake-bite.  M'rightia  antUlysenterica,  a 
small  tree  found  in  India  and  Burmah,  is  a 
most  valuable  remedy  for  dy.sentery  ;  the  Arabs 
and  Persians  consider  the  seeds  as  carmina- 
tive, astringent,  tonic,  and  aphrodisiac.  Tlie 
tree  furnishes  Conessi  bark.  The  wood  of  U'. 
tinctoria,  IV.  tomentos(t,  and  If.  viollissivia  is 
used  for  carving  and  turning,  and  that  of  W. 
coccinea  for  mnking  i)alaaquins. 

wright' -ine  (gh  silent),  5.  [Mod.  Lat. 
wright{ia);  suff.  -ijte.] 

Chem. :  C26H40N2O  (?).  A  basic  substance 
obtained  from  tlie  pulverised  seeds  of  Wrightia 
antid II 6cnt erica  by  digesting  with  hot  alcohol, 
it  forms  an  amoi-phous  powder,  soluble  in 
water,  alcoliol,  and  dilute  acids ;  insoluble  in 
ether  and  in  carbon  di.sulphide. 

"  wrim  -pie,  ^  wrympyl,  *  rympyl,  s.    [A 

nasalised  form,  from  ripple  (q.v.).  J    A  wrinkle. 
rt/ntpyf,    or   wrympyl.      Ruga."  — 


Pr 


Wiynkyl.    or 
'inpt.  Par, 


[Eng.  wrimi-il{(!)  ; 


wrim  -pled  (le  as  el),  a. 

-ed.\     Wrinkled. 

"  I  bold  a  fiiruie  within  a  wrimple  I  skin." 

WkeUton  :  Life  d-  Death  of  Oascoigne. 

wrin^h,  v.t.    [Wrench,  v.] 

wrie  (1),  V,]    To 


'  wrine,  v.t 

cover. 


[For  wrieii  = 


'  Clothes  to  wrinc  lum." 

Jiumaant  of  the  lioie. 


wring    (pa.  t.    *  ivrang,    *  wronged,    *  wrong, 

*  wrong*;,    xorung;   pa.  par.   wriuig,   *  wrong, 

*  wronge,  '*wroiigen,  *  wrtingen),  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S. 
wringan  (pa.  t.  wrang ;  pa.  par.  v)rungon)  = 
to  pi'ess,  to  compress,  to  strain ;  cogii.  with 
Dut.  wringen;  Low  Ger.  wringm  — to  twist 
together  ;  Dan.  wringle  =  to  twist,  to  tangle  ; 
Sw.  vrdnga  =  to  distort,  to  pervert,  to  wrest ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  hringan  {Tot  wringan) ;  Gev.ringen 
(pa.  t.  rang;  pa.  par.  geritngen)  =  to  wring, 
to  wrest,  to  turn,  to  struggle,  to  wrestle.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  twist  and  squeeze  or  compress;  to 
turn  and  strain  with  force  or  viclence. 

2.  To  press,  to  squeeze. 

"  You  hmt  my  band  with  wr.,iffin!J." 

Shakesp. :  Venus  &  Adonii.  i2i. 


*  3.  To  pain,  as  by  twisting,  siineezing,  or 
racking;  to  torture,  to  torment,  to  distress^ 
to  harass,  to  worry. 

"  The  king  began  to  find  where  his  shoe  did  tertng- 
him."— fidcon  .•  Henry  VIZ. 

i.  To  shalie,  as  a  gesture  of  distress  or  de- 
spair. 

"  H'riii'ii?!!/  Uor  haudes  in  women's  yittlous  wisB." 
Spmser:  F.  Q.,  1.  i.  50. 

5.  To  extract  or  obtain  by  twisting,  press- 
ing, or  stiueeztng  ;  to  squeeze  or  press  out: 
as.  To  wring  water  out  of  a  wet  garment. 

6.  To  press  or  force  a  liquid  out  of. 

"  HiH  fitire  atede  lu  his  [diking 
Ho  awatte,  that  men  might  Idm  wring." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  ia.706.    ' 

7.  Hence,  figuratively,  to  extort  or  draw- 
out  by  force,  violence,  or  oppression,  or 
against  one's  will ;  to  force  from. 

"  Your  over-kind  ness  doth  wring  tears  from  van." 
Hhakesp. :  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  v.  l. 

*8.  To  subject  to  extortion;  to  persecute  or 
oppress  in  order  to  enforce  compliance. 

■■  Tlif  merchant  -  atlventurera  have  been  ofteiii 
wronged  and  wrinjcd  to  the  quick."  — i/aywurti. 
{TodUA 

9.  To  bend  or  strain  out  of  its  proper  posi- 
tion :  as.  To  wring  a  mast. 

*  10,  To  divert  or  turn  from  one's  purpose, 
or  into  a  certain  course  of  action. 

"  Octavio  waa  ever  wore  wrotij  to  the  worse  by 
many  and  sundry  apites."— A  Ascham  :  Letter  to  John 
Astcley. 

11.  To  wrest  from  the  true  or  natural  mean- 
ing or  purpose  ;  to  pervert,  to  distort. 

"  She  is  like  one  of  your  ignorant  poetastsrs  of  the- 
time.  who,  when  they  have  got  auiinaiuted  with  a 
str.ange  wurd,  never  rest  till  they  have  wrung  it  iu. 
thou.;li  it  loosen  thi;  whole  fabric  of  their  sensL- '  — 
Ben  Jiinsiin:  Cynthia's  Revels,  ii,  I. 

*B.  Intruiis.:  To  writhe  as  in  pain;  to 
twist. 

"  He  wrings  at  some  distreBS." 

Shakesp. :  Ct/tnbeliiie,  iii.  G. 

f  1.  To  wring  off:  To  force  off;  to  separate 
by  wringing. 

"  The  priest  sh.all  wring  off  his  head,  and  burn  it  on 
the  altar." — Leviticus  i.  li>. 

2.  To  wring  ont : 

(1)  To  force  out ;  to  squeeze  out  by  twisting. 

"  He  thrust  the  fleece  together,  and  wringed  the 
dew  out  of  it,  a  bowl  full  of  viAiev."— Judges  vi.  3S. 

(2)  To  free  from  a  liquid  by  pressing  or 
wringing:  as  To  wriny  oiif  clothes. 

■wring,  s.     [Wring,  v.]    A  writhing,  a  twist- 
ing, ur  turning,  as  in  pain  or  anguish. 

■'  Dysenteriee,  and  dolorous  wrings  in  the  guts." — 

/'.  lloUau'l:  Pliifareh,  p.  480. 

wring-bolt,  s.  A  bolt  used  by  ship- 
wriglits  tu  bend  and  secure  the  planks  against 
the  timbers  till  they  are  fastened  by  boits^ 
spikes,  and  treenails. 

wring'Staff,  s.  A  strong  bar  of  wood 
used  ill  ajiplyiiig  wring-bolts  for  the  purposft 

of  setting-to  the  plauks. 

wring'-er,  *rihg'-er,  s.    [Eng.  wring,  v.; 
-er.] 
1.  Literally : 

(1)  One  who  wrings. 

"  One.  Mrs  Quickly,  is  iu  the  manner  of  his  nurse, 
his  laundress,  his  wjisber,  and  his  wringer." — Shakesp. : 
Merry  ll'ivcs  <^  Windsor,  i.  2. 

(2)  A  wriuging-macliine  (q.v.). 

*  2.  Fi;7.,;  An  extortioner. 

wring' -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Wring,  v.] 
A.  i^  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  parliciji.  adj.  :  (See 

the  \-.-rb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  wrings ;  the  state  of 

being  wruug. 

"  That    wringing    of    the    bauds."— A'ttox :   Essays, 

No.  100. 

*  2.  A  sharp  pain. 

'        "To  niitiirate  the   torments   and  wringing  of  the 
cbi.li.iue."— /'.  Holland:  Plinie.\ik.  xv.,  ch.  .\xi. 

wringing-machlne,  &'.  A  machine  or 
apparatus  for  wringing  or  pressing  water  out 
of  anything,  especially  an  apparatus  for  press- 
ing water  from  clothes  after  they  have  been 

washed. 

wringing-wet,  a.    So  wet  as  to  require 
wringing  (Uit,  or  that  water  can  be  wrung  out. 
"  A  poore  flsheruiau  .  .  .  new  come  from  his  boat 
.   -■  -  ••  -ifoQfier ;  Sej'mon  on 

'  wring'  -ly,    *  wring-lye.    adv.      [Eng. 
u-rin  ^■  -///.)    In  a  twisted  manner  or  fashion. 

"  Three  ahowes  wrinjlye  writhen." 

Stanyhurst :  Conccites.  p   Vit- 


fate,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU.  father:   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sou ;  mut&  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Kw. 


wrinkle—write 


wrin  -kle  (1),  '  wrin-cle,  "  wrinc-kle. 
■  wrin-kel,    wrln-kil.  '  wryn-kyl.  -. 

(I'loiu'ily  =ii  littl>' Iwist,  :i  sli;^lit  distoitiiMi, 
causiiii;  imevcnncss  ;  a  (liiiiiii.  form  from  A.S. 
wringan  =  10  press,  to  wiin^  (h-v.)  ;  v»-^\\. 
witli  O.  Dut.  wriiw-A-f?  =  a  wrinkle  ;  wrinch'lni 
=  to  wrinkle  ;  wrlngcn  =to  writhe,  in  twist, 
to  wriiij:;  Dan.  ?-;/»"Ac  =  a  wrinkle,  puck^-r, 
gather,  fold  ;  rt/iilce  ■=  to  wrinkle;  Sw.  rj/ii/.(t 
(s.  &  V.)  ;  Ger.  rnnzcl  =  a  wrinkle  ;  riuizeln  = 
to  wrinkle,  to  frown.] 

1.  A  small  ridge  oi-  prominence,  or  a  fur- 
row, caused  by  tUe  shrinking  or  contraction 
of  any  smooth  surface;  a  corrusation,  a 
crease,  a  fold. 

'■  BelioU  what  wrhtkht  I  have  eftrn'd." 

Cotoiter:  To  C^ristiHa,  <iucen  of  Sweden. 

*  2.  A  ripple. 
"  Same  fell  in  the  culf.  wliicli  recelveil  the  spriukles 
With  a  thijusftiurohcHiig  wyiukWi." 

liip'on  :  SU'ife  of  Corinth,  xxxiii. 

wrin'-kle  (2),  s.  [A  dimin.  from  A.S.  wmtr 
=  a  trick.]  [Wuench.]  A  short,  pithy  piece 
of  information  or  advice  ;  a  valuable  hint  or 
bit  of  instruction  as  to  a  course  to  be  pur- 
sued ;  a  new  or  good  idea ;  a  device.  (Colloq.) 
'•  It  13  one  of  the  iiiiiaeiits  out  of  which  inmiy  folk 
may  get  a  wrinkle."— field.  Oct.  3.  1385. 

wrih'-kle,  v.t.  &  i*.    [Wrinkle  (1),  s.] 

A.  Trans.:  To  form  or  cause  wrinkles  in; 
to  contract  into  furrows  and  prominences  ; 
to  corrugiite,  to  furrow,  to  crease,  to  make 
rou^li  and  uneven. 

■'  A  keen  iioi-th  wind  that,  hlowing  tU-y, 
nriiikled  the  fMCe  of  (Wlu««." 

N  MiUon:  P.  I.,  xi.  813. 

B.  Intrans.:  To  become  contracted  into 
wrinkles  ;  tu  shrink  into  furrows  and  ridges. 

wrin -kled  (le  as  el),  jw.  jnr.  &  a.    [Wrin- 

KLK,  i:] 

A,  As  jm.  par.  :'  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

I.  Orel.  Lang. :  Marked  with  wrinkles  or 
fiuiows. 

•'  Wrinkled  nnJ  furrow'd  with  habitual  thought." 
Wordswordt  '  ExcursiQu,  bk.  vi, 

II.  Bot. :  (l)  [RruO!>E] ;  (2)  [Corrugated]. 
wrinkled-hornbill,  ^<. 

OntUh.  :  CntiiorrJiuiK.'i  comigatus.  The 
genus,  wliicli  has  four  species,  is  from  the 
Oriental  and  Australian  regions  ;  casque  high, 
keel-shaped,  neaily  half  the  length  of  the 
bill,  and  corrugated  laterally. 

*  wrin' -kle -full,  c-  [Eng-.  wrinlde  (1),  s- ; 
-Jul!.]     Full  of  wrinkles,  wrinkled. 

"  She  lueiuls  her  face's  wrhikl^iU  defections." 
SffU'fster:  The  Decay.  122. 

•  WTin'-kly,  a.   [Eng.  wrinkl{e),  s. ;  -3/.]  Somc- 

wliat  wrinkled  ;  having  a  tendency  to  become 
wriiikh^il,  puckered,  or  creasy. 

"  Givinir  occasional,  ilry,  wrinkly  iutUcations  of  cry- 
i,ii.,;_(;   Kliot :  Middlcnmri:h,  ch.  xxxii. 

Wris'-berg,  .*.  [See  def.  and  compounds.] 
An  anatomist,  discoverer,  or  describer  of  the 
cartilages,  ganglion,  and  nerve  called  after  him. 

%  (1)  Cartilages  of  Wrisherg  : 

Aiiat.  :  Two  very  small,  soft,  yellowish, 
cartilaginous  bodies  placed  one  on  each  side 
in  the  fold  of  the  mucous  membrane,  extend- 
ing from  the  summit  of  the  arytenoid  carti- 
lage to  the  epiglottis.  They  occasion  small 
elevations  of  the  niueous  membrane  a  little  in 
advance  of  the  cartilage  of  Santorini.  They 
are  called  also  from  their  form  the  Cuneiform 
cartilages.    {Qiaun.) 

(2)  Ganglion  0/  Wrisherg: 

A}iat.  :  A  snnill  ganglion  frequently  found 
at  the  point,  of  union  of  some  nerves  in  the 
superficial  cardiac  plexus  of  the  sympathetic 
nerve. 

(3)  Xcrve  of  H'risberg : 

Aiiat.:  The  smaller  internal  cutaneous 
nerve  su]q)lying  the  integument  of  the  upper 
arm  in  its  inner  and  i>o.-,terior  aspect. 

wrist,  ■  wreste,  wriste,  *  wirst.  *wryst, 

"Wyrste.  s.  [A.S.  wrist,  the  full  form 
Iteing  hmvl-wrist  =  that  which  turns  tlie  hand 
about ;  prob.  for  wridhst,  and  formed  from 
wriilheii,  ]'n.  par.  of  vjridlui)i  =  to  writhe,  tO' 
twist,  with  suff.  -St;  cogn.  with  O.  Fries. 
wri'ist,  v^rist,  werst  =  a  wrist,  hondivrivst  — 
hand-wrist,  fottitriust  =  foot-wrist  or  instep; 
Low  Ger.  wrist ;  Icel.  rist  =  the  instep,  from 
Tidhiiin,  pa.  ])aT.  of  ridlia  —  to  twist ;  Dan.  & 
Sw.  vri^t  =  tlie  instep,  from  vride,  vridv  =  to 
twist ;  Ger.  rist  =  instep,  wrist.]  [Wrest, 
Writhe.] 


I,  <.ir<!.  lAing.:  The  joint  by  which  the 
hand  is  united  to  the  arm,  ami  by  means  <>f 
wliii-h  the  hand  moves  011  the  foi-earm  ;  the 
cai'ims  (q.  v.). 

"  Ho  that  apcnks  Joth  grlin-  tlic  livnivr'n  un-iV." 
Shakcsp. :  King  John,  Iv.  2. 

II.  Marhimry : 

1.  A  stud  or  pin  projecting  from  a  w1k-<-1. 
antl  to  which  a  pitman  or  cuinccliug-rod  is 
attaehed.  The  wrist  and  so  nuich  of  thu 
radius  of  the  wheel  constitute  a  crank, 

2.  The  pin  of  a  crank  to  which  the  pitm;iii 
is  att.ached, 

wrist-drop,  .'^. 

I-nthol. :  The  hanging-down  of  the  hands  by 
their  own  weight  when  the  arms  are  out- 
stretched. It  arises  from  the  paralysis  of  the 
extensor  muscles  of  the  hands  and  fingers, 
and  often  iippears  in  lead-palsy  (q.v.). 

wrist-joint,  i\ 

Anat.:  The  radio-caipal  ailiculation  formed 
between  the  radius  anil  the  triangular  fibro- 
cartilage  above,  and  the  .scaphoid,  semilunar, 
and  cuneiform  bones  lielow.  The  superior 
surface  is  concave  both  transversely  and  from 
before  backwards,  the  inferior  one  is  convex 
in  both  directions;  the  former  is  divided  by 
linear  elevations  into  three  parts.  It  has  an 
anterior,  a  posterioi",  and  two  lateral  liga- 
ments. The  flexion  is  produced  mainly  by 
the  radial  and  ulnar  flexors  of  the  carpus, 
its  extension  by  the  extensors  of  the  carpus. 

wrist-link,  s.  A  link  with  couuected 
buttons  for  the  wristband  or  cuff. 

wrist-pin,  s. 

Miirli. :  A  pin  passing  through  the  axis  of  a 
wrist,  ctumection.     [Wrist,  11.] 

wrist-band,  s.  [Eng.  wrist,  and  hand.]  Tiie 
IkiihI  or  part  of  the  sleeve,  especially  of  a 
shiit-.slccve,  which  covers  the  wrist. 

wrist-let,   s.     [Eng.  vjrist,  and  dimin.  suff. 

■let.  ] 

1.  An  elastic  bandlet  worn  round  a  lady's 
wrist  to  conline  the  upper  part  of  a  glove. 

2.  A  bracelet. 

"  A  siieii  lithe  .lud  deboitair, 
With  wristlets  woven  of  scarlet  Iwnds." 

T.  li.  AldriQh:  Pampina. 

3.  A  handcuff. 

"  Two  or  three  of  the  party  wearing  black  dresses 
iustead  of  grey,  with  leg  irons  as  wfill  aa  wristlets, 
to  show  that  they  were  bad-conduct  mtu.'—DaHu 
Teh-graph.  Dec.  31,  1881. 

Wnt,  s.  [A.S.  gerwrit,  writ  —  a  writing,  from 
writen,  pa.  par.  of  writan  =  to  write  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  That  which  is  written  ;  a  writing. 

"Thi3f.-ltfl.lKrC(f. 

The  complot  of  this  tinielftsH  tragedy." 

Shtikeip.  :  Titiis  A  ndrvnicita,  ii.  3. 

2.  Specif,  applied  to  the  Scriptures  or 
books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments. 

"  Holy  writ  iu  babes  liatli  judyment  shown  " 

Shakvsp.;  All's  n\-l/.  ii.  1. 

*  3.  A  formal  instrui'nent  or  writing  of  any 
kind. 

II.  Law:  A  precept  issued  by  some  court 
or  magistrate  in  the  name  of  the  government, 
the  executive  branch  of  the  government,  or 
that  of  the  state  or  people  of  the  state,  vested 
with,  in  any  case,  the  suju'eme  authority,  and 
addressed  "to  some  public  officer  or  private 
pei*son  commanding  him  to  some  jmrticular 
act  therein  specified.  Writs  were  divided  into 
original  and  judicial.  The  former  issued  out 
of  the  Court  of  Chancery,  and  gave  authority 
to  the  courts  in  which  they  were  returnable 
to  proceed  with  the  cause ;  these  writs  are 
now  abolished.  Judicial  writs  are  such  as 
are  issued  in  pursuance  of  a  decree,  judgment, 
or  order  of  the  court  in  which  the  cause  is 
pending.  The  different  kinds  of  writs  were 
fcninerly  very  numerous,  but  many  have  been 
abolished.  The  most  important  are  described 
in  tliis  work  under  the  heads  :  C.mmas,  Eitnou, 
H.AniiAs  Corpus,  Mandamus,  Prohibition, 
SuupcENA,  &c.  There  are  also  Writs  of  Elec- 
tion for  members  of  parliament,  t&c,  addressed 
to  the  sheriff  or  other  returning  officer. 

"  No  royal  wrif-  liad  sunnnoued  the  Convention 
which  recalled  Charles  ll.'~-.Vacaulat/:  Hist.  Eng., 
ch.  xi. 

*  writ,  prci.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.    [Write.] 

*writ-a-l>il'-i-ty, .''.  [Eng.  wri((e);  -ability.] 
Readin'ess  or  ability  to  write. 

"  You  see  by  my  u-ritaMHtf/  .  .  .  that  my  pen  hiw 
still  fic'dfa  tooth  \efl.-— Will  pole :  I.eftert.  iv.  46S. 


■  writ'-a-ble,  «.  [Kng.  vri1(e);  -ahle,]  Cap- 
able of  being  writleii  down. 

"The    t«lk    M'jw    by    ito    liiUAnH     vritabte."~3iaiL 

t)'ArhUt)t :  Oiitrii.  11.  108. 

*  wrif-^-tlve,  n.  [Formed  from  write  iu 
imitation  of  udkatir^t.]  Given  to  writing,  dis- 
posed or  inclined  to  write. 

"  Increase  nf  your*  uiakvi  men  iimrc  talkntlvv  hut 
letw  writatiw.'—Pope  :  Letter  to  JjM>(fY. 

write  (pt.  t.  •  writ,  *  mivot,  wrote,  pa.  par. 
"  »'?'i7,  *  y-writCf  *  writtc,  wi'itten,  '  wrytcit), 
v.t.  tfc  (.  [A.S.  T'Htan  (pa.  t.  v^rdf,  i>a.  par. 
writvn)  =  to  write,  to  inscribe  (orij^.  =  to 
score,  to  engrave) ;  cogn.  with  O.S.  i(Ttf«H=r 
to  cut,  to  -injure,  to  write ;  Dut.  rijten  =  to 
tear,  to  split ;  Icel.  rita  (pa.  t.  7rit,  pa.  par. 
ritiiin)  =  to  scratch,  to  cut,  to  write;  Sw. 
rita  =  to  draw,  to  delineate  ;  0.  U.  Ger.  rizan 
=  to  cut,  to  tear,  to  split,  to  draw  or  delineate  ; 
Ger.  j'eissen  (pa.  t.  riss,  pa.  par.  gerissen).  The 
original  sense  was  that  of  cutting  or  scratch- 
ing with  a  sharp  instrument;  honce,  to  en- 
grave ;  cf.  Goth,  writs  =  a  stroke  made  with 
a  pen.] 

A.  Transitive : 
I.  Literally: 

1.  To  form  or  trace  as  with  a  pen,  pencil,  or 
the  like,  on  paper  or  other  material,  or  by  a 
graver  on  wood,  &c.  :  as,  To  write  letters,  to 
write  ligures. 

2.  To  produce,  form,  or  make  by  tracing 
legible  charaeters  expressive  of  ideas;  to  set 
down  or  express  in  letters  or  words  ;  to  traco 
or  set  down  by  means  of  a  i>en,  pencil,  or 
other  instrument  the  constituent  signs,  cha- 
racters, or  words  of, 

"  To  cliiher  wliat  is  writ  U\  learned  books." 

Shak'jsp. :  Uape  of  Lucrecc.  911. 

3.  To  make  known,  express,  disclose,  an- 
nnnnce,  communicate,  or  convey  by  means  of 
characters  formed  by  the  pen,  &c. 

"  I  choose  to  write  the  thing  I  dare  not  siifilf." 

4.  To  cover  with  characters  representing 
words. 

"Till  she  linve  writ  a  sheet  of  itniivt."Shakefp. : 
Much  Ado.  ii.  :). 

5.  To  compose  atid  produce  as  an  author. 

"  Reiwl  here  and  wonder :  Fletcher  writ  the  iday." 
llcaum.  A  Flet.  :  Elder  Brother.    (To  the  Header.) 

6.  To  designate  by  or  in  writing  ;  to  style 
iu  writing  ;  to  entitle,  to  declare, 

"  irrJtfinedownjinasB."— SA(ite.«;). -■  .Mitth  Ado,  iv.  2. 

7.  To  compose  ;  to  be  in  the  habit  of  writ- 
hig  :  as,  To  TtTife  a  good  or  bad  style. 

*  8.  To  claim  as  a  title  ;  to  call  one's  self. 

"1  write  man.'— .5/mitt-*;<. ;  All's  \Vell,  ii.  3. 
II.  Figuratively : 

1.  To  make  known  by  signs ;  to  show,  ti> 
manifest. 

"  Dimly  writ  or  difficult  to  spell." 

Cuwpcr:  ExpMtulation,  3U. 

2.  To  imitress  deeply  or  durably  ;  toimprint 
deeply  or  forcibly  ;  to  engrave. 

"  Whose  niemory  is  lorittfii  on  tlie  earth 
Witli  yet  appearing  hlood." 

SItakesp. :  'i  Henry  1 1'..  Iv,  1. 

B,  ! nlrcuisitive : 

1.  Tn  form  or  trace  characters  with  a  pen, 
pencil,  or  other  instrument,  upon  paper  or 
other  material ;  to  perform  the  act  of  tracing 
or  forming  characters  so  as  to  represent  sounds- 
or  ideas. 

"  Write  till  vour  ink  be  dry." 

Shakesp.:  TwoOentletnen,  UL.  2. 

2.  To  be  regularly  or  customarily  employed, 
occupied,  or  engaged  in  writing,  copying,  or 
drawing  up  documents,  accounts,  book-keep- 
ing, or  the  like  ;  to  follow  the  business,  occu- 
pation, or  profession  of  a  clerk,  amanuensis, 
secretary,  bookkeeper,  &c, 

3.  To  combine  or  compose  ideas  and  express 
them  on  jmper  for  the  information,  instruc- 
tion, or  enjoyment  of  others  ;  to  be  engaged 
in  literary  work;  to  compose  or  produce 
articles,  books,  &c.,  as  an  author. 

"  I  lived  to  write,  and  wrote  to  live." 

ilogers:  Italy:  A  Character,  10. 

1.  To  conduct  epistolary  correspondence  ; 
to  corresi)ond  by  means  of  letters  ;  to  com- 
municate information  by  letter,  or  the  like  : 
as,  I  will  x'jrite  to  you  shortly. 

•  5.  To  declare. 

"IwlU  wHte  against  W'—Hhakesp.  :  Much  Ado, 
Iv.  i. 

H  1.  To  write  down: 

(1)  To  trace  or  form  with  the  pen.  pencil, 
or  other  instrument ;  to  record  :  as,  To  write 
down  anything  from  dictation. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  choms,  9IUX1,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;    tlon,  -^ion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -slous  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  -^c.  r=  bel,  deL 


G02 


write— written 


(2)  To  tlepret-iati!  the  character,  reputAtinn, 
iir  quality  of  by  writing  unfavourably  con- 
cerning; to  criticise  unfavourably  ;  ti>  put  an 
viid  to  by  writing  against ;  as,  To  ivi-itt  doiVK 
•a  play. 

2.  To  iixrite  off:  To  note  or  record  the  de- 
duction,  cancelling,  or  removing  of:  as,  To 
write  off  a.  bad  debt. 

3.  To  write  out: 

(1)  To  make  a  copy  or  transcription  of;  to 
copy,  to  transcribe  ;  especially,  to  ni;tke  a  fair 
tiT  complete  copy  of  f^'om  a  rough  drnft. 

(2)  To  exhaust  the  ideas  or  power  of  pro- 
'lucing  valuable  literary  work  by  too  nuieli 
writing.  (Used  refiexively  :  as,  He  has  writtai 
Jiimself  out.) 

4.  To  write  up: 

(1)  To  commend,  heighten,  or  raise  the 
reputation,  diameter,  quality,  or  value  of  by 
written  report-s  or  criticisms ;  to  bring  into 
public  notice  or  estimation  by  favourable 
L-riticisnis  or  accounts  of:  as,  To  write  tij'  ;i 
play  or  author. 

(2)  To  give  the  full  details  of  in  writing  ;  to 
claboi-ate  ;  to  work  up  ;  to  set  down  on  paper 
with  completeness  of  detail,  fulness,  elaboi- 
iiteness,  or  the  like  ;  as,  To  write  uj)  a  report 
or  account  from  notes  or  outlines. 

(3)  To  complete  the  transcription  or  inscrip- 
tion of;  specitically,  in  bookkeeping,  to  make 
the  requisite  entries  iu  up  to  date  ;  to  post 
up  :  as,  To  write  up  a  trader's  books. 

'  write,  s.  [Write,  v.]    Writing ;  handwriting. 
'■  It  w!is  .1  short,  but  a  well-written  letter,  iu  a  fair 
h^ud  oi  irrU-:"—0»lC:  Annals  of  tfn;  Parish,  ch.  i. 

*write-of-haud,5.  Handwriting.  (Proi\) 

"A  coTiUl  \visl(  tli.it  ri'il  learned  write  of  hand."— Mrs. 
GaskcU  :  Si/tria's  Lovcn,  ch.  xliii. 

*  writ-ee',  s.  [Eng.  iorit{e);  -ee.]  The  person 
to  whom  a  written  document  is  addressed  ; 
and  so  the  reader. 

"There  is  ever  a  projiortion  between  the  writer's 
wit  and  the  writee**.'— CAu/iman;  Momer ;  Jliad,  xiv. 
(Coinuient.) 

Writ'-er,  s.  [A.S.  v!ritere,  from  writan  =  to 
write  (q.v.).]  One  wliu  writes;  one  who  has 
written,  or  is  in  the  habit  of  writing.  Specifi- 
cally— 

1.  One  who  is  skilled  in  penmansliip ;  one 
whose  occupation  consists  chiefly  in  using  the 
pen,  as  a  clerk,  an  amanuensis,  ascribe;  more 
especially  a  title  given-^ 

(1)  To  clerks  in  the  service  of  the  late  East 
India  Company. 

(2)  To  temporary  copying  clerks  iu  the 
Government  offices. 

2.  A  member  of  the  literary  profession  ;  an 
autlior,  a  journalist,  or  the  like  :  as,  a  writer 
for  the  press  ;  a  writer  of  novels. 

3.  In  Scotland  a  term  loosely  applied  to 
law-ageuts,  solicitors,  attorneys,  or  the  like, 
and  sometimes  to  their  principal  clerks. 

•1  *  (1)  Writer  of  the  tallies  :  An  otficial  who 
entered  the  amounts  of  the  tallies,  or  notched 
sticks,  formerly  used  as  a  means  of  keeping 
the  accounts  of  the  Exchequer.     [Tally,  s.] 

(2)  Writer  to  the  signet :  [Signet]. 

Tvriter's  cramp,  writer's  paraly- 
sis, ^^■ 

Pathol. :  Scrivener's  palsy  (q.v.). 

*,writ'-er-ess,  s.  [Eng.  writer;  -ess.]  A  fe- 
male writer  or  author. 

"  Remember  it  henceforth,  ye  writeresses,  there  ia 
no  such  word  .is  authoresses."— rftucfceraw;  Misccll.. 
ii.  4T0. 

*'writ'-er-lmg,  s.  [Eng.  writer;  dimin.  suff. 
■ling.]  A  petty  writer  ;  a  poor  or  sorry  writer 
or  author. 

"  Every  writer  and  trrHerliiig  of  name  has  a  salary 
troHi  the  govenimeut."— /.'o&6er<I«;  Memoirs,  i.  42o. 

writ'-er-ship,  s.  [Eng.  rvriter;  -shijh]  The 
office  or  position  of  a  writer. 

"The  vacancies  to  be  filled  were  in  eight  writerships 
in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  for  India,"— 
Hcribncr's  Magazine,  June,  187T,  v.  314. 

1[  The  word  is  generally  used  in  connection 
with  Indian  appointments. 

■writhe,  •  wrethe,  *  writh-en,  *  wryth-en 

(pa.  t.  vritheO,  •  wrvth,  pa.  par.  writhed, 
^  writhen),  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  wridhan  =  to  twist, 
to  wind  about  (pa.  t.  wrddh,  pa.  par.  wridhen); 
cogn.  with  Icel.  ridha  (for  rridha,  pa.t.  reidh, 
pa.  par.  ridhinn);  Dan.  vride ;  Sw.  vrida  = 
to    wring,   twist,  turn,   wrest;    O.   H.  Ger. 


ruhiii ;  M.  H.  Ger.  rideti.  From  the  same 
root  as  Lat.  i-erto  —  to  turn,  and  Eng.  worth, 
v.  From  writhe  are  derived  wrath,  wi-oth, 
wreath,  wrest,  and  wrist.] 

A.  Transitive: 
I.  Literally : 

"  1.  To  twist  with  violence. 

"  Tile  younger  creyt 
Near  the  closed  crHdle  where  an  lufnnt  slept. 
And  tcrithed  his  uetk."         Parnell :  Bennit,  152. 

t  2.  To  distort. 

■'  Her  mouth  she  lorithcd,  her  forehead  taught   to 
frown."  Jjryden:  2'heocritu* :  Idyll,  xxiii. 

*  3.  To  turn  as  in  paiu  or  distress. 

"  The  mighty  father  heard  ; 
And  writhed  his  look  toward  the  royal  walla." 

Surrey:  Virgilc;  .£neitiv. 

*■  II.  FiQ' :  To  pervert,  to  wrest,  to  mis- 
apply. 

■"  The  reaaiiu  which  he  yieldeth,  showeth  the  least 
jijirt  of  his  meaning  to  be  that  wliei-eunto  his  words 
are  writhed."— Hooker  :  L'ccics.  Polity. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  twist  the  body  about,  as  in  pain  :  as, 
He  writhed  in  agony. 

*  2.  To  turn  away. 

"  Doest  thou  loohe  after,  that  Christ  should  heare 
thee,  when  thou  callest him  father,  when  thou  writhegt 
away  fi'om  the  steit-chihlren,  calling  thee  mother?"— 
Vivos  -  Instruction  of  a  Christian  Woman,  bk.  ii., 
ch.  xii. 

*  3.  To  twist  or  twine  one's  self. 

*4.  To  advance  by  vermicular  motion ;  to 
wriggle. 

"  Lissome  Vivien,  holding  by  his  heel. 

Writhed  toward  him,  slided  up  his  knee  and  sat." 
Tennyson  ;  Vivien,  BS. 

*writh'-el,  *  wrlth-le,  i^^     [Eng.   writhe; 
frequent.' suff.  -d,  -le.]    To  wrinkle. 

'■  The  skin  that  was  white  and  Rmootb  is  turned 
tawnie  and  u-rithtVd.'—Bp.  Nail :  at.  Paul's  Combat. 

*  writh'-en,   *writh-uii,   a.      [Weithe.] 
Twisted,  twined. 

"  Vengeance,  ye  powers  (he  cries),  and  thou  whose  hand 
Aims  the  red  bolt,  and  hurls  the  tcrithi-n  brand  !  " 

/'ofie:  //viiirr  ;  Od ;/SM-y  \ii.  iiC. 

writ'-ing.  *  wryt-ing,  *  wryt-ynge,  rr. 

par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Writ?:,  c] 
A*  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  the  art  or  act  of 
writing ;  used  for  writing. 

C.  -4s  substantive : 

1,  The  act  or  art  of  forming  letters  and 
characters  on  paper,  parchment,  wood,  stone, 
or  othtr  material,  for  the  purpose  of  recording 
ideas  or  of  communicating  them  to  otliers  by 
visible  signs. 

^  Writing  may  be  divided  into  ideographic 
and  phonographic,  i.e.,  into  signs  representing 
the  things  symbolized  by  words,  and  signs  re- 
presenting sounds— that  is,  words  themselves. 
In  Egyptian  hieroglyphs  we  have  ideographs 
and  phonographs  mixed  together ;  and  the 
same  thing  occurs  in  the  Mexican  picture- 
writing.  It  is  generally  agreed  that  the  art  of 
writing  was  introduced  to  the  western  nations 
by  the  Phrenicians  about  1500  b.c.  Their 
system  was  probably  based  on  the  Egyptian. 
The  Egyptians  had  three  distinct  kinds  of 
writing — the  hieroglyphic,  the  hieratic,  and 
the  enchorial  or  demotic.  (See  these  words.) 
The  Greeks  at  first  wrote  fiom  right  to  left ; 
next  they  adopted  a  method  called  bous- 
trophedon,  from  the  motion  of  the  ox  in 
ploughing— that  is,  alternately  from  right  to 
left,  and  from  left  to  right.  Writing  from  left 
to  right  is  said  to  have  been  intriHluced  in  the 
time  of  Homer  by  Pronapidis  nf  Athens.  In 
ancient  Greek  and  Roman  writing  the  words 
were  not  separated  by  .spaces,  and  no  punctua- 
tion marks  were  used.  In  mediieval  MSS.  a 
variety  of  styles  were  used  iu  different  epochs 
and  countries,  and  for  different  uses.  [Ma- 
juscule, Minuscule.]  Uncial  letters  pre- 
vailed from  the  seventh  to  tlie  tenth  centuries. 
[Uncl^l.]  The  Gothic  cursive  was  introduced 
about  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
The  Modern  German  alphabet  was  also  intro- 
duced about  the  same  time.  Tlie  Norman 
style  came  in  with  the  Conqueror.  The  Eng- 
lish court  hand,  an  adaptation  of  Saxon,  pre- 
vailed from  the  sixteenth  century  to  the  reign 
of  George  II.,  when  its  use  was  legally  abol- 
ished. There  are  no  traces  of  writing  in 
Britain  previous  to  the  Roman  period.  The 
Runic  alphabet,  used  for  many  centuries  in 
Denmark,  Norway,  and  Iceland,  was  based  on 
the  Roman.  Chinese  characters  are  syllabic, 
and  as  Chinese  words  are  nionosyllables,  they 
are  strictly  ideographic.     Their  system  is  said 


to  contain  40,000  charactt;rs.  Sanscrit  pos- 
sesses the  most  perfect  known  alphabet :  its 
consonants  number  thirty-three  and  its  vowel 
signs  fourteen.  It  is  written  frniu  left  to 
right.  [Cuneiform,  Ogham,  Phonktic,  Runic, 
Shorthand.] 

2.  That  which  is  written  ;  anything  written 
or  expressed  in  letters  :  as 

(1)  An  inscription. 

"  And  Pil.ite  wrote  a  title,  and  imt  it  on  the  cross. 
And  the  wridnti  w.a-t,  Jesus  of  Niizareth  the  Kiuf  of 
the  Jews."— John  ^ix.  1'.'. 

(2)  A  literary  or  other  composition  ;  a 
manuscript,  a  book,  a  pamphlet.  (Generally 
in  the  plural.) 

"  Time  had  thrown  the  writinttn  of  many  potts  into 
the  river  of  oblivion. '—Z>r.v<'c»i  .'tJlcomenvs.  (Ep.  Ded.f 

(3)  Any  legal  instrument,  as  a  deed,  a  re- 
ceipt, a  bond,  an  agreement,  &c. 

"  A  Ciurion  Death,  within  whose  enn)ty  eye. 
There  is  a  written  scroll  I  I'll  reail  the  writing.' 
Shakesp. :  Maxhant  of  Venice,  ii.  7. 

(4)  A  letter,  a  note. 

*  3.  That  which  is  expressed  or  stated  in  a 
book  or  the  like  ;  an  account. 

"  But  that  sayinga  disatneeth  to  the  wrytynge  of 
Eutropius,  for  the  countre  of  Sjiiiyne  was  not  subdued 
by  hyni  tyll  after  that  he  was  Eniperour."— /"a&i/ti/i ; 
Cronycle,  ch.  Ivi. 

4.  Manner  or  style  of  writing:  as,  That  is 
not  his  writing. 
%  An  oHigatory  writing: 
Law:  A  bond  (q.v.). 

writing-ball,  s.  An  electric  printing 
apparatus,  consisting  of  a  half  sphere  of  gun- 
metal,  resting  with  its  convex  side  upwards 
on  a  frame,  and  pierced  with  radial  ajiertures 
to  the  number  of  fifty-two,  iu  wliich  work 
pistons,  converging  to  the  centre.  Each  pis- 
ton is  ground  otf  horizontally  at  its  bottom, 
upon  which  is  engraved  a  letter,  figure,  .ir 
punctuation  mark.  The  pistons  are  woikiz-d 
by  the  fingers,  and  when  deijressed  are  raised 
by  spiral  springs. 

writing-book,  s.  a  blank  paper  boqjc, 
generally  rided,  fjr  practice  in  penmansliip: 
a  copy-book. 

writing-case,  s.  A  portable  writing- 
desk  or  portf'.ilio. 

writing' Chambers,  s.  pi.  Apartments 
OL-cupied  by  lawyers  and  their  clerks,  &c. 

writing-desk,  s.  A  desk  with  a  broad 
sloping  top,  used  for  writing  on  ;  also,  a  port- 
able case  containing  writing  materials ;  a 
writing-case. 

writing-firame,  s.  Writing-frames  for 
the  blind  consist  uf  it  frame  in  whieh  a  sheet 
of  paper  may  be  placed,  and  a  horizontal 
straight-edge,  which  forms  a  guide  for  the 
liand  in  making  a  row  of  letters.  The  line 
being  completed,  the  straight -edge  is  lowered 
one  notch,  and  forms  a  guide  for  the  next  line, 
and  so  on. 

irriting-ink,  s.    [Ink.] 

writing-master,  5.    A  man  who  teaches 

the  art  uf  penmanship. 

writing-paper,  5.  Paper  with  a  smoothed 
and  sized  surface  so  as  to  be  adapted  for  writ- 
ing upon. 

writing-school,  5.    A  school  or  academy 

where  peniuaiiship  or  caligraphy  is  taught. 

writing-table,  s. 

*1.  A  tablet.     [Tablet.] 


2.   A  table    used    for   writing    on,  liaving 

generally  a  desk  part,  drawers,  &c. 

writing-telegraph,  s.  A  telegraphic  in- 
strument whii.di  sends  autographic  messages. 

writ-ten,  *  writte,  ^  wryt-en, i>n.  2^r.  <b 

(f.     [Write.] 

A.  As p(t.  par.  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  adj. :  Reduced  to  writing ;  com- 
mitted to  paper,  &e.,  with  pen  and  ink  or 
other  material.     Opposed  to  oral  or  spoken. 

'■Language  is  a  connection  of  audible  sipns.  the 
most  apt  in  nature  for  communication  of  our  thoughts ; 
tf>ri;f£tt  language  is  a  description  of  the  said  audible 
Bjgns  by  signs  visible."— i/oWer ;  On  Language. 

1[  (1)  It  is  written  : 

Script.  :  It  is  stated  or  declared  in  Ho]y 
Scriptni-e. 

•■  Jt  is  written.  Thou  ahalt  worship  the  Lord  thy 
God.  and  him  only  shalt  thou  serve."— ITaK.  iv.  10. 

(2)  Written  laic:    Law   as  contained  in   a 


late,  iat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full :  try,  Syrian,    se.  oe  =  e  ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


wrizzled  -wrung 


GlKJ 


statute  or  statutes,  as  distinguished  frorn  un- 
writtni  l;i\v. 

written-lichen,  s. 

livt.  :  I'ptijrayha  scripta.     [OpegraI'HA.] 

*  wriz'-Zled,   n.       [Prob.    for   icristled,    fiuui 
rcrUt  or  incst.]     Wriukk-d. 

'■  Her  icrizxictl  skhi,  as  rough  fia  uinpte  rliul. 
So  8cul)by  WHS.  thnt  would  have  loathd  all  womnii. 
kiud."  Speiucr:  F.  y.,  I.  viii.  4T. 

Wroe  -ite^.  -^•.  i'l.     [See  def.] 

i/hu.n-h  Hist.  :  The  foUowei-s  of  John  Wroe. 
wli.t  died  in  Australia  on  February  0,  1803. 
Tliey  arose  about  lS2;i.  In  lS5lt  appeared  thtir 
symbolical  work  entitled  "The  Life  and 
Journal  of  John  Wroe,  with  Divine  Couiniu- 
nications  to  him."  They  are  also  called 
Christian  Israelites. 

'  wroU-en,  j>ii.  i""-.  of  v.    [Wreak,  v.] 

wrohg,   '  \Frang»  *  wronge,  a.,  adi\,  k  s. 

IA..S.  a-ranij  =  perverted  or  wrung  aside,  from 
ii-rang,  pa.  t.  of  wHiigan  =  to  \\Ting  (q. v. ) ;  (cf. 
Lat.  tortus,  from  torqueo  =  to  twist,  to  wring) ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  wrung  =sowv,  harsh,  fiom 
u-ringeii  =  to  wi'ing ;  Icel.  magr  =  awry, 
wrong,  unjust ;  Dan.  erang  =  wrong  (a.) ;  Sw. 
rning  =  perverse.  The  word  occurs  tirst  as  a 
substantive  in  the  A.S,  ChTonicle,  an.  1124.] 

A.  As  aiijectivc : 

•  1.  Twisted,  crooked  :  as,  a  iirong  nose. 
(Wydiffe:  Levit.  xxi.  19.) 

2.  Not  physically  right ;  not  fit  or  suitable  ; 
not  apprnpriate  for  use;  not  adapted  to  tlie 
end  or  purpose ;  not  according  to  rule,  re- 
■  luirenient,  wish,  design,  or  the  like  ;  not  that 
whicli  is  intended  or  desired  to  be. 

"I  have  directed  you  to  irrong  places." —Shukest^. : 
Merry  Wives,  iii.  i. 

3.  Not  morally  right ;  not  according  to  the 
divine  or  moral  law  ;  deviating  from  rectitude; 
not  equitable,  fair,  or  just ;  unjust. 

'■  For  modes  of  faith  let  graceless  bigots  fight : 
He  caut  be  wrong  whose  life  is  iu  tbe  right." 

Pope :  Essai/  o>^  Man,  iii.  306. 

4.  Not  in  accordance  with  the  facts  or  truth  ; 
false,  mistaken,  inaccurate,  incorrect. 

"  By  false  iuteltigence  or  wrotif  aunuise." 

fihakesp. :  lUtihard  III.,  il.  1. 

5.  Holding  erroneous  notions  or  views  in 
matters  of  doctrine,  opinion,  or  fact;  mis- 
taken ;  in  error :  as,  I  thought  so,  but  I  was 
irrong. 

6.  Unjust,  illegitimate. 

■•  If  his  cause  be  wrong."    Shakesp.  :  Eenry  »'..  iv.  1. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  wrong  manner  ;  wrongly, 
unjustly,  amiss. 

"  The  right  divine  of  kiugs  to  govern  lorong." 

Pope  .  Dunciad.  iv.  188. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  That  which  is  wrong  or  not  right ;  a  state, 
condition,  or  instance  in  which  there  is  some- 
thing which  is  not  right.  (Used  without  an 
article.) 

'■  It  is  the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number 
which  is  the  measure  of  right  or  wrong."— Bcntham. 

2.  A  wrong,  unfair,  or  unjust  act ;  any  vio- 
lation of  right  or  of  divine  or  human  law  ;  an 
act  of  injustice  ;  a  breach  of  the  law  to  the 
injury  of  another,  whether  by  something  done 
or  something  undone  ;  an  injustice,  a  trespass. 

"The  liistiiiction  of  public  wrongs  from  private,  of 
crimes  siiid  misdemeanors  from  civil  injuries,  seems 
l>rincipally  to  consist  iu  this  :  that  private  lerunqs,  or 
tivil  injuriea,  are  an  iufringeraeut  or  privation  of  tbe 
civil  rights  which  belong  to  individuals,  considered 
merely  as  individuals :  public  wrongs  or  crimes  and 
juisilemeauors,  are  a  breach  and  violation  of  the 
jmblic  rights  and  duties,  due  to  the  whole  community, 
tDUsidered  as  a  community,  in  its  social  aggregate 
capitcity."— fl?acta(o7ie;  C'uiH*»u'»r(iWes,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  l. 

3.  Any  injury,  miscliief,  hurt,  damage,  or  pain. 

"  For  thy  right  myself  will  V>earall  wrong." 

Sliakcsp. :  Sonnet  86. 

4.  An  insult,  a  disgrace. 

■'  lis  he,  foul  creature,  that  bath  done  thee  rcrong." 
Shakesp. :  Temu  ■£  AdonU,  1,005. 

^  1.  In  the  wrong : 

(1)  Holding  a  wrong,  unjustifiable,  or  inde- 
fensible position  as  regards  another  person. 

"  Brother,  brother,  we  -ire  both  in  the  wrong." 

Gay.  Beggar's  Optra,  ii.3, 

*  (2)  In  error,  erroneously,  mistakeably. 

•*  Construe  C-issio'a  smiles  .  .  .  quite  in  the  wrong." 
£hakejp.  :  OthtUo,  iv.  1. 

*  2.  To  have  wrong  :  To  suffer  inju.stice. 

"  Caesar  has  had  great  wrong." 

SttaJie^.  :  Jutuu  Catar,  iii.  2, 

-wrong-doer,  s. 

1.  i.ird.  Lang.  :  One  who  injures  another  or 
who  does  wrong. 

"  She  resolved  to  npend  all  her  years  in  bewailing  the 
wrong,  and  yet  praying  fur  the  wrong-doer."— Sidnty. 


2.  Late:  One  who  commits  a  tort  or  tres- 
I'ass  ;  a  tort-fcaser. 

wrong-doing,  s.  The  doing  or  commit- 
ting itfaiiy  wri'ii^;  evil-dning  ;  behaviour  the 
uppusite  clf  that  which  is  right. 

"wrong-incensed,  n.  Smarting  umU-r 
asoist'i'twr.Ni^'.  (.•<hab^p.:ltichardlll.,n.  1.) 

"wrong-timed*  n.  Said  or  done  at  a 
wronger  intippurtunc  time  ;  ill-timed. 

wrong,  v.t.  &.  i.     [WuoNC,  a.] 
A.  Transitive  : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  treat  with  injustice  ;  to  dowTong  to  ; 
to  deprive  of  some  right,  or  to  withhold  some 
act  oljustice  from  ;  to  deal  harsldy,  cruelly,  "r 
unfairly  with  ;  to  hurt,  to  harm,  to  oppress, 
to  disgrace,  to  offend. 

"  A  virtuous  gentlewoman  deeply  tmnigctl." 
Tennyson:  Vii'ien,  T'l". 

2.  To  do  injustice  to  by  imputation  ;  to  im- 
pute evil  unjustly  to. 

"  I  rather  choose. 
Til  wrong  the  dead,  to  wrong  myself,  and  you. 
Than  I  will  wrong  such  honourable  men." 

Hhakcsp.  :  Julius  Vtasur,  iti.  U. 

*  3.  To  offend  ;  to  give  offence  or  affront  to. 

■'  What  di«a  Master  Fenton  here? 
You  wrong  me.  sir,  tlius  still  to  haunt  my  bouse, 
I  told  you,  sir,  my  daughter  is  disposed  of." 

Hhaketp. :  Merry  U'iivs,  iii.  4. 

"4,  To  disgrace. 

"  Be  contented,  you  wrong  yourself  too  much."— 
Stiiikcsp.  :  .Ifvrry  Wives,  iii.  3. 

II.  .Vfn((.  ;  To  outsail  (a  ship)  by  becalming 
licr  sails. 

'*  Tliey  observed  tbey  toronged  her  so  much,  they 
wmhM  go  round  her  if  they  plesjuiil."  —  Johnson  : 
CliryS'il,  i.  52, 

*  B.  Intrans, :  To  do  wrong. 

•'  For  whan  that  holy  churche  wrongeth. 
I  not  what  other  tliyng  shall  right.' 

Gower:  C.  A.,  ii. 

*  wrong" -er,  s.     [Eng.  tcrong,  v.;  -er.]    One 

wlio  wrongs  ;  one  who  does  wrong  or  injuiy 
to  another  in  any  way. 

"  Hold,  shepherd,  hold  :  learn  not  to  be  a  wronger 
Of  yuur  word  ;  was  not  your  promise  laid  ?  " 

Heaum.  Jt  Ftcl. :  Faithful  .'ihnphvrdess,  iv. 

wrong'-fiil,  *wronge-fUU,  •wrong-full, 

■ -wronge-falle,  ".  [Eng.  wrong;  -fiilL] 
lii.iuriou.s,  unjust,  wrung;  nut  founded  on 
right  or  justice. 

"  Another  c.isuist,  somewhat  less  austere,  pronounced 
that  a  government,  wrongful  iu  its  origin,  might  bt- 
ciime  a  settled  government  after  the  lapse  of  a  cen- 
tury."—-l/ucau^a^  .-  BitC.  £ng.,  eh.  xvii, 

wrong' -ful-1^,  adv.  [Eng.  wrongful;  -hi.] 
In  a  wrongful  manner;  contrary  to  justice  or 
fairness  ;  unjustly,  unfairly  ;  illegally. 

"  He  wiiB,  rightfully  or  wrongfulli/.  King  in  posses- 
sion-"—.l/uc<ii<?«.v-  Bist.  Eng..  ch.  iix, 

wrong '-ful-ness,  s.  [Eng.  wrongful  ;  -ness.] 
The  ([uality  or  state  of  being  wrongful  ;  in- 
just  ic'e. 

*  wrong-head,  s.  &  a.     [Eng.  urong,  a.,  and 

ht<(>i.] 

A,  As  subst.  :  A  person  of  a  misapprehend- 
ing mind  and  an  obstinate  character  ;  a  i>ig- 
headed  person. 

B.  As  adj. :  Wrongheaded,  obstinate,  per- 
verse. 

"  iMuch  do  I  suffer,  much,  to  keep  in  peace 
This  jealous,  waspish,  wronghead,  rhyming  race." 
Pope:  Sntirvs,  vi.  148. 

WTOng'-head-ed,  a.  [Eng,  wronghcad;  -ed.] 
H.ivin^'  tlie  mind  or  brain  occupied  with 
false,  "r  wrong  notions  or  ideas;  esjtecially, 
perversely  and  obstinately  wrong ;  of  a  per- 
verse understanding;  perverse,  crotchety. 

wrong'-head-ed-lj?,  adv.  [Eng.  wrong- 
hf-ad'd;  -Iij.]  In  a  wrongheaded  or  perverse 
nianuer ;  perversely,  obstinately. 

wrong" -head- ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  wrong- 
hrinlc'l;  -Ktss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
wrongheaded ;  perverseness,  p^erversity,  ob- 
stinacy. 

"  Fidelity  to  opinions  and  to  friends  seems  to  him 
mere  dulness  and  wrongheadednest."  —  Macaulay : 
Bist.  Kng..  cii.  ii. 

*  wrong' -less.  a.      [Eng.   wrong,   s. ;   -less.] 

Vind  of  or  free  from  wrong. 

*  wrong' -less-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  wrongless  ;  -tg.] 

Without  wrong  or  liarm  to  anyone. 

"  He  was  brother  to  the  fair  Helen  queen  of  Corintb. 
and  dearly  esteemed  of  her  fur  his  exceeding  go<->d 
imrts,  being  honourably  courteous,  and  wronglctsly 
\;i\v.\i\t."— Kidney :  Arcadia,  bk.  i. 

wrong'-ljr,  adv.     [Eng.  wrong,  a.  ;  -Ig.]     In  a 


wrong  nninner;  unjustly,  wrongfully,  crroue- 
ously. 

■•Theytmiulmt'lildo  notapiwar  tj  init  to  have  lofit 
the  faculty  u(  reasoning  ;  but  having  Joiiu-d  logether 
noiiii-  UletMi  Very  wrongly,  they  minUike  them  lor 
U\i\\iK~Lt>cke:  //mn.  r<«(c(jr<i.td.,  bk.  11..  ch.  xl. 

wrong  -  mind  -  ed,  " .  I  Eng.  vrong,  and 
inin-i.'l.\  Miiviiig  a  luiiid  wrongly  inclined; 
eMt'-itauiiii;^  iiii'heous  or  distorted  views. 

'  wrong'-ness,  *.     [Eng.  wrong,  a.  ;  -new.] 

1.  The  quality  or  slate  of  being  wrong; 
error,  wrongfulness,  orroueousiiess. 

"  Trt^atiiiL'  thi-xe  with  nuich  regHrd.  who  are  plenMd 
to  treat  tlod  u  it  h  tcuc.  vni  Iuuh  nivthuda  may  )«  found 
of  ftiimetinioi  (ilniulv  declaring,  auma  obliquely  Ititt- 
mating,  ttie  miini(i>M  ivri'ngneu  of  mich  expteMluUs." 
~f\ecker :  Seriunnii,  vol.  i.,  aer.  Si. 

2.  A  fault  ;  a  wrong  idea,  habit,  or  feeling. 

"  What  wrongneJites  do  mich  thou^bU  pmiluie  In  our 
nitioiis,  ill  iiur  ti-mpf'*,  in  uur  belta*  iour.' — (>(7/*iH  .* 

wrong  -oiis, '  wrong-eous,  a.  [A  corrupt. 

of  tcron;/(C<.ve((i.v.).j 
'  1.  Ord.  Lung.:  Wrong,  unjust,  wrongful, 

"  Every  wrong  must  be  jutlged  by  the  llrsl  violent 
anil  wrongous  ground  where»i>""  it  pioceeds.  —  A'/hj/ 
Jainei  to  Lord  Bacon.  July  26,  1617. 

2.  Scots  Law:  Not  right;  unjust  ;  illegal  : 
as,  wrongous  imprisonment  =  false  or  illegal 
inijirisonment. 

*  wrong'-wije, '  wrong-wls,  n.  [Formed 
as  a  converse,  of  »K//i?t'0(i.i'  =  rightwise  ;  Sw. 
iT(n(!/r(S=  iniquitous.]  Wrong,  unjust,  ini- 
quitous.    {OUL  Eng,  IlouiUics,  i.  175.) 

wrote,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.     [Wkite.] 

•  wrote,  v.t.  or  i.  [A.S.  wrutan  =  to  grub  uji, 
to  root  (q.v.).]  To  root,  dig,  or  grub  up  with 
the  snout,  as  swine. 

■'  Fi^r  right  as  »  aowe  wrotcth  In  every  ordure,  so 
vrotfth  she  hire  beanlee  in  stinking  ordure  of  siuut*." 
— C'lducer,"  Periones  Tnle. 

wroth,  ".  [A.S.  xvrdilh,  from  wrddh,  pa. 
t.  of  irridhan  =■  Xd  writhe  (q-v.);  eogn. 
with  Put.  (cree*?  =  cruel  ;  Icel.  nidhr  ;  Dan. 
vred;  M.  H.  Ger.  jvif,  rcirf  =  twisted,  i-urled. 
The  original  meaning  was  'wry'  or  distorted 
or  perveited  iu  one's  temper.]  [Wrath, 
Writhe.]  Very  angry  ;  much  exa.sperated  ; 
wrathful. 

"  (,'aiii  was  very  wroth,  ami  bia  countenance  fell." — 
Genesis  iv.  5. 

wrought  (as  rat),  "wraught,   wroughte, 

*  'wrought,    pret.,    pa.    }ku\    vj     v.,    &     a. 
[Work,  ;■.] 

A.  As  j^rct.  &  }Xi.  par.  :  (See  tlie  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Worked,  performed,  done, 
executed,  laboured,  formed. 

"  From  Wnltham  beforctaid   to   Westmynster  tbei 
him  brouht. 
Biside  his  fadere  is  laid  in  a  toumbe  wele  wrought. 
liObert  de  Brunne.  p.  :i4L 

2.  Carp.  &  Mason.  :  A  term  used  by  masons 
and  carpenters  iu  contradistinction  to  rough. 

wrought-iron,  ■■■•.  Pig-iron  subjected  to 
the  process  of  puddling  (q.v). 

wrung,  I'rtt.  &  pa.  par.  <f  v.     [Wki.vg.] 

"wry,  ■  wri-en,  v.i.  &  /.  [A.S.  itv-igian  —  to 
drive,   to   impel,   to  tend  or  bend  towards. 

g  Wriggle  is  a  frequent,  froui  this  verb.     Cf. 
Goth.  uTaifcty5=  crooked.] 
A.  httraiisitive: 

1.  To  swerve,  move,  or  go  obliquely  ;  to  go 
or  move  aside  ;  to  turn  away. 

"  Than  the  kjnig  wryrd  away  fro  hym."— Bcr»eri: 
Froitsart:  CronycU:  vol.  i.,  ch.  cxlvii. 

2.  To  deviate  from  the  right  path  morally  ; 
to  go  wrong  or  astray. 

"  These  wry  too  much  on  the  right  hand,  ascribing 
to  the  holy  scripture  such  kind  of  perfection  as  it  can- 
not have,  —Sandys. 

3.  To  writhe,  to  wriggle. 

■■  Then  talks  she  ten  times  worse,  and  wryct,  and 
wriggles. 
As  though  she  had  the  itch  (and  ho  it  may  l>e). ' 
Beaum.  A  Flet. :   IloiM-m**  Prize,  iii.  1. 

4.  To  slip,  slide,  or  move  away  from  the 
proper  position. 

"The  byshops  go  about  to  kepe  in  sUte  stil,  ami 
hold  vpthe  decaied  imrtes  of  their  ixiwer  (whoa..'  build- 
ing was  naught,  and  thsrUiTv  hath  wryrd  i-n  the  one 
Bide  touge  l\^^^\,"—Bp.  wtirJiitr ."  Of  Trna  Obvdience, 
foL  63. 

5.  To  bend  or  wind  ;  to  move  in  a  winding 
or  meandering  course. 

■'  As  vs  hen  a  nymph,  arisinc  from  the  land. 
Leadrth  a  dan>c  with  her  long  watery  train 
Down  to  the  sea,  she  wryrs  t.i  evciy  haml." 

Dnvies:  Un  //aiicing. 


boil,  hop^;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -mg. 
-clan«  -tian  =^  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  ^  shus.    -ble,  -die,  i:c.  ^  bel,  deU 


604 


wry— wyth 


B.  Tmnsitiiy : 

1.  To  writhe,  to  twist,  to  bend,  to  contort. 


"  Liken iniui  futeiietl  by  hlNthuiiil>sat  tlie  whlpnlng- 
pMt,  111'  trrlfs  ]ils  bni-k  niid  »lirliika  from  the  dIow, 
tluui^ti  lir  knows  bo  cannot  pet  luoai!."—/lp.  Taylor: 


Mamtsipf /ivm  t'opvry,  bk.  ii.,  lit,  ii.,  $  6, 

2.  To  disti-irt,  to  wrest,  to  cause  to  deviate. 

"  They  have  wreatetl  ant)  wryed  his  doctrlut'."— 
Rait>h  t:obinioii.   iAnnitiiilale.) 

wry.  •  wrie,  •  wrye,  a.  &  s.    [Win-,  v.] 
A.  .ls-f.//V.7nv: 

1.  Ik-lit,  timied,  or  twisted  to  one  side  in 
a  state  of  contortion ;  twisted,  distorted, 
crooked. 

"Th«f)T8t  tlint  ciiiuc  Mid  g^ue  thorn  moost  com- 
fortt"  w.-ut  Henry  erle  of  Lancnstre  with  the  wr'/« 
neck*-,  called  Torle  coWt/'—Hevtiers :  f^-uUSdyl ;  C'roih 
yclv,  vol,  i.,  ch.  xi. 

•2.  Crooked;  meandering;  not  following  a 
straight  or  direct  line. 

"  There  intricately  among  the  woods  doth  w.inder, 
Losing  liiiuselftf  In  many  »  ivy  meander." 

Broiene:  Britannia'!  PatturaU,  i.  2. 

3.  Exhibiting  distaste,  disgust,  impatience, 
discontent,  or  ti)e  like:  as,  He  took  it  with  a 
very  imj  face. 

"  4.  Deviating  from  what  is  right  or  becom- 
ing ;  misdirected,  wrong,  ftdse. 

"If  lie  now  mid  then  mnke  r  wry  Bt«p."—Oilpin: 
Ser)n<iii».  vol.  iv..  Ber.  14. 

*  5.  Wrested,  perverted. 

"  He  ninnElca  .nnd  puts  a  ivr^/  sense  npoa  protestant 
writer^."— -Iff  rrbury. 

*  B.  As  snbsL  :  A  bending  or  turning  from 
the  I'rojter  or  straight  direction;  a  bend,  a 
turn,  ;\  meander. 

'■  The  tli-flt  with  divers  crooks  and  turalng  lories." 
i:  Fletcher:  Purple  Island,  v. 

wry-mouthed,  a.  Ha\-ing  the  mouth 
awry. 

"  If  e'er  tbey  call  upon  me  I'll  ao  ftt  'em, 
I  liave  a  pack  of  wry-mouth'd  mackrel  ladies,  ' 
Stinl;  like  a  standing  ditch. " 

Bcaum.  A  t'let. :  Wotn^n  Pleased,  Hi,  2. 

wry-neck,  s. 

1.  Onitth. :  [Wryneck]. 

t2.  Pathol. :  The  same  as  Stiff-neck  (q.v.). 

wry-necked,  o..  Having  a  crooked  and 
di.->t"i  i.'.i  neck  ;  in  the  quotation,  the  epithet 
retVrs  to  the  old  Englisli  flute,  or  flute  a  bee, 
so  called  froni  having  a  curved  projectiug 
nioTithpiece  like  a  bird's  beak. 

■■  The  vile  snueaking  of  the  tory-necked  flfe," 

i^hakesp. :  Merchant  of  I'enice,  ii.  5. 

"wryed,  a.     (Eng.  n-ry,  a.;  -ed.]    Wry,  dis- 
tortfil,  awry. 

"  And  cry  'Flltby!  filthy  '.'  simply  littering  their 
own  condition,  and  uaiug  their  wryed  countenances 
iuste.id  of  a  vice."— ficn  Jonson  :  Cane  is  Altered,  i.  4. 

*  wry'-ly,   a<li\     [Eng.  wr^/,  a. ;   -bj.]     In  a 
wry,  distorted,  or  awkward  manner. 

"  Must  of  them  have  tried  their  fortune  at  some 
little  lottery-office  of  literature,  and,  receiving  a 
blank,  liave  chewed  upon  it  harshly  .-rnd  wryhj."— 
l.amlor.    {Annandate.) 

wry-neck,  s.    [Seedef,] 

Ornith.:  Any  bird  of  the  genus  lunx  or 
VuiiN-  (q.v.) ;  .specif.  lunx  torquilla,  the  Com- 
mon Wryneck,  a  summer  visitant  to  the  north 
of  Europe  and  Britain.  Length  about  seven 
inches  ;  general  colour  nf  upper  parts,  incltid- 
inr^'  the  tail,  grayish-wliite,  mottled  all  over 
with  brownish -gray,  and  obscurely  barred 
and  streaked  with  dark  brown  wings,  brown 
barred  with  dull  chestnut  on  the  outer  webs 


of  the  featheis  ;  under  parts  buff,  each  feather 
with  a  narrow  dark-brown  spot  near  the  tip. 
Little  or  no  variation  in  the  female.  It  feeds 
on  caterpillars  and  other  insects,  and  is  often 
seen  near  ant-hiils  in  search  of  the  cocoons, 
popularly  known  as  "ant's  eggs."  The  con- 
struction of  the  protrusile  tongue  resembles 
that  of  the  woodpecker,  and  the  organ  is  fur- 
luslicd  with  glands  secretinga  glutinous  mucus 
wliiclii^auses  the  preyto  adhere  to  its  horny  tip. 
Tlie  Wryneck  rarely  makes  a  nest,  or  at  best 


but  a  very  poor  one,  usually  depositing  its 
egg.'^  in  some  hole  in  a  tree.  The  name  Wry- 
.  neck  is  deiived  fronx  the  bird's  habit  of 
writhing  its  head  and  neck  in  various  direc- 
tions with  a  serpentine  motion.  It  has  a 
number  of  other  popular  names  fCi'cKoo's 
MATE,  TuRKEv-BiRD],  and  IS  prohably  the 
Hobliy-birrl  of  Browne  (Birds  of  Norfolk).  His 
description,  "  marvellously  subject  to  the 
vertigo,"  refers,  in  Seebohm's  opinion,  to  tlie 
wryneck's  habit  of  feigning  death  when  taken  ; 
while  Wilkin  thinks  it  is  founded  on  the 
**  singular  motion  of  its  head  and  neck."  The 
actual  habitat  of  the  bird  is  Central  Europe 
and  Asia, 
_ "  That  eiu-Ion3  hird  the  wryneck,  so  dear  to  the  olan- 
flical  scholar  from  it>!  associations  with  witchcraft  in 
Theooi'itUB  and  Virgil,  is  the  first  to  arrive:  and  cer- 
tninly  the  weird  manner  in  which  itt*  head  seems  to 
turn  every  way,  as  if  on  a  pivot,  while  mouselike  it 
crawls  up  and  round  an  old  well,  goes  far  to  account 
for  its  reputation  aa  an  uncanny  uird." — St.  Jamfs's 
Gazette,  March  9,  188". 

wry'-ness,  *  wry-nesse,  s.    [Eng.  u-m,  a. ; 
■ness.] 

I.  Lit. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wry 
or  distorted  ;  crookedness. 
*  2.  Fig. :  Deviation  from  what  is  right. 
"  This  is  light  enough  to  all  intelligent  persons,  for 
an  exploring  the  rectitude  or  wrynosse  of  their  be- 
haviours in  this  purticuhir." — Montague:  Devoiite 
Essayes,  pt.  i.,  treat.  12. 

wud,  a.    [Wood,  a.]    (Scotch.) 

wud-die,  wud-dy,  s.    [Woodie. 

wulf -en-ite,    5.     [After  the  Austrian  min- 
eralogist, Wuifen;  sutr.  'ite(Min.).'] 

Mill.:  A  mineral  occurring  mostly  in  crys- 
tals ;  system,  tetragonal.  Hardness,  2'75  to 
3  ;  sp.  gr.,  6"03  to  7*01  ;  lustre,  resinous  tu 
adamantine  ;  colour,  shades  of  yellow,  siskin- 
and  olive-green,  sometimes  orange  or  bright 
red.  Compos.:  Molybdic  acid.^'SS-j  ;  prot- 
oxide of  lead,  61'5  =  100,  corresponding  with 
the  formula  PbOMO^.  The  orange  and  red 
coloured  varieties  owe  their  colour  to  the 
presence  of  vanadic  acid. 

WUll,  s.  &  v.i.     (Will,  s.  &  v.]    (Scotch.) 

wum-U,  s.    [Wimble.]    (Scotch.) 

wur'-rus,  war-as,  5.  [The  African  name 
of  the  jtowder*] 

Comm.  :  A  powder  sold  in  African  bazaars 
as  an  anthelmintic  and  a  dye  plant.  It  was 
long  believed  t<3  be  identical  with  kaniala 
(q.v.),  but  it  has  been  shown  by  Capt.  Hunter, 
Assistant  Resident  at  Aden,  that  wurrus  con- 
sists of  the  glandular  hairs  on  the  legumes  of 
Fleminqia  congesta,  wild  in  Africa  and  India. 
(Calcv.Uif  Exhib.  Report,  pt.  v.,  174.) 

wurtz'-ite,  s.  [After  the  French  chemist, 
Adolphe  Wurtz  ;  sufl".  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Mill. :  A  dimorphous  form  of  blende  (q.v.). 
Crystallization,  Iiexagonal,  being  isomorphous 
with  greenockite.  Hardness,  3'5  to  4 ;  sp.  gr., 
3*PS ;  lustre,  vitreous ;  colour  and  streak, 
brownish  to  brownish-black.  Found  crystal- 
lized near  Oruro,  Bolivia.  Breithaupt  states 
that  the  radi.ited  (cadmiferous)  blende  of 
Przibram,  Bohemia,  is  hexagonal  in  crystal- 
lization ;  his  ttpiauterite  (q.v.). 

wur'-zel,  s.  [Ger.  wj(r2e?  =  root.]  [Mangold- 
wlrze'l.] 

*  WUSSe,  (idr.  [A  variant  of  -zins  in  ywis 
(q.v.).]     Certainly. 

"  I  hope  you  will  not  a-bawking  now,  will  you  ? 
>'o,  tvuase,  Init  I'll  practise  against  next  year,  uncle.  ' 
Sen  JonS'jti. 

WUth'-er,  v.i.  [From  the  sound.]  To  rustle. 
as  the  wind  amongst  trees;  to  make  a  sul- 
len roar.     (Pror.) 

"  Wiithrriny  Heights  is  the  name  of  Mr.  He.ith. 
cliffes  dwelling,  trittfierin'7  being  a  siguitlcaut  pro. 
vincial  adjective  descriptive  of  the  atmos|)beric  tu- 
mult to  which  its  station  is  exiwsed  in  stormy 
weather.'— C.  liriJnte :   Wuthering  SeighU,  ch.  i. 

wiith'-er,  .s.  [Wuther,  v.]  The  sound  made 
by  the  rustling  of  the  wind  among.st  the 
branehe.^  of  trees,     (i'rov.) 

"  Sure  by  the  wnthcr  of  wind  amongst  trees,  deuot. 
ing  a  garden  outside. '—J/iS»  lirOnte :  Villette.  ch.  xvi. 


[Wizzened.]    Dried,  withered. 


wuz-zent,  a. 

(Scotch.) 

'*  Wadna  I  set  my  ten  talents  in  your  wnzzent  face 
for  that  very  woi-d ? "— Sco«  .-  Heart  of  Midlothian. 
ch.  xvili. 

wy9h  (1),  s.     [Witch  (2).] 

wych-elm,  s.    [Witch-elm.^ 


wych-hazel,  s.    [WiTcn-iuzEi..] 
wy^hCi),  ,s-.    [WicK(l),  s.]    (See  extract.) 

"The  priiicii'al  occupation  in  the  manufiulun-  of 
the  salt  obtained  from  the  brine  fitirings,  or  in/rh'-s. 
to  which  the  town  probably  owe«  both  it»  naiuc  and 
its  origin."— £nr//c  /Jrit.  (ed.  3tli).  vij.  471. 

wych-house,  5.    (See  extract.) 

'■ 'I'hi:  hoiisi's  ill  which  salt  18  niniiufactured  aro 
called  fcych-r,oiiH-s."—}t'oodicard:  Qeol.  of  £nj.  * 
)Yalts,  p.  \:i-i. 

wych-waller,  s.  A  salt-boiler  at  a  wych. 

(Cheshire.) 

Wyc-liflf-ite,  s.  &  a.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  suhstinttlve. 

EccUs.  (£■  Church  Hi$t. :  The  followers  of 
John  WyclifTe,  Wiclif,  or  de  Wiclif,  &c.  (there 
are  about  twenty  ways  of  spelling  the  name). 
He  was  born  atHipswell,  near  Uiclimond,  about 
A.D.  1324,  and  was  educated  at  Oxford  Uiu- 
versity.  He  is  believed  to  have  been  in  con- 
flict with  the  Mendicant  Orders  about  IStJO, 
but  none  of  Ins  extant  writings  on  the  subject 
seem  to  have  been  penned  at  so  early  a  date. 
In  or  about  that  year  he  obtained  the* warden- 
sliip  of  Balliol  Hall,  exchanged  about  1305  for 
tliat  of  Canterbury  Hall,  which  he  soon  lost, 
on  accfituit  of  alleged  mental  incapacity  in 
the  archbishop  froni  whom  he  received  the 
appointment.  This  deprivation  was  oou- 
flrmed  on  appeal  both  by  the  Pope  and  the' 
king.  In  July,  1374,  he  was  nominated 
member  of  a  legation  to  Pope  Gregory  XL 
about  Papal  provisions,  or  reservation  of 
churches.  On  February  3,  1377,  he  was  sum- 
moned to  appear  before  a  Convocation  of  the 
Clergy  on  a  charge  of  heresy,  which  ended  abor- 
tively. On  May  22, 1377,  five  Papal  bulls  were 
issued  against  him,  and  next  year  a  second  ec- 
clesiastical trial  took  place,' the  Londoners, 
who  are  said  to  have  been  opposed  to  him  on 
the  former  occasion,  taking  his  pait  on  this. 
In  May,  13S2,  a  synod  of  divines  condenmed 
his  opinions,  which  led  to  his  being  prevented 
from  any  longer  teaching  in  the  University. 
In  13S1  he  issued  sixteen  theses  against 
transubstantiation.  Apparently  about  13S0 
or  loSl  he  published  the  translation  into 
English  of  the  Bible  and  Ai>ocrypha  from  the 
Latin  Vulgate  ;  a  second  edition  or  retransla- 
tion,  less  literal  but  smoother  in  style,  was 
issued  by  John  Purvey  about  a.d.  138S.  This 
was  after  the  death  of  Wyclifte,  which  took 
place  in  the  parish  of  Lutterworth,  in  Leices- 
tershire, of  which  he  was  rector,  on  De- 
cember 31,  1384.  On  May  2, 1415,  the  Council 
of  Constance  condemned  Wycliffe's  tenets, 
and  ordered  that  his  books  should  Ih?  de- 
stroyed and  his  body  dug  up  and  burnt.  [Fur 
his  tenets  see  Lollardism,  for  his  follower* 
Lollards.    See  also  Hussites.] 

B.  As  adj. ;  Of  or  belonging  to  "Wyclilfe, 
Ids  tenets  or  followers.    [A.] 

wye,  s.  [See  def.]  A  Y  or  crotch.  Used  in 
many  ways  as  a  temporary  shore  or  brace. 
Also  a  name  applied  to  a  stem  or  pipe  with 
branches,  as  a  stand-pipe  oi'  delivery-pipe 
with  two  issues  from  its  summit.  One  of  the 
supports  of  a  telescope,  theodolite,  or  level- 
ling instrument.    W^ritten  also  Y. 

Wyke'-ham-ist,  s.  [See  def.]  A  name  aji- 
plied  to  the  boys  at  Winchester  College, 
founded  by  William  of  Wykehani  (1324-140i). 
Bishop  of  Winchester.     Used  also  adjectively. 

"  From  TOO  to  800  Wykehamists  assembled  on  Satur- 
r  day  to  take  part  in  the  ttve-hundredth  anniversary  -:! 
the  laying  of  the  foundation-stone  of  the  Winchester 
College.'— S(.  Jamen's  Gazette.  March  28,  1887. 

wyl'-ie,  o.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  (See  compound.) 

wylie-coat,  s.  a  boy's  flannel  under- 
dress  next  the  shirt ;  a  rtanuel-i»etticoat. 
(Scotch.) 

"  Or  aiblins  some  bit  daddie  boy, 
Ou' 3  tpy lie-coat."  Buriis:  To  a  Lome. 

wy-mot.    wy-mole,   *  wys-mal-va,    s. 

[WiMOT.] 

wynd  (y  as  a),  s.    [Wind,  v.]  An  alley,  a  laue. 

(Scolcli.) 


wynn,  s.     [Etynn  doubtful.]    A  kind  of  tim- 
ber-truck or  carriage.    (SiMnioiuis.) 

*  wyte,  v.t.    [WiTE,  v.] 

wyte,  s.    [WiTE.] 

wyth,  s.    [Withe.] 

Hot. :  Tourne/ortia  bicolor.     [WniTE-HOOP.] 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule.  faU ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


wyvern— xanthocarpous 


.iOj 


wy'-vei*n,  "wi  -vern,  -•;.  [Mul.  Eug.  wivere  ~ 
it  serpent  {Cimiucr:  Troilns  (t  Cnssida,  ill. 
1,012),  with  excrescent  n,  as  in 
bittern,  from  O.  Fr.  wivre  =  a 
serpent,  viper ;  Fr.  girre  =  a 
viper,  from  Lat.  vipera.  IVy- 
vern  ami  vij^r  are  doublets.] 
IQl'aviver,  Viper,] 

Ilir.:  An  inmginary  animal; 
a  kind  of  dragon  with  wings, 
but  liavin-;  only  two  lei;s,  the 
tenuiiiatiiMi  >'f  its  body  being 
somewhat  serpentiue  in  form. 


X,  the  twentj--fom-th  letti-r  of  tlie  Englisli 
alphabet,  is  a  superfluous  letter,  as  it  repre- 
sents no  sDUud  which  cannot  be  expressed  by 
otlit-r  letters.  Thus,  when  used  at  the  begin- 
iiinj;  t-f  a  word  it  lias  precisely  the  sound  of  r; 
when  occuriing  in  the  middle  of  a  word  it 
usually  has  the  sound  of  k.%  as  in  mis,  taj:es, 
/ixces,  &c.  ;  it  also  has  the  same  sound  in  some 
cases  when  termiimting  a  wonl,  as  tax,  wax, 
kc.  ;  when  it  terminates  a  syllable,  and  more 
espoi'ially  an  initial  syllable,  if  the  syllable 
f.illuwhig  it  is  open  or  accented,  it  frequently 
lias  the  sound  of  gz,  as  in  fitr»n/,  exhaust,  er-^ 
alt,  erotic,  &c.  As  an  initial  it  occurs" 
only  in  words  of  Greek  origin,  or  formed  fn^m 
Greek  words,  most  of  these  formations  being 
of  a  scientific  or  technical  nature. 
^  1.  X  as  a  symbol  is  iised  : 

(1)  In  nnuier. :  For  ten,  in  this  case  being 
composed  of  two  Vs  (=  5)  placed  one  above  the 
other,  the  lower  one  being  inverted.     When 

.  placed  horizontally  (X)  it  stands_  for  a 
thousajid,  and  with  a  dash  over  it  (X)  it  re- 
presents ten  thousand. 

(2)  In  ordinary  writing  X  is  frequently  used 
as  an  abbreviation  for  Christ.  In  this  case 
the  symbol  is  not  the  .same  letter  as  the 
English  X,  but  represents  the  Greek  X  (=  Cli), 
as  m  Xii  =  Christian,  A'«uw  =  Christmas. 

2.  X  as  used  on  beer-casks  is  said  to  have 
originally  bt-en  employed  to  indicate  beer 
which  had  paid  ten  shillings  duty. 

xanth-,  pr^-f.    [Xantho-.] 

xan -tha-mide,  s.     [Pref.  xanth-,  and  Eng. 

Chem.  :  QjHrONS  =  COS(C2H5)XH2.  A 
crystalline  substance  produced  by  passing 
ainnuiniaeiil  gas  into  an  alcoholic  solution  of 
xanthic  ether.  Insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether. 

xan  -than,  n-.  [Or.  ^oc^o?  (xanthos)  =  yellow ; 
Eng.  sutf.  -an.] 

Chem. :  Berzelius'  name  for  the  group  Cy^Sp, 
reganled  as  the  radicle  of  persulpho-cyanic 
acid. 

xan'-tha-rin,  5.    [Formed  from  Eng.  xantliate 

Cheat, :  Xantliil.  vVn  oily,  fetid  compound, 
supposed  by  Coucibe  to  be  produced  by  the 
dry  distillation  of  xanthic  ether.    {Watts.) 

t  xanth-ar-py'-i-a,  s.  (Pref.  xanth-,  and  Lat. 

Inri-yiit.]     [Uarpva.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Pteropodidffi,  closely  al- 
lied to  Pteropns,  with  a  single  species,  Xaa- 
thtirpu'-a  aniplexicandata,  from  the  Austro- 
Malayau  sub-region. 

xan'-thate,  s.     [Eng.  xanth(ic) ;  -ate.] 

i'htin.  :  A  salt  nf  xanthic  acid. 


xanthate  of  potassium,  ; 


;s 


Ckem. 


.. :  CsHsOKSo^C^SK 

^O.CoH.'i. 


Obtained 


by  ad'Ung  carbonic  disulphide  to  a  saturated 
alL-oliolic  solution  of  potassic  hydrate.  It 
separates  in  slender,  colourless  prisms,  sol- 
uble in  water  and  alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether. 
Gradually  destroyed  by  exposure  to  the  air. 

xan-thfi^'-a-rin,  s.    [Pref.  xaiith-,  and  Eng. 

(H!i):ariii.\ 

Chan.  :  A  yellow  colouring  matter,  prepared 
by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  the  black 
residue  obtained  in  preparing  pure  alizarin. 


it  is   slightly  soluble    in   water,   soluble  in 
alcoliol,  etlier,  and  in  caustic  alkalis. 

X&n'-tll^-iil,    .*».      [Formed   from  Gr.   ^av66^ 

'  (.ointho.-^)  =.  yellow.] 

Chcm. :  Fremy's  name  for  that  portion  of 
the  yellow  colouring  matter  of  llowers  which 
is  soluble  in  water. 

xanth' e-ld^ '-ma,  s.    [Pref.  xantk-,  and  Gr. 
t-AatjjLta  {da^ina)  =  a  metal  plato.] 

I'lithol. :  The  name  given  by  Dr.  Erasmus 
Wilsuii  to  a  cutaneous  disease,  consisting  "f 
isolated  or  contUieiit  tubercles  varying  from 
the  size  of  a  pin's  head  to  that  of  a  pea.  Us 
most  frequent  seat  is  around  the  eyelids,  ■ 

xan'-the-lene.  s.    [Pref.  xajt(/t-;  Eng.  <<'''y)- 

*  and  siiir.  -kilt:.] 

<.'hi;ia. :  Zeise's  name  for  an  oil  produced 
by  precipitating  potnssic  cthylsuli'ho-car- 
bonate  with  a  cupric  salt. 

xan'-thi-a,  .•:.  [Gr.  ^at'96v  (xxuUhos)—yG\\o\\.] 
EnUnn. :  A  genus  of  Orthositln-,  with  wings 
forming  a  very  inclined  roof.  The  caterpillar 
feeds  on  the  buds  or  the  catkins  of  trees. 
Six  species  are  British.  The  type  is  Xanthia 
cerugn,  the  Sallow-moth  (q.v.). 

xan'-thi-an,  a.    [Seedef.l    Of  or  belonging 

*  to  Xaiithiis,  an  ancient  town  in  Asia  Minor. 

xanthian-marbles,  ■'^.  pL 

classic  A  >iti<i. :  A  largi;  cnllection  of  marbles 
of  various  ages  (from  n.c.  545  onwards)  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir)  Charles  Fel- 
lows near  Xanthus,  in  1S:1S.  They  were 
brought  to  England  in  1S42  and  1S43,  and 
placed  in  the  British  Museum. 

xan'-thic,  a.     [Gr.  ^avBos  (xanthos)  =  yellow, 
'  and  Eng.  suff.  -ic] 

Ch^.jn. :  Derived  from  or  contained  in  xau- 
tliic-ether,  and  of  a  yellow  colour. 


xanthic-acid,  $. 


.^^. 


Chem.  :  C3HflOSo=  C^O.CaHs.     Acolour- 

less  oily  liquid,  jirepared  by  decomposing 
xanthate  of  potassium  with  dilute  sulphuric 
or  hydrochloric  acid.  It  is  heavier  than 
water,  has  a  powerful  and  peculiar  odour,  and 
decomposes  at  24^  into  alcohol  and  carbonic 
disulphide.     Its  salts  are  yellow. 


xanthicether. 

Chciii.  :  (C; 


..U-,)...C0So  =  C^0.C.>H5.   Ethyl- 
"    ■  "  ^S.CoH5 


ic  disulpho-carbonate.  A  pale  yellowish  oil, 
obtained  by  the  action  of  ethyl  chloride  on 
xanthate  of  potassium.  It  is  insoluble  in 
water,  soluble  in  all  proportions  in  alcohol 
and  f\)\fv,  and  boils  at  210^. 

xanthic-oxide,  5.    [Xanthine.] 

xanthic- series,  s.  pi.    [Cyanic-series.] 

xan-thid-i-iim,  .';.    [Mud.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
'  Gr.  ^avBdi;  {xantho:<)  =  yellow.] 

Pala-ohot. :  A  pseudo-genus  of  Coufervacepe, 

now  believed  to  be  sporangia  of  Desiuidiace?e. 

Microscopic  spheiical  bodies  with  radiating 

spines.      Fourteen   species  from   the   Upper 

Cretaceous  rocks.    (Etheridge.) 

xan'-thn,  s.     [Formed  from  Gr.  ^avBo^  (xan- 

'  i'/(Ns)  =  yellow.]    [Xantharin.]   • 

xan'-thin,  s.     [Gr.  far^os  (j;aJi(/i05)  =  yellow; 
Eng.  suff.  -in.] 

Chem. :  A  name  applied  to  various  sub- 
stances. By  Fremy  and  Cloez  to  that  por- 
tion of  the  yellow  colouring  matter  of  flowers 
insoluble  in  water.  By  Schunck  to  a  yellow 
colouring  matter  obUiined  from  madder;  and 
by  Couerbe  to  a  gaseoiis  product  obtained  by 
the  deeom  position  of  xanthates. 

x^n'-thine,  .■*.  [Gr.  ^avOo^  (xanthos)  =  yellow  ; 
Eng.  sutf.  -inc.] 

Chem.  :  05114X400.  Xanthic  oxide.  An  or- 
ganic base,  first  discovered  and  described  by 
Dr.  Marcet,  as  a  constituent  of  a  rare  form  of 
urinary  calculi,  but  attcrwanls  found  among 
the  products  of  the  deminpnsiii.-n  of  guanine. 
It  is  prepared  by  ad<liiig  putassiiim  nitrite  to 
a  solution  of  guanine  in  hut  concentrated 
nitric  acid,  ])recipitating  with  water,  filtering, 
dissolving  residue  in  boiling  ammonia,  treat- 
ing with  a  solution  of  ferrous  sulphate  as 
long  as  black  ferroso-ferric-oxide  separates, 


nu^'ritig  a[iil  evapor.itiug  the  lUtratc  to  dry- 
ness. It  is  a  white  amorphous  powder,  ditll- 
cultly  Hotublc  in  water,  soluble  in  alkalis 
and  in  coneentnited  acids,  and  distingui>.hed 
by  the  dci'p  yellow  colour  produced  when  its 
solution  in  nitric  add  is  cvaponitcd  to  dryness. 

X&n'-tld-nine,  s.     [Eng.  xanthin;  -int.] 

Chem. :  C4li:tN:(0.>  A  ytllow  powtler,  pre- 
imred  by  lit-ating  unitnonium  thionnrntu  to 
200^  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  boiling  water, 
the  solution  huviiia  a  li^jht  blue  fluorescence, 
but  dissolves  readily  lu  nitric  and  liydro- 
chloric  acids. 

xlinth-in-d-car  -pin,  s.    [Pref.  xanth-,  and 
Eng.  inovarpin.] 

Chem. :  A  yellow  colouring  matter  ex- 
tracted from  the  juice  which  exudi;s  from 
incisions  nuuU-  in  the  bark  of  InoairpusfitultJ. 

xiin'-thi-O  site,    s.      [Formed    from    ^avBoi 

'  (xanthos)  =  .\fllow.] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  by  Adam  to  an 
amorphous  nickel  oi-c  analysed  by  Bcrge- 
mann.  Hardness,  4*1) ;  «p.  gr.,  4-ys2  ;  colour, 
sulphur- yellow.  Compos.  :  arsenic  acid, 
50'y ;  nickel,  40*5  =  100,  whence  the  formula 
HNiOAsO^.  Found  at  Jolianngeoi-genstadt, 
«a.\uny. 

x^'-thit-ane,  .f.  [Gr.  fai-^ds  (xantkos)  = 
'  yoUow  ;  -i(  connect.,  and  sutf.  -nnr  (Min.).} 
Min. :  A  pulverulent  mineral  found  asso- 
ciated with  zircon  (q.v.)  at  Green  Kiver, 
Henderson  Co.,  North  Carolina,  U.S.A.  Hard- 
ness, 3*5  ;  sp.  gr.,  27  to  3*0.  Analysis  showed 
it  to  consist  of  titanic  acid,  with  traces  of  zir- 
conia,  and  12'5  per  cent,  of  water.  Probably 
a  result  of  the  dccomiiosition  of  Splient  (([.v.). 

fafdds  (jraji^7ws)  =  yellow; 


xan'-thite,  s. 


;uti; 


lite,  s.    [Gr. 

t,(Min.).) 


Min. :  A  yellowisli-brown  variety  of  Ido* 
erase  (q.v.),  containing  2  SO  per  cent,  of  prot- 
oxide of  inangane.se.  Found  near  Amity, 
Orange  County,  New  York,  U.S.A. 

xan'-thi-um,  s.  [Or.  fai-flds  (x([/i;/ios)  =  yel- 
low. So  nameti  because  an  infusion  of  species 
of  the  genus  was  used  by  the  Greeks  to  dye 
their  hair.] 

Bot. :  Burweed ;  a  genus  of  Senecionidese, 
sub-tribe  Auibrosieai.  Mona'cionsComposites ; 
the  barren  flowers  having  an  involucre  of  few 
scales,  with  many  capitate  flowers  on  a  com- 
mon receptacle,  the  fertile  (Uies  with  a  single, 
jirickly,  two-beaked  involucre  entirely  closing 
the  flowers,  and  with  apertures  for  the  pro- 
trusion of  the  two  stigmas,  fruit  included  in 
the  enlarged  and  hardened  involucre.  A'(nt- 
thinm  stnnnariuni  and  X,  spinosnm  are  casuals 
in  Britain ;  the  former  is  a  weed  common  in 
waste  places,  on  river  banks,  and  near  villages 
in  India,  and  troublesome  to  cultivators.  It 
is  said  to  yield  an  oil,  used  in  medicine  and  as 
an  illuminaut.  The  whole  plant  is  considered 
to  be  diaphoretic  and  sedative.  It  is  ad- 
ministered in  decoction  in  malarious  fever. 
The  root  is  a  l)itter  tonic,  useful  in  cancer  and 
in  strumous  diseases.  The  leaves  are  poison- 
ous to  cattle. 

xan-tho-,  pre/.  [Gr.  $av66^  (xaJitho8)=  yel- 
low.]  Yellow,  the  meaning  amplified  by  the 
succeeding  element  or  elements  of  a  word. 

:N:an'-th6,  s.  [Gr.  ^av66^  (xanthos)  =  yellow.] 
Zool. :  A  genus  of  Cancerida',  with  many 
species,  two  of  them  British.  Carapace  very 
wide,  not  particularly  convex;  front  generally 
advanced,  lamellar,  divided  by  a  narrow 
fissure  into  two  lobes,  with  their  borders 
notched  in  the  middle  ;  anterior  feet  generally 
uneciual  in  the  male  ;  abdomen  with  seven 
segments  in  the  female,  and,  as  a  rule,  five  in 
the  male. 

xan-tho-be'-tic,  a.  [Pref.  xantho-;  Mod. 
Lat.  beta  =  beet-root,  and  Eng.  suff.  -ic]  De- 
rived from  or  contained  in  beet,  and  having  a 
yellow  colour. 

xanthohetic-acid,  s. 

Chi-m.  :  All  acid  extracted  from  the  root  of 
Jieta  rulfjaris  by  cold  aleoliol.  It  is  a  reddish- 
yellow  mass,  very  liygroscopic,  has  a  «our 
taste,  is  soluble  iu  water  and  alcohol,  slightly 
soluble  in  ether. 

t  xJin-tho-car'-pous,    a.      [Pref.    xantJio-; 

Gr.  Kapn6^  (karpos)  —  fruit,  and  Eng.  suff.  -ous.] 
Hot.  :  Having  yellow  fruit. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  j<$^l;  cat.  9eU,  chorns,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  t 
-cian.  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shiin ;  -tion.    gion  =  zhun,    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  ic.  =  bel.  d^L 


t>lpt) 


xanthochroi— xanthoxylin 


xiLn-tho-ohro    i.    ■.    ; '.      ['ir.    fafOdvpoo? 

'  (jantlnnli ri-iis)=  with  yelluw  skin:  prcf.  xan- 
tho',  ami  Gr.  xpw?  (chros)  =  thr  skin.] 

Anthrop.  :  Fair  Whitfs.  The  name  nn- 
plifil  by  Iluxlcy  to  a  nojuilation,  in  early 
times  extumlini;  fium  ^^  e stern  :in<l  Central 
Asia  into  Kastern  and  Central  Europe,  antl 
distinguislied  by  yellow  or  red  hair,  blue 
eyes,  and  fair  complexion.  The  furtherrnnst 
limit  of  the  Xanthodiroi  northward  is  lcel;ind 
and  the  British  Isles ;  south-westward  tlu-y 
are  traceable  at  intervnls  through  tlie  Uorber 
country,  and  end  in  the  Canary  Islands. 

"To  ftvotil  the  emUe»«  cuiifiisioii  i)rixliii.-yil  hy  our 

Jirvooiit  lijtir-i>hyniciil,  tinlf-philuloKlcnl  cliiAtitlcntioii. 
»hAU  iisi'H  iiL-w  iiiuiK-.  Xanrlioctirot.  liuUc.itiiiK  that 
tiny  ;»rt- ■yelhfw"  hnircil.  fvud  'l>ftlo'  iu  COlQlilvxioil." 
-  //(/j/f/     Criti-it"-*,  V-  l«. 

xiin-tbo-ohro'-iCt  «•     [Mod.   Lat.   mnthn- 

'  chroi  (q.v.);    Ku^.    sutt'.   -ic]     Having  a  fair 

skin;  of  or  belonging  to  the  Xauthouhroi(q.v.). 

"  If  imy  OIK- tihoulil  think  fit  timssimie  Hi.it  in  the 
year  liJi  u.w  thure  waa  <iint  fL>ntiiiU'>im  Xitu'li'irhnuf 
l)Oi>iil.-\tii>ii  from  the  Rhine  to  tlir  V('i..-.ii,  .nul  (luui 
the  Uml  nioniitaliis  U  the  Hln.h.-.  K-uh),,  I  kimw  iii.t 
that  ftiiv  evidence  exlcita  liy  which  thut  j.i.sitiou  ciuilil 
benpaet  whili;  the  exiatlng  utiitw  of  things  Is  r-.ther 
In  it*  favour  thiiii  otberwUe."— iTitzJey ;  CrUi-jiia. 
1>.  150. 

X^-thO'Chy'-mils,  5,     [Pref.  xaiitho-,  and 
*  Or.  \r,uos  (Wm'jim's)  =  juice,  liquid.     So  named 
frdiii   tiK-    yellow  juice    exnding  from,    their 
trunks.  J 

Jiot.  :  A  genus  of  Garcinieie  (q.v.)-  Trees 
with  tluck,  opposite  leaves  ;  five  sepals  ;  five 
petals ;  five  bundles  of  stamens,  alternating 
with  five  large  glands  ;  a  live-celled  ovary  ;  a 
fruit  wjtli  five  or  fewer  eells.  Known  species 
three,  from  tropical  Asia.  Xitnthochymns 
jnctorius  (=  finrcinia  A'((iif/iucfti/'""s)  occurs  in 
the  mountains  of  Southern  India.  It  lia.s  a 
bright  yellow,  pleasant -t listed  fruit  «>f  about 
the  size  of  an  apricot.  The  jnice  of  the  tree 
furnishes  an  inferior  kind  of  gamboge. 

xan' '  tho  -  cone,  xan  -  thoc  -  o  -  nite.  s. 

'  [Pref.  jr-iitlli"-,  and  (Jr.  Kons  {ko u I s)  =  i>owder  ; 
Ger.  janthokon.] 

Min. :  A  very  rare  mineral  occurring  only 
in  sm.iU  crystals  and  reniform  groups  asso- 
ciated with  stephaiiite,  proustite,  &c.  Cry.s- 
tallization,  rhombohedral.  Hardness,  2'0 ; 
sp.  gr.,  5*0  to  5*2;  colour,  dull  red,  clove- 
brow:-.,  orange-yellow  ;  brittle.  Compos.  : 
sulphur,  21*1  ;  arsenic,  14'',' ;  silver,  t)4'0  = 
100.  whence  the  formula  {:iAgS -H  ASoSg)  + 
2[3AgS-f-A.s,S;j)- 

:R:Sji'-tho-gen,  xan -tho  -  gene,  ^^    [Pief. 

'  Xiiiitho-,  and  Gr.  yei'i-dtu  ((/«;;  (lao)  =  to  engen- 
der, to  prodffce.] 

Chnn.  :  Hope's  name  for  a  light-yellow  non- 
crystalline substaiici'  fiiund  in  flowers,  antl 
supposed  tit  lie  wid.'ly  distributed  tliroughoiit 
the  Vegetable  Kingdom.  It  is  soluble  in 
water,  alcohol,  and  etlier,  and  Is  turned  yellow 
on  the  addition  of  an  alkali.  Clamor-Marquart 
called  the  same  substance.  Resin  of  Flowers. 

xan-th6l'-9in.  s.     [Formed  from  Gr.  ^avflos 
(zanlhos)=  yellow.] 

Chem. :  A  yellow  colouring  matter  found  in 
the  seed-capsules  o(  •'yorghwit,  saccharatnm. 

xan'-tho-lexn,  s.     [Formed  fl-om  Gr.  ^av96s 

'  (x^:tntho.-i)  =  yelUtw.j 

Chein.  :  .\  yellow  colouring  matter  obtained 
from  the  bark  itf  Sorghum sacchurutnm.  Ql'atls.) 

xan -tho -lite,  *.    [Xantholitf.s.1 

Mill.  :  TIic  same  as  Staubolite  (q.v.). 

xan-tho-li'-tes,  .*:.      [Pref.  xantho-,   and  Gr. 
*  \i0os  (Uthos)  —  a  stone.) 

P(d(i:ont.  :  A  genus  of  Crustacea,  with  one 
species,  found  in  the  London  Clay.  {Kthohhje.) 

?an-t3idn'-3^x,  s.    [Pref.  xanth-,  and  Gr.  Gvv$ 
(onttx)  =  a  claw.) 

ZooL :  A  genus  of  Helicidie,  with  three 
species,  from  Mexico.  Akin  to  Vitrina  (q.v.), 
from  which  it  has  been  separated. 

:Ean-thd-pbe''-nic.  «.     [Pref.  xtnitlio-^  and 
'  Eng.  i'h-nii:.]      Cuiitaiuing  or  derived   from 

phenyl,  iiiid  \<'Uow  iu  oilour. 

xan thophenic -acid,  s. 

Chnn. :  A  yellow  colouring  matter  of  un- 
known composition,  obtained  by  heating 
phenol  or  crcsol  with  arsenic  acid.  It  dis- 
solves iu  water  with  a  golden  yellow^olour. 
and  in  alkalis  with  a  red  colour,  and  dyes  silk 
and  wool  yellow  without  the  aid  of  mordants. 


xan'-thO'Phyll,  .<.      [Pref.  .tymtho-,   and  Or. 

'  i^yAAoi-  (iihultoii)  =a  leaf.)    [Chlorophvll.] 

Chem.  :    The    yellow    colouring    matter    of 

withered  leaves.     Nothing  certain  is  known 

respecting  its  composition,  or  of  tlie  manner  in 

which  it  is  formed  from  chlorophyll.   (Watts.) 

t  x&n-tho-ph^l'-line,  s.  [Eng.  xanthophyll ; 
.sutf.  -inf.] 
Cli'->ii.  :  Th'-  same  as  Xanthophvll  (q.v.). 

X^-tho-phyll'-ite,  s.     [Pref.  xantho-,  and 
*  Gr.  (^uAAoc  {iiliiilli>}i)=:iileaS\  suti".  -ite(Min.).} 
Min.:  A  variety  of  Seybertitc  (q.v.)  occur- 
ring in  globular  groups  of  tabular  crystals  at 
tile  Si-hischirusk  Mountains,  Slatoust,  Oren- 
burg, Russia. 

xin-tho-pro-te'-ic,  f.  [Eng.  xayithoprotein ; 
■>'.]  Vt-llou'  in  colour,  and  containing  or 
derived  from  protein. 

xanthoproteic -acid,  »'. 

Chnn.  .•?C3jH._.,;iV40i4  CO-  Xanthoprotein. 
A  dibasic  acid,  obtained  by  the  action  of 
nitric  acid  on  albumin,  fibrin,  casein,  and 
horny  matters.  It  is  an  orange-yellow  amor- 
phous powder,  tasteless,  inodorous,  insolu- 
ble in  water  ami  alcohol,  but  forming  deei> 
red  solutions  with  aqueous  alkalis. 

xan-tho-pro'-te-ln,  s.    [Pref.  xantho-,  and 

'  Eng.  jirotcin.] 

Chem. :  Xanthoproteic-acid  (q.v.). 

xS.n-thdp'-sis,   .*!.     [Mod.  Lat.  xantho-,  and 
'  Gr.  6\}ns  (,'i;'.^is)  =  asi>ect.l 

Paiiront. :  A  genus  of  Crustaceans.  Four  or 
(ive  species  are  known  from  the  London  Clay. 
(Etiicridge.) 

xin-thd-py-ri'-te9,  5-    [Pref.  xantho-,  and 

Eug.  pijritis.] 
Mill.  :  Tlie  same  as  Pyrites  (q.v.). 

xan-tho-rh&m'-nin,  s.    [Pref.  xantho-,  and 

Eng.  rhaninine.] 

Chevi.  :  C23H28O14  (?).  A  yellow  colouring 
matter,  obtained  by  boiling  coarsely-ground 
Persian  berries  with  alcohol,  filtering,  and 
allowing  tlie  liltrate  to  crystallize.  It  forms 
tufts  of  pale  yellow  shining  crystals,  soluble 
iu  water  and  alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether. 

xin-thor-rhi'-za,  s.  [Pref.  xantho-,  and  Gr. 
ptfa  (Wi(ca)  =  a  root.] 

Bot. ;  Agenus  of  Ranunculaceas,  tribe  Acta^ese. 
Sepals  five,  deciduous ;  petals  tive,  much 
smaller  than  the  sepals ;  ovaries  five  to 
fifteen,  each  with  two  or  throe  ovules;  fol- 
licles usually  by  abortion  one-seeded.  Xan- 
thorrhiza  apiifvUa,  an  undershrub,  is  one  of 
the  plants  ciilled  in  America  Yellowroot.  Its 
root,  pith,  and  the  inner  layers  of  wood  are 
bright  yellow,  and  were  used  by  the  American 
Indians  as  a  yellow  dye.  It  yields  both  a 
gum  and  a  resin,  both  of  them  intensely  bit- 
ter, as  are  the  wood  and  bark.  It  is  prescribed 
as  a  tonic. 

xdn-thdr-rhce'-a,  .■;.      [Pref.  xantho-,  and 

'  Gr.   pe'u>  (r/<e(i)  =  to  flow.      Named  from  the 

yellow  juice  flowing  from  them.     (See  def.)J 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Liliaceffi,  tribe  Aphyllan- 
there.  Plants  botanically  of  the  Lily  type, 
but  with  longer  or  shorter  arborescent  trunks, 
formed  by  the  bases  of  leaves  glued  together 
with  the  resin  which  has  exuded  from  the 
plant;  wiry  grass-like  pendulous  leaves,  in 
a  clump  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  so  as  to  partly 
resemble  a  palm  tree.  Flowers  in  a  close, 
scaly  spike,  the  perianth  six-cleft,  the  stamens 
six,  exserted  ;  the  fruit  a  woody,  three-celled 
capsule  with  a  few  black  seeds.  They  con- 
stitute the  Grass  Trees  of  Australia,  which, 
from  their  being  often  blackened  outside  by 
bush  fires,  are  popularly  called  also  Black 
Boys.  They  occur  in  Austi'aliaaiid  Tasmani;!. 
Their  young  leaves  are  cat'Cii,  Xonthnnhtni 
huinilis,  the  Dwarf  Grass-tree,  being  the 
species  most  coniinonly  employed.  X.aihorm 
exudes  a  fi-agrant  resin,  smelling  like  benzoin, 
and  called  Botany  Bay  gum.  X.  hastilis,  ac- 
cording to  De  Ca'ndolle,  tlumgh  an  enrlogen, 
has  ail  approacli  to  medullary  rays.  [Grass- 
TRKi:  ] 

xanthorrhoea  -  resin,    .*:.      [Acaboid- 

RKSIN.] 

xan-thor' -thite,  .';.     [Pref.  xanth-,  and  Eug. 

■  orthifcQIin.).] 

Min.  :  An  altered  variety  of  Allanite  (q.v.) 
containing  much  water.    Colour,  yellowish. 


:x&n-th6  -^i-a,  s.    [Xantuoki*;.] 

Palwout.  :  A  genus  of  Mabicostraca.  Two 
species  are  known  from  the  Ui»per  Grceusand 
of  England. 

xan-tho-si-der'-ite,  s.    [Pref.  xantho-,  and 
■  Eng.  sidn-itr  {Min.).'] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  mineral  occurring  in  stellate  and  con- 
centric aggregates  of  fine  tibres  ;  sometimes 
ochreous.  Hardness  of  fibres,  -l-b  ;  lustre, 
silky,  sometimes  earthy  ;  colour,  biowiiisli- 
yellow  to  brownish-red  ;  in  earthy  foiuis, 
colours  various.  Compos.  :  sesquioxide  of 
iron,  SIO;  water,  18 '4  =  100,  whence  the 
formula  Fe203,2HO. 

2.  The  same  as  Coi'iAriTK  (q.v.). 

xan-thO'-SlS.  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  fr<un  Gr.  facfid? 
(iy')U/m>,';)=:  yellow.] 

Pathol. :  Yellow  discoloration  iu  a  cancer- 
ous tumour. 

xan-th6-s6'-ma,  s.     [Pref.  xantho-,  and  Gr. 

*  (TuijLio  {siJma)  =  body.  Named  from  the  yellow 
stigmas.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Caladiea'  (q.v.).  West 
Indian  Aroid  plants  with  erect  rootslocks, 
sagittate  leaves,  and  flowers  in  a  spadi.K  of 
both  sexes.  The  I'ootstock  of  Xant]n<SQ]iia 
suijiltiJhUa  furnishes  stnrch. 

xan -tho -sper '-moils,  a.    [Pref.  xantho-,  Gr. 
•    a-TT€pfj.a  {^]K'rma)~&eed,  and  Eng.  sufl".  -ovs.] 
But. :  Having  yellow  seeds. 

xan-tho-t&n'-nic.  a.  [Pref.  xantho-,  and 
Eng.  tannic]  Yellow,  and  containing  or  de- 
ri\ed  from  tannin. 

xanthotannic-acid,  s. 

Chem.:  The  name  given  by  Ferrein  to  the 
yellow  colouring  matter  of  clin-leave.s,  ex- 
tracted by  alcohol. 

xSnth-oiir'-a,  s.     [Pref.  xunth-,  and  Gr.  ovpd 
'  (onra)  =  the  tail.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Corvida*,  founded  by 
Bonaparte,  with  three  species,  ranging  from 
equatorial  America  northwards  to  Jlexico  and 
Texas.  Head  without  crest,  bill  very  stout, 
rather  higher  than  broad,  culnien  curved  front 
base  ;  nostrils  rather  small,  oval,  concealed  by 
nasal  tuft ;  tail  longer  than  wings,  graduated  ; 
wings  concave,  rounded  ;  legs  very  stout. 

xan'-thous,  a.     [From  Gr.  ^avBo^  (xanthos)  = 

'  yeilow,.J 

Ethnol. :  A  term  applied  by  Pricliard  to  his 
yellow-haired  variety  of  the  human  race,  cha- 
racterized by  hair  of  a  i-eddish,  yellowish,  or 
flaxen  colour,  the  iris  of  the  eye  of  a  light  hue, 
generally  blue  or  gray.  Tyi)ical  example,  the 
tribes  or  individu.-ris  of  pure  Germanic  descent. 

xan-thox'-yl,  s.    [XANTHoxvr.oN.] 

Bot.  {PL):  The  order  Xanthoxylacea;  (q.v.)- 
{Limliey.) 

xan-thox-y-la'-ye-se,  5.  v^-  [Mod.  Lat. 
xanthoxijl{on) ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -noeor.] 

Bot.  :  Xantlioxyls  ;  an  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Rutales.  Aromatic  t.n  pun- 
gent trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  abruptly  or  tni- 
equally  pinnate,  more  I'arely  simple,  with 
pellucid  dots  ;  stipules  wanting;  flowers  axil- 
lary or  terminal,  often  unisexual ;  sepals  four 
or  five,  rarely  three  ;  petals  generally  the 
same  number  as  the  sepals,  rarely  wanting  ; 
stamens  equal  in  number  to,  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  jtetals.  Fruit  berried  or  niembianous. 
with  two  to  five  cells,  sometimes  of  several 
drupes,  or  two-valved  capsules  ;  seeds  one  or 
two,  pendulous.  Natives  of  tropical  America, 
India,  China,  Africa,  &c.  Known  genera 
twenty,  species  110.    {Lindknj.) 

xan-thdx'-y-leue,  5.  [M<id.  Lat.  xantho- 
xyl{on);  -cue.] 

Chem.  :  CioHir.  The  volatile  oil  of  Xan- 
thoi^ylon  jiiperitum  (Japan  Pepper),  first  ex- 
tracted by  Steuhonse.  It  is  colourless,  pos- 
sesses an  aromatic  odour,  and  boils  at  162°. 

xan-thox'-y-lin,  i.      [Mod.    Lat.   xantho- 

'  xyl(on);  -in.] 

Chem.:  The  camphor  obtained  by  distilling 
the  bruised  seeds  of  Xanthoxyhn  jnperitmn 
with  water.  It  forms  nuuioclinic  crystals, 
with  a  milky  lustre  ;  insoluble  in  water,  sol- 
uble in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  SO",  and 
distils  without  decomposition. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  falh  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  m^xrine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son :  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  ce  =  e ;  ey  -  a :  qu  =  kw. 


xanthoxylon— xenylenic 


007 


sdin-  thox'-y-  Ion.    t  x:£Ln  -  thox'  -  y-  lum, 

'  5.  IPivI'.  .wiitho'.mxd  Gr.fuAoi'(x)i/n?j)  =  \\nnil. 
So  uained  l>ccau^e  tlio  roots  of  tlie  spLciL's 
are  yt'lUnv.J 

Bot.  :  The  typical  jjfmis  of  X;mthoxylacL'n' 
(q.v.).  Trees,  erector  climbing  slirubs,  often 
prickly.  Leaves  compouiul.  piiumte,  trifoliate, 
with  tlio  leaflets  leJueeil  to  one,  usually  with 
pellucid  (lots.  Fhiwei-s  small,  unisexual,  in 
axillary  or  terniinal  panicles.  Sepals  five, 
four,  or  three;  petals  and  stamens  as  many  ; 
carpels,  one  to  live  ;  fruit  splitting  in  two. 
with  one  or  two  shining  blank  seeds.  A  larj^c 
genus,  fuiind  both  in  the  eastern  and  \vt'st<rii 
hrniisptieres,  especially  in  their  warmer  jtarts. 
They  are  so  aromatic  and  pungent  that  in  tli'- 
countiii's  where  tht-y  exist  they  are  popMl:iil\ 
called  p<'|>))crs,  specially A'(n)//ioa'f//j(m  pi}'cri(- 
vm.  called  Japan  Pepper.  A'.  RhcUa,  an  In- 
<lian  species,  lias  small  yellow  flowers  ami 
small  lomid  berries,  which,  when  unripe,  taste 
like  the  .slcin  of  a  fresh  orange.  Its  fruit, 
and  tlie  seeds  and  bark  of  A',  alatumy  which 
grows  near  the  base  of  the  Himalayas,  and 
those  of  ,v  Ilndniiifja,  also  Indian,  are  given 
as  aromatic  tonics  in  fever,  diarrhoea,  dysen- 
tery, and  cholera.  The  small  bi-anches  are  em- 
jdoyed  to  make  walking-sticks,  and  the  twigs  ns 
tooth-brushes.  The  seeds  of  A'.  Budnmiin  are 
as  fragrant  as  lemon-peel ;  A'.  CUtva  and  X. 
fraj-inenvi  [Toothache-tree],  applied  exter- 
nally to  the  glims  oi-  taken  internally,  are 
powerful  siidorilics  and  diaphoretics  used  in 
toothache,  paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  the 
month,  and  rheumatism.  The  root  of  A'. 
nitidnvi  is  sudorific,  emmenagogue,  &c. ;  A'. 
curibd'uvi  is  a  febrifuge  ;  A'.  piperitia)i  and 
A'.  ,4('N(M)jr';  are  regarded  in  China  and  Japan 
as  antidotes  to  poison.  The  powdered  bark 
of  A'.  hiemoJc  is  given  in  Brazil  in  earache; 
and  the  capsules  and  seeds  of  X.  hostile  are 
employe^]  in  Kortheru  India  to  intoxicate  tish. 
The  wood  of  A',  hi'-innleis  very  hard  and  suit- 
able fur  building. 

xin-thy" -dric,  c  [Pref.  xanth-,  and  Eng. 
hydric]  Yellow  in  colour,  and  having  water 
in  its  comiHisition. 

xanthydric  -  acid,     *:.      [Peksulpho- 

CVAMi;  ACII>.  I 

xe'-'bec,  s.  [Sp.  rfdw-iiie:  Port,  zabeco;  Fr. 
shehec,  from  Turk,  suinbaki ;  Pers.  sumbnk ; 
Arab.  sunibuk  =  a  small  boat,  a  pinnace;  Mod, 
Arab,  shabt'd: ;  Ital.  zainhcccn.] 

Kaut.  :  A  small  three-masted  vessel  with 
lateen  sails,  used  for  coasting  voyages  in  the 


Mediterranean  an<l  on  the  ocean-coasts  of 
Spain  and  Portugal.  It  differs  from  the 
felucca  in  liaving  square  sails  as  well  as  lateen 
sails,  the  felucca  Iiaving  only  lateen  sails. 

:Ke'-nia,  s.     [Etym.  not  apparent.] 

Oniith. :  A  genusof  Larina^  with  oncspecies, 
Xciiia  srdjiiii,  Sabine's  Gull,  from  the  nortli 
temperate  zone,  and  a  frequent  but  iiTegular 
\isitor  to  the  British  Islands.  Bill  rather 
shorter  than  head,  moderately  stniit,  upper 
mandible  decurveii  from  beyond  the  nostrils 
to  the  tip,  gonys  angulated  and  advancing  up- 
wards ;  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  lineiir ;  legs 
moderately  long,  lower  part  of  tibitu  bare  for 
some  distance ;  tarsi  tolerably  strong ;  three 
toes  in  front  entirely  palmated ;  hind  toe 
small,  elevated  ;  wings  long  ;  tail  distinctly 
forked. 

xen-,  /"■(/.    iXeno-.] 

xen-e-la'-§i-a,   s.      [Gr.  =  expulsion    of 
strangers.] 

Gr.  Auti'j.  :  An  institution  at  Sparta,  by 
which  btiangers  were  prohibited  from  residing 


there  without  penlli^^i^Jn,  and  under  whuh 
the  magistrates  were  empowered  to  expel 
strangers  if  they  saw  lit  to  do  sn. 

xen'-i-a,  s.  [Gr.  (evCa  (jciii'a)  =  the  state  of 
a  guest.  I 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Alcyonidic,  from  the  Red 
Sea  and  Fiji.  Tlie  pulypes  are  non-retractile, 
and  situated  on  a  fasciculate  and  tieshy  stem. 

:R:en'-i~um  (pi.  xen'-i-^).  .s-.  [Lat.,  from  Gr. 
fe'i'ioi'  (ixninn)  ~!\  gift  to  a  stranger,  from 
feVos  {xenos)  =  a  stranger.] 

*  1.  Or.  Antiq. :  A  present  given  to  a  guest 
or  stranger,  or  to  a  foreign  ambassador. 

2.  Art:  A  name  given  to  pictures  of  still 
life,  fruit,  &.C.,  such  as  are  found  at  Pompeii. 
il-'oirholt.) 

xen-o-,  seen-,  pr^.  [Or.  feVos  (xems)  —  (s.) 
a  guest  =  friend;  (a.)  strange,  unusual.) 

Nat.  Sclcnrt- :  A  prefix  denoting  (1)  likeness 
as  distingui.shed  from  identity ;  (U)  liaving 
some  abnormal  process  or  proces.ses,  the 
meaning  in  boUi  cases  being  completed  by 
the  last  elemeiii  of  the  word. 

xen-o-bat-ra-cbiis,   s.     [Pref.  xeno-,  and 

Gr.  fiaTpd\o<;  {batraclios)  =  a  frog.] 

y.onl.  :  A  genus  of  Engystomidie,  with  one 
species,  Xenobatrachus  ophidion,  from  New 
Guinea. 

xen-d-9y-prid'-in-a,s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. xenn- 
n/ji7-/s,  gcnit  xenocyprid(is)  ;  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj. 
sutf.  -iiui.] 

Ichtlnj.  :  A  group  of  Cyprinidw  ;  anal  rather 
short;  dorsal  short,  with  a  bony  lay,  lateral 
line  running  along  the  middle  of  the  tail. 
There  are  three  genera:  Xenocypris  and  Para- 
canthobrama, from  China; and  Mystaci>leucus, 
from  Sumatra. 

xen-o-9y'-pris,  s.  [Pref.  xeno-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.   r>ipris  =  Lat.  cypnnus  (q.v.).]      [Xeno- 

CVPRIDINA.] 

xen-o-derm  ich-thys,  s.      [Pref.    xmo- : 
'  Gr.  bepfxa  {ikriiui)  =  skin,  ami  lxdv<;  (idtthus) 
=  a  tish.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  placed  in  the  family  Ale- 
pocephalidie,  allied  to  Alepocephalus  (q.v,). 
tlie  only  species  known  before  the  voy;i,-e  of 
the  Challenger.  It  is  adeep-sea  fish,  found  at 
about  345  fathoms,  and  having  fine  nodules 
instead  of  scales,     {(ninther.) 

xen-o-do-che'-um,   xen-o-do  -chi  -um, 

ii.  [Gr.  t'fi'o5ox"oi'  (xfuodocheion),  from  fd-oc 
(xenos)  =  a  stranger,  and  Se^oixat  {dfch'->hVLi):= 
to  receive.] 

t!r.  Antiq.  :  A  name  given  to  a  building  for 
the  reception  of  strangers  ;  also  applied  to  a 
guest-house  in  A  monastery. 

'  xen-6d-o-chy, 5.    [XENODocHEist.] 

1.  Reception  cf  strangers  ;  hospitality. 

2.  The  same  as  Xenodocheuih  (q.v.). 

xen-o-gen'-e-SlS,  5.     [Pref.  xeno-,   and  Gr. 

'  yiff(Ti.<;  (•jenesis)  =  origin,  source.] 

/.'(■"/. :  A  term  introduced  by  M.  Milne  Ed- 
wards to  designate  that  form  of  biogenesis  in 
wliich  the  living  parent  was  supposed  to  give 
rise  to  offspring  whicli  passed  through  a  to- 
tally difl'erent  series  of  states  from  those  ex- 
hibited by  the  parent  and  did  not  return  into 
the  cycle  of  the  parent.  Prof.  Huxley  re- 
marks that  the  proper  term  for  this  would  be 
heterogenesis,  but  that  imfortunately  this 
term  has  been  employed  in  a  different  sense  ; 
and  after  showing  that  theie  are  analogies 
both  for  and  against  xenogenesis,  decides 
against  its  known  existence.  Tlie  nearest  ap- 
proach to  it  is  not,  as  was  once  believed,  in 
tapcwonns,  the  history  of  whose  transforma- 
tions has  been  traced,  but  in  tumours  and  corns 
on  the  animal  body  or  galls  on  the  vegetable 
leaves  or  other  organs.  (Pro/.  Hvxky  :  I'rcsi- 
dentifd  Address,  Brit.  Assoc.  liep.,  1870.) 

xen-6-ge-net'-ic,  n.    [Pref.  xeno-,  and  Eng. 
'  ijriK'tic.]    of,  pertaining  to,  or  produced  by 
xenogenesis. 

"  I  have  dwelt  upon  the  aii.iIogy  of  pathological 
motlirlcitioQ  which  is  In  favour  of  the  xeno'/eiietic 
.irlgiu  of  uncTOzymea."  —  HiiXlvff  :  PresideiUial  Ad- 
ili'css.  lirit.  .iMor.  Hep.  for  187'J,  |>.  Ixxxv. 

xen'-o-lite,  s.  [Pref.  xem-,  and  Gr.  At^os 
{lithns)  =  a  stone  ;  Ger.  xenoUth.] 

Mill. :  A  variety  of  Fibrolite  (q.v.),  possess- 
ing a  high  specific  gravity,  suggesting  a  rcda- 


tioti.-,hij.    to  Kyaiiite  (q.v.);   but    its   optnul 
I'loperlies  are  .-iimilar  to  those  of  Fibrolite. 

:|cen-d-nour'-a,  s.      [Pref.  xmo-,   and   Gr. 

vevpov  {neuron)  =:  a  tendon.] 

I'ld'font.  :  A  genus  of  Neuroptcra,  liaving 
attached  to  its  wing  the  n-main»  of  a  stridu 
lating  organ  like  that  of  the  gra.sshopper^. 
Found  in  the  Devonian  of  Noilh  America. 

xen  d~pel'-ti-dse,  .•-■.;'/.  [Mod.  Lat.  a«Ho;wi. 
t(.^i:  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  Hiilf.  -ida:]  (Xeno- 
i'V;lti.s.] 

xen-O-pel'-tis,  >-.  [Pref.  xeno-,  and  Gr.  TriX-nt 
OW^-)  =  ashiehl.] 

Zoo/.  :  A  genus  of  Tortricithe,  often  raised 
to  the  rank  of  a  family  (Xenopcltida-).  Head 
depressed  ;  ui)per  jaw  jnod need  beyond  lower ; 
teeth  .setaceous  ;  no  spurs  at  vent.  There  i» 
but  one  species,  Xenopelti.i:  iDiicohr  (=  Tortriz 
xenopeUis),  a  curious  nocturnal  carnivoronii 
snake,  ranging  from  Peiiang  tn  Cambodia, 
and  tlirough  the  Malay  Islands  to  Celebes. 

xen'-o-phrys,  s.    [Pref.  xi-u-,  and  Gr.  o<},pv<i 

{••lihrii-i)  —  ;ui  eyebrow.] 

/""/.:  A  genus  of  Pelobatida-  (q.v.),  witli 
one  species,  Xewijihrys  vioutieoiu,  from  the 
mountains  of  India. 

xen'-ops,  s.    [Pref.  xen-,  and  Gr.  01/f  iops)  = 

the  ey.'.  the  faee.] 

Ornith.:  A  genus  of  Dcndrocolaptidie,  with 
tliiee  species  from  tropical  America.  The- 
lower  mandible  is  graduated  upwards,  while 
the  upper  is  quite  straight. 

xen-6p-ter-us,s.  ( Pref.  j.-(io-,  and Gr.jrTcpdc 
{ptcron)  —  a  wing,  a  fin.] 

Irhthy.  :  A  genus  of  Tetradnntina,  or  a  sub- 
genus  of  Tetrodon,  from  the  Indian  Archi- 
pelago. The  .species  arc  distinguished  by  their 
funnel-sliaped  nostrils,  and  the  small  derm;-! 
ossifications  which  have  two  or  three  roots, 
and  form  spines  over  the  skiu. 

xen'-o-pus,  s.  [Pref.  xeno-,  antl  Gr.  ttoCs- 
(;if..((,s-)  =  a  foot.] 

Z'lul.  :  A  genus  of  Aglossa,  family  Dacty- 
lethridiv,  with  three  species,  from  tropica! 
Afiica. 

xen-6-rhi-na.  s.  [Pref.  x^)w-,  and  pi's  (r/n'^), 
geuit.  pifus  {rhinos)  =  the  snout.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Anura.  with  one  species, 
Xenorhina  oxycejifi'da,  from  NewGuinea.  Ears, 
perfect,  tongue  fre<Mn  front.  By  some  autliors 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family,  by  others 
merged  in  Engystomidse. 

xen'-os,  -f.  [Gr.  ^eVos  (xenos)  =  a  guest,  a 
stranger.] 

Eiitom. :  A  genus  of  Stylopidie.  A  species 
discovered  by  Rossi  parasitic  on  a  wasp, 
Polistes  gallica,  led  to  the  establishment  of 
the  order  Strepsiptera. 

xen -6'time,  5.  [Beudant,  who  named  it, 
gi\es  the  etymology  as  Gr.  Kefds  (kenus)  = 
vain,  empty,  and  n^rj  (ti)iu)  =  honoui- ;  but,  as 
Dana  suggests,  the  word  being  misspelt  Dom 
the  first,  the  derivation  should  be  accepted  as 
^eVos  (xenos)  =  a  stranger  to.aud  ti/x^  (tiim)=^ 
honour.] 

Min. :  A  tetragonal  mineral  occurring 
mostly  in  crystals.  Hardness,  4  to  5  ;  sp.  gr.,, 
4'45  to  4'5G  ;  lustre,  resinous  ;  colour,  sliades 
of  brown,  reddish,  ytdlowish ;  op.ique.  Com- 
l)Ms.  :  phosphoric  aei.l,  ST-iSiJ;  yttiia,  02-14  = 
lOu,  yielding  the  formula  ;{YOPU-^. 

xen-iir'-iis,  s.   [Pref.  xen-,  and  Gr.  ovad  (ouraY. 

=  atail.l 

1.  ZooL:  A  genus  of  Dasypodidic,  with 
tliree  species  ranging  from  Guiana  to  Paraguay. 

2.  Paln'<mt. :  Remains  have  been  found  in 
the  Post- Pliocene  Caves  of  Brazil. 

xen'-yl,  ■•.     (Or.  f«Vos  (xenos)  =  sl  stranger; 

■ijl.\      IDlPUENVL.] 

xen-yl'-a-mine,  .■{.  [Eng.  xenyl,  andamui^.] 
Chem.  :  CioHjiN.  Martylamine.  A  crystal- 
line body  found  in  the  basic  oil  which  i.n 
obtained  as  a  bye-]injduct  in  the  manufacture 
of  aniline.  It  forms  white  shining  scales 
sliglitly  soluble  in  water,  s»iluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether,  melts  at  Vt\  boils  at  320^  and 
distils  witliout  decomposition. 

xen-jr-len'-ic,  f.  [Eng.  xenyl:  -en,  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  or  eontaining  xenyl  (q  v.). 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  911m,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^:i8t.    -mg. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -eious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble»  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


(jOvS 


xeranthemese — xylanthi'ax 


xenylonic- alcohol,   ■ 

fAe*tt.:CiiHioOo  =  ^'-'*-}[^  |-»U  Dii.lienyU 
alcuhul.  DiphtiU)  lie  acid.  A  diatumic  alcoliol 
obtained  by  the  action  of  water  "U  diazd- 
U-nzidiue  nitrate.  It  erystalUzcs  in  small 
wliite  needles,  sli;^htly  sulilblo  in  wuter,  soluble 
in  iilcoliLd  and  ether,  and  melts  when  heated. 
It  'ii.sst'Ives  readily  in  potash  and  in  strong 
uiiiMR'nia. 

xer-&n-thein'-^-8d,  s.  pi.     IMod.  Lat,  xer- 
'  a\t!u.n(uoi);  Lut.  teni.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -««■.] 

lk)(. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Coiiipi  sites,  tribe  Cy- 
iiureie.  Heads  niany-tiowered,  discoid,  the 
mai^'inal  fluweis  feminine,  the  others  henna- 
phio.Ute. 

xer-an  -the~mum,  ,^.  [Gr.  fi^pos  {xtros)  = 
dry,  and  ar0o<;  (uathos)  =  a  flower.] 

Jjot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Xeranthemeae 
(q.v.).  Leaves  whitish  and  cottony  beneath, 
the  involucre  iuibiicated,  the  ray  coloured. 
Composites  of  the  kind  called  *'  Everlasting 
Fliiwurs"  from  Continental  Europe  iuid  the 
Levant. 

xe-ra'-si-a,  s.  [Gr.  ^tjpaai^  (xerasia)  =  dry- 
ness.] 

Pathol.  :  A  species  of  Alopecia,  character- 
ized by  the  dryness  and  powdery  aiipearance 
of  tile  hairs,  which  are  generally  split  at  the 
t*ips. 

xer-e  -ne,  s.    [Zereke.} 

xer  -es,  5.    [Sp.J    Sherry.     So  called  from  the 

district    of    Spain    where    it    is     produced. 

[Sherry.] 

xer'-it  s.    [Shereef.] 

xer-iflf',  s.    [Turk.] 

L  A  gold  coin  formerly  current  in  Egypt 
and  Turkey,  value  9s.  4d. 
"2.  A  name  for  the  ducat  iu  Morocco. 

a:er-6-c6l-lyr-i-um»  s.  [Or.  frjpds  {xiros) 
—  dry,  and  KoWvpiov  (kollurion)^=  an  eye- 
salve]    A  dry  eollyrium  or  eye-salve. 

xer-6-der'-ma,    s.      [Pxef.   zero-,  and   Gr 

&epixa  {derma)  =■  skin.] 
Pathol. :  Dryness  of  the  skin. 

xer-d'-dfe^,  s.   [Gr.,  from  ^fipoi;  (xeros)  =  dry.] 

Any  tumour  attended  with  dryness. 

yer'-o-myr-um  (yr  as  ir),  s.  [Gr.  ^»)p6s 
{xeros)  ~  dry,  and  fivpov  {niuroii)  =-  an  oint- 
ment.]   A  dry  ointment. 

xer-6ph'-a-g^,  s.     [Gr.  I^pd?  (xeros)  =  dry, 

'  and  <i)a.yeiv(pluigei)i)  =  to  eat.]  A  term  apidied 

by  early  ecclesiastical  writers  to  the  Christian 

rule  of  fasting  ;  the  act  or  habit  of  living  on 

dry  food  or  a  meagre  diet. 

"  Xerojihagif.  i.e  .  eatiiig  food  not  moistened  by  ftesli 
broth,  juicy  fruit,  or  vinous  iiiureiHent,  w.-vs  djstiuctly 
new." — Smith.  Diet.  Christ,  Biog.,  \v.  Sb~. 

xer'-dph-thal-my.xer-dph-thal'-mx-a, 

.«.  [Lat.  xerophthctlmia,  from  Gr.  ^-qpo^Sak- 
fit'a  {xerophthalmia) :  fijpos  (xCros)  =  dry,  and 
6<}>daXfi6s  {opkthalnws)  =  the  eye.] 

Pathol. :  A  dry,  red  soreness,  attended  by 
itching  of  the  eye,  without  swelling  or  dis- 
charge of  humours. 

*  xer'-o-site,  ^.  [Gr.  f>)pd«  (xeros)=withered. 
decayed  ;  sulf.  -ite  {Petro'.).'} 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  by  Haiiy  to  a  decom- 
posed porphyritic  diorite. 

xer'-o-te^,  s.    [Gr.  f Tjpdr^s  {xerotcs)  =  dryness.] 
Pathol. :  A  dry  habit  or  disposition  of  the 
body. 

xer'-iia,  s.  [Gr.  ^Tjpd?  {xeros)  =  withered, 
haggard.] 

Zool.:  A  genus  of  Sciurinse,  with  a  few 
species,  from  Africa,  where  they  burrow  in 
the  ground  or  among  the  roots  of  trees  or 
bushes.  There  are  two  pairs  of  pectoral  teats ; 
tail  comparatively  short ;  fur  mixed  with 
flattened  spines.  The  best-known  species, 
Xerus  nttilans,  is  about  twenty  inches  long, 
of  which  the  tail  forms  nine ;  reddisli-yellow 
above,  paler  on  sides,  whitish  below. 

xi-xnen'-i-a»    s.       [Named    after    Francis 
Ximenes,  a  Spanish  monk,  who  wrote  a  work 
upon  Mexican  plants  in  1615.] 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Olacaceie,  with  three  or 


four  known  species.  I-arge  shrubs  or  small 
trees,  often  spmou.-?.  Leaves  entire,  leathery  ; 
calyx  very  small,  petals  four,  hairy  inside  ; 
sUiuiens  eight,  ovary  with  four  cells,  each 
one-seeded.  XimfiiUi  aniericaiia,  the  False 
Sundal-wood,  is  a  straggling  Indian  shrub, 
producing  dHll-whitc  fi'agraiit  flowers,  smell- 
ing like  cloves,  sui-cceded  by  snuill,  oval,  red 
or  yellow  pulpy  fruits,  an  inch  long,  aromatic, 
but  somewhat  austere.  They  are  eaten  by 
the  Hindoos,  and  by  the  natives  of  Senegal. 
The  kernels  taste  like  hlbcrts. 

xiph'-i-^S,  .f.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  $t4>iai  (xiphias) 
=  .IS  adj.,  sworti-shaped  ;  as  subst.  =  a  sword- 
lish.] 

1.  /c/((/tt/.:  A genusofXiphiid.-e  (q.v.), distin- 
guished by  the  absence  of  ventral  (ins.     The 

■  best  known  species  isXiphias  gkuUus,  the  Com- 
mon, or  Mediterranean  Sword-flsh.  Gunther 
says  that  the  distinction  of  species  is  beset 
with  great  difl^culties,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
but  few  specimens  exist  in  Museums,  and 
because  the  form  of  the  dorsal,  the  length  of 
the  ventrals,  and  the  shape  and  length  of  the 
sword  appear  to  change  according  to  the  age 
of  individuals. 

2.  Astroioiiiy : 

(1)  [Dorado,  IL  1.] 

(2)  A  comet  shaped  like  a  sword. 

xii-phid -i-6n,  s.  [Gr.  $L<i>iSiov  {xipkidion)  = 
a  small  sword,  dimin.  from  ^1^05  (xip]ios)  = 
a  swurd.] 

h'hthy.  :  A  genus  of  Blenniidae,  from  the 
Pacific  coast  of  North  America.  Allied  to 
Centronotus  (q.v.). 

^-phid'-i-um,  s.    [XiPHiDioN.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Wachendorfeae.  Liliaceous 
plants  from  South  America.  Simple  stems, 
ensiform  leaves,  and  somewhat  secund  nod- 
ding panicles  of  blue  or  white  flowers. 

xi-phi-i-dse,  s.  pL  [Mod  Lat.  xiphi{as)  ;  Lat. 
leni.  pi.  a^ij.  suit,  -((/u'.] 

1.  Ichthy  :  The  sole  family  of  the  Acanthop- 
terygian  division,  Xiphiiformes  (q.v.),  with 
two  genera,  Histiophorus  and  Xiphias  (q.v.). 
The  upper  jaw  is  produced  into  a  long  cunei- 
form weapon. 

2.  PaUeont. :  From  the  Chalk  and  the  Lon- 
don Clay  o&Sheppey. 

xiph-l-i-for'-mej,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
Lat.  xiphias  =asword-tisli,  and  forma  =  form, 
appearance.] 

IcMhy.  :  A  division  nf  Acanthopterygian 
Fishes,  with  a  single  family,  Xiphiidae  (q.v.). 

xiph-i-ster'-niim,  5.  [Gr.  ^i^o^  {xiphos)  =  a 
sword,  and  (rrepvov  {stenioii)  =  the  breast.] 

Compar.  Attat.:  The  metasternum  or  ensi- 
form process  of  the  sternum ;  corresponding 
with  the  xiphoid  cartilage  iu  man. 

xiph-o-,  pre/  [Gr.  ^I'l^os  (xiphos)=^  a  sword.] 
Swurd-shaped ;  having  a  sword-shaped  pro- 
cess or  processes. 

xiph-o-co-lap'-tes,  s.  [Pref.  xiphb-,  and  Gr. 
«oAa~T7)s  (Icolaptc^)  =  a  chisel.] 

Ornith. :  A  sub-genus  of  Dendrocolaptes, 
with  five  species  ranging  from  Mexico  to 
Bolivia.  The  sub-genus  was  established  by 
Leesou  for  those  species  which  have  the  bill 
bent. 

xiph'-o-don,  s.  [Pref.  xipho-,  and  Gr.  ifioi-s 
{odons),  genit.  o&ovtos  {odojitos)=  a  tooth.] 

Palceont. ;  The  type-genus  of  Xiphodontidie 
(q.v.),  from  the  Eocene.  The  species  were 
small,  two-toed  mammals,  with  a  short  tail, 
and  long,  slender  limbs.  Dentition  complete; 
molars  of  a  generalised  selenodont  type. 

xiph-o-don'-ti-dce,  s.  p?.  [Mod.  Lat.  xipho- 
don,  genit.  xiphodoiit{is) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj. 
sulf.  -irfre.] 

Palwont. :  A  family  of  Artiodactyle  Ungu- 
lates, with  three  genera,  Xiphodon,  Caino- 
therium,.and  Microtherium,  from  the  Eocene 
and  Miocene  of  France.  The  species  wele 
probably  intennediate  between  the  Suidje  and 
the  Tragulidffi. 

^ph-O-gad'-US,  s.  [Pref.  zipko-,  and  Moth 
Lat.  gadus.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Ophidiidae  (q.v.),  with 
a  single  species,  confined  to  the  East  Indies. 
Body  naked ;  a  pair  of  canines  developed  iu 
both  jaws. 


xiph-o-gor  -gi-a,  s.  [Pref.  xipho-,  and  Gr. 
yopyeioi:  {tpjrfjcios)  =  of  or  belonging  to  the 
Gorgon.] 

/iool. :  A  genus  of  Gorgonidic,  from  the 
warmer  seas.  The  polypes  form  straight, 
sword-shaped  masses. 

xiph'-oid,  a.  [Gr.  ii^o<;  (jr/p/ios)  =  a  sword, 
and  elfio?  (ci'^js)  =  form,  appearance.]  He- 
scmbling  a  sword  ;  shaped  like  a  sword  ;  ensi- 
form. 

xiphoid- cartilage,  ^.    [En.sifokm-car- 

TILAdE.] 

xiph-oid'-i-an,  a.    [Xiphoid.]     Of  or  per- 

tui]iing  to  th'"  xiphoid  cartilage. 

xiph-oph'-jTl-lous.  a.    (Pref.  xipho-,  and  Gr. 
(t><;\Aoi'{ijh,illon)^R  leaf.] 
Bot. :  Having  ensiform  leaves. 

xiph-op-ter-us,  s.  [Pref.  xipho-,  and  Gr. 
TTT€p6i^  {ptcro)t.)  =a  wing,  a  lin.] 

Pakeont.:  A  genus  of  Tri^-hiuriOa-,  (d  Eo- 
cene age. 

xipho-siir'-a,  s.  pi  [Gr.  ^i(ito<;  (xiphos)  =  & 
awurd,  and  ovpd  {oura)=za  tail.] 

L  Zool,  :  An  order  or  sub-oider  of  Mero- 
stomata  (q.v.).  Anterioi-  segments  welded 
together  to  form  a  broad,  convex  buckler, 
upon  the  dorsal  surface  of  which  are  j. laced 
the  compound  eyes  and  ocelli,  the  latter  in 
the  centre,  the  former  nearly  su.  Mouth  fur- 
nished with  a  small  labruni,  a  rudiniLiitary 
metastoma,  and  six  pairs  of  appendages. 
Posterior  segments  more  ur  less  free,  having 
on  their  vential  surfaces  a  series  of  broad, 
lamellar  appendages  ;  telsoii  ensiform.  Only 
one  recent  genus,  Limulus  (q.v.). 

2.  Pahiiont. :  Fossil  genera  numerous,  from 
the  Upper  Silurian  to  the  Tertiary.  (See  ex- 
tract under  Xiphosuran.] 

xiph-d-siir'-an,  .*.  [Xiphosl-ra.]  Any  in- 
dividual of  tlie  Xiphosura  (q.v.). 

"  Iu  the  Devoiii:iu  uo  certain  traces  of  Xiphomrani 
liavi;  yet  been  detected,  but  scvpfhI  types  occur  iii  tbe 
Curbouiferous."— .VfcAoisoH.-  PaitBonl..  i.  385. 

xiph-6-teu'-this,   s.      [Pref.    xit)ho-,   and 

Mud.  Lat.  ti^uthi.^{q.v.).^ 

Pakcoiit. :  A  genus  of  Belemnitidje,  with 
one  species,  from  the  Lias.  Shell  with  a  long 
phi-agmacone,  enveloped  in  a  calcareous 
sheath. 


ion), 


An- 

lary 

the 

the 

^■iriu 

n  the 

f  the 

half 

rome- 


xi-phyd'-ri-a.  s.  [Gr.  ^i<^u5ptoi'(a(;3?iu(?i 
dimin.  from  ^i^os  (xiphos)  =  a  sword, 
a  niussel-shelL] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Uroceridffi  (q.v.). 
tennie  short,  head  round,  neck  long,  max: 
]ialpi  with  five  joints ;  larva  boring  int 
wood  of  the  beech,  the  oak,  the  jioplar 
willow,  &c.  The  typical  species  is  Xiph_ 
aimelus.  It  is  black,  with  wlnte  siiots  n 
top  of  the  head  and  along  the  sitles 
abdomen,  and  red  legs.  Length,  about 
an  inch.  This  species,  and  another.  A',  c^ 
dariiis,  ai'e  British. 

xon-alt'-ite,  s.  [After  Tetela  de  Xonalta, 
Mexico,  where  found  ;  sutt'.  -ite  {Min.).] 

Mia. :  A  massive  mineral  found  associated 
with  apophylliteand  bustaniite.  Sp.  gr.,  271 ; 
colour,  white  to  gray ;  tougli.  Couipos.  : 
silica,  iOSO  ;  lime,  40-47  ;  water,  3-73  ~  100, 
equivalent  to  the  formula  4CaOSiOo  -f  HO. 

xu-li-n6s-pri-6-ni'-tes,  s.  [Gr.  IuAiwjs 
(.t»/(;tos)  =  wooden;  7rptto;'*^ridM)  =  a  saw,and 
suff.  -ites.] 

Pakeobot, :  A  genus  of  fruits  with  valveless, 
woody,  two-seeded  legumes.  The  pericarp 
unites  in  a  singular  mannt^r  the  chaiacters 
of  a  legume  and  a  drupe.  Two  species  are 
known.  XulinosprioniieskUus  hastlie  hgiinie 
short  and  broad,  with  the  ajiex  umbonate,  the 
epicarp  rugose  and  manimillatcd,  the  sarco- 
carp  thin,  and  the  endocaip  thick.  A',  ziii- 
giheriformis  has  tlie  legume  lomentaceous, 
irregular;  the  epicarp  somewhat  coriaceous, 
the  sarcocarp  pithy,  the  cells  very  large,  the 
eudocarp  thick.  Externally  it  looks  like  a 
piece  of  ginger-root,  and  it  is  not  till  it  is 
fractured  that  it  is  found  to  be  a  legume. 
Both  species  are  from  the  Lou'Ion  Clay  of 
8heppey.     {Bowerbtuik  :  Fossil  Fruits.) 

t  ^-lan'-thrg-x,  s.  [Pref.  xyl{o)-,  and  Gr. 
avQpa^  (antJirax)  =  coal  or  charcoal.] 

Petrol.  :  Wood  coal  or  charcoal,  iu  distinc- 
tion from  mineral  coal. 


f&te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;    go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woU;  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  ciib.  ciii-e,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  au  ^  kw. 


xylaria— xyiolsiilpiitLnic 


tU)5 


■xy-lar'-i-?,  s.     IFem-  of  Mo.I.  Lat.  xylarins 
~  throwing  in  wooUs,  from  Gr.  ^v\ov  (xuhu)  =^ 

WOilil.] 

/>'-■/.  :  A  neiius  nf  Si'lianiaciM.  Braneln?'!, 
lirtmv,  «'!•  fleshy  fungals,  often  with  clavatc 
I. .bos,  whitisli  aiul  lucaly  when  young,  after- 
waiils  brown  or  black.  Perithecia  horny, 
iisimlly  inmu'cseil  all  over  the  branches; 
reutre  M;uk,  composed  of  asci,  with  eight 
nsiiallv  uniseptate  spores.  Tlie  largest  species 
are  tropical,  but  several  are  found  in  Britain 
on  r<.>tten  wotxl,  stumps  of  trees,  &C.  The 
iiio^t  <'nminon  is  Xyhiria  hypoxyl^ii- 

xy-lem,  ^.     (Gr.  fuA»}  (xulc)~  timber.) 

r.a. :  Nae^^Ii's  name  for  one  of  two  groups 
into  which  the  perioauent  tissues  <>(  a  fibro- 
vascular  bundle  can  be  divided.  It  is  com- 
posed of  parenchymatous  cells,  wood  fibres, 
vasi'ular  cells,  and  true  vessels,  in  whiirh  the 
walls  of  the  cells  generally  become  ligneous. 
From  it  the  wood  is  developed. 
xylem- parenchyma,  s. 
r.nf. :  Tlie  iiUMlnlIary  rays.    {ThonU.) 


xy -lene, 

Chem.  : 
benzene, 


[Gr.  ^vAoi'  (xidon)  =  wood';  suff. 


CgHio  =  C,iH4(CII:i)->.  Dimethyl- 
A  colourless,  volatili;  liquid  found 
in  tliat  portion  of  light  coal-tar  oil  which 
<li.stils  over  between  l:!U^  and  141".  It  admits 
of  three  isomeric  moditiciitions,  ilependini;  on 
the  relative  position  of  the  two  methyl  atoms  : 
viz.,  orthoxylenp,  prepared  synthetically  by 
rtic  action  of- sodium  on  a  mixture  of  ortho- 
bromtohuine  and  methylic  iodide,  boils  at 
140-141  ;  metixylene,  obtained  by  distilling 
xylic  or  mesitylenie  acid  with  Hme.  boils  at 
l."i~' ;  :ind  paraxylene,  prepared  by  the  action 
of  sodium  on  broniotoluene  and  methylic 
iodide,  boils  at  130-137°.  On  passing  xylene 
through  a  reddiot  tubp,  it  is  resolved  into 
benzene,  tolncuo,  an. I  i.tln'r  hydrocarbons. 

xylene  -  diamine.  -\     [X\lvlene-dia- 

MINK.  I 

xylene -sulphochloride,  »-. 

Ch€,a.  :  CgHi^SClO;.  =  CtiH;;CCH;j).>-SOoCl.  A 
vellow  oil  obtained  by  tiiturating  xylene- 
sulphate  of  sodium  with  phosphorus  penta- 
chloride,  warming  the  nnxture,  and  pouring 
the  produrt  into  water. 

xylene-sulphurlc  acid,  s. 

(.7km.:  C8HioSG3  =  C,;Ha(CH:t)2-SO:-.n- 
Xyhdsulphuricaeid.  Sulphoxylolic  acid.  Tro- 
dnced  l>y  the  action  of  concentrated  snlphniic 
acid  on  xylene.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water, 
and  by  dry  distillation  is  reconverted  into 
xylene.  With  the  oxides  it  forms  salts  called 
xyleue-snlphates,  its  potassium  and  sodiutu 
salts  being  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  ;ujd 
crystallizing  from  the  latter  in  silky  laniin;e. 

xy'-len-dl,  >'.     [Formed  frouiGr.  ^uAoi-  (xidon) 
—  wood,  and  Eng.  suff.  -oL] 

Clieuu:  CaHioO=  CtiH3(CH3>20H.  Dime- 
thyl-phenol. An  eight-f.-arbon  phenol,  pro- 
duced by  fusing  oxyme.sitylenic  acid  with 
p'  tasli.  "  It  melts  at  To',  ami  boils  at  213'0'. 

xy  -Icn-yl, «.     IXvlvl.] 

xy-len-yl'-a-mine,   5.     [Eng.  xylmyJ,  and 

'  '",((M".]      [XVLIDINE.] 

xy-leu'-te^,  ■••.    [Gr.  ^uAeuojuioi  (xHfeuoHwit)  = 
t'l  -  (Uirr  wood.] 

En(<-in.:  .K  genus  of  ZeuzeridiE.  XyUntes 
<'ogi>iis  is  a  modern  name  for  the  Goatmoth 
(q.v.),  better  known  as  Cossus  Hgniperda. 

xy'-li-^,  ■*.     [Gr.  ^liAof  (xulon)  —  wood.] 

B'lt. :  A  genus  of  Eumimosese,  having  sessile, 
sickle-shaped,  compressed,  woody  legumes, 
with  partitions  between  the  seeds.  Xylia  do- 
lahrifor»iis(=:  M  i  mosa  xyloccrpa  of  Roxburgh), 
the  Ironwood  tree  of  Peru  and  Arraean,  a 
large  deciduous  tree  gi-owing  in  India  and 
Bnrmah,  yields  a  red  resin,  and  oil  is  expressed 
from  its  seeds.  The  wood  is  very  dui-able  ;  it 
has  been  used  in  India  and  Burmah  for  rail- 
way sleepers,  piles  and  beams  of  bridges, 
teli'gra]ih-posts,  the  handles  of  agricultural 
implements,  boat-building,  &c. 

xy-lic  ('.  [Gr.  ^v\ov(xhIoi()  —  wood ;  suff. -ic] 
Dt-rived  from  wood. 

xylic-acid,  5. 

i'U>u.:  CaHyOozrCO-OHiCHarCHs.  Pre- 
pared from  brom-metaxylene  by  tlie  action  of 
sodium  and  carbonic  anhydride.     It  crystal- 


lizes in  large  tnonoi'linic  prisms,  slightly 
sohible  in  water,  nmrc  so  in  alcohol,  anil 
melts  at  126% 


[XVLlDINE.] 

.   xylik);  suff. 


■id,  -ic] 


xy-Ud'-a-mine,  s. 

xy-Ud'-ic.  o.     (Euj 

Deiivcd  from  wood. 

xylidic  acid,  s-. 

Chr,H. :  CyH^,04=^  CaH:,(CH.iXC0-0H)2.  Ob- 
tained by  oxidising  pseudo-cuineiie,  xylic  acid, 
.nid  paraxylic  acid  with  dilute  nitric  acid. 
It  forms  colourless  crystals,  slightly  soluble 
ill  water,  and  melt*;  at  280^  to  ^Sii". 

^y'-li-dine,    .«.      tEng.    xylieiu);    sufl'.    -id, 
■Ine.]     [XvLoii>is.l 

Chem.  :  t'sHuN  =  C8Hi,(NH:.).  Amidoxy- 
lene.  Amidoxylol.  Xylenylamiue.  A  base 
houKtlogous  with  aniline,  produced  by  the 
action  of  ammonium  sulphide  or  stannous 
chloride  on  nitroxylene.  It  is  a  colourless 
Ihjuiil,  heavier  than  water,  and  boiling  at  21j% 
Heated  with  tin  and  hydrochloric  acid,  it 
solidities  on  cooling  to  a  crystalline  mass, 
which  appears  to  be  a  compound  of  xylidine 
)iydrochlorate  with  stannous  chloride. 

xy'-lin-a,  .'f.     [I-at.  xyliKum;  Gr.  ^vKivoi'  (xu- 
linon)  =.  cotton.] 

ICiilom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Xyliujda.-  (q.v.). 
Antenuie  slightly  ciliated  in  the  male  ;  abdo- 
men depressed,  somewliat  crested  ;  forewings 
narrow,  elongate,  the  edges  nearly  parallel. 
Biitish  species  tlu^ee,  the  Conformist,  Xylhia 
'.'.Mi/(>r»/u,s,  the  Nonconfornust,  A'.  ziin:keuii, 
and  the  Gray  Shoulder  Knot,  X.  rhizvlithi'. 

xy-lin'-i-dfiB,  s.pl.     [Mod.  Lat  xyli}i(a);  Lat. 
feni.  pi.  adj.  sufl'.  -iddj:.] 

Enh>m. :  A  family  of  Xoctuina.  Antenna* 
generally  simple  ;  thorax  thick  ;  often  crested 
antt'rioriy  ;  wings  folded  in  repose  like  a  flat- 
tcnr.l  roof.  Caterj'illar  long,  smooth,  gene- 
rally brilliantly  coluured.  British  genera, 
six;  species,  nineteen.     [Shark-moth.] 

xy'-lite,  ■>■-     (Gr.  fuAo*/  (xulon)  =  wood;  suff. 

*  -l(c{Min.);  Ger.  xijlith.] 

Min. :  Probably  a  hydrous  Asbestos,  accor<l- 
ing  to  Dana. 

xy-l6-,  pre/.     [Gr.  ^uAov  (xj(/oh)  =  fire-wood, 
"  wood,  timber,  a  tree.]     Of,  belonging  to,   or 
derived  from  wood. 

xylo-quinone,  s.    [Phlorone.] 

xy-lo-toal'-sa-mum,  s.     [Gr.  ^v\ov  (xulon) 

=^  wood,  anci  "^dAo-a/ioi'  (h((?5nHto;i)  =  balsam.] 

1.  The  wood  of  the  balsam-tree. 

2.  A  balsam  obtained  by  decoction  of  the 
twigs  and  leaves  of  Amyris  gileadensU  in 
water. 

xy-lo'-bi-US,  s.      [Pref.  rylo-,   and  Gr.   pi'o? 
'  (bios)=  life.] 

Fala-ont.  :  A  genus  of  Chilogiiatha,  family 
Archiulida'.  Segments  divided  by  cross  su- 
tures into  numerous  fragments.  Several  species 
occur  in  the  Carboniferous  rocks  of  Xova 
Scotia,  and  one  in  those  of  Scotland.  The 
tyj'C  is  Xylohius  siyUlnrifr,  of  the  Xova  Scotia 
Coal-tield,  found  by  Sir  J.  W.  Dawson  in  the 
hollow  trunks  of  Sigillari.i,  &c.  Xylobius  is 
the  earliest  known  representative  of  the  My- 
riapoda. 

xy-l6-cam'-pa,  s.    [Pref.  xylo-,  and  Gr.  KafxTrrj 

'  {kampi)  =  a  caterpillar.} 

Eiitom.  :  A  genus  of  Xylinidse,  with  one 
British  species,  Xylocanijxt  lithorliiza,  the 
Early  Giay  Moth,  the  long  cateri>iHar  feeds 
exposeil  on  honeysuckle  iu  June,  July,  and 
August. 

xy'-l6*carp,  5.    [Xvlocarpus.1 
Bot. :  A  hard  and  woody  fruit. 

xy-lo-car'-pous,  <u     [Xvlocarpis.)    Hav- 

*  ing  fiuit  wliich  becomes  bard  or  woody. 

*  xy-lo-car'-pus,  s.      [Pief.  xylo-,  and  Gr. 

iapiros  {l-il>po»)  =  fluit.] 

Dot.  :  A  genus  of  Trichiliese  (q.v.),  now 
generally  combined  with  Carapa  (q.v.). 

xy'-lo-cWbre,   ?.      [Pi'ef.    xylo-,   and    Gr. 
'  xAwpos  (c/iforos)=  green.] 

iVu(.  ;  The  same  as  Oxhaverite  (q.v.). 


xy-lo-chlbr'-ic, 

\\uip6^  (chljrijs)  = 


7.       [Pref.  xylo-f   and  Gr. 
green.]    (See  compound.) 


xyloch!oric  acid.  -. 

t'liK-ni.  :  K<'nlos'  iianie  for  the  dtecu  coliuir- 
ing  matter  of  decayed  wood.  It  may  W  ex- 
tiiicleil  by  chloroform. 

xy-loc'-o-p^  *.  IGr.  fuAoaofroc  (mlolt.j^^) 
=  liewing  or  felling  wood  :  fvAoi'  (xuh  ii)  = 
woikI,  ^ud  Konij  {ko]k)^a  cutting.) 

Entom,  :  \  large  gtiuis  of  Scupulipides, 
with  sliarp-pi'inted  maniUblcs  by  which  lliey 
bore  holes  in  limber.  In  several  R|H'cii'f(  Iho 
females  are  black,  while  the  mules  arc  liriglit- 
yellow.     [CARrF.NTi:R-BEK.J 


.    [Pref.  xylo- ;  Cr.  itpvtn6^ 
),  hiditoii,  and    sufl'.    -ilt 


xy-lo-cr^t' ite. 

(rnipttts)  =  Ciiiuealf 
(^fin.).] 
Mi)i. :  The  same  as  Sc(u:ERaiiiTE(q.v.). 

f  Xy-lo'-dl-iim,  s.     [Gr.  fuAwi»jy  (jru/or/f*)  = 
hard  as   wood,  wooily  ;   pref.  xylo-,  and  Gr. 
et5o?  (ci(/os)=  form.) 
Iiu(. :  An  Aclia-iiium  (q.v.). 

xy'-lo-graph,  5.    [Gr.  fuAoi'(.n(/o(0=  wood, 
*  and  Ypa^t^w  (!/Va;//io)  =  to  write,  to  draw.)    An 
engraving  on  wood,   or  an   impression   ftom 
such  an  engraving. 

"  Sfiiue  of  thf  xftroyrai/lis  of  the  llrht  edlUmi  ul  tho 
liibi'ta  )'atip«rum."-'Satuitlaif  /tcvlvto,  MarL-liJ?,  utji, 

xy-log'-ra-pher.  s.     [Eng.  xyU>oro}h  ;  -f.).] 
One  who  engraves  on  wood. 

71,  hUy  17.  la-Hi.  |)  ••.M. 

xy-lo-graph'-ic,  xy-l6~graph'-io^l,  «. 

"  [Eng.  xylograph;  -tc,  -ico/.J    Peitainii.tJ  ur  ic- 
lating  to  xylography  (q.v.). 

xy-l6g'-ra-phy,  s.     [Ent;.  xyloyioi'h  ;  -y.] 

1.  A  mode  of  printing  or  giainiug  from  the 
natural  surface  of  the  wood.  A  piece  of  wo»i<I 
is  selected  of  line  quality,  having  the  pallera 
ofgraindesircd.  Thesurfueeis  livjited  cheiiii- 
Cjdly  to  open  the  pores.  After  it  is  4hy  the 
.surface  is  painted  and  a  sized  sheet  of  paper 
laid  over  the  boanl,  and  both  run  togwthr-r 
l)etvveen  rollers  in  the  manner  of  eepieijdatc 
printing.  The  paint  is  then  transfemil  to 
the  board,  the  difl'erences  iu  the  ;d\sorbe»t 
qualities  of  the  board  delermining  the  ijopth 
of  colour.  The  paper  is  laid  face  tlovvuw«rd 
on  the  article  to  be  ornamented,  and  nibbed 
on  the  back  with  a  soft  i>ad  to  transfer  tho 
impression. 

2.  A  name  given  to  a  process  of  ilecoralive 
painting  on  wood.  A  selected  palf>'in  or  <Ic- 
sign  is  drawn  on  wood, which  isthen  engiaved, 
or  the  design  is  reproduced  in  zinc  Ity  the 
ordinary  method.  An  eleclrolype  cist  is 
taken  from  the  woodcut  or  zinc  plate,  and 
smooth  surfaces  of  wootl  arc  pi intiil  from  the 
stereotype  under  regulated  prtssur*'  with  pig- 
ment-s  prepared  for  the  purpose.  The  o»di'ur 
penetiates  the  wooij,  leaving  no  outside  tilm, 
and  after  being  French-polished,  or  coveid 
with  a  fluid  enamel,  the  wood  Uiay  I  e  lulibcd, 
scrubbed,  or  even  sanO-pai'ered  without  de- 
stroying the  pattern.    (Vre.) 

xy-16'-id,  s.    [XvLOiDis.] 

Chfin.  :  Lowig's  name  for  Ihc  ladicle  xylyl, 

xy'-loid,  t'.    [Xvi.oiuiN.]    Having  the  naliue 
'  of  wood;  resembling  wood. 

xy-lo'-i-din,  f.    [Gr.  ^uAorCm/ou),  and  *l5os 

'  (eidos)  =   form,   appearance.] 

Cltem. :  CtfHyNOy  =  C(jHgCXO:^0,-.  Pyioxam. 
Nitramidin.  Explosive  starch.  An  explosive 
compound,  discovered  by  Eraeonm»t  iu  IS^:*, 
and  prepared  by  triluiatingstueh  with  fuming 
nitric  acid  till  it  is  reduced  to  a  seuii-tluid 
mass,  and  adding  twentytive  paits  of  wnlcr. 
It  is  a  white,  inodorous,  and  tiisteless  powder, 
insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  and  chloro- 
form, slightly  soluble  in  glacial  acetic  acid. 
When  struck  with  a  hammer  it  detonates, 
melts  when  heated,  and  bur.-ds  into  flame  at 
1S0^  leaving  a  earbi>naceous  residue.  ItiO 
parts  of  starch  yield  130  parts  of  \yloidin. 

^-lo'-i-«Une,  s.    [XvLoiDiN.] 

Chem  :  The  same  as  Xvi.ipink  (q.v.)- 
xy-l6l',  ^■.  [Gr.  f uAof  (xuloti)  =  wowl ;  sufl".  tti.] 

'  [Xvi.cm;.] 

xy-lol-Bul-phur'-ic, «.  [Pref.  xyjh ,  and  Eiig. 
■  sulphuric]     Derived  from  or  containing  xylbno 

and  snli'buric  aci'l. 


boil,  boy ;  po^t,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  cboms.  9hin,  bench ;  go.  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin.  as  ;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  -  f. 
-cian,    tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  ^  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -hie,    die,  ve  _  bcl,  del. 


827 


GJO 


xylomelum— xyster 


xylolsulphuric  -  acid,  s.  [Xylene- 
St  iriii.  iur  A<  ii».l 

xy  l6-me  -lum,   5-     (Pref.   xijlo-,   and   Gt. 

"  ni)\oy{milon)  =  an  apple.] 

Jiot. :  A  genus  of  Grevillidae  (q.v.).  Austra- 
liiiu  trees,  with  opposite  leaves,  axillary  spikes 
<.f  flowers,  and  very  thick,  woody  fruit.in- 
versely  pear-shaped 

xy'-lo-nite.    s.       [  Formed    from    G  r.    ^v\ov 
'  (xrWyn)  =  wood.)    Celluloid  (q.v.). 

xy'-lo-pil,  s.     [Pref.  xyJ(o)-,  and  Eng.  ojjal] 
Miu. :  The  saoie  as  Wood-opal  (q.v.). 

xy  16'-pe-fle,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  xylop(ia) ;  Lat. 
'  f.  III.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  ew.] 

U"i. :  A  tribe  of  Anonaceie  ;  stamens  indefi- 
nitr  in  numhrr  ;  ovule.s,  few  or  many,  inserted 
in  the  viMitral  suture  of  the  fruit. 

ipy-l6ph'-a-ga,s.  [Pref.  ryh-,  and  Gr.  4,ay<ili> 
{phittjfin)  =  tu  eat.] 

1.  Entoviology  (As  a  Plural): 

(1)  A  se(;tion  of  Securifera,  the  larvse  of 
which  bunow  iu  wood  instead  of  eatiug  leaves. 

(SlRlClD^,    UUOCEBID*.] 

(2)  A  subtiibe  of  weevils  which,  both  in 
their  immature  and  in  their  perfect  state,  bor« 
into  the  solid  wood  of  trees. 

2.  Zool  :  A  genus  of  PholadidaeCq.v.),  with 
two  species,  from  Norway,  Britain,  and  South 
America.  Shell  globular,  with  a  transver.se 
furrow  ;  anterior  margin  reflected,  covered  by 
two  accessory  valves  within  which  the  animal 
is  included,  except  the  contractile  siphons. 
The  species  burrow  in  tloating  wood  and  in 
timbers  which  are  always  covered  by  the  sea. 

xy-lopu'-a-gan,  s.   [Xylophaga.]  Any  ani- 
'  nial  of  tlie' group  Xylophaga. 

t  xy-l6ph'-a-gi,  s.  pi.     [Xylophaga.] 

Ent07n.  :  A  sub-tribe  of  Beetles,  tribe  Tetra- 
mera,  instituted  by  LatreiUe,  and  approxi- 
mately equal  to  the  family  Scolytid;t  (q.v.). 

t xy-lo-phag-i-dw.  s.  i)l.     [Mod.  Lat.  xylo- 
ph(t[i{n-i):  Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida:.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Diptera,  now  reduced 
to  a  sub-family.  Xylophaginse,  or  Xylopha- 
gides  (q.v.). 

xy-l6-pha-gi  -  nse,  xy-l6-phag' - 1  -  desf, 

'  s.rl-     [Mod..  Lat.  ryhi>hTj(ns) :  Lat.  fern.  pi. 
ad.),  sntf.  -iii'v,  Of  tnasc.  A:  feiu.  -ides.] 

Entom. :  A  sub-family  of  Stratiouiyidte, 
having  seven  or  ei.^ht  free  abdominal  segments. 
The  larvie  are  believed  to  live  in  rotten  wood- 
Soiiii-  South  American  species  are  an  inch  and 
a  t(uait*-r  long.  Tlie  chief  British  represen- 
tativi.'  (if  the  sub-family  is  Beris  (q.v.). 

xy-l6ph -a-goiis,  n.    [Xylophaga.]  Feeding 

*  on  and  boring  into  wood. 

"  Chelurn  terebram  ia  one  of  the  moat  injurious 
xploi}hagous  crustaceans  ^kiiowu.  It  ia  coramonly 
louiid  asBOciated  with  auotlier  wooiM)orer,  the  Lim. 
norui  lvjJtortim."—CasscU'sXat.  Bist..  vl.  212. 

xy-loph'-a-giis.  s.    [Xylophaga.] 

Entom.:  The  typical  genus  of  Xylophaginie 
(q.v.),  with  (Hie  British  species.  The  body  is 
naiTow  and  elongate,  the  antennie  a  little 
longer  than  the  iiead,  which  is  short  and 
transverse. 

xy-lo-pha'-si-a,  s      [Pref.   xijlo-,  and   Gr. 
i^dfft?  {■phasi»)  =  appearance.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Night  Moths,  family 
ApamidiC.  Anteruue  long,  pubescent  in  the 
male ;  abdomen  long,  crested  ;  fore  wings 
long,  more  or  less  denticulated.  British  spe- 
cies six,  the  type  being  Xylophnsin  jtobiodon, 
the  Dark  Arches,  a  night  moth  having  the 
fore  wings  grayish-brown,  with  four  trans- 
verse, toothed,  paler  lines,  and  with  two 
black  streaks  from  the  base,  and  another  from 
the  centre  of  the  wing ;  expansion  of  wings 
an  inch  and  three-quarters  to  two  inches. 
Cummon  in  Britain. 

*xy-loph'-i-lan,'i!.     [Mod.  Lat.  xylophil(i); 
Eng,  sutf.  -cni.] 

Eutom. :  Any  individual  belonging  to  the 
Xj-lophili  (q.v.). 

*  xy-loph'-i-li,   s.  pi.     [Pref.  xylo-,  and  Gr. 
^lAc'io  {jjhilio)  =  to  love.] 

Entom. :  A  .section  of  Lamellicorn  Beetles, 
including  Macleay's  Dynastidie  and  Rutelidie 
(q.v.). 


xy-loph'-i-loiis,  «.  [Xvloi'iull]  Growing 
upon  or  feeding  on  wood. 

:Ky-l6ph'-Srl-la,   s.      [Prer.    xylo-,   and    Gr. 

'  c()w.Uov  (j*hidlo}i)  =  a  leaf.) 

not. :  A  genus  of  PhyllantheEp  (q.v.),  soraa- 
tinies  reduced  to  a  sub-genus  of  Phyllanthus. 
Shrubs,  without  leaves,  but  with  leaf-like 
branches  bearing  the  flowers  on  notches  in 
their  margin.  Natives  of  tlie  tropics,  espe- 
cially of  the  West  Indies,  where  they  are  called 
Seaside  Laurels  aud  Love-flowers. 

xy-16'-pi-a,  s.      [Pref.  xylo;  and  Gr.  irdcpds 

'  ipikros)  =  sharp,  bitter.) 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Xylopere  (q.v.). 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  oblnng  or  lancenlate 
leaves  and  axillarj'  bracteate  peduncles,  one 
or  many  flowered ;  calyx,  three.to  five-lobed,  the 
segments  ovate,  acute,  coriaceous  ;  petals,  six, 
in  two  rows,  the  outer  three  the  largest  ;  sta- 
mens, many,  inserted  into  a  globose  receptacle ; 
carj)els,  two  to  tifteen,  each  with  one  or  two 
seeds.  Known  species  about  twelve,  some  of 
which  are  oft-en  placed  in  the  genus  Habzelia 
(q.v.).  Natives  of  South  America  and  the 
West  Indies.  They  readily  strike  root  when 
a  small  fragment  of  them  is  placed  in  the 
ground.  Xylo2ii(i  sericea,  thePindaiba  of  Ri<> 
Janeiro,  bears  a  highly  aromatic  fruit,  which 
may  be  used  as  pepper,  with  which  it  agrees 
in  its  flavour.  Good  cordage  is  made  from 
the  fibres  of  its  bark.  The  wood,  bark,  and 
berries  of  A',  glabra,  the  Bitter-wood  of  the 
West  Indies,  taste  like  orange-seeds,  and  im- 
I>art  a  similar  flavour  to  the  wild  pigeons  which 
feed  on  them.  It  is  said  to  be  useful  in  colic 
and  for  creating  an  appetite.  Martins  believes 
the  fruit  of  A',  grandifiora  to  constitute  a  valu- 
able febrifuge  useil  by  the  South  American 
Indians.  The  dr>'  fruits  of  A',  aronuttica  form 
the  Piper  ivtliiopii-um  of  commerce,  used  as 
pep]ter  by  the  West  African  negroes. 

xy-16-py-rog'-ra-phy,  s.  [Gr.  ^vKov(x7don) 
—  wood  ;  injp(pnr),  genit.  Tnlpos  (2>ii''os)  =  fire, 
and  ypdtfioj  (grapho)  =  to  write,  to  draw.]  The 
act  or  art  of  drawing  poker-pictures  (q.v.). 

xy-lo-ret'-in-ite,  s.     [Pref.  xylo-,  and  Eng. 
'  retinite  ;  Ger.  xyloi-etiii.] 

Min.:  A  hydrocarbon  compound  obtained 
by  the  action  of  alcohol  on  fossil  pine-wood. 
Massive,  but  crystallizes  in  needles  of  the 
ortliorhombic  system  from  a  naphtha  solution. 
Colour,  white. 

xy-los'-te-in,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.  xylosteum  (see 

"  def.) ;  Eng.  suff.  -in.] 

Chem. :  A  glucoside  obtained  from  the  ber- 
ries of  the  Fly  Honeysuckle  (Lojiicera  Xylos- 
teum). It  is  non-volatile,  ^'ery  bitter,  insol- 
uble in  water,  very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
and  yields  sugar  when  decomposed  by  acids. 

xy-l6-tech- no- graph- i-ca,   s.      [Pref. 
'xylo-:  Gr.   TtxvT]  {('■chnc)  =  a.n  aft,  and  7pa<^i- 
K6^(graphi}:os)=  capable  of  drawing  or  paiut- 
ing.] 

Art :  A  process  for  staining  wood  of  various 
colours,  invented  and  patented  by  Mr.  A.  F. 
Brophy.  It  was  announced  early  in  lS7a. 
iHaydn.) 

xy'-lo-tile,   s.      [Pref.   xylo-,   and  Gr.   ti'Aos 
'  [tilos)=^a  tibre.] 

Min. :  A  doubtful  minei-al ;  according  to 
Dana  is  probably  but  an  altered  asbestos. 

xy-l6- tru' -pes,  p-  [Pjcf.  xylo-,  and  Gr. 
Tpvndui  {t  nipao)  =  to  bore,  to  pierce] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Dynastidpe  or  Dyn.ns- 
tin*,  formerly  merged  in  Dynastes.  It  in- 
cludes large  lamellicorn  beetles.  Xylotrxipes 
gideon,  a  native  of  Malacca,  attacks  the  cocoa- 
nut  palm. 

xy'-lyl,  s.  [Gr.  |vAoi/  (ndon)  =  wood  ;  suff.  -yl.] 
Chem. :  CgHg.      The  hypothetic  radicle  of 
xylene. 

xy-lyl'-a-mine,  s.     [Eng.  xylyl,  and  amine.] 
Chem. :    This    name    belongs    to    a    base, 
C8H9-HoN=  CeHi-Jg^jNHo)   (not  yet  ob- 
tained),  related  to  benzylamine,  C7H7*H5N, 
in  the  same  manner  as  xylidine,  C8H9(NH2)  = 

C6H3(NH2)-J  ^^3.  is  related  to  toluidine,  C,jH4 
(NHo)-CH3.    OVatls.) 

xy'-lyl-ene,  s.    [Eng.  xylyl ;  -eve] 

Chrm. :  CgHg.     A  diatomic  radicle  related 


to  xvlvl,  CgUg.  in  till'  same  manner  as  ethy- 
lene "is  related  tn  ethyl.     (Il'aMs.) 

xylylene -diamine,  s. 

Chem.:  C^HxoNa  =  C8H]o(NH)...  Xylene- 
diamine.  A  crystalline  compound  formed  by 
the  action  t  \  tin  and  hydrochloric  acid  n"n 
dinitroxyleni  It  is  soluble  iu  water  and 
alcohol,  insol  We  in  ether. 

xy-lyl'-ic,  n.  [Eng.  xylyl ;-ic.]  Pertaining 
to  or  coutainiug  xylyl. 

xylylic-acld.  s. 

Chem.  :  C3H10O2  =  C6H3(CH3)2C02H.  A 
crystalline  body  obtained  by  oxidizing  cumeni- 
with  potassic  dichromate  and  sulphuric  acid. 
It  is  sparingly  soluble  in  boiling  water,  very 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  103', 
and  boils  at  273^.  On  treating  it  with  chromic 
acid,  it  is  converted  into  insolinic  acid. 

xyr'-xd,  s.    [Xvhls.] 

Bof.    (PL):    Tlie    order    Xyridacere    (q.v.). 

(Liudlcy.) 

xyr-i-da'-9e-fle,  s.  ji.  [Mod.  Lat.  xyris.. 
genit.  xyrid{is);  Lat.  feuL  pi.  adj.  sutT.  aceo'.] 
Bot.  :  Xyrids  ;  an  order  of  Endogeus  typical 
of  the  alliance  Xyridales.  Herbaceous,  sedgy 
plants,  with  tibrous  roots ;  leaves  radical, 
ensiform,  or  filiform,  with  enlarged,  scarious, 
sheathing  bases;  flowers  in  terminal,  imbii- 
cated,  scaly  heads ;  sepals  three,  glumaceous  ; 
corolla  gamopetalous,  with  three  thin,  long, 
and  coloured  petaloid  divisions ;  fertile  stamens 
three,  others,  alternate  with  the  divisions  <it 
the  corolla,  sterile  ;  style  trifid  ;  ovary  single, 
one-  celled,  with  parietal  placentae  bearing; 
numerous  ovules ;  fruit  capsular,  three- valved. 
Chiefly  natives  of  the  Tropics.  There  are  twu 
genera,  Aboldoba  and  Xyris  (q.v.). 

xyr'-id-al,  0.    [Xvridalfs.] 

Bot. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  genus  Xyris, 
or  to  the  order  Xyridacere,   as   the  xyridaS 

alliance.     {Liudley.) 

xyr-i-da'-leg,  s.  pi.  [Masc.  &  fern.  pi.  (d 
jMod.  Lat.  xyridalis.] 

Bot.  :  Lindley's  fourteenth  alliance  of  En 
dugens.  Hypogynous,  bisexual,  tri petaloid 
Endogens,  with  copious  albumen.  It  contain.s 
four  orders,  Philydracefe,  Xyridacew.  Coni- 
melynacese,  and  MayaceEe.    {Lindley.) 

y^'-is,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  fupi?  (xuris)  =  a. 
kind  of  flag.  Iris /(etidi^sima.) 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Xyridace.T  (q.v.). 
Sedge-like  plants,  with  narrow,  radical  leave.s, 
and  scapes  bearing  beads  of  yellow,  fugaceou- 
flowers.  Known  si>ecies  about  fifty,  chiel1,\ 
from  tropical  America,  but  a  few  from  tli»- 
hotter  parts  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere.  Tin- 
leaves  and  root  of  Xyris  imlicn  are  given  in 
India  against  ringworm,  itch,  and  leprosy ; 
those  of  A',  aniei'icana  and  A',  vuginata  are 
used  fnr  a  similar  purpose,  the  former  in 
Guiana,  the  latter  in  Bi-azil. 

xy^-ma-lo'-bi-um,  s.  [Gr.  ${,Tfj.a  {xitsm") 
=  a  filing,  a  shaving,  and  Ao^o?  (lohos)  —  a 
legume,  a  pod.  So  named  because  the  fruits 
are  covered  with  scales.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Asclepiadace?e.  Erect 
perennial  shrubs  with  large  flowers  in  umbels  ; 
corolla  bell-shaped,  with  spreading  segments, 
staminal  corona  at  the  top  of  the  tube  of  fili 
ments,  consisting  of  ten  parts  in  a  single 
series.  Known  species  eight  or  nine,  all  but 
one  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  re- 
maining one,  Xysmalobinm  Heudelotiannm,  is 
from  SeneganiViia,  where  its  root  is  eaten  by 
the  negroes.  A',  padifolium  is  cultivated  in 
English  gardens. 

xyst.  xyst'-6s»   xyst'-iis,  .-;.    [Lat.  xystus, 

Iroui  Gr.  ^kotos  (xxs^is),  from  fvw  (xno)  =  to 
scrape,  from  its  smooth  and  polished  floor.] 

Anc.  Arch.:  A  sort  of  covered  portico  nr 
open  court  of  great  length  in  proportion  lo 
the  width,  in  which  the  athletes  performed 
their  exercises. 

xys'-tarch,     s.     [Gr.    Iuo-to?    (xustos),  ami 

'  ap\u3  {in\h6)  =  to  rule.] 

Or.  Antiq.  :  An  Athenian  officer  who  pre- 
sided over  the  gymnastic  exercises  of  the 
xyst  (q.v.). 

xys'-ter,  s.     [Gr.,  from  ^liw  (jnw)  =  to  rub,  to 
scrape.] 
Svrq. :  An  instrument  for  scraping  bones. 


late,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  nxarine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wbic,  T7oIf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  <m  =  kw. 


Y— yamadou 


oil 


Y,  the  twenty-fifth  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet  is,  in  nuidfrn  English,  both  a  consonant 
and  a  vowel.  It  is  taken  Urtm  the  Latin, 
into  whifh  langtmgt-  it  was  adopted  fioin  the 
Greek  Y  (u)  or  upsilon.  It  sonietiiuea  repre- 
sents the  Anglo-Saxon  x,  which  is  snpnosed 
to  hn\*e  had  a  sound  resembling  that  of  the 
French  h  or  German  it. 

I.  At  the  beginning  of  syllables,  and  when 
foUowfd  by  a  vowel,  y  is  a  palatal  consonant, 
being  formed  by  bringing  the  middle  of  tlie 
ttmgiie  in  contact  with  the  palate,  nearly  In 
the  position  to  which  the  g  hard  brings  it. 
Hence,  the  A.S.  hard  g  has  often  been  softened 
to  y,  as  in  day  =  A.S.  thig,  may  =:  A.S.  vwg, 
&c.  In  words  of  Romance  origin  j/ frequently 
represents  : 

1.  French  -?c  =  Lat.  -in,  as  in  baro7iy, 
campaity,  copy,  jolly,  family,  viemory,  victoru, 
&c. 

2.  Lat.  -iitru,  as  tingury,  horology,  reviedy, 
stUily,  &c. 

3.  Lat.  -atiis,  as  attorney,  deputy,  all;/, 
qiiarry. 

i.  Fr.  -if ;  Lat.  -ivtis,  as  Jiasty  {=  O.  Fr. 
Tutstif),  jnlly  (=  Jlid.  Eng.  Jolif;  O.  Fr.  joli, 
fem.  jolire),  ft-gtii,  &c. 

5.  Many  wi  irds  ending  in  y  have  come  through 
Lat.  nouns  in  -ia  (=  Fr.  -ie),  from  Gr.  -la, 
•€io,  as  miahgy,  apology,  blasphemy,  philo' 
Sophy,  &c. 

6.  As  an  adjectival  termination,  y  generally 
reju-esents  the  A.S.  -ig,  as  in  stony  =  A.S. 
stdiiig,  hjtiigry  =.  A.S.  hungi'ig.  So  also  in 
some  nouns  it  represents  A.S.  -ig,  as  in  hoiwy 
=  A.S.  hunig.  In  the  suffix,  -ly  it  is  both  an 
adjectival  and  an  adverbial  suttix,  and  repre- 
sents the  A.S.  -ic,  -ice,  m  -ichf,  as  godly  — 
A.S.  godlic,  f}-iendly:=  A.S.  freondlic,  hardly 
■=.  A.S.  htardlic*:.  In  nouns  ending  in  -ty, 
this  ending  represents  the  Fr.  -te,  Lat.  -tatem 
(nominative  -tas),  as  in  vanity  (=  Fr.  ra7ti7(', 
Lat.  vanitatem,  accus.  oi vanitas),  calamity,  &c. 

IL  In  the  middle,  and  at  the  end  of  words, 
3/  is  a  vowel,  and  is  precisely  the  same  as  i. 
AVhen  accented  it  is  pronounced  as  i  long,  as 
in  de-/y',  dy-htg,  &c.,  and  when  unaccented 
as  i  short,  as  in  gliir'-p,  jol'-hj,  cit'-y,  &c. 

%  Y  was  sometimes  called  the  Pythagorean 
letter,  from  its  Greek  original  in  its  form  of 
three  limbs  representing  the  sacred  triad 
formed  by  the  duad  proceeding  from  the 
monad. 

^  (1)  As  fl  symbol :  In  chem.,  Y  is  the  symbol 
of  Yttrium  (q.v.). 

(2)  As  a  numeral:  Y  stands  for  150,  and 
with  a  dash  over  it  (Y)  for  150,000. 

y-»  i"***/-  [See  def.)  A  common  prefix  in  Mid. 
Eiig.  words,  and  representing  the  A.S.  -e  nr 
ge-,  as  in  yclept,  yclad.     It  is  the  same  as  Gt:- 

(q.V.). 

*  ya,  (tdc.     [Yea.] 

yac'-a-re,  s.    [Jacare,] 

yac-ca,  >.     [Native  name.]     (See  etj-m.  and 

COlilltutiiid.) 

yacca-wood,  s. 

hot.  (£■  Comm.  :  The  wood  of  Podocarpus 
coriacea,  used  in  the  West  Indies  as  an  orna- 
mental timber  for  cabinet  work. 

yacht  (ch  silent).  *  yatcht,  s.  [Dut.  jagt 
(rnrmerly  sp-U./aWif),  so  named  from  its  speed, 
from  Dut. jogten  (formerly  jat/iffii)  =  to  speed, 
to  hunt;  Jagt  (formerly  jacht)  =  a.  hunting, 
from  ja^en  =  to  hunt  or  chase  deer,  hares, 
&c.  ;  cogn.  with  Ger.  ja^en  =  to  hunt;  pro- 
bably allied  to  Ger.juVi?;  0.  H.  Ger.  gdhi  = 
(luick,  sudden,  rash  ;  Ger.  gehen  =  to  go';  Dut. 
gnan,  gaen  =  to  go.  (Skeat.)]  A  decked  plea- 
sure vessel ;  a  light  and  elegantly  titted-up 
vessel,  used  either  for  racing  or  for  pleasure 
trips,  or  as  an  official  or  state  vessel  to  convey 
royal  personages  or  Government  officials  from 
l>lace  to  place.  The  rigs  are  various,  and 
many  pleasure  yadits  now  have  steam-power 
as  an  accessory,  or  for  use  during  calms. 
Racing  yachts  are  built  witli  very  tine  lines, 
enormous  spars  and  sails,  and  have  the  hull 
deeply  ballasted,  thus  saciittcing  everything 
to  speed.  The  yacht  navy  of  Great  Brifaiu 
includes  vessels  from  three  to  000  tons. 


yacht-club*  s.  a  club  or  society  of 
yacht-nwners  for  racing  purposes,  &c.,  coni- 

niandeil  by  a  commodore. 

■■  I  trust  that  Biniitf  mn«l  s/acht-rlnb  will  uot  fulu 
this  oi>[H»rtuiilty."— /"wW,  OcL  3. 1885. 

yacht  (W^  silent),  v.i.  [Yacht,  s.]  To  sail  or 
cruise  about  in  a  yacht. 

yacht'-er  (<■;<  silent),  s.  [Eng.  yacht ;  -er.]  One 
whu  coniniands  a  ya^ht ;  one  who  sails  or 
cruises  about  in  a  yacht. 

yachts'-man  (rh  silent),  s.  [Eng.  yacht,  and 
man.]  One  who  keeps  or  sails  a  yacht;  tine 
who  is  skilled  in  the  management  of  a  yacht. 

"  The  way  the  ladtea  haiidleJ  the  boats  vna  the  a<l- 
[iiinitiuti  of  liiHiiy  '/itchttmert  aud  others.'" — Dtiiltj  Tvti- 
■jriiph.  Sept.  U,  18S.S. 

yachts'-m^n-ship  (ch  silent),  5.  [Eng. 
yachtsman  ;  -ship.]  The  art  or  science  of  sail- 
ing or  man.iging  a  yacht. 

"  Tlif  partisftiia  of  English  j/achtgrnmiMhip  need  iiot 
W  dist-oucerte*!.  ■— .s?.  James's  Cazette.  Sept,  8.  iwH. 

t  yachts' -worn -an  (ch  silent),  s.  [Eng. 
yaeht,  s.,  and  wo'man.]  A  woman  skilled  in 
or  fond  of  yachting. 

"It  [the  Sea-Eo^le)  13  much  exposed  to  the attncks 
of  marauding  yachtsmen  aud  j/achfticomrn." — Athen- 
ceum.  Sept  1,  1888.  p.  294 

ya-cu-ma'-ma,  s.    [South  Amer.  Indian  = 
Mother  of  Wat eis.] 
Anthrop. :  The  Vr'atermanuna  (q.v.). 

"  yif;  pret  o/v.    [GivE.J 

*  yci£E^  v.i.  [From  the  sound  made.]  [Yap.] 
To  bark  like  a  dog  in  a  passion ;  to  yelp ; 
lience,  to  talk  pertly.    (Scotch.) 

yar-fle,    y^-fO,   yaf -fin-sale,    yaf- 

fler,  ^.     [Fur  etym.  see  def.  and  extract.] 

Urnith.  :  Provincial  names  for  Gecinus  viri- 
dis,  the  Green  Woodpecker,  from  its  ordinary 
cry,  which  is  a  cheerful,  laughing  call,  several 
times  repeated,  and  which  was  formerly  be- 
lieved to  be  a  sure  sign  of  rain. 


" '  ''■y^'  *  ot  '  i'uffitiffale '  refers  to  the  hird's  common 

ry,  which  has  been  well  cc  '  '       """      

ud  many  others  to  the  sou 
Brit.  Birda  |ed.  4th)  it  46L 


cry,  which  has  been  well  comi>ared  by  Gilbert  White 
.lud  many  others  to  the  souuu  of  laughter."— J'arrWI 


ya'-ger,  5.  [Ger.  jager  =  a.  huntsman,  from 
jagen  =  to  hunt.]  A  member  of  certain  regi- 
ments of  light  infantry  in  the  armies  of  vari- 
ous German  states.  The  name  is  derivetl  from 
their  being  originally  composed  of  jiigers  or 
huntsmen.     [Cf.  Chasseur.] 

ySg'-ger,  5.  [Dut.  jager  =  a  huntsman,  a 
driver.]  [Yager.]  A  wanderer  about  the 
country  ;  a  travelling  pedlar.    (Scotch.) 

ya'-hod,  5.  [A  word  of  no  etymology.]  A 
name  given  by  Swift  in  his  Gulliver's  Traiels 
to  a  race  of  brutes,  described  as  having  human 
fonns  and  vicious  and  degraded  proj-ensities. 
They  were  subject  to  the  Houyhnhnms,  or 
horses  endowed  with  human  reason.  Hence 
the  term  is  applied  to  a  rough,  low,  boorish, 
or  uneducated  person. 

'■  The  passionate  exclamation  of  a  mere  yahoo  of  a 
3tabIe-l>oj-."— Grai'es  ;  Spiritual  (Quixote,  bk.  iv..  ch.  x, 

%  Also  used  adjectively. 


Yaj-ur, ' Yaj  -ush,  s.  [Sansc. yaj  =  to sacri- 
lice.]    (See  etym.  and  compound.) 

Yajur-Veda,  f^. 

Himlito  Sacred  Literature:  The  third  portion 
of  the  Veda,  generally  called  the  third  Veda. 
It  consists  not  merely  of  vei-ses  from  the  Rig 
Veda,  but  also  of  prose  sentences  used  at  the 
offering  of  certain  sacrifices.  There  are  two 
editions  called  the  Black  and  the  White 
Yajur.     [Veda.] 

yak,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zoo/. :  Poephagus  (t  Bos)  gru  n  n  iens,  a  species 
of  ox  from  the  mountainous  regions  of  Tibet. 
There  are  two  races  :  the  wild  yak,  generally 
black,  which  is  found  near  the  snow  line, 
descending  into  the  valleys  in  winter,  and  a 
domesticated  race  of  various  colours,  black 
and  white  being  most  common.  The  yak  is 
about  the  size  of  tlie  common  ox,  to  wliich  it 
has  a  general  resemblance,  but  it  is  covered 
with  a  thick  coat  of  long,  silky  hair,  hanging 
down  like  the  fleece  of  a  sheep,  completely 
investing  the  tail,  and  forming  a  lengthy 
fringe  along  the  shoulders,  flanks,  and  thighs. 
Mr.  Bartlett  considers  that  this  fringe,  which 
exists  in  both  races,  was  developed  as  a  pro- 


tection to  the  animal  in  its  alpine  haunts,  an 
the  long  hair  forms  n  sort  of  mat  which  de- 
fends the  body  frttm  the  effects  of  cold  when 
the  animal  is  reposing  in  the  snow.  The 
domesticated  race  is  of  great  importance  to 
the  natives  of  Tibet.  The  yak  i;*  employed  as 
a  beast  of  burden,  but  never  for  tillage  or 
draught ;  the  milk  is  very  rich,  and  yields 
excellent  butter ;  the  flesh   is  of  the  llnest 


quality,  and  that  of  the  calves  far  superior  to 
ordinary  veal.  The  Iiair  is  sptm  into  ropes, 
anil  made  into  coverings  for  tents,  and  the 
soft  fur  of  the  hump  and  withers  is  woven 
into  a  tine  strong  cloth.  The  tails,  often  dyed 
red,  are  made  into  the  chowries,  or  fly-flap- 
pers, used  in  India.  Yaks  are  often  seen  in 
zoological  gardens  and  menageries,  and  have 
repeatedly  bred  in  Etn-oi»c,  and  it  is  probable 
that  they  might  be  advantageously  introduced 
into  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  and  the  north- 
ern parts  of  the  Continent  of  Europe. 

yak -lace,  s.     A  coarse  strong  lace  made 
from  til.'  hail  of  the  Yak  (q.v.) 


yald. 


[Ykld,  a.] 


'  yald,  '  yalde,  pvtt.  &  pa.  par.  0/  v.  [Yield.] 

yald,  yauld,  a.  [Icel.  gildr  =  stout,  brawny, 
strong  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  gild.]  Supple,  active, 
athletic.    (Srotch.) 

yall,  a.     [Yeld.] 

*  yalte,  pret.  of  v.    [Yield.] 

yam,  ^^  [Fr.  igname  ;  Sp.  name,  from  Port,  in- 
hume, probably  from  some  African  language.] 

Botany: 

1.  The  root  of  various  species  of  Dioscorea, 
of  which  nuire  than  150  are  known,  also  the 
plants  themselves.  They  are  herbs  or  nnder- 
shrubs  with  fleshy  tuberous  roots,  stems 
twining  to  the  left  hand  ;  leaves  generally 
alternate,  always  entire,  and  with  several 
strongly  marked  veins  running  throughout 
their  entire  length.  -  Inflorescence  consisting 
of  spikes  of  small 
unisexual  flowers, 
with  a  perianth 
enclosing  in  the 
males  six  stamens 
and  in  the  female 
a  three-celled  ov- 
ary. Tliey  are 
chiefly  natives  of 
America  and  of 
Asia,  but  a  few  are 
African,  and  three 
or  four  Australian. 
The  Common  Yam, 
Dioscorea  satira,  is 
a  native  of  Mala- 
bar, Java,  and  the  Philippines;  D.  (data 
of  the  Moluccas  and  Java  ;  I).  g!obfJsa.  D. 
purpurea,  D.  rnhella,  D.  fasciculata  of  India; 
D.  Batatas  of  China  and  Japan  ;  but  most 
ot  these  are  now  introduced  into  tropical 
countries  to  which  they  are  not  indigenous. 
The  largest  of  the  esculent  roots  of  the  several 
species  of  yam  are  two  or  three  feet  acro.s.s, 
occasionally  reaching  thirty  pounds  weight. 
They  are  used  as  substitutes  for  potatoes  in 
the  regions  where  they  grow.  They  are  eaten 
either  roasted  or  boiled,  and  the  flower  also 
is  made  into  bread  and  puddings. 

2.  (PI-):  Tlie  order  Dioscoreaceae.  (Lindley.) 

y^m'-a-ddu,  x.    [Guiauan  name.] 

Bot. :  An  oil  expressed  from  the  seetls  of 
Myristica  sehifera,  a  tree  about  ten  feet  high, 
growing  in  Guiana. 


YAM. 


boil,  boy:  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9011,  chorus,  yhin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this:  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing, 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.      tion,  -sion=  shun;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhiin.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -cUe,  v'ic,  -  bel,  dcL 


612 


yamer— yare 


y&m'-er,  yim'-mor,  yam-our,  yom-er, 

',.  (A.S.  <}fOinenan  —  to  lament,  fnmi  ge6itier 
to.  I,.  G.r.  idm>i,\  O.  H.  Ger.  jamirrr)  =.  \a- 
riiciitablt' ;  <>.  H.  Ger.  jdmaroii  =to  lament; 
Crr.  jcmnf/iY'J.]  To  lament,  to  fret,  to  cry,  to 
>rll,  to  whine.    (Scotch  or  ProvLncial) 

"  The  eh  till  .  .  .  (loesi/atnnwrcoiitttantly.thiit  can't 
».e  .Uyiied.'— J/'W  A-rnVr :  Marriage,  eh.  xix. 

yane,  v.i.    [Yawn,  v.] 

yihk(l),  -%    (Yank,  v.] 

1.  A  ji-rk,  atwitcli.    (Amr.) 

2.  A  quick,  sharp  stroke  or  blow.    (Scotch.) 

3.  (PI.):  Akina  of  leggings.    (Prov.) 

yank  (2),  5.  An  abbreviation  of  Yankee  (4. v.). 

y&nk,  v.t.  &  i.  lEtym.  dovibtful ;  pcrliaps  a 
iiasalizeil  form  akin  to  Ger.  j(M?eft  =  to  hunt.] 
IYacht.] 

A.  Transitii^ : 

1.  To  twitch  or  jerk  powerfully.    (Aiwr.) 

2.  To  snatch  away  unexpectedly.    (-4m*:/-.) 

B.  IntransUii'e : 

1.  To  work  cleverly  and  actively.  Often 
with  on  :  as,  She  yanked  on  at  the  work. 

2.  To  speak  in  a  yelping  or  affected  tone  ; 
to  scold,  to  nag. 

Van'-kee,  «.  &  a.  [A  word  of  doubtful  origin. 
According  to  Mr.  Heckewelder  (Indian  Na- 
tions, p.  112,  quoted  in  Barthti :  Du:t.  of 
Arwericamsyiu^  s.v.),  the  word  was  the  first 
effort  of  the  Indians  "to  imitate  the  sound  of 
the  national  name  of  the  English,  which  they 
pronounced  Yenqpps."  Acconling  to  Dr.  W. 
Gordon  (Hist.  Avier.  War,  17S9,  i.  324-5, 
quoted  by  Skeat),  it  was  a  favourite  cant  word 
in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  as  early  as  1713,  and 
meant  "excellent,"  as  a  yanhee  good  horse, 
i/ankce  good  rider,  &c.  He  supposes  that  it 
was  adopted  by  the  students  there  as  a  by- 
word, and,  being  carried  by  them  from  the 
college,  obtained  currency  in  the  New  Eng- 
land colonies,  until  at  length  it  was  taken  up 
in  other  parts  of  the  country,  and  applied  to 
New  Englanders  generally  as  a  term  of  slight 
reproach.  Skeat,  with  reference  to  this  ac- 
count of  the  origin  of  the  word,  compares 
Lowland  Scotch  yanlcie  =a  sharp,  clever,  for- 
ward woman  ;  j/ft«fc«r  =  an  agile  girl,  an  in- 
cessant talker,  also=  a  smart  stroke,  a  great 
falsehood,  the  fundamental  idea  being  that  of 
quick  mution.  [Yacht,  s.,  Yank  (1),  s.]  Web- 
ster refers  to  another  etymology :  that  it  is 
"a  corruption  of  Jankin.  a  dimin.  of  John^  a 
nickname  given  to  the  English  colonists  of 
Connecticut  by  the  Dutch  settlers  of  New 
York;"  but  this  is  rejected  by  Skeat  as 
looking  "  very  like  a  pure  invention."] 
A*  As  substantive : 

1.  Tlie  i>npular  name  for  the  citizens  of  New 
England  (L'.S.A.),  but  applied  by  foreigners 
to  all  ihc  inhabitants  of  the  United  States. 
During  the  American  Revolution  it  was 
apjdied  to  all  the  insurgents,  and  during  the 
Civil  War  it  was  the  term  commonly  applied 
by  the  Confederate  soldiers  to  the  Federals. 

2.  A  glass  of  whiskey  sweetened  with  mo- 
lasses.    (Anier.) 

B,  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Yankees, 
or  Americans. 

Yankee -doodle,  s. 

1.  Tlie  name  given  to  a  famous  air,  now  re- 
garded astlie  national  air  of  the  United  States. 
Very  many  accounts  have  been  given  of  its 
origin  :  some  have  professed  to  trace  it  to  the 
time  of  the  Great  Rebellion,  and  liave  asserted 
that"Nankee  Doodle"  was  a  nickname  for 
Cromwell,  and  that  the  rhyme 

■■  Nankee  Doodle  came  to  town,  on  a  little  pony, 
He  stuck  a  feather  in  his  cap,  aud  cAlIed  him  ui.ica- 

roui," 

referred  to  his  entry  into  Oxford,  The  term 
"macaroni"  sufficiently  confutes  the  theory, 
for  the  Macaroni  Club  did  not  come  into 
existence  till  the  middle  of  the  eighteeutli 
century.  In  all  probability  the  tune  is  of 
English  origin,  and  not  more  than  a  hundred 
and  fifty  years  old.  Tlie  tirst  mention  of  it 
in  print  is  said  to  occur  in  the  Boston  i/o?trnai 
of  the  Times  for  September,  176S  : 

"  Those  uAssinK  in  boats  observed  great  rejoicings, 
and  thnt  the  t'nukce  Doodle  song  was  tine  capital  piece 
in  the  band  of  music." 

The  words,  probably  composed  by  Dr.  Schuck- 
burg  who  served  under  General  Andierst,  in 
the  French  and  Indian  war  of  17r.6,  arc  now 
never  heard.  According  to  Mr.  Barclay  Squire, 


"as  a  melody  it  has  little  beyond  simplicity 
in  its  favour,"  but  there  is  a  quaint  direct  and 
incisive  character  about  it  which  redeems  it 
from  vulgarity,  besides  which  the  historical 
associations  of  the  tune,  connected  as  it  is 
with  the  establisliment  of  American  ludcppn- 
deiice.  should  have  saved  it  from  some  of  the 
criticisms  to  which  it  has  been  subjected." 
(Grove:  Diet.  Music.) 
2.  A  Yankee. 

Yankee-doodledom,  ^  A  term  applied 
bv  the  Southern  States  (U.S.A.)  to  New  Eng- 
land. 

Yankee-gang,  -«.  An  arrangement  in  a 
saw-mill  (Canada)  adapted  for  logs  of  21  inches 
diameter  and  under.  It  consists  of  two  sets 
of  gang-saws,  having  parallel  ways  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  u(  each  other.  One  is  the 
slabbing-gang,  and  reduces  the  log  to  a  balk 
and  slab-boards.  The  balk  is  then  shifted  to 
the  stock-gang,  which  rips  it  into  lumber. 

Yan'-kee-fied,  a.  [Eng.  YanUe;  -fy,  -ed.] 
Like  a  Yankee  ;  aft«r  tlie  Yankee  fashion. 

■■  The  Colonel  whittled  away  at  a  bit  of  i^ti^^l^  '"  the 
most  i'anki^Jied  way  possible." — A  Stmt/  I'ankee  in 
Texas,  p.  113.    (Bartlett.) 

Yan'-kee-i^m,  ■?.  [Eng.  Yankee;  -is^n.]  An 
idiom  or  practice  of  the  Yankees. 

"  Approaching  very  fast  the  aubliuie  of  yankneism" 
—Thomas  Moore.-  Diary,  vii.  231. 

yan'-ker,  yan'-kie,  s.    [Yank,  v.\ 

1.  A  sharp,  clever,  forward  woman. 

2.  An  agile  girl ;  an  incessant  speaker. 

3.  A  smart  stroke. 

4.  A  great  falsehood. 
■f  Scotch  in  all  senses. 

*  yan'-ky,  s.    [Yankee.] 

Naut. :  Some  species  of  ship. 
"  Yawing  like  a  Dutch  yanfei/."Srnolh'ti :  Sir  L. 
0 reaves,  ch.  iii. 

yan'-o-lite,  s.     [Gr.  lov  (ion)  =:  a  violet,  and 
KiOos  (lithos)  =  a  stone  ;  Gej-.  yanolitlie.] 
Mi)i. :  The  same  as  Axinitk  (q.v.). 

yaourt,  5.  [Turk.]  A  fermented  liquor  or 
milk-beer,  similar  to  koumiss,  made  by  the 
Turks.    (Simmonds.) 

*  yap,  v.i.  [Icel.  gjalpa  =  to  yelp ;  cf.  Fr. 
japper  =  to  bark.]    To  yelp,  to  bark. 

*  yap,  s.  [Y'ap,  v.]  The  cry  of  a  dog  ;  a  bark, 
a  yelp. 

ya'-pock,  s.  [Named  from  the  river  Yapock, 
or  Oyapoek,  separating  French  Guiana  from 
Brazil,  where  the  species  was  first  found.] 

Zool. :  Cheironecies  vari^atus  (or  \  palmatus), 
from  Guiana  and  Brazil.  It  is  rather  larger 
than  a  common  rat,  with  large,  naked  ears, 
and  a  long,  nearly  naked,  tail  ;  fur  brown 
above,  with  three  transverse  bright  gray 
bands,  interrupted  in  the  middle,  white  be- 
low. Its  habits  closely  resemble  those  of  tlie 
otter,  and  it  feeds  on  crustaceans  and  other 
aquatic  animals.     [Cheibonectes,  2.] 

yap-on,  s.     [^^.tive  name  (?)] 

Hot. :  The  South  Sea  tea,  Ilex  vomitoria. 
[Ilex.] 

*  yar,  v.i,    [Yarr,  v.] 

yar,  yare,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Sour,  braL'k- 
ish.     (Proi'.) 

**  yar'-age  (age  as  ig),  s.    [Eng.  yar(e) ;  -age.] 
Naut. :  The  managable  character  of  a  ship 
at  sea. 

"  To  the  end  that  he  might,  with  his  light  ships 
well  manned  with  watermen,  turn  and  environ  the 
gallies  of  the  enemie.*.  the  which  were  heavy  of  uar- 
age.  both  fur  their  bicneEs,  as  also  for  the  luck  of 
watermen  to  row  them.  '—North :  Plutarcli,  p.  all. 

yarb,  s.    [See  def]     A  provincial  corruption 

of  herb. 

"  Some  skill  in  yarbs.  as  she  called  her  simples."— 
K'tn;jsley  :   iVestiii<trd  Hot  ch.  \v. 

yard  (1),  *  yarde  (l),  *  yerd  (l),  '  yerde 
(1),  s.  [A.S.  gyrd,  gierd  =  &  stick,  a  rod; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  !7;n(?e  =  a  twig,  a  rod;  Ger. 
gerte=a.  rod,  a  switch;  O.  H.  Ger.  girta, 
kerta  =  a  rod,  gart  =  a  goad  ;  Icel.  gaddr  =  a 
goad,  spike,  sting  ;  A.S.  gdd  =  a  goad  ;  Goth. 
ga^ds  =  a  goad,  prick,  sting.]    [Gad,  Goad.] 

I.  OnUaary  Langiioge : 

*  1.  A  rod,  a  stick.    (Chaucer  :  C.  T. ,  UO.) 


"  2.  ^  long  piccf  of  timber,  as  a  rafter  or 
the  like. 

3.  A  pole  or  rod  for  measuring  a  yartl  ;  a 
yard-stick  or  yard-measure. 

i.  The  British  and  American  standard  of 
measure,  being  equal  to  three,  feet  or  tliiity- 
six  inches.  [Mkasure,  s.,  D  1. ;  Foot.]  As  a 
cloth  measure  the  yard  is  divided  into  four 
quarters  =  sixteen  nails.  A  square  yard  con- 
tains nine  square  feet,  and  a  cubic -yard 
twenty-seven  cubic  feet.  A  yard  =  9l'4:i02 
centimetres,  a  square  yard  =  836l'13  square 
centimetres,  and  a  cubic  yard  =  7G4,.'i3.'i  ctubic 
centimetres. 

"  For  if  I  meaanre  ftuytbing  hy  .1  yard,  I  know 
whether  the  thing  I  meiisure  be  lonaer  or  shorter  than 
that  supuoaed  yard,  though  pevliaps  the  yard  I 
lue-isiue  i>y  be  not  ex^Uy  the  BUiudartl."— iocfcc; 
On  //«»!.  lj'ndi:rst.,  bk.  ii.,  cli.  xxviit. 

5.  The  male  organ  of  generation,  the  penis. 

II.  Naut. :  A  spar  slung  from  a  mast  aud 
serving  to  extend  a  sail.  Yards  are  eitlK-r 
square,  lateen,  or  lug-sail.  Yards  for  square 
sails  are  suspended  across  the  mast  at  right 
angles,  and  are  of  a  cylindrical  form,  tapering 
froni  the  mirldle,  which  is  termed  tlie  slings, 
towards  the  extremities,  which  are  calletl  the 
yard-arms. 

•  ^  Under  one's  yard:  In  one's  power  ;  sub- 
ject to  one's  authority  or  power. 

'■  Ho'^te,  quod  he,  I  am  under  i/nur  yi-rde." 

Chaitcer  :  C.  T.,  7,898. 

yard-arm,  ';. 

iV(/u/. ;  Either  end  of  a  yard,  or  rather  that 
part  of  it  which  is  outside  the  sheave-hole. 

"  His  imagination  was  full  of  sails,  yard-arms,  and 
rudders."— J/aca«fni/ :  llitt.  Etfj.,  cli.  xxiii. 

^  Yard-arm  ami  yard-arm  : 

Nant. :  The  situation  of  two  ships  lying 
alougsitle  of  eacli  other  so  near  that  their 
yard-aiiiis  cmss  or  touch. 

*  yard-land,  s.  A  measure  nr  quantity 
of  land  varying  in  different  counties  from 
fifteen  to  folly  acres ;  a  virgate. 

yard -measure,  yard^stiek,   >.     a 

stick   or  rod,  three  feet  in  length,  ustd  to 
measure  clotli,  &c. 
yard-tackle,  :<. 

Nnut.:  A  threefold  tackle  depending  from 
the  end  of  a  lower  yard-arm,  for  lifting  boata 

and  other  wciglits. 

yard  (2),  *  yarde  (2),  yerd  (2),  yerde  (2), 
s.  [A.S.  geard  —  an  inclosure,  a  court ;  cngn. 
with  Dut.  gaard  —  a  yard,  a  garden  ;  Icel. 
gardhr  (=  Prov.  Eng.  garth);  Dan.  gaard; 
Sw.  gtud;  O.  H.  Ger.  garto ;  Mid.  H.  Ger. 
garte ;  Ger.  garten;  Russ.  gorod'^a.  town; 
Lat.  hortus=  a  garden  ;  Gr.  xopTos  (thortos)  = 
a  courtyard,  an  enclosure.  Doublets,  garden 
and  gafth.] 

1.  A  small  piece  of  enclosed  ground,  par- 
ticularly adjoining  or  attached  to  a  house, 
whether  in  front,  behind,  or  around  it. 

"  In  onr  yard  I  saw  a  murderous  beast, 
Th.^t  on  my  body  would  h.ave  made  arreat." 
Dri/dcn:  Cock  A  Fox.  IH. 

2.  An  inclosed  piece  of  ground  wherein  any 
business,  work,  or  manufacture  is  carried  on: 
as,  a  brick-i/f(n/,  a  dock-i/rtr(/,  (fee. 

3.  A  garden,  ixarticularly  a  kitchen-garden. 
{Scotxh.) 

yard,  v.t.  [Yard  (2),  s.\  To  inclose  or  shut 
up  in  a  yard  ;  to  keep  in  a  yard. 

■■  ■  Yarded'  sheep  should  have  a  constant  supply  of 
water  always  in  troughs  before  them, "— ficW,  Jan,  16, 

*yard'-el,  5.  [Eng.  yard(l),  s. ;  dimin,  sutT. 
-d.\     A  yard  ineasuro. 

■'  Measuring  Hues  like  linen,  hy  a  yardcW'—llQb- 
berds  :  M<:m'n>S.  i.  -l^S. 

tyard'-wand,  s.  [Eng.  yard  (l),  s.,  and 
wami.\  A  vard-stick.  {Tennyson:  Maud,  I. 
i.  13.) 

*yare,  a.  &  adv.  [A.S.  gearu,  gcaro  =  ready, 
quiclv,  prompt ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  gaar  =  (a.) 
done,  dressed  (as  meat),  (oilv.)  wholly  :  IceL 
</(*■/■  =  (a.)  perfect,  giirva,  gerva,  gjdrro  (adv.) 
=  quite,  wholly;  Mid.  H.  Ger.  gar,  gare; 
O.  H.  Ger.  (/aro,./caro  =  prepared,  ready  ;  Ger. 
gor:=  wholly.] 
A,  --Is  adjective : 

1.  Ready,  prepared. 

"  This  Tereus  let  make  his  ships  yare." 

Chaucer:  Legend  of  Philomene. 

2.  Ready,  quick,  dexterous,  active,  eager. 
(Said  of  persons.) 

'•  Be  yare  in  thy  lireparrttlon."— .S7i.jtcsp. .'  Twcl/ih 
A-i<!hf,  iii,  4. 


fS-te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  mariiie;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  ciire.  ijnite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


yarely— yaws 


013 


3.  Easily  wrought,  nuinagcd,  or  liandled  ; 
answeriii,:i  readily  to  the  hcliri  ;  swilt,  lively. 
(Said  of  a  ship.) 

'■  Tlie  Persian  pUlejB  teiiiK  l»lgli-ci\i-goed,  heavy,  nud 
u.it  .v-iri' of  stei'ttigo.  — .V(»r()t.-  I'lutttrch,  \<.  U'l. 

B.  As  adv.  :  Quickly,  actively,  briskly. 

"  l'<trc.  f/are.  good  Itm,  quick  !  " 

.SA(iA'(S/». ;  Anioiii/  *  Cleopatra,  v.  9. 

yare'-ly,  adv.      [Eng.  yare;  -ly.]     Quickly, 

actively,  briskly. 

"  Fill!  to  it  t/are!!/:  -^ifhakeip.  :  Tempest,  1. 1. 

yar-i-yar-i,  s.    [Soedef.] 

Li"(. :  A  t_JuiaHa  name  fitr  the  strong  elastic 
wi.'nd  !.•{  Du'jnetia  iiuitarciisis. 

yark.  v.t.    [Yerk.] 

yar'-ke,  s.  [Seedef.l  The  native  name  of  difTer- 
ent  South  Americau  monkeys  of  the  genus 
Pithccia. 

yam,  *yarne,  s,  [A.S.  geam,  gern;  cogn. 
with  Dut!  gareii;  U-el.,  Dan.,  &  Sw.  gum; 
Ger.  gam.  Allied  to  Gr.  x°P^V  (sJiordi)  =  a 
string;  orig.  =  a  string  of  gut;  Icel.  goni, 
gam Ir  =  gnts.  Fiom  the  same  root  come 
cord,  chord,  yard,  garden,  &c.] 
I.  Literally: 

1.  Any  textile  tibre  i)repared  for  weaving 
into  ctotli.  [Thread.)  Cotton  yarn  is  num- 
bered according  to  the  number  of  hanks  con- 
tained in  a  pound  of  7,000graiug.  Each  hank, 
or  skein,  measures  840  yards.  Worsted  yarn 
has  560  yards  to  the  skein ;  woollen  yarn 
has  1,600  yards  to  the  skein  or  run.  Linen 
yarn  is  wound  uj^on  reels,  and  made  up  into 
leas,  hanks,  and  bundles.  Flax  and  jute  yarn 
is  numbered  according  to  the  number  of  leas 
of  300  yards  per  pound. 

"  All  the  yarn  she  spun." 

Shakesp. :  Coriolanue,  i.  S. 
*  2.  A  net  made  of  yarn. 

"  They  eitch  it  in  tlieir  net,  and  do  s.icri6ce  unto 
their  iur?!."— fiecoH  :  Works,  i.  464. 
3.  lu  rope-making,  one  of  the  threads  of 
which  a  rope  is  composed. 
II.  Figuratively : 

^  1.  The  material  of  which  anything  is  com- 
posed. 

"In  thi3  hovise  the  nam  of  life  was  of  a  mingled 
qu.iUty." — De  fjuitice;/ :  Spanish  Nun. 

2.  A  story  spun  out  by  a  sailor ;  a  long  story 
or  tale,  especially  one  of  doubtful  truth  or  ac- 
curacy :  To  spin  a  yam  =  to  tell  a  long  story. 

iCulloq.) 

yam-clearer,  s.  A  fork  or  pair  of 
blades,  set  nearly  touching,  so  as  to  remove 
burls  or  unevenness  from  yarn  passing  be- 
tween them. 

yam-dresser,  s.  A  machine  for  sizing 
ani.1  polishing  yarn. 

yarn-meter,  s.  A  counter  to  show  the 
quantity  of  yarn  each  spindle  has  been 
making. 

yarn-printer,  s.  A  machine  for  printing 
warps  previous  to  weaving.  This  plan  is 
adopted  with  some  kinds  of  cheap  goods  to 
make  stripes  across  the  fabric,  as  with  coin- 
niou  carpets.  A  cheap  kind  of  figured  tapes- 
try-carpet is  also  made  by  printing  in  the 
patterns  so  as  to  come  right  when  the  warp  is 
raised  up  in  loops  upon  the  face  of  the  goods. 

yarn-reel,  .1.  A  machine  for  winding 
yain  from  tlie  cop  or  bobbin. 

yarn-scale,  js.  One  for  showing  the 
weight  of  a  eertain  length  of  yaj'u,  say  a  liank. 

yarn-spooler,  s.  A  winding  machine 
for  filling  spools  or  bobbins  for  shuttles  or 
other  purposes. 

yarn,  v.i.  [Yarn,  s.]  To  spin  a  yarn  ;  to  tell 
tales,    (Often  with  idea  of  exaggeration.) 

"[He]  who  has  f/arned  aforetime  'On  the  Fok'sle 
Head'  and  'Round  the  Galley  Fiv^.'  '  —  Daily  Tele- 
graph, Dec.  is,  1883. 

*yarn'-en,  a.  [Eng.  yarn;  -en.]  Made  or 
consisting  of  yarn. 

"  A  pair  of  yanicn  stocks  to  keep  the  cold  away." 
Turlii-viUe :  Letter  out  0/  Muscvy. 

yar'-niit,  s.    [Yoenut.] 

yar'-pha,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  kind  of 
peaty  soil ;  a  soil  in  which  peat  predominates. 
(Orkney  £  Skeilaii'l.) 

yarr,  s.  [Abbreviated  from  yarrow  (q.v.), 
Willi  which  the  spurrcy  was  sometimes  con- 


founded, though  the  two  are  not  at  all  akiu. 
{l'rior.)\ 
Hot. :  Spergula  arvensis. 

'  yarr,  v.i.  [From  the  sound ;  cf.  yaff  and 
yap.  ]    To  growl  or  snarl  as  a  dog. 

"  l>og»  .  .  .  parrini  at  their  retardnicnt  from  her." 
—  C'}y/iiharC :  Uabelais.  hk,  11..  ch.  xitli, 

*yarr'-ish.  a.      [Eng.  yar;  -ish.]      Having  a 

-sour,  dry  taste.    (Ainsivortli.) 

yfix'-row,  'yar-owe,  *  yarwe,  s.  (A.w. 
g^vrmoe,  gmru ire  —  the  yarrow;  that  whicli 
sets  in  oi-der,  i.e.,  heals  (.%eat) ;  Dut.  gerv ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  garwa,  garaiva  ;  Mid.  II.  Ger.  gar- 
V.X ;  Ger.  garbe.] 

Hot. :  The  Milfoil,  Achillea  Millt^oliiim. 
[Milfoil,] 

ya-ru'-bi,  s.    [8ee  def.] 

Hot.  £  Coitiin. :  A  Demerara  name  for  Paddle- 
wood  (4.  v.). 

yar'-whelp,  s.    [See  extract.] 

Urnith. :  An  old  East  Anglian  name  for 
I.iiiiosa  a;gocepkala,  the  Black-tailed  Godwit, 
which  was  also  formerly  called  the  Shrieker 
or  Barker,  from  its  loud  cry.  Prof.  Newt<in 
is  of  opinion  that  the  old  name  "Yarwhelp" 
still  survives  in  "  Whelp  "-moor,  near  Bran- 
don, Suffolk, 

"  A  ytrwhelp.  au  tIioU),'ht  to  be  named  from  ita  note, 
n  grey  bird  iiitertuingled  with  some  whitish,  yeUow- 
isli  IfHtlieis,  somewh.it  loiig-lcfteed,  and  the  bill  abuul 
an  inch  and  a  half ;  esteemed  a  uaiuty  d\dU."— Browne  : 
Birds  of  Xorfolk. 

yat'-a-gbSn,  5.  [Turk,  yata'jdn.]  A  sort  of 
daggtn-like  sabre,  with  double-curved  blade, 
about  two  feet  long,  the  handle  without  a 
cross-guard,  much  worn  in  Muhammedan 
countries.     Also  written  Ataghan  (q.v.). 

yate,  5.  [See  def.]  A  softened  form  of  go.te. 
(Used  in  the  Noith  of  England.) 

yaud,  yawd,  s.    [See  def.]    A  softened  form 

of  jade  (q.v.). 


*  yaugh,  s.     [Yacht.]     A  yacht. 

•'  Culox  ...  a  Taugh,  or  Yatcht,  a  Onndola.  or  Fly- 
bual.  Pinnace,  or  W herry."— /.i(f?e(i>«  ;  Lat.  Diet. 

*yaul,  s.    [Yawl.] 

yaup,  v.i.  [A  form  of  grajjf,  or  1/e^;).]  To  yell; 
to  cry  out  like  a  child  or  a  bird.    {Scotch.) 

yaup,  a.  [Prob.  a  form  of  gape.]  Hungi-y  :  To 
be  ynup  —  to  be  hungry. 

yaup,  s.  [Yaup,  v.]  The  cry  of  a  bird  or  a 
child.     {Scotch.) 

yau-pon,  s.    [Yapon.] 

*  yavc,  pret.  of  y.     [Give.] 
'  yaw  (1),  s.    [Jaw.] 

yaw  (2),  5.    [Yaw,  v.\ 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  deviation  out  of  one's 
course. 

"  0  the  yaws  that  she  will  niako  '. " 

Mcttsinger  :  A  Very  tVotnan,  iii.  5. 

2.  Naut.  :  A  temporary  deviation  of  a  shiii 

or  vessel  from  the  direct  line  of  her  course. 

"  Tlien,  glviug  the  ship  a  yaw,  jioured  the  whole 

discharge,  as  he  thought,  right  into  his  wretched  vic- 

tiui :  "—Cassell't  Saturday  Journal,  Sepl.  19, 1885,  p.  S'.S. 

yaw-weed,  s. 

Jjnt. :  Moriridif  Royoc,  a  shrub  about  eight 
feet  liigh,  with  white  flowers,  growing  in  the 
West  Indies.    [Morinda.] 

yaw  (3),  s.     [Yaws.] 

yaw  (1),  v.i.  &  (,  f  Norw.  gaga  =  to  bend  back- 
ward ;  go/}  =  bent  backwards  ;  Icel.  gagr  = 
bent  back  ;  Bavarian  gagen  —  to  move  un- 
steadily. "  Prob.  a  reduplicated  form  of  go  ; 
hence,  to  keep  going  about."  {skeat.).'\ 
A.  Intransitive: 

Naut.  :  To  steer  wild;  to  deviate  from  the 
line  of  course  in  steering.  (Said  of  a  ship.) 
(Marryal:  Frank  Milduuiy,  ch.  xx.) 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  move  about  unsteadily ;  to 
move  to  and  fro. 

"  [She]  yaw'd  her  head  about  nil  florts  of  ways." 

Hood:  Sailor's  Apology /or  Bow  legs. 

yaw  (2),  v.i.  [Yaws.]  To  rise  in  blisters; 
breaking  in  white  froth,  as  cane-juice  in  the 
sugar-works. 


*yawd,  s.    [Yaud.] 


yawl,  'yaul,  a.    [Dut.Joi  =  a  yawl,  a  skifl . 
c<>Kn.    with    I»an.  jolU ;  Sw.  julU  z=  a  yawl, 
"Tlie    Dan.   JoUe    has    been    corrupted   Intg 
English  jo/?j/-i)oa/."    {Skeat) ;  Icel.  jiWa.J 
Nantiral : 

(1)  A  decked  boat  carrying  two  masts,  one 
of  whicli  is  iioar  the  stt-ru.  It  is  u.sually 
lugger  or  cutter-rigged,  the  after-mast,  called 
ajigger,  being  the  smaller.     ■.  s 

"  The  y a tcl  itt  clitcUy  the  uleiisurr-oraft,  the  dnndy 
the  flahing-veiwel.'  — />ai/;/  Telegraph.  Nuv.  12.  IS-iJ. 

(■J)  A  ship's  boat;  a  jolly-boat,  usually  from 
twenty-three  to  twenty-eight  feel  long,  and 
one  quarter  to  one  third  that  breadth  of  beam. 
In  the  British  navy  it  is  the  fifth  boat  iu  noint 
of  size;  the  others  being  the  launch,  long- 
boat, barge,  and  pinnace. 

"  The  jiawl,  huwi-ver  was  immtdiatcly  mftuue<l  and 
sent  to  lier  assistance."  — Coo*.'  First  I'oyage,  bk.  l,. 
ch.  It. 

yawl,  ■  yaule.  *  yole,   •  goule.  •  youle, 

(■.(,  [Ictd.  (/((»/<)=  to  liuwl,  belluw  ;  Nuiw, 
!/fi((/(i  =  to  bellow,  low,  roar.  Allied  tu  yell.] 
To  howl,  to  cry  out,  to  yell, 

"  Three  huwitng  ScillHit  ymcling  round  about" 

J-'uin-f'tx  :  Uotl/rey  of  Bottlognt,  iv.  6. 

yawn,  "yane,  'yawne,  v.i.  [A.S.  gdninn 
=  to  yawn  ;  cogn.  with  O.H.Ger.  geinon  ;  Ger. 
guhnen  ;  cf.  A.S.  ginan  (in  corrupt.  Idginan  = 
to  gape  widely);  pa.t.  gdn  ;  Icel.  gina  =  to 
gape,  yawn  ;  pa.t.  gein;  Gr.  xa'i'w  (chains)  = 
to  gape  ;  Lat.  hio  —  to  gape.  From  the  same 
root  come  chaos,  chasm,  hiatus,  &c,] 

1.  To  gape  ;  to  have  the  mouth  open  in- 
voluntarily through  drowsiness,  dulness,  or 
fatigue  ;  to  oscitate. 

"TlieKod  .  .  .  a^li'd  the  diinifl 
(And  asking  i/awn'd)  fur  what  intent  she  carae." 
Ih-yUvn:  Quid;  Ceyz  Jc  Alcyone,  807. 

2.  To  open  the  mouth  voluntarily. 

"The   crocodiles    not  only  know  the   volc«   of  tti« 

iirieitts  when  tliry  call  unto  them,  and  endure  to  In) 
laudled  and  stroked  by  them,  hut  also  yawn  and  ofl'er 
their  teeth  unto  them  to  he  picked  and  oleuuaed  with 
their  handb."— /*.  Holland:  I'lutarch,  p.  TM. 

3.  To  gape ;  to  open  wide.  (Said  of  the 
mouth,  a  chasm,  or  the  like.) 

'*  Graves  yatvn  and  yield  your  dead." 

Sfiakcsp.  :  Much  .4d'>.  v;3. 

*  4.  To  gape  for  anything ;  to  express  desire 
by  yawning. 

"  The  ell  iefest  thing  at  which  lay  reformers  yawn."— 
Hooker :  Ecvles.  Politie. 

*  5.  To  open  the  mouth  as  in  surprise  or  be- 
wilderment ;  to  gape. 

"  The  affi-ighted  globe 
Should  yawn  at  atteratiou."    Shakesp. :  Othello,  v.  2. 

yawn,  .s.    [Yawn,  r.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  yawning;  a  gaping;  an  in- 
voluntary opening  of  the  moutli  from  drowsi- 
ness, dulness,  or  fatigue. 

2.  The  act  of  gaping  or  opening  wide. 
"  Sure  'tis  the  friendly  yawn  of  death  (or  me." 

Congreve-'  Mourning  Bride 

•3.  An  opening,  a  chasm.     (Marston.) 

yawn'-ihg,  '^yan-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ;>. 
[Yawn,  v.\ 

A.  &  B.  As  2^r.  par.  <£■  partic.  adj. :  (See  the 
verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  one  wlio  yawns  ;  a 
yawn. 

"  with  affected  yuttmiugs  .-xt  the  close." 

Dryden  :  Bind  ±  Panthvr,  ill.  l.C'Ji. 

TT  Physiologically,  yawning  is  an  iuKpira- 
tion,  deeper  and  longer  continued  than  a 
sigh,  drawn  through  the  widely  open  mouth, 
accompanied  by  a  peculiar  depression  of  the 
lower  jaw,  and  frequently  by  au  elevation 
of  the  shoulders.    (Fosttr.) 

•  yawn'-ing-ly,   adv.     [Eng.  yaumi7ig ;   -/i/.l 
In  a  yawning  manner  ;  with  yawns  or  gapes  ;         » 
drowsily.  ( 

"Leaning  uixin  your  idle  elbow  yatentjtgly  pattei* 
out  those  (irayeri  vthost-  sound  or  seuse  ye  under- 
sl;ind  not. '-  Bp.  Ball :  The  Bypocrite. 

yaw^,  s.  [From  a  West  African  negro  word 
yaw  ~  a  raspl>erry.] 

Pathol.  :  A  disease  in  which,  without  pre- 
monitory symptoms,  portions  of  the  skin,' 
especially  about  the  face,  the  scalp,  the  axilla, 
and  the  genitals,  become  covered  with  small, 
dusky  red  spots,  which  develop  into  rasp- 
berry or  mulberry-like  tubercles,  sometimes 
ulcerating.  The  malady  may  coiitinu-'  for 
many  years,  or  for  life.  It  occurs  chiefly  iii 
the  West  Indies,  North  America,  and  Africa. 
Called  also  Frambeesia  and  Piau. 

"  a  niynterlous  niaUdy  referpfrl  to  aa  'yavs" — M.' 
Collins.    Thuu'jhti  in  my  Oarden.  i.  54. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat.  9011.  cborus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  tbin,  tbis ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  e:^ist.    ph  =  1 
-cian.  -lian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  —  ^^i""     -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  sbus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel.  d?L 


y  clad— yearn 


*  j^-cl&d't  a.  (Pref.  y-,and  Eog.  clcul.]  Clad, 
clutliid. 

"  Her  words  yilad  w  ith  wisdmu's  majesty." 

Sliaktup. :  i  t/cnri/  17  ,  i.  1. 

"^-cleped',  •j^-clept',  i<t.  par.  [A.S.  fje- 
chjiKid,  i>a.  par.  of  gedypiaii  =  to  call.]  Callud, 
uuiiied- 

"  Judas  I  Rill,  nctef>ed  MHccabiKUs," 

Shakeap.  :  Lvv€'s  Labour's  Lost,  v.  2. 

•y-dle,  a.    [Idle.1 

■  y-drad,  prct.  £  pa.  par.  of  v.    IDread.  r.) 

ye,  yron.  [A.S.  ye  (iioui.),  cower  (gen.),  cow 
(dat.  i:  ace.) ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  gij  —  ye,  u  = 
you;  Icel.  er,  ier=:ye,  ydhar=  your,  ydhr  = 
you;  Pan.  &  Sw.  i  =  ye,  you;  Ger.  ihr ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  ir  =  ye,  imvar,  unt-er  =  your  ;  in 
=  you  ;  Goth.  jiis=  ye,  izu.'ara  =  your,  izifis 
—  you.]  Properly  the  nominative  plural  of 
thou,  the  second  personal  pronoun,  you  being 
tiie  dative  and  accusative,  and  your  the  geni- 
tive. But  in  later  times  yc  was  used  as  an 
objective  as  well  as  a  nominative.  Ye  is  now 
almost  obsolete  except  in  sacred  or  solemn 
writings  or  addresses,  its  place  being  taken 
hy  you.  (Yov,  YouR.]  The  confusion  between 
ye  and  you  did  not  exist  in  Old  English.  Ye 
was  always  used  as  a  nominative,  and  you  as 
a  dative  or  accusative.  In  tlie  English  Bilde 
the  distinction  is  very  carefully  observed  ; 
but  in  the  dramatists  of  the  Elizabethan 
period  there  is  a  very  loose  use  of  the  two 
forms.  Xot  only  is  you  used  as  nominative, 
but  yc  is  used  as  an  accusative.  {Morris: 
Hist.  Outlines  of  English  Accidence,  §  155.) 

"  Vain  pomp  and  glory  of  the  world,  I  hate  i/e." 

^ipiukenp.  :  Henri/  I'JIl..  lii.  2. 

'  ye,  ndv.     [Yea.] 

yea,  *ya,  *ye,  adv.  &  s.  [A.S.  ged  =  yea ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.,  Dan.,  Sw.,  <t  Ger.  ja;  Icel. 
ja;  Goth.  ja,Jai;  allied  to  Goth,  ja/t;  O.  Sax. 
gia,  ja ;  A.S.  ge  =  also,  and.] 

A,  As  adverb  : 

1.  A  word  expressing  affirmation  or  assent ; 
yes  ;  ay  ;  the  opposite  of  nay. 


■|[  Originally  yea,  like  nay,  was  used  in  reply 
to  questions  framed  in  the  atfirniative :  as, 
Will  he  go?  yea  (or  tuty).  Yes  and  no,  on 
the  contrary,  were  used  in  questions  framed 
negatively,  as,  Will  he  not  go  ?  Yes  (or  no). 
Yts  was  also  used  as  a  strong  asseveration, 
often  accompanied  by  an  oath.  The  distinc- 
tion between  yea  and  yes  was  becoining  neg- 
lected as  early  as  the  time  of  Henry  VIII. 
Yea  is  now  use  only  in  writings  or  speeches 
of  a  solemn  or  sacred  style. 

2.  Formerly  used  to  introduce  a  subject 
with  the  sense  of  indeed,  verily,  truly,  is  it 
so  ?  or,  it  is  so. 

"  }'ea,  hath  God  said  ye  Bhall  not  eat  of  every  tree 
ill  the  g&rdeu^"— Genesis  iii.  L 

3.  Used  as  =  nay,  to  reprove,  or  notice,  or 
amplify  what  has  gone  before  ;  not  this  alone  ; 
not  only  so  but  also  ;  ay. 

"  I  therein  do  rejoice  ;  yen  and  will  rejoice."— Pftt/. 

i.  IK. 

B.  .4s  sxihstantive : 

1.  An  affirmative  ;  one  who  votes  in  the 
attirniative  or  in  favour  of  any  question  or 
motion  ;  an  ay  or  aye. 

2.  In  Scripture,  used  to  denote  cei"tainty, 
consistency,  harmony,  and  stability. 

"  All  the  proiuises  of  God  in  him  are  yea,  and  in 
him  are  amen." — 2  (.orinlh.  i.  20. 

*  yea-forsooth,  a.  A  term  applied  to 
one  saying  to  anything  yea  and  forsooth,  which 
latter  was  not  a  term  of  genteel  society  ;  hence, 
low,  vulgar. 

'■  A  rascally,  yca/orsooth  knave,"— Mafa^sp.  ,■  2  Henry 

/y..  1. 2. 

*yead,  *  yeade,  *  yede,  v.  i.  [A  fictitious 
jiresent  tense  and  infinitive,  formed  from  the 
old  pa.t.  yotie,  eode.]  [Yede.]  To  go,  to  pro- 
ceed, to  move  along. 

"  Then  badd  the  knight  his  Lady  j/cde  aloof." 

Spciiscr :  /'.  Q.,  I.  xi.  5. 

yean,  v.i.  &  t.  [A.S.  ednian=  to  ean ;  geed- 
aian  =  to  yean  ;  from  edcen  =  pregnant,  prop, 
pa.  par.  of  the  lost  verb  edcan  =  to  increase, 
to  augment  ;  ecan—  to  increase,  to  eke.]  To 
bri  ng  forth  young,  as  a  sheep  or  lamb  ;  to  ean. 
[Eke.] 

"  There  were  serious  complaints  from  those  few  dls- 
triit?  where  Dorset  horn  flocks  ^ean  thus  early."— 
/hiily  TvlegrapJi.  March  H,  1887. 

yean -ling,   s.  &  a.     [Eng.  ymn;  dimin.  sufT. 


A.  -4ssMfcs(. :  The  young  of  sheep  ;  a  lamb, 

an  tanling. 

"  To  their  store 
They  add  the  jxior  man's  yen  nting." 

Ben  JvttsuH  :  SaU  shepfterd,  i.  1. 

B.  As  adj:  Lately  yeaned;  young. 

"  To  gorge  the  flesh  of  i.iiiihs  or  i/canling  kids." 
Milton  :  P.  L..in.  431. 

year,  •  yeer,  '  yer,  '  yere,  s.  [A.S.  gear. 
(/t-r=a  year,  pi.  gear;  cogn,  with  Dut.  jaar  ; 
Icel.  dr ;  Dan.  (f«r  (sing.  &  pi.);  Sw.  «r  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  Jdr;  Ger.  juhr ;  .Goth,  jer ;  al- 
lied to  Gr.  uipo<;  (horos)  =  a  season,  a  year; 
bJpa  (JiOrii)=a  season,  an  hour;  Lat.  hora; 
Eng.  hour.  As  in  Anglo-Saxon  so  in  early 
times,  the  word  was  unaltered  in  the  plui-al, 
like  sheep,  deer:  as,  "This  seven  year" 
(Shakesp. :  Much  Ado,  iii.  3);  hence  the  mo- 
dern phrase,  a  two-year  old  colt,"  and  the 
like.] 

1.  A  unit  of  time,  marked  by  the  revolution 
of  the  earth  in  its  orbit.  The  year  is  either 
astronomical  or  civil.  The  former  is  deter- 
mined by  astronomical  observation,  and  is 
of  different  lengths,  according  to  the  point 
of  the  heavens  to  which  the  revolution  is  re- 
ferred. When  the  earth's  motion  is  referred 
to  a  fixed  point  in  the  heavens,  as  a  fixed 
star,  the  time  of  revolution  is  the  time  which 
elapses  from  the  moment  when  the  star,  the 
sun,  and  the  earth  are  in  a  straight  line,  till 
they  again  occupy  the  same  position  :  this  is 
called  a  sidereal  year.  If  the  revolution  is 
referred  to  one  of  the  equinoctial  points,  the 
year  is  somewhat  shorter  than  the  sidereal 
year,  on  account  of  the  precession  of  the  equi- 
noxes, that  is,  the  retrogression  of  the  equi- 
noctial points  along  the  ecliptic.  This  is 
called  the  equinoctial,  tropical,  or  solar  year. 
The  length  of  the  sidereal  year  is  365-2o03(Jl2 
mean  solar  days,  or  3G5  days,  i3  hours,  9 
minutes,  9*6  seconds.  The  length  of  the  solar 
or  equinoctial  year  is  3^j5■'2i22^il■±  mean  solar 
days,  or  365  days,  5  hours,  48  minutes,  497 
seconds.  The  difference  between  these  two 
years  is  19  minutes  19"2  seconds  mean  solar 
time,  that  being  the  time  required  for  the 
earth  to  advance  in  its  orbit  a  distance  of 
50-1"  of  arc.  The  civil  year  is  the  year  of 
the  calendar.  It  contains  a  whole  number  of 
days,  beginning  always  at  midnight  of  some 
day.  According  to  the  present  system,  or 
according  to  the  Gregorian  calendar,  every 
year  the  number  of  which  is  not  divisible  by 
4,  also  every  year  which  is  divisible  by  100, 
and  not  by  400,  is  a  common  year,  and  con- 
tains 305  days.  All  other  years  are  called  leap 
years,  and  contiiin  366.  The  ecclesiastical 
year  is  from  Advent  to  Advent,  A  lunar 
year  is  a  period  consisting  of  twelve  lunar 
months.  The  astronomical  lunar  year  con- 
sists of  twelve  lunar  synodical  months,  or  354 
days,  S  hours,  48  minutes,  36  seconds.  The 
common  lunar  year  consists  of  twelve  lunar 
months  or  354  days.  The  legal  year  in  Eng- 
land, up  till  1752,  was  from  March  25  to 
March  25;  now  it  is  from  Jan.  1  to  Jan.  1. 
The  Embolismic,  or  Intercalary  lunar  year, 
consists  of  13  lunar  civil  months,  and  contains 
384  days. 

2.  The  period  in  which  any  planet  completes 
a  revolution:  as,  the  year  of  Jupiter  or  of 
Saturn. 

3.  iPl.) :  Used  as  equivalent  to  age,  or  old 
age. 

"  Myself  am  struck  in  years.  I  must  confess." 
Shakesp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  ii. 

^{Y)  AnoDudislic  year :  [Anomalistic  Year]. 

(2)  Gregorian  year :  [Gregorian], 

(3)  Julian  yextr:  [Julian]. 

(4)  Sahhatical  year :  [Sabbatic], 

(5)  Year  and  a  day : 

Law  :  The  lapse  of  a  year  with  one  day 
added  to  it;  a  period  which  determines  a 
right  or  works  prescription  in  many  cases, 

(G)  Year  day  and  waste  : 

Law :  Part  of  the  sovereign's  prerogative  in 
England,  whereby  he  was  entitled  to  the 
profits  for  a  year  and  a  day  of  the  tenements 
of  personsattainted  of  petty  treason  or  felony, 
together  with  the  right  of  wasting  the  said 
tenements ;  afterwards  restoring  it  to  the 
lord  of  the  fee.  It  was  abolished  by  the 
Felony  Act,  1870. 

(7)  Year  of  grace :  Any  year  of  the  Christian 
era. 

(8)  Year  to  year  tenancy  : 

Law :  A  tenancy  taken  at  first  for  a  year, 
but  wliich  contimies  for  a  second  year  unless 
one  of  the  parties  on  the  expiration  of  the 


^rst  six  months  intimates  to  the  other  his 
intention  not  to  renew  it.  The  same  rule  will 
obtain  year  after  ye.ir  till  the  six  months 
notice  of  non-renewal  is  given. 

year-book  £. 

1,  A  book  published  annually,  each  issue 
containing  new  or  additional  inSormation  ;  a 
work  published  each  yeiir,  and  intended  ta 
supjily  fresh  infurmatiun  compiled  up  to  date 
on  matters  in  regard  to  which  changes  are 
continually  taking  place. 

"  Not  simply  a  nenr-ftook.  as  its  name  implieii.  but  a 
year-book  couipilfd  liy  one  w|io  knows  the  ineJiiiiug  of 
the  facts  and  nuiires  which  he  has  so  laboriously  put 
together."- (.7otif,  March  54,  1S88. 

2.  A  book  containing  annual  reports  of 
cases  adjudged  in  the  courts  of  England,  from 
the  time  of  Edward  II.  to  that  of  Henry  VII. 
inclusive,  and  published  annually. 

■■  The  rejKirts  are  extant  in  a  regular  series  from  the 
reign  of  king  Edward  the  second  inchiBive  ;  and  fioiu 
his  time  to  that  of  Henry  the  eighth  were  tikcn  ly 
the  prothouotiiries,  or  chief  scribes  of  the  court,  at  the 
expense  of  the  crown,  and  published  annually,  whente 
they  are  known  under  the  denomiiiHtion  of  the  vat)' 
books. '—/ilackstunc     Comment.     (lutrod,,  §  S.) 

*- year's  mind,  ^year-mind,  5.  Here, 
mind  means  memorial  rather  than  wish  or  in- 
tention. Hence,  the  original  meaning  of  year- 
mind  was  that  of  a  memorial,  often  a  mass,  a 
year  subsequent  to  the  decease  of  the  indi- 
vidual to  whom  it  was  devoted.  Or  it  might 
mean  an  anuiversary  ;  cf.  month's  mind. 

^  yeared,  «.      [Eng.  year;  -ul.]     Numbering 
years;  aged, 

"  i'car'd  but  to  thirtj-." 

Ben  Jonson :  Sejatius.  i.  I. 

♦  year'-li-ly,  n(/i'.  [Eng.  yearl  y ;  -ly.}   Yearly: 
year  by  year. 

"  The  great  (juabiiig-graBs  aoweu  yearlily  in  many  of 
the  London  gardens.' —ycft"itiM:  ffcrbalL 

year'-ling,  s.  &  a.     [Eng.  year;  dimin.  suff. 
■ling.] 

A.  As  siibst.  :  A  young  animal  one  year  old, 
or  in  the  second  year  of  his  age, 

B.  As  adj. :  Being  one  year  old. 

■'  A  !/rarUn<7  bullock  to  thy  name  sh.-ill  sitioke, 
Vntamed,  uuci'nsuii.lis  oi  tlie  galling'  yoKe.  ' 
I'ope.    {Todd.) 

year'-ly,  •  yeare-ly.  *  yere-ly.".  &  udv. 
[Eng.  year;  -ly.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Haiipening,  accruing,  or  recurring  every 
year, 

"  The  yearly  feast 
Devoted  to  our  glorious  jioil,  tlie  sun." 

Hence:  Avibitiuus  btep-nuither,  i. 

2.  Comprehended  in  a  year ;  accomplished 
in  a  year. 

"  The  yearly  com-se  that  brings  this  day  about 
Shall  never  see  it  but  a  holiday, " 

Shaktsp.     King  John.  iii.  1. 

3.  Lasting  a  year  :  as,  a  yearly  plant. 

4.  Having  the  growth  of  a  year. 

B.  -4s  adv. :  Annually  ;  every  year;  year  by 
year. 

"  Yearly  thy  herds  in  vigour  will  impair." 

llrydtn  :   Virgil;  tieorgie  \\\.  Ill 

yearn  (i).  *  yearne,  '  yem  (1),  •  yeme 

(i),  v.i.  [A.S.  gyrnan  =  Xn  yearn,  to  \w  de- 
sirous, from  3eo/*i  =  desirous,  eager;  cogn., 
with  Icel.  girna  =  to  desire,  from  gjarn^ 
eager;  Goth.  gairnjan  =  to  long  for,  from 
gairns  =  desirous  ;  0,  H.  Ger.  geron,  keronj 
Ger.  begehren  =  to  long  for  ;  Gr.  xo-ipM  (chaird) 
=  to  rejoice ;  xdpa  (c/t(trH)=joy :  xapLf;  (charis) 
=  grace  ;  Lat.  gratia  =  grace  ;  Sansc.  hary  = 
to  desire.]  To  feel  mental  uneasiness  from 
longing  desire,  tenderness,  aflection,  pity,  or 
the  like  ;  to  be  filled  with  eager  longing ;  to 
desire  wistfully  ;  to  long. 

"  Joseph  made  liaete,  for  his  bowels  did  yearn  u|>on 
his  brother:  and  he  sought  whereto  weep."- Gc»i«i« 
xliii.  30. 

*  yearn  (2),   *  yem  (2),  *  yeme,  v.i.  &  t. 

[Piop.  em,  the  form  yem  being  due  to  the 
A.S.  pref.  ge-.  Em  is  a  coriupt.  of  Mid.  Eng. 
emien  =  to  grieve,  from  A.S.  yrman  —  to 
grieve,  to  vex;  also  ge-yrmaii,  from  earm  = 
wretched,  miserable,  poor ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
anji  — poor,  indigent;  Icel.  armr  =  wretched; 
Dan.  &,  Sw.  arm;  Goth,  arms;  Ger.  arnu 
{Skeat.)] 

A,  Intrans.  :  To  grieve;  to  be  pained  or 
distressed  ;  to  mouni. 

"  Falstaff  is  dead. 
And  we  must  ycani  therefore." 

Shakesp. :  Benry  V.,  ii.  3. 

B.  Trans.:  To  pain,  to  grieve,  to  distress, 
to  vex. 

"  She  laments  for  it.  that  it  would  yearn  your  heart 
to  see  \\,."—hhakesp. .  Merry  K'/ycs,  iii.  5. 


f^te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mixte,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  —  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  —  kw. 


yearn-yellow 


Gl.' 


yearn  (3),  v.L  &  (.    [For  earn  =  to  curdle] 

A,  Intrans.:  To  curdle  or  coagulate,  as 
milk.    (.ic-Qtch.) 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  curdle  orCoagulatf, 

;ts  milk.    (Scotch.) 

yearn  (4).  '  yeame  (3),  v.t.    [For  mni,  = 
I"  t^ain.]    To  earn,  tu  ^aiii,  to  procure. 

"The  which  slml  nought  V-  you  but  (oule  diehouor 
i/eurnc  "  tipciitcr:  F.  (i..  VI.  i.  il. 

yeame,  *yeme,  a.  lA.S.  earm-=  miserable, 
wretclied.J    IYkarn  (2),  r.]    Sad,  muurnful. 

"  But  wf  liire  song*,  it  was  as  loud  am!  yariw, 
A»  aaiy  (swhIuw  sitting  on  a  herue." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  3,25?. 

*yearn'-ful,  *  yearn' -full,  a,  [Eog.  yearn 
tJ);  -/u//.]     Mounilul,  sad. 

■■  Uis  ycarii/uU  ht;a]'t  pitying  that  wretched  sight," 
P.  Fletcher:  Furptc  Jsland.  ix. 

yeam'-in£  (1),  a.  &  s.    [Yearn  (1),  v.] 

A.  Ai:  uilj.:  Longings  having  a  longing 
•  K'sire. 

B.  As  suhst. :  The  fe^ng  of  one  who 
vtarns ;  a  strong  feeling  of  tenderness ;  a 
longing  desire. 

"  I  had  not  till  then  the  notion  of  the  uearninffs  ot 
lieart  whicb  .1  lunn  liaa  when  he  sees  his  child  do  a 
liiudable  thiag."— .Spectator,  No.  26a. 

*  yeam'-ing  (2)>  a.  &  s.    [Yearn  (2),  v.] 

A.  AsailJ.:  Mournful,  sad,  sorrowing,  dis- 
tressing. 

■■  Those  yearning  cries  th.it  from  the  ca.rriage  came. 
His  blood  yet  not,  more  highly  doth  inflame." 

Drayton:  Battle  of  Agincourt. 

B.  As  suhst. :  Sadness,  mourning,  grief, 
distress. 

yearn'-ing,   s.      [Yearn  (3),    v.]      Rennet. 

(S'-otch.) 

yearn'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  yearning  (1)  ;  -?.-/.] 
Ill  a  yearning  manner  ;  with  yearning  or  loug- 
-lig  dusire. 

■'  It  may  look  more  symjiathetically  and  yearnhigli/ 
!tt  these  great  ecLlesiasticisins."— firif,  t^uar.  JiiDiew, 
11673),  Ivii.  i9. 

yeast,  *  yeest,  *  yest,  s.  [A.S.  gist,  gyst  ; 
rorrii.  with  Dut.  gcst ;  Ictil.  jctst,  jastr ;  Sw. 
_:i'st ;  Dan.  g'ui-r ;  M.  H.  Ger.  jfts(;  Ger.  gaschi, 
•lischt.  From  a  root  appearing  in  O.  H.  Ger. 
jc-^an ;  M.  II.  Ger.  jesetiy  gcseti,  gem;  Ger. 
iiahrcii  =  to  ferment ;  Gr.  ^eu  (reo)  —  to  boil.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 
'  2.  Spume  or  foam  of  water. 

"  Now  the  ship  boring  the  moou  with  her  mainmast, 
xtiid  atiou  swallowed  with  yest  and  froth." — Shafcesp.  : 
II  inters  Tale,  lii.  3. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Chem.  :  Barm.  The  yellowish,  viscid  sub- 
stance deposited  from  beer,  or  which  rises  to 
J  he  surface  of  saccharine  solutions  during  the 
)irucess  of  fermentation.  Under  the  micro- 
scope, it  appears  as  a  mass  of  round  or  e^'g- 
sliaped  cells,  termed  Torulfe,  containing  gra- 
nular matter.  These  exist  either  single  or 
associated  in  heaps  or  strings,  each  cell  having 
an  average  diameter  of  ^j^l^  of  an  inch,  and 
Consisting  of  a  thin-walled  sac  or  bag  con- 
taining protoplasm.  Yeast  is  tlie  potent 
agent  in  the  production  of  alcohol  from 
sugar,  each  molecule  <'f  sugar  splitting  up 
into  alcohol  and  carbonic  anhydride,  by  a 
jirocess  which  is  not  clearly  understood. 
Heated  to  a  temperature  of  4U^,  its  ethciency 
is  almost  entirely  destroyed ;  but,  when  «le- 
prived  of  its  water  by  straining  and  strong 
pressure,  and  kej»t  in  a  cool  place,  it  retains 
its  properties  unaltered  for  ten  or  twelve  days. 
Wlien  washed  with  alcohol,  dried  at  a  low 
temperature,  and  mixed  witli  a  little  starch, 
it  retains  the  power  of  setting  up  the  alcoholic 
fermentation  for  several  montlis.  Grape-juice,' 
and  several  other  vegetable  juices,  when  left 
f<jr  a  few  days  at  a  suitable  temperature,  de- 
velop yeast  cells  in  great  abundance,  without 
any  addition  of  yeast,  probably  from  the 
presence  of  spores  in  the  surrounding  atmo- 
sphere. In  bread-making,  yeast,  both  in  its 
liquid  and  dried  states,  is  added  with  warm 
water  to  flour  to  give  a  start  to  the  fermen- 
tation process,  thereby  supplying  carbonic- 
acid  gas,  which  communicates  a  spongy  or 
light  texture  to  the  bread.  It  is  also 
-essential  to  the  production  of  wine  from 
grape  juice  and  other  fruit  juices,  the  manu- 
facture of  beer,  and  the  preparation  of  dis- 
tilled spirits. 

2.  Pharm. :  Beer  yeast,  when  applied  ex- 
ternally, acts  as  a  stimulant  and  antiseptic. 


As  a  poultice  it  corrects  the  discharges  of  jn- 
doU-nt  ulcers.  It  has  been  given  also  inter- 
nally in  low  states  of  tin.-  system,  but  with 
doubtful  efficacy,    {darrod.) 

II  (1)  Artificial  yea^t:  Dough  mixed  with  a 
small  quantity  of  coniniou  yeast,  made  into 
cakes,  and  dried. 

(*2)  (t'ernian  i/cttst :  Common  yeast  drained 
and  presstcl  till  nearly  dry.  In  this  state  it 
can  be  kept  fur  several  months,  and  is  much 
used  by  bakers. 

(3)  i'ateiU  yeast:  Yeast  collected  from  a 
wort  of  nuilt  and  hop,  and  prepared  in  the 
same  manner  as  German  yeast.     [^  (2).] 

yeast-bitten,  a. 

lU-iAvinij :  Too  much  affected  by  yeast. 

"  When  the  process  of  attenuation  beeotoes  ao  slack 
Ab  not  U)  oxceed  half  a  iKniml  iu  the  day.  it  is  prudent 
til  ileiuise.  otherwise  the  top-biirm  might  re-enter  the 
l";ily  of  the  \ivKt,  and  it  would  become  yeatt-bilten."— 

yeast-plant,  a-. 

But.  :    Torula    or  tSaccharomyccs    cerevisi(V. 

[ToRULA.] 

yeast  -  powder,  s.  a  substitute  for 
y<ast  iiM'd  in  Iravi'iung  bn-;id,  ctmsistiuL,' of  a 
ITrparation  of  soda,  phosphatt-s,  and  other 
MilistaiR't's,  in  the  form  uf  a  powder. 

'  yeast,  I'.i.    [Yeast,  5.]    To  ferment. 

"  i'ecuting  youth 
Will  clear  iteelf  ami  ci-ystal  turn  ayaiu." 

Keats :  Otho  tlw  Great,  iii,  2. 

yeast'-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  yeasty;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  uf  being  yeasty. 

yeast -y,  yest-y,  a.  [Eng.  ijcast;  -y.]  Per- 
taining to,  containing,  ur  resembling  yeast; 
heure,  fiuthy,  foamy,  spumy,  yesty  (q.v.). 

yedd-ing,  *yedd-yng.  5.    [A.S.  gydd- 

a  song,  yyihliun~bj  sing;  cf.  '' Yeddynge 
or  geest,  idem  quod  g,wst  {=  a  romaun'ce)" 
(I'rompt  Parv.y]  A  song;  properly  a  glee- 
man's  song,  embodying  some  popular  tale  or 
romance. 

"  Wel  conthe  he  aynge  and  pleyen  on  a  rote. 
Of  yeddyngcs  he  bar  utterly  the  prys." 

Chancer:  C.  T-,  237.    {Prol.J 

*  yede,  •  yeode,  •  yode,  '  eode,  lyret.  of  v. 
[A.S.  tode,  ge-eode  =  went  \  from  the  .same 
root  as  Lat.  to,  infin.  ire;  Sansc.  i  =  to  go.] 
[Yead.]    Went. 

"  Wherof  the  hyashop  beynge  gladde  and  fayne, 
yoiie  vuto  the  house  of  the  3«yd  herUmau,  the  whiche 
receyued  hym  with  glad  cheTe.'—t'afjyan:  C'hri/uycle. 
ch.  Ixxxiii. 

yeel,  s.  [Eng.  eel,  with  pref.  y-.]  An  eel. 
(Prov.) 

-yefte,  s.    [Gift.i 

yeld,  yall,  yell,  a.  [leeh  (7fWr=  barren, 
giving  no  milk  ;  Sw.  gall  =  unfruitful,  barren, 
sterile.]    Not  giving  milk,  barren.    (^Scotch.) 

"  Be^'inninB  to  shoot  the  yeldhiDd6."—Athe)taum, 

Oct.  ;io,  lese,  p,  oGO. 

'  yelde,  r.(.     [Yield,  v.] 

'  yelde-halle,  s.    [Guildhall.] 

yelk,  ^^    [YuLK.j 

yell,  a.    [Yeld.] 

yell,  *  yell-en,  v.i.  &  t.  [A.S.  gellan,  giellan, 
g(iUan  =  to  yell,  to  cry  out,  to  resound  ;  cogn. 
w  itli  Dut.  gilkn  ;  Icel.  gella,  gJalUi  (pa.  t. 
gall);  Dan.  gicclle,  gialde  ;  Sw.  gdtUi,  =  to  ring, 
to  resound ;  Ger.  gellen  =  to  resound.  The  same 
root  appears  in  Icel.  gala  (pa.  t.  gol,  pa.  par. 
galinn)=  to  sing;  A.S.  galan  (pa.  t.  gol); 
O.  H.  Ger.  galan,  kalan ;  Eng.  nightinga/e 
(q.v.).] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  cry  out  with  a  loud,  sharp, 
disagreeable  noise;  to  shriek  hideously;  to 
scream  or  cry  as  in  agony  or  horror. 

"  The  cniell  wound  enraned  him  so  sore. 
That  loud  he  yelltU  for  eiiceediug  paine." 

Spenser:  F.  (I.,  I.  xi.  37. 

B.  Trans. :  To  utter  with  a  yell  or  shrill 
scream  ;  to  scream  out. 

"  Ae  if  it  fell  with  Scotland,  and  yell'd  out 
Like  syllable  of  dolour."    Shakesp. :  Marbeth,  iv.  3. 

yell*  y.  [Y'ell,  v.\  a  sharp,  loud,  shrill  and 
lii'.eoiis  scream  ;  a  shriek  or  scream  as  of 
h'*rror  or  agony. 

"  But  ah  !  those  dreadful  yelU  what  soul  can  hear?" 
Cowper :  SeetUess  Alarm. 

'  yelleden,  pret.  of  v.    [Yell,  j-.J 

yell' ing,  "  yell-ynge,  v''-  yf"*-,  c,  ^  *• 
[Yell,  v.] 


A.  &  B.  Aspr.  jtar,  £  })articip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C,  -I.t  subst. :  The  act  or  noiso  of  one  who 
or  that  which  yells  ;  a  yell. 

"  with  wnilinK'  grertt,  and  women  i*  tihrllt  yelling 
I't.f  roofNiiiiU  tort;  the  air  refund  with  plaint* 
Surrey  :  Virgil,- .-  .fneU.  Iv. 

yell'-och  (di  guttural)-  r.i.  IYell,  v.]  To 
yt-ll,  to  scream,  to  shriek.    (Scotch.) 

yell-och(fft  guttural),  s.  [Yellocii,  i-.J  A 
yell,  a  s-uam,  a  ^likk.    (Scvhh.) 

yel  low,  ■  yel-ow,  ■  yel-owe.  •  yeln, 
'  yeoluli,  •  yelwe,  a.  A:  .-.  ia.s.  y.oA, 
f;co;it(fem.  3toii(()=  ycdlow;  cogn.  with  Dut 
geel;  O.  H.  Ger.  gelo,  ktlo ;  Ger.  gflb,  allied  to 
Gr.  xAoij  (ckloc)  =  the  young  veitiure  of  trees  ; 
Lat.  /w/i'H5=  light  yellow,  and  front  the  same 
root  as  green,  gall,  and  gold.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Being  of  a  pure,  bright,  golden 
cftloiir,  or  of  a  kindred  hue;  having  the 
colour  of  that  part  of  the  stdar  spectrum 
between  orange  and  gieen. 

"An  apple  altio  which  linit  ia  grene  waxeth  not 
Rodcnly  ycluw,;  but  Ilrst  it  is  aoniewbat  whlUs  be- 
twene({reiieiind  yvlowe  im\ltYevciit.''~ Fisher :  A  Ood- 
lie  Treatise,  itc. 

IF  (1)  Used  as  betokening  ji-alousy,  envy, 
nn'lancholy,  &c.  ;  jaundiced,  a  usage  derived 
from  the  figurative  ideas  connected  with 
jaundice,  the  skin  in  jaundice  being  of 
yellow  hue. 

"  With  A  (freen  and  yellow  nielaiicholy." 

Shakfsp. :  Tuclfth  .Sight,  iL  * 

*  (2)  Used  as  denoting  age  or  decay. 
"  Fall'n  into  the  sear,  the  yellow  \enf." 

Shiikesp, :  Jtac/}ii/i,  v.  t. 

B*  As  substantive : 

1.  Art,  (Cf. ;  One  of  the  three  primary 
colours ;  a  briglit  golden  colour,  the  type  of 
which  maybe  found  in  the  Ikld  butt^Mcup, 
which  is  a  pure  yellow.  .Mixed  wilii  blue, 
yellow  yields  green,  and  with  red  it  pmduces 
orange.  All  our  yellow  pigments  are  alloyed 
with  blue  or  red.  Gamboge  is  a  tolerably 
pure  yellow  pigment,  but  is  tinged  with  blue ; 
then  comes  gold  ochre  tinged  with  red  ;  next, 
yellow  ochre  and  Naples  yellow.  The  other 
yellow  pigments  are  chrome  yellow,  lemon 
yellow,  IiKlian  yellow,  gall-stone,  Roman 
oclne,  JIars  yellow,  terra  di  Sienna  (raw 
and  burnt),  Indian  pink,  cadmiuin  yellow, 
&c.  Tlie  princii'al  yellow  dyes  are  obtained 
from  amotto,  fustic,  French  berries,  quer- 
citron bark,  turmeric,  saw-wort,  weld  and 
willow  leaves;  al.so  from  cluoniate  of  lead, 
iron  oxide,  nitric  acid,  sulphide  of  antimony, 
and  sulphide  of  arsenic.  In  blazonry,  gold  is 
the  symbol  of  love,  constancy,  and  wisdom  ; 
and,  by  opposition,  yellow  in  our  days  still 
denotes  inconstancy,  jealousy,  and  adultery. 
In  France  the  doors  of  traitors  were  <laubed 
with  yellow  ;  and  in  some  countries  the  law 
formerly  ordained  that  Jews  should  be  clothed 
in  yellow  because  they  had  betrayed  our  Loi-d. 
Judas  is  represented  clothed  in  yellow.  In 
China,  yellow  is  the  symbol  of  faith. 

'■  Also  your  lonlfbip  shall  vndei-stoid  thiit  the 
coastes  of  the  sea  throughout  all  the  world  I  h.iue 
coloured  with  yellow,  for  that  it  may  apiieare  that  all 
that  is  within  the  line  coloured  uelluw  is  to  be  im- 
agined to  be  maiiie  laud  or  islands,  and  all  without 
the  line  bo  coloured  to  Itee  aea.  whereby  it  is  easie  and 
light  to  know  it.'— llackluyt :  Voyages,  vol.  i.,  p.  216. 

2.  Bot.:  A  genus  of  colours  of  which  the 
typical  species,  called  simply  yellow  (in  Latin 
luteus,  in  words  of  Greek  composition  xantko-), 
is  of  a  gamboge  line.  The  other  species  are 
lemon-coloured,  golden-yellow,  pale -yellow, 
sulphur-coloured,  straw-coloured,  leather-yel- 
low,  ochre-colour,  waxy-yellow,  yolk-of-eggv 
apricot-colour,  orange-colour,saflron-colouri?<l, 
isabella-colour,  testaceous- tawny,  and  livid. 
(Lindky:  Introd.  to  Botany  (ard  ed.),  pp. 
478-479.) 

t  (1)  Bot. :  Yellow  Bachelor's  Buttons  is  a 
double-flowered  variety  of  Ranunculus  acris 
cultivated  in  gardens.  Yellow  Bird's  Nest=the 
genus  Monotropa  (q.v.),  spec.  .If.  Hipopitys; 
named  in  distinction  from  the  Wild  Carrot, 
also  called  Bird's  Nest.  (Prior.)  Yellow  Dead 
Nettle  =  GaUohd"hn  luteum.  Yellow  Sandei-s 
Wood  =  Ptirvctuj'Hs  flavus.  Yellow  Water 
Lily  =  Nuphar  Intca. 

(2)  Min. :  Yellow  arsenate  of  nickel  =  Xan- 
thiosite;  yellow  copperas  =  Copin;)j7e  ;  Yellow 
copper  ore=  Copjier  pyrites;  Yellow  lead-spar 
=.  IVulfcnitc  ;  Yellow  ore  =  lyulfenite. 

(3)  Pathol. :  Yellow  Atrophy  of  the  Liver  is 
a  disease  called  also  Acute  Atrophy,  Wasting 
or  Softening  of  the  Liver,  Diflused  flepatitis, 
or  Fatal  Jaundice.  [For  Yellow  Softening  of 
the  Brain,  see  SohTE.MNi;,  ^i  (3), J 


I  boil,  boy;  pout,  j6^1;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hm,  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,      ing. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,    sion  -  shun;  -tion,  -jiou  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -blc,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  d^L 


ycllOW-ammer,  s.  (See  extract  uiuUt 
Y»:i,t.i>v.  II VM-'      ; 

ycUow  ai'changrel*  ^■ 

]i.>t.  :  fl'iti'-!'<l'>!:>r.  litciim. 

yollow  baboon,  ?.    t Wood-baboon.] 
yellow  balsam,  s. 

Itnt. :  A  s}n'0'.i---^  oL  Balsa miiiaceie,  Impatlens 

ydUow-bark,  ■;.  Tho  yellow,  or  orange- 
yt'lluu,  fcbiirt:i;;tl  bark  of  Cinchona  Jfuva  or 
{rntfiittinai.  consisting  of  the  bass  or  inuer 
UWk.     (■alUa  u!>H  Calisaya-bark. 

yellow -barred  brindle,  ^^ 

Knl'm..:  A  Uiitisli  Geoiiieter  inoth.  I.oho 
,^'mrif  rirrtnta.  \.\w  cateriiillar  of  wluoli  IVt'tls 
:.  1  Mu-  piivi-t. 

yellow-boile,  s. 

Kntoiii.  :  A  laif  British  Geometer  moth, 
Aj'sihttr-^  citwrni.  f.f  the  family  FidoTiitUe.  It 
is  Cuiii  I  II  'ai  ['l,\uiouLb  ;iiid  in  Irelaiitl. 

yellow-belUod  flying-phalanger,  s. 

yellow  bellied  water-mouse,  5. 

Zonl.  ■  llvir  ■  ■.'/.•;  chriisoijastcr,  from  New 
SdiiMi  \Vai.->. 

3(ellow -berries,  s.  pi.  The  dried,  unripe 
bt'iiio.-.  I'l  JHhuiuius  inftctoHus.  They  are 
brought  from  the  South  of  Europe  and  the 
Luvaiit  tu  be  i!s«.d  in  dyeing. 

yellow 'billed  woodpecker.  ^-. 

Oniitli.  :  Splnimpicw^  rarius,  distributed 
ovri  the  L'liiU-d  States. 

yellow-bird,  s. 

Ornlthnlo'jn  : 

1.  Chi-jisomUrifi  iHstis,  tlie  American  Gold- 
fincli.  iir  Thistle-bird,  generally  distributed 
over  North  Americui.  Length  about  five 
inclips ;  nmle  bright  gamboge-yellow,  with 
blaek  crown,  wings,  and  tail ;  band  across 
wings,  inner  margin  of  tail  feathers,  ami  tail 
coverts  white  ;  female  of  duller  plumage. 

2.  Dendroicu  n-stiva,  common  throughout 
tlie  United  SUtes.  Length  about  five  iuclieg ; 
head  and  lower  i)arts  bright  yellow,  rest  of 
upper  parts  olive-yellow  ;  back,  breast,  and 
sides  streaked  with  brownish-red  ;  two  yellow 
baiidw  on  \ving».  Called  also  the  Yellow-Poll 
Warblei-  and  Summer  Yellow  Bird.  The  Cow- 
liinl  often  deposits  one  of  its  parasitic  eggs  in 
the  nest  uf  tlie  Summer  Yellow  Bird,  which 
b(^ing  xinable  tu  eject  the  large  strange  egg. 
pecks  a  hole  in  it  and  buries  it  at  the  bottom 
n\  the  nest.  If  by  chance  the  (Jow-bird  visits 
the  same  nest  a  second  time,  the  egg  is  again 
buried,  and  tlius  are  formed  tlie  three-storied 
iii'sts  oecasioiially  found  by  egg-hiuiters. 
{liipfeij  d:  D(uin.) 

yellow-blossomed,  0.  Bearing  or  hav- 
ing J'ellow    Iilii-ssnliis. 

*  yellow-boy,  -•'.  A  gold  coin,  especially 
a  guinea  or  ;t  sovereign.     (Slang.) 

"  Joliii  (lid  ii'it  sl.irve  tlie  cnuie  ;  there  wnuted  uot 
!ir!tow-h,):/»  tn  fee  cnmisel."— A  fbiithnoC  :  John  BnU. 

yellow-browed  warbler^  s. 

Onilth.:  I'hi/Hoiropui  superciliosus,  a  rare 
lliilish  \isltiii'  I'nini  western  Asia. 

yellow-bugle,  s. 

linr.  :  Ajiciii  rhnmoipilijs. 
yellow-bunting,  s.    [Yellow-hammer.] 
yellow- cartilage,  s. 

Axi't.:  A  kind  of  cartilage  in  which  the 
(iliii's  .irc  .siiiiillir  to  thnse  of  Elastic  tissue 
C'l-v.;, 

yellow  caul,  >■. 

B"i  :  li.'inin.  /ihi.i  acris,  It.  bulbosits,  and  ii. 

vellow-centaury,  s. 

Ji'il.  :  The  same  as  Yelluwwort  (q.v.). 
yellow -Chestnut,  s. 

BjI.  :  (^>iicrci(6  Cat^hmtu-. 

yellow-copperas,  s. 

.V///(.:  A  translucent  mineral  of  a  yellow 
colour  ;nid  lu-iuly  lustre,  (.-onsisting  chiefly  of 
snlpiiuric  acid,  scsquioxide  of  iron,  and  water. 

Okina.) 

yellow-coralline,  ^.  An  orange-col- 
oured dye,  turmiid  of  sulphuric,  carbolic,  and 
oxalic  acids. 


yellow 

yellow-cress,  s. 

r.'!.  :  r.iirhan:n  ^n-frtXiJ". 

yellow-deal,  s. 

Tinihfr-triKh' :  The  timl)er  oirimis  sijlvstris. 

yellow-earth,  s. 

C'onm.  :  A  yellowish  clay  coloured  by  iron, 
sotitetimes  ust-d  as  a  pigment.     (Goodrich.) 

yellow-fever,  s. 

I'ufh'd.  :  A  malignant  fever,  varying  consi- 
derably in  character  in  ditt'ei-ent  eases,  but 
nearly' always  marked  by  the  yellowness  of 
tlie  skin,  which  gives  it  its  name,  and,  at  an 
advanced  stage,  by  the  vomiting  of  dark 
coloured  matter,  whence  it  is  often  termed 
black  vomit.  It  is  a  disease  of  hot  countries, 
not  rising  high  up  mountain  sloi»es,  but 
breaking  out  in  low  and  nioSst  places,  gener- 
ally on  the  coast  or  when  the  t-empeiuture  for 
a  few  weeks  previous  has  been  72'  Fahr.,  or 
more.  Tlie  southern  parts  of  North,  and  the 
tropical  parts  of  South  America,  the  West 
Indies,  the  Bermudas,  the  south  of  Spain, 
Portugal,  the  hotter  parts  of  Africa,  &c.,  are 
the  places  or  regions  which  it  has  chiefly 
ravaged.  Negroes,  and  even  mulattoes,  are 
however,  almost  wholly  exempt  from  its  at- 
tacks. In  tropical  seas  "or  harbours,  it  has 
ofteu  broken  out  on  shipboard,  evil-smelling 
bilge-water  liaviug  been  the  most  potent 
factor  in  its  production.  Formerly  it  was 
believed  to  be  contagious,  now  the  contrary 
opiiiiou  is  established  on  irresistible  e\i- 
dence.  It  is  not  commnuicated  by  contact 
with  individuals,  but  people  may  take  it 
by  entry  into  the  infected  areas.  It  is  a 
bilious  fever,  normally  of  the  remittent  type, 
though  the  i-emissious  are  often  so  slight 
and  brief  as  to  make  it  look  like  a  continued 
fever,  while  sometimes,  as  it  is  departing,  it 
liasses  into  an  intermittent.  Its  approach 
is  generally  foreshadow i_'d  by  lassitude,  loss  of 
appetite,  slight  headache,  and  mental  depres- 
sion ;  the  attack  then  commences,  and,  as  in 
the  case  of  cholera,  generally  in  the  niglit. 
The  first,  or  cold  stage,  is  marked  by  a  feeling 
of  chilliness,  the  patient,  in  certain  very  bad 
cases,  succumbing  at  once.  Generally,  how- 
ever, reaction  takes  place  into  the  hot  stage, 
the  pulse  rising,  and  the  heat  of  the  body  in- 
creasing to  lOo"  or  107°.  There  is  acute  head- 
aelie,  especially  overone  orbit ;  the  conjunctiva 
is  injected,  the  eyes  become  abnormally  bril- 
liant, the  tongue  pasty,  with  the  edges  and  the 
apex  red,  the  bowels  intensely  painful  [Rachi- 
algia],  great  irritability  of  the  stomach  arises, 
with  constipation,  diminution  in  the  quantity 
of  urine,  and  pain  in  the  calves  of  the  legs  and 
in  the  knees.  The  patient  cannot  rest,  but 
tosses  his  arms  and  his  head  about.  The  fever 
continues  from  three  to  seven  or  even  nine 
days,  a  remission  taking  place  at  the  end  of  the 
second  or  third  day.  Convalescence  follows 
in  favourable  eases;  in  others  the  pulse  be- 
comes irregular,  feeble,  aud  slow,  there  are 
stupor  of  the  brain,  difficult  breathing,  and 
a  vomiting  of  dark  grumous  blood,  blood  also 
coming  from  the  gums,  tlie  nostrils,  aud  other 
larts  of  the  body.  Then  follow  coma,  convul- 
sions, and  death.  The  average  mortality  is 
about  one  in  three  of  those  attacked.  Little 
can  be  done  for  a  patient  in  yellow  fever  ex- 
cept to  remove  him  from  the  infected  area  and 
give  him  very  light,  nourishing  food  and  good 
nursing.  When  the  disease  becomes  epidemic 
in  a  region,  sanitation  is  the  proper  method 
of  arresting  its  progress.  Relapsing  fever 
(<i.v.)is  sometimes  called  Mild  Y'ellow-fever. 

yellow-fibres,  s.  v^- 

Anat.  :  Ehistic  fibres  of  a  yellow  colour, 
occurring  in  Areolar  tissue  (q-V.) 

yellow  fibrous-tissue,  s. 

AiK't.:  The  tissue  containing  yellow  fibres 
Oi-v.). 
yellow-flag,  s. 

L'h/.  ;  /;■(*,-:  I'S'.- mi -acorns. 

yellow-footed  armadillo,  s.  [Povou.] 
'  yellow-golds,  5.  An  unidentified  plant. 
yellow-gum,  s. 

1.  J'ttihoi. :  The  jaundice  of  infants,  ictei-us 
infantum. 

2.  [Black-gum.] 

*  yellow-ham.  s.  [See  extract  under 
Yeli.iiw-hammek,  1.] 

yellow-hammer,  t yellow-ammer, 
yellow-bunting,  «. 


1.  Ordinnry  Laiifjnage : 

Ornith. :  EiUberlsa  citrinella,  one  of  the 
commniiest  British  birds,  widely  distributed 
over  Europe.  Length  about  seven  inches  ; 
general  cdour  bright,  with  patches  of  dark 
brown,  riehly-mottled  brownish-yellow  on 
back,  with  a  warm  ruddy  tinge ;  primaries 
blairk  edged  with  yellow  ;  chin,  throat,  aud 
under  part  of  body  bright  pure  yellow  turn- 
ing to  dusky-brown  on  the  flanks ;  tail 
slightly  forked,  and  shoj'ter  than  in  the  Com- 
mon Bunting.  The  female  is  similarly  marked, 
but  less  briglit  in  hue.  The  Yellow-hammer 
frequents  hedges  and  low  trees  ;  it  ne-^ts  on 
the  ground,  and  the  male  assists  in  incuba- 
tion. The  song  consists  of  few  notes,  but  is 
sweet  and  pleasing. 

"  lu  funuer  Rditions  o(  this  work  the  author  stiuvtr 
to  resture  vrh'ii  he  believed  ti>  liave  beeu  the  lirat  Eiitt- 
lisli  uauie  of  thiit  hird— yellow  Aininer.  As  uii^lit  h& 
expectetl  iu  such  a  case,  oiistom,  wliether  right  or 
wrong,  would  uot  give  way  to  the  ^lrol^uae^l  amuiid 
ineut.  aud  Yellow  Hammm',  with  its  abhieviutiuu 
Yellow  Ham.  hiva  beeu  commonly  |»l]ited  frum  the 
diiya  of  Turuer(  1.144)  iuid  Meriett  (U'-'u)  to  the  invseiit. 
There  call  iudt-e.l  I.l-  ui.  iiu.-.stii.ii  ui  '  \1:i\,ii„ki'  {in  thi* 

seuse)  boiUK  3triitl\  ■  ■•■_'li.it<'  «  ;lh  tin-  U  i  iu.-ili  .1  'lu.icr, 
butit  would  .'Jfi'iii  th.it  piL'lKiLiL^  thu  l.;H.-i  !I  i-'  th^- 
word  is  not  wbnily  ,Mi  Kiigli.sh  iieLuUiii-ity,  siin-c  11, eu- 
is  some  grouud  for  believiug  that  llnminvr,  which  iiuw 
survives  iu  Udmnicrling  lVellow-hnuimer|,  waa 
equally  with  Amuier  a,  reut<inic  form."— J'arre»/ 
liritish  nirUa  (ed.  4th|,  ii.  43.     (Note.) 

"  2  Pig.:  A  gold  coin;  a  yellow-boy 
(Slang.) 

"  Is  thdt  he  thiit  hath  gold  enough  I  Would  I  had 
some  of  hia  j/cllow  haimncist" — Sitirley  :  Bird  in  a 
Cnif. 

yellow  Hercules,  s. 

Hot. :  A  plant,  XajithoxyJon  clava  Hercvlis, 
meaning  the  club  or  cudgel  of  Hercules.  So 
called  because  in  the  West  Indies  the  young 
prickly  stems  are  often  made  into  walking- 
sticks. 

yellow-horned  moth,  «\  '  ^ 

Kntoiii.  :  A  British  Night-moth,  Ojmato-  ' 
2>hi>ra  fiuvicornis.  Pure  wings  pale,  greenish- 
gray,  with  darker  portions  ;  hind  wings  giay- 
ish-brown.  Expansion  of  wings,  an  inch  and 
a  half.  The  eateri)illar  feeds,  in  September, 
on  tlie  birch,  rolling  up  the  leaves  to  obtain  ' 
shelter  for  itself. 

yellow-jack,  s. 

1.  Ycllu\v-lever.    (Colluq.) 

2.  The  ting  displayed  from  lazarettos,  naval 
hospitals,  and  v<_'^scis  in  quarantine. 

yellow-jasmine,  s. 

Dot.  :  (Jfhfiniinnsfnijicrvirens.  [Gelsemu'M.) 

yellow-lalie,  s.  Various  pigments  of  a 
bright  colour,  not  affected  by  an  impuie  at- 
nio.spheie,  but  rapidly  altering  under  the  iu- 
flueuce  of  oxygen  and  light.     (U'mle.) 

yellow-legged  clear-wing,  5. 

Entom. :  A  British  Hawk  Motli,  Tivchilium 
cynipi/orme  (Stamton) ;  Seaia  I'l/iiij'i/ormii 
(Newnian).  Fore  wings  transparent,  wiMi  the 
Costa  and  hind  margin  black  ;  under  margin 
and  transverse  central  spot  hlue-black,  tinged 
with  orange  ;  body  black,  with  yellow  rings 
and  stripes  ;  th^  exjiansion  of  wings  about 
an  inch.  Caterj-illar  feeds  under  the  bark  of 
the  oak.    Tin-  perfect  iusect  appears  in  Juue. 

yellow-legs,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  Yellow-shanked  Sandpiper 
(q.v.). 

"  The  well-kuowu  Yellowleijs  of  Eaateru  sport^meu 
has  H  veiy  abundaut  distribu'tlou  throughout  nil  the 
ITuited  States."— Uaird.  lirewer,  &  IUdgioay :  li'ater 
Birds  0/  Aorlh  Anterica,  i.  273. 

yellow-line  quaker,  s. 

Enlom.  :  A  Iirii.,5n  Night-moth,  Orthosia 
viacileiUa.  It  is  of  a  yellowish,  ochry  colour. 
The  eaterpiUar,  which  is  reddish-brown  with 
white  dots,  feeds  on  beech. 

yellow-loosestrife,  s. 

But.  :  Liisiinachia  vulgaris, 

yellow-metal,  .".    A  sheathing  alloy  of 

copper.  2;  zinc,  1.     IMl'ntz-metai..] 

yellow-nuphar,  s.  The  yellow  water- 
lily,  Ktiphar  lutfttin  or  lutca.     [Nvphar.J 

yellow-ochre,  s. 

Chem. :  An  argillaceous  enrth,  coloured  by 
an  admixture  of  oxide  of  iron.  When  finely 
ground,  it  is  used  as  a  pigment. 

yellow -orpiment,  s.    [Orpiment.] 

yellow  ox-eye,  i. 

Bot. :  Chrysanthemum  segetuvi. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p6t» 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


yoUow— yeoman 


617 


yellow-pimpernel.  ^. 

l!i>t. :   L'li'iiH'U'hin  Hciaoruiii. 

yellow-pine,  s. 

li,-t.  :  (i)  Viu  IIS  miiis ;  (2)  P.  australis.  Both 
grow  in  the  Unit'-'d  .Stiiti-s. 

yellow  pocket -mouse,  s. 

Zuol.  :  Cricetoilipusjiacus,  a  miuute  rodent, 
from  the  Rocky  Mouutam;*.  lU  fur  la  jwle 
buff. 

yellow-race,  $. 

h'thuul.  :  A  ttrriu  sometimes  applied  to  the 
Chinese,  J-ipaiiede,  Mougols,  Lapps,  Esqui- 
maux, &c. 

yellow-rattle,  s. 

Hot. :  A  name  for  the  geuus  Rhinauthus. 
It  l.eU)!igs  to  the  order  ^crophulariarea:-,  or 
fi','\vorts,  and  is  called  Rattle  because  the 
seeds  wheu  ripe  rattle  in  the  husky  cap- 
sules. The  typical  species,  the  Commou 
Yellow-iattle  {Rhinantlius  Crista-galli),  with 
its  two  sub-species,  the  Greater  and  the 
Lesser  Yellow  Rattles,  is  wild  ia  Britain. 
All  the  thri'i',  as  their  names  imply,  have 
ycll'iw  llnwer.-;.     [Rhinasthus.] 

yellow-ringed  carpet,  s- 

Entom. :  A  British  Geometer  Moth,  Larentia 
Jlavicinctut'.t.  It  occurs  in  tbe  uorth  of  the 
i-jland. 

yellow-rocket,  s. 

Hot:  lktrh.iroi  i-ulgaris.  It  is  called  also 
the  Bitter  Wiuter-cress.  [B.^rbarea,  Win- 
ter-cress] 

yellow-root,  s. 

1.  Xanthorrhiza  apiifoUa.  Its  long  roots 
and  rootstoek  are  bright  yellow,  as  are  its 
leaves,  bark,  and  pith.  It  grows  in  the 
Southern  States  of  North  America.  The 
\ellow-root  is  intensely  bitter,  and  is  used 
as  a  tonic.  The  native  Indians  formerly  em- 
ployed it  as  a  dye. 

2.  H'i'Jrastis  canadensis.  This  also  has  a 
yellowroot,  or  rather  an  uuderground  stem, 
and  wa^  fonuerlv  employed  by  the  Indians  in 
dyeing  yellow.  It  likewise  is  tonic.  The  fruit 
is  like  that  of  the  raspberry,  but  the  plant 
belongs  to  the  Rauuuculaceie. 

yellow-sally,  5. 

Entom.  :  vhloroperla  viridis,  a  small  green 
species,  beluuging  to  the  family  Perlida;.  It 
is  found  in  England  in  May.  Called  also  the 
Willow-fly. 

yellow  shanked  sandpiper,  yel- 
low-shanks, ^. 

Oruith.  :  Tot'unis  ftavlpe,'^,  an  American  bird 
ocasionally  straying'  to  Britain.  Length  ten 
to  eleven  iuclies  ;  shades  of  gray  varied  with 
brown  and  black  above,  pure  white  beneath  ; 
bare  parts  of  legs  and  toes  yellow.  (See  ex- 
tract.) 

•'The  l»id  of  tlie  i/ellow-fih'niks  consists  of  sdibU 
fishes,  fihrimps.  wi.ruiB,  aquatii.-  anil  other  insects,  aud 
aiiudli'.jpitera.  Its  hal.its  are  similar  to  those  of  other 
simJpii'erj.' —  J'arre«.  Brit.  Birdi  (eii.  4th),  Ul  431. 

yellow-shell,  s. 

Entom.  :  A  British  Geometer  Moth,  Cauipto- 
gramm't  biUiieatii.  It  has  yellow  wings  with 
while  lines.  The  cateri'illar,  which  is  noc- 
turnal, feeds  on  grasses. 

yellow-snake,  s. 

Zoul.  :  Chilobothrus  inornatus,  from  Jamaica. 

yellow-soap,  s.     [Soap,  s.] 

yellow-spot»  5.    [Macula-lutea.] 

yellow-spotted  emys,  .^. 

Z'l',!.:  Ehiys  hamlltuni,  a  river  tortoise,  in- 
habiting the  Ganges. 

yellow-succory,  s. 

But.  :  I'i'^ris  hUracioides. 

yellow-suckling,  s. 

But.  t£-  A'jrk. :  Trijollum  minus. 

yellow-sultan,  s. 

Bot.  :  i'enla  ana  svaveoleiis. 

yellow-tall,  *'. 

I':liti<>t.  :    A   popular   name   for   the    genus 
Seriola  Oi-^'-)- 
yellow-tail  moth,  s 

EnUna.:  A  British  moth,  Liparis  aurijlm. 
Win-.-,  satiny  white  the  fore  ones  with  a 
btaek  spot  near  the  anal  angle  ;  body  white, 


til 


t-apex  of  the  abdomen  golden  yellow.  The 
calci  [lillai  fet-ds  on  the  hawthorn,  itpinning  a 
web  among  its  food.  'I'lie  perfect  insect  ap- 
pears in  July. 

yeUow-telluriam,  5. 

.Vui. ;  The  .-^aitie  as  Mli;llerise  ('i-V.). 

yellow- throat,  s. 

Ornith. :  Swsinsou's  name  for  the  genus 
Trichas  (q.v.). 

yellow -tissue,  v^. 

Aiu't.:  Elastic  tissue  (q.v.). 

yellow-top,  s.  A  variety  of  turnip.  So 
called  from  the  colour  of  the  skiu  ou  the 
ui'per  part  of  the  bulb. 

yellow-tubercles,  s.pl    [Tubercle,  3.] 

yellow -underlying,  s. 

Entom.  :  The  genus  Tripha'na  (q.v.).  Six 
are  British,  viz.,  the  Broad-btndered  Yellow 
Underwing  (Triphwnn  fimbria);  tlie  Least 
Yellow  Underwing  (7'.  intfrjecta);  the  Lunar 
Yellow  Underwing  CI.  subscjita) :  the  Lesser 
Yellow  Underwing  (7'.  orhow-t);  tlie  Laige,  or 
Common  Yellow  Underwing  {T.  pronubn)  ;  and 
the  Lesser  Broad-bordered  Yellow  Underwing 
(7'.  ianthina).  Nos.  1,  4,  5,  and  0  are  common, 
especially  Nos.  4  and  0.  The  caterpillars  are 
called  Surface  grubs. 

yellow-vetchling,  ». 

But.  :  I.uthi/ru-i  Althaea. 

yellow-viper,  s. 

Zool. :  Bvtlirup^^hincculatus.  [Fer-DE-lakce.J 

yellow  wall-lichen,  s. 

But.  :  Eanndia  jmrutiiia. 
1  yellow- warbler,  s. 

Ornith.:  PhiiUoscopm  {\  iyytviu,  *  Motacilla) 
trochitns,the  Willow-wren  (q.v.)-  {I'eiinant : 
Brit.  Zool.y  I  cill.) 

*  yellow-wash,  s. 

Chem.  :  A  lotion  for  ulcers.  It  was  made  by 
the  decomposition  of  corrosive  sublimate  in 
lime  water. 

yellow-weed,  5. 

Bot. :   AV-^(n/a  Luteola. 
yellow-willow,  s. 

Bot. :  Salix  vitellina.  Called  also  the  Golden 
Osier. 


yellow-wood,  s. 

But.:  Oxkija  xanlhoxijki, 
rruws  in  New  South  Wales, 


a  large  tree.     It 


yellow-wove,  s.     A  wove  paper  of  a  yel- 
luw  cohiui. 
yellow-wren,  s.     [Willow-wren, 1 
yellow-yoidring,  yellow-yorling,  ^. 

Ornith. :  The  Yellow-hammer  (q.v.).  (.Sa>(Wi.) 
"A  stringe  sui>erstiliiiii  th;it  the  }Wllouf'>/ofiirin(t.i\ii 
they  must  frequentlv  c-ili  the  bird,  ia  on  xery  (amihivr 
terms  with  the  Evif  One.  wUv  is  supposed  ou  a  Muv 
morning  to  auuitly  it.  nuioni;  other  odd  dainties,  with 
half  a  drup  oi  his  wwu  liUiud,  tlie  etteet  ui  which  is 
somehow  to  produce  the  cunous  marking  on  its  egjjs. ' 
—  I'arr-cll :  tint,  ilirdu  (ed.  4th).  ii.  41.     (Sote.J 

*  yel-low,  v.t  &  i.     [Yellow,  a.] 

A.  Traits.:  To  render  yellow. 

'■  So  should  my  i«ipeP3  uelloc'd  with  my  age. 
Be  scoru  d  like  old  men  of  less  truth  tbau  toufDie. 
^haKesp. :  Scnmct  17. 

B.  Intruiis. :    To  grow,   become,    or    turn 
yellow. 

"  Tlie  opening  valleys,  aud  Uie  yeltowing  plains  ?  " 
Dyer:  The  /Veece,  iv. 

yel-lOW'ing,  s.  [Yellow,  s  ]  A  process  in 
tire  jiianufauture  of  iiins.  It  consists  of  boil- 
ing the  pins  in  an  aciduous  solution,  previous 
to  nurling  aud  tinning. 

yel'-low-ish,  *  yel-ow-ysshe,  a.  [Eng. 
yellow,  a.  ;  -ish.\  tSomcwhat  jellow  ;  ofa  colour 
approaching  yellow. 

•'  The  secoud  is  the  cheat  or  wheiitou  breiid.  so 
unmed  hicause  the  colour  thereof  resembleth  the  gr»ie 
or  t/eHoivinh  whwite.  beiuj:  cle^ue  ttud  well  dreised.  — 
HtJHnthvd     Dcicriptvju  uf  E,i'jla»a. 

yel'-low-ish-ness,  s.  (Eng.  yellon-ish  ; 
-ne^s.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  yellowish. 

yel -low-ness,   '  yel-ow-nes,  s.     [Eng 

ydloir,  a.  ;  -)ifi.>,] 
I.  Ordinary  UinguagK  : 
1.  Lit. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  yellow. 

*■  Aud  the  bruided  madder,  itself  being  drenched 
with  the  like  »lca«ite  solution.  excliau(fed  aUo  lU 
yelloiene**  for  a  red  ucsa.  "—£(»*(«  ■"   Iforfti,  1.  ;5W. 


•  2.  Fig. :  Jealousy.  I  Yellow,  a.,  A.H  (1), 
B.  L) 

"I    wiU  i>oM««(  liliu  With  )faijwneu.''~Siuike*p.. 

J/rrry   ll'iivl  uf  Winiifrr.  L  S. 

II.  Hot.  :  [FlavedoJ. 

yel  -lOWf,  s.  p\.     [Yellow,  cJ 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  iiiMammation  of  the  liver,  or  a  kind 
of  jaundice  which  atfects  hor.ses,  cattle,  ami 
sheep,  causing  yellowness  of  the  eyes. 

"  Hid  hor»e  s|>ed  with  himvUh.  lUid  rayod  with  tbv 
l/cil-wt.'  —Shtikeif.  :  Ta-ntHj  tf/the  Shrtw,  111.  % 

2.  A  disease  of  peach-ta-es,  little  hcanl  of 
except  in  America,  where  it  destroys  whole 
oreliards  in  a  few  years. 

'*Thu  NlAKium  |»fnch  biuiiieM  la  aliiioit  a  tblng  of 
the  l»i)it,  ohTdu  ti>  thediaeuuM;  culled  tbc^tf/Zutri.'— ^f. 
Jaiiet't  Uai'-tte,  Jan.  fl,  18S:. 

•  3.  Jealousy.    {Brome:  Antipodt:s,  sig.  l.) 
II.    Bot.:   (1)    lUseda  Luteola;   (2)  GenUtit 

tiiu-foriu, 

yel'- low -wort,   s.     [Eug.  ydlow,   s. ;   and 
wort.] 
Bot. :  The  genus  Chlora  (q.v.). 

yel'-16w-y,    «.     [Eng.  yellow,  a.  ;  -y.\     Ofa. 
yellow  colour;  yellowish. 

•■Trees  which  I  l.avc  noticed  in  other  years  beariujt 
foliaife  ol  a  ytUotoy  greeu  colour,  aud  aome  iilnu«»t. 
gulden,  are  thia  aeaaou  of  u  rich  grceu."  —  /"icW. 
Aug,  13,  ISiT. 

yelp,  '  yelpe,  •  gelp-en,  vA.   [A.S.  giij^tn, 

gfitpan,  gyliKLu  (pa.t.  <jt<dp,  pa.  juir.  golpen)  = 
to  talk  noisily,  to  boast,  to  exult ;  whence 
gilp,  gielp,  gdp,  gylp  =  botisting,  arrogance  ; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  gJuljni-=  to  yelp;  gjtHfra  = 
to  roar  as  the  sea ;  gjal/r  =  the  din  of  the 
sea.    Allied  to  yell  (q.v.).] 

•  1.  To  boast  noisily  ;  to  prate. 

"  1  ke|w  nut  !■(  .\rin«it  for  to  yelpe, 
Nc  .wk  1  uot  to-morruw  to  hnvc  victory." 

Chaiitxr:  C.  T..  2.240. 

2.  To  Utter  a  sharj)  or  shrill  bark  ;  to  utter 
a  sharp,  quick  cry,  us  a  dog.  either  in  eager- 
ness, or  in  pain  or  fear ;  to  yaup. 

"  A  little  herd  of  Knglaiid'a  thuoroiis  deer 
MiCdcd  with  tt  yelfma  kenuel  ol  French  cura." 

Hh-ikitp. :  I  Ui-nry  VI..  iv.  2. 

yelp,  s.     [Yci-P,  V.\ 

1.  An  eager  bark  or  cry ;  a  sharp,  quick 
balk  or  cry,  caused  by  fear  or  pain. 

2.  A  cry  ;  a  loud  or  shrill  shout. 

•'If  slavery  be  thus  fatally  coutaglouo.  how  ia  it 
tbiit  rte  hear  the  loudest  yelpt  for  liberty  among  thtf 
drivers  uf  uegroeaj"— Jo/iii*i««  ;  Taxation  no  Tyranny. 

^ye-man,  c-.    [Yeoman.] 
•ye-man-rie,  s.    [Yeomaxrv.] 

Yen-i-se'-an, «.     IHeedef.)    Of  or  pertaining 

to  the  Yeiiisei.a  liver  in  Siberia  ;  specihcally 
applied  to  tlie  dialect  spoken  by  the  people 
occupying  the  traet  of  country  along  the 
middle  course  of  that  river. 

ye'-nite,    s.      [After  the  battle  of  Jena,   iu 
ISOG  ;  sufI".  -i(e(il/tH.).] 


Mii 


■  The  same  as  Lievrite  (q.v.). 


yco'-man.    '  ye-man.   'yo-man,  5.     [A 

wold  oi  duubttul  oiij^in.  The  most  probable 
etymology  is  that  of  Skeat,  i.e.,  fi-om  A.S.  gd 
='a  district  or  village,  and  vuiii ;  cf.  O.  Fries. 
ga,  go  (pi.  gae)  =  a  district,  village,  whence  ■ 
gamaii  =  a  villager  ;  ga/olk  —  iieople  of  a  vil- 
lage ;  Dut.  gouiv,  gu'uwe=  a  province;  O.Dut. 
(louwc  =  a  hamlet,  a  country  village  or  a  held  ; 
Lt)W  Ger.  goe,  gohe  ~  a  tract  of  country ; 
U.  U.  Ger.  goioi,  geivi :  Ger.  gan  ;  Goth,  gatci 
=  a  province.  Prob.  allied  to  Gr.  x*^P*>  X'*'P°'» 
{rkora,  choi-os)  =:  an  open  space,  country,  dis- 
trict, land.] 
X  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  A  man  possessed  of  small  estate  in  land, 
and  not  ranking  as  one  of  the  gentry  ;  a  gen- 
tleman-farmer ;  a  freeholder  ;  a  farmer  or  other 
l>erson  living  in  the  country,  and  occupying  a 
pMsition  between  that  of  a  gentleman  and  a 
labourer. 

"  1  call  biui  A  yeoman  whom  our  L-twea  do  call  I^- 
gnleu  hominem.  a  word  fniuiliiir  in  writa  und  en 
ijuesta,  which  i»  free  mau  b<irue  English,  .lud  may 
di.ii>end  of  bla  owue  free  land  iu  yrerely  reueune  to 
the  numuie uf  \1. 1.  elcrliuj;."— .SwirA .  Common teeuXtA, 
hk.  i.,  cb.  xxiii. 
'  2.  An  upper  servant ;  a  gentleman  ser- 
vant ;  a  valet. 

"  A  yetnaii  hadde  he.  Kud  servuitea  no  mo 

At  that  time,  for  him  luat«  to  ride  ao  ; 
Aud  he  wa^  el:idde  in  eute  aud  hvide  of  greeD.' 
CAui-cer  .  C.  T..  lOi.    (ProL) 


tai.  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  ceU.  choms.  ^hin,  bench;  go,  gem:  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  enpect.  Xcnophon.  CKlst^  ph  =  f. 
-cian.  -tian  =  sh?.a.    -tion.    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,    sion  =  zhun.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die.  ic  -  bel.  deL 


318 


yeomanly— yew 


"3.  A  kind  of  uiidcr-baililT;  a  bailitl's  as- 
sistant. 

"  W  lie  re's  your  j/comau/    Is't  n  luaty  jfeomant"— 
ShitJiiesp. :  2  Ucury  /('.,  IL  1. 

*4.  One  not  advanced  to  the  rank  of  gcn- 
iltnian. 

■■  We  grace  the  ^eoTJwn  tiy  coiiventliic  with  lihii." 
tOMkeap. :  I  lliury  VI..  ii,  4- 

'  5.  An  ai>pellation,  given  in  couittsy  lo 
common  soldiers. 

"Fi^bt,g«utleuieDo(  Englnnd  I  fight,  Kw^iyfotnen." 
Shitkeati. :  /iicharti  III.,  v.  3. 

•6.  A  member  of  the  yeomanry  cavalry. 

(YtX'MANRY,  2.1 

B.  .Vnitf.  :  A  jiersou  api>oint«d  to  assist  iti 
atteridin:.;  to  tlie  stores  of  the  gunner,  the 
b-atswain,  or  the  carpenter  in  a  ship  of  war. 

yeoman-like,  (t.    The  same  as  Yeoman- 

I.V   ((I.V.). 

1   Women,  of  the  guard :  [Beefeater  (2).] 

' yeo'-man-ly,  a.  (Eng.  yeomtiu;  -ly.)  Like, 
I'ertainJiig  to,  nr  becoming  a  yeoman  ;  holding 
the  position  uf  a  yeoman. 


yeo'-man-r^,   •  yeo-man-rie,  s.     (Eng. 

j/eoviafi;  -r*/.  J 

1.  The  collective  body  of  yeomen  ;  yeomen 
collectively. 

"  The  thinl  .ind  last  sort  is  unmed  the  j/comrtiu-ic. 
vt  whouj,  and  their  sequele,  the  iHbuurers  aud  artiti. 
cers.  I  have  said  somewhat  even  now." — hoUnshed. 
Description  of  Emjland.  bk.  U.,  ch.  v. 

2.  A  force  of  volunteer  cavalry  first  em- 
liodied  in  Britain  during  the  wars  of  the 
French  Revolution,  and  consisting  to  a  great 
extent  of  country  gentlemen  and  farmers. 
The  force  was  first  enrolltd  in  1761,  and  re- 
organized in  1793  nn  the  volimteer  system  of 
that  period.  After  1815  its  numbers  decreased 
rapidly,  but  a  fresli  start  was  made  in  1875. 
In  ISSS  an  Act  was  passed  rendering  the  Yeo- 
manry liable  to  l>e  called  upon  to  serve  in  any 
jiart  of  Great  Britain  in  aid  of  the  civil  power 
in  case  of  riot  at  any  time  ;  in  ease  of  actual 
invasion,  or  the  appearance  of  an  enejny  on 
the  coast,  or  during  a  rebellion,  they  may  be 
assembled  for  active  service,  and  called  u]^on 
to  serve  in  any  part  of  Great  Britain.  The 
great  services  of  the  Imperial  Yeomanry  in 
the  Boer  War  (1890-1902)  caused  the  military 
authorities  to  reorganize  the  foice,  and  an 
Army  order  of  April  17,  1901,  provided  that 
it  should  in  future  be  entitled  the  "  Imperial 
Yeomanry."     [Yeomanry  (q.v.,  Sup.).J 

yer-ba,  yer-ba  ma'-te,  s.    [Mate  (3).] 


'yerde,  ^^    [Yard.] 


•  yere. 


[Year.] 


yerg-as,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.]   A  coarse  wool- 
U-u  fabric  for  horse-cloths. 

yerk,  v.t.  &  i.    [Jerk,  y.] 

A,  Transitive: 

1.  To  throw  or  thrust  with  a  sudden  smart 
spring  or  jerk. 

"  Their  womided  steeds 
Fret  fetlock  deep  in  gore,  aud  with  w  jid  i-age 
I'trrk  out  their  ariiieu  heels  at  their  dead  mastera." 
Shake$p.  :  Henry  V.,  iv.  7. 

*  2.  To  lash,  to  strike,  to  beat. 

"Whilst  I  securely  let  him  over-slip 
Here  jerking  him  with  my  satyric  whip. " 

JIarston:  Hatires,  i.  3. 
3.  To  bind,  to  tie.    (Scotch.) 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  throw  out  the  legs  suddenly  ;  to  kick 
•with  both  hind  legs. 

"  The  horses  being  trised  up  in  this  luauuer,  their 
riders  came  with  loud  cries  i^hitid  them  aiid  some 
with  whips  in  their  hands  to  laali  tliem.  tluit  the 
liorse  being  mad  withnll.  yerkeU  out  behind,  aud 
sprang  forward  with  his  funnost  legs  to  touch  the 
ground."— A'orrA  ;  flularch.  p.  .S(H. 

2.  To  move  with  sudden  jerks ;  to  jerk. 


Beaunu  &  Flet. .  Sea  Voyage,  i, 

yerk,    s.     [Yerk,   r.]     A  sudden   smart    or 
quick  thrust  or  motion ;  a  smart  stroke ;  a 

jtil'k. 

'yerl,5.    [Earl.] 

'  yem,  vJ.  &  i.    [Yearn.] 

*  y  -erne.  *  y'-«rn,  s.    [Iron.j 

*  yeme,  n.  &  adv.     [A.S.  geom.]    [Yearn,  a.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Brisk,  eager,  active. 

£.  As  adv. :  Briskly,  eagerly,  earnestly. 


•  Sr-em-ey,  a.      (Eng.  ycrne,  -s,  ;  -i/.]     Made 
or  composed  of  iron. 

'■  Thou  didste  beholde  it  vutil  there  came  a  stone 
smyte  i>ut  without  haiidls,  which  sniytte  the  image 
vpun  tkis  ucmrt/  and  erthen  feete  lirekin^  theui  ,all  to 
powlder.'— ^oi/tt;  Exprn.  of  Diinicl,  ch.  Ii. 

yer'-nut,  s.    [Yornut.] 


'  yer'-row. 


[Yarrow.] 


'  yert' -point,  s.  [Prob.  from  Eng.  yerk  = 
jerk,  and  iKuat.]  A  game  so  called.  [Blow- 
point.] 

"  yertpoint  uiue-pius,  job-nut.  or  span- counter. "— 
Lady  AUint/'iy. 

yes,  '  yis,  *  yus,  ntir.  [A.S.  gise,  gese,  prob. 
contracted  from  ged  sy=  yea,  let  it  be  so,  yea, 
verily ;  where  sy  =  let  it  be  so,  is  the  imperative 
from  the  root  as  =  to  be.  Yes  was  originally 
the  answer  only  to  questions  framed  in  the 
negative  :  as,  Will  he  not  come?  Yes.]  A  woid 
or  particle  indicating  affirmation  or  assent. 
Opposed  to  no. 

^  (1)  Yes,  like  yea,  is  used  as  a  word  of  en- 
forcement by  repetition. 

"  I  say.  take  heed ; 
" yes,  heartily  beseech  you." 

S>take3p. :  Henry  VIII..  i.  2. 

(2)  For  the  distinction  between  yes  aud  yea, 
see  Yea. 

yes'-a-wSJU  yis'-a-w&l,  s.  [Hind.]  in 
India,  a  state  messenger,  a  servant  of  jiarade 
carrying  a  silver  or  gold  statf;  a  horseman 
attendant  on  a  man  of  rank. 

yesk,i'.t.     [Yex.]   To  hiccup.   {Scotch  <i:  Prov.) 


yest. 


[Yeast.] 


'yes'-ter,  «.  [A.S.  gcostra,  giestra,  gijstra ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  gistereii;  Ger.  gesteni;  Goth. 
gistra;  Lat.  hesternus  ^  of  yesterday;  Icel. 
g(er ;  Dan.  gaar ;  Sw.  giir ;  Lat.  herl ;  Gr. 
X^ey  (chthcs) ;  Sansc.  hyas  =  yesterday.  ]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  day  preceding  the  present ; 
next  before  the  present. 

"And  shall  the  wretch  whom  iiester  sun  beheld, 
Waiting  my  nod,  the  trcjiture  uf  my  pnw'r, 
Presume  to  day  to  plead  audaciuus  love?" 

Cowjreve :  Mourning  Bride,  ii. 

yes'-ter-day,  *  yes-ter-daie.  '  yis-tir- 
day,  i".  [A.M.  iji.ostnuL  lUrij  ;  cogn.  with  Dan. 
dutj  cajigistet:]  [Ye.stkr,]  The  day  preceding 
the  present ;  tlie  day  last  past ;  the  day  next 
before  the  present. 


H  (1)  Yesterday  is  often  figuratively  for  time 
not  long  gone  by  ;  time  in  the  immediate  past. 

"  We  are  but  of  yestertlai/."~Job  viii.  9. 

(2)  Yesterday  and  words  similarly  com- 
pounded are  generally  used  without  a  prepo- 
sition, on  or  during  being  understood.  In 
such  cases  they  may  be  considered  as  adverbs  : 
as,  I  saw  him  yestt-rday. 

t yes -ter-eve,   t yes'-ter-ev-en,    t yes- 

ter-ev-en-ing,  5.  [Eng.  yesttr,  and  eve, 
even,  or  ectniug.]    The  evening  last  past. 

"  lu  ho|je  that  you  would  come 
I'ar e re fi:'  Ben  Joiison  :  The  Satyr. 

*  yes' -ter- fang,  s.  [Eng.  yester,  and  fang.] 
Tliat  which  was  taken,  captured,  or  caught 
on  the  day  preceding. 

"  That  nothing  shall  be  missing  of  the  yetterfang' 
—nolinshcd  :  Detcript.  of  Scotland,  cb.  ix, 

"  yes-ter-mom,  "yes -ter-morn-ing,  s. 

(Eiig.  ycstcr,  and  mom,  mornimj.]  The  u\<-vn 
or  morning  preceding  the  present ;  the  morn 
of  yesterday. 

"  Froia  yestennorn  till  eve." 

Howe:  Tamerlane,  li. 

t  yes'-tern,  a.  [Yester.]  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating tu  the  day  last  pist. 

t  yes'-ter-night  {gh  silent),  5.    [Eng.  yester, 
and  night.]    The  night  last  past ;  last  night. 
^  Also  used  adverbially. 

"  Keep  the  same  Roman  hearts 
Aud  ready  minds  yuu  had  yenernight." 

lien  Jonson  :  CutiUne,  iv.  3. 

t  yes'-ter-year,  s.  [Eng.  yester,  and  year.] 
The  year  last  past ;  last  year. 

"  But  where  are  the  snows  of  yesteryear  f" 
D.  (j.  JiossetCi :  Villon ;  Ballad  of  Dead  Ladict. 

yes'-treen«  5.  [A  contraction  of  yestere'en  — 
yestereven.]  Last  night ;  yesternight.  {Scotcli.) 

yes'-ty,  a.     [Eng.  ye^t ;  -y.] 
L  Literally  : 

1.  Relating  to,  composed  of,  or  resembling 
yeast ;  yeasty. 


2.  Foamy,  frothy,  spumy. 

"Tlieycuty  waveB 
Confound  aud  awallow  navigation  up." 

,Stiake»p. :  .Macbeth,  iv.  L 

*  II.  Fig.:  Light,  unsubstantial,  worthless. 

"  Above  the  com)>.'iss  of  his  yetty  brain," 

Lrayton :  Moon-calf. 

yet,  'yit,  adv.  &,  conj.  [A.S.  git,  get,  giet,  gyt; 
cugri.  with  0.  Fries,  ieta,  eta,  ita;  Yrias.  J ie fie; 
M.  H.  Ger.  iej:uo,  ieze ;  Ger.  jetzt  =  now.  The 
A.S.  get  is  probably  a  contraction  of  ge  t6  = 
and  too,  i.e.,  moreover.]    [To,  Too,  Yea.] 

A,  As  adverb: 

1.  In  addition  ;  moreover;  over  and  above; 
further,  besides,  still. 

"  I'et  moi-e  (lU-iri-elllri^  with  occasion." 

Shakcfp.  :  Merchant  qf  Venice,  iii,  s. 

2.  Now  ;  by  this  time. 

"  Know  you  me  yetf"       Shakcsp. :  Coriolaniu,  iv,  3. 

3.  Already. 

"  Is  he  come  home  yet  f " 
Shakesp.:  J/idautnmer  A'iglit's  Dream,  iv.  2. 

4.  Still  ;  to  this  time ;  now  as  formerly  ;  in 
continuance  of  a  former  state  ;  at  this,  or  at 
that,  time  as  formerly. 

"  Are  you  yet  nvhis?"—Shnkesp. :  ifiich  Ado,  i,  1, 

5.  Hitherto;  up  to  this  time;  so  long;  so 
far. 

"  The  dukedom  yet  unbowed," 

.-ihak&tp.  .  Tempest,  i.  2, 

6.  At  or  before  some  future  time  ;  before  all 
is  done  or  finished  ;  in  time  ;  eventually. 

■'  Hell  be  hanged  yet."—S!iakesp. :  Tempett.  i.  1. 

■  7.  At  or  in  the  present  time  or  juncture  ; 
before  something  else  ;  now. 

8.  Though  the  case  be  such  ;  still ;  never- 
theless ;  for  all  that. 

"  I  shall  miss  thee,  but  yet  tliou  shalt  have  fi*eedom." 
Shakesp.  ;  Tanpest,  v. 

*  9.  Apparently  =  though. 

"  I  ciunot  spe:ik  to  her.  yet  she  urged  couference.' 
ShaKesp. :  As  }'ou  Like  It.  i,  2. 

10.  At  least ;  if  nothing  else. 

■■  If  not  divine,  yet  let  her  be  a  principality." 

Shakesp. :  Two  (Sentlemen.  ii.  <. 

B.  As  conj. :  Nevertheless,  notwithstand- 
ing, still. 

"  Yet  I  say  nuto  you.  That  even  Solomon  .  .  .  was 
not  .irrayed  like  one  of  these."— J/arrftew  vi.  2a. 

IF  L  As  yet: 

(1)  Up  to  this  time  ;  before  this. 

"Hast  thou  as  yet  conferred  with  Margery  Jour- 
daiu  '!"— Shakesp. :  2  Henry  VI.,  i.  2. 

(2)  Still ;  now  as  formerly. 

"  I  miglit  as  yet  have  been  a  spreading  tiower," 

Shakesp.:  Complaint, '5. 

2.  Nor  yet :  Nor  even. 

3.  Not  yet,  yet  not:  Not  up  to  the  present 
time  ;  not  so  soon  as  now. 

"  His  powers  are  yet  not  rea<ly,' 

Shakesp. :  Henry  V.,  iii.  3. 

■1.  Used  in  compounds  in  the  poetic  style 
with  participles  to  denote  continuance  of  the 
action,  or  state,  or  as  equivalent  to  still :  a.s, 
yei-loved,  ye(- remembered,  &c. 

'  yet-en,  pa.  par.    [Get,  v.] 

yetll'-er,  v.t.  [Prov.  Eng.  yeather  —  a  flexible 
twig.]    To  beat.    {Scotch.) 

yett,  s.     [Gate.]    {Scotch.) 

* yeve,  *  yeven,  v.t.    [Give.] 

*yev-en,  i>a.  p^r.     [Give,] 

yev -er-ihg,  yeth -er-ihg,  ;>/.  par.  &  a. 
[Ykther.] 

yevering-bells,  s.  pi. 

But.:  Fyrola  secunda. 

*  yew  (ew  as  u),  (1),  ^yewe,  5.    [Ewe.] 

yew  (ew  as  u),  (2),  '^  eugh,  *  ew,  *  ewe, 
*yeugh,  *yowe,     yugh,  -•;,  a  ((.     [A,s. 

uc,  inu;  cog.  witii  Dut.  Yi/:  loel.  yr;  O.  H. 
Ger.  i-tca ;  Ger.  eibe.  Probably  of  Celtic  origin ; 
cf.  Ir.  iubhar  —  a  yew;  Gael,  iubhar^  iitghar 
=  a  yew-tree,  a  bow  ;  Wei.  yw,  yuxn;  Corn. 
hicin  :  Bret,  ivin,  ivincn^] 

A,  As  substantive  : 

I.  Ordituiry  Language: 

I.  In  the  same  sense  as  H. 
*  2,  A  bow. 

"  Tulwil  with  hia  yew 
Aud  ready  quiver  did  a  boar  pui-sue.' 

Sylvester:  Haudte  Crafts.  <90. 

II.  Bot. :  The  genus  Taxus,  spec.  Taxus  bac- 
cata,  under  which  Sir  J.  Hooker  places  its 
six  supposed  species.  An  evergreen  with 
spreading  branches,  linear  acute  leaves  more 


i&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son :  miite.  ciib.  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    £e,  oe  =^  e  ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


yew— y  moth 


019 


or  less  falcate  coriaceous,  shining  at-nve, 
paler  below,  arranged  in  two  rank8.  Male 
ratkiiis  yellow,  about  a  quarter  i>f  an  inch 
long;  females  minute;  fruit  a  red  mucilagin- 
ctis  drupe  or  berry  with  green  seed.  It  is 
wild  in  England,  in  some  rocky  glens  or 
n.ouutain  slopes,  and  in  woods.  In  Britain 
it  is  low  in  stature,  but  with  a  trunk  so  thick 
that,  according  to  Peunant,  one  tree  still  re- 
maining in  Kortitigale  churchyard  at  the 
entrance  to  Glen  Lyon  was  originally  fifty- 
six  and  a  half  feet  in  "circumference.  It  is  in- 
digenous in  most  parts  of  Continental  Europe 
and  in  the  Himalayas  H.OOO  to  lu.iKiO  feet 
above  the  sea-level,  being  in  the  last-named 
regions  a  much  loftier  tree  than  in  England. 
The  sap-wood  of  the  yew  is  whit.e,  the 
heai-t-wood  red,  liard,  close-grained,  and  sus- 
ceptible of  a  line  polish.  It  weighs  IJfty-nine 
pounds  to  the  cubic  foot.  It  is  prized  in 
Europe  by  cabinet  makers,  and  was  formerly 


much  used  in  England,  as  it  still  is  in  the 
Himalayas,  for  bow-making  ;  this  is  said  to 
be  at  least  one  reason  wliy  our  ancestors 
planted  it  in  so  many  English  churchyards. 
In  some  parts  of  the  Khasia  hills  in  Xepaul  the 
yew  is  deemed  sacred,  and  its  wood  is  burnt 
as  incense.  In  Tibet  a  viscous  exudation  from 
it,  mixed  with  other  gums,  is  similarly  em- 
ployed. A  red  dye  is  made  from  the  tree  in 
the  Bhutia  country.  Bentley  and  Trimen 
state  that  the  leaves  and  young  branches  in 
all  circumstances  act  as  a  narcotico-acrid 
poison  on  human  beings,  horses,  and  cows ; 
that  the  seed  of  the  fruit  is  poisonous,  but 
that  the  pulp  surrounding  it  is  not  so.  Tlie 
bark  is  used  in  Kunawar  as  a  substitute  for 
lea,  or  is  mixed  with  tea-leaves.  The  yew  is 
not  used  medicinally  in  England.  In  India 
its  leaves  and  fruit,  which  somewhat  resemble 
digitalis  in  their  effects,  have  been  employed 
as  a  lithic  in  calculus,  and  as  an  antispasmo- 
dic in  epilepsy  and  convulsions.  There  is  an 
advantage  in  yew  over  digitalis — that  the 
former  does  not  accumulate  in  the  system 
like  the  latter. 

B.  As  (uJj. :   Pertaining  or  relating  to  yew- 
trees  ;  niade  of  the  wood  of  the  yew-tree. ' 

*  yew-bow,  s.     a  shooting  bow  made  of 
yew,  nuH-h  used  formerly  by  English  bowmen. 

yew-brimmle,  s. 

Ik't. :  liosa  atiiiiui.    {Britten  £  Holland.) 
yew-tree,  s.    A  yew  (q.v.). 

"  Wlien  Francis  uttered  to  the  maid 
His  liist  words  in  the  yeu>-tree  shade." 

Wordewortit :   White  Doe,  iv. 

yew  (ew  as  u),  v.L  [Etyni.  doubtful.]  To 
rise,  as  scum  on  the  brine  in  boiling  at  the 
salt-works. 

*  yeW-en  (ew  as  u),  a.  [Eng.  yeiy  (2),  s. ;  -en.] 
Made  of  tlie  wood  of  yew,     [El'ghen.] 


•  yex,  s.    [Yf-x, 


A  hiccough,  a  hiccup. 


"They    do  etay  the  excessive  i*ex  or  hocket." — P. 
IJoUuiid:  flinu,  bk.  xxvii..  ch.  v. 

*  yex,     *  yeske,     *  yesk-en,     •  yex-en, 
'yisk,  'yox-en.   '  yyx-yn,   ;.,.    [a.«. 

pisr/afi^to  sob,  to  sigh;  gioscci,  giossa-^a 
sobbing;  cf.  Lat.  kisco,  hiasco  =  to  yawn,  to 
fjape  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  glen  =  to  yawn  (q.v.).j  To 
hiccough  or  hiccup. 


Yez-de-g^-dl-an,  a.  [See  def.)  Of  or 
]i>-rt.iiiiini;  to  Ye'zdegird  III.,  who  gave  his 
name  to  an  era,  dating  from  his  acctssion  to 
tlie  PtiTsian  throne,  June  10,  a,d.  Or.li. 


Yez'-i-di,  Yez-i-dee,  s.    [Persian,  &c.] 

('oiii}-nr.  liflig.  (/'/.);  A  sect  of  reiigionists 
will),  while  admitting  that  God  is  supreme, 
yet  lielieve  the  devil  to  be  a  mighty  angel 
desen'ing  of  worship.  Prolwibly  they  were 
originally  Zoroastrians,  whose  faith  liecanie 
{tartly  modi  tied  by  the  Christians  and  Muhani- 
madans  with  whom  they  idtimately  cjune  in 
contat-t.  They  live  near  the  Euphrates,  and 
were  visited  by  Mr.  Layard  in  1S4I. 

*y-fere,  (idi\  [A.S.  gefura^a.  companion.] 
Together  ;  in  company  or  union. 

"  O  goodly  golden  chiiyiie.  wherewith  nf&re 
The  vertiiea  liiikvd  are  in  hivt-ly  wizr." 

:ipemrr:  >'.  V-,  I.  ix.  I. 

■y-herd.  a.  [Pref.  i/-,  and  Mid.  Eng.  htr  = 
hair.]     Hairy  ;  cQvered  with  hair. 

*  y-holde,  j-a.  i^ir.     [Hold,  v.] 

yield, "  yeeld,  •  yelde  (pa.  t.  *  yeki, "  yehkd, 
■  [lelte,  jiieUled ;  pa.  par.  *  yelded,  yielded^ 
*  iiolde,  *  yolden,  *  ijoldun),  v.t.  &  !.  (A.S. 
ffiddan,  gelda)i,  gil(la>i(\ia.  t.  geuUl,  pi.  guidon, 
]ia.  par.  golden) ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  gddoi  ; 
Icel.  gjfttiia  <pa.  t.  gait,  pa.  par.  gnh(inn): 
Dan.  gid-dc ;  Sw.  f;('f7/«  (for  gi1hln)=:  to  be  of 
consequence,  to  Iw  worth  ;  Ger.  gelten  =to  be 
worth  (pa.  t.  g(dt,  pa.  par.  gegoUen);  Goth. 
glldaii,  in  componnus /rfl-j/iWciu,  KS-j/iWan.  = 
to  pay  back.  From  the  same  root  come  guild 
and  guilt.] 

A.  Transitive : 

'  1.  To  resign,  to  submit,  to  acknowledge. 

"  Glailly.  sir,  at  yonr  biddiug 
I  woll  me  yetde  in  alt  thinj;." 

Jiom.  of  the  Iiot«. 

*  2.  To  pay,  to  recompense,  to  reward  ;  to 
make  return  to. 

"  The  godfl  yltld  you  for  "t." 

Shakcsp. :  Antony  i  Cleopatra,  iv.  2. 

^  Formerly  the  phi-ase  God  yield  you.!-= 
God  reward  you  !  was  in  commou  use  in  col- 
loquial language,  mueli  as  we  use  "God  bless 
you ! "  and  hence  became  corrupted  into 
various  forms,  as,  God  ield  you,  God  ild  you, 
God  dikl  you.     [Godild.] 

3.  To  give  in  return  or  by  way  of  recom- 
pense ;  to  produce,  as  a  return  or  reward  for 
labour  expended,  capital  invested,  or  the 
like.  * 

■'  Wlien  tliou  tilleat  the  ground,  it  shall  not  hence- 
forth yield  unto  thee  her  strength."— Gentaig  Iv.  12. 

''  4.  To  bear,  to  bring  forth. 

*■  She  was  yielded  there." 

SJuikesp.  ;  Pericles,  v.  3. 

*  5.  To  give  out ;  to  bear ;  to  furnish  or 
produce  generally. 

"The  wilderness  yieldeth  food  for  tbem  aud  their 
cAtilv."— Job  xxiv,  5. 

6.  To  afford,  to  offer,  to  give,  to  present,  to 
supply. 

"  The  eArtb  can  yield  me  but  a  commou  grave." 
ShaJiesp.:  tionncl  81. 

7.  To  afford,  to  confer,  to  grant. 

"Come,  sir,  leave  me  your  snatches,  nnd  yifld  me 
a  direct  ^inswer."— A'hatcffp, ;  Measure  /or  Measure, 
iv.  2. 

8.  To  grant,  to  allow ;  to  admit  the  force, 
justice,  or  truth  of;  to  concede. 

"  I  yield  it  just,  said  Adam,  and  submit" 

MiUon:  P,  L..  xx.  526. 

*9.  To  deliver,  to  exhibit,  to  declare. 

"  The  reafOQB  of  our  stAte  I  cauuot  yield." 

Shakcsp.  :  AUi  Well.  iii.  1. 

10.  To  emit,  to  give  up. 

"  Graves,  yawn  aud  yield  your  dead." 

Hhakesp. :  Much  Ado.  v.  3. 

^  Hence,  such  phrases  as.  To  yield  up  the 
ghost.  To  yield  the  breath  =  to  die. 

"  He  gathered  up  his  feet  into  the  bed,  and  yielded 
up  the  <jhoti."~Oenetis  xlix.  33. 

11.  To  give  up  as  to  a  superior  power  or 
authority  ;  to  quit  or  resign  possession  of,  as 
through  compulsion,  necessity,  or  the  like  ; 
to  surrender,  to  relinquish,  to  resign.  (Fre- 
quently with  up.) 

"  Therefore  great  king. 
We  yield  our  town  aud  lives  to  thy  soft  mercy," 
Shaketp.:  Henry  V..  ii).  3. 

B.  TntTatisitive : 

1.  To  give  way,  as  to  superior  force,  power, 
or  authority ;  to  submit,  as  to  a  conqueror  or 
superior  ;  to  succumb,  to  surrender. 

"  But  Hercules  himself  must  f/icld  to  CHlds 
Aud  niHuy  strokes,  tbuugh  with  a  little  axe. 
Hew  dowu  aud  fell  the  hardest-timberd  oak.* 

Shakcsp. :  3  Henry  VI..  il.  I. 

2.  To  give  place,  as  inferior  in  rank,  quality, 
position,  or  excellence. 

"  Let  York  be  regent.  I  will  yield  to  him." 

Shaktsp.  :  2  Henry  »'/..  i.  3. 

3.  To  give  way  in  a  moral  sense,  as  t"  en- 


treaty, argument,  a  request,  or  the  like ;  to 
submit,  til  comply,  t<j  as.sent,  not  to  oppose. 

"  Vou  shall  uut  My,  I  yiefd,  beiiig  >ileiit." 

Shaketp. :  Cym^cltne,  il-  3. 

4.  To  give  a  return  ur  produce  ;  to  bear 
fruit,  or  the  like. 

"  The  crop  I*  \nrlahle.  aud  duc-s  not  yJafd  at  nil  well, 
according  tu  (he  (|Uiiutlty  of  atrnw,  which  Is  unusu- 
ally lurgv.— field,  Oct.  3.  ISsS. 

yield,  *ye6ld,  <.  (Vikld,  r.]  That  which  is 
yielded  tw  produced  ;  aniount  yielded  ;  j>ro- 
ducl,  return  ;  uppUe'l  especially  to  products 
resulting  from  gi-owlh  or  cultivation. 


"C'oiintaiitly 
A  goodly  yerld  of  fruit  iloth  briUB-" 


Bacon :  Pi.  1. 


■  yield' -a-ble-ness.  s.  [Eng.  yid^t;  -able, 
■lU'ss.]     A  disposition  to  yield  or  comply. 

"  The  fxtirtli  dlnpooltlon  for  |>cace— MU  yirldnblrttrMt 
upon  Bight  uf  clearer  trnlhii."— B/». //ciH;  TItc  Peace- 
maker, I  IJ. 

*  yield'-ance,    *  yeeld~ance»    s.     [Eng. 

1.  The  act  uf  yitdding  or  producing. 

"  How  Mhould  tho  com,  wine,  oil.  b«  luid  wltlmut 
the  yieldance  of  thu  enrlh?"— tfp.  Hall:  Seatomtbte 
Hermont. 

2.  Tlie  act  of  conceding,  granting,  or  allow- 
ing. 

'•  One  or  huth  of  thw*  lunst  of  uect-Mity  U-  im- 
plied iu  nach  a  yictitance.'—South  :  Sermoiu,  vol.  v., 
»er.  13. 

yield'-er.  •  yeeld-er»  s.  [Eng.  yield,  v. ; 
•cr.]    One  who  yiehls,  submits,  or  gives  way. 

"  1  waa  uot  born  a  ylelder,  thou  proud  Scot' 

Shtiketp. :  \  Henry  /('..  v.  3. 

yield' -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [Yield,  i-.] 

A.  A.^  jir.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Re^dy  or  inclined  to  subinit, 
comply,  yield,  or  give  way ;  pliable,  soft, 
compliant. 

"  A    ffietdinff    t«-iui*tr,   whitii   will   he  wrouced    ur 

htdOed.  —KcttUwelt. 

C.  As  <;ul'st.:  Tlie  act  of  one  who  nr  that 
which  yields  ;  production,  produce,  compli- 
ance, assent. 

"  Immaculate  and  snotlesH  is  my  mind  ; 
That  v/att  uot  forc'il ;  but  never  waa  inclln'd 
To  accessory  yietdiugt." 

Shakeip. :  Rape  of  Lucrecc,  1,C5S. 

*  yiild'-ing-ly.  adv.  [Eng.  yielding;  -ly.] 
In  a  yielding  manner;  with  compliance,  or 
assent. 

*  yield'-ing-neas,  s.  [Eng.  yidding;  -ncss.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  yielding;  dis- 
position to  yield,  comply,  or  assent. 

"  The  shallowui'sM  of  the  sookt-t  at  the  shoMldt-r.  ami 
the  ylddiitgnixs  of  the  i.iLrtiIi4i!iuou&  HuhsUmce." — 
Palcy  :  .\utural  DuoloQy,  th.  viii. 

*  yleld'-less,  a.  [Eng.  yield;  ■less.\  Un- 
yielding, dauntless. 

--  She  Hhoutd  have  held  the  battle  to  the  last. 
Undaunted,  yteldleti,  firm,  and  ilitd  or  conquerd." 
A'uiw  .■  i'lyuet,  iii. 

jrlll,  s.     [Ale.]    (.SVnf.-ft.) 

yin,  s.  or  a,    [One.]    (.S<;o?cfc.) 

yince,  adv.     [Once.]    (Scotch.) 

yird,  s.     [Earth.]    {Scotdi.) 

ylrU,  vA.  &  i,    [Yerk,  v.\ 

-3^1,  snff.  [Gr.  uAtj  (/iu;t)  =  matter,  as  a  prin- 
ciple of  being.] 

Chein. :  A  suffix  used  by  Llehig  and  Wnhler 
to  denote  derivation  from.  Thus,  front  lK.-n- 
zoin  is  derived  beri^yf ;  from  ctlier,  ethy/,  &c. 

y  lev'-el,  s.  [Eug.  y,  from  the  shape  of  the 
supports,  and  level,  s.]     [WvE.] 

.Sieri'. ;  An  instrument  for  measuring  dis- 
tance and  altitude.     {Simmoiuls.) 

*  y-liche,  '  y-lllte.  ".  &  adc.  [A.S.  gelic  - 
like,  yc;<.r  =  alike.  1 

A.  As  adj. :  Like  resembling,  equal. 

B,  As  adv. :  Alike,  equally. 

*  ylke»  a.  or  pron.     [A.S.  ylc,  ifc.] 

1.  Tliat,  the  same.    [Ilk.]      ' 

2.  Each. 

y  moth,  s.  [The  letter  y,  and  Eng.  moth.] 
Kntom. :  Various  species  of  the  genus  PIu» 
sia  (q.v.).  They  are  so  called  because  they 
have  on  each  of  their  wings  a  mark  like  a 
capital  Y.  The  Plain  Golden  Y  is  riusia 
iota,  its  fore  wings  are  rosy  gray  ;  the  Beauti- 
ful Golden  Y  is  P.  pulchriiui;  the  fore  wings 
are  purplish  gray;  the  Silver  Y,  P.  gamnui. 


boil,  bo^ ;  po^t,  jowl ;  cat.  9ell,  chorus,  (hin,  benph ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  af ;  expei 
Hjian,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun,   -cious,  -tlous,  -sioos  =  shus. 


sin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing 


ble,  -dle»  ^c.  =  bel,  deL 


620 


ympt— yon 


calltHl  als"  the  Gairima  Moth,  lias  tite  fon' 
wiu^^s  violet  gray,  clouded  with  dark  t-iay. 
It  is  abuiidaut  uverywhere,  the  eati-ri'iUar 
feeiling  on  various  low  plants.  The  SouTe 
Silver  Y,  F.  interrogationi!',  lias  the  fore 
villus  bluish  gray. 

'  ympt.  j"i.  i^tr.  or  a.     [Imp,  v.] 

'  y-nough,  •  y-now,  ndv.    [Enough.] 

•  yoate,  r.^    [Yotc] 

•yoch-el,  --i.    [Yokbu] 

"  yode,  •  yod,  pret.  of  v.  [A.S.  eode  =  went, 
l-l.  o'JoH.l    [Vede.1    Went. 

■■  W\-ll  weeueii  he  tliat  (iiircat  Floriiuell 
It  WHa  with  whom  iii  compauy  he  i/od«." 

Spt-juvr:  /■.<;..  Hi.  vill.  13. 

yd  -del,  yo'-dle,  r.t.  or  i.  [Ger.  Swiss. 1  To 
sill-; "or  utter  a  sound,  peculiar  to  tht-  Swis^ 
and  T\rulfse  mountaineers,  by  suddenly 
changing  from  the  uatuml  voice  to  the  fal- 
setto. 


....jt-d  to  j/urfe'  until  the  thuiidiT  ilied  aw 
ili^Uisice.'—lh-troit  Free  Press,  Nov.  7,  1685. 


)  the 


yd -del,  yo-dle,  s.  [Yodel,  v.]  A  sound  or 
tune'  peculiar  to  the  Swiss  and  Tyrolese 
mountaineers. 

'■  Tlie  yodelist  was  oue  of  tlioae  fellows  who  doesn't 
kmt\t-  eiidugh  to  get  iu  out  of  the  wet— he  yodeled  hia 
plaiuttve  !f>Jtid  right  aluu^.'  —Detroit  Free  Press,  Nov. 
7.  1895. 

yo'-del-ist,  .^.  [Eng.  yodel,  v.;  -Ut.]  Oue 
wiio'yudels.    (Sec  extract  under  Yodel,  s.) 

Y6-ga,  s.  [Sans.  =  union,  titness,  si'iritual 
abstraction.] 

Hindoo  Philos.:  Oue  of  the  six  Darsanas, 
i.e.,  schools  or  systems  of  Brahmanical  Pliilo- 
sopliv,  that  of  Patiinjali,  the  essence  of  which 
i.-,  meditation.  It  believes  iu  a  primordial 
soul  which  has  had  existence  from  an  earlier 
jieriod  tlian  primeval  matter,  and  holds  that 
from  tlie  two  arose  the  spirit  of  life  (Maha- 
natma).  Theoretically  at  least,  its  devotees 
can  acquire  even  in  this  world  entire  command 
over  elementary  matter  by  certain  ascetic 
practices,  such  as  long  continued  suppression 
of  the  respiration,  inhaling  and  exlialiug  the 
breath  iu  a  particular  manner,  sitting  in 
eighty-four  attitudes,  fixing  the  eyes  on  the 
tip  of  the  nose,  and  endeavouring,  by  the 
force  of  mental  abstraction,  to  unite  them- 
selves with  the  vital  spirit  which  pervades  all 
nature  and  is  identical  with  Siva.  When  thi;^ 
mystic  union  is  effected,  the  Yogi  can  make 
himself  lighter  than  the  lightest,  or  heavier 
than  the  heaviest  substance,  or  as  small  or  as 
large  as  he  pleases ;  he  can  traverse  all  space, 
can  become  invisible,  can  equally  know  the 
l-ast,  the  present,  and  the  future,  and  can 
auimate  any  dead  body  by  transferring  to  it 
his  own  spirit ;  tinally  he  becomes  united 
with  Siva,  and  is  exempt  from  the  necessity  of 
undergoing  further  tiansmigratious.     LYooi.] 

yo-gi,  yo'-gin,  s.      [3^"^.,  &c.,  from  Yoga 

Oi.v.).] 

BrahmanisiiL  (Pi) :  The  Yogis  are  a  Saiva- 
vite  sect,  founded  by  Goraknatha.  They 
}>rofess  to  be  descendants  of  men  who,  by  the 
jiraetice  of  Yoga  (q.v.),  obtained  power  of 
ctfticting  supernatural  results.  They  go  about 
India  as  fortune-tellers  and  conjurers.  They 
have  a  temple  at  Gorakhpore,  and  traces  of 
the  order  exist  at  Peshawur. 

yo'-ick,  yo'-icks,  5.  [From  the  sound  made.] 
All  old  hunting  cry. 

yo  -ick,  v.t.  [YoicK,  s.]  To  cheer  or  urge  ou 
with  a  yoick. 

"Hounds  were  biirely  yoicked  into  it  at  one  side 
when  a  fox  was  tallied  a.\iAy."— Field,  Jau.  23.  1936, 

yo'-jan,  s.  [Sansc.  yojana^  from  yvj  =  to 
joiuj  In  Hindustan,  a  measure  cf  distance 
varying  in  different  places  from  four  to  ten 
miles,  but  generally  reckoned  as  equivalent 
to  tive  miles. 

yoke,  *  yoeke^  *  yok,  s.  [a.S.  geoc,  gioc, 
■ioc=a  yoke;  cogn.  with  Dat.juk;  Icel.  ok; 
Dan.  iutg ;  Sw.  ok;  Goth,  juk  ;  0.  H.  Ger. 
joh ;  Ger.  jock ;  SVel.  Uiii ;  Lat.  jugum  ; 
(whence  Ital.  giogo ;  Sp.  yoga ;  Fr.  joug) ; 
Russ.  igo;  Lith.  jungas ;  Gr.  ^Vyoi'  (:ugon); 
Sansc.  yuga  =  a  yoke,  pair,  couple  ;  from  the 
same  root  as  Lat.  jungo  =  to  join  ;  Gr.  ^eiJyia/- 
lii  (zexignumi)  =  Eng.  join  (q.v.).] 

I,  Ordinary  Lang^iage : 

1.  Literally : 

(1)  A  bar  which  connects  two  C'f  a  kind, 


usually  ;  as,  the  ox-yoke,  fastened  by  bows  ou 
the  necks  of  a  pair  of  oxen,  or  by  thong.s  to 
tlie  iiorns  or  foreheads  of  the  oxen  in  some 
countries.  An  old  contrivance  by  which 
jiuirs  of  draught  animuls,  especially  oxen, 
were  fastenetl  together.  It  generally  consists 
of  a  piece  of  timber  hollowed  or  made  curving 
near  each  end,  and  litted  with  bows  for  re- 
ceiving the  necks  of  the  oxen,  by  which 
means  two  are  connected  for  drawing.  From 
a  riugorhook  in  tlie  bow  a  chain  extends  to 
the  tiling  to  be  drawn,  or  to  the  yoke  of 
another  pair  of  oxen  behind. 

"A  red  heifer  ou  which  never  cnuic  s/oke."~Ifumb. 
xix.  2. 

(■2)  Hence  applied  to  anything  resembling  a 
yoke  :  as — 

(<i)  The  nerk-yoke,  by  -which  the  fore  end 
of  the  tongue  is  suspended  from  the  hames  or 
collars  of  a  span  of  horses. 

(h)  A  frame  to  fit  the  shoulders  and  neck 
of  a  person,  and  support  a  couple  of  buckets 
suspended  from  the  ends  of  the  yoke. 

(f)  A  cross-bar  or  cui'ved  piece  from  which 
a  bell  is  suspended  for  ringing  it. 

((0  Devices  to  be  attached  to  breachy 
animals,  to  prevent  their  crawling  or  break- 
ing through  or  jumping  over  fences,  are  some- 
times called  yokes. 

(e)  A  branching  coupling  section,  connect- 
ing two  pipes  with  a  single  one,  as  the  hot 
and  cold  water  pipes,  with  a  single  pipe  for  a 
shower-bath. 

(/)  A  head-frame  of  a  grain-elevator,  where 
the  belt  passes  over  the  upper  drum  and  its 
cups  discharge  into  the  descending  chute. 

(y)  A  form  of  carriage  clip  which  straddles 
the  parts,  and  is  tightened  by  nuts  beneath 
the  plate. 

(3)  Something  which  couples,  connects,  or 
binds  together ;  a  boud,  a  link,  a  tie. 

"  Whose  souls  do  bear  au  equal  yoke  of  love." 

Shnkesp. :  Merchant  of  t'eitice.  iii.  4. 

(4)  A  pair  of  draught  animals,  especially 
oxen,  yoked  together. 

•■  A  hulf  acre  of  laud,  which  a  yoke  of  oxen  might 
plough."— 1  Samuel  xiv.  H. 

(5)  As  much  land  as  might  be  ploughed  by 
a  yoke  of  oxen  in  a  day  ;  hence,  as  much 
work  generally  as  is  done  at  a  stretch  ;  also, 
a  portion  of  the  working-day,  as  from  meal- 
time to  meal-time,  during  which  work  is  uu- 
interiuptedly  carried  on. 

(0)  Two  upright  spears  with  a  third  crossing 
tlieiu  at  the  top  for  vanquished  enemies  to 
pass  under.  In  b.c.  3'2S  tlie  Samnites  are  said 
to  have  compelled  the  Romans  literally  to  pass 
under  such  a  yoke  as  a  badge  of  servitude. 
The  Romans,  having  afterwards  vanquished 
them,  treated  them  similarly,  b.c.  307  and  204. 

2.  Fig. :  Used  as  an  emblem  of  servitude, 
slavery^  and  sometimes  of  sutferance  or  sub- 
mission generally. 

"  Take  ye  me  my  t/ok  on  you,  and  lerue  ye  of  me."— 
n'ucliffe:  Jfatthcwxi. 

il.  Nant.:  A  bar  attached  to  the  rudder- 
head  and  projecting  in  each  direction  side- 
ways ;  to  its  ends  are  attached  the  steering- 
ropes  or  yoke-lines,  which  are  handled  by  the 
coxswain  or  steersman,  or  pass  to  the  drum 
on  the  axis  of  the  steering-wheel.  The  yoke 
is  principally  used  iu  rowing-boats. 

yoke-arbour,  s. 

Mach. :  A  form  of  double  journal-box  for 
pulley-spindles,  iu  which  a  curved  branch 
extending  from  one  bearing  to  the  other  on 
each  side  of  the  pulley  serves  to  protect  the 
belt  from  being  chafed  or  otherwise  injured. 

yoke -elm,  s. 

Bot. :  The  Horiilieani,  Carpintts  Betulus. 
So  called  because  yokes  are  made  of  the  wood. 

*  yoke-fellow,  s.  One  associated  with 
another  iu  labour,  a  task,  undertaking,  or  the 
like  ;  oue  connected  with  another  by  some 
tie  or  bond  ;  a  companion,  an  associate,  a 
mate,  a  partner. 

'■  Voke-fellou's  were  they  lyui;  and  well  approved." 
M'ordsworth  :  £xcurtion,  bk.  vii. 

yoke-line,  yoke-rope,  s.  [Yoke,  s.,  II.] 

*  yoke-mate,  s.    A  yoke-fellow  (q.v.). 

"  Before  Tuiilon  tliy  i/oktr-mate  lies, 
Where  all  the  live-lung  night  he  sighs." 

Stepney.    {Todd.] 

yoke,  *yoak,  *  yok-en,  v.t.  &  i.    [Yoke,  s.] 
A;  Tra7isitive : 

I.  Lit.  :  To  join  in  a  yoke  ;  to  unite  by  a 
yoke  ;  to  put  a  yoke  on. 


II.  Figuratively : 

1.  To  couple  ;  to  join  together. 

"  Ciissi  U8,  you  arc  yoked  with  h  hunb," 

Shukctp. :  JtiHus  Ctesar,  \v.  3. 
* 2.  To  enslave;  to  bring  into  bondage  or 
servitude. 

"  These  are  the  anna 
With  which  heyoketh  your  rebvlliouB  uecks." 

Shakesp.:  Henry  I'.,  il.  3. 

"  3.  To  oppress. 

"Theu  were  they  ynak'd  with  garriaoug,  and  the 
l>laces  consecrate  to  their  hloodte  aupenstitiouii  de- 
8troi'd."—Jf  (7(0/1 ;  Hist,  of  England,  bk.  il. 

•  J.  To  restrain,  to  confine, 

"  The  words  and  proiniaes  that  yoke 
The  conqueror,  are  iiuickty  broke." 

Buffer:  Hwim-at.    {Todd.) 

*  B,  Intrans. :  To  join  ;  to  be  coupled  ;  t<> 
unite. 

"  Tis  ft  i>ro|»er  calling. 
And  well  beseems  her  years ;  who  would  she  yoke  with  f 
Beaam.  Jc  Flet. :  iiule  a  Wi/e  and  have  a  H'ifc.  1. 

yoke-age,  s.    [Rokeaoe.] 

yok -el,  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  goke  =  a.  fool.  (Cf. 
Icel.'  gaiikr  =  a  cuckoo  ;  Low  Scotch  gowk  = 
a  cuckoo,  a  fool.)  Skeat  thinks  that  yokel 
represents  an  unrecorded  A.S.  geacol  = 
cuckoo-like,  foolish,  from  geac  =  a.  cuckoo.] 
A  rustic,  a  countryman  ;  a  country  lout  or 
bumpkin. 

"Thou  art  not  altogether  the  clumsy  yoket  and  the 

clod    i    took    thee    for." — Blackmore :    Lorna   Boone, 

eh.  xl. 

Tf  Also  used  adjectively  =  boorish,  loutish, 
rustic. 

yoke'-let,  s.  [Eng.  yoke,  s. ;  dimin.  suff.  -let, 
from  its  being  worked  by  a  single  yoke  of 
oxen.]    A  small  farm.     {Prov.) 

yok'-ing,  pr.  per.,  a.,  &  s.     [Yoke,  r.J 

A,  A:  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See, 
the  verb). 
C.  A»  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  putting  a  yoke  on  ;  the  act  of 
joining  or  uniting  with  a  yoke. 

2.  As  much  work  as  is  done  by  draught 
animals  at  one  time,  whether  it  be  by  cart  or 
plough  ;  lience,  generally,  as  much  work  as 
is  done  at  a  stretch.    {Scotch.) 

II.  Mining  (PL) :  Pieces  of  wood  used  for 
designating  possession. 

yok'-siin,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

But. :  Armidinaria  Jlookeriana. 

*  yok'-y,  a.  [Eng.  yok(e),  s.  ;  -y.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  yoke. 

"Their  manes  .  .  .  fell  through  the. vottf  s\>liere." 
Chapman  :  Ilonier  ;  Jtiad  xviL  392. 

*yold,    ^yolden,    prd.    &  jw.   2^(^>'-    o/"  i>. 

[Yield,  v.] 

yolk  (i  silent),  yelk,  ^  yelke,   *  yolke,  . . 

[A.S.   geolec((,   giolem  =.  the  yolk  ;    lit.  =  the 
yellow  part,  from  geolu  =  yellow  (q.v.). J 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  yellow  part  of  an  egg.     [Egg,  s.]   . 

"  She  layes  her  breasts  out  too.  like  to  poch'd  eggs 
Th.it  had  the  yelks  suckt  out." 

Beaiim.  <t  Flet.  :   Wife  for  a  Aloiilh.  ii. 

2.  The  uuctuous  secretion  from  the  skin  of 
sheep  which  renders  the  pile  soft  and  pliable. 

II.  Anat.  d-  Bot. :  Vitellus  (q.v.). 
yolk-bag,  +  yolk-sac,  s. 

Com2M>:  Anal. :  The  sac  or  membranous  bag 
which  contains  the  yolk  or  vitellus.  It  is  an 
organised  and  vascular  covering,  formed  by 
the  extension  of  the  layers  of  the  blastoderm 
over  the  surface  of  the  yolk  within  the  ori- 
ginal vitelline  membrane.  In  man.  it  is  called 
the  umbilical  vesicle,  and  consists  originally 
of  all  the  layers  of  the  blastoderm.  In  fishes 
and  amphibia  these  are  retained  during  the 
whole  existence  of  the  auiiual.    (Qiiain.) 

yon,  *yeoil,  a.  &  adv.  [A.S.  geon  —  yon; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  enn  ;  Goth,  jains  =  yon> 
that;  M.  H.  Ger.  gemr  =.  yon,  that;  Ger. 
jentr.] 

A.  ^5  adj. :  That,  those  yonder ;  referring 
to  an  object  or  objects  at  a  distance,  but 
within  view.  (Now  chiefly  used  iu  the  poetic 
style.) 

"  To  reform 
Ton  flowery  arbors,  yonder  alleys  green." 

Maton  :  P.  L.,  iv.  626. 

B.  As  adv.  :  In  or  at  that  (more  or  less) 
distant  place ;  yonder. 

"  J'OM,  metbiuks  he  atanda." 

Shakesp. :  lUchard  //.,  iii.  3. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  v;'olf,  work,  who,  son ;  mnte^  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  I'ule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     ee,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


yond— youngster 


6il 


*  yond,  'ii?''-  &  "•  [A.S.  geond  (adv.  &  i>i'op.) ; 
cJntli.  j(UH-7  =  there  (ailv.).J    LHeyonp.J 

A.  adv.:  Yomler;  over  there. 

"  rond  "a  tlmt  same  kuave."— SAaAt'j;j. ;  All's  Welt, 
lii.  5. 

B.  ^6-  (ulj. :  Over  there  ;  yonder. 

■•  Do  not  luarry  me  to  j/mul  too'l."—Shakeip. :  Merry 
WiiKt,  iii.  4. 

•  yond,  (I.  [Etyni,  doubtful ;  prob.  coiino<-tp<l 
with  \ifuid,  adv.,  in  the  sense  of  through,  ex- 
travagant, or  the  likc.j    Mad,  ftiriou.s. 

"  Florimel  fletl  from  that  monster  uond." 

Spenser:  F.  Q-,  III.  vii.  2r.. 

ydnd'-er,  «.  A  adv.  [Prom  youd ;  cf.  Goth. 
Jaiiuire  =  tliere,  yonder.] 

A.  Asadj. :  Being  ata  distance,  bnt  within 
vifW,  or  as  conceived  within  view;  that  or 
those,  refeiTing  to  persons  or  things  within 
view  ;  yon. 

"Wliicb  if  ye  ulcftse,  to  vo»<'crcaetle  tunie  your  gate. " 
Sijvmi-r:  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  51. 

B.  As  adv.  :  At  or  in  that  (more  or  less 
UiKtant)  place ;  over  there  ;  yon. 

"  Voutler  ia  the  same, 
In  which  my  loixl  my  lifge  doth  luckless  lie, 
TbraU  to  th«  giaiib'a  hateful  tyrauuie." 

Spenser:  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  2. 

'yong-hede,  5.  [Mid.  Eng.  (/oti(;  =  young, 
and  hfde  —  head.]     Youth. 

'  yongth,  .';.  [Mid.  Eng.  )yo/i!7  =  vonth  ;  -th.] 
V-.utli. 


yo-m,  s.  [Sans.,  Mahratti,  &c.  =  the  vulva, 
the  uterus,  origin.] 

iJmhiuaiiiAm :  The  female  power  in  nature, 
represented  by  an  oval,  also  called  yoni.  The 
Supreme  Being,  wishing  to  commence  crea- 
tion, divided  himself  into  two  parts,  one 
Bi-ahma(q.v.)  and  the  other  Nature;  from  the 
former  all  males,  fiom  the  latter  all  females 
originated.  But  the  female  is  jegaided  as 
the  real  force  in  nature,  and  that  most  de- 
seiviug  of  worship.     [Sakta.] 

'  yon'-ker,  5.    [Youskee.] 

yont,  •hU\    [Yosd.]    {Scotch.) 

yook,  yeuk,  v.t.    [Yuck,  y.J 

yook,  yeuk,  s.    [Yuck,  s,] 

'  yoop,  s.  [Onomatopoetic]  A  word  expres- 
sive of  a  hiccuping  or  sobbing  sound.  {TIiaLk- 

yore,  adv.    [A.S.  gedra  =  formerly;  orig.  gen. 
\'].  of  j/ec(r  =  ayeai-.]     In  time  long  past ;  long 
since ;  in  old  time.    (Sow  only  used  in  the 
plirase  '  of  yore '  =  of  old  time  =  long  ago.) 
"  If  better  he  pevlormed  in  clays  o/j/orf." 

Jiuuie:  Love  for  LoiK.    (Epilogue.) 

Yore'-dale,  ?.    [Seedef.] 

'kfig.:  A  dale  or  valley,  between  Askrigg 
and  Middleliam,  Yorkshire,  tlirough  which 
the  river  Uie  runs. 

Yoredale-series  or  beds,  s.  jj/. 

'■'co/.  :The  name  given  by  Phillips  to  a 
stries  of  beds  in  Yorkshire,  of  Mountain  Lime- 
stnne  agi^.  He  divided  them  into  (1)  an  Upper 
Limestone  belt,  consisting  of  alternations  of 
limestone,  often  cherty,  with  sandstones, 
shales,  and  coal-seams,  tliickness,  80  to  300 
feet ;  and  (2)  Flagstone  series,  consisting  of 
alternations  of  flagstones,  giits,  shales,  coal- 
seams,  and  a  few  beds  of  limestone,  tliick- 
ness, 250  to  400  feet. 

york,  )■■./.  or  L  [Yorker.]  In  cricket,  to  bowl 
wilh  a  yorker  (q.v.). 

york'-er,  s.  [Pi'ob.  from  its  being  first  used 
l>y  a  Yorkshire  player.]  In  cricket,  a  ball 
bowled  so  as  to  pitidi  very  close  up  to  the  bat. 

"...  w!»s  (.lean  bowleil  in  playing  late  .it  a  iforter." 
—  thtily  Telegraph,  July  1,  1885. 

York'-ist,  s.     (Eng.  York;  -ist] 

Eng.  Hist.  (I'l):  The  adherents  of  Edward, 
Duke  of  York,  aftcrwaids  Edward  IV.,  King 
iif  England.  Their  emblem  was  a  white  ro.sc. 
[Hose,  .%■.,  t(2).] 


York'-shire,  .^^    (See  def.] 

North  111'  Kngland. 


A  county  in  the 


Yorkshire-flags,  s.  pi.  Building  flags, 
iif  Carboniferous  age,  brought  for  building 
purposes  from  Halifax,  Bradford,  and  Roch- 
tlale.  They  readily  absorb  water,  and  are  apt 
to  flake  when  xilaced  in  damp  situations, 


Yorkshire-fog,  Yorkshire-whites. '. 

l-'t.  :   llohn^  lauatn^. 

Yorkshire-grit,  -•.  A  peculiar  kind  ('f 
stone  ns.-il  for  jinlishing  marble,  as  also  en- 
gravers' coj)piT  plates. 

Yorkshire-pudding,  s.    a  buttorjud- 

ding  baked  umhi  imal. 

Yorkshire  saniclc,  .<:. 

!:<'(.:  I'ingiiirula  vuli/'iris,  common  in  Yoik- 
shin'.  So  named  because  calleil  Saincula  by 
liauhin,  who  believed  it  to  have  healing  pro- 
peitics. 

yor'-nfit,  s.    (Dan.  jordn'^l  =  the  earthnut.l 
/J"^ :    BiuuKvi  Jiexnnsiim.    Called  also  Ar- 
nut,  Varnut,and  Yernut.   [Earthnut.s,  2.  (^).  ] 

yote,  yoat,  v.t.  (v\.S.  gcotan  =  io  pour;  cogn, 
witli  tJoth.  giutaii;  Ger.  j/ii^eii  =  to  pour.] 
To  water  ;  to  pour  watiT  on.     (Prov.) 

you,  pron.  [A.S.  nUr,  dat.  k  accu.s  of  ge  =  yo 
(i[.v.).]  The  nominative  and  objective  of /ftow. 
Although  it  is  strictly  applicable  only  to  two 
III-  more  persims,  it  has  long  been  commoidy 
used  in  addressing  a  single  person,  instead  of 
thou  or  thee,  but  properly  with  a  plural  con- 
struction, as  you  are,  nou  were.  It  was  for- 
merly used  even  by  good  wiiters  with  a  sin- 
gular verb,  as  you  was,  but  this  is  now  con- 
sidered incorrect  and  vulgar.  It  is  frequently 
used  rellexively  for  yourself. 

"  Put  i/ou  in  your  beat  »vr;vy." 

Shitkesp. :  Ai  }'ou  Like  If.  v.  2. 

It  is  also  used  expletively  or  superfluously  : 

(1)  In  easy,  colloquial  or  idiomatic  phrase- 
ology as  a  kind  of  dative. 

■'  I  will  mar  s/ou  as  gently  as  a  sHckUig  dove."— 
Shakeap. .-  Jlidattmmer's  .Vii^ht's  fiream,  i.  0. 

(2)  Emphatically,  sportively,  or  reproacli- 
fully,  belbre  a  vocative. 

"  Von  mritltap,"  Shaketp.  :  Two  Genttctnen,  ii,  5. 

(y)  When  you  is  used  both  before  and  after 
a  vocative,  there  is  an  increase  of  playfuliiess, 
repruachfulness,  tenderness,  or  vituperative 
foree. 

"  you  minion,  you!' 

Shakcsp. :  CoiHedy  of  Errore,  iv.  4. 

H  You  is  also  used  indefinitely,  in  the  same 
manner  as  we  or  they,  for  anyone,  people 
generally ;  and  is  thus  equivalent  to  the  Fr. 
on,  Kng.  o>ic. 

■■  111  these  tiniea  i/oti  stanil  on  dl stance. "—5AaA:c>/j.  ; 
Mcrru  iVivcS,  ii.  L 

you,  s.  [Yu.] 

young,  '  yong,  *  yonge^  *  yoong, 

'  younge,  *  yung,  a.  &  ^.  [A.S.  geoug, 
giuiig,  lung,  geiig,  y'uig ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  jojty; 
Icel.  ungv,  jungo ;  Dan.  &  Svv,  ung ;  O.  H. 
Ger.  Jiiiic;  Ger.  Jung ;  Got}\.  Juggs  {for  juvgs)  ; 
Wei.  leucine;  Lat.  juveiicus,  juvenis;  Sansc. 
yiivan.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Being  in  the  first  or  early  stage  of  life  ; 
not  long  born  ;  not  having  ai  rived  at  maturity 
or  full  age;  not  old  (said  of  animals),  as  a 
young  man,  a  young  horse,  &c. 

2.  Being  in  the  first  or  early  stage  of 
growth. 

■*  All  trees  that  bear  must  have  an  oily  fruit;  and 
!/nuiiff  trees  brive  u  more  watery  jutc-e,  and  less  imu- 
L-ufted. ' ' — iia  con. 

3.  Being  in  the  fir§t  or  early  stage  of 
existence  generally  ;  not  yet  far  advanced,  of 
long  duration,  or  of  full  development. 

•'  His  years  but  uoung." 

ahakcxr-  ■'  Two  {icntlcmcn,  il.  4. 

4.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  youth ;  spent  or 
passed  durijig  youth  ;  youthful. 

"  Thy  yontig  dny«." 
fihakvsp.  :  tuve's  Labour's  Lost,  \.  2. 

5.  Having  the  appearance  and  freshness  or 
vigour  of  youth;  >outhful  in  appearance  or 
feeling  ;  vigorous  ;  fresh. 

6.  Having  little  experience;  ignorant,  raw, 
green,  inexperienced. 

"  We  ai'C  yet  but  young  indeed.* 

Hhakesp. :  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

B,  --Is  suhst. :  The  offspring  of  an  animal 
collectively. 

'  Tia  observable  in  tlie  vther,  that  cre.-itiirea  less 
useful,  or  by  their  voracity  peniliriuus.  have  commonly 
fewer  t/oung.'^Derham :  Phj/eico-Theuto'/!/.  bk.  iv,, 
ch.  X. 

11(1)  IVith  young:  Pregnant;  gravid. 

"  So  many  days  my  ewes  have  been  nifh  young." 
:ihaki*p.  :  3  licnry  VI.,  11.  5. 

{'!)  Young  Men's  Christian  Association : 
Societies:  An    Association,    inaugurated    in 


London.  Jniip  li.  IS4-1.  II..-  I<innil<-r  being  Mr. 
(now  iSir)  (iemjii'  Williiims.  [t  had  f"i  itji 
original  object  the  Iml'Iinj;  cf  ndigifius  meet- 
ings in  hntise-i  of  business  in  the  et-ntre  of 
Kimdoii.  Many  similar  assoclutioiis  springing 
up  and  iM'coming  (iltilinU'il  to;jet her,  a  General 
rimrereni'O  of  Pelegat^-a  from  the  Assoeiations 
of  Kuiopt*  and  America  uas  held  in  Paris  in 
Au;:nst,  IS.^.^,  anil  the  fnllowing  basis  of  Alli- 
ance was  ngrecil  Ut : — 

"  T1h>  YoaiiK  Mcn'fl  ChrUtlan  AB»o«lntioni  ftoek 
to  unite  tliiMw  yi'unR  men  who,  resanllnK  thv  Lord 
JfMi^rhiiHt  at  IlielrOutl  and  Savfuur.  a.-ooidlnL;  to 
tli<'  lI<>ly.>^>rli>t\ii.->,  dr«irt-  lu  W  His  dli<v-i|>k*  In  tlx-lr 
duciriiieand  In  tlnir  lifv,nnd  U>  nK.'-uvifll'' thi-irel1«rt4 
(ill'  the  vxtuiuiou  vi  ilU  klngdxni  aiuunif  juuu^  UJfii.7 

No  antagonism  is  int^juded  towards  the 
clmruhes  ;  on  llie  contrary,  these  associations 

•'  coiiitilvr  It  a\ilic  thoir  nrivilcce  and  their  duty  to 
Iciul  yunug  men  into  the  lellowahii)  of  the  Chmutea, 
and  nndri  the  Inllui'ine  •>(  the  t'lirlBtlaii  mlribtry." 

The  first  meeting  was  held  in  a  London  ware- 
house ;  now  the  head-quaiters  of  the  English 
union  are  at  Exetei'  Hall,  Strand,  purclia-scd 
for  the  purpose.  At  the  close  of  1003  there 
were  scattered  over  the  world  7,.J0i  centres, 
with  a  totid  membership  of  GiJ0,721.  In  Iho 
United  Kingdom  there  were  1,512  ceutU'S, 
With  1-J0,660  members.  The  Jubilee  was 
<'elel.vHted  in  Loudon  In  June,  ]Sil4,  aiid  was 
aitendi.'vl  by  more  than  'J, 000  delegates  frmu 
all  parts  of  the  world. 

{['.)  Young  H'omen''s  Christian.  Association  : 
'  Sociiti^s :  A  society  designed  to  afford  to 
yttung  women  benefits  similar  to  tliose  con- 
ferred on  the  oilier  sex  by  the  Young  Slen's 
Christian  A.ssociation.  It  was  founded  in 
1857  by  the  Dowager  Lady  Kinnaird,  and 
at  the  end  of  I'.iOS  had  a  membership  of 
about  100,000,  of  whom  about  14,000  w.-re 
in  London. 

Young  England,    . 

Eng.  Hist.  :  A  small  party  of  young  aristo- 
(■rats,  of  fashionable  Uistes,  who,  during  the 
early  manhood  of  jMr.  Disraeli  (afterwards 
Lord  Beaconsfield),  sought  to  model  Kngland 
according  to  their  Conservative  views.  It 
soon  passed  away,  and  the  name  fell  into 
disuse. 

*  young-eyed,  «.  Having  the  fresh  look 
>f  youth. 

"  In  liis  motiou  like  an  angol  aiUKB, 
Still  quirinj;  to  the  youny-eyrd  uherubiOft- ' 
Sh'ikegp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  v. 

young-fustic,  s.    [Fustic,  2.] 

*  young'-er,  ^^    [Eng.  younij ;  -er.]    A  yoiuig- 
ling  ;  1  youiiker. 


o 


young-head,   -^      [Mid. 
Youth.      {H<m.  of  Hose.) 


Eng.    yonglicdf. 


young' - isb.  "■  [Ens.  young  ; -ish.]  Somewhat 
joujig ;  rather  young. 


yoiing'-ite,  s.     [After  John  Young,  of  Glas- 
gow ;  sutT.  -ite  {Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  coarsely  crystalline  mineral,  appa- 
rently homogeneous.  Hardness,  60  ;  lustre, 
metallic.  Compos.  :  a  simple  sulphide  of 
lead  and  zinc,  wilh  varying  amounts  of  iron 
and  manganese.  Dana  poin.!--*  out  that  this  is 
"  beyond  question  a  mechanical  mixture." 

young' -ling,  *  yong-lyng,  .^,  &  a.     lEng, 
ijoitng  ;  ■Ung.] 

A.  As  submit. :  An  animal  in  tlie  first  or  early 
stage  of  life  ;  a  young  person  ;  a  youngster. 


B.  Asadj.  :  Young;  youthful. 

■'The  mountain  raven's  yoitn<jling  brood.  ' 

iVoiiUwurth  :  The  Idle abephcrd  Hoys. 

'  young'  ly,  '  yong-ly,  «.  &  adv.     [Eng. 

A.  Asadj.:  Young;  youthful. 


B.  .Is  adverb: 
I.  Eiirly  in  life. 

"  U(.w  younsly  he  hegau  to  wrve  his  country.' 
sliiikesp  :  Coriotanus,  li.  S. 

•  2.  Ignorantly  ;  weakly. 

young'-ness,  5.     [Eng.  young;   -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  young. 

young'-ster,  5.  [Eng.  j/omhj; -s(er.]  A  young 
person  ;  a  latl. 
•[  Probably  introduced  about  t)ie  time  of 


l>oll,  b6y ;  poiit.  jo^l ;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  chin,  ben^h  ;  go.  gem  ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as  :  expect.  Xcnophon.  es^Ut.    ph  =  t 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun  ;  -tion,  -sioa  =  zhmu    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.      ble,    die.  .vc.  ^  bel,  del. 


622 


youngth— yttroilmenite 


Henry  VI!  I.  wlit'ii  it  Itnd  been  forgotten  that 
the  tenniuation  sler  was  originally  feminine 
only. 

••  Thr  first  exaniple  of  yownai^-r  which  Rich»nlaon 
fiivw  ua  i»  froul  llic  Sttfilati'TlSo.  3i*].  If  it  exista  ftt 
nil  ill  our  (.firlter  litci^tiire.it  will  hardly  be  otherwise 
than  i«  the  ffinnle  convlfttlvp  of  the  male  vounker  or 
'yonkiT."  A  vtortl  ot  coiistAiit  recurrtuce.  —Trench  : 
I^.i^lith  Past  i  Present,  p.  Ill    {Not«  ) 

'  yoiingtll,  s.     [Eng.  yon»g:  -th.]    Youth. 

••  Tltf  iiiouriidil  muse  in  iiiirtli  ii"W  list  lie  inAsk. 
A5  she  w.Ti  wont  in  youti'tth  nnil  Bninmer  days,' 

.'<}'ftucr;  ,Sti--/'!ier(lt  (.tllcndcr  :  yoveniber. 

» younk-er.  *  yonk-er,  "  yoonk-er,  >• 

llinrrmvetl  Iroiu  Put.  juuker,  Jonkhef^r,  from 
jofNj  =  youn^,  and  7irer  =  a  lord,  sir,  gentle- 
man ;  O.  Dut  j'mck-htcr,  jonclcer.]  A  young 
person  ;  a  lad  ;  a  youngster  ;  hence,  an  inex- 
perienced or  raw  person  or  youth. 

"  Such  young  novicea  nnd  ynonkern  as  ftW  of  Iitte 
thMiwx:  —noVinsJicd  :  Coniiuext  of  Ireland.    (Ei<. 


IYapon.] 


con  I' 

you-i>on, 

yoiir,  *  youre,  «.  [A.S.  ftiirer,  genit.  of  qc  = 
VL'  (ii.vj;  O.  i?ax.  inwar ;  Dut.  inver ;  0.  H. 
Ger.  invar  ;  Ger.  atcr.  Troperly  the  posses- 
sive pronoun  of  the  second  person  plural,  but 
now  commonly  used  like  ymi,  either  as  sin- 
gular or  plural.]  Of  or  pertaining  or  belong- 
ing to  you  :  as,  your  book,  your  house,  &c. 

^  Like  yov,  your  is  used  indetiuitely,  not 
with  reference  to  the  person  addressed,  but 
to  what  is  known  and  common;  sometimes 
also  contemptuously. 

'■AH  jjnitr  writers  ilo  consent  thfit  iiwe  is  he."— 
.•?hiikfS2'.'    As  you  Like  It,  V.  1. 

yoiirs,  "  youres,  v^ss.  pron.  [A.S.  coutcs, 
genit.  sing,  masculine  and  neuter  of  e6irer  = 
your  (q.v.).]  Of  or  belonging  to  you:  used 
with  reference  to  a  preceding  noun :  as,  This 
book  is  mine,  that  is  yours. 
^  Used  substantively  = 

(1)  That  or  those  belonging  to  you  ;  your 
property,  friends,  or  relations. 

"  Doth  turn  his  hate  on  you  or  yonrx." 

Shakcsp. :  Richard  III.,  iL  1. 

(2)  Yours  truly,  yovrs  faithfuJIy,  yours  to 
command,  &c.  :  Phrases  immediately  preced- 
ing the  signature  at  the  end  of  a  letter;  hencp. 
used  playfully  by  a  speaker  iu  alluding  tu 
himself. 

yoiir-self'  (pi.  yoiir-selve^').  pron.  [Eng. 
ynnr,  aiidst'/.]  You  and  not  another  or  others  ; 
you,  in  your  owu  person  or  individuality. 
When  used  as  a  nominative  generally  acconi- 
panied  by  yo^i,  it  expresses  emphasis  in  oppo- 
sition :  as,  you  must  do  it  yourself,  you  your- 
self must  do  it  =  yon  must  do  it  personally. 
Sometimes  used  without  you. 

"  Catty  youT  lettets  yoursrlf." 

Skakesfi.  :  Two  Gentlemen,  i.  1. 

1  In  the  objective  case  it  is  used  reflexively, 
without  emphasis. 

••  Make  yourselfrtiiAy."         .•ihakesp.  :  Tempest,  i.  1. 

youth,  *  youthe,  *  yuwedhe, '  yughedhe, 

s.  [A.S.  qeogiidh^gioinidh  ;  cogn.  with  O.  Sax. 
jiigudh;  t)nt.  jengd ;' O.  H.  Ger.  jif{/(nirf  ,- Ger. 
ju'fjend.  The  A.S.  (tcogndh  is  for  geongmHi, 
from  geong  —  young,  with  suff.  -th  ;  hence 
youth  is  fov  yonngth.]    [Yodno.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  young  ; 
youthfulness ;  youngness. 

■■  If  I  but  smiled  ii  fluddeu  youth  they  fouud." 
I'ope:   Wi/eof  Bath. 

2.  The  part  of  life  which  succeeds  childhood; 
the  whole  early  part  of  life  from  infancy  to 
manhoocl,  but  it  is  not  unusual  to  find  the 
stages  of  life  divirled  into  infancy,  childhood, 
youth,  and  manhood. 

3.  A  young  person,  almost  invariably  a 
young  man.     In  this  case  it  takes  a  plural. 

4.  Young  persons  generally  or  collectively. 
"  [He)  bends  h\»  sturdy  hack  to  any  toy. 

That  youth  t.ikes  jdeasure  in.  to  please  his  Iwy." 
Coujper .   Tirocinium,  SVJ. 

"  5.  Freshness ;  novelty. 

'■  The  yoruh  of  my  new  iiitetest  here." 

SJiaki'sp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  iii,  2. 

*  youth-ede,  '  youth-eed,  s.    [Eng.  youth, 

and  half  —  li-^ad.]     YijiUli ;  playfulness. 

youth -ful,  'youth -full,  a.    [Eng.  youth, 
and  -fnll.] 

1.  Being  in  tlie  early  stage  of  life  ;  not  yet  old  ; 
young  ;  not  having  ari'ived  at  mature  years. 

"  Is  she  not  more  than  painting  c;ui  express. 
Or  youthful  poet's  fancy,  when  they  luve  ?  " 

noice:  Fair  Penitt-nt.  iu. 


2.  Pertaining  to  the  early  years  of  lite. 

"  In  freahMt  floure  of  youthfull  yeares.' 

apenter:  F.  Ci-.  1.  IX-  9. 

3.  Suitable  or  pertaining  to  youth. 

"  Quickened  with  youthful  spleen." 

&SaXetp.:  1  Bvnry  17..  iv.  3. 

4.  Fresh  or  vigorous,  as  one  in  youth. 

■•  yQUthfulAXXW'.'—Shakesp.  :  .Merry  Wives,  ui-  1. 

•5.  Applied  to  time  =  early. 

"The  yotUhful  season  of  the  year." 

Sh»ke»i>.  :  Jutiui  Ccetar.  ii.  1. 

youth'-ful-ly,  ndv.  [Eng.  yonthfitl ;  -hj.] 
In  a  youthful  manner  ;  like  a  youth. 

"Your  attire  .  .  .  not  youthfully  wanton  .  .  .  but 
prave  aud  comely."— Ba  Hull:  Jiemaim.  i.  3H. 

youth'-fol-ness,  s.  [Eng.  youthful;  -u€ss.\ 
The  quality  or  stat«  of  being  youthful  or 
young ;  youth. 

"Speaking  some  words  that  savoured  too  much  of 
lusty  youthfulness.'— P.  Holland:  Plutarch,  p.  764. 

"  youth' -hood,  s.  [Eng.  youth;  -hood.] 
Youth  ;  ymuiifulness  ;  time  of  youth. 

'■  Everj'  wise  man  hiis  .1  ynutiiJiood  once  in  his  life." 
—Che'/ne:  English  .Malady.  i>.  Si. 

*  youth' -Ij^,   a.      [Eng.   youth;    -ly.]      Of  or 

pertaining  to  youth  ;  youthful. 

"  Therein  have  I  st>ent  all  my  youthly  days  " 

Spemer:  F.  V-.  il-  io-  38- 

*  youth' -some,  «.  [Eng.  youth;  -SQme.\ 
Youthful,  younglike,  juvenile. 

■■  I  fuund  him  drinking,  and  very  jolly  and  youth- 
so»tf."—Pepys :  Diary,  Oct.  31.  1061. 

youth'-wort,  s.     [Eng.  youth,  and  wort,] 

Bot. :  Drosera  rotiindifolia. 

'youth'-jr,  a.  [Eng.  youth;  -y.]  Young, 
youthful. 

"  The  scribbler  had  not  genius  to  turn  my  age.  as 
indeed  I  ma  an  old  maid,  into  raillery,  for  atfectiug  a 
vouthier  turn  than  is  consistent  with  my  time  of 
dhy."— Steele:  Spectator,  No.  296. 

you'-yoii,  s.  [Chinese.]  A  small  Chinese 
boat,  impelled  with  one  scull,  used  on  rivers 
and  in  well-protected  harbours  and  road- 
steads.    {Youug.) 

'  yove,  j)rf(.  ofv.     [Give.] 

yowe,  s.     [Ewe.]    (Prov.) 

yowl,  vJ.     [Yawl,  Yei.l.]    (Prov.) 

yoT^rl,  s.    [Yell,  s.]    {Prov.) 

*y6xc,  r.i.  [A.S.  giicsian  =  to  sob,  to  sigh.] 
[Yex.]    To  hiccough  or  hiccup. 

*ypight,  Tia.  par.  ofv.     [Pight.] 

*  y-point'-ing,  n.  [Pref.  ?/-,  and  Eng.  ^wiiif- 
iii'j.]     Pointing  or  directed  towards. 

"  A  atar  vpointinff  pyramid." 

Jlillon:  Epitaph  on  tihakespeare. 

yp-O-le'-ime,  s.    [Gr.  iin-oAci/ifia  (hupoJeimma) 
=  a  remnant.] 
i»/(i(.;Thesameas  PseudomalachiteOi.v.). 

y-p6n-6-meu'-ta,  ?.    [Hyponomecta.] 

y-pon-o-meu'-ti-dae,  s.  7)L    [Hvponomei-- 

T I  D.K.J 

Ypres  (as  i'-pre),  s.    [See  compound.] 

Ypres-lace,  s.  The  tinest  and  most  ex- 
pensive kind  of  Valenciennes  lace,  made  at 
Ypres  in  Belgium. 

yp-sip'-e-tes,  s.  [Gr.  v^jjtTre-nr;  (hvpsi petes) 
=  high-flying  :  vypt  (hupsi)  —  high,  and  Trero^at 
{petonuii)  =■  to  fly.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Larentidfe  with  three 
British  species :  Ypsipetes  rubcrata,  the  Ruddy 
Highflyer,  )'.  impluviata,  the  May  Highflyer, 
rflid  1'.  elutcda,  the  July  Highflyer. 

yp-SOl'-O-phiis,  ?-  [Gr.  v\lj6\0(i>0^  (hupsnln- 
ji/tos)  =  having  a  high  crest:  iii^i  (haj>si)  = 
hij^h,  and  X64)o<;  (lophos)  =  a  crest.] 

Eiitonu  :  A  genus  of  Gelechidae  (q.v.).  La- 
bral  palpi  having  the  second  joint  beneath 
like  a  brush,  the  terminal  one  smooth,  pointed, 
and  recurved.  Three  British  species ;  the  cater- 
pillar of  two  feeding  on  juniper,  the  third  on 
sloes.  The  perfect  insect  of  1'.  margUicUns 
lias  the  fore  wings  bright  ochre  brown  with 
two  white  streaks.  It  occurs  in  chalk  dis- 
tricts near  Croydon,  &c. 

*  y-ren, '  y-ron,  s.  &  a.    [Iron.] 

^yrke. 'yrk,  r.t.    [Irk.] 


*  y-ron,  -'^.  &  a.     [Iron.) 

yron-hard  (yron  as  i'-em),  5.    [Mid.  Eng. 
ymu  =  ir<in,  and  Kng.  hard.] 
Jiot.;  Centaurea  nigra.    {Gerarde.) 

*  y-same',  adr.  [A.S.  jesam  =  together.)  To- 
gether; mixed  up. 

"  In  a  ban  all  sorts  of  seetla  ysame  ' 

tipenter:  F.  <l..  VII.  vii.  3'2. 

•yse,  s.     [Ice.] 

'  y-slaked',  ?>".  per.  [Slake.]  Slaked,  abated, 
silenced,  quieted. 

•'  Now  sleep  yslaked  h.ith  the  rout." 

iihakesp.  :  Pericles,  iii.     (Prol.  1.) 

yt'-ter-bite,  s.  [Aft-er  Ytterby,  Sweden» 
where  first  found  in  distinct  crystals ;  sutt". 
-itf  (ilfiH.).] 

Mill. :  The  same  as  Gadolinite  (q.v.). 

yt-ter-ite,  *■•    [Ytterbite.] 

Min. :  The  same  as  Tencerite  (q.v.). 

yt'-tri-a,  s.    [Yttru-m.] 

Chcm.  :  [Yttrium-oxide]. 

yt'-tri-oiis,  a.  [Yttru'm.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  yttria  ;  containing  yttria. 

yt'-tri-um.  ■>.  [Latinised  from  Ytteiliy,  a 
town  in  Sweden.] 

C/iem. ;  A  dyad  earth-metal,  symbol  Y, 
atomic  weight  (il*7,  existing,  together  with 
erbium,  as  a  silicate  in  gadolinite.  It  is  ob- 
tained in  the  metallic  state  by  digesting  the 
mineral  with  hydrochloric  acid,  precipitating 
with  oxalic  m-id,  dissolving  tlie  oxalates  formed 
in  nitric  acid,  and  separating  by  a  series  of 
fractional  crystallizations  ;  the  erbium  salt, 
being  the  less  soluble  of  the  two,  crystallizing 
out  first.  On  converting  the  nitrate  into  a 
chloride,  and  igniting  with  potassium,  the 
ni«tal  is  obtained  as  a  blackish-gray  powder, 
consisting  of  small,  metallic,  lustrous  scales. 
It  unites  directly,  at  high  temperatures,  with 
chlorine,  oxygen,  and  sulphur,  and  probably 
with  other  metalloids. 

yttrium-carbonate,  s.    [Tescerite.] 
yttrium- garnet,  5. 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  garnet  occurring  in 
Norway,  containing,  according  to  Btrgeniaun, 
sometimes  as  much  as  (i'OG  per  cent,  ot  yttria. 

yttrium-oxide,  s. 

Chem.  :  YO.  Yttria.  A  soft  white  powder, 
obtained  by  igniting  the  oxalate.  When  bulled 
in  hydrochloric,  nitric,  or  sulphuric  acids,  it 
dissolves  slowly  but  completely,  forming 
colouiless  salts,  and,  when  ignited,  it  glows 
with  a  pure  white  light. 

yttrium-phosphate,  s.    [Xenotime.] 

3^_tr6-,  pref.  [Yttrium.]  Containing  or  re- 
sembling yttrium  (q.v.). 

3^-tr6-cal'-5ite,  s.     [Pref.  yttro-,  and  Eng. 
calcite.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  Yttrocerite  (q.v.). 

yt-tro-cer'-ite,  s.     [Pref.   yttro-,   and  Eng. 

ca-iU:.] 

Mi)i. :  A  mineral  occurring,  associated  with 
albite  and  topaz,  at  various  places  near  Fahlnn. 
Sweden ;  lately  found  at  a  few  localities  iu 
the  United  States.  Hardness,  4  to  5  ;  sp.  gr. 
3*447 ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  pe.-udy ;  colour, 
violet-blue  shading  to  white.  Compos.  :  vari- 
able, consisting  of  the  fluorides  of  calcium, 
cerium,  and  jttriuui. 

jH-tro-co-liim'-bite,  s.     [Pref.  yttro-,  and 

Eng.  colli inl)ite.] 
Mia.  :  The  same  as  Yttrotantalite  (q.v.). 

^t-tro-griun'-mite,  s.  TPref.  yttro-,  and  Eng. 

gumviite.] 

Miu.  :  A  mineral  found  associated  with 
cleveite  (of  which  it  is  probably  a  decomposi- 
tion product),  near  Arendal,  Norway.  Hard- 
ness, 5'0  ;  lustre,  brilliant ;  colour,  black  to 
yellow ;  translucent ;  fracture,  conchoidal. 
Compos.  :  a  hydrated  oxide  of  yttrium  and 
uraTiuuii. 

3^-tr6-U'-men-ite,  .^.  [Pref.  yttro-,  and  Eng 
ilmcnitc] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  variety  of  yttrotantalite  in  which  Her 
mann  supposed  he  had  found  a  new  element, 
his  ilmcnium. 

2.  The  same  as  Samabskite  (q.v.). 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pme,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go.  pdt» 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw- 


yttrotantalite  — zalophus 


e2r 


3^-tro-tSjl  -ta-lite,  ■;.  [l*ref.  yttro-,  and  Eng- 

tanfalitf'.] 

Mill.  :  All  (irtlinrliombic  mineral  occurring, 
in  crystals  and  massive,  in  felspar  and  <in.irl/. 
at  Ytterliy  ami  Falilun,  Sweden.  Hanln^'^-.. 
5  to  .O'j  ;  sp.  gr.  ^'-i  tu  5*9 ;  liistie,  vitretins  \>> 
greasy ;  coloui-,  Vdack,  brown,  sliades  of  yel- 
Icnv ;  opaque  to  subtranslucent ;  fracture, 
coiichoidal.  Compos.  :  a  tantalate  of  yttria 
and  lime,  with  sometimes  iron  and  protoxide 
of  uranium,  a  mean  of  several  analyses  yield- 
ins  ■  tantalic  acid,  G-2-.:> ;  j-ttria,  22-G ;  lime, 
^•■I ;  protoxide  of  iron,  3'4 ;  protoxide  of 
uranium,  6-3  =  100,  which  corresponds  to  the 
formula  10(YO.FeO,CnO.UO)3TaO5. 

yt-tro-ti  -tan-ite,  s-     [Pref.  yttro-,  and  En-. 

ti(n»it,:] 
Mill.  :  The  same  as  Keilhatite  (q.v.). 

yu,  ^^.     [Sec  dcf.]     The  Chinese  name  for  ne- 
])lirite  or  jade  (q.v.). 

yuc'-ca,  ?.   [The  Peruvian  name  of  one  species 
vi  the'genus.] 

liot. :  Adam's  Needle ;  a  liliaceous  genus 
doubtfully  placed  under  Tulipere.  Evergreen 
shrubs,  their  stem  tending  to  arborescenee, 
crowned  by  a  circle  of  linear,  lanceolate,  rigid 
leaves,  from  the  centre  of  which  lises  a  large 
panicle  of  snow-white,  whitijjb-green,  or  cream- 
coloured  rtowers.  Perianth  bell-sliaped,  its 
segments  without  nectaries :  stamens  cla- 
vate,  style  wanting,  fruit  capsular,  hexagonal, 
with  tliree  cells  and  numerous  fiat  seeds. 
From  th^  hotter  parts  of  America.  1'((<;lV( 
gloriosa,  Conimnn  Adam's  Needle,  has  an  up- 


ND    FI.OWEn. 


right  stem,  a  panicle  of  flowers  three  feet 
long,  and  a  total  height  in  America  of  ten  or 
twelve  feet,  though  the  cultivated  plant  in 
Britain  is  very  much  smaller.  It  is  a  native 
of  the  United  States  from  Carolina  to  Mexico 
and  Texas.  Its  fruit  is  purgative ;  its  stem  yields 
starch  and  also  a  ttbre  well  ailapted  for  paper- 
making.  \'.nu<jiiS:tifolio  and  V.filavientosa  have 
alsd  fibres  uliich  may  be  similarly  used.  The 
last-named  species,  tailed  the  Silk  gra.ss,  has 
panicles  of  jiendulous  cream-coloured  flowers. 
It  grows  in  British  gardens,  blossoming  in  the 
autumn. 

yiick,  v.i.  (Dut.  jeiilcn,  joken ;  Low  Ger. 
J'lheJi ;  Ger.jiicA:eH  =toitch.]  To  itch.   (Pror.) 

yiick,  s.  [YucK,  r.]  The  itch,  or  scabies. 
(Pnn:) 

jru  -en,  s.    [Wooves.] 

yufts,  s.  [Russ.  ynfi.]  A  kind  of  Russian 
leather,  which,  when  well  prepared,  is  of  a 
good  red  colour,  soft  and  pinguid  on  the  sur- 
face and  pleasant  to  the  touch,  with  an  agree- 
able, jieculiar  odour.     (Simmouds.) 

yu'-ga,   yo6'-ga,  5.     [Sansc.  yfiga,  from  yuj 

=  tojnili.] 

l!iiid".<rhron. :  Oneof  theperiods  into  which 
the  past  history  of  the  globe  may  be  divided. 
There  are  fouryugas:  the  SatyaY^uga,  contain- 
ing 1,728,000  years;  the  TretaY'uga,  1,206,000  ; 
the  Dwapara  Yuga,  804,000  years  ;  and  the  Kali 
Yuga,  now  in  progi'ess,  began  about  b.c.  3004, 
and  which  will  extend  to  432,000years.  Horace 
Hayman  Wilson  points  out  that  these  numbers 
originate  in  the  tlescending  arithmetical  pro- 
gressions i»f  4,  3,  2,  1,  according  to  the  notions 
of  diiuinishing  virtue  in  the  several  ages 
api»lifd  to  a  cycle  of  12,000  divine  years,  eacli 
equal  (4)  300  vears  of  mortals  ;  and  12,000  x 
300  is  =  4,320,000,  the  periods  of  tha  four 
yugas  adde<l  together.  (Mill :  Ili^-t.  o^  Brit. 
India  (ed.  4t]i).  k  1'..'.-1'>:). 


yu'-lan,  s.    [Chinese  (?).J 

Jk't. :  M(f<jnolia  coiisjncua  (=  M.  Yulaii),  n 
tree,  a  native  of  China,  where  it  Is  forty  or 
hlty  fet-t  liigh,  though  in  England  but  twenty 
ni-  tweuly-live.  It  has  large,  brilliant  snow- 
white  tlowers.  shining  forth  from  gray  and 
naked  branches  early  in  spring  before  the 
leaves  appear. 

yiile.  •yole,  s.  [A.S.  iula,  geoUr.  g?ol,  gehko!, 
gdihd :  cogn.  with  Icel.  j6l ;  Dan.  jhii/;  Sw. 
jvl.  A  word  of  doubtful  origin.  Skcat  pre- 
fers the  solution  given  by  Fick,  viz.,  that 
ynle  =  noise  or  outcry,  and  especially  the  loud 
sound  of  revelry  and  rejoicing  ;  cf.  Mid.  Eng. 
goulen,  gollen  =  to  lament  loudly  ;  Eng.  yawl 
(v.);  A.S.  gt)la7i=zio  make  merry,  to  keep 
festival;  Icel.  yIa=to  howl,  make  a  noise  ; 
Ger.  Jolen,  johli'n,  Joildn  =  to  sing  in  a  high- 
pitched  voice.  From  this  word  comes  (through 
the  French)  jo»?/ (q.v.).]  The  old  English, 
and  still,  to  some  extent,  the  Scotch  and  Nor- 
thern name  forCliristmas,  or  the  Feast  of  the 
Nativity  of  Our  Lord. 

■■  Sitting  lit  tlieir  Imiiket  on  the  tweUt  <Iay  in  Christ- 
Di)wj.  utherwiae  culled  yule." — iloUiuhcd  :  Hist.  ScjC- 
land  [an.  12131. 

yule-block,  s.    A  yule-log  (q.v.). 

yule-log,  ^■.  A  large  log  of  wood,  often  a 
tree-root,  forming  the  basis  of  a  Chri.stmas 
lire  in  tlie  olden  time. 

yule-tide,  5.  The  season  or  time  of 
Christmas  ;  Christmas. 

t  y-un'-gi-dco,  s.  ]>!.  [Jlod.  Lat.  ynnx,  genit. 
!/ini'j{iii) :  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ida:.] 

Ornith. :  A  family  of  Pieariau  Birds,  with 
one  genus,  lunx  or  Yunx  (q.v.). 

y-unx',  i-unx',  s.  [Lat.  ii/hx,  iuiix,  from 
Gr.  lvy$  {imigx)  =  the  wryneck  (q.v.).] 

OrnWi.  :  A  genus  of  Picid;e  (sometimes 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family,  Yungida?),  with 
five  species,  characteristic  of  the  Pala^arctic 
region,  but  extending  into  North  and  East 
Africa,  over  the  greater  part  of  India  (but  not 
to  Ceylon),  and  just  reaching  the  lower  ranges 
of  the  Himalayas.  There  is  also  one  species 
isnlatf.d  in  Soutli  Africa.  Beak  shorter  than 
head,  hard,  straight,  nearly  conical,  sharp  at 
tip  ;  nostrils  basal,  linear,  closed  by  a  mem- 
brane ;  tongue  protrusile,  with  smooth,  horny 
tip  ;  wings  moderate,  tail  somewhat  rounded  ; 
tarsi  .stnmg,  sliglitly  feathered  in  front  above; 
two  tni's  lift'oir  and  two  behind  ;  claws  much 
liookrd,  grooveil.  and  very  sharp.  The  name 
of  the  genus  should  properly  be  lunx,  but 
the  misspelling  of  Linnaeus  (Syst.  Nat.,  ed. 
12th,  i.  172)  has  been  followed  by  the  niajoi-ity 
of  authors,  though  now  there  is  a  tendency  to 
revert  to  the  correct  spelling. 

yu'-pon,  s.    [Yapok.] 

yiirt,  .>;.  [Native  name.]  The  name  given  to 
liouses  or  tents,  whether  peruianent  or  mov- 
able, used  by  the  natives  of  Northern  Asia  or 
Siberia. 

yux,  s.     [Yex,  Yoxe.]    a  hiccough  or  hiccup. 

yux,  c.  (.    [Yux,  s.]    To  hiccough  or  hiccup. 

*y-ve,  s.    [Ivv.] 

*  y-vel,  s.  &  adv.     [Evil.] 

'  y-voire,  s.    [Ivory.] 

'  y-wis',  (idv.  [A.S.  gcwiss,  gewis  =  certain, 
sure;  cogn.  with  Dut.  gcwia  ;  Ger.  gewiss  = 
certainly.]    [Wi.s.]    Certaiidy,  verily,  truly. 

•  y-wrake,   ^  y-wroke,  prct.  &  pa.  jxn:  of 

v.]      [WURAK,  r.] 

*y-wrie,  pa.  pur.  [A.S.  im'on.]  [Wrie.] 
Covered. 


Z,  the  last  letter  of  the  EogUsh  alphabet,  is  a 
sibilant  consonant,  and  is  merely  a  vocal  or 
sonant  s,  having  exactly  the  same  sound  as  s 
in  p^'n.ve,  case,  v:i^,  &c.  The  words  in  modem 
English  which  begin  with  z  are  all  derived 
from  other  languages,  principally  from  Greek. 
It  was  not  known  in  the  oldest  English.  When 
not  initial,  it  frequently  represents  an  older  .s 


as  di::y  =  A.S.  dyxig^  freeze  =  A.S.  frtomn. 
&c.  It  nlfo  .stamU  for  a  French  r  or  s,  as  in 
hazard,  liMirfl,  huzzanl,  seize.  ZUaa  intrude<l 
intocifufM  =  Fr.  cituyen  :  and  it  has  changed 
into  g  in  ginger  =:  Lat.  zingiljeri.  As  a  liiial  il 
occurs  in  Home  unomatopoetic  words,  as  in 
buz:,  ivhizz,  Ac.  In  some  southern  dialects, 
as  Kentish  and  Somerset,  it  is  commonly  used 
for  .t.  In  German  it  is  very  common,  being  a 
dcnible  eonsnnant  with  the  sound  of  t^  ;  and 
similarly  in  Greek  it  was  ntsu  u  double  con 
sonant,  representing  the  .nounds  dsural.  In 
Britain  it  is  called  zed;  in  Americii,  zed,  ur 
zee. 

"  za,  s.    [From  the  sound.] 

Mit.^ir. :  The  seventli  harmonic,  as  heard  in 
the  horn  or  -l-Iolian  string.  It  corresponds  t<» 
li  flat. 

za -ba-i^m,  za  -bi^m,    .    isauiamsmI 

za -bi-an,  ((.  •$£«.    [Sabian.] 

za -brus,  s.  [Gr.  ^Q.fip6i  {zubroi)  =■  voracicuxs. 
{Agassi:.)] 

Kntoui.  :  A  genus  of  Carahid:p,  sub-family 
Pterostichime.  Xahnis  ijibbiis  is  a  broadly 
oldong  beetle  of  dark-brrjuze  line,  found  occa- 
sionally in  England,  but  abundant  in  parts  of 
the  continent. 

za-bu-ca'-jo,  s.     [Native  uame.J 
zabucajo-nuts,  s.  pL 

Dot.,  .iT.  (/*/.):  The  fruit  of  I.ecythis ZabvcaJ", 
a  South  AmerieaTi  plant.  The  nuts,  two  inche.s 
h)ng  and  one  broad,  enclosed  in  urn-like  fruits, 
are  imported  into  England  and  eaten.  [Sapu- 
caja.] 

Z^c'-che-an,  ^^    (Seo  def.) 

nnirrh  'llist.  (in.):  A  local  name  for  the 
Gnostics,  mentioned  by  Epiphanius,  but 
"ittiout  adding  where  they  were  so  called. 
Pioltably  from  some  leader  named  Zaucheus. 

za-9in  -tlia.  za^yn  -tba,  s.  [Lat.  Zacin- 
(hiLi  ^  ZmitL-,  till*  i.sland  in  which  the  genus 
was  lirst  found.) 

fill!. :  A  genus  of  Lactucea',  with  only  one- 
known  species,  Zacintha  verrucosa,  an  annual, 
with  divided  leaves ;  aji  involucre,  becoming 
Ileslty ;  the  inner  scales  folded,  the  outer 
membranous ;  pappus  hairy ;  achenes  flat- 
tened, wingless.  The  plant  is  used  in  the 
Mediterranean  countries  as  a  phagsedenic. 

Z&dd,  ^<:.  [An  Abyssinian  name  of  the  tree  de- 
scribed.] 

Bot.:  Juniperxis  proceni,  one  of  the  largest 
trees  in  Abyssinia,  producing  a  bard  and  dura- 
ble wood  much  employed  in  that  country  for 
building  purposes. 

zaf -Are   (re  a^  er),  z&f'-far,   zaf'-fir, 

Zaph-a-ra,  >■-  [liie  word  is  probably  n! 
Arabic  origiii ;  Fr.  Jk  Sp.  za/re ;  Ger.  znjfir.] 

Chem.  :  An  impure  basic  arsenate  of  cobalt, 
prepared  by  roasting  speiss-cobalt.  It  is  em- 
ployed in  painting  on  glass  and  porcelain,  for 
which  purpose  it  must  be  free  from  iron. 
[Cobalt.] 

Za'-im,  s.     [Turk.]     A  Turkish  chief  or  leader. 

za'-i-met,  s.  [Turk.]  An  estiite ;  a  district 
iroiii  which  a  zaim  draws  his  revenue. 


za-la. 


[Borax.] 


za-lac -Ca,  h'.      [Latinised   from  il.s  Javanese 

name  mImiI:.\ 

Dot.  :  A  genus  of  Pinnated  Cahimejp.  Stem- 
less  palms  with  spines  on  the  sheathing  pe- 
ticdes  ;  dioecious  flowers,  with  many  spathes  ; 
the  males  in  pairs,  and  the  female  solitary, 
both  svirrounded  by  bracts  ;  fruit  armed  with 
overlapping  scales,  with  two  or  three  see<ls 
encased  in  a  fleshy  covering.  Si>ecie.s,  six  or 
seven,  natives  of  Burmah,  Assam,  Malaeea, 
&c.,  where  they  grow  in  moist  places  in  dens-.- 
masses,  constituting  nearly  inqienetrable 
thicketJi.  Tlie  ptdpy  covering  of  the  seeds  is 
eaten  by  the  Burmese,  and  the  plant,  in  con- 
sequence, is  sometimes  cultivated. 

t  zal'-o-phfis,  s.    [Gr.  ^a-  (ca-),  intensive,  and 
Ao«^o«  (h'phos)  —  a  crest.] 

Znnl. :  A  genus  of  Otariidip,  with  two 
speeies,  from  the  North  PaeUie  and  the  shores 
of  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  Separateii 
from  Otaria  (q.v.)  by  sonu*  authors  on  account 
"f  the  great  skull-crest. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  9811.  chorus.  9lxiii,  l>eii?li;  go.  gem;  tbin.  this:  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-ciaa,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -gion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tioua,  -slous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  .vc.  =  bel,  deL 


i".-Jl 


zamang— zea 


za-m&ng,  s.     (Native  name.] 

Hot.:  Pithccolobiinn  Saman,  an  immense 
tree,  with  a  top  some  hundird  feet  in  circum- 
Ifreucc,  growing  in  Venezuela. 

ZJim'-bo,  s.  [Sp.  =  bandy-U'gged  ...  a 
2.inil»>.l  The  t-hild  of  a  mulatto  and  a  negro, 
also  sometimes  of  an  Indian  and  a  negro. 
Also  written  iiainbo. 

23in-b6'-nit  *'•  [Giuseppe  Zaniboni,  an 
Italian  iihysician  and  medieal  author  (177t>- 
l,S-lti).  wlio,  in  conjunction  with  I)e  Lue.  iu- 
vcnttd  the  ]iile  wliich  bi-ars  the  name  of  the 
fornier.]    (tree  compound.) 

Zamboni's  pile,  ^^ 

KUct. :  A  dry  voltaic  pile  or  battery  in- 
vented by  Zaniboni.  Paper  silvered  on  one 
side  is  damped  and  coated  on  the  other  with 
n)anganese  dioxide :  lialf  a  dozen  of  these 
sheets  being  superposed  to  save  time,  discs 
are  punched  out,  and  1,000  to  2,000  eingle 
sheets  are  compressed  in  a  glass  tube  with 
metal  caps  and  knobs  at  the  ends.  Such  a 
pile  retains  its  activity  for  years,  and  will 
eharge  a  Leyden  jar,  though  it  will  not  give 
shocks  or  sparks. 

za'-nai-a,  5.  [Lat.  =  a  pine  cone,  which,  when 
sulfered  to  decay  upon  the  tree,  injured  the 
succeeding  crop  (P(iiiy),  hence  applied  by 
Linnaus  to  this  genus,  in  allusion  to  the 
stirile  appearance  of  the  male  fructification; 
Gr.  i'lj/xta  (zemia)=  loss,  damage.] 

Pot. :  A  genus  of  Cycadacete.  Trees  of  mod- 
erate size,  with  trunk,  the  woody  tissue  of 
which  has  its  tubes  marked  by  circular  discs. 
The  stem  i>  terminated  above  by  a  single  bud, 
which  ultimately  opens  into  a  circle  of  leaves^ 
usually  thick,  and  pinnatifid  witli  spiny  mar- 
gins. The  vernation  is  gyrate.  The  flowers, 
which  are  dicecions,  are  in  tesselated  catkins  ; 
the  males  having  abrupt  scales,  with  the  oval 
antliers  sessile  beneath  them  ;  the  females  with 
peltate  scales,  each  with  two  seeds.  Tlie 
fruit  is  drupaceous.  In  aspect  tlie  species 
I'artly  resemMe  palms,  and  partly  tree-ferns  ; 
in  artinity  they  are  nearer  the  latter  tlian  the 
former,  but  rise  considerably  above  them  in 
organization.  Natives  of  tropical  Ameiica, 
tropical  Asia,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  ami 
Australia.  Zamia  cajfra  is  the  Bread-tree 
Zamia.  It  is  six  or  seven  feet  high,  and  is 
a  native  of  south-eastern  Africa,  whei'c  the 
Catfres  and  the  Hottentots  make  cakes  of  the 
pith  after  it  has  putrefied.  Z.  spiralis  has 
many  smooth  leaflets,  with  a  few  spines  at  the 
tip.  It  grows  in  Australia,  wliere  the  natives 
eat  the  fruit.  The  stems  of  Z.  temiis  and 
Z.  fur/uraceo,  anil  the  see'ls  of  Z.  2)wnll(i,  in 
the  West  Indies,  yield  arrowroot. 

zam-in-dar',  s.    [Zemindar.] 

za-mi-6s'-trd-bus,  s.      [Lat.  zamia  (q.v.), 

and  Gr.  o-Tjjo/ios  (i7ro6os)  =  a  top.] 

Palifyjhot. :  A  genus  of  Cycadaceae.  One 
species  occurs  in  the  British  Jurassic  rocks, 
one  in  the  Wealden,  and  there  are  two  from 
the  Upper  Greensand.    (Etheridge.) 

tza'-mite,  s.    [Zamites.] 

Pithrobot.  :    Any    individual  of   the   genus 

Zaniites. 

za-zni'-tes,  .^  [Lat.  zamin  (q.^'.)  ;  suff.  -Ite^.] 
Pciheobot.  :  A  genus  of  Cycadaceae,  akin  to 
the  recent  Zamia.  In  Bi-itain,  from  the  Rh^e- 
tic  to  the  Lower  Jurassic.  (Etheridge.)  A 
species  also  exists  in  the  Miocene  flora  of  tlie 
Arctic  regions. 

za-mouse',  s.    [Native  name.) 

Znid.  :  P,os  hrachycerus,  from  the  tropical 
parts  of  Western  Africa,  known  at  SieiTa 
Leone  as  the  Bush  Cow.  Colour  pale  chest- 
nut, hair  thin  and  nearly  erect ;  forehead 
flatter  than  in  other  buffaloes ;  liorns  short, 
sharp,  wide  apart  at  base,  extending  outward 
and  upward,  then  suddenly  incurving ;  eai's 
very  large,  with  three  rows  of  long  hairs 
springing  from  the  inside,  and  a  tuft  of  long 
hairs  at  the  tip ;  dewlap  entirely  absent. 

zampogna  (as  dzam-po'-nya),  s.    [lui.] 

MiK^ic : 

1.  The  Italian  bagpipes. 

2.  A  rough-toned  reed  instrument  shaied 
like  a  flageolet. 

*zain'-tite,  5.    [See  dtf.]  ^ 

iMln.  :  A  misprint  for  Zaratite  (q.v.). 


zan'-clus,  ^•.  [Gi-.  iayK\rj  (rrtrt£/Wt")=  a  reaping- 
hook.] 

L  Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Camngidje,  from  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Body  much  compressed  and 
elevated ;  one  dorsal,  with  seven  spines,  the 
tliird  of  which  is  greatly  elongated  ;  no  teeth 
on  palate;  scales  minute,  velvety.  There  is 
but  one  species,  Zanchis  cormUus,  easily  re- 
cognized by  its  long  snout  and  by  the  broad 
bands  crossing  the  yellow  ground- colour.  It 
is  about  eight  inches  long,  and  undergoes 
various  changes  in  its  development. 

2.  Paheont. :  From  tlie  Eocene  of  Monte 
Bolca. 

Zand,  5.    [Zend.] 

Zand -mole,  s.    [Dut.]    [Sand-mole.] 

zan-ni-chel'-li-a,  v*;.  [Named  after  John 
Jt-rome  Zanuichelli,  a  Venetian  apothecary 
and  botanist  (Iijij-J-IT^O).] 

B>>t.  :  Horned  Pond-weed,  a  genus  of  Naia- 
dacese.  Water-plants  with  submerged,  linear 
leaves  and  minute  flowers,  generally  monte- 
cious.  Barren  flowers,  with  the  perianth 
wanting,  and  a  solitary  stamen  witli  a  two-  to 
four-celled  anther.  Fertile  flowers  with  a 
perianth  of  one  leaf,  four  or  more  stamens,  an 
elongated,  undivided  style,  a  peltate  stigma, 
and  nearly  .sessile  achenes.  Known  S])ecies, 
one  or  more,  from  temperate  and  tropical 
climes.  If  only  one  species  exists  it  is  Za/i- 
liichellia  pcdtistris,  the  Common  Horned  Pond- 
weed,  which  floats  in  ditches  and  stagnant 
waters  in  Britain. 

za-no'-ni-a,  5.  [Named  after  James  Zanoni, 
"suitcrijit.--Mdcnt  of  the  Botanical  Garden  at 
Bolngna,  and  author  of  a  woikon  plants  pub- 
lished in  1073.     He  died  in  108*2.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Nhandirobe^.  Climbing 
jdants  witli  cordate  leaves,  their  axils  bearing 
tendrils  with  clusters  of  dioecious  flowers. 
The  males  have  a  three-lobed  calyx,  a  rotate 
corolla  with  the  limb  five  parted,  antl  five 
stamens  with  one-celled  anthers.  Female 
with  three  styles,  and  a  three-celled  ovary 
developing  into  a  fleshy  fruit.  The  leaves  of 
Zanoiiia  indica,  beaten  up  witli  milk  and 
butter,  are  applied  as  a  liniment  in  antispas- 
modic affections.  They  are  also  used  in 
baths  in  nervous  diseases. 

zan'-te,  s.  (See  def.]  A  golden-yellow  species 
of  «'iiiiach  from  the  island  of  Zante,  in  the 
JIe<'  cerraneau,  used  for  'lyeing.  Called  also 
Young  Fustic,  and  Fustet. 

zante-wood,  ^•. 

0)  /.'/(»>  Cutiuus.     [Rhus,  Fi-stiu(2).] 

(l')  i_'hl"rn.nilu,i  Sicictenia.     [Chloroxylon.] 

zan-thox -y-lum,  s.    [See  def.] 

t  Dot. :  Another  spelling  of  Xanthoxylon 
(q.v.). 

Zan'-ti-6te,  Zan'-ti-ot,  s.  [See  def.]  A 
native  of  Zante,  one  of  the  Ionian  Islands. 

sa'-ny",  s.  [O.  Ital.  ^f'»e  =  John  .  .  .  a  gull, 
a  iKtddy,  a  cluwn,  a  fool  or  simple  fellow  in  a 
play;  Ital.  Zannl  =  Giovanni  =^  J ohn.  [John, 
(1).]  A  subordinate  buftbon,  whose  office  was 
to  make  awkward  attempts  at  mimicking  the 
tricks  of  tlie  professional  clown ;  hence,  a 
bufl"oon  in  general,  a  merry-andrew. 

"  Approbation  wlikh  those  very  people  cive,  equaMy 

with   me,   to  the  zani/  of  a  mountebank,  '—bryden  : 

Evening's  Love.     (Pref.) 

*za'-ny,  v.t.    [Zany,  5.]     To  play  the  zany; 

to  mimic. 

"  All  excellence 
In  other  mndains  <lo  but  mny  hers." 

Bvaum.  &  Flet.  :  fiueen  0/ Corinth,  i.  2. 

*  za'-ny-ism,  5.  [Eng.  cany,  s.  ;  -15m.]  The 
state,  character,  or  practices  of  a  zany ;  buf- 
foonery. 

"The  caricature  of  his  filth  anit  zanyism  proves 
how  fully  he  both  knew  ami  felt  the  danger."— S.  ?'. 
Coleridge:  A  Course  0/ Lectures,  ix. 

Zan-za'-li-an§,  s.  pL  (For  etym.  &,  def.  see 
extract.]     [Jacobite,  A.  2.  (1).] 

" Bar.'\<l.Te»\9  was  also  siu"liamed  Zinizalits.  -■uiil  heuce 
the  J.icohites  hiive  been  sometimes  called  Ztiiualiarts." 
-    fjli'itt :  Diet.  Sc-ts.  p.  23^. 

zapb'-a-ra,  s.    [Z-u-fre.] 

zapll-ren-ti'-nse,  s.pl.    [Mod.  Lat.  zapnren- 

ti:<;  tVm.  pi.  adj.  sufT.  -iiue.} 

PaUeont.:  A  sub-family  of  Cyathophyllid;e. 
Coralluni  simple  and  free,  conical,  discoidal  or 
cylindrical ;  tabulae  complete  ;  dissepiments 


few  ;  septa  rendered  irregular  by  the  presence 
of  a  s.-ptal  I'ossuln. 

za-phren -tis,  s.     (Etym.  not  apparent.] 

Pahi.vnt.  :  The  typical  ^'i-nus  of  Zaphrcn- 
time  (q.v.).  Corallum  lurbinale  ;  t.;dnd:e 
<|nite  acntss  the  visceral  chamber  ;  a  wcll- 
m:irki'd  fns;<ula  present ;  septa  extending  to 
uv:ir  till'  cc-ntre  of  the  coral.  Oin'  speciis  In 
till'  Uppi'i  ^^ibuian,  and  eight  in  the  Carbon  ilcr- 
«ius  Limestone  series.    (Ethcridije). 

za'pod'-i-dse,  s.  pi.  f  Jfod.  I*ut.  zapus,  genit. 
':><i,od{is);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sntf.  -idit^.] 

Z'jnl.  :  According  to  Cones  a  family  of 
Jlouse-like  Rodents,  consisting  of  the  genus 
Zapus,  with  a  single  species,  Zapus  hud- 
S'.iidus.     [Jaculus,  AIebiones.] 

Z^p-d-di'-nse»  ■?.  }>l.  [Mod.  Lat.  znpaii,^emi. 
:>'pod(is);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -iiui:.] 

Zool.  :  A  sub-family  of  Dipodidie,  of  the 
same  extent  as  Zapodidic  (q.v.),  another  sub- 
family, Dipodime,  containing  the  true  Jer- 
boas. 

zip-o-til'-la,  s.     [Sapotilla.] 

zap''ti-eh>  s.     [Turk.]    A  Turkish  policeman. 

"  Of  all  the  Turkish  ufficinls  the  worst  j.ie  the  Z,ip. 

tielis,  or  iioticemen.  who  oppress  witli  the  nioet  in-rf'-vt 

inipavtlility  hoth  Tuiks    ami    Bulgiirians."— y^'ies, 

Nov.  1,  1S67. 

zap'-US«  5.  [Gr.  ^a-  (2t(-),  intensive,  and  nous 
(^)OHs)  =  a  foot.] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Zapodidre  (q.v.). 
[Jacclus,  Mekiosks.] 

Zar-a-thus'-tric,  Zara-thiis -tri-an,  o. 

(For  etym.  see  def.  a*nd  rxtiaet.)  Of  or  lnv 
longing  to  Zarathnstia,  more  often  corrupted 
into  Zoroaster.     [Zoroastrian.  ] 

"  It  cannot  he  denied  that  the  Zamthiistric  ilosniai 
are  pure  old  Ayrnn  myths  in  a  new  aliaiie  .  .  .  but  it 
wjis  doubtless  a  reformer,  or.  if  Zaratliustra  was  no 
historical  pei-son,  a  bmly  of  refornicra  who  called  tlte 
Zarathiittric  religion  into  existence."— f'lc^c.  Uiit. 
(ed.  9tli),  XX.  3i;i. 

Zar-a-thus'-trism,  s.    [Zarathcstric] 

Coinpar.  Rdi'j. :  Zoroastrianism  (q.v.). 

"  Through  the  great  Aryan  religious  systems.  Erah- 
lisni.  Zariitfiustri.im,  Buddbisni.  ana  onward  into 
range  of  Islnin  a 
hells  of  purgatory  t 
wens  >  ' 
Cult.  (1873),  ii.  C8. 

za'-ra-tite, .'.  [After  Senor  Zaraie,  of  Spain ; 
sult.'-fVt  (.Ui».).] 

,ViiL  ;  A  mineral  occurring  !is  an  encrusta- 
tion on  magnetite  ami  chromite.  Hardness, 
3to3"2.5;  .sp.gr. S'oT  to '2'i)ii3  ;  lustie  vitreous; 
colour,  emerald  green  ;  transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. Compos.  :  carbonic  acid,  117;  oxide 
of  nickel,  50 -4 ;  water,  i;S'9  =  100,  which  is 
equivalent  to  the  formula  NiOCO-' -l-2NiOH0 
+  4H0. 

za-ree'-ba,  s.    [Zeriba.] 

Zau'-rac,  s.     [Corrupted  Arabic] 

Adroih.  :  A  fixed  star,  between  the  second 
and  third  magnitude.     Called  also  y'  Eiiilani. 

zawn,  ^'^.     [Cf.  Yane.] 
Mining :  A  cavern. 

zax,  s.  [A.S.  seax  ;  IceL  sai  =  a  knife  or  short 
sword  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sul.s.]  A  slater's  hatchet, 
with  a  sharp  point  on  the  pole,  for  peiforating 
the  slate  to  receive  the  pin.  The  zax  is  about 
sixteen  inches  long  and  two  in  width ;  it  is 
somewhat  bent  at  one  end,  and  the  spur  is 
three  iuches  long. 

za-yat,  s.  [Native  name.]  In  Burinah  a 
public  shed  or  portico  for  the  accommodation, 
of  travellers,  loungers,  and  worshii'pcrs,  found 
iu  every  Burmese  village,  and  attached  to 
many  pagodas,    {fl.  Vnli:.) 

z'  crank,  $.    [From  its  zigzag  form.] 

Much. :  A  peculiarly  shaped  crank  in  the 
cyliuiler  of  some  mariiic  steam-engines.  (Sim- 
moiuh.) 

ze'-a,  5.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  ^e'a  (sett),  Ceid  {zeia)  = 
spelt  or  some  other  coramou  cereal.  The 
name  occurs  in  Homer.] 

Bot. :  Maize  ;  a  genus  of  Plialarese.  Flowers 
nioiuecious ;  males  iu  terminal  racemes,  having 
two-flowered  spikelets,  and  nearly  equal  sharp- 
pointed  glumes;  pales  two,  fieshy  ;  females 
axillary  in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves.  Species 
five:  Zea  mays  is  the  maize  (q.v.);  Z.  Cvrcfjiai, 


the  range  of  Islam  and  of  Chvistianity,  subterranean 
hells  of  purgatory  or  puiiishnieut  niake  doleful  con- 
trasts to  heavens  of  light  ami  glory."— ri/fur."  rHm. 


&te,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pU,  sire,  sir.  m^irine;  go,  po^ 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sou ;  mute,  cuh,  ciire,  ignite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian*    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


zeagonite— Zechariah 


626 


tilt*  Chili  maize  or  Valparaiso  corn,  wliich  is 
siiialkT  thiiu  the  last.  Besides  tlie  use  of 
tlie  maize  as  fooil,  it  yields  a  flbre  canable  nf 
l.fiiiu'S|nni  into  flax,  made  into  yam  and  used 
;is  iiialLiiid  for  iiajter-makiug. 

ze-^g  -6n-ite,  s.    [Gr.  ^fto  (:ev)  =  to  conk,  to 
bull;  a-yocoi('rj/()jios)  =  unfruitful, barren,  and 
suir.  -i7e  (.Vr/i.).] 
Miiwritlotji/ : 

1.  A  variety  of  zircon  (q.v.).  found  in  pale 
bluish  octahedral  crystals  in  the  ejected 
ryacohte  bombs  of  the  agglomerates  of  Monte 
Sonima,  Vesnvius. 

2.  The  same  as  Gismondite  (q.v.). 

zeal.  •  zeale.  •  zele,  s.  [Fr.  zHe,  from  Lat. 
C'l'm/i,  accus.  of  rt/((>- =  zeal,  from  Gr.  ^»jAos 
{:€los)  =.  zt-al,  aixlour,  fervour,  lit.  =  heat, 
from  the  .same  root  as  few  {zeo)  —  to  boil,  and 
^ng.  ijeitst.]    [Jealoub.] 

I.  I'assionate  ardour  for  any  person  or 
t;uisi- ;  intense  and  eager  ]mrsuit  or  endeavour ; 
iui  eagrrnoss  of  desire  to  attain  or  accomplish 
souH'  object,  which  may  be  manifested  eitlier 
ill  favour  of  or  in  opposition  to  any  person  or 
thing,  and  in  a  good  or  bad  cause  ;  earnest- 
ness, entluisiasni,  ardour,  fervency. 

"  Ztial  is  the  pious  madness  of  the  miucj, " 

Drydt:n:  Tyrannic  Love,  1.  I. 

*  2.  A  zealot.     {Ben  Jonson.) 

•  zeal,  r.t.  [Zeal,  s.]  To  be  zealous  ;  to  enter- 
tain zeal. 

'■  jititf  followers,  such  as  zeal  lunrvellously  for  those 
\(hom  they  h.tve  ohuseu  (or  their  uuiaters.'— Akok  .' 
'Ill  the  Con.  of  the  Church  of  England. 

♦  zeal-ant,  5.    [Eng.  zeal ;  -atiL]    A  zealot. 

•■To  teitJiiu  teatants  all  speech  of  pacification  is 
.^aious."  —liaLon.    iTodd.) 

'  zealed,  «.  [Eng.  zeaJ ;  -ed]  Filled  with 
ieal ;  cliaracterized  by  zeal. 

*•  You  iiiisht  have  doue,  but  for  that  zeaUd  religion 
Voii  woiueii  bear  to  swoouiiig." 

lieaum.  &  Ftet. :  Lviv's  Pilgrimage,  iv.  2. 

•  zeal'-ful,  *  zeal'-full.  a.  [Eng.  zeid;  -full] 
Full  of  zeal ;  zealous,  enthusiastic. 

'■  111  zcalfull  kiiowledse  of  the  Truth  diviue." 

Sytvestcr:  The  Decay,  4S2. 

'zeal -less,  *  zeale-lesse,  a.  [Eng.  zeal; 
■It^s.]    Destitute  of  zeal ;  wanting  in  zeal. 

■■We  are  not  patient,  but  zeaMesse."~Bp.  Hall: 
Conl. :  JJephibosheth  4-  Zibra. 

zeal'-ot,  s'.  [Fr.  sidotc  =  ,iealous,  zealous, 
from  Lat.  zdoics.]    [Zeal,  s.] 

1.  One  who  is  zealous  or  full  of  zeal  ;  one 
carried  away  by  excess  of  zeal ;  a  fanatical 
Iiartisan.  It  is  generally  applied  in  disiPiaise 
or  used  of  one  whose  zeal  or  ardour  is  iutem- 
pertte  or  censurable  ;  a  fanatic. 

"  He  W!ta  iu  truth  uot  a  man  to  be  popular  with  the 
vindictive  zealots.'  —JJacaulay :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  One  of  a  fanatical  Jewish  sect  wliich 
struggled  desperately  against  the  Romans 
from  about  a.d.  0  till  the  fall  of  Jerusalem. 

'  zea-l6t-ic-al,  '  ze-lot -ic-al,  a.    [Eng. 

zmlot ;  -icuL]    Ardently  zealous. 

"  Dr.  Marshall,  dean  of  Christ  Church,  a  most  furious 
su^  zeloticnl  ia&\i."—Strype :  Life  of  Cranmer,  ch.  xix. 

*  zeal'-ot-ism,  s.  [Eng.  zealot;  -ism.]  The 
character  or  conduct  of  a  zealot. 

*  zeal'-6t-ist,  *  zel'-ot-ist,  s.  [Eng.  zealot; 
-Ut.\    A  zealot. 

"  I  cuukl  wish  these  sciolous  zelotists  had  more  judg- 
ment joined  with  their  zeal."— tfuwu/i,-  Letten. 

*  zeal'-ot-ry,  ;■■.  [Eng.  ;ef(iof ;  -ry.]  The  con- 
duct or  behaviour  of  a  zealot;  excessive  or 
undue  zeal ;  fanaticism. 

'■  Iui|UlHitiuual  cruelty  and  p:irty  zealotrj/."—Cole' 
ritlge.    ( We'jster.) 

zeal'-ous,    "  zel-OUS,  «.      [Eng.  zeal ;  -ous.] 

[Ji;AL0f-4.] 

1.  Inspired  with  zeal ;  ardent  in  the  pursuit 
of  an  object ;  enthusiastic. 

■■  l  love  to  nee  a  man  zealous  in  a  good  matter." — 
AthliSiiii :  Spectator,  No,  185. 

"  2.  Sometimes,  though  rarely,  used  in  a 
bad  sense. 

"  The  wr?oi«  ami  facetious  Presbyter,  Nuvatus,'  — 
Gaudcn  :  Tears  of  the  Churdi,  p.  luu. 

"  3.  Full  of  religious  or  pious  zeal ;  pious  ; 
religious.     (Shakesp. :  Ricfuird  III.,  iii.  7.) 

4.  Characterized  by  zeal,  ardoxir,  or  en- 
thusiasm ;  ardent.  *" 

"  She  was  empassiond  at  that  pittious  act, 
With  zealout  envy  of  Greekes  cruell  fact," 

Spenser:  F.  q..  III.  ix.  39. 


Zeal'-OliS-ly,  rt(/t'.      (Eng.   :t:iih.nu;  -ly.) 

1.  Ilia  zealous  manner;  with  zeal,  ardour, 
or  entliusittsm. 

"  The  IiKliann  nil  ofTeri^d  very  mal'iHitj/  to  lutint  Ub 
n):iuiuit  him."— Coot  ■  Firlt  l*ov<i;/<'.  hk,  I.,  ch.  xvl, 

*  2.  Religiously ;  with  religious  or  pious 
zeal.     {Milton.) 

zeal'-O&S-neas,  .'•■.  [Eng.  zeahttis ;  -jifss.]  The 
(pmlity  or  .state  of  being  zealous ;  zeal,  ardour, 
enthusiasm,  fervour. 

"  The  zeaUmsness  of  our  endeavoura,  and  the  ap- 
plause that  others  entertain  them  with."— fioy^o  .■ 
iforks,  1.  20r.. 


ze  -bee,  ze  -beck. 


[Xebec] 


ze'-bra,  s.     [The  native  name;  according  to 
Littre  the  word  was  originally  Ethiopian.] 

Zoology  : 

1.  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the  striped 
forms  of  the  genus  Equus ;  thus  embracing 
tlie  Qua;;ga  (([.v.),  the  True  Zebra,  and  Bur- 
clnll's  Ztbr;i.  ['J.l  In  all  three  the  external 
cliaracters  an-  tliose  of  the  Ass  rather  than  of 
tlie  Horse  ;  tlie  legs  are  without  warts,  the 
tail  is  fiu-nished  witli  long  hairs  only  towards 
the  extremity,  the  neck  is  full  and  arched, 
and  the  mane  stiff  and  erect.  All  the  species 
of  this  division  are  rapidly  vanishing  before 
advancing  civilization,  and  in  all  probability 
will  become  extinct  before  very  many  years. 

"  Tlii«  family  lEijuidw]  comprises  the  Horses.  Assea, 
and  ;!cbrn«.'~,yichulton  :  Zoology  (ed.  1878),  p.  666. 

2.  E>juns  zebra,  from  the  mountainous  re- 
ginns  of  South  Afrii^a.  It  stands  about  four 
teet  and  a  half  at  the  shoulder;  ground  tint 
white,  with  black  stripes,  vertical  on  body 
an<l  liorizontal  on  legs ;  limbs  slender,  head 
light,  ears  long  and  open.  The  ze'bra  lives  in 
small  herds  in  secluded  spots  ;  its  sense  of 
hearing,  sight,  and  smell  is  extremely  acute, 
;ind  on  the  least  alann  the  whole  lierd 
sc;iiniH^rs  r>ff.  Wlien  compelled  to  defend 
tlu'iiiselves  zebras  form  a  comi^act  body  with 
llicir  licads  in  the  centre  and  their  heels  out- 
wards, and  have  been  known  to  beat  off  the 
leopard  with  their  kicks.  The  zebra  has  been 
domesticated,  but  its  vicious  temper  renders 
it  of  little  value  as  a  beast  of  burden.  Bur- 
chell's  Zebra  (Eiiuus  Jjurchellii)  differs  little 
from  the  True  Zebra,  except  in  the  fact  that 
the  ground  tint  is  yellow. 

"  He  who  attributes  the  white  and  dark  vertical 
stripe,'*  on  the  flaiiks  n(  various  aiitelopea  to  this  pro- 
tess(8t'xual  selection),  will  probably  extend  the  same 
view  to  the  Royal  liyer  and  the  beautiful  zebra."— 
Uirwin  :  Descent  of  Man,  ch.  xviii. 

zebra-opossum,  5.    [Zebra-wolf.] 

zebra-plant,  -^. 

Dnt.  :  Cithiflita  :ebrina.  So  named  because 
the  leaves  have  alternately  dark  and  green 
stripes. 

zebra-poison,  s. 

But. :  Emilwrbia  arborea,  a  South  African 
tree. 

zebra-Shark,  ••;.    [Ti.;er-shark.] 

zebra-wolf,  t  zebra -opossum,  s. 

Zool.  :  A  popular  name  given  by  the  early 
colonists  of  Van  Diemen's  Land  to  Thylacinn^ 
i-uno>:f:phalus,  from  the  stripes  on  its  body  and 
its  j;cncial  dog-like  appearance.  [Thvlacinus. j 

zebra- wood,  ?:. 

Botany  ct  Commerce: 

1.  A  kind  of  wood,  imported  from  South 
America,  and  used  by  cabinet  makers,  pro- 
duced by  Oniplialobuim  Lamberti,  a  large  tree 
belonging  to  the  natural  order  Connaracea?, 
and  growing  in  Guiana.  Its  colours  consist 
of  brown  on  a  white  ground,  clouded  with 
black,  and  each  strongly  contrasted,  thus 
somewhat  resembling  the  skin  of  a  zebra. 
Called  also  Pige(m-wood. 

2.  The  wood  of  Eugenia  fragraits,  variety 
cune<(ta.  It  is  a  shrub  about  eight  feet  high, 
growing  in  Jamaica. 

3.  The  wood  of  Gricttarda  speciosa,  a  tree 
twenty-five  feet  high,  with  scarlet  coloured 
flowers,  growing  in  the  Bast  Indies. 

ze' -brine,  a.  [Eng^  zehiia);  suff.  -tjic]  Of 
or  belonging  to  tlie  striped  division  of  the 
genus  Equus  (q.v.). 

"  Many  of  them  [the  stripea]  as  they  diverged  from 
the  spine  became  n  little  branched,  exactly  in  the 
same  tiiAUuer  a«i  in  jnune  zfbrine  species."— />arM'in; 
Variation  of  Anim.  *  Plnntt,  \.  58. 

ze'-bu,  s.     [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Any  breed  or  individual  nf  Eos  in- 


"^fe^wi- 


ili'-HS  (which  by  some  authorities  is  conai- 
ilered  a  variety  of  Itos  toimot,  the  Com?non 
t).\).  The  Zebus  attain  theii  greatest  develop- 
ment in  India,  but  range  eastwards  to  Ja]>&n 
and  westward  to  the  River  Niger.  They  varj' 
greatly  in  sizn,  some  being  larger  than  Euro- 
pean cattle,  while  others  are  no  bigger  than  a 
nmnth-ohl  calf.  The  horns  differ  in  form ; 
the  dewlap  is  more  or  less  developed  ;  one 
hump  is  always  i)resent  over  the  withers,  some- 
times there  are  twc) ;  colour  varying  fif nn  light 
ashy-grav  to  pure  whit*-.  At  ju-i'sent  they 
exist  only  in  a  domesticated  condition,  and 
must  have  been  early  reduced  to  subjection 
by  man,  since  all 
the  scidptures  of 
cattle  at  Kle- 
phanta,  whicti 
ai-e  of  high  anti- 
quity, represent 
thehumiied  fonn. 
In  many  parts  of 
India  zebus  are 
used  as  beasts  of 
di-aught  and  bur- 
den,and  oceasion- 
.■illyl.n- riding.   In 

disposition  tlieyare  gentle  and  docile,  and  are 
venerated  by  the  Hindoos,  who  consitU'r  it  a 
sin  to  slaughter  them,  though  they  do  not 
object  to  work  them.  White  zebu  bulls, 
which  are  held  particularly  s.icred  by  the 
Hindoos,  are  branded  witli  the  image  of  Siva, 
relieved  from  all  laViour,  and  allowed  to 
wander  at  will,  levying  contributifms  on  the 
stalls  in  the  bazaars  without  let  or  hin- 
drance. Their  tlesh  is  inferior  to  that  of  the 
Common  Ox,  except  the  hump,  which  is  es- 
teemed a  delicacy. 

zebu-cattle,  s. 

Zool.  :  The  humped  cattle  of  the  eastern 
hemisjiherc. 

"  In  many  domeeticatt-d  ((imilruntdx,  certjiin  cha- 
meters,  apparently  not  derived  tliron^-b  reversion 
from  any  wild  [Mirent-form,  are  coiihued  to  the  males, 
or  are  more  developeil  HI  thum  than  Hie  feiualeK— for 
instance,  the  bninii  on  the  male  it-bu. cattle  vt  India." 
—  Darwin  :  Hct-eut  of  .Man,  fh.  xviil. 

Zech-a-rx'-ah,  Z&ch-^-ri -as.   $.     [Heb. 

TVyyi  (Zekharyafi)  =  Zechariah  (whom  Jeho- 
vah remembers) ;  "TSt  (zol-h/ir)  =  to  remem- 
ber, and  Pl^  (Tn/O  =  Jehovah  ;  Sept.  Zhx«- 
pia<;  (Zai-hai  ins) ;  Vulgate,  Znclutriu!!.] 

1.  Script.  Blort.  ;  The  name  of  many  ancient 
Hebrews,  including  two  prophets  (2],  various 
priests,  and  Levites  (1  Chron.  ix.  21 ;  xv.  24  ; 
xxvi,  14  ;  Nell.  xii.  '60,  41),  kc. 

2.  Old  Ttntnment  Canon  :  The  eleventh  in 
order  of  the  twelve  minor  prophetic  books. 
The  name  prefixed  to  it  is  that  of  "Zechariah, 
the  son  of  Rerechiali,  the  son  of  Idrlo  the 
prophet"  ("the  prophet'"  me.nis  Zechariah, 
not  Id(lo),  Zechariah  i.  1.  In  Kzra  v.  1,  vi. 
14,  he  is  called  the  son  of  Iddo,  but  son  is 
sometimes  used  vaguely  for  lineal  male  de- 
scendant, and  may  easilv  signify  grandson 
(cf.  Gen.  xi.  24-32  ;  xxviii."^  ;  xxix,"  13).  When 
Cyrus  permitted  the  Jews  to  return  from 
Babylon  he  also  accorded  them  pemiission  to 
rebuild  the  temple  (Ezra  i.  ;{ ;  vi.  3-5),  and 
tlie  foundations 'of  the  edifice  were  at  once 
laid  (Ezra  iii.  10-l:i).  The  jealousy  of  the 
neighbouring  tribes  led  to  the  stoppage  of  the 
work  (Ezra  iv.  1-24).  At  length,  however,  in 
the  second  year  of  Darius  Hystasjies,  permis- 
sion was  obtained  to  resume  it  (Ezra  iv.  24, 
vi.  1-12),  and  building  was  recomnienced  with 
the  patronage  and  active  aid  of  Zerubbahel, 
the  civil  governor  of  Jndnea,  Joshua  the  High 
Priest,  Ac.  Enthusiasm  for  the  work  was 
excited  among  the  previously  apatlietic  people 
by  the  prophets  Haggai  and  Zechariah.  (Ezra 
V.'  1-2).  The  former  seems  to  have  been  the 
senior  in  ]toin1  of  years,  ami  commenced  his 
addresses  and  lu'edictions  in  the  sixth  month 
of  the  second  year  of  Darius,  while  Zechariah 
dill  so  in  the  eighth  month.  The  book  of 
Zechariah,  in  its  present  form,  is  naturally 
divided  into  three  portions— chaps,  i.-viii., 
chap.s.  ix.-xi.,  and  chaps,  xii. -xiv.  The  first 
is  universally  admitted  to  l>e  the  work  of 
Zechariah.  The  natural  sections  nf  it  are  (1) 
chap,  i.  1-6,  dated  the  second  ye.ir  of  Darins's 
reign  and  the  eighth  month  ;  (2)  i.  7-vi.  ^0, 
dated  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  the  eleventh 
month  of  the  same  year;  ami  \u.  1-viii.  23, 
dated  the  fourth  day  of  the  ninth  month 
of  Darins's  fourth  regnal  yar.  In  the 
first  the  prophet  counsels  a  return  to  Jeho- 
vah ;  in  the  second,  which  ha-^  in  it  vari- 
ous symbniic  visions,  he  encourages  the  build- 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  c^ist.    ph  =  f. 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhnn.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ^c  =  bel,  dcL 


626 


zechin— zeolitic 


ill;;  of  tlie  temple,  and,  in  answer  to  a 
(lUi-ry  wlietlifi"  ttif  fasts  begun  at  Bubyluii 
shimM  he  coiitiiiuoii,  he  directs  tlmt  they 
shniild  be  trjiiisruriued  into  joyous  festivals. 
Tin*  style  of  rhapteis  ix.-.\i.  differs  from 
tliiit  of  tiie  llrst  eight  ;  and  tliat  of  xii.-xiv. 
to  a  certain  extent  fjom  both.  In  x.  0,  the 
lionse  ofJudaii  renuiies  to  be  strengtliened, 
as  if  its  governnu-nt  still  continued  ;  that  of 
Joseph  (the  ten  tribes)  to  be  saved,  as  if  it 
wore  gone  ;  and  in  verse  11  is  the  prediction 
"  the  pride  of  Assyria  shall  be  brought  down," 
as  if  it  stood  when  the  words  were  penned; 
whereas  by  the  time  of  Darius  Hystasi»es  it 
hnil  for  e\'er  passed  away.  Some,  therefore, 
assign  these  chapters  to  an  earlier  Zechariah, 
acnnteniiiorar>-  of  Isaiah  (B.C.  about  730).  But 
if  till'  Hcbifw  Javan  in  ix.  13  is  correctly 
liaiisl;ited  Uneee,  this  would  suggest  a  date 
late  enougli  to  l>e  consistent  witli  the  best- 
known  Zechariali's  authorship,  if  not  more 
receiitstill.  Chaps,  xii. — xiv.  have  been  re- 
ferred to  some  prophetic  contemporary  of 
Jeremiah,  b.c  liOV  or  000.  The  date  of 
chaps,  i.-viii.  is  ndmitlerl  to  be  B.C.  520-518. 
Matt,  xxvii.  9-10,  nominally  quoting  Jere- 
miah, seems  to  refer  to  Zech.  xi.  12-13,  and 
unless  Zechariah,  the  son  of  Berechiali,  of 
whose  death  we  know  notliing,  was  uiartyred 
jireciselj'  in  the  same  way  as  Zechariah,  the 
son  of  Jehniada  (2  Chron!  xxiv.  20,  21),  the 
reference  in  Matt,  xxiii.  85  would  seem  to  be 
to  the  latter.  Of  these  difficulties  various 
solutions  have  been  given.  Zech.  xiii.  7  is 
quoted  by  Our  Lord  as  Messianic  (Matt.  xxvi. 
31,  Mark  xiv.  27).  In  Matt.  xxi.  5,  Zech.  ix. 
fl  is  regarded  as  predictive  of  the  entry  of  Jesus 
into  Jerusalem. 

zech' -in,  5.  [Ital.  zecchino;  Fr.  sequin.}  A 
Venetian  gold  coin,  more  commonly  \mtteu 
sequin  (q.v.). 

zech' -stein,  s.  [Ger.  =  mine-stone :  zecKe  =  a 
reckoning,  a  score,  a  mine,  and  stein  =  stone.] 
Geol. :  A  German  sub-division  of  the  Per- 
mian, constituting  tlie  upi>er  of  the  two 
groups,  which  liave  sometimes  led  to  that 
formation  being  called  Dyas  (q.v.).  It  corre- 
sponds to  the  Bliddle  Permian  or  Magnesian 
Limesttjue  of  Britain.  It  is  wanting  in  France. 
Mnrchison  considered  it  a  centre  of  Permian 
life. 

zed,  zee.  >=.    [Z]    The  name  of  the  letter  ;:  ; 

jiniviucially  called  also  Izzard. 

"  Tli(j\i  whoreson  zed!  thou  uunecessary  letter  !"— 
Sfi.ikesp. .  Lear,  ii.  2. 

zed'-6-a-ry.  s.  [From  Ai-ab  zedncdr  ;  Fr.  zedo- 
(liir;  Ptov.  zeduari ;  Port. zeditaHa ;  Ital.  ;e(- 
tniHtno.] 

Bot.  &  Pharm. :  The  roots  of  Curcumu  Zedo- 
aria  and  C.  Zeruinhet,  employed  in  medicine, 
and  the  plants  themselves.     [Curcuma.] 

zee'-koe,  s.  [Dut.  =  sea  (or  lake)  cow.]  The 
nanie  given  by  the  Dutch  colonists  of  South 
Alrica  to  the  hippopotamus. 

*  ze  -i-dse,  s.  p/.  [Mod.  Lat.  ze{us) ;  Lat.  fern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida:] 

Ichtkij.  :  A  lapsed  family  of  Acauthoptery- 
gian  Fishes. 

zei'-lan-ite,  zey'-lan-ite,  s.    fO.  Ger.  Zei- 
liiu,  Zeijlon  ~  Ceylon  ;  sufl".  -ik  {Min.).^ 
Mill. :  The  same  as  Ceylosite  (q.v.). 

ze'-in,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.  ze(a);  -in.] 

Chew.:  A  nitrogenous  substance  obtained 
from  maize  flour. 

zel,  zell,  .<.    [Pers.] 

Music:  An  eastern  instrument  of  music  of 
the  cymbal  kind. 

"  WTiere,  some  hours  since.  w.i3  heatil  the  swell 
Of  truiQjietiiiiJ  the  v]nah  of  z.-l/." 

Moure.   The  Fire  Worshippers. 

zel-ko'-na, -t.  [Native  name?]  (See  etym.  and 

coinpuuiid.) 

zelkona-tree,  s\ 

Bot. :  Planera  Pichardi,  a  North  American 
tree,  seventy  or  eighty  feet  high,  the  diameter 
of  the  trunk  four  feet.  Leaves  like  those  of 
the  elm,  flowers  snuiU  greenish  yellow,  smelling 
like  elder  tlowers  ;  fruit  small,  with  two  seeds. 

*  zel'-ot-ist,  i.    [Zealotist.] 

*  zel'-ou-sie,  .?.  [Gr.  ie\6to  (zeloo)  =  to  emu- 
late, to  be  jealous  of.]    Jealousy. 

"  The  selomie  and  the  eagre  feeraeuea  of  Olimpias  " 
~  Cdal :  Apopk.  of  Eratmus,  p.  200. 


zem-in-dar',  .•*.  (Pers.  zemindar  =  &  land- 
holder, from  Zemin  =land,  and  (f(ir=  hold- 
ing, a  holder.]  In  India,  one  of  a  class  of 
orticials  created  under  the  Mogul  Government 
of  India.  They  have  been  regarded,  tirst  as 
district  governors,  secondly  as  landed  ])ro- 
prietors,  and  thirdly  as  farmers  or  collectors 
of  the  government  revenue  on  land.  Their 
functions  appear  to  have  been  to  a  great  extent 
arbitrary  and  variable,  but  founded  on  and 
arising  out  of  the  last-named  oflice.  On  the 
transference  of  the  authority  of  the  Moguls 
to  the  East  India  Company,  the  zemindars 
were  in  general  treated  as  the  iirnprictors  nf 
land.  The  term  is  of  Persian  oriu'iii,  and  th-- 
olfice  probably  originated  with  tin-  Muliam- 
niadan  conquerors  of  India,  who  claimed  the 
soil  of  the  country,  but,  leaving  the  Indian 
village  tenure  intact,  set  these  oiKcers  called 
zemindars  over  districts  comprising  each  a 
certain  number  of  villages,  the  headmen  of 
wliich  accounted  to  them  for  the  revenues 
of  the  land,  which  they  collected  witli  a  liberal 
proJit  to  themselves.  At  present,  in  Bengal, 
the  zemindars  have  all  the  rights  of  a  British 
landed  proprietor,  subject  to  the  payment  of 
the  land-tax.  and  also  to  a  certain  ill-defined 
tenant-riglit  on  the  part  of  tenants  who  have 
long  held  possession  of  their  farms. 

"It  was  contemnbiteil  that  these  zemindars  wouhi 
tike  the  place  of  tho  lauded  gentry  i.f  Ennipeaii 
t'ouiitries,  and  hecme  leaders  in  all  kiuda  of  agrricul- 
tiiral  reforms."— /"(I'W,  Feh.  11,  1888. 

zem-in-dar-y,   zem'~in-dar-ee,   zem- 

in-dar-ry,  a.  &  s.    [Zemindar.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  a  zemindar;  held  by  a 
zemindar. 

"Under 'the  zemindarry  tenure,  the  land  ia  per- 
petually assigned  Ijy  the  State,  subject  to  the  annual 
payment  of  a  sum  fixed  for  e\'er  without  change."— 
Field.  Feb.  11,  186S. 

B.  As  siihst.  :  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
zemindar  ;  the  land  possessed  by  a  zemindar, 

"The  possibility  of  an  increase  in  the  value  of  these 
zemimiarries,   due  to  causes  of  this  nature."— /"(fW, 

Feb.  11.  18S?). 

ze-na'-i-da,  s.    [Etym.  not  apparent.] 

Ondth. :  A  genns  of  Columbidffi  with  ten 
species,  founded  by  Bonaparte.  They  are  dis- 
tinguished by  theirsto'ut  body,  short  wings,  and 
long,  well-developed  legs,  and  range  from  Chili 
and  La  Plata  to  Columbia  and  the  Antilles. 

ze-na'-na.  s.  [Pers.  zenanah  =  pertaining  to 
women,  'from  zen  =  a  woman.]  The  name 
given  to  the  portion  of  the  house  reserved  ex- 
clusively for  the  females  belonging  to  a 
family  of  good  caste  in  India. 

"  Yet,  curiously  euough.  the  ladies  to  a  very  large 
extent  avoid  the  harems,  the  zenanas,  the  gyn*oea 
provided  fur  them."- /)<((?^  Ttle<jraph.  Feb.  24,  1888. 

zenana-mission,  s.    Amission  founded 

in  lS-^■2  under  the  auspices  of  the  Protestant 
missionary  societies  in  India,  with  the  object 
(1)  of  sending  the  gospel  to  the  women  of 
India  by  means  of  female  missioJiaries  ;  (2) 
of  alleviating  their  sufferings  in  sickness,  and 
luinisteriug  to  their  spiritual  need,  through 
the  agency  of  duly  qualified  female  medical 
missionaries  ;  and  (3)  of  promoting  education, 
based  on  Holy  Scripture,  especially  among 
women  of  the  higher  classes. 

Zendf  s.    [Zexd-avesta.] 

1.  PhiloL :  An  ancient  Iranian  language 
in  which  are  composed  the  sacred  writings 
of  the  Zoroastrians.  It  is  coeval  and  cog- 
nate with  the,  Vedic  Sanskrit.  It  embrace.^ 
two  dialects,  called  Bactrian,  or  Eastern 
Iranian,  and  the  Western  Iranian.  The  two 
Zend  dialects  consist  of  an  earlier  and  a  latei, 
analogous  to  the  Vedic  and  classic  Sanskrit, 
or  to  the  Homeric  and  classic  Greek.  The 
earlier  dialect  is  called  the  Gatha,  from  the 
Gathas  or  sacred  songs,  which  form  the  only 
remains  of  it ;  the  later  is  that  in  which  tlie 
Zend-Avesta,  or  sacred  Zoroastrian  writings 
are  found.  Tlie  present  ali)habet  is  compara- 
tively modern,  and  is  probably  derived  from 
the  Syrian.  There  are  twelve  simple  vowels, 
fourteen  diphthongs,  and  twenty-nine  con- 
sonants, represented  by  different  characters. 
The  roots  are  mostly  monosyllabic,  some  con- 
sisting of  only  a  single  vowel,  others  of  a 
vowel  and  consonjint,  or  a  vowel  between 
two  consonants.  There  are  three  numbers, 
singular,  dual,  and  plural,  with  eight  inflec- 
tions in  the  first  and  last,  and  five  in  the 
middle  number. 

2.  Cpmpar.  ReU(j. :  A  contracted  name  for 
the  Zend-Avesta  (q.v.). 


Zend-Avesta,  ^^  [Prob.  =  translatir.n 
or  comnientary  of  text  with  paraphrase,  from 
(fvpsta  =  text,  and  send  =  translation  or  cont- 
mentary.] 

Compiir.  PaUo. :  The  sacred  books  of  the  Z.i- 
loastrians,  Magians,  Guebers,  or  Parsees,  as- 
cribed to  Zoroaster  himself,  and  reverenced 
as  a  bible  or  rule  of  faith  and  practice.  Tli''\ 
consist  of  several  divisi<ins  :  the  Yazna,  a  sm  i 
of  sacrificial  ritual,  consisting  of  hymns  aii'i 
prayers,  contains  the  five  gathas  in  the  old-i 
dialect  ;  the  Visparad  is  a  collection  of  sacn 
ficial  prayers  in  later  Zend.  The  Yashts  aiv 
later  collections  of  prayers,  consisting  of  pai- 
ticular  invocatifms  of  angels,  &c.,  mixed  witii 
legends  ;  the  Vendidad  contains  the  religion^,, 
civil,  and  criminal  code  of  the  Zoroastrian-- 
The  immortality  of  the  soul,  a  future  state  nf 
rewards  and  punishments,  and  the  resurrer- 
tion  of  the  body  are  taught  in  the  Zend  re- 
ligion. 

zen'-dik,  s.  [Arab.  =  a  infidel,  an  atheist.] 
A  name  given  in  the  East  not  only  to  di-^- 
believers  in  revealed  religion,  but  also  ti- 
such  as  are  accused  of  magical  heresy. 

ze'-nick,  ze'-nik,  s.    [Native  name  in  parts 

of  Africa.] 
ZooL:  Suricata  zenick.     [Suricata.] 


[O.    Fr.   ccnith  (Fr. 


DIAGRAM    SHOWIKC.    ZENITH 
AND    NADIR. 


zen'-ith,  *sen-yth, 

zenith),  front 
Sp.  ztu  it, 
zenith,  froiii 
Arab,  saint  = 
a  road,  away, 
apath,atrail, 
a  quarter, 
whence  sam.t- 
or-rrts  =^  the  7C 
zenith,  the 
vertical  point 
of  the  hea- 
vens ;  as-sanit 
=  a  n  a  z  i  - 
muth.  ] 

1.  0  r  d  . 
Lang.  <£■  As- 
tro n.  :  The 
highest  point 
in  the  heavens  to  a  spectator  at  any  given.- 
place,  the  point  from  which  if  the  earth  wen- 
absolutely  spherical  a  perpendicular  let  fall 
would  pass  through  its  centre. 

"The  sunne  pasaeth  twiae  in  the  yeere  through 
their  zenith  ouer  their  heads."— jyacWMWf;  Vuuajai, 
iii.  731. 

2.  Fig.  :  The  higliest  point  of  a  person's 
fortune;  the  higliest  or  culminating  point  u' 
any  subject  referred  to. 

"  By  my  prescience 
I  find  my  zenith  doth  depend  upon 
A  moat  auspicious  atar.'        Shakesp, :  Tempest,  i.  1. 

zenith-distance,  5.  The  zenith-dis- 
tance of  a  heavenly  body  is  the  arc  intercepted 
between  the  body  and  the  zenith,  being  the- 
.same  as  the  co-altitude  of  the  body. 

zenith-sector,  s.  An  astronomical  in- 
strument, consisting  of  a  telescope  swinging 
upon  pivots,  and  having  attached  to  it  an 
arc  graduated  into  degrees  and  minutes. 
From  the  upper  end  of  the  telescope  verti- 
cally hangs  down  a  fine  silver  wire,  terminated 
by  a  weight  supported  in  water  to  keep  it 
steady.  It  is  used  for  the  same  purpose  as 
the  mural  circle,  viz.,  to  ascertain  the  zenitii 
distance  of  the  several  stars,  but  is  moie 
convenient  from  its  greater  portability. 
[Mural-circle.] 

zenith -telescope,  s.  The  telescope  of 
a  Zenith  .sector. 

'  zen'-ith-al,  ((.  [Eng.  zenith;  -aL]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  zenith. 

"In  order  to  obtain  its  zenithal  distance."— J/cf/. 
Popular  Astronomy,  p.  34. 

ze'-o-lite,  s.  [Gr.  ^tw  {zeo)=to  boil,  an'l 
ki&o-i  (Jithos')ir=  stone  :  Ger.  zeolith.] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  to  a  group  of  minerals 
belonging  to  the  hydrous  silicates,  charac- 
terized by  much  intumescence  on  the  applica- 
tion of  heat. 

Ze-6-lith'-i-form,  a.  [Eng.  zeolit(e):  i  con- 
nective, and  Jbrni.]  Having  the  form  of 
zeolite. 

ze-6-lit'-ic,  n.  [Eng.  zeolit(c) ;  -ic]  Of  or 
pertaming  to  zeolite;  consisting  of  or  re- 
senibling"2eolite. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son ;  miite,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,     se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  au  —  kw. 


Zephaniah— zeugma 


627 


3eph-a-m'-all»  -■;.  [Heb.  rvzz^  {Tsephantjdh) 
=  Zepliaiiirih  (wlu-m  Jehovah  has  hid):  'jES 
{tsai>hdu)  =  to  hide,  and  TV  {Vah)  =  Jehovah  ; 
Sept.  Soffrocio?  ;  Vulg.  Sophonws.) 

1.  Scrip.  Bioi}.:  A  prophet,  sou  of  Ciishi. 
wlio  again  was  the  son  of  Gedaliah,  the  gi>u  of 
Amariah,  the  son  of  Hizkiah  (the  king?). 

2.  old  Ttst.  Canon  :  The  ninth  in  order  of 
the  twelve  minor  prophetic  books.  Zejdiaiiiah 
jirophesied  in  the  reign  of  Josiah,  king  of 
Jndali.  Josiali,  wliocanie  tothethrnne  in  his 
eiglitli  vt-ar  (B.r.  Ml),  tolerated  idolatry  liil  th-- 
twrlttli  viar  of  his  reign  (U41-G;W) ;  next  fnr>ix 
yt-ars  nmn- 0>y0-ti'i4)  he  carriea  -m  a  partially 
suceoNlid  contest  against  it ;  then  durin;^  tin- 
reniaind<-r  of  his  life  (024-610),  he  made  tlie 
rcfoinialion  more  sweeping,  re-estaliUsliiii;i 
Mosaic  institutions  throughout  the  laud. 
\Vlien  the  prophet  wrote,  the  worship  of 
Baal  had  not  quite  ceased,  nor  had  other 
forms  of  idolatry  (Zepb.  i.  4-5).  His  predic- 
tions, thrreloif,  seem  to  have  been  uttered 
durin-;  the  second  period,  some  time  between 
6:w  and  &2-i.  With  this  agrees  the  reference 
in  cli.  ii.  l'J-15  to  the  impending  destruction 
of  Nineveh,  wliich  took  place  in  ti"25.  Ze- 
phaniah was  eontemporary  witli  Jeremiah. 
The  tirst  chapter  of  the  book  denounces 
coming  iud-,'iuent,  described  as  the  day  of 
the  Loi'd  [Dav,  C.  3.],  on  Jerusalem  and 
the  Jewish  people.  The  second  prophesies 
the  destruction  of  Gaza,  Askelon,  and  the 
Philistine  cities  generally,  the  Moabites,  the 
Aminoiiit'S,  and  the  A.ssyrian  capital  Nineveh. 
The  third  censures  the  corruption  of  Jeru- 
salem, which  had  affected  princes,  judges, 
priests,  and  propliets,  and  concludes  with 
promises  of  future  restoration  and  felicity. 
The  chief  characteristics  of  this  book  are  the 
unity  and  harmony  of  the  composition,  the 
grace,  energy,  and  dignity  of  its  style,  and 
the  rapid  and  efteetive  alternations  of  threats 
and  promises.  Its  prophetical  import  is 
chiefly  shown  in  the  accurate  predictions  of 
the  desolatiou  which  has  fallen  upon  each  of 
the  nations  denounced  for  their  crimes ; 
Ethiopia,  wliioli  is  uienaced  with  a  terrible 
invasion,  being  alone  exempted  from  the 
doom  of  perpetual  ruin.  The  general  toue  of 
the  last  portion  is  Jlessianic,  but  without 
any  specilic  reference  to  the  Person  of  our 
Lord.  No  serious  controversy  has  ever  taken 
place  as  to  the  authenticity  of  Zephaniah. 

ze-phar'-6-vich-ite,  ^■.  [After  Prof.  Zepha- 
rovich  ;  suft'.  -ikiMin.).] 

Min. :  A  crystalline  to  compact  mineral 
found  in  sandstone  at  Trenic,  Bohemia. 
Hardness,  5-5  ;  sp.  gr.  2-37  ;  colour,  greenish, 
yellowish,  or  gra\  ish-wliite.  Compos.  :  essen- 
tially a  hvdiated"  phosphate  of  alumina,  with 
the  prol)able  fornuda  AlM.i.POj  +  OHO. 

zeph  -yr.    '  zeph'-yr-iis.    *  zeph  -ir,   s. 

[Kr.  :i:phiin-  —  the  west  wind,  from  Lat. 
zephynnii',  accus.  of  ze2jh)frus  =  the  west  wind, 
from  Gr.  f€'cf)vpo?  (zephnros),  allied  to  ^o<i)05 
(rQp/tos)  =  darkness,  gloom,  the  dark  or  even- 
ing quarter,  the  west.] 

1.  Ord.  L(uig.(pfidlfoi-uis):  The  west  wind; 
lieure,  poetically,  any  soft,  mild,  gentle 
breeze.  By  the  poets  Zephyrus  was  personi- 
fied and  represented  as  the  mildest  and 
gentlest  of  all  the  sylvan  deities. 

"  Where  sweet  inj'nlie-brenthuigze/>A(>  iu  the  spriug 
Gently  distils  bis  uectai-droiiping  showers." 

Drayton,  Idea  53. 

2.  Entom.  {Of  the  form  zephyrus) :  A  genus 
of  Ly(;8enida-,  having  fore  wings  with  eleven 
uorvures,  the  subcostal  one  emitting  two 
branches  before  the  extremity  of  the  discoidal 
cell,  and  a  bifurcating  one  beyond.  Species 
few,  chiefly  from  Europe  and  Asia. 

zer'-da,  s.  [A  South  African  word.] 

Zool. :  Sparmann's  name  for  Cants  or  Mcgal- 
Otis  zerda,  believed  to  be  identical  with  the 
Fennec  (q.v.). 

ze-re'-n©,  s.  [Gr.  i»7paiVw(ycrfa»6)=  to  parch, 

lo  dry  up, 
Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Zerenidie. 

ze-ren'-i-dse,  >-.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  zeren{e) ; 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida\] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Geometrina.  An- 
tennae of  the  male  thick,  not  pectinated ; 
abdomen  in  the  same  sex  long  ;  wings  broad, 
entire.  Caterpillar  short,  thick,  feeding 
exposed.  British  genera  three,  species  five. 
{Stainton.) 


zer-i-ba,  za-ree  -toa,  ^.  l^^ypt.  zt-reM:  = 
a  thorn  hedge.]  A  word  which  came  into 
use   in    the    eaily  part  of  issi.  during  the 


military  operations  in  Egypt,  to  denote  an 
enclosure  the  sides  of  wliieh  are  formed  of 
prickly  brushwood,  sheltered  by  which  a  force 
may  camp  comparatively  safe  from  sudden 
surprise. 

"When  the  square  waa  broken  the  news  spread  to 
the  zcriba  tliftt  we  were  defeated."— Oraphfc,  April  5, 
1834.  p.  s-iJ. 

ze-ri'-tis,  s.  (Mod.  Lat.,  formed  from  Gr. 
^»jpaiVu>  (xHraiiw)  =  to  parch,  to  dry  up.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Lyca^nidre.  Red  butter- 
flies with  brown  borders  and  metallic  spots 
on  the  under  .surface  of  the  hind  wings. 
Natives  of  Africa. 

zer'-O,  s".  [Fr.  =  a  cipher  in  arithmetic,  from 
Ital.  zero,  a  contracted  form  of  zejiro  or 
zijio,  parallel  to  zif>-a  =  a  cipher,  from  Arab. 
sifr=a.  cipher  (q.v.).  Zero  and  cipher  are 
doublets.] 

1.  In  common  language,  zero  means  no 
thing ;  iu  arithmetic  it  is  called  naught,  and 
means  no  number ;  in  algebra,  it  stands  for 
no  quantity,  or  for  a  quantity  less  than  any  as- 
signable quantity  ;  a  cipher ;  nothing,  denoted 

■  byO. 

2.  Astron. :  The  first  point  of  Ai'ies.  [Abies.] 
(Prof.  Airy:  Po'p.  Astronomy,  p.  lit).] 

3.  Therm. :  The  point  (0')  in  the  scale  of  a 
thermometer  from  which  numbers  with  the 
+  sign  are  counted  upwards,  and  those  with 
the  —sign  downwards.  In  Fahrenheit's  ther- 
mometer zero  is  —  32^,  i.e.,  32  degrees  below 
the  freezing  point  of  water.  In  the  Centigrade 
and  Reaumur's  scales  zero  is  that  freezing 
point  itself. 

1[  Absolute  zero:  The  point  at  which  any 
given  body  is  supposed  to  contain  no  heat. 
It  is  —  273°  C.  Temperatures  reckoned  from 
it  are  called  absolute  temperatures.  It  is 
fixed  from  observation  of  the  fact  that  a  gas 
is  increased  ^f  5  part  of  its  volume  for  every 
degree  of  the  Centigrade  thermometer. 

zero-point,  s.  The  point  indicating  the 
commencement  of  an^'  scale  or  reckoning. 

zero-potential,  .^.    [Potential,  B.  2.] 

zest,  5.  [O.  Fr.  zest  (Fr.  zeste)  =  a  piece  of  the 
skin  of  a  citron  or  lemon,  the  English  sense 
being  due  to  the  use  of  lemon  or  citron  for 
flavouring,  from  Lat.  schistos,  schistiis  =  di- 
vided,  from  Gr.  o-xtcrrds  (schistos),  from  o-X'fw 
(schiz6)  =  to  divide.] 

*  1.  A  piece  of  orange  or  lemon  peel,  used  to 
give  a  flavour  to  liquor,  or  the  fine  thin  oil 
that  squirts  out  of  it  when  squeezed  ;  also 
the  woody,  thick  skin  quartering  the  kernel 
of  a  walnut. 

2.  Something  which  gives  a  relish  or  plea- 
sant taste  ;  something  which  serves  to  en- 
hance enjoyment :  hence,  that  quality  which 
makes  a  thing  enjoyable ;  a  pleasant  taste,  a 
relish. 

"  Lilterality  of  diaposition  and  conduct  gives  the 
higlieat  zi'tit  and  reUah  to  social  iutercourse. "— Coja  11  : 
£thical  Treat.,  Disc.  1. 

3.  Relish  or  keenness  of  pleasure  expe- 
rienced ;  keen  enjoyment ;  gusto. 

'■  They  joined  and  partook  of  the  rude  fare  witli  the 
zest  of  fatigue  and  y\}\iW\."—Lytt'm.    \Annandate.) 

*  zest,  v.t.     [Zest,  s.] 

1.  To  add  a  zest  or  relish  to. 
"Wh«n  iny  wine's  riRht.  1  never  i-are  U  should  be 

sested."—Cibbcr  :  Vttretesi  l£iiibamt,  iii. 

2.  To  cut,  as  the  peel  of  an  orange  or  lemon, 


from  top    to    bottuiu    in   thiit  slices,   or  t^j 
squeeze,  a.-*  peel,  over  the  surface  of  anNlhiiig. 

ze'-ta,  s.  [Lat.  rif((,  for  (^■«/.(  =  a  cliamlwr,  a 
dwelling,  from  Gr.  iialra  (diaHa)=a.  v/ay  of 
living,  nmde  of  lifv,  a  dwelling.)  A  little 
closet  or  chamber  ;  applied  by  some  writ^'rs 
to  the  room  over  the  porch  of  a  Christian 
church,  where  the  sexton  or  porter  n*sided, 
ari'l  kept  tlie  church  documents.     {Britton.) 

•ze-te-tlc,  «.  &  5.  (Or.  ^i)r»iri*t6s  {:et?tiLos% 
Imm  i,'?)T«u>  (zitfii)  =  to  seek.] 

A.  As  tulj. :  Proceeding  by  enquiry. 

B.  .!>  snbst.:  A  seeker;  a  name  adopted  by 

some  of  the  Pyrrhonists. 

ze-te  -tics,  s.  [Zetetic]  A  name  given  to 
lliat  part  of  algebra  which  Con.sists  in  tlie 
direet  search  after  unknown  quantities. 

ze-tic'-Q-l^i  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  Lat. 
zeta  =a  drawing-ntoin,  a  summer-house.]  A 
small  withdra wing-room. 

zeug'-ite,  s.     [Gr.  ^tvyiTri<;  (zeugith)  =yoke.<\ 
in  pairs.] 
Mill.:  An  altered  variety  of  Metabrushite 

(q.v.). 

zeug'-lo-don,  .■>•.      [Gr.  Ce''7^>)  izeugle)=^t\\Q 
strap  or  h)op  of  the  yoke  through  which  the 
oxen's  hea<ls  were  put ;  sufl".  -odon.] 
Pala-ontology : 

1.  The  type-genus  of  Zeuglodontid*  (q.v.). 
The  remains  were  foinierly  supposed  to  ha 
reptilian,  and  were  named  Basilosaurus  by 
Harlan.  They  were  re-named  by  Oweu  (who 
demonstrated  their  Mam- 
malian character),  and  the 
new  name  was  chosen  be- 
cause the  first  section  of  a 
molar  examined  was  taken 
from  the  base  of  the  crown, 
where  it  was  beginning  to 
divide  into  the  roots,  and 
thus  it  looked  like  two 
single  teeth  yoked  or  linked 
together.  (Trans.  Geol.  Soc. 
Lond.,  scr.  ii.,  vol.  vi.,  p. 
67.)  The  names  Phocodon 
and  Phocodontia  are  some- 
times  given  to  the  genus  and  zkuJi^don. 
family  respectively ,  froiu  the 

seal-like  character  of  the  dentition.  Several 
species  from  the  Kocene  of  the  United  States ; 
a  portion  of  a  skull  from  the  Barton  Clay 
(Eocene)  of  Hampshire,  England. 

2.  Any  species  or  individual  of  the  Zeuglo- 
dontia(q.v.). 

"The  earliest' Cetaceans  of  whose  organization  we 
have  anything  Uke  comitlete  evidence  are  tlie  Zfngli- 
dons  of  the  EoL-eiie  period,  which  aiipniitcli  In  the 
stnicture  of  akull  and  teetli  to  a  more  geueniUzefl 
mamnialiitii  type  than  either  of  the  exnttnig  sub- 
'    "  --'--'    ty   -  - 


The   snialluesa  of    tht 


pared  witii  the  Jaws  and  the  rest  of  tlie  sknH  they 
share  with  the  primitive  foriiH  of  many  other  ty|tea. ' 
—Enci/c.  Brit.  led.  ath),  XV.  3W. 

Zeus' -lo-dont,  "•  ^  *'■    [Zeuglodontia.] 

A.  .-Is  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Zeuglo- 
dontia. 

B.  -45  suhst. :  Any  indindual  of  the  Zeuglo- 

dontia. 

t  zeug-lo-don'-ti-^  (or  t  as  sh).  t  zeug- 
lo-don'-ti-dse,  s.  pi-  [Mod.  Lat.  zkiojU- 
don,  genit.  zcifglodont(is) ;  Lat.  neut.  pi.  ac^j. 
suti;  -('a,  or  fem.  -idee.] 

Pala-ont. :  A  group  or  family  founded  t/i 
include  certain  extinct  Cetaeeans  of  doubtful 
affinities,  only  known  by  fragmentary  remains 
of  Eocene  age.  In  the  anterior  part  of  both 
jaws  the  teeth  are  simple,  conical,  or  slightly 
compressed,  and  sharp-pointed.  Dental  for- 
mula :  I.  3—3,  C.  1—1,  P.M.  and  M.  5—5  =  ;i6. 
Skull  elongated  and  much  depressed,  brain- 
cavity  very  small,  strong  sagittal  crest.  The 
characters  of  the  dorsal  vertebra;  and  the 
articulation  of  the  ribs  appear  to  have  resem- 
bled those  of  Plataidsta.  Huxley  considered 
these  animals  to  have  been  intermediate  be- 
tween the  true  Cetaceans  and  the  Seals.  By 
some  authorities  the  group  is  made  to  include 
Zeuglodon  (=  Phocodon).  Squalodon.  and 
Saurocetes.  Prof.  Flower  suV'stitutes  lor  it  a 
sub-order  (Archa-'oeeti),  and  makes  the  Squal- 
odons  a  separate  family.     [Sqcalodontid^.J 

zeugr~m&(  *•  [Gr.,  from  fevyi-v^t  {zengnumi) 
=  10  joiii.]     [YOKE.l 

Gram. :  Tlie  connexion  of  one  word  with 
two  wortls  or  with  two  clauses,  to  both  of 


boil,  boy;  po-ut,  jowl;  cat.  9eU,  chorus,  chin,  benph;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cian.  -tian  -  shan.    -tion.  -sion^  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious.  -tious.    sious  -  shus.    -ble.  -die.  \c.  =  bel.  deU 


62b 


zeugm  atic— zinc 


wliicli  it  does  not  t-qufilly  apply  .  so  that,  for 
one  of  tliL-ni,  another  word  (to  be  g:xlhered 
from  tlie  sense  uf  tlie  i>assiige)  mvist  be 
inentatty  siipi>lie(I.  ZeURtua  is  ttierefnre  a 
species  of  ellipsis  ;  both  abbreviate  discnurse. 
Wln-re  the  word  to  be  supplied  is  a  furui  of 
another  iti  the  sentence,  as  "  1  love  you,  and 
yon  [love]  nie,"  the  construction  is  elliptical ; 
where  the  sense  requires  a  different  word  :  as, 
"  Tlie  sun  sliall  not  burn  thee  by  day,  neither 
the  ntoon  (injure  theej  by  night"  (?s.  cxxi.  0, 
Prayer  BookJ,  it  is  zeugma. 

zeug  m&t'-lC,  ff.     [Zedoma.]    Of  or  pertain- 
ing I.'  tlie  ligiue  of  speech  known  as  zeugma. 

zeun-er-ite   (eu  as  6i),  s.     [After   Prof. 
'/.'■uuri,  of  FreiUerg  ;  sutf.  -ite  (J/i/i.).] 

Milt. :  A  t^titigonal  mineral,  isninorplious 
with  Urauite,  wYiich  it  mueh  reseiubles  in 
its  physical  characters.  Hardness,  2  to  2'5  ; 
sp.  gr.  3"2;  colour,  grass-  and  apple-green. 
Compos.  :  a  liydrated  arsenate  of  sesquioxide 
t)f  uranium,  and  protoxide  of  copper.  First 
found  at  the  Weisser  Hirsch  mine,  Schnee- 
berg,  Saxony. 

Ze'-US,  s.     [Lat..  from  Gr.  ^aios  {zaios)  —  the 
dory  or  doree  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Cyttid^e,  with  six 
species,  from  the  Mediterranean,  the  tem- 
perate shores  of  the  Eastern  Atlantic,  and 
the  coasts  of  Japan  and  Australia,  all  of  them 
in  high  esteem  as  food-tishes.  A  series  of 
bony  plates  luns  along  the  base  of  the  dorsal 
ami  anal  11ns,  and  there  is  anotlier  series  on 
tlic  abdomen.  The  best-known  species  is 
Zeus  j'aber,  which  was  well  known  iu  classic 
times.     (DoREE.J 

2.  Palceont :  From  the  Miocene  of  Lieata, 
Sidly. 

zeux'-ite,  a     [Gr.  ^ev^L<;  {zeuxis)  =  3,  span,  a 
joiiiing  ;  sutT.  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Mill. :  A  variety  of  tourmaline  (q.v.),  found 
in  the  United  Mines,  St.  Day.  Cornwall. 
Occurred  in  acicular  interlacing  crystals  of  a 
pale-brown  colour. 

zen'-zer-a,  »•.    f  A  corrupt  form,  due  to  Lat- 
reille.     Its  origin  is  unknown  ] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Zeuzeridse 
(q.v.),  with  one  British  species.  Antennse  of 
the  male  pectinated  at  the  base,  the  apex 
filiform;  abdomen  stout  In  the  male,  rather 
slender  iu  the  female. 

zeu-zer  -i-dee.  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  zeuzer{a) ; 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  atlj.  sutf.  -irfce.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Boinbycina.  Antenuie 
at  least  as  long  as  the  thorax,  wings  rather 
distant  at  the  base.  Caterpillar  naked,  with 
a  horny  plate  on  the  second  segment.  It  feeds 
within  the  stems  of  trees,  reeds,  &c.  Biitish 
genera  three,  species  three  (Staiiiton),  in- 
cluding the  Wood  Leopard  and  the  Goat 
Motli  (q.v.). 


zey  ~lan-ite» 


[Zkilanite.] 


zey-SOUm,  *-.     [An  Egyptian  word.] 

Bo(.  :  The  flowerheads  oi  Santoli)ia  fragran- 
ii^si'iia,  sold  in  llie  shops  of  Cairo  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  Camomile. 

zib'-et,  zib'-eth»  s.  [Fr.  zibet;  Ital.  zibetto; 
Low  Gr.  ^aWrtoi/  (zapetion).'}     [Civet.] 

Zool. :  Viverra  zibctha,  a  Sumatran  civet. 
Length  about  two  feet  six  inches,  tail  eleven 
inches  ;  liead  rounded,  bulging  before  the  ears, 
and  then  rajiidly  contracting  into  a  short 
muzzle  ;  fur  close,  soft.,  and  downy,  with  black 
and  while  lines  on  the  back,  and  spots  in  trans- 
verse undulations  on  the  back  and  sides  ;  tail 
faintly  ringed.  In  Tra\ancore,  in  India,  there 
was  a  government  establishment  for  the  rear- 
ing of  these  animals,  the  civet  obtained  from 
them  being  used  in  perfumery  and  in  Hindoo 
medicine. 

zi-be'-thum  (th  as  t).  s.  [Zibet.]  The  civet 
derived  from  the  Zibeth  (q.v.). 

Zie'-ga,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Curd  produced 
from  rnilk  by  adding  acetic  acid,  and  after 
ren  net  has  ceased  to  cause  coagulation. 
(Brande  £  Cox.) 

2ie-tris-i'-kite.  s.  [After  Zietrisika,  Mol- 
da\  ia,  where  found  ;  sufT.  -He  (il/ui.).] 

Mia.  :  A  member  of  the  group  of  hydro- 
carbons resembling  ozocerite  in  its  I'hysioal 
characters,  but  differing  from  that  sul'stimce 


in  its  almost  complete  insolubility  in  ether. 
A  mean  of  three  analyses  gave  :  carbon,  84  ti4 ; 
liydrogen,  14-03. 

zif,  ziph.  ziv,  .■'.  [Heb.  11  (ziv),  from  7^^l^ 
{:ahah)  =  to  sliiue  ;  to  be  beautiful,  referring 
to  the  splendid  appearance  of  the  flowers 
during  the  month  (G'ese/tius)  ;  or  from  Assyrian 
(iiv  =  the  Bull,  the  constellation  Taurus. 
(Rawliiison:  Herod,  i.  622.)] 

Hebrew  Calendar  :  The  second  month  of  the 
year,  extending  from  the  new  moon  in  May  to 
that  in  June  ;  or,  according  to  some  Rabbis, 
from  the  new  moon  in  April  to  that  of  June. 
(1  Kings  vi.  i.  37.)  In  some  copies  of  the 
A.V.  the  spelling  is  Zif,  in  others  Ziph  ;  in 
the  R.V.  Ziv,  which  is  the  correct  form. 

*zif-fi-US,  5.  [See  def.]  A  misspelling  of 
xiphias  (q.v.). 

"  Huge  7'J?F((s  whom  ninri;:ars  eschew." 

Spenoer:  F.  Q..  II.  xiL  24. 

zig-an'-ka,  &.    [Rnss.] 

Music:  A  dance  popular  among  the  Russian 
peasantry,  similar  in  its  figures  to  the  English 
country-  dance. 

zig'-a-ri,  s.  pi    [Zinqarl] 

zig'-zag,  ('.  &  s.     [Fr.,  from  Ger.  zichzach  —  a 
zigzag;   zichzach  segebi=to  tack  iu  sailing; 
Sw.  sichsach  =  zigzag.] 
A<  As  adjective: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  sharp  or  quick  turns 
or  flexures. 

"More  zigzag  puthB  tempt  ua  right  and  left. '— 
Queen,  Sept  2f5,  1895. 

2.  Bot. :    [Flexuous,  2.]. 
Bi  As  substantive : 

L  Ord.  Lang.:  Something  having  sliort, 
sharp  turns  or  angles,  as  a  line. 

"  But  that  ascent  was  made  by  only  eix  zigzags."— 
Scribner'i  Magazine,  August,  187",  p.  462. 
IL   Technically  : 

1.  Arch. :  A  zigzag  moulding  ;  a  chevron  or 
dancette.     [See  illustration  under  Chevron.] 

2.  Fort. :  One  of  the  trenches  leading  to- 
wards the  besieged  works,  and  communicat- 
ing between  the  several  parallels.  It  turns  to 
the  right  and  to  the  left,  but  with  a  general 
curved  course,  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  be 
enfiladed  by  tlie  guns  of  the  fort. 

3.  A  salnnm-stair,  fish-way,  or  fish-ladder. 
zigzag-moulding,  s.     [Qhevron,  Dan- 

CEUTE.] 

zig'-zag,  v.t.  &  i.     [Zigzag,  a.] 

A,  Trans. :  To  form  with  short  sharp  turns 
or  angles. 

•'  The  middle  aile  has  on  each  side  four  Xorman 
rouud  arches  zigzagged."— Warton  :  History  of  Kid- 
diitgton.  p,  4. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  move  or  advance  in  a  zigzag  fasliion  ; 
to  make  zigzags. 

■■  He  zigzagged  back  and  forth  from  tuft  tu  tuft"— 
Scribncr't  JIagazine,  July.  1877,  p.  284. 

2.  To  waver  in,  or  change  one's  words  or 
opinions. 

•'  Spe.ak  in  ambiguous  and  hesitatiug  tones,  zigzag- 
giii-j  this  way  and  that  way.  and  beatiug  about  the 
hMsh.— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  28,  1887. 

*  zig-zag'-ger-^,    s.      [Eng.  zigzag;    •e}-y.] 
Zigzag  or  irregular  course. 

"  When  my  Uncle  Toby  discovered  the  transverse 
ziuz'iggery  vi  my  father's  approach  to  it. " —Sterne : 
Tristram  .Shandy,  ii.  113. 

+  zig'-zag-gy,  a.     [Eng.  zigzag;  -i/.]    Having 
sharp  turns ;  zigzag. 

■'  ThesAazaggy  pattern  by  Saxons  invented 
Was  cleverly  chiselled  and  weU  represented  " 
Barham:  Ing.  Leg,;  at.  Hotnwold. 

zil'-l9,  s.     [The  Egyptian  name  of  Zilla  rnya- 
groides.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Zillidse  (q.v.). 
Zilla  myayroides.  is  a  large  glabrous  herb,  with 
round  white  branches,  and  oblong  toothed 
leaves,  which  are  boiled  and  eaten  by  the 
Arabs  like  cabbage.    (Loudon.) 

zil'-lah,   -''.     [Hind.]    In   Hindustan,   a  local 
division  uf  a  county  ;  a  shire  or  county. 

Zill'-er-thite,  5.      [After  Zillerth(al),  Tyrol, 
where  found;  sufT.  -ite  {Min.).^ 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  a  bright  green 
variety  of  Actinolite  (q.v.). 

zU'-li-das,  s.  p?.     [Mod.  Lat.  ziU{a);  Lat.  fern. 
pi.  adj.  sufT.  'id(C.] 


Bot. :  A  family  of  Orthoploce*.  Silide  inde- 
hiscent,  sub-globose,  one  or  two-celled,  each 
with  a  single  glol»ose  seed.  H.rbs  from  the 
Mediterranean  region. 

zim  -a-p^-ite,  s.  [After  Zimaiian,  Mexico 
where  found  ;  sutf.  -ite  (A/i/i.).] 

Min.  :  Stated  to  be  a  chloride  of  iron,  crys- 
tallizing in  the  rliouibohedral  system.  A 
doubtful  .species. 

zimb  (b  silent),  s.     [Arab,  -a  fly.] 

Entom. :  A  dipterous  insect  described  by 
Bruce  as  being  common  in  Abyssinia.  It  is 
said  to  resemble  the  tsetse  (q.v.)  of  the  south- 
ern parts  of  Africa,  and  to  be  equally  hurtful 
to  cattle.  It  is  a  little  larger  than  the  connuon 
bee,  and  thicker  in  pnqtortion. 

zim-ent-Wa'-ter,  s.  [Ger.  cemrntwasser,  lit. 
=  cement  oi-cemeiitatidn  water;  cf.  cementkup- 
/er=  copper  deposited  in  water.]  A  name 
given  to  water  found  in  copper  mines;  water 
impregnated  with  copper. 

^-moc -ca, .';.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  (See  etym. 
and  cnmi-nuiid.) 

zimocca-sponge,  s. 

ZooL :  Eu.'ipoRgia  zimocca,  a  sponge  with 
a  dark  brownish-yellow  skeleton,  the  chief 
fibres  of  which  are  soft,  thin,  elastic,  and 
almost  fi'ee  from  sand,  while  tlie  under 
fibres  are  dense  and  thick, 'rendering  the 
sponge  itself  abnormally  hard. 

sd'-mome,  s.    [Zvmome.] 

^mc,  5.  [Dan.  and  Sw.  zi7ik ;  Fr.  zinc;  cogn. 
with  Ger.  zinn  =  tin.] 

1.  AstroiL.:  It  has  been  ascertained  by  spec- 
troscopy that  there  is  zinc  in  the  sun. 

2.  Chem.  £  Comm. :  A  di\alent  metallic  ele- 
ment, symb.  Zn. ;  at.  wt.,  (!5 ;  found  in  con 
siderable  abundance  in  many  parts  of  Britain, 
in  Silesia,  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Aix 
la  Chapelle.  It  is  extracted  from  the  native 
carbonate  by  first  roasting  the  ore,  mixing  it 
with  charcoal  or  coke,  and  subjecting  the 
mixture  to  a  full  red  heat  in  an  earthen  retort. 
The  reduced  metal  volatilizes,  and  is  con- 
densed by  suitable  means.  It  is  bluish- 
white,  tarnishes  slowly  in  the  air,  is  crystal- 
line and  brittle,  with  a  density  varying  from 
6-S  to  7-2.  Between  121°  and  149''  it  has  the 
property  of  becoming  malleable,  and  after 
such  treatment  retains  this  character  when 
cold.  At  4U^  it  melts,  and  at  a  bright  red 
heat  boil.s  and  volatilizes.  Ordinary  zinc  dis- 
solves readily  in  dilute  acids,  but  pure  zinc  is 
less  soluble  unless  it  is  in  contact  with 
platinum,  copper,  or  some  other  less  positive 
metal,  with  which  it  can  form  a  galvanic 
circuit.  Solutions  of  zinc  give  a  white 
precipitate  with  hydric  sulphide.  In  con- 
sequence of  its  liglitness  and  cheapness, 
sheet  zinc  is  employed  for  lining  baths  and 
cisterns,  for  gutters,  spouts,  and  roofs  ;  for  the 
latter  purpose  it  is  usually  corrugated.  Zinc 
plates  are  much  used  as  generators  of  elec- 
tricity in  voltiic  batteries  and  in  zini-ography 
(q.v.).  Zinc  is  also  an  important  factor  in 
the  manufacture  of  alloys,  and  in  the  prepar- 
ation of  galvanized  iron  (q.v.). 

r  Pharm.  :  Oxide  of  zinc  given  in  small 
do(,-'s  is  a  tonic  and  astringent,  acting  bene- 
ficially on  the  nervous  system  in  chorea, 
epilepsy,  hysteria,  neuralgia,  &c.;  in  large  doses 
it  is  emetic  ;  externally  it  is  a  desiccaut  and 
astringent.  Sulphate  of  zinc  and  acetate  of 
zinc  produce  similar  eff'ects.  So  apparently 
does  the  carbonate,  wliich,  howevei',  is  not 
much  employed  medicinally.  Chloride  of  zinc 
is  used  externally  as  an  escharotic ;  valeri- 
anate of  zinc  is  a  nervine  tonic  and  antispas- 
modic, also  an  anthelmintic.    (Garrod.) 

^  Zinc-axsen&te^  Kiittig ite  ;  zinc-blende  = 
Blende;  z\nc-'b\ooii\=  Hydrozincitc  ;  zinc  car- 
bonate —  Calamine- ;  zinc  OKk\Q=Zincite;  zinc 
oxysulphide=  Voltzite ;  zinc-silicate  =  Hemi- 
viorphite  and  Wlllemite  ;  zinc-siliceous  oxide  = 
Hciuimorpliife  ;  zinc-spar  =  Calamine  ;  zinc- 
sulphate  =  Goslarite  ;  ziiic-snlphide  =  Blende; 
zinc-vitriol  =  Goslarite. 

zinc-ash,  s. 

Ch'-,n.  :  The  impure  gray  oxide  formed  when 
ziue  is  heated  iu  contact  with  air. 

zinc-azurite,  £. 

Min. :  A  mineral  of  uncertain  composition, 
said  to  have  been  found  in  small  blue  crystals 
in   the   Sierra   Almagrera,    Spain.      Plattuer 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore.  woU,  work,  who.  son ;  mute.  cub.  ciire.  unite,  cur,  rule.  fuU ;  try.  Syrian,    se,  oe  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


zinc— zingiberacese 


629 


sUtes  that  it  consists  of  sulphate  of  zinc,  ciir- 
bonate  of  coitpt-r,  anil  some  water.    {Oaua.) 

zinc  butter,  s.    [Zinc-chloride] 

zinc  chloride,  s. 

Chcin. :  ZiiClo.  Zinc-butter.  Easily  pre- 
pared by  dissiilvinji  the  metal  in  hydiuuhloiic 
acii-l.  It  is  a  m-aily  whit^  tninslurent  sub- 
stance, fusible,  ami  very  dt'li<iuescent ;  easily 
soluble  In  watA-v  and  alcnliul,  aud  forming  a 
double  salt  with  sal-ammoniac;  very  useful 
in  tinning  and  soft  soldering  copper  aud  iron. 
It  is  also  useful  as  an  antiseptic,  and,  like 
suli'Imric  acid,  withdraws  the  elements  of 
wattT  from  mgiinie  bodies. 

zinc-cyanide,  >\ 

Chem.:  ZnC.Xo  =  Zn(CX)i:-  A  white  in- 
soluble powd*  r,  obtained  by  adding  hydro- 
cyanic acid  to  zinc  acetate.  It  is  decoumposed 
by  acids  with  evoluti"n  of  hydrocyanic  aeid, 
but  is  soluble  in  excess  I'f  putassic  cyanide, 
the  solution  yielding  on  i-vaporation  octa- 
liedial  erystals  of  poUissic  zinc  cyanide. 

zinc-ethide,  s.    [Zinx-ethvl.] 

zinc-ethyl,  .":. 

Chfiii.:  Zii(,CjH5)o.  Zinc-ethide.  Anorgano- 
metallic  compound  discovered  by  FranklaU'l, 
and  formed  by  heating  ethyl  iodide  with  zinc 
in  a  sealed  glass  tube  or  copper  cyliniier. 
The  zinc  eth-iodide  is  lirst  formed,  which, 
when  distilled  in  au  atmosphere  of  hydrogen, 
is  resolved  into  zinc  iodide  and  zinc  ethyl. 
It  is  a  mobile,  volatile,  and  disagreeable 
smelling  liquid,  boiling  at  IIS^,  aud  having  a 
specific  gravity  of  riS'2.  It  takes  tire  instantly 
on  coming  in  contiict  \\'ith  the  air,  and  water 
decoLuposes  it  violently  with  formation  of 
zinc  hydroxide  aud  ethane  (ZuH^Oo -f  C^Hg). 

zinc-fahlerz,  ^\ 

Mill.  :  A  variety  of  Tetrahedrite  (q..v.),  con- 
taining zinc. 

zinc-iodide,  s. 

tVitJ'i.  :  Zul_..  Obtained  by  digesting  iodine 
with  excess  of  zinc  aud  water,  till  the  colour 
of  the  iodine  disappears.  It  sepirates  in 
regular  octahedral  or  cubo  -  octahedral  crys- 
tals, is  very  deliquescent,  and  dissolves  easily 
in  water.  Wlieu  heated  in  contact  with  the 
air,  it  is  decomposed,  iodine  being  evolved 
and  zinc  oxi  le  produced. 

zinc methide,  \    IZI^•c-METHVL.] 

zinc-methyl,  ^. 

Chein.:  Zn(CH:t)j-  Zinc-nxethide.  Prepared 
in  the  same  manner  as  zinc-ethyl.  It  is  a 
colourless  mobile  liquid,  boiling  at  ■W,  and 
having  a  specitie  gravity  of  1"3S6  at  10'a\  aud 
is  spontaneously  intlaunnable.  These  com- 
pounds enable  us  to  build  up  carbon  com- 
pouuds  from  others  lower  in  the  scale.  With 
carbon  oxveliloride  they  form  ketones,  e.'j., 
COCl.  +  Zn'(CHj)-.  =  ZuCU  -H  CO(CHj>.  (ace- 
ton.). 

zinc-oxide,  s. 

Chem. :  ZnO.  Zinc  white.  Prepared  by 
burning  zinc  in  atmospheric  air.  It  is  a  white, 
tasteless  powder,  insoluble  in  water,  but 
freely  soluble  in  acids,  and  is  employed  as  a 
substitute  fur  white  lead,  especially  in  paint 
work  that  is  exposed  to  the  action  of  the 
fumes  I'f  sulpliureltfd  hydrogen. 

zinc  oxy chloride,  ?. 

Chen.:  ZnCI.>3ZnO'4HoO.  Basic  chloride 
of  zinc.  Obtained  by  evaporating  to  dryness 
an  aqueous  solution  of  zitic  chloride.  It  is  a 
white  powder,  insoluble  in  water,  and  giving 
off  half  its  combined  water  when  heated  to 
100^  It  is  u^ed  as  a  paint  for  wood,  stone,  or 
uietul,  dries  quickly,  aud  is  free  from  odour. 

zinc-phyllite,  s. 

Mill. :  Tlie  same  as  Hopeite  (q.v) 

zinc-spinel,  .':. 

,V';!.  :  The  same  as  Al'TOMOLITE  (q.v.). 

zinc-sulphate,  o. 

Chem.:  ZnSOi -f  70H->  VTlute  vitriol. 
Prepared  by  dissolving  the  metal  in  dilute 
sulphuric  acid,  or  by  roasting  the  native  sul- 
phide. Its  crystals  are  hardly  to  be  distin- 
guished by  cbe  eye  from  sulphate  of  mngnesia. 
It  has  au  astringent  tnetaliic  taste,  dissolves 
in  two  and  a  half  parts  of  cold  and  in  a  much 
smaller  quantity  of  liot  water,  and  is  chiefly 
used  in  calico-printing. 

zinc-vitriol,  -■:.    [Zisc-sl'lphate.] 


zinc-white,  -*.    [Zinc-oxide.) 

zinc.  r.f.  [Zinc,  s.]  To  coat  or  cover  with 
zinc.     [Galvanezk.] 

zinc-a-^et-a-mide,   »'.     Ll^ng*.  zinc,  and 

Cheni. :  C4H8Zn"N'202.  A  white  powder 
formed  by  the  action  of  acetamide  on  zinc- 
ethyl. 

zinc-jii-lu'-min-ite,  .«.  [Eng.  :inc,  and  a^t- 
minite.] 

Min.  :  A  raineral  occurring  in  minute  hexa- 
gonal plates  at  the  Laurium  mines,  Greece. 
Hardneas,  2*5  to  'i'O ;  sp.  gr.  •2'2t' ;  colour, 
white.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated  sulphate  of 
alumina  and  zinc,  with  the  formula  2Zh>iOi  -f 
4ZnH»Oo-f  3AUHg06+  5aq.,  which  requiies, 
sulphuric  acid,  1*2'4S  ;  alumina,  24*12  ;  oxide 
of  zinc,  3S-12  ;  water,  25-2S  =  100. 

zinc-am-yl,  zinc-am -^1-ide,  s.     [Eng. 

:in'\ 'and  amijl :  -iiU'.] 

Chem.  :  Zn(C5Hj]>_..  Zincaniylide.  A  colour- 
less, transparent,  mobile  liquid,  prepared  by 
heating  zinc  with  luercurio  amylide.  It  has  a 
sp.  gr.  of  1-022  at  0\  boils  at  -220^,  but  gradu- 
ally decomposes  at  240^,  yielding  amylene  and 
amylic  hydride.  In  contact  with  the  air  it 
fumes,  and,  when  drojiped  into  oxygen  gas 
burns  with  a  dazzling  white  flame  and  slight 
explosion. 

zihcam -yl  ide,  s.    [Zikcamvl.] 

zinc'-ic,  ((.  [Eng.  zinc ;  -ic]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  cuutaining  zinc. 

zinc-if'-er-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  zinc,  s.,  and  Lat. 
fero—  to  bear,  to  produce.]  Producing  zinc: 
as,  zinciferous  ore. 

zihc'-ite,  s.  [Eng.  ziiic ;  sutf.  -He  (.Ifi'ji.); 
Ger.  zhikit,  rothzinkerz  ;  Fr.  zinc  OTyde.] 

Mill.  :  A  mineral  of  spai'se  occurrence,  at 
present  only  known  to  have  been  found  at 
certain  mines  in  Sussex  Co.,  New  Jei-sey, 
U.S.A.  Crystallization  hexagonal ;  hardness, 
4  to  4'o  ;  "sp.  gr.  5*43  to  5*7 ;  lustre  sub- 
adamantine  ;  colour,  deep-red,  streak  orange- 
yellow  ;  translucent  to  sub-translucent  ;  fiac- 
ture,  sub-conchoidal  ;  brittle.  Compos.  : 
oxygen,  19'74 ;  zinc,  SO"2t3  =  lOO,  whence  the 
formula  ZnO. 

zinck'-en  ite,  zink  -  en  -  ite,  s.  [After 
Herr  Zinckeri,  the  diiector  of  the  Auhalt 
mines  ;  sulf.  -ite  (.Ut'd.).] 

Min.:  An  orthorhonibic  mineral,  occurring 
mostly  in  divergent  groups  of  hexagonal 
prisms  at  WoIfsl>erg,  in  the  Hartz  Mountains. 
Hardness,  3  to  3'j ;  sp.  gr.,  3*30  to  5"35 ;  lustr«-, 
metallic ;  colour  aud  streak,  steel-gray ; 
opaque.  Compos.  ;  sulphur,  22*1 ;  antimony. 
42-0  ;  lead,  33  3=  100,  thus  yielding  the  for- 
mula Pbg-i-SboSa. 

zinc'-ky,  zink'-y,  a.  [Eng.  zinc,  s. ;  -y.] 
Pertaining  to  zinc  ;  containing  ziuc  ;  having 
the  appeanince  of  zinc. 

zin-CO-,  pre/.  [Eng.  zinc,  and  o  connect.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  zinc  (q.v.). 

*  zinco-polar,  a. 

Galv.:  A  term  ajiplied  to  the  surface  of  the 
zinc  presented  to  the  acid  in  a  battery. 

zinc'-ode,  5.  [Eng.  zinc,  aud  Gr.  65os  (noa':>s) 
=  a  way.]  The  positive  pole  of  a  galvanic 
1  lattery, 

zin'-co-graph,  s.  [Eng.  zinc,  and  Gr.  vpa^w 
{•jri'i}h'~i)=  to  wiite,  to  draw.)  A  design  drawn 
by  zincograi'hy  (q.v.);  au  impression  taken 
from  such  a  design. 

"  [llu9trtit«d  with  fult.page  tliite'l  zincoarai^hg."— 
Field,  Jau.  23,  1386. 

zin-c6g'-ra-pher,  5.  [Eng.  zincograj^h;  -er.] 
<_>ne  wlio  practises  zincography. 

zin- co-graph' -ic,    zin-c6-graph'-ic-al, 

".     [Eng.   :incogr(tp}i{y) :   -ir,   -iruL]     Pertain- 
ing or  relating  to  zincography. 

zin-cog'-ra-phy,  5,  [Zi-vcoaBAPH.]  An  art 
in  its  essential  features  similar  to  lithography, 
the  sttme  printing-surface  of  the  latter  being 
replaced  by  that  of  a  plate  of  polished  zin.. 
The  design  is  drawn  on  the  zinc-plate  with  a 
material  which  resists  acid.  The  surface  of 
the  plate  being  bitten  away  leaves  the  design 
in  relief  to  be  printed  from  by  the  oidinary 
mode  in  printing  froui  woodcuts.     Tlie  lh"st 


attenipls  at  ziticography  were  made  by  II.  W. 

Eberhard  of  Magdeburg  in  iSO.i. 

Zlnc-6id«    ft.      lEng.   zinc;    sutf.   .oi,t.]    Re- 
s'  iiibliug  ziuc  ;  perLiining  to  zinc. 

•  zin-cdl -j^-sls,   f.     [Pref.  sinco;  and    Gr. 

Av(Tn  {Insi.H)  =  setting  five.] 

Ehcf.:  The  same  as  ELiXTHoLV8i8(q.v.). 

"  zln'-cd-lyte,  s.    [Pref.  jiiico-,  aud  Gr.  Auto? 

{lut"^)  =  that  may  be  dissolved. 
Eh:t. :  The  same  aa  Electrolyte  Oi.v.). 

zin'-co-une,  5.    [Eng.  zinc;  oitconnect.,and 
sutf.  -ine  {Min.).^ 
Min.  :  The  same  as  Hvdroziscite  (q.v.). 

zin'-CO-ni^e,  .<.     [Eng.  zinc;  0  couuect.,  aud 

Gr.  (c6rt5  (/."Hi's)  =  powder.] 
Min. :  Tlie  san\e  as  IIvdrozixcite  (q.v.). 

zin-CO  site,  zin-kosite,  g.     [Eng.  zinc; 
OS  conueet.,  aud  sutf.  -ite  (,UJ«.).] 

Min.  :  A  doubtt\il  mineral,  said  to  t>e  an 
anhydrous  sulphate  of  zinc,  occuiring  in 
crystals  isomorphous  with  those  of  anglesite 
aud  barytes. 

zinc'~OU8,  a.     [Eng.  zinc,  s.  ;  -om.]    Pertain- 
ing to  zinc,  or  to  the  positive  pole  of  a  voltaic 

battery. 

zinc-6x'-yl,  .^.     [Eng.  zinc,  s.  ;  ox(ygen\  and 

-!/'.l 

Chem. :  The  name  given  to  the  diatomic 
radical,  O^Zn. 

zin'-di-kite,  s.    [Anglicised  from  the  Arabic 
name.] 

Muhammailanism  (PL):  A  heretical  sect 
who  believe  that  the  world  was  produced 
from  four  eternal  elements,  and  that  man  is  a 
microcosm.  They  disbelieve  in  God,  the  re- 
surrection, and  a  future  life,     (/t/fiar.) 

zin'-g^-ri,  zxn  -ga-nee,  zig'  a-ri, .-;.    [.Sec 
extract.]     A  gypsy  (q.v.). 

"A  reiiinrkAlily  i>erft^t  ei>onyinic  historical  myth 
accounting  lor  thejfypsiesov  Egyi>tiaus  luwy  he  (uuuil 
cited  seriously  iu  '  BlHckatoiiva  Conimeutarles  :  u*lu-n 
Sultau  Seliiit  coiiqueretl  Egypt  iu  1517.  seveml  t>(  llic 
iiAtiveB  refused  to  aiihuiit  to  the  Turkish  vok«.  nii<\ 
revoUeii  luider  one  Zinvaneut.  whence  the  Turk-t 
culled  them  Zhiytincs,  hut,  heio^  nt  length  tiur- 
rounded  »nd  hanished,  they  agreed  to  diai>erse  in 
suinll  iwrtiea  over  the  world,  3ic.  Sic.~—Tj/lor :  Prim. 
Cull.  led.  1S7J)  L  iilO. 

Zing'-el  (z  as  dz),  s.     [Low  Ger.] 

Ichthy. :  A  name  applied  by  some  writers  to 
any  individual  or  species  of  the  genus  Aspro 
(q.v.).  The  name  is  more  properly  limited  to 
the  type-speeies.  Aspro  zingei,  about  a  font 
long,  with  a  weight  of  two  pounds  ;  back 
greenish-brown,  sides  yellowish  with  a  shade 
of  gray,  belly  whitislt,"four  cloudy  brownish- 
black  bands,  more  or  less  distinct,  on  sides. 
Found  in  the  Danube  and  its  larger  tributary 
streams.  (Seeley :  Freshwater  fisht:s  of 
Eur'ipe.) 

*zin'-gh6,  -.    [Zinc,  .*.] 

zin'-gi-an,  <(.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

PhiloL:  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
South  African  family  nf  tongues.  Called  also 
Bantu  and  Chuaiia.  A  peculiarity  of  this 
family  is  the  u.se  of  clucks  or  clicks  in  speak- 
ing.    [Click,  s.,  A.  II.  1.] 

Zin'-gi-ber,    s.      [Lat.    zinyiberi,    fi'oni    Gr. 
yyyi/3epis  (zinggiberis)  =  ginger.] 

Lot. :  Ginger  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Zingi- 
beraceie.  Indian  herbs  with  creeping,  jointed, 
woo(iy  rootstocks ;  leaves  in  two  rank^. 
sheathing  the  stein,  flowei-s  iu  conical  spik*-. 
inner  limbs  of  the  corolla  with  only  one  iiii. 
and  the  anther  with  a  siiuide  recurved  horu 
at  the  end.  Zingiber  officinale  is  the  Common 
Ginyer;  it  is  cultivateil  tluoughout  India. 
[GiNOEB-l  Z.  i.\ts.<umiinnr  is  said  to  be  cai- 
minati\e,  like  the  former  species. 

Zin-gi-her-a-9e-a9,  s.  p!.     [Mod.  Lat.  zingi- 
ber ;  Lat,  feni.  pi.  a^lj.  sutf.  -acwE.) 

Bot. :  Gingerworts  ;  an  order  of  Endogens, 
the  typical  one  of  the  alliance  Amomalt-s. 
Aromatic  herbs,  with  a  creeping,  often  j«>inte'l 
rhizome.  Stem  simple,  formed  of  the  co- 
herini;  bases  of  the  leaves  ;  leaves  simple, 
sheathing,  with  a  single  midrib,  from  which 
very  numerous  parallel  veins  diverge  at  ;in 
acute  angle  and  proceed  to  the  mara:in  ; 
llowers  genfti^lly   in  pairs,  aud  lying  ainonj; 


6611,  boy ;, pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  ^hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-<;ian.  -tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -^ion  —  ^^'f'"     -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,    die,  ■ic.  =  bel,  del. 


G30 


zingiberaceous— zizyphus 


ppatiiareiius  1  tracts  ;  calyx  superior,  sliort, 
tiilmlnr.  tlircp-Iolti-il ;  mrolla.  tiibnlnr.  irregu- 
lar, widi  •^ixsi'Utuciitsin  two  \vliiu-ls,  tlic inner, 
Kiori'linl.iLiically  vieweil,  being  transformed 
sterile  stamens;  untr.insfnrnieii  stamens,  three, 
twc  iiftliem  abortive  ;  tiiament  of  tlie  former 
nnt  petaloiil ;  anther,  two-celled;  style,  Illi- 
fnvm;  stigma,  dilated,  hollow;  ovary,  nmre 
or  less  jierfectly  three-celled,  with  the  pla- 
centa in  the  axis  ;  fruit,  usually  a  capsule, 
tliree-  or  sometimes  one-ctUed  ;  seeds,  many. 
Closely  akin  to  Marantaceie.  with  which  they 
were  formerly  combined,  but  differ  in  their 
two-celled  anther,  and  in  the  possession  of  a 
vitfllus  round  the  embryo.  Natives  of  the 
East  Indies  and  some  other  tropical  countries. 
Genera,  twenty-nine  ;  species  247.    (Lindlcij.) 

zin-gi-ber-a-ceous  (ce  as  sh),  c.  [Mod. 
Uit.  zlirJI»n'r,i„:):  Eng.  adj.  sutf.  -ons.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  ginger  or  the  Zingiberacea; 
(q.v.). 

zink-en-ite,  s.    [Zinxkenite.] 

zink-y,  f-    [ZiNcKv.] 

zin'-ni-a,  s.  [Named  after  John  Godfrey  Zinn 
(1727-iiE»),  professor  of  botany  at  Gottingen.] 

r.nt. :  A  genus  of  HeIio])sidefe,  with  six  or 
seven  sjiecies.  Ray  consisting  of  five  per- 
sistent tlorets  ;  fruit  crowned  by  two  awns. 
Elegant  American  plants.  They  are  culti- 
vattd  fur  the  beauty  of  their  flowers. 

zinnwaldite (as dzinn'-vald  ite), ':.  [After 
Zimiwald,  Bohemia,  wliere  found  ;  suff.  -ite 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Lepidolite  (q.v,). 

zin  *zi-ber,  s.     [Zingiber.] 

zin-zi-ber-a-9e-se,  s. /'/.    [ZiNr.iBERACE.E.] 

zin-zi-ber-a  -ceous  (ce  ^is  sh),  a.  [Zixcr- 
behaceoI's.] 

Zi'-6n,  s.  [Heb.  ^"3  (tsiyo)i)  =  exposed  on  a 
sunny  place  ;  nn^i  (tsakdh)  =.  to  shine,  to 
glow  with  heat,  to  be  exposed  to  the  sun,] 

1.  Lit:  A  mount  or  eminence  of  Jerusalem, 
the  royal  residence  of  David  and  his  suc- 
cessors. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  dissenting  chapel.     [Bethel,  2.  (1).] 
(■2)  The  theocracy  or  church  of  God. 

■tziph-i'-i-dae,  s.  pi  (Mod.  Lat.  zijjhi{us): 
Lat.  feui.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -icUe.] 

ZooL :  A  family  of  Cetacea,  equivalent  to 
Ziphiime  Oi-V.). 

ziph-i-i'-nae,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  ziphti^is); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sulT.  -iiue.] 

ZorA. :  A  sub-family  of  Physeteridae,  with 
four  genera,  Hyperoodon,  jVIesoplodon,  Ber- 
ardius,  and  Ziphius  (q.v.).  Teeth  of  mandible 
rudimentary,  except  one  or  two  pairs,  which 
may  be  largely  developed,  especially  in  the 
males  ;  spiracle  single,  crescentic  ;  pectoral 
tin  small,  ovate,  all  five  digits  well  developed. 
They  api)ear  to  feed  chiefly  on  small  cephalo- 
\>i>i\<,  and  occur  singly  or  in  small  herds. 

Ziph'-i-6id,  a.  &  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  ziphUns); 
Eng.  suff.  -oid.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  resembling 
the  sub-family  Ziphiinje  (q.v.). 

B.  Assubst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Zinhiinte 
(q-v.). 

ziph'-i-us,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  ^i<}io<; 
(.i(>/io.<)  =  a  straight  sword.  Named  from  the 
pointed  snout  of  the  species.] 

Zoold:  Pakeont. :  A  genus  of  Ziphiinfe(q.v.). 
Several  species  have  been  described,  some  of 
them  probably  under  more  than  one  name. 
Tlip  best  known  is  the  type  Ziphius  caviros- 
fris,  from 


up  on  the  skull  of  ziphks  cavirostris. 
M  ed  i  ter- 

ranean  coast  of  France,  in  1S04,  and  described 
by  Cuvier,  who  thought  that  it  belonged  to  an 
ex-tinct  animal,  in  his  Ossenien^  Fossiles,  that  the 
genus  was  founded.  Teetli  of  this  or  of  an  al- 
lied speciesfrom  the  Suffolk  and  AntwerpCrat'. 


zip  -pe-ite  (Z  as  tz),  s.  [After  Prof.  Zippe, 
tliL-  mineraliigist  at  Prague;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 
Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  as  an  alteratiim 
product  of  uraninite  (q.v.)  at  Joachinisllml, 
Bohemia.  Acicular,  sometimes  in  rnst-ttr- 
like  groups  of  needles  or  small  botryniilal. 
Hardness,  3*0 ;  colour,  shades  of  yi-llow. 
Compos.  :  essentially  a  liydrated  sulpiiate  of 
sesquioxide  of  uranium. 

Zir'-carb-ite,  .t.     [Eng.  si)-(con),  carb(onate), 
andsurt".  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Min. :  A  name  given  by  C.  U.  Shepnrd  to  a 
doubtful  mineral  whose  chemical  composition 
was  nndft'-niiined.  Stated  to  have  been 
found  witli  cvrlidite,  at  the  granite  quarries 
of  Kockport.  Massachusetts,  U.S.A. 

zir'-con,   zir'-con-ite,   s.     [The  Cingalese 
name.] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  only  in  crystals 
or  crystalline  grains.  Crystallization,  tetra- 
gonal. Hardness,  7'5 ;  sp.  gr.  4-05  to  4*75 ; 
lustre,  adamantine ;  colour,  very  variable, 
shades  of  red,  yellow,  brown,  green,  &c.  ; 
translucent  to  transparent.  Compos.  :  silica, 
33*0;  zirconia,  67'0=:100,  hence  the  formula 
ZrO^SiOo.  Dana  adopts  the  following aitcied 
varieties  as  sub-species  :  Malacone,  Cyrtulite, 
Tacliyaphaltite,  CErstedite,  Auerbacliite,  and 
Bragite.     {See  tJiese  words.) 

zircon-syenite,  s. 

Petrol :  A  variety  of  Syenite  (q.v.),  charac- 
terized by  the  presence  of  zircon  in  distributed 
crystals. 

zir'-cdn-ate,  .«.    [Eng.  zlrconCn:) :  -n/*.] 

Chcia.  (PI):  Compounds  of  zirconia  with 
the  stronger  bases. 

zir-co'-ni-a,  s.     [Zirconium.]    [Zircoxiu-m- 

OXIDE.J 

zirconia-light,  s.  One  in  which  a  stick 
of  oxide  of  zirconium  is  exposed  to  the  flame 
of  oxy-hydrogen  gas.  invented  by  Tessie  du 
Motay. 

zir-con'-xc,  «.     [Eng.  zircon(iuvi) ;  -ic]    De- 
rived from  or  containing  zirconium. 

zirconlc-acid,  s.  ^ 

Chcm. :  Zirconia  in  combination  with  bases. 
zir'-con-ite,  ,■;.    [Zircon.] 
zir-co'-ni~um,  5.      [Mod.   Lat.,  from  zircon 

(q.v.).] 

Chem.  :  A  tetratomic  element  intermediate 
between  aluminium  and  silicium ;  symb., 
Zr  ;  at.  wt.,  90 ;  first  obtained  from  zirconite 
by  Klaproth  in  17S9.  Like  silicium,  it  is 
capable  of  existing  in  three  different  states, 
amorphous,  crystalline,  and  graphitdidal. 
The  amorphous  and  crystalline  ai'e  nbtaim  d 
by  processes  similar  to  those  described  inv 
preparing  the  corresponding  modifications  of 
sili(-ium  (q.v.).  The  graphitoidal  variety  is 
obtained  in  light  scales  of  a  steel-gray  colour, 
by  decomposing  sodium  zirconate  with  iron. 
It  is  but  slowly  attacked  by  sulphuric,  nitric, 
or  hydrochloric  acid,  even  when  heated,  but 
dissolves  readily  in  hydrofluniic  acid. 

zirconium-chloride,  ^^. 

Chem. :  ZrCl^.  A  white  crystalline  mass 
prepared  by  heating  zirconiuni  in  chlorine 
gas.  When  treated  with  water,  it  is  converted 
into  oxychloride  of  zirconium,  ZrOClo.SOHo. 

zirconium-oxide.  -^. 

CJtcin.  :  ZrO-2.  Zirconia.  A  white,  taste- 
less, inodorous'  powder,  obtained  by  heating 
zirconium  to  redness  in  contact  with  the  air. 
It  is  insoluble  in  ordinary  acids,  soluble  with 
difficulty  in  hydrofluoric  acid,  but  dissolves 
readily  when  heated  with  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid 

zirV-ite,  .^.     [After  Zirl,  Tyrol,  where  found; 
suft'.  ~itc(Min.).] 

Min. :  A  name  given  by  Pichler  to  an  opal- 
like hydrate  of  alumina,  probably  identical 
with  gibbsite  (q.v.). 

Zither,  zithem  (as  tzit'-er.  tzit  -em),  s. 

[Ger.,  from  Lat.  cithara  (q.v.).}  [Cittei;n.] 
Music :  A  development  of  the  instrument 
^_  known  to  the  Greeks  as  cithara  (q.v.).  In 
the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century  it 
became  a  favourite  with  tlie  peasantiy  of'tlie 
Styrian  and  Bavarian  Alps,  and  was  introduced 
into  England  about  IS.'jO,  chiefly  by  Herr  Curt 
Schulz.     The  zither  consists  of  a  resonance- 


box,  with  a  large  circular  stmud-hole  near  tlio 
middle;  the  strings,  thirty-two  in  number, 
in  some  cases  increased  to  forty  and  even 
forty-six,  being  made  of  steel,  bias.s,  catgut, 
and  silk  covered  with  fine  silver  or  copper 
wire,  and  tuned  by  pegs  at  one  end.  Fi\e  of 
the  strings  arc  stretched  ov(!r  a  fretted  key- 
board, and  are  used  to  j  lay  the  melody,  the 
fingers  of  the  left  hand  stepping  the  strings 


on  the  frets,  the  right  hand  thumb,  arnieil 
with  a  metal  ring,  striking  the  strings,  wlii-li 
are  tuned  in  fifths,  and  liave  a  chromatir 
range  from  c  in  the  second  space  of  the  bass 
staff"  to  Don  the  sixth  ledger  line  above  the 
treble.  The  remainder,  called  the  accom- 
paniment strings,  are  struck  by  the  first  three 
lingers  of  the  right  hand,  atid,  as  they  are  not 
stoitped.  produce  only  the  single  note  t" 
whii  li  they  are  tuned.  Wlulst  playing  Ihe 
perloinier  rests  the  instrument  on  a  tabi*- 
with  the  key-board  side  nearest  to  him.  Tin- 
viola  zithei-,  in  which  the  resonance-box  is 
heart-shaiied,  is  tuned  like  the  violin  (q.v.). 
and  is  jilayed  with  a  bow.  The  form  of  the 
instrument,  is  like  tliat  of  the  viola,  but  the 
body  rests  on  the  lap  of  the  seatetl  [ilayer, 
while  the  head  is  placed  on  the  edge  of  a 
table. 

zi-za'-m-a,  s.     [Lat..   from  Gr.  ^it,ai'to(/  (:i- 

zanion.)=  the  darnel.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Oryzece.  A  grass  with 
monoecious  flowers,  the  males  being  above 
and  the  females  below  on  the  panicle.  Males 
with  small,  round,  membranous  glumes  and 
two  pales,  the  inferior  one  five-nerved  and  the 
superior  one  three-nerved.  Females  witliout 
glumes  ;  pales  two,  the  lower  seven-nerved, 
the  upper  three-nerved.  Known  species  five. 
Zizania  aquotica  is  Canada  rice.  It  has  a 
pyramidal  panicle  of  flowers,  and  is  commonly 
met  with  in  streams  in  North  America,  from 
Canada  to  Florida.  The  seeds,  which  are 
bland  and  farinaceous,  are  largely  eaten  by 
the  North  American  Indian.s,  and  also  support 
multitudes  of  wild  fowl.  It  was  once  cul- 
tivated in  Middlesex  and  in  Uoss-shire. 


zi'-zel. 


[SOUSLIK.] 


zi'-zy-phus, .?.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  ^i^viftov  (zizn- 
phon)  =  tht:  tree  whose  fruit  is  the  jujube.] 
[See  def.] 

1.  -Bo^  :  A  genus  of  RhamnaccEe.  Shrubs  or 
small  trees,  with  spiny  stipules,  altemate 
three-nerved  leaves,  a  spreading  five-cleft 
calyx,  five  hood-like  petals,  five  stamens,  a 
five-angled  disk,  adhering  to  the  tube  of  the 
calyx,  and  having  enclosed  within  it  the  two- 
to  three-celled  ovary.  Fruit  berry-like,  the 
stone  or  kernel  with  two  or  three  cells,  and  a 
single  flattened  seed  in  each.  Widely  distri- 
liuted,  but  having  their  metropolis  in  the  sub- 
tropical parts  of  the  Eastern  liemisphere. 
The  berries  of  Zizjii-lni.^  Jujiilia,  the  Indian 
plum,  cultivated  throughout  India  and  Bur- 
mah,  are  eaten  both  by  Euiopeans  and  natives. 
They  aie  called  Jujubes,  and  are  of  a  mncila- 
mnous,  mawkish  taste.  Z.  ridgaris,  wild  in 
tlie  Punjanb,  aiid  cultivated  in  Bengal,  al.-io 
furnishes  some  of  the  ju.iul)es  of  commerce. 
The  fruits  of  Z.  nnmnnUaria,  Z.  rugosa,  and 
Z.  (Fnoplia  are  also  eaten  in  India,  but  are 
infeiior  to  the  genuine  jujubes.  The  fruit  of /f. 
Joazeira  is  eaten  lilie  jujubes  in  Biazil.  Z. 
Lotus  is  by  some  believed  to  be  the  Lote-tree 
(q.v.)  or  Lote-bush,  the  fruit  of  which  imt- 
duced  such  effects  on  tlie  classical  Lotopliagi 
(q.v.).  It  grows  in  Barbary,  where  it  is  called 
sadr,  and  its  berries,  which  aie  collected  for 
food,  nahk.  The  negroes  of  the  Gambia  pre- 
pare a  wine  from  the  fermented  berries  of  Z. 
orthacanthus.  The  fruit  of  Z.  ntanmuUiria, 
which  grows  in  India,  is  considered  to  be  conl 
and  astringentj  and  it  is  given  in  bilious  dis- 
orders. The  bark  of  Z.  Jujuba  is  said  to  be  a 
remedy  for  diarrhoea ;  the  root  in  decoction  is 
given  in  fever,  and,  powdered,  is  applied  to 
sores.     In  the  Himalaya  districts  the  bark  is 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,     fe.  ce  ^  e ;  ey  =  a :  qu  =  kw. 


zo-  — Zollverein 


G3l 


used  ns  a  tan  aii«l  a  ilye-stud".  The  liark  of  /. 
.nih>j>;irit,  a  lar^o  scramblinj^  .shrub  fouiul  iii 
tiie  hilly  pnits  t>f  India,  is  also  used  fur  tau- 
iiint;  and  fur  dyeing  Uack.  Tho  nmt  of  /. 
Xajnra  is  given  as  a  remedy  in  windy  cohr. 
Z.  Jitjitbu,  Z.  numniitlaiui,  Z.  rugosa,  aud  /. 
migrtris,  yieUl  a  K""i-  A  decoction  of  tlie 
leaves  of  Z.  iihibrata  is  said  to  purify  the 
bhmd.  The  dried  fruits  of  Z,  vulgaris  are 
considered  suppurative,  expectorant,  and 
tittt'd  to  jmrify  tlie  blnod.  The  bark  is  used 
as  an  application  to  wounds  and  sores.  The 
kei'uels  of  Z.  soporif»:nis  are  legarded  by  the 
Chinese  as  sojtorili':.  The  bark  of  Z.  Jo(t;eiro 
is  bitter,  astringent,  somewhat  acrid,  and 
tends  to  produce  siekness.  Z.  Baclei,  from 
the  Gambia,  is  believed  to  be  poisonous. 

2.  Pnlo'fihot. :  Two  species  ofZizyphus  are 
found  in  the  Middle  Eocene  of  England. 

zb't  pref.     [Zoo.] 

z6-5,d'-u-lse,  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  ^wjj 
{:ni')  =  life,  and  aSrjv  (adcn)  =  a  gland.] 

Hot.  :  Tlie  locomotive  spores  of  some  Con- 
fer \je. 

z5-an-thar'-i-a,  s.  pi.      [Mod.  Lat.,  from 

Z"i>l.  ,{■  Pata'-ont. :  An  oi'der  of  the  class 
Aetinozoa  (q.v.)>  having  the  chambers  and 
tentacles  ijenerally  six  in  number,  or  consti- 
tuting some  multiple  of  six,  however  largely 
they  may  be  increased.  The  2oantIiaria  are 
divided  into  three  sections,  accoiding  to  the 
cliaractor  of  the  skeletal  structure  :— 

1.  Zoantharia  Malacodermata.  containing 
the  Sea-anemones  and  their  allies.  There  are 
tliree  families :  Aetinida?,  Ilyanthidje,  and 
Zoanthidse  (q.v.).  The  group  is  cosmopolitan, 
and  pieeminently  characteristic  of  the  lit- 
toral and  laminarian  zones,  very  few  forms 
extending  to  600  fathoms,  and  but  one  genus 
being  pelagic.  They  have  left  no  trace  in  time. 

2.  Znantharia  Sclerobasica :  Black  Corals, 
principally  from  the  warmer  seas,  bat  fouu'l 
;itvaii('us  points  in  the  North  Atlantic,  and 
recorded  from  Greenland  ;  depth  from  four 
to  several  hundred  fathoms.     [Coral,  s.,  ^  h] 

3.  Zoantharia  Sclerodermata.     [Madkepor- 

ARIA.] 

zo-an-thi-dse, .«.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  zoanth(its) ; 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -Ukv.] 

ZooL  :  The  type-family  of  Zoantharia  jMala- 
codermata.  Polypes  adherent,  united  by  a 
creeping  or  crust-like  ccenosarc,  rarely  soli- 
tary, incapable  of  locomotion.  True  curallum 
absent ;  a  pseudo-skeleton,  generally  formeil 
by  particles  of  stoneiar  sand  embedded  in  the 
ectoderm.     [Zoanthus,  Epizoanthus,  Polv- 

THOA.] 

20 -an- thro -py,  j.  (Pref.  zo-,  and  Gr. 
ai'^pujjro';  {unthrupos)=a  man.] 

J'lithol, :  A  kind  of  monomania  in  whieh 
Ihe  jiatient  believes  himself  transformed  into 
one  of  the  lower  animals.  Lycanthropy 
{•[.V.)  comes  under  this  head. 

zo-an'-thiis,  *'.  [Pref.  ;o-,  and  Gi:  at-^os 
(iinthos)=.  a  tlower.] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Zoanthidie  Oi.v.). 
Body  elongated,  conic,  and  pedunculated, 
springing  from  a  base  common  to  several 
jtolypes  ;  mouth  linear  and  transverse,  in  the 
'■entre  of  a  disc  bordered  by  short,  slendei' 
tentacula.  The  sole  European  species  of  the 
genus,  Zoanthus  couchii,  is  found  on  the 
British  coasts. 

zd-ar'-^es,'  s.  [Gr.  tj'tutipjo)?  (zoartHs)  =  sup- 
jtorting  or  maintaining  life:  ^w^  (^oe)  =  life, 
and  dp«e'w  (arlco)  =  to  support.] 

Ichthy.:  A  genus  of  Blenniida;,  with  two 
species :  Zoara-s  vlvlpanis,  the  Viviparous 
Blenny  (q.v.),  from  the  European,  and  Z. 
unguiUaris,  from  the  North  American  side 
of  the  Atlantic,  The  latter  is  by  far  the 
larger,  reaching  a  length  of  from  two  to  three 
leet.  Body  elongate,  with  rudimentary  scales ; 
conical  teeth  in  jaws;  dorsal  tin  long,  with  a 
depression  on  tail ;  no  separate  caudal  fin  ; 
\entrals  short,  formed  by  three  or  four  rays  ; 
gill-openings  wide. 

,z6'-bo,  z6~bu,  ^.     [Native  name.] 

ZooL  :  (See  extract). 

"  Aiituug  the  characteristic  .luinialsfof  the  Tilutiiii 
Hiinixlfiyii]  may  be  immed  tlie  Yak,  from  whitti  in 
le.ireil  a  L-iOM  breed  with  the  oi-dinary  hoiued  c-ittlt- 
-1  Iiidiii- locally  caUed  zf'bu.'—£ncyc.  Urit.  led.  ;ith) 


zoc'-co.  zo-cle.  zdc-c6~ld,  .«.     [Itjil.  roc- 
o^^^,  fp-m  Lat.  iio.xu:>=.i\  sock  (q.v.)?] 
.Ill  /i.  ;    A  Socle  (q.v  ).  ^ 

zO'di  dc,  *  z6'-di-il,k,  'zo-dl-acke,  *zo- 

di-akC,  .*;.  [Vv.  zod'uuiai,  lii-m  LiiX.zndiacus, 
from  Gr.  ^wiiaKo?  {zOdiakus)  —  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  animals,  whence  6  (,w5iafo«  (/to  zo- 
ilinkos)=  the  zodiac  circle,  so  called  from 
containing  the  twelve  constellations  repre- 
sented by  animals,  tVoni  ^uiSioy  {zikiion)  =  n. 
small  animal,  diniin.  from  ^■woc(;uojt).  J  [Zoon,] 
*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  girdle,  a  belt,  a  zone. 

"  By  hla  p|de. 
, .      Ah  iu  a  glisteiiitic;  zodiac,  Unua  hla  Bword." 

MiUon  :  P.  L..  xi.'  2*7. 

2.  Astron.  :  The  zone  or  broad  belt  of  con- 
stellations which  the  sun  traverses  during  the 
year  in  passing  around  the  ecliptic.  Tlie 
moon  and  major  jdanetsalso  move  within  th'' 
same  area.  The  breadth  of  the  zodiac  is 
about  eight  and  a  half  degrees  on  each  side  of 
the  ecliptic,  or  seventeen  in  all.  It  is  indinitl 
to  the  equinoctial  at  an  angle  of  about  2;r  lit; , 
the  points  of  intersection  being  reached 
by  the  sun,  one  at  the  vernal  and  the  other  at 
the  autunuial  equinox.  The  great  circle  of 
the  zodiac  was  divided  by  the  ancients  into 
twelve  equal  portions  called  signs.  They 
were  named  from  the  constellations  then  adja- 
lent  to  them  in  the  following  order  :  Aries,  the 
Ram  ;  Taurus,  the  Bull ;  Gemini,  the  Twins  ; 
Cancer,  the  Crab  ;  Leo,  the  Lion  ;  Virgo,  the 
Virgin ;  Libra,  the  Balance ;  Scorpio,  the 
Scorpion ;  Sagittarius,  tlie  Archer ;  Capri- 
cornus,  the  Goat;  Aquarius,  tliC  Water- 
bearer  ;  and  Pisces,  the  P'ishes.  The  snn 
formerly  entered  Ai'ies  on  March  20  ;  now, 
owing  to  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  the 
point  of  the  heavens  intersected  by  the 
celestial  equator  and  the  ecliptic,  technically 
called  the  lirst  point  of  Aries,  has  moved  well 
into  Pisces. 

z6'-di-a-cal,  n.  [Eng.  zodiac;  -aM  Of  or 
pertain'ing  to  the  zodiac. 

"A  i>hiIosup)iicnl  explHiintiou  of  the  zodiacal  sys- 
tem."—Wartou.'  Hist.  Emj.  I'oetry.  vol.  iii. 

zodiacal-constellations*  >\  pi. 

Astnnt.  :  The  twulve  constellations  from 
which  tlic  siyns  of  the  zodiac  are  named. 

zodiacal-light,  s. 

Astroii. :  A  pearly  glow  spreading  over  a 
portion  of  the  sky  near  the  point  at  wliich 
the  sun  is  just  about  to  rise  in  the  morning 
or  has  just  set  in  the  evening.  It  extends 
from  the  horizon  a  considerable  distance  to- 
wards the  zenith,  and  is  best  seen  in  tlie 
tropics  in  spring  evenings  about  the  time  of 
the  vernal  equinox.  In  the  latitude  of  Lon- 
don it  is  seen  idiiefty  in  the  western  part  of 
the  sky  in  early  spring  after  the  evening 
twilight,  and  at  the  close  of  autumn  before 
daybreak  in  the  eastern  horizon.  The  gene- 
rally accepted  theory  of  the  zodiacal  light  is 
that  it  consists  of  a  continuous  disc,  whether 
of  meteors  or  any  other  substance,  in  which 
the  sun  is  central. 

zo'-e-a,  s.    [Gr.  ^ui]7(3oe)=:life.] 

Zool. :  A  pseudo-genus  of  Crustacea,  founded 
on  the  larvie  of  some  of  the  liigher  forms. 
There  is  a  cephalo-thoracic  shield,  often  jno- 
vided  with  long  spiniform  processes,  the 
longpst  of  which  project  upwards  from  the 
middle  of  the  back;  the  tail  region  is  deve- 
loped, but  without  appendages ;  lateral  eyes 
are  piescut  in  addition  to  the  median  eyes. 

zoea-stage,  &-. 

Zool. :  The  earliest  stage  in  the  development 
of  the  higher  Crustacea. 

zoeb'-litz-ite  (initial  z  as  tz),  s.     [After  Zoe- 

blitz,  Saxony,  where  found  ;  sutf.  -Itc  (il/id.).] 

Mill. :    A    light   yellow    massive    mineral 

occurring  in  serpentine.    A  hydrated  silicate 

of  magnesia  ;  probably  an  impure  talc. 

z6-e-pr&x'-i-sc6pe,  5.  [Gr.  ^w^  (jor)=  lif.- ; 
TTpa^is  (;)rax(s)  —  action,  exerc^ise,  and  tncoTTEw 
{skopeO)  =  to  see.]    A  zoogyroscope  (q.v.). 

zo'-e-trope,  s.  [Gr.  ^u>r}  (zoe)  =  life,  and  rpojrn 
(//■(./)(!)  =  a  turning.]  A  mechanical  toy  dc- 
I'cnding,  like  the  thaumatrope,  for  its  interest 
upon  the  constancy  of  visual  impressions.  It 
consists  of  a  rotating  drum,  open  at  the  toj), 
in  which,  around  its  inner  periphery,  arc 
jtlaced  strips  of  paper  having  figures  of  men, 
animals,  &c.  in  varying  positions.  By  turn- 
ing the  cylinder  the  images  are  seen  through 


slnljt  ill  it.i  upper  side,  givhig  the  ufTect  nf 
action  to  the  M^'iu'iis.  l-'or  inHlniice,  a  chiwii 
jumping  through  a  h<iop  is  rcnresenlcd  in 
perhaps  a  dozen  different  positionii.  The 
turning  of  the  drum  brings  into  view,  in 
rapid  suircession,  these  varying  pohiiimis 
until  they  IjUmkI  into  a  perfect  image  full  of 
motion,  and  <iperating  to  .•iimulate  iiatuml 
action.  A  ihan  sawing  wood,  lui  animul  kick- 
ing, an  acrobat  playing  with  clubs,  may  bo 
thus  shown  in  apjiaR-nt  njotiou. 

zo   har,  s.    [Heb.  inil  (zOhar)  =  biightncsa, 

splendour.] 

lltlnrw  Literature:  A  cabalistic  commentary 
on  the  Old  Testament. 

'  z6-i-le'-an,  a.  (See  def.J  Pertaining  or 
relating  lo  Xoilns,  a  severe  critic  and  gram- 
marian of  Amphipolis,  who  severely  criticised 
Homer,  Plato,  and  Socrates;  hence,  applied 
Ut  bitter,  severe,  or  malignant  criticism  or 
critics. 

*  z6'-ll-ism,  s.  [ZoiLKAs.]  Illiberal  or  carp- 
ing criticism  ;  uiyust  censure. 

1]  Jennings  (Curiositirs  «f  Criticism,  IS81, 
p.  33)  credits  Tupper  with  having  coined  this 
word.     It  is,  in  reality,  much  older. 

"Bring  candid  t-ye-t  tiut<i  thi<  iwriisiil  ut  lueii'ii 
wurkH,  and  let  not  ^ilUm  ur  dftrHCtioii  bln«t  wclllii- 
teiideil  \ti.\joufg."—iiroKue:  Chrittian  .Uoratt,  pi.  li,, 
5  - 

ZQ-i'-O-din,  s.    IPref.  zo-,  and  Gr.  luifiiis  {iodcs) 

=  violet-like.]      [loDINK,] 

Chan. :  Bonjean's  name  for  the  violet- 
coloured  substance  deposited  from  the  water 
wliich  drips  from  glairiue,  taken  out  of  sul- 
phurous springs. 

Zoi'-^ite,  s.  [After  Baron  von  Zois  ;  sufT.  -ite 
(Mia.).} 

Mill.:  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  formerly 
regarded  as  a  variety  of  epidotc,  but  now 
sliown  to  be  a  distinct  species.  Hardness, 
(itoti'S;  sp.  gr.,  3-11  to  3-3S;  lustre,  p.Mily 
on  cleavage  faces,  vitreous  elsewhere  ;  colour, 
shades  of  gray,  apple-green,  peach-bloss<uii  to 
rose-red.  Compos.:  silica,  39*0;  alunnna, 
22s ;  lime,  37-3=100,  whence  the  formula 
:i(iCaO+3Al20;t):iSiOo.  Dana  divides  as  fol- 
lows :  A.  Lime-zoisite,  (1)  ordinary,  coloui's 
gray  to  white  and  brown,  (2)  rose-red  or 
thulite  ;  B.  Lime-soda-zoisite,  which  includes 
Saussurite  iu  part. 

zo'-kor,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Siphncxts  asixilnx,  a  mole-rat  from 
the  Altai  mountains.  It  lives  in  subtermm-an 
runs  like  those  of  the  mole,  but  of  much  greater 
extent. 

z6'-la-ism,  s.  irrom  Einilc  Zola,  a  French 
novelist  (1S-10-1!»02X  wh-ise  writings  chieily 
consist  of  intensely  naturalistic  descriptions 
of  profligacy  and  hiw  life.]  Excessive  natural- 
ism ;  literature  dealing  exclusively,  or  almost 
exclusively,  with  the  worst  side  of  human 
nature. 

'•I  have  had  iii  view  a  particular  lurm  of  Zolnitm 
much  in  vogue  at  this  mouieut.~^— <4('R-»Jtotii»,  Dec.  W, 

IBS:;,  p.  875. 

z6-la-ist'-ic,  ".  [ZoLAisM.]  Excessively 
naturalistic  ;  employing  or  delighting  in  ex- 
cessive naturalisiri. 

"  How  could  he  then  find  cumfurt  io  Sotattlic 
France?"— -<f/M;/ite«m,  Jrd,  .m,  IttHO,  p.  lOO. 

Zoll'-Ter-ein  (z  as  dzi,  n.    [Ger.  zoll  =  toll, 

duty,  and  ciixiit  =  union  or  association.] 

1.  nic  (ierinan  commercial  or  customs 
union,  founded  originally  in  1627,  but  ex- 
tended greatly  after  the  war  of  1800,  when, 
owing  to  political  considerations,  Prussia  ob- 
tained a  prepontlerating  influence  in  the  union, 
which  included  the  North  German  Bund. 
Bavaria,  Wurtcmburg,  Baden,  Hesse,  and 
Luxemburg.  This  arrangement  was  brought 
inviiiaturely  to  an  end  by  the  formation  of  the 
German  Enqiire.  By  article  ;;3  of  the  cotisli- 
tution  of  the  Kmpire,  the  territory  of  the 
Xnllvcrein  coincides  with  the  territories  of  the 
Kiniure,  with  the  exceptions  of  the  free  ports 
ot  Hamburg,  Altona,  Brcimii,  Bremerhavcn, 
Gccstcmunde,  and  Braahc,  and  some  com- 
munes of  the  Graiid-ducliy  of  Baden,  while 
Luxemburg  and  the  Austrian  cjinton  of  dung- 
ludz  are  imdudcd  in  it.  Its  object  is  the 
n-gulati(nn)f  a  uniform  rate  of  customs  duties 
Iliionghout  the  various  states  coniprisetl  in 
II1C  union.  The  free  port-s  were  included  ic 
the  Zollvenin  in  October,  IrtSS. 


boil,  boj^ :  po^t,  j6^1 ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem :  thin,  this ;  sin.  as :  expect,  Xcnophon,  eyist,    -ing, 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhun.    -cious,    tious.  -sious  ^  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  ^•:.  -  bel,  dcL 


6^2 


zomboruk— zoogloea 


II,  II. 


,.  ivialur  custouifi  union. 


■   111.'   I  iitMi  AUil   Si.>iitii  Aiiierlcs 

ll.t\ti.  ^.  .  .  i  tho  Ur.-uilliui  Kiiiiiiro  linvv 

tl^viilol   1  ■  - U'd  to  WiubiiiKtoii  to  |>r»itiute 

itii  Aiiit'TUuit  ^H.ivivm  to  tlio  ex<:lu»luu  of  tito  ifooiU 
of  utli«r  cvituitrtiM. "— <S(.  Jamtii  tiat^tte,  Ality  li\  liH. 

xdni'b6~ruk,  '.    [Zumdooruk.] 

BO'  mi -din,    -■.     [Or.  ^mi6<;  (romos)  =  broth  ; 
tiSos;  (.fii/iw)=  resviubl.inco,  auil  Kng.  sutV.  -iiij 
("Arm.:  Berzelius' name  for  that  portion  of  the 
extract  of  meat  wtiich  is  insohible  in  alcohol 

s6-n^    s.      lL.1t.,   nv>m  Or.   iiiini   (roJif)  =  ;i 
iJixUc,  frtMi:  ^wi-ii'^i  (roii;iraiii)=  to  gird,] 
1.  Anal, :  (.Soe  the  compound). 
*_\  riUhol. :  A  n:une  for  Sliingles  (q.v.). 


zona  -  peUuolda. 

DItANK.] 


(VlTELLlNE-MEM- 


Son'-al,  n.    (Eng.  xn(r):   -aM     Having  tho 

rlianiL'ttT  uf  u  zi-iio.  l>elt,  or  stripe. 

zonal -pelargoniums,  .«.  jil. 

Hot.:  IVlar^'niunis  which  havo  on  their 
leaves  zones  of  one  or  more  colours  dilleriiig 
frtnn  tho  ground  colour.s. 

son' -or,  'zdn'-nar,  >'.  [Gr.  ^Mvdptov  (somx- 
riitti),  iliiiiiti.  iVuin'yui'fj  (:dii?)=  a  zone  (<-l.v),] 
A  VK.'lt  or  girvUc  wliich  native  Cliristians  and 
.lews  in  the  East  wex-e  obliged  to  wejir,  to 
distinguish  them  fix>ni  ttte  Muhamniadans. 

ZO'-nar'-i-O,  ■<.  [Fem.  sing,  of  Lat.  ^oruinius 
=  jH'itaiiiiiii;  to  a  belt  or  girdle.] 

/>!■;. ;  A  ^;ieiius  of  Fucaeeve,  akin  to  Padina 
(q.v.),  but  U"'t  niarke*,!  with  concentric  lines. 
The  siKH-ies  ,>ccur  chieHy  in  warm  countries ; 
only  ("Ue  or  two  are  British. 

z6  -nor-J',  »i.  |Lat.  ;o?uirii(s  =  of  or  pertain- 
in-  to  a  belt  orgiixUe.J 

Zoul. ;  Of  or  pertaining  to  that  form  of  de- 
ciduous placenta  in  which  the  villi  aie  ar- 
r;inged  in  a  belt,    {lluxlcy.) 

Zb  -ndte.  n.    lEng.  :on(e);  -ate.] 

Lot. :  Marked  with  zones  or  concentric 
bauds  of  lulour.     Akin  to  ocellat«d,  but  with 

tlte  concentric  bands  more  uumerous. 

zone,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  zona  (q.v.).J 

L  Qnlinary  Language : 
1.  A  giitlle,  a  belt.    (Milton :  P.  L.,  v.  2S0.) 

2.  Any  well-marked  baud  or  sti-ipe  running 
.otind  an  object. 

•3.  Circuit,  circumftireiice.  (Milton:  P.L., 
V.  5J8.) 

EL  TfchHically: 

L  Aunt.  .*  A  region  of  the  body  formed  by 
imaginary  lines  drawn  around  it  transversely. 
Used  si>cc.  of  the  alxlominal  zones  or  regions. 

2.  Diohjy: 

(1)  A  stiipeorbelt,  as  of  colour,  on  a  plant, 
a  shell.  &c. 

(2)  A  certain  stratum  of  sea-water,  the 
depth  of  the  upper  and  under  surfaces  of 
which  are  genenilly  measured  or  calculated 
ill  fathoms.  There  aiv  live  zones  to  murk  the 
VKithymetrtc  distribution  of  marine  animals. 
Some  of  them  are  named  from  the  distribution 
of  sea-plants,  which  also  they  nuirk : 

Tlie  Llttor.'\l  Zone,  between  tUle  iimrks. 
Tht<    LiUiiiuai'iAii  Zone,   frviu  low   witter  to  t^ft««u 
fittlioin^v 
TIk-  t'oralUin?  Zuue,  from  flftwn  to  fifty  fnthoms. 
TUe  1)v-^>(>.m:(  I'oral  Zoue,  rtf  ty  to  ;i  humli-eil  fHthowF. 
ILi)  Al>>aj>.Al  Zoiitf.  beyoiKl  .\  bmulivtl  fnthoms. 

3.  *.'*«>!/.  :  t.nie  of  five  imaginary  belt^i  sur- 
rounding the  earth.  They  are  "the  North 
Frigid  Zniie. 


tlie  S()Uih  Tem|HM-ate  Zone,  between  the  Tropic 

of  Capricorn  and  the  Antarctic  Oirt-le  ;  and  the 


South    Frigiil   Zone,   between   the   Antarctic 
Circle  and  the  South  Folc. 

4.  (lwl.(I'l.):  Particular  beds  In  the  stages 
or  divisions  of  certain  geological  formations. 
(Ammonite,  Pki.mobdi.\l-zo,nk.1 

5.  Math. :  The  portion  of  the  surface  of  a 
spliere  included  between  two  parallel  \danes. 

(1)  Annual  zone:  [Annual,  II.  :J.  (/>)J. 
(li)  Ciliary  zone:  [Ciliary  zone]. 
(3)  Isothermal  zoiu :  [Lsothlirmai.]. 

'  zone,  v.t.  (Zonk,  5.]  To  encircle  with,  ov  as 
with  a  zone  Ol-^'-)- 

"  Hia  eiiiltmce 
lI:tJ  Mued  licr  tLrovit;h  the  nlijlit." 

KvtUt :  EnUirmlon,  LL  569. 

zoned*  a.     [Eng.  Mn(c):  -cd.] 

■  I.  liavingagir»:lleorbelt;  wearing  a  girdle 
or  belt. 

2.  Having  zones  or  bands  resembling  zones, 
striped  ;  in  botany  the  same  as  Zonate  (q.v.). 

"  Sho  brotijjlit  IIS  AcAtleuito  silks,  iii  huu 
Thv  tiino,  with  a  itilkeii  hooil  to  e.'\ch 
Aiut  ane^t  with  julil."       Ttnnyt'jii :  Princeu,  11.  4. 

'zone-less,  c  [Eng.  zone;  -less.]  Destitute 
of  a  rone  i>r  gii-dle  ;  xingii-ded. 

"  lu  careless  folds  loose  fell  her  soni-tfu  vest." 
JItuoH :  Ish. 

"zon'-io,  s.  [Eng.  roJie;  -ic]  A  zone,  a  gir- 
dle, a  belt. 

•■  The  pliicc  where  I  w:\3  lired  staiuU  iiiioo  A  tonic  of 
cojU.-— i»«.j//«rf ;  Trawls,  let.  Iv. 

zon-nar,  .^,    [Zonar.] 

z6-nd'Chl6r'-ite,  ?.  [Eng.  ?oji(«;) ;  o  connect. , 

and  chlorite.] 

Mill. :  The  same  ;is  Chlorastrolite  (q.v.). 

:2o-nd-trich'-i-a,  s.  [Gr.  ^wrij  (,*u»ie)  =  a 
^irdU',  and  Tpi\tas  ((ric/tias)  ^one  that  is 
haiiy.l 

t>rnifft. :  A  genus  of  FringillidiV,  with  nine 
species,  ranging  over  the  whole  Nearctic 
and  Xeoti-opicid  regions.  Beak  slightly  con- 
ical, upper  mandible  straight  and  somewhat 
pi>iuted ;  wings  moderate,  i-eaclung  as  far  as 
iipini-  tiiil-cuverts  ;  tai-sus  high,  toes  long. 

zo-nu-l^,  s.  ("Ijit.  =  a  little  gRxlle  ;  dimin. 
from  coiia  (q.v.).] 

Anat. :  A  small  zone:  as,  the  Zonula  of 
Zinn,  the  anterior  portion  of  tho  hyaloid 
membrane  which  is  firmer  and  moi-e  fibrous 
than  the  rest.  Called  also  the  Suspensory 
Ligament  of  the  Lens.    (Qnain.) 

z6-nu-lar,  a.    [Eng.  ^vin1(e);  -ar.] 

1.  Onl.  Lang. :  Of  or  relating  to  a  zone  ; 
zone-shaped. 

2.  ^<K»^ :  Of  or  pertaining  to  that  form  of 
non-deciduous  placenta  in  which  the  fo;tal 
villi  are  arranged  in  a  comparatively  broad 
band.    (GlosMry  to  Hiuleys  CUiss.  of  Animah.) 

ZO'-nule,  ^.     [A  dimin.  from  .:o»f  (q.v.).J      A 

little  ;^(>ni',  bund,  or  belt. 

•  z6'-nu-let,  s.    [A  double  dimin.  from  zone  = 

ztync-uk-ltt.]    A  little  zone  or  belt ;  a  zonule. 
"  Si.)  3iiiite3  that  rtlxuKl  'bout  my  JuliVs  wAi^t ; 
Or  llko— iiay,  'tis  tli.-it  zonula  of  love." 

i/arriclt :  t'fion  Juliu't  Kibbon. 

zo-niir'-i-dse,  ',  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  zonui-{us); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -W<y.l 

Xoot. :  A  family  of  Brevlllngnia  (q.v.)  with 
fifteen  genera  containing  fifty-two  species. 
Their  distribution  is  remarkable:  mure  than 
half  the  family  come  fnim  South  AtViea, 
others  are  fruin  Madagascar,  America  (fl'om 
Mexico  to  British  Columbia),  andthive  of  the 
genera  form  a  distinct  sub-group — tlie  Glass 
Snakes— from  North  Africa,  North  America. 
tlie  sotith-east  of  Europe,  and  the  Kliasya 
Hills.  Tho  family  contains  forms  wliich  havt- 
tlio  shape  of  lizartls,  and  others  which  are 
si'i  iH'iitiform.  Head  pyramidal  or  depi-essed  ; 
b.'dy  ci'veivd  with  scales  incivss  IkiiuIs  ;  suies 
witli  distinet  longitudinal  fold  ;  limbs  tour, 
stivng,  entiivly  wanting,  or  concealed  beneath 
the  skin  ;  eai-s  distinct^  eyelids  present. 

zo-niir'-iis,  s.  [Gr.  i^iiioj  (zonf)  =  a  belt,  and 
oipa  (cnra)  =  the  tail.) 

/CooL:  The  type-genus  of  Zonuridiv  (q.v.l. 
with  sevei-al  species,  from  the  south  and  east 
of  Africa  and  Madagascai*. 

ao-o-,  zd-.  p'x/l  [Gr.  ^(^ov  (zooii)=a  living 
creature,  an  animal.)  .V  common  pivfix  in 
compounds  of  Greek  origin,  signifying  animal, 
as  T'lology  ;,n)phyte,  redspt-re.  A^c. 


ZO-O-C&p'-sa,  S-.  [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Lat  vjisr. 
=  a  n'posit'iry,  chest,  or  box.) 

l''i!-r>ut.  :  The  oldest  known  genus  «>f  Ba- 
lanitliv.     It  is  from  the  Lias. 

z6-o-carp,   s.    [Pref.  soo-,  and   Gr.  icop-To? 

(btrpos)  =  fruit.] 

Bot. :  A  zottspore  (q.v.). 

zd  O-oau'-lon,  ^.     [Pi-ef.  zoo-,  and  Gr.  KavA.d« 

i^L»ulu.<)-9.  >talk,  astern.] 

liioL  :  An  erect,  branching,  tentaculiferous 
colony-stock,   as  in  the  genus    Deiidrosoma 

(q.v.). 

zd-O-OhSm'-XC-al,  «.  [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Eng. 
ihrmiatl.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  zoocliemistry 
(q.v.). 

•■  The  npplicition  of  soocJuntiical  tncti  to  the  ehicl- 
(liittoii  of  pi'ooeMeatnkiitgplnce  in  the*yjttiu."— f>.ew.- 
Hitt'ilojit  •</  .1/(1(1  (tr.  fl.ipftor).  p.  c. 

z6-d-ohem -is-try,    '  zo-dc&'-e-my,    s. 

[Kng.  ;'j)-,  and  Eng.  rhcmislry.] 
Xat.  ScieiM  :  (See  extract). 

"  Stmly  of  tlie  iiitture  ->(  the  substflliCM  occurring  In 
the  niiliii.l1  fc-'iii.my— tbfir  |'roi>eili.j«,  ooustltiitloii. 
tmiiHf.inimtUiii.  Jlc— constitutes  whiit  U  leniietl  zoo- 
ch.-mitlry.  — >'»vtf  .■  nUti'fcgy  i>/  Jinn  (tr  Barkvr),  p.  6. 

zo-och'-e-mj^, .«.    [Zoochemistrv.1 

z6-6-9yf-i-um  (pi.  zd-d^9yt-i-a),  .-\  iPref. 
zyj-,  and  Gr.  kuto?  (katu^)  —  a  cell.] 

tiiol. :  The  gelatiuous  matrix  excreted  and 
inhabiteil  by  various  colonial  Infusoria— e.j.» 
Ophrydium,  Phalansterium,  &c. 

zo-6-de&  -dri-iim  (pi.  zoo-dcn-dri-a), 

>-.     [I'lvf.  r('i>,  and  Gr.  fiei^poi   i^iUiHlron)  =  ;\ 
tree.] 

Biol. :  The  tree-like  colony-stock  of  such 
Infusoria  as  Uendromonas  and  Epistylis. 

zd-oe'-9i-uni  (I'l.  z6-oe '-91-31),  >■.  [Pref.  zoo-, 
and  Gr.  owco«  (oikos)  =■  a  dwelling.] 

Biol.  :  One  of  the  cells  or  chambers  in- 
habited by  the  polypide  of  a  P<)lyzoon.  In 
the  Common  Sea-mat  (Flustra /olia'cnt)  o(  the 


A.  ftiistrit/oliacett.    B.  A  portum  of  the  colony 
ui.iguilitMl  to  show  the  Zoa'ciiu 

British  coast  the  zocecia  may  be  made  out 
with  the  naked  eye,  and  are  very  clearly  seen 
with  a  lens  of  luuderate  power. 

z6  o-gen,    z6'-o-gene,  s.     [Gr.    ^woveiTj? 
(zOoihiiis)  =  boiu  uf   an  animal :    pref.    coo-, 
and  Gr.  yei-faw  (gennao)  =  to  produce.] 
Chem.  :  The  same  as  Zoiodin  (q.v.). 

z6-6-gen'-lC  fi.  '.Eng.  zoogen(y);  -ic]  Of  or 
pritaiiiing  to  animal  production. 

z6-dg-en-y,  zo-og-on-j^,  .f.  [Pref.  coo-, 
and  i'tv.  ytitcris,  ■)'0(^]  (<U'nesis,  ^om")  =  genera- 
tion,] 

.V(i/.  Science :  The  doctrine  of  the  formation 
of  the  oi-gans  of  living  beings. 

ZO-o-ge-o-gT&ph'-xc-al,  a.  [Pref.  ZOO;  and 
Eng.  gcogniphiciiL]  Of  or  pertaining  to  zoo- 
geography (q.v.). 

"  None  <'f  the  grent  x}nffei>!p-tiphicitl  pr»Wuces  .  .  . 
lure  slmrply  ^ledned  from  one  another.'— /*roc.  Jo<tt, 
Soc..  1S6S.  p.  317. 

zd-o-ge-6g'-ra-phy,>\  [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Eng. 
geo'jrttphn.] 

Sat.  Science:  The  study  of  the  distribution 
of  animals  over  the  surface  of  the  earth,  their 
migi-atious,  &c. 

"The  r<e).-\tion9  of  these  subiiirisioQs  to  snogeo' 
'jr-ii>hji."—Proc  Zoot,  Soc.,  ISW.  p.  39S. 

*  zd-6-gloe'-a,  *■.    [Pref.  roo-,  and  Gr.  y\oid 

(gloia)  =:  glue."] 

Bot. :  A  pseudo-genus  of  Schizomycetes,  con- 
sisting of  Bacteria  when  they  have  readied 
tlie  stage  of  development  at  which  they  fonr 
gelatinous  colonies.  They  still  continue  to 
grow  and  di\  ide,  ;uid  may  :igain  become  active. 


fate.  fat.  fHire.  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :    we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :   pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine :   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf.  worU.  who,  son:  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.     »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  d;  qu  =  kw. 


zoographer— zoomorphisin 


zo-Sg'-ra-phor,  j.    [Kik-  :''"iimiiH<n :  ■".] 

KiK  wli.'i»lii.lifMnr  niwtiwH  7j>,i«miiliy:  ""o 

hUo  JiMcllWKiiiiliauU,  tlioll- fonun niul  liabits. 

■'I'ii..ii  hi.i.ilry  »«11ii'lii'>ineiitl'"'l»«"'w*''>*"'-')''".^ 

z6  4  grAph  lo,  to -6- gr&ph   lo - al.  " 

IIOh-.  ; /!■", .!('/). ■•'■'■.  ■""'•1    llf"l-l>"'l-i"'l;i>,' 

lu  ^....fnii'liv,  "I-  till)  auBcilijUuu  of  minimis, 
ilu'ii'  I'lniimiiii'l  hiililta. 

zo-dg-ra  pblat,  <.  lEiij,-.  imamphfji):  -w.i 
oiii^  vvh.;in»iiilji.»  iirdBiili-Uiiiilmalii;  a  zoo- 

■^IllpllLT  ;    11  ZOOlMJ,'l3t. 

z6  dg  roph  Jf.    «.      [Or.    fyoi'    (:5oii)  =  on 

„ ;il,  fui.l    V()iiJ.u,   toniJi;i.;)  =  10    lloHCllbc,  to 

wrlti/.)    A  ik'.wriptlou  of  niiliiml",  tliuir  loniiH 
iindliublts 

•  W>  nro  i'..iulll»tml  to  i... I.-.ipAy.  niiil  Iho  wliulo 
li.«lv  .>f  i.liyKlek."— ufdmilH.    i'anilv  of  DogmatUlitg, 

di.  xxll. 

z6-i-6yr  4  scope,  ».  IPitf.  soo-.  and  Ens. 
,;vr.Ui'o/"'.|  All  iiinplilli'ntlon  of  the  zoetrcipci 
(q.v.)  Ill  wlilc-li  a  siTk'H  "f  micCMslve  in»tjiu- 
taiifoim  pliotdKiiiphit  of  1111  iinilnal  111  iiiollon 
aro  nlui:f.l  on  ii  lirculur  lotatlllg  KlaM«,  tlui 
iilniloxrapliK  lieliix  ultuniately  llliiiiiliiaterl  l.y 
an  ojtyliydioKoii  liiiiterii,  as  tlio  gloHH  tuiiiH, 
thiowhiii  a  single  ciiiitliiiioiis,  I'veicluiiiKlii;,' 
picture  on  iiHcriiOii.  Altli'mijli  tin)  wpaiai'^ 
|.li.)l.«i'apliK  show  till)  Hiii'i-.-.vslvr"  p.mltlons  "I' 
an  aniimil  in  motion— for  lii.ntanw,  a  liol'nc,  in 
iiiakiiiK  a  niiiKlu  stlUlii— tlie  zoo|{yio»c.ip" 
thr.iwa  on  tlio  streun  a  vivid  presentment  of 
a  inoving  aililnul. 

zd-o-Id,  zo  oJd,  i.&re.  (Gi-.<¥oi'(ifoii)  =  an 
aniinal,  and  tUoi  (rWoj)  =  vescmblaiice.] 

A.  'is  snbstnutiix : 

Jliiil. :  An  animal  orgnnlHin  not  Indepen- 
dently devclopeil  frinii  a  f.M tlllzod  ovum,  but 
derived  from  a  preceding  Individual  by  the 
procesH  of  llH»ion  or  ^emulation.  Speelally 
applioiible  to  the  Infusoila and  other  Protozoa, 
and  lo  the  component  members  of  all  stook- 
leiililinis  eoinmuiiilies,  such  as  Polypes, 
Corals,  and  Polyzoa. 

B.  /!»  (tdj. :  Portahilug  to  or  resembling  an 
animal. 

z6  61  a  trf ,  '■  IPref.  joo-,  and  Gr.  Aarpeio 
(/,i/,,.i.'j)  =  worship.) 

Cnmpiir.  Ilfltsi.  :  Aidinal  worship;  adora- 
tion paid  by  man  to  any  of  the  lower  animals. 
This  cultus  seems  to  have  passed  tliroUKli 
three  Btaues:  (1)  The  animal  was  reverenced 
and  propiliateJ  as  possessing  a  power  greali-r 
than  that  of  iiinn  ;  (2)  The  animal  was  regaiib'd 
as  an  incarnation  "(  some  deity  or  siiirit  ; 
(:i)  It  was  raised  to  the  position  of  a  tribal 
ancestor.  [Totem.  1  In  the  early  history  of 
the  human  race  zoohitry  of  some  kind  was 
very  pri-viilent.  Traces  of  It  appear  in  the 
Dllilo  as  ill  the  story  of  the  Oohlen  Call 
made  by  Ihe  Israelites  (Exod.  xxxii).  Zoola- 
try  look  deep  root  in  the  religious  life  of 
the  aneient  Kgyplians.  and  all  three  forms 
nourished  among  that  peoph).  .Iiivenal  opens 
his  nileentli  satire  with  a  scatliing  invective  ol 
Bgyplian  zooiatry,  ami  detailed  accounts  of 
it  occur  in  Herodotus  (ii.),  Plutarch  (.'c 
hUU  H  0»rUk),  Strabo  (lib.  xvii.),  and  Cieero 
(i(e  ,Vu(.  ;mo-.,  ill.  V>).  In  classic  times  the 
chief  form  of  zooiatry  was  serpent-wiu-ship 
(■(.v.),  tle.ugh  traces  of  other  forms  occur  in 
the  tianslorniiition  myths  of  the  poets.  In 
the  preK.nl  dav  zoohitry  survives  chielly  in 
India  (ViMiNi-,  lliisooMA.v,  ZKUl'l,  among  the 
snake-worshippers  of  the  west  coast  of  Africii, 
and  the  lied  In.lians  of  .North  America. 

••■ni»  tlirac  l.i..tlv«4  u(  nilliiir.l.i«oJ«lll|;  .  .  .  vl«.. 
dlroct  w.,r»lil|i  ■.(  tlio  niiliieil  l"r  ItBoK.  liullrcot  wur- 
■lUn  tjl  It  II-  II  fetUll  iwtwl  tlir.iUKll  liy  a  delly.  loi'l 
vi-iieriilioii  f"i-  It  iw  a  totviii  ..r  runrewntiitlvo  uf  n. 

trllir  iiiiii-Jit.ir.  I.mlit  iMje'iillit  111  ll'J  •limll  iiiertMiiru 

fur  till)  nlii'iiiiiiii-iiii  '»1  ffilitin/  aiit.iiiK  Mie  li-wi-r  r«i;.-». 
d.lmill.'«u,i,»  lidliK  I.I...  liLulc  l.ir  tli.  uir.-.-U  ..I  niytl. 
null  nniilsillioii.  ol  olllell  »i'  un'y  l!"!"  (rciuolit 
Sfilmi.mjii.'— ri/Zur;  Prim,  Cult,  (c-a,  Io;:l),  11.  2.1. . 

z6'-d-IitO,  «.  IPref.  ZOO;  and  Or.  Ai'Sot  ((((/wn) 
=  a  ston. ,)    A  fossil  animal  substance. 

•  zb-6l-6  ior,  s.  lEiK.  mohgd/)  ;  -er.]  The 
same  as  Zoousiisr  (q.v.). 

■•  An  till.  iwliirAllitU  limy  the"  lllu»trjit«  pnthul.fjjy 
»•  It  .-liyiiiUt,  I...  limy  ti«  do  llm  lllMi  iM  »  tootoffur.  — 
H'i!/li     ll'-.-Ai,  li   61. 

z6-i-16K  IC-*1,  n.  IR'il!.  zon'oiKv):  •'"''■! 
ijf  or  pirlaiiiiiig  to  zooh.gy  or  the  science  of 

Uliiliials. 

zoological-garden, «.  A  public  garden 
In  wlil(!h  a  colle.ti.in  of  animals  Is  kept.  The 
gardens  of  tlio  Zoological  Society,  llcgenls 


Park.  I.onilon,  arc  probably  the  lliiest  In  the 
world.    The  chief  zoological  gardens  nru  ; 


rnrlii      (.Unllil 

riniit«il 
I,.>ii.l..ii  .       . 

uui.im  . 

Aiitw«iii        , 

lll.l'ltll 


K..uii.lv(l    I 


Jn 


Urn 


>.'U 


.  ITttt 

.  ni2H 

.  Itail 

.  mri 

.  11.41 

.  IN&l 


r..uii.i».i. 

Fisliltlutt.         .         .   1"M 

tv.tt«iia  .  14.10 

l*srlii  Usntlii  tl'Ac 

..llmlUtlull 
llitiiiliurK  , 

M » 

l'liUi>.l«l|.lilil 
(-lii.'liiimtl 
enkillU      . 


.    1".W 
.    I  MSI 


|[i.lt.  r.lroii    . 
.Mi'll...iiii.u    . 

zoologlcal-provlnoo,  j. 

/:>;!.:  A  z.i..l.'gleal.region. 

zoological  region,  <. 

;;;.,(.;  |iti...i.is, ».  11.  ■:.]. 
Zoological  Society,  <. 

Siuiilir^:  A  s.i.iety  for  the  prosei.ull..ii  "f 
zool.igical  research  ;  B|iecir.,  the  /oologicnl 
.Soilelyof  London,  founde.l  in  ISiH  bya  bodvof 
srlenlisls,  among  wliom  4lr  htainford  Halites 
and  Sir  Hnmplirev  Davy,  Hart.,  weie  i-spe- 
daily  promlnenl,  •'  for  the  uilvancemi-nl  of 
Zoology  and  Animal  Physiology,  and  for  the 
lnlro.luctl.)li  of  new  and  curious  subjeels  of  Ih.' 
Animal  Klng.hilu."  Tlie  (iardens  in  Ileg.'iil's 
Park  were  laid  out  and  opened  In  bsiS,  aiel  In 
March,  IH'Jll,  tlie  .Soeiely  aciiuiiid  its  Clinrl.-r 
.if  Incorporation.  In  1830  a  Coinmltte..  .if 
Sei.ni.'  and  Correspondence  was  appiilnle.l, 
alel  lli.'lr  l'fKniUnij»  W.Te  liublisiied  In  ls:;l. 
Th.'  fninfilin'Jt  of 'the  Socl.dy  appeared  llrsl 
in  ls:i;{,  and  are  issued  annually  ;  the  Tntii.-*- 
it'^lioiK,  eonlnlning  the  more  iniporbint  seieii- 
tillc  iiapers,  date  frniii  lB:i.'i.  The  iirst  volume 
of  the  I'rocmlimjt  Is  peculiarly  liileresling, 
as  containing  Geollroy  St.  Hllalre'sargunieuts 
ill  fa vouroftheoviparoiis  nature  of  tlieOrnitlio. 
ill)  nclius  (i|.v.),  with  Owen's  remarks  thereon. 

zo-6-l6ii;'  Ical-l^,  »'"■  lEng.  imlo:iioil ; 
■  hi.\  111  a  zo'ilogleal  manner;  according  lo 
tlii^  teaehings  or  principles  of  zoology. 

zo  dr-6^Ist,  ».    lEiig.  moM//) ;  •(»(.! 

I'liiiaicul  .SVienra ;  A  person  skilled  in  or  de- 
voted to  zoology  (ipv.).  In  inodein  usage  tlie 
term  Is  being  replaced  by  biologist. 

z6  61-6(1$,  ».  (Pi'ef.  !oo;  and  Or.  Aoyo! 
{l'»jos)  ~  a  discourse]. 

jVri(«i-..i.-i,!iea.:f;Thestu.lyofllviliganhimls, 
a    branch    of   Dlology,    which  also  inelieles 
IJ.itany,  though   it  Is   iniposslblu  accural. -ly 
to  deiiue  the  liinils  of  lliesc  two  brandies, 
Bouie  orKanlsms,    low   in    the   scale  of   lile, 
being    siimetlmes    elalmed    as    animals    and 
Mimcllm.-s  as  plants.     Zoolo;;y  c.vers  a  large 
griiund,  which  beemnes  larg.r  with  the  growlli 
of  the  science.    The  chief  branches  of  Zoology 
are :  (1)  Mor|ihology,  dealing  with  form  aiel 
structure  ;  («  Coiii|.arallv.^  Anatomy,  wiiieli 
Invi'stigates  the  |iositlon  and  relation  ol  organs 
an.l  parts  (and,  as  this  mnslbetlie  foundalion 
of  scieiitllle  elasslllcatlon.  the  torlii  Ciiin|iaia- 
live  Anatoiny   is  ofti-n  used  .as  synonvmous 
with  the  older  leriii   Zoology);  CI)  Embryo- 
logy,   dealing    with    develo|iinent    from    Ih.- 
ovum  to  maturity;     (1)    Phvsl.dogy    (.pv.), 
which  treats  of  the  organs  of  nillrlllun,  re- 
pio.lncti.in,  and  the  nervous  system  ;  ('i)  Clas- 
sillcallon     or    Taxonomy,     which    chissilles 
animals  into  natural  groups  ;  (H)  Zoogeography 
(q  v  )•  and  (7)  lleseeiil  of  the  liidlvidnal  (Oii- 
Ixi'ge'nesis)  and  of  the  |.hjllllii  (Pliylogeii.-sis), 
From  llie  earliest  times  man  was  accnsUmied 
to    stu.lv    and    oliserve    the   lower  animals. 
.Solomon's  deserlption   of  tlie  ant  (Prov.  vl. 
IJ-S)  is   lustllle.l   by  the  sclentillc  observation 
of  the  'nineleenth  century  ;   Job  (xxxix.    11) 
knew    the    peculiar    method    of    liiciibatlou 
adopted  by  the  ostrhdl ;  iiii.l  .lerelniah  (Uiin. 
iv.:))sp.-aks  In  unmistakeable  terms  of  inaiiiie 
mammals.    Aristotle  and  Pliny  have  iveorde.l 
maiiv  zoological   lai^lji,  and   nearly  as  many 
legends;  but  from  that  time  .lown  to  the  days 
of  Kiiy  ali.l  Willnghby  there  was  scarcely  any 
alteiiiplatsi:ieiitillc  classltlcjithiii,  nor  was  It 
till  the  eighteenth  century  that  anything  like 
a    eoinlirehensive   scheme    was    put  foil  i  In 
the  .Si;»(eni/'  A'a/iine  of  Unmens,  who  divided 
the  Animal  Kingdom  into  six  idasses  :    Mam- 
malia, Aves,  Pis^x-s.  Ainiihlbia,  Inwcta,  ami 
Vermes,    th.-se    dassis    t«-lng    divlde.l    into 
oiders  and  these  again  Int'J  genera,  without 
any  internie.Iiate  .livisi.in.      In   the  light  of 
the   present  day  this  scheme  is  seen  t'l  Is- 
erroneous,   but  it  formed  a    rongli  outline, 
which  served  as  a  guide  lo  future  iii.iuiivrs. 
Cnvler's  elassillialion  came  next,   with  four 
sub-kingdoms :  Vcrtebrata.  Mollusea,  Artlcii- 
laU,   and    Raillotn.      Agasslz  adopted    these 
main    divisions,    but  arranged    lib    classes 


noniewhat  illiri'miillv.     The  chisslllcJitl t 

Owen  in  Ills  roiit/sli-iilliv    .lii'lf.ii.i^  .»/  hii'Kitt- 
hntlr*  (ed.  '.fnd,  p.  in)  was  : 

SI'H'KIH.llSlU.                                          IKV|,|..S.. 
VsitlSMHAIA.             riMW*.  AVM.  lUl.tlllS.  .Msilll...t.ls 
MoLLeml.  'I' .'.       ni.l.i   1-1.      I. Ml 


Al.riltUI.A1A.  1 
KaUUTA. 

-      Isrc.NiA.  Il'.tlhrs.  Illilt.ili'i.ls.  l'..lvgsalrl.'A 

KI.T.JX.IA.  lVij|..tuiiiilliii.  TarUllsrlA,   Hisiwl* 


ItAtllARIA 


). 


-I 

n 

Ilnxh'v  (/ii/r. 
adopted  Ihe  follow 

HIOI  MISilliuU. 
1'lt.lIiltOA. 


Anil..,. 
.,   Isi.'.l) 


UIVIAI.INH. 

IUib.>|i"<U.     Itrwtfsrlulds. 
Iftim.  S|,.aigl<lA. 


f '.K.  KhTSSATA. 

.\MNei.lltlA. 

AK»ei>MA. 

.Mol.l.t'l.<^lll.A. 

Mia.l.es.A. 

VlOaKllllAlA. 


I'Ib. '  Ami'lillila,    Uv|itlllA,   Avi», 

Jllnlillliiillik 


Ijist  and  chief  ill  lm|i..ilanee  Is  II Iii-lll- 

eatioii  of  (jegeiiliaur,  of  whicli  Hiiy  Lank,  ■.i.t 

says  (ill  his  preface  lo  llenrnlmin-A  IJruiri,!.  ../ 
C'loa;..  /111"*.,  e.l.  Dell),  that  •■  at  Ihe  pli-..l.l 
.lay,  naturalists  have  learnt  to  r.'C.ignlse  in 
Iheli-  ellorts  after  what  was  vaguely  eallid  the 

'  natural' system  of  elassllleall an  uiicti. 

scions  attempt  to  construcl  the  p.sllgr f 

the  animal  w.nld.  The  atlelnpt  has  ImH  I  e. 
come  a  i-onscliiiis  one.  Nei'essarlly  chispill- 
cations  whl.:li  aim  at  exhlbillng  the  isdl- 
glee  vary  fr.iin  year  lo  year  with  the  hn'iens« 
ill  our  kiiowle.lge.  They  uls..  vary  aec.r.l- 
lug  to  the  Importaneo  atlacheil  by  Iheir 
ttulhors  to  one  or  unother  class  of  fiicls  an 
ilenionslrating  bluod-relotlonslilp." 

I'HVl.l'H.  InVISIllKH. 

I    ■■II..T../..1A.  UIils.i|iuda.  UrvKsrlliA.  InfuA.jrlA 

'i.   CVSI.KSTKKATA. 

II)  rti...iiKl».  .  „. 

(V)  Aealdlilail.    Hyilp.lll«lil"n-,    Dslyii'ilfw.    Tlmi-'i- 

m.Nl.1111-.  Minliiui,  AutbuliM.  Ulo- 

liiililiiirn. 
a.   VSSMKA.  I'lslyliHl .lie-'.       N..|i.«ll.il.-t.i 

til...,     l-t.™tt'.kr....ll.|        V'lOitl 

i.liiin,     llry.nt.....    l('.t.tt"ilA.    Kii- 

ti-MliiinUAtl  t.p|i|iviun,  Aiiliiil'Oi. 
4.  Ki  HlseuKHMA.    AAl..r..l.ls.      rrm-aJs.     livhllea.!*. 

H.,l..tl.iir'.l.ls. 
(.  AllTUlluruDA.      Cr.l.ti..iii.   I'..i.ll"|....l«.  Ar^llilil.lA. 

uyrU|siau,  liiMS;tM. 
fl.   UnAeiiiolMUA.  .  .,        L         . 

r    MoLLWACA.  I^iiivIUbrslloalntn.        Mc«|.n.iIHi<l». 

tlostruisslB,  rt«tu|Msu,  t'rf.lmlo- 

«.   TirSI.ATA. 
u.   Vkktsiikata. 

(11  AciJihlit.       I.»|.l<icnrdll.  

lal  Ursuluts.      (.il(;ycl"At'.lii«l»(>ly«IU"l<<««.   li- 

tr(.iiiyA..iil*«l. 

(di)  (liistlii.At.iiiii.Iii.  .   .     , 

It)  Alisiiii.l»ll'l*e««.   Ailllillll.ini. 

(Il.l  AlllllluU  (4liuiui»ld».  Mslii- 

laallal. 

zd-6 -m£l -9n  in,  •'.     (P'ef.  imi-,  an.l   Kng. 

liu/uaia.) 

C/ieia. ;  llogilanow's  name  for  the  black  pig- 
ment of  bir.ls'  feathers.  It  Is  slightly  s..lllble 
In  water,  but  .llssoivcs  icadlly  In  polash  an.l 
aliimoiiia. 

z6  6~mor -phlo,  ".     lPi"f.   <''"■.  ""■'  ^'■ 

fiip'liri  {mori'hi)  =  shape,  forin.) 

1.  iinl.  Ijiiii/.:  PcrUlnliig  to  ur  exhibiting 
animal  forms. 

"Tlist  i«.!iin«rly  t«ltlo  luriii  ..I  lfit.rl«rliu  »»••""'•_ 
pft/0  Ja«<ir«tl.,ii.  unit*]  »llli  "'I'.unsl  .l~l|ii'  ■■• 
illvNidlis  AI.lrsljAlid  IrulaiietAiTullA.  —Jot.  AiiiUrtvn 
tAitnilttdiitt.t 

2.  Aiiilimii.:  Representing  a  gisl  or  oilier 
supernatural  being  under  the  f.irin  of  one  of 
the  low.r  animals.  The  wioniorphio  elcliienl 
in  Classic  invllioh'gy  appears  In  such  cases 
as  that  of  the  Hinllllheal)  Al"illo,  and  Hie 
melaniorpliosesof  Jupller;  It  Is  very  strongly 
marked  in  the  religion  of  oncient  Egypt  |Z.i.> 

l.Ariivl,  an.l  trnc's  of  It  insy  Is-  fouml  a g 

the  Jews  an.l  In  the  poetic  Imagery  of  llie 
Alioealviise.  (Oeii.lll.M;  Kxo.1.  xxv.  IK;  Ezik. 
X  14,  xi.lt;  Exod.  xxxlll. ;  Uev.  Iv.  n,  s,  u; 
v'.  i;,  U  ;  I.  II :  vll.  11  ;  xlv.  a  ;  xv.  ;  ;  xix.  4). 

•'Ttm  fart,  iti  AAVAWi.  siiliiml  w„r.l.ll..  Ati.l  tii#lr 
relstl.aiA  t»  niUiuUiii.  A—iii  •ml  uiikii..»ii  l«  »r  uu- 
m.|.r«lst«l  l.y  .li.iUm.  »llli  m-  r>.,inlun  ..f  Ur 
HAIcr  Kliu  rron.il-™  t/.l.mlMii  «■  tin-  i.rlnlll  "<  In* 
,.,Jr,v.ry'il.- «lalii*llt  III  K«)litlAli  r«ll»lua.  -A.  iMrttf  ■ 
Cuttum  i  Ugl'i,  lA  114. 

zo  6  morpb'-ifm,  «.    IZoom.hii'iiu'.I 

1    Tl„.  »lal cilMlill f  Is'lng /.oomor- 

iihlc  ;  eliaraeterisli.-  exhiliill 1  tli.' L.tnu  o, 

Ihe  hiwer  unlmals,  us  .llstlnet  fioiii  man. 

••■rlmt  f.nmn'iMwm  ..I  ..tlml l"tl"ii  •111"'!  1"  ">" 

ma*  I,  .ally  lAArtmlly  lii~ul.  -.'m    .< >i<l«r»i»i.  (.<i»- 
Tianditlt.i 


":i"L-';r 'S'".L"":."^JTr°S^ -^^^ 


634 


zcon— zornia 


2.  The  tmnsforiimtiou  of  im-n  intn  beasts. 
{Smart.) 

z5  -on,  >'.     [Or.  fyoi'  (;«"»)=:  an  iininml.] 
J!i"l. :  The  (nciiUict  of  a  feitilizeil  ovum. 

■■  It  i»  ui-Kfl  Mint  wliellu'i-  tlitf  (U-vi-lo]niii-ut  .if  the 
fertiliJieil  gunn  In-  vi.iitiiMnnis  or  illMnuiimiuiis  i»  ii 
iiiftttcr  iif  seciiiiiliiiy  iiuin'itiiiicf  ;  tliiit  tin- ti't-ility  t»f 
liviitK  tliv>»et<'  wliMi  the  fti  tiliz-'.I  gi-nii  kIvi-n  rise  In 
niiy  out- oiwi-  ts  Uk- i'tiun  Alf  lit  u(  tlie  ttitnlity  ti.  wliifh 
it  Hives  vise  ill  iiiiy  (itlit-i nf.^  :  uml  timt  we  mn-t  ivtug. 
iiise  tlii.t  equiviileticv,  wliLtlt.  r  iiuli  ti't:ilit.\  i-f  liviiiy 
tiwtnptwkfsnoiicrt'ti-  i.r  ;» ili-i.iitf  jtiiiiiiiii-iiniMt.  Iii 
iniDitiinict^  uf  tlii»vi«*ivft  zculi^^icHl  iiuli  viihi.il  !■*  ti'iisti- 
tut«il  either  I'y  iiiiy  autli  mjiihI.-  niiiiiinl  iw  n  iii!itiiiii:il 
ur  lilni.  ulikh  iii.iy  i.r.>i>ei  ly  cliiiiii  tiii;  title  <jf  ;i  ;■"".. 
or  liy  i\iiy  ^lurli  ^nmyt  at  imnii.'tK  ils  tlie  luiuieroiis  M<;- 
diisa-  thiit  have  ln-eii  <Ievi'li)|n:tl  fivfiii  tlie  same  e^, 
which  ni'ti  to  be  sevenilly  iliAtiiiKiiishetl  its  zuL>i09. '— 
Uvrbvrt  Spewer  :  t'riti.  tlhl.,  i  7a. 

■26-6n'-iC»  (':     (Eiiff.  rrtoii;  -ic]     Derivtil  from 

■  IV  rt.ntaineil  in  .initiial  sulistniicfs. 

zoonic-acid,  ^^ 

Chem. :  DerthoUet's  iiatu;;  /nr  the  iinpui'e 
acetic  acid,  obtained  by  th.;  dry  distillation 
of  animal  substances. 

z5'-dn-ite,  s.    [Zoonites.] 

Zoolngij : 

1.  Gen. ;  One  nf  the  theoretic  transverse 
divisions  of  any  seguieuted  auinial. 

2.  .'^;'f<'. ."  One  of  the  segments  of  an  articu- 

late'l  aiiiiital. 

*  zd-6-ni'-te§,  ?.    [Zoox.] 

Biol. :  A  term  proposed  as  an  equivalent  of 
zooid  (q.v.). 

"In  onlev  to  coiiflue  the  term  iudiviilual  to  such 
cases  [the  direct  iirotluot  of  the  yeriu-oell  ftud  sperm- 
cell  |  it  tiHs  been  prupusetl  iiniuiii;  Hiiiiuals  to  (live  the 
term  zooid  or  zooiiitfs  to  tlie  iudeiieiideiit  structures 
«hich  result  from  aiuoutiiig,  Kemiiiatiuu,  or  fission." 
—  ti'ig.  Cffclvp.  [Zoul-I,  iv.  Ml.     (Note.) 

zd-6n'-6-my,  zo-o-no'-mi-a,  s.  [Pref.  zoo-, 
and  Gr.  vofioi;  (nomos)  =  Vi  law.]  Tlie  laws  of 
animal  life,  or  the  science  which  treats  of  the 
l)henomeua  of  animal  life,  their  causes  and 
relations. 

zo-dph'-a-ga,  s.  fJ.  [Gr.  ^wot/idyos  (zoo- 
pluigos)  =:'living  on  animal  food  ;  carnivorous.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  An  old  popular  name  for 
the  larger  and  tiercer  carnivore.  It  has  no 
scientific  value. 

2.  Zool.  :  Gegenbaur's  name  for  a  group  of 
Marsupials  equivalent  to  Owen's  Sarcophaga 
<q.v.). 

\  z6~oph'-a-gan,  s.  [Zooph\ga.]  One  of  the 
zoophaga  ;'  a  sju'Cnphagan. 

+  zo-oph'-a-goiis,  c  [Mod.  Lat.  zoopliag{a); 
Eng.  adj.  sutt'.  -om.]  Devouring  or  feeding 
on  animals ;  sarcopliagous. 

"The  zonphngous  nmi-aupials  already  cited."— Owch; 
Drit.  l-'os.*U  MammttU,  p.  65. 

*  zo-oph'-i-list,  .«.  [Pref.  zoo- ;  Gr.  *iAeoj 
{phiko)  =  io  love,  and  Eng.  sufT.  -ist.]  A 
lover  of  animals,  or  of  anything  living ;  one 
whose  sympathy  embraces  all  living  creation. 


1zo-6ph'-i-lous,   n.     [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Gr. 
•/>iAea>  (phiku)  =  to  love.] 
Nat.  Science:  (See  extract). 

"Themostinterestint:  nrti^'V  in  th-  innn)..-i-  LVkxu.) 
aGiorunlc  liota)iico/t(i>i'iUfi\f-i  ii!'  -  i.  v,  .  A.pjc- 
cone,  on  the  plants  growiiiL- «  ii.i  .  .  i  _  i;.  .inch  lie 
teriitu' H}op7iiloii8' or' urin[)i-nAi  :  ,  ,'!,.,■  which 
lire  absolutely  Uependeitt  im  tlii;  -luuui-lLiiju  uf  tlieiv 
seeds  on  thefruit  being  swwUuweJ  by  biids.  — .iVu^ioe. 
Aug.  2t;,  1886,  p.  103. 

*  z6-6ph'-i-l^,  s.  [Zoophilist.]  A  love  of 
animals  ;  a  sympathy  or  tender  care  for  livnig 
creatures,  which  ])revents  all  unnecessary 
acts  of  cruelty  or  destruction. 

*  z6'-6-phite,  .'.    [Zoophvte.] 

ZO-6-ph6r'-ic,  «.  [Eng.  zoophotXns) ;  -ic] 
lieaiiiig  or  supporting  an  animal;  as,  a  zoo- 
i'hu-i<:  column,  that  is,  one  supporting  the 
rigure  of  an  animal. 

'  ZO-oph'-or-US.  s.   f  Gr.  iwo(^o/Do«  {zoophoros).'] 

Anc.  Arch.  :  A  part  between  the  aroliitrave 

and  cornice  ;  the  same  as  the  frieze  in  modern 

architecture;    so  called  from  the  tigures  of 

animals  caived  on  it.     [Zoophoric] 

t  Zp-o-phy'-tg^  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
Gr.  ^ui6<f}V7ov  {zdojihuton)  =  nn  nuinial-plant. 
(Arist. :  Hist.  Anim.,  xviii.  1-G.)] 

Zool. :  A  term  borrowed  fiom  Aristotle  by 
Cuvier,  and  used    by  him  as   a   synonym  of 


Radiata  (q.v.).  Thi'  tt-rm  has  no  longer  any 
scii'utilic  \alne,  but  is  often  loosely  apjilied  as 
a  designation  for  many  plant-lii:e  animals,  as 
sponges,  corals,  Ac,  more  ov  less  rescnUiHng 
plants  jn  appfaiance.  "  When  the  term  began 
to  Iw  'used  by  naturalists,  it  designated  a 
niiseelhniefms  eUis.s  of  beings,  which  were 
believed  to  occupy  the  space  between  the 
animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms,  and  in  wliicli 
the  characteristics  of  the  subjects  of  eaeh 
met  and  were  intermingled."  {Ency,  Brit., 
ed.  Sth.) 

z6'-6-phyte,  s.  [Zoophyta.]  Any  individual 
of  C'tiviui's  Radiata  (q.v.);  an  animal  of  ex- 
tii-mely  hnv  organization,  presenting  many 
external  resemblances  to  a  plant. 

"Tlie  second  step  Nature  takes  is  from  plants  to 
Plant-iiiumaU,  zofithytet.  "There  are  many  marine 
creatures.' tlie  lAriotutle]  sayh,  'wlncli  leave  the  oh- 
server  m  duubt  as  to  whether  they  are  plants  or  ani- 
iiinls,  f-ir  they  (.'row  on  the  vncks.  aud  many  die  if  de- 
i.iilied.    — <.'   li.  Lfwis ,  Aristotle,  p.  192. 

zoophyte -trough,  s.    A  live-box  (q.v.). 

z6  6-phyt  -ic,  z6-6-phyt'-ic-al,  a.  [Eng. 
:"'.']'hiit(i') :  -tc,  -itvl.]  iVrtaiiiing  ur  relating 
to  zouphj'tes. 

z6-6ph'-y-twd,   «.       [Eng.  zoophyt(e);  suff. 

-(_'((/.]     Like  or  I'esembling  a  zoophyte. 

z6-6-phy-to-l6g'-ic-al,  a.    [Eng.  zoophyto- 

lo[i(ij) :  -ical.]  Pertainilig  or  relating  to  zoo- 
phytology. 

zd-6-phy-t6l'-6-gy,  s.  [Eng.  zoophytie); 
-ulo'j^i.]    Tlie  natural  history  of  zoopliytes. 

*z6-6-phy-t6n,  s.    [Gr.]    Azoophyte  (q.v.). 

■'  A  z.'o/'hutoii  may  be  rightly  said  to  have  a  middle 
excellency  between  an  animal  and  a  plant." — iJenrn 
More:  Mystery  of  hiiijnUy,  \^.  27. 

t  ZO-O-sperm,  s.   [Pref.  zoo-,  aud  Eng.  sperm.] 
Zool.  :  A  Spermatozoon  (q.v.). 

zo-o-spo-ran -gi-iim (pi.  zo-o-spo-ran- 

gi-a),  s.     rPref.  zoo-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  sporan- 

ginin  (q.V.).] 

Zool. :  The  cell  in  which  a  zoospore  is 
formed  or  becomes  encysted. 

z6'-o -Spore's.    [ZoospoRE.t:.  ] 

Hot.  (PL):  Reproductive  bodies  of  certain 
Algals  of  low  organization  [Protophvta],  as 
many  Confervce  (q.v.).  They  have  ciliated  pro- 
cesses, which  enable  them  to  swim  about, 
and  from  this  animal-like  locomotion  are 
with  difficulty  separated  from  the  infusorial 
animalcules.  Each  zoospoi'e  when  set  free 
from  the  tough  coat  in  which  it  is  for  a 
time  encysted  is  capable  of  living  indepen- 
dently. 

z6-d-sp6r'-e-se,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  zo- ;  Gr.  trTropi 
(sj'fj/c),  trjropos  (bporos)  =  .  .  .  a  seed,  and 
Lat.  lem.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ece.] 

Bot. :  A  primaiy  group  of  Algals,  proposed 
by  Thuret  to  contain  those  species  which  are 
propagated  by  zoospores.  He  divides  it  into  : 
(])  Chlorosporew,  colour  usually  green  ;  (2) 
Pheosporete,  colour  brown  or  olive. 

zd-6-sp6r'-ic.  f(.  [Eng.  zoospotic):  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  character  of  zoospores. 

zd-6-ste-ar'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Eng. 
steiiric]  Containing  fat  aud  derived  from 
animal  substances. 

zoostearic-acid,  5. 

Chein-.  :  Lamlfier's  name  for  a  fatty  acid, 
obtained  from  the  bones  of  fossil  mammalia, 
and  crystallizing  from  alcohol  in  lamina^. 
OVatts.) 

zd-6-teir'-a,  s.  [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Gr.  retpos 
(teiros)=  a  constellation.] 

Zool.  :  A  genug  of  Hadiolaria.  No  siliceous 
skeleton,  but  contracted  pointed  filaments 
elevated  on  a  pedicle  and  not  contractile. 

zo-d-tham'-ni-um,  s.  [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Gr. 
Odfifoq  {tluunnos)  —  a  Copse,  a  thicket.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Peritrichous  Infusoria, 
from  salt  and  fresh  water.  Animalcules 
structurally  identical  with  those  of  Vortieella 
(q.v.),  ovate,  pyriform,  or  globular,  often  dis- 
similar in  shape,  and  of  two  sizes,  stationed 
at  the  extremities  of  a  branching,  highly  con- 
tractile pedicle,  the  internal  muscle  of  which 
is  continuous  throughout.  There  are  several 
species,  divided  into  two  groups  according  as 
the  zooids  of  the  same  colony  resemble  or 
differ  from  each  other. 


id   Gr.    e^KVi 


zo-o-the'-ca,  .s-.      [Pref.   zl 

(th-lrv)=arii-<v,] 

Anat.  ,(•  I'lDjsiol.:  A  cell  containing  a  sper- 
mat'.izooid. 

z6-6-the-9i-um  (pi.   zo-o-the -ci-a),  s. 

[ZOOTHECA.] 

Biol.  :  Any  compound  tubular  sti'ucture 
excreted  and  inhabited  by  Infusoria  like  Rlii- 

pidodeiiilitju. 

zo-o-tho'-me,  s.     [Pief.  zoo-,  and  Clr.  0a>ju.os 
(thCuiios)—a.  heap.) 
Zool.:  A  Zootliecium  (q.v.). 

Z0-6t'-ic»  fi.  [Gr.  ^wof  (^oo/^)  =  an  animal.] 
Containing  the  remains  of  organic  life.  (Said 
of  rocks,  coal,  eaves,  &c.) 

zootic-acid,  s.    [Hydrocvcanic-aiid.] 

z6-6t'-o-ca,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  ^wotoicos  . 
(zi'uto);os)  =  producing  its  young  alive.  (Arist. 

y/..-i.,i.25.)] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Lacertidfe,  with  eight 
species,  from  Central  and  Southern  Eui()pe, 
Madeira,  South  Africi,  and  Australia.  One, 
Zootoca  vivi2)ara,  the  Vivi]iarous  Lizard  (q.v.), 
is  British.  Sometimes  made  a  sub-genus  of  La-  /■ 
certa,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  having 
the  posterior  nasal  shield  single. 

ZO-O-tom'-ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  zootoi>i(i/);  -ical] 
Of  or  ptrtiiiniiig  to  zootomy. 

z6-6t'-6-mist,  .^.  [Zootomy. 1  One  who  dis- 
sects the  bodies  uf  the  lower  animals  ;  a  com- 
parative anatomist. 

z6-6t-6-my,  s.  [Pi-ef.  zoo-,  and  Gr.  toutj 
(tome)  =  a  cutting.] 

Nat.  Science:  The  dissection  of  tlie  lower 
animals. 

"  The  comparative  anatomy  of  Animals  is  sometimes 
called  zootvmi/."—St.  George  Mieart:  The  Cat.  cli.  i„ 
59. 

z6-6x-an'-thin»  s.  [Pref.  .:..o-,  and  Eng. 
xantliia.] 

Chem.  :  A  dark-red  powder,  extracted  from 
the  red  feathers  of  Vclur'ns  anrlcejis,  by  re- 
peated treatment  with  hot  alcohol. 

zoo'  -  zoo,  s.  [Onomatnpuetic.  j  A  wood- 
jiiget-tn.     (I'rov.) 


I 


zoph'-or-iis,  s 
z6-pi-16'-te,  s 


I  Zoo  P  HO  HI' IS.] 

[Sp.]    [Url'bi'.] 


zo-pis'~sa,  s.      ["Lat.,  from  Gr.  c,w7THT(7a  (zo- 

pibs  ().    (See  def.)j 

Pathol. :  A  mixture  of  pitch  and  tar  im- 
pregnated with  salt-water,  sei-aped  from  the 
hulls  of  ships.  It  was  formerly  used  as  an 
external  application,  being  believed  to  be 
resolutive  and  desiccative.     (Simmonds.) 

zorg'-ite,  s.     [After  Zoi-ge,  Hartz,  where  first 
found  ;  sutf.  -ite  (Mia.).] 

Min. :  A  massive  granular  mineral,  occur- 
ring with  many  other  s])ecies  in  the  motal- 
liferoxis  lodes  of  the  Hartz.  Hardness,  2"ri ; 
sp.  gr.  7  to  ~-rj;  lustre,  metallic;  colom-, 
lead-gray,  sometimes  with  a  yellowish  tar- 
nish. Compos.  :  a  selenide  of  lead  aud 
copper. 

z6-ril'-la,  t  zor'-Hle,  s.    [Sp.  2o/-t7;t!  =  the 

whelp  uf  a  fox,  tVoni  z'-rru  =  a  foX.] 

Zool.:  Ictoiiyjc  zoriUa,3.  Viverrine  Mammal, 
possessing  fe- 
tid scent 
glands,  allied 
to  the  Skunks 
and  Badgei's, 
extendnigo\fr 
Africa  and 
into  Asia  'Mi- 
nor. Snuii  t 
elongat  eti. 
body  stout. 
tail  b  u  s  1 1  y  ; 
total  length  ■ 
about  twenty  ;i^<-^ 

i  nches  :    co-  zouilla. 

lour    shining 

black,  marked  with  white  spots  and  bands. 
It  is  often  t-amed,  and  trained  to  catch  rats 
and  mice. 

ZOr'-ni-a»    s.       [Named  after  John   Zorn,  a 
Bavarian  botanical  author  (l73Sl-9'.0.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Hedysarece.  Herbaceous 
plauts  with  jiinnate  leaves,   having  two  or 


late,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  siire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son :  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oe  :=  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


Zoroastrian— Zwinglian 


G35 


four  U'aflt'ts  mill  pjipilinnaci'ims  Howors.  in 
spjUi^s  or  solit;!r\.  Known  sjn-cifs  ;iliout  ten, 
mostly  fiMii'i  Anierit-a.  ZornUi  diphylUi  is 
used  as  liorse  provender  by  the  Foululis. 

Zor-o-as'-tri-an.  a.  &  s.  [See  def.] 
^  A.  -!>•  '"(/.  .•  of  or  pcrtfiinin?  to  Zmonster 
or  Znroasiris.  tin-  classical  name  of  an  ilhis- 
trinns  personage  calleil  in  Persian  Zartiislit, 
Zaratusht,  or  Zavdusht,  and  in  Zend  Zara- 
tluistra,  founder  or  reformer  (>f  the  Parsee 
reli^'ioii.  He  is  generally  said  to  have  been 
born  in  /JSO,  at  Urmia,  a  town  of  Azerbijan, 
and  die<l  B.C.  oSO.  Bnt  other  dales  liave  Vieen 
flssijined,  and  theiv  may  have  been  more  than 
one  Zoroaster.     [Zoroastuianism.] 

B.  •■I'J  .<iihst. :  A  follower  of  Zoroaster,  a 
prolVssor  of  Zornastrianisni  (q.v.). 

zor-o-as'-tri-an-i^m,  5.    [Eng.  zoroastrian; 
-ism.] 

Comixtr.  Ucliff. :  The  religious  system  said  to 
have  lieen  taught  by  Zoroast^'r,  by  which  term 
Pr.  Han^  understands  a  scries'  of  religious 
teachers  rather  tlian  a  sin;:k'  person  bearing 
the  name.  The  old  Persians  and  the  Brahmans 
continued  one  people  after  they  had  separatt-d 
from  the  primitive  Aryan  stock,  their  faith 
being  Nature-worship.  For  the  subsequent 
religious  schism  between  them  see  Brahman- 
ism.  The  (irst  Zoroaster,  if  there  was  more 
<^lian  otie,  is  believed  by  Dr.  Haug  to  have 
li;-cd  as  .-arly  as  Moses,  or,  at  least,  not  later 
than  ^^nl.iiiioii.  He  was  the  reformer  rather 
than  the  ori';;inator  of  the  faith  called  after  his 
name.  Tlie  Zoroastrian  sacred  book  is  the 
Zend  Avesta  (q.v.).  Tlie  creed  founded  on  it 
was  professed  by  the  old  Persians,  as  it  is  by 
their  successors  the  modern  Parsees,  some- 
times called  Fire- worshippers.  It  teaches  that 
there  has  always  existed  a  certain  entity, 
whose  name,  Zaruana  Akarana,  has  been  trans- 
lated "  Time  without  bounds."  This  entity  is 
represented  as  having  simultaneously  brought 
into  existence  two  exceedingly  powerful  beings: 
one,  Hormuzd,  the  creator  and  patron  of  all 
good ;  the  other.  Ahriman,  the  author  and 
supporter  of  all  evil.  Hormuzd  created  light, 
and  Ahriman  darkness.  The  two  beings  are 
in  perpetual  conflict ;  and  each  has  under  him 
a  hierarchy  of  angels.  This  systeni  is  de- 
nounced in  Isaiah  xlv.  5-7.  With  it  another 
creed— that  of  tire-worship— possibly  derived 
through  the  Magi  from  the  Turanians,  became 
conuningled  :  there  is  allusion  to  it  in  Ezekiel 
viii.  10-iS.  Both  beliefs  go  to  constitute  the 
modern  Parsee  faith.  Professor  Haug  believes 
that  the  teaching  of  the  primitive  Zoroaster 
was  misunderstood,  and  that  it  was  mtich 
jiurer  tlian  the  system  of  doctrine  which  has 
long  passed  current  in  his  name.  [Fire-wor- 
shipper, GuEBRE,  Parsee.] 

ZOS'-ma,  s.     [Corrupt.  Arabic] 

Astron. :  A  fixed  star  of  magnitude  2^. 
Called  also  S  Leonis. 

ZOS'-ter,  s.     [Lat.  =  shingles,  from  Gr.  ^"woTJJp 
{zo$tir)-=a.  girdle.] 
Pathol. :  [Shingles]. 

zos'-ter-a,  5.  [Gr.  ^uiT-rnp  {wstcr)  =  a  girdle.] 
1.  Bot.:  Grass-wrack  ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Zosteracefe  (q.v.),  which  is  sometimes  re- 
duced to  a  tribe  of  Naiadaceae.  The  species 
are  grass-like  marine  plants,  with  matted 
creeping  rootstocks,  long,  linear,  distjchous 
sheathing  leaves,  a  foliaceous  spathe,^and  a 
linear,  membranous  spadix,  with  inconspicu- 
ous green  flowers  inserted  in  two  rows 
on  one  of  its 
sides.  An- 
thers ovate, 
sessile,  alter- 
nating with 
the  ovate  ger- 
mens ;  style 
one ;  stigmas 
two,  elon- 
gated, linear; 
fruit  with 
one  seed. 
Known  spe- 
ciestwo,both 
British.  They 
are  Zostcra 
marina,  the 
BroaiMcaved, 
anrl  Z.  »((/((!, 
the  Dwarf  Grass- wi-ack.  The  fonner  has  leaves 
one  ti>  three  feet  long  and  a  niany-flow'ered 
spadix,  the   latter  has  the  leaves  .six  inches 


ZOSTERA    MARINA. 
1.  Spadix.    2.  Pistil.    3.  Anther. 


long  and  a  few-tlowered  spadix.  They  occur 
ill  muddy  and  sandy  estuaries  near  low-waler 
mark,  the  secnntl  being  the  rarer  species.  Z. 
imnina  is  used  largely  on  the  Continent  for 
packing  small  fancy  articles  for  exportation, 
anil  for  stntling  cushions. 

2.  I'uhrohi.t.  :  One  species  is  found  in  the 
r.iitish  Plcistucene, 

z6s-ter-a-9e-8e,  .?.  j^l.  [Lat.  zosttiia);  Lat. 
tVm.  pi.  ail,j.  snir.  -aoca'.] 

Ik't. :  Sea-wracks;  au  order  of  Endogens. 
alliance  Hydrales.  Marine  plants  living 
among  seaweeds,  and  resembling  them  in  ap- 
pearance. Leaves  thin,  grassy,  sheathing  at 
the  base  ;  flowers  very  minute,  naked,  or  snr- 
rountled  l»y  three  scales  situated  within  her- 
baceous spathes.  Anthers  detinile  in  number, 
sessile,  one  or  two-celled  ;  stigmas  one  or 
two,  capillary ;  ovary  free,  one-ceUed ;  c)vule 
one ;  fruit  drupaceous,  one-celled,  with  a 
single  pen<lulous  seed.  Found  chiefly  at  the 
bottom  of  the  ocean,  though  occasionally  on 
the  shore,  especially  in  the  Eastern  hemi- 
sphere. Known  genera  "five,  species  twelve. 
ih'unfh  d-  Liudicy.) 

z6s'-ter-ite,  .^\  [Mod.  Lat.  zosiera;  suff.  -itc] 
A  fossil  zostera,  or  some  allied  species  of 
plant. 

ZOS'-ter-opS,  s.  [Gr.  ^wtrrijp  (zastir)  =  a 
girdle,  and  oyli  (ops)  =  the  eye.  Named  from 
a  well-defined  circlet  of  light-coloured  feathers 
round  the  eye.]    [White-eve.] 

Oraith.:  Agenusof  Dicaeida?,  with  sixty-eight 
species,  ranging  over  the  Ethiopian,  (Oriental, 
and  Australian  regions,  as  far  cast  as  the  Fiji 
Islands,  and  north  to  Pfkin  and  Japan.  Bill 
shorter  than  head,  acuminate,  finely  emargin- 
ate  at  tip ;  nostrils  lateral,  linear,  covered  by  a 
membrane;  wings  with  ten  primaries;  tarsi 
lung  ;  tail  moderate,  eveu. 

z6-the'-ca,  5.     [Gr.  ^w^jjkij  (zothcki:).} 

Anc.  Arch.  :  A  small  compartment  or  alcove 
which  might  be  separated  from  an  adjoining 
compartment  by  a  curtain. 

Zouave  (ou  as  w),  Zou'-ave.  s.  [Fr..  from 
ziraira,  the  name  of  a  Kabyle  rtr  Berber  tribe 
in  Algeria.]  A  soldier  belonging  to  the  light 
infantry  corps  of  the  French  army,  which  were 
organised  in  Algeria,  soon  alter  the  conquest 
nf  tiiat  country  in  1830,  and  were  originally 
intended  to  be  composed  exclusively  of  the 
Kabyle  tribe.  This  idea,  however,  was  soon 
abandoned,  and  since  1S40  the  cori)s  has  been 
composed  almost  entirely  of  French  soldiers, 
recruited  from  the  veterans  of  ordinary  line 
regiments,  who  are  distinguished  for  their 
tine  physique  and  tried  courage.  They  still, 
liowever,  retain  the  picturesque  dress  origin- 
ally adopted,  consisting  of  a  loose  dark-blue 
jacket  and  waistcoat,  baggy  Turkish  trousers, 
yellow  leather  leggings,  white  gaiters,  a  sky- 
blue  sash,  and  a  red  fez  with  yellow  tassel. 
The  few  corps  composed  of  Algerines  still  con- 
nected with  the  French  army  are  now  known 
as  Turcos.  The  name  was  also  given  to 
several  regiments  which  served  on  the  side 
of  the  North  in  the  American  Civil  War,  but 
these  were  only  distinguished  from  the  other 
volunteer  regiments  by  their  picturesque 
uniform. 

Zound^,  cxdaih.  [See  def.]  An  exclamation 
contracted  from  "God's  wounds,"  and  nuich 
used  formerly  as  an  oath,  or  as  an  expression 
of  anger  or  wonder. 

zout9h,  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To  stew,  as 
tloiuiders,  whitings,  gudgeons,  eels,  k,c.,  with 
just  enough  Ijquitl  to  cover  them.    (Prov.) 

*  Zaben  el  Genubi,  s.    [Corrupted  Arabic.) 

[ZUBENESCH.] 

Astron. :  A  fixed  star  of  the  tliird  magnitude, 
called  also  a  Librse.     It  is  of  a  pale  yellow 

colour. 

•  zubenely,  s.    [Corrupted  Arabic] 

Asfroii.:  A  fixed  star  of  the  second  magni- 
tude, called  also  ^  Librs.  It  is  of  a  pale 
emeiald  colour. 


zubenesch. 


[ZOEEN    EL    GeNI'BI.] 


zuche(z  as  tz),  ;^.   [Etym- doubtful.)  A  stump 

..r;i  tree. 

ZU-chet'-to,  s.  [Hal.  ^ucchettn  =  a  small 
gourd,  anything  resembling  a  gourd  in  shape, 
from  tuixa  =  a  gourd.] 


Horn.   Cath.   Pihtal:    The  skull-cni>  of  an 

ccclesiaslic  .      -i;,.  th.- tuiisuru.    That  of  a 


PirS    IX.    WEARINl!    ZrCHETTO, 

priest  is  black,  of  a  bishop  or  nionslgnor 
purjitc,  of  a  cardinal  red,  and  of  the  pope 
white. 

ziif'-fo-ld,  zu'-fd~16.  s.    [Ital.  zn/oto,  fn.m 
Ziifohirc  =  tu  hiss  or  uliistle.) 

Music:  A  small  flute  or  flageolet,  especially 
one  used  to  teach  birds. 

Zu'-lu,  5.  [Native  name.l  A  member  of  a 
warlike  branch  of  the  Kaflir  race  inhabiting  a 
territory  in  South  Africa,  situated  on  the 
coast  of  the  Indian  Ocean  immediately  north 
of  the  British  colony  (»f  Natal. 
•]  Also  used  adjectively  :  as,  the  Zulu  war. 

Zum-boo'-ruk,  .«.     [Hind,  zambura}: ;   Mali- 
ratta  jf(m'*f(ra  =  a  swivel.) 

Mil. :  A  small  cannon  supported  by  a  swiv- 
t'lled  rest  on  the  back  of  a  camel,  whence  it 
is  tired. 

ZUm'-lC,  a.     [Gr.  ^UjLiij  (rHiHe)=  leaven.)    Pro- 
duced by  fermentation. 

zuxnic-acid,  .<. 

Chem.  :  A  name  formerly  applied  to  the 
acid  produced  in  the  fermentation  of  amyla- 
ceous substances,  and  now  known  to  be  "im- 
I'urc  lactic  acid. 


zu-mo-log'-ic-al, 


(ZVMOLOGIC] 


ZU-mol-O'giSt,   ^.       [ZVMOLOGIST.] 

zu-mol  -6-gy,  .-.    [Zvmoi.oov.j 
zu-mom-e-ter,  zu-mo-sim-e-ter,  s, 

[ZVMUMETER.] 

zur'-llte,  s.      [iVfter  SigiKU-  Zurlo;  .suff.  -ite 
{Min.).] 

MIn. :  A  variety  of  Jlclilitc  (q.v.),  occurring 
in  square  or  eiglit-siilcd  jirisms  in  the  rab 
careous  blocks  of  Monte  Summa,  Vesuvius. 

zwie -sel-ite,   s-.      [After   Zwiesel,   Bavaria, 
where  found;  sufl".  -itc  (Mitt.).] 
Min.  :   A  clove-brown  variety  of  Triplite 

(q.v.). 

Zwin'-gli-an,  a.  &  .s.     [See  def.) 

A*  ("Ij. :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  introduced 
by  Zwingli.     [B.J 

B.  As  suhstaiitive : 

Chnrch  Hist.  (PL):  The  followers  of  Ulrich 
Zwingli,  or  Zuingli,  the  Swiss  rcfonuer,  espe- 
cially in  his  sacramentarian  doctrine.  Zwingli 
was  born  at  Wildhaus,  in  the  Toggenburg,  in 
January,  1484,  the  year  after  Luther's  birth, 
and  was  ordained  jiriest  in  1506.  In  I61(i,  a 
year  before  the  commencement  of  the  Ger- 
man Reformation  under  Luther,  he  began 
to  preach  doctrines  which  were  essentially 
those  of  Protestantism.  In  1518  he  was  in 
conflict  with  Samson,  a  Franciscan  friar 
and  an  eager  salesman  of  Indulgences.  In 
Januao',  1625,  mainly  througli  his  exertions, 
the  mass  was  abolished  at  Znricli.  •ilher 
cantons  speedily  following  the  cxam)'le. 
Ditferences  of  opinion  regarding  the  Ku- 
charist  having  arisen  in  1024  lielween  the 
German  anil  Swiss  Reformers,  Zwingli  took 
a  prominent  part  in  the  controversy  with 
Luther  in  a  conference  at  Marburg  in  Scji- 
tember,  l.'i2'.l.  On  October  15,  15:11,  he  was 
killed  in  the  battle  of  Cuppel,  fiiught  on  a 
]>olitico-religious  question  betWfcn  the  Protes- 
tant and  the  Roman  Catholic  Swiss  cantons. 


b6il,  bo^:  pout.  j<Jwl;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  chin,  ben^h;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xcnophon.  exist, 
-cian,  -tian  —  shan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tlous,    sious  -  shus.     ble,    die,  .vc 


ing. 
bel,  dcL 


<j3G 


zygadite— zygosis 


Zwiri^li',H  \iews  on  tlie  sacrameut  were  Jifter- 
warU  followed  nr  iiulei>eiiilently  a<h>]tted  liy 
Ciihiti.  The  ilisi'iples  of  the  former  were 
rallfii  Z»iit.,'liaus  and  Sai'i-anieiitaviaiis  ;  they, 
hi'UfVcr,  i>ndVrrt-d  tlic  name  Kvangelicals, 
which  sul)>fquently  displaced  tlie  other  two. 
They  alh.t  ultimately  shared  in  the  name  Pro- 
testants, which  was  origiually  limited  to  the 
German  reformers. 

zfg'-tl-dltG,  s.  [Gr.  ^vydSijv  (rygad€n)='m 
pairs,  jniiilly  ;  sutf.  -ite  (J/ia.).J 

Mill. :  A  variety  of  atbite,  occurring  In 
twinned  plates  in  tlssui-es  of  clay-slate  at 
AndreaslKTjT,  Hartz. 

zy-gflB'-na,  >•.  (Gr.  ^vyatva  (zugaina)  =  a  fish, 
probably  "tlie  hammerdieaded  shark  (<i.v.); 
see  also  def.  2.] 

1.  Entnm. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Zygitnidie  (q.v.).  Antennae  of  the  male  not 
I'l'ctinate'l,  much  thickened  beyond  the 
niidiUe  ;  fore  wings  elongate,  green,  with  red 
streaks  or  spots;  hind  wings  red,  with  dark 
margin  ;  abdomen  thick.  Xewman  calls  this 
Zyg-.ena.  To  avoid  confounding  it  with  Xo.  2, 
Stainton  calls  it  Anthrocoi-a,  but  retains  the 
name  Zyga-nidie  for  the  family.  Four  species 
are  IJriti.sli  :  Zijtjfeua  Minos  is  the  Transparent 
Burnet-moth,  Z.  irifoUa,  or  lotl^  the  Five- 
spotted  Runiet ;  Z.  loniceru'.,  the  Xarrow- 
bordered  Five-spotted  Burnet-moth ;  and  Z. 
filijieH'hilni,  the  Six-spotted  Burnet-moth. 
[Burnet-moth. 1 

2.  kkthy.  <f  Palrvont. :  Hammer-heads,  Ham- 
mer-headed Sharks  ;  a  genus  of  Carchariida?, 
or  of  Zygrenina  (q.v.),  with  five  species, 
widely  distriViuted,  but  most  abundant  in  the 
tropics.     Anterior  part  of  the  head   broad, 


ZYG.fiNA  MALLEUS. 

flattened,  and  produced  into  a  lobe  on  each 
side,  the  extreniitvof  which  is  occupied  by 
the  eye ;  eau<lal  tin  with  a  pit  at  its  root, 
and  a  single  notch  at  its  lower  margin  ;  no 
spiracles  ;  nostrils  on  front  edge  of  the  he.id. 
Zygcaa  innlleus  is  the  commonest  species. 
The  genus  appears  first  in  the  Chalk. 

zy-gae'-ni-dsB,  .?.  pi.      [Mod.    Lat.  zygccn(a) 
(def.  IJ  ;  Lat.  ftni.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -wfre.] 

Entoia. :  A  family  of  Hawk-moths.  Antennae 
with  scales  or  pectinated,  never  ending  in  a 
liook.  wings  scaly,  the  anterior  ones  nai-row, 
the  posterior  rounded.  Caterpillar  destitute 
of  a  horn.  British  species  seven,  including 
the  Burnet  Moths  and  the  Green  Foresters. 
Called  also  Anthroceridie. 

zy-gSB-ni-ua»  s.  pl.t.  [Mod.  Lat.  zyj(en(a) 
['U-r.  1.)  ;  Lat.  neut,  pi.  adj.  suff. -ina.] 

Irhfh'j.:  A  group  of  Carchariida*,  with  the 
single  genus  2ygaina.     [Zyg.ena,  ?.] 

Zyg-an'-trum,  .?.      [Pref.  zygio)-,  and   Lat. 
antrum  —  a  cjtve.] 

Zml. :  A  hollow  in  the  vertebrae  of  serpents, 
by  which  an  additional  articulation  is  pro- 
vided with  the  vertebra  next  behind.  (Gloss, 
to  Huxley's  Clussif.  of  Anim.) 

zyg-a-p6ph'-3?-sis,  s.     [Pref.  ry^-,  and  En^. 
apoi>h>jsis{,i.y.).] 

A'l'il.  :  Either  of  the  two  superior  or  the 
two  inferior  processes  projecting  upwards  and 
downwards  from  a  point  near  the  junction  of 
the  pedicle  and  lamina  in  a  vertebra  (q.v.). 

zyg-ne-ma,  5.      [Pref.  zyg-,  and    Gr.   v^u.a 
(ji.:ffi/»)  =  y:irn.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Zygnemida; 
('I.V.).  Filaments  simple,  with  the  green 
contents  arranged  in  two  globular  or  stellate 
masses  in  each  ceU.  Conjugation  by  trans- 
verse processes  ;  spores  formed  on  one  of  the 
parent  cell^  or  in  the  cross  branch. 


zyg-ne'-mi-dflB.  zyg-ne-ma -9e-aQ,  s.  pi. 

[Mod.  I^t.  z)jij}iem{a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutt". 
■iJif  or  -nceo.'.] 

Hot.  :  A  family  or  tribe  of  the  sub-order 
Confervciv.  Cells  tubular,  united  by  their 
truncated  extremities  into  jointe<l  tlireads, 
which  are  at  first  distinct,  and  then  brought 
into  conjunction  by  the  aid  of  transverse 
tuhelets,  which  discharge  the  c<douring 
matter.  Green-spored  Algie  abounding  in 
fresh-water.  About  six  genera  are  repre- 
sented in  Britain.    (Lindley,  &c.) 

zy^gO-,  ;wt/.  [Gr.  ^vyov  (zugon)=!i  yoke.] 
Yoked,  joined  ;  having  processes  more  or  less 
I'esenibling  a  yoke. 

zy-go-baf -is,  .■-■.  [Pref.  zygo-,  and  Gr.  jSciTt? 
(batijf)=  the  prickly  roach.) 

Palmont. :  A  genus  of  Myliobatidie,  founded 
on  teeth,  very  similar  to  those  of  existing 
species,  from  the  Norwich  Crag  and  the 
Miocene  of  Switzerland.     (Gunther.} 

zy-go-dac'-t^l-a,  s.    [ZYooDACTYL.t:.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  ^Equoridse.  Light  violet- 
coloured  Medusas,  seven  to  eight  inches  in 
diameter,  and  with  long  and  filirous  dark- 
violet  tentacles.  Found  in  the  Atlantic  and 
the  North  Sea. 

zy-go-dac'-tyl-ae»  s.  pi.  [Pref.  zygo-,  and 
Gr.  SaKTuAos  {daktnlos)  =  a  finger,  a  toe.] 

Ornith.  :  A  sub-order  of  Picariie,  with  seven 
families  :  Psittaci  (Parrots),  Cueulidie  (Cuc- 
koos), Indicatorid^  (Houey  Guides),  Muso- 
phagidae  (Plantain-eaters),  Picid:^  (Wood- 
peckers), RhamphastidK  (Toucans),  and  Capi- 
tonidffi  (Barbets),  all  having  two  toes  in  frou* 
and  two  behind.  Equivalent  to  the  Scan- 
sores  (q.v.).  Called  also  Zygodactyle  Picarian 
Birds. 

zy-g6-dac'-tyle»  a.    [Zygodactvl.e.] 

L  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Zygodactyly  (q.v.). 
2.  Having  the  toes  disposed  in  pairs,  two  in 
front  and  two  behind  :  as,  a  zygotla<tyk  foot. 

zygodactyle   picarian  birds,  x.  pi. 

[ZvCiODAi  TVLyt.] 

zy-go-dac-tS^l' ic,    zy-go-dac'-tyl-ous, 

'(.     [Zygodactyly. j    Zygodactyle  (q.v.). 

zy'-gO-don.  s.  [Pref.  zyg-.  and  Gr.  iSov<; 
(odoim),  genit.  iSovra^  {odontos)  =  a  iooth.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Zygudontei.  A 
few  species  occur  in   Britain. 

zy-go-don'-te-i,  5.  pi.  [Moil.  Lat.,  fronj 
zygodo]i(<i.v.).j 

Bot. :  An  order  of  Apocarpous  Mosses,  having 
a  pyriform  striated  capsule,  an  abortive 
single  or  double  peristome,  and  a  dimidiate 
smooth  veil.  Widely  distributed,  but  not 
numerous  in  species. 

zy'-gO-ite,  s.  (Gr.  ^vy6v  (zugon)  =  a  yoke  ; 
Eng.  sutf.  -itf.]  An  organism  resulting  from 
the  process  of  zygosis  (q.v.). 

zy-gd'-ma,  5.  [Gr.  ^vyiofia  (zitgoma)  =  a  bolt 
or  bar,  from  i^vyov  (zugon)  =  a  yoke.] 

1.  AtuU. :  An  arched  and  lengthened  process 
projecting  from  the  external  surface  of  the 
squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone,  to 
which  are  attached  the  fleshy  fibres  of  the 
temporal  muacle.  ft  is  composed  of  a  tubercle, 
and  inferior,  superior,  and  middle  roots.  The 
external  lateral  ligament  of  the  lower  jaw  is 
attached  to  the  tubercle. 

2.  Compar.  Auat.  :  The  arch  is  formed  in 
most  vertebrates  by  the  jugal  or  yoke  bone, 
articulating  with  the  squamosal.  The  former 
corresponds  with  the  cheek-bone  in  man, 

zy-g6-mat'-ic»  or.  [Ztgoma.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  zygoma  (q.v.). 

zygomatic-arch,  s. 

A)i(tt. :  An  arch  formed  by  the  zygomatic 
pi-ocess  of  the  temporal  bone  and  the  "posterior 
part  of  the  malar  bone.  Called  also  the 
Slalar-arch. 

zygomatic -bone,  5. 

An"t.  :  The  cheekbone. 

zygomatic-fossa,  .^. 

J)i<it.  :  The  lower  portion  of  the  .-^pace 
bridged  over  by  the  Zygomatic-arch. 

zygomatic -muscle,  s. 

Anat.   (PI.)  :     Two    narrow    subcutaneous 


buU'lles  of  muscular  fibre,  a  greater  an  I 
smaller  one,  connecting  the  malar-bone  wrii 
the  angle  of  the  mouth. 

zygomatic-process. 

Ani'f.  :  The  zygt)iiKx  (q.v.). 

zygomatic-suture,  s. 

A'Hit.  {!'!.):  Tlie  sutures  uniting  the  pro- 
cess's of  the  tenqioral  and  cheek  bones. 

t  zy-go-ma-tiir-us,  s.  [Gr.  ^vyuii^a (zugdma), 
genit.  ^vyuifxaroq  (zugo)iiatos),  and  ovpd  (oiiraV 
=  the  tail.] 

Pahvont. :  A  synonym  of  Nototlieriuni  (q.v.). 
zy-g6-phyl-la'-9e-ae,  s.jil.     [Mod.  L;it.  zy- 
'j<->ph>j I !{»,„);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acefc] 

Bot.  :  Beancapers  ;  an  order  of  Hypogvnous 
Exogens,  alliance  Rutales.  Herbs,  .shrubs,  or 
trees,  with  hard  wood,  and  the  branches  often 
articulated ;  leaves  opposite,  unequally  pin- 
nate, rarely  simple,  undotted,  and  with  sti- 
pules ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  twos  or  threes, 
yellow,  white,  blue,  or  red  ;  sepals,  four  or 
five,  with  convolute  sestivation  ;  petals,  four 
or  five,  unguiculate,  at  first  like  small  scales, 
festivation  imbricated;  stamens,  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals,  usually  arising  from  the 
back  of  a  small  seale  ;  style  simple,  generally 
with  four  or  five  furrows ;  stigma  simple,  or 
with  four  or  five  lobes ;  the  ovary,  which  is 
surrounded  at  the  base  with  glands  or  a  short 
wavy  disk,  simple,  with  four  or  five  furrows 
and  four  or  five  cells,  each  with  two  or  more 
ovules  ;  fruit,  capsular,  more  rarely  fleshy, 
with  fewer  seeds  than  there  were  ovule's. 
Found  in  the  hottest  parts  of  both  hemispheres. 
Known  genera  seven ;  species  a  hundred. 
(LimJlaj.) 

zy-gd-phyl'-le-se.  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  zygo- 
2'hyU{i(m):  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -cw.] 

Bo(.:  The  typical  tribe  of  Zygophyllacre, 
having  albuminous  seeds. 

zy-g6ph'-3^1-lum,  s.     [Pref.  zygo-,  and  Gr. 

(^vAAoc  (phullon)  =  a  leaf.] 

Bnt.:  Bean-caper;  the  typical  genus  of  the 
tribe  Zygophyllere.  Trees  or  shrubs,  with 
opposite  leaves,  consisting  of  two  leaflets, 
sometimes  fleshy;  flowers  solitary,  axillary; 
calyx  unequally  five-parted ;  petals  five,  sta- 
mens ten,  each  with  a  scale  at  its  base  ;  cap- 
sule five-angled,  with  five  cells,  each  with  a  ' 
single  seed.  Ab6ut  twenty-seven  species  are 
known.  They  are  natives  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  the  Cape  de  Verde  Lslands,  and  the 
Levant.  The  dowers  of  Zygophyllu'ii  Fabago, 
a  prostrate,  greatly  branched  herb,  are  used  as 
a  substitute  for  capers.  The  seeds  of  Z.sim^J^e-c, 
an  evil-smelling  Indian  jdant,  are  eaten  by 
the  wiM  tribes  of  Sind  and  t!ie  Punjaub  ;  the 
Arabs  beat  the  leaves  in  water,  and  apply  the 
infusion  in  diseased  eyes. 

zy-go-sau'-riis,    s.      [Pref.  zygo~,    and    Gr. 
j-avpa  (saiira)  =  a  lizard.] 

Pul'i^nnt. :  A  genus  of  Labyrinthodontia. 
Skull  iriegular,  with  concave  sides,  an  obtuse 
snout,  and  a  concave  occipital  border ;  it  is 
lofty  in  the  occipital  region,  while  falling 
gradually  in  front  and  rapidly  on  the  sidesi! 
Orbits  slightly  posterior,  large,  irregular. 
Premaxillary  teeth  two  or  more  on  each  side, 
laiger  than  the  maxillary  teeth,  which  are 
sixteen  or  eighteen  on  each  side  ;  all  are  coni- 
cal, strong,  and  nearly  straight,  with  about 
twenty  grooves  at  the  base.  Known  species 
one,  Zygnsaurtis  lucivs,  from  the  Zechstein 
(Middle  Pcnnian),  of  the  Government  of  Perm 
in  Russia.     (Bvit.  Assoc.  Itejh  (1S74),  pp.  lOA, 

zy-go-sel'-mi-dae,  s.  jd.     [Mod.  Lat,  zygo- 
selm(is) ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sufl".  -ifUE.] 

Zq<1.  :  A  family  of  Infusoria,  or  Flagellata- 
Eustomata,  with  six  genera,  mostly  from 
fresh-water.  Animalcules  solitary,  free- 
swimming,  or  repent;  flagdla  two,  vibratile. 
similar;  endoplasm  sometimes  green;  oral 
aperture  distinct,  terminal ;  pigment-spots  fre- 
quently present. 

zy-go-sel'-mis,  s.  [Pref.  zygO',  and  Gr 
o-eAH^is  (sdmis)  =  an  angler's  noose  made  of 
hair.] 

ZonK  :  The  typical  genus  of  Zygoselmidje 
(q.\'.).  Animalcules  variable,  fiom  fresh-water; 
two  flagella,  at  the  base  of  which  is  the  oral 
aperture,  with  a  distinct  tubular  pharynx. 
One  or  perhaps  two  species. 

zy-go'-sis,  s.     [Gr.  =  a  yoking,  a  balani-ing. 


I 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  wh6,  son;  miite,  cub,  cure,  qnite,  cur,  rule.  fuU;  try,  Syrian,    a.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Uw. 


zygosphene— zythum 


C37 


from  ^v-yoto  (:u(j«6)  =  to   yoke,   from  i'l'vot' 
(n(poH)  =  a  yoke.] 
//if.  .■  The  same  as  Conjugation  (q.v.). 

zy -go-sphene,  s.    [Pref.  rygo-,  and  Gr.  <r«i»ji' 

lsj'''<"")  =  ;i  WL-iige.] 

Zool. :  A  conical  process  on  the  front  of  the 
vertubi-a-  of  Ophiilia.  which  (Its  into  the  zy- 
srantrum  of  th;tt  next  in  front. 

Zy  -go-spore,   s.     [Pref.  ri/j/o-,  and  Gr.  o-iropa 
(vj^d/d),  a^nopos  (sporos)  =  a  seed.] 

But. :  The  term  applied  by  Huxley  to  the 
product  of  conjugation  of  spores  when  it  is 
impossiVile  to  say  which  represent  the  male 
and  which  tlie  female  element,  there  being  no 
niori'holo^ioal  diftert-nce  between  the  modified 
liyi)h;t  which  enter  into  relation  with  one 
anotlicr. 

zy-go-stig  -ma,   5.      [Pref.  sygo;  and  Eng. 
stiymaiii.v.).} 
BoUiny  : 

1.  Two  stigmas,  the  branches  of  which  ad- 
here to  each  other. 

2.  A  genus  of  Gentianese,  in  which  this 
peculiarity'  occurs.  The  species  are  from 
Brazil. 

zyme,  s.     [Gr.  ^vjun  (-'<wt)  =  leaven.] 
PtitkoL  :  (See  extract). 

"CorrespouUiiiy  with  tbe  adjective  zymotic  is  the 
substantive  zume.  This  is  a  useful  iiaine.  by  which 
we  refer  to  the  poisonous  cause  of  zymotic  diseases. 
Jt  is  simpler  thau  the  word  zyiniue.  originally  pro- 
jM-scJ  by  Dr.  Farr ;  auU  I  what  is  much  more  import- 
ftjit)  to  speak  of  a  zymotic  poisou  as  a  "zytne"  does 
imt  imply  the  acceptance  of  any  jfarticular  theory  of 
disease,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  use  of  the  word 
■germ"  distiiietly  conveys  the  idea  of  some  orv«uised 
structure,  itself  the  cause  of  disease  by  subsequent 
growth  and  multiplic;iliou."— Zir,  nirrsley,  in  Quaint 
Diet,  J/etticiiie,  p.  1806. 

zy -mic,  If.    [ZuMic.j 

f  zy-mine,  s.    [Zvme.] 

rothi-L  :  For  def.  see  extract  under  Zvme. 


zy-mo-,  pre/.  [Zvme.)  Connected  with  or 
producing  fermentation. 

-       J.      «  -* 

zy-mo-gen,  «.    [Pref.  zymo-^  and  Or.  ytwdta 

(gennao)=.  to  engender,  to  i>roduce.J 
Cheni :  (See  extract). 

"To  this  body,  this  mother  of  the  ferment,  which 
L«9  not  at  prv'iwnt  Wen  aHtlsfiioturlly  lii'ilat<.'d.  thr 
unine  of  zu'iivjrn  h)ut  bicn  applied,  llut  it  !■  better 
to  reserve  the  term  zi/vitKjen  lut  n  yeiienc  naiiie  f"r  all 
such  bodies  aa  not  being  themselveB  actual  fermeiit«, 
may.  by  internal  changeA,  give  rlHe  to  ferments— for  lUl 
'mothers  of  ferment,  in  tiuiV—J-'oiter:  /'Ayrfctf.  led. 

4th).  p.  an. 

zy -mo-log -ic,  zy-mo-log'-ic-al, '».  [Eng. 
zjimohiij^ij) ;  -ic,  -kaL]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
zy  mo  logy. 

zy-mdl'-6-gi8t,  s.  [Eng.  s}nnolog(>i) :  -i^f-] 
One  skilled  iuzymology,  or  the  fermentation 
of  liquors. 

zy-xnol-O-g^,  ^'!.  [Pref.  zirnw,  and  Gr.  Aoyos 
(/o;/o..)  =  a  word,  a  disiwiurse.]  A  treatise  on 
the  fermentation  of  liquors,  or  the  doctrine  of 
fenneiitation. 

zy'-mome,  s.  [Gr.  ^vjuu/ia  {zumoma)—a.  fer- 
mented mixture.] 

Chem. :  An  old  name  for  that  portion  of 
gluten  which  is  insoUiMc  in  alchol. 

zy-mom'-e-ter,    zy-mo-sim'-e-ter,    $. 

fPref.    symo;  or  Eng.   zyrtiosiis),  and    meter 
(q.v.).J 

Chem.  rC  Brewing:  An  instrument  for  de- 
tecting the  condition  and  process  of  ferment- 
ing wort  or  mash. 

zy-  mo  -  scope,  s.  [Pref.  zymo-,  and  Gr. 
a-Ko-rreu}  {.^kopa',)  =  to  see,  to  observe.] 

Chem. :  An  instrument  contrived  by  Zen- 
nc(.-k  for  testing  the  fermenting  power  of 
yeast,  by  bringing  it  in  cmitact  with  sugar- 
water,  and  observing  the  quantity  of  carbonic 
anliydride  evolved.    (H'(i»s.) 

zy-md-sim'-e-ter,  s.    [Zymometer.] 


zy-mo -sis,  s.     [Or.  ^u/iwo-tt  (rnnu5*is)  =  fer- 

nii-ntatjnn.] 

I'aih'-I. :  A  process  nnalogctus  to  that  of  the 
Tondu  in  fermentation,  by  which  n  malari<ms 
or  similar  poison  is  introduced  int'tthehysteni. 
[ZvMK.]  The  Word  is  ocCJisioiially  uneil  lU 
the  seiiue  of  Zymotic  Dieieasc  (q.v.). 

The  neeeiulty   for  employing    the  word  tytnocl* 
')  iM-  felt  lut  yet ;  but  the  ume  r«A»ui» 


doen  not  Heel 

which  lead 

al»o  L;uUle    u>  to  uae   tyi 

URuai  ■■      - 

Meitici'nf.  p,  180«, 


ip«Ak  of  the  Rgeiit  M  a  syme  (hould 

fuUle   u>  to  uae  tynio'jf  in  the  place   of   mor« 
IHTlphrnBeiH."— //r.    i/onttp.   Id    IJuain*    Did. 


zy-mot'-lC,  ('.  [Gr.  ^vfiuTiKof  (sum5tl1;os)  = 
causing  to  ferment.!  Producing  feruieuta- 
tion  or  11  pniceRs  akin  to  it. 

zymotic  diseases,  s.  pi 

I'atho!.  :  Discuses  Communicable  by  con- 
tagi<'n  of  a  fermentable  virus.  The  chief  are 
meash'S,  scarlet -fever,  small-pox,  continued 
fever,  diphtheria,  hooping-cough,  croup,  and 

ei-ysijirlas. 

zy-mot'-ic-al-l^,  ddr.  [Eng.  :ymotic;  -at, 
-ly.\  In  a  zymotic  manner  ;  according  to  the 
manner  or  nature  of  zymotic  disease. 

zym'-ur-g^,  .•*.     [Pref.  rym(o);  and  Gr.  tpyov 

{ergon)  =  work.] 

r/w»(. :  TImt  department  of  technological 
chemistry  whicli  treat-s  of  the  scientific  prin- 
ciples of  wine-iuaking,  brewing,  distilling,  and 
the  ]»reparation  of  yeast  and  vinegar,  pro- 
cesses in  which  fermentation  plays  the  prin- 
cipal j>art.     (ll'utts.) 

•  zy-tliep'-sar-j^,  .f.  [Gr.  <vdt>«  (ziithog)=  a 
kind  of  beer,  and  i'l^o*  (hcpsn)  =  to  boil.]  A 
brewery  or  brcwhouse. 

zy-thum. .?.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  ^vOo^  (:iithai)  = 
a  kind  of  beer  used  by  the  Egyotians  (Inoscor., 
ii.  lU'.t ;  cf.  Ileroii.,  ii.  77  ;  applied  also  to  tlie 
beer  of  the  northern  nations  (/>io(/.,  i.  134).] 
A  kind  of  ancient  malt  beverage;  a  liquor 
made  from  mnlt  and  wheat. 


boU,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat.  9ell,  choms,  9hin.  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a^ ;  expect*  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  fc 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,    die.  ^c.  =  bel.  deL 


APPENDIX. 

PAGE 

English  Lexicography       ..,,<.....,  639 

List  of  Dictionaries  .        .        .       „        ,       o       .        .        .        .       ,  643 

Phrases  and  Quotations  from  Classical  and  Modern  Languages     ,  651 

Scriptural,  Classical,  and  other  Ancient  Names  : 

Rules  for  Pronunciation S61 

Scripture  Names 663 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names         .       o       .        .       .  667 

Abbeeviations  and  Contractions    '.,       =       ,....  682 

List  of  Authors  Quoted ,        .  687 


ENGLISH    LEXICOGRAPHY. 

The  first  English-Latin  Dictionary  was  the  Froui/tforiiim  Parridoruin  sive  Clericonim, 
coni[iilc(l  liy  Geoffrey,  a  Norfolk  grammarian.  It  exists  in  several  manuscripts,  dating  from 
about  the  year  1440.  It  was  printed  by  P_)nison  in  14!)!),  liy  Julian  Notary  in  150.S,  and  by 
Wynkyn  de  Worde  in  1510, 1512, 151G,  and  1528.  In  1S43  the  first  part  was  reprinted  by  the 
Camden  Society,  under  the  editorship  of  the  late  Mr.  Albert  Way,  a  scholar  peculiarly  fitted 
fbr  the  task.  The  work,  extending  to  563  pages,  was  not  completed  till  ISfio.  In  it  refer- 
ences are  made  to  several  existing  glossaries,  some  of  which  have  been  identified,  notaldy 
the  Dicfionarins  of  John  De  Garlandia.*  The  earliest  Latm-English  Dictionary  known  is 
that  entitled  Medulla  Grainmatice  (or  Grammatices),  Avhich,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Waj-, 
was  probably  compiled  by  the  author  of  the  P romptorimn.  The  earliest  ^IS.  known  ot 
this  work  dates  about  1460,  but  there  are  several  later  copies.+  The  Orfus  Vocahulonon, 
liased  in  a  great  measure  on  the  Medidla,  was  the  first  Latin-English  Dictionary  printed 
in  this  countiy,  the  first  edition  being  from  the  j^ress  of  Wynkj-n  de  Worde  in  1500, 
and  other  editions  appearmg  in  1508,  1509,  1511,  1514,  1516,  1518,  1528,  1532,  1533,  and 
1539.  *^  These  numerous  editions  testify  to  the  popularity  of  the  work.  After  the 
Prompturiam  Parruloriim,  the  next  English-Latin  Dictionar}'  is  the  Cufhollcon  Avglicum, 
a  work  specially  valuable  as  being  the  first  dated  dictionar}'.  From  the  colophon  we  learn 
that  it  was  compiled,  or  rather  completed,  in  1483.  It  exists  onl^-  in  two  MSS. :  the 
earlier  (add.  MS.  15562),  assigned  by  the  authorities  of  the  British  Museum  to  about  1475, 
wdiieh  is  imperfect,  and  the  later,  dated,  as  said  above,  1483,  which  is  perfect.  From  this 
later  copy  the  MS.  was  edited,  with  notes  and  annotations,  for  the  Camden  and  Earl}' 
English  Text  Societies  in  1881,  some  four  hundred  years  after  its  compilation. 

The  next  most  noticeable  Dictionary  is  Palsgrave's  Lesclaircisi^evient  de  la  Langue 
Francoyse,  printed  in  1530,  a  work  of  incalculable  value,  written  in  English-French,  and 
reprinted  m  1852. 

The  Vidgaria  of  William  Herman,  Head-Master  and  Yice-Provost  of  Eton  (died  1535), 
was  printed  for  the  first  time  by  Pynson  in  1519, §  in  small  quarto,  and  rej^rinted  for  the 
first  and  last  time  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  in  1530.11  It  is  a  valuable  and  interesting 
work,  full  of  quaint  sentences  and  phrases  in  English-Latin. 

Wyllyam  Salesbury's  Bictionarie  in  Englysche  and   Welshe  appeared  in  1547 

The  Ahecedarinm  Anglico-Latinum  pro  Tyruncidis  of  Kichard  Huloet  ajjpeared  in 
1552,  and  a  new  edition,  greatly  enlarged,  with  the  addition  of  the  French  and  many 
phrases,  chiefly  from  Thierry's  French  and.  Latin  Dictionary,  was  published  by  John 
Higgins,  and  printed  by  Thomas  Marsh  in  1572.  It  is  dedicated  to  Sir  George  Peckam. 
Huloet  was  the  first  to  adopt  the  true  method  of  forming  a  trustworthy  Dictionary.     He 

*  Reprinted  by  Mr.  T.  Wright,  in  his  Volume  of  Vocabularies,  p.  12(i.  from  Cotton  MS.  Titus  D.  x.x.,  date, 
close  of  thirteenth  century. 

t  See  Way's  Introduction  to  Promjriorium  Parvulonim,  pp.  l.-lii.  \  See  Way's  Introduction,  p.  xxi. 

§  Pynson's  contract  with  Horman  to  print  his  Vulgaria  was  printed  by  Mr.  F.  J.  FurnivaU.  for  the  Philological 
Society,  in  ISd". 

II  See  Ames:  Ti/porjrajihical  Antiquities  (ed.  T.  F.  Dibdiu),  ii.  2Sti. 


English  Lexicography. 


writes :   "  Ft>r  the  better  attayning  of  the  knowledge  of  words  I  went  not  to  the  coinrnon 
Dictionaries  only,  but  also  to  the  authors  themselves  .  .  .  and  finally,  I  wrote  not  in  the' 
whole  bookc  one  qupe  without  perusing  and  conference  of  many  authors." 

.  Next  in  order  comes  J.  Withal's  Shorte  Dictionarie  in  Latin  and  English  verie 
frofitahle  for  yong  Beginners,  a  title  changed  in  later  editions  to  A  Diciionary  in  English 
and  Latine:  Devised  for  the  capacitie  of  Children  and  yoimg  Beginners.  It  is  rather  a 
vocabulary  than  a  dictionary.  The  first  edition,  undated,  has  as  its  colophon :  "  Imprinted  by 
the  lute  house  of  ^^■ilIiam  Caxton "  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde.  This  work  was  very  popular, 
and  was  reprinted  in  1554,  1559,  1567,  1572,  1594,  1599,  and  1634.  The  running  title  is  A 
little  Dictionarie  fur  Children.  In  the  edition  of  1G34  is  mentioned  "A  greene  or  grassy 
banke,  that  they  call  by  London,  Primi-ose  hill." 

In  1570  appeared  the  English-Latin  Dictionary  of  Peter  Levins  (or  Levens),  known  as 
Manipidus  Vocabidoritm,  A  Dictionarie  of  English  and  Latin  ivordes  set  fort] le  in  suclie 
order  as  none  heretofore  hath  hen  .  .  .  necessary  not  onely  for  Schollers  that  ovant  variety 
of  Word.%  but  alio  for  such  as  use  to  write  in  English  meetre.*  This  work  is  noticeable 
as  being  the  first  riming  Dictionary. 

In  1573  John  Baret  published  his  Alvearie,  written  in  English,  Latin,  French,  and 
Greek,  the  last  being  at  times  omitted  for  the  simple  reason  given  by  Baret  himself:  "As 
for  Greeke,  I  coulde  not  iopie  it  with  every  Latin  word,  for  lacke  of  fit  Greeke  letters, 
the  printer  not  having  leasure  to  provide  the  same." 

John  Florio,  teacher  of  French  and  Italian  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  tutor  to  Prince 
Henry,  son  of  James  I,  published  in  1598  his  Italian-English  Dictionary,  to  which  an 
English-Italian  part  Avas  added  by  Giovanni  Torriano,  a  fello w- teacher ;  and  in  IGll  Handle 
Cotgrave  printed  his  English  and  French  Dictionary,  or  Bundle  of  Words,  as  he  terms  it 
in  his  preface.  It  is  a  most  valuable  work  to  the  students  of  obsolete  language.  In  1632 
it  received  the  desirable  addition  of  an  English-French  Dictionary  by  Robert  Sherwood  A 
French  grammar  is  appended. 

John  BuUokar's  diminutive  Dictionary  of  "hard"  words  appeared  in  1616,  and  is 
noticeable  as  being  the  first  Dictionary  in  which  the  English  words  are  explained  by  English. 
It  was  followed  in  1617  (in  its  full  form,  the  first  edition  having  appeared  in  1599)  by  John 
Minsheu's  folio,  the  title  of  which  is  in  Latin  and  English,  the  latter  reading.  The  Guide 
into  the  Tongues,  and  which  professes  to  give  the  "agreement  and  consent  one  with  another, 
as  also  their  Etymologies,  that  is,  the  Reasons  and  Derivations  of  all  or  the  most  part  of 
words  in  these  nme  Languages,  viz. : 

1.  Euglish,  4.  French.  7.  Latine, 

2.  Low  Dutch,  5.  Italian,  8.  Greeke, 

3.  High  Dutch,  6.  Spanish,  f).  Hebrew,  &e." 

Jn  the  original  edition  the  Spanish  is  placed  first,  in  later  editions  the  English. 

V  Henry  Cockeram  published  his  Dictionary  in  1623.  It  is  a  small  volume,  by  which 
he  hoped  to  teach  "  Ladies  and  Gentlewomen,  young  schollers,  clarkes,  merchants, 
as  also  strangers  of  any  nation;"  who  were  desirous  of  "  a  refined  and  elegant  speech "  to 
take  his  work  as  an  "  Alphabetical!  and  English  Expositor "  of  "  vulgar  words,"  "  mocke 
words,"  "  fustian  termes  .  .  .  ridiculously  used  in  our  language,"  so  that  by  looking  into  his 
Expositor   they  might   "  receive  the   exact  and  ample  word   to   expresse "  their  meaning. 

*  Reprinted  for  the  Early  English  Text  .Society  in  1867,  under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  Henry  B.  Wheatley. 


English  Lexicograpny.  U4i 


Accordingly,  he  tells  us  that  rude  is  vulgar,  and  agresticall  the  proper  word  to  be  used  for 
it,  or  rudirnU.  immorigerous,  rv,rall;  also,  that  to  weede  is  vulgar,  and  the  choice  word 
to  Miralafc,  Jo  diriinciaate,  to  averuncate. 

In  1G56  Thomas  Blount  published  his  little  octavo  Dictiontuy  entitled  Glonsograplua, 
written,  as  he  says,  "  for  all  such  as  desire  to  understand  what  they  read,"  and  so  save  them 
from  bcuig,  as  he  was,  "  ol'ten  gravell'd  "  by  hard  words.  Two  years  later  Edward  Phillips, 
nephew  of  Milton,  published  his  folio  New  World  uf  Wovdn,  or,  a  General  Engl  ink 
Dictionary  .  .  .  A  Wo7'k  verg  necessary  for  Strwiigei's,  as  tvell  as  our  o^vn  Countrymen, 
or  for  <dl  persons  that  ivould  rightly  understand  ivhat  they  discourse,  xvrite,  or  read. 
This  work  is  little  else  than  a  copy  of  Blount's  Glosnographia,  blunders  and  all,  with  many 
blunders  added,  and  is  therefore  of  little  use  to  the  student.  A  third  edition  of  it  was 
published  in  1G71,  and  a  fourth  in  1G7S.  Kersey  added  some  20,000  words  to  it  in  1706. 
The  blunders  in  it  were  mercilessly  shown  up  by  Blount  in  bis  Wurld  of  Erro'rs  dii^covered 
in  the  New   World  of  Words,  cCc,  1673. 

An  anonymous  Dictionary,  entitled  Glossograpltia  Anglicana  N^ovu,  appeared  in  1707. 
The  bulky  folio  of  Dr.  Stephen  Skinner  was  published  hi  1671,  containing  elaborate 
explanations  of  English  words  in  Latin.  It  is  especially  noticeable  for  the  numlier  of 
fictitious  Anglo-Saxon  words  which  he  invented  to  stand  as  etymologies  for  English  words. 
It,  in  company  with  the  Eiynwlogicon  Anglicanwm  of  Junius,  was  used  by  Dr.  Johnson  for 
his  etymologies. 

Nathan  Bailey's  Universal  Etymological  English  Dictionary  first  ajjpeared  in  1721. 
His  work,  originally  in  octavo,  with  woodcuts,  was  reprinted  time  after  time,  both  in 
octavo  and  folio,  with  and  without  woodcuts.  It  contained  words  current  as  well  as 
obsolete,  easy  as  well  as  hard,  scientific  and  dialectic.  A  folio  copy,  mterleaved,  was  the 
foundation  of  Dr.  Johnson's  famous  Dictionary.  Bailey's  etymologies  are  mostly  taken 
from  Minsheu  and  Spelman.  To  jeopard  he  derives  from  the  French  jai  perdu  =  I  have 
lost  all.  A  guest  he  defines  as  "  a  person  invited  to,  or  received  at  a  feast ;  a  stranger 
who  lodges  with  one  the  second  night"  The  work  is  interspersed  with  proverbs,  as:  "As 
sure  us  God's  in  Gloucestershire.  This  proverb  is  said  to  have  its  rise,  on  account 
that  there  are  more  rich  and  mitred  abbeys  in  that,  than  in  anv  two  shires  in  England 
besides ;  but  some,  from  William  of  Mahneshury,  refer  it  to  the  fruitfulness  of  it  in  religion, 
in  that  it  is  said  to  have  returned  the  seed  of  the  Gospel  with  the  increase  of  an  hundredfold." 
Bailey's  work  remained  the  standard  for  thirty  years. 

Passing  over  Kersey,  Dyche,  Defoe,  Sparrow,  Pardon,  and  ilartin,  we  come  to  the 
well-known  name  of  John  Wesley,  whose  Complete  English  Dictionary  was  ])ublished 
first  in  1753,  and  again  in  1764  and  1765.  In  his  preface  "to  the  Reader"  he  writes: 
'■  Many  are  the  mistakes  m  all  the  other  English  dictionaries  which  I  have  seen.  M'hereas 
I  can  truly  say,  I  yet  know  of  none  in  this ;  and  I  conceive  the  reader  will  believe  me, 
for  if  I  had,  I  should  not  have  left  it  there.  U.sc  tlien  this  help,  till  you  rind  a  better." 
Some  of  his  definitions  are  not  very  clear  or  .simple :  as,  for  instance,  "  An  (djscesx,  an 
imposthume;"  -'An  ortolan,  a  very  dear  bird."  Others  are  interesting:  as,  "The  Elect, 
all  that  truly  believe  in  Christ;"  "A  Puritan,  an  old  strict  Church  of  England  man;" 
"  Quietists,  who  place  all  religion  in  waiting  ijuietly  on  God ; "  "A  Methodist,  one  that 
lives  according  to  the  Method  of  the  Bible." 

Next  comes  the  great  folio  Dictionaiy  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  which  is  too  well-kn^)wn 
to  require  much  comment  here.  It  appeared  first  in  1755,  and  was  a  laborious  undertaking. 
Johnson's  task  was  far  more  difficult  than  that  of  any  of  his  numerous  successors.     The 


English  Lexicograpliy. 


vocabularies  ready  to  his  hand  were  so  meagre,  that  he  had  to  raise  his  stupendous  pile 
ahriost  from  the  foundation.  His  great  work  has  formed  the  foundation  and  starting- 
pi  liiit  of  all  his  successors,. whose  task  has  to  a  great  extent  been  to  modif}'  and  add  to 
liis  central  pile  to  suit  modern  conditions.  The  folios  are  exceedingly  A'aluable  for  their 
wealth  of  (piotations.     An  American  reviewer  says : 

"It  lias  been  often  saiil.  and  truly  enough,  tliat  the  merits  of  Johnson's  dictionary  have  been  overrated. 
The  nunits  of  that  which  is  best  in  its  department  will  always  be  iiopularly  overrated ;  and  Johnson's  dictionary 
certainly  does  not  possess  the  uniform  excellence  which  has  sometimes  been  ascribed  to  it.  But  that 
work  was  not  only  for  a  long  period  relatively  the  best  of  its  kind,  it  was,  ab.solutely.  a  jiroduction  of  wonderful 
ability,  and  there  are.  in  tlie  whole  range  of  modern  literature,  few  achievements  of  a  single  intellect  which 
exliibit  such  conclusive  evidence  of  great  learning,  great  genius,  sound  judgment  and  conscientious 
industry.  .  .  .  When  we  consider  the  state  and  tendencies  of  the  language  in  liis  time,  the  little  sound  learning 
that  then  existed  respecting  the  true  character  and  early  history  of  the  English  tongue,  and  the  other 
unfavorable  circumstances  under  which  his  task  was  performed,  it  seems  truly  surprising  that  he  should  have 
accomplisheil  so  much;  and  we  may  say  that  though  the  merits  of  the  dictionary  may  liave  been  overrated, 
those  of  th.i'  lexicographer  hardly  can  be." 

Johnson's  successors,  copiers,  and  editors  are  almost  innumerable.  Of  the  first  it  is 
only  necessary  to  refer  to  Dr.  Ash,  who,  in  1775,  jiublished  his  New  and  Complete  Dictionary 
of  the  Emjihsh  Language,  and  who  is  kno\vn  principally  for  his  feats  in  blundering.  The 
best,  perhaps,  of  his  blunders  occurs  under  the  word  curmudgeon,  an  etymolog}-  of  which, 
from  French  casur  mevhant,  having  been  anonymously  sent  to  Dr.  Johnson,  he  inserted  it 
in  his  Dictionary  as  "  from  Fr.  ca'ur  mechant — unknown  corresjjondent,"  the  latter  being 
of  course  his  aiithority;  but  which  Ash,  to  show  that  he  had  independent  sources  of 
knowledge,  ipioted  as  from  French  ccewr,  unknown,  and  mechant,  a  con-espondent.  Detinet 
he  defines  as  "  a  law  term :  He  that  detains  a  writ  against  a  person." 

Of  Johnson's  editors  and  copiers,  Richardson,  Todd,*  Webster,  Worcester,  &c.,  it  is 
unnecessary  to  speak  here.  In  one  form  or  another  they  are  well  laiown  to  all  students,  and 
their  good  and  bad  features  have  too  often  been  discussed  to  allow  (if  anjthing  new  being- 
said  about  them.  Neither  is  it  necessary  to  write  anjlhing  of  the  numerous  Dictionaries,  of 
all  forms,  shapes,  sizes,  and  qualities,  published  during  the  last  quarter  or  half  centuiy. 
They  can  speak  for  themselves.  But  mention  must  be  made  of  Professor  Skeat's  Etymo- 
logical Dictionary  of  the  English.  Language, ^  the  value  of  which  cannot  be  over-estimated, 
and  of  which  extensive  use  has  been  made  in  the  preparation  of  the  Encyclopedic 
Dictionary.     The  author 

"  Instead  of  considering  English  as  an  isolated  language,  as  is  sometimes  actually  done,  [has]  endeavoured,  in 
every  case,  to  exhibit  its  relation  to  cognate  tongues ;  and  as,  by  this  process,  considerable  light  is  thrown  upon 
English  by  Latin  and  Greek,  so  also,  at  the  same  time,  considerable  light  is  thrown  upon  Latin  and  Greek  by 
Anglo-Saxon  and  Icelandic.  ...  It  is  only  by  thus  comparing  all  the  Aryan  languages  together,  and  by 
consid(!ring  them  as  one  liarmonious  whole,  that  we  can  get  a  clear  conception  of  the  original  forms :  a  concep- 
tion whicli  must  precede  all  theory  as  to  how  those  forms  came  to  be  invented." 

Bj/  the  adoption  of  a  sj-stem  of  simple  symbols  the  student  is  enabled  with  the 
greatest  ease  to  follow  the  steps  in  the  historj^  of  each  word.  The  references  are  in  every 
case  full  and  exact,  the  author  having  verified  them  himself  and  not  having  trusted  to 
those  given  in  existing  Dictionaries. 

*  Ricliarilson's  Dictionary  is  especially  valuable  as  a  storehouse  of  quotations,  and  the  more  so  in  that  he  generally 
arkls  the  exact  rc-ference,  although  these  are  not  always  correct.  Todd's  edition  of  Johnson,  on  the  other  hand,  is 
almost  useless  .-is  regards  quotations.  althou,a;h  those  given  are  as  a  rule  well  chosen,  in  that  he  cites  the  author  only, 
as  Addison,  Dryden,  Bacon,  &;c..  without  the  slightest  hint  as  to  where  the  quotation  has  been  taken  from. 

t  Clarendon  Press,  Oxford,  Parts  i.-iv.,  1879-1881.     The  extract  is  from  the  Preface,  p.  vi. 


List  of  Dictionaries. 

013 

Perhaps   it   avIU   nut  bo   out  of   placr    lieix 

to    refer  to    a  most 

remarkable  book,  entitled 

A  Dlct'umary  of  E) 

(jl'ish  Phrases, ivith  Illustrative  Senteiices,  by  Kwong  Ki  Cbiu,  hite  a  member 

of   the   (_1iiiu'se   Ed 

icational   Jlission   in   the  T'nited    States,  and  compiler  of  an   Eni^dish  and 

Chinese    Dictionary 

*      That    a    Chinese    scholar   shouhl    have    pro(hiced    a   work   on    En,i(lish 

]ihrascs,  colloquiahsms,   and   idioms  (so  jmzxlii 

y;  as  a    rule   to  a  foi 

•eigner)  so  correctly,  fully, 

and  successfully,  is 

X  remarkable  fact,  and  one 

which  makes  thoughtful  people  ]»ondor. 

LIHT    OF    DICTIONARIES. 

PATli,                          NAME. 

TITLE. 

.      DATE.                          NAME. 

title. 

imi.    C.ALFRIDUS  GlUMMATirr-, 

Proinptoriuiu  Parvulorum  sivc  clerico- 

1010.    BtfLLOKAR],  J[OHN]      . 

English    Expositor    of    Hard    Words. 

rnm.  The  tirst  English-Latin  Diction- 

(Later Editions,  1021,  1041, 1050, 1070, 

ary.     (See  p.  0^9.) 

1080,  Hi84,  1710,  and  1726.) 

US:j.  Anon 

Catholicon  Anglicuin.    Eclited  for  Cam- 

1617. MiNsuEi',  John.    .    .    . 

Guide  into  the  Tongues,  Englisli.  Brit- 

den and  E.  E.  Text  Societies  by  S-  J. 

ish    or    Welsh,    Low     Dutch.    Ht«h 

Herrtage,  1SS2. 

Dutch,  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  Por- 

HS3(?). Caxton,  Wii.mam  .     . 

Vocabulary  in    French    and    English. 

tuguese,  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew. 

(Quoted  by  Way  in  iioti-s  to  Pronii>. 

(See  p.  640.) 

toriuni  under  title,  B»h'j'>y  Travellers.) 

1031.  Anchoran,  John   .   '.    . 

The  Gate  of   Tf.ngues  Unlocked   and 

I.'jOO.   Anon 

Ortus  Vocabiilonun.    (See  p.  030.) 

Opened.                                      « 

VoV.K  HoRMAN,  William      .     . 

Vulgaria.    (Sec  p.  030.) 

1032.  Cockeram,  Henr-.      .     . 

An   English   Dietionarie,  or  an   Inter- 

1020. Whitinton,  Robert   ,     . 

Vtilgaria. 

preter  uf  Hard  Words.     (See  p.  640  ) 

1530.  Palsgrave,  John  .     .    . 

L'Esclarcissenient  do  la  Langue  Fran- 

1632.  Sherwood,  Robert    .     . 

Dietionarie,  Englrsh  and  French.    (Ap- 

caise.   (Repiinted,  Paris,  1852.) 

pended  to  2nd  ed.  of  Cotgrave's  I»ie- 

l.llJS.  Elyot,  Sir  Thomas    .     . 

Dictioiiariuui  (Latin-English). 

tionarie.) 

ir,42. 

Bibliotheca  Eliotis  Libnihe.     3id  ed. 

1051.  Willis,  Thom.\s     .    .     . 

Vestibnluin   Lingua-   Lntimc.      A   Die- 
tionarie  for  Chihhen,  consisting  of 

i;'i47.  SALESBtmv,  AVilliam.     . 

Dietionarie,  English  and  Wt-lsh. 

two  piuts:  1.  English  words  of  one 

1352.    HULOET,  RiCHAllD.      ."     . 

Abecedarium  Anglico-Latinuni  pro  Tyr- 

syllable     alphabetically,    with     the 

unculis.    (See  p.  039.) 

Latine  words  aunexeil.    2.  Words  of 

IS52.  Veron,  John      .... 

Dictionarioluiu  Piieioruni. 

more    syllables     derived    fiom    the 
Latine  words  adjulucd. 

ij5;t.  AVithaiaJohn.    .    .    . 

A  Little  Dii-tionavie  for  Cliildien  (Latin 

and  English).    (See  p.  040.) 

1655.  Walker,  William      .     . 

The  Taste  of  English  and  L.atin  Phrase- 

1'.62.   SUTTON",  Hf.nrv       .      .      . 

Brefe  Dyxcyonary. 

(dogy,  or  a  Dictionary  of  English  and 
Latin  Idioms. 

ir>03.  Cooper,  Thomas    .     .     . 

Thesaurus  Linguje  Ronianfe  et  Biitan- 
iiicip   cum   Dictiouari'i  Historico   et 
Poeticii.     (Sir  J.  Elynt'sDieticnariuni 
or  Bibliotheca,  enlarged.) 

1G5G.  Bloint,  Thomas    .    .     . 

Glossographin,  or  Dictionary  interpret- 
ing the  hard  words  now  used  in  our 
refined  English  language.  (See  p.  641.) 

I'.OS.  WiTHALs,  John.     .     .     . 

Shorte  Dietionarie  for  Vouge  Beginners. 
New  ed. 

165S.  Phillips,  Edward     .     . 

The  New  World  of  English  Wonis,  or  a 
General    Dictionary    containing    the 

interpretations  t>f  such   hard  words 

1:^70.  Anon     ....... 

Dictionaire,  French  and  English. 

as  are  derived  from  other  languages. 

Ij70.  Levins    {or    Levens),  ( 
Peter ) 

Manipulus  Vocabuloruin.    (See  i'  040.) 

(Seep.  64K) 

1060.  HowKLL,  James      .    .    . 

Lexicon     Tetraglotton,     an     English- 

1572.  HiGOiNs,  John  .... 

Huloet's    Dietionarie,  new  style,   cor- 

Freneh-Italian-Spanish Dictionary. 

rected,  amended,  set  in  order,  and 

IG62.  Wase,  Christopher  .    . 

Dietionarium    Minus,  a    Compendious 

enlurgeil. 

Dietionnrv,  English-Latin  and  Latin- 

1572.  Evans,  Lewis    .... 

Shorte  Dietionarie,  most  profitable  for 

English. 

Yonge  Beginiier.s. 

1664.  GouLDMAN.  Fra>xis  .     . 

A  Latin  and  English,  and  English  and 

1573.  Baret,  John      .... 

An  Alvearie.  or  Triple  Dietionarie,  in 

Latin  Dictionary. 

English,   Latin,    and    French.     (See 
p.  040.) 

1673.  Howell,  James      .     .     . 

French  and  English  Dictionary.    <Ck)t- 

grave's  revisuil.) 

15S0.  Blllokar,  William  .    . 

Booke  at  Large  for  the  Amendment  of 

1677.  HoLVOKE,  Thomas  .     ,     . 

An   Knglish-Latin,  and  Latin-English 

Orthographie     for    English     Speech. 

Dictionary.    (Francis  Holyoke's   Ri- 

(See p.  040.) 

der's  Dictionary,  enlai'ged.) 

15S3.  HuTTON,  Richard      .     . 

Le.xicon  Latino-Graco-Latlnnm. 

1677.  Coles,  Elisha   .... 

An  English  and  Latin,  aud  Latin  and 

1534.  Waddinqton,  Rodolpu  . 

Dietionarie  in  Latineand  English,  newly 

English  Dictionary. 

corrected  and  enlarged.    (Veron's  Dic- 

1677.        „ 

An  Kngtish  Dictionary,  explaining  the 

tionariolum,  enlarged.) 

ditllcnlt  terms  that  are  used  in  Divin- 

rtS6. WiTHALs.  John  .     .     .     . 

A  Shorte    Dietionarie    in    Latine  and 

ity,  Hnsltandry,  Phvsick,  PhiloHt»ith>. 

English,    compiled   at   the    first  by 

Law,    Navigation,   Mathematics,  and 

Jolm  Withals.  afterwards  revJKed  and 

other  Arts  and  Sciences. 

increased  with  Phrases  by  L.  Evans. 

1077.  Miec;e,  Gcv 

A  New  Dictionary,  French  and  English,        * 

And    now    lastly    augmented    with 

with  auotlier,  English  aud  French. 

rythmicall  verses  in  the  Latine  tongue 

107S.  Gouldman,  FRANt  is  .     . 

A  Latin  and  EJnglish,  and  English  and 

.  .  .  by  A.  Flendng. 

Latin  Dictionary  (4th  ed..  wit'i  many 

1588.  Thomas,  Thomas    .     .     . 

Dietionarium  Latino-Anglicannm. 

thousand  words  added  by  Dr.  Scatter- 

15S9.  Rider,  John 

Dietionarie  in  Latine  and  English. 

good). 

1591.  Perlival,  Richard    .     . 

Bibliotheca   Hispanica:  Dietionarie  in 

1678.  Littleton,  Adam   .     .     . 

A  Latin  and  English,  and  Englij^h  aud 

Spanish  and  English. 

Latin  Dicliouary. 

1503.  HoLLVBAND,  Claudius   . 

Dietionarie,  French  and  English. 

1685.  Anon 

All  Kiigli.>*h  Dictionary,  exnlainin-.;  the 
hard  Words.    (In  British  Jluscum.) 

1505  or  1597.  Florid,  John.    . 

A  Worlde  of  Wordes ;  a  most  copious 

Dietionarie  of  the  Italian  and  English 

16SS.  MiEOE,  Glv 

A  Ft  eneh  and  English,  and  English  and 

Tongues.    (See  p.  040.) 

Kn-tich  Dictionary. 

1500.  MiNSHEU,  John      .     .    . 

Dietionarie    in   Spanish   anti    Fjiglish, 

1689.  Anon 

Gazophyhicium  Anglicaunm,  coi^tnininsj 

Pereivale's  enlarged  and  amplilied. 

the    derivation    of    English     woid», 

1600.  HoLVOKE,  Francis     .     . 

Latin  and  English  Dictionary.    (Uitler's 

proper  and  cuiiunon.  &c. 

enlarged.) 

1691.  ScwEL,  William     .     .    . 

Dutch  and  English  Dictionary. 

IGll.    COTGRAVE,  RaNDLE      .      . 

Dietionarie  of  the  French  and  English 

1696.  Ray,  John 

Nomenclator  Classicus  sive  Dictionan- 

Tongues.    (See  p.  640,  and  Sherwood 

olum  Trilingue.  a  Classical   Ntuncn- 

below.) 

clator.     3rd  ed. 

*  London:   Sampson  Low,  Marston.  Sea 

r^ 

le  and  Rivin.;t.-:i .  IsSi.  pp.  xx. 

-905. 

UATE.  NAME. 

1699.  BuVER,  Abel      .    . 

ITO'J.    BVSSHE,  EinVARD    . 

1704.  Cocker,  Edward  . 
170&  Kersey,  John   .    . 


1707.  Anon. 


1721.  Bailey,  Nathan 


1724.   Hawkins,  J. 


1731.  Miller,  Philip 
1735.  Defoe,  B.  N.      . 


1735.  Dyche,     Thomas      &  \ 
Pardon,  William  .   )' 


1736.  AiNswORTH,  Robert 

1737.  [Sparrow,  J.]    .    , 


1741.  Penning,  Daniel 


1749.  Martin,  Benjamin 
1753.  Wesley,  John  ,    , 


1753.  Anon 

1755.  Johnson,  Samuel  . 

1756.  „ 

1757.  Buchanan,  James    f, 
1759.  Peyton,  J 


1760. 
17ti0. 


Bellamy,  D.      .    . 

Baretti,  Joseph  . 


1764.  Scott,  Joseph  Nicoll 


1764. 
1764. 

1765. 
1766. 
17(59 

1771. 

1771. 
1772. 
1773. 


Johnston,  William 
Entick,  John    .     . 

Baskervjlle,  J.  . 
Rider,  William  . 
Auon 


Seally,  J      .    ,     .    . 
Barlow,  Frederick  . 

Kenrick,  William   . 


1774.  Barclay,  James 


1775.  Ash,  John 


1775. 
1775. 

1776. 


Perry,  William 
Walker,  John  . 
LoBO,  Daniel   . 


177S.  Baeetti,  Joseph   . 

1779.  Anon 

17E0.  Sheridan,  Thomas 


TITLE. 

Royal  Dictionary :  French  and  Eng- 
lish, and  English  and  French. 

Art  of  English  Poetry.  The  ser-ond  part 
is  entitli'd,  A  Dictionary  of  Rhymes. 

English  Dictionary. 

A  General  English  Dictionary,  compre- 
hending a  Brief  but  Eniiihatical  and 
Clear  Explication  of  all  Sorts  of  Diffi- 
cult Words  that  derive  tlieir  Origin 
from  other  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages. A  Revision  of  E.  Phillips' 
New  World  of  Englisli  Words. 

Glossographia  Anglicana  Nova,  or  a 
Dictionary  interpreting  such  hard 
words,  of  whatever  language,  as  are 
at  present  used  in  the  Engli.sli  tongue. 

An  Universal,  Etymological,  English 
Dictionary,  comprehending  the  Deri- 
vation of  the  Generality  of  Woids  in 
the  English  Tongue,  either  Ancient 
or  Modein.  (Frequently  reprinted  and 
re-edited.) 

English  Dictionary.  (Cocker's,  enlarged 
and  altered.) 

Gardener's  Dictionary. 

A  Compleat  English  Dictionary  con- 
taining the  True  Meaning  of  all  the 
Words  in  the  English  Language. 

A  New  General  English  Dictionary, 
peculiarly  calculated  for  the  Use  and 
Improvement  of  such  as  are  un- 
acquainted with  the  Learned  Lan- 
guages.    (Later  ed.,  1762.) 

English  and  Latin  Dictionary. 

A  New  English  Dictionary,  containing 
a  large  and  almost  complete  Collec- 
tion of  English  Words. 

The  Royal  English  Dictionary,  or  a 
Treasury  of  the  English  Language. 

A  New  Universal  English  Dictionary. 

Complete  English  Dictionary.  Later 
editions,  1764,  1765.    (See  p.  641.) 

A  Pocket  Dictionary,  or  Complete  Eng- 
lish Expositor.    (Later  ed.,  1758.) 

A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language 
in  which  the  words  are  deduced  from 
their  Originals,  and  illustrated  in 
their  different  Significations  by  Es- 
anij)les  fiom  the  Best  Writers. 

The  Dictionary  of  the  Englisli  Language, 
Abridged. 

A  New  Spelling  English  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language. 

A  New  Vocabulary,  or  Grammar  of  the 
True  Pronunciation  of  the  English 
Language,  in  the  Form  of  a  Dictionary, 

English  Dictionary. 

A  Dictionary  of  the  English  and  Italian 
Languages. 

Bailey's  Dictionary,  Revised  and  En- 
larged.   Folio. 

A  Pionouncingand  Spelling  Dictionary. 

A  Spelling  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language. 

A  Vocabulary  or  Pocket  Dictionary. 

Universal  English  Dictionary. 

A  Spelling  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language. 

A  New  and  Improved  Spelling  Diction- 
ary of  the  English  Language. 

The  London  Spelling  Dictionary. 

A  Complete  English  Dictionary.    2  Vols. 

A  New  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage. 

A  Complete  and  Universal  English  Dic- 
tionary.    (A  kind  of  Encyclopaedia.) 

The  New  and  Complete  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language. 

The  Royal  Standard  English  Dictionary. 

A  Rhyming  Dictionary. 

A  Nomenclature  ;  or  Dictionary  in  Eng- 
lish, French,  Spanish,  and  German 
of  the  Principal  Articles  Manufactured 
in  this  Kingdom. 

Dictionary  of  the  English  and  Spanish 
Languages. 

A  Pocket  Dictionary,  or  Complete  Ex- 
positor. 

A  Complete  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,  both  with  regard  to  Sound 
and  Meaning,  one  main  object  of 
which  is  to  Establish  a  Plain  and 
Permanent  Standard  of  Pronuncia- 
;ion. 


DATE. 


NAME. 


1780.  Anon 

17i^2.  IIarwood,  Edward  : 

1783.  Lemon,  Rev.  G.  W.  . 

1784.  Fry,  William  .    .    . 

1790.  PiCKARD,  George  .    . 

1791.  Walker,  John  .    .     . 


1797.  Scott,  William     .  . 

1798.  Jones,  Stephen     .  . 

1801.  Mason,  George     .  . 

1802.  Fulton,       George       < 
Knight,  G.       ... 

1805.  Perry,  William    .  . 

1805.  RussEL,  W.  P.  .     .  . 

1806.  Browne,  Thomas  .  . 

1800.  Dawson,  Benjamin  . 

1807.  Enfield,  William 
1809.  Mylius,  W.  F.  .     .  . 


1811.  Salmon,  Nicholas     .     . 
N.D.  Earnshaw,  Christopher 

1818.  Todd,  Henry  John  .     . 

1819.  Seager,  John    .    .    .    . 

1820.  Jodrell,  Richard  P.    . 

1820.  Chalmers,  Alexander. 

1821.  Fulton,  George   .    .    . 

1825.  Armstrong,  R.  A..    .     . 

1826.  Howard,  Alfred.     .    . 

1826.  Rees,  Thomas   .    .    .     . 

1827.  Jameson,  R.  S.      ... 


1830.  Davis,  John      .    .     .    . 
1830.  Maunder,  Samuel     .    . 

1830.  Anon 

1835.  Booth,  David  .    .    .    . 

1835.  Knowles,  James  .    .    . 

1S36.  Smart,  B.  H 

1836.  Anon 

1836-7.  Richardson,  Charles 
1839.  ,,  ,, 


1840.  Smart,  B.  H. 


1844.  Reid,  Alexander 
1846.  Anon 


TITLE. 

.    A    New     Spelling    Dictionary  of   thi' 

English  Lan;j;uagL'. 
.     Bailey's  Dictionary,  Enlarged  and  Cor- 
rected.    24th  ed. 
English  Dictionary.      (Dciives    nearly 
every  word  from  the  Greek.) 
.     A  New  Vocabulary  of  the  most  Diiticult 
Words  of  the  English  Language. 
A  Grammatical  Dictionary. 

.  A  Critical  Promiuncing  Dictionary  and 
Expositor  of  the  English  I.flnguage. 

.  A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 
both  with  regard  to  Sound  and 
Meaning. 

.  A  Spelling,  Pronouncing,  and  Explana- 
tory Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage. 

.  AGeneral  Pronouncing  and  Explanatory 
Dictionary  of  the  English  Language. 

.     Supplement  to  Johnson's  English  Dic- 
tionary. 
^A   General  Pronouncing  and  Explan- 
^     atory    Dictionary    of    the    English 
(.     Language. 
.    Tlie  Synonymous,    Etymological,   and 

Pronouncing  English  Dictionary. 
.     Verbotomy ;     or,     the     Anatomv    of 
Words. 
Tlie  Union   Dictionary,  containing  all 
that  is  truly  useful  in  the  Diction- 
aries   of    Johnson,     Slieridan,     and 
Walker.     2nd  ed. 
A    Philological  and  Synonymical  Dic- 
tionary   of    the    Englisli   Language, 
(Only  from  A  to  Adornment.) 
.     A  General  Pronouncing  Dictionary. 

.  A  School  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language.     2nd  ed. 

Sheridan's  Dictionary,  Corrected  and 
Improved. 

Orthoepy  Simplified :  A  New  Pro- 
nouncing English  Dictionary  (Brit. 
Mus.  Cat.  has  [1816?]). 

Johnson's  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,  with  Numerous  Correc- 
tions, and  with  the  Addition  of  Several 
Thousand  Words.  (See  Note  *,  \k  642.) 

A  Supplement  to  Johnson's  Dictionary. 

Philology  of  the  English  Language.  (A 
Supplement  to  Johnson's  Dictionary.) 

Johnson's  Dictionary,  as  Corrected  and 
Enlarged  by  Todd.     Abridged. 

Johnson's  Dictionary,  in  Miniature. 

A  Gaelic  Dictionary,  Gaelic-English  and 
English-Gaelic. 

Walker's  Dictionary,  arranged  for  tlie 
use  of  Schools. 

Todd's  Johnson's  Dictionary  in  Minia- 
ture. 

A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 
by  Johnson  and  Walker,  with  New 
Pronunciation  greatly  simplilieil,  on 
an  entire  New  Plan. 

Walker's  Critical  Pronouncing  Dic- 
tionary, Corrected  and  Enlarged. 

A  New  and  Enlarged  Dictionary  of  tlie 
English  Language. 

A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Tongue. 
(Pub.  by  Penny  National  Library.) 

An  Analytical  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language. 

A  Pronouncing  and  Explanatory  Dic- 
tionary of  tlie  Englisli  Language 
New  ed.,  1872. 

A  New  Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary 
of  the  English  Language.  ("  Walker 
Remodelled.") 

A  New  and  Enlarged  English  Dictionary, 
compiled  fi-om  the  most  eminent 
authorities  from  Johnson  to  Webster. 

A  New  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage. 2  vols.  4to.  (See  Note  *, 
p.  642.) 

A  New  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage. 8vo.  (Abridged  froui  4to 
ed.) 

Smart's  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language,  Epitomized. 

A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language. 

A  New,  Universal,  Etymological,  and 
Pronouncing  Uictionaryof  the  English 
Language. 


List  of  Dictionaries. 


DATE.  NAME. 

1S47.  .SrLLivAN,  Robert. 
1S4S.  I30.V.0,  lU:v.  John  . 


1840. 
1S50. 

is:.'.'. 

1S5; 


Craio,  John 
OfiiLviE,  Jons  . 


Mkaiiow.s,  F.  C.    . 
13.  Wruiht,  Thomas 


lS5a     BOAO,   JuHW  . 


I8:..4, 
is,->:.. 


SlLLlVAN,    ROBEKT 

WnifiHT,  Thomas  . 


1S3.V.  Foley,  Dakiel 


1SJ5. 
lS5i;. 
ISM. 


Clarki:.  Dn.  Hyde 
Richardson,  Charle.s 
Craig,  John  .    . 


18C1.  CooLEY,  Arnold,  J.  . 

IStil.    Kl'TTALL,   f.    AVSTIN  . 

1804.         „  „ 


181)0. 

Wheatley, 

IIlnry 

B.    . 

1866. 

Latham 

B. 

6.  .     . 

•     • 

1866. 

1867. 

Anon.    . 

.    .    . 

.    . 

1807. 

Anon.    . 

. 

.     .    . 

1809.  Latham,  R.  G. 
1S69.  Anon.    .     .    . 


1869.  Anon.    . 
isn.  Anun.    . 


1871.  Stormonth,  Rev.  James 

1871.  Anon 

1872.  Stormonth,  Rev.  James 


1.872.  Anon. 


i872.  Nunwrx,  P.  Austin  .     . 

1873.  BoRSwicK,  J.  (?)... 

1874.  Stormo^^th,  Rev.  James 
1878.  — 


1881.  Anon. 


1882-3.  Annandale,  Charles 
1883.  Brewer,  Bev.E.Cobham 

\8S3.  


A  Dictionary  of  the  English  language. 

A  Popular  an<l  Complete  English  Dic- 
tionary. (To  uliifh  is  prefixed  a  Popu- 
lar English  Grammar  by  R.  Whvte.] 
2  vols. 

A  New,  Universal,  Etymological,  Tech- 
nologii'rtl,  and  Pronouncing  Dietionaiy 
of  the  Knglish  Language.    2  vul.s. 

The  Imperial  Dictinnary,  English,  Tech- 
nological, and  Scientille.  (2nd  ed. 
18ti3.     New  ed.  ISS2-S.) 

New  French  and  English  Pronouncing 
Dictionary. 

An  Universal  Pronouncing  Dictionary 
and  General  Expositor  or  the  English 
Language.    5  vols. 

Imperial  Lexicon  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage A  reprint  of  his  Dictionary, 
with  the  addition  of  illustrations. 

English  Dictionary. 

Universal  Pronouncing  Dictionary  and 
General  Expositor  of  the  Knghsh 
Language. 

An  English-Irish  Dictionary,  intended 
for  the  use  of  Students  of  Mie  Irish 
Langunge. 

A  New  and  Coniprfhensive  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language. 

New  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage.    New  ed.,  with  Supplement. 

New  Universal,  Etymolngi&il,  Techno- 
logical, and  Pronouncing  Dictionary 
of  the  English  Language,  embracing 
all  the  terms  used  in  Science,  Litera- 
ture, and  Alt.  2  vols.  New  ed. 
I860. 

English  Dictionary. 

The  Universal  English  Dictionary. 

Supplement  to  Craig's  Universal  Dic- 
tionary. 

A  Dictionary  of  Reduplicated  Words  in 
the  English  Language.  (Published 
for  the  Philological  Society.) 

A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  ; 
founded  on  that  of  Dr.  Samuel  John- 
son, as  edited  by  Rev.  H.  J.  Todd. 
4  vols.,  4to. 

Ditto.     Abridged. 

Chambers's  Etymological  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language. 

A  Grammar  School  Dictionary.  A  Dic- 
tionar>'  of  the  English  Language, 
giving  the  Signification,  Etymology, 
and  Syllabication  of  all  English 
Words.  With  a  Vocabulary  of  the 
Roots  of  Words,  &c. 

The  lUustiated  National  Pronouncing 
Dictionary  of  the  English  Language. 

A  Dictionary,  &,c.     2  vols. 

Globe  Dictionary  of  tlie  English  Lan- 
guage.    Another  ed.  1873. 

Illustrated  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language.  (Collins  &  Co.) 

Illustrated  Pronouncing  Pocket  Dic- 
tionary of  tlie  English  Language,  on 
the  basis  of  Webster,  Worcester, 
Wall<er,  Johnson,  &c. 

A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language. 

Johnson's  Dictionary  in  Miniature. 

A  School  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language. 

Cabinet  Dictionary  of  tlie  English  Lan- 
guage, Etymological,  Explanatory, 
and  Pronouncing.    (C(rflins  &,  Co.) 

The  Illustrated  Dictionary  of  tlie 
English  Language. 

A  Treasury  of  Languages,  or  Rudi- 
mentary Dictionary  of  Universal 
Philosophy. 

A  Handy  School  Dictionary. 

Webster's  Penny  Pronouncirig  Diction- 
ary.   (Ward  &  Locii.) 

Standanl  Etynudngical  Dictionary  of 
tlie  English  Language.  (Ward  & 
Lock.) 

New  and  Augmented  Edition  of  Ogilvie's 
Imperial  D,ictionary.    4  vols. 

Etymological  and  Pronouncing  Dic- 
tionary of  Ditticult  Words. 

Standard  School  Board  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language.  (Ward  & 
L'ck.) 


Ml  RltW, 

■  A.  H. 


.Iamus, 


Mavhew, Rev 
Skeat,  Rkv. 


1897.    Williams 


A.L..&) 
W.  W.  .  i 

Jonrf    .     , 


A  Now  English  Dictionary  on  Histori- 
cal Principles,  Founded  mainly  oti 
the  MnteriaU  collocti-d  by  the  Philo- 
logical Society.  In  ProgrcHs.  At  the 
end  of  l'.»03,  parts  carrying  the  work 
tn  the  completion  of  the  h-tl or  L  had 
appeared,  as  woll  us  the  i>art  vditod  )»y 
Mr.  Cittigie,  containing  the  letter  <j. 

Concise  Dictionary  of  Middle  English, 
from  A.D.  nr.O  to  1580. 

Ca-ssell's  English  Dictionary. 


II.— American  Dictionaries  of  the  Enqlish  Lanouaob. 


(About)   JOHN.^ON",  — ,    \ 

&  Elliot,  —  .    .     .   ) 
Websteu,  Noah     .    .    . 


An  American  Gentle-  ), 
man )" 

Worcester,  J.  E.  .    ,    .' 


1798. 
180tl. 
1807. 
1813. 
1827. 

1827. 
1828. 
1S2S. 

1829. 

182£). 


1829.  Grimshaw,  William 


CoBB,    LVMAN      .     .      .      . 

Grimshaw,  William.    . 
Webster,  Noah    .    .    . 


1 829. 

1820. 
1829. 

1834. 
1835. 

1845. 

1845. 

1840. 

1846. 
1848. 

ISuO. 
1 850. 
1S51. 

1855. 
1855. 

1855. 
1856. 


Turner,  William  W.    . 
Worcester,  Joseph  E.  . 

Webster,  Noah     .    .     . 
Worcester,  Joseph  E.  . 

Webster,  Noah    .    .    . 
Bowles,  Willia.m      .    . 


WoRCESTEK,  Joseph  E. 
Bartlett,  John  R.    , 


Grimshaw,  William. 
Worcester,  Joseph  E. 
(Hall,  B.  E.)    .     .    . 


A      Public      School  ) 
Teacher    ....  J 

Worcester,  Joseph  E.  . 

Smallev,  Dan.  S.  .    .    . 
Goodrich,  Chauncev,  A. 


1859.  Laidlaw,  Ale.n.anderH. 


1859. 
1860. 
1863. 
1880. 


Elwyn,  Alfred  L.    . 

Anon 

Worce-ster,  Joseph  E. 
Whitnkv.  W.  D.     .     . 


School  Dictionary. 

A  Compendious  Dictionary  of  the  Eng- 
lish Language. 

A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 
for  the  use  of  Common  Schools. 

A  New  Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary 
of  the  English  Language. 

'  Johnson's   English   Dictionary,  as  im- 
proved   by   Todd,    and    Abridge<l  by 
rliahners,  with  Walker's  Pronouncing 
Dictionary  abridgwi. 
An  AbridgmcTitof  Walker's  Dictionaiy. 
Etymological  Dictionary. 

An  American  Dictiouaiy  of  the  English 
Language. 

An  American  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language.     .Vbridgcd  from  4to  ed. 

A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 
for  the  use  of  Primary  Schools  and 
the  Counting-house. 

The  Ladies*  Lexicon  and  Parlour  Com- 
panion. 

The  Gentleman's  Lexicon. 

Tlie  School  Dictionary 

A  Comprehensive  Pronouncing  and 
Explanatory  Dictionary  of  the  Eng- 
lish Language. 

A  Dictionary  for  Piiniary  Schools. 

An  Elemeutary  Dictionary  for  Common 
Schools. 

A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 
Abridged  from  t!ie  Americjm  Edition. 
University  Edition. 

An  Explanatiiry  and  Phonographic  Pro- 
nouncing Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language. 

An  Explanatory  and  Phonographic 
Pronouncing  Dictionary.  (Abridg- 
ment.) 

A  Universal  and  Cntical  Dictionary  of 
the  Eni^lish  Language. 

Dictionary  of  American  Words  and 
Phrases.  2nd  ed.  (enlarged),  1859  ; 
3rd  ed.  (reprint  of  .second).  IS60  ;  4th 
ed.  (enlarged),  1877. 

A  Primary  Pronouncing  Dictionary. 

Primary  Dictionary. 

A  Collection  of  College'  Words"  and 
Customs. 

A  Public  School  Dictionary  of  the  Eng- 
lish Language. 

A  Pronouncing,  Explanatory,  and  Sy- 
nonymous Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language. 

The  American  Phonetic  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language. 

A  Pronouncing  and  Defining  Dictionary 
of  the  English  Language,  abiidgud 
from  Webster's  American  Dictionary. 

An  American  Pronouncing  Dictionary 
of  the  English  Language. 

Glossary  of  Supposed  Americanisms. 

A  New  Pocket  Dictionary. 

A  Dictionary  of  the  Knglish  Language. 

Century  Dictionary.     6  vols. 


III.— ENOLisb  glossaries  and  Concord  a  kciw. 


1669.  W[obliwie],  J[ohk] 
1674-91.  Ray 


Dictionarium  Rusticum ;  or,  the  inter- 
pretation of  rustic  terms. 

John  ....  A  Collection  of  Kngli.sh  Words  not  gene- 
rally u.sert.  (Reprinted  for  English 
Dialect  Society,  1874.) 

1736.  Cruden,  Alexander     .    Complete    Concnnlance    to  the  Scrip- 
tures of  the  Old  and  New  Testament*. 


04  6 


List  of  Dictionaries. 


DATE. 

1741"..  Auun. 


1747.  HoBsoN,  William 
1787.  Grosk,  Francis 

17i'3.  (Collins,  John) 

\H0.    ANDnB-SON,    R.      . 


ISOS.  Polwhele,  R. 
l&U.  Willan,  R.  . 


1814.  Pecge,  Samuel. 
1814.       „  „ 

ISltj.  Kennet,  White     .     .    . 
iSlO.  Pickering,  Hon    John  . 


1820.    WiLBBAHAM,    ROGER    , 

1822.  Xares,  Robert     . 


1823.  Bee,  Jon  (Badcock,  John) 

1823.  Moor,  Edward     .    .  . 

]8'-4.  Masder,  James     .     .  . 

182.^>.  Br<k;kett,  John.  T.  .  . 

IH'Z').  Badcock,  John      .     .  . 


1525.  Jennings,  James   .    . 

1526.  Thomson,  John      .    . 

1828.  (Cabu,  William)  .    . 

1820.  Hunter,  Rev.  Joseph 
ls;iO.  FoRBY,  John      .     .    . 


1S32.  Toone,  "William    .    . 
1833.  Boucher,  Jonathan  . 


1837.  Palmer,  James  F.     .  . 

1838.  Holloway,  William.  , 

1839.  Bywater,  Abel     .    ,  . 
1&39.  Clark,  Charles   .     .  . 


1839.  Lewis,     Sib     George) 
Cornewall  f 


1839. 

Anon 

1839. 

Teimps,  John  .    .    .    . 

1S39. 

Aiioii 

1S4-2. 

Akerman,  John  G.    .    . 

1845. 

Clarke,  Mary  Cowden 

1840. 

Halliwell,  James  0.    . 

1S46. 

Brockett,  John  T.    .     . 

1848. 

EvA-Js,  Arthur  B.     .    . 

1849. 

Anou 

1851. 

Steknbero,  Thomas  .    . 

1K.1. 

Anon 

1861. 

J)         

1S51. 

"  Exinonr  St^nUIing,"  ami  "  Exmoor 
Courtsliip,"  with  a  Glossary.  (E<lited 
by  F.  T.  EUvortliy,  E-sii-,  with  Glos- 
sai*y  and  Not«s.) 

Miner's  Dictionary. 

A  Glossary  of  Provinciiil  and  Local 
Words. 

A  View  of  tlie  Lancashire  Dialect  (with 
a  Glossiuy). 

Ballads  in  the  Cumberland  Diale^:t, 
with  a  (Glossary. 

A  Cornish-English  Vocabulary. 

Glossary  of  Words  used  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorksliire. 

Anecdotes  of  the  English  Langunge, 
with  a  Supplement  to  F.  Groses 
Glossary. 

An  Alphabet  of  Kenticisnis.  (Re- 
printfcl  for  English  Dialect  Society, 
1877.) 

A  Glossary  to  Explain  the  Original, 
the  Acceptation,  and  the  Obsolete- 
ness of  Words  and  Phrases. 

A  Vocabulary,  or  Collection  of  Words 
and  Plirases  which  have  been  sup- 
posed to  be  peculiar  to  the  United 
States  of  America.  (Contains  about 
520  words.) 

A  Glossary  of  Words  used  in  Cheshire. 

A  Glossary  of  Words  and  Phrases, 
&c. ,  in  the  Works  of  English  Authors, 
particularly  Shakespeare  and  Ids  Con- 
temporaries. (New  ed.,  with  con 
sideiable  additions  by  J.  O.  Halliwell 
and  Tlioiiias  Wright,  187t;.) 

Dictionary  of  the  Turf,  the  Ring,  the 
Chase,  the  Pit,  &c. 

Suflolk  Words  and  Phrases. 

Derbyshire  Miners'  Glossary. 

A  Glossary  of  Xorth  Country  Words. 

Sportsman's  Slang :  A  Dictionary  of 
Terms  used  in  tlie  Aft'airs  of  the 
Turf,  &c. 

A  Glossary  of  Words  used  in  Somerset- 
shire, &c. 

Etymons  of  English  Words.  Containing 
Several  Provincialisms  with  thcii' 
Etymologies. 

The  Dialect  of  Craven,  with  a  copious 
Glossary.    2  vol.s. 

The  Hallarashire  Glossary. 

The  Vocabulary  of  East  Anglia,  Nor- 
folk and  Suffolk.    2  vols. 

A  Glossary  and  Etymological  Diction- 
ary of  Obsolete  and  Uncommon 
Words. 

A  Glossary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial 
Words,  edited  by  Joseph  Hunter  and 
Joseph  Stevenson.  Only  two  num- 
bers published. 

A  Glossary  of  Devonshire  Words. 

A  General  Dictionary  of  Provincialisms. 

The  Sheffield  Dialect. 

A    Glossary    of    Words    peculiar    to 

Essex. 
A  Glossary  of  Herefordshire  Provincial 

Words. 
A  Glossary  of  the  Yorkshire  Dialect. 
A  Glossary  of  the  Devonshire  Dialect. 

A  Glossary  of  the  Westmoreland  and 
Cumberland  Dialects. 

A  Glossary  of  Provincial  Words  in  use 

in  Wiltshire. 
Complete    Concordance   to  the  Works 

of  Shakespeare. 
A  Dictionary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial 

Words.    2  vols. 
A  Glossary  of  North  Country  Words. 

3rd  ed.    2  vols. 
Leicestershire  Words. 

A  Glossary  of  Words  used  in  Teesdale, 

Durham. 
The  Dialect  and  Folklore  of  Northainp- 

tonshire. 
A  Glassary  of  Cumberland  Provincial 

Words. 

A  Glossary  of  Dorsetshire  Provincial 
Words. 

A  Glo.ssary  of  Gloucestershire  Provincial 
Words. 


DATE.  NAME.  TITLE. 

1802.  Anon A    Glossai-y    of   Berkshire    Provincial 

Words. 
1SJ3.      ,,  A  Glossary  of  tlio  Provincialisms    of 

Sussex. 

1854.  Baker,  Anne  E.    .     .     .     Glossary  of  Northamptonshire  Words. 

1855.  Anon A  Glossary  of   Yorkshire  Wonls    and 

Plirases. 

1856.  Gabneit,  R A  Glossary  of  Words  used  in  Warwick- 

shire. 

1857.  Wbiuht,  Thomas  .    .    .     A  Dictionary  of  Obsolete  and  Provincial 

English. 
1857.        ,,  ,,  A    Volume  of  Vocaliuhirit-s    fnun    the 

Tentli  to  the  FiftceuMi  Centuries. 
1863.  Barnes,  Rev.  W.  .     .     .    Glossary  of  the  Dorset  Dialect. 
1S67.  Cleveland,  Chables  D.     Concordance  to  the  Works  of  Milton. 
1S6S.  Atkinson,  Rev.      .    .    .     Glossary    of     the    Cleveland     Dialect. 

(7Va*is.  of  FhitologiaU  ."ijocuty,  1808-9, 

pp.  137-250.) 
1868.  Stokes,  Whitley  .     .    .     Cornish  Glossary. 

1809.  Brightwell,  D.  Barron  Concordaufie  to  the  Works  of  A.  Tenny- 
son. 

1S70.  Brewer,  Rev.  E.CoBHAM  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  with  a 
Concise  Bibliograpliy  of  English 
Literature.    (Often  republished.) 

1871.  PuLMAN,  G.  P.  R.  .  .  .  Rustic  Sketches,  containing  Glossary 
of  Sonth-Western  Provincialisms, 

1873-5.  Skeat,  Rev.  Walter  W.  Bibliographical  List  of  Works  Illustra- 
tive of  the  Various  Dialects  of  En- 
glish.   (Edited  for  E.  D.  S.)    3  Parts. 

1S74.  Schmidt,  Dr. Alexander  Shakespertre  Lexiciin,  a  Complete  Dic- 
tionary (.f  all  English  Words,  Phrases, 
and  Cunstructiuns  in  the  Worlcs  of 
the  Poet.    2  vols. 

1S74.  Parish,  Rev.  W.  D.  .     .     Glossary  of  Sussex. 

1875.  Pengelly,  W Verbal    Provincialisms    of  South-West 

Devonshire. 

1875.  Abbott,  Edwin  A.     .     .     Concordance  to  Works  of  Pope. 

1S75-6.  Robinson,  F.  K.     .     .     Glossary  of  Words  used  in  the  Neigh- 
bourhood of  Whitby.    (E.  D.  S.) 
1875-82.  Nodal,    J.    H.     & )      Glossary    of   the    Lancashire    Dialect. 
Milner,  George  )"         (E.  D.  S.) 

1876.  Robinson,  C.  Clouoh     .     Glossary  of  Mid-Yorkshire  Words. 

1877.  Peacock,  E Glossary  of  Words  used  in  the  Wajien- 

takes  of  Manley  and  Ooninghain,  Lin- 
colnshire.   (E.  D.  S.) 
1877.  Leigh,  Lt.-Col.  Eger-  )     A  Glossary  of  Words  used  in  the  Dialect 
ton,  M.P i"         uf  Cheshire. 

1877.  Ross,   F.,   Stead,    R.,  )      Glossary    of    Holderness  Words.     (E. 

&  Holderness,  T.       )'        D.  S.) 

1878.  Britten,       James     &  )     A  Dictionary  of  English  Plant-Names. 

Holland,  Robert.   )'        (E.  D.  S.)    3  Parts, 

1879.  Jackson,  Georgina  F.    .     Shrupshire  Word-Book. 

1880.  Charnock,  R.  S.   .    .    .     Glossary  of  Essex  Dialect. 

18S0.  Eable,  Rev.  John     .    ,     English  Plaiit-Nainea  from  the  tenth  to 

lifteenth  Century. 
1S80.  Pook,  Charles  H.    .    .    Glossary    of    Archaic    and    Pi'ovincial 

Words  of  County  of  Stafford. 

1550.  Ereweb.Rev.  E.  Cobham    Reader's  Handbook  of  Allusions,  Refer- 

ences, Plot*,  and  Stories. 

1551.  D.wiES,  Rev.  T.  L.  0.     .    A  Supplementary  English  Glossary. 

1881.  KwoNG  Ki  Chiu     ...    a  Dictionary  of  English  Phrases,  with 

Illustrative  Sentences. 
1881.  Pascoe,  Charles  .     .    .    Every-day  Life  iu  our  Public  Schools. 
(Contains  a  Glossary  of  Public  School 
Slang.) 

1885.  Whitworth,  George  C.     An  Anglo-Indian  Dictionary  or  Glossary 

of  Ifidian  Terms  used  in  the  English 
Language. 

1886.  Yule,    Col.      H.,      &  \     Hobson-Jobson,    being    a  Glossary    of 

BuRNELL,  ArthubC.  j"        Anglo-Iiidiau  Colloquial  Words  and 
Plirases.     Etymological,     Historical, 
Geographical,  and  Discursive. 
1888.  Lowsley,  MiijorB.,  R.E.    Glossary     of     Berkshire     Words     and 

Phrases. 
^  See  also  Articles  in  Gentleman's Martazine,  June,  18S3,  on  "  Fashionalilt' 
English."  (pp.  576-594),  and  "Village  Miners"  (jip.  615-623);  in 
Scrihiier's  Magacine,  Sept.,  1887,  on  "English  in  Xewsi)apers  antl 
Novels"  (pp.  371-7),  and  on  Oct.,  1SS7,  on  the  "Bucolic  Dial«'ct 
of  the  Plains"  (pp.  505-512),  containing  numerous  words  of  tlie 
Wild  West. 


IV.— Dictionaries  and  Glossaries  of  the  Scottish  Dialect. 
1782.  Sinclair,  John     .     .    .     Observations  on  the  Scottish  Dialect. 


.     Scotticisms,  arranged  in  Alphabetical 
Order. 

Mitchell,  Hugh  .     .     .     Scotticisms  and  Vulgar  Anglicisms. 
Jamieson,  John     ...     An    Etymological    Dictionary    of    the 
Scottish  Language.     2  vols. 


1787.  Beattie,  James 


1799 
180S. 


List  of  Dictionaries. 


1)47 


V.XTK.  NAME. 

isi}i,  Jamii:son,  John 


1S5S.  Cleishbotham,  The) 

YouiigtT     .    .     .    .   ) 

1SS7.  Donaldson,  David    .    . 


An      Etymological 
Abridircd 


Diclionuiy,      &c. 


Suppleini'iit  to  tlie  Etymological  Dir- 
tioiiary  uf  tlie  Scottish  Langunge.  '2 
vols. 

Handbook  of  tho  Scottish  Language. 

Supplement  to  Jainit'son's  Etyiuologiciil 
Dictionary  of  the  Scottish  Language. 


V.  Dictionaries  of  Slano,  &c. 

Ibiu.  Harman,  Thomas  .  ,  .  Caveat  or  Waiening  for  Connnou  Cur- 
setors  \ulgnily called  Vagabones.  The 
Earliest  Dietlouai-y  of  the  Cant  I^in- 
guage.  <Eilitoil  forE.  E.  T.  S.,  by  V.  J. 
Fiirnivall,  IS^J.) 

1074.  Head,  Rkhard  .    .    Canting  Aeaiiemy,  with  Conipleat  Cant- 

ing Dictionary. 

1710.  E.  B.,  G£NT. ANewDictionaryof  the  Terms,  Ancient 

and  Modern,  of  the  Canting  Crew  iu 
its  several  Tribes.  New  tuls.  173S  & 
1751. 

1710.  Smith,  Capt Livesof  Highwaymen,  containing  Cant- 
ing Dictionary. 

1724.  Smith,  Capt Thieves'  Dictionary. 

1725.  Anon New  Canting  Dictionary. 

1737.  Bailey,  Nathan  .  .  .  Etymological  English  Dictionary.  A 
Collection  of  Ancient  a lul  Modern  Caut 
Words  appears  as  appendix  to  Vol.  ii. 
Another  edition  in  1787. 

i7J4.  Anon The  Scoundrel's  Dictionary:  or.  An  Ex- 
planation of  the  Cant-words  used  by 
Thieves,  House-breakers,  Street-rob- 
bers, and  Pick-poekets  about  Town. 

17S'5.  Gro^e,  Francis.  ...  A  Dictionary  of  the  Vulgar  Tongue,  or 
of  Buckish  Slang. 

2790.  Anon Dictionary  of  all  the  Cant  and  Flash 

Languages. 

179J.  Caulfield,  James  .  .  Blackguardiana,orDietionaryofRogueK, 
Bawds,  &c.  (A  mere  reprint  of  Grose.) 

1S(13.  Taplin,  W. Sporting  Dictionary  and  Rural  Reposi- 
tory. 

ISOSt.  Andrews,  George  .  ,  Dictionary  of  the  Slang  and  Cant  Lan- 
guage. 

1S12.  Vaux,  J.  H Flash  Dictionary. 

1812.  Anon Bang-up   Dictionary,   or  the    Lounger 

and  Spoilsman's  Vade-mecum. 
1820.  DuNcoMBE,  —    ....     Flash  Dictionary  of  Cant  Words,  &c. 

ZS23.  Bee,  George  ....  A  Dictionary  of  the  Turf,  the  Ring,  the 
Chase,  the  Pit,  of  Bon  Ton  and  the 
Varieties  of  Life,  forming  the  com- 
pletest  Lexicon  Balatronicum  t-ver 
ofl'ered  to  the  Sporting  World. 

1S4S.  Anon Sinks  of  London  laid  open  ;  A  Pocket 

Companion  for  the  Uninitiated,  to 
which  is  added  a  modern  Flash  Dic- 
tionai'y,  containingall  theCantWoiils, 
Slang  Terms,  and  Flash  Phrasfs  now 
in  Vogue,  with  a  list  of  the  Sixty 
Orders  of  Prime  Coves. 

1S57,  DucanoeAnglicus  .  .  The  Vulgar  Tongue.  Two  Glossaries  of 
Slang  and  Flash  Words  and  Phrases. 

1S50.  A  London  Antiquary  .  A  Dictionary  of  Modern  Slang,  Cant, 
and  Vulgar  W^ords.  2iid  ed.  in  1800, 
new  ed.  1885. 
.  The  Slang  Dictionary,  Etymological, 
Historical,  and  Anecdotal.  New  ed. 
18S5. 
.    Slangiana.    Only  one  part  published. 


N.  E.  Anon 

1870.  Manton,  H.  O.  . 


VL  Etymological  Dictionaries. 


1071.  Skinner.  Stephen  . 

1703-5.  HicKEs,  George.  . 

1734.  Serenius,  Jacob    .  . 

1737.  Wachter,  John  G.  , 

1743.  Junius,  Francis    .  . 

17dO.  Ihke,  John   .    .     .  . 

1779.  Kelham,  Robert  .  , 

1783.  Lemon,  George  W.  . 

I7S6.  TooKE,  John  Hurne. 


Etymologicon  Lingua?  Anglicanto.  <The 

chief  source  of   the  etymologies    in 

Johnson's  Dictionary.) 
Linguarum  Veterum  Septentrionalium 

Thesaurus     Grainmatico-criticus     et 

Archseologicus. 
Dictionarium  Anglo-Sueth.-Lat.  in  quo 

voces    Anglicame    qnotqnot    Gothis 

debentur  ad  origines'suasrevocantur. 
Glossarium     Germauicum,     continens 

Origines  ctAntiquitatestotius  Linguae 

German  icie. 
Etymologicon  Anglicauum. 
Glossarium  Suio-Gothicum. 
A  Dictionary  of  the  Nonnan,  or  Old 

French  Language. 
English  Etymology,    or   a    Derivative 

Dictionary. 
D'ver.sions  of  Purley, 


DATt-  NAME. 

1811-25.  Whiter,  Walter. 
1833.  Meidinoer,  Heixricu 

li!34.  Oswald,  John  .    . 

1K34.  Sullivan,  Robert 
1838.  rowbutham,  j. 

1847.  Talbot,  H.  Fox     . 

1850.  Jal,  Auquste    . 

1851.  Diefenbach,  Lorenz, 

1S53.  PuLLEYN,  William 
1853.  DiEZ,  Frederick  . 

1S58.  Armstronh,  Robert 
185t>.  Charnock,  Richard  S. 

1859-05.    Wedgwood,  Hens-  >_ 

LEIGH ) 

18(>0.  Chase,  Prof. 

1S02.  Marsh,  George  P.     .    . 


1805.  Haldeman,  S.  S. 
ISOO.  B.  B 


1806.  Charnock,  Richard  S. 

1807.  Matzner,  Edward     ,    . 

ISOS.  Skeat,  Rev.  Walter  W. 
I80S.  Charnock  Richard  S. 

1870.  Charnock,  Richard  S. 

1872.  Wedgwood,  Hensleigh 

1872.  Williams,  MoNiER,  Prof. 

1873.  Stratmann,  Francis  H. 

1874.  Cleasbv,   Richard    & ) 

VlGFUSSON,GUDBRANDR  j 

1870.  Skeat,  Rev.  Walter  W. 
1877.  BovcE,  Edward  J.    .    . 

1879-82.    Skeat,  Rev.  W.    W. 

1S82.  Wedgwood,  Hensleigh 
1882    Brewer,  E.  C 

1882.  Charnock,  Richard  S. 


TITLE. 

Ki.\ ni<il(t>{tcnii  UiiivciKult:,  or  Juivemal 

Etyniologtcal  Dictionary. 
Ve r g le i c h e n d e s  W - . 1 1 « r b uc h   dor 

Gothie>ch-Tcutonis<dH-u  Muti<lurtwi). 
.\n    Etymnhigical     Dii-lionury    nf    tho 

English  Languitg'-.     I'nd  ed.,  1830. 
A  Dictionary  of  DerivaliouH. 

A   New   Derivutiv*    and    Ktyiiiological 

Dieiionnry. 
English  Etymologies. 

Glossain'  Nautiqn*'.  Rejiertoire  Puly- 
glotte  cies  Ternies  de  Marine,  anciene 
et  niudurnes. 

Lexicon  Comparativum  "  Linguarum 
Indo-GiTjuanicaruni. 

The  Etymological  Compendiuiu. 

Etymologisches    Worterbuch    tier    Ro- 

manischen  Sprachen. 
Introduction  to  English  F.tyitiolugy. 

Local  Etynmlogy,  a  Descrijitive  Die* 
tionary^of  Geographical  Names. 

Dictionary  of  English  Btymology. 

English  and  Sanscrit  Analogies.  (In 
I'roc.  oj  Anier.  rhlloiophical  Socitty, 
vol.  vii.,  jip.  185-291.) 

Dictionary  of  English  Etymology,  by 
Hensleigh  Wedgwood,  M.A.,  with 
Notes  and  Additions.  Vol.  I.,  A— D 
(all  that  was  publishe<l). 

Affixes  of  English  Words. 

Recherche  sur  I'ori^iine  ile  la  Res.sem- 
blance,  et  de  I'Atthiite,  li'uu  gnuid 
nombre  de  mots  qui  se  retrouvent 
dans  le  Francais,  le  Danois,  I'ls- 
landais,  1' Anglais,  rAlleniand,  le 
Latin,  le  Grec,  et  le  Sanscrit. 

Verba  Nominalia ;  or,  Words  Derived 
from  Piuju-r  Names. 

Altenglische  Sprachi)roben.  In  pro- 
gress. 

A  Mceso-Gothic  Glossary. 

Ludus  Patronyniicus  ;  or,  the  Etymo- 
logy of  Curious  Surnauics. 

Patronymica  Cornu-Britannicaf;  or,  the 
Etymology  of  ConiisJi  Surnames. 

Dictionary  of  English  Etymology.  2nd 
ed.  ;  3rd  ed.,  1878. 

English-Sanskrit  and  Sanskrit-English 
Dictionary. 

Dictionary  of  the  Old  English  Language, 
compiled  froni  writings  of  tlie  twelfth, 
thirteenth,  foiU"teenth,  and  tifteenth 
centuries.    Later  ed.,  1878. 

An  Icelandic-English  Dictionary. 

List  of  Words  Etymological ly  connected 

with  Icelandic. 
Etymological  Glossary  of  above   1,700 

words  derived  from  the  Greek.     For 

private  circulation. 
Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English 

Language,  airanged  on  an  Historical 

Basis. 
Contested  Etymologies  in  the  Dictionary 

of  tlie  Rev.  W.  W,  Skeat.' 
Etymological  and  Pronouncing  Diction- 
ary of  difhcult  words, 
^rsenomina  ;  or,  the  Etymology  of  the 

Principal  Christian  Names  of  (jrcat 

Britain  aud  Ireland. 


VII.  Saxon  and  Anglo-Saxon  Dictionaries. 
1059.  SoMNER,  William. 


1701.  Benson,  Tbomas    . 
1772.  Lye,  Edward    ,    . 

1878.  Bosworth,  Joseph 


Dictionarium    Saxonico- Latino -Angli- 

canuin, 
Vocabulariuni  Anglo-Saxonicum. 
Dictionarium  Saxonico  et  Gothico-La- 

tinuiu. 
Dictionary  of    the    Anglo-Saxon    Ijiu- 
::       guage. 
1662.  Toller,  T.  Northcote  .     Bosworth's     Anglo-Saxon     Dictionary, 
revised  and  enlarged.    (In  progress.) 

VUl.  Dictionaries  of  English  Synonyms,  Ac. 

1794.  Trusler,  John  ,  ,  Tlie  Distinetion  between  Wonis  eg* 
teemed  synonymous  in  tho  English 
Language. 

1794.  Piozzi,  Hester  Lynch  British  Synonymy  ;  or,  An  Attempt  to 
Regulate  the  Choice  of  Wonls  in 
Familiar  Conversation. 


Gl.s 


List  of  Dictionaries. 


nATF.  NAMtv 

18i:i.    Taylou,  William    , 
181(1.  Crabb,  Gcorhe      .    . 

1842.  Carpenter,  William 


1845.  Platt.'!,  John    .    .    .    . 
lS5i.  RooET,  Peter  M.  .    .    . 

1S.')2.  WnATELY,  Abp.  (Edited  ) 

liy) I 

1864.  Mackenzie,  D.  L. 

1355.  Fenby,  TnoMAS     .    .    . 

1350.  Anon 


1839.  HoARE,  Edward  X.  . 
186G.  Whe.«oey,  Henry  B. 

1874.  Priswell,  J.  Hain    . 


English  Synonyms  Discriminated. 

EnRli.'^h  Synonynios  Explaineil  in  alplia- 
bi-tical  oiiliT.     2nd  i-d.,  I.SIS. 

A  CompreJiensiYe  Dictionary  of  English 
Synonyines.     3rd  ed. 

A  Dictionary  of  Enfjlisli  Synonynies. 

Thesaurus  of  English  Words  and 
Plirases,  Classified  and  Arranged. 
New  ed.  1857. 

A  Scdectioii  of  English  Synonyms.  2nd 
ed. 

A  Practical  Dictionary  of  English  SjTio- 
nyraes. 

A  Copi(ms  Dictionary  of  Englisli  Syno- 
nyms. 

The  Right  Word  in  the  Right  Place,  a 
New  and  Improved  Dictionary  of 
English  Synonyms. 

A  Select  Glossaiy  of  Englisli  Words 
used  formerly  in  Senses  different  from 
their  Present, 

A  Dictionary  of  Reduplicated  Words  in 
the  Englisli  Language.  See  a  List 
of  Addttions  in  Notes  &  Qutrip^^  6th 
ser.,  ii..l63,  .vi.  183,  202,  vii.  465, 
and  xii.  67. 

Familiar  Words.  An  Index-Verborum, 
or  Quotation  Handbook.     3rd.  ed. 


IX.— Theological  AND  Biblical  Dictionariks. 


M 


1022.  Wilson,  Thomas  . 

17^2.  D'Oyley,    Samuel 
CoLsON,  John*     . 
1769.  BRfnvN,   John  .    . 
177'.*.  Macbean,  Alexander 
1784.  Oliver,  Peter.     , 

1801.  Taylor,  Charles  . 

1802.  Buck,  Charles     . 
1815.  R0BIN.S0N,  John    . 

18Z6.  Jones,  William     . 


1831.  Watson.  R.  .     .     . 

1832.  Robinson,  Edward 


1833. 

1841.  Hook.  Walter  F.  (Dean) 

1843.  GooDHiiOH,      William  ^ 

&     Taylor.      Wil-  > 
LIAM  C.      .     .     .     .  ) 

1844.  KiTTo,  John 

184ii.  Eden,  Robert  .    .     ;    . 

1849.  Eadie,  John 

1849.  Beard,  J.  R 

ISril.  KiTTo,  John 


185'i.  Farrar.  J 

lS(i3.  Smith,  W 

1804-(;.  

ISt)."!.  Wright,  W.  Aldis     .    . 

IStjG.  Eastwood,  J.,  &  ) 
Wright,  W.  Aldis.   ) 

1S07-81.  McClintock,  a.  J.  &  ^ 
Strong,  James 

1871.  Rev.  C.  Boottell 

1875.  Stainton,  Rev.  W, 

1880.    SCHAFF,  p.       . 

1883.  Schaff,  p.     . 


1884.  Aitt>is,  W.  E.  and  Ar-  \ 

NOLO,  T ) 

1894.   Hdnteb,  Rev.  Robert  . 


A  Complete  Christian  Dietionary. 

Calmet's  Dii'tionaryof  the  Bible,  Trans- 
lated from  the  French. 

A  Dictionary  of  the  Bilde. 

Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 

Scripture  Lexicon. 

A  New  Edition  of  Calmet,  with  Frag- 
ments. 

A  Theological  Dictionary. 

A  Theological,  Biblical,  and  Ecclesias- 

tieal  Dictionary. 
The  Biblical  Cycloppedia,  or  Dictionary 

of  the  Holy  Scriptures. 
Biblical  and  Theological  Dictionary. 
Taylor's   Edition    of  Calmet,  Revised. 

with  Additions. 
A  Dictionary  of  the  Holy  Bible. 
Church  Dictionary. 

Pictorial  Dictionary  of  the  Holy  Bible. 

Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical  Literature. 

Churchman's  Theological  Dictionary. 

Biblical  Cyclopaedia. 

The  People's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 

A  Cyclnp.Tdia  of  Biblical  Literature  for 
the  Pn>i'le.    (Abridgment.) 

Bililical  and  Theological  Dictionary. 

Dictionary  nf  the  Bible.     3  vols. 

Cassell's  Bible  Dictionary.    2  vols. 

Concise  edition  of  Smith's  Dictionary 
of  the  Bible. 

Bible  Wordbook  :  A  Glossary  of  Old 
Englisli  Bilde  Words. 

Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical,  Theological,  and 
Ecclesiastical  Literature.     10  vols. 

Bible  Dictionary.    (Haydn  Series.) 

Ecclesiastical  Dietionary. 

Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 

Encyclopreilia  of  Biblical  History,  Doc- 
trine, and  Pi-actieal  Theology. 

Catholic  Dictionary. 

Cassell's  Concise  Bible  Dictionary. 


1607. 

1641. 
1671. 

1729. 
17G4. 
170L>. 
1797. 


X.  Law  Dictionaries, 

Cowell,  John    ....    A  Law  Dictionary;  or,  The  Interpreter 
of  Words  and  Terms  used  in  either 
Common  or  Statute  Law, 
Anon Termes  de  la  Ley. 

A  Law  Dictionary  and  Glossary  of  Ob- 
scure Words  and  Terms  in  Ancient 
Law,  Records,  &c. 

A  New  Law  Dictionary. 

A  New  and  Complete  Law  Dictionary. 

A  New  Law  Dictionary. 


Blount,  Thomas 


Jacob,  Giles  .  .  . 
Cunningham,  Timothy 
Burn,  Richard      .     . 


date.  name. 

1803.  Potts,  Thomas  A. 


1810. 

ToMLiss,  Thomas  E.  .    . 

1S2.1. 

Tayler,  TnoMA.s    ,    ,    . 

1829. 

Wrishaw,  James  .    .    . 

1S43. 

BOVVIRR,  JO(IN   .... 

1846- 

7.  Wharton,  J.  J.  S. 

1850. 

BirRRiLL.  Alexander     . 

1880. 

Brow.v,  a 

1882. 

Bell,  G.  J 

1S82. 

Sweet,  C.  .    , 

1884. 

Rawson,  H.  G.  .  ■■ .    .    . 

Cnnipcndious    Law    Dictionary.      New 

ed.,  revised  by  T.  H.  Horne,'l8l5. 
The  Law  Dictionary. 

A  Law  Glossary  of  the  Latin,  Greek, 
Norman, French,  and  other  Languages, 
2ud  ed. 

A  New  Law  Dictionary. 

A  r^aw  Dictionary,  adapted  to  the  Con- 
st! tut  ion  and  Laws  of  the  United 
St.ifi's,  ;ind  of  the  several  States. 

Law  Lexicon.     New  ed.,  1883. 

A  Law  Dictionary  and  Glossary. 

New  Law  Dictionary  :  An  Institute  of 
the  whtJlp  Law. 

Dictinnary  and  Digest  of  Law  of  Scot- 
land. 

Dictionary  of  English  Law. 

Pocket  Law  Lexicon. 


XL  Military  and  Marine  Dictionaries. 


1702.  An  Officer  who  has^ 
Served  Abroad.     .   ) 

1705.  Anon 

17G9.  Falconer,  William  .  . 
1772.  SiMEs,  Thomas  .... 
1802,  James,  Major  Charles. 

1810.  DtTANE,  William  ,  .  . 
1S16.  James,  Major  Charles. 

1S24.  Mevrick,  Sir  Samuel    . 


1S30.    BtTRNET,  W. 


1841.  Dana,  R.  H.,  Jun. 
1844.  Campbell,  E.  S.  N. 
1852.  Burn,  Robert  .    . 

1S53.  Stocqueler,  J.  H. 

1855.  B.,  J.  S 

lSt)3.  Young,  A.   '  .     .    . 
1867.  Smyth,  Ad.  W.  H. 
1870.  Voyle,  George  Elliot  , 


A  Military  Dictionary  explaining  all 
Difficult  Terms  in  Martial  Discipline, 
&c. 

The  Gentleman's  Dictionary.    (See  xiii.) 

A  Marine  Dictionary. 

Military  Guide. 

A  New  and  Enlarged  Military  Diction- 
ary. 

A  Military  Dictionary. 

An  Universal  Military.  Dictionary  in 
English  and  French.     4th  ed. 

Critical  Enquiry  into  Ancient  Armour 
.  .  .  from  the  Conquest  to  the  Reigu 
of  Ch.irles  U.  (Contains  a  glossary 
of  the  Military  Terms  of  the  aiiddle 
Ages.) 

A  New  and  Universal  Dictionary  of  the 
Marine.  Beluga  copious  Explanation 
of  Technical  Terms  and  Phrases 
usually  Employed  in  the  Construction, 
Equipment,  Machinery,  Movements, 
and  Military  as  well  as  Naval  Opera- 
tions of  Ships  ;  to  which  is  annexed 
a  Vocabulary  of  French  Sea-]ihvases 
and  Terms  of  Art.  Originally  com- 
piled by  W.  Falconer,  now  modern- 
ized and  much  enlarged. 

Dictii:>nary  of  Sea  Terms. 

Dictionary  of  Military  Science. 

Naval  and  Military  Technical  Diction- 
ary. 

Military  Encyclop:edia. 

Glossary  of  Mililary  Terms. 

Dictionary  of  Nautical  Terms. 

Sailor's  Word-book. 

A  Military  Dictionary,  comprising 
terms,  scientific  and  otherwise,  con- 
nected with  the  art  of  War, 


XII.  Dictionaries  of  Medical  Terms,  Medicine,  Surgery,  &c. 


1710.  QriNcv,  John    . 
1745.  Jamrs,  Robert. 


1740.  Barrow,  John  .  . 
1750.  Wallace,  Thomas 

1706.  Hunter,  James.    . 

170S.  Hooper,  Robert  . 
1S03.  Boardman,  Thomas 
1306.  Watt,  John  J.  .    , 


Marriott,  W.     .     .    .     .     New  Law  Dictionary. 


1800.  Parr,  Bartholomew  . 
181S.  Cooper,  Samuel  .  .  . 
1833.  Dunglison,  Robley  .    . 

1833-58.  Copland,  James    .    . 

1835.  Forbes.  —  Tweedie,  —  > 

&  Connolly.  —      .  } 

1841.  CosTBLLo,  William  B.    . 

1844.  Hoblyn,  Richard  D.    . 

1345.  Palmer,  Shirley  :    .-    . 


Lexicon     Physico-Medicum,     a     New 

Medical  Dictionary. 
A     Medicinal     Dictionarj-,      including 

Physic,  Surgery,  Anatomy,  Chemistry,. 

Botany,  &c. 
A  New  Medical  Dictionary. 
The  Farrier's  and  Horseman's  Complete 

Dictionary. 
A  Complete   Dictionary  of  Horseman- 
ship. 
A  Compendious  Medical  Dictionary. 
A  Dictionary  of  the  Veterinary  Art. 
An  Encycloptfedia  of  Surger}',  Medicine,. 

Midwifery,     Physiolog5% "  Pathology, 

Anatomy,  Chemistr>',  &c. 
The  London  Medical  Dictionary. 
Dictionary  of  Practical  Surgery. 
Dictionary    of    Medical    Science    and 

Literature.     New  ed.  1876. 
Medical  Dictionary.     4  vols. 

Cyclopsedia  of  Practical  Medicine. 

Cyclopaedia  of  Practical  Surgery.  (Only 
one  part  published.) 

Dictionary  of  the  Terms  used  in  Medi- 
cine ami  the  Collateml  Sciences. 

A  Pentaeclt^t  Dictionary  of  Anatomy, 
Physiology,  Patttology,  Practical  Me- 
dicine, Surgery,  &c. 


List  of  Dictionaries, 


G49 


I)  V1K.  NAMK. 

ISJX  Mavm:,  U.  y,     ,    .  ■  .    . 

1S54.    HuBLVS,   RlCUAUD    I).       . 

l^jj.  Gardner,  U.  P.      .    .    . 
issj-ii.  AsHUitsT,  Fbof.  J.  .    . 

l^fiy.  QrAiN,RicQAUi>(Eaitta> 
by)     .     .'.■.,     .  ; 


l5i»i;.  Ueath,  Piuif.  CuBi&"r. 


TtTi.i;.  .    * 

An  Kxpusitory  Lcxifou  uf  tiie  terms, 
aiK-ii-nt  luid  inuderii,  in  Mt-dicul  and 
General  SL-ifiice. 

Medifjtl  Dictioimrv. 

A  Xcw  iMt-'ilical  Diftioiiaiy. 

International  Lncyclupiudia  of  Surgery. 
0  vols. 

A  Diftionnry  of  Medicine,  including 
General  P:\tliology,  (.General  Thera- 
peutics. Hy^ii'iU',  and  the  Diseases 
jieiiiliur  to  Women  and  Children.  By 
various  Writers. 

A  Diri iunai y  uf  Pract ieal  Siugery. 
2  vols. 


Mil.    DamoN'MMivs  of  CuiiMiJSTKV,  Minkkaloov,  and  various  Arts 

AND   SClENCiiS. 

U'T'.t.  MoxoN,  Josti'ii  .  .  .  Mathematics  Made  Easy ;  or,  a  Mathe- 
matical Dictionary. 

170J.  Anon The  Gentlenian's  Dictionary.     In  three 

Parts  ~(1)  Horsenian.ship,  ('2)  The 
Military  Art.  (3)  Navigation. 

17M.  Miller,  Piulip  .    .    The  Gardeners  &  Botanist's  Dictionary. 

17;i4.  Anon Builder's  Dictionary. 

173tj.  Bailey,  Nathan  .  .  .  Dictionaiiiuu  Dmnesticum  ;  or,  a  House- 
hold Dictionary. 

173tj.  Anou Dietionarinm    Polygraphicnin,    or    the 

whole  Body  of  .\rls. 

1714.  Anon Buihler's  Dictionary  ;   or,  Gentleman's 

and  Architecfs  ComyanioiL 
A  New  Dictionary  of  Cummerce. 
Dictionary  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 


IToG. 
1704. 
1776, 


A  Dictionary  of  Gardening  and  Botany. 


178S. 

1795.  Nicholson,  William     . 

17i,l0-l5.      HUTTON,        Ca.\RLES  ) 

Watts     .     .     .     .    T 

IsoT.  AiKES,  A.,   &   Aiken,  > 

C.  R i 

lMti-20,  Green,   Thomas    .    . 

Is-JO.  Ure,  Andrew   .    .    .    . 


1  ^23. 
1  >23. 


Loudon,  John  C.  .  . 
Crabb,  George  .  . 
Mitchell,  Jaues  .    . 

A  Practical  Chemist 

Elmes,  James    .    .    . 

Hamilton,  .Walter   . 

Dannklv,  J.  F.      .     . 


lS2i5. 
1S29. 


RoLT.  Richard  .  .  . 
Postlethwavt,  SIalachi 
Mawe,    —    &     Aber-  I 

CROMBIE,  —     .      .      .    )" 

Anon The  Builder's  Dictionary. 

A  Dictionary  of  Pi-actical  au<l  Theo- 
reticitl  Cheujistry. 

A  Matliematical  and  Philnsdpliical  Dic- 
tionary of  Chemistry,  &c. 

Dictionary  of  Chemistry  and  Miner- 
alogy. 

A  Universal  Herbal,  or  Botmical,  Medi- 
cal, and  Agricultural  Dictionary. 

Dictionary  of  Chemis-tiy  and  Miner- 
alogy. 

Encyclopiedia  of  Gardening. 

Universal  Technological  Dictionary. 

Dictionary  of  the  Mathematical  and 
Physical  Sciences. 

Dictionary  of  Chemical  and  Philosophi- 
cal Apparatus. 

General  and  Bibliographical  Dictionary 
of  the  Fine  Arts. 

A  Cointise  Dictionary  of  Terms  used  in 
the  Alts  and  Sciences. 

An  EiicyclopEertia,  or  Dictionary  of 
Music. 

EncyclopEedia  of  Agriculture. 

Dictionary  of  Chemistry  and  Miner- 
alogy. 

Dictionary  of  Chemistry  and  Geology. 

Dictionary  of  Mechanical  Sciences, 
Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Miscellane- 
ous Knowledge. 

A  Dictionaiy  of  Commerce. 

Dictionary  of  the  Terms  of  Music. 
3rd.  ed. 

Encyclopiedia  of  Plants. 

Mineralogy.      Later  eds., 
18(J8,  &  18S3. 

Encyclopiedia    of  Cottage 
Villa  Architecture. 

Dictionary  of  the  Architecture  and 
Arch:eoh)gy  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

The  Mechanic's  Pocket  Dictionary. 
3rd  ed. 

A  Dictionary  of  Arts,  Manufactures, 
and  Mines. 

An  Etymol..;;ic;d  and  Explanatory  Dic- 
timiaiy  vt  Geology. 

Scieiititic  ami  Litenary  Treasury. 

Dictionary  of  Botanical  Terms. 

Dictionary  of  Geology  and  Mineralogy. 


182(i.  Loudon, 
1S20.  Ottlev, 


John  C.  . 
W.  C.  .    . 


JIiTcHELL,  John    .    , 
Jamieson,  Alexander 


1.S32.    McCULLOCH,     J.    R. 

1833.  Valentine,  Tho-mas 

IS36.  Loudon,  John  C.  . 

1837.  Dana,  James  D.    . 

1S3S.  Loudon,  John  C.  . 

1838.  BurroN,  John  .  . 
1S3S.  Grier,  William  . 
1S39.  Uke,  Andrew  .  . 
1830.  Roberts,  George. 


1S4U.  Maunder,  Samuel 
1S40.  Henslow,  J.  S.  . 
1S40.  Humble,  William 


1S44,    1850, 
Farm,   and 


3rd  ed. 
A   Dictionary  of  Terms  in  Use  iu  the 
Arts  and  Sciences. 

G Dictionary  of  the  Arts,  Sciences,  and 

Manufactures. 
1S42.  Brands,  William     ,    .     Dictionary  of  Literature,  Science,   and 
Art. 


1S41.  Scudamohe,  Edward 
1342.  Francis, 


date  name. 

1342.  Mgkle,  GiUBONti    •    . 

1842.  Lui'dun,  John  C.  .    . 

1843.  Waterston,  William 

1844.  Webster,  Thomas     . 
1844.  Johnson,  Cutmbert  W. 

1844.  GwiLT,  Joseph  .    .    . 
184.>.  Barker,  J.  W.  .     .    . 

1846.  Buchanan,  W.  M.  .    . 

1847.  De  Moruan,  Augustus 

1848.  Maunder,  Samuel     , 

ISJO.  Weali:,  John    .    ,    . 

185U.  Grier,  William    .    . 
1S51.  Ckabb,  G 


1852.  Weale,  John 


1852. 
1854. 
1854. 
1854. 
1854. 
1855. 

1850. 

1857. 
1857. 


Hind,  J.  RusaELL  .  . 
Thomson,  Robert  D. 
Fairholt,  F.  W.  .  . 
MooRt;,  JouN  C.  .  . 
Tomlinson,  Charles 
v>AVis,      Charles     & 

Peck,  William'G. 
GBl^"F^rH,     J.    W..     & 

Henerev,  Arthur. 
GwiLT,  Joseph  . 
Fleming,  William 


1857.  NiCiioL,  J.  P.    .     .     . 

1858.  Homan,    J.    Smith,    & 

Homan,    J.    Smith, 
jun. 

1858.  Baibd,  William    .    . 

1853.   SiMMONDS,  P.  L.       .      . 

1859.  Page,  David     .    .    , 

18G2.  Cooke,  M.  C.  .    . 

18ti7.  Brande,  W.  T.,  &  Cox, 
George  W.      .    .    . 

1860-74.  Spon,  E.  N.  .    .    . 
1870.  Power,  John    ,     .    . 


1872.  Anon 

N.  D.  Stainer,     Dr.     J.     & 

Barrett,  W.  A. 
1877.  Knight,  E.  H.    .     . 

1879.  Stobmonth,  Rev.  James 
1879-87.  Grove,  George 

1880.  Earle,  Rev.  J.     . 
ISSl.  Raymond,  R.  W.    . 


1882.  Smith,  John.     .    .    . 

1882.  Caulfield,  S.  F.  A.,  ii 
Saward,  Blanche  C. 

1882.  Beck.  S.  W 


1833-  Bithell,  Richard     . 

1883.    Cameron.  Jobn     .     . 
1903.   Wbiout,  W.  P.  .     .     . 

.\IV.  Escvclop-eoias  and 

1704.  Harris,  John    .    . 

1721-51.  Chambers,  Epbraim 


title. 

Domestic  Uictiuiiary  and  Uousekcttpn  . 

Maiiiiiil. 
Encyclopiedia  of  Tix;es  and  Shrubs. 
A  Cyclo[Nidia  of  Cumniei'cc. 
Encyclopaedia  of  Doiiustic  Ecunuiny. 

Tlie   FariMer's  EneyclojHcdia  and   Di«> 

tionary  of  Rui-ul  Atlaii-N. 
An  Eiicyclopii-dia  of  Aichiteeture. 
Glossary  of  Architecture. 

Technological  Dictionary.      Later  eds. 

in  ISm  and  1870. 
Arithmetical  Books,  fi-onitlie  hiveiilii>ii 

of  Printing  to  the  Present  Time. 
Treasury  ot  Natural  History,  or  Popuhn 

Dictionary  of  Animated  Nature. 
Rudimentary  Dictionary  of  Terms  used 

in     .Vrchiiecture,  Engineering,    Fiin- 

Arts,  Mining,  Ac. 
Mechanical  Dictionary. 

Tcclniicjil     Dictionary     of    Arts    and 

Sciences. 
A   Dictionary  of  Machines,  Mechauius, 

Engine-work,  Mining,  &c. 
An  Astronomical  Vocahulaiy. 
Cycloptpdia  of  Chemistry. 
Dictionary  of  Terms  of  Art. 
Complete  Eiicyclopaidia  of  Music. 
Cyclopitdia  of  Useful  Arts. 
Mathematicjil  Dictionary  &  Cycloitsedia 

of  Mathematical  Science. 
The    Micrographic   Dictionarv.      Later 

ed.  1883. 
Encyclopa'dia  of  Architectuiv.    2nd  ed. 
Vocrabulary  of  Philosophy.     Later  eds. 

1858,  1S7U,  and  1878. 
Cyclopeedia  of  the  Physical  Sciences. 

Cyclopeedia  of  Commerce. 

Cyclopiedia  of  the  Natural  Sciences. 

A  Dictionary  of  Trade  Pi-oduct^,  Com- 
mercial, Manufacturing,  and  Tcch- 
nir-al  Terms. 

Handbook  of  Geological  Terms,  Geo- 
logj',  and  Physical  Geography.  (Later 
ed.  ISOo.) 

Manual  of  Botanic  Terms.  (Later  ed., 
1873.) 

A  Dictionary  of  Science,  Literature, 
and  Art.    3  vols. 

Dictionary  of  Engineering,  Civil,  Me- 
chanical, Military,  and  Naval. 

A  Handy-Vtook  about  Books.  OoTitains 
a  Dictionary  of  Terms  of  Bibliography, 
Printing,  A:c. 

Glossary  of  Mining  Terms. 

Dictionary  of  Musical  Terms. 

Practical   Dictionary  of  Mechanics.    3 

vols.     Supplementary  v<»lume,  1884. 
A  Manual  of  Seientitlc  Terms. 
Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians.    4 

vols. 
English  Plant  Names,  fi-om  the  Tenth 

to  the  Fifteenth  Century. 
Glossary  of  Mining  and  Metallurgical 

Terms. 
Dictionary  of  Economic  Plants. 

A  Dictionary  of  Needlework,  an  Ency- 
clopiedia of  Artistic,  Plain,  and  Fancy 
lie  edle  work. 

The  Di-apcr's  Dictionary,  a  Manual  of 
Textile  Fabrics,  their  History  ami 
Applications. 

A  Counting-Uouse  Dictionary  contain- 
ing an  Explanation  of  the  Technical 
Terms  used  by  Meichants,  Bankers, 

Gaelic  Names  of  Plants. 
Cassell'a   Dictionaiy  of  Practical   Gar- 
dening. 

General  Dictionabiks  of  Arts  and 

Sciences. 

.  Lexicon  Technienin,  or  an  Universal 
Dictionaiy  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  2 
vols.,  fol. 

.  A  Cyclopa-dia.  or  General  Dictionary  of 
Arts  and  .'Sciences.     2  vols.,  foL 


■50 


List  of  DictlODaries. 


PATE.  NAME. 

ITib.  Dk  Coetlogon,  Dennis  . 


176I-I.  Barrow,  John   . 
1703-4.  A  So<iL-rv  of  Gen- ^ 

-MEN J 

170-l-J.CROKEK,    T.    H.,    WlL-  »_ 
LIAS1N,T.,<S;  C'LARKjij.  ) 


771.  Smelue,  William  (tkl) 
ited  by) 1 


1707-lS:iO.  \ViLKEs,JoHN(Be- ) 
gun  by) )" 

im'2.  WiLLirtH,  A.  F.  M.      .     . 


1S02-19.  Rees,  Abraham 


1S07.  Aitchison,  Alexander  . 


1S07- 


Gregory,  George  , 


1509.  Nicholson,  Williaii 
1809-14.   Johnson,  William" 

M . ,      &,      E  X  L  e 
Thomas . 

1510.  Millar,  Ja^ies  (Edited  I 

I'y )' 


.LIAM"J 
-  E  V  ,  > 


lSlO-20.  Brewster,  Sir  D. 

1S13.  Good,  John'  M.,  Greg-') 
ORY,     O.,     &     Bos-  y 

WORTH,  N.         .      .      .    ) 

1S15-LM.     Napier,     Macvey  )_ 
(Edited  by).     .   ( 

lijlC.  Millar,  James  .     .     .     . 


■l.slS-44.  Smedlev,  Edward,  "j 
Rose,  Hugh  Jame.s,  • 
&Rose,  Henry  John  ) 

1S29-33.  LiEBER,  Francis. 
Wiggles  WORTH. 
E.,  &  Bradford, 
Thomas  J.       ... 

2S29-J0.    LaRDNEK,  DlONYSlU^ 


TITLE. 

An  Univw.sal  Dictionary  of  tlie  Arts 
juid  Hcieiici's,  and  ii  Cominebensive 
lllustnitiou  of  all  Scieiiues  and  all 
Arts.     2  vols.,  fol. 

A  New  Univei-sal  Dictionary  of  tht; 
Arts  iinrt  Sciences.     2  vols.,  fol. 

A  New  and  Coniidetc  Dictionary  of  the 
Arts  nnd  Sciences.    4  vols.,  ful. 

A  Complete  Dictinnary  of  the  Arts  and 
Sciences.     8  veils.,  ful. 

Eiicyclopit'ilia  Britannica,  or  Dictionary 
of  ,\rt-s,  Sciences,  and  Miscellaneous 
Literature.  3  vols.,  4to.  "ind  ed., 
10  vols.,  177S-S3. 

The  Enj^lish  Eucyclopredia,  or  a  Dic- 
tionary of  Ai-ts  and  Sciences.  10  vols., 
4  to. 

Eucyclopa-dia  Britannica.  3rded.  Vuls. 
1-12,  edited  by  C.  Maefarquliar  ; 
Vols.  13-lS,  by  G.  Gleig,  Bishop  of 
Brechin.     IS  vols. 

Encyclopaedia  Londineusis,  or  Univer- 
sal Dictionary  of  Arts,  Sciences,  and 
Literature.     24  vols.,  4to. 

The  Domestic  Encyclopaedia,  or  a  Dic- 
tionary of  Facts  and  Useful  Know- 
letlge.    4  vols.,  Svo. 

The  Cyclopaedia,  or  Univer.snl  Diction- 
ary of  Arts,  Sciences,  and  Literature. 
45  vols.,  4to. 

Encyclopiedia  Pertheiisis,  or  Universal 
Dictionary  of  Knowledge.  23  vols.i 
Svo. 

A  Dictionaiy  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  2 
vols.,  4to. 

The  British  Encyclopiedia.  0  vols.,  Svo. 

Tlie  Imperial  Encyclopiedia.  4vols.,4to. 

Encyclopedia  Britannica.  4th  ed.,  20 
vols.,  4to.  A  tilth  edition  was  i.ssued 
in  1S17. 

The  Edinburgh  Encyclopffidia.  18  vols., 
4to. 

Pantalogia,  with  a  General  Dictionary 
of  Ai-ts,  Sciences,  and  Words.  12 
vols.,  Svo. 

Siil)plei»ient  to  the  4th,  otli,  and  6th 
editions  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica.    0  vols.,  4to. 

Sncycloj)»tli!i  Edinensis,  or  Dictionary 
of  .\rts.  Sciences,  and  iMiscellaneous 
Literature.     G  vols.,  4to. 

Encyclopaedia  Metropolitana.  or  Uni- 
versal Dictionary  of  Knowledge,  on  a 
New  Plan.    29  vols..  4to. 

Encycloptedia  Americana,  or  a  Popular 
Dictionary  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences, 
on  the  Basis  of  the  Seventh  Edition 
of  tiie  German  Conversations-Lexicon, 
13  V'lls  .  Svo. 

Cabinet  Cyclopiedia. 


daie.  name. 

1833-43.  Long,  George 


1S3J-S.  Partington,  C.  F. 


1S41.  Haydn,  Josei'H      .     .    . 

1842.  Napier,  Macvey  (Ed-  ) 
ited  by) ) 

1S52.  Heck,  J.  G.  and  Baird,  ) 
Spencer  F.    ,    .    .  / 

1853.  • 

1853-9.    Traill,   Thomas    S.  ) 
(Edited  by)     .     .   )' 

1S54-6.  Lardner,  Dionvsius   . 

1854-9.  Knh;ht,  Charles    .     , 

1S57-9.  Ripley,  George,  »S:7 
Dana,  Charles  .    .  S 

1870.  EMER.SON,  George  K.  ) 
(Edited  by)    .    .    .   / 


1S70-1.  Lelange,  L. 

1874.  

1S75-8.  Johnson,  — 


1S75-SS.  Eaynes,  T.  S.,  &.) 
Smith. W.  Robert-  J- 
son  (Edited  by)   .   j 

lS7G-Sl.Ross,J0HNM.(Edited  ) 
by) t 

JS77.  Adams,    Davenfort,  W. 


1S77.       

1S79-S0.     

18S3.       

1S83.       

1884.  Low,     Sidney    J.,    &  \ 
pullinq,  f.  s.    .    .  )' 

1556.  Price,  E.  D.  (Edited  by) 

1557.  Benham,  W.  Rev.       .    . 
1S88.  

ISSS.  

1898.   Clowes,  W.  L 

1902.   Hasluck,  Pavl  N.      .    . 

1904.  

1904.  


title. 

The  Pennr  Cyclopiedia  of  the  Society 
of  Useful  Knowledge.  27  vols.,  Svo., 
with  two  .supplements. 

The  British  Cyclopa-dia  of  the  .\ils, 
Sciences,  Geography,  Natural  His- 
tory, uini  Biograpiiy.     10  vols.,  Svo. 

Dictionary  of  Dates.  Many  later  edi- 
tiuns  have  been  issued. 

Eiicyclupiudi:*  Britannica.  7th  ed.,  21 
vols.,  4to. 

The  Icoungraphie  Encyclopiedia  of 
Science,  Literature,  and  Ai't.    Ovols. 

National  Cyclopiedia  of  Useful  Know- 
ledge.    12  vols.,  Svo. 

Eucvclopa:dia  Britannica.  Sth  ed.,  21 
vols.,  4to. 

Museum  of  Science  and  Art. 

The  English  Encycloi)a;dia.  A  New 
Dictionary  of  Universal  Knowledge. 

New  Auiericaii  Cyclojiiedia.  (New  cd. 
1S73-S.) 

Beeton's  Dictionary  of  Universal  In- 
formation. Later  editions  in  1S77  & 
1S79.  Niuueroivs  other  works  liave 
been  issued  in  this  series. 

Jell's  Popular  Encyclopedia,  a  Univer- 
sal Dictionary  of  the  English  Laii' 
auage.  Science,  Literature,  and  Art. 

Chambers's  Encyclopa'dia.  10  vols. 
(New  cd.  commenced  in  1901.) 

New  Universal  Cyclopa-dia,  a  Scicntilic 
and  Popular  Treasury  of  Usefid 
Knowledge.     4  vols. 


Encyclopiedia  Britannica,  9tli  I'd..  21 
vols.     Extended  to  35  vols,  in  19jJ. 

The  Globe  Encyclopaedia.    C  vols. 

Dictionary  of  Engli-sli  Literature  ;  being 
a  Comprehensive  Guide  to  English 
Authors  and  their  Works. 

Cassell's  Dictionary  of  Cookery. 

The  Popular  Encyclopiedia,  or  Conver- 
sations Lexicon.     New  ed.,  7  vols. 

Encyclopaedia  Americana. 

Cassell's  Concise  Cyclopa;dia. 

Cassell's  Dictionary  of  English  History, 

Hazell's  Annual  Cyclopiedia. 

Cassell's  Dictionary  of  Religion. 

Everyday  Dictionary. 

Pocket  Encyclopaedia. 

Cassell's  Jliniature  Cyclopaedia. 

Cassell's  Cyelopaidia  of  Mechanics. 
3  vols. 

Cassell's  Cabinet  Cycloixedia. 

Cassell's  New  Dictionary  of  Cookery, 


PHRASES    AND    QUOTATIONS 


FROM 


CLASSICAL  AND   MODERN   LANGUAGES. 


Exact   rcftrcncfs  hair  hccn  addtd   in  t/i/s  list,  wlwrccer  possible,  so  that  thr  ronttwt  may  be  consulted.     The  mark  (  |  ) 
shows  the  eommeneement  of  a  re7'sr.     For  pronunciation,  see  j?.  (i(>I-3. 


aWoi  Ktifiovj  aWoi  iovavro  {alloi  kamnu, 
nlloi  oiianlo),  Borne  toil,  others  reap  tlie  ad- 
\.iiitage. 

avdyKa  5'  ovZe  6fol  ^.dxoi'Tai    (muni^ka  d' 

•  'ii'U'   theoi    madiontai,    Siimm.    viii.    20),    Not 
L'veii  tlie  j^ods  can  liglit  against  iieLtssity. 

avhpuv  4Tri<t>avwv  iraffa  yrj  ratftos  {(imlroii 
fpipiuindii  pasa  gc  taphos,  Thucyd.  ii.  43),  All 
tlie  world  is  a  burial-idace  for  illustrious  men. 

afTjp  5  (f>eu7Q)f  Koi  7rd\tv  fiaxv<T^f'''o.i  (ajjt"/- 
hi.  j<hruiji'iii  kal  pidiii  iiLachi'St^tal),  The  nmn  wlio 
th.'s  sliiill  tight  again.  (A  line  said  to  have 
lifen  written  by  Demosthenes  as  an  excuse 
for  his  running  away  and  leaving  his  shield 
behind  him  at  the  battle  of  Oheroiuya,  33S 
B.C.  A  couplet  to  the  same  effect  occurs  in 
Hadibras,  iii.  3.) 

aTrATjiTTOs  tridos  (aplcstos  pithos),  A  cask  that 
will  never  till ;  an  endless  job.  The  allusion  is 
to  the  Danaides,  who,  for  the  murder  of  their 
liusbands,  were  condemned  to  draw  water  in 
sieves. 

apiiTTOv  fi€v  uSwp  (uristoii  men  hud'~ir,  I'iiid: 
Olymp.  i.  1.),  Water  is  the  chief  of  the 
elements — i.e.,  as  being  the  origin  of  all 
things.  In  the  Theogony  of  Hesiod,  Oceanus 
and  Thetis  are  regartied  as  the  parents  of  all 
the  deities  who  presided  over  Nature. 

dptffrov   ^4rpov   {ariston   metron).      [Metron 

ARISTON.] 

'jXavKas  fh'ABijvas  (glaiikaseis  Atheiui.^),  Owls 
to  Athens.  The  owl  was  saered  to  Jlinerva, 
tlie  guardian  divinity  of  Athens  ;  hence,  owls 
were  abundant  there,  so  that  the  proverb  = 
to  carry  coals  to  Newcastle. 

7Ac«j(T(ra  bnr\rj  (glossa  diplc),  A  double  tongue. 

yvUdi  (TeavTov  (ijiwthl  seautim),  Know  tliyself. 
A  precept  inscribed  in  gold  letters  over  the 
portico  of  the  temple  at  Delphi.     Its  autjior- 


Gr  RE  E  K . 

ship  has  been  ascribed  to  Pythagoras,  to 
-several  of  the  wise  men  of  Gi-ecee,  and  to 
Phenionue,  a  m.Nlhical  Greek  poetess.  Ac- 
cording to  Juvenal  (xi.  27),  this  i>re- 
Cfpt  descended  fi'om  heaven,  and  Ciceto 
{Tust\  Disp.  i.  22)  calls  it  '*  a  precept  of 
Afiollo." 

51  s   Kpdfi$7}    ddvaTOs   (dis  kiaiiihe    thanatos), 

Cabbage,  twice  over,  is  death ;  repetition  is 

tedious,     (Cr.'^mbe  bepetita.] 
eV  vvKTi  $ov\r}  (nn   iinktl  boulv).  In  the  night 

tliere  is  connsel ;  sleep  on  it, 
eV  oifcp   aArideia  (en  nhw    oHtli4'i.a),   In  wine 

thtre  is  truth.     [In  vino  vkkitas.] 

7]  yXivaff'  ofiufiox',  v  5€  <pp^v  avw/xoros 
(he  gloss'  onidmoch',  lie  d*i  phren  anCimotos, 
Kurlp:  Hipp.,  ed.  Paley.  012),  My  tongue  lias 
sworn,  but  my  mind  is  unsworn  ;  I  liave  said 
it,  but  don't  mean  to  do  it. 

^  rav  ^  eVl  ray  (e  tan,  c  epi  tan).  Either  this, 
or  upon  this;  either  bring  this  back,  or  be 
brought  home,  dead,  upon  it.  The  words  of  a 
Spailan  mother  when  she  gave  a  shicdd  to  her 
son  going  on  military  service. 

Kaiphv  yvuiBi  (kairon  gnOthl),  Know  your 
opportunity.  A  saying  of  Pittacus,  one  of  the 
Wise  Men  of  Greece. 

/car'  €£ox7fv  (kaf  €j:ocMn),  Pre-eminently. 

fi^ya  &i^\iov  fxtya  KaKOv  (mega  hihlion  mega 
kakon.  (Adapted  from  a  maxim  of  Cidlimachus, 
preservi'd  in  Athenivm,  iii.  72),  A  big  book  is  a 
big  nuisance. 

pLiyd\-r)  v6\is  (ifyd\r,  4p7)ti'ta  (viegale  pnlis 
megalr.  ertmia),  A  great  city  is  a  great  solitude. 
(Cf.  Byron  :  Vltilde  Harold,  ii.  20.) 

jUETpo;'  dpicTTOv  (nietroiiarUiton),  Moderation  is 
best.  (A  favourite  saying  of  the  jihilosopher 
Cleobnius.) 


/t7?5ev  (Syai'  (iiicdcn  agan),  Not  too  mu<h  of 
aiiythiw^.     [Ne  yuiD  nimis.] 

p-ia  xf^iSaJV  ^ap  ov  iroiet  (miu  chrlutOn  iar  nu 
polii,  AriM. :  Eth.  N.,  I.  vii.  !/>),  One  swallow 
does  not  make  a  spring. 

ol  TToWoi  (hoi  polloi),  Tlie  many,  the  common 
people. 

^v  ol  QioX  <pi\ovaiv  dwedvrjaKfi  v4os  (hmi  hoi 
theoi  philousin  ((ju'thniskti  m-os,  A  fiugmeut 
from  Mcitandei),  IK-  whom  the  gods  love  dies 
young.     (yiEM  in,  &.c.] 

Tra6i]fiara  fiaB-qfxara  (pathvmata  vuUltcimta, 
Herod,  i.  207),  One  learns  by  sutVering.     [Qlm 

NOCENT,    &C.J 

TTOTpiT  yap  fffTi  iratr'  tV  fie  "Kparrrf  tij  tv 

(jxdris  gar  vsti  jkls  hiii  nn  jiratUtia  t-ri  Aris- 
tophanes: i'^tftis,  1,151),  Every  land  where  a 
man  is  successful  is  his  native  land.     [Vm 

PATRIA,  &c.) 

TTflBeiv  Supa  koI  6eov^  \6yos  (pcitJtein  dura 
kai  tli^OHJi  logi'n,  Eurip. :  Medea,  ed.  Paley,  d04). 
Gifts  persuade  even  the  gods,  as  tlic  proverb 
says. 

CTKTiv^  ttSs  6  $los  (skene  pas  ho  hios,  Greek 
Anthol.),  Life  is  a  stage.  (CtShakesp. :  As  You. 
Like  It,  ii.  7.) 

(ro^7}U  Be  fxttrw  (sophin  de  nil&o,  Eurip. :  Hipp., 
ed.  Paley,  040,  I  hat«  a  blue-stocking  (cf.  Juv. 
vi.,  433-j^). 

(TirEL)5€  $pa^ff}S  (s})eiide  hrathos).  Make  haste 
.slowly.  A  favourite  saying  of  Augustus 
Ciesar  (.Smc?.  ii.  25).     [F^aTINA  lentk.J 

rh  KaX6v  (to  kahn),  The  beautiful. 

rh  -Kpiirov  (to  prcpon).  What  is  becoming  or  de- 
corous. 

XpVf^ar'  avTJp  (chrvmaf  atur).  iiml. :  hth.  ii. 
17),  Money  makes  the  man. 


ab  e^ctra,  From  without. 

ab  mcunabnlis.  From  the  cradle. 

ab  initio.  From  the  beginning. 

ab  origlne.  From  the  origin  or  commence- 
ment. 

ab  OVO  (Hor.  :  de  A  rte  Poet.  1 47),  From  the  egg ; 
from  the  very  beginning. 

ab  ovo  [usque  ad  mala  Oit,  from  the  egg 
*j  I  tlif  apples  (Ilvr. :  Sat.  I.  iii.  ij,  7),  a  trrrn  bor- 
rowed from  Roman  bampiets,  which  began 
with  eggs  and  ended  with  fruit),  From  begin- 
ning to  end;  from  lirst  to  last. 

absens  hseres  non  erit  (Tlie  abftent  one  will 
not  !»■  tlie  ht-ir),  Out  of  sight,  out  of  nnnd. 

absit  invidia.  Let  there  be  no  ill-will  ;  envy 
apajt, 

ab  uno  I  disce  omnes  (From  one  example 

juilge    of    Uif  rest— ^'in/.  ;    ,Kil.,    u.    Ob,    00), 
From  a  single  instance  infer  the  whole. 


LATIN. 

ab  urbe  condita.  From  the  building  of  the 

city,  i.e..  Home.     (A.U.C.l 
a  capite  ad  calcem.  From  head  to  heel. 
a  cruce   SalUS,    Salvation   by   or   fro»i    the 

ClHSS. 

ad  arbitrium.  At  will,  at  pleasure. 

ad  calendas  grsecas.  At  the  Greek  calends, 

i.r  ,  never,     Tlie  (iieeks  had  no  calends. 
ad  captandum  valgus.  To  attract  or  please 

tlie  rabble. 
a  Deo  et  rege.  From  God  and  the  king. 
ad  extremnm.  To  the  extreme  ;  at  last. 

ad  gUStum,  To  "me's  taste. 

a  <Ue,  Fi  oiii  that  day. 

ad  intemecioneHi,  To  extermination. 

ad  modom,  in  the  manner  of. 

admultos  annos.  For  many  years. 

ad  nauseam.  So  as  to  disgust  or  nauseate. 


ad  patres.  Gathered  to  his  fathers ;  dead. 
ad  rem.  To  the  purpose  ;  to  the  point. 
adscriptus  glebfie.  Attached  to  the  soil. 

[.■Vi'scuu'r.  in  Em  vr.  Dnrr.] 
adsum.   1  -im  ]ircsent;  1  am  here. 
ad  sununum.  To  the  highest  point  or  amount. 
ad  unguem.  To  a  nicety,  exactly.    (Cf.  Hvr. : 

<lf  Arte  I't-r!..  ■_",i4.)     [HoMO  FACTl'S,   &C.] 

ad  uniun  omnes*  To  a  man. 

ad  utmmque  paratus.  Prepared  for  cither 

event  or  case. 
advivum  Lilv  life;  to  the  life. 

aegrescit  medendo  (Virg.  :  Jin.,  xii.  40), 
It  brCHiues  w.'isL-  from  the  remedies  em- 
ph.yci. 

sequabUlter  et  diligenter.  Kquably  and 
diligently. 
'  seauo  a&lmo,  With  a  calm  mind. 


652 


Phrases   and   Quotations. 


.ere  pcrcnziiuSt  (Exkui  monumkntum,  &c.] 

ajtatis  suse,  'Uliis  or  lu-r  jijje. 

a  fortiori,    lAir  the  stronger   leasou.     tSce 

\U-t.  Ill  Kmvc.  DrT-I 
a^e  quod  agis,  Dn  what  you  arc  doing ;  at- 

I^  11*1 1"  \  our  lm:siiiess. 
aleie  flammam.  To  feed  the  Hanie. 
alter  ego,  Anntlirr  .self. 
alter  idem.  Ainitlier,  t-xactly  similar. 
alter  ipse  amicus,  a  fiicnd  is  anotlier  self. 
alterutn  tantum,  a>  imifli  m-m-. 
amantium  irse  amoris  integratio{VV*- 

..■...■;     A!>»lrn,,    III.    vi.    -J:!),    I/'Vlts'  .luarreis 
M\-  the  l-flir\Mli^  .•!  Iiivf. 

a  maximis  ad  minimat  From  the  greatest 

I  '  I  ln' least, 
amicus  humani  generis,  A  friend  uf  the 

Iniiiian  race. 
amicus  usque  ad  aras,  A  friend  even  to 

lijf  altar  (nf  ^acriliet.-),    i.e.,  To  the  last  ex- 

tn-niity. 
amor  patriae.  Love  of  country  ;  patriotism. 
anguis   in  herba,   A  snake  in    the    grass 

(I  n-.j.iKd.,  111. 1)3);  a  false  friend  ;  an  niifore- 

animo  et  fide.  Courageously  and  faitlifully. 
anno  aetatis  suae.  In  the  year  of  his  or  her 

anno  ChriSti,  In  tlie  year  of  Christ,     [A.C.] 
anno    humanse    salutis.    In  the    year  of 

M.iUA  r^nU-iiiijtiun.     [A. 11.^.] 
anno  salutis.   In  the   year  of  redemption. 

[A.S.] 

anno  urbis  conditae.  In  the  year  from  the 

tiiii.'  till'  (.'ity— (.'.'.,  Kome— was  built. 
annus  nurabilis,  Ayear  of  wonders.  (Often 
ai'plnd  in  English  History  to  the  year  166(3, 
noteworthy  for  the  war  with  the  Dutch,  the 
Plague,  and  the  Great  Fire  of  Loudon.  See 
Drylens  poem  AiiiiiiS  Mirabilis.) 

ante  bellum,  Befure  tlie  war. 

ante  lucenx,  Beiore  daybreak. 

ante  meridiem.  Before  noon. 

a  posse  ad  esse.  From  possibility  to  reality. 

a  posteriori,  From  what  follows.  [See  def. 
ill  Encvc.  Dkt.] 

a  priori.  From  what  goes  before.  [See  def, 
in  luNcvc.  DicT.] 

arbiter  elegantiarum,  A  judge  or  au- 
thority in  matters  of  taste.  (Cf.  Tacitus: 
Ann.  xvi.  18.) 

arcana  coelestia.  Celestial  secrets. 

arcana  imperii,  Wtate  secrets. 

ardentia   verba.    Words    that   burn.    (Cf. 

Gray:  Froij.  of  I'o^sy,  HI.  iii,  4.) 

argumentum  ad  crumenam  (An  ar^u- 
mt-nt  to  the  purse).  An  appeal  to  one's  in- 
terests. 

argumentum  ad  invidiam  (An  aigument 
to  envy),  An  appeal  to  luw  passions. 

argumentum  ad  judicium.  An  argument 
a[ipealing  to  the  jiulL^mout, 

argumentum  baculinum.  The  argument 

iifllie  cudgel  ;  ail  ;ip]'t';il  to  force. 

ars  est  celare  artem.  True  art  is  to  con- 
ceal art. 

ars  longa,  vita  brevis.  Art  is  long,  life 
is  short. 

artium  magister.  Master  of  Aits. 

asinus  ad  lyram  (lit.,  an  ass  at  the  lyre}. 

All  ;i\vkward  fellow. 

at  spes  non  fracta,   But  hope  is  not  yet 

crustied. 

audi  alteram  partem.  Hear  the  other  side. 
aurea  mediocritas.  The  golden  mean. 
aut  Caesar  aut  nnUus.   Either   Ciesar  or 
nobody  ;  nitiicr  in  the  lirst  i>lace  or  nowhere, 

(Cf.  SaH.,  i.  7it.) 

aut  vincere  aut  morj.  To  conquer  or  die; 

death  or  victory. 

auxilium  ab  alto.  Help  from  on  high. 
a  verbis    ad  verbera.    From   words   to 

blows, 
avito  viret  honore.  He  flourishes  on  flie 

hunour.s  of  his  aneestors. 

beatae  memorise,  t  if  blessed  memory. 
bella!  horrida  bella  {y'trg. :  .-En.  vi.  8G), 

War!  horrid  war. 
bella  matribus  detestata  (IFor.,  I.  i.  6, 

7),  y\iu;  so  .letested  l.y  mothers. 


bellum  internecinum,  A  w.u  of  extermina- 
tion. 

bene  orasse  est  bene  studuisse.  To 
lijive  studied  Well  is  t.t  have  prayed  well. 

bis  dat  qui  cito  dat.  He  gives  twice  who 
gives  .(iiirkly  or  opportunely. 

bis   peccare   in   bello  non  licet.   One 

iimsl  not  blumler  twice  in  war. 

bis  pueri  senes,  'Hd  men  are  twice  buys. 

bona  fide,  in  '^ooa  faith. 

bona  fides,  (.iood  faith. 

brevi  manu  (With  a  short  hand),    Offhand, 

extempore,  summarily. 
brevis  esse  laboro  |  obsciirus  fio(//or. : 

ih:  Aiiv  Port.,  -j:.,  2'j),  If  I  labour  to  be  l>rief, 

I  become  obscure. 

cadit  qusestio.  The    question  falls  to    tlie 

■.,'rotiiMl  ;  tlieie  is  no  discussion. 
caeca  est  invidia.  Envy  is  blind. 
caetera  desunt,  Tlie  rest  is  wanting. 
caeteris  paribus.  Other  things  being  equal. 
Candida   Pax  {Ovid:  Art.  Amat,,  iii.  502). 

Wliite-rubed  Peace. 

cantabit  vacuus  coram  latrone  viator 

(Jiir..  X.  22),  The  puiiiiless  liaveller  will  sing 
in  tli>-  presence  id"  the  highwayman;  a  man 
who  has  nothing  has  nothing  to  lose. 

cantate  Domino,  Sing  unto  the  Lord.  (The 
openinij;  words  of  many  Psalms.     J'uhiate) 

carpe  diem  (//or.,  I.  xi.  S.)  Usually  ex- 
plained, according  to  popular  ideas  of  Epi- 
curean philosophy,  as  =  Enjoy  the  present 
day  (cf.  Wisd.  ii.  0  : 1  Cor.  xv.  ;i-2) ;  but  capable 
of  a  higher  interpretation  =  Seize  the  present 
opportunity ;  improve  time. 

casus  belli,  A  cause  justifying  war;  a 
ground  of  war. 

causa  sine  qua  non,  An  indispensable  cause. 

cedant  arma  togae  (Cicero:  de  Of.,  i.  22), 
Let  arms  yield  to  the  gown;  let  violence 
give  place  to  law, 

circuitus  verborum,  A  circumlocution. 

circulus  in  probando,  A  circle  in  the 
proof;  the  fallacy  of  using  the  conclusion  as 
one  of  the  premisses  ;  a  vicious  circle. 

clarior  e  tenebris,  Brighti-r  fiom  obscurity. 

clarum  et  venerabile  nomen  (Lucan: 
I'kar.,  ix.  -102).  An  illustrious  and  veuerabla 
name. 

cogito,  ergo  sum,  I  tliiuk,  therefore  I  exist. 
[Cartksianism,  in  Encyc.  Dict.] 

comitas  inter  gentes.  Comity  between 
nations. 

commune  bonum,  A  eomnion  good. 

conimunibus  annis.  On  the  annual  aver- 
age; <.>iie   \ear  with  another, 

communi  consensu.  By  common  consent. 

conditio  sine  qua  non.  An  indispeu»able 
i.'onilitioii. 

conjunctis  viribus.  With  united  powers. 

consensus  facit  legem.  Consent  makes 
the  law— (.t'..  If  two  persons  make  an  agree- 
ment in  :4oud  faith  and  with  full  knowledge, 
the  law  will  insist  on  its  being  carried  out. 

consilio  et  animis,  By  wisdom  and  courage. 

consilio  et  prudentia.    By  wisdom   and 

pr"d-?;iCc. 

constantia  et  virtute.  By  constancy  and 

virtue. 
consuetudo  pro  lege  servatur.  Custom 

is  held  as  law.     ('I'he  English  ecuiiiiion  law  is 

based  vu  imrnemurial  usage.) 
consule  Plaaco  (Hor  ,   III.  xiv.  28),  When 

Plaucus  ^vas  consul  ;     in   my  youngei-   days 

(Horace  was  then  about  twenty-four  j  ears  old.) 
contra   bonos   mores.  Contrary  to   good 

morals. 
copia   verborum,    A   plentiful    supply    of 

wi_trds  ;  flow  of  language. 
coram  nobis,  in  our  presence. 
coram  non  judice,  Befoie  a  person  who  is 

n<.'t  a  judge  ;  not  ln-fore  the  proper  tribunal, 
crambe  repetita  {Juv.,  vii.  154),  Cabbage 

warmed  up  a  second  time  ;  hence  used  prover- 
bially for  any  tedious  repetition  of  a  truism, 

an  old  story,  &c. 
credat  Judaaus  Apella   (Hor. :  Sat.  i.  v. 

100),  Let  the  (superstitious)  Jew  Apella  believe 

it ;  tell  that  to  the  marines. 
crede   quod  habes,  et  habes.    Believe 

that  you  liave  it,  and  ytm  have  it. 
credo,    quia  absurdum  (Corrupted  from 

a  passage  iu  Tertullian,   "  Et  mortuus  est  Dei 


filius  :  ]norsus  (•iedibileest,quia  ineptnm  e^t. 

Et  sepultus,  resuirexit:  certum  est,  quia  im- 

possibile." — lie  Came  Christi,  §  4),  I  believe  it. 

because  it  is  absurd    f  Notes  dQncrifs,  7th  scr., 

iv.  274.) 
crescit  amor  nummi,  quantum  ipsa 

pecunia  crescit  {.lur.,  xiv.  1;/.'),  Thebn-e 

of  moiii)'  ;.;rn\\s  as  our  Wealth  increases. 
crescit  eundo,  it  Increasesas  it  goes.    [Virf« 

ACyL'li:n     l,rM>n.] 

crescit  sub  pondere  virtus.  Virtue  in- 
creases uiiiler  I'Very  oppiession. 

creta  an  carbone  notandam  (Adapt -d 
from  Hor.:  Si't.  11.  iii.,  24(1),  To  be  maiked 
witli  chalU  orcharcoal.  (Tlie  Boniaos  maiked 
lucky  days  with  white,  and  unlucky  ones 
with  black.) 

crux,  A  cross,  a  difficulty,  a  stumbling-block, 
a  puzzle;  e.g.,  cmx  criticonnn,  crux  mothrmoti- 
corum,  crux  viedirdman.  The  puzzle  of  critics, 
mathematicians,  physicians. 

cucuUus  non  facit  monachum.  TIk- 
cowl  does  not  make  the  monk;  Dmri  tnist 
to  aiipearances. 

cui  bono?  (A  maxim  of  Cassius.  quoted  by 
Cicero,  Pro  Milom',  12),  For  whose  advantage? 
Generally  used,  however,  as  =  Wliat  is  the 
good  of  it? 

cui  Fortiina  Ipsa  cedit.  To  whom  For 

tune  hersrif  yh-hls. 

culpam  poena  premit  comes  (Ifor.,  IV. 
V.  -4).   runishment  follows  hard  on  crime. 

cum  grano,  cum  grano  sails.  With  a  grain 
of  salt ;  with  some  allowance  or  moditication. 

cum  privilegio.  With  privilege. 

cum  tacent.  clamant  {Cicero  :  in  Cat.,  i.  8), 
Alihoui;li  they  keep  sUeiice,  they  cry  aloud  ; 
their  silence  is  more  expressive  than  words. 

ciiriosa  felicitas.  Nice  felicity  of  expres- 
sion (apjilii'd  by  Petronius  Arbiter,  cxviii.  ;J, 
to  the  writih-s  of  Horace) ;  happy  knack. 

currente  calamo,  VVUh  a  running  pen  ;  oft- 
hand. 

da  locum  melloribus  (Terence  :  Phormio, 
III.  ii.  :i7),  Give  place  to  your  betters  (cf. 
Luke  xiv,  s). 

damnant  quod  non  intelllgunt.  They 

coiiilemn  what  they  do  not  umlerslaiid. 

dare  pondus  fumo  {Pers.,  v.  20).  To  -i\-e 
weight  to  smoke  ;  to  impai't  value  to  that  \vhich 
is  worthless  ;  to  attach  importance  to  trifles. 

data  et  accepta.  Expenses  and  receipts. 

date  obolum  Belisario,  Give  an  obolus 
to  Belisarius.  It  is  said  that  this  general, 
when  old  and  blind,  was  neglected  by  Jus- 
tinian, and  obliged  to  beg.  Gibbon  {Decline, 
eh.  xliii.)  treats  the  story  as  a  fable. 

Davus  sum,  non  CEdipus  {Terence:  An- 
drill.  I.  ii.  -3),  I  am  Davus.  nut  tEdijuis. 
[Si-hinx,  IL,  l.j  I  am  no  conjurer;  I  am  a 
bad  hand  at  riddles. 

deceptio  visiis.  An  optical  illusion. 

decorl  decus  addit  avito.  He  adds  honour 
tu  the  ancestral  honours. 

de  die  in  diem.  From  day  to  day. 

de  gustibus  non  est  disputandum. 
There  is  no  disputing  about  tastes. 

Dei  gratia,  by  the  grace  of  God. 

de  jure.  By  the  law  ;  by  right. 

de  lana  caprina  {Hor. .-  Ep.  I.  xviii.  15), 
About  goafs  wool,  hence  about  any  worthless 
object. 

delenda  est  Carthago,  Carthage  must  be 
utterly  destroyed.  (A  phrase  with  which 
Cato  the  Elder  inged  the  Roman  people  to 
the  destruction  of  Carthage,  which  he  looked 
on  as  a  dangerous  rival  to  Home.) 

de  minimis  non  ciirat  lex.  Tlie  law>loes 
not  concern  itself  with  trifles. 

de  mortuis  nil  nisi  bonum,  Let  nothing 
be  said  of  the  dead  but  what  is  good. 

de  nibilo  nihil,  in  nihilum  nil  posse 
reverti  (/V'>-.,  iii.  SA).  From  nothing  no- 
thiny  is  made,  and  nothing  that  exists  can  bo 
reduced  to  nothing.  (The  doctrine  of  i\if. 
eternity  of  matter.) 

de  novo.  Anew, 

de  ommbus  rebus,  et  quibusdam 
aliis,  About  everything,  and  boiiiethiiij; 
more  besides.  Applied  ironically  to  an  imma- 
ture literary  production,  in  which  very  many 
subjects  are  treated.  The  charge  of  having 
written  a  treatise,  De  onuiihus  7-ebt(S  (About 
everything),  and  afterwards  supplementing  it 
with  De  qiiihusdam  aliis  (About  certain  other 
things),  is  made  against  several  Scholastic^. 


Phrases   and    Quotations. 


663 


Deo  adjuvante,  non  timendum,  With 
tli.-'  iR-Ip  of  Gn,l,  tli.ir  is  iiMthint,'  tu  W  alraiU 
of. 

Deo  duce*  Witli  (inU  for  a  leader. 

Deo  favente.  With  tlie  fiivour  of  Gnd. 

Deo  gratias.  'Chauks  be  to  tlod.    [D.G-l 

Deo  juvante,  Wilh  the  lielp  of  God. 

Deo  monente,  tJod  yivitij;  waniinj;. 

Deo,  non    fortuna,    Fi-om  God,  not    from 

Deo  volente,  G.>d  willing. 

de  profundis.  Out  of  the  depths.    (Thelirst 

wi'kIs  nf  I's.  cxxix.  —  J'ulg.) 

desinit   in    piscem    mulier    formdsa 

SUperne  (lim-.:  </(■  Ait-:  /'iicf.,4).    Awnmau, 

I'r.mtifiil  .'iliitvr.  hiis  a  fish's  tail.     (A  descrjp- 

iiiMi  ni  ;(ii  iii'"nii;^'riiou.^  style.) 
desipere  in  loco,  (Dulceestdesipere,  &c.] 
desunt  caetera,  |C.tTi:iiA  desunt.] 
dii  majorum   gentium.  The  amis  of  the 

sii(i.'iinr  limisi's  ;  tin;  twclvtr  superior  gods. 
dii  penates,  Hnnseholtt  ;;'uis. 
disjecta  membra  (Alt.Miri  froni  //or.:  Sat. 

I.  i\.  li'Jl,   Scalleicd  reinaliis. 

docendo  discimus.  We  Iwirn  by  teaching. 
Dominus  vobiscum,  The  Lord  be  with  you. 

(.Tiic    w.nds    in   whicli   th»^    priest  blesses  the 

ii'.'opl.'  ill  tile  Roman  (.'liurcli.) 
domus  et  placens  I  uxor  (//or.,  II.  xiv.  21, 

■22).  Home  and  the  good  wife. 
do  Ut  des,   I   give  that  you  may  give;  the 

I>rincip!e  nf  reci])rocity. 
dulce  domum,  Wweet  home.     (The  burden 

I'f  the  breakin;.;-up  song  of  the  boys  of  Win- 
chester SciiM.jl.) 
dulce  est  desipere  in  loco  (Hor.,  IV.  xii. 

L's),  It  is  pleasant  (o  jilay  the  fool  at  times 

(cf.  P^ccles.  iii.  4). 
dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patria  mori 

(//'-./■.,   111.  ji.  l:;.),  It  is  sweet  and  glonuiis 

I'}  dii.'  fcr  line's  'rountry. 

dum  spiro  spero,  Wiiile  I  breathe,  I  hope. 
dum  vivimus,  vivamus.  Let  us  live  while 

wr  livT  ;  (.'■,,  Let  nsenjoy  life.    [Carpe  Diem.] 
durante  vita.  During  life. 


€  flamma  cibum  petere  (Tnoia- :  Eun., 
III.  ii.  38.)  To  seek  food  from  the  flames  ;  to 
piek  the  leninants  of  food  from  tlie  funeral 
pyre  ;  to  be  reduced  to  the  last  extremity. 

ego  et  rex  mens.  My  king  and  I.  (An  ex- 
pie.ssi<:in  attributed  to  Card.  Wolsey,  and  un- 
justly tn  ide  t!ie  .subject  of  a  charge  against 
liiiji,  as  if  he  liad  written,  "  I  and  my  King.") 

eheu!  fugaces  labuntur  anni  {Hor.,  II. 
xi\'.  ].  -J).     Alas  !  om-  fleeting  years  jmss  away. 

elapso  tempore.  The  time  having  elapsed. 

eo  animo.  With  that  design. 

eo  nomine,  iiy  tliat  name. 

e  pliiribus  unum,  <>ue  out  of,  or  composed 
ui,  many.  (Tlie  motto  of  the  United  Stales 
ul'  America.) 

epulis  accumbere  divum  (I'irg. .-  .£n.  i. 
7'.'/.  To  sit  down  at  the  bani|uets  of  tlie  gods. 

e  re  nata,  A(;i:<uding  to  the  exigency. 

esse  quam  videri.  To  be,  rather  than  to 

SfClIl. 

est  modus  in  rebus  (Hor. :  Sat.  1.  i.  I0t3.) 

Tliere  is  a  iiuddle  eoars./  in  all  things. 
esto   quod   esse   videris,   Ue  what  you 

sei-rii  ti.  b<-. 
et  CSBtera,  An-l  the  rest. 

et  id  genus  omne.  And  everything  of  the 

sort.     (li>  (jKNUs  I  ).MNi:  ] 

Gt  sequentes,  et  sequentia.   And  those 

thai  t.illow. 

et  sic  de  cseteris.  Ami  so  of  the  rest. 

et   sic  de   similibus.   And   so  of  similar 

things. 
et  tu.  Brute!  And  thou  also.  Brutus.  (Usually 
^iven  as  the  last  words  of  Julius  Ciesar,  when 
he  saw  Brutus  amongst  his  luuiderers  ;  cf. 
siuilcesp.  :  Julius  Ctesar,  iii.  1.)  Aeeording  to 
Suetonius  (i.  82),  his  dying  exclamation,  as  he 
saw  Brutus  coming  to  attack  him,  was  ical  av 
TfKvov ;  (kai  su  teknon  ?),  And  you,  too,  my 
son? 

eventus  stultorum  magister  (Lh-ij,  xx. 

:;'.>),   F..,,ls  iiiii.^t  b,-  tauglit  by  ^-xpL-nr-nce. 
ex  abundantla,  out  of  the  abundance. 
fcX  adverse.  From  the  opposite  side. 
ex  aequo  et   bono,  Acc-M-ding  tc  what  is 

light  ami  good. 


ely. 


ex  animo.  ILartily, 

ex  capite.  Fri>m  the  h-'ad.  from  incmory. 

exceptlo  probat  regulam.  The  exception 

l^r  tvcs  th''  ruh-  ;  for  if  llu-  casf  ni  point  wore 
nut  an  exi-cplion,  tlicvr  wnuld  be  no  rule. 

exceptis  excipiendis.  Due  exceptions  (or 
allouanccs)  bavin-  b.-.-n  mude. 

ex  COncesso,  Fiom  what  lias  been  conceded. 

ex  curia,  out  of  court. 

ex  delicto.  From  tlie  crime. 

exegi  monumentum  ssre  perennius 

(Hor.,  III.  \\\.  1).  I  lijivc  reared  a  muiiuinnil 
more  listing    than  brass.     (A   prc)phetic  esti- 
mate by  H'>;;icc  of  th<'  value  of  his  poems.) 
exempla  sunt  odiosa,  Examples  are  otfen- 

si\e. 

exempli  gratia.  By  way  of  example,    [k.o.] 
ex  facto  jus  oritur.  The  law  arises  from 

llir   liirt.       lili    thi-    nature  of  the   olfence  is 
known,  till'  law  lannot   be  set  in  motion, 
exitus   acta  probat.   The  result  justiHes 

thr  .l,Td. 

ex  mera  gratia.  Through  mere  favour. 

ex  mere  motu.  <  >f  his  own  free  will. 

ex  necessitate  rel.  From  the  urgemiy  of 

th.'  cast". 

ex  nihilo  nihil  fit  (Dk  Xihilo,  &c.] 

ex   pede   Herculem,    Von  inayjulge   of 

II.Tcuh-s  by  lii^  tui>t  ;  tlie  whole  by  the  jxirt. 
I'nib.ibly  frt'ui  a  story  in  PlutfuV-h  (I'ln-ia 
Scriff'i,  ed.  Tauchnitz,  vi.  393),  that  Pytlia- 
gonis  calculated  the  great  stature  of  Hercules 
fiom  the  length  of  the  sta,dium,  at  Olympia, 
which  the  hero  is  said  to  have  measured  with 
his  own  feet.  The  piiilos'jphei'  ai-gued  that 
as  the  Olympian  stadium  was  longer  than 
other  stadia,  so  were  tlie  feet  of  HereuU-s 
longer  than  the  feet  of  i>ther  men,  and,  by 
l^aiitv  "f  reasoning,  his  wli<de  stature  was  pro- 
pnrtiimably  greater.  (Cf.  Aiilns  Genius,  i.  1.) 
experientia  docet    stultos.   Experience 

Irachrs  .-V-n   fools. 

experto  crede.  Believe  one  who  has  tried 
it.  ny  wild  .s])f;tks  from  expei'ience  ;  experto 
crede  Roberto,  Believe  Robert,  who  has 
tried  it,  "r  wli"  speaks  from  experience.     (Cf. 

Virg.  :  .-En.,  xi.  283.) 

expertus   metuit  (Hor. :  Ep.  l.  xviii.  87). 

Ihniii;.'  had  experiem-e  of  it,  he  dreads  it;  a 

burnt  cliil'i  dreads  the  tire. 
ex  post  focto.  After  the  deed  is  done;  retro- 

spi-ctive. 
expressis  verbis.  In  express  terms. 
ex  quocunque  capite.  For  whatever  reason. 
ex  tacito.  Tacitly. 
extinctus    amabitur   idem  (Hor. :   Ep. 

II.  i.  14).  This  same  man  will  be  loved  after 

his  death. 
extra  muros.  Outside  the  walls. 
ex  ungue  leonem,  Y..u  may  tell  the  lion 

by  lii> '.-law.      |Kx   i'Ki'K   Ukrcl'lkm,] 

ex  uno  disce  omnes  [Ae  vsd,  &c.]. 


£aber  quisque  fortunse  suae  (Appius,  in 

Sull-  :  ill-  lu'jinb.  Urdiii.  i.),  Kveiy  man  is  tlie 
archU'ct'd  his  own  fortune;  lience,  faber 
fortunse  suss  =  a  self-made  man. 

facile  est  inventis  addere.  It  is  easy  to 
improve  what  has  been  already  invented. 

facile  princeps,   Tlie  acknowledged  chief; 

iini-  whn  -stands  undoubtedly  lirst. 

facilis  descensus  Averno   (Vii'fj.:  .^n. 

vi.  IJii),  The  ilescent  to  liell   is  easy  ;   it  is 

easy  enough  to  get  intu  tioubh-. 
faeces  populi.  faex  populi,  The  scum  of 

til-  pnpiilali'iV. 
fama  clamosa.  A  current  scandal. 
f^ma  nihil  est  eelerius,  Nothing  travels 

ni'ire  swiftly  than  scandal.     (Cf.  VinjU:  jHu. 

iv.  17:;.) 
fama  semper  vivat.  May  his  fame  last  for 

fas  est  et  ab  hoste  doceri  (Ooid:  Ma. 

iv.  4:iS),  It  is  i-i^ht  to  hi'  tjuij^'lit  evpn  by  an 

enemy;  you  may  get  a  hint  fi-oni  tlie  other  side. 
fata  obstant.  The  fates  oppo.se. 
fata  viam  invenient.  The  Fates  will  finil 

out  a  way. 
fiix  mentis  incendium  gloriae,  The  lus- 

■iioii  lor -lory  is  the  lon-li  i.f  11 liiol. 

felicitas  multos   habet  amicos.  Pros- 

peiit_>  has  many  friends.     {Cf.  I'roc.  xix.  4.) 
festina  lente.  Make  haste  slowly ;  don't  be 

impetuons. 


fiat    experlmentum   In  oorpore  vill, 

I..'!  thi' <x|i.Mini.-iil    U    iiia.l'   i.n  a  li.i.ly  ..I   n.- 
v;ilue. 

flat  justltia  mat  coelnm,  let  jnstiee  br 

diii.e  lle.tl-h  111-  heavein  ^le.llld  fall. 

flatlux(<;  II.  i.  ;i,  In/.).),  Let  there  be  lighl. 

fide  ct  amoro,  lly  failh  and  love. 

fldo  ot  fiducia,  by  Ihlelity  nml  eonfldencc. 

fide  ot  fort'tudine,  By  Ihlelily  and  forti- 
tude. 
fldel    coticula   orax,    Tlie   cross    is  the 

(iiielislnrj.   "t  r.iith. 

fldei  defensor,  Liefender  of  the  faith.    (Fid. 

IlKr.l 

fide,  non  armis,  By  faith,  not  by  force  of 
arms. 

fide,  sed  cui.  vide,  Trust,  but  sec  whom 
yoM  are  Iriislin^. 

fides  et  Justitla,  Fidelity  and  justice. 

fides  Punica,  ranie  faith  ;  treachery.  (Among 
llie  Koiitans  Iliebad  faith  of  the  Carthaginians 
was  iioloiious.) 

fidus  Achates  (I'irj. :  -En.  vi.  158.)  Faith- 
ful Achates,  the  comiMtnion  of  iEnea.s  :  a  trne 
fii.'iel. 

fidus  et  audax.  Faithful  and  bold. 
filius  nuUius,  A  son  of  nobody  ;  an  :ile'.:itt- 

mate  son.  because  he  has  no  legal  rights  as  a 

son  in  respe<'t  to  the  inheritance  of  property. 
filius  terras,  A  son  of  the  earth ;  cue  of  low 

origin. 
finis  coronat    opus.  The  end  crowns  the 

work. 
flagrante  bello.  While  the  war  was  raging  ; 

during  hostililies. 

flagrante  delicto,  in  the  commission  of  the 

crime  ;  in  tlie  very  act. 
flamma!  fumo  est  proxima  (I'laut. :  Cure. 

1.  i.  ^iM).   i-'Iaiiie  is  .ikiii  tolirr;  where  there's 

smoke  there's  lov. 

flecti,  non  frangi.  To  be  bent,  not  broken. 
flosculi   sententiarum.    Flowers   of  line 

tlj.aights. 

foenum  habet  in  cornu  (Hor. .-  .Sut.  1.  iv. 

3.'.),   He  has  hay  no  his  horn  (the  mark   put 

on  a  bull  to  show  he  was  savage) ;  beware 

of  him. 
fons  et  origo  malorum  (Cf.  Ftor.  iii.  c ), 

'fhr  source  and  i>ri^'iii  of  our  miseries. 
forensis    strepitus.  The    clamour  of  the 

forum  ;   "  Brawling  courts,  And  dusty  jtiir- 

lieus  of  the  Law."    (7'ettJli/.son  ;  In  Memoriam, 

lxxxix.1 
forte  scutum   salus  ducum,   A  strong 

shield  is  the  safety  .if  le.adels. 

fortes  fortuna  juvat  (/'r/me.  .•  rhoniiio,  I. 
iv.  :-'ro.  Foi  luiie  la\oiirs  the  l.ra\-e. 

forti  et  fideli  nihil  difficile.  Nothing  is 
dithrnlt  t(.  Ilie  iHMve  and  faithful. 

fortiter  et  recte.  With  fortitude  and  recti- 
tude. 

fortiter.  fidcliter,  felioiter,  Boldlv,  faith- 
fully, sm-e.-s. lolly. 

fortiter  in  re,  Willi  lirmness  in  actioti. 

fortuna  favet  fatuis.  Fortune  favours  fools. 

fortiinse    filius   (ll„r.:  Sa(.   II.  vi.  49),    A 

spoiled  I'liild  of  I'oitiinc, 

frangas,  non  flectes,  Vou  may  bivak  inc, 

but  y<ui  shall  not  bend  me. 
firaus  pia.  A  |ii..iis  fraud. 
ffonti  nulla  fides  (.fa<\,  ii.  S),  There  is  no 

trusting  the  features;  don't  trust  to  appear- 
ances. 
fk-uges  consumere  nati  (Hor. :  Ep.,  I.  ii. 

•27).  lioi  n  In  eoiisiime  tlie  fruits  of  the  earth  ; 

born  only  to  eat, 
fHigit  irreparabile  tempus  (Virg. :  Gtorg. 

iii.  'J84),  lire verable  time  glides  away. 

fUlmas  Trocs  (riri;. .-  jEn.   ii.  325),  We  once 

were  Trojans  ;  we  have  seen  better  il.'iys. 
fillt  iliniB  ( t'irg.  :  /En.  ii.  Mi),  There  once 

was  a  Troy  ;  Troy  was,  but  is  no  more  ;  the 

place  is  gone. 
fumum  et  opes,  strepltumqne  Romsa 

(ll(,r..    111.    wix.    IJ).  Th.' smoke,  the  show, 
the  rattle,  of  the  town  (Rome). 
functus  officio.  Having  discharged  his  du- 
ties ;  hence,  out  of  olHce. 

fur jr  arma  minlstrat  (I'iri;. .-  .En.  i.  13«X 
\<VA<-  provides  arms  ;  one  uses  any  weapon  in 
a  rag.'. 

i\iror  loqnendl,  A  rige  for  speaking. 

furor  poettcus,  I'oetieal  lire. 

furor  scribcndi,  .\  itigc  for  writing. 


Phrases   and   Quotations. 


gallice.  In  Front-h. 

gaudeamus  igitur.  'riit-refore,  let  us  rejoice. 

till'-  buKl'U  lit  :i  Mii'iiruiiic  St'itg.) 

gaudet  tentamine  virtus.  Virtue  rejoices 

in  I.'iiipt.itii'U. 

genius  loci,  Tbo  gcniiis  or  presiding  spirit 

nttli.'  plact". 

gens  togata(l'ir!7. ;  A'li.  i.  2S2).  Applied  first 
I  •  Umiiun  i-ifiz-nis,  as  weariiij;  the  toga,  the 
guinient  nf  ptMCf  ;  ln'iice,  civilians  genemlly. 

gloria  in  excelsis  Deo  (Lukeii.  H,  I'vlg.), 
(ll.ry  tm;,..!  Ml  thi'  lji-hi-st. 

gloria  Patri,  <j|niy  \h-  t<>  Uio  Father. 

gradu  diverse,  via  una.  The  same  road 

!■>•  .llIl^TtMlt  Sl.'pS. 

gradus  ad  Parnassum.  A  step  to  Par- 
iiLosiis  ;  ;iid  in  writin;,'  Latin  jiof try  ;  a  work 
nil  Latin  ver.si.'-inukiiig  containing  rnles  and 
examples. 

gratia  placendl.  For  tlie  sake  of  pleasing. 

gratis  dictum,  Mcrt-  nssertion. 

graviora  manent  O'irfJ-  :  ^'"-  vi.  84), 
i.;i'c,it'T  iitllH.tiuiis  ar-.-  ill  stcrL-;  t!ie  worst  is 
yet  to  come. 

graviora  qusedam  sunt  remedia  peri- 
culis,  Some  remedies  are  worse  than  the  dis- 
ease. (Attributed  to  L.  Publius  Synis.  Rib- 
beck  includes  it  in  the  Sententice  minus  Pro- 
h-ttii;  ;,!I0  ) 

grex  venalium  (Svet. :  de   Clar.  lihet.  i.), 

A  \eii;d  IIiU'H:;, 

gutta    cavat    lapidem,    non   vi,    sed 

S£epe  Cadendo,  Til'- drop  ImlLnvs  nut  the 
stone  by  IVetpieut  dropping,  not  by  lorce  ; 
const^iiit  persistence  gains  the  end.  (Cf.  Oind: 
Ex  Ponto,  IV,  X.  5.) 


baud  longis  Intervallis,  At  frequent  in- 
tt-r\als. 

heluo  'librorum,    A  devourer  of  books ;  a 

boi.lcwonn. 
heu  pietas!   heu  prisca  fides   {Virg. : 

yVii.  viii.  S7:"i),  Alas  I  IV-r  pM-ty  !  Alas!  for 
oar  ancient  laitli  ; 

liiatus  valde  defiendus.  A  gap  ordeficiency 
great  ly  to  1)L' deplored  :  words  employed  to  mark 
a  blank  in  a  work,  l)ut  often  used  of  persons 
whosr]>.Tturni;iuces  fall  short  of  their  prumises. 

hie  et  Ubique,  Here  and  everywhere. 

hie  labor,  hie  opus  est,  Here  is  labour, 

heiv  is  toil. 
hie  sepultus.  Here  [lies]  buried. 
hinc   iUae  laerimae  {Hor. :  Kp.  I.  xix.  41), 

Hence  these  tears  ;  this   is  the  cause  of  the 

trnlibli^ 

hodie  mihi.  eras  tibi,  It  is  my  lot  to-day, 

y^'urs  tM-ninrrnu,     (A  line  often  found  in  old 
epitaplis.) 
'      homo  factus  ad  unguem,  t'sually  quoted 

thus,  tlion.u'h  tlic  proper  i'm-m  is  ad  uhguem 

I  factus  homo  (//'"-.:  Nf?.  I.  v.  ;:-J,  :ys  ;  ef. 
Pers.  i.  04,  tjj),  A  highly-polished,  accom- 
plished man.  (The  expression  is  borrowed 
from  the  practice  in  sculptors,  who,  in  model- 
ling, give  the  tinishing  touch  with  the  nail ; 
or  from  joiners,  whottsttlie  accuracy  of  Joints 
in  wood  by  tlie  nail.) 
homo  homini  lupus  [Lrpti^  est,  &c.] 
homo  multarum  literarum,  A  man  of 
many  letters  ;  j  nian  of  extensive  learning. 

homo  solus  aut  deus  aut  d£emon,  A 

mail  1<>  live  alom-  nmst  be  eithei-  a  ljihI  nr 
■  iHvil.     ;(Cf.  Eccles.  IV.  in;  Arist.:  7'.y/.^i.  1.) 

homo  sum;  humani  nihil  a  me  alien- 

Um  putO  {'l\'r^na'  ;  U.'nut.  I.  i.  •!:>),   I   am  a 
man  ;  and    I    consider  nothing  that  concerns 
mankind  a  matter  of  indifference  to  me. 
homo  trium  Uterarum  [Trium  liter  arum 

H'l.MiP.] 

honores  mutant  mores,  Honours  change 

manners. 
honos  habet  onus.  Honour  is  burdened  with 

res]ioiisibiIity. 

horse    canonicae.    Canonical    hours ;    pre- 

».eMi>i'd  times  for  pra_\ers, 

horreseo  referens  i^irrj.:  JEn.  ii.  204)   I 

.slu-M.leras  1  tell  the  story. 

hos  ego  versleulos  feci,  tulit  alter 
honores  0'>>vif,  on  tin?  occasion  when 
some  verses  he  had  wiitten  on  the  shows  at 
Rome  were  unjustly  claimed  by  Bathyllus.who 
was  rewarded  for  them),  I  wrote  these  lines, an- 
other has  borne  away  the  honour.  [Sic  vos,  &c.l 

humanum  est  errare.  To  err  is  human. 
(Cf.  Pope:  Ks:<r,>j  on  Critirisvi,  520.). 

hune  tu  eaveto  (//or. .-  Sat.  I.  iv.  SO),  Beware 
of  him. 


id   genus    omne  (//or. ;  Sat.  I.  ii.  2),  All 

tli.^t  class.     (A  conteniptuous  expression  for 
the  tlregs  nf  the  popnlaln.ii.) 

ignorantia  non  excusat  legem.  Igno- 
rance is  no  plea  against  the  law. 

ignoratio  elenchi.  Ignorance  of  the  point 
in  dispute;  the  logical  fallacy  of  arguing  to 

t    the  wrung  point. 

ignoti  nulla  cupido.  There  is  no  desire  for 
that  is  unknown  ;  our  wants  are  increased  by 
knowledge. 

ignotnmper  ignotius,  (To  explain)  a  thing 

not  undeistood  by  one  still  less  understood. 
ilias  malorum  (Cicero:  Epist.   mi   Attknyn, 

viii.   11),  An   Iliad  of  woes  ;  a  host  of  evils. 

(From  the  fact  that  the  siege  of  Troy  lasted 

ten  years.) 
imitatores,  servum  pecus  {Hor. :  Ep.  I. 

xix.  I'.i).   Ve  imitators  ;  a  servile  herd. 
Immedicabile  vulnus  (Ovifl. :  MetA.  190), 

All  incnrable  wcniid  ;  an  irreparable  injiu-y. 
imo   pectore.     From    the    bottom     of    one's 

heart. 

imparl    marte.    With     unequnl     military 


st  re 


gtll 


impedimenta.  Luggage  ;  the  baggage  of  an 

army. 
imperium    in    imperio,     A   government 

existing  within  am)ther.    (Said  of  a  power  set 

up  against  constituted  authority.) 
implicite,  liy  implication. 
impos  animi.  Of  weak  mind. 
in  actu,   in  the  very  act ;  in  reality. 
in  seternum.  For  ever. 
in  articulo  mortis.  At  the  point  of  death. 
in  camera,  in  the  Judges  chamber ;  in  secret. 
in  capite.   In  chief. 
in  coelo  quies.  There  is  rest  in  heaven. 
incredulus  odi  (Hor. :  de  Arte  Poet.,  1S7), 

Being  incredulous,  I  cannot  endure  it. 
in  curia.  In  court. 
inde  irae.  Hence  this  resentment. 
in  dubio.  In  doubt. 
in  sequilibrio.  In  equilibrium. 
in  esse,  in  being. 
in  extenso.  At  length. 
in  extremis.  In  very  bad  circumstances  ;  at 

the  point  of  death. 

infandum,  regina,  jubes  renovare 
dolorem  O'-inj.  :  .En.  ii.  ::),  You  command 
me,  O  Queen,  to  revive  unsi>eakable  grief. 

in&a  dig.,  infra  dignitatem.  Beneath 
one's  digidty. 

in  future.  In  future,  henceforth. 

In  hoc  Signo  Vinces,  A  Latin  rendering 
of  the  Greek  sr  Toiirti)  i-txa  {fn  toatn  nika).  In 
this  sign  thou  shalt  conquer.  (The  motto 
is  said  to  have  been  adopted  by  Constantine 
after  his  vision  of  a  cross  in  the-,  heavens 
just  before  his  decisive  battle  withMaxentius, 
A.D.  ;ir2.) 

in  limine.  On  the  threshold ;  preliminarily. 

in  loco.  In  the  place  ;  upon  the  spot;  in  the 
place  of. 

in  loco  parentis.  In  the  place  of  a  parent. 
in   medias   res  (//or. :   de  Arte  Poet.,  14S), 

In  the  very  midst  of  the  business. 
in  memoriam.  In  memory  of. 
in  nomine.  In  the  name  of. 
in  nubibus.  In  the  clouds  ;  hence,  tmdelined, 

inii'ertuin,  vague. 
in  nuce.  In  a  nntshell. 
in  omnia  paratus.  Prepared  for  all  tilings. 
inopem  copia  fecit,  Abundance  has  ma'le 

himpnnr. 

in  pace.  In  peace. 

in  perpetuam  rel  memoriam.  In  ever- 
lasting reuiemliranee  of  the  event. 
in  perpetuum.  For  ever. 
in  pleno.  In  full. 
in  posse.  In  possible  existence. 
in  propria  persona.  In  one's  own  person. 
in  puris  naturalibus.  In  a  state  of  nature  ; 

stark  naked. 

in  re.  In  the  matter  of. 
in  rerum  natura.  In  the  nature  of  things. 
in  ssecula  saeculomm.  For  ever. 
inscitia     est  {  adversum     stimulum 

calces  (/Vy.'tNr  ;    Plinniiio,  I.  ii.  '27,  '2S),  It    is 
m.-r^-lnllyt..  kick  against  the  spur.     (Cf.  Acts, 
ix.  5). 
in  situ.  In  its  pn.iper  poeition.      [Stati's  i^t  o 

ANTE  BELLUM.l 


in  statu  quo.  In  its  former  state. 

in  te,  Domine,  speravi  (I's.  xxxi.  i.  I'ui.j.), 

In  thee,  O  Lord,  have  I  [lut  my  tru.->t. 
inter  alia.  Among  other  things. 
inter  arma  leges  silent  (Cic. :  pro  Mil.,  4, 

lo),  In  the  time  nf  war  Itie  laws  are  silpiil. 
inter  canem  et  lupum,  Between  the  >ii>g 

and  the  wi.It;  twilight. 

interdum  vulgus  rectum  videt  (//o.  .- 
Ep.  U.  i.  03),  Sometimes  the  rabble  see  what 
is  right. 

inter  nos.  Between  ourselves. 

inter  pocula.  At  one's  cups. 

in  terrorem.  In  terror  ;  as  a  warning. 

inter  Se,  Amnngsl  themselves. 

inter  spem  et  metum.  Between  hope  and 

fear. 

in  totidem  verbis.  In  so  many  words. 
Intoto,  In  the  whole;  entirely. 
intramuros.  Within  the  walks. 
in  transitu,  <>n  the  passage. 
intra  parietes,  Within  the  walls  ;  private. 
in  usum  Delphini,  For  the  use  of  the  Dau- 
phin.    (liEi.i'nixr:,  A.  2.  in  Encyc.  Dirr.] 
in  utroque  fidelis.  Faithful  in  both. 

in  vacuo,  in  a  vacuum. 

inversa  ordine.  In  an  inverse  order. 

in  vino  Veritas,   In  wine  there    is   truth. 

When  a  person  is  under  the   intluence  of  wine 

he  shows  himself  in  his  true  colours. 
invita  Minerva  {Hur. :  de  Arte  Poet.,  385)^ 

Minerva    (Goddess    of   M'i.sdom).   being   mi- 

willing  ;  hence,  without  genius, 
ipse   dixit.  He  himself  hfis  said   it;  a  mere 

assertion. 

ipsissima  verba.  The  identical  words. 
ipso   facto.  By  the  fact  itself. 
ipso  jure.  By  the  law  itself. 
ira  furor  brevis  est  (//or. :  Ep.  I.  ii.  G2), 
Anger  is  a  brief  madness. 

ita  est.  It  is  so. 

ita  lex  seripta.  Such  is  the  written  law. 

italice,  in  Italian  characters. 

jacta  alea  est  (The  exclamation  of  Julius 
Cgesar  when  he  passed  the  Rubicon.  (Sueto- 
nius, i.  32),  The  die  is  cast. 

jam  redit  et  Virgo,  redennt  Saturnia 

regna  (f'rrjy. .-  Ecl.  iv.  4),  Now  the  Virgin 
and  the  Satnrnian  age  return.  (Of  the  leign 
of  Astnca,  the  Goddess  of  Justice,  in  the 
Golden  Age.) 
januis  clausis,  With  closed  doors ;  in 
secret. 

joci  causa.  For  the  sake  of  a. joke. 
jubilate  Deo  (Ps.c.l),0  be  joyful  in  the  Lord. 
jucundi  acti  labores  (Cicero:  de  FinihnSy 

ii.    ".-2),  The  remembrances  of  past  labour  is 
_sweet. 
judicium  Dei,  The  Judgment  of  Ooii. 
judicium    parium    aut    leges    terras 

(Muonn  Carta),  The  judgment  of  our  peers  or 

the  laws  of  the  land. 
jure  divino.  By  divine  law.  ^ 
jure  humane.  By  human  law. 
juris  peritas,  One  learned  in  the  law. 
juris  utriusque  doctor.  Doctor  of   both 

laws,  /,*■.,  of  canon  and  civil  laws. 
jus  canonicum.  Canon  law. 
jus  civile.  The  civil  law. 
jus  divinum.  The  divine  law. 
jus  et  norma  loquendi  (llor.  de  Arte  Poct.^ 

7'.^),  The  law  and  rule  of  speech. 
jus  gentium,  The  law  of  nations. 
jus  gladii.  The  right  of  the  sword. 
jus  possessionis,  The  right  of  po.ssessiou. 

jus  proprietatlS,  The  right  of  property. 

jus  summum  saepe  summa  malitia  est 

(Trrrnr,':  llrni>t.,  IV.   v.   47),    Extreme    law    is 
often  e.Ktreme  wrung. 

labitur  et  labetur  in  omne  volubilis 
sevum  (llor. :  Ep.  I.  ii.  4?.).  It  glides  i>n,  an  I 
will  glide  on  for  ever. 

laborare  est  orare.  Work  is  prayer. 

labor   ipse   voluptas,  Labmu   itself  is  a 

jileasure. 

labor  omnia  vincit  (f'irij.:  Georg.  i.  Uj), 

Labour  overcomes  all  dilticulties. 
laborum  dulce  lenimen  (llor..  T.  xxxii. 

14).  The  sweet  solace  of  unr  labours, 

lana  caprina  [I>f:  lana.  caprina]. 


1 


Phrases   and   Quotations. 


UM 


lapis  pbilosophorum.  The  iiliilosopliei's 

lapsus  calami,  A  slip  of  tht'  jioii. 
lapsus  linguae,  A  slip  of  tho  loir^ue. 
lapsus  memoriae,  A  slip  of  Uw  memory. 
lores  et  penates,  llcniseliokl  gods, 
lateat  seintlllula  forsan,  IV'idiancc  sonip 

siuall  s|i.irk  iii;u  I;.-  i-,,i.c-.-uk-il.  ('riie  mottonf 
th,'  Rn>al  UuiiKiiif.Snrii-ly.) 

latine  dictum,  Spoken  in  Latin. 

laudari  a  viro  laudato  (A  fiagmeiit  from 
NiLviu.s,  quoted  by  Cicero  :  LjK  Fam.  v.  li',  an-l 
XV.  0),  To  be  praised  by  ii  man  who  (Ieser\  t>s 
praise,  i.e.,  by  an  eminentmaii ;  ".\ppn'lt;dtnii 
from  Sir  Hnbert  Stanley  is  jnaise  indeed" 
(.Wi.rtnii  .■  A  Curr  for  llie  llinrliul,,-,  v.  -J.). 

laudationes  eorum  qui  sunt  ab  Ho- 
mero  laudati  (Ciceru;  dc  Pin.,  li.  :i."i). 
I'raises  from  those  wlm  were  themselves 
praiseil  by  Homer. 

laudator  temporis  acti  (llor. :  De  Arie 
J'"rl..  17:0,  One  ule.  praises  t lie  good  old  d.-iys. 

laudum   immensa    cupido.    An    insati- 

alile  <lesire  for  praise. 
laus  Deo,  Tiaise  to  God. 
lector  benevole.  Kind,  or  gentle,  reader. 
legatus  a  latere  (A  legate  from  the  side  [of 

til,'  Pope)),  A  pajial  legate. 
lex  loci.  The  law  of  the  jdace.    [Le.x.] 
lex  terras,  The  law  of  the  land. 
licentia  vatum.  The  license  allowed  to  poets. 
limse  labor  et  mora  (llor.:  ijt  Arte  I'npt., 

■^:'\t.  The   l.ibour  and  delay  of  the  file;  the 

slow  and  laborious  polisli  of  a  literary  work. 
lis  litem  generat,  strife  begets  strife. 
litem  lite  resolvere  (Adapted  from  Hor. : 

Sil..  II.  iii.  102),  To  settle  strife  by  strife ;  to 

end  one  eoutroAersy  by  another. 
lite  pendente,  Dnring  the  trial. 
litera  scripta manet, 'I'lie  written  ehaiacter 

remains. 

loci  communes.  Common  places. 

loco  citato.  In  the  place  quoted.    [Loc.  en.] 

locus  classicus,  A  classical  pass.age ;  the 
aeUnow  lc(l-rd  iil[ice  of  referenee. 

locus  criminis,  The  scene  of  the  crime. 

locus  in  quo,  'I'he  place  in  which. 

longo  intervallo,  Uy  or  with  a  long  interval. 

lucidus  ordo  (llm::  I)e  Arte  Port.,  41),  A 
pels  pi  (-111  MIS  air.aiigemelit. 

lucri  causa,  For  the  sake  of  gain. 

lucus  a  non  lucendo.  An  elliptical  ex- 
piessiiin  which  ma>- be  reii.ieied  in  English  : 
the  woid  iriciis  {—  a  grove)  is  deri\-ed  from 
li'uro  (=  to  shine),  because  it  does  not  admit 
light.  This  antiphrastic  derivation,  which  is 
by  no  nieans  an  isolated  case,  was  favoured 
by  Servius  (in  Virg. :  ^Eu.  i.  441),  and  is 
noticed  by  Qnintiliaii  (i.  li),  but  only  to  con- 
demn it.  Hence  the  phrase  has  become  pro- 
verbial in  ridicule  of  far-fetclied  etymologies, 
or  of  anything  inconsequent  and  absurd. 

lupum  aurlbus  teneo  (Terence:  Phormio, 

III.  ii.  -Jl).  1  hold  a  wolf  by  the  ears  ;  I  have 

caught  a  Tartar. 
lupus  est  taomo  bomini   (FUmt.:   Asin. 

II.  i\.  SS),  Man  is  a  wolf  to  his  fellow-man  ; 

one  man  preys  on  another. 
lupus  in  fabula  (Cicercj :   Ep.  ad  Attiaim, 

xiii.  :l:;).  The  wolf  in  the  fable;   ttilk  of  the 

de\il  and  he  will  appear. 

Insus   natiiree,  A  freak  of  nature ;   a  de- 

tVii  nied  animal  or  jilant. 

magister  ceremoniarum,   A  master  of 

the  I  iieiiionies. 

magna   civitas,    magna    solitude,    .\ 

great  city  is  a  gieat  sitliteile. 

magnae  spes  altera  Romae,  A  second 
hope  of  mighty  Rome;  used  of  any  young 
man  of  i)roinise 

magna  est  Veritas  et  praevalebit  (Al- 
teied  from  1  Esdras  iw  41..  where  tlie  read- 
ing i.s  prirnile'),  Tjutli  i^  imglity,  and  will 
prevail. 

magna  est  vis  consuetiidinis.  Great 
is  tlie  power  of  habit. 

magnas  inter  opes  inops(//ii..  111.  xvi. 

2S|,  Poor  111  111,,  iiiidsl  of  great  Wealth, 

magni  nominis  umbra  IStat  mac;::!,  &c.]. 
magnum  bonuni,  A  great  good. 
magnum  opus,  A  great  undertaking  ;    the 
great  work  of  a  man's  life. 

magnum     vectigal    est    parsimonia  j 


(Circrn:  I'aivil.,  VI.  iii.  4;'),  Thrift  is  it.sclf  a 

good  iiieoliie. 

mala  fide.  With  bad  faith  ;  tr«achei'ou.sly. 

mali  exempli,  iM'a  bad  evampl.-. 

mail  principii  mains  finis.  The  bad  end 

of  a  bad  beginning. 

mails  avlbus.  With  unlucky  bird.s,  i.e..  with 

l.a.l  ..men,. 

malo  modo.  In  tin  evil  manner. 

malus  pudor,  I'.dM-  shame. 

manlbus    pedibu!;4ue.  With  hands  aiid 

le,|  ;   ti.Mlh  and  nail. 

manu  forti.  With  a  strong  hand. 
manu  propria.  With  one's  <iwn  hand. 

mare  ClaUSUm,  .\  closed  sea,  a  bay. 

mars  gravior  sub  pace  latet  (Cl.m.i.  ■ 
Ii,  >,  .In  r,.„s„l„r,  II.Hiuri:.  :iii7),  a  more  seri- 
ous warhire  is i,  ealid  by  seeming  peace 

materiam  superabat  opus  (';ri<f. ;  Mri. 
ii.  !''),  The  workmansiiip  was  moi'e  valuable 
than  the  r.iw  material. 

mediocria  firma.  Moderate  things  arc  surest . 

medio  tutissimus  ibis  (Orid.  :iM.  ii.  l:)T), 
■ionwill  travel  sah-st  in  a  middle  coiU'se. 

me  judice,  I  being  the  .judge;  in  my  ojiinion. 

memor  et  fidelis.  Mindful  and  faithful. 

memoria  in  aeterna.  In  eternal  remem- 
brance. 

mens  agitat  molem  O'lra.:  .ci'u.  vi.  727), 
.\  mind  mfoinis  the  mass.  Used  by  Virgil  in  a 
Iiantheistic  sense  of  the  world;  ol'ten  api»lied 
to  a  unwieldy,  dull-looking  person. 

mens  sana  in  corpore  sano  (-/uv.,   x. 

::mi|.  a  .sound  mind  in  a  healthy  body. 
mens  sibi  conscia  recti  (I'inj.:  .-En.  i. 

»|04).  .\  mind  conscious  of  its  own  rectitude. 
meo  periculo.  At  my  own  risk. 
meo  voto,  .\t  my  own  wish. 
mibi  ciira  futuri.  My  care  is  for  the  future. 
mirabile  dictu  (I'ii-i;. :  Gecrn.  ii.  30),  Won- 

dellul  to  relate. 

mirabile  visu,  Wonderfid  to  see. 
miseris  succurrere  disco  [Xox  ifi.s-AuA, 

modo  et  forma.  In  manner  and  form. 
modus  operandi.  The  manner  of  working. 
mollia  tempora  fandi  (Altered  from  Vir;/. 

.En.  IV,  L",i;;,  L'ot),  The  favourable  moment  for 

speaking. 

monumentum  aere  perennius  (Exeoi, 
ic). 

more  majorum,  .\t'ter  the  manner  of  our 
ancestors. 

more  suo.  In  his  usual  manner. 

mors  janua    vitae.  Death   is  the  gate   of 

leverkistingj  life. 

mors  omnibus  commiinis,  1>'  atli  is  com- 
miiii  to  all  men. 

mos  pro  lege.  Usage  has  the  force  of  law. 

motu  proprio.  Of  his  own  accord. 

multum  in  parvo.  Much  in  little. 

munus    Apolline    dignum    (Hor. :   Ep. 

11.  i.  'Jlii),  A  gift  worthy  the  acceptance  of 

Apollo. 

miitatis  miitandis.  The  necessary  changes 

being  made. 

miitato  nomine,  de  te  I  fabula  narra 

tur  (Hru::  ,so(.  I.  i.  iio.  7(1),  With  a  men 
ehange  of  name  the  storj-  is  applicable  to  you 
(Cf.  2  .Sniii.  xii.  1-7.) 


nascimur    poetae,     fimus     oratores. 

We   are    born   poets,  we    become   orators    by 
training.    [Poi;t.v  NAstrrrn,  &c.]. 
natale  solum  (Orid :  Mel.  vii.  02),  The  land 

of  one's  birth. 

naturam  expellas  furca,  tamen  usque 
recurret  (llor. :  Ep.  I.  x.  24),  Thmigh  yon 
may  drive  out  Nature  with  a  pitchfork,  she 
will  always  come  back  ;  inborn  character  is 
iiieradicaiile. 

ne  cede  malis,  sed  contra  audentior 

\to(Virg.  :  Aln.  vi.  ti6).  Do  not  yield  to  mis- 
fortunes ;  on  the  contrary,  go  more  boldly  to 
meet  them. 

necessitas  non  habet  legem.  Xecc-sity 

knows  no  law, 

nec  mora,  nee  requies  V'irg. :  Georg.  iii. 

110;  ./-.')(,  v.  4,^s,  xii.  iil>s).  Neither  delay,  nor 

rest ;  without  intermission. 
nec  pluribns  impar.  No  unequal  match 

for  many.    The  motto  .assumed  by  Louis  XIV. 

when  he  planned  the  subjugation' of  Europe. 


neu  preoe,  noc  pretlo  (A  uni.  ml  lirrtn.,  iii. 
::).  .Neither  by  em  real  y  llor  briU'iy  ;  mdtlier 
by  piying  nor  praying, 

noo  scire  fas  est  omnia  (// r.,  ill.  iv.  22) 

We  are  n.it  allow. d  to  l.n.w  all  tliin|{». 

nec  tomore,  noc  tlmlde.  Neither  nwhly 

nor  limnlly.  ' 

nefastl  dies.  Days  on  whieli  jinlgnient  could 
not  be  pronounced  iiur  public  assoinblicii  he 
held  ;  he nnbieky  diiys. 

ne  fronti  erode.  Don't  tru.st  to  appoanincoi. 

neminc  contradicente.  No  one  contra- 
dicting, 

nemine  disscntiente.  No  one  ilissenting. 

nemo  fult  repcnte  turplsslmusC'iu'.,  ii. 

J^"-  ^'o  man  1 ^.nies  ..,  nil, 111,  .il)  at  oiii-c. 

nemo  me  impune  lacesatt.  No  one  pro. 
yokes  me  with  impunity.  The  motto  of  the 
Older  of  the  Thistle. 

nemo  mortallum  omnibus  horis  saplt. 

No  man  is  wise  at   all  lines;  lli..\,i„,,t   n,,y 
make  mistakes, 

nemo  solus  satis  sapit,  .Vo  man  is  sulli 

ileiilly  WIS,.  ,.1  I, nils.. If. 

ne  (non)  plus  ultra.  Nothing  flirther;  the 

uttcimost   |,oint  ;    |..rleetioli. 

ne  puero  gladium.  Do  not  entrn'st  a  aword 

to  a  boy. 

ne  quid  detrimenti  respublica  capiat. 

Lest  the  Stat,,  snlb-r  any  injury.      I'ln-  ininii. 
tion  given  to  th,.  Iiiet.itor  wliell  invested  witTt 
supreme  antlioiily. 

nervi  belli  pecunia  (ri'«io ;  Philip.  \.  2), 

Money  is  tlie  sjn,-w  -  ,d"  war. 
ne  siitor  ultra    crepidam.    The   shoe- 

maki-r  shouM  not  go  beyomi  his  last.  (A 
Latin  version  of  a  rebuke  said  to  have  been 
aildresseil  by  Apelles  to  a-shocniaker  wli.i 
pointed  out  .some  errors  in  the  painting  of  a 
slipi.er  in  one  of  the  artist's  works,  and  tliiot 
began  to  critici.se  other  part«  of  the  picture.) 
ne  tentes,  aut  perflce,  D.,  not  attempt, 

,.r  ,'.,rrv  il  out  Ihoronghlv , 
nihil   tetiglt   quod    non    ornavit,    H,- 

t,iuched  nothing  without  embellishing  it.  (A 
misquotation  Ironi  Johnson's  Epitaph  ini 
Goldsmith  in  Westminster  Abbey.  Johnson 
wrote:  (^lii  nuihna  fere  ser'ilieudi  {jenus  turn 
teligit,  nvlliim  qnod  letigit  non  oniMI  (Who 
left  scarcely  any  kind  of  writing  uiitoncliol, 
and  adorned  all  that  he  did  tmich).  The  mis- 
quotation Icii  a  distinguished  scholar  to  criti- 
cize ..fohnson's  Latinity  in  terms  which  ho 
would  not  have  employed  had  he  seen  the 
wli'.le  jwissage. ) 
nil  admirari  (llor. :  Ep.  I.  vi.  1\  To  be  as 
t..iiislie,l  at  nothing, 

nil    conscire    sibi,   nulla    pallescere 

culpa  (line.  :  .s,,/.  I.  i.  .O'.i),  To  be  conscion.-. 

of  11'.  laiilt,  to  turn  pale  at  no  accusation. 
nil  desperandum  (llor.,  l.  vii.  22),  There  is 

n,>  cause  for  despair  ;  never  despair. 
nil  nisi  criice.  Nothing  but  by  the  cross; 

no    reward     without    sufVering.      [ira9iifj.aTn 

liaQj'iiiaTa]. 

nimium  ne  crede  colori  (I'ir;;. :  M.  ii. 

17).  D.inol  trust  to.,  much  to  y,>iir  good  looks. 

nlsiDominus, frustra(Ps. cxxvii.  \.Vidg.), 

fill. SS  I  111'  i.i.r.l  Is  v\  Il  h  us.  our  labour  is  v.ain. 
nitor   in   adversum  ("rid  .■   .if,  >.   ii.  7^) 

1  strive ag.'un.st  op]..'siti..n. 
nobilitas  sola  est  atque  iinlca  virtus 

(,'ee,   viji,    -Jii).  \irfue  is  the  true  .and  only 

nobility, 
nolo  episcoparl,  I  do  not  wish  to  be  ina<le 

a  bishop,       (I'll,'   formal   reply    made   to   the 

royal  oiler  of  a  bishopric.) 

non  amo  te  Sabidi.  nec  possnm  dicerc 
quare  (Morr,  1.  xxxiii.  i),  I  <lo  not  lov.- 
the,'.  Sabi, tins,  nor  can  I.s.aywliy.  (The  original 
,'t  T,im  Hrown's  el-igrani,  "I  do  not  dove 
th,',',  Dr.  l'','ll,") 

non  cuivis  bomini  contingit  adirc 
Corinthum  (llor. :  Ep.  l.  xvh.  .v.).  it  is  m.i. 
every  man's  lot  to  go  to  Corinth  (tlie  head- 
(jiiarters  of  luxury  and  reliiieinent) ;  hence  — 
It  is  not  every  man'.s  good  fm-tune  to  be  able 
to  .sec  great  cili.'s. 

non  deficlente  crumena  (llor. .-  En.  I.  ii. 

It).  Whil,'  till'  money  Lasts. 

non  ignara  mall,  miseris  succurrcro 

disco  (I 'in;.  :  Mu.  i.  0:JO).  Not  nn.ic,|iiaiiiti',l 
.    with     misfortune,    I    learn    to   succour    tho 

wntcheil. 
non  llbet.  If  does  not  please  me. 

non    multa,    sed    multum.    Not   mauy 

things,  but  much. 


Phrases   and    Quotations. 


non  nobis  solum  natl  sumus  (Chxro: 
ilf  "_//iVt..-.  I.  vii,  -^-JX  \\\-  HI.-  :i..t  tinrri  for 
oinsclvcs  mIoiji-. 

non  omne  llcitum    honestum.    Every 

l:i\',llll  Jli'I    i^   M"t    >SS;Uily   llnUullliltllr. 

non  omnia  possumus  omnes.  We  can- 

liul.  :,|l  "1   11^.  .1..  c-VciylliJll^. 

non  passibus  sequis  (I'ini.:  .-Tin.  ii.  724), 
Not  Willi  i'tjn;il  s(,<'|.s,  (8oiutrtimes  apptieil  to 
.(litvsnn  "ho  iiiis  h.'i-ii  oiitstrippeil  by  anutlicr 
Ml  Ml.-  i;i..-  til-  liuiie,  wealth,  &c.) 

non  placet  IPr.ACKr]. 

non  plus  ultra  [N'l:  plus  ultra]. 

non  quis.  sed  quid.  Not  wlio,  but  wliat ; 

III.  ^o.n.'s,    :iol   Mifii. 

non  sibi,  sod  patriae,  N'ot  fin-  himself,  but 

I'.i   III*  v-itn.'  lali.l. 

non  sum  qualis  eram  (//or.,  IV.  i.  3),  I 

.1111   Ih^I    U  li;l(    I    OIK-,'   M'ilS. 

nosce  teipsum.  Know  thyself. 

noscitur  e  sociis,  A  wan  is  known  )>y  tlie 

io„i,M,:vh.-k.v|,s. 

novus  homo  ilit.,  a  new  man),  A  musln-ooni, 

li.l   l.|.st31t. 

nudis  verbis,  in  plain  words. 

nulla  dies  sine  linea.  No  day  without  a 
line,  i.e.,  witliont,  something  done.  (A  pro- 
\('il)  said  to  owe  its  origin  to  tlie  tact  tliat 
Apelles  was  accustomed  to  do  sometliing 
daily  in  tlie  praetiee  of  his  art,  if  it  were  only 
lo  draw  a  straiijlit  line.     (Cf.  Pliii.,  xx.w.  10, 

nulli  secundus,  s.eond  to  none. 
nunc  aut  nunquam.  Now  or  never. 
nunquam    minus    solus    quam    cum 

solus  y'i-i.-i':  ,h'  l;,:j>.,  i.  17),  Never  le^s  alone 

tluui  when  alone. 


obiit.  He  (or  she)  died. 

obiter  dictum,  A  thing  said  incidentally ; 

.111  luiolhcial  fxjtiession  of  opinion. 
obscurum  per  obscnrius.  Explaining  an 

oliscnrity  by  sometliing  still  more  obscure. 

ICl.   10.\-oTf:iI    VF.R    ICNOTirs.] 

obsta  principiis  [Itunciphs  ob.st.4,  kc] 

oderint  modo  metuant  (A  fragment  from 

tile -tfr-^Ks  of  .vtt.iiis).  Let  them  hate  so  long 

as  they  fe^r.    (A  favourite  saying  of  Caligula 

(."^vetonius  :  C'aUg.  xxx.) 

odi  profanum  vulgus,  et  arceo  (I  I  or.  .■ 

111.  i.  1),  1  hate  the  vulgar  rabble,  and  drive 
them  away. 

oflficina  gentium.  The  workshop  of  the  world. 
o   fortunatos    nimium,    sua   si   bona 

norint  (I'lr:), ;  i,v..iv;,  it.  4.5;i).  o  more  than 
happy,  if  they  only  knew-  their  advantages. 
omne  ignotum  pro  magnifico  a'<:'-iins: 
Aiirt'\  XXX.),  Everj  thing  unknown  is  taken  for 

magniliceiit. 

omnem  movere  lapidem.  To  turn  every 

siiuie  ;  to  make  every  exertion. 
omne  simile  est  dissimile.  Every  like  is 

unlike;    if   tliere   were  not    uiilikeness   there 

■n'onld  lie  identity. 

omne  solum  forti    patria   est  (Ot'iv;.- 

FiKti   i.   4:i:i),  Every  land   is  a  brave   man's 

llom».      [ivSpio,.,  r.T.K] 

omne  tulit  punctum  qui  miseuit  utile 
dulci  (Hoi::  lie  Arte  Foet.,  344),  He  has 
gained  every  point  who  has  mixed  the  useful 
.1111 1  the  agreeable. 

omnia  In  Dei  gloriam  (1  Cor.x.  31.  Kii/o.) 

All  tlnii-sli.r  till-  -lory  of  God. 

omnia  mors  aequat  {Claud. :  /fnjx.  Proscrp 

ii.  3i'.-J.).  I^eath  Vvls  all  distinction.s. 
omnia  mutantur,  nos  et  mutamur  in 

illis  iLorhimias:  Ditlum  Lotkirii  1.),  All 
things  are  snlijeet  to  change,  and  we  eliaiige 
with  them.    (Tempora  Mt.'TA.\Tl'R,  &c.) 

omnia  vlncit  amor,  nos  et  cedamus 
amori  (I'l,;,.  .-  Erl.  x.  0»),  Love  eononeis  all 
tilings,  let  us  too  yield  to  love. 

omnis  amans   amens.  Every  lover  is  de- 

liielileil. 

operas  pretium  est.  It  is  worth  while. 

ora  et  labora.  Pi  ay  ami  work. 

ora  pro  nobis.  Pray  for  us. 

orate  pro  anima.  Pray  for  the  soul  (of). 

ore  rotundo.  With  loud  resounding  voice. 

o!  si  sic  omnia.  It  he  Tiad  always  spoken 

or  acted  tluis.  (Cf  /,„..,  x.  123,  124.') 
o  tempora,  o  mores  (C'iaro.-  in  Cut.  i.  i.), 

Alas  fir  thf  Tiim-s  and  the  manners. 
ctiosa  sedulitas.  Laborious  frilling. 


pace.  By  leave  of;  with  the  consent  of. 

pace  tua,  liy  your  leave. 

pacta  conventa,  TIm-  conditiiUis  agreed  on. 

pallida  mors  aequo  pulsat  pede  pau- 
perum  tabernas  regumque  turres 
(//•jr..  1.  iv.  1:;,  14).  Pale  Heath,  with  impar- 
tial foot,  knocks  at  the  cottages  of  the  poor 
and  tlie  palaees  of  kings. 

palmam  qui  meruit  ferat.  Let  him  bear 
the  iialiii  who  has  deserved  it. 

par  negotiis  neque  supra.  Equal  to,  but 
not  alio\'e  his  business. 

par  nobile  fratrum  (Hor. :  sat.  II.  iii.  242), 
A  holile  pair  of  lirothers  ;  a  well-matched  pair. 

pars  pro  toto.  The  part  for  the  whole. 

particeps  criminis,  A  partaker  in  the 
crime ;  an  ai-cessory. 

parva  componere  magnis  (Virg.-.  Ed., 

i.    24),   To  comjiare  small   things  with  great 

ones. 
pater  patriae.  The  father  of  his  country.    A 

title  bestowed  by  the  Roman  Senate  on  Osar 

Oetavianus  .\ngnstus.     (.Suet.  ii.  5S.) 
patres  conscripti.  The  Conscript  Fathers  ; 

thi'Iloman  Senate.   (Often  jocularly  applied  to 

the  luemliers  of  a  town  council.) 
pax  orbis   terrarum.  The  sovereignty  of 

tin-  wiirhl.     (.\  legi-iid  of  frec^uent  occurrence 

on  Kimiaii  coins.) 

pax  Romana  (cf.  Plin.  xxvii.   1,   1).     The 

J^oiiian  Eiiipii-e. 

pax  voblscum.  Peace  be  with  you. 

per,  My.  tlnough;  by  means  of. 

per  ambages  (Virrj.:  Cmrn  ii.  40),  By  cir- 

enitous  w,t\s;  with  circnnilocution. 
per  angusta  ad  augnsta.  Through  trial 

to  tiiiimph. 
per  aspera  ad  astra.  Through  rough  ways 

to  the  iitai's  ;  tlirongli  sull'eriug  to  renown. 

per  fas  et  nefas.  Through  right  and  wi-ong. 
perfervidum  ingenium  Scotorum,  The 

intensely  earnest  eiiaiacter  of  the  Keotch. 

periculum  in  mora.  There  is  danger  in 
delay. 

per  interim.  In  the  meantime. 

per  mare,  per  terras.  By  sea  and  land. 

placet.  It  seems  right,  it  is  approved  of.  The 
formula  by  which  the  members  of  an  (Ecu- 
menical Council  or  a  University  senate  record 
athriiiative  votes.  The  negative  formula  is 
non  placet. 

poeta  nascitur,  non  fit.  The  poet  is  born, 
not  made.     INAsorMru  poet.*:,  &c.] 

pondere,  non  numero.  By  weight,  not  by 
11  limber. 

populus  vult  decipi,  decipiatur.  The 

people  wish  to  be  deceived;  let  them  be  de- 
ceived. 

post  bellum  auxilium.  Aid  after  the  war. 

post  equitem  sedet  atra  cura  {Hor.  III. 
i.  40),  Black  care  sits  behind  the  rich  man  on 
horseback  ;  riches  and  high  jiosition  bring 
cares. 

prsemonitus,  praemunitus.  Forewarned, 

fol  canned. 

prima  facie.  At  the  liist  glance. 
principia,  non  homines.  Principles,  not 

ineli. 

principiis  obsta  {Ovid:  Remed.  Am.  91), 
Resist  the  first  advances. 

prior  tempore,  prior  Jure,  First  in  point 
of  tunc  til  St  by  right ;  lirst  come  tirst  served. 

pro  aris  et  focis.  For  our  altars  and 
heartiis  ;  for  imr  homes. 

probatum  est.  It  is  proved. 

probitas  landatur  et  alget  {.Jm:,  i.  74). 
Honesty  is  jiraiscd,  and  left  to  starve. 

pro  bono  publico.  For  the  imblic  good. 
pro  Deo  et  ecclesia.   For  God  and    the 

(iiureh. 

profanum  vulgus  [Odi  profani'm,  Sic], 
pro  forma.  As  a  matter  of  form. 
proh  pudor.  For  shame. 
pro  memoria.  As  a  memorial. 
pro  rege,  lege,  grege.  For  the  king,  the 
law,  and  the  ]ieoph'.  I 

pugnis  et  calcibus.  With  fists  and  heels 

with  niight  and  niruii. 
punica  fides,  ru'::c  faith  ;  treachery. 


quae  fuerant  vitia  mores  sunt.  What 

were  once  vices  are  now  in  fashion. 


quae  nocent,  docei^t,  'i'hings  which  ininre, 

instruct  :  we  are  taught  liy  liaiiifiij  exjicricncc  ; 
what  pains  us,  trains  lis.  |iT.irt.n>tiTa  ,.(.l),,^„ra..i 

quails  ab  incepto  processerit  et  sibi 

COnStet(.'/er.  .■<i.;.jr(c/',/,7.,  12).  As  he  begm.s, 

let  him  go  on,  and  be  consistent  with  hiin.self. 

qualis  rex,  talis   grex,   Like  king,  like 

people. 

qualis  vita,  finis  ita.  As  life  is,  so  will  its 

end  lie. 

quamdiu  se  bene  gesscrit.  As  long  as 

he  behaves  hiiiisell  ;  dnrtlig  good  behaviour. 

quandoque  bonus  dormitat  Homerus 

{H,o::  dr  An,  l\wi.,::3'.t),  Rxeii  good  Homer 
nods  sometimes  ;  the  wi.sest  make  mistakes. 
quanti  est  sapere  {Terena;:  'FMiitirhus,  IV. 
\ii.  21),  How  \alllable  is  whsilom. 

quantum  libet.  As  much  as  you  like. 

quantum  meruit,  -W  niueh  as  he  deserved. 

quantum  mutatus  ab  illo  {Virg. :  .En. 
ii.  274).  How  cii.ingeil  from  what  he  was. 

quem  di  diligunt  adolescens  morl 
tur  (/■(nil/.  :  /JcWi.  IV,  vii.  IS,  ui),  He  whom 
the  gods  lo\  e  dies  youug.      \ist,  oi  etoi,  ».  r.  A.] 

quid  faciendum  ?  What  is  to  be  done  ? 
quid  rides?  {Hor.:  .^at.  I.  i.  Cii),  Why  do 

volt   laugh.       t-MuTATo    NuMINK.   &C.| 

qui  nimium  probat,  nihil  probat.  He 

who  proves  too  iniich  proves  nothing. 
qui  non   proficit,  deficit,   He   who  does 
not  aihaiiee.  loses  ground. 

quis  custodiet  ipsos  cnstodes?  ('i"., 
vi.  :;4il.  ;;47),  Who  shall  keep  the  Iceelicrsr 

qui  tacet  consentire  videtur.  He  who 

keeps  silence  is  assumed  to  consent ;  silence 
gi\'es  consent. 

qui  timide  rogat  docet  negare.  He  who 

asks  timidly  emirts  ileiii.il. 
quoad  hoc,  To  this  extent. 
quo  animo.  With  what  intention. 
quocunque  jaceris  stabit.  Wherever  vou 

throw    It,   it   will  stand.     (The  motto  of  the 

Lsle  of  Man.) 

quocunque  modo.  In  whatever  manner. 

quocunque  nomine.  Under  whatever  name. 

quod  avertat  Deus !  God  forbid  I 

quod  bene  notandum.  Which  is  to  be  es- 
pecially noted. 

quod  erat  demonstrandum.  Which  was 

to  he  jiroved.     It;.  E.  Ii.) 
quod  erat   faciendum.  Which  was  to  be 

done.      |y    E.  F.J 

quod  hoc  sibi  vult?  Wh.atdoes  this  mean? 
quod  non  opus  est,  asse  camm  est 

{.\   saying   of  Cato,    quoted    by    Seneca,   Eji. 

xciv.),    What  is  not  necessary  is  dear  at  a 

jienuy. 
quod  vide  |ii.v,).  Which  see. 
quo  fata  vocant.  Whither  the  Fates  call. 
quo  fas   et  gloria  ducunt.  Where  duty 

.mil  glory  hail. 

quorum  pars  magna  fui  (i-'irg.:  .Eu.  ii. 

ij).  I  If  whiiln  I  was  an  imjiortant  part 

quos  Deus  vult  perdere,  prius  de- 
mentat  (probably  altered  from  a  passage  in 
Euripides),  Those  whom  God  wills  to  destroy 
he  first  deprives  of  their  senses. 

quot  homines,  tot  sententise  (Terence: 
riiormio,  II.  iii.  14),  Many  men,  many  minds. 


rara  avis  in  terris,  nigroque  simil- 

lima  cygno  (Jur.,  vi.  16^).  An  extremely 
rare  bird,  and  very  like  a  black  swan  (sup- 
posed not  to  exist).  The  tirst  four  words  are 
often  used  ironically. 

ratione  soli.  According  to  the  soil. 

reote  et  suaviter.  Justly  and  mildly. 

rectus  in  curia,  Upright  in  court,  with 
clean  hainls. 

redolet   lucema.   It  smells   of  the  lamp. 

(h>aid  of  any  laboured  literary  production.) 
re  infecta.  The  business  being  unfinished. 
relata  refero,  1  tell  the  tale  as  I  heard  it. 
rem  acu  tetigisti  (Flaut. :  Rudens,  V.  ii.  I!)), 

You  hai-c  t.iuclied  the  matter  with  a  needle; 

you  ha\  e  described  it  accurately. 

remis  velisque.  With  oars  and  snils ;  with 
ail  one's  niight. 

res  angusta  domi  {Juv.,  iii.  IC.j),  Narrowed 
cireumstaiiees  at  home  ;  limited  nieftns. 

res  est  sacra  miser,  A  man  in  distress  is 
a  sacred  object. 


Phrases   and    Quotations. 


r,.,7 


res  gestae.  Things  doue,  exploits. 

res  judicata,   A   matter  decided  ;  a  caso 

.tli..-a-ly  settled. 
respice  finem.  Look  to  the  end. 
resurgam,  I  shall  rise  again. 
ridere  in  stomacho  (Cic. :  Ep.  Fam.,  ii.  10), 

1..  I:iii-Ii  inwardly  ;  to  laugh  in  one's  sleeve. 
ride  si  sapis.  Laugh  if  you  are  wise. 
rlxatur  de  lana  ssepe  caprina  (Hor. : 

E(>.    I.   xviii.    K>),    He   ofU-i;  ^iuanvls    about 

..'-■uts  wool,  i.e.,  trifles. 
Tudis  indigestaque  moles  (Oru/:  Jl/tf.  i. 

7),  A  niiie  and  uii'li.L:'-sti.d  i;i;iss. 
ruit  mole  sua.    [\\^  .  on^h  i,  &c.] 
rus  in  urbe  (-Varr.,  XH.  lvii.21),  Aresidenee 

lit  or  near  town,  with  many  of  the  advantages 

>'l'  the  I'onnt-ry. 
rusticus  expectat  dum  defiuat  amnis, 

at  ille  i  labitur,  et  labetur  in  omne 

volubilis  aevum  {Hor. :  Kp.  I.  ii.  4-2,  4;-;), 

Tiie  peasant  waits  till  the  river  shall  cease  to 

flow,  but  it  glides  on,  and  will  glide  on  for 

ever. 


sal  atticum,  Attic  salt,  i.e.,  wit. 

salvo  jure.  Without  prejudice. 

salvo  pudore,  \\'ithout  oflence  to  modesty. 

sapere  aude  (Hoi\ :  Ep.  I.  ii.  40),  Dare  to  be 

wisi-. 
sat  cite,  si  sat  bene.  Quickly  enough   if 

well  en-iugh. 
satis    eloquentiee.  sapientise    parum 

(.Sc??, :  BdL  Cat.,  v.  .!•),  Elnquence  enough,  but 

tuo  little  wisdom. 
satis    suporque,   Enough,  and  more  than 

.■ii-'iigh. 
sat   pulchra,   si  sat  bona.  Fair  enough 

if  guild  enough  ;  handsome   is  that  handsome 

does. 
secundum  artem.  According  to  the  rules 

■'\    -Alt. 

semel   abbas,  semper  abbas.  Once  an 

althnt,  always  an  abbot, 
semel  insanivimus  omnes  {ManUuinus: 

EI.  i.),  We  have  all  been  mad  at  some  time. 
semper  avarus  eget  (Hor.:  Ep.  1.  ii.  rjtj), 

The  a\aiicious  man  is  always  in  want. 
semper  fidells.  Always  faithful. 
semper  idem,  Always  the  same. 
semper  paratus.  Always  inepared. 
semper  timidum  scelus,  Crime  is  always 

learlul. 
sequlturque    patrem,    non   passibas 

fequis  (1'"^/. :    ~En.    ii.  724),  He  follows  his 

latlirr.  hut  nut  with  oijual  steps. 
sero   venientibus   ossa.   The   bones   for 

;h"se  who  ci'Hie  late;  those   who  come  late 

get  llie  leavings. 
serus  in   caelum  redeas  (Hor.,  1.  ii.  45), 

-May  it  he  Ioul:  before  vuu  return  to  heaven; 

l..ng  lift-  to  yon. 
servare  modum.  To  keep  within  bounds. 
servus  servorum  Dei,  The  servant  of  the 

^ivvantsofGod.  (Uue  of  the  titles  ofthe  Pope.) 
sic  eunt    fata  hominum.    Thus   go  the 

destinies  of  men. 
sic  itur  ad  astra   (Virg.:   .-En.  ix.  641), 

Thus  <\i<  we  reach  the  stars. 
sic  passim,  ^'.'  in  various  places. 
sic  semper  tyrannis,  Kver  thus  to  tyrants. 
sic  transit  gloria  mundi,   So  the  glory 

->!"  this  world  ].asses  away.     (The  first  words 

oi  a  S'-4Urnce  said  to  have  been  used  at  the 

installation  of  the  Popes.) 
SiCUt  ante,   As  before. 

sicut  patribus,  sit  Deus  nobis  (Cf.  III. 

Keg.   viii.  .'.7,   VhI'J.),   May   God    be    with  us, 
as  he  was  with  our  fathers. 

Sic  volo,  sic  jubeo,  stat  pro  ratione 
voluntas  (Altered  from  Jnv.,  vi.  222),  Thus 
I  will,  tluis  1  command,  my  pleasure  stands 
for  a  reason. 

eic  VOS  non  VobiS,  Thus  do  ye,  but  not  for 
yourselves.  The  eonimeneement  of  each  of 
four  verses  wliich  Virgil  wrote,  but  left  in- 
complete, on  the  occasion  when  Bathyllus 
claimed  some  lines  really  written  by  the  poet, 
who  alone  was  able  to"  complete  the  verses, 
and  thus  prove  their  authorship  [Hos  Ego, 
&c.]  Used  of  persons  by  whose  labours  others 
have  unduly  profited. 

8l  Deus  nobiscum,  quis  contra  nos? 
(Cf.  Rom.  viii.  ol,  Vuhj.),  Jf  God  be  with  us 
who  shall  be  against  us? 


Sile  et  philosophus  CStO,  H'dd  your  tongu.-, 
and  you  will  pass  for  n  pliilos'ipher. 

silent  leges  inter  arma  (Inter  arma, 
\-c.l 

simile  gaudet  simili,  Like  hives  like. 

similia  similibus  curantur,  Like  thitrgs 

are  eiired  hy  like.  {'J'he  j'lnieiple  vt'  li<»mieti- 
patliy.) 
81  monumentum  requiris  circum- 
spice.  If  you  seek  my  nionunient,  look 
around.  (The  fpitaph  of  Sir  Chiistopher 
Wren  in  St.  i'aurs  Cathedral,  of  whieh  he  was 
tlie  arehiteet.) 

simplex  munditiis  (Hor.,  i.  v.  5),  Simple, 

in  neat  altire  ;  nejil,  not  gaudy. 

sine  cura.  Without  care  or  change. 

sine  dubio.  Without  doubt. 

sine  mora.  Without  delay. 

sine  prasjudicio.  Without  prejudice. 

si    parva    licet    componere    magnis 

(I'inj.:  ikonj.  iv.  ITC),  If  it  he  lawful  tu  com- 
pare small  things  witli  great. 

siste,  viator  [sSta.  viator.] 

sit  tibi  terra  levis,  May  the  earth  lie  light 
upon  thee.  (An  inscription  often  found  on 
Roman  tombstones ;  frequently  abbreviated 
to  S.  T.  T.  L.) 

SI  vis  pacem,  para  bellum.  If  you  wisli 

fill-  jieacc.  jiri'pai'e  for  war. 
sola  nobilitas   virtus,    [Nobilitas  sola, 

solitudinem  faciunt,  pacem  appellant 

{Tcxitus  ;  Ayric.  xxx.),  Tliey  make  a-wildenn-ss 
and  call  it  peace.  (There  is  a  bitter  sneer  in 
the  origiual  which  is  almost  untranslateable. 
The  Latin  jxtx  =  peace,  and  was  also  used  for 
dominion.  So  that  the  British  chieftain  Cal- 
gacus,  from  whose  speech  the  quotation  is 
taken,  meiint,  "They  lay  waste  a  countiy, 
and  bi.xist  that  they  liave  brought  it  into  sub- 
jection to  Rome.")  [Pax  oreis  terrarlm, 
Pax  Ro.mana.] 

Spes  Sibi  quisque  {Virg.  :  .^n.  xi.  309), 
Let  each  man's  hope  be  in  himself;  let  him 
trust  to  iiis  own  resources. 

splendide  mendax(//or.,  IIL  xi.  35),  Nobly 
iintrutliful  ;  unti'ue  for  a  good  object.  (Often 
used  ironically  of  an  unblushing  liar.) 

sponte  sua,  Spontaneously ;  of  one's  (or  its) 
own  aceord. 

spretse  injuria  formae  (Vug. :  .En.  I  27). 
The  aflVijnt  offered  to  her  slighted  beauty. 
(In  allusion  to  the  resentment  of  Juno  because 
Paris  gave  the  golden  apple  to  Venus  as  the 
prize  of  beauty.) 

Stat  magni  nominis  umbra  (Lncan: 
Pharsalkt,  i.  135),  He  stands  the  shadow  of  a 
mighty  name. 

Stat  nominis  umbra.  An  adaptation  of  the 
jireceding,  used  I'V  "Junius"  as  the  motto  of 
ins  Letters. 

Stat  pro  ratione  voluntas  (Sk  volo,  &c.] 

Status  quo,  status  in  quo,  statu  quo, 
Tlie  state  m  wliieh. 

Status  quo  ante  bellum.  The  state  in 
whieh  the  Vielligereiits  were  before  war  com- 
menced.    [Uti  rossiL»r:Tis.] 

sta,  viator,  heroem  calcas.  Stop,  traveller, 
thou  treadest  on  a  hero's  dust.  (Tlie  ei»itapli 
inscribed  by  Conde  over  the  grave  of  his 
great  opponent,  Merci.) 

stemmata  quid  faciunt?  (Juv.,  viii.  i), 
<.)f  what  value  an-  ]iedigre<-s? 

studium  zmmane  loquendi,  An  insati- 
able desire  for  talking. 

sua  cuique  VOluptas,  Every  man  has  his 
own  ideasures.     [Thaiiit  sua,  &c.1 

suaviter  in  modo,  fortlter  in  re.  Gen- 
tle in  mauTier,  resolute  in  execution. 

sub  colore  juris.  Under  colour  of  law. 

sub  hoc  sign©  vinces  (In  hoc,  &■■.] 

sublata  causa,  tollitur  effectus.  The 
effeet  ceases  when  the  cause  is  removed. 

sub  psena,  Under  a  penalty. 

sub  rosa.  Under  the  rose  ;  secretly. 

sub  silentio.  In  silence;  without  formal  no- 
tice I'eing  taken. 

sub  specie.  Under  the  appearance  ot 

sub  voce.  Under  such  or  such  a  word. 

sui  generis.  Of  its  own  kiud  ;  uniqu^.. 

summum  jus,  summa  Injuria  est 
{rurro:  d*  off.,  i.  10),  The  rigour  of  the  law 
is  the  height  of  oiijuession. 

sumptlbus  publicis,  At  the  public  ex- 
pense. 


sunt  bona,  sunt  quredam  medloorla, 
sunt  mala  plura  (Mart.,  I.  xvji.  i).  somo 
things  (hi  Tills  b'ii>k)ai'e  good,  some  middling, 
but  rnoK-  me  lijtd. 

8UO  marte,    liv  his  own  pnwrs  or  skill. 

supprcssio  veri,  suggcatio    falsi.  The 

sii|ipiission  ot  I  In-  trutli  IS  the  suggestion  of  a 
fals.'hnod. 

snrgit  amari  allquld  (Lncretius:  de  lUr, 
.Va^,  i\.  I.i:i4).  Something  bitter  arises. 

suum  cuique,  Ixi  eacli  have  hi8  own. 

SUUS  cuique  mos  (Tereua;:  Phormio,  II.  iii. 
14),  Every  une  has  his  own  particular  luibiL 


tangere  ulcus  (Terence:  Phot^io,  IV. iv.  9\ 

Tu  toueli  a  >ore  ;  to  re-open  a  wound 
tantsene  animls  oielestibus  lTse(Virg. : 
.I'll.  i.  U),    Can  such  angi-r  dwdl  in  heavenly 
nunds  ;' 

telum  imbelle  sine  iotu  (Virg. .-  Ain.  ii. 

:j14),  a  feehh' dait,  <levoi<l  uf  forcii ;  applied, 

hg.,  to  a  weak  argument. 
tempora  mutantur,  nos  et  mntamur 

in   illiS    [<tM.SlA    Ml'TANTUK,    &(:.] 

tempori  parendum,  We  must  move  with 

th.'  liui.-s. 
tempus  edax  rerum  (Ovid:  Met.  xv.  234), 

Timr  til'- il>\ourer  of  all  {.hiiigs. 
tempus  fUgit.  Time  Hies. 
tempus  omnia  revelat.  Time  reveals  all 

things. 

tenax  propositi  (Of.  //";..  111.  iii.  l),  P'rm 

ul  purpo.si'. 
teres  atque  rotundus  (Hor.:  Sat.  II.  vii. 

Sti),   A  man  polished  and  complete.     [Homo 

FACTLS,  &c.] 

tertium  quid,  A  third  something,  produced 
by  the  union  of  two  different  things,  or  the 
colhsion  of  two  opposing  forces. 

teste.  By  the  evidence  of. 

timeo  Danaos  et  dona  ferentes  (Virg. : 

.Ell.  ii.  49.),  1  fear  the  Greeks,  even  when  they 
bring  gifts.  (Used  of  distrusting  the  kind- 
ness of  a  foe.) 

trahit  sua  quemque  voluptas  (Virg. : 
Eel.  ii.  00),  Each  man  is  led  by  liis  own  taste. 

transeat  in  exemplum.  Let  it  pass  into 
a  precedent. 

tria  juncta  in  uno.   Three  joined  in  one 

(the  uii.dto  of  the  Order  of  the  13ath). 

trium   literarum  homo  (Plautus:  AitUa. 

II.  iv.  4i5),  A  mau   of  three  letters  ;  a  thief 

(fur  being  Latin  for  thief). 
Troja  fuit,  Troy  was  ;  Trny  has  perished. 

Tros_  Tyriusve  mihi  nullo  discrimine 
agetur  ('"'*'■;;■  :  -En.  i.  .'>74),  Trojan  or  Tyrian 
shall  have  the  sam-'  treatment  from  me. 

truditur  dies  die  (Hor.,  ll.  xviii.  15),  One 

day  follows  itard  nn  another. 

tu  ne  cede  malls  [Xe  cede,  &c.} 


uberrima  fides,  Implieit  faith. 
ubi  bene  ibi  patria  (cf.  ru-. .-  7  frso.  Disp.,  v. 
:>?),  Wliere  one  is  wi  11  olf,  Iheiv  is  his  c;nuntiy. 

ubi   jus  incertum,   ibi   jus    nullum, 

Wliere  the  law  is  uncertain,  there  is  no  law. 
ubi  mel  ibi  apes,  Wliere  the  honey  is,  there 

are  the  bees. 
ubi  tres  medici,  duo  athei,  Where  there 

are  three  physieiaiis  tin  le  are  two  atluusts. 
ultima   ratio   regum,  The   last  argument 

of  kings  (engraved  on  French  cannon  by  order 

of  Louis  XIV.). 
ultimus   Romanornm,   The   last   of  the 

Romans  ;   used   by  Brutus  of  Caesius.    (CJ. 

Tacitus:  Ann.  iv.  34;  Lucaii :  Pharsalia,  vii. 
■-L.SV.) 

unguibus  et  rostro.  With  claws  and  beak. 
unguis  in  ulcere,  A  nail  in  the  woiunl,  lo 

kwl'  it   I'lK-ll. 

urbem  lateritiam  iavenit,  marmo- 
ream  reliquit  (Suft.,  ii.  -^S),  lit-  louud  the 
city  (l:.'iii«'    lirick,  but  left  it  marble. 

usque  ad  aras  (Amicus  isyuc,  tie,] 

usque  ad  nauseam.  To  disgust. 

nsus  loquendl,  I  snjtc  in  speaking. 

utile  dulcl    lOMNfi  Tilet,  Ad 

Uti  possidetis.  As  y..u  nun-  possess.  (A 
dii>loiuHtii-  phrase  meaning  that  at  the  termi- 
nation of  hostilities  the  eontendiug  parties 
are  to  retain  wliatev.r  territory  they  may 
liave  gained  during  the  war.) 


339 


G58 


Phrases   and   Quotations. 


vacuus  cantat  coram  latrone  viator 

(CaNTAIUV    \  \r  1.  (  s.  &C.| 

vade  in  pace,  Cio  iu  peace. 

voe  victis  (/•'■..  v.  4S),  Woe  to  tJie  conquered. 
(Siiiit  to  have  been  tlie  exclamatiouof  Brenmis, 
wlicn  he  Mireatfued  to  oxtenninate  the 
Romans.) 

valeat  quantum  valere  potest,  Ltt  it 
puss  for  wli;if  I*  i>  unrth. 

Vare,  legiones  redde  (>"-■/.  ii.  23),  Varus. 
'Xwe  »)ack  n;y  h-,L,'i.'iis.  (A  fre-iueut  exdania- 
tion  of  C;fs;ir  Anijustus  when  he  thought  of 
the  defeat  aini  hlau<i;hter  of  Qninctilius  Varus 
with  three  legions  by  the  Germans.  Often  used 
of  a  connnander  who  has  recklessly  sacriticed 
tronjvs.oruf  a  tiinr.cier  whuhas  wasted  ftuids.) 

varise  lectiones.  Various  readings.     (rvJl.) 

varium  et  mutabile  semper  [  femina 

(i'irg. :  /Eu.  i\-.  Oliy,  570),  Woman  is  always  a 

changeable  and  capricious  thing. 
velis  et  remis  (Remis  velisque.] 
veluti  in  speculum.  As  in  a  minor.     (A 

theatrieal  ni-'M"  ;  rf.  Shakesp.  (Humkt,  iii-.'2), 

■■  Tn  hold.  ;t->  tuere,  the  mirror  up  to  nature.") 
venalls   populus,    venalis   curia  pa~ 

trium,    'I'll''    ["'ople    and  thf    senators    are 

eijually  venal. 

vendidit  hie  auro  patriam  (['i/Y/. :  ^-En. 
vi.  (j'-'l),  He  sold  his  Country  for  gold. 

venenum  in  auro  bibitur  (Senec. :  Tln/cst. 
4"t:'.).  Poisiiii  is  drunk  out  of  gold  ;  the  rich 
run  more  ri^k  of  lieing  poisoned  than  the  poor. 

venia  necessitati  datur.  Pardon  is  granted 
to  necessity  ;  necessity  has  no  law. 

venienti  occurrite  morbo  (Pei-s.,  iii.  64), 
iMeet  the  coming  ilisease  ;  take  it  in  time; 
])re\ention  is  bett^^r  than  cure. 

venit  summa  dies  et  ineluctabile 
tempUS  (riri/.  :  .-Kn.  ii.  :;-24),  The  last  day 
has  cume,  and  the    inevitable  iloinn. 

veni,  Vidi,  vici,  I  came,  I  saw,  I  conquered. 
(The  laconic  despatch  in  which  Julius  Cpesar 
announced  to  the  Senate  his  victory  over 
Pharnaces.)     (Cf.  Snetonim,  i.  37.) 

ventiS  secundiS,  With  favourable  winds. 


vera  incessu  patuit  dea  {Vlro.:  ^Kn.  i. 
4lk'>),  f>he  stood  re\'caled  an  undoubted  god- 
dess in  her  walk, 

verbum  sat  sapienti,  A  word  is  sufficient 
for  a  wise  man. 

Veritas  odium  parit  {Terence:  Amlna,  I. 

i.  41),  Truth  I'fgets  hatred. 

Veritas  prevalebit  [M:u;na  i-st,  &c.| 

veritatis  simplex  oratio  est.  The  lan- 
guage '>1  Inilli  IS  simple. 

vestigia  .  .  .  nulla  retrorsum  [iior. : 
El'.  I.  74,  70),  No  signs  id"  any  returning 
(a>lapted  from  .Ksop's  fable  of  the  8ick  Lion). 
Usually  Englished  as,  No  stepping  back. 

vexata  q,U8estiO,  A  disputed  question. 

via  media.  A  middh-  coiu-se. 

via  trita.  via  tutissima,  The  beaten  jiath 
is  safest. 

victrix  causa  dis  placuit,  sed  victa 
Catonl  i^Laaia-:  i'hai.  i.  1l'8),  The  winning 
cause  was  pleasing  to  the  gods,  the  couqueiwl 
one  to  Cato. 

video  meliora,  proboque  I  deterlora 
sequor  {Grid:  Met.  vii.  20,  21),  I  see  and 
approve  the  better  course,  but  I  follow  the 
worse. 

vidit  et  erubuit  lympha  pudica  Deum 

■  (Cra!<lunv),  Tlie  modest  water  saw  its  Hod  and 
blushed.     (( >n  the  miracle  at  Cana  in  Galilee.) 

vi  et  armis.  By  main  force. 

vilius  argentum  est  auro,  virtutibus 

aurum  (Ilor. :  Sat.  I.  i.  52),  Siher  is  of  less 

value  than  gold,  gold  than  virtue. 
vincet  amor  patriae  {Viro.:  ,Eii.  vi.  824), 

The  ln\r  nf  cuUTiti^'  wiU  I'rcvail. 
vir  bonus  dicendi  peritus,  A  good  man 

skilled  iu  the  art  of  speaking.    (The  Roman 

detinitiou  of  an  orator.) 
viresque  acquirit  eundo  {Virg. :  ^^n.  iv. 

175),   8he    (Rumour)  gains    strength    as   she 

travels. 
Virgilium  vidi  tantum  {Ovid :  Trist.  IV. 

X.  51),  I  only  just  saw  Virgil ;   I  was  not  inti- 
mate with  the  L^reat  man. 


virtus  .laudatur    et    alget    [Probitas, 

Arc.) 
Vlrtute  officii,  Uy  virtue  of  one's  office. 
virum  voUtare  per  ora  (Tirj/. :   Ocom. 

lii. '.').    luliuveron  the  lips  of  men  ;  to  be  in 

<.-\eryl"nly's  mouth. 
vis  comica,  Conuc  power  or  talent. 
vis  consili  expers  mole  ruit  sua  (iim- . 

in.  iv.  r,:,).  Force,  without  judgment,  falls  li\ 

its  own  weight. 

vita  hominis   sine   Uteris   mors   est. 

The  lite  id' man.  without  literature,  is  death. 
vitam  impendere  vero  (./»r.,  i\.  oi),  Tu 

risk  nn.'-s  lilV  hn-  the  truth. 
vix  ea  nostra  voco  (Orid.:  ^fct.  xVu.  i4i), 

I  scarcely  call  these  things  our  own. 
vixere  fortes  ante  Agamemnona (//'., 

IV.   i\.  ■_':"•),  IJra\e  men   lived  befoie  Agameui- 

nnii. 

volenti  non  fit  injuria.  No  injury  is  done 

to  a  coiisi'iiting  party. 
vox  clamantis  in  deserto  (John  i.  2:;, 

Vul'i.),  The  voice  nf  ma-  erying  in  the  wildei- 

ness. 

VOX  et  prseterea  nihil,  A  voice  and  nothing 
more  ;  a  mere  sound  ;  hence,  fine  words  with 
out  weight  or  meamn^.  (From  the  Gi'eek  ; 
said  originally  of  the  nightingale;  a  similar 
idea  occurs  in  Wordsworth's  To  the  Cuckoo.) 

VOX  faucibus  lisesit  (I'irg. :  ^^n.  ii.  774), 
His  voice  died  in  his  throat;  he  was  dumb 
with  amazement. 

VOX  populi.  vox  Dei  (an  old  proverb 
tpiotid  I'y  William  of  Malmesbury  in  the 
twelfth  centurj).  The  voice  of  the  people  rs 
the  voice  of  God. 

vultus  animi  janua  et  tabula  ($.  T. 
Cicem :  tie  Fvt.  Considatus,  xi.  44),  The  coun- 
tenance is  the  portrait  and  picture  of  the 
mind  (cf.  Eccles.  xix.  29). 


zonam  perdidit  (Hor. :  £>.  n.  ii.  40),  He 
has  hist  his  pui-se  ;  he  is  iu  distressed  cir- 
cuutstauces^ 


MODERN    LANGUAGES. 

The  majority  nf  th^se  phrases  are  from  the  French  ;  those  from  other  languages  a?'e  distiyigrnshed  thi/s  :  (€rer.)  —  CTOrman  ; 

(It.)  —  Italian  ;  aful  (Sp.)  =  Si)anish. 


cl  bas,  Down,  dMwii  with. 

a  bisogni  si  conoscon  gU  amici  (It.), 

Friends  arej  known  in  time  ol  need;  a  friend 

in  need  is  a  friend  indeed. 
A  bon   chat,  bon  rat  (lit.  to  a   good   cat, 

a  good  r;i(>.    tit   for    tat ;  a    Roland    for  an 

Oliver. 
«k  bon  marche.   Cheap;   a  good   bargain. 

Hence  the  term  Bore  Marche   used  as  a  sign 

by  prnprietoi-s  of  establishments  who  profess 

to  oft'er  all  kinds  of  goods  at  low  rates. 
4  brasouverts,  Witlt  open  arms. 
absence  d'esprit.  Absence  of  mind. 
a  buon  vino  non  bisogna  frasca  (It.). 

Goud  wiui-  needs  no  l.>ush. 

A  chaque  saint  sa  chandelle  (lit.,  to 
each  saint  hia.  candle,  from  the  custom  of 
burning  lights  before  the  shrine  or  altar  of  a 
saint).    Honrmr  to  whom  honour  is  due. 

^Clieval,  On  horsebaek. 

a  Che  vuole,  non  mancano  modi  (It.). 

Where  there's  a  will  there's  a  way. 
ti  COmpte,  On  at  count. 

il  couvert.  Under  cover,  protected,  sheltered. 
^  deux  mains  (for  both  hands),  Having  a 

doulile  other  or  emplt-yment. 
adieu,  la  voiture.  adieu,  la  boutique 

(good   bye,  rurriage ;  good  bye,  shop),  All  is 

over. 
ti  discretion.  At  discretion,  unrestrictedly'. 
d  droite,  Tn  the  right. 
affaire  d'amour.  A  love  affair. 
affaire   d'honneur.  An  affair  of  honour.  ;i 

duel. 
affaire  du  coeur.  An  affair  of  the  heart,  a 

lo\e  affair. 
^  fin.  To  the  end  or  object. 


A  fond.  To  the  bottom,  thoroughly. 

k  gauche.  To  the  left. 

tL  genoux.  On  one's  knees. 

^  grands  frais,  At  gi-eat  expense. 

A  haute  voix.  Aloud. 

A  huis  clos.  With  closed  doors,  secretly. 

aide-toi,  etle  Ciel t'aidera.  Uelpyourself, 

ami  Heaven  will  helj'  you. 
i  I'abandon,  Disregarded,  uncared  for. 
ti  la  belle    6toile,    Under   the    canopy   of 

heaven  ;  in  the  open  air. 
ct  la    bonne    heure.  Well-timed,    in  good 

time  ;  favourably. 
A.  I'abri,  Tnder  shelter. 
a  la  campagne.  In  the  country. 
A  la  d^rob^e.  .Stealthily. 
k  la  Fran9aise,  In  French  fashion. 
4  la  mode,  in  the  fashion ;  according  to  the 

custom  or  fashion. 
^laTartufe,  LikeTartufe,  the  hjiiocriticai 

hero    of  Moliere's    comedy,     Tnrtv/c.    hen-  .- 

hypocritically. 
A.  I'envi,  With  emulation. 
al  ft:esco(lt.),  In  the  open  air. 
A  I'improviste,  Unawares,  on  a  suduen. 
allez-vous  en.  Away  with  you,  be  oS. 
aliens,  rnme  on. 

al  piU(It.),   At  most. 

tk  main  armee.  I>y  force  of  arms. 

amar  y  saber  no  puede  ser  (Bp.),  Ko 
one  can  love  and  be  wise  at  the  same  time. 

ame  de  bone  (lit.,  soul  of  mud),  A  base- 
minded  jierson. 

amende  honorable.  Fit  reparation  ;  a  satis- 

laetoi'y  apology. 


A  merveille.  Marvellously,  extraordinarily. 
ami  du  cour  (lit,,  a  friend  of  the  court).  A 
f..i  ...  iiiend ;  one  who  is  not  to  be  depended 


fals 


amour  propre.  Vanity,  self-love. 
ancien  regime.  The   former  condition   of 
thing.s. 

A  OUti'ance,  To  the  last  extremity.  A  duel 
(T  oKtramr  terminated  only  with  the  death  of 
one  of  the  combatants. 

ti  pas  de  g^ant.  With  a  giant's  stride. 

A  perte  de  vue.  Till  out  of  sight. 

A  peu  pr^s.  Nearly. 

ti  pied.  On  foot. 

ti  point.  Just  in  time;  exactly  ;  exactly  right. 

a  prima  vista  (It.),  At  the  first  glance. 

ti  propos  de  bottes  (lit.,  apropos  to  boots), 
without  rhyme  or  reason  ;  foreign  to  the  sub- 
ject or  pur[ni&e.  Applied  to  any  absurd  col- 
location of  subjects  or  ideas. 

ti  propos  de  rien  (lit,  apropos  to  nothing>, 
Motiveless;  for  nothing  at  all. 

argent  comptant.  Heady  juoney. 

arriere  pensee.  Mental  reservation ;  un- 
a\owed  purpose. 

ti  tort  et  ti  travers.  At  random. 

au  bout  de  son  Latin,  At  the  end  of  his 
Latin  ;  to  the  extentof  his  knowledge. 

au  contraire.  On  the  contrary. 

au  courant.  Well  acquainted  with  ;  posted 
up  ill. 

au  desespoir.  In  despair, 

au  fait,  Expert. 

au  pis  aller.  At  the  very  worst. 

au  reste,  As  for  the  rest. 

au  revoir.  Till  we  meet  again. 


Phrases   and   Quotations. 


G59 


aussitot  dit,  aussitot  fait.  No  sooner  said 

th.Hl  ^ii'lir. 

autant  dlioinmes,  autant  d'avls.  Many 

llli-ll,   lii:ill>    lunnls.       [(^I'nr    HUMINKS,  iS:c,] 

aux  armes.  To  anus. 

avant  propos,  Preface  ;  ititroiluctory  matter. 

it  voIont6,  Af  pleasure. 

a  vostra  salute  (It.).  To  your  health. 

A.  votre  sante.  To  your  liealth. 

a  VUestra  salud  (Sp.l.  To  your  health. 


ballon  d'essai,  A  balloon  sent  np  to  test  the 
dii'ctinti  of  aii-ourreuts  ;  hoiice,  auythingsaid 
I'lflmie  to  j;;uiL;e  public  feeling  ou  any  (luestion. 

bas  bleu,  A  blue-stocking;  a  woman  who 
j-i.ks  a  n'putation  for  learning. 

beaux  esprits.  Men  of  wit  or  genius. 

bel  esprit,  A  wil,  a  genius. 

benedetto  6  quel  male  che  vien  solo 
(It.),  IJlissed  is  the  misfortuue  t4iat  conies 
aloiir. 

ben-trovato  (It.),  Well  invented. 

bete  noire  (lit.,  a  black  beast),  A  bugbear. 

bon  ami.  Good  friend. 

bon  gre,  mal  gr6.  With  good  or  bad  grace  ; 

w  illiiiL;  or  unwilling. 
bon  jour,  (.iood  day,  good  morning 
bonne  et  belle.    Good  and  handsome.     (Of 

a  uoiiiau.) 
bonne  fox.  Good  faith. 
brevete.  Patented. 


castello  che  d&  orecchia  si  vuol  ren- 

dere(It.),  The  fortress  tliat  parleys  soon  siir- 
reLiders. 

cela  va  sans  dire  (That  goes  without  say- 
ing), Tliat  is  understood. 
ce  n'est  que  le  premier  pas  qui  coute. 

It  is  only  the  lirst  step  that  is  diftieult. 
C'est  ^  dire,  That  is  to  tay. 
e'est  une  autre  chose,  That  Is  quite  an- 
other thing. 
Chacun  A,  son  gout.  Everyone  to  his  taste. 
Chacnntire  de  son  cote.  Everyone  inclines 

tu  his  own  suit'  or  party. 
chapelle  ardente.   The   cliamber  where  a 

dead  liudy  lies  in  state, 
chef-d'oeuvre,  A  masterpiece. 
chemin  de  fer  (lit.,  iron  road),  A  railway. 
Ch^re  amie,  A  dear  (female)  friend,  a  lover. 
che  sar^,  sar^  (It.),  What  will  be.  will  be. 
Cheval  de  bataille  (lit.,  a  war-horse).  Chief 

deiiendence  or  supjiort ;  one's  strong  point. 
chi  taceconfessa(it.),  He  who  keeps  silent 

admits  liis  guilt. 
ci  git.  Here  lies.    (A  common  inscription  nn 

toiijbstoiies.) 
Comme  il  faut.  Prop,  r,  as  it  should  be. 

compagnon  de  voyage,  A  travelling  com- 

pantnii. 

compte  rendu.  An  account  rendered,  a  re- 
port. 

con  amore  (It.),  With  affection, very  earnestly. 

concours.  Competition  for,  or  as  for  a  prize. 

con  diligenza  (It.),  With  diligence. 

con  dolore  (It.),  Witli  grief;  sadly. 

conseil  de  famille,  A  family  council  or 
consultation. 

conseil  d'etat,  A  council  of  state,  a  privy- 
1/i.Mineil. 

cordon  sanitaire,  A  line  of  sentries  to  pre- 
vent, as  far  as  possible,  the  spread  of  conta- 
gion or  pestilence.  Used  also  of  other  pre- 
cautionary measures. 

coup,  A  stroke. 

coup  de  grace,  A  finishing-stroke.  (For- 
merly  ajiidied  tt)  the  fat<il  blow  by  which  the 
executioner  put  an  end  to  the  torments  of  a 
culprit  broken  on  the  wheel.) 

coup  de  main,  A  sudden  attack,  enterprise, 
or  undertaking. 

coup  de  maitre,  A  master-stroke. 

coup  d'essai,  A  first  attempt. 

coup  d'etat,  A  stroke  of  policy ;  a  .sudden 
and  <iecisive  blow,  usually  inflicted  by  uncon- 
stitutional means. 

coup  d'oeil,  -V  rapid  glance. 

coup  de  pied.  A  kick. 

coup  de  plume,  A  literary  attack. 


coup  de  solell,  A  sunstroke. 

coup  de  theatre,  A  theatrical  ofTeet. 

courage  sans  peur.  Fearless  courage. 

dame  d'honneur,  A  maid  of  honour. 
de  bonne  augure,  Of  good  onu-n. 
de  bonne  grace.  Witligood  will,  willingly. 
d^gag^,  Frrr,  tasy,  without  eonstraint. 
de  gaiet6  de  coeur.  In  sport,  sportively. 
de  mal  en  pis,  From  bad  to  worse. 
dernier  ressort.  The  last  resource. 
d^sagrdment,     Something    disagreeable    or 

niipl-'asant. 
dl  buona  volont^  sta  pieno  Tinferno 

(II.).  H.'ll  is  lull  ..tgoo,!  intentions. 

Dieu  est  toujours  pour  les  plus  gros 
bataillons,  (io,l  is  always  on  the  sid.-  of 
the  largest  battalions;  the  largest  army  has 
the  best  chance. 

Dieu  et  mon  droit,  God  and  my  right. 

Dieu  vous  garde.  Go.i  protect  you. 

Dios  me  libre  de  hombre  de  un  libro 
(Sii.),  Ciiwl  lii-liver  me  from  a  man  of  one  book. 

di  salto(It.),  By  leaps. 

di  tutti  noveUo  par  bello  (it ),  Every- 
thing new  seems  lieautiful. 

dolce  far  niente  (it.),  Sweet  idleness. 

dorer  la  pilule.  To  gild  the  pill. 


edition  de  luxe,  A  splendid  edition  of  a 
brtok,  handsoiiiely  bound,  and  usually  well 
illustrated. 

en  ami.  As  a  friend. 

en  arri^re.  In  the  rear,  behind. 

en  attendant.  In  the  meantime. 

en  avant.  Forward. 

en  badinant.  In  sport,  jestingly. 

en  cueros,  en  cueros  vivos  (Sp.),  Xaked  ; 
without  clothing. 

ende  gut,  alles  gut  (Ger.),  All's  well  that 

ends  u.-ll. 

en  deshabille,  in  undress ;  in  one's  true 
colours. 

en  Dieu  est  ma  fiance.  My  trust  is  in  God. 

en  Dieu  est  tout.  In  God  are  all  things. 

en  effet.  Substantially,  really,  in  effect. 

en  famille.  With  one's  family;  at  home. 

enfant  gat^,  A  spoilt  child. 

enfants  perdus  (lit.,  lost  children),  A  for- 
Uirti  hopt.'. 

enfant  tronve.  A  foundling. 

enfln,  in  short,  finally,  at  last. 

en  grande  tenue.  In  full  official,  or  even- 
ing dress. 

en  plein  jour.  In  open  day. 

en  queue.  Immediately  after ;  in  the  rear. 
I'sed  specially  of  persons  waiting  in  line,  as 
at  the  door  of  a  theatre,  at  the  ticket-office  of  a 
railway  station,  &c. 

en  rapport.  In  harmony,  relation,  or  agree- 
ment. 

en  r6gle,  Regular,  regularly,  in  order. 

en  revanche.  In  return  ;  as  a  compensation 

t'  'V. 

en  route.  On  the  way. 

en  suite.  In  comiiany,  in  a  set, 

entente  cordiale.  A   good  understanding, 

especially  between  two  States. 
entourage.  Surroundings. 
entre  deux  feux.  Between  two  fires. 
entre  deux  vins  (tit.,  between  two  wines), 

Half-drunk. 
entre  nous,  lietween  ourselves;  in  confidence. 
en  v6rit6.  In  truth,  really. 
esprit  de  corps.  The  animating  spirit  of  a 

collective  body  of  persons,  e.g.^  of  a  regiment, 

the  bar,  the  clergy,  &c. 
ewigkeit  (Ger.),  Eternity. 


fa^on  de  parler.  Manner  of  speaking ;  phrase, 

locution, 
faire  bonne  mine.  To  put  a  good  face  on 

the  matter. 

faire   lliomme   d'importance,   To  give 

tine's  self  airs. 
faire  sans  dire.  To  act  without  ostentation 

or  boasting. 
faire  son  devoir.  To  do  one's  duty. 


fait  accompli.  \\i  accompltshed  fact. 
femme  galante,  A  gay  woman ;  a  prostitute. 
fendre  un  oheveu  en  quatre.  To  oplit  a 

hail'  in  toui- ;  to  Tuaki-  .subtle  distinctions. 
fllle  de  joie,  A  gay  wom:tn  ;  a  ]>ru.stitute. 
fllle  d'honneur,  A  mairl  of  honour. 
flux  de   bouche.  Inordinate  tlow  of  tilk  ; 

g.irrulily. 

trii  Modesto  non  tn  mai  prior e  (U.), 

Friar  Moilest  nev.-r  b.canir  prioj. 
froides   mains,   chaude    amour,   C»l<t 

hands,  wairn  li.art. 
IVont  a  ftont.   Fai  .■  to  (ao: 

fuyez  les  dangers  do  lolsir.  Fly  from  the 

dangers  of  Irisinv, 


galetd  de  coeur.  Gaiety  of  heart. 

gar9on,  a  lad,  a  waiter. 

garde  &  cheval,  A  mounted  guard. 

garde  du  corps,  A  body  gmu-d. 

garde  mobile,  A  body  of  troops  liable  to 

be  .ailed  out  for  general  service. 
gardez.  Take  care  ;  be  on  your  guard, 
gardez-blen.  Take  good  care;  beverycarcfuL 
gardez  la  foi.  Keep  the  faith. 
gens  d'armes.  M--n-at-arms;  militiry  polic*!- 
gens  d'^glise.  The  clergy  ;  cleric.-*. 
gens  de  guerre.  Military  men. 
gens  de  lettres.  Literary  men. 
gens  de   lot,  Law\ers. 
gens  de  meme  famille.  People  of  the  same 

family  ;  birds  of  a  feather. 

gens  de  peu.  The  lower  classes. 
gentilhomme,  xV  gentleman. 
glbier  de  potence,  A  gallows  bird. 
giovine  santo,  diavolo  vecchio  (it),  A 

young  saint,  an  old  devil. 
gitano  (Sj..),  A  gipsy. 
gli  assent!  hanno  torti  (It.).  The  absent 

are  in  the  wrong.     [Le.s  arskxts,  &.c.] 
goutte  d.  goutte,  Urop  by  drop. 
grace  ti  Dieu.  Thanks  be  to  God. 
grande  ch^re  et  beau  feu.  Good  fare  and 

a  good  lire  ;  eoinfortabh-nuarters. 
grande    parure,  grande  toilette.  Foil 

ilr<-ss. 

grande  toilette  [GitANi>K  pAitrnr,]. 

grand  merci.  Many  thanks. 

grosse  tete  et  peu  de  sens.  A  big  head 

and  little  sense. 
guerra  al  CUChlUo  (Sp.).  War  to  th-'  knife. 
guerra  cominclata,  inferno  scatenato 

(It.),  War  Itegun,  hell  unehained. 
guerre  A  mort.  War  to  the  death. 
guerre  &  outrance.  War  to  the  uttemtost. 

[A  OITR.A.SOE.1 

hardl  comme  on  coq  sur  son  ftimier. 

Brave  as  a  ro{k  oti  his  own  dunghill. 
haut  gout.  High  flavour;  elegant  t-aste. 
homme  d'afCEiires,  A  man  of  business ;  an 

agent. 
homme  de  robe,  A  person  in  a  civil  office. 
homme  d'esprit,  A  wit,  a  genius. 
honi  soit  qui  mal  y  pense.  Shame  be  t» 

liim  who  thinks  evil  of  it.      (Tlie  motto  of  the 

Onhr  of  the  Garter.)     IGautku,  in  Enovc. 

DhT.] 

hors  de  combat,  T)isabled,  unfit  to  continue 

a  cont'-sf. 
hors  de  la  loi,  outlawed. 
hors  de  propos.    Wide  of  the  point;  inap- 

plirablr. 

hors  de  salson.  Out  of  season ;  nnseasonahU 
hors   d'ceuvre.    Out  of  coarse ;  out  of  ac- 

eustnni<(l  place.    (U.sedsubstantively  of  .small 

ai'p'-tising  dishes  served  between  the  soupairf 

the  -i-'Ci'iid  course.) 
hotel  de  vllle,  A  town-hall. 
hotel  Dieu,  A  hospital. 
hurtar  para  dar  por  Dios  (Sp  ),  To  steil 

in  order  to  give  to  God. 


id^e  fixe,  A  fixed  idea;  intellectual  mono- 
mania. 

i  gran  dolori  sono  muti  (It.),  Great  griefs 
are  sileid. 

il  a  le  diable  au  corps.  The  devil  is  iu  hXio* 


660 


Phrases   and   Quotations. 


U  n'a  nlbouohe  ni  ^peron.  He  has  neither 
i(ii>utli  HIT  simv ;  lie  lias  neither  wit  nor 
CMilla^e. 

il  ne  faut  jamais  d(ifler  un  fou.  One 

-l,..iiM  iirv.T  |.r..v.ik.a  f....!. 
il  penseroso  (it.).    Ihe  pensive  man.    (The 

ntN-  ..t.'ii.'  <'f  Milton's  poems.) 
11  sent  le  fagot.  He  smells  of  the  fagsjot ;  he 

IS  sils|ir.i,M  ..fhr'v^y. 
in  bianco  (It.).  I'l  Mank,  in  white. 

in  un  giorno  non  si  fe'  Roma  (It).  R.mie 

was  not  Imilt  in  ;i  i!ay. 
ir  por   lana,    y    volver   trasquilado 

(Sp.),  Til  '^1'  ibr  Wool,  andconie  liaek  sliuni. 


Jamais  bon  coureur  ne  fut  pris,  A  good 

runner  is  imt  to  lie  taken;  old   birds  are  not 

to  lie  eaii-ht  with  idiatl'. 
je  mainticndrai  le  droit,  1  will  maintain 

the  ri,L;lit, 
je  ne  sals  quol,  1  know  not  what.    (Used 

adl.'i-tivelv  of  sniiietliing  indefinable,  Or  very 

.lirtieiilt  todellne.) 
je  n'oublieral  jamais,  I  will  never  forget. 
jesuis  pret,  I  am  ready. 
jet  d'eau,  .-V  fonntnin  ;  a  jet  of  water. 
jeu  de  mots,  A  play  npon  words  ;  a  pnn. 
jeu  d'esprit,  .\  witticism. 
jeu  de  theatre,  A  stage-trick  ;  clap-trap. 
je  vis  en  espoir,  I  live  in  hope. 
juste  milieu.  The  golden  mean. 


kein  kreuzer,  kein   schweizer  (Ger), 
No  money,  no  Swiss. 


la  critique  est  ais^e,  I'art  est  diiBcile, 

t  ritieisiii  is  easy  enotigli,  but  art  is  dilhcidt. 
lade   nicht   alles  in   ein  schlff  (Ger.), 

Do  not  ship  all  in  one  bottom  ;  do  not  put  all 

your  eggs  in  one  basket. 
la  fortuna  aiuta  1  pazzi  (It.),   Fortune 

helps  fools. 

la  Fortune  passe  partout.  Fortune  passes 
everywhere  ;  all  men  are  subject  to  the  vi- 
cissitudes of  Fortune. 

I'allegro  (It.).  The  merry  man.  (The  title  of 
one  of  Jlilton's  poems.) 

I'amour  et  la  fumee  ne  peuvent  se 
cacher.  Love  and  snnjke  cannot  be  hidilen. 

langage  des  halles.  The  language  of  the 

tii.nkrts;  i;illiii-sgate. 

la  patience  est  am^re,  mais  son  A:uit 

est  doux,  Patience  is  bitter,  but  its  rewar.l 
IS  sweet. 

la  poverty  i  la  madre  di  tutti  le  arti 

(It.),  Poverty  is  the  mother  of  all  tlie  arts. 
lasciate  ogni  speranza  voi,  ehe  'ntrate 

(lt.)(/).l.o'i  ;  l,ij:  iii.),  All  hope  aljali.lou  ye 
who  enter  here. 

I'avenir,  Ihe  future. 

la  vertu  est  la  seule  noblesse.  Virtue  is 
the  s.iie  nobility.  "  Tis  only  noble  to  be 
guo'l."    (Tentii/soii :  Uuly  CUira  Vere  de  Vere). 

le  beau  monde.    The   world   of  fashion ; 

society. 

le  bon  temps  vlendra.  There's  a  good 
time  eomiiig. 

le  cout  en  ote  le  gout.  The  expense  takes 
away  the  pleasure. 

le  demi-monde,  Bohemia. 

le  grand  monarque.  The  grand  monarch, 

.1  titli.  applied  to  I.,iiiis  XIV.  (1643-1716). 

le  grand  oeuvre.  The  great  work ;  the  search 
tor  the  lihiloso]iher's  stone. 

le  jeu  n'en  vaut  pas  la  chandelle.  The 

game  is  not  worth  the  candle  (by  the  light  of 
which  it  is  played) ;  the  object  is  not  worth 
the  trouble. 

le  monde  est  le  llvre  des   femmes. 

The  world  is  woman's  book. 

le  mot  d'^nigme.  The  solution  of  the  mys- 
tery. ■' 

le  parole  son  feminine,  e  i  fatti  son 
maschi  (It.),  Words  are  feminine,  and  deeds 
are  iiiasculiue, 

le  pas.  Precedence. 

le  point  du  jour.  Daybreak. 

le  roi  et  I'etat,  The  king  and  the  state. 

les  absents  ont  toujours  tort.  The  ab- 
sHiif    lie  always  wrong. 

tese  majesty.  High  treason. 


les  murailles  ont  des  oreilles.  Walls 

have  ears. 

le  tout  ensemble.  The  whole. 

lettre  de  cachet,  A  sealed  letter  containing 
orders;  ar.iyal  warrant,  usually  authorising 
the  imiirisoi'imer.t,  without  trial,  of  a  person 
named  therein. 

lettre  de  change.  Bill  of  exchange. 

lettre  de  creance.  Letter  of  credit. 

le  vrai  n'est  toujours  vralsemblable, 

Truth  is  not  always  probable  ;  truth  is 
strange!'  than  liction. 

lliomme  propose,  et  Dieu  dispose,  Man 
pi-op.ises,  and  God  tlisposes. 

I'inconnu,  The  unknown. 

I'incroyable,  The  incredible,  the  marvellous. 
(The  word  iiicroyable  was  applied  substan- 
tively to  the  fops  of  the  Directory  period  in 
the  (jreat  French  Revolution.) 

lo  barato  es  caro  (Sp),  A  bargain  is  dear. 

I'occhio  del  padrone  ingrassa  il  ca- 
vallo  ( It. ),  The  master's  eye  fattens  the  horse. 

loyaut^  m'oblige,  Loyalty  binds  me. 


ma  ch6re.  My  dear  (fem.). 

maestro  di  color  che  sanno  (It.) 
(Duiite :  Inf.  iv.),  Master  of  those  that  know. 
(Applied  by  Dante  to  Aristotle.) 

ma  foi,  tipon  my  faith  ;  upon  my  word. 

maintien  le  droit,  Maintain  the  right. 

maison  de  campagne,  A  country  house. 

maison  de  sant6,  A  private  asylum  or  hos- 
pital. 

maison  de  ville,  A  town  hall. 

maitre  des  basses  oeuvres,  A  night- 
man. 

maitre  des  hautes  ceuvres.  An  execu- 

tionei' :  a  liaiiLiinan. 

maitre  dliotel,  A  house  steward. 

maladie  du  pays.  Homesickness. 

mal  de  dents,  Toothache. 

mal  de  mer,  Sea  sickness. 

mal  de  tete.  Headache. 

mal  entendre,  A  misunderstanding  ;  a  mis- 
take. 

malgr6  nous.  In  spite  of  us. 

malheur  ne  vient  jamais  seul.  Misfor- 
tunes never  come  singly, 

mardi  gras.  Shrove  Tuesday. 

mariage  de  conscience,  A  private  mar- 

I  iaL,'c, 

mariage  de  convenance,  A  marriage  of 
convenience  ;  or  from  interested  motives. 

mauvaise  honte.  False  shame. 

mauvais  gout.  False  taste. 

mauvais  sujet,  A  worthless  fellow. 

m^decin,  gu6ris-toi  toi-meme,  Physi- 
cian, heal  tliy.self 

mise-en-sc6ne.  The  staging  of  a  play. 

mon  ami,  My  friend. 

mon  Cher,  My  dear  (fellow). 

mot  du  guet,  A  watchword. 

mots  d'usage.  Words  in  common  use. 

muraglia  bianca,  carta  di  matto  (It.), 
A  white  wall  is  the  fool's  paper. 

ni  I'un  ni  I'autre,  Neither  one  nor  the 
other. 

n'importe.  It  is  of  no  consequence, 
noblesse   oblige.  Nobility  imposes  obliga- 
tions ;  much  is  expected  from  persons  of  good 

position. 

nom  de  guerre,  A  war-name,  au  assumed 

name  a  ]iseu.lonym. 
non  mi  ricordo  (It.),  1  do  not  remember. 
non  obstant  clameur  de  haro.  Despite 

the  hue  and  cry, 
non  ogni  fiore  fa  buon  odore  (It.),  It  is 

not  every  flower  that  smells  sweet. 
non  vender  la  pelle  dell'  orso  prima 

di  pigliarlo  (It.),  Don't  sell  the  bearskin 

bihire  you  have  caught  the  bear, 
notre  dame.  Our  Lady,  the  Virgin  Mary. 
n'oubllez  pas.  Don't  forget. 

nous  avons  change  tout  cela.  We  have 

changed  all  that. 

nous  verrons,  We  shall  see. 

nulla  nnova,  buona  nuova  (It.),  No  news 

is  good  news. 

ceuvres.  Works. 


ogm  bottega  ha  la  sua  malizla  (It.), 

Every  shop   has  its  trick  ;  there  are  tricks  in 
all  trades, 

on  connait  I'ami  au  besoin.  A  friend  is 

known  Ml  time  ot  iienl. 

oro  e  che  oro  vale  (it.).  That  is  gold  winch 

is  worth  gold  ;  all  is  not  gold  that  glitters. 
oublier  Je  ne  puis,  I  can  never  foiget. 
oui-dire,  ibaisay. 

ouvrage  de  longue  halelne,  A  long-«  indcd 

tiusiness. 

ouvrier,  A  workman,  an  artisan. 

par  ci,  par  14,  Here  and  there. 
par  excellence,  Pieeminently. 
parole  d'honneur.  Word  of  honour. 
pate  de  foie  gras,  A  pie  made  in  Strasburg 

from  the  livers  of  geese. 

peine  forte  et  dire.  Very  severe  punish- 
ment; a  kind  of  judicial  torture. 

pens^e,  -\  thought  expressed  in  terse  vigorous 
language. 

per  (It.),  For,  through,  by. 

per  contante  (It.),  For  cash. 

per  contra  (It.),  On  the  contrary. 

per  mese  (it ),  By  the  month. 

per  piu  strade  si  va  a  Roma  (It.),  There 
are  iiKiny  roads  to  Kome, 

petit  coup,  X  small  mask  ;  a  domino, 

peu-A-peu,  Little  by  little  ;  by  degrees. 

pied  4  terre,  -V  resting-place,  a  temporary 

loilgiUg. 

pigliar  due  colombl  a  una  fava  (it).  To 
eatch  two  pigeons  with  oue  bean  ;  to  kill  two 
birds  with  oue  stone. 

pis  aller.  The  worst  or  last  shift. 

poco  a  poco  (It.),  Little  li5' little,  by  degrees. 

point  d'appui,  Prop;  point  of  support. 

pour  acquit.  Paid,  settled  ;  the  usual  form 
of  receipt. 

pour  faire  rire.  To  excite  laughter. 

pour  faire  vlsite.  To  pay  a  visit. 

pour  prendre  cong6.  To  take  leave.  Usu- 
ally abbreviated  to  P.  P.O. 

prendre   la  lune  avec  les  dents.  To 

seize  the  moon  in  one's  teeth  ;  tci  aim  at  im- 

liossibilities. 

presto  maturo, presto  marcio  (It ),  Soon 

ripe,  soon  rotten. 
pret  d'accomplir,  Ready  to  accomplish. 
pret  pour  mon  pays,  Ready  for  my  coimtry. 
preux  chevalier,  A  brave  knight. 


quelque  chose.  Something  ;  a  trifle. 

qui  a  bu  boira.  The  tijipler  will  go  on  tip- 

jiliiig  ;  it  Is  hard  to  break  off  bad  habits, 
quien  poco  sabe,  presto  lo  reza  (Sp,), 

He  who  knows  little  soon  tells  it, 

quien  sabe?  (Sp.),  Who  knows? 

qu'il  soit  comme  il  est  desire.  Let  it  be 

as  desired. 

qui  m'aime  aime  mon  chlen,  Love  me, 

love  my  d..g. 
qui  n'a  sant^,  n'a  rien.  He  who  has  not 

health,  has  nothing, 
qui  va  14?  Who  goes  there? 

ralson  d'etat,  A  state  reason, 
raisond'etre,Tlie  reason  for  a  thing's  existence 
respondre  en  Normand,  To  answer  in 

Xoriiiaii  ;  to  speak  evasively. 

rete  nuova  non  piglia  uccello  vec- 

Chio  (It.)  A  new  net  won't  catch  an  old  bird. 
revenons  4  nos  moutons.  Let  us  return 

to  our  sheep  ;  let  us  come  back  to  our  subject. 
rien  n'est  beau,  que  le  vrai.  There  is 

nothing  beautiful  but  truth, 
rira  bien  qui  rira  le  dernier.  He  laughs 

well  who  huiglis  last. 
rire   entre   cuir  et  chair,  rire  sous 

cape,  To  laugh  in  one's  sleeve, 
rire  sous  cape  [Rire  entre,  &c.). 
robe    de   chambre,  A   dressing-gown,   a 

morning-gown. 
robe  de  nuit,  A  night  dress, 
ruse  de  guerre,  a  military  stratagem. 

sanan  cuchiUadas,  mas  no  malas 
palabras  (Si>.),  Wmmds  from  a  knife  will 
heal,  but  not  those  from  the  tongue. 


Scripture   and   Classical   Proper   Names. 


C61 


sans  peur  et  sans  reprocbe,  Fearless 

sans  rime  et  sans  raison.  Without  rliynie 

sans  souci,  Ktfo  from  care, 

sauve  qui  pent.  Save  yourselves. 

savoir  faire,  T.itt. 

savoir  vivre,  (Jcmil  brepdiiig. 

sdegno   d'amante   poco   dura  (it.)  A 

li'Vi'i's  aiijiiT  is  slHiitlivfcl. 
scion  les  regies,  AccnnluiL-  t.i  nil-. 
sempre  il  mal  non  vicn  per  nuocere 

(It.).  .Misfi.rluiK.-  i.s  not  always  an  evil. 

se  non  6  vero,  e  ben  trovato  (It.),  If  it 

is  lint  true,  it  is  i.-ieverly  iii\-''iiteil. 
sou£Ber  le  chaud  et  le  froid.  To  blow 

li..f  ao.l  cola. 

Sturm  und  drang  (Uej-.),  .Sturm  and  stress 
(i|  V.)  in  Encvc  Dior. 


tache  sans  tache.  A  work  witliout  a  stain. 

tant  mieux,  Sh  inueli  the  better. 

tant  pis.  Si.  niueli  tlie  w'oi'se. 

tel  maitre,  tel  valet.  Like  master,  like  man. 


tiens  a  la  v6rite,  JIaintain  the  truth. 
tiens  ta  fol.  Keep  thy  faith. 

toujours  perdrlx,  .Mways  partridges;  tlic 

saiii'-  tliiirj  M\ .  r  ami  Mver  again. 
toujours  pret.  Always  ready. 
tour  de  force,  A  feat  of  strength  or  skill, 
tourncr  casaque.  To  turn  one's  coat ;  to 

eli.'ui;;.'  si.les. 

tout-il -fait.  Wholly,  entirely. 

tout-ii-1'heure.  Instantly. 

tout  au  contralre.  On  the  contrary. 

tout-il  vous,  Ki.tireiy  yours. 

tout  bien  ou  rien,  .\11  or  nothing. 

tout-de-suite,  Iiiini.'diately. 

tout  ensemble,  Tli.  whole. 

tout  le  mondo  est  sage  apris  coup, 

l-;\'i'i>'l>n,ly  i>  wise  attii'  llii-  event. 

traduttori,  traditori  (it.).  Translators  are 

trait.  .Is. 

tutte  le  strade  conducono  a  Roma 

(It.),  All  roads  lead  to  Rome. 


un  blenfait  n'est  jamais  perdu,  A  kind- 
ness is  never  lost. 


un  sot  d   triple   <itage,  .\    consumnuitt 

f..ol. 

un  "tiens "  vaut  mleux  que  denx  " ta 

I'auros, I"  "iiilve  if  is  wi.riii  tw..  ■■\..ii 

sl.iill   liav.-  II  :'■  A  bird  in  the  liali.l  i»  w.litli 
twi.  in  the  bush, 

vedl  Napoll  o  pol  muori  (It),  See  Xai.le.* 

aii.l  th.ii  .li... 
v6rlt6  sans  peur,  Tniih  without  fear. 
vlgucur  de  dessus.  strength  from  on  high. 
vino  dcntro,  scnno  furore  (It.),  When  the 

will.'  Is  in.  tlie  wit  IS  out. 
ToiUt,  See  there,  there  is,  there  are. 
VoiUt  tout.  That's  all. 

voUd     une    autre   chose,    Tliat's   quite 

another  thing. 

voir  les  dessous  des  cartes.  To  see  the 

laer  ..fill..  ,;,|.I,  ;   1..  l..-,,,,  11...  >,.eret. 

vons  y  perdrez  vos  pas,  \"n  will  have 
your  walk  for  nothing ;  you  will  lose  your 
labour  over  it. 


Zeitgeist  (Gcr.),  The  spirit  of  the  age. 


SCEIPTLTRE    AND    CLASSICAL    PEOPER 

NAMES. 


ON     THE     PRONUNCIATION     OF     SCRIPTURE     AND     CLASSICAL     PROPER     NAMES, 
JJ'ITS  SOME   GENERAL  DIRECTIOXS  FOR    THE  PROyUNCIATIOX  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN. 


The  plan  adopted  in  printing  these  lists  has  been  (1) 
to  divide  the  proper  names  into  sjllables  by  the  usual 
hyjjheii  sign  (-);  and  (.2)  to  mark  the  accent  (').  The 
only  diacritical  mark  employed  in  the  List  of  Proper 
Names  is  the  macrotoue  (").  In  the  list  of  quotations 
the  Greek  is  printed  in  its  pro])er  type,  the  English 
transliterations  being  added  within  parentheses,  as  in  the 
body  of  the  work.  In  the  Latin  quotations  vowels  long 
by  nature  are  so  marked  (e),  except  in  the  cases  where 
their  position  would  show  them  to  be  long  [p.  663] ; 
and  contractions  are  indicated  by  a  circumflex  accent  ('), 
as  viram,  for  virOrmn. 

I.    SCRIPTURE    NAMES. 

The  names  in  this  list  are  chiefly  from  the  Hebrew, 
some  from  the  Greek,  and  a  few  from  the  Latin.  The 
pronunciation  of  Hebrew  is  a  question  of  great  un- 
certainty, and  even  among  the  Jews  who  nse  dialectal 
forms  of  it  two  schools  of  pronnnciation  esdst — the 
German  and  the  Spanish.  In  England  and  America  the 
ordinary  value  is  given  to  the  letters,  except  to  y,  which 
is  hard,  as  in  Gileart,  Gilgal.  Bethphage  being  the  sole 
instance  in  which  it  has  the  sound  of  English  _/;  so  that 
if  the  long  vowel  mark  (if  any)  and  the  position  of  the 
accent  be  duly  noted  there  can  be  no  difficnlty  as  to 
the  pronunciation  of  any  of  these  words.  Thus,  in 
A'-hel  Md'-im,  the  hyphen  shows  the  di\'ision  into  syl- 
lables, the  maerotone  (~)  marks  the  long  vowels,  and  tlie 
omission  of  any  diacritical  mark  over  e  and  i  shows  that 
these  letters  have  their  ordinary  English  value, 

II,    GREEK. 

It  is  well-nigh  impossible  for  us  in  the  'nineteenth 
century  tu  determine  with   any  certainty  the   original 


pronunciation  of  Greek  words  and  names.  We  liave 
neither  trustworthy  record  nor  imbroken  tradition  to 
help  us.  The  study  of  Greek  fell  into  disrepute  witli 
the  decline  of  the  Romau  Empire,  and,  indeed,  was  not 
revived  in  Euro]je  until  tlie  fifteenth  century.  At  tliat 
time  a  perfectly  arbitrary  value  was  assigned  to  each 
letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
sixteenth  century  Greek  pronunciation  had  assumeil  a 
curious  phase.  Only  two  sounds  were  given  to  all  the 
Greek  vowels  and  diplithongs,  whether  long  or  short; 
V  was  pronounced  as  v  and  k  as  ch.  so  that  xivraipon  was 
pronounced  chentafrin.  About  1.540  a  renctimi  took 
place  against  this  method,  and  after  a  struggle  the  prin- 
ciple of  pronouncing  Greek  as  though  it  were  English 
was  accepted.  For  us  the  question  of  Greek  pronuncia- 
tion is  further  complicatetl  by  the  fact  that  the  Greek 
alphabet  diflM's  entirely  from  the  Roman,  which  has 
generally  been  ailoptcd  in  the  modem  languages  ot 
Europe.  A  Greek  word  therefore  before  it  becomes 
Anglicised  must  be  transliterated ;  that  is  to  say.  tlie 
symbols  used  in  Greek  to  represent  certain  soimds  must 
be  replaced  by  those  symliols  which  seem  to  us  to  re- 
present similar  sounds  in  English.  This  translitcrutioii 
is  a  matter  of  great  ditfieulty,  and  it  can  scarcely  be  sniil 
that  it  has  beeu  carried  out  in  English  with  care  or  con- 
sistency. Had  wi'  lieen  left  to  follow  our  own  .judgment, 
no  doubt  we  shoukl  have  been  more  successful,  but.  as 
our  first  acquaintance  with  the  history  and  litoraturi!  of 
Greece  came  from  Latin  authors,  we  accepted  the  metiiod 
of  transliterating  Greek  words  whicli  tliey  adopted,  Tlii.s 
drove  ns  into  many  obvious  and  iiidisputalde  errors,  of 
which  a  typical  example  may  1)0  quoted  here.  The  gut- 
tural k  is  alw^ays  hard  in  Greek,  but  in  prononnoing  tiie 


<62 


Scripture   and   Classical   Proper   Names. 


Greek  vowel. 

English  sound. 

ir   .    . 

.    As  i  in  pin. 

O,  0     . 

.     As  0  in  not. 

n,  w 

.     As  0  in  note. 

r  i.    . 

.     As  u  in  cube 

fv.    . 

.     As  «  in  cab. 

name  Alcihiades  it  is  oustomarj'  to  suuud  tlie  c  soft  iu 
i«<xjrilauL-e  with  the  Eiifflish  usage  Now,  had  we  traiis- 
literated  tlio  name  direct  from  Greek,  there  is  little 
d<iabt,  as  tliere  is  no  c  in  Greek,  that  we  sliould  liave 
sjK'lt  it  Alkibiades,  and  i)rouoiiuecd  the  k  hard  ;  but  we 
got  the  name  Alcibiadts  from  tlie  Latin,  in  wliicli 
laiig-uage  the  Greek  k  was  always  transliterated  to  c, 
and  then  gave  the  Latin  c  the  soft  sonnd  of  the  English 
c  This  is  only  a  typical  instance  of  the  way  iu  which 
Greek  names  have  been  dealt  with  in  English.  A 
fursory  glance  at  tlie  pages  of  Grote's  History  of 
Greece  shows  us  that  the  result  of  transliterating 
Greek  words  directly  into  English,  instead  of  through 
the  medium  of  Latin,  is  to  make  them  nuiutelligible  to 
the  English  reader. 

The  rule  almost  universally  adopted  iu  pronouncing 
Greek  names  in  English  is  to  give  each  letter  the  sound 
it  has  in  English,  taking  care  to  pronounce  all  final  as 
trell  as  medial  vowels — e.g.,  Mer'-o-pe  is  a  trisyllable,  not 
a  dissyllable  as  it  would  be  in  English.  It  must  also  be 
remembered  that  vowels  naturally  long  iu  Greek  are 
pronounced  long  in  English,  while  those  that  are  natur- 
iilly  short  are  pronounced  short.  Thus  An-tig'-o-ne 
must  never  be  pronounced  An'-ti-goue. 

<iiet-k  vowel.  English  sound. 

A.  tt .     .     .  .  As  a  in  fate. 

A,  a .     .    .  .  As  a  in  f£lt. 

E,  f  .    .     .  .  As  c  in  wet. 

H,  Tj  .     .     .  .  As  f c  in  seen. 

i,  I    .     .     .  .  As  i  in  pine. 

The  Greek  diphthongs  are  pronounced  precisely  like 
rfmilar  combinations  in  English.  The  only  one  which 
jiresents  any  difficulty  is  ui,  and  this  is  pronounced  as 
vrii  in  whine. 

The  Greek  simple  consonants  are  all  of  them  pro- 
nomiced  as  the  corresponding  consonants  iu  English, 
wliile  the  compound  consonants  (p,  0,  x,  and  if  are  pro- 
nounced as  ph.  th,  ch,  and  ps  respectively.  Z  is  pro- 
nomieed  as  dz,  and  y  is  always  hard  except  before  y,  k, 
5,  add  Xy  when  it  is  sounded  as  n. 

T\ie  pronunciation  of  Greek  as  set  forth  above,  although 
it  is  universally  adopted  iu  England,  is  absolutely  inde- 
fensible from  the  point  of  view  of  accuracy.  It  has, 
however,  received  the  sanction  of  many  generations, 
and  is  not  likely  to  be  readily  set  aside. 

It  is  a  matter  of  the  utmost  difficulty  to  arrive  at  any- 
thing like  a  certain  view  of  the  pronunciation  adopted  by 
the  ancient  Greeks  tliemselves.  The  following  general 
statements  are  all  that  can  be  ventured  upon.  The 
vowels  had  the  .same  value  as  the  vowels  in  Latin  aud 
modem  Italian,  except  that  u  whether  long  or  short,  was 
pronounced  like  the  French  u  or  the  German  il.  The 
consonants  iu  Greek  were  similar  to  the  cousonauts  in 
English,  except  that  y,  unlike  our  g,  was  always  hard, 
uid  that  in  Greek  there  was  nothing  to  correspond  to 
the  English  soft  c,  which  has  proved  such  a  stuuibliug- 
bhx-k  iu  the  way  of  the  pronunciation  of  Greek  and 
Laitin.  The  double  consonants  <p,  6,  aud  x  were,  no 
doobt,  2>ronounced  as  two  distinct  consonants  ;  thus, 
f  —p-h,  e  =  t-h,  and  x  =  k-h.  Of  the  diphthongs  little 
eaia  be  said  w^ith  auy  confidence.  In  modern  Greek 
they  have  all  approximated  to  one  uniform  sound,  but 
this  was  emphatically  not  the  case  in  ancient  Greek.     In 


all  probability  each  vowel  in  the  diphthong  was  pro- 
nounced separately  and  distinctly. 

III.    LATIN. 

The  pronunciatiou  of  Latin  rests  ujion  surer  ground. 
In  the  first  place,  there  is  not  the  difficultj'  of  trans- 
literation to  contend  with  ;  in  the  second,  tlie  modern 
languages  derived  from  Latin  afford  us  more  evidence 
as  to  the  ancient  language  than  is  the  case  with  Greek. 
At  the  outset  it  must  be  explained  that  the  custom  in 
English  has  been  to  disregard  the  obvious  facts  of  the 
case,  aud  pronounce  Latin  as  though  it  were  English. 
There  is,  however,  in  the  present  day  a  consensus  of 
opinion  against  this  practice,  and  the  conclusions  to 
which  modern  scholars  have  come  as  to  the  pronunciation 
of  Latin  are  briefly  stated  here. 

VOWELS, 
a,  as  a  in  father  ;  Rever  as  in  fate, 
a,  as  the  same  sound  shortened  ;  never  as  in  fat. 

f,  as  a  in  English  stCitc. 
t,  as  c  in  met. 

7,  as  i  in  maekhie. 

t,  as  i  in  phi. 

d,  between  aw  in  hrdw  and  o  in  home. 

o,  .as  0  in  ntjt. 

u,  as  00  in  fooJ ;  never  as  u  in  cube. 

it,  as  u  in  fuU  ;  never  as  u  in  i&t. 

II,  as  German  it.  It  only  occurs  in  Greek  words  transliterated 
into  Latin. 

The  rule  for  the  pronunciation  of  diplithongs  is  to  pronounce 
the  constituent  vowels  with  as  much  rapidity  as  possible,  so 
that  they  are  run  together. 

ac,  as  the  li  in  German;  oe  as  oi. 

ail,  as  ail  in  German  Jiaiis  ;  i.e.,  as  the  ou  in  English  house, 
only  broader. 

ei,  as  f  [*in  Englisli  skein,  rein. 

cii,  as  f «  in  Modern  Italian. 

ill,  a  rare  combination  in  Latin,  as  in  French  oai. 

C0NSON.4NTS. 
c,  always  hard  in  Latin,  never  soft,  as  it  so  often  is  in  English  : 
e.g.,  Cicero  should  be  pronounced  Kikern. 

g,  .always  hard,  as  in  gate ;  never  soft,  as  in  gentle. 

n,  before  e  and  g,  as  >tg  ;  e.g.,  incedit  is  pronounced  ingkedit 

ng,  as  in  an-ger,  not  as  in  hang-er. 
j,  as  1/  in  i/ear. 

V,  as  w  in  witw. 

r  must  always  be  trilled,  whether  in  tlie  middle  or  at  the  end 
of  a  word  ;  e.g.,  per  must  be  pronounced  as  the  perr  in  per-ry. 

s,  always  sharp,  as  in  hiss ;  never  as  in  his:  e.g.,  dens  is  pre 
nounced  dense. 

bs,  as  ps. 

ti  before  a  vowel  has  its  proper  sound,  and  is  never  pronomiced 
sh,  as  in  English. 

ph,  eh,  th,  were  not  pronounced  as  one  sound,  as  in  Englisli, 
but  as  p~h,  k-h,  and  i-h. 

In  the  table  given  above  those  consonants  only  are  set 
down  the  pronunciation  of  which  differs  from  that  to 
which  Engli.sh  people  are  accustomed.  The  consonauta 
omitted  in  the  list  are  pronounced  iu  Latin  precisely  as 
iu  English. 

QUANTITY. 

Every  vowel  iu  Latin  is  either  long  or  short,  accord- 
ing as  the  voice  dwells  upon  it  or  not.  In  jironouncing 
Latin  a  distinction  mu.st  always  be  made  between  long 
aud  shoi't  vowels.  For  instance,  we  should  say  a-mo, 
not  eh-mo. 

The  quantity  of  a  vowel  in  Latin  is  influenced  Ijy  two 
considerations:  1.  By  position;  2.  By  the  natural 
length  of  the  vowel. 


Scriptural    Names. 


1.  Position. — (1)  A  vowel  followed  by  anotlior  vowel, 
or  liy  h  and  ii  vowd  is  short  ;  e.g.,  nious.  inVlii,  priienstus. 
(-)  A  vowel  followed  by  two  eoiisoiiaufs,  or  by  j;  or  z, 
is  Imig  :  <•.;/.,  aniant,  strlx.  To  this  rulo  there  is  the 
followiiij;  exeeption  :  if  a  short  vowel  is  followed  by 
two  eousiiiiaiits,  the  first  of  which  is  a  mute,  or  /.  aiid 
the  second  a  liquid,  the  vowel  may  be  treated  as  either 
sliort  or  long ;  e.g.,  teiiebrae.  voliicris.  ie.  lu  EDglish 
it  has  long  been  the  custom  to  jirouounee  a  vowel  fol- 
lowed by  two  consonants  as  though  it  were  short.  Tims, 
it  is  usual  to  say  amaus,  infensus,  iS:c.  This.  howevi>r. 
is  incorrect.  As  far  as  verse-making  is  coiu'erued, 
every  vowel  followed  by  two  consonants  in  Latin  is 
treated  as  long,  but  in  iirouunciation  some  vowels  fol- 
lowed by  two  consonants  are  pro/wmicerf  long,  some 
^hort.  Thus  we  s;iy  es-tis,  but  rec-tns.  The  following 
brief  rules  will  prove  a  rough  guide  in  this  matter. 
A  vowel  was  always  pronounced  long  before  the  com- 
binations ns,  nf,  gii  ;  e.g.,  amaus,  infensus,  sigmim ; 
also  before  x,  ct,  p.'s,  and  pf,  when  these  condjinations 
i-(ime  from  gs,  gt,  bs,  6f,  respectively  ;  (.'.(/.,  rexi,  rectus, 
scrJpsi,  scriptuni. 

2.  Nafiti-al  length  of  the  vou-el. — Tlie  following  rales 
determine  the  natur.al  length  of  a  vowel,  unaffected  by 
position. 

(0  Vowels  not  in  the  final  syllable.  No  ride  can  be 
laid  down  for  the  natural  quantity  of  root  vowels,  each 
root  must  be  studied  separately ;  but  thei'e  are  certain 
eases  in  which  vowels  are  kuowii  to  be  long :  (a)  All 
diphthongs  are  long ;  e.g.,  paucae,  coepi,  except  before 
another  vowel,  the  diphthoug  sometimes  becomes  short 
by  position.  (See  1.  (1).)  (b)  All  vowels,  which  have  re- 
sulted from  the  contraction  of  two  separate  syllables  are 


long;  e.g.,  cogo  (for  cSiigo).  c.')  For  the  qnautity  of 
vowels  in  the  final  syllable,  there  an-  i-ertuiu  general 
rules.  b\it  these  admit  of  nniny  excepli<pns,  wliich  cannot 
be  systeniatieally  arranged  without  discussing  the  sub- 
ject of  Latin  inflexions.  Generally  s]>eaking  (a)  Mono- 
syll.ildes  are  long,  e.g.,  pes,  nn'is ;  (fc)  when  the  word 
ends  with  a  vowel,  a  (except  as  an  ending  of  th» 
ablative  case)  and  c  final  are  sliort,  niusu,  Oarthagine; 
i,  o,  u  final  are  long,  domini,  anio.  genu ;  (ol  when  the 
word  ends  with  a  single  consonant  tin-  final  syllable  is 
sliort.  e.g.,  amiit,  urbis ;  exc<'pt  that,  k,  u,  e  before  s 
are  long,  e.g..  amas,  deos,  urlies.  To  all  these  rules 
there  are  many  exceptions,  wliich.  however,  scarcely 
affect  the  pronunciation  of  iJrojKT  names. 

ELISION. 

AVhere  a  word  ending  in  a  vowel  or  a  vowel  followed 
by  m  preceded  a  word  beginning  with  a  vowel  or  /;, 
the  final  vowel  or  vowel  with  in  was  disregarded  for 
the  purposes  of  scansion.  This  fin;il  syllable  was  not, 
however,  altogether  lost  in  pronuiK'iatioii,  but  sounded 
lightly,  the  voice  hardly  dwelling  on  it  at  all. 

The  accent  in  Latin  diffen'd  entirely  from  the  ac- 
cent in  English,  which  may  be  ilefined  as  an  emphasis 
laid  on  a  certain  syllable,  while  the  Latin  accent 
was  more  a  matter  of  pitch  than  of  stress.  Sjmce 
does  not  allow  the  question  of  accent  to  be  discussed 
here.  It  need  only  be  said  that  iu  Latin  every  mono- 
syllabic word  has  the  accent,  that  dissyllables  have  the 
accent  on  the  penultimate,  and  tb.it  words  of  more 
syllables  than  two  have  the  ae<-eut  .m  the  antepenulti- 
mate if  the  penultimate  is  short,  and  on  the  penultimate 
if  it  is  long, 


SCRIPTURAL,    CLASSICAL,    AND     OTHER 

ANCIENT    NAMES. 


SCRIPTURAL     NAMES. 

TJ(Ose  /lami.i  a-kii'Ji  arc  followed  hij  (A.)  oceiir  ill.  the  Apocrypha. 


A;i'-ron 

A-bi'-a-saph 

A-bisb-u-a 

.\cir-uie-tba 

Ad'-niah 

A'-hab 

A-liac'-uc,         Ab'-a- 

A-bi'-a-tliar 

Ab'-isb-ui" 

,\'-chor 

Ad'-ma-tlia 

A-har'-liel 

cuc  (A.) 

.V-bib 

AU'-i-tal 

.Acli'-sali 

Ad'-nah 

.^■liasba'-i 

A-bad'-dnti 

A-bi'-dah 

Ab-i-tub 

Acb'-sliaph 

A-do-ni-bt'-zck 

.\-has.n-t'-rus 

A-b.ng'-tlia 

A  -bi-dan 

Ab'-iior 

Ach-zit 

Ad-o-ni'-jali 

Ah-bau 

Ab'-a-na 

A'-bi-el 

A'-brani 

Ad'-a-dah 

Ad-o-ni'-rant 

.\'-haz 

A-liri'-rim  (Ab'-a-ihii 

.\b-i-0'-zer 

A'-bra-hatn 

.V-dah 

A-do-ni-zC'-dek 

A-!ia-2i'  ah 

in  Milton) 

Ab-i-';ail 

.\b'-sa-lotn 

Ad-a-i'-ali 

Ad-o-ra'-ini 

A-lii-ah 

Al.'-da 

Ab-i-Ii:V-il 

A-bu'-bus  (A.) 

A-dal'-i-ah 

A-do'-mul 

A-bi'-anl 

Ali'-Je-el 

A-bi'-hu 

Ac'-cad 

Ad'-am 

A-ilram'-nip-lei'li 

A-hi':ui 

Alidi'as  (A.) 

A-bi'-bud 

Ac'-ia-ron  (A.) 

.\d'-a-niah 

.\d-ra.inyt'-ti-lini 

A-lii-f'-zer 

Ab'-ilon 

A-bi'-jali 

Ac'-cbo 

.\d'-ain-i 

A'-dri>a 

A-hi'-jah 

A-bed'-ne-go 

A-hi'-jani 

A-cel'da-ina 

.\'-dar 

.V-dri-el 

A-lii'-kain 

A-bel                 (iliah 

Ab-i-lr-'-ne 

A-cluT-i-a 

Ad'-be-el 

A-dul'-lain 

A-lii'-Iud 

.A-bel     belli     Jl.V  a- 

A-bim'-a-el 

A-elnV-i-ons 

Ad'-dar 

A-duni'-mini 

A-liini'-a-az 

A'-bel  Maim 

A-bim'-e-lecU 

.\'-r;!ian 

Ad'-di 

.■>^n^T-as 

.\-br-niali 

.y-bel  Jle-hO'-lah 

A-bin'-a-dab 

A'-char 

Ad'-don 

./Ti'-non 

Abini -.■-lech 

A'-bel  Miz'-ra-iin 

A-bin'-o-ara 

Acb'-bor 

A'-di-cl 

Ag'-a-bus 

A-hi-MMith 

A'-bel  Shit'-tim 

A-bi'-ram 

Ach-i-acli'-a-ius  (A.) 

.\'-din 

A-gag 

.\-bin'-a-dab 

.\'-bez 

A-bi'-ron  (A.) 

A'-chiin 

Ad'-i-na 

A'-gar 

A'1iin'-o-am 

A-bi 

Ab'-ish-ag 

.V-chi-nr  (A.) 

Ad'-i-no 

Ag-gC'-us  (A.) 

A-hi-o 

A-bi-ah 

A-bish'-a-i 

A'-cIiisli 

Ad-i-tli5'-im 

A-grip'-r» 

AUi'-ra 

Ab-i  Al'-bon 

A-bish'-alom 

Ach'-i-tob  (A.) 

Ad'-Ia-i 

A'-gur 

Abi'-mn 

GG-l 

Scriptural   Names. 

A-liis'-u-raacli 

Ap'-phi-a 

BS'-al  Pe-or 

Bil-hah 

Cush'-i 

El'-i-phaz 

Alii'sliar 

Ap'-pi-i  For'-uin 

BS'-al  I\'i^-a-ziiu 

Bir'-sha 

Cy-re'-ne 

E-lis'-a-beth 

A-liit'-o-iihcl 

A'-quil-a 

BS'-al  Shal'-ish-a 

Bi-thi'-ali 

Cy-re'-ni-us 

E-li'-se-us 

A-lu'-tub 

Ar'-a-baU 

BS'-ul  Tfi'-iuar 

Bith'-iou 

cy-rus 

E-li'-sha 

Al.-lab 

A-la'-bi-a 

Ba'-al  ZC-'-bub 

Bi-tliyn'-i-a 

E.ir-shah 

A-luV-liih 

Ai'-a-dus  (A.) 

BS'-al  Ze'-plion 

Blas'-tus 

E-lish'-a-ma 

A-liu'-li-!ib 

A'-ram 

Ba'-a-nab 

Bo-au-er'-ges 

Dab'-ba-sheth 

E-li'-she-ba 

Aho'li-bah 

Ai'-a-rat 

BS'-ash-ab 

Bo'-az 

Dab'-e-rath 

E-lish'-u-a 

Alioli-ba'-mah 

A-rau'-nali 

B;V-bel 

Bo'-chim 

Dad-dC-'-us  (A.) 

E-li'-ud 

A-Iu'i'-mii-i 

Ar'-ba 

Bab'-y-lon 

Bo'-oz 

Da'-gou 

E-U'-zur 

A  imz'-zatli 

Ar-bat'-tis  (A.) 

Ba'-ca 

BO'-zerz 

Dal-ma-mV-tha 

El'-ka-uan 

A'  i 

Ar-che-la'-us 

Bac'-clii-des  (A.) 

Boz'-rah 

Dal-ma'-ti-a 

El-mu'-dam 

A-i-:illi 

Al--cbip'-pud 

Bac'-clius  (A.) 

Bu'-zi 

Daiu'-a-ris 

El-ua'-than 

A'-Jil-loll 

Aic-tu'-rus 

Ba-giT-as  (A.) 

Da-mas'-cus 

E'.lon 

A-huii'-itic-lech 

A-re'-li 

Ba-hu'-rim 

Dau'-i-el 

E-lul' 

Al'a-motU 

Ai'-e-op'-a-gus 

BS'-jitb 

Ca'-bul 

Da'-ra 

E-Iu'-za-i 

Al'-ci-i)ius  (A.) 

Ar'-e-tas 

Ba'-la-am 

Cs'-sar 

Da-ri'-us 

El'-y-mas 

Al-ex'-ali-der 

Al-'-gob 

BS'-lak 

Ca;s-a-re'-a 

Da'-than 

E'-mims 

Al-ex-au'-dri-a 

A'-ri-el 

Bal-thS'-sar  (AJ 

CS'-in 

Da'-vid 

Em-nia'-us 

Al-lon 

Ar-i-ma-the'-a 

BS'-niali 

Ca-i'-nan 

Deb'-o-rah 

Eiu'-uior 

Al'-lou  BacU'-uth 

Ar'-i-ocli 

Ba-rab'-bas 

Cal-a-mo'-la-liis  (A.) 

De-cap'-o-lis 

Eu-e-mes'-sar  (A.) 

Al-iuu'dad 

Ai-is-tar'-chu3 

Bar'-a-chel 

CS'-leb 

De'-dall 

Eii'-ge-di 

Al'-iuon 

A-ris-to-bii'-lus 

Bar-a-cbi'-as 

Cal'-neh 

De'-ila-nim 

E'-noch 

AJ-pliaj'-us 

Ar-ma-ged'-dou 

Bar  Je'-sus 

Cal'-no 

De-li'.lah 

E-pa;'-ne-tii9 

A-inad'-a-tha  (A.) 

Ar-m^'-ni-a 

Bar  J6-na 

Cal'-va-ry 

De'-mas 

Ep'-a-phraa 

A-niad'-a-tUus  (A.) 

Av'-non 

Bar'-na-bas 

Ca'-mon 

De-iue'-tri-u3 

E-paph-ro-di'-tus 

Aiu'-a-lek 

Ar'-o-er 

Bar'-sa-bas 

Ca'-ua 

Der'-be 

E'-phah 

A'-inao  (A.) 

Ai-'-pad 

Bai'-ta-cus  (A.) 

CS'-ua-au  (or  as  Ca'- 

De-fi'-el 

E'-phes  Dam'-min 

A-ma'-na 

Arphax'-ad 

Bai-thor-o-mew 

uan) 

Di-S'-na 

Eph'-e-sus 

Aiu-a-ri'-ah 

Ar-sa'-ces  (A.) 

Bai-tl-mai'-us 

Cau-da'-ce 

Di'-bon 

E'-plua-im 

Aiii'-a-sa        ^ 

Ar'-tax-erx'-es 

BS'-ruch 

Ca-per'-na-uiu 

Did'-y-iiuis 

Eph'-ra-tah 

A-mash'-a-i 

Ar'-te-mas 

Bar-zil'-la-i 

Caph'-tor 

Di'-uiou, 

Eph'-rath 

Ain'-a-this  (A.) 

A'-sa 

BS'-shan 

Cap-pa-do'-ci-a 

Di-nah 

E'-phroii 

Aui-a-zi'-ah 

A-sad'-i-as  (A.) 

Bash'-e-math 

Car'-cas 

Diu-ha'-bali 

Ep-i-cu-re'-an 

Am' -mail 

As'-a-el  (A.) 

Batli'-she-ba 

Car-che'-mish 

Di-o-nys'-i-ns 

E-piph'-a-nes  (A.) 

Aiu'-nii 

As'-a-hel 

Be' -dad 

Cai-'-mel 

Di-ot'-re-phea 

B'-rech 

Aiu'-mi-el 

As-a-i'-ab 

Be'-dan 

Car' -mi 

D6'-eg 

E-sa'-i-as 

Alu-HlL'-Uud 

As-a-iii'-as  (A.) 

Be-el'-ze-bul 

Car'-pns 

Dor'-cas 

E'-sar  Had'-don 

Ain-min'-a-dab 

A'-saph 

Be'-er 

Cas-i-phi'-a 

Dos-ith'-eus  (A.) 

E'-sau 

Am-rai-shad'-da-i 

As-baZ-a-reth  (A.) 

Be-er-la-bS'-i-ro-i 

Cas'-tor 

DO'-than 

Es-dra-e'-lon 

Am-miz'-a-bad 

As'-e-nath 

Be-ei-'-she-ba 

Ced'-vou 

Dru-sil'-la 

Es'-dras  (A.) 

Am'-mon 

Ash'Hlod 

Be'-kah 

Cen'-chre-a 

Du'-mah 

E'-sok 

Ain'-noo 

Ash'-er 

Be'-li-al 

Cen-de-be'-us  (A.) 

Dfi'-rah. 

Ebh'  Ba-al 

A'-moa 

Ash'-i-ma 

Bel-sbaz'-zar 

C6'-phas 

Esh'-col 

Aiu'-or-ite 

Asli'-keu-az 

Bel-te-sliaz'-zar 

Chal'-col 

Esh'-ta-ol 

A'-mos 

Ash'-ta-roth 

Be-na'-i-ah 

Chal'-de-a 

E'-bal 

Esh-te-mS'-a 

A'-moz 

Ash'-ur 

Ben-am' -mi 

Char'-ran 

E'-bed 

Es'-!i 

Am-pliip'-o-Ua 

A'-si-a 

Ben-ha'-dad 

Che'-bar 

Eb-en-e'-zer 

Es'-rom 

Ara*-pli-as 

As'-ke-Ion 

Beu'-ja-min 

Che-dor-lS'-o-mer 

E'-ber 

Es'-sene 

Am'-rain 

As-mo-de'-us  (A.) 

Beii-d'-ni 

Che'-mosh 

E-bi'-a-saph 

Es'-ther 

Am'-ra-phel 

As-nap'-per 

Be' -or 

Chen-a-ni'-ah 

B'-deu 

B'-tam 

A'-uab 

As-sa'-bi-as  (A.) 

Be-ra'-chah 

Che'-re-as  (A.) 

Ed'-ua  (A.) 

Et-tlAin 

An'-a-el 

As'-sir 

Be-re'-a 

Chei-'-e-thims 

B'-dom 

B'-tlran 

A'-nah 

As'-sos 

Be'-rith 

Che'-rith 

Ed'-re-i 

Eth'-a-nim 

A'-nak 

As-su-e'-rus  (A.) 

Ber-Di'-ce 

Che'-sed 

Eg'-lah 

Etb-bS'-al 

An'-a-kim 

As'-sur  (A.) 

Be'-sor 

Chil'-e-ab 

Eg-lS'-iui 

E-thi-o'-pi-a                      i 

A'-uain 

As-syr'-i-a 

Be'-tah 

Chil'-i-ou 

Eg -Ion 

Eu-bu'-lus 

A-naiu'-me-lech 

As-ty'-a-ges  (A.) 

Beth-ab'-a-ea 

Chil'-mad 

E'-gypt 

Eu-er'-ge-tes  (A.) 

A-na'-ni 

A-syn'-cri-tus 

Beth' -an-y 

Chini'-ham 

E'-hud 

Eu'-me-ues  (A.) 

An-a-ni'-ah 

A'-tad 

Beth  A'-ven 

Chr-os 

Ek'-ron 

Eu-ni'-ce 

Au-a-ui'-as 

AtU-a-lr-ab 

Beth-bir'-e-i 

Chis'-leu 

B'-lah 

Eu-5'-di-as 

A-nan'-i-el 

Ath-e-n0'-bi-U5  (A.) 

Beth'-car 

Chit'-tim 

E'-lam 

Bu'-pa-tor  (A.)                ,j 

1, 

A'-uatU 

Ath-ens 

Beth-da' -gon 

Chlo'-e 

E'-lath 

Eu-phrS'-tes 

, 

An'-a-thoth 

At-ta-li'-a 

Beth-dib-la-tbS'-im 

Cho-ra'zin 

El'-dad 

Eu-roc'-ly-don                ' 

P 

Aii'-drew 

Au-gus'-tus 

Betli'-el 

Cluish'-au       Rish-a- 

El-e-S'-leh 

Eu'-ty-clius 

An-dro-ui'-cas 

Au-ra'-niis  (A.) 

Be'-tber 

tha'-im 

El-e-a'-zar 

E'-vil  Mer'-o-dach 

A'-ner 

A'-ven 

Be-thes'-da 

Chu'-za 

El-hS'-uau 

E-ze'-ki-el 

A-ni'-am 

Az-a-ri'-ab 

Beth-e'-zel 

Ci-lio'-i-a 

E-li 

B'-zel 

A'-niiQ 

Az-a-i'i'-as  (A.) 

Betli-gS'-mul 

Clau'-da 

E-li'-ab 

E'-zi-ou  Ge-ber 

Au'-ua 

A-ze'-kah 

Beth-hac'-cer-em 

Clau'-di-a 

E-U'-a-da 

Ez'-ra 

Au'-nas 

Az'-gad 

Beth-ho'-ron 

Clem'-ent 

E-ll'-a-dah 

AD'-ti-och 

Az'-noth  Ta'-bor 

Beth'-le-hem 

Cle'-o-pas 

E-li'-a-kim 

An-ti'-o-chis  (A.) 

A-zo'-tus 

Beth-pe'-or 

Cle-o-par-ra  (A.) 

E-li' -am 

Fe-lix 

An-ti'-o-chus  (A.) 

A'-zur 

Beth'-phage 

Cni'-dus  (A.) 

E-U'-as 

Fes'-tus  ■> 

An'-ti-pas 

Beth-sa-i-da 

Co-los'-se 

E-U'-a-shib 

For-tu-na'-tus 

Aii-tip'-a-tris 

BetU'-shan 

*Co-ui'-ah 

E-li'-a-tbah 

Ap'-a-me  (A.) 

BS'-al 

Beth' -she-mesh 

Cor'-inth 

El-i-e-zer 

A-per-les 

BS'-a-laU 

Be-tlm'-el 

Cor-ne-li-us 

El-i-ho'-reph 

Ga'-al 

A'-phek 

BS'-al  Be'-rith 

Beu'-lah    . 

Coz'-bi 

E-li'-hu 

Ga'-ash 

A-pber^-e-ma  (A.) 

BS'-al  Gad 

Be-zal'-e-cl 

CrS'-tes  (A.) 

E-li'-jah 

Gab'-a-el  (A.) 

A-pol-lo'-ni-a 

Ba'-al  Ha'-iiion 

Be'-zek 

Cres'-cens 

E-li'-ka 

Gab-a-tha  (A.) 

Ap-ol-Io'-ni-us  (A.) 

BS'-al  Her'-moa 

Bich'-ii 

Crete 

E'-lim 

Gab-ba-tha 

Ap-oMoph'-a-iie3(A.) 

Ba'-a-liui 

Bid'-kar 

Cris'-pus 

E-lini'-e-lech 

Ga-bri-as  (A.) 

A-pol'-los 

BS'-a-lis 

Big'-than 

Ciish 

E-li-o-e'-nai 

Ga'-bri-el 

A-pol'-ly-oa 

BS'-al  Me'-on 

Bil'-dad 

Cush'-au 

E-liph'-a-let 

Gad'-a-i-a. 

Scriptural   Names. 

060 

Gn«i'-a-veiie 

liar-bo'-nah 

Is'-sa-cliur 

Ju'-sus 

K\>U 

M.V  r.t 

Go<r-ili 

Ha-rod 

Ith'-a-inar 

Jy'-thcr 

Kisli  -i-..|i 

Ma -rail 

Gad'-di-el 

lla-ru'-sheth 

Ith-iol 

Jeth'-ro 

KiMh''i>ri 

Ma-rnn'-a>tha 

Ga'-i-us 

Hash-mn'-iiab 

Ith'-rc-am 

Jeth''Ur 

KiB'-on 

Mai'*cus 

Ga-hV-ti-a 

Ha-ladi 

U-u-ne'-a 

Ju'-usli 

Kit'-tini 

M)ir-tlu-chb'-ll8(A.) 

Gal'-e-ed 

Ha-vi'-lah 

i'-vali 

Jez'-e-bol 

K.V-a 

Mark 

Gal'-i-leo 

Ha'-voth  Ja'-ir 

Iz-ia-lii'-ah 

Jt-z-radd'-ah 

Ko-hath 

Mar'-tha 

Gal'-lim 

Ha'-za-el 

Jez'-rc-el 

Ko'-rah 

M)V-ry 

Gal'-li-o 

Ha-zar-iniv'-veth 

Jin'-laph 

KO-i-u 

MaA'-rc-kah 

Ga-ina'-li-ol 

Haz-el-el-po'-ni 

Ja'-a-Iam 

Ju'-ab 

Mas'-snii 

Gaiir-nia-diiiis 

Ha-zi?'-rolli 

Ja-az-a-ul'  a 

JiV-a-i-iin  (A.) 

Mnt'-ri 

Gfi'-tam 

Ha'-zor 

Ja'-bal 

Jo'-ah 

L;V-a-dah 

Mat'-ta» 

G;itli 

He'-ber 

Jab'-bok 

Jo-an'-iia 

Lfi'-ban 

Mat-ta-tlii'-as 

Gaza 

He'-brun 

Ja'-besh 

JO' -ash 

La'-chish 

Maf-lhal 

Gi''-b;a 

He-ga'-i 

Ja'-bez 

Joch'-c-bed 

La-ha'-i-ro-i 

Matthew  (as  Math- 

Ge'-bal 

He'-ge 

J;V-biu 

J5'-el 

Lah'-mi 

thti) 

Gv'-bim 

He'-lam 

Jab'-ne-el 

Jo-u'-zer 

LiV-ish 

Mnt-thi'-us 

Ged-a-li'-ah 

Hel'-bon 

Ja'-chiu 

Jo'-ha 

La'-kum 

Maz'-ax-roth 

Ged'-e-oii  (A.) 

Hel'-da-i 

Ja'-cob 

Jo-ha'-uaa 

Lil'-mech 

MC'-ah 

Ge-ha'-zi 

He'-li 

Ja'-el 

Jo'-kuu 

La-o-di'Qe'-a 

Mc-bun-na-i 

Getn-a-ri'-ah 

He-li-o-do'-rus  (A.) 

Ja'diaz 

Jok'-shau 

Lap*-i-doth 

Me-dad 

Geu-ues'-a-ret 

Her-katliHaz'-zu-riin 

JiV-Iia-za 

Juk'-tan 

Laz'-a-ru3 

Me' -dan 

Ge-uil'-bath 

HG'-niau 

JiV-ir 

Jou'-a-dab 

Lc'-ah 

Mi"--di-a 

Ge-ra 

Hepli'-zi  Bah 

Ja  i'-rus 

JO'-nah 

Le-bu'-na 

Me-gid'-du 

Ge'-rah 

Her'-cu-lea  (A.) 

Jam'-bres 

Ju'-iias 

Leb'-a-uon 

Me-het'-a-be-el 

Ger'-ge-senes 

Her'-mes 

Jani'-bri  (A.) 

Jon'-a-t,han 

Lt'b'-a-oth 

Me-hct'-a-bcl 

Ge-riz'-im 

Her-mog'-e-nes 

Jan'-na 

Jop'-pa 

Leb'-boe-us 

Mu-hu-ja-el 

Gor'-shom 

Her '-mo  n. 

Jaii'-ues 

Jo' -ram 

Le-bo'-nah 

Me-kO'-nah 

Ger'-slion 

Her'-od 

Ja'.pheth 

Jor'-dau 

Leha'-bim 

Mel-L-hi 

Ge-shur 

He-ro'-di  on 

Ja-plif-a 

JO' -rim 

U-'-hi 

Melcbiz'-e-dek 

Gi"'-ther   . 

Hesh'-bon 

J;V-reb 

Jo'-sa-bad 

Lem'-u-el 

Mel'-ech 

Geth-sem'-a-ne 

Hetli'-lon 

Jar'-ed 

Jo'-se-dec  (A.) 

LG'-vi 

Mcl-i-ta 

Gi-ah 

Hez-e-ki'-ah 

Ja'-sher 

Jo'-seph 

Lib'-nah 

Meiii'-pbis 

Gib'-e-ah 

Hez'-ron 

Ja'-son 

Ju'-ses 

Lib'-y-a 

Meni*-u-can 

Gib'-e-on 

Hid'-de-kel 

Jav'-aa 

Josli'-u-a 

Li'-nus 

ML-u'-a-hem 

Gid'-e-on 

Hi' -el 

Jaz'-ar  (A.) 

Jo-si'-aU 

Lo  Am' -mi 

MC'-ne 

Gid-e-o'-ni 

Hi-e-rap'-o-lis 

Ja'-zer 

Ju-si'as  (A.) 

Lo'-is 

Men-o-la'-us  (A) 

Gi'-hon 

Hig-ga-i'-on 

Je'-bus 

J  of -bah 

Lo  Rfdi'-a-mah 

Me-on'-e-uim 

Gil'-bo-a 

Hil-ki'-ah 

Jec-u-ni'-ah 

JO'-tliam 

Lu'-cas 

Me-phi-bO'-8hoth 

Gil'-e-ad 

Hil'-lel 

Je-iU'-dah 

JiT-bal 

Lu'-ci-fer 

Mer-a-ri 

Gil'-gal 

Hiu'-nom 

Jed-i-di'-ah 

Ju'-da  (A.) 

Lu'-ci-us 

Mu'-rat 

Gi'-loh 

Hi'-iaiu 

Jfd'-u.tban(A.) 

Ju-duh 

Ly-ca-o'-ni-a 

Mer-cu-ri-u3 

Gin'-ne-tho 

Hir-ca'-nus  (A.) 

Jeir-u-thun 

Ju'-da.s 

Lyd'-da 

Mer'-i-bah 

Gii'-f;a-sbite 

Hit'-tite 

Je'-gar  Sa-ha-du'-tlia 

Ju-dc'-a 

Ly-sa'-ni-as 

Mi'i'-o-dach     Bal'-a-' 

Git'-tite 

Hj'-vite 

Je-hG'-a-haz 

Ju'-dith  (A.) 

Lys'-i-as  (A.) 

dat. 

Gu'-Iaii 

Hu-bab 

Je-hO'-ash 

Ju'-li-a 

Ly-sim'-a-chus  (A.) 

MC*'-rum 

GoV-go-tha 

Hu-bah 

Je-ho-lia'-rian 

Ju'-li-ns 

Lys'-tra 

Me'-roz 

Go-li'-atli 

Hog'-lali 

Je-hoi'-a-chiu 

Ju'-iu-a 

Me'-sliaeh 

Gu-mer 

Hol-o-fer'-nes  (A.) 

Je-hoi'-a-da 

Jfi-pi-ter 

Mesh-ei-e-iiu'-aU 

Go-moi-'-rah 

Hopb'-ni 

Je-lioi'-a-kim 

Jus'-tus 

Sla'-a-chaU  ^ 

Mc8-o-pn-t;V-mi-a 

Gor'-gi-aa  (A.) 

Ho'-i-eb 

Je-hon'-a-dab 

Ma-a-sei'-ah 

Mes-si'-ah 

GO'-sheii 

Hor  Ha-gid'-gad 

Je-ho'-ram 

Mac'-ca-bees  (A.) 

Meth'-eg  Am'-mah 

Go'-zau 

Hor'-niah 

Je-hosh-a-be'-ath 

Kab'-ze-el 

JIac-ca-be'-us  (A.) 

Me-tluV-sa-ui 

Gur 

Hor-o-na-iia 

Je-liosh'-a-phat 

Ka  -desh 

Mace-do'-iii-a 

Me-tliu'-se-laU 

Hor'-o-nite 

JediG'-vah 

Ka'-dcsh  Bar'-ne-a 

Mach-be'-uah 

Mi'-t-ah 

Ho-se'-a 

Je-lio'-vah  Ji'-reh 

Kad'-mi-el 

Macli'-ir 

Mi-cai'-ah 

Ha-a-ash'-ta-ri 

Hul'-dah 

Je-hO'-vah  Nis'-si 

Ka-ie'-a 

Mach'-pe-lali 

Mi'-chael 

Ha-bak'-kuk.     Hab'- 

Hush'-a-i 

Je-liG -vah  Slia'-lom 

Ke'-da-mah 

Mad-mau-nali 

Mifh'-al 

ak-kuk 

Huz'-zab 

Je-lio'-vah        Sliam'- 

Kc'-dar 

Mag' -da-la 

Mich'-mash 

Hach-a-li'-ali 

Hy-me-nx-'-us 

iiiah 

Ke' -de- moth 

Mag'-da-leiie 

Mid'-i-au 

Hach'-i-Iah 

Jedio'-vah    Tsid'-ke- 

Kedie'-Ia-tha 

Mag'-di-el 

Mig'-rou 

Hacli'-iiio-ni 

lUl 

Ke-i'-lah 

Ma'-gog 

Mil'-cali 

Ha'-dad 

Ib'-har 

Je'-)ui 

Ke-la-i'-ah 

Mii'-gor  Mis'-sa-bib 

Mil'-com 

Ha-dad-e'-zer 

Ich'-a-bod 

Jedm-di'-jali 

Keiu'-u-el 

Mag'-pi-asU 

Mile'-tum 

Ha-das'-sah 

I-co'-ni-uiu 

Je-mi'-ina 

Ke'-naz 

Mah'-alah 

Mi-le'-tus 

Ku-dO'-ram 

Id'-do 

Jeph'-thah 

Ke'-nite 

Ma-hada-le-et 

Mil'dO 

Had'-racU 

Id-u-me'-a 

Jephun'-neh 

Kei'-eu  Hap'-puch 

Wah-a-!ath 

Min'-ni 

Hfi'-gar 

Ig-da-U'-ah 

Je-pbun'-iieth  (A.) 

Ke-ii-oth 

Ma-lia-na'-im 

Min'-nith 

Hag'-ga-i 

i'-jou 

Jr-'-rah 

Kc'-tu'-rah 

Ma'-heiSha'-lal  Hash 

Mir'-i-am 

Hag-gi'-alx 

Il-lyr'-i-cum 

Je-rah'-me-el 

Ko-zi'-a 

liaz 

Mi'-sa-el  (A.) 

Hag'-gith 

Iiii'-lah 

Jer-e-uii'-ah 

Ke:ziz' 

Mair-Kah 

Mish'-a-el 

Hii'-man 

Im-inau'-u-el 

Jer-e-mi'-as  (A.) 

Kib'-ioth    Hat-ta'-a- 

Mah-Ioii 

Mis'-pe-reth 

Ha'-inath 

Ipli-e-dei'-ah 

Jer'-e-my 

vah 

Mak'-lie-loth 

Mis'-ro-photh  Ma'-iin 

Ham-ine-da'-tha 

i-ra 

Jer'-i-cho 

Kib-Zii'-im 

Mak'-ke-dah 

Mith-ri-da'-tes  <A) 

Hani-iuo-lek'-eth 

i'-rad 

Jer'-i-moth 

Kid'-rou 

Mal'-a-chi 

Mith'-ri-dath 

Hai)i'-nr 

I-ii'-jah 

Jer-o-bo'-aiii 

Ki'-nah 

Mal'-chain 

Mit-y-le'-iie 

Ua-mu'-tal 

i'-saac 

Je-nib'-ba-al 

Kir  Ha-ri'-seth 

Mal-chi'-ah 

Miz'-ar 

Han'-a-me-el 

I-s:V-i-ah 

Je-rub'-be-slietii 

Kii-'-jath 

Mal'-clii-shu-a 

Miz'-pah 

liaii'-a-ne-el 

Is'-cah 

Jc-nT-sa-lem 

Kir-ja-th:i'-im 

Mal'-chus 

Miz'-peh 

Ha-na'-ni 

Is-car'-i-ot 

Je-ru'  alia 

Kii-'-jath  Ar'-ba 

Mam'-mou 

Mi/.-ra-im 

Han-a-ni'-ah 

Ish'-l>ak 

Je-shi'-mon 

Kir'-jath  A'-rim 

Mam'-re 

Mn;i  -sou 

Ilan'-nah 

Ish'-bi  Be'-nob 

Jesh'-u-a 

Kir'-jath  B5'-al 

Maii'-a-en 

Mu-ab 

Ha'-noch 

Ish  bO-iiheth 

Jesli-a'-r\m 

Kii^-jath  Je-5'-rim 

Ma-nas'-seh 

MO-hi-dHh 

Ha'-niin. 

Isir -ma-el 

Jes'-se 

Kir'-jath  Siin'-nah 

Ma- no '-ah 

MiVdecli 

ila'-raa 

Is -ra-el 

Jt-su-i 

Kir'-jath  Se'-uher 

M;V-ou 

Mo'-loch 

ooe 

Scriptural    Names. 

Moi^'-de-cai 

Olol'ei -nes  (A.) 

Pi  Bos'-eth 

Sa-bc'-ans 

Shcu-i)-' 

Tar'-sus 

,Moi-do-clif'-"S  (A.) 

O-lyni'-pas 

Pi  Ha-bi'-roth 

Sab'-te-cha 

Sliepli-a-ti'-ah 

Tar'-tak 

.Mi)-rcsli'-ctli  Gath 

(J'-iiiar 

Pi'-lato 

Sii'-doc 

Shc'-sliach 

Tar'-tan 

Mo-ri'-all 

Oiii'-ri 

Pi'-non 

Sa'-Iah 

Sliesh-baz'-zar 

Tat'-na-i 

Md'-se-roth 

()'-nan 

Pir'-a-tlion 

Sa-bi'-thi-el 

Sheth'-er  Boz-ua'-i 

Tc'-bah 

JlO'-scs 

O-iiL's'-i-iuus 

Pis'-gah 

Sa'-leiu 

Slie'-va 

Tcb'-eth 

Mn'-slii 

On-e-siph'-o*iv  "• 

Pi-sid'-i-a 

SiV-liiii 

Sbib'-bo-Ieth 

Tfi-ko'-a 

.My'-ia 

O-ui'-as  (A.) 

Pi'-son 

Sal'-mon 

Shic'-rou 

Tel  Hai'-sa 

Mj'-sia 

O'-phel 

Pitli'-oni 

Sa-Io'-me 

Sliig-ga-i'-ou 

Tel  Mc'-Iah 

O'-pliir 

Pith'-on 

Sa-ma'-ri-a 

yhi-lo'-ab 

TC'-nia 

Opli'-rab 

Pou'-ti-us 

Sam'-lah 

Slu'-loh 

Te'-iiia» 

Na'-a-man 

O-ieb 

Pou'-tiis 

Sain'-son 

Shiin'-e-ah 

Te'-rali 

Xfi'-a-shou 

O-ri'-on 

Pu'-ra-tha 

Sain'-u-el 

Sliini'-e-i 

Tci'-a-phim 

N';i-ass'-on 

Or'-iian 

Poi'-ci-us 

San-bal'-lat 

Sliim-shji'-i 

Ter'-ti-us 

Na'-lial 

Or'-puli 

Pot'-i-phar 

.Saph 

Slu'-nar 

Tei-tul'-lus 

NTl'-l.ntll 

O-sc'.a  (A.) 

Po-tipli'-er-a 

.Sap-plii'-ra 

Shiph'-rah 

Tliad-da''-us 

Xu-bii-chod-o-Do'-sor 

O-sB'-as  (A.) 

Pris'-ca 

Sa'-ra  (A.) 

Slii'-sliak 

Tha'-hash 

(A.) 

O-se'-e 

Pris-ril'-la 

Sa'-iab 

Sliit'-tim 

Tlifl'-mah 

Nfi'-dab 

Oth'-iii 

Proch'-o-rus 

Sa-ra'-i 

SliO'-bab 

The'-bez 

Nag'-ge 

Oth'-ni-el 

Ptol-e-mre'-us  (A.) 

Sar-clie'-do-nus  (A.) 

Sho'-bach 

TheP-a-sar 

Xa-lia-vi 

O'-zera 

Ptol'-e-me-e  (A.) 

Sav'-dis 

Shu'-ah 

The-oph'-i-lus 

Xa-hash 

O-zi'-as 

Ptol-e-me'-us  (A.) 

Sa-rep'-ta 

SluT-al 

Thes-sa-lo-ni'-ca 

Xa'-lior 

Piib'-li-Tls 

Sav'-gon 

Slui'-laiu-ile 

Theft' -das 

Xa'-lmm 

Pu'-dens 

Sa'-ion 

Slm'-nem 

Thom'-as 

XiV-iu 

Pa'-a-i'a-i 

Pu'-non 

Sai-'-se-chim 

Shur 

Thy-a-ti'-ra 

Xfi'-i-otb 

Pa'-daii  A'-i-ain 

PiT-ti-el 

Sa'-ruch 

Sliu'-shan 

Ti-be'-ri-as 

Xa-iiG'-a  (A.) 

Fag'-i-el 

Sil'-tau 

Sbu-tlu"'-lali 

Ti-bii'-ri-us 

X<i,'-o-mi 

Pal-os-ti'-na 

Saul 

Sib-be-cha'-i 

Tib'-ui 

Xa'-phish 

ral-ti 

Quar'-tus 

ScB'-va 

Sib'-niah 

Ti'-dal 

Napli'-ta-li 

Pain-phyl'-i-a 

Scyth'-i-an 

Sl'-don 

Tig'-lath  Pi-lC'-ser 

Xar-cis'-sus 

Paph'-os 

Se'-ba 

Si'-hon 

Ti-niii'-us 

Xii'-tlmu 

Pa'-i-an 

Ra-a-mali 

Se'-gub 

Si'-hor 

Tiiu'-nath 

] 

Xa-thaii'-a-el 

Par'-bar 

Rab'-bah 

Se'-ir 

SI'-las 

Ti'-inon 

\ 

Xa'-uni 

Pai'-iiie-nas 

Rab'-sa-ces  (A.) 

Se-lefi'-ci-a 

Si-lo'-ah 

Ti-iiio'-tlieus 

Xaz'-a-reue 

Pa'-i'osli 

Rab'-sar-is 

Se-leu'-cus  (A.) 

Si-lO'-am 

Tipli'-sah 

Xaz'-a-reth 

Pai'-slian-da'-tlia 

Rab'-sha-keli 

Sem'-e-i 

Si-lo'-e 

Tii'-ha-kah 

Xe-ap'-o-lis 

Pav'-thi-aus 

Ra'-ehal 

Scn'-eh 

Sil-vii'-nus 

Tir-sha'-tha 

Xe-ba'-i-oth 

Pa-iu'-ah 

Ra'-chel 

Seu-nach'-er-ib 

Siiu'-e-on 

Tir'-zah 

Xe'-bat 

Pa'.sliur 

Rag'-au 

Se-pliar-va'-ini 

Si'-moa 

Tish'-bite 

Xe'-bo 

Pat'-a-i-a 

Kag'-u-el 

Se'-rab 

Si'-na-i 

Ti'-tus 

Xeb-u-cliail-liez'-iiar 

Patli'-ros 

Ra-hab 

Ser-a-i'-ah 

Si'-on 

Tob  A-do-ni'-jah 

Xeb-u-cliad-rez'-zai- 

Pat'-mos 

Rak'-kath 

Ser'-gi-us  Pau'-lus 

Si-ri'-on 

To-bi'-ah 

Xeb-u-shas'-bau 

Pat'-ro-bas 

Rak'-koii 

Se-rug' 

Sis'-er-a 

To-bi'-as  (A.) 

Neb-u-zar'-a-dan 

Paul 

Ra'-mab 

Shil'-al-biin 

Smyr'-na 

To-bi'-el  (A.) 

Xe'-cho 

Pau'-lus 

Ram'-c-ses 

Sha-ash'-gaz 

SO'-coh 

Tu'-bit  (A.) 

Xeg'-i-iioth 

Po-dah'-zur 

RiV-pha 

Sliad-dii'-i 

SO'-di 

To-gar'-inah 

Xe-he-mi'-ah 

Pe-da'-i-ab 

Rap)i'.a-el  (A.) 

Shad'-rach 

Sod'-ora 

To'-hu 

Xe-he-liii'-as  (A.) 

Pe'-kab 

Ra'-phu 

Shil'-lim 

Sol'-o-mon 

TfV-i 

Xe-liusli'-ta 

Pek-a-lii'-ah 

Ra'-zis  (A.) 

Shal'-ish-a 

SO'-pat-cr 

T.y-la 

Xe-husli'-tan 

Pel-a-li'-ab 

Re'-ba 

Slial'-lum 

Sor'-ek 

Tu'-phel 

Xepli-to'-ah 

Pel-a-tr-ah 

Re-bek'-ab 

.Shal'-nian 

So-sip'-a-ter 

TO'-phet 

Xe'-reus 

Pid'-eg 

Re'-cbab 

Slial-ma-ue'-ser 

Sos'-the-ues 

Tra-cho-ui'-tis 

Su-vi 

Pcn'-i-el 

Re'-geiii  Mel'-ecli 

Hliani'-gar 

Stach'-ys 

TiO'-as 

Xe-ri'-ah 

Pe-nin'-nah 

Re-ha-bi'-ah 

Sham'-huth 

Stepb'-a-uas 

Tro-gyl'-li-um 

Xotii'-a-ne-el 

Pen'-u-el 

Re'-hob 

Slia'-uiir 

Ste'-phen 

Troph'-i-inus 

Xetli-a-ni'-ah 

PB'-or 

Re-ho-bo'-am 

Shani'-mali 

Suc'-coth 

Try-plie'-na 

Xetli'-i-nim 

Per'.ga 

Ee-bO'-both 

Shani-mu'-ah 

Su-san'-iia 

Try'-phon  (A.) 

Xib'-liaz 

Per'.ga-mos 

Re'-hum 

Shil'-phan 

Su'-si 

Try-phO'-sa 

*        Nib'-shan 

PC'-ter 

R5'-i 

Slifi'-phat 

Sy'-chai- 

Tu'-bal 

Xi-oa'-nnr 

Peth'-u-L-l 

Re-ma-li'-ah 

Sha-rii'-i 

Sy'-chem 

Ty'-clii-cus 

Xic-o-dc'-iilus 

Pha'-lec 

Rem'-niou 

Slia-re'-zcr 

Sy-e'-ne 

Ty-ran'-nus 

Xic-o-la'-i-tans 

Plial'du 

Rem'-plian 

Sba'-ron 

Syii'-ty-ulie 

Tyre 

Xic'-o-las 

Plial'-ti 

Reph'-a-el 

Sha'-shak 

Sy'-i-a-cuse 

Ty'-rus 

Xig'-cr 

Phan'-u-el 

Reph'-a-im 

ShiV-veh 

Syi-'-i-ac 

Xim-lod 

Pha'-ia-oh 

Repli'-i-dim 

She-aV-ti-el 

Sy-rr.-pln.e-nic'-i-an 

Xini'-slii 

Phii'-rez 

Rcs'-en 

,  She-a-ii'-ah 

C'-eal 

i        Xiu'-c-vtdi 

Pliav'-par 

Reu'-ben 

Sbe'-ar  Jil'-shub 

ur-ia 

'        Xi.s'-roeh 

Phe'-be 

Re-fi'-el 

She'-ba 

Ta'-a-nach 

Un'-ni 

i         Xo-a-di'-ah 

Phe-ni'-ce 

RG'-u-niali 

Slie-ba-ui'-ah 

Tab'-liath 

U-ii-ah 

XO'.ab 

Plu'-Cbrjl 

Rez'-in 

Sbeb'-na 

Tab'-e-ali 

C'-ri-el 

X.V.bal. 

Pliil-a-del'-phi-a 

Rez'-on 

Sliech'-eni 

Tab'-e-el 

U-ri'-jah 

XC'-e 

Pliil-a-del'-plms  (A.) 

Rhe'-gi-um 

She-chi'-nah 

Ta-be'-rah 

Uz'-zah 

Xu-inG'-iii-us  (A.) 

Phi-le'-niou 

Rbe'-sa 

Shed'-e-ur 

Tab'-i-tlia 

Uz'-zi 

Xym'-phas 

Phi-le'-tus 

RhO'-da 

Shc'-lah 

Ta'-bor 

Uz-zl'-ah 

Pliil'.ip 

Rhodes 

Shel-e-ini'-ah 

Tab'-ri-nion 

Uz'-zi-el 

Plii-lip'-pi 

Rib'-lah 

Shel'-eph 

Tad'-iuor 

O-ba-di'-ah 

Plii-lis'-ti-a 

Rim'-mon 

Shel'-o-inith 

Ta-hap'-a-nes 

i        <"('-bed 

Phi-lol'-o-gus 

Ri'-pbatb 

She-lu' -mi-el 

Tali'-pe-nes 

Vash'-ni 

("I'-bed  E'-dom 

Phi-Iop'-a-tor  (A.) 

Ris'-sal. 

She-ma-i'-ah 

Ta-li'-tlia  Cu'-mi 

Vash'-ti 

O'-bil 

Phiu'-e-cs 

Riz'-pah 

Shem-a-i-i'-ah 

Tal-ma'-i 

Vop'-shi 

'         Oc'-rau 

Phiu'-e-has 

Ro-biV-ain  (A.) 

Shem-e'-ber 

Ta'-niar 

U'-ded 

Pbleg'-o.i 

Ro-inam'-ti  Ez'-er 

Shem'-ei- 

Taiu'-niuz 

n'-liad 

Pliryg'-i-a 

Rii'-ftis 

Shcm'-i-da 

Tan-hfl'-meth 

Zab-dC'-us  (A.) 

o'-hel 

Plifi'-rah 

Ru-ha'-mah 

Shein'-i-nith 

Ta'-pliath 

Zab'-di 

Or-i-vet 

Pliy-gtd'-lus 

Ruth 

Shc-nir-ra-motb 

Tar'-sliisli 

Zac-clise'-us 

I 


« 


ifc 


i 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


13C7 


Zarli-a-ri'-ali 
Zaoli-a-rl'-as  (A.) 
Zii'-doh 
i5iV-liam 
Za'-ir 

/am'-bii  (A.) 
Xatii'-zuin-iiiiins    [ah 
Zaiili'-iiiith  Pa-a'-ne- 
ZiV-rah 


Znr-L'-pImth 

Zeb-ft-di'-ah 

Z6'-bah 

Zeb'-e-dee 

Zcb'-o-ini 

Z,y-\m\ 

Zfb-u-lu?i 

Zcch-a-ri-ah 

Zea-e-cIii'-as(A.) 

Zed-e-ki'-ah 


ZO-eb 

Zfl'-fk 

Ze-loph-o-liad 

Zt;-l.y-tcs 

Z.'l'-Ziih 

Zeiii-a-ni'-iiu 

ZO'-nas 

Zt^pli-a-ni'-ab 

Zt-'-pho 

ZC-'.  rah 


Zi-i''-u-(lah 

Zfi-'-c-sh 

Zei-'-or 

Zer'-u-ah 

Zt'-nib'-ba-btl 

ZiT'-u-i-ah 

Zc-tJiar 

Zi'-ba 

Zib'-e-on 

Zib'-i-ah 


Zich'-ri 

Zi  -don 

Zik'-lox 

Zil'-Inh 

Zi)'-pah 

Ziiii'-raii 

ZitH'-ii 

Zip'-por 

Zip'-po-rah 

Zitli'-ri 


Zu'*iiii 

ZiV-iir 

Zt'i'-biih 

ZO'-lmr 

Zo-lH-r-etli 

Z'V-pliar 

Zn'-rah 

Zo-n>l>'-a-l>e1 

Zu-ri-N)iad-<l&'-i 

ZO'-zims 


CLASSICAL    AND    OTHER    ANCIENT    NAMES. 


A-bai'-us 

Ab-an-ti'-a-df5 

A-ban'-ti-as 

A-ban'-ti-das 

A-bai-ba'-re-a 

Ab'-a-vi3 

Ab'-as 

Ab-de'-nis 

Ab-<li'-as 

Ab-do-lon'-i-iiins 

A-bel'-li-o 

Ab'-e-lox 

A-bfi-'-ci-ns 

Ab'-ga-rus 

A'-bi-a 

A-bis'-a-ies 

Ab-is-taiu'-e-nes 

A-bi-ti-a'-nus 

Ab-la'-bi-us 

Ab-la'-vi-us 

Ab-ra-da'-tas 

Ab-ret-te'-niis 

Ab-roc'-o-mas 

Ab-roc'-o-mes 

A-brO'-ni-us 

A-brou'-y-cbus 

A-bro'-ta 

Ab-rot'-o-nuin 

Ab-ru'-po-lis 

Ab-syr'-tus 

ATt-u-li'-tes 

A-bu'-ri-us 

Ab-y-de'-nus 

Ac-a-cal'-lis 

Ac-a-ce'-si-us 

Ac  a-ce'-tcs 

A-ca'-ci-us 

A'-ca-cus 

Ac-a-de'-raus 

A-cal'-le 

Ac'-a-mas 

A-cau'-thus 

A-car'-uau 

A-cas'-tus 

Ac'-ba-rus 

Ac'-ca 

Ac'-ci-us 

Ac'-L'o 

A-ce'-ra-tus 

A-cer'-bas 

Ae-er-ro'-ni-a 

Ac-er-ro'-ni-us 

Ac-er-se'-co-ines 

Ac-e-san'-der 

Ac'-e-sas 

A-cC'-si-ns 

A-ce'-si-us 

A-ces'-tes 

A-ces-to-do'-nis 

A-ces'-tor 

A-i.'es-tor'-i-des 

A-eh!b'-a 

A-cha'-me-nes 

Acb-pe-miV-ni-des 

A-chie'-us 

A-cha'-i-cus 


Acli-e-lo'-is 

Ai-Ji-edu-us 

A-chil'-las 

A-cliil'-les 

A-L'hil'-leus 

A-ohil'-li-des 

A-clii'-ro-e 

Acli'-met 

A-ehu-Ii-iis 

Adi-o-lo'-e 

Ac-i-cho'-ri-iis 

Ae-i-da'-li-a 

Ac-i-di'-nus 

A-cil-i-a'-nus 

Ac-in-dy'-nus 

A'-cis 

Ac-me'-nes 

A-coe'-tes 

A-com-i-na'-tus 

A-c6n'-tes 

A-con'-ti-us 

Ac'-o-ris 

A-ci-as'-a 

A-crae'-pheus 

Ai:'-iu-gas 

Ac-ra-toph'-or-us 

Ac-ra-top'-o-tes 

Ac'-ra-tus 

A-cri'-on 

Ac-ris-i-o'-neis 

Ac-ris-i-o-nx'-a-des 

A-cris'-i-us 

Ac'-ron 

Ac-ro-po-li'-ta 

A-crot'-a-tus 

Ac-tif'-a 

Ac-taV-on 

Ac- tie' -us 

Ac'-te 

At--ti'-a-cus 

Ac-ti-sa'-nes 

Ac'- tor 

Ac-tu'-ri-tis 

Ar-tu-a'-ri-us 

A-eu'-le-o 

A-cu'-me-mis 

A-cu-sl-la'-us 

A-cu'-ti-us 

A-dit'-us 

Ad-a-niaii-tei'-a 

Ad-a-iuan'-ti-us 

Ad-ei-inan'-tJis 

Ad-gan-des'-fri-us 

Ad-her'-bal 

Ad-i-at'-o-vix 

Ad-ine'-te 

Ad-iiie'-tns 

A-dO'-iieus 

A  do'-nis 

Ad-ran'-tus 

Ad'-ra-nus 

Ad-rus-tei'-a 

Ad-ras-ti'-ne 

A-di-as'-tna 

Ad-ri-a'-nus 

A-du'-si-us 


.E'-a 

/E'-a-ces 

..'E-ac'-i-des 

..E'-a-cus 

.E'-ae-a 

iE-an'-ti-des 

jE-bfi'-ti-a 

iE-de'-si-a 

-E-d^'-si-us 

A-e'-don 

JE-e'-tes 

iE'-ija 

JE-s»:' -on 

jE-gie'-us 

iE-ge'-ri-a 

-E-ges'-tus 

yE'-ge-us 

jE-gi'-a-le 

jE-gi-a-lei'-a 

jE-gi-a'-leus 

^-gid'-i-us 

^•gi-du'-cbo8 

.■E-giiu'-i-us 

^'-gi-mus 

^E-gl'-na 

.'E-gin-a?'-a 

jE-gin-e'-ta 

yE-gi'-o-cbns 

.E'-gi-pan 

iE-gis'-thus 

^'-gle 

iE-gle'-is 

^'-gles 

iE-gle'-tes 

^E-gob'-o-lii3 

/E-goc'-«>nis 

^E-gopli'-a-gus 

^-gyp'-tus 

^E-iin-nes'-tus 

^-U-a'-nus 

iE'-li-us 

A-el'-ln 

A-el'-lo-jnis 

^E-iiiil'-i-a 

vE-niil-i-a'-nus 

^-mil'-j-iis 

JE-ne'-a-des 

..E-iiC-'-as 

/E-ne'-i-us 

vK-nes-i-de'-mua 

.1^-ne'-si-as 

,E-Tl(^'-tO 

.li^-iii-cus 

/E-iii'-des 

/E-nl'-i-des 

..E'-odus 

iE'i'y-tus 

A-i*r'-i-as 

A-t'i'-n-pe 

A-ei-'-o-pus 

jE'-sa-cus 

jE'-sarra 

jEs'-chi-ncs 

iEs'-ohri-on 

yEs-cbyl'-i-des 


jEs'-chy-lus 

>Es-cu-la'-pi-us 

yE-ser-ni'-uus 

JK-si'On 

JE" -son 

JK-soii'-i-dcs 

jE-sG'-pus 

.^-syni-ne'-tes 

j-E-tbal'-i-des 

.'K-ther 

-E'-thi-ous 

-E-thil'-Ia 

^'E'-tbi-ope 

j*:tb'-li-us 

yEth'-ra 

-E-thri'-sa 

/E'-ti-on 

<E'-ti-us 

Alt' -n  a 

^-to'-le 

jE-to'-lus 

A  -fer 

A-fra'-iii-a 

A-fnV-ni-us 

Af-ri-ca'-nus 

A-gac'-Iy-tus 

A-gaV-li-as 

A-gal'-Iis 

Ag-a-ine'-de 

Ag-a-iiie'-des 

Ag-a-iiiera'-non 

Ag-a-mem-iion'-i-dos 

Ag-a-ni'-ce 

Ag-a-iiip'-pe 

Ag-a-pc'-nor 

Ag-a-pe'-tus 

Ag-a-ris'-ta 

A-gas'-i-as 

A-gas'-i-e-les 

A-gas'-the-nes 

A-gath-a-ge'-tiis 

Ag-ath-an'-gfi-liis 

A-gath-ar'-clii-des 

Ag-ath-ar'-cbus 

Ag-ath-e'-iiiL-r-u-s 

A-galh'-i-as 

Ag-a-tlii'-nns 

A-ga-thn-cle'-a 

A-gath'-o-cles 

Ag-a-tho-die'-mon 

Ag'-a-tbon 

Ag-a-tbos'-tlie-Hos 

Ag-a-tbot'-y-chus 

Ag-a-tbyl'-lns 

Ag-a-lbyi-'-nus 

A-ga'-ve 

A-gel'-a-das 

Ag-c-la'-us 

Ag-e-lei'-a 

A-ge'-iior 

Ag-c-iior'-i-des 

A-gep'-o-lis 

Ag-e-san'-der 

A  gp-san'-dri-das 

Ag-e-si*-a-i.ax 

A-ge'-ai-as 


A-ges-i-da'-inus 
A-gcsi'liV-iis 

A-gcs-il'-o-chus 

Ag-o-siin'-bro-tiis 

Afi-e-sip'-o-lis 

A-ge'-tas 

A-gi-'-tor 

Ag-ge'-iius 

Ag'-graiii-ines 

Ag'-i-as 

A'-gis 

Ag-liV-i-a 

Ag-la-n-ni'-ce 

Ag-la-o.plie'-nie 

Agdfi'-o-pboD 

Ag-lau-ms 

Ag-l:V-iis 

Ag-iiap'-tus 

Ag'-ni-ns 

Ag-nod'-i-ee 

Ag'-noii 

Ag-noii'-i-des 

Ag-o-iac'-ri-tus 

A-gm^'-ua 

A-grau'-los 

A-gii's'-pliou 

Ag'-i'eus 

A-giic'o-la 

Ag-ri-0'-ni-U3 

A-gii'-o-pas 

A-grip'-pa 

Ag-rip-pi'-na 

Ag-rip-pi'-iius 

Ag'-ri-us 

A-gra?'-ci-us 

A-gitK'-tas 

A-gro^'-ti-us 

Ag'-ion 

A-grot'-or-a 

A-g.f-i-t'nn 

A-gyi-'-rbi-ns 

A-ha'-la 

A-he-»o-bar'-btis 

A'-i  do'-ne-us 

A'-jax 

Al-a-ban'-iliis 

Al-a-gon'-i-a 

Al-al-ooiii-e-iie'-is 

Al-al-com'-e-iiCH 

Al-al-co-mc'-ni-a 

A-lai'-i-cus 

A-las'-tor 

Al-as-tor'-i-des 

Al-a-the'-us 

Al'-ba 

Al-bin'-i-U8 

Al-bin-O'Va'-ims 

Al-bi'-niis 

Ar-bi.nii 

Al-bn-cil'-la 

Al-bft'-ci-UR 

Al-bfi'-iif-a 

Al-ca-'-UB 

Al-cflin'-e-nes 

Al-caii'-der 

Al-cath'-o-e 


Al-cath'-o-us 

Al-cri'-des 

AI-CL's'-tis 

Al'-cr-tas 

Al-ci  bi'.a-dv9 

Al-cid'-a-iiias 

Al'-ci-'ins 

Al-eid'-i-ce 

Al-rim'-a-cbiis 

Al-uim'-e-de 

AKclm'-isdon 

Al-ciiu'-e-iies 

Ar-(;i-ii)us 

Al'-cin'.o-us 

Al'.ci-j.bron 

Al-cii)'-pe 

Al'-cis 

Al-cis'-the-ne 

Al-(-itli'-o-e 

Al-ci-tlms 

Alc-iim-'-Dn 

Alc-iiia'.on'-i-d» 

Ab^'-nian 

Alc'-iiiO'-ne 

Al'-coii 

Al'-cy-o  ne 

Al'-cy-o-neus 

Al-cy-on'-i-des 

Al'-c-a 

A-lfb'-i-on 

A-lec'-to 

A-lec'-tor 

A-le'-tes 

A-leiV-a-dse 

A-lt'u'-ns 

Al'-e-us 

A-lex-am'-e-nus 

Al-ex-an'^ler 

Al-ex-an'-dra 

Al-ex-an'-dri-dc8 

Al-ex-a'-nor 

Al-ex-ai-'-dius 

A-lex'-i-as 

Al-ex-ic'-a-cus 

A-Iex'-i-(_'les 

A-lex-ic'-ia-tes 

A-lcx'-i-da 

Al-ex-i'-iius 

A-lfX'-i-on 

Al-exip'-pus 

A-b'x'-is 

A-lex'-i-U9 

A-lex*-on 

Al-fe' -11118 

Al'-fi-ns 

Al-i-ftc'-inon 

A-li-e'-ims 

Al-i-nicn'-tii3 

AI-i-pb("'-rus 

Al-k'c'-liis 

Al-Ii-r'-iiu8 

Al'-li-ta 

Al-lu'-i'i-U9 

AV-mo 

Al'-niopa 

A-liV.e-i-dto 


668 

Classical  and  other  Ancieut   Names. 

A-lo-mis 

Ani-piiim'-a-clius 

Au-diag'-a-tUus 

An-tig'-o-nus 

Ap  -vi-ea 

A-ics'-t«ir 

Al'-o-pe 

Am-phiiii'-e-don 

An-dran-o-do'-rus 

An-til'-e-on 

A-pio-ni-a'-nus 

A-re'-ta-des 

A-lop'-e-cus 

Am-ithiu'-o-me 

An'-dre-as 

Au-til'-o-chus 

A-pro'-ni-us 

Ar-e-t£e'-iis 

A-lor'-cus 

Am-plii'-on 

An-dre-o-pu'-Ui3 

An-ti-mach'-i-des 

Ap'-si-nes 

Ar-e-tapb'-i-la 

Al-i>hac'-a 

Am-phis 

Au'-dreus 

Au-tini'-a-chus 

Ap-syr'-tus 

Ar'-e-tas 

Al-pliei'-os 

Aui-pliis'-sa 

Au-dris'-cus 

Au-ti-nieu'-i-das 

Ap'-ter-os 

Ar-c'-te 

Al-phei'-us 

Am- phis' -sus 

Au'-dro 

An-ti-ma-'-rus 

A-pu-le'-i-ui 

Ar-c'-tes 

Al-plie'-uor 

Am-phis'-tra-tus 

An-dro'-bi-us 

Aii-tin'-o-o 

A-pus'-tius 

Ar'-e-tlias 

Al-pliw'-nus 

Ain-phith'-e-uiis 

An-dro-bu'-lus 

An-tin'-o-us 

A'-qui-la 

Ar-e-thu'-sa 

Al-phes-i-bce'-a 

Am-pbi-tri'-te 

An-dro-clei'-des 

An-ti'-o-chis 

A-qui4'-i-a 

Ar-e-thu'-si-us 

Al-plie'-us 

Ain-i'hit'-ry-on 

An'-dro-cles 

An-ti'-o-cbus 

A-qui-li  -nus 

A-re'-tus 

AlVphi-iis 

Am-phit-ry-o-ni'-a- 

An'-dro-clus 

An'-ti-on 

A-quil'-li-a 

Ar'-eus 

Al-pi'-nud 

des 

An-dro-cy-des 

An'-ti-o-pe 

A-quil'-li-iis 

Ar-ga;'-us 

AI-tlK*;'-a 

Am-pbit-ry-on'-i-des 

An-dro'-e-tas 

An-tip'-a-ter 

A-qniii'-i-us 

Ar'-ga-lus 

Al-the-me-nes 

Am'-phi-us 

Ait-diog'-e-us 

An-tipb'-a-ues 

A-rab-i-a'-nus 

Ar-gan-tbo'-ne 

Al- the' -pus 

Am-phot  -er-us 

An-drom'-a-ehe 

An'-ti-phHS 

A-rab'-i-us 

Ar-gan-tbO'-ni-us 

Al-y-at'-tes 

Am'-piAis 

An-droin'-a-chns 

Au-tipli'-a-tes 

A-racli'-ne 

Ai-'-gas 

A-lyp'-i-U3 

Am-pyc'-i-des 

Aii-droin'-e-da 

An-ti-plie'-mus 

Ar'-a-cus 

Ar-gei'-a 

AV-y-pus 

Am'-py-cus 

An'-drou 

An-tipb'-i-kis 

Ar-a-cyn'-thi-as 

Ar-gei-phon'-tes 

Al'-y-zeus 

Ain'-pyx 

Au-dio-nic-i-a'-uus 

An'-ti-phon 

Ar-je-tby'-re-a 

Ar-gei'-us 

A-niad'-o-cus 

A-mu'-li-u3 

An-dro-iii'-cus 

An'-ti-phus 

A-nu-'-os 

Ar-ge'-Ii-us 

A-iuje'-si-a 

Am-y-clse'-us 

An-dron'-i-das 

An-tis'-ta-tes 

A-rar'-si-us 

Ar-gen'-uis 

Ain-a-fa'-ui-us 

A-my'-clas 

An-dios'-tbe-nes 

An-tis'-tlie-nes 

Ar'-as 

Ar-gen-ta'-ri-us 

A-mal-the-a 

A-my'-cli-des 

An-diot'-i-ou 

An-tis'-ti-a 

A-ras'-pes 

Ar'-ges 

A-man'-Uu3 

A-my'-clus 

An'-drus 

An-tis'-ti-us 

A-ra'-tus 

Ar-gi-le-o'-nis 

Ain-a-iaii'-tus 

Am'-y-cus 

Au-e-mo'"tis 

An'-ti-us 

Ai'-ba-ces 

Ar-gi'-o  pe 

Aiu-a-ryu'-ceu3 

Am-y-iuo'-ne 

An-e-ris'-tus 

An-to'-iii-a 

Ar'-bi-ter 

Ar'-gi-us 

Aiii-a-ryn'-thus 

Am-y-nau'-der 

An-e-ro-es'-tus 

An-to-ni  -nus 

Ar'-bi-us 

Ai'go 

A-ni;x  -sis 

Am-y-uom'-a-chus 

A-nes-i-do'-ra 

An-tu'-iii-us 

Ai-bo'-ri-us 

Ar-go-uau'-tse 

A-iiias'-tris 

A-myn'-tas 

Au-geV-i-ou 

An-tur'-i-des 

Ai-bus'-cu-la 

Ar'-gus 

A-iiiii'-ta 

A-myn-ti-a'-nus 

An'-ge-Ios 

An-tyl'-Uis 

Ar-ca'-di-us 

Ar'-gy-m 

Am-:i-tlies 

A-inyu'-tor 

An-ge-ro'-na 

A-iiu'-bis 

Ai-'-cas 

Ar'-gy-rus 

Aiii-a-thu'-si-a 

Am'-y-ris 

Au-ge-rd'-ni-a 

An-u-li'-nus 

Ar-cath'-i-as 

Ar-i-ad'-ue 

A-ma,'-ti-us 

Aiii-yr-tie'-us 

An-git'-i-a 

Aux'-u-rus 

Ar'-ce 

Ar-i-je'-thus 

A-uiaz-o-ues 

Am'-y-rus 

An-i-a'-uus 

An'.y-sis 

Ar-cei-si'-a-des 

Ar-i-a;'-us 

Am-a-zu'-ni-us 

Am-y-tha'-on 

An-i-ce'-tus 

An'-y-te 

Ar-cei'-si-us 

Ar-i-ani'-e-uea 

Am-bi-ga'-tus 

Am-yth-a-6'-ni-us 

A-uic'-i-us 

Au'-y-tus 

Ai--ceb-i-la'-us 

Ar-i-am'-nes 

Am-bi'-o-rix 

Aiii'-y-tis 

A-nig'-ri-des 

A-ce'-de 

Ar-cbje-a-nae'-ti-dse 

Ar-i-au'  tas 

Am-biv'-i-us 

An'-a-ces 

An'-i-us 

A'-on 

Ar-cbag'-a-tlius 

Ar-i-a'-nus 

Aiii-ljul-o-ge'-i-a 

Au-a-cliar'-sis 

Au'-ua 

Ap'-a-ma 

Ar-L-he-bu'-lus 

Ar-i-a-pei'-tbes 

Am-bra'-ci-a 

A-nac'-ie-on 

An-nffi'-us 

Ap-an-choin'-e-ne 

Ar-che-de'-mus 

Ar-i  a-ra'-thes 

Am-bro-'si-us 

An-a-cyn-da-rax'-es 

An-na'-lis 

Ap-a-tu'-ri-a 

Ar-cbed'-i-ce 

Ar-i-as'-pes 

Am'-bry-on 

Au-a-dy-om'-e-ne 

An'-ni-a 

Ap-a-tu'-ri-us 

Ar-cbed'-i-cus 

Ar-i-bse'-us 

Am-brys'-sus 

A-iKt'-a 

An-ni-a'-nus 

A-pel'-lus 

Ar-cbe'-getes 

Ar-i-ci'-na 

Aiu-bu'-li-a 

An -a -gal '-lis 

Au'-ni-bal 

A-pel'-les 

Ar-cbe-la'-us 

Ar-i-dae'-us 

Am-bus'-Uis 

An-ag-nos-tes 

An-uic'-e-ris 

A-pel'-li-con 

Ar-cbem'-a-chus 

Ar-i- do' -lis 

A-inei'-ni-us 

An-a-i'-tis- 

An'-ni-us 

A-pe'-nii-us 

Ar-che-mo'-rus 

Av-ig-no'-te 

A-iuei'-no-cles 

A-nan'-i-us 

Aii'-ser 

Ap'-er 

Ar-che'-nor 

Ar-ig-no'-tus 

A-ineip'-si-as 

Au'-a-pbas 

Au-tte'-a 

Ap-e-saii'-ti-us 

Ar-clies'-tia-tus 

Ar-i-ma'-zes 

Am-e-le-sag'-o-ras 

An-as-ta'-si-a 

Aii-tie'-us 

Apb-a-ci'-tis 

Ai'-che-ti'-mus 

Ar-im-nes'-tus 

A-nie'-li-as 

Aii-as-tii' -si-US 

All-tag '-o-ras 

Aph-se'-a 

Ar'-cbi-as 

Ar-i-o-bar-za'-nes 

A-men'-tes 

Au-a-tu'-li-us 

An  tal'-ci-das 

Apb'-a-reus 

Ar-chib'-i-us 

Ar-i-o-inav'-dus 

A-mei'-i-as 

An-ax-ag'-o-ras 

An-tan'-der 

A-pbei'-das 

Ar-cbid-arinei'-a 

A-ri'-on 

Am-er-is'-tus 

Au-ax-au'-der 

An-tei'-a 

A-pliep'-si-on 

Ar-chi-da'-mus. 

Ar-i-o-vis'-tus 

A-mes'-tris 

An-as-an'-dra 

An-tei'-as 

Aph-nei'-us 

Ai-chid-i-ce 

Ar'-i-pbroii 
A-iis'-be 

Am-i-a'-nus 

An-ax-an'-dri-des 

An-te'-nor 

A  pb  -ro-  dis-i-a'-uus 

Ar-chig'-e-nes 

Aiu-i-so -da-rus 

Au-ax-ar'-chus 

An-te-nor'-i-des 

Apb-ro-dis'-i-us 

Ar-chil'-o-chus 

Ar-is-tte'-iie-tus 

Ajn'-i-ton 

Au-ax-ai-'-e-te 

Au'-te-ios 

Apli-ro-di'-te 

Ai'-cbi-me'-des 

Ai'-is-ta''-nus 

Ain-iui-a'-QUs 

Anax'-i-as 

An'-te-vor-ta 

Aph-tlion'-i-us 

Ar-chi-me'-lus 

Aj--is-t3e'-on 

Am'-iuou 

Aii-ax-ib'-i-a 

An' -t  has 

Ap-i-ca'-ta 

Ar-chi'-uus 

Ar-is-tae'-us 

Am'-mo-nas 

An-ax-ib-i-us 

An'-the-as 

A-pic'-i-us 

Ar-chip'-pus 

Ar-is-tag'-o-ra 

Am-mG'-ni-a 

An-ax-ic'-ra-tes 

An'-the-don 

A-pin'-i-us 

Ar-chit'-e-Ies 

Ar-is-tag'-o-ras 

Aui-iiio-iii-a'-nus 

A-nax-i-da'-mus 

Au-tliel'-a 

Ap'-i-on 

Ar-cbi-ti'-nuis 

A-iis'-ta-uax 

Am-mo'-ni-us 

A-iiax'-i-las 

Au-the'-U-i 

A'-pis 

Ar'-cbo 

Ar-is-tan'-der 

Aiu-ni-si'-a-des 

A-nax-i-la'-us 

Au-them'-i-xis 

Ap-i-sa'-on 

Ar'-cbou 

Ar-is-tar'-clms 

Am-o-mS'-tus 

An-ax-il-i-des 

Au-tber'-mus 

A-pol'-las 

Ar-diy'-tas 

A-ris'-te-as 

Am-om-phai'-e-tus 

An-ax-i-man'-der 

Au'-thes 

A-pol-li-ua'-riti 

Ar-cip'-o-tena 

Ar-is-tei'-des 

Am'- or 

Au-ax-im'-e-nes 

An '-the  us 

A-pol-li-na'-ri-us 

Ar-cit'-e-nens 

Ar-is-te'-uus 

Aiu-o-rie'-us 

An-ax-ip'-pu3 

An-thi'-a-nus 

A-pol'-lo 

Arc-ti'-uus 

A-ris'-te-us 

A-mor'-ges 

A-aax'-is 

An'-tbi-mus 

Ap-ol-loc'-ra-tes 

Ai-'-cy-on 

A-ris'-ti-as 

Ain-pbl -a-nax 

A-nax'-o 

An-thip'-pus 

A-pol-lo-do'-rus 

Ar'-da-lus 

A-ris'-ti-ou 

Am-phi-a'-nus 

All-Cffi'-US 

Au'-thus 

A-pol-lon'-i-des 

Ar'-de-as 

Ar-is-tip'-pus 

Aia-phi-a-ra'-i-des 

Au-cha'-ii-us 

An-ti-a-nei'-ra 

A-pol  ICt'-ni-us 

Ar'-di-ces 

A-ris'-ti-us 

Aiu-plii-a-i-a'-us 

Au-ches'-mi-us 

An'-ti-as 

Ap-ol-loph'-aues 

Ai-'-dys . 

A-ris'-to 

Am-plii-clei'-a 

An-clii'-a-le 

An-ti-clei'-a 

Ap-ol-lotb'-e-mis 

A-re'-gon 

A-ris-to-bu'-le 

Aiii-phic'-ra-tes 

An-chi'-a-lns 

An-ti-clei'-des 

A-po-ni-a'-nus 

A-re'-gon-is 

A-ris-to-bu'-lus 

Am-phic'-ty-ou. 

An-chi-mo'-li-u3 

Au-tie'-ra-tes 

A-p5'-ni-us 

A-rei'-a 

A-ris-to-clei'-a 

Am-pliic-ty'-o-nis 

Au-chi'-ses 

An-tid'-a-mas 

Ap-o-trop'-3e-i 

A-rei'-ly-cus 

A-ris-to-clei'-das 

Am-pliid'-a-nias 

An-cbi-si'-a-des 

An-ti-do'-rus 

Ap-o-tropb'-i-a 

A-rei'-tlio-us 

A-ris-to-clei'-dt'S 

Ani-phid'-i-cus 

Au-chu'-rus 

Au-tid'-o-tus 

Ap-pi-a'-nus 

A-rel'-us 

A-ris-to-clei'-tns 

Am-phi-et'-er-us 

An'-cus 

An-tig'-e-nes 

A  p'- pi -as 

A-reV-U-us 

A-ris'-to-cles 

Am-phi'-e-tes 

An-dob'-a-les 

An-ti-gen'-i-das 

Ap'-pi-on 

A-re'-ne 

A-ris-to-cli'-des 

Am-phi-Iocli'-i-us 

Aix-doc'-i-des 

Au-tig-u5'-tus 

Ap'-pi-us 

A-ren'-ni-us 

Ar-is-toc'-ra-tes . 

Am-phil'-o-chus 

An-dne'-mon 

An-tig'-o-ne 

Ap-pu-*le'-i-a 

Ar'-es 

Ar-is-toc'-re-on 

Am-phil'-y-tus 

Au-dree-mon'-i-des 

An-ti-gon'-i-dse 

Ap-pu-le'-i-us 

Ai-'-e-sas 

Ar-is-toc'-ri-tus 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


069 


A-ris-to-cy'-prus 

A-ris-to-de'-me 

A-ris-to-dc'-inus 

Ai"-is-tod'-i  cus 

A-ris-to-gei'-tou 

Ar-is-tog'-e-iios 

A-ris-to  la-US 

Av-is-tol'-n-dius 

Ar-is-toiu'-a-clie 

Ar-is-toin'a-L-hus 

A-ris-to-nic'-dus 

Ar-is-tom'-e-don 

Ar-is-toin'-e-nes 

A-ris*-ton 

A-ris-to-ni'-cus 

Ar-is-ton'-i-das 

Ar-is-ton'-i-des 

Av-iaton'-o-us 

Ar-is-toii'-y-iiius 

Ar-is-topli'-a-nes 

Ar-is-toph'-i-lus 

A-ris'-to-pUoii 

Ar-is-tot'-e-les 

Ar-is-tot'-i-uius 

Ar-is-tox'-e-nus 

A-ris'-tus 

Ar-is-tyl'-lus 

A-ri'-vis 

Ar-inen'-i-das 

Ar-meu'-i-des 

Ar-meti'-i-us 

Ar-miu'-i-us 

Ar'-ue 

Ai-uo'-bius 

Ar- pox- a' -is 

Av-iacli'-i-on 

Ai'-rlii-bfe'-HS 

Ar-rhi-da;'-us 

Ar'-ri-a 

Ar-ri-a'-nus 

Ar'-ri-bas 

Ar'-ri-us 

Ar-run'-ti-us 

Ar'-sa-ces 

Ar-sac'-i-difi 

Ar-sam'-e-nes 

Ar'-sa-mes 

Av-seu'-i-us 

Ar'-ses 

Ai-sin'-o-e 

Ar-si'-tes 

Ar-ta-ba'-nus 

Ar-ta-ba-za'-nes 

Ar-ta-ba'-zes 

Ar-ta-ba'-ziis 

Ar-ta-pa'-nus 

Ar-ta-pher'-nes 

Ar'-tas 

Ar-ta-si'-res 

Av-ta-vas'-des 

Ar-tax-ev'-xes 

Av-tax'-i-as 

Ar-ta-yc'-tes 

Ar-ta-yn'-te 

Ar-ta-yn'-tes 

Ar-teni-ba'-res 

Ar-teni'-i-clia 

Ar-teni-i-do'-ras 

Ar'-te-mis 

Ar-te-mis'-i-a 

Ar-te-mis'-i-us 

Ar-te'-ini-us 

Ar'-te-mou 

Ar-tO'-ces 

Av-to'-ri-us 

Ar-tyb'-i-us 

Ar-tys-to'-De 

Av-u-le'-nus 

Ar'-uns 

Ar-ii-si-a'-ims 

Ar-vi'-iia 

Ar-y-an'-des 

Ar'-y-bas 

Ar-y-e'-uis 

A-sau'-der 


As-ba-uite'-us 

As'-bo-lus 

As-cal'-a-bus 

As-cal'-a-phus 

As'-ca-lus 

As-ca'-ni-us 

As' -car-US 

As'-cla-po 

As-cle-pi'-a-die 

As-cle-pi'  a-des 

As-de-pi  o-do'-rus 

As-cle-pi-od'-o-tus 

As-cle'-pi-us 

As-cle-ta'-ri-o 

As-co'-ni-us 

As'-uus 

As'-dru-bal 

A-sel'-li-o 

A-sel'-lus 

A'-si-a 

A-si-at*-i-cus 

As'-i-na 

A-siu'-i-a 

A-siu'-i-us 

A'-si-us 

A-so '-pi-US 

A-sop-o-do'-rus 

A- so' -pus 

As'-pa-lis 

As'-par 

As-pa-si-a 

As -pa' -si- us 

As-patli'-i-ues 

As '-per 

As-plia-li-us 

As-ple'-don 

As-sa-lec'-tus 

As-sar'-a-cus 

As-se'-si-a 

As'-ta-cus 

As-tiir-te 

As'-te-as 

As-ter'-i-a 

As-tei-'-i-on 

As-ter'-i-us 

As«ter-o'-di-a 

As-ter-o-pie'-us 

As-tei-'-o-pe 

As-ter-o-pei'-a 

As-trab'-a-uus 

As-tr£e'-a 

As-tra;'-us 

As-trainp-sy'-chus 

As-tra-tei'-a 

As-ty'-a-ges 

As-ty-a-nas'-sa 

As-ty'-a-nax 

As-tyd'-a-mas 

As-tyd-a-juei'-a 

As'-ty-lus 

As-ty-nie'-des 

As-tyii'-o-ine 

As-tyn'-o-mus 

As-tyu'-o-us 

As-ty'-o-che 

As-ty-o-chei'-a 

As-ty'-o-clms 

As-ty-pa-lie'-a 

As'-y-cbls 

At-a-by'-ri-U3 

At-a-lau'-ta 

A-tar'-rlii-as 

At-a-ul'-phxis 

A'-te 

A-tel'-us 

A-ter-i-a'-nus 

A-ter'-i-us 

Atb'-a-mas 

A-tban'-a-das 

A-thaii-a-ri'-cuB 

Atli'-a-nas 

Atli-a-na'-si-us 

A-the'-na 

Ath-e-nee'-us 

Ath-e-nag'-o-ras 


Ath-c-n;V-is 

A-tliC-'-ni-ou 

Ath-e-nip'-pU8 

A-tUe«'-o-cles 

A-tbeu-o-du'-rus 

Atb-e-nog'-e-ncs 

A-tbo'-us 

Atb-ry-i-la'-tus 

A-lbyni'-brus 

At'-i-a 

A-tid'-i-us 

A-ti'-li-a 

A-til-i-ci'-uus 

A-ti'-li-us 

A-til'-la 

At-i-nie'-tus 

A-ti'-ui-a 

At'-i-us 

At'-las 

At-ra-ti'-nus 

At' -rax 

A-trei'-des 

A-treus' 

At'-ri-us 

At-ro-me'-tus 

A-tiop'-a-tes 

At'-ro-pos 

At'-ta 

At-tag'-i-uus 

At-tal-i-a'-ta 

At-tal'-i-on 

At'-ta-lus 

At'-tbis 

At-ti-a'-nus 

At'-ti-ca 

At'-ti-cus 

At'-ti-la 

At-til-i-a'-nus 

At-til'-i-us 

At'-ti-us 

At'-tus 

A-ty-a-uas 

A-tyni'-ni-us 

Af-ys 

Au'-da-ta 

Au-deu'-ti-u3 

Au-dol'-e-on 

Au-fid'-i-a 

Aii-fid-i-e'-nus 

Au-fid'-i-us 

Au'-ga-rus 

Au'-ge 

Au'-ge-as 

Au-gu-ri'-nus 

Au-gus-ti'-uus 

Au-gus'-tu-lus 

Au-gns'-tus 

Au-les'-tes 

Au'-li-a 

Au'-lis 

Au'-li-us 

Au-t,o'-ni-us 

Au'-va 

Au-re'-li-a 

Au-re-li-a'-uus 

Au-re'-li-us 

Au-re'-o-lus 

Au'-ri-a 

Au'-ri-us 

Au-rO'-ra 

Au-ruu-cu-lei'-us 

Au-ruu'-cus 

Au'-son 

Au-so'-ni-us 

Au-tar'-i-tus 

Au-tes'-i-on 

Au'-to-cles 

Au-toc'-ra-tes 

Au-to-la'-us 

Au-tol'-e-ou 

Au-tol'-y-cus 

Au-tom'-a-te 

Au-to-ma'-ti-a 

Au-tom'-e-don 

Au-to-me-du'-sa 


Au-ton'-o-e 

Au-to-phra-da'-les 

Au-tru'-ui-a 

Aux-c'-sia 

Au'-xo 

A-ven-ti-neu'-sts 

Av-en-ti'-nus 

Av-er-ruu'-cus 

Av-i-il'-ims 

A-vid'-i-us 

Av-i-e'-iius 

A-vi'-o-la 

A-vit-i-a'-nus 

A-vi'-tus 

Ax'-i-a 

Ax-i'-er-os 

Ax-il'-la 

Ax'-i-on 

Ax-i-o-ni'-cus 

Ax-i-o-pis'-tus 

Ax-i-o-pce'-nos 

Ax-i-oth'-c-a 

Ax'-i-us 

Az-a-iii'-tes 

Az-e-niil'-cus 

A-ze'-si-a 

A-zo'-rus 


Bab'-i-lus 

Bab'-ri-us 

Ba-bul'-li-us 

Bab'-ys 

Bac-cliel'-das 

Bac-chei'-us 

Bau-chi'-a-daj 

Bac  -cbi-des 

Bac'-clius 

Bac-chyl'-i-des 

Bac'-chyl-us 

Bach-i-a'-ri-us 

B;id'-i-us 

Bad' -res 

Bic'-bi-us 

Bte'-tou 

Ba;'-us 

Ba-gae'-us 

Ba-gis'-ta-nes 

Ba-gO'-as 

Ba-goph'-a-nes 

Bal'-a-crus 

Bal'-a-grus 

Bal'-a-nus 

Bal'-as 

Bal-bil'-i-us 

Bal-bil'-lus 

Bal-bi'-nus 

Bal'-bus 

Ba-lis'-ta 

Bal-lon'-y-mus 

Bal-ven'-ti-us 

Bam-ba'-li-o 

Ban'-ti-us 

Baph'-i-us 

Bar'-ba 

Bar-ba'-ta 

Bar-ba'-ti-o 

Bui-ba'-ti-us 

Bar-ba'-tus 

Bar-bil'-lus 

Bar-bu-cal'-lus 

Bar'-bu-la 

Bar'-ca 

Bar-da'-nes 

Bar-desa'-nes 

Bar-dyl'-is 

Bar'-e-a 

Bar'-ga-sus 

Bai^-gy-lus 

Bar'-na-bas 

Bar* -r  us 

Bar-sa-en'-tes 

Bar-sa-nu'-phi-us 

Bar-si'-ue 

Bar'-sii-mas 


Bar-tbol-o-ime'-us 

Bar-y-ax'-es 

Bar-aV-ues 

Ba-sil'-ft-cos 

Ba-sil'-a-cua 

Bas-idiV'Uuti 

Bas-i-ler-des 

Ba-sil'-i-ca 

Ba-sil'-i-dcs 

Bas-idi'-im 

Bas'-i-lis 

Bas-i-lis'-cus 

Ba-sil'-i-us 

Bas'-i-lus 

Bas'-sa-rcus 

Bas-si-a'-na 

Bns-si-a-nus 

Bas'-sus 

Bat'-a-lus 

Ba-tei'-a 

BaUi-a-na'-tius 

Batb'-y-cles 

Ba-tliyl'-lus 

Bat'-is 

Bat'-ou 

Bat'-ra-chus 

Bat'-ta-rus 

Bat'-tus 

Bau'-bo 

Bau'-(jis 

Eav'-i-us 

Be'-bry-ce 

Be'-das 

Btl'-f-nus 

Bel'-e-sis 

Bel'-gi-us 

Bel-i-sa'-ri-us 

Bel-lev'-n-pbou 

Bel-lcr-n-phon'-tes 

Bul'-ler-us 

Bel-U-e'-uus 

Bel-li'-nus 

Bel-lo'-na 

Bel-lo-ve'-sus 

Bel-lu'-tus 

Be' -Ills 

Be-iiiar'-cbi-us 

Beu'-dis 

Bur-e-eyu'-tlii-a 

Ber-e-ui'-L'e 

Be-ris'-a-des 

Ber'-o-e 

Bei*-o-nic-i-a'-DUS 

Be-ru'-sus 

Be-ryl'-lus 

Be-ryt'-i-us 

Bes-au-ti'-nus 

Bes'-sus 

Bes'-tes 

Bes'-ti-a 

Be-tu'-ci-us 

Bi'-a 

Bi-ad'-i-ce 

Bi-a'-nor 

Bi'-as 

Bi-ba'-cu-lus 

Bib'-u-lus 

Bi'-oii 

Bip'-pus 

Bir-ceii'-na 

Bi-sal'-tis       1 

Bis-au-ti'-nus 

Bis'-tlia-nes 

Bit'-a-le 

Bith'-y-aa 

Bi-thyu'-i-cus 

Bit'-i-as 

Bit^-is 

Bit' -on 

Bit-u-i'-tUS 

Bit'-ys 

Blar'-sus 

Blan'-das 

Blii'-si-us 

Blas'-ta-res 


Bk'iu'-nii-daii 

Ble-pii'-Uft 

BK-siV-uii-U8 

Blit'-or 

Blu'-si-UB 

Bo-a-di-cc'-a 

Botr'-cbar 

Boc'-c-hu-ri« 

B0C'-C)lU8 

BO' -don 

Bod-u-og-iift'-ttt8 

Ba''-bus 

Bou-drO'-nit-us 

Bu:'-o 

Boe-u-tus 

Bo-C''-tlii*ua 

Bo-G'-tliu8 

Bcc'-us 

Bog'-es 

Bog'-ud 

Boi'-o-rix 

Bo-la'-iius 

Bol'-gi-us 

Bol'-is 

Bu'-lus 

Boni-il'-car 

Boii-i-f&'-ci-UB 

Bo-nO'-sus 

Bo-op'-is 

Bor'-i'as 

Bor'-iuus 

Bo'-rus 

Bos '-tar 

BG'-ta-cIius 

Bo-tau'-i-des 

Bot'-ry-aa 

Bot'-rys 

Bot-tba'-us 

Bra-cliyl'-les 

Brau'-chua 

Bran'-cus 

Braii'-gas 

Bras'-i-das 

Biau'-ron 

Brau-ro'-id-a 

Breu'-uus 

Brcn'-tus 

Bret'-tus 

Bri-ar'-eus 

Bvi-eu'-ni-u3 

Bri-e'-tes 

Bri-gau'-ti-cus 

Bii'-uio 

Briu'-no 

Bri-sai'-us 

Bri-se'-is 

Bri'-seus 

Bri-tau'-ui-CttS 

Brit-o-inar'-is 

Biit-o-niar'-tis 

Bn'-zo 

Broc'-cbus 

Bru-git'-a-rus 

Broui'-e 

Br<uii'-i-U3 

Brou'-tes 

Bvoii-ti'-uus 

Brut'-e-as 

Bru-nich'-i-ua 

Bru'-sus 

Bru-tid'-i-us 

Bm'-ti-us 

Brut-ti-a'-nua 

Briit'-ti-ua 

Bru'-tu-lus 

Bru'-tus 

Brj'-ax'-is 

Bry-eu'-ni-U8 

Brys'-on 

BiV-ba-res 

Bu-bas-tis 

Bu-bO'-na 

Bu-bul'-cua 

Bu'-ca 

Buc-cu-lei'-iH 


G70 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


Du-fil-i-a-iius 

Cal  -t-ha^ 

Cam'-i"',' 

Cas-i.-L'r-U-u.s 

Cer-so-blep'-tes 

Chi)-ri'-ci-Ud 

Bu-col'-i-on 

Cal'-du.s 

Ca-iiuT-ii-us 

Cas'-i-us 

Cer-vjl'-ri-us 

Chos'-ro-es 

Ba-co-his 

Ca-Ii'-cas 

Ca'-iia 

Cas'-iuil-us 

Cer-vld'-i-us 

Chres'-tus 

Bu-iU'i'^ 

Ca-lt-'-nns 

Can'-a-ce 

Cas-pt-r'-i-ua 

Cer'-yx 

Chris-to-dO'-rus 

Bu-Uir'-chus 

Ca-Ie'-tor 

Cau'-a-oUas 

Cas-san-dii'-no 

Ces-ti-a -uus 

Cliris-toph'-o-rus 

Bul'-biis 

Cal'.ga-cus 

Ca-nii'-iius 

Cas-sau'-der 

Cos'-ti-us 

Chro-mii' -ti-us 

BiV-lis 

Cadid.i-;V-nus 

Cau'-da-ce 

Cas-san'-dra 

Ceth'-e-gus 

Chry-sau'-tas 

Bt'i'-loii 

Ca-lid'-i-us 

Cau-dau'-les 

Cas-si-a'-nus 

Ce'-to 

Chry'-sa-or 

Bu-iKt'-a 

Cal'-i-dus 

Cau'-di-dus 

Cas-si-y-pei'-a 

Ce'-yx 

Chry-se'-is 

Bu'-pa-lus 

Ca-lig'-u-la 

Caii'-dy-bus 

Cas-si-o-du'-rus 

Cliab'-ri-as 

Chiy-ser'-mus 

Bu'-plia-gus 

Cal-];V-i-cus 

Can-e'-thus 

Cas-si-o-pei'-a 

Cluie'-nia-das 

Cliry'-ses 

Bu'-iii 

Cal'-Ias 

Ca-nid'-i-a 

Cas-siph'-o-ue 

Chiti'-re-a 

Clny-sip'-sus 

IJu-r;V-i-ciLS 

Cal-la-ti-:V-nu3 

Ca-ui'-ua 

Cas'-si-us 

Cha^'-re-as 

Chrys-o-ceph'-a-lus 

Bur' -do 

Cal-li'-a-des 

Ca'-ui-us 

Cas-si-ve-lau'-nus 

Ch:t-rec'-ra-tes 

Chry-sofh'-o-us 

Bu'-rich-us 

Cal-li'-a-iiax 

Can -11  u' -ti-us 

Cas-su'-tis 

Chce-re'-nion 

Chrys-o-coc'-ces 

Bur-ri-u'-nus 

Cal-li'-a-rus 

Can -6' -bus 

Cas-tal'-i-a 

Chse-reph'-a-ues 

Chry-sog'-o-nus 

Bur'-rus 

Cal'-li-as 

Cau-o'-pus 

Cas-fcil'-i-des 

Chte'-rc-pliou 

Chrys-o-IG'-ras 

Bur'-s:i 

Cal-lib'-i-us 

Caii-ta-cu-zc'-nus 

Cas-tal'-i-us 

Cliee-rip'.pus 

Clirys-o-pe-lei'-a 

Bur'-si-o 

Cal'-Ii-cles 

Cau'-tUa-rus 

Cas'-ti-cus 

Chffi'-ris 

Chry-sos'-to-unis 

Bu'-sa 

fftl-lic'-ra-tes 

Can' -thus 

Cas'-tor 

Chte'-rou 

Cliry-sotli'-e-mia 

Bu-si'-ris 

Cal-li-craf-i-das 

Can-til'-i-us 

Cas-toi-'d-on 

Chal'-ci-deus 

Chry'-sus 

Bu'-tas 

Cal-Iic'-ri-tus 

Can' -ti-us 

Cas-tric'-i-us 

C'lial-cid'-i-us 

Chthou'-i-a 

Ilu'-te-o 

Cal-Iic'-ter 

Ca'-iius 

Cas-trin'-i-us 

Chal-ci-(E'-cus 

CLthou'-i-us 

liu'-tes 

Cal-li-de'-uius 

Can-u-te'-i-u3 

Ca-tfl^'-ba-tes 

Chal-ci'-o-pe 

Chum'-nus 

Bfi'-to 

Cal-lid'-i-us 

Ca-uu '-ti-us 

Cat-a-uian-ta'-le-des 

Char  eis 

Cic'-er-o 

Bu-tor'-i-des 

Cal-li-gei'-tus 

Cap'-a-neus 

Ca-thar'-sl-us 

Chal-co-con'-dy-les 

Cic-u-ri'-nus 

Bfi'-zy-ge 

Cal-li-ge-nei'-a 

Ca-pel-i-a'-nus 

Ca-ti-e'-niis 

Chal-cG'-doii 

Ci-d:V-ri-a 

Byb'-Us 

Cal-lig'-e-iies 

Ca-pel'-la 

Cat-i-U'-iia 

Chal'-con 

Cil'-ix 

By'-zas 

Cal-lim'-a-chus 

Cap'-er 

Ca-ti'-Ii-us 

Chal-cos'-the-nes 

Cil'-Ia 

Cftl-liiu'-e-don 

Cap'-e-tus 

Cat'-i-us 

Chal-i-ni'-tis 

Cil'-Ias 

Cal-li-moi-'-plius 

Caph'-a 

Cat'-o 

Cha-mai'-ie-on 

Cil'-ni-i 

Cri' -ail -thus 

Cal-H'-nes 

Caph-o 

Ca-t^'-ui-us 

Cham'-y-ue 

Ci'do 

Cab'-a-des 

Cal-li-ni'-ciius 

Cap'-i-to 

Cat-tu-uiC'-rus 

Char' -ax 

Cim'-ber 

Ca-bar'-mis 

Cal-li'-nus 

Cap-i-to-li'-nus 

Ca-tul'-lus 

Cha-rax'-us 

Ci'-mon 

Ca-bas'-i-las 

CaMi'-o-pe 

Ca-pra'-ri-us 

Cat' -us 

Char'-es 

Cin'-a-don 

Ca-bei'-ri 

Ual-li-u'-pi-iis 

Ca-pra-ti'-na 

Cau'-ca-Uis 

Char-i-clei'-des 

Cin-s'-thon 

CM'-ca 

Cal-lipli'-a-na 

Cap-re' -o-lus 

Cau'-con 

Char-i-clei'-tus 

Cin-a;'-thus 

Ca"-cus 

Cal'di-phou 

Cap '4a 

Cau-dl'-nus 

Char'-i-cles 

Cin-ciu-ua'-tus 

Cfi'-di-us 

Cal-lip'-pi-des 

Ca-pu'-sa 

Cau'-uis 

Clar-i-de'-mus 

Cin'-e-as 

Cad'-inil-us 

Cal-lip'-pus 

Cap'-y.s 

Cau'-si-us 

Char-i-Ia'-us 

Ci-ne'-si-as 

Cad' -m  us 

Cal-lir'-riio-e 

Car 

Cav-a-ri'-nus 

Char-i-inaii'-der 

Ciu-get'-o-rix 

O-cil'-i-a 

Cal-lis'-te 

Car-a-cal'-Ia 

Cav'-a-rus 

Char'-is 

Cin-go'-ni-us 

Ca'-cil-i-;T'-uus 

Cal-listh'-e-nes 

Ca-rac'-ta-cus 

Ca-ys'-tri-us 

Cha-ris'-i-us 

Cin'-na 

Ca--cil'-i-us 

Cal -lis' -to 

Ca-ra'-nus 

Ce-ba-li'-nus 

Chai-'-i-ton 

Cin'-na-mus 

Ca'-ci'-na 

Cal-lis-to-nf-cus 

Ca-rau'-si-us 

Ceb'-es 

Cha-rix'-e-na 

Cin'-y-ras 

CV-ci-us 

Cal-lis'-tra-tus 

Car-a-van'-ti-us 

Ceb'-reu 

Cha-iix'-e-uus 

Ci'-os 

Ca-'-cu-ius 

Cal-lis'-tus 

Car' -bo 

Ce-bri'-o-nes 

Char  -iiia-das 

Cir'-rha 

Ctf'-eus 

Cal-lit'-e-les 

Car'-cin-us 

Ce-cei'-des 

Cliar'-iui-des 

Cis'-pi-us 

CiL'-dic'-i-a 

Cal-Iix'-e-inis 

Car'-ci-iis 

Ce' -crops 

Char-mr-nns 

Cis'-seus 

Cie-dic'-i-us 

Cal'-Io 

Car'-de-a 

Ce-dre'-nus 

Char' -mis 

Cis'-si-das. 

C«'-les 

Car do a 

Car-di-a'-nus 

Cei-o'-iii-us 

Cha-rne'-a-des 

Ci-te'-ri-us 

Cte-lea-ti'-uas 

Cal-o-cy'-rus 

Ca-re'-nes 

Ce-lte'-no 

Char'-oii 

Cith-se'-rou 

CiL-'-li-a 

Cal-pe-ta'-nus 

Car-fu-le'-nus 

Ce-le'-do-nes 

Cha-ron'-das 

Ci-vi'-lis 

C;c-li-o-mon-ta'-nu3 

Cal-pur'-ui-a 

Ca-ri'-nas 

Cel'-er 

Char' -ops 

Clan'- is 

Ca.-'-Ii-us 

Cal-pur-ni-a'-uus 

Ca-ri'-nus 

Ce'-le-us 

Char-o'-pus 

Cla'-ra 

Cit'-nis 

Cal-pur'-ni-us. 

Ca-ris'-i-us 

Cel'-sus 

Char'-tas 

Clar'-i-us 

Cii'-pu'-ri-us 

Cal'-va 

Car' -i -us 

Ce-nte'-us 

Cha-ryb'-dis 

Cla'-rus 

Ca*'-pi-as      , 

Cal-vas'-ter 

Car-ma' -nor 

Cen'-cbri-as 

Chei'-lon 

Clas'-si-cus 

C:e'-pi-o 

Cal-ve'-na 

Car' -me 

Cen-so-ri'-iius 

Chei-lo'-ni^ 

Clau'-di-a 

Cie-rel'-li-a 

Cal -veil' -ti-us 

Car-men'-tA 

Cen-tau'-ri 

Chei-ris'-o-phus 

Clau-di-a'-nus 

CV-sar 

Cal'-vl-A 

Car-men'-tis 

Cen-te'-ni-us 

Chei'-ron 

Clau'-di-us 

Cft-sar'-i-on 

Cal-vi'-na 

Car'-na 

Cen'-tho 

Cher -i -don 

Clau'-sus 

C;v-.sai-'-i-us 

Cal-vi'-mi-s 

Car-ne'-a-des 

Ceu-tuiu'-a-lus 

Cliedid'-o-nis 

Cle-£e-ne'-tus' 

Cie-seu'-iii-us 

Cal-vis'-i-xis 

Car-ne'-i-us 

Ce-phal'-i-ou 

Che -ops 

Cle-an'-der 

Cie-se'-ti-us 

CaV-vus 

Car-nti'-li-us 

Ceph'-adon 

Che'-ra 

Cle-au'-dri-das. 

Cic'-si-a 

Cal'-y-be 

Car-pa'-thi-us 

Cepli'-a-lus 

Cher'-si-phron 

Cle-an'-thes 

Cit-si-ii'-nus 

Cal'-y-ce 

Car-phyl'-li-des 

Ce'-pheus 

Chi'-lo 

Cle-ar'-chus 

C;e'-si-us 

Cal'-y-don 

Car-pi -n  a' -ti-us 

Ceph-i-so-dO'-ms 

Chi-inae'-ra 

Cle-ar'-i-das 

Cif-sn'-ni-a 

Cal-y-do'-ni-ns 

Car'-pi-o 

Ceph-i-sod'-o-tus 

Clu-o-niar'-a 

Cle-du'-ni-us 

C;e-so-ni'-nus 

Ca-lyn'-thus 

Car-popli'-o-ri 

Ce-phis'-o-phon 

Chi' -on 

Cle-ein'-po-rus 

Cif-su-le'-nus 

Ca-lyp'-so 

Car-rlie'-nes 

Ce-phis'-sus 

Chi'-on-e 

Clei-de'-mus 

C;t'-tro'-ni-us 

Cam-a-te'-rus 

Car'-ri-nas 

Ceph'-reu 

Chi-on'-i-des 

Clei'-ge-nes 

Cat-o 

Cam-bau'des 

Car-sig-nfi'-tus 

Cer 

Chi'-on-is 

Clei'-ni-as 

Ca-i-a'-nus 

Cam-by'-ses 

Car-sudfc'-i-us 

Ce -ram' -bus 

Chi'-os 

Clei'-nis 

Ca-i'-cus 

Ca-mei'-Tus 

Car-te'-i-us 

Cer'-a-meus 

Chi-tu'-ne 

Clei-noni'-a-chus 

Ca-i-e'-ta 

Ca-iue'di-us 

Car'-tha-lo 

Cer'-ci-i-las 

Chi'-iis 

Clei'-o 

C;T-i-us 

Ca-me'-noe 

Car-til'-i-us 

Cer' -co 

Clihf  -ne-as 

Cleis'-the-nes 

Cal'-a-ber 

Ca-men-i-a'-ta 

Car'-ti-man-tlu-a 

Cer-c5'-pes 

Cldu-e 

Clei-tng'-o-ra 

Cal-ac-ti'-nu3 

Cani-er-I'-nus 

Ca'-rus 

Cer'-cops 

Chlor'-is 

Clei-tar'-fhus 

Cal'-a-iuis 

Cam'-ers 

Car-vil'-i-a 

Cer'-cy-on 

Chlor'-us 

Clei'-te 

Cal-a-iui'-tes 

Ca-niil'-la 

Car-vil'-i-us 

Cer-e-a'dis 

Chno-do-ma'-ri-us 

CleT-to-de'-mus 

Cal'-a-nus 

Ca-mil'dus 

Car-y-a'-tis 

Cer'-es 

Clio?'-ri-lus 

Clei-tiiin'-a-chus 

Cal'-as 

Ca-iuis'-sa-res 

Ca-rys'-ti-us 

Ce-rin'-thus 

Chn?r.o-bos'-cus 

Clei-ton'-y-nius 

Ca-l;V-ri-us 

Cam-pa'-uus 

Ca-rys'-tus 

Cer-o-es'-sa 

Cho-mat-i-a'-nus 

Clei'-to-pUon 

Cal-a-ti'-ims 

Cani-pas'.pe 

Cas'-ea 

Cer-ve-tfi'-nus 

Chon-do-mil'-ri-us 

Clei'-tus 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


G7l 


Cle'-inens 

Cle-ob'-is 

Cle-o-bu-Ic 

Cle-o-bu-li'-nc 

Cle-o-bu'-liis 

Clf-och'-n-i-cs 

Cle-oc'-ri-lus 

Clt'-o-dre'-iis 

Cle-o-de-mu^ 

Cle-oe'-tas 

Cle-om'-a-cliu>i 

Cle-om'-Lro-Uis 

Cle-o-ine'-des 

Cle-om'-e -Ill's 

Clt'-o-myt -ta-Jes 

Cle'-ou 

Cle-o'-iie 

Cle-u-ni'-ca 

Cle-o-ni'-cus 

Cle-on'-i-des 

Cle-uii'-y-inuy 

(Jle-o-pat'-ra 

Cle-o-phan'-tus 

Cle'-o-phoii 

Cle-op-tor-e-iiius 

C'le-Ob'-tra-tus 

Cle-ox'-c-mis 

Cle'-ta    ■ 

Cliiu'-a-cus 

Clo-a-ci'-u;i 

Clo-di-a'-nus 

Clo'-di-us 

Clce'-Ii  a 

Cioe'-Ii-us 

CUtn'-as 

Clcii'-i-iis 

ClO'-tho 

(Jiii-eii'-ti-a 

Clu-eu'-ti-us 

Cln-ir-i-us 

Clnv'-i-a 

Cluv'-i-us 

Clym'-e-ne 

Clyiii'-e-mis 

Cly-tcem-nes'-tra 

Clyt'-i-e 

Clyt'-i-us 

Clyt-U3 

Ciia'-jji-a 

Cue'-inus 

Cnid'-i-a 

CnO'-pi-as 

Cnos'-sus 

Cnu'-pliis 

Co'-ca-lus 

Coc-ce-i-a'-uus 

Coc-t-e'-i-us 

Coc'-cus 

Co'-des 

Co-di'-uus 

Co-do-man'-ims 

Ci»-dra'-tus 

CO-dnis 

Coe-les-ti'-nus 

Cce-les'-ti-us 

Cte-li-o-moii-tii'-nu* 

Cte'-li-us 

Coe'-iuis 

Cce-iat'-a-das 

CO'-cs 

Co-lfe'-nis 

Co-lax' -a-is 

Co'-li-as 

Col-la-ti'-nus 

Col-le'  ga 

Col-lu'-thus 

Co-lo'-tes 

Gol-u-iiiel'-la 

Cu4u'-tluis 

Co-ma '-n  us 

Co-me'-tas 

Co-min'-i-us 

Coiu-min-i-a'-nus 

Coin' -mi-US 

Coiii-ino-di-a'-nus 


Com'-iiio-dus 

Com-ne'-na 

Com-iiG'-nus 

C6'-mua 

Con-cor-e-rus 

Con-rol-i-tji'-uus 

Con-cor'-di-a 

Cou-di-a'-nus 

Con'-i-us 

Con'-iius 

Con'-oii 

Co-nri*-iieus 

Cou'-sa 

Coii-si'U'-tes 

Con-SL'ii'-ti-us 

Coii-sev'-i-ns 

Coii-sid'-i-us 

Oon'-staiis 

Con-stau'-ti-a 

Con-stan-ti'-ua 

Coa-stan-ti'-uus 

Con-stau'-ti-us 

Cim'-sus 

Co' -oil 

Co-phen 

Co-pu'-iii-us 

Cop'-reus 

Cor'-ax 

C'oi-'-bis 

Cor'-bu-Io 

Cur'-da-ca 

Cor' -d  us 

Coi'-e 

Cor  -f  i  -di-us 

Co-riii'-nus 

Co-rin'-thus 

Coi'-i-o-la'-iuis 

Co -rip' -pus 

Co-ris'-cus 

Cor-ne'-li-a 

Cor-ne-li-a'-iius 

Cor-ne'-li-us 

Cor-ni'-a-des 

Cor'-ui-^eii 

Cor-ni-fi'-ui-a 

Cor-ni-fi'-ci-us 

Cor-uu'-tus 

Co-ro'-bi-us 

Co-rce'-bus 

Co-ro'-na 

Cor-o-na'-tus 

Co-rG'-uis 

Co-ro'-nus 

Cor '-re-US 

Cor-un-ca'-ni-us 

Cor-vi'-Dus 

Cor'-vus 

Cor-y-bau'-tes 

Co-rycM-a 

Cor'-y-dus 

Cor'-y-las 

Cor-y-pliat'-a 

Cor-y-phii'-si-a 

Cor-y-thal'-li-a 

Cor'-y-thus 

Cos-co'-iii-us 

Cos'-nias 

Cos-siii'-i-us 

Cos'-sus 

Cos-su'-ti-a 

Cos-su-ti-a'-nu 

Cos-su'-ti-us 

Cot'-i-so 

Cot'-i-us 

Cot'-ta 

Cot'-ti-us 

Cot'-y-la 

Cot'-yo 

Co-tyt'-to 

Cra-iise'-a 

Cra-na'-us 

Crau'-tor 

Cras'-si-nus 

Cras'-si-pes 

Cras-sif-i-ui 


Oras'-sus 

Cras'-tiu-us 

Cra-tai'-is 

Crat'-er-us 

Crat'-es 

Crat-e-sip'-o-lis 

Crat-e-sip'-pi-das 

Crat'-e-vas 

Cra-ti'-nus 

Cra-tip'-pus 

Cra'-tor 

Cra'-tos 

Crat'-y-lus 

Cre-nuV-ti-us 

Cre'-oii 

Cre-oph'-y-lus 

Crep-e-re'-i-us 

Cres 

Cres'-cens 

Cres-co'-ui-us 

Cres'-i-las 

Cre'-si-us 

Cres-phoii'-tes 

Cro'-te 

Cre'-teus 

CiG'-theus 

Cre'-thoii 

Cre'-ti-cus 

Cre-u'-sa 

Cri-iiag'-o-ras 

Cri'-uas 

Cri-nip'-pus 

Cri'-iiis 

Cri'-non 

Cris'-a-iuis 

Cris-pi'-na 

Cris-pin-U'-Ia 

Cris-pi'-nus 

Cris'-pus 

Cris'-ta 

Cri'-sus 

Crit'-i-as 

Crit-o-bu'-los 

Crit-o-de'-iuus 

Crit-o-la'-us 

Cri'-tou 

Cri-to'-ui-us 

Cri'-us 

Crix'-us 

Cro'-by-Ius 

Cro-ce'-a-tas 

Croc'- on 

Croc' -us 

Crce'-sus 

Cro'-mus 

Cron'-i-des 

Cro-ni'-on 

Cron'-i-us 

Croii'-us 

Crot'-us 

Crus 

Cte'-si-as 

Cte-sib'-i-us 

Cte'-si-cles 

Cte-si-de'-mus 

Cte-si-la'-us 

Cte-sil'-o-chus 

Ctt'-si-plion 

Cte-sip'-pus 

Cte'-si-us 

Cte-syl'-la 

Cub' -a 

Cu-bid'-i-us 

Cul'-le-o 

Cul-le-o'-lus 

Cu-ina'-nu3 

Cunc-ta'-tor 

Cu-pi'-do 

Cu-pi-en'-ni-us 

Cu'-ra 

Cu-re'-tes 

Cur-i-a'-ti-ua 

Cu'-ri-o 

Cu-ri'-ti3 

Cu'-ii-us 


Cur  -snr 

Cm-tll'-i-us 

Cur'-ti-us 

Cus'-pi-ua 

Cy-a-mr'tcs 

Cy'-ii-iiL- 

Cy-a-iiip'-pus 

Cy'-a-thus 

Cy-nx'-a-rea 

Cyb-e-le 

Cych'-reus 

Cy-cli'-a-das 

Cy.L-Io-pes 

Cye'-nus 

Cyd'-as 

Cyd'-i-as 

Cy-dip'-po 

Cy-diii'-pus 

Cyd'-on 

Cy-dO'-ui-a 

Cy-do'-iii-us 

Cyl'-ia-rus 

Cyl'-leu 

Cyl-lc'-ne 

Cyl-le'-ni-us 

Cyl'-on 

Cy-iuotU'-o-e 

Cyn-w-gei'-rus 

Cyn-ai'-tlius 

Cy-iiis'-ca 

Cyii'-o 

Oyji-o-bel-li'-nus 

Cy-iior'-tes 

Cyu-o-siV-ra 

Cyn'-tlii-a 

Cyn-ul'-clius 

Cy-nu'-rus 

Cy'-nus 

Cyp-a-ris'-sus 

Cyp'-ri-a 

Cyp-ri-a'-nus 

Cyp-ri-ge-nel'-a, 

Cyp-ris 

Cy-prog'-e-nes 

Cyp'-se-lus 

Cy-re'-ne 

Cy-ri'-a-des 

Cy-ril'-lus 

Cyr'-nus 

Cyr'-s:  !us 

Cy'-rus 

Cy-tliG'-ra 

Cytli-c-rei'-a 

Cy-the'-ri-as 

Cy-the-ris 

Cy-tbe'-ri-us 

Cyt-is-so'-rus 

Cy'-zi-cus 


Dab'-ar 

Dac'-tybi 

Dad'-is 

Dte-dal'-i-oii 

Die'-da-lus 

Da-t'i'-ra 

Da'-es 

l)it'-ton'-das 

Da-bip'.pus 

Da-im'-a-cbus 

Da-i-phan'-tus 

Dal'-i-on 

Dal-ma'-ti-us 

Daui-a-ge'-tus 

l>a-nmg'-o-ras 

Dani'-a-Hs 

Daiii-a-scG'-uus 

Da-iiias'.fi-us 

Dam-a-sip'-pus 

Da-mas' -tes 

Dam'-a-sus 

Dam'-c-as 

Dam-i-a 

Dain-i-a'-nus 

Dam'-i-o 


Daiii-ip'-puH 

Daiu'-itt 

DiV-nio 

Oji-iiiuch'-a-ns 

Da'-mo.cU'M 

I>a-uiu('-ta-tcH 

Da-iiinc'-ri-tiw 

Ua-iiinj;-e-ron 

D;i'-iiioii 

Ua-innplt'-i-lus 

Daiu'-o-phou 

Da-inoph'-y-Ic 

Dani.n.stnV-ti-a 

Dam-o-Htra'-tus 

Da-mot'-c-lL'-s 

Da-iuox'-e-nii* 

Uan'-ft-e 

Da-iuV-i-di's 

Uait -a-us 

Daph'-i-tas 

Daph-mc'-u 

Dapb-iuv'-us 

Dapli'-iiu 

Daph'-nis 

Daph-nop'-a-tcs 

DapU'-nus 

Dap-yx 

Dar'-da-nus 

Da-roi'-us 

Dar'-es 

Das' -i- us 

Dat'-a-iues 

Dat-a-pber'-ues 

Daf-is 

Dau'-iKis 

Dau'-ri-ses 

Da'-viis 

Dec-a-te'-phor-us 

De-ceb'-a-lus 

Dc-ceii'-ti-us 

De-ci-a'-nus 

De-cid'4-us 

De-rim' -i-us 

Dec'-i-us 

Dec-ri-a'-ims 

Dec'-ri-us 

Dec'-ta-des 

Decr'-ti-ou 

Dec'-u-Ia 

De-i-a-uei'^a 

De-ie'-o-on 

De-i-da-uu-i-a 

Dei'-ina 

De-im'-a-»-bus 

Dei-mas 

Dei-nar'-i:Uus 

Dei'-iii-as 

Dei-noch'-a-ivs 

Dei-noc'-ra-tes 

Dei-nol'-o-cbus 

Dei-nom'-a-t'ba 

Dei-nnm'-a-cbus 

Dei-nom'-e-ues 

Dei'-iKiii 

Dei-mis' -tra-tus 

De'-i-o-ces 

De-i'-o-chu8 

De-i-o'-nc 

De-i-o'-neu8 

De-i'-o-pe 

De-i-o-pe'-a 

De-i-o-pi'-tes 

De-I-ot'-a-ru9 

De-iph'-o-be 

De-iph'-o-bus 

De-i-phoii'-tcs 

Du-ip'-y-le 

De-ip'-y-lus 

DG'-li-a 

DG'-b-us 

Del'-li-us 

Del-mat' -i-CU3 

Debiiia'-ti-us 

Del-pbin'-i-a 

ivl-plnw 


Dt'-lllU  -ili-ii 

De-ma''-nc-tu» 

Pc-iiing  -o-rus 

Dc-iua-ni-ta 

Do-ma-nV-tus 

Dp-imir'-cliiiH 

De-mar'-f-lu 

I)c-iuC*'-tor 

Dp-me-lri-a  -iiu» 

[>e-mO'-tri-UK 

Deiii-i-a'-nuH 

DO'-mi-phon 

Dc-iiii-ur'-gus 

I)l''.|llO 

Dc-moc'-ft-des 

Dt'-iiio(-h'-a-re» 

De-inO'Cler-t(i» 

De'-nio-cles 

De-mc»c  -O'Oii 

De-iiioi'-o-pua 

De-inoc''m-te(f 

De-Ill  oc'-ri-iies 

De-iuoc'-ri-tus 

De-mod'-a«ma» 

Dc-mod'-o-eus 

Df-iiiol'-e-t»u 

De-mor-e-iis 

De'-mon 

De-mo-iias'-sa 

De-mo'-iiax 

De-moll '-i-ce 

De-mon'-i-cus 

De-mnpli'-a-nes 

De.mopb'-i-lus 

Dem'-o-pliou 

De-iiioph'-o-oii 

De-mop-tol'-c-mii* 

De-iaos'-the-nes 

De-mos'-tra-tu* 

De-mot '-e-Ies 

Dem-o-ti'-mus- 

De-mox'-e-iuis 

De-mus 

Deu-dri'-tes 

Den-dri-tis 

Deii'-sus 

Den-ta'-tus 

Den'-ter 

Den '-to 

De-o 

De-o-me-uei'-a 

Der-cyl'-li-das 

Der'-cy-Uis 

Der'-cy-iius 

Der'-das 

Der-rhi-ii'-tis 

Des-i-de'-ri-ii» 

Des-i-la'-us 

Des-poe'-na 

Deu-ral'-i-oii 

De-ver'-ra 

Dex-am'-e-iius- 

Dex-ic'-ra-tes 

Dex  -ip'-pus 

Dex'-ter 

Di'-a 

Di-a-de-ma'-tus 

Di-a-du-men-i-a'-Rtis 

Di-ae'-tbiis 

Di.a^'-us 

Di-ag'-o-ras 

Di-il'-na 

Di'-as 

Di-3u'-Ui5 

Di-bu'-Ui-des 

Di-ca;-ar'-chu3 

Di-ca;'-o-cIe5 

Di-ca;-og'.u-nc3 

Di-caj'-us 

Di'-ce 

Dic'-e-tas 

Dic'-on 

Dic-tif'-ua 

Dic'-t« 

Die-tjni'-ua 


^u- 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 

Dic  -lys 

I>o-ril*-lus 

E-du-li-ca 

Eph-i-al'-tes 

Erx'-i-as 

Eu-pal'-i-nus 

in-das 

Do-rim'-a-cbus 

E-gC'-ri-a 

E-phi-ci-fi'-nus 

Er-y-ci'-na 

Eu'-pa-tor 

l»i'-(li-us 

DO'-ri-on 

E-ge'-ri-us 

E-phip'-pus 

E-ryc'-i-us 

Eu'-pa-tra 

l>i'.ao 

DO'-ris 

Eg-e-si'-uus 

Epb'-o-rus 

Er-y-mau'-tbus 

Eu-pei'-tbes 

Did  y-inar'-chiis 

Do-roth'-e-uo 

E-ges'-ta 

Epb'-y-ra 

Er  -y-nias 

Eu-pban'-tus 

Did'-y-miis 

Dor '-so 

E-gil'-i-us 

Ep-i-ba-te'-ri-U9 

Er-y-sicb'-tlion 

Eu-pbe'-nie 

Ui-cd'-iii-ter 

Du'-rus 

Eg-na'-ti-a 

Ep-i-cas'-te 

E-rytb'-rns 

Eu-pbe'-inus 

Di-iMT-flics 

Do-ry-clel'-das 

Eg-na'-ti-us 

Ep-i-ce-leus'-tus 

Er'-yx 

Eii-pboi'-bus 

Di-L-a'-ehi-das 

Dor'-y-clus 

Eg-na-tu-le'-i-us 

E-picb'-a-ris 

Er-yx-iin'-a-<:lius 

Eu-pboi-'-i-oii 

L>i-yit'-i-us 

Dor' -y -las 

Ei-dom'-e-ne 

Ep-i-cbar'-mus 

Es-qui-li'-nus 

Eu'-pbra-des 

Ui-it'-ie-phes 

Dor-y-ia'-us 

Ei-doth'-e-a 

Ep-i-clei'-das 

Et-e-ar'-chus 

Eu-plira'-iior 

inr-ii-us 

Do-ryph'-o-r«s 

Ei-lei'-thy-i-a 

Ep'-i-cles 

Et-e-o'-cles 

Eu-phra'-si-iis 

L»iii-dy-me'-ne 

Do-si'-a-das 

Ei-on'-eus 

E-pic'-ra-tes 

Et-e-O'-cUis 

Eu-pbia'-tes 

Di'-uoa 

Do-sitb'-e-us 

Ei-re'-ne 

Ep-ic-te'-tus 

Et-e-o-ni'-cus 

Eu'-pbron 

Di-o-clei'-des 

Dos-sij'-nus 

E -Is- u '-si -us 

Ep-i-cu'-ri-us 

Et-e-o'-uus 

Eu-pbron'-i-des 

Di'-o-cles 

Do'-tis 

EI-a-gab*-a-lus 

Ep-i-eu'-rus 

Et-rus-cil'-la 

Eu-pbron'-i-us 

J)i*o.cle*ti-a'-nus 

Dox-ap'-a-ter 

El'-a-phus 

Ep-i-cy'-des 

E-trus'-cus 

Eu-pbros'-y-ne 

Di-oc'-o-rus 

Dox-ip'-a-ter 

El'-a-ra 

Ep-i-dau'-rus 

E-tyni'-o-cles 

Eu-pitb'-i-us 

Di-o-do'-vus 

Drac'-on 

El'-a-sus 

E-pid'-i-us 

Eu'-bi-us 

Eu'-plus 

Di-od'-o-tus 

Dra-con'-ti-des 

El'-a-tus 

Ep-i-do'-tes 

Eu-boe'-a 

Eu-por-e-inus 

Di  -o-gas 

Dra-con'-ti-us 

E-lec'-tra 

E-pig'-e-nes 

EQ-boe'-us 

Eu'-po-lis 

i)i-o-ge-nei'-a 

Dre-pa'-iii-us 

E-lec'-try-on 

Ep-i-ge'-ni-us 

Eu-bo'-tas 

Eu-poiii'-pi-daa 

L)i-og'-e-nes 

Drim'-a-cus 

E-lec-try-o'-ne 

E-pig'-o-ni 

Eu-bu'-le 

Eu-pom'-pus 

Ui-o-ge-ni-a'-nus 

Dri'-mo 

E-lec'-tus 

E-pig'-o-uus 

Eu-bii'-leus 

Eu'-pre-pfs 

Di-og-ne'-fiis 

Drom'-eus 

E-lei'-us 

Ep-i-ly'-cus 

Eu-bu'-H-des 

Eu-rip'-i-des 

Di-o-me'-de 

Droin-i-cb;t'-tes 

El'-e-os 

E-piin'-a-clius 

Eu-bu'-lus 

Eu-ro'-pa 

Ui-o-nie'-des 

Drom-o-clei'-des 

El-e-phan'-tis 

Ep-i-me'-des 

En -cad'- mil  s 

Eu-ro'-pus 

l)i-om'-e-don 

Dro-moc'-ri-des 

El-e-pbe'-nor 

Ep-i-nie'-ni-des 

Eu-cam'-pi-das 

Eu'-rops 

Bi-om'-i-lus 

Drom'-on 

El-eu-sl'-na 

Ep-i-nie  -tbeus 

Eu-cbe!r' 

Eu-ro'-tas 

Di'-o-miis 

Dru-sil'-la 

E-len'-sis 

Ep-i-ni'-cus 

Bu-cbeir'-us 

Eu-r5''-a-le 

Di'-ou 

Diu'-sus 

E-leu'-tber 

E-pipb'-a-nes 

Eu-cbe'-nor 

Eu-rf-a-lus 

Di-o-iiPe'-a 

Dry'-a  des 

E-leu'-ther-eus 

Ep-i-pha'-ui-us 

Eu-cber'-i-a 

Eu-ry-a-iias'-sa 

Di-u'-iie 

Dry -as 

E-Hc'-a-i^". 

E-pip'-o-le 

Eu-dei'-a 

Eu-ry'-a-nax 

l<i-u-nj''-si-cles 

Dry' -m  on 

E-Hc'-i-K 

E-pis'-tbe-nes 

Eu-clei'-des 

Eu-ryb'-a-tes 

Di-o-ny-si-do'-rus 

Dry'-o-pe 

E-lis'-sa 

E-pis'-tro-j)bus 

Eu'-cles 

Eu-ryb'-a-tus 

Di-o-iiy'-si-us 

Dry' -ops 

El-lo'-pi-uu 

E-pif-a-das 

Eu'-clo-us 

Eu-ryb'-i-a 

Di-o-nJ'-'-sus 

Dry-pe'-tis 

El'-lops 

Ep-i-ther'-ses 

Eu'-cra-tes 

Eu-ry-bi'-a-des 

Ui-o-pt-r-thes 

Du'-bi-us 

El-pe'-nor 

E-poc'-il-lus 

Eu-crat'-i-des 

Eu-ry-clei'-a 

Di-o[ili'-a-ues 

Du'-cas 

El-pid'-i-os 

E-p6'-na 

Euc-te'-raon 

Eu-ry-clei'-tlas 

Ui-o-phan'-tiis 

Du-ceii'-ni-us 

El-pi-m'-ce 

B-po'-peus 

Eu-die'-mon 

Eu'-ry-cles 

Di-u'-res 

Du-ce'-ti-us 

El'-va 

E-pop'-si-us 

Eu-dam'-i-das 

Eii-ryc'-ra-tes 

Di-os-cor'-i-des 

Du-i'-li-us 

El'-y-mus 

Ep-o-red'-o-rix 

Eu-da'-mus 

Eu-ryd'-a-mas 

Di-os-cor'-i-us 

Dmn-nor'-ix 

E-matli'-i-on 

Ep'-pi-us 

Eu-de'-mns 

Eii-ry-dam'-i-das 

Di-os'-co-rus 

Du'-ris 

E' -ma- thus 

Ep-po-ni'-na 

Eu-dic'-i-us 

Eii-ryd'-i-ce 

Di-os-cu'-ri 

Du-ro'-ni-a 

Em'-i-lus 

E'-py-tus     . 

Eu-di'-cus 

Eu-ryl'-e-on 

Di-os-ca'-ri-des 

Dym'-as 

Em-iuen'-i-dje 

E-ques'-ter 

Eu-doc'-i-a 

Eu-ryl'-o-cbus 

Di-os'-cu-rus 

Dy-na'-mi-us 

En  I- pan' -da 

E-qui'-ti-us 

Eu-do'-ra 

Eu-rym'-a-cbus 

Di-o-ti'-iaa 

Dyr-au'-les 

Em-ped'-o-cles 

Er-a-siu'-i-des 

Eu-do'-rus 

Eu-iy-me'-de 

Di-o-tl'-mus 

Dyr-rhach'-i-us 

Em'-po-dus 

Er-a-sis'-ti-a-tus 

•Eu-dox'-i-a 

Eu-rym'-e-don 

Di-o-tog'-e-nes 

Dys-pon'-teus 

Eni-por'-i-us 

E-ras'-tus 

Eu-dox'-i-us 

Eu-ryu'-o-me 

Di-ut'-re-pbes 

Em-pu'-sa 

E-rat'-i-dffi 

Eu-dox'-us 

Ea-ryn'-o-nius 

Di-Ox'-ip-pe 

Eni'-py-lus 

Er'-a-to 

Eu'-ga-mon 

Eu-ry-pba'-mus 

Di-ox'-ip-pus 

E-ar'-i-nu3 

En'-a-lus 

Er-a-tos'-tbe-ues 

Eu'-gen-es 

Eu'-ry-pbnn 

Di'-phi-lus 

Eb'-i-on 

E-nan-ti-oph'-a-nes 

Er-a-tos'-tra-tus 

Eu-gen-i-a'-uus 

Eu'-ry-pon 

l)iph'-ri.das 

E-bur*.nus 

En-a-re'-pbo-rus 

Ei^-a-tus 

Eu-gen'-i-cus 

Eu-ryp-tol'-e-mus 

Di-pte'-nus 

Ec-de'-mus 

En-cei'-a-dus 

Er'-e-bos 

Eu-geu'-i-us 

Eu-ryp'-y-lus 

Dir'-ce 

Ec'-di-cus 

En-col'-pi-us 

E-recb'-theus 

Eu'-ge-on 

Eu-rys'-a-ces 

Dis 

Ec-t-bol'-i-us 

En-de'-is 

Er'-e-sus 

Eu-gram'-mus 

Eu-ry-st*r'-nos 

Di-sa'-ri-us 

Ec-e-chei'-ra 

En'-di-us 

Er-eu-tbal'-i-on 

Eu-grapb'-i-us 

Eu-rys'-tbe-nes 

Di-tal'-co 

Ecb'-e-clus 

En-doe' -us 

Er-gam'-e-nes 

Eu-be'-mer-os 

Eu-rys'- tbeus 

Di'-us 

E-chec'-ra-tes 

En-dym'-i-on 

Er'-ga-ne 

Eu'-bo-dus 

Eu-ryt'-i-on 

Di'-ves 

Ecb-e-crat'-i-des 

E-uip'-eus 

Er'-gi-as 

Eu-la:'-us 

Eu'-ry-tus 

Div'-i-co 

Ecb-e-de'-mus 

Eu'-ni-a 

Er-gi'-uus 

Eu-log-i-us 

Eu-seb'-i-us 

Div-i-ti'-a-cus 

Ecb-em-bro'-tus 

En'-ni-us 

Er-i-boe'-a 

Eu'-ina-cbus 

Eus-ta'-tlii-us 

Di-yl'-lus 

E-cbeiij'-e-nes 

En-uo'-di-us 

Er-i-bo'-tes 

Eu-ma:'-us 

Eus-tbeii'-i-us 

Doc'-i-mus 

Ecb'-e-mon 

Eu'-no-mus 

Er-ic-thon'-i-us 

Eu-mar'-i-das 

Eu-stoch'-i-us 

Do'-don 

Ech'-e-mus 

En-or'-ches 

E-rid'-a-nus 

Eu'-mar-us 

En-stra'-ti-iis 

Dol-a-bel'-la 

Ech-e-ne'-us 

En-tel'-lus 

E-rig'-o-ne 

Eu-matb'-i-us 

Eu-tel'-i-das 

DolM-us 

Ecb'-e-pbron 

En'-to-chus 

E-rig'-o-nus 

Eu-me'-lus 

Eu-ter'-pe 

Dul'-on 

Ech-e-phyl'-li-des 

En-tor'-i-a 

Er-i-gy'-i-us 

Eu'-men-es 

Eu-tba'-li-us 

Dul'-ops 

Ech-e-po'-lus 

En-y-a'-li-us 

E-rin'-na 

Eu-men'-i-des 

EQ'-tbi-as 

Do-ma-ti'-tes 

E-ches'-tra-tus 

En'-y-o 

E-rin'-nj'S 

Eu-inen'-i-us 

Eu'-thy-cles 

Do-mi-du'-ca 

Ech-e-ti'-mus 

E'-os 

Er-i-o'-pis 

Eum-nes'-tus 

Eu-tliyc'-ra-tes 

Do-mit'-i-a 

Ech'-e-tlus 

E-pac'-tae-us 

E-ripb'-a-nis 

Eu-mol'-pus 

Eu-thy-de'-mus 

Do-mit-i-a'-nus 

Ecb'-e-tus 

B-pse'-ue-tus 

Er'-i-pbus 

Eu-nap'-i-us 

Eu-tliym'-a-nes 

Do-mi-til'-la 

E-chid'-na 

E-pag'-a-thus 

Er-i-pby'-Ie 

Eu-uei'-ce 

Eu-thym'-e-des 

Do-init'-i-us 

E-chin'-a-des 

E-pai'-ne 

Er-i-phy'-lus 

Eu'-neus,  Eu'-ne-us 

Eu-thym'-i-das 

Dom'-na 

E-chi'-on 

E-para-i-non'-das 

ErMs 

Eu'-ni-cus 

Eu-tbym'-i-dea 

Dom-ni'-nus 

Edi'-i-us 

E-paph-ro-di'-tus 

Er-i-u'-ni-us 

Eu-nom'-i-a 

Ea-tby'-nius 

Doiu  -nu3 

.  E'-cho 

Ep'-a-phus 

E-ropb'-i-lus 

Eu-uom'-i-us 

Eu-toc'-i-us 

Do-na'-ti-iLS 

E-clec'-tus 

Ep-ar'-cbi-des 

Er'-o-pon 

Eu-no-mus 

Eu-tol'-mi-us 

Do-na'-tus 

Ec-log'-i-us 

E-pei'-geus 

Er'-os 

Eu-no'-nes 

Eii-trap'-e-lus 

Don'-tas 

Ec-phan'-ti-des 

E-pei'-us 

E-ro-ti-fl'-nus 

Eu-nos'-tus 

Eu-tre'-si-tes 

Dor'-ceus 

Ed'-e-coii 

E-per'-a-tus 

E-ro'-ti-us 

EQ'-nus 

Eu-trop'-i-a 

Do'-ri-eus 

E-du'-Dus 

Eph'-e-sus 

E-ru'-ci-a 

Eu-pal'-a-mus 

Eu-trop'-i-us 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 

673 

i5a'-ty-clics 

FG'-bni-us 

Git-0'-t»-i'hus 

Glau'-ci-ns 

Ila-biu'-itas 

lUVi-cnn 

K«-tych-i-a'-uus 

Fe-li'-ci-tas 

Ga;-tft'-U-cus 

Giau'-ci-dt'S 

llub'-i-tus 

Ilp-li-eu'-nl  U9 

Eu-tych'-i-des 

FC'-lix 

GS'-i-us 

Glau'-ci-ou 

I!ab'-rt>n 

H.V.Ii-o 

Eu-tycli'-i-us 

Feu-es-tel'-la 

Gal'-a 

Glau-cip'-pus 

Iln- broil' •i-cliU8 

lIOMlo-cles 

Eu-xen'-i-dfe 

Fe'-ni-us 

Gal-a-tei'-a 

Glau'-coii 

llA'-dcs 

llu-li-o-dO'-nm 

Eu-xen'-i-das 

Fe-rG'-tri-us 

Gal'-a-ton 

Glau-con'-o-uie 

Ha-dri-&'-i)US 

lic-Il-ogab'-a-lw 

Eii-xfu'-i-des 

Fe-rO'-iii^ 

Ga-lax'-i-us 

Glau'-cu8 

IIh-'-idou 

IWAi-m 

Eux'-e-nns 

Fei^-ax 

Gal'-ba 

Glic'-i-a 

Hic'-mus 

Ue'-li.ui* 

Eux-ith'-e-us 

Fes-ti'-vus 

Ga-le'-nc 

Glic'-i-UB 

Uu>^-i)o 

Hc-lix'-uff 

E-vad'-ne 

Fes'-tus 

Ga-le'-nua 

Glob'-u-lu8 

Har-cy-o-ne 

llid-lad'.i.iM 

E-vffich'-me 

Fi-dC''*iias 

Gal-e-o'-tffi 

Glos 

lIal'-cy-o-HeU8 

Hel-la'-ni-cua 

E-vse'-mon 

Fid'-es 

Ga-le'-ri-a 

Glus 

lla-Ie'-sns 

Hcl'-lua 

E-vii^'-ne-tus 

Fi-dic-u-hV-ui-us 

Ga-le-ri-a'-nu8 

Glyc'-as 

Ilal'.i-a 

IlelMe 

E-\ag'-o-ras 

Fid'-i-us 

Ga-le'-ri-us 

Glyc'-e-ra 

Hal  i-nc'-iium 

IKl'  h-ri 

E-vay'-ri-us 

Fig'-u-lus 

Gal'-e-us 

Gly-ce'-ri-U8 

lial-i-ar'-tus 

Ilcl-Io'-ru8 

E-val'-ces 

Fiiii'-bri-a 

Gal'-ga-uus 

Glyc'-i-ns 

Hal-i-iiie'-de 

llel-Io-ti-a 

E-van'-der 

Fir-iiia-uus 

Ga-lin'-thi-as 

Glyc'-is 

Hal'-i-os 

Hel-pid'-i-iw 

E-van'-e-mus 

Fir-ini-a'-nus 

Gal'-la 

Glyc'-ou 

Hal-ir-rlioth'-i-U8 

Hcl'-vi-a 

E-vau'-ge-Uis 

Fir'-nii-cus 

Gal-li-ca'-nus 

Gna'-us 

Hal-i-thei'-ses 

H«?I-vi<r-J-Ha 

Ev-an-or'-i-das 

Fir'. mi -us 

Gal-li-e'-na 

Gua-tliaj'-UB 

llal'-inns 

Hel'-vi-us 

E-van'-thes 

Fir'-mus 

Gal-li-e'-nus 

Gue-sip'-pus 

llal-o-syd'-iie 

Hein-er-r;'-si» 

E-vau'-thi-us 

P'is'-tus 

Gal'-li-o 

Gni'-pho 

Ham'-il-ear 

lU'-iin'-na 

E-var'-chus 

Flac-ci-iia'-tor 

Gal'-li-us 

Gno-sid'-i-cus 

Haiii-iiio'-in-U8 

Hc-mith'-e-oo 

E-vath'-las 

FJac'-cus 

Gal-lo'-ui-us 

Go'-brj'-as 

Hainp-iiie'-or-a 

He-ui'-o-cli« 

E'-vax 

Fla-cil'-la 

Gar  -his 

Gol'-gus 

liaii'-ni-bal 

Hc-ni'-o-chus 

E-vel'-pi-des 

Fla'-meu 

Gal'-vi-a 

Gou'-a-tus 

Ilan-ui-bal-li-&'-uu8 

iiu-piii£s'-ti-«B           ; 

E-vel-pis'-tus 

Fla-iiiiu-r-nus 

Ga-me'-li-i   " 

Gon'-gy-lus 

Ilan'-no 

He-pba-'s'-ttis 

E-vel'-thon 

Fla-iuiu'-i-us 

Gau-uas'-cus 

Gor-di-a'-nus 

Har-iua'-ti-U8 

Hep-tap'^ru* 

E-ve'-iner-us 

Flaiii  -Ilia 

Gan'-nys 

Gor'-di-us 

Har-mcii.o-pa'-las 

Hu'-ra 

E-^-«'-iii-U3 

Fla'-vi-a 

Gan-y-uie'-des 

Gor'-dys 

Har-inu'-di-us 

He-r5'-i;le-a 

- . C -nor 

Fla-vi-a'-nus 

Gar'-ga-rns 

Goi^-ga-sus 

Har-ino'-ni-a 

Hc-ra-clei'-daf 

E-vp*-nus 

Fla'-vi-us 

Gar-gil'-I-us 

Gor'-ge 

liar' -pa -gas 

He-ra-clef-^w 

E-ve'-ies 

Fla'-vus 

Gar-gO'-ni-us 

Gor'-gi-as 

Har'-pa-lus 

He-ra-ck'i'-tiMi 

E-ver'-ge-tes 

Firy-ni 

Gar'-i-das 

Gor'-gi-das 

Har-i>al'-y-c< 

Hc-nV-cle-o 

E-ver'-sa 

Flo-reii-ti'-DUS 

Gau'-da 

Gor'-gi-gn 

iiar-|>in'-na 

He- i-a -cle-o-Uo'- r  U8 

Ev'-e-tes 

Flo-ii-a'-uiis 

Gau-deu'-ti-us 

Gor'-go 

Har'.po-cras 

Hc-ra'-cle-ou 

E-vod-i-a'-nus 

FlO'-rus 

Gau'-i-a-das 

Gor'-gon 

liar-po-cra'-ti-on 

Hti-ra-<de«'-nas 

E-vod'-i-us 

Fo'-ea 

Ga'-vi-us 

Gor.gon'-i-us 

Hav-py'-l-ie 

H*'-ra-cles                          ! 

Ev'-o-du8 

Fu'-cas 

Ga'-za 

Gor-gO'-pas 

Uas'-dni-bal 

Hc-i-a-cli-a'*iius 

Ex-ad'-i-us 

Fon-ta'-uus 

Ge-ga'-ui-a 

Gor'.gus 

Ha-ter-i-ii'-nua 

He-ra'-L'li-us                       i 

Ex-ffi'-ue-tus 

Fon-te'-i-a 

Ge-la'-nor 

Gor'-tys 

lia-ter'-i-us 

He'-ra-con                          ' 

Ex-it'-i-us 

Fon-te'-i-us 

Ge-la'-si-us 

Grac-dia'-nus 

Heb-do-iiiag'-e-tes 

He-rag' -o-ras 

Ex-su-per-an'-ti-us 

Fon-ti-na'-lis 

Gel'-i-iner 

Grac'-cbus 

He'-bc 

HO'-ras                                   1 

Ex-su-per-a-to'-ri-us 

Fou'-tus 

Gel'-li-as 

Gra-uil  -i-a 

Hec'-a-be 

Her' -cu -Its 

Ex-su-per'-i-U6 

For'-uax 

Gel' -11- us 

Grac'-i-lis 

Hec-a-ei-'-ge 

Her-cu'-li-iw                       i 

E-ze-ki-e'-lus 

For-lu'-na 

Gel'-on 

Gra-dl'-vus 

Hcc-a-er'-gus 

Her-cy'-na                          j 

F<.ir- 1  Q-n  a-ti-a'-nus 

Ge-lo'-Dus 

Gree'-ie 

Htc'-a-le 

Hei-dO'-iii-us                       ! 

Fiau'-go 

Gem'-i-iia 

Grae-oe'-i-us 

llec-a-me'-de 

He -re  as 

Fa-ba'-tus 

Frou-ti'-uus 

Ge-miu'-i-us 

Grie-d'-uus 

Hec-a-tie'-us 

Ue-ren'-ui-a 

Fa-ber'-i-us 

Fro  u '-to 

Gein'-i-uus 

Grae'-cus 

Uec'-a-te 

He-rcn'-ui.uK                     i 

Fab-i-a-uus 

Fru'-gi 

Ge-inis'-tus 

Gra-ui-a'-nus 

Ilec-a-to-do'-rus 

He-ril'-lus 

Fa-bil'-i-us 

Fu-lic'-i-us 

Ge-ues'-i-us 

Gra-ui-uus 

Hec-a-toui'-uus 

Her-iuag'-i>-ms 

Fab '-i -us 

Fu-fid'-i-us 

Ge-ne-tse'-us 

Gra'-ni-us 

Hec'-a-tou 

Her-iim-nu'-bis 

Fa-bric'-i-us 

Fu-fit'-i-us 

Ge-uetb'-li-us 

Grap'-tus 

Hcc'-tor 

Uer-niaph-iu-«liMu» 

Fa-bul'-lus 

Fii'-n-us 

Ge-ne-tyl'-lis 

Gra-sid'-i-us 

Hec'-u-ba 

Her-nia'-pi-as 

Fa-cuu'-dus 

Ful-ci'-ni-us 

Geu'-c'-trix 

Gra'-ta 

He'-dy-le 

Her-iuai-'-chus 

Fad'-i-a 

Ful-geu'-ti-us 

Ge-ui'-ci-us 

Gra'-ti-a; 

He'-dy-lus 

Her' -mas 

Fa-dil'-la 

Ful'-lo 

Gen-iia'-di-us 

Gra-ti-a-uus 

Ue-gel'-c-os 

Her-niei'-ac 

Fad'-i-us 

Ful-lO'-ni-us 

Geu'-ser-ic 

Gra-tid'-i-a 

He-gel'.o-chus 

Her-iner'-i-cus 

Fad'-us 

Ful'-vi-a 

Geu'-ti-us 

Gra-tid-i-a'-nus 

He-ge'-iiiou 

Hel^-iiies 

Fal'-a-cer 

Ful-vi-a'-nus 

Ge-oi-'-gi-us 

Gra-tid'-i-us 

He-geiii'-o-ne 

Hor-iuo'-:$i-a-uax 

Fa-lan'-i-iTS 

Ful'-vi-us 

Gepli-y-rae'-i 

Gra'-ti-us 

He-gc-san'-der 

Hur-miii'-i-us 

Fal-cid'-i-us 

Ful'-vus 

Ge-ra;'-us 

Gra'-tus 

He-ge-san'-dri-da:} 

Hci-iui-nus 

Far -co 

Fun-dil'-ni-a 

Ger'-a-na 

G  re-gen' -ti- us 

He-ges-a-ra'-tus 

Hei '-iiii-oii 

Fal-co'-ni-a 

Fuu-diV-ui-us 

Ge-ras'-i-inus 

Greg'-o-ras 

He-ge-si'-a-imx 

Her-iiii'-o-ue 

Fal'-cu-la 

Fun'-du-lus 

Ger-nia'-ni-cus 

Gre-go-ri-a'-nus 

Ue-ge'-si-as 

Her-iiiip'-pus 

Fa-lis'-cus 

Fu-iiis-u-la'-iius 

Ger-iua'-nus 

G  re-go' -ri-us 

lle-ges-i-dc'-mus 

Hur-iiiuL'b'-a-rea 

Fal'-to 

Fur-ffi'-ni-us 

Ger-rai'-ims 

Gros'-i>hus 

He-ges-ig'-o-iius 

Her'-iiiu-clcs 

Fau'-go 

Fu-ri-iia 

Gei-'-oii 

Grj-r-li-oii 

He-g«s-i-la'.u* 

Hcrniiuc'-ru-tes 

Fan'-ui-a 

Fu'-ri-us 

Ge-ron'-ti-us 

Gryl'-lus 

He-ges-il'-o-chu8 

Her-m<ic'-ic-on 

Fan'-ni-us 

Fur'-ni-us 

Ge-ros'-tra-tus 

Grf-ue 

He-ges'-i-nu8 

Hcr-mu  dO'-rus 

Fas'-ci-iius 

Fus-ci-a'-nus 

Ger'-y-on 

Gry-ne'-tis 

He-ge-sip'-pus 

Hcr-riiu'-dus 

Fas-tid'-i-us 

Fus'-cus 

Ges'-i-us 

Gry'-uus 

Hc-gc-sip'-y.la 

Her-iiing'-e-ucs 

Fau'-ci-us 

Fu'.sus 

Get'-a 

Gryps 

He-ge-sis'-tra-tus 

Hcr-m<i-gen-i-A.-iius 

Fau'-la 

Gi-gau'-tes 

Gu-lus'-sa 

lle-ge'-tor 

Hcr-mo-lu-us 

Fau'-Dus 

Gil'-do 

Gun'-da-iuuiid 

H<>i-iiiar'-iue-Qe 

Her-iiioi'-y-e«s 

Faua'-la 

Gab'-ba 

Gil'-lo 

Gur'-gus 

Hei-us 

Her'-iiion 

Faus-ti'-na 

Ga-bie'-us 

Gil'-lus 

Gut'-ta 

Hel'-a-ra 

Her-iiidn-y-inus 

Faus-ti'-nus 

Ga-bi-ni-a'-iius 

Gis'-co 

Gf-as 

He-lei'-us 

HiT-moph'-i-lua 

Faus'-tu-lus 

Ga-bi'-ni-us 

Git'-i-a-das 

Gy-ga?'-a 

Ilel'-e-iia 

Her-iiio*ti'-iaus 

Faus'-tiis 

Gab'-i-us 

Glab'-er 

Gy'-ges 

Hel'-e-nus 

Hc'-n» 

Fav-en-ti'-nus 

Ga'-bri-as 

Glab'-ri-o 

Gy-lip'-pus 

]le'-li-a<dse 

He-ro  -do3 

Ka-vo'-ni-us 

Ga-bri-e'-lus 

Glaph'-y-ra 

Gyl'-ls 

He-!i'-a-nax 

Hc-rt'-di-.V-nus 

Fav-ii-ri'-nus 

Gad'-a-tas 

Glati'-L-e 

Gy-na'-co-tlioe'-nas 

Hel-i-ca'-on 

Hc-rod'-i-cu8 

F.-'-l.ris 

Ga-'-a 

Glan'-'-i-a 

Gyr'-trtii 

lit  -li-c«; 

Hf-io-dn-rus 

Sell 


ti74 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 

He-rod'-o-tus 

Hip-poth  -o-us 

ilyp'-seus 

In-geu  -u-us 

Ja-co-bus 

L»s-pod'-i.as 

Hi-' -roil 

Hip'-pys 

Hyp'-si-clus 

In-giKi-oizi'-cr  us 

Ja-na 

La;-ta 

He-i<iph'-i-Ie 

Hir-pi'-mis 

Hyp-sic'-ra-tes 

lu-uo-ceu'-ti-Uii 

Ja-no-pn'-Ius 

Lae-til'-i-us 

Ut--i<>|>ti'-i-Ut)i 

Hir'-ri-us 

Hyp-sip'-y-le 

I-no 

Jan-u-a'-ri-us 

Lse-to-ri-us 

He-n)s'-tra-tiL> 

Hir'-ti-us 

Hyp'-sus 

I -no -us 

Ja'-nus 

Lae'-tus 

Hi'i'-se 

IIir-lu-ki-U3 

Hyr-ca'-nus 

In-Uph'-er-nes 

J  a -son 

Lae-vi'-nu* 

Htr-sii'-i-a 

His'-pa-la 

Hyr'-i-eus 

In-toii'-sus 

Jav-o-lu-nus 

Lae'-vi-us 

Her'-tba 

His'-pal-tus 

Hyr*ne'-tho 

In-vid'-i-a 

Ju-an'-nes 

Lae'-vus 

Hcsig'-o-iuis 

His-po 

Hyr'-ta-cus 

i'-o 

Ji>r-nan'-des 

La-fre'-ni-ua 

He'-8l-o-dus 

His-ti-ae'-a 

Hys'-iiion 

I-o-cas'-te 

Jo-se'-phus 

Lag'-i-UH 

He'-si-OD-c 

His-ti-ae'-U3 

Hys-tas'-pes 

I-o-cas'-tus 

Jo-vi-a-nus 

La'-gon 

Hcs-j)cr'-i-dt'S 

llis-to-ris 

I-o-da-mei'-a 

Jo-vin-i-fi-uus 

Lag'-o-ras 

Hps-pei^-i-us 

Hul-mus 

I-o-la-us 

Jo-vi-us 

La'-gus 

Hes'-ppT-UB 

H(im-a-gy'-ri-us 

I-ac'-chuj 

i'-o-le 

Jii'-ba 

La'-i-as 

Hts'-ti-a 

Hd-llie-IT.S 

1  -a-des 

I-ol'-las 

Ju-bel'-li-us 

La-ip'-pns 

Hes-ti.a''-a 

Hom-o-lo-cus 

I-a-ei'-ra 

i'-ou 

Ju-da-cil'-i  us 

La-is 

». 

Hes-ti-ii*-us 

Hon-o-ru-tus 

I-al'-e-mus 

I-oii'-i-cus 

Ju-das 

La'-i-us 

Hc-sych'-i-a 

Ho-iiu'-ri-a 

I-al'-y-sus 

I-oii'-i-des 

Ju'-dex 

Lal'-a-ge 

Hc-sych'-i-ua 

Ho-nu'-ri-us 

I-am'-be 

i'-o-pe 

Ju'-ga 

Lam'-a-cbuft 

Het-!c-rei'-us 

Hop-lad'-a-mos 

I^m'-bli-chus 

i'-o-phon 

Jti-gur'-tha 

Lani'-e-don 

Heu-rip'-j>e 

HG-ne 

I-am-bu'-lus 

I-i)-phos'-sa 

Ju'-Ii-a 

Lain'-i-a 

t 

Hi-ai^-bas 

Ho-ra-pul*-lo 

I-am'-e-nus 

i'-ops 

Ju-li-a-iius 

La -mis' -cu* 

Hi-ces'-i-ns 

Hu-ra'-ti-a 

I-am'-i-dae 

I-u'-ta-pe 

Jii'-li-us 

Lam' -i -us 

1 

Hi-ce-t:V-on 

Ho-ra-ti-us 

I'-am-us 

I-o-tap-i-a'-nus 

Jun'-cus 

Lam -pad' -i -a 

Hic'-e-tas 

Hor'-ci-us 

I-a-nei'-ra 

I-ox-us 

Ju'-ni-a 

Lam-pad' -i-us 

'. 

Hi-eiiip'-sal 

Hoi'-cu-s 

I-a-nis'-ciLS 

I-phi-a-nas■-^ia 

Ju'-ni-us 

Lani-pet'-i-a 

Hi'-e-ia 

Hui-nius 

I-au'-the 

I'-pbi-as 

Ju'-no 

Lani'-pi-do 

> 

Hi-o-i-aiu'-e-nes 

Hor'-ta-lus 

I-ap'-e-tus 

l-phic-i-a'-nus 

Ju-no-pu'-lus 

Lam'-pon 

Hi'-eias 

Hur-ten'-si-a 

I-;V-pis 

i'-phi-cles 

Ju'-pi-ter 

Lam-po'-ni-us 

Hi'-e-nix 

Hui-ten'-si-us 

I -a -pyx 

I-phic'-ra-tes 

Jus-ti'-ua 

Lam'-pri-as 

Hi-cr'-i-us 

Hu-rus 

I-av-bas 

I-phid'-a-mas 

Jus-tin-i-a'-nu3 

Lam-prid'-i-ua 

\ 

Hi-er'-o-cles 

Ho-sid'-i-us 

I-ar'-da-ues 

I-phi-ge-nei'-a 

Jus-ti'-nus 

Lam'-proc-les 

Hi'-e-ron 

Hos-pi-ta'-lis 

I-as'-i-oii 

I-plii-me-dei'-a 

Jus'-tus 

Lam'-prus 

Hi-e-ron'-y-inus 

Hob-ti'-li-a 

I-as'-i-us 

I-phim'-e-dou 

Ju-tur'-iia 

Laiup'-ter 

Hi-e-roph'-i-Uis 

Hos-ti-li-a'-nus 

I-a-so 

I-pliiu'-o-e 

Ju-ve-na'-lis 

Lam'-ptis 

Hi-€-ioth'-e-us 

Hos-ti'-ii-us 

I-a-sua'-i-a 

i-plii-ou 

Ju-ven'-cus 

Lam' -us 

Hil-ar-i-a'-nus 

H(>s'-ti-us 

I-:T-sus 

r-phis 

Ju-ven'-tas 

La-myu'-tlii-us 

Hi-Iar'-i-n 

Hun'-iier-ic 

I-at'-ro-cles 

I'-phi-tus 

Ju-ven-ti'-nus 

La-nas'-sa 

Hi-lar'-i-us 

Hy-a-cin'-thi-des 

I'-by-cus 

Iph-thi'-me 

Ju-ven'-ti-us 

La-na'-tus 

Hil'-a-nis 

Hy-a-cin'-thus 

I-cad'-i-us 

lre-ii»'-us 

Lau'-ga-rus. 

Hil'-der-ic 

Hy'-a-des 

I-cai'-i-us 

I-re'-ue 

La-oc'-u-ou 

Hiiii-e-rae'-us 

Hy'-a-le 

r -car.  us 

I'-ris 

Lab -da 

La-oc-n-O'-sa 

Hi-iner'-i-us 

Hy'-as 

Ic'-ci-us 

i'-rus 

Lab-da  c'-i-d« 

La-od'-a-mas 

Him'-er-us 

Hyb'-re-as 

Ic'-cus                           ' 

I-sie'-us 

Lab'-da-cus 

Ija-o-da-uiei'-a 

Hi-inil'-co 

Hyb'-ri-as 

Ic'-e-lus                        1 

I-sag'-o-ras 

Lah'-e-o 

La-od'-i-ct; 

Hi]'-pa2:'-o-ras 

Hy-dar'-nes 

Icli-iia_''-a                      1 

I-san'-dcr 

La-ber'-i-U3 

La-od'-i-cus 

Hii>-jial'-ci-nius 

Hy-dre'-lus 

Ich'-thy-as                    ' 

I-sau'-ri-cus 

Lab-i-e'-uus 

La-od'-o-cus 

Hii>.par'-ciii-a 

Hy-es 

Ich-thy-o-cen-tau'- 

Is'-ca-nus 

La-bo-tas 

La-og'-o-ras 

Hip-par'-cluis 

Hy-e'-ti-ns 

rus 

Is-chag'-o-ras 

La-bran' -de  us 

La-om'-e-dou. 

Hip-i>a-ri'-nus 

Ily-gi-ei'-a 

I-ci'-li*us 

Is-chan'-der 

Lab-y-ne'-tus 

La'-ou 

Hip-pil'-si-us 

Hy-iji-e'-mon 

Ic-ti'-nus 

Is-clie'-DUS 

Lac-e-d«'-moD 

La-on'-i-cu3 

Hip'-pa-sus 

Hy.gi'-nus 

I-^se'-a 

ls-chom'-a-cUu3 

Lac-e-d»-mou'-i-«s 

La-on'-o-ine 

Hip'-pens 

Hy-Utf'-us 

I-d»'-us 

Is-cho-ta'-us 

La-ce'-das 

La-o-phon-te 

Hip'-pi-a 

Hyl'-as 

I-dal-i-a 

Is'-chys 

Lac'-er 

La-oth'-o-e 

Hip' -pi -as 

Hyl'-a-tus 

I-dau-tli>T'-sus 

i-se-as 

La-cer-i-us 

La-per'-sse 

Hip'-pi-tas 

Hy-le 

i'-das 

Is-i-dO'-ru3 

Lach'-a-res 

La-per'-si-us 

Hip'-pi-us 

Hyl-eus 

i'-de 

I-sig'-o-nus 

Lach'-es 

Laph'-a-es 

Hip-pob'-o-tus 

Hyl'-liLs 

Id'- 1  lion 

I'-sis 

Lach'-esis 

Lapli-rae'-us 

Hip-pi>-ceii-tau'-r,;  > 

Hy-Ion'-o-nie 

I-dom'-c-ueus 

Is'-ma-rus 

La-cin'-i-a 

Laph'-ri-a       \ 

Hip-pu-clei'-des 

Hy-ine-as 

i'-dri-eus 

Is-nic'-ue 

La-ciu'~i-us 

La-phys'-ti-u» 

Hip'-po-cles 

Hy'-iuen 

I-dy-i'a 

Is-men'-i-as 

Lac'-i-us 

Lap' -is 

Hip'-po-plua 

Hy-me-U!e'-us 

Ig-na'-ti-us 

Is-nien'-i-us 

Lac'-o 

Lap'-i-the» 

Hip-poc-(>-on 

Hj'in'-ni-a 

I-l£e'-ri-a 

Is-ine'-uus 

Lac'-ra-tes 

Lar 

Hip-poc'-ra-tes 

Hj'-ixi'-ti-a 

i-li-a 

I-soc'-ra-tes 

Lac'-ri-tus 

Lar'-a 

Hip-pod'-a-inas 

Hy-pa'-ti-u.s 

Il-i-u'-na 

I-su-dse'-tes 

Lac'-tans 

La-ren'-ti-a 

Hii»-pn.da-mei-a 

Hy.pat-o-dO'-rus 

Il-i-o'-neus 

I-so-de'-tes 

Lac-tan'-ti-us 

Lar'-es 

Hip-pod'-a-mu.s 

Hyp'-a-tus 

Il-is-si'-a-des 

Is'-sa 

Lac-tu'-ca 

Lar'-gi-us 

Hip-pu-Ia'-i-tis 

Hy-ijei'-ro-clius 

Il'-lus 

Is-sn'-ri-a 

Lac-tu-ci'-nus 

Lar'-gus 

Hip-pol'-o-chus 

Hy-per-an'-thes 

Il-lyr'-i-U3 

la'-ter 

Lac-tur'-ci-a 

Lar'-i-chus 

Hip-pol'-y-tus 

Hy-per-a'-sius 

i'-lus 

Isth'-mi-us 

Lac'-y-des 

La-ris'-co-lus 

Hip.pom'-e-don 

Hy-i>er-ba-tas 

Iia'-bra-mus 

Is-tom'-a-chu3 

La -das 

La-ris'-sa 

Hip-prmi'-e-nes 

Hy-per-bi-us 

Im-bra'-si-3 

I-tal'-i-cus 

La-dog'-e-nes 

La-ris'-sae-us 

Hip'-pon 

Hy-per'-bo-lus 

Iin'-bra-sus 

It'-a-lus 

La' -don 

La-rS'-ni-us 

Hip-p.V-nax 

Hy-per-cliei-ri-a 

Iiii'-brex 

Ith'-a-cus 

La-do'-nis 

Lar'-ti-us 

Hip-pci-nl'-cus 

Hy-per-ech'-i-us 

Iin'-bri-iis 

Ith-o'-ma-tas 

La;'-ca. 

La-mu'-da 

Hiii-pon-o'-i-das 

Hy-pei-e'-nor 

Im-mar'-a-dus 

I-tho'-me 

Lie'-dus 

La-ryin'-na 

Hippou'-o-me 

Hyp'-er-es 

Im-per-a'-tor 

I-to'-ni-a 

Lffi'-laps 

Las'-ca-ris 

Hip-pon'-o-us 

Hy-per'-i-des 

Im-pei-i-o'-sus 

I-to'-nus 

Lie'-li-a 

Las-tbc-nei'-a 

Hip-pas'-tlie-nes 

Hy-pi?r'-i-oii 

I-nach'-i-a 

I-tu'-ri-us 

Lae-li-a'-uii3 

Las'-tho-ues 

Hip-pos'-tra-tiis 

Hy-perm-iies'.tra 

i'-na-chus 

It'.ys 

Lfe'-li-us 

La-sus 

Hii)-pot'-a-<les 

Hy-per'-o-che 

In'-a-ros 

I-u'-lus 

Lce'-nas 

Lat-er-a'-nus 

Hip'.pn-tas 

Hy-per-o-chus 

In-dib'-i-lis 

Ix-i'-on 

Lse'-ni-U3 

La-ter-en'-sis 

Hip'-po-tes 

Hyp'-nos 

In'-di-ges 

Ix-i-on'-i-des 

La-er'-cea 

Lath'-ri-a 

Hip-pf»th'-o-c 

Hyp-s.-^'-us 

In-dig'-i-tes 

Ix'-i-us 

La-er'-tes 

I^t-i-iV -lis 

Hilvp-,tli'-(MMi 

Hyp-se'-iior 

In'-fer-i 

I'-ynx 

La-er''ti-u>t 

Lat-i-a  -ris 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


Li-ti  -niis 

La-tri'-na 

Lil'-tro 

Lau-ivn'-ti-a 

Lau-rt'U'-ti-u.s 

Lau'-sus 

La-\er'-iia 

La-vi'-ni-a 

La-vi'-iii-us 

Le'-a-(U'S 

Le-a'-iia 

Le -as' -11  IS 

Le-an'-dtT 

Le-an'-(lri-us 

Ije-a-nei'-ra 

Le-ar'-chus 

Le-ca'-ni-us 

Le-clie'-a-tes 

Lccli'-es 

Le-tla 

Lei-o'-Ues 

Lo'-i-tus 

Lel'-ex 

Lem'-u-res 

Le-iia''-us 

Len-tiL-'-u-la 

Len-tid'-i-Us 

Lon'-tu 

Leii-tu-lus 

Le'-o 

Le-o-bo'-tes 

Le-o-ce'-des 

Le-o'-cha-res 

Le-O'-era-tos 

Le-o'-cri-tus 

Le-o'-cy-des 

Le-u'-da-fus 

Le-o'-da-mas 

Le-o'-g;<)-ras 

Le'-oii 

Le-o'.iii-d:i3 

Le-o'-ni-des 

Le-on-na'-tux 

Le-on-no'-i'i-us 

Le-nn'-t^ns 

Le-on-ti-a-des 

Le-on'-ti-on 

Le-on-tis'-cus 

Le-on'-ti-tis 

Le-o'-ny-mns 

Le-o'-jilia-iifcrs 

Le-nph'-i<ni 

Le'-os 

Le-os'-the-ne.-* 

Le-os-trat'-i-des 

Le-ij-ti'oi'ir-i-des 

Le-o-tycli'-i-tles 

Lep'-i-da 

Lep'-i-dus 

I,ep'-iv-a 

Lep'-ta 

Lep'-ti-iies 

Les'-bn-cles 

Les-bu'-nax 

Les-both'-e-inis 

Les'-ches 

Le'-thi- 

LG'-to 

Let'-reiis 

Lcu-cad'-i-us 

Leu-cae'-us 

Leu'-ce 

Leu-cip'-pe 

Leu-cip'-pi-des 

Leii-cip'-pus 

Leu' -con 

Leu-con'-o-c 

Leu-coph'-ry-ne 

Leu-coth'-c-a 

Leu-L*otli'-o-e 

Le-va'-na 

Lex-iph'-a-nes 

Li-ban'-i-us 

Lib-eii-ti'-iia 

Li'-b<T 


Li-brr-:V-lis 

Li-ber-a'-ttis 

Li-ber-ii'-Utr 

Li-bt-r'-i-us 

Li-lier -taa 

Li-bftli'-ri-des 

Li-bi-ti  -iia 

Lib'-i-us 

Lib  -o 

Lib'-y-ji 

Lib'-ys 

Tjib-ys-ti  -nus 

Lich-as 

Li-cin'-i-a 

Li-cin-i-a'-mis 

Li-cin'-i-us 

Lie'-i-nus 

Li-ryiu'-ni-a 

Li-cyiii'-ni-us 

Li-gfi  -ri-us 

Li-gei'-a 

Lig-ur 

Lig'-y-roii 

Li-liv'-a 

Li-nia 

Li-me'-ni-a 

Li-nien-ti'-nus 

Li-inp-ta'-nu3 

Lin'-di-a 

Lin' -us 

Lip'-a-ro 

Lip-o-do'-rus 

Lit'-fe 

Li-to'-ri-us 

Lit-y-er'-ses 

Li'-vi-a 

Li-vil'-la 

Li-viu-e'-i-os 

Li'-vi-us 

Lo-chei'-a 

Loc'-rus 

Lo-cus'-ta 

Loe'-ini-us 

Log'-ba-sis 

Lol'-U-a 

Lol-li-a'-nua 

Lol-Ii-us 

Lon-ga'-tia 

Lon-gi'-nus 

Loa'-gU3 

Lu'-tis 

Lox'-i-as 

Lok'-o 

Lu'-a 

Lu-ca-nns 

Luc-ce'-i-U3 

Lu-rer'-i-us 

Lu-ci-a-nus 

Lu-ci-e'-nus 

Lu'-ci-fer 

Lu-cil'-i-ua 

Lu-cil-la 

Lu-cil'-li-ua 

Lu-cil'-lus 

Lu-ci'-na 

Lu'-ci-us 

Lu-cre'-ti-a 

Lu-cre'-ti-us 

Lu-cri'-ua 

Luc-ta'-ti-us 

Luc-ter'-i-us 

Luc'-tus 

Lu-cul'-lus 

Lu-cus'-ta 

Lu'-di-us 

Lu-per'-ca 

Ln-per'-cu3 

L  lip'- us 

Lur'-co 

Tjfi- ri-us 

Lus-ci-e'-nns 

Lus'-cin-us 

Lus'-ci-ns 

Lus'-eus 

Ijl'-si-tis 


Lii-ta  -ti-us 

Lu-toi'-i-us 

Lux-or'-i-us 

Ly-iu'-ua 

Ly.e«e'-us 

Ly-cain'-bes 

Ly-cii'-on 

Ly-cas'-tus 

Lyc'-e-as 

Ly-ce'-gen-es 

Ly-cei'-a 

Ly-cei  -us 

Lye' -i -das 

Lyc'-i-mis 

Lye' -is 

Ly-cis'-cus 

Lyr'-i-us 

Lyc-o-a-tis 

Ly-eoe'-t<)-nus 

Ly-cnl'-c-ou 

Lyc-o-ine'-des 

Lye' -on 

Ly-co'-peus 

Lyc-o-phon'-tes 

Lyc'-n-phron 

Lyc-o-phii»n'-i-dL'S 

Ly-cO'-reus 

Ly-c6'-ris 

Ly-cor'-tas 

Lyc'-tus 

Ly-cur'-gus 

Lye' -us 

Ly'-de 

Ly-di'-a-des 

Ly-dus 

Lyg'-da-niis 

Lyg'-da-nuis 

Lyg-o-des'-ma 

Lyl'-his 

Lyn'-oeus 

Lyn'-cus 

Lyr'-eus 

Ly-san'-rler 

Ly-san'-dra 

Ly-sa'-ni-as 

Lys-a-nor-i-das 

Lys'-i-a-des 

Lys-i-a-uas'-sa 

Lys'-i-as 

Lys'-i-C'les 

Ly-sic'-ra-tes 

Ly-sid'-i-ce 

Ly-sid'-i-cus 

Ly-sini'-a-che 

Ly-si-mach'-i-des 

Ly-sim'-a-chus 

Ly-aip'-pe 

Ly-sip'-pus 

Lys'-is 

Ly-sis-trat'-i-des 

Ly-sis'-tra-tus 

Lys-i-zO'-na 

Ly-so 

Ly'-soii 
Ly'-sus 
Ly-te  -ri-us 


Mac'-ar 

Mac'-a-reus 

Ma-car-i-a 

Ma-car' -i-us 

aia-ca'-tus 

Mac-ca-bffi'-i 

Mac'-ci-ns 

Mac'-e-don 

Mac-e-don'-i-cu3 

Mac-e-dfj'-ni-us 

Mac'-er 

Mac-er-i'-nus 

Ma-cbif'-reus 

5Ia-i-lian'-i-das 

M'i-cli;V-on 

Macir-a-i-es 

Marb'-:i-tas 


Macli-ou 

Ma-ei»'-ti-uti 

Ma-cis-tiis 

Mae-ri-u''nu!i 

Ma-cri'-nus 

Mac'-ri.s 

Mnc'-ro 

Ma-cro'-bi-un 

Mac  -II -la 

Mad'-a-rus 

Mad'-a-tes 

Mad'-y-as 

Ma'-an'-dri-us 

Mae-an'-drus 

Mw-ce'-nna 

Mie-ci-a'-nus 

Mte-cil'-i-us 

Ma-'-ei-u3 

Mie'-li-ua 

Mic-iiise'-tes 

Mpp'-na-des 

Mse-iial'-i-ua 

Mse'-na-bis 

Ma^'-ni-us 

M;v'-noii 

Ma* -on 

MiP-on'-i-des 

SL'e-on'-i-us 

Mse'-ra 

Mie'-sa 

Mse'-son 

Mre'-vi-us 

Mag-a-dfi'-tea 

Ma-gar'-si-a 

Mag' -as 

Mag-eii-to'-nus 

Mag'-i-us 

Mag-nen'-ti-us 

Mag -UPS 

Mag'-nus 

Mii'-go 

Ma-gus 

Ma-bar' -bat 

Ma-i-a 

Ma'-i-or 

Ma-jor-i-a'-nus 

Mal'-a-coii 

Mal'-a-cus 

Mal'-a-las 

Mai '-as 

Mal'-chus 

Mal-e-a'-tes 

Mal'-e-las 

Mal'-e-us 

Mal'-i-a-des 

Mnl-le-o'-lus 

Mal-li-us 

Ma-lu-gi-nen'-sis 

Ma'-luH 

Ma-m!¥'-a 

Matn-er-ci'-niis 

Ma-mer'-cns 

Ma'-niers 

Mam-er-ti'-nus 

Ma-nier'-tus 

Ma-mil-i-a'-nu3 

Ma-mil'-i-us 

Mam' -mas 

Mam'-mn-Ia 

Mani-nul'-ri-us 

Ma-tiiur'-ra 

MiV-na 

Ma-nwch'-uuis 

Ma-nas'-scs 

Man-as'-ta-bal 

Man'-cl-a 

Man-ci'-nus 

Man'-da-ne 

Man-dO'-ni-us 

Mau-du-bra-ti-ua 

Man'-e-ros 

Ma'-nes 

Man'-e-tho 

Man-ga -nes 

Ma'-iii-a 


Mii-m-a  -ci'a 

MiV-ni-ii" 

Mu-nil'-i-iia 

Ma-niH-a-rus 

Ma  -iij-us 

Maii'-li-us 

Maii'-nuH 

Man'-ti-as 

Man  -ttn-uus 

Man-tith'-e-us 

Man'-ti-us 

Man'-to 

Man'-u-el 

Mar  -a-tlioii 

Mar'-a-thns 

Mar-eel' -la 

3Iar-cel-li'-uus 

Mar-cel'-lus 

Mar'-ci-a 

Mar-ci-a  -na 

Mar-ci-a'-nus 

Mar-cil'-i-us 

Mar'-ci-on 

Mar'-ci-ns 

Mar-co-man'*nns 

Mar'-cus 

Mar-do'-ni-us 

Mar-don'-tes 

Mar-gi'-tes 

Ma-ri'-a 

Ma-ri-am'-ne 

Ma-ri-an-dy'-nus 

Ma-ri-a'-nus 

Ma-ri'-ca 

Ma-rid-i-a'-nns 

Ma-rin-i-a'-na 

Ma-ri'-nus 

Mar'-i-nu 

Mar'-i-ns 

Mar-ma -I  i'-nns 

Mar'-max 

Mar'-o 

Mar-o-bod'-u-us 

Mar'-on 

Mar-pes'-sa 

Mars 

Uar'-sus 

Mar'-sy-as 

Mar'-tlia 

Mar'-ti-a 

Mar-ti-:V-lis 

Mar-ti-a'-nus 

Mar-ti'-na 

Mar-tin-i-a'-nus 

Mar-ti'-nus 

Mas'-ga-ba 

Mas-i-nis'-sa 

Ma-sis'-ti-ns 

Mas'-sa 

Mas'-sa-thes 

Mas-si'-va 

Mas-su'-ri-ns 

Mas-tan'-a-bal 

Maa'-tor 

Ma-ter-ni-a'-nus 

Ma-ter'-nus 

Math'-o 

Ma-tid'-i-a 

Mat-i-e'-nus 

Ma-tin'-i-us 

Maf-i-us 

Ma'-tre-as 

Ma-trin'-i-ns 

Mfi'-tris 

Ma'-tron 

Mat-tba''-u3 

Ma-tu'-rns 

Ma-tn'-ta 

Man-rie-i-il'-nns 

Mau-ric'-i-us 

Mnn'-ri-eus 

Mau'-ro-pus 

Mau-a6'-Iu3 

Mii'-vors 

Ma-vnr'-ti-ii-^ 


Max-iMi  -li-iin 

Mux-ini-l-jl'-niu 

Max-i-mil-la 

Mux-i-nii'-iiufl 

Max  -i-iiiUM 

Ma-7/i'-C4*a 

Ma-zoD  -uii 

Maz'-a-re* 

Me  -chn-neiis 

Me-coph'-a-iie« 

Me-ei»'-t4jns 

MtM»II 

Me-di^-a 

Me'-de-on 

Me-den-i-cas'-ta 

Me<l-i-tri'iia 

Me-di-us 

Me<r-n.cii.H 

Med-nii 

MO  -don 

Me-dns'-a-dea 

Me-dul-li'-nua 

MtV-dus 

McMln'-aa 

M<'g-a-ba'-tes 

Meg-a-ba'-zus 

Meg-a-ber'-ues 

Meg-a-boc'-clius 

Meg-a-by'-zu» 

Meg-a-clei'-des 

Meg'-a-c:les 

Mo-ga''-ra 

Me-gal'-e-as 

Meg-a-los-tra-ta 

Meg-a-iiie-de 

Meg-a-nei'-ra 

Meg-a-pen'-thca 

Meg'-a-ra 

Mog'-a-reus 

Meg'-a-rus 

Me-gas'-tbe-nca 

Mc-gel'-lus 

Meg'-es 

Me-gil'-lus 

Me-gis'-ti-as 

Me-gis'-tn 

Me-gis'-to-nu3 

Me-her-da'-t«a 

Me'-di-as 

Moi-Ian'-i-on 

Mei-licb'-i-us 

Met'-a 

Me-lse'-neus 

Me-hf'-nis 

Me-Iam'-po-des 

Me-lam'-pua 

Me-lan-aV-gi:* 

Mc-lan-co-Miaa 

Mel'-a-neus 

Mel-nn-ip'-pi-dft* 

Mel-an-ip'-pii.s 

Mel -an -6' -pus 

Me-Ian'-tbi-us 

Me-lan'-tbo 

Mc-lan'-thu9 

Mel'-as 

Mcl'-e-a-ger 

Mel'-es 

Mel-e-sag'-o-ras 

Mel-e-sip'-pns 

Mel'-e-te 

Me-let'-i-u:* 

Me-le'-tus 

Mel'-i-a 

Mel'-i-a-de.s 

Mel-i-ba-'-a 

Mel-i-lKV  us 

Mel-i-cer'-tes 

Mel-i-nip'-a 

Mel'-i-ne 

Melin'-nn 

Mel-i-san'-der 

Me-lis'-sa 

Me-lis'-seus 

M^-tis-siis 


676 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Kames. 

Mel'-i-W- 

Mes'-si-us 

Mix-o-par'-the-nos 

Mu-na'-ti-us 

Xau-cy'-des 

Ni-co-de'-mns 

.Mel'-i-teus 

Mes'-tor 

Mna-sal'-cas 

Mu-iiych'-i-a 

Nau-mach'-i-us 

Ni-co-do'-rus 

* 

Mel'-i-to 

Mes'-tra 

Mna'-se-as 

Mur'-d-a 

Nau'-pli-us 

Ni-co-la'-us 

Mel-i-to'-des 

Mc'-ta 

Mnas'-i-des 

Mur'-eus 

Naivsic'-a-a 

Ni-col'-o-cbus 

Mel-la 

Mi;l'-a-biis 

Mna-sil'-o-rlius 

Mu-re'-na 

Nau-sic'-ra-t€8 

Ni-co-macli'-i-des 

Mel-Ii-us 

Met-a-dci'-des 

Mna-si'-iius 

Mur-ra'-nUS 

Nau-sim'-e-don 

Ni-com'-a-chus 

M.-l-lo-bau'-des 

Me-U^-e-iies 

Mna-sip'-pus 

Miir-rhe'-di-us 

Nau-sin'-o-u8 

Ni-cn-me'-des 

Mel-lo'-na 

Me-U-nei'-ra 

Mna-sith'-eus 

Mu'-sa 

Nau-sipli'-a-nes 

Ni'-con 

Me-lob'-i-tis 

Mot-a-pliras'-tes 

Miias-i-ti'-mus 

Mu'-88e 

Nau-sith'-o-us 

Ni-coph'-a-nes 

Me-loli'-o-sis 

Met' -a- pus 

Mil  a' -son. 

Mn-sae'-us 

Nau'-tes 

Ni'-co. plion 

Me-lob'-o-te 

Me-tel'-la 

Mne-inar'-chus 

Mus'-ca 

Na'-vi-us 

Ni-cos'-tbe-nes 

Me-lu'-des 

Me-tel'-liis 

Miie'-iiie 

Mu-si-ca'-mis 

Nax'-us 

Ni-cos'-tra-te 

>Iel-poin'-e-ne 

Me-thar'-me 

Mue'-Jiion 

Mu-so-ni-a'-nus 

Ne-ae'-ra 

Ni-cos'-tra-tus 

Mel-pom'-e-nu9 

Me'-thi-ort 

Mne-mos'-y-ne 

Mu-sO'-ni-us 

Ne-al'-ces 

Nig'-er 

Me'-ltis 

Me-thod'-i-us 

Mne-sffich'-raus 

Mus-tel'-la 

Ne-an'  thes 

Ni-gid'-i-UR 

Mem' -mi -a 

Meth'-on 

Mne-sar'-chus 

Mus'-ti-us 

Ne-ar'-cbus 

Ni-grin-i-a'-nu.i 

Mem'-mi-us 

Me-tliyin'-Tia 

Mne'-si-c!es 

Mu-ti-a'-nus 

Ne-broph'-o-nus 

Ni-gri'-niis 

Mem'-non 

Meth-yiii-iiai'-ns 

Mne-sil'-o-chus 

Mu'-til-us 

Neb'-rus 

Ni'-leus 

Mem'-phis 

Me-ti-a-du'-sa 

Mne-sim'-a-che 

Mu'-ti-nes 

Nec'-o 

Ni-lox'-e-nus 

Me-nfeeh'-mus 

Me-til'-i-us 

Miie-siiii'-a-chus 

Mu'-ti-us 

Nec-tan'-a-bis 

Ni''-lus 

1 

Me-nal'-ci-das 

Me'-ti-o-che 

Mne-siph'-i-lus 

Mu'-to 

Nec-tar'-i-us 

Nin'-ni-u8 

Men-a-lip'-pus 

Me'-ti-o-chns 

Mne-sip-tol'-e-mus 

Mu-tu'-mis 

Ned'-a 

Ni'-nus 

r 

Me-nan'-der 

Me'-ti-on 

Mne-sis'-tra-tus 

My-ag'-rus 

Ne-du'-si-a 

Nin'.y-as 

Me'-nas 

Me'-tis 

Mne-sith'-eus 

My-ca-le'-si-des 

Ne'-is 

Ni-o-be 

Men'-des 

Me'-ti-us    -^ 

Mne-si-ti'-mus 

My-ca-les'-si-a 

Ne-lei'-des 

Ni-pJia'-tes 

Me'-ne 

Me-to-chi'-ta 

Mnes-ter 

My-ce'-ne 

Ne'-Ieus 

Ni'-reus 

Men-e-clei'-das 

Met'-on 

Mnes'-theus 

My-cer-I'-nus 

Nem'-e-a 

Ni'-sus 

Men'-e-cles 

Met'-o-pe 

Mo-ag'-e-te3 

Myg'-don 

Ne-mei'-us 

Ni-to'-cris 

Me-nec'-ra-tea 

Met'-o-pus 

Mo'-chus 

My-i'-a 

Ne-mei-'-tes 

No-bil'-i-or 

Men-e-dfp'-us 

Me-trob'-i-us 

Mo-cil'-la 

My-i-ag'-rus 

Ne-mes-i-a'-nus 

Noo'-tu-a 

Me-ned'-a-tus 

Me'-tro-cles 

Mod-e-ra'-tus 

Myl'-lus 

Nem'-e-sis 

No-do'-tus 

Men-c-de'-mus 

Me-tro-do'-rns 

Mod-es-ti'-nus       ' 

My-iiis'-cus 

Ne-mes'-i-us 

No-men-ta'-nus 

Men-e-la'-us 

Me-troph'-a-nes 

Mo-des'-tus 

Myn'-iii-o 

Ne-oc'-Ies 

Noin'-i-a 

Me-n£m'-a-chns 

Met'-ti-us 

Mod'-i-us 

My-rep'-sus 

Ne-o-la'-us 

Nom'-i-us 

Men'-e-pliron 

Me-zen'-ti-us 

Mte-rag'-c-nes 

My-ri'-na 

Ne'-on 

Noiii'-os 

Me'-nes 

Mic'-ci-a-des 

Moe'-ris 

My-ri'-nu3 

Ne'-o-phron 

N6'-na-ci-is 

t 

Men'-es 

Mic'-ci-on 

Moe'-ro 

My'-ris 

Ne-opb'-y-tus 

No-ni-a'-ims 

Men-es-fech'-mas 

Micha'-el 

Moe'-ro-cles 

Myr-me'-ri-des 

Ne-op-tor-e-nius 

KO'-ni-us 

Me-nes'-thes 

Mi'-ci-on 

Moi'-ra 

Myr'-mex 

Neph'-e-le 

Non'-no-sus 

Me-nes'-theus 

Mi-cip'-sa 

Moi-rag'-e-tes 

Myr'-mi-doa 

Nep'-os 

Non'-nus 

Me-nes'-thi-us 

Mic'-on 

Mol'-£e 

My'-ro 

Ne-po-ti-a'-nus 

No'-rax 

Me-nes'-tra-tas 

Mic'-ti-o 

Mol'-i-on 

My'-ron 

Nep-tn-ni'-ne 

Nor-ba'-nns 

Me-nex'-e-nus 

Mi'-cy-thus 

Mol'-i-o-nes 

My-ro-ni-a'-nus 

Nep-tu'-nus 

^'or'-ti-a 

Men'-i-das 

Mid'-as 

Mol-lic'-u-lus 

My-ro'-ni-des 

Ne-rat'-i-us 

Nos'-sis 

Me-nip'-pe 

Mid-e-a'-tis 

Mol'-on 

Myr'-rba 

Ne'-re-is 

Nos'-tia 

Me-nip'-pus 

Mi-dei'-a 

Mo-lor'-chus 

Myr'-si-lus 

Ne-rei'-us 

Nos'-ti-nwis 

Me-noch'-a-res 

Mi'-di-as 

Mn-los'-sus 

Myr'-sus 

Ne'-reus 

No-tbip'-pus 

Men-o-do'-rus 

Mi-go-ni'-tis 

Mol-pad'-i-a 

Myr'-ti-lus 

Ne'-ri-tus 

No-va-ti-a'-nus 

Me-nod'-o-tu9 

Mi-le'-tus 

Mol-pag'-o-ras 

Myi-'-tis 

Ner'-i-us 

No-va'-tu3 

Me-noe'-ceus 

Mi'-li-clius 

Mol'-pis 

Myr'-to 

Ner'-o 

No-vel'-li-us 

Me-nce'-tas 

Mil'-o 

Mo'-lus 

Myr-to-es'-sa 

Ner-u-li'-nus 

No-vel'-lus 

Me-noe'-tes 

Mi-16'-ni-a 

Mo'-mus 

Myr'-ton 

Ner'-va 

No-ven'-si-les 

Me-nce'-ti-us 

Mil'-tas 

Mo-nte'-ses 

Mys-cel'-lus 

Ne-sai'-a 

Nov'-i-us 

Me-nog'-en-es 

Mil-ti'-a-des 

Mo-ne'-ta 

Mf-si-a 

Ne-si-6'-tes 

Nox 

Men'-on 

Mi-mal'-lon 

Mon'-i-ma 

My' -son 

Xe'-so 

Nu'-ci-us 

Men-o-phan'-tns 

Mim'-as 

Mou'-i-mus 

My-ti-le'-ne 

Nes'-sus 

Nu'-ma 

Men'-sor 

Miin-ner'-mus 

Mon'-i-us 

Nes  -tor 

Nu-nie'-ni-us 

Men'-tes 

Min'-dar-us 

Mon-o-ba'-zus 

Nes-tor'-i-des 

Nu-mei-'-i-a 

Men'-to 

Min'-di-us 

Mo-noe'-cus 

Na-bar-za'-nes 

Nes-tor'-i-us 

Nn-nier-i-a'-nus 

Men -tor 

Mi-ner-va 

Mon-ta'-nus 

Nab-dal'-aa 

Ni-cse'-a 

Nu-mer'-i-us 

Me-nji'-lus 

Mi-ner-vi'-na 

Mo-nu'-ni-us 

Na'-bis 

Ni-CBe-ar'-chus 

Nu-nies'-ti-us 

Me-phi'-tis 

Mi-nid'-i-U9 

Mon'-y-chus 

Nab-o-nas'-sar 

Ni-cae'-as 

Nu-mi'-ci-us 

Mer-ca'-tor 

Min'-i-o 

Mop'-sus 

Nac'-ca 

Ni-Cffi'-ue-tus 

Nu'-nii-da 

Mer-cu'-ri-us 

Min'-i-us 

Mor'-cus 

Nae'-ni-a 

Ni-cag'-o-ras 

Nu-mid'-i-eus 

Me-ren'-da 

Ml'-nos 

Moi-'-i-iis 

Nae'-vi-a 

Ni-can'-der 

Nu-mid'-i-us 

Mer'-gns 

Mi-no-tau'-rus 

Mor'-mo 

Nse'-vi-us 

Ni-ca'-nor 

Nu-mis-i-a'-nus 

Mer'-i-cus 

Min-ta'-nor 

Mor-mol'-y-ce 

Na -mu'-sa 

Ni-car'-chus 

Nu-mis'-i-us 

Me'-ri-o-nes 

Min'-tha 

Mor'-plieus 

Nan'-ni-i 

Ni-car'-e-te 

Num'-i-tor 

Mer'-mer-us 

Mi-nu'-ci-a 

Mor'-pho 

Nan'-no 

Ni-ca'-tor 

Nu-mi-to'-ri-us 

Menn'-na-dse 

Mi-nn-ci-a'-nus 

Mor'-si-mus 

Nar-ca;'-us 

Ni'-ce 

Num'-mi-us 

Mer-o-bau'-des 

Mi-nu'-ci-us 

Mor'-y-chus 

Nar-cis'-sn« 

Ni-ce'-pho-rus 

Nu-mO'-ni-us 

Mer'-o-i)e 

Miii'-y-£E 

Mor'-zes 

Nar'-ses 

Ni-ce'-ra-tus 

Nyc-te'-is 

Mer'-ops 

Min'-y-as 

Mos-cbam'-par 

Nas'-a-mon 

Ni'-ce-ros 

Nye' -tens 

Mer'-u-la 

Mi-si 

Mos'-clii-on 

Nas'-ci-o 

Ni-ee'-tas 

Nyc-tim'-e-ne 

Mer-u-ll'-nus 

Mi-sag'-e-nes 

Mos-cho-pa'-lus 

Na-sen'-ni-us 

Ni'-ci-as 

Nym-pbid-i-a'-nus 

Me-ryl'-lus 

Mi-se'-ims 

Mos'-chus 

Na-si'-ca 

Ni-cip'-pe 

Nym-pbid'-i-us 

Mes'-a-teus 

Mi-sitli'-eus 

Mos'-tis 

Na-sid-i-e'-nus 

Ni-cip'-pus 

Nym'-pbis 

Mes-cin'-i-us 

Mi-tliifc'-cus 

Mo-tho'-ne 

Na-sid'-i-us 

Ni'-co 

Nym'-pbi-us 

Mes-o-me'-des 

Mith'-ras 

Mu'-ci-a 

Na'-30 

Ni-co-bu'-la 

Nym-plin-do'-ms 

,' 

Mes-sa-li'-na 

Mi-tlire'-nes 

Mu-ci-a'-nus 

Na-t^'-lis 

Ni-co-bu'-lus 

Nym-pliod'-o-ttis 

Mes-sa-li'-nus 

Mith-ri-da'-tes 

Mu-gil-la'-nus 

Nat'-ta 

Ni-cocb'-a-res 

Nyp'-si-us 

Mes-sal'-Ia 

Mith-ri-da'-tis 

Mul'-ci-ber 

Nau-bol'-i-des 

Ni'-coc-les 

Nf-sa 

Mes'-sa-peus 

Mi-tliri'-nes 

Mu'-li-us 

Nau'-bo-lus 

Ni-coc'-ra-tes 

Ny-see'-us 

Mes'-sa-pus 

Mitli-ro-bar-za'-nes 

Muni'-mi-a 

Nan-clei'-des 

Ni-coc'-re-on 

Ny-si'-a-des 

Mes-se'-ne 

Mit-ro-ba'-tes 

Mam'-mi-us 

Nau'-cra-tes 

Ni-co-da'-mu3 

Ny'-sus 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Ifames. 


677 


0-iir-scs 
O-ax'-es 
Ob'-la-clius 
Ob'-o-das 
Ob'-ri-niU3 
Ob'-se-qiieiis 
Ob-sid'-i-us 
Ob' -si -lis 
Ob-ul-tro'-ni-us 
O-ca-lei'-a 
Oc'-ci-a 
0-ce-an'-i*ded 
O-ce'-a-nus 
O-t-el'-la 
O-cel-lJi'-tse 
O-oel-li'-na 
0-ci;l'-lus 
Och'-i-mu3 
Och'-us 
Oc'-uus 
Oc'-re-a 
O-cri'-si-a 
Oc-tiV-vi-a 
Oc-ta-vi-a'-nus 
Oe-tiV-vi-us 
Oc-to-re'-uus 
O-cyd'-ro-iuus 
O-cyp'-e-te 
0-i:yr'-ho-e 
Od-e-na'-thus 
O-di'-tes 
Od'-i-us 
O-do-a'-cer 
O-dys'-seus 
(E-ag'-rus 
(E-ax 
Gi'-ba-lus 
ffi'-bfl-res 
(E-b(V-tas 
(E-cu-inea'-i-us 
(E'-di-pus 
tE-naii'-tUe 
(E'-iieus 
OE'-iii-as 
Oi'-no-e 

GC-iioiu-ar'-chus 
(E-uoin'-a-us 
(E-uO-ne 
(E-uop'-i-des 
Oi-uop'-i-ou 
(E-nof-ro-pa; 
GL-uo'-trus 
(E-<>-ba'-zu3 
(E-i:>-clus 
(E-[>r-y-cu3 
05-0' -nus 
Qi-sal'-ces 
■  CE-tor-i-ims 
tE-t<.xs'-y-ru3 
CE'-ty-lus 
O-fel'-la 
O-fel'-lus 
O-fi'-li-ua 
O-go'-a 
O-gul'-ni-iis 
O-gy'-ges 
O-gy'-gus 
O-i'-cles 
0-i'-leu3 
Ol'-bi-a-des 
O'-leu 
O-leii'-ni-us 
O'-leu-us 
Ol'-li-us 
Ol-o-pher'-nes 
Ol'-o-ius 
Ol'-tha-cus 
O-lyb'-ri-us 
O-lym'-Di-us 
0-lym'-pi-a-cu3 
O-lyiu'-pi-aa 
O-lyia'-pi-c'US 
O-lyui-pi-o-do'-rus 
O-lyin'-pi-on 
0-lyiii-jii-i>'.'*thL'-n('; 


O-lym'-pi-us 

Odyni'-pus 

O-lyn'-thi-us 

O-lyn'-thus 

0-nia'-di-u3 

O'-iiii-jia 

Oni'-bri-iims 

Om'-bri-U3 

Om'-pha-lo 

Om-phal'-i-ou 

0-na;'-thus 

O-nas-i-mO'-des 

0-iias'-i-mu3 

On'-a-sus 

O-ua'-tas 

Oii'-ca 

Ou-C£e'-us 

On-ches'-tus 

Ou'-cus 

O-ne'-sas 

On-e-sic'-ri-tus 

O-ne'-si-lus 

O-nes'-i-uius 

O-nes'-tes 

O-ne'-tor 

O-nom'-a-cles 

On-o-inac'-ri-tus 

On-o-mar'-chus 

On-o-mas'-tus 

On-o-sau'-der 

O-phel'-i-on 

O-phel'-i-us 

O-pIiel'-las 

O-phel'-tes 

Oph'-i-ou 

O-pil'-i-us 

O-pi'-ini-a 

0-px'-mi-U3 

Op'-i-ter 

Op-i-ter'-ui-uy 

Op'-la-cus 

Op'-pi-a 

Op-pi-aii'-i-cus 

Op-pi-a'-nus 

Op-pid'-i-us 

Op'-pi-us 

Op'-3i-us 

Op-ta'-tus 

O-ia-ta 

Or-bi-a'-na 

0i-bic'-i-U3 

Or-bil'-i-us 

Oi-'-bi-us 

Or-bo'-na 

Or'-chi-us 

Or-chiv'-i-us 

Or-choni'-e-uus 

Or-ci\''-i-us 

Or-dov'-i-ces 

O-ie'-a-des 

O-re'-as 

O-rei'-thy-ia 

O-res'-tes 

O-res'-theus 

0 -res-til' -la 

Or-get'-o-rix 

Or-i-ba'-si-iis 

O-rig'-e-nes 

O-ri'-on 

Or'-me-nus 

Or'-neus 

Or-no-do-pan'-t«s 

Or-ny'-ti-ou 

Or'-ny-tus 

O-ro'-des 

O-rce-ban'-ti-us 

O-roe'-ses 

O-rce'-tes 

Or'-o-lus 

O-rom'-e-don 

O-ron'-tes 

O-ron'-ti-us 

O-ron-to-ba'-tcs 

Or-o-pher'-nes 

O-iu'-si-us 


(tr'-plieus 

Or-pbid'-i-us 

Ot-'-phi-tUtt 

Or-sab'-a-ris 

Or-sil'-o-chus 

Or  -ta-lus 

Or-thag'-o-ras 

Or-.thi-a 

Or-ti-ag'-oa 

Or-tyg'-i-a 

Orx'-i-nes 

O-si'-ris 

O'-si-us 

Os'-ro-es 

Os'-sa 

Os-sip'-a-ga 

Os-to'-ri-iis 

O-ta-cil'-i-a 

O-ta-cil'-i-us 

O-ta'-ues 

Oth'-o 

O-tbo-ni-a'-nus 

Oth-ry'-a-des 

Oth-ry'-ueiis 

O-tre'-ra 

Of -reus 

O'-tus 

O'-tys 

O'-vi-a 

O-vid  -i-us 

O-vi'-iii-us 

6'-vi-u.s 

Ox'-a-tlives 

Ox-y-ar'-tes 

Ox-yd'-a-tes 

Ox'-y-lus 

Ox-yu'-tas 

Ox-ytU'-c-iuis 


Pa-ca'-ri-us 

Pa-ca-ti-fi'-uus 

Pa-cJl'-tu-la 

Pa-ca'-tus 

Pac-ci-a'-nus 

Pac'-ci-us 

Pa-ceu'-sis 

Paeh'-es 

Pa-cho' -mi-US 

Pa-cbym'-e-res 

Pac-i-a'-uus 

Pa-cid'-i-i 

Pa-ci!'-i-us 

Pa-co-Di-a'-nus 

Pa-cO'-ni-us 

Pac'-o-rus 

Pac'-ti-u8 

Pac'-ty-as 

Pa-cul'-ia 

Pa-cii'-vi-i 

Pa-cQ,'-vi-us 

Pae-an 

Pae-a'-ni-us 

p£e'-on 

Pis-6'-ni-a 

Pa^-o'-ni-us 

Pffi-ris'-a-des 

Pie-ti'-nus 

Pie'-tus 

Pag-a-sse'-us 

Pa -go  u' -das 

Pal-aj-ol'-o-gus 

Pa- 1  a;' -n  ion 

Pa-Iiie'-pha-tus 

Pa-la>s-ti'-nus 

Pal' -a- mas 

Pal-a-me'-des 

Pal-a-ti'-uuft 

Pal-es 

Pal-fu'-ri-us 

Pal-i-ca'-nus 

Pal'-i-cus 

Pal' -la -das 

Pa  1-1  ad' -i-us 

Pal-laii'-ti-a 


PaMuu'-ti-as 

Pal'-las 

Pal-ie'-ne 

Pal-le'<nis 

Pal' -lor 

Pal'-iiia 

Puiu'-iiif-nes 

Pam'-pliil-a 

PHin-pliir-i-das 

Paiii'-phi-his 

Pani'-phos 

Pain'-phy-lus 

Pain-prfp'-i-us 

Pan 

Pan-a-cij'-a 

Pau-a-cliai'-a 

Pa- 11  iv' -mis 

Pa-na;'-ti-us 

Pa-ua;'-to-lus 

Pa-mu'-us 

Pan' -a -res 

Pa-iiar'-e-tus 

Pan'-cra-tes 

Paii'-cia-tis 

Paii-c-rat'-i-us 

Pan' -da 

P;m-dai-'-e-OS 

Pan ' -da -r  us 

Pan-de'-nms 

Pan-di'-on 

Pan-di-on'-i-da: 

Paii-do'-ra 

Pan-do-rus 

Pan-dro-bos 

Pan -d  us 

Pan-hel-le-ni-us 

Paii'-i-des 

Pan-o-do'-rus 

Pan-oiii-phie'-us 

Pan'-o-pe 

Paii'-o-peus 

Pa-uO'-pi-uu 

Pa-nop'-tes 

Pan'-sa 

Pan-ta-cles 

Pan-tie'-nus 

Pan-tal'-e-un 

Pau-tau-chus 

Pan-tel'-e-us 

Pan-thei'-a 

Pan-thoe'-dus 

Pan'-tho-us 

Pan'-ti-as 

Pan-tu-le'-i-us 

Pan-ur'-gas 

Pa-ny-a-sis 

Pa- pee' -us 

Paph'-i-a 

Paph'-us 

Pa'-pi-a 

Pa'- pi -as 

Pa-pin-i-a'-nus 

Pa-pin'-i-us 

Pa-pi'-ri-us 

Pa' -pi -us 

Pap' -pus 

Pa -pus 

Pap'-y-lus 

Pa'-ra 

Par'-a-lus 

Par'-ca; 

Par' -d  us 

Pa-rO'-go-ios 

Pa-rei'-a 

Par' -is 

Pa-ris'-a-des 

Par-iueu'-i-des 

Par-men'-i-on 

Par -men- is' -c us 

Par'-me-noii 

Par-men'-sis 

Par'-uiys 

Par-nas'-sus 

Par-iie'-thi-us 

Par  nop'-i-us 


Pa-rO-ruus 

Pur-rbft  -si-uB 

Par-tlia-niuH'-ir-iii 

Pur-tba-iuatt'-pa-tos 

I^ar-tbeu'-i-a 

Par-theii-i-A'-D» 

Par-the-uiB 

Par-tlicn'-i-us 

Par-then-o-piu'-UB 

Par-tlion'-o-pe 

Par'-thtii-us 

Pa-rys'-a-tis 

Pas-clia-sl'-iiU8 

Pfi'-se-as 

Pii'-si-as 

Pa-si-coiiip'-sa 

Pa-sic'-ra-tes 

Pas' -i -das 

Pas-l-niu'-lus 

Pa-sin'-i'cus 

Pii'-si-on 

Pa-siph'-a^ 

Pa-siph'-i-lu8 

Pa-si])' -pi-das 

Pa-sit'-e-les 

Pa-sith'-e-a 

Pas-si  •^'•n  us 

Pas '-tor 

Pa-t«;'-L-i 

Pa-tsf'-cus 

Pat' -a -reus 

Pa-tel'-la 

Pa-tur-cu-lus 

Pa-tur'-nus 

Pa- 1  is' -c  us 

Pat-i-zei'-thes 

Pa-tri'-ci-us 

Pa-trob'-i-us 

Pa-troc'-les 

Pa-troc'-lus 

Pa-troph'-i-lus 

Pa-tro'-us 

Pa-tul'-ci-Ufl 

Pat'-zo 

Pau'-la 

Pau-li-a'-uu8 

Pau-Ii'-na 

Pau-li'-uus 

Pau'-lu-lus 

Pau'-lus 

Pau-san'-i-as 

Pau'-si-as 

Pau-si'-ras 

Pau-sis'-ti-a-tus 

Pau'-son 

Pax 

Pax-ai'-a 

Pax'-a-iiius 

Pa-zal'-las 

Pe-da'-ni-us 

Pe-dar'-i-tas 

Pe-da'-ri-us 

Ped-i-a'-uus 

Ped'-i-as 

Ped-i-as'-i-nius 

Ped'-i-us 

Ped'-o 

Pe-du-cic-a'-nus 

Pe-du'-cre-U8 

Pe'-ga-sus 

Pei-nu'-iis 

Pei-ron'-tlius 

Pfi'-ra-sus 

Pt'i-iO'-ne 

Pei-rith'-o-us 

Pci'-ro-os 

Pei-san'-der 

Pei-st'-nor 

Pei'-si-as 

Pei-sid'-i-ce 

Fei-sis4rat'-i-daj 

Pei-sis'-tra*tus 

Pel' -sou 

Pei-tliag'-o-raa 

Pei'-tho 


Pci-thun 

Pt'-lug  -i-us 

Pfl'-a-gon 

Pel-a-goii'-i-us 

Pf-lar  -gp 

Pe-laii'-ga 

l*L'-laf>  -gus 

Pe-lui  -dcs 

Pi'1-c-tbru  -ui-UB 

P6'-luub 

Pcl'-i-a-Ues 

Pel'-i-as 

Pe-lig'-iiU8 

Pcl'lun 

Ptil-lu'-ni-a 

Pcl-o-pei'-a 

Pe-lop'-i-d»a 

Pel' -ops 

Pel'-or 

Pe-nfi'-tes 

Pe-n6'-i-us 

Pe-nel'-e-os 

Pe-uel'-u-pe 

Pen-ctra'-lis 

Peu'-iius 

Pen-tud'-i-us 

Pen-tlies-i-ki'-ft 

Pen'-theus 

Pen'-tlii-lus 

Pen' -u -la 

Pep-a-gom'-e-nus 

Peph-re'-do 

Pe-prO'-iue-ue 

Pc-ra 

Pe-nt'-tbus 

Per-cen'-ui-us 

Per-dic'-cas 

Per'-dix 

Per-e-gri'-uus 

Pe-reu'-nis 

Pcr'-e-us 

Per'-ga-ioos 

Per'-ga-mus 

Per- i -an' -de  r 

Per-i-Ue'-a 

Per-i-clei'-tus 

Per'-i-clea 

Per-i-dyui'.e-uu3 

Pe-ric'-ly-tus 

Per-ic-tl'-o-ue 

Per-i-e'-res 

Pe-rig'-e-nes 

Per-i-la'-us 

Pe-iil'-Ius 

Per-i-nie'-de 

Per-i-nie'-des 

Per-i-me'-le 

Per'-i-phas 

Per-i-jilif'-tes 

Pe'-r<. 

Pe-rol'-la 

Per-pen'-na 

Per-per'-ua 

Pcr-pet'-u-us 

Per-sffi'«us 

Per'-se 

Per-se-i-des 

Per-seph'-o-ne 

Pei-'-ses 

Per' -sens 

Pei-'-si-cus 

Fer'-si*u8 

Per'-so 

Per'-ti-iiax 

Pes-cen'-iii-us 

Pes-si-uuD-Lia 

Pet'-e-os 

Pet'-i-cus 

Pe-til'-li-us 

Pe-ti'-nes 

Pet-o-sl'-rU 

Pe-tnc'-a 

Pe-trte'-us 

Pe-tre'-i-U3 

Pet-ri-chus 


678 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


IVtri-cnr'-Ui-us 

Pe'-tro 

Pe'-lron 

I'e-tro'-naa 

Pe-titV-ni-a 

Pe-tro-ni-ii'-nus 

Pe-trO'-iii-us 

Pe-tn>-sid'-i-us 

Pe'-trus 

Peu-ces'-tas 

Pcn-cet'-i-us 

Phac'-ra-sea 

Phw'-ax 

PliH-'-di-ma 

Plia-'-di-fiius 

Pbit'-don 

Phit-dra 

Phrt'  -dri-as 

Phit'-dnis 

Pbje'-i-nus 

P)i;e'-nion 

Pha*-nar'-c-te 

!'hje'-iie-as 

Phpe-nip'-pus 

P!)itn'-iia 

PJiK-n'-nus 

Plia'ti'-ops 

Pha-s'-tus 

Pha'-e-thon 

I'lia-e-tlinii'-ti-as 

PliO-f-Miu'-sa 

Pha-gi'-ta 

Pba-lse'-cus 

Phal'-a-crus 

Pha-Iaii-tlius 

Pbal'-a-ris 

Pbal'-ces 

Pbal'-i'-as 

Plia-le'-reus 

Pba-le'-i"i-ou 

Plifi-le'-nis 

Pba-li'-nus 

Plia  -nie-as 

Pbaii'-es 

Phaii'-i-as 

Pbaii'-o-cles 

Pha-n'tc'-ri-tus 

Phan-n-de'-iiius 

Pba-imd'-i-cus 

Pha-noin'-a-chu3 

Plia-iii's-tlie-ues 

Plian'-ivteus 

Pha-iiotir-e-a 

Pban-taa  -i-a 

Phan'-ton 

Pha'-on 

Pha-rac'-i-das 

Pba-ras'-nian-es 

Pl»a'-rax 

Pha-ris 

Phar-ma-cei'-a 

Pliar-inac'-i-des 

Pliar-na-ba'-zus 

Phar'-na-ces 

Pliar-na-pa'-tes 

Phar-na:* -pes 

Phar-mV-chus 

Pbar'-us 

Pbar->-g*'-a 

Pha'-sis 

Pha-yl'-lus 

Phe-ci-a'-nus 

Plie'-geus 

Phei'-di-as 

Phei-dip'-pi-des 

Phei-dip'-pua 

Phei'-don 

Phe-mi-us 

Phe-mon'-o-e 

Pben-e-us 

Pke-ra'-a 

Phe-rau'-las 

Plni'-e-clu8 

I'lie-itc'-ra-tes 

Phei-e-cy'-des 


Ptic-reu'-i-cus 

Pber'-cs 

Pbe-ie-ti-as 

Plier-e-ti'-ina 

Plie-re'-tus 

Phcr'-on 

Plie-rfi'-sa 

I'lii'-a-lus 

Phi-gal'-i-a 

Phig'-a-lus 

Phil'-a 

Pliil-a-del'-phus 

Phi-lse'-ni 

Phi-lte'-uis 

Pbi-lie'-us 

Pbil'-a-ger 

Phil-ag'-ri-us 

Phil-am'-nion 

Phi-lar'-e-tus 

PliJI-ar-gyr'-i-us 

Phil'-e 

Pliil'-e-as 

Pbi-le'-me-nus 

Phi-le'-nion 

Phi-le'-si-as 

Pbi-le'-si-«s 

Phil-e-ta-'-ius 

Phi-le'-tas 

Phi-le'-tes 

Pbi-leu'-me-iios 

Phil'-eus 

Phil'-i-a-das 

Phil'-i-das 

Phi-Iiu'-na 

Phi-li'-nus 

Pbi-lip'-pi-eus 

Pl)i-lip'-pi-des 

Phi-lip'-pus 

Plii-lis'-cus 

Phi-lis'-ti-ou 

Phi-lis'-tis 

Phi-lis'-tus 

PliiMa'-ti-us 

Phil'-Hs 

Pliil'-ly-va 

Phil'-o 

Pbi-loeh'-a-res 

Phil-o-<-har'-i-das 

Plii-loch'-o-rus 

Phil'-o-cles 

Plii-loc'-ra-tes 

Phi-lo(!-te'-tes 

Pliil-o-da-inei'-a 

Pliil-o-da'-inus 

Pliil-o-de'-nius 

Plii-lod'-i-ce 

Plii-lod'-o-tus 

Phi-loe'-ti-us 

Phi-log'-e-nes 

Pliil-o-la'-us 

Phi-lom'-a-clius 

Phil-o-iiia'-ter 

Phil-o-uie  -la 

Phil-o-ine-lei'-des 

Phil-o-me'-lus 

Phil-oni-nes'-tus 

Pliil-o-im'i'-sus 

Pliil'-on 

Phi-lon'-i-cus 

Phi-lon'-i-des 

Phi-loo'-o-e 

Phi-lon'-o-nie 

Phi-lon'-u-mus 

Phi-lop'-a-toi- 

Pliil'-o-pliron 

Phil-o-poe'-meii 

Phi-lop'-o-nus 

Pliil-o-st<ph'-a-nus 

Phil-o-stor'-gi-us 

Phi-los'-tra-tus 

Phi-lO'-U 

Plii-lo'-tas 

Phi-loth'-eus 

Pbil-o-ti'-nius 

Phi-lox'-e-nus 


Pliil-ti-zO'-c 

Pbil'-ti-as 

Pbi-hY-iiie-nus 

Phi-lns'-d-us 

Plii-Iyl'-li-us 

Phil'-y-ra 

Phi'-neus 

Pbiii'-ti-as 

Phlegf-oii 

Phleg'-y-as 

Plile'-on 

Phli'-as 

Pliob'-us 

Pbu'-cas 

Plio'-ci-on 

Pho'-i?us 

Pho-cyl'-i-des 

Phce-ba'-di-us 

Plioe'-be 

Plioe'-bi-das 

Phoe'-bus 

Phoe-nic'-i-des 

Phoe'-iiix 

Phol'-vis 

Phoi'-bas 

Phor-b*^'-nus 

Phor'-ci-des 

Pbor'-cus 

Phor-cyn'-i-des 

Plioi-'-iiii-on 

Pbor'-mis 

Pbo-iu-iieus 

Pbo-rO'-nis 

Phos'-pbo-rus 

Pho-ti'-nus 

Pho-ti-us 

Pliox'-i-das 

Plua-at'-a-ces 

Pbra-a'-tes 

Phitid'-inon, 

Phran'-za 

Phia-or'-tes 

Pliva-sa-or'-tes 

Phras'-i-us 

Pbiat-a-gQ'-ne 

Plirat-a-pher'-nes 

Phrix'-us 

Pliron'-tis 

Pbron'-ton 

Pbryg'-i-a 

Phry-gil'-lus 

Pliry'-lus 

Pbry-ne 

Phry'-nich-us 

Phry-nis'-cus 

Pbryii'-uis 

Pbry'-non 

Pbry'-nus 

Phthi'-a 

Pbtbi'-us 

Pbur'-nes 

Pbur-mV-tus 

Pliyl'-a-cus 

Pliy-lai'-chus 

Pby'-las 

Phy'-les 

Phy'-Ieus 

Phyl'-i-das 

Pliyl'-li-das 

Pbyl'-lis 

Phyl-lod'-o-ce 

Phy-iom'-a-chus 

Phys-a-dei'-a 

Phys'-si-as 

Phyt'-a-lus 

Phyt'-on 

Phyx'-i-u8 

Pic' -tor 

Pi-cum'-nus 

Pi'-ciis 

Pi'-er-i-des 

Pi'-er-us 

Pi'-et-as 

Pil'-i-a 

Pil'-i-us 


Pi-luin'-mis 

Piiii-jile'-ia 

Pi-iia'-ri-a 

Pi-na'-ri-us 

Pin'-dar-us 

Pin'-na 

Piti'-nes 

Piii'-iii-us 

Piii'-tbi-a 

Pi'-ims 

Pin'.y-tus 

Pi'-o-nis 

Pi' -pa 

Pi'-si-as 

Pi'-so 

Pi'-son 

Pis'-ti-us 

Pis' -ton 

Pis-tox'-e-nus 

Pit-a-iia'-tl8 

Pit'-a-ne 

Pitli-o-la'-us 

Pith'-on 

Pit'-i-o 

Pif-ta-cus 

Pit'-tbe-us 

P  if -y -re  us 

Pit'-ys 

Pi'-us 

Pix-o'-cla-rus 

Pla-cid'-i-a 

Pla<^'-i-dus 

Plac'-i-tus 

Pliie-tu'-ri-us 

Plag-u-le'-i-us 

Plan-ci'-na 

Plan'-ci-us 

Plaii'-cus 

Plan-ta 

Pla-iiu'-des 

Fla-tw'-a 

Plat'-o 

Pla-to'-iii-us 

Plat' -or 

Plau'-ti-a 

Plau-ti-a'-nus 

Plau-til'-la 

Plau'-ti-us 

Plau'-tus 

Plei'-a-des 

Ple'-i-ou-e 

Pleis-tae'-ne-tus 

Pleis-tar'-chvis 

Pleis'-the-iies 

Pleis-to'-a-nax 

Ple-min'-i-us 

Plem-nse'-us 

Pleii'-ni-us 

Ple-siin'-a-cbus 

Pleu-ra'-tus 

Pleri'-ron 

Plex-au'-re 

Plox-ip'-pus 

Plin'-i-us 

Plis-to-ni'-cus 

Ploc'-a-mus 

Plo-ti'-na 

Plo-ti'-nus 

PkV-ti-us 

Plu-tar'-clius 

Plu'-ti-ou 

Pin '-to 

Plu'-tou 

Plu'-tus 

Plu'-vi-us 

Pny-tag'-o-ras 

Pod-a-lei'-ri-us 

Po-ciar'-ces 

Po-dar'-ge 

Poe'-as 

Pte-man'-der 

Pw'*na 

Pu?'-ni-us 

Po-go-na'-tus 

Pol-e-iuar'-cbus 


Po-leiii'-i-us 

Po-lem'-o-cles 

Pol-e-moc'-ra-tes 

Pol'-e-inou 

Pol' -i -as 

Pol'-i-cbus 

Pnl'-i-eus 

Pol-i-or-ce'-tcs 

Pol'-is 

Pol'-i-tes 

Pol-i-ii'-cbos 

Pol' -la 

Pol'-les 

Pol'-lex 

P(il-li-a'-iius 

Pol'-li-o 

Pol'-lis 

PoMu'-tia 

Pol'-lux 

Po'-lus 

Pol-y-fe'-nus 

Pol-y-an'-tbes 

P<il-y-ii-ra'-tus 

Pol-y-ar'-cbus 

Pol-y-bi'-a-des 

Po-lyb'-i-us 

Pol-y-bce'-a 

Pol-y-bu'-tes 

Pol'-y-bus 

Pol-y-cil'-on 

Pol-y-car'-pus 

Pol-y-cas'-te 

Po-lycb'-a-res 

Pol-y-nliar'-mus 

Pol-y-clei'-tus 

Pol'-y-cles 

Pol-yc'-ra-tes 

Pol- ye' -tor 

Pol-yd'-a-iuas 

Pol-y-dain'-na 

Pol-y-dec'-tes 

Pol -y-deg'-i  noil 

Pol-y-deu'-ces 

Pol-y-do'-ra 

Pol-y-dO'-rns 

Pol-y-oi'-des 

Pol-y-ei'-dus 

Pol-y-euc'-tus 

Pol-yg-iiO'-tus 

Po-lyg'-o-nus 

Pol-y-byin'-ni-a 

Pol-y-i'-dus 

Pol-y-me'-de 

Po-ly-iiifc'-la 

Pol-ym-nes'-tus 

Pol-ym'-ni-a 

Pol-y-nei'-ces 

Pol-y-pe'-iimn 

Pol-y-pban'-tas 

Pol-y-plit'-inus 

Pol'-y-pbron 

Pol-y-po-e'-tes 

Pol-y-sper'-clion 

Pol-y-stepb'-a-nus 

Po-]ys'-tra-tus 

Pol-y-tech'-nus 

Pol-y-ti'-iiius 

Po-lyx'-e-na 

Po-lyx-en'-i-das 

Po-]yx'-e-mis 

Po-lyx'-o 

Pol-y-ze'-lns 

Po-mO'-iia 

Poiii-pae'-di-us 

Poin-pe'-i-a 

Pom-pe-i-a'-nus 

Pom-pe'-i-us 

Poni-pil'-i-us 

Poin-po'-ni-a 

Pom-pO'-iii-us 

Poin-po-si-a'-iius 

Poinp-ti'-nug 

Poin'-py-lus 

Pon'-ti-a 

Pon-ti-a'-nus 


Poii'-ti-cus 

Pnii-tid'-i-a 

Poti-tid'-i-us 

Piiii-ti-tic'-i-us 

Poii-til'-i-us 

Poii-tin'-i-us 

Pon'-ti-us 

Pon'-tns 

Po-pil'-li-a 

Po-pil'-lj-us 

Poit-u-lu'-iii-a 

Poi-'-ci-a 

Por-ci'-na 

Por'-ri-us 

Por-pbyr'-i-o 

Por-pbyr'-i-on 

Por-pbyr'-i-us 

Por-pliy-ro-gen'-i-tus 

Poi"'-ri-ma 

Por'-seii-a,  Por-se'-iia 

Por-tha'-oii 

Poi"-ti-ca'-nus 

Por-tvi'-nus 

Po'-rus 

Pos'-ca 

Po-sei-dip'-pus 

Po-sei'-don 

Po-sci-dn'-iii-us 

Po-si'-des 

Pos-sid'-i-us 

Pos'-sis 

Pos-tu'-ini-a 

Pos-tu'-ini-us 

Post-u-mu-le'-nus 

Post'-u-iiius 

Post-ver'-ta 

Post-vo'-la 

Po-taiii'-i-us 

Pot'-a-tiio 

Pot'-a-inon 

Po-thit'-us 

Po-thei'-ims 

Po-tbi'-nus 

Potb'-os 

Pot'-i-tus 

Po-to'-ne 

Prie-cil'-i-iis 

Prae-co-ni'-nus 

Prse-nes-ti'-iia 

Prai'-sens 

Pi-se-tex-ta'-tus 

Prat'-i-nas 

Prax-ag'-o-ras 

Prax-as'-pes 

Prax'-i-as 

Prax-id'-a-mas 

Prax-id'-i-ce 

Prax-il'-la 

Prax'-i-on 

Prax-ipli'-a-nes 

Prax'-i-tas 

Prax-it'-o-les 

Prax-itb'-e-a 

Prax-o 

Prec'-i-a 

Prec-i-a'-nus 

Prec'-i-us 

Prep-u-lfi'-us 

Pres'-bou 

Pre-sen-te'-i-us 

Pri'-a-inus 

Pri-a-pa'-ti-us 

Pri-ap'-us 

Pri-mi-geii'-i-a 

Pri'-mus 

Pi-is'-ca 

Pris-ci-iV-mis 

Pris-cil'-la 

Pris-cil-li-a'-uus 

Pris-ci'-nus 

Pris'-cus 

Pri-ver'-nas 

Pro-ai-rL'-si-us 

Prob'-a 

Prob'-us 


:s 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


679 


l*ioe'-as 

l'ioch'-i-4'us 

Pro-cil'-la 

Pro-cil'-li-us 

Pro-cil'-lus 

rio-clfi'-a 

Proc'-lts 

Proc'-lus 

Pi-oc'-ne 

Pro'Coji'-i-us 

Pioc'-ris 

Pro-crua'-tes 

Pro-cu-le'-i-us 

Proc'-u-lus 

Pn)d'-i-cus 

Pro-dO'-nis 

Prot-tus 

l'iiJiii-a-('li<ii'-ina 

PiDiu'-a-chus 

Pro-iiiath'-i-des 

Pro-inO'-theuB 

Pio-use'-a 

Pio-naj)'-i-des 

I'lO'-nax 

Pron'-o-e 

Pron'-o-mus 

Pron'-o-us 

PiO'-nu-ba 

Pro-per'-ti-us 

Pro-piii'-quis 

Pros-er'-pi-iia 

Pms'-per 

Pros-ta'-ti-us 

Pi'i-tat^-o-ras 

Piot-a-gor'-i-des 

Pro-tar'-chus 

Pi'T-te-as 

Pio-tes-i-la-us 

Piu'-teus 

Protli-o-e'-noi- 

Proth'-o-us 

Pro-to-ge-nei'-a 

Pro-tog'-e-nes 

Prot'-ys 

Piux'-e-uHs 

Pinx'-i-mus 

Pi  u-den'-ti-us 

Pru-si-as 

Pryt'-a-nis 

Psam'-a-tlie 
Paaiu-a-to-si'-ris 

Psain-nieii'-i-tus 

Psaiii'-mis 

Psain-iiiit'-i-clius 

Psa'-on 

Psel'-lus 

Psi'-ax 

Psil'-as 

P^^oph'-is 

P>y'-che 

Psy-chris'-tus  '. 

Pter'-as 

Pter'-e-las 

Ptol-e-niie'-us 

Ptol'-i-t'hiis 

Ptr.'-us 

Pu-blic'-i-a 

Pu-bljc'-i-us 

Pu-blic'-o-la 

Pti-bUr-i-a 

Pu-blil'-i-us 

Pfi'-bli-us 

Pu'-dens 

Pu-di-cit'-i-a 

Pul-cliel'-lus 

Pul'-cher 

Pul-cher'-i-a 

Pii'-lex 

Pul'-fi-o 

Pul'-lus 

Pul-vil'-ius 

Pu-pi-e-nus 
*     Pu-pil'-lus 

Pfi' -pi-US 

Pur-pu'-re-o 


Pu'-si-o 

Pj-g-nia.-'-tis 

Pyg-inal'-i-ou 

Pyg'-nion 

Pyl'-a-des 

Py-ia;'-nien-es 

Pyl'-as 

Py-rach'-mon 

Py-ra?c!»'-nies 

Py'-ra-mus 

Py-ran'-dcr 

Py-iei'-cus 

Py'-res 

Pyr-geo  -sis 

Pyr'-gi-ou 

Pyr-got'-e-Ies 

Pyr-i-laiii'-pes 

Py-rom-a-chu3 

Pyi-'-rha 

PjT'-rhi-as 

Pyr'-rhon 

Pyr'-rhus 

Py-th*'-ne-tus 

Py-thag'-o-ras 

Pyth-aii'-ge-lus 

Py-tha-ra'-tus 

ly-the-as 

i^-then 

Py-ther'-mon 

Py-tlier'-mus 

Fy'-thes 

Py-tbeus 

Py-thi-as 

Py-thi-on'-i-ce 

Py'-tliis 

Py-thi-us 

Py-tho-clei'-des 

Py'-tho-cles 

Py-thoc'-ri-tus 

Py-tho-da'-mus 

Py-thod'-i-cus 

Py-tho-do'-ris 

Py-tho-do'-rus 

Py-thon 

Py-thon'-i-cus 


Quad-ra-til'-la 

Quad-i-a'-tus 

Quad'-ri-froiis 

Qiiad-ri-ga'-ri-us 

Quar-ti'-n«s 

Quer-que-tu-la'-na; 

Qui'-es 

Qui-e'-tus 

Quin-ti-a'-nus 

Quin-til-i-a'-]ius 

Quin-til'-i-us 

Quin-til'-lus 

Quin'-ti-us 

Quin'-tus 

Qui-ri-na'-Iis 

Qni-ri'-nus 


Ra-bi'-ri-us 

Ra-bn'-ni-ua 

Ra-bu-!e'-i-us 

Ra-<;il'-i-a 

Ra-cil'-i-us 

Ra'-ci-ns 

Ra'-oi-us 

Ra-go'-nj-us 

Ral'-la 

Rarin'-mi-us 

Ram'-riTis 

Ram'-ses 

Ra'-ni-us 

Ra-vil'-la 

Re-bi'-]ns 

Re-car' -a-ii  us 

Re-cep'-tus 

Rec'-tus 

Re-dic'-u-Ius 

Red'-ux 


Re-ga-Ii-ii'-ims 

Re-gil'la 

He-giMcn'-8is 

Re-gil'-lus 

Re-gi'-nu« 

Ki.'g'-u-lus 

Reni'-ini-us 

Rem' -US 

Re-peii-ti'-nus 

Rc-po-si-a'-nus 

Res'-ti-o 

Rcs-ti-tiV-tus 

Rhad-a-iiian  -thiiB 

R)i:(d-a-]iiis'-tuii 

Rhani-niV-si-a 

Rham'-phi-a« 

Rbamp-siu'-i-tus 

Rbam'-ses 

RhiV-ri-as 

Rlias-cu-po-ri8 

Rhas'-cus 

Rh^-a 

Rhe-gi'-uus 

RhG'-gi-o 

Rhciii'-ni-us 

Rbe-o-inith'-ies 

Rhes-cu'-po-ris 

Rbe'-sns 

Rhe-t«  -uor 

Rliex-e'-nor 

Rbi-a-ims 

Rliin'-tlion 

Rh«r-e 

Rho-dei'-a 

Rliod-n-gu'-ne 

Rhod-'>ii 

Rhod-o-pe 

Rliod'-o-phou 

R  hod ''-o- pis 

Rliod'-us 

Rlne'-cus 

RhaMue-tal'-ces 

Rhoi'-n 

Rhoe-te'-i-a 

Rhce'-tus 

Rhop'-a-lus 

Ric'-i-nier 

Ro-bi'-giis 

RO'-iua 

Ro- II)  a' -BUS 

Ro-mil'-i-us 

Ro'-mu-bis 

RO'-mus 

Ros-cil'-lus 

R<)9'-ci-us 

Rt)-si-iV-nu3 

Rox-a'-na 

Rii-bel'-li-us 

Ru-bre'-iius 

Ru'-bri-a 

Ru'-bri-us 

Ru-Iil'-Ia 

Ru- til' -his 

Ru-fin-i-a'-nu8 

Ru-fi'-nus 

Ru'-ti-o 

Ru'-li-us 

Ru'-fo 

Ru'-fus 

Ru'-ga 

RuMi-;V-nus 

Rul'-lus 

Ru-iiiil'-i-a 

Ru-ini'-na 

Rmi-ci'-na 

Rfi'-pa 

Ru-pil'-i-UB 

Ru'-pi-u8 

Rns'-ca 

Rus'-ci-ns 

Rfi'-si-us 

Ru'-so 

Ru'-sor 

Rus-ti-a'-nus 

Rus-ti-cel'-li-us 


Riis-li-d-l'-lus 

Rus  -ti-cus 

Rus'-ti-us 

Ru-til'-i-a 

Ru-til'-i-us 

Ru'-ti-lus 


Sab'-a 

Sab'-a-ces 

Sab'-a-con 

Sa-ba-zi-UB 

Sab'-ba 

Sa-bel'-li-us 

Sa-bel'-lus 

i5a-bic'-tas 

Sa-bid'-i-us 

Sa-bi'-na 

Sa-bin'-i-a 

Sa-bin-i-a'-nus 

Sa-bi'-nus 

Sa-bri'-na 

Sab'-u-la 

Ha-bu'-ra 

8ab'-iis 

8ac-a-das 

>sac'-cus 

Sa-cer'-dos 

Sa-cra'-ti-vir 

Sa'-crn-vir 

Sad'-a-les 

iiad'-o-cus 

Sad-y-at'-tes 

Sae'-Ri-us 

Sse'-vj-us 

Sa-fin'-i-us 

Sag-a-ri'-tis 

Sa-git'-ta 

Sa'-i-tis 

Sa-Ia'-ci-a 

Sal'-a-cnii 

Sa-lae'-thus 

Sal'-a-mis 

Sa-las'-sus 

Ba-le-i-us 

Sal-gan'-eus 

Sal'-i-a 

Sal-i-e'-uus 

Sal-i-na'-tor 

Sal-Ins'-ti-us 

Sal-mo'-neus 

Sa-lu'-me 

Sa-lo'-ni-a 

Sa-lo-ni'-na 

Sa-lo-ni'-DUS 

Sa-lO'-ni-us 

Sal'-pi-on 

Sal'-ti-us 

Sa-lus'-ti-us 

Sal'-vi-a 

Sal -vi -a' -11  us 

Sal-vid-i-t'-nns 

Sal'-vi-us 

Sa-Iyn'-tbi-us 

Saiu'-i-a 

Sam-i-iis 

Sain-nnin'-i-cus 

Sam'-o-las 

8an-chu-ni'.-a-tbou 

San'-eus 

Sacc'-tus 

San'-da-cua 

San-(b"''-ces 

San-dro-cot'-tus 

San'-ga 

San -gar' -i- us 

San'-ni-o 

San-nyr'-i-ou 

San-quin'-i-us 

San'-tra 

Sa-o-con-da'-ri-u8 

Sa'-on 

Sap'-i-ens 

Sap'-pho 

Sar-an-te'-nus 


Sar'-o-pis 

Sar'-as 

8jir-dait-B-piL'-lu8 

Sar-do 

Sar  -duH 

Sar'-iiu-cU8 

Hat -ou 

Sa-ru'-iiis 

Sar-pf-'-don 

.Sar-po-don'-i-ft 

Sar'-i-a 

8ai-'-us  I 

Sa-ser'-na 

Sas-san'-i-dae 

Sa«'-si-a 

Sat'-a-ces 

!Sal-as'.pes 

Sat-i-lwir-zii'-iics 

Siit-ii-e'-nus 

Siit'-ri-U8 

Sat-u-re'4-us 

Sa-tu'-ri-us 

Sa-tur'-rii-a 

Sa-tur-nig'-e-iia 

Sa-tur-iii'-iHis 

Sa-tur'-ui-us 

Sa-lur'-nus 

Ha-tyr'-i-on 

Sa-tyr'-i-vis 

Saf-y-rus 

Sau-fc'-i-us 
Bau'-ras 

Sau'-ri-as 

Sau-ioin'-a-t*s 

Sa-vei'-ri-o 

Hax-a 

8ax'-u-la 

Scae'-a 

Sca:'-va 

Sca;-vi'-nua 

S(.*je'-vi-us 

Soe'-vo-la 

Sea-' -us 

tica-inan'-der 

Sca-uian'-dri-U8 

Scan'-ti-a 

Scan-til'-la 

Hcaii-ti'-ui-us 

Scaii'-ti-us 

Scap'-ti-us 

Scap'-u-Ia 

Scar'-pus 

Scau-ri'-nus 

Scau'-rus 

Scepb'-nis 

Scer-di-la'-i-das 

Sched'-i-u8 

Schoe'-neufl 

Bci'-pi-o 

Sci'-ras 

Bci'-ron 

•Sci-ro'-iii-des 

Sci'-rus 

Sfle'-ri-as 

Scop' -as 

BcO'-pa-sis 

Sco-pe-li-ii'-nus 

Scor-pi-a'-iius 

Scri-bo'-ni-a 

Scri-bo-ui-a-iiua 

Scri-bo'-ni-us 

Sen'.* -fa 

Scyl'-ax 

Soyl'-cs 

S.-yl'-la 

Scyl'-lis 

Sryiii'-iius 

Scyth'-es 

Hcytb-i-a-nus 

Scy-tbi'-iius 

Se-bo'-sus 

>>eb'-nis 

Se-cun-di'-iius 

Se-cun'-dus 

Se-dig'-i-lus 


Sc-dd'-li-ua 
bc-gufl'-U 

SC-gC8'-t<« 

Sc-get'-i-a 

S«g-l-niC*'-rus 

8«*g-i-muD'-dus 

Seg'-o-nax 

Se-ga'-li.us 

Se-JiV-iiua 

8e-le'-nc 

Se-lt'-nus 

Ik'-U'u'-ci-dae 

Se-lfu'-cua 

Se'-li-us 

Sel'-li-us 

Scin'-e-le 

So-iiu'-ra-inis 

Si^'-tiio 

Si^'-ninn 

8eiii-pro'-i)i-a 

Sc'-mus 

Sen'-e-ca 

Sc-nec'-i-o 

Sep'-pi-ua 

Scp-tic'-i-us 

Sep-til'-i-ua 

Sep-tim'-i-a 

Sep-tim-i-a'-nus 

Scp-tiiu'-i-U9 

bep-tim-u-lc'-i-us 

Scp-ti-mu3 

Se-pur-li-us 

Se-ques'-Ur 

Sc- ram' -bus 

8e-ra'-pi-a 

Se-ra'-pi-o 

Se-ra'-pi-on 

Se-ra'-pis 

Se-rc'-Tia 

Se-rp-ni-a -luis 

Se-rc'-iuis 

Ser'-gi-a 

Ser'-(ri-U8 

Ser'-iiio 

Ser-ra-iius 

Ser'-tor 

Scr-tn'-ri-ua 

8(.'r-\  te'-us 

Ser-vi-a'-uus 

Ser-vil'-i-a 

Ser-vil-i-a'-nus 

StT-vil'-i-us 

Ser-vi-us 

>M.'-sos'-tris 

Ses'-ti-us 

SeOi'-oii 

Seu-tht's 

Se-ve'-ra 

S*-ve-ri-a'-nus 

Sc-vc-ri'-na 

Sp-vf'-ms 

Sex  -tia 

Sex-til'-i-a 

Sex-til'-i-us 

Sex'-ti-us 

iSex'-tus 

Si-bu'-ri-us 

Sibyl'-la 

Si-byii'-ti-us 

Si-bjT'-ti-us 

Si-ca'-nns 

Sic'-ca 

Sic'-ci-us 

bi-cha'-u8 

Si-cin'-i-us 

Si-cin-ims 

Sic'-u-Uis 

Sic'-y-ou 

Si'-da 

Si-de'-ro 

Si-do'-iii-ua 

Sig-o-ve'-soa 

Bi-la'-na 

Si-lfi'-ni-on 

Si-la'-nus 


6H. 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 

3i-leii-ti -V-ri-us 

So- sip' -pus 

Stlien'-e-le 

Tan'-a-gra 

Te'-nes 

The-o-dec'-t«s 

Si-le'-ims 

Sf>'-s= 

Sthen'-e-lus 

Tan'-n-quil 

Ten'-nes 

The-od'-o-fus 

8i-lic'-i-us 

So-sis'-tra-tus 

St»ien'-is 

Tan'-ta-lus 

Te-rani'-bus 

The-o-do'-ra 

Sil'-i-* 

So-sith'-eus 

Stlien'-i-us 

Ta-im'-si-i 

Te-ren'-ti-a 

The-o-do-re'-tus 

Sn'-i-us 

Sns'-i-us 

Sticli'-i-us 

Ta-nu'-si-u8 

Tc-ren-ti-a-nus 

The-o-dn-ri'-cus 

Sil'-hix 

Sos'-pit-a 

StiT-be 

Tapli'-i-us 

Ter-en-til'-la 

The-o-do'-ri-das 

Sil'-o 

Sos'-tlie-nes 

Stil'-i-chc 

Tap'-po 

Ter-en-til'-lus 

The-o-do'-rus 

Sir-US 

Sos'-tra-tus 

Stil'-o 

Tap'-pu-lus 

Te-ren'-ti-us 

The-o-dG'-si-us 

Sil-v;V-mis 

So'-sus 

Stil'-po 

Tar'-a-cns 

Te'-res 

The-od'-n-ta 

Sil'-vi-us 

So'-ta-des 

Stim'-u-la 

Ta-ran'-tus 

Te'-reus 

The-o-dr.'-ti-us 

Sim-a-nV-tus 

So-tei'-ra 

Sti'-pax 

Tar' -as 

Te-ril'-lus 

The-od-o-tus 

Siin'-e-oti 

So'-ter 

Sto-bse'-us 

Ta-ra'-ti-a 

Tei-'-mi-nus 

Tlie-og'-e-ues 

.Siin'-i-lis 

So-te'-ri-chus 

Stol'-o 

Ta-rax-ip'-pus 

Ter-pan'-der 

The-og-ne'-tus 

Sim'-nii-iii* 

So-te'-ri-cus 

Stom'-i-us 

Tar-ehe' -si-US 

Terp'-iius 

The-og'-nis 

Him'-o-is 

So-te'-ri-das 

Stiab'-ax 

Tar-che'-ti-us 

Terj>-sich'-o-re 

The-og-nos'-tus 

8i-nio'-ni-de9 

So'-ti-on 

Strab'-o 

Tar'-ron 

Tcri'-si-cles 

"■  The-ol'-y-tus 

Shn'-plex 

So-zom'-e-nus 

Stra-te-go-pu'-lus 

Tar-con-diin'-o-tus 

Terp'-si-on 

The-om'-e-don 

Sim-plic'-i-us 

Spar-ga-pi'-ses 

Strat'-i-us 

Tar-pa 

Ter-ra-sid'-i-us 

The-o-mes'-tor 

Si'-iuu-lus 

Spar'-sus 

Strat'-o-cles 

Tar-pe'-i-a 

Tei-'-ti-a 

The-om-nas'-tus- 

Si' -111  us 

Spar'-ta 

Strat'-o-las 

Tar-quin'-i-us 

Ter'-ti-us 

The-om-nes'-tus 

SI'- 11  is 

Sj.ar'-ta-cus 

Straf-on 

Tar-quit'-i-us   ■ 

Ter-tul-li-a'-nus 

The'-on 

3iu'-tia-ces 

Spar-ti-a'-nns 

Strat-o-ni'-ce 

Tar -run -te' -nus 

Ter-tul-li'-nus 

The-on'-das 

Siii'-o-e 

Spar'-tou 

Strat-o-ni'-cus 

Tar'-ta-rus 

Ter-tul'-lus 

The-on'-o-e 

Siii'-nu 

Spei'-o 

Strat'-tis 

Ta-nV-ti-us 

Tes'-ta 

The-oph'-a-ne 

Si-nfV-pe 

Spen'-di-us 

Strom-bicli'-i-des 

Tas-ge'-ti-us 

Te'-thys 

The-oph-a-nes 

Sip'-y-Ius 

Spen'-don 

Stron-gyl'-i-on 

Tat-i-a'-nus 

Tet'-ri-cus 

The-o-phi-lis'-cus 

8i-py!-'-rhi-caa 

Spe-ra'-tus 

Strop!  I'-i-us 

Tat' -i -us 

Tet'-ti-us 

The-oph'-i-lus 

Si-re'-nes 

Sper-chei'-us 

Struc'-tus 

Tau'-re-a 

Teu'-cer 

The-o-phras'-tus 

Si-ric'-i-us 

Sper'-thi-as 

Stru'-thas 

Tau'-re-us 

Teu'-ta 

The-o-phy-lac'-tus 

Si-ro'-na 

Speu-sip'-pus 

Stym-pha'-li-des 

Tau'-ri-ca 

Teu-ta-mi-as 

The-o-pom'-pus 

Si-sam'-nes 

Sph;t'-rus 

Styin-plia'-lus 

Tau-ri'-nus 

Teu'-ta -mus 

The-op'-ro-pus 

Si-seii'-na 

Sphod'-ri-as 

Su'-bu-lo 

Tau-ri-on 

Teu'-ta-rus 

The-o-seb'-i-a 

Sis'-i-nes 

Spin'-tha-rus 

Su-e'-di-us 

Tau-ris'-cus 

Tpu'-tliras 

The-o-ti'-mns 

Sis-y-gam'-bis 

Spin'-ther 

Su-e'-ti-us 

Tau-ro-ceiih'-a-lu3 

Teu-ti'-a-plus 

The-ox'-e-na 

Sis'-y-plms 

Spith-ri-da'-tes 

Su-e-to'-ni-us 

Tau-rop'-o-lis 

Tefi-ti-cus 

The-ox-C'-nl-us 

Si-tal'-ces 

8pi-tyn'-chas 

Su-fe'-nas 

Tau'-rus 

Tha-is 

The-ox'-e-nus 

Sl'-thon 

Spod'-i-us 

Su'-i-das 

Tax'-i-les 

Thal'-a-mus 

The-ox'-o-tus 

Si'-to 

Spon'-gi-a 

Sul'-ca 

Ta-yg'-e-te 

Tha-las'-sa 

The-ram'-e-nes 

Sit'-ti-us 

Spon-si-a'-niis 

Sul'-la 

Teb'-rus 

Th  a -las' -si -us 

The-rap'-ne 

Six'-tus 

Spoi'-us 

Sul-pic'-i-a 

Tec-mes'-sa 

Thn-lei'-a 

The'-ras 

Smei'-tlis 

Spu-rin'-na 

Sul-pic-i-a'-nus 

Tec-tte'-us 

Tlial-e-l*'-us 

The'-ri-eles 

Smer-Llom'-e-nes 

Spu-ii'-nus 

Snl-pic'-i-us 

Teg-e-a'-tes 

Thal-es 

The-rim'-a-chus 

Smi'-lis 

Spur'-i-us 

Sum-ma' -nus 

Teg'-u-Ia 

Tha-le'-tas 

The-rod'-o-ma 

Sniin'-theus 

Squil'-la 

Su'-per-a 

Te-gyr'-i-us 

Tha-le'-tis 

Ther'-mus 

Smyr'-ua 

Squil'-lus 

Su-per'-bus 

Tei-re'-si-as 

Tha-li'-a 

The'-ro 

So-;i.- -mus 

Sta-be'-ri-us 

Su-per-i-a'-nus 

Tel'-a-mon 

Tlial'-lo 

The'-ron 

8(V-clc,s 

Stad'-i-eus 

Sfi'-ra 

Tel'-chin 

Thal'-lus 

Ther-san'-der 

So'-cra-tes 

Stal'-li-us 

Sur-din'-i-us 

Tel-chi'-nes 

Thal'-na 

Ther-si-tes 

So?' -Ill  is 

Staph' -y-lus 

Su-re'-nas 

Te-leb'-o-as 

Thal'-pi-ns 

■  The'-seus 

So-fo'-iii-us 

Sti-saii'-der 

Su-sa'-ri-on 

Te-le-clei'-des 

Tham'-y-ris 

The-sini'-e-nes 

Sog-ili-.-i'-iius 

8ta-s:V-nor 

Sf-a-ger 

Te'-Ie-cdes 

Tliam'-y-rus 

Tlies'-mi-a 

So-li'-nus 

Stas'-e-as 

Sy-clise'-us 

Te'-le-clus 

Tlian'-a-tos 

Thes-pei'-a 

Sol' -on 

Sta-sic'-ra-tes 

Sy-en'-ne-sis 

Te-leg'-o-nus 

Thau'-ma-cus 

Thes'.pis 

SO'-mis 

Sta-si'-nus 

Syl-va'-nus 

Te-leni'-a-chus 

Thau'-mas 

Thes'-pi-us 

Som'-nus 

Stas'-i-OB-cus 

Syl'-vi-us 

Te-lem'-nas-tus 

Tlie-a'-te-tus 

Thes-sa-lo-ui'-ce 

So'-pat-er 

9ta-sip'-pus 

Sy-me 

Te'-le-nius 

The-ag'-e-nes 

Thes'-sa-lus 

So-ph«'-ne-tus 

Sta-tei'-ra 

Sym'-ma-chus 

Te-le-ni'-cus 

The-a'-ges 

Thes'-ti-us 

Sn-pliag-a-se'-nus 

Sta-ti-a'-nus 

Sym-pns'-i-ns 

Tel'-e-on 

Tlie-a'-uo 

Thes'-tor 

' 

Sw'-plia-nes 

Sta-til'-i-a 

Syn-cel'-lus 

Te-leph'-a-nes 

Tlie-ar'-i-das 

Thet'-ls 

I 

Sopli'-i-a 

Ste-til'-i-us 

Sy-ne'-si-us 

Tel-e-phas'-sa 

The-ar'-i-des 

Theu'-das 

Snph-i-a'-nus 

Sta-ti'-nus 

Syn'-no-on 

Te'-le-phus 

The'-be 

Thim'-bron 

80'-phi-lus 

Sta'-ti-us 

Syn'-ti-pas 

Tel'-es 

Thei'-a 

This'-be 

8oph'-o-cIes 

Stat'-or 

Syn'-tro-phus 

Tel-e-sar'-chi-des 

Tliei'-as 

Tho'-ou 

So-phon'-i-as 

Sta-to'-ri-us 

Syph'-ax 

TeUe-sai-'-chus 

Tliei'-o-das 

Tho-ra'-ni-us 

Soph-o-nis'-ba 

Stau-va'-ci-us 

Syr'-i-a-cus 

Te-Ies'-i-as 

Thei'-so-a 

Thu'-rax 

8opii'-ron 

Stel'-la 

Syr-i-a'-nus 

Te-les'-i-cles 

Thelx-i'-on 

Thras'-e-a 

8nph-ro-nis'-cu3 

8ter-li-o 

Syr'-inx 

Tel-e-sil'-la 

Them' -is 

Thras'-i-us 

8o-phron'-i-U3 

Sten'-i-us 

Syr" -mus 

Tel-e-si'-nu3 

Them'-i-son 

Thras'-on 

r 

8opIi'-us 

Sten'-tor 

Syr'-us 

Tel-e-sip'-pa 

The-mis'-ta 

Thra-snn'-i-des 

<^ 

8up'-o-lis 

Sten-y-cle'-rus 

Tel'-e-sis 

Them-is-tag'-o-ras 

Tliras'-y-as 

8<'p'-y.lis 

Steph'-a-nus 

Tel'-e-son 

The-mis'-ti-us 

Thras-y-bu'-lu3 

3o-ra'-nus 

Ster-cu-li-us 

Tab'-a-lus 

Te-lc8'-pho-ru5 

The-mis'-to 

Thras-y-dai'-us 

So-ro'-ri-a 

Ster'-o-pe 

Tac-fa-ri'-nas 

Te-les'-tas 

The-mis-to-clei'-a 

Thra-syl'-la 

8o.san'-der 

Stei-'-o-pes 

Tac'-i-ta 

Te-leu'-ti-as 

The-mis'-to-cles 

Thra-syl'dus 

8ns' -i -a 

Ster-tin'-i-us 

Tac'-i-tus 

Te'-li-nes 

Tliem-is-tog'-e-ues 

Thrn-sym'-a-chus 

8os-i-a'-nus 

Ste-sag'-o-ras 

Ta-con'-i-des 

Tel'-lin 

The-mis'-tus 

Thras-y-me'-des 

Sos'-i-as 

Ste-san'-der 

Tse'-na-rus 

Tel'-lus 

The-o-chres'-tus 

Thu'-cies 

8u-sili'-i-ns 

Ste-sich'-o-rus 

Ta -las' -si-US 

Tel-mis' -si-US 

The'-o-cles 

Thu-cyd'-i-des 

SO'-si-rles 

8te-si-clei'-de3 

Tal'-a-us 

Tel-phu'-sa 

The-oc'-li-us 

Thu-dip'-pus 

So-sic'-ra-tes 

Ste'-si-cles 

Ta-lei  -des 

Te'-lys 

The-o-clym'-e-nus 

Thu-gen'-i-des 

So-si^^-e-nes 

Ste-sim'-bro-tus 

Tal'-na 

Te-men'-i-dae 

The-o-cos'-mus 

Thri'-"ro 

So-si'-nus 

Sthei'-no 

Tal-thyb'-i-us 

Tem-en-i'-tes 

The-oc'-ra-tes 

Thy-as 

So-sip'-a-ter 

Sthe-ne-boe'-a 

Ta-mis'-i-u3 

Tem'-e-nus 

The-oc'-ri-nes 

Thy.ps'-tes 

So-siph'-a-nes 

Sten-e-la'-i-das 

Tam'-os 

Temp-sa'-nus 

The-oc'-ri-tus 

Thym-br;p'-us 

8o-.sip'-o-lis 

Stlieii'-e-Ias 

Tam'-phi-lu» 

Ten'-er-us 

The-o-cy'-des 

Thym'-e-le 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


GHl 


Tliym'-i-lus 

T!iy-"'^>ch'-a-ro» 

Tliy-mce'-tcs 

Thy-inon'-tlas 

Thy-o'-ne 

Thy-O'-ncus 

Tliy-i»hei'-ti-des 

Thyi'-svis 

Thy'-us 

Tib-ev-i'-uus 

Ti-bC''-ri-us 

Ti-lKe'-tes 

Ti-biil'-lus 

Ti-buv'-ti-us 

Tic'-i-da 

Ti-L-iii'-i-ud 

Ti-gel-li'-uus 

Ti-gel'-li-us 

Ti-gra-nes 

Til'-li-us 

Til-phu'-sa 

Ti-ni£e'-a 

Ti-mse'-ne-tufl 

Ti-mse'-us 

Ti-niag'-e-nes 

Ti-ma-gen'-i-das 

Ti-raa-gen'-i-des 

Ti-mag'-o-ras 

Ti-maii'-dra 

Ti-raan'-tlies 

Ti-mai'-chi-des 

Ti-mar'-chii3 

Ti-iaai-'-e-te 

Ti-uuV-si-oii 

Tim-a-sith'-e-us 

Ti-iiia' -si-US 

Ti-me-si-as 

Ti-inoch'-a-re3 

Ti-moch'-a-ris 

Tim-o-clei'-a 

Tim'-o-cles 

Ti-iuoc'-ra-tes 

Ti-moe'-re-ou 

Ti-moc'-ri-ttis 

Tim-o-la'-us 

Ti-iiiol'-e-on 

Ti-iuom'-a-chus 

Ti'-iiion 

Ti-mo'-uax 

Ti-mu'-ui-des 

Ti-moph'-a-iies 

Ti-mos'-the-nes 

Ti-mos'-tra-tus 

Ti-inoth'-e-us 

Ti-raox'-e-nus 

Tiu'-ca 

Ti'-phys 

Ti-ie'-si-as 

Tir-i-ba'-zus 

Ti-ri-da'-les 

Ti'-ro 

Ti'-i-yns 

Ti-sag'-o-ras 

Ti-sam'-e-niis 

Ti-san'-der 

Tl'-si-as 

Ti-sic'-ra-tes 

Ti-si-e'-nus 

Ti-siph'-o-ne 

Ti-siph'-o-nus 

Ti-sip'-pus 

Tis-sa-pher'-nes 

Tl'-tan 

Ti-ta-re' -si-US 

Ti-tho'-nus 

Ti-thoi-'-e-a 

Ti-thiaus'-tes 

Tit-i-a'-na 

Tit-i-a'-riU3 

Tit'-i-as 

Ti-tid'-i-us 


Ti-tin'-i-a 

Ti-tin-i-a'-nus 

Ti-tin'-i-us 

Tit' -i -ITS 

Ti-tiV-ri-us 

Ti-tuv'-ni-us 

Tit'-us 

Ti-tyr-U5 

Til-y-us 

Tle-pol-e-mus 

TmO'-lus 

Tol'-mi-des 

To-lum -ni-us 

Tol-y-uus 

Tom'-y-ris 

Ton-gil'-i-us 

To-ran'-i-us 

Tor-qua'-ta 

Tor-inuV-tus 

Tox'-eus 

Tox-ot'-i-us 

Trab'-e-a 

Tra-cha-lus 

Tra-gis'-cus 

Tra-ja'-nus 

Tram- be' -1  us 

Tran-quil-li'-na 

Trau-quil'-lus 

Trau'-lus 

Tre-bat'-i-us 

Tre-bel-U-a'-nus 

Tre-bel-li-e'-uus 

Tre-bel'-li-us 

Treb'-i-us 

Tre-bo-ni-a-nus 

Tre-bo'-ni-us 

Tre-mel'-li-us 

Treia'-u-lus 

Tri-a'-ri-a 

Tri-a'-ri-us 

Tri-bo-ni-a'-nus 

Tri-bu'-nus 

Tric-fi-a'-nus 

Tri-cip-i-ti'-nus 

Tri-co-lu'-nus 

Tri-cos'-tus 

Tri-geu/-i-nus 

Trig-i'-iiCi'-a 

Tri'-o-pas 

Triph'-y-lus 

Trip-tnl'-e-nius 

Tri-t*'-a 

Tii-taii'-nus 

Tri-tan-taidi'-mes 

Tri'-ton 

Tri-tu'-nis 

Troe'-zou 

Trog'-us 

Tro'-i-lus 

Tropli'-i-lu3 

Troph'-i-mus 

Tro-pho'-ni-us 

Try-pbie'-na 

Tryph'-er-u9 

Ti7ph-i-o-d6'-ru3 

Tryph-o-ni'-nus 

Tu-ber-o 

Tu-ber'-tUR 

Tub'  u-Ui9 

Tuc'-ca 

Tuc'-ci-a 

Tuc'-ci-ua 

Tu-dic'-i-us 

Tu-di-ta'-nu9 

TiV-gi-o 

Tul-li-a 

Tul-li'-nus 

Tul'-li-us 

Till -1  us 

Tu-ra'-ni-U3    . 

Tur-bo 


Tur'-ci-us 

Tui'-diis 

Tur'-i-a 

Tu-rib'-i-us 

Tur'-i-us 

Tur'-nus 

Tur-pil'-i-a 

Tur-pil-i-a'-nus 

Tur-pil'-i-us 

Tur'-pi-o 

Tur-nV-ni-us 

Tur-ri'-nus 

Tui-rus 

Tur-se'-H-us 

Tu-nil'-U-us 

Tus-ci-;V-nus 

Tus-cil'-i-us 

Tus'-cus 

Tu-te-U'.na 

Tu'-ti-a 

Tu-ti-ca'-nus 

Tu-til'-i-us 

Tu'-ti-us 

Tu'-tor 

Tych'-e 

Tycb'-i-cus 

Tych'-i-us 

Tych'-ou 

Ty'-deus 

Tyiii'-nes 

Tyni'- pan-US 

Tyu-dar'-eus 

Tyn-dar'-i-on 

Ty-phi£'-us 

Ty'-phon 

Ty-raii'-ni-on 

Tyr-i-as'-pes 

Ty'-ro 

Tyr-ihe'-nus 

Tyr'-rbeus 

Tyr-t'.e'-us 


U-cal'-e-gon 

Ul-pi-a'-nus 

Ul'-pi-us 

Ul'-tor 

U-lys'-ses 

Uin-bie'-nus 

Um-brie'-i-u3 

Um-bro'-ni-us 

Um-mid'-i-a 

Um-niid'-i-us 

U'-pis 

U'-rau-i-a 

U-iau'-i-us 

U' -rail -us 

Ur'-bi-ca 

U  r-bic'-i-us 

Ur'-bi-cus 

Ur-gu-la'-ni-a 

Ur-gu-la-nil'-la 

Ur-sa'-iii-us 

Ur-si-ci'-nu3 

Ur'-sus 


Vac'-ca 

Vac'-cus 

Va-cu'-na 

Val'-ens 

Val-en-tin-i-a-nus 

Va-len-ti'-iius 

Va-ku'-ti-us 

Va-lei'-i-a 

Va-ler-i-a'-nus 

Ya-lei'-i-us 

Yal'-gi-us 

Val'-li-ua 

Vau'-gi-o 

Van'-ui-US 


Va-r;V-iies 

Va-re'-nus 

Yar'-gu-lft 

Vur-gun-te'-i-us 

Va-ril'-i-a 

Var-i-sid'-i-us 

Var'-i-us 

Var'-ri-us 

Vai*'-ro 

Var-ro-ni-ii'-uus 

Va'-rus 

Vat'-i-a 

Va-ti-ciV-ftUS 

Va-tiu'-i-us 

Vec'-cus 

Vcc-ti-e'-nus 

Veu'-ti-us 

V«'-di-ua 

Ve-get'-i-ua 

Ve-hil'-i-us 

Ve-i-:V-ui-US 

Ye-i-an-tiV-nus 

Ye-i-en'-to 

Yej'-o-vis 

Ye-la'-ni-u» 

Vel'-e-da 

Ye'-li-us 

Vel-le'-i-u3 

Yel-lo-ca'-tus 

Ve-ni'-li-a 

Yen' -no 

Ven-no'-ni-us 

Yen-tid'-i-us 

Yen-u-le'-i-a 

Yen-u-le'-i-us 

Yen' -us 

Ye-nus'-tus 

Ye-nu'-ti-us 

Ye-ra'-ni-a 

Ve-ra'-ni-us 

Ve-ra'-ti-us 

Ve'-rax 

Ver-ciu-get'-o-rix 

Ver-gas-il-Iau'-nus 

Ver-gil-i-a'-nus 

Ver-gil'-i-us 

Yer-gob'-re-tus 

Ye-ri'-na 

Yer'-inin-a 

Yei-'-res 

Yer'-ri-us 

Yer-ru-cO'-sus 

Ver-ti-cor'-di-a 

Yer-tum'-nus 

Yer-u-dos'-ti-us 

Yer-u-la-na 

Yer-u-la-nus 

Ve'-rus 

Yes-cu-la-ri-us 

Yes' -pa 

Yes-pas-i-a'-uus 

Ves-pas'-i-us 

Ves-pil'-lo 

Ves'-ta 

Ves'-ti-a 

Ves-til'-i-us 

Ves-ti'-nus 

Yes-tor'-i-us 

Yes-tiit'-i-us 

Ves'-tri-us 

Ve-til'-i-us 

Yet-ti-e'-nu3 

Vet'-ti-U9 

Vet-u-U'-nus 

Ve-tul'-i-o 

Ve-tu'-ri-a 

Ve-tu'-ri-u3 

Yet' -us 

Yi-ben'-na 

Vi-bid'.i-a 

Vi-bid'-i-us 


Yib-i-ij'-nurt 

Yi-bil-i-us 

Vib'-i-us 

Vib-u-IiV-nus 

Yib-u-le'-nu!* 

Vi-bul'-li-us 

Yic-a 

Vic'- tor 

Vic-to'-ri-a 

Vic-to-ri'-nus 

Vic-to'-ii-us 

Yic'-trix 

Yi-gel'-li-us 

Vi-gil'-i-us 

Yil'-Ii-us 

Yin-cen'-ti-us 

Yin' -d  ex 

Yin-dic-i-a-nus 

Yin-dic'-i-us 

Vin-dul'-lus 

Vi-nic-i-a-nus 

Yi-nic'-i-us 

Viii'-i-us 

Yi'-o-lens 

Vip-stV-ni-a 

Yip-sa-ni-us 

Yii'-bi-us 

Yir-diiiii'-a-rus 

Vir-gil-i-a'-nus 

Vir-gil'-i-us 

Yir-gi'-ui-a 

Vir-gi'-ni-us 

Yir-i-a'-thus 

Vir-i-doni'-a-rus 

Yir-i-pla'-ca 

Yir'-i-u3 

Yii-'-tus 

Yis-cel-U'-nu3 

Vis-e'-i-us 

Vi-seV-li-us 

Yi-sid'-i-us 

Yis'-o-lus 

Vi-tal-i-a-nus 

Yi'-tal-is 

Vi-tel-U-a-uus 

Yi-t«r-li-us 

Vit'-i-a 

Yi-tra'-si-ua 

Yi-tru'-vi-us 

Vit'-u-lus 

Vir-i-a'-nus 

Yo-cO'-ni-us 

Voc'-u-la 

Yo-la-ci'-nus 

Vol-ca'-ti-us 

Yol'-e-ro 

Vol'-e-sus 

Yol'-ni-us 

Yo-log'-e-ses 

Yol'-sci-us 

Yo-hini'-ni-us 

Vo-lup'-i-a 

Yo-lu-se'-nus 

Yo-lu-si-a-nus 

Vo-UV-si-us 

Vol'-u-sus 

Yol-u-ti'-na 

Vo-no'-ues 

Yo-pis'-cus 

Vo-ra-nus 

Yo-ti-e'-nus 

Vul-ca'-nus 

Vul-ca'-ti-us 

Vul'-so 

Yul-te'-i-U3 

Vul-tur'-ci-us 


Xan'-the 

Xan'-thi-cles 

Xau'-thip'-pe 


Xan-thip'-pU9 

Xan'-tliuK 

Xe-na'-us 

Xe-nag'-o-roa 

Xe-nar'-chu8 

Xen'-a-rcs 

Xen'-i-a 

Xe-iii'-a-dea 

Xoii'-i-as 

Xcn'-i-on 

Xen-o-clei'-a 

Xen-o*clei'-de» 

Xen'-o-cles 

Xe-nnc'-ra-les 

Xe-noc'-ri-tus 

Xen-o-diV-tnus 

Xo-nod'-i-cc 

Xe-ntB'-tus 

Xcn-o*me'-de» 

Xen'-ou 

Xe-noph'-a-nea 

Xen-o-pban'-tua 

Xe-noph'-i-lu3 

Xen'-o-phon 

Xer'-xos 

Xiph'-a-res 

Xiph-i-li'-nu3 

Xii'-thus 


Za-cyn'-tbus 

Zii'-greua 

Zu-leu'-cus 

Zal-mox'-is 

Za-uiols'-ia 

Zan'-clus 

Zar-bi-§'-nu* 

Zai'-ex 

Zar-i-ad'-res 

Zar'-zaa 

Zeg-a-be'-nus 

Ze'-i-las 

ZG'-lus 

Ze'-uas 

Ze'-neus 

Ze-ni-ce'-tu8 

Ze-nis 

Ze -no 

Zc-nob'-i-a 

Ze-uub-i-na 

Zen-o-do'-rua 

Ze-nod'-o-tus 

Ze-non 

Ze-uO-ni-a 

Ze-noph'-a-nes. 

Ze-notU'-e-niiS 

Zeph-y-ri'-tis 

Zoph'-y-rus 

Ze-ryn'-tUi-a 

Ze'-tes 

Ze-thus 

Zeus 

Zeux'-i-a-des 

Zeux-i-da'-nuia 

Zeux-ip'-pe 

Zeux-ip'-pua 

Zeux'-i9 

Zi-boe'-tes 

Zig-a-be'-nus 

Zu'-e 

Zce'-teus 

Z6'-i-lu3 

Z6'-na-vas 

Zo-pyr'-i-on 

ZO-py-rus 

Zo'-nt-as'-ter 

Zo-ro-as'-tiea 

ZiV-si-niua 

Zos-tt'-ri-a 

Zof-i-cus 

Zyg'-i-a 


ABBREVIATIONS    AND    CONTRACTIONS 
IN    GENERAL    USE. 


A.,  a.  Adjoctive. 

A.  Alto. 

A.y  ans.  Answer. 

<i.,  t«  (Lat.  ml).  To  ;  at. 

n,  (ui.  The  like  tiiuinlity  of  each. 

A.L.  Able-buUicd  seaman. 

A .  B.   (Lat.    artium    buccalaureus), 

Biiehelur  of  Arts. 
Abbr.,    Abhrci\      AbbitJVJateil,   ab- 
breviation. 
Abl.,  uhlat.  Alilative. 
Abp.  Arclibishop. 
A.C.    (Lat.   ante  Christum),    Before 

Christ. 
j4cc.,  Acchs.  Accusative. 
-/Ico.,  Acct.  Aeeount. 
A,L>.    (Lat.    tninn  Doniiiii),    In  llie 

year  of  ouv  Lord. 
A.D.C.  Aide-de-camp. 
Adj.  Adjective. 
Adjt.  Adjutaut. 
Ad  lib..  Ad  lihlL  (Lat.  ad  libitum), 

At  pleasure. 
Adnu  Admiral. 
Ada.  Adverb. 

yE.,  .-Et.{L&t.(i-ta(is),  Of  age,  aged. 
A.F.A.  Associate  of  tlie  Faculty  of 

Actuaries. 
Ag.  (Lat.  argent luii).  Silver. 
Agr.,  Agric.   Agriculture,   agricul- 

tui-al. 
ogt.  Agent. 

A.IJ.  (Lat.  anno  Hcgirce),    In   tlie 
year  of  the  Hegira,  or  flight  of 
Mulianinied. 
A.II.S.  (Lat.  «*wio  hunumm  salutis), 

In  the  year  of  huiiiau  salvation. 
A.T.A.  Associate  of  the  Institute  of 

Actuaries. 
A.K.C.  Associate  of  King's  College, 

London. 
Al,  Ah'.  Alabama  (U.S.A.). 
Aid.  AldertJian. 
Ales.  Alexander. 
Alf.  Alfred. 
Alg.  Algebra. 
A.M.  (Lat.   anno   mniidi).    In  the 

year  of  the  woi'Id. 
A.M.  (Lat.  ante  meridiem),   Before 

noon. 
A.M.  (hat.artlum  nutgister).  Master 

of  Arts. 
Am.,  Anier,  America,  American. 
Amt.  Amoniit. 
A.N.  Anglo-Norman. 
-«.u.  (Lat.  anno),  In  tlie  year. 
Anal.  Analysis. 
Aiiat.  Anatomy,  anatomical. 
A)ic.  Ancient. 
Anon.  Anonymous. 
^Ins.  Answer. 
A.X.S.S.  Associate   uf  the  Normal  | 

School  of  Science 
Ant.,  Antiq.  Antiquities,  antiquari- 
an. 
Anihrop.  Anthropology,  anthropo- 
logical. 
Aor.  Aorist. 
A.O.  U.    American    Ornithologists 

Union. 
Ap.,  App.  Apostle,  apostles. 
Ap.,  Apl.  April. 
-4/wc.  Apocalypse,  Ajmcryjiha. 
Apog.  Apogee. 
App.  Appendix. 


upprox.  Approximate,  -ly. 

Apr.  April. 

A .  P.S.  Associate  of  tlie  Pharniaeeu- 

tical  Society. 
Aq.  (Lat.  aqiui).  Water. 
A.R.  (Lat.  tiiino  reijni),  In  the  year 

of  the  i-eign. 
Ar.,  Arab.  Arabic,  Arabian. 
Ar.,  Arr.  Arrive,  arrives,   arrived, 

arrival. 
A.R.A.    Associate    of    the    Royal 

Academy. 
Arab.  Arabic,  Arabian. 
Aram.  Aramaic. 
Arch.  Architec-ture. 
ArchcEol.  Archaeology. 
Archd.  Arehdeacon. 
A.R.H.A.    AssoL-iate  of  tlie   Royal 

Hibernian  Academy. 
Arith.  Arithmetic,  arithmetical. 
Ark.  Arkansas  (U.S.A.). 
Arm.   Arniorican. 

Arr.    Arrive,  arrives,  arrived,  ar- 
rival. 
A.lx.R.  (Lat.  niiiLO  regal  regis  or  re- 

giiUF-),  In  the  year  of  the  king's 

(or  queen's)  reign. 
A.R.S.A.    Associate  of  the  Royal 

Scottish  Academy. 
A.R.S.M.    Associate  of  the  Royal 

School  of  Mines. 
Art.  Article. 
A.S.,  A.-S.  Anglo-Saxon. 
Asst.  Assistant. 
Assyr.  Assyrian. 
Astrol.  Astrology. 
Astron.  Astronomy,  astronomical. 
A.U.C.   (Lat.   anno   nrbis  rnndito.-). 

Ill  the  year  from  the  building  of 

the  city— Rome. 
Aug.  Augmentative. 
Aug.  Augustus;  August. 
Attxil.  Auxiliary. 
A.V.  Authorised  version. 
A.F.  Artillery  Volunteers. 
Avoir.  Avoirdupois. 

.'J.  Bass;  Book. 

i>'.,  lirit.  British. 

b.  Born. 

B.A.  Bachelor  of  Arts.     [A.B.] 

Bank.  Banking. 

Bap.,  Bapt.  Baptist. 

Bar.  Barrel. 

Bart.,  Bt.  Baronet. 

Bat.,  Butt.  Battalion. 

B.C.  Before  Clirist 

B.Ch.  (Lat.  haccalaureus  chirurgiaf). 

Bachelor  of  Surgery. 
B.C.J..  (Lat.  haccalaureus  ciuilis  le- 

f/ts),  Bachelor  of  Civil  Law. 
B.n.  {hat.  baccalaitreus  divinitati^), 

Baclielor  of  Divinity. 
Bd.   Bound. 
Bds.  Bound  in  boards, 
Beds.  Bedfordshire. 
Belg.  Belgic.  Belgian. 
Ben.,  Bcnj.  Benjamin. 
Berks.  Berkshire. 
Bib.  Bible,  Biblical. 
liing.  Biography,  biographical. 
Biiil.  Biology,  biological. 
B.[..,    li.I.L.   (Lat.   haccalaureus  le- 

ijuin),  Baclielor  of  Laws. 


B.M.  (Lat.  Im'-calaureiis  medicina:), 
Bacheltjr  of  Medicine. 

B.M.,  B.M  us.  (Lat.  bacralaurens 
viusicK),  Bachelor  of  Music. 

B.O.  Branch  Office. 

Boeh.  Bohemian,  or  Czech. 

Bot.  Botany,  botanical. 

B.O.U.  British  Ornithologists' 
Union. 

Bp.  Bishop. 

Br.,  Bro.  Brother. 

Brtt.  Bas- Breton,  or  Celtic  of  Brit- 
tany. 

Brig.  Brigade. 

Brig.-gen.  Brigadier-general. 

Brit.  Britain,  Britannia,  British. 

B.S.  Baehelor  of  Surgery. 

B^'^c.  (Lat.  haccalaureus  scientiw)^ 
Bachelor  of  Science. 

B.S.L.  Botanical  Society,  London. 

Bt.  Baronet. 

Bucks.  Btickingliaiushire, 

Burl.  Burlesque. 

B.  V.  Blessed  Virgin. 

B.l'.M.  Blessed  Virgin  Mary. 


C.  Cent,  cents ;  Centigi'ade  ;  Cen- 
time, centimes  ;  a  hundred. 

C,  Cap.  (Lat.  caput),  Chapter. 

C.A.  Chartered  accountant. 

C'a.,  C'((/.  California. 

Ca»i.,  Caiiib.  Cambridge. 

Cambs.  Cambridgeshire. 

Cant.  Canticle. 

Cant.   [Cantaur.] 

Cantab.  (Lat.  Cantabrigiensis),  Of 
Cambridge. 

Cantuar,  Cant.  (Mid.  Lat.  C'a>i(«- 
aria),  Canterbury. 

Cap.  (Lat.  caput),  Capital,  Chapter. 

Caps.  Capitals. 

Capt.  Captain. 

Can?.  Cardinal. 

Carp.  Carpentry. 

Cath.  Catharine. 

Cath.  Catholic. 

C.B.  Companion  of  tlie  Bath. 

C.C.  Catholic  clergyman.  Catholic 
curate. 

C.D..S.O.  Conipaninn  of  the  Distin- 
guished Service  Order. 

C.D.V.  Carte-de-visite. 

C.E.  Ci^'il  engineer. 

Cel.  Celsius. 

Celt.  Celtic. 

Cent,  (centum),  A  hundred  ;  Centi- 
grade. 

Centig.  Centigrade. 

Cf.  (Lat.  cun/er),  Compare. 

C.G.  Coastguard ;  Commissai-y- 
genei-al. 

C.O.S.  Centimetre-gramme-secoiid. 

Ch.  Church ;  Chapter. 

ChaK  Chaldron. 

Chnl,  Chald.  Chaldee. 

Chan.  Chancellor. 

Chap.  Chapter. 

Chas.  Charles. 

Vhem.   Chemistry,  chemical. 

Ch.  Hi.it.  Church  History. 

Chin.  Chinese. 

Chj:  Christ; Christian,  Christopher. 

Chron.  Chronology,  chronological. 


C.f.  Order  of  the  Crown  of  India. 
C.I.K.  Coippanion  of  the  Order  of 

tlie  Indian  Empire. 
Cit.  Citation  ;  Citizen. 
Cic.  Civil. 
C.J.  Chief  Justice. 
CI.  Clergyman. 
Class.  Classical. 
Clk.  Clerk  in  Orders. 
cm,  Centimctics. 
CM.  Certificated  master;  Common 

metre. 
C.  M.     (Lat.     chi  mrgia:     magi^trr), 

JIaster  in  Surgery. 
C.M.ii.  Conipaninn  of  the  Order  of 

St.  ilichael  and  George. 
CM. U.S.  Corresponiling  Member  of 

the  Zoological  Society. 
Co.  Comjiany;  county. 
C.O.D:  Cash  on  delivery  ;  Collect 

(payment)  on  delivery. 
Cogn.  Cognate. 
Cof.  Colonel;  Colonial ;  Coh>ssi;nis; 

Column. 
Coll.  College. 
Collo'j.     Colloquial,     cnlhHiniiilism, 

colloquially. 
Com.  Commander ;  Commerce ;  Com- 
missioner;  Committee  ;  Commo- 
dore ;  Common. 
Comni.  Commentary;  Commerce. 
Comp.      Compare ;      Comparative ; 

Compound,  compounded. 
Conipi(r.  Comparative. 
Compos.  Composition. 
Co«i.  ver.  Commoti  version. 
Con.,  contra  (Lat.),  Against. 
Con.  Vr.  Cfintra  credit. 
Conch.,  Coiuhol.  Conchology. 
Cong.  Congregation,  Congregational, 

Congregationalist ;  Congress. 
Conj.  Conjunction. 
Conn.  Connecticut  (U.S.A.). 
Con.  Sec.  Conic  sections. 
Contr.  Contracted,  contraction. 
Cop.,  Copt.  Coptic. 
Cor.  Coiinthians. 
Cor.  Mem.  Coriespunding  member. 
Corn.  Cornwall,  Cornish. 
Corrup.  Corruption,  cori'ujited. 
Cor.  Sec.  Corresponding  soeretiiry, 
Cos.  Cosine. 
C.P.  Clerk  of  the  Peace  ;   Connnon 

Pleas. 
C.P.C  Clerk  of  the  Piivy  Council. 
C.P.S.  (Lat.   custns  pricati    sigtlU), 

Keeper  of  tiic  Pii\y  Seal. 
Cr.  Credit,  Creditor. 
CR.  (Lat.  civus  Romanns),  Roman 

citizen. 
CR.   (Lat.  cnstos  rotuhrmn),  Keeper 

of  the  Rolls. 
Cres.  Crescendo. 
Crim.  con..  Criminal   conversation, 

or  aduUei'y. 
Cn/stnll.,    Crystullog.    Crystidlogra- 

phy. 
CS.  Court  of  Sessiou,  Clerk  to  the 

Signet. 
CS.I.  Companion    of   the  Star  of 

India. 
Ct.  (Lat.  centum),  a  hundred. 
at.  Connecticut  (U.SxV). 
CT.  Certificated  teacher. 
CT.C  Cyclist  Touring  Club. 


Abbreviations  and  Contractions. 


683 


I'll.  (Lat.  citpnim),  CopiM:r. 
Cur.,  Curt.  Cunvnt— this  month. 
Cirt.,  A  huiidredwTight ;  Imtnlred- 

Wfi-^hts. 
Cyc,  Cyclopitdia. 


1\  Drputy. 

li.  (I^t.  tlrimriiis,  iknarii),  A  pen- 
ny, i>ence. 
</.  Died. 

Dan.  Daniel ;  Danish. 
Itnt.   Dative. 
,0(1  c.   David. 
It.C.  (Ital.  da  copo),  Frnni  the  bc- 

ginnins. 
D.C.L.    Doctor  of  Civil  (nr  Canon) 

Law. 
D.C.S.  Deputy  Clerk  of  Session. 
D.D.  (I^t.  dii'iiiitatis  dovtoi),  Di>c- 

tor  <if  Divinity. 
D.Ji.lK    (Lat.    dat,    dimt,    dedicat), 
He    S'ves,    devnt*'^;,    aufl    ronse- 
trates.     (The  formula  by  which 
anything  was  en  usee  rated  to  the 
t;ods  or  to  religious  uses  by  the 
iliinians;  still  used  in  funeral  in- 
sciiptions.) 
Dr.,  Dd.,  Delaware  (U.S.A.). 
Dec.   Decem\>er. 
*leci>n.   Deeimi'tre. 
Def.  Definition. 
Drfi.  Defendant. 
Deg.   Def^ree,  Dej;rees. 
/>W.   Delaware  (U.S.A.). 
Dd.   (Lat.  deliiieacU),   He  (or  she) 

drew. 
Dep.,  Dept.  Department. 
Di'p.   Deputy. 
]>er.   Derived,  derivation. 
Dent.   Deuteronomy. 
IKF.  Dean  oftlie  Facultv,  Defender 

nf  the  Faith. 
D.t;.  (Lat.  Dei-  qrotU(),By  the  Rruce 

of  God. 
I'ict.  Dictionary. 
DiiiL.,  Dimiii.  Diminutive. 
7>(>-.  iJisct.,  Diseount. 
Div.    Divide;  Dividend;  Division; 

Divisor. 
D.Llt.,  D.Litt.  Doctor  of  Litiniture. 
JkL.O.   Dead  Letter  Offiee. 
P.M.,  D.Mns.  Doctor  of  Mu-ic. 
Do.  (Ital.  ditto),  The  same. 
]h>ls.  Dollars. 

Duin.  Econ.  Domestic  Economy, 
/'or.  Dozen. 
Dpt.   Deponent. 
Dr.       Debtor ;      Doctor ;     Dram, 

drams. 
J>ram.   Dramatic,  dramatically. 
D  S.   (Ital.   did    segno).   From    the 

sif;n. 
D.S'-.  Doctor  of  Science, 
I'.T.  {Lnt.  <  I  art  or  theoloijitt'),  Doctor 

of  Theolot^y. 
Da.  Dut.  Dutch. 
Dub.  Dublin. 

J  I.  V.  (Lat.  Deo  volente),  God  willing. 
D<vt.     (Lat.     drnarius,     and     Eng. 
ii'cight).      Pennyweight,     penny- 
weights. 
Dynam.  Dynamics. 


E.  East,  eastern  ;  English  ;  Edin- 
burgh. 

/■;<(.  Each. 

E.  Aram.  East  Aramajan,  gener- 
iilly  called  Chaldee. 

VJ>rn.  Ebenezer. 

Ehur.  (Lat.  EhoiacAun),  Ymlc. 

/;.(_'.  F^asterii  Central  (postal  dis- 
trict, London);  Established 
Church. 

h'xd. ,  Ecdes. '  EcclesiasticaL 

VMes.,  Ecclesiol.  Ecclesiology. 

I'rnn.  Economy. 

Ed.  Editor;  Edition;  Edinburgh. 

v;/..  Edtn.  Edmund. 


iXta.  K<linburgh. 

E.D.S.  English  Dialect  Societi' 

Edir.  Rdward. 

E.E,  Errors  excepted. 

E.E.n.^.     Early    English     Dialect 

Sneit'ty. 

E.E.T.S.  Early  Eiiglish  Text  So- 
ciety. 

e.g.  (IJit.  eivmpU  grattii).  For  ex- 
amjile. 

;■;./.  East  Indies,  East  Indian. 

E.I.C.,  E.I.Co.  EastlndiaCompany. 

E.l.C.S.  East  India  Company's 
Service. 

Elev.,  Elect.  Electric,  electricity. 

Ell:.  Elizabeth,  Elizabethan. 

Emp.  Enipt  Titr,  Empress. 

Ennj.,  Enciido.  Encyclnpiedia. 

E.S.E.  East -north-east. 

Eng.  England,  English. 

Eng.,  Engin.  Engineer,  Engineering. 

Ent.,  Eutoin.  Entomology,  cntmno- 
logieal. 

Enr.Ext.  Envoy  extraordinary. 

Eph.  Ephesians ;  Ephraim. 

Epiph.  Epiphany. 

Kpi:<.    Episrnpal. 

Eiiist.   Epistle,  ejiistolary. 

/?'/.  Eqnal,  equivalent. 

Eiptii'.   Equivalent. 

£•.7^.    (Lat.    Edmrdiis    RrA),    King 

Edward. 
E.S.E.    East -south-east. 
Esp.,  7is/>tc.    Especial,  especially. 
E.'ii].,    Esijr.   Esquire. 
et.  ((/.  (Lat.  ((  alibi),  And  elsewhere. 
et.  al.  (Lat.  ct  alii,  ali(r,  oralia),  And 

others, 
etc.,  ii'c.-(L:\i.   d   cettrri,  caitera:,  or 
ctetera),  And  others,  and  so  forth. 
Etk.  Ethiopia,  Ethiopian. 

Ethnol.  Ethn<^lngy,  ethliologieal. 
etseq.  (Lat.  et  stqiientes,  ovsffpientia). 
And  the  fnllowing. 

Etiini.  Etymology,  etymological, 
etymon. 

Ex.  Example ;  Examined ;  Excep- 
tion ;  Exodus. 

Exc.  Excellency;  Except, excepted. 

F^a-h.  Exehange;  Exchequer. 

Exd.   Examined. 

Exf'\  Executor. 

Esccx.  Executrix. 

Exod.  Exodus. 

Exon.  (Lat.  Exonia),  Exeter. 

Exor.  Executor. 

Ez.  Ezra. 

Ezek.  Ezekiel. 

E.  <(•  O.E.  Errors  and  omissions 
excepted. 

F.  Fellow;  Folio;   Fahrenheit* 
/.   Farthing,  farthings. 
f.,fein.  Feminine. 

/.   Franc,  franes. 

ft.  Foot,  feet. 

Fa.  Florida  (U.S.A). 

F(dir.   Fahrenheit. 

Far.,  Farr.  Farriery. 

F..-J..S.  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Arts. 

F.A.S.E.  Fellow  of  the  Antiquarian 

Society,  Edinbuigh. 
F.B.S.E.   Fellow  of  the   Untanical 

Society  of  Edinburgh. 
F.C.  Free  Church  of  Scotland. 
Fcp.  Foolscap. 
F.C.P.S.  Fellow  of  the  Philosophical 

Society,  Cambridge. 
F.C.S.   Fellow  of  the  Chemical  So- 
ciety. 
F.D.,  Fid.  D(f.  (Lat.  Fidel  Defensor), 

Defender  of  the  Faith. 
Feb.  February. 

Fee.  (Lat.  fecit),  He  or  .she  did  it. 
F.E.I.S.  Fellow  of  the  Educational 

Institute  of  Scotland. 
Fern.  Feminine. 

F.E.S.  Fellow  of  the  Entomological 
Society. 


Fnid.  Feudal. 

F.d.S.    Fellow    of    the     Gcologic4il 

Society. 
F.I. .4.   FeUow  of  the  Institute  of 

Actuaries. 
F.I.C.  FeUow  of  the  Chemical  In- 
stitute 
Fid.  Def.     I  F.D.I 
Fig.  Figui-e,  llgures,  llgurative,  Ilgu- 

ratively. 
Finn.  Finiush. 

F.K.(,'.f\I'.L   Fellow  of  the   Kings 
and   Queen's    College    of  Physi- 
cians,  Ireland. 
FL     Flemijih  ;      Florida     (L.S.A.), 

Florin.  Hfirins ;   Flourished. 
Ffem.   Flemish. 
F.I..S.   Fellow  oftlie   LinnaMin  Su" 

ciety. 
F.M.  Field-marshal. 
Fo.,  Fol.  Folio. 

F.O.  Foreign  Office  ;  Field-officer. 
F.O.B.  Fi-ee  on  board. 
For.    Foreign. 
Fort.  Fortification. 
F.P.  Fire-plng. 
/'"./'..v.   Fellow  nf  the   Pliilological 

Society. 
Fr.  France,  French ;  Francis;  Francs.  ! 
fr.   From. 
F.R.A.S.   Fdlow  of  the  Royal  As- 

tronomical  Society. 
F.R.C.F.  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 

of  Physicians. 
F.R.C.P.E.    Fellow    of    the    Royal  , 
College  of  Physicians,  Edinburgh.  I 
F.R.C.S.  FeUow  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons. 
F.R.C.S.E.  Fellow  r.f  the  Royal  Col- 
lege  of  Surgeons.  Eilinburgh. 
F.R.C.S.I.  Felh)Wofthe  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons,  Ireland. 
Fred.  Frederick. 
Freq.  Frequeidative. 
F.R.G.S.  Fellow  nf  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society. 
F.n.lf.S.  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Hor- 
ticultural Society. 
F.R.Hist.S.    Fellow  of   the   Royal 

Historical  Society. 
Fri.  Friday. 
Fries.  Friesland. 
Fris.  Frisian. 
F.R.Met.S.     Fellow    of   the    Royal 

Meteorological  Society. 
F.R.M.S.  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Mi- 
croscopical Society. 
F.R.S.  Fellow  of  the  R(«yal  Society. 
F.R.S.E.   Fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, Edinburgh. 
F.R.S.L.    Fellow  of  the  Royal   So- 

ciety  of  Literature. 
F.R.S.S.  Feljow  of  the  Royal  Sta- 
tistical Society. 
F.S.A.    Fellow    of  the   Society   of 

Arts,  or  of  Antiquaries. 
F.S. A.Scot.    Fellow  of  the   Society 

of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland. 
Ft.  Foot,  feet ;  fort. 
F.T.C.D.  Fellow  of  Trinity  College. 

Dublin. 
Flh.    Fathom. 
Fur.  Furlong. 
Fnt.  Future. 

F.Z.S.    Fellow   of    the     Zoological 
Society. 


0.  Genitive  ;  Guinea,  guineas  ;  Gulf. 
fitt.  Georgia  (U.S.A.). 
ti.A.  General  Assembly. 
dad.  Gaelic,  Gadhelic 
GfU.  Galatians. 
Cal.,  Call.  (Jallon,  gallons. 
Oalv.  Galvanism,  galvanic. 
G.B.  Great  Britain. 
i:.  li.  .£•  /.  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
a.C.B.   Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath. 
H.C.Il.  Grand  Cross  of  the  Guelphs 
i      of  Hanover. 


fl.C.I..Il.  GmnJ  Crn«8  of  the  Leg'im 

nf  Honour. 
a.C.M.ff'.  Grand  CniHH  S8.  Michael 

luid  Geuigo. 
CC.S.!.  Grand  Commander  o^  the 

Star  of  India. 
'.'./>.   Grand  Duke.  <ii-and  Dm  ln-ns. 
f.'ta.,  tJeitl.  Uenenil. 
fiVit.  Genesis;  Genitive. 
fi'end.  Gender 
(Jenit.  Genitive. 

^V^f.  ticntn.  Gentleman.  genUemen. 
fi'eo.  George  ;  Georgia  (U.S.A.). 
<!eog.  Geography,  geographical. 
(irol.  Geology,  geological. 
Oeoui,  Geometry,  geometrical. 
(ler,  Uerm.  German. 
tier.  Gerund. 
GL  Gill,  gills. 
G.L.  (irand  Lwlge. 
'.'m.  (Jrammes. 
<1.M.  Grand  Master. 
Go.  Goth.  Gothic. 
Gar.  Governor. 
Gov.'gm.  Governor-general. 
Govt.  Government. 
G.l'.O.  General  Post-Gffice. 
Gr.  Grain,  grains;  Gi-eat  ;  Greik; 

Gros.s. 
Grttm.  Grammar,  grammatical. 
Gris.  Languiige  of  the  Grlsons. 
Gro.  Gross. 

Gtt.  (Lat.  gutfii-),  Drops. 
Gun.  Gunnery. 

//.  Hour,  hours. 

J[ab.  Habakkuk. 

Jlng.    Ilaggai. 

Hants.  Hampshire. 

Jl.U.C.  Hudson  Bay  Company. 

JI.B.M.  Hi.s  (or  Her)  Britannic  Ma- 
jesty. 

//.('.  Heralds'  College ;  House  of 
('ntnmons. 

H.C.M.  His  (or  Her)  Catholic  Ma- 
jesty. 

A.*-.  (\jit.  hoc  est.  hie  est).  This  or 
That  is,  here  is. 

lld>.,  Hebr.   Hebrew.  Hebrews. 

ll.EJ.C.  Honourable  East  India 
Company. 

H.E.I.r.S.  Honourable  East  Indian 
Company's  Service. 

Hir.  Heraldry,  heraldic. 

///.  Ul.  Half-bonn<i. 

H.'i.   Horse  Gnanls, 

//.//.  His  (or  Her)  Highness;  His 
Holiness  (the  Pope). 

JDul.  H'tgshead,  hogsheads. 

Jl.l.II.  His  (or  Her)  Imperial  High- 
ness. 

//(■/.  Hilary. 

Uind.  Hindu,  Hindustan.  Hindu- 
slani. 

Hlxt.  History,  historical. 

;/../.,  ILJ.S.  (I>at.  hicjncet,  Itir  Jacct 
sepvUns).  Here  lies,  here  lies 
liuried. 

II.. \r.  His  (or  Her)  Mo^jesty. 

II. M.I'.  (I>at.  hoc  tnnninnfntuni 
]i(>siiit),  Krecled  this  niotinmcnt. 

//..U.S.  His  (or  Her)  Maji-sty's 
Service,  Ship,  or  Stejimer. 

JIo.  House. 

Hon..  Honhle.  Honourable. 

liiaul.   Honoured. 

i/oc,  ll'irol.  Horol.igy,  horological. 

Hart.  Jlortic.  Horticulture,  horti- 
cultural. 

lifts.  Hosea. 

// ,  /'.  Half- i>ay  ;  High-priest ;  Horse- 

power. 
H.R.  House  of  Representatives. 

If.R.E.  Holy  Roman  Enipii-e,  or 
Kmperor. 

II.R.H.  HiB  (or  Her)  Royal  High- 
ness. 
H. R.  [.P.  (Lat.  hie  reijuicscit  in  paa). 
lit  re  rests  in  peace. 


r.,-<i 


Abbreviations  and  Contractions. 


J[.S.  (Lat.  hie  siliis).  Here  lies. 
ll..<.ll.  His  (or  Her)  Serene  High- 
ness. 
Ham..  Ilnmh.  Hunible. 
;/im.,  Hniui.  Hungary,  Hungarian. 
7/11 II. (.   Hunilretl. 
Hunts,  llnntingilonshire. 
IIijil.,  Iliiilros.  Hydrostatics. 
JlilJraul.  Hydraulics. 
Hydros.  IHvD.l 
llypnth.  Hypothesis,  hypothetical. 


/.  Island. 

la.  Indiana  (U.S.A.). 

//)..  Ibid.  (Lat.  i6id«TO),  In  the  same 

place. 
led.  Icelandic. 
/,;i.,  Ichlhy.  Ichthyology. 
Id.  (L.at.  i</«n),  The  same. 
;..-.  (Lat.  ill  est),  That  is. 
;.//..S.   (Lat.  Jesus   Salvator  Homl- 
nnm),  Jesns,  the  Saviour  of  Jlen. 
According    to  sonic  a\ithorities, 
the  first  three  letters  of  'IHSOYS 
(lesmis).  the  Greek  form  of  Jesus. 
/;;.  Illinois  (U.S.A.). 
Imp.  (Lat.     imperator),    Emperor ; 

Imperial ;  impersonal. 
Lap.,  Impf.  Imperfect. 
Imper.  Imperative. 
/;(.   Inch,  inches. 
Ineofj.    (Ital.    incoijnitei,  incognita), 

Unknown. 
Ind.  Iudia,Indian;  Indi.ina(U.S..V). 
Iitdie.  Indicative. 
Inf.  Infill.  Infinitive 
In.  Uvi.  (Lat.  in  Unii^ie),  At  the  out- 
set. 
In  loc.  (Lat.  in  loco).  In  its  place. 
I.S'.R.I.  (Lat.  .Testis  Nasarenus  Rex 
'  Indteorum),   Jesus    of   Nazareth, 
King  of  the  Jews. 
Ins.  Insurance. 
Insep.  Inseparable. 
Ins.  Gen.  Inspector  General. 
Iml.  Instant,  the  present  month  ; 

Institute,  institution. 
Int.  Interest. 

Intens.  Intensive  ;  Intensative. 
Inter].  Interjection. 
Intrans.  Inti-ansitive. 
In  trans.  (Lat.  in  transitu),  On  the 

passage. 
Introd.  Introduction. 
lo.  Iowa  (U.S.A.). 
I.ofM.  Instructor  of  Musketry. 
I.O.F.  Independent  Order  of  Fores- 
ters. 
I.O.G.T.     Independent    Order     of 

Good  Templai-s. 
I.O.O.F.    Independent     Order     of 

Oddfellows. 
I.O.  U.  I  owe  yon. 

I.P.D.  (Lat.  In  prrcsentid  Domino- 
rum),  In  presence  of  the  Loi-ds  (of 
Session), 
i.i).  (Lat.  idem  qnod).  The  same  as. 
Jr.  Ireland,  Irish. 
I.R.B.    Irish   Republican  Brother- 
hood. 
I.R.O.  Inland  Revenue  Office. 
Irreg.  IiTegular. 
Is..  Isa.  Isaiah. 
J.S.  Irish  Society. 
Isl.  IsLand. 

n.,  Ilnl.  Italy,  Italic,  Italian. 
Hill.  Itinerary. 


./.  Judge ;  Justice. 
J..i.  Judge-advocate. 
Jui:.  Jacob,  Jacobus  (=  James). 
J<in,.  January. 
.J'fv.  Javanese 
J.  C.  Jesns  Christ. 
J.C.  Justice-clerk. 
J.C.D.    (Lat.    juris    cirHis    <("C(or), 
Doctor  of  Civil  Law. 


J.Il.  (^IjAt.  jurnm  doctor),  Doctor  of 

Laws. 
Jer.  Jeremiah. 

J.C.  II'.  Junior  Grand  Warden. 
.r.II.S.  [I.  U.S.] 
Jno.  John. 
Jour.  Journey. 
Jon.,  Jona.  Jonathan. 
Jos.  Joseph. 
Josh.  Joshna. 
Jour.  Journal. 
J.r.  Justice  of  the  Peace. 
Jr.  Juror. 

J.U.D.  (Lat.  Juris  ulriiiscpie  doctor 
Doctor  of  both  laws  (i.c.,  of  civil 
and  canon  law). 

Jnd.   Judith. 

Jtidg.  Judges. 

Jul.  July  ;  Julius ;  Julian. 

Jul.  Per.  Julian  Period. 

.71111.  June. 

Jun.,  Junr.  Junior 

Juris.  Jurisprudence. 

J.ir.  Junior  Warden. 


A'.  King ;  Knight. 

A'ttii.,  Ks.  Kansas  (U.S.A.). 

K.B.  Knight  of  the  Bath. 

K.B.  King's  Bench. 

K.C.B.  Knight  Commander  of  the 

Bath. 
K.C.II.  Knight  Commander  of  the 

Guelphs  of  Hanover. 
K  C.M.G.    Knight    Commander    of 

St,  Michaijl  and  St.  George. 
K.C.S.  Knight    of    the    Order   of 

Charles  III.  of  Spain. 
K.C.S. I.  Knight  Commander  of  the 

SUr  of  India. 
K.E.  Knight  of  the  Eagle. 
Ken.,  Ky.  Kentucky  (U.S.A.). 
K.a.  Knight  of  the  Garter. 
K.G.C.  Knight  of  the  Grand  Cross. 
K.G.r.B.  Knight  of  the  Grand  Cross 

of  the  Bath" 
K.G.F.  Knight  of  the  Golden  Fleece. 
K.a.H.  Knight  of  the  Guelphs  of 

Hanover. 
Ki.   Kings. 
Kil.  Kilderkin. 
Kilog.  Kilogramme. 
Kilom.,  Kilo.  Kilometre. 
Kingd.  Kingdom. 
K.L.B.  Knight  of  Leopold  of  Bel- 
gium. 
K.L.H.    Knight  of   the   Legion  of 

Honour. 
K.M.  Knight  of  Malta. 
Kn.K.S.  Knight  of  the  Loy.al  Nor- 
;  thern  Star  (Sweden). 
knt.  Knight. 

K.P.  Knight  of  St.  Patrick. 
Ks.  [Kas.) 

A'.S.  Knight  of  the  Sw'ord  (Sweden). 
Kt.   Knight. 
K.  T.  Knight  of  the  Thistle ;  Knight 

Templar. 
K.  T.S.  Knight  of  Tower  and  Sword 

(Portugal). 
Ky.  IKen.] 


L.C.  LordCh.imbcrlain ;  LordChan- 

cellor. 
L.C.B.  Lord  Chief-baron. 
L.C.J.  Lord  Chief-justice. 
L.C.P.  Licentiate  of  the  College  of 

Preceptors. 
M.  Lord. 
Ldp.  Lordship. 

L.D.S.  Licentiate  of  Dental  Surgery. 
Leg.,  Legis.  Legislature,  legislative. 
Uip.  Leipsic. 
Lett.  Lettish,  Lettic. 
Uv.  Leviticus. 
Lex.  Lexicon. 
Lexicog.    Lexicography,    Icxicogra- 

plier,  lexicographical. 
L.O.  Lite  Guards. 
/,.  Ger.    Low     German     or     Piatt 

Deutsch. 
L.I.  Light  Infantry ;    Long  Inland 

(U.S.A.). 
Lib.  (Lat,  liber).  Book. 
Lib.  Library,  librarian. 
Lievt.,  Lt.  Lieutenant. 
Lient.-col.  Lieutenant-colonel. 
Lieut. -gen.  Lieutenant-general. 
Lieut. -gov.  Lieutenant-governor. 
Linn.  Linnieus,  Lirne,  Liunstan. 
Liq.   Liquor,  liquid. 
Lit.  Literally;  literature,  literary. 
Lit.D.,  Litl.L).  (Lat.  litcrarum  doc- 
tor). Doctor  of  Literature. 
Lith.  Lithuanian. 
Liv.  Livre. 
II. D.    (Lat.    leguni    bnccalau reus). 

Bachelor  of  Laws. 
LL.D.  (Lat.  (fjrlim  doctor),  Doctor  of 

Laws. 
LL.I.  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland. 
L.M.  Long  metre, 
ion..  Land.  London. 
7,011.,  Loytg.  Longitude. 
Loq.   (Lat.   loirultur).    He   (or  she) 

speaks. 
Lou.  Louisiana  (U.S.A.). 
Lp.  Lordship. 
L.P.  Lord  Provost. 
L.S.  Left  side. 
L.S.  (Lat.  iocHs  sigilli).  Place  of  the 

seal. 
L.s.d.  (Lat.  librif,  solidi,  denarii), 

Pounds,  shiUings,  pence. 
Lt.  Lieutenant. 
IJ.  Inf.  Light  Infantry. 


/..  Latin  ;  Lake ;  Lord ;  Lady. 

L.,  I.,  £(Lat.  libra).  Pound,  pounds 
(sterling). 

L.,  lb..  Bi.  (Lat.  Udrn),  Pound, 
pounds  (weight). 

La.  Louisiana  (U.S.A.). 

L.A.  Law  Agent :  Literate  in  Arts. 

L.A.C.  Licentiate  of  the  Apothe- 
caries' Company. 

Lam.  L.amentations. 

laiig.  Language. 

Lapp.  Lappish. 

Lat.  Latin  ;  Latitude. 

lb.  Found,  pounds  (weight). 

L.e.  Lower  case  (in  printing),  [cited. 

I..C.   (Lat.  (oco  ci(a(o).  In  the  phice 


111.    Married ;    Masculine ;    Metre 
metres ;    Mile,     miles ;    Minute, 
minutes. 
M.    Marquis ;    Middle ;    Monday  ; 
Morning. 

M.  (Lat.  mille).  Thousand. 

M.  (Lat.  iiifridies).  Meridian,  Soon. 

M.A.  Master  of  .\rts.     [A.M.] 

Ma.  Minnesota  (U.S.A.). 

Mac.,  Mace.  Maccabees. 

Mack.,  Maehiu.  Machine,machinery. 

Mud.,  Moflm.  Madam. 

Mag.  Magyar;  magazine. 

Maj.  Major. 

Maj.-gen.  Major-general. 

ilfci^  Malachi. 

Mai.,  Malay.  Malayan. 

JIfaii.  Manege. 

Manuf.  Manufactures,  manufactur- 
ing. 

ifar.  March ;  Maritime. 

Jlfnri;.  Marquis. 

Mas.,  Masc.  Masculine. 

Mass.  Massachusetts  (U.S.A.). 

M.  Ast.  S.    Member  of  the  Astro- 
nomical Society. 

Math.  Mathematics,  mathematician, 
mathematical. 

Matt.  Matthew. 

M.B.  (Lat.  medidnie  baccalaure^is). 

Bachelor  of  Medicine. 
M.B.   (Lat.    iiiJisiciB   iioccatatirtus). 
Bachelor  of  Music. 


,lf.r.  Member  of  Congress  ;  Mast' i 

of  Ceremonies. 
Mdt.  March. 
M.C.P.  Member  of  the  College   of 

Preceptors. 
M.D.  (Lat.  Micdiciiue  doctor).  Doctor 

of  Medicine. 
Md.  Maryland  (U.S.A.). 
Mdlle.  (Fr.  mademoiselle),  Miss. 
M.E.     Most    Excellent;     Military 
Engineer  :  Mining  Engineer  ;  Me- 
chanical Engineer. 
Me.  Maine  (U.S.,\.). 
Mech.  Mechanics,  mechanical. 
Med.  Medicine,  medical ;  mediajval. 
.Med.  Lid.,  Meditei:  Lat.   Media-val 

Latin. 
3/ciii.  Memorandum,  inemoranda. 
Messrs.  (Fr.  messieurs),  Gentlemen. 
Met.  Jletaplrsics,  metaphysical. 
Mclull.   Metailnrgy. 
Metajih.    Metaphysics ;     metaphor- 
ically. 
Meteor.      Meteorology,     meteorolo- 
gical. 
Mcth.  Methodist. 
Melon.  Metonymy. 
M.F.H.  Master  of  Foxhounds. 
M.H.  Most  Honourable. 
M.H.Ger.  Middle  High  German, 
jlfi.,  Miss.  Mississippi  (U.S.A.). 
Mic.  Micah. 
M.I.C.E.   Member  of  the  Institute 

of  Civil  Engineers. 
Mich.    Michaelmas;     Michigan 

(U.S.A.). 
Mid.  Middle;  Midshipman. 
i\/irf.I,a(.  Latin  of  the  Middle  Ages. 
Mil,  Mint.  Military. 
M.I. M.E.  Member  of  the  Institutii 

of  Mining  Engineers. 
,i;iii.    JUnendogy,    luineralogical  : 

Minute,  minutes, 
jlfiiiii.  Minnesota  (U.S.A.). 
jUiii.  Plcn.  Minister  Plenipotentiary. 
,Uiiis.     [Mi.] 

Mile.  (Fr.  mademoiselle).  Miss. 
M.L.S.B.    Member  of  the   London 

School  Board. 
MM.  Their  Majesties. 
-MM.  (Fr.  messieurs).  Gentlemen. 
Ill  ill.  MiUeinetres  ;  Micrometres. 
i\/iiic.  (Fr.  iiiodamc),  Madam. 
JlJii.  Michigan  (U.S.A.). 
Mo.  Missouri  (U.S.A ) ;  Month. 
Mod.  Modem. 

Mod.  (Itul.  modcrato).  Moderately. 
Mon.  Monday. 

Mons.  (Fr.  moiwieiir),  Sir,  Mr. 
M.P.  Member  of  Parliament. 
M  P.S.  Member  of  the  Pharmaceu- 
tical   Society;    Member    of   the 
Philological  Society. 
Jfr.  Master,  Mister. 
M.R.A.S.    Member   of  the    Royal 

Asiatic  Society. 
M.R.C.P.    Member   of   the    Royal 

College  of  Physicians. 
M.S.C.S.     Member    of    the    Royal 

College  of  Surgeons. 
MR.CV.S.    Member  of  the  Royal 

College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons. 
M.B.G.S.    Member   of  the    Royal 

Geographical  Society. 
M.R.I.  Member  of  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution. 
JI/.i;./..4.     Member    of    the    Royal 

Irish  Academy. 
Mrs.  Mistress. 

M.U.S.L.  Member  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety of  Literature. 
M.S.  Master  of  Surgery. 
M.S.  (Lat.  iiieiiioria' sacrum).  Sacred 

to  the  memory  of. 
MS.  Manuscript. 
,1/SS.  Manuscripts. 
Mt.,  Mts.  Mount,  niountains. 
Mus.  Museum  ;  Music,  musical. 
Mus.B.  (Lat.  miisicir  baccalaureut). 
Bachelor  of  Music. 


Abbreviations  and  Contractions. 


Jl/us,  />.,  Mus.  Doc,  Mhs.  Do.;(.  (Lat. 

musicce  ddctor),  Doctor  of  Music. 
M.ir.a.M.     Most    Worthy    Gniud 

Master. 
Myth.  M5*thology,  mythological. 


y.  Noon ;  North,  northc-rn  (postal 
district,  Lomlon);  Nouu ;  Num- 
ber ;  New  ;   Neuter. 

y.A.  North  Aiuericii,  Nortli  Ameri- 
cau. 

.Vo.  Nebraska  (U.S.A.). 

-Vaft.  Na)mni. 

Sap.  Napoleon. 

yat.  Natural ;  National. 

Xat.  Hi^t.  Natural  History. 

■Vrt(.  ord.  Natural  onler. 

Nat.  Phil.  Natural  Philosophy. 

Naut.  Nautical. 

X.B.  New  Brunswick;  North 
Britain  (=  Scotland). 

y.B.  (Lat.  nota  bene).  Note  well, 
take  notice. 

y.C.  North  Carolina  (U.S.A.). 

N.E.  New  England;  North-east, 
north-eastern  (postal  district, 
London). 

Neh.  Nebraska  (U.S.A.). 

Neg.  Negative,  negatively. 

iNVft.  Nehemiah. 

jYcrrt.  con.  (Lat.  iieiniiie  contradi- 
cente).  No  one  contradicting ; 
unanimously. 

JSV»/i.  (it5s.(Lat.  nemitie  dissentieiLte), 
No  one  dissenting  ;  unanimously. 

X^th.  Netherlands. 

Srat.  Neuter. 

\ac^L,^\M.  NewMexico(U.S.A.). 

Ncio  Test.,  X.T.  New  Testament. 

N.H.  New  Hatupshire  (U.S.A.). 

N.H.Ger.  New  High  German. 

y.J.  New  Jersey  (U.S.A.). 

N.L.,  N.Lai.  North  Latitude 

.Y.JVr.     [New  M.] 

y.X.E.  Nortli-iiorth-east. 

jY..Y. jr.  North-north-west. 

Xo.  (Lat.  )a(inero),  Number. 

yom.,  Xomln.  Nominative. 

Non  con.  Non-eoutfut,  dis-sentient. 
(The  formula  in  which  Members 
of  the  House  of  Lords  vote.) 

Xon  obst.  (Lat.  non  obstante).  Not- 
withstanding. 

Xon  ;>/'os.  (Lat.  non  prosequitur).  He 
does  not  prosecute. 

Xon  seq.  (Lat.  >wn  scquitur),  It  does 
not  follow  (as  a  consequence). 

Xor.,  iiTorni.  Norman. 

Xor.  Fr.,Norm.  Fr.  Norman  French. 

Xoi-in.  [Nor.] 

yom:  Norway,  Norwegian,  Noree. 

-Yo5.  Numbers. 

yotts.  Nottinghamshire. 

yov.  November. 

y.P.  Notary  public. 

JV.6'.  New  style  ;  Nova  Scotia. 

X.S.J. C.  (Fr.  yotre  Seigneur  Jesus 
Christ),  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 

X.T.  Nevada  Territory  (U.S.A.). 

X.T.  [New  Test.] 

Xum.,  Xavtb.  Numbei-s. 

Xinnis.  Numismatic,  numisma- 
tology. 

,Y.  \V.  North-west,  north-western 
(postal  district,  London). 

X.U'.T.  North-west  Territory. 

-Y. Y.  New  Yoik. 

X.Z.  New  Zealand. 


O.  Ohio  (U.S.A.);  Old. 

ob,  (Lat.  obiit),  He  or  she  died. 

Ohtd.  Obadiah. 

Obdt.,  Obt.  Obedient 

Ohj.  Objective 

Obs.  Obsolete. 

Oht.  [Obpt]. 

Oct.  October. 


O.r.  Odd  Fellows. 

O.lI.Ger.  Old  High  German. 

O.U,.M.S.  On  Her  Majesty's  Service. 

Old  r«w(.,  0.7".  Old  Testament. 

Olytn.  Olympiad. 

O.M.  Old  Measurement. 

O.M.I.  Oblate  of  Mary  Immaculate. 

On.,  Or.  Oregon  (U.S.A.). 

Op.  Op]K)site,  opposition. 

O.P.  Order  of  Treachers. 

Opt.  Optative  ;  Optics,  optical. 

Or.    [On.  J 

Ord.  Ordinance,  ordinary. 

Oi-diu  Ordnance. 

Oriij.  Original,  originally. 

Oriiith.  Ornithology,  ornithological. 

O.S.  Old  Style  ;  Old  Saxon. 

O.a.A.  Order  of  St.  Augustine, 

O.S.B.  Order  of  St.  Benedict. 

O.S.F.  Order  of  St.  Fraucis. 

O.T.  [Old  Test.] 

Oxf,  Oxford. 

Oxon.  (Lat.  Oxonia,  Oxoniensis)^  Ox- 
ford ;  of  Oxford. 

Oxonien.  (Lat.  Oxonieiisis\  Of  Ox- 
ford. 

Oz.  Ounce.  [Tlie  r  in  this  conti-ac- 
tion.  and  in  viz.,  represents  an  old 
symbij  (5),  nsed  to  mark  a  tef- 
niinal  contracti<ui.] 


P.  Page;  Participle;  Past;  Pole; 
Port. 

Pa.  Pennsylvania  (U.S.A.). 

Pa.  a.,  par.  a.  Participial  adjective. 

Paint.  Painting. 

Pal,  PaloMiU.  Palaoutology,  i»alie- 
ontological. 

Pidieobot. :  Palaeobotany. 

Pa.2Xir.  Past  participle. 

Par.  Paragmph  ;  Participle. 

Pari.  Parlianieut,  parliamentary- 

Part.  Participle. 

Particip.  Participial. 

I'ass.  Passive. 

Pat.  Patrick. 

Putlwl.  Pathological. 

Pant.  Payment. 

P.C.  (Lat.  patres  conscrtpti),  Con- 
scrijit  Fathers. 

P.C.  Police-constable  ;  Privy  Coun- 
cil, Privy  Councillor. 

P.C.S.  Principal  Clerk  of  Session. 

Pd.  Paid. 

P.D.  Printer's  Devil. 

P.E.I.  Prince  Edward's  Island. 

I'cnn.  Pennsylvania  (U.S.A.). 

iVJif.  Pentecost. 

Per.,  Pers.  Persian ;  Person,  per- 
sonal. 

Per.  an.  (Lat.  /wr  annum).  Yearly. 

Per  cent.,  per  ct.  (Lat.  per  centum). 
By  the  hundred. 

Per/.  Perfect. 

Peri.   Perigee. 

Pers.   [Feb.] 

Pers.,  Persp.  Perspective. 

Peruv.  Peruvian. 

Pet.  Peter. 

Pg.   [POBT.] 

P.G.M.   Past  Grand  Master. 

Phar.,  Pharui.  Pharmacy. 

Ph.B.  (  T-at.  philosophifr  baccalaur- 
cus),  Bachelor  of  Philosophy. 

Ph.D.  (Lat.  philo-^ophiw  doctor), 
Doctor  of  Philosoi'hy. 

Phil.  Philip  ;  Philippians  ;  Philoso- 
phy, philosophical. 

Phil.  Trans.  Tran.sactions  of  the 
Philosophical  Society. 

Philetn.  Philemon. 

Philol.   Philology. 

Philos.  Philosophy,  philosophical. 

Plicenic.  Phoenician. 

J'hotog.  Photography,  photographic, 
l>hoto;;rai'h'.-r. 

Phren.,phrtuoL  Phrenology,  phren- 
ological. 


Phys.  Physics,  physical ;  Physi- 
ology, )thysiological. 

PhysioL   Physiology,  phyHiologieal. 

Pinx.,  Pit.  (Lat.  pinxit),  Ua  (or 
slie)  iiainted  iu 

Pk.  Peck. 

PI.  Place  ;  Plate ;  Ptural. 

I'.L.  Poet  Laureate. 

P.L.B,  Poor  Law  Board. 

P.L.C.  Poor  Law  Com'-issiouers. 

Ptff.,  Pltf.  Piaintiir. 

Plu.    Plural. 

Pltip.  Plujierfect. 

Plur.  Plui"al. 

P.M.  (Lat.  jMist  nuridiem),  After- 
noon. 

P.M.  Past  Master ;  Peculiar  metre ; 
Postmaster. 

P.M.  (.'.  Postmaster-Geueral. 

P.O.   Post-office. 

P.d-O.Co.  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
Steam  Navigation  Comiiany. 

Poet.  Poetiy,  poetical. 

PoL   Polish. 

Polit.  Econ.  Political  Economy. 

P. 0.0.   Post-offlce  order. 

Pop.   Population. 

Port.  Portugal,  Portuguese. 

J'oss.  Possessive. 

Pp.  Pages. 

P.p.  Past  participle. 

P.P.  {Lai.  pater iKitria'),  Father  of 
his  country. 

P.P.   Parish  ]>riest. 

P. P.C.  (Fr.  pourprfndre  conge),Tti 
take  leave.     [T.T.L.] 

Pph.   Pamphlet. 

Pr.  Present ;  Priest ;  Prince. 

P.R.  (Lat.  Populus  Romanus),  The 
Roman  peojile. 

P.R.  Prize  Ring. 

P.B.A.  President  of  the  Royal 
Academy. 

P.H.C.  (Lat.  j'ls?  Roinan  conditam). 
After  the  building  of  Rome. 
(A.U.C.) 

Preb.  Prebend. 

Pre/.  Prefix ;   Preface. 

Prep.  Preposition. 

Pres.  Present. 

Pret.  Preterite. 

PriHi.  Piimaiy. 

Prin.  Principally. 

Print.  Printing. 

Prir.  Privative. 

Pro.  (Pron.] 

Prob.  Piobleni ;  Probable,  probably. 

Pro/.  Professor. 

Pron.  Pro.  Pronoun;  Frouoanced ; 
Pronunciation. 

Pron.  a.  Pronominal  adjective. 

Prop.  Proposition. 

Pros.  Prosody. 

Pro  tern.  (Lat.  pro  tempore),  For  the 
time  being. 

Prov.  Proverbs,  proverbial,  prover* 
bially  ;  Provincial,  provincially  ; 
Provost. 

Proviiic.  Provincial. 

Prox.  (Lat.  proxivio),  Next  of  or  of 
the  next  month. 

Pr.  par.  Present  participle. 

P.R.S.  President  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety. 

P.R.S.A.  President  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy. 

Prns.  Prussia,  Prussian. 

P.S.  (Lat,  jxjst  scriptum),  Postscript. 

P.S.  Privy  Seal. 

Ps.,  Psa.  Psalm,  Psalms. 

Psychol.  Psychology. 

Pt.  Part;  Payment;  Point;  Port. 

P.T.  Post-town;  Pupil  teacher. 

P.T.O.  Please  turn  over. 

Pub.  Public  ;  Pnblisbed,  publisher. 

Pub.  Doc.  Public  Documents. 

P.V.  Post  village. 

Pxt.    IPlNX.] 

Pyro.,  Pyrotech.  Pyrotechnics. 


Q.,  (Ju.  l^iKT>  ;  (^ih'Niiuu. 

i^.B.  Queen 'm  UuueJi. 

V.C.    (jUKeu'it     College  ;     Queens 

CoUll^el. 
V.J.  (Lat.  ipnmi    diatt),   As    if   he 

should  say. 
Q.e.  (Lat  qnud  eat).  Which  is. 
Q.E.U.  {\jkt.  uuofi  emt  detnonsiriin- 

dnm),  Which  was  to  be  jiroviil. 
Q.E.F.  (Lat.    i/uvd  entt  /acicHduui), 

Which  was  to  be  done. 
Q.E.I.  (Lat-  qnod  trut  ittreuiendum), 

Which  was  to  be  found  out. 
Q.l.  (I.at  ipiantum  Hbei),  As  much 

as  y^'U  please. 
(Jr.  Quarterly  ;  Quire. 
V.^'.  Quuiier  Sessions. 
V.-t.  (Lat.  i/tfan<t(t)i  sHjffcif),  A  suffl- 

cieiit  »|UHntily. 
Vr  Quart. 

Vu.  Queen  ;  Query  ;  Question. 
Quar.,  quart.  Qimt'terly. 
Q.v.  (Lat.  quod  vide),  W^hich  see. 
Qy.  QuBi>. 

R.  Itailway;  Reaumur;  River. 

ii.  (Lat,  rex),  King;  (Lat.  ngtua), 
Queen. 

R.  (Lnt.  recipe).  Take. 

R.A.  Royal  Aiadetay,  Royal  Acade- 
mician ;  Rear-A<lmiral  ;  Jbiyal 
Arch;  Royal  .Vrtilleiy. 

Ridib.  Rabbinical. 

Rod.  (Lat.  radix).  RooL 

R.A.M.  R<tyal  Academy  of  Music 

R.A..'<.  Royal  Asricultuml  Society. 

R.r.  Ruman  Catholic. 

R.D.   Rural  Dean. 

II. E.  Royal  Engineers;  Royal  Ex- 
change. 

licauin.  Reaumur 

Reed.   Received. 

Recpt.  Receipt. 

Re/.  Reference. 

Re/.  Ch.  Reformed  Church. 

Rt^.  Pres.  Reformed  Presbyterian. 

Reg.  Regular. 

Reg.,ilegr.  Registrar. 

Reg.,  liegt.  Regiment,  regimental. 

Rcl.  Religion,  religious. 

Rel.  Pron.  Relative  Pronoun. 

Rem.  Remark,  remarks. 

Rep.  Report  ;  R4ii)reseutative. 

Hep.,  Repnb.  Republic,  rejiublicwi. 

Retd.  Returned. 

Rev.  Revelation  ;  Revenncs  ;  Reve- 
rend ;  Review ;  Revise. 

Revd.  Reverend. 

Revs.  Reverends. 

R.II.A.  Royal  Horse  Artillcrj-. 

Rhet.  Rhetoric,  rlietorical. 

R.H.S.  Royal  Humane  Society, 

R.I.  Rhode  Island  (U.S.A.). 

R.I.I'.  (Lat.  requitscat  in  puce),  May 
he  (or  she)  rest  in  peace. 

Riv.  River. 

R.M.  Royal  Mail  ;  Royal  Marines. 

R.M.A.  Royal  Marine  Artillery  ; 
Royal  Military  Asylum. 

R.M.i.I.  Royai  Marine  Light  In- 
fantry. 

II. N.  Royal  Navy. 

R.X.R.  Royal  Naval  Reserve. 

R.O.  Receiving  Olficc. 

Robt.  Robert. 

RoJii.  Roman  ;  Romans. 

Rom.  Cath.  Roman  Catholic 

R,P.  Regius  l*rofessor. 

R.R.   Right  Reverend. 

R.S.A.  Royal  Scottish  Academy.    '' 

R.S.P.C.A.  Roynl  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Crucltyto  Aninuds. 

R.S.E.  Royal  Society  of  Edinlmrgh. 

R.S.L.  Royal  Society  of  London. 

R.S.O.  Receiving  sub-office. 

R.S.V  P.  (Fr.  Rf.pondez  s'U  was 
plait).  Please  reply. 

Rt.  Rifjht. 


t)8(j 


Abbreviations  and  Contractions. 


AV.  Hon.  Right  Honourable. 

/.','.  Ave.   Right  Kcvorfua. 

/;.r..S.   Religious  Trart  Socit-ty. 

lit.  H'pful.   Ri;iht  Woi-shipful. 

/.''(.VS-.   Russia,  Russian. 

/.M'.  Revised  Version  ;  Rillc  Volun- 
teers. 

a.ir.  Rij^ht  Worshipful,  Right 
Wurthy. 

!;.li\n.f:.M.  Right  Worshipful  De- 
puty Grand  Master. 

l:.ir.a.M.  Right  Worshipful  Grand 
Master. 

K.U'.rrjt.  Right  Worthy  Gi-and  Re- 
presentative. 

R.ii'j;..-<.  Right  Worthy  Grand 
Secretary. 

K.ir.f;.T.  Right  Worthy  Grand 
Treasurer,  Riglit  Worthy  Grand 
Templar. 

Rjr.GJV.  Right  Worshipful  Graud 
Warden. 

H.ir.J.Gjr.  Right  Wnr.shipful 
Junior  Grand  Warden. 

RJl'.S.G.W.  Right  Worshipful 
Senior  Grand  Warden. 

ii;/.  Railway. 


.S.  Saint;  Saturday:  Section  ;  Shil- 
ling; Sign  iSigimr  ;Sn|(i ;  Soprano  ; 
South,  soutlieni  (i)'>stal  district, 
Londnn);  Sun  ;  Sunday  ;  ^-ibhath 

s.  Second,  seconds;  See  ;  Singular; 
Son  ;  Substantive ;  Succeeded. 

.^.v4.  South  Africa,  Soutli  America. 

>..4.  (lj:it.  secvmlem  artcm),  Accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  art. 

\n\  Saldatli. 

S'!),i.,  S'linl.  Samuel. 

Sam.,  !Sin)iar.  Samaritiin. 

Sans.,  Sansc,  Sanslc.  Sanscrit,  Sans- 
krit. 

S.A.S.  (Lat.  Societatis  Ajittrpia- 
riurimi  Sociiis),  Fellow  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries. 

Sat.  Saturday. 

Siir.  Saxon,  Saxony. 

SJ;.  South  Britain  (England  and 
Wales).     [N.B.l 

S.C.  South  Carolina  (U.S.A.). 

S.C.  (Lat.  Sfitatus  consnltum),  A  de- 
cree of  the  senate. 

Sc.  [SciL,  Sculp.] 

Scan.  maq.  (Lat.  sixuidahtm  marjua- 
tinti),  Defamatory  expressions  to 
tlie  injury  of  persons  of  high 
rank  or  dignity. 

■S'.  caps.,  .Sin.  cups.  Sniall  capitals. 
(In  printing.) 

Si'.n.  (Lat.  scieiitUe  baccalanreu'i), 
Bacheloi"  of  Science. 

Sc.D.  (Lat.  srientiw  doctor),  Doctor 
of  Science. 

SV/i.  (Lat.  sc?ioliHm),  A  note. 

Set.  Science. 

SciL,  Sc.  (Lat.  scilicet).  Namely;  to 
wit. 

S.C. I..  Student  in  Civil  Law. 

Sclav.  Sclavonic. 

Scot.  Scotland,  Scotch,  Scotfish. 

Scr.  Scruple,  scruples. 

Scrip.,  Script.  Scripture,  scriptural. 

Sculp.  Sculpture. 

Sciflp..  Scul2)t.,  Sc.  (Lat.  scnlp»if), 
He  (or  she)  engraved  it. 

S.D.U.K.  Society  for  the  Diffusii.u 
of  Useful  Knowledge. 

S.E.  South-east,  south  -eastern 
(postal  district,  London). 

Sec.  Second. 

Sec,  Sect.  Section, 

Sec. ,  Secy.  Secretary. 

Sec.  Leg.  Secretary  of  Legation. 

Sen    Senate,  senator. 

Sep.,  Sept.  September. 

Seq.  (Lat.  seqnente.t,  seqnrnttn).  The 
following  or  the  next. 


Serg.,  Sergt.  Sergeant. 

Serj.,  Serjt.  Serjeant. 

Serv.  Servian. 

S.C.  Solicitor-general. 

s.g.  |Sp.  Gr.] 

Sh.  Shilling,  shillings. 

Sing.  Singular. 

S..f.  Society  of  Jesus. 

S.J.C.  Sui'renie  Judicial  Court. 

Shr.  Sanskrit. 

Slav.  Slavonic. 

Skt.  Sailed. 

S.M.  Sergeant-major. 

S.  M.  Loud.  Soc.  (Lat.  Sodftatis 
Medicte  Londine}isis  Sociv-s).  Meni- 
berof  the  London  Medical  Society. 

.S.\.  (Lat.  secnndvni  nfftnrnni).  Ac- 
cording to  nature,  naturally. 

s.n.  Sub-office. 

Soc,  Socy.  Society. 

S.  of  Sol.  Song  of  Solomon. 

Sol. -gen.  Solicitor-general. 

Sp.  Spain,  Spanish  ;  Spirit. 

s.p.  (Lat.  sine  prole),  Without  issue. 

S.P.C.K.  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  Christian  Knowledge. 

Spec.  Special,  specially. 

S.P.G.  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel. 

sp.gr.,  s.g.  Specific  gravity. 

S.r.Q.B.  (Lat.  Senatus  Popnlusqne 
R'tma  It  jts).  The  Senate  and  the 
People  of  Rome. 

sq.  Square  ;  sq.  ft.  square  foot,  feet ; 
sq.  in.  square  inch,  inches  ;  sq.  m. 
square  mile,  miles  ;  sq.  yd.  square 
yard. 

Sr.  Senior ;  sir. 

S.R.I.  (Lat.  Sacrum  Eoinannni  Tm- 
perlrim).  The  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire. 

S.R.S.  (Lat.  Societatis  Regirr  Sociiis). 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

■S.-?.  Saints. 

N..S".  Sunday  School. 

S.S.C.  Solicitor  before  the  Supreme 
Court. 

S.S.E.  South-south-east. 

^'..S.  ir.  South-soutli-west. 

St.  Saint;  Stone;  Strait;  Street. 

St.  (Lat.  stet).  Let  it  stand  (in  print- 
ing). 

Stat.  Statute,  statutes  ;  statuary. 

S.T.D.  (Lat.  sac7-a;  theologice  doctor). 
Doctor  of  Divinity. 

ster.,  stg.  Sterling. 

S.T.P.  (Lat.  sacrre  theologt(e  pro- 
fessor). Professor  of  Theology. 

Su.  Sunday. 

Snbj.  Subjunctive. 

Siibst.  Substantive  ;  Substitute. 

Stiff.  Suffix. 

Sii.-Goth.  Suio-Gothic. 

Sun.,  Siind.  Sunday. 

Slip.  Superior  ;  Superlative  ;  Sup- 
plement ;  Supine. 

Siipt.  Superintendent. 

Stir.,  Sitrg.  Surgeon,  surgery. 

Stir. -gen.  Surgeon -general. 

Sitrv.  Surveying,  surveyor. 

Stirv.-gcn.  Surveyor -general. 

S.v.  (Lat.  suh  ivce).  Under  the  word 
or  title. 

S.IV.  Senior  Warden;  South-west, 
south  -  western  (postal  district, 
London. 

Sir.  Sweden,  Swedish. 

Switz.  Switzerland, 

Syti.  Synonym,  synonymous. 

Synop.  Synopsis. 

Syr.  Syr'a,  Syriac  ;  syrup. 

T.  Tenor  ;  Ton  ;  Tan  ;  Tuesday 
Tan.  Tangent. 
Tart.  Tartaric. 


Tech.  Technical,  technically. 

Ten.,  Tenn.  Tennessee  (U.S.A.). 

Term.  Termination. 

Tetit.  Teutonic. 

Tex.  Texas  (U.S.A.). 

Text.  rec.  (Lat.  textus  receptus),  The 
received  text. 

Th.  Thomas;  Thursday. 

Thpo.  Theodore. 

Theul.  Theology. 

Theor.  Theorem. 

Thess.  Thessalonians. 

Tho.,  Thos.  Thomas. 

Thv.,  Thiir.,  Thurs.  Thursday. 

T.H.iV.M.  Trinity  high-water  mark. 

Tier.  Tierce. 

Tim.  Timothy. 

Tit.  Title  ;  Titus. 

T.O.  Turn  over. 

Tvh.  Tol.it. 

Tom.  Tome,  volume. 

Tonn.  Tonnage. 

Topog.  Topography,  topographical. 

Tr.  Translation,  translator,  trans- 
lated ;  Transpose ;  Treasurer ; 
Trustee. 

Trtiiis.  Transactions;  Translation, 
translator,  translated. 

Trai:  Travels. 

Trig.,  Trigon.  Trigonometry,  trigo- 
lujmetrical. 

Trin.  Trinity. 

Ts.  Texas  (U.S.A.). 

T.T.L.  To  take  leave.    [P.P.C.] 

Tti.,  Tties.  Tuesday. 

Turk.  Turkey,  Turkish. 

'^iiP-  Typographer. 

Typog.  Typography,  typographical. 

U.C.  (La^t.  vrhis  conditce)  From  the 

building    of    the    citv  —  Rome. 

[A.U.C.] 
Uh.  Utah  (U.S.A.). 
U.J.D.     [J. U.D.I 
U.K.  United  Kingdom. 
U.K. A.    Ulster    King    at    Arms ; 

United  Kingdom  Alliance. 
Ult.  (Lat.  nltiiiio).  Last,  of  the  last 

month. 
-urn.  Unmarried. 
Unit.  Unitarian. 
Univ.  University. 
Up.  Upper. 

U.P.  United  Presbyterian. 
U.S.  United  States. 
U.S.  (Lat.  nt  supra),  As  above. 
U.S.A.  Uiuted  States  of  America; 

United  States  Army. 
U.S.K.  United  States  Navy. 
U.S.S.  United  States  Senate;  United 

States  ship  or  steamer. 
UsH.  Usual,  usually. 
U.T.  Utah  Territory  (U.S.A.). 


I'.  Verb;  Verse;  Victoria;  Violin, 

V.  (Lat,  versus).  Against. 

I'.  (Lat.  vide),  See. 

V.A.  Vicar  Apostolic;  Vice-admiral. 

I'a.  Virginia  (U.S.A.). 

V'ar.  Variety. 

Vat.  Vatican. 

V.  aux.  Verb  auxiliary. 

r.C.      Vice  -  chancellor  ;     Victoria 

Cross. 
V.  def.  Verb  defective. 
V.H  M.   (Lat.  Verbi  Dei  Minister) 

Minister  of  the  Word  of  God. 
Ven.  Venenible. 
V.G.  Vicar-general. 
V.g.  (Lat.  rerhi  gratia).  For  the  sake 

of  example. 
!'.(.  Verb  intransitive. 
I'ice-pres.  Vice-president. 


Vid.  (Lat.  vide),  See. 

V.  imp.  Verb  imi'crsonal. 

V.  irr.  Verb  irregular. 

Vis.,  Vise.  Viscount. 

Vi:.  (Lat.  ridelia-f).  Namely ;  to  wit. 

[Oz.l 
V.n.  Verb  neuter. 
Voc.  Vocative. 
Vol.  Volume. 
Voh.  Volumes. 
V.P.  Vice-president. 
V'.R.  (Lat.  Victoria  Regiiia),  Queen 

Victoria. 
V.r.   Verb  reflexive. 
V.Rcv.  Very  Revercud. 
]'s.  (Lat.  irrsns).  Against. 
V.S.  Veterinary  surgeon. 
V.t.  Verb  transitive. 
VnJ.,  Vulg.  Vulgate. 
Vtilg.  Vulgar,  vulgarly. 
vv.U.(hat.  vari(v  lectlones),  Various. 

readings. 

W.  Wednesday  ;  Week  :  Welsh  ; 
West,  western  (postal  district; 
London). 

Wall.,  n-allacli.  Wallaclnan. 

Walt.  Walter. 

u-.c.  Water  closet. 

U'.C.  Western  Central  (postal  dis- 
trict, London). 

Wi'd.  Wednesday. 

U'el.  Welsh. 

)'_'./.  Wrong  fount  (iu  printing). 

!('/(/.  Wharf. 

IV. I.  West  Indies  ;  West  Indian. 

Wis.,  Wise.  Wisconsin  (U.S.A.). 

Wk.  Week. 

W.  Long.  West  Longitude. 

Wrn.  William. 

W.M.   Worshipful  Master. 

JI'.A'.  W.  West-north-west. 

Wp.   Worship. 

Wpftd.   Worshipful. 

W.S.  Writer  to  the  Signet. 

W.S.  W.  West-south-west. 

W.T.  Washington  Territory(U.S.A.). 

Wt.  Weight. 

W.Va.  Western  Virginia  (U.S.A.). 

A'  Christ.  (This  abln-e-viatinn  ia 
the  Greek  X,  x  (=  ch),  the  initial 
letter  of  Xpitrro;  (Christos)  =■ 
Christ.) 

Xtn.,  Xmas.  Christmas. 

Xn.  Christian. 

Xnty.  Christianity. 

Xper.,  Xr.  Christopher. 

.\'t.  Christ. 

Xtian.  Christian. 

}'.  Year. 

Yd.  Yard. 

Yds.  Yards. 

Ye  The  ;  Thee.  (The  Y  in  thi.s  ab- 
breviation is  a  misreading  of  the 
letter  p  =  th.) 

Y.M.C.A.  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association. 

Yr.  Year  ;  Younger  ;  Your. 

Ys.  Years  ;  Yours. 

Y.W.C.A.  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Association. 

Zacli.   Zachai-y. 

Zech.   Zechariah. 

Zeph.  Zophaniali. 

Z.G.  Zoological  Gardens. 

Zoncheni.  Zoochemistry,  zoodiemi- 

cal. 
Zoogeog.  Zoogeography,  zoogeogi-a- 

pineal. 
Zool.  Zoology,  zoological. 


LIST    OF    AUTHORS. 


iriTU     THE     TITLES     OF 


THEIR 
THIS 


WORKS    FROM     jrHICU     THE    ILLVsTRAriVE     QUOTATIONS     IS 
DICTIONARY    HAVE    BEEN     TAKEN. 


[The  flgurfs  in  parenllieses  ;i£ttr  .in  authors  name  ilenr»tt>  his  peiUKl ;  tliosf  sfter  the  name  of  a  inaiuiscriiit 
for  dates  of  publicatiou.    An  authors  perlinl  is  only  given  when  his  collecteil  works  wt 


Abbot,  G.,  Archbp. :  A  Brivfe  Description 

of  the  WorUi 1630 

Abbott.  E.  A.,  &  Seellv.  .1.  R.  :  English 

Lessons  for  English  IVople  .        .        .     1S71 

"Aberdeen,  Extracts  fruni  the  Council  • 

Register  of  the  Burgh  f>f "  (:Spalding 
Club.  ed.  J.  Stuart]  .         .         .        1S44-4S 

"  AcT.s  OF  THE  General  As.-;embi.y  of  the 

Church  of  Scotland,  lOSS,  &c.'"     .        .     10S2 

Adams,  H.  G.  :  Pref.  to  Bechstein's  "Cage 

Bints" ISTJ 

Adams,  Thomas  :  Works  ....  Iti2i» 
Addis,  W.  E.,  &  Arsoll-.  T.  ;    Catlioiic 

Dictionary 1SS4 

Addison,  J.  (1*372-1719)  :  Poems,  1712 ; 
Kxaniiner,  1712  ;  Cato.  1713;  Contribu- 
tions to  Tatler,  Sj>ectator,  Guardian, 

and  Freeholder 1790 

Ajjev,  W.:  Candle  in  the  Dark  .        .       c.     1755 
Agassiz,  J.  L,  R.  :  Nomenclator  Zoolo- 
gicus.  1S42-4G  ;  An  Essay  un  Classifica- 
tion          1S50 

AiKiK,  J.,  31. D.  :  England  Delineated  .  17SS 
AiNSWORTH.  W.  Harri-^un  :  Rookwood  .  1S34 
AiRV.  Sir  G.   B.  :    Astronomy,  1S49;  On 

Sound ISOS 

AisBATu:,  J.:    Speech  hefiue    House    of 

Lords 1721 

Akenside,     Mark  :    Pleasures     of    the 

Imagination 1744 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailev  :  Friar  Jerom's 

Beautiful  Book  ;  Seadiift     .         .         .     ISSl 
"  Alexander  thr  Great,  King  of  Mace- 
don,"  a  fragment   of  the  alliterative 
rouiancc  of  "  Alisannder,"  &c.,  c.  1380 
(Early  Eng.  Text  .Society,  ed.   W.   W. 

Skeat) 1S7S 

AiFcKD,  Hesry,  D.D.,  DeaM  of  Canter- 
bury: Queen's  English.  .  .  .  ISiH 
Allbutt,  H.  A. :  Malthusiau  Traets  1S77,  &c. 
Allen,  E.  H.  :  Violin  Making  .  .  .  1SS4 
Allen,  J.  :  Synopsis  Medicinie.  .  .  1710 
Allestree,  R.  :  Sermons  .        .        .     1GS4 

Allixgiiam,  J.  T. :  Fortune's  Frolic  .  17i'D 
"Alliterative       Poems.  *        ["  Eajilv 

English  Alliterative  Poem^."] 
Allman,   Prof. :    Presidential  Rei>ort  at 

British  Association  Meeting  at  Sheffield    1S70 
"  Amadis  de  Gaule  :  The  Famous  and  De- 
lightful   History  of."  c.    HOu   (trans, 
and  abridged  by  J.  8.  Gent) .        .        .     1702 
Amhurst,  Nicholas  (1700-1742). 
"Amis  and  Amiloun,"i-.  1400.    [Wkber.] 
"  Ancren  RiWLE,  The,"  a  treatise  on  the 
rules  and  duties   of  monastic   life,  c. 
1280  (Camden  Society,  i-d.  d.  Morton)      1S03 
Anderson,  A.  :  Expositiuu  of  the  hyinne 

"Benedictus" 1573 

Anderson,  Robt.  :  Cumberland  Ballads  .    1805 
Andrewes,  G.,  Dean  of  Canterbury  :  Ser- 
mons          1798-lSlO 

Annand,  W.  :  Mysterium  Pietatis  .  .  lt»72 
Anson,  Lord  G. :  Voyages.        .        .        .     1743 


Ansted,  D.  Thomas  :  Channel  Islands     . 

Anstey,  Christopher:  N'ew  Bath  Guide 
Bonk 

Arbl'thnot,  Rev.  Alex.  (153S-15S2): 
Ancient  Scottish  Poems.  [Pinker- 
ton.  J 

vVrbutunot,  J.,  M,D.  :  John  Bull 


1712 


"  Arch.eologia"       ....     1770,  &c. 

Argyll,  Duke  of.     [Campbell,  G.  D.l 

Armin,  Robert:  Nest  of  Ninnies     .        .     IOCS 

ARM.->TRONfl,  J.,  m.d.  :  Art  of  Preserving 

Health 1744 

Arnold,      Matthew  :      Literature    and 

Dogma,  1S73  ;  Last  Essays   .        .        .    1877 

Arnwav,  John  :  Moderation  of  Charles  I.     1650 

"Arthour  and  Merlin,"  a  metrical 
romance,  &c.,  c.  1400  (ed.  from  the 
Auchiideck  MS.  by  W.  B.  D.  D.  Turn- 
bull,  Abb<.dsford  (ilub).        .        .        .    1S3S 

AscHAM,  R. :  Toxophilus,  1544  ;  AtTairs  of 

Germany,  1552;  Scholeiuasler      .        .     1570 

Ashbl-rton,  Lord.  (Baring,  William 
Bingham.) 

AsHMOLE.   Elias  :    Theatrum  Cheinicuiu 

Britannicmu 1052 

AsHTON,  Thomas  :  Fast  Sermon.        .        .     175S 

Astle,  Thomas:   Origin  and  Progress  of 

Writing 1784 

Atkinson.  E.  :  Trans,  of  Ganofs  Physics     1870 

Atkvns,  Sir  R. :  History  of  Gloucester    . 

Atterbury,  Francis,  Bp.  :  Sermons 

Aubrey,  John  (1027-1097):  Historj'  of 
Wilts,  1821;  Miscellanies     . 

Austen,  Jane  :  Sense  and  Sensibility, 
1811 ;  Pride  and  Prejudice,  1812  ;  Mans- 
field Paik,  1814 ;  Northanger  Abbey, 
ISIS  ;  Persuasion ISIS 

Awbrly,  John.     [Aubrey.I 

Awdeley,  John:    Fraternitye  of   Vaea- 

N.ndes 1500-1 

*•  AwNTYRs  OF  Arthur,  The,  at  the  Terne 

Wathelyn,"  e.  1400  (a  poem).        .        .     1S23 

"AYENBITEOFlNW\-T,Thc."[DANMlCHEL.] 

Ayliffe,  John  :  Parergon  Juris  Canonici    1720 


1712 
1740 


1090 


"  Babees  Book,"  15th  cent.  (Early  Eng. 

Text  Society,  ed.  F.  J.  Funiivall) 
Babington,  W.  :  System  of  Mineralogy    . 
Bacon,    Francis,    Lord  Verulam    (1500- 

1020):  Works 

BADcorK,  John:  Vignettes  from  Invisible 

Life 

Bailey,    Nathan  :    English    Dictionary, 

1721 ;  Colloquies  of  Erasmus 
Bailey.  Philip  James:  Festus 
Baillie,  Joanna  :  Fugitive  Pieces  . 
Bain,  A.  ;  Emotions  and  the  Will     . 
Baird,  S.  F.  :  Brewer,  J.  M. ;  &  Ridc- 

WAv,  R.  :  North  American  Birds. 
Baker,  Sir  Richard:  Henry  VIII.  . 
Balo.  Robert:  Coal  Trade  of  Scotland  . 


1868 
1799 


1SS3 

1733 

1S39 
1823 
1S50 

1SS4 
1041 
ISOS 


show  ita  aiipnuliuate  date;  the  other  flBureo  BtAn<l 
TV  uol  publlHhed  during  hi^  life.) 

Balk,  John  (1495-1503):  S»dect  WorkM 
(ParkerSwciety.  ed.  H.  Chri.4tmaft) 

Balfoir,  Sir  J. :  Practicks 

Balfour.  J.  Hutton  :  Botany  . 

Ball,  Sir  R.  S.  :  Story  of  the  Heavens     . 

Ball.  W.  :  Night  Watches 

Bally,  George  :  Day  of  Judgment  . 

Bancroft,  Richard  :  Survey  of  Pre- 
tended Holy  Discipline 

Banister,  John  :  History  of  Man    . 

Banks,  John  :  Virtue  Betrayed 

Barbour,  John  :  llie  Bruce,  or  the 
History  of  Rol>ert  1.,  King  of  Scotlaii'l 
(from  a  MS.  dated  1489,  ed.  J.  Pinkerton) 

Barclay,  Alexander  :  ShipofFooles    . 

Baret,  John  :  Alvearic     .... 

Barham,  Rev.  R.  H. :  Ingoldsby  Legends 

Barino-Gould,  Rev.  S.  :  Were-wolves, 
1805 ;  Origin  of  Religious  Belief 

Baring.  William  Bingham,  Lord  Ash- 
burton  :  Address  to  Geographical 
Society 1302 

Barlow,  Dr.  Thomas  (1007-1G91),  The 
Genuine  Remains  of      .... 

Barnard,  J.,  d.d.  :  Life  of  Heylin  . 

Barnes,  Robert  :  Works  .... 

"Babnevel's  Apology."    [Holderus.] 

Barrinoton,  Hon.  Daines  :  Experiment 
on  Singing  Birds  in  "  Philosophical 
Transacticms " 

Barroucii,  Philip  :  Method  of  Phy.sic     . 

Barrow,  Isaac,  d.d.  :  Sermons 

Barry,  George :  Orkney. 

Bartlett,  J.  Russell  :  Dictionary  of 
AmerieaTusms 

Bastias.H.C:  The  Brain  an  Organ  of  Mind    18S0 

Bates,  W.  (1025-1099):  Sure  Trial  of  Up- 
riglitness 

Baur.  F.  C.  :  Church  History-  of  the  First 
Three  Centuries 

Baxter,  Richard  (1015-1091):  Works 

Bayle.    [Bale.] 

Beames.  J.  :  Comparative  Grammar  of  the 

Aryan  Tongues       ....  lS72-'.> 

Beattie.  James  :  Moral  Sciences      ,         1790-:t 

Beaumont.  Joseph  :  Psyche     ,        .        .    lOis 

Beaumont,  Francis  (f.  1580-lGU'O.  & 
FLtrrcHER,  John  (1576-1025):  Drama- 
tic Works,  edited  by  George  Colman    .     177S 

Beckford,  William  ;  Italy       .        .  1S34 

Becon,  Thomas,  Bp.  :  Works    .        .        l503-t>4 

Bkddoes,    Thomas  :    Nature  of   Demon* 

sti-ative  Evidence 179* 

Beddoes,  T.  L.  ;  Poems    ....     182> 

Bedell,  W.,  Bp. :  Certain  Letters.  1024  ; 

A  Letter  to  Mr.  Waddesworth      .        .     1827 

Beket,    Life    of,   c.    1305    (trans.,   with 

Notes  and  Glossary,  by  E.Magnusson)  1875-sr 

Bell,  T.  :  British  Reptiles,  1839 ;  Stalk- 
eyed  Crustaceans IS'i.i 

Bell,  Rev.  W.  :  Sermon    ....     Mil 


I*4.» 
1754. 

1855 
ISS. 

1757 

1  - 1> : 
157^ 

lO^i 


17'.N) 
150'.» 

157:i 
1847 

187i> 


I69:r 
ies:j. 

157:1. 


1773 
1624 

1805 

1848 


1039 


l-^7ik 
1707 


Bellarmin,   CardiDul :    De  Scriptoribu^ 

Ecclesiastiois 1G13 

Uellendicn,    Juhn  :    The    Hyslory    and 

Croiiiklis  of  Srotlami,  by  H.  Boetliius 

(trans,  by  J.  Hellendfu)        .        .        .     1536 
Ukloe,  Uev.  William  :  Trans,  of  Hero- 
dotus       i:09 

Ukusham,    William  :    History  of   Great 

Britain ISOO 

liENEDKN,  P.  J.  :  Animal  Parasites   .        .    1870 
Hknnett,  a.  W.     [TaoMK.] 
IJknsett,  T.,  r,d.:  Church  and  tlie  World     1711 
Mkn'tham,   Jerkmy  :    Works  (ed.  by  Sir 

J.  Bowriny) ISaS 

Hkntley,      Rev.     Richard  :      8ernions 

preached  at  the  Boyle  Lectures  .       .    10P3 
Bkkenger,  Richard:    Trans,  of  Bourge- 

lafs    Hist,    and  Art    of    Horseiuau- 

shii-"     .      ^ 1771 

Berington,  J.     [Berrinqtos.] 
JJebkelev,  George,  Earl  of:  Historical 

Applications 1070 

Berkeley,    Uev.   M.    J.  :    Cryptogamic 

Botany 1847 

Bernard,  Richard  :  Terence  iu  English  1098 
Berners,  Dame  Juliana  (born  c.  1388): 

Book  of  St.  Albans       ....     1490 
Bersers,    Lord :    Trans,    of   Froissart's 

Chronicle Ij23-j 

Berrington,  J. :  History  of  Abelard  and 

Heloisa 17S4 

"Beryn,  TaIeof,"c.  1400{Chaucer  Society, 

ed.  F.  J.  Furnivall  &  W.  G.  Stone)       .     1876 
1!esakt,  Walter,    &   Rite,  James  :    By 

Celia's  Arbour,  1678 ;  Monks  of  Thelema    1878 
"Bestiary."      ["Old  English  Hiscel- 

LASY.  "] 

IlETTERTON,  Thomas  (1035-1710) :  Miller 

of  Tronipiugton 1712 

Beveridge,  W.,  Bp.  (1630-1701):  Sermons  1720 
Bible,  1551,  1611.     [See  also  Covekdale, 

Tyndale,  and  Wycliffe.] 
BicKERSTAFF,  IsAAC  :  Love  in  a  Village    .     1703 
Binnev,    T.  :    Lights    and    Shadows    of 

Church  Life  in  Australia       .        .        .    1800 
BiTHELL,    Richard  :     Counting     House 

Dictionary 1SS3 

Black,  William  :  A  Daughter  of  Hetli, 
1871  ;  Adventures  of  a  Phaeton,  1872  ; 
A  Princes.-;  of  Thule       ....     1873 
Blackbtjrse,  Francis;  The  Confessional    1700 
Blackie,  J.  Stuart,  Prof. :  Four  Pliases 
of  Morals,  1S71  ;    Lays  of  the  High- 
lands and  Islands,  1872  ;  Self-Culture.     1873 
Blacklocke,  T.  (1721-1791)  :  An  Ode  (and 

other  Poems) ISOS 

Elackmore,  Sir  R.  :   Paraplirases,  1700 ; 

Creation 1712 

Blackmore,  R.  D.  :  Lorna  Doone  .  .  1S09 
Blackstoxe,  Sir  W.  :  Commentaries  .  1705 
Blackwall,     Anthoxv:      The     Sacred 

Classics  Defended  and  Illustrated        .     1720 
Bladen,  Col.  M. .  Trans,  of  Ceesar's  Com- 
mentaries        1713 

Blair.    Hugh  ;      Rhetoric    and    Belles- 

Lettres ,     1817 

Blavney,  B.  (d.  ISOl) :  Notes  on  Isaiah 

(MS.  in  Lambeth  Library). 
Blind  Harry.   [Harry  the  Minstrel.] 
Blome,  C:  Gentleman's  Recreation.        .     1710 
Bloomfield,  RoBERT(1706-lS23):  Poems     1831 
Blount.  Thomas  :  Glossographia,  or  Dic- 
tionary of  Hard  Words  ....     1719 
Bloxam,  M.  H.  :  Gothic  Architecture      .     1829 
Bldndell,  W.  ;  Crosby  Records       .        .     ISSO 
Blunt,  Rev.  J.  H.  :  Dictionary  of  Sects  .     1874 


List  of  Authors. 

Blyth,  A.  W.  :  Dictionary  of  Hygiene  .  1876 
Boate,  G.  :  Natural  History  of  Ireland  .  1720 
BoccALiNi  :  The  New-found  Politicke,  &c. 

(trans.  M.  Florio  &.  W.  Vaughan)         .     1626 
BocHAS,  John.  [Lvdgate:  Fall  of  Princes.] 
BoLiNGBROKE,   Visct.  (1078-1751):   Frag- 
ments of  Essays 1755 

Bolton,  Robert  :  Of  the  Four  Last  Things  1032 
Bonaparte,    Prince    Charles    Lucien. 

iWiLsoN,  Alexander.] 
"  Book  of  Nurture."    [Rhodes.] 
"  Book  of  St.  Albans."  [Berners,  Dame.] 
"  Book  of  Sundry  Instrumeints"    .        .     1576 
"  BooKE  of  Quinte  Essence,  or  the  Fifth 
Being  ;  tliat  is  to  say,  Man's  Heaven  " 
(Early  Eng.    Text    Society,  ed.    F.   J. 

Furnivall) 1880 

BooRDE,  Andrew  ;  Breviary  of  Health    .     1547 
Boothby,  Sir  B. :  Letter  to  Burke    .        .     1791 
"Border  Minstrelsy."    [Scott,  Sir  W.] 
BossEWELL,  John.     [Boswell,  John.] 
Boswell,  James  ;  Life  of  Johnson  .        ,     1791 
Boswell,  John  :  Works  of  Armorie        1572-97 
Boucher,   Rev.    Jonathan  (1738-1804): 
Glossary  of  Archaic    and    Provincial 
Terms  (ed.  by  Rev.  J.  Hunter  &  Joseph 

Stevenson) 1832 

BouviER,  John  :  Abridgment  of  the  Law     1851 
Bowles.     [Drvden,  John  :  Juvenal.] 
BowRiNG,  Sir  J. :  Trial  of  King  Charles  I.    1705 
Boyd,  A.  K.  H.  :  Recreations  of  a  Coun- 
try Parson 1859 

Boyle,  Hon.  R.  (1620-1692):  Works  .  1099 
Boyse,  Samuel  ;  Poems  ....  1731 
Braddon,  M.  E.:  Eleanor's  Victory,  1S63; 

Weavers  and  Welt 1877 

Bradford,    J.     (<:.    1530-1555)  :     Works 

(Parker  Society,  ed.  A.  Townsend)  1848-53 
Brady,  Samuel  ;  Glossary.  .  .  .  1084 
Braithwaite,    Richard  :   Nature's  Em- 

bassie 1021 

Br  Ail  ALL,  Archbp. :  Works  .  .  .  1677 
Brasiston,  James:  The  Artof  Politicks, ifec.  1729 
Brand,  John  :  Popular  Antiquities  .  1777 

Brande,  W.  T.  :   Dictionary  of  Science, 

Literature,  and  Art  ....  1842 
Brande  &  Cox :  Dictionary  of  Science, 

&c.  (new  edition  of  that  of  1842)  .        .     1807 
Brandt,  F.  F.  :  Frank  Marland's  Manu- 
script, &.C 1859 

Brathwavte.     [Braithwaite.] 
Brayley,  E.  W.,  &  Britton,J.:  Houses 

of  Parliament 1836 

Brende,  John  :  Quintus  Curtius      .        .     1553 
Breretox,  Owen  S.  (1715-1798);  Contri- 
butions to  "  Archeeologia"  and  "  Philo- 
sopliical  Transactions." 
Breton,  N.  (1555-1024) :  Complete  works 
(ed.  A.  B.  Grosart,  for  the  "  Chertsey 
Worthies  Library ")      .        .        .        .     1S79 
Brevint,  D.  :  Saul  and  Samuel         .        .     1674 
Brewer,  J.  S.  :  English  Studies       .        .     1881 
Brewster,  Sir  David  :  Letters  on  Natural 

Magic 1S32 

Brialmont,  A.  H.     [Gleig,  G.  R.] 
Brinsley,  John  :  Spiritual  Vertigo  .        .     1652 
Brinton,  D.  G.:  Myths  of  the  New  World    1868 
Broca,  p.  p.  :  Human  Hybridity  (trans. 

by  C.  C.  Blake) 1803 

Brome,  a.  :  Satire  on  the  Rump  Parlia- 
ment        ?1659 

Brome,    Richard  ;    Jo^■ial  Crew,  or  the 

Merry  Beggars 1652 

Bronte,  Charlotte  :  Jane  EjTe,   1847  ; 

Villette,  1852  ;  The  Professor        .        .     1656 


Bronte,  E.  :  Wutliering  Heights  .  .  1S47 
Brooke,  Henry  :  Universal  Beauty,  1732; 

Fool  of  Quality 17110 

Broome,    William    (d.    1745):    On    the 

Odyssey 1725 

Brougham,  Lord:  Sketches  of  Statesmen 

of  the  Reign  of  George  III.  .        .        1839-43 
Brouchton,  Riioda  :  Second  Thoughts    .     1880 
Brown.  R.  :  Manual  of  Botany        .        .     1874 
Browne.    Sir    Thomas:    Religio   Medici, 
1643 ;  Vulgar  Errours,1046 ;  Urn  Burial, 
1058;    Cyrus'    Garden,    1058;    Miscel- 
laneous Tracts        1G84 

Browning,  Mrs.  :  Poems  ....  1844 
Browning,  Robert;  Poems  .  ,  .  1549 
Bruce,  Robert  :  Sermons  .  .  .  1591 
Brunne,  Robert  de:  Chronicle  of  Eng- 
land, c.  1300.  [Ellis,  G.] 
i^RYANT,  J.  :  Observations  on  Scripture  .  1783 
Bryant,  T.  :  Manual  of  Surgery  .  .  1S72 
Brvdone,  p.  :  Tour  in  Sicily  and  Malta  1774 
Buchanan,    George  :   Pref.    to    Knox's 

History 1534 

Buck,  Sir  George  :  Hist,  of  Richard  III.    1646 
Buckingham.  George,  Duke  of;  The  Re- 
hearsal   1071 

Buckinghamshire,  John,  Duke  of ;  Elec- 
tion of  a  Poet  Laureate.        .        .        .     1719 

Buckland,  William,  Dean:  Geology  and 

Mineralogy msQ 

Buckle,    Henry    Thomas  :    History    of 

Civilization  in  England.        .        .        1857-64 

Bucknill,  John  Charles,  &  Tuke, 
Daniel  H.  ;  Manual  of  Psychological 
Medicine  (ed.  4th)  ....     1879 

Budgell,  Eustace  (1085-1736) :  Contribu- 
tions to  S|iectatar. 

Bull,  George,  Bp.  (1634-1709):  Works  .  1827 
Bullein,  William  :  Bulwarke  of  Defence 

Against  all  Sickness,  &c.      .        .        .     1562 
Bullokar,  John  :  English  Expositor  of 

Hard  Words 1619 

"Bull's  Pug"  (in  Wilson,  G.  ;  Collec- 
tion of  Masonic  Songs  and  Entertain- 
ing Anecdotes) 1788 

BuLWER.    [Lytton.] 

BuNYAN,  John  :  Pilgrims  Progress  .  .  1078 
Burckhardt,  J.  L.  :  Travels  in  Arabia  .  1829 
Burgess,     Bp.  :      On    the    Divinity    of 

Christ 1790 

BuRGOYNE,  John  :  The  Heiress.        .        .     1780 
Burke,  Edmund:  A  Philosophical  Inquiry 
into   the    Origin   of  our  Ideas  of  the 
Sublime  and  Beautiful,  1757  ;  Present 
Discontents,  1770 ;  French  Revolution, 
1790 ;  Letter  to  a  Noble  Lord       .        ,     1795 
Burn,  John  :  New  Law  Dictionary  .        .     1792 
Burnet,  G.,  Bp.  (1643-1715)  :  History  of 
the  Reformation,  1679-1716 ;    History 
uf  His  Own  Times.        .        .        .        1724-34 
Burnet,  Thomas  :  Theory  of  tlie  Earth  .     1681 
BuRNEY,  Charles  :  History  of  Music      1776-89 
BuRNEY,  Miss  F.    [D'Arblay'.] 
Burns,  Robert  (1759-1790) :  Poems.        .     1819 
BuRRiLL,  A.  M.  :  Law  Dictionary     .        .     1850 
Burton,  J.  ;  Vindication  of  the  Genuine- 
ness of  Lord  Clarendon's  History         .     1744 
Burton,  R.  :  Anatomy  of  Melancholy      .     1621 
Butler,  Samuel  :  Hudibras,  1603.  [Thter.] 
Butlin,      H.     T.  :      Diseases     of     the 

Tongue 1885 

Byrd,      Col.      W. :      Westover       Papers, 

1728-36 .     1841 

Byrom,  J.  (1091-1763):  Poenw.  .  .  1773 
Byron,  Lord  :  Poems        ....     1807 


List  of  Authors. 


689 


"Cabala,  sivE  ScBiNiA  Sacra"  ,,  .  10C3 
Calamt,  B.  (d.  1686) :  Sermons  .  .  l(iS7 
Calamy,  E.  :  Sermons  .  .  .  Itt41-<i3 
CALiniix,  II. :  An  Auiisweie  to  Mnrtiall.  1565 
CALI.A.N11KH,  J. :  Scottisli  Poems  .  .  17S2 
CALTHBor,  Sir  H. :  Reports  .  .  .  1070 
Calvine,  J.  :  Fonre  Gmilye  Sermons  .  1501 
Cambridge,  Uichard  Owes  :  Dialogue 
between  a  Member  of  Pailianient  anil 

liis  Servant 1752 

Casiden,  William  :  Britannia,  15S6  ;  Re- 
mains Concerning  Brit.ain     .        .        .     1005 
Campbell,  G.  D.,  Dnkc  of  Argyll :  Reign 

of  Law 1806 

Campbell,        Thomas        (1777  -  1844) : 

Poems 17i>n-lS42 

Case,  J.  V.  :  Fiat  Lux  ....  1001 
Cannino, George:  Anti-Jacobin  .  1798-1821 
Capgrave,  John  {i:iii3-14(>4) :   CTironicle 

of  EnglaiKl  (cil.  F,  C.  Hingeston)  .  1S5S 
Capper,  John:  Pictures  from  the  East  .  1S54 
Carew,  Richard:  Survey  of  Cornw.ill  .  1002 
Carlell,  LoDowlcKE:  Deserving  Favorite  1029 
Carleton,  Capt.  George:  Memoirs  of  an 

English  Officer,  1728  ;  Memoirs  .  .  1743 
Carleton,  William  :  Traits  of  the  Irish 

Peasantry 1S30 

'Carlile,  J.  :  Fortune-Hunters  ,  .  10S9 
Carlvle,  Thomas  :  Sartor  Resartus, 
1833-1 ;  French  Revolution,  1837 ; 
Heroes  and  Hero-Worship,  1840  ;  Past 
and  Present,  1843 ;  Letters  and 
Speeches  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  1845; 
Miscellanies,  1847 ;  Life  of  Sterling, 
1851 :        Life      of      Frederick      the 

Great 1858 

Carpenter,    W.   B.,  m.d.  :   Piinciples  of 

Hnn)an  Physiology,  3S44  ;  Principles  of 

Mental  Physiology        ....     1874 

Carruthers,      W.  :     Gymnosi)ermatous 

Fruits,  in  Joltrtud  of  Votaiiy,  Vol.  V., 

lip.  1-21 1S67 

Carter,  Elizabeth  (1717-lSOO) :  Letters.  1800 
Cartwright,    Edward  :    Poem    to    the 

Queen     . 1779 

Cartwright,  William  :  Poems  .  .  1651 
Carv,  Francis  :  Trans,  of  Dante  .  1S06-13 
Casacbon,  Meric  :  On  Credulity  .  .  lOOS 
*'Cassell"s  Natural  History"  {cd.  Dr. 

P.  M.  Duncan) 1870 

Cates,  W.  L.  R.  :  Dictionary  of  General 

Biography 1807 

"  Catholicon  Anglicum  "  1483  (Early 
Eng.  Text  Society,    ed.   S    J.  Herr- 

tage) 1881 

Cave,  W.  (1637-1713) :  Sermons  .  1070,  &c. 
Cawthorn,  James  (1719-1701)  :  Poems  .  1771 
Centlivre,    Mrs.    Susannah  :    Gotham 

Election 1715 

Chalmers,  G.  :   Life  of  Mary,  Queen  of 

Scots 1822 

Chalmers,  Thomas  (1780-1847):  Bridge- 
wjiter    Treatise    on    the    Power  and 

Wisdom  nf  God,  &c 1853 

Chaloner,  Sir  Thomas  :  Trans,  of  Eras- 
mus's Morise  Encomium,  or  Prayse  of 
Folic 1549 

Chamberlain,  John  :  MS.  Letter  to  Sir 
D.    Carleton,   May  13,   1013  (Camden 
Society,  ed.  .Sarah  Williams)        .        .     1801 
Chamberlaine,  W.  :  Pli,iiToiiida      .        .     1659 
Chambers,  G.  P.  :  Handbook  of  Descrip- 
tive Astronomy 1801 

Chambers,  R.  :  Book  of  Days  .  .  .  1879 
Chandler,  Sa.muel  ;   A  Critical  History 

of  the  Life  of  David     ....     1700 


Chapman.  George  :  Trnnslntinn  of  Homer, 
1590 :  Enstwanl  Hoe,  1005 ;  Buasy 
d'Ambois 1607 

CHAni.E.s     I.,    King:     Eikon     Basilikc. 

(GaI'DEN.) 

CnATTERTON,  Thomas:  Poems  .       ,       .    1777 
Chaucer,  Ceokfrev  (ISJO-HOO) :  Works.    1532 
Chaungv,    Isaac  ;    Neonomianisni    Un- 
masked   1092 

Chekk,  Sir  John  :  Hurt  of  Sedition.  .  1519 
"Chester  Plavk,  or  Mysteries,"  c.  1400 

(Shakespeare  Society,  cd.  T.  Wright)  .  1843 
Che-sterfield,  E!irl  of  (1694-1773) :  Fog's 

Journal ;  Aliscellaneous  Pieces  .  .  1777 
Cheyne,    Georoe,    m.d.  :    Philosophical 

Principles  .  .  ■  .  .  .  .  1705 
Child,  Sir  J. :  Discourse  on  Trade  .  .  1668 
Chillinowortii,   William:    Religion  of 

Protestants 1038 

Chilmead,  Edward.    [Ferhand.] 
Cholmlev,  Sir  H.  :  Revolt        .        .        .    1643 
Chorlev,  H.  F.  :  Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Uenians    1836 
Christie,    Richard    Copley  :    Etienne 

Dolet ISSO 

Churchill,  Charles  :  Poems  .  .  .  1702 
Churton,  R.  ;  Life  of  A.  Nuwell  .  .  1S09 
CiBBER,  CoLLEY  :  Provoked  Husband  .  1797 
Clarendon,  Earl  of  (1608-1703) :  History 

of    the  Rebellion,   1719-'20 ;    Religion 

and  Policy ISll 

Clarke,  S.  :  Evidences  ....  1731 
Cleaver,  R.  :  A  Briefe  Exposition  of  the 

Proverbs  of  Solomon  ....  1000 
Cleland,  Lieut. -Col.  W.  :  Poems  .  .  1097 
Cleveland,  John  :  Poems  .  .  ,  lfH7 
Clodd,  Edward:  Story  of  Creation.  .  1888 
Clovch.    Arthur     Huoh    (1819-1861)  : 

Poems  and  Prose  Remains  .  .  .  1809 
Clubbe,  John  ;  Antiquities  of  the  Villa  of 

Whatfield,  in  the  Comity  of  Sutfolk  1758 
Cobbold,  T.  S.  :  Human  Parasites  .  .  1882 
Cockburn,H., Lord  :Men.i(nials  of  his  Time  1856 
Cockburn,  J.,  D.D.:  Kenmrks  on  Burnet .  ?  1735 
Cocker,  Edward  :  Arithmetick  .  .  1078 
CoDRlNGTON,   R.  :     A    Letter  to   Sir    E. 

Bering 1041 

CooAN,  Thomas  :  On  the  Passions  .  .  1800 
Coke,  Sir  Edward:  Institute  of  the  Laws 

of  England     ...'...     1028 
Colbatch,  Sir  John  :  Case  of  Proxies     c.    1741 
Coleman,  G.    (Colman,  G.) 
Coleman,  W.  S.  :  Woodlands,  Heaths,  and 

Hedges 1859 

Colenso,  J.   W,,    Bp.  :   Pentateuch  and 

Book  of  Joshua 1873 

Coleridge,  S.  Taylor  (1772-1834) :  Works.   1853 
Coles,  Elisha  :  English-Latin  Dictionary    1677 
Collier,  Jeremy,  Bp. :  Essays       .    1697-1705 
Collier,  John.    [Tim  Bobbin.  ] 
Collins,  Mortimer:    Ivory  Gate,  1809; 

Blacksmith  and  Scholar  .  .  .  1876 
Collins,  Wilkie:  Woman  in  White,  1860 ; 

The  Jloonstone 1868 

Coi.man,  G.  (the  Elder),  &  B.  Thornton  : 

Connoisseur 1704-56 

Colman,  G.  (the  Elder)  :  English  Mer- 
chant      1767 

Colman,    G.    (the    Younger) ;     Poetical 

Vag.'MBes 1812 

CoLONNE,    GuiDO    DE-.     Gest    Historlale 

of  the  Destruction  of  Troy,  c.   1430 

(Early  Eng.  Text  Societ.v,  ed.  0.  A. 

Ponton  &  1).  Doiiahlson  .  .  1869-74 
CoLviL.  Samuel:  Mock  Poem  .        .        .    1081 


Coi.vis,  Prof.  S. :   I.(indor  (In  "EncUiih 

Men  of  Letlcm,"  ed.  J.  Sloiley)  .  .  18SJ 
Combe.  Williau  :  Toum  of  Dr.  Synta'X  1812-21 
CoMENlUK,  J.  A.  :  A  Patterne  of  L'nlverwn 

Kliowle<lgo 1651 

"  Comical  IIiktorv  of  Fbaxuios  '* ,  .  ?  li'^5 
CoMPToN,  H.,  Bp.  :  Episcopcilla  .  ,  1086 
"Conference    at     Hamitos    CouitT," 

1003/4 1661 

Conobevi;,  William  (li'm9-17261 :  Works.  1710 
Conway,  Moscure  Daniel  :  Dcmonology, 

1879 ;  Ia'ssoiis  for  the  Day   .        ,        .     1882 
Cook,  F.  C.  :    Holy    Biblo    with    Com- 
mentary         1871-81 

CooK,  Capt.  Jamis  :  Voyages    ,  .    1770 

Cooper,  A.  A.    (Shaitesbury,  Earl  of.) 
Copland,   J.  :    Dictionary    of   Practical 

Medicine I8,S2 

Copley,     Antdonv  :     Wits,    Fits,     and 

Fancies I.'>a5 

Corbet,  Richard  (1682-1635).  .  .  1072 
CoRVAT,  Thomas  :  Crudities  .  .  .  1611 
Coti:rave,  Randal  :  French  and  English 

Dictionary 1073 

Cotton,  Charles  (1030-87).  Works.  .  1715 
Coventry,   Henrv  :    Philemon    to    Ily- 

daspes 1736 

"Coventry  Mysteries,"  c.  1400  (Sliake- 

siicare  Society,  ed.  T.  Wright)  .  1843-47 
Cgveruale,  Miles  :  Biblo  .  .  ■  1535 
CowKLL,  John  :  Iaw  Dictionai-j*  .  .  1607 
Cowley,  Abraham  (1618-1007) :  Works  .  IOCS 
CowpER,  W.  (1731-1800):  Poems  .  .  I82S 
Co.x,  Sir  G.  W. :   Introd.  to  the  Science 

of  Comparative  Mythology  ,  .  .  1881 
Crabbe,  George  :  Parish  Register  .  .  1807 
"  Craft    of    Deyng,     The,"     c.     14.'»0 

(Early  Eiig.  Text  Society,  ed.  J.   K. 

Luiuby) 1870 

Cranmer,      T.,     Archhp.      (1489-1555): 

Remains 1833 

Crashaw,     R.    (1010-1050):     Complete 

Works  (ed.  W.  B.  Tnriibull).  .  .  1858 
Cravfurd,    Thomas  :     History    of    the 

University  of  Edinburgh.  .  .  .  1808 
"Craven  DiALErr.  &c.,"  by  a  native  of 

Craven  (William  Can)  ....  1828 
Creech,    Rev.    Thomas  :   Translation  of 

Lucretius,  1682 ;  The  Story  of  Lucretia 

out  of  the  Fasti  and  the  2nil  ami  :<rd 

of  Virgil's  Eclogues,  in  a  "Collection 

of  Miscel.  Poems"  ....  lost 
Creighton,  S.T.:  Report  on  the^tiolog>- 

of  Cancers  (Report  of  Sledical  OHlccr, 

Privy  Council,  Xew  Series,  No.  3)  .  1874 
Cnorr.H. :  Animadversions  upon  Burnet's 

Theory  of  the  Earth  . '  .  ...  16S5 
Croker,    T.     C.  :     Fairy     Legends     of 

Ireland 1825-28 

Crookshank,     William  :      History     of 

Church  of  Scotland  ....  1749 
Crowley,  Robert  :  Epigrams  .        .  l.'i.'iO 

Croxall,    Samuel;    Trans,    of    Ovid's 

"Metamorphoses".        .        .        .  1722 

Crush's,   Lewis  :    Lives  of  the  Roman 

Poets 1733 

CuDwoRTii,  Ralph  :  TheTnie  Intellectual 

System 1078 

CuLLODEN  State  Papers  ....  iSls 
CuLVERWELL,  XA'rtiAX :  Light  of  Nature  IHVJ 
Cumberland,  Richard  ;  Memoirs  .  .  1806 
Cummins,  Miss  M.  S. :  Tlie  Ijimplightcr  .  1854 
Cunningham,  John  ;  Poetical  Works  ^  .  1793 
"  CiRsoR  MuNDi,"  r.  ison  (Early  Eng. 

Text  Society,  eil.  R.  Morris).  .  .  1S74 
Curtis,    A. :  Medical  Liiscussious    .  l.'-3a 


33'i 


C'JO 


Iiist  of  Authors. 


IIAILLE,  J"1IN:  Alioloj;y  lol  tlif  RcliiniliJ 

CliurclicsOrins.  liy  T.  .Smitli)      .        .     li'>J3 
l)ALtiARNi>.    lii;<m(;K:    Ueuf  and    Dumb 

Man's  Tilt.. r lilSO 

Palton,  Mn  iia;;t.  ;  Country  Justice        .     1020 
lU^ii'iLK,  W. :  Vuyagt's     ....    172:^^ 
llAN  .Michel:    Ayenl>ite  of   Inwjt,  1340 
(Early    Eiig.    Text    Society,    ed.    11. 

Moriin) 

Uaxa,    J.     L).  ;    .Mineralogy,    134!) ;    The 
Cla.ssilicatiun    of   Aoiniais    based    on 

Cephaliaatiou 

D'ARBLAY,  Madame :  Evelina.  177S ; 
Cecilia,  17^2  i  Camilla,  17l'("> ;  Diary  . 
Darwin,  C.  H.  :  The  Zoology  of  tlie  Voyage 
of  H.M.S.  Urnr/le,  &e.,  1832-3(1 ;  V<iyage 
of  a  Naturalist,  lb32-lS3i; ;  Origin  of 
Species,  ISJ'.t ;  Variation  of  Animals 
and  Plants  under  Doniestleatiou,  ISliS  ; 

Descent  of  Man 

Dasext,  Sir  G.   Webbe  :  Tab-!?  from  the 
Norse      ....... 

Davenant,  C.  :   Essays  on 'i'rade 
Davenant,  Sir  William  :  CJondibert 
Davenport,  Robert;  City  Watch,  1040; 

City  Ni^'ht  Cap 1001 

Davids,  T.  W.  Rhys  :  Hibbert  Lectures  .     1881 
Davidson,  Dr.  Samuel  :  An  Introduction 

to  the  New-  Testament  .  .        1848-51 

DAV1D.S0N,  T.  :    Philosophical  System   of 

A.  Rosmini  Serlati        .... 

Davies,  J.  (15iiO-UilS) :   Works  (ed.  A.  B. 

Grosart,   for  the  "  Chertsey  Worthies 

Library") 

Davies,  Robert,  f.s.a.  :  York  Records   . 
DAVIE.S,    Charles,    &    Peck,    William  : 

Xlatheinatieal  Dictionary 
Dawkixs,  William  Boyd  :  Cave  Hunting, 

1874  ;  Baily  Man  in  Britain  . 
Day,  William  :  The  Race-liorse  in  Train- 


1800 


1S03 


1840 


1871 

1S5!1 
1035 
1051 


1SS2 


1870 
1843 


185, 


1S80 


1S80 


"Death,"  c  127u  (in  "Old  English 
Miscellany,"  Early  Enj.  Text  Society, 
ed.  R.  Morri.s) 1872 

Di;  Britaine,  W.  :  Human  Prudence       .     lOitO 

Decker.    [Dekker] 

De  Decvilevile,  William  ;  Pilgrimage 
of  Mauhode.  0.  1440  (Roxlmrghe  Club, 
ed.  W.  .\.  Wright)         ....     180!> 

Defoe,  D.  (I0.n-17.U)  :  Robinson  Crusoe, 
1711' ;  Tour  Thro'  Great  Britain  (4th 
ed.) 1748 

Dekker,   Thom.ks  :    .Satiroma.stix,   1002  ; 

Plays.  1003,  &c.  :  Gull's  Honibook  .  1000 
Delabeche,    Sir    H.    T.  :    Elements    of 

Geology  : 1855 

DeLAMER,       EfllENE 

Kitchen  Garden 
Denham.  Sir  John  : 

Poems 1C67-0S 

Dennis,  John  :  Letters  ....  1700 
Dennys,  J. :  Secrets  of  Angling  .  .  liUS 
Deposition  of    Richard    IL,    c.    1415 

(ed.  T.  Wright) 1S3S 

De  Quincev.    [Quincey.] 

Derham,   Vi.:    Physico-Theology,    ]713; 

Astro-Tlieology 1715 

Derino,  Sir  E.  :  Speeches  .  .  .  .  11541 
Despauterii,    J.  :   Grainmaticce   Institu- 

tionis,  lib.  vii 1574 

De  Worde,  Wynkvx:  Boke  of  Keruynge  .  1513 
Dickens,  Charles  (1812-70) :  Works.  1S36-70 
DioEY,  Sir  Kenelm  ;  On  the  Soiil     .        .    1044 


Sebastian  :     The 
The  Sophy,   1042; 


1855 


Diooes,  Sir  D.  (l-WS-lCSa)  :  Elegy  on  Ben 
Jonson  (in  Jonson's  Works,  ed. 
Gifford) 1338 


"Dispute     between     .Mai:y    and    the 

Cross,"  c.  1370  (ill  "  Legends  of  the 

Holy  Rood,"  ed.  H.  iMoiris).        .        .     1871 

Disraeli,  B.  (1804-81) :  Novels.        .        .    1881 

Dixon,   W.   Hepwobth  :    New  Americ^i, 

1841  ;     Spiritual    Wives,    1808 ;      Her 

JIajesty's  Tower 1809 

"  Doctrine  OF  Good  Seu\  At'NTEs".  c.  1450 
DoDSLEv.  Robert  :   A  Select  Collection 

of  Old  Plays,  1741;  Poems  .        .    •    .     1770 
DODWELL,  H.  (the  Elder) ;  Letters  of  Ad- 
vice          1072 

Donaldson,      D.  ;       Theatre      of      the 

Greeks 1801 

Donne,    John     (1573-1031) :     Complete 
Poems  (ed.  A.  B.  Grosart,  in  "  Fuller 
Worthies  Library  ")....     1808 
DoRAN,  John  ;  Their  Mivjesties'  Servants.    1803 
Dorset,  Earl  of.    [Sackv  ille.] 
DoVBLEDAY,    A. :     Cliaiicellorsville    and 

Gettysbuig 1882 

Douce,  Francis  :  Illustrations  of  Sbake- 

si>eare 1807 

Dorc.LAS,  Gawain  ;  Trans,  of  Virgil  .  1513 
D'Oylv,  Ghorgh  ;  Life  of  Saneroft  .  .  1S21 
Drant,  Thomas  :  Trans,  of  Horace  .  .  1507 
Drayton,  Michael  :  Poems  .  .  .  1005 
Drummond,  William,  of  Hawthornden  : 

Sonnets 1010 

Drvden,  John  (1I'31  -  1700) :  Jmeual 
(trans,  by  J.  D.,  W.  Bowles  and  others), 
1093  ;  Trans,  of  Virgil.  1097 ;  Plays  and 

Poems 1700 

Dryden,    John,    &    Lee,    Nathaniel  ; 

(Edipus 1079 

Dufferin,    Lord  :     Letters    from     High 

Latitudes 1800 

Duke,  Richard  :  Poems  ....  1717 
"Duke    Rowland   and  Sir   Ottuell." 

("  Roland  a>'d  Otuel."] 
Dir    Moulin,   Pierre  :    Advance  of   the 

Church  of  England        ....     1080 
Dunbar,     W.     (1485  -  1530).      ("  Ever- 
green."] 
DuNCAiJ,  Rev.  James.     [In  Jardine,  Sir 

W.  :  Naturalist's  Library.} 
Duncan,  P.  M.:  Cassell's  Natural  History    1876 
DUNDAS,  J.;    Abridgment  of    "Acts    of 

the  General  Assembly "  .  .  .  .  1721 
DuNiiLlsoN,  R.,  M.D. ;  Medical  Dictionary  1833 
DUPPA,  Srian  :  Holy  Rules  and  Helps  to 

Devotion 1074 

D'Urfev,  Tom:  Plays  and  Poems  .  .  1090 
Dyer,  Rev.  J. :  Poems       ....     1701 

Earle,  J.,  Bp.  :  Microcosmography.        .     102S 
Earle,  Rev.  John  :  Philology  of  the  Eng- 
lish Language 1870 

"Early"  English  Alliterative  Poems  ' 
r.  1300  (Early  Eng.  Text  Society,  ed. 

R.  Morris) 1804 

Ebers,  G.  :  Egypt  (trans,  by  Clara  Bell).    1880 
ECHARD.  Rev.  L.  (?  1071-17.30):  Trans,  of 
Plantus,171i'> :  Groundsof  the  Contempt 
of     the     Clergy,     1720 ;      Trans,     of 

Terence 1741 

Edgeivorth,  Miss  :  Castle  Rack-reiit.lSOO ; 

Lottery,  IS'22  ;  Ennui,  1832 ;  Helen     .     1834 
Edmond.stone,  a.  :  View  of  the  Ancient 
and    Present   State    of    the    Zetland 

Islands 1800 

Edwards,  H.  Sutherland:   Polish  Caji- 

tivity 1803 

Edwards,  Richard  ;  Damon  and  Pitliias    1570 
Edwards.  T.  :  Canons  of  Criticism  .        .     1748 
"  EoERTON      Papers  "     (various     dates ; 
published  by  Abbotsford  Club). 


Eliot,  Gi:nRGE(lS2U-18S0):   W.ul.s.         1840-79 
Ellis,    George  :     Specimens    (it    Early 

English  Romances  ill  Metre.         .         .  1805 
Ellis,  John.juu.  :  Uetnictations  and  Re- 

peiitings 111112 

Ellis,  J. :  Knowledge  of  Divine  Things  .  1743 
Elphinston.    r>r    Elpiiin.stone,    James  • 
(1721- 1S09):  Principles  of  English  Lan- 
guage        i7i-.-, 

Elton,  C.  I.  :  Origins  of  English  History  1882 
El.YOT,    Sir    Thomas  :     The    Governonr, 

1.531;  Castel  of  Helthe.        .        .        .  1533 

.  1850 


Emerson,  R.  W.  :  English  Traits      . 
"Encyclopedia  Britannica"  (ed.  i'tli) 
Enfield,    W.    (1741-1797) ;    History    of 

Philosophy I7;ii 

"  English  Guilds,    1389  -  1450  "  (Early 

Eng.     Text    Society,     ed.     Toulmiii 

Smith) 1870 

Erichsen,  John  :  Surgery. 

Erskine,   Lord    (1750-1823) :    Institutes, 

1773  ;  Speeches 

EusDEN,  L. :  Trans,  of  Ovid 

Eustace,  J.  Chetwade;   Classical  Tour 

throiigli  Italy 

Evans,  John:  Ancient  Stone  Impleiueiits. 

1872  ;  Ancient  Bronze  Implements      .     1S8I 
Evelyn,  John  (10-20-1700):  Sylva,  1004; 

Terra,  1075;  .Vcetaria,  1099;  Memoirs.     ISls 
Everett,  J.  D.  :   The  C.G.S.   System  of 

Vuits 1875 

"Evergreen,     The'     (a    collection     of 

poems  written  before  lOOO,  edited    by 

A.  Ramsay) 

Ewald.  a.  C.  :  Stories  from  State  Papers 
"Exposition  of  the  Cross."  c.  1270  (in 

"Legends  of  the   Holy  Rood,"  Early 

Eng.  Text  Society,  ed.  R.  Morris) 


1S8S 


185» 


1845 
1717 


ISIJ 


1721 
1882 


1871 


Faber, 
God 


F.  W. 


Saints 


and  Servants  of 

1847 


5C. 
1510 


Fabyan,  Robert  :  Philip  de  Valoys. 

Fairfax,   E.  :    Godfrey  of    Bovloyne    (a 

trans,      of     Tasso's     "Gieiusalemnie 

Liberate") 11  oo 

Fairfax,  Nathaniel!  Bulk  and  Selvedge 

of  the  World 11:71 

Fairholt,  F.  W.  :  Diet,  of  Terms  in  Art .     1851 
Falconer,    W.  :    The    Shipwreck,    1702; 

Marine  Dictionary I7i  9 

Fasshawe,  Sir  R.  :  Poems         .        .        .     1048 
Faraday,  Michael  :  Researches  in  Elec- 
tricity     ],s:;8 

Farindon,  Anthony  :  Sermons        .        1047-73 
Farmer,  Hugh  :  Es.say  outlie  Demoniacs 

of  New  Testament 1775 

Far^!UHar,  George  (1078-1707) :  Plays   1718-31'. 
Farrar,    F.   W.,  Archdeacon  :    Life  and 

Work  of  St.  Paul isr:. 

Faussett,  B.  ;  Inventorium  Sepulchrale  .     18jO 
Favour,   John  :    Antiquitie  Triumphing 

Over  Novelty loni 

Fawkes,  Francis:  Trans,  of  Theocritus.  1707 
Fearon,  D.  R.  :  School  Inspection  .  .  1870 
Featley,  Daniel;  Dippers  Dipt.  .  ,  1047 
Fell,  John  :  Life  of  Hammond  .  .  1000 
Feltham,  Owen  :  Resolves  .  .  1027-8 
Felton,  Henry  :  Di.ssertation  on  Read- 
ing the  Classics      1711 

Fenn,  G.  Manvillr  :  Man  with  a  Shadow    1887 
Fenton,      Elijah  ;     The      Odyssey     of 
Homer,    trans,    by    E.    Fenton    anil 

others 1725 

Fergusson,  J.  ;  Ancient  Architecture  in 
Hindoostan,  1847-48  ;  Tree  and  Serpent 
Worship 1808 


List  of  Authors. 


c:i 

GUHNKK,  CoNRAii:   Till?  Nfwc   It'wcU  ..r 

llualth  (Iniim.  aixl  isl.  by  (J.  Uiikur)    .     l^TO 

Gj><t,  EhMrNit;  A  Trciitiw  AKaiiiHl    l!n' 

Privy  MiiHMf |',i8 

"Gt:3TA     RoMANOIMM,"     f.      14-10     (tJiHy 

Ens.  Ti'Xt  .S<R-ifty,  vA.  S.  J.  H.TrU*p')  is:s 
GiDRos.    E. :    Decline  aii<i    Fall    of   the 

Uoiiini)  Empire  ....  1770-S3 
GiFPiiui,      (i.  :      Diulif^ie     Conccniin^ 

Witclu'snthl  WitiJicmOj*  .  .  .  Itjoa 
GiFF-ouD.  W.  :  M:iHsJi;;i'rji  Wurku,  ISOJ  ; 

Bi'ii  J(>ii!t<)ii ttfid 

GiLLi£>i,  J. :  ArJ?ttotlc'»  Etiiirs.  ITWi-;i7 

GiLLMORE,  Pakkkk  :  Great  Thirst  UiikI  .  IST8 
GiLMOiR,  Sir  J.:  Supplciiicntary  Uecn-es  ITOI 
Gilpin,  Flev.  W. :  ScrinniiH  .  ,  179!)-130!i 
Gladstoxb,  Rt.  H<m.  W.  E. :   Btuilti's  ou 

Hotncr,  1S68  ;  Juveiitua  Miin<li  .  .  }Si't9 
Glanvill,  Rov.  Joskph:   Scepsis  Scien- 

tilii-u,  ItUjl ;  SadducisiiiiLsTriuiiiphaiH  lOSl-2 
Glapthorsk,  Hexrv:  Wit  in  a  Coiidtabh-  l<J40 
Gi.EHi,  G.  R.  :  Trans,  of  Brialnmnt's  Life 

of  WeUinj;toii 1502 

Glover,      Rh  ii.\nii :      I^onidas.     1737 ; 

AlhL'uaid its: 

God\v[s,  William:  Mamleville  .  .  1S17 
"GoLDKN  BoKK,  Thc  "  (thc  Life  of  Mar- 

cu-s  Aureliiis,  ti-aiis.  by  Lord  Bemcrs)  1.VJ4 
•'  Goldkx  Legend  "  (traiijj.  by  W.  Caxton)  1  ISi 
GoLDiNcK,  or  OoLDVNG,  Arthi'r  (1:<:M- 

1GI»):  TraiLS,  of  the  Eight  B')».ki*s  of 

Cv'sar IJDO 

Goldsmith,  O.  (172S-1774):  The  Bee,  1750; 

The  Tmveller,  I7(U;  Vic:ir  <if  Wake- 

fiehl.  17(14;  Niitural  Hist.,  17ijt> ;   Di-- 

sertud  Village 1770 

Gomersall^   H.  :  Sermons  on  1  Poler  it. 

13-lG ItJII 

Good,  John  Mason  :  Study  of  Medicine.  l$-22 
Goodman,  J.,  d.d.  :    Winter's  Evening's 

Conference ItiSG 

Goodwin,    T.  :    Tryall  of  a    Christian's 

Growth liUl 

Googk.  Barnabv  :  Eclogues,  1JG3;  Hus- 
bandry   1177 

GoRDOx,  Sir  Robert:  Genealogical  Hist. 

of  the  Earldom  of  Sutlicrland  .  .  mi 
Gordon,  Thomas  :  Trans,  of  Taeitus  172S-31 
Gore,    Mrs.  :    Heir    of  Sehvoftd,    183S ; 

Fascination 1S42 

Gorges,  Sir  A.    (In  PrRCHAS,  S.  :  "Pil- 
grimage.") 
Gorst,  Sir  J.  E.  :  Maori  King   .        .        .     1SG4 
GossE.  Philip  Henry  :  Birtls  of  Jamaica, 

1S45  ;  Hist,  of  British  Sea  Anemones  .  1S.'»3 
GossDN,  Stephen:  School  of  Abuse  .  1J7U 
GowER.  John  (l3-iO-1402):  Confessio  Am- 

antis H93 

Grafton.  Richard:  Hist,  of  Edward  V., 

c.  ITjOO;  Chronicle  of  Britoyn  ,  ,  1508 
Graham,  Jamj:s.  M.trquis  of  Montro.se: 

Death  of  Charles  I l'J4G 

Graham,  Thomas:  Elements  of  Chemis- 
try   1S4S 

Grain'.er,  James:  Trans,  of  the  Elegl;'s 

of  TihulUis,  17JS  ;  The  Sugar-Cane  .  1704 
Granger,  Thomas:  Exposition  on  EccU-- 

siastes 1)V-1 

Graint,  John  :  Bills  of  Mortality  .  .  IWl 
Gravf„s.  R.  (171'»-1S04)  :  Spiritual  Quixote  1773 
Gray,  Thomas  (17Ui-1771):    U-tters  and 

poems 1S21 

Green.  Joiln   RirHARn :    Short  History 

of  the  English  People   ....     1S74 

Green.  Matthew;  The  Spleen        .        .     1737 


Fergos-son,  Robert  (1750-1774);  Poenti . 

Ferrand,  J.  :  A  Treatise  of  Love  and 
Melanchnly(trans.  from  the  French  by 
E.  Cliilniead) 

Ferrier,  1).  :  Funttious  of  the  Brain 
(a  lecture) 

Ferrier,  Miss;  Marriage,  isls;  Inherit- 
ance. 1S24 ;  Destiny      .... 

Festivals  of  the  Chi'rch,  r.  1350  (in 
"Legen.ls  of  the  Holy  Hood,"  Early 
Ew^.  Text  ^'oeitty,  ed.  R.  Morris) 

Fielwng,  H.  (I70:i-1754):  Works     . 

Fiu'iER,  L.  :  World  Befoi-e  the  Deluge 
(ti^ns.  by  W.  S.  ().),  1805 ;  Ocean 
World  (trans,  by  W.  S.  O.),  ISCS ; 
Vegetable  World  "(tnins.) 

''Finding  OF  the  Cross  "  (in  "Li'gendsof 
the  Holy  R.io<l."  Eaily  Eng.  Text 
Society,  ed.  R.  Morris). 

Finett,  Sir  John  :  Some  Choice  Observa- 
tions on  Auibassailoi-s. 

FiSLAY,  G.  :  Greek  Revolution. 

FisHEB,  J.,  Bp. :  Treatise  concerning 
the  Psalms 

Fitz-Geffry,  or  Fitz-Geoffrv,  Charles  : 
Blessed  Birthday 

Fleetwood,  William  :  Essay  on  Miracles 

FLEMiNr,,  Abraham  :  Trans,  of  Virgil's 
Bucolicks  with  the  Georgicks      .       c. 

Fleming,  W.,  d.d.  :  Vneabuhiry  of  Philo- 
S"n'''y 

Fletiher,  Gilf^s  :    Christ's  Victory  and 

Triumph   in  Heaven  and    Earth   over 

and  after  Death 

Fletcher,  J.   (1570-1G2J).      [Beai-mont 

&  Fletcher.] 
Fletcher,  Phineas  :    Purple  Island,  or 

the     Isle    of    Man  ;     and     Piscatory 

Eclogues 

Flint,  Austin,  jun.  :  Physiology  of  JIan. 
Fi.oRio,  J.:  A  World  of  Wonders,  1507; 

Trans,  of  Montaigne  .... 
Floriz  and  Blanchefllr,  <:.  1275  (Early 

Eng.  Text  Soeiety,  ed.  J.  R.  Luinby)  . 
Flower,  W.  H.,  Prof.  :  Osteology  of  the 

Mammalia 

Floyer,  Sir  J.  (U14'.»-i:34) :  The  Prreter- 

natural  St,ite  of  Animal  Humours,  iS:c-, 

1606  ;  On  Consumption. 
Fonblanque,   Albany  :     England  under 

Seven  Administrations,  1S37  ;  How  We 

are  Governed 

Foote,  SAxn'EL  ;  Mayor  of  Gar  rat,  1704; 

Devil  Upon  Two  Sticks. 
Forbes,  Right  Hon.  D.  (1055-1747);  Works 
Forbes,   E.   (in    "  Memorials  of   Wilson 

anrl  Geikie,"  1847) ;  Lit-.-iary  Papers 
Ford,  John  (1580-1040)  :  Dramatic  Works 
FoRDYCE,  Sir  William  ;  Muriatic  Acitl  in 

Putrid  Fevers 

FoRMAN,  Charles  :  Queriesand  Observa- 
tions upon  tlie  Revolution  of  108S 
"  Forme    of    Cirv."    1300    (ed.    bv    S. 

Pc-gge) 

Forster,  John  :  Life  of  Goldsmith,  1S4S; 

Life  and  Letters  of  Dickens 
Forsyth,  W.  :  Life  of  Cicero    ,         . 
Fortnum,  C.  Drl'rv  E.  :  Majolica  , 
FosBROKE,    Rev.    T.   D. :    Encyelop.Tdia 

uf  Antiquities  ..... 
Foster,  John  :  An  Kssay  on  Accent  and 

Quantity 

Fothehbv,  Martin  ;  Athoomastix   . 
FoLNTAiNHALL,   Sir  J.    L.  :  Decisions  of 

the  Lords  of  Council  and  Se.sslon  V, 
FowNEs,  George  :  JIanual  of  Chemistry  , 


1040 
ISOO 
1S31 

1S71 
1702 


1050 

1S5: 

150S 

1034 
1701 

1580 

1S87 

1010 


1033 
ISOO 

1003 

ISOG 

1S70 

1000 


176S 
1755 

1855 
1811 

1700 

1741 

1780 

1S73 
1804 
1S76 

1825 

1702 
1022 

50-01 
1845 


1 553 


157 


1743 


ISOO 


1S74 
1828 


FoxE,  J. :  Book  of  Martyrs 

Frampton,  John:  Joyfull  Newes  out  of 
the  New  Founde  WorUlo 

Francis.  Philip  .\.:  A  Poetical  Transla- 
tion of  the  Books  of  Homce . 

Fraser,     a.    C.  :     Berkeley,    Life    and 

Works 1831 

Freeman,  E.  A.  :  History  of  Arehicec- 
tmv.  1S40;  Old  English  History  . 

Frey,  Heinrhh:  Histohigy  and  Histo 
chemistry  of  Man  (tmns.  by  A.  E.  J. 
Barker).         ...... 

Frith,  J.  (d.  1533)  :  Works 

Froissart,  J.    [Berner-s,  Lord.] 

Froude,  J.  Anthony  :  History  of  Eng- 
land        1850-70 

Frvth,  John.    (Frith.) 

Fulke.  W.;  A  Treatise  against  the  Defence 

of  the  Censure,  &c 1580 

Fi-LLER,  Thomas:  Holy  War,  1030;  Holy 
and  Profane  State,  1042;  Pisgah  Sight, 
1050;  Church  History  of  Britiiin,  1055; 
Worthier  of  Fugland      ....     1002 

Fi-LLERTON,  Lady  G.  :  Ellen  Middletou    .     1844 

Gale,  Theophilus:  Court  of  the  Gen- 
tiles, 1072;  Vanity  of  Pagan  Philo- 
sophie 1077 

Galloway,  Robert  :  Poems     .  .     17S8 

Galt,  John;  Annals  of  the  Pari.sh,  1S21  ; 

Steamhoat.  1822 ;  The  Provost     .        .     1S23 

Gam  AGE,    William  :     Linsi-Woolsie,    or 

Two  Centimes  of  Epigrammes     .        .    1013 

"Gamelyn,  Coke's  Tale  of"      .        .       c.     1400 

Ganot,  a.    [Atkinson.] 

Gaubctt,  James  ;  Bainpton  Lectures       .     1842 

Gardiner,  S.  R.,  &  Mullinger,  J.  B.  : 

Introduction  to  Engli.sh  History  .        .     1S81 

Gardiner,  Stephen,  Bp.:  True  Obedience    1553 

Garrard,  W.  :  Art  of  Warre    .        .        .     1501 

Garrick,   David  (1710-1770):    Dramatic 

Works 17i8 

Garrod,  Sir  A.    B.  :  The  Essentials  of 

Materia  Mctlit'a 1855 

Garth,    Sir    Samuel:    The    Dispensary, 

1000  ;  Claremont 1717 

Gascoigne,     G.  ;      Stele      Glass,     1570  ; 

Supposes 1587 

Gaskell,  Mrs.  E.  C.  :  Marj'  Barton,  1848 ; 

Ruth,  1S53;  North  and  South,   1854; 

Sylvia's  Lovers 1803 

Gataker,  Thomas:  Marriage  Duties  .  1020 
Gacden,  J.,  Bp.  :  Eikon  Ba.silike.  1G4S ; 

Hieraspistcs,    1053 ;     Tears     of     the 

Church 1050 

Gaule,  JoaN ;  The'5Iag-:istro-Mancej-,  &c.  1052 
"  Gawaine,  Sir,"  c.  13r>0  (Early  Eng.  Text 

Society,  ed.  R.  Morris) .        .        .        .     1804 
Gay,    Jonn  ;     Shepherd's    Week,    1714  ; 

Trivia,  1715;    Fables,  1720;   Beggar's 

Opera 1727 

Gavton,   Edmund:    Festivous  Notes  on 

the  History  of  Don  Quixote.        .        .    1054 
Geddes.  Alexander:  Pr»f.  to  trans,  of 

the  Bible 1707 

Geddes,  M.  :  View  of  thc  Cortes  .  ,  1702 
Geikie,  Archibald  :  Great  lee  Age  .  1873 
"Genebydes,"  f.  1400  (Karly  Eng.  Text 

Society,  ed.  W.  A.  Wright)  .        .        .187$ 
"Genesis  and  Exodus,"  c.  1275   (Early 

Eng.  Text  Society,  ed.  R.  Morris)        .     1S05 
"Geneva  Ballad.  Tlie  "  .        .        .        .     1074 
"Gentleman  and  Lady  Instructed"    .    1747 
"  Gentleman's  Recreation.  '    [Blome.] 
Gerarde,    John;     Herbal,    or     General 

History  of  Plants 1507 


(-.92 


liiirESE,  Robert:  Planclomacliin,  1585; 
.Mi-na|ilion,    1589;    Groat's    Worth    of 
Wit,  c.  1017  ;  Oilaiido   Purioso,  1594 ; 
Tu  Quoqiie     ....;.    1G14 
(iHECVuii-i.,  Thomas:  Art  of  Embalming    1705 
Gbeenwell,  Wd.LiAM  :  British  BaiTou's .    1S77 
Greoory,  J.(llj0"-lli):  Nutesand  Observa- 
tions on  the  Scrijitures,  1610 ;  Postliuma    104S 
GuEXEWEV,  K. :  Annalcs  of  Tacitus  (trans- 
lated)    ...':.;.    JoiiS 
"  GRtrrE  HKftBAi-i<,  The"  ,       :       .       ,    1510 
liitEW,  Xehemiah  (1028-1711):  Mus»um 
Regalis  Socletatis,  a  catalogue  of  tlie 
rarities  belonging  to  the  Royal  Society, 
lOSl  :  Cosniologia  Sacra       .        .        .    1701 
(JRiFFrni.  J,  W.,  &  Henfrey,  Arthur: 

Micriigrapliic  Dictionary  .  .  .  1S66 
"Gri.m,tiieCollierofC'iioydon."  [J.T.)  1002 
Gni.MM,  J.   C.    L.  :  Teutonic  Mythology 

itians.  by  J.  S.  Stallybrass) .        .     ,1879-83 
liiuxuAL,   E.,   Archb]!.  (1519-1583):   Re- 
mains (Parker  Society) .        .        .        .     1S43 
tiKosE,  F.  :  Classical   Dictionary  of  the 
Vulgar  Tongue,    1785 ;   A  Provincial 
Glossary  of  Local  Pi'overbs  .        .        .     1787 
GuoTE,  Geoboe:  History  of  Greece         1844-50 
Grove,  William  Bywater  :  Bacteria  and 

Yeast  Fungi 1SS4 

GiEsT,    Edward:    History   of    English 

Rhytlinis        .;.:..     1838 
GiULii,  W.,  D.D.  :  The  Old  Roman  Catho- 

I'ck         .......    1649 

OmzoT,  F.  P.  G.  :  Notes  to  Gibbon's  "  De- 
cline and  Fall"      1S54 

Gunther,  Albrecht  Carl  Ludwig  Gott- 
-'iLF  :  Reptiles  of  British  India,  1804  ; 
.1.-  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Fishes    1880 
CiiiTHRiE,  T.  :  Sermons      ....    1S47 
GrTURiE,  W, :  Memoirs     ....    1797 
"  Guv  (Gy)  OF  Warwick,"  15th  cent.  (Early 

Eng.  Text  Society,  ed.  Julius  Zupitza)  1875 
GwiLLiM,  Joax:  Display  of  Heraldry  .  1010 
GwiLT,  Joseph  John  ;   Encyclopjedia  of 

Architecture 1342 

Habinoton,  William  :  Castara        .       .    1034 
Hackett,  John  :  Life  of  Arclibishop  Wil- 

"^"'S 1093 

Haden,  Seymour  :  Earth  to  Earth  .        .     1875 
Haeckel,  Ernst  Heixrich  Philipp  Au- 
gust :    History  of   Creation  (English 
cd.),  1870;  Evolution  of  Man  (English 

etl-) 1879 

Hakewill,  Georoe  :  Apologie,  or  De- 
claration of  the  Power  and  Providence 
of  God lt;.27 

Haklvyt,  Richard:  Voyages  .        .       ,    1589 
Hale,  Sir  Matthew  (1009-1078)  :  Pleas  of 
the  Crown,  1773;   Primitive   Origina- 
tion of  Mankind,  1805  ;  History  of  the 

Laws  of  England 1S20 

"  Hale  and  Niohtinoale."  ["  Owl  and 
Nightingale."] 

Hales,  John  (1584-1650):  Works     .        .     1703 
Hali    Meidhenhad   (Early    Eng.    Text 

Society,  ed.  T.  O.  Cockayne)      .        .     1800 
Halieurton,  Judge  (Thomas  Chandler): 
The  Clockmakcr,  or  the  Sayings  and 
Doings  of  Samuel  Slick        .       .        .    1837 
Hall,  Fitzedward:  Modern  English      .    1873 
Hall,  Joseph,  Bp. :  Satires,  1597 ;  Con- 
templations,  1012-15;  Explication  of 
Hard    Texts    of    Scripture,     1033-4; 
Christian  Meditations  ....    1040 
Hall,  Mrs.  S.  C.  :  Sketches  of  Irish  Cha- 
racter            1829-31 


List  of  Authors. 

Hallam,  Henry:  State  of  Europe  during 
the  Middle  Ages,  1818;  Literature  of 
Europe  ....ft  1837-9 
Halliwell,  James  Orchard  :  Diction- 
ary of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Woi-ds, 
1840 ;  Contributions  to  Lexico- 
graphy    1855 

Hallywell,    Henry  :    An    Account    of 

Familism,  1073  ;  Melanipronoia  .  ;  1081 
IIamersley,  L.  R.  :  Naval  Cyelopajdia  .  1S7S 
Hamilton,     Elizabeth  :     Cottagers    of 

Glenburnie ISOS 

Hamilton,  John,  Archbi',  :  Catcchisme    1552 
Hamilton,    .Sir    William     (1791-1850): 

Lectures  on  Metaphysics  and  Logic    1859-00 
Hammond,  H.,  Bp.  (1006-1000) :  Works  1G74-S4 
Hampole,  R.  Rolle  de  :  Pricke  of  Con- 
science, c.  1340  (Philological  Society, 
ed.  R.  Morris,  1863) ;  Myriour,  c.  1340 
(Early  Eng.Text  Society.ed.G.G.Perry)     1860 
Hanmer,  Rev.  J.  :  An  Exercitation  upon 

Conlirination,  &c 105S 

Hannay,  J.  :  Singleton  Fontenoy  .  .  1850 
Harding,  John  (1S7S-1465) :  A  Chrouicle 

in  Metre 1543 

Harorave,  Francis  :  Juridica  Arguinenta  1797 
Harinoton,  Sir  John:  Trans,  of  "Orlando 

Furioso,"  1591 ;  Epigrams    .        .        .     1015 
Harland,  J.  :  Lancashire  Lyrics      .        .     1866 
"Harleian  Miscellany  "        .        .        1808-12 
Harman,  Thomas  :   Caveat  for  Common 
Cursitours,   1507 ;  Fraternity  of  Vaga- 
bonds        1575 

Harmar,  John  :  Trans,  of  Beza's  Sermons    1587 
Harrington,  James  :  Oceana  .        .        ,    1056 
Harris,    James:    Hermes,  a  Philnsoi.li- 
ical  Inquiry  Concerning  Languages  and 
Universal  Grammar      ....    1751 
Harrison,  William  :  Descript.  England.    1586 
Harry  the  Minstrel:  Acts  and  Deeds 
of  Sir  William  Wallace,  c.  1401  (cd.  J. 

Jamieson) 1820 

Harte,    Francis    Bret  :   Mrs.    Skaggs's 

Husbands 1S73 

Hartley,  D.  :  Observations  on  M;tii  .  1748 
Hartlib,     Samuel:    A    Reformation    of 

Schooles,  &c.  (trans,  of  Comenius)  .  1042 
Habtshorne,    Rev.    C.     H.  :      Ancient 

Metrical  Tales  (of  various  dates)  .  .  1S29 
Harvey,  G.  ;  On  Consumption.  .  .  1666 
Hauy,    R.     J.  :     Elements    of    Natural 

Philosophy  (trans,  by  O.  Gregory)  .  1807 
IIavelok  the  Dane,  c.  1280  (Early  Enp. 

Text  Society,  ed.  W.  W.  Skeat)  .  .  ISOS 
Hawkins,  Thomas:  Origin  of  the  English 

Drama    .        .        .        .    '    .        .        .     1773 
Hawthorne,     Nathaniel  :     Twice-told 
Tales,    1837;    Scarlet    Letter,    1850; 
House  of  tlie  Seven  Gables  .        .        .     1851 
Haydn,  J. :  Dictionary  of  D.ates.        .        .     1878 
Hayley,  W.  :  Poems  and  Plays        ,        .     178S 
Havter,     Thomas  :      Remarks    on    Mr. 
Hume's  Dialogue  Concerning  Natural 
Religion.        ......     1780 

Hayward,  Sir  John  :  Life  of  Edward  VI.  1630 
Headley,  Rev.  J.  T.  :  Letters  from  Italy  1S45 
Healey,    John  :    Discovery    of  a    New 

World  ...;...  ?1010 
Hearne,  Thomas  (1078-V35)  ;  Journeys 

to  Reading 1S13 

Heath,    J.  :  Flagellum,  or  the  Life  and 

Death,   Birth    and    Burial    of   Oliver 

Cromwell 1065 

Heath,  Richard  :  Edgar  Quiuet  .  .  1877 
Helps,  Sir  Arthur:  Friends  in  Council  1841-.59 
Hemans,  Mrs.  (1794-1833)  :  Works    .        .     1839 


Henfrey,  Arthur:  Rudiments  of  Botuny    1.S49 
Henley,  Rev.  J.  ;  The  Ccunplelc  LinguisI, 

1719-21 ;  Intro,  to  English  Grammar  .     1726 
Henry  the  JIinstlel.    [Harry,  .'.'re  ulso 
Skeat  :  Specimens  of  Eng.  Literature. 1 
Hexryson,    Robert     (Mth     century) : 

Poems  (reprinted  by  Bannatyne  Club)  1SS2 
Henshaw,  J.,  Bp. ;  Dayly  Thoughts  .•  1661 
Henslow,  Rev.  J.  S. :  Principles  of  Botany  1835 
Herbert,     E.,    Lord    (1581-1648);    Life 

(ed.  Horace  Walpole)  .  :  .  ;  1764 
Herbert,  George  (1593-1033) :  Poems  .  1633 
Herrick,  Robert  :  Hesperidcs  .  ;  1048 
Herschel,  Sir  F.  W. :  Astronomy  .  .  l.-i:jo 
Hebshon,  Paul  Isaac:  Talnnidic  Mis- 
cellany (trans,  of)  .  .  .  .  .  isso 
Herzoo,  J.  J. :  Religious  Encyclopa'dia,  or 

Diet,  of  Theology  (tr.ius.  "by  P.  .Schatf)  1882 
Hewvt,  Dr.  J.  :  Nine  Select  Sermons  .  1058 
Hevlin,  Peter:  Hist,  of  the  Refornnition 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  1044  l  Hist, 
of  Presbyterianisin,  1070  ;  Life  of  Laud  1671 
Heywood,  Jasper  :  Troia  Britannica  ;  1500 
Heywood,  John  :  Dramatic  Works  .  .  1566 
Heywood,  Thomas  (d.  1040):  Dramatic 

Works  ....:..  is74 
Hickes,  Francis  :  Tran.5.  of  Lucian.  .  10.34 
HlCKEs,  George  :  Sermons  .  :  .  1713 
"  Hieragonisticon,  or  Corah's  Doom  "  .  11:72 
HiGGiNs,  John:    Adaptation  of  Junius' 

Nomenclature loSJ 

Hill,   Sir   John  :    Hi.«;tory  of  Animals, 

1748-52  ;  Materia  Mediea  .  .  .  17,  1 
Hind,  J.  R. ;  Astronomical  Vocabulary  .  ]S."j2 
HiNDE,  J:  Eliosto  Libidiuoso  .  .  .  1000 
HoADLY,    Benj.,    Bp. :    Letters    signed 

"  Britannicus " 1715 

Hobbes,  Thojias  :  Human  Nature,  or  the 
Fundamental  Principles  of  Policy  con- 
cerning the  Faculties  and  Passions  of 

the  Human  Soul 1650 

Hobson,  Richard,  M.D.:  Charles  Water- 
ton,  his  Home,  Habits,  anil  Handiwork    1660 
Hochstetter,  C.  :  New  Zealan.i       .        .     1S.:.0 
HoEVEN,   Jan  Van  der  :    Handbook  of 

Zoology  (trans,  by  W.  Clark)       .  1666-« 

HoFMANN,  A.  W.  :  Modern  Chemistry  .  1805 
Hogg,  Jabez  ;  The  Microscope.  ,  .  1854 
Holder,  William,  d.d.  :  Elements  of 
Speech,  1009;  Discourse  on  Time, 
1694  ;  Principles  of  Harmony  .  .  1094 
Holderus,  P. :  Barnevel's  Apologj'.  .  1618 
Holinwhed,     Raphael:    Chronicles     of 

Scotland 1577 

Holland,  Philemon  :  Tran.slations  of 
Livy,  1600 ;  Pliny,  1001 ;  Camden,  1610  ; 

Plutarch's  Morals Itlio 

HoLLvnusiiF,    John:    New    Testament, 

1538;  Romish  Apothecarye  ,        .        ,     1561 
Holmes,     Oliver    Wendell:    Autocrat 
of  the  Breakfast  Table,  1857  ;  The  Pro- 
fessor at  the  Breakfast  T.able,  1800; 

Elsie  Vernier 1861 

Holwell,     W,  :    Mythological,     Etymo- 
logical, and  Historical  Dictionary        .     1703 
HoLVDAY,     Barten  :     Technogamia,    or 

the  Marriage  of  Arts,  a  Comedie  c.  1010 
"  Holy   Rood,   Legends  of  the "  (Early 

Eng.  Text  Society,  ed.  R.  Morris)  .  1871 
HoLvoAKE,  George  Jacob  :  Principles  of 

Secularism  Briefly  Explained  .  .  1859 
Home,  Henry.  [Kames,  Lord.] 
"Ho.milies,  Book  of "  .  :  .  .  1547 
Hone,  William  :  Year  Book  .  .  .  1829 
Hood,  Thomas  (1798-1845) :  Poems  .  .  1840 
Hook,  Theodore:  Gilbert  Gnruey  .        .     1835 


List  of  Authors. 


093 


Hook,  W.  F.,  Dean  of  Chichester :  Cliurch 

Dictionary      .......     ISU 

Hooker,  Sir  J.  D.  :  Hiniiilnyan  Journal  .  1Sj4 
HooKKR,  Uichard:  Ecclesiastical  Polity  1593-9" 
HooKEK.  Sir  W.  J.,  &  G.  A.  W.  Arnott: 

Uritish  Flora 1855 

HooLE,  Jons:  Trans,  of  Tasso's  "Jeru- 
salem    Delivered,"    1763;    Trans,    of 
Ariosto's  "  Orlaiulo  Fuiioso"       .        .     17S3 
Hooper,  J..  Bp.  (1495-1554) :  Works         18(3-5 
HoPK,  A.  J.  Bebe:3Ford  :  English  Cathe- 
drals       ISiU 

Hopkins,    Exekiei.  :    Exposition  on  the 

Lnrd's  Prayer U592 

Hopkins,  Samuel,  d.d.  :  Sermons    .        .     1S03 
HopTON,  Arthur  :  Baculuni  Geodeticuni     IGIO 
"HoRi«  DE  Cbuce."     ["Holy  Rood."] 
HoRMAX,  William  :  Vnlgaria    .        .        .    1519 
HoRNE,  George,  Bp.  (1730-1792)  :  Works.     1705 
HoRSLEY,  S.,  Bp.(1733-lS0Ll) :  Works.        .     1S45 
"Household  Books  of  John.  Duke  of 
Noifi>]k,  and  Thomas,  Earl  of  Surrey," 
14Sl-'.iO  (Roxburghe  Club,   ed.   J.  P. 

Cullier)  . 18W 

"  How  the  Holi  Cros  was  Fundin  by  Seint 

Elaine."    ["  Holy  Rood. "J 
Howe,  John  (10;iO-170o) :  Funeral  Sermon 

on  Dr.  Bates.        .....    1723 

HowEL  (or  Howell),  James  :  Instruc- 
tions for  Forraiue  Ti-avel,  1641 ;  Do- 
dona's  Grove,  or  the  Vocall  Forest, 
11544  ;     Lettere,     1644-5  ;     Parly     of 

Beasts 1660 

HowsoN,  J.,Bp. :  Sermons.  .  .  1597-1661 
Hudson,    Thomas:     History    of    Judith 

(trans,  from  Du  BarUis).       .        .        .     1584 
Hughes,  John  (1677-1720):    Ode  to  the 

Creator  of  the  World,  1713  ;  Poems      .    1735 
Hughes,  Thomas  :  Tom  Brown's  School 

Days,  1S5G  ;  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford      .     1861 
"  Hule  and  Nightingale."    ["  Owl  and 

Nightingale. '] 
Hull,  T.  :  Select  Letters  ....     1778 
Huloet,  Richard:  Abecedarium     .        .     1552 
Hume,    Alexander  ;    Orthographie    and 
Congruitie    of     the    Britan    Tongue, 
1617    (Early   Eng.   Text    Society,   ed. 
Heury  B.  Wheatley)      ....     1365 
Hume,  D.  :    Essays,  1741-2  ;  History  of 

England 1754-61 

Hunt,  Leigh  (17S4-1859) :  Poetical  Works  1860 
Hunter,  Sir  W.  W.  :  Imperial  Gazetteer 

of  India 1881 

U[UNTER],  J.    [Boucher.] 
"HuNTVNo  OFTHE  Hare."    [Weber.]    c.    1450 
Hurd,  Richard,  Bp. :  Notes  on  the  Epistle 
to  Augustus,  1750 ;   Dialogues,  1759  ; 
Ciirist  Driving  the  Buyers  and  Sellers 
Out  of  the  Temple  (in  Sermons)  .       1776-80 
Hutchinson,  Rooer  (d.  1555):  Works      .     1842 
Hutchinson,  Thomas,  d.d.  ;   Sermon  at 

Oxford 1740 

Hutchinson.  William  :  History  of  the 
County  of  Durham,  1785-94  ;  Hist,  of 

Cumberland 1794-8 

Huxley,  ThomasT.  Henry  :  Lay  Sennons, 
1870;  Critiques  and  Addresses,  1873; 
A  Manual  of  the  Anatomy  of  Inverte- 
brated  Animals,  1877 ;  Hume,  a  Bio- 
graphy (in  '■  English  Men  of  Letters," 
ed.  J.  Morley),  1879 ;  Craytish  (ed.  3rd)  1881 
Hyll   or    Hill,  T.  :   A   Briefe  Treatyse 

of  Gardeninge     .        .           ...     1563 
"Hymns  to  the  Virgin,"  c.  1300  (Early 
Eng.   Text   Society,   ed.    F.  J.  Furni- 
vall) 1867 

HVHDE,  J.      [VlVES.J 


Ilive,  Jacob  :  Oration  ,  »  .  ,  1733 
Ingram,  William  :  Poems  .  .  .  1812 
"  Institution  of  a  Christian  Man  "  .  1537 
''Invention  of  the  Holy  Cross,"  c.  1300 
(in  "Old  English  Miscellany,"  Early 
Eng.  Text  Society,  ed.  R,  Morris)  .  1872 
"Inventories,    Collection    of"  (various 

dates). 
"  Ipomedor,  Life  of."     [Weber.] 
Irving,    Washington  :    Knickerbocker's 
History  of  New   York,  1809  ;   Sketch 
Book,    1819-20:    Life    of   Goldsmith, 
1849  ;  Life  of  Washington    .        ,         1855-G 
IsuMBRAS,  Sir.    [Ellis,  George.] 

Jackson,  Thomas.  Bp.  (1579-1640) :  Truth 

of  Scriptures 1653 

Jacob,  G.  :  Law  Dictionary  .  .  ,  1729 
Jago,  R.  (1710-SI)  :  Poems  .  .  .  17S4 
James,  Major  C.  :  Military  Dictionary  .  1S02 
Jameson,  Mrs,  :  Female  Sovereigns,  1833; 

Early  Italian   Painters,  1S45  ;  Sacred 

and  Legendary  Art  ....  1S4S 
Jamieson,     John,     d.d.:     Etymological 

Dictionary  of  the  Scottish  Language  1808-9 
Jamieson,  Robert  :  Popular  Ballads  and 

Songs     ^        .....        .     1806 

Jardine,  Sir  W.  :  Naturalist's  Library  1833-43 
Jarves,  James  J.  :  Art  Hints  .  .  .  1855 
Jarvis,  or  Jervas,  Charles  :  Trans,  of 

Dou  Quixote 1742 

Jeaffreson,    J.    C.  :      Life    of    Robert 

Steplienson 1S64 

Jefferson,  T.  (1743-1826) :  Works  .  .1853-4 
Jenkin,  F.  :  Electricity  and  Magnetism  .  1870 
Jennings,  H.  J. :  Curiosities  of  Criticism  18S1 
Jen%'NS,  Soame  :  Modern  Fine  Lady.  .  1746 
Jerdon,  Thomas  C'aveshill:    Birds    of 

India,  1862-4  ;  Mammals  of  India  .  1867 
Jervas,  C.    [Jarvis,  C] 

Jevons,  W.  Stanley  :  Pure  Logic  ^.  .  1872 
Jewell,  J.,  Bp.  (1522-1571) :  Works.  1845-50 
Jodrill,  R.  p.  :  English  Dictionary.  .  1823 
Johnson,  Samuel  :  London,  173S  ;  Vanity 

of  Human  Wishes,    1749  ;    Dictionary 

of     the     English     Language,     1755  ; 

Rassehis,1759  ;  Lives  of  the  Foets  1779-81 
Johnson,  Thomas  :  Mercurius  Botanicus  1634-41 
Johnston,  Charles  :    Chrj-sal,    or    the 

Adventures  of  a  Guinea  .  .  .  1760 
JoLV,  N.  :  Man  before  Metals  .  .  .  1872 
Jones,    Sir  William  :    Orthography    of 

Asiatick  Words 1772 

Jones,    William  Nayland   (1726-1800): 

Works 1801 

JoNSON,     Ben     (1574-1637) :      Dramatic 

Works 161(i-40 

Jordan,  Thomas  :  Poems.        .        .        .    1637 
Jortin,  John,  d.d.  :  Remarks  on  Ecclesi- 
astical History     ....        1751-73 
"Joseph  of  Arimathie,"  c.  1332  (Early 

Eng.  Text  Society,  ed  W.  W.  Skeat)  .  1871 
Jouffrov,  T.  L.  :  Introd.  to  Ethics  (tram:. 

by  W.  H.  Channing)  ....  183S 
"Journey  through  England"  .  .  1724 
JoYE,  George  :  Exposicion  of  Daniel  .  1550 
J.  T.  :  Grim,  the  Collier  of  Croydon  .  1662 
Junius,  R.  :  Sinne  Stigmatized.        .        .     1639 

Kames,  Lord  :  Elements  of  Criticism       .  1762 

Kane,  Elisha  K.  :  Ai'ctic  Explorations  .  1856 
"  Katerine,  Legend  of   Saynt,"  c.  1200 

(Abbotsford  Club,  ed.  J.  Morton)  .  1S41 
Kearv,  Charles  F.  ;  Outlines  of  Primi* 

tive  Belief      ......  1882 


Keats,  John:  Endyniiun,  1S18 ;  Hy- 
perion, 1820;  Lnmia     ....     1820 

Keule,  John  :  Christian  Year  .  .     182T 

Keepe,  Hen'uv  :   Munumonta  Westmon- 

asteriensiu lQ6'i 

Keightlkv,     Thomas  :      Mythology     of 

Ancient  Greooo  and  Italy  (ed.  3rd)       .     13">4 

Keil,  J.  :  An  Examination  of  Dr.Burnet's 

Theory  of  the  Earth      ....     1698 

KF.ITH,  Robert  :  History-  of  the  AlUiirs  of 

Church  Hn<i  State  in  Scotland  1734 

Keller,  Ferdinand  :  Lake  Dwellings  of 
Switzerland  (trans,  by  John  EUwaixl 
Lee) 1878 

Kelly,  Patrick,  ll.d.  :  Universal  Cam- 
bist          1811 

Kemble,  J.  M.  :  Saxons  in  England,  a 
History  of  the  English  Commonwealth 
until  the  Period  of  the  Nurman  Con- 
quest       1S48 

Kendall,  Timothy  :  FlowTr.s  of  Epigram     1577 

Kennedy,  Walter  (c.  14S0) :   Poems  in 

"  Evergreen,"  q.v,  (ed.  A.  Ramsay)     .     1724 

Kennett,  Basil,  d.d.  :    Ronife  Antiquee 

Notitia,  or  the  Antiquities  of  Rome    .     1696 

Kennett,  White,  Bp.  (1060-1778) :  Trans, 
of  Erasmus;  Praise  of  Folly,  1709; 
Parochial  Anticiuities    ....     1695 

Kev,  T.  Hewitt  (1799-1S7S):  Philological 

Essays 1844 

KiLLALA,  Bp.  of.     [Maxwell,  John.] 
I    Killearn,    P.    (in   Sinclair's    Statistical 
j         Account  of  Scotland,  vol.  viiL)   .        .     1845 
1    Killigrew,  T.  :  Parson's  Wctiding  .        .     1664 
'    KiLLlNGBECK,  JoUN  :  Seriuous  .        .        .     1710 
]    King,  John,  Bp.  :  Vitis  Palatina.     .        .     16U 
I    King,  William  (16G3-1712) :  Art  of  Cook- 
I         cry,  1709 ;  Art  of  Love.        .        .        .     1709 

King  James  I.  (of  Scotland) :  The  King's 
Quair,  c.  1410  (Scottish  Text  Society, 
ed.  W.  W.  Skeat) 1884 

"  King  Richard."   ["  Richard  Cceur  de 
■  Lion."] 

KiNGSLEY,  Rev.  C. ;  Alton  Locke,  1850; 
Yeast,  1851;  Phaethoii,  1852;  Hypa- 
tia,  1853 ;  Glaucus,  1855  ;  Westward 
Ho  [  1855 ;  Two  Years  Ago  .        .        .     1857 

KiNGSLKY,  Henry  :  Austin  Elliot,  1859  ; 

Geoffry  Ilamlyn,  1859;  Raveushoe      .    1861 

Kingston,  W.  H.  G.  :  South  Sea  Whaler  .    1875 

KiNNEiR,  Dr.  D. :  Essay  on  the  Nerves    .     1739 

Kirbv,  W.,   &  Spence,  W.  :   Introd.    to 

Entomology 1815-26 

KiRWAN,  Richard:  On  Manures      .        .     1796 

Kitchener,  Dr.  W. :  Apicius  Redivivus, 
or  the  Cook's  Oracle     ....    1817 

Klein,  E.,  m.d.  :  Elements  of  Histology  .     1883 

Knatchbull,  SirNoRTON  (d.  1683) ;  Anno- 
tations upon  some  Difficult  Texts  in 
all  the  Books  of  the  New  Testament 
(trans,  from  the  Latin  by  J.  L.)  ,        .     16y;t 

Knight,  E.  H.  :  Dictionary  of  Mechanics  1874-84 

Knolles,  Richard  :  Historic  of  the 
Turkes  .       .       ^ 1*^93 

Knox,  John  :  History  of  the  Reformation 

of  Religion L''S-l 

Knox,  Vicesimus:  Essays,  1777;  Winter 

Evenings l'^** 

KvD,  Thomas:  The  Spanish  Tragedy,  or 

Hieroniino  is  Mad  Again       .        .        .     1599 

"La  Belle  Dame  sanz  Mf.rcy."    [Ros.] 
Laick,  W.  :  Answer  to  the  Scots  Presby- 
terian Eloquence 1~^-^ 

Lakeman,  Sir  Stephen  B.  :  What  I  Siiw 

in  KalHr  Land ISSiJ 


CM 


List  of  Authors. 


1S33 


IS 


1S30 


1300 


17T0 

1S09 
1044 
liJO 

1ST3 

170G 


l.AMB,  CiiABi.is:  Essays  uf  Eiin,  1S23 ; 

Ijist  Essiiys  of  Eli»       .        .        •        • 

Lamhaki'i:.  William:   Peraliibulntion  of 

K.iit 

Lamont,  Jobs  :  Diavy,  1C49-10T1  (M«it- 

limd  Club,  «l.  G.  B-  Kiulocli)      . 
•Land    of    Cockavse'    (in     Cassell's 
LilTOi  y  of  E.islish  LiU-mtvirc)     .       f. 
Lasior,  Walter  Savage  :  Poi-ins,  1790  ; 

Imagiimry  Coiivirsiitions      .        .  1SJ4-!I 

Lane,  E.  \V.  :  Selections  from  tlic  Kur.in     1S43 
Laseham,   Robert:     LcUit    Describing 

tht  Pageants  before  Queen  Elizabetli  .  lOTo 
I.AXG,  J.  V.  ■■  Religion,  &e.,  in  America  .  1840 
Lasgoorse,  Rev.  Johs  :  Trans,  of  Plu- 

tarcli's  Lives 

Lasglaxd,  William:  The  Vision  of 
William  conccr.rngPierstlie  Plowman, 
KV.:!(e(l.  W.  W.  Skcat). 
LASciLEV,  John  :  Sermon .  .  .  • 
l.ANOLEV,  T.  :  Trans,  of  Polydorc  Vcigill . 
Lankester,  Edwix    Ray  :  Degenciation 

("Xatnre  Series") 

Lansdowx-e,  Visct. :    Peleus  and  Tlietis, 

1701  ;  Biitibli  Encliantress    . 
LABiL'SER,  Dioxvsu's  I  lluseuni  of  Science 

and  Art lSoi-6 

Lartet,   Edward,  &  Chkistv,  Hexky  : 

Reliiini*  Aiinitauica    .        .        .        lSOJ-74 

L-xtham,  R.  Gordox  :  Handbook  of  tlie 

English  Language,  1851 ;  Dictionaiy  of 

the  English  Language  .... 

LATiMEn,  HvoH,  Bi-.  (1472-1655):  Sermon 

onthePhmgheis,  1549;  Seven  Sermons 

Laddeb,   W.  :  Minor  Poems,  1508  (Early 

Eng,  Text  Society,  ed.  F.  J.  Furnivall)    1S70 
Lavixc.tox,  Geokge  :    Moravians   Com- 

jiared  and  Detected      .       .        ,        .    17jj 
Lava:.iox  :   History,  1205  (ed.   Sir   Fred- 

emk  Madden) 

Leikv,  W.  B.  H.;  History  of  Rationalism, 
ISiiJ ;  History  of  European  Morals, 
lsC-9;     England   in    the    Eighteenth 

Century 

Lee,  Holme  (Miss  H.  Parr):  Annis  War- 

leigU's  Fortune 

Lee,  NathaS[el  :  Princess  of  Clevc. 
LEE.S,  J.  C. :  Abbey  of  Paisley  . 
'■  Legend  of  St.  Cathf-rixe."  [Bocchek.J 
1400.  ["Holy 


1870 
1.502 


1847 


1S7S 

1S03 
1089 
1.50S 


*'  LegEXDvE  Catholic^j 

Rood."] 
Legoe,  James  :  Religions  of  China  . 
Leichtox-,  R.  (1011-84) :  Commentaries  . 
Lelaxd,  J.  :  Collectanea,  1542  ;  Itinerary 
Lexxard,  S.  (d.  1633) :  Wisilom  (trans. 

from  the  work  of  P.  Cliarron)      .  ': 

Lenxox,    Charlotte:  Female    Quixote, 

1752  ;  Henrietta    .         .  .      ■ 
Lexormaxt,  Francois  :  Chaldean  Magic 

(trans,  by  W.  R.  Cooper) 
Leslie,  Charles:  Short  Method  against 

the  Jews 

L'ESTKAXGE,  Sir  R.  (1017-1704):  Fables  . 
Lever,  Charles  :  Harry  Lorrequer,  1840  ; 
Cliarles  O'Malley,  1841 ;  Tom  Burke, 
1844;  Dodd  Family  Abroad. 
Levixs,  Fcter  :  JIaniptilus  Vocabulornni 
LtwES,   G.  H.  :   Histoiy  of  Philosophy, 

1847;  Aristotle 

Lewix,  T.  :  Lifeiof  St.  Paul      . 

Lewis,    Sir    George    C.  :    Inciuiry    into 

Credibility  of  Early  Roman  History  . 

Lewis,  W.  Lillixoton  :  Trans,  of  Statins' 

Thebaid.       ...-•■ 

"Ltber   Citre  Cocorl-m,"  c.  1440  (from 

the  Sloaue  MS  ,  &c,  ed.  R.  Morris)     . 


1880 
1093 
1543 

10,15 


1080 
1717 


1S53 
1570 


ISOl 
1857 


LlDDON,  H.  P.,  Canon  :  Hampton  Lectures    1807 
Lichtfoot,    John,    d.d.  :     Erubhin,    or 

Miscellanies,  Christian  and  Judaiail    .    1029 
Lilly,  John.    ILyly.] 
Lilly,  or  LiLV,  William:  Latin  Gram- 
mar         

LiXDi.EV,  J.:  Iiitr<«l.  to  Botany,  1834; 
Natural  System  of  Botany,  1830  ;  Vege- 
table Kingdom 

LixDSAV,  Sir  David  :  The  Dreme,  1528 ; 
One  Pleasant  Satire,  1540  ;  Monarchic . 
LixDSAY,  Robert.    [Pitscottie.] 
Lindsay,  William  Lauder:  Mind  in  the 

Lower  Animals 

LixGARD,  JoHX,  D.D.  :  History  :ind  Anti- 
quities of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Church     . 
Lixs(Hotex,    J.    H.  :     Di.ary,    1559    (in 

"  English  Garner,"  ed.  E.  Arber). 
Lister,  J.  (1027-1709) :  Autobiography     . 
LiTTLETox,  Adam  :  Latin  Dictionary 
Littbe,   E.  :   Dictionnaire  de  la  Langue 

Framjaise 

LiviXGSTOXE,   David:  Last  Journals  in 

Central  Africa 

Lloyd,  Robert  :  Poems   .        .        .        • 
Locke,  J. :  On  the  Human  Understand- 
ing, 1090 ;  Two  Treatises  on  Govern- 
ment,   1090;    Elements    of    Natural 

Philosophy 

LocKHART,  Miss  :  Life  of  St.  Teresa 
"  LocRtxE,"  a  tragedy,  by  W.  8.  . 
LoGAX,  John  (174S-17S8) :  Poems  . 
LoxfiFELLoW,  H.  W. :   Evangeline,  1847  ; 

Golden  Legend,  1851 ;  Hiawatha  . 
Lord,  Hexry  :  Sect  of  the  Banians  . 
LovDox,    John    C.    (1783-1843):    Cyclo 

[iffidiii  of  Plants  .  .  ■  • 
LovEDAV,  Robert  :  Letters  . 
Lovelace,  Richard  :  Lucasta . 
Lover,  S. :  Songs  and  Ball.ads  . 
LoviBOXD,  Fraxcis  :  Poems  . 
Lowell,  James  Rcssell:  Biglow  Papers, 

1848 ;  Among  My  Books 
LowsoN,  G. :  Moileni  Farrier    . 
Lowth,  R.,  Bp.  :  Life  of  Wykeliam  .  1' 

LlBBOCK,  Sir  JoHX  :    Prehistoric  Times, 
1805;     Origin    of   Civiliz.ation,    1870; 
Ants,  Wasps,  and  Bees 
LtDLOW,  John  M.  ;  History  of  the  United 

States     . 
"  LVBEAUS      Dlscoxus"     IRiTsnx,      J.  : 
Ancient  English  Metrical  Romances.] 
Lydgate,  Johx  (1373-1400) :  Siege  of  Troy, 
1513;    Fall   of   Princes,   1494;     Story 

of  Thebes       

LvELL,  Sir  Charles  :  Elements  of  Geo- 
logy         

LvLV,  J. :  Euphues,  1579  ;  Alexander  and 
Campaspe,  1584  ;  Pap,  with  a  Hatchet, 
1689;  Midas,  1592;  Love's  Metamor- 
phoses     

LvxDESAV.     (Lindsay,  Sir  D.) 
Lyte,  Henry  :  Trans,  of  Dodonieus. 
Lvtteltox,  Geo.  (Lord):  Poems      . 
Lyttox,  Lord  :  Pelham,  1827  ;  Devercux, 
1802  ;  Rienzij  1835  ;  Ernest  Maltiavers, 
1837;  Night  .and  Morning,  1841;  The 
Caxtons,  1849  ;  My  Novel,  1853 ;  What 
Will  He  Do  With  It  ?    . 


1513 

IS47 
1552 

1879 

ISOll 

1S77 
1800 
1078 

1877 

1874 
1774 


1095 
1S65 
1595 
1770 

1855 
1030 

1«29 
1059 
1049 
1839 
1785 

1S71 
1830 
58-9 

1SS2 
1802 


Macci  LLocK.  Johx  :  Highlands  ami  West- 
ern Isles  <)f  Scotland  .... 
Macdoxald,  George:  Robert  Falconer, 
1801  ;  Annals  of  a  Quiet  .Neighbour- 
hood, 1800;  Seaboard  Parish,  1807; 
Paul  Faber,  Surgeon,  1879 ;  Tlj'im:is 
Wingtold,  Cur:ite 

MacDoucall,  Lt.-Col.  P.  L. :  .Modern 
Warfare,  as  Influenced  by  .Modern 
Artillery 

Maccillivray,  William  :  Edinburgh 
Journal  of  Natural  History,  1839 ; 
Manual  of  British  Birds 

Macbix,  Lewis  :  Dumb  Knight 

Mackay,  C.  :  Poems 

Mackexzie,  Sir  G.  (1039-1091):  Studies 
in  Roman  Law 

Mackexzie,  Henry:  Man  of  Feeling, 
1771';  Man  of  the  Wolld 

Mackixxon.  Capt.  :  Atlantic  ami  Tian.s- 
Atlaiitic  Sketches 


1840 
1008 
1870 

1880 

1773 

18,52 


1810 


1501 
1838 

1001 

1578 
1773 

1858 


Mab,  Ralfh  :  The  Rogue  ....    1''-" 
Macac'I.av,  Lord  :  Essays,  1825-44  ;  Lays 
of  Ancient  Rome,   1842;    History  of 
Engtond 1S49-01 


Mackintosh,  Sir  J.  (1705-1832) ;  Study  of 

the    Law    of   Nature,   1799 ;    Ethical 

Philosophy,  ISSii;  Works     . 

Maclaurin,  C.  :  Sir  I.  Newton's  Phih>- 

soiiliical  Discoveries      .... 

MACLEOD,  Normax,  D.D. :  Rciuinisceiices 

of  a  Highland  Parish      .... 

Macmillan,  Hcgh  :  Footnotes  from  the 

Page  of  Nature 

Macxeill,  Hector  (1740-1818):  Poetical 

Works 

Madden,  Sir  F.    ILavamon.) 

Madox,  Thomas  ;  Histoiy  and  Antiquities 

of  the  Exchequer 

JIahoxev,  Fraxcis  :  Reliques  of  Father 

Prout 

Maidmax,  Henry:  N,ival  Speculations  . 
Maitland,     Sir    Richard     (1491^1580): 

Poems 

5lAiTLAxr,  Saml'El  Roffey  :  Essays  on 
Sub.iects  Connected  with  the  Re- 
formation  

Mallet,  Daviu:  William  and  Margaret. 

17-27  ;  Verbal  Criticism. 
JiALLocK,  William  H.  :  New  Republic  . 
Maloxe,   Edmcnd  :    Life   of  Sir  Joshua 

Reynolds,  1797  ;  LU'e  of  Drydcn  . 
JIalte-Bri'x,  V.  A. :  Physical  Geography    1834 
JlAX,  John;  History  and  Antiquities  of 

Reading 

Maxlove,  Edward:  Rhymed  Chronicle 
Concerning    the  Customs    of   Wirks- 

worth 

Maxxvxgham,  T.,  Bp.  :  Two  Discouises. 
Maxsel,  H.  L.,  Dean  :  Bampton  Lectures    1858 
Maxtell,  G.  a.  :  Petrilications  and  their 
Teachings;  Handbook  of  Organic  Re- 
mains in  British  Museum     .        .        .     1851 
Maxtox,  Thom.vs  (1020-1677):  AVorks   1081-1701 
Maxwood,  John  :  Treatise  of  the  Lawes 

..f  the  Forest l^'-^'' 

M\PFS  Walter (1143-1210);  Poems(Cani- 

den  Society,  ed.  T.  Wright)    .        .        •     1841 
M^bch.axt,  John:   Exposition  of  Gene- 

1743-45 

SIS  X\.       ...•■■ 

"Mabiox,  aPastorah"    [Boucher.] 
M\r.iorevbanks,    George    (1014-1591): 

Aimals  of  Scotland  (ed.  J.  G.  D.alyell).     1814 
Mabkham,  Gervabe;  Huslmndry,  1015; 

Countrey  Contentments        .        ■        •     I'Jl'' 
JL4RL0WE,   Ciiristophkr  ;   Tamburlaine, 

1590;    Edward  II.,   1594;    Hero   and 

Leamler,    1598;    Dr.    Faustus,    1004; 

Jew  of  .Malta l^^S 

Marmiox,  Suakeru;v:  Anticiuary  ■        .     1041 


1840 
1748 
1807 
ISOI 
1800 


1830 
1091 


1830 


1733 
1877 


1.S09 


1810 


1851 
ICSl 


List  of  Authors. 


c% 


ITtiT 


1S3T 


1SG2 


100  J 


17 


1(100 


ISuS 


MARRinrr,  Sir  James  ;  Ilij:hts  iiml  I*iivi- 
Icges  of  tlie  Uiiiversitii'S 

MARRiorr,  William:  New  Law  Dictn>iiai-y 

Marrvat,  Cnjit.  Freokki-k  :  Frank  Mil«l- 
luay,  1820  ;  Jnccb  FaiUifuI,  1834  ;  I'tU-r 
Simple,  1834  ;  Siuiik'yy«nv    . 

Marsh,  G.  V.  :  LectHi'es  vn  tlie  Knjjlish 
Language         

ilAR.sH»  Otuniel Charles  :  Intrcxluction 
aiiil  SiiccL'Ssioii  of  Vertebrate  Life  in 
America 

MaI!shall,  W.  K.  :  nnriiulngist  Aiiu'ii- 
IheTuiIas 

Marston,  John:  Satires,  101)8;  Scoiirye 
ol"  Villany,  1598  ;  EastwarU-Hoe  . 

Martin,  Tbomas  :  Treatise  on  the  Mar- 
riage of  Priest*» 

Marvell,  Andrew  (1  (120-78) :  Works 

"Mary  and  the  Cross."  c  1350.  ["Holy 
Rood."] 

Maslall.  Leonard:  Arte  how  to  Gmff 
aiul  Plant,  1572;  Booke  of  Fisliing      . 

JIaskelyne,  Prof.  M.  H.  N.  Story  : 
Guide  to  British  Museum  Miuerals 

Mason,     William  :      Caractacus,     1750 ; 

English  Garden      ....        1772-82 

"MAsyuE  OF  Inner  Temi'Le,"  1012. 
[Warton:  Hist.  English  Poetry.] 

Massey,  William:  History  of  England 
during  the  Reign  of  George  lU.  . 

Massincer,  Philip  :  Virgin  Martyr,  1022; 
The  Picture,  1030  ;  City  "Mailani  . 

JIather,  Cotton  :  Memorable  Pi  ox- 
deuces  rehiting  to  Witidicraft,  1081 
Jiagualia  Cbristi  Americana 

Mathias.  T.  J.  :  Pursuits  of  Literature    17i>4-7 

Matv,    P.    H.    (1745-1787):    Memoirs    of 

Lord  Chesterfield  .         ,         .         .  1777-S 

Maindrell,  Hf:nry  :  Travels,  nr  Jour- 
ney from  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem     ,        .     1097 

Maury,  Lieut.  M.  F.  ;  Treatise  on  Navi- 
gation,  1835  ;   The  Gulf  Stream  an 
Curieiits  of  the  Sea       ....     1844 

Maxwell,      Johx,      Bp.  :      Theologic;d 

Treatises 1041-0 

Maxwell,  R.  :  Transactions  of  the  So- 
ciety uf  Improvers  of  Agriculture         .     1747 

May.  Thomas  :  Trans,  of  the  Georgics  of 
Virgil      . 

May,  Sir  T.  E. :  Usages  of  Parliament, 
1844  ;  Constitutional  History  of  Eng- 
land         ISOl 

JIaydman.     [Maidman.] 

M  A  YHEW, Charles  J.  :  Law  of  Merger,  &c.     1 

Mavbew,  Henry  :  London  Labour  and 
London  Poor 

Mayne,  Jasper  :  The  City  Match     . 

Mayne,  R.  G.  :  Expository  Lexicon  of 
the  Terms,  Auc-ient  and  Modem,  in 
Medieal  and  General  Science 

MavnwArino,  a.  (1008-1712):  Trans,  of 
Ovid's  Alt  nf  Luvp,  &e. 

Mayo,  William  S, 


1702 

lt>48 
1753 


1059 


170:2 


1022 


1851 
lilSO 


1700 
1873 


Never  Again 
M(  Carthy,  JrsTiN  :  History  of  Our  Own 

Times 1S7S-80 

McClintock,  J.,  &  Strono,   J.;   Cychi- 

p*dia  of   Biblical,    Theological,    and 

Ecclesiastical  Literature       .        .        .     1867 
MtCosH,   James,  ll.d.  :    Method  of  the 

Divine  Government       ....     1850 

Ma'CosH,  James  &  Dickie.  Geo.:  Typical 

Fonns  and  SiK?ii.il  Ends  in  Creation   .     1S50 

McLen-nan,    JriHN    Feroison:    Studies 

in  Ancient  History        ....     1870 

M(  Ward.  Rorekt  :  Earnest  Contendings 

loi  t^ie  Faith 1723 


1871 
1001 


1884 
1707 


ir.2;i 
1853 


31177 
1818 


1857 


Mead,  Rk  hakd,  m.d.  (1073-1754):  Works 

Mede,  Joseph  (1580-1038) :  Works    . 

Mel:moth,  W.  :  Trans,  of  Letters  of  Cicero 

Melville,  G.  J.  Whyte;  Digby  Grand, 
1853  ;  The  Gladiators,  1803  ;  Sarchedon 

"  M  ERciRi  rs  Caledonius  " 

Merivale,    Rev.   Chaklen:    History   of 

Home 1850-0 

.Merz,John  Theodore:  Leibnitz  (in  a  series 
entithd  "  Phil<iso|)hicJil  Classics  for 
English  Readers  ").... 

Meston,  Vv'illiam  :  Poems 

.MtxiA,  Pedro  :  Inijierial  Hist4)rie,  or 
the  Lives  of  the  Roman  Enipeiours 
(trans.) 

MiALL,  Edward  :  Bases  of  Belief     . 

Michel,  KRANcisyuE:  The  Poetieal  Ro- 
mances of  Tristan  in  Fi-ench,  in  Anglo- 
Norman,  and  in  Greek  .         .        .  1835-it 

MicKLE,  W.  J.  :  lutrod.  to  Lusiad    .         1771-5 

Middleton,  CoNYEits,    D.D.  :    History   uf 

the  Life  of  Cicero 1741 

Middleton,  T.  0^"0-H>-"):  Mascim-  of 
Heroes,  Plli);  Anything  for  a  Quiet 
Life,  1002;  Witch  ....     177s 

MiEGE,  Guy;  French  and  Eii^lisli  Dic- 
tionary   

JIill,  James  :  Hi.stwry  nf  British  Imlia    . 

Mill,  J.  S. :  System  of  Logic,  184:^ ;  Essay 
on  Liberty,  185S  ;  Dissertations  and 
Discussions,  1S51»-117 ;  Utilitarianism, 
1802;  Examination  into  Sir  W.  Hamil- 
ton's Philusophy 

Miller,  Hugh  :  Old  Red  Sandstone, 
1841- ;  Footprints  of  the  Creator,  1850; 
yiy  Schoids  and  Sell nol masters,  1854; 
Testimony  of  the  Rricks 

Miller,  Philip  :  Gardener's  and  Florist's 

Dictionary 17J4 

MiLMAN, Henry  HART:Latin  Chiistiauity  1854-5 

Milne,  John,  F.o.s.  :  Earthquakes.        .     1872 

Milton,  John  :  Paradise  Lost,  1007 ;  Para- 
dise Regained,  1071 ;  Samson  Agon- 
istes,  1071 ;  Prose  Works      .        ,        1032-74 

JIinot,  Laurence  ;  Poems,  c.  1302  (ed. 
Joseph  Ritson) 

MiNSHEU,  John  :  Spanish  Dictionary 

"Mirror  of  the  Periods  of  a  Man's  Life  " 
(in  "  Hymns  to  the  Virgin,"  ic.  Early 
Eng.  Text  Society,  ed.  F.  J.  Furnivall). 

MissoN,  F.  :  Travels  in  England  (trans, 
by  John  Ozell) 

Mivart,  St.  George:  Man  and  Apes. 
1873;  The  Common  Frog,  1S73;  The  Cat. 

Mofkat,  Thomas  :  Health's  lmJ>rovemcnt 

Molesworth,  William  X. :  History  of 
England 

MoLYNEUX,  N  :  Some  Letters  to  Mr. 
Locke     

"Monomachia" 

Monro,  Col.  Robert  :  Expedition  with 
the  Worthy  Scots  Regiment. 

JIoNTAOiT,  Lady  M.  Wortley  (1000-1702)  : 
Letters 

Montagu,  Walter:  Devout  Essays,  104S; 
Ajipeal  to  Ciesar 

MoNTESQXJiEU,  Baron  de  :  Spirit  of  the 
Laws  (Eng.  ed.) 

TIontcomerv,  J.  (1771-1854):  Poems 

Montgomery,  Robert:  Luther 

Montrose,  Marquis  of.  IGraham,  James.] 

Moon,  Washington  :  B;ul  English    . 

Moore,  Thomas  (1779-1852) :  Poems.       lSl'.i-2ti 

Moral  Ode.  c.  1370  (in  "  Old  English  Mis- 
eellnny,"  Early  Eng.  Text  Society.,  ed, 
R.  Morris) 


I7if5 
1017 


18r.7 


1881 
1(155 


17(is 
li.i:; 

1037 

1S30 

1051 

1752 
18::0 
1842 

1  SOS 


1871 


More,  Hannah  ;  C<ilebH  in  Seanh  uf  a 

Wife 1S0'.» 

.More,  Henry,  d.d.  :  rhih>snpliic«l  Poems, 
1047 ;    .Mystery    of    GiKlliiieKH,    1000 ; 
Mystery  of  Iniquity      ....     lt.M 
.More,  Sir  Thomas  (1478-1535);  Work«    .     1557 
MoKiEit,  D.  R.  :  Pliotu  the  Suliote  .  1857 

Morison:  Poems  (chiefly  in  the  Kcuttlsh 

dialect) I7i'0 

MoRLEV,  John  ;  Voltaire  ....     1871 

.Morris.   Rev.    R.,  i.l.d.  :    Specimens    nf 

Early  English  (125i)-]400).  1807  ;  (witli 

Prof.    W.    W.    .*<keat   as    joint  wlit"»r) 

Si>ecimun.s   of    Early    Englisli  (1208- 

1303) 1SS4 

Morris,  William  :  Earthly  Paiadisu       1808-70 
.MoR-SKULi,  E.  :  Suicide       ....     I8SI 
"  MourE  Akihuhc,  '   by  Ridteit  Thoni- 
tnii  (, .  U40)  (Early  Eng.  Text  Society, 

rd.  G.  G.  Perry) 1S05 

Mortimer,  John:  Whcde  Art  of  Hus- 
bandry   17<i7 

Morton,  Thomas  :  Secrets  Worth  Kmiw- 

i"g l-'8 

.Morton,    Thomas,    Bp.  :    Sernmns  and 

Tlieidogical  Treatises  .  .  .  n  05-53 
MosHEiM,J.L.voN:  Ecclesiastical  Hist^n-y  1708 
MorrEix,  PtTTER  Anthony:  Trans,  of  Dun 

Quixote 1712 

.MoiFET,  Thomas.     [Moefat.) 
Mountague,  Walter.     [Mo::tagi-,  Wal- 
ter.] 
MoxoN,  Joseph  :  Mechanick  Exercises     1077-1' 
MuDiE,  Robert:  Guide  to  the  Observa- 
tion of  Nature 1830 

MuLLER,  F.  Max;  Science  of  I^inguage, 

1801-1)4 ;  Bingraphical  Essays  .  .  1884 
Mui.oiH,  Miss:  The  Ogilvies,  184!)  ;  John 

Halifax,  Geullenum  ....  1857 
Mlrchison,  Sir  R.  Impey  :  Siluiya  .  .  18;^!> 
Mure,  C'ol.  ^Y.  :  Literature  of  Greece  .  is:0 
Murphy,  A.  (1730-1805):  The  Apprentice.  1850 
Murkav,  H.  A.  :  I-and  of  the  Slave.  .  l8."-5 
Murray,  Dr.  J.  A.  H. :  Eighth  Arldress 

lo  riiilologicAl  Society .         .         .         .     iN70 
Mlsorave,  G.  M.    IViATOR  Verax.] 
.Mvrc,    John:    Instructinns    fur    Parish 
Priests,  c.  1420  (Ear>y  Eng.  Text  Sci- 
ciety,  ed.  E.  Peacock)  ....     18i,:s 

Nalbes,  Tnt)MAB  :  Unfortunate  Mother  .     1040 

Xairne,  The  Baroness  (1700-1845)  :  Land 
.V  the  Leal. 

Xakes,  Edward,  d.d.  :  Thinks  I  to  My- 

.self l&^U 

Xares,  Robert,  Archdeacon  :  Elements 
of  Orthnepy,  1784  ;  Glossiuy  (with 
additiuns  by  James  O.  Ualliwell  & 
Tl:«imas  Wright) 1870 

Nashe.  or  Nash,  Thomas  :  Pierce  Penni- 
less, l.-,02  j  Lenten  Stulfe      .        .        .     \:vj 

Nassvngton,  or  Nassincton,  William 
of.    ["  Mirror  of  the  Periods,"  Ac:.] 

Nainton,  Sir  Robert:  Fragmenta  Re- 
galia                1041-50 

.N'eai.e,  John  M.  :  Rhythm  of  Utrnanl  of 

Morlaix  (trans,  of)         ....     18'j9 

Neill,  Patrick  :  A  Tour  thnmgh 
some  of  the  Islands  of  Orkney  and 
Shetland r^i 

Nei-son,  W.  :  Law  of  England  concerning 
the  Games  of  Hunting,  Fishing,  and 
Hawking 1727 

Newto.mb,  or  Newcome,  Ardibp.  :  View 

of  the  English  Bible  Translations        .     1702 

NEW.MAN,  Edward:  British  Butterflies  .     1^71 


ij'Jh 


List  of  Authors. 


Xewman,  John  Hexry,  Cardinal :  Church 
ufUur  Father-s,  1S42  ;  DeveU^piucrit  of 
Christian  Doctrine,  iJU'y ;  Apologia 
pro    ViUi    iStia,    1804 :    Graninmr    of 

Assent 1S70 

XcwTrtx,  Sir  Isaac:  Optics      .        .        .     1704 
Xkwtos,  T.  :  Life  of  Milton     .        .        .     174l> 

Nkwton,  Rev.  W.  ;  Life  of  Bp.  Ke?ineth      1730 

Niclols,  R.  lb.  1584):  Sir  T.  Overbury's 

Vision 1873 

Nichols,  Joun  :  The  Progresses,  Proces- 
sions, Festivities,  and  Pageants  of 
Queen  Elizabeth    ....    1788-1804 

XuHOLsoN,  Hknrv  Ai.levnb :  Manual  of 

Paheontology 1872 

XicoLL,   Hesrv  J.  :    Great    Movements 

and  Those  who  Achieved  Tiieni   .        .     ISSl 

XiTZscH,    C.    L. :     Pterylography    (Ray 

Suciety,  ed.  P.  L.  Sclater)     .        .        .     1S67 

Noble.  Rev.M.:  Continuation  of  Granger's 

"  Biographical  History "      .        .        .     iSOtj 

NoRDEN,  John  :  Surveior's  Dialogue        .     ItilO 

NoRRis,  John  :  A  Collection  of  Mis- 
cellanies          16S7 

''  North,  Christopher."  [Wilson,  John.] 

North,  Roger  :  Examen,  1740;    Life  of 

Lord  Guilford        ....  1742-4 

N(^rth,  B.,  Bp.  of  Winchester  :  Sermon  ,     1790 

NoRTHASiPTON,   Henrv  Howard,  Lord  ; 

Proceed,  against  Garnet        .        .        .     1606 

NoRTHBROOKE,  Rev.  J. :  Treatise  against 

Dicing 1571 

■  Northumberland  Betrayed."'  [Feblv, 
T.,  Bp.] 

"Xi'G.E  PoETicE,  Solitary  Musings  ou 
Sacred  Subjectsby  an  Aged  Man"(i.e,, 
It.  Warner) 1S47 

iiccLEVE,  Thomas:  De  Regiuiine  Prin- 
cipium,  c.  1420  (Roxburghe  Club,  ed. 
T,  Wright)     .        .    ■     .        .        .        .     18G0 

<'''Keeke,  John  :  Fontainebleaii        .        ,     182(3 

'■  Old  English  Homilies,  13th  cent. 
(Early  Eng.Text Society, ed.  R.  Morris) 

"Old  English  Miscellany,  An":  Con- 
taining a  Bestiary,  Kentish  Sermons, 
Proverbs  of  Alfi-ed,  Religious  Poems  of 
the  13th  cent.  (Early  Eng.  Text  Society, 
ed.  R.'  Morris)       ......     IS72 

"  Old  Kentish  Sermons  "  (in  "  Old  Eng. 
Miscellany,"  Early  Eng.  Text  Society, 
ed.  R.  Morris) 1S72 

'■  Old  Plays."     [Dodsley.] 

OLDHA.M,  John:  Four  Satires  upon  the 

Jesuits 1679 

Oldvs,    William  :    Life    of   Sir   Walter 

Raleigh 1738 

Olev,  Rev.  Barnabas  (d.  168ii) :  Life  of 

G.  Herbert 1853 

Oliphant,  Kington  :  Standard  Engli.sh  .    1873 
Oliphant,     Mrs.  :     Salem    Chapel     (in 

"Chronicles  of  Carliugford "),     .        .    1863 
"Olla  Podrida"  (a  periodical)       .         17S7-S 
t  iLMSTED,  F.  L.  :  Texas     ....     1856 
"On  Serving  Christ,"  c.  1270  (in  "Old 
English  Miscellany,"  Early  Eng.  Text 
Society,  ed.  R.  Morris).        .        .        ,     1872 
Oosterzee,  Jan  Jacob  Van:    Christian 
Dogmatics   (trans,  by  J.    W.  Watson 
&  M.  J.  Evans,  ic.)      ....     1872 
"  Orison  of  Our  Lord,"  c.  1270  (in  "  Old 
English  Miscellany,"  Early  Eng.  Text 
Society,  ed.  R.  Morris).        .       „        .     1S72 
"  Orthooraphie  and  Congruitie  of  tlie 
Britan  Songs"  (Early  Eng.   Text  So. 
ciety,    ed.     H.    B.    Wheatley,    1865). 
[Hume,  Alexander,] 


"  Ortus  [Hortus]  Vocabulorum  "  J  .  1500 
Osborne.     Francis  :    A   Miscellany    of 

Sundry  Essayes,  &c.       .....     1059 

Otwav,  Thomas:  Venice  Preserved,  16S2 ; 

Windsor  Castle     , 1684 

OcTRED,  Marcellink:  Traus.  of  Cope  on 

Proverbs  of  Solomon     .        ,        .        ,.     1580 


Overbubv,  Sir  T. :  Characters  . 


.     1614 


Owes,  Sir  Richard:  Comparative  Anat- 
omy of  the  Invertebrate  Animals,  1843 ; 
Classification  of  the  Mammalia,  1859  ; 
Paheontology         .        .       ,        ,        .     1360 

"Owl  and  Xiohtingale,"  c.  1300.  [In 
Wrtuht,  Thomas:  Early  EuglisU 
Puetry.] 

Oxlee,  J.  (1779-1S54):  Confutation  of  the 

Diabolaruhy 1S09 

OzELL,   John  (d.    1743):    Translation  of 

Rabelais c.    1700 


Packard,  A.  P.  :  Study  of  Insects  ,         1S68-9 
"Pagan  Prince,  ^he''      .        ,        .       ,    1C90 
Pagitt,  Ephraim  :  Heresiography  ..        .     1645 
Painter,  W.  :  Palace  of  Pleasure      .         1566-7 
Paley,  William  :  Natural  Theology        .     1803 
Palgrave,  Sir  Francis  :  History  of  Nor- 
mandy and  England      .        .        .        1851-64 
Palladius  :  On  Husbandrie.  1420  (Early 
Eng.  Text  Society,  trans,  into  English 
ver.se  by  B.  Lodge).        .        .        .      1873-79 
Palmer,    E.     H.,    Prof.  :    The     Qur-au. 

("Sacred  Books  of  the  East")     .        .    ISSO 
Palsgrave,  John  :  L'Esclaircissement  de 

la  Langue  Fi-angaise      ....     1530 
"  P.^rable       of       the       Labourers." 

["Specimens  of  Lyric  Poetry."] 
"Paradoxical  Assertions"    .        .        .    1639 
"  Paraphrase  of  Erasmus."    [Udal.] 
Parker,    John    Henry  :      Glossary    of 

Architecture 1S36 

Parliament    of    James   I.,    Acts    of. 
Parnell,  Thomas  (1679-1718)  :  Poems    .    1722 
Parr,  S.  :  Tracts  by  a  Warburtonian        .     1789 
"  Passion  of  Our  Lord,  Tlie,"  c.   1270 

("  Old  English  Mkscellany."]  .  1S72 

*'Paston    Letters,"    1422-1509   (ed.    J. 

Gairduer) 1872-5 

Patrick,  S.,  Bp. :  Divine  Arithmetick     .     1660 
Patten,   William  :  Expedition  to  Scot- 
land         1544 

Patterson,    Robert  :     Introduction    to 

Zoology 1847 

Pattison,Mark:  Academical  Organization  1868 
Peacham,  Henry  :  Art  of  Diawing  .  .1606 
Peacock,  T.  L.  :  Headlong  Hall  .  .  1816 
Pearson,  Charles  H.  :  Early  and  Middle 

Ages 1861 

Pearson,  John,  d.d.  :  On  the  Creed.        .     1651 

Peele,   George  (1552-1598):    David  and 

Bethsabe        .......     1599 

Pegoe,  Dr.  Samuel:    Anecdotes  of  Old 

Times 1818 

Pegge,  Samuel,  jun.  :  Anecdotes  of  the 

English  Language ISOO 

Peile,  John  :  Introduction  to  Greek  and 

Latin  Etymology i872 

Pennant,  Thomas  :  Tours  in  Scotland, 
1772-6;  British  Zoology,  1776  ;  Arctic 
Zoology 1784-5 

Pennecuik,  Alexander  ■  Poems      .       ,.     1715 

Pepys.  Samuel  (1632-1703)  :  Diary  .        .     1854 

"Perceval,  Sir,  Romance  of,"  1440  (in 
"Thornton  Romances,"  Camden  So- 
ciety, ed.  J.  O.  Halliwell)    .        ,        .     1844 


Percy,  J.  :  Metallurgy      .       .        ,         1861 -4 

Percy,  Thomas,  Bp.  :  Reliques  of  Englisli 

Poetry i;,-,^ 

Pereiba,  J.  :  Materia  Medica   ,        ,        .     1839 
"Peres THE  Ploughman's Crede,"c.  1394 
(Early  Eng.  Text  Society,  ed.  W.  W. 

Skeat)     .        .        ,       ^        ,        .        .     ig67 

"  Petticoat  Tales" is±>. 

Peitus,  Sir  John  :  Fleta  Minor  .  ,  i6S:i 
Petty,  Sir  William  :  Advice  to  Hartlib, 

1648;  Political  Arithmetic  .  .  .  icsT 
Pfeiffer,   Mine.    Ida    Laura:    Various 

works,  chicHy  voyages  and  travels  1850-79 
Pfleiderer,  Otto  :  Paulinism.  .  .  ih73 
Phakr,  Thomas:  Trans,  of  Virgil  .  .  ir.t.2 
Philips,     Ambrose  :     Pastorals,     1700 ; 

Poems 174s 

Philips,  John  :  Splendid  Shilling,  1701  ; 

Blenheim,  1705;  Cyder.  .  .  .  l7(j,S. 
Phillimore,  Joseph  :   Reports  of   Cases  ' 

Ai-gued  and  Determined  .  .  .  1816 
Phillips,     Edward:     New     World     of 

Words    ._ 1057 

"  Philosophical  Transactions  "  of  the 

Royal  Society 1665,  &c. 

"Phcenix's  Nest,"  by  R.S.  .  .  .  1593 
PiCKEN,  Ebenezer:  Poems  and  Epistles, 

with  a  Glossary 1753 

Pickering,  Charles  :  Races  of  Man  ,  ISjI 
Pierce,    Thomas,,   Dean    of    Salisbury : 

Sermons i67l 

"Piers  the   Plowman."      [Langland.] 
PiLKiNGTON,  J.,  Bp.  (1520-1575) :  Works.     1S42 
Pilkington,  Rev.  Matthew  :  Reinaiksou 

Several  Passages  of  Scripture  .  ,  1759 
PiNKERToN,     John:     Ancient     Scottish 

Poems  from  the  MS.  coll.  of  Sir  Richard 

Maitland,     1786;     History    of    Scot- 
land         1794 

PiTscoTTiE,  Robert  Lindsay  of  (born  c. 

1500) :  Chronicle,   1565  (continued  by 

another  hand  to  1604)  .  .  .  .1728 
Pitt,  Christopher  :  Vida's  Art  of  Poetry 

(trans.),    1725 ;    Poems    and    Ti^nsla- 

tionsr' 1727 

Plaifere,  J.  (d.  1G08)  :  An  Appeal  to  the 

Gospel 1719 

"  Plea  for  Pity."  ["  Specimens  of  Lyric 

Poetry."] 
Pleydell,  Josiah  :  Sermon  at  Granvill's 

Funeral 16S1 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan:  Works,  1S.>3  ;  Mar- 
ginalia (in  his  Poetical  Works)     .        .     1853 
"  Poems  in  the  Buchan  Dialect  "  .        ,     1785 
"Poetry  of  Anti-Jacobin."    [Canning.] 
Polwart.     [In  Watson,  J.:  Collection  of 

Comic  and  Serious  Scots  Poems.] 
Polwhele,   Rev.   Richard  :    History  of 

Devonshire  .  ,.  '  .  .•  .  1796-1806 
PoLYDORE  Vergill.  [Langley,  T.].  ,.  1546 
PoMFRET,  John  :  The  Choice  ,.  ,.  .  1699 
Pope,  Alexander  :    Rape  of  the  Lock. 

1711  ;     Ti-ans.     of    Homer,     1715-20  ; 

Dunciad,  1728  ;  Essay  on  Man,  1732-4  ; 

Moral   Essays,  1732-5;    Imitations  of 

Horace 1733-7 

Porter,  Jane:  Scottish  Chiefs  ..  ^  1810 
"PoRTEOUS,  John,  Life  and  Death  of"  .  1737 
Porteus,    Dr.   B. :    Beneficial   Effects  of 

Christianity 1S06 

Potter,  John,  d.d.  :  Archseologia  Gr»ca, 

or  the  Antiquities  of  Greece.        .        1697-99 

Powell,  Thomas  :  Living  Authors  of 
England,  1529 ;  Living  AutJiors  of 
America 1850 


List  of  Authors; 


i,y7 


Tower,  Ucnkv  ;  Field,  Gkorce  P. ;  & 
Bristowe,  John  S.  :  Jtlnnagctucnt  ol 
Eye,  Ear,  and  Tiiroat    .... 

PowNALL,  TuoMAS  :  Studj'  of  An'jqiutiys 

Praed,  W.  Mackwortu  :  Poems 

Preston,  T.,  ll.u.  :  Tlio  Lnmeutablc 
Tragedy  of  Cambises      .... 

Prichard,  Jamks  Cowles:  Xiitural  His* 
tory  of  Mail   .;.... 

'*  Pkideaux,  Hcmphrev,  Dean,  Life  of". 

pRiDEAUX,  John.  13p.:  Enchologia,  or  the 
Doctrine  of  Prartical  Prayer. 

Priestlev,  J.  :  History  and  Present  State 
of  Discoveries  relating  to  Vision,  Light, 
and  Colours 

Pringle,  T.  :  African  Sketches 

Prior,  Matthew  :  Poems 

"pROMPTORiuM  Parvi'loriwi  sive  Clcric- 
oruni,  Lexicon  Anglo-Latinmn  prin- 
ceps,  Auctorc  Fratre  Galfrido  Gram- 
lualico  dicto,"  c.  1400  (Camden  Society, 
ed.  A.  Way) IS 

Pbynse,  William  :  Uistrio-Mastix  . 

PUGIN,    AUOliSTUS     NORTHMORE    WeLBY  : 

Glossary  of  Ecclesiastical  Ornament 
and  Costume 

Puller,  Timothy;  Moderation  of  the 
Churdi  of  England         .... 

Pulteney,  Richard  :  Sketches  of  Botany 

Pl'Rchas,  Sajiuel  :  His  Pilgrimage  . 

'•Puritan,  The,"  by  W.  S.,  1607  (in  "An- 
cient British  Drama,"  ed.  Sir  W.  Scott) 

Puttenham,  George  :  Arte  of  English 
Poesie     ^        ; 


178-2 
lSt>4 

lo70 

1S43 
174S 


1772 
1834 
171S 


13-00 
1633 


1070 
1700 

1014 


15SD 


Quain,  Jones,  m.d.  :  Anatomy  (ed.  9th) .  1S82 
Quables,  Fr^vncis  :  Emblents  .  .  .  1035 
Quick,  R.  H.  :  Educational  Reformers  .  ISOS 
Qutncey,  Thomas  de  :  Confessions  of  an 

Opium  Eater,  1S22  ;  Works  .        ,        .1853 

Rabelais.     [Ozell.     Urquhart.] 
RAtTLE^,  Sir  T.  Stamford:    History  of 

Java       .        i        .        .        .        I        .     1S17 
Rainbow.  E..  Bp.  :  Sermons     .        :        .     1049 
RALEinn,  Sir  Walter  (1552-1018):   Dis- 
covery of  Guiana,  1590 ;  Historj'  of  the 

M'urkl 1014 

Ramsay,  Allan,     p"*  Evergreen."]  .     1724 

Ramsay,  Edward  Bannerman,  Dean  of 

Edinburgh  :  Reminiscences,  &c. .  .  1S58 
Ramsay,   M'illiam  :    Manual  of   Roman 

Antiquities  .  j  ;  .  .  .  1851 
Randolph.  Thomas  (1005-1635):  Muse's 

Looking-Glass,  1038;  Amyutas  .  .  1638 
Rapier,  R.  C.  :  Railway  Signals  .     1878 

Rastal  or  Rastell,  W.  :   Collection  of 

Statutes,  Henry  VIII.  .  .  .  1559-1003 
"  Rauf    Colyear,"  c.  1475    (Early  Eug. 

Text  Society,  ed.  J.  A.  H.  Murray)  .  1S74 
Rawley,  W,  :  Bacon's  Works  (ed.  by  W.  R.)  1029 
Rawlinson,  George  ;  Herodotus  .  1858-00 
Ray,  J.  (1028-1705) :  On  the  Creation.  1091. 

[Willuohby.J 
Rkade,  Charles  :  Peg  Woffington,  1S52; 
Christie  Johnstone,  1853  ;  It's   Never 
Too  Late  to  Jlend,  1S57  ;  The  CloisU^r 

and  the  Hearth ISOl 

Recorde,   Robert  :    Pathway  to   Know- 
ledge,   1551 ;    Castle    of    Knowledge, 
1551-0  ;  Whetstone  of  Witte.        .        .     1557 
Rees,  Abraham  :  Cyclopttdia   .        .       1802-19 
Reeve,  Miss  C.  :  The  Phoenix,  1772 ;  Old 

English  Baron 1S20 

**  Reformation,  The,"  a   comedy,  by  — 

Arrowsmith 1673 


Reid,  Thomas  :  Essays  .  .  .  1786-8 
"  Relation  of  the  Txial  of  Ann  Foster"  .  1074 
Reresbv,  Sir  John  :  Memoirs  .  .  .  1734 
"Return  khom  Parnassus" (in  DoUslcy's 

Old  Plays,  ed.  C.  Hazhtt)  .  .  .  1875 
Reynolds,  Edwaru,  v.v.  :  Soul  of  Man  .  1040 
Reynolds,  Sir  Josuua  :    Discourses  on 

Painting.  ...#..  1771 
Rhodes,  Hugh:  Bookc  of  Nurture .  .  1577 
RiCAUT,  Sir  Paul  :  Present  State  of  the 

Gi-eek  and  Armenian  Churches    .       .    1079 
"RiCQABD  C<£ur  dk  Lion."    [Weger.] 
"Richard     the     Redeles,"     c.     1399 

(Camden  Society,  ed.  T.  Wright).  .  1838 
Richardson,     Samuel:     Pamela,    1741; 

Clarissa,  1748  ;  Sir  Charles  Grandison  1754 
Richardson,  Sir  John:   Fauna  Boreali- 

Americana 182'.t-37 

RiCHK,  Barnady  :  His  Farewell  .  .  1081 
"RicHMONDSHiREWiLLs'XSurtees  Society, 

ed.  J.  Rahie) 1S53 

Rii'LEY,    George,    &    Dana,    Charles 

Anderson  :  American  Cyclopa'dia  1858-03 
RiTsoN,  Joseph:  Robin  Hood,  a  Collec- 
tion of  all  the  Ancient  Poems,  Songs, 
and  Ballads  now  extant  relating  to  tlmt 
celebrated  English  Outlaw,  1795  ;  An- 
cient English  Metrical  Romances,  1350- 

1450 1S02 

Rivers,  Lord  :  Dictes  and  Sayings  .  .  1477 
Robbebds,  William  :  Life  of  W.  Taylor  .  1843 
Robertson,  F.  W.  :  Sennons  .  .  1855-73 
Robertson,  William  :  History  of  Scot- 
laud,  1759  ;  History  of  America  .  .  1777 
'*  Robin  Hood."  (Ritson.J 
"  Robin  Hood  and  Cousin  Scarlett." 

IRlTSON.} 

Robinson,  R.  :  Method  and  Organization.  1873 
RoBSON,  John:  Tliree  Early  English  3Iet- 

rical  Romances  (Camden  Society)  .  1842 
Rochester,  Earl  of :  Poems  .  .  .  1080 
Rock,   Rev.    Daniel  :    Uierurgia,    1833 ; 

Church  of  our  Fathers.  .  .  1849-54 
Rogers,  Daniel:  Naainan  the  Syrian  1042-50 
Rof.ERs,  Samuel  (1763-1855) :  Pleasures  of 

Memory,  1792  ;  Table  Talk  .        .        .    1850 
Roland    and    Ottuel,   Romance  of,    c. 
1400  (Early    Eng.   Text   Society,  ed. 

S.  J.  Herrtage) 1879 

Rolleston,  George:    Forms  of  Animal 

Life 1870 

Rollocke,  Robert  :  On  Second  Thessa- 
lonians,  1507-8 ;  Lecture  on  tlie  Pas- 
sion         1010 

RooKE,  John:  Trans,  of  Arrian  .  .  1729 
Ros,  Sir  R.  :  La  Belle  Dame  sanz  Mercy, 
c.  1400  (in  "Political,  Religious,  and 
Love  Poems,"Early  Eng.  Text  Society, 
ed.  F.  J.  Furnivali)  ....  1866 
RoscoE,  Henry  E.  :  Treatise  on  Chemis- 
try   1806 

Roscommon,  Earl  of:  Art  of  Poetry  .  1680 
Rose,  G.  :  Instructions  for  Officers  of  the 

Month 1682 

RosENGARTEN,  A. :  A  Handbook  of  Archi- 
tectural Styles  (trans,  by  W.  CoUett- 

Sandars  .  1S7T 

Ross,  Alexander  :  Arcana  Microcosmi  .  1052 
Ross,    Alexander  :     Heleuore,    or    the 

Fortunate  Shepherdess         ,        .        .     1768 
Rossetti,  Dante  Gabriel:  Poems.        .    1870 
Routledge,  E.  :  Handbook  of  Cricket    .     i802 
RowE,  Nicholas:  Tamerlane,  1702;  Jane 
Shore,  1713;  Trans,  of  Lucan's  "riiar- 

salia" 1718 

Rowlands,   Samuel  :    Knave  of   Clubs, 

^OOi' ;  Knave  of  Hearts        .       .       .    1612 


Uowlev,  William:  3lateh  at  Midnight  .  l^^-* 

Rovle:  Descriptive  CfttiiloKue  uf  Woods  IH13 
Ruddiman,  Thumah:  lulrud.  tu  Aiider* 

son's  "  Diphtniata"  .  .  .  •  1773 
RfDiNo,  RoflEiLs  :  AnnaU  of  llie  Ci>iuag« 

of  Great  Britain  and  its  DeiK-iiduncies  1817 
RusuwoRTH,    John  :    Uisturical    Collec- 
tions       ....#.    1059-1701 
RUSKIN,  John:    Mmlem  Paii.tetH,  1^M3- 
C-O;  StoiifS  of  Veiitct',  18.51-3;  Ethics 

of  the  Dust,  1805  ;  Crown  of  Wild  Olive  ISiHI 
RU6.SELL,  W.  Howard:  My  Diary    .         1H2-5 

Rubt,  George:  Discourse  on  Truth         .  1082 

Ruthekpokd,  Samuel  :  Letters       •       «  1809 

RuTLEV,  Frank:  Study  of  Rockii    .       *  lb70 

RVCAUT.      [RiCAUT.] 

Ry,mer,  Thomas:  The  Tragedies  ol   the 

Last  Age  Considered     .       •       *       «    1078 

Sackville,    Tbomas,     Earl    of    Dorset 

and     Lonl    Htickhurst :     Mirror    for 

Magistraus,  1559 ;  FeiTex  and  Porrex 

(or  Gorboduc)        .        .        »        .        .     1570 

"St.     Edmund    Confessor,    Life    of." 

[Lydgate.] 
St.    Leonards,    Lord :    Handy    Book   of 

Prnjierty  Law 1803 

Sala,   G.  a.  :   Echoes  of  the   Week  (in 
Illustrated    Lontion  _  Ncirs);    Journey 
Due   North,  1858 ;  Twice  Round  the 
Clock,  1859  ;  Gaslight  and  Daylight    .     1859 
Sancroft,  Archbp.  (1610-93) :  Sermons  .     \&H 
Sanderson.  R.,  Bp.  (1587-1003)  :  Works.    1854 
Sandys,  George:    Travels,  1015;    Para- 
phrase of  the  Psalms,  i:c.,  1630;  Para- 
phrase of  Job,  &c 1038 

Sankev,  W.  H.  O. :  Experimental  Diseases  1869 
'*  Satan's  Invisible  World  Discovered  "  .  10S5 
Savage,  Richard  :  Wanderer  .  .  .  1729 
Savile,  Sir  Henry  :  Trans,  of  Tacitus  ,  1581 
"Saxon  Chronicle,"   b.c.  55-1164  (ed. 

B.  Thorpe) IsOl 

Sayce,  a.  H.  ;  Comparative  Philologj*     .    1875 
ScHAFF,  Philip.    [Herzog.J 
SCH.MIDT,  Oscar  ;  Doctrine  of  Descent    .     1875 
ScHMiTz,  Leonhard,  ll.d.  :  Latin  Gram- 
mar  lyf-o 

"Schole  House,  The.  wherein  every  Man 
may  read  a  gootlly  Prayer  of  the  Con- 
dycyons  of  Women  "      ....    1500 
"School  OF  Recreation  "       .       .       .    1710 
ScHooLcRAF-r,  li.  RowE  :  Indian  Tribes.    1850 
ScLATER,  Philip  L.  :   Guide  to  Gardens 
of  Zooh)gic.-\l  Society,  1860.   INitzsch.] 
ScooNEs,    W.    B. :      Four    Centuries    of 

English  Letters 1880 

"  Scotch  Presbyterian  Eloquence." 
An  Apology  for  the  Clergy  of  Scot- 
land, &c 1603 

Scott,  A.  :  Poems      .        ,  ,        .     1S08 

Scott,  T,  :  Christian  Life  ....     1819 
Scott,  Sir  Walter:  Border  Minstrelsy, 
1802-3 ;      Lay  of  tlie    Last  Minstrel, 
1S05 ;     Marniion,  \S(H'* ;    Lady  of  the 
Lake,   1810;   Ancient  British  Drama. 
1810;  Don  Roderick,  1811  ;  Brida!  of 
Triermain,  1813;  Wavciley  Novels      1814-31 
"Scottish  Acts"  (various  dates;. 
ScROPE,  G.  Poulett:  Volcanoes  .     1872 

Search,  Edward,    (Tucker,  Abraham.) 
Secker,  Thomas,  Bp.  (1693-1768):  Senuons    1810 
Seeboiim.   Henry  :    Siberia   in    Europe, 

1880  ;  British  Birds  ....  1880 
Skeley,  John  Robert  :  Ecce  Homo  .  1805 
Selden,  John  :  Illustrations  to  Drayton's 

'■  Poly-Olbion,'  1013;  Table  Talk  .  1619 
Semper,  Carl  :  Animal  Life  .     1881 


0:ts 


List  of  Authors. 


"Skven    SAGiii."      (In    "Early   Eiigli^sli 

Poetry,"  tKi.  T.  Whisht. 1 
.Skward,  Anna  :  Origiiml  Sonnets,  ITUO ; 

Lt'ttors ISIO 

IShadwell,  Thomas:   Bury  Fair,   lOSy ; 

Scourers lOi'I 

Sh vtTESBi'RV,   A.   A.   C«K>PER,   Earl  of: 

MiSfolIaneiMis       Rellectious,       1714   ; 

Fathers  Advice  to  His  Son  .  .  .  1710 
^'jiiAKi-:spt:ARE,     \V.    (IjOVliJOG) :     Plays 

(genenilly  qiuitod  from  Globe  Edition)  1023 
.Sharp,  Joun',  Arclibp. :  Sermons  .  .  170!> 
Shari',  Samvel:  Treatise  on  Sui-gery  .  1731' 
SHABEt.    U.    B.,    &    Dresskr,    H.    E.  : 

Hijjtory  of  tin-  Uirds  of  Eiin-pe  .  .  IS71 
Shaw,  Vero  K.  :  Illustrated  B(tok  of  the 

Dog 1S7S» 

.SiiKKius,    Sir    IJi-:nry  :     Lord     Halifax's 

Miscell 1703 

Sheldon,  J.  P.  :  Dairy  Farming      .        lS7'.t-Sl 
>Ht;LDON,   Richard  :    Miracles  of  Anti- 
christ      liUij 

?^HELFOBD,  Robert  :  Learned  Discourses .  1000 
.Shellev,  Percy  Bysshe  :    Queen    Mab, 

1S13  ;  Witch  of  Atlas,  1S20;  Adonam, 

Iti'Jl  ;    Prometheus     Unbound,    1S21 ; 

Hellas 1^21 

Shelton,      Thomas:      Tians.     of     Du:i 

Quixote 1012-20 

8HENSTONE,       WiLLIAM    I  Tile       ScUool- 

niistreos 1737-42 

Sherbi"rne,   Sir    Edward  :    Poems  and 

Transhitions lOJl 

.Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley  :  Rivals, 
1775;   School  for  Sc-aiulal,  1777;   The 

Critic 1770 

Shirley-,  James  :  Bird  in  a  Cnge  .  .  1033 
SniRREFF,  Emily:  Kindergarten  .  .  ISOO 
SuiRREFs,   Andrew:    Poems  (chiefly  in 

the  Scottish  dialect)  ....  1790 
SurcKFORD,  SA3IUEL  :  On  the  Creation  .  1753 
SHLTTLEwoRTH.SirJAMEsP.  K.:Scarsdalc  ISOO 
•SiBBALD,  Sir  Robert  :  Chronicle  of  Scot- 
tish Poetry,  with  Glossary,  1S02  ;  His- 
tory of  Fife  and  Kinross  .  .  .  1S03 
Sidney,  Sir  Philip  :  Arradia,  1500  ;  Astro- 

phel  and  Stella 1501 

'*  Siege  of  Trov."    [Lvduate.] 

"  Silkworms,  llie,"  by  T.  M.    .        .        ,     1590 

SiMMONDS,  P.  L. :  Commercial  Products 

of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom    .        .        .     ISJS 
Sims.  George  R.  :  Ballads  of  Babylon      .     ISSO 
Sinclair,  Sir  J.  (175+-1S35):  Statistical 
Account  of   Sc'othmd,   1701-00 ;   New 
StJitistical  Account  of  Scotland    .        1S35-45 
"Sinners    Beware,"  c.    1270  (in    "Old 
English  Miscellany,"  E:irly  Eng.  Text 
Society,  ed.  R.  Morris).         .         .         .     1S72 
SiNNETT.  Alfred  Percy  :  Occult  World  .     ISSl 
"Sir  Cleoes."    [In  Weber, H.  W.:  "Met- 
rical Roniances."] 
"Sir  Degrevante"  (in  the  "Thornton 

Roniances  ").    [Morte  Arthcre.] 
"Sir    Gawan  and  the   Green    Knight," 
r.  1320  (Early  Eng.  Te;a  Society,  ed. 

R.  Morris) 1804 

"Sir  Perceval."     [Percev\l.] 

"Sir  Tristram,    Romance  of,"   c.  1400. 

IMlCHEL,  F.] 

Skkat.  Rev.  W.  W.  :  Specimens  of  English 
Literature  (l;J04-1579),  ISSO  ;  Etynio- 
logiial  Dictionary,  1SS4.     [Morris.] 

Skelton,  John  (1400-1520) :  Why  Come 
ye  Xot  to  Courte?  Phyllyp  Sparrow; 
Elynour  Ramming  (in  his  Poetical 
Works,  ed.  A.  Dyce)     ....     1S43 

Skene.  Sir  Johv  :  Laws  and  Acts,  1507  ; 

De  Vcrborum  Significatione  .        .        .     1509 


Smart,  Christdpuku  ;  Poems,  1753, 1703  ; 

Tliu  Parables  in  Familiar  Verse  .  .  17CS 
Smart,  Haivley  :  Breezie  Langton,  ISOO; 

From  Post  to  Finish  ....  1SS5 
Smellie,  W.  :  Philosophy  of  Xat.  Hist.  1700-0 
Smilius,   Sami-el:    Self-Help,  ISOO;   Life 

of  Robert  Dick 1S7S 

S.MITH,  Adam  :  Wealth  of  Nations  .  .  1770 
Smith,  Albert;  Christopher  Tadpole  ,  1S4S 
Smith,  Alexander:  City  Poems  .  .  1S57 
Smith,  G.  Barnett:  Life  of  Gladstone  .  1S79 
Smith,  Henry  :  Sermons  .  .  .  1501-2 
Smith,    Horace    &    James:     Rejected 

Addresses,  1S12 ;  Poems       .        .        .     1840 
Smith,  John,  M.D.  ;  King  Solomon's  Por- 
traiture of  Old  Age        ....     10(50 
Smith,  Sydney  (1771-1S45) :  Letters         .     1S55 
Smith,  Sib  Thosias  :  Voyage  to  Russia    .     1005 
Smith,   Prof.  W.  Robertson  :  Old  Testa- 
ment in  the  Jewish  Church  .        .        .     15S1 
Smollett,   Tobias  :    Roderick    Random, 
174S  ;    Trans,   of  Don  Quixote,  1755  ; 
History   of    England,    1757 ;     Travels, 
1700  ;  Humphrey  Clinker     .        .        .     1771 
Snellinc,   Thomas  :  View  of  the  Silver 
Coin  and  C()inage  of   England   from 
the  Norman  Coiuiuest  to  the  Present 

Time 1702 

Somerset,    Edward,    Marquis   of   Wor- 

tester :  Century  of  Inventions     .        .     1003 
SoMEBViLLE,  WiLLiAM :  Pocius,  Transla- 
tions, &c 1727 

"  Song  on  the  Passion,"'  c.  1300  (in  "  Old 
English  Miscellany,"  Early  Eng.  Text 
Society,  ed.  R.  Morris).        .        .        .     1372 
SoN<;s  AND  Carols.     [Wright,  Thomas.1 
SoNNiNi,    Charles    N.    S.    de     Manon- 
coi'RT  :  Travels   in  Upper  and  Lower 
Egypt  (trans,  by  H.  Hunter)       .        .     1790 
'■  SopHiSTER  "  (Old  Play)  [by  R.  Zoneh  ?]    1030 
"Soudan  of  Babylon,"  c.    1400  (Rox- 

burgheClnb) 1S54 

South,  Robert,  d.d.  :  Sermons        .        .     3007 
SouTHEBNE,  Thomas  :  Spartan  Dame       .     1721 
Southev,  Robert  (1774-1S43)  :  Joan  of 
Arc,    1700 ;   Thalaba,    ISOl  ;    Curse  of 
Kehama,  ISIO  ;  The  Doctor,  1834-47  ; 

Letters ed.     1S5G 

Southwell,  Robert  S.  :  Poems  .  .  1505 
Spalding,  John  :  History  of  the  Troubles 

in  Scotland  (1024-1045) ....  1792 
"  Specimens  of  Early  English  Literature." 

[Morris.] 
"  Si'EiiMENS    OF    Lvric    Poetrv.   temp. 
Edward    I."    (Percy    Society,    ed.  T. 

Wright) 1S42 

Speed,  John  :  History  of  Great  Brit;iin  .  1011 
Spelman,    Sir    Henry    (1562-1041):     De 

Sepultura,  102S  ;  On  Sacrilege      .        .     1043 
Spencer,  Herbert  :    Psychology,   1S55  ; 
Essays,  1S5S-03  ;  Principles  of  Biology, 
1S04  ;  Study  of  Sociology,  1S72  ;  Data 

of  Ethics 1879 

Spencer,    J.  :    A  Discourse   Concerning 

Prodigies        .        .        .        .        .        .     1003 

Spenser,  Edmund  (1552-1590):  Shep- 
beard's  Calender,  1579  ;  Faerie  Qneene. 
1590-0 ;    Colin  Clout,   1595  ;  State    of 

Ireland 1033 

Spottiswood,  John  :  Introduction  to  the 
Knowledge  of  tlie  Style  of  Writs  in 

Scotland 1707 

Spotswood,  John  :  Histoi-j-  of  the  Church 

and  State  of  Scotland  ....  ir55 
Spraciue,  Chas.  :  Curiosity,  a  poem  .     1S29 

Sprat.  Thomas,  d.d.  :  Hist,  of  the  Royal 

Society  of  Loiulou,  10G7  ;  Sermons       .     171u 


Stackhoise,  Thomas:  Hist,  of  the  Bible    173i 
"Stacvons  ok    Rome,"   c.     1370   (Early 

Eng.  Text  Society,  ed.  F.  J.  Furnivall)  ISiiT 
Stafford,  Anthony  :  Niobe  .  .  .1011 
Stainer,    John,    &    BARRirrr,    W.    A.  : 

Dictionary  of  Musiejil  Terms  .  .  is7ti 
Stainton,  H.  T.  :  British  Butterflies-and 

Moths 1S57 

Stanhope,  Earl :  Life  of  Pitt    .        .        .     1S02 
Stanihurst,  or  Stanvhurst,  Richard: 
Trans,  of  Virgil,  15S2  ;  Description  of 

Ireland i.'so 

Stanvhurst,  Richard.     [Stanihurst.] 
Stapleton,   Thomas  :    Fortresse    of   the 

Faithe 1505 

Stapylton,  or  Stapleton,  Sir  Robert  : 

Trans,  of  Juvenal 1047 

Staunton.  Rev.  W.  :  Ecclesiastical  Dic- 
tionary   1S75 

Steele.     Sir    Richard    (1071-1720),    in 

"Spectator •'and  "Tatler".        .     1711,  &c. 

Steevens,  George  (1730-lSOO) :  X(ttes  on 

Shakespeare ISOi 

Stephen,    Leslie:    English  Thought  in 

the  Eighteenth  Century        .        .        .     1S70 

Stephens,  Jeremiah;  Addition  to  "Spel- 
man on  Sacrilege"         ....     1040 

Stepney,  George:  Epistle  to  the  Earl  of 

Carlisle IC'.U 

Stern-e,    Laurence  :   Tristram    Shandy, 

1750-07 ;  Sentimental  Journey     .        .     17CS 

Sternhold,  Thomas,  &  Hopkins,  John  : 

Psalms 154S 

Steenstrup,  J.    J.    S.  :   Alternation    of 

Generations  (Ray  Society)    .        .        .     1S45 

Steven.son,    D.  :    Civil    Engineering    in 

North  America 1S3S 

Stevenson,  J. T.  [In Boucher,  J.:  Gloss- 
ary of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words.] 

Stewart,  Dugald  :  Philosopliical  Essays    ISIO 

Stiles.    Ezra  :    Hist,   of   Three    of  the 

Judges  of  Charles  1 1704 

Stilling  fleet,  E.,  Bp.  (103:5-99) :  Works  1707-lQ 

Stirling, Earl  of  (W.  Alexander):  Aurora    lo04 

Stokes.  David,  d.d.  :  A  Paraph.rastical 
Exi)lication  of  the  Twelve  Minor  Pro- 
phets       1059 

Stokes,   G.  :    Commentary  on  the  Holy 

Bible 1S31-5 

Stow,  or  Stowe,  John  :  English  Chron- 
icles, 1501  ;  King  James,  t-.  1570  ;  Sur- 
vey of  London 1 OOS 

Stowe,  Mrs.  H.  Beecher  :  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin,  1S52;  Dred,  a  Tale  of  the 
Great  Dismal  Swamp    ....     ISOO 

Strancford,  Lord:  Letters  and  Papers  .     1^09 

Stubbes,  Philip  :    Examples,  15S1  ;  An- 

atomie  of  Abuses  ....  15S3 

Suckling,  Sir  J.  (160S-1042) :  Poems        .    1770 

Sumner,  William  :  Wliat  Social  Classes 

Owe  to  Each  Other        ....     1SS3 

SiRREY,  Earl  of  (151S-1547):  Songs  and 
Sonnets,  1557 ;  Trans,  of  the  Fourth 
Book  of  Virgil's  iEneid  ....    1557 

SuRTEES,  Robert  S.  :  Ask  Manima  .        .     1S5S 

Sutton,    Christopher;    Learn    to    Die, 

1000;  Godly  Meditations       .         .         .     1022 

SwAiNSON,  William,  &  Shuck ard.  W. 
E. :  The  History  and  Natural  AVrange- 
ments  of  Insects 1S40 

Swan,  John  :  Speculum  Mundi        .        .     1035 

Swavsland,  W.  :  Familiar  Wild  Birds      .     1SS2 

Sweet,  Henry  :  Old  English  Charters     .     1SS5 

Swift.  Jonath.vn  (1007-1745)  :  Battle  of 
the  Books,  1704  ;  Tale  of  a  Tub,  1704  ; 
Gulliver's  Travels,  172G  ;  Works  (ed. 
Sir  W.  Scott) ISU 


List  of  Authors. 

TiioiU'U,  TiioMAii   B.  :   Mvsterk's  of  tin* 

IJackwtHHls    ......     ISIO 

Th\  i:;{,    Ri>BKRT :    Gi'iiuiiio   Ucniaiiis  [of 

S.tiiiUL'1  l{titU>rJ  ill  i*rusu  tuul  Verse       .     ITJD 

TiiVNNK,  Fkancis  :  Debate  between  Prkli' 

ami  LowUncss I5"j 

TicKKr.i.,  UiciiARD  (d.  171)3):  Poems  (in 
R.  Aiulfi-son's"  Poets uf Great  Uritaiii," 
vol.  viii.) IT'.U 

TifKi;iA,  Thomas  (HJS(J-i:40):  W.mUs      .     iso: 

Tii.un-soN,  John,  Aivhlip.  ('•.    lti30-lU): 

Works 1701 

"Tim  Uobbin's  Works  in  the  .Manchfster 

Dialcet,"'  by  J.  Collier  ....     177:. 

TiMHs,  John:  Glass-makinj;   (in  TJiiibs's 

'■  Knowleaj,'e  for  the  People,"  Part  X.)  1S31--J 

"TiMKs  Whistlh,"  by  R.  C,  Gent. 
(Early  Eu-^.  Text  Society,  ed.  J.  M. 
Cowjier) 1S71 

'"TiMON,"  c.Ul  play  (Shakespeare  Society, 

ed.  A.  Dyce) 1S21 

TiMi'ERLEY,  C.  H.  :  Dictionary  of  Printt-rs 

and  Printinj; 1S3'.> 

TiNDAL,    Xk'holas  I    Tniiis.    of    Rapin  s 

"  Hist,  or  England  "...        17:;r.-::i 

T.  J.  :  An  UnUl-facioued  Love  .         .         .     U-'M 

Todd.  RoBtiBT  B.,  &  Bowman,  Wil- 
liam :  I'bysiologieal  Anatoniy      .        1S43-50 

ToDHt'NTEB,  Isaac  :  Mechanics  fur  Be- 
ginners   lS('i7 

ToLAND,  John  (1(370-1772) :  Life  of  Har- 
rington   iTOO 

ToMKis,  —  ;  Albiimazar  the  Astronomer.     Hil.O 

ToMLiSE,  Thomas  E.  ;  Law  Dictionary    .     1810 

ToMLissoN,    John  :     Level     of    Hat  field 

Chase ISSl 

Tooke,  Jobn  Hobne  :  Diversions  of  Ptir- 

ley 17S)i 

TooKER,      William  :       Fabric     of     the 

Church 10U4 

ToPSALL,  or  Topsell,  Edward  :  History 
of  Four-fcioted  Beasts,  Ui07  ;  History 
of  Serpents    .       ' lOOS 

"  Touchstone   of  Complexion,"   by    L. 

Lemuius  (trans,  by  T.  Newton)    .        .     lASl 

TOURNEUR,  Cvril:  Revenger's  Tragedy  .     Ui07 

Towssend,  Thomas  :  History  of  the  Con- 
quest of  Mexico 1724 

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G9i} 


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107& 
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iso: 

1032 


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Whakton,  Philip,   Duke    of  Wharton : 

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Whatelev,  W.  :  Redemption  of  Time      .    1619 

Whately,  R.,  Archbp. :  Elements  of 
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Wheatley,  Charles  :  Illustration  of  the 

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Whetstone,  GEoiuiE :  Promos  and  Cas- 
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Whewell,  William,   d.d.  :  Bridgewater 

Treatise 1833 

Whiston,  William  :  Trans,  of  Joseplms       1737 

Whitaker,  Tobias:  Tree  of  Life,  or  the 

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Whitby,  Daniel,  d.d.  :  Discoui"se  Con- 
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White,  F.  Tho:*ias,  &  Tudor,  Owen  D.  : 

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White,  Rev.  Gilbert:  Natural  History 

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Whitefoot,   John  :   Life  of  Sir  Thomas 

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Whitehead,  William  :  Variety        .        ,    177G 

Whitelock,  »  BiLSTRODE  :        Jlemorials 

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WHiTairr,JoHN,  Bp.  (1530-1603):  Defence    157-1 

Whitney,  William  D.  :  Life  and  Growth 

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Whyte,  Samuel  :  Poems  ....    1772 

WiFFEN,  Jeremiah  Holmes:    Trans,    of 

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Wilkie,  William,  d.d.  ;  Epigoniad,  1757  ; 

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Wilkins,  John,  Bp. :  Essay  towards  a 
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"William  of  Palernk,  Romance  of," 
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Williams,  C.  J.  B.,  Dr. ;  Article  "Pneu- 
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Williams,  Sir  Roger  :  Actions  of  the 
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Willughby,  Francis:  Ornithology  (trans- 
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Wilson,     Alexander  :      Poems,      1790 ; 

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Wilson,  Alexander,  &  Bonaparte, 
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Wilson,  Gavin:   Collection  of  Masonic 

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Wilson,   John  ("Christopher  North"): 

Isle  of  Palms 1812 

Wilson,       Sir        Thomas  :       Arte       of 

Rhetorique 1553 

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Winchester,  Stephen  Gardiner,  Bp.  of: 

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Windham,     Right    Hon.    W.  :     Speech, 

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Pliotograpliy  ,  ,  .  *  *  ?  l?72 
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Wake,   William,  d.d.  :  Prcjiai-atinn  for 

Deatli 1687 

Walford,  Edward,  &  Thornbury,  G. 

Walter  :  Old  and  New  London       1S73,  &c. 

Walker,  John,    d.d.:  Prize  Essays  on 

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Walker,  Joseph  C.  :  Historical  Jleiuoirs 

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Walker,  Patrick:  Life  of  Alex.  Peden  .    1727 

Wallace,  A.  Russel:  Malay  Archipelago, 
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Wallace,    Sir    William.     [Harry    the 

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Waller,  Ed.mund  :  Poenis  .  .  .  1604 
Wallis,  John,  d.d.  :  Twcj  Sermons  .  .  1791 
Wali-ole,  Horace  (1717-97) :  Letters  to 

Maiiu 1^33 

Walsal,   Sa.muel  ;  Life    and    Death    of 

Christ 1015 

Walsh,  William  (1663-1707-S) :  Poems  1802 
Walton,   Izaak  :    Life  of  Donne,  1640 ; 

Life     of     Wotton,     1651 ;     Cumpk-at 

Angler,  1053;   Life  of  Hooker,  1006; 

Life  of  Sanderson 107S 

Wahburton,  William,  Bp.;  The  Divine 

Lt'gatiou  of  Moses  .  .  .  17c!7-41 
Ward,  Thomas  :  England's  Reformation.  1710 
"  Warkworth  Chronicle,"  from  1461  to 

1474  (Camdeu  Soc,  ed.  J.  -O.  Halli- 

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Warner,  R.    [Nug.e.] 

Warner,  William  :  Albion's  England  .  15S0 
Warren,  Samuel  :  Ten  Thousand  a  Year  1639 
Warter,  Rev.  John  W.  :  Sea-board  and 

the  Down ISCO 

Warton,    Thomas  :    Life    of   Antony    a 

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Waterhouse,  EdwarG  :  Humble  Apology 

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Waterland,    Rev.   Daniel,   d.d.   (1083- 

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Waterton,    Charles  :     Wanderings    in 

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Watson,  J.  :    Collection  of   Comic    and 

Serious  Scots  Poems     ....     1706 
Watson,  R.,  Bp.  :  Anecdotes  of  his  Life.     1S17 
Watson,  R.  :  Hist.  Collection  of  Eccle- 
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Watts,  Isaac,  d.d.  :  Logic        .        .        .     1725 

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Webbe,  William  :   Discourse  of  English 

Poetrie 1586 

Weber,  Henry  W.  :  Metrical  Romances 
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Webster,  John:  White  Devil.  1612;  Tra- 
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Wedgwood,   Hensleigh  :    Dictionary  of 

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Weever,  John:  Ancient  Funeral  Monu- 
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Welsted,  Leonard  :  Works      .        .        .     1TS7 

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Wither,  or  Withers,  George:  Britain's 

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"Witts  Recrkation"  (old  play),  by  Mr. 

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WoDROLPHE,  John  :  French  and  English 

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WoDROw,  Robert  :  History  of  the  Suffer- 
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WoLCOTT.or  WoLCOT,JoHN:  Peter  Pindar  1789-92 
WoLLASTON,  William  :   Religion  of  Na- 
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Wood,  Mrs.  Henrv  :  East  Lynnc,  ISOl  ; 

The  Cliannings,  1862 ;  Pomeroy  Abbey    1878 
Wood,  Rev.  John  George:    Illustrated 
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Woodman.    W.    B.,    &.    Tidy,     C.     M.  : 

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WooDROw,  Robert.     [Wodrow.] 
Woodward,   John:    Natural  History  of 

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Woodward,  S.  P.  :  MoUusca  .  .  1S51-56 
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WoRBOiSE,  Miss  Emma  Jane  :  Sissie.  .  1682 
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WoTTON,    Henry  :   Essay  on  Education 

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WorroN,  Sir   Henry  :    The  Elements  of 

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WoTY,  William  :  Poems  ....  1770 
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Wycherly,       William        (1640-1715)  : 

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Wycliffe,    Wyclif,   or    Wicliff,   John 

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Wynne,  Sir  John  (b.  1553) :  Hist,  of  the 

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ADDENDA. 


a-ces'-trur-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  the  Grt 
aKifTTpa  (nkeslro)  =  a  iieedU',  and  ovpd  (pura) 
=  a  tail.] 

Ornitk. :  A  genus  of  humming-birds,  con- 
taining four  sppcies.  The  bill,  which  is 
cyliudi'ical  and  sli^litly  arched,  it)  longer  than 
the  head;  two  centre  tail-f(.*athers  very  small, 
the  two  outer  ones  lllanientons  and  sliorter 
than  the  third  ;  wings  very  small ;  tarsi 
clothed  ;  feet  small;  gorget  luminous.  Acps- 
Intra  mulsanti  has  the  head,  upper  surface, 
wing -coverts,  and  Hanks  a  dark  sliining 
green;  wings  purplish-brown;  tail  purplish- 
black;  chin  and  under  surface  white;  thrnat 
violet-reil ;  bill  and  feet  black. 

se-thop'-y-ga,  s.  (Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  aiOo^ 
{aithops)  =  Hashing.] 

Oruith.  :  A  genus  of  birds,  containing 
several  species,  belonging  to  the  family  Nec- 
tariniidte.  The  male  of  .Ethopnga  viaiinijiot 
has  its  upi'er  parts  blood-red  ;  wings  bruwinsli- 
black;  tail  black,  tlie  feathers  broadly  edited 
with  metallic  violet;  chin,  throat,  and  front 
of  breast  bright  bloxl-re.l  ;  upper  mandible 
dark-brown,  lower  one  brownish-red  colour. 
The  female,  as  is  the  case  in  several 
other  sun-birds,  has  not  brilliant  plumage. 
Hiibitat,  island  of  Negros  in  the  Philippine 
archipelago. 

ait9li  bone,  ^':. 

1.  The  rump-bone  of  an  ox  or  cow. 

2.  The  cut  of  beef  which  includes  the  rnuip- 
boue. 

am-bly^orn'-is,  s.  (Or.  a/ApXu^  (amblus) 
=  dull,  and  opi'ii  (ortiis)  =  a  bird.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  bower-birds,  contain- 
ing three  species,  all  natives  of  New  Guinea. 
Amblyornis  inornata.  tlie  type-genus,  is  about 
the  size  of  a  turtle-dove,  with  head  and  upper 
part  of  back  rufous-brown  ;  rest  of  ui>per  parts 
dark-brown;  wings  rufous-brown,  primaries 
dark  -  brown  ;  under  -  parts  bn  If ;  tail  dark- 
brown  ;  bill,  feet,  and  tarsi  black.  There 
is  no  difference  in  i)luiiiage  of  male  and 
female.  The  bird  is  very  clever  in  imitating 
the  songs  and  screams  of  numerous  other 
birds. 

an-ky-lo-sto-mi'-a-sis,  s.  [Mod.  Lat., 
from  Or.  ay«iiAos  {a}>^l:u(os)  =  a  hook  ;  arofxa 
{stoma)  =  nioulli,  and  Eug.  sufT.  -asis  (q.v., 
Sup.).] 

Pathol :  A  disease,  to  which  miners  in  par- 
ticular are  subject,  produceil  by  the  presence 
of  the  nematoi'l  worm  Anl-ylostomum  duo- 
denale.  It  gives  rise  to  a  progressive  anfemia, 
which  is  generally  associated  with  dyspeptic 
trouble;  if  unchecked,  serous  eHusions  in 
different  oigans  and  fatty  degeneration  of 
the  heart  ensue,  antl  death  may  occnr  from 
syncope  or  from  intercurrent  complication. 
The  worm  lias  a  tliickish  cylindrical  body, 
with  a  bell-shaped,  chitinous-like  cajisnle  for 
the  mouth,  wlii'.h  is  furnished  with  four 
strong  claw-like  hooks  at  tlie  bottom  on  the 
abdominal  side.  The  parasite  fastens  itself 
to  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  intestine, 
the  mouth  acting  like  a  cupping  glass,  and 
drawing  a  piece  of  the  inucoBS  membi'ane  into 
its  cavity.  The  females  produce  a  prodigious 
and  never-ending  stream  of  eggs,  having 
thin  shells,  which  pass  out  in  the  ficces,  and 
rapidly  develop  into  rhabditiform  embryos, 
leading  independent  lives.  Also  called  Worm 
disease. 


a-nom-a-l6-9er'-a,   s.     [Mod,    Lat.,    from 
'  Gr.  ai-w^iaAo?  (onomalos)  =  uneven,  irregular, 
and  Kcpa?  {kt-nw)  —  horn.] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  crustaceans,  with  several 
species,  belonging  to  the  family  Calanidtv 
(q.v.,  Sup.).  Body  elongated;  head  produced 
into  a  .strong  furcate  rostrum,  distinct  from 
the  thorax  and  incompletely  divided  by  a 
transverse  groove  into  two  segments  ;  median 
eye  stalked  ;  lateral  eyes  sessile,  each  com- 
posed of  two  len.ses  ;  anterior  antenna"  having 
twenty-four  joints,  the  right  antenna  of  the 
male  is  modilied  as  a  seizing  oigan. 

ap-pen-di-ci'-tis,  s.  [Lat.  appendix,  gcnit. 
ajtpcmlic^is.);  suff.  -His.] 

Pathol. :  Inllammation  of  the  vermiform 
appenrlix,  usually  arising  from  the  presence 
of  some  fiecal  concretion,  or  foreign  body, 
within  it. 

a-res'-cus,  s-    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  ape'<r»eo? 

'  (areskos)  =  pleasing.] 

Entom.:  A  genus  of  tetranierous  beetles, 
belonging  to  the  sub-tribe  Phytophaga.  An- 
tennie  with  basal  articulation,  armoured,  and 
thickened  towards  the  apex ;  clypeus  ex- 
tended;  thorax  square;  elytra  curtailed. 

as-pi-dis'-tra,  5.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr. 
dCTTTi?  {aspis),'  genit.  do-n-iSo?  {asindos)  =  a 
shield,  1 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  hardy  evergreen  perennial 
jdants,  belonging  to  the  order  Liliacea;.  The 
flowers,  which  are  insigniUeant,  grow  close 
to  the  ground,  and  possess  a  curious  stigma, 
resembling  a  niushroom.  Aspidistra  elutior, 
having  oblong,  large,  leathery  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  is  ninch  grown  for  decorating  rooms, 
corridors,  and  cool  conservatories. 

au-bri-et'-i-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  JI. 
Aubriet,  a  "celebrated  French  botanical 
draughtsman.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  hardy  evergreen  trailing 
plants,  containing  about  eight  species,  be- 
longing to  the  order  Crucifera?.  Flowers 
generally  of  a  purple  colour ;  racemes  opposite 
the  leaves  and  terminal ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong,  entire  or  angularly  toothed,  hairy. 

bSr'-rack.  t-.  [Bahkacking.]  To  greet  with 
hisses'  ;uul  howis  of  derision  ;  to  interrupt 
noisily  ;  to  make  a  disturbance.  {Aitstralian 
slang.) 

bar'-rack-er,  ^.  [Barrackino.]  One  who 
behaves  in  a  disorderly  manner,  especially 
towards  a  player  or  jdayers  in  a  cricket  or 
football  team;  one  wlio  persistently  hisses 
and  makes  objectionable  noises  to  denote  his 
derision  or  disapproval. 

"It  may  be  doubted  whether  Mr.  Warner  act«d 
altnpether  wisfly  in  I'UiIeiivouring  to  bnnineiie  these 
rowdy  JiDil  cownrdlj-  barrackert."— Daily  Chronicle, 
Dec.  16,  1903,  p.  5. 

bar'-rack-ing,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob. 
from  Fr.  haragouin.]  A  hostile  reception; 
rowdyism  ;  persistent  hissing  and  howling  ; 
disorderly  disturbance.    {Australian  slang.) 

"It  will  he  reinemhereil  that  Mr.  Stodiiart.  when 
captniri  uf  n  ^  i-iMiiif  EiiKlish  elevcu.  iniwle  a  digiiffieil 
I-rotest  RUJiiUBt  thf  bnrrticMni  to  which  his  team  waa 
sulijected."— /Mi'v  Chronicle,  Dec.  16,  1903,  p.  i. 

Blond-lot  rays,  s. pi. 

Phys-irs:  The  same  as  N  rays  (q.v.,  Ad- 
denda). 

"The  Blondtot  rayt  ...  are  now  on  the  verge  of 
being  put  to  pfdctlcal  U8e  lu  medicine."  — /)a«|/ 
Chroniclf.  Feb.  23.  19M.  p.  6. 


bowl'-er  (2),  s.  [Eng.  hoxel  (2),  s, ;  -er.!  A 
ln\v.orowned,slitrfelthftt.  (Sonu-tiiuea  called 
a  bov:lcr-hat.) 

bowl'-er  (3).   s.     [Eng.  howl  a),  s.  ;  -er.J     A 

workman  who  shapes  tlic  bowls  of  spoons. 

O^-ll-graph'-a,  s.  [Mod,  Lat.,  from  Gr. 
K«AAo9  {kallos)'-=  beauty,  KoA<is  {kcUos)  = 
beautiful,  and  vpo(f>^  (graphe)  ~  writing,  yfta^w 
(graphd)  =.  to  write.] 

Kiitom.:  A  genus  of  tetvainerous  beetles, 
containing  sevei-al  specie.-*,  behuijiiiig  to  the 
sub-tribe  IMiytophaga.  Antenna;  of  moderate 
size,  tapering ;  maxillary  palpi  with  the  last 
articulation  thickened. 

cal-6-cal'-a-niia,  s.  [Mod.  Ijit,  from  Gr. 
KoXos  (kalos)  =  beautiful,  and  Lat  C"u/«»U5, 
the  name  of  an  Indian  philosopher  of  the  time 
of  Alexander  the  Great.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Copepoda,  belonging  t^ 
the  family  Calanidie  (q.v..  Sup.).  CaU>calnnu& 
jxivo,  a  native  of  the  Gulf  ot  Guinea,  has  the 
cej)hah)-thnrax  rounded  in  front  and  behind; 
anterior  antenna?  having  twenty-fimr  joints, 
the  tirst  joint  large  and  bearing  two  plumose 
and  a  few  plain  seta-,  the  last  joint  long  and 
slender,  furnished  at  its  extremity  with  four 
plain  seta-  of  moderate  hiiglh ;  mandible 
stout,  the  apex  furnished  with  t^everal  more 
or  hss  rndiiucntary  teeth  ;  maxilla*  large. 

c3.1-6p'-ter-^x,  s.  (Gr.  koAoc  (kalos)  =  beauti- 
ful, and  nTtpv$  (iifernj:)  =  a  wing.J 

Kntom. :  A  genus  of  neuropterous  insects, 
containing  sevural  species,  belonging  to  the 
family  Odonata  (q.v.,  Sup.).  Caloptfryx  lirgo 
is  about  an  in(di  long ;  tlie  male  has  a  bright 
metallic  bhii'  body  and  deep  blue  wings;  in 
the  ftiii.ilL'  the  body  is  metallic  green,  and  the 
wings  r^.•ddi.^h■blo\vn. 

c5.mp-sur'-fi8,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Or. 
f<i(ATTTw  (kioapto)  =  to  curve,  and  oitpd  ((ntra) 
=  a  tail.] 

Entom.:  A  genus  of  neuropterous  insects, 
containing  about  six  species,  belonging  to 
the  family  Ephemeridii-.  They  are  found  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  Amazon.  In  this 
genus  the  cross- veinlets  are  numerous  through- 
out the  extent  of  the  anterior  wings  ;  discal 
ci-llules  of  lore-wings  large;  forceps  moder- 
ately stout,  and  two-  or  three-jointed  ;  legs 
feeble  and  sliort. 

car-bor-un'-dum,  s.  [Mod.  I^t. ,  from 
Lat.  carho  =  coal.] 

Chem. :  Silicon  carbide,  SiC.  Formed  in 
blui.sh-or  vellowish-green  crj-stals  by  intensely 
heating  a  "mixture  of  carbon,  finely  jxtwdered 
coko,  sand,  and  .-^alt.  It  is  insolubh'  m  all 
acids,  but  is  attacked  by  melted  alkalie.«.  It 
burns  very  shiwlv  in  oxygen  and  in  chlorine, 
and,  if  strongly  heated,  bcioraes  of  a  greenish- 
golden  colour.  Its  snecitlc  gravity  is  3-22. 
(Thorpe:  Jmrqauie  Chrmistry,  ii.  322.)  The 
crystals  are  very  hard,  and  are  v''"**>pa"y 
used  for  polishing  artitkial  diamonds. 

0&t-d-x2in'-tha,  s.  [Mod.  I-nt.,  fi-om  Gr. 
KdTM  (kato)  =  down,  downwards,  and  fa»-#^ 
{xanthos)  =  yellow.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  coleopterous  beetles, 
natives  of  India,  belonging  to  the  family 
Buprestida-.  Maxillary  palpi  with  three  ar- 
ticulations ;  labial  palpi  with  only  two ; 
mandibles  short,  thick,  com-ave  iuteriorlv  ; 
1      anteuuie  with  eleven  articulations;  corselet 


boil,  bo^;  poiit.  jo^l:  cat.  9ell,  chorus,  9liln.  benpb:  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a?;  expoct.  Xenoptaon.  e^t.    ph  -  f, 
-cian.  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,    sious  -  shua.    ble.  die,  A:c.  =  bel.  del,  Ac. 


ceremoniarius— grotto 


tnli'lMle  iKisteiiorly  ;  clytia  .>ljli«iut'ly  trun- 
cated at  the  iiuiiieral  ai.^le,  with  a  small 
looth  near  tlie  iinJiit  of  truncation;  botiy 
flattened,  nbcl-uiifii  very  broad. 

^er-e-mo-ni-ar-l-us,  s,    [Eccles.  Lat.] 
1.  Till.-  e^'  lesiastic  who  takes  chai-gc  of  the 
ritual  in  a  solemn  service. 
•  2.  The  archdeacon. 

9haul-mo6g-ra,    fhaul-mug'-ra, 

9haul-maug -ra,  ^■.    [East  Iiulian  initive 

ir.iuu:] 

1.  (iynocardia  odoratu,  an  East  Indian  tree, 
bi^aiing  very  fragrant  Howers  and  a  large  fruit 
ivsembling  a  shaihlock. 

2.  Tlie  seeds  of  Taraktogcnus  kurzH.  They 
yield  an  oil  considered,  in  India  and  China,  a 
speeitic  lor  leprosy.  They  are  also  used  iu 
">t!icM-  skin  diseases,  rheumatism,  tiic,  and  are 
wi'll  known  in  Europe. 

■'Aiiotliei-  juiiit  euquiry  with  Dr.  Watt  lins  esta'*- 
lis-ln^il  tlie  identity  of  the  plant  which  yielda  tlie 
i/KKiliHoo'ti-a  seetia  of  couiiuevc^'—Iinpo'ial  Institute 
Jour  mi!,  Uec,  1901. 

Qhi-cane;  s.    [II.  ISO.]    Add. 

Ciinis:  In  the  game  of  bridge  (q.v..  Sup.). 
a  player  holding  no  trump  is  said  to  have 
"ehicane,"  and  scores  the  same  as  two  by 
honours  in  the  given  suit. 

chi'Cane',  v.L    [11.  ISO.]    Add. 

B.  Tnnisiiice: 

1,  To  quibble  over  ;  to  cavil  at. 

2.  To  deceive ;  to  over-reach  hy  trickery ; 
to  cheat. 

chrysoch'-ro-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr. 
XPVfTO'i  (chnisos)  =  gold,  and  XP°<^  (chroa) 
=  skiu.] 

Eatom. :  A  genus  of  widely  distributed 
C'leopterons  beetles,  containing  about  tifty 
species,  belonging  to  the  family  BuprL^stidfe. 
Maxillary  i»alpi  with  three  articulations,  the 
lirst  two  subtriangular  or  obconical,  tlie  third 
subovate,  truncated ;  mandibles  short  and 
thick,  with  acute  terminal  tooth  ;  antenna 
with  eleven  articulations ;  corselet  trape- 
zoi.l  ;  elytra  contracting  imperceptibly  from 
the  base  towards  the  extremity :  tarsus  not 
dilated. 

chrys-6-Iam'-pis,  s.    [Mod.  Lat,  from  Gr. 

Xpi/tro?  ('■hnisos)  =  gold,  and  Aa/xn-ds  {Uinipas) 
—  a  torch.] 

Ornith. :  Agenus  ofliumming-birds,  contain- 
ini;  only  one  species,  Chrnsoknnpis  moschittis. 
In  its  adult  stage,  the  male  lias  the  forehead, 
crown,  occiput,  and  nape  of  a  metallic  ruby- 
red  hue;  chin,  throat,  and  breast  topaz- 
yellow  ;  upper  surface  and  wing  -  coverts 
dark  velvety,  bronzy-brown  ;  wings  purplish- 
brown  ;  tail  red,  tipped  with  black  ;  abdomen 
dark  brown  ;  bill  and  feet  blackish-browii. 
It  buiids  a  cup-shaped  nest,  and  lays  two 
pure  white  eggs.  The  bird  is  found  in  Guiana, 
Cayenne,  Brazil,  Venezuela,  the  Andes  of 
New  Granada,  and  the  islands  of  Trinidad 
and  Tobago. 

cce-lbr'-i-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  Kalkos 
(lot/os)  =  hollov/,  and  ovpa  (oura)  =  a  tail.] 

ZooL :  A  genus  of  coralline  hydrozoans, 
containing  several  species.  It  forms  large 
spreading  masses,  which  vary  iu  colour  from 
brown  to  green.  Corallum  globate,  formed 
by  trabecule  springing  from  the  margin  of 
the  septa;  gyri  long,  and  united  by  their 
walls,  the  tissue  of  which  is  cellular ;  lidges 
.simple  and  continuous;  septa  delicate,  and 
liaving  neither  a  paliform  lobe  nor  a  lateral 
expansion  near  the  columella. 

con -sole,  .^.    [IL  437.]    Add. 

3.  A  case  or  fiame  enclosing  the  claviers, 
draw-knobs,  etc.,  of  an  organ,  especially  when 
set  up  separately  at  a  distance  from  the  body 
of  the  instrument. 

4.  A  kind  of  bracket-truss  hinged  on  one 
side  of  the  back  end  of  the  bore  of  a  breech- 
loading  gun  fur  supporting  the  breech-serew 
when  withdrawn  preparatory  to  loading. 

5.  A  bracket  on  a  wall  for  supporting 
machinery  of  any  kind,  as  a  hydraulic 
motor. 

de-ca'-ni,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.,  genitive  of  decanus 
~  a  dean.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  south 
side  of  a  cathedral  or  other  church;  as,  the 
decani  stall  of  the  clioir. 


B.  As  suhst. :  That  side  of  the  choir  on 
which  the  stall  of  the  dean  is  situated.  It 
is  usuidly  on  the  right  or  south  side  facing 
tlie  altar. 

des-md-no'-ta,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Gr. 
S(crfxQ<;  {dfsmos)  —  a  bond,  a  fetter,  and  fwros 
{itolos)  =  back.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  tetramerous  beetles, 
belonging  to  the  sub-tribe  Phytophaga.  An- 
tenmc  articulated,  the  first  articulation  thick, 
the  second  smaller,  the  eight  following  almost 
ecpial,  slightly  depressed,  the  last  being  ovate; 
elytra  oblong,  knotted,  convex  ;  thorax  trans- 
verse ;  prosternum  broad. 

di-am-phid'-i-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr. 
Sia  ('/(-')  =  through,  across,  and  a/Li(/)ts 
(o.Diphb)  =  separate.] 

Eiitovi. :  A  genus  of  tetramerous  beetles, 
belonging  to  the  sub  -  tribe  Phytophaga. 
Body  oldong-ovate ;  labruni  slightly  curved  ; 
maxillary  palpi  liaving  the  last  articulation 
subulate,  those  preceding  being  almost  longi- 
tudinal ;  antennae  strong,  four-  to  eiglit- 
joiuted  ;  eyes  oval  and  convex. 

diph'-ther-a,  s.  [Gr.  Supeipa  {dipUUm)  ~ 
leather,  a  membrane.] 

Eiitom. :  A  genus  of  butterflies  of  the  family 
Acronyctidie  (q.v.,  Sup.).  The  thorax  is  short 
and  broad,  and  slightly  crested  in  front,  with 
the  hairs  widened  at  the  end  like  scales,  and 
the  abdomen  is  crested.  The  legs  are  thinly 
clothed  with  hair;  the  fnre-wings  have  a 
slightly  oblique,  regularly  cuived,  hind  mar- 
gin, with  rounded  fringes  ;  the  hind-wings  are 
all  rounded.  Dlplithera  orioii,  is  common  on 
the  trunks  of  trees  in  May  and  June  in  many 
jiarts  of  Europe  and  Western  A.sia,  but  is 
scarce  in  England. 

drep-an-or'-niS,  s.     [Gr.  Spenavoy  {drejianoiO 

=  a  s"ickle,  a  reaping-hook,  and  opfts  {oriiis) 
=  a  bird.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Birds  of  Paradise, 
belonging  to  the  .subfamily  Epimachinaj. 
lirepaiLornvi  cervlnimmUa,  Bennetts  Bird  of 
Paradise,  has  a  very  long  curved  bill,  that 
of  the  female  being  larger  and  more  curved 
than  that  of  the  male;  two  beautiful  tufts 
of  plumes,  of  brilliant  metallic  red,  spring 
fiom  its  sides ;  the  feathers  of  its  breast  are 
violet-giey,  but  when  raised  form  a  semi- 
circle round  the  body,  showing  a  rich  golden 
colour.  As  far  as  is  known,  it  lays  only  one 
egg,  which  is  of  a  light,  dull  cream  colour, 
with  a  reddish  tinge,  spotted  with  dashes  of 
reddish-brown  and  light  puritlish-grey. 

e-lec-tron,  s.    [in.  ^ss.]    Add. 

A  name  lirst  used  by  Dr.  Johnstone  Stoney 
to  denote  one  of  the  intinitely  small  corpus- 
cles that  go  to  make  up  an  atom,  which 
was  thouglit  until  quite  recently  to  be  the 
smallest  particle  of  an  element,  and  indi- 
visible. Every  atom  consists  of  a  particu- 
lar kind  of  combination  of  these  electrons 
with  each  other,  and  in  a  single  atom 
thousands 
—  perhaps 
hundreds  of 
thousands  — 
of  them  are 
in  a  sate  of 
continual  ac- 
tivity. Thus, 
an  atom  of 
niercury(Hg) 
is  supposed 
to  contain 
ujiwards  of 
100,  (JOO  elec- 
trons. It  is 
also  held 
that  elec- 
trons in  ay 
pass  from  one  atom  to  another,  and  that  the 
ladio-acLivity  of  radium  is  to  be  explained 
by  this  movement  of  its  electrons.  Without 
the  intervention  of  electrons,  the  transport 
of  electricity  would  be  impossible,  and  it  is 
through  their  agency  that  charged  bodies  re- 
vert to  a  normal  condition.  By  their  jiower 
of  ionising  the  surrounding  air,  ultra-violet 
light,  cathodic  rays,  and  Rcintgen  rays  exer- 
cise theircharacteristic  discharging  functions. 
If  the  atom  has  its  proper  quota  of  electrons, 
it  is  electrically  neutral,  but  with  electrons 
subtracted  it  is  a  positive  atomic  ion.  and 
with  electrons  added  it  is  a  negative  atomic 
ion. 


ELECTRONS   IN   AN   ATOM. 


e-lec-tron'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  cli-clrvn  ;  su(l.  -U:] 
Pertaining  to,  connected  with,  or  consisting 
ot,  electrons  ;  as,  the  elirtroui<:  theoiy  of  elec- 
tricity. 

Xls-pe-rant'-ist   (e  as  a)^  s.     [Eng.   Esr,r- 

'■'(»f(n);  suif.  .L<]  One  Who  sj.eaUs  nr 
studies  Es|teraiito ;  an  advocate  i  f  tin- 
adoption  ni  Esperanto  as  an  international 
language,  by  means  of  wliicli  iieisons  speak- 
ing ditlerent  languages  may  corresj'oiid  with 
each  other. 

Es-pe-ran-to  (e  as  a),  s.  [From  a  word 
in  the  new  language,  esperi  ■=.  to  liniic]  An 
ntteiiipt  t'j  Ibrm  an  international  language  by 
Dr.  L.  Zamenliof,  a  native  of  Warsaw,  Poland. 
The  words  are  selected  fromthe  ]'rincipaIEnjn- 
pean  tongues,  and  the  spelling  is  phonetic. 
Each  vowel,  a,  e,  i,  o,  n,  has  only  one  sound, 
and  is  pronounced  as  in  the  phrase  "  Pa,  may  wc 
go  too?"  The  consunants  are  as  in  Engli.sh, 
except  the  following :—( '  =  ts  in  hits  ;  c,  which 
niay^be  written  ch  =  di  in  church.  8  =^  s  in 
^•o;  s  or  sh  =  sh  iu  ship.  U  =  ij  in  go;  g  or 
flh  =  [7  in  gem.  J  =  y  hi  yes,  toy.  etc.  ;  j  or 
jh  =  French  J  in  bijou,  etc.  The  letter  h  fol- 
lowing c,  s,  g,  j  is  thus  used  as  a  substitute 
for  the  accents  ;  elsewhere  it  is  aspirated,  as  in 
English.  The  accent  is  invariably  on  the  last 
syllable  but  one,  and  the  order  of  words 
is  the  same  as  in  English.  The  various 
parts  of  speech  are  indicated  by  termina- 
tions ;  thus,  all  Nouns  end  in  u—hapcd-ln 
=  capability,  Adjectives  in  a—JcopaUa  = 
capable.  Adverbs  in  e—hxptihU  =  capably. 
Verbs  :  Present  intinitives  end  in  (,  as 
paroll=  to  speak.  All  persons  sing',  and  pi., 
present  indicative,  end  in  ((s—Mi  parolas  =  I 
speak;  past,  is — Li  purolis  =  He  spoke; 
future,  os~Ni  parolos  =  We  .shall  speak ; 
conditional,  Hi  pandus  =  They  would 
speak;  imperative  in  u—pdmiu  =  speak. 
Ihe  Participles,  luesent,  past,  and  future  : 
active  end  in  avta,  iiita,  onta  ;  the  passive 
end  in  ata,  ita,  oia.  The  only  auxiliary  verb 
is  esti  =  to  be.  There  is  no  indefinite  Arti- 
cle, and  the  definite  is  invariably  la.  The 
gender  is  always  natural.  Feminines  are 
formed  from  masculines  by  the  suffix  -in — 
2?atro,  patrino  =  fatlier,  mother.  Plurals_  oi 
nouns  are  formed  by  adding  j  (sounded  as'i/). 
In  the  objective  case,  n  is  added  to  lli'e 
nominative.  Adjectives  agree  with  their 
nouns  in  number  and  person  ;  thus,  Mi  havus 
bonojii  (imi}:ojit  =  I  have  good  friends.  Tiie 
grammar  of  Esperanto  is  easily  mastered, 
as  there  are  no  exceptions  to  its  sixteen 
rules.  All  opposites  arc  formed  by  the 
]trefix  mal — bona,  vudbona  =  good,  bad ; 
irmna,  vudvanna  =  warm,  cool.  The  voca- 
bulary is  simplified  by  use  of  prefixes  and 
sufiixes  as  follows :  Icrui  =  to  learn  ;  Icniislo 
=  a  teacher  ;  iermnito  =  a  learner  ;  hriiejo  = 
a  school ;  relerni  =  to  relearn  ;  lermuU  =  to 
continue  to  learn ;  Icrnilo  —  a  means  fur 
learning,  etc.  By  means  of  thirty  of  these 
prefixes  and  suffixes,  the  vocabulary  is  re- 
duced to  one-tenth  of  the  ordinary  vocabulary. 
The  use  of  the  language  is  said  to  be  ex- 
tending at  the  present  time,  and  monthly 
magazines  are  publisheil  in  it  iu  most  Euro- 
pean (■ountries.  Esperanto  was  introduced 
into  England  in  1003,  when  it  had  already 
made  considerable  progress  on  the  Conti- 
nent, and  a  magazine  named  Tlie  Espcrantist 
(monthly)  was  started  the  same  year  iu 
London  by  the  Esperanto  Club. 

"  The  iiiternatiou.ll  key-l.iiigiiage.  Esperanto,  seems 
to  lie  gaiiiiiie  groiiud  steadily  lu  .-ilnioat  every  country 
iu  Eurupe,  as  wellas  in  the  Uiiitetl  States  .and  Canada," 
—  We&tviiiistcr  Gazette.  Jau.  16,  lliOi 

eu-drep'-a-nis,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  ev 
(t'()  =  grear,  good,  and  Spe-avt?  {drepanis) 
—  a  kind  of  bird,  with  large  wings.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  birds,  containing  several 
species,  belonging  to  the  family  Nectariniida-. 
Eudrcpanis  pulcherrima,  the  short-tailed,  yel- 
low-rumped  sun-bird,  is  a  native  of  the  island 
of  Basilan.  in  the  Sulu  Archipelago.  The  front 
portion  of  its  head  is  of  a  bluish  tint;  neck 
and  uiqier  back  of  a  greenish  hue  ;  wings  dark 
brown;  undu- part  uniform  bright  yellow;  bill 
and  legs  black. 

gov'-ern-ess  car,  governess  cart,  s. 

A  small,  liiiht,  lo\\'-huiig  two-wheeled  vehicle 
with  -seats  at  the  sides  only,  face  to  face. 

grot'-to.  s.    [IV.  GS.]    Add. 

3.  A  structure  of  oyster-shells  in  the  form 
of  a  grotto,  erected  and  exhibited  in  tin- 
streets,  in  the  hope  of  obtiining  pence,  by 


£ate,  fat,  f^re.  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full:  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  ^  e ;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


gyle— worm  disease 


m 


rhiiilrrn  about  the  end  of  July.  In  former  | 
tiiiit's,  pil';riiiin;;('s  were  iiiadp  on  Anyust  6  1 
(U..S.)  lo  the  shnni'  of  St.  .lanios  of  Cdmiins- 
lella,  the  jiilgriin  licinj^  adoineU  with  a  shell. 
Shell  t;roitoes  with  an  ima^e  of  the  saint 
were  erected  for  the  belmof  ol  those  who 
ooultl  not  atford  sm-h  pil-nnia-e.  and  the 
keeper  of  it  reminded  the  piiswisby  to  re- 
nii'iiibcr  it  was  St.  James's  Day,  and  not  to 
forget  their  otl'eriii^s  to  the  saint. 

gyle,  s.    IIV.  i»l.]    Add. 

3.  A  single  brewing;  the  quantity  of  beer 
or  alf  bi-ewed  at  one  time. 
ig-ni-tion  plug*  ■^-    The  same  asSpAKKiNO 

rin;(>i.v.). 

kis'-Sar,  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind  of  lyre 
used  by  the  natives  ol  nortliern  Africa  and 
Abyssinia.  It  resembU'S  tlie  musical  instru- 
ment boinc  in  the  liauds  of  c;iptives  on 
Assyrian  bas-reliefs. 

Isryp'-t5n,  >.  [Gr.  kputtto?  (Icruptos)  =  liidden, 
srn-.;t.l 

Chrm.  :  An  inert  gas  discovered  by  Lord 
Kavleigh  in  1S98.  Symbol,  Kr.  ;  density, 
■107S;  atomic  weight,  S1-.S6.  It  is  estiinateil 
liiat  air  contains  only  one  part  of  krypton 
in  1,000,000  parts.  On  passing  induction 
sparks  through  the  gas,  it  emits  a  yellow 
green  light.  In  the  spectrum  of  krypton 
the  most  prominent  lints  are  a  bright  yellow 
and  a  strong  green  very  near  together  in 
the  red;  besides  winch  there  are  a  few  in 
the  bine  and  violet. 

l^C'O-me  -des,  -^.  [From  the  Classical  nanie.) 
Kufom.  :  A  genus  of  beetles,  belonging  to 
the  family  Scarabieidie.  It  is  characterized 
by  having  the  jaw-blade  divided  at  its  tip; 
llie  upper  jaw  being  outwardly  three-tootlied 
towards  the  end.  ^Head  small,  squarish  in 
.shape ;  the  large  boni  on  the  liead  of  the 
male  is  divided  at  the  end,  with  a  tubercle 
beliind  ;  epistonta  piominent,  thickly  fur- 
nished undei-neatii  with  yellow  hairs,  which 
conceal  the  labrum  ;  mandibles  strong ;  an- 
tennie  diviiled  into  short  sections  by  ten 
articulations ;  pvothorax  bearing  a  broad  de- 
[ircssed  ascending  horn. 

m6n-6*9es'-ta,  s.  (Mod.  Lat.,  frnm  Gr. 
fxui-o<;  (monos)  =  alone,  sole,  and  Kto-jos 
{U\stos)  =  a  girdle.] 

i:ntom.  :  A  genus  of  phytophagous  beetles, 
C'lntaining  several  species,  natives  of  tropical 
South  America  and  Mexico.  Antenme  tili- 
form,  moderate  in  length,  four-  and  tive- 
jointed,  subequal ;  body  robust  or  broadly 
ovate  ;  thorax  transversely  dejiressed. 

musta,  5.  (Etym.  unknown.]  A  small  cab 
]uopi  ietor  who  owns  about  three  or  four  cabs. 

"It  was  ;iii  entirely  worthy  and  kindly  g^tlieriiic. 
Witi^'  for  the  lienerit  uf  uM  Georce  HumpLries,  the 
.\l„sli:  —JatUctnif.  Dec  U7,  19i)2.  p.  706. 

ne  -on,  s.    [Gr.  t-eos  (ncos)  =  new.] 

Chcin. :  An  inert  gas  discovered  by  Lord 
Kayleigh  in  ISOS.  Symbol,  Ne  ;  density,  9-% ; 
atonnc  weight,  19  9-2.  It  is  present  in  the 
.itmospliere  in  minute  quantities,  the  pro- 
portion being  one  or  two  parts  of  neon  to 
100.000  parts  of  air.  On  passing  induction 
sparks  tlirough  the  gas,  a  brilliant  orauge 
pink  colour  is  emitted.  Its  spectrum  is 
characterized  by  a  briglit  yellow  line,  D5, 
and  a  great  cluster  of  lines  in  the  orange  part 


.  f  the  red  line.    There  are  also  fainter  lilies 
llirotighout  the  spectrum. 

N  ray^,  s.  pi 

riiKsics :  Certain  rays  discovered  in  1003  by 
M.  Blondlot,  of  Nancy,  to  be  emitted  IVoni 
tlie  ordinary  incandescent  gas  burner,  and 
other  sources  of  visible  light ;  also  develoi>ed 
by  the  compression  of  wood,  glass,  caout- 
chouc, &c.,  and  •  i)ermanentiy  emitted  by 
temj)ered  steel,  crystallized  sulphur,  and 
some  other  substances,  A  striking  cliarac- 
teiistic  is  their  property  of  incieasing  the 
appjirent  brilliancy  ot  light  rays. 

■'  Tliese  figure*  vary  accortling  i«  tlie  different  imll- 

viduaU  thrungh  wliutie  l>udirft  the  S-rai/s  nm  iiniMcd.*' 

—Ei'ettiug  A'ewt,  ¥e\i.  a,  I'Mi,  \<.  i~ 

ped'-rail,  .••■.  |I-at.  ;>r.s',  gcnit.  pedis  =  a  foot, 
and  Eng.  rnil]  A  form  of  tiaetion-engine, 
invented  by  Mr.  B.  J.  Diplock,  provided  with 
an  attaclni'ient  for  laying  its  own  rail.  Feet 
which  are  capable  of  twisting  in  vai-ying 
directions,  as  required  by  the  irregularities 
of  the  road,  are  iilaced  on  the  ground,  each 
loot  supporting  a  roller  on  edge,  and  a  short 
rail  suiiporting  the  load  is  levered  along  by 
sliding  sj'okes  (representing  a  horse's  legs, 
each  leg  pivoted  by  an  ankle-joint  to  its 
foot)  over  rollers.  Whereas  in  an  ordinary 
railway  a  rail  is  laid  down  and  wheels  run 
over  it,  iu  the  jiedrail  system  wheels  or  rollers 
are  laid  down,  and  tlie  rail  is  run  over  them, 
thus  forming  an  inverted  railway.  This  lorm 
of  traction-engine  is  capable  of  mounting 
stairs,  and  ruts,  kerbstones,  boulders,  and 
baulks  of  timber  are  readily  surmomited. 

*•  III  the  prdrail  tlie  feet  me  liiiigetl  to  the  inail 
wln.-fl3— fourteen  or  sixteen   lo  e«fli  wheel. "—ll'orA:, 

Ftflj.  C,  IWi.  p.  8. 

pref-er-en'-tial  tar'-iflfe  (ti  as  sh),  s.  pt. 

Kcdueetl  duties  on  goods  imported  liom  a 
favoured  country.  In  r.'03  great  prominence 
to  i>relereiitial  taritls  was  given  by  tlie  pro- 
posals projected  by  Mr.  Joseph  Chaiubeilain 
lor  the  imposition  uf  taxes  on  most  imported 
foreign  foods  and  goods,  while  tlie  produce 
coming  from  British  colonies  was  lo  enter  our 
ports  either  free  or  with  a  special,  low  duty. 
In  consiileration  for  this  advautjige,  our 
Colonies  were  to  take  British-made  goods  at 
lower  duties  than  those  imposed  on  foreign- 
made  articles,  and  thus  beiieUt,  it  was  said, 
the  British  working-classes.  These  tariJI's, 
Mr,  Chamberlain  urged,  would  in  a  great 
measure  stop  the  importation  of  foreign-made 
i^oods  into  this  country,  whereby  more  British 
labour  would  be  employed,  and  at  the  same 
time  retain  and  expand  our  Imperial  trade, 
and  consolidate  the  Empire. 

"If  the  tTiiited  Kingdom  should  eventually  resolve 
to  adopt  11  policy  of  preferenti-il  I'trifff,  it  is  coii- 
ceivahle  that  the  device  of  attacking  her  through  her 
cliiet  depenileiiciwf  might  leeeive  furthei-  develo])- 
ineiit  at  the  hands  of  foreign  couutriea. "— flat/j/ 
{.hroiiiclt;  t\y>.  'J,  lltiH,  \'.  C. 

re-9ip'-r6-cal  tax'-iffs,  s.ph  The  same  as 
PHEFKnENTiAL  TARIFFS  (q.v..  Addenda). 

re-tal-i-a-tor-y  tar'-iflfs,  i^.pL  Import 
duties  levied  by  a  nation  to  countervail 
foreign  duties  impo^ied  on  its  exports ;  a 
inodiried  form  of  protection  favoured  by 
those  who  hold  that  "tariff  attacks  should 
be  met  by  tarill"  replies." 

run-Cl-ble,  n.    [Prob.  a  vaiiant  of  rouncevnl.] 
1.  Huge,  strong. 


2.  A  hnrn  spoon  with  n  l>owl  at  each  end, 
nne  the  size  oi  a  tJibU-fii>oon  ami  the  other 
the  size  of  a  lea-8|»ortn.  Thrn"  in  a  ioint  mid- 
way Ut*veeii  the  two  ht>\\U  by  which  thev 
call  W  fol'lrtl  over. 

*'     They  diiirtl  -ii  intiicr  w"l  •'lcr«  ..f  qiniir*. 
WliKh  th«>v  at*-  with  ■»  tu-ritU  •i«-.i. 
Uar:  S:nu»*t  br^4t*rh4  .  Thr  Oirt  .t-ui  the  fuugCOt. 

BOgt'-tag,  f.     lElig.  s.-.f;  -iuft] 

M-to,->:  The  impregnation  nfthe  sparklng- 
jdug  (M-v.)  with  soot,  due  to  combustion  of 
the  explosive  mixtuiu  wh-n  cnrburuling  la 
Uiil. 

spark -ins  pliig.  "• 

Motors:  A  contrivance  from  the  extremity 
of  which  the  spark  issues  into  the  mldnt  of 
the  explosive  mixture.  There  are  variouB 
kinds,  but  essentially  it  is  a  wire  occupying 
the  centre  of  a  jtoreelain  cylinder  hehl  by  a 
nut  in  a  metal  socket,  itself  forming  a  screw 
to  lit  into  the  cylinder  head.  The  thiea<U  ot 
this  screw  carry  a  small  pliitinum  hook  from 
the  end  of  the  wire.  The  wire  from  one  side 
and  the  metal  bulk  of  the  motor  from  the 
other  communicate  with  the  secondary  cir- 
cuit of  the  coil,  and  as  the  jiorcelain  cylinder 
insulates  them  one  froni  the  tdlier,  there  is 
no  short  circuit,  and  the  spark  is  emitted 
between  the  end  of  the  wire  and  the  plutinutn 
hook. 
Spin-thfiX'-i- scope,  s.  IGv.tmtvBapi^  (-pin- 
llutris)  =  a  >)'aik,  and  (T«i>n«w  (akoju-o)  =  to 
.see,  to  observe.]  An  nistrumcnt  Invintcd 
bv  Sir  William  Ci'-okes,  consisting  ot  a 
small  metal  tube,  with  a  speck  of  raiiium 
placed  rt]i[i.>&ite  a  thmrescent  screen  at  the 
blind  end.  On  hoidn.g  the  tube  to  the  eye 
in  the  dark,  tiny  particles  from  the  radium 
are  seen  bombarding  the  tluoreso-nt  screen. 
These  pailleles  are  shot  out  at  the  rate  of 
about  yi-,000  nnlfs  a  second,  the  laslt-sl 
moving  matter  known,  and  an  incessant 
series  of  sj-arks  arc  observed  tlying  in  all 
directions. 

"The  uItr««martthhiK  j"*t  now  is  to  carry  In  yt^ur 
waistcoat  iKJcket  a  Bniafl  hrawi  tiilw.  the  $piulliari- 
tcopc'—Murnitio  Le^tiltr,  Dec.  t.  Iff^a. 

taur-O-xna,  s.  (Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  ravpos 
{hiaro'^)  =  a  bull.] 

KntoM.  :  A  genns  of  titiamerous  beetles, 
belonging  to  the  sub.tril)e  Phytophnga.  An- 
tenme articulated,  lirst  articulation  tliick, 
.second  smaller,  lour  following  longer,  of 
equal  «i?e ;  mandibles  broad,  cochlear  iform, 
with  toothless  ai>ex  ;  labrum  short,  horny, 
aeutelv  emaiginate  in  the  middle ;  thorax 
rounded  in  innit.  indented  at  the  top;  pro 
sternum  wide  and  Hat. 

ve-l6x'-ite,  ?.  (Lat.  vflx  —  swift,  and  Eng. 
sulT. -(f'.]  A  smokeless  powder  announced  by 
its  inventor  (Colonel  W.  Hope)  in  December, 
1903.  and  claimed  bv  him  to  be  jibsolutely  safe 
and  stable.  It  has  llie  high  thushing  point  of 
about  1,'J00°F.,  ci^ntains  no  dangerous  ingre- 
dient, and  can  be  manufactured  witliout  fear 
of  accident.    (?>ee  extract.) 

■•  Vcloxitt  will  lni]«'"t  a  hi^iliiT  veh>city  to  a  IieJivy 
projectile  than  any  utl.n  powder,  iwciuiw  it  l».  nut. 
witliHtatiding  it«  great  nitiinrtt*-  cxpi^nikion.  mild  and 
slow  ir)  coiiihnstion.  and  dfVoitt  of  nhatterilig  efleet  uli 
the  gun.  It  i"  avatUhle  for  unmll  arms  e<iually  with 
artillery.' —rifHM.  Dec.  19.  IW3.  \i.  11. 

worm  dis-ease',  5. 

Pathol. ':  Tlie  same  as  Ankylostomiasis 
(q.v.,  -Arldenda). 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat.  ceU.  chorus,  911^0,  bench;  go.  gem:  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
Shan,    -tion. -sion-shun; -tlon. -sion  =  zhun.    -cious. -tious, -sious  -  shus.    -We,  die,  \  .  -  bel,  del,  .^cc. 


-cian,  -tian  - 


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